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raceastaeca
recesecreecacestruparf re|uatcarr a|rrmatnmcmar
aresrvccrrentaremarvechea1nrrrr,unac1turepurnareat
raprecrateamrratcrrrmarrrtrarrra1nrrrrspecu|atrve,care
a|cstnu ararecrrca|r|rcat reptantiilosofc sausubflosofc.
!entru cer cesesrmtataaracestertrarrr, termenrcapozitivism
sau empirim suntaprcape cuvrnte e ccar 0er mar nurtcrr
vcrpuneeveatua|rer|eace|crautcrrcrcra|esuntap|rcartermenrr
n|eturcuscrentrsmu|,|evcrprrvrcusu||rnratccnescenen
saucucrrcnresuperrcarrsevcrsccctrnreptrrs|erncre
!areccn|crta|r|stesprrjrnrpeautcrrtateaunurereersau,|a
ncr, a unur \crca pentru a ca|r|rca anumrte eprscae rn rstcrra
rnte|ectua|asecc|u|urxxreptcaturrc|asate0asemeneaatrturne
vaputea|rnscureujustrhcatncatu| ce|crcareartre|ursr
susrnpretenrac1nescnmcrnepenentr|rprejuecr
prrn|ecturr|cute|asurse
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nmccarecumparacxa|,cpera|urch|rc|nusa|ucurate
mu|tatenrenrcrrnparteaautcrr|crcareau cu|trvatc atrturne
esenra|rlerrt|aemctenrrearupu|urerscurrecareeste
|eat n prrmu| r1n nume|e su
}
n une|e |ucrrr mar recente
ccnsacraterstcrrerace|urrup care a|cstcuncscutmart1rtru su|
nume|e Cercul de la Viena, se las s se ne|ea c ch|rc| a
ccntrr|urtnecse|r|acreareacare|crenera|e ram|ranerrnte
|ectua|e,ac|rmatu|ur erscurecarea|avcrrtatenetacperercu
aevratrmpcrtanteaunurkuc||0arnap, ans kerchen|achsau
amart1nru|ur0ar|empe|.npcrtu|suarhccnstatcuprecere
MIRCEA FLON A
npretentarearpcpu|arrtareauncrarnteme|ecentra|ea|emrcrr
e rer pe care a rnrratc Cercul r mar purn n e|a|crarea |cr
susrnutra1ncrt!u||rcalr|e|urch|rc|arpretenta,prrnurmare,
un|nterescuprecere rstcrrc
!utemes|urce|purncutemerurrcaresusrncasemenea
juecatasupracperer|ur ch|rc| esuereatsau seahrmex
p|rcrt,marnt1r,cch|rc|nuar|r|cstun1nrtcrcucperscna|rtate
estu|eputernlcpentru arputeapstrarnepenenaup ce
acuncscutTractatu logico-hilosophicu, cperaetrnereea|ur
Luwrrttenstern,rnecse|rupccntacte|epecare|eantre
rnutea|unu|marmu|tcranr,mara|esnperrcaa1929-1932, cu
|ascrnantu| autcr a| acester|ucrrr crrerr|e sa|e e up 1925 nu
arh|cstec1tcexpuneremare|a|crat,marsrstematrcrnacest
sensmaraccesr|r|,marpcpu|ar,auncrarnrer|eTracttus-uluP.
eurtchrar s se aaue aacum|eane|es ch|rc|e a|rrm,
na|cr|ear1n,cprrncrpa|e|etemea|craten|ucrrr|epu||rcate
e ch|rc|up anu| 1925 nuauprrmrtce|a|crareana|rtrcc1te
c1tccmpara|r|cu ceapecarecnt1|nrmncperace|crmarprce
mrnenrrepretentanr ar mrcrrrere|crma|r|csc|rer care sa
etvc|tatn caru| 0ercu|ur e |a\rena, necse|r n cpera |ur
0arnap'.
1 Cu referire la o observaie a lui Carnap, i anume c o dat ce a intrat n
contact cu ideile lui Wittgenstein, Schlick i-ar fi pierdut atitudinea critic
obinuit, un cercettor contemporan al operei celui dinti scria: "Se poate
spune n mod justificat c relaia lui (a lui Schlick - n.m. M.F.) cu Wittgenstein
marcheaz sfritul carierei sale ca gnditor independent. El a devenit dintr
un creator original un comentator i exponent al ideior lui Wittgenstein". (R.
Cirera, Carnap and the Viena Circle. Empiricism and Logica! Sintax,
Amsterdam, Rodopi, 1 994, pp. 48-49.) Iar mai departe, referindu-se la cartea
mai timpurie a lui Schlick, Algemeine Erkenntnistheorie (ediia 1, 1 91 8,
ediia a I-a 1 925), acelai autor noteaz: "Dac Algemeine Erkenntniteore
a fost o cate valoroas, scrierile ulterioare nu au mers dincolo de dezoltarea
ideilor lui Wittgenstein". '(op. cit., p. 81 . ) Pentru aprecieri asemntoare,
vezi i A. Quinton, Vor Wittgenstein. De /rihe Schlick n (Hg). B. McGuiness,
Zurick zu Schlick, Vien, Verlag Holder-Pichler, Tempsky, 1 985.
2 Se subliniaz, de pild, c n raport cu R. Carnap, Schlick ar putea f apreciat
drept un "filosof preanalitic". (Vezi M. Friedman, Critica! Notice: Morit
Schlick, Phi!osophical Papers, n ,,hilosophy o/ Science", 50, 1983, p. 499.)
UN AUTOR PE NEDREPT UITAT 9
k1ncwl|eae|+l,cuprecaere,+ce|estuallscrlseaeth|lc|
n+nll1926-1936 c+re+ulcstreinuten+cestvc|u vcra+pcsl
|l|lt+te+ citltcru|ul +vlt+t s +preclete slngur c1t ae nareptlte
sunt +seene+juaecl
*
*
|riearlchn||ert Mcrlttch|lc|s+nscut|+14 +prl|le 1882, n
er|ln, c+llu+|unulprcpriet+rae|+|rlrc+re prcvene+alnnc|l
|le+prus+c M+++p+rlne+|+l|lelcuncscutu|ulpcetger+n
|rnstMerlttnrnat,n+lntlre+crul+ncu|nscut+prlltnue|e
Mcrltttrcll+lnaeprt+l+lt+t|ul+ulcstnc|l|lalncel+
ep+recell+uplerautprcprletl|encntlpu|rt|clu|ulae
30 ae+nl unlcu||ulMcrlttch|lc|,un|r|+tnsu||eltaelael|e
|l|er+|e +|e secc|u|ul +| X|X|e+, + renun+t ae |unvcle |+tlt|u|
nc|l|l+r+| |+l|lel.11nru|ch|lc|+stual+t+te+tlc+,tllne|e
n+turlllh|csc|l+|+|nlversltl|ealnelae||erg,L+us+nneler
|ln||l+|u+tacctcr+tu|n|ltlc|+er|ln,aej +n+nu| 1904, cuc
|ucr+reaecptlcre+|lt+tsu|naru+re++re|ul |ltlcl+nger+n
M+xl|+nc|t+t1nrcaetllnculntereseh|cschce, ch|ic|s+
+p|ec+tcuu|tinteres+supr+uncrteesltu+te|+lnter|++alntre
h|csc|le l tllne|e ex+cte. || + ntrelnut re|+ll perscn+|e l +
purt+t ccrespcnaent cu unll aln +rll cercettcrl +l n+turll aln
vree+s+In+|+r+|ll|+nc|, pcth+lntllu+vlal||ergln||ert
|lnstelnlucr+re+|ulch|lc|Raum und Zeit in der gegenwrtigen
Physik. Zur Einfurung in das Verstndnis der allgemeinen Relati
tiviti tstheorie (Spaiu i timp n fizica contemporan. Introducere
la nelegerea teoriei generale a relativitii), c +n+|lt eplste
c|cglc+tecrlelre|+tlvltll,+crelprleaile++prutn1917,
+|cst+precl+tncaaecse|ltae|lnstelnareptun+aenentrecut
prln c|+rlt+te lc+r+cter slste+tlc
ch|lc|+cpt+tpentruc c+rler+c+aelcl+c|lnut+|l|l
t+re+n h|csche |+|nlverslt+te+alnkcstcc|,n 1911, cu|ucr+re+
Esena adevrului potrivit logicii moderne, l+r+lt1rtlu,n1921,
c pctlle ae prc|escrae h|csc|leslste+tlc|+|nlverslt+te+ aln
Kle|.In+nu|1922, e|+|cstche+t,pctrlvltut+ne|cr+c+aelcen
vlgc+rensp+lu| ae|l|ger+n, c+prc|escr|+Lnlverslt+te+
aln \len+ n |cst un evenlent hctr1tcr +t1t pentru vl++ c1t l
pentru c+rler+|ulvlltc+re+supr+crul+erltsne cprlpuln
|nlverslt+te+aln \len+ er+n +ce| tlp un+ aln clt+ae|e|e
+rlltr+alll h|csc|lce ger+ne. 0 nct+p+rtel ccntr+st+ntn
10 MIRCE FLON A
+cest pels+j + +aus, |+ s|1rltu| secc|u|ul +| X|X|e+, rc|escr+tu|
cuncscutu|ul|ltlcl+n +ustrl+c|rnstM+ch Lucrrl|e|ulaelstcrlesl
h|csche +tllnel| |cusercuncscutn +|+r+acenlu|ul su de
specl+|lt+te lentru +utcru|Istoriei mecanicii expus analtic i
critic, c+re er+ pe +tuncl prc|escr ae |ltlc |+ |nlverslt+te+ aln
lr+g+,|nlverslt+te+aln\len++nhln+tn1895 cc+tearlntltu|+t
Istoria i teoria tiinelor inductivej In 1901 M+ch +|cst sl|lts
seretr+galnctlveaesnt+te.ureptsuccescr+|cst+|esLuawlg
c|tt+nn,unu|alncel+lcuncscul|ltlclenltecretlclenl+lvrell.
M+l puln |+l|l+rlt+t cu tr+all+ h|cschc, c|tt+nn + c|lnut
schl|+re+tltu|+turllc+tearelnProfsort pentru fzic teoretic
i filosofie a naturii. ues|lln+t aup c+rte+ tr+glc + |ul
c|tt+nn,c+tear++|cstre|n|lln+tsu|tltu|+tur+lnlla|lscc+s
|+ccncursn+nu| 1921. |++|cstccup+taech|lc|,un|i|csc|cu
|cr+lemtline|eex+ctec+re+ve+aej++tuncl,|++prc+pep+trutecl
ae+nl, creput+le |lne ccnsc|la+t.
ken|lln+re+ c+tearel |ul M+ch l che+re+ |ul ch|lc| +u
repretent+t epl|cgu| unel ccnhuntrlntre suslntcrll h|cschel
+prcpl+teaetllnlcel+lcrlentrllh|c|cglclstcrlce,c+reacln+
h|csc|l+ +c+aelcae |l|ger+nn +ce+ epcc.u+ns u+hn,
cuncscut l ln||uent prc|escr ae +te+tlc +| |nlversltll al n
\len+, cre+se +l aeu|t un lc grup ae alscull preun cu
htlcl+nu|lhl|lpp|r+n|,cuscclc|cgu|leccnclstu|0ttc\eur+thl
c +te+tlcl+nu|kich+ravcnMlses.0rupu|+|cstnult,+lt1rtlu,
Vechiul cerc de la Viena s+u Primul cerc d la Viena. tentru|
lnterese|cr+cestulgrup|ccnstltul++n+|lt+ccncepte|crletcae|cr
hna+ent+|e +|e tllnel tecretlce, tee c+re nu lntr+un cercu|
ae preccuprl +| h|cschel ae c+tear nseene+ lnterese er+u
lnsplr+te naecse|l ae cper+ uncr c+enl ae tlln cu lnterese
h|csc|lcel+uncrh|cschcuteelnlcpregtlretllnl|lcc+|rnst
M+ch, llerre uuhe, uenrl lclnc+re s+u etr+na kusse|| 0rupu|
aln juru| lul u+hn sle+ nevcl++clunllc+t+|lt+tc+re + g1nalrll
unul ,h|csc|+utentlc, +prcpl+taetlln t+tear+|ulM+ch+|cst
ccup+tae ch|lc| a+tcrltn prlu|r1nastraulne|cr|ulu+hn
ncest+ + reult s c1ige sprljlnu| unul nur ae cc|egl alntre
j Termenul tiine inductive era folosit n mod curent n acea epoc pentru
tiinele despre realitate - tiinele naturii i tiinele sociale - n opoziie cu
tiinele deductive, adic cu tiinele formale, logico-matematice. tiinele
inductive prin excelen erau socotite tiinele fizico-chimice.
UN AUTOR PE NEDREPT UITAT 1 1
tltu|+rll c+teare|cr ae tlln +|e |nlversltll l sn|r1ng +st|e|
cpctll+prc|escrl|crc+reccup+uc+teare|eaeh|esc|le
u+te preclse aesprenceputurl|etercu|ulae |+\len+|lpsesc
e tle ac+r c +ceste nceputurl +u |cst |eg+te ae un grup ae
alscullccnstltultaech|lc||+scurttipaupvenlre+|ul|+\len+,
grupc+re+|cstnultSeminarul lui Schlck. Int1|nlrlslste+tlce
s+u aes|ur+t, jcl se+r+, ntrc ncu c|alre + |nlversltll aln
c|tt+nng+sse, ce| pulnaln +nu|1924, aup ce+ln+lnte e|e
+vuseser|ccnc+s+|ulch|lc|InManiestul Cercului de la Viena,
pu||lc+t n 1929, grupu| ae alscull este nult l Der Kreis um
Schlick (Cercul n jurul lui Schlck). Intr+aevrae|+nceputurll
p1n |+aestr+re+ ae|lnltlv + +cestul grup, ca+t cu s|1rltu|
vlc|entlne+tept+t+|vlell|ulch|lc|(1936), +cest++|cstsccctlt
ae ctretcle|rll+ctlvlareptprimus inter pares. l+rtlclp+nl
|+ealne|egrupu|ulaealsculler+ucelc+reprle+ulnvlt+llae|+
ch|lc|\uru|lc+|lt+te+e|rl|cr+crescutccntlnuu.nu|cst
st+|l|lteccnt+ctecu+|tegrupurlaec+enlaetllncupreccuprl
h|cschce, |cglclenl lh|csc|l cu pregtlre tllnlhc aln er|ln l
Lwcv(Le|erg)|nu|alnp+rtlclp+nl,htlcl+nu|l|i|csch|0ust+v
crg+na,c+re+elgr+t+lt1rtlunnerlc+,+precl+c+pcgeu|
Cercului, +t1tncee+ceprlvetehecven+nt1|nlrl|crc1tlc+|lt+te+
al scull|cr, + |cst +tlns n +nll 1927-28. 0rupu| +nceput s se
+|lrec+cpretenlnstltulcn+|prlnnhln+re+Societii Ernst
Mach (1928), +|crel preealnte +|cst +|es ch|lc|, prln +p+rll+
+nl|estu|ulConcepia tiinc despre lume, Cercul de la Viena,
rea+ct+tae t+rn+p, +hn l \eur+thlnaecse|l prln +p+rll+n
1930 +crg+nu|ulCercului, revlst+Erkenntni, cpu||lc+lenhln+t
prln pre|u+re+revlstelAnnalen der Philosophie. kea+cl++cestel
pu||lc+ll, c+re s+|ucur+t ae c cc|+|cr+re lntern+lcn+| tct +l
|+rg, +revenit |ul t+rn+p l keichen|+ch lentruprlu| nur,
ch|lc|+scrls+rtlcc|u|prcgr++tlcCotituraflosofiei. n|u+tn+tere
ae+seene+serl+Scrieri despre concepia tiiniic asupra lumii,
ealt+tae ch|lc|lae |r+n|.
n+curelesealntlt|u|+rticc|u|ulprcgr++tlc+||ulch|lc|,
cee+cel prcpune+u tercu| ae |+\len+ l gruprl|e +sccl+te |ul
er+, nlcl +l u|t nlcl +l puln, c re|cr r+alc+| + |i|csc|lel
'Vezi R. Cirera, Op. ct, pp. 45-6. Cea mai recent i ampl lucare despre istoria
Cercului este Friedrich Stadler. Stui zum Winere Kreis, Frankfurt am Main,
Suhrkamp Verlag, 1 997. Ea este sursa multor informaii istorice din acest text.
1 2 MIRCEA FLONA
lnsplr+tn+re sur ae scrlerl|e |ulkusse||lae Tracttus-ul
|ullttgensteln'Llnll|e +rl+|ere|crelpreccnlt+teseaesprlnac|+r
aln|ucrri|epu||lc+ten+ce+stperlc+aae+utcrlc+ch|lc|,u+hn,
0+rn+p, \eur+th, |r+n| l, nun u|tlu| r1na, aln re|+trl retrcs
pectlve+supr+splritu|ull+tcs|erelalscuil|crrupu|ul,precul
+ccn|erlne|crpu||lcecrg+nlt+teaeSocietatea Ernst Mach.
uesprlre+ae tr+all+h|cschcer+ +rc+t,nprlu|r1na,
ae ccntest+re+pretenlel ccnstrucll|cret+|ltlce ae +repretent+
cunc+terentrunsensrestrlctlv+|terenu|ul,l+nueccunc+
tere pretlns superlc+r cunc+terll ccune l tllnlhce. |entru +
prevenl nene|egerl c+re perslst l +sttl, este lpcrt+nt ae
su||lnl+tc terenu| cunoatere er+|c|csltae e|ril rupu|ul
pentru + aesen+ enunurl s+u slstee ae enunurl crg+nlt+te
aeauctlvc+re+u l|lt+te cllectlv, +alcvcr|l +ccept+te ae
tclceiccpetenrra|eres+racunc+tere++aevru|ul,lnaepen
aentae acrlne|e,nc|ln+ll|e l+splr+ll|e|crperscn+|e +lu|t
s+u+lpulnsu|lectlve 0cnst+t+re+slp|,a+rhna+ent+|,ae
|+ c+re se pcrne+ er+ c c cunc+terecuv+|c+re c|lectlvaespre
re+|lt+tepc+te|l+slgur+tac+rprlnccntrc|u|experlentelIn+cest
sens, ent+re+ l csc Ic+ + 0ercuUl er+ emptris v. |l|csc|l+
eplrlst+cunc+terll+prlltcncue|+|cr+re11 cper+c1tcrv+
aln e|rll cel +l repretent+tlvl +l grupu|ul, naecse|l prln
|cru|+re+++nultu|ulcriteriu empirst al semnicaiei. |ctrlvlt
+cestul crlterlu, senl|lc+l+ ccgnltlv + enunurl|cr l tecrll|cr,
c+|lt+te+|craecunctlne,v+pute+hst+|l|ltnu+lprlnccre|+re+
ccnseclne|craerlv+tealne|e cu a+te|eexperlenel. |nunurl|e l
tecrll|e +u senlhc+le ccgnltlv a+c pute lnalc+, ce| pulnn
prlnclplu,ccnalll|e,etcae|elprcceaurl|enc+relprlnc+re+
pute+sst+|l|l+aevru|s+u|+|slt+te+|crnce|eenunurlltecrll
alnc+renu pcthaerlv+teccnseclnesusceptl|l|eshe supusen
prlnclplu ccntrc|u|ul experlenel nu l pct suslne pretenl+ c
repretlntcccntrl|ule|+cunc+tere+|ulls+u+cu|ul.
S nc de la nceputurile discuiifr n grupul constituit de Schlick referirile la
lucrarea de tineree a lui Wittgenstein erau fecvente. Ele evideniau mari
deosebiri n nelegerea poziilor autorului Tracttus-ului. De aceea, la sugestia
lui Carnap, Schlick a decis ca Tracttus-ul s fe citit cu voce tare i comentat
propozie c propoziie ntr-o suit de edine ae Cercului din anul universitar
1926-27.
UN AUTOR PE NEDREPT UITAT 1 3
0cnc|utl+c+re retu|taln+ce+stre|cru|+re +prlnclplu|ul
eplrlsu|ulesteccntest+re+pcsl|l|ltllae+c|lneccunc+tere
aesprere+|lt+telnaepenaentaeexperlen,+alcac+rprlnputerl|e
1nalrllpure.nce+stccnc|utlelp|lc+cae|llt+rec|+rnunu+l
|+aepretenll|eaecunc+tere+|eslstee|cret+|ltlcer+lcn+|lste
aetlpu|et+|ltlcll+rlstcte|lce,+et+htlcl|crscc|+stlce,+et+|ltlcll
|uluesc+rtes,M+|e|r+nche,plnct+,Lel|nlt,c|||,uee|s+uchc
penh+uer, cll|+ ae |l|csc|l+ crltlc + cunc+terll ln+uur+tae
K+ntuec+recenec|+ntl+nlsu|acln+pe+tunclnh|csc|l++c+ae
lc er+n, e|rll Cercului +u +ccra+t c +tenle aecse|lt
ae|lltrll|+aeet+htlc+crltlclstaetlp|+ntl+n,|+aeet+|l
tlcne|e+sareptunslsteaeenunurlslntetlcea priori. 0rltlc+
et+htlcllexperlenel+|ulK+nter+,nprlu|r1na,crltlc+pretenlel
cexlstccunc+terelnaepenaentaeexperlenl,prlnur+re,
unlvers+|v+|+|i|l+pcalctlcslurnce+stte+|cstccns+cr+t
nncu+h|cscheeplrlstprln expresl+,altc|v+re+slntetlcu|ula
priori" l+ccup+tcpctllecentr+|nManiestul Cercului6. 1c+te
6 La nceputul anului 1 929, Schlick, titularul celei mai prestigioase catedre de
filosofie a Universitii din Viena, a primit o atrgtoare ofert din partea
Universitii din Bonn. Conducerea Societii Ernst Mach ia adresat la 2 aprilie
1 929 o scrisoare preedintelui ei Schlick n care consecinele mutrii sale la
Bonn erau prezenate astfel: "Aderenilor unei concepii despre lume tiinific
exacte le-ar f rpit conductorul, reprezentantul lor recunoscut la Universitate
dac profesorul Schlick ar prsi Viena i nu ar exista posibilitatea ca un altul
s umple golul care va lua natere n acest fel n viaa intelectual a Vienei.
Prejudiciul adus concepiei despre lume susinute de Societatea Ernst Mach n
strns comuniune de gndire cu preedintele ei ar f unul adnc i dureros"
(Citat dup Fr. Stadler, Studinzum Viner Kri, p. 371 . n semn de apreciere
i recunotin pentru decizia lui Schlick de a nu da curs acestei oferte i de a
rmne la Viena, Neurath a luat iniiativa redactrii i publicrii unei scrieri
dedicat profesorului. n titlul ei apare pentru prima dat expresia Cercul de
la Viena. Sch1ick a apreciat, desigur, gestul colegilor, dar mai puin coninutul
brourii. ndoielile lui par s f privit att legarea unei micri de idei pe care
o dorea politic neutr de proiecte de reform social promovate de ctre
Neurath, ct i modul agesiv n care era citicat mai degab atacat, metafzica
tradiional. i mai puin i-a plcut scrierea lui Wittgenstein, care avea mare
consideraie pentru Sch1ick i o atitudine rezervat fa de ali membri influeni
ai Cercului. El i scrie lui Fr. Waismann, asistentul lui Sch1ick: "Refuzul metaf
zicii! Ca i cum aceasta ar fi ceva nou. Ceea ce realizeaz coala de la Vina
trebuie s se arat, nu s se spun . .. Opera este cea care trebuie s-I omagieze
pe maestru".
1 4 MIRCEA FLONA
prcpctlll|e cu sens sunt he enunurl aespre re+|lt+te, c+re pct h
supuseccntrc|u|ulexperlenel,nsensu|cpute lnalc+c|serv+ll
s+u experleneprlnclpl+|pcsl|l|ec+re |e+r pute+ lnhr+s+u ccn
hr+, |le prcpctlll +|e |cglcll l +te+tlcll c+re sunt t+utc|cgll
|lpslteaeccnlnutln|cr+tlvnceste+alnursunttctullpcrt+nte
aec+rece e|e servesc c+ lnstruente ae aeaucle +t1tn vl++ ae
hec+re tl, c1t ln tlln tee+ ce neg+ ncu+ lc+re h|cschc
eplrlstnuer+senl|lc+l+exlstenl+|+ccnstrucll|cret+|ltlce
ngener+|, cl c+r+cteru|nareptlt+|pretenlelce|erepretlntc
ccntrl|uleesenl+||+cunc+tere+|uli
u+cnu +l pc+te|lnsjustl|lc+t pretenl+|l|csc|lel ae +
c|erlcunc+tere,l+nuecunc+tere+ce++ln+|t,cunc+tere+
prlnclpll|crexlstenelngenere,+lexlst,c+re,vrecnareptlre
+4reptu|ulel|+exlstenc++ctlvlt+te+|ecrelretu|t+te pcsea c
v+|c+re lntersu|lectlv? L+ +ce+st ntre|+re rspunsu| prlnclpl+|,
cu senl|lc+le prcgr++tlc, pe c+re| aae+ue|rlltercu|ul,
unu|lnsplr+talncper+aetlneree+|ullttgensteln,er+ch|csch+
nu pc+te +auce c ccntrl|ule cuv+|c+re c|lectlv n c+|lt+te ae
tecrlec+repretlnaesc|ereccunc+terec+resesltue+tae+supr+
ce|eltllnl|lce,clc++ctlvlt+tecue|urlprcprll, al|erlte aece|e+|e
tline|cr. |l|csch+tre|ulente|e+sslr+ctlc+tc+c+ctlvlt+teae
c|+rl|lc+re+ccnce te|crlenunurl|crg1nalrllccunel,cuaecse
|lre,+ccnce_te|cr,tecrlicrI etc ecrtline|rl++|tcr+ctlvltl
cenetlspecl+|lt+te.n|t|e| spus, nu lnteresu|pentrucunc+tere,
pentru +aevr, cl pentruc|+rl|lc+re+sensu|ulccnstltulespecl|lcu|
+ctlvltllh|cschceljustlhcareptu|el|+exlsten'.thl+ra+cse
alstlnge net prln c|lectlve|e el ae cercet+re+ tllnl|lc, unc+
7 Iat formularea din Manistul Cercului: "Tocmai n respingerea posibiitii
cunoaterii sintetice a priori const teza de baz a empirismului modern.
Concepia tiinifc despre lume recunoate doar propoziiile empiice despre
obiecte de orice fel i propoziiile analtice ale logicii i matematicii". (Concepia
tiiniic dspre lume n R. Carnap, Vechea i noua logic, traducere de Al.
Boboc, Bucureti, Editura Paidea, 2001 , p. 203. )
H "n aceast clarifce a problemelor i enunurilor const sarcina travalului
filosofic, nu n formularea de teze flosofice proprii". (Op. cit., pp. 1 99-
200.) i mai departe: "Privind n urm, sesizm cu claritate de acum, n
contrast cu filosofia tradiional, esena noii concepii tiince dspre lum.
Aici nu se stabilesc propoziii filosofice proprii, ci numai se clarific
propoziii...". (Op. cit., p. 207. )
UN AUTOR PE NEDREPT UITAT 1 5
h|csch|ul,centr+tp e +n+|lt l c|+rlhc+re,esteun+|l|eraecrlce
laec|cle l, n acest sens, pc|ltlc neutr In sur+n care e+
lp|lcncalscule|l|er,areptu|ne|llt+t|+crltlclresplnere+
crlcrel +utcrltl exterlc+re, +ce+st unc v+ h |+vcrlt+t ae
+|l+n+ lnte|ectu+| pe c+re c cre+t l c ntrelne c scclet+te
aeccr+tlc
lrlnclp+|u| lnstruentae +n+|lt, ae c|+rlhc+re c+rest|+
alspctll+|i|csch|uier+ ccnslaer+t |clc+ caern. uetvc|t+re+
etcae|crel,naecse|lprln|ucrrl|e|ul 0cUc||reelertr+na
kusse||, +|cst+precl+t c+un evenlentaensent+te epcc+|
pentru h|csche ucenlu|prlvl|el+tae+p|lc+re++n+|ltel|clce,
ntr+all+ln+uur+taetercu|ae|+`len+lccntlnu+taeh|csc|l+
+n+|ltlcaecrlent+re|cr+|c+res+aetvc|t+tnsp+lu|ae|l|
en|et,naecse|lnt+te|e|nlte,ncep1naae|+lj|ccu|secc|u
|ulxx,+|csttlln+kuac||t+rn+p,repretent+ntu|ce|+lprcel
nent+|+cestelcrlentrl,+coceputlpr+ctlc+th|csc|l+c++n+|lt
|clc+|l|+ju|ultllnel =
Cee+ca pt opus,++a+r,tercu|ae|+\len++|cstcne|eere
ncu, revc|ulcn+r +n+turll lspeci|lcu|ul+ctlvltll |i|csc|lceIn
unc+ae c|+rl|lc+re +senl|lc+lel ccncepte|cr lenunurl|cr, c
uncc+relntervlnentrcsur+llcs+u+l+rentc+te
+ctlvltl|ecenetlcre+tc+re,a+rnu+|cstu|ttlprecuncscut
areptun+speclhchcsc|lc,estepcsl|l|clnter+clunecccper+tlv
l crltlcntre tcl cercettcrllccmpetenlt+lc+enllaetlin
s+u specl+|ltll aln al|erlte r+url +|e +ctlvltll pr+ctlce, el p+rtl
clp |+ c cperccun' |xlst lnll+tcrl l ccntlnu+tcrl. ul|erll
9 n lumina consideraiilor de mai sus, rezult clar de ce nelegerea curent a
reorientii filosofei pe care a promovato Cercul de la Viena a fost desemnat
prin eticheta empirism logic.
IU
"Ceea ce mprteau n comun aceti gnditori (membrii Cercului - n.m.
M.F.) a fost un fel de instatisfacie la gndul c, n opoziie cu tiinele naturii,
flosofia a avut att de puin succes n strdaniile ei de a soluiona anumite
probleme care au fost socotite n cercuri largi drept adnci i importante -
ndeosebi probleme ale metafizicii. Muli membri ai Cercului mprteau
convingerea c prin metode analitice precise, informate de logica modern,
probleme recalcitrante pot fi soluionate sau se poate arta c ele sunt
pseudoprobleme lipsite de valoare". (C. G. Hempel, Empiricism in the Viena
Circle and the Berlin Society fr Scientiic Philosophy, n (ed.) F. Stadler,
Scintic Phiosophy. Origins and Devlopmnts, Dordrecht, Boston, London,
Kluwer Academic Publications, 1993, p. 5. )
1 6 MIRCEA FLONTA
cercettcrl ccntrl|ule |+ |cru|+re+ l retc|v+re+ uncr prc||ee
gener+|recuncscute,|+crltlc+sc|ull|crprcpuse,|+|cru|+re+uncr
nclsc|ull +. a Inae|etnlclre+cu h|csch+,vtutn+cest|e|,|e
+pre+ce|crc+re+u|cstnull+lt1rtluempiriti logici areptc
+ctlvlt+teptrunsaesplrltu|respcns+|l|ltll,cnestltlllcaestlel
lnte|ectu+|e. unte n |++ uncr cplunl c+re se exprl l n
+tcs|er+alscull|crCerclui. nce+st+tcs|erc+re, pctrlvltnu|tcr
rturll, + |cstputernlc+rc+tae perscn+|lt+te+|ul ch|lc|, er+
cstl|cu|tu|ulgenll|cr,+utcrltllcraecrlce|e|laecse|ltaeaeschls
|+aerecept+re+lalscul+r|atc+re+laellcrlpctllllcrce|cr|+|l,
naecse|l +tuncl c1nae|eccntr+st+ucuce|e prcprllIl. unvcln+,
tc|er+n+,|lps+aepretenlll+verslune+|+aee|+ter+ucae|e
ae ccpcrt+rerecc+na+te e|rl|crgrupu|ul|+hec+rep+s ae
ctre ch|lc|ncetl+ er+u ccntlenlc c unccccper+tlv l c
+clune crltlc ccnstructlv ntre g1naltcrll lnaepenaenl nu este
pcsl|l| aec1t prlntrc +ctlvlt+te strultc+re ae laentl|lc+re l
n|tur+re+alhcu|tl|craeccunlc+re,+nene|egerl|craecrlce
|e| |nulp+rtlclp+nt|+aet|+terll++tr+scuaecse|lre+tenl+e|crtu|
c+re se lnveste+ pentru ne|egere+ punctu|ul ae veaere +|
lnter|ccutcru|ul chl+r a+c p+rtlclp+nll l +pr+u prcprll|e |cr
prcpunerll +n+|lte cu u|t p slune \u er+ c|lnult c+ clnev+
slaec|+re aet+ccrau|cupunctu|aeveaeresuslnutaeunp+rtl
clp+nt|+ alsculln+lnteae+ncerc+evlt+re+uncrpcsl|l|enene
|egerl.In+cestsccper+upusentre|rlaetlpu|,nl+ccept+cut+re
|cru|+re? lreccup+re+ pentru + alstlnge aet+ccraurl re+|e ae
ce|e +p+rentelae+|ealscut+ntruncac1t+l[ar|lt|e+ae
na+tpencu|venlt'
*
* *
I I
"mi amintesc de Schlck ca de o personaltate aristocratic pupn distant dar
n mod constant binevoitor si curtenitor, doritor s ia n conciderare si idei
care i erau antipati'ce, ca cele ale lui Neurath". (C. G. Hempel, Op. Cit.,'p. 6).
12
Vezi A. Naess, Logical Empiricsm and the Uniness ofthe Schlik Seminr:
a Personal Experience wit Consequences, n (ed.) F. Stadler, Op. cit., pp.
12- 14. Referindu-se la diferite modaliti de a stimula eforturile de clarifcare,
un membru al gupului i amintea c atunci cnd era evocat o formulare
metafizic a unui autor de limb german, Schlick obinuia s intervin
spunnd: "Poate fi exprimat acest lucru n englez?" i dup o scurt pauz,
zmbind: "Cred c nu poate". (VeZi G. Bergmann, Memories of the Vienna
Circe. Lettr to Ofto Neurath (938), n (ed.) Fr. Stadler, Op. cit., p. 200. )
UN AUTOR PE NEDREPT UITAT 17
Mlc+re+h|cschclnll+taetercu|ae|+\len++|cstperceput
n cercurl h|csc|lce preculn cercurl lnte|ectu+|e +l |+rgl+|e
vrellnprlu|r1naareptclc+re+ntlet+|ltlc+pututcre+
lntrelnelpresl+ccel+lrepretent+tlvlexpcnenl+llcrll
rel+un|lnll+rl tee|e+ntlet+htlce+|e eplrlsu|ul eng|etl
+|e pctltlvlsu|ul secc|u|ul +| X|X|e+ u+c exlst tctul une|e
e|eenteaencut+tenctltlc+pec+re c |+c+cetl++rlltr+alll
et+|ltlce caerne, +tuncl +ceste+ +r ccnst+n utl|lt+re+ lnstru
ente|cr c|erlte ae ncu+ |cglc. |+t ae ce h|csc|l +p+rln1na
uacr tr+alll l tenalne al|erlte, c+re prlve+u cu valt |lps ae
slp+tlecrlent+re+prccv+taee|rllCecului} +u|cstnc|ln+l
s caesenete prlnexpresl+pozitivism logic.)j
\u+tltualne+crltlc|+aeet+htlc- c+tltualnec+re+ve+
aej+c tr+allen h|csch+eplrlst l chl+r ln sp+lu| +ustrl+c
naecse|lprln+ctlvlt+te+lcper+|ulM+ch- slngu|+rlte+ttercu|
ae |+\len+l grupurl|e +prcpl+te |ul, cl e|+|crrl eplstec|cglce
c+re susln cee+ ce + pute+ c+|l|lc+ arept c crltlc crlgln+| +
et+htlcll |ste vcr|+n+lnte ae tc+te aeunqcrtaepreclt+re+
ccncegtu|ul cunc+sterll, prln ae|llt+re+ |ul |+ ae ue+ expe
rlente|crsu|lectlve,preculaec+r+cterlt+re+ +ce+stTt,+
c|lectlve|cr+ctlvr+11 csccenccntr+stcuce|e+|e+ctlvlttllae
cercetme stllntl|lc nceste fee +u prllt c e|+|cr+re +p| l
slste+tlc n |ucrrl scrlse ae ch|lc|n u|tlll tece +nl +l vletll
s+|e(1926-1936). In+cestsens,ccntrl|ul+|ul|+e|+|cr+re+|+te|r
prcgr++tlce+|elcrllv+pute+hc+|lhc+tareptun+esenl+|
|+ra+c+ce+stccnc|utle pc+te |l suslnutn caccnvl ngtcr,
13 Membrii care constituiau nucleul Cercului nu au agreat nici un moment
aceast etichet. Ei apreciau c nici un im nu este potrivit pentru a desemna
un proiect de reform care urmrea s transforme filosofia ntr-o munc
cooperativ a tuturor celor interesai n analiza fundamentelor conceptuale
ale gndirii comune i ale cunoaterii tiinifice. Pentru fixarea identitii
gupului ei au preferat sintagmele Cercul de la Vina iflosofie tiinc.
Iar autorii care au promovat dup rzboi, n rile de limb englez, indeosebi
n Statele Unite, acea orientare pe care Cercul i-a propus s o dea activitii
filosofce au acceptat s fe numii emPiriti logici. Schlick nsui a preferat s
i caracterizeze poziia flosofic drept una consecvent empirit. G. Bergmann
menioneaz c n perioada n care a fecventat edinele membrii influeni ai
grupului considerau c denumirea neutr Cercul d la Viena ar f cea mai
potrivit. Expresiile pozitivism sau empirism ntmpinau obiecii datorit
unor asociaii istorice puin dorite. (VeZi G. Bergmann, Op. cit.) p. 201. )
1 8 MIRCEA FLONA
+tuncl +preclerl +|e uncr lstcrlci +l recenl, cu +r h +cee+ c
ch|lc|nu++l|cru|+tlaetvc|t+tlaelc1taec1tcrlgln+|eaup
ce + st+|l|lt c ccunlc+re lnte|ectu+| str1ns cu lttgensteln, c
cper+ |ul v+ pute+ h c+r+cterlt+t +l pctrlvlt arept ce+ + unul
|i|csc|,pre+n+|itlc, +r tre|ul s|le reccnslaer+te tcntur+re+|l e
lsu+r+aetvc|trllpec+recprlesctee|e +lntlten|ucrrl
+|e |ul ch|lc|, cu aecse|lre prlu| r1nan ce|e prcpuse +tenlel
cltltcru|ulrc1nprlntr+aucerl|ecuprinsenvc|uu|ae|a,pc+te
prcauce+rguentensprljlnu|cpcrtunltllunel+seene+reccn
slaerrl.
In centru| cperel eplsteclcglce l+|h|csc|lel tllnel +|ul
ch|lc| st ccntrl|ul+ |ul |+ c|+rlhc+re+ ccnceptu|ul cuncterll
lentru,h|csch|+utentlcc+re+|cstch|lc|,c+seene+c|+rlhc+re
er+lpcrt+ntalnce|pulntrelpuncteaeveaereM+lnt1l,pentru
c+l|unne|egere+n+turllcuncterlltllnlhce,sccctltcunc
tere+prlnexce|enaectretclcel|+l|l+rlt+lcutlin+caern.
In +| acl|e+ r1na, pentru evlaenlere+unltll alntre cunc+tere+
ccmunicunc+tere+tllnlhcIn+|trei|e+r1na,pentruev+|u+re+
pretenlel et+htlcll tr+allcn+|e ae +c|erl cunc+tere, l +nue,
cunc+tere+ supre, c cunc+tere superlc+r i supr+cracn+t
+t1tcunc+terll ccunec1tl celeltllnl|lce.
tcntrl|ul+|ul ch|lc| |++n+|lt+ ccnceptu|ul cunc+terll v+
pute+|l +l|lnene|e+sac+rprlnr+pcrt+re|+hna+|u| lstcrlc
tcnceptu|lntultlv,|+l| l+r+|cunc+terll,unccnceptc+re+rpute+
|l c+r+cterlt+tl areptn+lvn mr+n c+re ccnstltule c repre
tent+re+ccntllnelccune,esteunccncept+|cunc+terilcrlent+t
spreccnlnut.epc+te+rt+cun eene+ccncept+|cunc+terll
+ |cst nsult l +ccept+t necrltlc n +re+ tr+alle et+|ltlc'
tunc+tere+ este c+r+cterlt+t prln r+pcrt+re |+ ccnlnut +tuncl
c1nae+esteg1naltareptcre|+ientre ccnlnutu|g1nalrllcuncs
ctc+relc|lectu|cuncteril.|+neesten|l+tareptun|e|ae
,tr+ns|er n su|lectu| cuncsctcr +| unul ccnlnut c|lectlv e
presupunecexistclaentlt+tehna+ent+|ntreccnlnutu|unel
cunctlnelc|lectu|+cestel+0+seene+laentlt+teesteccnceput,
14 Pentru susinerea acestei afirmaii i pentru caracterizarea opoziiei dintre
ceea ce am numit un concept al cunoatrii orientt spre coninut i un
concept al cunoaterii orientat spre form, vezi M. Flonta, Zwei
Erkenntnibegrif, n ,,Reu Roumaine de Philosophie", 37, 3-4, Bucureti,
Editura Academiei Romne, 1993, pp- 359-367.
UN AUTOR PE NEDREPT UITAT 1 9
aec|lcel,areptcnt1|nlres+uccclnclaent+laentlt+tealntre
su|lectl c|lect,cunc+tere++|cstne|e+s,|le areptcccntcplre
+su|lectu|ulcuc|lectu|cunc+sterll,|leareptun|e|aetr+nspcrt
+|c|lectu|ulsu|lect.Inprlru|c+t,ntrc|crc+r+cterlstlc|+
h|csc|ll ae crlent+re lstlc, cunc+tere+ se p|lnete prlntrc
aep|lnccntcplre+su|lectu|ulcucee+cecunc+te.In+|acl|e+c+t
e+neesten|l+taeet+htlclenlc+c ,pre|u+re+ccnlnutu|ul
c|lectlvaectreg1nalre+cuncsctc+re0+seene+pretlnspre|u
+re, +alc cee+ ce + pute+ nul c aep|+s+re nuntru + unul
ccnlnut,este+aese+aesen+tprlnexpresl+intuiie intelectual.
eslt+re,,prlnaere,,cuprlnaerep+rs|lec1tev+alnet+|cre|e
prlvl|el+te c+re exprl ne|egere+ cunc+terll c+ prcaus +|
lntullellnte|ectu+|e,++cu+|cstccncepute+aeunllexpcnenl
aese++let+|ltlcllr+tlcn+|lste
0ae|llt+recrltlc|aeccnceptu|cunc+terllcrlent+tspre
ccnlnutpreculcpre|lgur+re+ccnceptu|ulcaern+|cunc+terll
crlent+tespre|cr++vut|ccprln|i|csc|l+crltlc+cunc+terll +
|ulK+ntnutcru|Criticii raiunii pure ccntest+c+enl|cr|+cu|t+te+
lntullellnte|ectu+|e,aenun1na+ce|punctaeveaereprcprluet+h
tlcllprecrltlcepec+re|+nult,r+lcn+|lsacg+tlclentruK+nt,
nu+llntultll|esuntsensl|l|e||enuccnstltulenscuncstlnte,cl
hrnlte+t1c+r+terl+s+uccntlnutu|cunc+sterllnc+stte
tuic+s
tere+ l+ n+tere +|l+ prln reulre+ +cestul ccnlnut cu |cre| e
repretent+te ae ccncepte|e pure +|e lnte|ectu|ul. ,\+tur+ nc+str
esteae ++|e|,nc1tintuiia nu pc+te |l nlclca+taec1tsensibil,
+alce+nu ccntlne aec1t cau| cu sunte+|ect+tl ae c|lecte
ulnccntr+,c+paclt+te+ae +gndi c|lectu|lntullelensl|l|eeste
intelectul . . |nte|ectu|nupc+telntulnllc,l+rslurl|enupctg1nal
nllc\u+l aln|+ptu|ce|eseunescpc+teltvcrcunc+tere''l
nccntlnu+re. ,ngndi unc|lectl +cunoate unc|lectnu este
aecl+ce|+l|ucru ulncunc+tere|+cp+rte,m+aevr,acue|eente
+lnt1l,ccnceptu|,prlnc+reunc|lectesteg1nalt(c+tegcrl+),l,
n +| acl|e+, lntull+, prln c+re c|lectu| este a+t. . . 0rlce lntulle
pcsl|l|pentrunclestesensl|l| (|stetlc+), prlnur+re g1nalre+
unulc|lectngenerecu+jutcru|unulccnceptpur+|lnte|ectu|ulnu
pc+te aevenl n ncl cunc+tere aec1t ntruc1t +cest ccncept este
r+pcrt+t|+c|lecte|eslurl|cr''.
15 Imm. Kan Critica raiunii pure, traducere de N. Bagdasar, L. Moisuc,
Bucureti, Editura Inri, 199R, pp. 95-96.
16 Ibidem, p. 1 41 .
20 MIRCEA FLONTA
In +ccracu unll cercettcrl +l n+turll c+re +u g1nalt +supr+
experlene|crcunc+terlltllnl|lcecaerne,ch|lc|++rguent+t
c +ceste experlene lnalc n ca unlvcc neceslt+te+ +acptrll
unulccncept+|cunc+terllcrlent+tspre|cruc+reaunurlaespre
re|+ll, +alcaesprec+r+cterlstlclstructur+|e+|e|ull,pct|lccu
nlc+te tuturcr cercettcrl|cr ccpetenlltest+teae ctre +cetl+
uc+r +seene+enunurl pcsea +ce+senl|lc+le lntersu|lectlv
c+re alstlnge cunctlne|e ae experlene|e nc+stre su|lectlve, ae
trlrl 0cnceptu| cunc+terll crlent+t spre |crsenteel+tpe
alstlncl+ net alntre ccnlnuturl|e su|lectlve +|e ccntllnel l
enunurl|e aespre re|+ll c+re sunt lntersu|lectlv ccunlc+|l|e l
test+|l|e |crel sl ccntlnutu|ul, c|lectlvu|ul sl su|lectlvu|ul |e
ccrespunaccncept+|u|l sensl|l|u| 0_nlnuturt sensl|l|ec+renu
suntsu|su+teuncrccncepte|cr+|eccnstltuledc+rtrlrl,lnu
cuncstlne 0cncepte |cr+|e |r ccnlnuturl sensl|l|e ccrespun
ttc+re sunt schee gc+|e c+re nu +u ccrespcnaentn re+|lt+te
Cunoaterea, ntrunsensstrlct+|terenu|ul,l+n+tere+|l+prln
st+|l|lre+ uncr re|+tll ae cccracn+re unlvcc ntre ccntlnuturl
sensl|l|elccncepte
|cr+|e.Invl++ae|lec+retl, c+ln
tlln,
cunctlne|e suntr+pcrturl|cr+|entre ccncepte crcr+|e ccres
punar+pcrturlntreccp|exeaeexperlenesensl|l|e.ke|+l+alntre
cc lnuturl|e su|lectlve l |cre|e c|lectlve nu este nlclc re|+le
genetlc(aeaerlv+re+ccnce te|cr lnccnlnuturlsenscrl+| , nlcl
c re|+le e cg|lnalre e re||ect+re cleste re+tl+ alntre ee+ce
estesl c t+tlsl|c|url0u+|tecuvlnte,ccre|+ll|e|cr+|ealntre
0ncepte|e nc+stre vcrdevenl cunctlne a+cl nu+l a+c e|e
sl|c|lte+tre|+llntreccp|exerepet+|l|eaeexperlenesensc
rl+|e |ste c ne|egere + r+pcrtu|ul alntre |ue+ ccnlnuturl|cr
su|lectlvelce++cunc+terllc|lectlvec+re+|cstschl+taej+n
scrlerl|l|cschce+|eunulcercettcr+|n+turllalnsecc|u|+|X|X|e+
|stevcr|+ae |ltlcl+nu|ger+n er+nnvcne|hc|tt, +crul
g1nalre + |cst puternlc l n||uen+t ae ccnt+ctu| su cu |l|csc|l+
crltlc+|ulK+nt'' ,0rlce|ege+n+turll- scrl+e|hc|tt- enun
17 S-a semnalat c Schlick a cunoscut ideile lui Helmholtz ndeosebi prin
mijlociea mentorului su Ma Planck. (Vezi n aceast privin, J. Lewis
Turner, Conceptul K nowldg and Intuitive Experience: Schlick 's Dillma,
n (ed.) R. M. Giere, A. W Rchardson Origin ofLogical Empiricsm, Minne
sota Studies in the Philosophy ofScience, Minneapolis, 1 996, pp. 295-96. )
Planck la rndul su, sublinia distincia dintre lumea triilor senzoriale i
tabloul fzic al lumii.
UN AUTOR PE NEDREPT UITAT 2 1
cuncrcenalllc+resuntntre +nultprlvlnlaentlce|eceres
unantetae+un+censeclnec+resuntlaentlcentrc+nult+|t
rlvln uee+rececee+ceestelaentlcn|ue+sent+ll|ernc+stre
este lnalc+t prl n +ce|e+l sene, ccre|+lel | eglce alntre e|ecte
laentlce l c+ute laentlce l v+ccrespunae c ccre|+le tct+t1t ae
regu|+tnacenlu|sent+ll|crnc+stre'`1e+centr+stu|ul4lntre
cenlnuturl|e su|lectlve +|e ccntllnellenunurl|e aespre re|+ll,
c+resuntlntersu|lectlv ceunlc+|l|e l test+|l|e, precullaee+
cnu+lre|+tll|e ctccnstltulc|lect+|cunc+sterllv+|lre|u+tl
aetvc|t+taectrehenrllclnc+re v+su||lnl+csent+ll|e,c+l
tc cele|+he experlene su|lectlve, nu pctf ceunlc+te +|tcr+
|ute ccumc+ ae+r enunurl aespre re+ll dlntre cep|exe
repet+|l|eaesent+ll,c+resuntsl|e|lt+teprlnccncepte|enc+stre
\u+lcee+ceestec|lectlv,+alcl ntersu|lectlvccunlc+|l|ltest+|l|,
pc+te censtltul cunc+stere ,
te
n+tur+|ucrurl|cr,lnllcnupc+tesnec|+ccuncscut,l+ra+c
vreun teu +r cune+tee e| nu +r pute+ gsl cuvlnte pentru + c
exprl+ 01na, prln ur+re, c teerle tllnl|lc pretlnae s ne
nveeceestec|aur+, e|ectrlclt+te+s+uvl++, e+esteccna+n+t
ae |+nceput'
ch|lc|+e|+|cr+tn caslste+tlcccnceptu| re|+lcn+|s+u
structur+|+| cunc+terll, ccnceptu|cunc+terllcrlent+tspre|cr,
n prlu| r1na prln a@lnctl+ s+ alntre cune+stere (Erkenntnis,
Wissen) ltrlre(Erlebnis). uetvc|t+re+slste+tlc++cestertee
ncu+rtlcc|u|Cunoatere, trire, metafzic lcu|lne+tcu
expunerl|e nepu||lc+te pe c+re |e+ lnutn +nu| 1932, |+ |nlver
slt+te+alnLcnar+, expunerl+| crcrtlt|u+|cst+|eslarepttlt|u+|
+cestulvc|u
upctll+slp|a+rhna+ent+|ae |+c+re p|e+c+n+|lt+
|ulch|lc|estecenunurl|ec+reaescrlustrlae|ucrurlrepretlnt
cunc+terea+clnu+la+ce|e+uev+|c+rec|lectlv|+rv+|c+re
c|lectlv+uac+renunurl+ccept+teaetclc+enllae|uncrealn
IK
H. von Hclmholtz, Vortrge und Reden Bd Il Braunschwcig, Fr. Viewcg,
lR84, p. 226.
19 H. POincarc, La valeur de la science, Paris, E. Flammarion, 1 91 8, p. 266.
2
U Ibidem, pp. 266-67.
22 MIRCE FLONA
c+re pcsea ccpeten+ neces+r (In vl++ ae tc+te tl|e|e c
+seene+ccpeten+utclc+enll+|ecrcr|+cu|tlaecunc
teresuntncr+|elpeaep|lnaetvc|t+te,ntlpcen+ctlvltlae
cunctere specl+|lt+te, n prlu| r1nantlln, ccpeten+ se
c1tlgprlntrcpregtlrespecl+|.)lretenl+cunenunrepretlnt
cunc+tere v+h +ccept+tnu+i a+ce|v+pute+|ltest+taetcl
celcepcseapregtlre+l lj|c+ce|eneces+repentru+c+st+|+r
test+re+lntersu|lectlvv+|lpcl|l|ac+r+tunclc1naenunu|v+
pute+hccunlc+ttuturcrce|crlnteres+ls|testetetcunlc+re+
itlvltest+re+lntersu|lectlvccnstltule,++a+r,ccalll
lnle +|e cunoateru, rn +cest senrestrlctlv, |lne preclt+t +|
terenu|ul.
1et+centr+|+|ulch|lc|er+cnumaiarma - re|+til|ealntre
-------
|ucrurllnsulrl- lnuconinutul - c+r+ctes.iec+|lt+tlve- pct
|l ccunlc+te l test+ten calntersu|lectv. tunc+tere pute
+ve+,prlnur+re,nu+laespre arm, lnuaespreconinut. L+
prl+veaere, c +seene++hr+lepc+te +pre+surprlnttc+re
|+ ccntr+zlce, +lnt1l, lpresl+ |+l|l+r c ncl |cru| tct
tlpu|enunurl aespre c+r+cterlstlcl|e c+|lt+tlve +|e |ucrurl|cr, cu
aecse|lrenvl++ae|lec+retl,lc+seeneaenunurlsunt+ccep
t+te arept cunctlne. luln +n+|lt l re||ecle ne v+ |+ce ns
c|+rc+ce+stlpresleestene|tc+re1ctcee+ceputeccunlc+
ncaunlvcc+|tcr+ltctcee+ce+|llpctccntrc|+l,nccnsecln,
+ccept+s+uresplnge,suntprcpctlllc+reenunre|+ll,prcpctlll
c+re nu spun cev+ ac+r cu prlvlre |+form, l nu cu prlvlre |+
coninut. |nunurl|ec+repcthccunlc+te+|tcr+lpcth test+te
ae ctre +|ll sunt enunurl aespre aeterlnrl structur+|e, +alc
re|+lcn+|e+|ec|lecte|crlnsulrl|cr+cestcr+\uputeccunlc+
+|tcr+ nllc aespre ,c+|ltl lntrlnsecl, aespre cee+ ce este un
+nult|ucrus+uc+nutnsulre. Mcae|e|e+te+tlce,cae|e
utl|lt+tepesc+r|+rgnaescrlere+tllnlhc+|ull,pctsexprle
ac+r+nultere|+llntreentitlaesen+teprlnsl|c|url+|str+cte,
a+r e|e nu ne spun nllc aespre n+tur+ +cestcr entltl. ch|lc|
lnslst++supr+|+ptu|ulcc+seene+c|serv+leestev+|+|l|pentru
cunctereagener+|,aecl l pentru cunc+tere+ ccun. ||+|c
r+re+pec+rec ae| ccnceptu|ul cuncterllevlaenl+tunlt+te+
alntre cunctere+ ccun l cunctere tllnl|lc 0+enll +u
sent+llaesprecu|crllsunete,a+relnupctccunlc+seenl|cr
ce +nue slt ent+ll|e l percepll|e sunt trlrl, experlene
su|lectlvel,c++t+re,e|esuntlnccunlc+|l|elctsccunlc+|tul+
UN AUTOR PE NEDREPT UITAT 23
c++vut sent+ll, percepll, sentlente cuprlvlre | +cev+ s+u
+|tcev+, a+rnuce +nue +resllt, +alcccnlnutu|c+|lt+tlv+|
trlrl|cre|e.\clpute+ccunlc+cev+ac+rcuprlvlre|+structur+,
|+car+cterlstlcl|e re|+lcn+|e +|esunete|cr- +p|ltualne,n|le,
aur+t- s+u|+sp+lu|cu|crl|cr,+alccee+cepctccunlc+lunul
cc+renuestentestr+tae |+n+terecu+uts+ucuveaere|ste
+aevr+tccrlcesu|lectv+up|estructur+,|cr+- +alccee+ce
pcate|lexprl+tprlnccnceptelccunlc+t+|tcr+- cuunccnlaut
sentcrl+| l1nluncr|v+up|e structur+ sp+lu|ul cu|crl|cr cu
+nulte trlrl |urnlt+teae+|te slurl1ct++c ccnst+t+retlln
ltlc,|unc+rcc|serv+le, este+sccl+tnlnte+|lecrulcerce
ttcrc+re|+cec|serv+l+cuunccnlnut c+re este al|erltae|+un
c|serv+tcr|++|tu|ketu|t+tu|c|serv+lel - aescrlere+uncrre|+ll-
ccnstltulensc|lectu|ccnsensu|ultuturcrc|serv+tcrl|crclnstlll
ccpetenl|cr+exlst+st|e|ntctae+un+nu+lc+|cr+unul
ccnlnut, a+r ccnlnutu|nsul este prln n+tur+s+lnccunlc+|l|.
0rlceccujuaec+tsntc+s, c|servch|lc|,tlepre+|lnec
nu pc+te ccunlc+ +|tcr+ coninutul, +al c experlene|e s+|e
su|lectlve\lenlnupc+tes+||eae|++|llceesteunsentlent
aehlc, cease+ns|llaargcstlts+u s+lp+slune+cre+lel.
1o+te +ceste+sunttralpe c+re|e+ls+unu|e +l,pec+renul|e
pct ccunlc+ +|ll +r pute+c|lect+ctcc+l ccunlc+re+unul
coninut estecee+celprcpune, |unc+r, uncre+tcrae+rtL+
+ce+st+se pc+te rep|lc+nsccee+ ce re+|lte+t, ae |+pt, cper+
ae +rt este prcaucere+ uncr trlrl, uncr sentlente ce|ul ce c
recepte+t,lnuccunlc+re+trlrl|crce|crc+rec cre+t |gcsl
e+ae+ccunlc+coninutul - +rguente+tSch|lc|- estec
lpcsr5rht+tede rmciplu,clpcsl|nt+te|cglc|+tlneae tur+
nsl+|ucrurl|cr,lnu e llte|eputerl|crl|+cu|ttl|crnc+str
L+aln ccnseclne|e tetel cpute +ve+cunc+tere nu+l
aesprere|+ll,aesprec+r+c+terlstl cllestructur+|e+|ere+|ltll,este
cintuiia, g1naltaeh|cschc+un+ctae ,prlnaere s+uae ,sesl
t+re nelj|cclt + coninutului, nu ne pc+te c|erl cunc+tere.
Coninutul exlst pur l slp|u n trlre, +alc n c+|lt+te ae
experlenprlv+t+unulsu|lect, l+rprccese|eprlnc+rel+n+tere
nlnte+nc trua+nultconinut suntprccesere+|e,prccese
c+renu+unllcccuncucee+cenulcunoatere, ce|pulnn
sur+nc+re +cestterenesteutl|lt+tpentru+aesen+enunurl
lslstee ae enunurl c+re +u c senl|lc+le c|lectlv, supr+per
scn+| ch|lc|nuv+ccntest+,aeslgur,cunll+utcrl+uccnslaer+t
24 MIRCE FLONA
rnturrareptcunctereaprrnexce|ensaucnvcr|rreaccmun
mu|r camenr ca|rhcrnturra, pretenan mrnte aunur coninut,
teptcuncatere|su||rnrat,ns,caceastanseamnaccnhna
cu|ucrurresenra|r|errtetrrrea,experrenasu|rectrvrcunc
terea,|umeaprrvatr|umeapu||rc.uacvremsa||mcevae
|aa|rrnuespreetermrnrr|ere|arcna|e,structara|e,rntersu|rectrv
ccmunr ca|r|e a|e rea|rtrr, cr espre caractetrstrcr|e ca|rtatrve
rntrrnsecra|e|ucrurr|cr,atuncrprcpctrrr|eprrncarerspunem|a
ntre|rre acest|e|vcr|rnonsenuri.
*
* *
urstrncra pe care c |ace ch|rc|ntre trrre r cuncatere
precumrana|rtaatee|ccnceptu|urcuncaterrrau|cstaesea
ne|esereptcahrmareapreemrnenercuncaterrrratrrnern
rapcrt cu a|te va|crrumane \rmrc mar grert. ch|rc| aa|rrmatn
mcexp|rcrtprrcrrtateava|crr|ctmcra|erestetrcenvraacmu|ur
evc|uatraca|rhcatnucatartareptceamarsu||rmcrearea
sprrrtu|urcmenesc. !entru e|, artaeraceva mrnunat nu ecarece,
spreecse|rreetrrn,eaar|rcapa|r|sexprrmeconinutul, cr
atcrrtva|crrrexceprcna|e atrrrr|cr,asentrmente|crpecare|e
pcate genera. trrn e menta|rtateapragmatrc,ch|rc| amrtea
|ucurcs c e|ectareapecarec c|ercpere|e e artsau marr|e
srstememeta|rtrcepcateccntamarmu|tec1tcunctereaccmun
rtrrna0eeacerprcpuneasaratee|eranscace|etrrrrpe
care |e prr|ejuresc asemenea p|smurrr a|e sprrrtu|ur suntceva cu
tctu| r|errt e ceea ce c|er trrna r cuncaterean genere
Lurch|rc|,cara|tcrmem|rrprcemrnenrarCercului, autcrr
strgmatrtar e ctre mu|r ccntempcranr rept pctrtrvrtr, |r sa
atrr|urtn mc curent umnre, cstr|rtate rchrar rsprepentru
marea trarre meta|rtrc ucar ccntactu| rrect cu cpera |cr, n
spe cu scrrerr repretentatrve a|e |ur ch|rc|, va putea ccrecta
reearsp1nrtc suntemn|aaunercrrtrcrah|csc|rerspecu|a
trvecarearexprrmarncapacrtateaeane|ege|cnu|r|rna|rtatea
ccnstrucrermetahtrce0rtrreatexte|cr|urch|rc|vare|evacrtrtcru|ur
neprtrnrtcr c ceea ce se pune n rscure este c1tur e purn
va|careauacrasemeneaccnstrucri,crcarpretenrameta|rtrcrenr|cr
c ceea ce c|er er este cuncterensensu| strrct a| termenu|ur
|stcrrag1nrrrrh|cschce cccrenta|e a|cststr|tute ccn|run
tarea rntre pretenrr|e a|sc|utrste a|e meta|rtrcrenr|cr r reacrr
sceptrce r|errte |a e pretenrr e acest|e| rune|e r ce|e|a|te
UN AUTOR PE NEDREPT UITAT 25
au |cst susrnute e supctrrr c e|u| |r|csc|rer arh s c|ere
cuncatere, r anume, cuncaterea cea mar na|t, cuncaterea a
ceeaceesteunrversa|rnecesar, au|trme|crtemerurra|eexrstener
nna|rte|e |ur ch|rc| sau ccncentrat asupra respr ngerrr acester
supctrrrMeta|rtrcrenrr,ar_umentae|, ccnhnn mcsrstematrc
i! tuiia - ne|eas rept trrrea unur coninut - cu trrnta r
cuncastereach|rc|c|servcacacceptmpretentrasrsteme|cr
metahtrcede arepretentacuncatereavcm|r it|rr de ccntrastu|
rntrerecepra|crrrecepraecareselucurcercetrr|etrrnr|rce
rnu|vcmputeaexp|rca0crcperaunurmetahtrcranesteprcmc
vatcar 1e uncerce rscrpc|r raeprcarer acceptnecrrtrc
rnturr|e- ccca|,uncutenth|csc|rc,cmrcareerer- ntrmpce
retu|tate|eunercercetrrtrrnr|rce vcr|r |unu| ccmuna| tuturcr
ce|cr nsu||err e asprrare spre aevr, care pcsen p|us r
ccmpetena necesarpentru a|e ccntrc|a.
ceptrcrsmu||aepretenrametahtrcrenr|cre ac|errae
vrurrcuva|a|r|rtateunrversa|,arcctrrnaa|sc|utu|ur,a|cst
ntemerate c|rcerpepresupunereacc asemeneapretenrenu
rne seama e |rmrte|e |acu|tr|cr ncastre rnte|ectua|e ch|rc|, ca
r a|r autcrr care au rnrratace|prcrectere|crm a| h|csc|rerpe
care|aprcmcvat0ercu|e|a\rena,asusrnut,rmpctrrv,ce|u|
ec|arata|ccnstrucrr|crmeta|rtrcenuvaputea|r atrnsnuatcrrt
|rmrtrrrcapacrtr|crncastreecuncatere,crrnrarunrenatur
prrncrpra| 0 cuncatere aa|sc|utu|urnu este n prrncrprupcsr
|r| \umar re|atrr|e, structurr|e rea|rtrr pct ccnstrtur c|rect a|
cuncaterrr, rnuascIutu|\rcr mcarcm n cmnrscrent nuar
putea avea c cuncatere a a|sc|utu|ur 0cm|rnara e termenr
cunoatere a absolutului sau cunoatere intuitiv este una
rmpcsr|nunurr|ecarea|irmsauneagcevacuprrvire|aa|sc|ut
sunt ceea ce rttgenstern ca|r|rca rept nonsensuri (unsinnige
S). \uexrst ntre|rrcusenscarenuarputeaprrmrcsc|ure
nanumrte|eprc||emernsc|u|r|enuaucsc|urepentruce|enu
sunt, e|apt,prc||eme,ntrelrr|egrtrme' ' !aptu|ce|eau|crma
gramatrca|exterrcarauncrntre|rrcusens,ce|esuntprcpctrrr
rnte|rgr|r|e,nutre|uresnene|enaceastprrvrn ceptrcrsmu|
cuprrvrre|apcsr|r|rtr|emrnrrcmenetreanec|errccuncatere
aa|sc|utu|ur estenreptrtnu ecarecec asemeneacuncatere
2 1
Schick obinuia s invoce formulrile lapidare pe care le-au primit asemenea
concluzii n Tractatus-ul lui Wittgenstein.
26 MIRCE FLONTA
areprputerr|eer,crhrnccrrcerspunsurr|antre|rrceviteat
cuncatereaa|sc|uta|ulnuvcrputea|rec1tncnsensurrnregreta
c h|csc|ra specu|atrv nu pcate n|ptur c|rectrvu| cuncaterrr
a|sclutu|ureste, aaar,ceva|rpsrtencrm. steace|ar| acru
- ahrmch|ic|- car aregretacunptratrctunnuestepcsr|r|
0cnc|utra c acea cuncatere suprem pe care nec prcmrt
metahtrcrenrr nu este n prrncrpru pcsr|i| nu rmp|rc ns - ce|
purnrnpunctu|eveerea||urch|rc|- catrturneispreurtcare
sauccnescenent,ngenerecatrturne|rpsrtereveren|a
emetahtrc0cnstatareach|cschaspeca|atrvnupcaternmctrve
prrncrpra|e s atrng c|rectrvu|pe care r|aprcpusnujastrhcn
nrcrun|e||rpsaeccnsrerarepecarerauartatcunrr|r|csche
crrentareemprrrstrpctrtrvrst !entruch|rc| ace|emcnumente
a|eg1nirrrpecare|eaun|atcermareseammetahtrcrenrstau
a|turremarr|ecpereeartrune|esice|e|a|temerrtceamar
na|tpreuirenvirtuteapctenr|a|ar|c exceprcna|ennc|r|are
a cma|ur m h, prin urmare, nu numar grert, ar i nerept s
prrvrmmeta|rtrcatraircna|reptcsrmp|cc|ecreepseucprc|
|eme,rartete|e meta|rtrcrenr|crcarreptcsumencnsensarr
ntrturnea|urch|rc||a etrarrametahtrceramaraprcprat
eceaa|urrttgenstern'ec1teceaauncrmem|rrarCercului,
ca0ttc\eurath, care sert|craucameta|rtrcantrun|e| care |sa
rmpresrac c asrmr|eatcuc|scurantrsma|' 0eeace seveece|
mar|rnenu|trmu|textscrrsech|rc|rpu||rcat|ascurttrmpup
mcarteasa,rntrtu|atcoala de la Viena i filosofa tradiional.
ch|rc|creeac ac ccnstructcrrre srstememetahtrce aa
ntrernutc|ungperrcaetrmpune|eateptrrrsperanecare
saa cvert nerea|rste, aceasta saatcrat|aptu|arcernuau |cst
n staresrstragnmcc|arntre|rr|e care vrteatextrnerea
raprchnareacuncaterrrece|ecarecerc|arr|rcrrccnceptua|e
2
l
Pen t au torul Tracttu-ului ceea ce est mai nalt (das H6here) "se arat"
nu numai n art i n scrieri religioase, ci i n construciile gndirii metafzice.
2 n cuprinztoarea sa lucrare documentar asupra Cercului d la Viena,
citat mai sus, Fr. Stadler acord mult loc caracterizrii deosebirilor dintre
poziiile filosofice i politice ale lui Schlick i Neurath (Vezi ndeosebi capitolul
1 1 intitulat Excurs: Pluralismul filosic i politic n Cercul de la Viena
exempliicat d Otto Neurath i Morit Schlick. ) Stadler subliniaz c n
timp ce Schlick acorda filosofiei, inclusiv filosofiei practice, eticii, un rol
pozitiv-constructiv, Neurath susinea dizolvarea filosofiei, ce disciplin
autonom, pe baza unui concept empirist al ecnciclopedismului tiinific.
UN AUTOR PE NEDREPT UITAT 27
|r|csc|rrtrecutu|urar|rne|esestu|erepeecprc||eme|ecare
|jreccupaunuputeauprrmrunrspunspelataexperrener,remar
cach|rc||nuauerrvatnsrnaceastccnstatare|anamenta|
ccnc|utraccrect,ranume,ch|cschanupcateaucecccntrr|ure
|acuncaterea|umrrr acmu|ur, crccnc|utragrertcar exrstac
cuncaterea priori, cuncatereameta|rtrcInmanusctrsermase
e|ach|rc|nt1|nrmurmtcareac|servare,Marnarnte,h|cschr
ntre|aucuprrvrre|atemeru|hrner,|aexrstena|uruumneteu,|a
nemurrrear|r|ertateasu||etu|ur,|asensu||umrircrrentareaacrunrr
\crnsnu ntre|m a|tcevaec1t 0e arprcprrutrsnveere?.
!recrura,crrcrnear|re|,resprecrrcearvcr|rrpunemntre|area
0areestesensu|aceeacespur?'
(
nsrrscuranes|1rrtasupra
su|rectu|ur,0eesteh|csc|ra?rnrcnmcc|arch|cschanueste
ctrrnnsensu| c|rnurta|cuv1ntu|ur. 0crctrrnnuarputea
|r at1temu|ttrmpncutarearentrtrrsa|e.0presrmrre,pcate
chrar c antrcrpare ane|egerrr naturrr actrvrtrr h|cschce apare
pentruprrmaat, creeach|rc|,nace|mcapartee antre|a
carera|cstatrr|urt|urccrate0eeacepreasurmreascccrate
nrscurr|e curnter|ccutcrrrsr eranu c|rnereauner cuncaterr
pctrtrve, cr c|arr|rcarea g1nurr|cr prrn ana|rta semnr|rcarer
expresrr|cr|rm|aju|ur1ccma|prrnpreccuprreacest|e|,ccrate
saetaatec|rectrve|eurmrrteat1tectrefizicienii, c1tre
ctremetafzicienii vremrrsa|e
ch|rc|ag1nrtceeaceanumrtcotitur a filosofei reptc
ccnsecrnac1trgrrrccntrrner1rstrncrerrntree|urr|eactrvrtr|cr
nreptatesprec|1nrreacuncaterrr,nprrmu|r1naactrvrtr|cr
trrnrhce,re|urr|eactrvrtr|crenaturhcsc|rc|rrme|eurmresc
extrnerea r aprc|unatea cuncaterrr, ce| e|a|te c|arr|rcarea
ccncepte|cruua|rtatea|r|csc|resgnteste.asaar, ua|rtateaana
|rtcuncatere
]
ntrc |crmu|srntetrc, |r|cschaserntereseate
_
ns,strrntae adevar SI e IaIsIararTcareasensurcr esesen
apentucuncaIere
aaevaruIa\umarc1trg1n,chraraccu
c marent1rtrere rstcrrc, ccntrrna c|rectrve|cr sa|e partrcu|are,
specr|rce,h|csc|ravaputea epr c atpentrutcteaunacearta
sterr| a srsteme|cr a va evenr tiinc, nu n sensu| c ar
ccncura cercetarea trrnr|rc r rar prcpune s c nrume, crn
sensu| cr va putea urmrr r rea|ita e|urr|e er specrhce prrntrc
l
4 Citat dup lt Waismann, Vorwort, n M. Schlick, Gesamelte Aujtze
19261936, Wien, Gerold and Co., 1 938, p. XXIII.
2R
MIRCE FLON A
rnterac|une cccperatrvr crrtrc atuturcr cercettcrr|cr cnetr |
ccmpetenr.
0hraracserstrngnmcnetprrnc|rectrve|ermetce|e
|cr,cercetareah|cschcrtrrnrhcnuvcrputeahtcturesprrte
Inmsurancareresrmtnevcrac|arrhcrrrccncepte|cr|anamenta|e
a|eprcprrer|crrscrp|rneraucursacesterpreccuprr,marrrcamenr
etrrntecretrcseahrmrcah|cschurstrncrarntrepreccuprr
trrnr|rcer|r|csc|rcenuexc|uepcsr|r|rtateacae|e s|recu|trvate
cusucceseunaraceear mrnte!rncra|,as, ccerce pct
reunr cu succesasemeneapreccuprrvcr|rcamenrexceprcna|r
0cnsrerarr|e|urch|rc|cuprrvrre|ansemntateac|arrhcrr|cr
ccnceptua|epentruprcgresu|cuncaterrrtrrnrhcearputea|avcrrta
rmpresrace|prrveah|csc|rareptcancillae scientiae, aacumc
prrveau,|rncra|,unrrmem|rrrn||uenrar0ercu|ure|a\rena
!ste,prrnurmare,rmpcrtantesu||rnratcch|rc|sae|rmrtat4e
cerceg1neaunacest|e||scccteaprc||ematrcaetrcrrrava|crr|cr
rept un cmenru centra| a| ana|rter h|cschce 0eea ce apare ce|
mar c|ar crr e c1te crr e| nu vcr|ete n nume|e grupu|ur, cr n
numeperscna|stecatu|uncrpasajernu|trmu|sutext,menrcnat
marsus !ctrtrvrstu|ch|rc|nusashrtsahrmec,cc|arrhcare
accncepte|crmcra|eestern|tnrtmarrmpcrtantpentrucm ec1t
tcate prc||eme|e tecretrce. | a ncercat, cer rept, s exp|rce
neg|rjareaprc||ematrcrrhcschermcra|en cercetrr|emu|tcrmem|rr
ar Cercului, ar, |ucru rmpcrtant, a recuncscutc r a regretatc
nceastaeste,|rncra|, c trsturremarca|r|apctrrersa|e
ch|rc|nuaacceptatcprrcrrtateeprrncrpruaprc||ematrcrrhcscher
tecretrce, n prrmu| r1n a h|csc|rer cuncaterrr r a trrner, n
rapcrtcu ceaa h|csc|rerpractrce,rar evc|urah|csc|rerana|rtrcen
acuajumtateasecc|u|urxxraatpeep|rnreptate
*
* *
nceste ccnsrerarr au urmrrt, n prrmu| r1n, s schrete
prch|u|perscna|rtrrrnte|ectua|e rh|csc|rce a|ulMcrrttch|rc|,
c|errn a.
TERE, METAFIZIC 37
ceea ce este prrncrpra| rnccmunrca|r|, s se exprrme ceeace este
rnexprrma|r|
0epcate|rnsexprrmat,acccnrnutu|prcprrutrsa|trrrr|cr
este rncc|c e crrce |e| e escrrere? 0e marrm1ne, actcate
ca|rtr|eresrmrtenmcsu|rectrv, cu|crr,tcnurr,sentrmente,pescurt
actcateetermrnrr|eca|rtatrvea|e||uxu|urccntunernu rntr
n rscure, ecarece, hrn pur r srmp|usu|rectrve, nu pctshe
ccmunrcateaputeacree,marnt1r,cnurm1nengenerenimrc,
ccrncrnuputemgc|r peep|rntcate trrrr|e rg1nurr|eecrrce
ccnrnutausunt,eventua|,re|a|r|erntreccnrnuturr|eccntrrner
:evace scaps|erer su|rectrve rpcate e aceeasheccmunrcat?
\u tru, cer rept, accrnevacare prrvete un c|rect rcu
srmteceeacesrmteu,arccnstatce|esemneatacestc|rectn
mc ccnstant rept rcu ac nu cumva este a|tcnrst) !utem
euce e arcr c ncr nu trm, |rrete, ac cuv1ntu| rcu are
pentrue|ace|arsenscarpentrumrne,arce|asccrat,ncrrce
cat, cuv1ntu|ur rcuntcteauna ace|arsens nmputeans s
|rmtentarsspunemc,n|recarecat,re|araega|rtrrntrecu
trrrr va |r resrmrt e e| n ace|ar |e| ca r e mrne nceast
|crmu|are nu ar|rnsccrectccr,ncc at,trrreaega|rtrr
nutre|ures|rernpuncteveereca|rtatrv,rnpunctu|eveere
a| ccnrnutu|ur, aceear|aa|rrcar|amrne Mcu| cumresrmtee|
re|ara atuncrc1n vee, |uncar, cu c|recterentrce ar putea
|r r|errte mcu|cumresrmteure|aranace|earmprejurrr-
presupun1ncar aveaunsens svcr|rm arcr,ngenere,espre
rentrtate sau r|eren. La |e| ca tcate trrrr|e, trrrr|e re|arr|cr
ccnrnntcteauna mcmente ca|rtatrve,e|e suntr|errtenceeace
prrveteccnrnutu|.!rrnceanumeseecse|ete,eexemp|u,trrrea
uner a|turrrspara|e e trrrea uner succesrunrntrmp este ceva
ce nu pcate |r exprrmat n ccncepte, cr tre|ure s |re, n u|trm
rnstan, resrmrtn mc su|rectrv ke|arr|e spara|e r tempcra|e
nturtrve au ccnrnuturr r|errte rn punct e veere ca|rtatrv, r
ace|ar|ucruesteva|a|r|nceeaceprrvetetcatere|arr|ecaresunt
resrmrtenmcnemrj|ccrt.uacnsnrcrccnrnuturr|eccntrrner
rnrcrre|arr|erntree|enusuntexprrma|r|e,cemarrm1neatuncr
s|reccmunrcat?
!aptu|c,nmcur mrtcr, marrm1necevanecarattecrra
|cgrc a -e|rnrrer rmp|rcrte 0cr esena acestur gen e ehnrre
ccnst n aceea c ea precrteat ncrunr |r a rnrca c1tur e
purncevacerneeccnmut,|atre|ursrecurg|acaracterrstrcr
38 MORITZ SCHLICK
ca|rtatrve, crrcare ar h acestea nceast tecrre, care nu pcate |r
pretentatarclmaleaprcape ,etermrnncrunl|esta|l|rnre|all
pur|crma|e,re|arrntreacesteacaresuntetaateecrrceccnrnut
!sena nclunr|cr e|rrnrte rmp|rcrt ccnst n satrs|acerea acestcr
re|arrpur|crma|e.ueexemp|u,re|alantre-,cre|arecerntervrne
ne|rnrlarmp|rcrtaccncepte|cre|ata|eecmetrrela|stracte,
nuccnlnennlcrun|e|cevalnsensu|rntultlvpecare||eme
acest cuv1nt, cr esemneat car c re|are In enere, fr a
presupunecevare|errtcr|aesena-,|anatura- er,secerecarca
termenu|sesemnetentcteaunaunaraceealre|are)ue|rnrra
rmp|rcrt repretrntns unrca pcsr|r|ltate e a ajune |a ncrunr
ca|eeccnrnut0crenatcenucrescse|rnescncrunr|e
prrnre|arl|erecrprccerntree|e,aacumc|acee|rnrlarmp|rcrt,
|ea putea |rxa car prrn re|ara e ccrespcnen cu ceva rea|,
arprrnaceasta|rsaratrr|ulunccnrnut)!rrnurmare,prlnrapcr
tare|aeaputemsslmsc|ulaprc||emernca.strelputemspune
ecarecenrmrcrnceeacelneeccnrnutnrversrtateaurlaa
trrrr|cr ncastrenu pcate evenr c|rect a|unur enun, urmeat c
enunurr|crecrrce ennu|evcm puteaasccranrcluna|tsensn
a|are|aptu| acelace|eexprlmre|alrpur|crma|e
l:eanume
tre|ule ne|es prrn expresrr|e re|ale |crma| sau prcprretate
esteceeacevatre|urserrvmrntecrrae|rnrlerrmp|rcrte
ncea.stetermrnareestepurrsrmp|u hnamenta|re c
nsemntate urra pentru h|csche 0crectrturneaervatre|ur s
he recuncscut e ctre tcr acera care sunt ccnvrnl e |aptu|
nencre|nrcctctceeaceesteca|rtatrvrrneeccnrnutntrrrr|e
nca.stre va tre|ur s rm1nntcteauna ceva prrvat, ceva ce nu
pcatennrcrun|e|sevrncuncscutmarmu|tcrperscane0rrc1t
eparacxa|arsuna,estenmc|rtera|aevratctcateenunurr|e,
e|aenunurr|ece|emarc|lnurtea|evrerrehecareti|ace|emal
ccmphcateenunurra|etr|ner,reauntcteaunacarre|arr|crma|e
a|e |umrrrcpur rsrmp|unrmrcrnca|rtateatrlrr|crnca.strenu
ptrunene|e. aahrmataesea espre ||trc,ece|emalmu|te
crr cu rntenra unur reprc, c ea nu ra n ccnsrerare c1tur e
purn|aturaca|rtatrva|umrrlcc|ern|ccu|ercccnstrucree
|crmu|e r ncrunr a|stracte, |rpsrte e ccnlnut \eem acum c
enunurr|ehtrcrrtecretrcenuseecse|esc,rnacestpuncteveere,
c1turepurne enunurr|evrelre |lecare tr rnrcre ce|e a|e
I Vezi cartea mea, Allgemeine Erkenntnislehe, ediia a doua, 1 925, 7.
TRRE, CUNOA
TERE, METAFIZIC
39
tllne|cr u+nlste. (Geisteswissenschajen Y uc+r n +p+ren
ptrunence|elnurcev+lnlverslt+te+c+|lt+tlv+unlver
-u|ul, ec+recenprcpctlll|e|crlntervln u|te cuvlnteceese
ne+tcev+trltncnelj|cclt+rpre+c|ltlcl+nululleste
lntertlssvcr|e+sc,c+tcu pcetu|, espre c p+jlteverele
un cer +||+stru s+u, c+t cu lstcrlcu|, espre entutla -u| unul
ercu+|lstcrlels+uespreext+tu|nteeletcru|ulunelre|lgll|ste
+evr+tce|nu|c|csete +cestecuvlnte, +r nueste+evr+tc
e|num|lnst+rencprlnclpl+|sexprlecu+jutcrulslsteu|ul
sueccnceptecee+ceccnstltulesensulccunlc+|l|+|exprlrllcr
lstcrlcu|uls+upcetu|ul0clsensu|crlcrul cuv1nt|c|cslte pcet
s+u e pslhc|cgv+ pute+ |l+t lexpllc+t,ntc+teprejurrl|e,
c+r prlnregresu| spre re|+ll|e |cr+|e lntre c|lecte 0uv1ntu|
-vere- nu este +l |cg+t cl, lpctrlv, chl+r +l sr+c ec1t
ccnceptu|ehecven+une|cre|ulnpec+re pune|ltlcl+nu|
n|ccu||ul0clcuv1ntu|vere-nuexprle|+ptcee+cesll
prlvln c p+j lte vere, cuv1ntu| nu este nrult su| +spectu|
ccnlnutu|ulcusent+l+vere|ul,cle|exprlc+rre|+l+|cr+|
prlnc+resunt|eg+tetc+tec|lecte|ecesuntvertltllne|eu+nlste
lpcetl+nuseecse|escetlln+ex+ctprln|+ptu|cpctexprima
cev+ ce |e este lntertls +cestcr+ lpctrlv, e|e pct enun+ +l
puln), clprln+cee+c ele nu exprlc+r cl, tctc+t, vre+u s
re+|ltete,cev+l|erlt.||el prcpun,nce|elnur,slnsplrel
sprcuctriri, preculsextlnn+nultelrecllcenlul
trlrl|cr nca -tre. 0unc+tere+estepentrutllnele u+nlste c+r
unlj|ccnveere+unulsccp chl+r+ce|erecuncsc+cest|ucru
unecrl |r p|cere) !+r pcetl+ +tlnge +cest sccp chl+r l |r +
recurge |+ vreun lj|cc, prln ln||uen lrect. \u |r rept+te
este cpus e +cee+, unecrl, cunc+tere+ ln tllne|e ex+cte
2 Geisteswissenschaen se poate taduce n limba romn i prin tiine ale
sPiritului, tine umanist sau tiine morale.
j A se vedea consideraiile ptrunztoare i incontestabile ale lui Rudolf
Carnap, din lucrarea lui Der logische Aufau der Welt, n care el arat c
toate propoziiile tiinifice trebuie s fie limitate la relaii pure de natur
stuctural - un concept ce corespunde conceptului nostru de relaii formale.
Adugm c aceast observaie este valabil i pentu propoziiile cu sens,
cci argumentele rmn valabile pentru toate enunurile, chiar i pentru cele
netiinifice. Vezi, mai departe, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Tractatus logico-phi
losophicus, n german i n englez, Londra, 1 922.
40 MORITZ SCHLICK
ne|egerll- ln tllne|e u+nlste, ce+ lnurhlnungen e
trlre c+rese +t+e+t+nultcrcunctlne !stcrlcu|+ne|es-un
evenlent lstcrlc +c + reult sl +prcple +ce|e trlrl espre
c+re+rectlvescre+c+u|cstce|e+|epersc+ne|crlp|lc+te
n+ce|evenlent.uesprere|+l+cuv+|crl|eputeg1nlcecrl
- pentrulne perscn+| estecev+e |+slnene|esc|cglre+
trlrl|crestentcte+un++tcri++ln+|t,chl+rce++ln+|tn
genere - cuccnll+sne |erleccnHn+re++cestcrs|ere net
esprlte 1rlre+ +1nc nu este +l v+|crc+s ec+rece +r
repretent+ungen+ln+|tecunc+tere,ccle+nu+renllce
+ |+ce cu cunc+stere+ l +c cunc+stere+ |ull nu este +ce|+sl
|ucru cu trlrl| espr |ue, +ce+t+ nu se nt1p| |llnc
cunc+tere+l+rre+|lt+prcstlslune+el, clec+rececunc+terll,
pctrlvlt n+turll l ehnllel s+|e, lrevlne lnc+pu| |ccu|ulc +|t
lslune, cesesltue+tntrccutctu|+|tlrecle|+ece+mc+re
se +|| trlre+
1rlre+esteccnlnut,cunc+tere+sepreccupc+re|cr+
pur !ntrcucere+lnccntlent+v+|crltrllnntre|rlceprlvesc
n+tur+re+|ltllv+ucentcte+un+|++estecu|trlrlllcunc+
terll.0ltl,n+cestsens,|+.ey|ueslgurcce|cevre+c+rs
|cr+|itetelnusv+mprc||eeecrln|cglc, l+r|cr+|it+re+
este |c+|++te+tlclenl|cr +ce|+ nuv+ +junge|+retu|t+te|une
nne|etnlclrl|e s+|e cu usser| s+u cu llchte lentru ncl este
nsc|+r.+c|cr+|lt+re+este c |c+|,+tunclnlenllntrecel
cevcrsc|1ne+sc cunc+tere e r+gu|cunc+terllnupc+te
s |le sntcs. +rcln+ l hncl+ pur |cr+|+ cunc+terll v+ |l,
pc+te, ce| +l |lneexprl+tspun1nuse. crlce cunc+tereeste,
ntcte+un+,c +ctlvlt+teecrcn+relec+|cu|,nlclc+tcccn
tep|+reltrlre+|ucrurl|cr
0unctere+ este, +++r, pctrlvlt n+turll s+|e, cunc+tere+
|cre|cr lre|+ll|cr, lnllc+|tcev+ uc+rre|+ll|e|cr+|e sunt
+ccesl|l|e cunc+terlln sensu| ehnlt +l sus, +lc juecl n
sensu|pur|cglc+|cuv1ntu|ul.u+tcrltns|+ptu|ulctctcee+ce
lnee ecnlnut,tctce+p+rlnec+rsu|lectu|ulnu+l+p+re+lcl,
4Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematschen Vereiningung, 28, 1919,
p. 85. Din cea mai recent scriere a lui Weyl, excelenta sa Philosophie der
Mathematik und Naturwissenschaf, aprut n col
e
cia Handbuch den
Philosophie, Munchen i Berlin, 1 926, rezult ns c el este n esen pe
deplin de acord cu premisele consideraiilor de mai sus.
TRIRE, CUNOA
TERE, METAFIZIC 41
cunc+tere+, l tctc+t juec+t+, +u c|1nlt +v+nt+ju| unlc n
|e|u||ulcv+|+|l|lt+te+|crnu+leste|llt+tc+r|+cee+ceeste
su|lectlv
+r pute+, hrete, +rguent+ re|+ll|e pe c+re pc+te s |e
exprle ce|cej uaecsunt,tctul,c+rr+pcrturlntre trlrl|es+|e,
e|nupc+testre+cpeste+ceste+\+tre|ul,+++r,sr1ne
|+punctu|eveerec+re,n|cru|+re+|ul|+ntl+n, sunn |e|u|
urtcr cunc+tere+este pcsl|l|nu+lcu prlvlre |+|encene,
+lcnu+lcuprlvlre|+cee+ceestel+nentInre+|lt+te|ucrurl|e
st+unsupcuure+t.henesltupepunctu|eveere+|
sc|lpslsu|ul, pentru c+re este _re+| nu+l ce este resllt e
lne n +cest cent, |le se |cru|e+t l enunurl espre +|te
c|lecteec1tespretrlrlnelj|cclte\ulce|ecenusuntc|lecte
+|etrirl|cr,tr+nscenente,lnepenente|+ptu|+c|eccncepe
(preuncupctltlvlsu| rlgurcs) rept ccnstrucll |cglce s+u|e
+trl|ul (preun cu re+|lsu|) ,re+|lt+te e slne stttc+re.
uecse|lre+ lntre ce|e cu puncte eveere prlvete, pctrlvlt
ce|crspuse+lsus,cee+cenupc+te|lexprl+t,+lce+nslnu
pc+te she |cru|+t |nal|erent +csensu| +hr+lel c+ceste
c|lectetr+nscenente suntre+|e pc+te hlnlc+ts+u nu, e|evcr|l
g1nlte,n crlcec+t,n caccnst+ntn +nultere|+llcu trlrl|e.
0ee+ ce este v+|+|l| lpentru ,|ucru| n slne +| |ulK+nt. 0cln
terenu| fenomen stej+un+nultr+pcrtcucev+c+re+p+re,se
+nl|estprinfenomen. u+cnuvresrecunc+te+cestr+pcrt
c+ cev+ |lne st+|l|lt, +tuncl exlsten+ |encenu|ul nu +r +l h
|eg+t e un +nult |ucru, e| nu +r +l h +nl|est+re+ +cestul
|ucru,clcev+eslnestttcr,l+rvcr|lre+esprefenomen +r|ln
genere |lpslte sens u+r +cest r+pcrt pur |cr+| +| trlrl|cr, ce
sunt +te, cu c|lecte|e,cenusunt+te (tr+nscenente), unr+pcrt
ce tre|ules|le+ccept+tnc ccnst+ntpentru +pute+vcr|le
ce|e ln ur, +junge pentru + |e |+ce l pe +ceste+ pe ep|ln
ccgncscl|l|e0cl+ctrlrl|esuntunlvcccccrcn+tecu+nulte
c|lecte +|e |ull, +tuncl crlce enun+supr+ ce|cr aln ur, c+re
prlvete c+r r+pcrturl|e |cr+|e, este, n +ce|+l tlp, un enun
espreprle|eke|+ll|e|cr+|e+|ec|lecte|crtr+nscenentesunt
aeterln+te pe ep|ln prln +ceste cccrcnrl ,Lucrurl|e n slne
sunt, +++r, ex+ctn+ce|+sensln+cel+lsurccgncscl|l|e
c+l,|encene|e,u|tle|enusuntc1tulepuln+l+ccesl|l|e
tllnel ec1t prle|e. ueslgur cnu+l c|lectele l+nente sunt
+ccesl|l|etrlrll, nulce|etr+nscenente - +r+ce+stecse|lre
42 MORITZ SCHLICK
nueste pentrucunctere nlcl lnteres+nt, nlclseslt+|l| K+nt +
+juns|+tecrl+|ulcuprlvlre|+lnccgncscl|l|lt+te+|ucrurilcrprlntrc
ccnhn+re+trlrllneljlcclteKennen)'lcuncterlllrtennen)
lunctu|eveerec1tlg+t+lclpc+tehgslt|cru|+tncac|+r| +
kusse|| ,0rlceprcpctlle,c+re+reunsenscepc+te|l ccunlc+t,
tre|ule s|le v+|+|l| pentru +|e|e |ul s+u pentru nlcl un+
lngur+ecse|lretre|ulesste+n+ce+esen+ln|vlu+|u|ulce
nupc+tehre+tprlncuvlnteles|leescrlere+,lnlvlau+|c+re
este,tcc+lln +cest ctlv, lre|ev+ntpentrutlln'
lctrlvltce|crspuse, nuexlstnlclcncl+|cccunc+tere
+utentlc+|ulltr+nscenenteestepee+ntregu|pcsl|l|lc
e+v+|l+ccept+tecrlclnenustpepunctu|eveere+|sc|lpsls
u|ullnure|ate +cee+svcr|e+scngenereespre|ucrurl
tr+nscenente nlntlncc +tc este lnl|erent +cprl n
+ceste |ucrurl se ne|eg slp|e ccnstrucll |cglce s+u re+|ltl e
slnestttc+re,ec+recentre+|e|eccncepllnuexlstcl|eren
ce pc+te s |le lnlc+t.) u+c se e|lnete, +++r, ++ cu se
nt1p| e c|lcel, et+|ltlc+ rept tlln espre tr+nscenent,
+tuncle+nuestec+rpurlslp|upcsl|l|,cl|ucru|ce|+lucr
ln|ue.0cltc+teprcpctlll|epec+re|eprcnunngenere+u
un sens ce epete cee+ ce este nelj|cclt+t, trlt, +lc +u,
pctrlvltterlnc|cglelnc+stre, c senl|lc+le tr+nscenent
nce+st+ne+r+tce|lnll+et+htlcllrepttlln+tr+nscen
entu|ul nupc+te she+ecv+tec+recee+nus+tls|+cesenl
|lc++c+rel+|cst+tntcte+un+cuvu:tu|ulmetfizic nh|csche
0cl, |r ncl+|, lntenl+ + |cst c+ sse esenete prln +cest
cuv1nt c tlln +p+rte, ecse|ltn c prlnclp+| e ce|e|+|te
Intr+evr, s+ cretut c c cunc+tere +tr+nscenenel este cev+
ecse|lt,cev+ln+ccesl|l|cunctlne|crtllne|crp+rtlcu|+rel+|e
vlellcctlleneu+rce|cel++tse++cnu+cest+estec+tu|,v+
S Termenul german Kennen, aa cum este el utilizat de autor, este un echiva
lent al termenului englez aquaintance. Acesta din urm ar putea f re dat
imperfect prin expresii rometi ca trire nemilocit experin nemiloct
sau luare la cu(tn. Pentru aquaintnce, vezi B. Russell, Problemele
filosofiei, traducere de M. Ganea, 1995, 1998, Editura AI, pp. 27-37 i
M Plonta, Cognitiv. O introducere critic n problema cunoaterii, Editura
AlI, 1994, pp. 25-27. (N.tr.)
6 Vezi i cartea mea AlIgemine Erkenntnistheorie, 2 Arflage, 1 925, 27.
7 B. Russell, Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy, p. 61.
TRIRE, CUNOA
TERE, METAFIZIC
43
tre|ulsc+ute|ucru|+p+rtepec+re|+vrutntcte+un+et+|ltlc+
+|tunev+ ncest |cc este ucr e gslt ec+rece u|l h|csc|l e
crlent+re et+|ltlc ne+u +t elnll cele +l c|+re |urlrl n
+ce+st prlvln
In+lnte e+ne cprl+supr+|cr,v+|lcercet+tpescurtcplnl+
anel c+tegcrll e g1nltcrl c+re +u prcus ccn|utle n +ce+st
prlvlnprlntrcgree+|lpcrt+ntlstevcr|+erepretent+nll
++nultel et+|ltlcllnuctlve lelne|egprlnet+|ltlcpur
lslp|ucunctere+|ulltr+nscenentellcre,+lep+rte,c
e++r|lpcsl|l| cu+jutcru| +ce|cr+letce c+lce|e +|etllnel
espre|ue+eplrlc,+rsunt,tctul,eprere+cet+htlc++r
pute+|l e|llt+tc+ ctllnecse|lte ce|e|+|tetllne.li pct
suslne+ce+stcplnlec+rtr+s1n|lnl+eesprlrelntre|ue+
tr+nscendentsl|ue+nc+str+|t|e| ec1t+ |cutcn ce|e e
+l sus.Intlp ce ncl +sltu+te cp+rte+gr+nlelnu+lcee+
ceestetrltncnelj|cclt,cee+ceestepurlslp|u+t,l+
sccctlt tct restu| repttr+nscenent, repretent+nllet+|ltlcll ln
uctlve +cpt n c necrltlc c lee veche c+re nu sccc+te c+
+p+rln1ntr+nscenentu|ultc+te+ce|ec|lecteesprec+retllne|e
p+rtlcu|+relcunc+tere+u+n|cru|e+tenunurlv+lle, cl|e
+trl|ulepreuncu+tu|unel,|uleplrlcelrglten|l+e+lcl
ncc|cncepe prl+ tr+nscenetu|ul. ue une +nue ns, n
+ce+stprlvlnsec+utn t++r lnlc+ll c|+re Int1|nl e ce|e
+l u|te crl exprl+t c|+r g1nu| gener+| c ,n sp+te|e lull
+ccesl|l|etllne|crs+rgslc+|tlue,+|ecrelc|lectenunu+l
cnunesuntcuncscutencnelj|cclt,nune sunt+te - ccl
+cest|ucruestev+|+|l|cuprlvlre|+u|te+|te|ul,eplrlce- cl
suntnchlsecunc+terllntrunc+p+rte,lsterlcsl+ce+st+se
lnlc prln +ce| ,n sp+te|e) nlcl tr+nscenentu| s+u |ucru| n
slne este e|lnlt nec|+r l c+rntrc c+|lt+te neg+tlvc+cee+
cenu esten c prlnclpl+| +ccesl|l| cercetrll tllnlhce curente
Inclu++ugrllcuv1ntu|ul,prlnclpl+|,+ce+st+esteceterln+re
cscl|+nt lentru K+nt,|unc+r,prc||e+ |lnltulnll lumll+|cst
un+en+tur et+|ltlc,ntlpce+sttle++p+rlne+strcnclel
l|ltlcllIntlpce lee++lvecheccnsler++celtlesprltcr
c+ |lln e netrecut, prcpcvultcrll et+|ltlcll lnuctlve vcrs|
enln, +rseschltctul ruu| lprlvlre+sprep+rte+ce+
|+|t. Metc+ lnuclel,c+re +r |+cepcsl|l|n genere trecere+e
|+cee+ce estecuncscut|+cee+cenuestecuncscut, ne+rccnuce
lncc|ce+ce|tlchlnetesc,ne+rngulstr+geccnc|utllln
44 MORITZ SCHLICK
cee+ceeste +ccesl|l| experlenel+supr++cee+cenuesten c
prlnclpl+|+ccesl|l|experlenel
u+r lnucl+ este eersu| prln lj|cclre+ crul+ erlv
prcpctlllgener+|elnprcpctlllslngu|+re,extlnt1n+supr+tuturcr
c+turl|crce+p+rlnunulgencee+ce+c|serv+tn+nultec+turl
+|e genu|ul lxtlnere+ cunc+terll c|lnutprln lnucle +re |cc,
+++r, pctrlvltn+turll elc+r+supr+unellnst+nee +ce|+ |e|,
e+up|egc|url|epec+re|e+|s+texperlen+ntrun+nult ce
nlulprln+ce+st+cprlvlreslntetlc,ccp|et+supr+ntregu|ul
cenlu.uln+ceste+retu|tclnucl+nupc+teexp|cr+uncenlu
cutctu|ncu, cunc+tere+ecringener+|pec+renecc|ere+nu
pc+teheungen|un+ent+|l|erltece|c1tlg+tprlnc|serv+ll
lnlvlu+|e, +c pentru ce|e ln ur exlst unev+ c gr+nl
prlnclpl+| neccntlngent), +tuncl lnucl+ nu este n c slgur
c+p+|l|sc epe+sc 0 ex+ln+re +l ne+prc+pe ++ev
rurl|crgsltere+|entelnuctlvmtllnccn|lr+ce+st+hr+le
|nucHe evln |lpslte e slgur+nl+enlnsevlnpee+n
tregu||+|se+cseneprte+tpre+u|telnst+ne|ep+rtlcu|+re,
|r+prsltctulterltcrlu| +cestcr+, e|eevlnnspurlslp|u
lpcsl|l|el|lpslteesens+cvcrsre+|ltetes+|tu|ntrcs|er
cutctu|ncu0u+|tecuvlntecrlceextlnerelnuctlv+cunc+terll
c+re l +re punctu| e p|ec+re n tlln r1ne n c neces+r
nuntru|tllnel,nuucenlclcat|+cev+cutctu|ncull|erlt,
+lcnu uce nlclc+t|+c et+|ltlc u+clnucl+esteextlns
chl+r l lncc|c e |llte|e n c+re e+ este perls, c +seene+
extr+pc|+re ccnuce c+r |+ prcpctlll gener+|e, prcpctlll c+re
pctrlvlt n+turll|cr +u unc+r+ctertllnl|lcl|e pctce|u|ts|le
|+|se, +r nu pct s he et+|ltlce, +lc nu pct s +p+rln unul
acenlucestn cprlnclpl+|lncc|c ecrlcetlln\ee,
prln ur+re, c c cunctere lnuctlv + unul ,tr+nscenent,n
+ce|sens +|cuv1ntu|ulc+re+|cstcrltlc+t+lcl, este lpcsl|l|, l+r
un h|csc| c+re pr+ctlc et+htlc+ lnuctlv v+ pute+ s susln
+h+re+pcsl|l|ltllelc+r+cv+schl|+senl6c+l+terenu|ul
lv+ne|egeprlntranscenden nueplre+gr+nle|crc+resunt
tr+s+tetllnelprlnnsln+tur+el,cleplre+gr+nle|crnc+re
estenchlse+,|+uncent+t,prlnst+lu| +tlnsn cnt1
p|tcrecunc+terentunclexpresl+metafizica ca tjn a trnscen
dentului nuv+esen+clsclp|lnprlnclpl+|e|llt+tnr+pcrt
cutllne|ep+rtlcu|+res+unetesprlte e|e, clet+|ltlc+v+h
c+r tct+|lt+te+lpctete|crce|cr +lgener+|ec+resunt,cel rept,
TRRE, CUNOA
TERE, METAFIZIC 45
|cru|+tepeteelu|+te|crexperlenel,+r+supr+ccrectltulnll
crcr+tlln+vrellnu pc+te sse prcnune
\+crlns,c+re,clnev+ncserlcsse|lnescet+|ltlc+
n++|e|nc1tcenlu|elshe+ce+sts|er+lncertu|ul,+ce+st
prle+lpctete|crneslgure?In+cestc+t,et+htlcl+nu|nu+r|l
ec1tun+rl+t+n c+re pretlnesne c|ere |ructe|e +evru|ule
peeene+r+urlpec+re|r+u|tllnelnu|e+tlngencnpretent
tllnellvcr|lns+ccesl|l|e,pemsur+etvc|trllel,r+urltct
+ln+|tel+tunclsev+ccnst+t+aestu|ees c|ructe|ec|erlte
ae et+htlc nu er+u c1tul e puln ce|e +utentlce, c e+ ne+
ne|+tc|erlnune|ructenecc+pteeprcvenlnenstrlnMet+h
tlc+ ne v+ n|l+ +st|e| un spect+cc| cu tctu| ep|cr+|l| m h
pcsl|l|,hrete, sccncepe et+|ltlc+c+tct+|lt+te +prcpctllllcr
ce|cr+l gener+|e, c+ su + ce|cr +l neslgure lpctete, +r nu
pc+teexlst+nlclcncl+|cnlclun+ept+|et+|ltlcllnu+vrut
vrec+tsl+ccreunrc|+t1terllcc|ketu|tctecrl+et+htlcll
lnuctlve +jungen c neces+r |+un ccncept +| et+|ltlcll c+re
|+celne+c c+rlc+turlnuscccte+|e+evr+tu|sens c+re
+|cst|eg+tn cccnst+nte +cestcuv1nt
0+re este +cestsens+evr+t?|| nu pc+te|laesprlns aec1t
ln lstcrl+ h|csc|lel |+ ne +r+t, ++ cu cre eu, c nue|e
metafizic nu+|cst|c|csltpurlslp|upentrucunc+tere+tr+ns
cenentulul, cl c+r pentru ++nult+ ,cunc+tere lntultlv +
tr+nscenentu|ul0e +nuetre|ulene|es prln +ce+st+ne+uspus
c cu ce+ +l prcnun+t lnslsten ncll et+|ltlclenl, n prlu|
r1nachcpenh+uerlergscnu+rcretrcspectlvlstcrlcnenv+
clg1nltcrllnvreurl+lneprt+te +u+vut +ce|+ ccncep|
+|cunc+terllet+|ltlce, |rnss| |cru|etencexp|lclt
01nchcpenh+uerspune ctc+te tllne|e p+rtlcu|+re ccnsler
|ucrurl|ec+recuc+rln+|+r,+lc+ce|ulc+re|+ceccc|u|unel
c|lrllschle+t|++e|eellntc+teprl|e,ntlpceet+htlc+
lntrnc|lrepentru+cprlvlalnuntru,c1nergscn|cru|e+t
prcpctll+ctllne|eesene+tc+rc|lecte|eprlnsl|c|urlae
tlpsp+l+|,ntlpceh|csc|+re++lcpr+ctlc+ g1nlrllet+htlce)
ccnstn +tetr+nspuneprlntrun+ct+| lntullelnc|lectu|nsul,
c1n Lctte prcc|+ ,\cl crl nu nu+l sc+|cu|, cl l s
ne|egeersul|ucrurllcr, c1n1+y|cr prcnun |cru|+. ,cl
ences escrl|es, phl|cscphyexp|+lns'ntc+te+cesteenunurlse
H "
TERE, METAFIZIC 49
Met+htrc+esteprrnurm+re,rmpcsr|r|ec+recee+cerecev+
cerepretrntcccntr+rcrentermenru+cmet+|rtrcr+nu|+rntur
1c+rspretrrre,+tuncrcee+ceicrete+r|rre+|rt+|r|,r+nume
prrnpcetre,+rt,prrnvr++nsr,c+reprrnprcvccrl|eerspcrete
|cr+ ccnrnuturr|cr e ccntrrn, + rm+nentu|ur u+cns e|
vre+ sresrmtsu|rectrv tr+nscenentu|, +tuncr e| ccnhinvr++
cucunc+tere+r+|erg+ prrntrcu||ccntr+rcle,up|+nt+sme
c+|e!xrsttcturcevaccnsc|atcrn ace+stsrtu+re,r+nue c
lsrsteme|emet+|rtrcesuntmrj|caceem|cgrre+vrerr|untrrce,
ce|e prcuctrrrr, spcrrnprrn +ce+st+v+rret+te++cee+ce este
lm+nent, + cee+ ce ne este +t. !|e pct c|err +numrte s+trs|+crr
ec+rece pct sne e+ cev+ rn cee+ ce c+ut met+|rtrcr+nu|, i
+numetrrre !|enuc|er, esrgur,++cumcreemet+htrcr+nu|,c
trrre + cee+ ce este tr+nscenent. \eem n ce sens precrs este
ccrectprere+, +ese+exprrm+t,ch|csc|eme|emet+htrcrenr|cr
suntpceticlccnceptu+|e!|ejc+c,ntr+evr,ns|er+cuprrnttc+re
+cu|turrr,unrc|+semntcrcuce|+|pcetrer,e|eservescm|cgrrii
vrerr, r nu cunc+terrr!|etre|uiev+|crrt+ten c+|it+te e cpere
e +rt, r nu e +evrurr isteme|e pe c+re |e ccnstruiete
met+htrcr+nu|ccninunecrrtirn,unecripcetre,+re|enuccnrn
nicrc+tmet+|rtic
Ttaduere de
Mircea FLONTA
Cotitura fi l osofi ei
(Die Wende* der Philosophie articol publicat pentru
prima dat n revista Erkenntnis, voI. 1, Leipzig, 1930.)
Traducerea literal a cuvntului Wende din textul german este ntoarcere,
ntorstur, schimbare. A preferat corespondentul romnesc cotitur
deoarece el sugereaz mai bine o reorientare radical, acea reorientae pe
care o anun autorul n acest text (n.t.).
uintimpntimpau|cstanunateccncursurictatecupremii
pentrurspunsu||antre|areace prcgresea|cuth|cschantrun
anumitinterva|e timp e c|inuia ca interva|u| e timp s he
e|imitat,pee cpartee nume|eunuimare g1nitcr, peea|t
partee,pretent eprea,aaar,cesteacceptatpresupunerea
pctrivitcreiacmnetentrc anumitmsurc|aritatenceeace
priveteprcgrese|eh|csc|icea|ecm
niriip1n|aace|g1nitcr,ar
cestencie|niccerea|itriar|iaugatu|timapericaetimp
uinasemeneantre|riseesprinenmcc|arcnencreere
|ae ceea ce area|itat h|cschan trecutu| aprcpiatise creat
impresia cntre|area pus nu es
|!regeieruankusse||,arp1n|acctituraecisiv
anaintatpentruprimaatLuwigrttgensteinnTacttus Logico
Philosophicus.
unul din cercettorii exemplari ai naturii, i se atribuie formularea: "Dac am
vzut mai departe este deoarece am stat pe umerii unor uriai".
COTITURA FI LOSOFIEI 55
uupcumsetre,matematrcrenriauetcltatnu|trme|eecenri
ncimetce|cgice,maint1ipentrusc|uicnareaprcprrr|cr|crprc|
|eme,carenuaupututhstp1nrtecu ajutcru||crme|cr|cgicetrans
mrseetraiie. Lcgicacare a|uatnateren acest|e| iacveit
apcisupericr|tateainrestasupra|crme|crvechri|evan|tura,
|rncia|, cutctu|,n cur1n kepretintaceast |cgicmare|e
mij|cc, esprecareamspusmainaintecestenmsursn|ture
nprrncipruispute|eh|csc|ice,nec|erea,care,prescripgenera|e
cu ajutcru| crcravcr putea h sc|uicnate, ce| puinn princrpiu
prc||eme|etraiicna|ea|eh|csc|iei!
uac acesta ar h |cst catu|, atuncr nu a h avutreptu| s
a|irmca|cstcreatcsituaiecutctu|ncu, ccrarh|cstn|ptuit
1carunprcgresgraua|,carecumtehnrc,e|e|u|esccpeririimctc
ru|uicu|entincarea|cutpcsi|r|,nce|ernurm,sc|urcnarea
prc||emeit|cru|ur0rrc1temultampreuiva|careancrrmetce,
este c|arcprrnsimp|a|crmu|area unei nci metce nu pcateh
n|pturt ceva at1t e principia|. \u ei i se atcreat e aceea
mmea cctitur, ciunur |ucru cu tctu| i|errt, ceea ce a |cst |cut
pentruprimaat pcsi|r|istrmu|ate ea, ar sepetrecentrun
stratmu|tmarprc|an, acestlucruestene|egerea|cgrcu|uinsur
0|cgrcu| estentrunsens carecare|crma|u|pur este ceva
care a|cst a|rrmat emu|t i aesea \u a exrstattcturc ep|in
c|aritate n ceea ce prrvete esena |crme|cr pure urumu| spre
c|arrtate,naceastprivrn,p|eace|a|aptu|ccricecuncatere
este c expresre, c repretentme (uarste||ung) !a exprim |aptu|
cme este cuncscutprrn ea, raraceastexprrmarepcate s ar||cc
n c1t e mu|te |e|uri, n c1t e mu|te |rm|aje, prrn c1t e mu|te
srstemeesemneccnvenicna|e.uace|eexprrmaceraicunca
tere,tcateacestemca|itierepretentaretre|uiesar|tccmar
e aceeaceva ccmuniaracest|ucru ccmun este |crma|cr|cgic
0rice cuncatere esteast|e| cuncatere caratcrit|crmei
sa|e, prin aceasta earepretint tcate stre e |ucruri cuncscute.
!crmansinupcate |i |ar1nu|eirepretentat.ucarespreea
estensvcr|ancuncatere,tctrestu|estematerra|neesenia|i
l Termenul german tradus aici prin reprezentare este sinonim cu termenul
Abbildung din lucrarea de tineree a lui Wittgenstein, menionat mai sus.
Teza Tracttus-ului este c numai faptele lumii sau strile de lucruri posibile
pot f "reprezentate", c numai despre ele putem avea ceea ce Wittgenstein
numete "imagini" (Bildr). Unele din pa'ajele care urmeaz pot f caracterizate
drept reformulri ale ctorva din ideile centrale ale Tractatus-ului (n.t.).
5
6 MORITZ SCHUCK
nt1mp|tcr,nimica|tcevaec1t|uncarcernea|ac ajutcru|creia
nciscriemcprcpctiie
nceastiee simp| are ccnsecine e ceamaimarensem
ntate.|rineasunt|ichiate,ma|nt1i,prc||eme|etraiicna|ea|e
tecriercuncaterii Lccu| cercetri|cr asupra,capacitiiecunca
terea cmu|ui,nmsurancare e|enupct|itrecutencmeniu|
eccmpetena|psihc|cgiei,|va|uare||eciaasupraeseneiexpre
siei, arepretentrii,aicasupracricrui|im|aj pcsi|i|,n sensu|
ce|maigenera|a|cuv1ntu|ui
}
ntre|ri|ecuprivrre|a,va|iitateai
granie|e cuncaterii ca. 0cgncsci|i| este tct ceea ce pcate |i
exprimat i numai cu privrre |a ceea ce pcate |i exprimat putem
|crmu|antre|ricu sens \u exist, e aceea,niciun|e|eprc|
|emecarenupct,nmcprincipia|,sprimeascunrspuns,nici
un|e|eprc||emeprincipia|insc|u|i|e.0e|esccctitep1nacumca
|iinntre|ri e acest |e| nu sunt ntre|ri autentice, ciniruiri
e cuvinte care, cei rept, arat ca ntre|ri ecarece satis|ac
regu|i|e gramaticii cbinuite, ar n rea|itate ccnstau in sunete
gca|e ecarece ccntravin regu|i|cr interne prc|ane a|e sintei
|cgice, regu|ipecare|eaetv|uitncuaana|it
0riune exist c prc||em cu sens se pcate inica
mc
tecretic ntcteauna rumu| care uce |a sc|uicnarea ei, cci se
vee c inicarea acestui rum ccncie cu inicarea sensu|ui
!arcurgereapracticarumu|uipcates||e,|irete,mpieicate
circumstane|e|aptice, eexemp|uecapacitiumanee|rcitare
nctu|everi|icare, care st,nce|einurm, |acaptu|rumu|ui
spresc|urcnareaprc||emei,estentcteaunaunu|e ace|ai|e|
esteprcucereaunei anumitestrie |ucruricareva|iccnstatat
prrnc|servaie,prrnexperrennemij|ccitnevru|sau|a|sitatea)
unui enun va h sta|i|itn acest |e|nviaaehecare ti,cain
hecareti|n\uexist,aaar,n|cica|tveri|icaresauccn|irmare
aaevruri|crna|are cea pr|nexperienitiin|atat pe
experren0ricetiin nmsurancareprrnacestcuv1ntavem
nveereccninutu|,inuactivrti|ecmenetrcerntervinnc|1n
ireaei) esteunsisteme cunctine, aiceprcpctiiieexpe
rienaevrste, iarntreagatiin, rnc|usiv enunuri|e vreiie
hecaretr, estesistemu|cunctine|cr\u existna|araeincun
cemniu e aevruri ,h|csc|ice, h|cscha nu este un sistem e
prcpctiil',eanueste ctiin
: Expresiapropoziii (Satze) desemneaz aici enunuri care descriu fapte sau
stri de lucruri i pot s fie, prin urmare, adevrate sau false. Dac expresia
COTI11R FILOSOFIEI
57
0e este ns ea atunci? i bine, cei rept, nu c tiin, ar
cevaat1tensemnatiemreinc1tpcate||venerat, |a|e|ca
icinicar, reptregina tiine|cr, cci nu stniciune scris c
regina tiine|cr tre|uie she eainsi ctiin \cirecuncatem
acuminean|ccu|unuisistemecuncstinteunsistemeacte- si
cuaceastamareacctiturcareare|ccin prtentvahcaracteritat
nmcpctitiv,eaeste activrtateaprincareeste|batsauesccperit
sensu| enunuri|cr. !rin|||csc||e prcpctiii|e suntc|ari||cate, prin
stirnte e|e sunt veri|icate
}
n catu| ce|cr in urm este vcr|a e
eru|enunuri|cr,ncatu|primeinsesemni||caiaenunuri|cr
0cninutu|, su||etu|i spiritu|trine|crstau,|irete,in ceeace se
ine|ege,ince|e in urm,prinprcpctrii|eei,actrvitateah|csc|ic
careccn|ersensu| estee aceeaa||aicmegantregiicuncateri
tiinrhceste ceeace a|cstnmcccrect|nuitatuncic1nsa
spusch|csc|iatarniteatat1tteme|rac1tinccrcnareaeihciu|ui
tiinei,greita|cstcarieeactanamentu|esteccnstituitin
,prcpctih|cschceinprcpctiir|etecrieicuncaterir)icerhciu|
va|iaccperiteasemeneaeccupc|eprcpctiiih|cschcenumite
metafizic.
steucreintrevtutcmuncah|cschcnuccnstin|crmu
|area e prcpctiii, c, aaar, atri|urrea e sens enunuri|cr nu
pcatesai|e|ccinncuprinenunuri.0ciaceuinicsemni|icaia
cuvinte|crme|eprinprcpctiiicare clmr|ici prin ehniii, prin
urmare, cu ajutcru| uncr nci cuvinte, va tre|ui s pun in ncu
intre|rrprivrtcare|asemni|icaiaacestcra|tecuvinte am.ncest
prccesnupcateccntinua|ainIinit,e|iigsetentcteaunas|ritu|
carprininicaiiecrin|aptic, prin artareaaceeaceesteavut
inveere, prin acterea|e,car aceste numaiau nevcie i numai
suntsuscepti|i|eea|teexp|icaii,atri|urreaesensare|ccince|e
inurmprinaciuni, e|e ccnstituie activitateah|csc|ic
0reinacsensu|prcpriutisiccninutu|u|timpct|i|crmu
|ateinncuprinprcpctiii, aicpcthateprin cunctine,a|cst
unaince|emaigravegree|ia|etimpuri|crtrecute,a|cstgreea|a
,meta|itic.\tuniameta|iticieni|cra|cstintcteaunanreptat
spre e|u||r ncim a| exprimriiccninutu|ui ca|iti|crpure
este utilizat n acest fel, rezult c nu pot exista propoziii filosofice. Pn i
exprimrile autorului aduc aminte de formulri ale 1tacttus-ului: "Propoziia
reprezint existena sau inexistena strilor de lucruri reale" (4. 1). "Totalitatea
propoziiilor adevrate este inteaga tiin a naturii" (4. 1 1). "Filosofia nu
este una din tiinele naturii" (4. 1 1 1) (n. t.).
5
8 MORIZ SCHLICK
(+,esenel |ucrurl|cr) prln cunctlne (vetl rtlcc|u|euTrire,
cunoatere metafizic), +lc spre e|u| e + spune cee+ ce nu
pc+te|lspus,c+|ltl|enupcthescrlse,clc+rlnlc+teprlnulrl,
cunc+tere+nu+rensnllce +|+ce cu +ce+ste+.
Met+|ltlc+ eue+t +st|e| nu ecerece p|lnlre+ lslunll el
+r|lclntreprinerec+reepeteputerl|er+lunllcenetl(cu
+cretut, |unc+r, K+nt), cl ec+rece lslune+nuexlst. 0+t
c esccperlre++cestulcgrel|e+|cru|+prc||e+ne|ege,
tctc+t, lstcrl+ ccntrcverse|cret+|ltlcll
u+c ccncepl+nc+stresteccrect, +tuncle+tre|ule sse
|egltletellstcric.1re|ulesse+r+tece+estec+p+|1se+
scccte+|, ntrc +nult sur e schl|+re+ senl|lc+tlel
cuv1ntu|ulh|csc|lc.
elntrcd+t,n+
ultepnct,ne
eslt+te+e+
sere||ect+l nncu+supr++evr+telsenl|lc+ll+nclunl|cr|un+
ent+|e,l+rprln +ce+st+sere+|lte+tc+lprc|unc|+r|6c+re+
sensu|u|, +tuncl +ce+stre+|lt+re v+|lreslltlel+treptun+
elnent|l|csc|lc1c+t|ue+estee+ccrc|+pt+|ul|l nsteln,
c+re+pcrnlte|+c+n+|lt+sensu|ulenunurl|crespresp+lul
tlp, +|cstcu+evr+tc |+pth|csc|lc.ucrls+l+ug
+lcl c prcgrese|e cu tctu| hctr1tc+re, epcc+|e +|e tllnel sunt
ntcte+un+ e +cestgen, c e|eInse+ncc|+rlhc+re+sensu|ul
ce|cr+l|an+ent+|eprcpctllli,e+cee+,suntcr|+e1n+
ce|cr c+re sunt ntestr+l pentru +ctlvlt+te+ |l|csc|lc nce+st+
nse+nc+re|ecercettcreste,ntcte+un+, lunh|cscl
l+ptu| cl+seene++ctlvltllnte|ectu+|e, c+relnte +u nu
cunc+tere+pur, cl ccnucere+vlell, +u purt+tnue|efilosofe
COTR FILOSOFIEI
59
apareeasemeneaucreine|es0ciine|eptu|seriiceasupra
mu|imi|netiutcmeprinaceeacpcatesaratemaic|arcareeste
sensu|enunuri|criintre|rr|crprivrtcare|aprc||eme|evieii,|a
|apteicrine
Mareacctiturah|csc|ieinseamnicineprtaree|initiv
eanumitecigreitepecaresapitincep1ninacuajumtate
asecc|u|uia| i 9lea,cicareautre|uitsccnuc|acaprecierer
eva|uarecutctu|greita|||csc|ieinminveereincercri|eea
revenicapentrueauncaracter |nuctivie acree e aceea c
eaccnst car in prcpctiii cu va|a|i|itateipcteti |eeae a
pretine pentruprcpctrii|eh|csc|icecarprc|a|i|itateerastrin
g1nitcri|crmaivechi,eiar|irespinsc capeunainccmpati|i|cu
emnitateah|csc|iei!rin aceastasaexprimatuninstinctsntcs,
i anume |nuia|a c h|csc||a tre|uie s c|ere teme|ia u|tim a
cuncaterri\atre|uiins, |irete, sveemin cgma cpus - |||c
schaarc|eriprincipa c,neccniicnataevrate- cexprrmme
cutctu|ne|ericitaacestuirnstinctin1nseamae|aptu|ch|csc|ia
nuccnstingenereinprcpctii|uarincicreemnemnitatea
h|csc|iei,sccctimcmacteristicanesiguru|uiicarprc|a|i|u|uirept
inccmpatr|i|cueaine|ucurmcmareacctitur|acecuneputin
siseatri|uiecasemeneacaracteristic.0ciccnceptu|prc|a|i|rt
ia|nesiguraneinuestec1tuiepuinap|rca|i|acte|crcareccn|er
ine|es, acte ce ccnstituie h|csc||a ste vcr|a arcie ecrtii rept
cevapurisimp|uu|tim,ecitceausenstuturcrenunuri|cr!nun
uri|eau hesens,iatuncitimceseareinveere prine|e, saunu
i|au iatuncinestauin|acuvrnte|ipsiteesens,inuenunuri,
nuexistcatreiapcsi|i|itateiarecprc|a|i|itateava|iitiinu
pcate s|ie vcr|a nst|e| c up marea er cctitur h|cscha i
etv|uie caracteru| ei e|initivcu mai mu|t c|aritate ec1t mai
nainte
ucar atcritacestui caracterva putea hincheiatisputa
intresisteme.kepetcinvrrtuteaiei|crschiateaicincrsuntem
Inreptiiscsccctimincasttireptincheiatinjuiesc
cacest|ucruvaevenitctmaiviti|i|inpagini|eacesterreviste,n
ncuaepccavieiier
4 Revista Erkenntnis, n al crui prim numr a fost publicat acest articol
programatic, a fost continuarea, sub un titlu nou i cu o nou orientare, a
revistei Annalen der Philosophie (n.t.).
60
n mod sigur vor mai exista anumite ciocniri de ariergard, n
mod sigur muli vor mai merge timp de secole pe cie obinuite.
Autori de opere flosofce vor mai discuta mult timp pseudoprobleme,
dar n cele din urm nu vor mai f ascultai. Ei vor semna cu acei
actori care mai joac un timp nainte de a observa c spectatorii au
prsit treptat sala. Atunci nu va mai f nevoie s se vorbeasc
despre "probleme flosofce", deoarece se va vorbi n mod "flosofc"
despre toate problemele, adic cu sens i clar.
Traducere de
Mircea FLONTA
Vi itorul fi l osofi ei
(The Future ofPhilosophy pu||icatpentruprimaatnPublca
tions in philosophy, eitatee0c||egec|the!acihc, i 9)!)
tuierea istcriei h|cschei este, pcate, cea mai |ascinant
ne|etnicire pentru cricine este crnic s ne|eag civi|itaia i
cu|tmacmenirii,ecarecetcatee|emente|eat1tei|errtea|enaturii
umanecareneajutsreccnstitu|mcu|turauneianumiteepccisau
unuipcpcrsecg|inesc,ntrun|e|saua|tu|,n|r|csc|iaace|eiepccr
sauace|uipcpcr
lstcria h|csc|ieipcate hstuiatin cu puncteeveere
istrncte. !rimu| punct e veere este ce| a| rstcricu|ui, ce| ea|
ci|eaeste ace|aa|h|csch|ui!iecare intreeiva a|crastuiu|
rstcrieih|cscheicusentimentei|erite |stcricu|vahmicatp1n
|aentutiasmemari|ecperea|eg1nrtcri|crtuturcrtimpuri|cr,e
spectacc|u|rmenseienergri menta|e irmaginaii, pasiunirr gene
rctrtiipecareei|eauccnsacratacestcrcreaii|stcricu|vac|rne
cea mar intens satis|acre e pe urma tuturcr acestcr rea|itrr
uirnistcrrah|csc|iei,h|csch|vah,|rncra|,Inc1ntatinu
sepcatecae|snu|reinspiratemrnunataes|urareaspiritu|ur
ea |ungu| trmpu|ur uar, e| nu va h n msur sse |ucure e
|apu|ch|cschaiprcuceexactace|earsentimentecaiistcricu|ur
|nuvaputeasse|ucureecugetri|etrmpurr|crvechiimcerne
|rahtu||urate sentrmenteec naturcu tctu|r|erit
!i|csch|nusepcatemu|umisntre|e,aacumsevantre|a
istcricu|cuprivrre|atcates|steme|eeg1nue- sunte|ehumcase,
sunt e|e str|ucitcare, sunt e|e |mpcrtante in punct e veere
rstcrrc? - i aa mai eparte.ingrantre|arecare|va interesa
este ntre|area ,0e aevrexistn aceste sisteme? lar, n mc
mentu|ncarecvapune,e|va|rescurajat c1nccnsieristcria
|r|cscheipentruc, aacumtircu tciiexistc ccntraicie at1t
e mare ntre r|erite|e sisteme - c at1t e mare rsputi |upt
ntrer|errte|ecprniicareau|cstsusrnutenperrcaei|errtee
i|eriih|csc|i aparin1nuncrpcpcare r|erite - nc1t,|aprrma
veere,parentrutctu|impcsi|i|screemcexistcevae|e|u|
unuiprcgresnentreruptnistcriah|cschei,aacumparesexrste
64 MORITZ SCHLICK
n a|tene|etnrcrrra|e mrnrr cmenetr,e exemp|u, n trrnsau
tehnrc.
}
ntre|areapecarenecpunem acum este ,ncesthacs,care
a existat p1n acum, va ccntrnua care sexrste rnvrrtcr? \cr
ccntrnuacareh|cschrsseccntratrcunu|pece||a|t,frecarerntre
errrrcu|rt1ncprnr||ece|cr|a|rsausevanfpturp1n|aurm,un
fe|e accrunrversa|,cunrtate acprnrerh|cscfrcen|ume?
1crmarrrh|cschaucretutc,catcuprcprr||e|crsrstemea
nceputcncuepcce1nrre,cerauesccperrtnce|ernurm
aevru| u|trm 0u geu ar h putut srea|rtete cevaacnu ar h
cretut acest |ucru. nceasta saspus,e exemp|u,espreuescartes,
c1narntrcusmetcacare|afcut,prrnte|eh|cscfrermcerne
aacum este, de c|rcer, numrt, espre prncta c1n ancercats
rntrcuc metca matematrcn h|csche, sau chrar espre Kant
c1n aspusnprefaace|er mare seamrncpere|esa|e c, e
acumncc|c, h|cschavaputeancepes|ucrete aaesrurcum
numartr|na a|ucratp1nacumLrtcrau cretutcaupuscapt
hacsu|ur | au nceputcevaccmp|et ncucare vaucen ce|e rn
urm |a c cretere a va|crrr cp|nr|cr h|cscfrce. uar, rstcrrcu| nu
pcate,n mc c||nurt smprteascc asemenea ccnvrnere,
marmu|t, earvaputeaprearrrcc|.
ucrrm s punem ntre|area ,0are va h vrrtcru| h|cscfrer?
numarrnpunctu|eveerea|h|csch|ur.1ctur,pentruarspune
|antre|are va tre|ur sutr|rtm metca rstcrrcu|urpentru cnu
vcmputeasspunemcarevafrvr|tcru|h|cscfrerec1tnmsuran
care ccnc|utrr|e ncastre sunteuse rncuncatereatrecutu|urr
pretentu|urer
!rrmu|efecta|unerexamrnrrrstcrrce a cprnrr|cr h|cschce
estecsuntemsrurrcnuputemaveanrcrcncreeremnrcrun
srstem.uac|ucrurr|estauaa- acnuputemfrcartetrenr,sprnc
trenr,|antrenrr aamar eparte - se pare csrnura a|ternatrv
este s evenrm sceptrcrrnc|rnar s creem cnupcate exrsta
nrcrunsrstemh|cschc aevratpentruc,acarfrexrstatvreun
astfe|esrstem,|ucru|acestaarhtre|urtsfr fcstce|purn|nurt
rsarfr artatntrunanumefe|. 1ctur,c1nexamrnmcucnes
trtaterstcrrah|cscfrer,separecnuexrsturmea|evreunerescc
perrrrcarearhpututccnuce|accprnreh|cscfrcunanrm.
uefapt, ccnc|utrasceptrcafcstfcrmu|atemu|rrstcrrcrr
chrarunrrh|cschauajuns |accnc|utracnu exrstcevae fe|u|
VORUL FILOSOFIEI 65
prcresu|uinh|csche r c h|cschansinueste nimic a|tceva
ec1t istcria h|cschei ncest punct e veere a |cst susinut |a
nceputu|secc|u|ure maimu|ih|csc|ii a|cstnumit,istcrrsm
!unctu|eveere ch|cschaccnstnumaiinprcpriasarstcrie
esteunu|straniu, ar e|a|cst susinut i apratcu arumenten
aparenccnstr1ntcare1ctui,nuneveemsi|iisacptmun
+ - emenea puncte veere scept|c
nmccnsieratp1nacumcua|ternativepcsibi|encaresar
putea cree !rima, c aevru| u|tim este ccninut, ntraevr
ntrun sistem h|csc|ici, a cua, c nu exist e|cc h|csche, ci,
numai c istcrie a 1nirii \u vci prcpune s se a|ea una in
acestecua|ternatrve,ciavreasprcpununa|trer|eapuncte
veerecarenueste nicrsceptic,nicibatatpeccnvinereacpcate
exrsta vreun sistem |i|csc|ic ca sistem e aevrurr u|trme
lntenicnetsacptunpuncteveeretcta|i|eritespreh|csc|ie,
r, este, |rnene|es prerea mea c acest punct e veere va h
acptat c1nva, n viitcr, e tcat |umea. ue |apt, mr sar prea
ciuatach|csc|ia,ceamaincbi|intrene|etniciri|einte|ectua|e,
aceaextracrinarrea|itareumancarea|cstaeseanumit,reina
tuturcrti|ne|crnarhnimica|tcevaec1tcmareamrre.naar,
pare vercsimi| c prrntrc ana|it atent va putea h sit un a|
trei|eapuncteveereiccnsrercce|pecare|vcretvc|taarci
va |ace |a tuturcr arumente|cr sceptice mpctriva pcsibi|itii
unuisistemh|cschcicutcateacesteanuva|ipsrh|cschaenrmic
rnceeace |ace nc||eea rmreia ei
inene|es,|aptu|cp1nacummari|esrstemeh|cschcenu
au|cstncununatecusuccesinuaupututscbincrecuncatere
enera|nuesteun mctrvsuhcientpentruacreecnuvaputea
|iesccperit, nvrrtcr,vreun srstem |||cschccare va|rprivrt, e
ctretcireptsc|uiau|tim amari|crprcb|emencest|ucruarh
ntraevr, e ateptat ach|csc|iaar|ic,trin !entru cn
trin ccnstatm nencetat c sunt site sc|uii satis|ctcare
neateptatepentrumarrprcb|emeic1nnuestepcsibi|sveem
c|ar un aspect particu|ar a| une| prcb|eme tiini|ice, nci nu ne
prerem sperana 0reem cviitcriicameni e tiinvcrhmai
ncrccciivcresccpericeeace ncinu amreuitsesccperrm
|
nacestpunctseetv|uietctuimareaecse|irerntretiinr
h|csc|ie tiinapuneneviencetvc|tareraua|\uexrst
nrci cea mai mic ncra| c tiina a prcresat i ccntrnu s
prcresete, eruniicamenivcrbesc cuscepticismespre tiin
66 MORITZ SCHUCK
\uneputemnciniciunmcment,m mcserics,ctimcumu|t
maimu|tesprenaturec1tautiut,eexemp|u,cameniicetriau
n secc|e|e antericare. xist inccntesta|r| un anume prcgres pe
care evieniat tiina, ar ac suntem peep|insincerr vcm
recuncatecunasemeneaprcgresnupcatehesccperitmh|csche
nce|eaimariprc||emecareeraurscutatentimpu||ui!|atcn
sunt iscutate inti|e|e ncastre 01n pentruuntimp saprut,
tctui,cc anumrtprc||emar f |cstehnitivet|egat,cur1n
aceeaiprc||emapareinncuitre|uies|ieiscutatrrecc
si
erat n|cst c caracteristica activitii h|csch|urce|tre|uia,
ntcteauna, s nceap in ncu cu nceputu| | nu ccnsiera
nicicatcevacae |asinene|es | srmeac|iecaresc|uie a
cricrei prc||eme h|csc|ice nueste estu| e precis sausiguri
simeactre|uiesiatctu|e|anceputn|crmu|areaprc||emei
1ccmai aceast ecse|rrentre tirn i|||csc|re este ceeace ne
|ace |cartesceptrcrcuprivire|acriceprcgresvrrtcrnh|csc|ie0u
tcateacestea,amputeacreecvremuri|esepctschim|aicar
|i pcsi|i| s esccperim aevratu| sistem |i|csc|ic uar, aceast
speranestetaarnicecarece putem gsitemeiuripentrucare
h|csc|ianu areurtitre|uiesnu reueascnprcucerea uncr
retu|tatetiinr|ice, cumsuntce|ea|etrrnei uacacestetemeiuri
sunt|une atuncivcmhnreptiisnunencree nnicrun
sistem h|cschc iscreemcniciunasemenea sistemnuva|ua
nasterenviitcr
I
}
ngurimr sspun, n ace|ai timp, c aceste temerurr nu
ccnstauni|rcu|tateaprc||eme|crpecare|etrateath|cscha,nici
nu sunt e|e e gsit n s||icrunea r incapacrtatea inte|ectu|ui
cmenescuace|ear|rssteaacc|c,amputea|esnesnenchipuim
c rnte|ectu| i raiunea uman sar putea etvc|ta, c, ac nu
suntemestu|eptrunttcriacum,urmaiinctriarputea|restu|
einte|igenipentruaetvc|taunsistem\u,aevratacautaeste
egsitntrcciuatnene|egereigrertinterpretareanaturii
h|csc|rer, ea st n incapacrtatea e a istrnge ntre atrtuinea
stirntr|rcsratrturneah|cschcastnreeacnatura|r|csc|rer
rtirnerste mai mu|tsau mai puin aceeai, c e|e, am1ncu,
ccnstau in sisteme e enunuriaevrate espre |ume ue |apt,
h|csc|ianuestenrcicatunsistemeenunurii,este,prrnurmare,
esenra| r|erit e tirn
}
ne|egerea ccrect a re|aiei rntre
h|csche,pee cparte,itiine, peea|tparte,este,cre, ca|ea
ceamai|unpentruac1tigacne|egere anaturiih|csc|ier\cm
VIITORUL FILOSOFIEI 67
ncepe, eci, cu c cercetare a acestei re|aii i a etvc|trii sa|e
istcrice nceasta ne va hrnita |apte|e necesare pentru a anticipa
vritcru| h|csc|iei \iitcru|, |inene|es, este, ntcteauna c|iectu|
unerccnjecturiistcrice, pentru c,pcate h juecat numaipe|ata
experiene|cr trecute r pretente ue aceea, ne ntre|m acum.
cum a|cst ccnceput natura h|cschei n ccmparaie cu aceea a
trrne|crrcumsaetvc|tatccncepraasuprare|aierintree|en
ecursu|istcriei?
Lanceputuri|e ei, aa cum pcate tri, h|cscha a|cst ccnsi
erata|i nrmica|tcevaec1tuna|tnumepentru,cutareaaev
ru|ur- eaa|cstrentrccutrina. 0amenircareaucutataevru|,
car e ragu| |ui, au |cst numii h|csc|i, i nu sa |cut nrci c
ecse|rrentre cameni e tiin ih|csc|i
0mrcschim|area|cstaus,naceastsituaie,eccrate
ccrate, sar putea spune, nu a preurt tiina | nu a cretutn
tcatespecu|arr|eespre astrcncmieiesprestructurauniversu|ui
n caresau ccmp|cut h|csc|ii anticr. | a |cst ncreinat c nu
vcmputeavrecatc1trgaccuncatere certcuprrvire|aaceste
chestiunr r iarestr1ns cercetri|e |a ce|e asupra esenei naturii
umane. |nua|cstuncmetirn,nuaavutncreerentiin
i tctui nci tcr recuncatem ca pe unu| intre cei mai mari
h|cschcareautritvrecat0utcateacestea,nuccrate estece|
care a creat antagcnismu| pe care ccnstatm, mai t1rtiu, ntre
trin i h|csche ue |apt, urmaii |ui au m|inat |carte |ine
cercetareanaturiiumane cutiinaatri|cri auniversu|ui
!i|csc|iaarmasunrtcui|erite|etiinep1nc1nacestea
rnurmsauseparattreptate h|csc|ie.
}
nacest|e|,matematica,
astrcncmia, mecanica i meicina au evenit inepenente, una
upa|ta,rsacreatcr|erenntreh|csc|ieitirn 0u tcate
acestea, am puteaspunecunanume|e|eunitatesaurentitate
a ce|cr cu a rnuit p1n aprcape e ccntempcraneitate, aic
p1nn secc|u| a| ncuspretece|ea 0recputem spune n mc
rea|istcexistanumitetrine - mg1nescnspecia||a|rtic-
care nu au |cst separate ccmp|et e h|csc|ie p1n n secc|u| a|
ncuspretece|ea. 0hiar r acumune|e catere unrversrtare pentru
htictecreticsuntenumrtec|icia|cateree,h|csc|ienatura|
n|ran secc|u| a| ncuspretece|ea anceput aevratu|an
tagcnrsmnscite un anume sentrmente cstr|rtate ah|csch|ur
|ae cmu|e tirni acmu|ui e tiin|a e h|csc|.ncest
sentimentaaprutatuncic1nh|csc|iaapretinscarecmetc
68 MORITZ SCHUCK
mai nc|i| i mai |un e a esccperi aevru| ec1t metca
tiini|icac|servaieiiexperimentu|ui
}
n0ermanianceputu|ui
secc|u|uia|ncuspretece|ea,che||ing,!ichteiege|aucretutc
exrstaungeneca|erega|ceccnuce|aaevrcareeraretervat
h|csch|ui, in timp ce cmu| e tiin parcurgea rumu| metcei
experimenta|e,cmetcccmuni|cartec|csitcare,careceren
specia|tehnicimecanice.iaucretutcpctc|1niace|aiaevr
pecarencearcas|esccperecmu|etiin,ar,ntrun|e|mu|t
mai ucr, angaj1nuse pe un rum mai scurt, care era retervat
pentru minr|e ce|e mai e|evate, numai pentru geniu| h|cschc 0u
tcate acestea, espre aceastanu crescsvcr|escpentruceste
unpuncteveerecepcate|i ccnsierat,cre,reptunu|eprt
xist,tctui,una|tpuncteveerecareancercatsrsting
ntretiinih|csc|iespun1nch|csc|iasaccupateaevrurr|e
ce|e maigenera|ece ar putea|icuncscute espre |ume ictrina
sa ccupat cu aevruri|e mai particu|are 1re|uie siscut acest
murmpuncteveerecuprivire|anaturah|cschei,ntruc1tne
va ajutasne|egem ce vaurma.
nceastprerepctrivitcreiah|cschaestetiinacetrateat
espre aevruri|e ce|e mai genera|e care nu aparin cmeniu|ui
niciuneitiineparticu|are este punctu|e veerece|maiccmun
pe care gsiin aprcape tcate manua|e|e, e| a|cstacptat e
majcritatea autcri|cr e |ucrri h|csc|ice in ti|e|e ncastre e
ccnsrer,ngenera|,c,aacum chimia, eexemp|u,seccupcu
enunurr|e aevrate esprer|eriiiccmpuichimiciiar,|iticae
aevru|cuprivire|accmpcrtareaccrpuri|cr|itice,tctaah|csc|ia
trateatntre|ri|ece|emaigenera|en|egturcunaturamateriei
}
nmcasemntcr, aacumistcria cerceteatn|nuiri|ei|erite
a|eevenimente|criniviua|ecareeterminestinu|cmenirii,tct
aa,sepresupunech|csc|iaca,h|cscheaistcriei)esteceacare
esccper principii|e genera|e care guverneat tcate ace|e eveni
mente
nst|e|,h|csc|iaccnceputcatiinace trateatespreaev
rurr|e ce|e mai genera|e, este ccnsrerat rept ceacare ne c|er
ceeaceputemnumcimagineuniversa|a|umri,cccncepiegenera|
espre|umencaretcateaevruri|evariatea|etiine|crparticu|are
i gsesc|ccuri|e|crisunt reunite ntrunuria ta||cu - unsccp
pe care tiine|e particu|arense|esuntsccctiteincapa|r|e e a|
atingeecarecenusuntestu|egenera|eisuntpreccupatenumar
etrsturi|e particu|arei epri|emare|uintreg.
VORU FILOSOFIEI 6
9
nceast, aanumit, ,ccncepie sincptic espre h|csc|ie,
susin1nch|cschaeste,eemenea,ctiin,numaicunacu
uncaractermaigenera|ec1ttiine|eparticu|are,accnus,mise
pare, |ac encrm ccnhtie !e e c parte, iaccn|erith|csch|ui
caracteristici|e cmu|ui e tirn | stn |i||icteca |ui, ccnsu|t
nenumratecri,|ucreat|a|ircu||uiistuiatpreri|ei|erite
a|emu|tcrh|csc|i,aacumunistcricarccmparai|errte|e|uiitvcare,
sau aa cum ar |ace un cm e trin angajat n urmrrrea unui
c|iectiv particu|arn crice cmeniu eterminat a| cuncaterii, e|
are,nntregime, ccmpcrtamentu|unuicme tiinicree,ntr
aevr,c|c|csetentrunanumit|e|metcatiinihc,carc,|a
un nrve| mai genera| | ccnsier h|csc|ia ca pe c tiin mai
istinsimu|tmainc|i|ec1tce|e|a|te,arnureptunaesenia|
iferite e|e.
!e e a|t parte, cu aceast imagine a h|csch|uin minte
ccnstatmunccntrast|cartemareematceexaminmretu|tate|e
careau|cst,rea|mente,c|inuteprintrcactivitateh|cschces|
uratn acest |e| xist tcate semne|e extericare a|e cmu|ui e
stiintnmetcae|ucruah|csch|ui,arnuexrstnicicasemnare
inretu|tate ketu|tate|e tiinihce se acumu|eatm|in1nuse cu
a|terea|itri i c|in1n c recuncatere genera|, ar nu putem
esccpericevae acest|e|nactivitateah|csch|ui
0e tre|uiescreem espre aceastsituaie?aaccnus|a
retu|tate|carteciuateimaiegra|riicc|e.01neschiemun
manua| e h|csc|ie sau c1n examinm una intre |ucrri|e
vc|umincasea|eunurh|csc|ccntempcran,gsimaeseaccantitate
rmenseenergreccnsacratsarcinrieaesccpericeesteh|cscha
\u gsim acest|ucrun nici una in ce|e|a|tetiine.!rticieniisau
rstcriciinu tre|uie s ccnsume pagini pentru aesccpericesunt
|iticasauistcria0hiariaceiacaresunteaccrch|csc|iaeste
ntrun anume |e|, sistemu| ce|cr mai genera|e aevrurr exp|ic
aceastgenera|itatenmcuri|cartei|erite\uvciintranam
nunte cu privire |a aceste ehniii i|erite
}
nguiim car s
menicnetcuniia|irmch|cschaeste ,trinava|crr|crpentru
ceisunte prerecce|emaigenera|eccnc|utii|acare ccnuc,
n u|timinstan, tcate ntre|riIe au ea |ace, ntrun|e| sau
a|tu|,cuva|carea n|iispuncmcsc|iaeste epistemc|cgie, aic
tecria cuncaterii, ecarece tecria cuncaterii este presupus a
tratace|emaigenera|eprincipiipecarese|ateattcateaevruri|e
particu|are.Lnainaeccnc|utietre,ec|icei,eaepiipunctu|ui
70 MORIZ SCHUCK
de vedere pe cae i discutm este c flosofa constituie, fie parial,
fe n intregime, metafzic. Iar, metafzica este presupus a f un
anume fel de structur construit deasupra tiinei i, n parte,
bazndu-se pe structura tiinei dar, ridicndu-se pe culmi inalte
care sunt mai presus de posibilitile tuturor tiinelor i ale
experientei.
nlegem din toate acestea c, pn i aceia care adopt
defniia flosofei ca tiina cea mai general nu pot cdea de acord
asupra naturii ei. Acest lucru este, de bun seam, puin ridicol ia
un istoric al viitorului, peste cteva sute sau mii de ani de acum
ncolo, va considera foarte ciudat c dezbaterea despre natura
flosofei a fost luat att de n serios n zilele noastre. Trebuie s
fe ceva greit atunci cnd o dezbatere conduce la o asemenea
confuzie. Exist, aadar, temeiuri pozitive foarte precise pentru care
"generaitatea" nu poate f folosit drept caracteristica ce deosebete
flosofa de tiinele "particulare", dar eu nu m voi opri asupra lor
ci voi ncerca s ajung la o concluzie pozitiv pe o cale mai scurt.
Cnd am vorbit, mai sus, despre Socrate, am subliniat c ideile
lui erau, ntr-un anumit sens, opuse tiinelor naturii; flosofa lui
nu a fost, prin urmare, n mod sigur identic cu tiinele i nu a fost
"cea mai general" dintre ele. A fost, mai curnd, un fel de
nelepciune. Dar, trstura important pe care trebuie s-o observm
la Socrate, pentru a nelege atitudinea lui specific ca i natura
flosofei, este c aceast nelepciune care se referea la natura
uman i la conduita omului const, n esen, ntr-o anumit metod,
deosebit de metoda tiinei i, de aceea, neconducnd la nici un fel
de rezultate "tiinifce".
Dumneavoastr toi ai citit probabil cteva din dialogurile lui
Platon n care el l nfieaz pe Socrate formulnd i primind
ntrebri i rspunsuri. Dac observai ce s-a fcut ntr-adevr - sau
ce a incercat Socrate s fac - descoperii c el nu a ajuns, de
obicei, la anumite adevruri defnitive care ar apare la sfritul
dialogului ci, intreaga cercetare a fost ntreprins cu scopul princi
pal de a face clar ce a fost avut in vedere atunci cnd au fost puse
anumite ntrebri sau cnd au fost folosite anumite cuvinte. De
exemplu, intr-unul din dialogurile lui Platon, Socrate treab "Ce
este dreptatea?"; el primete rspunsuri diferite la ntrebarea lui,
i, la rndul su intreab ce s-a avut n vedere prin rspunsuri, de
ce un anumit cuvnt a fost folosit tr-un fel sau atul i, de obicei,
rezult c discipolul sau adversaul lui nu a ctigat ctui de puin
V ORUL FILOSOFIEI 7I
c|aritate asupraprcpriu|uisupunct4eveere.|escurt, |i|cscha
|uiccrateccnst4inceeaceamputeanum|,cutmeasemnihcaiei
|aincercatsc|arihceg1nireaana|it1n4semni|icaiaexpresii|cr
ncastreisensu|rea| a|enunuri|cr ncastre
nici,aaar,ccnstatmunccntrastc|arintreaceastmetc
|i|csc|ic, care are ca cbiect etv|uireasemnicaiei i metca
tiine|cr,careaucac|iectesccperireaadevrului. ue|apt,na|nte
eamergemar eparte,ingui|m|sa||rm,ccncisrc|ar,ceu
crectiinaartre|uisheehnitcahm"cutrea adevrului"
rarh|csc|ia"cutarea semniteaiei". ccrateahxatexemp|u|aev
ratei metce |i|csc|ice pentru tcate timpuri|e. uar, va tre|ui s
exp|ic aceastmetcintrunpuncte veere mcern.
01n|crmu|munenunespreceva|acemacest|ucrurcstin
c prcpctrie iar prcpctiia st pentru ceea ce este semni|icaia
prcpctiiei (proposition)1 . nceast juecateste |ie aevrat|ie
|a|sar,nainte e ati sau ecie aceste aevratsau|a|s
tre|uie s tim ce spune aceastjuecat. 1re|uie s cuncatem
marnt1isemni|icaiaei uup cecuncatem sensu| ei vcm hn
msursa||maceste a4evratsau nunceste4cu|ucruri
sunt,esigur,|egateinsepara|i|\upcta||aaevru||racuncate
semni|icaiaiaccuncscsemni|icaiavci a||ace|purnnceputu|
unei ci careva ccnuce |a esccperirea aevru|ur sau |a|srtir
juecrichiaracsuntnimpcsi|i|itates|4esccprnpretent
|rereameaestecvirtcru|h|cschei4epinee aceastistincie
ntreesccperireasemnihcaiei iesccperireaaevru|ui.
0um eciem care este semni|icaia unei j ueci sau ce
ne|egem printrc prcpctire care estercst|t, scris sau tiprit?
}
ncercm s ne repretentm ncu nrne semnihcaia i|erite|cr
cuvinte pe care am nvat s |e |c|csim i apci, ne struim s
esccperrmsensnjuecatLnecriputemsc|acem, a|tecri nu,
I Nu exist n limba romn un echivalent convenabil i general adoptat
pentru cuvntul englez propositon, care desemneaz ceea ce exprim i
comunic o propoziie (sentnce). Proposton ar putea f tadus prin jucat
acest cuvnt are ns i alte sensuri. Unii taductori n alte limbi ale textelor
flosofce de limb englez au preferat de aceea s psteze originalul englez
proposition. Pentru a da mai mult naturalee i fluen textului am optat
uneori pentru taducerea cuvntului proposition cu judecat. Recunoatem
ns c juecat nu este un echivalent adecvat pentu proposition n toate
contextele. Redarea cea mai fdel n romn pare s fe parafaza semniu
propoziiei (n.t.)
72 MORZ SCHLICK
cea de-a doua situaie intervine, din pcate, cel mai des n cazul
acelor judeci care sunt presupuse a f "flosofce". - Dar, cum
putem f, pe deplin siguri, c, ntr-adevr cunoatem i nelegem ce
gndim cnd facem o aseriune? Care este criteriul ultim al sensului
ei? Rspunsul este acesta: cunoatem semnifcaia unei judeci cnd
putem s indicm cu exactitate circumstanele n care ar fi adevrat
(sau, ceea ce nseamn acelai lucru, circumstanele care ar face-o
fals). Descrierea acestor circumstane este, categoric, singurul mod
n care poate f fcut clar semnificaia unei propoziii. Dup ce a
fost fcut cla putem trece la examinarea circumstanelor reale
i s decidem dac ele fac judecata care este n cauz adevrat sau
fals. Nu exist nici o deosebire esenia nte cile prin care decidem
cu privire la adevr i falsitate n tiin i n viaa de fecare zi.
tiina se dezvolt pe aceleai ci pe care se dezvolt cunoaterea
n viaa de toate zilele. Metoda verifcrii este, n esen, aceeai;
doar c faptele prin care sunt verifcate enunurile tiinifice sunt,
de obicei, mai greu de observat.
Pare evident c un om de tiin sau un filosof cnd propune
o judecat trebuie, n mod necesa, s tie despre ce vorbete nainte
de a trece la determinarea adevrului ei. Dar, este cu totul demn de
atenie c, adesea, n istoria gndirii omeneti s-a ntmplat ca
gnditori s ncerce s descopere dac o anumit judecat era
adevrat sau fals nainte de a obine claritate asupra nelesului
ei, nainte de a ti, realmente, ce era, ceea ce ei doreau s deter
mine. Aceasta a fost uneori, situaia chiar i n cercetrile tiinifice,
i voi cita, pe scurt, exemple n acest sens. i a fost sunt tentat s
spun, cazul aproape ntotdeauna n flosofia tradiional.
Asa cum am afmat, omul de stiint are dou sarcini. El trebuie
s desopere adevrul unei judei i trebuie s-i descopere de
acemenea semnificatia, sau, acestea trebuie s-i fie dezvluite. Dar,
de obicei, el poate s
'
le descopere singur. n msura n care omul
de tiin tebuie s descopere semnifcaia ascuns a judecilor pe
care le folosete n tiina lui, el este filozof. Toi marii oameni de
tiin au dat exemple minunate ale acestei metode flosofice. Ei au
descoperit semnifcaia adevrat a cuvintelor care erau folosite n
mod curent la nceputurile tiinei dar, despre care nimeni nu a dat,
vreodat, o descriere cu totul cla i precis. Cnd Newton a
descoperit conceptul de "ma", el a fost, prin aceasta, cu adevrat
un flosof. Cel mai remacabil exemplu de acest tip de descoperire
n contemporaneitate este analiza dat de Einstein semnifcaiei
VIITORUL FILOSOFIEI 7
3
cuv1ntu|ui,srmu|taneitateaacumestee|ut||rtatn|rtrc\encetat,
sent1mp|ceva,nace|aitimpn\ewYcr|rnan!rancrscc,
r, eicameniiau cretutntcteaunacautiut|carte |inecese
ne|egeaprintrunasemeneaenun,insterna|cstprimu|care|a
|cutcu aevratc|ar i aspu||eratanumrte presupuneri nejustr
hcaten |egturcu timpu|ncareau|cst|cute |rcacrnevas
he,peep|in,ccntientee|e.ncea staa|cstcaevratrea|rtare
h|csc|rc - esccperrreasemnr|rcarei prrntrc c|arrhcare |cgic a
uneijueciA puteaamarmu|teexemp|e ar,pcatecacestea
cuvcrf su|iciente\eemcsemni|rca|araevru|sunt|egate
Intre e|e prrn prccesu| veri|rcrri, ar prrma este etv|urt prin
srmp|are||ecieespreccnirrpcsi|r|en|ume,ntrmpce,a|cr|ea
esteecisesccper|n,cuaevrat,exrstenasauinex|stenaace|cr
ccnrri.
}
nprimu|cat, re||eciaestemetca|i|csc|icesprecare
emersu|ra|ectica||uiccrateneac|eritce|marsimp|uexemp|u.
urnceeaceamspus p1nacumsarputeacreech|cscha
artre|urs|ie ehnit, pursisimp|u, catrinasemnihcaiei,aa
cum, e exemp|u, astrcncmra este trrna ccrpuri|cr cereti, sau,
tcc|cgratrrnaespreanrma|e,|ch|csc|raarhctiin|a|e|ca
a|te trrne, car c c|iectu| su e stuiu ar|i i|erit, i anume
semnr|rcaa. ncestaestepunctu|e veere exprimatntrccarte
minunat, ,1he !ractrce c| !hi|cscphy e usanne K Langer
nutcareaane|es|cartec|arch|cschaareea|acecucercetarea
semnrhcaier,areaccnsiercsturereasemni|icaieipcateccn
uce|actrrn,|a , cmu|rmeejueciaevrate- ccr,aceasta
esteinterpretareaccrectacuv1ntu|uitirn !itrcanuestenimrc
a|tceva ec1t un sistem e aevruri espre ccrpuri|e materia|e
nstrcncmiaeste unsete jueciaevrate espre ccrpurr|e ce
reti etc.
uarh|csc|ranuestectiinn acestsens\u pcatesexiste
c trin espre semni|rcare, pentru c nu pcate sexrste nrci c
mu|rmeejueciaevrateespresemni|rcaie1emeru|acestur
|aptestecpentruaajunge|asemni|rcaiauneiprcpctiiisauunei
juecrtre|uiestrecemrncc|ce juecr !entrucnuputem
sperasexphcmsemnihcaiauneijueci,purisimp|u,pretent1n
c a|tjuecat 01nntre| pe cineva ,0are este semni|rcaia|ui
cutaresau cutare?, e|tre|uie srspunprintrcprcpctirecare
va ncerca s escrre semni|icara uar, e| nu pcate reui, n ce|e
rn urm, n aceast ncercare pentru c prcpctiia prin care
rspunenar|rec1tca|tjuecatrar,eua|iper|ectnreptrt
74 MORITZ SCHUCK
sntre|.,0eine|egiprinaceata?" A merge,pcate,inccnt|nuare,
ehninceeaceaavutinveere,|c|csini|er|tecuvinteirepet1n
g1nu| |ui, e nenumrate cri, |c|csin nci prcpctiii. A putea,
tctui, s ccntinui a ntreba ,0ar ce ine|es are aceast ncu
juecat?stec|arcnuamajungen|cicat|acaptcuacestgen
e cercetare, semni|icara nu arputea, nicicat, she c|arihcat
ac nu ar existanrci c a|t ca|e e a ajunge |aeaec1tprrntrc
serie eju4ecr.
Lnexemp|uva|murice|eemaisusiccnsiercumnea
vcastr tci | vei ne|ege imeiat 0ri e c1te cri nt1lnii un
cuv1ntr|ici|cruiacrirsigsiisemni|icaia,|cutarnncr
c|cperaritanicue|iniiacuv1ntu|uiesteatntermenii|erii
uacsent1mp|snuicunctei, atunci, cutai acetitermeni
0u tcate acestea, acest mc e a prccea nu pcate ccntinua |a
nes|1rit in ce|e in urm vei ajunge |a termenr |carte simp|i
pentrucarenuvergsinrcrcexp|icaienencrc|cpere0aresunt
acetrtermen|?unttermenrrcarenumaipct|re|rnii\eiamrte
cexistast|e|etermeniuacspun,eexemp|u,cum|ra|mpri
estega||en,miaiputeaceresescriucene|egprrnga||en- r
nuvciputeasc|acA puteasvartcanumitcu|careisv
spun c aceasta este ga||en, ar, vci h, pe ep|in, incapa|i| s
exp|icceestega||enu|cuajutcru|crrcrcrprcpctiiisaucuvinte
uacnuaivtutnicicatcevaga|ben,iareunuvcraveapcsi|i
|itatea e a v arta c cu|care ga||en, va |i a|sc|ut rmpcsibi|,
pentru mine, s c|ari|ic |a ce mam re|erit c1n am prcnunat
cuv1ntu|lar,cmu|cr| nu va|i, |inene|es, nicicatcapa|i| s
ne|eagpentru ce stcuv1ntu|
1catee|iniii|encastretrebuiessenche|eprrntrcanumit
inrcare,printrcanumitactivitate!ctexrstaanumitecuvinte|aa
crcr semnr|icaie putem ajunge prin anumite activitr menta|e,
tctaacumpctajunge|asemnihcaiaunuicuv1ntcareesemneat
cu|careaart1nnsicu|careastermpcsi|i|sehnetrccu|care
- eatrebures|reinicat.ke||eciaeunanume|e|estenecesar
pentrua ne|ege ntrebuinarea anumitcr cuvinte 1re|uie s
re||ectm,pcate,| amcu|incarenvmacestecuvrntei exrst,
e asemenea, mu|te ci e re||ecie care ne c|ari|rccene|egem
prin r|erite jueci ne g1nim, e exemp|u, |atermenu| e
,simu|taneitate a evenrmente|cr ce se petrec n |ccurr i|errte
!entru a a||ace se ne|ege, intraevr, prin termentrebuie s
ntreprinem c ana|it a juecii i s esccperim cum este
VIITORUL FILOSOFIEI
7
5
etermrnat,e|apt,simu|taneitateaevenimente|crcesepetrecn
|ccurr i|errte, aa cum a|cst ea rea|itat e instein, tre|uie s
rnicm anumiteexperreneicbservair e|ective nceastatre|ure
sneccnuc|ane|egerea|aptu|uicactiviti|eh|csc|icenupct
|i nicrcat n|ccurte r exprimate printrc mu|rme e juecr
uetv|urreasemni|icarercricreijuecitre|uie,nce|ernurm,
s|ierea|rtatprrntrcanumitacrune,printrcanumrtprcceur
rrect, e exemp|u, ca inicareaga|benu|ur, eanu pcate h at
prrntrc juecat !r|cscha, ,cutarea semnr|icaier, nu pcate, e
aceea,sccnstearnjueci,eanupcate|ictirn !rinurmare,
cutareasemnrhcareinuestenimica|tcevaec1tun|e|eactivrtate
menta|
0cnc|utrancastrestec|i|cschaa|cstne|easgreitc1n
sacretutcretu|tate|eh|cschce arputeahexprrmatenjueci
rcar puteaexistaunsistema|h|csc|ieiccmpusintrunsistem
ejuec|cmearrepretentarspunsurr|e|antre|rr|e,h|cschce
\uexrstaevrurrspecr||ch|csc|icecmearccnrnesc|uiaprc||e
me|crspecrhc,h|cschce,crhcschaaresarcinaeagrsemnrhcaia
tuturor prc||eme|cr|asc|uri|cr|cratre|ure s|re e|in|tca
activitatea de descoperire a semniicaiei.
!r|csc|raestecactivitate,nucti|n, ar, aceastactivrtate
este, |rnene|es, rea|rtat nencetatn |iecare trrn partrcu|ar,
ecarece nainte ca trine|e s pcat esccper| aevru| sau
|a|srtateauneijuecr,e|etre|uresajungmaint1r|asemnrhcaie
e, avem
ana|rtspectra|carenepermrtesccnstrurmenunurr|cartepre
crse espre e|emente|e chrmrce r ccnrrr|e |rtrce ce |crmeat
su|stanaste|e|crcaresunt|amrreanr|ummeprtareepm1nt
ncestaeste un|unexemp|ua| unerprc||emecea|cstec|arate
neretc|vatectreunh|csc|e hunte,ar,a|cst,|anumarpurn
trmpupaceea,ccmp|et|uatnstp1nrreectretrrn.
|um c a|t prc||em. ,ste unrversu| hnrt sau rnhnrtn
sparurtrmp?nceastaa|cstccnsreratec|rcerreptcntre|are
trprch|csc|rcaajucatunrc|estu|ermpcrtantqh|csc|ra|ur
Kant. | avea c serre e argumente, pe care |ea cc
srerat a h
per|ectva|rernpunctu|eveereccmun,careprc|aucunrversu|
tre|ure she|mrtnsparurtrmp, re|avea, e a.-emenea,ca|t
mu|rme e argumente, expuse pe cea|a|tpagrn, care cveeau
cunrversu|tre|ure,nmcnecesar,s|rern|rnrtrnam|e|epuncte
eveere|accnsreratcexrstacccntrarcrerea|ntreaceste
cucvetr,careputeaheprtnumarectreprcprra|urhcsche
cu rstrncra erntre |umeaca aparenr |umea ca rea|rtate urn
ncu,trrnamcern,n|tur1nnntregrmejuecatapurspecu|atrv
a|ur Kant, are argumente |carte precrsen|avcareapunctu|ur e
veere c uarversu| este |rnrt n sparu xrst, n prrmu| r1n,
ccnsrerente astrcncmrce care ccn|er c anumrt prc|a|r|rtate
acesturpuncteveere, arexrst, e a.-emenea,mctrvegenera|e
errvaternap|rcareahtrcrrmcerne |a prc||eme|ere|errtcare|a
structura unrversu|ur care par s ccnuc, aprcape rnevrta|r|, |a
ccnc|utracunrversu|tre|ureshehnrtnsparu, er,prc|a|r|,
au n trmp ucvaa se sprrjrn pe c|servarr|e a.-trcncmrce, pe
cuncatereancastrespre|egr|enaturrrrpenrmrca|tcevancest
cat se a.-eama cu una rnntre|rr|e anterrcare prrn aceea c
prc||ema pare s |re ep|asat rn s|eraspecu|arer |r|cschce |a
aceea ac|serarertrrnrhce, trans|crm1nuse,prrnacea-ta, mtrc
prc||em aparent |r speran, ntrc ntre|are |a care se pcate
rspunepeep|rn0atcuetvc|tmeacuncternca.-treajungem
sveempcsr|r|rtrcarea|tatnueraucuncscutecamenr|cr,r
a.st|e|,numru|prc||eme|crrnsc|u|r|eparessereuc0areeste
semnrhcaraacesturprccesrpcatee|sccntrnue |anes|1rrt?
o NOU FILOSOFIE A EXPERIEN
EI 87
ccnsrermacumca|tprc||em,purh|cschc,unarntre
ce|e mar vechr a |r|csc|re, ,re|ara rntre ccrp r su||et xrst,
carecusu|stanen|ume,su|stana|rtrcrceamenta|rnce
ccnstrnteracrunea|cr? xrst ceva e |e|u|su||etu|ursautre|ure
ca tctu| s he exp|rcatn termenr ar htrcrr? xrst ceva e |e|u|
materrer sau tre|ure ca tctu| s |re exp|rcat n termenr menta|r?
ncestea sunt ntre|rr et|tute e |t|csc|r In ceea ce prrvete
aceastprc||em,nupurnrrntreerauacptatpctrraceaeste
un|unexemp|uentre|are|acarenusepcaterspunerspun,
eexemp|u,cnuvaexrstanrcrcatnrcrceamars|a|speran
e ane|ege chrar r cea mar simp| sentare r susrn c este
rmpcsr|r|snenchrpurmvreunmcncareunanumrtprcceshtrc
ncrererpcatehtrans|crmatntrcsentare, arcncevameata|.
nutcrr|rnecuncscur au rcstrtunignorabimu hctr1tnceeace
prrvetentre|areaprrvrtcare|a|e|u|ncare arputeaharuncatc
puntentreprccese|ementa|erhtrcentrmpcea|rrauccnsrerat
carputeasscapeestu|e ucre prc||emprrnrntermeru|
vreunermetahtrcrcgmatrce
!rc||emae|ataaanumrtermetahtrcrestepresupusa|r
ntre|area ,0are este esenarea|rtrr? ste |umea, n esen, e
natur menta|? ste ea sprrrt, aa cum a susrnut er|e|ey, sau
este materre aa cumau susrnutmaterra|rtrr, sau este cevacare
nupcate|rcuncscut,precum|ucru|nsrne-a||urKant?Ast|e|,n
trmpce cer marmu|rrntreh|csc|rr marvechr preausnu ar|
greutrnet|egareaprc||emer, Kantasu||rnratnmcecse|rt
cnuexrstanrcrcsc|ure|avrecprc||emmeta|ltrc,arc|acrrce
ntre|are cuprrvrre|a ,naturau|trmarea|rtrr | a|cut acest
|ucruernuanegatcacestentre|rreraupeep|rnrnte|rgr|r|e
r cmrnteacmeneascva ccntraua,ntcteauna, s|e pun
ucar nc c ntre|are pentru a nchera, una care este, e
a|t|e|, trprc ,nu anrma|e|e ccntrrn? 0er marmu|rrntrencr
cre c ,ua, un c1rne este n mu|te prrvrne aprcape ca c |rrn
cmeneasc0umarhpcsr|r|acest|ucruacnuaraveasentarrr
sentrmente? 0utcate acestea, aexrstatunh|csc||carte |umrnat,
uescartes, care a susrnut punctu| e veere ccn|crm crura
ccntrrna estecevaretervat pentru |rrne|e cmenetrr c tcate
anrma|e|esuntautcmate.0cmpcrtrr|e|crartre|urs|reprrvrteca
reacrrmecanrce|aanumrrstrmu|r,|rrntervenraacevae|e|u|
,ccntrrner. uecarece nu putem, cu srguran, nrcrcat s ne
punemnsrtuaraunuranrma|pentruaccnstataacaresentrmente,
MORZ SCHLICK
nu se v+ pute+, cu slgur+n ecle vrec+t prln c|serv+le l
experlent+c uesc+rtes nu+grelt lputechl+rserge
+l ep+rte l s spune c +ce|+l +rguent se +p|lc|llne|cr
cenetl, |llnc el pre s tl prln +utcc|serv+le c ncl
nlne+veccntlln,cuputehslgurln cee+celprlvetepe
cel|+|l?uesc+rtes+ccnsler+tcexlstun+rguent+l|unpentru
+suslnec |ll ne|e cenetl+u su||etspreecse|lree +nl+|e,
cclexlsten++|tcrccntllneeste,ntcte+un+,eusprln+n+|cgle
l, exlstc +n+|cgle+lstr1nsntre lnel+|te|llne cenetl
ec1texlstntre|ll necenetll+nl+|e.u+r,pee+|tp+rte,
nllc nu pc+te |l prc|+t cu +evr+t prln +n+|cgle, +st|e| nc1t,
+c +rguentu| |uluesc+rtes ccnuce, p1n |+ur, |+ cev+, e|
tre|ule s ccnuc|+ncl+|+cu prlvlre |+exlsten+n genere +
ccntllnel+|tcrhlne,hee|ec+enls+u+nl+|el,prec+ce+st
ncl+| tre|ule s se enln pentru tcte+un+, ec+rece tc+t
|ue+ +lte c este +|sc|ut lpcsl|l| s evenl ccntlenl n
c lrect, e ccntlln+ culv+. \u pute +ve+ nlcl c cunc+tere
nelj|cclt espre strl|e ent+|e +|e +|tcr+ \uexlstnlcl c c+|e
ea lntr+lrectnccnt+ctcuvreunsu||et,cuexcepl+ce|ulprcprlu
l, +st|e|, prc||e+ exlstenel vlell ent+|e |+ seenll nctrl l,
|lnene|es, crlune +|tunev+, p+re s |le un c+t tlplc +| +ce|cr
ntre|rl+|ecrcrrspunsurlnu|evctlnlclc+t
nchele +ce+stscurttrecerenrevlstl sveece
pute nv+ ln e+. lrlntre exep|e|e nc+stre exlst +nulte
prc||ee espre c+re + pute+ spune lel+t c pute s |e
et|eg,exlst+|tec1tev+pentru c+re +cest|ucrup+relscut+|l|
l,nc+|te|ecuprlvlre|+c+re nls+prutneces+rs+ltec
nuvctlnlclc+trspunsu|.
u+r n +cest u|tl c+t tre|ule s |+ce c lstlncle |c+rte
lpcrt+ntu+cntre|,eexep|u,ce+|cut\+pc|ecnntrc
+nultc|lp+vlells+|eeste|c+rte prc|+|l| cnlenl nuv+tl
vrec+t rspunsu|. l, tctusl, c +seene+ntre|+re, +cu +
+rt+tej+, nueste|rrspunsntrunsensextreelpcrt+nt
+|cuv1ntu|ul.lurl slp|use ntmpl s|le|rrspuns pentru
ncl,ec+recenu+vevrecrturlelstcrlccuprlvlre|+|+pte,nu
exlstnlclcexperlen+ctu+|lnc+re+pute+eucecuprecltle
ce+|cut\+pc|ecnn+ce|cent,+r,cee+cenelnterese+tnu
estein prncipiU lnccgncscl|l|. |ste pur l slp|u lnccgncscl|l|
+tcrltuncrprejurrlnt1p|tc+re,nu+tcrltn+turlllntrlnsecl
+|ucrurl|cr
o NOU FILOSOFIE A EXPERIEN
EI
xrstO ecse|rreurrantre aceste cu |e|urr e rmpcsr
|r|rtate 1re|ure s rstrngem ntre ace|e prc||eme care sunt n
jrrncrpru rnsc|u|r|e r ace|ea pe care cmu| nu |e pcate sc|urcna
ecarece se nt1mp| ca s nu ar| mrj|cace|e tehnrce necesare
pentru a gsr sc|ura 0rr e c1te crrnt1|nete c ntre|are |r
rspuns, h|csch| tre|ure s se ntre|e e care rn aceste cu
categcrrr aparrne ea. !areprc|a|r|chrnacmeneascnuva tr
nrcrcat cen|rare are partea cpusa |unrr, pentru c|una rr
nreapt ntcteauna ctre pm1nt una r aceear parte. uar,
rmpcsr|r|rtateaeacuncateparteaneprtata|unrrestenumar
una practrc sau tehnrc, ea se atcreat |aptu|ur c cmu| nu a
rnventatnccnavcares|ucmprejuru||unrr,arunaseenea
prcrectnuar|r,nnrcruncat,cpus|egr|crnaturrr,rchraracar
|rmpctrrva|egr|crnaturrr,neamputeanchrpurc|egr|eunrversu|ur
suntnaa|e|nc1tnuarmarhrmpcsr|r|pentru|rrne|ecmenetr
s prrveascpartea cpus a|unr|.nst|e|,ne|egem cntre|area
ncastraparrne,cusrguran,prrmu|urgrup,mctrve|epentrucare
nupcateprrmrunrspunsaupurrsrmp|uuncaracternt1mp|tcr
ncest |ucru|pcaternteresape cmu| e trrn,arpeh|csc|nu|
preccup, ceea ce | ne|rnrtete este ce||a|t grup e prc||eme
ace|eacaresuntn principiu rnsc|u|r|e,mctrvu|pentrucaree|enu
pct|rsc|urcnatenuestecstaree|ucrurrnt1mp|tcarenunrvers,
crpareshemarprchn,n acesta| cr|eacatvcr|rmespre c
|mpcsr|r|rtate|r|cschcsau|cgrc.
uecse|rreantrece|e cugrupurreste cncatu|prrmu|ur
putem, ce|purn,snermagrnmmrj|cacepentru agsrcsc|ure,
chraracacestemrj|cacenuexrstnrcrerrn|ume,ntrmpcen
catu|rmpcsr|r|rtrrh|csc|rcenrcrcputerearmagrnarernunepcate
ucemaraprcapeerspuns,nuexrstcrpecarechrarrrmagmara
spcatncercasatrngc|rectrvu|prcpus\uneputemrmagrna
ceartre|urs|acemsauceartre|urssent1mp|en|umepentru
aneccnuce|aunrspuns cu prrvrre |antre|areancastrante
rrcar., 0umpcate|uanaterecsentarernmrcrr|emc|ecu|e|cr
rncrerer?nceastntre|areaparrne,ecrce|urea|cr|eagrup,
h|csc|rrau|cst,ntcteauna,preccupareea.
Ince|emarmu|teh|cschrexrstprc||emeeacest|e|.anumrte
ntre|rr ce sunt ccnsrerate a,eprne|egerea ncastr sau a
htarnepecare nu|e putem ptrune
,!r|csc|rancastraexperrener acptc atrturne ccmp|et
r|errt. !entru a c ne|ege, s nentre|m , 0are este crrterru|
90 MORITZ SCHLICK
prrncare ecremacc prc||emrnsc|u|r|-aparrneprrmu|ur
saucelurea|cr|eagrup? 0rec,crrterru|tre|uresheenunat
ast|e| 1cate ntre|rr|e |a care, n prrncrpru se pcate rspune
rnc|ut1nu|e pe ace|ea care pctntrun mcment a| trmpu|ur sau
ntrunanumrt|ccs|rernsc|u|r|ernpuncteveeretehnrc)pct
prrmr rspuns, Intcteauna, ntrun anumrt |e|, r anume prrn
rapcrtare |a c anumrtobservaie he eaa naturrrsau ancastr
nrne),sauprrncrrcemetctrrnrhccarepresupuneIntcteauna
c|servara, arc, prcucereauncr rmpresrr sentcrra|e - pescurt,
prrnexperien.
0ntre|arepcateprrmrnprrncrpruunrspunsmrarp|cea
sspuneaeste,,0 |unIntre|are)acneputemrmagrnaexperr
ene|e pe care ar tre|ur s |e avem pentru a a rspunsu| Ln
rspuns |a crrce Intre|are este ntcteauna cjudecat. !entru a
Ine|egecjuecattre|uresputemrnrcacuprecrtreace|ecrrcum
stane specr|rce care ar |acec aevratr ace|e a|te crrcumstane
specrhce care ar |acec |a|s ,0rrcumstane Inseamn |apte a|e
experrener, r, ast|e|, experrena ecre asupra aevru|ur sau
|a|srtrrjuecr|cr,experrena,verr|rcjuecatanaar,crrterru|
pcsr|r|rtrresc|urcnare auner prc||emeestereuctr|r|rtateaer
|aexperrenapcsr|r|!utemtrceeaceesteverr|rca|r|0Intre|are
esteuna,|unacputemrnrcaca|eaceucespreverrhcareaer
prrn rntermeru| experrener pcsr|r|e - chrar ac rntrun mctrv
practrccarecare,amputeasnu|rmnmsursurmmaceaca|e
Inarnteeavcr|respreace|eprc||emecaresuntccnsrerate
ca aparrn1n categcrrer ce|cr cesuntIn mc strrct|rrspuns
ectreunrr|r|csc|r,pentrucauexrstunaccrgenera|asupra
acesturpunct)snentre|macexrst,care,une|entre|rr|a
caresepcaterspune a|crcrcrrterrunusara||aInexperren?
ncesteaartrece,evrent,rncc|c4ecmenru|experrener,juecr|e
care ccnstrture rspunsurr |a e|e ar tre|ur s heverr|rcate ntrun
a|t|e|,e|earaveaea|acecu|apteexterrcarerrnepenentee
experren
Mu|rg1nrtcrrtcnsrercasemeneaprc||emerasemenea
sc|urrexrst,cmenru|erncc|ceexperrencucareseccup
acestentre|rrrr-punsurrahcmenru|,metahtrcrr,rarcrrterru|
carenearasrguraeaevru|ace|crrspunsurrarhnuexperrena,
cr,ratrunea!r|csc|rrcareccnsrercexrstasemeneaaevrurr
ecaenuputemaseamprrnexperren,crsesprrjrnperarune
suntnumrrrarcna|rtr(ratio = rarune)reste hresc pentruer s
o NOU FILOSOFIE A EXPERIENEI 91
creacce|emarmu|terntreaevrurr|eh|cschcehnamenta|e
sunteacest|e|nceracarecrecnuputemaveanrcrccuncatere
autentrcerrvatrnraruneancastrrsusrncaceastatre|ure,
atcteauna s se |atete pe experren sunt numrr emprrrtr
(empeiria = experren)
}
ne|egem rn aceast exp|rcare e ce
meta|rtrcranu|este,ec|rcer,nace|artrmpunrarcna|rst,ntrmp
ce emprrrstu| resprnge pcsr|r|rtatea meta|rtrcrr, arc a crrcrer
cuncaterr care seextrne rncc|c e cmenru| experrener ste
aevratcnrstcrrah|csc|rer, gsrm c1tecatpuacte eveere
rntermerare, ast|e| c echrva|ente|e rarcna|rst = meta|rtrcran,
emprrrst= nemeta|rtrcran, nu suntnntregrmeccrecternpunct
eveererstcrrc,arace|eccnceprrseatcreatanumrtcrccnhtrr
careccmp|rcsu|rectu|r carenune prrvesc
uec|rcer, am|e|eprramrtexistenauneranumrtegranre
care nccnjcar tct ce este ccgncscr|r| prrn experren r| separ
e restu||umrruar, meta|rtrcranu| ccnsrercacesttrpcate|r
trecute raruneancastr,n trmp ce emprrrstu|ccnsrerc acest
|ucruar|rrmpcsr|r|r|regretnm|rrau ccnsrerat, ec|rcer,c
auexrstatntre|rr,nprrncrpru,|rrspunsram|rr|eauesccperrt
n tcnametahtrcrr uecse|rreaa|cstcemprrrstu| eraccnvrnsc
toate prc||eme|e a||ate n acea tcneraurnsc|u|r|e,n trmp ce
rarcna|rstu|acretutcaputeas|eet|egepece|emarrmpcrtante
rntree|ecuajutcru|rarunrrsa|e
0cntrcversa rntre rar cna|rsm r emprrrsm a ccntrnuat
nencetat ea |ungu| secc|e|cr, rar mctrvu| esenra| pentru care
rarcna|rsmu|a|cste |carte mu|te crr sccctrt a|rvrctcrrcsstn
exrstena a ceea ce numrm aevrurr |cgrce sau matematrce. 0er
mar|unrg1nrtcrr,ncep1nrnvremea|ur!|atcn,aurecuncscut
cacesteaevrurrnusesprrjrncusrguranpenrcrcexperren
r tctur nrmenr nu a putut nega c e|e nu erau numar n |apt
aevrate, ar chrar aevrurr|e ce|e mar |erm ntemerate rntre
tcaternencre|nrcap|rca|r|erea|rtrr.uar,acaastau|ucrurr|e,
atuncrexrstanumrtentre|rrce|eenatur|cgrcrmatematrc)
|acaresarh pututrspune|a|uanccnsrerareexperrena,
rar crrterru| ncstru espre care am cretut c ar putea rstrnge
prc||eme|e sc|u|r|e e ace|ea care sunt n prrncrpru r pentru
tcteaunarnsc|u|r|earcea
\uestetrmpsexp|rcarcrpe|argcemu|teprnenh|csc|re
erspunsu||aaceastprc||em,arg1nrtcrrrcermarprchntrau
srmrtntcteaunaacest|ucrur,eaceea,
rauccncentratntreaga
92 MORITZ SCHLICK
|crenergre rscutrrr aanumrte|craevrurr|cgrcermatematrce
rausrmrtcaprcapetctu|nh|cschevahecrsacvcr putea
ne|ege natura acestcr aevrurr. Kantrantemeratntregu|su
srstem pec asemenea cercetare racretut,ntraevr, cprra e|
areurtsepeascrsputarntre emprrrsmrrarcna|rsm
ue|apt,e|nuareurt c|uraatee|prc||emer a|csttct
aa e nesatrs|ctcare ca r aceea, at e cca|a emprrrst, e
exemp|u, e ce|marcuncscutrntreccnuctcrrrer rnsecc|u|
a|x|x|ea,|chntuartMr|| |sastrurtscveeasccrarunea
srngurnuarputearetc|va,ngenera|,nrcrcprc||emrcsrnguru|
testpentruaevru|crrcrerjuecrstnexperren,e|ancercat
sarate cjuecr|e |cgrce r matematrce cajuecata !-!-+) nu
auavutnrcruna|ttemerea|raevrateec1tace|ace|eau|cst
ntcteaunagsrte ahast|e|nexperren uarc cercetare crrtrc
aargumentu|ur su etv|uren e|gree|rrnce|emarserrcaser
tre|uresccnchremce|aeuatccmp|etnncercareaeaarta
naturaemprrrcajuecr|cr|cgrcesaumatematrce
Invremea|urKantrnsecc|u|a|x|x|ea,r|rcu|tr|eencrme
cuprrnsenaceastprc||emnuau pututs|reaprecratec|ar,rar
g1nrtcrrr mar vechr au ajuns |aretu|tate|e |crntrun mc mar
egra|superhcra|uarc1nntrmpu|u|trme|crcusautrerecenrr,
prc||emanaturrrjuecr|crmatematrcesarmpusrmatematrcrenr|cr
n prcprru| |cr cmenru r a cerut c sc|ure precrsn rnteresu|
exc|usrv a| matematrcrr pure, ea a |cst a|crat nc c at e
|cgrcrenrcu crrentare h|csc|rcemprrrstre matematrcrenr, su|
ccnucereace|crmarsu|tr|rrcrrtrcrrntrecerrnurm
Munca tuturcr acestcr g1nrtcrr nu sa ncherat nc, n
ntregrme- c1tevagc|urrtre|urencs|reump|ute- ar,numar
exrstnrcrceamarmrcncra|nceeaceprrvetesc|ura|rna|
apcate|r|crmu|at,pescurt,ast|e|.juecr|ematematrcer|cgrce
sunt at1t e rarca| ecse|rte n ceea ce prrvete natura |cr e
juecr|eemprrrcec|rnurtenc1teste, pcate,chrarnepctrrvrts|e
esemnmpe am|e|e prrn ace|ar nume uecse|rrea este at1t e
greuec|servatrnua|cstnrcrcatvtutc|arnarnte,ecarece
am|e|esuntexprrmaten|rm|ajprrnprcpctrrre aceear|crm.
01nspun,latrturnea crau|ur an!rancrscc este )8, rc1n
spun,, !|aputereaacrnceaeste)!,am|e|eprcpctrrrnunumarc
pars ar| c ccnstrucre gramatrca| asemntcare, arpar, e
asemenea, sccmunrce c anumrtrn|crmarerea|Lnavcr|ete
espreunanumrtcra rn 0a|r|crnrantruncce seamncu
o NOU FILOSOFIE A EXPERIE
N
EI
93
|e|u| n care cea|a|t pare s vcr|eascespre anumrte numere
cum pcate exrsta vrec ecse|rre rntrrnsecntre e|e? 0 ana|rt
strrct|cgrcamtat cexrstceamarmareecse|rre pecarenec
putemnchrpuraestepurrsrmp|uaceeacjuecr|eemparcese
re|erntraevr|acevarnunrvers,e|eccmunrc|apterea|e,n
trmpcejuecr|ematematrcenuauea|acecucevarea|\umere|e
nu pct|rgsrteunevan|umearea|,n ace|armcncare an
!rancrscc pcate h gsrt acc|c ue asemenea, nu este aevrat c
numere|esuntpurrsrmp|unchipurrra|emrnrrcmenetr, precum
ragcnrrsaungerrr,rnuesteaevratc,mpreuncua|te|ucrurr
nerea|e e|e aparrnuner|umrr prcprrr, pecare !|atcn anumrtc
|umea|er|crrncaremu|rh|csc|reatrcrenc,1nurnume
r|errtesteun|apt cnumere|esaua|teentrtr|cgrce nu pcth
prrvrte ca c|recte, n genera|, n nrcr un sens a| cuv1ntu|ur.
)uecr|e ce par s se re|ere |a e|e nu ccmunrc nrcr un |e| e
|apteespree|ereaceeanusuntc1turepurnjuecr 0e
sunte|e?
|enusuntnrmrca|tcevaec1tanumrteregu|rcareetermrn
|c|csrrea |rm|aju|ur, arc |c|csrrea expresrer prrn ccm|rnarea
semne|cr|esere|er|asrm|c|urrnu|area|rtateuare|esunt,
tctur, ntrun anumrt sens, ap| rca|r|e |umrr |apte|cr, ecarece
srm|c|urr|ecuvrnte,|rtereetc)sunt|c|csrtepentruavcr|respre
|apte !e scurt, e|e vcr|esc espre rea|rtate, ar nu spun nrmrc
espreeancest|ucrupcate|r|cutc|ar,ce|mar|rne,prrnre|errre
|aexemp|esrmp|e\cr|uant1runexemp|umatematrcrupaceea
unu||cgrc
0u tcrrver amrte c nu exist a|sc|utnrcr c r|erene
ne|esntreprcpctrrr|e.nmn|utunaru|meucrspretecec|arr
r nmn|utunaru| meuaptep|uscrncr c|arr r |rne,ce|e|ra
juecat c apte p|us crncr sunt ega| cu crspretece' nu este
nrmrca|tcevaec1tregu|acarenespunecputemtrans|crmaprrma
prcpctrre n cea|a|t |r a schrm|a semnr|rcara 0|servar c
aceastanuesteexprrmareanrcrunur|aptrnunrvers\useahrm
cexrst cuspretece |ucrurrn |ume,sau aptesau crncr, nu se
ahrmccrrcrnepcate numrasauanumratanumrtec|recte,ne
car sne|egem c un cm care spune. Iat cuspretece
c|recte ra|tu|care spune atcrncr p|us apte c|recte nu au
j Celebr fdc este exemplul propus de Kant n discuia lui a'upra judecilor
matematicii pure n Introducerea Criticii raiunii pure (n.t.)
94 MORITZ SCHUCK
spuscevar|errt,crauutr|rtatcarcuvrnter|errtepentruaexprrma
aceea semnrhcarepresupun1n|mene|es,cauutr|rtatcuvrnte|e
crncr,aptercrspretecensensu||crccmun,rc1ncupurntrmp
nurmamvcr|rtespremarr|erhcu|trpecare|ermp|rcaceast
prc||emamavtnmrnte,nprrmu|r1nrhcu|tateaeac|arr|rca
,sensu|ccmun) \uestenrmrcremarca|r|sausurprrnttcrn|aptu|
cregu|ancastrarrtmetrc,seap|rcc|recte|crcrrcarear|re|e,
pentruceanuspune nrmrc espre c|recte.
ncest aspect apare, pcate, chrar cu mar mare c|arrtate c1n
ana|rtmunexemp|u pur|cgrc,cae exemp|u, prrncrpru|teru|ur
exc|us01nspun.,!rretenu|meu,|rev venr,henuvavenrm1rne,
prrncrpru| |cgrc |a care tccmar mam re|errt m asrgur c acest
enun estentcteauna aevrat, crrc1n r crrune este |cut -
arestee|ntraevrcjuecat?n|rrme|ceva espreprretenu|
meu sau espre venrrea |ur sau espre crrce a|t |apt rn |ume?
vrentcnu\cr|eteespreprretenu|meuresprevenrrea|ur,
arnuspune nrmrc espre acestea, nu a|rrmnrmrc uupce am
autrtprcpctrranutrua|sc|utnrmrcmarmu|tespre|umeec1t
amtrutnarnte,prcpctrranum|accmunrcatnrcrun|apt
kegu|r|e|cgrcurmatematrcr|purerepretrnttcta|rtateaaev
rurr|crcareraucrrgrnean,raruneapur,aevrurrecareea
esteat1tem1nr. \eemnsc,aevru||crrap|rca|r|rtatea
|cr genera| care nu pct |r negate sunt e un |e| aparte, unu|
nesemnrhcatrve|esuntpur formale, nuc|ernrcrccuncatere,nu
sere|er|anrcrun|e| e|apte, crnumar|asrm|c|uri|eprinrnter
meru|crcrasuntexprrmate|apte|e
Inacest|e|unrcu|sprrjrnaparenta|rarcna|ismu|urcae\atura
rea| a ,juecr|cr |cgrce r matematrce a |cst c|arrhcat ncu|
emprrrsmnuneagaevru||cra|sc|utrcaracteru||crpurrarcna|,
ar susrne ce|e sunt,vre,e|enu ccnrn nrcrc ,cuncateren
ace|arsensncmecccnrnjuecr|eemprrrce,raruneapureste
rncapa|r|s prcucvreccuncatererea|, srngura er actrvrtate
este aranjarea srm|c|urr|cr care sunt |c|csrte pentru exprrmarea
cuncasterrr
Dup ce a at ast|e| sccctea| e aanumrta ,cuncatere
rarcna|,emprrrsmu|areacumeptu|rpcsr|r|rtateaearevenrca
ntregu| cmenru a| cuncaterrr \u cuncatemnrmrc a|t|e| ec1t
prrnexperren, rar experrenaestesingurul crrterrua|aevru|ur
sau|a|srtrrcrrcrerjuecr autentrce. \ver amrntr cverrhca
|r|rtatea prrn experren a |cst caracterrstrca ace|cr ntre|rr |a
o NOU FILOSOFIE A EXPERIENEI 95
caresepcate,nprrncrpru,rspune.0cre|1nacestecuretu|tate
eucemcnu exist n genere probleme insolubile. 1catentre
|rr|eautentrcertcatejuecr|eautentrcecarepct,ntcteauna,
she ccnsrerate ca rspunsurr |a anumrte ntre|rr) sunt |egate
e experren n ace|ar mc e|e rau natere rn ea r pct, n
prrncrprusprrmeascrspunsurrprrnearshetestatee ea
uaceputemspune espre ace|e prc||emenaparenrnsc
|u|r|epecareseparec|eamesccperrtprrntreprc||eme|eh|csc
|rer? ,0um prcuc prccese|e |rtrce rn crerer prccese|e menta|e?
,untanrma|e|esaup|ante|ehrneccntrentesaunu?0esent1mp|
cuacesteprc||eme?
urn |errcrre, ace|ear metce ana|rtrce care neau ajutat s
ne|egem|cgrcarmatematrcai|acarenuampututnrcrce|purn
s|aca|utrenaceastexpunere)nepermrtsrspunemntre|rrr
rsn|turm tcate rhcu|tr|e pe care pare s|e ascun urn
ncu pctcarsrnrc retu|tatu|, |rs pct s argumentet acum
punctu|meueveerekeus|a|crmu|aeaceamarscurtretu|tatu|
estepurrsrmp|u,acesta aanumrte|eprc||emernsc|u|r|esunt,n
prrncrpru,rnsc|u|r|eecarecenusunte|ccprc||eme.steaevrat
ce|eau|crmagramatrca|antre|rr|crrcnmu|te caturreste
|cartegreus|eecse|rmentre|rr|eautentrcear,cexamrnare
atent a cuvrnte|cr care survrnnntre|are r a mcu|urn care
suntccm|rnate aratce|enca|cregu|r|e gramatrcrr |cgrcer e
aceeanuaungeneresensnmncercatsc|arr|rcacest|ucrueja
nprrmameaexpunereracumveemrmpcrtanaretu|tatu|urncstru
anterrcrrntrununghr r|errt
In exemple|e ate mar sus, ana|rta ar tre|ur s c|arr|rce
semnrhcaraexactcaresepresupunecesteatcuvrnte|cr,prcces
htrcr ,prccesmenta|ncatu|prrmerntre|rr,rarncatu|ce|er
ea cua prc||eme cercetarea ar tre|ur s se nrepte asupra
semnrhcarercuv1ntu|ur,ccntrrn,rarnam|e|esrtuarrarexrsta
cupcsr|r|rtrhearputeahgsrtcanumrtsemnr|rcarepentru
ace|ecuvrnterpentruccm|rnara|crspecrhc,ast|e|cntre|area
va avea pe ep|in sens, n aceast srtuare sar veea imeiat c
ntre|areaarcptauncaracterrnc|ensrv, rarpreremare|esu
rnteres ,|r|cschc rarevenrcprc||emtrrnr|rcc|rnurt,care
vaf nprrncrpruretc|vat,nmcsrgur,prrnmetce|ec|servarer
rexperrmentu|ur. !re, sevaveeacnupcate hesccperrtnrcrc
rnterpretarecaresea sens cuvinte|crrccm|rnrrr |cr, nacest
cat, ntre|aea a rsprut rar ce rm1ne nu este nrmrc a|tceva
96 MORIZ SCHUCK
ec1t unaecuvrntepuse|ac|a|tntrunmcccnhtectrec
mrnte ccnht.
Metahtrca rspare nu pentru cprc||eme|e metahtrce ar h
rnsc|u|r|e,aacumaucretutce|emarmu|terntrecc|r|eemprrrste
vechr, cr pentru c nu exrst asemenea prc||eme. Lne nu exrst
nrcrun|e|entre|rr,nupctexrstanrcrun|e|erspunsurr,arh
a|sur s caur c sc|ure une nu exrst nrcr c prc||em ste
aevrat c, cer mar mu|r rntre emprrrtrr mar vechr au negat
pcsr|r|rtatea meta|rtrcrr cu aceear hctr1re cu care c negm ncr,
ar,aacumamspusnarnte,nuchrar|runsentrmenteregret,
atcrrt|aptu|urcpentrueraceastansemnac|rmrtareacuncaterrr
cmenetrr, prrn urmare, pctrra |crapututshenumrtn mc
nreptrtsceptrc!ctmenrcnaarcrnume|e|urextusmprrrcus
ra||uruavrhume )uarncu|ncstru emprrrsmnuestennrcrun
|e|sceptrc, rmpctrrv, e|neagcexrst,n prrncrpru vrec |rmrt
pentru cuncaterea uman, |rmrte|e exrstente nu sunt e natur
prrncrpra|, h|cschc, cr car accrenta|e |e sunt car practrce,
tehnrce rvcrputea|rc1nvaeprte
!ctrrvrt ccnceprer ncastre nteaga cuncatere este |atat
pe experren, ar aceasta nu mar nseamn vrec |rmrtare a
cuncaterrrInccnceprr|emarvechr rmpcsr|r|rtateameta|rtrcrr era
atcrat uner regreta|r|e rmper|ecrunr sau neputrne a mrnrr
cmenetr,nccnceprancastr,rmpcsr|r|rtateaesteecrrn|cgrc,
easeatcreatuner|rpseesensprcprrrexpresrr|cresprecare
sepresupuneacexprrm,prc||ememetahtrce nregretarmpcsr
|r|rtateameta|rtrcrrevrnermpcsr|r|,ar|race|ar|ucrucuaregreta
rmpcsr|r|rtateaunurptratrctun
1catentre|rr|eautentrcearc,ace|eccm|rnarrecuvrnte
crcra|eputemasemnrhcaraunerntre|rr)pctsprrmeasc,n
prrncrpru,unrspuns, \uexrstnrcrcenrgmaunrversu|ur-, aa
cumsaexprrmatluwrgrttgenstern),re|epcthretc|vatenumar
prrnexperren,prrnmetce|etrrner0greapcvareste|uate
peumerrrh|cscherreanumarpcaterntranccncurencutrrna
!uncraeresteana|rtrcrcrrtrc,eaneajutsscpmerspute|e
purver|a|e rcu cuurarenespusveemcummarr,prc||eme
rspar|rs|ase|ccurrgca|e
0eamarmareecse|rrentreemprrrsmu|mar vechrr ncua
ncastr h|csche a experrener st, cre, n metca er !rrmu| a
nceputcuc ana|rt a|acu|tr|cr cmenetr eexemp|u g1nrre,
perceprer aamareparte), ce|ea|cr|eancepe cu cevamu|t
o NOU FILOSOFIE A EXPERIEN
EI 97
mar |unamenta| r anume ana|rta ,expresrer n genere 1cate
juecr|e,tcate|rm|aje|e,tcatesrsteme|eesrm|c|urr,aaartcate
|I|cschr|evcrsexprrmeceva|epct|aceacest|ucrunumarac
exrst ceva ce pcate |r exprrmat. aceasta este materra ntregrr
cuncaterrraspune ceatre|ure sheatprrn experrennu
esteec1tuna|tmceaspune ccevatre|uresexrstenarnte
e aputeaaveacuncatere prrvrtcare|aacestceva
!ctrraacester|r|cschresternvu|nera|r|,ecrecese|ateat
perecuncatereace|crmarevrente|apterpeexamenu||cgrcce|
marrlgurcs.
!r|cschancastraexperrenerst|cartesrgurpeacesteteme|rr
ca pe c st1nc sc|rn mrj|ccu| uner mrr et|nurte e prerr
h|cschcer|errteanuestenrcrsceptrc,nrcrcgmatrc, nupcate
venrnccn||rctcutunasauc va|crr|eumane,srnguru|suc|rectrv
estenelegerea. \umarnacestmcpcateeac|1nraceaatrturne
senrncareaparrne crrcrerh|csc|rrautentrce.ceaane|epcrunrr
*
* *
Traduere de
Angek TILEU
Form si conti nut,
, ,
o i ntroducere n gndi rea fi l osofi c
Form and Content an Introduction to Philosophical Thinking,
1rer expunerrpretentate |aLnrversrtatearnlcnra
nncrem|rrei9)!,pu||rcateprrmacarnvc|umu|
Mcrtrtch|rc|,,0esamme|tenu|s1tte, i 9!
(
i 9)
(
,
0erc|&0c,|en, i 9)8
1. Natra expresiei
1. Limbajul
0rvr|rtaracmeneascse sprrjrn,nntregrmepe pcsr|r|rtatea
ccmunrcrrr g1nurr|cr \u ar exrstanrcrc cc|a|crarentre |rrne
cmenetraccmu|nuarputeasschrm|erercusemenu|su,nu
ar exrsta arte, nrcr trrn ac cuncaterea nu ar putea s he
transmrse |ac generare|aceaurmtcare
0cmunrcareaarenevcre e unvehrcu|carecare, care pcart
rn|crmara prrn sparu r trmp. 0e| mar ccmun vehrcu| ccnstrn
anumrtesuneteartrcu|atenumrtevcr|rre,apentrumu|tesccpurr,
cuvrnte|ercstrtenuar|re|c|csrncautacaracteru|ur|cre|emer.
n asemenea srtuarr |c|csrmanumrte semne ura|r|e e cernea|,
crercn, cret, gravurrn pratr sau |rcnt sau prcceee asemn
tcare. 0rrcesrsteme semne sta|r|ece servescsccpu|ccmunrcrrr
|vcmnumrscrrere.
\cr|rrearscrrereasuntcugenurrecse|rtee|rm|aj|e
nupctshe cutctu|ecse|rteunu|e ce||a|t, ecse|rrearntre
e|epcates||eunaegra,marcur1nec1teesen,ar, acum
nu ne rntereseatacea.stecse|rre, r nrcr vrec ecse|rre rntre
r|errte|egenurre vcr|rresauscrrere,nerntereseatnumarace|e
caracterrstrcrpecaretcatemetce|er|errteeccmunrcare|eaun
ccmunrcmesuntcmacterrstrcresenra|ea|e|rm|aju|urxrstmetce
nenumrateetransmrtere ag1nurr|cr, e|aptaprcapecrrcern
|umepcateh|c|csrtcamrj|cce ccmunrcarerarmrestrratehnrc
mcernaetvc|tatc1tevarntreacestepcsr|r|rtrcurenrre|ecurcr,
nregrstrrr|ee gramc|cn,une|erarcraamar eparte.
1cateacestesrstemepcsr|r|etre|uresar|anumrteprcprretr
ccmune a|t|e|, e|e nu ar putea servr un sccp ccmun) r tccmar
acesteprcprretrccnstrtureesena|rm|aju|ur\cmutr|rta,ntctea
una, cuv1ntu|,|rm|ajnsensu|suce|mar|arg,sensu|ncaree|
1 02 MORZ SCHUCK
esemneatcrrcesrsteme|ucrurr,prcceurrsauevenrmente ccn
sreratecamrj|caceeccmunrcareag1nurr|cr.
Invraaehecare trnugsrmnrmrcmrsterrcsn|aptu|exrs
tener|rm|aju|ur,arereste aevratcnuestenrmrcmrsterrcs
cuprrvrre|a|rm|aj,parecurrcsch|cschrnurauaccratpurnmar
mu|tatenrernuau|csturmrraacumesteatcrrah|csch|urs
he) purnmarmu|te acest|encmen,naparensrmp|u,pecare
ncrtcrI| ccnsrerme|asrne Ine|es caparte avrerrncastre,|a
|e| ca mersu|, m1ncatu| sau crmrtu|, ar, care nu a |cstnte|es
vrecatntrunmcaecvat
I
ntreagarstcrreah|cscherarhputut
|uauncurscutctu|r|errtaccugete|emarr|crg1nrtcrrarh|cst
marprchnrmpresrcnatee|aptu|remarca|r|cexrstunasemenea
|ucrucumeste|rm|aju|
*
* *
2. Eprimarea unui fapt prin altul
\u este care surprrnttcr c autrnanumrtesunete care res
rnguraunerperscane sauurt1nune|ac1tevasemnenegrepe c
|caree h1rtre pcta||a|aptu|cunvu|canpecrnsu|neprtat
aerupt, sau c cmnu| cutare a |csta|es preernte a| repu||rcrr
cutare?emne|epe|caraeh1rtiererupravu|canu|ursuntcu
|apte ccmp|etseparate r ecse|rte, nuexrst, n aparen, nrcrc
asemnare ntre e|e r tctur cuncaterea unura m uce |a
cuncatereace|ur|a|t0umestepcsr|r|acest|ucru?0ere|arespecrc
exrstntre ce|e cu?
punemcun|aptrspunereamrcr|crsemnenegre)|exprm
pe ce||a|terupravu|canu|ur), r ast|e| re|araspecrhcntre e|e
estenumrtexpresre!entruane|ege|rm|aju|tre|urescercetm
naturaexpresrer0umpctanumrte|apte,svcr|eascesprea|te
|apte?nceasta este prc||emancastr.
0recnuestecprc||emr|rcr|,ar,chrarceamarsrmp|
ntre|aremerrt
INUT. O INTRODUCERE N G
NDIREA FILOSOFIC 1 05
|aacesteenurrspecr|rceeevenrmenternupctrepretentanrmrc
altceva
1rsturaesenra|a|rm|aju|ur,peea|tparte,estecapacr
tatea|ur e a exprrma |apte, rar aceastarmplrccapacrtatea e a
exprrmanoi |apter, esrur, orce |apteLncc|areschreexem
p|aru|surnnna|asrsu| |urxenc|cnrcrtraprrmaprcpctrrea
crrre|nva|aptu|,care spresupunem)este,nntrerme,ncu
pentrue|, ranumecrege|e uarrusaavutcr|rrL|treceanume
|aptesteexprrmatprrnaceastprcpctrre,ernuant1|nrtnrcrcat
narnteaceaprcpctrre r, cusruran, nuacuncscutmarnarnte
|aptu|naar,e|nuapututsnveecunarntree|eccrespune
ce|er|a|te 0cnc|utranecesar este c juecata r |aptu| pe care|
exprrmtre|uresccrespununu|a|turan mod natural saun
esen, ce|etre|uresar|cevanccmun.1ccmaraceasttrstur
ccmuntre|urescesccperrm
nprcapen|recaretravrerrncastrenvmce|emarrmpcr
tante|apteurt1nune|ar1nurremrcrsemnenerecucvarretate
e |crme |carte |rmrtat|araceastvarretate pcate hreus|ac
urmrtcaesrmp|rtate.a||a|etu|Mcrsereuetesexprrmecrrce1n
care a rntrat vrecat sau care va rntra vrecat n vrec mrnte
cmeneasccuajutcru|ce|crmarsrmp|esemne,unpunctrc|rnre
0umse|ace acest|ucru? 0e|ace pcsr|r| expresra?Lnprrm
rspunsparesnrsen|rete|rnrcrcreutatenmcevrent
aranjarea, ordinea sauccm|rnareaspecr|rcasemne|cresteceea
ceccnstrtureesenahm|aju|uruatcrrt|aptu|urcunnumrrestr1ns
esrm|c|urrpcateharanjatntrunnumrne|rmrtate|e|urrr|errte,
crrce mu|rme esrm|c|urrpcate|r|c|csrtpentruaexprrmacrrce
|apte n putea |c|csr un scaun rn camera mea, e exemp|u, ca
mrj|cceaspunecrrcecresc1ctcetre|ures|ac estesa|eun
numre pctrrr r|errte a|escaunu|urncamerr sccnvrnc
hecarevaccrespuneuner|rtereaa||a|etu|ur!rrnaceastne|eere
vcr|rccnstrurtun|rm|ajncucarevaccnstarnschrm|areapctrrer
scaunu|ur,rprrnep|asarea|urncamervcrputeaexprrmatcate
prese|e |ur ha|espeare cu aceear per|ecrune ca cea mar |un
rntreerrr|etrprrte.
nceearmu|rmeesemnecarea|cst|c|csrtpentruaescrre
canumrtstaree|ucrurrpcate,cuajutcru|unerrearanjrr,she
|c|csrtpentruaescrre cstaree|ucrurrccmp|etr|errtn aa
fel nct noi cunoatem semnicaia noii combinaii fr ca ea s
ne fi fost exPlcat: !rcprretatearnurmestetrsturarmpcrtant
1 06 MORTZ SCHLICK
ce ecse|ete exprrmarea e srmp|a repretentare, este sragura
trstur esenra|
uacncu| aranjamenta|vechr|cr semne nuar|r|cstnrmrc
a|tceva ec1tunncusrm|c|, e|nuarsrm|c|rtanrmrcaaratecac
ncusemnr|rcaresrh|cstatprrntrce|rnrre specral,ar, c
expresre r exprrm prcprru| er ne|es, er nu r se pcate a un
ne|espostjestum. r|ustrmecse|rreaprrntruaexemp|uuac
trucsemnu|Mstpentruunanumrtsunet, avemea|ace cuc
srmp|repretentare r, e aceea, ace|arsemn,rsturnat,,nuva
avea nrcr c semnrhcare p1n c1n crneva nu nea exp|rcat, c,
prrntrcne|egere ar|rtrare|varepretentaun a|t sunet specrhc
uu||u),ast|e|,nacestcatam|crmatcarunsemnacurntrunu|
vechr
|um acum un exemp|u e expresre autentrc uac
ne|egemsemnrhcarajuecrr,ine|u|esteaetatpecarterac
aranjmrnncuprr|eerccmpcnenteast|e|nc1ts|crmeteprc
pctrra,0arteaesteaetatperne|, ne|egemrmeratsemnrhcara
ce|er ea cua juecr, |r exp|rcare \u tre|ure s ateptm
p1nc1nreste atrr|urtcsemnr|lcare, semnr|rcaraeste eter
mrnateprcpctrransruactrmcestaree|ucrurresteescrrs
e prrma juecat, trm, e asemenea, n mc necesar, care |apt
este escrrs e cea ea cua, nu exrst vrec ncra| sau vrec
am|rgurtate
repetmsemnrhcaraunursrmp|usrm|c|unnume)tre|ure
she exp|rcat separat, semnrhcara uner expresrr cjuecat) se
exp|rcprrneansrenatcevcca|u|aru|rgramatrca|rm|aju|ur
suntcuncscute.
5. Stuctur i matre
*
* *
!1nacumamsta|rhtcpcsr|r|rtateaexpresrerpaeseprn
epcsr|r|rtateaaranjrrrsemne|crnmcurrr|errte,cua|tecuvrnte
ctrsturaesnra|aexpresrerestecrrnea.\cr|ireaeste|atat
pec crrne tempcra| asemne|cr, scrrereape c crrne spara|
01ncrtrmcuvccetarecprcpctirescrrscrrneaerspara|este
transpusn crrneatempcra|a prcpctrrerrcstrte !csr|r|rtatea
uner asemenea trans|arr cveete c trstura specrhc spara|
sautempcra|aerrte|crhm|ajenuestere|evantpentruexpresre,
FORM
I CON
INUT. O INTRODUCERE N G
NDIREA FILOSOFIC 1 07
crrnea care este eseara|pentruea tre|ure s|re e un |e| mar
eaera| sau a|stract, tre|ure s|re ceva care aparrne vcr|rrrr, n
aceearmsurcarscrrerrr, rcrrcrur a|t ea e |rm|aj 0eeace
se cere nu este crrne spara|, crrnetempcra|r arcrvrec a|t
crrne anume, cr numar crrne nenere ste enu| e |ucru e
care seccup|crcar, putem,eaceea,sc numrm crrae |crc
sau,srmp|ustructur
Lau| r ace|ar|aptpcate f exprrmatatrc mre e |rm|aje
ecse|rtermraejuecrr|errtevcraveatcateaceearstructur,
rar |aptu| pe care exprrm e|e va avea, e aseenea aceear
structur
r,tccmareaceea,tcateacestejuecrexprrmtccmar
acest|aptpartrcu|arLn|rm|ajtre|ure,mprrncrpru,spcatexprrma
orice |apte prrn juecr|e sa|e, crrce pcate s ar| |cc tre|ure s
pcat h exprrmat prrn |rm|aj. !entru a escrre |umea tre|ure s
putemvcr|respretcate|apte|eposibile, rnc|usrvesprece|ecare
auexrstnenere,ccr|rm|aju|tre|urespcatneaexrsteaa|cr
0rnevasarputea1nrcspun1nacest|ucru|crmu|mmar
era|curajcase enunurraprrcrrespre|ume\upresupunem,
care,ctcate|ucrurrlesauevearmente|epcsr|r|ern|umetre|ure
sseccn|crmete aaumrtcrccnrrr, tre|uresar|unanumrt|e|
ecrrnecare nevapermrte s|eprrnemcu ajutcru|expresrr|cr
ncastre? r nu ar nsemna aceasta s |crmu|m c presupunere
metahtrci carenupcatehnrcrcatntemerat?
steeceamarmarermpcrtansne|eemcatuncrc1n
susrnemctcate|apte|etre|uresar|cstructurnu|acemnrcr
un|e|e presupunerr espre |apte punem car c|apte|e sunt
|apte,ceeace,aacumsevaamrteprc|a|r|,nunseamnsspur
nrmrcespree|eLnrrh|cschau rscutatpcsr|r|rtateaca|umeas
he,rrarcna|ceeacearnsemna,prc|a|r|,cnuamputeaavea
nrcrun|e|ecuncatereespreea,auam putea|crmu|anrcrun|e|
e juecr aevrate espre ea. ncetr h|csch ar putea c|recta
punctu|urmeueveerentre|1n,0umtrrctctu|arecstructur
|crc?\ueste,care,cuputrnca|umeasaucparte aerspcat
hcutctu||rpsrtecrrne?kspunsu|meuestecaceastntre|are
repretrntretu|tatu|unernene|eerr0rrneaesprecarevcr|esc
are c naturat1te enera|nc1tarh |rpsrte sens svcr|rm
espre ceva crura nu rar h prcprre. n spune c un |apt are c
structur nunseamn sa|rrmr nrmrc espre e|, este un srmp|u
enuntautc|crcncest|ucruvaevenrmarc|arpemsurcevcm
1 08 MORITZ SCHLICK
narnta, cre,ns,csevaamrtee|anceputcpcsr|r||tateae
aescrresaueaexprrmaun|aptnupcatehprrvrtcac,prcpnetate
autentrca|aptu|ur, pecaree|arputeac aveasaunu
!are rmpcsr|r| s vcr|etr espre |crm r espre structur
|r a presupune exrstena a ceva care are structur sau |crm
!are hresc sntre|m ,0areestematerrace are canumrtstruc
tur?0are este ccnrnutu|ce ccrespuae |crmer?
!carte cur1nvcmsrmranumrtencre|rnceeaceprrvete
|aptu|acexrstvreunsensntrcntre|areeacest|e|,ar,vcm
am1na aceste ncre|r r ne vcm strur s ne|egem structura,
ncerc1n s c istrngem e ceea ce are structur 0 asemenea
rstrncresecveeteahnunumarretcna|r|archrarnecesar,
ccrexemp|e|encastreparsaratecace|arccnrnutpcateprrmr
mu|testructurrr|errtesau,chrarcrrcestructur,rcaceearstruc
turpcate aparrne crrcrer materrrsau, ce| purn, crrcrurnumr
e materrr r|errte. 0 |ucat mutrca| cu cuvrnte|e r ncte|e sa|e
este |carte r|errt e nregrstrarea pe c p|ac e gramc|cn r
ecse|rtemicrr|e|arrnge|urc1ntreu|urremrcrr|eegete|cr
pranrstu|ur. cu tcate acestea, tcate aceste |ucrurr pct h exprrmrr
per|ectea|eunurarace|urarc1ntec,ceeacenseamncstructura
me|crer racrrce a|tcevace ccnstrture ,c1ntecu|) tre|ure she
cuprrnsn e|e,ntrun|e| carecare. !e e a|tparte, este evrent
c c p|ac e gramc|cn, e exemp|u, tre|ure s he prrvrt ca c
materrece pcate sexprrmecrrcepcate hexprrmat, arccapa|r|
e a|uacrrcestructurpcsr|r|
uecse|rreantrestructurrmaterre,ntre|crmrccnrnut
este,ngenera|,vcr|rn,ecse|rrearntreceeacepcatehexprrmat
rceea ce nu pcate h exprrmat |mpcrtana hnamenta|pentru
h|cscheaceeaceesternrcatvageaceastecse|rrepcatehcu
greu exagerat \cm evrta tcate gree|r|e trprce a|e h|csc|ler
trarrcna|eacrernem crnexprrma|r|u| nu pcate |r exprrmat,
nrcrchrar e ctre h|csc|
*
* *
6 Posibiltta comunicri stucturi
nmvtutcexpresraneservetecamrj|ccpentruccmunrcare
icu|trma evrne pcsr|r|prrn prrma !rncra|,un g1n nu
pcate |r ccmunrcat|r sh |cstexprrmatmarnarnte, e aceea,
FORM
I CONINlTT. O INTRODUCERE N G
DIREA FILOSOFIC 1 09
putemprrvrpcsr|rlrtateaccmunrcrrrreptuncrrterrua|pcsr|r|rtrr
expresrer,arca|structurrrrsaruncmccarecare|umrna.supra
rstrncrerrntre|crmrccnrnutexamrn1nune|ea.spectespecr|rce
a|eccmunrcrrr.
!e|rrculmeustc|runtvere uegete|eme|ecatrng,cchrr
mercvrmrauseamae|crmaer,ecu|careaer,egreutatea
eraprcxrmatrvr aamareparte\crcare nusunterpretenrn
cameramea, nuvar seamae nrcrunarn aceste prcprretr,
ar eu pctsvr |e ccmunrc prrn descierea |runter uescrrerea
exprm prcprretr|eer,cumesteearea|rtatrexrstcare,|rmrte
a|eer?urnceeacesa spus narnte am putea|rccnurscreem
ctre|ure s exrste cu |e|urr e prcprretr, ace|ea care pct h
escrrse r ccmunrcate r ace|eacare nu pct h, prrme|e ccnstrture
structura|runter, u|trme|e, materrasau ccnrnutu| er uar aceasta
ar|r cgreea|,ccr,ntrunanumrtsens, pcatehatcescrrere
ccmp|etatuturor prcprretr|crhunterr nun acest|e|srmp|u
ajungem|arstracrarntre|crmrccnrnut
Mrrmea|runterva |r escrrs1nretu|tate|e r|errte|crer
msurtcrr s spunem, n centrmetrr, |crma er va |r ccmunrcat
menrcn1nasemnareaercu|crmavreunurc|rect|rnecuncscut
,|crmarnrmrretc)sau|c1ncschraccnturu|urer,cae,tecretrc
vcr|rn, ar putea f n| ccur t prr atrc ecuare matematrc
repretent1ncur|accnturu|ur.In mcasemntcr, c escrrere a
cu|crrr pcate h |cut prrn anumrte ccm|rnarr e cuvrnte, cae
exemp|u,,vere g||urnchrs,,purnmarnchrsec1trcchravere
a uner anumrte macne a |ur ka|ae| r aa mar eparte, r ac
ceeacespunemnupareestu|e|rneetermrnat,aputeaenuna
ccnrrr|ehtrceprecrsencareesteprcus|umrnaeaceacu|care
verespecr|rc,sau,nce|ernurm,vaputeatrrmrtec|caree
h1rtrecucpatverepeearsscrrueesu|t. ,nceastcu|care
este exact ca aceea a hunter e pe |rrcu| meu I
n acestmca
puteasccntrnur r srspun|atcatentre|rr|e pecare, even
tua| |earputeapune espre|runt,|r nrcrc excepre
1caterspunsurr|emele,tcateescrrerr|epecare|eau|ruater
sunt juecr prrn care v pct ccmunrca tcat cuncaterea mea
espre |runtnceast cuncatere este cuncaterea uner anumrte
mu|rmre|apte|acprrme|encastreargumentesuntaevrate,
atuncr juecr|e me|e exprrm aceste |apte, ccmunrc1nuv
structura|cr|cgrcrnrmrca|tcevaec1tstructura|cr|cgrc
1 10 MORITZ SCHUCK
0e|crmarmu|rcamenr|evahgreusrecuncascc|ucrurr|e
stau asa, ervcr h nc|rnatr s creacescrrerr|e me|e ccntrn c
rn|crareat1tespre,mterra c1trespre structura|apte|rpe
care |e exprrm 0hrar enunurr|e cu prrvrre |a |crmar mrrmea
hunternuparshea|sc|ut|crma|e,nsensu|exp|rcat,ccrstructura
spara|, er ,sparu|pcate |rccnsrerat,nmcnreptrtcac
|crm a|ucrurr|crrevenrmente|cr natura|e, nuesteeansr c
structurlogic, ecarececumarputeah,,spara|,acnuatcrrt
ccnrnutu|ursu?uac|crma|runterar|r|cstescrrsprrnecuara
cur|ercarece|rmrteatsevaamrte, prc|a|r|, csrmp|aecuare
ca atare nu a cuprrns nrmrc rntrrnsec spara| r nu ar putea, e
aceea,stransmrtnrmrca|tcevaec1tprcprretr|e|cgrcea|ecur|er
uar,peea|tparte,ecuaransrnuccmunrcnrmrc,eaescrre
ccnturu| hunter numarn |egturr cu ajutcru|unerexp|rcarra
termenr|crcea|cturesc|crmu|a,termenrrtre|ures|rernterpretar
ca semnr|rc1n rmensrunr cccrcnate) spara|e r, n acest |e|,
ccnrnutu| ,sparu pare shecuprrnsnescrrereanmcrnr
rect ar ntrun mcnu mar purn esenra| aceasta se pcate |ace
e|ectrvrepet1nccnturu|ntrcschrncrercn- Inacesteccnrrr
pare greu s se ne|eag r s se prc|ete aserrunea ncastr c
numarstructurapcate|rccmunrcatrarccnrnutu|esternexprrma|r|,
eanuapareahaevratnrcrchrarpentru|crmaspara|ahunter
ncastre- 0umarputeaeasheatunc|aevratpentrucu|careaer'
0eva mar t1rtru vcm avea ccatra s vcr|rm espre |crma
spara|- nc1t,putemsam1nm examrnareaacesterprc||emer
snemrgrnrm|aana|rtaexpresrr|crcareauea|acecu,ca|rtatea,
arcn catu| ncstru, cu cu|careavere a hunter 0um ccmunrc
aceste expresrr cu|carea r n ce sens este aevrat c e|e nu
ccmunrcnrmrca|tceva ec1tstructuraer?0e putem ne|ege prrn
structura unerca|rtr?
7. Structur i relaii interne
*
* *
anahtmnt1rexpresrr|ever|a|ea|e|rm|aju|urncstruccmun,
arcprcpctrrr|e r cuvrnte|e |cr prrn care eu au c escrrere a
nuanerncastreevere uesccperrmcuuurrnctrsturesen
ra|pecaree|e,tcate,c aunccmun. e|e atrr|ure ,,vere|urun
FORM
I CON
INUT. O INTRODUCERE
N G
DIREA FILOSOFIC 1 1 1
anamrt |ccn caru| unur srstem cuprrnttcr e nuane, vcr|esc
1espree|caaparrn1nuneranumrtecrrnracu|crr|cr|ea|rrm,
eexemp|u,cexrstunvere|umrncssauunvererntens,sauun
vere a||strur, c nuana ncastr este asemntcare cu aceasta,
arpurnasemntcare cu aceea, |a|e|enchrscaaceearaa
ar eparte, cu a|te cuvrnte, e|e ncearc s escrre vere|e
ccmpar1nu| cu a|te cu|crr vrent, |aptu| e a ccupac pctrre
precrsntrc c|as a cu|crr|cr r pe c scar astr|ucrrrr aparrne
natarrr rntrrnsecr a vere|ur ncstru, rar aceast pctrre este eter
rnate re|arr|e e asemnare rneasemnare cu a|te e|emente
nuane)a|entregu|ursrstem
ncestere|arrrntre e|emente|e srstemu|ur cu|crr|cr sunt,n
mcc|arre|arrinterne, ecarece este c|rnurtcacre|are she
enumrtrntenacea|eagcrsaumarmu|r)termenrnaa
|e|nc1ttermernupctsexrste|rre|aracareexrstnueer- cu
a|te cuvrnte, ac re|ara este rmp|rcatn mc necesar chrar e
naturatermenr|crnst|e|,tcatere|arr|e rntrenumeresuntrnterne,
estenatura|urasercrspretececprrmu|estejumtateace|ur|a|t
rar|r unncnsensspresupunem carputeahgsrtesrtuarrn
carecrspretecenu ar|recucrraseInmcasemntcr,nu
estecprcprretatent1mp|tcareavere|urssesrtuetentrega||en
ra||astru,creste esenra|pentru veres|re|egate a||astru r
ga||ennacestmcspecr|rcrar, ccu|care carenuar|r|cst|egat
ast|e|ee|e,nuarputea,cunrcrunchrp,s|renumrt,,vere, ce|
purnat1ttrmpc1tnuecremsmacesturcuv1ntcsemnr|rcare
cu tctu| ncu
In acest |e|, |recare ca|rtate e exemp|u, ca|rtr|e
sentarersunet,mrrcs, c|uretc , precumrcu|carea)este|egat
cu tcate ce|e|a|te prrn re|arr rnterne care etermrn |ccu| er n
srstemu| ca|rtr|cr 1ccmar aceasta rnrmrca|tcevavreausrnrc
c1nspun espre ca|rtatecare c structur|cgrcprecrs.
01tevacuvrnteesprere|arr|e,externevcrajutacmar|un
c|arr|rcarea|ucrurr|crke|ararntre|runtr|rrcueste,extern,
ecarecenuestennrcrun|e|esenra|pentruhunts|reaetat
acc|crnrcrnuaparrnenaturrr|rrcu|ursar||runtaaetatpe
e|upra|aa|rrcu|urarputea|carte|rnes|re gca|,rar|runtaar
putea |r n a|tparte uac se nt1mp| ca huntasar|aceear
cu|care ca r c sugatrvaetata|turre ea, asemnarea cu|crrr
ntrece|ecuc|recteestecre|areextern,ccrsugatrvaarputea
|a|e|e |rne s|r|cstvcpsrtcu c cu|care r|errt\erremarca
aceastecse|rrermpcrtant.re|araeasemnarentrece|ecu
1 1 2 MORITZ SCHUCK
c|rectecc|crateesteextern,arre|araeasemnarentreculorle
specrhce, ca atare, este rntern
stec|arcvcr|rnesprecu|crrsaua|te,,ca|rtrneputem
re|err |ae|e numar ca prcprretr externe a|e curva. va tre|ur s
caracterrtm c anumrt arcm cau|ceaazahrului, c anumrt
cu|care cavere|e unerpajiti, unanumrtsunetcasunetu|prcus
eundiapazon eunanumrt|e|raamareparte
Inacestmc,evrneevrentcjuecr|eexprrm|apte rn
|ume vcr|rn espre c|recte respre prcprretr|e rre|arr|e|cr
externe
I CONINUT. O INTRODUCERE
N G
DIREA FILOSOFIC 1 1 3
ccmunrcatn nrcr un chrp ce|ur cesanscutcr| 1re|uie care s
ccnchremccasemeneaperscannu ar putea ne|ege nrcrunu|
rn enunurr|e acastre espre cu|carea |runter, c e|e tre|ure s
|re, pentru ea, nntregrme, |rpsrte ene|es ecarece nu pcate
arcrcatsrnsueascccnrnutu|acrurstructurce|uree|e?
nceastccnc|utrenuar|rjustrhcaturmpctrrv,juecatace
escrre cu|careavere pcate ccmunrcacmu|ur cr| exact |a|e| e
au|t c1t uaurantestrat cu veere, arc c aceasta este ceva ce
are c anumrt structursauaparrne unur anumrtsrstemere|arr
raterneurnmcmentceccnrnutu|nupcateh,nesen,ccmunrcat
prrn|rm|aj,e|nuputeahccmunrcatunuracareveemarmu|tsau,
mar|rne ec1tunur cr| \erspune cu tcate acestea cexrst c
r|erenencrmntrecercrvttcru|vanlege jueci|eespre
cu|carentrun|e|ncare cmu|cr|nupcates|ene|eag,rver
augacprrmaca|e estesrnguraca|e ccrect r, c, cmu|cr|nu
pcatenrcrcatsprrn,,aevratasemnrhcareaace|crjuecr.
\rmenr nu pcate nega ecse|rrearntre ce|e cu srtuarr,
ar, sexamrnm cu atenre aevrata er natur uecse|rrea nu
esteatcratunerrmpcsr|r|rtreacomunica unuracevacenuar
puteahccmunrcatce|ur|a|t,cr |aptu|ur c,n ce|e cusrtuarrare
|cccinterpretare r|errt 0eeacenumetr,ne|egereaaevrater
semnr|rcarr esteunact e rnterpretarecarear putea|rescrrs ca
cump|ere aunurcarugc| structuraccmunrcatesteump|utcu
ccnrnut eperscanacarene|ege Materra esteturnrtate ctre
perscanansr, errvat rnprcprraerexperren !erscanacare
vee utr|rteat materra turnrtat e experrena sa vrtua|, arc
materrapecareac|1nrtc|c|csrnurochii, ntrmpcecr|u|va
utr|rtauna|t,,ccnrnut, arcc anume materrecare este c|rnut
prrntrunalt crganesrm,caurechea,sauvreunu|rntrecrgane|e
e srmsrtuatenpre|e
ncesternterpretrrecse|rtesuntpcsr|r|eecarece,aacum
am artataarnte,aprcapecrrcematerrepcate |uacrrcestructur
ste|rne cuncscutcpsrhc|cgrr r|rtrc|cgrrncearcsrepretrnte
srstemu|cu|crr|crprrntrunesennsparu,cae exemp|u,unccn
u||u,presupun1nusec|recarev1r|a|acesturaccrespuneuner
anumrtenuaneecu|carerarre|arr|e e asemnarentrecu|crr
sunt repretentate e re|arr|e e vecrntate spara|ntrev1rturr
Intreagaschemnuestenrmrca|tcevaec1tccnstrucraunursrstem
epunctea|ecrcrre|arrspara|eauaceearstructurcarre|arr|e
rnternerntrecu|crr
trmcuncmcr|estepeep|rn|amr|rarrtat
1 1 4 MORIZ SCHUCK
cu structura,spaiu|ur, care este pentru e| c anumrt succesrune
e sentari tactr|e sau chrnestetrce. 0u ajutcru|acester materrr,e|
pcate s ccnstrurasc crrce structurr spara|e r, prrn urmare, e
asemeneastructurasrstemu|urcu|crr|cr,ecarece aceastapcate|r
repretentat prrntrc rmagrnen sparu ca aceea a ccnu|ur u||u
sau prrntrc schem asemntcare)
uescrrereaunurc|rectcc|cratnucomunic ccnrnutnrmnur
|ree|cr|saucmcareveec|ar,ar||assprcucacestccnrnut
rn resurse|e sa|e prcprrr \erspune prc|a|r| c numar ce| care
veevaprcuce,ntraevr, ,cu|carea,ntrmpcece|cr|vaprc
uce un a|t ccnrnut, r ver a|rrma c acesta rn urm, er va
creecne|egeescrrerea|carte|rne,este,e|apt,|carteeparte
e ea, ecarece ,aevrata rnterpretare tre|ure at n termenr
ecu|crrrnrmrca|tcevanupcate|ua|ccu||cr.
kspun c aver per|ect reptate ac prrn cu|care
ine|egercevaceare ea|acecuveerea,arcrmp|rc|c|csrrea
anumrtcrcrgane e srmspecrhcenumrte cchr unter|r|errs
spunercuajutcru|unerehnrrr,ccrnterpretareva|rrecuncscut
caadevrat numarncatu|unerperscanecapa|r|esr|c|cseasc
cchrr ntrun mc ncrma| ncest |ucru ar |r pe ep|rn |egrtrm
Intre|1nuv ac ucmnu|x ar puteanelege ccrect sau nu c
escrrere,sspunem,auner rmagrnrcc|crate,|arputeasupune|a
anumrteprc|e carearputeasccnstearnc|servareareacrr|cr
|ur |a cu|crr n|rate cchr|cr sr) rarretu|tate|evar permrte s
rspuner|antre|areamea|re cua|re cununu|trmu|cat|ar
putea ec|arapeucmnu|xreptcr|saua|tcnrst)
\u se pcate spune nrmrcmpctrrva acester prcceurr, care,
aacum trm, este utr|rtatnanumrte teste, aar nu pcts|ru e
accrcu umneavcastrac creer ceste |atat pe cevamar
mu|tec1tpecehnrrear|rtrar,er|carternte|rgr|r|
I
minchrpur
csunternc|rnarsargumentarcamn|e|u|urmtcr.uacc|serv
uncmcer|c|csete cchrrntrunmcasemntcr ce|urncarer
|c|csescpear mersuntnreptrtscrece|resrmtenccntrrna
|ur exact ace|ar[e| e sentarr ca r mrne c1n suntn|rate
cchr|crmerace|earc|recte,t|e|nc1te|vaputeaump|ecstructur
at cu acelai coninut pe care | am n mrnte c1nncerc sr
ccmunrc ce am vtut 1re|ure, n mc necesar, s ccnsrer
rnterpretarea|urcahrnsingura ccrect,ecarecenumare|pcate
|c|csrccnrnutu|aecvatpentruea.
FORM I CON
r, u tcate
acestea, ccnrnutu| tuturcr trirr|cr r g1nurr|cr |cr ar|ra|sc|ut
iIerrte|c|csescmereu|rm|aju|meta|rtrcranu|ur),erartrrncu
|umrcuccnrnutccmp|etr|errt
\eemast|e|cpcateexistacne|egereep|rnntreperscane
chraracnuexrstnrcrc asemnarentreccnrnuturr|emrnrr|cr
r vcm ccnchre cne|egerea r semnr|rcara sunt ntru tctu|
rnepenentee ccnrnutrnu au a|sc|utnrmrcea|acecue|
ncest retu|tat rm1ne va|r cu tcate c ar tre|ur |crmu|at
ntrun|rm|ajmarccrect)rne|egemccrrunerntervrnnprcpc
trrr|e ncastre cuvrnte cumsunt cu|care , ,,sunet, ,sensr|r|rtate
etc , e|enupctnrcrcatssteapentruccnrnut|eausemnrhcare
numar msura care staupentru anumrtestructurrtructurr|e
ce ccrespuncuv1ntu|ur ,,cu|care sent1|nesc, aacumtrm, rn
experren,n|egturcu|c|csrreacrgane|crnumrtecchr.0amenri
carenuau acestecrganesau|e|rpsetecapacrtateaea|e|c|csrn
mcu|c|rsnurtsuntnumiticr|rsau,,a|tcnrstretcracahmm
c, e exmp|u, persca
I CON
I CON
INUT. O INTRODUCERE N G
NDIREA FILOS
OF
IC 1 1 9
ausuntelnteres+le|ccecrlgln+|- e|pc+te|lchl+rnpcsesl+
ac+str- a+r,n c+revrel+glne+e r+gu|l+glnii,ntregu|
aestru lnteres este nrept+t spre expresle lse neprte+te
cee+ce este exprl+t
0+turl|e ln ur sunt ce|e ce ne lnterese+t n
+ce+st
+a+|ltnuaelnterese+t|+pte|e,clcau|nc+repct|lex
prl+te
l+pte|encest+nse+ncnunelnterese+tccntlnutu|n
exprl+
nseamn +ls+l+cp+rte ccnlnutu| 0rlgin+|ul
seaecs
e|e|
ee
tc+te l+glnl|e,reprcucerl|el repretentrl|e |ul pcsl|l
|e tcc+l
prln ccnlnutu| su u+c +r |t s |c|csl terenli
|l|csc|lel
tr+llcn+|e |+ ccp+r+cu ,h+eccelt+s' +|scc|+stlcl|c
r
s+u+
pute+svcr|mespree|c+espre,prlnclplulnlvl
u+tlcnls '
|+glne+ nu +r pute+ +ve+ +ce|+l ccnlnut c+ c
rlgln+|u|
(cltltcru|tre|ulesscutelnncu|l|+ju|eulnccrect) |r +h
crlgln+|u|nsul,e+nuv++l|lcexpresie +|ul |+r, +lcl,
cercet
tcc+ln+tur+expreslel.
1 O. Deplasare i exprimare
*
* *
M+l exlstcc+|ee+|cru|+ne|egere+pec+re+c|1n
ltc.Invl++ccunputelstlngentreccunlc+reprin
e
p|+s+re
lccunlc+reprlnexprl+re.lrl+ccnstn|u+re+,purislp|u,
+|ucru|ui s+u|+ptu|uln lscule i+et+re+|uln |++
persc+nel
crel+lesteccunlc+t,ce+e+cu+ccnstnescrlere++cestul+
|uls+uels+untrlltere+unel|ctcgr+|lls+unesen+re+
+cestul+
s+un+vcr|lespree|atrun|e|s+u+|tu|.
nce+st lstlncle pc+te |l |lne |cutn vl++ ae
|lec+re tl,
+r se pc+te cveal ne|tc+re c1n ncerc s c +
p|lc |+
prc||e+su|tl| c+re ne lnterese+t.u+cl+u |runt+veraeepe
|lrcu|eulctrlltunulprleten,e|v+vee+lv++tln
geaceeai
|runtpe c+re +vtutc l ++tlnscn+lnte, hunt+,nslv+
h|cstep|+s+tspre e| l tctul, nuv+|lex+ct +cee+i|runt,n
sur+nc+rev+su|erlnuetlpcucertltulne,+nulte
schl|rl
sl, chl+r +c, nu s+ schl|+t, nu +r exlst+ c lentlt+te
n sens
lcglc,cclune|eprcpctlllesprehuntc+reer+ujuecl
+aevr+te
+tuncl c1n|runt+ er+ +et+t pe |lrcu|eu, nu vcr u
+l|l++,
I Individualitate - n limba latin n original (n.t.)
2
Principiul individualizrii - n limba latin n original (n. t. )
1 20 MORITZ SCHLICK
upcee+v+hnmnl|eprletenu|uleu(|unc+rce|ere|erltc+re
|+|ccu|el).Insensu|ce|+lrlgurcsputevcr|l ecep|+s+re+
unelentltl+ce+,r1nelentlccue+nsl 0hl+rlc+re+
unulccrp+terl+|prlnsp+lunuestenllc+|tcev+ec1ttr+nsltere+
unelstructurlre|+tlvccnst+ntes+u,+lccrect,estecserleccntlnu
e evenlente ce +u +prcxl+tlv+ce|e+lstructurl
u+c (vcr|ln n |l|+ju| et+|ltlclltr+llcn+|e) + pute+
scc+te vere|e unel cu|crl pe cre |+ sllt ln prcprl+ e+
ccntllnls|punn ccntlln++|tculv+, +tuncl+cest+r +ve+
vere|ensullnucexpresle+|ul\u|c|cslcuv1ntu|,expresle,
ec1t+cexlstc +|t+terle cre, c+stlce++, este purt
tc+re+senl|lc+lelexpreslell+r+cest,+|tcev+exc|ueccnlnutu|
crlgln+||xpresl+lp|lc+nultelj|c+ceeccunlc+rec+renu
reln|+ptu|s+uc|lectu|nsul(presupun1nc+cest|ucru+r|ln
genere pcsl|l|) nul|+c nllc +cestul+cl,| |+s, nntregle, ++
cuestel,uneeste,ccunlc1nunenu+l+ce|e+lntretrturl|e
|ulpec+re|epc+te+ve+nccuncu+|te+terllnpute+|ltent+t
sspun el |lne, +ce|etrsturlrepretlntstructur+, lrrestu|(he
c este nult ,+terle s+u +|t|e|) este ccnlnut, +r c +seene+
exprl+re +r h,nntreglene|tcre,ntruc1tp+resc|ere c
escrlerelnlrect+ccnlnutu|ul- cee+cetlcestecuneputln
l, + pute+ h tent+t s spun c nu pute exprl+ prln |l|+j
ccnlnutu|,ec+receesen+|l|+ju|ulesteexpresl+,nuep|i -+re+,
+r, l n ncu, +cest |ucru +r cre+ lpresl+grelt c +re sens s
vcr|lespre ep| -+re+ccnlnutu|ul,lncltlcnu+re
lute spune c exprl un |+pt prln +|t |+pt (prlntrc
prcpctlle,prlntrungestetc ), ar+vcr|lespreexprl+re+ccnl
nutu|ulestecccntr+lclenterenl, |+|e| cu+|+ceutlc|r
sunete s+u + plct+|r cu|crl nceste |ucrurl nu pct |l |cute nu
pentru c e|e sunt pre+ gre|e l lncc|c e puterl|e cenetl, cl
pentrucnuexlst+seene+|ucrurl.prcpctlll|enc+repres
vcr|l espre e|e sunt|lpslte esens, n +ce|l |e| n c+re este
|rsens svcr|etl espre unptr+t rctun. (\u este neces+r
sre+lntesccltltcru|ulcprcpctll+\uexlstunptr+trctun
nu pc+te h lnterpret+t c +hr1nexlsten+ unul +nult|ucru
nultptr+trctun,cltre|ules|lene|es sc+spun1nc+ce+
combnre a cvntlor c+reesteptr+trctunnu+renlclunsens.)
*
* *
FORM I CONTINUT. O INTRODUCERE N GNDIREA FILOSOFIC 1 2 1
I l. Nu exist scpare din lmbaj
l1n+cu+cercet+tn+tur+expreslelre|erlnunenease|l
|+|l|+ju|nastru ccun, ce|puln+ |u+tlne| ce|e+lu|te
1|ntre exep|e|e na+stre tu ta+te +ceste+, +ruente|e na+stre
au +vutun c+r+cter +t1t e gener+|nc1t e|e sunt v+|+|l|e pentru
arlce |e| ae |l|+j, e|e se re|er |+ arlce |e| ae expresll trea c
1cest|ucruv+tl +als uar lnu +r exlst+ nlcluactlvjentru +
strul +supr+ |ul +c nu tre|ul+ s ne |um prec+ullpctrlv+
+nultcrnene|eerlc+re+r pute++p+re lneecu|e +ne|ee
+aevr+t+el hncle
npute+f tent+lsspune ,t+reeste,ne|lnltlv, sccpu|
|In+|+||l|+ju|ullexpreslel?\uestee +l|+cecuncscut+scu|t
|aru|ul s+u cltltcru|ul |+ptu| ce ure+t sl |le ccunlc+t! l nu
este|l|+ju|c+rcc+|elnlrectlccc|lte+|+ce+cest|ucu?l
nu+rpute+|le|re+|lt+tntrunmc+llrect, evlt1n|lm|+ju| l
jun1ni scu|ttcru|s+uc|serv+tcru|n ccnt+ctlrectcu|+ptu|?
+r pute+ cree (l, vcm vee+n ce+ e+ cu+ nc+str
expunere c cel m+l mu|lh|csc|l +u cretutc) c expresl++ |cst
c+r un lj|cc n veere+ unul sccp c+re +r pute+ s he +tlns l
ntrun+|t|e| u+c, eexemp|u,n|cce+escrle|runt+ncs -tr
vere le + vcr|l +t1t e mu|t espre e+ ncl pretent|runt+
nslnus+tls|+ce, c+re, +cest+ct+ce|+lsccpc+lcrlceexpresle
c+r c ntrun mc +l ep|ln? \u se |urnlte+t c+re, +st|e|,
canlnutu| nsul (e exep|u, vere|e huntel) c+re, ++ cum +
tre|ults+ltem, nu pc+te|lprlns prln nlcl cexpresle!In+cest
|e|, slnguru| retu|t+t +| tuturcr +rgumente|cr nci -tre mpctrlv+
c+r+cteru|ullnccunlc+|l|+| ccnlnutu|ul +r pute+|lcrln+e +
evlt+|l|+ju|le+|n|cculcuslp|u||+pt+|pretentrllc+re +r
+ve++v+nt+ju|e+ne|+cecuncscutn+ceelsurcuccnlnutu|
c+lcu|crm+.
\elc|serv+c|+ptu|e+|+cecperso+nsperce+plrect
un+numltc|lects+ushe m+rtcr|+un+numltevenlmentnueste
nlmlc +|tcev+ec1t cee+ce +m numlt m+l sus ,ep| s -+re l+m
ccnsler+tcc+nelnnesenecse|ltec+tu|escrlerllver|+|e
lste lmpcrt+ntene|esc+m+vt rept+te c1n+|cut+cest
|ucru \u pc+te hnlclcncl+|c, pentru mu|te sccpurl +cea -t
metc e + pretent+ c|lectu| nsul, este, e ep+rte, ce+ +l
|unmetceccmunlc+re,+r,tre|ules+ccentumc,lnpunc
tu| ncstru e veere, e+ este, e s semene+, un|e| e |lm|+j,s+u
1 22 MORITZ SCHLICK
e|eent +| unul |l|+j l+ lle +re tc+te prcprletl|e expreslel
(+v+nt+j e|e le|ecte|eel) , |le nueste,n genere, ccunlc+re
u+cntrcllne+pct+v+r+ucecscrlsc+reneccnln1n
nllc+|tcev+ec1tc |runtvere, nu+lpute+s|+ceinllccu
e+,+lpute+cnreglstr+c+peunslp|u|+pt,+rnu+rnsen+
nllcpentruune+vc+ str.lee+|tp+rte,nec|lnult+nt1p|+re
r +ve+c+r+cteru|unelcaunlcrl,+rhunes+j re+| +c|runt+
r h nsclt e c +nult exp|lc+le s+u +c +l|l prllt vrec
lnstruclunere|erltc+re|+e+A pute+hc|runtpec+re clnev++
prclssvc trllt ln grln+|uls+u +r pute+|lun |l|et cre
spune "a gsltcpe|ircu|eus+u,prlvll,vrcgcu|c+re++cestel
lrunte s+u, +ce+st+este cu|c+re+ espre c+re +vcr|ltlerl etc.
Intc+te +cestesltu+llc|lectu|nsul|+cep+rteln|l|+j, c+e|e
ent+| |ul, +re ex+ct+cee+lhncle c+ cl+glnes+ucescrlere
s+ucrlce +|t sen estee|nsulunsennc+ru|sl|c|lsu|ul
nult,|i|+j.lngur+p+rtlcu|rlt+te++cestelsltu+llestecsenu|
+re ce++l+re +senre pcsl|l|cu c|lectu|senl|lc+t
\llc nunepc+te cprle +|+cesene|elnc+reccnstrul
|i|+ju|ncsuu+t1te+sentc+rec1tcrlc|lecte|arsenlhc+te,
+ce+st+estechl+retc+ce++lhre+sclc1nlnte+aene+sc
+lnvent+tprl++tscrlere+, e++ccnst+tlnlclesene(hlerc
g|l|e, c+r+ctere chlnetetl) tu tlpu|, s+ne|es c +sen+re+
lntrec|lectlsenestecutctu|eprlscslcuurln+lutl|lt+te+
pr+ctlcsuntslngure|e|ucrurlcreccnte+tu+cpentru+esen+
c+nultnu+nevere|c|cslclcp+tecu|creslu|t+n
cucuvlnte|enc+strescrlse|c|csl+cee+letcc+lce+|c|cslt
e +ce|escrlerlvechl ne |c|csl e +sen+re+cu|crlln+ce|+l
|e| cus+u|c|cslte|ee s sen+re+lcrel
A |lcgree+|screec|c|cslncstrec+sl|c|urln
|e|u|pec+retcc+l|+escrls+reultsccunlcccnlnutu|
la evlt+tetc+lnlrect+expreslelncest|ucrupc+tehvtut
re|erlnune|+rguente|eseclunll8, l+csuntele+ccrcu
e|e,vel+ltecnu+venlclcpcsl|l|lt+tee+spuneccltltcru|
,scrlerllprlnmcstrev++ve+,+ce|+lccnlnutn lnte+|ulc+l
ce| c+re + scrls. uel, ,sl|c|lsu| cstrel este |c+rte |c|csltcr
pentru+nultesccpurl,nusepc+tespuneceste,lntc+tepuncte|e
eveere, ce|+lper|ect|l|+j, e|nulnep|lnete hncl++l
ccrectec1tc pc+tenep|lnlun|l|+jver|+|. \u pc+te hnlclc
ncl+|c,eexep|u,cescrleretlinlhc+unelcu|crlnterenii
|ungll|cre uns+u+|tcrnclunlhtlce (lnc|ut1npc+te st+re+
FORM I CON
I CON
I CONINUT. O INTRODUCERE
N GNDIREA FILOSOFIC 1 27
+r presupune anumite |apte empirice, cum ar |i existena uncr
erscanei|eriteiauncranumtere|aiintree|e,ar,e|apt,nu
|acempresupunerieniciun|e|,raicnamentu|ncstrunusebateat
e nici un|e| e presupuneri espre |umea rea|. 0rice Hcsche
+utenticaacumvcrsub|iniamait1rtiu)semicnntregimen
cmeniu| pcsi|i|iti|cr - pcsibi|iti care, se ne|ege, vcr h
ntcteauna sugerate e reahti, ar pct|i ccnsierate inepen
enteIn|ptuaea|cr
(
ncatu|ncstru, ceeaceamspus esprepcsi|r|itateaexpresiei
rm1neper|ectva|abi|ntrununiverscarenucuprinenicich|n
n uarameanuvcmexaminantrebareaacunasemeneaunivers
ar h iea|u| unui h|csc| ,sc|ipsist), pct s exprim |apte pentru
mineinsumii s ccmunrc cu mine nsumi - e |apt|ac aae
|recare atc1nnctet cevanagenameasau c1nncreinet
ceva memcrrei me|e 0rtinnsemnarea mea sau reamintinumi
|aptu|memcrateu|meuinacestmcmentprimetecccmunicare
e|aeu|meuantericrngenameai,memcriameasuntvehicu|e
ce pcartn timp escriereaunui |apt, escrierea ccnst 4intrc
serieesemneacrcrsemihcaietre|uies|iene|easiexist
pcsi|i|itatea ine|egerii i transmiterii greite.
}
nsemnarea in
carnetu|meu putea|ischimbat, memcriameampcatene|a
0bservaicpentruesenaccmunicriinuestenicicecse|ire
acagenaesteceeacemeta|iticianu|arnumi,unsimp|uvissau
araveaceeacee|arputeanumi,reahtatec|iectiv.emne|ein
ea,|ie,rea|e,he,nchipuitecricesemihcaiearavea)exprim
ceva|ieccrect, he inccrect.
0enatceacercmsstabihmaccjuecatcarea|cst
transmisin acest |e| e |a eu| meu 4emainainte |aeu| meu e
mai t1rtiu este aevrat sau |a|s, esccperim c metce|e pe
care|e|c|csimnacestsccpccnstauinccmparareastructuri|cri
c nu putem spunenimic espre ccninut. 01npstretn minte
cu|careaunui|ucruver4eim1inemisearatuna|tcbiectisunt
ntre|at ac are ,aceeaicu|care cai primu|, memcria meava
aunrspuns aimu|tsaumaipuin precisntrebrii
ntrebarea
are,|irete,csemnihcaieautentic,arsepcatecarespunecea
se re|er |a,rentitateaccninutu|ui?0ategcric, nu| ncest|ucru
reiese in mcu|n care rspunsu| at in memcrie este testt
0ci,ntrunanumitsenstrebuie samitemcmemcriancastr
ne pcate ,ne|a . 01nspunem cs-a ntmplat aa ceva? uac
existmetceeatesta prestaiaeiiactcateacestemetcenu
1 28 MORITZ SCHUCK
reuescscccn|lre nst|e|e etce sunt i)sprlvlln ncu
c|l ectu| n lscule l s ccnsl er pe teelurl eplrlce,
prc|+|l|lt+te+unelschl|rl+cu|crlls+|e,ntlpu| scurs, !) s
ccp+rjuec+t+e++ctu+|cucescrlerepec+re +nct+tc
n ecursu|prlelc|serv+ll, )) scccp+rcu escrlerl|e +te
e +|te persc+ne
0rlterlu| +evru|ulrtur|el ecrleleste+ccru|tuturcr
+cestcrjuecll|erlte,l,+cspuneccu|cre+estecu adetrat
+cee+l, c ecrl+e+nu +ne|+t,nug1nlnllc+|tcev+
ec1tcexlst+cest+ccr|cr+|ntreescrlerl|e|+t+tepeecrle
lpec|serv+le.nce+st+este,nntreglecchestluneestructurl,
nuputevcr|lecrepetres+uccp+r+le+ccnlnutu|ul
u+c cuncte un c+tn c+re nu exlst nllc +|tcev+ cu
c+repute+|lccp+r+tjuec+t+lnecrl+nc+str,v+tre|ul,n
+cestc+t,s+hcestelpcsl|l|secse|lntrececrle
aenencreerelun+ne|tc+re,e+cee+, nu+pute+nlcl
ce|pulnspunentre|+re++ce++|cstne|tc+res+ununu
+r exlst+ nlcl un sens n + vcr|l espre c erc+re n ecrl+
nc+strketu|tcunh|csc|+r|cru|+cntre|+re|rsenlhc+le
+c++rntre|+. \uestec+repcsl|l|c++ce+cu|c+repec+recv
+cusl]arvere,cutc+tec,nre+|lt+te,estercle!lrcpctll+
\cu|c+re+vere nu inseamnnllc +|tcev+ec1tc este c
cu|c+re c+re l +lntesc c + |cst ntcte+un+ nult vere
nce+st+ucere+lnte,+cest+t+| ecrlele|eesteslnguru|l
unlcu|crlterlu+| +evru|ulenunu|uleun++r,l+uc+lnte
l +cest |ucru este hctr1tcr, n c+tu| presupus nu pct sntre|
l +lntesc c+re ccrect!, ccl nu +pute+,nnlcl un chlp, s
exp|lcce+vrutsspunprlntrc +seene+ntre|+re.
\ee+st|e|cntre|+re+. estevere|epec+re v+sttl
aceeaicu|c+recuvere|epecere|+vtutlerl?sere|ernu+l
|+structur+expresll|crnc+strelnu|+un+nultccnlnutvere
c+reestepresupus+|llncc|cee|e.|entlt+te+,eg+|lt+te+nupct
h +|lr+te espre ccnlnut +l u|tec1tpc+te h +tlr+t crlce
+|tcev+espre e|, lr sltu+l+ ce|cr cu strl +|e ccntllnel, n
+cee+lmlnte,ncenteetlpl|erltenurepretlntcexceple
*
* *
FORM
I CON
INUT. O INTRODUCERE N G
DIREA FILOSOFIC 1 29
14. Semniicaie i veriicare
n +rguente|e preceente + |cut, e u|te crl , +pe| |+
r|nc|plu|pctrlvlt cru|+senl|lc+l+unulenunpc+te|l+tnu+l
|aalc1n cu| n c+re este testat +evru| enunu|ul 0+re este
justl|lc+re++cestulprlnclplu?nu exlst+tu|te lscullcu prlvlre|+
+ce+stpra||enh|csc|l+cdernl, e|unse+,e+erlt
ntre+g+ nc+str +tenle, ec+rece, +c nu greesc, e+ ccnstltule
prlnclplu| hn+ent+| +| h|csc|rll, l+r neg|lj+re+|ul este c+ut+
tuturcrncurcturl|crgr+velnet+htlc
ccpu|hecreljueclestesexprleun|+ptep+re+tuncl
cpentru+enun+ senlhc+l+jueclltre|uleslnlc|+ptu|
pe c+re| exprl u+r, ce clu+t' \u este c+re |+ptu|n lscule
|nlc+taej+ejuec+t+nsl?ue|+pt,ne+ccnvlnsaeu|tcc
uec+tlexprlprcprl+elsenl|lc+le,ce+nu+re nevclee
aexp|lc+le0exp|lc+lec+respune+lu|tec1tjuec+t+nsl
nu r |lc exp|lc+le ccrect + el, l+r +c spune +ce|+l |ucru c+
juec+t+e+v+|llnutl|ue|+pt,c1n+utlpeclnev+c|cru|e+t
unenunl|ntre|l 0evrelsspulprlne|? +teptmec|lcelc+
rspunscslp|repet+re+prlu|ulenun,c+rncuvlntel|erlte
l,ae|c+rteu|tecrl,suntere+|enteu|ullcu+cestprcceeu
c+renuestenilc+|tcev+ec1tctr+ucerelntrun|l|+jn+|tu|
ue ce sunte u|ull? lvlent, ec+rece, nu + neles prl+
exprlre,+rcne|egepece+ae+cu+
nce+st u|tl c|serv+le ne c|er chel+ pentru + escl|r+
p+r+cxu|lutesntre|cuprlvlre|+senl|lc+le c+r +t1t+
vree c1t nu + ne|es un enun.
I CON
INUT. O INTRODUCERE N G
NDIREA FILOSOFIC 1 3 1
esteelea|lcelesen+t+r+tc nu+|astnelesna+ecv+t
l|estecunascutc+tearl+ eplrlst+senlhc+lelu+rnuestea
tearle, cclnupa+teexlst+a tearle+senl|lc+lel 0 tearle este
aulleelpatetec+repath|le+evr+te,|le|+lseltre|ules
hetest+teprln experlen \u este neces+r scanstrullpatete
espresenl|lc+le l e|e+rven|pre+t1rtlu, ea+recetre|ules
presupunesenlhc+l+pentru+|aru|+arlcelpatet.\alnu+
|cut nlcl un |el e presupunerl, nu + |cut ec1t s |aru|
regullle pe c+re |e ure+t, ntate+un+, arlclne arl e c1te arl
nce+rc s expllce cee+ce g1nete l arlc1nvre+ snele+g
senl|lc+lllepec+rele+u+lla+enlexpreslllar,regullpec+re,
e |+pt, nu |e nc+lc nlcla+tn +|+r e c+tul c1nncepe s
hlasa|ete
Inst+|lllre+lentltll senl|lc+lel l aulule verl|lc+re
nu|+cenlclaescaperlresurprlntta+re,clsu|llnleunslplu
trulsuslnepurlslplucajuec+t+resenlhc+lepentru
nal+clnu+l+cexlstvreo ease|lrentrec+turl|enc+re
este +evr+t s+u |+lsl csenl|lc+l+ el st, nntregle, n
+ce+stease|lre\lenlnu+expllc+tvrea+tsenlhc+l+prapa
tlleln+lt|elec1texpllc1nce+rhl|erltnlue+cjuec+t+
+r|l|+lsn lace +|l +evr+t(s+ulnvers)
ncestlucru, suntslgur,nupa+te|lneg+tu+ra|lecl++jar
rllc+t, e a|lcel, patrlv+punctulul e veere pe c+rel +pr
canstn suslnere+|+ptulul c l|eren+n |ue exprl+t e
juec+tpa+tesnuhea|serv+|lls+ususceptl|l|sheescaperlt
n vreun |el tu +lte cuvlnte +c a prapatlle +re senl|lc+le
pentrunal, naltre|ule,|lneneles,stlce|+ptexprl+r, +r
pute+s|le+|salutlpasl|llpentrunals+|l+c|+ptulexlst
ntr+evr.In+cestc+t,juec+t+nu+rpute+|lnlcla+tverl|lc+t,
+rnu+r|lllpsltesenl|lc+le lrlnur+re,canchl+vers+rll
natrl,senlhc+l+esteease|lteverlhc+|l|lt+telneepenent
e e+.
ncest+rguenteste greltlnc+ut++|lgultllcuv1ntulul
verl|lc+|l|lt+te. Inprlulr1nputenulaj uec+tverl|lc+|l|
+c |+pte|e re+le sunt +st|e| nc1t s ne perlt escaperlre+
+evrululs+u|+|sltllelarlc1narlsa|+ceIn+cestsens
l+r|llpasl|llsverlhcenunul,exlst+urnp1nt|+)00e
plcla+re su| c+s+ e+ , ccl sunt ulte clrcust+ne e n+tur
eplrlcc+replelcna+|salutslescapr+evrul,
ltatul+|lr+l+nuer+,cuslgur+n,llpsltesens +u,slu
1 32 MORITZ SCHLICK
enunu| le p+rte+ cpus + |unll suntunln+|l ae i0 000 ae
plclc+re \u este nevercsll| c+ nlcl c |lln caene+sc s nu
pc+t vreca+t sc ccnhre s+u sc ln|lre, a+r ce h|csc| +r |l
aestu|aenartnes+laecprcpctll+este|lpsltaesenl|lc+le'
- trea ctre|uleshe c|+r c,nunelnterese+tutl|lt+re+tere
nu|ul verl|lc+|l|lt+te l,c,tre|ulesh+vut+|tcev+nveaerec1na
spunecsenl|lc+l+unel juaecleste etca+verl|lcrll el
ue|+pt,nulcjuaec+tverl|lc+|l|+cputesdesciem
un caaeverl|lc+re +| el, lnal|erenta+cverl|lc+re+ pc+te |lde
[a]t re+|lt+ts+unu|steae +junsa+cputes spunem ce tre|ule
|cut,chl+ra+c nlenl nu v+|l,vreca+t,nsltu+l+ae +c|+ce
*
* *
II. Natura cunoa
terii
t+re este,c+re,n+tur+cunc+terll?lun1na+ce+stntre|+re
|c|csl cuv1ntu| ,cunc+tere n +ce| sens p+rtlcu|+r n c+re e|
aesene+t c|lectu|lsccpu|tuturcrstraulne|crtllnl|lce.(te
cut, ae|+pt,n cercet+re+tilnl|lcaetlnteres+t?)
01nalre+ tllnl|lc nu este n mod esenial aecse|lt ae
g1nalre+ccun,e+esteac+rctre+pt+ln+|t+el.tunc+tere+
tllnl|lceste c ccntlnu+re +cuncterll pr+ctice, cunctere+ ae
c+re c+enll +u nevcle pentru+exlst+lpentru+trl |lne |l nu
pct s trl+sc |r cunc+tere l g1nalre aec+rece |e |lpsete
crlent+re+ slgur + lnstlncte|cr a+tcrlt crcr+ +nl+|e|e sunt
ccnausenslgur+nprlntreperlcc|e|evlellInschl|n+tur+|+
ntestr+t pe c cu r+lune,l+rr+lune+esteunlnstruent lun
ghlau|t+l|unaec1tlnstlnctu|pentrucestelnhnlt+l+a+pt+|lI
l +l ||exl|l| |n l nstlnct este rlgla, e| este +a+pt+t ac+r |+ un
+nultgenaesltu+lentlpcer+lune+se+a+pte+te+nsll,
prln ur+re, pc+te s prescrle +clunl|e +aecv+te (+alcce|e +l
utl|e)pentrucrlcesltu+le(nce+stpcsl|l|lt+teestevtutleal+t
ce este +n+|lt+tn+tur+cuncterll.)
te :e cere, c+re, pentru a re+|lt+ ce+ +l |un +a+pt+re
pcsl|l| + unel hlnevll |+ ealu| el nccnjurtcr? |vlaent, este
neces+r c+ tc+te +ctlvltl|e el s|le+a+pt+te|+ ccnalll|e ereu
schl|tc+re.)|lec+resltu+lev+|lpulnal|erltaetc+tesltu+ll|e
+nterlc+relunecrlsent1p|c+crg+nlsu|s|le ccn|runt+tcu
prejurrl cutctu| ncl cre nu p+rs+l| nlcl c +sen+re cu
FORM I CONINUT. O INTRODUCERE N GNDIREA FILOSOFIC 1 33
exerlenele +nterla+re (|n arg+nls per|ect +a+pt+t tre|ule s
||eregtltpentruarlce,a+rlnstlnctullpa+tepregtlaa+rpentru
annurlllt+taesltu+lltlplceaea+receeste|ar+teIprejurrl
c+reserepetereu,tlpe +l ulte gener+ll )
tureuete, a+re, r+lune+u+ns|pregte+scpe a
pentruneprevtut?tupa+tee+, a+re,sprev+cetre|ule|cut
ntra sltu+le pe c+re nu +cunascuta nlcla+tn+lnte? ue |un
se+,nucu+jutaru|unelputerllr+cula+se+ghlclrll,exlsta+r
aslngurpasl|lllt+tel+nue|alaslre+experlene|ar+nterla+re
u+r, l+ce pat, a+re, |a|asl experlenele trecute ntra nou
sltu+le, c+re este cu tatu| al|erlt? (|ste +evr+t c +c nu +r
exlst+ +|salut nlcl a +sen+re ntre vechl l nau r+lune+ +r |l
aescupnlt, surprlns l lnc+p+|l| s e+ vrea lnalc+le a+r
+ce+st+nusent1p|nlclaa+t,c excepl+tlneretlpurli.|uncl+
r+lunllestetac+laea descoperi asemnrile ntrenaulvechl,
ntre un a|lect l +ltu| 0rlc1t ae l|erlte +r |l au lucrurl s+u
evenlente,+n+llt+v+aetvlulaea|lcelc+1naausuntcapuse
alneleeate +senta+re,nsnca|ln+ll l|erlte)
(presupunec una+r |l+aus, pene+tept+te,ntra
+rstr|ncucll, pl+nte,l+nl+|ecutatull|erlteecelealn
+r+ lul, el nu v+ plerl, ++cu se v+ nt1pl+ cu un +nl+|, cl
cap+r1nnalleprejurrlcucelevechlv+gslljla+cee+se
+pr+lpratej+,v+lscernentre prletenlu+n,ntre p|+nte
|alaslta+re l aunta+re l nu v+ h nvlns ae gerul lernll chl+r
a+cnul+ncerc+t nlclaa+t +ln+lnte cu +cee+l lntenslt+te)
k+lune+lperlteaululslgse+scruu|nlue,n
prlulr1na,prevenlnule+hlu+tvrea+tcapletprlnsurprln
aere le +|lnel+t, e|v+tl cu sevarcapart+nalle lucrurl
aea+recelev+recuna+teareptca|ln+ll+leunarlucrurlcunascute,
l, n +l aalle+ r1na, +jut1naul s |+c invenii, +lc s creete
lntenlan+tnalca|ln+llaeeleentevechlpentru+praucee|ecte
c+re, +lt|el, +r hlpasl|llae +tlns
In |lec+re c+t scapul pr+ctlc +l cuna+terll estepredicia l
+veatlveteelnlcescanslaerareptc+r+cterlstlcle|lnltarll
+|e cuna+terll +cele praprletl +|e el c+re |+cpasl|llprealcl+
+valr paur prevalr lrealcl + cere a +ntlclp+re l nt+l +
evenlente|arvllta+re, aex+ln+re+ca|ln+lllarpasl|llentre
eleentea+te nce+st+nupa+te|lre+llt+tlu1naeleentelere+le
l+r+nj1nu|enl|erlte|elurl- +ce+st++rnsen++|+cencercrl
lnu +pretlce, nalvresjuaecca|ln+ll|epasl|llenainte
1 34 MORITZ SCHLICK
c+e|esse produc. |stenecesar,prlnurare,sn|acula|lecte|e
re+|e prln +|tcev+c+re |e paate repretentan jacu|ca|lnall|ar,
a1lc prln sl|c|url ce pat|lm1nulte cu uurln. ka|u| acestar
sene este jucat |le 1e aanulte|e laglnl lnta|e pe care |e
putearanj+l rearanjan laglnala naastr (l acesta este,n
prlnclpa|,pracesu|psiha|aglca|g1n1lrll)sau- ncaturl|ealca
p|lc+te - |a|aslsenescrlse, a1lc|lgurll nueren 1esenel
ca|cu|es +u paate chlrlcla1e|e(n1ease|lncatu|lnvenll|ar
tehnlce)0a+praapearlun1e,cuvintele jaacalclunra|lpartant,
e|esunt sene utl|eat1tn 1a|1n1lreacunaaterllc1tlncau
nlcarea el.
na1ar,c1n11a|1n1lcunaatereaunul|apt|re1ucelnta|
|auna|t|ucru sau|aa|te|ucrurl1ecarea|uat1ejacunatlnl
aceast,re1ucere este, purlslp|u, a 1escrlereanau|ul a|lect
cuajutaru|ace|aralsene, care 1escrlauvechl|ea|lecteInacest
|e| ,ceea ce nu este cunascut este|cut,cunascut
0rlce a|t cat a exalna - n arlce cunaatere autentlc
gslcatrsturcaununact1erecunoatere careneperlte
s1escrlea|lectu|elcuajutaru|sene|arcaresunt|a|aslteln
a|teprejurrl.
nceastactlvltate agslrll+senrl|crntre|ucrurlcare, |a
prlave1ere,nuparsal|cev+ncauna1evenltcutlpu|a
p|cerenslne.lracesu|1a|1n1lrllcunaaterll,|anceput1aarun
lj|ac 1e ne|lpslt pentru a |ua n stp1nlre |ucrurl l sltuall n
rapartcuneval|evleli,aavtaceealsartcala|teactlvltlutl|e.
aa cu ersu| a 1at natere 1ansu|ul, var|lrea c1ntu|ul, tat aa
cutreacunaaterlia1atnateretllnelMlnteaaeneascgsete
p|cerenre1ucerea|ucrurl|arunu||aa|tu|,au|gsete|ucurlen
acestjac, ln1l|erent1acl a1uce saunuunavantajpractlc
|lecare pragresn cunaatereatllnlhcnsean1escape
rlreaunelnal1escrlerlaunul|ucrusauaunulpraces,a1escrlere
nterenl a ceva 1l|erlt 0hllstu| 1escrle apa ca a ca|lnale
1eterlnatntre axlgen l hl1ragen, e| nu al are nevale, 1e
cuv1ntu|,aplpaate,ntat1eauna,sscrlen|acu||ulca|lnala
1e sene h0. |ltlclanu| 1escaper +enrlntre1l|erlte , e|e
ente chllce cre l perlt s |e 1escrle 1rept ca|lnall 1e
,pratanll,e|ectranl,re1uc1n1nacest|e|nuru|sl|a|url|ar
necesare 1e |a )! |a !, e| 1escrle taate praprletl|e |ulnll, a|e
energlel ra1lante, a|e rate|ar kaentgen l a|e un1e|ar ra1la n
terenll praprletl|are|ectraagnetlcea|e,|atanl|ar
FORM I CON
INUT. O INTRODUCERE G
DI REA FILOSOFIC 1 35
\utre|ulessepresupunc+ce+stschese|llte+t|+
tllne ccnslaer+te In sensu| +l Ingust +| cuv1ntu|ul, lstcrlcu|,
|lngvlstu|,cercettcru|In cenlu|tllne|crsccl+|e - cutcllur
e+t+cee+letcaIncenll|e|cr
|stcrlcu| c+re aesccper clne |+ ccr1tpe tet+r esccper
cncu+escrlereuclg+u||ultet+rsepc+te+p|lc+|ulrutus(l
nc c1tcrv+), |lngvlstu| c+re urrete etlc|cgl+ unul +nult
|eren esccper c un +|t cuv1nt pc+te h escrls c+ ,racln+
+ce|ulteren l +++l aep+rte.
0rl ae c1tecrlexlstunprcgresre+|+| cunc+terll, Int1|nl
+cee+lc+r+cterlstlc.e+ccnstIn+a+cescrlere+cev+Interenl
++|tcev+,+lccaescrlerec+rel+n+terelntrcncucc|ln+le
ae senevechl.
ncu este centu| s ne re+lntl cee+ ce + tre|ult s
spune cu prlvlre |+|l|+j l|+expresle, e|eInccrpcre+tpcsl
|l|lt+te+ae + repretent+ l ae + ccunlc+ un|+pt prlntrc ncu
cc|ln+leaesl|c|urlvechltcnchlae+st|e|corice cunoatre
autentic este expresie. |lrete, +ce+st+ nu este c slp|cclncl
aen,nuesteac+run|+ptlnteres+nt,clccnstltule+evr+t+esen
+t1t +cunc+terlltllnl|lcec1tl+cunc+terll ccune
ncest|ucruesteaece++l+relpcrt+n treacpute
s spune - l spercvel |l ccnvlnl ae +cest |ucru |+s|1rltu|
expunerll - cIntre+g+ lterle +et+htlcll este c+ut+t ae lnc+
p+clt+te+ ae + vee+ In ca c|+r +cest punct tunc+tere+ este
expresle, nu exlst, prln ur+re, cunc+tere c+re nu pc+te |l
exprl+t. \u putelspune,nh,+ aesccperltce este+cest|ucru,
a+rIlestelpcsl|l|sspunceeste. naevr+t+cunc+tere este
recunc+tere, +st|e| Inc1t, a+c ne spunel c aune+vc+str
cunctel,cu+aevr+t, un|ucru,tre|ulesputelsrspunael|+
Intre|+re+,ll|lne, areptce+nue|+lrecuncscut?
In+lnte ae + tr+ge +|te ccnc|utll aln +ce+st Ine|egere v+
tre|ulsaesccperl+cexlstclaentlt+tetct+|Intrecunc+tere
lexpresle,Intre|1naune.a+ccrlcecunctlnesteexpresle,este
c+re,+aevr+tcl|lec+reexpresleesteeo iso cunc+tere?lentru
+ rspunae Intre|rll este su|lclent s ccnslaer expresll aln
|l|+ju|ncstruver|+|c|lnult,Inc+resepc+tetr+aucecrlce,+|t|e|
spus, ne vc |llt+la judeci ae |cr c|lnult 0|er, c+re,
hec+re juec+t, cunc+tere?
1re|ulesexc|uaeneInt1rtl+tjuaecl|et+utc|cglcec+renu
spunnllclc+re, pc+te,nu+rtre|uls|l eccnslaer+te,Ingenere,
1 36 MORITZ SCHLICK
juecl,v+tre|uisvcr|iespree|ecuun+|tpri|ejuupce|e
|secp+rte,r1njueci|ec+repctrlvltterinc|cgiel|ulK+nt
vcrhnulte slnteticeinupc+tehniclcIncl+|ctc+te+ceste+
c|erun+nuitgene cunc+tere
t1nInregistret c juec+t c+re nu este t+utc|cglc, l se
spune, e|+pt,cev+c+rev+hncupentrulne(+cnucuv+se
Int1p|s|tluin+inte),i+rjuec+t+v+scutlenevci+e+|
esccperi(lresupunecjuecat+este+evr+t,+ceste|+|s
e+nuv+exprl+cunc+tere,clercre.)lrcpctll+slp| !ne|u|
st pe c+rte ccunlc, In c slgur, c +nuit cunc+tere, In
+cee+i sur c+ i juec+t+t|lni|lc ,ntcu| neutru e he|iu
ccnlnecie|ectrcnl|i|erl
tutc+te+ceste+,exist,Incevient,cecse|ireprlncipi+|
Intre +ceste u|tle cu c+turl lriu| este un enun espre un
|+pt slngu|+r c+renusip|i|ic i+gine+ nc+strespre |ue, ce|
e+| ci|e++re c+r+cteru| unel explcaii. lentruun+nultsccp
pc+teh extre e lpcrt+nt stlc lne|u| stpe c+rte l,In
c sigur, +ce+st+estecunoatere cclpresupune ce|pul n trel
+cte e recanc+tere i) + unul c|iect c+|lln lne|, !) + unul +|t
c|iectreptc+rte,i))+re|+ielsp+l+|elntrece|ecu,prlu|
c|lect|ilne+supr+ce|uie+| cl|e+ tutc+te+ceste+,sllc
+ce+stcunc+terer1ne,++cuestee+,|+ce|+lejcsnlve|
pcsl|l|, In tip ce enunu| espre +tcu| e he|lu +p+rlne unel
tcne|c+rteIn+|te+g1nirll
te| e+| cl|e+ enuneste e unnlve| e lnteres cu u|t
+lIn+|tec1tprlu|\velg1nliei+tc+ce+st+se+tcre+t
nlve|e|cri|erlte e gener+|it+te juec+t+espre lne| sere|er|+
un|+ptrunt,nesenl|ic+tlv,ce+re|erltc+re|+he|lueste+p|ic+|l|
nenur+l|cr+tclehe|iuln|ue.In+ce+stc|serv+leexlst
un c+rec+re +evr, +r nuIntregu| +evr. In priu| r1n, este
pcsl|l|c+|+pte|einivlu+|ecrenuserepetniclc+ts+l|un
gr+In+|teInsent+telc1neste ++e|esuntnulte |+pte
lstcrlce.u+r,In c+tu|lstcrleicenlrllvcvee+cinteresu|nu
estetiinl|lc,clcenesc(se+rese+t+iegr+|sentientu|ui
ec1tlntelectu|ui)In+|ci|e+r1n,cunc+tere+unulsingurc|lect
s+uevenIentpc+tehccnsler+t, unecrl, c+un+reprcgres+|
tllnel, e exep|u, esccperlre+ unei ste|e s+u exp|lc+l+ unei
erupll va|c+nlceIn gec|cgle nst|e|, l|eren+In cee+ce prlvete
gener+|lt+te+(s+u|ips+egener+|it+te)nuestesuhcientpentru+
justi|tc+lstincl+intrecunc+terereptcunc+tere+unul|+ptl
FORM I CON
exp|lc+re+
unlversu|ulsunt+rc+laeaesccperlrl|ec+re+uperls|ltlclenl|cr
sn|ture, nntregle, sl|c|url|e specl+|e pentru |encene|e
aec|ur,sunetl|ulnlsaescrletctu|c+rprlnsl|c|url|e
e|ectrcln+lclllec+nlcll
0utc+tecce|ecugenuriaecunc+teresesprljln,nce|e
alnur, pe+cee+l|+t++cte|crae recunc+tere, e|esunt+t1t
ael|erltencee+ceprlvetensent+te+|crnc1t +r |l +l|lne
snu|eesenprln+ce|+lnue
nvtutca+tcpc+teterenu|"cogniie" (,ccgnltlcn)+r
pute+s|le |c|cslt pentru cunc+tere+exp|lc+tlv, a+r +cest |ucru
1 38 MORIZ SCHUCK
nu+r|lnlerltnsur+nc+re+r|+cecunc+tere+epenent
e recunc+tere+ +nterlc+r |xlst, hrete, terenu| ,exp|lc+le
+r, nc c +t, nu se c|lnulete s se |c|cse+sc cuv1ntu|n
+ce+stccnexlune,ce|cr+lu|lc+enl|e+rsun+clu+tsvcr|l
espreeplstec|cglec+espre,tecrle+exp|lc+lel, n|cce,tecrle
+cunc+terll.u+r, upce+|cutlstlncl+crecpentru ncl
nuexlstnlclunrlsceccnhtle,lcrlec1tecrlcrlssu||lnle
cnuvcr|lespreslp|+cunc+tere+|+pte|crputes|c|csl,
ntcte+un+,terenu|,exp|lc+le
I CON
l h|csch| l prcpune s
susln c acn acest |cc esccpr c rea|ltatea este ,menta|
alc, c eaccnst ln materla ln care sunt |cute lel|e) sunt
nreptltseucprlnana|cglecaceastase pcatespune l cu
prlvlre |atcate ce|e|a|te prla|erea|ltllecare nusent1mp|
slaucunctlnntrunmcat1telntlm
uup tctce amspus cu prlvlre |anatura cuncaterll, j a|nlca
|cglcaacestulralcnamenttre|ules|lec|ar!lrete,aceastanu
nseamncncu|pesteln|erenaprlnana|cgle,acarexlstac
asemenea!n|eren,nrea|ltate nuexistnlcluna, ecarecetcate
acesteprcpctlllsunt|lpslteesens 0|servms|crrl|elsperate
carese |ac pentru ase spune cevacuprlvlre|accnlnut ceeace
este c|lect a| unel |url e cunctln nemlj|cclte este ec|arat
,menta| 0e nseamn, care, aceasta! \u nseamn nlmlc, ccl,
estec|arcnacestccntext,ccnlnuturla|e ccntllnel, ,|ucrurl|e
FORM
I CON
INUT. O INTRODUCERE N G
lneamccnvlnsej acnuputemnlclcatsspunemcacelai
ccntlnuteste alcl sl lncc|c, ,n mlnte sl ,n a|ara el, ccl, crlce
spu
emexprlm
_
car structura. A mal
he c|servat cvcr|e|e
,ccntllnl,mlntesuntat1tene|tcarenc1ttcateprcpctlll|e
h|cschcencarelntervlnsunt,nmcpractlc,|lpslteesensucresc
s merg at1t e eparte nc1t s spun c acetl termenl au c
semnl|lcale autentlc, ccrect, |lne precltat car n utl|ltarea
c|lnulta|lm|aju|ulccmun,caatunclc1nspun ,e|arecmlnte
ptrunttcare sau,ealaplerut cunctlna)
0rlcumarsta|ucrurl|e,crecaevenlt|lmpeeacumece
|ea|lsmu| este |crma pre|erat a metahtlcll metahtlclanu| caut
ccnlnutu|numlnu| aevrataesenaexlstenel sau natura
lntrlnseca|ucrurl|cretc),e||gsetecarnprcprll|e|ulpercepll,
sentlmente,lelnumlnu|ementa|e)l,ast|e|rcstetetrlum|tcr
prlnclplu|hnamenta|a|lea|lsmu|ul .,natura |untrlc atuturcr
|ucrurl|crestementa|- ceeacetccmalamvtutcrepretlntun
|ane cuvlnte |lpsltee sens.
\umalestenecesarsaaugca|teslstememeta|ltlcecae
pl|ua|lsmu|saumaterla|lsmu|nusuntmal |unesteucre
vtut ln argumente|e pentrulccntraacestcrpunctee veere
care ump|u crl|e ncastre h|cschce) c at1t materla|ltll c1t l
ua|ltll l crlcea|tgen e meta|ltlclenl) cre c ne spun ceva
espre ccnlnut \u este tccmal ucr s vetl n ce |e| cuv1ntu|
1 48 MORITZ SCHLICK
,materlecareesemneatsu|stanahtlc)arputeahccnslerat
caesemn1n ccnlnutu| - llate ce meta|ltlcamaterla|rst,n
genera|,a|cstmalpulnpreultec1tlea|lsmu| - nuexlstns
nlcl c ncla| c sa g1nlt n acest |e| ncep1n1 cu uemccrlt
0aracterlstlca esenla| a atcml|cr sl materla|l este aceea c el
ump|u spalu| l ntruc1t n vremurl|e mal neprtate lstlnc|a
lntrespalu|htlclspalu|lntultlvnuaputute|unseams||e
|cut, ump|erea spalu|ul a |cst ccnslerat rept ccnlnutu| e
care|umnmcnemlj|ccltcunctln
\uestensnecesarsucemmalepartecrltlcaslsteme|cr
metahtlce l ncercarea e a |e ne|ege gree|l|e, este tlmpu| s
tragem ccnc|utll|e pctltlve lmpcrtante ln retu|tatu| |acare am
ajuns,l anumeccrlcecuncatereesteexpresle,larcrlceexpresle
repretlnt creare astructurllnuaccnlnutu|ul
in etvc|tarea tllnel n perlcaa u|tlme|cr cu sau trel
ecenll, pcsl|l|ltatealnecesltateaunellstlncllnetentre|crm
lccnlnutaevenltlncenicemalc|ar,larnisemntateaemlnent
a structurll a |cst recuncscut n mal mare msur. 0cnturarea
treptataacestulaevr- carenuaajuns,tctul,ncc|ar|a|umlna
tl|el- mlpareahceamalmarerea|ltareaeplstemc|cglelmcerne
eparareantre |crml ccnlnut are c lstcrle e secc|e |a
nceputeaa|uatcn|laremeta|ltlcn h|cscha|ulnrlstcte|,e
atuncl, |lnlaeemarcalelntrestructurlmaterlesaep|asat
mereu ntrc slngur lrecle p1n ce, n tl|e|e ncastre, au |cst
n|turate, ca s tlcem aa l u|tlme|e urme a|e ccnlnutu|ul lar
|crmasacve4lta|t|cglcu|pur.
tllnanuestecnsu mareecunctlneespre|apteenunurl
espre |apte), cl un slstem e cuncatere exp|lcatlv escrlere
prln|egl)0uc1tseetvc|tmalmu|t, alccuc1tjuecl|eelse
|eagmalmu|tlnpuncteveere|cglc, cu at1t evlnemalevl
ent, chlar l cchlu|ul neexperlmentat, caracteru| |crma| a|
cuncasterllstllntasenvesm1nteatnstralematematlce0utcate
c, ac
st vem1
t este p
I CON
}
ntreacthespus,ce|ecupcstu|atecuprlvlre|aslmp|ltatel|a
numru|ce|malmlcnusuntntcteaunaccmpatl|l|e,pencl,ns,
nunelntereseat, alcl, aceste chestlunl csre, unecrl,suntccnsle
ratesu|lecu|unellsclp|lne|clceecse|ltenumlte,axlcmatlc
ste lmpcrtantns srelnem c termenu| axlcm este |c|cslt
ntrun sens re|atlv, nua|sc|ut
}
nvechl|e slsteme e |l|csc|le, e
exemp|u,n ace|a a| |ulplncta, lcmnseamnunprlnclplu
evientcareccnstltule|atanatura|lnecesarace|cr|a|tejuecl,
nclnumalatamnscuv1ntu|ulaceastemnltate h|cschc,n
prlnclplu,estecchestluneea|egerear|ltraraccanumlt|ege
anaturlljcacrc|u| unel axlcme sau este ccnslerat caerlvat
1 50 MORIZ SCHLICK
lntrun set e +xlce lnguru| |ucru c+re cente+t este re|+l+
|cglcreciproc lntre j uecl|e slsteu|ul, pcsl|l|lt+te+ e + c
erlv+pehecmelnu|le+ce|cr|+|te).
lrlvlte ln +|+r, juecl|e +p+r c+ prcpctlll +|ctulte ln
+nultecuvlntes+uc+|cru|e+|ctulteln|lgurll|ltererepreten
t1nc+ntltlsur+teIntre+g++ctlvlt+te+|ltlcl+nu|ultecretlcl+n
estere+|lt+tnntreglepeh1rtle,tc+tec+|cu|e|es+|esunt|cute
nct1niruri |ungl esl|c|urllschl|1nu|epctrlvltregu|l|cr
+te+tlcli.01ttlpe|c+|cu|e+tc+r,+lcccnslerc+rre|+li|e
|cglcelntrejuecl cadrul slsteu|ulesteevlentcnutre|ule
s se g1ne+sc |+semniicaia sl|c|url|cr s+|e, nu +re nlcl c
nsent+te pentru c+|cu|e|e |ul ce senl|lc+le +u +ceste+, e| se
ccup e e|e c+rn sur+n c+re s+tls|+c +xlce|e slsteu|ul
s+u, n |l|+ju| su +te+tlc, c +nulte ecu+ll sunt v+|+|lIe
pentru re|+ll|e lntree|e ncest+este+|sc|uttctcetre|ulestle
lnllc+|tcev+nupc+telntr+nslsteu||ltlclltecretlce++cu
este pretent+tn crlce+rtlcc|tllnlhcs+u+nu+|.
nce+stst+ree|ucrurl+|cstrecuncscutc|+rpentruprl+
+t, cu prlvlre |+ gecetrle, +c prln +cest cuv1ntne|ege
tlin+sp+lu|ulceexprl+nulte+evurlesprepuncte,p|+nurl,
|lnll repte etc. ln sp+lu| htlc 0ecetrl+ nu este c r+ur +
+te+tlcllpure,clccnstltulecp+rte+htlcll
ncest|ucru+|cstvtutej +ectre\ewtcn,c+re ++|lr+t
ce+este,ce++lgener+|p+rte+ec+nlclllrl+repretent+re
+gecetrlelc+slsteccerenteste+tcr+t|ul|uc|lc+rel++t
ej +|cr+c|+slc+unel u|llelcelnc+resunterlv+te
tc+tece|e|+|tejueclgecetrlce.uerlv+re+uneljuecllnce
estenultdemonstarea juecll0ex+ln+re+le+prc+pe+
ecnstr+ll|cr |ul |uc|letv|ule repee|+ptu| c e|e nu sunt,
c1tulepuln,erlvrlexc|uslv|cglce,clccnst+ulntrun+estec
eeucll|cglcel+pe|url|+esenes+u|+c|serv+re+ccpcrtrll
rlg|e|crlccp+surl|cruesene|e,rlg|e|elccp+surl|esuntc|lecte
htlcelun+pe||+c|servme+|creste,e|+pt,un+pe||+experlen
|l|cschlc+renu+uvrutc++evrurl|egecetrlcessesprljlnepe
|+pte|e|rute+kexperlenel+uneg+t+cest|ucrul+ususlnutc
esene|e etc nu sunt, e |+pt, ltvcru| cunc+terll gecetrlce, cl
c+rrepretentrl+rtlhcl+|e+|eunel lntulllpure crlgln+re,c+re
preceentre+g+experlenlestelnepenent|+ee+nce+st
tecrle(suslnut cu|ce|+lvlgurcsectreK+nt)seccnhunt
culhcu|tlenetrecut,nuestens|ccu|+lclsccrltlc,ncrlce
FORM
I CON
I CON
iace|eaitemeiurrtre|uiesnearate,n
ce|einurm, cs|esctreretc|vsresprc||emei.
ncepem prin s ccnsiersun exemp|u in |iticn care
sceesistructur este |c|csitpentrusescrie numercase prccese
hticenmcesenis|ecse|itexistcsnumitecusiei|erenis|,
ssnumits ecusie e un, csre se sp|ic |sprcpaarea une|cr
eorce |e|,sicasunetu|ui,sune|crrsicisrate|crkcntgen
0ve este, csre, ecse|ires intre sceste |ucruri i|erite care se
supun sce|eisi |egi |crms|e! in cstu| sunetu|ui, une|esunt|cr
mateinvi|rarrmecsnicea|epartrcu|e|crmaterra|e,a|emc|ecu|e|cr
aeru|ui, e exemp|un cstu| une|cr raic i s rste|cr kcnten
avees|scecucsci|siis|e,|cre|cre|ectriceimaneticeac
|c|csim|im|sju| tecriei |ui Me||, |s1n ecpsrte etvc|tri|e
ce|e mai recente). 0r mc|ecu|e|e seru|ui i |cre|e e|ectrice sunt
raics| ecse|ite n ceea ce privete nsturs|cr |itic, cutcate c
sm1ncupctmsniestsunsnumitccmpcrtamentcsreesteexprimat
prinsceesi ecusie eun, exist nenumrste s|te|crmu|ecsre
suntsevrstepentruuns,srnuipenuucea|s|t,ceescenseam
n c e|e i |erpe esntregu| n ceea ce prrvete structura|cr
\eem,sssr,cnscestpunctnutre|uies|scemc1tuiepuin
spe||sccninut,semne|e cesun|ccuitvsris|i|e|e ce intervinn
FORM
I CON
INUT. O INTRODUCERE N G
NDIRE FILOSOFIC 1 5 5
ecuaiae unstau pentru i|eritestructuri, nupentru ccninut
\eispunens. c1ttimp,aceastaestesituaia,nci|esemnenuvcr
hnimica|tcevaec1tvaris|i|e,eexemp|u,cuv1ntu||cre|ectric
nuvaavessemni|icaieprecis, civsesemnscriceentitatecsre
satis|sce anumite axicme n tecria c|ssic aceste sxicme vcr |i
ecuaii|e |unamenta|e a|e |ui Maxwe||) i pct exists nenumrate
asemeneaentiti, care, inueacestea,ns, este, e|aptavutn
veere! inainte e a se rspune |a aceast ntre|are, sistemu|
ncstru|crma| nuva |i ccre|stcu res|itates, e|nu varepretentac
tiin, cicarunpcsi|i|carupentruea
ncest|ucruesteper|ectaevrat, ieste|impeecintrcu
c1n sim|c|uri pentrustructuri, n|ccu| vsria|i|e|cr crigina|e, nu
amstsim|c|uri|crcsemni|icaieeterminat,cismsm1natcsr
ecitiscu privire |a semni|icsie. A |i s|sur spresupunem c
putemsmcsemnihcsiesistemu|uiprinintrcuceresunctsemne
nci,msiccmp|icate,ccicricinetie|csrte|inecalea pe care este
dat, de fap o interpretare a unui sistem formal de cte omul
de tiin: prin observaie.
in catu| |iticisnu|ui, c|servsisiantctesuns |crms strict
csre este numit msursre. ke|aii|e intre ceea ce este e |apt
c|senatsaumsuratimrimi|ecsrespsrnecusii|eceexprim
|ei|ensturiisunt ecse|it e ccmp|icate, ar nuvstre|uisne
ccupmcu e|e stesu|icient sc|servm cntregu| prcces ccn
uce|ssts|i|iresunei re|sii univccentrecvs|csrepsrticu|ars
unei anumitemrimi|iticeiunsnumit|aptec|servsie0ua|te
cuvinte. este stipu|at - n ce|e in urm prin accr sr|itrar - c
juecata"nccniii|ecutsreaici tre|uieescriseexsctsparstu|i
ntresga prcceur) este c|servst |sptu| cutare i cutsre vs |i
echiva|ent cu juecata. Mrimes cutsre i cutsre are va|csres
cutareicutare ncetseste,purisimp|u,definiia csntitii.este
cs|ea prin care semnu| ce esemnestcsntitsteseste ccre|st cu
res|itstes
0|servaiaimp|icccninutu|atea|eccntiineinmcu|
ccmun, prc||emstic e avcr|i) itccmai e sceeaespcate |ea
sim|c|uri|ecu |umesres|),ssusrtre|ui, mai|ine, ssespun
ce|ecuexpresii simp|icsccninuti,s|eseres|itatesunt
echiva|enten |c|csirea|cr
ncum,nce|einurm,suntempregtiisveemcuper|ect
c|sritste rc|u| j ucst e ccninut c1n cutm s eterminm
semnihcsia sim|c|uri|cr i jueci|cr ncsstre i, s cum tiam
1 56 MORITZ SCHLICK
insinte, e| se cveeste s h e assnsturnc1t ccntinutu| este
|sstnntregimensfsrs|im|aju|iiaexpresii|crnastre.
0cihsieisccnsierm,cesent1mp|ntrc,c|servaie
!resupunemceste|cutvitus|,eexemp|u,uit1nuneprintrun
te|esccp iatept1ncsc|iniespectra|s||sstrs ccinci cu c
1ung neagr in c1mpu| privirii ncsstre uac ccninutur||e
,a||astrul,negrumpreuncuca|iti|e|crspaia|eintultivenu
sr |i acc|c, |r ncis|, nu ar exista c|servaie, prin armare,
ccninutu| jcac un rc| s|sc|ut esenis| 0ar acum c|servstcru|
expri |aptu| c|servat enun1n sau nct1n) juecata ,|inis
s||sstrccinciecuunanear|pcatecreeesprecuvinte|e
,s||astru, ,neru, ,ccincieetc ce|estaupentruccninuturi|e
inc1mpu| |uivitus|,sruptctceeacessspusnprimaexpunere
tim,ccuvinte|e|uiijuecatanuexprimnimiccuprivire|ae|e
nunu| exprim structurs|aptu|ui c|servatn |e|u|pe care |am
escrlsmsinaintecuprivire|aa|tec1tevaexemp|e,arnuccmunlc
ccninutu| ,s||sstru i nici un s|t ccninut Ln a|t cm e tiin
care sue ssu citete enunu|tre|uie s ump|e, imeiat, structura
ccmunicst cu un snumit ccninut prcpriu, sau, mai egra|
ccmunicsrea structurii este rea|itst cartretlnuin mlnte, un
snumitccnlnutcsresrescesstructur0cninuturivcr|usnatere
nimsginsis|ui, pecsre|evanumi,c|iniea||astretc , araa
cumnesmccnvinsmsinsinte,nuputemahrmacacestccnlnut
estentcste privine|e asemntcrcu ce|pecsre|sc|servat ce|
int1i- cemenesaseriunenusrh|s|s,ci|ipsitesemni|icsie
0scsent1mp| csce| es| ci|escme tiin she cr| ssu
sur, e| vs putes, cu tcste scestes, sne|esg enunu| primu|ui
c|servstcr presupun1n c sprimitc pregtire secvst e|en
Ke||er],ccie|vsputesslimsgineteunsnumltccninuttscti|a|
structuriicerute0scenunu|c|servstcru|uincstruvaetermina
uns|tcmetiinsrepeteexperimentu|,|c|csinsce|aisparat,
uit1nuse prin sce|ai te|esccp, cu sce|eai retu|tate i ace|ar
ccnhrmaapclenunu|spun1n.,0s,|iniaa||a-trccinclecuuna
nesgr - chisri stunciar|iunncnsenssspunemce| savut
sce|aiccninutcsiprimu|c|servatcr,cutcatecnclvcmsuslne,
aprcapec ceratuine,ceisuntam1ncinpcsesissce|eiistructari)
per c ntresgs chestiune a evenit scum pe ep|in c|ar
csru|gc|a|unuisistemipctetlcceuctivtre|uiesheump|utcu
ccninut pentru sevenictiinceccninecuncteresutentic,
isrscea-tsse|sceprinc|servsle experien) !iecsrec|servstcr
FORM
I CON
INUT. O INTRODUCERE N G
DIREA FILOSOFIC 1 57
i|ump|e,ns,cuprcpriu||uiccninut\u putemsspunemctci
c|servatcriiauace|siccninutinicicnu au- nuhincsuntem
netiutcri, ci ecsrecec asemenea aseriune nu arsveasens
0i|erite|eperscsneiccmunicunaa|teia|crme|estructura|e,
mce|e|eieipcts|ieesccrcuprivire|sscestes,hecsrens
tre|uiesesccperemcu|cumseap|ice|e|umii,|iecaretre|uie
s ia n ccnsierare prcpria |ui experien, 1n prin aceasta
im|c|uri|crcsemni|icaieuniciump|1nstructuri|ecuccninut,
tctsscumun ccpi| pcate cc|crseseneincsre sunt atecar
ccntururi|e|arcuprivire|sacestccninutine|s|i|einupctnicis
|ie,nicisnu|ieesccr.
0cninutu|nuintrntiin\uincautauneiimper|eciuni
a cuncsterii tiinihce, nu in csuta unei s||iciuni s capscitii
ncsstre e cuncatere ci, pur i simp|u stcrit nsturii cricrei
cuncsterieseste,nesen,cchestiuneestructur,ce|cet1njete
up ccninut, t1njete up cevs care este s|sc|ut i|erit e
cuncstere - aceastsestetctcesepcatespune
tiinaestecstructur|cgicccmuntuturcrce|crcsresunt
n msursc stuiete !iecsre inivitre|uie sesprcpria|ui
interpretareacesteistructuri,eisuntcutciieaccrcuprivire|s
tctcepcstef exprimstitestst,arncinuputemnicice|puins
nentre|maceisunteaccrinceeacepriveteinterpretri|e
|cr, ccninuturi|e suntn esenperscns|einu pct|iccmparate.
Putem nssnentre|macsemeniinctri1nescnprcpria
|crexperienunccninutcsrepuneneviensceesistructur
caaceeapecveccuncstemnprcprisncsstr|ume0acntre|r
tre|uiesiserspuns|irmstiv, sceastansesmnpur isimp|u
cncitcitrimmaceesi|ume0hisruna|tcnistpcatesme|eag
tcateaseriuni|eesprecu|criisstuietecpticansceesimsur
cscricinea|tcinevs,cutcatec,|ae|percepii|ess|e esprecu|cri
au c mu|tip|icitate i|eritn rspcrt cu ce|e s|e a|tcr cameni cu
veeresncrma|. 0eexemp|u, e|ivs imagina un gen e caru
ntrunu| intre spaii|e|ui intuitiven sa|e|nc1t|iecare|cc in
caru vsrepretenta pentru e| c nusn e cu|csre iar mu|imes
tuturcrscestcr|ccurivsccrespuneexactmu|tip|icitiisistemu|ui
cu|cri|cr.
in scest |e|, va putea s gsessc semni|icaie n |iecare
juecat cu privire |a cu|cri i s|ucrete cu e|en cunctin e
caut0e|apt,scesstmetcesteuti|itatnpsihc|cgiepentrus
arsnjstcstenuane|epcsi|i|ee cu|crintrunsistemcrcnst.)
1 58 MORIZ SCHICK
\u vcm ne|ege nrcrcat trrna r cuncaterea ac nu
rea|rtmcntre|rrr re|errtcare |anatura rea| aunur |ucrur se
pcate rspun4e n mc4 ccmp|et r exhaustrv rn4rc1n structura
|ucru|ur r cnurm1ne nrmrc care artre|ur she exprrmat ue
exemp|u,acsecerceteatnaturagravrtarer,atuncrecuarr|e|cr
mu|ate 4e rnstern presupun1n c e|e sunt ccrecte) v vcr a
rspunsu| |a orice ntre|are pe care c puter pune cu prrvrre |a
gravrtare, e|unseamcnuneputemtepta|amarmu|t, nu
neputemateptasprrmimrspunsurr|antre|rrrmpcsr|r|e,|rpsrte
e sens larcntre|arecuprrvrre|anatura,rntern agravrtarer,
nccntrastcuunaprrvrtcare|aprcprretr|eercareseetv|uien
ecuarr care sunt,esrgur, pur|crma|e) ar|||rpsrt4e sens.
0rrcerstrncrerntrenatura, rnternr,externa|ucrurr|cr
este |rpsrt 4e semnrhcare. 0ea mar |un expresre a ,naturrr
e|ectrrcrtrresterepretentat4eecuarr|e|rtrcranu|urtecretrcran
arhrrrcc|sneg1n4rm|an|ccurrea|crprrntrcanumrtrnturre
4rrect, nrmenrnupcatescrea4,nmcserrcs,ccperscance
srmte un cc e|ectrrc are, ntraevr, c cuncatere mar |un a
esenere|ectrrcrtrr4ec1tMaxe||rrscrpc|rr|ur
nsupraacesturx specttre|urestrurt,nmcecse|rt,ecarece
paresexrste c anumrtnec|arrtaten acea stprrvrnchrar rn
scrrerr|e uncra rntre cer mar |umrnar g1nrtcrr care, a|tmrnterr,
suntper|ectccntrenr4ensemntateasuprema|crmeristructur
pentru cunca terea trrnr|rc ertran kusse||, e |un seam,
unarntrece|emarmarrautcrrtrnvra,nprc||ematrcanaturrr
trrner, ascrrsna|ur,lntrcucerenh|csc|ramatematrc erra
a4cua, p ))) ,
I CON
I CON
INUT. O INTRODUCERE N G
NDIREA FILOSOFIC H ;1
arecstructurasemntcarec uvese|rasauc utrrsteteac ucvee|
este|amr|rarrtatrnprcprra|urexperrenr||ram)messepcate
s h greit c1n susrnea c emcrr|e sunt rentrce cu prccese|e
htic|cgiceccrespunttcarerncrganrsm,arestesrgurcstructura
r1su|uiareceva ccmuncustructuravese|rei,rarstructurap|1nsu|ur
cu ceaasuprrir.
\eemast|e|cncatu|pcetreirartei- naceearmsurca
rntcatece|e|a|tecaturrceprivescinterese|eracrunr|ecmu|ur-
avemea|acecarcustructura0cnrnutu|rne|a|r|rm1nepentru
tcteaunainaccesr|r|\utre|ures|acemgreea|acme, arci,este
ntraevrsursatuturcrrhcu|tr|cr)screem cartaarhmar
mrnunatsaumar per|ectacar putea s exprrmeccninutu|i
cimpcsr|r|rtatea e a| exprima tre|ure s rm1n, ntcteauna,
cevaeregretat01ture purn' ncestenene|egeritre|uieshe
n mcrarca| eprte ste pe ep|rnaevratcpcetra- una
rntremmr|erea|rtra|evrerr- estecprc||emeccnrnut,ns
ccninutu|estermpcrtantdatorit prcprretr|cr|ur|crma|e.0eeste
care,|ucurra?uacvreauscescrrunucma|tcuiva,archrarr
mrensumr)tre|uiesspunceaesteaceaemcrecarem|aces
t1m|esc, sanset, s|ru |un cu semenri mer, v|ace surtar
suprrr|e- r)amarepmte,pctsamrntescsuteea|te|ucruri
i e|e tcate vcr h prcprieti |crma|e, nimic a|tceva nu se pcate
spunernimrca|tcevanuesteexprrmatprrnpcetre
Marpcatecree,care,crnevacatuncrc1npcetu|vcr|ete
espre c |runt vere, cuv1ntu| ,vere st pentru ccninut, n
trmpceatuncic1n cmu|etrrnvcr|eteesprec|runtvere
ace|aicuvntvasta pentru structuravere|ur? 0re c eacum
narnte tre|ure shm ccnvrnr c cri e c1te crr rntervinentrc
prcpctrre,cuv1ntu|nu poat exrma nrcrcatccnrnutu|,rni|erent
cr nercstete prcpctriarn cesccp. uesrgur, rcstrreacuv1ntu|ur
,verepcates produc un anumrtccnrnutnce|care|ascu|t,
ccnrnutcarenuesteprcusectrecuvinte|e,|umincu|ungrmea
e uncutare, chrar acsemniicaia esteaceear.
0eeace este aevrat cuprivrre |a arteste aevrat r cu
prrvrre |a estetrc, carencearcsvcr|eascespre art, r cre
cnumar este necesars augm cn mc srgurjuecr|e rn
etic nu vcr aveac prcprietate pe care e|e nu c au niciune
(
n
ceeace prrvete psrhc|cgra, sepcateremarcac metca er, |reea
,intrcspectrvsau,experrmenta|,nueste i|erit,nprincipii|e
ei |anamenta|e, e metcatrrner |rtrcrr jueci|e er exprim
1 62 MORITZ SCHLICK
|aptepsihc|cgicereprcuc1nu|estructura!sihc|cgrremcveche
clrnuiau s creacputem ,s trm mar mu|t espre prcpria
ucastr minte ec1t espre ce|e a|ea|tcrcameni, ecmece cm
prcprrancastrmintepcates|iecercetatprinrntrcspecrencest
punct eveeresesprrjrn,ns, rnncu, peccu|auareaintuirer
cu cuncatereansensu||egrtrma| cuv1ntu|ur. 0eeacecuncatem
e |aptpriniutrcspeciepcate|iexprimatnjuecr|encastrer
aceaa,atuncrputemsnvmtctat1temu|trn
juecr|e
ncarea|teperscaneiescrruprcpria|crviamenta|precumr
rna|te manr|estrr prin cmese exprrm aceast via uecarece
tcatema|estrr|eccrpcra|e,inc|usrvvcrlirea,|acpvternccmpcr
tarea uner perscane, putem susine c tcta|itatea aevruri|cr
psihc|cgrce sesprrjrnpeccmpcrtamentreptunrcu||crtemeri
repttemeiu||cra|sc|utsuhcient
uac|ucrurr|estauaar acnrmica|tcevauuestermp|icat
ectreccncepralehavrcristnaceastprrviunusuntsigur),
atuncipunctu|eveerelehavicristmrparea|sc|utinccntesta|i|
ucarc1tevacuvrntecuprivue|aaanumrte|etiruemcra|e
s
,
necselrcuprivrre|arstcrre|stcrraa|cstaesecricpustiiue|cr
naturriiaracestpuncteveere a|cstsusinutnecseliectre
ccca|eg1urre|cartern||uentn0ermaniamcern,pctrrvrt
acestera, cuncatereaistcrrceste unae ungennesen r|errt
|a e ceac|eritectre tirne|e naturrr, eaestemaiprc|an,
cu cva|careintrinsecmarmare, etv|urnmaimu|trnnatura
rnterna|ucruri|cr,eanec|ercrea|nelegere, ntrmpcetrea|a
tirne|crnaturrresteseaexplicaie.
nceastccncepremr pmenntregrme grert uuptct ce
am spus, uu pcate existanrcr cea mai mrcncia|cutreaga
cuncatere autentic cuprinsn istcrie nrstcrra evenrmente|cr
pc|rtrce, aarter,acrvr|itareretc)esteexacteaceearnaturcan
tcate ce|e|a|te caturr. ue |apt, este |carte ucr s veem c ea
ccnstrntrccutrtatermensecuncatere|actua|sauescrrptrv
irntrun ccrp mar egral micipurn integrate cuncatere
exp|rcativtccmaru sensu|ncareamiutrcus acetrtermenr
\uesteusgreue esccperrtmctrvu|atcritcruraa|cst
prcpus cctrina pe care tccmai am crrticatc | stn aceeac
rstcria este asemntcare artei n sensu|csccpu|u|tim a| ce|cr
carecsturateste,nce|emaimu|tecaturr,maicur1nes|tarea
6 Este vorba despre ceea ce germani numesc Geistswissenschajn, expresie
tradus n romn i prin tiine ale spiritului (n.t.).
FORMA I CO:
INl!T. O INTRODUCERE N G
NDIREA FILOSOFIC 1 63
ec1t cuncaterea !entru rstcrrcu| prcprrutrs sccpu| prrncipa|a|
e|crtur||crlur pcate||aeseacexp|icaiecauta|aevenrmente|cr
rnaceastmsuracestava|iunu|tirnrhc,vamarexista,ns,
runa|tsccpnmrntea|ur- |aracestavahsccpu||unamenta|a|
stuir|crrstcr|cepentruceimarmu|rcamenrrpentrumu|irstcrrci
ssees|etensrnea|crcuemcir|eig1nurr|ecarecreercau
|cstemarr|e r g1nurr|eerci|crrstcrier r sr repretrntenprc
prra|crrmaginaremvr|eevenrmentea|etrecutu|uraacum|ev|r
pututveeaccntempcranri,eivcrsretrrasctrecutu|
1ccmaiaceasttretrreaanumrtcremcrrrrmagrnrnnchrpurre
estenumit,ne|egereectreacerh|cschmcernirestene|eas
grert ca un gen specra| e cuncatere In rea|itate este vcr|a e
un rezultat a|cuncateriirstcrice,arcutctu|r|errteea,estec
es|tarecutrecutu|inucne|egerea|ur,carearputeahrea|itat
car prrnstructurrcauta|e
0uncaterritrrnihcersareprcataesecricesteunr|atera|,
ecarece ar pre|era, pe nerept, un srngur gen e cuncatere r
crgc|icas prin aceea c neg|rjeat n mc cr| a|te genurr e
cuncaterecaresunt|a|e|eaecvaterchrarmarprc|une.0re
cneamccnvrns cacestereprcurrsunt alsc|ut|rtemeric
suntretu|tatu|uncrgravenene|egerr !rrncrpa|acautaacestcr
nene|egerr este prerea greit pctrrvrt crera cuncaterea ar
puteashea|t|e|ec1t|crma|,c,ntrun|e|saua|tu|arhpcsr|r|
sprrnemrsexprrmmccninutu|
timcacestlucru esteun
ncnsens r, prrnurmare, rmpcsr|r| at1t pentru |im|aju|vrerre
|recaretr,pentruvt,re|igie,c1trpentrutirn.nst|e|tirnanu
este rn|ericar n aceast prrvinn rapcrt cu nrmrc a|tceva,
impctriv, ea se |c|csete n cea mai mare msur e toate
pcsi|i|rti|e ace|ui gen e cuncatere care este, e |apt srnguru|
gen e cuncatere \raa r arta se ccncentreat asupra,trrrrr
ccninutu|ui,pentrue|eexpresranuestesccpu||unamenta|crcar
unmrj|cc, e aceeaexpresraeste aprecratcarnmsurancare
ccnuce|aprcucerearnu|accmunicarea)anumitcrccninuturr
xpresransr este rnccmpara|r| mar purn per|ectn a|te
cmenri ec1tn trin, iar trina nu a pretrns nicicat s
n|ccuiascartasauvraa
a spus aesecrr c tirna n cea mar per|ect |crma er,
luncar |rtrca matematic, ra n ccnsrerare car aspecte|e
cantrtativea|eexperreneirneg|rjeatcutctu|aspecte|eca|rtative
kecuncatemnaceastnemu|umrrec|crmaace|eiarccn|utrii
1 64 MORITZ SCHLICK
prejueclmpctrivacreraatre|urts|uptmtcttlmpulca|ltatea
pcate |r ccnsierat4rept cuv1ntu| c|rnurtpentruccnlnut.nm
evrtats|c|csesccuv1ntu|calitate nacestsens ecmececuv1ntu|
pcate s steai a4esecrr chrm stpentru prcprieticare nusunt,
pctrrvitcumc4u|ncstrueavcr|r,c1turepulnccnrnut)nceast
nvinurre a4us trrner nu are mai mu|t justihcare ec1t tcate
ce|e|a|teMetcacantitativ,cmacteritatprrn|c|csrreanumere|cr
nrepretentareastructurrr|cgice,esternmctrveat1tpract|cec1t
r tecretice ce| mai |uninstrumenta|cuncaterri,rartrrna, at1t
c1tepcsr|r|,artre|ur|uatpentruc||c|cseteat1temu|tc1t
este cuputrn Mctrve|etecretice, acpct cars|e menrcnet,
staun|aptu|cnumrarearca|cu|u|suntpcsr|r|eprrnprcucerea
repetatnexperrenauncrevenrmenterentrcesauasemntcare,
i, aacumamahrmat|anceput,tccmaraceastrepetaren|ume
aa.-emntcru|ureste ceacarerepretrnt|atantregii cuncateri
pcsi|r|e.\u exrst |ume,aspectecantrtatrve,n a|maacestcra.se
mnrr,a4jectiv|,cantrtativpcatehap|rcatcarmetcer,nunaturii
nsr,trrnanu,a|egea.specte|ecantrtatrvea|e|ucrurr|crrnuse
g1n4etestreaccuveereaca|rtr|e caicume|enuarexrsta
|mpresraccameniietrrnnuaccr,purisimp|u,atenie
ca|rtr|cr este etermrnat e |aptu| c e c|icei er reuesc s
esccpere structurr spalctempcra|e, care ccrespun1 ntccmar
re|ari|cr ca|rtatrve n acest cat metrrce) pecare |e cerceteatrm
structurr|e sparctempcra|e se supun, ntcteauna, cu uurin
cuantl|icrlr, a4rcescrrerir cuajutcru|numere|cr 0e|martrprc
exemp|uesten|ccurrea,cu|crr|crprrnunesauvi|rarr Mctiv|
pentrucmecasemenean|cculreare|air|crca|rtatrvecustructurr
sparctempcra|eestepcsi|i|stnanumrte|apte|cartegenera|e
a|eexperrenercareauea|acecuceeacesac|lnuitssenumea.sc
,para|e|rsmpsihchtrc,4arnuneccupmarcrcuacestechestrunr.
nst|e|ce|4lnurmargument,ncmecpctiiaintrecantrtate
rca|itaterepretrntcpctrrarntre|crmrccninut,nusecve
eteahmar|unec1ttcatece|e|a|te,caresuntnreptatempctrrva
punctu|ur e veere pctrrvrt crura ntreaga cuncatere este pur
|crma|!entruncrnupcatesexrstenicrcncra|cacestpunct
eveere este ccrect\ei piere ns ceea ce este ce|marrmpcr
tant ac nu veer c1t se pcate e |impee c acest punct e
veerenuimp|icnrciun|e|erenunare, ce|nurestr1nge,n
nrciun|e|,c1mpu|cuncaterrruaceunsumiam|c|csltexpresra
- ,cuncatereaare4ea|acecarcu |crma - cuv1ntu|,carnu
FORM
I CON
INUT. O INTRODUCERE N G
NDIREA FIJ.OSOFIC 1 (S
tre|ure shene|es ca av1n c semnl|rcare restrrctrv, c| este
menrtsrnrcecpctila|aea|teccnceprrcurente!entrun|mlc
n|umenutre|uiesnengulmsg1nrmrchrsrsvcrlrmca
icumn |umearexrstacutr1murr, untr1ma||crmeir un
tr1ma|ccnrnutu|ui,iccarprrmu|arputeas|recuncscut,n
tlmp ce, capacitr|e ncastre e cuncatere ar h, ln pcate, prea
s|alepentruaptrunencmenlu|ccnrnutu|uiast|e|nc1tam|l
ccnamnar,eapururea, sstmt1njrn|apcarta|ur
larhcgreea|lmarmarescreemcpcvtanuesten
mc rrevcca|i| nchrs mrnrr cmeneti, c vraa, arta, re|igia i
meta|rtrca ar h hecare n pcsesra unei cher ce ar eschie ua
pentru cer ce ar puteac gsl i c cv |iata tiin tre|ure s
rm1n venlc pe rna|ar atcrrt metcer ne|errcrte pe care a
acptatc, c metc ce ar |r |carte |un pentru esccperlrea
structuri|crexterrcare,artcta|nepctrrvrtineputrncicasncrice
ncercareeaexprimaccnlnutu||untrrca||ucrurl|cr!rncra|,
c n rea|rtate nu exrst cu asemenea tr1muri a|e |crmei r
ccnrnutu|ur,nuexrstuntresprrtcrntree|einuexistnrci
cpcvt xistcv c srngur |ume, |umeaceaveche e care ne
,lucurm tcttimpu|,arpecareo cunoatem carnmsuran
care exprimm structura sau ordinea ei he e ragu| el, can
tlrna pur, |ie pentru sccpuri practice sau estetice, can vlaa
clrnurt)ecarece ceeacenumim acuncaterepretrntexpresia
acesteicrrni
III. Validitatea cunoa
terii
uupcea c|1nitne|egereapecvespercamc|1nltc
nprime|ecuexpunerr,vahutr|lpcatechivp|cutsexamlnm
une|erntremarr|eprcl|emea|eh|cschertralrcna|e rnpunctu|
eveereacptatnana|rte|encastre\cmhsurprlnisremarcm
c1tena|teste acest punct eveere, in1n seamaescurtrmea
urcuu|urreuurrnapar|crprrncare|amparcurs
\eamn|atpecasemeneacu|mesauce|puln|aunpunct
eveereat1teavantaj csnc1tpentrunciprc||eme|etrarrcna|e
rau prerut, cu tctu|, aspectu| nsprm1nttcr r pct h eprte
|rihcu|tate, er, pcate,ntrunmcneateptat
uespre aanumrte|e prc||eme tilnl|rcese cree, eclicel,
csunt|egatentrunasemenea|e|nc1tacretc|vaiccmp|etuna
srngur,atunclavernace|aitrmprnrcatca|easpresc|ulcnarea
1 66 MORITZ SCHLICK
tuturcrce|cr|a|te0ua|tecuvinte,secreecnh|cscheestenevcie
carecsinguriee|anamenta|carevas|ujrreptcheretuturcr
prc||eme|cr impcrtante precum i tuturcr prc||eme|cr mincre
nceast ccnvingereiaetermrnatpemariig1nrtcrrartrecutu|ur
siccnstruiasch|cschr|en|crmaunuisrstem,ceeacenseamn
unntregccerentncaretcateaevrurr|einrvrua|esentemerat
rsunt |egate |ac|a|tectreunprrncrpru|anamenta|\upcts
mprtescaceastccnvrngere ecvecenupctsacptpentru
mctrve carevcrevenr|carte cur1neviente)ehnrrah|csc|iei
pecaresentemeiatea,cutcateacestea,rm1neaevru|pctrivrt
cruiaenatceveiuce,ntraevr,p1n|acapt,cuper|ect
c|aritate, unarntreaanumite|eprc||emeh|cschcearrsprvrtcu
tcatenst|e|pentruaveeacumsuntispuseacesteprc||emein
punctu| ncstru eveerevahsu|rcrentsneccncentrmatenia
asupra unera rntre marr|e ntre|ri, iar eu prcpun s a|egem
prc||emava|irtricuncaterrr.
nceast prc||em ccnstrture punctu| centra| a| |i|csc|rei |ui
Kant,e|acretutcagsrtchiaraicrcheractrene|egereau|tim
a|umiiexperienei
Kantaccnsieratreptcuncatererea|,autenticcarace|e
juecrcareauva|iitateabsolut aicsuntcuncscutecaaevrate
criune i crrc1n nceste jueci treluie s he va|ie a pricrr,
arc e|e nu se pctsprijinipe experienecarecec juecat ce
exprrm un |apt in experien este, prrn ehnrre, va|r car
atcritacestur|aptpvtrcu|arrnuputemtiacva|iaevrat
ipentru|apte|eina|tetrmpurrsaurna|te|ccuric1tvremepe
acesteanu|ecuncatemprrnexperienKanta|cutlrnernsrst1n
ctermenu|aprrcrrnutre|uiene|esnsens psihc|cgic, cr |cgrc
cuacestecuvrnte,cju4ecatapricrrnuesteunaprcusn minte
|rvrecexperienanterrcarevrentacest|ucrunusent1mp|
nicicat,iaracsent1mp|juecatanuvputea,c1tuiepuin,
sheva|i),ciesteunaa|crerader nuse|ateatpeexperren,
eanuvaaparena|araexperrenei,arnurerrvva|iitatearn
ea ' uistrncrantre a prrcriu| psihc|cgrc r|cgrc, ntre genetar
ntemerereauneijueci,nua|cst|cutcusu|icrentc|arrtatee
ctrepreecescrri|uiKant, necse|r ectrelcc|eiume, ar
ea este |cvte uti| pentru a evita ccn|atii
(
n crrce iscuie cu
7 Dimpotriv, o judecat a posteriori i datoreaz validitatea experienei pur
i simplu, deoarece ea nu este dect exprimarea unui fapt al experienei.
FORM
I CONINUT. O INRODUCERE N G
DIREA FILOSOFIC 1 67
prrvrrelava|rrtateajueci|crestepctrrvrts|c|csrmtermrnc|cgra
|uiKant, ecarece cuajutcru| eiesteucrsexprrmm i|erite|e
preripcsili|eisenunm prcprru|ncstru puncteveere
stenecesarsamrntesccar|inecuncscutarstrncreintre
juecr|e sintetrce r ana|rtice. !rime|e sunt juecr, care, ac
suntaevrate ccnrniccmunice|apt cuncatere cuprrvrre|a
|ume,ce|ernurmsuntceeaceamnumittautc|cgrr,simp|e|crme
gca|e care nu ccmunrc nrcr c in|crmare cu prrvrre |a rea|rtate,
Kant a vtut hrete c1t se pcate e |rmpe4e acest |ucru), tcate
juecr|e ana|rtrce tre|ure s he a prrcrr va|irtatea tautc|cgrer
estecutctu|rnepen4enteexperrenecareceeanuse|ateat
ec1tpee|inirr|eccncepte|crcerntervrnnea,eexemp|u, ac
am deinit cp|anetcaunccrpceresccesemrcnjuru|scare|ur,
va|rrtateajuecii,tcatep|anete|esemrcnjuru|scare|ureste
sigur, ea nu trelure s nu pcate |i sta|i|rt prrn experien,
experrenanu c pcate respinge, cciacesccprcunanumrt
ccrp ceresc nu se micn juru| scare|ui nu| pct numr p|anet
ecarece,amccnvenitprrnehniiesnu|ac)arastaetct.Kant
arecuncscutcce|e maimu|tejuecrsinteticesunta pcstericrr
aracesteanu|auiateresat,e|acretutcexrstrjuecismtetrce
caresuntaevraten mcnecesariuniversa|, cua|te cuvrnte a
pricri, i a ccnsrerat c aevrurr|e |anamenta|e a|e trine|cr
naturiiitcatejueci|ematematicirsunteacest|e|.
| avtut |rmpee impcrtanaecse|itaacesterprcl|eme
acamitercjuecatsrnteticapricrrsunterraicna|ist, ei
Kantnuaaerat|aaceastenumire),acnu,sunteiunempirrst,
ce|ecuh|cschrsuntrametra|cpuserarntree|enuestepcsrli|
nicrcne|egere!unctu|eveerea||urKantnu|empac, aa
cumacretut,ci estecsc|uien esenrarcna|ist)
0cnc|utri|e ce retu|t in prrme|e cu expunerr |ac s he
alsc|utrmpcsr|r| pentru ncisacceptmuna|tpunct e veere
ec1tce|emprrrst0uncaterea,aacumamvtutesteexprrmarea
unur ncu |apt cu ajutcru| termenr|cr vechr, ea este |atat pe c
recunoatere ae|emente|crccnstrtutive a|e|aptu|ur !raceast
recuncaterenuexistcuncatere, rareanuprecede carcunca
terea,ciccnstrturelataei|cgic,hrnrteattemeiu|va|rrtrrsa|e
uar,evrent,acestprccesreprezint ceea ce n mc c|inurtse
numete ,experren 0e a|tcevaamputeaavea, care,nveere
criec1tecri|c|csimcuv1ntu|,experienacnuaceastprrm
actrvrtaterrem|tatu|er),ceaprrncarerecuncatemmaterra|prrmar
1 68 MORITZ SCHLICK
caresepretrnte|nsuirrmnume|epctr|vrteMaterra|u|este
antericr|aetctceputemspuneespree|- cua|t|e|arputea
e|f nunu|pctrrvitcrurantreagacuncatereesteemprrrceste
e|nsurcsrmp|tautc|cgie- aceastc|servarenevamprercae
|aahpream1nrr eemprrrsmu|ncstru
!e e a|tparte, rarcna|rsmu| nu este un pcsrlr| punct e
veere care sent1mp| she |a|s r care este esccperrtcahrn
greit upc examrnmeatentararunircmenetr )r are|arerer
cu|umea- nu,e|estepurrsrmp|uunu|ccntrarctcrru
0juecatsrntetrcapricrrarhcjuecatcareexprrmun
|apt|ra|r 4epenent e ace||apt- arc cevace ccntratrce
esena expresrer. ste |rne cuncscut cum ancercatKantsevrte
acestncnsense|asusrnutc|apte|esuntepenenteejueci
ce|purn|aaceasta4uceccncepra|ui)- unparacxceapututh
|cutsparvercsrm|carupcentreagasrtuarea|cstntunecat
e mu|t ccn|utre ste |carte rnstructivsurmm ca|ea ccc|ita
g1nirri|urKant, ar, nuavem timp sne cu|unmn crrtrcism
njunge s su||inrem c, up cum spune Kant nsui, existena
juecr|crsintetrceapricritre|uiesparenecretutunerminr
|i|ereeprejueci.0utcateacesteae|acretutcexrstenarea|
ntrrnrnmatematrcauncrasemeneajuecrnuarputeah
negat,aceste4rscrp|rnepreaushep|ineejueci- eexemp|u,
prrncrpiu| cauta|itri r axicme|e euc|rrene - a crcr va|iitate
a|sc|ut nu puteashe pus, n mcserics,|ancia|, e aceea
Kantsacretutccnhuntatcuntre|mea,ncestejuecrrncre4i|r|e
sent1|nesc,e|apt,nce|emarrrgurcasetrrne- cum,care,sunt
e|enspcsr|r|e!
0um tre|ure, cme, exp|rcatcavem cuncatere,cuncatere
va|rnmcnecesmia|sc|ut- cuprivrre|a|apteesprecarenu
amavtnrcicexperren!cumputemncr,care,shmsrgurrcun
evenrmentcmesent1mp|m1rnesaupestecsuteanrvaavea
c caut! sau c apte c|recte i cincr c|iecte, atuncr c1n sunt
numratepecp|anetnecuncscut,neprtatvcr|acempreun
cuspretece c|recte! - 0uncatei cntreagaCritc a raiunii
pure csteercatretc|vriracesteiprc||emeuar,vai'nuexistc
asemenea prc||em, ccr nu exrst juecr srntetrce a rrcrr n
8 n englez se face distincia ntre matematici i tiin, ultimul termen find
utilizat pentru a desemna doar cunoaterea despre fapte, tiinele naturii i
tiinele sociale (n.t.).
FORM
I CON
I CON
trral nrra|ap|anete|cr,
alsena r n||uene|cr perturlatcare etc) Ln sceptrc ar putea s
c|rectetec,nprrncrpru,eecu|astrcncmu|ularputea|rexp|rcatn
cu |e|urr (1) pr|n rpctete neccrespunttcare, !) prrn |cgrc
neccrespunttcare n cuaexp|lcale este, nsimposibil. ase
|ateat pe greea|a tanamenta| pctrrvrt crera ca|cu|u| aaug
cevarpcteter, rar retu|tatu| ca|cu|u|ur este prcusu| a c| |actcrr.
presupctrrr|e rnrra|e l eucla|cgrc uar |ucrurr|e nu stau aa
urmpctrlv,estec|arcexclusiv |pctete|elnlla|eetermlnpct|la
p|aneter,eucrasauca|cu|u|nupct|rpr|vrteca|ntrcuc1nrept
cncurpctetva|rrtatea|cgrcrrc|rnultecarearputea||asrgurat
1 72 MORITZ SCHLCK
sau nu \u, presupctrrapctrlvlt creramrcarea p|aneter urmeat
anamlte|egretceste presupctrrapctrlvltcrelap|anetavaaveac
anumrt pctrre |a un mcment at r |rrete) a|te pctrrrn a|te
mcmente, |egea mrcrrr nu este ec1t un mc prescurtat e a
spune c p|anetava avea c anumrt serre e pctrrrnmcmente
precrse, eanutre|ulenss|renmcgrertne|eascaun|e|
ecrrnecucaracterrmperatrvatenaturpctrlvltcrerap|aneta
tre|ure ssemltersevamrcapeccr|rtpresta|r|rt 0 ,|ege
natura| este c |crmu| care descrie, ea nuprescrie. 0a|cu|u|
matematrc, prrncarepctrrapretentap|aneteleste,eus rn
|egea genera|, nu |ace nrmrc a|tcevaec1taratc juecata cu
prrvrre|a|ccu| exacta|p|anetereste ccnrnutejan|ege,cua|te
cuvrnte, juecatanu este un retu|tat a| |egrl r a| |cgrcrr, cr |egea
esteunmcprescurtateaasertaunnumrne|rmltatejuecr
Lnarntreacesteaestea|easrastaetct.nst|e|,acseccnstat
prrnc|servareccasemeneajuecateste|a|s,acea -tacveete
c|egeaeste|a|sceeacenuarenrmrc ea|acecu |cgrca
1re|ures|reacumc|arcva|rrtatea|cgrcrrramatematrcrr)
n |ume nu presupune nrmrc cu prrvrre |a |ume nrcr ce| purn c
,rarcna|rtate a er sau crlcum ar |r numlt anu are nrmrc ea
|acecunrcr una rntre prcprretr|eunrversu|ur, easerntereseat,
careexprrmarea|apte|crprrnjuecrarcprrna|te|apte)r
mara|escuechrva|enar|errte|crexpresrr\uexrstccnrrrpentru
va|rrtatea|cgrclr
!catecartre|ursspun,ntreact,cexist anumrteccnrrr
a|epcsr|r|rtrreavcr|lespre |umengenere aracea staeste
c chestrune cu tctu| l|errt. !entru a |c|csl |lm|aju| tre|ule s
exrste un prr|ej pentru a ntre|urna cuvrnte sau echrva|entu|
cuvrnte|cr), rar acestprr|ej nuexrst acnuexlstasemnrrn
|ume, ccr ac hecare c|rect sau evenrment se prcuce car c
srnguratnarmaraveanrcrunrcstsrmunnume ecarece
nume|enuarmarputea|r|c|csrtnrcrcatue|apt, nuarexlstac
srngur|ume, crrc1t e schrm|tcare, cl ar apare mereu |umr ncr
carenuaunrmrcea|aceunacua|ta\uarexrstanlcrcpcsr|l|rtate
lnrcrc necesrtate e aexprrma cevarnuam putea pune nrcr c
ntre|are ue nat, ns, ce putem s punem ntre|rr exrst
pcsl|rtateaexprrmrlrrexrst|cglc.stechrarne|tcrsvcr|lm
espre,va|rrtatea|cgrcrr,cutcatecam|cutceragu|argumen
tu|ur, ccr c |cgrcneva|rnuar mar h|cgrc, ar|runncnsens
FORM I CONINUT. O INTRODUCERE
N G
NDIREA FILOSOFIC 1 73
(
nccat,|umeanuputea|r|cgrcsaurrarcna| a -emenea
expreslrna suntec1tscutea|eunerh|csc|rr|rva|care0rrcum
arhunrversu|,ncr|putemescrreprrnjuecradevrate. Lumea
ccnst rn|apte, |apte|e au c structur rar juecr|e ncastre vcr
escrre ccrect|apte|e, vcr|r adevrate acau aceearstructur
(
n acestmcsrmp|utre|uresmc exp|rcare ncrunrr e
aevr, nu exrst mu|t mar mu|t e spus espre e| !r|csc|rr mar
vechrauavutntrutctu|reptatec1n au a|rrmatcaevru|este
un|e|e coresponden ntrej uecatrceeaceestejuecat, cu
tcate ca|cstrmpcsr|r|pentruersrecuncascnaturaccrespcn
ener, careesterentrtateae structur.
xpresra, rentrtateestructurnutre|ures|rernterpretat
grert 01nexrst, e exemp|u, un rne| aetat pec carte, acesta
este un|aptecse|rte ccmp|rcatntrc naturn care se pcate
rscerneunnumrne|rmrtateamnunteexrstnenumrate|e|urr
r|errten care un rne| pcate s |re aetat pe c carte, am1ncu
c|recte|e pctsar|nenumrate |crme r|errte rpctsse a||e
ntrunnumrmareeccnrrr|rtrcer|errte\useraseama|anrcr
unarntre acestepcsr|r|rtrnsrmp|u|enunpctrrvrtcrurarne|u|
esteaetatpecartestructuracare esterepretentantnjuecat
estecarc srngurtrstura|aptu|ur.1cate |apte|er exrstc
rnhnrtate) care au n ccmun aceast trstur vcr |ace juecata
aevrat.
I CON
u
pec |arhrrerc, prln urmare, cartea nu este aetatperne| | n
catu|cuncaterrrrea|esauaaevru|urmaterra|,pecaretccmar
|amexamrnat, estemarnt1rnecesarsgsrmsemnr|rcarajuecarr
ceea ce este ace|ar |ucru cu a gsr ca|ea verrhcrrl er) r apcr
putemsveemacesteaevratsaunu.01navemea|ace
ns cu juectr ana|rtrce sau tautc|cgrr, ceea ce ccnstrture catu|
aevru|ur |cra|, prc||ema este mu|t mar srmp|
(
n acest cat,
ne|egereasemnrhcarer r verr|rcareanu sunt cu prccese care
urmeatunu|upa|tu|,exrstcarunsrngur prccescareccn|er
at1t semnr |rcale c1t r aevr 0cr ac cuncsc semnr|rcara
juecrr,cuncscr|aptu|cestetautc|cgrcr,prrnurmare,truc
este a
evrat
nceastarspune anumrtcr argumentesceptrce care, au |cst
prcuseunecrrmpctrlvajuecr|crana|rtrce.aspus c mrntea
cmu|uresteat1tes|a|nc1tnupcateshesrgurnrcrchrare
aevru|tautc|cgri|cr 0crcrrc1tescurtar|rprccesu|prrn care
FORM
I CON
INUT. O INTRODUCERE
N GNDIREA FILOSOFIC 1 77
mccnvrngeaevru|unurenuntautc|cgrc nuvatre|ur,care,
srnmrntesemnrhcaraexactatermenr|crceaparne|r|egtura
rntreel?\utre|urecare,sneamrntrmtcateehnlrr|ermp|rcate?
I CON
INUT. O INTRODUCERE
N G
DIREA FILOSOFIC 1 79
ntcteaunanatereunurrrencresccperrrr, ecarecee|etre|ure
sar|unanumrttemer pecare suntem crnrcrs|gsrm arc
actcatejuecr|esrntetrcesuntenunurremprrrceespre|apte,
ncrcercetm,purrsrmp|u,caute|er|egr|eacestul|apt),armarr|e
aevrurra|e,|encmenc|cgrerparsheu|trme,rncapa|r|esprr
measccexp|rcarereaceea- npc|ra|aptu|urcusser|a|rrm
ccntrarru|- nurepretrnthnamentu|unertlrnenprcgresncesta
esteuna|ttemerpentrucaresuntemccnvrnrcasemeneajuecr
nupctnnrcr un chrp s ar| trsturae a|r,materra| aprrcrr.
uupce|espusemarnarnte,esteucrsesccperrmgreea|a
|unamenta|a acestur trp e|r |csc|re pe caretccmaramcrrtr
catc)steesrgura|sc|utaevratcnuexrstnrcrccu|carecare
snuar|unspectrue nuane,checaresunettre|uresar|c
n|rme,cpcrtcca|ru|ser1nurete,nmcnecesar,ntrega||en
rrcu,cace|arpunctrnc1mpu|ncstruvrtua|nupcatehrrcu
rverenace|artrmpraamarepartencesteaevrurrsuntn
mcsrguraprrcrr, nrcrcexperrennu|epcateccntratrce - ar
acaastau |ucrurr|e, atuncrce ra |cut pecamenrs crea c
suntaevrurr srntetrce r cexprrm,cuncatererea|? 0re c
a|cstaceeargreea|carera|cutscreacauea|acecuun
aprrcrr,materra|,ererauslgurrca serrunr|e|crexprrmauaevrata
natursauesenaccnrnutu|urcu|crr|crsausunete|cresprecare
vcr|eau )uecata ,, 0 supra|a nu pcate |l r rcre r vere n
ace|ar trmp r |cc nu ne spune nrmrc espre ccnrnutu| cu|crrr
,rcusau,vere,atcrrttemerurr|crpretentatenprlmaexpunere
rcarenutre|urere|uatearcl|lrncsuntpeep|rn genera|ejue
catanuestea|tcevaec1tctautc|cgrecareneetv|uremcu|sau
|crma)ncare sunt |c|csrr termenrr ,rcur ,vere lnccmpatr
|r|rtatearntre acetrase atcreatnu unurantagcnrsmmrsterrcs
ntrecuesenerea|esauntrecu|e|urreccnrnut,crstructurrr
rnterne a ce|cr cu ccncepte ,rcu r ,vere. 0 supra|a nu
pcate|r rrcre|verenace|artrmpexactpentruace|armctrv
pentrucareuncmna|tnupcate|rlscunnace|artrmp.\rmen|
nusepcateg1nrnmcserrcscexprrma|tcevaec1tceamar
s|mp|tautc|cgreatuncrc1nnespunecuncmcarearen|rmea
easeprcrcarenuare, prrnurmare,n|rmeaepatruprcrcarer
jumtate ncest|ucru este cuncscuta prrcrr, a|c|raape|a|a
experrenrncrnu|vcmccnsreracapeunenuncareccmunrc
cuncatereespre esena,cmu|ui'sauchrarespre,|ungrme '
1 80 MORIZ SCHLICK
rn,ecprc||emcerneeregu|rgramatr
a|e
n acest cat regu|aeste etv|urt e |c|csrreaartrcc|u|ur hctr1t
saunehctr1t, tre|uresspunem ,n|rmeac|rrrr mprre tate
ul|rngeste e i !70eprcrcare,|c|csrnartrcc|u| hctr1t), nu
putemsspunemcacestnumrrnrccn|trmeac|lrrr|c|csrn
artrcc|u| nehctr1t) n ace|ar |e| putem s
I CON
INUT. O INTRODUCERE N G
DIREA FILOSOFIC 1 81
tcarepentruprcgresu|cuncaterrrtrrnrhce,c r rmpctrrv,|ajut
pecmu|etrrnsnu he cgmatrc,smanr|esteeschrere|a
erer|encr,rarrmpcsr|r|rtateaeagsrccva|cgrcava|rrtrr
genera|ea|egr|cr|urnutre|urestruncrnernutruncrnc1tur
e purn crerna|ur practrccescrrerearexp|rcarapecare|e
|umrrc|1nescpemsurcetrecetrmpu|rncencemarmu|t
acuratee,evrnrncencemarccmp|ete,rarcuncatereasaevrne
rncencemarunicat prrnreucereaccntr nuanumru|ure
srm|c|urr necesare escrrerrr, art1n ast|e| c |umea este un
aevratunrvers0ercesuntcuaevratstp1nrresprrrtu|trrnel
au prctestat mereu mpctrrva cuncscuter acutarr ause trrner,
pctrrvrtcreraaceastaarhschrm|tcarerrnsta|r|atcrrt|aptu|ur
crenun|avechr|eertecrrrsprea|en|ccurcua|te|encrnevru|
estenscnrcrc tecrre care a|cst,ngenere, verrhcat e expe
rrennu a |cst, nntregrme, rsturnat, 4rmpctrrv, caru| su
esenra|,prrncareesteexprrmatstructuranaturrra|cstntct4eauna
rntegratnncr|etecrrr, srngure|e schrm|rrccnst1nn augarea
uncrncreta|rrcarepermrtaprcxrmrrmar|unerna|ancnarea
r|ustrrr|crrnturtrvene|tcarecarenurepretrntcparteatecrrer,
cr servesc car |an|esnlreane|egerrr r |c|csrrrr tecrrer respec
trvestehresccaacester|ustrrrneesenra|espar|cartermpcr
tantepentruunnecuncsctcr,acest|ucruexp|rcreprcurr|enerepte
ausetrrner)
\a|rrtatea cuncaterrr pcate h crrtrcat 4car 4e c mrnte cu
pregtrre trrnr|rc 0rrce pcate s he spus mpctrrva va|rrtrr
juecr|crtrrnrhcegenera|e,caeexemp|ua|egr|crhtrcrrrpcate
shespuscumu|tmarmu|tnreptrrempctrrvacrrcrcraserrunr
rn crrce a|t cmenru a| vrerr r actrvrtrr umane )uecr|e
|anamenta|esesprrjrnpec|atmu|tmar|argeexperrmente
ec1tcrrcarerntreccnvrngerr|esusrnutece|marputemrcnvraa
e hecare tr
(
n aceste ccnrrr, nrmenr nu ar tre|ur srcsteasc
cuvrnte e|rmtcare |aaresacuncaterrrtrrnr|rce - nrcrmcar
cmu|etrrn
uaccrrceh|csc|arputea|tetamgrteana|rta|cuteca
receatre|urtsnegmpcsr|r|rtateacuncaterrr autentrce aprrcrr,
e|vagsrcccmpensaren|aptu|c,nce|eceurmeatvcmcerceta
ntrnereacuncaterrrn|ccu|va|irtrrer0ermarmu|rh|cschau
a|rrmat cu regret c ne|egerea uman, crrc1t 4e e|rcrent sar
puteacvereananumrte 4cmenrr,estecu tctu|rnccmpetentn
a|te|e, cntrn4ereacuncaterrr este restr1ns|aanumrteprr r
l R2 MORITZ SCHLICK
pectea|e|umrr,ntrmpcea|teprrraspecterm1n4eapururea
4rncc|c 4e capacrtateaer4e cuprrnere.xrstanumrte|rmrtepe
carecunrcrunchrpeanu|epcate4eprurncc|ceaceste|rmrte
se a|| lnccgncscr|r|u| care nu pcate |t ptruns nrcr cu ajutcru|
rarunrrrnrcrcuce|a|srmurr|cr
aceast ccncepre este susrnut e ctre cc|r|e e g1n4rre
4e4r|erItecrrentrr,cgsrm|aemprrrtr, caer|ertpencer,care
cre4enexrstena\ecuncscutu|uirncc|cecmenru|experrener,
4cmenru4escrrscahrn4caruncc|saucsecrunea|umrr|acare
estenmc4ehnrtrv|rmrtattcatcuncatereancastr0gsrmr
prrntrerarcna|rtr,care au ceamarmarencre4eren rarune, ca
4eexemp|u,|aprncta,e|spunecuumneteur4entrccu\aturaare
un numr rnhnrt 4e atrr|ute, 4ar 4car 4cu 4rntre acesteapct h
cuncscute 4e ctre cm, e| nu pcate s tre nrmrc 4espre restu|
nemrgrnrt. 0 gsrm, 4e asemenea,nh|csc|ra,crrtrca|urKant,
pentru care cuncaterea cmu|ur este |rmrtat |a |encmene, |a
aparene,ntrmpce|ucrurr|ensrnea|ecrcraparene|ecunc)tem
nesunta|sc|utrnaccesr|rIe,4ecareceat1traruneac1trsrmurr|e
nctre suntngrrte 4etr4urr4e netrecut.
ncumeucrectre|ures|tmcu tcrre accr4|rnrcrun
|e| e rernerrc nu putem cuncate tctu| \uv pctspune cum
arat partea cpus a |unrr r este chrar pcsr|r| ca nrcr c |rrn
cmeneascsnuccuncascvrec4at\rcrunrstcrrcnutre,4up
c1tmrauseama,|acecrsanscutccrateresteaprcapesrgur
c acest |ucru nu va |r a||at4e nrmenr, nrcrc4at !rrn urmare
exrstnmcsrgur|rmrtea|ecuncaterrrcmu|ur.
epcate,ns, c|servarme4ratc|rmrtecace|emenrcnate
sunteun|e|4rIerrt4ece|ecarejcacunrc|rmpcrtantnsrsteme|e
|t|csc|rce. |e sunt, s spunem aa, mar purn serrcase r nu|
rntereseatpeh|csc|, cutcatectre|ure s|e amrtexrstena.
ue|apt, este necesars|acemarcrc rstrncre |carte rmpcr
tantxrstcugenurrtcta|4r|errtea|ermpcsr|r|rtrreacuncate
crmpcsr|r|rtate|cgrcrunaaccrenta|sau|actua|Inh|csc|ra|ur
Kant, e exemp|u, este |cgrc a|sc|utrmpcsr|r| pentrune|egerea
uman s c|1neasc cuncaterea ,|ucrurr|cr n srne, aceasta
nseamnceaeste e neccnceput, mctrvpentrucarenuputem
nrcr sescrrem ce ar|rtre|urt s se |acpentru a ajunge |a c
asemeneacuncatere metahtrc rnrcr sne rmagrnm c hrnn
stare4eaacevaerKantacretutcarputeaescrrecemenea
|rrn spun1n c aceasta ar tre|ur s he ntestrat cu ,lnturre
FORM
I CON
INUT. O INTRODUCERE N G
NDIREA FILOSOFIC 1 83
rnte|ectua| - ceeaceestecccntrarcreecarece,|c|csrntermr
nc|cgrancastr,rnte|ectu|are ea |acecu |crma, pe c1nrnturra
areea|acecu ccnrnutu|)
}
n acestcatcuncaterea|ucrurr|crn
srnevahnprrncrprurmpcsr|r|
|mpcsr|r|rtateacuncaterrrprrrnevtutea|unrrsaucrere
natere a |ur ccrate are un caracter cu tctu| r|errt a nu se
atcreatunurprrncrpru,cruncrmprejurrrnt1mp|tcarereste,
prrnurmare,enaturpractrcsautehnrc,nu|cgrc
trmnmc
exactcear|ttre|urtssent1mp|eacamhvrutsa||mcra|a
care sa nscut ccrate, ar h tre|urt s gsrm un paprrus sau c
rnscrrpre veche care s ne |urnrtetec 4escrrereprecrsr 4emn
4e cretare aevenrmentu|ur, r este cnt1mp|are ne|errcrtcrn
c1te se tre, un xemenea4ccumentnu exrst. uar e| arputeas
exrste, putem,cu uurrn, snr|rmagrnm, ceeacensemn c
estenumaro ntmplare cnegsrmnrmpcsr|r|rtateacunc)terrr
acestur |apt, rmpcsr|r|rtateaeste c ccnsecrn a uncrmprejurrr
nt1mp|tcare,rnuansrnaturrrcuncaterrr
}
nmcasemntcr,
nunt1mprnmnrcrc rhcu|taten escrrereamprejurrr|crcve
nearapcsr|r|rtateascunc)temparteacpusa|unrrartre|ur,
pur r srmp|u s rnventm un mrj|cc cu ajutcru| cruras |acem
ccc|u||unrr r s c c|servm e nt1mp| c acest |ucru este n
pretentrmpcsr|r|rnpuncteveere tehnrc, arsarputeasnu
he aan vrrtcr, ch|ar ac amh srgurr chrne|e umane nu vcr
reur nrcrcat s c|tcreascn juru| |unrr, tct nu am puteas
spunemccasemeneac|tcrrearheneccnceput,raracestaeste
un temer su|rcrent pentru a ec| aracuncatereaprrr ascunse a
|unrrreptcevarmpcsr|r|nmc4practrc,arnunmca|sc|ut.ncest
|ucru rm1ne aevratr4acar exrstac|ege anaturrrcaresne
mprercepentrutct4eaunas|acemcc|tcrreepep|anetancastr
pesate|rtu|er, |egr|enaturrrarputeahr|errterne putemrmagrna
ce|esarschrm|an)a|e|nc1tam puteaspune ceartre|urs
|acem rcare artre|urshe capacrtr|e ncastre htrce r menta|e
accrrmsne |ucurme veereasupra|eerascunsea|unrr
1re|ureaaarsamrtemc|amajcrrtateantre|rr|crcare
pcthpusecuprrvrre|a|umenusepcaterspuneacum,cuncaterea
ncastreste|rmrtat 0u tcate ceapcate h|rmrtat,chrarpentru
tcteauna, ac|rmite|esuntegenu|ce|crpecare |eamescrrs,
e|enusunt,a|sc|ute,e|epcth,npretentrnsurmcnta|r|e,are|e
nu|ne|rnrtescpehcsc|,c1n4rrcsteteignorbimu-ul e|aserteat
c rmpcsr|r|rtate absolut e a cunc)te, spune c exrst anumrte
1 84 MORITZ SCHLICK
4cmenrr a|e cuncaterrr care suntpentru totdeauna rnaccesr|r|e
ne|egerrrcmu|ur.
!unctu|4eveerepentrucarep|eetestenmcstrrctcpus
tuturcr |r|csc|rr|cr care cre c exrst c |rmrtare esenral a
cuncaterrr, ntrun tr1m a| !rrner care este, n prrnc|p|u
rnccgncscr|r|.xrstcmu|rmee|ucrurrcarenesuntascunse,ar
nrcr unu| care s nu pcat |r sccs |a rvea| 1ct ceea ce nu trm
acum, pcate |t cuncscut, ce| purn n prrncrpru, nu exrst un
ignorbimu a|sc|ut,cutcatecexrstnenumratecaturreignor
mu, ntnderea cunoati posibile nu are granie, nrcrcntre|are
nuesten mod necesar |rrspuns pentru mrnteacmu|ur
!entruacveracestenunnu estenecesarcargumentare
e|a|crat,catctceeacesaspus p1nacum,racestaestecsrmp|
ccnsecrnaehnrrercuncater|r,cua|tecuvrnte,e|estetautc|cgrc,
cua|tecuvrnte, aserruneapctrrvrtcreraexrstgranrernsurmcn
ta|r|e care |rmrteatn mc4necesar cuncaterea cmu|ur nu este
|a|s,crestecccntra4rcre|rsens \eputemccnvrngecuuurrn
4e acest |ucru revt1n4ntreagasrtuarecare a generat 4cctrrna
agncstrc aaevrurr|cretern ascunse
uac|ntre|mpeh|csc|a|agncstrcececreenexrstena
unerrea|rtrcare nupcate h cuncscut nrcrcatresten acest
sens,transcenent,e|varspuneceuceaceastccnvrngere
4rn experren | spune c, pentru ane|ege |umea experrener
hern1nseamaee|emente|eaprrcrrpecarepares|eccnrn,
he rn1n4ccnt4e caracteru|erhagmentar,nesatrs|ctcr)tre|ure
s asume exrstena uncr entrti metahtrce ,rncc|c e |apte|e
emprrrce nceste |apte rnrccevarncc|ce experren, ncrtrm
c rnrccevaar nu putem strm ce este ace| cevape care |
rnrc !e scurt, ne ccnhuntm arcr cu vechru| ua|rsm a| |aturrr
|encmena|esaua|aparene|cr,peecparte,ra||ucrurr|crnsrne
saua|rea|rtrr, peea|tparte,rarcctrrnaagncstrcsusrne c
u|trme|evcrrm1nepentrutcteaunaascunsemrnrrncastre
steuscrsesccperrmcaresuntpuncte|e s|a|ea|eacestcr
puncteev4ere
(
nprrmu|r1n, e|esesprrjrnpeccn|atrantre
cuncatererrnturre,careestecautauncrgree|rtrprcenh|csc|re
0crcaracterrstrcaprrncrpa| a ceea ce este numrt ,aparen sau
|encmen este nemrj|ccrrea, |aptu| c este at rnturtrv, c este
ccnrnutrat1tatrmpc1tcrnevacreecceeacenumrmcuncatere
ccnstnpretenasaunexprrmareaccnrnutu|ur,tre|uressusrn
ccar,|encmene|epcthcuncscute
FORM I CONINUT. O INTRODUCERE N G
NDIREA FILOSOFIC 1 85
\utre|ulespreremnrcr uncuv1ntespreaceastgreea|
hnamenta|,pentruncrnupcateexrstanrcrcncra|cpretena
ccnrnutu|ur nu repretrnt nrcr ce| mar mrc mctrv pentru care
,|encmenu|artre|urshemar|rnecuncscutec1t|ucru|nsrne
al crur ccnrnut nu ne este at 0uncaterea |encmenu|ur este
cevacutctu|r|errternturreaccntrnutu|ursu
(
n a| cr|ear1n, este c ccn
I CON
INUT. O INTRODUCERE N G
NDIREA FILOSOFIC I R7
anumrt|e|, rar crrce rn|erenevcmputea|cecuprrvrre|acutrer
|accnrnutu| su e|e tcatevcr ccnuce |aprccesehtrcesau|apte
emprrrce r nu |a ceva ,erncc|c, |aentrtrmeta|rtrce.
Merrtsc|servm cargumente|e carecveescexrstena
entrtr|crhtrce, caatcmrisau e|ectrcnrr, au exactaceearnatur
ca ace|ea care ne |ac s creem c n cutra care tngne sunt
pretre.0hraratuncrc1nncutrenusuntpretre,htrcranu|c|serv
anumrtesrmptcmecare||acsa|trmecnuestegca|crp|rncu
aer, c aeru| este a|cturt rn mc|ecu|e a. m . \u spunem, este
aevrat,c,percepemmc|ecu|e|enace|)r|e|ncarepercepem
pretre|e, cu tcate acesteaverr|rcareaexrstener atcmr|cr sau a|tcr
entrtrhtrcenur|erntrunmc|anamenta|ecatu|c|recte|cr
vrtr|r|e sau tangr|r|e r nrcr nu ar h ccrect s a|rrmm c |anu|
argumentu|urestemar|ungntruncatrmarscurtnce||a|tntcmrr
sunt, aaar, entrtr emprrrce, car pretre|e, r|a|e|e rea|e ue
|apt, htrcranu| e nreptrt s spun c ,pratr nu este a|tceva
ec1tunnume pentru unccmp|ex e atcmr r nucunc)temmar
mu|teesprepretreec1tespreatcmrr4rncaree|esuntccmpuse
ncester|ustrrrnearatcpresupusatrantrree| acaparen
cuncscut |ac rea|rtate necuncscutnu este ec1t trantrrae |a
un|aptemprrrc|aa|tu|,am|e|e|apte put1n4h cuncscute |a|e|e
|rne|arceeaceretu|trept evrent rn aceste exemp|e este un
catpartrcu|ar a| uner rer margenera|e|a|e| cumncatu|escrrs
nuarenrcr unsens svcr|rm espre atcmracernuar h |apte
emprrrce 4espre care s putem |ace c mu|trturne e aserrunr
verrhca|r|e, |a|e|nu are sens c prcpctrre care vcr|ete espre
cevarn|umeca|rrncevaa|sc|utrnccgncscr|r|,respectrvrncc|c
ecrrceexperrenpcsr|r|
0rrcejuecateste,n esen, verr|rca|r|. ncestaestentrc
|crmu|are ccncrsprrncrpru| |anamenta| a| h|csc|rrr, n ce|e ce
urmeatvcm|acetctpcsr|r|u|se|ucrmacest|ucru
0rrec1tecrra|rrmmcevatre|ure,ce|purnnprrncrpru,s
hm nstaresspunem cum pcate h verr|rcataevru| ahrmarer
ncastre,a|tmrnterrnu trmesprecevcr|rm,cuvrnte|encastrenu
se ccnstrture ntrc aevrat juecat, sunt car tgcmcte |r
semnrhcarencest|ucrutre|uresheamrsecrrcrnesentrea|
nmcsrncerrcurrjcumevineccntrente semnrhcarauner
juecr)0ecrrterruavempetruaneaseamaacne|esu|uner
prcpctrrra|cstprrns?0umne putem asrgura, 4e exemp|u,cun
e|evane|esc|arsensu|unerjuecrpecarencercmsrcexp|rcm?
I RR MORITZ SCHLICK
xrst un srngur rspuns r anume acesta c perscan tre
care este semnrhcara uner juecr ac este capa|r| s rnrce
exactcrrcumstane|encareaceastaarputeahaevratrs|e
ecse|easc e crrcumstane|e care ar |acec |a|s) ncesta este
mcu|ncaresunt|egateaevru|rsemnrhcaraccrestec|arc
e|e tre|ure she |egate ntrun anumrt |e|) n rn4rcasemnr|rcara
uner juecrr arnrcacare este mcu|n care eaesteverrhcat
repretrntprcceee rentrce
!recarejuecatpcatehprrvrtca|rrnunrspuns|acntre
|aresau acntre|areaestegrea)casc|ureaunerprc||eme0
prcpctrre care are |crmagramatrca| auner ntre|rr cu semnu|
ntre|rrr|as|1rrt)vaaveasemnrhcarecaracputemsrnrcm
cmetce arspun4e|aaceastntre|are urn puncteveere
tehnrc, pcates|re rmpcsr|r|pentruncrs|acem ceeace nerecc
manmetca, artre|ure s|rmcapa|r|rsrnrcmc ca|ecare
near putea uce |a gsrrea rs punsu|ur uac ncr suntem, n
prrncrpru,rncapa|r|rs|acemacest|ucru,atuncrprcpctrrancastr
nuestecntre|areautentrcracc|cunenuestenrcrcntre|are
nu pcate h nrcr un rspuns, untem ccn|runtar cu c prc||em
rnsc|u|r| ncesta este srnuru| cat e ntre|are ,a|sc|ut |r
rspuns este |rrspuns ecarece nu exrst nrcr cntre|are 0
prcpctrrepcatesparcntre|are, ecareceare|crmagramatrca|
exterrcar aunerntre|rr, ar,n rea|rtate, esteunrrecuvrnte
|r sens urmatee semnu|ntre|rrr.
}
ne|egemacumnaturaaanumrte|crprc||emernsc|u|r|e,care
raupreccupataaemu|tpe|t|csc|te|esuntrnsc|u|r|enupentru
csc|ura|cr ar h ntrc regrune ea pururearnaccesr|r| mrnrr
cuncsctcare, nu pentru c epesc puterea ne|egerrr ncastre,
cr,purrsrmp|u,pentrucnusuntprc||eme
urnne|errcrre- nu,rn|errcrre- tcate,ntre|rr|emeta|rtrce
autentrcesuntintre|rr4eacest|e|Meta|rtrca,aacumamahrmat
narnte, ccnst, n esen, n ncercsrea e a exprrma ccnrnutu|,
arcntrc actrvrtatecareseccntratrcepesrne,arnuestennrcr
uncatucrsveemccntre|arere|errtcare|anaturaccnrnutu|ur
nu este ec1tunaranjamente cuvrnte|rne|es 0reutateae
aveeaacest|ucru este aevrata cautatuturcrnecatar|cr e
care asu|errtspecu|arah|cschcmar |rne e cutecrrcrncr e
secc|euacarh|cst|a|e|eucrsetectmncnsensu|exrstent
n prc||eme|e metahtrce trprce, |a|e| cum este setectm |rpsa
sensu|ur rn s trcem)ntre|area ,ste trmpu|mar |cgrc ec1t
FORM
I CON
I CON
INUT. O INTRODUCERE N G
DIREA FILOSOFIC 1 91
exrstena unerccntrrne ,nuntru| |cr, este aevrat c aceasta
esteceuc|e|atat peana|cre,ar |atat pecccrespcnen
at1t e rt|ltcare nc1t tre|ure prrvrt ca va|r cu un ra e
prc|a|r|rtatecarepcatehecse|rtcureuecertrturne0utcate
acestea, acetr |rlcsc|r recuncsc |aptu| c prc|a|r|rtatea nu este
exactea|cu 1, caceastanuesteccertrturnea|sc|utrcne
ccnhuntamarcrcuuncatncarenusevaputeaajunenrcrcat|a
certrturne a|sc|ut!ctrrvrtcprnrer|cr,exrstenaccntrinerna|te
|rrne ec1tnernrrestecprc||emrnsc|u|r|trprc. \u exrst
n|cr un mc rmarna|r| n care s putem ecre acest |ucru 0e
creem nclespreacesta?\errctu|ncstrueste srmp|u. acntre
|areaestentraevr|rrspuns aceastasent1mp|carpentru
c nu are nrcr c semnr|rcale. r ac aa stau |ucrurr|e, ac nu
exrstnrcrcprc||em,atuncrnuestepcsr|r|sexrstenrcrunrspuns,
esteunncnsenssa|rrmmcanrma|e|ercamenrrpcse,|carte
prc|a|r|ccntrln !utemsvcr|rmeprc|a|r|rtatecaratuncr
c1nexrstce|purncpcsr|r|rtatetecretrceaesccperraevru|
!apt este cntre|area ncast e n rea|rtate |rpsrt e sens
pentrucesternterpretatntrun mcmetahtrc,sepresupunec
termenul ,ccntrrn unu| rntre cer mar perrcu|cr termenr rn
h|csc|lamcern)stpentruccnrnutlacestaestemctrv|pentru
care sa ahrmat c nu putem h a|sc|ut srurl e exrstena er cu
excepraprcprru|urncstrueuccrnuccnrnutu|rec|amcare,rnturre
r nu este rnturra ||mrtat |a prcprra ncastr ccntrrn!
tru c
pentru cer mar mu|r camenr e|cartereu samrtcnu exrst
sensnrarcnamentu| |cr, artre|ure srnsrstc|rsamrtem
acest|ucrunuputem|acenrcrprrmu|pasn|||csc|re
,!rc||emancastreste|rsens, ecarece cuv1ntu|,ccntr
rn apare alcr ntrunmcn care nu st npcsr|r|rtateanctr
sexprrmmceeacene|eemprrne|!|este|c|csrtntrunaseme
nea|e|nc1tnurntervlnenrclcl|erencepcate|r esccperltn
|umeaccreaturrasemntcaremlesuntccntrentesaunu!re
crpunsuleste ,asau,nu,e|nupcatehverrhcatceeacenseamn
cnuam trut esprecevcr|eamc1n am |crmu|atntre|area
!ste una rntre ce|e mar rmpcrtante sarcrnr a|e h|csc|rer s
ana|rtetemcu|ncarecuv1ntu|,ccntrrntre|ureshelnterpretat
ast|e| nc1t e| s ar| sens n r |errte ccntexte
trm, esrur, c
anumrte structurr pct|r rnrcate e e| kern1nacest|ucru, putem
a,cuuurlncrnterpretarenemeta|rtrcntre|rrrncastre,unt
anlma|e|e |llne ccntrente?
(
n srtuara n care aceasta este c
1 92 MORITZ SCHUCK
ntre|arentraevr|ertrm,eanupcatensemnaec1t,!retrnt
ccmpcrtamentu| anrma|e|crcstructur anume? ncum aceastaa
evenrt c prc||em autentrc r pcate prrmr un rspuns precrs
uesrur,rspunsu|nuesteate|r|csc|, cr ae|rc|c!stetrea|a
acesturarnurm s ehneasccurrjtrpu| estructurpusn
rscuree|cvaescrreprc|a|r|ntermenre,strmu|r,rspuns)
r sarate prrn c|servaren |recare cat, ac unanume anrma|
sauchrncmeneasc,nanumrtecircumstane,pretrntstructur
partrcu|ar ncesta este n ntrerme un enun emprrrc crura r
pcate |r atrr|urtun ra e aevr sau e prc|a|r|rtate, |a |e| ca
crrcrer a|terexprrmrr aunur|apt 1re|ure rernutc crr e c1te
crr expresra , , 0 perscan este ccntrent sau rnccntrent) este
|c|csrt n vraa e tr cu tr, ea are un sens |carte c|ar r este
verr|rca|r| ecarece nu exprrm nrmrc a|tceva ec1t |apte
c|serva|r|epecareunmerc,eexemp|u,|epcateenumera).
\umarc1nestercstrteunmeta|rtrcran,cuv1ntu|,ccntrrn
este |c|csrtntrun sens r|errt, h|csc|rc, sens care cree e| are c
rnterpretare neccntrarctcrre, este, e |apt, una|ut metahtrc
urscurancastrespre,prc||ema,ccntrinersau,su||etu|ur
a|tcrperscaneaartatcarcrccnhtraesteatcratnucar|c|csrrrr
|rpreamare rrjsau |rpser ana|rtertermenr|cr ,ccntrrn sau
,eu , ar r nene|eerrr termenu|ur ,exrsten . !ste c|ar c
ntre|areancastrarhpututh|crmu|atast|e|,!xrstccntrrn
sau unsu||et- saucrarunerna|thnvre?. nceearnen
e|eere este cauta prc||emer |r sens a ,exrstener uner |umr
exterrcare !entruascpaeasemeneantre|rr|rsens,tre|ure
sne amrntrm, cat pentru tcteauna, c rn mcment ce crrce
juecatexprrmun|aptpretent1nurstructura,acest|ucrutre|ure
s |re aevrat r pentru juecr|e care aserteat ,exrstena a
cevasau a|tceva rnuru| ne|especare|pcate aveacasemenea
juecatesteceapretrntcanumestructuraexperrenerncastre
ncest|ucru a |cst c|servat |car
te c|ar eja e ctre Kant !| |a
exprrmatn|e|u| suprcprruspun1nc,rea|rtateaeste c ,cate
crre,arrnexp|rcara|urputemsrn|ermcceeaceaavutn
mrnte ccrncre practrc cu rnterpretarea pe care tre|ure sc m
termenu|ur ,exrsten !ctrrvrt acester rnterpretrr, ntre|rr cum
sunt,!xrstcevanrnterrcru|care|ur?,,nexrstat!m1ntu|narnte
e a|r perceputevrechrncmeneasc?etc. , aupeep|rnsens
rtre|uresprrmecesrurunrspunsa|rrmatrv!xrstanumrte
cr e a verr|rca aceste rspunsurr a|rrmatrve, anumrte rarunr
FORM
trrnanuarputeannrcr
unchrp sprcceete a|t|e|, ecarece tcat prc||emaer ccnstn
testarea aevru|urjuecr|cr, rar acesteanu pctf testate ec1t
pe|ataprrncrpru|urncstru
e nt1mp|ca, rn c1nn c1n, n etvc|tarea trrnerun
ccncepts|re utr|rtatntrc manrervaast|e|nc1tnuexrstc
c|arrtate a|sc|ut n ceea ce prrvete verr|rcarea juecr|cr n
a|cturreacrcrarntrccnceptu|respectrv.Intreanumrte |rmrtee
precrtre,teste|ec|rnurte pctsparsatrs|ctcare pentru anrsau
secc|e, p1n c1n, rntrc at, s apar c ccntrarcre care s|
|crete pe cmu| e trrn s cercetete cu atenre semnr|rcara
srm|c|urr|crsa|e.!|vatre|urssecpreascrsse1neasc\a
ntrerupe rnvestrara trrnr|rc r se va ntcarce ctre re||ecrr
h|csc|rcep1nc1nsemnr|rcarajuecr|crsa|evaevenrpeep|rn
c|arpentru e|
0e|marcuncscutexemp|ueacest|e|,unu|carevarm1ne
eapurureamemcraal|,esteana|rta|cute!rnsternccnceptu|ur
etrmp Marea|urrea|rtare, careccnstrture|atatecrrerrestr1nse
a re|atrvrtrr, ccnst, pur r srmp|u, n sta|r|rrea semnr|rcarer
aserrunr|cr pe care c|rnurau s |e |ac |r trcrenrr cu prrvrre |a
srmu|tanertatea evenrmente|cr ce se petrecn |ccurr r|errte !| a
artatcn |rtrcnu aexrstat estu| c|arrtaten ceea ce prrvete
FORM
I CON
INUT. O INTRODUCERE N G
DIREA FILOSOFIC 1 95
semnr|rcara termenu|ur ,srmu|tanertate r c srnuraca|e eac
c|rne este s se rspun |antre|area. ,cum pcate |r, e |apt,
verrhcatjuecatacuevenrmenteneprtatesepetrecnace|ar
trmp?uac artm cum se pcate rea|rta acet verr|rcare, am
artatsensu|ccmp|eta|juecrrr a|termenu|ur|c|csrt,nemarex
rst1n a|te sensurr 1ctr acer h|csch care au ccnamnat rer|e sr
tecrra|ur !rnsternrnrr |e ccnamnchrarr atr) au |cutcp
temeru|cexrstcsrmu|tanertateacrersemnrhcareestene|eas
|rverrhcare !rc numesc,srmu|tanertate a|sc|ut un|carte
|rne,ar, rnpcate,acetrh|cschnu aureurtsneexp|rcecum
pcatehecse|rt,e|apt,aceastsrmu|tanertateeceaa|ur!rnstern,
ernuaureurtsneeanrcrce|marmrcrnrcruespre|e|u|ncare
pcate crneva s a||e acevenrmente neprtate au |cc ,a|sc|ut
srmu|tansaunulu1nnccnsrerareacest|ucru,crecputem
sne|um|r|ertateaeaccnsreraahrmara|crcahrn|rpsrte
semnrhcare
nm|cutejaa|utre|aecse|rrearntreatrturneatrrnrhc
ratrturneah|cschc!utems|crmu|macetr|erenspun1n
ctrrnaestecutareaaevru|ur,pec1nh|csc|raeste cutarea
semnrhcarer
uesrur, ce|ecunupct|r,e |apt,separate!stermpcsr|r|
sesccperraevru|unerjuecr|rsrercunctrnesemnr
hcaraer.\rmenrnupcatesccntrr|urenmcesenra||aprcresu|
trrneracnuarenmrntesensu|autentrcru|trma|aevrurr|cr
pecare |e cerceteat latecemarrrcamenre trrnau|cstr
h|csch!rsuntrnsprraresprrru|h|csc|rc0utcateacestearstrncra
tre|ure|cutreaareavantaju|eaaunrpuns satrs|ctcr|a
ntre|rr|e |r s|1rrt prrvrtcare |a natura r mrsrunea h|cscher
uehnrrapecarencr am atch|cscherc|er cexp|rcare c|ar r
ep|rna re|arer sa|e cu trrna r |ace ca etvc|tarea rstcrrc a
acester re|arr s he ucr ene|es
0usruranh|csc|ranuestectrrn,nrcrmcartrrnatrrn
te|cr,sra|cstunarnmarr|eernesanseca|cstnte|easn mc
grertarch|csc|rrauacptatntrcmanrerextericarmetce|e
r|rm|aju|trrner!steceeacer|aceesecrrpurnrrrcc|rrexrst
|cartemu|taevrn|e|u|ncarechcpenhauerescrreecse|rrea
rntreunh|csc|autentrcrh|csch|elacturcareprrveteh|csc|ra
reptun|e|e preccuparetrrnrhc
0trrnesteunsrstemejuecr|eatentree|ecarerepre
trntretu|tatu| uner c|servarrne|unater a| uner ccm|rnarr
MORITZ SCHLICK
rnte|rente!r|csc|ra,ns, aa cumsaexprrmatrttenstern, ,nu
esteccctrrn,crcactrvrtate . ketu|tatu|h|cschernusuntprcpctrrr
h|cschce, cr |aptu| c prcpctrrr|e evrn c|are !ste un |apt c
retu|tatu| cutrrr semnr|rcarer nu pcate |r |crmu|at n juecr
c|rnurte, ccr ac cerem c exp|rcare a uner semnr|rcarr, rar
rspunsu|ne este atntrc prcpctrre,va tre|ur sntre|m rn
ncu,careestene|esu|acesterprcpctrrr? a m \uputemccn
trnua|arn|rnrtacestrrentre|rrrehnrrracvremsajunem
|aun sens rsrnura ca|e n care putemnchera este prrn c1teva
reccmanrr care s ne spun ce s |acem pentru a ajune |a
semnr|rcarau|trm\rerstrrcesemr|rccanumrtnctmutrca|?
!r |rne, ap acet c|ap a pranu|ur' ncest |ucru pune punct
ntre|rr|cr ta|e.
nst|e|unprc|escreh|cschenupcatesne|arnrteteanumrte
juecraevratecarevcrrepretentasc|ura,prc||emerh|cschce,
e|pcate car snenveene|etnrcrreasauarta1nrrrrceeace
neva|acecapa|r|rsana|rtmsausesccperrmsemnr|rcaratuturcr
ntre|rr|cr.
ratuncrvcmveeacaanumrte|eprc||emeh|csc|rce
suntheccm|rnarresrm|c|urr care nu au nrcr csemnr|rcare, he
pcthrnterpretatecaaevratentre|rruarnu|trmu|catacestea
auncetatsmar|reh|csc|rcertre|urepreatecmu|uretrrn
carevancercas|eeaunrspuns|c|csrnmetce|ec|servarer
rexperrmentu|ur
Kant,crencruaccmp|rcater|urh|csch,aavutmu|temcmente
str|ucrteeprc|anme|eere,aspuscsepcatepreah|csc|area,
ar nu |r|csc|ra ncesta este un enun p|rn e ne|epcrune r e|
rmp|rc|aptu| ch|csc|ranueste nrmrca|tceva ec1t c artsau c
actrvrtate, cnu exrstjuecr h|cschce r, prrn urmare, nrcr un
srstem |||csc|rc n|t mare 1nrtcr care pare s |r |cst |carte
ccntrentenaturar|ccu|h|csc|rera|cst ler|nrt ntuncr c1na
|cnatncaemra prusac etrrn rner|rn ratrasatp|anurr|e
ccnstrturrrrer,aatrr|urtun|cctuturcrtrrne|cr,nsh|csc|ranuse
seaprrntree|e!|tre|ures|r srmrtntrun|e|ceanuputeah
prrvrtcaccutareaunuranumeeneaevr,arcetermrna
reasemnrhcaertr<|ureshepretentncrrcecutareaaevru|ur)
nuncrc1ncutmce|martrprcexemp|ueccntrrnhcschc
tre|ure sne nreptm cchrr spre ccrate1cate e|crturr|e mrnrr
sa|e ascurtera|ernrmrr sa|en||crateau|cstnchrnatecutrrr
semnr|rcarer !| a ncercat tcat vraa s esccpere ce este, n
rea|rtate,nmrnteacamenr|crc1nvcr|escesprevrrtuter|rne,
FORM I CO:INVT. O INTRODUCERE N G
NDIREA FILOSOFIC 1 97
espre reptate|p|etate,rarce|e|rasarrcnre ccnstna|e arta
rscrpc|||crsrcnrcrchrarnce|emarputernrcerntreaserrunr|e
|cr nu trau espre ce vcr|esc r c ea|ra trau ce cre atuncr
c1nrsusrneau ce|e marn||crateccnvrnerr
nt1tatrmpc1t camenrrvcr|escr scrru mu|t mar mu|tec1t
1nesc,|c|csrnurcuvrnte|entrcmanrermecanrcrccnvenr
cna|,ccntratrc1nusecuprrvrre|a|rnenetrc), humcsneste
trc),utr|neccncmrerpc|rtrc),vcmaveamarenevcreecamenr
cu mrntr ca cea a |ur ccrate n tcate actrvrttr|e nctre r rn
mcmen
ace|e
mrnrsuperrcarecarenrutrnacercetrrr|crexperrmenta|ertecre
trcenuccntenescssentre|ecareestesensu||ucrurr|cr,rm1n1n
ast|e| anajarn cutareasemnr|rcarer, atrturneah|csc|rcva |r
recuncscut,marmu|tcanrcrcatreptceamarputernrc|crr
reptceamarrmpcrtantccmpcnent aatrturnrrtrrnr|rce
Traducere
de
Angela TEILEU
Semnifi cai e i verificare
(Meaning and Verication, pu||rcatprrmacar
nThe Philosophical Review, vc|++, i9)
(
)
1
Intre|rr|e h|csc|rce, ccmparate cu prc||eme|e trrnr|rce
c|rnurte,suntntcteauna,n mc |rtar, paracxa|e uar, marcu
seam, se pare cun paracxstranru este ace|acntre|areacu
prrvrre |a semnr|rcara uner prcpctrrr ar repretenta c rhcu|tate
h|cschcserrcas!entrucnuestecareaevratanaturrsccpu|
hecrerprcpctrrrsexprrmeprcprrasasemnr|rcare!ue|apt,atuncr
c1n avem ea |ace cu c prcpctrre ntrun |rm|aj care ne este
|amr|rar), cuncatem, e c|rcer, semnr|rcara ern mcnemrj|ccrt
uacnu, eanepcate|rexp|rcat, arexp|rcaiavaccnstarntrc
ncuprcpctrre,racceancueste capa|r|sexprrme semnr
|rcara, e ce nu ar|r capa|r| r cea rnrra|! na c c perscan
arcasarputeas|re a|sc|utnreptrtsspun,atuncrc1n
este ntre|at ce a ne|es prrntrun anumrt enun, ,nm ne|es
exactceeace am spus'
!ste |ertrm rn puncteveere |crc rccnstrture, e|apt,
ca|eac|rnurtnvraacctrranrchrarntrrnsrspunem|a
c ntre|are cuprrvrre |asemnr|rcara uner prcpctrrr, repet1nc,
purrsrmp|u,na|tecuvrntemarmu|tsaumarpurnr|errte.ntuncr,
nce ccnrrr pcate avea sens s cutm semnr|rcaraunur enun
care sea|||rnemersrn|aacchr|crsauaurechr|cr ncastre!
!vrent,srnurapcsr|r|rtateesteaceeacnul-am neles.
r,
n acest cat, ceea ce se a|| e |aptn |aacchr|cr sau urechr|cr
ncastrenuestenrmrca|tcevaec1tcserreecuvrntepecarencr
suntemrncapa|r|rs|emanrpu|m,nutrmcums|e|c|csrm,cum
s|e,ap|rcm|area|rtate 0asemeneaserreecuvrnteestepentru
ncr, pur r srmp|u, un ccmp|ex e semne ,|r semnr|rcare, un
srmp|urresunetesauunsrmp|urr e semne pe h1rtre r nu
avemnrcrunrepts|numrm,juecat,eventua|,amputeavcr|r
esprec,prcpctrre.
uac acptm aceast termrnc|cre, putem cu uurrn s
scpmeparaclncstruspun1ncnuputemsnernteresm
202 MORITZ SCHLICK
e semnrhcarauner juecr,arputemsnentre|mcuprrvrre
|asemnr|rcaraunerprcpctrrr,rcaceastaechrva|eatcuantre|a
,!entru cejuecatstaceastprcpctrre
r|aaceastntre|are
rspunem|re prrntrc juecat |crmu|atntrun |rm|aj care ne
este ejaa|sc|ut|amr|rar, |re prrnrnrcareareu|r|cr|crcecare
vcr |ace ca prcpctrra s |re c juecat, arc, ne vcr spune cu
exactrtatecemprejurrrue|ureshe]c/csimprcpctrrarespectrv
ncestecumetcenur|erprincrpru,am|e|eaccrsemncare
uner prcpctrrr c trans|crm ntrc juecat) |cca|rt1nc, ca s
trcemaa,ncaru|srstemu|urunuranumrt|rm|aj,prrmametc
utr|rteatun|rm|ajecarerspunemeja,ceaeacua ccnstru
retepentruncr. !rrmametcrepretrntce|mar srmp|uexemp|u
e,traucerec|rnurt,acuanepermrteccercetaremarprchn
a naturrr semnr|rcarer r va tre|ur s|re|c|csrtpentru a epr
rhcu|tr|eh|csc|rcecareau|eturcune|eereaprcpctrrr|cr.
ursa acestcr rhcu|tr urmeat s |re srt n |aptu| c
|carteaeseanutrmcumsntre|urnmprcprrr|ecuvrnte,vcr|rm
sauscrrem|rcamarnt1rs|rctuteaccrasuprauneranumrte
ramatrcr |crce care va ccnstrtur semar|tcara termenr|cr actrr
0cmrtem reea|a e acree c ncr cuncatem semnr|tcarauner
prcpctrrrarc,cne|eemcaj uecat)acsuntem|amr|rarrtar
cutcatecuvrnte|ecareaparnea.uaracest|ucrunuestesu|rcrent
!|nunevauce|acccnhtresaucercareat1tatrmpc1trm1nem
n cmenru|vrerre|recaretrpe|atacreracuvrnte|encastreau
|cst|crmater|acare e|esuntaapate, arnevaevenr|ata| rn
mcmentu|ncarencercms1nrmespreprc||eme|ea|stracte
cu ajutcru| ace|crar termenr, |ra|e|rxacu atenresemnr|rcara
|crccrespunttcrncu|ursccp!entruc|recarecuv1ntarecanumrt
semnrhcare numarntrunanumrtccntextncare e|sepctrrvete,
n crrcea|tccntext e| nu va avea nrcr unne|es acnu c|errm
reu|r ncre |c|csrre acuv1ntu|urn ncua srtuare, rar acest |ucru
pcate|r|cut,ce|purnnprrncrpru,ntrunmcestu|ear|rtrar
ccnsrerm un exemp|u. uac un prreten mrar spune
,uumntrcarncare ceru|esteetrercrrmara||astruec1t
nnn|ra' nuatrcumsrnep|rnesccrrna,rcstrreasamrsar
prea|rpsrtesenspentruccuv1ntu|,a||astrueste|c|csrtntr
un|e|carenuesteprevtutereu|r|e|rm|aju|uracstru0cm|rnara
rntreunnumera|rnume|eunercu|crrnuaparene|,prrnurmare,
prcpctrraprretenu|ur meunu are nrcr c semnr|rcare, cu tcatec
|crmaer|rnvrstrcexterrcaresteaceeaaunerccmentrsauauner
SEMIFICATIE SI VERIFICARE
, ,
203
crrne uar, esrur, e| pcate sreac semnr|rcare uac eu|
ntre| ,0ene|erprrne trer crr mar a||astrue|pcate smr
rnrcear|rtraranumrtemprejurrr|rtrcere|errtcare|asenrntatea
ceru|ur,ccnrrrpentrucaree|vreacaexpresrasasjcacerc|u|e
escrrpre
IE
I VERIFICARE 205
earea|ltaacestprcram pentru tcate ccncepte|e rn |rtc). \u
scrrupen|ruaceracarecrecaversarrrh|cschcrar|ur!rnsternau
reptate
II
!rc|escru|0 1. lewrs,ntrunartrcc|remarca|r|espre,!xpe
rrenrsemnr|rcarepu||rcatnaceastrevrst,nmartrei 9)+)a
a|lrmatpereptcuv1ntcccncepraetvc|tatmarsuse|vcr|ete
espreeacaespre,cerrnasemnr|rcareremprrrce)|crmeat|ata
ntrerrh|csc|rraceeacea|cstnumrt,pctrtrvrsmu||crca|0ercu|ur
e|a\rena!|crrtrcaceast|atca|rrnrnaecvat,nprrncrpa|
petemeru|cacceptareaerarrmpuneanumrte|rmrte,semnr|rcarer
rscursu|ur h|csc|rc, ceea ce, up prerea uncra, ar |ace ntru
tctu| rmpcsr|r| un asemenea rscurs r, up a|rr, |ar restr1ne
ntrcmsurrnaccepta|r|
rmrnumrespcnsa|r|pentruanumrtetrsturra|eh|cscher
vrenete pe care a pre|eras c numesc emprrrsm ccnsrstent) r
|rrn e prere c eanu rmpune e |apt nrcr un |e| e restrrcrr
asupra semnr|rcarer rscursu|ur h|csc|rc, vcrncerca s exam|net
arumente|e prrncrpa|e a|e prc|escru|urlewrsrsartececre
c e|e nu punn perrcc| pctrra ncastr - ce| purnn msuran
careeupctrspune pentru mrnensumr.1catearumente|eme|e
vcr|rerrvaternsusrnerr|epe care|eam|cutnsecrunea1.
!rc|escru|lewrs escrre cerrnasemnr|rcarer emprrrce rept
cerrna,cacrrceccnceptpusnrscuresaucrrceprcpctrreasertat
vcrtre|ursar|unanumrtenctat,e|evcr|rrnte|rr|r|enunumar
n sens ver|a|r|crc, cr rnsensu|sup|rmentar ccrnevapcate
specr|tca acer |actcrr emprrrcr care ar etermrna ap|rca|r|rtatea
ccnceptu|ur sau arccnstrturverr|rcarea prcprru trsa prcpctrrer
|cc crt i !)) Mrsepare cnu avem arcrnrcrcjustr|rcare pentru
cuvrnte|e,crrnsensu|sup|rmentar. , ranume,pentrurstrncra
rntre cu sau trer) sensurr a|e rnte|rr|r|rtrr kemarcr|e rn
secrunea1 aratc,nccn|crmrtatecucprnrancastr,ne|eerea
,ver|a|r|crcpresupunecuncatereamcu|urncareprcpctrra
nrscurearputea|r verr|rcat!entruc, acnune|eemprrn
,ne|eere ver|a| cuncaterea mcu|ur n care sunt |c|csrte
cuvrnte|enrea|rtate,termenu|arputeacureusnsemnea|tceva
ec1t sentrmentu| va c cuvrnte|e ne sunt |amr|rare, rar ntrc
rscure h|csc|rc nu pare reccmana|r| s numrm un asemenea
206 MORITZ SCHLICK
sentrmentrept,ne|eere
(
nmcasemntcr,nuareccmana
s vcr|rm espre c prcpctrre ca |rrn ,|crc rnte|rr|r| atunci
c1n car avem sentarac|crmaer exterrcar este aceea auner
prcpctrrrprcprrutrseeexem|u, acea are |crma su|stan
trvccpu|ajectrv r, prrn urmare, pare s atrr|ure c prcprretate
unur|ucru).!entrucmremrseparecprrntrcasemeneaexpresre
vremsspunemmu|tmarmu|t,ranume,csuntemccmp|etccntrenr
entreaaramatrcaprcpctrrer,a|t|e|spus, ctrmcuexactrtate
mprejurrr|encareeaestepctrrvrtnaar,cuncatereamcu|ur
n care c prcpctrre este verr|rcatnu este ceva mar mu|t rmar
presus e ne|eerea er ver|a| r |crc, cr este rentrc cu ea
!rrnurmare,mremrseparecatuncrc1nncrceremcacprcpctrre
s|re ver||rca|r|ncrnuaumcncucerrn,cr,purrsrmp|u,
|crmu|mccnrrr|ecare au|cst,e |apt,recuncscutentcteauna
canecesare pentru semnr|rcare rrnte|rr|r|rtate
rmp|u|enuncnrcrcprcpctrrenuaresemnr|rcareacncr
nuputemsrnrcmcca|eprrncarestestmaevru|sau|a|srtatea
er,nueste|carte|c|csrtcracnu exp|rcmcu|cartemareatenre
semnr|rcara expresrr|cr ,metc e testarer ,verr|tca|r|rtate
!rc|escru| Lew|s are estu|e mu|t reptate atuncrc1n cere c
asemenea exp|rcare !| nsur suereat c1teva mcurr n care
aceastaarputea|ratrsunt|ucurcssspuncsuestrr|esa|emr
separa|rntrunaccrper|ectcuprcprrr|eme|eveerr, precumr
cu ace|ea a|e prretenr|cr mer |r|csc|rcr \a|rucr s artm cnu
exrst nrcr c rverenserrcasntre punctu| e veere a| unur
pramatrst,aacum ccncepeprc|escru|lewrs,rce|a|emprrrstu|ur
vrenetracnanumrtechestrunrpartrcu|areerajun|accnc|utrr
r|errte,
IE
I VERIFICARE 207
crtateprc|escru|lewrs,|cc crt i )0)tre|ures|re rnterpretatca
rcumar ccnrne aceast ercare, ar sar putea, cusruran, s
ne he|c|csrtcrpentru aesccperrenetaer
ccnsrermurmtcru|arumentpecare|rscutprc|esc
ru|lewrs i ) i), ar pe care e|nuvreas|atrr|urenrmnur
, presupunem c se susrne c nrcr c prcpctrre nu are
semnr|rcareacnupcate hsupustestu|urverr|rcrrr ecrsrve
r
nrcr c verr|rcare nu pcate avea |cc ect n pretena rmerat a
su|rectu|ur0aurmare,nrmrcnupcate|rne|escuexcepraaceea
ce este pretentnexperrenan careacestne|es este ccnrnut
ncest arumentare |crma uner ccnc|utrrerrvate rn cu
premrse. presupunem pentru mcment c a cua premrs are
semar |rcare r este aevrat \er veea c nrcr n acest cat nu
retu|tccnc|utranrscure.!entrucprrmapremrsneasrurc
cprcpctrrearesemnr|rcareacpoate |rverrhcat,verrhcareanu
tre|ure s ar| |cc r, prrn urmare, este chrar rre|evant ac ea
pcateavea|ccnvritcrsaunumarnpretent
(
n a|areaceasta,
acua premrs este, esrur, |rpsrte sens, pentru cce |aptar
putea|r escrrsprrnprcpctrra,verr|rcareapcateavea|ccnumarn
experrenarnacestmcment.?\uestecareverr|rcareaunactsau
unprcces asemeneasentareraurtrvesausentrmentu|urep|rctr
sea|?\uam putea|a|e|e|rnesspunemceupctautrsaum
pct srmr p|rctrsrt numarn mcmentu| pretent?
r ce ) putea s
ne|e prrn aceasta? \cnsensu| |mp|rcatn asemenea expresrr va
evenr marc|aratuncrcn, martrtru,vcrvcr|r espre ,cerrna
eccentrrc, pentru mcment, ne mu|umrmstrm cpcstu|atu|
ncstrua|semnr|rcareremprrrcenuarenrmrcea|acecucerrna|ur
arcrracum,\err|rca|r|nunseamnnrcrmcar,verr|rca|r|arcrr
acum,e|nseamnmu|tmarpurnect ,a|rverr|rcatacam
!rc|a|r| cne vcm nr csrnuru| |e| e a |r pentru a|r
srurrecaracteru|verr|rca|r|a| unerprcpctrrrccnstnverr|rcarea
er rea| uarvcmveean curn cnuaastau|ucrurr|e
!are aexistac mare teatare pentru accre|asemnr|rcarar
,atu|nemrj|ccrtatrunmcrert,rpcatecunarntrepctrtrvrtrr
vrenetr au ceat acester tentarr, |rrn prrn aceasta perrcu|cs e
aprcapeeercareapecaretccmaramescrrscue exemp|u,prr
a|e |ucrrrr|ur 0arnapDer Logischer Auau der Welt, arputea|r
rnterpretate ca r cum ar rmp|rca reea c c prcpctrre espre
evenrmente vrrtcare nu se re|ercu aevrat e|cc |a vrrtcr, cr
aserteatcarexrstenanpretentauncranumrteateptrrr,In
20R MORITZ SCHLICK
mc srmr|ar, avcr|r espre trecut ar nsemna e |apsvcr|rm
espre amrntrrr|e rn pretent) !ste ns srur c autcru| acester
crr nu mar susrne c asemenea ccncepre npretentr c eanu
pcate|rccnsreratctetancu|urpctrtrvrsmurmpctrrv,amartat
e |a nceput c e|rnrra at e ncr semnr|rcarer nu rmp|rc
asemenea ccnsecrne a|sure, rar atuncr c1n crneva a ntre|at
,0umputerverr|rcacprcpctrreespreunevenrmentvrrtcr!, ncr
am rspuns, ,ue ce nu, e exemp|u, atept1n ca acesta s se
nt1mp|e'- A atpta - estecmetceverr|rcareper|ect|ertrm
*
* *
0a urmare, eucre ccrrcrne - rnc|usrvemprrrstu| ccnsrs
tent - este e accr c ar |run ncnsens sspunem ,\u putem
ne|eenrmrca|tcevaec1tceeaceneesteatnemrj|ccrtuacn
aceast prcpctrre n|ccurm cuv1ntu| ,a ne|ee cu cuv1ntu| ,a
cuncate, ajunem |a un enun asemntcr cu ace|a, menrcaat
marsus,a||ulertrankusse||.1entarae a|crmu|aenunurre
acest|e|apare, creeu, rntrc anumrtam|rurtate aver|u|ur ,a
cuncate,careestesursamu|tcrnecaturrmeta|rtrcerasupracrera,
nccnsecrn, atre|urtsatraesecrr atenracua|teccatrrvetr,
eexemp|u,,n||emarne!r|enntnrs|ehre,erraa!a, i )!), p. i!)
Inprrmu|r1n,cuv1ntu|pcatestapentru,ahccntrenteceeace
esteat,ranume,pentrusrmp|apretenaunerrmpresrr,ccu|care,
unsunet,etc,raraccuv1ntu|,cuncatereeste|uatnacestsens,
aserrunea,0uncatereaemprrrcsereuce|aceeacec|servmn
acestmcmentnunespunenrmrc,crestecsrmp|tautc|cre0re
c acest cat ar ccrespune cu ceeace prc|escru|lewrsnumete
,tecrrr|erentrtrrcuprrvrre|a,re|araecuncatere nsemenea
tecrrr, |at1nuse pe c tautc|cre e acest |e|, ar |r c vcr|rre
ca|,|rpsrtesemnrhcare).
In a| cr|ear1n,cuv1ntu| ,cuncatere pcate |r utr|rtatn
unu| rnne|esurr|e semnr|rcatrvepecare e| |e aren trrnrn
vratacctrran,srnacestcat asertrunea|urkusse||ar|rasacum
rearcprc|escu| lewrsY evrent
|a|sInsurkusse||, upcum
|rnese tre, ecse|etentre ,cuncatere prrnexperrennemrj|c
crtr,cuncatereprraescrrere, arpcatecartre|ursremar
cmcaceastrstrncrenuccrncrenntrermecuaceeaasupra
creraam atras atenrachraracum
SEMNIFICA
IE
I VERIFICARE 209
III
\err|rca|r|rtateanseamnpcsr|r|rtateeverr|rcare.!rc|escru|
lewrsc|servpereptc,acmrtentreaacercetareasupra|crer
esemnrhcarepecarecputemaccravercrrrpcsr|r|e,arnsemna
s|smtcatccncepras|remarera|c|scurcuvrnte|e |cc.
crt p i )7) !entru sccpu| ncstru este su|rcrent s ecse|rmntre
curntreaumercase|e|e|urrncareesteutrtatcuvntu|,pcsr|r|r
tate.!rc|escru|Lewrsescrrecune|esurra|e ,verr|rca|r|rtrr
careccrespuncuexactrtateacesterr|erene,e|estepeep|inccntr
enteearpentrumrnenurmnea|tcevae|cutectsprerau
rstrncracu atenre rsartce |eturarecutemam rscure
!rcpunsnumrm,emprrrcpcsr|r|tctceeacenuccmtratrce
|er|enaturrr0recacestaestesensu|ce|mar|arncareputem
vcr|r espre pcsr|r|rtatea emprrrc, ncr nu restrnem termenu|
car|aevenrmente|ecarenusuntnaccrcu|er|enaturrr,crrcu
starea actua| a unrversu|ur une ,actua| sar putea re|err |a
acestmcmentrnvraa ncastr sau|accnrrr|e exrstener umane
peaceastp|anetraamareparte).uaca|eemu|trmae|rnrre
pecareseparecprc|escru|lewrscaveanmrnteatuncrcna
vcr|rtespre,experrenapcsr|r|care esteccnrrcnatestarea
actua|, |cc crt p i +i ) nu am trasa |rcntrere|e precrse e care
avem nevcre pentru sccpu| ncstru e |a na c ,pcsr|r|rtatea
emprrrctre|uresnsemne,ccmpatr|r|cu|er|enaturrr
ncum,ntructnuneputem|uacuccuncatereccmp|etr
srura|er|crnaturrr,esteevrentcnuputemnrccatsasertm
cucertrturnepcsr|r|rtateaemprrrcacrrcrur|apt,rararcrnevcm
puteapermrtesvcr|rmespregrade eprc|a|r|rtate!stepcsr|r|
caeusrrrcaceastcarteuesrur'uaraceastmas!0reca'
nceastmase|r|rar\ucre'ncestautcmc|r|0usruranc
nu' !ste c|arcnaceste caturrrspunsu|este at e experen,
caretu|tata|experrmente|cr|cutentrecut.0rrcejuecatespre
pcsr|r|rtateaemprrrceste|atatpeexperrenrva|r esecrrmar
era|nesrur, nuvcm avea c ranrprecrsntre pcsr|r|rtate
rrmpcsr||rtate
!stepcsr||rtateaeverrhcareasupracrerarnsrsteucevae
trpemprrrc
(
nacestcat,vcrhraer|errteeverrhca|r|rtate,rar
prc||emasemnr|rcarerar hcchestruneemarmu|tsaumarpurn,
nuunaasaunu
(
nmu|tersputere|errtcare |atemancastrse
rscuttccmaresprepcsr|r|rtateaemprrrceverrhcare,r|errte|e
2 1 0 MORITZ SCHLICK
exemp|e everi|ica|i|itate ate e prc|escru| Lewis, e exemp|u,
suntcaturiemprejurriempiricei|eritencareveri|icareaeste
e|ectuatsau este mpieicat s|ie e|ectuat Mu|i intre aceia
care reht s accepte criteriu| ncstru e semni|icaie par si
imainete cprccesu|ap|icrii|uintrun cat ccncretestecevae
|e|u| urmtcr. c prcpctiie ne este pretentat ata |crmu|at i
pentruaesccperisemnihcaiaeitre|uiesncercmi|eritemetce
everihcaresaue|a|sihcareae|,iacunaintreacestemetce
mere,ncia esccperitsemnihcaiaprcpctiiei,iaracnu,spunem
cnuarenicicsemnihcaieuactre|uiesprccemntraevr
n acest |e|, atunci este c|ar c eterminareasemnihcaieiarhn
ntreimecchesiunere|ativ|aexperienicmmu|tecaturinar
puteahc|rnutcehiieprecrsiehnitiv.0uma puteastm
vrecatcamncercatestu|,acniciunaintremetce|encasre
nuaavtsucces?\usarputeacarecae|crturiviitcaresetv|uie
csemni|icaiepecare nuam pututsc esccperim mainainte
nceastntreaccncepie este, esiur, ccmp|etercnat a
sere|er|asemnihcaie caicumar|iun|e|eentitateinerent
prcpctiiei, ascunsn ea asemenea unei nuci n ccaja ei, ast|e|
nc1t h|csch| ar tre|ui s spar ccaja sau prcpctiia pentru a
reve|amietu|nuciisausemnihcatia.timinccnsieratii|encastre
in seciunea 1 c c prcpctiie
nu
pcate |i at ,e
a ata, c
semnihcaianu esteinerentprcpctiieincarearputea|i escc
perit,ciceatre|uiesi|ieaccrat
iaceastase|ace ap|ic1n
prcpctiieireu|i|eramaticii|cicea|im|aju|uincstru,aacumam
exp|icatn seciunea1. ncestereu|inusunt|apte innaturcare
ar putea |i ,esccperite, ci suat prescripii stipu|ate prin actu|
ehnaii
iacesteehniiitre|uieshecuncscutece|crcareprcnun
prcpctiianiscuieice|crcarecausauccitescn|t|e|,einuau
e|ccea|acecucprcpctiieiauexistnimicpecareeispcat
ncerca s veri|ice, pentru c nu putem veri|ica sau |a|si|ica un
simp|uirecuvinte\uputemnicimcarsec|anmveri|icarea
mainainteeatisemnihcaia, aic,nainte eahsta|i|itpcsi
|i|itateaeveri|icare.
0ua|tecuvinte,pcsi|i|itateaeveri|icare,careestere|evant
pentrusemni|icaie,nupcate|ietipempiric,eanupcatehsta|i|it
post jestum. 1re|uies|imsiurieeamainainteeaputea|ua
n ccnsierare mprejurri|e empirice iscercetmacin ce
ccniiie|enevcrpermitesaunuverihcarea
(
mprejurri|eempirice
suntu|traimpcrtante atunci c1n crimstimaccprcpctiie
SEMIFICA
IE
I VERIFICARE 2 1 1
esteadevrat ceeaceestepreccupareacmu|uretrrn),are|e
nupctsar|vrecrn||uenasuprasemniicaiei prcpctrrerceea
ce este preccuparea h|csch|ur) !rc|escru| Lewrs a ne|es r a
exp|rcat|cartec|aracest|ucru|cccrtpi+!, prrme|easer1nurr),
rarpctrtrvrsmu|ncstrurn\rena,nmsuramcarepcteusrspun
pentruacesta,estentrun accr per|ect cu e|n aceastprrvrn
1re|ure ssu||rnret catuncr c1n vcr|esc espre verr|rca|r|rtate
ne|epcsr|r|rtatea|crceverr|rcarernrmrca|tceva
.
. .
0cnsrer c un |apt sau un prcces este ,|crc pcsr|r|ac
pcate|rdescris, arc,acprcpctrraesprecarepresupunemc
|escrrerespectreu|r|eramatrca|epecare|eamstrpu|atpentru
|rm|aju|ncstru Mexprrmmar era|rnccrectLn|aptcarenu
arputea|rescrrs nu ar|r,esrur, e|ccun |apt, crrce |apteste
|crcpcsr|r| uarcrecsevane|eeceeacevreausspun)
|umc1tevaexemp|e!rcpctrr|e,!rretenu|meuamurrtpcrm1rne,
,ucamnapurtacrcchrercunchrscareeravereeschrs,1urnu|
estena|tei00eprcrcarerei )0eprcrcare. , , 0cpr|u|erac|,
arpurtaunha|at|una||, vrc|eatn mcevrentreu|r|ecare,
n|rm|arcm1n
.
ccmun, uverneatutu|cuvrnte|crcareaparn
prcpctrrr|enuescrrunrcrun|apt,e|esunt|rpsrteesemnr|rcare,
pentruce|erepretrntrmpcsr|r|rtrlogice.
stee cea mar mare rmpcrtan nu numarpentruteman
rscure, crrpentruprc||eme|eh|csc|rcenenera|)sne|eem
ccrrec1tecrrvcr|rmesprermpcsr|r|rtatea|crcnere|errm|a
c rscrepanntre e|rnrrr|etermenr|crnctrrrmcu|ncarer
|c|csrm 1re|ure s evrtm ercarea sever ccmrs e unrr rntre
prrmrr emprrrtr, cumar hMr||rpencer, care auccnsreratprrn
crprr|e|crceeexemp|u, |eeaccntrarcrer)rept|era|enaturrr
care uverneat prccesu| psrhc|crca| 1nrrrr nunurr|e |rpsrte
esens|acaream|cuta|utremarsusnuccrespun1nurr|crpe
care,prrntruneneexperrmentpsrhc|crc,esccperrmncrnrne
cnuputems|e1nrm,e|enuccrespunnrcrunur|e|e1nurr.
ntuncrc1nautrmcuvrnte|e,Lnturnareat1ti 00eprcrcarec1tr
i )0 e prcrcare n|rme, sar putea can mrntea ncastr s|re
rmarneaacuturnurren|rmrr|errtersarputeasesccpe
rrm ceste rmpcsr|r|rn puncte veerepsrhc|crcemprrrc)s
ccm|rnmce|ecurmarnrntruna srnur, arnu acestaeste
* Limba englez, n original. (n.t.)
2 1 2 MORITZ SCHLICK
|aptu|careesteenctatprin cuvinte|e ,impcsi|i|itate|cic
(
n|
imeaunui turn nupcatehe i00 ie i )0epicicarenace|ai
timp,unccpi|nupcate|ic|im|rcatnace|aitimp- nupentru
cnci nu putems ne imainm aaceva, ci pentru c ehniii|e
ateenci,n|i mii, numera|e|cr,termeni|cr,c|i,m|rcat,
nusuntccmpati|i|ecuccm|inaii|e acestcrcuvinteinexemp|e|e
nctre,!|enusuntccmpati|i|ecuemeneaccm|inaiinsexn
c reu|i|e |im|aju|ui ncstru nu ne sunt e nici un|c|cs pentru
asemenea ccm|inaii, e|e nu escriu nici un|apt!utemschim|a
acestereu|i,esiur,i,prinurmare,putemssta|i|imcsem|icaie
pentrutermenii,at1trcu,c1tivere,,at1tc|, c1tim|rcat,
araceciemsmeninemehniii|ecurentecareseetv|uie
e|ense|eprinmcu|ncareuti|itmnrea|itatecuvinte|encastre)
nseamncam ecis sccnsierm aceste ccm|inaiietermeni
ca|ipsite e semnihcaie, aic, snu |e uti|itm ca escrieri a|e
unui|aptcarecare.0ricarearh|aptu|pecareputemsaunuputem
s ni| imainm, ac cuv1ntu| ,c| sau ,rcu) apare ntrc
escriere,tre|uieseciemccuv1ntu|,m|rcatsau ,vere)
nu pcate h pusn |ccu|ce|ui int1in aceeai escripie uacnu
urmm aceast reu| nseamn c vrem s intrcucem c ncu
ehniie acuvinte|crsau cnu nepac|c|csimcuvinte|r
semnihcaieinep|ace snuimncnsensu|sunteparte e a
ccnamnaaceastatituinentcatemprejurri|e,nanumiteccatii
- cum ar h ,n|ice n ara Minuni|cr - aceasta pcate f sinura
atituinecuvenitieepartemainc1nttcareec1tcricetratat
e|cic.uarntrunasemeneatratatavemreptu|eaneatepta
|acatituineai|erit)
ketu|tatu|ccnsieraii|crncastreesteacestaveri|ica|i|itatea,
careesteccniiasuhcientinecesarasemni|icaiei, estepcsi|i
|itateacrinii|cice, eaestecreatprinccnstruireaprcpctiiein
accrcureu|i|eprincaretermeniieisunte|iniinuru|catn
care verihcarea este |cic) impcsi|i| este catu| pe care nci l
facem impcsi|i|prinaceeac nusta|i|imniciun|e|e reu|ipentru
verihcarea|ui keu|i|eramatica|enusuntesccperitenicierin
natur, ci sunt|cute e cmisunt, nprincipiu, ar|itrare, aac
nuputemaccrasemnihcaieuneiprcpctiiidescoperind cmetc
e verihcare, cinumaistipulnd cumva |i ea|cut 0aurmare,
pcsi|i|itateasauimpcsi|i|itatea|ciceveri|icareestentcteauna
autoimpu. uacrcstimcprcpctiie|ipsitesemnihcaie,c|acem
ntcteaunadin vina noast.
SEMIFICA
IE
I VERIFICAR 2 1 3
|mpcrtanah|cschcuriaa acestei u|time c|servaii va h
ne|eatunci c1nvcm|uanccnsierare|aptu|c ceea ce am
spus espre semni|icaia aseriunilor se ap|ic i semni|icaiei
ntrebrilor. uesiur,existmu|tentre|ri|acarechincmeneasc
nupcaterspunenicicat|mpcsi|i|itateasaiirspunsu|uipcate
|ins e cu|e|urruaceaeste car empiricnsensu|ehnit,
ac ea este atcrat mprejurri|cr nt1mp|tcare |a care este
|imitatexistenauman, atunciputemaveaunmctivpentruane
ep|1ne scartai s||rciunea puteri|cr ncastre htice i menta|e,
ar nu am putea nicicat s spunem c prc||ema este a|sc|ut
insc|u|i| i ar existantcteauna c anumit speran, ce| puin
pentrueneraii|eviitcare!entrucmprejurri|eempiricesepct
mci|ica, aptituini|ecmenetipctevc|uaichiar|ei|e naturiise
pctschim|apcatechiar|ruscintrunasemenea|e|nc1tuniversu|
sareschieunei cercetri mu|tmaiamp|e).0 prc||eme acest
|e|arputea|iccnsieratpracticiretc|va|i|sautehniciretc|va|i|
iarputeacautacmu|uietiinmarinecaturi,nsh|csch|,care
seccupnumaicuprincipii|eenera|e,nusarsimiteri|i|eatras
eea.
uar ce s spunem espre ace|e ntre|ri pentru care este
logic impcsi|i|ssimunrspunsnsemeneaprc||emearrm1ne
insc|u|i|en tcate mprejurri|e imaina|i|e, e|e near|ace sne
ccn|runtm cu c incran |ipsit e speran, ieste e ceamai
mareimpcrtanpentruh|csc|stieacexistemeneantre|ri
ncumeste ucrsne|eempe|ataaceeaceamspusmainainte
caceastca|amitatesarputeant1mp|anumaiacntre|areaca
atare nu are nici c semni|icaie a nu ar |i e|cc c ntre|are
autentic, ci car unir e cuvintecusemnu|ntre|rii|as|1rit.
1re|uie sspunemc c
iacesteaa,ecitiaarputea|impieicat
numai emprejurri|e empirice, ceeacenseamnceanuar|i
logic impcsi|i|ue uneretu|tcnicicprc||emcu semni|icaie
nu pcate |i insc|u|i|n princiiu. uacntrun cat carecare am
esccpericeste|cicimpcsi|i|anrspuns,atuncitim cncinu
amntre|ate|aptnimic,cceeace sunantre|are este e|apt
c ccm|inaieecuvinte|ipsitesens. 0ntre|areautenticeste
una pentru care este |cic pcsi|i| un rspuns ncesta este unu|
intre retu|tate|e ce|e mai specihce a|e empirismu|ui ncstru |
2 1 4 MORIZ SCHUCK
nseamnc,nprincipiu,nuexist|imitea|ecuncaterii.0ranie|e
caretre|u|eshecuncscutesuntenaturempirici,prinurmare,
nicicat e|initive, e|e pct |i |rite in ce n ce mai mu|t, nu
existniciunmistereneptrunsn lume
*
liniaespritcareintrepcsi|i|itatearimpcsi|i|itatea|cic
everi|icare este a|sc|ut precis|istinct, nu existnici Uf |e|
e trantiie raualntre semni|icaie i ncnsens !entru c he
amatreu|i|eramatica|eeveri|icare,|ienu,tertiumncnatur.
!csi|i|itatea empiric este eterminat e |ei|e naturii, ar
semnihcaiai verihca|i|itatea sunt n tcta|itate inepenente e
e|e 1ctceeace pctsescriusau sehnesceste|cicpcsi|i|- i
ehniii|e nuau niciun|e|e |eturi cu |ei|e naturii !rcpctiia
,r1uri|ecurnsusspreea|aresemnihcaie,arsent1mp|s
he|a|spentruc|aptu|pecare|escrieeste/i:icimpcsi|i|!|nu
vaprivacprcpctiieesemnihca|encatu|n care ccniii|e pe
care |e stipu|et pentru verihcarea ei sunt inccmpati|i|e cu |ei|e
naturii,eexemp|u,eupctprescrieccniiicarearputeaf naep|inite
numai acviteta|uminiiarhmaimareec1testenrea|itatesau
ac|eeaccnservriienerieinuar|iva|a|i|iaamaieparte
Ln aversar a| ccncepiei ncastre pcate si un paracx
pericu|cs sauchiarc ccntraiien exp|icaii|e antericare pentru
c,peecparte, aminsistatat1teputernicasupraaceeace am
numit,cerinasemnihcaieiempiricei,peea|tparte,a ahrmat
cumu|ttriecsemnihcaiaiveri|ica|i|itateanu epine nici
un|e| e ccniii|e empirice, ci sunt eterminate e pcsi|i|iti|e
pur|cice.nversaru|vac|iecta.acsemni|icaiaestecchestiune
re|ativ |a experien, cum ar putea h ea s he c prc||em e
tecriaehniieiie|cic?
(
n rea|itate, nu exist nici c ccntraicie sau c ihcu|tate
0uv1ntu|,experienesteam|iuu
(
nprimu|r1n,e|pcatehun
numepentruaanumite|e,ateimeiate- ceeaceestec|c|csire
re|ativmcernacuv1ntu|ui- r,na|ci|ear1n,|putemuti|ita
n sensu|n carevcr|im, e exemp|u, espre un,c|tcr experi
mentat, nsemn1nun cm care nu car avtutmu|te, ciitie
cum s prc|ite e acestea n aciuni|e sa|e ncest a| ci|ea sens
ntre a|te|e, sensu|pecare|are cuv1ntu|n h|cscha |uiKanti
ume) este ce| n care veri|ica|i|itatea tre|uie s |ie ec|arat
inepenenteexperien!csi|i|itateaeverihcarenuse|ateat
SEMIFICA
IE
I VERICAR 2 1 5
pe vreun ,aevr empiric, pe c |ee a naturir sau pe crice a|t
prcpctrreenera| aevrat, ci este etermrnatnexc|usrvitate
e ehnrri|e ncastre, e reu|i|e care au |cststa|i|iten|im|aju|
ncstrusaupecare|eputemsta|r|rar|itrarncrrcemcment1cate
aceste reu|r se reucn ce|e in urm |a ehniii cstensrve, aa
cum am exp|rcat, r prrn acestea verihca|i|itatea are |etur cu
experiena nprimu|sensa|cuv1ntu|ur\icicreu|eexprimare
nu presupune exrstena n |ume a vreunei |ei sau a vreunei
reu|arrti care este ccniie a ,experrenei n sensu| n care
ume i Kant uti|iteat cuv1ntu|), ar presupune ate i situaii
crcranume|e|epct|ratate keu|i|e |im|aju|ur suntreu|ra|e
ap|rcrir |im|aju|ui, aaar, tre|uie s existe ceva |a care e|e s
pcat|iap|rcatexprima|i|itatea i verihca|i|itatea suntunu| i
ace|ai|ucru.\uexrstniciunantacnismntre|cicrexperien
\unumaic|crcranu|pcateh, nace|itrmp,unempirrst,e|chiar
tre|uie s|ie ac vrea sne|ea ceea ce |ace e|nsui
IV
trecemn revrstc1tevaexemp|e pentru ai|ustraccnse
cine|eatrtuinrrncastre|aeanumitetemea|eh|cscheitraii
cna|e. |umce|e|ru|cat a|rea|itiice|ei|a|te |ee a|unrr care
este i unu| intre exemp|e|e prc|escru|ur Lewis) 0re cnrmeni
rntrencrnuar|rispussacceptec ccncepreccn|crmcreiaar
|i un ncnsens svcr|rm espre |aa ascunsa sate|itu|ui ncstru.
nmputeacaresavemceamaimicncia|upra|aptu|uic,n
ccn|crmitatecuexp|rcarr|encastre,ccnrri|eesemni|icaiesunt
satis|cutepeep|innacestcat?
0recnuputemaveanicicncia|!entruc|antre|area
,0umeste cea|a|t|a a|unri? am putearspune, e exemp|u,
prrntrcescrrereaceeacearveeasauarputeaatinecperscan
a||at unevan spate|e |unii.
(
ntre|area ac este |itrc pcsr|r|
pentruc|rrncmeneasc- saupentrucrrcea|tvreurtcare - s
c|tcreascnjuru||unrrnutre|uie nicimcarpusaici,eaeste
ccmp|et ire|evant 0hrarac se pcate emcnstracc c|tcrre
sprea|tccrp cerescar|ia|sc|ut|nccmpati|i|cu|ei|ecuncscute
a|enaturri,cprcpctrre esprecea|a|t|aa|umiiaraveatctui
semnrhcare.
(
ntruc1tprcpctiiancastr vcr|ete espre anumite
|ccuriinsparucaicumar|rphnecumaterrepentruccuvinte|e
,|a a|umii stau pentru a ceva), eava avea semnihcaie ac
2 1 6 MORITZ SCHLICK
inicmncemprejurricprcpctiiee|crma,acest|ccestep|in
cu materie va |i ccnsierat aevrat sau |a|s 0cnceptu|
,su|stan|itica||atntrunanumit|ccestee|inite|im|aju|
ncstru n |itic in ecmetrie. 0ecmetriansi este ramatica
prcpctiii|cr ncastre espre re|aii|e ,spaia|e i nu este |carte
i|ici| s ne|eem cum aseriuni|e espre prcprieti|e htice i
re| aii|e spaia|e sunt ccre|ate cu , ate|e sentcria|e prine|iniii
cstensive.
(
ntrea|te|e,acetccre|aienuesteeemenea|atur
nc1t sne permit s spunem c su|stana |itic este ,,0 simp|
ccnstruciesuprapusate|crsentcria|esaucunccrphticeste
,unccmp|exeatesentcria|e- acnucumvainterpretmaceste
expresii ca|iinmai era| prescurtriinaecvate a|e aseriunii
ctcateprcpctiii|ecare ccnintermenu| ,ccrp|itic necesitpre
tena ate|cr sentcria|e pentru veri|icarea |cr
i, cu siuraa,
acestaesteun enun excesive |ana|
!rc|a|i|cmcatu||uniiamputeaspuneccerinasemnihcaiei
estenep|initacsuntemnstaresne,imainmcuajutcru|
minii) situaii care ar veri|ica prcpctiia ncastr uar, ac am
spune c,nenera|,veri|ica|i|itateauneieriuniimp|icpcsi|i
|itateae ,ane imaina |aptu| i-ertat, acestenunar|i aevrat
numain sens strict !| nu ar h aevratn msurancare pcsi
|i|itateaeste e tip empiric, i anume, imp|icanumitecapaciti
umane ueexemp|u,eunucrecputem|iacutaicvcr|im|r
sensacvcr|imespreununiverscuteceimensiunisau espre
hinecarepcsecraneesimiaupercepiiccmp|eti|eritee
a|e ncastre,i,tctui,separecnuesteccrectsspunemcputem
s ne , imainm asemenea |iine i i-emeneapercepii sau c
|ume cu teceimensiuni. uar tre|uie sputem spune n cempre
jurriobservabile am iertaexistenahine|crsauacrane|cre
sim|acaretccmaineamre|erit!stec|arceupctsvcr|esccu
sensespretcna|itateavcciiunuiprieten|rahcapa|i|nrea|itate
s c recreet n imainaia mea. \u este aici |ccu| e a iscuta
espreramatica|cicacuv1ntu|ui,aiimaina, acestec1teva
c|servairnepctpreveni|aeacceptareapreaucaraexp|icaiei
psihc|ciceaveri|ica|i|itii.
\u tre|uie sienti|icmsemni|icaiacu niciun|e|e ate
psihc|cice care ccnstituie materia unei prcpctiii minta|e sau
,1n),nace|aisensncaresunete|earticu|ateccnstituiemate
riauneiprcpctiiivcr|itesauncare semne|e nere e peh1rtie
|crmeat materia|u| unei prcpctiii scrise. 01n |acei un ca|cu|
SEMNIFICA
IE
I VERIFICARE 2 1 7
aritmeticesteaprcapeire|evantacmainainteaiavutnminte
imaini|euncrnumereneresaua|euncrnumere rcii,saunuai
avut n minte nici un |e| e imaine vitua|.
i chiar ac ar h
impcsi|i|in punct e veere empirics|aceiunca|cu||rav
imainanace|aitimpinumerenere,imaini|eminta|ea|eacestcr
semne nere nu ar putea, esiur, nniciun|e|,s|ie ccnsierate
reptccnstitutivesemni|icaieisau parte asemnihcaieica|cu|u|ui
0arnapare reptatespununmareaccentpe|aptu|su||i
niatntcteunaecriticii,psihc|cismu|ui)cprc||emasemnihcaiei
nuarenicic|eturcuprc||emapsihc|ciccuprivire|aprccesu|
minta|incarearputea|iccnstituitactu|e1nire.uarnusunt
siur c e| ane|es cu aceeai c|aritate c re|eraea |a e|iniii
cstensivepecare|epcstu|mpentrusemi|icaie)nuimp|icercarea
uneiccnhtiintrece|ecuprc||eme.!entruane|eecprcpctiie
careccnine,eexemp|u,cuvinte|e ,stearcuesteinispensa|i|
s|imnstaresinicmcsituaiencarea puteaartaspreun
c|iect pe care |a numi ,stea i a crui cu|care a putea sc
recuncscca|iin ,rcu, ecse|inc e a|te cu|cri uar pentru a
|ace aceasta nu este necesar s prcucem cu aevrat imainea
unuistearcu steeceamaimare impcrtansne|eemc
acestecu|ucrurinuaunimicnccmunInacestmcmentncerc
ntaarsmiimainet|crma|iterei0ntiparu|erman,cutcate
acestea, pctsvcr|escespre ea|ravcr|i|rsensitiuca
recuncate |itera respectiv ac a veeac ni imaina c pat
rcie este ccmp|eti|erit e a te re|eri |ac ehniiecstensiva
cu|crii ,rcu \eri|ica|i|itatea nu are |etur cu nici c imaine
carearputea|iascciatcucuvinte|eprcpctiieiniscuie
*
* *
\umai puine i|icu|tiec1tn catu|prc||emeire|eritcare
|acea|a|t|aa|uniivcr|iesccperiteniscutarea,caa|texemp|u
semni|icativ, aprc||emei,mcrta|itii, pecareprc|escru|lewisc
ccnsier,icareec|iceiesteccnsierat,cprc||emmetafizic.
|au e |a sinene|es |aptu| c nu presupunem c,imcrta|itatea
semni|icviaa|rs|1ritpentru c acesttermen arputeashe
|ipsit e semnihcaie pcrnin e |aieea e in|initate carear|i
imp|icat), iar ceea ce ne preccup este prc||ema supravieuirii
up,mcarte0recputem|ieaccrcuprc|escru|lewisatunci
c1n e| spune espre aceast ipctet ,Ine|eerii ncastre a ceea
ce eaar veri|icanui|ipsete e|cc c|aritatea ue|apt, pctsmi
2 1 8 MORITZ SCHLICK
imainet cu uurin, e exemp|u, c sunt martcru| hnera|ii|cr
prcpriu|ui meuccrp i cexistn ccntinuare |r ccrp, pentru c
nimicnueste mai ucr ec1taescriec|umecarei|ere|umea
nctrc|inuitnumaiprina|senaccmp|etatuturcrate|crpe
care|eaputeanumipria|eprcpriu|uimeuccrp
1re|uiesccnchiemcimcrta|itatea,nsensu|e|init,nuar
tre|uiccnsieratreptc,prc||emmetahtic,crcipctetempiric
evremecese|ucureverihca|htate|cicaarputeahverihcat
ac urmm prescripia ,nteapt p1n c1n mcri' . e pare c
prc|escru| lewis susine c acet metc nu este satis|ctcare
inpunctu|e veere a|tiinei.|spune p. i +)).
,lpcteta imcrta|i|itii este neveri|ica|i|n sens evient
acsesusine cnumai ceeaceeste veriIica|i|nmctiinihc
aresemni|icaie,atunciacetccncepieesteunexemp|upctrivit.
!aar putea cu reu she verihcate tiin, inu existnici c
c|servaie sau un experiment pe care |ar putea |ace tiina, un
retu|tatneativcare ar puteascinhrme
(
minchipuicnacetpr|vinmetcaprivateverr|icare
este respins cahin netiinihc, pentru c easar putea ap|ica
numai n catu| unei perscane cre triete acet experienn
mciniviua|,ntimpceunenuntiinihcar|iapteccva
general, eschis cricrui c|servatcr atent uar nuv nici un
mctivpentru care aceastachiar artre|ur ec|arat impcsi|i|
uimpctriv, esteucrsescriemexperiene|east|e|nc1tipcteta
uneiexisteneinviti|i|eahine|crumaneupmcartea|crccpcra|
ar|i ceamai acepta|i| exp|ica|e a |encmenu|ui c|servat ncest
|encmen, este aevrat, ar tre|ui s ai| c natur mu|t mai
ccnvintcareec1tnt1mp|ri|eriicc|eesprecaresepresupune
csent1mp|neine|eeccu|tism,arcrecnuputemavea
nici cea mai mic ncia| asupra pcsi|i|itii n sensu| |cic)
|encmene|cr care ar repretenta j ustihcarea tiini|ic a ipctetei
supravreuirii up mcarte i care arpermite c investiaie prin
metcetiini|iceaacestei|crmeevia!entruahsiuri,ipcteta
nuarputeanicicatshesta|i|itrepta|sc|utaevrat,ci ar
urmaestrnu|tuturcripctete|cruacamsta|i|ic su||ete|eece
ai|crar|ccuintrunspaiusupracerescune nuar|i accesi|i|e
percepieincastre,ic,prinurmare,aevru|sau|a|sitateaacester
a|irmaiinuarputeanicicats|ietestate,rspunsu|ar|i cac
cuvinte|e ,spaiu superceresc ar tre|ui s ai| c1t e c1t c
semni|icaie, acest spaiu ar tre|ui s |ie e|initn asemenea |e|
SEMIFICA
IE
I VERFICAR 2 1 9
nc1trmpcsi|i|itateaajuneriip1n| ae | sau aperceperiiacevan
e|s|ie car empiric,ast|e|nc1t arputeasheescriseanumite
mij|cace pentru aepi i|rcu|ti|e, cu tcate csar putea she
peste puterea cmenecs|ie|c|csite
naar,ccnc|utianctrsesusine|pctetaimcrta|itiieste
unenunempirrccareratcreatsemni|icaraverrca|r|rtiisa|e
inuare nicrcsemnihcaiena|arapcsi|r|itirsa|eeverrhcare
uactre|uiesamrtemctiinanuar putea|aceniciunexperi
menta|crurretu|tatneativscinhrme, acest|ucruesteaevrat
numainace|aisensncareesteaevratpentrumu|tea|terpctete
cu cstructursimi|ar - nspec|a| ace|eacare au aprutrna|te
mctrve ec1tcuncatereaunui numr maree|aptee experien
careartre|uisheprrvitecaicumrarpcteteicprc|a|i|iatena|t
(
ntre|areacuprrvrre|a,exrstena|umriexternevahiscutat
nsecruneaurmtcare
v
nentcarcemacum|aunaspecteimpcrtanhnamenta|
rece|marprchnrnteres|||cschc!rc|escru|Lewissere|er|a
e|su| nume|e e ,cerrnaeccentric rescriencercareae a
|uanserrcsaceastcerrnreptunarntrece|emaicaracterrstrce
trsturr a|e pctitrvrsmu|ui |cic. e pare c aceast cerin este
|crmu|atprinprcpctrrap i !8), ,ue |apt, experiena at este
at |a perscana nt1i , iar rmpcrtana ei pentru cctrina
pctrtrvismu|ur|cicpareahevrentncep1ncu|aptu|ck 0arnap,
nasa,uer|crschenu||auere|t,sta|i|etecmetcaacestei
cripcatehnumrt,sc|ipsismmetcc|crc!rc|escru|Lewiscree
pe|unreptatecprrncrpiu|eccentricsauschpsistnuestermphcat
eprrncipru|ncstruenera|a|verihca|i|trii,caurmare, ccnsrer
reptuna| ci|eaprrncipiucare,mpreuncuce|a|verrhca|r|itrr,
uce,n cpinrasa, |aprrncipa|e|e retu|tate a|eh|cscheivrenete
uacmiaputeapermrtes|acarcic1tevac|servarienera|e,
miarp|ceasspuncunu|rntrece|emaimariavantajeratracir
a|eaevratu|uipctrtrvrsmmrseparea|ratrturneaantisc|rpsist
care| caracteriteat chrar e |anceput xisttctat1te purn
perrcc|nsc|rpsrsmc1texrstrncrrce ,rea|rsmimrseparec
punctu|nca|a|ecse|irrrrntrerea|ismipctitivrsmesteace|a
c acestainurmevrtntcta||tatecerrnaeccentrrc. 0rec
esteceamarravnene|eere aieripctitrvrste ccmis esecrr
220 MORITZ SCHLICK
e1nrtcrrcareseccnsrerernrrpctrtrvrtr)sveemneac
tenrnspre sc|rpsrsmsauc ru area|rsmu|ursu|rectrv !utem
ccnsrerah|csc|ra|ur\arhrnera|ur,carcumreptunexemp|u
trprc e asemeneareea| e|rrntrtu|eatcmteasa,rstem e
rea|rsmpctrtrvrst)r, prc|a|r|,h|cscha|urMachrnvenarrus ca
unarntrencercrr|e ce|e marccnsrstente e acevrta!ste, mar
era|,cnt1mp|arene|errcrt|aptu|ck0arnapasurnutceea
ce e|numete ,sc|rpsismmetcc|crc rcn ccnstrucratuturcr
ccncepte|cr rn ate e|ementare, ,erenpschrsche 0eenstane
entrtr|epentru- mrne)vrnprrme|er|crmeat|ataccnstrucrer
c|recte|crhtrce,carence|ernurm,uc|accnceptu|ece||a|t,
ar ac exrst vrec greea| arcr, ea se a|| n prrncrpa| n
termrnc|cre,nun1nae ,c|rpsrsmu|metcc|crcnu este un
enesc|rpsrsm, cicmetce accnstrurccncepte
rtre|ures
rnemmrnteccrrneaeccnstrucrepecarecreccman0mnap
- sncepemcu ,entrti|epentrumrne- nuesteccnsreratah
srnurapcsr|r|.mh|cstmar |rne sha|esccrrne r|errt,ar,
nprrncrpru,0arnapa|cstper|ectccntrente|aptu|cexperrena
rnrra|este,|runsu|rect vetrlewrs, |cc crtp. i +)).
0e| mar puternrc accent ar tre|ur pus aupra|aptu|ur c c
experren e|ementareste a|sc|ut neutr sau, aa cum c spune
rttenstern ccatrcna|, c ate|e rmerate ,nu au unprcprretar
(
ntruc1t pctrtrvrsmu| autentrc nea mpreun cu Mach etc.) c
experrena rnrra| ,are aceaca|rtate sau ace| statut caracterrstrc
tuturcr experrene|cr ate, ceea ce este rnrcat prrn aj ectrvu|
perscanant1r-|cccrtp i+)),e|nupcatesranserrcs,cerrna
eccentrrc, aceast cerrn nu exrst pentru e|. n ne|ee c
experrenae|ementarnueste experren|a perscanant1r mrse
pmea hunu|rntrecermarrmpcrtanrparpecareh|cschatre|ure
sr|acnrrecrac|arrhcrrrce|crmarprchneprc||emea|esa|e
!ctrraunrca,srne|urnuestecprcprietatee|atantrerr
experrene,cresteeansrun|apteexperrenntrea|te|apte)
|ea|rsmu|aacumesterepretentate,esse= percipra||urer
|e|eysau` de,uree|trstmerne\crste||una||urchcpenhauer)
ra|te cctrrne cu tenrneeccentrrce ccmrtmareaercare e a
|uapctrra unrc a eu|ur, ceeace este un |apt emprrrc, rept un
aevr|crc, aprrcrr,sau,marera|,su|strtureunacucea|a|t
!stermpcrtantscercetmaceatchestrunersana|rtmprcpc
trracarepare sexprrme cerrnaeccentrrcnceatanu vah c
SEMNIFICAIE
I VERIFICARE 2 2 1
rgesrune,pentruc |rc|arrhcareaacesterprc||emevahimpcsr|r|
sne|eempctrrae|ataemprrrsmu|urncstru
0um ajunrea|rstu|sau sc|rpsrstu| |aenunu| c |umea, n
msurancareeuccuncsc,este,prcprramearee, c,ince|ern
urm,nucuncscnrmrca|tevaec1t,ccnrnutu|prcprrerccntrrne!
!xperrenanenvactcate ate|e rmerate eprnntrun
|e|saua|tu|eace|eatecareccnstrtureceeaceeunumesc,ccrpu|
meu 1cate atele vrtua|e rspar atuncr c1n cchrr acestur ccrp
suntnchrr,tcatesunete|enceteatatuncrc1nurechr|esa|esunt
astupate,raamarepatencestccrpseecse|etee,ccrpurr|e
a|tcr|rrneprrn|aptu|ce|aparentcteaunantrcperspectrv
partrcu|areexemp|u,nune veemspate|esaucchrrec1tac
prrvrmntrc c|rn), ar acest |apt este aprcape nesemnrhcatrv
ccmparatrvcu|aptu|cca|rtatea tuturcr ate|cr esteccnrrcnat
estareacrane|cracesturccrpInmcevrent,acestecu|apte
- rprc|a|r|,mara|es prrmu| - retu|tsrnuru| mctrvpentrucae
acestccrpestenumrtccrpu|,meu!rcnume|epcsesrv|separe
ce|e|a|teccrpurr,e|esteunajectrvcareenctcaacteru|eunrcrtate
escrrsmarsus
!aptu| c tcateate|esunt epenente e ccrpu| ,meu n
partrcu|areace|eprra|e |urcaresuntnumrte ,craneesrm)
ne permte sne |crmm ccnceptu| e ,percepre \crnu srm
acestccnceptn |rm|aju| camenr|crsrmp|r, nernstrurr,ernuspun
!upercepunccpac,cr,purrsrmp|u,,|atunccpac ,npercepe
rmp|rcrstrncrarntresu|rectu|careperceperc|rectu|caeeste
perceput |nrra|, ce| ce percepe este cranu| e srm sau ccrpu|
cruraraparrne,aevremecerccrpu|caatae- rnc|usrvsrstemu|
nervcs - este unu| rntre |ucrurr|e percepute, ccncepra rnrra|
este cur1n ,ccrectat prrn n|ccurrea ce|ur care percepe cu un
ncusu|rectcareestenumrt,eusau,spartsau,ccntrrnuespre
acestase cree e c|rcercar|rsrtuatunevan ccrp, pentru c
crane|e esrmsunt|asupra|aaccrpu|ur 0reea|aea|cca|rta
ccntrrnasausprrrtu|nuntru|ccrpu|urncap),carea|cstnumrt
rntrcjecre e k nvenarrus, este sursa prrncrpa|a rhcu|tr|cr
aanumrterprc||emesprrrtccrp !rrnevrtareaercrrrrntrcjecrer
ncrev|tm,nace|artrmp,ercarearea|rstcareuce|asc|rpsrsm
!steucrsartmcrntrcjecraestecercarentuncrc1nvc
pajrtevere, ,vere|eesteccnsreratahunccnrnuta|ccntrrner
me|e,arestesrurce|nusea||nuntru|capu|urmeu
(
nuntru|
cutrercranrenenusea||nrmrca|tcevaec1tcrereru|meu,rac
222 MORITZ SCHUCK
sar nt1mp|a can crereru| meu sse a||e c pat vere, ar |r
evrentc acestanuar hvere|e pajrter,crvere|ecrereru|ur
uar nu este necesar sccpu|ur meusurmet aceast|rnre e
1nrre, este su|rcrent sre|crmu|et|apte|ecu c|arrtate
!steun|apteexperrenace|actcateate|eeprnntrun
|e|sau a|tu| e unanumrtccrp care are partrcu|mrtateae anur
veeanrcrcatcchrrsauspate|ecuexcepracapu|urncareavem
ajutcru|unerc|rntr)uec|rcer,e|este numrtccrpu|,meu,ararcr,
pentru a evrta ree|r|e,mr vcr |ua |r|ertateae a| numr ccrpu|
M Lncatpmtrcu|mAepenenerejamenrcnateesteexprrmat
eprcpctrra,!unupercepnrmrcaccrane|eesrma|eccrpu|ur
Msunta|ectate au,|u1nuncatrmarspecra|,pct|aceurmtcru|
enun
,!u srmtc urere numar atuncr c1nccrpu|Meste |cvrt
Mvcrre|err|aacest enunsu|enumrrea,prcpctrra!
ccsrermacuma|tprcpctrreg)
,!upctsrmrnumarprcprraurere
!rcpctrragpcate hrnterpretatnr|errte |e|urrInprrmu|
r1n, eapcate|rccnsreratechrva|entcu!,as|e|nc1t!rgar
hcar cu mcurrr|errteea exprrmaunu|race|ar|aptem
prrrc 0uv1ntu| ,pct, cme apare n g ar enctaceeace ncr am
enumrt ,pcsr|r|rtate emprrrc,|arcuvrnte|e ,!u r ,a|meu sar
re|err|accrpu| M !ste e ceamar mare rmpcrtansne|eem
c, n acea- t prrm rnterpretare, g este escrrerea unur |apt e
experren, ranume, un|apt pe care am putea|cmte |rne snr|
rmarnmca|rrnr|errt.
nm putea cu sruran s ne rmarnm arcr urmet nea
prcaperer|eexprrmateecmnu|rttenstern)ctrrescexperrena
unerurerrehecmeatc1nccrpu|prreten|urmeueste|cvrt,c
suntvese|atuncrc1n|aa|uraratcexjresrep|rne|ucurre,c
msrmtc|csrtupcee|a|cutcp|rm|are|unsauchrarcnu
v nrmrc atuncr c1n cchrr sr suntnchrr r aa mar epmte
!rcpctrragacesternterpretatreptechrva|entcu!)nea
caceste|ucrurr sent1mp|vrecat, mace|esarnt1mp|a,
garh|a|srhcatnaar,ncrrnrcmsemnr|rcara|urgsau!)prrn
escrrerea |apte|cr care c vcr |ace aevrat pe g, precum r a
a|tcr |apte cme c vcr |ace |a|s uac sar nt1mp|a |apte e a|
cr|ea |e| |umeanca- tr ar h r|errt e aceea n care trrm In
pretent, prcprretr|e ate|crar eprnee a|te ccrpurrcmenetr
saupcatenumarune|erntree|e),arreccrpu|M.
SEMNIFICA
IE
I VERFICAR 223
nceast|umehctrvarputeahrmpcsr|r|rnpuncteveere
emprrrcecareceesternccmpatr|r|cu|er|enaturrr- ernuputem
h e|cc srurr e aceata-, ar este |crc pcsr|r|, pentru c ncr
suntem n stare s m c escrrere a er ncum, s presupunem
pentrumcmentcaceat|ume|rctrvesterea|0umsmaapta
|rm|aju|ncstru |a ea ncest |ucru m puteah |cutIn cu|e|urr
care sunt ernteres pentru prc||emancatr
!rcpctrra !ar|r|a|s01tprrvete g, arhcupcsr|r|rtr
!rrmaestessustrnemcsemnrhcatraerestetctusraceeasrcu a|ur
!
(
n acest cat, c ar |r |a|s r ar putea |r n|ccuit cu prcpctrra
aevrat
,!ctsrmrurereaa|tcurva|a|e|caprcprrameaurerek).
k arenuna|aptu| emprrrc esprecare presupunem pentru mc
ment ceste aevrat) c ,urerea caat se prcuce nu numar
atuncr c1n M este |cvrt, cr r atuncr c1n este prrcrnurt c ran
a|turccrp, sspnem, ccrpu|,g.
uacexprrmmpresupusastaree|ucrurrprrnprcpctrrak,
atuncr,nmcevrent,nuvcmaveanrcrctentarernrcrunpretext
pentrua|aceunenun,sc|rpsrst 0crpu|meu - carenacestcat
narputeansemnanrmrca|tceva ec1t,ccrpu|M- ar|rncunrc
prrnaceeace|arapreantcteaunarntrcperspectrvpartrcu|ar
cu unspate rnvrtr|r|,etc.), ar narmarh unrc prrn aceeacnar
mar|r srnuru| ccrp e a crur stare eprnprcprretr|e tuturcr
ce|cr|a|te ate r numar aceat u|trm caracterrstrc era aceea
care a at natre ccnceprer eccentrrce
(
ncra|a |t|cschc cu
prrvrre|a,rea|rtatea|umrrexterneaaprutrnmumentu|cnu
avemnrcr c cuncatere a acester |umr a|t|e| ec1tprrn percepre,
arc,prrnrntermeru|crane|cresrma|eccrpu|urmeu
uacacest|ucrunumaresteaevrat, acate|eeprnr
e a|te ccrpurr 0 care r|ere M numar n prrvrna anumrtcr
apecteemprrrce, arnun principiu), atuncrnuvamarexrstanrcr
c justr|rcme pentru a numr ate|e ,a|e me|e, a|r rnrvrtr 0 vcr
aveaace|arreptpentrua|tccns|erarerntcrrrsauprcprretarrr
ate|crsentcrra|erespectrveceptrcu|setemecce|e|a|teccrpurr
0narputea|tnrmrca|tcevaec1trmarnratcrate,sprrrtu|urcare
aparrne ccrpu|ur M, pentru c tctu| pare s eprne starea
acesturarn urm, arInmprejurrr|e escrrseexrstc srmetrre
per|ectIntre 0 rM, cerrna eccentrrc rspare
!rc|a|r|cmrveratraeatenraasura|aptu|urcmprejurrr|e
pecare|eamescrrssunthcrun|, ce|enusent1|nescn|umea
224 MORITZ SCHUCK
nca- tr rea|, a- t|e| nc1t, n acea- t |ume, rn ne|errcrre, cer|na
eccentrrcesterepusnrepturrkspuncvreausntemeret
arumentu| meu numar pe |aptu| c ecse|rrearntre ce|e cu
|umr este car emprrrc, arc, prcpctrra ! se nt1mp| s |re
aevratcarn|umearea|nmsurancareexperrenancastr
se petrece ncest |ucru nu mr se pare s he rnccmpatr|r| nrcr cu
|er|ecuncscutea|enaturrr,prc|a|r|rtateapecmeaceste|ercau
|a|srtrr|ur!nuesteterc
ncum,acsuntemtctureaccrcprcpctrragtre|ures
||eccnsreratrentrccu!, ceeacenseamnc, a|meutre|ure
she e|rnrt prrnre|errre |aM), cuv1ntu| ,pct rn g va rnrca
pcsr|r|rtatea empiric.
(
n ccnsecrn, ac un h|csc|ncearc s
utr|rtete gc)|ataunuranumrtenesc|rpsrsm,e|vatre|urs
heatasvacntreaasaccnstrucrevah|a|srhcateanumrte
experrene vrrtcare uar acest|ucru este exact ceea ce aevratu|
sc|rpsrstreuz s|ac |susrne cnrcrcexperrennuarputea
s| ccntratrc, pentru c aceasta ar aveantcteauna, n mc
necesar, caracteru|specrhce a|rc experrenpentrumrne, ceea
ce pcate h escrrs prrn ,cerrna eccentrrc 0u a|te cuvrnte, e|
esteestu|eccntrentcsc|rpsrsmu|nusepcate|atapegat1ta
vremec1tgeste,prrne||nrre,nrmrca|cevaec1tuna|tmcea
exprrma!ue|apt,sc|rpsrstu|care|crmu|eatenunu|gataeatc
semnr|rcarer|errtace|crarcuvrnte,e|nrcrnuvreasasertete!,
cr rntenrcneatsspuncevaccmp|etr|errt ur|erenaesteat
eexpresra, a|meu |nuvreasehnea- cprcnume|epescna|
prrnre|errre|accrpu|M,cr||c|csetentrunmcmu|tmarene
ra|0esemnrhcaree|prcpctrrerg?
examrnm acea- ta doua rnterpretarecarepcate|r at
|urg
|ea|rstu|sausc|rpsrstu|carespune,!ctsrmrnumarprcprra
mea urere sau, mar enera|, !ct h ccntrent car e ate|e
prcprrerme|eccntri ne, creecrcsteteunaevrnecesar,evr
ent prrn srne, pecarenrcr c experren pcsl|r| nu|pca|e |cra
s|sacrrhce !|va tre|ur s am|t pcsr|r||tateauncrmprejurrr
precumace|eapecare|eamescrrsncatu||umrrncastrermarnare,
ar, vaspune e|, chrar ac eu srmt urere e hecare at c1n
este|cvrtccrpu|g, nuvcrspunenrcrcat usrmturerea|ur0,
cr ntcteauna,uurereameasea||nccrpu||ur0
\uputem ec|ara c acest enun a| rea|rstu|ur estefals; e|
este car un mc r|errt e a aapta |rm|aju| ncstru |a ncr|e
SEMNIFICA
IE
I VERIFICARE 225
mprejurrr |marnate, rar regu|r|e |rm|aju|ur sunt, nprrncrpru,
ar|rtrareuar,eslur,anumrteutr|rtrra|e||m|aju|urncstrusepct
reccmanae|ense|eca|rrnpractrcer|rneaaptate,a|te|epcth
ccnsrerate rept ne|tcare examrnm rn acest punct e
veereatrturnearea|rstu|ur
|resprneprcpctrrancatrkr cn|ccuretecua|ta.
upctsrmrnega|msurat1turerearna|teccrpurrc1t
rurerearnprcprru|meuccrp )
| vreasrnsrsteccrrce urere care este srmrt tre|ure s
heccnsreraturereamea,inr|erenteccrpu|ncmeestesrmrt,
rpentru aahrmaacest|ucrue|spune
,upot srmrnumarurereamea". 1)
!rcpctrra1 este,n msuran care suntne|ese cuv|nte|e,
rentrc cu g nm |c|csrt semne ucr r|errte prrn aceea c am
trprrtcuvrnte|e ,pct r ,mea cu caractere rta|rce pentru a mta
c,atuncrc1nsunt|c|csrtee sc|rpsrst, aceste cucuvrnteau c
semnrhare care este r|errt e semnr|tcarape care e|e au n g
atuncr c1n4 rnterpretm g ca av1n aceear semnr|rcare cu !
uurereamea nu marnseamnn 1,ureren ccrpu|M, penuu
c,nccn|crmrtate cuexp|rcarasc|rpsrstu|ur,,urereameapcate
hrna|tccrp0, at|e|nc1ttre|uresntre|mcesemnrhcarcr
prcnume|e, mea?
steucrene|esce|nusemnrhcnimic; esteuncuv1nt
rnutr|care ar putea |a|e| e |rne s|recmrs ,u srmt urerea r
,usrmturereameatre|uresar|, ccn|crmehnrrersc|rpsrstu|ur,
semn||rcare rentrc, cuv1ntu| ,mea, prrn urmme, nu me nrcr c
hncre n prcpctrre uac e| spune ,uurereape care c srmteste
urereamea,e|rcstetecsrmp|tautc|cgre,pentruce|aec|arat
c, crrcarear|rmprejurrr|e emprrrce, nuvapermrtenrcrcatca
prcnume|e ,a| tu sau ,a| |ur she utr|rtate n |egtur cu ,u
srmturerea,crntcteaunaprcnume|e,meu. nceaststrpu|are,
hrnrnepenente|apteemp|rrce, este cregu||cgrcr, ac
esteurmat,1evrnetautc|cgre,cuv1ntu|,pctrn1mpreuncu
,numar)nuenctrmpcsr|r|rtataemparc,crrmpcsl|r|rtatealogic.
0u a|te cuvrnte, nu ar h c prcpctrre |a|s, cr ar h un nonsens
rntertrs rn puncteveeregramatrca|) s spunem ,u pct srmr
urereaa|tcurva.0tautc|cgre, h|nnegaraunerccntra4rcrr,este
eansr|rpsrtesemnr|rcare,n sensu|ceanuspune nrmrc,cr
carrnrccregu|e|c|csrreacuvrnte|cr.
226 MORITZ SCHLICK
\crin|eramc1,careesteacuarnterpretarea|uig,acptat
e sc|rpsrst r |crm1n |ata mgumentu|ui su, este |ipsit e
semnrhcaren sensstrict.anuspune a|sc|utnimic, nuexprrm
nicr c interpretare a |umii sau c ccncepie espre |ume, eacm
rntrcuce un mc stranru e a vcr|r, un gen gcsc|ane |im|aj,
care)eatinexu|, a|meusau,ccninuta|ccntrineime|e)|a
crice, |rexcepie. c|ipsismu|esteunncnsenspentrucpunctu|
su e pcrnire, cerinaegccentric,este |ipsite semnihcaie
0uvinte|e ,eu i ,a| meu, ac|e|c|csimnrapcrtcu pre
scripiasc|ipsistu|ur,sunta|sc|utgca|e,simp|epcca|ea|evcr|irri
Narmaihnicic ecse|ae ene|esntreacestetreiexpresri,,u
simturereamea,,usimtc4urerei,xistcurere.Lrchten
|erg,minunatu|hticianih|csc|rnsecc|u|a|V|||ea,aec|mat
c uescartes nu a avut4reptate sinceap h|cscha sa cu prc
pctiia,u g1nesc m |cc s spun,| g1nete na cum nar
aveanici un sens svcr|rm espre unca| a|| acnu ar h |cgic
pcsi|i|caunca|snu|rea||,tctaanicrcprcpctiiecareccnrne
cuvinte|e ,eusau, a|meunuarhprcpctiiecusemnr||caieac
nu am puteasn|ccuim aceste cuvinte cu ,e| sau ,a| |ui |r a
vcr|i |r sens. uar c asemeneasu|stituire este impcsi||ntrc
prcpctire cme pare s exprime cerina egccentric sau h|cscha
sc|rpsist.
krnusuntexp|icarsauinterpretrii|eritea|euneianumrte
stri4e |ucruripecare ncicescrrem,ci,purisimp|u, |crmu|ri
ver|a|er|errtea|eacesterescrreri.steermpcrtantunamen
ta|sne|egemckinusuntcuprcpctiii,ciunaiacee)r
juecatexprrmatncu|im|ajer|eritec|ipsrstu|,resping1n
|im|aju| |ur k r rnsist1n aupra |im|aju|ui |ui , a acptat c
termrnc|cgie care|ace cagsai|uncaracter tautc|cgic, c tran
s|crmn1nst|e|,pentrue|estermpcsi|i|sveri|rcesaus|a|si|ice
prcprii|e sa|e enunuri, e| nsui |e priveat e semnihcaie !rin
rehtu| e a se |c|csr e cpcrtuniti|e pe cme i |eam artat)
pentru a|ace ca enunu| ,u pct simi urerea a|tcuira s ai|
semnr||caie, e| prere n ace|ai trmp cpcrtunitatea e a a
semnihcarprcpctrrei,upctsiminumarureamea
!rcnume|e,a|meurnrcposesia; ncinuputemvcr|iespre
,prcprretaru|uneiureri- saucrrcea|tatsentcria| - cuexcepia
caturr|crncareexpresia,a|meupcate|||c|csitcusemnihcaie,
sranume,acc|cuneprinsu|stiturrea|ur,a|meucu,a||uisau,a|
tu a c|rne escrrerea uner stri e |ucruri pcsr|i|e nceast
SEMNIFICA
IE
I VERIFICARE 227
ccniie este nep|init4ac,a|meu este ehnit care|erinuse
|accrpu|Mi, e asemenea, ar hnep|initacah4eaccrs
numesc,ccrpu|meucriceccrpncarepctsimicurere
}
n|umea
ncatrrea|acestecuehniiiseap|ic|aunu|iace|aiccrp,
aracestaeste un|aptempiriccare m putea|i i|erit uac ce|e
cuehniiinarccincieiacca4cptmpeceaea4cua,am
avea nevcie e c |ume ncu pentru a ecse|i ccrpu| M 1e a|te
ccrpurin care a putea avea sentaii, expresia , a| meu ar avea
semnihcaientrcprcpctiiee|crma,nesteunu|intreccrpuri|e
me|e,arnueste, marh|ipsitesemnihcaienenunu|,u
pct simi urereanumain ccrpu| meu, pentru c acesta ar h c
tautc|cgie.
0ramatica cuv1ntu|ui ,prcprietar este simi|ar cu aceea a
cuv1ntu|ui,meu e|captsensnumaiacc|cuneeste|cgicpcsi|i|
caun|ucrus-i schimbe propretarul, ianume,acc|cunere|aia
intreprcprietaric|iectu|einutesteunaempiric,nuuna|cgic
,extern, nu,intern)naar,cinevaarputeaspune,0crpu|M
esteprcprietaru|ureriisau,nceaurereesteeinuteccrpuri|e
M i 0. !rc|a|i| c a cua prcpctiie nu pcate nicicat s he
ahrmatcaaevratIn|umeancastrrea|cutcateceunupct
veeae ce eaar|t inccmpati|i|cu|egi|enaturii),aram|e|ear
aveasens emnihcaia|cr artre|uis exprimeanumitere|aiie
epenenntre urere i starea anumitcr ccrpuri, iar existena
uncraemeneare|aii ar putea|itestatcu uurin
c|ipsistu|re|uts|c|cseaccuv1ntu|prcprietarnacest
mc.| tie cmu|te prcprieti a|e ate|crsentcria|e nu epin
e|cce niciun|e|estria|e ccrpuri|crumane, ianume,tcate
ace|eregu|miticcmpcrtamenta|ecarepcthexprimateprin,|egi
htice, e|tie, prin urmare, c ar h greit s spun ,ccrpu| meu
esteprcprietaru|acrice, aacvcr|ete espre ,sine, , eusau
,ccntiinicec|mpeaceataprcprietaraacrice(ntrea|te|e,
iea|istu| |ace aceeai greea| atunci c1n a|irm c nci nu
cuncatemnimica|tcevaec1t,aparene).ncestaesteunncnsens
ecarece cuv1ntu| prcprietar,atuncic1n a|cst|c|csitIn acest
|e|,iapierutsemni|tcaian|lrmaiasc|ipsistnupcate|iveri|icat
sau |a|si|icat, eavah aevrat prin e|iniie, ini|erentcare ar
|i |ape|e, eaccnst, pur i simp|u, in prescripia ver|a| e a
augaexpresia,einuteminenume|crtuturcr c|iecte|cr,etc
0aurmare,veemcncatu|ncarenuampre|eratsnumim
ccrpu| ncstru prcprietar sau purttcr a| ate|crsentcria|e - ceea
22R MORIZ SCHUCK
cepcate|imaiega|cexpresiene|tcme- tre|uresspunem
cate|enu au nici un proprietar saupurttcr.nceastneutra|r
tateaexperienei- mpctrivasu|iectivitiiaccrateeielea|ist-
este unu| rntre ce|e mar impcrtante aspecte a|e aevratu|ur
pctrtivism. lrcpctir a ,
}
ntreaga experren este experren |a
perscanant1ihevansemnasrmp|u||aptempiricctcateate|e
suntepenentenanumiteprivineestareasistemu|uinervcsa|
ccrpu|ui M, he va h |ipsit 4e semnihcaie. Mai nainte e a h
esccperitacest|apthtic|cgic,experienanuestee|ccexperiena
,mea,earestesuhcientsieirnu,aparinenimnur.!rcpctiia
,u|estecentru||umiipcatehprrvrtcacexpresreaace|uiai|apt
imesemnihcaie numai acsere|er|accrp0cnceptu|e ,eu
estecccnstrucie|atatpeace|ai|aptineamputeaimaginacu
uurino |umencareacestccnceptnarh|cst|crmat, unenu
ar exista ieea unei |arrere insurmcnta|i|e ntre ceea ce este
nuntru|Meuiceeace esten a|mmh c |umencme eveni
menteprecumace|eacareccrespunprcpctirerkra|te|easemn
tcare m hregu|asin care |apte|e in,memcrre nu ar hrcstite
aacumsuntn|ueancastrrea|.
}
nacestemprejurri,ncinu
am htentaiscemn ,cerinaegccentrrc, iarprcpctriacare
ncearcsexprimecasemeneacerinarh|ipsitesemnihcaie
norice mprejurri.
*
* *
uup u|trme|e ncastre remarci va|r ucr s ne ccupm e
)anumitaprc||emre|eritcare |aexrstena|umii externe. uac,
mpreun cu prc|escru| Lewrs i +)), |crmu|mipcteta ,rea|rst
ahrm1n ,uac tcate mini|e ar rsprea in univers, ste|e|e ar
ccntrnuans sr urmete cursu|, atunci va tre|ui s amrtem
rmpcsi|i|itateaverihcrii ei, nsaceast impcsr|i|rtate este cm
empiric.
IE
I VERIFICARE 22
9
e pe pm1nt xperiena nu ne arat nicr c |egtur ntre ce|e
cu|e|urieevenimente0|servmcevc|uiaste|e|crnuesten
nici un|e| marin||uenat4emcarteacameni|crec1teerupia
unuivu|cansau 4e c schim|are e guvernn 0hina ue ce snu
presupunemcnmhnicicecse|ire actcatehine|eviiepe
p|anetancatr,sauchrarepretutineniinunivers,arhexter
minate?Nu pcate h nicicncia|c, pe |ataevieneiempirice,
existenahine|crviinu este cccniie necesarpentruexistena
restu|ui|umii
}
ntre|area,\accntinua |umeasexiste4upceam murit?
nuareniciunsensacnuesteinterpretatcarcumamntre|a
,0are epine existena ste|e|cr etc 4e viaa sau mcartea unei
hine cmeneti?, iar |a aceastntre|are rspunem negativpe
|ataexperiener.0reea|asc|ipsistu|uisauai4ea|istu|urccnstn
respingereaacesteirnterpretri empirice rncutareauneiteme
metahtice n spate|e ei, ar tcate e|crturi|e |cr e a ccnstrur un
ncusensa|ntre|riis|1rescnumaiprinac |ipsiece|vechi
evac|servacmiam|uat|i|ertateae an|ccuiexpresia
,actcatemini|eauisprutinuniverscuexpresia,actcate
|rrne|evriaursprutrnunivers. percnrmeninusevag1nr
c am schim|atne|esu| prcpctriei prrn aceast su|stituie nm
evitat cuv1ntu| ,mrnte pentru c eu ccnsier c acest cuv1nt
semnr||cace|ar|ucrucarcuvrnte|e,eusau,ccntiin,pecare
|eamccnsieratahat1tec|scureiepericu|case!rrnhinevii
euamne|es|rrnecapa|r|eepercepie,iarccnceptu|epercepre
a|cstehnitnumaiprinre|erire|acorpuri vii,|acrganrsmehtice
0aurmare,am|cstnreptitsn|ccuiesc,lspariiamrni|crcu
,mcmteahine|crviiuarargumente|esuntva|a|i|epentrucrice
ehniie empiric pe care cineva c pcate a|ege pentru ,mrnte
\reau car s art c, n ccn|crmrtate cu experrena, mrcarea
ste|e|cretcestec1tsepcateeinepenentetcate|encmene|e
,menta|e, cumarhace|actesimi|ericitsautrist,cmeitetr,c
viseti etc, r putem in|eracevc|ura ste|e|cr nar ||in||uenat
acaceste |encmene arncetasexrste
uar este aevrat c aceastrn|erenar puteah verihcat
prrnexperien?ncest|ucrupareahimpcsi|i|rnpuncteveere
emprrrc, ar trm c este necesar car pcsr|r|rtatea |cgic e
verrhcare
1rnrnamrcrar
h|csc|rerespunecrer|e
acester cc|r nu ccntrr|ure cu n|mrc |a etvc|tarea r prcgresu|
h|csc|rer,crtrnmaregra|sces|rrnete.achrarsaspusc
e|esuntun|encmeneegenerare,cara|temanr|estria|ecu|turrr
actua|e.
234 MORITZ SCHLICK
nsemenea reprcurr par s-i gseasc ccnlrrmarea ntrun
marenumrea|rrmarra|euncrmem|rrar0ercu|ure|a\rena,n
careseacptuntcnrspreurtcr|aaresah|csc|rertrarrcna|e
Lnrr rntre er au chrar c antrpatre accentuat |a e cuv1ntu|
flosofe, pecare crescs|prcscrren |c|csu|a|tcrtermenrcum
este ce|etiin unitar. !rrn aceastaerne|egsse ccnsrere
peernrrnurepth|csc|r,crcacercettcrrtrrnrhcr01testranre
ar|r atrturnea|crrIncluaaceeacepctcreeacetrcamen|,nu
tre|ure s seccnchrcer |ucreat pentru rstrugereah|cscher
sau cprcprra|crg1nrrenu este e ace|ar gencu aceeacarea
|cstesemnatrntcteaunaprrntermenu|//csc/e.\uvcmnceta,
ast|e|, s|sccct|mpe !asca| reptuncaph|csc|rc autentrc, er e|
ascrrs,n|uaner1ereh|csc||a,nseamnah|csc|acuaevrat
ncuta|a e atra h|csc||a este rrrcatmpctrrva ncastr
e aeprrace|crcurente|||csc|rce|amccarerentr|rch|csc|ra
cu metahtrca r care v n cea rn urm e|u| |rna| a| crrcrer
specu|ar|h|csc|rce.ncestecuvrnteaua1atsprrrte|enacetru|trmr
cutecreanrr|eauccnus|aatacurrpasrcnaterrspreurtcare
mpctrrvancastr, cercare pretrnem,esteaevrat,cnu ex|st
metahtrc' .
In aceastpr|vrn,mrvcrperm|tecarsc|servcnegarea
metahtrcrrestecatrturneveche,|rnecuncscutrstcrrcr|crh|csc|rer,
acrurprrcrrtatenucreven|cmc1turepu|nn|cstnevcree
c actrvrtatenec|csrtea|ungu| amu|tcr secc|epentru ac1trga
ccnv|ngereaeertcrunrrmeta|rtrcrrarunc1ncprrvrren spate,
c|serv1n evc|uramr|enarag1nrrrrcccrenta|e, ncune este
ucrsnu|rmmetahtrcrenrrnuavemnrcrunreptshmm1nrr
eacest|ucru\uanvrnsmeta|rtrcarnuestemarpresuseeace|
careccntrnuscccm|at|rncetare,ce|careseccnsrerrept
antmetajzic marega|ec1tnemetajzic, ce|care|c|cseteajec
trvu|metazic nucarpentruaesemnacanumrtercare,crcac
expres|e rspreurtcare,ce|carecautmcrrceprerer|errteasa
cmeta|rtrcascunsnupentruaemcnstrala|srtateaer,crpentrua
cputeastrgmatrtareptrn|errcarncestegesturrarcganteraceste
cuvrnteruntcare nu|acec1t sexprrme teamaemetahtrc
I Afirmaia este derutant. Autorul nu contest, desigur, c exist sisteme
metfzic. El are n vedere eviden c pretenia acestor sisteme de a reprezenta
o cunoatere cu valoare obiectiv nu se susine, i, n acest sens, "nu exist
metafizic" (n.t.).
COALA DE LA VIENA
I FILOSOFIA TRADI
IONAL 235
0eeace cmu||acen exces prcuce aprcapentcteaunaun
e|ect rrrcc| Nu este, prrn armare, surprnttcr c un aseenea
antrmetahtrcranprcpunecuceamarmareserrctrtatessestalr|easc
unIndex verborum prohibitorum n care ar trelur puse tcate
cuvrnte|ecaresesescece|emarmu|tecrrn centru|rscurr|cr
metahtrce, e exemp|u lume, suflet, fin etc. precam r nsui
cuv1ntu|filosofe, espre care am vcr|rt eja stentraevrc
reenstrunrcsvreisiccn1ucipe cameni spre aevr|c1n
ui s se team e anumrte cuvrnte ste aevrat c h|csc|ri
a|uteat e un mare numr e cuvrnte. uarg1nrreanu evrne
|r|eratuncrc1n|eevrtcugrrj,crcaratuncrc1n|eesprrne
eccntextu||crtrarrcna|,nv1ns|e|c|csec|rprejuecr
npr1n anumrte expresrr r reccman1n a|te|e se creat, nu se
suprrm,prejuecr01nrreava|rn|nurtecuv1ntn|ccea
rm1ne rnepenent e ccntrngene|e ver|a|e 1re|ure car ca
semnr|rcaracuvrnte|crshenmcc|ar|rxat.stecercaresse
creacaprareaanumrtcrexpresrrarh prrmu| pspre c ase
menea etermrnare. urmpctrrv, aceasta va sugera c expresrr|e
care nu sunt aparate au eja c semnr|rcare etermrnat, ceea ce
este |carteprrmejrcs
uesprecprcpctrresauespreuncuv1ntitc|atnusepcate
spune nrcrcat c sunt ,meta|rtrce 0ci un cuv1nt nu este |a
nceput nrmrc a|tceva ec1t un semn, c prcpctrie nrmrc a|tceva
ec1t c surt e semne sunete, |rtere etc), ccnteat car mcu|
cum sunt e|e |c|csrte ncerar surt e cuvrnte pcate |r |c|csrtn
mc emprrrc saun mc meta|rtrc.
}
narnte e a||amac expresre
tre|ureexamrnatneaprcapece |c|csrreaavutnveereautcru|
er ucar|c|csrreapcates|re unametahtrc
uar c1n este eameta|rtrc! 0e semnr|rcare are ajectrvu|
metazic? 0 |rat este |rpsrt e sens atuncr c1n nu exprrm
nrmic.!entru ase etermrnasensu|unei prcpctrrrtre|ureshe
inrcatemprejuri|emcaresevaspunecprcpctrraesteadevrat
r mprejurrr|e care c vcr |acefals. ste c grav ercare s se
creacchatexprrmcevaaceanuccnstec1trncuvrnte
|rne cuncscute, aranjate pctrrvrt regu|r|cr ramatrcrr |invrstrce
nceast ercare este sursa mu|tcr prcpctrrr |rpsrte e sens uar
pentru ageneraacea|rpsesens,careestecaracterrstrcpentru
propoziiile metafzice, tre|ures|reccmscacuaercaretrelure
s |re ccnhnate prc||eme|e ce prrvesc sensu| expresrr|cr cu
prc||eme|e re|errtcare |a|apte.
236 MORITZ SCHUCK
0recaceastexp|rcareestence|mar|unaccrcuetvc|
tarearstcrrcrcucunct|ne|e actua|ex|st, ma|nt1r,prc||eme
ce se re|er |a existena sau rnexrstena anumrtcr |apte nces tea
sunt prc||eme e |apt care r gsescntcteauna rspunsul prrn
c|servare, arcprrn experrene|evrerrcctrrenesaua|e trrner
In a| c||ea r1n, exrstprc||eme care nu prrmescrspuns ec1t
prrntrc re||exre asupra |e|u|urcum exprrmm |aptu|ncesteasunt
problemele privitoare la sens. |esuntsc|urcnatenurn|c1nuse
|apte e c|servare, crregu|r|egramatrcrr|cgrce,regu|recarene
servrmpentruaescrrerea|rtatea1cateprc|leme|especr|rch|cschce
sunteacestrnurmgen0e|e|a|te,prc||eme|eprrvrtcare|a|apte,
suntprc||emespecrhc trrnr|rce
ur|erena|ntreacestecuspecrr e prc||eme estea|sc|ut
net,cu tcate acesteaestegreucae|esherstrnsecuexact|tate
0ermarmu|rh|cschau|nurtcarcprc||eme|eh|csc|rcetrehu|e
s he tratatentrun mc ecse|rt, care este caracterrstrc pentru
emeneaprc||eme,unmccarenuseap|rcprc||eme|arprrvrtcare
|a|apte.In ceeaceprrvetece|ernurm, eraurecuncscutccar
experrena, |atat pe c|servare va ecre asupra aevru|u| r
|a|srtrr In ceea ce prrvete prc||eme|e h|cschce, er r eau
seamace|enupcthsc|u|cnatenace|a||e|0utcateacestea,|e
ccnsrerau easemenea rept prc||eme re|errtcare |a |apte r
tre|u|au sccnchi c |apte|e |a care se rapcrtau nu puteau h
cuncscuteprrnexper|ennst|e|erajungeau|accnc|utracaceste
|aptesuntrncc|c e experren |atatrturneametahtrc
!entruar|ustraaceastccn|atretrprc,pecare amescrrsc,
sexaminmpurnaanum|taprc||emaesenerrer|cr, arc
prc||emanatur||ccncepte|crnceat,prc||emp|atcnrcranpcate
hsccct|tprc||emametahtrcprrnexce|enr|rne,prc||eme|e
re|errtcare|aesenaccncepte|crsunt,nmcs|gur,prc||eme|cgrce,
e|er prerapareaamrsterrcenatce |e recuncatem ca
l Expresia/apt poate induce n eroare n acest context. Este neobinuit dac
nu pur i simplu impropriu s se vorbea'c despre/apt care nu ar fi accesibie
experienei. De obicei expresia este folosit pentru a desemna doar acele
realiti care sunt, cel puin n principiu, accesibile experienei. Metafizicianul
accept, adesea n mod tacit, presupoziia c exist o realitate suprasensibil,
inteligibil i pretinde c ne ofer o cunoatere despre o asemenea realitate.
A exista, aadar, din punctul lui de vedere o cunoatere despre realitate,
esenial diferit de cunoaterea despre/apt pe care o putem dobndi doar
prin experien. Metafizica ne-ar oferi o asemenea cunoatere (n.t.).
COALA DE LA VIENA
I FILOSOFIA TRADI
IONAL 2
3
7
atare'ste easemeaea evrent c |a|sa |nterpretare a uncr ase
meneaprc||emereptprc||emepr|vrtcare|a|apteesterespcnsa|r|
e ercarea ce ccnst n ccnsrerarea ncrunr|cr ca |rrne cu c
exrsten specr|rc ,rea|, ,superrcr).
nceast |a|s rnterpretare este cea care|ace rah|csc|un
metahtrcrancareprcnunhate||psrteesens !crmaaparentr
ccnrnutu| aparent a| acestcr hate arc repretentrr|e care |r se
ataeat)suntetermrnaten mchresce|actcrr psrhc|cgrcr e
naturn mc esenra| emctrvr greue ccntrc|at nprarea|cr
nu se pcate |ace ec1tn mc cgmatrc, argumente|e c|rectrve
|rpsrn ucgmatrsmu|meta|rtrcraau|ur este, aaar, ceva secunar.
|esternevrta|r|enatcesaprcusacetccnhtrehnamen
ta|ntreprc||emee crrn|cgrcr prc||emeprrvrtcare |a|apte.
0a|cgrcrenr,ncrsuntem mu|umrr cam esccperrtpara|cgrsmu|
Neame|r|erateun|e|engr|jcrare,ene|rn|techrar,cupr|vrre
|ametahtrc !ae aceste srsteme a|e trecutu|urncrmanr|estm
cne|egere e crrn rstcrrc, cgme|e |cr nu ne mar rrrt lutem
amrracuccntrrnampcatepccr|emreea|eunercmenrrrcare
cercet1n,ccmr1nercrr,|acetctcatcvaaunervcrneprchne
e aajunge|aaevr.
xrst ns g1nrtcrr care au evenrt antrmeta|rtrcrenr mar
mu|tatcrrtrrrtrrrpecare|ec prcucanumrtecgmemetahtrce
ec1tatcrrtesccperrrrrrmpcsr|r|rtrrmeta|rtrcrrrnuse|ucur
e acet rmpcsr|r|rtate ec1t pentru c prcht e ea n |upta
mpctrrvaaversarr|cr|crntrturnea|crnueste, aaar, purclr
ectrv,cremcrcna|kehts|accautccmuncuerueasemenea
ersuntaeseanerepr|aeh|csc|ratrarrcna|a|rrm1ncea
nu este ec1t c srmp| cu|egere e pseucprc||eme u cre,
rmpctrrv,cavemreptu|shmm1nrre|aptu|crer|encxtre
sunt retu|tatu| uner ne|ungate etvc|trr istcrrce a g1nrrrr
cmenetr|stcrrcrr|t|csc|rerescrrumarnt1rrprc|a|r|nrcrnupct
prcceaa|t|e|)evenrmente|ece|e marrt|rtcaremarr|estrrgtee
|upt, cpere|eeseama|e|r|csc|r|cruarce|care cretesc|
serve sprrrtu| cmenesc n etvc|tarea |ur verrta|r| trelure s
ptrunmarna1ncrme Marr|eva|urresupra|asuntagrtate
e hrtunrtrectcare, curente|e puternrce nusuntns atrnse, e|e
ccntrnuscurg|rnrtrtn prchntrme
Lnrrrntreprretenrrmerpre|ersheccnsrerarreptcamenr
etrrnmar egralec1trepth|csc|riaccrceamarmare
nsemntate caracteru|urtrrnrhc a| g1nrrrr ncastre r pretrn c
23R MORITZ SCHLICK
tecrrr|e nctre errv |a cuncaterea trrnr|rc r nu atcreat
n|mrc|r|cschertra|rcna|e.neseaerr|atjcceearmerp1n
|a prch||irea cuv1atu|urfilosofie atuncr c1n este vcr|a e
caracteritarea prcprrr|cr |cr |ucrrr aa cum am remarcat eja),
n|ccurnu|cuexpresr||rpsrteecu|carerpurnestetrcecaaceea
e tiin unitr. nceast atrturne mr apare rept una ce se
sprrjrnpecnene|eereprchnsteexactcaenu|eemprrrsm
pecare|prc|esmeste,nenera|,acceptatrprcmcvatesprrrte
pe ep|rn |amr|rarrtate cu trrne|e exacte r cu ncua |cr metc.
uaraceastarneemctrvepurpsrhc|crcernuneautcrrteats
teremr|erenacareexrstntremcu|ncstrueapunerea
sc|urcnaprc||eme|erce|a|unurhtrcran,|rc|csauaunursccrc|c,
esemn1ncrrcee|crttecretrcrepttiin, pentruaevrtacuv1ntu|
flosofe. steeemeneaaevratcemprrrsmu|epcc|rncastre
| atcreat rnsp|ra|a hctr1tcare uncr savanr rn cmenru|
t||ne|crexacte, |ur!crncare, Mach, kusse||arrnacest|apt nu
ccnchrcmuncanctrtre|uressenumeasctiin exact r
nufilosofe; eutraccnc|utracacetrsavanrmerrtshenumrr
h|csch
ece|mar|rnesccctea|eetvc|tareasprrrtu|urcmenesc
re |c|csrrea|rm|aju|urtrmpe cutec| |crncre secc|e ac
|crmu|m|strnctraratreh|cschesr cercetareastrrntrhcn|e|u|
urmtcr h|csch
j
ncearcsc|arrh
e sensu| en
ntu
r|crncastre,
savantu|mcearcsecrasupraaevru|ur|cruntcuatrturnr
cutctu|r|errtenmcu|eapuneprc||eme|eInprccesu|e|ectrv
a| cuncaterrr, aceste cu atrturnr sunt n mc |rresc |eate r
epeneate,cc|ausepctecre a-upraaevru|ur uner a|rrmarr
|racuncate cevaespresensu|er, raretermrnareasensu|urer
presupune ntceauna prrnerea uncr aevrurr uar n crua
suprapunerripsrhc|crceparra|eace|crcuaevrurr,e|etre|ure
sccnstrturec||ectu|uaerseparrreprrncrprurrurcase,ecarece
ccrespun uncr trpurr r|errtee atrturnr menta|e care pct e
a|t|e|s|rereunrtentrcsrnurperscan),ceaah|csch|urrcea
acercettcru|urtrrnrhcur|erenarntreexp|rcarasensu|urh|csc
he)rcutareaaevru|urtrrn)pcatehe asemenea|crmu|at
spun1nceaeacuasestrureteseaprc||eme|crrspunsurr
exacte,prrmasestrurete s|e |crmu|etentrun mcexact
njunrnacestpunct,|vcmrecuncateenatpeaevratu|
prrntea|h|csc|re|ncxtre|nuestenrcruncmetrrn, nrcrun
|crcran,nrcr0cmte,nrcr!ree,nrc|!crncare,nrcrkusse||,caresunt
COALA DE LA VENA
I FILOSOFIA TRADI
IONAL 23
9
cutcrrverrgr t1rt|r a|eunur |ung |an | este ccrateste prrmu|
careranvatperscrpc|rrsrartaea|crmu|antre|rrccrecte
ue |unvcre, e| sas|tuatn cpctrre cu |r|csch|natura|rtr e |a
1ha|es|annaxagcra,nu|rr ncar|rsu|aprecrat|rtrca,crecarece
raatseamaceanuputea|r a|cratcumrj|cace|eprrmrtrvea|e
acestcrg1nrtcrr,n|rpsaunurmcccrectea|crmu|antre|rr|e.
0u |untr|n, e| sacpusmeta|rt|crenr|cr, arc
cc|rr rn|ea,
crcra|e reprcasensu|pecare|accraucuv|nte|crcehguraun
ntre|rr|e|crce|emarrmpcrtante, aacum retu|trntrunpaj
a|Sofstului |ur!|atcn
(
nacestpasaj,vcr|rnesprepreecescrrr
sr, !latcn spune c sau strurt s etermrne natura prcprre a
|rrner, arc ac ea este ua| sau ccmpusrn patru e|emente,
rmpctrrv, e| creastre ce anume vcrausspunatuncr c1n
ahrmau c aceste |ucrurr ccnst|ture rea|rtatea !+)).
}
n ace|ar
pasaj,| |aces spun petrrn ,ntruc1t aaar ncr am rntratn
neumerrrr,|murrrnevcr|ucrurr|e,art1nuneceanumevrers
ne|eger c1nvcr|rr espre ceeace este' ccrate a|cstprrmu|
h|csc| aevrat. | nu a |cst natura|rst, aa cum au |cst vechrr
rcnrenr |nu a|cst ,cm e trrnr trarrst cum au |cstschtrr,
pctrrv|t expresrer |ur 1 0cmpert | nu a|cstmetahtrcran, aa
cumau|cstg1nrtcrrrrn|ea.|nua|cstmrstrc, aacumau|cst
prtagcrrcrenrr. |a|cstnsuncercettcr a| sensu|urprcpctrrr|ct,
cuecse|rrea|ce|crcu ajutcru| crcra camenrrr juecn mc
recrprcc ccmpcrtamentu| mcra| | ra at seama ntraevr c
tccmaracesteprcpctrrr,ce|emar rmpcrtantepec1tseparepentru
ccnucerea vrerr, sunt ce|e mar rncerte r ce|e mar rhcr|e r c
mctrvu| este cprcpctrrr|crmcra|enu|rse 1nrcrunsensc|arr
unrvccue|apt|ucrurr|estau|a|e|rn tr|e|encastre,cuexcepra
sensu|ur prcpctrrr|cr care sunt ccn|rrmate sau rn|rrmate |r
ncetare e experrene|e ncxtre cctrrene, arc prrvrtcr |a ce|e
care se re|er |a une|te, hran, |a nevcr|e r p|cerr|e exrstener
cmenetr
}
n chestrunr|e 1e crrn mcra| cmnete, rmpctrrv, r
asttr acerar ccnhtrecarn vremea |urccrate.lucruccn|rrmat
he r e c prrvrre asupra strrr actua|e a cmenrrrr |ar c srngur
prrvrreasuprametahtrcrractudearatcexrstprcpctrrrnrnterrcru|
trrner sau ce| purn |a perr|erra er care nu sunt ncne|ese e
mu|rcamenrrupracrcranuexrstnc,pcate,unaccrunanrm
j Platon, Sofistul, trad. de Constantin Noica n Platon, Opere voI. V, Bucureti,
Editura
, |cgrca nu este c
metc,crun|rm|ajLrm1nexemp|u||urLer|nrt,ncrccnsrerm
|c|csrreaacestur|rm|ajcaunrnstrumentcrrun1eestee|ap|rca|r|n
ne||amapentruaceastaeste tctat1teneretcna|r|renerept
cara|acutapel|atcncrascrrsra|cgurr|eIn|rm|agreac
}
ntraevr,
cca|ae|a\renaseccmpcrt|aeprc||eme|e
prrvrtcare|ava|crrr|amcra|Inace|ar|e|carh|cscha|urccrate
lentruea,etrcaestecsarcrnh|csc|rcreatreccc|arrhcarea
ccnceprr|cr mcra|e este rn|rnrt mar rmpcrtant pentru cm ec1t
tcate prc||eme|etecretrcexrst, esrgur, mu|t mar mu|te |ucrrr
ccnsacrateana|rterccncepte|crmatematrcer|rtrceec1tccncepte|cr
etrceuar acest|ucrunuare nrcr cnsemntatee prrncrpru |se
exp|rc cuecse|rreprrn cu caute e crrnpsrhc|cgrc !rrma
ccnstIn|aptu|ccamenrrcarepcseaptrturnr|enecesarepentru
c|arr|rcareaccncepte|cr,atcrrttccmaracestcraptrturnr|cgrce,au
evenrtIn genera| cercettcrr In cmenru|trrne|cr exactersau
cantcnat arcr n| cr|ea mctrv psrhc|cgrc, care exp|rc neg|rjarea
4 Aceasta este o caacterizare corect a punctului de vedere general acceptat pe
atunci de autorii cae se ndeletnceau cu analza lmbajului tiinei. Acceptarea
tinei exacte ca sistem de referin privilegiatn cercetea cunoaterii tinifce
este ns contestat, ast
COALA DE LA VIENA
I FILOSOFIA TRADI
IONAl 241
h|csc|rermcra|e,ccnstInstareaeccntatrea ccncepte|cretrcer
mara|es,ps|hc|crce
}
ntraevr, nu sepcate precrtasensu|jue
cr|creva|caremcra||rasehc|arrhcatmu|teprcpctrrrpsrhc
|crce, ceeace|ace extreme rhcr|rncertrturnea|amenta|r|a
ncrunr|cr tunamenta|e a|e acester t|rne rIrsperrepetcracera
care nu sunt satrs|cur ec1t e retu|tate per|ect rrurcase.
}
n
prrncrpru ns, e|crturr|e ncastre sunt Inreptaten ea| msur
spre prc||eme e etrc | e matematrc, In ea| msur spre
enunurr|encre|nrce a|evrerrcarsprece|ea|etrrner |ate
ce nusunte accrcu anumrrsusrntcrraremprrrsmu|urncstru
carecrescsrentrhceh|cschacu|crcatrrner0craccuv1ntu|
logic pcate she |a |ccu| su, nu ne este nurt s aum
termenu|tiin pentru ar |rmrtane|esu|, car cumprc||eme|e
vrerrcctrrenenuar|r accesr|r|eunertratrrh|csc|rceremnee
c asemeneatratare Laurmaurme|cr, este|rnerccrectcaasttr
termenu| logic s|rerrrcat|aranu| e a esemna tctceeace
are|eturcuh|csc|ra, ccrcmenru|h|csc|rerarec extensrune
tctat1te|arcarLogos-ul , rscursu|, ver|u|
Traducere de
Mircea FLONTA
ADDENDA - Despre sensul vi ei i
(Vom Sinn des Lebens, pu||rcatpentruprrmaatn
revrstaSymposion, 1, 1 927)
\utcrcamenrrsunttu||urarentre|areacuprrvue|asensu|
vrerr Lnrr, nu cer mar ne|errcrr, au su||etu| ccpr|u|ur cme nu r
pune nc ntre|area, a|rr nu mai ntrea|, ersau etc|rnurts
sentre|e.
}
ntreer stm ncr,cercecaut. \cr nu putemrevenrpe
treaptace|urnarv,carenuaprrvrncvraacucchrrntunecare
presrmueatarne|cr,rnuvremsnentcvrrmcucerc|csrrr
||atar,carenumarcrentrunsensa|exrstenerecarecenumar
pctsseascunu| n prcprra|crexrsten.
0e|carenu aatrnse|url|e sprecare anturtn trnereeasa
rnuasrtcccmpensare,ace|apcatesep |1n|rpsaesensa
prcprrersa|e vrel | pcate ns cre1e ntrun sens a|exlsteneln
enere r c| sete ntcteauna acc|c une un a|tu| ra atrns
e|urr|euarce|cmeasmu|sscrrrn|ptuueae|urr|crsa|ersete
apcrcceeacean|pturtnueraat1teprercsc1tpreas|re,c
e|actutcarecumvrctrmunerr|utrr,ace|avastan|aantre|rrr
cu prrvrre |a va|carea vrerr cu tctu| neumerrt
r ca un pustlu
ntunecatvastan|aa |ur 1nu|ctctu|estenunumartrectcr,
crrc,n esen, tctu|este eertcrune
0umputem,care,esccperrnvrcrsrturnr|ees|urrrruner
vrelcmenetr, carn mersu|nucrtcra| rstcrrerunsens unrtar?
xrstenanepcate apreareptunccvcrvru cc|cratsaucaunv|
cenuru.|a|e|e reu estensses|urmp1ntacare aren
|tarav1ntu|urnaa|e|nc1tsensu|ersevrnevrent
}
ntreu|
|1||1reeasuprancastrrpareshrsprutnalnteeaputeaa
sccctea|e e|
ueunevrneccntrarcracruatranumeaceeacn|pturrea
re|ectareanu pct ssereuneascncevacare are cu aevrat
sens? \u pare s cmneasc arcr, care, c |ee e nen|turat a
naturrr? 0mu| r prcpune e|uri r, n trmp t|car spre e|e, |
nsu||eete, cer rept, nejea ar n ace|ar trmp | ccnsum
nep|cereanevcrrnesatrs|cute uace|u|estensatrns,upce
246 MORITZ SCHLICK
sentrmentu|trrumh|urseprere,urmeatrnevrta|rlsentarapustru|ur.
!ersrstunsentrmenta|c|u|urcare, aasepare,pcate|rn|turat
a|ra prrn aparrra urercas a uner ncr nevcr, prrn prcpunerea
uncre|urrncr
}
nacest|e|jccu|ncepernncu,rarexrstenapare
stre|urasca|r cpenu|are|rratntreurererp|rctrsea|,
careIrsete,nce|ernurm,s|1rrtu|nneantu|mcrrrncesta
este vestrtu| emers e 1nrre pe care chcpenhauer |a pus |a
teme|ra ccnceprersa|e pesrmrste espre vra. \u estecu putrn
care, sscpmntrun|e| carecare ee|?
etrecumancercat|uncar\rettschesepeascacest
pesrmrsm MarInt1r prrn rehru|In art. ccntemp| |umea ca c
aparrre e natur estetrc, ne cheam e|, r eavahntct1eauna
justrhcat'npcr,prrnrehru|Incuncatereprrvetevraareptun
experrmenta|ce|urcenturetesprecuncaterer|umeavaevenr
ce| mar pctrrvrt |a|cratcr' uar \rettsche sa rstanat rn ncu e
acestepuncteeveere,nce|ernurmartanuamar|cstcuv1ntu|
su marc, rnrcrtrrna, nrcr humuseea, nrcraevru|A |rreu
s se exprrme Intrc |crmu| scurt In ce anume a vtut sensu|
vrerrace|\rettscheevenrtmarIne|ept,ce|careascrrsZarathuta.
0cracsaspuscva|careau|trmavrerraevenrtacumviaa
nsi, prrnaceastanu sa spus,In mcevrent, nrmrcc|arrnu s
a srt expresra pctrrvrt pentru aevru| prchn pe care e| |a
ntretrrtsau ce| purn|a|nurt |raatseamacvraanu are
sensat1tatrmpc1teast pe ep| rnsu| cmnrate|urr|cr.
lntraevrnu vcmsrnrcicatunsens
|trmInexrsten,
accvcmprlvrcarrnpunctu|eveerea|e|u|ur.
\utrmInsacreutateae|urr|craapsatvrecatasupra
enu|urcmenescat1tereucarnpretent. !retentu|senchrn
In|aamuncrr MuncInseamn Ins a acrcna nturn spre un
sccp,nseamncrrentarespreune|.1ranspuneteInInv|mea|a
unelstrtianrmateintrunmarecrainchrpurercraicprrpe
ceicareserevarsunu|upa|tu|r|earstrra,
}
ncctrctenrepr
at1ter|rt?0earat1termpcrtante|cut?
racar |r atrns
e|u|urmtcrrtearIntre|amarepartecuprrvrre|asensu|acestur
e|rmar eparte |a :ensu| e|uri|cr ta|eInenera| - atuncr tear
rt|r aprcapentcteauna, uppurneverrr a|e |anu|ur, e e|u|
care este ccnservarea vrerr, c1trarea p1rnrr.
r e ce, care, s
ccnservmvraa?Laaceastntre|arearputeararecrrsesprrntl
unrspunsrnte|rr|l|rn|murrri|epecare|earprrmr
ltctur,unrspunsvatre|urshesrt0crsrmp|a|rrnare,
exrstenacaa|are, nu areInmcsrur va|care, eatre|ure sar|
ADDENDA - DESPRE SENSPL VIEII 247
runccnrnutrnumarInaceastapcatessteasensu|vrerr. 0eea
ceump|eInsaprcapenIntrermerea|rtateatr|e|crnctresunt
actrvrttrceservescccnservrrrex|stenter0ua|tecuvrnteccntrnutu|
exrstener|ccnstrture muncanecesar pentruaexrsta\en1rtrm
ast|e|Incerc,nacest|e|nuneaprcpremees|uueaunursensa|
vrerr lar |ucrurr|e nu stau mar |rne acn |cc e anenrepta
prrvueaspremuncansrnecInreptmsprercae|emuncrr.0ea
marareparteaprcuse|crerserveternncuanumrtcrmuncrr
prrn aceasta, n mc rnrrect pre|unrrrr vrerr, rar c a|t parte
Insemnatestecusrurankitsch |rpsrtesens kathenauaprecra,
ac nu m Ine|, aceast u|trm parte rept c trerme aIntrerr
prcucrr 01t e mu|tarmar rm1ne arcr rept cevacu sens?|ar
crrcare rn prcuse|e muncrr nu vcr putea easemenea s ar|
vrecat va|care ca atare, cr numarn msura In care ump|u r
m|cesc ntrun |e| vraa, ceea ce Insean ar transpune pe
camenrInstrrsractrvrttrcareauva|caretareace|urcemunceste
nu pcate h e
acest |e|,
srne
1ecrrr|e caresrtueatmuncapurrsrmp|uIncentru|exstenerr
nturescscrrrce|aranu|ece|marina|te|a|acesteratre|ure
s|rererte,ccrcrrceactrvrtate pecarec numrmmunc esteca
atarecarmrj|cc,eanuIrprrmeteva|careaec1|rne|urr|eer
Mretu|rva|careau|trmavrerrpcatessteacarnasemenea
strr care exrst peatru srne, n ce|e care Ir sesc Imp|rnrreaIn
e|ense|e. nsemeneastrrne sunt, cer rept, ateInsentarre
p|cere,nce|eIncaresestrnesatrs|acereaunerpcrnrrrrecare
estentcvrsrtsatrs|acereacrrcrercrrnte uacam vcrInss
errvmva|creavretrrrnacestemcment ncarehrtura|avretrr
se cprete pentru c |rp, atunc| vcm h prrnr e ndat In ac|
emers e 1nue a||urchcpehauercareneetv|urenu sensu|,
cr|rpsaesens avrerr
\u, vraa nu Inseamn mrcare r acrune, r ac este s
srmunsensnea, atuncrtre|u|e scutmactviti carerau
e|u|rva|careaIne|eInse|e,rnepenente crrcee|urrexterrcare
|cr,aaarInactrvrtrcarenusuntmunc nsemnr|rcara|r|csc|rc
acuv1ntu|uruacexrst asemenea actrvrtratuncrne|esuntccn
cr|ratece|eceparexterrcareune|ea|tcra,mrj|ccu|rsccpu|,actrvrtr
n cme acrunearsuccesulse ccntcpesc, atuncr am srt e|urrIn
24R MORITZ SCHUCK
srnecaresuntma|mu|tec1ts|mp|ec|rectrvea|eactrvrtrr,puncte
ncareexrstenargseteunrepaus|esrnguresuntcapa|r|es
prerarc|u|unurccnrnutautentrca|vrerr
xrstntraevrasemeneaactrvrtr. 1re|ure s|e numrm,
acsuntemccnsecvenr,]c(ccracestaestenume|epentruacrunea
|r|er, |rpsrtec hna|rtate exterrcar, pentruacruneacarerare
e|u|neansr0carctre|u|es|umcuv1ntu|]ccnsensu|su
|arg, autentrc,nsemnr|lcara|ur |l|cschc,ntrun sens mara1nc
ec1t ce| care r s ccn|er n v|aa cctrran !rrn aceasta nu r
mprumutm c semnrhcare ncu, surprrnttcare, cr re|umcar
ceeacea|cstc|arce|purnunurspurtmare,careasurprrnsesena
cmenescu|urcu prrvrreapcetu|ur,arcn aevru|era1nc0cr
!rrerrch chr||er aternea, nscrrscrr|e sa|e cuprrvrre|aeucara
estetrcacmu|ur,urmtcare|er1nurr., pentruacspunecat
cmu|sejcacnumaracc|cuneestecmnntreagasemn|hcarea
cuv1ntu|urre|esteacc|cpeeantregu|cmunesejcacnceast
prcpctrre,carepare,pcate,nacestmcmentparacxa|,vaprrmr
csemnr|rcaremarerprctuna|raatuncrc1nvcmajungep1n
acc|cnc1tscap|rcmu||erserrctrtraatcrrerraestrnu|ur
avasusrnentregu|er|rcru a|arterestetrcer a| artermu|tmar
rhcr|e a vrerr nceast prcpctrre apare surprrnttcare car n
trrn, e mu|t ea a trrt r a acrcnat n art rn sentrmente|e
grecr|cr,maetrrercermarprcemrnenr, car cerautranspusn
0|rmp ceea ce tre|ura sse n|pturasc pe pm1nt 0cnur e
aevru| acester prcpctrrr, er au |cut s rspar e pe hunr|e
ter|cr |errcrr, at1t serrctrtatea c1t r munca care |rtau c|rajrr
murrtcrr|cr, ca r vc|uptatea van care netetete |aa gca| e
expresre,rau|cutpecervenrcmu|umrr|r|errectue|ecrrcrur
e|, crrcrer atcrrr, crrcrer grrjrrau |cutrnrnactrvrtaterrn
nepsme estrnu| e rnvrrat a| rvrnrtr|cr un nume cmenesc
pentruexrstenaceamar|r|errmarsu||rm
"
ncesteasuntcuvrntena|tecestr|atrn|umeapcetu|urntr
c|umeapsat egrrjrrsunn |umeancastrnce|e ma|mu|te
urechrreptune|enepctrrvrtetrmpu|ur!cetu|veestareaeper|ec
runervrnreptaccesr|r|camenr|cractcateactrvrtr|e|crar
evenr jccsenrn, ac tcate tr|e|e |cr e |ucru ar evenr tr|e e
sr|tcare ucar n msura n care cmu| are parte e aceast
per|ecrune, carnceasurr|en carevraar t1m|ete|r cute|e
severe a|e e|urr|cr, este e| cu aevrat cm
II 2
4
9
\u ne uce, care, acest 1n Intrc |ume a visri|cr, nu ne
es|acee|ecrice|eturcurea|itateainuampierutnci, care,
e su| piclcare pm1ntu| vieii e |iecare ti, ecarece prc||ema
vieileste,pctrivitnaturiisa|e,cprc||emcctiian?
}
nrea|itatea
aspr, cea a pretentu|ui, pare s nu exste |cc pentru asemenea
visuri,pentrutrmpuri|encastre,pentrupcpcare|e|c|u|uichinuite
ert|cl,paresnu|te pcsi|i|ca|tsc|uieec1tcuv1ntu|munc
ipares|r errespcnsa|i|eac vcr|i eru
\u|re|ule suitm, cu tcate acestea, cn|ptuireapecare
neccerecea su|estemunccarIntrunsenseccncmic,aicactivi
tatecreatcarecare uce |aprcucereae|unuri\u existInsc
cpctiie ueccnci|ia|i|Intre jcc, In sensu| |t|cschc, r munc, n
Ine|esu| eccncmic a| cuv1ntu|ui )ccu| Inseamn pentru nci acea
activitatecmeesterea|itatreptsccpInsine, inepenentee|ec
te|erurmrl|e sa|e \uexistnimiccaresmpieicecaacestee|ecte
sheenaturuti|itar.unte|e ecasemeneanatur,cu at1tma
|ine, acrunearm1ne jcc ecarece Iiareva|caream sine uin ea
pctsretu|tetctaae|ine |unuriva|crcasecaiintrcaciune
nearea|i|Inreptatspresccp 0u a|tecuvinteijccu|pcates
|tecreatcre|unuri,succesu|supcatesccincicuce|a|muncii
ncestuiccncept a|jccu|uicreatcrIivareveniunmarerc|In
h|cschavieiiaviltcru|uilentrucacmenireassupravieuiasci
sprcreseteIn ccnlii|e uncr activiti e |e|u|jccu|ui, acestea
tre|uie s he creatcare e |unuri, ceea ce este necesar tre|uie
Inuun |e| s he prcus prin e|e. lar acest |ucru este cu putin
ecarece jccu| nu Inseamn inactivitate 0u c1t vcr eveni mai
mu|te activiti jccuriIn sens h|csc|ic, cu at1t va |iprestat mai
mu|t munc In sens eccncmic, cu at1t mai mu|te va|cri vcr |i
createIn sccretateacmenexcnctiuneacmeneascnu estemunc
prinaceeacaucercae,cinum
ratuncic1nerivin1nu|
|arcae|e eiieste cminate acest1n
aruncm c privireInjuru| ncstru Lne srm, care, jcc
creatcr?0e|mar|umincsexemp|ucarenueste, tctui,carexemp|u)
i| avemIn activrtatea artlstu|ul nctrvitateasa, ccnhurarea cperei
sa|ertvcr1te ininspiraie,esteeaInsres|tareresteInparte
Int1mp|areaclnealaunaterecpereura|r|eLaavantaje|epe
carel|earauce aceste va|criichiar|arsp|atacuvenit, artistu|
nu are vcle sse1neascn timpce creat, a|t|e| actu| creatcr
ar|ist1njenit \u|anu| eaur, imnu| cersunin plepturieste
reccmpensace rsp|tete pe ep|in' na simte pcetu|, aa simte
artistu| i criclne simte aa c1nIn|ptuiete ceva este artist
250 MORIZ SCHUCK
ue exemp|u, cercettcru|
cest|e|pcatesspcreascpartean|p
tuirrr artistice \u este cu tctu| nec|rnuit ca cmu| care resimte
at1ta|ucurrenasemeneaactivrtrs|eurtesccpu|0rrcemuncrtcr
eca|rtate autenticpcatecuncateprinprcprre experien aceast
trans|crmareamij|ccu|uinsccpnsine,ctrans|crmarecarepcate
avea|ccaprcapencricene|etnrcrrerpcate|acernprcusu|er
iccpereartste|ucurraactrvitrrcaatme,rurreaiuitarea
esrne,e|epre|acmuncanjccxrst,cumsetre,unmarevrjrtcr
crurar reuete aprcape ntcteauna aceast pre|acere ritmu|
lirestece|vaacticnanmcesv1rsitnumaiacc|cunenueste
rntr
usnmc
xterrcrrintenicna
nactrvitate,acc|c une e|
nuva|runrtartr|rci|cu ea, crune sevaetvc|tae|asine rn
esenta|ur sr rn |crma |ur natura| xist muncr n catu| crcra
aces
|ucru
nuestecuputinLn|eesunt,pctrivrtnaturri|cr,naa
|e|a|cturtenc1trm1npentrutcteaunaunruivcr|r rea|itate
ntceauna,cuexcepiapcateacameni|crc
|
ctu|apatrcrirncapa|r|r
ssrmt|errcrrea,|rche|rcunep|cere.|ncatu|uncrasemenea
ADDENDA - DESPRE SENSUL VIE
II 2 5 1
muncivs|tuiescs ccnsreratrcu tcatatentiarcae|e|crr se
va ccnstatantcteauna caseenea muncr ecanrce, exectate
cu ||atare, egenerate, servescnce|ernurm,car|aprcucerea
ki/schu|urra|uxu|urgc|naar,gatacue|e'liretecat1tatrmp
c1teccncmrancastrvahcrrentatnuspreaevratam|cgrre
avrerr,crspresrmp|aspcrireaprcucrer,nuvcrputea|imrccrate
asemenea actrvttr r prrn aceasta ecarece e|e sunt aevrate
muncrpentrusc|avr)sc|avracmenrrrrnuvaputeascea0crvi|rtare
care susrne ns prrn munc ccnstr1ns e sc|av apcsturr
artr|rcra|e pentrul|eacurr vanrtcase tre|ure sse suprrme pe srne
prin prcprraei a|surrtate lar atuncrvcr rm1ne car actrvrttr
carevcrservrprcuceriicu|turri autentice
(
ne|e |ccuretensu
sprrit care |avcrrteatetvc|tarea|crcajccurraevrate
\u existmcarc |ege anaturrr care sse cpunntrun|e|
unerasemeneaetvc|trraaciunrrcares cpre|acpe aceastan
sccpn sine \cr|rnn mc prrncipia|, rumu| spren|ptuirea
vrsu|ur|uichr||ereste|r|er01nu|uneicmenrrie|i|erateetcate
e|uri|e care chrnuiere tcate grrji|e care amenin,auneracare
se ccnsacrn mc senrn c|iper este ce| purn unu| care nu este
ccntraictcrru, nu este e neccnceput xrstena inrviu|ui sar
es|uraatuncr car vraacrrnr|cr pec1mpii, pctrivit cuv1ntu|ur
humcssra1nca|i||rer
(
n
acestpunctsarputearrrcac|ieciacc asemeneavra
arhechiva|entcu crecerepe treapta cea maijcas,n staru|
p|ante|cr r anrma|e|cr 0ci acestea triesc pe ep|rn mcmentu|,
ccnstirnta|creste|rmrtat|aunpretentscurt,e|ecuncscurerea,
ar
nugrija
(
ncpctiiecue|e,cmu|areprrvr|egrueacuprrnen
ntrnereaccntrrnersa|emmispairetrmp,urateeviantregi,
e a |e trr antrcrpatrv r retrcspectrv i prin aceasta e| evine c
hinccntrentnce|marna|tgra,unacesecpunerestu|urnaturii
epcaterspunensucr acesteic|recri0mu|nutre|ure
sprararmrcrnamp|careavrerrsa|e,|ucurrapretentu|urnuva
evenr|ae|una car|ranrma|rc,crsc|atn |umrna ce|ermai
c|areccntrrne|nu scp amenrnrrrsccpurr|crprrnaceeacr
|ag capu|nnrsippentruanuveeavrrtcru|,cracestst|rnitrtr
c|ar n |a, n |umrna speranei, tct aa cum st i trecutu| n
spate|esu,c |uminaamrntirrr|pcatescutura||estemu|sccpurl|cr
irpcatee|r|eraprrvrreaetu||urareagrrjrr,|ramrccracarac
teru| |rnecuv1ntat a| sperane|cr sa|e |vee c|arnarntea|ur r
ce|emarneprtate ccnsecrne a|eacrunrrsa|e, nunumarpece|e
rea|e,crrpetcatece|epcsr|r|eumnrcrune|etermrnatnustca
2 52 MORITZ SCHUCK
premis necesar a ceea ce san|pturt, n aa |e|nc1t ntreg
rumu|urmatsh|cst|ipsrtesensacacestanuar|i|cstatrns
Maiega|hecarepunctdntregu|urrumpmcursejaareprcprru|
sens pentru srne, cai cpctecn munte carec|ern hecare |cc
prive|itrsu||rmeicu|recarecct|turncres|urrr,hecuce|a
unv1r|, he c nu nnumite e|urisunt |irete necesare pentru age
neratensruneacare estenecesarvretii 0cisractrunea|urcsr
hxeatnencetatc|iective, ce|marc| rnspcti cmpetrre,car
e
este e asemeneajcc, at1tatrmp c1tnuegenereat, |uncarn
aevrat|upt uarasemeneae|urisuntinc|ensive,e|enuapas
n mc strrvrtcr asupra vieii, e|e nu c stp1nesc \raa trece pe
|1nge|e, nustriccu nimrcace|enusuntatinse, ccre|epcth
tct trmpu|n|ccurtecu a|te|e 1rasee evracestau su| cmn|a
uncre|urrnemi|cs mari, sunt|a|e|car enigme|ecu un cuv1nt
cherepecarehe|gsrm,|ienu0viaccnsacratjccu|uivaputea
|r ns ccmparat cu un jcc e cuvrntencrucrate |r s|1rrtn
caresuntg-rter|egateune|ecua|te|emereuncicuvrnte,ast|e|c1t
pe msur ce narntm va|r accperit c supra|a tct mar mare,
|rnrciun a|te|ec1tce|eanainta|rcihn mareparte.
0earnurme|i|erareacmu|urar|ratinsacntctceea
ce |ace e|sarrurcu tctu| acrunrrnsr, nsu||ertntcteauna
eru|ireapentruactrvitateasantuncrsccpu|nuarscutanrcicat
mrj|cace|e, atuncr e| ar puteasrirce |arangu| ce|er mar na|te
regu|raaciunrrsa|e prcpctrra. ,0eeacenumerrtshe|cute
ragu| |ucru|ur nsui, nu vcr|ace rn nrcr un a|t mctrv' . ntuncr
vraaaraveacuaevratsensp1nnce|ernurmramr|rcarra|e
er, atuncratrrarnsemna asr|tcrrsr|tcareaexrstener.
uej al|atcnaa|irmatnLegile 800c)ccamenrrartre|urs
|acinjcc,c1ntecrans,caaevrateservrcriivrne,ccnrnutu|
prcprrutisa|vrerr.uarpcate atuncr,erntretrmpautrecutmu|t
peste !000 e anr, camenrr erau mar aprcpiar e c asemenea
cr1nuire averrrec1tasttr stesrgurcnpretentactrvitatea
cctiianpcate|rjusti|rcatnmare msurcarprrne|urrne
prtate
}
nsrneeanuestep|cutrnuestejustrhcat,rarivinrtarea
muncrr ca atare, marea vanghe|re a epccrr ncastre inustrra|e,
este emascatcarc|atrre 0eamar mme parte avreii ncastre,
careesteump|ute muncnreptatspresccp cerservetepe
a|rr,nuarensrnenrcrcva|care,crcprrmetea|raprrnre|aracu
ceasurr|esr|tcretra|ejccu|ur,ceasurrpentrucaremuncacreat
carmrj|cace|eiccniri|epre|rmrnare
ADDENDA - DESPRE SENSUL VIE
II 25
3
(
nej|rn|rearlr a atcrier nserviciu| unur e|r |ace pe
camenrnce|ernurmmrrnirrrpeteaacea|i|ertateecare
are nevcre |recare pentru prcprrasamp|rnire 1re|uie sputem
respiran mc|i|er. |anatere ast|e|natcrrreae ae|i|erace|
purn pentru tr|e, ceasurl, mrnute vlaa care este n ntregu| er
nctuatee|uri|eutr|u|ur,raraceste tr|e, ceasurr,mrnute,|iee|e
c1t e juine, ccnstituie ccninutu| pentru care exrsttct restu| r
pentrucareestej ert|rt|anevcretctrestu|
(
n|cn,i gsimntct
eauna gata pe camenr s c|ere pentru un ceas p|rn e va|care
restu||rpsltesens a|vreii
0eicarer ru|esc pe cameniiceicmei euc, vitrcnarrri
ccnuctcrrr, nu pctntur |animica|tcevaec1t sccn|eresens
c1t mar mu|tcr trasee a|e existenei 0reaia unur)chn kus|in a
|cstsusrnuteieeacvraacmu|utre|uresse |asearticu|at
rept un |an e acruni sr|tcreti, cviaa cctrran va putea
prrmrsensnmsurancareeasevaump|ej1nnce|emaimrcr
amnunte cu |rumusee Nu este pcsr|r|sne trrm tcatvraa|a
supra|aa|umrncas,artre|urece|purn rntrmpn trmp sne
rlrcmp1n|aeauacnuestepcsr|r|sn|pturmvrsu||urchr||er,
vatre|ur,cuat1tmarmu|t,surmmregu|a|ur0cethe
(
ntrmpu|
tr|ermunc,searacasper, sptm1nrcenurr,sr|tcrrvese|e '
(
n
crvr|rtara ncastr, sr|tcr||e vese|e nu sunt cu putrn |r
sptm1nr amare, ar n nrcr c epccnu este cu putrn c via
ura|ll|r |ucurre rsr|tcrr 0vracare este crrentatcar
spre te|urr neprtate piere, n ce|e in urm crice putere e
crear
rcuaceastaajun|as1m|ure|e aceeacecrescsspunarcr
\u putem sr un sens n tcate manr|estri|evrerr, n tcat
ntrnerea er - ce| purn at1ta trmp c1t vrsu| |ur chr||er espre
per|ecrunea lvrn rm1nc car vrs - cr sensu|ntreu|ur este
atrnsraunatnpurnescurteceasurre|ucurresenrn,nceasurr|e
jccu|ur |ar aceste ceasurrsuntmar esen tneree. \u numar c
jccuri|eccpr|rreisuntjccurrrnsensu|h|cschca|cuv1ntu|ur,ar
rtrnereeat1rtre,cme cuncate eja|carte|rnee|urrrsccpurir
a |cst eucat s|e serveasc, nu stpeep|rn su| juu||cr, nu
este|batpurrsrmp|uasupra|cr,nuestepurrsrmp|upreccupat
e atrnerea|cr, atltuine careva|rmart1rtru ceanatura| Mar
era|trnereeanuaccratenresccpurr|cr,acunu|vacea,
vahhxatrepeeuna|tu|e|urr|esuntcmstrmu|pentrunva|r
|upt, iar aceast excitaie iu|itcare e acrune este aevrata
mp|rnireasu||etu|urt1nrntutrasmu||ure|estenesenceea
ce reciraunumrteros) esterurre pentru |apt, nu pentru e|
nceastaciune, acesttip eacrune,estejccaevrat
ADDEXDA - DESPRE SENSUL VE
II 255
uacesten acest|e|c|arcceeaceccn|ersens nusea||
nrcrunentrc|crmat1tepurrputemiccantineree,atunci
earcrretu|tntre|rrrrnrcaiiremarca|i|e.1inereeaesteprima
|atavierrrpmes|le|rnc|mcsensu|ntregu|uivatre|ui
s|regsrtcar|anceputu|er0crpctrrvrtccncepreitrarrcna|e,
vraatre|uie ne|eas rept un prcces evc|utrv a| crer sens se
etvc|tivatre|urs|re, prrnurmare,ce|maic|arspres|1ritu|
el 0e este n genere trnereea? lctrrvrt prerir curente, ea este
epcca|rpserematurrtate,ceancareccrpu|rmrnteacresc.trmpu|
ncaresenva,ncarese exerseattcatecapacrtr|epentru ca
cmu|shenarmatpentrumunc0hrarijccu|trnererrapmern
aceastperspectrv rept c pregtire pentrunatcrrrr|e serrcase
a|evrerrnasuntprrvrte|ucrurr|eaprcapentcteaunarinacest
punct e veere este ccnus ntreaga eucare. eanseamn
pregtrrepentrumaturrtate1rnereeaapareast|e|carcaunmrj |cc
pentrusccpurl|emart1rtrla|evreir,caperrcanecesareinrrere,
care nu ar aveaunsens prrn eansi
luactu| e veere pe care |amc1trgateste tccmal cpusu|
acesteicprnrrkarecrrsac|servatc1teparacxa|estectrmpu|
pregtlrrl apare ca partea cea mar u|ce a exrstener, rar vremea
mplrnrrrr, rapctrrv, rept ceamar trunlc. Lnecrr tctur acest
|ucrua|cstvtutMarnt1rkcusseau,pcatenarntea|urMcntargne,
aesccperrtva|careaprcprle atrnererl |r avertlteatpepea
gcgrmpctrrvanjcsrrrrv1rstertrnere, reptsrmp|umij|cc,ajert|rrir
|ucurrertrmpurrrrscusrnermxt1rtir.mcere,4rmpctrrv,sump|em
cu |ucurre tr|e|e trnererr e ragu| |cr. ncest g1n a nceput n
pretent sl crcrasc c1te c1t rum. ste c lee ccnuctaare a
mrcrrr mcerneatrneretu|ur ccexrstennu tre|ure siprr
meascva|careacarrnvirtcr,ciceacpcartnsrne
}
ntraevr,
trnereea nu este car vremea creterrr, nvrrr, maturitrli, a
uner strrncnemp|rnrte, cr,marnt1r, vremeajccu|ur,aacrunrr
care r are sccpu|n srne i, prrn urmare, aevratu| purttcr a|
sensu|uivrerr 0e|careneagacest|ucru, ce|carecvee carca
rntrcucere i prelulu a| aevratei viei, ace|a ccmite acelar
greea|carceacarea ntunecatccncepramereva|aexlstenei
cmenetr, ranumemprngecentru|egreutatea|vieirnarnte,n
2 ]ugendbewegung a fost o micare, cu muli adereni n tineretul german a
anilor 1 91 0- 1 930, care cuta s dea un nou coninut vieii prin excursii,
teatru de amatori, dans popular i muzic popular (n.t).
2 56 MORITZ SCHLICK
virtcr. 1ct )a cumce|emaimu|tere|igii,nemu|umitecu viaape
pm1nt,suntnc|inatesep|asetesensu|existener incc|ceea,
nvirtcr, cmu|tinentcteaunasccnsierecrrcestare, ecarece
nrciunanuesteesv1rrt,carcacpregtrreauneiamaiper|ecte
lentru cmu| mcern nu exrst ncia| c va|carea r e|u|
vrerr tre|uie she,cricutctu|rpeep|innaceast|ume, crrc
e|nuesteingenereegsrt
iaccmu|arpmcurgemrrevrer
ceurmeatunaupa|ta,aacumahrmanvturi|eespremigrara
su||ete|cr, aceastanu ar a|sc|vi g1nrrea e astti s cauten he
care in aceste trepte a|e exrstenei sensu| |cr prcprru, specr|ic,
rnepenent e treapta care prece sau urmeat, chrar ac ar
exrsta a|te |umi, |umi a|e metahtrcii, cmu| pretentu|ur nu ar avea
reptu|s|escccteascreptce|emainc|i|e,map|rneesensis
ispreuiascnerecuncsctcraceast|umence|sensa|vreapecme
|cuncatepcates|caute, aacum cuncate, carmaceast|ume
uarnuntru|vierie|sv1reteacerai greea|caiceae
mar narnte cu g1nu| |accntrnuarea ei meta|rtrc, rn trnereea
nemp|rnit, e|mprnge sensu|vieir sprev1rstamatur, |av1rsta
|r|rer e| vee c nrci acum nu este nc pregtrt, c|rrna r
n|pturri|e sa|e nu sunt nc esv1rrte i mprnge ast|e| sensu|
vrerr nc mar epatte atept1nu| e |a |rnrtea r experrena
|tr1neiruarc1natingentraevraceast|rnrte,e|ep|aseat
sensu| exrstener rn ncunapcr, n vremea aciunrr i nturnei,
ar aceastaeste atuncr cevacare atrecut pentru tcteauna inu
pcatehausnapci |ar retu|tatu| este, n ce|e inurm, ccmu|
cae pra, ea|ungu|ntregri sa|e vier, ||estemu|ur sccpurr|cr
0utarea|rrgatnvritcri grrji|e pentru viitcr sunt ce|e care
raruncum|ra asupracrrcrui pretentirntunec |ucuria.
uacvraaarensunsens, e|tre|uiessteanpretent,ccr
numaiacestaesterea| \uexistnsniciunmctrvpentrucare ar
exista mar mu|t sens n pretentu| t1rtiu, n partea mrj|ccie sau
t1rtreavreii, ec1tnpretentu|ertrmpuriu,nprrmaerpartecare
se numete tineree. |ar acum s re||ectm ce pcate nsemna e
|apttinereea pentru ncrn acestccntextnevrataernaturnu
am gsrtc n aceea ceste pre|uru|i prima |at avrerr, ci mai
egra|naceeacestevremeaj ccu|ui,vremeaactrvrtirrea|rtat
e ragu|e aacicna.
rneaevenrtc|arccrice|apt,chrarr
acruneacreatcareacmu|uimaturn|crmaerceamaiesv1rrt,
tre|uierpcatescapeteace|)rcmacter.eaevejcc,|aptcmer
me rsp|atameamsi,ceravAcmea reveinepenentesccp
ADDENDA - DESPRE SENSUL VEII 257
uearcrretu|tnsctinereea, nsensu|ncstruh|cschc,nu
tre|ures|rec1turepurn mrgrnrtlastarr|etrmpurrra|evrerr,
crceaestepretentcrrunestareacmu|uraatrnsunprsc,uneac
unea|ur aevenrtjcc,unee| este pe ep|rnrurtc|rperr |apter
sa|e \cr|rm n acest cat e entutrasmu| tineretrr sr aceasta este
expresraccrect0crentutrasmu|estentcteaun
tr
g
eresc0|ura
care ne |ace snen||crm pentru un |ucru, c |apt, un cmr
c|uratrnererrsuntunu|race|r|ccLncmcarepetecunsu||e
rre |a |apt este t1nr, este ccpr| 0ea mar mare ccn|rrmare n
aceastprrvrncrepretrntgenru|,e|estenmcccntrentep|rn
ccpr|rre0rrceaevratmrereesteep|rnra1ncrnccen
0reatragenru|ur este jccu| ccpr|u|ur, |ucurra |ur este p|cereape
cme resimteccpr|u|n|aa|ucrurr|crcc|crate
}
nc|tr1nu|erac|rt
a ccmpmatsprrrtu| creatcr cu uaccpr| care se jcac, care rrrc
c|rrrrnpretrrce|er|utenrrapcr|er1mrnncu0uv1ntu|
tineree nu nseamn, aaar, pentru ncr car c anumrt parte a
vierr,unanumrtrnterva|eanr,crcstme,ungenepartrcrpare|a
vratcarenuarenesentnrmrcea|acecuanrrsrcunumru||cr.
ncumnuvcrmaputeahne|esgertacvci exprrma,cas1m
|ureaceeacevreausspun,prcpctrrasensul vieii este tinereea.
0u c1testenccrpcratmar mu|ttrnereentrcexrsten,cu
at1teste ea mar va|crcasrar vratace|ur ce mcare t1nr, c1t ar|r
trrte|epurn,aavtsens
}
ncnceptu|trnererr,ne|esnacest
|e|,strn|rnrtemu|t,rn|rnrtemu|tpcate|rcptatearcr1cate
va|crr|eexrstenerpcthpusenre|arecu e|.
}
nceasurr|e me|e e
rgatsuntccupatcue|a|crareaunerflosofi a tnereii, caretre|ure
saratecumcrrceesvrrre,ntcatecmena|eexrsteaercmenetr,
rpcatenunumar acc|c, sesuprapunecuccnceptu|trnererr
Marnarntesec|rnurassegrupeteva|crr|ecmenetrntrer
marrcentre.humcsu|,|rne|e,aevru|Lcr|rse|sas|eccrespun
ce|etrer|acu|tra|esrmrrrr,vcraerrg1nrrrrrce|etrertcnea|e
culturrr,arta,sccretatearcercetarea
}
ntcateacestetrrnrtrpcate
hpusnevrencuuurrnre|aracuva|careatrnererr,nmsura
incaresevaemcnstrance|e|exercrtareaace|crlacu|trr|errte
evrne,petreaptaceamarna|t,j cc 0u aevrat.nrurreapur
srmrrrr pentru eansr gsrm hucsu| r arta, prrn rrrcarea pe
treaptag1nrrrrpentru eansriaunaterecuncatereartrrna,
rar c1t prrvete |rne|e e| pcate h reus |a c anumrt armcnre a
pcrnrrr|cr cmenetr prrn mrj|ccrrea crera r vraa evrne un jcc
prretencs, |r |upte r rernerr aep|cute prcuse e pcruncr r
rnterrcrramenrntcare,rtvcr1ternsccpurr
258 MORITZ SCHLICK
!rumcsu|itecriahumcsu|ursuntprrnnatura|cr|mgesc|rse
unei ccnsrerrr in punctu| e veere c1trgat aicr 0cr este e
ajunssprcnunmcarcuv1ntu|tineree rgnduljrumuseii ne
apare e |a srne |ar ac se caut trsturacare |e unete ne
|cvrmeccnceptu||urcu|ur, a|armcnicsu|ur, aceeaceestenchis
nsine,strincrrcruisccpextericr|arvecheantre|areprivrtcare
|are|aiarntreutr|rhumcsvaputea,pcrnineacr,sprrmec
csc|uiesimp|Lnc|iectnupcatesapar|rumcsacnueste
esprinseccntexte|enevcr|crvieri.0cniir|esu|careare|ccc
asemenea esprrnere n rea|itate sunt |egr a|e humuseir natu
rale. Arta pcsensmij|cacepentru ae|i|eran acest|e| orice
c|rect, reaceeanuexistnimiccare snupcath|cut|rumcs
prrnmcu| eie an|ia|ucruri|e 0tcatece|eceaparinartei
tre|uieshene|esepcrnine|accnceptu|ejcc nea|cstc|m
emu|t, acest|ucruesteva|a|i|ns|ireteipentrudelectrea pe
care nec c|er mta i este va|a|i|, nainte e tcate, n ceea ce
privete semni|icara |rumcsu|ui pentru existena cmeneasc
!rumuseea aparine preamu|t sensu|ur vieri ecmece |r ea
aceastaar|i pre|cutnncnsens.0crhumcsu|, armcnia|rnir|cr
rcu|crr|cr, asunete|cr, amicri|cr su||etu|ui este ceamai pur
|crmemani|estareajccu|ui,acaracterrsticriistinctiveatinereir
0uc1tartarcperaeartsuntmartinere, cuat1tmarmareeste
per|eciunea |cr, cu c1t este mai v1rstnrc, mar peant, cu at1t
evineeamarur1t,mai |ipsitesens
uar ceamai mare |rumusee nu pcate s stea nrcrcatn
cperaeart,at1tatrmpc1teasecpunereptcevaartrhcia|naturrr
rvrerr0cie|ectareacu humcsu| artisticesteunjccem1naa
cuaprinmij|ccireaunercpere,mca|itateaeieprcucreartrhcra|
!rumuseeapcatens ptrunenvraansr|raaveanevcre
evrecmij|ccrre.uac|crmahumcasacperereartsentrne
asupravierr, atuncieste atrnsceamaina|t|crmahumuseir,
rar |crma cpere|cr e art, care nseamnntcarcere e |avra
sauunsrmp|uapenicea|vierrcumcnumete\rettsche),evrne
eprrscsaspuspe|unreptateyne|en),
}
ntrc|umeper|ect
nu ar mar exlsta art r ntraevr mta ncastr, |rne vtut,
estecarncsta|greupn
atur,upcnaturmar|un,cncsta|gre
care ar putea|r cmc|rt car prrntrc vra p|rn e |rumusee
\imenrnuarcstitacestaevrcumarmu|t|ccec1tstr|ucitu|r
|ertr|u|h|csc|0uyan,careamurrtni 888,|av1rstae))eanr
!entru e|, este c mrgrnire rncpcrtun r cu tctu| neesenra| a
arter caeas|re cihnn |uptaexrstener r car rs|r1ngere a
ADDENDA - DESPRE SENSUL VEII 25
9
ceeacenepunenmrcarenvraarea| stemaiera|venrca
m1hnrreaartrstu|urce|nusepcate ccntcprcuntreaap|intate
a vrerr, c e| nu trrete tct ceeace n|reat, ctre|ure sse
cu|une n ccntemp|are r repretentare e|u| ar |r s pre|um
humuseeanntrermenvraaactrvntuncieaar|respcvrat
e ace| rest a| muncrr nreptate spre sccp espcvrare |r e
care n |umea ncastr nu ia natere vrec cper e art, atuncr
humuseeaarhc1tiatep|rnaerpartrcrpare|asensu|vrerrrexrs
tena ncastr ar str|ucrntrc prcsperneeneescrrs atrnererr
laptu|ctinereeam|ceteviaacusensmmsurancme
c ump|e cu humuseeva|rrecuncscutcu p|cere uac eu ahrm
nscea c ump|e l cu bine, cetcsu|, cmcra|rtateavrerr st
ntrcre|aienumarpurn|untrrccutrnereeaijccu|,acest|ucru
va|ireu e cretut
II 261
a|ectatprinptrunereasccpur||cr,cumprinaceastare|aiaeica
am|ianaumanpieretctmaimu|tcaracteristicajccu|ui,iarvina
evineast|e|pcsi|i|u|ccpi|riei,carenuestemaint1iccntient
e graniace| esparte e am|ian, este cu timpu|ncarate
granie,incc|cecare|umeaistn|anmccsti|Nucuncsc
vreun sentiment maitguuitcr ec1trecuncaterea ,egcismu|ui
genera|, a aspiraiei|r scrupu|e spre e| a cmu|ui matur, care
c|inuietesse treteascenatce unsu||ett1nraparcurs
aniisieucenicie0uc1tcinevaareaptituinimai|ericite,cuat1t
mai t1rtiu cuncate e| aceastexperien, carenh1neatn ccn
tactu|cucameniiaciuneainstinctiv|uicicpre|acentrcmunc
anevci,cutcatevrcrsitaini|eiecepii|eei.0e|careeinens
aptituineatinereiieterne, ce| pe care aniinu| pct|ace |tr1n,
ace|arm1necapa|i|ievrrtuteaceamaisenin, ceamaina|t,
virtuteacareruiete,care|ace|ine|er1t1niic|eraruri|e,
n|cce a|e pretentareptatcriemp|initn|aaccntiinei.
tcsu|uina|t,trepteice|ermaina|teavieiimcra|e,iaparine
putereaiprctantimeasimirii
ie|esuntmaimarinprcspeimea
tinereii, nepsarea i ||atarea sunt semne sigure a|e |tr1neii
su||etu|ui
}
ntraevrv1rstatinereiiestetimpu|ce|crmaiprc|une
sentrmente,timpu|ncaremarr|e impresiiacicneatmaiputernic
asupra su||etu|ui i |iecare ins evine pcet !aptu| este aesea
su|estimat ecarecen aceastperrcae timpsentimente|e,n
crua prc|untimii|cr, seschim|ise pier marrepee,ce|care
pstreatns n anir mai t1rtri, anii n care sentimente|e evin
maiccastanteimarura|i|e,putereasentaii|crtineretivaresimi
va|carea etic avieii a1ncitp1n|aceainurm|ericire
ie|
vasimi catinge i aicisensu|ce| mai a1nc a|existeneinumai
ac pstreatn |iina sa tinereea
!rincipru|pctrivitcruiatrnereeaestesensu|autentica|exis
tenei pcate |iccnsierat inperspectiva uncr puncte e veere
maicuprinttcare,a|itentatsspunmeta|itice 0riuneamprivi
n|ume veemtcate |ucruri|en etvc|tare, aicntrun prcces
careparcurgeune|eupa|te|e|atenmccaracteristicistincte
!rine|evii- p|anteranima|e- arr|ucrurinensu||eite- srsteme
ste|arei atcmr - se etvc|tiparcurg i|erite staii, care pcth
caracterrtate rept|atea|etinerer|i|tr1neii0p|ant cretei
evineccpac,ccpacu|n||creteipcartrcae,in|ructranatere
unncu ccpaccaren||creteipcartrcaeisepunentre|area
nceccnstsensu|nacestcic|u?0rinaru|,carengrijeteccpacu|,
vaspune sensu|stnhucteccipentrue|engrijesceuccpacu|,
262 MORITZ SCHLICK
iar||cri|e exist carnveereahucte|crncestaestenscarun
puncteveere.!cetu|,carenuestemaipuinccmpetent,vacuta
sensu| mai e gra| n ||cri|e ce se etvc|t |ine mircsitcare i
str|ucitcare |ar ce| ce gsete ce| maina|t sens a| existenei n
tinereeva|inc|inatseareptatepcetu|uiispriveaschucte|e
caicume|earexistacarpentrucaine|escreascnciccpaci,
arevcrn||criapciinncuisevcrmpcc|icunci|rumusei
intraevr ||cri|ei au va|careane|e nse|e, va|care carevah
mp|initi atunci c1n hucte|e vcr cea nainte e ase ccace
uarpen|ruh|csc|ihucte|esuntsccpnsine,ie|eauhumuseea
|crprcprie, tinereea|crprcprie,iarnviaauneip|antei|erite|e
|ate aun sine sens.
anegat aeseac ar puteahgsitunsensntruncic|uca
atare. | arsurvenia|iaprinaceeacetvc|tri|esuccesivee |a
||cri |a huct nu ar hn rea|itate echiva|ente, c |ructe|e hecrei
nci generaii ar h atcrit |egii etvc|tr|i mai huncase i mai
esv1riteec1tce|ea|egeneraieiantericarexistenasingu|ar
ainiviu|uiaraveasenscarnmsurancareeaarccntri|ui|a
etvc|tareamaina|tagenu|ui
ih|cschaistcrieiapusaesea|a
teme|iaeiacestg1n,|iretentcteaunacuuninsuccesep|inNu
pare sh |cstns, care, acesta i ung1n a| |ui Niettsche, nu a
gsit, care, ie|sensu|existenei umanen aceea cearea|iteat
cevace c epete, c| prcucepe supracm, aicc |iin mai
na|t ec1t este cmu|nsui! uacva tre|ui s ne|egem ast|e|
tecria|ui, atunci eaarccninec ccntraicien rapcrt cu punctu|
eveere a||uiNiettsche pretentatmaisusiar|i|cstccmisn
mcevientvechea greea|ea ep|asa sensu| existeneiinea
nssinv|itcrNuamajunge|aunsensautentic,ccintre|areasar
rii
anemi|csinncusiinncu
}
ncearccnsta,care,sensu|vietii
supracmu|ui! Nuar tr
|uie|carecutatntrunsuprasupracm
i
aamaieparte.Nu,estecnene|egeregrav,chiarachecvent
aieiietvc|trii,acsensu|acesteiaestecutatpurisimp|u|a
captu|ei,ne|u|ei|tre|uiessteamaiegra|nnsuiprccesu|
etvc|trii,nceeacesent1mp|,nactivitateansi,etvc|tarea
nuccnuce|aune|u|tim,ciesteeansie|.njungemast|e|in
ncu|aprincipiu|ncstru.
La c privire super|icia|, n etvc|tmea hine|cr vii prima
perica a vieii, tinereea n sens |ic|cgic, pare s he, ||rete,
carpregtirepentru aniimait1rtii,carmij|ccpentrusccpuri|e
acestcra uar, |r ncia|, |ucruri|e se petrec aici ca i n a|te
caturiasemntcare ceea ce a|cst|anceputsimp|usccpevine
ADDENDA - DESPRE SENSUL VIEII 263
sccp n srne n msura n care r se esccper va|carea prcpr|e
Naturaseccmp|acenprcprru|erjccincearccarslpre|un
easc,rarj ccu|se es|caracum pentru srne 0uv1ntu| ev|ne
ast|e|vers,vcr|rreac1ntec, mersu|ans,tinereeansens|rc|crc
trnereen sens |r|cschc