ALICE L.

BADESCU
GRAMATICA
LIMBII E,NGLEZE
nh
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i6fiGil---oe"fnur{
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EDITURA
9TIINTIFIc.I. $I
ENcIcLoPEDIci
BUCURE$TI, 1984
c D v I ti T c |l T RE c r' r' 1' r oF
"The
tettitoty of En|lisll teachin{ hd,s lonE been samething of a baxlefield,.
Anon; t l , r mdnu
i ! : ut "
na, o b. i np
t oryht
oL' t i ' t hot b. t , \ ". n
t rt s"f i t | | \ e
and
d?s. . t pl i re
F l ri r
udes 1o , r. age. ' r
Cu aceste curinte incepe utn d,inte numeroatele anclrcte efecluate in altima
treme asupra limbii engleze actudle in Anglia.
Prima. atitudine, aceea,,prscriptil'n", este autori.tail, natmotird., ingrddird
ile numeroase reguli, stibuind, tncd tn idealuriLe gamaticii
ld,tine ale secolnla;
al XVIIIlea,
$i
aparlinind azi unc; i.naifili erwl,{te
ti
rctragrade;
(.ea
d,e a
doud,
tttitudinea
,,descr'ip1irn".
etle modernd, evoluaLi, dirumici, VIE.
Limba
ln1ti
popor eroluedtii
fovtE
tupid
ti
&ntrudictariu dacd. na este
cantolatd. In Anglia nn a edstat niciodatd o Aeademie asendndtoarc celor
d.e pe cantinent, "The
Royal Aca.lemf"
fiind fonddtd
in 1f68 d,e rcpeLe Gearye
!11 III-lea &l At|glici caclusir
p.trtu lncurujarea artelor pldsticc prin infiinlerca
unei scali de,:L6en
ti
(rearca
un.i exla:ilii anuale cu lucrdrile
(ilitlilar
|lesti-
tieni in oiatd.
Incurajarea scriitoritor filrrdsese, d,in !rctinri stribcchi, tn seamu sueeranilor
Si
a nobiLilor catc garitau
in
juruL (
rlii. reg(rle
ri
arlulaa "lhej,|r
p^Irons".
Lituba
d, ' st ^t d o d^, n: t .
t ; n, t , .
F, od. r, ' l , ; rn, t : i sst l pl nunpl ,
, t p
-r(i pgs l : net t sl , '
r at | Qa, , r ' s I : n4t sl ". . i nJ
' t o
, o. ut 2. o , j un* sd
t nan' r p. l i nt p t l " s". ot c.
,,limba
e
Ek;d,
indusirt reguliLe
E
naticd.le nrecte abliga.tarii".
Od,atd insd cu descoperirea Nd,iotel.egruf ici.
ti
a tcleriziunii
ti
eu ftspindiree
culturii in mose prin intenled,iul acestar subiteti.
prestiliaasc mass mediA. bah.nlo,
putctii s-a tn(lindt sprc an nou nume core sii a|linrleosd nai a noile et'eni-
mente,
$i
nstfel Englc.a IIodeL a
fast
nnnitd
"BBC
Englisll''. FoI e curindinsd,
faplul
cd ]a BBC rorbeau, in direrft d.ialecte cnglezc, ptsoane renite d,in lo(tte
coLlwile lumii. Limba engLetd d.lfu.atil la BBC d tncetat de a mai
p
ea
fi
consi-
deratd .,madelul unic"
ti
s-a dd.optdt termenul de
"SlandaftI
EULish" pentru
saianta li )Lii en1leze socatild ca rodel. llcest nume
lare
sd aibi n1o.i nrulle
Sanse
.lc suprarieluirc, deaarece se preteazd Ia conslrut:lii eare
lat
reda nusnle
muhiple. atitfaartesubtile. cit
Fi faarte
utiLe. Asttcl., gtumatir& poatefi dascripli\A
snrr p rfr cri
tt
irar.
l/on,?nla,
ra r.ccivcd pronunciation
f,4.P.r,
un tomcn paate
f t
st ard. rd sou subsl andard. a(cpt al 0l e, accepl ed. archai c saa l a re, l . urac-
cepl ed. rl nrcf e rhl e. pf e{eraLl e
sd
l , rt f cnd,
| bdcscert . obsol el e, anl , i -
quut ed. sut , errnrual ed. sut erseded. ol d-f ashi oned, out wol n sdu
j
"i t
r{! 1es
[ "1' oul hcr] 4.
i l
j s
out cf dai c"; rl c. nd i , f i ri l um.
Lx inrcputul tedului 0l Xx-lea. Dani.L Jon.:.\1.\.. hoflssol. Erncritus
in Phonotics il tha Ufivorsity ol London, r.s; incqte s.ria dN
fanrirci,"i
dic
lionare tonetice
enlle.etti carc arcau si reroLulione.e studiul littlbii cngleze.
' l l l . t l
t l nt i hs . 1 dl i a.
:
L'
-{nglii,,
lronul
lilrii
\:i,7i Ililliogalia. p 6!6.
po{i-a rveni ailt lr.trl,a!' )or. .ii
li
J, mrilor. ln orilinea sur(t-
r I BC,
abl "l i a1i a r uni cl ni r ndt udi i uzi ' Di i hi t ann' e:
' D
t i sh Br i dcast t l S
.
/?d,pler
"Iour
coat dalfs ron
ili{rhin
cl..l" \au simpl,:
"Io(.
.oor ./trr.s". ctr o
n' br r l "n. . dr r , l ", I r "+
l Fr p
| , r - , - - . l o . \ Li i l r , l . i . , r i J. r "^1", . di n i l i
o i nr aPr o. moosr )
i i c
_.
l n p{al a
wi nul ui sdu t i i . di onat
l i t rct rc
t n, : t e: . t r, t i ni n | i -. \ r t t , ! )\ | rh.
t rr3nounc; ng Di rt ; onnr\ -' . dt do t i ! . ri ! : . . , 1; doi : ; ri d. dar
(n
n a, r i nt . l i a
de a
fa.ce
-refltnn
pranuntiel
ori tl,e 4 ldbi lare pronuntic csrt t:ntt si carc isre
gtqlfi. ,\capul arcstui d.itlianar estc d...Linrel.ltra. dt trai
prc.l] pa..ii:t,
,to
unl i o t i pi d. i i eb. i nl et i l i n mol ol ; snui i i n t : anq)rt al i ,
(t e
dt r. n nnnt i r
considerali.L de persadtre
scoltvi:.at. dm swt t \n!ti!.i.''l
"Thc
booL it n rcca l of t\:rt nat ol thrcr;ts
at
rcBanat
rrli!"n.B to
ot t r t uDt i . r ' , odo t o I p. : , 1.
1, 4, r apva- .
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Aryuhthl ddoptat in trnns.icre.
fonatt:d
tr
ftrst $i
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(
a?casti o&zie s.a canttato,t ii tinbt en:].:n nu tja. te
ftl!,t,
a sinlurd.
limlri, ci clt c:t:isttru .Lottn cario,ntt::
tintba s,:riia
larr
a
li,sr
;r n,: $ritte
nt\glish)
ti.li.mbu
nrbitd (spoli{\r
English). lriat dtit.bne nnt;. h
.nklti
t.a
fun|i
$t
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t t ' 4j i nd
t
s. ; r t , . . t t . Dr c. l
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s. al t
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a) i or mal spee, h ( st i l L
f at
at . cumr oni os, t r n\ ; i ) :
1)) rrn ,ni \I,i1iIg (stiLul
ftrnnl
s(:tis). ; di:ir sri/'.1 t1\reic?. ,/irilllj
le:at.
juid,ic
t-i. !t.t::tires.:
c) i nl . r r r nal sa' r col l 0quj r l sper h ( st i l r l i nf or nat
^- , t u
t \ ) ' t r \ i t i 3
( nr t i 1) ;
Jl i nl "r r r , , t r . , , r , ". 11, , t . . l ! ' i j
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t \ r . . .
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t . , t
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'
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d,e la puncnl
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ad,iirrsin.t aitftl u stil in ptuN. .lL]i
rrunatit:icnl
uu iiitrorlus
t n. o. r n , 0t
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t d t 4. . pa; l i t at p , , , , 1 s, ' : . . , , t , . ' . , ":
pt n"at ! !
! , t .
L. , o. t dt
u t st , I r ar ed) .
Se atrage at.elid. citilotikr c|L, irl lnnl)a u!\e.d. eduraterl ir?^vraliDri
ic(tiri
zai . cul t . i ar uneducat ed: r ei ci l al j z. 1t .
i . cut r . I i r r i i f ul t r i i :
( , i l n{j xl i on :
s,colarrz:rfe. ifvntnturii.
culiur.l: 1dr cdurrlie
lln
Lniha. ntl nn)
-
r\Ntlrpr!
(go!d
rd bad):
"Ar io nnl1nefs.
hc hls rorre"r a erlu{ra. a
(.rette
(un
copit)
:
I
l , l
s ul : cdur al i o
, r t u
r ' - i
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I l al n
-
, , . nt r pnr . . J
: t : l a. t t i n! r u
, 4
t nt t , 4 , t . .
Saftina pe cat. rni d.n &tntnat. o a
furt
r/iof.i
-
;t m.rmmoth lrlsti
cuilt
spur , n: l "' t :
^t : 1
d
r r t ^t . . r . n *. l n. t : r , . o
d.
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Sr l f r f ar r . nl r !
si or l l . [ i a] . r . ' Fl j r r r c{ f r a r Nt , i t i l de s. r de r er t r ! ul i r . Fi t i r t i t f d! t r
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t.rk.us. itlll .t... .afc ldmrNfri' '
rp dra.ii Lri.hxti d,r si,at .nttczi si ille Dersonatjtiti
ina(rmtLr. uhirr sir._rlnLi. .\..sh r.oli
ii
ufivr$ii:-Lli ;lnt h liiRti si asi..1zi. c,i turut r"oi,
.
r . ! r t l
l i r . er
- sl l l , Ll
or r i i l of . | , r \ ui pl i a
l j i r . sr l or
dc l . r l n, . f *. a! . i r geni r u. si i l
. .
.
stil .ula^ ial
:
stll .nfart..ris n . in
!..)pfr.
r.onvqsrtiilor oliiNriif. tamilir|e
knUoqt i . al spt . h/ .
j r L
f of t r ast . l i ot r \ f r si t i r t f si r ! f i sor i l .
i i
t . {t cLr ) f or ddt c.
CUIi ' NT CATU CEITOR
ulrfotrne lat t& 4 efa.anstd,efat nqral. dtical fu inccputltL a.est.lti. seeol (inlo-
I u ir t a notni aLi.rului t tt
(rcu.st
i a ul 1 a p r onu t cl c p
eNnnal e
;
\\ho i . lo c
(1,e
\\h.)m
;
i
hf
t's ne
lcnlrtr
it i! l. locu l prcpo.ili ei d ltt n \ eth si u inaintea cwittLt lui ta
N.rc se refeft (rvlo is it for? I|'herc ure
11ou
cani g holl!l) etc.. ctt., ctt:.) este
nnsiderat core(l acum. (Yczi fipitalele @rcs?un.ito\lc /d Indiee.)
t!
inrclis. tot
(e(a
G tste &ctlm eore(t granntlcd .rtl conrldl4t sloppy.
Gaana d,upd sinplifftdre, darinla le u tittiga lintp. t:it. mai mu.U timp. a a(lus
ti
ertindered.
lor
telor Nntruse. a fispunsuiior tnanatilabirc. a snnctelor injtrnit
IalLIe.
S-a a(eptat un aLL oiteriu: ditttlt l me.selt)r (fi the man in lhe slreet,
sintboluL t:rtd!?nnului
(
tlc:
obitnuit). Chiar
t-i
d. la &tcilrele niwftiture,
ptolctotii ro aisc Ltrcla.ti Lintbaj surprinzdtor. bc
(?
intedbd un nai\'.
-Nu
ttiu !ruflaticii
?
-
Pentu m stLtdcnlii sai nu i. Itutr.e tirept
'old,
faegies"
(
:bd,
H?nt!/ Seeel,
lta
t&ri(i!1 u|, toia ]u sfiltlt L te.alulai
pftcetlent (in
Ne\ ! Fl ! rgl i sl L Crammar. Logi cal ard Hi srori ral 1392 si 1696), ant i cl pt nd
s rile d,c
fatt
utuale:
"
t he rul(s af
|rumtu
dt lolie no tal u e cftept Le state,n.nts
of
ftl(:I:
whateaer is in gen al us. in tl languafe is
lor
th&t et! ftdsan granl
t at i @l l t eot rc(t . "
Litnba s. sthb hn r atittl r.lpiditat(. intit striitorii dniltr
'50.'60
au deja
un it inte.h . Pcnffn strti.ini insai. e&re sint in matea lor tnajoritate cititari.
inslt,'i. )a lintiir n!]..e tu uiutarul unti grdmatici tadilional.e llr? ncapirct
nu:csdrai
, ?entru
a li se
tontla
o ha.i soli tli si num ai rLupd aeet:a ei. i si. nr
putetl
{Ia s&nla. in pradid,
da *hi.n xirile prctctie sdlt liitoare di limb& en!le.d..
7u, \ , o; ; nnr \ t yt . . : . j , , . p"' n, , i . , i
' , , .
t on Pat ! .
r . 1l d
, 1, t b^t p r l "sf e ner i -
tcle gtwnali.ti.i
lui Otto Jftl'5dz i/r
"The
Fis!enri.rls .l
E!glish Gramln
,',
1938,
ture r?d,e
!r.1nt.1tie&
en!\e.d:
"as
sotncthing Liti.ry antl dercloping und,er .onlinaal
flwluaions.
$omcthini that ls
founrlcn
on the past anrt pr$aris rhc $'atJ
for
the
futnrc,
sonethiw that is not eleags rcnsistent ar perf.ct. bur
,lallessing
anl,
pe.fettible
in onc
pord,,
hunlan."
(
L 1' i , \ t . l ), 1t t . TE
Crunatiut rl.e
[aln
tii-ic a luuare con.:eputii pe
Ld.e tat].ilianat..
,Si
t tratale apnfu ddt taatu
lJroblet
)tt de
Erumaticd,
p;t ,iulu st dc(nn
pa
fnontenp.le
grunaticalc
st.Lifice
liniii engtie;i deci trtai
?ulin
(t:t:csib;Le
(Llriarul\t
nmain.
f . . t t ot ; : o
t u! ,
u. t , . , .
t u, t r t i
t r
! or ot i at
, , a t r t nyt , : d
s;
t , c
bozr , t nr
"odui , . f u, Ll t ,
. ,
. t at , . r t . .
"n. :
t n. . t
u. t t r . t , t t , . x"r , . t t "i u; , i
ranate de o&menL.
J)e
Irtt. u s.t urnldti t&ntfarna|&. etaluliu tinl)ii si uanld.
S a urmdrit. sd se dd,apu c tenninataSi.li ya
!.tlcatti t:it ijdi brit:i
;i.
cit n;ai
aptapiatd.
dc
f.nanenul
s1ud,;at. rcnsi,t;;i it ,:d sint t)|.'Ltc etenlenre deosebhc
tald
de gtatnatica
lLmbii tot drr,.
(:uni
tt
Ii:
genvt;rut.
ri.itorut
lulti
t. t!e&t,
i , , ol ut o
' [ . , t
l 0
n J
' , , , ' , t . 1t , : . , ' u
p, r [ . . . t ot , 1, . , . 4]
t , t . , t , .
l 4r t " 4! t , l ot i : t -
- t u, . dt . t df
\ i r t
$1un: n. . . - t . . p t . . , . : . . . a. . , n, t , papt p.
pn\ t t l p". J, r t ,
t i r - : . t
sd
l t t
; ' , , ' t l ot - . . t t .
.
t
n. , I ' i , . , nr - , , t . , . . . . ' ,
I , t p
I . nt Dt nn
I t 1t t t n dl sl t l . .
t'entru
.a .agrc
tnta srutli.rul nt&terirlultli. s ao i tradls. ptin un?le
emnplitirairi
ti
notc d,e sulJal, tit mai, trnthc d.jte ttesprc citttLtu
ti
driti.a.lid,
englptd
ti
despn sTecifitul abi,ceirrilor Lrad,ili)nate enlte:rtti.
Latted. are pdragrafe
nu tcNn&tu
d,c t& inujt tul pind.
lo stitlitut ti. p{dra
tt s.
lutea /.r.e
triniteri de la o prubio n Ia altd.
ti !.ntru
a se ei.ra reperdrite.
.
Lr t
' hr s, t ' t t
i d. t dt . .
i ot i un,
i ",
t , , , , ; ,
i " , "r , r ' . , . , , t . , t r . . r t t ' t t [ 0.
L- t
. .
o\ t l t t
| n. t t
, ; i , qut
sl po4t d +
t t , nt el o\ pni t .
l t . n un, , f f i
psl ,
dn
. n, t ut . . t t t t t . 1; 1
I
\ [
nn. nt or t t r ' p.
, r n
t t
Tor et r ei
dL l a t nrcpur
f t nt
l u
i i rt t t .
.
I t ' t ) o dp
[ o, ;
.
^o"o, -
] , . a
. t ' . . t ' , . . , ,
L. t . . . . p. a , Jnf t ; , t , , t
l p. l ul n; i . n
' 1"
L
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0t l aat . , .
t . pt r t l r
t at p
. t o' . 4t . . t
. , 1. t .
r n, i I nc"
.
pnl pi , d, e
S perin M wrca tlepLisn .le cLitrc
(utoalcj (u
tlsitL;Lea
si d.drui& specifice
nu t.LL un..L tarsnte, sd
[ie
sprc instruiru. intercsul
,\i
s.lisfaclia ci.titorutui
E; ) TT{i RA
TABLA DE }IATORII
Cuvlnt cAtr citito!
5
8
9l
,2t
!,67
229
247
457
489
5lt
520
Cuvlnt lnainto .,...
IIORTOLOGIA
.
Sul 6t ant i vut . . . . . . . . . .
-
. . . . . , . .
t : t
Adiectiwl
Numer al u1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . .
hepotiiia.
snn{xl
8i;u*a prcpozlli"i. . . . . . .
Sintara tlazei.
524
5?3
626
629
BIBLIOGRAFIA
INDICE
MORFOLOGI A
lrroRPHoLocY)
SUBSTI.NTIVUi
{. CONSIDDRAT]I
G!]NEIIALE
tI, CLASIFICARE\
;SUBSTANTIVELOR
SubstMtfo
oomue
9i
suhtstrtiYo
Foprii
.
-
p.9:
t 7
t 7
l
1
3
I
t i
I i
t i
srbstantive comune
SdDstMtiYo
eoncroto
Substannve cono.ete
t i
sub3t 8ni l l e 8bshac1e. . . . . .
. . . . . .
b17
I t 8
918
10 19
t 2 7g
13 19
Sulstantive abstractel
.
Sulst&ntFo
ttrdiYiduslc
si
slD$iMti{o
colcctlve .. .
'
Srlstantive
iniliYiduale .
sulstantive coleotive
Nume dc naterii
ti
de mise conc.e
Sobltcntilo
rumer8bile
li
ncnumerrbilo
t 4 19
15 19
t 8 t 0
t 9 20
20 20
t1 20
22 2Q
2X 20
Nuni abi l i t ok|
. . .
Substantiee
numtdbite .
Car act er i st i ci . . .
- . - . . . . .
.
Calcgorii dc sulstaniive
numcrall
Substuntioe nenrmetubite
Car act er i st i ci , . - . .
. . .
Categorii de substartive
nc! , mPr i bi l . ,
. . . . .
24 20
t 8 t t
29 2t
30 ?1
31
' 3 t 2 2X
33 :r4
Numcle spotu.ilor
Nrmele de materii sau de mase
Nnme dc mai.edi sau de nase
rabile ln iul ..
-
. .
Produsele naturare
Ani mt r l el e . . . . . . . . . .
Plantele comesiibile.
. . .
Numelc de mase :ibslraole. .
Nune de mase alshacte nenunerabile
Catcgorii de srbsianlive
(hnel).
T II, GENUL SUBSTANT]Y]ILOR.
Del i ni l i el . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
Gnurile
ln
sranlatic{
englczi.
. . .
llasculin
ti
leninnt . .
Genul, subsiantivelo.
.are n ic{ naliomlitatea sau
lrovenienla
regionala
-
Genul comun. . , . .
Exprcsid
Sranaticald
d
enxlui
.
{\.. NU]IiNUL SUtsSTANT]VIJ].Oit
Col3lilorstll
gon$8|e..
Ptu..lul Bulrsti irctor
'
4t 26
L2 2tj
3i , 5
38 25
39 26
40 26
t 6
6t 3'
62 33
63 33
87 36
49
21
27
21
90 37
91 ! 7
92 37
93 37
95 37
! i f l , l l "{i ' i
l l i , ; ,
"
, i
-. , j i , , ; "0' , 1
, ; . ror". . . ' ' i - i
:
-: : : : =
. ; ; , ; ; ; ' : i ;
i "; ; ' i ; " rd s, rEUrdr, -s.
-i .
-2.
+h. . h-rsnrur' L
Derxrt Tl rrrr
Lr yq
snbstantive
tc.ninate la singular In
't
sau
'le
:: ,;? 33
Subsl ant i l e
t ermi nat e i n' q. . . . . .
; ; i
i e
Snbstantilc
terminate ln
-th
.. . . ..
: : ;;;
.10
Pl u. dl 6 n
r r ex
al .
; ; ;
i i Ji , i .
i ,
, "; *i rormr
",
' i . t ! ru"rp
r"' p
, ' i va
l y:
l i ; i nl r l l i subsl i nt i Yl ecol ect i l e. . - . . .
l . l i
; ;
: i nr u r "
' dr ' . t l u"dl .
.
ri,iiii,iir'ir*"i'd.r," 113
';:,
Plumle strline :j;
Doul f or m" d" t n. r al
'
u
' nr
l s r l i l pr i l
.
ri'l^
i,ji,i:i'
'"
J";,i1 rormr,-ir-ar.cu
rnt"res aii*it .
l:9
i0
L, o . i ! l u. d",
, ". ", , , . , , , 1. "r .
: 11"
i l
Pl Lr J"r l i n f r r r cl P dp r ' 1r '
I i o
i 3
i i J"] o' i . i ; l ;
i I i n, " s . r"
' i nsu
1-
e
"\ p". r: ' P
.
. : i l l
: ' 1
i ' l i "i "r , i , ri , i ,
' ,
i ' "l l r rr"
"r' r
' d
onari r:
"a
' au Pt o!
n-n' a
f g' onari
l t l i :
Fj'"ii"i a.."-i"it-
d.i animare .. .
i;l i;
9luralul
substaniile)or
.co
nlnse .- .
: ;;; re
I'luralnl numelo.
})roprn.
. .... . . .
;l;
60
t l Jr al ul
. ur n. r l t "t o"
"ui et r . t i r . . t -
. . .
. .
j : ' .
Pl umhl nnmel o. dc l , t er c. . . . . . .
-
,
: : t
60
i' i"
' .
.
"t' "'
,1"r", .
. :.. ..
::;
ii
Pl ui , r l l l or
par l i
J'
r or bi "P
' ul ' '
r "r \ d
v. CAZLL SUTISTANTMLOR
-
. .
189
6?
co. . ; o4- . , i , : , , no. , "
.
: : : : : : l ; j ! ;
L Ll , J. f J
, ' r t , ant i \ ". , , , , . , ,
l i omi i st i r ul
. . . . . . , . _. .
. . . , . . . . . . . . . , , , . . . . . , , . .
198
6l t
D. r i r i 1j c. . . .
.
: l # 3B
{ucl i i . . . . . -
.
"
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
; i ; 64
\ominatirnl \ooaur'
Genl t ' nl
. . . "
, ' : osr i l r
Dei i ni 1j c
. . . . . . . . . . .
: . ; 13 3l
Fun4i j
. . . .
. i t i {j 5
r r adt r cpr e . . . . . . .
-
"
: t i t
66
l or mal , .
- . . . . .
. , .
Cenitirul eran {t. ca.ut
Pofsie
.
" '
-
!28 66
r or mi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . :
: : . ' . ' ' , ' 331 33
t4
14
' 0 2i a
12
! 80
i 2
. . . . . . . - . . - . . . . . . . .
283
i 3
! 85 ) ' 3
300 1t
307 i a
Dr l i r d
, . . . .
. .
, '
3n8
' i
I ref i ni l , , e
. . . .
i l : l ' ;
srrBsTAN:cl!' IJI,.SUMAR
VI. .C.LTE CHESTIUNI REFERITOARE LA SUBSTANTIV . . . . . .
15
_.L 4a
7A
Substantiwl adjeotivat
Chdi nea . r r vi nt el o. .
-
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : .
Func$ile substantiftlui
VII, FORMAREA SUBSTANTIVELOR
Dsde&. r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alixatia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pi ef k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Suf i : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dpr i vdFa r e8r , 8i e6.
. . . . .
REducer ea . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Atternanl lonetice
Abr evi er ea. . . . . . . . .
. .
SclimDew
cslogorlei
8flm3uodo.
. . . . . . . . . .
CoDpur cr m
. . . . .
Sui6tertive tele$opate
944
345
347
357
359
360
36t
368
373
a?4
482
383
384
399
40t
7A
19
19
80
80
80
80
a2
a4
84
85
86
88
89
SUBSTANTI VUL
( TI I E NOUNi
I. CONSID$n-{TII
0ENnBALE
Dcl i ni l i c.
Sub' l snl i r ul
psl "par "
H d"
\ or bi r - "r r p dor u' l 1F: '
o[ ' i t r l al ' '
P' i n . obi Fcl a'
s^ i nr el . g.
po pl an er "r I I i ' J1.
f i i nl Pl "
pl anl cl " l u"r ur ' r '
t n. u: i r i l . . . "
l i "ni l a. . l
' r i l a
n^l i uni l p.
- hs
' a
l i i l ' Fl ' e\ r cr Fnl o pp pl cn' r r r por :
A,
' , os. l
i dml
h' l
r dl r P' l r "
'
i 6l
'
I "a'
sr
II. CLASIFICARE,\
S1]B STA]['I\\-EL OR,
A. SLTBS' I ANTI \ i E
CON{UNE
$I
SUBSTANTI VE
PROPI \ I I
s3
s4
$t
$6
s7
1) SubstantiTele
comulle
,obiectelor'
de acelali fel:
( aat , ' t Lc' n
\ , , , t
/
- er ! '
.
l i i ndi . r - d
1' r ' r r r ^r
dos
t n! '
I
oPl e
bi . d
l l ol Fr I nmr l y
2, Subsraot i \ cLc
pt opri i (Prop' I AodnrJ num-s' un. obi . cl ( Jeosbi n-
dul de l oal e
cFl el al t e
, obi ect c'
di n acceo: i
cat egorrF. Subsl sal rvel e
proprrr
sp s. ri u
. u i oi t i al d maj u. "ul dr
9i
denumesn f i i nt p l ocuri
(oumrrr.
seogral r' e
i n r cner e) ,
nal i onal i l 6! i ( subst anl i va i i
adj P. l i \ e) . aql r p
$r . gal , a\ r r
csr p enl
ur, i cal p' . urassre,
l ai f un" el c. (t ol deduna dc gen f Fmrnrnl l
i st or i c", oper i l r t er "r ".
sl i i Dl i t i cp. ar l i sl i e el ' . . anumi l P
l r l ul al un er cdr l r p'
onori f i . c,
' prol e. i onal F
si cul l urai e. l nl rpprj cd' ri m; r' i dF l abri rarrc
Pr'
lunile anuiui
qi zilele sipi5mlnii etc :
cur nLchaFsl
B. n NP\ i s
T 11 Vot d' !
Jcr i "
n^nub" t hp I L Di .
' i "L
: j l er pt 4p. l ' 1.
l no aon Ro{1ni a Tl r ; l 8i n
5pn' n l dt r on'
iii-ii Romanian
Eulole
^-inar
Rolls Roxce
l'lie W{ oi lhe Roses
B.itish Aeroslace Airdali Group
Obs. r oal Li :
t Jnel e
"ub. l anl i ! F
pr npr i i
au dc\ "' i l subsr snl i r c
r omunF si ca al
p
sc
sr r i u r : r i ni r i r l i mnuscul d
'
FFr ,
t
l F
di sl i ' g' dF nr r mel "
pr opr i i r "sn"l r t e:
d) obi p. l . numj t e dupa I ocul t l e or r gi nc:
o bpdt r n l
u a/ ; l dp n. Ldn:
l l t opr i u
:
r
S! ' d
' .
cl :
\ 11_J of nF nl
"
n' r ml e
unu' \ mhr . r , ' r dt Jd al i pl r , i f l i n/ r l r .
J. I LonJl ' . AncI T
, t , , a l : nor i el nnl < Cl r i na
. , "i i ", .
t
. i ". d. , i " cor i r r '
/
'
oi n I '
l ' nur ' l
n
, : r
' i l
; ; . ; , ,
"" "' . ,
nl ei . l u
' l
l , Er "n
r ' r o cul l
gF i | d
oi r ai l
J
r i
4 n\ ; -
t)imint sccuddl
din .\nglia)
-
L^i , , u" r r on"; i , u"1. sL' sl
r ' l i i bp s"f l ' r ^r i r r i ; 1r ". 1'
r ' '
- 5'
t u, t t , ,
' l h
t ur ' t '
' dr J '
".
5P, nt
^r t
, at i h. n- an. : ' o". ' i
ni J
r ' a
'
'
' i ' r ' l
ni ni l
71, "
r l , 1\ y t t r J.
' . . ' r .
Jp". r . i nl - l p
. Ji
ub. . . ar "r v. o n n
" ! l n , ! : r r r r ul
_
sP
, l du J
"'
' r a
. ] \
sd co o. r r d
. i
onr m' l
r gl a
'
t h
' nt
t oo\
LJr "
I
r r ol
' r r ' r i
nr
'
n. e i ci c: "\ i : j , , ";
, -
si "; -
i i : . . - . Li ,
. , - . t , , t . r . t ; t ai
-
. i s/ .
p6o, ' i , i . J'
! r i cr i l ,
d' l J
' dp
der j \ a
r er bul r , a, n/ . r r : P
'--;lli'i..-et'".. nnmele trnor unsaDc de
pc coastr Caiiiofri'i
s8
ss
/:.il'tr,
1: olundilr < Holl|ild
1:
Oiurda\
- / . f ! , y
i . -
j er s. ul
< Jer ser i i i uul i l i n cr nr l nl l h, el i ! l
, , , r , . . ,
( -
mar ochi nl < I l ooc. o l - \ I a. ol , r
rn ,tt nnn
L-
.lift\
lcatit.nal).
soia. .rd,ipe.l < OLlonnx
rt
r.o, d,iije,rtr ai rc.hiul[i
o
rr./s
i: prntoli de sport.
rxL
lii:tnrii
< O\lod
iorai
lnivesillf di,, .\dliil)
: r , / , r
( :
r n' de Xepsr < Xer es i l o' r al i i an, i r t SD, t ni a)
,,r ,1..7..
i
-
ud I.'l de
rfirlesil
luri-. si hfrl < Ulsref
iprorhiiD
id nofddl l.l,rLd.ili
, / obi ect o umi l . c dupi i ve t at or i i . descopcr i t or i i . f abl j canl i i , i nspi -
o l not sf u1ml - r n dLr e, , r r
r , . 1r r
r cl i i <r l , or dl nf of ghxm
l i m
de sl . al l , . i i . ani c,
' r t E
r 8681
i \utbrntJ l- L n I.l !1. sloli inpfimcabilil
sfu . hanji din a.csi !rat!ri{l) <
Rubory
irrdelf
lal'ricdnLulLril
' , . ; , l l
' r ,
pl -
"' d! - ,
, . l l , ' i I o
l
r r ' : i pl l
' ' d
r '
. , i l l t
r Lr l f , j I l Lr qi
, l ' - . 1
"
i .
i l . , "t d'
' nd,
I
l "\ ' nr n' t
"
, 1 bi
r ' r u
' 1. "
r ' t l
' , ' r d' , .
:
l l n' l r i Jo", l
t "l p
. '
-
t I
u
f . r
' i . r I
I . b t l of . . . . ", r , . f , \ . , i
' . r ' J
l
. ' ' ' r ,
' ; o1r ,
d I n r ' . Jo r ' r L
I l..lrd Ro@ (: atrtoinolll.lr.toneli
0e1l
'
lfica a..idrrtall < Lltl thvf.
in1:.i
. ,
1, . , , I , r , - \ "t - \ l ,
os,
- : . - ,
l . uml i . r .
' u
+
, l r o
'
pr :
n l " . " ,
P' , n
' h
, , n
aj . . . , . l : unl i l i i sl ai , r r cl : l . . l ai c nnt r r l dt i . \ r ndenr r dc Ci ncmal oaf df i e r l i r r : j ul . i
! . cdi u ! . nt r d
. r i r . \ ( t ! ! oul . i n i ul or i . , i . t i . cr , , . ) < Or i r i L' i er , i el i . i L. LQ
!
i r mPr n, r n de
Ar i r i i
l i . , se. I ] {i
e t uni ! t ) . r t l . . d, os d.
f l r r l
( i r i o"t r i el l . < l h. ot or e
i Ro. r er l l l l 1p. : l r l i nl e
al SU\ .
1. r l
i . r i r t
nr . n, \ l i : j l . r d. r j r ci j
' ' - - - J l \ ol d . , 4' I ' r ' , r . \ r .
. ' r l l r mt r l ( l or - n{l Lr l " ol i
- l
,
t
l , - l n' l r L' r ' ", '
\ ' '
'
"
"
\ l . "i r r ' r d, r :
) r
1"1", ' 1".
r ' -
l . ' 1. i
I
r '
j .
l
, l : ".
' q- ' i - l " l
. , r , l 1
1:
t r ! vol l ) <
l l l Nsa\ d. ol
Vol l a l f i zi . i d i l al i an, 1r 1; - l 8l t )
a
qdu
t : i n wr t l l <
( Jani Ni \ vat t
{i ngi ncr i i
i nl cDt al or scot i r n, 1i 36- l 819i ;
c, lucrui
fi teNoane
iumite dupn creaiori de opere de arfi Bau dupd
personaje din istorie, legendi. literal,urn. artn etc.:
o a:desa. / un l1.in, ln di.il,a!,ori
a Gdin:booush
l-
trn lal,lotr d. fiainsb.roLLghrl
n /udas
(:xn
trlLdr' tor d' r
lrtteni)
th. tiadn\s o/
iird,..
l: nia.ii linaiciaril
a .th!ll.cl2 l-r^ riimnril rdnilo,
a r-eLtt I, n stliuic a z.ilci Ycnusi o ien,fii. caccplional d-A irumoasrl:
It wft a
-r-dDls../r
ol lio nloodhonnds .lnd .r lerlc..
B, SUBST. \ \ TT\ TE CONCRETE
$I
SI JBSTAI . i TI VI ' ABSTR{CTD
1) Sut,staDtiyele cl|, rete (Cant:rett
,VolnsJ numesc .obieote'{ mdte-
riale (persoane. aninal'..
plante, lucnrri, fenomene evenimente din reali-
totea inconjuritoare etc.) de a ciror er.istenln ne putem da seama prin sim-
t
J-l4na-.
(kritl,atouqr.
o.lebN
lrorl.rtisi
si
pclsagisi enqlez lltll-!7331
' ' . / /
t . . . , . i r ". , , | . . :
l l . d
\ i di
, r ,
. r
. '
' d
r
ok. - p F.
' T 1. , d, . . .
. t
r . .
, . . , -
. . . t , {
. , t
t . t . . .
r
vP/ i
5r
l
.
I t t , unr t
l \ l : )
i l ' i i l : dsl . , r {&r l $t c t i t l ul r i zer r l t h cr gi eza Ldi ani cd
l0
2) Sulstantircle ahsbaote
f,{6slrdrt
rvod r/ nunesc acliuDj, stdri. sim-
S
10
ldmintej
senza_tii. lnsu;iri, relalii etc-r considerate ca no.iiuni:
l.iour hcalth
rcst
N ot d
Unele substantiv absl,racte au
6chimbat:
si scisu con$ete, uneori cu in!e14
$
1l
' , |
' ur . o/ i l
4
' l
r l r
. l i . , i
- i ,
. r ' , ,
ubr n' , i
' u, . , '
, . I
d- l i . '
! l -
. br r r . . l )
a' "
!
1- . , . r i , r ' d61.
I i
. I
dr n ar ' aL. l t "l )
J"r ' P
1 l d, . / o" r . on, r ,
, I
nr l : ni ' , b, .
)
, , , . ", ", ""
I
:
. ro,
, , "t .
ri , , ,
*r
r
_
. hi r
"l r ;
( . , 1. , r a, , )
" i
"v
1
,
"t
i n, j I n". t . . , r
. on.
I
C. SUBST. {NTI I E I NDI VI DUALE
$I
SL; I ] STAN' TI VE COLECTI VE
S
1'
Substantivele comune, atit concrete clt si absi,racle, pot fi:
1) indiridule
flndiridadl
Norrns) cind la singularnumesc un singur obiect:
S
f3
.--"
{i}i'j {ffl,.
J
. t , pr
J
l i l r
J
sl oon
I
t o$n
t
odk
I
l ] , ] ' t
"0",*.,a:
,{r'jntx:s,r
{;'.:'#* {l;i:" {l*r {R'i'""
2) coleetire
(Collectiee Nouns), cind la singxlar numesc o pluralitate de
g
14
,obiecte'
identice sau similare, privite ca un tot unitar:
---k
{i:?J
I auiien,er I ili(hl, r ltock
1
pr ol cLar i at
1 sdl ar v 1
t e, m
.u"'",.,"
{ffi;ii#"'{
ilit:itil:
{$i",i:#- {
iir: Bill:
{Vezi ii 5
86)
3) nume de materii
li
do mase conorete
(Namcs
of llatter dnd. Concrete
S
15
,MarsJ
qi nume do maso obstra0te (Ntlnca of Abstact,Udssr, clnd numesc
mateda, substanla sau mesa unui
robiect.':
I sold I col otr I mill I dir(
r cv- a
1\ \ i n- I
m"i r
1
sour
1
t ubb.
| . o. t . , I knoi l , dee I t , l - \ L: on | ; n. el l : L nr , l
' e' I m' " 1i r ' i r oi oj r h\ 1mur ,
-
t
' . ", , , . ,
", 1' , ""
"- -
Obser aa! i i
a) Unle nume de n&terii de$mncazi s,; obie.ite corleclionate din mate
S
l$
riile respeclive5:
t D.oss 1: al,iDnrie. aliirnril isurnanli\' colecli\'l
D/a-.sds
(:
d;1Druri, otJic.t. dc alami, alAol,'{nii,,strurtrrrtp ,nL,zirale dc alrr,-rr
l
r zdi c, r d: au. l i t or nl l l a nn oor , f r r . et . . r .
' s, s1. cni ' L
pr bL, l
gi,g,,:
esrldril,' i {1. alniarf. ploal.
(t.
gl.a41:.
sLnl
(1.
p,' Lsari.
3
rtrrrl.V,
-
(!on.r.il guoi; (abnrac| l]|{(i' ri.
uosLji.
iidicnri. rroNfBui
'
npt l : a"t u". t r r oa. a4
l
l . - " 1.
' \ ' : '
t of r i i i . l i r i
6Tr r d. ,
"i l "r
r r - i \ ' n, r '
r ' t l / I r ' ' . ' : . r ' r . i
' , :
nglezeDli resleclire.
20
: i i ; ",
"' , . 1, 1"0, ,
",
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r / o:
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osl i nzi , ol h' l ar i l
ifur l: lcrl
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(: rtr\ li.r de celcal)
;n trons
(: in lanlu
)
(vezi
ii S
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A lt
6i Denumirile
pro{:luselor naturale,
prelucraie sau nu'
precun
;i
ale
",'l-ri"r""-
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ea alinLent', sini dsimiiate,
din puncr' de veder
sra-
natical, cr.r numele
de matem:
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SUBST,UIIIIX
NU IjRABTLE
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1) oeracteristiei.
-
n I 5ubsl dl
l i \ *1,
aa: I ' t t ct , n b' r r L, .
[ t o' N""
hoLJ s.
' t "+t Js
f oni l i es,
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ndnl t d\ ; 1" JFoJr e'
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denun, esc Pou
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d"i nl ucut t or r LecPsl ur al "qoYa
car ". t er i ' . , i ' i , "r P
r on' r l ui r
"r bt r Ji
r i n' l i ! a r sLD' l dnt i ! el or
nur nPr sbr l e
2) Crtegorii
ilo substantivo
numerabile' -
,q.iui ini"a, rn
genere' majoritaiea
substantivelor
comunel conorete.
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SUBSII\TIIX
NllllullDB"ttsIrn f4D4! ATl)
(UNCOVNIABLtr NOU\S]
t) Caraoteristioi. -
Lilele nume dc materii
sau de mase oorcretc
pot li rlcnumerabile
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stni
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deodrce obiectele
pe
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nehoiirit.
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s27
s28
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Nume ile rnaterii
son ilc m:rse colrcrcte
enumerlrbile
intr'un contoxt
ii
S
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S
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SUA)
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tNN]
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!i
la fminin. de cele mai multe o
tntr o formi identicd cu aceea a masculinului. ali,eori cu anumite modiliciri.
ca, de pilda, adeugarea uDui sufi! sau a unui culint
(fcmale, girl,ladE,
naiLl.
aoman
)
care se indice sexul:
Aicountant. clerk. d.octor, (bus
.)drieer.
engiteer.
farmer.
mechanic, player,
secretar!, teacher, sritet, authorl paet, lead.er, M.P.
(Llenber af Parlianent),
prime
Minister, captain. Lajor, sergean\ comnunist, socialis!, acc. .hantian
elc. sint denumiri adoptate fltlt de bdrbati, cit
!i
de femei.
Ambassadrcss, ltuthores\ atialrh sau arialr?ss. cond)tctress, d,octrest,
ed;tress, inspectorcss, mayorcssj poctess, girl
studefi, girl tgp4t, Iadll cashier,
laiLA san teoman doctar, Ladg report$, Lady tApist-seffetarA,
femaLe
editor,
female
san watnan naaeList, eaman artist. aoman aeiator, wom&n cLerk,
eoman councillar. wonan ruslonler, waman
jodrnalisl,
eaman Membcr of
Parliament, aoman eriter etc. slnt substantive de genul
femjnin, dar rar in-
trbuinlate ln engleza actuali-
s57
s58
s
61)
,2
Pentru desemnarea
genutui len1irii Ia numele dc
profsii etc., subsian_
tivele de gen feminin com-pus din doud cuvinte scrise separat.. ca ln-paragrafrrl
precedent, fdrd cratine, sint inlocuite in mod cureni
prin substantivele
de ren ma"t ul i n corFsDUnrbrosra -
mri
preri s
spus d"
gen . omun
-
t aF
r di ugar "r cuvi nt , r l ui
. Jr c
i n. l i "a epnul
hmi r i n , ^c*l a est "
adi ugsl ,
num&i aiunci cind nu se inlelega din conte\t
.; esie vorba dspre o lemere:
5
60 Gemrl teminin indicat prin pronume:
i r P | : . , - , i aD: . t ,
'
1"r - . t
_l l . ' \ eJn
,
i r . . Snr r - - i \ ' . 1. . ' - i 1, . m\ d' {
\ \ ". i bl uP) -
Ctnit
gennl
feninh
reies.. din c.)ntext. cneintul carc indicd
genul este
TlcY wrnted to halo a @oDaD dactar' a gil tllpist, elc
\ t t t
s; ' l
[ ' i P4J
r " \ r J nj ' "
I n AnEl j a exi st i obi cei ul ca
pr i r na sc. i sor r e t r i r ni sa de o f "mei c une
I ' r ' n. , r p
n- bi unosnu
.
. "
ai bn m; nl i on0
j n
pr r snl eze. dupi sFmndt u16.
rurss sau llrr"s, spre e\ernplL:
,.7.G.
Patker
(Miss)' Ilditar", o practicx foarte
ut i l a Dcnt r u
FI i i ar a-
- r ^; i l nr
u cdr p. r r pa 1. . punsul ui , r n
"pe
i el r n
r ozur i l e
1n
"si F
1' n1r . i ' ,
r e i nd, ' "r d pr i nr F, , '
. ub. l ; nr i r
J^
"n
. r un
"'
d' ' ol .
cd.itu, la$!.r, Iibrarian elc.
5
61 2) Gcnul substantiYelor csrc iBalici nalionalitotea sRu
provcnienla regio-
-
nali.
-
Substantivele compuse cu termina,tia -
man! lorlneazii femininul
prin adnugarea cuvintului wrman sau girl.'
Toate clelalte substantive care indici nalionalitatoa sau provenienta
regionald a unei persoane au o singur{ forme penhr ambele genufi
,si
apa4in
aladar
gcuurur comun:
lll ascnlin
an Dngiish''a'/4
isatr snt.)
a Dui ch
( , or d' ( sat r
s, r l . /
lias)0
Eriton
Dritisher
Bulgar
cantahigians
Uneori.
pntru a se e)tprima in rnod special genul feminin. dacl aceste
nu reiese drn contert, se adaugi tromdn sa\r gil 18. adjectivul corespunziiior:
r Pom i ar
l / r r onr "
san
gt r l
r . l i pai ese
/ @, r , i
san gt f l l
I
a Spanish
faDmaD
sau
sif,
1a
Tdr ki sh
f s, ona,
sau
st . l ,
I
G.P.: Cctoat Ptactiti.ner
I
ntrdni care p.aotioil medicina
geteralil.
' n\ Lf pl i i l ,
si nt acr l pat i cd l d
S
i 0b
I
Esn,
l Fl pr at
ar t ! Jl ment e t u\ r nt ' r l r i I i , r i
a
D,",oDtaz
:
din Der.nsnife.
"f aa@t r ; e; on
- dp l a Lan, l , r , t gr
r r r , r b; ": o
i 1
t . . | i n\ , .
6Or . ni or
- . d" t j
n\ h", 1
od, r "4.
r .
11 t . , LJI
B:I
3) Ccnul comu .
-
liriemple de substantivc de gen cornun:
S
62
,
' l ' r l l
, ook
l r nj r r
etistr,
(Iclist
orphan socialisl,
artistel eDemy pcsidcni slcakr.
rilerk
gucst pupil
traleller
.odrnunGi. lcotuler render lypisl:
.odsh mol.orisl .clalivc ris' lo.
( Vezi
f i $
a: - 19. 6l l
Not d
Unele subslaDlive de gen masoulin sau feminin pot fi intrebuirlate ea
sJL. l anl i ve d" gcn, nr nun da"5 di n . onLe\ r . p I n' "l FgF, l 1r . r
".
p
r or br dp
un
- ubqt r nt r \
. 1" gen, nn, un
Si
nu dc unul
' . l o
ul i n
- r , r
h- , i ni ' r . Di n r "ar . i
cat rgoh f ac part e:
pis duck
lor
goose,
etc,
B. XXITiXSIA GRAIIATIC-ILi A GXNTIUI
l ) E{presi a grarnat i cal i a genul ui
const i di n:
, . /
t o. i br l i . sl - d
i r ' l ^
, r i ' i i
. ubst ant i vul Li
1' r i r r
p' onur r "l
l . - , nr ' dl
cor ". -
l ,
r '
- 1. r .
l r
nFr . osr s
"
: :
d
. i
dr l dr .
r r ds ul r r . du l Ft ] r ni r :
TIrc do.rof Las come. but s/,e is ht..
] I y. o, i t / i s out : , . i i i u, hour r so.
,) acoldul substantirului cu adjectivul posesiv respectiv sau posibili
t.ti tnlocuirii lui prin pronumele possiv
corcspuiziior. la
le|Soara
a :l a
:irqular. masculin sau feminin:
u'$
:r'onr
.rtld w.dins ,ts red tie?
' Uie s/;rel had done l./ iesL lo. thc w.ll
Enzetle.
' fh.
@.&cr took hoDN lhc pap.N l,hat $c.D niJ.
(li!.
r.rd.tuf l,hes. notes: Uify re l4-s.
The.d, is caling oui or that boirl n-"canse it is rts own.
c.) acordul cu
pronumele rellexiv sau cu pronumelc dc irtiirirc respectiv,
h persoiina a 3 a sirgular, masculin sau femrmn:
vpr , u. ou, l
, ,
h: n+l f | , l
i :
|
- r .
I
r Ji s, d by . h
,
o .
' ' : . r ' a. ; . 0
"ppmb' ;
b.
. , j or i ng
n, ; 4/ nn hq' . . ".
Thf led,f./ $as a so..o lan 1:
l$ionai
d. lolrall ntns.Jf and .nplaincd
the collesc tcam.
I was lokl the laael had d.signcd l,Lc.osl,rmcs narll.
2) Crtzuri specitLlc
, / : uh. dnr i \ Fl e baL, J. i nf or t
$i
. 7/ i r d
, , ; nJ r ' - . J Jr n un, . i
r n. "1r x: r . i
. .
t . r l
n r . - J sr - L dF obi . Fi n- u r ". mi al - s i r l i ' r br \ or bi l . . :
t
t ' , . h br b! . r om i s
' or :
i i 5 , r J: r 3.
Call tlul, clitd and
sive
it ts hrnch.
"lhis
liflte c,t4, lad tited ni Dr arms a
gaod
Irfft
ol trs sdrall lilc; oltcn I could
sel
i, io lausli Nlien ttu rnothoi couldn't.
"x{v
mother dandlcd ae and sms,
'll;w roung
i, is, how young'."'
-
r
dttisl
a:\
artiste slnt sulstantive de gn comnn, dcci antlele lnlrcbuinlnte {til
. , ".
, mei , "r , , : p. D r u i Jr b. f : o{; . '
I o: t
J p. I . r gd I nl . . t . . ur
9. .
r . t dF. . f f r r sf . ,
' r . , - , di . , . , o1 l dl Fr l al ' , , . r "m
r
ahDl dl - s, "r , u
gusl
ul i . . l
, ' . ,
,
"
r , "par , . t : i
o. , , , pi
l or i r a. unpor i . . r Ll p' oi . . . ". ul po"i r J . d- . h[ o: l ' I
'
I . i , , , ,
i . r t r . I _. . . dn r pal d' . . . d , n"
' l or ".
. 1 , ". ' F
' , 4
r r o
. ", .
o"i " a l
*, unl sr
uLr e dr r . ! r cz4 t dj i i o,
t , , bl ,
rll
T\rain. ,1 caiLe.ticut Iont.c ,t tintg Lflhut' s L.ttt.
I
\\:.ts. r*cats. Th. Pldy.r
Qtt.:.t.
j
-
Granatis limul engreze
ss3
s$4
! 6;
s66
s67
s68
$69
34
ir
^dseori
i nsn r. est e subsl . ant i l e si rt consi dcrat e mascut i ne sau t cmnri ne.
I n f uncl i c de serul copi i l or r. spect i vi :
I gar c
hl y h. r nj l l l : . . n. \ 6 i r ngr v.
'1hat
d'ild lL{sr'L ral.n /.ts
loridgci
fu Nill he &,oldrd aglin.
D_/ PronurnLtr: ne;; s/rc indicii in general diferenla de Fex. Une.rri inlo(uieso
t nsd ncul r ul , r a i n cazul pr onumel or
nehot dr i l e:
Il
]on
aslt a,rrdy iD lhrt sti! t. ne Njll shoiy
Iou
$h.rc st,e tiv.s. rftt.
S
114d1
. J
S, 11, . , , r t i \ pl p. r ' .
' 1, - r np- .
ar i mul c
t i n,
t u. r , p- . r r i . pnc
i
ci
i n. p.
r r )
r i nl
' - r p
. l ,
spnpr r "r . a/ r ' . . l , r , r , t ' r n' i ,
' , Js"\ ul
r ; . n. . 1i \ : ' . r - . un, f f ' r ' :
Thc rrll hid liurl t/s lis.
;\.,//' Nas scnrlnrq out ts r.nrnrthatri cocli a doodle,doo.
Se atrihuic inBir adeseori arestor subsi,antivo gcnul mascutin, indiferent
\ \
l ool I i i
t ,
- t
. .
nt / . " aJ t , f l
. t
r ' , r , r . t , "ous
t . |
, . .
\ \ i , . , el 1i , , i , l i i r , , ""i n
h
LUd". : u, t , , . . . on, . r i \ . . Lr . . 1'
Th. r.ii.l. d rhr storl Nas
"The
Cat lhar I'alks br ]tnn!.tf'.|-
, \ ni or i i el e. i n spFci al {i ch domest j ce. si nt i nsI desemr ar e
t i
pr i l ]
t ) r oDul nc
de g.
nl c, ) r espunznt or sor ul uj l or . r nai al cs at ul r . i ci nd t i sc n, er ; r i t , Dr nzd
nuni el e sau ci nd i nl f f \ , i con. qi dcr r nt c de or di n ai ect i r :
Th. ,.d. lrld /r. cnlJs la,l leit l trail.
' i l f . ! \ i r . l ool i hg ai a i cr i nl l , . / chi dons.
' l
l
r : , , . ,
- , r
' , r .
t . l \ ".
I l , i r ni i scr i i nr I d. ! l or ! oni f l i d
i
$l r r i s l i e I i , l i i g?
S. . r i f
"
, c. l
r r r l
.
i . ' r , I n
F"^: . r a. r
' , n,
u: 1. r ' , l . r r
l a
l L
' r ,
,
r ,
t sst xr J,
u r r l i l r , u ; :
r at l , . . .
"l ) o
r on t Li nk n
/ . . 1s, "
C| i 1d.
"\ \ . 11.
I l i i p i o l l , i Dk r . no, i . . s
"
Cind ur arinlal ire pl'rsorilicat. pronumclc
corcsprnu itor vr li i. sau
sia. dupS ser. in cazul pirsonificdliloi
tn ca"t, nu irtereseazn r:onsirleratiite
de sex. subst anr i vel c cai e desemneazn an; nal e nar j sau
put er ni ce
/ r r i dr .
.]|?hant. Lion, nnk.g. tigcr, do!, donket|, horse. pig etc.),
[i
citova in af;r, de
a|csLea (cdnortl,
flu
etc.), sint de obicei rnasculine, pe cind ce.le care desennc{zii
animale ])iici sau slabe (rlrari.sr.
rut, hdre. 'N]:'.]e pisii
.
tarr"rl
erc., ins.cte
1c,.) sint, feminine. Fa terja hotirnlte lnsii in najoritatea cazuiilor:
Tl i c dr nl i . ", oNt r l l i r f d t o l i r nast er ol t h. t r f al cnt r r c had r ecei *d.
Tl i f , n r r e l i r r g l d l i l a. l nr sl amc.
''Ilrt
the ,{rr.D sii,Lins lonelr otr l|ai
rlacid busl, sooke orlr
Tli.l o,,e wonl, as il l,ts soul n, ih{t ore s.rd /E did ouipdur.,'?
/l
-q.lto
perso li(iri.
- In stilul poetic sau retorio, un numir mare de
substantive
--
nrrrne de objecie Deanimate sall de abstraclii. considerate in
m' d
nhi . nl r i l
/ , , h i : , p1 r ' , r / a
{nul
na: " 4n
"a, r
/ , r ?; , ; ,
di n l i
- bi
cncl r / a \ p, hp , , t un": ,
r r r . l r r nl i uni l - r Fspp. t i \ p
. r nt
t or . or i l i "d
-
Sint. in genere,
masculire substantivele care denumesc:
?ariunile
intense
,:i
acliunile oiolenLc :
anger , r ul , l car . t er r or , 1o\ . . , l i r or l . desl ai r ; . r j mc, r nddc. , $ar . ct . :
s70
$?1
' ll.
Iii|li.g. Jr."r v .l;or;,.i.
z
l.:.\. I' or. t he l|at.h.
denente (ale naturii)j
fenancnele
naturalc .\i a.spectele aLin naturii imPre-
stnilnte, pnturnlcc eLc.:
storo, thund.r. wirdr snn, mounlain. ocenn, river. sfreimi summer, anhrmnj
*n,tcr, iime. drl, sleet, ileaUr. tl,c grave (-
moa.l.cal, etc.:
tr
!,11111
3i:
d{nger, las'. etc.
ru, r. l e dc
f l nl i i ,
ri rri :
lr,c Danubc, thc Thanrcs, the Iihirc, cl,
i i.te de mrnti :
]ltn Neris, the Cheviots, Scai!]l, Skiddas,, cl..;
Sint fcmininc substantirele care sugereazi o &raLtnittit:ai
frmini.
d s^n
,,r rnracter m|n. bLind, dr ce, a/er,arsr prcrum
ti
cclc care
.ntlicn
fertiLitate.L:
illi'ite sentitnente ei insusiri:
' ,
i o". r ' \ o
. on. I r ' I
| o
l , n, , nl | , .
. 1, . '
Lr t | Lum' l . t r
o. l ". . mpt . u, . uh . Jr h
. up. ,
j u5r h.
. r . . . . .
"i . t
. ; , . i ,
",
, , . t , , ,
". . .
r.:(1e triLedluri dc cdructer
\atire $.
consecinlele lor:
urlition, ir.rice, enrX. lolly.
j'ialous"1',
lfidc,
r\.0ngc. Lr.ason. ranilr, !ice, el..i
Atftft obiecteL,
fenome
ele
fi
aspectel.e d.in naturil.:
' ' "| | ' ' noon' n' | dI ' ' 5"' . \ \ o| | d: ' ' | . . p| : ' g'
rit.r:r nume de abstraclii:
", . \ er .
r \ . et or n r y. er | p"i "r
' .
r ^m4. . nr ' u- . I b, {' J. n. . . . 5i v. p' a- . .
f . "1r \ .
p, n"p, . i y, l r ul h. vi , o". \ .
. n . "i r n. , .
nunlc comune
4i
proprli terinrial-ad.ministratioe (numele de
tnri.
provincii.
tiiuturi. localiti,ti etc.)
;
.otrDtry. 1and. fathe and. nor.herland. etc.
llre Socialjst Republic ol Rotnania, G.eaL tsrildn. the Soviet Lrnion, !'raice, 4to.
Scotlind. Delon, Lanci6hire, cte.
Rooliarest, London, Mosoow, etc.
O situatie aDarte o uu numclc ilc tiri:
d'-l p ;ite iin punct de vedere' geografic,
ace"qtca sinl de
gen
n.xiru:
Crer r'iratn is an island. th capital is London. lD 1!61, i, liad 51,40t.023 inhabitants.
d'l
privitc
din
punctul
de vedere al wielii care le animn poliiici,
ermonic{, literari, muzicali etc. mai ales inpliclnd
Ei
lcgrituri rfective,
nunele de.tnri sint adesea
l'e,,tntz:
71". Sa: . l i t n"pt bl ( al F nnn: n hd
' . r i J. r b\ ' d"\ ,
oppl / , . I ndp.
/ d, . ar , {. - n- 5 ; ot o , l v moul t n: n. : sL? l , {' : 11. , .
-
Ione $as ihn in the days ot ler
8lory.
d'"_./ in limbaj spo.tir', eohipele care iau parte lfl o competirie internalio-
nali poarti numele
ldrii
pe care o reprezinti, nume care, tn gramatici. este
considerai ca substantiv peffonal
colectiv, acordal c\\ thelj, their
|i
eho:
nopon: o \ n' l / n, i " l r J
Jl $i nni ns l r p D, d: , Cr p.
t ; ]
at Bt i t r . ^ , '
. r or p
l o $i nni ng hd
4\ \
or l d ChJnpi o
r : p
.
d"") numele tlrii este dat,
ti
sul'eranului ei, in special in literatura mai
\ ffl)e (vezi Shakespea.e, picsele isto ce,
'King
Lear", etc.), precum
;i
nurnele
de regiuni legate de titlurile nobiliare puri,ale de personajele respectiv:
o, - t . o\ . r r - . ,
". sl ,
' "
- e- el "
l l , nr ' ". , 1
.
- r
' . \ n. '
. t
n
"t . o"\ t ol l ,
A' . a.
l l t r
J
1. " l ' . t 1, . , .
t - . . i . , . . 11.
1, L, r al n
, , , \ . r t .
. t
t t t onJ
e
. .
t - i I . .
l . r ' sOnsl c"i r t "I i l nsl - c{f ". dar . a' sr {f Di l i f , , l LLi i i \ or i l i t i r o| j s. j ni r .
! 73
$8r
s7r
$7
s75
s?6
s78
s79
s
8{)
s83
$
8r
!a 'i.1
S
sr:
86M
N, r m^1. i l F
/ r ; / , r "r , / , , / ; . i nl t ol
t pmi ni np:
Cambittge ULi'ersitlJ, Ox[ad]
(jLire.sitlt,
late UaieqsitlJ, .t
Numele dr.l.lrJ" qi
ale
tti;rlelor
etc.
art,
thiloso|hY.
scicn.c, el0.
Denurnirile de
pare a Ii lnzesirat
noloare, st1niui, toI ce
,\3. New-York. 19ri1.
t'eing o\rnrd bj dr. FancJ se.jng i/
pvfl
r r ol r l ont . I o' o, noLi vc, ! f f -
Neutre pentm majoritatea vorbitorilor, denumirile acestor obiecte sint
ad. spa hr ni ni nF. t n spF, i sl pcr t r J p. r sosncl c. ar .
l . mani pul az;
: i
si nt at a- ar e
srl nd; d {i l . I r \ l ' i j n nrnnpl s a-d e". Bi 4. dt uk".
I a \ pr .
"or o o. mv. . ' dn | |
r 1k, .
/ . , our
"! "r v
dJv.
\ {J
p. "; "
. , a
t hp t t ot b.
"h?, ot t ah"a
qn, t
t ar j a, i n t h"n sl "
s
oDl ] d.
\ 1r . r i -
hr I nal r i r $i
. o. r , o/ o, , "
t l . r : sr - so. .
sr onr ?
I s"j . d l h g, , . : . n. i a. n
ou. . \ ' ^ nnJpl .
-
_
Distinctia intre obiectcle masculine
ii
cele feminine. a5a cum a fo:t erpusi
l r a. acl pLni r . nI
, 51.
LAdpi r , r t r . . pp' l at 6 , Jp
Lol i aur or ; i r t i p. . r p di nt r .
r i
l . \ i n. t I nu l i bcr ; msgi nrl rel .
ln rezumst, tot ce at'e sau pare a avea o personalitate
- {io un alinal. o
pl Jnl
'
. "u
. hi . r
u l , i . r u , dr "
dpci mnat pr l n pr onumel . ppf "^r "l
n. . , ut i n
. . , r
hr . ; ' , i n, dupr
cr z.
Di r
pu
r i r , , f i i nl 4" l i p. i t n de ner sonaLt ai e c"oi i i
mi ' i . ar r i mal cl e
1i
, t i ar p"r . "i n"t "r r , a, ur . .
si - r dpspmnar e pr i n pr , num"l .
personal neutnl it. cu iormele corcspunzitoarc
ir
fi
;rsef, sar disprcluii,or ltuit.
. _pJ
Sul ' bt a l i \ ol o ool p. l i r e. . dr p
dcsFmnpd?d o pl ur 0l i t al t d" . obi , "
o.
pr i \ r l F. a
Jn
r ol si
. ur p
. . , or ' , t r ui p. . . u
"i j . ; ul ar Ll 3.
Jot t l a gpnul n- Lt r u:
'lhe
.feQ nds obeyed nr olliceN.
The
fdnil!/
is
praud
ol tr membeF.
The arltr. which rns trlt ot ts usurl e,rthusiasm,
.rlrsscd ii unrcsorcdly-
(Pe^tn
lturnl
yezi
S
tt!)
IY. NU.}IANL'L
SUBSIAI-TIWL OR
CONSI DERATI I GENERALE
Substantivclc pot, avea doui numere: singular qi plural.
1
)
LIn snbstaniiv est e la sirgnlal ( S ingula; N n ;be;
)
aru nci cind desem-
neaza un
"qrngur
oDreci:
bool w:rlcli
)abl leaf
_",
tJru,'i
TJ,::?l'r
"stera
pt tat (
Plarat Nunbet
)
atunci cind desenneazd
loots Falcles babies l.ares
Nu au plural
declt substantircIe numeiabile.
1aet ur , l on?
t Bt n. )
ai pl n"
t An ) .
2( 1.
t i no, En"t L, l t C; on, nt .
\ ' ) ,
r ( $- or l d
Jou
l i Lc t o ; auJ , U, / . , , r . I ; r ' ) ,
3
\ ' e7i ! ' 112a.
NUMANUL SUBST^NTI\TELOR 87
ln )imba cnglezd, in mult mai mare misuri decit in limba rolnini. nu
S
89
erisi:1 intotdeauna un acord intre lorina substantilului si numdrul tui: cuvi te
cr: iormn de singular
pot avea inleles dc plufnl invers, cuvirte cu lorme de
plural pot avea intelos dc singular.
PI , URALUL SUBSTANTI V] ' I , OR
S
90
1) Ileguli
gcncra)i.
-
Pluralul substantivclor sc formeazn addugindu se
$
9l
- s
l a r i ng, r l ar . \ . csr
\
sp
I r r on, , nl
. l "J dupi con. oanal a sur dpr . i
[ z]
dupi
. Fl c
Eonorpr sau rl upA vocal el e cre sc
i , r{l :
cheque . | . qucs
8das.
-
garagcs
tsl
bead
--heads lzl
tsl
chrir
-.hairs lzl
Is
rir.jle .iril|s
lzl
tsl
nccl hecls
l,l
rillagc
-village.s
j nds- o
-
j uds. r
cinola cn' enm
lzl
l21
t L1
tarcc
-payees tri
2) Substantivete lcrminate in c mut preoedat de litcrclc c' (d)9,
s sau z'
S
9S
pr o, , unl ar . r Fspa r i \
l . r . l r . . l dr l .
. ,
vu
f zl
pt i m, .
"' H
t l ur al
l . , mi nr l i d
-. s
l l l t r
l rl onrLnl of u l rzl :
3) Substanl,ivele terni atil la singutar in lii.crete
-s' -x' -z' -sh: -ch LtJl $
93
primesc ternjnalja -rs
la plural:
bn*r fliintr
-.hinl,z.s
claser iish lrshc
--
Io\.r I' cach bea(,hA
-
lillLzes mrtoh
..
Datch,s
lez.zta s.nd\i.|
-saDdNichesa
\nizz.s
pincc{cz pi!.c+26
A se observa pluralele plasses (sg. plus) Fi rareori,llJscs
Gg.
bus) (i'eDit
di n SU, \ ).
Obscr e&t , i e
Substantive.le tumiDate in
-ch
pronunlat
[k]
sau
hl6
urmeazn regu)a
generah erpusi la inccpuLul acestui caprtol:
r i . . t '
t kl
r / ah.
[ ] . 1
,
' , ' , , r '
' r - -
' , nuf l ' i
t - t . l
par r i dn
r , L
- t ' d
, i dr . l ' .
'
k.
i ' ni h l . Ll
"on
h l . "
aDoch
t-tl -cloflis L-ksl
loc\?
l
xl
-lochs l'.sl
4) Substantii'ele terminatc in -y
lrecedat
de co'rsoani lomeazn
pluralul
!n -ics3
astiel:
s94
s96
Adi . r , p)
6. n
l . ' .
U, l hl ,
Ll .
t
.
Ll i i
0 .
.
J, i , , ' , i , , 1 snni r . h bl
t J LE. LI - .
I nl . Jn. ' ul . a. r \ - . i [ , ] ' .
i Subsl dn' : v' l l
l @ds"
t hr usl - l eu! i hdu/ . 4
d" o
I ' r ^nr nl i
spr f i ' l i I ' pl "' r .
!
l i ". r ' . , / r . "nl
pr on, nr al . d: i or '
"ar st d. t .
r n^r i r '
cT
\
i i t . ar ' \ r ' I l
' - i mb, ' l ' i l l t
r i u1 . l
' l
i n l " r or dn' . 1, , ' . 1 r l ul r
.
n"l
"
' .
"o'
I
?
Dronuntat flr-\'.
3i cr mi ni l i a: i . . - f onsl e
di n s t ui l
( semnLLl pl dr al ul t r i ) ,
l r or . ni l
di n i r . nsf . r f , a. ca
vocd0i I i . i l e
: ?
si ' e
I t ocr l {
{l c l . gi i l ! r l 1l .
. L
! . . .
| ! ;
i :
r r r m^1.
r ' n. t r i r : i
t . , r r i l . , 1"
r or l ' i r a
. ub. r r nr i r ar c.
i n mod
cu r nr ur r \ ce
r onr r :
ou. l,$o L .1s thc l,vlvs slitrid D\-s
rll il,r llcnf-{s llif Tlr.fs $hr-s
96
(ln
irsn
-)'
e,{te prourlat
de 1.ocalii. l.r
t,lural
se adaugi nunai un -s
pl | , oun! i t
l zl :
iroy r)o]s
(liv
d{Jr- kft lic.lJ
117
Subst a l . i r(l e t euri n. ri c i r
-qu}
nu
(msl i l ui e
o e\ . ept i e. dar t i i nd cX
. ' r ' r ul
r r t F/ . r ' r
'
f r i
1i r , r . /
"r
t , r , , , l .
J , ' l , a
". r e
o: , ' , , ; r o. r l ;
l \ \ l ,
oe. r , . I r ' r r . ' t cu
' . r
n' i I Pr P:
colloqtrI
- -
(
olloqui/:- ! ol l r t r r
-
sol Ll oqf i i s
-{
! e oLrscry. r si f ornrrl r rl f
l hr. nl
rl l ] rrrt rr: Lt Li rut ui subst a ri \ ' :
i s!
r l k, l i pt I . l l i t i : s i r n r ) 1, r 1i . . . 1
l rl 5) l I
i (, ri t at re sl bsl f rt i \ cl or t . nri r. rt e
j n
si ngul ar i rr
"f
sau
-f 0
pri mesc
. t ] a
t )l ural :
. l r '
, : l i , a!
l i nr . l l . n l r i
, l
l r i ndkf r l r i l f s
t f u. i - I r r oof s
i t r i cr
g. . i \
i j t f l i l i l r ,
r r LLl f nnr i t r sr n, si l cs
gl r l l gr l l s
I i ! i j l , , s
i Lr Qf l dnr r t i - si r i l c
*st r i i es
99 tlnclo substalrl.ivc ld.ninatc in
-t
sau
-Ie
formorrar nir.i pluralui in
-/es
Prcnunt at l rzl :
i , . . I bf ( ?s3 cl t
- .
L, ps
lPaL len' .r
sr,[ s!tr?.s
sl r eNt sr r er r i s
sl l t l . hcl , . s
Lh' f i l hi gr s l r ol i \ ol . cs
l oaf
-
l o{r . r kr i l e kni | cr
. r LI
- -
r ! l . r t i l t ,
-
t n. er
lru
-
lulr' .s wil,
-
\rir"s
100 un eaz speci al : sri l l , i i l r, (: nat , , ri n, , , art n). pt . . ri / i / -t ' t r.
Ci t eva suhst ant i re au anrbel e f ol mt de pl ui al :
B8
s.rrrf s.rd.ls. srinr(.::
slafl
-
si{flJ. star.rr
llDf
-
Ioris lioorPi;
N' ll{l
-
$liitrls. lthures.
l 0l 6) r, Subst nnt . i rcl . t ermi rat o i n
-o
preccdai
rl e consonnj t i ornreazi
Dl u-
ral rl i n f s ci nd si nt cuvi nt obi snui t e s: r, i nrroduse de mai nut rn vremi t r
I i mba engl ezi :
r go
_
rdio r
(,ho.r
lres, o lr.sl olr
lr.ro lrcroA
mosqI i l o
-
i nosqr i l o/ j
t "on nr , , j p.
+. .
. Ft i \
'
| . r
r t l r .
t , , , , , 2
"1. , . .
i . , r \ t / . . / . , r .
r r ,
i i
l u, , / . , . , . . / , . . ,
numai . ci ! {t ni seadr i i , . vi t r
i r f
i r t r r i bi i . r , , sna, . i r l
. \ n^r ' ' .
. ' ' l
, ,
r
vezi
l .
14;
5
U, r r l i , l / . r . , ?J . sl r . r , i
' r f .
Lr l ! , a. . r st r nnj t r , Ff i , ( l r f i t
, , r dr A
nfgro
-
negro.s
l{l.llf
o polalo..s
l or i i l o t omal {r cr
l or nado
- t or n{i l o?r
iofll d0 L.fpedos
r f t o
-
r r l o. r
I: dii.Iil.'r calii,',ti de rarne de racl)
oa
89
,J Cind nrsn.o final este precrdflt de vocali, plura)ul ste rcgulat (adicn
S
102
trminat in -s):
porioiolro
lorlololios
.nbrro edbrJos radio
-rrdios
iolio lolios secnario
-
s.en.rios
nnnoio lunoios shtdio sl,rdios
Iamboo
-}amboo..
Hindoo Hindoos
cx(ntoo
-
0L,clioos Lang&oo ltangaroor
c, Dintre substantivele terminate in
-o
provnile relaliv recent din lim-
g
103
bile sirnine (tn special din linba italiann). unlc capii,i -s
la plural dacd stnt
mai pulin frecvente sau daci au o sonoriLal,c prea sirdin6:
albino allinos
cnsino
-.asinor
.h.ono .hrodos
dJnanio dXrrno.s
rugnfto
-
magnetos
photo
lhoios
prrno p'{nos
qr ar l o
- r Nnr t os
d) ,\ll.e substantil.e strnine iefminfltc in
-r)
au ambele forme de plural,
!
104
f api car dovedeDt e e; sj nt pe eal c
(l o
a l i asj mi l at e de l i mba eurent i :
b.njo
-barjor,
banjoer l.s$
-l.sso.",
lrssoes
iJra\d: }|a\or, hraroes Danilcno manireslos, minireslo,s
.alico .alioos. 0llico.s daronto ncmcnhs. mencnlocs
(ontralto
-
r orl.ralLo.(, *n|ralLt nrollo
-
xiottos. nroLtods
orino3
-dminos.
do!,nh8
torli.d torti0os,
portico.s
i . a . n; o I ni neo l r , . r ' so. "
! r o\ i . o t !
. \ "' r .
t r ovr ' o, s
1. . . "o
-
f r ". , o" I r ". o, ol o
, , h"' o
_j h. | | , , . .
t
"| l o. .
. , , t r
LU
- . . opr . , no.
. op"dt
grolro
-grottds.
gtullo.r
stiletto
-
stjlcttos, stilcttoes
halo
-halor,
lralo.s lola.ro lo!a(os, Lobir(,oc.{
ln timba contemporani. substantivele sirnire terminalc i
-o
la s;ngular
t i nd s, , i i b. , l i pl , r ' . ' l r mb. l p r "r mi ndr i i .
e) ,\brcl ialiilc terminate tn
-o
primesc la plural sufixui s sau 's
(vezi
!
105
s
184).
7) Suhsiantivele terninate in
-th
primsc
-.t
la plural.
S
106
Tcrminntia {}s se pronun,tn
[0s]:
d, Ct nd est e precedat d de o roral e scurt i sau de o consoani i , i ndusi r. r:
breruri, deatni, nout, sn,iLhr, births, he.rthi, hcnlths, siaurr, nroDtlrs
,, in cuvintele:
lcaLhs, faii}s,
!+owths,
sloths
c, In celelalte cazuri l,ls se
bath
tborol
j ' , ui l '
ai ' , . 0I
pronunld
Idz]:
-
Iatl,s
lbo,dzl
-
nouths
t
atrb4
- ti{lhs fpo:ozl
I oul . I s l j r : 0zl
Orlograliat
li
tyfo.
' /tus
./on,m (trrsoaDi. I' aina
l:
nwtit,or. rovi(l
| 107 8) Plurdle rcregulirte. Urmdtoarele subslantive fornreaze pluralul
pri n s"hi mbarea vo"; l ci
t
t l ut ot rcn PI . rrt t k):
lo,l
-let
morac:
-
mnie
1, , 1, h - i t h
l ozse
- t r oe
g,0se
-
gest
Trei subslantive
primcso termrltdlin 'n:
child
-
childre,
brothe.
-
btthr,n-
{!
14s)
(Penl.rD
substnrlivclc
cotrluse ctr acfsle iuvniic, !zi
S
16! 1tt)
40
Unel. substantive au insd ambl pronunleri:
. I
t l
-81
l rrut l ' .
l rJ0sl
I Ilrrc:01
broll,s
Ibrrdzl, tbrr:osl
I
tkl.Ol
olollN
[kl.0t
(: Ie]uri de slola,
Irlluil
sau alLe mdle.iale)
1 . , ,
"
. l l
. 1/ l
bu i l , J"
Jni J pl n/ r s r u r l mJt pr i dh)
[ - ,
] uLh, sr
LLl u' , i 4
( :
l l ' i nt sl
r , . 0r -
dr l l ' "
[ . u l J/ l
l r l h l o: 01 l dl l ' s
r l o: G,
l o: 1/ l
"d
L o. . oi oJ' l ' - o, 0"-
' , J
l
Jr edh , f . : oi - . l , i
l f
l i : 0. 1, t i . ' ) / l
[ i r , . oj
r n, 0. . r J/ ]
\ r Pdr l '
i r i
0r
\ t r J l F
r ' i : 0- .
"i : n/
s
r08
s
109
9) I'lurals cu acecrfi lormi tn
li
sirguhrelo respettire:
Unele substantive
di limba ntglezi au aceeali lorma utiL la singular,
cit
ti
la
plural. Din aceasl.i Lategonc iac
lartc:
o,
'
r l , \ d d, un. r r r ! 1. dr r , / r '
\ d
l 6l ) ;
l / sub. l bnl i v. l " o/ r ' l
\ -
0' u : ' r
1
' , i
1or "7 "
, . /
| a, i Lhsl d' I i v"r n I s: s, . /
l . t
s sLl pt [ ;
i sc' ' a
dr ur , pl , . ub. r ar r i r "
' 1' -
J. nu, er . ur i l r i i
, l .
mJsur S. ca
f ot hon, t aot ,
pat t hl . ct on. , r r r r "or i r : r , r ' , i / or . ; - r , dr ". I ' pl uf al al dt ur i J" l or ma
i a - s. aL, si
"
i "r m
'
dn
pl ur Jl , nl , ' i t r J' ' , . i . ,
( u
", ,
pa
u si agul ar ul ui . i t spp, i al
tn limbai'orbitn, cilrd sint umatc de un nuneral ce ildice subdiviziunile sau
de un adj eci i v:
The wil.e. sas tci
f.t, ls{n faat)
ttitt\er'
' fhe
rikc Nas LPti
latlon(s)
n..p.
' fh
d.ptll ol l.Ie $atu wrs lour
/nr' ,' ns
I t c i s si ' I o, l t dl l
l l ' r ol l \ Poaot t
r
\ ' ' ' i I ' l l l l ' r / oI
DJ, u,
pJv
l dr - i ; r
"i J
r r ' \ o
t . , "d' . '
i t t .
l "r ' :
h" l ui nl
. . l . : l r ' J
\
F, , .
t /
)
". n",
( r l l
' r
'
o l
\ ' l " l or ' . . ' J
' . o ' / t l i
(\i,i
i,i 5
l.lB9i
Subsiantivul rl.Jn.s. cind desmlreazd
unitatca de nisuri' esle invadabil!
sl , c wei sl ' s t cn ! t r' ?: s[ o has
rrt
on wci ght .
Tric! b;rlghl l.*o r/dre oi ilour lot lhc .anteen.
' , / , , r \ ca d o. : - i ' r " si r r cu
' r
l d. , / "
'
\ ' F d f i n' "l "r l a 5l o' i oue
f or t u. r l . ", r ; . . j .
'
r , m. '
. , "' , ' l o' . d L
l ' r ' r r "l , / r ' r '
l , ' r i ' Sr nsr l t r l r uoa-
na, ndr ar . pl r d' l L , r
- 1. ' r . l
i I t i n D r .
t a
ndi r i J' r "
"
'
Ll
' u
! l . r ' l ul
ui "u'
t
d.rn&usa.
trl.
dtnLkt
' P ' r . , l ct aL
r ,
I t o^t . . I l i i n /
a_r t , ".
r , . . r , \
r , ; i "
, nr . 1, . ' u, "n' r ' u pl r "' l u
i ' . :
' o' ' ,
i . i ' u\ r l ul
a. l | . ' , , ] l a- 1, , , , l . l "l , sr ; l
I i l ' r r '
' ar ' - or '
l r ' ' nL
"l r '
Pt u. "t . ?
"a
L' ,
1'
'
d' r r ' : r ' unr ' '
' r '
l "ni i
l
l i
r l ' l a r ' i ' 1
oo, l ' r n L P r , l ar ' t - oJr ' | - /
4. ' r t : L; l i l r ' r P.
4l
?,, Substantivln
foat,
lrcrse, sail au la plural
forma de singular cjnrt in
S
110
seamnn
,,infanteri,sti''J
rspcotiv
,cavalcrjrsti:!, ,,na.i,c,i,
cu sens
(otectiv:
Two llionsand /oot n?z o. thc ru.
Th. cc hur d. ed / me. on. 10 t h| r . s. i .
Twcnt.j- sdil /,ar., ,ro, lhc bai.Ue.
f)
Cruft, aicraft, sedcraft. space-taft etc. au plural cotet;v cu aceeasi
q
l1l
formd ca aceea a siDgularului, dar ou verbul lft plurat:
!
r . , l I Jr , , l , o
- . , - . t
i ' t r r al r l r \ ' l i ant r ' or $1. I pr , j \ .
' l ha, r r l k
w1, i . o' ol . i . , \ r a, pt )
al . t l 1i , : dr .
t0) Pluralul
ti
substantirele eolectirc.
ol
s' r bs' r nt i r el p
. ol . . r i ! a
s I t n gFn. ' e ( vezi $ t , 1, o
. i neLr r a
t or r r r u
- Fc
d. . i r ' - ul - r si
' l pq"n, . . a/ dupl ur ct i r Ht ede. hi p. r Fr d. n' i . ,
t , r : \ i r p, . 0
un
1ot - I
"- i l ol r F
F e\ . mol
r por ' i n
r , ". t - r . . , t . Aor i r . , , r
n, ut t m; i , , umcr oasd
l D l i mba ensl ezd dcci t i n l i ' oba r nhi ni :
$
r 12
n.my
a$eml h ,
r ot r d ot l spr i nAr
, 1. : r
j , , mi l y
l *ri )l
g' n Fr nmFr t r
t r n
\ o.
.onmittce juri
iesinrDl
.omlany pu ic Loop
llignt6
^.
, Subst anr r r el e. , l p. r f "i
sus ar j t nt al ps d. , i ngut , r s"r r J" pt , r r "t dup. i , r 2, 0.
Lr n4
' r Fnumpc. . ol p.
r \ r al pa. o
. r dpr Jl i
' d
un i nt r , E. si nt , ubi t snt i f "
i ndi
riduale qi se construjsc cu singalaral:
Tl e. l dss oar l aken nv a vf r r aue t er onf .
Thc enmittee ..nstrrs oI lwelva ncoolc.
llis
/n,ri1,
s,as sma1l.
l l
"
, , ' - : r
, "
n^$ b i , . r dr . d
. 1 . ' l
. o"
.
\ , , . ,
. ot l
r , \ p
f . , n, , .
' I
hc l r uf ( JnD{dl s t o d l i r se , ! r ; i . .
Tr ( t r a, hi ng sr a/ / , , as t agi .
.
Ci n, l l p Fhr J l nq, l " m"mbr i r
. . nf on- n1i
1i
"ot F"
i ! i t "l i i . sub. r , r . t i Ji t
col e. l r \ a sp . onst r , r i cs,
Lu p/ r f al r l :
N. , r l J
, l l r r ". / , . r , ' p""
! i \ "1 r ool r "r ' t . . .
hovP
'
. F o dn . nd"bl . ' . l i I . .
Hi "
l annl t
, kr c al l dsl . cl , n l hr r
l cds.
Tl , r sr
r n, l r l , n. ! ! r r v l i n. .
t h
t ; bt "a" r s. r . , , /
r qr r . - t
, l t ok, r , , i i
l Jr r r 1. s_
' I l ' 4 r i l hi n
'
- , . , / /
u. ' i t t
,
\ ! , , ' J t o I r
' r u
l . y , r u, t , t i , , .
I
russ
: poDoll.
_. -
"1: : i , l : . - "
' t - l "! !
t . i , , , "
dr
- i
i | l , s, i . . n{. t , r
nd; r , . r J - r i p$. , s, r . oi
f "4e
. a
t or t l J
n n ner j .
_H.
,
od
' Ja
, gt , t Fr wi
t t Lt al t , pt , r "
- , Pot
J
pat r t .
.
"l h"ht
' t , l ; d" pl ". , r . r , , t " i s- r , .
p$Jdr t d
dpJr i o"ni .
i l n; l
r "' I ( r l t upr , ci i ni ct ,
)
on
r r n. . .
, . , ht
r
n
Ja- J
l oul "\
t o, sd. , . l , t r , n d
p
st / . LUn-
-
. . 1- L. ; "
t ,
r , r . r r r ut i ,
nr s"
\ r i
. i . r . ' r i | r Jol
. r : . i r r .
. du
.
Ld \ i .
t vr
. ! .
o
3
Lal ban. d.
t r "r
i ,
d"l f , n: , I . Jl pl e) , r kr t : dpm.
,
r/,/ trerchdiP
r0
Numnrul unui sxlstaniiv .otctiv csre indicat de verbul sau dc dterminantii
!:sprclivi (arliool nehol{.jt, adjectiv dmoruiraiiy etc.).
!19
D/ Linelc snb-clanl,ive eolective. cu verbul intotdeauna la
Plural fcon."d-
buldr!. i
fantry,
mili.turtj. palirc to.). pot fi preceddto
ii
de un
jrumeral
cars
l e dn sens de pl urat i ndi vi dxal :
,\.\.ral con!Iab\rrrlt u/c licepirlt ofrler al, l,fc al,ih.
tit. tlu' 1stt,l. l.Nroh t,ftnt, d,e/? iacins thc litrglisl,.
,r.ne nilitatll /d,. slopt)ed l,o Natch thc
pflio{fls in lhc prtk.
?i,o
,,lnr
(:
noli,len,c,rl
di..d thts t.i!rli,i.
Numrroasc subst ant i re rok{t i \ c au
t i
t ormn
(l e
pl ur i ndi vi dual i n -s
cu i ngel esul d{i . , mai m, , l t e grupe de; di vi zi di n cat egoda respcct i vn":
rrngressii he s
ptrl)li.s
r onnf i l s hor sehol l s sPnat . s
. . o{ds
i ur ns
soNi et i cs
l Lf ms sqt r adr ons
I l ef l s t ui ni st r n, s 1. r nr s
il).lis pr' rks irt,cs
g. odps pout l r i cs i r r os. et , i .
infornariof melrlrtr,dis.
lfosrss
inlclii{.nof" rNnel
kr o\ r ! dse st r er ql h
ldsjrge
lNdrrair
\roda
busvness'
hrppiness
-1;r Iea.e
nlnnr
lnil.ion saDd
113 r) SubsLant i vul cal l l r: , rc o si t uat i e apart e t ri l a! ' c: r i n t recut
-si
sens de
si ngui ar. dcsemni ncl un si ngur arri l 1l al . i n l i mba engl r: zi : l cLual i est . conl t rui i
numai ru
pl ural ul :
\ \ ' hcD{i ai , r i he . al t l . anr t \ t f r l / ) r i r h, Lr , r / , e, r i dl t hf i l ol i n 1[ c an3. r .
114 dj t i ni i
granrut i ci cni t cc, rl si det i ra f i i n, l rol eci i l e
, si
subsl {oi i vel e men-
tionat;
la
S
108 109 d, l), d. e. i47 r, b, r, tiil. 16r. cu alte ruYinlc orice
substartive cu formn de sinsLtlar
fi
tu-teles de plural
115 11) Snqulflro ftrrl
plural.
- Lnele subst&ntivo din limba englezi au
trumri singular. in vrme ce. ir limb.r rominn. substa tirclc corespunz;toare
au al i t si gul ar, 0i l
l i Pl rral :
precurn ql :
hail. lightning. slftt. lhundcr, 0lc.
116 ln
generat. sdslanlitcLc alistrdcreB, nuneLe dc nLatcriil
!i
nxmeLc.rrno.
pr odus' Tat uat i
{
. r . al c cr . . l .
uneor i
. hi ar pr Fl u. ' dl P UU n' r nr r r
' i ncul ar Si
dci si rt I enumrabrl e:
b,rdey
a dse. G. Curme, op. cii. etc.
1H.W.
r' owie., l Dictiotut! o[ Mod.m Dngtish
.
Vezi
ii $
10.
?
Vezi si
$
15.
3
Ve2i si
$
31.
t
A nn sc ra.e conluzio lntfe subsl,anl,ivele
o.utrati actititate intcns{)
si
6us,acss
t'btznrsl i:
sralni, rronunlic ii
Inteles.
]
i nr eI t e. n""
.
i nt or mdl i i s"cr pl p.
{
\ r l l ' s". on"Lndd
, u
bi ns l a"Dl i ndi v, J, r i l
l ad@r , pt -
uod\ t , ") L. r t nsFr mA
, , pr o, l us
i x
8. n
r al
l nl l r r f Ji
. au
i ndnql "; i l ' _
PA
r \ t t l
PNdu. '
r ' d numJi un
' i ngal d
r u
I nl pl er cnl cLt i v
( :
t ' r oduse
nat ur al F. agf l uol e) .
,ur?Fss
t
l,rzrnlsl
(: hph,l dc a li
{laceri), ca.e $e deosebese
p.in o.lo'
{l
Her adrt d a@ alfa* excelleDt.
lsfatutile ci enu Intotdeanna e]cetente.)
The
fnnrute
in this mom,rtoDss ro vado s
peiods
oI sr\ne.
(tlabikk
nin acpaste came.{ dr stiluri dirdite.)
- *. ^_
r l r . 4- \ l l ur bl p
; Fl unot ; aa hr . I ol t o$ed r hp
t r un. t , i ns nt
ml l ) nad st ! . , . r . I , i nt o
_- _| 4r 4t , ; r t t
n' . , r ": nl ^. mt : ; pvt i o. t \ r
i ur n, . , l ansl r i i naL. t . r - t , dr i at ". , u, "t , i paj
r Gn. I n spal , ur r 1r , nt ' r sLr o. )
Hi\ Anontpdee of hisrorv ir apr\. sticht.
t (
"t , ei n\ I
l ui d" i s, or i . . / i r i t oj r t ,
. t , , b. . )
' r n
n: " l r a 1 al l u\ Br o"
; .
t o
b"
, ht . uqr - t
i n r ' , , \ an.
Li x+st
j r n.
t oat p
boEar t " t t obu^
dpp' s" L v. , r onut
4p b. , caj p. )
\ "
- ". ". "
l h. ' , bmgsar ' r Jt ha, l . , , 5 . ur pf l -
Ls.
i ' 41 l ' d1"nql
I I i .
, ""
"
. Lr " . J'
. s
g
t t
s1t r . t , ,
, , r \ .
, I . . : - . . ct .
t r '
t J . r mbd . . gt ! ; J . . r , .
r o. , r t .
: 1t r . t u, ot ni r . ,
Hrr ,r.Dcrl {,&e taihrq idsr.
t
P\teile . pdftseeu
cn repczi.ri!nc.)
\ \ - '
1
,
o 1. , 1u".
1, . r . n, t t t h
t p-
n, d t ; - r r r . s : r , l h.
"Lr . \ . l r J I I ' i . : ppr , . r . . d
' r ' r . '
. r
r . , t Ld, . '
Obs. r r al i i
.
a/ Tr pbui . r e{l nur
l apt ul
. x
sub. r anr i vpt c
de mai sus ( S
i l . r j , r . onbi _
$ t 17
: {, - r r n: , r r ar pi nl j mhaengl ezA' hr "r at ul ci , j ndsi nt
pl ur nl Fi nl i nbar o, r dnai
-
. /
' l npr pdr nr r . . I bst ant r vpl pn.
susmcnl i onot . {
j
l l i , .
a\ r nd
,
| r t et es
' l A
l r .
r u pot , al a i dma dp. i ngr t ar s"u r Jc
pt ur al . i
a. r i
",
r , "r a, ; ; ; l ; i
L-r! "l l nFhot drj l
d
. aU
dr. al caruj I nrpt . s Fst ;
dp
(i neul 6r.
DF A. . Fs.
or; de
. : ' -
ol l r, F rof pf l m I n unul si ngur di nt r.
pl cment ch
. ; mpon"nt c
al " t ^ral i ,
' ; t L
r F. , r r spm l a un. u\ l nt aj ut dr or
{i / pn.
/ n- .
et . . ) ca; c sl i r edca nuani a
-\ st f el :
' n ! l ' l a
, ; a/
nt +l \ r cc
o mobi l l r
-
d p, , a
ot wr r t . ,
lnn
@ticle ot iurniturc) (rornall
o
Prostrc
:
a pta?
ol nonsensc
o
' n- or mi l P
i
P' 4'
ot i nt or m, r t i on
(ar rem ot inlorrnatioD):
o pnne :
a ioat ol b.ead
r n r ul t er d
/ dst
or l r ght ni nF
'r .drl
oI r]'und,rr
grindine
{piatrl):
haitt a haitsroae.
!l_
}aitrronss
Tltis gouet
js
a beauiifur ptac
oi \rorl.
l2).Plurale ldri_singulara.
ln aceostl
caLegorie se al]i substa tivele care { lt8
: , nu l . , i l
l at na
dF pl ur dl
{mcj or i r ut "r
t . r j ni nal .
i n
. sr
t ar a un
. i ncul ar
"
f - . pr , l , / i
^r
,
u d- l osi i nt pbs. Subsr ant i ! Fl " . up,
i nsp 1" ace"r ,
t , ur . cr
nr r r , , *":
n mohil,i
:
o
pi.s.r
din nrobilifr
' l
, 9, i ' 1, ; i ". r
"\ , . mp. . , , . \ . r ' . t
, i . .
. n
i at
.
! 1l al or . i de
. .
l .
I sa: . , t t , at , . ; , .
j . r r . d. ot
, , . ,
i
. .
i ". a; . *; . , ; , . . ; -
at 1, r ^t t t , , . .
. r t , - ' , t n
\ . 1! . . , . 4.
i . . t . , | , _. . , r
: r r . . r nt . , , l c r r n. t r . .
:1L- ..:L.r. tnt.DndtLah. k.trs.
: . l
l , r ' \ . 1 h, a4t . 4, \ i . i i . i , ' , ,
r l u", '
, - , , ' t . . . t t n. r , . l i o_r - r :
t t " t t Lndp, a[
" f h f , ", * .
' \ , : . : nl
. pr i n5- : r
sLbs, a! t i \ p. ", d r r
r i
f or nr j d
.
n. . . t . , . . i nt r ebur , t , t ". n. . 1
t r : : s. r s 1g
151- 1, 14) .
44
MONFO!OGI^
-
SUBSAANTIVUL
SI l 9
oI t ' \ t i ol t t "t ) ' l u;
bowcls, cDtnils,
genitals, gill.ls, loifs. iLfws.
Litrls. elc
i
S
120 b) bali.
ti
stdri dc sqiritl
5
r2r
s
122
mp. ( , , n' . . nn.
. r i
. . bF.
m l Jr Lul i "
! ' i
l ' , ' l "j ' l r uds
1
J. pr n' r . dur t , - d pr 4' r i dg l
l l uo
n l , r sr - l
irisnlei, sullts,
elc.;
c) imhtiicdminte
.onpusd din daud sau rai tnultc pdrli:
Lt ooT. r . . l f r - - , u". . i LFs. , l o
n. 5. l l r . .
t . r . .
kar
l . r h.
l nr "kpF
boc| pr ' | / j n: . , o\ "r | | | . , ' . , , r d"' p' U| . l . nn' ' ! ' ' ' ' ' l ' . . l our ' ' ' . hUr
' r d\ .
r ' r ' ; , l i r . . 1F. l i l hl . l "' nl r no
l r or r ' l ' r ' 1
"
l i n
r l
nJ onq. bbPB'
r \ - , 1. ,
; ; r 4r ' .
L bl r . . 1r \ l l r r . $hi
"l '
d,) unclte
ti
instrumente conpuse din daud
pdrlil
bl l o$",
l i n^. 1".
' ' l
i pr '
"n' l -
- r p
r l ' ' { so"nl
'
npr dF l
' a' kpB.
nn"' . ,
pl i _ : l
I r l r '
f ' l
' l a' .
l ^ ks b' r r
' / n
f r mpot
a"
r ^ | | , . nc" l ". p- f . . . .
bil)iftds, .afis, cl,cqucN
(sau Sr',{ oheckeNl, darts, doninoes' drauglLts. lorl8its,
marue1 nirretins,
quoits, shrl,il's,
ulo.I
f) tti.inlc $i
obieLte dc studiu (substantive lcrminate in -i.s3r:
J. t r oDl vsc' .
i _ol . i - , 1"r ' l r *. d l r l . c
Fl r ondur i s i l r i ". b' l i ' l :
' i \ hs.
dd( . : :
. . 0. ^on,
. l t , q. , r u r ' ' , . d pl om l i . .
' l vnbr r r cr -
Aon^mr
s,
el q' r 0n, ' r . . l hr , t r ,
"\ or pn. -
Apnt
h\ s' . .
g' r . . l r , r r mn,
r \ dr n' r
!
) dr o' Lar r s.
Fr nl ml ni s'
ki nr i , ".
l i
- ' r ' Ji
, n
l hr ar i
- . mpr ". . I l vnd. ' . i
r n
l r
1ol '
r r
onp| G,
1r r s". 1oi t . ", . ! o
l r i . r ' f l i . . . ' j l ' r ' Ll
"
l "L
r r pr
l pLLr ^.
r c:
e)
n me
leagnltt
I
thl] ths. lrif CurtaLl,ians. tlie IIrl,fidcs, tle llighlands. lhe lDdirs, th. Nell.dands' tho
Ilnil,ed States ol ]\ntrrca.
.lu.i
h) stlbstantir.
r.tbaLe i 'in|
t
s.
dissnrgs. doiigs, lcclinltsr, eiriings,
sonrgson,
leav;ngs, iodsnlgs6,
Frings. lickingsl
pioio"iLine., roting", scranting$ shalhgs, sctthrgs, sltoricomings' su..oundn'gs, slip-
pings, sweepings, trilings, iakings, ltinniDgs,
etc.i
i) tuljective d.utenite substanti'te
pri'n atldullarctl terminaliei -s,
{nli(E, bctters, litte$, cmoni.als, chemi.rls. comesr.iblcs' eommons' d.inla|lcs' ediblee
em!ii.s. n..csdics, nervs, nulli{ls, odds. Ohmlics,
perishables, rcgimentals, riche*
shorls, sla.ks. Urcatric{ls, 1ighls, ralurbles, cic;
5193
!
124
$
125
$
1! 0
5
12?
I
Sinquldul
or.ralt alc hlelesul de
"halal." ipentu
personal sanitar. muncito.i
el c. l : o, cf ; l r s l Dl . l 1:
sal opFt i )
, c, l
- r , "i
i r
. ubsl . bnl l vul ) i
bi Ll i r , d . t n"nd dp si n6' , l dr
r l t u1
'
a'
' ' nr
sub5l dn
r i t e d s"mn"d; d
und d, n r p
pi p' l .
t r P , Ll r ; ", : "sc
, o,
ul I FSPA l r \ : o
' dt d
I
o
'
4t F
de
j oc) ,
d ni nept , ( : o
I , ^Pi ' i )
et t
'
f , \ oo! . r ' . '
, u J; o, . b, F
r ' - mi 1JL: '
- i s
l J' 1 nr 1r , l or
i ul r r or
t i i l r por
i i
obq' or dp. r
' di u
i n t . r p r ", "' "r ' l r no'
ncl F/
a
l : \ i l 1
- i
o f or , . r . i m. , i
"dr '
, l .
L
. . j ' J.
oi "
"m
J pnn
l r r
'
o"t ' r nl "/ bJ' 1
l at e
Jn l i l nzol i I t he . ot unLni . I Pt hi c
5
f . . / i nf . .
:
qh
'
t t i Li l l t i l F,
. r r npl t i r '
oi
r . , .
, \ i . . l i , . r - , r ' , r r .
I . r : ; . ; l , ' J l ,
' l r ' ' i r - r t
a,
el ; !
l ade, 1i .
b.d
and todEins rtc.
NUMARUi SUBSTNTTVtrTOE 15
. r r "nd. . , annal s. , ' r l , , vps. a"n5r . . 6. i 2 . 1- spi . . . . ! n , ) . b. T. ' r s.
. l n' h . .
con: n". , conl pnl s
(
' ol l i
ul ) .
, or n
j r r ' j
", . ' ^
, - ( - \ dr .
: . "s opsi r AJb"i , J6, , dr eg6.
"ut . .
! . ' \ p. .
'
h r . ,
- pr q. . ' obr '
. n. d
i
.
o
' . .
'
t "r . .
,
. . ap i r i 1r ' J, t i r F$nr r ( .
1=
o dr dl i t h: i ) , l und.
g, l l o{- .
e"i l r .
gr o. dr
. . 1. , r oj dh: p1"i ul
-
pi
. l r di i r ' .
sr oal s.
c- o. s hJJoubr p=. h, . i gi . i nt on.
I : bt 4) . i or , i n, r . ,
r pds, ( L' ol i l
l i 1kq, l . l . r ar r , l p1nr . I ' nl i \ q. j . I nunr r r onc.
: I . i A,
oul sq ur s,
l t i n
o. l pnPa
1, . pFa\ d. nr ' r ' . i ' ! ' u: l . pr o ds qudr l er '
. o u i n
L
l
, , - -
-
i
r
'
l , , . o m
'
i 1
,
, r ds.
cr a. {l ' .
I
. c' , ur ' ) . hd, ' , 11 .
"l o! s.
spi f l s
[
- ' 1i . .
' / ' "
r L' ,
r ' dd
"
a
_.
-
, ". r ,
. ' r ' 1r . . , , r n_r on. .
1. r 15 l anl i . Ld nc. \ sp"t s, vi dnJs.
i
:r.st. whe.calrouts. worlrsj
erc.
li) sltbstantiw cn pLural latin sau cu dspect latinl
.:ndoiaj,
ta.eliae,
imtedimetli, imlondoabilia, litt'rati. n:rrsimli\ memoralilia,
I
Aici slnt cup.inse
si
subslantivele cnle au ta m' 4 obitnuit tot' rl ile
llurat,
lormr
,i.
sinsdlar
(ttril
-s)
fiind rdeo.i intrebninl.ald: antic, d.chiee, bdta.h, contine. cu.I,
. - . b
pj uy.
. i ond. ' i l r , r l
"r u
r \ : nd o dm. or n d. ' r l i ( o t . pi " Nd 4' , . ust n
hu+.
' : eAar t -
di n. s\ mt un,
qot hl
:
, r br d. t i \ ut e4.
i
, r f
p( l p
dp obur i Jn
r , l r . d' .
qi n; , r l , r r l
d. m
, sr "
r dr
r i
l! r,.clcririir
Inloeuil .u sllstantiyll /.4!,n-
- \ r ' ;
o f l i 4 Ddbl l l Jp sr nr r l ar , sr . ; ' .
r u
4 l i l nl Fl "5
r
\ r
i i
o' or m,
i
r . l "l r d"
- i ogr l d, r 6' p
l n Fbu, . r ' 1. , , . m' i 1 a1, r m: r r cdl uf i :
: . :
E"at . I t
P r oe- . o t t r t ne 44BP\ d 1t ! 4 wr g. I nnl nu4-
o"' t r .
. 8
198
s
1re
,\(jordul cn vcrbul
fi
cu detorminan,tii, - Sulostantivclc nenlionate la
$
130
..rit purct (12) se construiesc tn genere cu determinanlii
Si
verbul la plural.
: . . ! rcepl re:
arl numele oe
Jodafr:
jyin'riB
r.'"@s sreat skill.
Dtu;shb is" a lciy entc.t ning game.
b) d.o .iL name d.e boli: - measles
9i
mnrnps'.
. on"l i d
".
@dJps , r s sev. | P
. om! l i "dl i on
.ltants ts.ontagrous.
.) nunele
.rliinlelrr ti
ale obiectelar de studi termindl, i4
-ics
(cybernetics,
.L,.trbnics,
mchanics,
physics, etc.) construiie cu verbul la singular:
,l.oas,ts s,zdtes sound.
,,nt.s ts concerned \rilh the
nrinciples
ol norals.
Hrr)nslaLics .ledls $itj! ihe Dressnre 6l liquids ai
(5t.
M;ftenatics is indispensaua |o ihD siudy ol the exacl scierccs.
arp,t.s r.cd,s ol li8ht,.
Nat d
r\ se observa ci unele dintre aoeste subsLanLive ca: a.oasl;ds. etlict, mech'
r ' . . , p. ) t t l i "sl / d, / i . sel ( . . . l ndnadosemnoazr ) t i i n! ar e. l Fcl r r ' , . , uubi at ul
: , r di u,
s". uncr r ui esc. u ver bul l a pl ur al :
The dduti.s ol ou. new auditorium lcute noihitg to be desired.
llis ethics da above reproach.
\t\e Mhanics ol
plRy witing d.s unknown io lim.
't]trci
phnneti.s ee benealh .ontemlt.
Substantivele atlLLetics (: atletism)
;i
glmnastica se conslruiesc:
cu
yerbul
la ring ldr cind au inleles abstract, adicn atunci cind se refed
t,rrctid la arta sau la practica sporturilor sau a exercil,iilor fiTice;
eu 1.rbul la
pldrdl
cind au inieles concrel, adici atunci ctnd se refer[ la
sporturile sflu ]a
-ererciliile
lnseti.
16
d/ Numele Un;ted, States of Ametica se consirui$te cu singularul cind
lst considerai ca numele unei naliuni, cu
pluralul cind se referi la
lnrile
care
al(ituiesc naliunea:
Tlre Lizi&li [ta,.r of Atuetk:a has ll'ashington as i.he capital-
'l:he Unnd Slat s of Amii.a l@rc roied thcjf rcprescntaiires
ir
(lonsrPss-
.) I)ir.rsc. - Substantil'ul n?es fiind un singular, de;i are formi de
plural, se construieste numai cu singllarul:
\i'hat is the D.,e.s., lio ,.aB is good
nars-
\oNadaF n.,rs,fd'ah {iln lghtning spced.
,Ue,rs
qi snarnDles sint construite intotdeauna in limla eD-qlezi ronten-
IorAnir
cu singdarul.
.lxmrrons, singular. are plLtralul s r?r?ons.s;i se acordiL cu lcrbui la nu-
mi nr l cor cspunzi l or :
'i here d'd! a,,.rs al. the li.k oi l.he sqnar..
,\ st,,,&nr ,rds sdred on u,c grilly pdll.
Tnc iailill
is$r,d s..a! lfunaae\.
-\ltcr
the colonirlisi rtiaclr, tl,e ]\lrlcrn villrge nas a s/dnrlcs.
I3l Sulrstantivele umritonre cu formi de phirfll ul.ns. arnnds. barracl;*.
.arq'!.
gallatrs3. headquartcrs, littlts. mcans. adds, thatiisa. lidi
trs, li
rtollsd
(: atelicr, uzinn. fabdcii)
-
sc consl,ruisc atlt cu singularul, cit
lri
irr.r pluralul
tn lunclje de intcnl;a \orbitorului, fo.ma dc plural a substanlil.ului insi ri-
mtnlnd rceeasi pentru ambele numere:
TIic arDI ,d.'o./a ra t,san o-e) empt-{ {l llte rnonient.
Th. l,h.air. l)ad a .ar?J dc hallci, wllich
(ds
lamons.
The tx'o amy .o?s /d'e lecn advised oi Ure ohnnge in La.l.ics.
\:liere is lne an\r h.dokatt.:rsl
T\e heddrra e^ or llc
_l$o
i.ade-unions oe. in uic saDre sheet.
The.e ,ar u (salt
)linksl
not lr lrom the niotel.
'rtft
(saU-)ti1hs
slthir e{sy reacli rr,., ferv.
IL sar oDlv d Dedzs io ar e!d.
tsJ dts e;rs
produ.tiliiy ts culain to rcgjster a nurked incleasc.
T)'e means oi locomoiion {rrc ample.
\Yhal's the ,lds:
ID ihc clanpionship .onrcsl.- ihc odds
pcre
asainst ih. Driiish middleseiSht.
flI"nls/
l-
ThaDk
Iou)
Thants lerJ lruchl
I owc
-vou
mony /naz,ls.
.l'. r,lorts .rc reeded.
The
glad rlltn(s
(c
(siu oa") b.oadcasi lasi Dighl.
,\ Iuge nouoD.,ts ir .oming inl.o being in otrr town.
-\..trnerons
ao'ns /dre r.cn occtcd all ore. the country.
Cjtera numc de unolte
fi
de instrumcnte
(S
122) sint uneori cotstruite cu
snrgularul. subinlelegindu se cuvintul a
?a;r'
o/: a pab of scissors, of pliers etc.
Trr tn's.w;r'so.s. 1, i." ar old,'r or nrin..
Shc has lolglrt and tr is r\rllP.l.
n
; . - t n- t .
n, , . l ' - ! ' l L-
1) :
l t h. t
n bdr t t I . f t t I r ' . t r r ' u, . !
:!,r
bstrntirnl ,,rt!. nrfarialil ca lornl orj.n.c ar li inlelesul, pluilr.rl
sc dis-
l i nl .
(l e
snrgri hr
l rnr rNrunt nrr
ss
l krri rrl . l kx: rl
rsdll4(r,
conslldl.,l! o]rnr,l {i si,isnlan,l, a.e
ii tlualul sdlro(! inr
SU\.
li tl.
' t o. . . t
r .
. i
t t . . [ , t , ". . .
] .
Lt . "l t ' )
\ ' t , , ' . t t . 1 t - " n, .
r
tl td
ti di \s csl c l i l oa. s.r
g],,ntrl . uneori
l xi i n
trofi c.
"
( or i sr
Ver i
Fi
\ 1i 5.
'Aslizi
esle irni oniinuiir r
a,ll
,,zae.
0bser 0ot i , e
Cileva substaniive de la
S
118-128,
piiDtre
care numele de
jrcari,
rrecum
fi
cuvintele scissors, spectucles (: ochelari). tiarlrr1, lroxsdrs, rrpers
ii... cind au funclie adjectival5 formele compuse,
pierd
sufi\ul 's. conlorm
f Esul i i de l a
S
166:
b, l l i . , r d al i " bdddr r oom
. usppnd
f Lpl l
, l r Juqhr bodr d bow. l
r ompl ! i | l
r ol . ' r bul on
nineph player scisso. ca5e thrnk oilering
skitue allev speoiacle irame resper bell
ll&joritatea celorlalte substantive de mai sus pistreaz{ lDsi sufixul
-s
tr .ompunere, in genere pentru cn singularul dilerii ca sens de plural:
l,..cches paft llonours List.
Eood!
l.r,rin
customs examinalion sporL! coaL $ofks r ornlLittee
(\rezi
ti 5
166
tent'!
con'tleinF)
13) Pluralo striinc, -
ln dccursut anilorj numcfoasc cuvinte strnine au
5
132
:: rat in limba nglezlJ care le a asimilaL -
li
confirui aOest, prooes intFun
' :
: , ai mi . s. , . r m0i m1' p dupd vp"hi - r "J i n. ' . . 14/ d
. i
dut . j
"\ r i r
l "r FJ l or
. . r ul dt ; , . mxi mul l
- au
nai pul i n. i r . r m. cr i si .
. i i
l n
1' r er anr .
cbi dr l a
.Li ]11ai muli asimilater
paLternul dupn care au lost consiruite ln limba lor
r: ifiqine rnmine, cu pufine exceplii, vidil sl,riin dc speoificul limbii engleze.
Substantivele diD aceasti categorie, de fapt
"outsiders
' foarie ulili, fac
S
133
::rfte din marclc numir de cuvinte savante aflate in sectorul qliinlific,
tehnic,
::-."dical etc., provenilc in spccial dir limbile latinl (uncori prin iniermediui
:r;lnlrezei)
-si
grcaoe (unele difccb. altel
prin lal,ini).
llulte din aceste subsiantire (spre clcmplu
$
134-137) pestreazi plu-
:]rl lor originar, dar un Ioarte mar0 nunrdr dintre ele (de exemplu
S
138-
ll,rlr. pc lingi pluralul lor de origine, azi rezervat mai cu seami speciaiiqtilor,
: L
;i
un plural englezesc in
-s,
seinnul rodirii
Fi
asimildrii lof prin popularizare.
,r
n treiac&tegorie (vezi exemplclc
S
144), ceamai numeroasii, cuprinde curin-
.l!
complt asimilate de limba englezi atiL la si.gular, cit
Di
la plural.
a
Urmltoarele substanti{e de
provenienld strdind, in mrjoritate savante,
$
134
jji
plstreazh pluralul originar sau au o formd de plural loarte apropiatd de
a)
{sc.
opzs,
{masna)
olerar coder, cod;d,s, vo.trr,
outos, custoder, eic.;
139) :
r
Sub+alri\ul rnaah pJ5bnaz; lDsI tormd dF
lluml
ln cuvlnr' tl lhanksEiu;as.
:
Si ncul ar , l . l ar l m r sl r r {. t nl r ebui nt l l . Pl r r . al r l da& esl e r neo. i t nl oqi l , l n l o. ul
. t i t Th: sJol o F \ "r y uspi ul , .
' l af
d" cph
hai mr l t o or i . hazr se r oD5Lr ui et l e
j a
pl ur cl
pdn
r u , r sp
e\ i t a . i ogul ar
r l dol , n.
'
t r p sut r J
pr . a p"danl .
48M
S
!35 b)
pltt.lle
se,:etti
(v.
li S
140):
: L
- i c
p
- n! p
oi i r "
, ol l
' )
I
'
l
_
i l A. _
' nl
l r i
. , . , oj
- j . .
t Jr ur t r . . . . "
n. . ' . 1, .
"| | ' ' . "| ' ' | ' . mp| | np6' ' ' h\ ! ol ha. : ! ' }' \ po, - ' , . ' m' | a. or l ' h. .
| , r ' t r al sl r ' l pl r Jr . l " r r ' ' r
r s. r nop
l
l nol
_
apq
t ' dr "
r pnP'
I n .
"t
mar / :
pi . . r n"t ,
' f l "
t d: Dl r ' ' r ' l r i r ' p' ' n
' ^44i
I
i i n r r r o' '
I
dr ' . r i '
d_Dl r pr n. r LamJ' o: 1l
l i ' " r Jr n
pr '
13li
()
plural.
france.e
(v qi
"s
141)
l r or aui ! l
- l r l i u! . ' l :
b"' ' b' l "dr r and"" or J"
r i f ' 0 i ^t t r ' . t ' ' r i _
n. , , . ,
p, ""i . i : t , ;
1"o, ' . "n", .
no, , ' : , ' i .
\ i
5" r r '
\ l r ' . \ l a. F \ l al ar n I
U$dirn' es ctc.
13i d) pturuh itoti.ne
(t'. s.i
i
142):
Obser r ol Le
S" r l r , s^
r ' , nl i ' e uor - di . r , nLFi JFI ' nnun: i -
' l i
t " r pr r ni n' i , ! i n-
; , r l
, r r r l ' r i s, s
.
. r
- Jl r
f -
r ' . ksr . l si 0 eea a
pl ur r l ul ur
- s' s
r sl . a r r \ ) ' s
l -
i : i ,
t "i : r l h
r oal p sul r r l n ; r pl F l pr ' r i nr ' F i n -
, s a . t r c r \
p/ r
S
|
: t l
sl rc eri empl u:
pl .
I
dsi:z]
*bavs
I
bc^i : z:
-
eritrr
I
kra,si:zl
i . l , c! es
l 0i : si : zl
(p)
l l \
\ ur ,
r "Jsp
'
. I n a
J,
nr i
i n' , r i n, m
' i
' l '
r r l n bui nl
r "
ar r
"i pJ
"l '
1, "r r r "l
r u
l
l ur al ul l "' or i ! ' ; r ar .
: r
u , pl ur - l
er r gl ' 7 s' r ' r ul dl
i i r | . r '
' r l pl
, r
' r r
doun l nr m" Je
pl , r t l l u' nr di hr eol i el ". a s- r , s:
n
I 0r mu uncor r
pr cr L
z- .
. ,
ml i ol , i . a, r i r ; sa' ,
. ni l r ar a.
. F"l dl l d
sl r r i nr '
I nl o' i l j i n- st r l ul l r l pr i r .
siiintjiic sau t;hnic. Numnrul acestor srbstantil'e cu pluralul englezesc in
ls
crelte neincetat,
pe misurd ce ele se tnceti,tcnesc
in 1imb5:
S
1Bs n)
IrlLtr\tc
lali t (v.
'qi
$
134 a):
Isc,
-a:
ol.
-i
ierralizl.
d,l: ldl.nna anl,ennas. rnlcnDddr rre' d arcnrr: a' cnde;
n,unla
-
inim' ,1
{
a
it,, 1e),
Inrnruld,; la.uno
-la|unar'
la' rlnad, retr' a
-rcirr' s,
rftir@. lc.tebro
-vtrtelrar,
vertebrae, ctc
l , s. - x. r | - . s
e
I h7l ' i l :
""r r
' J'
r - . . ' c' l r l ul r ' s
' 11' u' vl
"al "
l ' '
r uneu, t .
. n- r '
q.
' l i
l l
- i
d l : ol usa
l ' l ddr o
i r hi l l opn' r m/ '
'
pDol o r r ' r ca
. r ' r "' ' '
Dot Jmi r : amL, . s.
i ' mbus, | ' mbl
'
h' .
i sl T
' j
sl hmr
nl 1Fq/ r
-
n, r ' . - ( r ' ?
j ' r . . ; ' "r . nn' }, , r ' | n| . . 5. ' | ' L; ' n' l ' 1' , ' _' ' ] ' U! s' nUi | ! l r
. i d r j q' . op
, ' r s
. : i r ' op
' r - "Jr "ol ndgt i
s\ ' l l Jb' s
. sJr nbr ' Ps
sJnr 0 r
r r nnr _
nu! l pl ni nu . i " 1n
,
"r m
'
t umu s.
) r "
' r "
l - ;
{' nr
r ' 1.
i 1 Jr
l a l r ul "i r r nb r n r _
-
'
r d r l
p
cl n| ' "l r r n' . . ' ' r l ] | | ' ". ' ol n| - ' ' di , al ' ' oa! - r d| um.
cnr i . ul r r ns.
. dni 0dd, dccennnr r ?
- - d
. ,
nr ' i ms. d, cPn F dr ct ua
- dr cr
m or r u;
dl l nr i r n
- cl l h, \ ' i un, r .
cl r Jnr i o, - cr nr or l ! n- . r t l or i ' r mr ,
npor dj
' ncomr r ' z
s| '
i ,
.
n"' 1 e.
6; n' ' r
- r n11
s' i r -
i nt . mg d l u\ r r r n- l r \ hxm.
I \ t r o; ni . l usol euD
-
daus' l enms mausor ca,
ai '
-
, , "' ; . - . '
f r r , a", .
r r ", "t u
cr t t no. t \ - a r u t s/ ' t u'
""; . i i . , i ""r - . ,
. , r 1. r
I "on
n,
- i i
d, r a, r , o , - e p- r dr ur
/ ds-
t 1. , , r 4
, l nd
' l gal l r
. l t
! d
i r
psl .
64
'
l bd ' 1.
'
- c
- u.
I l .
- i
.
I Un
| ' r r
".
' or ' l '
: I
d
, r r i
I an. or
a!1oil.ada, ru[o:rtrad.
el.c-
sg.
iheJts t
0i:sEl
hrzi.on., lazzrroni; condoll.icre. con-
bamlino, lambini;
p|hzro,
lalazz,,'
NTMARI-I! SUBSTANTIV]j IOR
' , ' . .
m' \ i o r
qi ' a
n' J; n di r r I I or nl r ' m- r I mo_
r ' '
i ' . r ni "", n' l ' I n
r r i . f i l l " r ' r o r nr m' 4
, .r."i"ii"- ."..1-nrtns, mofatorid,
rclirr.dlt
-rellrendums,
r' leFrda, sara
. , . a
. ' a"i ' : s- , -
- . . r . n. . b"dr . p.
r , r -
p ^r . , r i . - or t r ' . :
' | .
. Jr d"n' . .
. , ' ,
' n. ' i , 4 ' vn' i i i ' r mj
r ml
,iirnr. ullimat
t
' ;
r ' r .
- i r i
r ".
- nB
r "n
. r
' ' i , "
al
'
r l i
' r '
i o' 4
' l p| ndr r
p' "_oi \ ' '
. . ". - ,
, ; . i i , i . . ^r - r ' i . ".
' r r '
i
i
r i n
, "r ' - da
r ' i ' - 0""t "' - -
' ""-
,
". , i "; . . . , . r . . s' , , - "'
' n, ,
r , , , r p\
, . ; , . . i
o- o. , r : ' . .
rr:e,irLfl.es,' testatrlr -
l,.statrix.s, i.statri.u' fto.
: l ' , . ' r . 1.
n"r
J3: "ot r ' ,
- ' or t ' r : 1.
.
' r
I i pp- *
1
l nar "l "/
q
i ppr l ' s l ' r ' 1 5
b) pllvale
1recetLi:
S
llo
tss.
-ii
pl.
-s
(engl.),
-trttl:
||aumo
-
lranmt, traumtn,
i,,s. -onr lt.
* (engl
), -rl
aniomat,n -attoDatons,
atrtomrlai
"il'cri'a
-
'fite
1. . - h. t . - . s
dnal d"r ' . dr onl r
.
"^po
*5: m"- ' ' nl ; '
mdJapol i a r ni r o
' | , l r ci o i v : ne "^pol : s -
'
^' r opol ' ' r '
lss.
-isi !1. -eF
(L' ng!ezl.
.idesl: chrysitis chrisalises chrisalddr;
irls
-irjss'
irtz' c' ",
fs{. -x; !1. -cs
(eDgle' ].
-gesl:
lnlJnr
-
lrrXnx.s' larv.ges; sphint -
sphinaes. slhin-
: : ] r i nr sl Tr n\ i ,
sr r r n! ds. er . :
Dr \ r hF: u, r np". . 0, ' npue u
l oD, .
a\ . ' opr r , . . ' oD.
CJ'
nl / sl r "
"l '
:
c) pluruIe
francezc'.
S
l'll
l - ,
- . r . r ur
r ' .
{
r ' ngl "/ l : ' c( ' ) r l l :
: oF,
_
. di " r J; , , b"ad h" u l r ' r '
i
""
h; , f J' 1. . Lr r . o"r '
p
! ' "or
-
pl r Pads.
I
I ' l P^' ' r
p' "l n n' r
-
poa n' l n
"d
/ '
':lrtrraniedu
r, lrou$.aa
-
tronsscaN. troussc4,.,
et'c
:
40
(1.
)
plurale italicne:
lss. -Ni tl.
{ (e.glezl
-el:
auloitf{da
-autost.adas,
autosftad' ,
cic'
t sc.
- e.
o: Dl . - q
an: . / 1,
- i
: bd di r r , b' nd: | . bJndi , . , i i o
"
' "on; r
( l l r r . ' al "
l di l ' i ' 1n
i ,
i l r l pl i l nl j i
gl pl t
cl ' pl l o
g| ' "l l os l r bf Fr o- l r br Fr o
. , "1r 1
pr "- r o
r _d r i j s' n. . / o
-
h r / o s hpt /
l od _r 0n.
sol '
! ^p"J_n
-
^r ' "d
o. . opr i n r
i . mm l . mpor . l Pmpi : ! r r uo' o
c) pl rale ebai(.e:
s
142
.icNl chcNl.(, .|crnt' rn
,
s
143
s
r{4
pturale asimilatc ln limbr,
tVarialtn
amer.: sanitarirh
sanita.iutu, sanitarid
! {mJt ar al r ' : J
i i r r bl
dr P' o r e Ji r . ' l oTp
n
, ; ; : ; a
\ ' o- .
ni n
, . ,
r r '
f . r t
.
n r I n' r ' bLi al 1L.
r
\ l Ji obi :
"
t se
- p
I n.
I
. .
\ Ll ol
t a' ot us.
6
Orascle inorne ale riitonnri
6lo;ni
dc sitAurN
"sfe
clJdoP san
c!.laps
'
-i:"i";
"ir."
o ?t,.tu."
pcd;nfi-(F T. w;od, the Crcuntaorh
ol EdstisL Gtamtuat'
Londnn, l t 5; ) nr t ; zi '
ponl . e xn snol , i sm
e"t . "t ub
-
r oot
t f dnor i .
n v: no\ nl i : I mt bi n h""n! at
tal.a.
nl, adesea In bioloqip
a..dp.
: 0
\ r e
r i
pt .
6"u; i
n, hr i
,
i r .
l "r "s
r
S
l 4<
50
S
145 14) OouI formo de plurnl cu irleles diterit:
t
btathtre
i:
irJtil
t , ' t ^, .
l
t upt ht pnt
r *r . dl i
dps, ngp
\ p, nl
, n. p' . I \ ' 11, . i ^nI i , i . n' r ml f , di
t
aceleiali comDniGti, societili clD.l
f .o{r i: vacil
1
A; d'
I
. \ ! ' , ,
( $hJ, c. l r i "r a|
14i . .
/
.
mJki l p penr r u r ur nar ea opd. . l i i . ur .
-
monddor l
I
d1. e
{:
zar un,
. | : . r . r . es cFn: i . od$Pni d. g. ni u,
8
"1"' -
\
"a, i
s1, i "i r . . , 1"1, , .
I t exes I i ndc\ ur i l n. dr i i ) l
l
i d
"" i
i no,
' ' "
nat . n; t i "
,
"' ' : . i
"
-
t
,,.dilns
f- medii
(rersoanill
m.lit m
I
ndtia
i.-
.ndjroacC ,
(d
_cu]llrarizare
a nasclor ctc.) !ezi: aass
I
metllt
$r
tuunrtudLa"
I t en, ;3 moreLle d clte trn Dcnnvl4
- ' "J \ r . . .
\ . ' t u'
df ,
i n pdn
\
--
|
sbfir i
nrll.:lal.e ajo.cr cadre,
!.rsonal
al unor, irstitnlii elr.)
' ' t t
t
"t
1l
t
. r .
^
t I , o. r
\ d
Lmu/ l l "
Obser aal i e
a,lorh (: natrial. stoln,
de stofe sau pinzi).
Pluralul
contemporana:
pinzn) are plrralul clrtlsa (: ieluri sau bucili
clath.s?
(: hain) nu are singular in engleza
The satesnan sloFcd rs fario''s .lrrts l.o choosc r.om-
Thc
'nlodcr
shc Nore \\'cre vc.I smart.
$
116 15) Dord, plumle cu acce$qi formi, r'hr cu irrteles diterit.s
breech
lss.) l:
(,hiulas'r
rnei urmel,
rl.
,f.c.l.r
brc{:lk\
(pl.l
l= rari.alodi
pn!'i
h sru slb
golxn,ihi)
cot ut (ss.) (: c!lo.rre), pl..onrzre
cotaure (pl.)
i:
dratell
catnpdss
{sg.l
(:
r'usola), pl. .on7d$s
.onrsser (tl.l
{: comPts)
( ss) ( : obi &i l , pl . . zr , ons
(!1.)
t:
rmrL)
ddtuse
(ss.)
[:
a!dic), p]. da'dss
damaEes
lpl )
(:
deslilCubni)
dt o"eht
( sq
I
(
. Lr ' n d" a"r
'
l f . l .
Dl . d"dr ' sl . , s
d4t i h^t pt , o, sni cd
pl Fr ni n. , , r l
i r " l ul
'
- i nl "l ' r '
j o
Dl dp
..dnme l
I
Pt\ra1e1e Lr.lhr.n
ii
ll,r, lnrL iorme lilerarc, dcntelc. .u exccplia $tbstantivului
,.arl' .n cn scn$rl dc .o,/4i.
r s"a. , r s
g. ni u. on dr
g, r ' r . :
l ood
er t l
B, L; , s
. : ^r . - b 4r . 1. r t ) , L\ a: q"n; ;
ar '
) i
sg.
s, r r . .
i
' _r . ' r '
po\ Fdl r ' nd nr Jb" JF
r i
' I '
pl j / nt a. .
t
' ao' r
Ndt o mi JL' d. "
' h
i nr or ndr r
. i . ul , ur dj i / r '
a m1+l or ( pr psi . r d' l i o.
l pl pvi zi ur . . . i l ' . nl ar oj r i r
pt
. )
t i
nut ' t npdt n
. , r i Jl oa^n
mul r ' pl .
r r r mFn l pl i ar , r i n\ i
iimlnl
el,c. cn accla$i inlel{s.
I
l . \ . l ql l r
. ' I h/ r
, t , - 4t s, 1
m" hop"t . " l or
I ne
st Jmp' . .
C. n
Jo, r si v'
m. t $, ,
r L^
. . t ot
' -
r opJr ' r .
' .
r n, ,
pe +.
J' t er - e.
\
JJ"pa; p
o I no; . dJ- d- i p' n1. .
1l l Fr "
ar ' $
'
1. . . / t ". ' '
1a1" d; d ; un u d. i
r . ' n.
5Cd
accast{ acceolic, rluralul s,ueas arc si sinsulrrul star,.
r
\ ' , .
t l Jr , l ",
Jp; s"o""
t n, '
pr o- ur , u l oi : , , of ul hl "0r . , l ot t sI kl J0sl .
r l l ". 0' l
( s r 06,
)
. i , , t u"
t kr r , , r Dzl .
3
scnsu.ilc aralalc aici sht nunai cacrnDliliciri: e1e nu .eDrezirfi l,ak intelesu-
.iLc substantivclor meDtiorate. l'lulrlel la orc singul.fll ru esie m;rlionat nu au si;guh..
t Vezi
$
r l t 8, t r n, 1r l oa.
NUMARUL SUASIA Tl\'EiOB
i:
sertnl),
Dl.
didr.r
{:
indispersabiti, iznenc, chilol.i)
(: nr.ct),
rl.
"//d/s
L:
'f"c]p,
brrnuri molile. imbrirtnrirne)
{:
s.nljmcDt),
pl.
/eeli,as
r :
sr ns, bi l , t r r t F. suscept , b, l i t al , P, si mpi l i P)
l: tlarell),
Il- f?dnEls
, o, , r r
' 1.
hi r n4 d" f l an"l . , . l n
. p, i bl
panr , t on; J" f l an"t . 1.
I
r r t nl i l a L i cl el sdu l J al t c
j ocur i r )
( :
mot i v) ,
nl sm! , dr
{:
, i 1i
l . ' r a
, n j ur ul unr i Ll adi r i )
(: soisoare: liierll.
!1.
Llr.,s
1:
dodl. pl. nau na
L:
nia' r' er.,
t)!
are r
I
r Li qr ni i l p1. _n/ s. i , ,
l dan,
r l
( - i r Pr ancor F. l r El et el
{- nr i l uLl . r l .
mr zt 16
(- pro.,is-!0ral
al unei
|edhieJ
(: nnmnrl. pt. dnrar
1:
verslrr,
loezre i
murltmel
1== duerel.
11. tan?s
1-
parl.ci rolJ.
!1. ralrs
1: r r pmi s\ r , r / 1. r , . u
i r ' s
l :
i or . n.
j mol Ll .
i n( i nt a)
l= Dunct e1c ). Dl. r,,i",s
i :
i mu4
{:
dulc,ati de irurrel,
!J]. rr.s.rrls
(: o.helan Je
}roleclic)
-
(- sl.rt),
!1. ru,/rc.s
( :
l ocni nf i , , cant onomenl )
(: chitani-r), pl. /adt",s
(: lnapoierel, pl. rerz.u s
l= sami lmuz.)i
solzl,
pl. r.ai"s
t:
baranla)
(:
bucelicr. lracment), pl. s..dps
l-
rcsturi
(de
mlncare), deFu.i
{de
mclal et .)l
(: srrrtmol),
!1.
sp..rd.t"s
I
I r mnn.
D. f i oJdi . dur r l l i
' f . mp. l r . l ,
r n.
k, , '
L:
t , r , n"n, , i Ft ut i i , r i nor l ur i : Londi l j i l
(:
un Il de stoli dc lini), pl. ,rcdrs
{-
.oslrn din tweed)
1:
a!ii),
tl.
rdra,s
16) Doui
plur:rle, rrllul colectir, colilalt individual. Cilera subslantive
au doud forme de plural: o formi este identic[ cu aceea a singularului
;i
are
intalcs colectiv, adirn se referi la lold1ila1.o obiectelor pe carc ]c dcnumettei
caalalLi, eu terninrtia reguhtn in s. este ur plural irdividu.rl
li
descmneMir
' \ ' i r $
- i r I o
^l l nt ut |
' n"l - . . \ 1, ' . .
r ' '
' i
l . ^. l
. . r , Ji - ' 1
\ . zot ul Li ma o. t r i . )
{ve/ i : i S
l i 2 b) .
,
/dF?ls
:
Icluri dc ttrccd.
1Pl )
1sc.J
1! r )
(se. )
(p1
)
t pr . l
(pl
)
i ss
)
Lpr l
r! 1. r
l s8. l
l prJ
i ss l
l pl . )
i sg. )
t prr
l sc. )
(rr)
l ss. l
t prr
Gs. )
( pl . )
(ss.)
( pr l
(ss. )
lsc )
( pl . )
{rl . )
Lss. l
(pl . )
(pl . )
.^ l r7
s
r+8
5!
!r
dif.rile
.)bieclL sau
/cllrt
d! rDt.lrt,l. Ilit forlna cu illrlcs coleciil-, cii
$i
cea
dri
plu|al in s se conslruiesc cu verbul la plLtral (cu c\c{,l!ir substantivului
l t ui t ' )\
f
' , r : l
"i . .
l . 1, r i
, , ni i ,
t r aat s
l ' 1. ' i :
r l r r l t , r i t r r u. t e , r ,
, . / r h,
p;
r oad"
"
I
' . h4t
, l , t . bomb,
- . r ' 11
. obJZ.
bomo"
Ln
n I l "
' b
ol
r '
.
/ @
, s
onL,
e
r i
"";
al i i J s/ . o,
t -
gl o , 1 .
. / , o, r
pi or c r , ".
". nan
. ghi ul "l ". ( n' , r n- d Ji Fl
The ereny .(rn.u
(.'r
abandoncd in tlie lield.
{Nil )
- t h t ds. ; "
- d, @n
dap t i r - nou"ap- .
( r r i
)
Tt o, oni o".
. , r ' u.
d i om ht pn. n, y d, p \ l ' , ol "l : n
I .
n, L' r ,
\l\e
t.it
ucrc' ri!e. ll"na ts rvhal I like nesr.
E,tl l.esh
tL#
anil kep lill
Thc srll siNiee sl.or. l,as
tuirs
oI nll sorts rat
zre corrjng
nr drill
' I
, r . , . or , l y. r . ". - t . 1" or
r t , e
r , t at , .
l ' i uN. ! r nl ei anl l t dnscr i , , es 1P
t zns
l . - l u"
"nl ; J
.
/ , , r s
o. h"
' f
: .
or hor ' . ni o
"_:
:
The shir rlied
lhc corst sth her ./,erls
' r n"v: l , i r n"l
a u
si
h. / e 1J
/ . "/ r . Co. . l i
)
_l l ^
i , i . r "a/ o, p r r p, r i d l r ki
r
'
or d, n . r j . t
' r ' '
' l
l " 116
-
Tvo siotu were ii.cd tuon the irigate.
Soa- u
"l i
,
/ "dJ o
" ' ,
d r l h' ' - l l
' r "
'
, "r
, n
. j
Jt r i . d. .
'
i
j .
|
. .
d t or
r . .
r r
5uLdr ' , r . i L^l pl r l t _t . ol ' , 1: \ , 1. i / r / / , \ l p' . i n- .
i nr Ll or r , l or n. eJel r L, '
". 1
r r . cel r r i nr ' 1.
-
t , pr
, or r . - -
o"m"ni . . t dI . i l i d . r ul - l i mb
l t anr '
tiar sau couun)
Fi
ou vcrbul la plurLrl:
' ' Li -
n,
l al t . l
Do
g, ' .
r -
A. ul l Jl .
od@, b n: :
sr ' '
r '
Ther sf t u st ur {l v
( ouni r v
/ o/ , t / s) .
T
"
r nMnl ot r , : * bu"y' ' i r o hp
n
. Eh l d t h" n' '
l at
i i n l r t i I '
1: lcmeilei birbatii)
, ,
t ' , . 1
f mi ' a
, t P
n
' r P, ,
n . .
t [ .
. , i :
. t
] .
h-
, "
, , at
,
/ I . J. an
l i r '
: i ' .
F. r i - .
. i
. n
' i "eul
' r
. 1""
/ r 1A t r opur '
n' 1.
"7
n
"h
l i n i \ ' l '
, unpu. , :
l Jr
' u
l ui . 5
I
' r .
r npi .
/
r r ' l : ' n
, ' ,
t ot t
t ' t
l t
mui i
/ , / / '
sineir,
t
l/' songs,
foLhstarLtst
sa.r
[aLltflIesr
er'
c) subs| anl i l ' ul
t . opl c
(: popor, nal nr e) st e Lrn si ngul ar; i ore
l l ul ri ul
regulat pcolrlcr (: popoarl], nnltunt:
.1 ,.orl
.s masler oi ts own dPslinl
The
,;opl.f,
ol lhc rvorld dzr lishling ror pcaoe
In afard de aceste form' r.isid
,si
un substantiv ctt formd de singuhr
qi sens de plural, colcti\': Itc
Zrolle
(: poporul, cebe,icnii) sau individual
(:
oaneni l ume,
PersoaDe,
f ami Li e):
r
11d, nf l . r "-
r r i al .
i ,
'
- e: r dr l
. \ r
_' . ' r
l ' Jr . dr ' . . "1' .
( . l h
l hp l r i
l r i l
A. ol l l "i .
. ' n or n, . m.
r : t 1" l
""t , k I ' ut ur
L
i r i l - , . ' . ! F r or l J.
l
l nl cks ur r mdl , f ol 1\ !
, sunnr nt r \ ut ( ut
( , i \ : , ", . / s, , "onst r , : p. t ", , r . i r g. t 1- . r t
, r nddFspmn. dz, , ol p. t i .
riial.ca ln tolalilaten ci si e;ie asimilat .d nunete de natcric sun ru
lluralul
cn se
r . . r t J
"t "m"n
pt "
, omr j on"n, " i t , t u, t i . or i ' .
va/
S
I I : d. b
)
. .
S
150.
r Pl
r , r l u Lnl ^
l i \ : r anaa
\ nl t . l
pr
l dr " f mi d"
pl ' r _' danar r ' l . "n r Ll
uJdr n
l . "r '
r L
, . ,
n4 ( l ' r 1, . \ 1
", r .
.
/ :
"'
l a.
^
r
i i
.
r , .
PU
1-
. r
voj t c"
l r ' \ . : . nt at u, .
"t ,
' u
\ "t l i r r "r ' l u": o
l - pr ' l i a oor b' or dr n
t NL$c
S. ncr i c
d.
t r odus
t r al , 1r al asi mi l r t t u nu! nr ' l ! : dB ! \ al oi c
( S 15 l l
!
$
1i 0 sr l r i o) .
'
r l A . Rr DLLnL. t f l onl ( 1.
"
pl
. ; "'
"
. - r
,
, . , a/ . .
t o\ . - r i r i
_
'
p
or " i r
t ul or '
j
I tl)
NUMANLTL SUBSTANTNELOB
T\ t d
^- - .
. . , , u
oDl "
t
"r .
1, r , . ' l
\ \ ' or r d f ^ '
t he \ ou' - / , or L !
r 5u' n l l r r r
r '
nr r ' i
l i r '
! i n
l ^l
e po_l ' b' r I ' ' : n
I $i l l J\ ' r . { Ju o
p
' \
"\ r
1
| a
l "' l t
t7) Pluralul ln tul](tio dc s(lrsr' tlnele substantive
au Ia
-stngdar
S
150
. 1"
' 1
". "- ' ; i ,
unul Jp . , ; i r r n r t
' hl ; ' dL' at '
l t ' : , ' t
r r r pl ur al
'
r r n
r h: i
I nt r -
Lej ,
i l l ul dp sub. r a nl r \
rit
Si
neavind
plurali
l,uir*s
I'c l
.!,u
I'rl )
r
-
abur l , nl .
dr , A
[ \ ]
i -
i nq, l t e
l r ol e,
r i vr l
L\ \ l
t : ! . x\ . i l i c. i nt r pnf i nd{Fl ,
p] . D, si nAYs
l Nl
t - - ; t uua, ,
r oLndi
t col c! r 11.
JI ' "t t a. t l l
i NNl
. eNonl i i n
l ono\ "- . i , pr er l .
i
; r f f '
l r ' ' l i t - d' l T"r \ l
i : Jdact er i aLst t
; r r ]
t NN. l
i
"oi , .
r . . ' - ,
dr
'
.
l i on "i .
l ' 1
1. o. l r r ' '
i . nt r f r . . , / r , / s) l I \ l
l -
cul u/ i t dt
l r l ' \ i r . n
t
I t \ Nl
1- ilcli.alcsii.
lnldd.r),
!l
d./i.o{,is
t\l
i:
dricatelc
labs|rnrL.).1
l\Nl
r : i oc
-
r l . . r ns l \ l
i :
i , n; r'
{. o1,
crl \
I i NNl
(:
lir de
Di.), !1.
/ui.s
t\l
: pir
lfolecti!ll l\Nl
:
i Nl r r t dt i . 0i n, , f \ l
i :
qhi ai ;
{n
t r i nF I ndt ' r i Fl l
t N\ l
I r , o 1r r )
r
' r r
' l
l
'
n' . r .
|
. 0 4/ 5
! l
i :
no , Lat :
t nb. t r act
I t \ Nl
(.-
Ii ic: zird; .oinunicrr, L.zr-i).
ll Pdlels
i: hirlii. acte. do.umenl.c; zia.ei Iczc, comuiclril
i:
llrLic
Prrne
de natoi',)l
l\Nl
1:
sf ur l l ,
l l
s?o/ / s
l Nl
l
o r i . a
i '
. ot r , . .
",
l t r r 1[ \ \
18) Piuralc dileritc
(u
inlclos de sirrgulnrelc
rtrspectire:r'
'scnsurile
ailtate sn,t numai erempliiiclri; clc nu rel)rezinfi
rod'e Inlelesurile sub_
stanlildor menlionate.
' 3Vezi
sj S
146.
.
Xa;;Diie
'strbsrantiaul
,d,s. Liu..stc
an
llufal
Vezi
li $
t3
ti lr3g
24, nota t'
6vi ' i
i i Pag. 51,
^ol a
l
$
1; 1
a) Nutn:le dc tfrol.fii
si de
pralnse nuttule
{cer'
e. zarzavaturi eic
), S
l;2
care. ;rin insnsi natura lor. arr ir mrid obi'lnuit fofrli dc singuLar',
pot avea
si to"';a de Dlli"al.
dat cu o srhini.rare de inleles, irl"'
'Lnind
in acesL caz, oa
;i
tn l;mba rolrrenn.
,.speirii
ale nl.rlefiilor salr produsclor rospectrve :
f ol l ons oi l ( \ s l ul s
linos
ifrs
. i , . "
rfools
lsolll
Noolls ste' is, ot' '
(cl .
s
t L"/
b) N tuele d. ndle,'ii desenln{)azn adesca obiectc confeolioDate
sau for-
mate'tlin materiite
respective: u eori sint lipsiie de singular.
in gene'e lnsi
au alit singular, cit
li Plural:
/ld,ael
l-- Iianeli)
Ilannets
l.pl
\ \
'
tlanele lle .o.p
-lcnnen
desret; pantaloni
6i ' , Losr um J. l ui np di n l l Jn' l el '
-
' : , ' r "i
, , . ul on t
Jt . t 4. l :
r u"' pr d r ' ' r ' "n
; i ; L: .
|
; ; : ; i ; '
-i ' ' , t t ' i . : r
' . .
9' ro.
, , r' , d
r' 1 . pr
'
' 4bP"" sqro, "
r onn
ni i l
-
dnl '
r l , l I du
p
dn nr s
l ! l r
i Jd
'
s
r 53
6l M
.
r i 4 ( : cosi t or , l abl l i , t i r i cheal - a r t !
{sg )
( - o. ul . i e de cons. ne; nn bj ddn) , ( pt . l i
/ . , ". d r
r , f f , l dn , . or . r r ' . r , , ads
t t .
. o5t , . , "
t r n
. $. . J) .
. , ". . d.
t nt t a r . , J L,
l
o
| . i d. r f r , . t t
, , a, J.
! : d. r . l , . . t , r i
. r , ,
lyezi
si
S
16)
c)
.Nunt.:lr
dc culati a| la phral in.tleFul de ..nuanl, tonu ale culorilor
, \ 1o.
. n.
. . t , j i . / . , r . ar t , . r l i _r i c/ pr . . .
I1e lorfs 10
pairt
r|c rcds ind ,tu,i;oi
-.\utlmn
tcares.
Lnel e pl ul al e
al o numel or do cul ori au i nl cl csuri speci al e:
. , ' . : :
|
.
, ,
F , , J.
. . , ,
o. . . | , , t . , .
, a.
, r / r r s 1: r r pr r r ' I . r I ' nl ani r l l r
i . . . ns
:
r f . o. t l ol
,,trt..r
l: liainc alltri
l0idoni
.]c ltan.lii rtbirl
i.rerJ i
han' e
g.i, panhloni
ih llaDetil grir
lxi ilmsiil
. l / Nurn"roase subsl . ant i ve absl . ra. t o oare, pri n nnt ura 1or. si t nerrne
r bi
, ; i J'
i l i p- i ' ed" pl , , r , l , \ ", r
S
l l r . . r ap r r r r r . n,
i i r , r . l , . ut
. t , . . . ner "
t - ' l ' r
. i . .
. r n, . 2J. . . ' . t r l r . l , , \ , d: uI , i . i r , l ur al ; i , l - , - r r : , l
or r hl
,
n,
I La
!1
ilil. l).auh:s) t-
n lrumtrs tr. o leDpie tu{qroasil
a tdlh ipt. t|un6) t: nn aderr"irl
uh nnr i.tue
.lpt.
int.ttige,/.:) (. . intelig.nlirl
d ,r.,nrJr
t!r.
nEonn4!\) |
o mescnlrrr.l
so manr* Itdzesr.s
: on. .
q,
i . nl J um"n
,
bn r p r Jl , 4. r "i . . 1' n, , , r " r . , br t )
i 1, ' t . r hr m l t r c / | , r r .
i , ' I ' \ t r r . t .
r pnum"r dt t r r
I iol,l him a ifw ,!d5.
inuncmlill
c) Alte plva.le
d,iftrite ca inlclar rle sing\hrelc Ns!./!i.rt,,.
Ir,l.l
(:
jntormatii,
ftiri,
coDuni.'i11, nNliintirj, avtci
(r,1.
f:
a!rc (lisLfai)l
lss.l
I
sfium dii
tigarn;
.ctrliri
in, rtin,l,i.
lomerlll
Ltrl
i:.r:nuir-1 general; .cnusa xnri onr Dorl, n unei f6e.
ircendiatc);
1: ruine ris. ,r oJn.s .f a
la
en enpte)
ir
15't
i:i:),'
LeahnSs
1!1.)
Lta.t:'
lsq.)
Lrac.:i:
LIt.l
1,.c
j
i pr . l
i ss.
i r)' l
{-
.cnnia din soli, .iuin)
1
,lildift marc
ii
linplii on o lrzurmirl
pl.l
i
-
(,azarme,
cazimil
L.
condni l i , pur l f f .
l i nnl . - Li r l al i l , , asp( ci
1r l
ur i cl N
i :
di . . r ! i i :
! ozi l i u
r dal i ! l l
t -
poeche
l de
! oLi . ni . hj .
de . i i n1 . 1. l l
L:
brclcl.
Iientru
pant{lonil
l
kJni cnl l
i :
capaci i al c)
I
l t r t . n s] . l kan l d' t sl
1:
conl i ndLl
l : 01Lcl l . , , j . l i
i du f r hi i i al i . ,
j
du. ul i r . t . l l
. ' :
J
l ' , . 1 \ , , r ' r - r , . Ll r . r r n, l I r r : - - t - i .
. , i . . . r LU. ;
. .
t i . r I t : . , . . . l . , , .
' '
. ! . r I
r \ ' r r i
i j S
118. 11t , l l l 1.
4
sll,riantirul 6/d., are
llLrrxllt
,/d..:
,,hundnrds
oI Dz.e or
ta.l.idgc', lS
t 2!i)
NUMARUI, SUBSTANTIVIOR
5E I 1: sol , r ' 1mi ni ,
t Pr en)
i , t , L
- t .
i i r cj d' , . s"di nr r r r :
r r r "n.
t
' r '
' l
i
'
l \ Ji r i I
1sq I L: onoar ,
. i nst . l
", i r
'
,
. ""i r . : ; . l i sr n1i .
' ! c
i 1r r I '
^r ' r m' r t l r
t - 1r r J
ob' i '
'
r , r . : ' . nLi t i t l u i cdd"mi .
. ur 5
p
sp. ' J / ' r !
f . nr r r
un
Lil.h icadetnic.)3
nt ddt p aqp r sg
'
\ Fl i L m
l l or i ".
m
' l
r r i r
Lhe , VLddk AsPs
( Pl
I
1: et ul med' i r
r o' : . " , "r
I
|
. l Pnr ' i
-
"
n' ' r . m' di
4\ er ' ! r d:
l {'
r i ' 1l
pr or t r ?
{pl
ml ' , nal r r '
p. d' r r ' poor t r i r
I
, c
t p
t
- r '
nsl F' . i
'
mi
' onsi ' Fr J
:
r "p
"L! I PI
I
omJgr
'
r . P"' r "r
r ot k 1sg ) l .
r nun'
' t l
: - . i t " *g. , i
pr
l sg.
. ' o; . i .
, zi nb
r pl -
""bn' r '
/ ' n nr ' 1ar
l ' l
)
r I Jni ' r ' J- ur ur
i i $ r l unr r I nFi n
' r '
l
.r briky' orLs. n
gasworks, an ironworls. a steelworks. the lrorks fonncil
Toate pluralele de mai sus se construiesc
cri
vrbul la plural cu cdceptia
$
ll')6
*ribstanrivJlor larraclr
li
itorAs, care se poi construi
!i
cu singuiarul ci d au
sens de singular.
19) Pluralul substnntiYelor
care trati nationalitatca
sllu
prolcnientr
S
1;7
regionali. -
Substantivele
trmidate in -s.
,r
[i,J]'
-s,
ti
+rc au acee'rti Iormii
la singular
;i
la plutala:
Celelalte substantive
formeazi
pluralul regulat in -s:
the Czcchs6
thc RomrnidB tre _q\t'des
the Danes
lhc Slaniards
thc Turks
Sobstanti{cle compuse cu -man
sa\l 4raman formeaze
pluralul conform
regulii de la
|
168:
an Englishman
-lirglishm{il
a Scotchman -
Scoich!'cn
the lrognois thc Fren.h
l,lLc S*iss
th," Scolctr
l i c
- ! i gi
riuckoo
kippcr -
kiplP8
l're Iinglish
aDui . hsodan
Dul chwomen
r \\tlshNoman -
Welshwomcn
onlf -
cahcs
gooss
-
gf6e
lJa@tuB ,tsr: lista de iitlu.i, decoralii
ooazia zilci Sale de na.ile.c, .espcctiv h
d Cliinanan -Chinamn
( Yczi
l i S
t i t - t 5! )
20) Plur&lul de tmirilor alc anin&le.
a-) Danumirile
de animale
au. in
genere. forma
pluralului difcrili de
aceea a siDgularului:
s
168
s
159
r l ezi
si s r 18. 128
e
Bd
oa'Hoturt\ t\' \@t Hatutrs,
{t , coDi ef l t e
de Su1. r un\ i )
l n l l Br r t . cu
--*,*ttl;llt$usltllg**l',:'',"q',u,1+$ilfr
,'ii,[if]r{,;i,.:iH
50 Mo
l 6n
/ , /
l
1. l r
. , r l . r r
t i \ " , t i r , i . . . .
' . . l
sr n: , .
- i
: r
t . r r L . ' 1.
. nr j , t . r . u r . . . .
. 1, ",
i ". ,
r , r . l
. . I t
l , - : \ r t .
, j ,
at i n. nt r . or . ,
i ' l r ' , . b, r , l r
[ r . ,
i
r p.
. ou
1, , . , , , ai :
a nIDLrfr ol Fjlil ,4a
ra.iors Jnnsl or
I I r t
.
i , t i n
; .
161
. . . J
Ci t el a nrl xrnnt i ' e
Au o sj f guri
l orni
l )ent m
si ngul ar si pl urat _
({ rtrs. 109 a):
srlrcr satnron
dcc.
r.jndeer grrnrs
tu.boi,
ptc.
162 d/ .\lt
-s
r(artile
u o tormi rle pturat
cu inrele! cotecti, idenrici
cu
n FF- r d i nr ' , i r ut ui . n, p"u . i
t ur . , d L" pt , , r . t ng. t a
1i ^
_, 1
p"n: ,
, ; ; "",
".
" 4 . r .
nur Lr / r s. I , t r i F
, ,
, , , ", r i i , l p
i nd: \ i . i , t i n . t , a, i . ,
dr nuni t H6.
,l.c hcre nnv
/tsn
in this rirer?
Jh
1.
l ?' .
, n) qnt ni t !
l t ,
r h:
j Loar . x
I f
t t . L
| | 1t t r r l ?/ . . t r . h.
' lh@
d..a lit.
/tsral
on thc truc.
' ' . "
"
,
, ,
b e, . . , 1
4. . " t . ", 1
^. . , , r . .
I
'tU
Ltluts' at lhe CaqraUjirn
brools a,, r..r rinf.
'.idr@z
ruD ulr lron |rc sen aDd Uifrc o., atso l)l!n!n tt.\t, a
ke
pike
&d..rs.,,
163 2l) Plualul substaDtivelor
compuse.
- Substantil.ul
comtrus csie format,
i ' , : r "r , l i ' ,
r
' r n
Ll ' r t i r i \ nr i
"i f , Jt
. i
u, , ut
. "r
c ci , nul r "' "u, i n: "
, ^. . r , -
r .
n
' r F
. . mpl . t por : i
r , ,
- l p. ut
. : . .
r , , u r r n
, i a
Jr a, t i a. t i v
I , n
t i ng. , : . b_
sl al ri \ -ul pri nci pal
Pt urahrl subst i nr, i l et or, , , nnpi , ""; n
a""rt n, ni s" t &", eor;
pu, , i ndu
se semrul pl urai ul ui
numaj t a subsrani . i rut p
ri put :
.,,,r,-
marllal
,ftdes to.bc
.oegn.\ gPrmar
e?rs oI mail
,r/s
arr)u.enl.
/ddcr.s
in taw
,c/-!
s!:nel.l ,i.s,at-ta{,
ra\y4ls
ldlns-jn-lyaitins
r.rrrs pltenl
maids ot all-work
164
Ci nd pri nt re
el emcnt el e
unui subst anl ; v
compus nu f i qureazd
un sut )
st ant i \ -
?ri nci l al ,
se adaugi r s l a ut ri mut cur-i nt : '
r. l :,1d"11; ;1;::' ;:;' i 1LT,:,1,.i i ;r:r:
,' ,",i 1
",i :;
)1,1
' ,,1,4
.me
r
l
.
*;J-,1
':,':i:..il;.I,i"',
',oi;r.:,,
::i,i
",-li:il
ll
l"jil;:,:;:,.b:iJ:",.,',,,-
l :;1i
:::'
{"1
:""",
:,,"i
j i l ,' :l
:;;i -'
""1","r' i ,1
-i i :' i
t, i ' ;Ll ' ,
;1r;;' ,i ' ,-;r.;
i ,' "i ' ,
".;;
r,t
;;
j .' "i l
:,:;l ;i .-:i i l ,l .:,fl
;i ;
i ,,
6<: t .
5
14r . 111n,
f . t i t .
,
E,
:
cAp.iori,
ciutir.
3
ftr1s
:
slecii dc pilsirdy'.
t r p
m"ban. . ' , , LL. oI A
r ood. nFr . , , / , ; , . j s
tFnn"li
dredlals $rrat-noh
merry
so-raaali
pl' 6-/o"fs
young maDt,L{
strJ d /,o' Es
H- , ' , aJp . , pJr . "l
ol pu", i D' y , r , , r d. . ' r ' I or l or I n. , r . , / o- . . .
I t pr
"di d- \ ud npa. r . oi . l
r u. / r . , . t , ^, pJ m.
' n
r ^. , - . .
- l hp $df bt s4r , , t L, . i / u"r , f r , i
, t , ,
I . dt . @t ,
Substantivele terminate in
-ful
qi
-laadl tormeazi pluralut in,s:
S
166
,
up/ , rr ol o' oa
nhr / , / .
ni t on, l
buLU"dJs of rri Docs
ha. d/ , r. oi n1r
r, ot &/ s
ot r, , a, / odl s
ot l kra
m. , l h/ "1. ^o_r
' ar ' dy
r r , .
spoor ' / , / s
^t
r . , d, i i i 1, , .
. o. r t i . odj
. i t our i ! t j
$nY,/s or
/rod?h
.a, Ud.ds oI rillagos
i.ainloods ot NeeLcndc.s
tnckloads of coul
Substantivul secundar al unui substantiv cotllpus DasLreazi tn serere S 166
{orma de si nga/ or, chi ar st un, i ,
i nJ are spn" d.
rl ur; t
s0;
ci nd
. sre pr; . cd0L
-
un num"r al
cu. ens dF
r l ur sl ,
deuar p. F. t i ' , J. nl i nFst c t uncr i a de i dr cr i r .
' , r - . , i i nd
i nvar i obi l , S
r ; t l j .
r . ] n, , ne
' , . {hi mbi
t r ' pt ur et : '
.
Fac_exceptie
majodlatea subsrantivclor secundare care au numai forrna
S
l0?
de pl ural (S 118-129). , subsi ant i l ol e
rare. i nr, rcbui nl are numai t a si nsLrl ar,
-
. , r
I , U
Fa pr o. l ucn ,
^' r t uzi r
. . , r
f r I i n". t 1r p
, I r , ,
. ,
a. i FSFor i suber ar l i \ , t e
' ' ^, t , u. F, r i r
m. i , nul r ccu\ i , , , .
i , , sf ai r t d, . Lmi , i t " ut i , i r t ". Fi . , t i r
, -
i n
' '
nr 0i ha. \ ent . , bi or ' ; i
. r , h: r an
r r el e obi _. r , ui r t s r \ i nd
. er r "
J"
pi ur . l :
' lhe
ko,ds
Aiants a .\s.,s r.ndor
- \ e l ) I bt i . n, / , r , i . I \ . r , . , r t ndn
, p
I n Ld . \ , , r r a. . Or j r i ni , . , , i on
l ' n
f r Jr
. n, ' r '
j l ' ^4"".
r
n| ' , , , t
.
r ni r
, t
. i , ks
,
onj r b5
a umulicdtian
s saL.ltiLe
an Indian /rrt,.s airDlaDc
rhe Cl,,rcs and Jn.s bishibuting Centrcs
t \ |
| r - p t r l t n! 1qr s f , r bt . t , i nj i
t ' r L
1! e Lor l or , ar i Th. i
' P
,lpdrds Drhibition ol Ar.hii.eiitL,r-"
ivezi ri S
,t5 :t61)
Substantirole compuse cu elmentul
..nan"
sau
.(tvomat',.
- Cul.intul
g
168
nt.1t san
'&oman
primefte semnul pluralului
&tunci cind ste elemntul prnr
cipal al unui substantiv compu,!. Iiind detrninat dc u adjectiv sau de o
al t n part e
de
yorbi re
adj ct i vat i :
a @o,n}.ush
a D,oLkecl)or
lhe glore
departmcnt .t ./,s slro\i
, ", \ ?- b! r l d
ns d / t oar r sl oD
sr ?. l i r t i ns
ai l ' hr l . si r , l , . n
a thrcc'r.ac .oslune
a ttn mt&r,
liclure
bnsnrcssromdr
-bdsinessdorua
t' hliqatuln charvomt
.ongress@ndl congless0ond4
de lapt suli{e, i substantiecle ln compune.ea
(5 Ji9)- Subslantirete asllel lormate erpridl
l
Cuvintelc
-/,1 si
,oad au devcnil.
l i r r or a i nt f i si nL. dNi d. ut e r r d. r i val .
-.
:
Recura nu se aprici fn c;v,,i s,rbsianlivelor ca: Getndn. Mlsstitun. \'annan,
Att na\ notuen, Tu.cainan, .at!nh, ra?iwn e1.,.. ,iare. deii ternin{ic ln
-mon.
nu sini
llnrlirsc in Imna englezll modonri .r $rnisnii{l rn(n.
tGS Ci d s bstantilul t .att san Qamatr
sexr l n f ormel compuse di n, t i an (sau
primesc semnul plurfllutui:
rncn drilncn
npni ol kl , sl
men nrilliNrs
$cnscfrarls
nr cD si r gor s
Iirtmen nnLsnriars
Cind sribstantilul secLxrdar t/li/r
semnrl ph1lalului .slc
ltiNit
n..rrlsi
,dn erl eN
,rt,r l i x d cN d,-ki l l cs
llngljsh,,,rdr
lhglishdlnn
louuadan lotet ,?rr
l r i shdo, r d,
- - l r i sl or t t D
r ni l kd! , f r n - r t j ] kt r anen.
rc.dlcrr.,ra, necdleito,' .r
toli..nrnal Polices
atnn
sto sfom(r slorl.vro,zu
ser\'esl.c Denlnr a arnta disiincl.ia do
.fo,ra;) -.
substt$tif, ambii teimeni
\ ronr0r. ou' ri l l oB
arat n
(l i sl i ncl i a
de se\ ,
dc subst t rrt i vul
pri nci pal :
nr er . l ant , nnr - ! r f i
: hant t , n
Indidr@z:
-
lnilirri.z
,{n rt arnrs
-rrn
rt rrns
, {n oi Nr r J 2. , of \ r
1?0 Sllirstantircl{]
comluse tn ck\ncltul
'ifoot'J.
'rtootrh"
sau
"ntouse",
ca su}
st ant i \ e
l )ri nci t al e,
f oi menzri
! l Jhhn
i r
! J.
res| ccl i v 11. 1/ / suu' rr/ r. :
la*t..l lor/i?l
tti! trt tttJsleth
hnli
/,,r
' I\\n\I
l.,t
,lilli /.,' r, nrilli /rr,r
l.vt)ur. nrrntu.
lielrl ,,0r1.",
-licli
Di,
$
1?1 Ci nd l rsi a(esl . subst arl ; \ e au 1' al or' re
(l c
. , 11j . , l i r. l e l i nri n i nvari abi l e
chi ar daci r au sens do
pl urt l :
- t,ltrfr
/oorriltrc tn' !h^.hrs
l,orD,
.s rr' ri|flLsl! ' ?.,i/rl)fuslrfs
- /oorst,
ps thnrtir\ l.,,r,!nrl' s
/,rrP hole ,,,{sr Jroles
, r or . w, s( l ! {ak
, r or r r s' I r r nr i s
, r , , J. l r a!
- - , r or : ,
l r a"s
\ 1: 3 d) Lr t i t ul dl uri l e i n con, punerea
(nrora
i rt rn un sul sl Bnt i l ' det ermi rrat '
-
de ur d' l i c, t i r. r| I c. , l t F
pi ri i Je ! ' o$i l c adj et t i val e. subst ant i rul
pri m$t e
semD l pluralului:
nl a, l '
. . ' mt r ' onn . . : Lt '
'
r ' t )
I a
h P\ |
. r ct
'
t t u"t
. t "
. t , "
"1
onP
. ' 11
'
! r I
l {' \ \ ' 0
r "'
,orraris
(.noa1
sau iirre,r.rs
senerul
s.rsD7.s tl arlrs
cirrt{i,,
;r;naals
zortries
lnbli.
sd,seanb_nl_la$'
.ltf!& d'alairesd
.Jroeis
llurorl,c
strgeart_mdJ,.s
s
172 Titulaturilc
(omt
usc.
r , r . r i l dDhda
==
{s . onr f r ci al .
2I ndnr r nn:
\ as . ar c l &0r t onr el ! ur I ndi i l e
I
' ,n,
otrrd.
. \a dt, rirzboi.
a
Sr t r r r nl . d. . , , , r ! .
I nl l el t l 1.
0r
^
o,
, : l r t o4t . "t - .
l j q: r , ) +r I ' .
NUMARUL SUBSTANT1VELOE 69
D./ La tilulaLurite compuse rlin doun subs[an1,i1'e. ultimul ouvint se pune
.\
l7t
in genere la plural:
b.isadier
s?a,fnlsl
licuienant .olor.lr Loti\ Chnnallors
|
, l d.
ot . a. ot . l i - . T. or d l I
/ - "
t t ' 1i ' 2. . "nt
_.
l . l \ l I
a
-
"
dar d/fdloru
general sau dircctor g'cn.J'llls, deli cuvhtul cnre a primit somnul
?luralului
cslc
'rn
rdjecrir.
.l Ciler-a titulal,uli conrlnrs nu amindoi rermenii la
llurnl:
I
l7:t
Iinlshtr Tenrplab Lordisj Justioe.{ I-ordi!) LicnlcDarts. ct!.
l2) Plurahl umelor
pmprii,
l'hrraln numelol de fanrilic urneazn
i
17C
rcgulile pluralului substanrivel.rr conure (:\ 92. 93. fB. 106). cLr c\ceplil
trnninnliilor -o
ti ,.
care se menlin la pLural chiar atu fi chd siDt prcodnt.e
l l . l l ( N$ l h. \ \ ' nl l i s. s
i sa!
t l ! ' \ \ nl l i r l
t | c l l al i t r r t l c Co\ cr t he ] i r r l i . J
l l ! I . r l I s
t [ c ut r r r or
(l i nd
numel e de t anl i l i e est e
f ! ct edal
de un l , i t l u se p ne sennul
pl uf a-
S
f 77
lulLri lia la nunele profriLr (in ]nrbtr vorbitn). lie la de unlirea titluhi (jn
t i mbu of i ci al n):
f
ll,. Qrruade
"/,u.sd
(iidtba rorbiti)
Cortrade Jones I
doadd.r JoDcs ilimb{ olicirli)
I
Ca,nrad.s 0. Jones nrd S. Ilurphy
| | e \ I r . 11, . r t i n, l , 1 \ or l ' t : . )
1
1t ". . - . I t i . t . , . , hJ o
. i d
r r
t
l l r
11r . .
/ , ' . o- ' . | | nr l J r or bi i
| . r r ". a, , ", .
r : ", "n i i , , l , . ' o, | ' :
I t l ' l l i , . . t , , . / / , l l i nbr \ url i l : 1
1r t ,
v: , "
- mi , r ,
r , nb'
' , i i
. l '
, ,
^
, . ,
\ l
' st i
I
t / . , u"".
\ 1. , .
dr
\ r . , n,
{
, 6. i , , , , , r , . v_,
lrali
{
rtttt .neus
1
lhc H{leI ,m/r/:':
lrirte
:i
sora
t
tho i,/,lr^ llrl.I
. , r "o, :
-
l l , H"l
. L
r '
Colon.l Crosbl
-
Llrc two llolonel C'orrtls
, , r
^
, \ "
7; . . / r
L, r . J r - i
{
n. -
i r
r , ". . , , , r r .
r . . n n, ,
P.oi- llcc{l
-
t.,/.b..r,! ltccd and Conpton
Prenumcl e are l a pi urat s (sau s t orrt c rnr i n
pri {l eza
ront emporonrl
$
l ?8
(s r7e):
our Uar.fs. our llll' s s a u llades
t he l $o Deni er si ! t h. t No Deni s' r
ln acelagi mod se srrie
pluralol conform regulii la prenumele masculine
,li leninine: Jefircls, Jerri6, Johnnids eic.: Ivics, Jennics, Judics etc, dar
,numele de luni au: Februarlcs sau Februar-Ys; Januari$ sou JanuarJs;
Juucs sau JulJs.
' I i
r ' r i I r " r , "' l
'
I i ar ' i -
: . \ . t i . oi ur r ns. i nr r cr , r i nr r azi r i n( , 7Lnn, , . l i , i
nt : i l i i at : : "I I ah! Bt ot hoi ' .
s
r79
$
reo
s
181
s
18{
s
r39
|
183
d
80u
Numele compuse din mai null.c substarrti'e
proprii sau dintr'un nume
pr. t ri u
+
al t cuf i nl e
p nesc semnul
pl ural ul ui l a ul t i mul cuf i i t i
r
-
l '
- "t
H
/ . 1
{ r ' n' r ' l '
. r
l l \ l r \ l
"|
-
7"n. l '
L l HL- u o
' -
$, r J
Tl,.I ue like Ja.k irlhc-ro&j
I
r , i i
' "i i r or i
r dopl " s. . r u - s, r
. ,
r r
"l
I , l , r r '
l ' r l r i p"nr r u
j os
F
l i r r i l e
r ur bi r ' ,
"r p
n' ,
. i t r . uLqr a, , l , \ p
, nr '
un", da i
. i
i n
. azul numel nr
I , opr i i
frnilie salr al
prenunelor:
Tne d.isq's havo askcn the J',s's io dniter-
Itc o.dciad three 7' 0n and J.t.u;\.
Numclc
protrii
striinc au in genere, h limba enslczn.
pluraiul numelor
proprii engleie;tli (vezi
S
176 1791 cu uuclc exreplii in cAzul terminaL,ici 'y:
ilre l)uDotrh ihc Borsirs lhe Cnesia tlrc \ie.us.r ure llnlenss
t\e lloi' ,.or thc LorenzoJ tle \cros tl,. Julios ure Apollos
the Sifili.s the I' i.olerii.r i1i.
(uri.s
the tiol,ti.fllis lhe nl Grturos
Ex( epl i {:
th l,ro C.{..li, the rlt./l/.i, l}. lnrt c1,..
23) Plulalul rumeralchr subst nti\at. Numeralele snbsLantivate
scrise .u liter urmoazir reEulile subltartivelor in
pli'inla lo nnrii pluralului:
Ifu lliilht:' lrYc.strr,s
nr t l e l t r . , r i . J ol Lhc l l t h 4, . t ur v
| l . . , . . . . t / , . - r ,
/ '
Thc
gi f l s
\ r f r P Fr i l ni s i u , r . J i nd
^eos.
Tlt roNing
(i.N
rre il :rr.r and s/r/rrs
1\ : er i i i i
l l l ! . 1: Jj 1l i r i I 146)
Sori se cu ci l re,
pri ncsc s sau ' s l a pl ur. rl :
Yox. 6' r and 7C' i i r i smr i dsf , l l s i r , r aDd 10sJ
l n l , l i e Jo' r oJ l , l i i s i r ' t r r r v l sau
i or ) .
l hc l 16r ' s l s{u t he 7r 60Jl
24) llurahl rumelor dc litcrc. \urnclc de liter.
prinlesc in
gnere
' s
l a pl ural :
lJon t roll ronr /'s.r
Sh. ne!.r
(,mssPs
hef /' s.
I on \ r r i l e l t ass" \ i t l i l \ vo s. r .
Unii scriitori ornit insii apostroful:
\\'ril.
"l.all'
Niur 1,\ro ,s.
Numel e de l i t crc pot l i scri s l a pl ural ; i i n i nt regi me, ast f el :
"Ll,c
lNo e.s. e/s, .11s. .."s.s. eL.
"r
25) tlurahl abreri:rliilor. Plurahrl cbrcf iatiil.,r se formeaze ad6ugtn-
du-se in genere un -s
la singular:
(ss. l
C. l ' i : Gener. l
Pra(t i l i . ner) (pl
I
C. P. s
r ,
\ '
l
\ 1"
l ' .
"r
P: l i ar ' r n
|
\ l P.
. ,
l
. r
l . j r' r, g [ , . , .
'
(pt . I c
"
l ss I
p , , .
1: l osi caf d) hl )
p. r s
1r
Tatu a\ti. J.' rl: lm l.l dc Utlttr.:i ancric.tnii.
"
1 m. 1". 1. ,
, , , ' r - . , r ' i . J
^r , :
' t l . . . : .
, i
I r ' '
'
"
, ' d, i
l \ ' / . : i . ol i . l o
, ' \ r ' r l .
r ' . \
l v. I ' i
d
l
1
i o\
'
, nor . I
b"r i . ' i l l i .
' 1, . ,
, r ' . \ ". t \ "t at a, at D.
. , o1
1i t
t 1. 1, I t .
61
Lrii scriitori formeazd
lnsi pluralul abreviatiilor alcituite din ilriliale
$
185
i i : r1i nd' s
(apo6t rof s) l a si nsut ar (l 188);
, , f . \
\ LP\ N. C. O. ' S
P. G. ' s
aile1-n abrvialii dubleaze la plural litera linali sau ini!,ialn:
. r l us. sau ms.
( : mi t r , sf uj pt ) -
{Pl )
}{sS
L= t , aqr ) h' l ) r r p.
r ol os r i
I
Pds' s
'
/ o' \
i t
\lte doun alref ialii au un
plural special:
. : \ 1.
: \ l i . t r r r 3
Ll l \
l l "ssr s'
.
. .
\ l i l r "
'
ol
\ L
' r
, m"
'
r ,
Pt ur xl ul cl l nr i
p. l r ! i
dr vor bi r o
sub. l anl i \ al c'
\ l
p
l "r Li
LI P ! or l , i r -
f or n
paz,
d"
. bi ". i pl ur 0l Ll cont or m r pgul r i ganp' el o , sub.
: ' . - : i . dor ( $ {11 106) :
i l . i r . nsl f cr
\ r r s i empf . . d t r
Puhops*
a. i l
pot s/ r l {s
t
{Ad! )
i ,,,i ri..a
"t
voltr
i/s' arrl ,rri
(-conj.),
oI
you ilirs a;d ,' rl,/,m.
({d!.)
ll,s iil, I' {s till oi ar." and lr,' zs (^dv)
fh. dsiris .1 l,istorv.
(Ad!.)
-ir,c
ad' s anil z,es tin
Pa.li{dentl.
{-\dv.)
- : c
r : o and. oa"
s, r ' \ r ' , gl ' p, l
' d. . nr l r
Pr pr . )
' , \ nt o, L 1". , \ : nj l . - r r oom ot . ' : r " ar t l
' r a'
( \ umFr ' l 9
j r '
s nad l a an i nl "r mr nat l .
"
o_v oi
_| "
i d, / i - d
"h"
, ' , / . l vPr b
'
' ' Ihe
llower is oDe ol the \rhal
loi
onllrnsn!
-a
Eorrgy, Nlai-crP. thev aE
"
t rele cuvinte
primesc 's:
f d
r -
r
1n
p. . hd1g-
ot I ' os do
. f o' r
d"
. .
i l r $as l ei t ur ol l t Pr r j l i r
"f , l l r r or "
l
i - ' . r p i \ ' - us"ol r pn dt . l l s. nust l , P"; a_dPn, "ssa. mo. l npl "a' 1nl
L nii
-.criitori
tntrebuinleazd
's
ca semn al
pluralului la orice cuvint ca.e
- ' . t c
un subst ant i Y comun:
' t .
l t t - : "
l l r Jo. r : f di r r r o:
' ' . . r i ; r J Ll . l l " pr o' i nu
"oa' , I our
r sr
oJ, os
' , l P. Jnd
"i es
oi l l i s sor l J
|
'
l
pul
up
{i l I r ' r . vr ' r ' t n, l , h- &. ar
i or
e $: r
' l ; ' , 1i n6 . bo i t "a s at l t ht *
"
s
l E6
r
nrrial
:
naiuscxlti.
! u;
sr u r l r .
f
sr sl al .
: , : udanr
( ' ! . ' duml r .
;,lfl.lraria
cnliitlot.arc nu stil, dc lapl sxlrst{ntive nu s. conlordoazi regulilor
_
i.rri.
l,rorrli
sftst{ltirfrof:
rort,rlrr';i
nu
ro..r
iLl i.:; .arefulu:.
li
n
(reft.Ui:s
' ,
: ; i
S
i : 61.
NUII.{RUIj SUBSTANTIVELOR
.
I
. ' r ' .
. . api t Jl ) r
-
( r , 1. ) caps
. : l L.
=
l , onr )
- {Pl . )
hs
. ! . r Ut {:
Nount a, n) - ( pl ) Mt s
iq.l rol.
(:
volume) -
(Pl
)
lols
l :
aor Ft e)
-
( PI
)
i ml s
- .
, si i : l , und. edl vei sht ) -
( pl . )
cst r
s! I lb. r:
nound
< libra)
- {Pl.)
l}s
- t
1
\ 1r
( :
r Ar d) -
hl . )
vLl \
-
{:
c. mt d, , l l - l l , r . )
' , os
_! I L, R' .
:
t ) r ol hFr ) -
( nl . l
br o5
:
, . o
i
c" er . l
cal
Or r : c4)
{pl r
C. S{) .
' ' '
\ l Lr
'
- \ l "Li
Ol
?r ' \ l on
I
nt d"r ,
-
( pl
)
\ I
O s
. r .
\
' . O
\ . r . r : ommn. i . n"d Oi l 6r
- / ol . l
\ f l Os
- .
1
. I o5l U i
p.
l ' o! : 1
' \ ' l pr
r pl
I Pr r ' s
s
187
s
188
62
\T. CAZUI, SUI]S'TANTIYNLOR
OHN
(ASE
OF NOUNI)
l l , r l l , l ' r r r . i t l r r r l i i
gr t r r r sl o, - ( : , " r a n, r m- sl - I r m" . r p^' i l i unui
, Lr L Ld.
l r !
. d, r j '
.
"i \ , l F' , r ul - i
i ' j r u: r ' - pr i r r , : 1
"
' "
r r ' 14 , r n' r r 0
I ' a
,
Jr n
n
, nuppl i
! ! l n.
l 9l l n l i mbr cngt ezn e\ i st i l oart e pul i ne pnrl i dc l orbi f c care rl r asl ezr
forne
(Leosebil.c pentru diflrfcrlierei cazurilor,
si Ace:t('a smi: pron&'itu'
, . t . ' . t "t
. p- . ' t r "l " r , r o
. i
' ' r b nl i l J
l r ^nr l r ' l
l . l ; r i l o?' - . i n
' . . ' t t l
t -
. l l ! l
'
i i l F. r / - Jl a. nl
' r : r i
"
i n r pn- r '
I r r n
hl r 14'
u\ - r ' r pr r l
. r
l , r . l n7; ! r "
. p' nl r ' r no^ I n, ; . . l
r r $r , r r "
'
' 1
,
-
l r ' r
r r ' pu?r . r r I ' e1
t r u cer i t i l ' si dr t i v) j
| 1) ' l
_Snr e
r boscbi r e de l r r ar nat i cr r r r nr anl . c| I I c 6r c . r nr ' ) f azr r r i -
l r omr ni r l l \ "
I , i r , i . I
r . , . , , , j r .
l i \ . r \ ^, d: , \
' . ' , n. pr ". r , "r
f t l _a
'
r '
r i .
' r nr
i . . I i t
"
r , i r '
' "
i r "' f i i r " f i J r r
' l
m, r i or i t ! 1{] a
qr amat i ( i cni l ol ca o I ot i r ni r r ni : n| i nal i vul oi
l i
oumi l i n ci r nsl ! t nl i i
,\,rtri/ttlt irt) .)l Ad(Lr.ss
( noninal.irul Toc.ttil')
1. , . t l l l l
'
. , 1; , r "l l
,
, , da
", . r : f t n. : t a, . t l l t r "i
nl
r ' 4
I
ct l t t i
, , , - r e, ' , 1.
, o. r ' i \ ' , , . . ' r
- l ' r r . l
' r . ' r l
'
- . r ' r ", r r r ' l
"F
l r '
pd' '
l l
, , , ' ! ozt t ] , r .
( l dr ul
nl eDLr zr t i ol dl
nu est e.
pr i n
ur l nar e. r Ln al ci r r r i l ca cr z car c: : c
, , ; - r
|
. . . ,
r ' i
'
, .
"i
r '
n, "/ i ;
l
'
1,
i
r ' '
1"
l r I
i L , t , l i l i r ,
l r r
' l ' .
l r \ d.
. ' r Lr 7- i r n
ul
- r i
r r zul pr r : pozi l i Lunl si nl ades. or i r e: ui i l c sun un
sirNur nunre cdeNrir: t:o.;t abiccli;
(Oli.x:tire
(:.ts.)
Ca
,si
cnzul
prepoziliolll1l'
r i . i , r ( f sl a nu est un
( az
di st i nct de cel e
pat r u cnuner dt o nl ai sus. cr ost ' t
(rrzul
fotrr|hmentllui
(liroft.
indirect sau
piepozilional- dupi cum o arat'a
inru,.i numclo s:'t culnrtul a/rjeciire. vcnind de la 0rj.d. eare tnseamnn
.,"'pt""1".t ii\\,r (Dic,:t Objai)' ind:trecr
(Indit\1 Otae.r/ sau
pfepozilio
tJ
( PrtposittonaL 0bica
).
1, . 1; SLr bsL. ant i vel e a' i d- o si ngu; f nf l f
pcnt r D t n. t e Lf l ur j l e i r r af r f i , l e
, r " , r ul r r nr f r
' , '
r ' un" h Je
"o: "on, "t '
( (
onn' n
. o:
I
r u"nFr
n"l r '
\iorare intrebuinlate, cr sau fnrd
prcpozilic. si$ de,tumirea
(le.
nominatil
! , LLi r i ! Df eD. , t i onat . . l at n
- . au
ar : uzai i r . .
( \ ' ezi
! i
"s
197)
( l azul
co un nu
u'
, r zr r r pr r . . , i I ' l , r . zi ' unI Ur , ' l : l i zr r I F r r si nl ni l i "i F'
s
lil9
. i
s(
I l t )1; 2) Dccliuarea srlsttntir[lui
( t o' l h. ) r oy
(oi rl,.l lirs
I
t l . hi t dt nhn : | L: t 4^t i l nl i . sl l i or i , i D . u\ i r l i l t r el t ni r t r t
r x $nshf t i v Di
l oai o
l l : r r r
l , mnur i . .
u adi cct i v snl st ant i t . r n g. r ondi r . un su' ni t i nl i t
t r r bd nn i i ni l i t , o
ldirriunr.
r..c!' !
si o
lroporilie,
o
t)nrtr
din {oeaslr sau o nfuti
: vf zj
s
l l l i t .
r \ i
7i
S
2r l 3! .
!
\ ' t , xi
s
: r s.
{l
Obset r al i e
\.easti formi unici pentru toate cazurile
-
cr.r cnccplia ge
jtivului
S
197
: . \ nn -
se nume. st e
f at ma
cam nd (Comt non Forn):
/ \ . 4. ) ' l h r "'
"
$"i
' "9.
(Ddt.)
I garc ilrc l,o! a
p.n.
G.) Na.y sees a Drs in il,c ga..lcn.
6an.
t a. : . ) Bo! , 6ne l r er el
Cu
prepozi t i e:
/C.D.)
He is a lriend of tLc bor ne\t doo!.
(Dat.) 1
sa\e
a pe1 tu nF boy.
E x
(
e p
l i
e :
geni Li vul saxon:
TIc Dos's
lci
is in I'is pencil-hor
NOMI NATI VUL
1TUD
\OIIIN,\TM CA Sril)
s
r9s
1) Defilli,tie.
-
Nominativul este cazul subicctuluil, al numelui predi-
S
ltt
,ti\' .,are deterninn
"qubictul
(rlunc prcdicativ
mbiectir'
-.
Suliulitl
, , , , t l . n1. nt )$al apozi l i i l oracost ora. El ri st )undel ai nt rebnri l eut ro. 2(: cj nel ' l
. : i i f r2 (: carel ) sau
(, l dt ?
(: cel ).
' I '
I unr l i i . \ . . i n"t i r ul hr i . r '
r i d
Jp ' \
200
r) subi cct sau part c di n subi ect ul unui rcrb l a un rl od personal :
\
2(l l
Tl .
"
7
' m"I ' or n
' a' l \
. , r ".
' "I l oI I
J, 1, . r t 11, , 1
h' r !
j oi n
d I ool . r
'
r \ p.
\ll ihlt n.rl ol .drl, {$ i,heirs.
,, nurrlo prodicatir.
care detcrnini subiectul (numc prcdicaliv
suL;er .s
2ll2
ii\ SulJjutit,e CanpLcnent) |
Shc is nr otl,.
Thc nc\L ii,ctu is l,lrc iDLc.laLional radio nriir.
Tlose Fho died
jn
the cause ol ihc p.otle
ale l...es.
,:, apozilie sau parte din apozilia unui substantir (sau a unui echiralenl.
S
203
il acestuia) care srn h nominativ':
-{da,
l,is dazgnr,/, likcs my novcl.
This is }cn' s trtcl\Pr, Ired Pork..
_ _
Dr. U.,. Aaad oi Ure English Dptblnent
jA
urc Lnife$il) ol Ohann, is now in
d) subicct al unui ljnitiv care frce part din prcdicat
in eonstruclia \ 20I
n\n\iti\ nonirltit, cu infini.tia3 :
. r / t r i s
l po. . J
oD c
' "r r
oood. r . "n. .
r I "
r , , l . , "d
". r . .
/ En3r l h, ", a. i , r , , t v.
e, subiect al unui parLicipiu prezcni,
care face pade din prdicat tn con
5
205
slr'uc,tia numiti noninatie ctl
larticipiua
c/ .
\ d not np, t / dqng ,
Lo. - .
ar d: $n.
1he .pacc roci .:t \ras s:rtched sodri ng
j nto
th. sl <J.
l
lacc cxccptic sulic.trt h razul ncnzittiv al unui rob la o lorrnir in,t*sonrlr
l i nl i ni t i v
san
l af t i ci pi u)
l S
! 50r r ) .
?\ ezi
{: 1t 39 b.
I
Y. zi
S
1l j t 5.
'
aYczi
51i 11.
$
20(i
04
s 207 3) Nominetivul
Yoeativ
(
^-
oninatire
of A.dbess) -
Noni
&tirul-locattv
-
-"
*i" ;;Jl"bstantivului
ci denunqte
o liin,n
sau un rucrlr r ura nir
Is lhat You,
rdnd':
An".
<' ; P. . 4: l d" n sl
Ft " r P {ou' -
f",;
",X.H",,'
::,
");;t,i
:r
ri,.y,i*nT
"
;,,,iro
r,o"o.
Nominativd
'rocatir'nu
are rcl sinLactic'
{Vozi
i i S
1e2l '
subiect
al unui
verb la un nrod irnpersonal
cu catc lorneazi
fon-
r\\tr1ilrd.
nom;nativ absal
ttl1 |
\
t . d' p
' i
mo r ar i o'
$:
pl ' r r ' d. ' r ' I or ' l r "
f ur
r J , "
", 1,
-i h"
; ; ; : ; .
,
o, ' t ron,
rr' i nr' rr
' rr'
' "*
T'i;";ii on the $irerss. I don'c"
'aizs
on tonisht
lhe .drr
tltc k' J of mI
' /' ar
i raditii (fhc Genitite
lJ2rcssing
f&nil!
ftlutianritip
)
rtt\
Urc tr"0' s'
NLr' s
the sldo{ o/
^
grcat
' rir' .
208
GENTTI VUI '
(THll GIiNIT{VE
C'\Sn)
: : Us
1r l l cl i t r i r i e.
Cer i i I ul . "z
I c' r i b' r l ul ' r i
- \ pr i r nJ
i n or i "' ur
r i r r dr ' 0' ' -
' r r
L
' pb-
pnpr i r a
i "a 3r "F
' "' pund"; r r
pr ; r I i p' l l r i '
. f
l ' i r r l
'
/ ' n' "
t
"l
ur . ' , . i
i , - i
t "' ui l ' s"r
xl ' t h
' l t ot
t
r r r r '
210
2) fi c.tii.-- Genitivul
are {le obicei tunclic
de illrlx'rrEl
e\prirrln
dile-
rite r,rpL'rtur'i, dintre c:rre cele rllai curentet
sinL urrndioarela:
i1l a)
lt)nitirul
pos.sie
('the
possesstue
GenitLte.'l
arata
pos'rsrunea:
.lr.h's t..is
ihe s'/@'l'lillrcr1s
rcd ties
iliis
,rr""r""',
rol.""
ilie d4ts kitlcns
,l'l
b)
!
titittl alrartenenlci
(fhe G'nitit'c
erprclsi(e
of dc|cnlloLr
)
attiii
aparlonrL.a i
r
Ur P \ l r t t , /
\
l l 3 t )
l eni l i r
L
i rrudi rea:
.U5'r sor
"-
*i,ljlil:li:{if"i'J,i,1X1"il;,,[,',H,;1ll#:i'::',f,ix1::i1""#:'"lliilll$li:
s,' DeLo.lv' s
adni.n[ion
rha
.lJrirg
af the bdbll
"'
,'","1;1.fi:i':"11s'i'f:ill?:,1{li,",;1'H"":Xi"':iit
fi'r#l#,"::il;:l:-'
3'[i:i;"r*'"'ifi:i,","
f:J};i']'ij"'t?''!dffi
r0r r ho*e
r
;'yl i:l; ;+l;:il:'l;,'
r
ii
;#l;r'
r'
:ir"iiri'""'i'i'i
rr''-
i'
:
r;:l
i.:"iii"
i;"
"i"t,...,
r,,
:, :.ilj lli,i,;,i.i/1li;:
ni |,,,,i r r l
115
$
;6e
s
570
2) lmbcle articole Eta.u tnaintea curintului whole, dar dnpd all, bothl,
S
i7l
rri re.
i ust :
The |hile
galden
wils in bloon.
I sdrked at )t lot a @hDl. eeek,
.1ll rtu siudents were pPsent,l
Ballt
(the
)
ptetts
weft Eeated at ttte table.r
Th" sl . dy or 0r ' i l p. , ur p r s qd; t p t h"
\ bpst
l hi ng l of
Xor .
U" saN od' r e n, , uml dr or ShaL"DedF s Dl r \ s.
Thjs is
t;s,
,n, house I $as lookini ior. {: iocmai)
li. is
jlsi
aa ordjnaly bcd' sittjrg' room.
(: nirnail
3) Cuf intele hall
rsi
doutule slnt urmdlc de articol cind reprezintl mnsuri:
S
572
holf a doze eggs dolble the srn
ftaf d
pint
ol bc4 daubte the
^nmbet
ldto rmnute' s silence d.ubb the si,ze
toit rie bottle was emply. lYo paid
dourk ,n, vatue.
Sjnl Insa
lr...ddr.
de .rrticol atunci clnd lormeazd un sdrstdntie comlus
S
573
.
'
u
' npwA
r d
"
cu
"ub. l r n' i \
ul ur mSl or :
ltu hLtt-ho
'
)
a.l lturl
\ \ . sp nt d
t
l "L an| 4' t
t
/ D, f
r F1oi ng.
We heard ,}l d,&rr4 iecl. ol the postman.
The word hns d d.Lblc nca\ing.
, \ se compara:
t ol l a 1, , l , daa
j
r , m. 1l d' "d
' oo' "di u
sdu \ Jcdnr l )
a i al f - l al t di u i o
' l , r pi
dmi l / 1
r i bc/ i .
' hP
h; ] J hoLda! J' r ! : , Jni . r ' d | ber
r .
r ve"v
\ , par hp d l or i l huLl a hat t uo! I n l ' s
pd"t r s.
Th, t . p, D / ' dl /
I " / oi r &y i n s"or l dnd.
Thuadav is a ldl noltdd
iii' ii'i i" ir"et;';i"-td" rhe halt hotiday .
CAZUBI
' N
CARE ANTICOLI' ] LIPSE;T!
J, OCUI , , \ RTI COLUI , UI
1) \mbele aflicole
lre.edd
substantivul sau al,ribulul acestuia:
VII. CAZURI IN CANE ARTICOLUL IIPSU$TE
dl substantivele care denunesc dDslld.itt
[NN]
(S 35)l
- B. t ut l J s t r ut h. nut h h bpout ! . '
l a, sd, r ' u' r 5
si l l er r cr i / . .
Rcguld
ge erali
Nu
prj mcsc art i col :
l t s. r bst enr i u"l . i r ' ' r ab"i nl - l c
. u i nl FI F
t
r pf al f \ \ l
2) subFtantivele care au url caracir de dn;cna,t
[NN]
s
s?i
1) S[bstantircl
l]numcr[l,ile cu in.tsles
gonoral
nu primesc articol; au
S
5?ti
"
Jr r ar t i . ol ul zpr o. -
l n ar pu. t a
, al egor i F i . ' r c ur met oar Pl e. ub. . - qr r r o
ind sint lnirebuintate cu sens
qeneric:
l
ldj{,0tirele d,l
ii
Dod nu se const.ni.sc co aru$]ul nehofi.it.
s
5?7
t!;
t nt t i Lr Lt ob:
t i r
I
t h Obi
t ' " G
ni t i J"t
p\ nr i nr r
' n1l ' l pm^nr ul
/ O' -
e 216
, , ' ; ' , i
. , ' 1, : ' ; ; ' i i l "
^, i ! - i n"
L , l ' al 1 ' su
' "
Fn' r - r br ' r :
x
;,:t:i,t{,ir:'i
,,",,
"
i*IHll:jl
;1"*Ji",i";li;3:fii
l ) ur i shmf i t
0f I r i " n{f ! hl Y
"'
i)l
,ij:*::pjf:,,:i?1i::r
,i'lli:,',i,{','3:1ti"l;,,''
"',
.."
r:1rirn,i
,,
s,niri*,ui
5
cranrati ca
l tmbl i
e' gteze
f )
l i nl t i . rnl
rl t srri pt i c
(' I he D60i pt i t ' !
Geni t t u' )
(l es$i e sr$Ft rnl i vut S
917
1,,'liljlii":lJ:i,1,i,,,,,
ll'i,;lr':'ri",,i"'" ""'
i;l'iii,ll"l'jiij,""-,,.rr,"';?1fi
"
f,iirJ'
' : ) l ni t i rrl
al ra: i t t '
(' l l t ( t
pposi t i t "' Geni t i t ' t )
ayi l 1rl
roLni unei
si nrpl e \
t l s
. p, , ; i l .
l . , ri ' i , r, , i l z"azn
pri n rri ri ne
propri i subst ant i vuL
det rrr"nar:
!i:' iiljil,ll"lj,lilJu'*,r
lii:
illi,,il,i'";::ll;-
l , )
-
r i l t
' 11
p' t t t i ! : r t l h' Pnr t ; t ' t .
. 1;
r ; t t r
'
c{r : '
l +' | r P'
I n l ' r ' r r ' l i '
l ' t
l l f '
i "' , - r ' 1. ' . 1, . .
"' i ' l ' l
i t Jp| i r i \
i a l ; r n' l i r ' r ' pur r l
i H' r \ i nr
r l i ' r / r nr r "
l "r
r i :
i'i''iil,'l",ilil'i:f''*
lll",'':i'i["li'Jl""li
i)
y
itiral
itl]lttunll]tn
al. sul'trlutbtllui!
(Tht: {;t/titir'
of Gt1tLalkn) S
22u
crpri mn
rrol i unea
dP suf erl at l \
:
|i, '.
',
''
'"i
',
':,
;;,1''
',"';,-''
''
'
''
"
'
"
'
r l f r "". .
. , 1
t t
l
t
-
. '
^t
'
. n
; l ) l ' r. rdu{10re.
(}l rni t i vul di o l i nba
erql ezi
se t rat l r(e
i I
gc ere i n
S
s2l
l i ni ba
r orl Al d
pu' l :
-"
", 1
""
*' i t "
(ge i t i vul
posesi v al apurt eneDf
i at i nrurt i f i i
et ! ):
q
22t
l1''i.ii"":i'o-r
i'l:'i,l,",il{"i''"'""1'ilfi
i
"l,i.'f,ili'i\i.,.,,r
l!i"i.'il"ll^{.ii'lj1;ir
, ,
(| (n, st ruc1, i R . ?f
+
subst ant rv
(sc i t i \ . des$i f t i Y):
I
! 13
il'l;l',J"iii,"
n ,",r i:'ii;1"!Y,"il""i1{
o' 0""'''"'
i
ll*rl.-;:',;i,,t,, I'j,l)ilii.1'";.T1".,"l'
l),;il"tiili:i'5,",,.,
l'rliiii,i
;l"ilt",
f1"i1,i",li",ll',,,')
il'J,#ii'lii,)':"lii,,'!"
. . 1 f ul i nt el e
i l i ni r' ,
di n
(parl i t i {)
(sel ri l i . | -
l ari i l i v):
\
22{
' ' ' ' , , 1' "' " ; ' ; , --"", ,
i
1
i ' -' " ; -
"-"
' '
l i i ]"i
;'
"'
," ,
' ' ,'
' :
1,,::
' l
' l '
' i
' i "1 "'
60M
S
225
dJ o apozi t i (Feni t i v apozi ri v):
thc Isle o/ Md?
the dt.v of RuctL at
(:
hs'na ltanl
l= ol\ut Duclresi.i)
thc monUi o/ Jondf,
5i..
"rdlr4's
Park
i:lnDa
innudic) (.-
rJarcut
Sr. Ja cs)
S
228
cJ un adjectiv (geniti.!' dcscripr,iv):
r : , ". - l o,
, l
I
,
. , .
t t , . | t
: a. t .
.
. i r dei r J. i r 1
t o, t r , i _.
S
9P7 4) trolllll.
- Genirivul are in linba erglezn d.a d
fart
.l
,\.
!.nitiral
s.oor (sau ft\ior.f)i
B. gti;iti eul p-epa:i1ionut.
S
298
-{.
ctrrtlrtul s,rrxor\ ${rJ c,tZUL
pos}istr
(?riti
stxos on\rfilu 0n
posstrssr!}j
(,tsE)
S
229
Forlrlli.
- Cenirivul saxon. nrrnjjt.
,\i
cozul
posasi!.
ceniri\ui flc\ioxrr
F"L, gpni i i r l
. i ' r "
i . .
-
.
r
,
, r n : : r r r | , . 2 , 1 . . t . r . , i r i , - t . r
di r t : mL1
- r : t , . / a
r 0r m: 1r
,
f l n l l - 1, I n, . Ll
Fi . n
r ; mJ. i t r r \ , , hi r l r i i
, , F
i r i !
. , . 0
.
$
SeO
1)
$ingutar. La s;rgutar. r:azul posesiw
sc tormeazn
adilldndu se s
I "por l l ul \ ) , l a l or mH uH nu' ni r I i r . i , , : , u11' ,
. , r 1.
, t , ' j r , ""
; r d. l . t
, , .
t ,
, . 1
subslant[rul
respecti! s.: tontind sdn nn Ln
-s..
r,' .r's
hools rlr .trn"nr.s
herd
otr.
s,',se,s
eAss
Btan he';' .t)i1\j
th.
Jel8.'r
lerd4t .tu]/fr,,.r iim.latrlc
tli. huEe
/i.n
s lail
Er cepl i i
231 Pr i mesc n r, 6i , rt u! t rnt ul :
2I !
. _ ' t )
subst rrt i l pl p . r , aror
srl abn l i nal n nrri pc
t t i
se t eni i nn . u suret ul
t r j
! i u
t z t :
C..esls' lreasu.s lsir' tfrnjrla
23e ,J cjtel'a substantiye comunc tornlinate ;n s,'netut
[s]
ti
urnnte .Ie
curintul s.lA.:
s
s
tn.r .d ,p' s m.mllN
Si. ?r"Das' .c f{osriiel
C/d,,rd.-. r Lr(rltoir.dia
,i.ldrs' s atrd It' .rr' s riol.cls
,ll.! s fransisto. radio
I' r .ozfdrt.r..'
sake
i or , ", ornC sal c, erc-
231 l n
nczr , l . l p
t , ; . ct r o. r ' ot . l r u
, . , a.
bl , : . t or i , r : t A a^. l J. i , , r t i r , t .
- ,
t c. .
eul or un,
n- ;
i l i n, r . oJi ' , {' d/ J r l t ,
or i nu. l n i t r i
.
, . i :
tor g,od,.sr
sake tor ..ns.i.,..
sake
ror.on' dn,4..
sak-A ior tL.lt Dffite
sake, ell.
. 1\ ' ". t
, f
J"nr i \
l i
- n
, , d"J: r - : . ,
. . b. t Jr t : . . . r |
, , . . .
r n, l . , 1
Tr r , et nt a
r o. dl cj . , dr s! . r ur r r nt f e l r mD
: Tp"mr n, r i a
r . r
. t . i
t , . 1- n\
' .
. -
1, . ", , r t . i
. _
d, r t
, . , r . o, n
t " s r , J.
t .
, , Jt
,
,
l 11' , r / p s.
t , r u,
nnr i
f ! t o
nr l l .
Obser eal i e
\ un, - 1.
pr opr i t
'
' mi n0l p
i n ' i bi l Jn
l
. ul r r Jt '
da si / /
. '
. ' , Li *i ; ; ; ; , ; ;
nnrFrmi naro
rn si bi l nnra l i
urm
"P
dF sd' rr
i rL, i . n"
l adi cd
pri mcl c
' s (apost ror
s)] :
Ior ?/dnas's
srkc
l:"" i#lf,'J3*
Iot Ar;''s sake
iii r.l;i"i'";t"
art lor o"s sake
GonitlYul
nrmclor
proprii striinc -
moilcroe
sau
6n1i36
-
lcrminate-ro $
236
. ", i r. Jt i . l - i "". i "
i , r, "rari t i "
se
con' porra
' a
i i
' al F
enJl ' z"rl i r$ 2{r'
zJrr:
C'ilnDlst
cgg
Il'rdtl'J's
l'asks
i:x*f*;s"
iltf'[a:i:"HTi4'l
-Eaaz' sr
house
p;no;tnces' 6 oratioN
i'*;*'"*::l'"
d;ii:""qlilll!4:"-"
t-,'t;;;;;'r"1" 'r;;r's'
kingdom
\fpsati
iiruarie
\e
,"lir":l' :
l^.-' :ir:li,T;.,TliJ,T.t:If!i^r".lii"l,' "' ""1
s
*t
f n hr/ ' ) si
est o l ncnt i onLi
arcr
l Anl ru
cr
cu nql6za
{ormala
sorisi
.
"--,-
-?
omiie arit
tn scris. cit
ti
oral -s.
\ t l uJment e
i ns6!
pant ru
P' nonr s(
i
t l i i
i ' i i i "r ' i i i ' ' l ' ot ul
manr i nr nJu
( c
r or u' ci r n s' r F:
Pn4ebrs' iame
fler' L1' s'
flub
i"'"'?"'iir'ii"*Pt'Y
L''nk' blrth
l , . t d' s' cour age
_A/ ur r 1J' at t i l Lr de
I Jni i aULor i ' P. ^f f sndal nLf ebul nl ar F- l gFn; l i \ xl ui ' pf Apozi Li onal l nspeci Jl s2: | 3
r ,
", "l l i .
pr "p; ' anr i ' c
l ungi . ' i
l a cel p r pr ni ndt "
i n
": zl :
' h" $or l q
o/ ?4
e7
L' ,
' nr
P"i n
r t
'
'
Lt Ht PPa"' t "
i l ot d
L, ul r i mpl p
dF. cni i
s- a
I n. r r at ' nr r
i or Fa
dp cFni r i v
sa\ or r
epi ni ' a
Pi 11
S
239
"
, "1i f i ; ; i i ;
s; csr d. r "t i zar d
pr i n i nr r pbu' | n' ar ' 1
dpo' r r or ur ' r i t i i ' i . , ", - "Y1""'
. , , i . i . , "1i "' r .
r ". ; i ""' " l a' i nsul i t
i a
\ '
r ' s"r
:
Pr onu. t r r i
I r nqr ur l r r nLLZI
nrn! i ni rdu-se
i nsdi
thc
ac'r'st'
|
ktrsrzl fa'r'
t' he
rzi' rss'
[
$ertr$tz]
rmrc
: , Ja"
d
' r m/ r /
I ' JI L
|"1i:ri'o'r"r"'*''"lriil'"
il'''
-"
u
2) Plursl. -
La ptural,
cazur
poscsiv se formeaze
h do'rd
moduli: S
2{0
a) ta
pluralul terminaf
in litera
's se adaugi
apostroful
firi sr S
911
her f t ; r /
na
"
t ph' P l - '
; h i , ; j '
' . i r "'
ii'*
tuit'
'e
Brnelr'-
rouse
l) la
pluralul care
nu se termini
in lilera -s
se atlaugd
's (apostroful
s):
$
2{2
run'! hais
gff::i
i:iy*
cliildTeD' ! Eanes
-. . --, , -
. i
-, h-
E 235
se supun
reguLu
I
In
-F&uz
tlrenlsl'
lrre'a
''
lj..
c:r
ti
sibilantr
:.
pmnnnlat;l
ca
i
mnnne$
sc rornl'rt'i
ltr aceirst;l
srttra
"s
213
{lox{tuzie
Cazul pov
j !
se f oni f azn:
1t l , t
"i n: . rt . l t r.
Jdrx, , i i rl u i e
, s
(apost rof s) i i r i o. rt e subsi anl i \ f l e col l l unt ,
.
u
r ' - opr r r . . l , r Jr
1, , , "1,
' r mi r
' -
| r
s.
"s
244 Er ct i pl i i
lll substanl.ilale terminHto inrr o sihhn cnre in(,cpo
ti
se termini flr ,;
, . / ct t cva subst ant i l c
t emi nare i n sunFt ut s, ul ndt e rl e si rl . :
2) 1. 0 pt ut dl :
d/ adi ugt rdu, sc at ost rol ul f i r: i s 1a pt urat cl e
i el \ rri nri t I i I r:
, , a, l i uqi l l du-sc . - (aposrrof
r) h pt uri i kt e rerf t ' l nt rrat {, i r . ".
s
2Jt
: l t . nl i e !
Spr e r l eosebi l ' e r l o l i mba r om6r r i , subst a l ; \ ul i n cazut
r ) oser i 1, ! / . a, / n
' , , . ' . l aof i , , l ' r r , i
l , . s- , l J' . , "F, . r t cpr n, , , i . t . t J
n, l , r l . , r , . l , r r r : br r
, 1, . , t - .
l r nl , r cpr Fl r ' ' | | | i
' , . . J. . \ . ' l J, Fd. , i i r , - p: ndu- . , , ' r
ur t i r r Ll
, . , , \ , , , r
( . ub
stantivul determirat)
Ei
co tjnuindu-se cu cel sau cele {are il preccdi.
in orrlidra
apr ut , i "r i i l ^' d- cl .
SF \ a t i r , F. bi n^i r r Fl FS.
. "j L, a
J" t , , r ] t ul
, . H cuL. . r , r i v"t , .
JFl . ' m; nAnr F sl , i l ui . . . r u
j ' l r i bur . l e
l ur un
; r r , p
si . i ; r Ji , . d ; ndr , . , r h , i . i
se aplion in {cest .,az u subslanri\-ului deramjn;ni izotar. ci intregului grrp:
nr"r clder sisre/'s l.lio
trer lalc n,.\rnd,s D-d,..'s hoNf,
r ""i . . . . f , , ' br ' r or i r . ' l . , ! l i r / r ' i
- d. b
?, r ' . i ( p. r r r , l ui
r i . o
' h
/ , r r , ", r i . l o' .
4, . . , , . . . r ' r , - r , h. r '
I
j ' r ' i r i i hr oi
al ! , l f i i l or l ( ner dut nt \ . sr i , i l i i , t , , i t l i Rol , )
f4r.'s
!d..nh'
risilr
(:
fizit.a
trirnrlild
tui rinte)
Subslanl.i|ul determinat nr esl. pr.1:.:dar
tt.i articol:
the
tost,na,is
,ln,rn (nd
fostmn\
,nc knook,)
thc flrildr.ns h.q t
ls
lt\t .hitdNr's ,t. .e* io-rs:i
S ! i 8 Subsrant i l ul i n. nzul pose. i v poat e I i hsn prcedat
sa nLr de. rrt i rol l
i n l un, l i p
' l p
r nr . l . s d, , r n; ar un, i , i nd
". r n "n
i , "m" pr or , r i r r
t a sr nq, r l . r , :
$
246
ia
217
s
: I l (l:rzuri
speci:rle
$
9.',0
.
1) Glltpurile de ruvirrte
li
titirlaturil conrtmsc au semnut cazului poscsiv
adnuqat Ia ultimul eu\-inj,:
Ih. ttd! Llforc\ pat' pt
nr, r&ri.r-t ldq,.r irords
tt.
lais
and a hatf' : ntlar t.li rdnr Cltel Jr.-rnr,s {ddnss
i n a ni l ul e at e, s i i t :
nRsi t I i dnt t ; t h Mnet u, . r ot hef ( t a, LL. l
tt1. i.:tt Lraan Ankticatt ireokt ua,{ tirehani: t)jrt \\orli
.,lfg!
lrrl |,s.
. Tot
ast f el numel e (de pcrsoane,
dc t i rnre erc. ) : rl oi i l uj t e di n nl ^i rj rrt re
(
Puttlr inltcbui
lafta
a ircLuLui t:n nnmcle proprii,
r,r.:t ,si
g
463).
i^ nt:nr! I III' : L"jgn
th,, td;roz Co.' .r r,$rds
09
.t) Cnrd doui subsiixtile
lcgokr
llrin
'axal"
rprezinti
pos$orii aceluiatj
S
2l'I
1, . 1. ' . r , ! ' dl cr z, , l \ r i p. sp' i \ ' F a' l ' r r e" l a ul i mul
' u\ r nr :
\ \ ' l h
r i -
ar l
11 . .
R. t ' ot ov
, ot nl n t
-
1. t . , . . "t t ! t ,
", . d
i / o"
r o l . s l ' r ^", r i . " n' dbor ' l
Ci nd i nsi obi cl ul nu aparl i nn ami
(l urora.
se spLrne:
\1ith llltrv' s rnd Jn"r' s
,!mlliments.
t-^' ;rr. J;ri' " and lrihor\-$o|lts
iluriLri
indiridual' i
' r
t t l or i ! i a
pr i i p. l . s' r r ' r r l
' zul ui
pu
*r v
I t
"'
hl :
, , /
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Par F i nl r . b' r r nLor at t t ht t '
'
Pl u7' r r r
'
I i
i I' rr1ljnlul ei cuvint:
TJ, . a, r
l
r ' r r l , t ; l ' n\ "
H, , \ ' 1nu ml l r s' r
/ "r / e h' Fl -
d'
I {lid t|is lo. JuPs ,z? amll,r. s salic
Il.r.I
llII l/k nins
"f
|:n!lan' 1' : munr' ' \ilfs
bJ dacn
geni l , i {ul
st e i nl rbui rr! , al
predi . t at i o. scl nnul
l osc"qi f i t l uj
S
i )i ' 3
e. rc
f rhi t
rl c apozi f i e s, ru de s, t bst ant i vul det ermj nar:
' Ihcsc iro15 a.e Prt{ ln ,' /.rs. san
Trif$ bovs dre /.r.f' r lhe .nrtft
' l he aPro; is mv sister ,mirsr' s s a u
' fhc almn is nrl sisl.t' J
Emil.r*
cj Rareori, scrnnul posesivului se
giseDte la ambele substallive:
"s
2l'1
Tlcsc hovs de P.t.t' s the carter' s
She \vas
goi,,A 1o Libbu' s thc
st
t.t' s
4r suDri maren aposl rol l hri
l a razul po' c. i l . l n I i mba
nncl ' r"
'
"nt ' m
$
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n
. r n. ' s r ' i ' . ,
or ' , r . ni r obi c"r ul , a aposl r ot ul c. ni l i \ ul r r i ' axu' ' "
t i F
' upr i nr r l '
' \ . - - 13
Fsl F
i n. pc. i al
, dzul
' ubsl or , l i ! Fl or ,
r r l nr ni J" nl ur al . dr "n' r
' r nl
n!
"r r . r a
i , h". ' de
f ^. e. i unt s, , 1. si
"r - mI l
J" r ul r i mar e d l r po' 1"' l r l r r r
' -
i nl l l -
r , . i n
,
r nd . ur "r ' r si l ' . i r ' g, r l ar .
l i l - r d
'
' ' l er r ! r r r i nd, ' P
I n' i :
1sg )
St.
'1lro,'r
(town)
1s(.)
Sl- ,1rdld s (to$n)
i sa. l
. / ' r s- house spi , i i
1tl.l
ih. ln'o lca.." Plat
1!l.l a ieN n,r's rest
lil.)
a 1w. miles dislaroc
,\nrbele lonno. cu snu iird aposl.rof.
se intjlneso adseori ilr
-acrlqi
eon-
S
t50
iert. Urmiloarcle
\emple sinl nume consacrale
de t'eRt'o
li
snli de concerL
"i"..
.p;-;r," din p asina' sp ecl,a c olelor ziArului "?/l,
Iirnrs". noienrbrie 18'
1978:
I l ukr of l orras, Pri nt r. Cnar] | s, Sl l l af t nr' r i rr Sl l {t t t i ns Lanel
\ l Jndl n, i r
Qu. ei r ,
f l c.
Tol . ' . l i ' l
c/
Jau' ' Raoa ni n Lt ' l ;
l l
u
' uhur hi '
I ' r r nr l ' r l Lur r ' l r ei '
j , . ,
' i ,
. \ / Jr r ' ,
.
Rood nt . .
! o?
^
. , r bur l i ,
I '
q. r ' 1.
. i
5,
/ , , , , r / l nal i r r _- ' r , r l
L, r ' , l F i . DF t a! 1.
: l . l , r n". . ' p
' r ' ' l ^
"i n. , - nr - / "
ur i d r , r r t ni r '
. l
' punr nr r ' .
r . .
1. ,
' , dr '
bi d- i i . ar p
| , l , u ur l ni ' r . I r r
, . r l , '
' r nl ' J
r l ' '
r l r '
F
14 r r r ur "
-
SuDri ui area aposl rof ul ui
l a cazri l
poseri Y d JLt . l n rl l rri i ut t d \ (ri pri ' H
: 257
. i t ol er l r a d r r ci
. r , r i r - . , r b. r "r ,
i r "t ": , ' , , t i \ , , r
sF, , r r ; ' - l
. |
- , '
n. r , f ul ui . , i i v, l
L' ,
i r i \ . 1 i l
s, l r r r "l ul ui
. i
'
, l i \ u'
l , l ' r r ' ' l ul ur
nhi "nui ' r r r "n' l i - d' J l i ai i \ '
- ut i \ r
i n f . cr "
' , , '
pr n' 1, , . , - ni ur i i
' u
ur n' d
"4. 1" "r Fr ' i r r r -
i r r en4' / a
--'-.r1"*
i:"""t *tr"t infertiturtine in
p ririrlla locu lui apostroiului in inl'enfia
i
'58
rorbi f orul ui . do. i amLi sui Lat e
qi coni uzi e
l n l cri t ul
(omuni cdri i :
s
25r
de obicei
r
lczi
ii
idrirn \i.ol.sl. 7."dirjc in olgletn hrikrnin cant' ntPo nti'
i 0M
2i 9 6i J
: i
r , , , r ' , "1-
l ' r ot , r i i
d i ' , "r i r ul i , . t i r n, ", t , br ; i . m. ! a
;
. r . . r
, u- ' n
- .
pi l rl
uri
,
. ) si r t d" rceul "
, onsi d. rat e pl ural e
i i
t ral at c ca at dre i pri vi nl a
rcordrihri l,rr cu verbul
rqi
(,u pronumle
eLc. r{xpcctire, rimine iotusi incerti
t u. i i n! , 1 | rrnt i l n pri ri nf , a
nuni rul ui
-
si ngul ar sau pl ural al . numel ui
propriu
ti
afensta in domenii tn care coa rnai mici eroaie poalc
atca conse
ci nl e dezai t rooa3e. i n donrni ul af aceri l or:
1- t
I , l .
r r . ,
d, . . di i
r t t r l d, uLr . t - , r j ,
. , , - r
- i , , . .
' .
! . t , i t . t . 1
. , .
r , t , L. . 1, r l
l , , Jyl l r
i :
( l ds, l l 3l
Ad, . | r or sl t out a r . N dl . t i onnf J.
:lll0 .l
tr.zerla
unor subii,antive aparnt plurale .,u rol de adjeotiv in for-
JrLrftn sulJstantirelor rornpuse a prLrdus ezitnri la plirdr.a
regu)ii roDlorm
, . "i ' , l . n, nul r ' r r . , l nan
Fd- . , r \ i l , n' r - . r ,
a, r l , . , ;
t i \ ,
^mr u.
nu t r FLui -
. . : ' 1, "
i ur "
"
, 1, nl , [ dl r : : . 1.
1f 6, . S- ,
' , j ui
"
di | l "1
r d
r n
"pbui r . t
, r p. , di n. ai r
.ie rnri lrc(rcni,i a pluralulLri
elcme telor secundlre ln substantivele oompuse.
uneori partr)el
cu trcelea constnrite dupn priicipiilc gramat;fale:
261 d) a,lcsoori nr se mai
lroatc
deosebi dacn un detrminant, ast,e considerat
din pLr
rt de
.r-edere
glamatical
un simplu ptural cu rol de arliectir.. un genitiv
saxon silEular sau unul plural.
-{cesta
est,c cazul substantivelor ca:
tllr iltr.. d,./,!- old rihild
tfn sli/lingr
rrin
Dione!
llr. d' fe( Loute ol Wo.l}Ltth-.
ih. t!tcnl,.\' .3/.ah' olds
th. fhf.{r ,' ?.}' 6kl .lijld
Thc lnii|!d .l'aro,s OrgarizatioD
a! oltl rU(sl.'s srle
i.h! ont
/a;rrr
dela.irne!l cnt.ai.r
!, mri nlult lnrl accasti ercesir.n sirnplilicare a lost cauz.r int!buin-
ldrji
nejLtsiificate a unor substanLive cu h,ieles de singular.onsacfste nr
englzr
(ontemporani
sub formir dc plrrall
I're qot
to
so
to n), ran,t.rs.
IIJ,l&r.fs ,rc Uli l(i.
tlacc
lof r0,, lo go
10.
l \ r
j r sl
hnd mX gl ot s scr l l o Lhc. l , a/ N.
iar lirrDtl acst.i categorii dc niagaziue poarl,i nrrme|: B. Smith. dlr:azr:rs.
2(i2 :r) Sulrrimarca substaDtirului d.'tcrllrillal.
-
ln uncle cazuri, sLrbstln-
t i l ul dcl ?r mi nat nu
"qe
mai e\ pr i mi . deoar cce cl sa i r l dago di r oont o\ t t :
\ l ' ! sLal l ncci al nr r ( nr , s ( hous. t .
Lcl's go
1o LotLi. ,rrd'.1
hnaoet.
To. r ' . ' . 1r , al l
- l . !
I I o", r 1-
o' r , r . \ . r . . , - . . ,
Ile weDt iolo Jinps,/'s l.cstan.ant,t.
Iler ial|.f is il, J, ?,toz,as'r ltk3pit{t}
"\1hov, roice $as that?,,
,.r_4'is's
iroir,l
,'
sirall re alsit I/ 1,orl':r
lCatherlf!tl
loriir?
a'rr.idr.'s
lEorelt .tr J,t,J tcotr.slt
ltudnor
"!!..rar,l's
1lt\l,iLition)
-
L,ri'
icri.k!t.
chb). o"..,,s
(Hrt|.
, 63
gr i l
265
s
I
s
Intrcbridtarer caznitri
!o!$1r
l i Ro3 l i
Spupr al t . .
C.
zLl
t u- ^i ,
s"i r ' t r "l . . i d/ - i r ' . , : . r ' t ^, ' r f l , :
d/ uL nr r \ ": " pr .
^
I ' a i , , i Jl :
r
CnrniLel{' s r|njl,lrsc 1D e\.Drtrl. tfu!j!ie nrsi .\tj.irrrre it r.,ri rjinil s:nt
Ifec14^1e
de u r dj r ' . l i \ .
l osesi r :
"L. l s mer l . _r t &r nr r s. l , , . . St i al l $e go t , , y, t pl r . i , ,
zl
,l substa irele colciive ca: tlalian, .auhtrlJ,
loJi
l'ttion
gaacrnn']
, \
z&li
.,b1,it:is1ra1ian.
Parlianent,
mdiorrtl!' campanU'
J ll
erc:
the @znt!' s
slog' aPhY
thc za,i,n' r relrfs.ntairlcs
the ,,oll' s
roi,cs
rhe
lzrt' s
rc.dict
P, , r , i c
! of l , i nd. J"r or i ' .
r c
Ji nr pi de i i "
t l i f i "
n
. : 1- | | '
r r , r pr osl ' ur i '
uL. t er '
: '
'
hi r r
'
l "
nr nunF
,si
de nivelare
din
pot rYeal a gen! hv
. l subst ant i vel c
care numesc
sau sngereazi t i t dl i de
j i : : l l t i .
cUmensi une.
greut at . , ral oare et c
):
a three lo,ru' iaik
I l.ro ,.il.s' $a]h
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) "
\ \ "
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di r l
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l , . , f ar n, ) i
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- q,
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il a 7ro,:.nas rro1i.r.
I
Pt,' rNorui
a s/dn,' r thol'
three slill,ngtl \rolth
the ,drl.' s ltrrglh
.nc' s ,,n' r' s \torth
lvlzi ii
S
:99)
lor rele da Eeniti$
sarion ale sul-'siantivclor
care dcnunls(r
uitnli de
$
2ii8
r,;r.rii
p"t li lrilocuitc uneoti
9i
prin forme edj'ctivale compu:'
ale cnror
flenrntc sini unite
Prir
cratinA:
a l,.ehab t l1tr
a t4, r,tle NalL
l n cat ceori e
r. i ni t i l t -i l or de t i np i nt rd
qj : 1ado4' l nt ot t or' '
l / t s' / ' / n4
""/ i
S
9{; 9
t , h \ .
, t ""r .
t | nt t n. ol t n' or
' \
n t t r ' - n' Dn ur ' r sr r r u
'
l e
i r '
r r l o r Jnl
IusI
(cciis
rtcotnts
fte\! /anlr'.- liolnlrY
-\
lli&r,mn,d ,\lsnts Dr.id
The Ift'r./'r Trle
lalc le.n S?rrnD.r's-
the ,ar./ ac&.e's
Paper.
d/ cit1'a substantirc
,-'ornd710 urrate de cuviotul saA': S
S7o
tor obe.li.encc' sa:ke
lor
l4d.tr4
s{lte
i n caalla.
,r
td
lof
!"d
r
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t i i i . . . ,
, 1/ a . ak. .
Ior .o' s.t;.., sako
ior,.der' s sake
lof tr..!' s sako
lor
l' lY' s
sakc
(Vezi
ii !
23il' !3{l
.J substantivele. nurnc d obicie
jnaninate'
care
pot r\'ea gerui nlascu-
S
2;l
l i r, sau t erni ni n t {
70)l
; )
i ", l i "
""d' i . "i ! i . , . ""
l --' . *" abst f acl i i . sent i ment e,
ect ' i . , ni , i nsu-
S
2?2
ani l \ 7l )
ct c :
' ' , / i '
' 1o. 1
R- u' ! i L t ' / a' L"boui Lo'
,-"J unele obieete
$i
aspertc rLtn naturi, sau clemente
!i
fiomene
natu'
$
97:l
r ai e. unpo, i
pr soni t i cdt . et c i $72) l
nsurl
(tjnrp,
S
26?
;i
ario',inpuri:
, l ays n. ws
_
!.tlnttl!.t
natr
.
.u' r.ddy' s
tiptl
ltif s,n lrislit
She wis r{ding
rslitlliDs-nl,
noncdd
lerinatri.
toll\i menlioDati oa ralod. nu nunni h tecul'
i
27{ / ' ". / un' , l c
(
)s
7:j, rti
):
t hc
' i Ai l ' s
r ool n' ss l h' {t 1\ - $i i i l
hr nrr,' J .nld ,l..fin,ss /-or,r-s liftl
?i z' r nt h| ssn. ss , / . s i or
-1rr,,r' r
{rr
gnmrenl tlrt sr,f,fs lilnrncf
. \ ' at , r . . - r i ai r \ o. d] s r t . / . o/ i \ - door
rrrne grogmi i . e (de
c{nt i nent e.
! i ri .
regi uni , ora' sei ri uri et c.
l/.nrrs
lro|lf.rs
a.,,l,r's lrmous
parks
/ ar l i a s l . r nr ol ! or . Hr r l l t i l ! ' l r r , , r . s i ot r Nc
l , ' . i l dt L' ' _
g,
oI r aPLi .
l osi i Lox
( , / r , ' al l s
l ei r r l l ng i l . osl ) hr r '
S
27' i
, r ' ". )
i i nel e l ubsl ant i \ o c( r l l f r cl e. nume de, ) bi r cl e i n l i mnt e f ar .
pi r
i r zr sr , nl e f u o i al d pr opr i e ( S 84) :
D' r . af r \ f hi r l s t l ' e . , r s. r ' r
. r ' w
l l l r . , 3i , as st anmf r l l e si i / ' s nr ar t
s
27ri
t /
unel e e, t presi i consacrat . ca:
tLr o' s
/r,s4'
en' ls
or l ol / . , r , t s $a)
hrf /r,rr' s dcsir!
ihr
J,u,ry' r
,' C
l - u , ' l
, l p
LF
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J' r
r i
Ln. l F
?ither. trcith.r, one ett..lolnrele comprrsr-' .u
d/o/rds iitirr tun" Lad\' s tr.l))' :r
. , / n. f r ol n. d, r , , c r ol nr i oD
r.irrcr' r nrni ,orody' r l dli
' , esbcst
l r i er ds t {. r 4, , . . " $i sh
\ \ ho r r . s
I r r oi r osi l
s) 1al l \ t f
( , or snl er
r or ?
27tt 2) htrrhuintnrs
gcnitivuhi
saxol ir loct
gclitivdni prepozi,lionsl.
l ' ] ri rt , u conci zi e, zi arel prI ra geni t nul saron geni t i \ ul ui prePozi l i onal .
rnai l t l es 1l t i l t uri :
?, r , r i L 5 : o! ' r r "xr l l l
2i 9 Ll e rapt . i n l i rnbu ca
; i
i n
"nr
i L' dl e roni empora! i g s, r i nl i hre$c i n mod curent
t ol na dc geni t i t s. {ri ol i t pebui nl dl i
i i
ponGu i rl ni m. , t o di r Lrut zn ron, i zi ei
ri . pro(nru. ondunat i nsn de prri l st i :
tl
.(
9?7
1| f , , aJ.
"_
i r onL l ool
l l i f zl ./,r' .s ffl l t,.i i on
i n t l i f
t i l l , (
s sl r i Pf
pfonulnc nehoiiiriie, ca.i o,notit.t,
satne. anu, o, caery etrc.
Ft
a(iverDul
l n ! , h. vt r r d s . l i t f , , l nr n
0r c oi t l , " , zt s
j r r ks
t80 :i)
(;c
itir'nl srron irlofnit
(u
Nulstrnti\'1'
r' : rzul po: resi ! . ci rrl
f osesoml
rt rl {' sl c o l i i ot : t .
subsl r l i l . ompus:
(
omt l usc. Sub; i xnt i t ul i r
se i rl orui et t e adesori
(, u
un
rilfr ratrlt sn' ,bP.!,
' (ritri
nr \ lr.
(rh.li.
st,i/a t:n!ti!h, tn l.ti/,rr!it: trn,nttt
[o,
FtftigL Strden|s,
B, GXNTTIT Ul, PRXPOZITIONIL
Ir[I'
PRI' JPOSIT' IOX,r.r, GENITTYD}
l) l'onni. -- Genil,ivul
prepozjlional. nulnit dc unii
{t anf ez" sau . . normand"
(Nornan Get i t i at ), ori geni l i \ ut
di rt r' un aruzat j r- preredar de prepozi {i a ol :
tl,c lnlure ol ,,d,li,l lht lpa! o/ tlie a.!s
2) irtrcbnin,tflro. - Gerilirui
prepozilionsl osle prin er( ekjnl:i geDitivul
S
983
substadlj\'elor neutre
,si
sc
jntrabuinleaz'i
a;adar
(le
prefe nle in cazul sub-
stantire.lor .,are nu numesc iii 1,c:
urc rool o/ ihe /F/r. 1l t "
\ i
t l i r !
"f
1
'
t "nl Lr , n. t
-\
se obseN'a h special intr{,l,u nr1a' ca genitivului prepozi{iona1 la,?41..
S
98+
dupn cul nrt ul
' , onl l , r
precun
t i
dut )n u, , {, 1. den , ri ri geogral i ce (coni n, ert ,
1tu rrj\t.ti .[ D.t tir l hc \ i l l agc , / al . r l l h
7A
s
28r
aul ori
f i
. . qcri t i vul
$
282
anal i l i c. est e f o rat
i r , c . on1i r d, t , / l st a Lr , . OUU , / . r / . , ?i ,
lie So,,i{risr. Irel,llb!i. .l h.rrt.1i tt\p ts)e al tlal
E r.
(
c
! !
i. i. : nu,nele de duri
l ne r i ve. Danuj r . t ht f i \ . r Thr mcs t hl r j {er
\ l ' r s. 1
l l ) i nl r ebui nt ar ca
geni t i r uh; pr epozi t i onal i n l ocnl
! r I i t i \ l | l I i
\ 8\ on.
i ' l si
L, ' , , i , i ' , , 1
nnl nT: l i l n1l
p
"
r r ' , , r i
' , ,
L' i nl i r
: i I ' p, ,
, r
j , L
r ' , ' . r . l '
, , ar e nunesf l i i ni . c. i nl oor i r l d geni t i r ul sa\ or i l l sPcr i i . r l i r t ur r r t nt oar Fl e r &zur i :
/ r / l . r t i t l ur r r g"r r , r al
- si , n
' t i l ul
i "r mal . geni t i r ul p*, l r i zi t i onal . l i i ai \
28l i
- , r l l . '
; nt l r r snr o
. ' r l ' Fr - r r i
. 1, , i l pr "r i n' . r r
' ' l : l ' r u. i
r r r i r r ' t "
an, pl oare sri l ul ui :
l'o.fi.,a] \\'o.ks a[ Itahal l] arnirg t'li1.lt1l
Tl , f \ rnt s , I l rd, i Ti l l , , r
' I hel
i oi l ed l or l h. \ c] l xrf , / l h.
rc11. .
i Sri l l i vrrs. l
Pentru a.rlRti rnoti\'. irrtr-o
(onslrLtctie
sorrtn este prelFrut gfn;1ivul
i\
sarion
lsltllcr's
Pa(tical I1'atks (titlu). l'].d r si:l.t. Kin!
-I/.nra-.s
(r,1ia.$1.
ir
det errnj nanl , h, ng cere. pert ru echi l i bru. goni t i rul
Prf l ozi l t unal
( the sisl.r of Frctl and J ill. th. six n'ircs of Xint Hcnrt thc Eirhth.).
,/ .,hrd un adjectiv rste inhcbuirriai substtrnt-irill:
S
i l i . dar i n: r , / t he
9, ! , 3
t ht nl ol l r / l l L.
r , . r
th" esl^ic
' /
th. ?a?,.v/ llie i nrlrrse .[ t\. J:t' :tir,
f J ri nd nuncl c posesorul ui est e i nsol i t de un at ui but
l unq s: rL de o pro-
i \
pozi l i e {t ri but i ri :
247
9ES
2lr9
lhe li.arrlr 4f t|f
qirl
in th. hau::. arF,slt
lh. dothilr o/ th-" lhiltl 1 om
!oi4
ta n. bnor\al
l / t n qenere al un. i i ci nd i nl , rebunrl area
seni t i vul Lri
sat on f , l i i ort nl i
!
: 1110
(la
parantete.
shilimele etc.)
5i
trebuie deci eritaln:
Tl r c l . ssons, / U' . l , , t / ,
i d' .
soNt i r n. t ' aol r t sr r \ r t f r r f r l i nl , l . sl r r r i r .
Tlr. lrngurg. o/ Ihf
"-c!orts
nllrlh" rrl,"r1..
' s
olltt obsliitu'
' !o
lh! lrJdi,rN
, : ) uneori
i n cazut gt ' ni t i vut ui subi ect i v' (i n af arn de si t uai i i l e n, f ni i onat i
S
991
l a
$
285-290, 293 294):
Tl r c nf l r l s, / t l r c
I onngf r 3er . . dr i . ,
Nep r r r Ls at d l hr n
t r oht r i l | i - , r l
l r ni f nr g
\ as i nt r od, , ci d i n onr school s.
Tlie aeln,veDients o/ lhc socjalist resnr. sruk ror themselrts.
'
l n l l mb. l \ or L, r . l : . . J- , r o
- J i
\ i i
'
t h"t t t l 14
Et ' . ) t
n". mot h t . ' l h"n"bt . al
t l t
popr so\ ' ' 71"DP. / d
t
anPJ""
' Vczi
5: 11,
185- 2! 0.
Ni i c. "
i n r. , zul
g. ni l i vuhi obi eoi i rr:
' h
'
I ' ai
"I ' r
'
i '
I
llrc .t oit' llion
af tl' t: na' tt:
a pr sc
o/ s@r' D' dv
lor 1or1: of Atn
l r J
/
I ni u:
l ol ' i r ' r ul
r i
. nosdi r
' ' l p
l - ' "Jdr
' 1"
, 1.
"r ' .
r - l r r
'
r Lr
' r '
' r l i
ol dl nFhot ;
l l
q
998
'
l a$
'Ilose
'l'tn''s
ol itu
si'/s
\cF n!'rnl
lor lh! sporl's
codllsi
He
i! i
/ri'rd
a[ m! uhcL Darr)
'
{: j l }!
, /
p' nr r -
l ^r n' :
l r ^una' us"oj i "l
\ nn und' l , ' 1 "n; / i r ' '
l ol o' i -
'
, . . ' . i cr nupos
o( ! ' 0r p-
' '
""' i ""' ' - pt ' ' '
i oi l dr ""' Lr i ' r l Pn! i o1
' t
\ ' *l
i , ' r , i "
"l
"i i i
r . u, i "
t i
r ' r - ' Jr r
' 1F
r r i ul ul r ' ' \ ot ur t r '
d' ur r r dl '
' t r v
d- ' r r Ju' I r i
, ; ' , i "
' "
' , , 1". - t .
t i - un
FI i c"r i t n
' J' i v
. - l
t coLFL" ui llis wiie' s
dlr
llirY
oi Ilrnrard
shLss
r ber ", D- "
b
r
l ur i i
, "
\ uo
' i
1t I t h1s
E 20;
Forrra
do dublu
gcoi!i\- esto in spelrial
tntrebuinlati
pentrLr inlitursrca-
"
, ' numi t ol
onf uzi i
' \ st t el :
' L
J_
"i l ' i un I
t ]
/ " r nl ' I : ' "nl \
I
l n
"-
'
P
d
i
'
u^h nr L
J d . J' '
, o, r
nr 1, , . k
, , j , .
. t
r ur , _- ai
( - o J": a"t
f f
i l ' D kF'
j r
Pot i i
o 5' ' e
'
' n' l l u
r "ni t i L
I
u"
por ' - ' l i n"
'
' r d
'
pi i l d'
c
: dnL
! o"r r , r
4/ S/ "g"
'
ddbl ' r s"ni ' \ l
I
u
f or l r "l Pr l dr
Ll "
j r c
nl
s 2$6
Precedatl
de un adjeoti!-
demonstretiv'
forma
do dublLr'genitiv
Po0re
fi
' ' ""
l . t ""t r, i ' rt ut l ui
f dri a avea
sensut de
unexempl ardi nmai mul t a
' I rrnn-nrrmal
',ili"'.""lJii?i"J;,i
"i,pai
"a,, """"-ti
i'
"oti'
r
idispr'l
ncpro cere'
Iaud i t ic
)'
tntocmai ca
ln limba ronene:
l' ut on drd' red
' aat
al
r' \-r
natket s'
l'fi" i'l'";l Y;:'
:,,i:"ill:ii
",,;;,
:!. i!.h;'
"
E: r
:,,
d
]lllrJone
Prnis'd
t'o' I
6 29;
Ci r r d un
goni ' i v d"' p' mi nb.
un al r ul
amLi i
po
' "or i
t i i nd
f i i nt a
l r ' i nr r r l
-
- . ni ' i f
s' F
I or r d
pr ^po/ r Lr "n"' "
i ' "
' i
aol ' "
i a' r r e
' zr
f or ms
de
g"t ' i t i v
r qr
I
i r o' _"h al
t ' 1s
", ' . "h
"
{: t ut ogr ' ' l r i
r , , , . r nr , r , t , ; . ; , : , . : . f "
; ", b*; l "r
( - zi ' r , r ' Nt r a
I
onr r r r r r t
' ul
Dul,lul
geniti! estc reconlandat
in locul formei'
destul de frecvente'
de
21rli.
S
299
N o| n
Unel c
di nt re
subsLal rt t vel e
c' re nuDesc
ul ri t i l i
de mi surd
(S 267)
pot
ut"u
qi tn"*"
de
geniliY prcpozilional:
a Nalk o/
' ' ' o
D;l' s
ir delrY
ol
' ia
diY"
un adjecLiv
l o! ma l i l r . l ) ! i 41at n
dc obi o' i
' st e
dubl Lt l
geni t i !
15
t ! r a) r
"He
i s I
I
"vezi
S
116.
i n
l , l , e0 i t i r ul
t
r opor i l i ot r dl
' r t '
l ' nsl .
i r ' hr ui
goni i i \ ul
' x
\ ( r ' i u r ' r ' nl t ! i l r '
! t i i :
, - , : ", "r r t
' , i i . r "i r i ' "t "'
; t t n' hr '
) i ot ht t nt
- t
t l dr or t ' '
. . t rt ri l . Cor' h. 1\ ' ru, (q4651. asi mi l arc
cr nunt el prof ri i ci rd l ru ! i r' L pret c-
?. i ! dr ui adl ect r{
posert ; :
C,,l' r li!fIrtirLr sirr.Li
s
300
s
301
D./ in razul
numelor
proprji .lD L'calilili,
piele. clndiri.
institu'tii. rl]alra'
S
302
Sl.
-'llbans
1-
St
^'lrran
s loTLri
Dr'
'r'l'otr\_
Ilotrs'
' . 14.t ' .rt
t : , , . "i ' , t , , i
' .
t
l u
'
r)
i n cazul subst ant i vcl or
i n gcni t i l ' l ] rnal e de un
gerundi r' l :
l t , , . /
, o"r ' s | .
F. " I '
i ner mr nb"r ' I r ' '
l i onr r ' |
"
'tJ
precum
,si
ln cazuile
ncrlioDale la
S
276.
t i , r t . l uzi p. l n
r - - r noce; er i r i r ' r 1
. , ' on
"r ' "
"r ' ' r ; r l
d' . t i . r ' i ' ut t
-
nr ' ; \ Ll
nr . p"/ i r i ,
n. l a"' - l , r p' l , ; ' l FF1.
n^d
' ' "i r r ' r r l l
l "
- \ i i l
nL' ut r
.
r "r \ , r l J. ; r mi n, nl
. 0u, l a
"
hr l r bf r r '
, mDl oHr p. i " aH|
' r F
l f l r I aI r ' ' d
i . \ . e. t t f f
FxDl i
' ,
r "r , l i nL- r ' 1s
' , i
i \ ul ui
' 1\ "r i r ' l ^"1
' pl r r
l ' FDo7r -
, nal chi . r 4", ; 16. ". nr ul
r r r r
".
n n
l i i l ' ar r r n i r n' l I r '
"
.
r , . , r " g; i i ; .
. "' r ' l ; ,
S
r ; o. . l ; r . 2qi r
r i
i ni "r . i r
t r br r i n
. e
l r i ' l ' r i
: . , n, ?i {i o- 11 l nl i ul
. "l ui
. 1\ un.
t , r l r u
r
' l H
Pnpl
' , r '
r r ' r r r r r
' r r
! r - r s
r a
. c"i , i r er r er emoni o"sr . r u
l o i t l ur i l '
' 1.
I ' r ' r Jr i
! .
r - r i r r
'
' / Lr l
i r r r
'
i r
; , ' i i . D"n r u u d1
, t or ; r r r "- ' i
,
hi l i br r r hal "i ( $285 2r J)
P; l l nc ar ' asl s.
g"ni l ar . l . F\ ' np
n r r n: "r r i t i t
' uh' '
i r ' i ' r \ r ' r r "
-
r "ni
i ' r r l
pi epozi t i onal e
,
Lngeni r i t
^hi al i \
i i
nu"r ' ' i
l n
m^l ' \ ' r pr r un:
l '
i r :
"r zul
denu' r r i r i t "r
dp l i i t
^
podr . l i
; i ' ' r hi r
i t
-q.
se compara:
\ l r , ' , / .
' l
r ' t r
'
r i 41i i v
cubi -
r i \
' "r '
1" n \ 6r ' r
' "J
A des,iriDtjon
ol mv s'll.
lgetriliv
olie.iivl
(: o
,leacriPr. in ca.c .si.c inlaliiai'1 ncraslr rn.!l
.ada's rear at sea
(gcniliv slbicctirr
(: icana Idei
Pe
dare)
Out t "dt al t t o
E
ni r \ ul ' i
, ' i
)
l =
t comr r ' . a' t r i dt s l Jal
. ' G. t r i l i \ ul
pr oUozi l i onal i 0l o( ui t
( u
! uLr l cr r l i \ e
coDr l ' u' e
' pr ' i r i ' ul
r , - r - zi l i onsl
psr c
odp"o6r i
j nl n, , , i r
. u n
t or m, i r ' r i
. i ' npr J: , , n
sul
' r : , r r i \
i
i p, , *. : n' ar osub. t anl i r ul
l n gcni r i \ . ' n"l u
\ i l o r e l '
"l j -
r i r '
L' p"- l i l l
'..adir
substantivul
dterminai:
s
3{r3
s
30{
$
30;
s
306
s
30?
t\e t)o\ct ol th. baok
1ne .quipment ,/ u
iarn
DAf t YUI ,
{THI
DATI VE CASE)
l r Dcf i di l i e. Df l l i vul ,
d. obi . pi
. azul
"oml l '
mFnl ul i i ndi r ' ' l
' r - l ;
, . i i se a. l r e"nr za a, t i un"a
p\ pr i mal ;
J'
! pr b
' o, r
d"numi r ;
' l '
Lbsl ar l r t ul
de
' r mi nar .
El r i - punl l e l a i ni r cbar ca
t o t h' n:
l ar
t l anl
"f
t l ' t ") : "' t r o
( i t r / ( : cuj ?) , r o; i r i cl i ?
( : csr ui ?) .
tl,e
/d' "
.qu' ptncrl
s
308
s
309
r Pent n
t Fr n, pnul
Spn, n' l i r .
! Pzi
S
r : 2i .
r {M
S
310 2) I'or r[. ln limba enqlezd dativul este expdmat tn douri nroduri:
S
Bli al printr un substautiv (sau prin
echivalentul acestria) neinsotjt de
prepozitie, cazul fiind indicat, in aceastd situatie, de locul substantivului
a; ezat i medi at dupl verb:
{iivc Jzue nl" bcst rcga.ds.
Tell llie a6srngd to ooDc inl
i
31, t)
printr-un
acuzativ precdat
de prepoziiia,{,. rareo
/ofr.
ol sau
ff{rmt:
(ii!c
m.y L.sl, rcganls lD ,/dne-
' Illel wf-" tallting h lit: secrert.!/.
(n,1
lhP brll
tor
the waiting Doyr.
I ioqdir.d ./ ;1,c $hnt tl,c bjroi lo. dfbalc al lodar' s s.minnr wrs.
I snrichcd his handL.driel
IDD
,tn to w.rve {t th. *inDing l..am.
S
31t Cod-itru.ilia firi prepozilie este cea n]ai obiinuitn. Co struclia prepozilio-
nal i . ci d nu est e neapi rat ceruLi i n unol o si i ual i i (S 323). se i nt rbui nl eaza
pP| | t ru
3r rent urr! r.
. q
Bl + J) I r' rt i r
Si
aruzat i r' . l n I nnba engl ezn modernd. dai i vul est e i nsol i t
1n gnere de Lrn acuzativ. De pozilja dairirului fr,tn dc acLrzativ depinde intre,
nuxlrarca sau suprnnafea prepoztler.
S
315 Dat i r ul
f dt d
pt epoxi t i d pr e. cdar Acuzat i vul :
l i i r c
r nJ si i t 4. ( d{l l I sd
l ac. l l
s|ow mI rrirnds
ld'rt) Xou
sinnp
(ou*tiD
la..)l
S
Jl 6 Lat i i , uI cu pr cpozi t i e s- r i dupn acuzr i i l . :
rii\1 l.lje r.or (iu
)
io mr ijctfr ldat
)l
!Io*
Jou.
stanif itt ctuh t,\: \ to mv ldords
ldrt ).
( i . l
l he r . a ( r c. )
t or t . t her l dat . ) l
S
317 Pulinele verbe cu care dativul se poate tntrebuir,ta fdrir acuzatir cer
dativul prepozilional:
"lht trtur. Del,/,sJ to socirlisrl' is the slosan.
Tali to 1'onr nudiotr(e ndwl
Didd't t;e 4fne to John?
I wanlld ro .ed,, to crlnnie,
$
sl l J Spunen l nsn ca nrai sus (S 3i 5 316):
Di &, t sl c wr i t c Joi D
l dat . l
a , r r . r
l i c. l ?
Didn'|. sle Frite a larle.
{ae.)
to Joh!
(dal.l?
I wanicd t0 rerd Gtann;e (da|.)
th,A z.ps
iac.).
I \runtcd lo rcad lhe n.a,s
(ic.) to cBnnie
{dat.).
$
319 4) intrebuirtar0a dntirului prpozitioMl.
-
Dativul prepozitional
este
lntrebuinlat:
$
320 a/ cind daii.rul s1,a precedat de un acuzativ:
Serd
',.d
(a..1 to lhe sfcet dotesrto
(drt.)l
\ \ , .
bo. . . ' , r . . . p. , . t nr ' r pr r bFr
( . 1, r . .
Tr j j
. . . "d
1
f r . ot .
t
]
ot t r . nul hor
r l d. i .
! |
321 l ) ci nd o pr opozi l i e i nccf e cu dat i vul :
?, h.r lasrdd
{dat.l
she iiriles r lettr ev,)rX dtry, btrt nevcr ro
nr l &'
l dat . l
r',. llabv (d{t
) she {l$'ays btr"ys t|. lDst tr,c.c is.
'J
cu
yerbele
insolit de dativ lnrn acuzativ
(i 317):
'lhev
sDokc ,, Ule .road 1dat.).
{l irlfi ocorrred ro d,?
klat.).
f l r ' ] ' ' Jpf q' r
' l
/ ' I
r r i r
' l Jl "pr
I
l
' r
"i - r
i
\ l r i t e r o vou , 4/ ' / c
( , 1, t )
boonl
\\' e read ,; G' a;dt;,r{"f
ldai.)
cv.ry rlcnirs
d
)
dupi r anumi t e
werbe (
$
2614) care cer i nt obdeauna dat i rui
prepozi l i o-
!rnl. .ihiar atunci cind acsta precedd acuzattvul:
I drsc.ibed b l.he .l4s
(d{l.r
the llow.r show
({ti.l I t' rd visite(1.
H r l un' . d
r '
| i ". al | "oA" r l d
l
ar r ' , 1r a
l [
i o
i d
i l
' i
"
wr ' l i ^' ' l
\ \ ' , n' "i l i on d
t o
t | a no"o' , p'
\ dd
' ,
t / a,
r '
' l "r ' J- \
l ^. . ^l 1or r I r l ot ] .
.l dupe adjective 1n genete:
IIe ir ./!l to lnn|' !lq.
Be t i r l i o Lu. r !
Is h.r opinion nrrrtl so Intrch to l' rrtrci$?
/ /
i n . p". i - l ' l L, t "
l l i a r i v"l ", 1- '
^n, 0dr ar : "
t : nJ ynt ". ' at
-
r Fndi t , "
' 1u' 1- , , 1t ; Jat
nt . su' , ; l Lt t . 1' t nht t n' , n1.
; nl t ; a" . "t t "r .
t , r ht a' t l ono! .
Ft r . :
| o
, ,
a
- t
"t L. d/ . , r
t o I qnat l l l o
r i . \ ur l : .
\ 1- 1
, 11
' t a"
i o
' l l
r '
t ni mr l 3.
Tht re$rlt Nas LoL
rtutottiondte
to l,he erlorl.
S,
dupd subst nrt i ve
f i
pro une:
I uannot lo|gft mI l,t/ to ny chtlilrn.
Yotr havc bdrn like a.llrughla to th| poor somd..
$' liat is he. axnude to [rt?
Trll ne,
' vh.l
afc A.v fo
Iont
)roth.r?
l vczi
i 5
t 61t - t 6l r "l
5) l'u
(,lii.
- Lln substanliv
(sau un echivalent al lui) io cazul dativ
"
a.) complemcnt. indirect pe lingn un verb:
l.nd
lou.
motltor a
ltscnii
Gir Ghily$ mr n.ssagcl
bJ complemeni
indirect prepozilional pc llngn un verb:
I spoi. my mild to T,ohe.
-
We se", an {rtid-" to Lho
prpen.
rr"complement indirect
prepozilional'z pe linsi un slrbstantiv sau o
iIlterjec-iie:
1r "' , "t
".
L. . i n . . , ,
gi l . i n t i l ua. l nr l r oni , 13, \ 6 1, I ",
l l "
\ vd a
- r
, ' h
' ,
i o I ' i .
no- wor kc. r .
llc kcpt hia
pronn; to his
pnpils.
darut lo. lhe holidsXs!
d) complcment indireot
pe tingl un adjectiv:
Yotr de ltfr,
you. mourer.
Unllne lntl.cn-, he sts neve. shY.
e) complement indirect prepozilionai pe lingi un adjectivi
l{is house wis olporik to the echool.
I cnnrol. bullecls.,k/al to the eomredm who helped me n, my wo.h
/)
apozilia unui substantiv in cazul dativ (! 2589 b):
I
Srre
m-{
ftt?n.l
I}Nil
Jou
l.Lio 1o lerd.
Ilave
Jou
rPoft.a ,o fi,gr, onr .'"s room-mttc?
t x, t , L
- i nr u
, l l i " r i r i ' " po
' ' r
i
' , 1
.
4 n n
_'
! l r
^r , m' .
. L 1. ni ,
. . o, r l r '
' - : l
r h 1 r ' l
d- umt Fr ; .
r i n i r ".
I
t 4
r -
i 4
l
r .
\ . . r
' i . D
r ol . I I ;
pp. 8! , 90) .
.ir
329
s
r2r
s
31{
s
32;
s
826
$
3r7
s
3P8
s
3s9
s
330
$
331
s
332
s
333
di . . cl .
{S
i l r : ) .
nL dnl,iv .tr fLrtr.li
l
. 11. , Bdcur t ' t i . {! i / . ,
s
33{
|
335
i sn
ACUZATI VT] L
( TUE
- {CCUSATl \ l ' l
CASI j )
l r Ocl i | | i l i c.
\ , ' r 71 i \ ul
.
p
' j zul
' ul ' '
- n
i r xl ui {
- ' r
: l '
l r r \ . d1pr -
t Lr l . i | p. l ' r ' .
H. , r l r r J
j ' r i r r ' '
' o
r ' n' r r i l o Ji r e' ' r ' 1r un""
r - \ par : r a dF ur )
\ pr h r . ' / i r i t Fl
, -
p
l r i n
F\ c- l - "i J/ r r l
' on
l l ' mp
l ' r ' ur 4r r 4 r ' \ ' ' r 71 1
\ul risDunde in Drilcipal
lA irl.rbirilc:
, rl nml l : De
ci ; , ei ' )
ri
' ' i ar?
(' = cel )
''.
i"rl'toi,U'n'r siri echi"ali:ntul lui, cind ste precedai de o prepozi,iie'
su rrld in cazul acuzal,iv.
2i }'rlllclii. -
Acuzarivul indeplirefle
lunclia dt:
a/ corni l emcnL
di rect al u ui
' rb
l ' i nzi t i v:
He saw n."* stsref
in lhe sire' l
D, conlplentcnt
!rePozjlionalr:
At the m..tnig. lr. lu .d orer 1hc llo0' ro Smi$'
\ho
js
loo\iis
al' l Brian?
.) nume
preclicsliv care deternrin:r un eoflplement
direct
(mlme pledi
cariv ;biectiy
l-
ODlrcIift Canplcnent):
ThP nana{er aDpoinicd /1,n 8.oet$t'
She erlls rva.s;.,r
"consi
"
.l/ apozili{i
a unui substantiv
(sau a unui trihivalcnt al ace-rtuia) in cazu!
acuzat i r
i $
2; 8l i ) :
I .alled nr t
/rn\d
fldJton.
N. senl, lo. r. 11i'ls the ]ofil ssgco!'
tl
.l Jl,
ro
l/ rL
r
"
Ioremn .
e-,i complencnt
diroct al adjactirutui
"o,'lft'9:
llis
'oi.c
is
qort
a fo.tune,
/ /
, o, ,
pl emcni . r r . ur "' r "nLi dl . o' i
l ! r l e
di nr ' - ur r
' o' r
I ' l "r n"nr
' . i "um
. . r , i i . t . , t
i n"r
\ . r b. i n - a' 7r
i \ p a' r
ci r r l subr r anl i \ ul
' ' l F
' l ' l ' r mr nar
de
, , ; ; ; ; , i ; . . ; ; ", "i " or i od. r bo.
F\ r , r ; , 1nd
. a: i - e' t \ cr hel ' l o' ' r l
r . i
' pul '
Ji . : . r , l s.
\ "l u"r ' n.
i r pl l
l c. nodul . gr adul
' l "
l r unt t
o
t ' ot t t ' - t ) 1r r uot
( . 1J, . ; bi ot t t
, st t i t "t
"uu
s' t b' ' . t nt t r at l r ' r Li oL
( 4' l
r t t t ' 1t \ ' ut t Jl
Thcv lvnt lone.
(Lotl
l \ - \ qo{, '
' . r
/ , .
r r t h.
' l ; _P
l he c. r ' br Pl r ol ol
I
p
s: "n' r ' 3 al l ' l "l "r a' d
/ o r '
I ' odr a' I ml
riic ohildtn
go lo a pifttrrc a,./v nI'
lTiml)
11. nn the nhale 1tir. iDistantill
' l L"j
Jr or ! , r . , , v mi l . . .
' ni r ' ' .
'
l 14
^b
:
' r ' 4d
r / r c sum f or
l qn i
ol
f sl i r ' r \ ar oJr !
t h i o
n' . r mq"
r . ' ; i , a, l
&, .
pout r r l 3.
r i r ' l or r
T
"
nur ' s
q' n
/ / l /
b! r . d
( \ I o, l
Thc t , mr ' ' ,
' "
t t , ' nt r l l l ol ool n{
I u_| I ' par P
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4. , J
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sbr dr F
r oo J r t Gr ddr
TI. ALTE CEESTTIJII
IIE}'ENITOTRE
LA SUBST.{NTIY
5q
33{i
s
337
.( 33t
s
339
s
3r0
s
342
s
3{3
s
341
A 314
l , Subsl anl i r ul adi r ( t i r At .
l n l ; n' br
"ndl ' zi ' ubs' anr . i ! ul
poal ' 3\ pa
l ur ' ,
l i c dF adj F. i f . cdi . a
poJl e car a' l "r i l a Lr n r l '
' uDFl an
r \
l F
nnsd
' 1r p
st d:
nylo, stocknrgs
ttarll.ng let\
/ar
.oat Jrr,,s llsmons
! Vezi
! ag.
t t . r ot a I
ilu'intele nrlon.
fur,
morning. spri
s,
pdrttl, penn!, d.e1\ substa tille.
-
:.t intrebuinlate aici ca adjective.
(|rdincn
curintclor. - Partea de vorbire care c acl,erizeazi substani,irul
.:
raL,e are, prin ull]lare. valoare de adjectiv se puDe,
ci:r
ii
acesba, inainten
.
rL,rtAniil'|rlui. Se atrage in mod sPecial atenlia asupra acestui iu u, deoarece
: i el esui se modi f i cd dupd ordi ne: r cuvi nt ol or. . l st l el l
n fd., ftors, insamn!
"un
cal dc curse"
. irae .d.d iDscamDir
{ squoro mar.e: I mi
(o
lf.rfrfn
pirtrat;i N lalrua de 1
l
n rrc^ oi 4 iqdfc ruh.s
=
o srtrllnl,li de 4 m:
,\ larpet 4 rut; square
-
nn coror dc 16 nl (axl) (un
lirirrr
cn latun dc r !!l
Cind un subsiantiv are mai muite atribute. celc mai apropiate de el ca
irrs
se pun imcdiai tnaintca lui. In limba rominn ordinea cuyintelor liind
lilrita. doarece substaniivul prccde adjectivul, traducerea din limba
'roglezn va incepe cu ultimul atribut, din grupul de curintc do tradus
rsi
va
.rtge tnapoi spre tncepuiul grupului, lutnd['se atdbutele pe drd in ordinea
:propirTii lor dc s{rbstanLivul determinat:
a qii.Lst.p lolk' danc,, nNic
i:o rnuziol pentru xi
joc
lrotul$
cn
lat
rclezi)
. , l ho r .
'
n
f , , ' r r , r
gou, 1
JFI
nw I , r n". ' , 1! ' J r pl \ "
r l "op
. ur
'
n
o. . r
i
, l an m, dj n bf o, dt ( d
"u. nr . . )
g' r b l - J, - F
.
. , r "
J
aor t Jt
o ni
(vezi
ri S
2aI)
cdj "rl i \ ul nesvi nJ pl ural . FUb anri vul sdj e. ri vrr nu rrc i n pri n"i ri a
l orn
-
de pl ural nr. i
,
hi ar-"t un"i
"i nd
l ogi ca o
". r. .
d.
. x. mpl u
dupa i rn num.
rrri cD sens de plural etc.:
?!t
s
3{5
s
3{6
a ninc-r1du committre
a si{ noaD o1d cliild
(Vczi
ti
g
131 Obsdaati., 166-16i,26r-26r)
2) Funcliile srbstantiyului. -
Substantivul poate indeplini funclia de:
l', subiect lau parte din subiect, al unui verb la un mod personal sau
impersonal:
Caoperatiar is l,he sec.el, ol srccess.
I cane homc carly, i"a,n.. bcins out tonight.r
A complete Itsr ol candirhtes rv,rs submitted to the dean.
D) nume predicativ sau parte dint.-un nume predioaiiv:
He $6 a nicc
a@ur\.
Sl ^F b. ' i mP 1n , a ss o' PPul ".
Hi r
F\ pr l
ons nl hp. JUqpo l ht popl "mr dF' r : mapop. l ' f r p. o,
cJ complement direct:
Hnre you Ben the ne{ plastt
s?
{t) complement indirect:
On'e DdDy ils diDnc.'
I told the ,oy a storI.
e,,l complement indireot, prepozifional:
-qe.d
Ure
pnrel tr yort nith.t !
l,ani is a
g.cat
asscl ,o tlc larsity
/,orralrlr_
The rcleree was lair /a both ,eams.
s
347
s
348
s
319
s
350
s
351
s
352
I
Numit
ii
nominilliv absol,'t (! l72l).
$
353
s
354
/ )
at f i but :
\ D.Jr;. lldrr lriLs disrjorcNd
und{r Ihf delris'
D.' n' s rrpli.ution wls r1$cpnal
ll,r loli' ol rarbe $is mtiniicsi
jr
her
lainlings
". . r : or - n' i n.
I hr : t t
t "a"! ". L r - 1
' . l "l i
r "r
' . r ' ' i ne
l ' +' s
' ' r l i ' '
r r
I
: ; ,
' -
\ , ,
i , ; , a ndt t t r nr
. r +. r
'
on' r r '
r ' \ d d r "
r ' '
i . , . 1, . i , , , . - , r o. . h t yr l i ,
hi . . i l \ r '
' . u"! l ; | , \ 1 ' , ' l "p
r '
i . i l ""i ' , i . , 1: ;
r "r "": . i r ,
' , "i r ' : i i r ' , t r , -
' , "i pl Fr \ r
r n' r r r
'
r ' 1r ' r ' i r i vr r "r i r
i l conpl enent
Tnepozi l i onal :
i l LP l . ngPn i ' , r coo, l
"' r r r ' "
r , | i l n'
\ ] r , i s t o
au
j n
/ . /
ni r , . . .
rl c(t rnpl eme, , l
cnut nst anl i al
(S 2633)
$e stavftl al. lh. rcst_hous. liorl
a
foLtritl)t
\' titrpl
l l \ ' '
l
o"
l "t t
ot t '
p' r ' r '
\ ' ' nd
\
s L. : l:r' ii t tt'
\' bt t
^
1'!t. l'0RllIAnnA sljllsraNTrYill,0n
{}0rd[lrlo\
of ]{olrNsi
t
r nu , : ' r l u, l F
' ul "
anl r l pr ^\ i r
t at
I t a'
l i n l ; r "bi l " r '
r ' uo' - l "r
( hr F
- , , ,
, . r r r ' , i ' l i r '
r ur r - " r ' , l : - ni i
' r ' : l
/ F
"i ' ' "' ; "' '
i r
' , nr "
l . I i "r r ' r l
. r l "r r r \ - l
' r
sr u I ur r r hl r '
' r "l ' r r l
l cd l n"^nr or n]
cel.,r trei
procerlo uurunie, adi('I
prin:
B. schi mbarea
(, a1eg. ri ci gramat j cal '
C. totttpunere
,L. Dltrur ,ttrDA
i DEl i l \ "\ ' rI o\ l
l , . t t i r at i a
( l l l ", r ; ' n)
i ub' ' r nl i \ - r ' ) r '
r "
'
' r
Jur r ' or I t
. 1e. , . ' ut r r ' r "' r r r r "r , l i n
"l
.
' r b' "n
i ' - dr . p- r l i
dF
\ nt bi r r '
nnr '
"l i ucc' ' '
ur r . : ur ' r r \ ' - . r
i ur ", i ul i \ l , u r a l
'
r r r a P' - l i \ ' l p i '
' r r I r r \ - l '
el P
r ' r r ur r r ( -
. ; r e i r I ' 11- Ll ' / i '
at , 1r {i r , ' r n
^r di n"d
t r r ' \ "r ' r "r
, , i r
4! i r r , ' r r r ur r r r Jr ' '
rnl rnt oarc. l or
l i nrbi : a1
gcrrni ni (e: r, rornal i f ci
' . /
l rl eaei '
l l nn mai
i os
cj l ; 1i
(l ; nrre
Prt i xel e; i
suf i ri el c
' ureri l c'
Prcfir''
(Prel i \ cs)
aJ Gernra
i l l e:
rorr: /,,.r,nhe,. /n,.nrr. ir',o.r, r,,,ilill,ilLj;,1'iililii,li;ri.i,,oon
i,!.rnistrl.
ni . J: ' r r i l dl
I '
Lr r i
r ' r l l ! l
r l i l nr '
r ' r '
l ni nt "r t . Lt r ' i
i
l r ' 4
' r ' r
' t
J
-
i n
' r "' \ ' '
u
d' \ '
r nr j pj , . / , , , / shr t , , ' k'
n, dl r r r r l l l L r r i ' / l r r d"i
ont - 3: , / / r ! r sl .
ot r . : r . \ . aal l r sf . ot l l a\ L- l r l l ook' r qr al i cnr '
r r ; i r i dn
L
d. , l ,
l
( l n' . nud r Pnr i i i nl :
1al ) r
!
( ; i l
f dt ' l l r '
!
na a abt.!
:
ntonEndtLcl
"eocGr , si nr ,
( 1.
l aDl . r r vi r l P dc si r r P sl r l t i l t onr c
i r nr ' ! r r i r t r L'
ca
l [ ' l i i c
d( '
s
355
!
35ti
s
457
s
3;8
s
d5l)
s
360
s
36r
s
36'
81
or$J : rr..all. ...froar! ,r)./sho.si or./sighl,; ,r' l.ha.g., or./doso. ,tz{ullihnenl,
. , , .
i
r p, ' r r ' 1.
rndrJ I rnd.r,lolh.s. und.rorrrcnt. ,n&resliD.le, ud..8round, ,nl' groNti,
u\ d, - pl ^t , t
Lot L' , r r , "\ ' .
, , , , r ' . Er Fd' r al ' .
", , / "' . 1
l r : ar d- ' l sl oonPt r n) ?r ' l u'
t r r a r r r \ n' cr t . , n. 1. 6t r t FmPnr .
r t u] P. t or P. ' I
r
i r l r s"mi pr t i " : , , r , "i nr r n/ . , p ur r nl "] .
r ' r ' r l pf r o\ l r ' / I l r Jf ' l / l l , "p
, / l ' 1, 1.
"r
r r . , / ' ' i . , nc.
"1
o, r .
r p. h. l . , i 5l
' r l
r l '
Subsl anl i ec
dn sens negat i al
I
\ ' czi a 36- . noLL
I .
2' t
i , , , h' ar , ur on:
. pr ' i i .
"l
- ub.
. , , , "pl o- r '
- Li . p:
: nr ' n. , l i t sp, bul npgd' i '
3Db'
(lf.)
lFlix
al lubsi{riivelori acclaii
(ens
rr" ln nol. ,
nn- : /,liclifl zrdr.ss. {ncmnlorme.l,.
L,laxlul!e' cs. urrcst. ,rlrrlh. el..:
' nisj:
n,so{riagc,
' ,ir.oiceriio,i,
,,,scondu+,
' ,t.(lcmeanoLt.
nislit. nlssi!in!r.
, ni Jhap, , r / . sl o. l r i nc, mi sl r i ni , mt st i t c. , r i si r ust , el .
l J Roma i re: S
361
r-. sil-, sl-. on-! a!' . *$: rdiirs' ln{nl.l,slfoi. arcrre: dddress, dllusj
! , Pr ' 1. dr ndacP.
{| t s. n- . nb*: nr ' | . '
: or '
ar s r r " b' r ". o
' Ai or ' ,
b. l ' nl i o'
r l
i r f . - . dnl i - : , r , , J r r l .
' , , "
b t r t , ' ) " . r ' l nr l r ' . r r r r dl i "n
r '
:
l,rr bI-: relalt. t.liPl. b.qtrfsir rtl elc.lioD, i,y hN Dypts, ,,lal,l, ,, prodtrct'
b, \ n\ . , 4r \ or J,
Fh . :
"
i or nl , . ol - ,
{. l r n1l o
"/ l ' r ' , r ' l
un. , r ' n' "' i or ' 4r l l i r ' .
-
di - - de- . di s- : . l i Er essi on. , l l nPr si on. di mi Nt i r e, , i r i si or . 2. l . r m. nt , di sni i ss{I . et c :
rv-, el.
-eq
c- : .zriision. .rttsion: eionq.lion: ,rrcss .,aspc.alioni cr
lr|sid.nti
4r Lr sLon,
. s0l i e, . vasr on. eI r . ;
i ni . r : i ar , l ol ' r .
t - b' pt t I t r p r i or ' . :
t ' . i i - :
p / d l .
t o: !
\ . . .
1a\ t \ .
, i . i of i r L
ur r
t ut ! t nn\ 6' 1.
| \ '
. ,
t
p- l . r r , : .
t
. p
\ . , t t .
t l
r , l r ' ' ' . I
p. i \
.
i , r u- . r ' t r F
:
,
"
l a,
' r .
/ ^l o
' r
pt un^'
r i |
' o"
r ' ool l p4
-
r ' r ' '
'
' '
' '
' l
, - "' r ' i , r r r r .
/
,
a
/ , 11' " l r ' po' -
l '
:
,
'
r ' \
. l o r . , "pl _J or ' ,
l '
srper-; su.:- : .{lrii0irlitr,
r?c.ioiily v?calrdctd..
;
surch{tge!
-
lrsns-: /.o,sl,il,i01. lrdn.rter, ,ortitio!, ,az.nali0n, .Lii-
Subst unt i r ( . I r senr negat i r :
S: 165
dh-: di.-abilitr. lisl)rli,l. di.{,otrlcnt, Itslike, d;lasle, dijtfust, eto:
i r F. i l - , i B- , i F":
.
".
l , , p- . ' r - i ur r , a. ' . on1 br r l l
, ' . 1- r Jr '
d
r ni N- t : mi r ad\ ! nt ur e, , r i schancc, , nhchi cl .
ni . {r eur l . et r i
:
r on- : r onadl r esl oi . r , "ndr er t er . c, , onaNi
l . r o?f oni ! al ant , f Le.
.l Crece$i: S
Ifit
snpl(i)- | dnpltbio. amPhit iac)\, dtahit hcanc dnrrora,
.cic
;
,n-. d;' ir-: archorite, dre,risnr; analogj. onolJs' s, dzutomJ, elr'
!nt-, snli : anraltorisni, .lndrcli!r dtribioiic, d,,iolini.\, dztnacassar. anl,seplro,
, t c. t
ap( or . :
1or r i t
i . r t ot h' ' "t r ' 1t ot 1' o . dPl ' ^r i nr '
' l
:
nr r l ' - : or l l , . ( . ,
, ^l "r Fn, t .
"- r r
1, . r . d, r ' r \ l . .
/ r p l ' r o.
! ut o- : ,
, / ubi ocr . t . r , ,
, / hi
.
. d, t u. hr o
' !
' sl r - , ' sl - :
; t a l r ar , .
, . l u! ' r . , dr h' l d.
' r l on!
""
di!- : /lanetes. di,dcd. diagnosis. laagon.rl. dtdl)Buc, cte i
r t i - : d, ""r
, ' ' ' .
r r l - I r t a. d p r r onj l ; n \ '
L.
"l
- si ,
. , . l
"5r Jsm;
nr ' l . r ". r , l l ' . ' - r
. .
, , \ - , m. :
", - - "- F,
r ' , r r \ .
r ' l i F". ,
. 1. ' . . . . , l :
bl peF:
r gp, l . .
hdt
- t i t r .
hl t at n"! r ' 4t P - l r ul _
, )
l
t vpo- : / "r r po, i , l i
r .
l / / o' l un4ad l ! l o' t t \ ' hup' ' t
\ "-
/ 4Pd na' '
' r '
:
mct t r - . mr r - . md! . : , r ' abul i . ' . p. , 4r nor r r hu. - . 44r p, n. r "r ' r np- l "ho. r : . @4od.
\
:lli;|
!!rsa !tu-
:
ld.d|l
ci
laldsrapli, ld,
alJsis
i Po.dsitt
i P/en
! h.sis.
lid' oLiXi ldlo
tl smi
I ' cr i -
r
- ,
me . .
-
o
P, '
pr i f i .
l r r oi u- : l ! r ' ol Paar '
Ft ^p ! aa
r \ l '
. l a"t
n
. ! n- , st t r F, . l l - . . 1- : i , o. 1 . .
' ,
l
'
9' , 1' i
:
,
1
f r l c_: e. . . . r r
t .
- . t , . t 1. 1, o. , . .
t t
36? Jt t b. t at t ; r
h ol ; t :
d-, rn-: oblssi ?sligLodlisdi a4allihabclisnr. a4arch-{, dnfudoi.' .ic
Suti\e
(Srf t i rrs)
8!
s
368
369 a) 0ornlaxice:
{r ar r : handj ( "- / t . ,
.
- "t
-
t ". r l ' . s, , 1.
. / r . . r ,
- Jur :
r ". a"r . . \ t sr , , . . r ; &r ' ". n. ! i ' - . a
- b' 11
h. i n/ . r ' . l r ' r ' r ' o- o i r l
dan. | $\ ' s- ot J. 4 - t ad. a
r ' nt \ d4
t
- oot ", , .
- r , r , ": i , - .
r . , . _, : r l r ' i + i l ^ oo
- .
u i - r F. or l l '
P \ ' 1; ' : l "'
l ennP. r Lundr d?' . ! "{i t .
i 4' j $
r '
- hoon:
Lo\ t , od. ; . : o/ - o, .
i ; t , r . "Di ,
"t . . /
, / .
t i l . t i / . . d/ .
, . :
- i ns: ' r ' "' . r 4p
sr nuk, a sol l r - r ' r e
' Jaw' i
a r ' ' Jr ' o
' i r l ; r -
i \ r r
' ' gi
b"dd, , s, - 4u
r , "a. , i u
, , a, I Lr , gr
r t r , n?_ . oi o
r , . r Lt bk; s
a
- L"gs
r '
:
r i : L aol ; r bi , l l ' , Lund&, l i nd/ , ddl . | ; 1, b1"
' 1.
:
- 1i t r 8:
dJr l . , g.
1/ r nj a' r "n t : 4E
sr nt : 4s
' t \ "/ r 6'
l ou
"/ 16
F
, :
- t r c\ s: . Jr dl i ! s, . . !
hppr ' ' l "Pr '
r ooJ45r ' . r J/
c
- p
o' 1'
' t
' "' . l "; ' i i .
, . . , , . .
, i v. . . / , ,
r, rJ. o/ , ", rs. op". , ry. . . , p, .
sd t u , p .
, r. . :
i bt i :
, u
uf "l i r.
: r-, l . l i r.
Li t ul i r. o{l nri i I r h. ' rdsr, ' . oa, hrP: hot unmt n'
sn, p.
l , "JJ"n; , p"ol
"su$/ "r p
l our / 1l pr / , , t .
'
- st r r :
L- i v. e", h. r r j . , p",
"o' gr / ". ,
spi n' r ""r b' 1. ". r . "ol dr F-
l ou
g' / P. c ant or o_
"""'' l.li;,",u,
nft{dri,
srow,n,
heatD, rrdrn, warmd}, weal/r,,. .rronsl
",
hcisht,
e!0.
S
370 D] nomauioc:
- r qc:
J\ r ds. r r dni a8"r
pc, s" oo'
49 I ns, 6"
t ouLds" mr l "ng'
poun4n"' " 1^
i
- al :
dn, m, / ,
p"ono, , / r m. l ol , r p' ] u5. l .
r . mo. . r . l d/ .
Fr . . .
- l an. - s:
Bonl nr da, l usi , ni Ci _l
' bt i dgr dr '
I i r ' r Dudl j a4
\ l Jn. r nr or ' ' ' r ont r i
t , i . or ; ' , . m r s, . i 4n, \ \ ' asn
"r / n,
JpFn5pr ' , , r b1_bd"i ' r .
Fq
Fr r r o. r pPr r r ' d, i
{nr n' dnr
rclnblicru, etc.;
'
- u! - . nr : ' ummt nJr a' .
D"d4r .
l yr d4r i r of r r '
'
ur f Pn' . pr
' ' d' nr .
"l ' :
- . r y:
advr b, r r , di "l i ol d. y
gmnd/ r . sr l d/ r t
' r '
:
- . r i
: ad\ o-
! r r l Jnkr Jpl
y.
'
af ai n. r . oLst i na. V
'
l . :
- "i
: at r s"n
- .
addr "s"
,
bi r c*, d- bi u"F.
! , ; up.
"el "Eei
l 1do"' "P
l Fr ' ' r 4.
| . . . , , oJy, F' vpnJ. : . ommi | | "Pj . oJ4r ( ql U| n' ' l l | Lpb| oL"Jphl f
Lr - .
' dur i or "
and hp
PJ' r . a"*
r he
l r ugh' i ar ' d l h' l JughaP+
r r ' :
-ee.:
auoiionet ,
engincd., mountajnc./, mnskptPPf.
ptolrtPcr'
h. l
dilig,u..,
!roildnae,
aPlea@Dce, assisiar?.
nujs"' ; lorlenra@c,
ridddz.?,
etc.;
-e"i. -or,' -ier
: bultl..
grocc' ,
Nher; chllncello.. docLo., clect' /; accumulator,
ele-
\ ar o. . r . , ", r p, f , . ,
"i . hFf ,
f i ndt r , i "- . l ur r i
- _
"our , . .
P c. :
- '
' ; st :
p: n. I al "*,
Lo i l .
r ' ", Chi n"r ' ,
Po"usu. Pr
\ l r l na P \ ' ' "r n"
"
r : i l Jl ' "'
, 1, 11 6n. . ",
16u; nr f sr .
o. ; i i l q,
r "l "gr , p_'
".
l r L"Jdl i oFn
l ' :
. d.
Fr s,
Aond, s,
hun' I Psc. md1JPpr "ss.
' r u'
I
Sdlirul
a din limbr saxon{
provine ditr limba laLine
f'al,d.r.
:
Dlblll srLi\ .../
'ln
bsttrriivlle dtuught tli, hcight, din suliaul 'r,1 a .inus
numii litt"r
_r'
a
SuLi r l . r t i r
. i
! r ( r .
l l - r J. ,
- r ; ndr I
F, n"l ' 1
' .
C
r r i ' '
n
r r ' ' n"
v.
I - 1
0
Sur ' \ pl
! " l J i :
pa
r ' . l
' r i dr . d
ob: di I i
"Ll
nr t
"^
' d"
*r r l dn_
livol lormal cu oci d.-al doilen o lndcrlin.ilc
I
StrIi{ ooe lo.tncazl su}slantiv! de
gfDnl lcmhiD
($ !1).
- l i . r :
l l i sf j l l i r . , u. di . t , . j n. t ur l .
( ; r Fl i r . ,
! j j l or i / . . gt sol h. .
ni . . Lt - , qni nt n. ,
' ioD. -{inn.
+ion.
-\io.. -rti{}n.
-itiotr, -son:
t.girrr i$jri,,. va(l/t,n,. crt.nrior.
11. ?n, i r 1f | ' r i . r / , ni
. f
l f
l , r i , r ; r Lr . r on. cl , . . i
- : ! r . ' i l l :
'
. o
"
b r l
/ .
l r . . r l : r , . . r r , o , . u.
, . , o. . r r . bt
' . :
, . , r d. . . , . . 1
L rlken. slr.r,r.,, s|1,,,, adornr,.rlj lasor,nr, m $n.,1,
- onny
:
i ,
.
J.
t . - t
: t .
t
t - i , , a'
9. 1
u i , , ! ,
.
.
' r r ) "r r : d
b.
t a
J.
l o
- . t
1
.
r .
Ln.
".
_"r r .
- r r :
: n. - , . , o, , r . , , t . t , J. 1, t , r j
h. . . h. . , , . / t . . e.
l a. , - r . t ! t . . 1
. "' r r :
l r ,
"l i ua. . ' t i t ' 1.
. r ' . . , . : . , , "i . . . , ,
. :
Jr . - i l r . - l r : 1". ' ur , . t , , :
, . , r . r . . j ,
. .
r . l J: a
- -
J. - ,
, t
r : , ": . ' L
- ,
.
l r
-
l l o
l
,
"
1
"
'
:
-1
: assembly. d.li\ery. ,lcUuty, dii!!, 1r0xly, clt.
._./ 0recefti:
.
{'.rcr,:
luto..d.g/, lr!.rau.m.t;
|hrtoorr
r/r
{uolloq I
(cttono./c.r,
srobo.rn.r.
n, l
1r . zi S
; l t l r ) l
{f , - cf . : . o . / ,
t . , t . 1, ,
, ' . r ' . I F. . i \ , 8. . . r . udl t r
Lt . .
- i . r n: t a- i
r , . ". . , oa. r . . , . . .
r , n: o. . . .
n. . "u
,
r . , , 1. t i r t , t r , . .
r .
or l ' Fr . , , m, r han. u. r r ,
_ .
-irt!
: ]Iaxis,, so.ialirr; plilorogtsr.
fllsicnr. r,lani.d;
dtis/, ],n 0risr,. antlEoDisr.
- : l _:
l , l ar " . l ob \ ' p r ' c, ' . P' t p' l . kr
"
l
' .
.
. \ r ' . r ' / , .
' l u, , r
r Dr r r , .
Lch
i r r r hl , ' r l . . . l r , hi r . r r . r
-iiis
: rpperdi'itii, nloi'.1ri.". !oln^, sinrlstrtr, lorsiutir, cre. :
dJ Sufixe dimhrutiynl0 sru dopre0iativc (.Lit'..rs(.
or*i,ni).
-ard! -o.t
/g.rn.l : b$tzfd, coM/d, drunkar. hgsa.d, stuSga/1, wjzdfda, b.asgdrr,
-a1ter
(lal.tr
crilicd.de., mcdi.as,c., Dusicds,c/.
!octds,c,,.
ol!asr".. elc.:
nl ul l n
q.
i l ' aai - ' , ' . . , / . . , or j r . . t ut l c. ' nt . . t a, l ". po. i \ t " \ , \ i t , : t t i "t pt ,
t A"i
t u) t pl , t | f un, t p4, mol . i r t p{,
. r c. .
i,n
lijern.):
ohjokcn, Lilten, nraiden, etc.i
.
-et il..):
rorone,, isle,, lerer.4 nidsd,, osl,,; bill.r{,. bull./!, fitl,4, haich?/a, pultc4,
I
|
4.
- onn, {j
d
i
_
-ctt
(rr.):
ciga.cre. Iil.heMr,, maisonlnler,f. widotr?,&j eonducrord,rar. lr drunn
mijofer,. undqrrdure!, ustrdcrF.i uanncle'e, learho.rc,
rlush.r&.
erc.:
_ . .
-ier
lo.igir-a obscui): Antrtr, ,\rohie, Jralie, Johnrl.. \!ttlc,- cool;,. deariz, doggt,,
-kinG)
{olatrde,a
mediel: oailt,, la,nbntn. maniitn, Pet.trtur
sonnihns. Moui}ar,
- 1e1, - r l r
{Se. mI I br amud.
kndckl cr ker i . l . et o. ;
. ..ret
iff
):
trnkt.t, etel.t, llauer, lNiu.r, hafl.4
tigr.t
vnre,, start
4
woodt,,.
br{ceierr, chnp?e,{, i,aole/i, w.islj,r{. en,.:
- l i ns
s r ' . . : 1?r l r s o' r : L/ r , s. eoJi 6. n. hb, r kl r , j .
- u. t / r r s.
t or d/ , r g.
l r i n"-
t t ng. r ner n\ , ! ndcf l r na, wr aLr r aj et . . i
-ock
(germ.l:
bitt.ft
{dialectal).
bullo./r, hiuo./r, etc.;
'(e).r.I
(lr.): cock'rcI, Don8r.r. w$tru/. etc.;
-st8 lgerm ):
dah,e., do!c!rc.! gaDerr.f, gangs,e..
!usra.,
rh,vmesl.., lipsr,., trick,
,
- r
ur i / i n ob. . ur : E: | r , . f al l / . Jo nL. P, sj J. \ \ ' hr r pJj
Lobby.
. dbby. . ookv.
t u. r , .
I , ' 3r y
/
$r r gd. p t {. onny. unm| hJnky. nr dt '
{,
F
.
r
Suiix cde formcazl
ii
subnaniile de
Ernul
leminin.
: I ' r i n
i nl ef mt sdi I l l i Dbr l or l dl i r ' l
- i
f r U\ r z. r
I
|
' Dl r l
. u $, r i \ ul d/ . .
.Itrlelesul
diminxlilal sau delr!(i.rlir {l snlirului s.
tierdut
cn vremea.
5vzi
Fi
sliirul
.v
mai ios.
l 37r
.i
379
84
Mo
J; t 2) Dcr i vr r cn f t cr c. i r n I B4i t t . For nat i on ) .
_
| o"t p
j uhFt dnt i ! c .
d, l
l or mar
I r i 1
dr r i t ar r r pgr "i i ' u.
"di
, L pr i n supr i n, ar c, , ur , Fi
Pi r Lt . r onr l Pr r -
vitc ca un sufiri:
S
37; a) supr i nar ea i nceput uLui
' engl
r
"t ' ' l
-ri ' r:
t n( i nt ul ui
L{er eze
-
trilia < triri.rlr plp
-
ptrply
g.eed
<
greed,
tat
<
Pelty
typewrile < typcwriter dooste < donaiion
!
3?4 3) Iied ceroa (Redurtion, Shortcning. Clipping). Acesl
procedeu,
l oar t e pr oduct i !
i n l i nba ongt ezr ) , , onqt i i D sul r ; nr dr cd ur r - i
I i ! ! i
( i l r . Pput .
dl i r i i l
"H, r
. ul . .
r , "di
"
pr
di nr r - ' r ' r
' , r t Dr l .
dr n
. sp
. ^
ob i n- n. ' l pl o I ur n' i
noud. Uneori aceasti creaiie nu este d fapt decit o simph presrulLar .1
cuanrtului irtiiial, alleori inse capite un inleles oarecun dcosebit sau o intre
buin!,are proprie:
b^coy (!op.l
< ioDd...
< mol d. . af
.oa.h < mol ,of cod./l
cXcl c < bLl t:l e
nroe
-::
C,efence
l l a
< l l . t mno
( f op. )
Pa
<
Pi pa
376 b) s pr i dr e t r sf t r si t ul
apocopr:):
lhone
.-
telrphnr!.
pranc
-.
A.\iPume
slori < dtslo/t
squtre
.--
9ss",.c
sror"r < n1stutll
.
larsiry <
tD' r.ri1ry
$.fl <
pclrera
ui cuei nt ul . i
l apocopn
-
( eng]
)
ad <
a.lveriisement: brt < rrassierci oab <.drriolel; cabh <.arlegram: champ <
r haaPi o. :
"t
6' . l
p:
"u
5r ' .
"0, ; n
l ai Jn l o. / , l or :
l i ndr \ .
, .
/ d'
i . : .
L
i \ dr r
n/ , l "l , 4i oi t Lr nr o \ i nJr Rp
-
pa, A1'
r i ne: nn, r / i i si f ", mol i ,
' n", j uc
Dr t - r
n, ni
". u. ,
p' 6
o
.
r t . r 9t ut t t ,
p' r r ;
/
poaat o" e:
! T
i b
/
t - &t r i . i
"d
I ' o, p.
pr ozt - . f i of i : ur uT.
1' r ' , p. r Jd
' nr r l r l :
pr np p\ pr t v' t o' dn
' aop
ud'
t i o' : r r t
- , . / e- ""
r "n < / er ul . r ( i uni
- r Fr l or r
l l ' . al r . < sonJ
dl ' r m.
t ' ", . -
p
t i , hr ; r r 6 vr r . vr al ^: r . ; d! l l ns
p"uFr sr ' ' . i \ i dJ, r i L
r pl l j
, "/ \ : , i on, \ ' r r r dn, , Fr i i dr \
,
Ol d \ i c
-
Bol "
r ' , l ur i d Hdl l ; wl l k: F. l al l : o <
r ai l i ng l dl / i 1e
r r JJi o
s"t
{.
?oo < ?ool oc' , J
g. r r J; 1
"' c,
J
ci n
qnd
i ' < r ; r r r l nd / , J; Jn t Pf mor h
377
jatEon
colbesc:
, ol
.
"r / l
g l i J. / r gg r g
! _
. \ am <
"r dni
Jl i ol : l db- l 4r or aot y: nAl hr J<
no' hndn: n, ar . , , r hi , . l d i on: pr ' p
\
p. ppar Lt i on: pmt
\
pt u^ sof : L", g <
t ,sotrometrri vac < racrtron etc.
s
3?8 cu addqatea unui suti.x:
dinP' (Iam.)
< dinirrg'c:r.
sleelef
(rrm.)
< sle-alin8 car
so. "
"
( t a' , '
r - o"i a i cn f ool bl .
rugg# (ld,n.)
< ,nu8iy lootbill
smoka
( l r m)
< smoki ng- . ot r i dAe
no. {m kr . r m. )
/
, ' o' , - "r , u an8
. ar ' dqp
l so
d"r \ ' i "nr I
< bu". hr t 1. , s1l I l $o dp Ls
l-wo-seat
'
(fan.)
<
(ca. wrlh) hro seais
_
r,ri' ial:
nelnscmn{t, supi,llicirl,,z tri rl. ?/,riu: ltrc.d.i nfiBcnnrate, lleacdo,
s/ai:
Jna.c {dmiraior
(setr adni.atoaful,
!,tsional(rli
duti lilnt, lotoitrnlial,
sport
tito
:
lrra /dr,
tun nr
F,t,
hdntbntt
F,6
erN.
' l t o9et q
'
\ ' ' \ t r l r l l l
l
nattti.-tntlie
-
atarat d. ra,tio e ililor fcccttof
torlniir.
: :
1! ol oc{i r Lr
l ocui n! a.
. ) cdd, ?r c0" t r t t . Jr sunet e di n i nt er i or uL cuot ' nt ul ui
t 379
isincold
-
(engl.) s?incotel:
bike < Dt.yclc cu.tsl' < dzltesX
tmcy <
/antasy
mrko < rrt.rolhone
dormonse <
do.mDt t0zse
motorbike < tut .Di.Ycle
motorcade < morotcavr cade
. l ) cd. d, . r ea
unor sunt c Ln
F. <, i rni ngham
au <
in&enza
.u ftLdt\afta unui sufir:
hqi nuI t .
t o: i t i i :
S
380
pran
<
pe.dmluhto.
nabs < ,arDara
. ) compr i m. Lr ea
nai
nim)- < inmccnl (:
I,rostdnac)
, nul l or cLr r i nt c.
s
381
Anc.ioaradian
l:
4noican
+
electmctrtion
l:
elat,ic executian)
Canadiat) cleeirolie. (:
'Ie.'ic
chandclE.)
lmerind
(: ,an.ricar +
l-did)
Eufasia
1--
t,.ote
+.lsu,
Bakerloo
:
rakdrst|ecr
and $raterloo
ro.rnishr (:
/o.,.;een
zi,,n,sl
l Under ar odnd
Rai l w, r r l
o-'"""i:,r"'-"i"4si,i;'"'
\r,\rr,anr.
-
ffi:: i'
;
"fij;.:;"1',1il,
-ii
r,'iii"r.-..""
r
,'-',"t.
Ln;.1.t
motol
't
I Nta'
"nsi"''
bockeN)
radd
(:.adio detertior and.anging)
4l At t smaf f l e t onat i f t l Crddot rcn,
Xl ut at i an
)
Unpl ' subst 0nl i vP sa
$
] cz
, 1Fospb, . c de al r ;
par l i
d" ! nr bi r e ( adj c"r i ve. vPr bc. r .
)
pr r n modi l i . ar "r unui
. Lnpl
\ o. nl i . n"Ji an
t l
at I Grat J, t t i orJ. i nsal i t a . ad nu d" l rodi l i . ari con-
sonantice ale terminaliei
;i
cu evenbuala adiugare a unui sufix:1
Substantie
Verb
brcath io lreathe
c.lotl -
to clolhe
'(Vezi
ti
5) Abrovier0a
(
Abbrceiation ). -l|[ult
mai f.ecvent declt ln limba romend
$
383
se intrebuintoazn in limba engiezd abrevierea, adicd reducerea unor cuvinte
la inilialele lor:
T\ ' , t orol
i , ' on
.
n R C.
{
Bf i ri sh Broai l cai i ng. orporari on,
! s' 1" I
pounJs
{hi i nc. . ; en. et - oc. r Doi r . ar dt . r n N. B. , nol a b"n") , &
P. i . l =
posr dr i t ' l ' . l hP
r , . P. Lr .
l d. ncr i l
Po: r Oi r i r F. , d BA.
I
Dl ch"l or o Ar . . ) , m l LSc.
( - \ r dsl r r oI
\ , , i p" . i a c. l . Ccncr dl Pr ; cl i i oon" r dof l or , npdr .
"dr ^
pr ar U. . 1
mpJi . i . d
g' D'
f dn.
. d, M. P.
- u( ; r , "r
ol l dt l , anFr ' , , ao NCO
I -
Non. nan: ssi ol "J Oui . "r ' . awqAF
, - r nen, b r ot r h" \ \ ' o r "n s A r \ ' t i ar \ . \ i . I or ", , U. S. r . H.
(
nr o" of l hp So\ i . l
i o i dl nl
kebunl i car . t 5\ ,
I r i l ql 5l dl . s
i f Ampr i . a, ,
l \ OI I ni l pd \ aLi . n5 Or yuni / al i onl ,
I NEsco , Lr . r t Ld N
' t
o : Edur sr i onal ,
q'
i nl i n dr d
'
l l '
r l
Or gJn' zJ i o1)
pl '
.
UNICEF
iunitcd
Nations International Child.etr' s Xme.gency Fund), etc.
S bstantie Adjcctir
breaitth -
broad
depth
-
deep
length
-long
{idth
-
wide
young
}ouih
s
22r'11
I
A"pi sl l mul na_"FJpnr ' ' l
' dF. ' r f d1' h
n: l l ,
'
! f
s. J
-
I , , . , ",
r i bf J. snl r l , d4
' , r l
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s
3s7
MOR!OLOGIA
_
SUBSTANTTi UL
B. SCHl\lll-\Rli--\
c'\TllcoRlEl
Gli.l\iATlcALE
i co\ vl l RSl o\ )
rn,lc
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S
t i o- t 601
s
388
a blildtng
handw.rung
a
!rrrltng
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ihe k' lost' g
t h. i r t r t sl . ! -
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ihe Da.: ol l]ii,s
ihe .ntt oi bids
the clarg ol buses
Lltt ble' rl
n) cu adnugarea lilerei s.
the I'ghts
the ntss ot th. sf.D.Dt
il,c n ,i or tr. cirrs
{ nzr, ol surp.ise
the .u sre o1 silk
the srtsl ol ihc b.oom
i,he ,!rt.f ot swdlows
tlie rrrf of coi$'hcfls
oI thc Soviet ea.th satcllilc
mirca pluralului:
$
3e1
s
392
s
393
(Ve!i
ri $
127)
f o
t ra t n
-i ry
..omiqs and
soinjjs
eamings
gol4gs
emplyrnss
roogDSs sarrnSs
sunclndhgs takinAs
$4nnrngs
(Ve,i qi
!
1?6)
lilings
s
:t94
$
395
s
396
s
397
in lwo rMs
to waur on all
/or.s
to lnle si@3 in
eloves.
to be at rt ! dd 64eas
to dress up li! tle Dtnes
{la!].)
( \ i ezi
f i S
1216, ! 264)
one's /ttdr and d6rik3
the slolls (sau s/'dlrsJ ol momlity
a. l Net be, conj uncl i t , pr epozi l t i
thc dyes and nocs (in Pa.liamenl.)
the tns and o&& ol the case
l h" / od. f , d r h u/ , ys ot l h. nd' l f r 1p1r c"
. r - d
. or u
I i "
t r .
ar d, r l " l r r . , r s al d d. , , s i n on. s l i l p
II t/s and a6r were pots
and
tans
there' d bc {o need fo. tinL-"N.
\lc didn' |. knorv \cr t&ereaboutt and couldn' t loNard your lette.-
c, cu modiiicarea accntului (insotiti
uneori si de rnodificarea loneticd
g
398
respdl.n'e), substa tivele fiind accentuite pe prima
s abe, verbele pe
a doua
"
(
s
2215).
I
Semnal sonor caracteristic
prinului
satclit sovielie.
t
l : t . t . .
ya4ds
-
l t r
o
d
\ l p,
n
pr t , 16
r r |
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r
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al i i r r r odr :
r "r .
=Lt i t h"
A: Aht s ( \ zi pl g. 6' . noa2: , i . . pa"r . ust t uo
luat{ ourttd dupii or.t 11 a.m.
3aD
este lorma r.he r conjurctiei il
.{
399
E8M
C. CONIPLINJ]REA
i coMPOSI TI O\ )
L
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{00 Crearea
subslanti'elor
derirate
sru
(ionrpuse eite astizi tot at'ii de
pr'r-
(luctir:i
ca !i
in tr,:,:ut. cont"'o'rinrl
i^ i"""i"'*a
unui stil fdarlc
personal'
i i s\i i :,l .;,i ;,i ' ,r;-' ' i i l i i i i rl i i
a"
pi t*"* trrnti todrere
(uri re si nt e,.enpre
i t l
- qpel i :
,,is,.durn.ss,
lll: lij:iliillil:\,,u.".*
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i nl f . r l . i n l i ni l i i r '
, l l . $_,
I or l Pr .
ar ' t n,
"l Y'
60
_l l . - s0, kc
wi r h
a
Sood
amount ot nea. t of i a. l Mi t ! . uss. l
-.f'irow6 qrlh
'tt.kt
utr.p\s t}|at
gpt
lhF wolk donA.
l
"B{r op no r u r s. . ' Ot r pr mc no obj p. r i ons' f '
'
fhe pefisdns
ol thc doiag-what
e,ondpa-did-and.tpt:
prckad
it.,t!t-ta!.I!..t
Substantivo telescopato (po
manteaa, Nords
).
TiDul de cur.tnt numit, 4Ol
l nl i nrba engl eze aporl nant pau Nord.
eax a bl pnd. rord
1un,
u' i nr
. . t cl cs. oDat -j ?
_
c. r" n. rFal i p
arri f i ci al d. f oarl a sugect i ve adpsaori , care combi nA
i n mod arbi -
lrar pafte din sunetele gi sensurile a doud cuvinte tegate lntre ele prin lnleles:
l , rurcl I .
bFal t a. l l un. hJ rus
p
l nmpr. l I
.
rurh husrt cl
' hor ' l p' chu. kl i . snor t )
suur r y
. _- s. ur t pr +hr f r vr
ri srnundo r-- I nsrnua| | on
!
I nnurndor . mog
(
snokp
:
t os,
ngPf ( - Lon
r
| l SF| )
! na. k {
'
snake shar t r
motel (: motofisls' hotel) Nlirlicane {: whirhind
+
huricane)
slithy (: lithe
+
Btimy)
De fapt, acest procedeu de formare a ouvintelor std la baza vocabularului
iou..intrebuinrat,
extensiv atit in reclame. cit
Ei
tntr-rn anumit, gen modern
. 1, .
l i l "r at ur a.
I
\. Bert. Cadunt.
I
i.
LFwis, ,ltotn iktrr.
3
Cuvinte intrate l. liob{.
a
N. Twair, op. .t.
5R.
Aldinftoil
Deoth ol a lterc.
'
\ ' , oF
dal dp LF$i s C; r ol l
' uvr nt ' l o. , . i r
r , , . ar t i i l t pgi , r i p
i r r r , p1. 1. " ; n , 11, . , ,
Adee wes in Wbnn?lbnd, ThnuFh the lnniLs.Ck$
,.t
T* Er;ji"s
"f
th" i;;;k
;j1;;;;;c
.
Hanap' s Sttndad F.ench d^d Enst^h
Ditiandr!, 1s31t_
ARTICOLI]I,
i::O\SI]JNR.{TII
GI]\JJR.\Ltr
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\ Rl i ( I OLUL
SI
SI ; B- qTA\ _Tl \ : l l l , i l \ l j l l El l \ Li Ll t
S. \ t i \ I \ I t t 1Ei t , ! ut r , t i
\ _ o l r r h' l Jr l
j
h. r . n
r . t
nl r
". ' bi . "
. . . . . . .
-
l l . ' r l : . l r
I
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b"
,
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l ' ,
r '
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4 i
Pr u, ,
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. . . .
l - , r D. ! i i l c i r l i . ol ul r i t ol nnr . . . . . . . . . . .
/
r n"i
B"vr l
t i . r n
r
t r . t i \ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
l l P3r l , - L g. ner al r . . , . . . . . .
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'
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' bi t u"
NrDele olifc_telor de studiu, rlc
jocurilo.
ii:rle
sloflurito.
. t ' "
J
t .
:
ot . , - at - t . ; t ot , t . . . . . . . .
\
\ q r JL. Lt 1 1911, , 1 r ' 11 . . . . . . . . . .
Fof nr i i
t i r r o. unl i {e.
. . .
\ r , o l r n, d' r
i
r l ' r r . ' l . l
. . , . . .
. {r l i . ! l , i l i eh. t nf t i i o1odst r u4i r oul o. r r ddct l ur at . . . . . . . . . . . _. . . . . . . . . . . .
l nl r ehu; nl ar er nr , i "ul r l r i ncbot di t . . . . .
l nr i ni ca Li l . l or i l or , i numel or r l c
l r or esi i .
npscr i i , nr ; i oul i l ai , j . . . . . . . . . . .
ljulrii lnlintrrc nrc basincss al. the ptt
i
tah ol. tt.e
!t.l.sst.n
.1. the tN.te of
l tII
t , t 2
L) l
4t t
.\_ !11
.r1l
450
4at1 9i
4i11,
451
98
4i2 98
4' l t 10t
( 6: ?
100
ai i t i 00
46i i 1a0
43| l 103
4tt 10,'
r l i J 106
51r 106
51i t 0:
5t 1l 108
5i t r l r 03
i : l I r 0?
i : 5 109
i:M09
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96
9t
9)-
9,1
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at
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ti
arli.dlele
Rctrctnrca
dninuhri
-
ccl Nsl DER Tl l
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'
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l i r l r "r ' r r r l r r ' '
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a\ i
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l
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r 14
i i ,
vt l . CAZURI
l N
c-{RE , \ l l rl (x)LLl '
] l l ' sDf rl l '
SoisianlirFlL
sul , st . ' nl i \
"1"
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gcner al .
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itu.orc
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-
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: t 6
5
. 1 Ti TI COLUL
(T]l Fr
ATi TICLE)
I. CO\SIDERATII CE]{ER-. I,IJ
l) I)cfi ilie.
- lrticolul este url instrumrl|. granatjcal
care serve,ite.
S
11)f
i r
l ri , rci pul .
l a i ndi ri drl al i zal ea. obi ect el or' asupra ci rora se oprcEi e a1, cn1i a
\ , , r1)i t ol . r] l ui
sal r scri i t onrl ui . . obi cct e rl onunri l e,
I re
pl an gramal . i ral .
cu a. i r
t rul subst ant i rul ui l nl ol i t sau ru d. art rf ot .
2) Fon i, Grdnatica englezi are .toali arlicolel:
!.10;i
art i ( ol Lrl hot Ari t t he
a. t ; col ul nPl ot dri t a sau nn
,E l,ca.rr'.s u rins
,,.
JcaN
ra id.a
:l) {lrratteristiti.
- Spro rlcoseb;e de limlia |orrrini, ilr limba enqlezn { 101
l r ' i . . l Fl F. i nt
t ht l ; t ; . . . , r
f l r ' . , u\ i ' t p cl c pm. pda. , r h. r h, , t i \ at p
t a, . i r p
t .
' .
nl r ' .
l 5r , H {a e
' ^r t . r r ' l ' .
I n
: Fnar p,
"r l i . ol pl a
nu, i n' a. . . nt , r a' . :
,/E h.urs a .nild
t/r llnro
lr-"nn
lolntriN dn able
rnu
l Vezj i nsi i
5
41, 0. i l a)
4) Fur{,tii.
- .{ icolul ru stn sjngur; ci Insolelte tntotdeauna u. sub
$
40;
ilantiv
-qu
un eehivalent, al acestuie, fapL pontru
care unii grarnaticieni
il
I t nFni era o part j cul n.
,Obieclele
cxiste le se imp8rt, in doun categorii: drlirrtt. (adici specifi
.atc. in.livjdualizatc) tarl nuiefinit e.
d.) Defini.r(a obieetelor. adicd indiaidaLl.izare /or. se lace cu ajutorul S 106
arti(,olufui hotdrit, the
(the
l)efinit. Arlnl?). erc sril pe lingi snbsl,antivele
,.c ]e ddrumesc
..i
al cdrui rol ste de a scnrnala faptul ci obiectul in cauzn
,,.te snu ra fi cunoscut.
Thc, care la origin tnsemna lhis, that. tht:se. t/os.. ai pistreazi tnci.
S
107
rtenuat. acest lnlcles. lmpru'ri cu irrncliile corespunznt oare
I the poate lnsoli
iird 1r, .{ rrslan I ir.l?. nunerabiie sau ncnunre.abile. ai.lt }a s;
qular
cit
Ei
1e plural.
i r i , , n. , l i e de cont e\ l :
l )J r. sl ul subst anl i rel or. adi c{ acel ea care dc, runl esc
, obi ei t el e,
ndef i -
\ 408
ni1.. ncnldirnlualjzale, sillt insotite de xrticohrl ncholl\tlt (thc In.lrfi it(
-l//nt.,/.
.\cest, Rrtjcli ri sau an, crre lnsemna la origine one, adici unitttca,
nu poate deci insolri
(le.iii,
iorma de singrlar a unui subst&ntiw nedefidt.. ,\,ra,
.s
+{)g
i i ar p. n1r| r f oo. a
(l c
pl ural f orespunzi l , oue ncer; st i Dd un l i t ooui l . or posi bi l ,
.
a dal .unrele de artieol zero :rriicolului r,are af trcbui s^ c\istc in acel loc.
S
tl$
d&r care lips4r/r. Lipsa a(ieasla esfc tot atit de ilnporl.anli
ca si prezenla unlli
arl i col . deoarece cn are f unct i i di st i nci e qi hol i ri l oare. (Vezi
S
429).
-{rtifolul
neh.rtniil nu i sottte ]l;r;o(latn substantivele nenunerabilc.
r
l]rii grarnati.j.ni
1: r i i
( i i
l t
un al ; . 7r i t
.onsnlri irindr I hol,' rril ca
p.
r^ anirit. itr articolut ncho-
nelnnntit lr.zi llF Can i.a ArfdnJ Didiaharr, a, sn, t\e).
91
l I . t Rl t r, | | LI -l
' ' ' '
i:l' l;i\\lf,;ilil3n,\*li' ' ' ' '
!
411
s
419
+l J
I ) . \ rt i cot ul
ndrot i ri t
st ' r nl v
l nr nD
l Lr uai t c t \
:
Il.cul:i
qcncrxli
a rvlLisltr
ind^ottr' Lrl!
' isi:
i s
( 1hP' dni Dor
r ci nl l
ro*t.\1.
lr"rrl)ai'
sn fib'r
ili
nebotirit
-
d.rcn
ru nu
'Ln
<. , t . nnt ; r
, , r ' , ,
r ' r r ; J r V
po
. l
r i "
;
l "
' "
- t t
' r
i : i #: ;
' "i : : i
i
' pr-' "r
n' n
i
' ' r' "ru'
t '
-' ' '
' " I r
"0
I '
: , , t . t . , "t i - , 1 t ut 1r t r '
t o1 t P t
\ \ t
' .
'
. i i I . i n , , l . r ' nt n
l
iiililffi;i
pi.,""i.
p"t
primi
t'r singurar
artic,rtul
holirii'
r . r r . r . r ' t
I ,
\ i , i / / r ! r
l r t Ji i Ll - :
s L-
c,qtc intrcbuinlil
, l l | 21 \ uh' l nnl i \ Pl o
numcr chi l c
' r ' J
'
, ' l i r l
""
. "ai r l . , : i "
"; .
' , , "
, ' "
""; "
I
I ' nr : ' r ; r ' au
alt,
determina
t:3
"ohr
i -
. , ' r
. bl l . r _: i . . 1, ; I ' , . , e
r r .
, x. - . . , r
- ,
, r r r ". , ' -
i
'
, , h") ' i . .
l i . l ; , : i : ) , . ; i j : "1
: "1"; , i "r i j ", , ' , , , ' : ; i "; . , 1
' l
i I I ; "r ", : . )
I a$i '
i " o t oLL' e,
, , .
'
' 1; J, : i , l ; i n' , , u,
, , "
". 0"' , ' , ' "l l : . ' l ' l ' ' l ; , ' -l ' , ; , '
. ' ' , ' ,
"
'
,"
";,i,";it:;;',"
moLr
'
or,,,
.'
f':i:;"
;,,;.; i,i;,1.;
, ,r" )
:,"1,
1; :,'-,i ,1:,
1:
i i i l i l l l ,"l :l ;rl l ,]' ";l ' l i r:,"
:i ; I""r.' r
;"";i
p
n"r' " rr' i
"1' r' i
i '
-"""[i
i:1"",1'i;.
romini
in conLrast
cu cea
e.,slez:i:
ron
esre rei,r,.,
r.' lli liil:
"Tjiltt:
il.ltl:
Ji'T'i":'iTflli,fL:i;""i"!i,xl.,lx
. de
l i n
' r l
mai
mul l
r sr c si endLur r
i , , t oi t . : . ' : ". ", - . . , ". i ur . , . , "
. . . r ". , , . . i .
:
i a, :
r ' ,
"I ' r "
' dl ' r r
. ' t " pl i i i r t ""
ar d
l r dt r L
r r r "r i r '
Con(fluzic:
Nici
wr articol
nclLatnnl
io 1oi
tc-\tul
rL'nnn'sr'
-\'rrarai
(rtiule nthatdti't
l t e\ t ul
ergl eze: c-
$
{1(i
s
,117
q, 118
Fxi : , pt i i
l : i rt Errl t i l l , !
4l i :
Il ol l '
Ca0l ;,
/ , ) sLr u,
i ! Li
l r r r L+t P:
v' t nt
, t ' I
t ' t
s r e b r t l '
ql nd_l o' r ' Pr ' '
i ; i j
"; : : l : 1": ' l l .
"l ' ; ;
"
. , ' , '
' ,
\ r " r ,
"r u' r
ni '
"i ""t - , i '
i i , '
t r nl s
nl ol l ' ' d
1o t l r Pr r '
r
\ ' r . . r j l
\
. l ' ""
'
"
'
'
t r' "
. l t r . L^-: ": ' , ' ]
1
, , ,
'
, .
r' r ' "
:
r
| . nr r Lr
I ' cl r ni i r an! ' .
\ 7t
i
j -
- "
i
4.,h.'
l
:
{t' d
Lorl
' i!
CONSDERATII CENEE{LE
96
3) La pluml, substantieele n mcrubilc
lNl
nu p mcsc articol nehotirlt:
S
419
\r{tctres nou.s
4) Substa tilele nonnmcrabilo
tf:ll
nu au, in mod normal, nioi plural
S
420
li
iici articol nehotdrit,:
!.rseeianP is a
$ea1,
qnaljtv.
' l
otr can' i. lile .ll liinds bl D6t..
ai r r w i s a nr el al .
-{tr-is
jldis!.Dsalle
to man.
Ci. The atl in rhis room is nesh.
5) Concluzie.
-
DiD cete erpuse pinil
a;ci reies clteva reguti de bazd:
S
421
dl dacd un substantiv este numertrbil, deci are plural
el 1'a alea
li
sin
"s
42P
gular.
care
poale
ii
preced.at
d.
(trt[.olnl
tu)lntdrit. Arl,ico]ulu; rehotirii
{asau an)
ile la singutar ii c;rcspunde al)st nltr artical tnir la pl:UJa\.
I
- J.
^\ . . I
11. r , l ' 0"- , hool
,
Jo.
g
g"l
(
6
, or i , ' .
our .
I
pr .
Li zs \ er e s$ar n' ! r g our i i r Fr r f r
Substantivele numerabile au ariicolul hoLdrit, the atlt la Bingular, cit
$i S 'tP3
l a phral :
I
sj . 14'
1o
. . 3
, i r r
\ "- / / l '
. r ' '
'
o. '
{
pr . Tn" L "1. s" al l
; .
g r o ! \ i o. Ll
do. , r o $2, , , . / / , 1. . ' - 4r ' . 4 T4t s
I Tabnanent Fitn s.
D) Substantivle nelrumerabile
- adici abslraclii]e. uneie de matdi
S
'124
sj de nase, precum
ii
substartivele nsi]rlilale cu acestea nu au
plural
si
deci nu pof avea decit, o si.nlurd
fa
nd. cen dc sirg&ldr"!.
fdrii
articol ichotdrii.
Piirnesc insi articolul hotirli, liir tn iunotio de contefl:
\o oDc could lire $iurout notr.
linos'ledEe ol lis success was sn.r^d bv the nress.
,Ue@l 1t,N Urc maiistar ol his diel,.
'
-
The tuat yon sent ne was deliaious.
c, Lnel{, substartive nenumerabile por
de\eLi nune tbilc
jn
lurclie de
i
42;
j
teni,.ia vorbitorului
!i
sint tra1,a1,c ca atare (
S
30).
Jl Dqi unj j a, , t nr j i ndj r , a' l j act i vul nehot nr l t r or r c ca pl ur al al ar l i co-
g
{26
l ul ui nabo, . r i l l i f . d d
"sr ui a
l s
nl uf l t s
n, r ar ,
. {d
r
o, pl J. i 1- r el p. , a
"n/ nr
- "i
dp. i I nl o r r i r . d l ^
r p"i pr o. , nu sp por r . i d,
p
i n oJt " si r nal i i l . ,
. hr d
r nr . l r . ul ui r dj e, r ; \ Ll ui
. or , , .
f i i r d mr i r . . t r : nFd dpi i t 0r i F1 a cL, nt r i sr . ; r u
l ul ui . ehot i r i t :
I
s! . I
. dN
d b' bv
t l Jl i s
r l he par r .
{ , I Tl @- {p"a , d/ i ", I d\ ' r , t
' ,
n, r Ddr
I
r '
I : , . r . i l i \ .
o. bi ds
r r ' J. v, n;
i -
r hd
r r Jr k.
III. LIPSA An l.IC OLIr-LtiI
)
-"nN
idcajj
s
4!7
Lifsa:trti{rolului ste tot atit de imporlanti ca
lsi
prezenla lui. Pleclnd de
la acest Dunct de vedere. sramatica moderni stabileste tri situatii dis-
l i r . "l ' ! ; ; num": . . ot , Lt t t nr i s. , : ' nt ut u; ' .
ur ! ; . ul dt : "t a: si
i t "t i . t , nl d
or t i -
1) OrDisiuned a ieolului esl,c deliberaii. Ea nu lnseamnd incelcarea regu,
{
42E
l r l r ! r 01"r ; . a' a i t l p, i ni ni o 1r p: ". , 1. ] cr i n, at i r i l a.
r i
r . umai dor i nl adei so
|ealiza o tortcizie, care obline edeseori, pa de o parte efecte stilistioe
r :
ar l i . r ol ul ZEI TO
t Ol .
1: ezi
5
6. 9.
:1.rh
.st. Cc talrL
lotna
conlund (S !t-irs), cuc sc comt)orli1 ca nn singdar.
3
:
n, . r i , r ol ul zf r o
1i 1, , 1 5
4: ! 1.
' o
"tii
' irri' {{rui
()"j' ^:i:l:r' i"ill' "' t:l' l:li
l,ItI
ill'lriil'il
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11:,:,:ti t:t;l ,t;' :l :;i ' r
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1,:1,j,:;r.,'J,:;:
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' , u: i ' j , l j ; : Tl i i i : l ; ; : , i l
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subslanrn'h
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.hina..,".
I t i k.
t o
dr n' r r
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1_r r j ^
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\ r , , . "r , Jr , i , , , r , , r , , i .
r , , , . r j ^l
, L, L' - n' | , LLr "i
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i l "' f , , l i l ' f i , ; ' , . ,
"-' lr;-';)li';l':;.;,""11;11;;;;;"rl;
i;i
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r n(
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nudc
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stc
rl rLr
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. . . i .
i ; , ", l : ; ": , . ; ; j r l ' l i ": r "i t ' i . . : ,
hu. , . i - h
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:
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l '
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t t at t ri hst t i t t t
(; rt at t . oi t ai t L
l ' f sl i i '
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et f
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t t
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,
*' *' ' , ' , , i i ; i : : ; : j l ' ' "j i ' ; l l : ;
' : ; ' l i ' ; : : l , i l ": l l i :
"i l l ' l ' l l ' i "": ' r ' ' ' t ""
i i f.' ;i "i "'
""' -' "
1' ,
i :; :i ":i :i ::1. ;' ,|i ' l ' ,,' *"' u"' u' i r' !L' ' ' |:' ' ,,i '
s' o' ,,;,,pi ,i
l l -)i l :l l :,":l :"l l l l l ""
.
-T"i"'u"t"i-tu'"uu'ri
7'tu
csle
o rart
'Pufritrli
in mnL'n
riirir
"nlrltidt
ri(L;f'
,:' i l ;.i ' ,*i l "l ' l l .i ,n"i r.i ,,i
ri .r,",,,qr-:,
ar..
r!.r' !xn
s.rmati .rr'
r' i
rti nrJi "
AiTICOLUL
IIOTAR T
IY. ARTICOLUL
trOTi.NIT
(TEtr DXTINITD
ANflCLE)
1) tr'ormi,. -
Articolul
hotdrit
6ste the' inva abil in sdis, indilerent
de
S
438
numar
sau cazi
97
s
.137
gen'
f / r "
pr i zes wer e gi ! . n o l & bny r nd
r nP
' $o
gi r l s
I hPt saw r / P r o$n i n r l 4 dr r r dni F
2) ProDunl i o.
Arl i ' ol ul l f t ' 5o
pronJnri :
i t
Loi N
t i , onC / , f , ] 1
-
f orma
rarprr
'
i nd rsLe o' f enrual
sau cl nd 36
'
The delinite article
rs
"tle"
Is he 'tnc"
Sliaw?'
l Esl o
Pl . Pl ebar l 5l , aw: )
i s hF
"dt ,
' p". i ar i : r
i 1 ! l nmdl ol 0gJr
b)
lbtti
(;NanS
farn
-
forma i,are)
sNtl6r)
(acak
form
-
forma slabd)r
$441
l n. i nt a unei
vocal e sau a unur,
mul ' :
'&
ti9l
,,',2 aeach&'s address
,tu c{Ith
,fte hour
,tu
jnn
,h? hei!
tle boys
t/ia houses we vrsiled
s
4e9
s
440
$
442
!
413
s
441
. J f b, l , t 6l .
t or m"' l abe.
l nai nr pa
uDAi conj ' anF
cau
a unui f t aspi r af
. i
"
se"i i "6"i t "t o| " t *t ri [ i ] .
a' i mi hre
cu consoanol e5:
FUNCTIII,E
ARTICOLULUI
IIOTiRIT
coNstDtrRATtr
GXNXX'AIX
l r l l omonsl rBt i Y.
-
Arl i ' o1ul
t f re l & ori gi ne adj r' i v
demonsLral i v
t - t i Ls t hnt . t h, s. , t hnser , pesl r azaqi a' l 6zi vol oAr Fs, sLenu0l i
a u4ur demon_
st rat i \ ' , a' i nd
uneori
. hi ar
: i
f un' ! i 0
ocest ui a:
l r. i s i usl what I unt sr rt u (- t hi s
aomoni .
Mnnv' haDDv Fl um ol r t u
{=i hr sl
ddy
il;^iT"
i""lll1"'"'"j'*'
rl'li'J,''',i;;
""',
I t sas
^
us"d car Jnd d' "do al t h? I r ha r pr r ce
"4'
(":h:T:il
,*tidj"ii,"$T."ifi
#-'J;'".",
r hea,ir rhem.
2) funotii. -
Articolul
hoidrit
va insoli aiadar subsiant'ivele
care
de'
""t Ti
"O' *' "
anum; t ,
.
"qnot "ut p, l i e
l n ambi anl a
1n
'
ro sa f l ; obi cct el e'
t ' "
J/ ^U"' "i "
un' u. i o"
sau
psrt i ' ul ari zst e
pri n d' rermi aant i 6 ori aLri bul e:
-'i.#
,""
"r"
to..a acccntnate
romo si"il
(0I) esie lorma neaccentnale
; l T, , i ; ' : . ' ' i 1, , '
n, r , r . t "!
. hu, ". t p; , . t "an. ! . hnt uc. , ,
da, : f ar "r "
r of . : : sr Lb
""':fi.ll.:r':r':X;;;l:":T';1"/'f';b,""'j;"'.,"""i"':::
,",hf;:ti;oj"j:;".,,-,,.
i
scml \ . 1' l
'
l {l
r ' di l l i ni l i al i
i r r
' - r vr nl
-
"
'"r;;;l)i;;,ii;;l;":
'::;1..,,:l;1,
l,i:1i,r1r,""1.9;:ili',il;:i.';:"i,::-i.
'.''; ""1if
;i1"f tI,l {5i :'
{i:,,rt| "'
t
-
qr.hailcs nnbli ensrezc
$
445
s
448
$
446
$
41?
98M
S
44t DJ lrnir.rtr, irdeo'oste cunoscut:
'l /M dror
js
shxt. brt. rl, rindo,s are o|len-
Turn ofl lnc /ddto and h,rn on /F TVJ
P\i ott tlte lishtr,
llcasel
We dor'I. sdl wastc l,crr.
Are vou coine to lctah llte .hitd tuom scliooll
Iak",/F
i:
ilis) pastcdnt ro thr post-office, therc's a
good girl]
Thdnk you for tnc aunitioa. I\I h{\\e the h;fi tdpe1, p)eac.
1 mertioned chcss: he was
!.olieieDt
in ,nc
sdtu,.
The pi.ttta an ,i. ,@ll fte his own.
The hishlishls al tlt $ech's
ln Engtaud, caN drire on . Lt and
pass
on t@ ristu.
1'lE c.smos is a wcll-orde..d syslcm.
At enl i e !
$
450 3
)
,q.dvorb.
-
Th. est.. ar t.ical hotdrlt trumai clnd sti p e ltD-qi un subs l an-
tiv; clnd lnsd insolelte un ddjectir sau un adrerh, )^
qradul
compdrati\. sau
sup$laliv! in speojal cind sint doun adjective sau advrbe corelate traduse
pr i n. . cu
ci t . . . , cu at l t . . . ", l he esLe ddpd. r :
t h ] . t u' P,
' h
r
""r
. t
t \ d\ Ff b
He lias had a rcsl atrd leirts d,. r.fu. ({or il.).
l-A.dverl)
-
' 1, . . , at . g. r t
p, l , i l ' 1, / / '
3. , o
,
. . . ar . , . \ dr r b,
( l r ") i l o
- nFdb""6
( , t , ")
1. , , , aat ,
e^i . \
s
4, r ",
nosl .
( \ d\ er b)
Zfu eslc tnsd articol cind precedi un superlativ rclativ
+
substaniitul
erprimat, sau subinleles, deoarece, ln acest caz, el determin[ subst&ntitul.
(Vezi
S
724).
$
451
s
452
STUDI U CONTR, \ STI V
AIiIICOLUL IIOT-iRIT
SI
SLTST,4,\?IINJ,I] ABSTIiATTI} SAU COIOIiNTD
Et empl e:
",
o. : t t t l h, na' " r '
t . l "
"
, 1"
| , 5. - r .
r \ D5r r i l di
t h. dm"l
. at
e- \ "as t . kbr 1- "pr t r ", o, , a. onup
I ' o1\ a")
O sene de substantive pot fi uneori abstracte, alteori concrete
-
deir
nu pot sau pot avea arLicol hornrii
-
tn {unclie d inten,tia 1.orbitorului.
S
463 1) Substantivele bed,, br.dl; (: rcc/catle), canp,'Change, church, callc:,,.
coufL ha.rbaur: hotnc, lLaspital,
jail,
mass, marhet, parL prisan, schaoL, t(".
shne, tdble, tcrm, taen, aork etc., nenumerabile, nu primesc articol (au ndic;
articolul ZBRO) cind lnlelesul lor csLc abstract, deci atunci cind ne reterin
la rnlian4 respectivi:
to admit into norrn(l
na Chanee lo leav s.l,oo,
lo have been to .ol&sd to
lut
to sra
to }rine
ini,o
.orrt l0 sit doivn to rdDl,
10
so
l o bFd,
r o
J
p,
o 16. , l o. or l "g' , l o, o r ' . i u. . 3"l or r , o".
( r ' 11
t ' -
por i . , e. i n o h^spi r al . l o mTL I nr o
t or .
t o p, so
j i l .
10
t o t own. t o uni \ cr s i , y, t o $or k, 11, ,
1. ( Ab, r . , at or r . )
r r or , r nl
r t r . ' r
' ) t t ' ; eh[ . J, ' i ] ! o
nd
"i ' 6r ' . i
. : t .
xI n' aL. hanp.
/ or . . 1. . , 1) . , , . r r
di nr . ur
. l -
' i r
n^
d"l d.
r r , r , , r
'
sublnlel{asl /o
l'l.
"Ee sEnt to theb \or^e".]
ii
ca atuc lac!
t,]]t!
din categori'r de s'l
staltive care, lmlrl"url cn o
lrcpozilic,
au lalo.lle dc adftrbe.
TICOIVL ttOTARlT
r ol i ui n b' l , i
dl p i
- i l l hTn| n
i
qi \ "
c' '
r
' ol i gn
' hom"
i n l os_
: i .
t
o
J
. i d
l
r
'
.
o
,
a 1 . .
'
l ool
"
To\vn, fira articoi,
pe lingn selrsurile de la
S
453
"i
S
zr55
mai l seamni
$
454
rlrul
(comercial a]) ornl'.rlur:
Shall Nc have ililn.r tr ,oa, todav (- Il ora!. la rcstaurnnt satl la chbl? Slo
^
, i , i 1". , i t . t o l r sl ' onn, "x
"i J
nor ai ' l
p i ' r 4pi ' r ' r ' . l o' ui l d i n
' , , ( 1
, '
ubu' h: i .
r
{
t t P)
'
t a"' dJ Ju' l a
"
ad r l
' pdr
on! I nar n'
: : r or caued on a l r i dal .
Se intrebuirteazl
insi ariicolul bolirlt atunci ctnd ne relarim la inlelesul
$
455
.onrret al substa;tirrelor
de mai sus dcvenite nurncrabile, la un anumit orag,
, )
al umi l i
Fcoal i
ct c. :
TheY lookcd at ,ne ndd: it !'as nPtY.
|the'coltele slood {t d oossroads.
The lisiciiers in tne.o&r, lrcrc not interesled.
'l'he
chcmisl.'s was rear t,l" /@3,Dt,2,.
At Doltani,,nd
P.tsn
h4len turned into a museum.
\Yc salv tne scn d, bciore tts.
! ,
, n.
r . J hi b. r r l , ' d i n hpsuni l l dr .
ThpAi r ' , n r "5i r r i _gd, f r . t abl " uF"l i o Ll
i r booLs.
rle iN sriislicd with r/P eofr in
!f.p
SIc wcnt ior a $alk outside ,ft4 t
'qa.
Wc were alProaching ,ne ,oaD.
Irticolul
hotirit se lllttebuinleazi
!i
in urrndLoarele construclii:
S
456
l o so
' o, i o
I nsl i
' r ' . ,
/ i ' l abor dl ot y.
/ r f i , / Lni \ FE: ' vr .
go do! l "^ i nl o
' l P
' ounLr l : '
. r . l - ubi l r nr i v'
. r r A r LmFs.
, ohi
, l '
. on"r '
l n
i o
qo
i o l l ' " ci l pni .
l hP i ) s t h'
' ot r ' er l
t / r ' oD' r d. l , p
nr l l r
s. f t . I ner t r p
er ' '
' ' r bsl Jni i vo. 1r e
nur n"sc u dGmr l l cdl Pgor F
da dFl r "l r r "
school .
-
\ da s' r r t ad , t , i aar v
s. nooi
wl pr sh" s R
' : . .
Sl r
Epnl
i o 4
p' i 4uf v
!
{n/
. {oDl i n Jr s- y, . nd spenl f ou"
) PPt .
dI s", {ot l Tl ' Pn snp \ Pnr 1o Y4n4or ! ^st a^t
\ Nnen
. , nc r : ni r hed / r " s- or l , . u st ool ,
. h" w"nl up l o , , r u r s' r d I n uucnr f est .
r o r
4?
u4' ' ?nr . r u
oi r r ndFsr {! u"Pof , ' i dl ) l sr ul or l hp)
RuchuP' t uni r ' t ' i ] !
' dr ent
l n l r mbT \ or ' ' r a
2) Numete date |,cselar zilei
f:
meakJ urmeazn accca;i regnl{:
(au deci
S
458
.lrticolul zro):
o) nu sini articulale
cind ne relerim la noliunee abstrnoti:
,.dftlast
is nY talourite neal-
Cone to lrtul tomorow!
?!d h ai live todaY.
lThe)
dtaDe. is seNed
\Yon L rou
shv lor sll?ef
,
i i ai . , l . i n;
"*
*
g. y' ano r har l v ds u
'
di wl d' : l he ndl ' r q $i r h hPf noa?
,) Cind ins{ noliunea esto concret5,
substantivul poate alea ambele
S
459
articoie
""i
devine numerabil, adic:i ore
li
plural:
S[e
put rh" rrd^/nsl
nn lhF t8blc-
i i , i ", . ,
", ,
s
r ' nj
' o' J- . r "h
d r i c' t ' a' l ' r oo:
! ' el ch l / c kd. Pl eJs. l
Comc on. vou \iilj
Pnlov rn dniM'.
\ \ : c sol d a"l , , r ndFJ
t ' r *i
t o
t , and
I vo
I ' undr et l l e, " t odaJ.
L\ t . . i
d, ". r bi nl r "r . l l n:
- d
ar l r . : b
La
r , r r : r . r . : t : j
t ast d!
4t r t . : t J:
. r r on, -
, 1, , r . ' r / / i .
dc
l r oi , r "l
' l t
pr "l "r Tl 1. md Jl
"
l '
\ L
(\ ezi U.H. I{illils
et alia or' .t
,
p. 68
J
j
\' e,i
ii S
i' rs.
i i
9C
460 c/ In acceafi cateeorie
f6,
inlrn si urnitoarele substantive, care
Do-
er eu pl ur nl
5i
or i , ar e di r
, "l e
doud r r r i . . l p.
dr
"u
o nodi t i , ! r . sem"r , t i , l
al un"i
"l r d
se r el er a l d o i Dt r r r t i r l a
n, sF". o p, r r Fr ar c. t . . .
I l : "y . g"u"
"
. / i "n". . parryr
t ai t n
sr-.
0
arcar surcess.
Helen has iccn 10 r@ dtra,,s this we.k.
W had d lovely lancl at a Sohor restau.aDr.
,161
l)
ItlijLoacele
(le
Lacomolie.
- Aceeaqi uzanli este urmai,e si ln cazul
verbelor lo gor
to camq to learej lo lrarcl. urmate de prepozilia ,y (: ron. cu),
care precedi, fird artirol hotArit. noliunca fiind abstra;rn, numele mijloacetor
de locomotie ca bicuclc, bike, boet, bus, &r, ptane, taxi, train, tubi, und.er.
graund
eLc. I
I sent t ho Ddcel Dz dt .
.
ThJ l pf ' I or LoDdnl ; r r . , , / J".
r J"! . I n. bov sqoi nFr yn, / , . bi 6. pt o
j oi
.
r h- m,
an( l 1no
gr . l
, l r ! d. nr h
som! l r . nds
Go by anderyNlnd to
"Piccedilly
Cittus I'
.
Spunem insa, htrebuin_ttnd prepoziliite in, l,n
+
articotut hotirlt cind
nolrunea este conoet5:
Sh" l ooL
, 1"
/ , r p t o O\ 1, ' r I L: r r s
I / . " Lodl r r . r i , r \
-
i n
We had lunch aL th. tnin.
Thde was onty stn.ding room tD ,nd rd;n.
'fie.e
\ras lo one we k.ew on ris ,ldae.
I *as on tLe bus whcn you got in.
169
4) SubstantiTolo abshacle slnt articulato atunci cilrd, conform resulij
de la
!
455, numesc
,obierte'
anumitq cunoscutc, mentionate antrior"sau
particularizate prin
determinanti3:
Hs prafa.pd pcansidpt:t;
th"
p.p,n.
and tbF suqsestio! was ac.eoted.
Tl ' nuj h
vo, ns.
' "
l Js i h. sr Fdnm
"t
r n ot . ] s; i . .
Sr r
r dd
l hD good
sen$ ol
\ . . : . s
l he
j t r di r F
o/ ' o, . . . i , r i "D.
?he lile. oocurftd to t.im thdl ties night ldre dn ovtins_
100
1(i3
l dl
s AX,TICOLUL EOT-iN,II SI NO]INLB PROPRTI
Rogul[
ge[erald
Numele proprii
cu formi de singulor, prin faprul cd reprezintn
un J n, pl nr up, . . . 0u pr i n, r s.
ar t i , ol , . t l t ot ar r . . , ". .
. "r ! i nJ
i "n
f u a
4cs. mnr
un bnumr l
n\ pmDL
t J; ht r o. r t . or : . r Ve?i
S, i JJ
I nF\ i . r . nt a
articolului)-
Numel e pr opr i i
i f t
t
/ J
I nss r y- '
,
r ul d.
t . t , i , t , dt . .
\ i
dp"i pr i mp. .
. t t t i ' oJul hat 0t i l .
"i nd
s r ' r i nt r cbui n: a
a
l d pl ur r t .
. . u
, e
i uLsr ar t i L.
cor unp.
qi u
, i nd
, l r I
! dr
i , ul f i zA e , l a
n dc, "r mi n. n ( d"i but . . -
pr ot ozi , i . . r r j bu, i ! r .
. p, zi l i e
q, r
t , opo, / r l i F
apo/ ; t i var .
166
1) Numele proprii
ile prrsoaue
sau animslc, lmpreund cu substanti\el.
. . omuno
?si mi l ar p l or ' n
ambr i i
f j l n, i t i ai . per soa'
pt p
apr opi at e c . . t
Fot hpl
Mathcr, Mummlt, D&dcl1J,
Aunt, Uncle, Bab!, Cooh, N uise, Teacher erc.l.
r,ton
:
carticr d;n t.ond.a, c.tbru
lcn1ru
reslarrartete s{lc cu tr!.nfiLrie shnnri
-
. , ! i a| ; t ! ! t
Ci , ' . s
p; . . ot t i u!
l pr r J' , i r t r ' dr r t p, L
d. . ,
. . n, 1
,
. r m"
I Li r ,
.
Lr c: Las- p, l r r . on$Jef d' ; , , n' , r ur I o. df i . r - r . r ' s, . . , . oI i al dI nr , r n, t l i : uof at . nL
: ol v'
f b r r ai m. r ' "
. | ") zi :
. so_, d
". "1.
o p, J b p, ' ar ;
, I dt "pt - . e. ua". \ . I J. : Oi aa
, \ r uat ?:
t nl 0l Pnt st r nt l .
! ci .
$
444- 1"0, 45i - 1Lj r . i - 24. i ! 6.
AETICOLUL TTMARTT IOI
ntr au articol la singular, nu au piurui sj so scriu cu inil,ialn rnaiusculx
(Vezi
S
301):
Is ?,, on ihe Fa.iorY ConmiU.ee?
Aucudus JohL'{
"$rasliq
DiX" Iaigs in the Tate Galle.y
r-i4.r.
(Jolin)
didn'l. !irg up yPsterddy.
Tell Croft Urc .anteen hnoh is nt lhree todal.
Diil ?ld.l.. call lhe .oU?
s",ofty is a wise cat
Aceeagi conrport,rre
!i
la
yocdlitr
$
46{;
I shun'l, Ire a ti\in\tl., IIunvL!/ !
Daggi:'. tet.n lhc bulll llar.'s a good boll
Numel e t l e f aDi l i e est e d. ' f apt un . l et ernri nanl n; scut di n recesi i at er
S
467
de e se particulariza prenumele
lvrzi
L,f:girea rumelor scolicne, irlandezP.
scandinal-e etc.. care 4,, pfetir.rt lr prtruncle strnbunului flAnuldi. ir sco
l i ann
, 4{d. sar, 11d
(=
1i , , 1. i n i rl ande, r a)' (-, / )
t (desr, erdent )
dl l ui . .
l ,
i al i n
scandi navn sut i \ ul . t t rr sau -s. , n
(: l i ul l ui . . . ). Ast l cl
t "l acDanaLd: :
f l . .
descendenlul Ir11 Donakl: O'Do oea
:
dercerdenl,ll irli Danomn Chrislo'
s
468
$
469
s
470
prrersron sau Chri^'tophercen
:
dscenden-tii lui Chrislopher.
Primosc articolul hot6rlt numele
proprii care au pierdut caracterul de
unicitate:
a) numele proprii cu formi de plural:
We me!, the Broaas and ilE Sttuhhs ai the Loldon PlildDonic Orchesira Concert
DJ numele proprii dc.renite substa tile comune ($ 7)i
I was dnvins the ALslin: aulomolilul
(cu marca Ansit').
Wc l oL t h?
t ; l adst a1,
l b. ' r ) o" 0u" cl ol l , p.
(
cpar dnl e . l l .
Di d' r ou spo r t u Ca, sl r r _al
r h- r . ' r " , , l oul dp Causui nj ^
She ;as sitiins on- the chesleiictd
(-
canapca).
cJ numele proprii particularizaie pdntr ur) atribut, sau
pdntr'o propo-
S
47r
uilie atributir.i;
substantiv
precedaL dc un at but,:
tljt ..I.bNted John Gdls{orthy
-
the
/dtuB
llrs. Sidilons
substantiv urmat, de un atribut:
I conld h.trdlv rDcosnize the Bd.ltarelt o/ p.eaat ddys
I didnf rike ile Opihelis ," the nad.rt ier;ion of th; ptay.
substantiw urmat do o propozilie atribuiirn:
Tho r\m 1 nonirZ nds not tbe
-{Dtr
t had ntust in ny ch'ldhood
Thc Tentrs
/ou
sd{ wus the
(alll}Jsiin
Ictu8.
Er cepl i i
Substani.il'ele proprii praccdaie d adjective ou rua
li
afectjvi, srtu de
S
472
cuvinte care constituie o poro.l:i sau e:rprimd o singurd idee nipreuni cu
substaniivul. nu prinesc articolirl holnril
(Vezi
$
433):
dar l , j \ I o
n' f . d
' '
! .
"n.
Eoo
l l l J^
. s. poof
l r l l . \ nn
r nu
' r ' . .
31' \ i
' r J/ r
l o, r . dr y
\ l dy.
bnve l i ub, i l l aod. por r f I
s, l i nt
Joa, , , Yo, , n" f ' 4' 1.
oU 11^
B, oN
r r r
'
n' ""i r
\ t ; d; 1;
o, F"r: .
\ : , , ri . n F, ns' dno: i ,
""i
r. ; ; ; ; . 5rd-d: sri . '
I
"",
. i j ' , q: ' " i i ; l
Ror na, , i Jn l i
4"4r . . r
,
. o l oq. i r l E, ' 11
. h.
n, "di pl dl S' hi u. J
"
_**'
""
I
A- 8. . : , Ed"
Jt
t . \ ,
t a19_t ' , ; t ,
t i
t , . r
r i
sr r r op of l g r d:
\ f i ' ps
, l ,
"
Ji mi , , L
'
. , ' - nu . r r . :
s
s
102
473 Cind nune.le propriu
este ur at tto un adjeftiy sau de un substantiv
apozi t i v care const i t ui e o
?of ccl n.
arl i . ol ul precedi porecl a:
Iolit n Creail
(lhnrles
lk /tdl.lr
Fl . \ adt l Faor t . . . . - i
-
/ "
\ , . -
-
1i 4 Ercepl i i : John Lacl i l . t nd6, Edward / , onXrr(rAr'
475 2) l{umele prop
i lnsolite de tiUuris.
-
TjtlLrr;le (de politele. prolesiG
nalc, aca{lemice. nobiliare etc.) urnate imediat de ur nune de persoan:,
prln
laptul ce au un caracter dc unicitate. nu sin,, artjculate (Vezi
S
53-54):
Niss smith
Colonel Brown
Q,Er M.b
l oct or Rol i nson t i i n. c Cl , a. mi l a
C,rnr, Gonzalo ol Lara
176 Et cepgi i . l i l i l uri l e st ri i ne (Empf f or, En cst , Sxl t dD et c. ) au art i -
coL :
thc
Arthdule Ftatz Ias.t
//,e Ca.itto llan,.
-rl
R6hid
f,te,
()zdr,1
Pcter
ure Grenr
477 Canstr ctii perimt e:
,na ladv ]Iarion. tte ladv Roscna.
' I marry, / i rnrl "l ai l ] . , \ nn; ' f l i rl , ard111de$' . Shat espen. e)1' ; rl ELordRi si ngham
l n Tl , . Bl a' k Arow". f j l m ' r\
478 Titlurile pdmcs0
iI,sE arlicolul lofdrii atunci irind i.si pierd caracterul de
urricitate ssu ctnd stnt tnsotite de determinanti:
o/ rnrur e rnra nDmp pronrrl
fie .,L",/ illlectcd the tloops-
Zle do.l,/ \rar s.nt l.r.
The lt4i4eht .rddr.ssed thc neeling.
480 D) titlurile la plural
sau urmate de mlme proprii
cu formir do plural:
The Mbs Btoons (s a d,d r1t;sses A.o.rtrl lived ncxl dcor.
481 c, t i t l uri l e prccedat e
de un adj ert i r sau urmat . o dc prepozi l i a
ot :
$
s
,n, ,/ar. ,{dmirnl Ncisotr
rld s*e Kjng Solonon
r/'., X,,,s rI D.nD{rk
7i. Pri(:!
' /
\\:rles
rne Prcsidcnl o/ lh4 riollcge
482 Cird tnsi Lii,lul urmat, de o/aro lurclir de apozili. articolul rln se exp md:
&lwad, P.ta., ,/ Il-a/cs. snllerdcd to i]1c tlronr.
r
Iadn I
('ul
llIdr.') 1135i-t433\. fpqe rl Porhiqrlil,i llrli l1]31.
,
CdtuI I
I'ccl
rlla,?;
)
(82:-sti).
rcr1i Nt Friniei lr4rl 8;1. .ci. sub n!mete de
C.trol Il. Imptuat al Shitul lmDerni Ro'nan isti-tt7:].
, t t
t , ot r , . ' .
o oor d. l d I _cdt cr at - .
r d. d
r "f . sou'
I 00i l n, i 6.
- -
r \
- l i . i
l 1: l ' t ,
' ttevic
liaris(t rul,
tiriti
de r,ortnlalia
11tj1i4-1i6it. i,roNrlo.
al crrtori:dtor
5
Ai t Ldr d L l ni ni l t t e 2. , ( 115i - 119! 1. r ege al l ngl i r , i
l t t s9 t 1! ! ) : nhat l r t c
i r n. i r d, r r r . i ,
' l aot t t . d.
I r 1
l l 6- l Tl r j r ,
"l
\ ' 91, . l l l l j l u. ,
^". . , mna.
\ l i gno
l f d
a
I
l : ^. t 110- r i . i l A l i
i
: . i ' 10: . . . r , . r c) i Lnt l l l l i ns-
sf n, ^i r sr r
t . r . r .
1
, , I r l r nJr P
l uncr .
"
\ sri @mlara cu
S
4t6.
. t . 1
r '
' nsi i
dI r . i
q
i r . vt . '
r . . . /
r
Nar .
r i , , . o, ". ,
L. t
t h
st
"not . l .
, , ,
, .
; ", , r r or r oq- r j , i r ! . . s. , u
, - .
. .
,l
Cilatul ale srroarcri ljnitii lli Siiik$po:or, dur rnj e nri !u roCll pfntN otito.ii
l 0B
3) Numirile
geogreficc. -
a) Sut
. r , '
r i "l e
"ar c
n' r n, ' "
; n' nt
! i ! .
pd' r ; ' / . r ' nn' i r r ' n' F
l 5r r '
r "-
ei uni .
pr ovi a"i i . l o. dl i r ' i r i
di ' l r i
'
mr r nl r
: r
I n' Lr a) ( \ pr r
J
e
i :
-
, , t . i r , a r u f or r nr Ll "
. i ueI l ar t t t l r r sf r r . or :
l ur oD"
\ \ ' ' ' s
R
' ndPst
jii,:1"'
)'ro )'i,,
'
!"#:li,'.'"
i . i ,
"i
i , , r , ' "
ii'r;1""#il;;!"
iiiil*.;,,,",.".
southrari.nsington
$
483
s
484
$
485
care
numesc
intinderi de dpii
(oceane, mnri, estuare'
S
487
hot drt t :
/ne
(Elglish) Channer
forni
de
lhuat
si t arlif,dste
cu ariicolrrl
hotirit:
r / "' I os
, , r
r .
, . r / , P \ l ! "
l / " Bi l
'
"r
r- , '
, i ' ri i r' ",
""
i
-
l , " L" vi ' s
r' 8" d
'
r r ' Hi r hl dt ,
t "
L' JmPdr '
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FI
bt d
; i ; :
j _; ; ' ; , r .
r , . I nor n, "
l , r or kn
I
i t
|
l l anJq
r l P Ro' kr es
Obser r a! LL
Numele Sirurilor
ile munli
primesc srticolul
chiar
dac[ au formd
de silt-
$
'186
euf *r
rl r"
-f ri r. .
t bc
f a" o' r"
j he-P
nni np
(hoi n'
"- - Nr . "t . al r ei r r unl i : f hc
Jdn. [ ] au' t heS!
B"r nod
l i t ] de
St Cat hor d
' i n'
Et cepl i L
,ne
-{rgcntii.l
,le coDEo
rne Ltvant
r/r PalntrDaie
articulate.
, ) Substantivele
riu
)'p
mesc articolul
,r, Nile
'
Not d
in cazul
suLsl,antirelor
proprii corrTlrse, ari'icolul
nu este exprimat
ina-
S
{88
; nr ""' r un
' l o"
cr qr . l - dF r r u L
' \
' / i
\
i
j ?l :
Burroucn_r".,r
Newcas|e_otr_?,nd
Strailord_on'{eo'
c) Subst art i vel e
rdl . .
I akel l ot h.
t nount
'
| ad
'
l Lrmdt e-i mcdi s
t de un I ' unrc
S' 189
pt opr ' ,
""u
' on
un r " dpo/ i l i P
l t u au af l l r ol
r \ Fl r
S
cl t t ' :
-' ' J;; rr' r.' ..r
r ,r" r' , n,t"".' r'
ll;lill :,";' i'
ll;:' l"' .
'
Capc Conaver Jl
I och Lonr und
Cind sint, lnsd insolite
{te Un atrlbut,
e\e slnt afii''nlate:
S
490
i:;i';i::*'[ii:"*'
i*ilf:ljfim"
a,/
tll genere, cirr{l uIL slll]slon1?l
tomdn
este del'rminat
de u3 nu11
S
agr
nt oor i u t a{t ;
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^F
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i t
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nu"' . r r ' ub; r ' Lal Fb:
rne Rasqre
Prolinc.s
r,{. llirrhiz stepre
r r P st r ; i t s D. t
er r r t s
?yDl,
lrderai.
tn
-\ustria.
I
St slnne
iNr
-lrsrl' rd'
104
$
492
Er cepl r L
Subst ant i vel e
bal l
f i t t h
hcaL
f ni ' l ' . ' f s(
ht rbnn
hat "n
'
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l dnd
'
rrrri i org, cl nd
st nt
prei e<t at e rl e n' rn] P
pL
' pri i
sau c"rnurre'
nu 3u rrt rcur
(rezr
s
433) :
liil;i",fl;il
Fllr".l .:
)ll"lil
'i"i''"
. ; , 1; i
i ; ; : i
r' -' " t i ' ro' '
' on;
r' dnd
{ 4$3
.) N umele
punctetor c$dinate
si alr rctnLnilor
nsprtrite
/tin'rc
art'icolul
'-
hotnrit,:
"h'i'"ll;,,'f"J"",1'l;
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''',,"
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l j l l , ; ; : , t l i ; "1: t , , : . ; ' : ] l L' l ;
: ; t , h. , , , 1,
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r.d
-
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Er cePt . i i
E 494 .1, numele
punctelor c'irdrn
e i l'ebuinlate
ddltf
idl ariltind
dircefia'
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nu au ort j c^l
(\ rczi
S
49r)l
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o. '
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S
495
b, in expresiile
de t'iput
$
602:
We lcouleil
the woo{t lrom
' or' i
io so"r and l.nd e' Jt
to
' ves' '
$
496
4) Nllmele
d0 strtrzi,
parcuri, elidiri'
vapod'rc
etc-
I
f ol d, 0un, el F
i ormai e
di n
(t ot ' . ' r
'
nb' t dnt t u rr' rrm-
prnpri u
"ru
rom: ^
I ' i "t '
. omu4
r d sr '
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t q*'
p*'
i "i i : ' "' o1' 6"1'
' "
i
'
r r r u
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Jr r i ' ul i r e
(Vezi
S
433):
F;i il;:.
iir,,l*i-"
Rri;r;il;";1""*
Er'"',:;F"'.y"''l iij;i;;i,.i;;,1 kl l,i,ll;''
lln*iili"
Y:rirr;r,r
i:
:i'i:r"f:
,ttd tohemie
Fo.csi
I
t / k) USSR
l/P Zoologic{l
Cadns
rr, Strait ol Gi!.alta.
r/p town of GuildLord
tl, Saharlt
(Des.ftl
s
498
s
499
, ) Dri mesc
t nsi art i col ul
hot i f i t :
l,;.;'nu'r'"tc
proprii formaie
dintr-urr ridi"liir +
nn trntne cotnan:
,d \ationdt
oallerl
^*
:flll',;'l,;'fill.l'l'"*,i]l'"'l'i'',li""iii;"i?l'f,ii,l:llTi*;i[:'!"]"'1"'"#'!""'Ti'i:
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fri,'i"'ii"f;,i!.",,"
rer .re rar|io,,
lon(ronez.
AFTICOIUT EO1' AR1T
105
Eacepyi t
nr oad
Sr r eei
tsrondwaL
Suburlan Pari!
6'.,1 nnele nume de cartiere, stdzi.
cA $fi
foorle
ctnoscutel
tne ndoiralty
-Arch
tnd CFnotapti
rn" Cit.vr
,nd Mallr
rn Mansion HousC
li, l\Ionnrcni
ne Str{nd
lp l-owc' ol l.ondon
rn. Tare tGrllefri
tlk 7no
clddiri, nanumente
eIc., prin
,l@ Adelplv (Tlealrel
,n?
-^ldttrch
lTheafei
frlP/
DnrI Lane
iTheatre)
/ n. Ol d Vi e!
i Theadel
rle Cccil (Hoidl)
rne savov (Hotl)
faptul
S
600
$
60I
dar l drd arl i col , d. s; l oart c cnnoscurc (\ ezi
$
433):
Pall Unrl?. Co\.ent cardens. Soho, Irdgrarir!, Unyiair'.
.
5) d) , I ' unr el " d, . / i l p. t uni . sf i i . cnot i mpur i .
bi r bnl or i au o si t uar i e
spor r p.
q
S0,
AcFsr F r Lt , st r n r \ o si nt |
- -
pr opr i i .
dF, i I Un, . ,
uni . Ht p.
9i
na ar , i n g. n"r e
_
articol (Vezi g
433):
I ' - ' ^L- i l t : 1". ! i ' l
un
^. ,
r r , , r si ' p\ r .
t 1, t nr d1y.
On l r ' r ,
' . r , .
r ' 4. t n.
bt t t di . . ) r ; 6"d r . d. f i npt , r t cU r r dl l i c.
i - , "*Y"1. 2,
a Ju. . 4r i s- r t r
mo.
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c, sI i \ a'
i n , hF r
SA.
r r kd r / r ' l a l r ,
- r . .
| \ r ! r . r l t t . l J
f t o. t i t ha f or . , t ! ,
, , Tor u. i . , u c\ . . pr i F
t F
- Hr t i , or i .
. ubsr sn, i v. t p
dF n, ai
susqi nr n. n, r dLr t r [ r , r , , l a. i r , r . , t : , . i
D,
, l a
i d\ ni pl u, , L pr a r L, si an; ^l
hot i r i t sau nehot i i i i t . dupi cum' ur ; ; aza:
ctnd articolul t,tc are valoare de adjectiv ilenonsi,rativ.
se spune:
S
608
T
he (:
tLdt
)
artunni Nrs noautiiut.
ll-c sha]l go io the s.aside in rt, ( .
rib)
sumniq.
cind substantil'ul
nu erprimn rirrlut
jn
rtjpori
ru prezentul:
S
504
On , c Xl oi i dal l , e wJ, i t 0 wor k as l sLal .
$
606
ci nd arLi col ui esl I i nt r! hLri nl at . l , l rrasi i \
|
Those werc his p,tstim.s
in ttg witLtr; it th, s,r,na, nf used io
: C. \ o!
t j , ' . d. r . . , . r
r mpr
. , r , , . .
. . r b. ", :
^.
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, I . i r i . , . - ; , r . , , ' J. .
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d, 11 maj \ , . hpa
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t i
r . ' dr ui
n, , \ i ng' . sm.
r ce, J. nl o
r . saLa dr L. ' Lond. a.
*"r.":'li ltJ;h';'"'i.
"*"c
*redinla
l'rjn citr) a ro(h']rni
lljn'iar
ar Londrei (rhr Lonr
erl.#lrJ',;;J,''j1"ilfXi'Lk"^:t&::^:),:l!,ll,Xi""li'iiili""l,"i,,ifffi,'[::li
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3
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stfarship.
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P6F] ' PFl l m4.
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r . . Lr l
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Belsta,ia, .MalJfait
:
N{ijcre trxodsc aristoc.ate.
MOE' OLOGIA
_
AA,TICOLUL
506 cinil aceste substantive
Elnt pdrticularizate
printr un otribdt'
l r t h" u
*. f
t C4t . L, n: n; r; si ' hsrnod l hp'
""
ot l ] F H' l Pi l s' m' ' s hrroi ' al t y'
01 t he l v"d, asdau
l al l a
vi as. h'
, 1, n I ' om. .
; 0; c, ci , r . l i n. d a, l st a subsLr nl i f .
^u
l nt Pl P.
pcn^f o1. . \ i sl d i l r i "l . usl i p I n
pr i f i , i a ar l i . nl ul ui . dupd
. ur n l or bi r ^r ul pr i ! F: l e anol i mnr r l
' r
no: r unP sau
ln 19t9. rlD QtD,,. hail becn te.riblei sno{ }tad fal1cn
in masscs lron Oslo to AthcDs
aDd
par al i zPd
mdch ot t he Cor t i nnl .
rhe suine sls stow to
.ome.
Sudd6nlr
-srrtag
ws there
in ali its berDtv'
i ob r 1. / Af l i . ol ul nchol l r i l
p' l F
i nl cebui nLar
' i nJ.
sub' l anLi \ 11
pELe
l osot i t
509
, ; "
. , n
ddj - ! i r
. t l l i f i t at ; 1. cu
ex. . pl r d t u Par t !
: t
t at
Tlrafyear \te hail s lotdr! atr,linn, fol1ow_"d by an iataaeiv @ru Ninter'
it-i; now kt.
ptn,e'.
About this liare last
,1-cd
ir rvas alrerdv da'! s!"'s
{Consi-
deratc iz dasr.d.rL,
j l o
l t n' i ":
i ' i -"i "
' i i "r"".
l uni i or si ' , rbsl ori l ur
t c s' ri u
"u
; ni ! ; ul u
1-oj us' rl n dal
nun, r t " anot i mDur i l or au i ni l i dl , '
' ni nu.
ul 3. ( \ ' czi
c\ . mpl P mei su. ) .
\ , r m. l " zi hl or , l uoi l or . aDol i mpL, r i l or
Ei
b. r bal or i l or
pol \ ' er i noa, 4/ r r _
rot
n hot a l ci nd
l i mpul
p
n"dof i ni l . dupi cum
pol JrpA uoeorr
Er
p/ drdl
O1 a S, ! . . / d a
i D De. pmbr f ,
I t el l .
"uddpnl J
t ' d up ar l h" i dr a ol
' l l
l }P del ' nr oi
*d
';t; ";;;,i-Gi"',,
and aecided to enjo': I Nci teor's Et in the nountai's bv
611 6) Numele limbilor
vorbite ale
poloar nu au xrticohl hotdrlt cu-exce-ptia
cazurilor
cind sint lnsolite de un substanti\_ exprimst
sau subin!ls lvezr
g
433) :
Mv nai i \ e t onaue i s nomni n
\ vhai i s t ai f
t l ay
i n
- F. e, . l '
r r ; i f dr . sl at . d
l b; book l r om c"no" i ^t o Lnsl i sh'
Se spune i nse:
Is t6e nnalash lanstdsp
rerY difficultl
lYhat
js
r'? nou a"-id,i
arlm;.,
tof frir
Irlav
?
t ii"i" iiia a noler l.rdn5rarPd Itun the'Busion
ltdncuds")
100
s
t
!
5r2
513 7) I i umct o obi c. i ct or de 6i udi u. al F
j ocuri l or
r' i
i l ' l porl uri l or
nu pri mcsc
ar l i col d Lot i r l l dcci ' al unf i
ci nd br nt
p"r l i ' ul ar i Tdt '
pnul t - un al r r but ( vczr
s
28):
I 14
ErcE
aPh! len;sL 4
atdain'
rtr
il" *ii r6"i
"i
.iigav *d ,e;nis, she
iiayed
otuss and t'olh walchcd a
some
or
,iu;o'd! when thcv had a oharce.
"-*'ri"i,iijii"-*1r-iti;
pubric rvoe
/oor,ail'
c.;cir't,
hocte!, stvinmins etd st@lins
Se spunc t nsn:
l r " \ ar . s d l ook on t l F. t , "ni s' . !
al n"b' .
l . anno r o"S t t eht l l t n
l l o: J
l - hnl ny: r l
qi bi 0
l uni l '
511 8) NrIIIcle ziArclor au articol ltotirit:
Th.
'l'nnes. The Cua lidn, Ttv Ne*s Chtuai'L' TILe Ob*ret, Th' Dailv Tole-
araPh,
eic,
Nunele nagaziDelor
9i
ate altor
pcriodice nu au articc'l
(: inexistenla
ariicolului):
lunch, Tine, Language, Lif.' Nees,eek' r%ue' etc'
ARTICOLUL TTdARIT
ALTX FUNCTn
-{Ln
,{R"IC0LUIUI
EOTilt lT
_
1. i , . 1 r l l r u l , r i t i , , "or ". ' . . i i l r p pdt l i , l p ! or bi r c
t n af sr E dF. ubst Ant i r .
r ! :
. :
: 5d pr e( ada:
I numeralul caxdinal intrebuinlat
cu valoare de substantiy:
the Bi? Fiset
tha Eboea'
: Dumemlul ordinal (la date, capitole, leclii, nume ale monarhi
th?
f4t
\on
hp thnit
chaotel
\lr(h
rl" /:rl
th" !"nth teBsin
lne 7,i ot November
Edward the nilh
) , t r u 1
10?
s
515
s
516
-\
se obsen'a lipsa articolului hotdrit
atunci clnd substantivele
AorA.
. 31".
- dpt
r -
1' sot t .
par t .
t ol t t i ' . .
a4. r . pn. . I ; ne. pd?c,
numbq
et r .
gr r cat r
El a- ' d- Lul .
'
df p. i n dcFst
,
dz.
Fqt .
numpr ohr l r ar di nal
cu val oar e
dc ai ozi r r e:
T\i" is Aoat T@.
ahaptr
Sp'"n: L?ssan Su, ro OE-
i,;i"' ::i'
rg
il:r,j"l:,i::
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t t Jr| o
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et c. l care capi t i i n aceast i
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iJ suporl&tiyul rclativ:
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r\et.
Ee I 1|e Mst iatarestins man I L\ow.
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s,ru
-
-.
ll l:jli'"li"l'::llli,i:'*r,ffi;:lli.l'l:';
ll
f^ Ul"il;r"""
-",,
o.1
p*' I
i Ji "' ""l ,r"t
[;rI
ci nd
cdP- c""nru]"";' ,i ;i ";"' """i ;;"' ";np
.a.' rnui
]
tntrebui nl "rza
"rfl "'
"1":,.::l "i ' ::"i "'
.i l r""i .i t"t.
cu
' nnsodDerer:
aspi raLaqi
a
"' l "r""i ' ' -
' ' "
"
""
I :l i , ::i ;i ""'
i l i l i ",,"
"' "'
:' ;:i "
^ al rnsl -
An {pt onunl a
l snl
' l nd
c' r " t "' ""i ' t U'
t ' "
nl
nad
' ant ual r
se
l nt r d
r"r"fll#iliiil;i.i;"io'u
rr"
:i
"
'
,l
il'i"'"
a
' nvelole
' ;i;;
' d
"1
-r
'
' '
rrrr--
nd
ddo
b a
' r' !
dd ct'
ro
'
' !' i i l .::i "i :i ,l ti .i q i ;:;l ;l l l r
"i l
"
l l "' l l i ;*' " '
rhi s
' n' i rs14i '
*it$r,i-i
*l
I
r;;r,'i:
i',i";;
";i;"'
r ro ar"
r
"'Jr'
ddv"rbidr\
E\ ' Pzi
P: r g
9:
. noi r
r '
6\ ' er
5
! 17,
nor a d
Forma dn era freovedt inlrebuinlatn
;i
inaintea unui i aspirai in silabn
$
i):J1
neaccentualiij astdzi mai rar. Istfeli
109
ln subsrantivele
'hLstorlJ,
lnhiL
qi
lero,
prima siiabn fiind prea pulin
accentuatd, sunetul
[h]
era atit de slab inclL nu se auzea.
E x c e p
1i
e : a Hun' gdri dn.
2) Articolul nehotdrit
ti
plurilul.
-
Articolul nehotirii, neputiod insoli
$
539
decit subsbantivele cu sens de singular, acestea primso la plural ardcrtu,
:4ro, cu alte cuvinie ln aceasti situalie articolul lipsegtei
u
r hi st or y
d a. :
a' habr L
a
r hdo
Tot asifel so auzea
pin5 recent:
dD ho i el
aa hy' Poi nesB
Hc is a ba!l..
az hrs toricat
picture
ar ha,hihral dnrnkard
aa hr.oic selgeanL
dz hYs terical child
u, he rediiary ilhess
aa Ha *aiie
guilarist
3) Articotul nehotirit
$i
o oonshuotio cu lormi alo
plurol.
- Articolul
S
533
nehotdrit exprimi unitate; poate tnsd tnsoti o constructie ou formd de
llural
re exDrime o misurd si este consideralil ca un tot unitar:
A
/o&.
rudtu is sullicinl to
eet
this work ilono.
\Te spent 3
?i!asaa,
,rde dass in the country.
The sh.v wa DostDoned for tutuer r@ ,raks.
(cf .
$
2i 5t )
4) Articolul nehotdril, nu se lntrbuinleaze declt ou subsiantivele nume-
rabile, nu qi cu cele nenumerabile, care nu p mesc ariicol nehoi5rlt.
I \ TRERI i I \ f ARE\ \ R I . I COLULU I : \ EHOTARI I .
r\rticolul nehotirit se tntrebuinleaze inarntea subsianiivului pentru a
desemna rn erenpldr a.Lrecdre d,intr-o specie sau cat\oriel
\ ' l h"sl j t l - m"PLr l sr oddvon/ , . ,
pr l ddFml l d"dt h"l l oof .
l rrie rs d rnr.ro
$ooae
.P.o.' /
-{
M/s Stuill has called.
Caznri specialo,
-
Articoh nehotdrlt este intrebdin at gi tn urmitosrele
$
53?
l) ilnaintea ti urilor, a numelo. de
Troftsii,
mcscrii, nalionalit,te sau a
S
638
l l l or subsLunl i l re si mi l l f F. . l nd a. ac
ad
ronrpzi nt i e\ ^mpl nre oare. arc di ot r-o
categode
Si
sini numo predicative cu formd de singular:
She became @ ta.r./. Sl\e b 4 student.
lS a l[cut
p,,/as,d.d.) (Este
sla]entd.l
H"
. vs d t , r , . I , r ' t r ' d
1l G
o Lo, t .
t - : ct o sr apsa" t i . n. qFf l d. ( Xs' " &i : / r . l
I
^n
an Easlislnnan.\
(Snrl ,nsl,:
)
A se observa ci, in limba romAni, subsijnnl,iveio rospective Du aLr arlicol.
(Vezi
$
60. 414 41r)
".ri"oi.S"
"pu""
ln*{,1"- Dnslish pt:ntn t'n tintltih csle trn adiecii!
ii
a{lFctiwl nu e
$
534
s
;35
1IO
MOEIOLOGITI
_
ARTICOLUL
Obser aal i e
S
539 Areleaqj substantile, cir,d au caracter de uDicilate sau ln.teles abslracl
Du r bi . i ' 11
"r
i ul a' .
( { , "1. ; 84/ :
lle Nas elecl.ed
"rdident
af the 'Itude(s) Unian.
He had ben Headnastet ol trton lor seteml vea$.
Dickjnson Nas ,razag,/ ol tht Norks.
This book is nv John Soith, k.tei.. ta rnslislt.
She
sot
.
job
as
'an.cas.
He acted, as idetpteter.
Hc held thc olTice or sd..'ra.?.
He $ns awarded the .ank ol .,roaar'
Ile had l.dned soldte,r.
lve Inet Uiss Shalv, !iargn,e.' ol the celenrated writr.
S
540 2) dupi cuvintele the l)usiness af' the p(ttlrcle of, the prafession af' the
He vas ncring the
?dtt
of a judge.
IIe had lbuos'ed the 1ra.tc af a
pouer'
$
641 3) inai tea numeralelor hund,red, thousan(l' millian, dozen, score:
A hundred
I
a tl@usanl. etc- Inen altended ihe shor.
1 bonght a dazen handke.chids.
There-we.'" a s.oft ol
leollc
prese l al tho airport.
S
542 4) haintea cuvintelor l;lll,
Ei /er,
exprimindu-se in acest mod aproape
"
coniririul inlelesului pe care il au-aicste cuvinte cind slnt nearticulate
(-$ 687)
S
543 5) inainta locuJiunilor adjectivalc
good nan!1
great manA, lat afl
A r cat t nor u r ' hpLc { r "
TU' r :
pJr t
i n
J' 6
l . mo1st Jdl i on.
A; r c"t ndnT ' l D! f " i i r "s n"l l . . a
i ul oFo bv l h l nPor n.
\ ; . o. l d, , r i . i , ; d. r , , r .
' , q
s, r "a/ or , ; l h' i r pn bpnd.
I n l l "r oaJ.
6) dupe adjctivele
lrecedate
dc sa, as, too, lnwl haoeaoi
Shc is nol so qxdlilted a rorlrd as
l:on
Thev moved ro as ni.e a ,,rse 3s yours.
It is 1ao ltiflicutt an .xuci,e.
IIa,
p.rfect
a oi.$ !
Iloee;er ttutLfal a
sil lsl\e
mar be), this finc she told m a ]ic.
7)
(l\tp:d
nan!, quite, ralher, urmate alc un substantiv cu folmx de singulari
Manu ax ttallb lds admired Ure Danube De]ta.
Thel \rere nllotted quilc a aic. haue.
Sne \s rath., a dcar.
s#4
S
546 Idionul rzanrr o se construiette cu verbul la singular.4
S
547 8) dupn oifi"at, sLtch
li
Nhat (\clamativ), urmate de un subste.ntiv cu
formi de singular (cu sau fnre adjeotil'), deci numrabl, care paate tnsd at,et)
pl wal i
He broughJi me a senl eithtut d bult.
Such a bilrla\t
pifatnarcc $as lo ]rc e$ected of a
yaruiiy
cha.opion.
.t4.1 u scattFnrained candidatc!
trhat
an ided !
I;t
.d, a magniliccnt a.hbftnenl t\e Danrbc Black Sea Caral isl
r
Clnd cstc Insl hsoiit de un ahibnt se sFne: in '.euent ekli.d,
^
elliat ol
fottune
(d.
$
45r
J.
' l For nr
l r ' d r r i col d nn
"
n l on Dl i r d", o sr dp"J i F. f 4r md. d dl i ' ol
l nr dn' ,
. t ho
d. ul nkl . / ' . . . .
. ! , p
o . , mpr d r I r mJl
".
l , , , , nu, , l ur i t . di n
Dr
, , i n"d
. usr | or : ,
l o*odt r F,
dpccse. l r . l ,
ppr t r u. on' , / F
l or mr r l r r t ul i ' nl
p. l .
s, ngl r " l l t ebui ; l nL1.
s- vonui
st t son. : \ ' r ' r , &' "- " o nud , i
l , t . 11r J
) i
d. 3, p"J
psr p
l 1l . ui
1. l u
sl i l . l
"ol or i , l
r non!
- .
sut l dr r \
?l Dt r ! '
u \ "r out . I pl t t d. Mon! Nn @". . .
|
\ s4ul , . r f al nsi . i or l nd: I dn! , 8( n) l hr t i 6e
' p
r t p"n oa t i ps t . Bahet .
:\r[ico]ul nhotiril nu cslc_insi expimat cind cuvirtele mai sus-menlio- g
b48
nale (8) precedi pluralc sau substantive care nu au in rnod normal formi de
'
plural.
deci nenunerabile (nume de matcrii, substaniire colecLivc qi anumite
substantiro abstracte):
.rfar caDnoL lire
qithnrt
ft;ends.
\ l i ' i ng . f . sani s' ,
ca not t r st
' t
t "ot t
f aod.
shP sJ- u / / , o-
\ ol nr ' t : f F. r i nL
d r r r . qr
n. l har t , nt t , 6. a
m.
,Sz.ft loyelr Seplenbcr dals I
ond
o' t l , a I r ' r . p.
", . / i
, . \ aLi l .
ot , t
"r t , c/ .
. u
\
' n-
. uk
t h. col l Lt l , L, r i n
Wc had szd, lunl
It&ar interesl,ing l.]k danca !
W hat tinc
rapet
!
l vhat
good
r ; s;
It hnt t,oLbl.
!o\
loot :
oind adjectil'ul snci este precedat,
de ro,?c aau ro, ori ci4d {ridf ste ad- $ b49
i F. l i \
i n' er ogar i \ . sub. ' Jnr ' ! ul r , r na. t i \ nu i r p a, t i . ol n, hor "r t r 1n ni ci un
-
I . h. \ t l ,
' a"$. | t , i t t u, . - d
i n nr J mnJ
r vt r n
|
, t Jr t . J
oa mJ pf 5n[ l r j p.
Whdt ald! ol the nonih is Uris?
,9)
lnaintca unui $ubstantiv precedat
de conjuncliu as sau de loculiunea g
bdo
The chil,hen nscd lhe chair as d lacomotiee.
H. . r r J c o
t ot h?' aL t ^F t {p_i sr r y Of i i ce.
: aF
dop, dFd ar , ho
bJl dr ' spd oJo poFp.
TheI sert her a doll oli a
,rrs?D,.
A d rh,tC, ttotJrL
dtF ad! $as
.
H. $a o / psr a M4 t ha1
\ p nr qi i ' f hi mspt t :
111
10) in unele expresii curunte care nu au adicol in limba romanx:
s
661
oD d larse/small scale
iL is d pil|
lla shttu ll
to have dz dnswd. lor eveNthinE
lo ha\e an otpetiE
t n have a n/ , d l or
hhi l osol }y.
cr , . l
ro nelc d
Jdry
Jor
to t\^\e at aDpo.tulitu
l.o have a rtil,:, to
-
to haYc d raLn, lor
ro keep xp 4 c.rapndcnc.
:
la disiantl)
:
multE/scririli nencl
:
cu roco larerlc{zutl)
:
Ie
scari laqnhcdusa)
: pe picior.d-" egditdk)
:
a Ii grnbit)
:
a li In situaiia)
:
a avca raspnns la toate)
:
a afta rolH de niacrc)
:
a avea cap de
{liloiof
eic.)l
:
r dr i i , Ll l t nt l r , penr r u)
:
a inlLAiine corespondeniti)
:
a
t xr . , c. r pni
l a)
l I t
i s a shdt ue! de
i i
l nl . ) esr l :
"E N, si ncl "
119
MORFOLOCIA
_
AN,TICOLUL
r . Jr nd an dr sl pr
I
d
l f i mi l p r ' bnu!
"l
to takP a 8ar
to
8o
tor a aatkla saitla di'.la
:
a s' dute ra.primba"'e/p9,19v9!,19Li"'
"it,;\c.'
ralonuiuu
tuasuia/cu automobihl
Not d
S
552 A ss observa construclia
foarte asenrnAloare
celei romenelti' din care
lipse$te tnsd articolul nehotdrit:
Tlat rascal oI 4 brothef ol tlne'
(itrensa.ul acela dc lrrie al meu
)
She is ar aDgel ol a womrn
(Este ud lnger de lcmeie
)
A shrimp oI 4 man
(O
sii.pil.rrd d! om.l
I
i ; : t I I J
_A
,
- o| l c.
l r ' r r ' r r ' sr p uoui u{i
l e se f dce ddesea
conl uzi e
'
or i n
f apl ul . . i n I i mb' r o' , ' j r ' n, dr l i
nl r i l
npl ' ^r r r i l
"i
numer ul ul r n sau o
_au
a,-,eeaqi formi; din r.iensti eauzr trebuie
s.i
"p
da multi atnlre deosebrrn
di nt r e el n:
a este articol, ia! olle nutnoral:
I have d dog-
I havc ,ne do8.
Tn
pr i n
ul
e: ' - r npl , r sn or - r I
ved"r "
/ ' r z1
"ub' l snt i ! ul ui - - , . am
un. cl i oc'
ou o
pi . j cs
;
r n r l doi l ea
'
r "mpl . r s' i n' i sl ; aqupr J n, t ki r ' l , l r anr mal el or
- - ar n
numai | r n cl i nF. nu hai mu' r ".
' '
i ; ""or i sp i nr r cbLi nr pd/ j ' \ n d
' i
ar l i . ol ul a cu l n{pi esul numer al ul ui o' P:
ni ci ndal n l nsi numr r sl Ll o, r p nu ar p
j nt ' l F
ul ur l r col ul ur d:
1r : ' , ou d bp l ons"r bt a n l r P.
Th" oa- sa I ' r ai Pn hf d $ oh hpdd
She .ou1d not saY a single wo.d
H, F al l d"r bJ d
JPPf .
. l l J j r mu" of . ol - .
dG: 5
Pr
sau l n provcrbe ca:
.4 bi.d in th. lush is Forth iwo in lle hand'
,:1 slitch
in tiDre sdres n'nc'
i
5; 1
Umriioarele
subsiantive nu primesc articolul nehotdrlt - cu alte crrvinte
aa drticolul zero:
S
,I,5 1) ln genere substantivele care nu au plural, cr ad,'irc'
.heakh'.furaitute,
"
p rni ' si oni prudu"P.
r' rcJ"ss.
porl r
t
'
l , rci u rr, ' rnJJ
ql uj bdr
el '
I NNl :
t l e
( a\ '
Td$p aood, di ,
t r uaL o4dl \ ' r "
r ' , shr b' n- '
Thpi havpbodghr - v. r yl r Pt u; nt ua' ot d
vPr y l r e l ur n; t ur e . p mobl i l odr r
'
lrumoase")
Sho ; ni ovs r adi l nt t u' l , f i . ! u
d t adi a! l l '
' l ' n
:
o
' J"r l i ' ^
l nf l or "oal "1
I
wm' 8i i . n
qi "l Pn
ui i t n opr mr s5r on
- . , o
a r l or i / r l i " s. r i si ") .
wi f ound vpt J i nr . t ssl , ngmedi cal
@. , i n l h r ount r y{ a l er J r nr e| "sl r ngaocr {'
: , p
muocJ/ , : l u: bi t our l " i nl Pr esanl . r ")
(Vezi
9i S
115)
ALTN C'IZUIII i\ C.\TiT AIiTICOLUL NtrT{O1rt,i.RIT
LIPSN$TT
1p
pf oounl at
t pi : ] | :
p. nn! sau
??ncc,
. Vezi
r i 5
r l 5.
2) substantil'ele cu funclie de s,tbiect precedaLc imediat, de ndverbele
)(
5s(i
Il er! authot Nas hader to translale!
\eqr h(sbanll had a morc failhtul wile
exi sl . ri
parol cl c:
It eftt dn autlbt l' as Lanler lo translate!
I.' cf had d tirsband a morc laitlilul *ife
YI. CO\SIDDIi.{TII SPNCIALE
ASUPR,,A. AIIBDI,OR AR'IICOLE
l r
\ uLsrdnri l el p d. numpr o bl eri e
(au
t al cgori o
pri r. * : ; -' 8
rrol ul hol 6ri r si u nph^l arl l
, . i
r' umi rul si ' , gul ar sau pl ural f ara deoi eLi r'
nr : . 1r p
Ji nt r c
r , ps, p t or mp i ndi dnJ s?
r i a:
T[ o / ; o. s1u s l , on] h onp ol l he sl r o
gFsr ani mas
Ttrr ltotrs ls a u Liotr3l ic" so1" ot tle sirong.st anrmdts.
Toa1.e cele
pAtru lornrc sint
Li.ls arc 60ni.r of
,l Sulrstrntivele farc denuntesc
p[4i &le txupului au arlicolul hotnrii'
$
569
acsta
rlesenuind utl remplar dinir-o categorie:
7n. tuad conl.ains the brain-
Thr lta s ha\e live li.i8e.s each.
The
feet
harc livc toes eaoh
Substantivele
din aceasti cfltegorie, {iind concrete
!i
numera}ile,
pot
av6a ambele numere
!i
articole, ln iunclic de context:
That hoNe has a beautiiul tudd. and de.oa, a very rine colour'
All lho hoNes in thb slud have wllgroomed
long ndres and lutr!.
3) Numel od0bol i Si unel esU, r i dospi r i t si nt sxbst ani i vepl ni r ecent . sLt puse
S; f i o
unor uzanl e t r adi r i onel p
l osr r p. ompl i . dl c
p. i vi nd l nLr ebur nl dr e8 ar l r f ol t r l ur
"ar c
l " dpuer mi na. l n l i nhat ul s, ' u; 1.
q. r F
sau vor bi l . I n
r ar e' i mpl i f i r sr pa
dicteazi regula. axticolul hoiltrit nu mai apare deoit, sporadic. o rimnEili ir
curs de di l pf l ri t i ei
u) cu urLicaluL nehttdrit:
r o"J
l '
r ' l , od,
ohdv"dnJpp. l i
. d l d.
"4' r e
, l r ' , J"' '
"' , ' ni ,
i '
necki l o
a.
uJ"ki r
' '
1. - n. a
- or '
I r oar l n. " l oor . ,
r ' , npr ' r . r {r - r
'
( r o
/ .
r nr ' 15. o
r au, hdr a a' kor
: l : -
or
_'
b) cu saa
fbd
aricolut hotiLri/ S
;6t
Lo hdvr
F: r r Jch. .
! a, h"t t aot r '
p, m6l
s. I n' r qr ! . . . r ^r '
'
h l '
: ' l ' ! / / . ' ,
' f
,
r h ml l : 5r ,
( t l 9t
Ao.
I t h" h"_o: 1r r . ,
r , u- u"
r hol
r ' '
Lp' o' \ - I r l l . r nl i J
\ n. bi r - , 1- r o"t anc. r t "d
. . b.
n' , . t 1"- r , , "1 r o"n
i r
I
. r t : r os. l
l/F hlues: ,l' creera, tu dumrs, te lidBcb,,i' horroN' rickcls, et' i
4) \umelo ile mnsrui
(LiimLnsruri, grcuiate, oa lilate. timp cl,c
)
pot
S
;tiB
avc: , ur i . dr n di n
""l p
doui sr i "o' F,
"u
i n: . l F' di , r r "i l , u i v
i i
' u
pt ' hr i r l i
f "n'
tr11 lhr I
3;
D
a/,ne dosel ol beer.
l u i ur r l hr m sandwi uh
. t
! 2i , a( t o t h" I or ' l o Ju l ay! V. r r "t , $ , {yr r "J l abpl .
tess a.e 50 D
dlhe d.ozcn
r - 6i r t o"s u. t b
r ' d/ , t "
po. t l .
I
Adici rrlualur
cu attiaolul zetu
t l ov
r o
' i nur ul
di , ' r
".
i a . , ,
i
' f p
- n
co1. dr ' j bpPi . r r r ut i l p de h. cl " t "
"r {&, r ' r - ; .
l b. r - 0. 4Jqkg mr ' . r a, l
gFr r l d' e l r ddi . i ot r . l 1. i uL, o- s hr r nb' Ll
crtrente. cu
preforinln penttu pluralul ne
t h. sf rongcsl , rni mal t .
i
; ri 1
l14
Shocs l]e
5
45.!t
' 1,i,
!air'
onc-A a weck. t{irie d iorl,lighL
tro worh I\' /n. da\r
to bc
laid' bl_
tP non!' h
' o r r r l 1
I o' r
l r
r L'
J'
r
l o hr " a l d' o. . / r ho r
5; 61
5,
- \ pozi l i a' z.
l ,
- pozi r i i
' pj nr ' "LLi nl ' 1r J
or i ' dr p Ji n
"l F
do- d cr l i '
,
or "
. su
r ' i , i un, r 1,
,
onl or m r pgul r l or r nner ul '
r \ pusa r ar sJ( :
Thc Thanes. ,ic ri!.r whioh itorvs through LoDdo!. is slanned bv Ditnv blidges'
( q
44! l
'
I si rr, , )". t .
"
i n" t ror. -
$i 1
' rp
Dr-b! .
J
1
-3C
r i . . ", ys. bt \ \ ' . H1, r , r . Lr r i . h, r ' . r ,
". J165' J: i
' S
i ' l v. al
$
162'
6 56! 6l Atribuiul si articolelc'
-\tributut
estc o nodalitate
gramaticali foade
"
eficoce si subtili'Dentru Darticularizarea
u ui substanliY El
loate
preceda
sau urma subst,aniivul
pe carc il determini
Ctnd urui substaniiY fira articol3, expdmind aladar
genedcul, i se adruq;
unul sau mai multe atrilute .& clil.
fatnft.n
un tut. o stnS rti ide' prczenra
atributu\d
(sau atribuiclor) nu nrflrLenlcsza rrrlru
nirnic id"ca de gerreralitate
exprimatn dc substantiv, acesta rlmintnd tol nearl'icuiat:
,ltaz is an
jntelliSent
bing.
Antitunies aft no\t in the lorcfront of interest.
Cr el : an, nt i t r es d"r i n l he r or Pl "onr ol i nr ' r s 4oi ?d r i 6
j t i i ", . i , ; ,
t ' i ""ai ; . t ^i t oj i
. ' b"t t
t
ni ,
*t , t nd. "u/ t ; "
. r
' r ' l ' t r ' sl r r , )
l l dnl dd or l . . r p i n
"
r l i n
r i r l '
l \ ' r : bu
mr r l ' i l l u
pl
' r
nnr ) ' r hsr ' r "vi l r dnn
schimbl sensul
scncric
al Bubstantrlului
l
:5
5G6 Dar ou un atribut carc aducF o iilce in
plus sulsrantiYului.
ap$P artico
'
l , l hot i "i t , l ""{ subst ant i vut cxpr j ma acun o
j . l nc
pr eci so, sau sr Lj col ul ncho-
tdrit daci subsliantivul e nedetinit:
Thri Ga-Md|tunr ntD is belie!'d l.o liale belorycd to Llo same slccies as (fr'
moden mun.
\rie Grcek antiquitics lornd
jn
the Balkan Peni6uh arc in lhe lorcl'onl oi
'nr'r's''
s 5G? 7) RrDetoroa articolului. -
Cind doue sarr mai multe substant'ii'e
sau
"
atlj"ctiwe slnt unite
prrn and. numai primul p nc,ste in mod obiinuit articol'rl:
she r pads i D o : l o! at l dt : t : t t
\ or "
, 4 l i l r h bou Jnd . r . l
"r css
l hp r oad
g1' n"t l }e
l i t ) l '
' rh"
htb.:
brathz; rd da / $ra ull In' lrPF
He
il.rced,
E
idn,
nAat, so/i, sdsdr,
rt., and
/&er
on the sticll'
' lrr' ro E
filth
and .,irtn
Pages
.t
568 Peri'rn accentuarc iusd, sau atunci cind substantil'ele ori adjectivcle
se
''
referd la persoane sau lucruri dlfcrile, arlicolul
ljc repetd tnaintea ficiruia:
The Dcn lu.niiure I bought is ,nd sndf,.s, tzd,ft'
'sr'
{lccentuare
)
A se compara:
TIE bt)fesor nnd Doct l.rt.1f.s on lrlondav' l0 sirgurit
leNoan' i)
t he r "of eJer and
t t , "
r ot
l t u- ol
\ l . ndu\ '
l l r ou- ,
po' oan"
A non; r : on an4 l r aj . \ . t , . o. . "j
I n. n. r r oLi
, I
I Eoaa. r a and. " Z, r / . J, r i , r i ur ' ". . i l o. i obi ql
'
c
t t
. l . u t . l
' , n.
. l : ;
r l
nt Jr ! u
l 1r t f l , d. t i ni l i d . ' t o; r l i r i , \ , ?,
5
r _r 8-
,.\vlnd
adicl arfidur zcro.
a,nr.shr
rioi a.ccn|!at,
ii
ins.amr,"t
.
uricnl
i
l n r , 1b. , r . r
, : n, ,
. .
' r r i l
, r
' "
|
, 1" no"" I
l
,
nLt o
l l at nat D
'
r ' l n Dor oot n.
l r ( n'
.
i l "
- _
r dei ul e_l
or
t . +c, r ;
. : r
l
Jt r : , ' ur
' . 1
i ' . ,
' l
; i
. , nr ndl
mol ""n
CAZUEI
TN CAIiE ANTICOLUL
LPSE$TE
I , OCI ] L
I RTI COLUT, UI
-\mbele
arj,icole
?rdrzrld
substantivul
sau atributut acestuia:
lltt
s
589
s
570
4 boy
lne Lov
2) Ambete
articole
quilc,
just:
1)
3)
slau
inaintea
cuf intului vhole,
dar
"
pd al}, lrothl'
S
571
?l,e
q
liol
$rden
\is in
-bloom
I wor l ed
3t i t f or a l i ak
NceK
1:t'';,0:','u;.i'5"i'f.":'i"'?li
"',*,'"0,"
i,l:" :tyi;;l;:;;,::;;:;,,i'
n3'1iuffi."u,lil
li;;g'".'""
' i i l .
"i .
; : , : i , / , " h^us4
I sac r onu
s
t of
r r - dr o"mx
i i
' ;
j ; "i , '
or i l i i dr v
hed si t t i ns
r oom
( : i
Cuaintele
holf
ii
double
sini rmdtc
de articol
cind reprezintd
mnsuri:
S
57''l
kli:'":""i""i',1;'
fri'l;!Y.;:L,,
','lll*[*"1;,:t';"nr,
tiu1^,!!'*ilui",n
"^"
Slni lnsd
pi"eccrlarc de articol
atuoci
-clnd
formeazi
un sabstantfu
@rnptrs
\
-t1z
i u o s, nl ur d
i de" cu
subsl an' r \ ul
ur mr or :
Thp LolfJ@v had slnrl
i: :
:;r:!,i
* i : :;,
:
:,J?
",,i"ill""n;.,._
The wod
hns a d' Lbte
wddng'
, { \ e romparR:
'
t "ot t
at , ' t : l oJl
_r
I r c' pdp' nn4r :
s' I t Jcl nL
;;Yil/j1it"
;uui*,
i:ijl:',";l;il
.';: t
-{"",i
^;"u;';;';;:il ;
t"'
i:
:' I :
"f
:'
*
"
"
T"Ji;1'"t
l;
i'i::{ifi.,'fJ
,k
hotr'h
LLda,i'
!'r. c{zt'nl
l\ c,ulD
.q.RTICOLT]I,
IJPSD$Tf,
Regul i
gcnrraLi
rESurd 1! ! 4w' ! !
)l "l ; i l i l 1, : Ji i ": l ,
"bui nLa, p
. u , nl p, -. I n' rdl , \ \ l
' ;
: ; ; : i : ; i i , ; i ", "*
", "i '
*. , "' *, , .
r , n, r / , / N'
{
57{
s
5?;
I r Sub. t ant i ret o
nroul Dcri hi l c
cu f i ri pl c'
ccncral
I ru
prrmps'
"*. r",
i , i l ""i Lt i , "| ' o
l o rr. a' ra
ca egori Ji nt rr
unnl l osrel e
.ind,"int
tntrebuinlate
cu
sens
generrc:
{t) srbstantivele
care
tlen mcsc
a'sildcltt [NN]
(S 35)l
' n' nt t u
i " t - u' t "
t - uh i s t eout !
-
X
' r dut
j or n' s
l r h er Per Ft c
s
57?
all
ti
Dod
nu sc conslNjesc
cu arlitolul
nehotlrlt'
11t
5
;78 D) nuncle de naturii.
protitls.t ndttraLe'
?i dalort
fNNl:
-rnir
is nsed lor * lrng'
The coin
wns dadf ol
-itlt#
Itttual is a ce.cal
Rcd afi btue a.0 ihe colo!$ 01 our iean'
4 5;9 cl s[bstanlivele ntln2, oman''z manhind,
qamanki/td,
]i ature societ!,
r as' . ; / / .
onsi dar o
"
. 1
dl qr r ". Li i
\ \ l :
1l o 6aJ
- an' "
Jr 4
' nr
I i ' e' r I ne'
i ' i i i . i r i , *. . ; ' , , , . ' l i - t o, r ; covl r r ' i scodmunLohol l nont ' t r J' n' ! t d^I i nd'
,\'dtutu nas neer lamesse.l lrr mdn.
we nave dul.ics t( sd./.,v as i'ell as to 6x'sti s
PoJrai,y apprccialed
PurQell's mus'c-
,s
580 d,
precum
ti
substantivcle numerabile cu forlnl sru inlclcs de
Plrrdl
lNl:
Bo?s lolc foolbau
Da"n?s'
r l "' l i k
o o
\ ' . ' , "h aahar ' t not nl
' I
J
I ' Jl ol
"
""Pr
d' i r i n l l ' 11 pl a' "
6
581 2) Sttbstartivele
cu car ctcr dc utricitnie
[NN]
jlu
eu lftirol - ln aceastd
catgonc
lnlra:
S
582 c, numele proprii la singular
($ 6);
i
ssr l,l numelc iilelor, lunilor, anotimpurilor,
anilor. snlbitodlor,
obiect'elor
"
--
a"
"t . ; i ", j "*ri l or,
sport uri l or
l i
al eb; l i l or(S510, 513,
120, 123 124 502);
{
5\ l
. /
l i ul dr u' i l
' 4"
pol i l . l .
nr oh r ai
' '
u' cdr r
r ' -
' l r ' '
r r '
' nu"ni t "
i -
t udt , i ( S i 3 5i , 4t ; ) r l
S 586 .t) snbstantivele abstracte
nnumerabile'
& hcaren' h'll'
purydloA'
-
paradise. prcailence eta.;
(vezi
S
3;).
S
n87
Er cepl i i '
Substantivele
eotth, san' maon' sk!. Narld. uni'erse'
costlrDs. desr au
Dn
cafacter de uniciiato tn ambian-ta in care se afld sint srrbstaniwc concreie
indeob.ste cunoscute
li
ca atare
primesc artioolul
hotiirit':
?/,e s&D was hot
We
'aw
l4? tu,,
.omin! n'rl ol
'r"
s"
i hcr i i s not l , i ng l n , 1" . "_; r d l , e d pr i ? mor e l r an t o
'
Jr r J out hi 5 s hcr nr or '
r r r &
We sas' a t t r r bopr ol hi sl i uP
i n, i , si g.
ln limbaj literar sau poelic.
"'ubsiaolirele
rA3
!i
rtd ar
Di
plural:
..under
$resrcm .r,t;r,,
is the titte ot I nov'rt.
Hc sailed ihe Sevon J.^tr
De IaDt, in astronaul.i.Ji. toate substantivele de mai sus (ou exceptra
substaniiv[lui cotr@s deocamdati) au
1i
plurui
d 58, ' r
'
r dl l . 1p. n I l
a' l or '
r r "l
l - l ' r ' "i " ' dL
nu
l r ' , unr i
s, r
' "" . r , , , , : , n , r , t
, . , ' , , r l
'
r , .
l |
""d.
) l l : - l
' r o
l i l .
,
r . . dr i r ' \
' ' . a \ \ '
r . , l r "/
ur J. n
!CLi
sensld d" tu1aki.n,L t' .!pcat.t\ n)natttitd
:
V. zi si \ 160. 1t . i i .
a
I s' mi nr au. r d S 476- i t , .
6: '
r ' . , 1
| | '
' r ' J; nr i ' Ll
8. - : :
",
i n: r i , r
, t
-
^
' r
\ ":
.
\ r ' l Jr ' r " l ; l i ; ". ud d'
- .
\ r l ;
' ; ", "
, 1,
"
r '
- n
i i n r r ' ":
l ) ' o
r ' n; nP
liiminLlltri
(lig. pochcl.
UL LPST,$TE 117
}Lser aal i . e S
5f l 8
l lali, ce caructeruL de
E.neralil\te
sau de unicilale dispate f]e
prr]1
i , pr ul
. dunpl e. ubet anr i \ F
; r '
p r ". l apl ur al t spr o
ot cmpl . r
numel " pr opr ' i t ' .
: r "
nr i n
Jauqar "" unui al r i bu'
. du
a un"i pr opo?i ! i i sl r i bul i ! P
. sr F l a
per t i -
rulirizeazl -
substanlivele
primesc arlicolul hoLirlL sau nehotdrlil
a) hot i i ri t , at unci cl nd ne ref edm l a nl andmi t emmpl . Lr concre! ,
$
539
3partinlnd unei categorii:
Whcn ,p lt,D saw the llames. he ran away.
She was nolishine lle sr,ee.t,
Do
rou
;ind
t'i6sing
the suLr?
Th. ink nt n! inkstand is drY
Th. bluc ol lhe skY was nlensc.
He is ,n, tudD in chaq oI ihc !'all garette
The aotuan nexl door is {n afi studnl
b) nehoLdr i t , at unci ci nd ne r ef e. i m l a un e: xenpl ar aar ccve apat \ j
S
590
nind unei catgorii:
/ lt,n ss roaring.
I saw o mn al the door.
A
fuv
noan was dsing otrt ol t|e sea.
Obser gal i e
gener al d
5591
Cind un subsiantiv nenamenbil apare cu lorma de plural cind devine
! r di . ; numcr sbi l -
qi
nu i nt r a l n
\ r puqA
di n
car egor i i l c l r nr sj e
pl nJ ai ' i . ur -
mAr zr
qa
f i e f nl pl es ca r et er i ndt r - F l di t ar i Le
"dl "Eof l i .
l Pt ut i
spcl . .
t or i Pt dl i .
sorla,"i sau caliriili ale substa tivului nenumerabil:
b.cad
-heads
velaei -
velYets
earlh
-
eartlis
watd
-
waters3
Exomplu S
59S
SubstaDtivul cdrth. ca.e are un caraoter de uricitate', ilustreazd
pregnani
intrebuinlarea articolului :
&) nu
pr i meqt e ar t i col ci nd i nl el esul l ui esi e dl r f at t :
S; ) 93
Hn LoeFd hFs\ . n and ?d- l i o l i nd o,
JoLr
pFspnr dddr . s
Tl "e. dt i . ' sm
l sed
on hi s
"
h m" soon h"ougr |
"r D
bJ. k t o . , . I h.
6au cind este \.ume de mdterie:
It was rat
{or
heary) cdtth
Thv filled the
lit
with ea.r,t.
, ,
pdmef t e ar t i col ul
hot dr t t ci nd t nl el esul l ui est e condr et
' - i
$
594
aunos c tll san pf ec Lzar :
?tu ra.rn is rclnd.
{:
Tena-unioitate)
Thr \ N"F l i l l ' r g , n Pd{, L
I -
sol ' r l l
Tht l i t $6 r u' l ot \ t l ' at , . t 6l t h". ar t h.
(:
Frlna
-
mrsi conoeta cunoscui.).
c,
pr i meDt e 0, r t i coI o, I nehot dr t l ai unci cl nd r epr ezi r l e n
S
595
exemplar iLinLr-o catc1o'te i
,4D ea.rt on whioh the.e would be pe.ce amona
pcoplff is an ideal worth st.i ng for'
e
trr' .;b"
:
arsintdna.
3t . r
pt , ", l t t 1. d; r i . r p" m, 1 - ' t "
s, .
. r p
{r i ur : .
t r . u"i . Tt r j . o"r anp
pr . . . '
, , ' l r l
ln num rorse fapresrr rrg!.4r..
.
o44
p. n.
r o n : . i , s. d
i ni l i al ' mr l JqJl l . Jsr ) zi 1' 1u". u11.
t
1' Lr ' a- a i i l i d
'
inairscrrli
cind e ntrlle de
llanetd
(: Tcni).
IlIJ
596
.\r,Tr1 c,|zlmr N cABx ARTTCOLLa LIPSIIITE
lrLicolui hotirtt nu este erprimat ln urmitoarele cazuri:
597 1) dupir un substantiv in cazul
posesiY (S 247):
Flf;rr' s arotl,io!
the \torke$' /a/d
todaY' s Dem
598 2) tnainta subsiantivetor dgtrminate de adjcotiYole
pososire sau alc-
m0nstnitiY6:
ntJ trnby t/r.t chjldrcn
,,a, mountain
,nes" lowns
599 3) lnaintea adjectirelot last
Ei
noxt (+ un substant'iv) cind acesl,ca
ripri-
mi firtpul ln rapori cu prezentul (:
articolul
zero)i
H
. a. 6
Lnme l ost ) r ondau
l - 1Jnp. t
t t . ' u' i ) .
r h"j
. l P l "dLi ng t o" l h Dei oi up , ( J
' +i
( sl l ' l mJna
\ ' i t oTr P) .
Not d,
600 Ddcl r Snsi di "
r i \ ' l p / ! 9l ei
t ' ' Jl nusi
l . or ' ' i , l . r r l Fi nr cpor l ' u
pr Fzpn-
I t l ,
, 1"
ei pr i mr or di n"a i r r r o sFr i c si su ur mdr or ul
I nl Fl p. :
/ f l s'
. ul l i r i ul :
nerl: ur;ntorul. in acest caz sini
piecedata de articol, atunci clnd insolesc
un substantiv expdmat sau sublnleles,
;i
earLicxlate clnrl sint singure san
au raloare ale adv-erb oti de prepoiilie
laceasta
din urm[ in cazr
lui nert):
The last Mand.au ol tl\is month is a holidav.
(+
sul'st
)
r r e \ a! l L. ( oi
- u, sJr . .
I ul
r l t t h' , at t
Jt u
"ul
")
. r . . . "", . i r , ", . r r , . i ; . ob
see r , r r , do r o; . \ . ' . , 1
\ \ , l l $Js/ l l aJ.
J, L"l )
: t h, \ ", t , t . t t aqt t \ "") t . , o l hpl i 5r ol
f . ol i j "nl 6Jnna' '
qi r ' ; r ""du
: r bsr _
\l.hen I las, nel. Lenn. sle sas llourishins
(-^dv
)
I shoul d l i l " i o
- "
' ; . u
$n", , , r ' r nu
; o. "
-
$
)
( \ ' l r ' '
l l . \ . , F \ nar i r C a Ldn. - l r , J, I ' i ,
".
n. P. pa
S
ti01 1) pentru a se aIa concizie
qi rcli./ stilului:
S
602 a.) in unele loculiuni adverbiale sau lerbale ln care substaniirrul are
l rLFl '
"
. / r. / r' a / ( J'
ri . ol ul 7. ro)
in
{thc)
lutuc
603 ,J in unele cuainte compuse
(: allicolul
zero):
to deotare $'ar lrgnmst
to fird emploJmen!
to hn
plc utder foot
604 c) in unele etpr.rii cozs/ra;I, r/n.lr'tc, in oarc doue substanti{e
sint' unite
prin prepozilii sau coniunclii
(: artieolul zero):
{lownhill iidoors
i n- shom upst ai N
oul.siiic
do$n-at ltel
trpsidc down u! io-daie
dry
_by
day
.
lv hook 6r iy cmok
oi.e. nountaiii and
plain
to linish ne.h and neck
trom begirning io erd
lrom hand 1o mouih
lrom 1.op to lottom
through thjck {Dd ihin
C^ZURI
l N CAFE
AEl l COLl D
LIPSE$TN
IIC
..",1,'.1:-:ll:1"'liifili!;il,lli",tiffl;.1'11""",i"11,""fH'""ii;i;li:!r"l!i{ii
u
'"'
;;;;:i ;t;;i ' i ";i ;.r' r:ri ' ' ,i '
""g1.
ai "Li oni ' e
nori l '
e' ' (
omi i unp\
:"ri -
uea5e, lend rnone)
s'lool
rre
(Tdeg'aml)
1,""j :;.,i ' 1".;"i ' i .' *0"' i l :"ri ' ,rr' i ,n:o
rt-m'
l I' rt,-9:..".?ti l 9l :
i l l : i ; l t l ' ""#i ; l
' ; : n: ;
; ; ; o; ; ; r ' t ; l
r r ar n
- r i uu, d;
Jr ' i r cr
d i r r r
.,:;L;i*l;u
f i:l:"::i"r'i:i::ll t"ff:,lt",ft
.Jii:
S. "l i o"
"t "t g
equr i or '
1! l t r t l l
;;;i Jrl
115,",1i ;.1:i
r
' fprl pr,o*
o"
I br i sr",
Ii ' ks
up r' "i v' '
di l rs num
a;d steari
0ndi"rlii
de Rsic)
b:"1';;;;;!i;;;;L
'br
comianr' {^n!ir
zid)
, 4r r ; sr nr r : ur ' per 5t or y
nl huus'
( uvI onu'
iiir: i""r"*
n"o ol rlonth
(rrtlu arri ol
?i rrr
f ,i:,l,if if';'JAi11, I
. i on oi h; us; .
( Di , l i ono, )
lnuiests
l'ai on
I etrol' bel
Foarte adeseori
titturile
din
ziare' ericesiv ile concise
;i
de {anteziste'
etnt
inintetigilite
inainie
de citirea
artioolului'
[In
exemPlu:
l Swi mbui i
Suo! mi t . -
Ti l l ul ur r ui r epor t aj
da' pr e cunhr i nl l
l ' ni {d
{""1
' ; ; {i l - ; ; ;
i ; ' ; ' . . l or
Par "ur ' l r r i
P' r ' Fr i
t i nu
-
nui ' r ' osr umd/
t l p'
; ; ; ; ' ' "; g"; "
ri rl ul .
' i
l o uuadFl ups
(-\ eqs' \ Fek Janu0rt
15' I 9; ' )
r'ffi
t**
-giir'
*
ii[***r*
tvl
;;fi''i;lil'i"il$
i
:;
il;'*
;""'
:ri"'ri""s:
"''
i;'"T:
"'":
:"
1:i
j i 3
CONSI DERATI I GENER{LE
AI}Jf,{]TIYUL
rlD JICTIINI,tr CALIFICATIYtr
{. co\SIDER{l II
(iiiNxtl-{1,8
Dcl i r i i Li e, .
f
i "
' . t r r
s i . i
Funoj i i . . . . . .
IttJ..lite .u
f.ine
lc.:onrntatie n:t.gurti.
Ol sl f val i i asl pr a adj . cl i \ r l or . u g. ade de conut ut i e r i , r csul ai i . . . . . . . . . . . . .
l t t . . . .
L; t l " 41 t , 1, t . |
f u
l r ". h l hr e l t r . \
t . . ' . .
FI.lPr Fldc"r. OD""
4t'1 .1...
I o- h". t hr t h".
- - l a
t t ". a.
Ft ah, . i . . . . . .
139
Lat er . Lat . st ,
-
I i uer . I ^
. . . ' . . . ' , ' ' . ' . ' ' . ' ' . ' ' ' ' ' ' , ' ' ' ' ' ' ' . ' .
( anpo"o' r n
a, t J""t , v, l o-
"ao
I ' r .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(
omP8Bt i N i l . . gdi bn. . . .
(omp3r.,tlA
dF interlorihl.
ODso.rs9ii 3$rp.3 tonp&ntii ndJe.tirclor itt
snerel
a: onst nr '
I
a
pr nno' i t i ei '
ompar aLi \ '
. a1, , ,
|
, i I
- .
|
, t oi t "r
t - r mp. r t
, u.
r , . , ,
t i , i . .
, . , i r , , r , . ",
r \ Ft p
l t i n" . . , . . .
. u, Fl 1r ' r : d
pr "L, ". i r . i
' r
sr p"r l dl
. r l r . l l : \
S
t , +l 1l i \ '
l
"
1" i . ol ' r l l n
' r l l
. . . . . . .
r ' f ot 4 i l i . omp. ' . '
i r . i
- l : p
i " . . . . . .
,
^mr f f , l i 1
, t o, . 1
l hi "
"
. or npi r dl i d
di nl r un ob
d,
I
i
r n e. Jp
I ' . b- . 1
' ompar r l : \ .
Dubl ur s r p i cr i v
. - , r . l "r , 1
a
. . ^mF. a
\ ' r t ' r j
i i
. ' r r . r L
0"r st . t i i i di omat i . e cr dou. l coml ar at i ve sau supcr l at i ve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I ' r o. . df c
l cnt r u
c- \ pr i dar ca supol at i r ul ui absol , r t . .
- . .
. .
- . - . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
113
610
6r i
622
, 0)
t t 0
717
D6
liltl
' l : 8
' 118
{1. couP\ RATI _{ ADJECTI YELOTi .
Com! *r &l i r dc *r l l f r i o. i t r t l i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6| i i
a: ant r ar dt i a adj ect i eel ot s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
( i t g
r l di cct i v. l c dc o si nsur i si l ab| . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . o/ t i r
Adj eci i vr df dou! si l abc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . - . - . 641
. \ l t f
t l . i i
de r or bi r r r dj {ct i r at c. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 052
65' t : 9
6i t l : 19
6i 6 l t 9
6i t 1l !
659 I i t n
661 r : 1"
1a:l
6t: r
jr:l
6t r i l i 3
690 135
69t 136
t 06 133
71a 141
i2n
/r'+2
1/r:1
J2l 1i-)
,22 r43
J23 143
i ! 4 l 1, r
: 34 L1;
I I I . AI , TI I CI I ] ' STI I - NI RDI ' I ' I I I TOARO
LA ADJECTI I N
' ' ' ' .
'
'
t \ . f cHl \ . \ l t \ ' [ l l . \ DJt cTI vAl . I
.
Su}sr ant l t . .
.
- . .
. . . . .
Ger ( r l di t
. . . . .
- . . . -
Pnr r i i j i ni u
r r . n\ t t . . . . . . . - . . . . . .
P, i . i ; i i r t r cdL Pmi i r i pj r L
I nl i ni t i v , , . . . . .
. .
Locnliun.
prelrozilio ali.
- {por l '
. . . . .
-
1?2
-|
ryq-
r48
i l D
i i l
i ) )
ia,o 148
, ' 01 1, 1
t 03 1i l
, 74
) J3
/-s L
t8:l
7i a
17i
719
1r 3
7i]
1i t
't5r
l 5i
15ir
\ 54
1i 5
r ; 5
15t
1i.',
15r>
155
155
1t 5 15i
760 l i i i
t'iotozi!ie rehtivl
v. FoR\I-\nI^
ADJECTIVELOR
-
..
I t er i r er cs
. . . .
7bJ
7S9
,-90
150
l r t
156
l i 6
Ji i
t 9l
A'|j..tir.
cu t t Lc. esntir
".
Sxi i xo. . . . .
. . .
- , . . .
Dul l r t r ea
consoanoi l i nal o
- . .
.
-e -
ntut lilral
t 9t 157
30ri
80t
s08
809
i 94
, 94
t 96
i 57
137
l i ! )
,l6tf
' l 6l
'10:
16t
164
1Cl
Schndbired
crtsorici
grrmatlcal
t 97 1i 9
793 l 5t
, 99 l a8
800 l i 9
814
818
819
3!1i
szt
Pdticipii adFciivate
-qubstantile
adjcctiralt.
. ..
-
-substantile
adJccurarr.
. ,.
\trle adjeclivate
. . .
\ , t t er br nr i
'
\ r l r . ol u'
r " nFr ' l ' r '
' u
! bl oJr " d.
' l j '
l ' !
(
oDpr n. r cn
. . . . . .
ADJECTITELN
DIINR]TINATIYE
sAU PRO\OUL\-q.I,X
,\diecli{clc losostve
r\dieclircle
ilcmof slratire
rldjecti!ele
rntoogau!e
Adicctirele rcl'rtivc
Adjf.ii!lc neiloLArile-
ADJDCTI YU
L
( l HFi , \ DJECTM)
CONSIDDRATII GDNDTi-{LD
1) Dotidtic. ,\djecti.rul estc
partea de vorbire care calilicdl sau deier-
S
6(Xi
r, , i ni : rn subst ant i v sau un echi val cnl , 3 al acest ura:
a .rcqr womar
29 leloved
/i,e
rerdins
$de clinlk
t.ot
me
the sam, idcas
a
s@,ng
man ud a 4.58 one
2) Clasificare.
^djctivele
se lmpalt in doad categorii:
S
{n)7
,{. adjective calificatilc
(r 608)
B. adjedn'e determinalive, r,umltc
9i
adjective
prononinale (S tt4).
rT. ADJECTtrVELE
CALI}'ICATIVE
s
608
(D!]SCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVES)
I. COISII)I]N\TII
GDNDBNLE
1) Detinitio. Adrecti\ ul ualiticati\', care esle de fapb adjectivul
pro-
S
609
pr l r - 2i . . er eL. i o l n. uqi r : e r unui obi ". l a
, l - i r l , al i l i "r 6:
anesor
btutrn elts
renDl. .io[.do\
2) Caraeteristici, -
a) I t or md. . I n I i mba engl ezn, adj et l i vul ar e, cu ci t el r exc' pl i i ,
'
S
611
si na, al f amd,
i r . di l ar pnr J"
- Fr . .
nl i mJr sau
'
az. El
,
u
. o
pndl p dp. i s of dd
.
u
. ub. t ' an' i \
ul
L. Ju
. u o. hi \ ; l ' - l , r l r . psl ui s I pe
'
at . r l
. l i l i r d:
\ , o, , cDoa
s, ' knr ki nF
'
l . nsl ' nP
\ ot
mr i sSl
\ \ ' e' "r $: l l , ;
' / o. , . . r
Ei "/
. r
' "
"- r
, g, l c* ( \
"
l am
pI l
l h" I dr "s o
- l l ^
l t ounr
t + \ et '
"' r l
C n r aul . l r
pl
|
"Jor
. , "1 r "r - t \ o l l t n
J. un8.
Dal gnn
' omu1pi .
adl r ub( r Jt n\ a
Excepl i i
$
612
Comparativul
qi superlatirul adjeclivelor scurte sint singrrele forme adjec-
tirrle {lexionarc:
\ o nc \ o. ni pr
' omn' .
i \ ' \ o
ng
J ( . u! t l J i vl
! o*-
bl . "r
1om1r r .
' r
o 5r
' upr - l al i r r
(Cl.
ii
unele adjcctive
prononinale
S
817-81e)
t
\ , r t ; t ; . 4 - r d. r i ".
/ ar u a
er i i . nd
ndi
' ' ni l r l ns
"' r i . ' 1"r "' "
4 unui
o! . ' t d Dr nl i r u
r .
l , r l pn ai l J 6Jb anl
'
p"
"l d1
S. dr J
!
",4
ietirmim: a
pr.ciza,
a lluri Intdesui untrl curirt.
3vezi
S
t ! 0. nol a 1
!
sels
sr{matilal
($ !i.
s
610
114
{ 013
LocuI i uned
adi e. t i aal d
( Adj ' ct i nl Phr cse)
Loou' t ' uDea
"
."-
ua i"Ji"uriii'"ons
t l dinlr-un
grup de crroli"te
teie
p""aic"t coreiuatc
impreun;
au'\.aloare
de adictil':
T.
r-a
i ' s
, rt o,
6, ' dPn
t r" rl
P:
L
T, i r , . l r ' Ar , -
. t h" aPa i n{o"; n L a1
"v' ni n; "' l ss
sl d' nr '
\l' h-"r:e
is Ure io\el lent to Martdn?
lli' .:nt
vou
folnil arvole
glad la h?:]P
!ou?
{ 614 b) La. uL
ddj et t r vul ni
Adi ect i eul
' l r r i bat i P
esi e
pus i n
gener e
"
r noi ut ca
- ub. l . , ol i vul ui
pp r er e l l
"l i f i '
5:
-
thc nlce o&.1 houses
(Pcntn detalii vczi
S
2668
'683)
1, t j t i , ut
L, r ' cl t . at i r
"' t '
pus. dupd- \ - r b' au
ddp"
' of l pl er n"nt ul
Ji r "' t
. 1r d
", ".
I
c\ i
;
( v' r r
Fr empr e
S
/ o/ / oJr '
615
3) l'urc-tii. -
Adjectivul
are Itei funcl;ii
sintactice:
616 a)
pot\re li d.tributl
Madse' a
/iae
girl. wa!-comi
g to lca-
I bo'urht sorne
ioallen
':lo!es He is-a man /drd 10
!l'ase'
$17
,) poate face
Pade
din
P,'edt:"r:
618 l)''
)'cd
nnme pre(licatie
l(hedicate)
Conplementf:
The sLY is Dnr''
It
sre;
ddln-
AD old shoe ieels eas,'
7
got readll
i^ a lerY shorl trme'
I
t
,')
pentu
.a
campkta
inteLesul.unui,':il"^:i-:i'1".Ye:T*,,',""#t::i;
s
u'o
*,r'",?
J.i,i'i'l'f .:3?#"f'ii'xlj""i'i'#ii,'ii"li"ii'?i""i-""iii"J'
"'i-
(
Pred.icate
of Re.sultt
)
|
( Prtdlcak
of Resuh'!)l
'
\ ' P"i nr
d l l r
{l ' ""l /
' l h' g' "u F'
_ol "l L-
1"1 sr u' l ' r '
I boiied m
'ge
s'l''
S
620 cl
poate fi complement
circtmstunllal
de mod:
-
Thov came hom'
'ied'
Tre'$ind llew coli''
{
621
Adieclivul substani,i'rat
($ 750 760) are luncliile
substanlilului
(
s
347-358).
s
ii22
Ir. c0llPAnAlrr
.lDJECTrrEl'oB
ICOII"ATTSON
OF ADJECANDS)
S 6f 3
' l
eomf a, al i a
adj e' i vFl or
p^"l e I i r ' al i zst i
i t . do. ud
t no' J- r ' :
i t ' t r
"
"-"
ot,i -
i .,"1,
.:,.i .i
I' i ".r
"u,
;, /;,,p.
pri \i n,l
""
l aei obi e' rr
'
I He sas nn ollef workman ilrm his brol'her'
,rk.,,
l
iie w6 the aatas, workma^
in thc laclory
f [ler health lad been
growing tJelr?/ dd balrd'"
dmr
1
it $as Des, l6t lundav
-i-^,"
t-,t,""
"diectivah
consii
tle lart dintFo
pmruzi!ierelaiira t'iri
lmnnd'
*r ,
, . . i
. , ' i . ; : : : i ; "p: : ; , : .
. , t : . ' i . . . ; "'
t i t """".
t k
t t t vt "' . . )
r ;
e .
'
l t on. r r ' r
"n:
' mar i "a
r or nanr
' d
di
'
pr ' r r l
:
un' ' ' d
l ' "1
i I no'
\ i 7
. A 2t 3f l ,
-
3
Sens
granaticat.
COMPANATh ADJECTIVXI]OR
2) O compara_tie poate
li fdcutn din rrri punctc
de vedero:
a, pentru a se aftLa egalitateai
lle b 6 lizl ds Jane.
0.,) pentru
a se
^rdLa
saperioritatc&i
TI " i 3 i i , d. / t , , di J. ne
lle is
Ure fttud,r, ol all
c/ pentru
a se ari|a inferLorihtea..
He
js
less nt4 than Janc.
lle is nDr
g,,/os
lia.l as Jue.
He is,,,,p i.ds, Ilad oI alr.
3) Pe plan gramatical se deosebesc trei grado
de comparatio:
a) gddul pozitie,
clnd adjectivul nu a suferit nici o comparalie:
l!6
{ 624
s
ii:15
s
62G
s
ti g?
i 628
s
69$
cold bcautiful
n) or cdul
. onpat t t i r .
"i nd
adj F. ' i \ ul a- r ar i o i n( u, ci r e t nt r - un
1T"d
sun"
q , : : i r l
r i or . du i nl Fr i or ar al ui J
'
\ f f l mc'
t r i n
gr adut pozi t i v. sau egsl ; u
ar ebi J:
coldaf n,fe beatrtitnl tsnrerio.iratet
lcsr cold /ss ieanriiut linfu.iorjtarct
as cold n! ds beauliiui as
(csatitare)
not solos cotd as noi ro/as biniiliil as
i
r.riortrab)
. t . )
gr ddul
snpLr l ot i ! . . j nd
adj ect i vul exp mi o t nsr l i r e t n gr adul
cel
S
f t
mar t l ) 8t t sxu cel mar sr dzul :
most beantjlnl
lsuDerioriiate)
lctBt
Ieauliiul (inlerlorilale)
SLrperlativul poate
fi:
, .
c' )
. s. up"t l o. t i r . r . , t o, , r .
,
i nd
a\ pr i mi
er ddul
. al
mai t nal t sau
,
pl
msi s
. r zu'
. :
r , : t J
ar r neu: i nr I nur ot , t F. l i 1
i nmpsr r ' t p
c' l at ' F obi Fct o sau l r . t i mpl
Hc is ou. @sr .'italr. tracto. driver.
! , i "r
q
r ,
, r "
I "^t sr c. ". . l ut ot
, t , p
, r l di dar p. .
I h. r v" b
. n r .
r y
. t l 0l t $r pI but I I . r t
", / j l
r oday,
c"
).superlatte
absolut, clnd arati o tnsusire tntr-un grad inalr ldri stabili
S
(i:t:i
lea urei comparalii directe:
,ca,.sr Fathol
Tl dnt
y"u
l of
) ^. r
r d. ,
/ j nJ I ,
pr .
l l , y { r n aor r
",
L
r ^
I ' i m.
Shp ; , . o"t ar , d. a. "
Superl dt i vul absol ut , anel i t i cl se deosehest e Je cet rel at i v. si p
n acf ert : .
t j : ] 1
sup' r l a i ! ul r bsol ul . l i i nd d". nr i pLi v. ar ", ,
"pnr ul
p"
adi er r i r . t nsr . "i r ea
exof l
mcr i dp ar . . t a al l i nJu- . " pp
I , r i mut
pt an
st i nLpr ". ut ui l
sup"r . Ler i vul
r el i t n
ar ", . . r n, ul p"
sdr "r bI l / r r r , . r i
r qt a Aj p' i mt ,
d. . , Fl . t L- t n , : ar F
s. and obi c,
.
' I rrF
i 5 rl , " 4osr i , h, at hc ot
rh.
boohs i n t h" l i brrj .
t SuD""t . ret 1
\ l l e
h
I
t hn 4o: l , , \ "p. t i r x
l ar p. l < 0"a. r bs. r
H . r "Tr k! t q nost t nl er t : . s. ( sup"r l
ol r r ,
r vezi
5
638
i i
6i 3
120
6];
collPAltATL\
DE S t l Pli Rl o ll lTr\TE
icolljl-\illSoN
oI sLrllr'IoRl
lY)
G3{i Corilarati{ul
.sj
supcrlatil'ul
do superioritale
-se
formeazl
ln doxli uo'ltrrj'
(tupi
curn adjeciivcle
sint scufie sau lungr'
t i : l ;
- \ .
t r l i $r l i t ol o sr ' l r l .
n
i "nF
'
' u
i \ "1- -
r
' "n
^u
' on' f r r ' ' ' i ". : i
_' r
, n"' r , r . ut , "r l u' i ' r aJ' u!
l a l l
, Jj F' i \ ul | "J
l t o/ r "vr r '
^' 1r sI
r r r
' r
sau flerionard satoli):
VioleL
is a rdl,
girl lPoTitir)
\ . 1.
i s r / , .
' n
\
"r l
l r '
I nl Jr
r "
\ r o . L r t " r ". 1. r ul I r f r r ".
i r .
sui p"|
r I
li:Js LJ. Adiectileto
lu
gi primesc adveit)cle
'?'rc
(lenlru oonfnratil-)
-:l
, nsl
(pent ru superl ai i rJi rare
l rrecedi i
adj ect i \ ul
i n gri dul
f ozi t i v
(met oda
1al i t i i a
' au
n; l l "\ i onJr .
hJr ' r : ) :
M\. sor is iut?lliaezl
(Po7ltirl
N; : , 1
r ", ; o' ",
' / 1, r , '
h' 1 1\ l "r L
r "" l ' p"r '
' l r - . n - / ' ,
r '
bui Bt t uo\ ' n
'
16'
i ! or r r t
Lrrl i cat i i cxact e i n
rrrN. mt a
ronrl rarl i ! ;
i LLj ecri vel or ! l nt i n] poFi hi l df
. l 1l i , , . t 1di ul : n cr r - , n
r t i s l i r nl a
i n!
r - l d
i ' r ual
"
l l r r r '
l
"
nr ar ! ui o' r z
r I
. , ' t " oi o- t , "' - ". r 0' .
l ^r m"l or
'
L' / ' l r ' -
'
^n
r
' / i "
"r
r ' - "r : i
'
hi i r . i r I on" { r r l
l ", . ; "; l
l ol "
- s,
p"nr . u
cr pl i . i l r i .
^"
' '
d- r r n' i o l r u' r ual r e
r nt pns": r
crescindi in uzanla
curent,a.
' ' - i n
' . . ' nr r i '
I
i i
. t l '
Li on. "n,
' spi ' ul ' r l ' ""r nd11l i Fi
i dj t ' ' i \ "l or
"
l - cvr
- l
. 1u exocdi f t l ! uma. . u
p\ pmpl o
r nd"r oni " t ' l e 1"l u' '
' ! en
r el pFnt f l r
( , caI
sir aibi'trasate
unele reperc, ahiar instabile,
'
ontradr'torri
onErhrcc sarl aDruF
, 1, . f i nt hl 5eamr d" dr i r pl "
er pu. e mai
j o. . i r r or i i vor i nl r l ni Ll er t sur ' ul l "-
' i ur .
nr pr i mor i dr t "r i l e, ol ' i . i i
' onl r Jr i :
dsr r Lr
\ of r i "a 5J. r r u I r c, i nL4r p: l
sau sn l i e acuzat i de l i psi de con. i dersl i c
pent l Lr i nt ' rLocut nn'
t nt t n' ! $t t L
he on thc safe sidc.
ri 639 a. colrP,rRrTll
-LDJltfrrvrloR,
sorr-rirrl
lcolrlAHr'sor
o[ sH0tr'\D'lljcrlvul)
,{cessLd categorie cuprindc:
z I adiccti']e monosilabice :
;i ili;;ii";i; ai";i,ai.,
t"'-i".t"
ir\'a' 'L!, ''r, r' -o", -ro'rc
si
srle
. i l - Ld' , d: '
i ! . . u r r ' - , ' r , , 1
p" nr i r r ' i l aba:
, 7 ni m- r oa"" adj t ' r i \ p
b/ s/ / di ' "
' u ' ' ' pnl ul
l n
Ll r n I sr r l DJ:
di adjectirelc
trisilabicc ct
preii\ negati\.
l\Iai{fitatea
acesLor adjcctive
au ambclc
forn]' tl conparalie:
o11,
, *or o
i ' . r
sul i r "l o- ' ' ; i - ' t r ' r r -
F"' i
[ ot "' o Fl , t 0] ' i :
b) h
l
t ' onor u
Dxemllc
UrnlLoarele adjecl,ive
fofireazii
irr tnod
norma] conrparati{ul
iIL -cr
ii
suDerlativul
ln -esl:
'
1) Adicctilele
ile o si
guri lil^bti
( nnosilabtte)l
lnrc
ga.r thitr, otc
- . l euer
- . I car $l
-
htter -
lattcsr
garcr
-
g.xesl
olear
l l r ct upl el
.iear
lat
ga),
!
610
2) Adjectirclo de aloui sital,c
fD8ildrfu,
terminate tn
-y
fi
_ay:
bu: .
! , l ! pj
i \ . h
.
Dr l
m. ] t \
elrsy likely
sicktl:, etc.
Exempl e:
Dusy
- husi er
_busi est
easy
-
e8ie.
_eastcsf.
! : ", 1J' . v
.
t r ndt , "r t . i 6ndr i p.
. . i , . \ t r
"| ' Lt
. t
loncly
-ton,"lier
_I0rclesr
Obser val i e
,,,,f;:ii#ix::,,fr::fi:;::l::;':!:';i:,i:,:'nparaLi,
;i
superra'if,
cu prefc
s
64!
r ' , / ml j i l i bl eJ i ' r j - . r i \ ' t ' r
t nar , s; t db; , . .
127
s
641.
n"r,,,ul
i,'iIfi
adjectil'cre ,Islrd'ir' tcrninate
in
$
8,rs.
sii|I
-y s&u J3l, acirentuate pe
'
6t+
l.id r
i
6{l-r
s
616.
s
617
arg_ry
locc.i
glad
iliifr'!Y
' x. t x
l l j i
risk-\'
"1,""v
.J adjcctivele r/J;1aDi.c. t.orminate
in
-er, -Ie, -ow, -sotne gi
-urc:
biticr teebl.
hollo* g.L,esome
' i "l
i "n : i
humt . t "
. . '
l o$
sol4 noble
stall,,w
wholcsomo
tend.r
srD[e vc]ror,
;illlli:.
",".
dl alte cltcra adjec1,i1.e bisilabice cn acccntul pe prinm
tabd:
..r!r"
qlier
ni l e
, rret r
rcal
s
'ppie
lteasui siupid, .tc.
,/ nuneroase adjeotivo r;rlturri, .jn act:t:ntul pc Ltitna si.tabd:
ibsurd
.oDcjsr
.cmdte
dF.reet
minute:
Irrolound totitc sinccre, ctc.
.
/ l
. ' a; ", , ; ,
. l a
+. . : t ol , .
.
. t ,
!
r . t :
n . n, , , j 1or r i ,
u. r _- o , a . j / ( r : t r
d4t
. 1. . t
bt . t l ai . t . ,
, t
r
. 1r r
r u
r o. t
i or . Et ,
t r i n
, r t i \ r r . :
nnkindly
tiaba..ng1ezl:
nue .t. oa.Zesr. iar nr Srr\
aioi a(ljectiv (cu
lrononlia
dilrtr.le
roc.n
l
lormelc llcxionare silt ori..grariatc tr
. -
r r i dt . l r xt r J, r . t l
{:
mi i ! s. ul l e5r p
t 9t
urt.rD, lt.Pleasant
insrxfd
unl.;i,nv
rniidlJ
insi"..r,. er,.
f r . : $hr r \ u unho| t ; ' t r nhar y
"s
inpoini
-
i'n pol't- imPatitEsl
l i l g l l rcepl i i : adj ecl i ve nono' si . bi si l ubi u cu grade de compara, l i o
l or'
rnate analitic
(lumai cu more
fi
most):
4o. d Lmunosi l abl d i
; ; ; : ;
l ; : i ; ; .
i a"r . t , "
t . .
t - si t .
t "o! \ ' I
, . '
. oanl
n' r dr "r c"nr u.
ont h", . bi , o- . , b
r ' ". r .
1
r a do. , r
\ ' l aL' r '
41r r r r
I t r r m' i d r ' ) r or
I d" ( - ' ) : 01 1"t '
' ' ' 1d r . n; r . 1
"! ' r '
t a"' t
' l
p' l - l ur n
'
r "' i
' "
( a'
' :
t r '
l ' r ,
, xl j "cf i r pl . pr nJnal i r er oDi r r r i l r . upr er i \ ul
n' . ' t
: l
ut ot at
^' l
n
'
r '
, i i , [
\ nr f . Fr ", o- r pr r l l i "i adi F"' : \ , 1^-
nJ du t o' . l ahi l i r ' r " i r r ' n
l ] Jn
t l ' r , r ezi . ' . . r . l ur , a an' r mi
- , r i r or i i
.
r
t
u r . , l n
.
.
j
u
'
l i
.
i o
c"
Tr mud r ' ^ r nr l
' ^-
-
nJr at ; " d' l i , cl i i "l or
hi . . i l obi "p m, i
nbi : r r ui t "
' e
i r , '
' u
3
l ' r r r l i u- r ' ' nl or l l
l : "ni *
r i ' i -
"
qi
- Fv, , , np. l nd
"Jj . . r i v"l "
bi "i l i bi " mi r pu{i ' r ohi - ' r ui r " f '
' r r . ' d"1.
d"
""mi i r ai r "
u dj , r r ur ul f ^t ' n"l ur
I
' r l p) i i or r "r ' "
uni r nr i
'
' u
"' n'
l t ; l l n' ceea ce
pri . ! . c, st e adj ect i vel e cu ambel e l orme de comperat i l ' l i
super'
lativ. aleqerea iirt.e icestea esle in D:trc mnsurn dictate de eulonie, riLn:-
exrres;''iiite. Pe linsi aceasta. in lir a votbiid si l preferato fornele llcrii(-
naie.
pe
cind in ldba Lterard se lotosesc
nrai mult fomele oonstNite
'-
t nar L si nost . un. l . adi Fc i \ p. u nusn! n
"\ cl u' r v
l i l pr l r d -
' J
onl ; qa" b; : a"l
hd
si r 7u". t ". avi n, i . aEr
,
um . - a ar u
"r
'
i 649r . '
mJr t or m' l a nFr l ' \ i on1'
Li;2
.
3) ,{.lto pn4i de vorbiro ailjedirrte
sc conformeazi acelorasi uzanle
rl
\ l ho l i \ r on t l c r pp' . l oor '
l l dr r ' . vn"5r $ 6 l f . . l i r l p. , Lr nuLr ' .
Ou
tlfu
inchdcs ihc
proauction oi lhc cl,i.,r, witfs
\1' eren' t l.he littlc bov' s {ords the
4) Concluzie. -
In engleza conternporani au sparl tiparele in comparat:-
rdieciivelor,
pe lingi mon;-
;i
l0isilabele flcxionat, lotme ca nlore
!lat1'
n1't'
.oi|t.
n"r, obt". niro
prau!,
not
sutl
'au
n1r" hat.
n
'lauda
-
rulrt" i
uul pl i n".
' npl cor ul ^si ; o, l e
l " Bl l C - , bi or
kn"" bud n' o' " o"' 1
.
t "or e
'
t i naar. no. t w' t r-al , ' t *d. na\ t t r l l ' i hl ar d. n, oJ
' r' t l
dt ' ss d -
pl ra
i or mFl e i n i / { si
- pd
r u gr adr dp
, . r npar al i ' l l n\ i o r Hr ' z
r o0l -
' r pbr r r '
r , i r r , r r i i m. dov' di ndu- se ui r ant i l r di l er i ' i L ; r ' ' pi "1r "
l i
i r l pr "i dr ) l '
elocvente !i
lraparrte cind se abat dt la ltorn{ decit conlornindu-se, curnni:
acesteia. Iiete de fapt, era noului. a ruper;i iuturor ldnludlor, a incercini :
oelor nlai indrezn!;
fi ,,trnsnite".
din care izbucnesc adesea idei genirl
Excnpl e:
\ ' \ onc ot t hc
' nnsl
aood , a/
h4t
L
t r ' r l "r '
\ 111
"
'
1" t , ' ' J
I t t h. l o"t
' t ' -
! t nr b' t ol
11"' t t o \ b' c' ' l
r oi
'
t h"C n; t
'
"t
Dor F bc"f - t nosn
l on- t hP. L - , , i 44 l l l \ r l l r . l t , .
, Pt 1", ! ) .
' t h"t hr t
. - r ' ' l u/
' a
"
r l {mn"' j "' l . r Th l r ' . . 1r t r J 5' r ppl "
r r '
-
1968) .
' 1...)
LMdon nn:: an th. ,.t!J ro ,.,,,3 ll' t lciilinscs{
ll"a
lJohn
os|onf. I
' ' """!l;
,*t"r,"*"., ,f
'
tt Inn,tah tLnr. i' itt Pnti i' aftt llhc tLLrcv comcl' t I
1906) .
( Pcni t r l t i mel e l . ci . i i at ! , . i .
S
6t 8r '
r l i i ' i
?1. *",
r 1. ^ 4l i , anno, at
r " apa
a- a t ,
et . n.
*7. \ dal l
t \ l . ol "- . r , t "ndr ' " i n c, - l , n L. t a"t a ab
t - r nu. 1! : - .
l a: -
COMPARATIA
..Iar pe cotorut cirlii Guinncss Book of Reco s 1971, printre
alte superla-
:i|e este dat mostestr."
E\.ident ce aoeste citaie nrl constituie modele de urmat. Ele alrartin
. nui domFni u al l ur ur or l i . pnl pl or
-
dom. ni ul sr r i i ' or ul ui , . ar c
1n a. c. t
. az
!u poate
daclL sd ne edifice, pe
unii
locindu-ne,
pe a4ii tnctntindu-ne.
B. CO}I?AEATIA ADJECTIYXIOB I,TNGI
{COMfAIUSO\ OT I]ONC
-{DJEqIIYES)
1!0
Ur m; r oar pl F d. i e, l i vp, . i
l ar l i "i pi i
f or meazr
'
L dj urorul adrerbpl nr norpr . : i , l ?ovz
prA
pdi nd
sradul
pozitiv:
1) adjoctirele mai lrugi ds doud silabe:
atiractiye
(rcativc
despoidcnt
}eautifut cu.ious imporl,ant
s
663
compdrativul
Si
superlativul
|
65,1
adjectiYele
;i
participiile ln
$
666
S
ri".,6
Et empl ul
rtlr!(iive nore atiractive nost attractire
dependable
-more
depndnble
-nict
dpendanlc
2) numoro:rse adjective bisilabice eu aceentul pe prima
silabd:
lSill.
acid .onstant
lrddent
do, i l .
. , n, , i d
, . as
r ; dd.
-
t dr ' , t e t i \ : d
t r . r e"t t 1. : o. . , . .
. .
rraglre
hostilc advcNc
t.opcf
In special adjeclivcle bisilabice termir.rte ln
,t.'.
-tsl, -tlc,
Jcss
Fi
-o"s:
r . r i r .
Lr
, i . ,
Ioolish
tnilhlcss
.toJous.
ctc
Et empl e:
r{ti* more fttivf
.omic rnorc comic nrosl lonrn
loolish
-
mor loolish
-
nDsl toolish
(Vzi
,!i S
611 61,61
3) parficitiile
adjoetivate
,si
adjcctivele cu sufi)ic
p&ticipidle:
skr l t ed I ha. mi r g
u!!rt lrdncd
.rnvnicilg. el,r.
Er emVI e:
m.st. slrn
skill.d
-
morc skilled
-
nost skiled
charming
-mo.e
cliar.i.g
-nost
cha.ning
L x c c p
!
i i : crooked,
Ei
tritAc.l. care pot
aiea
lsi
formele fleriionare.
h stilul
tatnilidr,
pentru
a se accentua si mai mutt irieea de superlaiiv,
S
658
' Ln
er ^dFF
ddj , , l i \ F. t n
. pe"i at
. cl "
' Fr mi I dr e
i n
- obt
.
- . t . - [ , ] t . - ; J
: i
- ; ng.
4. { nu au
. o^
pdr at i vul l n
- r r . f or mear , J
, or u: i
. upFr t a
i ! uL i r - . . . t .
l a' dFt
. J
l o. ma net l ol rorArn l
Jqkt r dr d
- 1.
'
o. j , nl r i r . dnd
d. s . ' r nn' nqpc
bi f l pn, . I
f r JgLl , sr
' i mpi d. . r si nn, ni . sr
I , r "r r ' ps,
dnml ab, pst p
i ci d. . ss. nsi nsN
. h,
pr ' . r p.
. n"i bl e. r
t i mi dpr '
doAs"d. l
toyalest
tircdest dninlenest. etc
Do yo.Df damnedat I
He was the .asgrd6r clild.
I
CoDptuatjvul adverbului nr.r.
s
i Jupt r l at i r ul i dr pr n! l ' r ' ni , / l
I -
c..natica nmbii cnehze
659
4) ntte
ptuli do rorbire
a.dieotirate:
Thev dal l ' ^mP:
F
'
bd
! r :
Yo; d,
-o*
,, i ' "'
"
r' ;,,",P
1,J1"1,' ,
-.
p,n.,
lle loted liis nelheN so mu
than uncle io him
Not d
660 Un substantiv
sau chivalentul
si\r
poate ti lnsolit de douir comparattl
e
"""
* fo'"t""
aii".ite. unul terminat tn -cr
;et ali cotsiruii cu adverbul
tn're
i; ;;;";;;i;;;
.i.teiice
(h -,.
sau'e'r)
prccedd
pe cea a'alitica
{con-
struifi
cu mo,'e sau mosl,):
She looked ,.ot" a' d m"' e' t"/ftsins
llian erer'
ie iii-lr'"
"ia;",
ti;
?!tarc'
and rhe hoft cteeet ot r\e Lwn
Pent ru
si mpl j l i care i ns6,
pnt ru
rpdarea i dpi i de. progresj e
"ssu, pent ru
*"".t"""",
adjdctivele
scurte'care
pnm'sc
jn
lnod, obj\nuit'
trrfixul -l
la
compar al i v
poi avea si f or ma
'
on' l r r r i l S
' ' r
d! Fr bul
mot e:
'
ll"i*Ti."*;:1ff?ii''i,,:T'#iix
ilffJl"'
t ; . f i o; '
"r ' am'
f o r "
' o' r ! R
o' om" dd' ' r
r not " t ' t P dnt
' Pat
R;a'"i"'""ii;
s,:;"
if
;'i\i,"i"ii'^!:o
r.
"'," He te)\ tu e deld thaD
axve
S
661
oRroGRArIrl
S 662 a, Adj ccl i l el e
r Pr mi na' " l n r o
' un' oana' zpr F"pdar !
dF o si Dgur d
! o' al ;
"
""-
". r r ' l ' qi "i . . "t r r 0r a
' l dbl pa/ i
onr o"nJ i 4ai nr pa
' ul i \ pl or
- pr
$r
- Ps/ :
t,,c
bigg"r
-
biSg' sl
rri n -
hi nnFr -
t h nnesr
ln celelalte cazu
(adicd atunci ctnd consoana
linale este
prcedatd
de
doua vocale ori de o alti consoand, sau clnd
vocala
precedenti nu est'e accen_
iuatl),
consoana
finalE nu se dubleazi:
130
sweet -sweele.
deal -
dcate.
sol t - sol i er
qniet -quteler
663 ,J Adjectivle
ternjnale
jn
'e mut
sau in 'ee pierd
pe
'e
linal lnaintea
sulixelor -.I
sau -sl:
nice -
nicer
lrue -
t.!er
lree
r i 01 ,
LJ adl c. l i ! Fl c
j er mi nr r a
i n
_/
pr e' ' dsL dF o
\ o' al n neac' ent ust ;
/ f i n- l esl t s, l , r bl sr
I n l i mba
pngl FTn ( nr
sr i n. ca ampr r csnaJ:
-ra'etul]er
-ca'elullest
"r'-""ii"t
-cheerlull'r
-cheedullest
ordcl -cruello
o ellest
666
dJ
' \ dj i
t i vel e
l ernri nst "
i n -i i nai nrea
srrl i xel or
' /
: L
drJ
t azY
l n - y
pr ecedat de o consoa i schi nbn
p- : l
drie.r -
dricst'r
-
l3zi|r -lazrest
r
Uniis.dirori
nr|.rpreiear.
h a|sr caz conpuati{ulnde
0afiind sinonim
o adsf,-
r . l e- r , t , : , r ; - ".
n, . i d
! , ' , d. "i 11' on' p; ' J
r \
d"' i
r al : or r r nJ ) ' r ' Lr r oi '
par nl , i vul l i
! '
l Jngl $r l at r r
t r r ul
/ dr l F"
t Cu
t r cept r a
( onsoar Pr or , , !
t r
_'
"Uncori
aaris
n't
dtyet dtYest.
COMPA&TIA
precedaL d o vocali. el se meo.tin:
-gaJe.
-
galest
FOnlIn Dr colrPAB,\TId
)l-0riD our, aT-tr
ar fornre neregulate pentru gradele de comparatie:
Canl.lratir Superlalir
\1o.st
t81
Ctnd ins[ -3,
fina] este
gay
cov
Eacepl i i l
shy
sly
itl,{
wry1
ADJOCIIYE CU
Urmdtoarele adjctive
Pozitie
ilt
l i l i l e
I
litl.lesi
J
oldcsi
I
l.lihesl. iarth.rnost
I
l , r r l hcst r . n' . t hemr ost
I
iitst
hindmosl, hindcmost
I
uLmosi. ultcrmosl
upm0sri uupernosL
l
I
{
t
t
{
J
I
s
c66
s
667
rarc
{
hind
Urmdtoarele cuvinte,
iar la gradele comparaiiv
(beneath)
{' D)
(our)
{
(upl
ci nd si nt l a gradul pozi t i v, au t unc, t i e de ad1erb,
Ei
superlativ ar tunclie de adjeotiv:
l
compdaiivul qi.sute.lativul adjectivelor ,r.v
9i,,y
si t adeseo.i ortogfatiale
ti
r
I cn r u , . 11 si , l / . r u vaoar e dp adi "cl i v. v"u i
si {
: 64 a
,
- 6q
b
3t d4hc"
r I a- t r , r obdL: 1,
l a or i ei ne, . onpl r al i \ ui ddv""l , ul ui
/ o' e. sd.
dJpl
' r ni i
! Lor i . a l "i / or t r / u"; t . I
f ! | . un s r n: r l JLi v i or mdt dupd
. , r l *
.
npd. r i : nd l a or i s n.
. omof f Jl i i ul
aJvFr b- l ui , , j n; , "d"".
er ' !
un d' r bl u
r omp"r al i vi
ncr, a losi sunolatiiul dverbulu
jatsn.
"r cr cn^t : t r ; ' ' an
f o, l d or ' sr Do r n"t l , i vF t or ' nar . d r , I dl . i nl dds""L' nui / , r , i
, - p?,
csl p ul i . omp, mt i v r or nr '
- d
. pl 1d\ "t n )
l a
n". ' t D' nor t
t n l ' r , b
'
"ngf r l
132
668
-{djactirele
rele toare la pu'otele cardinal
au urmitoarele
grade de
comparal i e:
easlmostl. casternmost
no hmostl. northernnost
souihm.str.
southernmost
westmostl,
w.sterndost
6t i 0
l n sr ar i da a'
F' l e
l or m"
mai
'
\ i
' ;
o
- cr i ' . ' l '
sunpr l sl i ve
r u
l or ma npr c-
! ul aj e. . onsl r ui
. pr i r ' . d' u! ' ar Fs. upFr l l i ! Ll ui
t ?' s/
' r
' pr mr ne! r '
l a unpr e
adjectire
sau adrrbel
i . d
r cr nor , b@1. of
r . p n
p
nc . a. or no"'
i J or
l h
"I
r't\c south{nnan
leak
ol ihe range
\ " ol d.
f i ; 0 C. si
' n
l i n, b' r . n, n"l p
i dl - ' l i \ F r ,
f o' . t ' Pa
' o' 1"d
. o"' puo' ;
i i e
pc t . .
"i
r r ' "' r ' r f ' a
,
r pr i '
r i
' r r r
D' sl ' ' ubt i
nt
l ^r at ' o. t Pquu'
apt ' ^n4t
- r i .
- , , , r , ' ", .
p
n
r nt . i r cn". nt ; t
d^ i i p
l ' ' nl r u
i di l l n' l r \ el '
si nr
, ' r F
j r . - 1.
. , b. . ' l "r F. ; Ji . i
' l ' i m,
Ln
' or I ol r dr
\ ' cu
' "l . r I j ' r
i r ' r '
pr i nt r e
acest en
se af l i i o i er i e de ci l . cr
r Lr r j nt .
I r o\ . nr t P
t al e qui r e ur n nmr a
l d, i n' i . ar l ' Jr "
, l r ^l ' i , F. h l ur n; : i i r ' l l "' Jor u\ i nr ul r po- r a' ' :
P\ nJ or opt i LUnl
671 i , i n, l
' - . I
I n, i l i
' r
"n""' / ' dr a' l er : 7
' r
pr i - pr aT' n E a numpr o
( F
quD' l
l aLi , ;
"L. ot u
- . . e
t nr r l n, . , or ut i i n - od
"ul "r ' r ' , r
sj r ' "i al t nr r ai ul
l er ni i n
-
adeseori
si in ccl masculin -
lorme ca:
ihe mosr
P.r/4"
lit e lat
\ t
(
dt i t ut " . s\
ine 9t,,a'des'
jnzz brnd
a rcr!/ tnique clild
I harc neac. seer
".ou
p"*"r poise in anvonc
lor
hcatd
a nDa
?aled
musical
)'
Giren ler olporllnity.
she sill do eelg
'.DrlaDle
York
8i2
$
!
obse alii asupra adiectirelor
cu
gratle ile comp&rafie
neregulati
I t t
6?t 1) Adjectilul
tll (: bolnav) are formle de comparalie
neregulate ttors'
Sh"
( d.
- , s"
\ t h, l I
ca\
hF"l i sr : shr
hJJ cdl l ed up l ar do' or '
f adi J sh n sh"
\ "' ak n t o noop| ar '
She \Y.rs tu.. tZ
/@ree,
ihan rYc thougnt"
674
2) lll
si
siek. Sinonirnul
arlie(Livului
ill si'e si'ft ln SLiA' ill este chi-
"''
""}".t"i;ii
i;;;al ai atlieciivului
si(A' anbele adjective
avind acela;i inlels:
t
Fo.nc r.r. intrebuinlate.
'
afietu^t
:
hr1dn61
3
los.rmost
:
lae.st.
' tui.lmost:
in the e,s n dle
6
tapmost.: al lhc aerg tap.
r
t nl . t nast
-
l a! , sl
I \ ' ?r
r i
r ' . h' l a\ t . l l
\ l : l i r j
r
111 oP. r r ' ' pr a
5l
co@aRATu
183
l,ohar,. In Angtia. tll (: bolnav) este iDtrebuinlat numai prdical,iv.
r\tribu-
liv
ti
ca adjectiv substanlivatr, este lnlocuii prin st./r (: bolnav):
t l . a, l t cot i ! )
\ ou
l oJk, / / - l l . t sl t , | . . , 16
'
L, 1
, ,
r . s, r d' \
_
t ot t i bbu! )
HF F 1
. r , l
n' "n. 1p i \ nn, , / , . 1 i \ p nJ
on
", ". 1l l o. \ :
n" .
(substdntie) The si.l musi be cared lor.
Cind lnsi sic& este lntrebuintat predicatir. lo &d si.A are in ,{nglia nuanla
de: a avea greatri (la propriu), (iar la tigurat) a ii sAtul peste misurd de cineva
(ptdicatio
) "You
look livid. af. you 3i.l?"
"As
st./. as a.atl I am alwavs sdst.l *hen I cross the Chinnel!
-
it's alw.rls ronsh. and I nm such a bad sailor."3
I'n si.ft
la;d
lire-,i) ol felliig her fo do her
job
t.opcrry.
3) Ani,oninrul adjertil'ului ill esle {r.ll sau in
good
ltahlt. In bad heaLth
S
6i5
este sinonim or ill. Heahhlt nu este antonimul adjecti!'ului til. tnsnmnd
,,sdnitos"
ln sensul de a fi iniotdauna sdndtos. rezistent la holi. robust.
4) IlL
ri
trotst, norst poi ii
!i
subsi,antii'e
9i
adverle:
I woD' t hale
Jou
think ill ol
Jour
felioF.
lSlbst.)
l ' l l t bi nl @r oe ot l , i m i l he docsr ' l come.
{Subsi . )
Let hi m do hi s ! or r .
t s! i sr . )
Ii wiil
80
il, $iti
Xon
il
]ou
don' l oneX
Iour
doclor. (Idv.)
I' o.J plaJcd Dadly. fiona piar.d,orra dd Elsie played
ao.-"l.
(,,\dv.)
Little. A littlea,
-
fcw. A I$a
s
676
1) Lit e-
- LittLc are cinci lnlelesuri principale:
S
$77
O
lAlhs
\lntn
substanliv plural) (contrar:
narn)
:
,
pu,tin(i)" (: insu-
S
6;8
ficiont). se rclere la cantitate sdu duratd, are comparati'ul lr.rs
ti
supeflativul
/.asl
_si
este intrebujniat cu substantive nenumerabile (nullle do Inalcrii, d
abst racl i i et c. ):
lirl? donfl. htne \\ite. Utne timc. li,ri intelesl.
She has lri& (:
trea
pltille) knowledge ol DnglisJi, so she .a.'t rad inis boo[.
1..$
joy,
lcsr air. i.ss wo.k. lcis tngl'sn. les.s noisc
Hc look the line ol lcas, resistarc and accelteii to be pui on a diet.
,
b) a liulA intrebuin,tat, cu substantive nenumerabile (deci fnre substan-
g
67$
t i y pl ur al - si gr ade de compar al i r )
: . , pul i n( e) "
( : . r ceva". , , ni qt e": si noni nr :
son1. este lntrebuinlaL cu Eubsianlivele care nu au plurfll:
a til1|e mone\, a tiltL winc,.r little wliile. o lnre
jnicrest
She has d hirL (:
cevar krowledgc or Xnglish. so shc ran reid thjs )ook.
t
L
"n
.
l '
. v ' r
: I ' andb/ s bp. du. d I l J\ d
/ , , , r
p
r l nj ,
J
moi Pv. ] . 1n. J n,
s1l i v. ,
)
| 4dn h' , j
' ni -
hl ndb. s bF. dus. I h \ d o 1. "t "
, -
c"\ al
I
monr ! \ . an a , ' , r i i vr '
l ve, i i i S
687)
cJ lilll (+ subst. p1.)
:
,,mic(n)"6
se referd la f.irsta copiilor nici
;i
a
g
660
animalelor tinere (: pui); are comparativul yourger
ti
suprlarivul
Soangesl
(iD stilul familiar,lirer qi
hlles4:
Ji m i s r l , t r , boJ hp k m!
t , ook sFl l i l t Fr ' 1onr / i r d o; t sl -
' Tl F
i I nAI i sh)
r har "4
Canal Lt \ l l ap, i i , l ". D r ", 4r sl i d
d" I r anl a.
s
p
L. a bal siilat .r
"uieri
rotdcaum de .,lu de m re:
! r / / , t i / . / bi nt dJ". t j \ p, ,
r i r r r i v"sdun, ho' ar t " der "r m: nar i v. r . ol i ut esi of , !
sl D' adj
. r i vp
nphol r
' p
( dpr pr mi ndr i \ . ,
t \ p7i S
82t .
6; \ dj cct , v
del f , r ni nal i v
1S
821) .
6
-{djectjv
calilicaliv
($
609J.
134
Tnp snar r ca
{as l r Ji ne I ' r / ; r r L
o' P'
'
o i ;
Th" / ; , / P'
kj d' 5r r r pk' d
r n or nqnr '
He is our /t' ,6' |
(onc) (Ian l
S 6! 1
. r , l i ah( r : i bubFl
pl r L
'
mi 46'
p t Li n r ' 1r l or ' dnr r ai
' l ' F' ; i l : ' : .
1
'
"'
. . r n*
; t , u,
t '
"' r "hr i
l ; d; m' r ' si un'
i - do1"r ' LJ"i
r ^r e' d
gr a4F d'
compa-
f 1L; r . ompst r ' r t ' l p' . s' pu1r nu' i : ar
asr azr r
' r u
I s' ' 13
si super l dr i ! ul
l Past
(j !i stilul
tamiiiar'
lil'61)r
' ' .
l l r l .
r oo d i ' 1l P
"
u1 I
i r ' t i 1" m' nd
r i c
n. r n- , no t ,
"
a nJn hl
l h' ndnr s' L
i : r r ": gn,
r i r r , .
"q
r , , . . ", . , f i . "1' 6' : , ; i . , '
, . r , r .
\ D, , r p5
' h | t - , oeu"
l hP r '
r d
Lown
tlrc t?ss2' tead
hr r l . ssr r \ o' Lj ,
l l ' r l ' i et
l ocr q
oi
i , i ; , : . .
. hon+ , " / -. . . .
P o\ ". 1
I bt
j ' "
o' / "' r /
t r 6 s' J(
' l Fa""
i ", . , ' ", t , . r "a' ' o"i JU"ur
'
cr nLl Pr
l l a l t r i l
t ne / t des- t
l L' j
Tl t l i r , . 5l
l h' nA' ol dar r Y I ne
(
C\ i J
t
nJ
t t t 11"- I Fl "
'
l u
vr r sl
'
s: ' r dr r '
"r un" ' ' f "
J o nr r r nl d
af ecr i {6
t 13' I LLLt s
Lu ur dxnr nut r v:
lls dulins
lt'rle
girll
(|'.tila tur dragi Il
Iliess rour
li'l' lrei'L l
((le ntimioal1 bun{l)
. . shchadi l l cl nost dcl Snl l ul nl , i . voi ce' t hcgal est l i l t l l uugh, t l l eni ost i Noi l at i t ' g
lirlc vars
s
e GD: i
l n l i r Lr
"
i l r yd
moder na
/ J/ /
c' ' F i r l o' ' r i '
pr i r ' st "d/ /
"u. gr r ' l el e
de
""' , "- ". i , 1i "
! t l . r t t r qi snt t t "\ t ' ot unr i
' i ' l ' '
r Ft ' r n l " si mpl d
dr r nFn5r ur r e
mar
"i """
i , i
' ,
' ol p' r '
un
' ubsr dr
l i \ ' on' r el :
I saFaSwet l l , l l chousc. mncnsna/ l ?/ | h{nJox. si i , l l csnd] / ' s, hoI BeI l l ' Lveever sl eD.
i . / . Cuvi nt ul
l i rrl e
Poat e
l i
' "i :
ll'he /tl,
(subsl l I caa
gile
votr
is, l'n atraid'
loo lirdc
(adj)
f;:'i
liJ;"li$"'."'
,Fve dome
,.o r,/,r.
\ l l , r
gui s d l or
g $cl l Pr ^ver l r
$
ri Al
S
085
|drerb
I
' l r "r t
l ; r ' l L_F
l t l c I r . l . I n
| ' oLsr
;;", ;;;;
it.j,,
"ii::1,i,i"i'',i,";i
liiTo
"
A t enl Le
r
sri\6
sp'.
'l"':hir",":
rl
'::"J'.4"'1"1:',''i';'",:il'rli";""$::liyi:Ti:
'
|
(.
)
-
/ . I
Lrct ul n
I '
dupn
'
nm s
*r
r ;"1' l:il F.:'l;
::
"ll
r.*:,:'
""if,
ii i;l lj:i
""'."
*
"'
:,',
"
n
*, , . t
"""' r ,
i . ' . . ' i
r "*l
n' "- ' t ' i ' *
! l i -
t '
/
v ' ' ub' r '
pl r '
.
pul r r r "
s' ' ' :f;1;::r,,,ti .l l i j j :::,l l ::i j i i ;;;1,:l ::,,,i ,1' ,"111,";l l i ' .",,;;j ' l i i "' "
'
, \ Lj ( r l r v
r r l r r f r Li t
r s f oql
:
l \ : ! r r n r i
pl r r r al . l " r sl ' eLr r t e
:t:f.' :;l i
rl,;.1;
,ti
' j
:,
l' , ,:1, :,;:1
,,' ,1;,rl
"
Id' t Dredrd' iv
' t i l ' O( . ' ,
LJo d' 1Dt hl l
coMP-AnATb
135
1l i ' l 1l "l :
nF! ". j ) . ] : i
, r ' J , - or oo, ' ul
' oncr , . ,
r : i l ^r l r
t , , t t
. i
o
[ e' . ' . , t c
arr
I '
nuanl a puzrt ri r:
t I .
Lal
ni d"
/ , "
.
I . u, i n.
, - i , . d.
"r , t
. ,
\ l f r
l , , nel L
l l - ' , q
n. , q"
' t , ,
. , i i f d
i i nt -
". r
. ; I Li . r ,
r p nr d mJd , / 1 4
. '
/ , r l r i "nds o I n, r ' l : m de pr i
, "ni
t i ^m. .
.
1l
I : \
: i
f t {rcr.
Leasl
. i
t c$c. t .
Drt t i i nd . r
t 1l / p (
cub. , . . (. /
n, pri .
{ f bb
n, c
i
ar ' r r r a
pa.
r , ! r / : r
i -
- ub- ' .
pl . r n, n
ar . t .
/ "*
r i
/ ", . / , i i n.
r n" n"t ", , "
"; ^r
r Fnt r t a' ,
.
l pt Fr
Fi
/ Fs
"o'
p- n, r u r u n i f . I o, Ut i ,
,
umF0r o t i vul
/ as' .
, r Fi r : a
r aondndi l 6 t i "
Fl i r dt
ppn- r u
t . . t ", i r Fn f ^r m"i
/ r
r .
. i ,
r r . i i n-
l ' 1: : l : ! l "gl '
1, '
i n r r mba
pnsr pr i
r onr . mpo, a, ' a
p", | ' r u i
p\ p"i _d
I un, . . r ur ,
op. r
r i
, r r . ompJr i r r \
Ft pozr l . \
ut , r '
/ .
r :
ks.s r.oots
Lls clorhes lprs
leopte
There ]rcre Lsr thsn ten p-.ople ir ihe wa,uns-rood.
4) Little
,ci
much sint antonime.
ca
;si
pluralele
respectire
te\r si rrany.
S
{i89
s
690
l ' ] l ur b. l l ant . l t l . , , -
"r bst .
ss. r c. t p
r nr r Fb, r i r , , a, , , r . ub. . "nt i \ p q
r i r t
n num t abt t pst F\ pr i ' 1l i . dn
i t r . . a: di "r p^r r j vi . non, t
1
- r br t .
nt r . i nr l e.
Dy! nl a ( u
subst anl i \ . nudpt dhi l . .
"\
i ma nL, r dr r t .
Deo. Fbi r as dt nr r _ r co. t e
: : l i "i , , : i ". 1: . ", . t , . , . hr cp4' i , d. i , r ! ^c' bi , . adi nr r pr di . , r ; \ Fr ,
/ r , . . i
/ . , \ .
l l nrb. l l i
I r.
- urh. Long
.
2) Intoeuirer
cuyintelor
.,mu{:h',
!i
,,mnny',
prin
sinonimele lor.
Cu_ { 699
vintele
r?rci
Fi
r?anl sint, adescorj inl;cuite p"";'"inon;,"t"
tn", ,-"*rl fi*, '
a
La. . t
)dpdl t ot t .
pt . pnt t
a[ . t
t , , !
t at ) t t am. \ . t a6 (of )
\ t arr. ).
.
t ?. ) | u t , t on1,
t l d. Fst p
. r noni me
se a. l angd d
t vud
qar a: r . t t t t
t nanu
sr
d
/ nr: p
{sAl , o
"t , al
o yod)
nunbq (o[ )l
Tl r I
had Ji . n, ' hh"d I n I nF . oooFr . , ' v,
a
! . 4t
. . d| 1
soot ) d. dt ot t hc n, t \ r F
+H,:' IJ' :' il";i
b""' 1,"ri1""1!ii.:""f
;"rl!.:' """'
' ' """
o
'
"
' vp
rd' oa
"r , .
i
l ; ' "r l ' ; , : , 1j ": ; ' , , i 1i , "i 1
1. , , , , ,
ot
.
t
"' d
i n p^. 1'
Jd' i ol ' , mdr i {.
Tha' \ "F.
l ot at t oo. l
. , t . oi - "
". d, l v
t o L.
. 6r t
ot t
, ,
t h,
. j r , t F
ns nm. .
B, "ot
o e.
. d
) t , nt b4
ot
t h
. d,
I n- r
na.
, t :
0r I , nd
_,
n
U
,
. ds"r s.
. .
l l l
"chr l nr "Fdi . p. r r r
- i noni
, , ; nt out . r r i n,
or n, , h
. i , , , "t , , t
". t e
mai
l ol ^. r Jl l , ;
\ . . F\ i t . , . u. , ' r l ol at of . t ot sol t n
t i . , Lr j , r t
t ^r n. t d I s, r i - . . i t
lil,llurb.
T.or-9.
lLu,:h ,t lun!
-jnL uneo sinonime
si se traduo
jn
Umba
.a 69J
r oI ar . , pf l n
r . nur ( ; )
. , i , [
"t a1r . r
, ] ,
o- pbi , ^l
,,.
n f, exprim.l cantitatca. numirrrl, morc sugerl t
jdeea
de
,,artiijona1,.,
lrzs e\pinlA
!durai.d,,
i r.inlp:
' l ' i pr i s. ' t i oo d. n r 0r ! ) r o nos.
I l t t i l f
s0' i e, , r . cake.
l l . " . - ' p
. . "
4o, .
qu. .
r o i
o, ,
d
t r i n r
I o
Ar .
I ne so, , p
- , r . -
i n"
: 1! . . ! ,
si , t , J
: , i r r \ ". .
1. r nr r r .
, r ", "r n: I ar j \ (
, 6 82r .
lr,,Jtitr'i*l].
t,'rl'"
" "
;-:
t
r1"r.1
i
pli:,i,i,r:
:iLjl
ll;,ii';iir,i
, . i i . "1. .
. i l J, l : ' . ; ; ' , , '
l ' : ""' ' ; ' ; . l r r '
""""' "" ne n ! ""r '
r ' ""oud L Jnl p"-
li";:
t
"1;,"1i-: ""11;'1,i,l;;,,
i),l',T,,
".
*"'-
inT;;.::'
' ' ;;"""
i
"""' :l' 1".' "i' l:;' :
' :' l' '
"i"' t
S
ti9.1
4) Schimbare
de furclie'
-
'l4arh
poate avea
ti
funclra
der
a) subslantLe
'
y,'
:iii ti','f
i'1" i"i;l"4#"T'i'if
"**'
b
)
adterh:
He
js
ha'l belter
toilaY
#-:"i''"Tf
.l'Tj"'.1"""i
)'1il,rrl'i'ii'"
r.r"a*o
s r i g; 5r l l ocl .
E' r ' f or r d
dP sul Pr l ar i t
al
P' l j '
l r r el or
pozi r ' i ! Pr }Jx"l
s'
t
"- '
, , , , , i . ' : ; ' ; , . Fhu, ni esz; . u. "r , - ; "i ' r i ' . t ' , ", ""o4t l
/ r ' x"" ) : r
' u
quoqr an
'
*a"r , "
; '
; 11n
i , ", ! , i , "i l ' , 0, ". , ' , .
d"
r ub. ' s nr i ,
. au
d" r ' r r c, b
: .
. .
Tho; -
"n^
hat "
r hd 44
r
'
on
\
' ' "
r ' ol
al ^
' \ '
l i r d I ' dpl r )
<r ' i
\ ur '
rt"., n{' nle lik' lnlstr
r-{il
iiir:,.l.ri;;ii;;"til"i:n;
i:
.sr;"
-''.
.,i,;1.
i:ll" ;'
I :l"i:',
1"1";;: i!'id?:''
i';Ti''''
"b""r"'
r30
(
691;
{
697
s
(i98
ti) llost;i
lcrst rint antonime,
ca;i
comparativele
more
lqr
less'
Elder'
Dldest -
0ldcr'
0ldostl
r, ildts,.
Erdosr. - q":;",r:,1,i
1'.
ll,:l
".il;'iil.j'liXi,i
:"0.;i1"""'
""
apl i ";
i o
qer r ' r P nt eml r i l or
l f t nr r xpr
r o
I i' as
an ,lda son'
{h", . m! r t . \ r \ r sl r .
i ; i ; ' i i ' "' ; . :
, j . l i , ;
"1' ; ; "". ' mr ' "' ' / p
) """
s"" r no*l r Pd
H' I i "h
L, . nr i .
o
c
' p
r or np
' "
r pl i ca l i
p' r ' oa. r al ol l i r r
"l ' r i
at ' r r l ui
' hm
l ; i l
: :*:i'if t,;;.';
;l;;ii',i;*:tii';l
.t],i';,':' :'':i':';'"
1"":":
Ti:
Ii r:;i ,,; l l l i ..' .
1f".' ' i :i
""r'
"""
r""' ' -
.,1.' ' ;;:
l .' l ;:l l ,
":l ;1' "
l ' ' l l , l ' " ,""'
i1
.;.. ,"
"li::;^i1..;lj.;'Iml
;rj:"'
i",;"{i
li l:l
ri' i,"I.1.,.::' ":;"-li;*
'
' '
' ' '
p
^
' h"
r' rras
rrd' a'
' ecnL. ,
c, ou, ". ' ,
n i aLa
{- n; 1i t " "' '
: vi ' i
' cel of cr \ of ur mdl i n1
llil-.,,,"
"*llir
;,1';,li*;
iilr;rrN" liiii*ll*-*
*illi::
;;' .;{,:;1,i ;' i ;,,-i i ' Hl i i ' "i ' i i .,-..
r-oB.
,.:d. nu,n,'
!h? Etda.
t
n' ) a 1 t'
*' i *l j "i l l i t,,i ;i ' ;;,:j :r' ;;:,l .rtt,' ' "*i
]' ::",,.,"..,r,u,,s,,u.,.,,nv
r
\ udi t
/ , i e nl d' ;
l r nt ' u
J I i deoseb
I o
13?
s
699
Uv b. o! he. i s Da , l nr nv t h. e rea6.
Yi , n sb"dl d onsl npr l ouri Fa?r' s
She rcsisted urc adrice ol he. .Id,./s.
Comparat kr . l d. r u
poat e
f i urmat de coni uDct i a l / rd, . est e nu' , L. ri
i 700
. r i bur i !
. i
n' r
p
I nt r pb i ar
t F, l r r u
a' , i r , , Hl - si t u. r , r r i . F. t F
sub. r i , 1i \ ' . . ou
lnsorclle intoideauna un substanliv.
ij
este ln genore precdar de articol ori
de un adictiv poBesiv sau demorstrativ al,unai cind-calificd un substani,iv
l a si ngxl ar. Cu un sub-rl anl i v l a pl ural poat e
l j l j psi l , de det ermi nanl i (\ ezj
exempl el e ci l al e mai sus).
2) Older. Oldest. -
Fornrele oldd,'
!i
,ld.sl sint, intrebuiniate atit
pentru
{ ?01
fiinl, clt
Fi
pentru lucrurj, ,ldf,'fiind folosii atunci cind este. sau poate
f;.
rrmat de ,ran:
]iis .llr sistcr is ten yeds oldc.
ll.han
he/hjml.1
I y dog k o/ dpr t hi , ' r ou6
_
I o. . np, of
\ l i l r "n. kor ks i . , onsi d mbl y
qJu
n. . l ' j o/ , , . r t Jr
t h" t l u-
' r m
She is llre ,idrr, woman I cso mel.
ln vrenre ce c?der
Ei
rldsr sugreazi in
eenere
o comparatrre inrre tralj sau
\ 702
r ur or i . I i i sau f i i c". t or n, el " oi . i , r ai n1d
r i si ni t nr r ebui nl oi "
- r unr i
,
j r r J
,
ump, , -
"
ralia nu se face tntre membdi lamiliei restrtnse, atunci ;hd comparatia nu cirn-
stituie obieclivul prjneipal sau alunci clnd mentionarea rirstei_mai-are
o alt6
implicalie decit, cea comparai,ivi,. Astfel:
she had an dd./ sister.
(Avea
o sorl mai mare decli. ea.)
Slre }ad aD ou,r sister.
llrea o sold mai ln vl6tl1 deott accca despr care est.e rorba.)
ls there no ol&. son?
1Nu
exisH t]r nlt iiu mai competnt p n vtusl.a lDi dectl accsra?)
MA eLd.er (s
ar .ldtst) cotLsin in mod obiFuit nu tnsea'nni
,,un
vtu ai
mare (respociil'
cel mai mare) al mu", ci,,cel mai in vt$ti dintre doi (sau mai
rnulli) frali, veri ai mei". MA alder cousin este 1n genere preferar pentru
inte-
lesurite
,,vbrul
meu mai mare decii mine" sau
,,.e1
mai tn vjrsii dintre doi
veri ai mi care nu sint fra!i.'3.
Formel r/dn (cind nu este urmat de ,rolJ
$
olddst indici rirsri tnaintatd
S
?03
sau durati de tinrp lndelungatd:
She is an orlp, woman
f:
o lcmeie
(mai)
tn !lrst{. tn etat].
Tlje ,ldar hilding
jn
this to{'n
js
the Gui)dlall.
Shc is rny o?d.sr friend
( =
c.a nai vcctre pieten{)a.
I'arther. Fart'hest.
-
T'urthcr, Furthest
1) Farther, torthcst si further, lurthest sint adeseori intrebuinlate fdrh
!i ?0{
deosebire. pentru dislarl.i (: n1ai dcpirtat, cel mai depdrtat):
I s\rari 10 l.he
fatlhrt
b^rL ot th. rivcr.
lDistantel
\1rr .onld $! lli.
/orlkr
cnd oi th-" strcct. (Disi:inlii)
I
Vezi
S
698.
3
H.W. Fow]er. ,p .n. clder,
-est.
3
H.W.Io\rlcr,ot..n . cld0.r
-cst,
C,rrtr liidl trn s[]rsi{ni.i! tle
s.nxt comun i ..!arr,.
saD...v.I|i"), interlr' rtara date ai.l
lentru
glDul
nasfllir.stc rlalrni
Fi UItrr
.el
4p. nt 1,
sp- , i
, Lr . , r ' r
La
dr n
, pJ- t i
n"op,
i i ",
. , , r
t od, d\ p. . r v. . r
t nr e-
l + r , , . . ^"a ma r ! ' n.
r - - r F, '
b/ . . pt i .
-
r '
! .
r . or dr , r . i
o. ! e
. f i l l ' r ' . , c' ,
i . | , t t . , ol nJ,
,
, r nd
n,
.
- , i .
. , LA".
|
\ 1i 1"t
Ac. l nt nt . t
. r 1oJ. r t '
"l t
l t
t
l
. "i A"
t ]
t ,
. r o. uo
' ,
145'
COIIPARATA
tTdel poato fi
,ri
sub,(tantiv cu acelaqi nrleles lnrgil:
$
705
13E
l r L l i n Li
cl
sl ,
r ;
. onl cmr ^r o i
f oah
r
Ei
f d
h t
' r ' l
l cgar F de i dcea do
al . , , ' , i "
. . , r, ' i "' ' i i "
t
'
""| . ". , i
i "t "*i "' t
t o; n' "t "
[ ' / rt h"t ' / / i / ' ai
' i nd
i neea
dc djstanln
lipse-ste:
'lhere
was a st.rhLe at the
lt1hzt
end oI ihe room'
we headcd ior l,he
/drtn"/
sho'e
ft
ii"it*r
lo^; rion the sohool
is nine
I ' ' l t hersi l u
t , / sa rpl pra i n mod oLi i nui l l d
ri mp
crnl i t al a
ssu grad'
,,,^' ";-i i ,l ,i
.1,,.;i ;; i a""" a.
,,"ai ti o' ,"r.
..rupl ,mcn,-r-.
..rn
pl us
rrrdus
uoeriri
prin
,,alti, ,,mai"
etc.):
TI i . r d i s
r o
nded f o-
/ ' , t / ,
.
"' dTpl -
L uo /
1/ '
"
. on i dPr dr i on h" d
r i d' d t o
I .m told there is no
/u,ftr
nevs'
t l l u v" l or r r
/ , / ' ""
r ' dson i nr my d
'
i ' i ur '
T
_!
I i ' k r
' oul
/ , ' r l ""
dpl l l '
I $: .
l o br dv }er p ' o"
'
/ , / r "
sr \ n on' ns
' I
: . , s I
p
/ r "i / F'
pni l h
' ou- d
r pa' i
I n l r s nn r usr ons'
l n l i - ba
pnr l P/ a
. onr ampor snd sF
r - i nde
l nFa
'
a l f f ' nal "
[ ur t hq
l i f ut t hest
. , i nl ul Ji r i . .
'
i n
l oa' .
'
r z"r i h l ot r ' al e
t a
h| | i f ot ' l ' at
Th town is ier
kilometrcs a$aX at the
/uttust
2) SuperloLivele
larthermost ,l ffffienmit
enprnnd un
grad mult mai
l ndl l d". i r t or mol n
"oi Fpun?dl oar F
/ d. / r Pv Si / r r l l Psl l
Solitt
expcditions are siudvins
the
Idfth{t46t
ls^\\ furlhettusr)
ends
3) Pentru
/ar
cu
valoare de adverb
vezi
$
2283 c
S
?06
Nearest.
Next
1) Nearest
(: cel mai apropiat)
se referd la sldliu
sau
.rudnia.
e''
(:
"";;;"-.O.;
""i""e
la timp siau la ordinea in
'are
se rfl6 obicrteler com-
\1:e rane np the nrd.?s, doctor.
urc f.oi lrrs zzarasC road.
TheY are mY adr.s'
' elahons
r
\ ' . f ,
r i n' p
vo . sed
Jo
r r par ' n s r r FmL' r mp
l o t h"d
' t n
be conLi
- pJ
i r r nL" / r l n L' r '
' ' l ' \
I n I P r t u
Pdi . nl
l l e t : m\
EJ' al +; " 11i
' sl P
I Udl
' r ' l i 1
t ; n, y, ' J' , / r i r '
l mi i l r udpl
i l F
mar sDr opr ar p
I
2l Pent r u r ' i r . , u
! r l osf e dF adt "r b
vPzi
$
228J
"
l i
p"ni . "
i nr *t
"i "l nt ea
ar l i ' ol ul ui
hoLi r i r i nar r r r oa
supFr l ar i vul ui
nP' !
vozi
S
600.
Fole. Formor' -
foremost'
First
S
?0?
1) tr'ore, cu vdloare de adjecti.!"
este inircbuintat
mai mult in formelo
lorelcg
toremM
fo'$to
lorc'urnr
6 ?oR 2t lormer,
deli cumpar{ti1
ca formi, nu e\primi intotdeauna
o compa_
a
/o.tu'
i.acher
o{ nine
(: un lost
proiesor al meu,/o iost{
p'olesoar{ a nea)
: , , . a. ar l
:
cpl mi r scur L,
COMPARAT6
3) SuDerlativele
lilsi
fi
loremost sini
aproape sinonime, amindoua tnspnL-
!
709
ni nd . . pr i r ; r ul
. Far "nn' t
i .
r pf p' b i oj ; l a por i l i F.
' l i t 01F.
i mpor r Hnl . ; . ' u
r . nc. i
. t i r ui "
a. npr , i Jpi i dc i n
I i i at al F. s v i n, l nur nl a da: d) . . . c1 n
' ai
s
t
d nFa r ":
D/ , , pr i n"i pal ul ' .
. . Fl mai i mDor ' snt di ' ' i nF. bun mar c
pl ' . r r : . . pr i mul
di nr ' '
, +i di nl i i : pF . i n l
/ , / sr
Ar ' , ' ; or dr ^p. i n r ' o spr r . :
TIe /or.,ro-.r lroons had reached tlie riter.
Fo. na"
^n
t h" l l . r or
s- . ,
pl aJqi sh.
Oni nshor o r gh t
t or 4t u
t nn g ] 1"i l i ' l
p. n
"r "
The /rr nns
pa-ssts
ui live o'clock
I $iil lale ll,c
/tst
lrain
Thev sere tl,. /t(r
to come-
N'n; is the
/^,
place
on rou
riglt
]t rva! a
/,st
nigj,t lFrromance)-
lntrebui
,tarea
anrbelor suprlative ir expresia
firsr
nnd
faretuast
acten
lneazi ideea de inriiet,al,e:
The t{o hothers $erc
[iN
ann
forcnast
in thc stNggte ior bctter
qna]il]
Soods'
4) Pentru
/orr
cu \.aloare do adverb vezi
$
2283 c
Lster. L:riest.
-
Latter. Last
1) Lster. Latcst. Latter, Last. -
Formele lolr
(: mai thziu. mai recent)
S
710
qi
ldlrit
(: ultirnul
pina acum, cel mai recent) slnL considerate
ln funclie da
t i mp:
Idrd. rnmours saY tirat he is dead
This is lhe l@,es, Iashio!
Lat l er l a/ ul r i mul
( , l i n doi , .
"l
doi l ed
l opu' l ui
l or mer ) : l ' l r "l er i ndu
' "
l a l l i r si t ul ; n"i Dpr i oadc
d" r i r npt
". /
mod, r n, a. r ual .
pr P/ "nr l : l a' l
I
u] r i '
mul r di n mai I n' i t ! i r
t npu"
l ui f i r sl l ; ul r i mul dFf i ni r i \ l se r pl cr i l a l o ul pc
'
"r '
rl ocupa i n l l l , p
, au i i t r' o s"ri p
"o1r516n1i vrrl
dcl Frmi nt :
nl The tlactors an.l tombitres hnd ben ovdhanld; ine later
l:
Ih conbine6l {erc
alr.adv Norkrns.
T\ r l ; 2, , hdt t ; t Jdn dv $as \ r r J
"o' d.
bt l aut dar l ashi ons a. p h. r dl v b. omr ' g
'
t
' r hp
l ak;
poal - an
r l Li ng pai r r n l h" i i Jhr l or I ' bpJv dnd pnJl p
'
' fhcsc were his l6t No.ds.
He caDe ierc i,st FridaY three Nceks
T1p , asr hou"p on
"
r ' gr
I F
I o, r
l t j "ndt
I h" L l
gu". t
1r r l hom. on.
2J Former. Lttter. -
l)upe enunFrarea a doud obiectel, comparalivele
S
711
corelaiivo
forrrrr ti
lallfl snri trebuinlate
pentru a ardta:
former
prinw],
obiect. ldll,lr ultimul obict rreilionat:
I h"r "
sp. t so
. , . ; . s. - r : o,
-
f o- t h, u"pLp r '
' r i p l ' p mnunr ai ns or _i n" spa- : d. :
sF
pt "l at at
"E
l o, a' t
pt ol o. t
|
'
r t o r t d
'
t o
t h
t a"- l h! sea5r 4
( Vf zi
i i S
965 9e6)
3) Fi rst . LaFt . Cnr(l enurncrarea cupri nde md; mul l dP do
' i
obi eet er'
$
i l z
suDpr l ,
l i \ pl !
. ^r , l . , l i \ p
/ r r s, : r
/ dr /
"r n
i r r t pbui nl al e
n"nt r u
a ar at j ' :
/ r ' r i
primut obiecl. ldsl ull.inul
obiect menlionat:
I l t . Hdr l l
, , c. l i \ , ^1 i r "l cD r l . ' $. r .
r " r "r nr i i sh$r i r ' '
' t '
r ' "r
L: r ' o\ pl i , l .
i ' "* onl i t ' "' 1"/ r "'
'
i
'
Oricare dintre adiectivelo
/o
n.r, lattet,
firtt i
lasl pot {i inrrebuinl'ate
S
713
s.i singuro, |nri corelati\.ul
respcctiv.
189
I
Sens
Cfamatical
(v!zi
S
!r'
140
; l l
l ,
Lr l o. l .
I a' | .
\ "- r . '
or r
'
t r pe l d i \ e ' '
d' d' br ' '
pr i n l Jpl ul r ' i
r . r A. r
'
. el
Ll '
r mr r r
/ r r "
' 1' t t n
t
t a t at ad
l a
'
d/
pc
r r nr '
t a: r
i - -
, r r ' i ' nut
d
/ ' r ' ; ' ' l
"r t t a
or di n"a
i r t r ' a s t ' I l
,"1""::'#,1llit.t;i"iii"'*:i"lL'll;
ii
ultina'
atrtorur
tiitrd
in viuie)r
P'i'f'3'i[:l*"",'1",1i";5.e
aotorur,
'nu'jno'
nu a Itrai
s'is
o artir]
' rll.
ldresr
buscs
aft tcry
1t6r'
I cNsht
the lds' bu$ holle
5) Pentru
lald cu valoate
de adverb'
i.ezi
S
2283 c
Uut
s;lb
"L.ljl":ll:"::';I";#;,1-iJ:ii';;',:',i,i,'":"oi:'.;,:"::,T"1"*;;l:'il':ii
P \ r r em)
3u r ni el P!
ebst r r d:
rh..,,".rna,
llil:;:t::l#:i;r.11,1,',,
ou./ cloll\es
&lrd.onrrsron
ttt
'*iii
liltili"
nn
&ll" stlanger
Forna
de superlativ
dle''mos'
exprimi
un
grad muli
mai inalt
decli
forma
utrmost:
il"'i"*
.:1".,:i"J?:"""'i"";'";;$:i"l'l:;
oI the c''lrih
s ?16
2) Contparaiivul
o ldr este antonimul
-comparativului-;nner'
iarsuperla'
"' "
' ' ul -
our ( "' 1nos'
0nr oni mul
' up"r l ar i ! ul | l
i n( F
t ) t not t
$
71?
'?ffi*t*i
iJil"lx#1"3i3"1'J"ii"
t) .A.djectivere
:1Tl'::' :1*x:1""il;tT,
"i";tii'":*i'tL
adiectiv
sau
un
hJ\ "r h.
l of i nr 1/ ;
or acr ' r F aF f omp r r ai
' P. l ' i l : ' - : i : l . i : : :
- i : - ""t .
ar , , n. i ci nd
""""xj
;r;?j:ir
:iktrul,*
$:;;;ll";",i';:;"on;'i$;;ii"fliii
il]Ji'l
lrr'"
el omenn:
;"1;i1" ;:';;:;riY:'
r;'1";o'1"1'"-' o
f##;-.Tri;"i';;i-;:))"'"1
i',*ll,li
l"''
"'
e"'''|'rri.'a''ookins
3".'i%r;;:13
'j::,i
l,';
o,"l'li'';'-,n''
'"
o-'
rj;g';11i1;
;;i1,"1i,"",ii:3,.!f3ll -''",,'
:"lii;'
ri ; ' i ;
ri " , / ' "
' ni nn
' Pd
i " I \ "'
"
lJ./ 0u
ajutorul
adYcrbelor
mold
ii
Tost
atunci
oind
primul
elerneni
foF
- pn7"'
, - . nns un
r o' i ndi Bol ubi l
r u r l doi l ea:
fi;,1;iil"li'
#;:
li:;Tlillt
#';ii'i,1:;';iilif
"....-'.,,,.,
,,,
r".,.,i
",r,r., -.
i 1"r,),
111"d.",.
i.;,,1,.::,ii"lT"-
:',i
jil:J"*""i
fi ;1,1'l:
ll:,i;;;r;:,,:1"
"_,
_,
./,,rr srshlfil,
rurr srLoct srg rr
; ; '
' E; i
": ;
'
n i r h r ao' r
"pr ' sr ' l
[*;i'*'i:t$:'lll##dil"aq,"'1:irjltfr
lJ:{i*;Tr**-1ff
i:tii:i",1Hi""Tlt
COMPAFAFA
f hd! adopr r u a no* hi sh' ni r d t
l t ' nv
I t \ i . s r h; m. r ou, a[ t h"- r t 4
/ "i , . r . Lo. , o. r d
r r , nk o.
i ' : n: oi r t , ' t t ! nl i
P. ' J- " i , n' . r Hr l : ' / o/
' , a' 4d' e
i n l l ' r '
' o
nr r v'
2) , ^' r i ". r i t "l a
"ompusF. . l "r r or
l r i m
Fl a. 1pnr F'
p
un
' uvi nl ' dr P
n' r
ar c
r : r ad. dc. d- pr r o1i c.
t or ' mcaza
r or npoi at i vul
i i , ! r , p"11' r i \
ul u 0j u or ul sJL"t -
bPl ar mot el r ' r qpect r v mr \ l :
darbte laced,. mote dol1llc'Iaoed,
uos, dottl_laced
he. I t bt ol , "n. t u. p hpar t br ot "n,
t u. , . F, l r r Lr ok n
.fthnni, moP oittdd, nos' olr and
' ; ul - st i i t \ r c,
M* . o"l . l i , r qs, @ r
' ou- . l i r r i
g
s, a"d ol l Lh. 4ol "
"
r 4d- ol r - _,
r us' s' and oi l
' h
I loud hin marc doenhe@ted todav ihm
vesir.tav
Shc
is the morr selfrateious
girl I cver .ahe aoos-
COMPARATI.\
DE EGALITATE
{co\[P-\RlsoN
oF DQUALITY)
1) Comparolir
de cgalitate. -
Egalitatea 6e exprime
prinir-un adjectiv
S
718
1n gr adul pozi ' i v l ncadr sl dp conq' r uf r r d:
David k 6
lleased
as l/ne!.
Construc.tia ds .. .tJ se menline io
propoziliile interogative,
negative
;i
interogativ-ngative :
l s Da\ i J o"
pl PA, d
e I / mP?
I Dav' d
' '
nr t ds
n' ease' l
' r
I / m"'
1 David is not ro
nleased
ds I/me.
_
Isn't Dalid as
Pleased
dr I/mc?
2) ComDar al i a
ocqat i r 5. -
l n
' on' l r u' \ i s
nr r s, d"c so est F di n
' e
i n
$
719
. .
mai d. s i nl ocui r cu as t o
pr opozi l i i l p nFgal i va. l n dpa. i al i madi al
' l upd
o
l or mS. ool r ssd
r a
i s, " / , t . Lt n t ' Mr Pn
t . d; dn- t
' l c
i nvr Fmccpsocdl pmaLmul l
lntrebuin,tat dup[ adverbe ca reall!,
qnite eIc..
He i s no so ki nd 6 t "i "i
HP i sn r os L' nd c Er ; ' a
Our task eos zo, so had/rdsu 1 as ndrd ar we ealectcd
Th" nPs mLsi r l s u , P, r di popul d os l h" o' d
nn' s
' l h"e
di da r
ao
os f d_
r i i l r ' )
ds ( l h"v d
' i r
JAst er ddv
HP; anaot
PaLl u bP s bdd d' 1l l hdl
The
sardens
ara zo, qtrne so Inst at I thonght'
Probabi t
. d
l r ra, ! pi ndt rFo
. on. l ru'
l i ai
ds. dr a
. onl ri bui L n' r numsr
t pndi nt o
i l F. i mpl i f i car p' at i t dp a'
r i ! a acl ual manl c
' i 9i
i nl l u' nl 3 sononl 6Lr l
ni Lor e- "i i l or
l o"ui i uni i di omr i . .
' l P
l sr qa ci r "ul sl i p
mul t
apr Pf i dl c de Fpr r l ul
angl o- "axon,
t i
, onsl l nd di n
j ocur i
dp. u\ i n' P
( puns
' r - ont
' al r ' nbur ur r r
asupra sensuri l or 6Jj e. l i vcl or. nasl ru$r' i '
'
ombi nal e
' u
sul l ql snl rvFl c
respF' -
tive, precum:
os
t l ; hl
a. o bat , a<
. l osp
os oi o' J
t p- .
os d. ad o nut t ar -
ns 4. ol o' 4
( do. ' ) Dat .
osdl nbo a
l . t . .
ds gaodoseal l . o
l P. no"nLr d, l dsnadr so t l aLhha"' 4s snat P
d, e needl e, etN. el a. .rc
lAdelco.i
adverbd ds, care
pecedi adjlclivul, nu se exp.imn: The child is shop
6 a r eedl e The baat t , ' d- u ns J' . 1. Hp
: " , \ ' n
a! o t uk.
r os
I
"r p, o". "r
xr i ml r i . "t
i nl Fb. i ^l ar I n
- i ". i
' or m' t l :
limbajrl colocrial scrG sau vorbit
(\rezi
ii $
87i)
141
14!
Anchel a
, , l t i i i i ns
(op. r' t . . p. 24- 25) aj unge
l a con l u-zi a ca ambcl p t of mF
nrl so. . . arr 8i
noi 3b. . 4, al l l dp Ji ' cul drP. si nt a"+pj abrl p
pnrna i n snrul
l *rn"i , . ; " i "-, a. r" i n l i mba
\ orhi l ;
l ;
j n
sri l ul t 1' nl l i ar' da f npl o
Frpi l n
lenta disparilie
fina16 a forl'rei not so...dr'
COTI PARATI , A.
DD
I NFERI OI TI TATE
(CO\IPARISON OF INIERIORIl'Y)
I ?20
Inferioritatea
se e\p mn prin a'lrerb'le 1rss'?
qi
.i
'as
ls p.u sF inaintco
adjec-
-
l i \ ul ui l n
gr adul poTi l ; r ' or i ' sr p ar I i I ungi mea adl ' r r r ! ur ur :
r ohn
r s
t . i
p/ 4' s
d l han I mF ( ComPr . ar i t
John
i ' r l P i d; r
r i "6' d
or
' s
al l
( 5! p"r l al r v'
For ma nFsat r vA
a
. ompar ar i r ul ui dF
egal i t al e
l not
o' e ns nat 50' as. )
cor esound"
ca i nt pl ps
"ompar at i '
ul ui de i nl Fr i or i t at F
sj
esl c pr el cr sl a ar ebr r ' r s
i i " i i Hl "i ;"-i ";;i "i .
r;
"pl ' "i "t
r"
,"' "t ad
j e' ri vcl or.curtc compa' al i \ul
de
i nf er i or i l al .
l ; i nd
sof ol i r msi
pFdanl .
OBSERVATI I , \ SCPRA
COTI PARATI EI
AD JECTI TELOR
I N GENERAL
G ?21
1J Cot rsl
rucl i a
-
n
ropozi l i ci romparst i t e' Cazul
rcl ui dc' al doi l ea, t eJmen
o' -'
al eomoarat i ei -
l i ' i rl o
pi opozi ! i i
rare con! i nc un
' omparat i v
l doi l eA
t erm. n al
ci , mparal i ei
Psr; l Pgal de pni mul pri n conj ur' 1r3
rf t t n r- decrt J
9r'
di n Dun"i
dc ; et l ci P t orai "
l anot i "dl .
se sf l d l n a"el aqr
' az
cu Lprmenur
' ' r
care este eomparat
(Yezi
5
881' 882):
?, Fy
gr\ . n, r b"l l ar i
ecor.
l han si r, l di dl Noni na. i \ )
Th. i '
Ea\ "
' .
b"r' . t rsond rhan
I l hev
di d
' ,
/ obi prt rvr
I n enel cz, cont omporana
i ns; ' ' pcsl a regul A nu
csl F
respe' t at 6'
l n urma-
toarele ex;mple tntilniir &o,i lorm"
p.ono-inale, ambele curentp
dupa tntn:
I{e
is kinder rhnn sh'lh'r'
He is leEs kind lhan stultu''
He
js
not so kind as ttuln"r'
Cazul nom; not t t t s"?r/
al
pronumFl ui obl i garori u i n arpasl t si t ual re
dupt
rhan. f {' t ,
promat t cot
"arPi t ' i
""
\ nt rcht i nt erza
l n s' i l ul f ormal
! i . l n. l rmbdj ul
i nsri i i t . t nnrom"
cc cazul obi P t i ! (r' . / est e f ol osi l
' urpnl
i n l rmbl ur
' oro' -
i ;i i i ' i i 1"i ti i ,i
^;gi ,:;i
ori i n""r ra mi ti ar el scri sori ror
ca' rc pri Fi en i Faur"dc
aDropiate
- "' "i "i . "l r i "r "' ""
- , ul ui
obi e"' i vi nl o' ul
nomi nel i \ ul ui
' r epsza
l n' aamhi -
gr i , Jf i .
- "i
"i ; i
-
"*i ".
, ". r " r l p' ""
r onul
si 0ncenl ul
' ar p
por l 6mur i ' i t unl i s
ln conl'ersatie
Spr .
pr l , l
' .
ev. l ' Pl ul . l asi :
fal
I lilie hcr morc th.tl ntz'
,q.cest tert, completat cu
po4iunea omisd
!i
interyrtat
corect
gramattcal
l nseamnd
e! ' i dent :
/ D, |
' {'
"'
i .
e
"' n
l l l r t l l i r ,
r r '
l l b '
d r r ' i t dl
dP_ d
Co. "l "L l i - - ' . o
or ' r api r ' l r I l l r \ t "' "n
""6' t ' nn"; d
r l i ' or "'
dl nmat r "dpi F
A"( I ' m. i r i
o L' p- .
l Fp' a i
"r i l i ' r "' o
' l ar ' l i dr or d'
a'
-
r
CodrarntiLtl
jrd\rrhbr
i,rrre
3
Supdrtatirnl
adverbului
ltde
143
Totuli, tendinla actuald de inlocuire h cazului nominativ cu cel obiectivl.
addugatd la omisiunea udei pn4i din coniaxt, face ca acelagi text
fa,i
de mai
tfd,
I like tier more rhan nm.l
6d lie folosit ln mod curcnt
9i
cu inlelesul nccorespunzitor gramatical
astfel:
f.)
I like her more thatr ne
iliLes
trerl.
(: Ini
llacc
nie ea mai dult decll l"t./
. caa. F
aql e. u
t o' , r l El t cpv, t . l i i nd o, nbi guu.
A. S. II ornby, scrie:
,,ln
stilul colocvial.
yorbitorii
nu isi dau intotlleanna
4t ' n ol d so ol ogn pppl a, t
, 4r
' t
. i nd
nu
a\ i . r i
r i . . ul ambi sui t nl i i .
I s
"h
os t sl l i s mel Cor^. t gramat i . sl . 5. o
a\ | aml . Gr
$"ot o
-oi t i
nu
est " erot d. Cl . I nl r^hui nl af pa l ui l t ' s mp' .
' Tbat ' q
bi m her' , dpdut d?
. ut a
t d
in stildl colocaial."
Dar ce se lnilmpli cu linba englezi in cazurile cele mai numeroase. in
. Jr c vo' bi l or i ;
. . nt r i t i dau or l pneal a sd l i c r r Fnl i l a. r ps. c spun
{sau!
ma
mul t l nnaj au ui t a' sau n au vr ut
. d
r r i p
ni ci odar d
, l cosFbi r Fa
l nLr e un r ext
corect
gramatical
si aitut incorect)l
A. Fl a. i pro. ps s pFt rp. F
si
da"_a. dup" rl , oa. pronumcl c si nL i nl ocui t c . u
numF proprl r. Propozt t t 0.
l a)
vu l i 0 uI . r:
/4,
I likc Agatha nore than .Erdd.
unde interpretarea ambigul poate fi:
(a' ): l n: , pl ace Agat ha mai nl ul t deci t Fred.
(4") :
Agatha tmi place mie mai mult dectt lui Fred.
Clarificarea intenliei vorbitorului in acesli caz se poate face numai com-
pl pl l ndu s" omi si uni l F di n
. "n, - *1
u. t ",
fa'l
I like Asatha niore thatr (I
like) Fred.
fa")
I likc
-{galha
no.." tl,aD lired tlikes her).
(A se ledca hse nertilrat qi
5
s81)
. .
2' . Coml dr ai i vcl c l at i | | e. Lr up. ; , l r . \ s . umpcr ar i ve
pr ovcDi t e
di n
l i nbi l al i nd, (unt , ri ur. . i n[ , r; at . j uni or.
p"st . . ry. yi hr. s, ni ar, sup. ri or et r. ),
ronl uncl rJ r/ ?an Fsrp
t t uo. u r cu
pr! p0/ r\ t r
l r:
Their
sooils
$ere infqiar ta o11ts.
Oxr team wcrc rlrs.ior ,o ou oppr'nents.
IIis clajm {as J,'t. ,a auu!.
He is th
jarD, padnir iD
the lirm.
3l Coost r uc! i a
pr opozi l i ci . u
supor l at i vul r cl st i e. l nLr - o
pr opozi Li c
. ai c. onl i nF
un supFr l r l i v r el ar i v. sl doi l "a
' pr mpn
l
. onr pai al i ei
est ; de obi . pi
precedat de o prepozilie
lol
(: dintre), in, rn, under elc.l:
Lilies are the nost
lmsant
ol
fXnaos.
These are thc
f,E;t
;ppld ia out ochatut.
Ile is the Ds, an ;\' tutlL
Shc was the dp;s, @naa undcr the Nn.
^
A se conpala cu
$
87t.
IA.S-
Homby, Gat.rd to I'd ans d l asase in Engtisn, pag. t24.
I
722
$
?2t
144
s;2,r
4, supcrra,i,ur
?i '1ut""-llr ll'o;rj;,,;,':i':l;:lJ,l i:11"i":iii"""?'illi
"' *: l : ' i l ' : . , i ' i l : i i l
i : f ; : ] f j i l
o. i f . ". i "", i ' ,
"*'lll"l"
"#*r Hf']"'f;"ff:ti
'ro'"'"
in the oause
or r'!!-"
prcp'e
clnd
substantivul
*t"*"t
*iTil""n"
de un
adjectiv
dctermitlatiY'
art!
colul
nu este eriprimat:
"- -'lll"",ll:"1;,.,:;l"l'i::'"ili"Jl;:":""t:,
:i,;if
l''"'l'il"T"ii'lllii'i;"
"'"'"
"".'-
Li oqA
0r l i ' ul Lr l r r i
/ / " i r r dr nl "r
i upe' l sr i \ ul ui
ds r r l pur i
u nLr dnLs
l o' ' i
i
"t , r , r i i i ' "*
p. i . i "a o pr or undd
Fmor i P:
r r
'
na
t
l ' ; t ht t t
ol i 1"nd' l
'
A' - Fns,
t r Pl '
De objoi'
superlativul-ansollrt
nu esle
precedat
de articolul
hotidr'
' *' ;ffI:' 15i;"' i"":*li"'
,
' ..-
' m^
' ld ' ' '
'
r' ul^" Jsid"i' Il-
.
$
726
C nd ,n 'uh''.n'iv
"' '1
:"1;.,':::ll"ll;";'iiii;:':;r:ili$i'^"11;,xl
nu se r epet i
' l ec
t ai un'
I cr r r d
' r ol
"""
xij!
,tl;"1;::;'o:"":,:::;,,T:^T[:-:lF;i't";::i'#
"ln'"'f'lix;
1.'"**'"'
E 726
5J
f onr l ar al i a
r r r t r n sr ogur
l r r meo -
Lcl J'
l ' l oi l cd
l Pr man sl ur ' pi
' nT-
"
par a! i i poa
"
l i l ' r dt r '
I n
"azur ' or npdt o' i \ ul Lr i ' c1l si
r '
cel al
' up"r t ' t t t ut ' n:
:;
:'f".; ::,;'""
:":l'r"]
ll;
" "
''
"'a'v
-h"
F no. ,
. , h", , ' re_ra""l , , l Ti
. ", -
, "*, , , . . .
i;'i:""itf#:'
.x"T; fi
"n
ii' is *iu*';'
{ ?2?
bJ Propozi l i
. rompari rl rl i
el i pl i cn' -
\ t rbul di n
pt of uzi l rs
' -
un' l : r;
car o' oncl r l ur . dl
dor l ca
r ar t i r t s l i r r r ei omp' ' 1i i
adF
eor r l r o' F' l a( I
r / z/ -
2?28. 8E2- E83)
S i 28
- ' -
i t
f or npar al i a
r doul ohi o( r e' z' -
o' or npr r aLi pl nr , r PdoY: l , "l i l ' ""; l bi ' '
n' "
; : , i r f
i : : T""i : . i ; : ; i , ; ; . . ; . p"; "r i r i r r
i r r o"ur i ur *r r r t i r Jr ' r i
' au"r
p^z' ' r '
i".;,-il
"ri.;"lll"
l,;;,
^:".,r
*,ji ;.
""^i I ::
"
;i'[;:;]
:,,;"ffi 1,'"'
.
ir""-"11""
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*i
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l;;f:;l:'
I snpnt
t l ' e
8f P' r ef
pnr t or - Lnt
llili::i
ll"'g
"li*,'i;
)n;j';,] i"'"'J'i'1""'
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,,""
i;:',i":1"f
.;' l,a'i::"";T-:,i'.,;i:":r''li'iillii'
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A s compara:
*: I i,,,'; ;',tru
:l lll",'li:;,,1;,[1
i]':
i"ll'i\ il':li
iffi:";iiil"'""'""'"
\ ?29
Cor r , p, r r r i r t r l
'
u I n
- l a'
dF t r r ' "r l ' r r ' ' '
J
' '
o- '
'
J"
r ump' r e' r \ '
L
'
nr ' nl , u
/ i '
pr , n l Jl ' r r l
' "
t '
1n
- ' t t ' t
d or t t ' wt ul
hat nr i t
' u: t
r ul Pt t dt t t ' u
"
ll i:
t:
j[,i;J
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]"
ilrr,
ii';i"ici,,i"Ii"iill;1,1,,,'')
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' ", ' "
r l i ,
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| ' pl r r nr ' '
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nt r ! dur i ni t i a
t r dj
t
ii?i :liiii4il:
:;',ti;;ill:
ili,'.:ili:1ii.
ii"',","';iii'i"",1l
ffiiLn"#'\'"
"""'
COXPARATIA
145
Totusi. se lntilneqlc
unoori
ti
irr ronrparalia
dinire
douii obiecle superla-
l i l ul i l ocul conl paral , rrul uri
8l',,i:
ih
?i:*""1':i:;'ii
",,'ii'","iu*
'",- ""
\ , e. i - 1. , Lnn. l r u. l
p
F' 1. . I n
gr r or P
' Jr ' ' i ' l p"r ' i
l a\ i nF! l i i ' nl d
sr i l
i . n i i r. r. runsri j i t :
' t i pst rod
Engt i ' b"'
' .
I oDrpam! i n
di rrl ro
url ohi crl
: i
t rt r. crrrn
rl rn' l
un uLi "'
r
' ' rp
ot npdral
(
; l l (l
.
r r - pul
Jr "
' ' r '
l J'
'
ndr r F
"' ' "'
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'
r / r " r l i n ! ' up el ' r n' . i
i nd
. ' , ; i : l ; ; i ";
", , r "i i i "
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' i
, r ' t r "
i 1
s'
r p
' nd ' nr r "t "' i nr H":
r t ' r t l l t t t ut ,
'"'
;;;i;;;'""
,t'i,r
g"..,p ." iace
prin inlrodur:erea
unor cuvinte
ca: /De rrsr
S
73r
C ornptLr ariv ul :
/;J;"^';,,"
;ii"
"i1lf
J,i?#"fi"$:1i"l,ll
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: \
t al r ccr ect )
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i s ?t uf e di l i gnt t nan
t t u r 4' ol t l e cl ass
li : : : ; :;'3',lll;"",::,':"-ilti1f."1il,#i:"1ilJ"iJ"'li:l*
ii::::
;i'4,,JJ'1,;::
f;,ff|,',#::itr"
::'/-"1',""iit'ii,
il?
iiiii.
Dinlporli!4.
lntr'o
propozrlre !'u un saP'rlaiit'
obicctul
supus comparaliei $
7:12
' r ,
h, I -
' ; , / / r
i n
gt upul
"u
. 1r a
Fsr F
' o' np
' r ' r r :
, \ up' rl al i rul :
,t n"a.
c,,r J^6n
i s
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u,., n.ff:i ".1""i ,
i ,Jo1*":"i ,1
' ;"' 1"1,:,r;l i i :
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t t n. o, p,
t , . r q
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l "' ; : 5. f i : '
i La"""L)
Th, ! $er P
t h' / t ' esr oL r
( Car ecI ) ' l t \ ev
l ver t hc nt ' sr t hi l dt un
i n t l l c
par k
,(J;"x;;;
il":l,;
':1.11;
nii'Kil,.",lo
Hi ;;il:L:;
race
parre ca neriini,
pr
rria
"
"'|/;-.,",,', srre is .r.r..ar uraD her sisrs'
(Cot ect )
-\ t \ e
i s t he. l t "' sr
ol t he
l Jodesl
si st crs
9j Dublul
comparativ'
Dublul sulcrlativ
t
-
Formele
tle dublu-conparativ
\
733
| - . ; : ' ; : i : ; . "; ; : ' i ; ; : ; r r i
dubr u. ' i r p"r r ar i r
I not Pobt
e' nnst b' r ' t ' st ) 1' F
"' , i " "r i 1", . .
DFsi
. u' pnr
i nr r pbui nr dl c
I n
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Fa l r r i ShaL"pFdr "
t i
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t r "r ' Jl na h
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etc :
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is
(aeu) nr' L
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)
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I I ' r ar
'
r al
de la S t3i. In
gramrii.i.
si
rrin
lattrl ci1 .ste nar
140
c^n,pari l i ,
.unprr. ,i \,",u,
' r-' |J
P r:
uLr ri ndu
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rr
l I , const rucl i i
i di ornAl r' o.
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dorri r
compxral
i \ o- 6i t u"
l :
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a' l \ "l "
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pr ""J' l c
d"
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'
pozi l i i
di hr i ' P
dr snar r na
p""
i i ' g"t "
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l l nJLr '
pr r n cu
i r ""
cu at:li..
mar"-
:
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;
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l;
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Un"L"
{r i Ze
' i
RcFsi
n
; devar dr p
zi . 5' ur l :
t hb kr p.
, e
h, t r t r .
'f;'ii;f
':L:t;
i'i
o'-'
'
s ?re
Dour
superrllri\p.
*
1":ltl,.l;""*l:ll"
li i:i:'i';"J",i'"'
i:'J:',
u"
r ' ""
"^o, r r u", i i . , . ", , , : - : ; , : , ; 1, , 1. : , ; , - , . . ,
"0,
. . . ' r , , , , , ". , "
,-,,*,1?a!iiii*iii'i"'*ffi
ii;*$i$i",11ffi
::":i:
S ?41
a)
intrebuinlarea
adverDe
restrlNd,
loo':
t'i';
;;1
'"-:;;"r;'!)t''
))a""a
l't\:'*tj';*tl{'#';
"
-,".,
,n ri ' -, s"
-
n,r nJ
i :' ....' .?' o
' ' "'
; i 1: t l i l ' , ""; ' : L1r; ' ; . ; l : l l
' ""'
r' I
I ' !
' p
-
q' r' nrn a"La' rF
sLrperltrl,rv
LLsnl' rt
drn
trmotr -' Lr
ci
COMPAEAT1A
147
_
Dl lolosirea
unui
.le mar sus. tare oau
Dumer foarte
mare de adverbe echivalnte cu adverbele
S
?42
stilului mai multi exPresivitate:
admi . dbl f .
Jl 4"m n8. y. d. p. r nsh.
i \ \ r ur l r r d
r oo$Jl !
' 9- l ' r "t l l l : ! -
dp_ao\ .
, l F i r ' r l l i
L. *ht i " l J
P) i mdhr l \ '
ovPn
or ' r l
r ' \ i P J\ dr \ '
px
r Jor or
. , , : t , l c, r . , \ . , r "ni t f . "\ r ' . ndr
f uhj r . s
r l ' , ' l i r
' m. . 5' d
i i sr ' l v h^r , i b' r . h' r eal J
i nn, i , , hr ' . r - t r , - , r , , , . 1r .
i ' n"di n, . r ' 1. 1.
t "r ' p^l l J.
, pmd, LaL. \ ' ' i ho Lr ngi 5r ng! r r r r v.
' l ; ' : ; ; i \ '
hn, . sr , , L' 1sl . f
"
o ndoi ' J. f l i bl j . r r ar -
r \ or n
j h
'
n- ommol r j
' i ' . - : i , t , r .
, ""t
- , dl
l L r l , :
t \ i 5r l r r am
\ "nd' r ur l f
lntrobuinlarea
arlcerbelor
eragerat tle erpresive este una dinlre oarac-
t er i "l i
r l "
.
i l ul ui t , mr l i ar i n l i r r bs
"nsl "r dl
>hp
ua- o u/ , / r "
r , l pa' ' d
t
\ , , -
/ . r R4, / , / / J
Li l d o
r "
I im drea.lfutlg sorrY
-
l r \ a! , ar aJa
' r
nr '
' f ndl
. , :
. i Dl , / - 1i "'
nl
You
cl ui,ilizarea
unor adverbe cu nuanld de superlatiY absolut, ca:
irut. S
7{3
.ruitc.'
pasili(,elq,
reallq. s;mplu
eLc. l
It was ius,
snlendid.
I
qd
aur k
di sdDPoi nt ' J
l l
"A
P^n, , 4,
; s i n
' al / J,
di ' E d l I
She was rimFit aslul
dJ lolosirca unor anu ile prelixe sau a altor cuvinte la formarea adjec-
S
7r+
tive-lor:
s'rra dry
ngPelsensitive ."'rlelalnuaid
"- o. st i on, l
or , . bl . r ' ' JuPer t t nr
r Jppr ons, i pnr i ods
o. a"i zed
l l i ; : . ; 11". , .
c I folosirea superlatjlului
relativ tntr'o propozil,ie in care al doileatermen
$
745
esle l6arte
general sau lipEe'qt cu totDl:
U has Ure ,o/sr ol temlers.
{:
IIc is e:l.ao.dinarilv bad_1empe'd
)
I saN the s,er&s, batY
1:
nosl. s$.et)
Shp i d
,
"
/ ar . , i p",
'
n, l d
! \ 1"
m"l J l unnyr
H"
sa. n l . p , nt , s, br r mu\ pd
Tha'
, l '
"kl
l , r d
s
oi n\ si \ t pr i
t noct ar n^! n3: hps l l p
r o
' Fst
Je1
come aorossl.
i ct $
633. i t l )
/J
intrebuintarea
unor constructii exclamative, cu sAu tdri interjec!'ii:
S
?46
t|'rd,
a
/,r'
sFechl
Oh. Father.
Iou
are so &tnd to mel
"Ha|
Grcea W8 UY ValleYl"r
Isn't she 1.he mos, e..?aisitc actressl'
! I intrebuintarea
unui bubstantjv
sau superlativ urmat de prpozi,tia
r
?47
u/ t ni '
^
( on. r
t u,
! i c
spni r
i \ sl a
. l '
' i pul
ur ml
r or ( S 220) :
Thc landowner was a lnrae .f knaoes
Hc Dr o!
"i m"d
' o
t as d' t hp \ nt uP
' J
^l
r i l uP
' ' ^oi h: ne
{o' , l d
' ur pi t o
mn on r hi s i i si r o/ r t St I '
- 5
l r t t t h?a\ ol h"o" s
' np
knAr hp $a5 r i gh
Ile Nas thc l,(c.' r o/ ilie lod'
r
ot t "4! - e
dnr 1
I , r . nunl : r i
t r
' - n, l i "
, 14 l nl d". :
f ' r Jul , 1 ci nr l l nseamni
, , . , r r {
z.
h"pt
u
br ct obt ut ni i l
3
T, uui xnui r oman de t l . Ll ' Nel l Jn
.
i o", t i ", ; "' , t . ' l '
"x' l dr J' \
pr pr r a. l
r n
sr dd
m' :
6
O B. sha{,
Coaot onn CkoPbo
I
r:tlr] clnd Inseamni
'rl
Fi
Inalt dectt simplul snperlativ
148
rloRFolocrA -
atrEcrrvuL
S
718
ir, lungirca
li
accentuarea
vocalelor:
IIc's thc r("sr I
ILt:trrdtstl r{llow
I halcn' t
gol th! l' dsr
I
lj:i:stl idfa
proceileu
pe care il rcg;sim
li
ir rona
ctte la auz-Lrea
unei aile'dolc:
'odrdl
S
7{9 iJ repetarea
unui adjectiv ssu adverb:
' l h.
ncocrnew
sXst en:
dl t hc hi "
PUrh{se
sJst em'
si sl ' rnul .
' 1r
rump; rde
cu
D. d
; ' n t u
"i
t ' )
' . "n
I r " a 1u t d' r
r ui l r
'
odi i a
r i '
l t mor un
I al
5n' s aoadd ! ! aod' t
- - mo' i l
)
+T;"" X:'""#t?fi'
li;lJli",iii;"ff:'
ilii"i?!u*"
'"
"."
'Nnosu'j
du'Ic'as,
*
'*:,!1,'JXi|.0,,
, (: ,,N,,
p-
ij cuminto !" E{cramaiie
srumalr
cidd intirneiti o tate
pl j mbl ni l u se d dd t i ni r ' l
III. ALTE 0SDSTIUNI
REI]'DRIT0AITD
L]l' ADJDCTM
(luscnr,r,arDous
BllllArixs)
$
750
1) Sohimbare
de lunclie. Adioct:ivolo substantivate'
dI Adi F' l i \ ul
poal e
l i r nl r Fbui nl st ' ' ' uhst ant i v' i i
i r r . . am'
f az F"l " i n
gener 6r nu' . t . l usi v] pr ' "ed1 d" u' l i ' ol ul Lnr ; r r l Asl i al ul r l r / al
dpsemnFr zA
i """] "". ; i ". ; , ; *' ; ; l e, t i '
(
' i o: i i ndi ' i zi i
cr r c
I o' cJa
i n' u+i r r a
expr i mur ;
he nai *, i ' 1. D"' i
l or ma l L, i r omr nF nps bi r nl ' ar n a' P dn' or pa
r nl or upr nnA
i "i "i "J
j "
or"*t si
se
ronst rui Ft rp
arun. i cu
rprbul i a
pl ucnl :
the s'ise
(: lnlcletlii)
r hP l i vi r ' g ( : vi i i )
r h. acedr
( :
i ai r l nr r )
r c
r i i mi nal
i :
cr i mi nal ( i i r l
t hc unpmpl oyd
( :
r ot . 0?t r r )
rhe wo.klcss t: sone.!)
thc iotrlc$ L:
sometii)
t he i ni l ' t r r y
( : mi l i t ar i i )
The Daoers nublished
lisis ol ,n, ddd and
4d
nif'ng'
Tl",e;#;i!, i'fli",'?ii;'',)l'-.,i',il
":i*'f;","."'/,"i'i"lii
"
*n'"**
?ii#' ,fft?;;' ":1;;:"i.j
ll:
;' {lr:",
h.,' -i
v
h., oba,,
.' qm
.The"
b"ru. {6 not
n ttr stto.*
Ci t sv, . i i . ci i vp,
dP\ ar , i t i sub' L"nr ; ve
de
gcn
' o' r un
si nl i nl r pbui i ' l al P
-i
"' "i i i "r"-
ai
"i "s' t
^i ' ' ,
t' ,-
"i ;i ""i ,
hT b' l oi d
hi s bPtroth' d,
th' d PosLd'
the .lerarted. his intended erc-
"
"; i ; j ; ;
; ; "i *l ; l i
"i ". , .
i "ar"i a
"su
rJ Ln nu' r. i r. ' F' ri ns
d' i ndt ' l i zi
"". ". i ""i "r 1'
pr i n i nsul i r ea ar dl el d
da adj p' t i !
adj ecl i vul
r r Fbui c i nsnl i L JP
un substantii':
'l\\e
Lnclishmdn s'as ialking to the rwo
'ttotcirutr
I saN i nilt,a.3'
ryaD
standing
bv thc
gale'
She t' s
' rr
dsr' r' ,,dn,
bor
"
/ 4. J,
^, "4
$. r '
i
Li ng
f ul L on,
.
l i ".
pl ^b: .
' "
o
t n\ o; a' l l
3 ' 0 Pt
i he
j ndi . i ar y ( : mi ai \ i r di l i r
t hc Encl i sh
( : enCl ezr r r
tlLe moie
intcrestins
(: p'6oinel' nra'
t hp nobl e
[ :
noLi l i i ]
t he l ess enl husi ast r f 1:
' er
mdt
t ' i r r r n
enl uzi ast j l
i he hF6i i nf or dP. l {: . er
r dr ci r l r s a u
r
5e
pr o, ' unl e
|
. l - r d .
p. i r l ' i r . t q' r r
l Fr l d: r I P
as"d
pt bt l l - i t n.
ny. t aLet ' \ " oe"d
L
dr dl r ' ' "
:
G. I a. bhaw.
. p. . n
3
['erdrrd]
nod dscd
:
nnbrltrinise;
149
bl ,{dicctivul
lntrebuin[et ca substantiT cu tnt']les numai de tnryuldr
E
751
J. b"m, ' F, i r
I n g. ", 1" 6 ab. i r d,
l ; . . JU l i r nb0 u' ui
popor l
Sroa and skddy Fins th'" ra.x.
lProrerbl
IIc has io stu'se nt rrght dtr etD'g
.
'lhe
uLln&sn holds
no lenors for ]Im
Iiindlv nddD,
is Lindlr/ tnkcn
ll'rolerb)
\Ye k"no\t
litlle lnsltsn but spcak
goo'I French
1r , ; ' ", ' r ' , i i i . ,
' r ' .
b"r : i . 1. r h" al , i onl bh
i n 0r r '
Fl "t . r hd Fr r . ne.
r h" r "r r i bP
tin
lilms, ctc.). thc dtmrnal;
t un, l c suur l ot i t )
i t i "n, r - sr , i o. t ar "sr ,
r ' . \ d. r r , . - $o. . ' . r h mur
l hr i l l i ng.
pt
.
Not d
A se observa adjectil'ele
substantivate intrebuinrate ln constructii
idio-
S
7ir2
Trr"j
w' r.
"t
1t) lo
tlL ttal.
Thiri6 $rrc
(oine
/' on
ba' l
' o
soBc'
E, pnl s , ' r p , ; / , f { o r t
'
t ot
h bet t er .
I' ll do nrl b6t to holp
T
"t
.a
r at derd o/ ntL,/
.^
HJ\ p
r ou
saP,
m4
i ' t s
/ . ' Cooo:
U. r c
' r ai l r
, o
/ r ,
qui k b\
1l , "i r $or d.
I f o' r nJ n{q' l l
, r / h" l bl c} ol
l r i ng"
l l . $c
, l u,
t ' l ea"4
o,
", "
shol +
l,.t lrim ri. its wo$t.
AI t e const r t l cl i i i di onat Lce
cu un adjectiv substantivat:
\ n t h" ol ' st t dt .
t o
Eo
t o t hj bol l -
r o r BkF- ' A?, ad$i l h t he gaod
t t
i qt ^"
t h"LPr t
i a
c"a.ot.itt
ttu nain'in
tfu oP"\' in sho't' atl ot o suddPn elr'l
-si
cu forme de
Irdrol:
goo.Is, 6h@ts,
tuins. aces, etc.
.) Adjeciivel
subslantivaie
care denumesc culori au atlt singular, cit
S
753
ti
plural:
t/iolpr happPns
to Ie tle colout I liLP
Shp Dat n; d
r ' r c
a. ansPs 8d bN"n' or a umn l . i \ db.
[ " i , ' . i t , . ' .
. i , i r "
' 06'
t ' "
si f l r r r n oi l r 1, "' .
' r hd
n, o"F 5 r hp pi r l
Th. D@k Blue;', \he Lieht Blu*z
d, Lni l c adi p'
l i vF Au dp\ eni t adcvar at F
"ubsl ani i ve
si
pot
av' a f or md
S
7i r
dc
pl j r al . ar t i coi e. seni l i v
' i
dFl er ni ncnl i
' r
l i
subst anl i r al a
pr opr i u- zr se:
a catital
a daily
a
lrcleta.ian
m gqral
Rat her a ded. ,
i sn i sl r P:
r ^or nr
hpr p,
pv , l or t t , B, : I y af t su h dPar y
r
L.t mc look at
Yon,
,tv
?.ell' "s
l
\ \ ^ d. . r l
i . t i b: . . 1 ar y r ods- nadPs.
she Ll ops not d
; r r d r l n
j udg' o"nl
ol h"r ?4"4
r ' r l , p
spor i v. ur "j . dr {sau
a
j ur t
. - onol d. t
t os r Dl ' P- l n r Ppr z"qi Pr i \ a
u"'"',tiliil
i
;i."i:I^l
/,i,lX"l
'l,l;,#""'fl"t:,fi.lgiiili
tii"i; oxrordi ,tu ziBld
ar, *. , : , p. i , -"l i r' i ,
r ni ! "t ri r, t i i dp l a C. , . bf : dsp.
?i 6
F. / | nFl F s4j pc i r e. pr i n aJ- us0r ed
r "r r , ' i naLi Fi
{
' l pt i n
' ub' r anr i r L
i nt r Fbui ' , ! at c numai l a
pl ur al :
rrl' bellers
movalles
necessa.ies 1i8hls
l l a\ " \ o. Dr l on vour
r o, 1/ , s
-
sool l Fn l ol I i r ' i
JPl . '
l l e. l - , i n t i ea'
, l i e
/ i dl s r .
' d. l
aam"-
i n
' r l , l
r i 5) .
Tr er $cr c no / i r s, s
nn i hdr l , ai n
i
l i r . l
' l s5s
di r i asPq,
H. dl {) r -
pl dJa r l ' r t a' i "c
\
-
\ i l I J' ns pomnor ' i mpor ' a r
"har u' l ' r :
' 256
E r c e
p
t i i i
subst ant i vul nrs.
. are! del i cu f orma de pl ur' dl ' esl e no
si ngul ar f dra
i l ural ;
a Dl ues (: un ci nt ' c mel ancol i c)' c6re are si ngul arul i o
-s
i i l p! rl i c cu
pl ural ul .
(Pent ru di t al i i vezi
9i S
l 2?)
{
?57
/./
Ntrmele de nrtionaliti,ti
'
f ' t
Adi F' i i vel e
. s; o arat i i nal i onal i t al ea ssu pro! pni cnl a r-si onal u
! r
si rr
j ; rmi ni rF
rn . ,
I r[ ] .
-s/ i . -(s. / s. ' PsP
por f i I nrrcbui nl at p
ca' ubst anLi ve
cu tnleles colectiv
de piural (toli locuitorii din acea
!ard,
regune sau ota!):
150
&e f'renclr
(:
lrarteziil
t he Scot cl
( :
scol i e! i i l
the \ltlsh
1:
locuitorii dln \l:alcs)
tne lrish
(:
irlardezii)
$e r'lemjsh
(: tlamanzii)
thc SR'iss
(= elaelin'i)
thc Chinese
(-' (l'inezii)
the Geroese
{
=
geno\'zii)
ihe \Iielnamese
(: lietnamezii]
ihe Viennese
(:
tienezii)
?58 Cind este inse i.orba d unul sinqur sau de mai mulli iocuitori, adjeclirel
l crmj nal A
j n
-a, l
t
f l
"nu
-r,
sl nl urmi t e d.
. ubsl
sDl i vi l F man t pl . npn t . so an
\ pl .
. ' om
) . r u ! , opt
r "61eq1; ' . bsr bal i
\ i
f cmpi r :
lwo Scorch,rn scveral lrish0,,@.
many Dtrt.li
tcolle
-sDanish
-a
Spn ard
siredistr
-
a SirPd.
Turkish
-
a Turk
Je$ish
-
a Jcw'
Adjectjl ele terminate in
-
frrr,
-esd
rdmin insil neschimbat
$i
tn aoest caz:
a SFiss
-selcml
Swis a Japanesc
-some
Japatrcse
an IroqDois
-rvo
Iroqlojs a Pekiness
-
many Pliincsc
[ ?59 /") Adiective]e Lu alt trninaiii decit cele arelate
pin6 aici sini intre-
"
bui ni ar ' "
. a' subsl snl i ve
'
u t ot m. r dF
"i ngul ar
l i
pr i mesr un - ' l a
pl ur al :
i r ' . \ m"r r an \ mpr i r an\ i \ l al a!
\ l dl Jr s
,n Asrd
-\s:Jn.
r PoI lolp'
a Czechoslovak
-
Czechosloraks a Scrb -
Serbs
a Dane
-
Dmcs a Slat
-
Slals
a Fjnn
-IiuDs
a Spariard Spa iards
a Greek
-
oreks a S;ede Sweaes
a Je\r
-
Jews .r Tuk Turlis
0bser val i e
E ?60 Spre deosebire de liuba rorrAnn, tn limba englezd atit adjecLivele care
r dr r ; r l r ondt i t al "r s"u
I ' u\ cni pn! a
r egi or al s. , i t : i
' ub' r d' r l i vpl -
r p' p' cr i \ e
r , p s. r i ' r l nl ol Jea' r ' r ,
r r t n; t i ot a
noj us
l i
( Vczi
t i S
61. 15' )
I
J.0 nasc., Jc'cas fem.
E: xcepl LL
Danish
-
a Dane
Finnish a Fint
Polish a Pole
2) Adjectiyele
!i
advcrbclo idontice ca formi. Unele adjective au ace-
$
761
eaii fornre ca
!i
adverbele corespunzetoare:
we look a
/art
l.nin.
(Adj
)
TIe lrair runs
tasr.
(.q.dv.)
{Pen| I u
dct al i i r ezi
S
! : 5t l
Acelasi cuvinL poale avea v:lloare de adjectiy clDd determinn un substan-
S
762
tiv, sau raloare de adverb cind determini unvorb, un adjectiv sau un alt adverb:
Ad
j
ect i eL
..Littl
,Udr"
qnile
contrrrv...", lsubst.)
Titian's Nomer hale rcildiah llatl.
(Subst.)
Ai Lr er br
I se? her verv littlo norvadsys.
{Ve.bl
It doesn't muth m,t. $hctder h is youns or old.
lvobl
l vzi i i S
?6t )
I like the roddislr rmo4 colour ot her hair.
(Adj.)
She was wea.in8 a light ,l4d lrock.
lAdj.)
The sky wa5 hlue-s.ca in the distane.
{Adj.)
We drovc l,omc
'rs
lasr.
{Ad!.}
Tl!.y raD s/.dt!lr home-
(Snbstantiv
cu raloire de adt.)
3) Adjeetivele atrihutive
fi
dtljectivelc
prediertive.
-
Adjectivele atribu-
$
?63
tive3 precedd substantil,ul dctrmiirat; adjectivele predicativea sint legate
de Bubstantiv p ntrun verb, fdci l astfel parte din predical,:
nt - ! i t g a
, "d
r l ag.
, Adj .
a l bul , v
t h" b". l , l r r n. r d uc | "
pi , r r r . i a.
- d
{Adi .
p"
di . Jt i v)
d,) I-lnel adjctive stnt tntrebuintate \nll'ai predicatie. Printre ele se
S
764
afld urmdloarele cuvinte:
d') adjeotivele compuse cu pretixul a-:
l 5l
alight
a") citeYa adjective ca:
drdk ill well
Unele adjectire din acest, grup (aJ au qi un sinonin cu valoare atributivd:
S
705
Adj. ptd,icalie
at<in
Adj. atibativ Adj. pedintio Adj. dtributir
blazins alighi liShted
bur Dr nA,
' ' "j
t l Lp
l i . p,
.
n' i l dr
bur nj , ' g, nr mi , ' " al i t p
l i r i n;
t l odl i n" al ot r o l on"l t . l on". r mF
walkrn8 Bskew o}liq-"
sdpr r e. 3sr "pP
- r
. p' ns
$i ( r ng
glosirS conscious, ktoFing
'rooL"d
ki i i df d, : i 1, 11r Ll , Li k
' 1,
nka
r1l
sick, etc,
l
Aldinele reprezini{ adjectivul sau adr*bul, cu$ivele culhtul determinat meniio-
' A
Nureetu Rhune.
' 3Adjectvfri
cu iunciie de atribut.
.AdJe' [\4lp
u t|ntlia dp nuM
ppdidti,
L1unit
( Prdtat"
.ohpl"np",)
In
Sramd-
r i ca
pnshzal .
VFzi
$
2520.
152
!
?66 ,.) ,\ite adjctive
nu
pot li intrebuint'aLe
decit olri'driri
"
b1
)
adjectivele
terminate
in -dn
prol'enite de la nuldele
de materii:
. r
' ut k, a
\ as' "|
a l eot l ' *P
B"
adPn, 6no'
-
l t ot
l t r r
k"d"nol :
l r o' r r P'
l r mpPr
o/kare^ llour
.{ceste
adjecr.ile
nu pot li lntrehrinlatF
predirrtjs q:"11,
: llli:i""l1t
*
i . t "r"s' i i q""rt
'
X" * poul "
' p"n"'
l l t r
j uml ei Nas
Nool l en
su I Dc
' noes
. . ,
' "
"ood, n' .
,
i nd
"ensul
FSr " pr op l u
r r :
i ' #;"fi :;i ;;;i ;-;i
.*;' ' ' .;' .'
' rhe Jrue'
\\ere n' ade
or 1\o' {1"'
Se spunc i nsi , cu sens l rgurai :
In the sun his hat had t ned
soid'a'
Thc skY was le4dtn
uis s6lennls
wcre e'oden'
Her trsses shon rilfta'
,') adjectivle
derivate
de
the iolrtulz }eniislhere
Nu se poat e spuDe:
la nunlele
Punctelor
cardinale:
ilre Pes'ern
counties
The hemisPlrre
Nas r'trncrn
Tne connlrics
N"e
'res'an
[ 7ti?
\ erl,elc esre
eer ailiectir
predicative' Une]e
verbe intranzilive
cer
'
odj c"r i ' e
pr edi ' dr i L" i n l o"
' l '
d l vFr l p:
\ ou l onl spl pt r di d.
' h'
$"'
"i r l i r e
3i l eDt '
I /,4 wotrderlul.
llrla^ ttcn'd
rd rl
lh"
'nBs
i r l . , - , . . i r . "*r .
Th"- \ l P t r or
l h' r ar d'
nsppl '
r, . F \ r, orp
' r, np
. a, , . ' .
perr. rr.
l ] "f "i i l "' l ;
, an" aut t i t 1t .
The milk
lastes
Sood.
Cu!'intele
scrise eu alctine'.iD
cr'emplele
de I'rai sus ru arat;
"rr
''r/r
' , a'
i i r' ; l t i i
""t ni ,
F\ pri n, rra d- r"rb
i i
' r"'
st t subi "ct . ut
' , u
al re
' uvrnr"
; ; J; - r ; ; , ; ; ' J;
ua' ". t ' .
i a' , oai - ' i '
, i . i n
' ^nsP' i nr 6
r nr r ' bu' nLdr pa
unur
a. l yrb i n asemenea cazun
rreuui "
Ai t di ; cu
grj j ; \ ' t rbFre i n acc-csbl a: l t Yi :
i i "
"r. t
l "p. i -t i ""
(si noni me cu l n b' . , / '
i ar dj ect i vul
est ' P
prdi cat rv
(\ ezr
+
s
251?-2518).
E t68 Aclea.st
verbe
put' fi insolite
de adverbe
carc
si arate cum
ind'eplin'-tt
"
sub,
"t L, t
d. {i rr' . r
"rpri qat d
Jp
l crh:
: F
l oal "d nr ut dnd dosn mi ' di l i l i r el t '
Tl f n' r a"
kl '
nt dnl ' l p
nar et ul l r '
. . . ,
TnFv
{- _a / ! l / r aa' l l P
l aJ
del r gnr F( r I '
HP
-soua{./Pd
hP eong luiousll'
>np
as, ad l r P
l oo4
ql o$l i .
_\
". t
dosr '
' 3r Ft u! l l '
\ \ ' / l
'
I o' r sr
hur ndl l
. , .
' 1\ d
mt i d. r
' r '
E
/ t / ' 6
dPi dl Y'
H"
. l hF
"
. t ) Lr
F "oom
qxr f Br r .
- \
s obser va
ci i ver bel e l egr t
nF p' r t Pl t i i l e
scnzor i l e del i r r t l ?nzi l i ! '
. i l u
. i n
ul | n, ' "
d" , r r '
' J\ - r h
I n
l ^' ul J' l l ' r r \ ul ur '
S
761)
""-
i;;"1;;"re
cer adiective
in loc de advobe
slnt urnilloarere:
'ari""l*.tr
*"r,, clnil se rehn
la ur miros s{u la un
lrarlunr
ctc
'
nu inseann
du] t r ' .
i
- .
t moq:
v
",
, ' t t s -
l ar r uml r .
- ol d. , ; l i
"""
g-
bF
,
. ?^ "p
I nor ' r r t s
1;B
d) verbele copulatilc
aritate
la
S
2i15: to bc. to see ta became
i
t')
continire
impreuni cu sinonimele
lot; spre e{empluli
r o bc oui
l .
r o. . _s,
ot
b
t at t
al oo
An^J ' a
t 41 r 1nn
' l ' i l '
"1'
:
i i ui
"t "":
. dt t
o- , i t :
t o
t oat ' t t \
|
p
i
- i
/ r '
) 1. r .
b bt ov t ! ) t t , a; {
l , u
' t \ '
r t _\ ' l r P
pi : D
I
r ol d l i r J
'
so
r d
\ hi
h n dt \ :
l a f , z, sonr '
. l c
- - ; . "
J; , : ; , ;
' i ' n' :
'
"n'
, / "1
' nd
. i r - n : r o
- aor ' '
r o. \ dl : t o l t ou t r ) " Pi r
6/
v"r b"l ". ur "
Fxl t ; m" p"t . epl i i
Fnzor i al Fl
, "r *r , o1, . I Lnq' , . . ; . r l , l hi Fr \ : ' . / "Pl l Jr d. pai nl ul
r ough : ol :
! " t aai
. ' . \ t ' i
l;t;i.
;;JJ:";J,|',
rl:l;;i,..'l
iffJ1 iP,,
"l",ifilv;i
l;il'i,ll;
ri
cJ
precun qi :
' i
i , , , . "*r .
, n hant J
D
/ d/ l
d dd.
i l l :
' o
suPF
t i el
t
s"o | - : D / ; b- r i d
npat l : , o
poi nt gr an $ ; ' . . r i ' p, o. ", o
' . t
"_or s
t o t ; " bi r gl ' '
r ea' :
F
t r
' l u'
\ di F/ r i r ul
pni r cf i l t r "hui i ' i ar i n l o ur
adr er hul r i nu ' r ai dd
"
l '
"r mi n;
"". , Lj ""i i "; . ' r i .
. uLi a
r , , l
r i - , 1
e. r p r u, ,
. pr Fdi , dr i ! subi ar r v.
s
r i '
'
t ; , - aonr , l . nent ) 3. l i . . or I l "m- r l , r l
di r . . l
l i nd c' l p nump
nr P4r ce
r L onr p '
till. -
Obiectiee
Comqlemrnt
)a
:
H" I , a. "
/ Jd
l nu
l i . ' d ! .
r ub:
'
: t "
Comr l F n
i i " i ' "t ^s
' l t ' r' r
""t l i
i
i ; " i ; ;
: : ' "
i : . . , "t
"i rh
np ! ' ! '
nr
' , r' . '
sub-
'
\ " cornpr"
"nl
t l | \ . i _ so' , r , d
t n' t
:
l j t t
Thd
i dkr 1, , . t / .
. . . '
I
n^u- d
15 . j ' . - .
/ , l r
' n
' r '
( : o
l l
{ r ' .
\ \ ;
- . *
hr r .
"
so. \ r r l p.
ol
'
r omp"1' r l
1r)
Adieclivrl
caro ciliti,rf mei rulte subsfirntiYo' -
Adjcctiv-ul cAre
S
770
. , l i f i : . , f i
' '
. "u n.
' i
r r ul t ub r ' ' r ' i \ - r Lr
r r
t ' pe d t nai n' pd
l i F' ; r i
itiii" il$ Jiilf';$'li',:T,lT:iJ
#11'.,i1'll'{'"',iiike
lvotu rhei, snar,$t .,a,h.!
Repetarca
adjc.tillrlui
ie face
pentru accentuarca ideii eriprimate
df el:
' fh; coll-"ctivc iantrfN liad
llanDfd
to hive
' eo
trrlioN a' rd nc' ' conbines
: ' ) . t di r . l i \ ul
) i Pr . p"zi l i t
t r r or nl "nr ' .
r : 1
' :
! "t r ' - l " 1di ' i r "- r u i i 7l
oor r . ur ni r t r dF. r r d. Lr ' , , r ni
"
t r ' l ^/ i l i i
r l ' r ' t o/ r r r r
r
"r r r r ^nsLJi :
dclioienl. in $il
keen
' D
learnins
diil-"rent /mn
nnvonc
liabi.
' o
a [a{
r "", r , l r
' n' o
p' r L
' , ""' /
""' l P' r )
i mt l r r 1
" "' l
l r r
6) 0n0
(pl ones] .
. \ cst
prol ul oe Fe pun dupn un adj ect i v
pent rrr a
S
772
s"
"r i r a
r "p, t ar . a r , r b' l dr ' l i \
r l r r i o' l ar ;
F\ l ' r i n
- l ?:
I l sGa
i , , i o
: r
' .
'
'
i eor t l o
"
l oo
l l l l dk,
p
r - J
"l l
l o
l i L'
I c
\ hr
d
or P
( l i czi
l i
$
{164
! enl N
del al i i )
l
Ailjeciivele oilalc
nu linL ilecit exe
plc: ele nu eluizcazl
lista adjeclivelor
de cme
Dot
t i dr mnt e
l er bel p r Psl p. t r ve
. . . ,
' sau
uo er hi \ a|
nt al sur r st anLr \ ut ur
3
Vezi
S
,5t4.
I
\ ' czi
S
t i 2u
"
i t i t , i ' o"a
.
s
- i m "
r 1u
Tl nJ
n" r f ". i o I L sr nr r dH sau
' ol o' J
t i - s" si mt -
Dr osi . r . qr ei e l st Jr e
de sPi r i t ) .
'
t \ ' l ! zi
{: 64 a' . 769 b
e"nr r i r , , "
pr on' r m" \ . / i G. Cr f m' . oP i r '
S
l 0J \ ' I 04 A
(
?73 7) VerI . Much. -
-\ drerbul
rPl ,
pre' edr adj ' r i i \ ul pr' prj u' ?i s (t n
'
"' -
l ; i n- i ' i ""u
u' po' t "r r u1; l n' i nr a;
unui
par r : ' i pr u
i r "r r r i r e
"r l r cr hr r l
, . 7 F. l p l nl o Li '
pr i nt ' u h. t u t "r a nu h:
I I
i . . r - L pl ' r n r "4
Pr er ' l -
- l ' ' adj
c"
l n/ i ' i \ l
.
' h"
u. . v
pr s; bt .
r t . .
( 0Ji .
gr , suppr ) al i t ".
, . .
' .
, j ) ;
' t . "N
n ) i [ d
' r ' , f v,
D, , ol l r g' d
pl r '
I par | r ' pnl
)iumeroase
participii trcul,e,
dvenite aderirate adjective' sint prece-
, l ai e de adYerbul , rg:
r..?.oBpli.aitd.
t.9 dislinpished, efls
pleased'
'cry
tired, tc
Proredul ac.sta s a exiins ln engleza contemporani
chiar
qi la simple
Darl,iciDii
trecute
'
Cdmpa"ativele
slnt precedate de adverbele much' ecry much san
tar:
It is
scitine
n!.t colder'
I I P
r " f
PI ng
, ' - 4 n"' 1'
\ \ ' t n' "
l i t s
/ , r
bpl r i . ' o
; i t l or l hp r hol ar ' hi !
now
( Yczi
i i S
1377)
t 77{
qj
l i ' o. ! rurl i i ad. i erl i \ al c
crbi t rl enl e
cu unel c ron' l rurl i i i mpcrl onal o sa| r
"- - -
a, l t "r r r i ot "
' l i o
t i ; br i omAni . -
I - ' r al e' ' nsr ' ' u' r i i i np*r u"nol "sauadv' r bi Al "
djn limba romani
sinl, redate in limba
pngleza
prin
-propozilji
Jn.car-e adjel..tiv'ul
r c' 0a
l i v i nl r pb! i nr dl
r r r cdi ' sl i v
l mpr Funa
' u
Fr br n l d D" cdl i l i ci un
"ubr e' t
pcri orral .
C' a moi f rcrvpnt e
' onFl ru' l i F
i l p
a F"
l i n
' cl p
f orrnal ' drnl r un
idiectiv urmat de un inlinitiv:
Shet ccrtain
r" De in.
I si (xf
c]
(ea) P
^'
nsJ
l
lltisn t lili./'/
l \ u.
pr obi 6i
' a
pl )
5l ! ' na ar a
i u' l nJl
' '
na
pol m
j -
d; l l ;
' 11
t o l "ot n bJ l r ar r '
' \ , "dsl , i
p.
/ i -
Psl p
t r . u
d,
' nvbl a' I l p
dr n Jr t ,
)
Tl,.Y're ru ro ,e away
- r . r
| , , Jnr
n] p, d( i
di n or di )
\ ' . i s
", .
a, , . i
i n dFsi ng?
f LDr
\ d l mbt a. at r el r Pdel l
Don. i b" t , nx at out i t !
1r ' r mr n. ' r ep. ot sr
\od ft ha ta
Pko' e
u' o*"
' r
l ; n l ! Lme, . "a , i r ar i E l i uF' r d' I I ur ' i l
l
lT. ECErY-{LD\Trr,4.DJUCTr'[lLr
\
t t r n t at Li n"r ' l i 0/ , , o Jl i /
r " . b
"v.
- osa r
. ' . na
-
r ubr : '
. , 1, r t l , r r or pp\ nn, l "
"
\ l i
'
p' r l l r r
r a
dn
/ r
f e ( \ r r r
FontLia adiectivului
poate fi indepliniti
rsi
de urDlntoareie
pi4j de
\
or oi r F
' - J
. o sr ' u' t ; i
"dj F' r i \
Jo
S ?76
i r u;
' r r l ' cl anl i v
sau o' ' onsr r u
l i '
sub
r ' t nr : vAl "
' u
\ el oar P
' l e.
adj P' r . i e
at rj bul i r sau prcdi cat j v -
l n generp, rr i ' , rm; de si ngul 0r. cDrnr cl nd
sensur e
de pl ural (v.
$
1uu):
^
,
".1
':
,:;",.':,T.:!
|
;:::.:L;::: ,;
"',:":'".:,'2'
,' i;:"; i':.::";i":.i';i,;1"::
t : : . b".
, . . . , - . , . t
r t i t , h. -
- . t .
ot d . ' , . n!
- bt n.
".
Din rc iD ce mai mult ins, !e acceni,ueazii tndinla
lntrebuin,ttuii
plLlra-
l ul ui subst ant i vel or chi ar cu ro1 dc adj eci n' (v.
$
167):
' llf-
ho"E affa,s cornmittee. ile ti nual Stotes cu ditltion,
tlr
r
"ikd
t-' otiong
r . i t , t ' l ; t t
t i ' t s' t . n
r ' l l r i kp a l hp L' l l on s"hno ol I onon' ' :
2) un
gerundiv:
S
?7?
' . ,
n' , , r I ool . . '
. . 1
- \ i nt . . t
J
"
"l
dnr dd: | ) d , n. a l : . t uoh'
nj n. no, A l c"t . . , ; I
I
r
". o1. d. t , ,
i ^t or ' r r o- , r S1: t o.
3) un
pa icilirl
trezcntl
Ihe accampdnyiig n.te. ltu . nirq slom. ra4nt,g wrter. the t@nhg irrnr. the
aut sai ns t l ne. et . r .
1v
si
S
l ; 0! r :
4) un
pa i ci l i u t recut :
dnupdn dr . t r
p1l Lpi "
' n. .
at . \ "t
; . aa
t ' al . r ki t r \ \ "n
- L. t
. l \ r t p
.
1o
"
t a' , b
)
l r l . t "'
. "$i ' h
l . - r ' i Ji r . - . \
5) un infidtir':
an int)r1sc b sir{r thc last lo Lar, ni.v rvisl\ L ga to the pictxrcs;
6) un adverb:
$
7i 8
$
7?e
$
780
l P dat n: bi . ' .
)
r ' " n. . l h , . r l r / ""
' ' " '
l hd
' / . ?
hd l n' r "r '
- : J. i
' t ". v". ' - ,
t h. t t Li L-
- r . . ' , b
n/ . .
' ' - r b, l "
. t l ' 1o' / - t t .
r r ,
l v
si
S
1r i 9 2561.
S
2l _ |
.,t ?81
s
7t3
7) u
geni t i r:
lne lno\rc .f tle
rlot!;
nlt
ftin.ls
sot: hdtf a,ti tt.'s
t ar i ns' s not h Yeaf r l ' t ' . ?n, at u| t t u nr nE mot | 0r nas. aucd
" Qui ei
, {mer i can" nas set 1n \ i eLna' n.
Lv. t i S
: . 8, l sl ) .
8) un :rticol:
|
782
silen e: Itjjt: Lan,lat
tp Ct' hatu GreeLe' s'
e
t sn) :
one: To hr * l \ vo chi l . l r i : a boy al d a
Si r l i
a hr nd( di r t housar di
a ni l l i on;
l v.
si
S
i al . l 3; r
tlt/c
(denlo^ttattr
).
"?
f t e wool snckr i s asai nst st mr s meas r I es". / "7n. ?t na")
- "I l . r i I r
Duf . . l l . {"
' I I r
Duuel l ? Ar c
t ou
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f i l i r l
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i t i S
5r 4l :
9) un rlumeral:
$
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sqnat\cts'
:
thc thi..l door o n the lett
i
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l
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l $i
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r t si
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t
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de h Lo;dra sau de la !n orai
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(atlail
l,ileles si
r&tru
up ptatlotm
ri
doen
plat-
fDit nlafrm
:
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a r os. i . ' uf i di n". u ! i ml l 5d. . u , , n
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i ot cl t i i l d , ur m' t
ul ui d, \ . , ndLou. 1l
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'
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' r nd
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. dr c- l dI i
}aza coircil ui brjtnnici
/r./
dcn!nirea de lt' ddlsdci simbolizenz{
iii
ttnclia dc Lod Catr_
Iar. a.fstl .eprezentind |ocea Canw.i Latzitot
(' Iht
raice of ttu Halse of b.ds) n\
t i mol l
j
"l
. t i op l l @1.
"l , l - ' r ndp. i
p\ pr "i i i , . /
, r . I l ' ool . & r r v, r f ua". i "
d i or . t Ldn. l ai . Lonl - r
, a, . . t dr I no, Dl i i "sr F, . 1, J, - I u, l , i "l
". r "r ni r : br . udl
, . . r i l i ei . r ^cr br u r n l - 1Li .
' .
pr ' .
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p, . , r
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d. J, . j t o . l i
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l r b. i
-
\ or b. a- . b i , Jdr u ar t i l
l ' , l or . ' l
Jl l i unt esd, l
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. - , nl ppt r r . d, ' "
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nr l t r dpr F/ r nr r
nr or , ' p
i , "d. i l r J
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d' r opi ndsdp I
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publ i c: ' $- hal
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,
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r ar
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r ol o. i t
p"r
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l i d
d"
j u l . ' ut
t . ont . ' .
p
G oE" bur - u pr onunl a F, 3i .
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dr r d' . r n". .
Ui . , d
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! i r ohax( i . r cnsl pT t o. l r l e apr Fcr at .
:
i er . 0i nb
. Jr ;
or Jr r . i Acr d. l p d. p"opl . r ar o or ; J""! . ur i .
t
. m r ' l o' 11 u
cas;i ,j1:rtl libere-
.
Buleva.d din NfN \-ork, unde numele prlnoip&lelor bulevade sintnulndalc ordlnale-
1,56
1l ) o apozi l i c:
._.
Sir Nrriil lIoLL,
qn,,t
.f the 19i7 l;ol,el t'i.e, N,rs Lnighted in 1961 1or his scien-
ci . r ". . . n. / . . . A1. , , . . . ' r . po i l
-
.
, , h, . r o"/ , 1.
/ t
"r g_r i
\ . ar "d. t , r m1d
t l . t t , , r
I : .
' n
n' o. t h ot 0r "0'
l ! r opo, i l "
r , J' \ . i , . t r . l "l ami r , l / h"l r
12) o pmp0zilie relatiri:
Lord Rnfhcrionl.
(ho
eat a,va llt Lh. 1908
-\-oLel
Prite. \ras ihe liNt soienlist to
sr , l i t t he at om ( i n M. r r . ( v.
i i 5
17! 0)
0I t st : r t at t e
UajoritatFa erhiralenlilor adjectivali sint, de Iapt propozilii relatire
or . . t t . "p. - r 1. :
p:
"m
h1p $' , L i dd. , r p"um.
' h.
o- o, npor
' t i na- r a.
"j ,
. , , oFpi
. : . . I t r op, . o, . : ot i i , ,
- st i , aar ; s. l u. o:
/ , r . / d, r
ta lcaec: l\e l.st
srpst
Fho blt, ri..
I. l.0nnl-{nEA lD.ltscTlt'Er,0R
(!'oIirI1ITIoN
oF ADJD|_]TrYES)
l,inba englczil. ra
ti
limba romdrln. cunonft rele trei procedeee obi5nuite
de l0rrnftrc a adieciil"elor I
al deri varea
l/ schimbarea categoriai granaiical
. / compuno. n
(ct .
s
35t , ! : 011
DERI \ i . \ REA
IDNRIV-\TION)
Prin Llerivare se iormeazd adjecl,iye din alte adjectile sau pdrli de vor-
bire. la carc s0 adaugi un prelix sau un surir. Printre prefi:iele
9i
sulirele
adjertivale rele mai obifnuit ln limba englczrl se alld urmdLoarclr:
s
786
s
?68
s
rt?
s
789
s
79n
s
7tt Prefixe
(; ermani ce:
uul - :
"' ' l on, .
or l r oi r c. , ", l Ji ns.
4r ' l 5puk
1. r , / sr r ' d ng. , l . . :
or r ": t r e. bcanngr , r c. . asl : o. "f r onl i Ll pr t . t . . r r i i l , i l , . t pf dnF, ou, f l ' r l l , oupr . ! ol r t e.
,re.polulai.d, d!rsnbscribed. oerloight. ot{seais), etc.
Lo ani ce:
r-. rlr-, rDF: aclirotnauc. adanantr arnormal, arsent. or.dpnions. etc.i
arl.- : anraredent. dzkdilnrian, anr.mernlian. dnr.-Far. el.c.;
hi - : , r "n: ". .
/
l r
i 1r F. , r g! mol . .
Dl s a. . D. i onl hl \ .
- i ,
ci . cnm- : . . r . &nr t exi cr r caml acei t - , r r , a, r poar ,
, , ^r , , sor a. j
! ' f t , Dr spP, r . . ' r ! e&-
sianlial, el,c.:
col-, .om-, eon-, cor-: .ollaierali .,r,lassionatc. ..nponent, .,ncaie, .ohspjc!o!sl
.r.rcct, .o/Npt, etc.:
r oof r r - : . . r , "di r l or v
o. "ot nt n
. aan- : .
or l , st J.
pt . .
! \ - . . I - . . . : , J| Fnsi \ F' P' , p' ' - : "h| ' "[ | ni en| :
extn-: cz,.arnuial, c.taneons. d.rrao.dirary, rrr.{tcrcstrial, .r//o{agani. elt...
' o. i
o- J C\ l t O"A4nqhh l l Fr n l i mp- o'
o.jginea indicaia, c!rjnlele citate ca cxentl!
!ot
I
Or r ci i j i l i l a EBC
f ' or ou
' or i ;
meridiamhi Grcenwich).
:
Ntrnai
rfel'xele Fi
snlixele au
AIIJtrCTIIN CU fiTELXS NIGATIY
Pretixo
Germarioe:
u-: zzcrt, znhspty! enintelligenl, unpleasa!!, uDtrne, unwise, elc
Iiomnnicc:
dh- : di , asr eeabl c. d; ar mi ns. d6hon"! ' . d6l onour r bl P. di
nl . asPd,
l .
i
i t r - , l g- , i i - , i m- , i F: , a. j pt i ; i l p.
; snobl ; .
I 4p8sl .
, mmo\ dbi . . mar i onal .
pl . :
mi i - : / t r aDpl FJ,
ni sdar pd, n; sl ai d.
Pl r .
non- : i Dn- t sr i l i sh, r o, d' $ f i pl , @4mor al . nor pr r di l . i . t set r s4. t un' . mo) . i ng nan'
s1op, no4(eJsucl. etc.
Sulixo
Gcrmanice:
-toc$:
carelcss, cease/trs, counu,ss, lolcldsr,
pennildss, pitills, tireLss, etc.
16?
intcr-: ntrallied. i,rcrclanscable, ;/,rcollcgiatc. inrdlnational, lc.i
I ' . F,
pel :
t pf nl
l nr . . , P; a nnt . .
Pt p. t . r l : l , / l u' i d
el '
pt r - r
r - l i
o' \ .
P- ' ^' t
r '
P
Pt or r ' o"\ '
/ +
sPnr '
/ Feous l ' . _$ar '
rotro-: ..tuacti' e, rctuflca. /.t,grade. .er.ogrtssive, re,/ospecl,ire, etc
i
r ut r - . sur - r
. , r u' di nd
. . , bs"qu"nl . , D5i d ar Y. . , l l ' " Jnedn
, i nr .
'
l ' :
FUt cF. $r - : s/ , qi bundi nt .
; Pr i t t nr r . . dr ' l ' i r i l o: 5"4pal i
l . r ' Pdi na. Fl . :
l r us- : r an, r t hnl i ". Fr ' .
Fr t , La' : t
nltla' : L/r.acodv.ntional, zrfa fashionable, anlznarine, ,ltdmontan., zll}amun'
dane, dltdllanetarJ, alra-slrort, zl,rasonic, rlr.dvi.lct. ctc
sufile s
792
Qermlrnice:
- Fd:
, .
I b- J, J,
_duodi "Fd,
mo
pJ, r .
l I pd. sr Fl . h r ' .
Fl . .
, \ ' o, r S
Pr l . 805. 8' l l
- . n
:
. 6h
a.
p, dl l Fr ,
gol d, , ,
pad"r ,
$ood, . , $ool l r . F' . . ;
-er
llomea,a
com!ffaiivul): nardd, outr (slacel, nlp' . etc
{' rn: easlc.,. north.rz. souihe.z. $' este' n. elc.:
- t ul
: l , e"
/ i / .
". . t . l ut ,
ahi t t dt ,
g"r "l ' t , p"1t "l . l l , dk&/ .
pr , . :
- i nc:
axr u. , np.
l r er l
r 4. r i ' 1 , ! . l o' i r ! , ol l i a, ' ! .
r l . :
- kt - :
l r hr , r . u1] , . / ' : r ool , , {. ; l J; . n. . Dpsl . $l ' l ; 3h.
pl . . :
-le:
b.illl.. licl/,. id/, rimbl., etc.:
-tike:
bell' ltne. clild,t^?, hol!.lifr, lilrt^?, rnrlii,, etc.;
- l ! : :
r . odi , / .
, 1, . i / a.
d. r "1u
t o
t ! . , i . \ ""1! .
i - "1! . t anl ! . ; ' l t t .
q! . 1/ ,
"1. .
+om( A) :
' nl ' o4".
. t . r r t J
^i . .
t t A: a4p.
\ \ ' at l n.
t sont P) .
r t t :
- nsf l i j
| 11"' , d.
| ^A
) r . o i r aa, t r ' , d. ,
r l .
S' 2' 1r '
' l : . r ,
' r l . l ' r ' ny. "i
J
, . r l r .
' at ' . J. '
!
bd, , i ' , od' l J$r . "r '
Romani ee:
- ! bf r . - i l , l c:
/ l l t t t i i t not ' .
t )
/ r b| "
- mt r cl l ,
, ' t ' i bl c, I r ^: bb
' 14
- i . f ul t :
, ^m. r . / / ,
. , , nnt : .
! t / .
g- ost l r hr t ot J. t ^:
' r l ) .
l ' ' ot ; . / ol t .
' t '
- sl
: ! n- 1. 1- m
nl . on. l r u i or . / u' J dr . , l n. r l . l i d' /
"
r '
-&n.
-jon
| \meri.,n, .rnslaolar, Elizabil,dn. Dnroped4, amplibi?n. GeorgiaD,
G.fcian. rerubiifa,. Itusslon. Shaliaz3. etc.r
- aDt :
u"i d, / , oi s, o J, . i . d, . r a, / . , al j ! n- ", .
I 1, , , , .
"
c. :
- eol
: d D nJ, l . ui l L. , . r i dF, / , i nnou, , .
! "r maD4, ,
pFr or 5l , , , ,
4l '
- , al
:
"F
sl d/ . l h l i - n, ; 1, f l 1". d/ ,
i u
l i . ml , adr r ond/ ,
. l i . i
- n
: Rvr on; , l a. . ; . . l i
l or ,
. t
. bI , . ,
. ' r l phul i ,
T' ul onr "
e n:
- i r ":
, i , t i . , ,
, o"r , , . ", , on. r uFr , / . i l ' , . r ' p. i l gr , ' p.
!
r "; , p. r psr ; ' p.
. 1, . i
' 1":
"Ul .
r ' "i l t l ",
A"n
/ p, hr r mbl ", ni mb/ ".
Fl ,
- ou!
:
'
our ds o, s. l or o"i "h.
gr or i o, s. j o) oas.
I , r ",
i o,
.
j r . mFndo, s pr '
s
79:|
"s
791
1
Sulixul
-tu&
are ln
gnere
o nuanla depreciatir{.
,
Sul i \ Ll Jy
,
sr "
. ar dct pr Ft i c ppnl r u advpr b
( 8
2250t .
3
Rcl er i l nr 13 G. B. Sl a$.
$
795
s
?96
N
; C;
1r UuLt
rrr
ronsoauoi
l i rral c'
o )
La cuvinLFrp
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Er cePl i i :
in fe.able
tr'rls lerabtc
D ) Consoana
f i nal i
nLr se duLl cdzn
I n
'
cl ' l ai t e
'
azuri i o
f ud' "' r: ' l : : ' : ; : t d
de o al t i conl oand'
de d"rl a
""*' i '
i " t
' "t "i "
rLeaccent Lrol
a sau ci nd act cri nl
nu se nnnline
Pe
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silabil:
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-'il'r'r'i'l'1il'i..
Eat : ' : ! l t r :
Peri/ou!,
trn
larill' /r' d
, ; sb
l i ' :
i ' l
i l ' j ;
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u, ui
. ur i r
"", "
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1t :
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Er cePl i c:
igrcous
gllt'I, uucJ'
Aj -"
''"t
li""r *
rrrelrlin
insi
indriea
unui
suliri ca'e
incepe
cu
o con-
ORI O GIi,ATIE
E: r cepl i e:
.",,l't,eil
lt,l't*,i#il.'l:,:r:",'11"'i'i:""IJlt'lli?
ii'ii:li"::'t'!:
l ;;r:;i r;"
b
l ; J,"i
l l i i j j
.
mdr gt r bLu
s
i ' rl i
; )ri . 1' l l l ; ,
, " r' r' | t i rr: rt *
Ln-t
prel edat
de ronsoa' n
-1
l i ! al
se schi mbn
1" , 1] "l i : '
. ' ' r ' "'
|
- r r ' l e'
' ar r l
' l ul ' - l p"
r '
' "r r ' :
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:
l
;
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l :.i
:'
,"' ,
rr",
- i :' ";' -'
l
ln acest caz
_
mrt s a hltrslormai
'n
-L
strb
iDlluenlr
lorlnei
lalire
g/d'i'sLs
lit-
r nr - D. nl
t t r t t b
l ' r l a
- l "aut ?oJb'
p'
t r ' i
t t
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du
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I ' d 10
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pr s p' t ous'
D/
7
l j nal sc menf i r e i nsd at nnci ci nd esl e pr ecedaL de r ocal i :
. nj o/ . ' bl e p' d, aul r o, , l p. -
buo. / a ' .
or oxr
c/
I
t i nal se schj r nbd
j nt ot deauna
t n i l nai nt ea sui i r ul ui - l y:
day datlX bodY -
bodilY
d) -?
final se mnline
lntotdeauna inaintea sufixelor -tsft
Si
ItAe:
bt e -
bdbJi sh
co' r 1t r Y
' ounl ", l : k"
c"i -
gr l "n ho! -
bor l i l
e) La cuvintele trmin at in -y
se int rodu ce un e mut ln ainta sufixului
g:
169
SCHI I TI BARE. A CATEGORI EI
GRAMATI CALE'
{CON1llNSION)
Ar e- r r r r ocpdp, r
p.
r
! "r ",
l er ; ' i
p. nr
r u l i - ba
pngl pz;
pr i n t r c"Fnl a l ui
l n
"""a
"
pr i . "sr " t nr msr "J aJ; e. r i \ dor .
pi r l i l p. d'
t or bi r c
' F] p
m"i
obisnuit adictil'ate siltt: participiile, substantiYul
fi
adverbul.
l l Paf l i r i pi i Adj pr l i \ at e. -
V dl r F
par i i ' r Pi i l r p. ul e sj pf pzPnl F si ot l nl r P
bui nl ' r p adj F. r r \ al .
r r nel e l - v"r . i nr l adp\ 5r al F
adj Fcr r r p
. unsr dpr at c
' a
sl ar c
l n di cl i onar e:
s
80o
s
801
0harn,ing
Lakng
.
ple$eg
_
Cn.ori Darticipiile
au fost aiit de mutt' identiiicate cu adjectiveie Inctt'
$
802
ca
."i
acestei, lonireazd adverbe
prin addngarea sufixului J3:
, mur. d1u.
' pJrnpdl ! ,
"urpri ""d/ v,
sood
hrrmou. dl g
"i c
Jd, ns1{: Anosi Dgl t .
l 0Li ngl y. l ovi ngl y
rvi l l i ng/ v
el ! .
(Vezi
9i !
791. 1rr1)
Unele DartiLiDii trcule. ln maioriLatea lor forme verbale mai vechi, sint
S
303
rnt rebui nt ai e nuni ai
adi "' l i val l n l i mba enql "za
cont emporand. deosFbi ndu-Fp
J" f or n' , l e cor ". punr al bar .
el e par r i ci pi ul ui t r ecul
pr opr i u- zi s
l vezi $
1756
1?58. 1760):
11! bound.en dnt!
a .a4,rz Blaiue
lpoetrc)
jr
a d.urfteD ioryor
nohea
Slass
an rnt.oqr accusaton
l
lnaintea sulixuhi
-o&r,
-I trecdat
de consoan{sc ofiogaliaza uneori
-_'
pronrnlia
remlnlnd aceeari oa si In celela,lte cazn.r'
'\eti
i
D.hirdledii adj@ti',li
5
)-i5.
' \ ezi
si caDi t ol ul Compl nP| Fc S
804
.
\ \ '
cn
, . - ; f
e. , F.
Hor . t ar . t
. t r . , i t D. t 4. 4
.
sl,e hrd ,.nr her knePs. readv to laU
Th! v
( or p
Doupd i l du' \
r o o\ Fr l u i i l l l hp
!
an
He iad .arued a head iir tle marble
' ' On Hi r
"r .
t , ou - al / el mv h' Jr l i n l $ai n
l
I had d.!nl rnv sla$
cheprlullY
He nad Por hi s di sr ee l v l r r d $or k.
The lam-p has noa hffn iir
{sEU
li8her'l
Thc heat has melted Ihe \nrter.
It trad
prc'4d
my sood
lairh
He hr d si , ' d i n l he mor ni ng.
lG0
The mate.ial 1,as ri.znk i! the wash,g
the conl, was sr./dez iriih rnin.
The conNc ol events \Yns slagrd.
TLcy were vr".l Nith paric,
\l:ho has s,rrLs n)r violin?
The storm had sz;n thc shil-
She had o,n'orid.
( vezi
$i S
18a! l
! / r r "8ed r nst r u mFnr s
szzftez wrcoligarden
80.1 2) Substnutive adjcotivatc. Numele de nrtedi pot fi in genere intre
pot, fi
ti
ele adesea adjeciiral,e:
a
f1otbdu
ream
/a.u
eqnitmenl
the re,ur4 lar-" a sree, \rorks
805 ,{li,cori substantivul devine adjectiv prin adiuga.ea Fu{ir.ului -rd a
parti-
cipiului LrccLrt regulat:
fl .&h{rcd \lonan &o.scd .ad,iag.s tlie Doa,r.d interesls
, / o- ! pd r ' r nl ' r l r ^. a
t b, o n"r r : t l o
t
|
' l "t y
d; : / /
! , r f i
t "' n Po"\ ' t
". . : t t a
dt u:
Thc \\rorld Ilorlins clampionship wd bsle,/' D1- SorLlh {li.a in 1lrt6.
Thc homf a{lairs ronmittd, r/,ataP br the Eome J..r!la.r had sal lh. di.r bcio.c.
H, l ook- t 11" .
r ' . i
?1 , . l d
"we
adnrir.d ttis
ftann.kn
ind r' ,r?rr...l p.$on
"
"\n1
Lttctt. a*t.adletL and nLfre.ed, nood .\brl "
1\ ' ezi
i i S
8l Li
E06 3) Ycrbo adjcotirato. Unele
,ierbe
pol avca raloare de adje.ti':
She i al ked $i l h m, . t sol . dni t X.
lle \ras only a sidn captain.
Ther sa$ in lr th. acircss e 0..
Onipnpil, iho so"ld De orator, hns r bent ro.
toelrr.
807 4) Adftrbc adjectiyatc. Cite\.a adverbe sinL tnrrebuinlate
fi
ca adje.-
tive. unele arind chiar grade de comparrlie:
buinlate ca adjeciive:
Celelalte substantive
l.le Bz.nd-4, streets
806 5) Articolul
!\i
adesori numeralle
tne fridsP thcle
a pounu a week
I
:
g[zduit
thc o//-side
!laj
au 1'aloare de adjective:
?n oterativ.s
the st.onl steike.
i Yczi i i S
520, 12t i l
l1' r oz.r proviNf
ol lril.ain
the ar&f,r,sr delence linPS.
.\.lon t lsin up) hie/lutt ?ur, mme.
these /,tncrl, results o&r.r space
This is otrr
g,De,z,
[cacli{.
Is tnis a ,.r,sl, irain?
Slre told nt i.he rpri.,rl torsc.se
1\ ' e7i i i 9
. 319 b, 6i 1, 1)
umeralul ru \'alorile ile ndjt(tiv.
-
tlele doud iicole
!i
(:
o camer{ dc hotel nicl
1:
o camri dc hotel nrice)
(:
retala
unui t'Iandaiir strivit)
i:
;
pchu de trandalir stdfita)
l: calrl vcchii diligenlc)
(:
leirlDul c d diligenl{)
Foart e adcsea i n l i nba engl zn. un subst ant i Y
pl ef gdl t de
! l
adj ect j \ . i
Sl l
! du dF un
Ff bi vcl pnL al a. p. r ui e
pr i m". l " ! ut i \ ul
pr r l i . i pi el
- ' d1cbi 3t
al uo' I
, i nd
nu exi st a un
! er b . o' . . pun/ d
nr
1n l i mbdr ' f or ml d asLt el un sdi A r i \
161
COMPUNEREA $
809
{CONPOSI TI ON)
ln limba enslez[ se formeazd
adjective compnse
(Compound Adiectioes)
atlt din adjeciiv;, clt
qi din alte pn4i de vorbire:
subst. i subsr.: f,ont-xh"4
df|v?,
\
?
l";r-pu\hds" s.\srpm. a
/D4..i"sr m0jo'i']
"auad.o,?
si.lPm, st;Pom' litu shrpP
lIFt sat
tu
rtla' .
ct'
*-
- ; ; r t n. - "t ; ; 1. ,
b; Fnd nev. cd"k. u- . 4o; . : - d
k1"ed"r D l r JNhi r P s"J*or l l r t
sotrnrlprool,
ctu.
i
i ubsl . + Dsr t . :
t
"ar l - r "ndi ng.
l "a. r
I o\ I ng f bor n o t
'
ondi l i onpJ
r gg
sh0pPd
heartlelt. thoushtworn,
erc
i
'
' ' "i i i . . i Ji i i . i
l i "l t ; i ' ",
r cn. n", h
' i nj
l dJ, ,
""
i r r Fsr k a Lt E\ ' e: l t ' t
; dj . - psf . : d+p. l on"d. har J bo"d h: ' \ ' . ol n r ' d pl "6dnl sDol ' "n
el ' :
r dv.
-
8dl . : downr i ; h' ,
. epr . ' hd"p
our bJ nJ. pr ' cr '
dt '
:
i dv. r nsi t . : r a' \ - c"i ns. hsr d
\ t or }
s
oul
"ndr n. l
o\ ' _b ar r n; \ ! Fr l mdan ng
Josn"d
l . l , ; sl , shJ\ Pi ,
hai vr _l a' l '
ndr l nr n
i r i
ve.b + snbst.: l.hc ral, taL blush. elc
:
r r r r r
+
r et l : nok? b' t : p
"
sat ai a dl
' Jo.
\ p d' nt . \ n' Ll d b"
! l " s6
4t '
:
eer b
i
! dr . : a h: J. 4
vau
t o'
' g6
l
r o dr Jl r
i .
d
' u
0"o!
n. . ;
- s
b"l . : a1l f r , . . / i , , ". \ i
",
l
t l l
/ , nr ' r . o, ' , D, r gam"s. t h"oPFP' ( s)
t f t de. ai , , r h, / l r oad, i t .
- -
Adi .
( , ; Dme
"f ' . . t i ! sdusut i \ : dr ' "4oJol r "m1r h:
bat l ar \ h r ondu"t .
"\ c
m; i mur i F
r r ei nl . : a1 PAq' a'
' J
1. . '
r t . a l l r d odL| o t nt o
. ^-
I ' 1" ond' d4ot h.
. t . uQel c. Jno, ' on, oL, | : ) a' ' JI u' ho, d. r \ d! ' ho\ : ado! b! . | ] o' t
:l,o ,: ihp nol/-rl"/
"rAl,/
D-tut'
dn" . ."t al-d
'
"
I
po
Ps an o
tt ol
th" qoJ
Ptarp
atr
oonst r ucl i i
r r r r r s: l c:
: t +. t 1ui
\
\ l - h' n. t r
E""o, dhl
^nt t . y.
n Joyot hona
\ . \ ". d . / , ut d; t hua
^ 11! t p
o
; n. o b"
4n' t - l
- i , Unt \ t
hl v' r \ on' .
r h!
sr or l
- , , ds
i gn. l nb
' pann ^'
i l \ ' sr dr . h, 4do' .
l ' anuht ol Sp) l a' nss
"r t
Elementelc care
inLrn in compunerea unui adjectiv stnt in general sau S
Sl{l
scrise intr'rn singur cuvlnt, sau unitc
prin oratimn:
| $"r , . , "r F
", . _J
d. r .
\' \ Eoeryd.nll (adj
)
nnslisli Col|sc
Il is a lans disl4ne aw0!
Ii lrad a lo,s' d,rd,' .
(adj
)
cau.
Th ! . u", p l i nl bt , - o' , i . apl t ; ! l o\ r ' .
T
p
l o
- ,
h"
t t a*
-
and
t F: anal
. , r t ?od t abl "
Liniula de unire
$i
locul unde se alld er
prczinti loart mare impoltanlA
pentru intelesul cuvintelor respective
,\ se compara:
a cndpled
/otr ledl
compus
(cf .
S
805):
a ane'kgge.l rr,an
qilfedsed
a double bdtu ed
8\L
Thc chair had dn upenr)ed \o\ tor one
' rh.
restalrant \eas ;rcrnaDled-
l eg.
L
shoestring
:
t\\..
ll -
cran.lre linbji encreze
812
Ailiectire telescopate
(Partmankalt ll'ords
)
(Yezi
S
401 peniru eapli-
cerea t ermenul ui ):
gal d nr "
i n- r I u r ' i l r "
t hi ne
d r ' ; r m Jn i ' r n! l
bl : l
l -roarcd adi erl i \ cl , ' r
rrrodorrrc. Cr' dr^
'
al '
'
l j a' i \ " noi r' rl i / ' ar. a
rr
. l i l d . r : Jf . nl 0
i n l i mbd
-
el . zi
a
' ' ' o' r ' p "l '
l ol o' ' l ; a
pr u' F' l ' u. qr r l r ' I
p entru
'accentu
area subtiliid-tii.
lldsi,icitnlii fi
o\presiritilrii tn scris qi in
l a' J. | l . r J
e\ en p| "
' | - ", nFn
dar j p' l i \ F
I n' r ' : r r r r d" I l r mb6
r l r Fl '
, r +al i i l i
"r a. "
i , ol H- ; .
"i
- ' d, \ l ni l
, r ' i "r
- ' r "d" ' l ' ' omn, r - Li ' ' onl ur Fr
l ' - -
cedelor ourente:
an daclurrsbtel nnn
u n_ge,_al
dblel
l]hces
lle $a5 rod- St*' r
'
] , at ano; n
d r n \ , i ' E
8nd, ' d
g L. st s
l hc
", r
f / r \ t r
. l dzz
l End
!r.r ,,,x1
-,1?i.,
ish: {ir
Il \r.rs a n.(r"-r'
lntE.,
' ' _\ '
, oul l l x q | d
L
l '
; l
I
i '
)
' . I l L
r l l pl h. u. ' 1. a. "r
"i
dr ' I L, . , - nh. . a
l i dl i . nd / t
-
l /
*
r
^
r
i i
tarian and Eu,lar-Dor0lrilh."r
"Here' !
a
frin
ro z.v
' /,,a
l,' bo.t
' J
I at n
rqi
adj ect i vc t ormat o di nt r o l o. ul l rne snu di i t r o f razi i t ut rearn:
1l\is h.k' a|ain' Co&a!(ilr
lriend oi lis
: i ;
, a'
"i
"t i ".
; . t . : .
-
t - . l / ,
r ' , i
:
' ' , 1:
n: t "
!
. : r ,
'
oDt "
l '
' | l r '
l on
i { ar d
Adjeciivul
trbuie studiat
ptralel cu adtcrbul
S
814
B. ADJECTMLE
DETERI' II\A1' IVE
Sr\tl PIi {JNO\' II NALII
(PRONOITIIN'\L AD JECTI\lilS)
I n af ari de adj ect i vcl e
propri rr zi s' ,
P\ i \ 1i i n l j r bx enql -/ ; .
(a qi -i n l i rrbA
romeni . o cat eqori e dc
pl onunl e rare nu rrrui
l i rr
l o' rn i i rbFrrrni "l or'
' i
l c
i . ""i "* . ; t " di t ermi ni ca
$i
adi el l i \ t l e.
I l l e l u nt i dt r. r: Ll rr' f i rr
' 1i e
(l e
""o'iuln": ";
derin adcvirati adjecti\e
ii
de aceea sint
':rtr\it..
udidit'
1""
i omi nal c. Spre a se deosbi d adj ect i vel e t rl i i i t at i \ e el e n1ai poarl n
Ei
nr, nf l r
de a4iedLw
.lettmlnatLrc:
Tl l s
l ot l f ai l
i s r f o. c
i r r t er ' sl l ns t l ] l n
' ' dr '
?i . al est e n
pr onume
deoar ' ei ' e
i r k, t ui el t c subsl r nt i t r t l
?t ' t ml t :
t ht s
- .
.
i n. d a l t c
l i ! ppr , r l r
"
, l r t sr mi ni u' t ul p"' ' "t
'
. \ Pr ' bt , c
l ' hl .
Pr unur
l "
nr onunel ui i nt er osal i l ' snu
r cl al i l n/ t ' r ' '
pLr f ur
11' r Lr Fl ' Jr \ / r i r l ! r 01' r ' r r i
pr onune nehot i r i t e au
5i
un col esl ondent ar l j | t l i Yal '
-i;'fa#,ll:Xi:"1'l,i'll'"1*;,*'
din.7ti.,s Ad,anu,e! i,, 11',,nnqhtui
d. L,\\,.
tr
R.
-\ldinstor.
or. .n.
{
iala o iarLi iDiuz.tni.d ca& ra lnraiil .Im 5n lotosraliali"
(}'hatosrut
't
1i "w r ' i 601.
"
'
P u \\
',J'
ou.P.
\a"
"tl
:ng Fry:\
6!
n i \ ' . / o.
l odl r
I i n' r ' b- :
l
i 1r
' l \
'
163
pronominale so tmparti ca
lsi
pro umele respcti1-el in .tncl
S
815
Adjectivale
. at egori i :
1) adjectivc
posesil-e
2) ad
ierin
e demonstratiYe
3) adj ect i rc i nrcrogal i vc
14
adjective relative
;) adjecLivc nehoterite
-{djectivrtc
prononilale sint inl.nriabile, cu erceplia adjccti\.e]or
posc-
sive. demonstrati\.e
,si
a cito a adjocLive neholnrite.
(Peniru studiercn comperal,ivi rrsi amnn nlitn a adjectivelor
prorrl-
| , i ni l ",
\ "/ i pr or u, ' l . r ' . p' r r \ p S9' n
' l l
' 012.
1049, I I j l ] l .
l j t di c; ri t ol o
p, ' sc. i \ ;
I
Po.
-s, J"
AI JJ
T; r' s. t
: nt
,s
Slti
s
617
{.-
trostN, nonsha..
{:
rosrru, voastra
roifr! !oaslrel
(: lor) (nascnliD, l-"ninii,
nculrn
ir
conu.l
$
e00i
.ldjcctitcs
)
stllL.
S
tl8
"s. {
, a. {
I
ou'
ffi" l=
ii,:.i',t.;'i,:ili"l"'r
il
lw*
l i :
l -l i i ' (, f [ ; ; , 1] ' "' rt 1, t , ", "
, .
{=
l ui ,
r i )
l nPUt r ul
(1' cnL.u
dcialii vczi
2/ . \ di orl i rcl c dcmoDsl ral i t 0 (D"nonst rat ; "
tho (: acel, acea, acei. acele)
Orzi $
444)
I di dn' t knoF l . hem ai , / E I i me.
ls he rndr Cronin'1
t hi s ( : acst . aceast n) ( sg- )
?its bol
goes 1o e dax-nu.sery.
these (: acesli, aceste) (p1.)
Arc ,tusd cigarctn's yonrs?
that
(:
acel, acea)
(sg.)
I'ndr rcst l,omc h6
jt6t
been bnilt.
those
(: acei, acele) (pl.)
Don't put ,lD.? things on the tablel
the other (: celdlalt, cealalti. ceilalli, celelalte)
Givc me ,ld ,rrdr
Dhoto: this one is no cood.
l'll havc ,1, od.f apdesi I don'l like these, ihey're
g.ecn.
thc lormer
[:
prinul (din
.jouli obiecte' sau din dodlU grupud de obiecle'?)]
Doesn't he p.eler th.
latwr
?f,Letn.\tite to the laiier?
tho latter (: ullimul din lo d obiocte'sau din dou.t grupuri de obiecte?)
Aren'l rne lo,rd
!.oposals
do.c atl.active lhan ihe forncr?
the fi$t
[:
primul. primele (din mai multe obiecre')l
?r.
ftr,
tiile he s'rggcsLcd rvas lhe best ol the thrc..
the last
[:
ultimul, u]timele (din rzal nulie obiecte'9)l
Ol all ihc plaJs you mcntioled, oniX fta 16, onc sounds Ufilllng-
Such
(: a.est, aceastn. acestj, aceste; asemenea, astfel de)
\there did 1on lind st., a
perfcct piece
ol old ohinn?
,ta.n rvre his wo.ds.
.lL.n goodncss is.a.e.
.larl, liorsps ,.e
Aood
lor field sorlt.
' Pr onu, l
t
[ 0i J
r ezi
!
I r 1
:
Srns
gf rmat i c. l (S t l .
Soms
(: acelaii,
aceea;i etc.)
The sdtu dav I went on a irip to uie seside
'l
ory
(: chiar ao1/acea/aceilace'le)
We arc standirg oi l'hc terl
ryot
Ftrcre tlc baltlc
\rxs louglil
\ on. r t ' ur l , i
! oni i t sr r ur
l i r di ' ' i r "r
' ' r el
r ' "a r c"i a""t - ' '
u. r dr et bp
o ol ol "i i
i r t
- ' r r , ' i
n^u"r ". n
- "b
r r nL"l Ji al F' cl
. J
n
j r ' l ul
l opr r ' :
l n r n
'
o r \ o' "
"
h4
' r nJ
L' ^d
\ "
' i
\ ' l j
'
|
"l '
p"- . ' i ; b l "'
l nr ' ' \ ' 1,
' vd-
/ \ d\
l\iczi tnrtN
detalji
s
93r)
S i . l ) J, . \ di cr! i \ el p
i rrl progrl i \ e
I
t n'
rr'
-at "1di
/ i '
"s. /
si r. :
'
Whi . l i i
1p"7
ur e Ji n - Ln r r u"'
r r n' - 1" I - ' l r i ns
' Fr p' r r r l
/ , . f r \ ' d- o
"b. . "
. 1o j
,
! ""1
1
t ' t r l
, r ' . ; , o
!
' , : J""o
1yt , or ' :
!
"
n nr "\ r
I\'hosc?
(: al cuil n cui? ai cui'l ale cui!)
lfr,se sor \tas h.1
rnos'
roice did
l hcaf?
' l Tbat ? :
r : e? car el
pc r ar e?
( i nf cl es l nr g
ge cr al )
lr'ial
rclatives ln!.
Jou
got in Buchrcst?
ltla,
lciter .ue lrrstT
iry'd, cha.act0r
did lie inrpersotrate?
Ho\ l mr l oh?
( : ci t ] ci t n?)
,'1,n,,,rc]'
llnslish do You
kno{?
H,0 nr./, iJiFrest did he show'
l l o\ t r onYl
( : ci t i ? ci t e?)
1t o' r t o d o"! u-
\ p, l h. 1 o
l hp nnnor ' ' 15 - ! m' r d
Har
"
aa- t \ r , : s
, . : d
. \ o' r
pl nLl
-
{vezi Penl' u
detalii
S
101!l
S
sJO
14
,{djectirelo
&lttire
ffielrtti'e
Adiecttues)
ri]|,tl
Which
: (pe) care
The li|rrim
inirodnced me lo heo oI ihe rcadD' s' ltcnt rld Jones' oni' l' hll' r
nan a l f ont r ankPr '
W t o' l h' ml o' nr obd
' r l i l
r d\ r D
f ol u$ d
lvhoso
(: al rafui.
a irerci, ai ciror, ale cnrei etc)
Thp ml n
Lf t a
b- dn mr
: o1p|
i o"d o o I
r - r "' l p
r
J
i dr i l i
l s
i ; : ' , s l l | o! l
"n
s
1' . r i b mv $o k
Wh$t
l:
ce,
(Pe) carel
t Yl , ,
Fl l i \ r
t e
r d
i r ^ o
. .
nt i ' ( 1
I do_ t r oL{
"hdr so. (
n 4r r '
Wnal
liitle tobacco rmains
is at
Iou
dispos' tl
Cuvintele
compuse
din *'har
l\
Qhich
+erer
sau soer'J'
poi tl pronume orr
.Ldjectivc:
l l hdt r r of . , .
r cl l l s. ' p n' dJ l - . . h mu l
l o' l
' o
'
r "l
n
h: he
".
p\ i t
omds
f i r l r mor
"i
r '
lvezi lenlN
delalii
S
103j)
i 5: : 1 i l t di er t i t el o
r r ebol nr i l e / / ndPl ' l / P
A. di
' l a) ' i ", t :
"
a ccr t i t i n
( un/ o
cnur '
r r ' o i nJnr r l Jr
Hc broL.lehi,4
d.rrdtz Dan Rlrrt with him
iii" *;;i
i'* to @.c.'dia
exrent sadsractorv
cedsin
(: unii' unele;
oarecare)
t f r di n oPoDl p hal e
r o br p t or i d/ z
mLs'
He I ' a"
, - ; or ' , boul s ha mr ghl
' nl "n5r
) vu
1|]4
somel
(: cil,ira, cilcl'a; unii, unele; ni-ste, ceva, pulin, pulind, pulini,
pul,ine atc.)
Wc sarv so/re
teasets
at worL
Shc will buX srru rrce.
llhe ernibiLion c.nlaired somd
sorrre ... or other (:1'reun, vreo .., oarecere)
Hc is alnays sure fo make sol.e eti\1se or ot' tet.
$' o mnst liird satue reas(n o. athct lof our absence ltom the party
any
d, (in propoziliile
S.terogaliv-e,
negalive sau ipotetice):i'run,
vreo: ( negai i e) ni ci un, ni ci o; sau nu se t raduce;
Ha\. rod dra rare books?
'fhe\-
\ion'i lti ni or9 clild urder seren
It
Jon
trale any llorr, bring me some,
plcde.
several
reEpeotiv)
&l
:
orice. oricare
,1,v ohilrl conld do lhis
Toli niav tale du, nro magazines
lon
like.
(: citiva. rjtevn: mai mulli, mai multe; dilerili, difrite;
Jarrii lircfs 01 iewelr n..c missirA.
I r nr e' bee, , l o \ - eni c; r e/ e/ ai t i r , r a
\te oalled iberc or tlircc .v,t.ral da\-s.
'l-h-" sresis
said
sood
|yc and $rit tl,, ir .\.r.rol \tays
su dfy (: diierifi. diterite)
\Ve liaY m.t on s,nd'! occarions.
Tlroc wrrr sdn.lfr reaaoi( lor his alliludc
ono ( : un, o)
Orz dat l.hc cosros
\rill hold no secrek ror nim
Thcre i\as onc }Qter ln
pafllcul{r Nliose rngs were Folks of
lnrc
a
alrother (: un alt, o ali:i; rrdi, hcn)
0!c ol ile mcn lud bougl,l or. ho$e, on.lner one anolhef.
Uav I lralc rn,r(. ro ol ica.
trlease?
Stir LnaLhe, th! rinulcs. Fill
XoD?
(5 133)
other (: all, nltn, alli, oh,e)
x lid! orllr peoplc callcd he. altfnt'on lo it, slie r.alized lier nisiakc
c'rEl da]s, ,rll \tnys.
uch (: mutt, multii)
(rezi
$
690 694)
Tl f
"
$d:
". ,
1
.
us :
r h
mo. ni nl .
You lnov l,o\L na.n Norh l djd yestudtty-
mary (: n1ull;, nn te) (vezi
S
690 694)
-lIa,y
\rtsr tlie resnlls iolloring !!0n lhc:launching ol tlie carth srtellites inlo orttr
_
I halc mdr.! radio h rs: auons mI lrinds
(a) littrc (: pu1in, pu-tine) (vczi
S
677-686)
I
savc
him ./ lrtL adri.. on his $ork.
H, ; Lnn\ s r r , L, l udn Jn(
'
. , l al i u.
(a) re\v (: ciliye. citel'a;
pulini, putine) (vezi
S
687)
. . 1
/ t u
{o ds a, . or l . n o, p
pl ol ,
l hJn a l ong sp
' h
\ \ p kno!
/ . - r Fopl e
i , ' t "t r hur "st
1
- on!
asl e
d! obi cdi n d.
"nl
. al l n, onr . *L- | P de. i l or ma, l dbl
l sr n
AT l or m'
r T'
t - r ml
Jndesoa
' . nl ui l
nr od
r ' "i al suuda! 65eal l bl Jbl r r i i l ! l
pr opo?i i pi v"/ i
! i Q
l l : 8, l t 8i .
r
f dd, o l anJ
:
r Jdl oamat or i
{col o( \ i dl l .
186
enough
(: desLul, destuii, destui. destule)
We have iood cn4rsn fo. our oul.ing.
Thoc arer't ,mLrn caks to
go ronnd
each
[:
fiecare in parte (accntuindu-se padea. nu intregul)]
We should see a tuture Dromise
in adr ohiid
-Eaci
appliance should b-; ovefhauied belo.c it is $vil..hed or'
eycry
[:
Iiecare (inteles colectiv); io!i, todt]
/ , ' . /
L' , , 1
v
l l ' ov J"4\ p
nur i r o t '
. n, r r t
I ' i i i *- d, . i ""r , d. i . n
r oar " d"mi ,
r i ;
E e.e Jaok had ltis Jiil.
all
(:
tot, toatd, to!i, toate; liecare)
He worked l,afd all dar ai the
lorttiit
ol an acadoni.ian.
.1lI peo!]es stru3gle ior
Peace.
cither
(: amindoi, amindoui; oricare din doi sau do n)
F o{", j
sl
r v
o, ' t l a"
- r dr
or 1P r ndd
/
, 1. 1. 1"
5h" I r al l . r \ p
. t i , . .
r oom. sh' ; . h r r sh" p- ' . :
noither (: nici unul, nici una din doi sau doui)
,{.id.. I.ontranke. was over bvenly_Iive
years oI age
fi,nnd. scheme was accepied.
both
(: amlndoi. amiddoui)
to,n mv cliild.en are at school.
Lct m have totn testtlbes ior the etperrment
no (: nici un. nici o)
, Vo man knp( r Lour
qddeni ns
as m"' 1. 6 \ n
Tnp
po-
md ! - or ul a@ hr r . r s
. vest , r ddj
nolle (: nici un, nici o, deloc)l
P"d. r i . al
, \ p"r : ar r p
h" had. or b"i nS
)
'
oo
Jo' r Dc
Bd"k, r dt u
r i j
l ur a.
r hnr e wer e t o4p i n l \ " o"phandCr '
Genius he is naE.
( Vezi
i i S
l l e7l
Nar d
,A.djectirete determinatite trebuie studiate
parall cu proounele respec-
t i ve.
(Vezi
$
1152)
I
zond, cind cslc adjectiv, sti iI gcnere despe.liI de subslantivul
le
cn.e il determint
{stil
literaf).
PRO\U}ItrLE
coNsI Dt H{T1t GE\ ER_\ L}l
L PFO\ I \ LEr l l I t FsU\ - {L
pts
t i l
322 trt
824 111
8r 5 171
427 t 1r
828 \ t !
838 17'
ii39 1r_2
839 1/ - 3
8t!0 1i4
Delini!ie
Fuclii
841
842
3/r4
17t ,
1' L
|,.t,
N.mn l
Iratut"ElIi
pprsanol
845 t7 4
846 lt4
849 I r - 4
85ll 1,-5
Persoana
a 2-a sinsnlar
PeNoana
a 3-a siniular
Phalul
antorjlalii
ti
al
f a: ul
l onun. l ot t . , . ont
l e
I L PRON| I EI , E
! t
: \ D, JECTI VLL TOSESI V.
III. PNONU]IELE IIE}'J,}III\T
-qI
FlI']\U]IEI-E
IJD I^"TiRIRE.
Pr nr . l ur
J- r r or i dr i i i . , . or r ; . , i
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
r l n r uar dr e
f r n' l l
- 1"
r "r ' . n l ' r ' , , 11, \ i f
i l p
l r o, , , I n! t u
d. n, 1r i r p. , .
r nnt n/ . - pr onr m
I "o
un"r n r l "\ | ,
' r
. . ' nr
' 1.
. . . . . . . . . . . .
!
n" l r onLn
f r nn' r nr pb
r o| F\ r v . , I , ,
. ut , , ", , o, ", , , . . .
, / f uJl t
r nr r eDnr r l xI r
Loml pr onnnr hi ; ei t . r i r . i al
t , l r . uni i r r i
r i e Jni ; l ; . ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
869
183 900
870 1r ' 8
873 t 79
887 181
888 11J1
890 181
8-46 182
901 183
! 07 r 33
!09 184
910 184
911 184
918 1l t 5
919 1l l 5
920 15
gr t
186
92t 186
923 186
92i laJ
928 187
929 18r l
930 188
931 188
934 189
9t 5 189
936 189
939 189
I \ . Ft
, , \ r \ t FLf
. t
\ 1, .
' : T. \ t
L L, I : \ t O. - T| | \ ' t , \
189
189
190
't HLS
(THtiSL),
THA'1
('tHOSE)
l uncl i i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
l or ma. GcD. Nu: l r . CaZ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
In|rcnninlarc
' Tl , L
r , - l hxr ' ' l , onu, nl _l r \
. .
\ Jr . r b"
, . or . l
' r . "
- l ht
i
- r . "' : l . r 1 . . . . .
TIlD T'ARJ]IEN.THE ],!'T TL A
l u, r j i i . . . . . .
96t
hhelxinla.c
1161, 194
1! 5
For ml . . . . . . . . . . . . .
' ) H1. : I . I AST, ' , t HE LAS' | . . . . . . . . . . - . . . .
t 68
945 190
{r48 {90
! 4! 1) 1
961 19rl
gi l ,
i 9J
! 66 191
I Hf Of l t l n. l 111, ut t 1l 1: . . . . . .
sAl r E . . . . . . .
v. PTI oNUI ELE
$I
- \ DJECTI I Li .
l Yl l i Ll . r aj - l TI \ ' . . . . . . . .
Dcl i ni l i . . . . . . . . . . .
, i 1
9i )
195
rl9i
101t rrr '
1n l 8 r ?-
i ! l : r l l
.
Siualkt ..tut\
. . 1011 :
I nt er oqai i a di r c. l i si ni dnedi - ' . . . . , . , . .
. . 102b
' n'
Ixxili;ril DO ln irti,rcsatii
. . . .. . lotll ln_
Lo"r pr . '
o/
l i i . . . . . .
10: 10
Pr oa , l o
i ,
' o
i F' r - . . . . . . . .
. l nl : ' ' _
const r uol i i mi oni l i ce . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1035 :
\ . I PRO\ UI {FI LE
l I
ADJI I CTI VUL REL- \ TI V. . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
-
1057
189
4i
205
t05
205
206
206
206
206
207
201
208
, 08
, 08
wHo
IYEICH
1053
1059
1060
1061
106,
1063
Funclie
Inteles
WHAT
Caz
1083
210
1084
210
t0a7 2ll
1088
211
1u91
211
7192
2t!
1093
211
A3
. . . . , . 1091
2t 2
1495
212
1096
212
BUT
7091
l nr . l "s . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . l nsn
mr Pr l r nl , r r
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t O99
Ake clks tnrli. ft
f.t
ita ate ta p.a
numete
9i
atljtti, ele retat iee. .. .. ..
-..
.. . . . . . . . .
Subsl dl i \ , , ol
"l i v. - l J, . o- num,
h r pt Jt ' r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . .
r r ul
ur r psa po' uad. r
r r J. v
, P"o
.
, j ,
r "l ul i \ / . . o
t ol
. . . . . . . . . . . .
r r o2
LocDr pr l nur n
. . . . , ,
' r , , 6
cu r r n. {r F dP subst ant r \ ' . , .
r at 6; i ; ; i ; ; i i i ' ; i i t i r ; i . r i p. l . i i i i i i i . ' "i i i i i "! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . ' . . .
1112
2t2
212
212
2\2
212
272
213
2t3
214
2t5
215
1120
216
\t21 216
1t25
216
7124
2t i
7129
21)
1130
2t1
1133
21i
1134
21i
r \ t '
2t )
1136
! l r .
1137
at?.
I' tadutrh retalio
\:II. Pll' ]NU]IELE
II
I DJDCTI YI TL
- ! - EHOTARI T
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _. . . . . . . .
r i l t 21!
D
' i r i l i
. .
.
. .
. . . . t t ( 2
.
1.
. . . I t 11 : t .
, d. i t \ q r . dt r ot Jl t
. . . . - .
. . l t 41 l .
or
r r
J r dl r " r f . t or Lr hot Jr "t n ,
u al t p pr on, r m.
,
, . "
f . "u. t I t 4u : . j l
170
protrume
ri
sdierlieo
oetot6rite
EYERI
. . . - .
.
-
j
t1r")
' I
l5t :l2rl
tt37 222
7116 l.!.!
Llii 22)
1t 5i
122
I r i 9
tl6a
223
1161
123
1163
"l
, 22
) t 1
: t l
1),-
I nl el es
. .
.
-.
.
Acordul cu alte
Proaune
Funoi i i .
.
, , '
-
'
consfruoiii
idiomatice
SOME,
ANY..tIO,
-i\?NE
'
So, t l f
. . . . . . l t 74
l nl pj e.
. .
. I r l t '
t nhebui nl aP . . . . . . .
l l 8<
Pr onunl i e
.
. . . . . . .
1186
Funcli
. .
ANv i i i *
l nt er eb
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r i sa
lnhebuinta'e
,'
-
119t
^f
^rnN/i
For me coml usr
. . . . 1205 ! t 8
116i
l 16i
116, 1
{ 170
t l 14
1r)' 5
11r - 6
1118
224
' ) 2L
) ) 1
: 15
"
221
22i
l-la
22ii
2) ,
924
PN, ONUI I EI , E
(TI l l I PRONOUN)
OONSIDERATII GT]NEBALI]
,
l ) Drt i ni t i c. . PronrrnFl e csr"
_parrea
de vorbi re care
l j ne
j ocul
unni
S
8gz
dt r nUt
pcnr \ dt enl i
dl acest Ur e.
i ub. ' - , , r i \ ut
, . r u
c. hi val anr ut
l ui r r nt o. ui t de pr onum". e
numeql e
j n
g
821
l l nt i . rl rl -z; . nl prpdcnt t l
pronumpl ui (l nn. pd"
sau Pri nrr' parl . Desi nu
r . . ' r ' ,
r ot ul . 3r i . 15. d' odf . .
a, pa. t n dFnumi r p f a
f i t nr r pbui j r ! n;
pon, r u
si m_
pl i l i rar"
i n 1rr. r*r' a <1" l ; , ; i n l o, ul ppri ha, , Fi f nl o. i rF i n a. c. t
"az
dp gramat i "a
2) Clasificarcr proDumelor.
Se disting d obici
rsdpre
categorii de
g
894
d/ l "o1r 4dr
o"": ona, " I
r nor nl l \ ' r ' r a sl ' 4 i | . $ \ o l h' J
oo r u
) o! .
nr m.
, . .
. . . . \ o" t h, q
/
/
t
, o. . , m- ' r
Do. , c, i \ c I
I ni n!
Jo. r s.
l , i s \ Fr ' i l " o\ n
'
I
onr (
r o r r ' r hqr r !
or r
'
., Pmnuml
relle\i{c
d, ProDn fl.
(lenro,,stratirc
ol s. l "
l our s
l ' . | | : mr i . I . r pl l . i , sd,
our eph, "
l onr s. l \ es,
l nPn\ el \ Psi
oncscl l
ntciptace: eat:h othe., one doitrer
r
i . .
- l h
i ! . hdr . i ho. ", r h-
t or ma". t h"
d
"r ,
' i .
. I ' r .
' hp
l ast .
I no
ot l , . r t s, . s?mp, su. l
e.) Prorrmel-. intcrogal.ire
$ljo? Nhose? whom? $l,i.h? Fhat?
ll
P.o.um.le lelal.ive
ti
sho,
Nliose, \rhom, which, $lEr, rtrat, as, bur
I
d. h. Jl . on. . , r ' , or h. r .
^t hr r r . !
"i r r , , - ,
n. r . r r .
I
bo . . r . se.
Jod.
t h.
) .
sr r pr j r l , sunur r . , aj I . k,
I
sor F.
t uv. , , on4
. om"bodJ.
son. , 1D. ,
"ot r i "t hi Dq.
I
nnJDodJ. anJon4. anJl I ng. nobody. no on; ,
I
p! . r ! bodv.
.
\ e. ) o. . r .
4\ dr vr r i . a
3) Acordul prorumelui.
Pronumele se acordein ge/\
nutnb
Ei
persoand g
BZb
cu ant ecedent ul
si u:
i
r nl
, r m,
i . :
. a.
snc m. \ d1. gt , . pr .
Th, n, , . - Jd aL n / / ", r , I . i mo"b, , or - 30, . Sd"\ n, ' r "r , at - .
ln privinta
ca.ulai ins6, pronumcle este ildependent,
de
antecedant.
q
826
cazul pronumeluj
liind determinat de ro1ul acestuii tn propozilia
alin care
-
\ j 4l i o 1. l , a, ' r ' 1; l
n' $ r , "
, , , . , al . o! o_.
T
p.
t 1, nt . .
N\ , $pr
( ur ki ng
d n t dr t
- i \ on
/ r , , ,
r ddt . l .
|
. o0( p
t o t h/ r . . . 1, . . , ? ( . j at . , , e, ( "nT
, . .
. i . r
ar r v. o.
Srrc mel lhe rolrd, (ac.t. rrnose
lgcn.
ob.t in I kne{
4) F
' r Dl r i .
. .
Pr onum- t e p"r sonal p. po. ". i \ .
, , r t , . \ i \ "
- i
d-
j n
i r i r i au, { 822
i u
i l . \ . , t s\ . ppr i i
I nr n- ddcr i t F pFnl | u pFr l oa16.
r unnr
t l "
p, r . oal l a
a3- a
-
sg. )
. r
^pn.
. - ", , l p par sondl .
si
ppn. r u
"Hz.
Pf a. unFt , i n, "r or e, i \ r _t d. i v
1v. zi
pa8.
62 r l t a L
r?9
r r 4 dr e l or n, di t pr i r e
l pnl r u
' 1r .
P"l r u
nr onumF
dpmun
l r nl i vp / / l r
'
r f t dl '
on,
t h , t ! ' t . ) : i unr l nehot r r i t
( n' 14, ar r pl ur l l ul di t Fr i r dcsr nguLar ' Lcr or aI e
Pronume
sini
inlariabile.
8r8 5) l'u 8!ii. -
Formele cu valoare de
pronume au ln
genere
'si
valo{rc de
adjectiv.
Eacepl i L
829
\
u au l or m. 1Jj "'
l i \ al .
'
or pl pun/ dr oJr r :
pr o r mel p
ppr sonr l e
"i r pl l pt i vp'
Dronumele
demonsirati{
s(]:
pronumele int'erogativ-relfltiv
t'lo' cu cazul
iii""ii'
*a-t;
pronumele relaiive that, dr
li
D&t;
pronunele nehot'drite com'
puse cu some, dny, n0
|
erera.
830
Adiecrivele
corespunzitoare
pronumlor
poscsive difere ca formi de
acesl,ea. cu ercepl,ia
pcrsoa ei a 3-a sg maso'
b3l
l r ma o. r el "
r u\ i nr .
Pot
l r
f i :
".,,,i11:*i,'"1,:'1"'lh,''hfi?''iiti}",''J;
i3il."ffi,ii#]"ii,fig:
illl"l'1"1;',1"*xll";
$
s
s
s
i
s
$
832
833
834
8?t
8:r0
837 lunoliile
sintrctice
ale
t i vul ui
($ 347-35{l ).
838
6) Locul
tDtccedontului
pronunelui'
lui) tnlocuit de
pronune precedii de aele
cazu
inse. il
fi
urmeazn:
s
83e
7) Pronumcle
Porsonale,
Pososile
Dzneldlr: oDe, lirst
alc-re: all, any, 43, both1, but,
eilh(ri neithef, little much no'
sone. sonelhing,
(the) sanc
@aiLtulii:
4. botli' bul,
ilhor' neither
pepa.iliet brlt.
pronumelui stnt accleaqi ca
!i
acelea ale strbsian-
(Ndtudt)
(Pds.)
(cel
)
l 1
j r toate
ss.
{ I
masc.
|
31hm.
t
t neutru
t l
Pl I I t oat e
i r ioaie
PentN
i t
i [
lo.mrlA
a.lraroe alc
\ \ l ' cn
l h. 4r l ,
- a
"
' l "
por .
r "1' \ f t / r ' t r ' n'
dl on' e
sl , r r ; r
- /
! - t nt . ! 1". t ( ! _or ' l
' v"t Jone
FaoE n"r "
I yl o l or on,
i s r hr , , dr
i ant e' )
at t h'
' l oo' 1
i : l ; ". ; ' o
1
puo. t hat
uau Bpt l a' -
4i t r e
/ i . r ' r ' l a' .
r
-
Substantivul
(sau echivalentul
mai multe ori
Pronumele.
ln rare
Di
rellexir0
ti
ailioct:ivele
posesivo
"l'osAtre
F.flerit
(Adj.)
(]'totu
)
(l'ton
)
r ni r . t r r sel f
Jour
yours
You.seu
nis his
himseu
her hers
herseu
ils its oslr
itseu
Jour lours
Yort!$tves
their
tlieirs
llcmBervE
on.'s o1$r onrsell
lfonumelo.
vzi
S
r5l
1idverb
sau coljunctic
CONS1DERATfl
CEN' RALE
I?3
8) Pronumele
li
adjectirele pronominrle
Pronunlie. l,'ornLe tati
ti forne
sldbe
t) Forma leticald /;rn.r tale
(accelluali)
Farna slabil. (neaccentuarn)
he
/hir/
her
/ ha: /
htm
/hm/
n, s
l ht l l
/ Dt : l
lry ln.\tl fomd
nutudrd
she
lli:l
/s"rn/
IlAl /ttun. rclatio)t l6P.U nr
t hci r
-
Ji 6. . i +
r cneand
I la..rl +
eacatii
!!em /irem/
r.her
l6etl
us
/^s/
rre
/wri
yov (adj.)
l1t:*,
p.*,
n@l 11dne
f uat mdLe
)
yon.s
ij.:zl
2) Pr onun. l " nFnt i ondr d mai
j o.
"u
osi r s. r i t at n. n:
f unnd
t ar , , . dt .
,\tt st .Pd normald,
*
-
I
fil{ al pronumetui
esire pronunlat
[r]
inairtea
unei vocale si este
mur rnarniea
uner consoane.
S
819 a
i
tl
lqhd ttabd frc.eenld
rIdIjl/
prcnutLe
Fi
a,ljectia denat6tntic
ttutzt
?ranum.
inte.asatb2
3) Pronumclo
reflexirc
1.
". l r '
hc , t r
hd' ", . t t ,
":
s- , J. . /
r t \ r l |
/ r t s. l i /
J
| .
m' r ' '
!
. . l f . | , u. l l
/
a . " r F
I / o: r "l t /
nxf . r t \
/
J' , .
r t | q:
. "1\ /
r ^, . ' "r , . l
. , , - . r , ", , . . -
you- . dr \
ds
j JU. - h/ .
, . d". : r :
I n
r , r . "t \
.
"
n", nr t \ 7
Not ai
"
,
l l y.
"Tn
. ol cgi ; . F
un; \ Fr . i r aF
i i
t " Lr on
Col t "g.
qe
ot i snr i pt r F
. j ca
r oo( . as' a r onna
. l 3bi
I mr l
p. r . l ' u
, / / 1n
- \ pr ^. i ; l p. pnr i al -
r r r l
! ut or \ r i
t ua
dd?' ?. . . r oa
F
r r p. \ Fnr i Fr
t e i n. 5
, r
pr onu nl Hr pr t ui l / , /
Lf r
r l
! i
i n u npt p e\ pr eFi l
. omunc
! F: , JFr . r / r ng t t / i . r t at
nul n al t co. r Ti i . l . s. Fn! . i .
pi er el e
ser i oase
p\ r s' i
o
. r adr t i . .
r a! pbi t nt d i n. J d. mul l i a.
or i . d. s
pr ol unl a
f ml | or i do
,
p
nt r . , }, ,
. st a
nFl c. enr uar . r Di n
, E, 6t i "h
pr onoun, i ng
Di . r t "nar r . t ,
Daniel Jones.)
r
! . qi
: i
l , r . pr n. : i di , , r i v
J"mo. r ar , \ . . ,
l \ r , : 8.
o"
.,,
;,i:ii:l".,
:illt;rt,"T,J*,i'il:'df;tl;i':"il;il,j:
t:iJ",,.;?,,#i
,1rn
s" nfupr
. dQm. : t - e\
t oar p
l a
6d! o. i er d.
s' , r dpnl i t of Ji n i nr i i
. . . t , Ai ut ui .
$
840
s
841
s
842
s
848
l'i4
I. PRO,\.LTIELE
PEITSON,TL
(TUE P-0risoNAr,
Paorl)tN)
1) Detinitie. --
Pfonurnele
personftl inlocuietie un subslantit.
sau chl
valeniul acesiuia. desemnind
ln acelaEi timp
fr
persoana
2) Formi . -
Prot rumel e
porsoDal e si ni urmi t oarel e:
( - ei el e, t hen
(:
' rie,
' nrr
Pc
nbe.
I
(-
tie, tii
d-talc. dr.;
pc iinc. te:
Pe
d-ia,
l : hi , i :
pc el . i l )
1:
ci , i ;
! c
ea, o)
-
f : hi .
ei . i ;
Pe
el ,
(: roui,- ne. tj;
]re
ror. nel
(' -
roui,
rii
l)e
Io,,
tn. vi: d!,.
Ire
d\' .1
{:
l or , l e
i l e
ei , i i ,
! e
ele lei
!c
dnnncalorJ
S813
Obset eal i e
Cu
. \ ' Fpl i " pcr ' ua
'
i
a I
"
r l ' ul
' r ' '
t or mJ
p"r r l r u, I i p' nr '
". ". ; ; "; ; : ;
o; , ; "; . i - ""
"- . , ' i
r . . ' n,
r ' nr , u
4i
p r ' p'
: ' "' t i r p
di h' i nl
i um"i dupa
p; r ' ^ar u, r "r r ni r
: i
' "/
8 844 3) Fui ' rl i i . - P' o
' rn
'
l ' p"rorrrl '
i t !
' ! ' )' ) t t
/ ' / por I '
sr
pronun
P
'
nehot dr i t e.
( \ azi
S
l r a4)
p"orr^'"t"
p"i'!"'"t,i
"u
pot aYrja
Si
frrncfia
d adjective.
\ulfi.R(ll,
PRo\ulrrlltr
rilrisoNAr'
4l Persoana
I singular'
r' ;
p"". r"i "] "
j
i : :
"' l "' t "
l nt ot d' Ft rna
scrj s t n l i t ern nare chi ar
i rl
m l ocut l l r' I rozrl rer:
I Ln
{ l t o_so'
n
"nl ro1
i
l l i n
. r i l ' r l
, u^, \ i "1. r dFt "n i
l t ^r r , m"l ^
/ r ' r r "
nr pr i r r ' " t or bul r ' '
peot i v Ji psi nd uncori
l i
el :
l ' ": , ' ' i T' ' ,
- , r l
k, , ' ' : : C
"_. ,
r od
{a, i
s
Tl ' , ,
t o.
l . r ' r , r r .
H
) '
I
q; l '
r os
l l c
Jor r
r omor f ow
. '
' . r e
ur r i pr ^r , r r m' l ' dF
l "For r r
' ' - l
s
'
,
r 1, '
pl *- ; : , ' i a; sL, r t s. r ' or t ut , i
t r t ' , '
' 1-
"
'
l 1r ' l ^r : - Snr r \
r o\ c
t
r '
vou
l vai t i ns'
. . (l
an1) sorr-v. . .
'
5r Peri oanr u 9-n l i ngrl rr.
d/ i ' ; ; ; ; ' - r "i "n-
", n'
:
'
: n: ur
' r
' ' ' i
n"J
mel e de
peNoana a 2 a
l l ural :
. . I sL. l Ynr df . I r r
, l augi ' r ' l
' ' uu'
1 t t
l r o
, dr . i t r r
r t i l ' l r n
^,
I l sc
I
l a* aot r l uur
r ar
I r
\ \ "
- J$
d",
l . I r l
' i n
nnr h I
s
84b
$
846
s
84?
s
849
s
850
176
,, loun.le arhaice ale prouuntoior de persome a 2'a sint:
$
til
{
\ . n r, z l : t u)
(! ron pers
l
|
^
- l
t au. t d t Jr . t . . l Pl , , J . r ! ' .
' ; . i ! {r ' I : "
' a "r . - n
, d" i J.
-
, r o. . . no". ,
I
o, , h.
t
t pr r i n
)
( pr on.
r "-
t
Noo.
I {. I
' o: : J. .
r ' . ' , i
' a
|
\ t "' t
r,' I
".""
t
,.
' '
]
""
I a, , "
- pl
. o r ' a. r "l , r i . o r i , . p \ ndr -
( pr ol . p^. t
l
oh
I
"' 1i
I
' "' ",
p f o, . ( r p df .
! "^
.
r
r .
' t ! _ ,
Prorlnd. fcltc\ir
I
ss. thlflf
-
l. (rcll.): iDstrli, insat,i (le inti.i.e)
;i-de
Intirrirc
I d. !o4'scl'cs
:
lli
lreit.);
in!i!i. inscri (dc ltrierifcl
-{cesle
lorne nu sc mai gdsesc iD limba moderni decit in
"(tilul
literarJ
i,1r 1[e.,
,e ;i
in sii]ul dialectnl sru in cel colocYial.
c) Pnnnnele de palitele
l-,
dumnaloastrn. dumnrata) este
pronunele
S
869
per sonal de per sol oa a 2' a:
Io& a.. a mcmbcf ol thc Union of Artists:?
Dr nn"i n
.
'
Dunnr J\ ot u| r o sl n
l '
n. ml r u dl I I ni \ r r i l l ' r Pl d- r i r
l o& , . , m ml er . o l he Unon ol A. Lt t , '
(Dumn.deaastnj.
.tnr.li .rcabri ai Lniunii lrl\lilor Pl$iio;?l
6) Porsoanr a 3-tr singular neutru.
-
Pronumcle tl erte tntrebuinlat:
S
8;3
d,
pentru
a lnlocui numele .rbiecielors inaninaie, pe acel al iiinlelor
$
85'1
al cdror-sex nu este speciticat sau nu intereseazia. precum
,si
subst,antivele
colective
privite ca un tot, uneori chiar
qi numele de persoane considerate ca
abstrac,tii:
t r Jng i hF l . l l ,
' l i d
) ou
hcar n^
Sl e l onked at t h. bdD"r i / w6 asl pr t .
Hc caued the d,s. and t came at once.
The n?ru addresed tset/ to ihc ia-sk bclorc ,,.
She iinc; the
'tsnnaD
i; him would sseli tbef wlcn i/ had an opt ortunity.
( Vezi
t i $
67- 69, 85, 1060 c)
D/ casubiect aiverbelor unipersonale' refe toarcIa timp, orcme
Ei
distaal.i:
S
8i5
t de{$. lr driztes, i, r.eezcs, n haib, n lightens. t rains, n sleeb, n snows, t, thars,
, r i s
! r r i Uvhool / sdr m/ hot / f i , , er d, l l
n ! s cone I o f l ocki , , i s
par l v' l at p
, r i s Si ! , dnr . , r i .
' r '
: d oi Ju. y.
r r . "
spr i r .
- \ l nat t i de i s n. "a/ hb st ' - ck br .
1t is three miles to the nexl to'vn.
I r i s a l ons wav i o mv ol l i cc.
/ / i s t hr p- weei s si nce' l ou
\ 1ol p 16i .
A se compara:
S
8;6
1, ,s
[:
este (impenonal
-
pentru timp, vreme
Di
distan!e)]:
t is dark, ir ts laie, t 6 Uonday, t; 2 o'clocL, it is lar. t, is a lollg way
Therc is
(therc
arrJ
l:
esre
Gtnt)
(: se afln. se giseqte, existd)
+
su-
biectul (: il y a in limba franceze; es
gir, ln linba garmand)l (tntrebuinlat
cind subiectul vine dupd predicat):
?iald is a
saden
round tle house,
Th* be
peipre i the
ga.den.
( vezi
t i I 2505)
t
y, esle prorultrt
lji:1,
nneod
ljil.
svezi
a/,i-d
pas.
al!. rota r.
' Scns
sr am, i i i anl
( r ezi
$
2) .
r V. zi
S
67- 6! .
6\ er i
S
1196.
1?6
S
857 dJ ( cu val oar e depr o um nehot er i l ) c a subi eo t al unor vr be
i mper sonal e:
n appears
(:
se
la.e)
x seens
1:
se
pa.cl
, l hJI ppn\
l :
sc i ni l mpl ; )
, / r han, . s
l :
se i t r t l mpl s)
5
8$t
(stil lanilinr) t says, n tclh
iin
d pla), a book' elc
),
tl is said
(:6e spune)
1, aplears ilai sle Is woried in ihe "litsi ol llav" fa'torv belore
/r seems lie wants to be a nDsrcran.
. / / l bo
apppr "J
l hbl l hpv \ L r ' r \ : r i g i n l l ' sJ F
l r
'
- 1r
l $r cl axcpd J[
L\ d Ln N
r r
, ' , 1 o, i ' . m'
/ r . , avs i n hr s ! . l ool r po, r
r \ ' ( r
' p
: .
(
n l nLl i nr l l i nr ' l
. / / t - t r : n , p
r l r oni . l "
no\ . 1, . d, t Jl
, l l l , . r ' r n\ .
Ne
putem da seana cd verbele de n]ai sus sint impersonale.in caznl de
f al d di n i apt ul cn aceast d consi rucl re cu i l poat e l i Ll epl asrt ' si pusa h mi j l ocul
sair uneori'la
sfirr.itul frazei. fdr[ ca ir sa
']j'f.'i,
l?rbul nepuiirrd fi ljpsit dc
subiectul seu:
She has \'orkcd, ;t app.ars,
nr the "first
oI IaI" laotorX b'lorc'
Th, v r "r ' l r \ "q,
' o
l
r r '
n J i n l l ' " dr ' ' sl r
- l
I n: - ". ool
- pnr l
l i r ' j s
' l d
l '
:
^o
1and i r l Pl i g' l
\ s58 Mult construelii
tnlpersolaie din hnba ronanir se traduc
prin verbul
"
t o l ' ,
r
unddi ar i r '
r
I j H- i ' i f i u.
J\ i n l cubi p' r ul i / r l i mbs
"ngl "zi :
i , F
"\ r .
a, J(
"l u- oaJ' '
, i ' ad
- ' d
j p' r ni
, l i s Fl p'
"l - d
.
r l ,
l '
, 1
'
.
' uppoi - 4
, / i '
t r , ;
po' s: bl Fsr F i
l os
bf
r / 6 l houdl r
, / h n"ns' Fr r
I
r pb. l
It. is impasible not io lPel erl.Iusiastic or.r ihc last constnction
]fogralnnc
in
socialist countrtes.
I . i . r . . . . a- J
I t .
' o: . 1
' '
d bd' Lr n-
' l ot s
r l dnm
br
"
A lew
Icos
ago, ir 0ds
' a@o!cd
luratl
the.c $as lile on thc
]rlanet
Nds
De lapt tnsn. aceste construciii
-lin,
in limba englezi, de ceie arixate
ln
punctul (h) (S 864).
g
us$ dJ
jn
Fopozil;i
impersonale ln care il are ln!lesul general de:
,,impre'
j urerj l e".
. . st area
de l ucrun erc
i is wel/ill sith...
I a sure ;, shall lc weU $rih
l'oul
t iares
llo$' lares Li
S
8t i 0
_p/
ci donorbt r ai i \ , i n spe. i al ca subi ect al verbul ui , , , c+ un nume
predl cat l l l rr nomrnauv:
"$ho
is nr'1 'Jr
is l/nc."r
1, iB ten miles lo lhc nett lown'
\\:har is n.
(Jon Rani)? "1rs
a long way io Tip!era.y."
/l ca subiect al verbului ltr r.
+
uD nune predicativ in nolninatj' i')so'
1i t
de o
propozi ! , i e rcl at i ve, const rucl i e
i nt f ebuj nl , at n
pent ru a sc accerl u{
un subi ect sau un co rpl eme. t :
/r h I/m. who havc! ron lhe
lrizc.
lt .ra! orerc l.ial Lidioe6 uscd lo be.
i; .;; C"p""ri;.
\Lho di*olcrrd thal. llrc earlli Llrns round ils aris
I
i r : r nd! l nr or r n, e dcuonsl r ' . t i 1l .
t I nr m
I
r . , - - nr l .
. , " 1r ' r r n J. dJ- l i t ; r r l / r i d
l ' I r ' -
b1r . :
pr onun' l " l r on, i
, r : .
"l "
i i I nl d-
' r "
l ""ap
f t ur "r i
I r r '
' ' u/ ar r \
r
3
il
:
rhis s& Aat.
' Vob!]
Fopozili.i
rdrtive se acordi ln nunrir;i
ltAodri
ou antcc' dentul
prorL:
i
/,i.fur, sat cehoslovao disl.rls d. armalu
g.tuanii, c{ r.ptesalii' JI' 194' '
tradusi cu consiruc,tia romeneascd:
Eu sini acela carc''
Acot o
- st r
t o. r t ur d. . . .
CoPPr ni '
P""
del a
' d'
( Vezi
i i S
255",
g, pentru a inlocui o intreagd
propozil,ie precedenrd sau urmdtoare:
S
862
r hz \ l ep ha. bppn
pdt . t t , ! )
i r do, sn l ml l l p'
l1P ds ,li and had a lFrI bad tin. ot ,
I t l / i "n l b. k: l ' A
l no m' r , h.
, odl d
: t au
I Pad n"
l udr
r nLPl k, :
Nat i .
1, este in
senere
omis dupd {,s
!i
t,tan in propoziliile comparati{e
1
In
$
863
caro it, subict; inlocuieqte o tntreagA propozilie:
As lil) hB becn nentianed, dl the candidatcs x' re accelied.
I si l l hel p
vou 4 I r . t s
r , / , /
l t r
' vi t hi n
ns
L' ! ' r '
ue did a; l,r) s.en.d Des'
H. er pr L"' i
- i m"Pl
not " t hon
I : t )
' os
Aoat [ a"
h: : I ' "ol h
Orr team weren' t in tlainins long.r thaa
(i. teds) necessaty.
D) {numi t , Fj
prpparot or42 "I / ' : i l i nt roduct i v) ca subi ect gramai i cal
S
864
al unel
pr . por i r i i
; l c; r Fi subi . c l ugi "
a' r a
un i nf i ni t i r r t suu o
' onsl r u
{i a. u
infinitivul); un
serundiv
(sau o constructie cu gerundil'u1), ori o propozilie
in apozi.tia
lui t:
./l is good oI
Jou
' o
lPh
-4,
tikes me rr hoor
t.
!.t
her.
$:hen will ll be
lossille /o.
us to t2atn thc .esltlt?
1ts tro ute 5u?/rtza.
/ r $6 . uul t h
! o; .
pnb"' ng
1] " . an
Put : a4
\ 1r ' '
. \ ^. u
h r o r o l "di ni ng
1r nd n. . ssdr v
/ / or cur "ed
l o i ' - n t hot i t s @e l
p; '
t h" Jag t o
\ pt
o t i t Pt
, l , i mDal . . i al
t o t . ah- hj t
r " l ; , P an nF
"at n. t f t aot
"t
ht Eh"- t P
Does , mattcr
ahb speths
firsl?
t Curi nt el "
. i propozi Li i l a
-
ri . e cu . arar' rpr.
'
ursi ve
. i n . ubi e'
rpl F
)ugr. "
al a vprbFl or al c; roi
subi . "L
grdmrl i . al P' P n. /
i)
(preparalata
"ia': il introductiv) ou lunclie de complement direct
S
865
"au
p; Dozi i i onal p; nt nu 3 anunl a un
' ompl Pmpl r
di r pcL
{un
i nf i oi r i ! . un gF-
r undi v. o consLr uCLi e
cu i of i ni l j vul sau . u g"r ur , Ji vul r or i o
pr op^zi t i e pr edi -
cativd sau compleiivi
directn in apozi,tia lui il:
I lound n hatd ln slzPP
\ r a
"oughl
, \ r "t
, a
t pt t k, ' a , ,
, v
t V J. b; . , . - 1 1.
Hp hasn r
t ol
: t 1
l t i n t o . pDr - t oL
t
' .
\\' , ,
o,..id,.-.
' j
.,
d ^ i lJL"
/o" trnu
.ot
' o
a
.p t, 1,.1! .
She ihinks n danscrous
?rotr. saLmmutg tL
(g
eat.r.
I l r kp i ,
, 4r r
h"i r aat
"e*
t o na
P' Poal
I but ir to vou
qhllh.r
h?
da\ ttBht
I r i c. - ; nol l "i r s , ",
;
b r
' ,
b"R
t at t a, t d\ ' n
l l l od. o l r l l ' l
' h"
t "Lt "
' *
r ' t ! r ' t t
e
t 4". t 1I
Pa"1' r '
) o n' \ , r pl r o1
: t t l r t
t . . '
P\ bl t at oat J
Not d
A sc observa ordinea carinlclrr in acest
paLlern : tl introductiv, preoedat
S
866
sau nu de
prepozi l i e. est e
prs i nedi at dupn Yerb. i ar eoRrpl ement ul di rect
,
\ umi i . i
i , , , t ud, .
""v
t 5. t o
,
t
t
- r !
- ; .
' Ci
( l
su6i ". l ul
l o; i " d \ "r b, l ui , . r "
r p, , i , ' i i 1i r ' \
"JU
o pr 4! oz' r ' u. , , "n*
su conjurclia tru, n.narn de un snbjoncrit,
eiLc prfteratf' consiruolir cn
' l
introdrclit
l7,J
apozi t nral l vi nc l a i f i rsi t ul
f rol ozi i i ei :
i n ri : rznl uri Fi compl et i re di rect e, t ocul
acst . i se al l i l a st i rsi t ul i ra; e; .
a$;
j / , , . \ i l , , , e, 1- t r nn, , , . , , . r
Lut o. t i , , t r , . . . , , n. r i ", , 4
L nrJrl empnt dn,
, r, I n. . pf , ; l i l n nor 1-cr b{, rare au nceea, l i t ornrn ca
t i
subst an,
' 1
I r r - . nF r \ . . . , u dr . t ;
^
t r ppu, , r t , ,
:
l o ni akf ,/ l ti
You' l l cal t Jr , r /
I t o\ t
l t l f s
i . ,
Notr lor trt
H..s i; ior ir.
To r "d( p. r , " t n .
' I - "
h, r , d. , , ! J o J r . r t , t ,
""
i . . t . , 1"
, , , . 1
i Sr i \
r J r , | | ! a . , r p
d" . , h. r ar .
r r . \ r J
^
t . r unun
- j
, r , r bi , t d 4l a. r r Ji
-
r n
i l ul . , l n \ ; dr p' n
' r
i \ nr i 1, " . ' l or pt . . . . , nt i . / t i - . ,
Ji Tpot r i ! i . . a. t . , i .
. ,
r , , r i nt , . t
, . . ut
J
F
. . i r n
L
.
.
r r a
.
l
-
. , f , r , . - r :
I .
r i 6
r : , r , ' i u.
r ou"5:
t \ h"r p
oi d , ou r i ck ur Di . f ur L
I . dn
t s' 1nd
' ' -
a' p
i s s Ddr t e I
- , t "
- $r i u"
r c
ki
- . r
t , i ,
r . r , aL. o' . ' pt y
. ' ; 1
" \ , t r ni . Jl :
^'
r , . s, i t . : t he , ot
; . . .
l nnr u/ i t um
You musi mccL himr he's the
..t,,,
oi rh. ih.atrB rlortd. irmlo.rantir
No Nonder she's a success: shc's
goi
..tr,'.
iIarn..)1
S
t 6! : l
; . Pl ur al ul aul or i t i t i i
: i
r l uodp. l i pi . f ". i pr onur n"t n
Ja
r , . r r o"nJ I
pl u' . , 1 i n l i ' nDA r nl l , nJ. i .
t o,
r " 1! . , i , , t i muJ
"ngt nz.
r . , l "t - . d". i n, . ut , , r
. l ul i '
'
. i r
d so r "l "r i l . ' u $i nt r r d
por . 4dna
si
pq
a
( nLr ebui nr ar
de l ur or i r "r i .
. u\ Fr r ni .
. ^ni "r pnr r .
r i . aur oi i . ni r or r
"
,
. 1, , . ,
". '
,
, u
; i
i n I i r noe cr gt """
verbul are formd de plural:
"\e are tut aa,sdd..." (Rcsina
Vjctofjnt.
' t d, . , a. 1,
, a
.
_. p,
bur r h: .
k
.
s
. d
}l r , - . a oLpFn.
_
. , I t ' o
"-
D- r ' r dd.
' l
l h, l r ". . t ar t gi .
nr
r , , . $i . t
- "' . ut L
j 1
ur i l i , "
. u. "". . . ( [ l
S
870
c-{zur,
pnoltutrllon pnRsorALD
, I "
c. e, r . c pri \ est e
cdzul pronui nel or person&t e, granai i ca
act uat i l ace
o dcmarcat re net S i nt re:
:
8?1 o
)
stilul
fornot.
i:ntrobu intat ai,ft tn scris (: Boal' rngl;sD
*
sritut livresr
si
api sr ol .
r j . r '
: i
i n v^r h; r "r . u1, , ' .
i ol r al d. r r t i r l t a. gr anr dr i r l t 6:
$r
S
E72 b) stiLLn infornal. colodridl. intrebuintat tn vorbirea curntn
si
rn scriso-
rile sctise in stil familiar sau negliient.
_
Totu;i, aceste doud stiluri se suprapun in unele conpartimente, sl,jh:
.,olocviat indcpnrtind chiar forme gramal,icate
esen,tiale (
cfolom inlocuit cr:
nrr.. sau nominativul pronumelor personale
1, D, ;re, {rc, rr.g, tnlocuit, cu tor
mele de acuzativ Drej nn. ner. us,in, n
1.
lrstlel, formlc coto;viate au crstisi
si , i . l i r '
r api J r cr Fn. c;
i nsr i l ul l or not r or bi r . n oar a, dr - na. ur i si 1nqt i t L
scris. chiar in cl olicial.
l
Conpl-emntnl direct erlus ]a accst
!urct
esle considerat tn linbR engtezn tn a!0?i.
fia
pronumehi
it.
'
:
ld.scori s.fis c! iDifiaE mniuscula: He txtier.s hitullf t. be.' 11..
2
A se obserla ir a,iest crz
Dnirz. far. intfrline nr rorb;e inainrca nfonunFtli -
' u r l d
. i , , a'
L. n,
". , t "1
o
. . hn
r i . '
. i
o, . d Dr on- , el u: .
al
hi \
l pr ur Ji n l i mt . 1 t r . ' n. / . - Ll t "
a , r ' r , . ,
i , . n L nosi ml r oL, r JJ \
nuani, aclsrcr cxpres!.
r\L
Shakespcafc, ' Ihe
Lilb ol Eins Uenr! |IIL
I - , ul r ' r pn^/ i r i pr
' l , r pa - r " ' u
l
r i
' i ' r r '
l '
"r i r - i
r J'
' r r '
\ ' r -
. , 1
r uar l r , a . l 1, n ul u:
' , ' ' I , , ;
r ' '
. , I i . , | .
'
: n
'
i i r F r H
'
, l
l r
' r J
Jr r ' L- r r '
l
I . , r nne si
-
hi b
, r r l "
' l p
/
t ,
"r " "1"-
5
'
l : \ i J- ; r
", n
t , i "- r ", r -
i
^r ' - I ' d
sova
l i ne
sea i l de r , el e e\ pusI r r ar sLt s
l
n- ! t l . i l i r l u sedef i t er l Lt l l r i sl i l u] col 01]
r ; al cor espur zel or "
l ) l azul nor ni nt t i r .
i n sl i l l r l g| a$al i ( ' r l
l oDr dl l f onLr ni el e
per sonal
"c
sl l i i i n cazul nor ni nr l . i r
i r ur t nnl oar el e
- sr l ual l :
. , / ci nd est e saDt f f l :
/ r m
xo
r son.
! Li , . i nr . hNr .
i ri r. i l ; i ", , i ' i i i
-"
i ' t t hr
rl a. v,
/ i t r)t i i l g
' {sr
ri r l rre
ra' t
of Hamret '
1, ] ci nci esl e t t rne
pt . t l i cat i r
(dupn 1. ) l ' ' , acordai
h caz f l t
"\ rbi et t rrl
S
8; ; '
(
' r Lpt
n'
r t
) :
{r
u, de
pr e' l r . r 1r ! ' uor ecr r \
}ut l t ' 1t \ t
l l i s 1 \ i ho aJnl
l ot r r
ni cnd'
I um l e {] l o t xt , : s f l r ar g. {l l . r
Jou
3
Thi
w$ r l ' \ h' spok'
t r0
s
87;l
s
871
ropul at i \ . :
-{fcastii
reguh trebuic
rcspeflali
in stiln)
fornrLl
sL:ris'
I n l r nl d t ) or l ) t t o.
r ' j ' r l "
' 1"
r ,
' r
"r l :
r
' -
l pl
r
'
l ur "r r ' ' r
. np. e: or i o l or m' r l r r "
- *r "' nr u
' '
l ' r "l '
l ' r i HU i r ' l
r l i r r e \ i r DAr
!
; , ; , ; ' ;
i ; "; , ;
; "; ; '
'
"i ' ,
,
"
". t
r
"' r '
'
r ": i L" r r ' i ' ' ' ' ^
r ' ' i '
' "i
i ; ". 1"i ; , ;
i "; ; i r i . ;
' u
r r . r ' r ' . r
r ' "cr i ". , nu"' | r p
r ' ' "' r i
' ' i \ ' r
! "r I "r "i
i,?.
"l*i"J-'-,"
"i'bintri,x.
ia Iolrr:i icuzatirului
i; lo'ltl norrinarivduis
iiii""ii
iii'i",;p;,trlii.,
i""t"
'*'
Itri
rerb. sau tind
rronunere
sc artl rn
ifirtitul
propozitici:
,
Whol s rt roer'
(f / r: s)
ni e. -'
"I nsl eot or
Kr oxl " ": I ht t r
m'
'
"1, ' s- onl r
I ' n so r ' r ! o! s "
_l t r
l ' o
"see
iI ddts htn '
"iare
wants vo"
on lhc
rhon'
" "1)h
' rl
r"
"l
m rhaiil n tvael' t thtnl "
' i l l
Fi sh i r t ( d , . . , r r "
' 1-ou' rc alNa.ts liglitirg hiBr' "
-/ls
' s
or /' t' "
si u
prcccl i rt l un
gerundi ! . i n l o. Lt l unui adj c(: t i r
posesi v:
{
/ / r 10
1o' l
"
"'
r .
; r "
, \ l ' 1r o
pP i \ '
' r r
/ "
_
""{iilti,i,}Wlqi*id*j*:}l''il$*:il;rdlln*q*u*l1*,
Li l ' . l t
. , z'
i
i "
\ . n' .
! r . 1r ". ' \
' '
r ' r l ' I ' i ! /
, nr i i
' o1. ol "
d c. ) uLi ' i r ' r l
dFi r sni nnor n_' -
prErt;faiir al
1-erbului /o , se acor(lii
in caz cu subiectul
verbului
S
ETlt
/ , , 5/ i \
/ : ! o o"r h o:
1\ 1. _. , : . ,
- . - \ '
l : , , {". r ' , n. ' "t J
\ ' , n
' ' l
l : \ ' "
1' nol
'
I
\ "
\ \ , i r er t i \ . r ' l l _n I I
I \ of l
\ \ L bt l j , . \ , t
r r 1, , t . n, / \ ,
' 1
o. i l
- l "
1'
l o h" h' r ' \ '
s
ll7?
r i ; $
ci su i teatril
.
\{. Shakcspcare,
r:s
,!z
l ' "nl r u, , nur nt s
Pr ' 1r _aut *
1nt ^t dn
na. l \ t , {dnt nt t
\
' | e
bot n 6
18C
MoRFoLdca -
?RoNUltEr;E
8?9 Ci nd
i nsi numet e
pr edi cat i r uar e
st a pP l r r ' gr r
Yp' hLLl l ' r b' i n- p\ pr e{a
"
"' "
i . "; ; ; ; "i "
, '
, ) l - , ' . ' "i ' "
' r i r
J", , '
r onu
' F- n "\ '
"1
' r "n
ds i '
'
z
cu Jco' -
i - ' i l Ll
t or ml l
' r
I n moJ n"r 1"l :
^,
l l l
i . l vt ' o on
' l
l t
l -
1)
'
l on
/
I
r ' - s me
"r o
r r a l l ' " )
j t '
r ' : ) .
a It was
ru rc
gi':a
thc ea'ftikcf
lritt'
the kels
l/"r''lal)
. DLL) | t dL, I
, r , p, l r "
*1"; "1
Ekn
a' | ' ol -
i t )
I l t hot
I
al the
pl{l
fc.loc'n,l
{,,::; iTr;;j:
::
Iersiunile cu
pronumele
*'lo"rz //tlil sau 03 apariilr
\lnui stil mai ingriiit'
S
880 .j a"p., ,-
!iir,,,
ii, prup"zrliile conparatirre
t; cnre
primul termcn st;
' .
, azul nor ni ni t r \ :
t al t .
t -
t i l t . n /
' n
l : |
"'
' oo\ ' :
; ; ; , i ",
. "
r l hn, "
i ' l r " I
r ! , eor ' '
' ^ ,
i . ; , '
p, Cr ' : l i
"
$pl l l ' n r o"- l ' Jr ' l r '
r i or o' r r r LL
S
881
H. ! nl d
'
l"
"o,"rr*ra!ir.
Jupi ar
.'i
lia'
pronumele
pcr:onal est in acela;i caz ou
"ut , .
. n' i . ' r i s. ' r
pr "r r l n"l '
r r
'
"p
F
' oFl ' i '
Sc
ra spunc deci
l i :
,{i.\ sugLtslnrn
1tr! Ltr nfur' inteffstifg ihrr }tint
?lkt ltno$lcdse
.l ltrglilir
's
rs
gold as 4r'r'
i ratrre rne,r ;;tff tlan II
'ah!
tim
. . ! . . t r . r . , n, l .
\ ", , . "
: , ; ; "
i o i ; .
"i i
r p
' ,
\ ' ' r ' h"r D
r L
'
!
882
A so . , omP| l r a:
t kn.\t htr rcttef Ur,tn n'
fkrr'ws
herl
I kno\ t n. / bet l . . t l an
l l
kt r o( J
/ ' L'
l n cazul ce\ t i cl e nl doi l ' a cr empl u,
f r opozi l i a
ar ci ; t i ga
i n cl &r i Lat e da' : d
verbul onis ar li enfrinat', lic chirr
!i Finir
un hlocurior:
I l . ! o, \
' . b-
|
.
1d
/ ,
I ' i n
i\iczi
r'i S
1918)
{ 8SJ
.U doiler
vcrb trbuie
i'iotilea na exp nrat atunci rlod ditrn
de primxt
' "- " . " t i ; , ' ; ' ' ; ; "od.
sr u ci nd i nsut i
apr br r l P' l cal t ul Pr opu/ - i t i a
ur mi i odr e'
del t
ur ; r r ' a.
". . -
i ' r ut
r
I p"n
' u
' '
l i n
l ur ; l F
v. r l i ^l or
' r r r
' l r l pf l r ^:
Ue ts at l$'ortX lcss se'ious miidd
l'haa
votr
at liLleen
Cor p. l
'
i .
t r "Pozi l i s
Jai n-
lle is rl. twenlv lss s.ricns minded
thiLn
vou
c''rd ai' lilteen'
At enl Le
r
{ 88. 1
Pent r u a sa cur oar st oazul
! 0
r ar t
t r e}ui e st l 0i };
I r ont r r n' l '
per sr ' r al
o ""
, l up"
"o
; r n' r ' i ' ", 4r , ' i
dJ
. " \ P
' or r ' pl "' b
n' onozi Li u
Lpt bul
' f l t ' :
?ne? considei
Lim norc
ddpctenl tlu sld
lconsjdeN
]rin-rl
ii,;i ;;i;;i;;; i,'i- ii.i"
-.i"t*t
tlan
iuret
oonsiderl
/@
( Vczi
t i S
2t 241
'-r".".ii
"".g"U;i
cele de la
S
8so sli4 slnt lalalile
ii Ftrtnr
subslanti!_"'
3
O
-
llpsa
(Pronumet'ri ftlrti!)'
ln stilul colocvial, nominalivul dupi conjuncliile r,hdn
ti
a, este inloouit
g
885
prin
cazul acuzativ, consiructie condamnate de purilti. Se spune totuqi in
Siie rrlr-.
Xou.ge.
thio ru.
Ile is ar nrch tauer than ,r.
\\'e a.e a! rrlev.r as rtun.
l Vczi
si
S
s7i )
dJ Oonctuzie. :in slilul coloct,ial, pro unele personall chiar cind este
S
886
ul , i e:
r d,
i i r ' . b?ul nomi n"t i \ J r "- nu. .
-
d"t "r ; i ns d"ni "i opr ppu/ i i i ".
i a. t 1o' ul , . omi nat i r ul ui . l or ma ecuze i r ul r r . u r r r r r - i l r
t Fr "or n.
l . . i l l
loate pcrsoanele:
It nas zs \' h0 had been sidEjiAl.
\1' ! sair him at l]|. corccfli al lcall i thirk iL nas nin.
U:c
-Uother
md Lr
-\rnt
lor a trial n in or. nNv .af.
-41:
"I am sorn. I rPsret."
nd (exploziv) :
' ;,1t too! lu. tooIt-r. nDl"
(NeE' anaiicitsi
trutologici drr c. i.stru-
r . '
ei . , pp
1. "r ", , 1". m. 1i ". , , a'
1. i n, J
r , - .
, , "
r r
r . gi r i l p
Ar JdJ
, i ", . ar i . ar
' i
d"
' r n
o l or m'
-
. :
I r , - r " ' ( , d, I
cr J
J r dl n, ' "q
i
l r r
pl eon.
o",
I c,
1. , d r ,
.
r ' , l u t \ I 1
t ,
. V, r . Toa- . 11,
.
) .
Dr. P. Gurrey, Reader in Educalion and Head of the English Department
in the University of London Institute ol Educalion. tc. etc., etc.. scrie:
"'fhe use of the Nan Nominaliee form of a I'ronoun fllter
'is'
in rrr","edt
rcltoquial speech is
'Who
is that?'
'Ii's
nre"'.
2) Nominatirul vocativ
(Noninuti,tc
of Addte$) (S 192).
-
Irronunele
g
887
este in crzul nominativ vocativ cind se referl la animate sau inanimate
cdrora ne adresim:
Hey, goul WIat are
you doirg there?
Mfuties af tuy childhaad I $ty do yon come urwanted?
3) Caz[l
gonitir.
-
Pentru forma de genitiv a pronumelor pcrsonale
S
888
vezi
'Irronumel
qi adjcci,ivul posesiv" (S 900).
O formd idiomaticd de ge itirJ intrebuirllate Ln NtiluL
foart. fan.iliat. |
889
l onst i di n pronumei e personal i n cazul obi eel i ! precedat de prepozi f i a o/ :
You wilt I. thc dcalt' ol mcl
I wouldn' L do it ior thr lili 0l ,nc.
4) Cazul obiectiY3.
-
S
890
a) Pronumele personal tn cazul datlv sau eclrzativ osl,lr pus drtrt verb.
S
891
Ctnd acuzatirul esie un
pronume, el prcctdd ln genere datiyul:
I
gdv r , ( 1^
)
( r ' )
l e"a l l d o"oa
I
r Jv"
, / J, . r / " r ' . 17,
t d, '
ul
Cind insi acuzativul este un substantiv, el rjne datd dativul pronominal:
I gave lf (dal.) a s,aer (ac.).
l 8l
I
[ I i t l i ns, or . . i /
, naA. 90.
,
P. Cut
i ,
t . " 1, ; . ; Lt Kt . hL, oaao .
p
t " .
r DJt ' \ .
r cuza. i vsi Dr cDo: i l , ondl ! l 9i l , RpsuI L. r am- . i cr i r ar r or r \ . c. ui , t r r ' .
1i \ 11 l i i nd, i
GaFf p
\ . r . , 6i r - s;
t "i r r . , t . o, , , , n, "eni \ sFn, r r . . b. r d"r i , uJui . , , i i
Joe
!
nl r u d' f : ni i i da i \ ul . i .
S1r 0pnal or ma
".
l , i a.
g12. p nr i u t un.
r l
I i .
d: . l l
u"nl r u. J- I r ni i ad, zdl vJl u.
S3"7p
nkuf un". i i l ' . r ' - l ui . . 5 L i l I nl "un i i ni l i J
". , /
. l ' , i
{l n
l i . ba r o' bi l a. . nd pr . nu, nht r sl b I n a. uzar i r . 5" 5p' r n un or
i i :
- l
, l 4l l
send
soz {dat.)
,i (ac.)."
"Don't
you
slve
ne. (dat.) t, (.tc.).
"
etc.
Er cepl i t :
Sul , \ t ant i r' , rl |
-c\ t zaI i \
I ' rt ct dt i
pronunel e i D dat i \ . f i rrl se urmnresl e
j n
mod speri nl H, ' " t j rarea da' ri r1rl ui . care est e. i Jr a| east i s; rnari e. pf cedat ,
dc
l rpozi l i a
t 0:
I gayc
l . I e ro, , l
i a. . i i o t ur l daf l . not t o r, , 1dat . r.
S
892 D, Dupe prepozj l i i . pronunl el e
si , n h cazul
aruzat i v:
.rbout li,. bI 4.,. oi !i. to ,p. \rilh r/rf,. eto.
182
$
893
$
891
$
896
s
s9?
Er cepl i , :
Pfepozilia ,/ poate Ii urrratn
lqi
Tr j ar . i : hl l d, / zi , c i s a
1\_czi
.r.,/ Pronumelo personal
in fazul
unele irterjeclii
din limba vorbite:
lvai:
-{delirat?
lir lrai spun.:)
l vai l
vai de mi ne: )
de un qen; l i v:
si
$
196l
obictiv este nrlrebuintiat idiomai.ic ln
rsnra{n1/s::r.rc{ de ir.l)
(SdJacarle.acul
de ti.cll
ir
89.i d/ Pronumele perlsona]
in razul obiocti\. este uneori intrebuinlat
{cu
o
nuanl d desuet n sau poet i cd)
! i
cu r echea l ui
yal oar e
de pr onur ne
i et l er i r ' :
I loid ,r.
i:
Drysclt do$Jr ro sleep.
Ef t,ad built ,t,
i- li;nseut a trous..
The canar y l ook l o i r i : i t sel l t n D t e.
"L'i1]e slars mat hide r/pa ( ihenBel\s) Nh.n lhel list..' \'. shakesrare)
i
898
IOLL-T, PR OIITJITDLUI PDBSO\.\I,
a, Plfi)umele personal
este pus de obnri cit llra; dproape de aniece-
Pr onum"l " , 1, ppr r , Hnl . .
a t h . , h .
, 1.
/ / , FJl oa, r
"d- deor i
n"- ' pr e 1. .
, . ' r l u/ i i
l n. , . p". api r i nt . , . Tr "L- r "dai m' r l t i i t . nLi ,
1. , i r t r pb, . r nr "r ca t or :
Ann's Diotlc. mored io Ll$l,c. Nhen sn, sas h kirjdcrgaricn.
f\t
nrana .ra la grldinjl;i
ciNl s-a ,l.ai. in Llster. ci .\na.
Fraza t.cbrie rcli.uti: astlel:
"$'hcr
-\m
$as iD lindcryirten Ler moiher movcd
\i,jk iord tris brortrer d didi L know Engtisl.
_, _
l\Li
lntelc. .i \i.lt er.r rL, tsh larc nr
ilia
engiezeite. Fraza trebuie rellcria asllll:
''Nicl< said to Lis l'rclri.r:
'I dor't know nnglishr,,l
Per t r u acel asj mot i \ - . pr onunr el e per sonal de per soana a: l - a nu l nehui e
r nt r odus i r t r o pr opozi l i i nai l t e ca ant ecedent ul l ui si f i l ost menr i onat :
11
"
. . "
r t t ! . d D"o. o . d 1l L
"
r o
r \
h n r ' a{ s. .
"p
"
n l l . ql o h; n. ot r
' l
,, PromLmdc de peNoana 1 singular'. cind apore
jnsolit
de pronumele
care se refer:'r la celelalte personna sau la un substaniir. na
lr"erdd,
ci urmeazil
,1un as \dl ls I/m.r hlls to
go
al oncc.
I oa and l r ne ar e f r i ends
// and Iile cou. lo b.eaklasL .arly.
La pi ur al . or di nea est e ur mnt oar ea: $e,
aou,
*eu:
lt.,
,,,
rnd
'tuV
hare nianJ tastcs
jn
cotudrn.
i
ri ! rrl
. Pn0NUIIELE
$I
ADJECTTVUL
P0SDSIV s
grxl
{ITIE
POSSESSIVf,
PIiONOU\
'{JD
ADJJ]CIIYE)
L) lrcfini,tie
!i
rornll.
tjfrriti\ul
pforumFlri
personat.are' dord lorrre
S
1)ol
, r , , numi
l l '
{p
o r ,
pr -
p'
- ' i t
i r r r r
"dl '
r i "l i r e l Jp' r i vLl
n^
e' i Lr '
-
' i : ; ", :
t , ' , 1", , , t "
l ^' I unui ' uh' "n' i \ ' b' |
"r '
t o"J' r 1s;
f ""' i u
i mz
' l hrs
coat
' s
mr' '
,tdjectitul
posesit' determini
ur sub"qtantiv
intlicirri ln acela;i
timp
;i
$
ll03
-
.".n'i't
nu"itut,'i''
Tltis is D!/
(oat
,,,"":,:":iliil:l?,'lliT;i'".i.,1lii'ii'""$xLt"'iii1f,:Jli*'"Tf[#,1i'"J]i"'J;
t""'ilj;*t"""
!i
pronunele
posesive sint urmdtoarele:
Ii is tu. dog
I! ls veDs
s
9o4
s
905
s
906
s
e07
Obser p&! LL
,.,"s{,1.x1?"iil?:Yill'{ii';*?':l:Yi?;lii:";'#"11":'lii:ii1"x?""x'i:i
i : al neu si dl i l u) .
i j , l t , e
i :
Ce
F aL meu e
- i i
r l Uul .
bJ Formol o
rp. ri al ' sdj "cri vul ui
po' e: i v ra; t "
-si
/ i ; , ?P
"rnl
i nl rFbui l . ! dl a
i n
onei "za moder nO dupd un \ o. cl i t sau i nHi nl cs subsl anl t t el nr
or r adJer r r ve_
i ; .
; ; ; , ; , ; r .
; ;
"'
"
"l i
. du
cu un t . panr r u a dd o nuan1a
poat i c' sdu ar hai c5
stilului:
nt np"\ , s, mi , "aa"
r nt n I osl n r Fonl Json t nr l "4r n"'
r ai ,
n- \ ' ' , Lddv m; t el
t hi
"
eJ' " t ht l c
hcdt t
Ft r
| \ anl
l o do
l l "nJ" i n di r P oqn t dJ
I dd $"1' or n"d bY m' r ho:
2r I Bt ol osul
produmol ui
$i
al adi c(l i vul ui
poqo' i v' DeodrP-
f ronumel c
* . , f i -
'
i ' i , -r'
p"*[ i ' -. ; -o. a l ' i o t i rn6u engt -a-(u
subsrrnt i t
ul cdrc dPnume: r, "
' ; ". ; ; ; ; ; i ; 1; se t raduc ! n l i mbs rom; nr' u
roare
l ronu' nel e
sal ad: t rrrv' rp
i o. "si v"
rehri ' oar
l a
p' rsoano
' orespunraLoare
pospcorul ur'
I nd' l orFnt
oc
i ""J r i
"r *a*t
obi pcLul ui
pospdst Spr e
ex' mpl u:
ni r '
{-
sl nr u d 1r ' ai Ddi ar Ddhl
r n"i . s i - 1l l o", I l nr , ai l ur ' r l " l or )
"olr
l:
tiu. ta, iei' iale)
;ur
i:
noslru, nrasl.ri, noitf!, noastrc)
Lc'
i ' , t "r *
g, *' t i , , t
l ' . . '
S
' r '
"qi : , , r
l l r . r ,
onu, n"
' T
. r dl mr r \
po
"si r
nu' e' ' i
ni ' i oddt l ns' dn
l r ' ' "Jmnr
,, ts
9i
esi.s i fornil cont.sl'
ntr trn
loseBrs'
Nat d
S
908
Ca
ii
in limba romand.
Dronumele Dossi\- DoAte dre.{ si inLelesul de
. . l ami l i . . ' udc. pr i e' eni . sau . . pr opr i ouar e- :
He {i l l al ( d15 , h
1r \ f v Li r d r ol r or and u- . . .
I m' ( - no i l ' : t t 0r r ' o, i et *eei n; i c ana 18. ".
(Pentru adjeotivele posesive
ln spocial, rezi
5i
g
817, 911)
S
909 3) Gen, numir gi persoani.
Promrmete qi adjectivele posesive
se acorde
i n gFn. numJr si . peFoana. . u
qubst anl i vul
. sr c
dpnu. n,
qt p
poseeor dl . nt
- , i
' ' u
obr p, r ! r l pn. oJdl . . , r ' '
. a a. or , l ; l n
gon
. i
nu. u. t n l i mba f omend:
Me has lel chitd: ii. is n,.r.
Da a.e coDitul cii este al ei.)
t/i? nas i"t chitdren; iiey are t.rs.
[Ea
a.e copiii ei] stnr ai-i.)
[ {dj e. t i l ul
si pr onLr r neJe posesi v
l , er ". r espeet i v l r r s. si nt l a Der soana a
3
a leminin singuLai i.a si pose-sorul
sie; ele nir stnU acordate
!i
c'u obicctu)
pusedat , r / / d,
cJr e. r p nput f i r
; i ,
i n pr i mul oxempl u, l a si ngul ar , i ar i n al
doi l ei l a pl ur dl j
$
910 4) oaz. - Desi
pronumele
Dososil rorezintn
genirilul
Dronumelui Der-
sonal . . l r ^
"t ' zut
pr oi . / , , i '
l FpF; de, I Jpc; r ut ant ": i de. r t ul ui saul d". r mi na.
dc r ol ul
j u. ht
dc; l
j 1
pr onor i i i a
di r r
r ar e
f r "" par t e r vazi
si
S
826)
.
wi l l
xon
l end .
l au
Nat ( adj . ,
ac. ) ?
j ' I t za
( pr on. , nom. )
t :
ny. o4, ( Dol l r . ) ] r s
l h, . l
t t at h?, at l . -
dr . r , "r ' i \
j ! r o. . .
I om. i s d
g, dr
r e. t o. . , bi t , v.
/ ur
, t sNvl por
- - gv.
l / sor / ad. . d"t .
s i - r r i nst "". br t t r , . J; n\ ; / r . . .
l t ' r on. ,
dar
I l nsl
i ot . s.
-C0zul
AdjFctirului pospsi\.
in propozilie
este dtorminat de rolul substai,-
l i vul ui
( . nu Hl
p. hi \ "l cnt . l ui
o"^l ui Jt
pp
t r nqr
. 1r ^ . t a
r i
,
u cdr p f or mpaza
t m
r up si nt o. t i . .
{\ p/ ;
"\ emol pl e
de r i r , r
"u- "
i l di "a. pr i n
"ur . i r . . 1
I ' r . bf ^r gl zJ ppa d. l i de :
' d\ p ) o, . i o'
yo, ". p. on. .
a. . ) .
r l - r r
b
r n
| | ' , u. r h o. ,
-
r
r . r Jt . .
d, p" p. :
r et - s
l ook Jr t ; s ( pr on d. .
t f ! f .
Lo$.
Nat i l
. Th"t .
br o b. r
"/
/ , . . s r
r r ar "l e s,
Ft r
Jt . i i
e. , a un dubt u
g6oi i i r .
\ r r p exempt a:
I mr ai nl , , l r a"' . , . a
r r i . t , n J. at l . u
Th'
.
o bu. r n. . al t ""; . . . . .
- r Lr . i
N.
t , i ct , r r
. /
l i
( . , s
e\ ?r r ,
j r . t . d
by t h; Hansi ns eommi t i ee.
l Ni ci
un r adou
{Vezi ,
peDi . u
det al i j ,
S
294- 196, : esl
s
911
s
912
184
5) Adjctirul posesiv
fzie
Passestiae Adjp,ctire
).
d,
-{djectivui
posesiv
insole!le intotdeaun'1ut' subttanltu san nr gerundie:
This is mr./ stsrer.
I '
subst.t
Do
).ou
mird my smahin1l !
(+
seNrdiv)
$
913 , J Ca or i ce adi ct i v 1n l i mba engl cza, aJj ect i r ut
poscsi v
r f , c, ' da
subst an
' i t , r l
! . , "F
d"
Ff i , , i ni .
nu l l , r f l , ' a, , d , r - i n
l i r nbr r omJr i o:
T .
,
, . , al
(Aceasr.n
e;te pilirin nad.j
IlaYe
i'ou
patsd
/oh
crarn iJr maths?
/ 7, - a' l , r ( ut examennl l { l r aLcmal i cl ?)
PRONUMET
$I
186
. ) Adi ect i r al a Doscsi ve
l nl of ui es' ar l i f ol ul
subsj ar l i vcl or cu t uml i c dF
$
9I l
subi F
I
. rr;
denumoi c
pdrl i ol P t rupul ui
' su
oPi "al p d( i nbd i ni nt P l n rFt F'
l al r F
. azur i sF t nr r ebui nl pazb
ar l i . ol ul
i ol nr i r :
S/@ shook 12. head
I askcd
goa to
Put
on
Y'zr
coat'
Se spune l nsi :
I took tu' bY ,nE a.n
I oar nover'look ntfu in tfte lace agnin
They thnmpeil /,tm on rre nack.
( Vezi
! i S
5i i I
d/ so Hr , i co i , , spp"i dl
l Fnl ; d a' , , pr d
I r - on' / i r i i l at
i n
"' r ^
odi ' ' i f "l " S
9l ;
1' 0"*i i .
dr n l i ; b-
Fnt l
Tr ba
r ' 0dur l n l i nbd
4' nsr ;
I r i n
I or r r ' ' dPddt ' J-
eer i l i r
neaccent uat e:
1 lnt on tu4 coal.
O(. elilitro ha{c
leli lor tlie
Pioneer' Camp
2,"";"r,;;l
r';";.i fre
au
rlecaL
copiii in tab;lra dc piodie'i r
\ r $" nn / , ' .
l ": nd' ' :
c\ "
I ' / -
"I
( \ . , . n
"d f 1
| - ni
, / \ r _d pi dr d' r r
i ur n' ' i '
c) lnlr'o enun(.rare. adjcctivul
posesiv nu se repcti inaintea liecafui
S
gl{i
substlntiv
dectt
perrtru clarificare
"(au
pcntru accentuatc:
-
r
hu, ;
' , P
/ , ' d b d
' ud
I I ' . r not mL
] ] r f , r "t Jr , . n4
r pr q d' 1i i
p. . . nb"i na. eo
"
l
' n
1t . .
. . " f t dnd 4: . . t r t , . . u,
!
40. r f
i .
; ' n
or "
\ or Jr er
/ I r ' . - andal l "i
nd
\ ' ' '
uJr '
/ / \ ur p. r i \ Ll
po. p. i ! . sr F
bdp. ei ; r nl : l dF
' u\ r nr ul
o& I Dr apt i u' r '
S
917
, dn i nr r Fi r p
i d' "' no
"si r ul , r i
r Psn". r i \ ' J- r . 1t " nu
' '
r r "Ju
'
i nr ol d"l und
tn lirnbfl rornnni:
H. took oll nt! hat
"TIe
aii.l's Ora Boolt.":
TheiL
iltcrests are mr otu
(Inl.tusele lor snrl
ii
alc mPlc
)
I havc
paid m,/ shr.e.
fMi-an rlrlljL
paltea.)
Llo m-r ,0a .ookirg.
(il11l,cse shRr' m.l
slrc makes |o
04? dfcsses
(lli fuce singnri
ro.hiil-"
)
L, r Adi er i i r ul Doqesi t : i
gpr u r - i i r ul . P r , "u
^hr i r Fr pd
u
' r i
' r r l
l pi ds'
S
Cl q
t n l i mb"
p"r
sl eze
v'
r bul pr cdi r . t i '
'
I nl u' u:
. r c ad' For i
' u
r r '
opt u
dr \ '
p Iingn care"sribiectul
stn sub formaunui adjectiv
posesiv sau a urtur
pronume
persol al l n acuzat rv:
r Do vou mind
lf I smldr
deline:
1
Do
you mind /y snaltzsl
i r r i , , uo, . r . ' . "
4. ,
/ o"
t h"
t r '
\ t ' t t eq
' t - r i n":
1
wi l l o.
r . r t
' t ". :
' h. ' r
r oi "
"
'
/ oon
(\tuzi
li $
9l ll
fiI, PNONUMELE
NEfLEXIT
$I
PROT*U}IELD DO iIT'4.RINE
GEn
riEFr,o)ul-E AND Tm n]IPHATTC
PRO:{OUNS)
runeori
adjcctivul
,au calain o nuanle alectili
prDnnnlar!: Mv awn btuth't !
(s"'1fii"T:l"Til;i]"
",sreze
roare apreciarpe vremu,i, care avea
ii
pe.echea,esrectire
The Ba!\
Aen Baak.
s
919
1l Dcfidtie, -
Pronumele care, tntrebuinlat
pe tinge un verb activ,
5
92{l
arata'ln
prin;ipiu cn acliunea"exl
mati de verb se rdsfringe asupra subrcc-
tului se numeqte
Prunune
relkrLe.
186
ant ererl ent ul pcnt ru
aI acccnLua.
ti
pronuorele (le
intnriro au nceea!.i
m\ *l J
{: di r {
:
i nsnmi
Loxl sel l r : i er I
:
l "9r j
|
:
I nsar
linRu (:
s)
I
:
in rsi
lrersell (- se)
1
:
iNiii
iiserf {: {l {
:
insgli
i
'
t
:
Dsa;r
our*lvs ( ncl :
biine
] ' ousl *s
r =r r i )
:
nr _si r i i
ilEnshas r= sl I - l'iqr-
I
-
tns'tl
onseu (:
r) :
ir$!i
$
, 21
s
922
s
923
Pronwnele rlc t,?rnn,'. in-rolaltF
2) I'ormi.
- Prouunl rcfle\i1.
f ornl e i n l i rnbr el gl ezi :
I
I
Pl.
(
I
Nrtrd
s
921
$
$25
Pronulllele refleriv
!
cel de iltdrire slnr sinqurele
prollume
care.
ja
peNoana
a 2 a, eu fonna de ,singulal' dileritir de fcirma de plural:
iss.l Jousef - lp] ) r'ouse1..,
J) Pl ural ul dut ori t nl i j
$i
al
I ot i t ct i i .
LI
' i
l r onLm. l p
r p cnu
1r l , . "
r el er s ] 3, s; r : &f d
ppr soal "
i t , t ur . l L, au. ! .
r f l Sr i i : i
"l
pol i t e, i i l l .
r or ma r Ff l F\ i ! d Fsr "
, r A4l qi
, r c, ns. t t
i nu
o"r . t , , .
!i'e oz.rcry belicle this to be ie rnrh.
Ion sa'd so loLru.4, Youf }lonour. (curinte adrcsare
judcontoruhi.l
.
4) Pri nri l sl el c
f unrl i i al o proo
m0t ui rcf l pxi y Fi at c
! f t nrunrrt ui
de i xri -
nr c.
-
r n
i , t r j nl i
\ r pmp. p' onu1. t a
r cl l Fr , i \
, r . f , l I
a ci pj , dt o i . r r Fr ui n. dr .
t odr l e r ; j pi ndi l d. i
r pdi . "r i r nr nr t or i ". Fr ecar r r u, i r Lr l
e. r i . r no. l esr r r . i nr r et ; i n
l ar e.
Dr o u' l
al or
d, po. . o, nn
l . 1
. r u
a, . l i i n4
. o, r qi dor d, p
t o ! ". er ! LJ
Jor i nl d d \ nr br r or ul
r i r l ". r
. .
pun" i n
p! i J"nl j .
f i ,
. e.
, t i - ) por f i r ". , , r . "/
r r r n4 un
. ui i nr
n r r | , n:
t
i , ,
pnt u0, .
, t J . r i l ul Di
ur aopp. t
r ai
t ^, r t . , "
,
dr n 0l l e mor i r p p^. i bi l p
- , r r \ t ul t n
vl l
- "
"ud"
or . s de, azi . r i nr e" r nut t
f . ] r . , , 1i . , "r l n' 1 . Po
"nal pr ' , r l o\ i v
nI r cbui e i "t o, i r ca . r r b e i ,
ltoiler ard 1/e
fnr
inlseli) had rca rogethlr.
Pronumele rellexiv sen-este:
aJ la fornrarea cnnj usdrii r.fk::ciw a vcrbelor,:
I
' . t ov
, ,
a, d' .
l \
6
b r . l ! \ i r \ l d
4t t f .
. Tl '
nmDr ' r l a
op. 1eo i . d st ' ,
r
4/ \ ' , - L 1, - , , " , t
, I d. , , , . . i d. ,
l n. I i dPd
si ngt r d. l
L) r n
", F, , ;
, d
"t , . , t ; . )
-
r r ppo. : , , : .
p. - "pJ.
I
dn
onnozr r : i
.
1.
n/
$i
/ r r .
pr nnun Fl "
- r l , p\ i \
xr " l n1"l Ft t
, 1c. . . i n; ur . .
dar . u ; u1
, "
ni t - r
e
l , ] a. "
/ /
|
si n;
r n"r ' . ol I
s". r n, J. Lbl
I came dt l l | J L) r D.
\ , \ n. r i . 1!
r
, 1"
t ot
_
n"i
. ot i
d. ni m". i ,
Sh-" did it n! hcrclli.
(A
lilout o sjngDrii, DcajutatiL.)
"\
ezi
i l $
1i ; 0.
SI
PRONUIIILE DE
' NTARIRE
ot oz6.lf l: sir(tr.. de la snl
The cdD c.acked d/ tsaf
(Ceasct a o.llai de la sinD i
l or on*J/ f : si r ! : , r
( t u
I nsul i cL l l
l ; ". ; ; j " / .
. , , , "- "r r
r p\ d- i ar o
{ i
o' , l d, nqi - , - a' . ' i ' , , , . r "- . o' , nr , . ! -
r '
L : \ . 1 . . i - r ur
\ or r ": \ "
f -
, - , '
' r "i "
, r
i or r ' l r ' ' r ' l r l n l "
'
"o
j l "i
r37
Cd. dhe
prcpozilii:
She cadc & n..rall
lSia
rclent
)
\Yhat .rre rou dontg oltk
t!.u'setl
IIe k.!i. hinBdl r, itnt'f.
lr:orbeqie
1int.n
iinrftr insrilijin nu.rclc
lC-" Iaci asti{ea.d?l
i rootr iL Lrh ,m$tf to
(Ii
mr luat sarcina de a
oonr en. t Le mecl nr q.
c, Pronumole ale intirire tste intrebuinlai
pentru a da mai mrtltd tirie
S
921;
dnui substantiY sau urui
Pronume:
TIer hcard the ncws lrom ihc witness ntnr.l/
lAri anzit resLca ohia. de la martor')
I nin it mysctf.
(-\m fiirut_o u lnsumi
)
\Vhen in Ensland. I p.eld to \Yash my clou,es nyMf al a launderetie'. ralher
llim Iule thm $'6hed al a lannd.t'.
5) Functiile rronu
rclui relle\ir. - Pronumele reflexir se lntrebuinl,eazd
I
997
rn
g. n"r- , rn
p; l p
n"mp pr"di ari \ sdu Obj
t '
, i l a s. "Fdi i p' Foani
'
u
sobi ect ul :
!n' {as not lefs.r/ last nighi.
{\d
c
Ir.Pdi0.rtili
Eob I\rtL
hinretf-
(Comrt. dir.)
- He
x- \ " ] "i %. t t d mr , , nl I r I
{Co
npl
' nd
"'
$. i - [ f r al
r h; n, mba- r o h?""t t .
t c^apt . di "
' r _l o' i l r ol dl J' p&r . r l i J
r r ' ar / , hr p. 4/ , I ' os sh"
' 1ana3
d o
adr
r u r . ' h dona r 1 : 0 st ' or a
r : mp $6 J mr ' r v
l conp'
r ' J" or pozi , i o. Jl
l / , e hou! , ,
hl . s4/ : "Ho'
n' . . - ( coml l
' , dr
p_l or , r ol r r L
tt. r"h;
,,
,ipr
,,/
b
.
.nnt
L.omt
"
I
^
i onJ'
6) Pronumele roflexie cu raloare de pronume
Persoual.
- Pronumele
S
9'lS
' FI l e. \ i i . - LFi nl r et l ui nl s
r nl o. ul
. al l i p. ' qonr l ppnr I - ud: nc\ i r dsmbi gur l dl ca
create atunci cind folosirea unui
pronume personal ar da un alt in-teles propo-
zi ! i ei :
Sr, k@w that na' datrshte. \'as prefer.ed 10 nPrscn
' l r r . d l r r "r
' '
i i
' r ' r l r . r
. al -
r
f"wa!
prefeued to l,er" ar li insemnat,,era
prelerati unei alle
persoane declL
:rceleia la care se refetn subiectul".l
-aiir
r.other was as caDable 6 htms.lf
(Frutele
sau cr{ tot alli de crlabil ca;i
Fl \
l'as
/r" s ar fi relerit la o alti persoand decit aceea de al ciirei ffate eravorba.j
shc asked nc to look alL{ nJs.J/
(lli a centt si am
griji' de mn'.
1
["She
askd me to look after tr." ar li insennat:.,\'ti a cerut sn aibe ea grijd
de nine".l
Cind confuzia nu eslc
posibili. sc intrebuinleazn
pronumele personal:
Hc
srve
nd tle nPPl.s.
\ f c saw i t m i n l hc st r eet .
l
ldu z.tz.rtc
:
sDltutotic cu aparatc automate undc
lnblicul hi
spale
ii
calol sntgd!
t t r l l ", ! t ' nl . u
' pi "
or i
l r ' l
d""! l ul s t n
' odr dl
' co. nn; men
i r i r . . . . I nqi r p. r 5au
t r "pozi r ' ondr
( 5 : : or .
188
S
929 7) Pmnumele refleniv tu comparotii. A se observa qi tntrebuintarea
pronumelui
relle\iv cu valoare de pronume personal ln conparalii dupd
lilxe, than
i
as in locul pronumelui personal:
Hc is l,ol-hcaded li.td n?s.n
S
"
i . mu t ' \ aut t t LA" nJ, t f .
T' r '
' "
nn 6
( "ad
sn) r "e. . os a' - . . t r .
S
930 8) Iipsa pronumeiui rellexir-.
- In contrast, cu linba romend, tendinta
limbii engieze-este dc a tnhi,ura pronumele relleriv acolo"unde acesta nu esie
necesar pentru claritat0a f?azei. \irbele reflexive stnt aqadar foarie putine
la nunnr tn linba ongleze. Chiar
lqi
unele
yerbe
cu formi retlxivn, cari au o
rirculalic mai nar, Fjnt i locuite de prlerinld
cu o {ormn aliernatild in-
tranzitili:
' ' |
, , , t | 1r , r , r r i r _
"r ' n, "J
. i | , . t h- u, f . . .
.
-\c,la!L
1 ..u..t.
r.ia,il
Fntiu:
"1 slaq" in loc dc
r' l
;ndrc n?a.f".
"I drcrs' , tI
loc de
"l
dBs /r/sl/" ctc.
i\rezi ii ,,Dinie7d
.elle\ivl,.
I
ri76l.
S
931 9) ?ronumclc moiproce. in limba rom6.6, u eori pronunele rcfleriv
nn a. ai ; o f cl j unF csf c ! e rd\ f ri ngc asupra subi ect ul ui , ci acl i uni reci proce a
dou; r du n
"i
nul r F
. ubi F.
. .
Tn a
. Ft
. , / . l i mbd
"n- t FZj
nr r mai r r r r pbr i n.
,eazd
pronunele relle\i.i, cr ptunumele reciproce, ctLre slnl urmltoarelel
eech oth0r cind este vorba numai de doue persoane sau lucruri, sau de o
actiune rciproci lntro doud persoane sau lucruri dintr-un gmp;
ono another penlru
mai mult de doLri pcrsoane
sau lucruri:
Thts t$'o hierds wjll nol sce.d.l ori"/ nsain lor a lons line.
(C!i
doi ieteni nu se vo. dai redea mllliL vreme.l
-
I n
o
. ' "' . 1 \ p , ". "J oJr r , o . r i , . . r . t t ! ' r l o
r . / "
or . , .
L
p, ' u.
'
r a , r
' ,
; ,
' ' . -
: r "sdu
d ! .
. , 1 , .
l r i l ,
"l n ". o
t s | r r . r i l t o \ ' n t I co , o, r i t on.
LUi .
, , F
yu;
. t ut i r r . r t r o. ,
r . hi r a
no$h, ' 1 r n Ni qi i qu N si gnr aDr e i nbccer ea. )
Not d
Onc anotho esle rdeseari intrcbunri.rl si pentru doui persoane sau luorurr:
Siie nrd L,,r broilrr arc lor fir\n ol ant: an thq.
rlusbard .dd Ni{e
(ere
siltins Na. rnc alalhn.
A se conp&r a:
Ther kncw /lanvl.s. (Refleriv)
t 5.
", , u. r ea
t pe
, i
t nsi t r ) . )
Th. r
t
n, \
. d
/ . o, l
. .
i r . i
, . o. .
do. i p"". . o,
J
tSe
cnnoneau
(i1tut pe ahrit
).1
'lhel
rnl kncN one antnEr
\tte.:itrot)
n{i nult dc doun
lc.soare)
LSe
, unoi t P{x a& r , l l l . l
S
932 Ur . "l " r pr l ", u i , ! i r nn
' ^i l , r oca
i r l i nb, . o. . n.
qi
r e\ pr i ms' p
i , l
l i mL"
p
Lr "zr
n
i n \ , r h' , r , , '
t r ununF
r p. , p o""
t S
Jl l :
l]'e,.r
jn
ujr Darl<. sdd a l.w {ords. slorl l/ids and Da.tcd.
(Nc'an
hnlniL in pot:, z az sp,s cif era ouvhte. ne ttu siins nita ei nc-am d.s-
Obser aa! i e
S
933 Prepozitia se pune inaini.d pronurnelor
reriproce, nu tntre elc ca in limba
' lhc.t t.\ll<rl Lo .Le aiotker.
lvoibeau
un1 cu altul/lDtre ri.)
Tl,.\. couldn' L
rt.IL hotr
edcl. .thd_
lNn_
sc
lutcau
desr)jir1i unul de altnl.l
5I
PRONUMDLE DE TNTARIRE 189
l 0r Pronumel e rof l exi v ! i
prr, oumcl e
sau adi crl i vul nebol t ri t .
-
Panl ru
pr onumpl p r ef l er i \
cor a' ounzdi or
f
r ^nu"r Fl ol i cdj F' l i \
al or
n' hor ar i
F
\ ' zi
s 4145-1151.
"
l l r 0ne. pl t .
i nt r ebui 0l ar e. un: 1[ Pr F i nLr pbu; nLJl i n ] "sBl ur i
' r
7'o heoe a Lnits ivell doDe ,a? mu$l do it oaacry
?'o srcdl at lensth ol ozes.// is bad nanne.s
Eihi;!: b! aneself is the besi *ay lo see a c.urtrj
t 2r Locul or onumol r r i
r ol l o\ i r
t i
nl
nr onum. t ui
Jc l 0i i r i r . . l n
"onl r H. t
cu
l i mb" r om. r r u. 1n dr a
p' onun
"l a
r "r l "r i r pr .
-
t a r ^r bul .
r r , l i n, b
pn
' , pzH
lronumela
rellexi!' se pvte dupd rcrb:
I l ur t r t u /
' / si l | |
r h d h.
\ \ '
'
l o"el
"
' 1-
J
"F.
I ' al
1/ - d r - i r
, r o1
. m ui . l r
' l
l or l _ b n
Pronumelo dc intlrir0
"<e
p\ne inediat llald carinl&l
p: care il ittdrclt:
I n"sdlf rvroie ure rvords flr tl,c song
rDtr-t;dDut arn s0ris cuyintclc on,tecdui
l
He had rews ttom Unde fnt'.t him*l[.
{.\
avtrl rc;ti .nidl de U ut.rhidl Vin0entiu l
Ur eo. i
"n
I r o
r m" J. r "r r r i ' a
-
ar
l , , r ' , i
r - t "r i l '
' ' r \ i nl "
Ji l ' r i r .
' l i n
t r "t ", l i a. El
' i
t ' r ' "", r . i , , l ' , r , . , , r '
' ucu, : r r t ul
p r ' - r l i t r F - dl
Jt "{. . / | , l I l l ,
_
' i ar r \ '
r ' -
l ' , "
"
r
r f
r . r ' r , .
11i
I l J l p pr ui o' '
r l r " ndd doj p
l h , \ , 1. - y \ "n t : r ' . t . ^L- st l
(t','lc!sc e:eruiliilc .hre thiat de
rrolasoarn )
Ci r r d
n
op, r i i ' i . l nqi ur ' ' i
| r J"I l
' onl ur i i
l r on. r r n. l "
J" I nl ; r i r "
' - r "' "r - i - l
. j r l
i ,
1' o
l "r i
n, r ' : i
' Ji i i
l ' : e
"
'
' 01'
r u
. r -
I r nl l
cu deosebire
preleriin ln limba ! orbitn:
t .lin it nleU.
{tm lilctl o 4. t'rtn,
l
Ih.! \rcnt thete thtusele^.
/Cria. dt s au d6 acolo I
!lj. tired id the |loctr oL rlals st had desigtrcd /Fm,4.
ll-muia
in blo
l pe
(am
.d ,nsrift il
ltorciavi l
, \ pr
r Li
_1, , l
r , r r i . ' ]
L 5a\ \
\ 11| Y f u. s, /
i - \ n vl zuf o. f t i al
! e
Uar i a. )
I sr\ llrr\ nrnl/.
I\'. PR0]{U}IDI,E
;I
ADIECTIyUL DEIIO\STR]{TIY
S
e3e
oEn
DDlroNsTridlrlE
PRoN0Il\,1-\D,{DJrlTrIE}
1) Dcfidtie. I\onnnele dt)/)lonstr.ltii, inlocuiclt un substantiv
(sau un
S
gao
echivilent al actstuia)
erprinat sau sLtbinleles, preciztndu i toLodaLi con-ti-
nutul in sFatiu sau ln irmp.
A(tiectie l d.emanslrdtlr std
pe
linei un substantiv (sau un echivalent al
S
941
acestuil)
pentru
a srita locul ocupal, de obiecl ln limp sau in spa-tiu ill raporl
cu vorbit6rui. Pronumelc
!i
adjecliv{te demonstral,ive se acordii ln numir cu
subsirntil_eie
la care se relerl.
2) I'ormi,. Pronumele demonstrative
slnt urmitoarelc:
S
942
this
(these), rtiat
(\hq.), the
fond,
the 14u.r. Ihe
fi4t,
the hsl, th. other (the aherc)'
same. suctt, stchtitt, e, one (an4)
s
034
s
935
s
93{;
s
e37
S
u:lt
1OO
MOFIOLOCB
_
PRONUMEI'E
s 9t B
Cu eroepi i a
l ui so
f i , nc
(anes). I oat t ! cel el al t e
pronurne demonst rat i ve
ru'
l i
' i
t t i '
r; r'
Lt "n' hn*t "o' i r' 1
'
l \ "?i
a\ "n, r l l " i i
l r "qu
. F I l d
r i a. dr ' pr nnr r mr i
f dr ' F. o' ^' Lm' i
l '
ar - ; - P2t . 837.
i . r p" r ' r sJi e
r i I r p dpn' n
r r al r r c
r r ' / r
! . 6r . i t )
l
\ 911
'
i) R;0;h;"4 edi;cti\trlui
dcmonsttatir' -
Cind adjecLivul denoDstrativ
'
"'
a"t".i';'l'"1"j nrlt;
sribstantive unite
prin conjuncl,iile
.ln'J sar'L bar' el nu
sc repct n i nni nt er
f i et i rui subst ant i v
i n
part ei
?nsd bovs arrt si.ls
\tant to
"oss
lh' ror'l
?na, nisi,r *a3
":lg:,.-bl:i
lt-1"j,liili,
l;t,11",#;.;"
u.,
".,
r|,orL
in rhe
Thc atnaieur
P
rYe.s were Lh. s'
t i cl ds
'
_-' tl.,
IiiinfirSs
btt
"r
sellllir"s afe srldom lountl
s
!{t
THIS
(Tl]trSrl), TII^T
(TIIOStr)
(TFONU]IE S\U .IDJECTTI' ' 1
Dtr]TO\STRATTIE)
itti
{
,,, ,
.,,., I
'o'""
',
L"gr I t oo: t
S
916
1) Furctii. -
This
(thes(i)' rhar
(thas') pol li pronumo sau adjctire:
.' his
' s
mY look
LProa
l
?ft' sa arc mI hoolis
(Pronl
iiii" i,i,,i.'r'-.*iii". t-ra;.i
7/..rc books'ar.
mitr,:
(-{dj'l
ii.j
iJ'-r''s""
te-".]
?h6? are nl.v sns
iPion l.
. ,
itur a,,r is
'"r "l".
tlai.i
?&'s' boxs nre dv sons l-ldl'r
(I ' eni n ndj e. l i {c rezi
! i S
sl sr
' 1t cnl t .
!
. : r l ; C. r \ r nl ul t hdt dr e
par r u t r r n' i i pt r n' i l r l p:
;i ;;i;
p;;;,^"
";,,
d,tia1tu ien; sraie
e
aeela.
acer' cer, acea a!ea'
t ea),
f
ronunJat i i ot deauna
l det l ' :
fia, is ml' bol
?ftdr !&e
ts dr' e'
b) prcnntlt rel.jtie
(: carc),
ptotlunlAt
[o'eL]
(forlrla tare)
lilat
'tl
(f orrm si abd):
Thi6 is ure loundcr
do4 thc
laFrs
\cff Niling about
.) nnjunxlie
(: cn)
ptonunl'atn
ld'ell
forma iate
(rar inLrebuinlatn)'
l 6at l
l orma sl abn:
He |ind me tna, he had |een lhcre
(l)
ad')crb
(: atit de).
pronunlai irtoLdeaunr
accentuat
[6eL]:
'l'hc sro\t Nas /n.r high
ia.lllnd
inellid'"i
otr mloal
S ! r f R Zr
- For mi .
Uet r . \ umnr . ( az.
" 7t ' +. t l ,
.
' / , r /
' / , o
"uo' i n: ur ; f or f l '
' , "' , t ; ; "; i ;
cenuri t e i r
. azu' rl e' :
el e nu si nt di l erenl i at e
deci t i n pnl nl a
i rrmi rul ui :
.
,o,.:
.jn raloaP
d. adje.ri!. ste nun{ar sax
,lllilillL ,Ti.x!,{l'1".,,,"
,".,
r".'""
:
f r unxnl i r dr t r t n
i o nc
pat r r I
azr i r l P
PSI
' "' ", . ' , ; ; ; 11"
0", ". r ", ' - . ' ,
oJr "
1i '
'
t t
' at
t L' l t
( r '
' Dat i l x1
est e l om' at st cu
pr . pozu, ' a t o'
{ li:l
::::!:,,
,,,-,
J
r*- r
{
liij
{l i : l
i l : : : , "
r"' )
[ ruu: t {l ou: ]
i li:l
ii:ll
I
tr'"- )
{
ii:j
I
tB;
il,'
1fr'r
I
",
!
lrt
l l i l
1, "
L
t r i : l
{l,en|.fl,
tNdu&rea adj,' .litel,tr,
rezj
I
8181
3) I tret'ui
lare. -
u) Thi:
(ttuse) inlocuics.j sau deterrni.i ob;eciel rpropiate
jn
tin,p sau
spat i u i n raport cu vorbi l . orul : t hat
(t hosc)
obi ect el depi rt at e
j r
t i mp sa. r
spatiu in raport cu r-orbilorul:
Ti np:
Tntr t-. Iinc Neathcr oe dre l{ving. (Prczcnr)
"rdr
a. lhc rvcatlcr
(.
iad li6t Snndal
iTr.ctrtl
?'no, rill De iine!
(Viitorl
Thxe arc \a! remarks. ll'rPzentl
Ihasc iete t\is Nords.
ilrtutl
I shalt tatl to rlosa preseni.
lviitor)
Spa! i a
Who
j s, nl - "?
( A! f opi c. . ) . \ \ : ho' s, , l ar l ( Lr et ar La. e)
/ i u
t '
r r L' y l . / door ; .
Jo
. . D p.
"r
t h
' pr ol ' r "
. r
' nJ
t o$- ! . t @p d pi "| i . d. ". \ ' . r .
Cind se rlcri la i,imp, demonstrativelc this, thesc sirt
jn
genere lgate
de
lrcrent,
iar that, those
.le
lrecut ran de t)iitar.
Cind se referi l,r Fpaliu. demonslratirele this, thcsc desemneazi numai
obiecte din imsdiala aTropilr a lorbitorului. obiecte pe care acesta 1 porte
atinge.
Cind tnlocuisc o propozilie sau parte din aoeaslia. this, theEe sini in gerere
intrebuinlate tumai
jn
c:rzul irt oarc curintele Ia care se releri precedd ine
diat sau urmeazi 1n aceeasi fraze.
Potrivit acestei reguli, ioarte adeseori in limba englezd se intrebuinteflzn
lndt
f*oseJ
acolo unde limba ronAni {oloseste demonsiraLivele opuse,,acsta'
,
, , acenst a"
( . , acef i i a' . , . acest ea") :
?/'a, Nas onr decisioD at tlic lirne.
lAceasta
a last hotlrirea no{sili ]D ac.l non|Di.)
fld, was a lortrighl rgo.
lA..asta se
$tretiea
acuri doui-r sliptnmini.l
Is rrzr all lhe lrgga8e
}ou
a.e iakiig?
L, t ^ a- n t o , i i i . l
l .
'
l i "i
\\-1, all r}inl ,,nr
l.l oti
(n,dim usrt l.I
?ra, is ny opi[i0n.
a-.1.errro
csn,
I
irna nica
lvhat do yon Dean bI ,rar:
icc $fi s,-L su'i cu dadsru l,
- \ pl i r ar ca
r cEul i i r l mai sui , 1- al abi l n i n oar ef ar e nl i sur i r
f i
i n l i mbar ome
ni . est e mul t mi r i sl r i cl , d i n l i ' . ba cn. ql ezl . 7' r al i n pr i mel e doue r mpl e se
r el er n l a un l api t r ecut ; l n al l r ei l ea exer npl u se r el er d l a un obi eci cf l r e nu sc
a.fh in imediat.L apropitft a celui rare l.rrbeste; in ultimele trei ennple sc
fcfcr, la.iufinte spuse inajntea propozjtjei in care se afln lllal.
?rts is lvhat I advisc
Jor
lo do: make n list...
rtis st intrebuinlat aic; pentru ci !e relern 1a o propozilie explicativ.'
c^te ur/.ca:d. in at:ee.tti
lra.d.
Ti di ar e i n\ A o ni ul t mai l ar ei i nt r ehui nl i r r ' e r l cci l l r i r , l ui nr l u i acesl r ) i a
adeseori locul. In asemenea cazuri idiomatice. el scape regulilor.
;i
poate lj
1n\'6!at numai p n obrerlaiije
,.i
notare.
Lo l el cf an: ' \ \ ' har l ral : "
1: Ci nei
acol ol (i a di st an, t n)l
"rni s
i s
Gene" (-,,lii e Gene). ,\proape toti, incon;tientr ridicn tonul. strign chiar.
rind rorbesc lir tclclonj aiii de rie e impresia depiirtnrii. Rarcori allii tnLrcab;
l 9t
s
9{9
s
9;0
1
sel]s
sranatical {$
!).
109
(. \ Vho' s
t l i s?: ' .
prcbabi l pe un t on sLi zuL
-\ i
?oat c
sub i mpresi a apropi cri i
' n-
. onr i i ant . r pdl p dF
r n. P3 ! n l a vor bpi l p l 1 ur ccna'
S
951 b) This
(Ihese) sint intrebuinlale
in corela,tie
N lhat
(those)l
\
hi
'
do
Jou Pr"hr'
t rb
o"
' i ' '
\ re
l our
sl aml rs
S
952
?trs este legai de noliunea adverbului
t'l' lidI de aceea a adr.erbuhri
I' ut rnlr
lich.c
hrt. and that
' ir
th' tt
/ l t enl i e
!
Pur i
l i i
' o' , di m
'
"
l i i
, l
u' r
pl "or r ' r m
r r ' l r ^bu nl r % I ' onsl r _' i \ ' l or
i 4; .
i 1r o, l r . ul i r .
r r ; l ' , r r \ d"/ r
' i
' l
r ' . Lu t r "' t ' t o1t ": 1' r st t t t 4l t n' r a
sa recomandi:i
'qi
fic evitatc.
Se aude
'Lotrsi
a,:lseu. ea
!i
ir linba ronlann: this nuln hte thdt child
Ih$. eLc. (: on"ti u"o"iu de aiei, copilul acola de acolo) ca o rccentuare sau
clarilicare.
S
0; 3
. 7
L
r i i nr r r , L, or ^m"J
' ' . i s
t , t
^
t \ t hl | / ' ' ' s
, ' i nr
I nr ' "Lui
r ": i
Penl ru
a se evl t a repeLarea
H""h^$. d m
. on' - , ' ol l . r ' . . t . , '
sJs"l ' r ' ' l I .
I
r , """- . o. r
t . -
- r
a
l e
- : .
r o / h. "
! 4. a$
- 4' _aa] '
S
9;4 .J) Irronunele ttis
(thtsN). Ihat
(tha{)
sint lntrebuinlate
li
in lo'nl
denonstrstiyelor
the l1.uer. thc
lbrru:r:
Hc disliksl liolh dnosar'. rnd nanill,,'i lor 1nis is rs ruch oi a! cltrerne 6 dar'
ri-"
r--nt...,1*l
home long alie. ihe c ldFni
'ftcs'
ltlie
'lrild'erl
I'ad Nn al
l l ' $. , \ . i \
' l
t hn.
t h r "
' l
$dI d l o\ l \ '
Er ' cepl t i el
La singulrr.
pronumcle li;s
li
llnl nu
pot intocui in acesl caz subsl'llntive']e
care llenunesc
PosLrane:
\l-. coui.]n.t .lcci.lc brtieeln dre gtl a\\f rh' ba!: the ltrz' \\Ls us innrlligenl' as
ttE
Fritt.
l ; ; /
/ 4i s s'
, , .
' r nl
i nr r - h, r i nl sr e
I npr un
r i
d
r r ' : r
' l i
d' l i }p pen r u
i
ar ef cht : l , nnz"n.
r "I
ppn
u
I d- ' ' r nt o p' r i od' l ; 44
r r mp
r r nr r osai
viitoarc, iegate de prezent ln limha ronand. aceasti construct'tc
nu se t'raduce
decit rareo
Ptln
acesld, accatlal
Th.r is.r sl.onri bfrier. cs.ere^itgs
lLn+
zcnt)
(Vintul esLc
tnlemrc
seara l
He h.!1 bcer asal ,ris rvc.k
(Tr.ortl
lEste
Dleori
dc o sipLimiraL.
(-{
losi
rlccat
siPumina a0edla l
The-l. l,avc ben norkn,S hard d,s lasl.
I t u l uo, l t onr t " m' nt i n I l t r n' 1r zl l r
{ 956 , \ se observa i nt rcbui i l area
i ' l j e' t r$l or / / t i \ sJ t hdl . c' rp Lr
l i
ari j ' ohl
-
nehot art t
($ 529), de; i ou f ormn i l a si nqul ar.
poh dct rmrr5
nurrLcLe unpr
pe-
oade de timp cu sens de plural' prif itd ca un toi:
' 1nd\ ' \ e
bdar , "r ! busv t hh
- dJ
l . r
do!
Thi ; Jor my / i "* u, . r s bN b+ \ r "J h1"l on
' o
r
"
I' !c been cxpeciing
lot
this taert! mLnutes
sau,
pentru irecui:
Thst lrst ,rd turntns Fas cndless
Sce
you aaain fils di.r x'eck
(\_'i-
(Nd
reledcn de asLezi inl._o sllunn'i
)
she is eoinq lo Sinain liis month
{Se
dro; lr Sinaia lLrna 4..dsD.)
Iou Fill rcsret
jt
one oln's
( \ l
s- o r cs' e! i i nt r - o zi l )
$I
ADJECTTVUL
Aceeati lntrebuintare o au
!i
cu alte plurale care
pot fi privite tolectirl
Beiter havc this t{o
!ound(s)
sixty
11
(sau
rn.el
no*
Did he rcturn t|rtt tbee
Nunds
?
Thel: coultl ha.dtt walk that lst tqo hitomres, they were so ljred
(Vezi regul a l a
S
2i ' 5t -25t s ci .
S
533)
Nat d
A se obsdva lorma de sirgxld"" a substantitului ln urmitoarele expresii
idiomaticel
Wc hare tilcd here tn;r seren
,.dr
a lialll coulle
propozil.ic precede t[ sau
S
957
r9g
t t p ha, b. - n
, 4.
,
i n ad I d do o.
f)
lhis
ti
that inlocui-qc adesea o intreagn
parte din ea:
She r . i t "! n,
t "r . t
t "
ut
t n"
p anat
,
6t . l kno\ , i ;
'
L"
I p' omi . o, - :
"
t n
l
/ " I dJ
r r '
l o' l or i
' mo' n: e
Th.a ntt\t !.
hanP anl thtl
^l
.)1
lle i,s the;epulation of a rn. lrnt 7//, hc cellainlX
is not
S)
Thi s.
t h6p
si n f ^l o' i r '
' . i
1a
r r
nt "i r i '
Tr i s i s Jol , n Sni t h.
{lli/^/d }ronri t.
JolLn Smith.l
h) Thi,r (these)
\i
tm
Unse)
+
ta
7/,;s ts sliat hc told me.
( I at i ce mi - a sl us. )
,.\l'hioh
is
1-otrr
por
olio?"
,.7/,ts
ts il."
lcre
este'scrrii,t.r tn? lai o
)
her . al t cr : al l er t hi s
ili.reniter
:
alter thal
? les' are m! childfcn.
(lli/\ {
r.eziil tc
copiji mi.)
,, sc traduc prin
.,iati":
T7z.r. ar. his lliings.
tIat,'!i
l,rcNfile (nici).1
flior. afc ltis Dftenls.
ilalli
i
Dirrinlii lacolol.l
s
958
s
9;9
Tnoas hoN ire heard about rt.
(latn
jr
c! fcl am auit desl.e ace&sta.l
,i)
*This"
,si'thii' l-
pronlDclc relrti{. Toate
Pronumelc
demonstta-
S
960
t i \ F
t ul i nJ
l i
' , r - sr "
Ja
t , o
un' p r p, d
r ' ^.
,
{p, i
r "
' du
j "hr r : ' l "P / }' ' si
,rdt sint supuse aceleia,si uzanle:
lvhat is r/,is rno,. I sci?
"Lir
is a ditTercnL nroblem lmn that
(.tltuh) \\c discussed nefor'
l nr 1. " \ n "l 1n. b1l l "i n'
d l o' k' r , / &.
t nh' . nat "
an l ha ban' h
d
mi
i
Thp. ul l ^l ; " l r n|
. , . r .
f l dr ' . dl - ", , r ' ,
i l "l d' avr h
- t . t "am
Al t
n8" / r ha
Nat i i .
Consiructiei thas. trho ii core""punde la singula? lr,
(s au s,it, {tlD:
$
961
H.
( 1, . r r n
dop. nur
' r , i
l o"ol F. p, l
t l
ne"l ' . 1 i
P{pahd.
' s3.
7f r ; - , ' n. Jo n. .
. i r ! l i .
o ol . "g" J
, j r , l
p (
dl l l ^ F{pdl al . ( pl . '
Acestor constilrclii.
socotite acum prelioase. le slnt prelerete urmiitoarele
conliderate mai
pulin pretonlioase:
Thc siudctri nho does not submit...
Stuiltsnts FLo do not s!bmil...
5) Adrerbe compusc. -
Thi.s
\i,
that. precedate de prepozi,tiile after. at.
S
982
L, t , i n, o[ . on. t . ) . ur an. r ' 1k. . r ' ' r n. ^' i l nl o ui l e i n l i nr bd ] i r "r r r 6
"cr i r Sor i
oi i "i al a
"u
FJv"r ba
.
o' np. . . , di n a4\ pr bpl "l
|
. out h. r p- :
t r at r ozi l i d
' F. pp"
,{.sifl:
,
p' onunl al p
I
Jo_r . / ?r ur
-
s
d, r
PP, . ' ' nl
l . I n
aonPdd nou;
:
r i . , /
. "r .
,
r r J. +r
.
L' .
pr 0num.
.
I ar i r . pf on I nl l l
[ d3 ] .
.13
cramalica rinbii eneleze
194
hereuron: rpon this
thereipon
:
tlpon that
l,e.Nith
:
with this
th.rcwUr
:
with that
9{- i 3 o,
- l bi q
$i {h
l i d{er bc.
l n' i l ul r Jmi l i r r ' / ' l ' ' "i / nd' l "t f i si sd! ' r 1. "
Jpn' ^r "l r J i \ e
I
= . ol
Dl ' si nr a un' i ur r nl l F d- un r dj e' l i ! sJu de un adr ! r l
care e\pr;mn lniltimta, cantibaiea, distanla, timpul etc.:
r l . s
h. .
/ t "
- r , ,
( ca: r , . 1=\ l
' i l
1t us
113
| | | t u! ) ni gl '
{I n/ i l l i m' ) .
P, , , . \ r i , i
Guu
i . ' , l oJl
"&t r
( sau a, ) i ar '
( Di st ml e)
fPlnl
aici
(sau acoto)l
Th-a $at.r $ds Inor hia}
I I n,
w / nr s mur h, l hal
' ou
s , i nd L: - ' l '
' '
J
iherety
-
by. ihal
He rvcnt tldt iat and no Inrtle.
Did wc stax the.c rl4, lons?
At enl i e !
96{ ?/,it
ti
lhdt cu in,tcles exciarnariv
dialeciale:
{ 967 2) Fonn5. -
Demonstrativele r/r
lbrmo ;i
InrX distinctie de
gen, numdr sau caz:
Cecil dit Alice arc hothr and sislet: the
f.'rn
r
(: aiit de...l) sint expresji
vulgare ofl
I s$ r / dt . ol dl
(['li_era aili de Irigl)
$
9ti5 Trr! Fox-trx& Trrn r,ATTnrl
(},IONU}Itr SAU ADJDTIIIV!
DDffONIT' T,ITTTX)
6 966 {) Functii. -
Demonslratjl
ele the
fanrto l-
pLimu)
ldin
doil
pr in::
r <l i n, l oucr .
pr i mi i
saupr i n' , l el di ndor , i gr upr , r i r l si
' l '
t dt t ' r
'
ul t . i r l l ' t
ooi ) , ul Li nai oi n do r ' ul l i r "i "u
' r l r
m' l ' r d; ndou: gr LDUr r r l pol
I r pl o' l '
sarr adjecdrel
I lrave read Bob's 1\ork anil Jan's
l ptekr nk
funet {llol\
work) to /r lor"'
i Jano, s).
(Pron. )
' --
i ne; "r"; ked
l . o choose bet \ on Sha$ dd Ocas' ):
rn'
/ n/ ' / '
snbi e' r
(Eh' t r
$&.
pel si pr ,
t hP10. t
\ o' p\
Ocd
J
l d mor i
r p"
r ! ' cdl
tfu lalter au o singuri lorm;
(C.ril) is youger Uran /E larr-_
, \ l i cel . l Nasr 5i
l . m sg no, n
)
I saw
l hoho! 6 r s, i g b"h: J |
'
e' t L' h'
p' n t r | | b' 1"' J d d' s' r "' I
t h b
"r
\
' e
dJl . '
\ 1a5.
si
l pm.
pl . : ,
.
96E Demon. rral i vcl e
t h
f nm".
Fl i / r' / o' "f . t i i nd^dnua
' on' p(not ; r
' ' i l l
t ] l '
si t e numai ar unci , j nd
se r "t pr a l a doui obi "c' pr . I n
' zul
unpi
I numpr ar i
r ar
conline mai mult, ale aloud {iinte sau lucruri, tnt'rebuinlarea
acestor
dou:
demonstraiive sste incorectir.
969
-- -' t i
f nrrot rui nt ar".
\ l l dFnon' l r"ri \ ul
[ om' r.
ri t
"i
d"r"on' -1
.
t at t pr
pot l i i nl r ; bui nl aLe
- . i
i nJpp"ndFr
I ur Ll de ar l ul
' l "r
"u
mor r l r
"r :
nv t onat t . at hPt . .
l obl , n"d
pt oi "r d"b)
m:r lomr Dteits {
toe ii m'
rhri,
th;
fun{
dcin
1 -
lostul dc.d)
in /o.ne. tines
(:
ne
rremndl
l he / dt l pf hal j ot l h; c"nl ur y
I
a doua
l . nbl a' p
3 s"ol u i
t he l ol b, Dat L ol LhP novd
( - ul ' r mr
I r dl n
a r omuur ul
i n r h": " l ; r pf dsvs {
i n
, , l r r mul l i Dt . 1n
, i l "l " no6k"r
I r r r p. - dav vi ew!
a
' ; on. epl i i
a. l J
F.
'
p: Di i dp ul r r mi o"r J
I
Sens
xamal i . sl
( $ 2 . Per i r u de' - al i i
vpzi
$
9- n
! perrrir
o enumFf;re d mai m-lt dp douJ obipctp
vFTi
5
970.
$I
ADJECTIVUL, lt5
THE TIBSI. TflD LAST S
970
.PRONUUE AT ADJEI' IIVE DEUONSIA-{TrIN)
Adi c"ri vFl e / r"
f i . s,
( -pri mul . pri ma. pri mi i . pri mal el si i l p / arl
,
ul l i -
m Ll , ul l i ma, ul Lj mi i . ul l i nFl c) . l i i nd doua s, / 1, . / d/ i ' P. si ni l nl r cbur r r l at ". a
pr onump
si adi p. l i vp dpmonst r ar i r F i n eazul un. i eau' nFr Sr i . dr e Lool r ne nar
hult de dou[ fiinle sau lucruri.
(Pantru detalii vezi
S
965-968).
TEtrJ OTIIEIi
(TRoNUMtr
S-{U ADJESIIY DEIIONSfRATIV)
Forma de sinqular llv ol,{r" (: celetalt, oealaltd) este consideratd ca lnd'
ol i ni nd une"r i f unr Li d do
adi . . l i v sau
pr onump domonql r dl i v.
j ar
I or ma d"
i l ur dl
! h" ot h, r s
r =
. pr l sl
i
; l pl i l ni ea f i i nd numai pr onum" d"mon' r al i ! :
Or i nc r l ' bl u"
\ a5. r ' . r nd t "t ' + t | ' at h. .
i r
j .
r '
( \ dj l
I . Ak"
. -
'
s
i
o
. r r
Jppt d,
t n, r
LaLp
, t ?
o/ f r - .
- r on. )
l n r i r . l
hi
l i n a"h r o$ ; 1nq ; nt l E a h", . dan'
pd
l P"on
r
SAITE
THE OTf,EES
s
971
(PRONUME DtrIIONSTRATIV)
$
972
(PROr-UIE S-!U ADJECTIV DE]UO\STR-!.TIYI
1) Functrii. Sazrc
[:
acelaqi (lucru), aceeali aceia-si, aceleafi] poate li
S
973
pronume sau adjectiv demonsirativ:
lrllatrrry
New Yearl"
"The
sand to
yo!I" (Pron
)
Thei irehared in rlre sdme way.
(Adj.)
A t enl Le !
Intrebuinlarea
pronominali
a curtntutui sdrz ste condamnati in unele
S
974
cazuri ca nclitirari !au desuetn, dovedind uneori chiar lipsi de culturd, spre
exemplu in vechiul stil comrcial:
Wc liave
Xonr
aelvet and {'ill scnd sa',. at once
Samc
poate avea
li
valoare de adaerb, cn sensul de,,la fel",
,,tntocmai": S
975
In his nbsencc work wnl on i'ast E satu.
I leel thz sdne as
yoo about teaohing.
Dimpoirivx, loculiunea all tle sdnd (: totu9i) exprime opozi-tie:
S
9?c
A lhe sanc, I don' t like hef.
Sdme poate inlocui
i
a tntreagd propozili): saa
frazdl
They alplied the Dcrv method ol wo.)r, and I did the saru
s
977
2) Formd. - Sam are o singuri form;, lari distinclie de
gen, numlr sau
S
978
'l'hcv all s:rid the saue.
(l'ron.
neuhu se. ac.l
Thr r df r
p opl " w r '
-
d, i . ' onl a
i o
, on l l ' p bu'
r o
l - i ol i _
1. \ dr
mac si l em
l l
n. m
)
Sdnc est"e aproapc lntotdeauna precedat de articolul hot[rit.
3) Accentuflrc. -
Pentru accentuarea ideii' same poate fi
precedat dc
cudntle ter4 sau sef
(:
chiar acela, identic):
This is ihe v.fu saa.r baa I lost.
S' " \ . - r h,
. "7/ . dp.
Li "l l
I ' ad m
i
on
p
Lr , , i n.
4) Corola,tie. -
Samc poate ii corlat cu
pronumele relativ as (Y.
S
1094).
S
981
I
Demonstrati{ul sdru poate tilsi clnd este
treoedat
ile adv.r}ul tery:
"This
is the
$r
s
970
$
980
S
982
so
{FNONUIIN
DEMO\STRATIY)
$
l r bS I f ur . l i i . - D"mor ' l r , l i t ul s, , {
a"r qr a. r . r ' r e' r F l nl r nbui nt Hi
' J
pr onu
'
: i
"l un
i I n' o. ui or I p o I nt r ' - ei
pr opu/ r l r e
pr pi edFnr d:
I knew snc wasr'l ri8li, and I told her so
"C& she IelP us?"
"I
tlLiDk so-"
E 984 \'erbele cu care
pronuml so este tn special int'reluinldL
tn acest caz,sinf:
'
la be aftaid, to b(Ii.ee: tu do. to
fear.
ta hape. to sa!
:
1o tlqpote' to leIL to thLnh er c'
S
9Sb So
poate inlocui
lqi
u Adjectir;
tle $
-Etre1,sn
aod sn
rre
\e
I xsed t o- be , r An, s, i LL I am o no l or ge.
"It
ws .old
lesierdal."
".!.
it $4"
,So esLc
;i
adverb sau conjunclie:
.to Drany mer, so many mnids
lAdv i
She i s si r t r el . t l ' L
( . \ n1. 1
I l e snoke i ,
' al mhl
i \ , r L)
kr
i pt ; on
bt J. j
. o. , oLr . r hd"Jr $ , ".
, \ c\ . )
T1e- r
i . r n l I ' . , L | \
' .
. "d, . 4un_
l
2) Soandso.
Lor
liunearo
an.l s/) (Fubstarl,i! set'raduceprin
',culare
l
\Y stayed ovcr ihe \tecLend $ilh ihe lr'_ozl sos
lsubst !l )
3) So"so. Sr-s,
(adjeclil'
!i
advcrb) inseannA
,,a!sa ,ct
ala :
^s
a clcrk she is ro-rc.
(-{dj.)
lIe sirss io-so.
(-{d\.
)
198
i
986
s
$87
s
988
s
989
SUOIT
(PNONLT]IE S,\U
-{DJ}]cTY
DEMONSTBATIV)
\ 990 I , hr ncl i i . Sa r I al ar a.
i r t ' l ' l '
"pm' npa
a- c er Ll {dFr '
A' a/
o,
pasl aj
s""pi ; r a1. 3r e"t c1r r
Fr . . l poi l p l i pr ^nur F r ' i ' dJ^' r r \ d' r nun'
t 1
Hc Y'as a .lNm man and eell knoND rs s"/'
{Pron l
Sz., rcsulls are rery uDsr$sla.rorJ
edj ]
S
g91
2) Ionnfi. -
,9r.i are o singure forrnn, lirn distinclie de cn,
nunir
rh
i
I can'i ba slackers and all sr.li lPron Inasc.
ii
lem
l)l
ac
l
Judn music
's
a\raJs
'tlcornc.
(.\dj ncntru ss Doml
S
999 Articolul
nehotarit al substantiruhi
dternrinat de adjeotivul sD'n
'=
pune dupi acest a:
Did vo! cver see sz'l a tJiing?
It rvas !z.l
a ,ine drYl
s
993
s
904
s
995
3) Inteles. -
a) Sar,t
poste {i sironim cu demonstrativele
this
(thesc), that
(tha;t.'
r d. n I l h6 i ,
r ha
Dq, / l
. or Ji
. L' \ i ne , n s i l , l or
' \ ' l j r
. .
Jr . / ,
I
, : ",
onl J r l , , ar ; n
-
od r Lr r '
!
I n
J
nnl
onl F
I ' o ": '
b) Sach aN qi lnleles e\rlamati{
(': atit de, aqaJ:
ThF Asr i . u' r u, dl
Pr ' l r r "r i o, ,
'
uut F"a
\ P hal
, , t a bumo |
' r ol
r l r F
-
'
J( . / . l i : . , ,
: d. n ,
j r , \ ' ,
' .
Jr p r ; i ng
r ul
L! r r ' B
"l
Jr pJ :
(V.zi
9i S
51')
cJ ,A.deseori sar,t nu apare in lraducerei
romaneasci:
I t
i s
dpsi "abh
r o
- . u"l dl
i / n
l r a*d- : e.
' .
r ' Jl o"opr r - 1"
l L"t e
d. dor i L. a r
l r Jd. . r paJFF pol t ' r r ' "
Thpv
\ v"r . aL"d
l osl on
'
l l ' I bunl l , / m" as
r of "dl ' 1m'
o r
r r i u' t oq
i ' : i r ' i si a. n" l ' pr , "'
I o: a' ' ' a m4' ' :
sr
\ '
s
99{i
FRONIJMELE
SI
197
4)
"Suoh"
-1'
prontmel rolatiY. S
99?
a) Cinn snch este urmat d u,n pronume relativr acesia esde aproapc
S
998
iDtotdeauna as
(: care)' rareorr rro:
l l .
$
r . h"a1
r , i r pw
! "od' r ' r '
, mi gh
i nl . r ' l hi t '
\ \ i \ : l , d\ o' ' ' | onpp"oj . | 5/ ' l n' r d| l oul ' | 1| . | l ' . pnr J\ '
r 4/ , u. l j Jl ol ' 1r 4| | ; r d
l hph'
1
01
l l , n$l pl ' n' l oLJ r ' nl l d
r r \ ar po r '
b) Such us este sinonim .n those t\Jn, tlv)se trllich:
S
999
Let all slrl, ds t:
tl,ose shol want
leacc
e'ork ils dcicnoe'
i!;,s."; le;
".(,ik$ "'
a.t, but'l wjll
shitlx
lrr d
Jo
tr .rd,/' dr (
:
I hose Nlich) I nav'
dl Srrl &s
poate avea
Ei
tnlelesul ..ea
de eriemplu":
I
1000
The Sl,alc store ad{crtised loys sr./, as lraUs. dolls' drums aso
Do
lou
lnow therc is se./, a piohuesquc plaic os ClovcllX?
5) Such and such, -
Locutiunea srr.l, dnd s ,]h se lraduce
prin
-,cutare':
S
1001
On sr.lz and sai a da[o,
it sacn ond nr.t a
llacc
SU(,lILI IiE
{-{DJ00rl r.}
(=
ascn' {ta)
l're neto hen sr./r,^.
iDlrdinccl
(Pror!M!/ (: asnentn rrr.'rrr
.\
1004
He enjoJ.d rcading a lotr lovels, short sto.ies,
plr$ ihfillers and nrnltne
oNr,! 0r\Es
(PnoNU]rD DrxrorisrR"{rlv},
l t l uxct i e. On. si . , n. s si nt
rrrol rrme
denr. nst rat i ve
El e pot {i qi
S
1006
. . , b"t s
r i ' o
i i
I 2641. : i ngLr l "r ul
nn pu"
e
r i nr r n"r f l t i l 2l Sr ' pr or ul r ' n"1r n-
t i ri t ! ! u a! l i p, t i 1' n"hora, l t (S 1104)
2r For or i
: i
l Dt r h. . - Pr o' r u' r Fl c or '
l i
on r d r
n
i r cur d i or mj panl r I
S
1007
i oaj a
Lpnur i l . . i
' r l ur i l p.
EI P nu
' .
d- ' Fpbr ' dai
j r r
pr i ' i nl a nu' ndr ul r r r '
- ^
'-'-
C;
p;;rril demonstrative au urmntorr.rl
lnleles: S
1008
o, , l : acel a. acccn, cel , . eal
t ss. )
ores
(: accia, acerea, cci cere) (d
)
3) Intrcbuinlarc. Pronumele one
!i
,n.s stDt, inttebuinlate
pentru a se
S
l0og
erita repetara unui substantiv:
I c1\ e hpf
r r ' "
r "d r i Ll on Jr d I , pl l he L, l u o, P
r hd
oo( ol r I ' er , , d
gl o! "" r r d
! . r
i n
somF, dk
o4Pr .
O e nu lnlocuielte ilecit subsLantivle
care pot, a!'ea
-si
formn de plural:
S
1010
SDeak to tlai llttle boY. l.he fair o/
L;ok ai those
plroiosl \touldn't
you lilt to hare ones like tncm?
Se spunc tns6. cincl subsi,antivul nu
poate a1'ca
plural:
I IiIe cold milk ieild thlln hot.
I'll lakc re lat neat not ihc lean
Llneori promrmele onr
precedat d lr adjectiv tu are antccedent
'{cesta
este insd eYidenL:
l l y l i t t l F o, . i ( Pui ul r n. xr )
Our l i i i l e ones {: c0Pr r ' nusl . r )
r l ' "
\ "r ng, 4i ' l l "
o, q ot dni r nal s
I
p
' '
. "r ' i mdl "] o_
l
s
1002
!
1003
s
1005
198
MORFOI,OGIA -
PRONVMDI'E
s
r01r
coNsmucTtl
lDlo)L{rrcD
co ?EONUIIE
gl
^DJEmlvE
Dr]
oltSTBATlYE
#i"T"f i."tr"u
oi'l',
i"f"h"',"i''
i i t . i -; J, a; '
noi o sr' rn
a' "dr L
)
Ztke tirrs//ndl
(: asilcll-
Vi i )
i i i i j
' i
' a' "
r' cl a"' i u, nm
Ji t u r"r"
)
Ii : ;,Ui ,."
;",i
":,,."' *,,
:;i ' ,,' i l :",
Am'
armi na, :r
l#ii"'111''at
"^";'i''n:"''"'
i[lir;s.
lj:';,;1":,"'
"i
S'" i
$'1"i:
l]';,".
o
:"
i*:
i;;"';l :'l:Hrll'"i1""i35:'i":l;l;
u'
"*n
r
,rilft tndr, sh.
ran out
r Sr r al nd
o' cdr '
f ugr ar i t a
l
*11
;""*;'t
*l'n"'"lfi'a't
c@d c'r
I
' t"n
' li.l
it Tho'
a gaod
Laa'
tAi reusitl
Brdt'
rl
I r
wac al wr l s
Jol ' n
r 6; s
and J
' n
' l dr '
i e. cu l on i n Fus.
r on t n
Jns l
'Fii"*,iliii:1;}iq:i
;fli"[,.1;
a,,a;,i
a,a,i
pe irinc.,.,
i!: ;'l,,,: ll {
il^,",,
;"?l,Y';;J; i; .
:'
\'
-
*"r
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' " ' '
"t
r i
'
a
hr
'
ii. s"
""a
's"'1"
o;'""'
'
''iT;'","'
"
r"*"... {:
io .u,ad
zi, tn .u'd^4
orat r
?ii"ie3 ;l'"i:f
;;?l'
ot,i''.1"'";
";
;;'r
s1012
v.PRONUlrE.-L!,.trr?JR:ll'*t';l'131"*tli'
.
(TEE INIERBOCNr'r
t l 0f 3
I ) Dot i oi l i o' -
Pronut r
I "
; nt "t ogol i !
F' re
f ' rr"s
de
' \ ' orbi r-
i ' t ' j
"l l ' "
"
Dr oDozi l i e
r nr pr ogr r r t a
"""'
"' - "i ' - i ' O' r ""r i ' ; l
t sr ' r
e' hi vr l pnl ul
a"p' t ut ' t
ixoiimat
ln r[sPuns:
' ' 14ht r ad, r ' ; r sl '
\ l v
' t ol l e'
-#f t f Tl 1*"l t f -' , "-, f : i ; i ; i
n; i i ' ; ;
. . , "
-
/
/ i , . ,
. ,
Adi ect i al l l
i nt ef oEat i t '
st l
pe ] i ngi un
qubsrant i v
i i
FFrre: t e
l ' f orl
Lul sf eA
nnei tntrebart:
-
'.::ii*"*
*t
** ;;"1 ,X:J'i.::':;,t::,"'t!'"
^'o'
"
$
1014
2) Formi,. -
pronu,rere
fi
$djcciirerc
intcroT::.:]r"i";:lt*'""'
ltlnol
(: cinc?)
1\om l
t;n:ii
laloi?
a c''?
ai cui?
are
1Tj,xfllill"i::ll',1*l
.",
\#,:\\
l=:itiil:ili
'""J#"1llr
t"fflg*i
s,'paL
{':
Fro da'i
I
Fiilllil""';,,i";;fll'1..,0,',.'1"1.''''
""'
FRONUIEI,i S1
lv 199
1iY,n:.', i- ;.,i''l
',;l:
"iq,T
{
l"#!':lj,l\T"
T \r'";:l':t':rl
''-'n
' ;,
;-
;"
:;' dt"*,
I#l ;;l "J,l l ,i l l ;i i Ti ;"J,' ".l i i i
I l vnol
F r l ' I n dn; nB
'
L $o d' ' r "o1)
t | n4, ' ( ' , : ' \ on. - r r . l t l , ] """
i i i : ;
""' ; , . . ): r; , , cj .
J' ; . i "i : t ; . l l , i ' n"i i l j x. l
ill' ;;.
.
l
,-'
,n,.7.' oli:,
::: ,' ,,0' r"
l' i' "
Tbser aaI LL
$
l or b
,,, Jirol.iiJHi"
ei
adjccti'rle
inr'crosarire
pot alea sens alti de sinsular'
i', iii;::::i,l:; ii.;,ll
ii,i''
,lll"li"",
in,,,
.,
,,
"i
.u,-
^o,i
sdip.
iL"
, j r , d i nFol ci , un sr r b. r dnl i \
r - r , . r r
"' \ i r r l - t
I i ""l ur a
r : u nor a r r '
"
p"":;,,
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.^
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l i ?l l ' :
,:' i "' : ;,,,";'
,"' ,r
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' a.
i ' -
i
n' o.l ,l ;1";' l ::' ?;' .i 1,;!l ' i l :1,]Jl ;l l ;fJl l i j ' i i i i ' i i "l l "' hu:trrt j ' |.rG
*"1'l
ll;l;;i;
l:;"" lli li,ilirXl
:l',
1,;;t
il:l'lri
li'"1
L'''i;r{:
ii;i:f
i
;
t u t t l t ' ; ' n] . u. r . .
a"2. Pr onL, ,
o"
: i
r l j ' i \ al " i n
'
u' a' i \ "
"'
o
' : i ngr , r r
S
l 0t ?
f of l n1.
i ndi t ' r . nr , 1, gcr ' : i nu' nnr '
P' n r u di l "r t r pF r I ar ur r L' r '
',;:f,
l:i8;:
)l
-riq
; ll"il;
',7',' i:,iH'
"""
llnl,lni
'
;j':rr'
'
5) lntxcbuintare.
a) who
(trhascl, Lvlto(n)' to o/ro'r,
stnt tnirebuin- S
1018
tate nunai
Pentru Persorne:
'
iwno
is ihis rnm?" "Un'lc
l orn "
_i v, l "
"".
. "o'
^i . t ?
f i
'
4" I I ' n"
-
-i i ' r, , ' i : ". , ; ; "
"-'
rhp
! J
ri -\ rul r' y
"roud . .
- whr ' . i s i
r p. on )
"Th"
n \ l door
I
pr snDn! _s
:l T;;o:;' -:"::' ,;.J;
;
' ).0:""' :' ""
=
-r1r brbr' .^
..
- who! n. t di d vo' r
' P"
i n'
- :
_Tonv
\ r dr p$' 4nd hr s
s Lp
' . l
don
l l i L Fr
"
_t yno
l '
Whon:
)
{fiT',"
1:'-',:i Tjlk"Ji, ;i[ ]:ir'
:,
.
"
,
j
whi ch i nt proseri !
e. i p
' pl c'
l i v (
' arF
di n' rp) -
prFupune
al eepre
S
I 0l 9
;,"T.'iJ'Silil,"':,tTlfi:JiiiY"
:;i' Hi.J"
jJ'ff
,;;ili
"'i"li'ii"",ilJ,ilTii
l i '
J
t' """i ";' "rJ
Ji ;i ng;r
sau esr" utn' 61
dF pr"pozi ui a o/:
'
whi ch ol vour br ol hpr "
i 5
I oLc
f a! on"i l "j
Pr on'
t / nr
, t o" i hi s $Fk
c
t i l m\
\ ^d\ p
Jl x
wh; . h ) ot "ps won
r hr r 3o-
r \ or I
l1|6i.1
dratr:ns do
You P"f"rr ' ^ol
i
i
XflH]i" ;l"J:'r'";"{
'?lh,f
?"'*,.
'
i r."h,ip sr ri'. p.r',
'dat
de
prFpoziria
'o
o*'
Pff"l",lj'i,i1
flil'';3f'.)i'i;ri#j:"il'.'f,
J-.1:"J8iJ'fl
'
lI;;lJ'."$,".';.:*
"
**"rui
esre p.ererarr
plurarurui.
Whieh iiind invariabil ca fornil, sint situalii in oare numnrul (sg. 6au pl.)
trebuie toiugi specificat:
I'vc lound sonc smpsiiotsr /ntul, (pfon.) would you havc?
Ambiguitatea lntrebdrii creeazi o sitralie diiiciln: l.cbuie a]es un singur
insLantaneu sau mar multel Solutia:
Which
.ne \!antd, you h.r1e? s a r
tfii.l o"s s' onld vor hr!e?
1020 c)
'lYhat,
ca proDume. se referl nunai Ia inalndatel gi indirect la aninate
;
ca adjectiv se rcf;rn atit la aninate (iDclusiv persoanc), cit
-si
ta i anim&te:
"n nd, (adj . l
:1 s. canPan
1021 At enl i e !
di d", , .
^
o , pdno:
1
i r 1, , "r , " i . . -
d,s nit him?" "The }utch.r\."
eb". do rou
rrcler?" "\'rolet."
gtts
did
I'iru
tnlk to in the hnll2'nTo Jill and Ar.r."
's lhe ,tmcr"
"1Il's), itrst
goDc livP."
di.I it .asr1"
"T\r. rrounds'.
js
your
nafuc. nati;natiht,
rnf.s!n'\
kleth'n. nnnt,a, oddnEst"
's
i'our
\rife lil'e:'1 "Swiret
and .os) to be Nilt,".
I
"ttrlo arc.rou?" ",\lec Jores.
tour
nrother's rricnd. .oDP l,un
{
the stares i: sL,{j"-
I ' }1/ . ,
, -
'
u. ' \
! , .
' l
J
' : \ '
Se atrage atenlia asupra intrebuirtnlii incorecte a adjc.rtirului
inlcro-
; a
r r . i ; i . , JF
"J
"r on1'
l ol o. ; d"
. r u, l p
l i i
r o, i ni
t ' - , , r , , ,
r r " Lu
- i ,
0dj ar i \ ul ui i nr po- J' i !
", . -
di n I r mt r J
' ^, , ' ; 1.
TI / ; / ' i ,
i , nj i ' r \
- ' ' "
srlfcrir (:
care dintrc...) . Cind adjectivul iDterogatir ..faret
nu eslc sclecti'.
cl ste tradus prin }'hat' al firui inlelcs tn limba ronarri nu ".te nr.rnrai ..e-.
ci
1i , , care":
Cdl. scriil.f lLi
nlar! cd mai niull?
:
Ilrld,
\vritcli d;
Xou
likc best?
Cdrc din1rc scriitorii seoobhi al IIX-l.a ili
tl{!e?
:
Which
of lti riih cenlury wrilcrs do
Io\
like?
1022 What erclamati{.
n?d, a rvise sa]ingl
\ . r zi
S
t 46. 1090. 239t .
SITLr:\TLI,lCrU-{I.l.
1023 .rJ IYho lYhom. DupI cun s a mai aritat inainte. iendin-ta de sinrirlr
r i ' . - di i r I i ml , ! nj hi r
' si
dr n. l r l ul
. o, . ' ; "1
- r r i .
pr r ". i i ' , r . l
' r l
1' u
'
r ' r " , vhat 4. t or ".
^, ,
i i i l i \ , . l ui r i ,
r i n?i nJ. di nl o
' r i . . ,
i n l ^d. i r u- l r r '
t or n, ' oLi p. , i . ur . . r
. , r ' , / , . r
' r
l a pI nu^Fl F
) i
cJ: p' r i v. l n i . l p, 4, d i \ '
l s, Fl Fr Fl ot i \ F. I ' r r n I 9' o. l . l "r r . l
' i dpi r . .
s i n: Lor q, r i 1".
r "1' . i : |
.
saf to prophesJ that within a corple ol hundrd
-l'ears
lrom now noi el et Lil
nost leirned
jurist
t'ill be saling''l|hom did
yoir see!" Evoluria actual'l
acestui pronume confinni adel'drul proieliei cilalo.
'
Ld I . i
- at
Jr dJ
- t f / . ,
i .
I " \ n. nr ' . a! r ' . Jt , r .
! r o"ur n. .
nr i \ . . - o t , , '
r
?1
"qt p
t n"r
r ,
?, o/ , ! n "i
! j
, i t d . n obF : nani mat , r "e r
r
. '
ui
.
. j i r '
- l r ' / , o .
t i t pl , \ . :
' "' "+od. . r i . 1"i . | l pl . n6r amal i
dl . / l i d, .
t r or ' r n
.
_u
: r ' l u r r
.
"t ani r LUl
"\ . ou.
\ r f e'
I
tyloi' s the time?
[:
urhal tJ...]. 11' r
just
s,ac
live.
I:
ll no6
6' ,8...1
r'
S
1::'
186t ,
3
Citai de Drian Fosier, The Changing ErylAh Ldnguasc,
p- 2al, 19;t'
PRoNUMEI,I
Sr
lv
201
.
", iiliit
:
il:i,T
";i
i: li#;i,,f
i, if iil;i,1l.r
"
t". :j;lll.f :l:l;
;,1;
. n
-
i l ul . ol oc\ i at
s, r i ". pr i n
i or ^r " , , o
",,;'ii,lii;,ill:ff"1x!?l::,,""1J1,:i.ifi?x:J;ji;
j!i,.r,,,?J::lJ:i'iff:Jili
l l l at . ).
ro Nhom
prcp.)
lor \vhonr.._
s t i tut i nfa nnat I cok.aiat
{ro.ntt sau scrjs)
( 9"t
1.
' vho
. . 10
pre!.)
who... ior, crc.
Er enpl e:
' . r yl o Ji d , . r
I ni , nn
, pr
I , pj -
, t . r . . r , i . - . -
\ ^,
I;0" ;1j,.;
r"iil;s
jj,
r.;i' rd '
'
;' ' r' i' r-,
i ,. i".
Jy, no
' .
t t , .
h, , ok D! \ , p-
1, .
ii.jt ll l;
' l
I
:,;i,i
.," ; ;
' r":,"lfl
ooll;,
'
,,,"
;'li I
"
i_11,1 ,, ,l;;";'
illli;:;
-t' ll:trli;
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,'
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l ou
r . , . oL . ' r .
, , p
t r dq r hi 1t . . gol . .
\ ,
I ' r
.
r i $bi . b
"i
$hat
c"
nanr i r
". ,
m, i su. r $ t ^t _
t u22, .
t . , r ". , t , i r , , bdr i q
t 0Z. l
' , r. i
l n st i l , rl I o , , at . ni . j
j n
cl Lol ocl i dt .
;r"': irlj r ;*';ir l#:,
i ;ir.lr
r,ili
"
lr ;i i,r' ii;,in:li'li"r
;:i;":r"'lij
(,:;;;;il,l'i:li#ii:i
'',
o' r"u' i,,,i".i^;;;;;
,
i;il:
c, Which
-
Nhose.
cenitivul o/ eht.h.
ltni
o lorma pred greoaie.
{ 1096 p! r e
dp. Fl . r nai m r l r n or i t , , t ocui t ,
u' i t , F. , , n. , 1r ,
Dr :
Thc cottage o/ o,,ri.t Lhc sh,ttqi
arf grlcn
js
lton\.
Est o i nl ocui t ,
cu:
iii';iii#E,r,,;'ii::1;::
i;fj,:;it' (:::i'i;;,.ili;,,,,."",.,")
T, r P r oom r 1". . t a9 r , , dv. - i r
| l r . r oom
. , . / i
. d . t , - "r . .
b"y ni n4oq
. -
. , , l i
I nl j r ogal i a
di r o. r i \ i
i nr l i r cct a.
-
l nr r at br ; t ". ar ", onl i , ,
pr onu, , , p
qi
{ t 02r j
Lr JAsr r \ . I nl "ogr
i \ p.
r r d' JuI A ht uf l r , t i r p. _: i
i nui r r ct c.
-":'iii',iii
; ;
{,t
t i' ;
",!'
1
""'i;;;,
"p.'
:l il;\;
;i'1
"1;[:"i]
l'
FF
n' ri r
'''
Fo pro.
tt'tal is lhe lran,s namc.
IflBtn) .tid vou rt,E rD.
I t 1, ni l t neer hl r t i i i i ni
"'',u
11,,:i:1L;;;';,,11x,,:,i,,;X::,:i;'
"i:::',:::":i,:ix,,lii:tl':ll,iliTfi:"i,:
|
' (
J' r
"l "'
, , / . n \ , ,
I _l
I r r t , 3. n
r \ - czi
R.
Qni . k
cl . at i a.
909
.{cesta
este rotul
pe care
prepozilia
il
"":iirt['ffi,il,ii1'"x'rgli:i,
In aorbiett
curentri
insn.
Prepozilia
esie
I
At P, nl i e
!
6 102?
La
jn
orice
propozjlie
interogat'ive'
tn interagalia
'l'irectd
ver\ul sau aunF
"
l i arnl
/ r. t ,
rdi i subi eurul :
\V
"t
h
g
' ""
m' aa ' Ptul:
"
\ \ nul n'
' l ' d
' 4"
f i do al
l | " doo^r r
\ Vhu {l t al
/ P
ltt interryali'1
indl]ectl'
carc
rru este
o propozi'ie
interogativx'
ci declara-
I i \
",
\
Prbrl se
PunF
Jl / Pn
' ubi "'
| :
Tl m
qhd
l n' ) !
t ut
r o""l "Jk
'
I r ) l ' d h -
sno I n
i P
hal J
t ouan
at
t h" uoot
' '
Sno doo"r '
l
"1o\
s
' r
n / l f t o
r
sP' '
Lh4
s"r P I o
{Vezi ; i
S
t 052' t 89l '
t 951i
?r l t t ri t i urrrt
DO
l n i xl ' rosd! i i '
Ci nd
pronum"l "
i nl oroeat i t '
"' '
. r r
' "1 '
j i , i ' : "a"a: ""1i \
Jl i nr Ff of ai r v
Ll "t ' t mi n; ' ubi P' i - ul nu
3e i nl r ci r ur r r -
i i l , r"
""' ri ' ". i ; i
Dt i i n propozi l i i l '
i n erogr' i LP
pori Li vel :
l7lD
thitrks
so7
l t ' t t "c so1
r am" or
'
l oD:
| , l , t r
n sor nun ] ooLed
i n
j u
l no{:
l' "ta'
l3l! n"' 1
J""rProar
Se spune
insd
(in oazul
obiect'iv
sau in
propozi'tiile
interogativ_negabive)
:
wn!!
I
":#,
l':':" 1):; i:"'i:"*'!
Wh
h
"a'
d: t
l h"
Por ' m8n
go'
Hi;;'
^x:
i
::,1"'j".''lLi'
EL',,=n
**,
s
1028
E
1029
1031
1030
8J Lorul
0repoTi l i ei '
-
Conrnt rn
rcgul i l or. srdm6l i ' at "
t t
st i l ut
l ornal
' """
pr "pol i , i ,
pr oi "do
phnum' 1"
' sr
adj "; r i t ul
i nr er ogul r \ :
f;,,iYil.,'
:'li
%xl'n"
-* '
7or ohom did he want
it?
At ehat are
lou
langhing?
Ilrl' o
is Uiis |ook
' /r I/l;n
school
does he conc
l' o4'
Itl@
did hc
$dt it
lb' r
t{l'i
#"" J"-
]"""
;-,tri,;
l:
:
::*:
:iit*r;lii'*l:3r{
##}1i;'
1032
9) l ronumel e
i ol ' rogai i v
compu'
l rr s' i l ul
Ln' i l i at
sp l nl l l np'
rl
r'
mel e
conpu"p:
i )rLo
t Pr' et t t ' ; r
"' /
l i
t / ' dl
' "/
' sre
exnri md
surprrnoerr'
nedumeriri.
indignare
elc :
tthD
a1-:
,tp ,in"': wl".
-"'.,ro
d
"rounill'i
:i"iJ:'",
f;:'::;:'i ,.::::"
:"' ;;;;" "::,'s
r
"
n'a,',
r?
I
l n
"r oe, l
i a . d cl _d' r er
po?i l i \
nu r upr i ndp o negal r P:
"l*
iffig,qit;" Jii'i"oon"s'fr'
cio' nu
"'r"0'
,.Cine
oede acediar". :.
Scrise tntr-un cuvini
fitlo-r.. 'xhicheaer)
t ,haterer
)rt
pronumele
intero-
S
1033
si t i re derot i l j ps5 d cDl t urS. I nsc s, ' drr t Dt rcbui nl at pent ru aseaccent ua
$l {)g4
pr nnur n- l a i ' r r e' og1l i \ ' . n, r
Fsl e puq l l ngi pr o' l r n":
lfha e,et aadC, have known the rcason? devine in sc,is:
Wh, canl.l, erd have known th," reason?
10) Conshuofii idiomatiee
Cd
Xou
tcli mc @ho's
qho?
lPoli
si-ni srli cinc slnt c.i dc faF
lsau
ocj dcspre care se Yorbeqte?)l
lAluarul
notanilifililor)
Itna, ,ind did h colne?
(i,a
ce ori a v.nit?)
l]'rafs the Xnglish 1o. lhis?
(Crm
s s!u!c la accasta in fngh'
( Dar
t u?)
At enl i e !
In hnba englezn se spune:
"Itrdl
do !-ou
'rall
this in En.Eli.qh?" (Cum
S
1036
r . un, e: l i a
- dbl a
I n
,
ngl e/ F: r ": , , ; i nu. c' r nt
. " . t ' , r ,
'
uF nl a"
'
t r "
' n
r i r r i .
pr i r
"nsl uLi -
,
u l i n, ba r omdn. : Hou Jo vcu : . l l hi . . i " Lnel i ' l , l '
YI. PN,ONITU}]I]E
II
ADJNOTTI'UL RNI,ATTY
(TtrE liDll\tryn PRoIrouN
-{nD
-{DJltlrIlE)
GE^"ERAI-IT,tr
l
I
l) Formd. -
Pronumele relalirc slnt urnldtoarcler':
eho
(,xhase, ohon), whith, i|hal Mt, &sj but.
$
1037
s
t03n
$
r$6
tEr sr I Lr' I uu 413.' ,
asta?l
What abaur t show?
(Ce
ai zicc si ncrg.n la un specla|ol?)
Johnny's drawer x'as luli oI ma.blcs, njls,
nsils ard wrzt ,or.
(tirl.arul
hi Ionicil ra
Dli!
de lilc,
penile,
cuie
Fi
cn, air.,,.,f
trhdt of thot! sat What theh ?
i ] ] i
i i ?
Cci cu ast a?)
I d.n't know tuhit:h is ehn:h.
(Nu 1e
lo1.
deoseni.)
l l e kno{s, "f t ul s @na, .
i st i c
cl se sc dcscur ccl
)
sau
( Dl
] e
H. 1n111 me
'hot
nax
(ha|.
il\{i
r ertlicnl dedrNbiuril-" cliestiunii.)
( M- a
l us
l a r uenl . )
Ca
qi in limba romAnn, oha, trhan. trhich
l;
trhdi poi, Ii aLtt
pronume inie-
r ossi i v. ,
, l r
: i
pr o, un, " r ^, i r i r p. dupi I un
r r "
t "
"d' - .
i nd- pl i r ' er .
t t l ' u' , . . vhi . h
s,
, / ' ol
t nr
l i
: i
r dj F" i \ " r "l "r i \ F.
Pentru simplificare, relalilcIf|. interogatiyle
!i
adverbele care incep
cu literele ir/| sini grupdte tn gramatica englezil sub denunirea de
"ph-
forms" (forn,elc cu nri-tialele rt,{-), la oarc sc adaugi
!i
ftoo.
2) Dofilitic
,\i
lunrtii. Ir^nnn,.lp rclativ arc doul func-tii sim tane:
S
1039
ul
t i nc
l oi ul , , , , ui s, , bst ant i r (sHu al unui cchi val ont al acest ui a' ). l e-
S
1040
gindul de o propozilje alributi.i.n care explicri{ sau detenninis inlelesul anto-
cdent ul ui ;
A n. s. , o1, ur ' , . a' , . . 1.
p"o
1r '
t i i , r ' , '
dl dr , / ,
t , . o^pusp, ' d- .
b": r i r nl odp. r , , ' nr r n si nc' , r , u'
'
. 1.
, , , ' t . h. r , , . t l at . , -
r sl l : l l l 2) .
I
Pentru hadu.crc, rslr (lrourmel
S
till'r 1lrix, ladj.clirc)
S
820.
r
Ve2i
S
190, notr L
I
Numi t n nr oDozi t j e . : r t i . , ' i ' , 1 l $
j l t 3l
\ umi l
pl o
' oz: i , "
d
i ' nn: , ut t
r
\ g
i ! .
'lho man
rno lectureil
veslcrday
is mI brother'
."0,1:ll,tll,::'*,;f,,';::,'f
"$${',:;ff
J:ltf.ffi
'x1':}L'J"f
iffi
'ffi"#ili
estc subieci.l
iy'3'l'"i#l'lll,gl';"1"+3i"I":?'i:li:"1]"ii.l?f"""1'"i
!a!e.
m.trtioned
l
Pr u' u mer
e -,vhi"h . inro'ui L orul r,i'
;'"1,",i.: ",*"::i'
;;#'
"f :f;
liPnT;li
ditec-t
in
propoziria t'ibutivE-
"Nl
1049
u l "
, l ou: f u; "l i i t ol
l i
. (bJ
al "
pronumcl ui
rcl at i v dFt ' rmi n5:
6 7
p"-. o"'
"
1i
nu' rbr-ul
a"st ui n'
r04r
li i;;.'J"i:'u,^^"'n"
.,":l,",l"lTi'?"T11:,""",{lfii;i;,'",i3*ll
;:;
li"j;'J:'ll"1l:;T:ii"'.i,uji.*:;";;;;l;"";;;,-.
.a"iiuj
'e,
,n pe*oa"n
;i
l D numdr:
,or.
' no
r' l\' dJts ldre
g"Ls ulrpn rrold d'
/ r i o oa , r mol hPr ,
. i nDoL l a! ou_ \ d
' i i ' :
"n "*
Par l Y
r i q' r s
$i o r hP dav'
il'u#*
-;tr"tl";:P"fl l"J"
"T,iXot'i":Ti.ff'l'l:#:
ill;"" ;o
Obser r &! Le
$
'*
u"
n"liilit"J:"i:lT'n"*
",1"t$ll,'"T"1T;*:"l"lTfiJi"i1i#ii,'il1'Jlifil'l
s
,ors
""
"1i"c""",."""11:"Jl"cT,t
l:'::#i:i;;":,|:"Til:lil"$?,,:",;'""ni"iiii -
acpst s
l l
j oacd
i n pr opazl l d
dt n t a
ililf^-:*l"JJ'iitl1;:':1,:t;;il';li;3i*i'ii"i,T'J'.,ij'ff,i,:1r^l:,']'"11
Lomple*ent
direct'
sau indirect'
'
' u"
t "' d
'
- ho
r nod r l aushq Jl mi sl or l u' o
i s si s.
r Pr o\ Pr hl
ti ;:,1,;';
rk
'ii;: il;'jli"li"'"1\
I'
ri
l"''"1
il. r" ,d o
"\
'
:""b
t
;"' ":pi,i
i;' ""rt L"
i11' ,";;' '
"t;:"
";
"l
,:;:;i;,",,. .". *-' ' ' ,'
i;lj;
fii
-,i..,,1
1
i;.,;",
li'"
. :,1x."il,1 : L'';.:,, :"1',
1r"
;l;
; ;:T,,,,
904
{
1041
D/ este
subiectul
aLdbutive:
sau complementul
direct ori indireci al
propoziiiei
$
1{X6
Declinarea
pronumelor
relative
este urmdtoarea:
Genltit'
I
ol Nlich
Datie
t o whi l h
qhi ch
Ceielalte
pronume relative
nu so dcclinx'
(Vezi
li
',Pronunele
corelative"
$
1{38)
At enl i e
!
s l M? SF sl rdsp
al enl i a xsupt x; rP$' t t t ar. dP
' 47
rdre sepot
i ! i
' l nd
pronum"l "
"
rel at i v
est " ur. rol
d" o
propozi l i o i Drrdel ru:
He $'as the bov @nom
I lelt had told tho huth'
'
'
r"emot.te
O" lo a"'sl
pun'l apdriio
a'um sulutui tirpsc f8'ol
Ensli"l' Ultptio_
t "l ucra i i : i ai r, . ; i ; en! i bnar'
t n pai arLez"'
ri "chi varFDLrF
' ol oc! ' al P
penLru as"pf '
liii,iii-.iiriiiiii'i
iii l; i;drr d'.";tip
{v ti 5
r0s0-i05r)
FRONUIIELE
SI
wlpm trebuie inlocuit p n {rlm, propozitia,lird
incidenta,.I felt',. fiind:
' ' t he
boy. ri o had t ol d t he t rut h".
Therc are some
?eotle
here ltrft I know
yoy
nell have a ident lor music.
fl,loD, Lrebuie lnlocuit prin rro, propozilia, fdrd incidenta,'I know rery
well", fiind:
"people
rr,io have a talent, Ior music".
Fraza trebuie construiti ficlndu-se abstraclie de propoziliite
incidnte,
cat I
felt,
I noltced, lhe! said, he thought, tre knoq, e|c.
l n
. x. mpl ul
ur mer or l nFd. pr opozi l i d - l
bel i "r ed 1o ba l ba
r ul p' i t
np.
f i i nd o i n. i dpnt j .
ul on. pronu' l c i n' "roJari ! .
. rl e . ompl cmFnt ul
di rp. , al
verbului belieoed. Ca atare, se sprne corect:
He asLed me @i,n I lelivd to be ihe culprit.
(...p/b I believed io be...l (coIo.v.)
!05
Df scruf &E L Pa ONUIIEL0I
iI
AD JIi-TITLLOX R r]r.ATl t I
$
1048
Prorumele relative sht tntrebuinrate, in general,
dupn cum urmoaze:
(Vezi olseNaliile
S
1053)
1)
ponftu pcrsoano:
S
f04g
who (: care) (nom.)
The man @,{, spoke io you just
now came f.om l.he countf}..
vhoser
(-
al cirui, a ctuei, ai cdrui, ale cErui etc.) (gen.)
I don'l. bow
'"hose
(pron.) this bas is. (sau ...,tF$ ladj.) bag this is.)
whom (: pe
care)
(ac.); to vhollr
(:
cxruia, cdreia, cdrora) (dat.)
. . . Tnp
ag"hut r u"al
4n8i n. r r / xhoa
r au
, ndr )
$" .
.
. n | ,
- t d. "
t dm i . J
t r i r p
.
The wori'al to alnm yo! ryere talking is an a.tisi (s a u The woman you were talk-
i ng i o. . . l
which
[:
(pe) care, care dintre (selectiv
sau inlocuird substantivele
colective)l (nom.
Ei
ac.)
li
a umite substantive ca sh{.p,. babls etc..
He had two broth.rs, onc o/ onicn was siill litUe.
Slre sondered
qhich
ot rhc sislds w&s the eld-"st.
._
I c_an't teU.rrt.n I ivould rather hea. you play
-Chotin.
Tchaikovskt or one of
The c.owd ,lialr irad collcctcd chered the foreisn delcsal.ion.
1nd bnL' t
t ht , h
"Js
br oug"l i n
' odd,
d.
pr P. 1on. r
hdnt r / . '
. h; -
;
r hi r
q4r . 4
-
. . Li
F
u. t o no\ r
2) pentru admale
!i
lucruri:
S
1060
which (: oare) (nom).
The d.s r/,t./, blt rou las Nn awar.
Is the
-clr}oard
ailt l siands on
r:our
left nrll?
ot Nhich', whose (: al cnrui, a cilrei, ai carei, ale cdrui etc.) (gen.)
th roon, Ure door o/ oLt.,
{s
a tr o/
',lri.n
lhe door) is otren, is minc .
The room. dnos, doo. is oDen. fs &! the room oith thi oDen diot...\ is mi^e.
Th t at . r ,
' h""oot
af oh: . \ of "h( ht l aNot sr "ddppl . d. ar pr . $aq be. r , ' i , t .
.
Th", oF. nl ol " r dr \ va5 dappr p, l . g- F. \
, ^r
*t t t , k" dai pLed
E"p, J, odl ,
w6 b"dn-
(Yczi si
5
820)
l
rn se esie urmai imediai de un substmtiv
itrii
a.ri.ol ctnd est adjectiv.
' si i D
psl 4
dpspm, , dL I mod. LFnr pr i n
l r oni n. h
j , pr sooal
hmi Dr n ; n"
t *. S
81) ,
pr onumpl r
r pl al i v
. or pspunzJl or
I i i nd l ns{ i moF6onal . dnnn l Dpnl r u l ur r ur i ,
3
6ar v sr r d"""mnd' dp or i . p
ppr . oanA ( i r
ar ' r f . i d. Ddr i nr i si acpat a nu , nr ot doaunal .
pfin pmnim"ln imp"Bonal
_r.
ru proDumel;
rptd ie imb"Eonal .orpspunzALof
r,,,t.t (v.
_{
8541.
{
ol enrn este precedat sau urmat de un subsiantiv drricerdr.
!06
MONFOLOCIA
_
PRONITMELE
which
(: pe care)
(ac
);
'o
{'htch
(: clruia)
(dat.)
iij*"*y'*jr'lrt"iJ'J'l;il"'j'xi'i";"?$'"5fl1
'.o''
Ahica rol
106l
t ) penl ru
persoane' .
ani mal e
l i
l ucruri :
*6i "5'
1
i p.
"ar el
{nom $i
a"l
ii."'l' ;",{ir,,l
:,: :;
i;,:;"0
r.'o:,
;\fi
:r
tiJ';l#:l
d*'*"
-'','
I
::
il
i:
(;;; carel
(nom
!i
ob
)
se relern
mai ds
la inanimate
decii
la
"", nl ' ; ; "", r ' , ' ]
r h. pL' o r t ' ' sood
on. o' r r
d' {
sa" \ ou' s' n"'
+;i1,f*lr:"rut:
;;iT",i:'
'i":J';^
,h"
'j
\r tup
''I",h"rs
rol
i : l : . "r ; "; - ?; : I t / i d
t hr . n.
v
i ' a, r
soodL] ' r o
l {' l
re r: rne) carel
(nom
! r
ob
)
l i "' ; i 1"
"
"' /
/ "
* r J. ^o", a", d, "1; .
i j . . i ", i r i i i ; "
""
. r ' "n' s LhFr ' I JLl
T' I T"iftl"T;.' ,ii
l;;"11ii
' ,1,
J"1""
j' ' -;:"i' i
i"i"
'
t*L
p
""r"
t l ut
(: care
sd nu)
(nom)
lti"*:*r"';:t:1.*i
iil'i:fi'i;$":"''"
or n'ninescu
s rc$e'
4r cr
irrtcles
nchotilrit
shat
(:
cP. cPA
c' )
(norn
f r
oD
i
; ; ; ; ; h"o' , ; -"d
n^
\ J'
*
orr' J
i
' p
d' ' "m
nrs
"r
rr' e
' r"
?i:; I'i,:""'
,:";),,"1"{'
-l,J""i
'l
'
"
v
""ir
r'
'''r
s
lo52
s
1053
OBSXI ' I ATI I
\TEO
{?RO\1J}ID
XDLATIII
s
,o'n
^,
," l,i"l"lil;1.:f"i;l'i
: :1,'l:
:li.:
lXii:,l"J:'J
l:.i'#il;
ilT':?$.
:
l l . i J: ""' ; : ' : l
i : r ; i
' 1"'
i 1J' | "
P- i n
pr onum' r F
' P
or i
</ ' c:
"
"
il*rUll'lt*:l*+lf{l$liii
;i:x}f"nJr1i'ii*
*ttt"*""**-.--.
S
fOff
.
Zi U*-i
Pft'
esLe
sirotrirn
cu h'
tt'hd' este afatlar
un
pronume
indepen-
ll.friliifi,ii$"
tiiil'ttl'"",;i
ffl",ill,'
_
deci
!i,?ho
_
nu
poare rl
s
r0b6
"*i"J.,"J'i:i":'lil,l"ll
,'"f"",11,i,," s
,"r'
,
"
. .l
jt.,":}","iitr,t;;,;,:'
;l,t"t;Jl"l:l"ii',i:i;:,1"i#.lli
{,'6.'1
'
"
l i g' -"r
l l "
' . ""' ; l l
' i , ;
l l : : 1
"1.
---l.,1;"t
,"
".r".a
r.
lcrsonnc
cn'd siDt
enlioul'e
imP'cutriL
cu
aDim{le
sn{
llc'r':
'u''?lJii"?;;;r'
;--ti*:
"'.""
.i:
"Tr
; l:,,
l:"|]jr
;i{,ii
:;
"
;:
l:*l:
". rr, d. . , . , i : i , ", , . i i , ": ; : : ul ; ; ; 1i ; , : l , l . j g; "j ; i i "' , . , i , . : i
i . rr
-, pi rnd
' ,
'
r i ".
' n "' nt "t "l
l r r JcePi ! 5i
l ' a7t
sr a
PRONUMILE
9I
IV]IICII
207
Thc trc.,
'//rsd
l.arcs il,(tered in ure h.cze,...
The lut. .!Los ligLts shono ir the darkncs,...
5) nhom. ln linba englezd actualii, pronumele
rctnLi,t whom nu mei
q
1058
este determinat de prepozilii
decit atunci clnd acestea ll
precedi
imediet.
situal,ie tn care
prezenla lui devine obligatorie:
She ivondered
Iot
@hon 'lom lad boqht u,c llowc.s.
Ca
! i
l a pr on, r mel " i n, pr ogi l i \ F i n, n. l n sLi l ul . ol ocvi nl di o, n ocLe i nl , . . r i l
pr i n / , t . s. bi mhl n, l u sF or Ji neB
r u\ i nr pl or
pcnt r u
ci
pr Apo/ i . i J
s" vi n. ] dJpd
Hr t "n,
' | a
|
' hr 4
l r " had l "nl hi q skr s h, udq
bi ndi r q
' t . , n
on.
qh,
r p, ai \ "d. nnt i "m. '
i nn
t aa
I t ar yd, ha. l O)
We lrave no idea who c]]ntabol.a.tes iiLh @hn.l,l
I don't Lnorr
pna
he is wriiins dbout.lbl
'
Unpor i
r hi ar si or p. pdJr do
t r apozi l i pl
"It
js
rery imlortdt."
"To
ohr?'
LOll
PpnLr u a sp evi t s i nl r Fbui nl r r . a pr onum"l r r i Jr \ r cn.
i n
r t p
Je dr . p"r i l i e,
nho eaJl @l t j l i n) o. ui ""{p cbi i r
9i
I n l i pss unpi pr epo/ i t i i :
Tcll me wno you watrt. (:
Fhom)
Tt r "F n no on. ( , t h. )
t r u. l on
know
, , r e.
I
\ ' o. .
At l }p
. l ub
, n , houl d I r : nd but C, r al d:
-
\ hom
l l A i q npvpr i n r o ppopl p
hn di s' i l "r .
|
! hon, O l nt a' u pf
o
q. bqr ant i vr
^ -
. qh"
\
al ways hnppi r bdby' i ' l i ng b. t r t df p, sh. . t n, r n or , s", . t i dF. ,
"
t oa.
u r nr ocu' i p n - r nr ( r en
l
Whom
poal o I nsa l i
Si
pr onum. i ndi v; dual . d". i 1p
ct or 6t or ,
t dr a snt a-
ccdcnl ( :
hc Nhan. t hasp Nhon
) . l n
car p
. az
nu
. ) i i . cl F
i nl o. ui t . ci pr et Fr a.
:
l.I'non the
sods
love die youDg. (Prove.i)
s
1059
(PBONUME
iI
ADJtrCIIv IiE'ATIY)
1) inloles.
- Pronumele nlic, cste tntrebuintat:
Q 106{l
a)
. j nd
anl F. Fdcnt ul d. numpt Le un ani mal s
"du
un obi p. L i nani mat :
Tne figers ,fidn he had secn
pedormins
carn from Belgal.
wo i psl pd r nF ! op. t c. . 41r uh; . h s, l bFl n ; 1 I . p, . on. r i r dor .
\ l l hF @4; 16, r nr . & hr d
j ust
u, n, "| ] , d, ha t ook t r , " I nor . g
I nndor . - / . , 1i "' . "", , ' l a! . ' h"Un, o l \ i 1g, hm. 5a . , of ot i soD t heTr JT^s.
,) cind antecedentul denumeqte tn acelaqi timp atit fiinte, ctt si lucruri:
$'e iarled alout the
tic"ds
and erpoiencpr @hich M had had in commotr.
Tlrerc \r.r r.nrs
^nd
peorle
sh;ch sl.ood oli in oDe,s memodes.
_.
c) ctnd antecedentul, care dendmeste de obicei o fiin!6, este tuat, ca
notrune:
I made oi lrcr L\e eomak shih I rvnntcd
my daughrer to becom._
{cr. 5
854)
d) cind antecdontul esLe un substantiv colectiv (g
1101):
Ile had leen listencd to Iy taqe audienccs ont.l had tctr enUrusiastic.
I
:
lipsa lui ,/,r.
r Unpor i
| Fnnani _. ' 1"1.
dom"s i "". l r aSi s. I nr Fb, , i , ' ! "a?J FI a' i vut r nr : . . [ I dr l ha
had a
l ounq
d"pr r no
Ls"d l o t ol l ow hr r dboul i Lr d Det buoDv. '
' g
a l u6r . r vl nl ul .
a vof bi l
{l a
o i nt }u. i r ", ,
. . . ' l ui cl pl dnB4o
aaoaa. or r i
f
Tar kl @ndr r l Jul , cdpbr u s. ul pr or . pi c' or
ar hj ' nnt
t i l oel
i t al i an, 1475- 1564
r0E
D) dupn r mcral e] e
ordi nal e:
si" rr"'.,1,, f,,,",r,
"t.o.rt,rd'
iliil not kno{ wnaL'nrss
nedia" mtant
r: ) dupn un subsl anl i v
cal i i i f nt
(l
urr adj cct i v
i r
gradut superl rt i v:
Ii N*'Itu l,ris"/'rrr
div
lriarl
\re hrd on onr tri]'
,*gj;m*rill;,**;,?gt:irliii:lii
'""i:',i
.H:f;Hl':i: il'
'33'ii"i{:il'ti'::
el ctnd
antccedeniul
se referd la un copil mic:
'{n"
"""]a"'t
{orgei
the Do',
''li'}
shc had seen
at the lrospital
{cf s
6t ' 84, 854)
/ r ci nd i nl o. ui FSl e
o i nl r Fagr
pr ooozi ! i e
sdu l r "za
pr p'
Fdenl s. r '
r eca'
a) :
' ^
, , ,
". , ,
, "
h"t p"J
, h"
st l , '
t s. ul r ' / i
q6 / pr t i ' ' eot l l v
pr oi Pe' s acr r on
i i - oi r "! ) ' t
o' a
d' s d' h 4 a' r p' l ' hr "p
I ' r ' r "
t l Oar i
zt i oni i i v.
R"l nt i t ul
r / ' ; l ot .
r n
"azul
g"ni Li r r or "na
' /
r l "i , ' on-
''*'l;,';*1f",:";.i:'^1li';,il:itli;r,:""i]:liii":;ii;::il:l!:l.r{:]*il
pii,'.-.ir"'";"4
I,'9""ae
ro"-"
7-il';"1';
oapoalc
insi
!i
urma
atunci clnrl
i ubst ant i vul
det Lrmi xot
st i j l n
(
t hrr'
'
_oo'
/ / *' 1l or
""&\ rsor
o/ rni l t
' ol l 5J
drF $hi r^
I;l l i : """:l
11;."i ;l i :.1i ,"' ' .,
' "'
", "'
S 1062
J) Funclic.
Wirkn
poatc li
qi adiccrie
relatit)
in care
caz se poate lnire-
'
""-
t r . l ' , 1,
ar i '
f enr r u
t i i nr n
cr r
' i
p"nr r u
l . r r ut i l
ire iak; ro.rhe
girr
"1.11'"
!ett".1tiU,";Ji1i,",l:f;"1,llii,f
S"if;,i
i:lt:'i,::il"$i"ii,"d
$e l Pf i r l P
Pl ongh
' t ,
1hc
' gr r c
thicL titue
1l
1063
4l
qi nor r i mo
ad\ cr bi al p
l l l i l
nr P' pJs
d"^pr ppo/ i i i epoar ef i xnpot l
t ' """, nt o. ui ,
pr i ""a' *S' f """
r ' / " r "
' poer i
r i
l i r ' r dr i
i ' p' e
' / ' i r l
r ( dF' u"l '
Doetic
qi
liierar),
rvt?/ eic
i
"'l*i;:llt"l,.,.ll,*,'jfl"!i'i:'#"ii;fJ7f,i,lu,'ii!^.*trh.irection/
""'"
{ff
."
,rq
rrir":j':.!:.ir:\.:l1*}'il"hllii'j',ll;rrrr
r(co,ocv
)
a hote,
rd
$ P
l nt
i ! i t a hotPl
u /rrl l i P' \r
hdd bat l ent: to)
'""
'llf*.;"
U,.:,t*
flJ,li
i::il ETf"
(;i,fJ,
iji'i1,,,
s
1064
,","",Ifx1,.,,,,
61065
l l f t rl rrhui rrl arr.
P| i rumpl e
rFl ol i \
rl ai poat ' \ nl o' ui '
pronumdc
r' """
uha. , , l , a*. . 1, '
n t s' n"' ' oi
i noi nt "un"; propoTi ! . i i
d"t rnt i t ' ai ' rP'
' 0re
oupc
"u*
, "
. r i . .
p' r "
ab' ' l r r np' P' Jr d
par ' r r u
' l : ' r r ar . ea I nl pl j
i:i,;4,
ti ri
t,
ilil
"r["*!il)
;
:ij:i["i,ilI..
t ' hi h)
I sar i t t o st l
'
r L
S 1066
2) Cdzur i l o
i n car p ! e
i nl r ' hui n! ' dzi
l r onumcl o
l hal "
1- ! ": . p- ' '
t
' """
i "f *r i
. pl Fl Hl l "
l r onr r mp
r "l Ar i \ F
i d"ur pbi r p
r r
' r r mi ' oar Fl p
' azuf l :
A f 06?
a7 dr r pa
r r n
'
r \ i n
l r e' e' l
l
' t r
1I
' ot "Pl
ti !"' t
rh"
r !
-
"l ;i %i Yi ;.i ' ,
i l nl .
l a' ,..
"*|'
'if:,,i \'''!'\",','o,i;*
:':
';;'
i
i
"r
'''r
"n"
$
1068
s
1069
5r
^DEcrLvr]r
rELArrv
/)
dupe construcl,ia
inrpersonall t Is. il oa, etc :
He was sure n eds Ilme that had rung hin ul
$
1073
sl
cind antecedntul
eEte compus din doud
(sau mai m\ te) 5r$stant'ive,
S
10?4
unui'crind
trho, alnt\ ahtch:
I $nll write abouf ,n?
l4o?1e
and thc eoenLs thdt ha\c niade ttre world lhal it is'
209
N ot d
s
1070
D remarcat constructia
irtiomatjcii de mai
ios,
tn care prol1umele tha''
i mDr eur j ' . u
ver bul r Fspecl i \ ,
"
i nl ocui l
pr i nr r - un i nf i ni l i \ sl un' i
' l nd
snt e-
, . i . nr ul l ui
cr c
l or i
esi c pr ". Fdbt , l F, un r ' um"t al ur di nal un super l r l i v su
uDa din enpresiile the anl1J. rhe t'erA:
Chdmool l i ol
$i " t t "
l t $
11 J
PI '
F
hi e' o; l \ pl s on
r h" Bo' pl
' r
' l ' n"
; i ; ; ; i "; i i ; ": ,
t o; i
oi ' n' .
- - ;
op' t l t ot hl os vt " i "p' r r 1r "aJe
d FGAr r a l
H""
- ' ; l er
. \ a. / ,
/ . ,
I No, nr n
' o
d' : ! P. a t
r . "' .
i ,
t "' ' pi ma I m"i "
"/
r '
' ". dLr
un i l ' buzr
'
l . v , or r m"
, a
hr J. . an" or t
ni r h
f ", ".
$ds LmLs Tal ""
r
i Li , i i ' t
i i . .
' 4"
i . , op. "r '
I por ni ' F
, , l ovpsr i r i
r ur La- m!
r
Th"
"or ' . ,
Ens. h bvol . t o - anne' / l u l ' ei n1Fr 6 t t o Ll r af
r \ r ' l ' s pr , r J'
, r - al l l l F
p^sl
, ; 5l i
' l "r r t
Li a! ' P. ol
Put l ; r "Nnodo"
I np' r ol or
\ r r pr r Pr e
dP r e; t r u . l e l ur O\ . ar
\ \ ' i l de
l
qh
s. ' r / i , , , / , on @ r o"oA
t r ' l sI s l
' Fr r
sr r r u,
L; " d, / d bi n"
pl gl ' r ' r l "
r
He ws i/re *ry nrn i. do the
job.
(Xra omur td;.al ca sd ,ndeqlif;e1ld sanina d.r1t
)
d) duD! Dronumele
nhotlrite: all3, \'erqthng,
sarne, anA, no nnnP no
\
1011
one. s6n t hi nS. ont t ht n! - n. t ht ns. i dupd
r r \ ' i nl cl " D' t t t h. 1; t t l ' t h
'
t h ot Lu
, 4/ / t . dl
gl i t l e$ i . t ot r j
' l , i
t P. n\ er Ll
l r , t . r ht r e t +o, I r r , . t , . . r "
: s
n
1
. t
l ol
i h' i - ' n. oa- l , . j
/ nr l \ \ '
i nr I sp"i nt or
t ' ot hi nel t hat l
you t l " r \ a l . r r r e
l ul .
' 1 2.
\ o. Ao
, "' r good r ' , \ ' s.
\ ' Lt P
' t ' ni
JU
souo l l "
r Oi
r i . i
r r ' oj u, i . t
n,
. . ' t t ' , o' t t p- o!
!
t r , 4i
| , l i n'
I
Lno{
l OJ
On np ) l r L
l
. a$ , r , . , /
boal
l / 1"/
| n r pd
. ol
e/ dupd
pronurnele interogativ trio. penlru a se fita o repelilie:
S
10t2
It'ro wa,s ii riat rang
jllsr
noF?
3) Cezurile
iu caro nu so
poate ti lntNbuloiai:
lntrcbuilt.toari
prolumelo
"thst"
-. ?lml nu
S
1075
d, in propozitiile
e)iplicativea. deoarecel/lrll a.e sens restdctiv:
S
1076
l I v mot l , "r .
r n ar r : \ ed \ 1sr a- Ll d- 1.
$6 ns"\ on hnl i 4dy
\ i r hul as.
dn
/ d/ r ou
r aush dL
' vr r i ns
al a' s
r s nor an
cnt r D
r f
t N.
"
posl . pl n; : I l y mol
r r ' r l l dr dr r v"d r l r ^ho 6 / n' l
Jou
a! gn-
l
b) tn locut unui genitiv
(ahose, af ahich sa.u of
',honl)'
dat liind cn nu
S107?
are formd de
geniti{:
T' F
' .
\ i nr pnl , {i Ds" s' ns"
' l
l umour
vou $i ' l at p' ' i dl F_
1\ d
. "
! oal ". pu
e:
"
vr n. e l . oI . r d' _r _ oI h' r mour
I
r
I l . .
, d. | oc. ' ; Lal . l , ' E. Cdi r o ESl pl . u d" ! _a gdi l - i r . l Tt c l Psl pdpa. dP s- d' i l r u
''"..Jii,l;:';;l;iilr:" 'l!ll,:,ii.'r
li::j.,.fre;:iyir
IJj,
j;i"ffi"ri;*r-_
\ hor . . r i t , "
, 18'
r ' r l 1l r I nr ' .
' ' - i '
n
"
' l
oi
l r u
qhar ' sn
' : Li
d Di o, , , , , ' r h
' l l
"
r p
' "i
I p'
",4,1
pl,
\te.c
Fcscnt
ag.etd
"
'
!
Car nu llnr alsoli' t nfoesa..
reftrtr
clariiat.a lrazci
15
ltal)
910
MORFOLOO
_
PRONIrMET'E
s 1078
.r) cind
pronume,le
IeI,rLll'.{rste
precedat,
rle o prepozilieJ
deoarece
'ilx,
. , , oo. r l . i i
pr - . . , l r L , 1" pr "f o/ r l n'
r
a
n,
ar . , , , , i , 4
\ d.
"b""1
: l r 1r ' : ,
"""1,
"' n11""
, , , 1. . .
t\r
i lir
,;"'rili" '"i
rJi;fiir
#i:'i,,
,l;,;';i
i'"
i \
L sc
Poat c
\ f l r r ' r : ' f he
t \ nr D
Constructn
in caro
pronuniele
rcl lii.t-"
$nr
lrccFdste
imedisi-de lrepo-
' r: r. i i l ' r"' i
i r"i , . . "i i "ri rre'
' r' "rbi nr' m: i ; ; ' : i ' j JJl ; : l : i ; l ' i l : i ". ! , "
{ 10?C
l n st i l ul
col ncl i
\ e
l oot F, I
o '
". t t "l
cf l Dr ppozi Li s
' a
r i n; Ll upa
r p' b:
;;
Jl,,',t;,1"1
':
l:.
:"j,
-%
o
(Vczi
ii $
'390)
{ 1080
r l T, Jupa
num"l '
or ^pr i i 1i
duni
' ubFr dnLi v' l p
pr e' "d
r p Je sdj e' r i v"
I rosbi \ ", ' ,
demuns' | ra"""
"""": ; i ; "; ' ; "
i i
' ""' ' o' ' l
n' '
rosr"
ri r"st ri ns'
i ar l , t ai
^f
l ol I Pst n. ov:
ii*"xfdffi
"""1"
t
g-.*rT"fti'il
"",-'"'
s l 08l
4, Pronumel o
_l l ral
zero. l zt t -
De obi ' ei
pror' umFl F
rPl a' i t
/ / ' dl nu
'
Fi tc erpri tnrr
' tna "ro
rn
'
"ur
ool l i ri ""J""i "i i "
ri ts"
' *bi ta
de
persoaa' l
"
"iij
T;"',1:1i ;",,,,:i1.,,
:.,1i;,:
f
")ll.l.i
ii1;r",,1 r
"r
]ill' ' ";;' "tl:"i' ' {"J
r
f' ?]l"l' ii";"' "; 1o1
ilr n':
;*,if
l,tl'lll
r"[",;'b'i:"
]iult
di
m*'
q
Obser oa! r L
i
,0"
",,"'jj'T3;
lJl:ili"::"'J"#"i"J':',::.::i;fili;;l'"|il:ii:.;",T,ui
llXi
i ,i "ul i i
i i "
.:""r"
, ;."1 *,r'
"
""""i '
i oar' '
i "n' el "
' ndi nj nd
' !' :,0:""t'
l n oo-
i rr t ormnro
' "
I h"
"h
": h; i "; i ' : ; ; : : ' ; 1; ; ; ur"*
rn mod
"urent I ormdA
['#j.t
:d'
tt
I inl,
"
r;r;:,]:*
l;j'il
"H:',';
:r"1^:';;]#]
s
1083
.IVHAT
(?NONU]IE SAI]' {DJEC' IIV
IIEI2ITIY)
{ J084
I , l nr r ol r r r i 0l t r r o'
t 4hot
, t hat
' r ' r i l '
Cupr i nr i nd g*i , l i l ! ": 9: : 1"'
r ' "
' -
' ; 1"- pr onumei '
r / "r i
' p
i nr r "bL' i nL"a/ r
sr un' i
' r n' l
anr F"cdpnr ul
nu esr a
exDr l mAt :
Mdt bclonss
to
-rou
shr'u
be
vous'
We'lI tell
You
0'd' s'e sa$"
obser r al i e
5
1086
Pronumcle
ivhat e$te
lntlebuinlsL
numai
atunci
clnd
antecedentr'
esie
neprecrzai,.
vag:
I doI t l noq
r ' oI
r o r X
ComP
' "t
' ar
P
r ' "Ps
l i kP a I ' g
'
"'
' .u-.r"r
--
s I08. Ij 7. r6rr.
F-r' nrur z
' 1";1d4.' ?i 1 i ' ;r.
r064r.
,
C'oi iiit*l"inl"iia
*lati'"lolldr tr
*hr'a c0
r Const t uct i a
t heV l hat
csr e
PRONUMXIIE ST
21I
Thot \thi0h se lntrebuinleazi
atunci cind antecedentul
se referd la un
S
1086
"bi ". l "; ; "; ; ;
; ; ; ' J, "r =
, p"' , "4"
bau
' j nJ
sl r o' FdFnr ur
' t obri p
rrrcnt nat
(Lhnt hi cL
' . J
,
"
' Fl l
Tnp\ . , Jr l el l l h memr ng. i n
l h- J!
l i o r '
J
dod l i ' l y
"o, _' i
r r o' ' l i 4 l h" r dl ' d
Tl , , ; F $ai r r or i 1 l ' m
"nt
l m
i l i r p"l on' Lr kp
Thal
qhichl
he said was no !e$s io dvone
2\ C$2, Pronumele
P,tdi cste ale
gn neutru. cu inleles de singular
fi
se
$
108?
intreiuinteazi
in cazul nominativ
sau
obiecliv:
l yn r r , r o b. I ' n. n, r r oe s"l do
"
\ o
i ' ) i ' . , , ,
you h. di r l ' 1n". a1d
l l ' l : d
r ' r Jm"hi 1' l ppd
r ob'
3) Frmotii. -
lt7ftal, in afard dc faptul cd ara l-cloire d"
I'ronuJne
dupi
S
1088
num. a
"r ct a
pJna si , i .
pod
pf i
' j
sdi ' . r i r +l ai \ ' i ndd- l ' r r r n; u4nt r bbt ar ' -
tyhar
Pti.6
that
got were all _"amcd
Adjectirtl
phal
poate fi tntrebuintat
qi exclarnativ:
W, {dr
a l i n dal l
nhdl
nonqcnsr r
I l ' r "/ heal Ll Y i al '
Psr
l r ezi i i
S
' 11' 6,
1011 1090, 28l r l l
, 4t cnt Le
!
In erclarnalii,
pi./t
exclanativ
nu rcdn cuvtitul
,,t4"
din
declt. atun(i cind acesta insolelte &n sa,slatl":
1Cc
Jr t . ' I ur nu; r . r
)
tYiar dreadful manlers lre
lce manhr,, olirilf .rrlr
Cincl cuvtntul
,,ce"
insolelte
lln d?j..1io. el se iraduce
priD ad1'erbul /I,*':
$
1089
lir a romenn
S
1090
\ se
ob. pr ! '
. s 1r pr opozi Lr r l p
' ar p
'
' 1l i n ' u! i nr cl F
/ ' ' r si r r ' 4l ' ubpns
. xcl a- f l r i t . I n gp' cr F. u6i "t l ul l n. o r 0' r ' u l i ' nbd r nr 3n; or p' F' l a
pr p' l r ' e-
tul.
4) Whst .
That . -
Adescori
pronunrcl c . ' F'
di n e\ 0t Fi rl P
"t ot
ccea
' ""'
S
1091
. . ceva
r "
. . . ni n' i c
r c , ' . . F"
r . sducF gr pr i l p i n u\ l ' l ul
l hot Du' r x ot t '
4' r r '
t hi ne. san; h; r a-
r r l , hi r ". or nnu' l pl r
r on' i n' qc . . ' p
nu , ' r Fda
nr r n o' or '
ci
pi i n r r ' at
t de
obi ". i
n"r pr i r nr t I n cJZul
^bi
r r i \ ) :
. 4r 1d, , h. r ", . i . no, s, r J.
: ; : . - ; ". , : , : "i : "l j , l
t ""- ; ", 1"": . . .
, N, ,
i o,
pa
&
s' . br u. p, . , n. pr r
a r '
, j l l l T"*, n do. b i . bao. \ don".
i ^' ; ": i j ", , ; ' i j : , #11- '
*'
"
\ i . i "o; ", : , , . ; t u- n. pnr o"
11. L
5r What .
Wbi . h. -
I l el ar i r "l o
' "
poL r r edur e i r
. l i r ba
$
l o92
cnsl ezn or i n
, t / , d/
' su
pr i n r i r r n, a' r Lal o a' Fst p
p' unu' nc
r r r r r nd
l o' ul unFl
"r 3t - i r i i
: ""
"i
, ' ; i
i "' 1, ' l i n
Fa' ?l Tl r ar
n'
"
i nse t nt r pbur n a
i r un' i
' i nd
i r obozi t i a
ur m"aza
$hi ' h
' l nd
pB
pr ' cJ; :
l , f i dr l coul J
l . nd. \ r r ' d
\ t Js vh! t l
r t r d
' Dt r "Pa
ft4q \o' ! tut
rr:t P" ,hi h I
'
ldr' I n l
_'
nd
6)';What"
idiomstic.
Pronumele
rl,al, repeial se t'raduce
tn limba
S
1093
romAJl r"in
..ba...
ba
"
in urn:itoarea construclie:
lrnu;Nilh
e.lins llnd
/rrra,J
witn drjnkiiS. th'i \e$ Year hril tome
jn
belo'e thev
I
?tdr ,,nt,n estc ocuir
IDin
pronudclc .r,ar li siil,l colo,i'ial: $'rrsi nc sai.l ods
*i8r.rL"
"rri"t".
atuoi iitrd anteocdcnrul
cstc o
prolozili san
larb
dh accasla
219
S
loel
o'r".""*""**-,
E r 0r ;
I r Funcl i i . - ' 74s
1' ' | t "r ' dr el u
o' l ai X\ "i l ' ; l ; ; i *""J"?' i "i i : "i : ' ' ; ; :
t
_' "-
"u, l
pe ci rc
l e urmeazn'
est P
p'
Qhich ti
that'
'
"""
Ill,"liuiJ"""'i'H'19""1#
*i'1"'1;'nn*''
i "
"' ' ""
t ' "
"t '
^
*' "
r dvpr b
' au
' onj un
Li ' :
i::.;if,l":";
li;;'
njt".,'r,;,
:'f L'i;"pl;''i;;li,i';'l'l$
?,,"."
$
10rG
""tJi1":iiJlTi?"iilTronumeie
rerativ
as
se intebuinleaze
atit
peniru
!
loe?
,**o*n
"JJ,o".o"
s 1098
l ) i ol el rs'
-
B' t cu
vel oJrp
dP
pronume
r' l sri v'
arc
l nt cl pq
npgal i v
Fi
"
"noa"
, ' t ore
3' nu' :
"""'l""lrrw
J#,*'f'"ffiTit'J#"Ji1""T""x}'':l
'
,,
-
'^ --
u
E10sei
jtutrerruinlare.-,-4,,1f
I
jii,Tii.{iutii"Xgi.Tlit"";ji:il't'*,i':i
"
-
buinlet Si
etunci
nunrar
ln hmD
' ol o' \
l sl
rronumF
rct al i v
bu'
mai
F t F:
$
| roo
i,, l^Yli::,; ,'i :'si:;,i.
i i '
"5
-' i *"t
' ur
mu"n
t oo: poi rr
bdbr'
bt odt Pr b \ =
dccl r '
numai ) {
="U) :
H"
i s
. nor hi ng' b, r
r l i r
h bov
=
af 6r ,
de.
daci u
|
=. t "ppt ) . .
"/*:'""#ilhJfi
'
n;?T"'lu"
*'"
*""*
(t) e nantia l:
dar'
insn
(olieclie)l:
iour
lalk
is ldll ol
'rrs
,Ltrlj
cIrESTruNr
nEl.trRlTo
'E
r'A PnoNU)txL!
-sr
rlrJXCTlrELE
RllrflTf,
s,,
0,,,
n i:
".J*:l1"it,"J;.r'","1,.\
linil
i
1 l
#
*
:: i* l;i
il I mlffit
relstr!
trtD
dnc{
Terbur
PsrP. !
Ii: :'.:', :f
; ::*":;'.;"
::l';;'1
'l';""J';" ii
u
,"
".
."
",,'
"
;]
:';'
i
":
il ;'
""' -'
tI
:"':i:19;';i':
"o;',;"'"",1:'"'
;^;1
*1"1",1,:i:;liii
l.n ;:i'lti'::'ri'YTi
:' pTll""x'l'i"'3i"'""i"-"'
,,
",ii"":,il,'ii,:
"i:i;liil
:, l.i;
I
lr;,;il:il:i'il
j:i,:t,
niii
,'t,['"
ace6H
silualie
curlniul
Du t nu are lunctie
de
onume'
1
Unr i
aul of l
consi dar i _01
i P
.' .lnLi-"lllif*l
$lJ;Jril"::
p"
"oD,
propriu.
PRONUMf,LE i I
ztq
Al Aserea
t nl rp
p"rsordl
l i
i t uf Prcorcl l n
raz' rl t ' uhql aDl i r
Pl or
' ol p' l i ' F
pql e
l acui a
t i
gon. r " 5, i f un. 1i " d" i i r Fnl i s
! or bi r or ul ui scu o s' r i i t nr t l ui '
2t Et i -osa
pronumel ui rel at i r. (Pronumol o rel al i v zero
f ol rr'
S
I l ol
d/ Pr bnumdp
r cl st i \ '
poal e f i
cl i pt i . r ' uD' i
' i nd
ql i
i n
r aLut
obt t t '
si cf ni
propozi t l "
di n cere
l a""
rt l "; d" J t rmi not i rn dn
i ndi sf "n' ol )i t d
i n{el esui ui
f raz; ' i . Anpasl 6
al i p' 6
F
'
oncl rE spronpP i nl oLdFduna
l n
' r' rLul
coi or vi al : i . on. ' i t ui p
o. ar a. l er i qr i cd
d l r mbr r vor br r p dc
cngl ezr r nosr ul l r n
Ansl i a:
"
Th. Lo\ $. TAI
i
. l no$ i . mJ - Fr ' new
, i n
o. "d. .
_t h"
boJ
r l oa w" I n"r "
l
'Ih
iactor! we aisited iv$ er.cted quilc rccentlX
Iln
loc dc:'"Thc lactory @li.t we visiicd. "l
l np
. 1i l d
r n r spokp
l o i s mv dauch et - s
t i "
l ; ; , t ; , - Ti .
. l , i l d r o ; t ; / i
vou
' l o( r '
I
I di d' l t f i nd
r hd papFt u
) nu
$Fr e l u^l i ns l o_
. . .
r l o
l oc d":
_.
l hP paPpF i o_ , n. / l
] ou
r v r P r ookr ne
, J Pronumele
relaLiv n &
poole lnsa
fi
omis cirld este sabie'l sau clnd
pro'
S
1103
pozi l i i
"st e
pr yl i cat i *i .
dc' i nu est e usc0sar i l nl el esul ui f r azei :
Thp bol
, n gn4r eJ Jr p
j xs
r uw
i 5. my net h w
. . .
[ N-
' .
poar p spur a: l hi boJ
t n
' r
o mp
J
qr
nor v
l
L. r ' " \ : si t t h. t u. r oN
r i i "f t i s on o, r sJy.
l \ u - "
poAl e
. p- nF:
_L"l
.
vi si l l h. I a, ot y r " on
Th. nap"f
t i dt i . on l hp l al h
i s l oJi ) .
r \ u: ; "
poar e spun":
_I he
pdp r L
^b
l \ ' {3bl P r s r od, l Jn j
Ct ul
i n Far h t ,
' n
n I bl s
i D
! F
Sar d
n
t Nu
""
podr e spr r r P:
_Cal
i D l 1l h"r I
' as
i n l h' .
- l
Thank vou
| or
Jour
nor '
ql ; cl
I r ' "i vFd
Jpsl nr dov'
t Nu
"e
l oal .
st un":
"Tl Jnk Jou
l or
Jou'
EscePl i i
A se olserva unele erpresii eliptice. loarte colocvial,
intilnite in vorbirea
S
llo4
"u*"tA.-
ai" care
lipsesc
f|onumele
relative chiar in cazul nominativ,
dupi
it is, there
is, who i^P:
/ / \ t hF
! d_r
br r , l l s\ i '
\ r cl r h"'
t "'
' vot n
Ol
/ , ' l hp r ' . . ' l
I n"r l 1' 1 l "_' r ' r o' O
i i """' . ,
"""' .
on l h'
, ' ho_r ' q1, "
san
'
l "
'
l k' n \ "' r Ol
Jl / ,
\ ds r har \ ' r J t nn' k' d Jl
"
doo" ol
c) Co structii
idiomatice. In unele tonstruc.tii,
prepozilia lipse'Rte
S
1105
odati cu
Pronumelc
relativ:
|
^. ' nr J
, l
, p, ' 4u. r . sl , i hl 4ol
i , / /
l O'
^
l r "
. d{
l
. p
r , . / , r r
t
.
$ ! h. i t r '
t 4.
t w)
l l '
. l
v
u f nnw
11, n n"r t i n \ t t t . hl t hP no, ' Lq '
h?r t
L\ ' '
Sne dns! r - J
/ l
"' . r
l on
$h' . hl J' P I
"ar "d
nt u t ' t t "r '
l \ 4l
3) Loeul Drotrumelui
rolotiv. S
IloG
a') Pronuinelo
relativ trebuie
pus, pe cil,
posibil, Itngd antccedentdl sdu'
Neresfectarea
acesii
reguli dd naltere ]A mari confuzii:
IIe took an ar.i.o, lrom the iable. onrn he at \tilh relish'
( I nco/ ect )
fNn a mincar nasa, cr catsa.l
'Fr;n
the table he took d altr,t
(
ii.,r he ale \!lth relish
( cot ect )
|
- z?n
pl at i . pr cnaua' Ol \ xdi r d r l , p. n pr o' umd. i r Fa' i v,
P nl r u si mbol ul
t"l
' "
.T#j i i i i l ."Hi .i ' ,i ' l ' "' o;o,,.r' ,r",t-,..
t, i !.,ro i spr...srn'
.umi r-rD
srdrari m
enslFze m;d"rn1:
p.o9ziii Ptht' ,tidle
tqnitk.
A cnnfut ol Loht' nPo4rv Lnet' 8n'
74: 29| j .
214
I sd\ v t hc mnn i r ' l h"
s ". l
/ / ' ,
vu' r
Lno\ '
, , -
r ada
". ' 4, , . u4os. u' j . . . . a4r r i nd"ub- t J
i vJl
! l n. "
dor ot i l Jr pr or . r "l p
I'i the strcct.
I saw the man ,ndr vou know
L,,Omul"
este
,,conosculi'i
mdD liinil substaniivul
alropiai de
prorude
l
l l 07 D) \ um"r al pl p ! i c' r \ i nl "' "
r r "
"r p- i n.
r - nt i t r t ' a ( ot t . bot h. ndny
mo. t . nuf i .
et qol . sat . , er i . ,
qp
pur
' h
; bi
"i
I n"i l l "J pr onu' ^l ui r pr ' cPdst
dF
f r "po/ i l i ,
"t )
ol
' vhon.
ol
ah; ; h. msi al eq
ci nd
' Lnt
' r r bi pr r ' l
The !triv{Tsity secttarialc cmp]oyed six clerks. r"'o o/ sn;n rvere univcrsitv gra'
Hc erpo,rtrd.il lo ns a rnmbe. ol rfccnt lchnolosionl nt.tlrods nos, o/ rrnrn wo
alreadv knc*.
the two sirls.
&ort./ trl,n took r.hc lloor .1ll ihe confcronce. spoke ol ihe neoessitv
ol ha\'ing a
pooling ol e\peri-aioe in farmirg
l l 08 /
Spr " d. u. pbi r a dp l i b. r on, i nd, l n l i n' bd
pngl , zn
'
nr p^si bi l n con-
strur:1ii iri care
propozil,ia relativi
poate. in unele situaljj. s: stea dpparie de
antecedentul ei atunci cind nu existi ambignitate:
. \ / .
- 1"
! oo
- Fl , l n \ d.
' no| Jl '
"r r r : l
i _ o"
j mi
"n
' ' I
". r ' l d
, l l o t n.
u, t t
t i t \ b
' l o
' ^n
r ' n; a b^l
( Vczi si
S
t , 151)
l l 09 4 Pr oou| | r r l f r chl i t
: i nr epoTi l i i .
-
C"nl or r n r ' . : ul i l or : r ar
", i '
l p pr -
Dor i t i " t r Lbui "
. i
Dr "
, l i
nr onr m"l "
r "l 1 i t
p", "r o 1l I n' uLP:
a,
. \ ' n ' l i
i eEui i r i mi ne i ns" i r t sLi l a numr i l n l i mba ser i sn. l n st j l ul col ocvi al .
pr epozi l i a
se"punc lntotdeauna .lrrpd verbul respectiv sau dupi complementul
]ri djrect'
The
lainting
d, ,li.n yor $cr.looling is a Dcgas (itlamatical colect in slilnl lormal
' 1
u. , r ' r i n!
\ i r , i . r . i
\ ' ou
w- f
, . ol i ng,
i .
d D
g.
r ' i 1l o' f i ' r
r
"- ' . r ' . , . _s,
r , . ' i ; , . 4, - l r ' r . . \ ; | . . r r . " Li . m"
r
' , o. .
' si
I or n. Jl
trdditiunal .
' 1
. " : s
p. ' ,
r dr ' $l ' or n, l l 5. r
Jour ' er
' ,
u
/ r r r l
"l o^\ bl
lV.zi ,si S
2390)
Cazurile in r,are prepoz;lia sH intotdeauna drpd verb slnt urm{toarele'
1110 al cind
pronumele relatiY nu este exprimai3.
l he, r ' " t r ot hi ae, $ i "l , l o
' , v
/ o' .
Tr'c aitlor .i it,i rjN-Ihonciic Diciionary is TlIn hol. Dani.l Jones!
lwh.{d]l
Jotr
must hare lrcard aD,u,.
1111 D) oind
pronume.le relativ intrebuinlat este rrdl
(dat fiind ci nu poatc
fi precedai de
prepozi,ti):
Thc nrrse rho, lhcf sclt
/o/
$'as on dutv at U,c hoslital
ft? animnls ,nar wc show kindncss ,, al alsav6
graielul
1112 Pronumele ttftdl este un caz special deoarece cuprinde
jn
sine
Ei
antec_
dentul. l't:l,ar: that tphich, thar lliid antecedntul,
iar oliicD pronumele rel-
tiv.
111e Dacn
prepozitia
se releri la ani,ecdent
frralJ,
ea este pus{ numai inainte.
Dronumehi
pftdr.
dacd se refere la
Dronumele
relativ
fttliictr'
a poat'e fi pu:;
inaintea
pronumilui rrral sau dupiverb (adici se conlormeaze regulii
qnela1
! i
uzant ei de mai sus):
IIe ncv.ir {greed 70 i,la, you sugsestld-
1Ch.
Dick.ns, Daeid Copperfield.
xP.onumclc
r;htve ttnr
si
ai nu sht nrsolitc dc
!.
ozilii.
3Cr
i l t r cu\ ; ^ . 1n
' Fl . 1
Dr o"umd. i
r pl ar : r z"t o
l Dr t ; ?l JavF
r donr J
d- Ju, l . I pi i l I ! L_. ondl i
i br '
' r g! /
a D bl i r ' t
i
Di ct i onnr l onel i c . ngl . z i l 1- q1r - .
l Pr "nozi r r s
/ a
. "
r Fhr J l 3 Jn
- '
pd. nl
r - . / o
, }
, , \ ! hi . h vor r
qr r g: pcl oi l '
n, r pud' a t i
l u. i ,
dF' i r ; nl i nl pl p' . r r m^l ui
r ' ' dr ' l
we do!'i knov ,, rldr lrc rfnned
(cranatic'l
'!tect,
slil loDDal)
$J. don't know trna, he rclerr.d tu
(Slil
colocYial)
I Pr eDo/ i . i L
/ o
bA , . t cr d d, Jr n |
'
pr o . u' c, ' n
' "l d
r . :
' \ \
don
I
I ' na' r
' bJt
r n . i ; . l , n" r l ' p. t "d
. i . . r p pu' o.
. . l o-
n r c; r ' i l "r Ll m"r i
"!
r 1s: nr
' a
pr o-
Dumclui relativ,
iar ln vorbirea curlnli, dupn
'erb
l
:,) Prorumolo ruLrtiv cu lunctic tlc suhsti,ntiY. -
Fle\ibilitater limbii
S
111+
cnsr azn
r Fr m; 1. . r - dl i i
dF. ur i , , . noi r r "t . ' , .
pr i n. un i zi ' si
"ur or ' i n.
I I "
Who , Who. uuu r r ul
r um"l or
Ja
p' r sodn"
ma"
anl F i t I l at r ' p domFr r r r
'
r c
. l c ml r l l , uno' c. r t
. i
DUbl i '
"r "bi sr l r
\ ' r . i unr l -
r t l ' 1 l "nt i r r i r 7 hP f i nl "s
ar e o i nr r ecs. l
pasi : a
Jp. . \ 4: . 1
r ubl i
i i r F- i nr i r ul a
i f r P Whr ' s l Vho af
l Vhai '
t t h""e
.
l i
"a"e
' p"r
a, unl u";
/ "'
h; ' i n.
' "t r t - s.
de l E b0bl si t t "r s
ehi
l ^ I ot t abL
Bui l d, nes, Bout oLi n I n. t dn! Bai l t n"' t
c t .
'
I n l i mba
e. ) r l pzE
". t p
cJr . nr r or JI de
' ub' t a{
i v d3r
l r o' r u- r Fl ur
' ! l '
qi relativelor ln ginete
-
dovadi articolul hotirit care 1l tnso-te;te:
Carl Sandbufs3,
jnt.cbat
r,,leritnr la xltinele
;ti.i,
a ritsllns:
"I
slau ask thc nexi
banana
nFdol "'
1t ; t h. d . l
t ] "
! hut ot i t
l ynaf r .
:
pedeapsa, cear r a:
Snc
gave hnn ,tl,afo. whell he did not eat his lood
lcolocv )
WlLaxnot,
p\.
-s
:
nimicuri, fleacud. tot felul de lniruniiluri; dulap' raft
pentru acestea etc.
Tablou rezumotiv :ll utilizdrii
pronumelor relttiYs
$
1115
vho' whoso, whom, which, thAt
Pentru inl,rebuiniarea
cazului
pronumelor relative din limba englezd
trebuie
l,inut
seama de urmAtoarele doud considerente:
' r
sl i l l , l
f o, t uut
r Ju
"u] ". , ) i n!
pa' 1r . l l sl a' a-
E871. 872r :
2J
. sra . rul
I ' rot , ozi l : Fi
n
' l i \ "
rl t r4"n l t ri t s \ )
'
t f t i ' ot i rd
-
rt rPi d
i i
"t . ' l ; n"
p u; "1- I nr r Fl ui , . r al t | 2; 42 )
1"\ ' .
$
1116
!16
I. Propozitia aleterminatiYar, (ncesarn irllesului)
Caz
Anrmab
] i oni t ut i , . . r Yho. l l l i at r
Act . . t n.
l ] i at j
Cu pi p. . i t i e' . . .
l l l , ar l
. . p. . pozt ! ' c
Cen. i l i r . . . l l hose
l t l t r t l .
i Nhi ,
t Fr nzi r
c
. l u \ l i ' l / l \ hns' . .
lI. Propozilia explie:rtivi
(rcnoccsard intelosuluj)
$
1117
$' ho( Dr ) . . . .
. . . . ( 1' hi cl r ) . t t hat l . . .
r ] r *nr i l j c
-
who . . . , . . . . pr cpozi l i e
+
\ ! l ' i ci r . .
$hJ . . l , eozr r . . . r r r
'
pr
l , o/ i l i d
. . . f
kl , i "h who. . . .
L
7. / | e Zr mpr ,
AxSsr 8. l 9: 8.
J' ag.
22.
"
i i , t
i
"i i , ' ;
i
k; , . en, l r b, , ; . " 187s- - l s- 67. . po{l bi osr uf
$i
$ r i t o' ad"f nr '
:
r l u {adv. cpl dl i v) . ar . r
. ul t r Jr l r v;
a' p
r r
pt t f \ t : - t M
'
n9s 4nd wner
70r P'
' s
' r r '
.
D, i i . "t esr e cl Dr i ns t d a
st
0ur r t ,
ddot ur c r pl . , ' i \ el " nu a, r dp l l i or ma
! "Pt ' or r , 0
.all1 cu ,o sau
f,.
tn iaz dativ.
!t6
I l ezumal l oar l o br homal i r
( . i l
' ol ^' \ r Jl
Pno\uuEr.ll lr,{DJxgIl[L'r,
RJlT,lrttl- colllPlls
(.Animate
-#'
-f#
(;,";;
Pr ' r pozi ! i a
dr l er mi nat i ' e
I
f nani m"r "
\ r l r i , h
sho. e l r bl l l
onr l s"
shom,
$hi . h
r i nt oc' r i ' p
nr i n
/ l dl o r i ' r r
r ' uz"t i
t '
{ | al r cr n. r i r p
a' r "pl r bi ) o i n genpr e i
r o' r r i l F
pr i -
r / "r /
or nF i n
' . uzl r i L'
i i
rle oloieei omise in vorbire
I
ol
Not i L
i
11fE
Propozil,ia
xplirrtif.i.
neljjnd eseniiah
irllelesului
.
este omisi
din 1-oF
'
bi r t a t oi r r " aU, "i i '
i ,
a\ ^nr udl
"p"r r r ' i
"r
o
"r pl i ""t i a
l n
r i r e\ e
' uvr r l p
i"t*"t" O"
"*i.
a*^iece
stilul coiocrial
erte format
drn
propozi-tii scurte'
iiiii"i" ri,i':.-
"i"
"a;.;ori
neavind
nici subiect,
nici
verb' (
S
2743)'
At enl t e
!
S l l l N
l n
pr npozl l i a 4
1
' t at n0t i r d
JF"i
penr r r r pe' ' osr '
pr oaun' "l r i n, - ' ' "7r r 1
"
"' "
""- ; '
", i '
I ; " , i ". , """ o
' *t "
.
' , \
i r , r . ' i n
l ; - t r " 0d'
"^r i
r m: ,
p
t '
t h4t :
. l t . d' ! o"l r
"
:
| ) \ ' f , '
ii#iiiT;firllJildt)il1.T.
il | r :r'l
!r;'tiru ;,l"iil,,
"
..,,-.
T,',X'"'i*l: ,li'1,:JXl,iil",,lilli
lii
'r.
u'0.,." n-,s,!!i
r^ o,u ,am'), ro.uAp,les
sne is rn;
('-.sr
Nornan da' lras elcr ootnc nv Nav
s
1120
$ 1191 1) tr'ormi.
-
Relativelc
rft' tvhich
1i
what
impreund ou
^'tl:lb:l:-1' t
""
qi
"oJ;
l";;arlJ".""-"
*r'ti'"
"o"'pose,
c*e
o'i on cu"actermai
general'
i""i
"oltote"rt
decti formele
simplel Unii aulori consideri
acesLe
forme ca
liind
pronume nehotdrile
compuse:
""'",:;;iiiii,,t"i,r;'"'*Ll;l'lr,x.:ll$,'i"tl',,';,I{f},,)\1";;;'*
*'o'"*
"'""'
i'iiiii2i
r':.l,li",lpcl
o'ricaq -
tiep
qnieL ahak'er she savs
. ,
(
1122
Fo nle compuse
cu sootl tthosoewr
f:
(pe) oricinel'
rphicl*oeper
"
- -
t r o. f
^r i car - l
"i ' - r ar s,
' ' l
I or i ' "r si nl
l i l or st p
r i
dosuet p
t rrga
'
'iJ"lnei"
.i'.e'i"t"
vhasoe'c'
ihichsoe'er
Si
ahdtsae'cr -
slnt lntre-
"
buintal,e in stilul Poetic.
S
1124
"""'P;.;-;i;
'"i"Ii""
.o-p'*
au antecedentul
cuprins
in ele:
rhae'er
\-
otit)e
P{mani
careJ
ohiche,o
l:
ari'c tlinld sae luc'u care)
(tdrer"
l: oflcc
ruc'u ca'c,
S
1125 2) Dcclinare.
Pronumelp
rclsti\.e comDuse
au aceeaqi
declinare
;i
slnt supuse
acelorasr regun oa
ti
formele
simpie corespunzitoare:
/N,h l Nhoe\'
whosoerer
/cetr )'
whoserc
$hosesoever
iob i
$ho(m)erer
$ho(m)soeYet
q
1126
Cazul
pronumelui t'hoefer este
cr
!i
'rzul
proturmelul
i"l1' l].:::":.1'""
"' ---
a"
-f U
pc' care t l are pronumel ' ral at i v i n
propo?i t i ' t l Lr) carc l r| c
pi i e:
\ 1' Lr l t d
j , i
' PsPJ
I r "' a
l
\ \ '
An
e' l ! r ol P, "; r " $"
l *_d
/ ' 1'
l
Th"r sD L' o
! h' r ' r
' nqf t ' l
t r t r t )
f l . v sr ' ol o
! t ' ot n) \ p' ' \ Fr
"! '
t unt )
1lli
cu
r)ronumelc
ilrterogatiYe oompnse'
S
t0rrx
PEONUWLE
ST
Formele compuse cu acuzativul {!Irm sint rar, {?l,rm fiind tn curs de
disDaritie.
'
R; t ai r1l p
' vh' t hNq.
ahi .
^o"rpr,
' rl ' at
t r
' i
srdl ' o / / auo. i ngurdf orms
$
l l 2?
Jr Adi ect i \ el e rel ci i re coml rusc.
_
Cu
pr' : npt ra
f orm' l nr
i ' \ opJ"r
' i
o/ ' o_
$
1l ! 8
soo, , ' r .
pr o"nunol o r el Ar i r P co"ni r FF si nr i n r "bui nLdr c
i r
, d
a l j P' r i \ p:
Everv article. of ahoLe@ daoiptian. shall be enlelcd nt lhe lcdgcr'
Ithiihqt
pat
itc tu.n in Buciarest, Iuilding is in
Fog.es!
4) Constructia cu Eubioxctirul. - Clnd ac,tiunea are ir
"speciat
un carac-
$
1129
j pr
np- i eur ,
'
ph^l nr i r .
i r - al . \ nr bul Fj r '
I ' u.
l i ' "r oJul subj on'
r i \
' ' u
'
1
l r -
Lui nl pJ; i l or m, r n
p. hi \ at pr , r p. . b. i or , i i r ut ui
r r on. r r _i r .
, u
. t , aut d.
hnr .
,?igl'l ctc.):
TresDtusscrs. rno4,.f tlicY ,.. shall he p..secuicd
tlr'h;lcrr :-o\
anrl s{r. sh! will not lisicn to
rou.
Jr llte roxstructii sDcriale.
-S
1130
, ) Dupo f o"n' ,
, i , ra; c, ' r. r' . , h' , 1 l o D poi t c uneori l i psi :
S
l l 3t
I ani Eohs io lrtrr urc camera.
qndteret
thi .a:t
|t'hale;;r iit .eo-";rs, his &nduct wrs n!)sl unsrtisfictu.l
i i , \ di ect i rul rel at i v t l rl ' r' . r.
prrs
duri un
Pronume
sau un adj cet i !
S
I l 32
n"1' o, , . ; n", 1a, i , ,
r r " r r oor i i
1- l p. r r l
o . . , b. ol ul
i '
, r ' . . . ' l
r o
-
'
r l nl l
, , odci t
de nei nsemnAt " ct e. :
TnFr p. / . a.
^ "1. , , -
o- ol ' , r ' i
i
' obr d' i or Lm
t . t hp. , J
e,
' , p. . /
. . "
\ r , .
' l : . r ' -
"r ' d
. i r "
"i
i nl r r r
Lp- dl
l,ltoNu]f ti',ti
(oriDL-{TITII
1) Forrui. C.,n-qtruc,tiile
ronnneEti: S
113{
at"la
isau
celt ftre. at)rtl
(san
cn) tn. se trarluc ir linlbs e glczn prnrr l1c
'vi,
(masc.),
src trlLa
(lent.). th( ane (sau ll,dr) on;cll (rreutru) |
t npt har . t r t dr , t t , r . . dr , r t f . . r , . j . f
I r ' , n' . ' , r , ,
) , 1 no dn Jr r
r "
r J\
l
' r
J l r r ' i '
r
'
r o
' _
'
n
Yor lca\' r zs strnrdrd rrl, cnr b! t.iLslcd lot lo l.i yo! down
He . 4 i r t n' a'
,
^1
i r ' i '
"r L
I r v, ^. / . , ; , l . ct , r
j . n
' r ' r ' '
' Jr "' l
' l ' l l "
Tolr
larecl
js
tlv aut
l.r' ntutt
dti.I iJ on lhc lrble
(\' czi si
5
s;9 r
2) Pcrsoa a a 3-a
Dl ural . -
Pi ural ut i ccat or corsl rucl i i i n l i nba ergl ezl
S
11: ' 6
actuain nu este rreJ
'vl,o
(desuel). ci rltrs. tvir. uncori sir.h Lvha. suth us
\:
cel
?' l@se dlo liEhi lor tlie }innin$ ol nnolerr l\rapon tPsls ha!. \ron tr.oad
Popular
- -
. l , . r . nl v r n haf c l i nol r n i e. \ r or k can t i l l i a| oul i t
TlLc IIN;un
rosscs.s
leF old mstos. |nt su.i ds tlqt arc ratrk among urf Dest
3) ,\corilul
prort nelor corelatire. -
Ca
5(i
il1 linba romeni cele doun
S
llSli
nr onLm'
^r , l Jl r \ i
nu
. .
"
or J- r ' l r p
I
dF i r r ,
' ap8 ' a
I r ' r \ a' l - l or ol ng
i i
nun' r r Ll . , "/ ul I n"i t r , i d,
. r n' r T,
d t r r r
. r r 1, ""r r "
oi l J' l Ji r r e' ' i nl t n-
pozi i , i r di n care l aro
part e l i erare:
I/c d, addressed trs was our lea.ho.
I *ant to s-"e nt,z orrs. \ro.k is bfst.
\Ie oDenld
t ]s kho \ad ahrnvs beetr our friend.
I shnll Eivc
it b hnt ih.nl Yoi
!raiscd.
:l.tt th' s;
loha(n)l lou
s0ni
g..cting cads l. \' cre dwaX
i\rezi ii s
s.trl
tceste conslruclii sint intrbirin-tate in stilul iormal.
217
s
11r|3
$
1137 4) Pronumelo corela iye
Si
stilul coloeyial.
prorunele
corelative xu
slnt. intrebuinfate in stilul colocvial. Aici pronumete personal este inlocuit tn
genere prin
substantivul corespunzitorl
The inaL s' h. addrcscd os Nrs our teachcr.
I $.ant io see *e salttEnt ahase
qork
is best.
\ \ ", ' ! p, bl "o
' . r l
. l | at s
b", n our t r ' nd,
|
. ' . l l l
gi r i , t , , , he. t u, ) "at
"hot nt
vo. ' , ) "i , r d.
\ t t l . . r . . , J . i i o
Jor
r .
A,
. r i r , . ' . . , . d5
"
L.
. p
J$i r .
r Vezi
si S
I l 1?. 1120.
: Vezi
si
{ 811, 1152.
I t r , . 9 p""
numai ad. ". , i v r \ p?i
r . 5
h2r , t t i : . or onr ' "t F. or ". l , r nr i t or t i i nd:
_
.
\ : / r
, i l
d2r , 9i i , 94i , r 005
- r c09,
l l 64 I | : i , .
218
s
rr38
T,RONUUNLN REL,TTIV II_I)EPXNDDNT
(
NE I IDITDNDENI RII,ATIID }NO]Y OI]\I
S
l l eg Ll neod ani FcFdent rn
Fnrumei rri
rel at i v nu esra expri mat , pronumel e
' pl dl i \
d, ! p i r d o t t , l i nJFpFnd. nr :
I l : , -
i . n. i F
.
. r b\ .
, r t , . , pr . I .
o, F.
l r dJs
wt . ,
|
"
sho \ o- 1.
\ , . J d, : , . , \ . r sr f . 6-
Lou may wrile 1a et.an
l:
ro him (sau
herl irloml
lou
like.
$
1140 Altcori anteccdentul este cuprins chiar in
pronumele
relativ
(cazul
iur
wlal
ii
al pronunelor
relative compusel:)
I doD' t kno\L on01
i
tt\aL i, ch) tLc Fanrs.
Ilthoer.r t, h. Nhol is l,on.si.
tirJs
lis detjts.
s
1141 vrl. PliONrJrrEr,E
sI
_{DJECTIYU| ITETIONn'T
(IIIE
INDIITINITE ANJI'TIIIE ]|XD fII,ONOUN)
S
ll42
1)
Iclinitie.
- PrcnrtrLtk n.hotiirit
li]lc
toeui unei denumiri cle tiintn
s0u
, l a
l u, r u l r , i r p
. -
r Ft Fr i t n r , o. l r ag.
nepr p"i r .
.. .,4djeLtioul
nchotirit dFL un caracter ragr nodefinit substantivului pe care
1l determinn.
S
1143 2) Pronume
;i
adiectiy.
,,
trIdioritated
Dronumelor rchotarle Dot ti
! i
Adi ", r i \ ".
{\ . / i e\ pn1pt "t e
r i
"r , ; p
i i j " t .
l r onur , . t .
r . . p. "r i r . 1
$
1144 3) PriDcipalelc pronume,si
adjcctiye nehotirite sinr,:
( d) . . f r l Ri nJ
.
r ui .
. i
usr F( 1r . . anumj t r t , l
{. dj . j r \ - ?i si
S
82l l
caf o" ( : : l r e. ar P)
Thp
. hi dr ,
n 11". "
. - i \ , n l $o appt p.
. d. / , .
. r
r on. l
[ o. t L or - o
t p
r . - ; ". u, t -
' dt 1; -
"n, . r "
oi | h. p"o, t , , - .
t \ d- . ,
erery3
[:
fiecare.
tufy \.rking man
1J' y \ or l i ng m. r n l us pe, \ o. r t
l br dr y.
l Le bt pnds ?r ef ,
! e' r ' y
hp l ds on ! ! oks.
to,ti ("dj . )l
el l (: t ot , i oat ' , t ot ul , t ol i , t oat e)
I had seen il dil belore. lP.on. sA.)
,1ll thc sl,udenis were thdc. (-{dj. pl.)
onoa (: unr unulr una, o; cineva, se) (!tg.)
On caonot Jl $nl s nP r i sl t .
{Pr i n )
oaP
ddy hc \ i l l ge1
h s dFgr r . . ( AJj . )
2t9
anothd
l:
(un) alt, altul, alt{, alta;mai ..tncn un(ul)l
On
. i l d
r ' ' dv
d, or ot l
'
snr l "d ( Pr on
)
\ Vol
vo, ,
l ' a\ " d@' i . - dnd{"
' l dl r
other
(:
alt, altI, al-ti, alte)
(sg.
ti
pl.)
the othor
(: celalalt, cealalld, ceilalli, celelalte)
(sg.
;i
pl.)
o/ p' ar cr m{, r r dr . nor n", - - . "r \
( \ dj
)
Don l t dk" l l ' : .
p.
,
h \ d nu , , / r p".
l / . on.
Ther came in o;e alter 7n" o,i4
iPron )
He iech,red on Milton lna olfu. day.
{Adj.l
ot l er s'
( :
al l i i , al t el pl ( pr on. ) ( pl
)
r bc ot bor sr (
=
'
"i l al Lr ,
,
pl "l al l eJ
( pr on. i
r pl . l
We harer't lisl.cncd in to l.he conccrt, bul orr4r5 ha!.
Some ol them $'.re late. n l tlE odere ]].ad come in good iime
cither,
(: oricare din {loi sau doun; amindoi, amindoui)
"\Vl,ich
oi the tso do you nani?"
"t,,nc.
\rill do" (Pron)
I had a ohild on d,Ael side oI n'e
lAdj )
ncither
[:
nici un, nici unul. nici o, nici una
(din doi sau doun)]
Tti.! L'oth
Aot
up. btrt neid.r ol thent slolte.
il'ron
i
rlet;.. siofi' api'cared h prlrt
i-\dj.)
both
(: arnindoi, amtndoLrn)
.BoA arc awar.
lPron.l
Bor n chi l df t n {er e al school ( ^dj . )
i t 3
{nei r adus)
( i mper sonal ) ( pf on. ) :
1, is Uonday,
.
rr las
go!,"
sri
vc ( - noi ) ( i nper sonal ) ( pr on. ) :
I1', can't $'ork ii d'e ar tired
i\jorbntd
in g.nQaL)
youa ( : per s. a 2' a) ( i nper sonal ) ( pr on. )
l-o4 iccl
Jour
dal has nol bfen \taslql $hcn
lDz
have dore a
goo.l day's worL
t heya ( : se) ( i nr per sonal ) ( pr on
)
?ny sai' lie is a succslnl ariisi.
sevel:ll
(: r,itiya. citeva, mei nulfi. nrai nulte)
lhere Nerc r.t.rai ol l.licin
iProtr)
"sed.dl
d.n 0rme in. (-\dj.)
mr r r h {Dr o
. si ddi ,
( t ar i
$C90
601l
mr r r r
( pr ^n. : i r d. i . l ( \ ' ", i
$6t 0
691/
( {, l i r l l e ( pr "n
i i
adj . , r f "7i
$
676,
( a)
l cw
( t , r of .
qi
adi . ) ( \ ezi
S
637)
\ ou. r l
, a\ a
r i . r p.
t ur i r
.
f u! i ' i .
LnL u
pl p . r
, 5r ! s. i {i t " i l ova.
part c, vreur. vreo. un (o). . . oarecat el
,!,D. saY slie is cler!.. 11' ron.l
Il. took me s,n, tnne to
get l.hc.c. (-\dj.)
lathrs,
the othns nu sini derit
p.onnme.
-\djeotivclc
corcspunzltoare sint o,n.
ij
I
Vezi
fi S
srt.
.
Vezi
$i $
85i1.
a
Vczi si {
1168.
' \ ' "zi
>i S
, t : 1.
l l . 8- l l c6. : 418- 2! i x.
2!0
onyt
[:
oricare, orice; cevar vreunj
rrreunul,
vreoj
.t'reuna,
vruniij vre-
unele; (cu o negalie) ninic, nimeni, nici unul etc.l
I havc no money on m""r havc rou eoi onu ? lPron.)
Il she had aze"iea, rhe wolld
sir;
nie ionl.
(^dj.)
ro'l (:
n;ci un, nici o) (edi).
Thre were zo ltoNers h th-a
sarden.
norct (: nioi unul, nici una) (deioc)
Pnticncc lre hril
'one
lo. Bl,aL hc didn'l lilic.
r\:,r, ol thcnr spohe.
ljlror
l
sodebodr 4
(
sor xeor el
1
( :
'
r n. \ - J) ( f r on. )
Tt,oe is
yn@n
al. r.he gate.
,!b,rr.d,
rafg t|c b.11.
somethinga (:
ceva)
{pron.)
Sondrit was Frong thcre.
al l r
l rodl
s
f
, ' , j on"i
i
i
"\
' : ' ' i
i r
' :
{' u o l
j ar i F
' i "r F' l
( p' on
)
D aaubod!
lsit\ anx.ne ) corne?
Anlladi
Ban
",!t"*,1
coittd ha!. don. it.
I don' l riirnf ra see arwnti
lsan
anubod!)
anyt hi ngs:
re1' a ori ce: (cLr o nosal i c) ni mnr (pron. )
! ' d
I ou
say a, 37r, ; nsr
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bel,lpr 1lun ill |.alih.
I . . , dd, i ' i scc ar r r r nr s h t l e dar l .
u, ' hor l t c
I
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I
( : n1n] . r r )
{t r r i n. l
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rlo ,nc osFerpd Ure door rvhen I rnng.
not l r i ng6 ( : ni r ni c) ( pr on. )
iV,Di,4 mal,|c6 non iliat s|f l{s
gore.
cr er r l , oi l r T I
e' e. j onci
i
( :
l r Pt dl e t ot i l ( pr or r ' )
T|e lcrturc.
spohe lo a,c.!r,ly dter th4 lectnrc.
n.?rrr.
Fas Lhere.
ever j t hi r gT ( : t ot ) ( pr on. )
I ha!e told
Jou
cc,/rni,z6,.
(pentru
doari obiecte)3
\YIj.h do
lon
pteterT
N.ith$
I: rici imut)
tnlur (:
ori.are) will do.
( - \ dj . l
I
\ : ezi
t i $
811, 1187- 1r 96. ! ! 38- 2! 43.
r / ,
. ' "
m1i , or , 5pun/ bt o.
, , 4 , . . , "
S
r 2l . I l 97- l ?nl .
I
\ P7i
$i S 8?1. t l uz t ao4
4l ezi
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(
l l 45- 1118.
t 205_1206 2q1i
5\ ". i
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$
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t 2^, j . l ! 4b. r r i s.
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r l 4r i l t t 8, l Li u. r : l ] J. 19i i .
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SeDs grnmatical:
aiit liint, cit
Fi
lucnlli.
PRONIJUJ
E
FI
(pentru t di nult de dodiL obiccrei
whioh
(or then) do you
r.erer?
r{;?:
{l_;ij::"iill,ii,
."
4) ,Leoralul
pronumclor
fi
al ndieetiTelor
nehotdrite tu alte
I,Ionunle fi S
1145
cu verbul.
' -
p. """*"f u"
nehot i ri t e cu i ni ei cs de \ i ngrl f l r l "
"ol c(purrd
t ormol F
' e'
S
rl al i
hi ' . h; n. i h; ns, t f , . r u
. , 4
. / Pr . h
t s
' i
has
t [
da
: '
' e
r - f p' i l d n r soa- ? 17'
s. i l apl f dd. d. p
r ' r "r u
l cl Lr r r ur i
' "' r
l r l i i n
'
ol ; "or ' "\ I Lr
Fr r / i pF' r r r '
1
'
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esLe la siflg ar:
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er , !
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,
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. '
""d, , rr: : , i : . , ' 1{
.
"' "". , : ""1; : " )' l 1l ' l : '
i i ". , i i ""r i : .
J, "be.
r or ' ' . i , , r
' - b "o
\ i r r "
t / i l n
Obser oal t t
.z / Sc oluisnuiesle
sa sc rxtrbuir,ie?-e lL':' his hitn
-si
i'ilzsef chiar
atunti
S
11'17
ci r , d I r un . r , , - t "
r ' , ho ar r
cr - t ^' i | |
. "1" i r i , nn l r
I ' h^4n' Ll p. p(
mae' r r r n
si l 1 o, r . obn^
de' pt i - r ni n' n
l f ' 7i "r "r r r l "
-
' i '
I pun'
r ul
l d / l '
'
a' t ci na
pronunel e
nehot i ri t
i nl ocui '
f r'
"u\ ' t dnt i ee
de grn-hmi ni n
s0u
d
1148
r . - l r ' r . |
'
"
nr , l , . Lr
l ' r .
ur
- 1"
ppt
nndl ' po Psr \ ar sFU r r l l pr r v. ' . or Fs
r ""r Ji o, , "t , - r , "\ ' 1,
ol Fl , d- t d
t ' , 1l r t r '
t b
I t i
( '
) l '
"
; ; t . ,
"
r p' , r "h, r
' r , . "
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i n1, r - .
, 1" pl , r r a13 a I l n
uonpt " / i r "/ .
/ '
; r ' ,
$
l l l r
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t t . n' . . '
*
a
' Jj *
r i \ F
i i
p o' ur ' "
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r c
t pr bul l r r n0
qr pl
l a pl ural :
At l of
I
bov)
r r ' r
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b
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_f
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' - o
1
s"- ' ; i
' . i
. or
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. . a
t r " t
"
Pt oo. r or r ' r '
Cnxl cel el at t e
pr onum nehoi nr i t e
( */ r Dodr , t r i l Jot l P' dnl bol l J. unt t unr ' S111' 0
n. t , . . t , . m onet
"d
i ""t ".
l
f l
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. a pr unumFr e
ppr co-
nal e. n"r - . i ' a. i
I f l "i i ! , d r l r pu- pr r si r cr l ar . sc"' l ea si nl
l ol u: r ad"cor r
i"i;li'l"i"i"
";
lo.nia lo" d" pii.ol. Yerbul pistrlndu-se inln la Finsular:
l'll'il,i'-+iiii'ili, r':"":*i,i*il,i,1,lr',.;1;
*it,,'"
\ d, onr ot r e
i n / hr . $ i es gof g I n $or l r
. i ol i u' l !
d Do onr
r b
' b'
l o l
' d ' / l
-
P
' ' ' s
dl Adicetivelc
nehotdrito au
pronumcle personal. posesir'5 sau reflcxiv
$
1151
corespunznior
acordat cu sub"'tantivul
pe ltngd c8rc stau:
tea, mon is oblil.d to do /,is dtriv to ntnef
f ; f t "" si ' l
' o
| | \ i - ?
' ' onp' r t 4r / /
- Lpr t l ,
dor r h
.
i n
,
/ /
'
. . ' \ r n-
r o a
1r ' r ' r
' /
o I nd puDr ' '
'
Lni - t e r . f i oi , nd
I r Po
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r '
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l o'
r ' 1l n4r _' onand bi ' "l
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: h.
,
h s o. h' i
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!!1
.
nr cu r dt . cr , ( f t e
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3cu
' I el i i a
ct sl or mf nl i unl L.
l i
S
r l i 0
I
Si
adjclivele
poscsrlc.
6
Si
adjcctirul
loses'v.
pRoNUr{!
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ADJIIC' I
M Nl l l l otARl TE
s
1152
IIACH
{pROrrjME irr
-{nJncrrv
nEtloriRlr)
IIVEBY
i ,!DJECTIV
]EIIOTTRIT)
6 1153
l t l nt el oo.
\ ; r d"/ ' .
1
' i
"J
' 4
; ^qpa n" i n l i mbr r omi nd
f i " dr F'
"
"o
o nLr aDt a
dc deosPbi r e
l ns; :
-
""; ; ; . ; ; "i . ' . i "
' p"
i al l r . . t i p- r - uni ' '
e
i "
par t ' di r
r r ' "n gr up:
.
"r"i r' i "
""i ""4
r^ i
' i t e!
c respe' t i t '
ci
' Ll ' i t ui nd' unt ' oi '
r; r; exocJrl re"'
"""";i';;;;;"i*;a"iii.ii.
a"'g"'"""rit"r"
Do 3cle.
\p.si
!ildll',:1"-:."1:
-"i
nrite ori fn ronnneite
prii lol: t)'rltt
ta1t tool' Ateeu-\L
traducpte
o a'l
lr
"t";i,i"r"
"".p"""
respir,tive:
e"rvDodv
lcr-'r!.nrc)
: tn.\t
lo3.ta-l
-J/:iU-
i i t i i i : t
i ; i i rra"t , u; :
psl e t or,
pl . ruri n' l eni r'
RarcorL
l rp sr
F, , cn Ace-
Iaqi inleles':
$rua
[i.ft]"yri!/-;]''".1r1",""
",,",,. li*rxiil#i,llir,".i":]:::,1':
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r i " r ""
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d. ' ; r - d' ,
r ' '
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F* lru;r;;rl'll
t;:i;"1ir"il".
)
Fiirixil
i""1"1N":
..."
"..",",."
l;*;l#'ii"ln:':tl::
fi?i'*lli',.:l iff'x'l?#"'l"liii;'"#iiiiil:ii':j
l : , , ut hp, .
t \ t 1"m
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Ld I
l i l l p |
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o l
t l : , i Lt : ", J. , :
11
, i
' u' ' 1, \ , r i
ar l ed
pi n' i
"
{
ll55
2) intrebuiniarc. -
Pronuntle
ri adjertil?j"
n-elotbril'e
Pd'n--tL '"rv
"
sint lrltrebuinlatei
pentru un numrr
mai m{rF dP doun frrnle
qau
rucrurr' rpre
deo. "L: ' "da; . / r n".
t l ' hp' ) t - l i t ol ^' i r
' i
\ n' zul 0dn' dobi a
c:
i F; , j , y
l l
l
. T
;
i . ", ; , i ' , ; , "; ' ; "rt
j l : , , , i j ; , *
: , ,
1i;,1
fi:il:l
:'l ::
i"i'ir'.-
jl'l:''"i'
l'"i,:1,1i,'"1
ll;;'':-*'
S lltd
31 'Drer1". Alte
irrtrebuin,tiri'
-L-tel]/
poate fi urntat'
de un numeral
,
- r r l l n, l
ou bmi
' l
s"u
' l p
I l j o
r i !
r 1 I r ' r l
il'j'i;":'.?
HT'XF;',".
J"l",:ffi li :["
"iHilf
i'"'*
r
'rhe srar.c sior. Fcei{cs
l..shr-n1!ties
t',?r,,ii[1
ilJi ,*
I
lMagazinul
de stal
ldmclt'
tr
eN olto dnr hti lrnohed ai thc ornl'cn
(O
aitii ta Oo.i zjle tra
l'lnzul
la oanlua
)
s 1157
4) Aoordul
ou verbr
'- -r-ach
Ei
et'rl, cind
sint subiecte
sau Iac
psrLe
"
din subiecl.
au verbul la
"(ingular:
/ . . a, l
o
1r
j '
'
d\ i ' l l
' r '
on
"L
n
r i '
t l , , r
"t t t
" ' \ Lr d"J "n'
ab r r nl r ' r '
{1158
5) Loct cur i nt ul ui "cach"
i u
l r t ' l ' ozi f i c
- Lucul pe- ' ar ci l
o' uf - a,
at l
"
"- "
i ' ni "o- i i i -
. "pi r r oe
r Jr
' ",
'
. l
n"
i m i l pr l
"1
e
Dc' ;
: :
' ' , "' ! l l - l 1, p"
i "Li , i *i ' i , ; ' ai . ; . i r ' , ' i ' , ""
n
- - f - i ' "
au1
, . l ' 4' i "t ' ub
dnr i \ ul
pr onumFl '
. r ' r
e, l j * i v' r l po
"' i t
r esl "'
r r t
' ' ' i l ;
l d
' nr Lr ' r :
The bo"vs s'ant to have
cotl nis own }all
,
f . ?i ; r dmpl l l
S
l l , ! si
S
l t Sr '
r
spns
Ar am; t i cal :
t i i nt .
ni t l ur r , f l
PRONUMELE
FI
ADJ'CTIVO!
NEEOTARiI
2'3
",,,'""i;;"1:
.:,
:;:ili"T; "Jt
ifl,{i5i;:Jliiri
li"d;illYtlli il3';:
;' o*""' i .,l ' Ji "l LJJ:' :' :.,"
\^' ,,,,
c
,' i ^
,,
' | h"i
Jl
a srdirenl
r' r/r"i"
o\,'
ounl.,,j
$
f1b9
IT,L
(PRo\rDr'l !l'\DrEcrIv
rtrrloa;\tslr)
,."uil"^il'J.tlll:",*i"i-:ilt:,
lll$*1*
*.*""'
me'ilionate
'si
se
s
1160
l;li' ;
I
-:
"' ;;x;' ,;:
:;":
.' ;j"'
"
tn""
"lrn"t"'U
i'n**I
li
se t'raducc
prin
'inirel"' "inireaqi"-
'lntr'qr"'
"tot"
".oainirave
r.,lt"'!:"ll,il'1i,"*,i,j1'i\,i,il,''lilil
l
l;:J;"
t*"*
** *eorj
re'latd
!i
prin &ll1r
sjngular
urmt't
de arLicolul
hot;rii
i
#l :l:,.lriii"*)i",,1'ilil'
i
:':
;;::,'
"Ji'I,
:,,"'
;:;,"'ori
"p,.a
*".
""
t,ourtriunile
arlrerbi'rle
all
day'
all
l ' ;
^l "T
I i '
; "' '
1"' ' t ""
*
' |
d1l
r o- i t r F
r '
.",?;\'l
Pli'l;"
",*,il*;
:-*ln*ti,;
l,;li;,il',li'"1'.Jii
*
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;li'1,
Iil;.,i'r"::lifii"i)',",i
i'
i:
";;"
;'-;'
erpr n*rr'''r"'
br
ro ul''''''
, ; i
i ;
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",
u\ i n, er o, , , ^mpu. - , ,
. . , , ,
p. , p
r n. c
r pch' .
Jo
i nr Fr NLl
l:1,:ii:i;ll,l$.:,l,l,i:';i";.''J';'i:'""[15':r:"'i]'lill:':"':l;x
?l'li;
;ri;i'G
*re,";l,1ii;i1ii'1"1
;:jI;iI,,,i",
iLril,,,i{"#ttjiii-i;is,**
*u
s1162
3) forme
!i
eo''strnctii
idio'atrcnei
all-embracing,
au_nerciful'
allpolfrlnl'
",,.":l ' ,
ff,Ej :;;":' "::' ' ::,:,
l ' :' '
,"
,"'
",
",,
,h soFp.
drr n" h' rppi
i
"rt' r\{1"' 1fl ' "i ,eh,
otL th"
b.,\-ot
nl ,,
l l -,n"j ,,1' ,,i ' .1,j ' ",,.
.no,
d, ar,. ror
ar' I knou:
",,..,"
;".r.f
llf,)"",."",1i""11#.
{i'l;*,,i'1""*:
,x")i
'n
i'
" ^i-
gi't
**" *"r-""t'
atii
anirnalc'
cil'
ti
inanimalo'
(Vezi
S
2J
224
$
1103 4) Furctii.
- Pe lingx valoarea de pronume
sau adjectir: nehorao!,
. Lvr nl ul
, / / a"e; i t al oar .
d" sul br dnt i v , r u r l " adr er b:
, .,1ll
)ou
l,are to do lor ihc nroment is to 1'atch th." nork of {.he quatiiied turne.s.
Hcf \ or k i s not dl i bad.
{. r d! . ]
$
1161
ONII
lPrio\.'urltr
9r
rDrncrrv tr_Drrorln11)
S
1165 l) Formn
lri
irtrelr i[tare.
Cuvn]tut ,nr csLe prorume
sau adicrir'
nehotdriL si are o singlri fornn
- c|e de singular
-
indiferent de gen, numar
1/ l i ' ", p\ ' _ r i ^ ni , ' '
ol l ". LJ , . r ol l :
, 1
9. ".
'
""' ' .
. /
ur P- nevP. kno\ r
Sh-" was so shy and
qllianass.d,
ore.oulljn,t
het! icclilg sofur rrr hef.
_
tPronumele
si
adjfctn.ul in e-tcnplele
tu)1i(I))siLt pronutne
i
ddjecri,)
nel t al drt t cn caraet er de nl t m. rdl ; n e\ empl ul d, " ] a
runi rrrl t cl nronumel e
ps
r
n. l , ut ar i ,
. .
t r ; , . , p. t . onat ,
. , r , , n
t i . , l . r t r r r
. ", , : ; , "n
r . l i _b. , : p, manr ;
cinen, se iri linba iomAnd)1.
S
1166 d, ): un oarecare (nccunoscut ):
I l f i nt roduced nc l . , a. Prot . Rced. i l ron )
S
f I 07 2J Tnf el e\ .
-
r-l rp (rmper"o' , i l )
est e i ul , rebui nl at aproane i rt ot deauna
n. ma'
"r ' r n,
i , r , J ; nr . 1". . I o. .
t , - r r
.
qer , - r , r .
"pr n. , p"
Jr ' on, . r i ":
Onr should ahlal"s go nr n falk alllr dirner.
$
1168
Cu cji in,telelrrl der;re riai restrins, penlru
redarea idcii imoersonat
si nt
t , +f prdre_i l t c
f nrmc si pron, , me
nho[ t i rp: t . pei pl e, t hcu,
, u . , u/
i i
, Fl
n, pi i n
' "n
l a
, , o
par . . i :
s
1169
s
11?0
$
1r 7l
/ ' . l , , d"'
\
i , '
: , ", , , . i : n
i r
p
t - . ol Li c"r
. r , a, , .
1. r .
- r
I ' p+.
.
, .
n" t ,
", , r , t :
U. z i l i r ' I l ' . i s I {Ft r i ns
I' eapb belie\a lrin 1o be a sf.ati artist
7/ , P! \ al sl P
q
d
good
\
A' r
TI _
mur J $
' r .
nr o. dr at
.
d r "
, \ '
|
' \ ' . 6
I t e i s. sdt d t o l c a man l or aU $eat he$'
.
/ i r ,
i r npnr . nnar r
p. p
t
r t i r i t r "LLi ' , H i r t r r b r ,
n. : t pza. Fol o. i r r r
i h- "^, - .
r ' , . ui
l r un, ' m, . r . r o
. r Jnr . t i , , , q' ". , r 1, . l e. t i l
J) ,tcordul cu alte prorlume.
a) Une (pronune
nehotirit .,u l.aloare de numerat) estc intoLdeauna
'
ol ddl
"l l
/ , .
s/ , . . - i
r i . l
I nr ' . t - , o- .
nr r r zd. dr p
ht \ .
h; n. hi n, . t l . t ,
I
h. r \ Pt l . l t , 1/ \ . t t *q I
- oe' l
i 1al . . "bo
J'
,
-
a, . . 1 1. . . 1, . 1r . ,
r . , , , , |
. "t
Jt n n""". , t / , ,
gi r l
t r i . nd i o hc
1\ . , t - r
f ol u
r "ar ' 1.
{
11?9
-_
,J ,ne (proDune i,npersonal) are fornr de geniriv
,n's
;i
plonumele
rcllcxi!. corespunzitor onrsrf:
'[o
looL ait.r o,c'.f is ,ri.s dutl.
l
Pronrme
Drscdin id nominatiy.
3
Pronnme lminin in acuzatir.
a
Pfonnmc imneNonnl
i,r nominal.iv.
5l - czi
si
{
1t i l .
6
ql r
n. l p l ' . ol d. Jund
La i dl Li
t "n
"
, i t .
n, gr
'
:
rn om pe f.1re lF
!o!
FEONI]i{DE
9I
ADJEC1NUL
NEIIOTARII
2P,
Not d
, .
Orp l i mppr(onal l csr"
si
pl
uncori a. orda.
(mdi al cq
j n
vFrsi unea
amFrj canE
: ^l ' : : l l . "l , c] : ' ")
ru
hp ht s hi m
\ i
hi n^41. . t at
s' paoru . ^nst ruct i e
nu esrc
A se compara:
oa ot ri " wof &' rs. I ri ded
h; n"41o. hi s a. t i "\ "n"nL.
l pron.
.
numerdt ,
sd nt ndr oa cu r "r ' t i r i h sdt c. ,
uz er wavs p
d"s ot r s"r y. on ou !
a"hi . g"m n, s.
{Dr ^n.
i mo"r sondt ,
n, nd. dF
".
d- i . . - t r i t . noas, . p. l
4), Futrctii,.- Oze poate fi:
Ue coutrred lrom on? 10 Urree.
Oal J
' , "
I JTP $t bur ni ng.
D, adjectiv nehotdrit cu caracter ale numerat:
One \'nto night
he wenr io ihc st rting-rink.
c/ pronume
nehotdrit cu 1.aloare de mrmeral:
$
1173
s
1174
s
1176
$
11?6
s
r 178
d)
P)
Ozd of them slot e.
Pronume nehoLirit, impersonal:
ona shonld play rair.
pronume
demonstratir:
Shc hnd a gren
tain ottranl.er anil a s.cv one.
Lan yo!
sec l.hose womcn? Thc on,
jtr
bticdjs in mo!.ning.
H. $rote a hrndred and fleren
$irh thr.c oids.
5) Conshuctii idiomatioc:
or P ond ol l r u , , i i t J- l
.
\ . dr . t i
l
. wt ya' P
. n. l
. p
l o, r .
t
l at
ai t (
- l r "r , l t
m,
nr : v- . t "
SOME. ,lNI.
NO. NONN
{
pno\untr
tir
-{DrEcr
lyD xEE 0r,iri 1rE)
_
Same, ang .i nan.
tt'r
ii atit pfonumc,
cit
9i
ad.iecrive. ]{o ste numai
ltZT
a4j p. r i v
l oar p ! i nr i ' , \ dr i - bi t a.
; noi r , r "nr
Jp p"i *- - .
", , "0i .
e. "": "; - , ; ; ,
"'
,!bn.
ot rE wcrc aDsclt_ tDron
I
Hc madc son. mistakes in
h:s w;.k. tadi.)
I r d\
""y
, I
Jou
r dr .
,
r ". . ( p"or
.
H \
t o.
r n, J , . hi t dr a
: Lt t .
I travc ,o lricrds ti.re. tidi.l
i:,,, ot ihen carc rtr( me: iDhn.l
Au', thf.e Ft6 zoze.
ladi.t
-
SO}IE
1)
_Inteles. .
So,7? r ar. lnt
ples
a[inld.ti() qi n ticttu. ad:,ce pune
accentul
{ 11?9
I , F. r \ r r cn
i
unur nLn. ' r
{f - . t dns) sdu i
un"i
,
d n
I
r t i I i
I
r F.
|
| i , r op
I di nr r . un
. nr a. i . . : r
sFl r r d. u, por i r . . r t i r Jr
. . i t nt a. . . uni i - r . , L, n_F. . , . . ni . t p- . . . pur i nt dJ- .
. . p\ o- . pdr r p*.
j n
8. . : l
. , n. , ar t s: nr ' . Lu; ^13
r un, , i . . . sub! t d' l t i vi
t a nt ur al .
1! , l l i "' : . , 1.
me, ' r i i
Jdp.
r .
oLi pn' , : . t r n
r r r a
se podr p
a, . "; u o p. . i "j . i
"u
suDsr a l r \ e t Dst r act c.
1
.tY- Foqle\ on. cit,.
,
Seus
g?anatical:
attt
l 5 -
cQnai i cq umbi i ersl se
aninlate, clt
ti
inanimalc.
228
s 1180
2l l nt r ol , ui nFr e
-
- i omP. F' F
l nt r cbui nl dt :
{
usr
'J
i"
p*pl';l'lr:
j;jfi';n'".
,"
dFsk
,:\,um,r
rps,r,m,
ii.^J:fi:
li"Jl h'tTfl'
"Tili'''"''
.'"',
"",
ili;";i:#i
"itt;1".il:91'i1;*'
c""
'''"'
"
*''
"*''
(Dd_ i, te rog' din
h'lnza aceca r
s
1182
i,'l"t"H?:1X-ilfJ"i:::fi111'ilr-,
din obiectur
sau obiecter
men-
iionate:
''""-#";"t
E?l
"ttidl""'I:
r:eT#Ht*ed?f
rcttoiarres'
Se spune
tnsd
(lfun intcres
pentru cantitat'e'
ci numai
pentru obiect):
HJ\ ' t ou
got
' r Y
oi r ' e r e"o nm"nd' d
di ' l i ol ar i p\ :
i ; :
' ; , , r' . i i "", i
d' n
""r
rqoma
o
rr:
,'/ tn care
s otere
urt lucru sau se adreseaze
o rugiminte
ori
se lace
o
sugstie:
sliru
I heh
Jou
to rone cale?
{olertli)
ri:,' i' ;l;;;,
Pl' Jl,Sl'
a,
$*in' "'
iii" ;";1
,'il
Siij'1,#'T0,1".,
'',n','
'
t D
' '
r u
' r mo"r '
n' "/ " m"' ": l
b- ) i n
car"
j nrFrof dl i a
nrr s' rpl ' r"
l a
c' ' ' ":
l i r l
' o' r '
r
\ l dr ) o l ' m"
r ' ave
s4P"
"d:
S l l 83
,
. /
i n
pr opoTi r r r l "
n' ca
r r '
\ i
'
cgar i ! i nl er oeal i l e
I n
' 6r P
' "
' l
' f i r i e
"
"*
, "' , ""; nuni l . . l t ui
' uu
a
'
' nr i r r {i i
{r ' i i )
a obi o' Lul ui :
' --'
I n"'
",
-
e
a,,
i
s'
;, : il
o
:' .\i
::"1,q
J,".!' l
"ji;
l,T' ;' i]",' '
l \ r . i ool l a
L \ JJ u l r o_ar x
""
"
' ""
*
"
' -
' ' . ' .
Dar se spu'c
(ctnd nurt[ru]
sau cantitatea
nu iniereseazd'
ci numar
oliectul):
'
I nerer bur
dnr lio$e$
lNu
cumli1i
nioioda1e
llorr')
A se compar a:
i; ;"i;' ;i*.";i,r
.? i;"'e14'*
'i;
:l'l'
l'l'"",''::
l:''JI;";l"'
ol J. u
sPr a
r r abo' i l i l I
\ r oun
r r no) r l
I $L'
\ ' u
s' | | m"- v
Jor ' ni Pi r l :
\ i
' l ^_r - ' b
l " r r ' _r i
' r ' ' "o
l r ' Dl r
'
s l 18{
,
i
f l ver bi "l
i n"i nr ea
un' r i
ur ' r dr '
oDn' r u
a ar ar r apr or i r r "n:
i h. : ; r - {n( nsr "st adi ! ni r Bncl La' est cans' n"0nooI ' eopl e! l ucsonP' 00n0
\ t r nd
t'*
"i3lxut""',
,,*
,t,,r'st"
dir Bu0urcll'i
ale s0 00ir
'le
loruri'
I)lrs
"'o
xo 000 in
licioat
(
l l 8: t
: l ) Pr onunl i e
l : r ' i r r ' Lr l
, ' o"'
"r F
o l o' m'
b' aar r l usj i
' bJu
I ' r "
: l
, ' . ""
pnr usr ;
sht r
"
r ar i '
' : ; r ; ' "
' ; ' "- 1"
l
ar " i nl cl Ful
dp ni i u
"l "
nar t e: I or ml sl
ba' "dr nr | | ' '
""1
"' Ll "
i
af '
' F\ ' ar "ni or ^"
pr 1r n
i el ". . , DU! i ni ", , ' P' Lt i n":
{m
e
. r ml
s: t l '
r nl
"
'
I
( ot r
l "/ m
oi
i I nr "
f r J'
'
l "
",
*' ;
. . r
poJ
!
nr mb
I
l ' r r si
'
u
'
ns l ar ' i r di r i dual
PEONUMEIE
SI ADJECTNUL
NEITOTARIT
227
I $31 se
. sdnr t
al pt eo
{
. .
r pva. 4i . t . .
sr p boi gl ' r oF, p
J$T-
pau
,
| _
l ni . t p,
' r . t i e,
4) Funotii..- In alari de pro
umc
$i
artjectiv (sau
numeral)1
nehotnrit,
S
1186
som est e si adverb (S 1{84).
A.ITI
. .
l t
l o. t "l n. .
- An? (: r. rcun. wreol .
n, c, unsr esl p nehoa, i t qi . c, ", ""o, , ^, ""l """i , i l y"j i ; ; f , ; i [ , ' "i l : ", ?; i ; ; 3
:1i;:,'"i :til:*,it,:l
:;1,i,,'*Jj:1,*.p
rominFd-ca
"d;.;";';;;
;i;,
2r I nr ebui ol ar c.
! r J Fst a
I nt r ebui nl a, .
a/ l n p' opoz4i i l "
df i r nar i r F r -
or i cr r e.
or i ""l :
frl,*:l,lil,i,j*,lxi*;JJl"ifil"*'Ji""
in rhe wrons
.,lny man could do this.
(Otice
btthaL ar
luta
tace nceasl.a.)
,"
"i1""t
*"i:'lh*rl'::fill;,:""i:,"*"ive
(dupn
o nesari)
cu accentur
AT",;!i,f"
aDv news?
llnre'osatirr
&". iXf;.,g;j,,T,
rc'ends. (Nesariv)
,, in propoziriile
iporerice:
Tt I hr d d, 9 t - - on.
| . ' r u
d
ai vp
\ , u . ,
. r
.
r ! ' acJ ns a\ ea l anni . i i a. , 11
ixq ,
:':id.fiy
;'" li i,i
""li:,t
::r:::":.1
",
'i,0"
,1;;J."r.i:'.
u
"
dJ ca adverb:
,,r."".l
illrf" ?f':JL"#ii"JJi,1'lil;gli'.r,liiie'
(pentru
timp) sau anv
+
lli,T:iiFilfl,'*""
"'"'
': ' j:,","
;,;
J,:
,.:;;,.
l"Jj"j;,
;I#,,
,
I\i"
T:l
,,1li"
:ry
,li;
1.,"": i;"
"i;
r" r";
.i
'
' 'r
t
d"J
+
un comparativ,
an, nu so traduce:
f";"','l?
9""{:,*l'#;;,,"
, '1f"
":ari
i,"yt,::jj"
,
d-)
+
the
+
nL comparariv:
t:i:X:J"':,1""t;,"ii;ii,""jii,'1i",,",,
",;.lil,xj:
.' an!,he
be,'o to,
-\a\,,
lt;ijf
i:Ti',
deroc
mai bine dupa doc-
Nt)
(ADJDCTIY
Nd{OT.1.R
ITJ
NONI]
(ADJIJCTIY
$T
IXONU}IE IYEHOTIRIT)
1) No est e:
, , . : ! ) , dd! ", "t i r
( =
ni "i un. ni "i or ar u' i , i n. t
J", er ' l l i ni
dn suh. r snr i \
scu
et nrl dl ent ul
acesl Dra.
! 1. . "
"_"
, "" . r , ,
, s r r i . , r ' o
,
m
r' . ' . , s
:
i n
-l o, -k
Cind verbul ro be san ta lmre clc. ste urrnat de un substanti\..
cuvintul
negativ tntrebuinlat
ste adjoctivLrl
no care precedd
sutstant;vut.
bace'inii
s
1187
$
1188
s
1189
$
1190
$
1191
$
1192
s
rr93
s
1194
$
1195
$
1196
$
1197
s
1198
s
119C
1Vr i
qi g
130t .
, V. zi
S
p. 195 adj . not a 1
2!8
MORFOLOOL{ -
FRONUMEI'E
t*:t',ilii"iqtr*1".'u.9;uti;ll
*j*'i"*
(ans'
enough'
m ch
e''c)'
ti ii:i
"*irqi'
4r*,
":r'n.
u,il".''"
1';:*,,"
*,
" " ",,
s 1200
i) ad'era e
n.ut
tLrnci
cind
"
sd\ er ! :
) ou
n. "J
qn, ok . o r , i m
no$
ilx"jli*"*iil
il{:'ituX,'"1";iit""roi,,1ot
r,."int"u
unui
compa'
ln
genere'
no
cu funclre
de a
u, no, ' ""' ' , ""- ' - ": : ^
- l ' ; ;
l : "; , . ; l i l
ar e
r r r oer p
dc
j ubst s' t i {L:
"
;;i
]::."""
,' ""' "' :
r' i
:l;' ii
li?t?
,"
';;iTff;.i;
l';;,:i;
ll;ii,
lil";l
""
'""
pr
r
run'i
cind
dPlPrmini
"' i l i i , ; : .
l l ri r
; ; "' "n?"" "'
s
"on
","u'/',.l"il"1ll:h
lii:islili']J
ii:t;i$:"ll'nl"l;"-'"sru
pr
)
siuncr
; 1;
""r
1,
l i \ ,
l , )i ; i ; ", 1. "X: =; "". i , "
i i , . o, T", ra
mFr' Ds
*i:iit; lti"
t
"";;;;
"
'''lt
'l'ir';
**ti$ffi
**,i*:t*l*il:****Jl''1n'ircbuin1a'1
A'ii'i
i 11.
"' r
qi i ". , ; ; . ; 1' 1
, . .
, . ,
"r ", ", "
, , , , r nci
ppn, r u
p, r . oano:
no
ot rc
(: ni mcni )
(sg
)
i 1
r i . or . ""n' emba- d
t "
"
". i "u
d". - mi , , i ,
un
al r
ad\ pr b:
li"Ji:::
h
T:
"X'"Iil-i".'";'"..*"n
s
120b
*i:;;ru::
fi .;::^::;;"i:"i"l
;"1:,1:i;:l.l
":':"-
':{y.li;;,
,:i,",:,"
"'
'
ili:;;'
"'ir'
"'
'
,1i11
,+,r1"
'"
',:;':,';'"
i;';:ri
" '"'
l :41:
";;' ;;
,
,,,"",,."
"
l "l '
",",l l i ' i
' ' i "
",,
s
1206
' ' oon, ' , "0
ou' ,
oro' *r; i
' "b' l , 7
"i nl
"i no' ' i m-
rl ' ' ol urn' "3l c
"l ] ' "; ' ; i ; : '
,";;
:;ii1
1
i;,i
ii
i
: :Li;
:
j:';,:
r::,'r::;l:i"
;
r :;""#';;
;;;;,i
",'
l vezi
S
1.
NUMER,ALUL
I. NU]INR-{LUI, C,\RDINT\I,
s,
7201
1208
1109
M0
t 2t 7
l a26
1249
12i0
t 2i t
7252
1254
t257
7262
1266
\267
r 1268
{t t i 9
1279
12Sl
7282
!!5
231
931
, 31
231
23i
t 31
233
235
:t35
9J5
235
, 35
, ! 5
, 36
, 36
237
231
237
23'
2t ,
239
239
il39
r 39
239
240
1290
241
1291
241
1292
2L1
r2!a 241
1296 24\
t t 97
212
t3a2 242
24t
1306
! 43
7i t 0J
2\ t
1t08 i243
1308a ! 44
190e
, t 4
1310
2t\4
7t15 444
NUMENALUL
(THE NUTIER,{L)
2) tr'omrd,.
, d) Unitnlile (Thc
Units)l
rought, ona.1wo, urrcc.lotrr, iire. si\. sclcr. eighr. ninc.
CONSIDEN,{TII GENENALE
l ) l r et i ni ! i c. l - Nun er al ul csl p par r ea
de ! or bi r p ,
ar p
F) i pr i ma
un nunr dr
Sl 20Z
absr r . 1.
D
Jor pr r ni nar e numFr i c6 a obi Fnt pl or
"0u
or di nca obi e. t Fl or pr i n
-
Fie and leclee
Thjs is the r,r.4d ol the monii.
2) Clasificare, - Numeralele se lmpad in urmdtoarele catego i:
$
lg08
numerale cardinale
numerale ordinale
numerale fraclionare
numerale colective
numrale lnulriplicarivc
numerale distibutive
numerale advobiale
nurrerale nehotdrite
I. NUUER,\I,TTI, CARI}INAL
{luD
0aRDINAL NI]TNXrIAL)
1) Delini,tie. Numeralul cardinal exprimd un nunir Jntreg alstracr,
S
tZ10
sau ur numir determinat de obiecte:
,Ttz, and s?' nkez arel twentFsi\.
' fhel'
brought r/' ;r9 chairs iiid,.e ta),le
s
1209
s
1211
s
1212
Not d
Numf al ul O (zero) est c nrni t noagi l r i nLJnbi Lurent n
(f orrnat a). . zcro q
rgI S
l n
r : : nl "
r t i / i .
- r . . t
. i
O r pr ^r Lnl ut
l oul /
t a
, at Ft on.
h TV,
-
30:l (thrtc
norshl lFo sad th.. linndr.d .rd hrol
-qhc
g.i
a ,o,gir in ler ex.m.
i l 1 d. g. es above: . . , , 10 d. gr es Lr ekr r . f r ,
,) Cu exceplia nunorelor ele|en
_!i
I'vflre, oelelalt nu er&te
piI,A
ta 19
|
lgl4
se lormeaz i" adn ugln dr se terminalir,1..n ]a unitdli, cu unele modif:ciri orro-
grance
!r
roner,lce:
thii.en, Iourtccn, iiileen. sjrtern, se\rnlfor. ejRlt.a,r_ niiaicen
Nurncralele trminate in sufixul
-rcen stnL accentuate
pe
anrbele silabc 1216
cind stau izolate:
aight.:en
L
etrl nl. ln propozilie insii si;t accentuate pe
-
' S"
Dnat p st , un,
. i ; s,
no^", , r
i u
"1r n| , . )
. ^dr i , ! , , , i , , ", i ! 1"
- nor h' ns | , mr : u. oi . " t o
"t - t h,
3. " a
"
t t ; , e t a nou| h! a
ultima silabi
cind se gnseso singurc
9i
pe prima cind sinL urmate
de un sub-
siantil' sau un numeral:
shr is .isrt?.{
[
i ti nl
i i "": i ;' l ;:i ;t.;
i ;" :i i ' i ' ' 1", u
' ,
,' nr aDd 1 ,
' '
r
0, Li n
' s'
,
' \ ; r ' ^r ne^p
$' n 3' } d I ur oat v
l t t
t PP" r an'
$l S16
a) Nr t n, r c| "L
"oL.
r f i no
'
' ! '
t t h'
t ns) d"t o 20
t d50
sa i or meazi
"
sdausi ndu
' p
l "r mi n1i i
/ ' r l o r r r
' l ; Lr :
iwenty,
t\irti', io;lx. lillv, si!lv. seventl'
'ighll'
nnietJ'
Ar enl i . e
E
121?
Zecile si L legaLe de unitnli
printr o liniald
de unirel
breniy one thirlJ tno' iorlX Lonr, nincil s[
Not d
s 1218 Uncle
pcrsoar,e ilverse'lzn
modut de numirare
al ztcilo.r.
!i
unitnlilor'
' ' - ' "
a". t "'
"i
i ; "t al n
"1"ni nt - on"
' na
r ""n' t - l $o dnJ
r hi r l )
- "i \ ' nd
i ", i ":
", . .
i " l n. j -
. r r "r r r r
o, , p . - r l ' i r r \ , $o
:
- r or ' ) -
r \ "' 1. . . ' ' nP o' l ;
cu
o ni r "nl a
r l "su' r l i n l r mh;
cnol ' 25
' nnr dr r l of Hr ' i i
1219 Numcralelc
care erprimJ
zecite pot avea
fi
formi
de plural:
some dns ol mnsl"erli' ces
, i "", ", ". , 1
' ' i l ' , ,
.
.
. i , r ! . i \ '
4, , r r P 6r
. r
i q r . 11r . , . ,
d) Sutr.tc. rrtitLe
qi niliounele
(Llrc hunbed^t
the li1rrsdndr'
lhe nillions
):
hund..d. tNo hnndNd ur'ce lundret'
etc
n 1. n. hur dhd
:
l l r i l
. "' . ""' ' .
l f o
r \ "
sr ' l r r '
l -
' _dnd
r '
, . . - i ", r ' i "
"
I nr l i
l l "^ n: l on 50
'
I m 2 m 3
-
' l
Ca si zrile. :l.,csie numeralc
pol aveA iornrd de
plffll:
' . ". .
Ji ' ,
"; , 1, ". . l . o"i ' 0.
""1i ; , l l , "rl ' i , . , ; ; i "" . .
9S2
s
122rJ
s
1221
{
1222 Cilrele care
io.iicl sute]e' iiliile
;i
milioJncl'
eie se
'li 'patL
inrre
Ple-pflr
o
, i r put o
nu
p' i r
I un
r
' '
r | | i nr r ur
i nr r r u
i l b
i
'
1r mai ' r i ' - r p" 1; r r l or
""i i i *' "i "'
"' J
l , .
t : : ' i
'
'
l ; nol
"r ' ! 1""' r
l l i i
' i " r ' r u
-
| 2; ' ": t i ^, J. f " l a 0
' 0
I n
- u. r .
S
1223 N atncrtLlc cu aflo1rafi':
sl.lialnr:
, \ a
' , , :
", ,
l , r i i j t
; , , r t
l i vc
nor l t t
;:-..
'
'
:'
:','
';,
,lll-"'
o
E 1291 . l I
(sau rn4 l i l i i or i ' beanrni bi l bn
(sau mi l i ard)
t n St at el c
U i t e
' l e
"
Americii. iar triiion
in lldn'a Briianie
.,*-1
,^**li::ill*lil'i'";".fil't
i'l,lli!'i'l1i:ili",:l'::ier't,1.9":'ii::',ii"f:li"illi:
/ i / , "
- l n r , ,
"
- / "
or
l l l
";::,
r
ir;r,';.,
ri1l1
,;,
,
,, ir t ,il;;t.,i;i,;i,";ii";1li
s' r l r r r i l "
, . et r
t
l 4
, ' r ! hr e, . , , S/ ' l { ) r r ezi f r
r ur m
i r nt i n' l n
/ ' r r
r . . t
' I
\ r c u 1n
| o' t !
.billionlsl
Cifrele de la un trilion in sus interescazii nLrmai pc
specialitl.i.
3, Formo
. . i
ronbl nr. l i i . ne. i nt c.
{ t 226
aJ
\ ur n, r r l "l p
ar ot f . , , , ' , l i
/ / , FF
, . u pu,
or , . , r c, t , ct ani val a
p. nna
a \ ZZT
sr
f
r r , . , - pJr ; u pr on, r nl i . . p, , i d' d. . F"
u^u. ,
. uL, . r r nt i
dr n r r m. ; "t i i nd
"
a hallpcnnx
Io'herynti
l son
nq
, ' 4! "$1.
son"n \ . 4.
I r , r
.
Lnr eet F, , cF
t
of r l r nsJ;
, ' . "pt "nr r . 4Ji .
. , 0np
nr t . Jb- \ .
I . t ur :
I
r n. da
, ! . i .
r dr
l r nonpdr
ac, hr l
l) NuneralLrl huniLreiL este intotdeiula lcgat prio
and de numeralle
S 1ZZ8
. ar A
JFnr mp. . zai l F sau
, i ni t nr i l ", x, ad.
J . qi .
"
e r , n, i , r r d t , r ndr cd esLe
'
subinteles:
two hundred a,d siat1.-four
a urousand tlirce nutrdred anl sir s.u l.hirteen
hund.ed and six
oDc l.housrnd ond t*cnir sern lnnndrcd r&ri,r.&s).
c.,) P_entru simplificare, se obisnuieste ca miile sn iie transiormaie
ln
g
1229
a l.holsand oni Inndr.d and fir! sau cleren tinndral und rire
i - . nl
' , 1s1' J
J d r t t J*i \
. i , i st , ,
a, t ,
t - si \
d) Num". al , l e hundr "d. t ho. t "an, l . ni t t i an
pt r .
sr nr i nvi , i eLi , F t a
pl ur j t
{ t Zt o
clnd sint lntrebuinlate adjectival. snu cind stnt. precedate
de un nu'maral
"
, ! r di nr l or i ' , +di l ' l ""scr . , l p. t l ur . l
1. 1.
[ . t p.
: ( : ue/ at ct | . ) . cu cr . ] epl i a adj ec
$1239
( : . t l l r t . , r t F\ aJ
:
'
lT-" n16 lo.r ni nn,e e,, tznrl.,
S.\e|nI hLldred were at lle nfrtins,
Sone hun.lred, wont)\ in rhc lactoB lLrd n.t ti,. set ot qn.tps
asjgned to ihcm.
lliH
j:(r"j,l,/jil"itt'.iihij
:il',:## i;if;,T1,,,r"i
.,,i ;ir"i.
u'"'
}iii"i
\ , - .
p
l ,
. r i , l ,
I , or
l i i n. .
i r
, r t . "t t ut i , F.
r r
nt i t , , dF. i
- ,
r "
pt , r r at , . i nd
E
t 23J
sl nu: r nj '
.
' r at ' r aFJBr .
JF , r ' r r u, , , , r . 1. .
nJ
. i
'
, | ' n, "
- . t "
1i "1. ^zi r r r /
sau f t t unci ci nd au un i rl cl cs nedel j nj t :
' Lnr t ands
) i n] r . ad l he i , i f l P
.
rD.onr
colrntry tli! rumlcr of !o.ls
lu|lisli
rr.nl.htJ anirnrs ta huntlreds $
' the rlolc aurtrled lo $,tc hu,dreds.
Ti ,
. . , 1
r
sa , ^
a. ha . a. t . . at
^t . . .
(Yrzi
i i S
1! 21. t : l a, sl
MtLrea Britanie
ti
alte
ldri
ewopene S t i
283
$
1225
100
:
I 000 000 n00
10r
:
I 000 000 0t 0 000
10b
. =
r 000 000 000 000 0oo
, l r 3 1000 000 o0o 000 000 000
: 1+r / r zcf ou. i
: l
F30
zl r our i
:
.r/one qtradrillion
:
./one qujrtilliOn
.
ppq,
p, . c
o$
' . r a,
I ' . n. d. obu. t bJ
nr . o"n"
r i l p,
. . sr d. t , A
o sr l r l ' ; t 1' r pr ' t ur t j I sr ksDJr ! l I hDDr n! 1.
. mt . or l t
i r
r j
i . -
r . . ". . v. , ". . . . . 1
. : .
r . .
. .
Ll
. mbot r t
no .
s
t sSt
n. n
t r or ' un
' r ' J.
, r i
r br , ' a. ,
, . i pl u: i p
t , . .
r , ,
. da, t . . , ,
' r
'
5. l ol . l
t . n'
t t . , t Jp
.
i
i n d l d r "r t dr "
r . , r . t nr r oi i
t i moul
or . t Jl "^ . r ' r l o", i i i l o . l
l ] 1, n . , 1- r ml t r . r e t r . . a Lr t ni
' \ "
1' l - os, l i r . nl i
, ,
r ", r , . , , 8um.
. \ o | \ t
t Nnt nahu, d, . . . ' t , "u- r nd"
' l : \ 8"1
l / r ! r l
l umFr r r ". cuop/ / , ,
t oo^: . som". ha. . , ar t
t r u. -
,
j dJ' r
|
, . r ' dl n
1l r i , . t u- d)
- hut at . d, t hi , t . r , d. , . i i , .
, . t . t
\ i _, , . a
sl/d de cAr1i, rreo nl. de
rersoanc
ctc.i, riutln nrvarjabile.
! t t
s
r2il
crn,r
,,,imPr'r"rF-,l,'rrlfl
':
irfrlli ;'il:.'il;ii"r'#Ji
"T':"'*;l,u,'l'
duah
er"
fri mPi '
TJIi l i ' ;l :,""
l . on
,,ousJn.l
i i ' t
'
' "
L"' a*a"
i n mv
po' kor'
'
^
i,"*"t'#"i
i{"{""
"'ilitr' ;''pTilll'T'
s
r2r;
./ uirriod
e''|",sineuful
*::i',i'
".T;'J#':"1i.1;'ji#l'Jll
3J"i:
'
rvea si f orrnd
de
Pl urai
' u
' uuu
i i "
". ; ' ";
i ""i "' ' i
unui
dl r numFr al :
titree nl:l/;dn reolrc
lirc nillior
t{o hurdred
so
( pLi nc
l nj ; j
J hd"d, p, 1
sn. t
l t ' u
at t o% sr . r l i ng
\ "/ i
$
13l i '
:f.l '
:i {l i i i
;l /1p,""' l :
--,!-n-ri ri ad
' l
-,
,,o 5" ,.
"l l l l l d.i ;
i ,,:,i ",:i ,""
",..
TPn\ of
' ar i l t dr
^ol r t
1236
l n
(' i l ul
' ol o
\ rrl
"" ' punc
$i r"l dl i v
l a numaral ul
i l or' uo' d:
I
ndl d ' wo
"x' dnl '
f o" i t '
!
123? /)
Numeralele
hundted'
thausand
ti
millio'
sint'
precedate
de nurneralele
-
al
sau one'
! t r . R One se
j nt r ebur nr cdl r :
B
ffi 1' l ' "i n' .t
"' "' ;l :::::,;.' ::";";;
)
q,p nu,d-
d..p' nu,' d-,
^"
I r ' n '
o
""'
ol l i
qonn' J' i n 1\ "or r ) ' r or '
S
1940 f"l
cind
inaint'ea
nuner
uiui
precedat'
de
nnP sP
gdse'sLc un num6r
6upe-
nor:
d lhousntrd
one hund'eil
atrd
sirtJ:
/
"1 l a Ja' "
numai
PFnr t r r
i ni :
iil"fl.i'.'li.'$T'iKi*"Jiiil;"u
"
'-
u'"*-u
nine hun{tftd
and rive'
ii"^'
u"
"n""
" ""'-*"*r"* il**'11*'",1ii1$""
!l'""ii,l"il";*t
l i mbs
"ncl ' r ;
' onr emp^r r nr '
' "' '
*' i
^"- ^". ; : : ; ; ; ; ' i
' n, , 1
t n sr uoc
de
I ' i i i i ". *"' r, ' arr
J+purl i r' du
e numdr' rl
' sr"
' 1"' emnazd
anur rn
s*l
ll,
"
al,;'",:ir*
:
i;i;
.::
li
l ::i"l
::':l.
j:1,,*
o,.":
ro._r
,
'jr
"ii:
::l
il'l
":'i'"i':'"lli1-
-,'
i'
'""""r
' ' n
' '
n \ ' J
nP
si i l co oi
u
l
s l 2l l
1n
r ' r ' ^
^' "l al ' e
' Jl ur i
d s1u
anl
' p
i nl r abui nl ear r
f dr a
dcoscbl l e
' I
ne" $' r '
'
r '
"r
u' I I ' un
r q)
peopl d
t r ' 5a
r r '
(Vezi
!i $
541'
55il)
A t cnl i c
l
$
12rs
F,rm,
.r"
"i
'q"r
'
r: tit,
.J:l""l.Xir'{;"',r'j1T"li,"':.:il"f"'^""'':,ii:5
"
dc t r Lf l Dr ecedst i '
de
r r t r Lco' u'
nt , i nduri
si nsuri
-:k{ai:.}s#LHr,i,.,.,rutiiir:rilu!+_,i*:i*iiqw}!tr-xt
strpedot,
laicn
'r'&sdn4i
'-'"'"'
ilti'p""'i"['i
'i;;
pini"
'i
tn;nt"itui
iru 5e
ani un
numfil
mllr maP
Nu se spune:
lrrndred and i,serl.\' I0ur
l housand t i i r f c hr nd. Pd
illi(D lonr liundfed
, Iund.ed atrd t$fniX{orrr
d thorsand lhree trllnd.ed
d m,llior nrr hundrfd
4) i lrcbuintare.
-
\rezi
g
1257-1261.
5) nunctii. Nrrireralul cardinal poate
fi:
o) odj
t i t .
, i nd ! l ej Fr mi ni u, ,
. u, , r r Jn
i \ :
r&i
$
1243
$
1244
$
1245
oa. hrnp or $rgar
js
fnough.
' f h. r e
wc. . , n, .
l eol t c
on r ne r o] L
-
! )
subst unt i a. cj nd ar e vakr ar e de subst ani i v. i n car e caz poat
avea
! i S
1946
formd de plural:
Wdl. elelen $iih tm ,nes
I soon
pnt
l@, and lpo 1oge1!pr.
She
js
oD thc wrols sid. oJ
/orrvr.
. t hpr ( "r
*dt Li nt j . .
I , Ji r qor r hr p: -
DJ. \ os, r . r r _- /
i r c r s r i nr s r r cl r r ' \ ".
I $a
, . r n- , , ; t r ". r , '
d
I n ,
.
nr . r y.
l vczi
i i S
33a. 3! i , 1! 33 t : 36t
. l Nunr or al ul onc poat e l i qi pt onume. ( S 942 943, 1005. 1164)
Ca qi r umpr J. l ". s, r i i xul - / , . , ? poct pr \ , , , \ el ur pd. aJi e. t i \ . au
dF sub-
q
t 248
sl sr l r \ : I
p-
1pl . ) r r pr or i r . r a i r r i Jnl . F"- nr i
\ "di , d
i or Jt i r a, ed
ani t nr , u
-
numat !
. pr n
I nJr " t n
- / , . r . t nt r F l j i
. :
I o dni i "r t ubi r Jl
f he. ho' f . on. spd
ol
pqo6p
t t pi
". . . o. . )
|
r e, , 8%
: ubqt . , l
t i e r s sf l l t r n t ' r s l ?t uo.
Gubn. l
Ile
js
Jb,
olt .l ljis teers.6
{sunst.)
Ile is o.r of ,,s rdab.?
Lsubsr.)
i j r Numr r nl ul . ar di nal
i i
ar l i r ol ul .
- Nur , . er "t ut
poa F
t i
r r F. eLr r
, t F
l 2t 9
Br l i
^l l r l
hol ar i l
. r , r
n, h. l Ar i r
'
E
. r 8.
i ' l l : : i : . l 2i 1 t 2i zt .
II. NI,IINR-{II]I {)RDI.ITT,
(TirI
oltDlNAl, \_IiltxRAL)
1) Del i ri l i e.
- Nrmcral ul ordi nai i ndi ci i nnmeri c ordj nea i nt r-o seri e:
g
t t sl
Hc .amc out rccond ii liis cxrlr.
She
lut
on lfr t/.t.d b.sL (d.essl
2) I'orm[, Numeralele ordina]e se lomrpaza ad:uqindu se terminatia
\ 12bP
i , t r i n. r mFr r l . l F. r r di '
pl p
scu
I .
F, hi vr l , nt i i
l or :
loudh, sixteerth, lweniy srcntl,, l,udredth:
the Dt),
lower
s
1247
s
1250
'
=
n bccut dc painzeci
de aDi.
I
:
Are ftsl f nDtze.i d. ani
t
t h r i f i , s ol t i , " t ", , h. c, t u"! n, ^ an i J: . a
s,
se
j nr t , \ i L:
r hsi r r , . n/ r ?
. . , - n-
r i el l t , . ht u"r : l nLt e ani i t Cr i o
si
l 9C9 i nl l usi \
!
:
Ctr ri late din Dal,!e: tcolooria|.
i )
. -
n"i ! . : g u: , t
I
r , r r
, ^
, i
r e a, ' i . Jd. r "
- , , r .
.
- - \ t , r a
a nr r , l i ni l 20 dr Jni
' : - \
l r . , dt de 20 de i ni .
E r c e p
I
i i:
primcle irei numeralei
precum
9i
nunreralcle
oompuse
thsl. second.
lhird
i'i;it-ii".i.
thiriJ seoord. sixiv third'
'tc
La nu leralele compuse.
numai ultimul
termen
primeqt termiralia'lll:
ll: :H liliif$l'"tl"J;"IJi'ii'J1'
..0'n',,,',0'.,
s 125a
Numeralcle
orLljnale
care con-tin cuvinLcle
l4n(beit'-thausand'
s^n tanl\kn
"
"""
""
.hi;";;;,l"te
deeit
de nurneraiul
on.
.si
nu de a
(ci
$
1237)'
sau poi sa nu
aibi decit ariicolul
nehotirit:
,
.
nd
t L r v- t i - . 1
. np o
' o' r ' d
d
i ' r
'
r ' l
i d
L' l 6p' nno
\udcrale
tu ortogrdic
spocial5l:
li/ih,
eigh' h' ni' th. i{cl/lh
twoiii' th'
thjrli' th'
etc
s
1?pj
: ' l ormo
: i
coo' l rur! i i b0c: i cl c' -i t re
ou uLri rnct p
doui l i rorF adnugl rp
t
1265
d. , / Nurnf f ' l cl "
' ri l rnrLe
srns
986
, nd
3.d
63rd
4[h
100th
s
1266
$
126?
s
1258
a) Nuneralul
ordinat
precda numeralul cardinal:
The tfs,
llD
xea.s
ol tle century:'
, ' i l
l nt robui nl , rrca
nurnerAl ol or
rsrdi ol l e
-: i
I
rol or ordi onl o' -
lriil ll*l*:i:.1;*: ;:llr
;; :l[:ll'ii':ii,
lTl]""iJ:";i
;
'
l*,j:x'ld'"X;Li:Hl,".'?l;xllwl;t*:]:,$iiiftl;:"11"i"1"1';"'"0',
10"'
'61
tl"'i'Jl'J r'"
.n"",
"n
the r'hird or J n')
*'*iil,i+lii+:*:r'r'#rliif';*;}lt"{:}i}rurr1#li:*ii*
ilrll',,111
-,:e;iilititti
sl1;',i{lil*
** ;1.11';
;,
l,-,fllliliil*Jli'i';r;:l
;r"';li':t''J;Jili;
'"
"""
r:
'L
ord n'r tP
h i r i l ul
ol n' ! i dl :
Jur ' F
l i r sL
cFpl r mb' r
t sr l \ p'
E I 269
t \
"i i ; i ' i ; r "' "
s' r "r "
r l n Fl "' i al l n. r r r ul . sr r bst onr i v"r or
' i r P: d: n: 14'
"' - "" ai . i , i , 1"i i "
' *"i
r - \ r r . - r , , n. i
"r n' l
nu"nnr ol "t
o' di n3l
pf - "d' ei ' r FU: r
dpnunr r r r
i;i.J i""e
-lnur"
dl numeralul
cardinals:
the t""d $' ortd
\\at
(Wa14 tr Tqo)
the 1/"rd
Rooh
(\la( Boah Thrce)
r h'
vod
Pdr l
ar I nt 1t ' )
l " I nt Losn
\ 4t ' I Ar at
t ' r t
r r r ' . \ . p", / , I cl
r \ ' t dt t t ut Lr
sn
"t
I F / ut r \ ' l \ t l r / t r a- "t
t hd
, . ' n 5i n
i l ' "
(
?P
{' r l
tle
-ir-i' ' ft
ra' agraph lt\xr P
astdph nlhe)
r h", l "r "d r ' "r o
\ ' t dt
; t "4
' t nr "t
. . ,
1r a
"
$o- J i ' ar
Pa3
"'
: ' ""
- sr '
l r i 5 t uor n 44 u4
t hd
t h
' d
l t aor
c) ordinea saccesidni{ capilor unui stat, ni bisericii' ai uni familii, expri-
S
1260
nata de nuneralul ordinal:
gitliam
the aoorl'i Popc
-!crode.
tlie Att& Borgiai
Quccn
lt];abel.h thc rtsr, Joln Smith lhe Zrtd
tL,
)
numitorul unei
frat:\ti
ordinare eBLe indicat de numeralul ordinal,
S
1261
numdid,r.arul iiind cxprimat
prin nuncralul cardinal ($ 1272).
5) Functie. Numeralul ordinal poato avca valoafea de:
$
1262
o) al i ecl i t t Henrv vTt r \ Las i hc f i rst Ki ne of l he housc of Tudor.
S
1S63
b) suibstanri,':
'
tnil puero a$r ambeJe articole
;i
pluralut terminat in 's:
$
1264
He 0ame in an casy
/ts,.
\ ! e
r J\ r s'
Jou
o l J / ; J
-
- ol
. . P. / i l r "
n.
\\' boohed tao secotds' z lo !]raiov.
( Vezi
t i S
Je5)
2C7
Wlicn I
l'sr
came he.. I sas a olild.
6) Numoralul ordinal
Fi
articolul. -
Numralul ordinal poat e fi precedat
$
1266
de ambcle articole, articolul hoteril tiind lllsn acela core tl insotqte in mod
objlnuit (
$
517). Nuneralul ordinal poate sta
Si
ntarticulat:
He Ieft tor the seaside or the t,.lrlt ol ihe monl.h
He llas the ,,tt..t to oome
A ,odf,n innovalion wB added 1o ibe othc.s.
Slakcsleare's comcdy 'ils \ou Like It" ws pcdormfd on
"esfd
Night
ITI. Nf]II{ERALUI, FNACTIONAN
(TED TRACTIONAL ]IUUNRAI)
1) Dofinitie, -
Numeralele fraclionar exprimn fraclii. adice una sau
mai rlulte
pn4i eqal0 dintpun intreg.
2) tr'ormi. -
Ffi1c\ia
(the
Fraction) esie de doui feluri: lraclie ordinari
sau tractie zecimali
a) iraclia a inatd
(Ihe VuIS(ir n'rutrian
)
Fraclria ordinarn are doi ter'
s
1265
$
1267
s
1268
$
1969
s
1270
nnmitarul
(he Denominatur
),
un numir intreg cale araLd ln clte
pirli
pqol e
s- i mpdrt j t ri n di t sA;
-
nut , , d4t ; r ut
( Th.
\ unr ol ar ) . un n' r r ; r i nl r pq. nr F sr Jr s
. i Fdi n
e. A. l a
Dirti
sini tn lractie.
- -Numlritorul
este despdrlit, de numjtor pri tr-o linie orizontald sau oblicd,
S
1271
numiritorul aUindu-se d;asupra ei. iar numitorul dedesubt:
: ) r r mJ' 1
' r
l J\ nP! a- l
- . t \
t u S. ^t *
1t , , , o^; , - 4
' ' '
Fr d,
l i a
s^ po"r "
pxpr i n
i
i i t t i n
' xr i n ":
l r l i nba
engl "zi n, m: r i or ul
const d di nrr un-nuoLert rl -cardi n^l
l ag, t pi n l i ni ul n de uni r6 de numi Lor, care
S
1972
esie ur numeral ordirel, eu semnul pluralului cind este caz :
:
l l
:
t
31
(a
thi.ix lirst)
3
J
10
(iive+ightIt
lth.ee
qlarle.s s!u llrcljon hsl
I
-{
sc citi "Henry th. ScvcDlh".
t
:
donr:r bilcl,e de t.cn la chsa a t-a.
t38
S
12?3 Substantit)ul
determinat
de o
ftaclie
ordinaril
se aftd
la singular:
I
n
""
g
"a*"'
hatt atu hou sau
a hau-hou'l
1
^it"
l"e
.itette,three
qudteis ol o nl:/el
a'
s 12?4 Substantieul
determinat
dc nwn(r'tlul
1 (one)
.jft
compnnre
cn o, fraclie
"
' ' '
'
. . ai . -"i ! .
": 1' ' r.
ol u"ul
i n
. ,
' i s.
dar
pcl .
. , ri r
l i c l a
"i ngul sr
. t nd 3e ci t el t P
dupa
tntreg, fie ia plural cind
se citqte dupi fracliel
1!, n*
1^"1"
loz anil three
qnafteN sau
ane and ttttee
quartEr tot)
t
|
-x
ot a ptay
1o""i"a
dc, dnd a harl sa\
ane dnd a hdtl @ts)
\ 12?5
Substantirul
determinst
ilenn numerai
cu sens de
plural qi compus
cu o
t r dr l i F
or di nar a oe 0I I 5 l a
pl ur al '
t0
+
ftilnet*'
(se cirette:
iln and a/one hau /ruotur"! sa!
rea kitbwt'^
and d hdtf
)'
Fraclii mai complicate:
E
:1r
5;;
sau ait:r6:
:;
30/et
se citcsc: /ozf
ae{
fi'e
-1@ai';
reslectiv:
,,{i/rv
okr nlnetlJ seren
$
12?6
bJ Fr u' l i o. . ' t nod
r f t ' t t n; not Fr uai on ) l ' unPl '
r azur i f r a' Li a s"
mai
p6r ' . er pr i na
r l
pr i nr r . un, a' r mdr
r "' i mal
(
f h" D""i not
Vnn"r )
pdr r ea
inireaEa a numarulur
lxno ocsldr-titd
de
paftea zecimal;
prinlr-un puttl
; i
nu
- pr i r r r
o
\ i r g' t l l i
"c
\ n l i mbi
r nmi ; i '
'
o ii
""u
o t5 s; citeqte:
(noushl) deci!tral rsat
point) ser'n li!c'
?#i";'i#.;;'11";;':iil:i,l"lH,i,'Jl",i'l'ii
'0"
"!e
i,,cinn, /saa
point) six two
ejght.
Obser r l t i . e
a 12??
Nunoratelc
rnailte
Jr' purrri
'qe
ciLcsc ca un singur.numnr'
1Y!i,p.li-"]
'
--
l j ". o' " ci f ra se l i t e-st P
rcl
' r; t
l {i nut el e
se ci i csc ca un smgur
numar
; r
ouprl
' . I r . l 5 l r l \ - i l
P l - '
A se col npara:
18t!s3
(s; tirlire: ode hnndred anil eight]'_scven
poir! No lonr trrce)
13; . i l . , 1, nP
, ' d, }r, ndred
and ei s}i v{er' n and l ' wo hundrcd ard l oi ' v'
ilirce thousiu'd
ths
12?8 Substantivut
determinsi
de o iraciie zecimal; se afli la singular daci
'-'"
o""t#i"i"""sll
irac,tiei
esie 0
(zero), qi la plural dace
partea intreagd
I
iractiei este r:rn alt numeral:
n. J" nnr \ na Al , I
p
' r nl
"
n i \ p at a
^a"
w"'
'
2J dt ' s
\ ;
Poi r ; l
so i i \ ' ,
"
"
1
fi
$tt*nntn*tuxuutiiir'$
3) ALte nnmcrale
fta.clionare
sintl
i
t"
"*t,
". '
a
quarel ;1
ta
harr, pr. harvest; 4+ (rour
aqr dl "r ol ' 11 hoLr i
, l r r eF
qud 1r r ' o' a r , r . t , . r Jnd aqr - r i dr i r . r ' cu. . . . ui , h, r l t
d. r o$n' . hJr adoz"n: t o, r ' nd d' . d- l :
"n
oour ds and a
r , 4. t
. "n
: r ' . d J nr t t
po
r nds;
Hof f a l . al i s bel l er t hr n nnnr .
a good-hall ot ii.. t_he ri.sl hnll oJ i]]e year. one hau ol it: the rwo hahes oi an apltc;
to go halvesi to do things iI hnh-es.
At en! i e !
Numeralul naffho:f] in compuncre ru subslantil'ul penna este pronun-
S
1280
tat
I
herpn4,.
!80
s
1279
Dxp&sii matematiee 0urcnte
+ llus/aDd
-
mtnus/take awav
+ rlus or mitrus/aplru.imlklv
:
i i s)
m! l r i pl i ed
- i y/ t i ma
i sda
b1
pentu drm4srulL)
+
(is)
diaided bv
: (is) eqnal io/equals
+ t not eqtral to/does noi equal
<
is less 16an
-
pi
lpa4
r
fol
:
radnf oI ci.cle
%
Pc_.
lent
O is an emlty set
$
1281
A' X reksl souared
X3 x
feksi cibed
It X
lelsl
i.o lhe
powe.
fou./io
nl n
tnl
lrctorial
i
the irtegral ol
ts
lerDendiculd to
-acsrei
' minutc
{or
an a.c)
'
second lor an uc)
s
1282
s
1283
s
1284
$
1285
rv. Nulrl]|t lr.ul, co[Dctrv
[T[Iri
coLLtrltTI[I] NUtntjlt.,{r.l
^
I Dof i ni l i e. ), l umFrsl ul
"ol e,
ri v orpri m" i d""" nun
pri "1
, l p
pl ural i n
Juf md, re srt rguj i , r.
2) Formtr. Numeralele colective sint: cauple,
lair,
brdce, span, team,
yolrc,
dozen, score,
grass) qaire
etc.
a) Numeralole coulle, pair, brace, span, ledm,
yoAd
numesc grupe de
do; ast f el :
couple
l:
doi (sau mai multi)3 (neasorta.ti)li
a aupl o sen, nd- . a. Nu. I " al d- i nl s: l l '
JoLn; , , , r , 1. r :
. n. o, p! poi "Jt \
| | g1\4 v^u d
.,,rk
^r
aptLP, ( do .r .
pair
l.:
tol (asorta!i), perechel:
n
!at,
oI
gloves,
a
lat
oI trorsers, ctc.
\ , . ao:
/ .
)
, al
I or ""l . d
. dr ' i "1, "
Jr d
t . ; r
1f
. \ '
t r 4 t @t vq
P4t l
l'hey wuiked in
pai6
Ior
couples):.,perechi, pereohi"
sau
,doj
.lle doi".
brace
l:,J.oi
(neasortari)l (termen vtnitoresc)
i
a ,/a.. oi dor$. of ristols
a,.a.d ol dLoks. of rhesants
thlcc ,.d.c ot
parl.idsis
t
helf a ctuen:2 s 6.1.anodc onetnrl
terimrtai,ln
ci.culalie irri',ter introduc..ii
: i st emnl ) i d. . i mal l l 9t l L
' Vezi
t i $
1! t 7. '
3
Cu aceastn acceptiune eshr nxmerahl nchourit
:
oilira. cttera.
'the
lauls
caupte: tifua
t*eche
($o.tati),
sinolin cu
rat
(e\cep!ie).
!40
team
l:
(de sportivi
sran l<
Alrica
de Sud:
doi coi. catlrj, ci-tivfl
boi el'c
'
inhima'ti
(res-
p; . r i \ ' i nJugr l i ,
l mPr eL' r i l :
' '
a s?d. ot hoNes,
bto sPdr ol o{er
doi
"i .
boi
.
".
l nh, m8l i
r i ni xgaLr
i mpr ound:
ppr F"he:
. i . r ,
""1' i p"
r "u
nor i un"' :
' "l , i pa
r l n l abr i ' r l
pl cl :
twentY
lczm oI catile
\ve .fc
^
tcdm. 1tc rv0.
doui
animale
lnju.Eate;
Perechc):
live
sol,
oi oxcn
ecbipn
lokc
(:
s
1286
b) dazen,
scarc.
gross' quir(t numesc
grupe mai mari de doi:
do. zen i Jnzi n;
(12)l l
l { r Jo: h 10 t cq hr "l q ) ^ L'
somo .lD:eu
eggs, ctrj
a lon{
(san rcunrl, Itoker's,
deril's.
pnnter's
)
dozen
(: t3):
TLev verc selling
eggs in
' altf' s
rio:aE
qross
[:
gros (12 duzini)];
sredr
gr{'ss
[:
12
grosuri (144 duzini)
(ternen
comtcial)
(ahe1'
g. gr')l:
$ic bonshl srx
g.oss
!e6.
Slie rvante'l fit
s'fss
ot but!'ons'
li
g.oi g-* is tir:elve
sross
oL144 dozcD
scarc
(: 20):
ffi r?";r;ia* il'h'i
ili,:ll*'r
qair"e
[:
coald
(nffe, de 4 sau 24 etc foi) de hirtie]:
The
Paler
\tas
'n
tzrl'r'
3) luncji'
NuDix. -
Nlajoritatea
ntmeralelor
colct'ive
au valoare
de
"' u' ' "i l ' i , . , *, .
,
u, . , F,
, , . r - or ", r , \ .
, L doL. , f ' , r , -
r "r . , ' t p:
; ; , ' i ; . r - . i , , ; ; , . - l - ' . , 1.
. n, ,
n r ' - r ' l i
I
"- ' r ' Fr ' or ; ' r r
"p' . nn' r or r o
""
. ' , ' ' ""i i i - ' . . i "
' i ' , . r ' . ' i
d" i r "
p
"r Fr ' ' r "
i nr n
r '
l ' r 1
r ' r ni nl r i P - "
. u dpos' bi r F
l n l r mbi \ ^Lnr r n:
cieht
.,url.fsJ
.l dogs
s'Ine
d4'" hmdk*'hiels
?::ixX":l;iF1,,:i"
tr,,;t
li,,T"r",:.iiil"il'.*lid"
"",,,
,,p
He *as l n. cc s. , f . \ : | j nl
l . am
ol d
z]) ci
l numdalcle
fu.valoarc
des
)ita tiv coleotiv
nr.sinl'
ltecedat'e
deun/ r u
- al .
t i ' .
J
'
' r ' r ^u' . ' "r
' ' i r
I r r ' r r ' ' ad'
t t Fpozr Lr ' r o/
f r r moqr
i . i "i ' , . , 1i "
I . i , j ub' " r
r r r ol " obi r t "' t 1'
:
' I' he gxcsts l dkd i
' o
uie dining room
Ln ctqks
Thev sto' t1 an l tr
P' rr'
i--ria-i'i.:o t'i'
re'rite do:'ns
!I li'rfs
s*:iil";-l;;:lll
lri":.il
if, | lll:,.,'",
c) subst anl i i ' ul
qui re arc I a p\ Dal runai
l of l ra. t ermi nat i
i n s; --
-'
ai
"''""."r"f"
brht:,
vt'ss
sVin
.'i
17okt
ru acerali fornn
la
plurar ca
51
s
12E7
$
1288
s
1289
l a si Dgul ar:
lhree ,rd.e of
Pn.s{!rl' s
two
r.ors
or
pen.ls
scvcril ,ole
or oien
' - \
se o. . pai l
,
t J at
t
\ Ju i
"
t
"an"
d^?n
' acl 6
,
. - ; i : , . l "
1, :
t ",
;
r " r J
: r
o cani,itate
sau se indeplineqte
o aclrune'
2) tr'onni.
-
Cu
exceplia
prinului numeral
resl'ul numerallor
mulLr-
p["";i";
"-;l:,"-";
.Jai'gr"a'-""
sufi:rul -/old
la nurneralele
cardina]e;
single. dou|le /so,
t\tolold),
irille
fsad
treblc' ihrcelold'
lou' 1old'
l' nfold' a huD-
Cu func!,ie
rlc adjecti!'e
sint lneori
tnt'rebuirlate
li
formele
laiine:
quadmPle,
quintrllc, serl'uple
scptnplt'
octuple'
elc
Ca adr.erbe,
lormele
t'erninate
in -lo&l
se int'il
csc astdzi
numai in siilul
$
1993
n,"";: t";;-;
;ti;ial.
ln lnnba curentn,
le au roFt lnlocujLe
pin;
onoe, twi.c, tnricer
.s
aa
.threc
time!, lou! times' te! tiBes' a Inndr'd tim's
{as
muclr, as nanl.
as
g.ear rc
l'
Numeralelc
multiplicative
din aceaste ultima
grupx
(
$
1293)' cu exceplia
S
1291
o"i'r"ii.l"al,"*
,,",'"c, rftrlc4,
se tormeazn
punindu-se cu.|intul
ri,1'r
(: on)
dupi numralul
cardinal.
3) Functii.
Numeralui
mr t'iplicativ
are
valoare de dljtli'
sau dc
.{
1291'
atL.,erlt.
0J'eiti
!i
.le rdbsldnli':
The sni l r aqF
l r r l a
' l or D'
| ot t um
i i l j l
l;ll ""i"-l
lr i,f',':l;'i
1r,';l
;;;
i,l'9j ;
,,.
.. ,
t i t r
i -
Lr La' i r
' l ' l r \ / aor ' '
\ i , , ; r t hr
, , 17" I ULr ' r
( \ uhsr
i
s" r "
l ' ,
' "
n'
r &r " r r b
rlv
Fr
cE! DIsrBBUrrv
241
Y. NUIIER'{LUL
}IL-LTIPI,ICATIV
S
1290
(TEO }TULTIPLICATIID
NUIII]NAI'
OII' }TULTIPLTI]Ri
1) Detiri,tie. -
Nxmelalul
multiplicatil'
arate
proportia in care
cresle
q
1291
'lI.
r-UMIIR,\LUL
DISTIiIBUTI\'
$
1t96
(TTTtr I)I STIUBU'flTD
NT]III]RAI')
]i nnrcrnlut
ttittributir
arotiL
repartizafea
in
grupe egale
d obiecte'?:
or eaL r r ;
". "r i n
1r '
' l i
o, bv or ' ".
r *, bv
. . 1h, ". bj
r p'
"
. , - u
".
t t
' t ' "
L"
n' ov dsdJ'
pl '
; 1 i ; - , , , , , . . b. .
. . :
nt r nJ,
, . . I
p
i l r . r , .
i
.
i i , . , r "t r ",
'
' nl r r ' "' l or
nr
' | "'
i ; : . r , . ' . i i y.
"
' "
'
, , , j l
9' i
n
' hr ' "
r Le
pr '
i "' , 0 , . . '
.
o
r
J' \ '
\
' .
: hn L' r ' l r ' '
r J r d' r
r
cr . i t ' , 1 nJ! s
f sdr "\ ' . v
nt n daJ
' i , ,
I . ; t , ";
.
' "
, i . ' ".
. a,
br t v. ! o, o \ F
' I -
t o: '
d t i
"' t
l l , , i r \ ds d t a
'
P
Shc ran do\Ln Dr.. r/4r {i a mc'
\t'-" N.re sivcr
/lr4
fouos
edr'
Tnc.e lt.ni ionr sfotrls
oI str der 4"'
l
Ntrmerahl
,irl.t cste .ar nrhcbDintat
tn ii'rba cu'cnti
tstc inlocuiL
prid Dnnre'alL't
'i""
j?;""
s",t"'"ti""r
l'.,i
I
!)
s
1297
s
1298
AZ
VII. NU}IEBALUL
AI}YERBIAL
(TFX ADVBBBIAI NUIIIIiAL)
Nuneralul adverbial indeplinette functia de ddrrD qi arard:
a./ lrecventa sau periodicitatea
unei acjiuni;
D/ locui ocupat inir-o serie:
S
1290
at at ". t t i ' , t ha" t , M.
. - at h- i c;
h
8, , t . n"s. a t t ud- d t i n". .
osa. r , t ". p o,
[ ^t t os o. t i k] . cr , :
Th
"l ". r i ons
t of
.
P"opt , 5 Couo. i ' r . r r h: t d oi r a r n
. r er t
r qo v. ar s.
Uy . l ' i Ji r pn . s"J r o I . avp un I : nCUl h t Fssan r nr @ I . p, a; ppt i . '
I I ' r v" r ol I
Jnu
a hu, d4d t i @, not u
go t her e.
Not d.
S
136$ Oncq twicq three timcs eIc. Eint
ti
numeruIe nulti) licdt;re. Deosebirea dia-
tre numralele adverbiale
ti
cele multiplicative std-io inl,eles:
Ozc bitten, ,at.d shy.
[ On"r
". 1, r . r r . . , 1
adver bi al
pFl t r u. a
ar al d f r c$Fnt d at i i ul l i i . r +r ce
_
-
oste numeral multiplicativ pentru ct aratd mssura tn care a ;esou; prudenla.l
S
1301
,
,, rirsi., lirsily, sccoritly. utir.lly, eigh y, etc., in rhe iirsr (or second, ;hird, riiln,
ei c. ) pl acc:
Ladi-"s lirsi.l Satetv lirsi.l
..
Tle o,,lt, quesiiuns
u,r rhp
agcnda weft
itfs,ftrl,
ihe rotrre to be followed, s@.dtg
t he DLmber oi men t r r . . q
I .
1odl d, 49t h, t mn. puf l
ol t h" Fr p. di t i oD.
5
1302
ITItr. NU]If, NAI,UL NEUOTIR,TT
(TII[ INDEflNITN
NUIIER"I.L)
$
1303 Nrrmeralul nehotrrit eqrimd
un nunXr nedelinit de obiectes. Numerale
nchoi i ! l t e si nL urmat oarcl el
: p! "' dl aoa! .
/ oi
h- 1,
san
- .
u
. ", , 1d.
, ot o' \ , ,
a t , d
{cot o. \ . J,
troacr
.
a
Beotle.ad
tnnalt' ,
i4pntqr,
.Ir.
S&trdl oi the bo$ in the school had Fo! scliola|shits.
l r ' f 4
u! , - . | dn r sr . n. . L- gr i . ' . , , r ot adJ.
I shaU be lack nr a
/e@ davs.
T
, j
n. r \ " |
,
r ' n dJ
F
1t - t t '
sdr . ho. , t soa. mont i , s i ow,
A r uab, . af t h paj dnr - r r d
b. n t , o", 1 t o n. p45pnr r hd , oopdr ar i v.
a,
conleren,,c.
A
"out b
al n i sp- p : l r , dJy i , , t . "r u-
, . r ' t .
, . 4 l o o/ l he u , m
n k- r p q, 1
i r i . . t $o. k 15.
Itls of
rreopre
had come to rhe Ineethg.
l 30l l - ' or mAl p dp
"i n3, r , r c
"l p
unor J di nt r c d. psr e nu. t a"al ",
\
anump:
( har l
nu. h
f u)
1; t t | ".
d
"t . t
t gaod
4
dB, o l ot ( ol o v. ) ,
1, , {.
r / pnl r /
, pr veso l a exDr i -
mar . a. dnr i r ; r i i i n ,
czur n, r m, l or d" mJt "r i i l au al
. i bsl r ; t i vel or
absr r si t e:
yo.
hd\ no i J"1 t "o, t t uu. r . . r . i pr r on s.
ha\ d
r ot i +r , . d.
Th"r p wr .
v r r . nr "n
, "1
t r r i i
, t "
a, doJ.
A / t l l l r ' money
go, :
a l unq Bdr .
Hn
.
dd 4, , . i _bst oj r , , r t , - i , t r , . a1t
. p-
ot r
. 5, . .
T
.
l , ol
' , 1|
o
! p4t e. , ad d ol at t r a+.
A lo, ol iris assuianoe was du. to ihe su;port his conrailcs
Aare
him.
r,nrt.,
estc dcsuet, sau lil.erar_
' f onna
f i at l a
st . , ! r si dr r at e pr et i ocd.
r
Sc^s er dn , r i . r l l 3 , l
4vczi
si
$
U{1, 08; ' b8s.
i t ; ; t J;
u ; "; : ", i ; : , , / p
J' p, i
". m' r d, co. . ' i v
{
oo. doua ( e, 285) .
I
\ czi
r i S
0! 2, 2546.
?43
Sens nehotdrit
au
ii:
S
1all5
ii"i''i'""iliii"'f*;ai.;le,
colectiYe etc
)
insolite
de cuvinte car expdmd
aprorinalie
(rzi
S
130tj):
Wc stopled
there fo.
o'olt t'"nig minntcs
D) nuneralele
(cardinale. colective
tc
)
care erprini ciire nari
(rezi
s 1308) r
Thcv came in nudlelr to the meetinS-
FOBIID
$I
CONSTR,UCTII
SPECIAIJ
1) A0rori mxl i a
ouorcd. i s,
": *f ri rr;
pri n:
| l t aut .
ql nost
n. art v.
sor' '
S
1306
rhrne
1i A".
son",
. l neal , erc
oLout . o
kq.
rcut hl
l J
opl rr
t not d. ! . ndd d
"aupt ' ' ,
t r l o: "n. on. ut
1! r u. t no, .
t hr ' r ' or n
Pt r - . sau. i n
' "1' r l
l l ] r nr l r ar '
pr r n sr r r r xul
-irl
adnugai
la numralele
scurte:
lve s'alked
zror,/ua.iy a mile
i ' ; ; ; : i - , i ; "'
t w- n"t v ni nut pq I ooki ns r ot a r or i
-
.
er Li l i - i "r , . "i
Ni l l
' ; ' [
soa' r ni r s i i d t qo hL' dr ed
I i
Slie was manied
src fiYe
Years
back'
i r i L
*r r . o' L t t i n sn' "l i t " oD"r i i ! "
pounds
) l ?e a{ l t ". andi dal , es
had al r eady f i ni ' hFd
15P papdr
t l aur hht
At
pN, i Lot "l r ! L' n ol
l - P
3! di Pn' "
( 1Fq
LI F
I ' ay
r s, ". *i "i i l
l $pt r r v
t housand odd
l - r 0000
bi
"LFvd
sur or
1
j 1"
br r d
t or i l l $"n' v odd Ur ot r sand r : l nl ' r p : o ul r o
i r
u ! ur
! . , u, l e l - . i l r \ a)
ol ouf mPn al
pnd a\ dnr Dq
' r as$
t l r dv' r l ol d i or
doF6 ol i i m"s nof l o
pal
4"pn 1r ut r
l n i s
\ n
l i hp had publ kh o 4 N\ Db af do' n l ot t
po^Ks
l nev
t i r r l b" ba' !
i n a dqr or r uo
i i i
' i
; n *
t ant n' i q
qu"t r i ^i p4r
r o l par n
Jo. r
- ' . ad".
.
or , v
, , . n
o. l ,
, 0mp r o
. l d
' uddy
on an 0! nL
- \ \ i , - l
j i n, c
- h,
| { n
. .
'
r ^: 4' l 4t n
. h
2) Depitirea u ei eifre
//o/rn.le)
se xprjm;:
aeer' marc than' dntL nore'
\
l3O7
ahorc.
u|,"a s
(of) en.:
Ile is ote. sirlJ
,qhe lost ordr tilenty
pounds in weignt.
\ u, n- r " ar l he
f l . hi i .
l , bt i ") 4u"' d nour '
r l a, " t kor d . l at "n 5r Ll pt ' r f l
s
l ' r l h
p_
on oF
' i ' r
' ; '
'
ei ; i .
ol i gt i ud DoP r ' r h"
' r ' oi r '
Tnf s r r v
s
' '
i
bn or '
' r ' ] d
6n
a6'
a
l dn
ii'i*"i-ii"t ii"i"
ipi.,a" of t*o minion
inriabitants
3l Dmrimarea
citrolor mn netletiDite se tai'F intrebuitrlindu_se
cul inrPle
S
1308
h, t n, 1"d. r i ousond, n' ' t t t odt , nt t t ; on. doz"n. . or "pl ' . , r ppr a' pdal cdpnumpr Jr P
qi
de cel e mai mul i e ori i n f orma l or de pt rral :
TIct F.nt iu /,endre.ls lo the conlcrence
H t ; r ea:
. nd
' t aLsd- dr
nJr h' l
r al
'
"
r os r r m
.
^ ' j ; "; ""; i '
' p"r , ' sol dssr g
"d
hPappeJl
r ' 1d\ I or l d
Poi ' d Lo n' r r '
' ' / l t t . ou' "t o
! : na YO o r n
r ur r mong"t ' :
4 th"u o.d rqa]' o:i : A th' ""and l nr'
I na\ d
o r hur t r l 4nd o4a l hi n- s l o r l '
i l u
ru, addr or
. ' . ".
n' , ,
"*
". . j , ; ; , l t : ; , t i
@s or
p, orr .
Tl ( n r c s ! l
! . acP
con' pr i se /
I na\ c m'
l l l m dazPn
l "o' <
o'
t t f i r s
f h; v f P l l f
t hd i 44l LI J
' aPs
n"l o""
r h
' l or m
i "; o * or n. - . ' t
$pi l r di ni g l or L r "ga. l l a
They had
ioitrcd
the cooperaiive
it
ereat
numbets
r
a nyria.I
:
zece mr.
214
S
1308c 4) Plusul s u nirusul fa,ld ale un nunir dxt se e\prinri asifol:
on. (t,o.
tt|ee, cta.) ko ,tun!
t:
t,c\) nlui (doi. |Iei etc.) mai Dnll, trntrl
{doi.
lrei
ci c. ) i n
r l , , sl
ane (nb tu, elc.) ko
t4r l-. l.n)
unul (doi, t.ei ctc.) mai pnlin, wnl (doi, tli
eio.) ln mrnusl
lhcre
js,ne
ligurc ra. ud,r to. a
lhone
numb.r.
l l r
g \ F I n i '
I i l l i n"
r oo
/ . r .
$
1309 5) Iorme ialiomntice. A se obscrva urmntoncle forme idiomatice:
14, ,tr, on.
(: pdnntioull
set nd best I
j
de lort-A zild' )
(eorocv.) Hc' s
fire foat
hnlhins. (: exactly live loot ialll
$
1310 6) futrchuinlnrea conjureti.i
"and"
cu numcralele.
-
Conjunclia dnd
r cr ,
r nt - ^h
i | | d d
f Fnr r ,
.
Lor :
S
1311 a.) nunirul unifitilor de numirul zecilor cind acesLa din urmi esLe
yecedat
-
dtt nu si urmali de primul ( g
1217 1218):
S
1312 a, nun drul unitn,tilor
;i
al zeciior de num irul Eutalor sau al miilor ($ 1228) :
three hrndred dad onc
cight thonsand dnl Utirtr iwo
nine ilousand lou. budilr-"d dnlt fifi.y-seven
$
1313 c) numJrul tracliilor de numirul intregilor:
tso ard Urree qnartos
a poued azd a l)alf
li{c hon.s o,l lortv minutcs
fou az.l sirpence
liar
tn eaftircd curentd: lotr dnd. si\)
Not d
S
1e14 In
senere
irsiL. nu se htrcbuiiloazn conjunctia and ra snlcgo numnrul
uniinlilor de nnmnrul subdiviziunilor aoostora ln
(azLrl
ini\urilor ale ciror
denumiri difern de acelca alc subdiviziunilor respeeLive:
\ po. nl l ,
'
l : na
. 1' r
' i . .
pour ' l nl
n
,
no' r nd
- .
' o
r r l i o
no' r n I i , ,
-
9. i ] 0 ( ni ne l hi r l r r ) ( r el . r i t or l a i i r t r p, l i dbaj ol i ci al )
S
1115
flonot{
tn Marctl Britanie
100 pen. e
[ pens] l 100pl
: l
I r onnd
sl cr t i i g
l paund ' st Jr r ! ] l r l nsl t / on. :
l hi l
tserliid)t
ealonre tu)neda
t
oi hl f on, \ . pr t nr . , . Jl a d' dl
! -
nl
l l ,
' onr l
a i$opcrDl
I!1,!n4
ptc..
a^f i v. r / Ln/ t w. r l J po! nd n. i e,
/ r l a, s,
a
t3.8t lhre potrnds .ighl,y two p.n.'
l t i
! F, , ny I r r n, l . f . o/ o^. I
r! twolclce
I
l^jrrt, two
-
".
prnc..
f.,1,,r..1
l.wo
l hi:l
!9r, L.-"'
ra'
'
{L a
|
, , , , l .
/ s/ , ?! )
|
qui d
f k$r l l
t i , t t n. ! 10 i \ . P Gn, l q; r r . t
!orrds, allala,
fivr/i,,r/trventy
'Sa\
hatf past nine ln litubr cnrentli.
Monete
tn Stalele
Uflile
r00 ccnts
lscnta] {100i)
:
I dollar
toi ten cenrs
25c lwent]{ive
cents
roi }all
i dollsr.
fsia'81
$r a doltrf, /ildDs)
a bDck
[b^]tl
$5, $10, $r0
live/ten/lwentY
'
dollaB: 1sla,r,
rivr/tFn/l.wfltY
S3.8!
in.ee dolla.F iBhly_two cents
t
dclol (gt) (tun.
:
dola!)
a nicke'l
I
nlkll
a dime
tdarml
a ]ialf'dollaf
a dollar ltll
a riYe/ten/twenty
dolla! bill
,At
1131C
TERBUI,
CoNSI DERATI I GENER' {LE
"
ndnhi l i P
i ". l
i , ' o". j ' i '
t r
t r b
r r
r r anz' r r \
Di al zd
. .
. . .
r : , : ,
Pr r , oana
Num&
l ' r nf
' ^u
i'i-.i, J"i'":pot.i
v'.b au\lia' "
'
- {sr co1
.
- . "
t ! 18
131!
1329
{333
l J43
i NSi
tit *t'
160
260
1368
26t
136!
! 6!
t Si i
26t
25t
255
236
251
t 58
158
CUNJUU
\RI.t
C. \ RAATERI STI CI
GENERALI ' ] ' ' ' .
Inilicslji
Detoitieo
..
l
Tituputi
(ind;catieut) irirr\l
l'ormo
r eiltsle
CO,\JUGAREA
SI]\[PL-{
'q'
LNUI
\_!RB ltlGUL-\T ila
dilt' za
a0Dva '
DIAT]'ZA
ACTIVtr.
13ii6
-.160
t : 6i
161
1i t I
{ 38rl
{381
, 64
iJ6a
l 6i
NTODLBILtr
PT']RSO\'{[N
1382
t 65
1384
t 65
i "j ,J"' ,i i ' i -;i
p,' ' ."' ,r- '
l rl .: ,.-". .^: .;.
r"ddu, "r"d
i ndi . ar, ni u'
p' . ?"1, ,
l l l
j l ,
i : ^-1. ; , ,
iiliJ,ii,lilii,lii;i;'Jiiili
cr
prezertut
continur
1110i
t I ] 06
{411
I're.:utul
srm?ut
I. Indic.titnl
?tc.entul
snnPlu
.
-
f,l"il"'".:;";'"
;.
;
"i;",i',;'
, 138i
1386
138t
1388
96i
t 66
t 66
! 6t
! 69
: t 0
1t 0
1412 270
MN
. , ] 70
t \ 14
t i o
74t1
271
tLlB
273
7429
213
7431
t74
t43!
214
1445
\ t 46 2i a
1447
215
14q8
! 76
lt'35
277
1461 : 78
ltrii2 2i,
1463 2r9
1465
28t l
t 15
211
2i t
Evet \i ,ct|,
ftenn!
- \
l ! "; b.
|
. i
l o ul i uni '
adv r Li r l p
d_
Tn, t ut
t
D t
r 488 ! S7
t ( 8! i r st
' r 4! 4
: r 88
1495 : 88
119i 1 289
1501 290
l 5r 2 : 9D
150? : 92
1l ) l i t i 4
1528 197
Sul , j d, f t i ! ul
! . e^Jr t .
: 99
t110
tlt0
! 0t
3ni
l ' ,
T . t , . "
: r , , r ' r i . l
t r , . l
: '
l n
' .
l u a
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i
r
, ' . r i r '
. l
r _l ' "s
' t 5i t
l i i t
r i 5i
r t i B
tiilr t1,j3
l i i i o N03
r t61 iln'
1i 6U 3Ul
3r)'
1r 6i i t r 3
1: , 05 Nl r 4
, \ r AY. , . . . . . - . .
.
!
1591
15! '
t 5! 3
15! 4
1595
{590
1611i J
!15l
308
309
309
309
310
310
l l r
MI GHT
. . . . . .
sI l ouLD
. . . . . . .
.
For me . . . , . . , . .
l nl el es
. . .
.
I unct r . . . -
. . . .
wauLD. . . . . . . - .
1606
l l 11
160, - 312
I ni i i i l i vul
.
. . .
1611
1614
161i i
1bI , "
att
313
313 Indicatirul
.. . . .
Rccapr t ut ar e- .
.
-
IY. lmpcr&tiYd
.
Delini!ie
1618 314
1619 314
' 1610 314
t 6t 1
3l ' , l
! t zi l 31t
1621 3l i
i 625 31i
l t t t 315
1630 l t 6
' 163t 31i i
76tt, 3li
{6i 15 31?
t 6t 6 31t
10t , 318
Iorrna ao0cntuati
-
.
Tr a. l noer e. . . . .
. . .
-
Sllicctll
im!{rl,in]ur..
Nnrniaea
iulerallvtrrur
]IODURIT,IJ
I]IIIERSON-{I,O
3tt
319
31!
I. rnfinitirul
t 6t 8
163,.1
1640
16r 3
16r 6
16Li
1658
1666
16r i 7
l ( i t i i
16t 9
16. q3
1681
16Sa
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1691
l t i l t i
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f . i ; ' n' dL' , J.
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' t ,
.
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l , , i ; r u, i ' or np
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l n : n l . "l . . l i r b
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r
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r - , , " . , , . t r .
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nr ' r i :
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al "i \ '
\ Lor l ,
r ' l r , ' r ' ' \ r l u:
| , i .
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n
t al r \
II. ta
icipiul .
Caatilialii
seletutc
?6ti.it
i1n
$t\b.l)
llama tn ' ing
.
ucnnm' r c
_. . . . . , . . . _.
t 19
:l!0
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31rl
: 126
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328
3! !
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t 30
3t 1
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331
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Pot t ai t ' nt l
Pt . z
nL
Eet un' 1i ! \ l
t:t2
r33 O. l , r ) gl dr i e
. . . .
Particir)iul
t.ezent +
ger nndi vnl . . . . .
L' d.ticipiul
pre.eat
Caracter
9i
lun4n . . .
{Fr b . . .
Adj ' . ' i r el "
I , "u\ "n
r . dr n
p"r | dpr r
pt dzpnr !
: 1 . _
Conshuclii
!a.ticiPjale
. \ . ! / ar i \ J'
r u p' l r Ti p' r
' '
\ on: nal i \ , . 1 . r
0dr L
' Pr u
\ominativul
alsohrt
l'nrlicilntl aisohl
. .
G.rtullirut
.
Fo. ml
. . . .
- .
. . -
aTr r "l ' r i . l
' I
i
i un. ' r i
\ ' r e l ,
'
! i i
I un. i r si nl
r . l 1
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r r r r l ' . r l -
: i
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P
qr mr S
( ndr \ ul
Lierundi!al DPrlect
l nt i , Li i
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i
1100
t i 0l
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1109
t 7r 4
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t t t 6
7721
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7136
113i
t i t 9
t i 6n
1t 61
1162
1t 63
1764
I t 3
3\ t
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334
334
334
335
336
336
336
t31
338
3lr8
338
339
340
310
311
3'+2
3t2
iti:
Jn' t : . : r
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Dt t 4d
l.o.nn. Diatezl
1ni , . l c". f nncl i i
l ni o,
, , r a
t , 3, t l '
i l i ul r r i
I '
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l ar t r cr l r Dl
1766 3n6
Pani.itiul
pdsie
-
.- .
346
346
1) - 6i
rr-68
1t 69
CO^-JUG\REI
SI}IIL;\
A U\UI
\-]!RB RI1GUL\T
(IA diAtEZA
Dcl i ni l i e
. . .
- .
Di at eTa act i l i , . . . . . . . . . . . .
_.
Di . t eza
t Jsi r "
L, n "a
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dr
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CO\ JUG-\RI'],\
CONT]NU;\
A UNUI
{ERE IIIGUL-\T
(la diaLcza
actiail
-
Cani t t l dt ed. ar t t nl d
t ri r 3t 1
1t 7t 348
1) i 2
r i i t
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| i , . 6
1t 80
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1t 82
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1195
1, 196
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1806
781)1
1808
3i8
34il
3/,9
3i 0
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3i 3
3i 5
355
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$6
3i 8
3i9
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361
365
1816
t 8t 6
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For ml
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l at P
Conr ugar Pd
m xLA
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r.gulrl.
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t r er r yur t r r e
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r - l , . l a' r c' ; r l o' P
Cibra absc\alii to.eri.e
asuPN adbaa'
nercSutnb
1840
36, '
784t
1843
ta47
l 8r r u
r 849
' .
.
-
l sl ga
1850
!51
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tarl
t 828
18r 9
1832
1838
1819
3ni
365
36i
?65
366
466
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DD ITTiBTJ
36tl
368
3i3
3i 3
381
3S3
AUXILL\nD
1851 38: l
185' 383
1856 383
18, 8 183
I 861 384
1862
3E/ r
i , i 63
38i
' 1S65 386
1866
l | l 6t
' r
868
1869
386
38,'
388
TO B!
r 870 388
3rJ8
A. CoDjuseo!
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-
18t l
1372
18?3
488
t 90
3! 0
390
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.
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Fi , nr ! i i
. .
Ca ver b Dr i nci pal
. . . .
ca ver b ai ai l i a. . . .
. . . .
Ca verb colulativ
Ca verb modal
. . .
lixprcsii
idionatice..
Ioniele .ontase
TO H-\\'Ij
A. Conlug&et
sinlti
- '
Didt.za
actieil
B. 0onjrg&3
conthun
DhL. a t chpa
C. Formcle
ootrtrd$e
,'
I t r nct i i . . . . .
. . . .
C., vcrb
prinripdl
ca vFr b anxr r r dr .
. .
ca v. ct moddl
Verbul
.,to
hare' ,
ti inrerogatii
!i
ncsa\ii
. . .
-
. .
.
D{l zer o
, S; l ol "s' i r '
J' , r , 1' i r ul
DO
t 8?4 390
t 8t 6
l r l
1380 391
' r N81 392
1889 393
1891 39n
3! 4
1892
189i ]
394
396
396
3! ;
397
1860,
1867
1891,
1S9t i
' l90il
19! 5
{906
3! 8
3! 9
39!
3t 9
TO DO
t ! 1i l
1914
1915
r 916
p'q
400
400
rdDclii
. . .
TO LDT
Funcl t l
. . . . .
Cd Ycrb
P.i.,iipal
C" vcrb aux iu .. ,
Ci / u
. , 11l "F"n
r l u; a
' ' i
"n
i LI T
l . l i i \ u dLpl
\ i r b
I o r . r
'
l - o' m |
, ' oL_' '
I : . t ;
DO do+
' uJ
tL
vliltB]n,E
SHALL, !fILL,
]\IAY
2074, 2088,
! 02t 1
DErri (l Tl v! ]
I I OD, {I -E. . . .
. -
19311
t gi l l
pr r n*e. . . . . . .
, '
tga, ,t)2
1921 4! 1
1924
1925
1926 442
1t2J
LO2
1928
l u:
1, ) 29 403
40E
l gl l t
/ ! 03
1t 35 405
Considdstii
genBl.
( I ,
)
C^\
19/12
r,06
tlrril 406
For m.
.
I t 0, i ur i l p
nni r ' . r . or r Rl c
: r
r n' l t r onar '
Forrnel. con' lnse
Pr onunl r f e
. . .
. . . . . . . .
Intetusrlia
!i rcgalia
I un. , ,
( I I
I
COULD
Considcrllii sL{enlo
ll,\N CotlLD Bn
\BL1i 1(]
Sl udi r
"or l r ' Fl i r
Tinturi
.i .a\.xt' tLta
{-q:r{
1! l l 5
11J! 6
t ! 5? 4lrS
(' , {
{ . .
t 1158
410
i 10
1902
410
1' r t 1. 11t r
t ur t . 1' l - t l l l
nt l 6LL l n . .
t ot l . l |
.
' l
Lat
i "" d
"'
To l|ltliAli[
-
-
bt t nt t
r , ,
t l ' \ t t , l . 7o. . . . .
t ! r i 5
1! 67
1963 411
\
, r J
r ' u r i f l
/ f ' \ ' f . .
l r -
i r
' i i
r l r
. Ar - LI )
a,OOl-D in stilul
irdif{|.
Coniuqa.rr
Inodduhi
C.'l-\
ti
.onditionaltt
. . . . . .
1! 60 41r
1! t 0 411
ti12 4r2
t i i 3 4\ ' - )
L91L
t ' 1!
\ 9i 5
413
19ii
t't3
1987
41n
dc t f t cui . , . . . . , . . . . . . . .
-
. O(
LD. Tn. r ut
Fi mpl u.
r ot r Ji l l onal
pr P/ "nl i r '
CANICOULD
fi
lnlmdilodi
rNpcctiYi-
-"
contrastiri lractice)
!
- . .
1989
476 t 99t
BE ABLE
TO.
'
'
.
MANCE
TO . . .
'
I JSEI ' M
. . . . . .
TAGET. . . . . - .
ZERO
CANICOU
BE, ] I PPOSED
lnpcr.tli\'ul
Poliielrr
Concl uzi o. .
-
.
-
LD . . .
-
. . . .
-
. . . . . . . .
TO, . . . . . . .
. .
-
.
-
( I I l . ) I I ] I Y/ I I I Gl I T
1998
416
t0o1 417
! 008 417
2009 41t!
! 010 418
t 011
41l J
20i 2
419
, 013 419
20'J4
tL2O
,0t0
4:10
! 02{
t ' 10
Consiilerstii
gencrnlc .
-
! ' or me
. . .
UodLLr i l F
uDj peBor r al r t i
i mn' . 5nna
F
lnierogal.ia,"i
negalia
.
1\l \Y
l uDot i i
. . . . . .
htrcbuintare
. .
L] ! r \ r j dr
mod1l
.
CJ
- , r , "Ju
, J \ i l i "r "
u A) . t t l cHl
Fnr 0h
. . . . . . . .
C'N] J,D: N'IGII'I'
.r[1G9"
:
c.ndilional
Pr Lo'
r l J
j oo
"' r
' i
! r l i ; - l l ] ' \ : r '
' r
f a. ;
' l
l r P' Ll
l l t
. I
i o
r ot r l r u. t r n V l I
(lv
)
liusT
Fomr e
. . . . , . . .
Fonnele comluse
l l L. ' t
/ r Fa
.
'11t
.\ f .! lll:r
(
ML-sf
in controst
at
4-4tI
ra
rl t
' l
i o
"not -. t
ru
\ t f ,
(v
)
ouGl I T
BUV: ARF. . . . .
xI F: THl \ I t s
, . . . .
-
( l uor H. . . . . . . .
-
vLl Sf I
\ LL
Fof ml L
. - . . . . ,
IntercsaiLa
9t
negnlra
Funcl "
. .
-
Ca vcr t aul i l j u. , .
. .
Cr ver b modal
. .
(vrL) s] l OUI , D
Fxn. l r
. . .
! 0rt
2l t l
a024
!02(i
202;
t 0r ,
t 0l l 4
2037
421
411
L' '
1038
.!2il
t0/t5
(t3
2046
42L
2A4!
!21
2l i 2
t ! ) i
ti-r5j 12t
1055
i 25
, 053 426
1049
4: 6
206i
416
t 06r
106'
20611
, 1168
! 061
, 0t 1
11: 19
10r _! 429
1r l 1i l
r 29
! 076
20i )
: 0i 8
90711
2080
! 08r
108(
L' -),.
4),i
4r!
,!!9
419
4! 9
430
43i
{vr r r . )
wI LL
{rx. )
woul , D
t l o? 433
Funcl i i . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _. .
, 104 4t 3
Ca \ "r b p' i n. i pJl
d"r cl v
2, Ot i 43r
, . . . . . . . . . : , or i 414
Ca r uxi t i ar modal
. . . . 2r r 4 425
, SHALL ( SHOULD) .
WI LL
l r t OULD) . . . . . . - . . . 211a 433
, \ l t e t nt r cl ui r t i . i
. . . . . . r 1t 8 43J
For me. Funci i i . . .
-
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- . - . . . . . . . .
2r 2i 4X7
Ve. b l exj cal r egul at . , . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2126 4X, -
Al xi l i ar dl ect i v modar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2r g4 4Aj
(xLJ TO NErtD 21.1j 439
For me. I nncl i i
. . . . . . . . 2t 46 43s
\ ab
p\ i . cl
t r L, zi t r v
r gLl at
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . .
' I 4-
11a
modal
. . . .
j l sJ
139
{xI l . ]
usDD l ' o
r o"md . . . .
Ji . p
l . l el e . T"Jd . i
Pr r
I t L.
\ _ERBDLE
REFr . t \ t Vt - : . . . . . . . . . .
Dp"i ni l : P . . . . . . . . .
Tr ddunpr pd oi r l i oba . o 1. 1. i . . . . . . . . .
A l ^ ! . . b, r pl pr i vF t 1 l r mbd
. r 5
"/ 1. . .
. . . .
l v. \ FRBELE
I
OVPl . CXC. . . . . . . . . . . .
Ver i cl c compl eae ou
par t i cnl i
adr er bi i u. . . . , . . . . . . . . .
\ a
L"l P
pr r pozi Li onal "
. . . .
V- VERBELE I ] I PERSONAI , E SI U UNI PDRSON, \ LD. . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . , , . . . .
' 196
vL \ i ERt sE CARE SE CO\ FUNDI . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . , 200
! 166
216 )'
2! 68
1169
2t i 3
2lia
2179
2180
t 181
, l ! t
2192
t 193
r t 9i
954
!
: 088
Lj
43r
431
431
43\
432
4,t2
( x
)
To r r \ Fx
2t:24 437
141
4t l
447
4t4
444
444
417
4t8
4\ 8
448
448
449
YNR, BUL
(THE VERB)
coNsIDEnATIr
GDl]anALE $
1317
1) Dtinitie. -
Verbul
erprimh o acfiune
sau o activitate' o stare
-sau
$
1318
"
. ri , i "i i ". ""p", l f i r' . u' ' i t *i "r"' "
s"u modi f i ' ar"J un' i l nsui i ri o a' i rudi np
a . Jr Li a'
l i unF
sp 16"h1ngP nen, i i l or ; r
ssr pr a unul
un obi r. l , nuFi l
' ompt i
nt di r' t
a' l '
l ranzi l i I '
cclelalie
notiuni
tranzitiv sau in-
S
1319
( T ransitirP-
Frcd
js
ltriting
d l.,l?.
Tlrey ere enioXiDs
d.ns'Ites.
po-tipd
\ $1i74)
S
l32o
se risfringe asupra unui
obiecl esie
Pcnl r u
. i mpl i t i . ar " n"
' o1
l ei cr i l n
"onl i nust p
n' r mai
"t *""
- . .
or i *
"i l ,
dc un
r pr b. ' ubi n
"l ag\ nd
pr i n a' Fa' r 0 si
cuorinse
in definilia
vcrbului la acesi
punct
2) vrb tranzitiY
-si
rorb inhanzitir. -
Ve.bul
poai li
trimzitiv
M.g ts! ta1reil
d' , ga.den-
\\.e 30{ lIa c.mrng
\:erbele tranziLive
pot a|ea iliate.d
bl Yerbut
a cdt'ui actiune
etc nu
inttaixi\i\
(Intran:itioe f erb
):
oJ verbul
V erb
)'.
I-'n relb
d) daed
He rral^s slowlr'
And i]liiv ll'd happilj cver alter'
\ cr l , "l e i np, t sonct "
ar un; l t on4l "
l S2l i r 6r ! l n
i |
. | r ' l i . i ! p
\ ' . r bl e i ni r anzi t i r "
nu r u
, t t r ' ,
: n pr t ' d | 1 br , . ' r r
'
I nLr 0u
npr pnr
t r anzi t i l c I E
l J24- 1328) .
'
' ' ' 1i
r '
"' . ' l ' "ur i l .
\ er bul
l r ' r nzi l i t po"l " r i i nl r pb i nl ar ssr l ' l
' i
1 i - npa
l , r i sr r u
"e
r "st r i nsr
r ' - pr a ur ' r i ohi Fr r ' JD^"r F' a
r pr e"i r r " i nl N"' d' ' l '
a,
l i un". .
\ , r bul ui , r u di
nbh l ul J' uf t '
"; ' ur '
' F
_t ' l r i r ' '
^d
l n a' ar
' i '
veibul devine
intranzitivt:
s
1321
s
1322
"a
1393
He srood tlie mirfo.
on a lablc.
(Tranz
)
He s,ood the.c siarins
(lntr')
l l r $a5
l nr "t ur g
I
l odr : i l
l Tr om- l
I s. r \ r hi m
pt ; , r ' , 6' dr nLs
' as
i ( Lnr r
l
l l i a/ /
' Lo\ vr i
11u.
r ar i r
l T. i nz I
' '
,
". .
. i
r r ' q
I
I ' dr
' l d
L I i l
o
l
'
1r , t Rr ! r
- l ' npp
r l
l h r 0 o' '
l '
'
m' "l l T
' r ' l
' l - , mf t , m", . l ; , , r
l s
-
n r r ' Jd\
r l r r '
i nl ^t nj t ' J dpr i t
/ r "r a. ; / ; t i n dr - r al ol r Fr p
' 0r r , r i :
este urmat
de un
Pro
unre rellexiv:
s
1324
D) dacn est e
:
Lni i x
, , r i , onsi o"r t . " vp- oul n
""
6l i . i l - al i "
p
r '
r n mo, l db"o/ "I ,
- oj . J
d"- t - i n,
l p Ln ob!
t r p
.
P:,fr i,""i,'i"tr";,
!1;H,",*,r
r."u,, t
,ff
1,1;#
il,1'J;s;ll^x""iti"'ij'"&!iJljiib'uit"::lo"::
s''u
vern lranziliv Inhebuinlal
250 MORIOLOCTA
_
!'EREI''i
s
132?
prepozi ia urmitoare se intesreazd
atit de mult verlului incit devine o
parttcald.
I'erbdld. care transformd verbul din intranzitiv in tranzitiv:
t : r . r r on,
. yds
eo. "s
t u
l p DvnJDo SDo. r i
par k.
I nt r . l
' f 1F
t r al . l d i ^ , . ; ' r / . . . xan: "n ed' Li ; ns.
r Tr anT I
\ \ "
so,
t Lnsr ! an, r hJd t saDd$i ch. I nr . I
\ \ "
6! l
o. , ; oLr
.
. r pr r p, ( Tr dz.
$
1326
.
,
c, dari.ar un complemerl,lL interJr. (Cagnate
Objrcr./ (
S
2603), care reperi
roeea vernut ur! .
Ee was r &er i nf $i t h on. cve oDen. l l nl . . l
H. p \ 1- ! ""p, ni t h" J.
p
ot i l r
dan kho l , dd don" d
good
d1. vs $or k. ( T. dnz. ,
Th" , h l d $b l ou"i ; ne
a Ldr py l au| h. Tt \ nt . t
Nunreroase werbe pol
li uneori tranzitieej allcori, intanzitiae:
I I " t o . u"4i nL a sor Ll ' , , p
t of . ho" r . oai ". .
l l r , Dz
d, t r L
E\ ' ur . r on ai .
' ' - "
r aa t o
r n
gov
on
-
r r d, r v. . Tr dnr . Da. v ,
' l - t p
. d"
no r , r nt r B r ' br \ t J mi . ; s an I oLr . I i t ". ,
Tl r
, . sn"r
ot , p
pr dt d
i un , ' o", t pd Li . t abo' , r "r , v"n t dr d. Tr dn/ . i f l \
l l "y up. " / , r j
or - r ' "- "", .
t t r r , ".
p6i v,
' j - l
F
mb' ) , ' nr
HF
- o.
r a- t i ag
har I I nr
: i s
,
\ amq. ' l t r .
Fred rpca&s Enslk]!
iTranz. rcuyl
Spanisjl is s?,ft.; a
gie,ri
dcal in Latin Am&ica.
tT.an,. rasilt
rle lookcd
oD without sp44ii4s. (Inh.l
He took her arm and besan rl d,aln her uD Lhe hilt. {Tr.rnz. activ}
She las Dda ra,n..t otl hei lcgs sholping toi tlc hotidat:s.
(Trnnz. paiv)
lle rds
-dll;?s
last.
(Irtr
)
Ti,is coltagc can s?d.? twehe pcolrte.
iTranz.)
Slic Jldqs like a top.
(Inl...l
!
lB98
.
.
Unele verbe isi schimbn cu totul inletesul dupn cum sint rranzirive sau
,",i"
I ll,iHir
' o
ct,e
{ l l Tni )
t" h"rd
{ ll;iTi.)
l ( t r mz. l
: asDun- ":
, ^, - , , l i Lr . . ' z. r
:
a Do\ ci t i :
' "
. , ,
I i , nr .
r :
; , \ , , d . r
. r :
|
( i nl r . )
-
a l i
l i n
l av. ar ca el r . ) i
I l l r . , nz. l
: apur l , a:
to r!.a.
I llnlr.)
:
ldasrr.e
1in!J
I
a trcce i.cct:
-
a lace
F
a culalal: She did uie roonr.
d i de , ' . n. :
-
ot , I hl t ! . , t dr .
She
sar.
me a
prcscri.
The dike ts
atrtzs.
I ield the |askcl in mr hand.
Mr p.omise
still /rld.J.
Il-" rds l" tne the l,ruLl.
".,1
lhe child;.n a sto.ll
T|ci. nords bll.
Tlis rdlls in yotrr lavonr.
Slie atu
(.d.i,s
orlrilis.
The nighl ds r.d/in6' lo ib end
S
1329 3) Diatezir (Voicel. Diatcza este torma
pc
care o
poate
llra un
-i'erb
pe.nLru
a arita raportul dintrc subiect qi
cornplementul direct, exprimat sau
subi nl , el es:
{ 1330 al subi rut ul gr: mat i , al
l ont e
t ndepl i ni act i unea expri marl de verb
(dnt e ot t i
-+ct i rt
l ' o; ce):
I rd.n Dnglistr.
She rr. r nrr.
S
13,11 ,l subieolul gramaticil poat
sufcri acl,.iunea exprimati do 1.erb si inde-
piiniti
de conpLement\l d.i.recL (diareza pasiad
,
P^sioe
yoice)l
I n,as rdagtr E glish
ar school.
Shc /d.s lur (lJ n,el.
rUDii
art.ri ljonsid.rn
vcrbul tn accasH sjtdrlie inirlnzitiy.
CONSIDtrEATtr CINERAL!
257
rJ subiectul gramatical poate in acelagi timp indepliii
1i
suferi acliunea
S
1832
r\primatn
de verb. care in acest, caz se nume,sre ftrb tcflexie (
Refk rcftl))11
I ?.
t.
' "J
1l t:|t:1i
a-. . t .
_
1. -. . t | .
4) Pelsoeni. l{umir. Timp. llorl.
S
1333
a) Persoand
f "drson. / .
Persoana est e l ornl a pe
care o i a \ . erbul
S
1334
fenlru
a arita cn ac,tiunea ste tndplinifi de cel care vorbe$te (peAoana 1).
de cl cdruia i se adreseazn r.orbitorul (persoana a 2-s) sau de un ali. obiocLl
ani nat sau i n8ni rnat (persoana a 3-a).
b. ) Nundr (-\ ruD0). Numnrul est e l orna pe (are
o i a rrbul pent ru
Sl 33i
a arita dacn arliunea exprimati d cl nrc un singur autor (nw Ar singuLar.)
sru nrai n,urli (numdt ptutat).
c) Ti DLp (l ense). l ' i mpul ara| ; moment ul sau peri oada i n care s
S
1336
potrece
actiunea enpdruatn de verb. Gnnaticr englezn. ca
li
.rea romeni,
ounoarste tci,,timpliri de bazi"' (
Prindxl T1trscs)3, pr,:z.nl. h.t)ut
-.i
riitor.
Pe lingi aceasi,a. verbul mai poate oxpriua si nuanle ale tinpurilor de bazi
cu ajutoml timpurilor perlecte, nunile
Si ,,timpuri
secundare"
fJecondal,
Tcns?::l). (A se redea Conjagarea,
g
1354)
d) Motl (Mood). Forma
yerbald
care arati nodal cul]1 este conceputii
S1337
acliunea exprimatd de
yerb
este numiia nod
gramaticaL
In
gramatica
engleze
se l-orbette delalra moduri: indicativul. subjonclivul, condilionalul
9i
impera-
ln principiu. acliunea rprimatn pri! inl.icaltu este reale, sigurn; prin
subjonctia,
iJea16,
presupusn; prin cond.iliaml. conditionatn srr dodtn; p n
inperulir, parn|ciLe sau sugerati dircct:
I rp.aft XDglGh. (lndii,rl,ir)
r ' i s
r i {h Li m" \ o. ,
p, A?I nq. b, , . i ! r r n
m. , , 1 i . , "
. .
- . . i on, i v)
| ^
"art , t
spp. ' ' t t ' i E. , . n i t h" ^""rd.
, . on, t i l i unat ,
^i?rdl
English at
Ionr
lessonsl (Ituperativl
-\cesta
patru moduri sint numite nodari pffsanale (Finit. Farns), deoa-
S
1333
reco forne,lc 1or sint,legate de persosne. l)e lingi persoani.
]nodurila
personale
au numlr. l,imp, aspct, diatezd
Ei
sinL pnCic.Ltire. adici pot loma singure
Dredi cat ul unei DroDozi t i i I 62: l l r.
'
t l rt : r' rl '
. ro, l u"i l i
p. ri on. l ". I ' r crl nJri . a
engl dri re"bul ore; i / or. ' r" t l : t : 19
i n, t r' nnat c (Nun. F; ni 1, Forn' ol u
I
pt l ,
| \ r I t Lrl ! ). ar.
nFf i i l d I p! i rp dp
parsoane,
sini inwaritrbile. EIe corespund modurilor impersonale din g.amatica
romene
li
sint urmntoarele:
inf;,nitivnl, carc denume,ste ao,Liunea, slarea etc.. o\primatn de verb;
pdrticipiuL prezent, oare aratl o acliune in desh$urare ori o siare in curs.
erprimlnd verbul sub forma de tnsusire lczultatd dintr-o ac,tiune sau arntind
cirounlstan,ta (de mod, de timp, de cauzi cto.) in carc se pctrcce acliunea
verbul ui ;
qt
nd,irul, ca.c denumette ecliunea
yrbale;
'
1. ,
gr ama' r J , . 1! i t / , ,
I a. 1, ". , , , ui Lt "/ 1r pt
p. i . i - . i J"' dpt
i i . , o"-
nd
. 1
l , mbi i r omanp_, Ll . n. P. l i . , a" r r "f \ . I n
pr \ i nr d u F . r r dr ", l "a' r mi "i .
r
Sens cr nnaLi r nl l $ 21.
. {, . r ' mr , I i l .
J. L; ,
,
f dpol r r , l J, i l - . l . mon, nr u \ or br ; , , b m' nunF-
t i
. , 1, ' , nu",
dt i sol ur - . r . . ; , no, i
p
+- r nl . ' r F_. p' , ni , . ' .
mompn , l . p\ r {i ". ".
! "1
' "
r opo"
,
'
u1 ondnr
pr dr dr r ,
r ' 6. ! r sau
I
. .
_, l nr
r d
aaf . _
l , l i , . .
ur . , . "os, o". .
>i
I n. . {od
i
t . i : -
t t r hr . t ; . "
t r , , : ' j .
958
parliciqiul
treeut,
dintr-o aclrune:
care exp me verbul
sub forma
de tnsulire
rezultat5
+:"r,5J"i
i T:,,:l;ll'ill:;lli"l'-I"
p""."']
il.:
jlir
i:i
-,4
i;"l'l:;:'.:;:
o"ili"""Iiu
..*.
""
\ l S40For mFl FnFp- r sonal Fnu. dr r ppr qoqna' a' r ' numar : i ' i ' t np' t ! i a' l i r '
"
"' "
t SZ5r ' 1, . . r 0; n
j r i mo
no' l
' i di oi "z'
i ar i nl i ni t i vul
si psr r r ' r pr dr
pr "r "nr
3n
sr ar poc, .
'
5l Vorl
princip:
!i
Yerb suailiar'
-
Dupd funclie'
rerbul
poate ii pnn-
cipal
sRu
au) iliar'
{
l 34f
al
t ' *b
t , r i n
i pol
t . Th' Pt ' n"; pd\
v' ' 6l r p i r ' Lcl "s
pr opr i r r r si
'
r e
"'
-
"1u, ", ' , : l "
, , r bul r ur i l i a'
l ' f or mdr r r ' n' oJur i l or \ i
c l i ' "r pur i l or ' on' l usp
I ndoe a son
The house w6
to ld'
ihtv
ore at ttie
ptav' Sho dtd the room'
\
f l t l
t , ) V, r bt t t aut ; t i or
r t l e A. u"t i uFt
I r br uj ur a
l r
"on' r r ui r ' 0
t or l l cl ar
! er bal e. ompu' e.
l r r n
a' Fae' | 1
P' ; ; ; ; J
t i
i ni ' r ' ' : l ' r
p' our . i u
r or al
' 1u
r si j i r l :
ge rm ooreo
l,:%i!!"i;. ii::j" li,lii'il;:'li'l-:-'
!,' 1")i "10:' *i
0"r,,.r' ,
\' l i ,' ":l ;i "
' -;:
i " nn too' r
r"u:
Nar d
Totrte auxiliarele
pot fi
ti
l'erbe principale/lexicale'
s
"*o
""",11.f"n1,1'.J;i.T::'*;;fliiii'"x""J'i*".iJiJJi::"#l"T:il"T'":i;"il
n, Ar P.
a) Aspecr r l l
\ ) er bcl or '
Di n
punct ul de veder e al dur a! ' ei
8cl j unD
erpri mar".
v' rLcr"
r i "nnl rr
1n,/r' r
i i ' _| ,i "' ]i
,"^",,**us
A,p.a.
pai n..
[ 1J11 d' )
\ Pf be cu caract er
o' nr
' '''
l,*ii;tt;;i;-lil;l;j;r:ll
':i::;;;il
;'-:1Ti':1i,1'ri'."'l'1';
':'"i::
ninnrii
ei:
d1315 a"/
verbe cu caraci er
drrdl i o
(y erbs of Dut dt i ec
l sl cl J'
care
eri l )rl m*
"
acl i uni
sou st ; ri ce dureazi :
1':$"1'*
i:[::+
i:]i:1"*
f'"T;
A 1ir16 d"') verbe cu caracler
dubtlr
(Verbs of Doable AsPe'l''
csre au taraoter
"
' - - -
- n^pnr i n
sr u dur a i v 1n f un' {i '
da cot r r ' \ r :
i;,1'i;i?'i:l
tl
iii"",#;"il'""Ti
*T),,
r"*"''r
I l ?af d
a noi sc
( Noment Jn)
! i i i "i ". ? i i i n ri " |
' sons
t o' {n ho
-
"
rol v nu"d
i '
He srorrel
shorr'
{Nomenl'nr
i i ; : ; ; f i ; ;
i ' i l "
' ! i rras'
rrur ' $^ dJrs
Duri rri v)
'
r - *" *r ' mol i \
vPr bul
pt i r . ; r sl ' ' . "
unpor i
r umi l i r
gmnr '
i i ' J i 1' bi i ' J
gl r / '
"r"t t
i ))i . i ' l
) i . i i i , i i
1""r; ' ' ""uri i i i
i "
"' "t "' "r
'
"
^bl i
auri ' i ' -r
r"' "
"rp
ri 1. ' ' r
i j i oi "i ""
i j ai ' i au^r ! An
r nPt ! ) t ' 4
r ' ' u
p\ r dl i
r a t r bpl ' m"di r "
\ ' ?'
s
r : {u
'':
a ajungc lntr'un
lunci'
CONSDIN^TII CENIIALE
Obser a. L! {e
Lrnele rerbe lii schimbli caracterul din durativ in momenranl
prin
adnr-
\ lg4?
gara part;culei
advcrbiale sau prepozitio
ale care le translormd in
yrbe
-
. or npl e\ p.
i nsi . l 1nJu s". o. t "l c. . i pr " i n. , l ut ul ui . . t i ' . i r r l i
. Ju
r ezut ar ui - i
a. ! r unr r
or i st i f l r
p\ p
mat e.
1o
s.t
(: a der.n'r
ldlrrativl
10
s.t
u! (: a sc s.ura) (momcnraDl
b tie (:
I ii cnlcat, a znce)
[duraii'r
t. tie &\\,r
1:
a se c!i,,a, a se n,lnidc) (!roienra.)
t o, nal . ( - a l acf )
l d, ' r ur i vl
ta nat'r off (:
a lusi) ituomenianl
ta si.t
_
(:
I sed.al ldu.aiirt
10 s. t d. oqn 1: asear ezr ) ( r non' enl an)
to stdnd l: n sia h
ricioar) l,tr.ri.irl
to stand up
1:
a s. saul. in pi.ioa.c) (monenirnl
f o s; t do, vn.
t a
t or d
up au un- or i
- i
I n, Jl - q Ll ur . t i r ( r - Jp". t i r
a scdad.
o st a i n
f i . i oar r )
l n t u. r , ! i p d"
r ont e\ t t
o r l on4. up
r al / , /
L
b0r sdu bul el
la
care se mdnlnci stind in picioare);
a stanrl-up ieal (: gistare luafi stind
,
1)
)
_A
s p
p, t
t , u l
f - o
r , m e L o r u e r l al c. t r I aj or i t at ea f or net or {er bal e
S
L3{8
or n r l moa engr cza at r doua &. pt r t P ,
h') aspcctal perfectio (The
Common Aspcct or Perl ctive,4sr..t).
care .a 1849
c\ Dr i md
. l i un"a i - si Fi d v"r hul u; . F1i - i 4, nau
""
noLi I nad da r l Li r ar a qi d"
b"
)
aspectul inpetfectie (duratie
nn nnLinu.ttiv
)
(Itu
Cantinuous ot
\ lJiO
Pr c' - r
s' ; r ,
Asp*' ) .
. sr c
ar al / . d
a,
l i , r nFa
va"bul ui
"st "
, n ,
ur .
. 1u
. b
se
r epet d.
Acestor doui aspecte le corespund doui forme de conjreare:
.
.
)
ftnjuqar.o sinpla
(lhc
Simplp ConjaEat;on) cind A0liunea verbului
\ 13il
I g,
hon-" And llc do$n rvhrn I olz tir.d.
Shc nas s/P?r \di.
I saw t,. .onz in.
ThrX ndd tud such lrnl
.c").conjryarca
con.tinud (Th.
(ontinuons
ot
prclrl'.ssit)e
Conjalation)
|
ltiJz
oind acliunca {erbuiui este i'nperiectivn:
'What d.
ron.r,inAr"
"I am t.Liins
at t.he ncH
jfr
air linpr..'
t hp
ho b, . sl "1i . . . | , r , 1 i . . . r
Hr ho. t
t
, \ r "ad
"A
r l | l "r - ,
, . .
HoN lorg iar yan bkt tchiaq cotds tjke this? (R.t.tililel
At enl i e !
S
l j bg
. _
\ un' "l e t e. anj ut or .
"au
l onnt
pn"t a: r i F. r e
i ' l p"opr i , r . , t "odr p. c
i l
l i mba romdna . progresi v t rr"umn,
! . . i r!
. r, , . / .
sau sF d. / .
ar, i
rFDt t -
roDu!
r : r "s, r .
. mr r e
nu e nazul
ai i . Fo| ao, ont i i ua
"t r "
nLm"t p i nLt j . Jr , t n l i mbl
engleze b bc in
lrrgrerr
insemnind a
fi
in curs, in d(:s.fd.turarc, i.n Mnti uare,
de unde: , . l rogress; re".
lt*
t
Ve.bele complxe ou oaractd nnmait.rr pot
delcni dnrnrivc in htn.lic de cornrt.
!00
CONJUG.\REA
C.TITAOTUIiISTIOT
GE\DR
AI'tr
1\ DI C, \ ' 1, ' l l
\ 1t rl
0Dt cl i
TtllPtrRt
I \ t ) l c
\ Tl \ ' I i i ,
s
1:l ;
t
S
lil'r;
1*!F*$*ffit
ffi.u+;.{i*rrr,1i
i1;,,,,;;
ig*$fitffil"xi'fst*$$**'i'i*ffi
!
13;1i
s
13t7
*\
I
t i g.
1
Gn,Ir rrczeDl{ttui
Ti mDur i l r ' . onPus'
au ru\iliid,l
h
!tu:flt
l i i t or
1
i
' Li r
I
L
' 1,
ur Ll r r r
, r u , r r r . i t j . t
I l d t . d"
f _i ! t or t i 1n,
t l r l r t I l
\ i l i , r n"Tt , r, t
t rl i
l
I m
i:61
Aneliza fig. 1
lqi
2
Conjugarea ronlini este un sistem eentrat in
Drezent {ver;
Fi{. 1).
pcl,Ltu
(
l35S
F\ pr i mar Fr l r e, u' ul ui t al , l dp p' "r pnl . r onj u' t ar ; x
r omdnJ ar F- t r Fi
r i n, pur i
t l . t ut rt i mpc4-l ut . ppt [ , "t ut \ i npt u , i
I , "4. . t t
l , ompu: . qi
, rn
ri hp rni Fri nr
a' P. l of ai m4t mul t ru p"r[ f t ul .
Pent ru
prpri m"rpr
ri i ' nr-l ui
"onj ugrr. r
romind are atitorul
Ei
\In timp alterior acesfitla. oi.itorul anttior.
Uonlugxreo $glczi esl,e un sisten construit
pe
doun aft
DarulLIc i\ezi \
t;i.')t)
Fi : . 2\ .
ci sl . mul
F6t p
oJdr pc rl ouj t ; npuri : pr . b
opl r. p pr. . . nt u! (
p.
*Lt
'
i . r r , .
ne
dF a| a t t . . u1u|
( Pn, t
t "nv) .
Redarea unci intinpldri sau a unei st;ri poate li ficutn:
l) fie la prezent, lntrebuinlindu,se prczeitul indicairu,Iui;
S
1:J{i0
2) fie la trecut, tntrcbujnliDdu-se
t;cntnt indicar.iruluit
i
fl6t
He knoc16, aaitt a liiUe and iher ot,ns th. doo.. lPrezentl
H. kn.ked, kaited a little aDd l.len oFn.d tht door. iTf4,,L)
. \ r . . bpl " l i mpur i
. i nt
r i ' . 1nur i
r ; , , r 1,
Dle au liecaie trcrural si ;iitotul lal distin.!. expfi-late pr;u r;lllpuri co
-
puse.
1) Fati de prezrnt (
Pftse
t T,n*). prc.entLl p.rfect (
prcynt p.jrfcd
) I
tttjl
A\ p| l r ni
o a r l unp
"r , t - f l uJ15.
i J' r ; . t ot ut ( Ft ,
t , ) si r , , ] ar ' , t
t . t l
. t
t Ful r r p
Pcdcct). acJiuni riitoarc:
t oU I r
/ , , . ". d1. 1"1 Ll
t , ". r
' . ' t , ' r , . r , . r . r i o
f i p. . . . nt . t u
' ". - , ' l i i i ' , ; ,
i ,
. . , . , t 1- l ' , :
i
r
, , .
,
{
| , ,
L!
r ' ' "/ , , 1
Er ent pLu:
Yon Ano$ I Lrre."/1l ..r l)fr ard itratt.all asain.
! X f i r. o' , l i . k I sl . r' t rl re. ol Ld t $i ! e.
At enl i c!
,
Toaj.c recsle limpuri. fiind raportate la prezent.
au auriliarut respectiv
g
1B{i3
, r l'n{n de trrecut (
pasl
Tcnse
),
trccutul pei{l (
past p.rlcLt
)
e\prima o
-s
1J64
a, l i . .
anl , r i ^ r d. ) , r , ' t ut
l ot o
d" t r . r Lr t ( t . r , ut t n, l , . t , asi t
i i ' t , t t or ut
-
p,
!4
fuli
dt: tecut (Futurc
Perfett tn the
past_/
acliuni I'iii,oare:
I r
i . , d, r hd
I cnut , i
j I sno, l d, nr
I
I sno&tl harc
I called
-
t.cfll pedect (acliune
alr,erioariL ircntului)
-
viilorul lale
dc lreort
1
acliLDi riir.oare laliL
-
\'iil.orul
terfc.t
t
'lc
trecrl
Exenpl u:
I lold
l'o!
I lail unled .n her and \fodd catt lgdn.
You krictr ihri by livc otleck I shorrld bsre.ali,l {s ngrccrl.
.
To, l n 0, Fst - t i mpur i .
f i : r d r at or t x' . l d / . p. r / . Ju i U\ i t i d, l t a r , . p-
r i \ "
S
l Sr i t
) ! \ l ndl col l r nl l f P. nl .
Obser aal f . e
.
Arnlele srii d-iin
luri
-
erupr prezontului
pc dc o part
li
grulo irecu-
S
1366
r ur u, pp de ol r 0
- l or mF0Ta r t ' : t - t bm p.
I
t !
si t r , t l i r .
FORME VERB.{LE
s
r 36q
lloonotnia de formc tn coniugarea englezn este extremi. La verbele regu-
lat, care roiNtituie mdroa majoritate a \;erbclor, o si[guri formir - aceea a
infinitivului
prezcnt
- stil l^ haz:r introgii coniugiri. Este deoi suficient se se
sLie infinitit'il unui
verb peniru a se afla
;i
conjugarea lui, dao{ se cunoso
urmAtoarele reguli de bazn:
1) lormle simple ale coniugntii
dedvn de la tnltztltt (
$
1639);
r ^ r r l l ( i nf i r i l i r )
-
. 4t 1.
"ol l s
( i l di . al i v
pr Fz"nr r '
. o1r
{i mper dt i v)
-
. nt l "t l
\ i ", l i . "t i !
l rc. u sLbj on. l i v
pre?pni . parri . i pi u
rrp. uLJ
-
. dt ri r:
{part i -
cipir
prezent).
2) formele compuse se construiesc ou urmdtoarele auxiliara:
n) SHALL
qi WILL (cu trecutul SHOULD si WOULD)
+
iofinitivul
sini ciracte stice
pntru viitor (modul indicativ);
Ti i l orul
I s/d ci1l, .tc. (lersoana 1 sg.
9i
p1.)
Iou
(lZ
orll. elc. (persoana a t' a
ti
e 3 a sg
fi Pt
l
I i i l t , rul f al n
, 1. l ro(rt l
I sno"ld c 1, etc. (pe$onn. t sg.
$i
p1.)
you .ro,id .nll, etu. (pe$oma a t-i
ti
a I'a sg.
ti
pl.l
D/ SHOULD
ti
W0ULD
+
inlinitivnl lorneazd
qi condilionalul:
I sh.uA crl1,.tc.
(!eNoa^a 1 sg
Si Ir1.)
Jox
ru.id eau ctc.
(lersoana a !-a
ti
a 3_a sg
ii
pl
)
$
1372 .J to HAVE
+
participiul fecd ajut[ la forrnarea t[turor timpurilor
pclfeote:
!8i
s
1e69
s
1370
s
136?
s
1371
Prezentul
pertect
Yiitorul
portect
I rnz[ ],r. caued,
ett.
Co dilionrlul
perlect
I sharltl. ha@ .altcd,
etc.
Infiniti{r
pertcot
l'reoutul pcrfect
Viitorul
pcrtect
fati de trecut
I stoall /ure called, etc.
Subjonotivul
pelfeet (forma modernd)
Participiul perlect
dJ io BE lormeazE conjugarea continui qi conjugarea pasii'I:
.
pr ni . i pi r l pr czanl ,
oni , Ear FO
. o l i nur :
I an ca.lling, ctc.
pr f i i . i l ' i ul l r e. ul
. ^nj u! dn 3
pJ"i r "
I a,, cailed, etc-
r
Ac.stn tormfr de bazn esie nuoriti 1n
Sfanatictr
nglezil
,,Iorma
comuni"
f?tu
Cotumt Iaitu. The Dase)
s
1373
0bs. r aal i e
\ o, n0n l ai urs rct , , al i . , , o, , j ucr i engl eze prezi nt n acceasi si nci ri e si
S
137: 1
?
^r ' mi c'
o
. i
. o, ] i uga' , . .
T. a
- , . l "
r , dur i l F o/ 1. l i r np, | | i l n
i / r r r ; or . , ol or
r r pi l i nl pu' i da
b. zi r r r p, u, .
f r pzen
. l i r
! i i
. f l .
i u. u\ , r ut
I r [ p]
r l du, ". I
l o n' r r "l p t i moul ui
. au
- o, l ' i l ' r i r ^. f F, . i ! s- ' 1"'
t oo1"
1; '
r ' i 1; 1) , 1.
t . n a' . , 1
l)rczcnlul
!erlc.t
-
Trecnlul
tefL.ct
-
\ ' i i t nt ul p- af eL l l r l 1. , l e 1r . 1r t
-
LonoT, onI ur
l ,
r Po
-
Sulriofotirul
perltut
-
Inlinili l
rrerfect
-
Parlicitiul perleoi
nu are perlFct decit in nxrd cu totul
S
1375
s
rB78
un
Ztdefl
core".punzdtoF:
Viitoful Intn de lr(ul
Con.ti!jonalul
rrezeni
Slnior.ii{l
p.ezent
I ni j r i t i vul pf
z. nl
P. , r l i r i t i xl pr ,
z. nt
ll r c e p
I
i c: Imperathul. carc
xcepl i onal . ( V' ) zi
. s
1622) .
. 1 t enl i . !
A se observa ideniitatci de formi a urmitoarelor timpuri
;i
moduri.
si da i
. i npl i
. , t er r i ,
' , r
- i zi s
r onl r r c. : r r i i en. r z- .
d/ l nf i ni r i \ ul
t , r pl - nr
, t dr . 1
, a, .
i r i Ll i "r t i , ' i ' pr ' r pnr r hnr p"r . . . . , - a. g. r .
subjonctivul (forma recho) si imperativul.
DJ tndicativul trccrt si subjonctivul prezent (iorma moderni).
a/ I'recutui portecl
,si
subjoncti\ul perlect (forma modernn).
rl.,) Viiiorul falE de trecut si condiliondul prezent.
,ri viitorul perfecr faln dc irccut,
ii
concti,tionalul pericr.
Diiro.lierea acestor lorme este determinatd de .ront.r/. cnrc subliniaze
i nl . al i d vorbi t orul ui . , \ ccsi
are ast i el l a di spozi l i e o
qami i nt i rri t e ri e, ^ubt i l i -
Letti (ooertones.)
cu caft.loate
jongia
pentru
a
;i
exprima cele n]d ijne nuanle
are qrn( n sau srmlrrn.
0onchrzio
$
1377
Sistemul conjugn i enEleze cuprinde la modul indicativ:
1) ttei. tinpuri d? be.ti aLe rcnj\gdri.i sbnpLe preznt. trecut
ti
viitor
-
care evrimi o acliunc przenti. trccutd sau viitoare. nelimitatii la rllornntul
2t t r ci
' t nt ) ut i d h: d ot
. q
i up, . t r t ;
, ont t r r " pt p7. nt . . a1t i nuu. t r F-
. u . onr i nuu
si vi i , o'
- ' n' i nl nr ,
"i "c: r 1r i m. j
o. r ", i r r n, t n, u". l d n mom'
r t ,
dat prezcrt,
trecut sau viitor;
Jt t r i
t , npu
t , , rl
. , ,
, t t . , onj d; dt i ;
r; , / , / . /
-
n-a/ -nt
pprt F,
' ,
t , a. ul
p, r f . , r si \ i i r . r p"r h"
- , 1p
Fr pr i mr
0", i t ni
, . r mi na
".
, nt "r i u. r F unui
m^manl dal
pxpr i ' nr l
pr i n pr er Fr r ,
t r er ut
adu
\ t or :
4) trei. ttnpwi perfecle aL conjryd.rii cadinu. -
prezent perfect coniinuu,
l r p, r ' l
I , Fr l ""'
. ont i nu
r Fi \ i i r 4r p- r l F. t , . , , t i nuu . . r "
"xp"i . r ,
i . ! i uni i n
r ur s pi na l o Dn m01. nt dar pr Fz; r
r .
r r p. ur
: au
r r i
or . "i . o- t i n, r l nd
. au
nu i n
,
Cpl pl el r a r odur i du l o l .
ur
t r pzF. t i i
un p. r l a. t . pdr r i . i t i ul J\ i nd i n
prus
i r
un rrmp rrecui ,
I
DennniFa de
,e./c., are. ln rclasia sil.lr}tie. si sensul
anterior !nni alt timp:
!|czni,.
lrecnr sau viiin.'
:
Pentru atrolunaarea accstni astect al limtii ngleze,
s
r930.
d. polcctat, iermina!, deci
rezi Y.rbele defe.tire ,odale
s
1373
s
1379
904
CONJL{,i,tltE-{
SIIIPL-4. A UNUI 1ERB nIEGUL-{T
(sllrPlll coNJUGlTrOr
Ol' A rLnGU[-\R TIIRB)
DI,\TEZA ACTIVA1
(ACTTVIT YOICE)
TO N,ILL
{A
CHEI{A)'
I \r I \ITi\i
r?r\?l\'1?1
rz,
l)rr,zent (
I'res.:rLt)
ler{ect
(
perfecL)
l o cau
( : a c] ' cmal
l o hat c c: r l l ed
{=
a i i cl ' emar )
I'ARTICIPiL
(!
ATTT]C]PLE
)
Prczen\
(
Pftscnt)
Trecut
f
parrl
Peficc't
(
perfcct)
(alr;ns
i:
clemhdl calld
(: ohen3l.) hdenq .alle'l
(:
chenlnd)'
\ l r ' . l : L l Nnl L\ l l \
t l . \ l r l aAi l l
L . Vt nD;
Pt.z$t ( Prcsent)
'Irccs\
(
Past
le se)
I otll
l.=
chcn)
I called (: chc!!am.
.hemai, am chemat)
rou call You
cnll.d
i ' "
I
h"|
sre I caus
she I called
i ; '
I ' - - '
i r
J
wr c{ll
Fr called
rou oall
vou c rll"l
il,cJ call
l.iieY calld
Proze t pefc0t (
Present Pfffed)
Treeut
lrerleot
(
Pusr PerfIt)
(Futue
)
I hrrl callcd
(: .rhematn)
Yiitoml ta$ Viiforul
perlect tati
do trccut dc trecut
(Fuhtre
in the
(Future Perfed in
Pdst
)
the Pdst)
I havc call|d
i:
am clremrtJ
Iou
ha{c ealled
sl r
r l ms. al l r d
{' e harc callcd
rou
lave callld
ihcr have eallcd
Yiitor
yiitor
pertcct
I s/d/l i,all I rn,ll hnlc callcd
I snolld c l I siodld hale calted
I
\ , i . , T. .
I
"oi
. i
'
J,
l
- vor
cl ' em' \ "i l i
' hpmal
, , ,
f o- \ i l | . ' l \ o] si ' | ' ' "\ "i l "J\ ' o' $oU| d' a| L
I
i . "
|
\ i i h.
I woLr J l i _ I
$"ur d hJ\ "
, r r "
l $i r . , ' r ; ,
.
i l j f t i ; "
t ; . , i i "
- ' e
i ", i ;
r . . h/ / , . dl *sj . / / r , av.
' , r "r
*.
. l r , , , t , i i "
"r , , ' , r a "' .
",
r ". 1
. - , ,
"i ' l
, t \ o. $i l I ' c{
'
l l "J
l , '
{ox"l
' i l l
) !
r r cud hJ\ ' m' l "d
r l ' "\ ' $i l . d. l
". .
r . i . | l J\ "
'
l l qJ
l L' J{ul l ' l l h' y $our o r Jvr
' dr r Po
l
Yczi
q
1t 7i - 1773.
- r
"r
' , i . , i , - ot r ' . . r ".
".
*o n' pr l i '
, "' I n l u' r ar "J d- dt " un hi ngu_ l nl l Fs
' l
\ ' r b
' l ui
, , , / , . \ "t "i r "
j *t ,
. , d' r "J"c1, . i uni : asr r i g' r . a xumi , : r \ i / i l a/ l r . - l D l un. l i e
''
tcu
sersut
,,.tutii
ce a chcnat" lcesi tinp liDsefl,e in gramatica limbii
'omane
( V. zi
S
1r 0r ) .
tl0LlliL
forma Teche
( I ndependentd. dc linp
)
I call (:
sn chcm)
slr.
I
call
]\IOIIUL
lrtzeloI (
Present)
I' ri
I
i r,
I
,6;
suBJo\cTIV (,ttj
B.ttiNCTtvE ltooD)
Forma Doui
Ptezet\t (
prcsed)
Pertect (p.4.d)
I cancd. (: se .hcmj I l,ad calted (-
s,'L fi ct,cmatj
Jor
falled
Jou
had caltcd
| eI
t r e
l
she
I
call.d she
I
had cdteo
' r Jj r l
co\DITtoNAL (CONDIIIONlL
MOOD
)
Perlect (
Perfect
)
chena) I s/pzld have cdl.d (:
ns ti ctt.Irarl
you
wonld h.rvc call.d
nct
slic
l
ivould halc ,ralled
r i I
we sloLld nare onlt.d
Iou
wolld |ave oalted
Urcy would }ale callcd
lloDUL
TMPDRATIV
(I]11'DFATIt/E
trOOD
)
( Pcrsoana a 2-d, sg.
ti
pl.)
&ll (=
oheane, .henali)
{Yezi 9i
g
162!)
OONJUGI&XA ACNY.I CO:{TINUI
(vezi
S
1t e1)
DINTEZA1
ICTIYA
(acrrvu
Torcx)
Xi ODURI I , E PERSONALE
i !
t Nl T! I OR\ I S OF _{ VERBi
I . I I \ DI CATI VUL
( THI ] I NDI CATI YN)
s
1380
5
r 381
51382
pdl t i f ' S.
. t rl odul
i ndi cat j v prezi nre
acl i unra, si , area sau eri st en, ra
S
1] 8s
expr r mat a i j e l er b Lr r , , ' at , r r {ar "d.
PX,DZENIUL $}IPLU
{THE
SIIPI]N IIi ESE\AI)
s
1384
1) Def i ni , l i c. I n pr i nci pi u.
t i mpul gr amdt i . al
r umi t . . t r ei , i r .
e_r pr i nr . r
! t BSb
o a,
l i une
sbu o sr sr c. o er i i ql r n, l
i n
pr pTr ' ,
. l n t ,
pt
i r , . H.
p. f l , , . , , t .
de Li - - , o l . -
-
, ar esFr pf "r d \ pr bul F",
n"l i mr r st s; l n, ap"
i n t F, ut
- i
dut r 0/ . . r i n t i i t or .
i r , . 1u. i v momcnl ul
pr pr pnt
i n . Jr c F.
"i l d
\ ' or Li l onr l .
r Vezi
S
177t - 1t 73.
266
a r : hB 2r [ nr , n; .
Por eoar r a: r : l - i ' l
sr oeul i t r '
-
Pt pz"n' ul
si nl l u: ' ": : ":
"' ] ": - '
,
, . , si i ni : - r
i v. r l .
t .
, or ' "
p". - """"f "- ",
, ' , - pi ; "
n^Fodn; i
a
: r - d
' i ngul ' r ' ' "r e
. . . .
""
"
, ' ' r r i nl l i o
di ' i n'
r ' r a:
i;i'i
I'J"l5ti"l'"",i";"li:'
i,'l:i'|"!il"'
Or t ogr af Lt L
per soanei
a
3' a
si ngul ar '
l n' r u,
r ' . i ' u"r i . '
i 0. . ". r r
. h"sr i , r n'
""r ". i - "' i ' A
t i
t "
l ' ' : : r : T:
: ' ' "-
er at i ' r i i
pl t "al ul ui ' ' o
' "" ' "' ""l
"i l o' . i ' "' ai "- "i ur i t "
' "' "; ' t i ' "
t "
Soo'
i i - "
1u". ". "
r r r m; r oJr ol or
c\ empl c i l u' t ' sr i \ "
pFn' Lu
vpr b:
/ a)
( S el ) :
lo looli -
hc
looks
lsl
to r.dd -
h.
rcads
lzl
l. bcar
-
lLe bctrs Lzl
to take -
he
i' o
lliSue-
nc
lo clrcte -
ne
to s.ow -
hc
sro$r
trl
lo iaai
-
he
ta\Ls tzl
ro eve
-
he cXes lt)
takes tsl
(b) (
s
sz):
to laoD -
sn'"
laces
to .o[gc -
she
.orges
(cj (6 s:r):
to d.css -
he orcsYs
to mir -
hc nnte_'
l,o
plcdge
-
he
Pledges
to
turse -
he
lursos
|o l.eezc -
iL fee?es
to blil,z -
iL blitzd
to lnsn -
he
Pushes
to icach -
he r_"achct
to match -
he maicnes
r d,
{s95) :
r o, ar - J
_h. , ar , t r
to l'Iy
(
$
e6) :
to say
-
xe saJs
to to'r -
he
loys
(e) (S t ot )'
-^
-. . -"
ro do
io
go
-
ne
gods
f / )
( S102) l
'
'
ll l;1"" -
i" llrnl"
;: i:li"
r
H i":f;""
s
r38?
3)
Porbotoa
+
,2-i :'^::r"*;
2."u""il};l Ji'$iJ:,
i"i
lt',i"::'"*
."*
"
a. Aci i
rormi
, o
i t
t a
p"r' oan?
' "i ' ", i ; i ", "
i ; , "
i o, rre
mut r
racr
si
bun-bunl
A. asru
. cra. l eri s1, . 5
d i rmDrr
ensrcze
i ' , 1. ' Yl l . l i -1"^-. r; . i , , i . "r rct ar, i i rur
i.
,,"'i"i."i
p""'."
pa"$q*1
.iTl"iTiilo";llili,""lil"lil'il,i'i'T.:
::';lt"
di nrre
p"r. oan"l p drn ongrndr'
. 1 i ""^", , . . *". ". s"a".
i ""i .,.i
' ""i ti r"
a""^rn!'
Il i J
dP ori si n' i ul :"qhi
r'
' i i 1q.",l :1"""1:' :Ti ,"
"
i - i
"
i ' r ' or "r "l
pol i r ct i i -
l nr r ch"r i h
di n
j cxr ur
FI ' gr az:
19) ' "' '
r Y'
( sau
t i
mJi r or r nal
- How oo
1' "'
i "oi ' ; r l i "r - u^
macazi n:
- \ vhal
cn
I do
!h'o
(onomalopce
:
hltl)
:
aslc'iai
asoni
(llsrd
1t o
- "1, c
:
ai nci r l l ai
aPol cor ' l
t or
p"..,,iTi,m
!e,s.
n r a ss. c- r.L u lormi
arhaic,-I,
ari {rialectah
sntr
liLfarir:
o&.4ll*'
' "' , , . ; T' t \ l ; ; i r , : j ; i / , "r , , b, i r r . ; . 1, , ' i l ": l l , ' , , l Ji i
: l Xl , i i : l ; ; - . "; i i
obr ' ^""r : a
f l Lur dr ' oFn'
' : r i ' aI l : i l
^i : ] . "i . . - , , ,
, , r , . . . . - r s r "r ; o,
I ' t . or r
i{itl"l,.jtil'i;ifl 'ii 'iii
::f;il:'r
i"
ii
il
"i'
i'"Ji :r
ri;::'
:;:
ri:i'
ri
:'ir
'"
! 67
lor
lou, lladaml" La rcstauranl,:
'\lhat \\rili
lrou
have. sir?" etc. stnL traduse
cu . , Ce mai
/ acl ?' , , , Cu
ce t serrescl ".
, , Ce
c' rr: i si i ei 2" i n l oc dc:
. . l l espect et e
mel _e". I n magazi n: . , Cu ce rd pot serl i l ' . T, r rest aurant :
, . Ce
r)ori yi sn l ua1i ! ,
4) I trebuinlaruri przontutui
simplu. - Ilrezentul indicatirutui esic
{
1388
l nl r pbui nl r t penr r u
-
pxpr i - . ' .
i r . l un. l i c dp, . nr , \ r . dr j i n. pul pr . zcnt .
f rI
5r
I rmpur t recui \ i I 1ur, or.
z) Expr i nd f i , npul pr ezenr .
$
13Bg
.
Pr Fzant ul 6i mpl u. ci nd I nJJ
r i ' npul pr pzFnt , ^. r
r ' ai hc, r pr t i t nt r , -
buml nrp a sa xpnl nn:
dJ un adevnr gen eral. u ]ni:;ersal (
an et ttnul r r ui i
J.
f; ra sp eci ticarei ijmpu
\
1t90
l ui , r umi l l n a, e. r r z
sj . . t r pz. n et r r n- 1.
l oar ' " i i . . l i , "t i n pr or cr be:
'
The Earth rurn.s or lts dis.
-{
i.iend
jn
reed i." a hiend
jndccd.
lP.oterbi
Tlii, sun.;rs irt the east ad se1s i! $c FesL.
TNo and iwo {"3 ion..
Dab' es u., lery sNeft.
"Thc child is father ol the nd."
,/ o acliune sau o sl,are care cartrctcrizeazi subiectul:
s
139r
The lanulc
flor!
into lhe Bhck
Sca.
This tcni /Mlds lonr pcople.
I I i , r \ eN
qui , k
$o. 1. .
r cai \ sl i m' f osi .
He laees ltr canp out.
l . bbt : d\ F sl e
j u. . t
l , \ Ps t aot : : . . c.
ue hos a
t bm.
cJ o ac,tirne sau o staro permanentd
care cons|ituie un obicei sau care
q
1392
este repetatdl (adesea cu arlverbe sau locut,iuni adl.erbiale repetiti\.e. cn:
'
al*alf, often. seldam. usuaLll. ca.r, neecrl trhen&er, erent rlult. on
qe.hends
\\i,
/isnr
1o. r'cace
I
oa, liles and lca.ns.
lProvrbl
-qhe
s,nls hlr lltiers brf ai. nail.
Hc rlccpi iir) litlle. doisn' i nc.
"Lond nf dl l i n; , : , . s\ i l h n' \ . r "r l . r ' ". . 1 , . 1 \ r " r l , ,
\ f F ol nr I r
j . !
o. r - r r ' on 1""1, - . ,
p. .-J
,s o/r a
$r. seldom ltsr.? in t. hilk' s-
Doesit shc u a
!
statl ut kde?
It' \at er.r r.,7cnr.f whil I sa!?
Undc
",rf
u t-.r.r tl,c tt o.l.l I.r5 on lb. T\i.
Wheher| t,\ttta cd,ls, sh0 brings cran.ie rlo1i?rs.
r a . i
,
/
l . r
-
l
i ?
) .
n u n ap. l - . , r ' , ni i ", 1. ,
'
l . i ", . J r J. i :
- \ i , , 1
l \ p\ sel i , r h, nkr ou ; ma
i nl , , . \ ' - l
. I . r r . . t ' . i , . . t ' r r . i . . / r . , , - i "-
I n, r ' a, p: - t l . ! 1. h, l out , f u, r / . ,
. 1L- . t t o. t r . .
c. r b. r , r , . . . .
r p. t .
: . .
H/ 1. , i
r
\ l r di r di
o\ - . pl
dp
"ddu, , f l r ^r dt
n, , ". n. n. . , , ; . ar a, i r s. , : . t I \ r r 1l r
Edt npAt l aon, pa"u:
r ; / r u\ i . t , l or ' r r r J. ai , t
, , . "; Jt
"
r . . Jt . l _, L! \ . . . , n i o t r . J
bi
m1ni "t u_di n ar "i l i ", l "11. p. r J! . l ui l or . . . \ ' 1
/
p/ n,
/ , . -
t L' - . t b". , t t , r t t t , . i - - . 1
di n ! p" uul anl . Pd
"l d
st , - r r : . . \ m n' i n, r ' ,
, .
t i , r "
r
L
, .
l . ' , t )
; . ,
t , ' , . at n. oJ,
t un da r ,
t , n &, t of t l t t unE. L. I . d. . . .
. .
r 1, i un i u, r . a. r t p r ]
J. , t a. dat , t .
: . \ c-
or z"a. , 1-
"\ r r i n'
o I ' r , t l ", . r . d
1-
r ' r p t i
t . .
sp
numcr , i
r i r e: ear snonr c
( r aanl t 14! , nt )
I Jn
l o. ' n
pl u"r ' . - Ji , / p ! ^
nai
pud! . r , L
"
I i ". , l , "7, i r . . s. , , r - , t . r , ,
aFo.mil
ninild h sramatic{ ,ic,ent iloatie
(ttetutiee
Prcsent).
s"Innl.on
Ca ine"
a:
Vorleiti Londral este nlrmele iransmisi.i TV a RBC.nlui.
q
1e93 d) o rcl j une sau o st are cnre are l oc l n momeni ul
vorbi ri i , dar care no
an' t r '
'
,
I r i i n. l I n
, 1,
qr r _. ur r r p.
ci nr r n, r i
r a
"r i st i nd:
_\
o . - r " r r L
' ni .
4. " r o
l r r o
- - \ ",
| / , 4P
' col l 3nd
oo' r l "'
Sl,p ra:",1(rl l,Jn-ds uid-,o/is su rasL that ihe oihA
sirls
in her teanr cdn hnrdlv
ke. ] l ur ) $' t h bcr .
"Y. ur si st ( ' . / t s/
i n?"
"No, shc' s out "
l)aphnc ts l,apll natuicd.
h.' ' t d. ttt^t.l Yon d?rrc so l6t.
\\' a o.ltnanl.ng. re.cipt oi
lour
leiler oi cvc! date
q
130{ . l o art ; u, , e i n curs sau o st are eri st nt i i n ronent l l vorbi ri i , ci nd
r ' . r b' i ' nu y' "r
.
r ! "r f o' mH
,
onr i ' ui {
S
l 8{6J
'fhey
/,.1
old and {oul{i like io see thet
grandsi,n
I remnbet ihe incid.nt no\t Urai
lor
n.nrtdz it.
Tl,cy a.e
shd Xou'!
cone
g
1395
/J
l'rezentui se mai tntrcbuinleazi cu verbe de mi;care. care se referd
l a un i api ce ar e l oc i n
Pr ezer l t :
Herc .oma the ,tnzaf of ihe CuP.
corllentarii, interviuri, descrieri (la radio, tele;ziune etc
)
de eveninent'e
sporlive; exclamalji (cu sau ltui ordinea subiect
verb inversati):
268
I r od. cur l , ' , pon t he . l ' ai r r . dn t o
Hcr'
('.
a,tu a-carollinglr
atuitt ga.s yab cdb !
Thcrc r4lfts n, ld.l as' a1l
' ttrre a.a
th."rtnne. beli !
Tlerc apeats anothq Napal@t !
Hcrc c;mcs m!
fdtlet
! Lct\ sneak ouil:
E 1196
gl
Dc asemenea,
prezentul
simplu introduce un citat in mod djrect sau
-
indirect, cir,d verbul irtroducti' aie un caractr momentan
($ 1344)
fi
nu
exprimx o aotiune in desfigurare ln momentul vorbirii:
l{adletr's advice on acting i.(:
"Do
not saw the air too much "
Johr ' s l "l l ' " i ays
r t i "
. u
' f '
_d
i r ' nr s n br r mp r
. "oP
Dl ,
, pl l r
nr .
Jo
r r ' a' . ! r l . "l
S I 39? i i
a. r p i n r eb r i nl ar l n i . di caLi i l p ! . . ni cF, i n r ezL' ma ul pi r scl or . sl f i l -
'
mal ^ri i
pov^t i ri l ^r. l a
ri l l uri l p
arl i . ol . l or. l i n
zi ar. . al l egendel or l ol ogrri j i l or
din ziare etc.:
Ol i \ i n e, , r uo
"t dst ,
\ i "r . o. *
, or ' , dr I up
qr .
r dd d"; r l . sl ul vr y.
$
13$8
9.
Er pt i nd f i t upuI t r ec t :
S1399 a)
(
Pr. zcntul nal alir saa i^rtoric - H islori N ar N axratiae Prcscnt
)
- P en-
'
tru a'se da mai nlulte aioiciune stilului, tntlmpl6riie trecut'e sini
porrestite
la
prezent,
uneori ohiar in continuarea unui tilnt trcui, ccea c contribuie la
rliefarea faptelor
P01'estit:
I
qenr
ir MC, clovd lhe doo. Snddenly a voice .alls oul .l the dalk dd srart' cs
flc. I tcel iainL atd .aD ha.dlv waur'
i
ji
au il,c Pacn ls ri that d' ll1 I rcmemhc(d one flridlr' : Noihe' ir in the silliltgjoom'
O t
-,' "
in.o,tt raiii to l,tr lii a 1\hilci bnt nll the ti;ie I
/.cr
th{t atl is not as il
slould rd, and yet I datu roi asir r,cr aboll lhe doctor' s visii.
Prezentul narativ cste loalte rar lntrebuinlrat in engleza vorbitl
A 1400 il ln cazul unor
Yerbe care se reterA la informalii. cat ta
forget,
to hcar
"
l : n dl h). i o l . dnr
(:
r 8l l a). 10l dl , t a be t ol d, t o uni Lcrst and, t o t t ' ri t c el a' j 3e
i nt rel , ui nj cl z. do
prchri nt r
l ' ^pznt (l
si mpl u i n l ocul przent ul ui
pedecb:
I
/o/3.r
\rl,{t diy iL wt6.
(t\nr ur.iat Ne zt .ttr)
r
Pe o il$lfatiL de
-A.nul
Nor: .,In1.,1-n.. !t{im si ri colindim."
, , neat t
aLt :
. a
pt . cr
! e
t u' j t .
t / . , "dr r c\ 1\ bF
j
d. on \ i r $ ar
' - J
t r ' d
.
BL, l ' d- "r l r r r "r '
' l :
n"l l r ' r '
1. i ;
"j i
t
'
r . r , - sur I n
", ad. , onJr
r r
; , , . r , J, ' - 5r
' , n
\ , , , r \ o
'
r "r ' r i zor e
I 1.2., vou !e {on the Pdze
l,1m
ali.tL t' .\ ai ciltisat Prc iul.)
\ u l r "J r / r m
J'
\ ' - eol yuur
. d"g- '
I \ . d- ; v
n' i . d
?;
"
i : . i . r oi nl om' n\ r i ar J
I rn tal.l rau
rrp \.rv rr!\Y
Llli
s-, stus
'
J
.rti
to rrte o.npdt l
1 unlerctand. l\e is a mathemati.ian ol rclulc
.
iDupi olt om i4leler, esle un matcmrl' c' 8n repurirl,
]
r l v[ her
u. r , ps
' r o-
d l h'
' .
d. n l ot o\ "r ' "nl
\ l i a. , . . , . \ I r mnr dd
: J\ Fr . 1l La1a
l \ l r r
' i
uo r r nb. r Jl r dp'
p "ni J" d' .
1.
E apr i md f i mpul r i i t ar
d) In limba vorbitn, clnd exi.ita ur adYelb de timp aiilor tn propozilie'
prezeritut simplu erirrnnn uneori o aoliune sau o starc viitoare. a.steptati ori
proiectatd, sau care constriure un obrcer:
' l' otuia* is J!lt-. 2i
-
Term beiiiDs o^ Monddy.
The
past;nan doesn' t eall on ,S,nda?
D) Prezentul
simplu este intrcbuinlat ln special cu referire la prograne'
orare! nlersul trenurilor, al vapoerelor, avjoarlelor etc,:
\1hat tjmc ts ihe nnsic lesson odar' ' 1
\re razd at. livc this allnn on The York trnio is duc in al 11 am.
thc mass dntonstration
is at 8 a.n shulp Lolnonos'
Profesor Morris is dne io lecture on Frrdag oe.k.
' ' \ ! npn
da, c , . r Sundo!
, i i l , t s BBa
p"o; - or F.
' nd: -
.
l L du, 5n. . l , s dn al t
; - ht
. on- . . at b,
r , t . ast .
l nLv r r \ " t - ' r a
' t ""- . l o
l
t r aa' ann""
r ' l t do!
Tt "i r i s o , a t o H' ot h' a; . t ; ' p. t t
l t
t , al l
hnur '
D" f apt ,
' a. i
i n l i mbr r om- n5.
pr ogr amar pd pl ani l i cor "r sau i nl er c' ul
er i . l d i n
i r c/ "n1,
i ' l e' Fs. si t n
r r af ul .
! 1, r ' al i zar Fa i n \ i i l or '
Uor h"r 1. , , - i o-
r ' r r "J i dp D' {l
\ - P\ .
. l Pr "zAn. Ll si mpl Lr
p' l A
l nl r FbLi r , l i l i n pr cpozl i i t P si undot .
t e. r , po-
r al e. au cunJi ! i o'
Jl e -
ppn r u a
. xpr i r na o ocLr unr s"u
ql r r p
\ r r l ocr p car e
ap
l o.
. an. i ni t , nt , Fau r pr opF
( on"on' i l nnl .
' u
oLt i t t
l un"
t au st at e
vi i t oare
(S 2E52):
Ritrs me un as sooa as he
ga,t lome
(Telitoneaza'mi
'ndatn
oe ta ros, rc'r.si.)
Dor ' L
3u
nnl i l t hr J , sl
] ou
t o.
_
\ d l . ou_ onr ' P nu I o' "/ P", \
|
. ha
Luv, , T\
. "
sh"n
I c n, s , oJal , , / p
i n.
t V, i
"
mdl r d
i , n
"l ' \ / o- ' i
. ' 5o"t nol " modal "r
Il Virian crues on llondav,
I' ll look him uP
iDaoi
Vilian ta cd' t luni, am si na duo sil vad
)
I nr a. . \ our , dl h
t , - . ' l onof l os.
'
' i l
no l ongr t bd l - r
l o4i i l .
D- cJ nu, ,
, f r r ' r - ,
- ' l l l
mi n, nr n mr ' l Jr ' r n Lpa
db' l
) h"
\ i l i l ool a r
\ \
a. np \ ' hi
r I
' D
' $. !
\ d v' r ; r r j J
d" \ \ J\ F
"
'
/ ; P
5) T:raaluoerea
indicatirului
prezelt ilin limbi rome ri, ilr limba cnglezi'
-
Se'atrage
lndeoscbi aLn1,ia asupra traduccrii urm:ii'oarelor oazuri cu
totul spciale:
s
r10r
.\
1{02
s
1403
$
1104
t
, . o. h- . v At . r on
p. ' p
, ot or u,
t
1r r . L, nl , , .
s
1406
S 1,l0ti al lndicotivul rrrzent
din linlba romann tradus ln linba englezi cu
'
; nd; ; ; "ut r , . ut s; npl l ' $r , ont i n, ' u {
S
I 4l l . 2838) :
r l : . ' ,
d. p. 6 t l ) i
/ 4"1"' i i l
i "t
l aot "
r nt
- h. 5! ' d. he
uds do; ag h"r I ' om\ \ . r \ dd co, l l a r
"on"'
,) IndioativLrl
prezent t&tl,\s cn |iitotul
fald
de ,'ed'.tt
(
$
2838):
. t , " r - n, "
, , p / t
- , u, . ' dt
x- t n, m
r o comp. l
q
1+0S e. / I ndi oel j (rl
prezPnt t rdJus cr prerent ul sau cu , ; i ordl cant i nuq re-
'
Ji nd i i i t on, l i n . r i l ul f ami l i dr ( S 1521/ :
\la: dzc la
llinbttre rresl.
o o.d:
t +
: "' &
t r
"
$al . i D ar , ho I d r l
\
l l l i "
A: t ' E
. u a sal k I n Jn hn
r '
S l{0$ ,ll lndi.atilul
prezeot tradus cu ttfrrldl sau cn eiitoruL
fald
dc tecnt
"
nnt i nt t x. r "dr nJ
' i i ao' , , 1
r n s i l ul f r nr l i af
\ S
l i 2Jr :
A spus otl se du.e ta plimbare
Peste
o oIe
i r .
. br d
p- '
_, j ?Hf or n$. l k; nanI . o. r )
sJL
- t l , . , i d h"d
"; ut ! , I
qoos
or J
\ v1l k i d ho' t . l
q
1{10 ) lndicativul
prezent iradus cu construclid
idiomatici to bc
Soing
to
'
(enprimd crtitudine):
Vrcmea se s.ilrlnlrA.
1- The rveath.r ;s g,iig ,, .|aDgc l
crnhesl,e-l'. tievi l.enulI
| | oul :
' _P'
t
' i r ' "?
:
' "!
r '
t - s l nLdnd; l . ^: p s
i ,
' i ". i
r ' r a' da
r r ' nr r l Jn
"
nu
""
"r "bp' "
' l l l ol J h". -
. n"got , eo I i '
I
r ' r Ji n i r sl P dt dnt
t oal ,
I r t p
f \ l _i mi : nl n' d
. \ r n
r '
Si nd
"
o Ju
' 1
6
' d '
\ : t ngor n9bi onl r t r ' l
6) Prezo tul simplu
in eontrast cu prezentul continuu. - Vezi Conjugarea
continun
S
1806.
97n
s
1{07
$
14r I
S
1i113
$
1414
$
1115
T&ECUTLTL SIUPIU
iTIItr
SLIIPNE IIS'i TENSEI
l l t 2
l r For ur i .
Tt F ul ul si npl r r I ' r c o \ ; n ut , i
f or ud l ' ' r l u
l oer e p' r ' ur
"
n e l e
,
. , r
.
r
"
F p
t
i H
' . rbul ui
/ o
At . Tr. . , rrul si mpl u
^l
v' rb l ur rP! d| ot . c I at
meazn adnugindu-se
suii\ul -cd
la inlinitiv:
,
- "
| - i
I r l ' , : Jo
' l L: l . . h.
' nl ql : . , . , ! ,
I
pt L, .
"i
t J:
I . o
, J t ", t .
. r . . J Fd.
Trecutul s;nplu al rcrbelar ncrclttlate esle foarte dire$.
(\rezi thta ver-
belor nercsulate
la
S
tE47).
2) Ortogralie. -
Vezi
5
1?;9.
Jr f un. l i e.
t r . "r l ' r l
. i mpl u . pr i
'
o d
l i ur , r ' r u
n' l 0r p
' unr l l ' l
r . ' mi na
", . i r "i n\ ul
1". l ' . r r ; n n, on' , ' , ,
r t n"As
- nI
t t t t n
t '
t t addd
d
t i np
ne1t u t J
!
n' ; Pot d. I n o' ' e
r szut i l l r i JnDd
' x' r
i r r ' 4' l i
' t u"F
st s
r el ; "1
F"l F, onl / , - por ot ud
1".
Ft
t , t
t t t
t n t nt t \ ' ot
' 1'
l t r ' p.
D"l t i i nJ i r ' l l c. . . l
. au
"t , - ,
i r i r i p
' r l ,
l
'
, pr I
F' r " r i r nr "r l ; n r - l , ui nt dl
l e por ". Li r . a i nl r n' pl a' i l or
t ; p
' t t -
t I t , ' t ut
l t ot ot
' a| t
; snr "' [ ) or r ot i v"
or Historic Pdst
)l:
Georsc,,a,...d
ai this rnd
!rr,,d.l
ac.oss {i lhe Chicl I'ligincer'
rle
,tird
himscu togel.lie. and rhtt ontLnued
I Pr pnr , r . . , j Lnr di r e
JF mr l J"Dd r ' ) :
r r | \ 6 1^r dr r r i
' i
dr : n. dF
' r r r l p
pr o\ i t r ' .
c"Lc t ci usi
' nl nLr i nl Jr
4n u' i i
A"a^di . i p
i
' t udi
i n i o ul n. aI r i l " f ^e T"a*
-
Tt nDul
'
{\ t
) . dpi l l " ndr
i ' f l ". 1"i
. i r
. r i
' 1u""' onj r r Ct r ' i engl PTad
DomFnr l s_
i,"r .nierna naortaia tr lndareJ de fJli.
"
' l i mpul
l n
(Jrps
0. per. erut act i unps xpri mat i
de verb poat e
f i preci zat
S1416
rn urmaroal 0Le modun:
a, pr i nl Fur
aJ\ pr b da t i ' np pr "r i .
sr u pr i nr r
Jn r J
at i \ .
a1: u. st , r . Jor .
\ l l t 7
t t xadot c. nA' A. df n' ! J. dr $er . ) , , - 0. t d. t ( Np"t : , nr t t Lj , 4, ". . t ; , n"c' c. t . '
r kpn. , v\ . n
p'
. .
s3u
pr i n nr i . p
1l t p. . t v. f bp
or i t o. I Ji U, ; I , l \ er bi l t e
r af e Dr ci _
z"a7l l i moul
l n l r p, . ,
' :
; n
19. 35 a.
w' 4
a. j i ut
t t r
t , t t t . , 41
t hnl
t i nt . at t he
num nt .
Jus
r or
l
( adi nFaur i / ; t h.
t Jo. t b,
l , r , ,
t h" ot t t . t t l o. t . , t
"
da t Lel or c
. !
sb"do. t .
' J ' t . t do!
t . . A.
r . " n, l : t
,
t hi (
d. t t
t ast , t . 4r Fl ' . 1
I called i.here z.,sr..da,.
IIe srw mc
fi;
nizL,.: aq..
She lolt lor thc Cort.int\ir tdsl
ucut.
\\:hcn I $ng u!. sr rlr9 out.
/ .
. . . .
ds' - 3DoLc. I f l +ocr i zr d
hm
I mat r ' m
r 1r , , a. , i ,
; | J
You sr. hir.e the otte da1t, rreD' t !on?
' . \ l
. "b- l h $as
r i r .
D l l . i i l r n t r - ; .
\ l ! . r mc i n ar l l ] . r 0 t odr l
\ . d , . , 7, I r sal ot
p1
t o . r f oo JJr u.
I
soi
t r i e t e er nn
t vpdne, ki .
I didn' t
sl.cl al
^11
thdt Li,li.
: , aa
ul a' dau' . r
b. cr n r o
- ,
r , cr
, houehl t l , p t i . knt , ; 1
Tr \ , ! t o l hp ahi
.
The Houses ot P{rliaert ir Loridon wore l|llitt d,,atiars petiods.
-
.^r,
printr{tn
verb la un timp tuecut (care
aparline grupei trecutului g
1418
{
1356):
'thet
s,cte
sains
rhcn we ord{e{t.
1t f . t t ! had ! " n"r , . nr yd
ho ont cr pd t hp r oom
' .
l i , . ' , . I . 16
' s
\ ?t . oat d: p" i t
I I - t ot i d t o t h" p. . r n'
r $ni Uw" t aoi d
^t , h"
Doi nt t nes.
S'
p
sai d
. hp
t i r ' . 1 1u- n
,
-
- t
1i i " I nusi . . J.
{St , t
i n4: r ; t , . onf nr m
. ^r Pr l ond,
nr , I mt r r l r or
)
_
c.)
prjn
orice alL indicator
dc timp trecut preci,s,
care se nu tie adverb de
S
l4tg
f r mp
cdu. onql r uLl l p
t cmpor i \ | 5: L! i , f p. ( r . . t h, t . t osaV. t ot el l , t ogp\ t abut f ,
to cost. to payj to Last Etc.l
h'tuN
,]id yor
sa this buruundvl
Tt r y di d ni . . a"h . r
ur ;
^ ; r / r a, ".
lvas ,nar ihe nilknm ivho rnls?
lvho sa'rd so?
Who ,old
yon
inarl
1 bauaht l\is ooat ar lla.rod's.
What dtd
your
teleajsion cosrl
Hoh mu. i J ,
] ' ou r , r 4
r . r r h. Ast a c. l s( t t . ?
HoN lons did tie 6h;q /dsr:
d)
priq
context sau numai ln intenlia celui care vorbeqte:
lt'@ she a! home?
He .ane cv.rv dav lor $cks.
The
rlay
pd;
teii sed-
,.,t
rou hea. that noise?
,' d.e' 1' 0u aL the nartv?
\ \ ' h1l dd
Jo. - aJ/
| ; av n r
h"Jr d
) ou
Yor d/d, I sc. e tn ttte .lub.
I ner him o, d
fntt
night: he $as a regutaf ti$t nignhr.
.
4) ,Ilte luncfii alo trocotului silnplu,
-
Trecutul simplu inlocuiefte urm{-
g
14Zl
2?l
s
1420
l D. l
nu
) i J"
l or . , i . Ld\ . "b. t r
' i nt . , , . r r t r ui
, u ph. , nt t t p. 4p4
t g
t i ' r .
. *t h"t n"t ' , . . . ,
( Lr , n' t ^. ; , , , d. t
-
. \ nl r i d,
"uaF
r nt . t , u' r , t Jr cur ct r t dc
4ngl . r i . , . '
i Lf \ i r / r . p".
r ! a I na. "n
: , , .
|
, ; t , , . . ,
o-
27t
$
f f : . : f ot
t l t
- . nt ) . t
i t t t t t t l - ' i
nr ' i r ' r ' i ' o r i r n' j '
T"l i
i ' o' a i t r
i nt l el l ; r I t l ' o1r . r 1. r r l :
' ' \Yhai .,x I do lor
)ox?"
- 1
"\ l '
t o
r n' d, o
'
' .
\ J' '
'
i
:What
illd Yon wnnL io ialli to me aboutT"
fDfst)E
.,c i,tat
(
'
lrcji si\ ni \r,rbr sti?l
Cr. i l l t i rnba l omAnd acel a' (i pro. edcLr (eu ni perf ccl ul i n l ouul prpr' nt l l ui )
t nl rebui nl aL
t n acel al qi scop. i l ust l rt
pri n rrdJu ef l e di n
pnr' ni cTt l P
I e rnal
Sl l : 3 I ) ) t r , t
t ul
/ r f
. . 1. l n l ocul cnr ui a est e uneor i l r t r br
, L8t
pen-
"
' r . r . i r npl : l i ' ar "
ou
i "nt r . r "' i ar pi
unFi r "per i r i i :
l ! . Lho. r 1, , / . r r , ". / l . 1l
. ' . \ '
i u\ " oL or r
i
r ' _
". r
d
t - .
. , . t . r I l ! t r ' , ' pa
Shc hnJ | . cn {l l he l ui si noe
\ i , ' r ! 13v Thr sno\ i t r t r n
\ :
a' t st ul e' l r L dav
dl . ' a\ bl Jr ' l
/ 1
l ol l "l
I L\ oJ' Js
i l l . r l a cabr nl l dc hr i . \ i r soar ca
/ , . / / , r w i Ll ou r n l ul a so5r r er
lirt! de doni zil. l
'
'
"shr
sr i l l sh. l , r d
l . hr o$n u, e bun do\ n t l , r r c ben' . sl c
' , r r
i
l ad met l Ha' r ' s
"
ltfu.ea cli rom
l.ic cliill aool. inairtc de a' t
fi
ittttttnia' l intllni
lE
llau' s)
i Yezi t i $
14811
{l l 9l
4t p, ' ht , t t
t i ' nr ' l u
' n' n- i , l
i n
' i l ul
i ndi r - r i nr r ' o pr ap"
'
zi t j c. p. Lr , l
' r ; . Jur 1
, n r : hl ' r '
r i np, l i n gr "! d r ' "' ' r ' r l Lr i ' au ul or m;
J;
r r e. , r . 3
t , ^nf "r n'
r ' i , r l i i ur ' 0' nd. r ' l "r
r i mput i l or s: nl l ) :
S
1{2i}
t:')
(dn|il un tecut si.mpltt)3.
I ntousht
Yot
nad a sisier'
lcredcam ci a, o sor,''
l
Ilc dsn.ll nit
jlsr row ho\t
Iotr
4?,r'
I I Ji ' nbr
' r "dr r '
'
r ' /
J
. \ \ ' n. t r
t o, , n"
t r , , ^t , t .
. , o, t u, t . I t f l , , r I
J, , .
/ .
i . . t "
r "J
' . . . \ b \ "r l : -
i . l u . .
-
l
"l r "r '
\ ' l l J \ r
"l d
sl ' "
' d
'
5n
, : ' l r ' 1
l i or ' l \ ' mr | I ' J
-
n i ' dr l " 1d"' "
5
r+'16
."
)
(dupn eiitoruL
fdtd
tu lret:nt
)
conform regulii coresirondenlei lillllu-
'
ri l or
($ 28314:
\l' e rre.c told t,) wait xnlil thc lus .rdr lhcrc.
lNi s' a stus sii {sl,eptlm riDiL
.t ta srsi allobuml
l
. h
"i , r ,
' . r i a
r _""
l ' i
"r ", n
ol l 1
1,
r . r a'
-
' r ' n
l o. . l
' l
l : r ' l , ,
/ l
n
' o "
l i ' r ' l
T
"\ '
p: x, 1
. r
nDt t J . . | at , r s
' p
snat
"
\ . r "r ' F l i
'
Jn' i r , i - ' i r ' r l
S
1{:}7
ti") (dapd u condili.ottul
)t
:
i !ftozldl,rcd.1:
sir ho ntuiic
(asijsJ
Adr'
l Cr cd
. ar nnn. i e
' : i
es/ t \ d. . )
I
J.r(. ,lcrome, Thtee )Iet d a R.tl
: \ ' -
\ r ' . . , : , , . . ' i . ur o
l . l ur :
'
l d' . i o'
- ' 1.
3Df
r ; l I ' "l d
l _- qt r ' r r L i ' . r r l i l - n; l
:
I ' l
' r l
l r ' / nr
' r r r r l ur o
. : t nt ; , nl Ji o' . r , .
| . ' , i . . p r ' r I r 7r ' i . J u, r ' , : . \ -
l r ' r . :
' nJ' - l
nol n nl r - .
' . . d
|
' t - b'
b
| "
: i -
t
r nr ' r ' r | : r
"mn
l i n |
'
' ' r "i t r v"
r " \
' l ur
l dpr ; / p- r '
carc iusLil' .i
r,tlnrla trDl.
'
i Tf , ul .
, j mr . i r b.
r ' l . J
", '
1nl ,
o
'
nr r , oui
, l und'
r u ul j o
' i , ut
i . : r i r ot . o, r "di ond: l i - n11"
I i : . . 1, ' .
"t i . "
\ o' ! dd' r ' r r i ' u I n' r dd
. n s. bl o. ' : ' o , J
4
l '
l g . n
' r '
r l or
' r
\ d' L l ' r ' / o
' ' 5
F. nnJ , , ol l cvi al f .
2t3
\\:e riotldi,ro&ldr
liltc lo i.lierc Ic @a."lbr a poct'
(\_e' ar
|],-i.ca
si!
rriilfm .ii esre
Poer"l
: ) ) Sl i hr l
col ocr i d. -
Pi n. i cr ogar e
dr l r r "gul a
'
of esl nr ' r l r l r t Pr l i nr l ' ur j -
S1128
t ur : . i n l ; r r , o
\ , r Li r
'
: - i t , - . r '
.
": , r '
' r "
r u 40. r r Fr 4. pr F/ oni , \ r q- Fn 3 r n
. ; n, r . "l , r :
, , \ . r l ,
r p
f n, '
' l
l pd' n r F r nr ' r \ ur r r l r ' n
or uool i i {
.
"u
. l r . |
". r l
r '
- ' u
i .
'
r r l i i
' l
r i n' nur di n
r ' r '
t ' ozi l i e
: . , i , , , t - *
. "
r l i , . .
/ d
t "
i t , ,
t . , t : : t t
-!lri
r,t/ mc she Is
gting to bc o{$ied so.n
I / r nl t st i f , s
f h". dl l ' r l
l l "
, . .
t t f
,
t t ,
'
, , . ! r ' ,
| | I r , ^. . d' , , l , nl
1t.zi
.i
raria!1.1e c\cnllol.. de ltr
I
!S!l lgI' 2.
jlrl44l'
Desj sur ci r el l al ea unor acf i ur l i snu sL; i r i t f c. r i i e e\ pr i nat e l n st i l l l di r ect
plin prezeni, fnrn il1rplica1,ii
fiitoare
pislreazi toLuli forma de lrt'xl conlorm
i esul i i corespoDdeDl ei
t i mpuri l or:
H' o, t
' - a
r o
F\
' r \ "'
s
l d-
' "
J"
.
r . t . t : t P? 1
' r
a, , $
' l '
g' . o
"' '
6l Tmihcerex in lirnbt rorne i. Din schemcle de la
!
1356 qi 1357-se { I'129
con. i i i t : i ca. l a t rodul i , ' dj crl i v. nol i urca de l recl ] t est e expri l nat l i n l i mba
'
ql F/ d
n, i nr r
^
. , 4n r " r or n
'
. pr br b'
- ' i
r nr r m'
I ' i n
i nl l i "1r i
' r l
r r ' ul
t
P) ! 1
I t ; s
)
I
j . .
l : {. or . i ar r ' l i nhr I
' n; ":
l t i '
/ l l ' r ' r r F \ . ch
' l '
dr l pr r r p:
p, j . ", i i
". , p' , , .
7. , 1
t ' t a, - ! . ,
. i
i nr ' . r i t . i , l i : . I r : 6 l n l r "r . i r ul
t r "'
r t
' r r r
,
ur ", . c. ' r pe
. "- 1"_i
- l ' l r ' dL' F' 1 ' r r ' r
' ' l ph r p r
t r l i nba romeDe. ast f el :
ot - ' t p
t
' "; nt t , ' ' du
' I
p4t
t hl
"ot l pu
l i r Fd' r ' " i nr r ' l pbr i l r t l l : l l l
r r F. ul p
' r
d n,
l i ' r
",
t \ or r ' , ' , d dp
\ p' l '
"
'
r b
' r
num- nl
' r
( s
l : 44
134r: 1347):
'
, . 111. 1 t l i i l
t . t ' | J
t st t ^
'
1 1'
l h!
' pd
, ' , , - .
" - '
, . 1, s"al "
. _i l
\ \ c a, nl t o {
l l i "r Jf sr er dar '
1Nc
4,, .l4r ifri la ttalrrr.)
b) crl inperfc.tul
ln cazul acliuni]or
sau stirjtor' cu cal'acter duraljv
S
1431
(l i 1: 145) sau repri t i t i v:
Hc sd1 l l , cf r i i ' ai Li ns
l Dur al i vi
/.se&a aiolo aitrflin' l l
f LP\ L
' ' l
l
' ' ""P
L
j e
: r ' \ . ' \ ( l f t o
r
' r _
' /
d
s],. ;' 16 i Llcrei N.avcr
lDu.aiivl
/ Er a , r l r . 11o. {c Dr i t . n
r ' l
\ \ ' ' , , . i 1, /
' n
l ' r ' r r n
' r l '
l l r i
\
' r ' d-
i l '
Pe l i ns; aceast a. i recut ul si npl u e\ pri nl i i r' 1.
' l rrpa
cum s-r ardt dt , rnJi
S
l l 32
su! I { l 4l l
. l i 2q, .
dl i l
- n
"l
. ,
Dr pTFn ul
\ ar r
\ r i o' ur '
q4
t r adui c l n i r nb omi - i I
l i r npr r r r l r n
l l c
r r \ F
e f al :
"-"ij
ii,,i; ,,,"tt ,,"?'.rtcrril
tn-cazitl unci ac-tiuni sau stari anterioare urri
.s
1433
monl enl dad t recut
(S 1423):
""
"'ii"
"i
ni,iiira' r)rcztnl
cind noliunea este de prezent (in cadnrl cores-
S
1434
ponddnl ei t ; mpuri l or)
($ 1424);
r r ' , . ni r ol , ' \ , '
l "at t dt t t . ". t
' n
, i r r "
' l
i i _' ^. r ^
'
Lr ai r i .
i n' '
l od", , '
l
"r '
r 4' r ' i r r r 4' u\ r or r
I l ni r r - i i r Pr css i n i r ' r - l r nd' di n
l r "i
: \ ! ' . i
I , qd. . (
1r : 0o1. r , , ' . i , : , r ' . I l - " .
S
-
Ji
31r . c
t , t
1, .
, t , , "r , ", 1 n
' n
, ,
", ,
anterio. unei a.tirni lleente.
??4
143,
.
c
)..cr
t'iitrr uL_ t:n\d noliunea sto de viitor (in carrul cljle.,ironrlonti
(
$
2834).
At cnt t e !
{
1438 ,{ nu so confonda trarulrt silnptu cu subjoncrivul prezc,rl
cu care afe
f ormd i dent i ci . (Vozi
$
1553).
. . Exempl el e
dc mni
j on
. oi ! i n subj orLl ; ruj
sr xu t reLurul (dupn r c, . i u, , Ll i a
, . d/ r
i i 1
. ^r , .
r ur r
i . - , a\ pr
, ,
I r qt - r i , . r a, :
I t \ l i nc
Ll nl i l
ron
qe' , r
f o rr1.
llr fi tirilul si Lt i.ut:i. la r\tjNa!.
Ion nrd ,ef.. sav
.r.s,.
/ l I ai l ) i ne di spr ne
_dr . - i :
TLey \vish
llhrrl
ih,:J .,r sr. von.
/-,1f
l,.t si i.
toitr-l
redfa
i
11.
' , or l l
r at hc.
' i a, r v
her ) ad t . t ] , f . g. .
(At pt.fira
sir s! insoarc cn ca d{it sn a. destflrti.)
5
1437 7) Trecut
Di
riitor.-, Din Fig. 2 () 1357) se vede .,n in.i;.j4liiri?l rrecut,
ocupa
'
prt rul . j st emul ui
de t i rnl , uri care apart i n t recut ul ui . r\ sadar.
pent ru
rednrcu unpi ,rcliuni anrprioarc iceteia exprinat
prin
i dicati\-ul tre.ut. vcF
bul
cF
l unp
l \ . ! r . r t . t pa[ ! ". . t
pa\ t p"[ . . t t . i "t p. n. u. F. r i un"
vi i nar . r ai a
d" d. cF1_"xpr i dr ! pf l n i n. t
q
r r r t r r q r i r "16, r t
. . .
pur . t ) t ; ! ut
[ af u
t J?
trecut. (Ftllurc
in the Past)l
l t ". bl l m ) 160. . . a , r t t p ,
| ". t . t r t t .
. , . / d. F"
r .
l \ i i r or
\ t
- d
st ' r .
. i
o r ' : , , . J
( \ t i . , . n. " , "
o
, T
f , d. d. . /
Obser eq, l i e
S
1438 l\it trecnttll anterior indicatiyului tracur. cit
ti
riilrr..,l fate de acesta
slnt l,impuri constnrif,e cn ajnrorulforn.i tecute a diriliarctor lesiectirc.lotme
irnpuse de coresponden,ta tirnpurilor,
care cere ca un \erb ce se'&t''td in raport
temporuI cu un tecut si aib; tot form; de trecur, (
I
2838).
5l f 39
8r f ompnr0t i e
i ot rc i rocut ul
bi mpl u
. i
t rcrl l rrl . oot i nu| | 3.
Forma si mDl a
r i ndi , i r i vul ui
r ". ut i \ pr i mr j
o dr l i unF sau
n
st ar p, , . m/ r al . i t n1. un mumFnL
dai.irecur;lor_ma
continua snger6f.ze co tinuitdtca unei ac!,iuni sau a uner
stdri_trecute. deci
ii
Japtul ce acasra nz, a
fast
desaitirgiti.
Dacd i nt reabi ci novn:
"Dd
lor
hEd. abort Lord Nounitatten'$ rragic deaUi in Ireland?.'
Se poate rispunde cn lrecutul simphr:
"Yes. I /kd.d l.he Dews on tle TV.' ,
R;spunsul suqereazd rd
informaliile auzite Ia TV sint suficiente si cd
vorbi l orul . on. i dFr;
Lhest i una i n, hi s, i -
Se poate lnsi rnspunde
fi
a,r trecuttl conti.nun:
"14' . / r ' r : , r - eJdl Jl r _
da. . i \ _o"bi u"LI
""
g
r i j I l d mnm"1 ut d
"nt d
ut u: bar
"/ ,
r I
d" i d l
l
L. t
g
nd,
, t . ,
. . 11
. , , vr , .
r i i n^r ozi od. r ' . r ,
- , . . Tt , v, v. r ,
ht | -
ns r l o, ( i l r
' , . . r , . t
Rool r "t Jy. _"u\
r , r t . ,
- . , . . t
t "" i nr ; r pr . i or bi r or ul ui
nr ' : t . , . 1
: 1. n
?
. i
a. r . . t a s, dor , o . , ,
l uJr ; . d d. ,
, i "i .
$
1410
t) Doun a{tiuni simnltAne.
- Dcui sau mai multe actiuni tre0ute care se
dcsfaso8ri ln i.olasi fimp pot f; eriprimate prin indicatii,ul Lrecut, conrinuu.
dd. ;
. F^1 . . . r I | t cr FsFJTi ,
s
.
a .
u n I i | , u i |
.
,
pd
l or l " u^ mot uent dr t :
T \ , "/ . l a, - I nl ^
"
l u\ ,
, 1 1, ' o.
. , 1.
' Et , . , . ,
, t t ) t
coqr t . 1. )
[]rfn I tuned in i.o ihe lilc o'clock ne$s, Ure annoDncer,as rcddt,g the nalncs ol
tlrp njrriirq teams. whilc oo{'ds eere ctucrits and musio 44s Leing
Plalen.
(Cind
anr
pns
radionl
pentru sinilc dc ]a ora cinci, crairicnl r.'zvrn.a
nunle
rclripclor cistigetoaf,, in timi c. mlllimea addnd
li
se au*a tnnzioe.)
Foartc adoscori ins[. una din cole doui forn}e conlinue este iniocuitd
S
1441
pr i n
' r ' . ur ul
. i . l t ' l u
I nc^ i dp un d, l LAr h
' ?t .
F\ pr i mj
' unr i nui l al F-
' JU/ , ci
i
{, r t t . . "i ' Jr "J . onr i n
r i r , r poj . , r , / .
\
: i ' nLl r anpi l i
aar
pr . . :
-\s
thc slrow
ntuceetlen.
laft-comets lrere
Pourtng
tn
He ou.ed, an, illrIc thc noist outside r@
sro"B
in Yolumc.
Dacd insn nu cortinuitatea acliunilor intorseazd. ci simplul fapi c{
S
1442
acestea au avut loc la ur omcnt dat. l_erbele respcrtire se pun la trocutul
silnpln
(N.rrftrtirr ar H^toru: PtLtt):
Th-"1 /ear do$n lonnr and 1 cam ho ..
a,t-;&
dar in oras. iar eu d,' ,.,ir acasi.)
\itc. tlc livc o'claok ri$s. the enouncer /add the mo,es 01 tl,f cdsi ir the
pd-
l o . l a
_
l o l on n{. soi l n' u: .
' r
pt i t t l
r 4.
- l '
r ' L
sor r ni l - l l i . s
' - P
9, . P4
t l up. i :
f l 1; J l d or a. r ",
i r Jr
r . r l r . , , t 1um. 1. 1 r l r "l r l nt h. "i ' :
. " u/ , r ,
, o h. : n: . , ^ ur dn' / "1 r
"
r
r ' '
/ ' \
"
r r _
- n' o
. dl
r
PREZE\TUI, PNIiIJIOT
(THE
IITESDNT I MECT]
r' Formi
$
1441
| ' r ol . n| U| p. | t Fc. ' ' a' : i n' ' | | r | U| . ompU. di | | | i nl , ar "r ' r "nJ
nun
r .
Ja
, ser n
' n. ' r ".
- "
t or n, pdr "
.
u
r r ur onr l r ndi "
'
i ' ul . r i pr cr ^nr i l su\ i -
i i ar nl ui
' o
f l . \ \ E. l r mr dc p. t t : ; pi ut
t r - r l
"l
vcr bul ui dF. unj ucal : ,
I hale callcd:
fou
hdt! calledr he. shc, ii h6 callsd; we hale calledi
you IaYe
.alled; lhey la!. called,
!?6
D. Functii
$
14.re
s
1445
Di n F; g. 2.
S
l
, i L.
q.
or . . ' or i a pr ezer l ul ppr f r I l a' e par l e, l i n
sr upg
, l F
' i mpur i
, ar p
"u
r n
""r r r r l
l or
1, r ' : , nt "t
i ndi
, l t i t u' t / i
si sl nr
'
on l r ui r "
'
u
rr,"r:.nlul
auxiliarelor respecLive.
-
Prezeniul
perfect, erprimi asadar o acliune sau o stare treeutl, anterioarl
, . .
ynt p1y; ,
l ar
al l l r l p
"l r i n.
l "qr r "
do a
- -
r I n' l l l nl Pl FSUl \ ar bul ui
Fql F
i n
t . t pt Jc
t t "z"r 1.
pqz. nl Ll Dor l pi l l i : nd
' r ' , anr i
hi ar
l r - d' r . u pr F/ r n ul l n
] i nl ba . omend
(S 1475 b).
PrezenLul
perfct are l,"ri tntrbuintiri
/rrincilale.
Dl fuaLn:
l) mterioritRtec unei acliuni terminate insintea altei ac.tiuni exprnnate
$
144ti
prin prezen',:
on
i , nJ"i ".
\ h n 1p 4as/ , nd bnakd
r ,
n- al {d' . . d"' "
' h l Jper '
Dur ni n
, , l
.
, l ur , 1
mr . , l dd_U. j 44. ? i 1_
' l d
Juna
"i "r F
p.
\ L l i v. . ,
. n
I ht ! " ar ", t
"u, ' , 1
"r , r l r l '
oi \ or l . I sr ol i or a ! up ol
' - J.
t i c| n, ) t l ut ' , t
"
onl ,
*l ,
r ' , bu' d
' d
l i r p. ml opr . r '
. a
t ba' r oepa: ca
2) rezultatul in prezert al unei acliLtni anierioare. de cele rnai mulle ori
"r
1447
cu irnplicalii ulterioafe, l}ronentu, sivlr*rii acliunii respeotive ncfiind india
deaarace n intereseazi:
D.ry has broken.
IS' a
cr{pat de zi.
l:
Esle zi, dcci ne
tutem
scula
)l
' E\ or si e
l ndi mul l aLi Pr i cnni
'
, ' i t o' n, w r
o' i
n bt t o.
: \ t at
. t dd
' l
1 , nur nl ; . , . o, r , um s ar
. Pd"
duri iitlu). inspj.at{ din bltsDele 0clc mai cnDcscuie
ii
o e constiLuic cvenimenhtl lradi_
liohal
a1 s,lrlriloril{tr d. ialni' L-
Whal ,rs Dfozsn, vou here?
lce
te-a a.lLs aici? (De cc ds,t aici? Ce nei de la minc?)l
lvho nas l,tu,\e, the l.caD.t?
Icire
o s??, ceainicnl?
[:
Ccainicul .s'. sra.r, deci nu putem fuc. ccai.)]
| l "nr .
. ""t n,
I n. , n LdJU' . 1 p i
ur p
tltu
'a.ut
n tallou m nunJt. (Nu stun.,nd anr vtzut. iar)loul. cioi nu iriereseui
d. r , _ f F7. l l d ul l n
f r , / "nr :
t ar , . ul ,
i r l r . no. . . .
r i , pl , al i a . d
j nr
, nLU, i d. r nr r . I
wl { l d, .
1ou
oj . oPd t t
n
\ i \ h. \ .
Dr f 4i d, . hi . t "t "d' t ^a ( \ t omF. , r
x' l
. ! r . . t , i ni r ' n
r r ! , . a. d
ct r dai ost deschi sdi dcasL. a. ci l apt ul ci l er casi . r ' adsr deschi si i i j cl deaceea. sr r cr . ent . ) l
"IIarc
lan
pastcd.l.he letter?"
"\o. I h.eca't ben dble La
get
a stnmp. tlecryihing
p,ts
ctosed."
{
Ai
lus
sc.isoarer ]{ cutie?- Ntr, n an
lutut
gi6i tinbrc. Pcst. tot cra ltrchB.,
"Eao.
lot ne! t\ti Flcndnrsra"
"No"_ "I'd like votr to rnaci ttiem.i'
( cd;Drri
fa'nilia l lemmint?
-
\u.
-
ni vrea i[ rc
,rcztr.)
$
1448 3) o acliuno sau o stare incoputfi in txecut care durcazi pinl ir prezt'rlt
(sau pind intr.-un moment, trecut atit de apropiat de prezent incit se confundi
cu acesta)j continulnd sau nu ln pfoze.t
sau in
.riiLor.
Se deosebesc urmitoarele
S
1449 a) durata perioadei de timp in care s a petrecLrt, acliunea nu e:rte aritat;,
se subtnteleg i;e cuviotele
j,pi;[ in prezeni":
She ids redD all a.long the scacoast and nos.,.a alt ihe new buildings.
t(Pi
l In p.ezent) a losL pe
iot litoralnl qi a vezut toate noila consh-uctii.l
H. hd" b"cn
t +or 4
t o $; d , n | l . mds
lse
qiic cA (piDi in prezlnr) a iiitisai
ri
zece reprize srccesiv.l
Thi ooncert nasa'l ,eszn.
lconceriul
nu a lnceput (pine ln
lrezcnt)
ddct nu te
sribi.l
Adverbele c/cr si nerdr accentuoazd ideea, nu sint deci obligaiorii:
Have rou (r,er) sP, a
sazelle'
l Ai
r Jzut
( ! r eu, l al i )
o
sazel i l l
I Lav. f oer cr ' l / ud .
p
oppor t un t y.
l N, ) m
dvur ( ' i j ci odat r )
t ; r l : j ul l :
5
1450 ,/ durdra acliu]lii e\primate de verb esLe aretati prin adverbe sau lo-
cul i uni adr Fr bi dl c al cr oi | r l el es esLe l egat de pr ezent
asau
at t t de apr opi ai
d prezent incit se conru,rdd iu acesta),
-ca:
jffi (: tounai, abia), laielE', o/
lal., fecentlg3. d.aring thc
I
tlle:e l.rst three yeors (feo
q'ecks,
LtrJo montht eIc.)1
this last
Aear,
tlrcsc
llhis
t|entlJ minntcs, oa
Atr, Uet
elc.l
He ttds
irgt
dt:iecd..
lTocmiri
(acu, abia) a sosit.l
SIe /dsn'i ,c,u !vel1 litsly.
(Nu s-a simlit biDe in uliima v.eme.)
l 2ur i oc l br l b. so l d. l I FU
! Fsn
I ' F l ds nr , / mu. l o l pJ. n,
I n ul i mi i doi dn, a avut m. l t f t dn I n\ dl dt . j
\-
ft,
hr.d
u rF.r.h
Jou
tbi! rhcsc ro y
mioutir.
, I n.
Tdm
d pd ur e. r 0e m' nul ' r ' da o d t i n. . l
{
1451 cJ duraia acliunii exprimate dc verb esLe o perioadi de timp indicata
de un adverb de timp nep;ecis, sau de o locutiune-adverbialn (precedate
sau
nu de prepozilia
/d/J
:
(far
)
sone tine. some iieelis. sercral
!ea6,
a
fart
ight,
an h,aur or tpo. a
fctr
minutes, ([ar)
alang rine, ha',long...2 eIc.l
\\c haee b.at Daflt.l (lofl
o week.
/.tinkn
cisiloriti de o sntiiLohi.)
r
r\ 6e obrlna t.arer-' { saDDilicai,ive d. ia 0..retrLdi nerfeci la trecnlul sjrnold din
ultinia
!tupozilie,
ca.c s. fcrrfi la ur mooenr
Dri;is
din rrr;trr.
:
"!lnt
ncrfect vdnbilc si:
"//dr? vou ir.D;L sazell{i?" "1 ldrfl' ' r /,ad thr olro|iunilv."
xrcd,tttu
a;:Le un droib cxr. sicdnsLrtri.,ii;
ri
eu ir,curul simplu
{S
1i6i r}.
'
276
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'
Jor '
l or r cei '
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t 11.
i
t
r r
I nl ' n. si l
\ u r " d' t : : ' r |
' ol
'
Itd.c
lon
ArorYz the long?
(li .rtold dc iult?)
{on long nat.
lon
beea \rith tsl
l De
. i nl cl , t l a Doi ?)
dr l n, "l ur ' r l
t ' . ' i
, dl P:
J- l i ' nP;
. 1r pr - u
t . "r a
ul
r '
l i ur r "J
"\ nr i - dr d
$
l l 52
{l a ! er L, c"l e r , '
' ; / d
pr r n t - ' r nt l \ "r b' duol o
ul r ' n
x! l ! ' r l r dl ' ' 1r ' 4\ l nr . a
Li n o, r l r ' r . . i - ,
A:
j i n
l 9
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t l uhl u! !
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: r
l "
r ' t o t st t t ""
t ' Pch'
ii,,i'ini'ii,i
"f
t",,
(:t'c).
tron
.L hov (froin his chitdhoott'
ftan
1e50
ftum
1
^\
t
4 b4. n Br ' '
' "
' i r "
1957'
f i
"au. h'
n Fur L"i
' l i
l ui : -
lle has liaed a\tal- lro home rrom o
' hild'
a(Dl)
tfnicete delarte de crsr' r d' cind era coril-l
f
' n
thrt dlX sh. nds nele. beea tale agail
|l]ni
accn zi
{ia)
nu a riai ttlt.idr niciodai' i
l
At cnl i . t !
j e
al r l L"
i n sncr i l l al "nl i d r t
nu
'
i nt r cbl i r ' 1
: " r / ' hddl d l n l i r nba
en"l t z' ' i nd,
, 1t ", t t
i f t z
nt i t ] n' i "| nJ un
v"rb e r" \ n' ol i l dr u-n udvcrb do
r i mn l r ". r l l p""""d"r d"
' i .
,
(
J. . i n
l Jp Jt u- . i da.
' t
t n
l ar ' l r on
r '
{1' i i , si s
t 4; ; , 2361).
er incerulul
perioadei r1e timp in cate s-a petrecut acliunea
crprimatn
$
146t
<l o
' "r n. . . 1""i ) r ' "r r n,
un
\ Fr b l a
r r
ut ' t t
' t mpl u:
tot hdr. b*n lrY ldtnd evo since I w!! born'
(tni .f/i
prielcn_dc citrd n am ndsc!t.)
she .anc h$c as a .hild rnd nos bftn \titl us erer since
lr\
venit aici de copil
ti
sd la noi mereu de ai' unct' )
\ \ ' e/ , , .
, ,
I l a- mr t l L r dl S: n1J. .
\ u a
-
L. r r r up l J I J"
'
nd i an i 1 ; l n
l ul ma od- ' l a
t r nJo
r
\ t p l F I
. 4 n- r "
l r or r
l so y ds nol
"\ Fr
si nr F
L P
' nt r
i t r I 97'
, \
. / l @ ai " i 1p Jn: r . d' ; r n' t
' 4 ' "a
'
I n l 9: 9
r J
d
r
r ,
r "r i o- l . i
i ncer . "I p' l r F' uLar r i uno' Fr pr i ' nr r dd' t Fr b, F
p
$
146{
nd i t , d. ' i n; t t
\ ' "r b l A
r :
nt ut p r / . ' .
' br " ' "n
r r ' ' l or 7t o
i ' i ' uno per cr er ol
He ha3n't {orPel i}pilg since hc lrss Deen in this room
il'-.
l'""t.1 Ji
"c"id
ia n'a-:ina de cind 3e afla rn aceasfi caderd
)
I iatd neler rzdn disatpointed
ir hcr sincc I iure knolr! her'
(Nd
m-a d""zanegit
niciodat'l de clnd o
'z@t'
/
\1'c rat,6edn
jn
nish spir'ils a]l ihe tnne
Ne heYc rrorled at tho barage
l
(Sltiten mnur loirie
-entuzintti
dc clnd lucfta la La'aj
)
\ t n / i oi Dp
"r J
r r a, l . \ . i nr " \ " hur o
I ' ccn mr r r i Pd
- . r
' r n
f o I i ' r r d. r nI i , r "' a
"
oi
'
d. Prezontul
letfect
simplu
Si
prczentlll
ler'feet
continuu $
1455
, l Lx
| cr b. l " l ur ' r \ p
1r pl a 3\ "' t ^ ma' o
i nu' r sl l i :
'
p"' z"nl ul
s
1466
oer l ec co
l r , r uu
". c"n
u,
i r J i ' l """ dA
nn' i n- i
' r "
du d" Jur x' i unpr d' r ' ur ' r
iernrinaie
in prezmt sau lnir un treoul' fo t'e recenl':
He h.s b..n ,a.ntq
llrglisl! (lor) l$'o
veaN
(.['t..li. eielrza .tc d.r am
)
l l . ' v1r ' ' , r "' ,
r i . f or n
LD,
'
r t d I n o l Pl l , Ti
n:nhxli:ill',,iiii'l:jir,il;:l:;fi
l:li::lllii;"':i'":ii:l;'i1ilix"l-i;ilT,';i';l
i . . '
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.
t i . , i
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S
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t rez, , r
rut uj pri cl r
! \ pf l , , ra LUni i rLunrea
unci _ari ri uni l i r pr; rzcrt j
cv, j ri unt
: r
1, , \ j i t ur. i ! , ! | l rot t
eu
prezerrt ! 1
rrert oct .
si mpl u. car. c nrat ; o acl i ul p t ermi l rt i i n prczrrLt :
l 1 r , \ , . r
Jr , . at
l a.
t m. , t | ",
"bp, . . / I \ ou- t Jr , r l
t t i r r . , ' . r - . t .
Ti . anr , . r L, r , dt
", ,
,
n", r " Li , t _
t . i
z
. .
r r . r r pl r ' n, r - o. J
I uD ai.aid I /,ard .o/an
1.our lunotr.
lTi
ani niin(rr
lrinzul {iu
a nai r;iD$ nnriol.l
$
1458
. . . . /
Pr ezei t ul per f ect
conl , j nuu r l \ er bei or n, oDent ai e ( g 1344) edpr i mn
a.,, urr reperaie:
r
. 1or ,
t . "
, - "1, / .
r l l l
- "\ ' r . , r ,
, : "\ d\ r ,
t h. i a. . u"j . .
l . t
d , , , r " , , t -
, , i
t , . , ,
. t r .
r "b i . a
,
,
.
\\c hdt. l,un :lapprrs erfrl r.rtnan $e met ro rclt him thij ,.s5 ot ouf trrigadr.s
, ,
1l{},,frn.ID
roli mu.rjr.o.ii
l.
carf i am nitilrtit. oi sri lc spur.D rcsLa lealizrrli
o" gda' n. i r '
l
S
r45$ d./ PrczeDtul pertect
lorrinuu drl uneoi te\rLrtui o nuanln emol.ioratd:
\ , r L . 1. . g, r , g
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J. r 1:
i i . ' r r ' ,
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l l . Lo t . "- . i t . ; ,
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ut r , ddi nA
,
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( i
J
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Lr / i u n, . . ' t r . , , . Do d. ; J, . obo, . i .
l
\ se corripara in contra"ct,:
,1 sartu o snnronie.
:
tte has atut n a svmDlionv.
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a, , i Lni , . ! n
npr . r . r i l br . , i , . ' nu
i n. ; , ps, : r , . i . r d
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t , e n, . ,
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l
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o
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i
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n. d . nr opu, J i n a, . p, Jn du"pr / l
. i
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Fr pl "r , 1
$
I 460 D. narcLe pf uz-nr, rl pc
pcr
e\ pri mi i deeA de ant eri oi ral e f al i de Drezenl
J1r
"
i . t Jai nr ; i cui t ut c' ; I . r i \ i n, d, o, , r i r u. , i i
""1i , _"i i "", . h; t r ai ;
r . ; "; ,
r - "; ;
\ I
o".
F. l '
LI F Jof l l . J ba I nl i t ur p
a. FJ. r i , r , , i i our unt i i r , r r Fbui r t i nd| | - sat nt dt _
, 1t . l i na p. ' t t t n
i ndi carea
cont i D! i t nl i i acl j unri l erhut ui
t t zt nt ut ret el : t
confinuu. care aduoe precizarea
neccsari daci aceasta nu reiese nici diir cbr-
icxt.
{cf.
{ 1455).
S
1.161
r/. Treeutul simph si prezcntul pertect
Deoscbirea dintre trecurul sjmptu
.sj
prezentul
l,FrIFrt
prerinti
mdri difi_
'
. 1. r i
f er r r u
. r , , . 1- , , r i i
I n, , , ; ni . obi . r r . r i i r
"u
, , . r i , g"r c"
i "manl .
as"l n". o.
!
n
I
",
,
. Lcl - zo
: r I a
i . ' i i
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f u"r r p , l i t "r l r i
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pd.
t j e a, aFr .
r u, | ' r -
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r .
,
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dp
r i n, puf i JF
gr an, Jt i . . , t o
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bd r omdna.
s, r "
. , ur Ji a
, rr. , I l t ru, -l r] rJ orj ul rl i i e' , sl pzc i n Fi s. 2
S
1J57. avi ndu_"(e t n
. ! , edere
i ri f
/ . r ' i / \
Dr ! u
t u I d| l , . r op, . 2, , i a,
n,
Fzi .
r i ni r i dncr r r : r
r r adr r ,
pr ,
a. t i n t i moa r umi na.
. .
U c' , mparai r" i nt rr rrrcnrnl
si mpl Lt
. si
prezent r perf ct va l nmuri
mar
bnre i nt rebui ni area
a(l *t or ri mpurr.
.
Trecutul
simplu est,e
a.l.t:tdratul linp netut 1n limbo engleza. lll exDnm.r o
d. l r l l nn, Jr p r ar ut l o. t nt r un t uot \ . . t pr ec^
6du i n, r o p
r ; oadd
pr p; i sd
di n
tfc.r?r! ar_trune ternrn.ltd atnnci s\
fdrii
nici a legdturd. ct1, prezntul-
2; E
hczc tul
pedoet stc esentialmente un tinp prcz.nr' El erprimii o nciiLl
ne trecnLA, crie aJ". l..g it urd cn pre zerLtul si c e a losl s;t'irliti indr un r?,/rtnt
""ffl"fl*t
simrlu inrlreaptn aten!;a asupra no rnllthu rr..ur ir ca.e s a
,<nvirgit acliunear
prezenhl ptrfec{' nrn|ra rr. ltatttlui acli.u.ttii in
ft:tnr:
I 1,s, mY look len da$ a(o,
, r i r mr j , r r
' . d, r - , ; ' . r
; , / l .
, , . r ,
- q' , r r , i .
- l r ' , J
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\ ". ' u-
r , d, . . ,
. t
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, , . t
m. , r "".
. "r
1t r "r , r ur dp,
'
. '
t , . r
"
ar ,
I r ' - r nl . l
I nd' lo'r n'v r'ook.
U r nr D- c. d- - t r r
"' .
\ l on r , I
l ; r J
. i i nr
"
p"P' 7d
' ' i
i nr r ' 5' ar i
i
pol l - n, d, t r r l o! d r r l , , . - '
. i
\ "' pr l Li i I o"J
' ' ' i "_' I r ' al
| : . i . hpa- l t
- l ^t "h"r I l "t t , b
I I i . . son Dody / d sr ' r ' / / h r ' , o, ar r i l
( \ r i l i r n n
i , no
c
I . l "'
' r
' l dr
\ ' , 1 . l . , r \ d a api n' o i I
L'as in Bu.Iarest last l-.tr.
l,\n lost anul trecul ta Bicnrllti
(Tjmlnl prcciz.rt: ldsr
!dr'
,\cl'nrnea llII ltgli
tndi iru
lrezcntulr
n! nai sint aon, in Dncurciii
)l
i haac \n\{ been in tsucharcst
llorl
.
ycar.
tsjnl
(acnn) la Bu.urciti de ur an.
{Aaliune
lrecute carc ocnlinud in plezdli
ti
!ro!abil
in !iito..)l
"rtd
you err
go lo Czcobosloraltia ds a .nttdl"
"No,
I .iil''l.. I onlv r'.4t lo Hun_
St "v
"j ei
r ". t vpodd' a r n
r "h! sr ,
\ d. . "
. . t d pt r :
, opt : \ u. , , , a, n r , sr . \ m , . i
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t l r nl
l acL
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dp, u\ i nl "l ' d. ,
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) .
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t ". n l o
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'
L -
\ i l o- vr - , ] d d n C"hosl or t , al N" am l Li . ndi r r '
I
n d"i a r s out ' i "_
tctege ,,pin[
In
]rrzent-11
Di u r "L oo 1ou"
\ ' ^t l b. [ . "P
La: , A
t o t t P pi
t u"P
l l i . d l . r I ni t , u, r a. . r ' r ' ,
"
J
"
r ^ ou. P i - r n"mal og, al ? ( Ti n' pul dr ' n r
l ' t Pn_
zat di cuvjlltele befate
coins
ta tlE
lictLtes ))
dard lou d,rc vour norka
tTi' ai' ter
inat"lrcraree?: Lncreea ste
sata {in
prezent) (Sublnieles:
,,Dac[
ste
saia,
poli acum sn te distrezj.")l
I h. d, d O"hoL. n i
Bh, ' r s d
/
i n Dl u;
, , . ' t . n: ! ou
a l F
. an.
"t
l Amuu, i l . . l l aD
ooi d 1l b; . r , d: d l u: C"t . ! $i l i pr i ' onr Fr t
( \ I omn l r q' r t D' ' i zal
de cN' intele
Pi' dd?/
at the .otu41
,i fad
hstttcd .u
Pterentut.))
LdJ" ,{.."d
riprsh{in;
"ll
dnsodv in lrluc_
/;r,
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, \ ml r n7r t r aDsodr l r dI , a!
. a-
a l . i cpr . h\ i n d" f n. i , r i ( t r nJ i n pr Pzenl ' . r t l o-
npnl ut 0
t l u
l : , "/ ; - i . dr .
p"r i o. oa o" Li n, p or . I "eot u, o
"
pe?^t n. ) l
"Ilate
!\it
rcad
' Hamlci' ?"
"No. bul t hnte seen it I sao the pic\n.e duing the
|
- A. i
ci t : t l l i i l l -
t pt 4d
t n
F*. ?n! t " -
Nu, dd l dm \ t zut t l t ' o
t r
Pr PzPnt )
Am i i zul t i l m! l r a . : mpr ' f ". l : \ al t l ui t n"t pt ul u: t
t
- Vow
! t t qr '
l r i i
ot
) 1
She d,, u! to lhem and !s/' .dr
"Why
nd you c,ru: Whv dn
lou
sdv
vou
rveren' t
| 5- a r or o! : dl d"
"' s
a nt ^"bA
t t r eu
' a, at i r t :
. , D"cFar i
r . nr ' ' . ' . Dr
r p
"t nr pl i
ai ; .
t , a
p*, p"t ,
, , Dp
r p al i spus l nl r un anu4: t r nompn( sr br r ' "1"s
r di n / ' P. ul ) ci
' u
! eni t i ?' i l
Aalyerbele alo timD inhcbt riato atit cu trccutul simplu' cit
Di
cu
prczentul
$
1462
Dcr l cr l . - Ar i l t r o ui ul
- i ' nnl . r ,
. l l
) i
pr F/ pnt ut p. r l P l por l i i ' r Fhui nt al p
I n ur mat or r nl . sd\ er bF dF i , , I p n pr P"; . dar i n si l ui l i i di l er i l ":
1) erer
$i
nc{er, recently, slnt, folosite cu:
S
1463
a) Tr ecnt ul
si mTl u, ci nd se
gubi nl el eg
cuvi nt el e
, , i n
t r ecut ":
"rid
vou crcr /tnd
o,, the nanc ol the
goal kecpcr?"r
"I dtd'- iusl relorc I Lfr lhc st{diun
"
/
rt;i,rJ drn se
'r"tia
lortarul?-Da,
chiar lnainte dc plecarea mca de
le
stadioD.)
She was lh. rreitiest
girl I or0r rad
(Era
cea mai arrgule rain
te
carc
(fl pd:,t_o
.odail:r')
2!9
1
(sport)
:
parur
{la
lotbul, ho.h.i
{do.).
{i0
Hc rcrf..er?{kd tlr. o/I,,& tor $tji.h Ie tad n{rn c.nsurcd.
(Nu a /cprr, ri.tdd.d grei.th
telt.u
ca.c nrsese o.iiicar.)
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b r , , an
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Sr {6{
b)
pr e. . nt ul
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t ) t f i sc sLr bi nl e] eg cur i i r ct e
, , pi I i
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}1{r,
}ru
crer llrilcl l.he ller.,itasr llnseun, nr Lrnhsmd?
(.1i
ri..inr rreodald iluz.ul Emitasii din LcnilAfad?r
-
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qr Jp
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l);u
ttn
fast
niciaddtil h i\arc.)
$", , Dd, r , . a
or / pr ^ uf l r a
i . "
/ , , . , . . . / t o O, bcor .
/ \ ,
t dn . .
|
. .
d", , , t t
- ,
nr / i J Lt d"o\
$
146i,
. .
2)
-ldrerhele li
locutiunile
adrcrbixte de tiDp neprccis care cxprine
i i l eeLr de. . pi l i : i l a un nl ornnt dar t rcrut sxu p"c, "nt . .
ci : dt t , dt l . l J. st i LL, uet ,
. ot
t . , , t .
t t n. \ .
I
t t
)
, t ' l
, s
t t , , .
, l uJpt . . . , i n
r ' ut o- i t c, u:
a) Tr . t : ut ul si , LDl . . ci n, l sc subr r r el ec cur i nt l c . . ol l r d nr t r U,
' - . , r , , i i Ju.
: , ,
i i , , . b. , , ^mi . : ,
,
r r i r npnr t , ,
r ui r :
lle Lyar dlrldX tircd.
/,4.o deji obosit.)
Trrere
p.fe
articlis ltill not irfittcn.
/E.aa attiole lncn ncscris.)
-fhere
,e/a iobs not vct don..
atra&
sarctri lnce neildellinite.)
So nu lhinss
gr..
al] ris[t \iLh lhe ,,e\Lhjrcddcd
corn]e.
(Pin,'L
atruoi noii instr{iei se tnrd,a4 t}i.e.}
I
p
l o nor
pv". vt l '
nA r
. , a"d
oi i c . I
. Pr ' . 1
ar J . n, i r or l pd- ,
gr "r . r
L) Pr . : nt ut
I .
r [ . . t . r , nd
. p . , , L, nr Ft , s
, ur i n el ,
, pr na
r n
pr . zr r r r ' r r Jus i n l i mLa
' or
; ni , r
r . 4. . ,
t . ot . r , d. j
Pr ' . . "r
. .
. . r ' b r i . "
al r cadr .
f! fi
rd;u r .xrozitia.)
Hdrc yo! bought uic tiokets
rt?
[Ai
cumpnrat bi]etele (ptni in
lfe?enr)?l
Shc still ,usn't aond.
lTot
n-a e.ni1.)
SIc n6,'i .dne
xet.
{\n
o rr"n nrcai.)
Up to no{/Bo Irr tl,c experjmert lds De'r a sucoess.
{Pini
h prez-"ni cxpcricnla a ac"r succcs.)
S
14tj$ 3) Adl.erble
,si
loculiunile ad.!'rbiale care arate o pe oaili, dc timp Deter-
nrilafi, ca: tadu!, Ihis tr.ieh
l
/nonlh
I
gear
I
matuing,-a.tt tluy, all n{ght etc.
si nt f ol osi t e cu:
.
) . t r t .
t ul si r npl u. enr d per i oada d i ; np sau act i unea r pf l -
m.rr1 cre \ er'IJ s a lern.Du1t:
I
/
/ .
l Jf .
"o
.
t hn
' nor r i n(
(N-am
bliut oldra azi djn nealli.) (\:orl.so dlti1-amiazn sau s!r0 scare).
lt iiinerl tune!.
-{ tlouat.
rzl.
(Xu
"tui
plaud
a n.)
r,,!'
nu si, I.l.Ia numal l.r p.czrnt. dar
ii
ia nn Donx,nr dat r.eclq consider.tt ca
Ir.z-;ni
.F rtro or.
z
ta !h^ ,J.q! = pilt.\7i:
tu rna, lay
:
pjnri ahuei.
981
He
'ds
h.rc lor a lerv liours this $cek,
[{
lost aici cileva ore slltin]ina aee.rsta (da. a plccat
)l
h) pr czent ul pcr f ect . Ni nt l
per i oxda de t i l ) p si r t L ar l i ur ea vr -
bul ui dureazn hcn:
I hdeen'L har) corlcc tbis nosins.
(\-am beut calea azi dnnjnea!{.)
{vorbeso
dimin.a!^
i
'l'odrr
nds ,c.i a line dal.
lrzi I tosi o zi lrtrnmasa.)
(Esle sca,d
!i
inci rrumos
)
\on hdrc been here onlv onc. tlis weok.
fN-ai
lo6t aici dcctt o dalI
(plnl acud sipfinlna ace,tst
r
In a{ard tle cazurile menlionat
la aeest
punct. ur1de iimpul verbului
rsDectiv esto imlrus de necesiLatea clarificirii nri,.elesu\ri, r.tunci ri d situaiia
r pi p. r l i r np"l r Ji n
"on, pr l
. "l F
doLd
l i "l pur i , n' . 4". . nt i f ol osr r " l ur ' d"
o*bi r ", n. mai r "
r . r , l ndu
se di . r i n
l i a
di - r t ,
' l F
. l l bi l i r "
r Ji , , ' . A' f - l
se spune in mod egal, tn,telesul fiind acelagi in ambele cazurj:
' l - e hnt
"ar t pd
' ' d
al l d. \ .
_d
' r
i 1p , o' r Pd
r ar d
Jl i l J\ '
| e hd r r t en t L, r i 5
\ ' / . r . s
\
. \ " l t "
"t uF
l o l i i s
L; l e
I
: . { [ .
4) Ad\,-,rtel6 dc timp
,\i
loculiu,rle advrbiale contiruttirc slrn repetitire'
S
u67
p, n", o' t J-
u. . o*i annl ' : j .
|
- t t l ot l
t . , j uot t r .
t t ,
q\ . r t t J.
t '
' .
r ad t .
. : t d"
".
. an.
! ' n s,
i pt +ol
t
' - "s.
Li ' n" dt '
|
' , qot n.
not or
t 4. q' n. L
' t
JLt t .
. t . r . t , - hf ur nt . . r ' r y[ o n! 1, '
, . pt !
I
vx, t . - .
nr " ,
oJi ni oar , r
pe t r ' n' ut i .
'
n. t \ ' . ' ) , ot . - .
t -
o dJl . ) .
1t
t i a
""r
mt t
' 1
\ . nr l t ' l j
/ r ' i , ac
pLi .
sr nr l ol o
a) l r ecLt t I si nl l [ . ci nd so subl n- t el eg cu1- ; n' . el c
, . i n
t r eeut "
(trecui indicat printr un adYcrb de iimp
prccisl):
Our lolk danccs
grout lrcque.nttl toz
g.eat alplans! dron Ne
pertorned in the
! r : . h: l a
nosr r t d" danr , r ,
I "l ul d
i r a
r l r ' eor i l Ld
l ' dl l Ll
' r "l
d J- Jm
spFr l n, , l c i n l abr i cj . )
In mr cbllillooil, tle olten s"rn, thc holida$ at. trrc scasid'r'
(ln
cirpildrja nrea,
petrecea adGeori lacanla 1a nare
l
As e bor . I l ompl i Dcs t t r +d
t n t h . r hoo onl bnl l
I dn
1ur a, - l
r i m, opr . . i ur J
"r r
"- ;
i n
' r ' i | na
l
"dl d
"ol i i
Shc
,st.i to tite in ilrh honsi once'
(Locuia pc lrcmuri in ace'rsil casa
)
h) pr eze nt ul per f ect . ci r t l se subi l l l el eg cul i ni cl . , pi r n
l n pr e-
I ndr. olrlrs tftorqrr slie 1'.s shY.
{A
oczut.
_
lnto tdaan nn d .sn1ar.r tindda l
He llds olten ,a.z hoe.
(.! vnit adeseori aici.
)
I lar. r.dn "Othelld'
nonJ tidres.
(Am lazut de mnltu oi
,,Othcllo" )
She ids ,,,2 here only otre.
(-\
iosl aici o sirglri dati.)
i:) Since
(adl.erb. conjunclie sau
prepozitie) se intrcbuinleazd cu:
S
11168
a) t r ecut ul s;
/ l a- .
ci nd acl i l r nea sau sl ar ca l : i cat e sf r f er i
rre loc tntr un nonent
(lat
drn 1,"..r1:
I ta,.r't scen lini slnce hi.aru hcfc {s a child
{Conj.)
(Nn lam v,"rzdt de clnd a lcnii aioi, trn oolil
)
l r ' !
r ' , " e
Jd\ .
qi nr p
' c.
r " l bL. Conl .
- i , t
t r - r / i
;
J
, . r n,
dt o| . !
' r l
I na o".
r
Sau
prin
fohivileniul tui, n,liri o loculiure adr..biali. o propoziii.
(nrrnslanli{ll
rc.
-\..sf
te.rr este nun,iL iknri'
i;at rcp.li1i,
2! S
Tlis line buitdirs ozs a ruin noi lonlr sincc. lAdv.)
lAccastt
irxmodi cltdire .ra ntr de ;rnr o niira_)
b
)
p, c . e n t. u t,,'
/,
i ;T].-.;' ::' ri ,' pr"g
.eri .,:;' ' u" .,pi ne i n pre,
!(, nos tuld a
}rrof.ssdship
sinoe 1$0.
{prp!.)
i t ) el i ne
o cat . dr i L di n 1. J50. 1
.
Ravei's
"llolcfo" \'as irondcast last Selrcmt.r, Lut ndr not tc.n ftp.atetl ci\.e.
(_{dv.)
.
(
.tsolefoxl' hi ltar.l a loEt dituzni la radio in settembria, dar n! a lost retelar de
P, , , , 1u, i o", t , {
s. n. , ?
bl l . al s and bounds si "ce a! t ot uat i on was i nr r oduced.
( Cor j . )
' t r oJ. , d ast or , i
- i r ei no.
t . , i n, l
. r
r odL. dur ondt
, r dl
I l r r . t , at t 1s, "a- . i p1t
qi or c
I t , r d
br r n, n
. i .
o. , i cp. r C. . . i .
/ \ r n
i r \ ". . r 1 mu: , J". nl si n. t ,
' - .
br ou. J
S
1469 6)
just
Do$ poal,ri
a1-ea douir i telesuri
clnd s retlri la o trf1jur t rccuti:1
c)
-
adiltainri;
acliunea petrecindu
se intf-un auumit morncni, dir trecut.
'.impul eramatical
i nt r ebui nl ai
esLe t r e c u r ul s i Dt p I u :
sl i c r d' l r nF uD i ust non.
i ui
a i . , i r , nr r ad; ed, . i
. /
L
)
:
tomni. cltiar actLn:
acliunca arind lLrc i]]lr un momcni care se corfundii cu
trezentul,
tirnpul
.
qr a] nt r t i cnl
t nt r ebui nl at
est e
! r ct ent ul
p. r f ecl .
Tl,cI ndrE
jusi
loF &nc in_
I\u
irirat .iia, r.z ./
Obser ual i .
S
I l 70 f , r ' ' p. - r bi l
c. r ,
! "opo/ r r
h, dt , . on' i n
t r . cut ul
b; r nl J: du D' cz(
t ul
pr . . . r 1n' , \ i . l -
j ' i "i uq
r d! , r bp- nr f - i nr l i cdr pa t i mpur ui r n. "r "' r . , l osr n-
; oar d
acl i unca ver bul ui , dar dacl r n ni nt , J
\
or bi i or uLur aceal t n, {ct i , r ne est e
l . ca
, l -
r 1
. . ur enr .
u, i "
a p. r : o, . l d, r i 1 r . "u
pl
r d r r . bu; nt a
h. r , / /
s t npt l 1. . r t j at i so gi ' r l l eqt e l A r ezul l at ul
acl i uni i l n pr ezent , va i nt r el uh! a
pr...ntul
1rt4.(t-
oDnl trecdt
You raid
rou
Itdr't liLc il..
\rnltt dni ih."r dri lor Urat ],al?
[:here dtl
J.u
.{.a urem?
Tl,. raj! sropcd r0r ten njlutes and
ihfn E
Son
agair.
Ilorv dtl rou sroil
your
dress?
I 1,,,
1cn lrl n!rc.
"Did
-\an
h.at ab.ut llelen?"
,{cliurc l,.c.utn lesdn de
l' lezelt
Iox' r., said ii. t\yicc alrady.
\liral na-s sh-" ds^./ you? Tcu look so
I' rc sc.n them sad and l' 0e retr l.hem
naplrx.
The rain lzs i/rpcd, I an so glad.
\
1\nt ha@
sou
dane! fo!'r. s!.ih you
u.te6
\on brcasht 1t t)ackl
I hde;\'t h%rA \on.
- \ \
r t abor t l f r "
_Sl eL
( : / , d\ l
l , r
t l ' t s. l "r l ar bhi r , l or Lon, l nn "
I @, hcrc lor a week-
c, 1
r nj o"nl r u o
- Jpl
m. ni . t
- l a
p.
o. , t
, . r r n' . i
J t d. \ dr l ,
s4 p- . t u! g
r r d
i n vj i t or . )
l l uO
a se. A.
LSini
aici d. o si!tlmln:i. (Staro
trccut.i, legafi d.
lrczent)l
I
' ' ds
herc tor a wock.
. 1n t o6l di . o r . pl i nl n". I ' l 1r r ua' un' . Li ' i nd\ d. l nLr r n t r dcut deni f L
i l
d. Dr r -
TFnt
i , , nL,
o
t p, r oadA
i P t i q, r ' , l - r :
' dr "
n' dm I nr or ; .
I
'linpul grrmaiical pe care tl alegc volbilorul ir acsle e\errple -
si nu
neapnrat prezn,ta
adverbelor dc tinp
- este cheia inteniiei sale.
'O
neiodd simptd pentru allarea iinputui gramaticat nicesar prezent
S
14?1
simplu. preznt perfeci s.lu trecut, sinlplu
- consLi ln folosir'lja crior d0ri
t nt rebdri i ndi cat e mai
j os:
a. ) Er e npl n:
,,E1
est la mare
leni.ru
o lunll".
lntrebarc l?ds?ens
EsLe a.rm la arc?
-
Da.
A lost s,i tz 1..&rl
-
-\u.
Sc va intrebuinla deri uu simplu prezent prezentul sir.tlu (prczent
.arc se prelungeste
ti
in wiilor).
He n .t 7llc s.ar.ld Ior a month
b) Ex: enpl . ul
.,Ijl
.s,. l.r m.rr. d! dori hrni."
nsle d',m la mare?
-
Da.
A fost
ti
ir rre.zt.' Da, dou;-L luri.
Se va tntrebuinta ur timp trecut, care are legituri cu prezontul pr.e;en-
Hc has ben aL tl,c seaside fo. hlo inonths.
c) Exenr t u:
.,I.ll
a
/,s,
la inare in iunie."
lnttebote navzns
Est a.,n la are'1
-
\u.
:\ l.tnL iL lrccut?
--
Da. in iurie,
So va lntreb[inla deci un timp irecut care nu rre legiiurn cu
prezentd
-
He, . ar ni t l r c seasi d- " i n June.
?. Alte furclii :{e prozerhrlui
tc
ect
S
14?S
1) Prezentul perlect lnlocuieltc liitoml pcrfcctl
in
Prapr.il;ih
src rdof,
I
U73
in special in cele lemporale si condi,Lionale (
S
2853):
I shaU
so
to nil oflicc w]ien I haee lod locr.
{u'1
voi dncc la birou drpi ce coi
fi
luat ma.a dc prinz
i
U t hdee seen ho lcfore roon, I shau ]eare ai
jira.
IDarii
o rot
/t
rdr,,'o
line
la prtuz, roi
ll.ca
la lora) .inci-l
You can'l go ard play
till
ro\
have d.one 1ou. nonreryork.
(Nr t"" poti duoc sI ic
joci
pin;1 ce nu
li
lci
/t it.a,1
1e.!iile.r
2) Constructia idiomatici haio got
1:
frare). deli a'ind forma d plazent
S
1474
perfccl.
arc tnleles d
lrc:enl.
dcoarece vcrbul ld ge.t nu indelhrette nici decit
rolul de a interi ideea exprin,atn prin |erbul t.i idr'.:
I.ndre
so,
a rvatch (- I nalc n watch). (Posesiunul
t nm
un cc6. l
I I p 4,
9. ,
, oD1/ , , 1{ ( I I / d . ,
r - . 1
. - \ . ( OI l i . . ' ! '
( l r abt r i e
sr r
nl "Lt r dscl
acxm. )
,\oeftstn construcirie nu este intrcb nlatd.lc.il iD sli1ul colortial.
1475 3) Tredoccrcs in limba rome i. - Prezentul
perfect se
limba romAnn astfel:
a)
^
pof ect nL rom! s i n t oat cazuri l e ($1446*145rr),
punct,rlor g
147,ir b
$i
c:
I hnce
fhishe.l
\ti\iot4. \1:c frare
just
n., thcn.
(,7m
teminar.l,. scris.l
ll-an
izdlni, adineaud.)
bt , u i ndi r c i t ut pr . n' i n nzul
' r r r pi
s, t i uni i n
epul .
l n
, l ur , "/ x
pl na I n pr "z, n
l i
pr obcL: l ; i
i n. r i ur t
I 1448' :
I haoe kLoen hcr lor a
J.ar-
{o
.L@s. de un an.)
c) cr
';'iirarul
an,r;orl (
S
2853):
Hoe long lare
Jou
Dcaa
Yon Filt f(l ielter Nher
you /,a.. beeD he.e r Nek.
(T \'ei sinii nrRi Line dup{ ce oti
fi
skt aici o siptiminar.)
Prozcxhl
perfeet
284
traduce in
0u cnreplia
s
11?6
1) nllrimn o d.iinne all$joari
piezdLiului
{-\
141ii)
:l) llontri ine.lt nee.-Fimat '
r.zultatrl in
treze.i
inteFsea-
z:' , i1r int,lirajii rltc.ioar)
G
] 1l i l .
3) Actnhetr rfti lo.ini,r-o riordi
do iimti ire(\li-i .trc durerzn
z, lirii adrerl !r !trLnrirhsc
, . l nr n
i n
l ( ^nNr
( \ 11i i 4)
i, .n erei, ner.r {S 1a!i)
i
cr. r.",.'t' .;"ut"
fS
rlll,,i
i
../ or n rdYfrn rFrc sn!s..rz,i
id.ea do
,,f:ni
ia
lrez{r:.t
:
al . qi dL
r t ,
s6l or ci c ( S 11r j ; )
Ild' ia
lon
r.d,
' llrmirt"?
Ente
lri
.\ar cliltrned
^
,1; .i/i/ ..lltrnlet l
I
Te- r t
- r r l di
t r coi l ul i
I ' ei
I
liici ,id,, rd,"i rreoditii I
]li-dt n$ N_rus
lov.stoa
-{i
.u,r.rl'o
linn
u.!d
\ - r m. r ul i i cn
l r i l ei al .
Trenul d s4sii chii. acrn,
!_.
t.lgf.gU
r.r
:ll
I
Iuu l{r {lrcrdX l0id rlc
ld! lori Ml DJsifrcr
Xtl?
I,lde slill sotrDol
let
l/d
Th' , br nl r , as
i qt l . . r "N
n.
i Ye l d/ . r f i , ! L
Jou
l i t i l l .
TodxX ldi |ad r lnrc da-r.
I ldrr uorlrd lPrv lrrd
$'Iet tu& rou t(n dl
dsJl
d,
(tr
un ndrorb .rro o^-lrnni
ut tnal ) i l trol i snr ri sui dc
!(/dn:
jrs1,
ltlciL ll0s{
tscnty Dinuies.tc.
{i!
1116-
..) d' u rdrerb crre rrrt.i o
t..ioadi
rLe tirnp reierminrti:
lods!, this ret, ill daI eir.
( ! 11i i {i l , )
1i .
r*' nr,t^1i ,' rl tl trl
I
Nn tr-d, !.i;d h nliin!
,\lnri z
I'sl
o zi lru!!'rsi.
-.1,
|(rrl ioarte ntrlt
Unde ni
/r!,
lorln ziut?
t
Viiior' n rnFrior
jn
liDla ronini. ca si riil.onl
D.rlccL
ni linba rnsle7.i. ru cste
d' l aLr , l . , l - n i mr , e, d, . dt . , dl . l nl . . . i l r nq n, n nr i nni / r n
- .
of i r , l r
- ; r
\ i i r , r
' , l n-
\ . l . i
"l ' .
l l i i d \ o, L, i ' . i r
nr opoi , , l
d . r i
j , . ,
t r r , L. . r i .
r J, ", ' l
d' i . \ l .
d' l r hi r "r oup, " , ' u, da- . . 1, j . . ,
r , l a'
, r ai i ' . . . \ u l
I . o
I r u"
! 1
r or , , ' i .
1. . , h.
. \ i "a
r ". i . ! i r r bi r , r r "dr p, , . . . i
. t d.
!86
(!ar Il'd
/4r
aici de un 3n.
I
Ile cl*d .iii in Buourciii?
De cllirs mi
Gl)
l,{rd?d
I
Crndinr s,
/d".u/
nri In-
noast iledl ln oprili.
I'icsa r nrrl succcs de l&
f)
((n
tar)
u a{lv.rb .are
anti o Dcriondli
(lr
fi' nr t!r-
rrinaii
' (srn
rorriNlird) i!
pr.7ontj
Niic !
rr lrt.i
( \
11: ) 1) ;
4/
i nal xt r l
f r r i i ' JJr j
dP t j mP
t . r mr nxi
l scx
Drcz.ni
este
]lr.Lt4l
do nr
i dvrb
{. s
usl l :
l ( ] l Treortnl sin,!\t \ 1111
l J i ne! r i ' 11
t cr i uad"i
d. . l i ' nl ,
t Pr u r nJf t
( sr t r
( o0r r nnnr nl
' r
!r.20trt. este
pr..rzri de ua
i r ! , ni sn, , ph i \
11111:
i./ m {a
lrmrr lreriert.
an,bele
lofu. dc
trczsrt
pcrlP.t e-F
DriFird
ldn!' i
tarar.L.
i s
r151):
j l
. n u xdvor b d. t i m! . ont i -
ruati! san rcretitir: 3l${r\
olle& somrii ei, urDi tiD'es
ci . , l i 14( i ?, 1{i i b) ;
- cr. r,ai",tiln*.,t t
rtal I
!i
l]{jr-i
l
She ldsn' i trN' Irere ({or)
IIol1 lolg ldE votr ,.4, ir
fo. so0c
ten$
lie irds ,e.,
Tho
gtdcn /Me ir?r,r.l
TIle
tlrv
/mr re.! a .uces
,,.rtlr ii.i do ii' rd n!-rn
\\' o nrL lirril lifr sin.e Ne
mo!tui il lalr Jas)-' .
Iis hetltl ,ds ,.tr botter
sitr.e h. hrs b..n t*inF
the Ml.rs al tle Slirnic
LaE dhr.xs l,ln!.d na
\\' c ndf. olton l.er to the
I liar4 r..r
"Ila.r!t"
s.rc.
Sinitotea lui $r a,r,liorui
do .ird hee Qia I. tsiile
-.1,r
.r.a4 inloldeinn| ol
,1m
fon
od*cori la nrt.
1) Forni .
Trccut ul
pcrl oct . e; l e un i j nl p , oml us i of r, , nt cu sj ut orul
S
1178
l r mL Ul l i d' l \ i l : 1r L' ui
t o
H t l L ur ' .
r t J-
I I
i ' i pi r r
l r - ' ul
Jl
\ ar bul ur
de
conl uEni :
I l,ad called;
f,ou
had callcdi t., sle. lt lad cau.di se had called;
vou
llad calledi
2) l ut rebui rt are.
I ri rcut uhi i
Perl eet
di n gran: rl i . 3
' nqi ezni i ro' ' . punJ
S
l 4i 9
I ' gl Am,
r i
d r ol n; n
' , . a/
t "r t t d
l
l t
' 1\ 1
. CA. si
ai ' qi
' .
r r P t r
'
l por l ""r
"\ p' r -
n, a
, ,
r . ' i u
. o
l r a. r ' , :
' n'
. t i 4, :
, l ' r l ! . l r nr l r ! . J
^
sl r r r l
ur m0mpn osr
fre.rt. si se tr.rduce in ];]rbs romeni ln acest caz cu rnai muli ca
pedectul'
cu perl 6ct ui si npl u sau cu
perf eci ul cornpus:
I kneN Cuv. hl. I idd not r.en l,in s' nce mJ Inar ase.
{ll cunqrca;n
!e
Cny, dar nnl
' a!zs.,z
de la cnsebria m.a)
\ \ l , en t l , . i / . . / : dr d l ooi or p,
l l '
1
r :
l . ql on
l ^ |
'
I {' t ot i
r ' , t ". ; , , t
! . . I t Lot i J
' , , . : i
J| ' onr r r uJl Jr L| ul
"p"t d' ' i . r
TRTICUTIIL P]IRTNCT
irflli
r'1sf rnRrxc! oli rll;PtrtuEt'rl
Trecutul perlect irLr-o
plopozilic cere
cealalti:
r her h. d aaLe
b"l ot I . d, r '
I roia
1,,u
nt tn,t been iaillin!
!, rii{l.,Ilanlot" de Dri
s
r 1?7
trecutul simplu sau contjnuu tn
S
1480
r dr @
so_: 1.
s' J Z\ or ' l a! . n' i n"r ' l p ! ' ' Lu: r l l F Jpe
i al {
anu l ui pr ot r ' u' . \ . or
' t
I n
I 11
"' "1r u
Lnr u
' l
l " \ dl " mr o- r Jl "
r86
S
l48l 3) Trocutul perfect si treeut[l simplo.
-
Trc.utui pFrfpct
.1re, fatd de
t recut { si mpl u, rol ul pe
caro I i ndepl i net t e przent ul pert cct
f at ; de
t reze' rt ul
simplu. Ca atare, cl nai are urmetoarele functii:
S
1489 a.,i tradus tn limbr rcmAnn, cu rfrI,r/p.ral,
?.r[,etul
sinLlnu sar
!,:rfc(rul
armp[ sr arat i ci o act i uoe sau o Ft are t ncopuLl ] i rri nt ea un i dnumi t nroment
trecut, indicat prin trecuiul sinpiu. a durat o pedoadd de timl pini in acel
moment (cI .
S
1448):
H" , oi d h" had 0. . / t nF-
t f o"
$a l . , r r b
r qpuncdr pu5. a 5o- , , l . , a r ' oh
J. doJ.
"- "
S
1483 bJ tradus tn limba romAnn ctt t'iitorul antcri.or, inlocuie,(te viitorul pe.-
fect fald do trecut ln propozitia subordonatn (
g
2856):
Thp\
pr ,
Fp, l r hd\ r , o. l d i om. she, ,
l r d\ n4d t ; n; - hed \ , Lr ) t .
l f r s; ou: r d
. r Lo. i , n , i r , l \ or
l t
kn: ni
\ d1
: a- L, a. t , at t , t r ' 1.
$1181
. , est el ol osi t cu adverbel ej ast , srt / i
! i
g. / (cf .
S1448.
1450. 1465. 1165b):
Hd / kJ
i uar , i , . n
/ l p,
' , l ns
\ . r
he $r - r r l t d d$d\ .
i h"
nl d r i
. ' r
st i l l nnl ^ ; '
Jou.
She told me slic lddn' l s,.,
Xou
-rei.
A se compara urmitoarele lllze pentru
a se vdea rolul trecuiutui parfect
fa_td de rrecutul simplu. identic cu rolul prezertului perfect fald dc prezentul
si npl u:
She @rnds sh has bcei matied
llor) a rea..
{scric
.e csrc mddtati de un a;.)
'
She orcr. she had beet nuDicd tar
^
lctrt.
(Soriah
scris c[ estc,' era miriial,l de un an.]
n. l , s r onl d"n' )
-
, i l l bp
ar n
a
r b
kh
n h. t
.
_o' , , t
- t . -
l L, an. "t p
si J
", . 1
i "a\ i o. ' or l ' r ; b" r u, , t . - r , , / , / . ; ", f . .
",
r d
, r ' . t
I . t J
,
Dan r ds r on d nl l ' .
- or l d
L.
B. - ,
r
i or
L. t , . r
nd n, / - 4r t s 4i ; r . .
( Dan r a si gur ce i sc va da o sl t r j hJ Ll ! p I c. , r i , ,
t i
l | . f , r , i d r i . t t s, umf nut dc sr at . l
A se r emar ca el ast i ci t at ea cu cr r e l i mLl enql ezd spdr ge Li DJr l e. Lunt or -
n' i ndu
. "
"l oJa
1 l or cl nl l
n
r ar ul :
Shc ras,ni,ntzb,on lic. wa} [o lhc oemttcfy: "Ioddy her cl]ilil /dl r.ez dcad a y.a.,,r
S
1{85 4) Trccutul
peficct
in stilul ixdircrt. ln strlrrl irrdirc, i. dupa un r.erb
cu l ornl i de t recut . deci apart nri ' rd gruper t re. rt ul uj r, l rcLut ul pe}f e, r i nl o-
cuicste trecutul simplu sau prezentul perfc.r dil stilul direct:
I . ai d: ' l , r a
- | r esenl
, 1, \ F, r l h.
l d. r \ \ , " r P
, ,
' oLi . .
|
' r i l
I hoJb&' Jr , oa. nl di r . n l h
l - . : "
\ \ ' r l J , "r r ,
; :
Sn asl&' t tue:
"Hdt. tot
seen todal' s
!a!e.i"'
-qlc
askcd mc wlictrcr/il{ I nad scen ttiai dar' s
later.
S1486
5) lnlocuirer tro0utului
leriect
cu treriutul iimphr. Pcnlni s; rplii;cire.
ln unele sitra,tii trecutrrl perfect
este lnlocuii ou i|ccutul snrplu, spre
eremplu lnaintea unei
propozi,tii
secundafe iltroduse prin
conjurclia ,rtrc
sau ln propozitiile secu dare in care anteliorjtatea dcliunii c-\pr; ate r,1
mod normal prin trecuiul perlect rezulli{ ciar
ti
fdrn lntrebLrin!arer acestura:
Tl , e
nr . r nd
/ , / ,
(
h. t l , . t r ) L.
. . 16 k-
. . , .
, . .
t r , . n, . f l
\rj eI he obroitrJ (
.
hid obtdincd) liis ii.it.lt.s, ne spint a \r..li
s holidar ir rhe
Shc.tLnid the
tarcci
Fiil, Lhe doll I lorsl,r (:
Ijad lorChtj ii,'r.
( Y. zi
$ S
1/ , r 31
r vczi
\
11: t . , vel i si not a.
' The
Ir,nqe-t
"torr,.".
LiL l0Nl.er.
3
V. zi
q
1156
!nhcthLr
-
un.al
lr.analifal,
dar iorDal: i/
!op!lar,
dn. cln,nt.
5l t nl r uG. C. f .
vezi i r ! g. 3r i 0, f ut { i .
. t l x. t t 1l i e !
S
1' 187
Tr n r t ul p | r , . . - p a'
""
. i , u. i
. .
di
qub
. n"' ; r ul
f F, h.
r
.
a, e
p\ n' i ma
^t . r F. ut u' , oF
i r "1. , 4ut , . , , / l r pr oo, 7: i d, or ' , i ' i on1
"'
. i "u
, , r " nLr ' - : r bui e
coniundat. ln linbr r'.,Lline se lradu.e in ace.stn situalie cu cordilionalul
(
$
2762) :
I naC s.n liin lcto... brt I didn'L knoir his nnnc. lTrecut Dert.t
ill
rnai rd:k.D, dar nn stilrn cum i] cheamri
)
i t I h. J. , p, hm l . , . , . ' \ t s l o, u \ ou
r c, bt on. l r \
p/ r ' . 1
l DJ,
r I
j , i . - . l +
r ' spu.
i\rezi ii
g 175:lJ
TLTPUTiILT TIIRTtrCTX
(f!n Prxr!.ria. rir\nEs)
1) Fcrn[. I'imporjle perfect se constniesd cu aiutorui au\iliarului
g
1,tE9
to IL$'E, la modul si timpul de bazn, icspcotivi urDat de partioitiul
trecut
al l c' rhl ui hri eal dc corj uEat ($ l : l i 2 l 3?8).
Obscr eal i e
I nl re co sl l ' rcl i n l i i l o. ul ui peri ect .
a l i ri urul ui pLrl cl l al a de t recut . si S 1Jl , O
h
" ' n: r : r on, l , r l ui
Fr r "r r
p"J"opi , f l - . si , o. "r r . . r i J\ , I LF' r r Ft e! r r ! . , , oJdl .
urmal.e. de un nriiriliv pertcrt
iJ.
dc alta. e:ristn identitate dc lorme, de;i
sl t uct ura respecl i rl di f eri . Cn al l e cuvi nt e. i n cazul de l a1! se suprapun doue
i rt erpret erj :
al confornl hqulii de formrre a timpudlor pcrlcte, viil,orul perfectj
S
Il!)1
\-iitoflri pedect faln de trecrt
ti
clrndilionalul
pcrfeot
sint iorm|ll,e din .,iilrrrril
(respectiv ,ttrrr l
fdlri
de tre. t sarl
':ondiliaMlul)
au\iliarului to IIrt1D
]-
parli.ipiuL trecd al t',:rluL,ri. l,ti.taLx:
|
| I ' o' 1 I o, {
\ i r ' r
/ o
hot l - , o. t
/
. pl
. l - Fc' r r .
\ r r l or p! l p l
|
, , , . , , 4 t r , . I
r i r
or / a t . 4)
)
- : t . , h. n
i p"r r .
r ""xr 1
t I - ' , , ]
I ' r r ' I t i i l nr
l . r J
r .
. ' o t nr e| ! st pl
\ i i or p"r ' l -
l
, ! . , r 1. r r a
Ur /
f el rl de t rocut
l
rou
' rarl d
l . Jr. (. , \ ' i i Lor i i ! , i d. , t rrrt | l Lahaee)
+*en
I (parl. trecut)
s
1488
Condi t i . ndl
perl ect
| :hould haoe (: cordilional to lLure)
+
wtLlkrd
lpatt.
-\o',
(rruld
I'arc (conditional
to haa.)
-:
rutr (patt.
t ! acut )
6/ pe de al t n part e. ci n, l t rebui e redat d i deea de l i mp perf ect , verbel e
g
1492
del'e.ljIe nlodrle. deci Fi SHA[,L
ii
WILL. sint urnlaie de un inlinilir
?erlcl:
I sn"l, (dcl.cti\. ia.l6t) haft.att.d
{n' liniti!
pcilcci)-
ron ,,i/i
{den
0tiv nodnl) /drd s],ot n
tnrlhiaiv reriecl).
l r aul J\ 4, . \ Tol ' r ' r . / "/ ,
r ; nt i r i
\
r . r . . "t .
J,
r Jor l /
t
i "r , ' , n, l . ' l l . ' " , .
l : dr i ni
j r
t "r
"c'
,
Ideniitatea lormelor de la
$
f491 cu formele de )a
S
1492 ste pcrfectd,
cu toati structura lor dilcr'itn.
l,,Propozifia
coDdi1iona1."' \:stt: subo aNta catu coniine if In lraza cordilionale
g
! t i r .
: ! ' r
zcnt . t r , , ut : ad \ i l t , r r ( S r 1. : ! l
I 11r i , i . ' ",
dr '
. ,
t l l . L"nr dz. ver hr l l "\ i . l , D, s, l , ' r nhdl i r . nr udj ' . , n. t 1t J
t r r . i . t
r , t , r . gr t , r . t
i . . ,
t d
, 4dF
t o. r . , pt n 4e
l i pr f e, . t
m4nl ' onat p.
s86
ln lucrarea de la!d, paliru coisecvenle
!i
o mai metodici.
pred-are .
coriuqarii \ erbului tn
qeneial,
se vorbe;te de utilizarea au\iliarului
to HAVE
l s f i rr; ar. a / x/ l / ror
ri ' ; ni j ri l or ppr[ a, 1. . . Fl i l al
rcpe,
l
dl c^
<t ru. l : pi
cprut e
de ver!le SHALL
!i
\''ILL liiird aratat ln caJrul verbelor delcLi\ e modale.
{ 149:1 2) Timpurile
perlocts eonshuite cu auxiliarul
to BD. Tirlpurile per-
fecle
(prezentul perfcet
si irecutul
perlect)
ale unor
Yerbe intranzitive
llo
b*om
, , o
-n, ,
/ ; do
L
i o t i ni . \ / .
t n
pr.
t o. o. t n gnrl l a l t e t . t o
n' | t . t 4
' rt '
t o si t , t o f t st . t o ret urn, l o rt se eLc. l au ut reori o f orm;
psral el i . i n cure
rrrxi l i arul
to HAVE esle lnlocuit cu to BE, padicipiul trecut pfimind aslfel aproalle
valoare de adjectiv.
Aoeasli oomporlate
eiiisfi
Si
tn limba rornnnn:
She h&s .on.. lEa
a aenit.)
$\e is .one. Ea a iuit.
{:
,' sie taatr.i, de.i
poii s o lczi
)
Tt e sun br d . : . ", . . l j odr ct ,
r asa- . e. )
The sun 1r$ ras.n. suuele r\J.isc.
(:trd /,tsdrit. dcci nu mai
lut.au
ve{ea
rnsitilul).
ConsLruclia to BE
+
participiul trecut, tiind in getlere intrebuinllta ctr
verbe crre exprimi in mod obignuih aoliuni, arati sLarea subiectului rezultatd
din acliunea
verbului respectiv. Astfel:
Ue hs
soue. lEI
a ptecat.)
(Alnlia este lndrellati asupra acliunii in sine.l
He 13
one- [D tlecat.
(: tsr.rl,.a,. nu mai este rici.)]
(-{tcnl.ia
este irdreptatl asup.a rcarltntului acliunii vcfbnlui.
,,!l
ntr nri este
airi, aia ce nu'i poii vorbi"l
Grardlatler hril s.otD old,
(irandlalhe.
sas
gmr'4 otd
(tsunioDl trDdrtn6?.,
(Buni.rl tu {),trl;.)
Formele de periect construite cu auxiliarui to BE mai rechi il] limbi -
au reusit si se;entine irl oarecare misur5. alitud de lormle noi de
pe.feci
constrriite cu auxiliarul to HAVE, prin laptul cn, deli uDeori aproape
perfeci
sinonime cu acestea.
poi fi intrebuinlate penLru a rcda totu;i nuanle care
contribuie la o rprinare mai subtiln a
gindirii. .\sttel:
I
Tl
.
bxtier h.s aelr.J.
|
{Unt ul
so t ot , i t . l
1
the buti.r ft n..J''d.
I {Untll
es[e l.o!it.) ( \tr
t silli dau dc nt'oar.)
t
.|ne1.
harl
-dt
jn
the sircel.
I L\ e
, nt i ns' r ,
l , e
st r adt . l
, /
Tl i s NJq t hE . asc t h' \ scn m , t o
I lAcesta
c.u onzul
p.ntN discutafta
I
druia so intrdnisari.)
(V-aii
'
odihnii ?
l
{SInteli
odihnjl,? }'ulcn
tleca
acum?)
I travc hea.d he has /crrnd.
(.^.m alzit cn s-a IntoN.l
I have ha.d hc iN t.rurned.
{Am auzit c'1 s-a lntor6.)
i:
Esi ai.i, il put-"n redea acu .l
s
149{ YIITORUI, SIUPIU
(rrrE slrfrr,E rur[nD)
S
1195 l) Delinitie. \'litornl
(The b'uture) etpri,ni o acliune sarr o stare care
va area l oc drpd momenLul vorbi ri i :
I Loos . h", ' , / 1 , . h' _d u
l ' , n
(Siiu c{ ra
/t
aici ]a ora lira i.r
289
l) Formi, -
Viitorul sirnplu se formeazii ou ajutorut auriliarelor SIIALL
S
1496
(l q pcf soana 1 sg. qi pt . ) qi WI LL
(l a persoara a 2-a
f i
a 3 a sg.
! i
pl
).
urmat e
d.e Lnfinitieul
lf;e"t
al vetbului de conjugat:
I sIaU otrll, rou Flll cal1li he, she, ii will call.
we shsll calll
rou wiu oall; they will call.
3) SHALL. TIILL. - .\,ieasti ut;lizare tradil,ionali ;r auriliarelor
SH,{LL
S
1497
( f . f . . L
g. sr pl . r ' i \ \ l Ll
l cr s
o2"' si a3a' g
' i
l t '
I r " f or n r r ea vi i ' or L' l ui
, . r or r - . l a n. . ncl ul t 2t . , t " at \ d
et ont at , , dt
i n sl t l t l
l ar nt ut
( ncf l q
qr u
\ . or Dr ' ) .
L' ' s i l , l t ol oc. r al t - '
r i
' , u
t or bi l i ,
\ \ ' l Ll
d i r l o' u: r r r l ^Jt l r i r c m"' u' a
a. . , r l i . , r ul Sl l \ LLi n
\ nsl i
pr opr i u- 7i sa si
, , di n' e"
\ \ l l at - nape"r ' I ui v
i ' . : co' j 0. l r l ar dd.
\ \ ' r 1". . r r
nr o' i r
f i F. i l r t or i r or i r l a
p\
- dbt i l ani . ^r ! 3
cE
SU \ . \ u"l r al i 3
; i
Con. n' unsear t bul
Br i t ani "
r . chi
- qi
n
' r
-
"nd"
' agl ' za
esl e a doua l i nbn a-orbi $.
u 1l l . i sohr ' i -
pr r , oni zr " l "
3r , ' "- r st i
' "ni
n"n r u : a' i r e"
' r r
"i
cui de
- . , e. : n
i unsl aaLi , l . conl uz"{ s
pr ob) an; . -
' t Fl
pdP. FJ
n' "i mr ci
' nodr -
t i . r " . r 0Do' ul . r sl l \ l . L/ Wl Ll .
c5
"
; n
r pbui r r , ar Fl
I or n' l or
' on' r as'
I't.1. ltou'Il ;tc.. l.alabile
penl,lu
ambcle auxiliare. ,{cest erpedient', foartc
se, l Lr Lr ' or nr i r
. i r nr l i
' ' -
-
l r i qi
r n i r r i m' r l r i J"
' l or r
r Pr Pbr al r r p' ". dr n
i ' l ausor , er aLi c
qu"
c. r r l , r i
r ur , o nou" su' ' , ' , l F Pf l i . ui Lel i e"- Anr ; ' e
'
r '
I f l bui
d t i r ' ^ddl a l - ol L r l F i r po^t s1l a
' 5r r ' i r p
a l i ^ bi i
l t i npi "t d"t "' nr r r -
lui numnr de nuanl,e inlplioite ln contrastul
S}IAI,L/WILL.
tinii eramaticieni
mafcheaze aceasti schnnbare
prin iotala e\clndere a
. ' ni l i "r ul ui Sl l \ LL
Lr p. n
. l i ! Sl l Ol ' LD7
' l r r r
l sb' l "
' ul i l r o"r i i
- \ i r i i
u
ddupl d' un
"o- , pr omi s
' n
unna di var . cl or Fn. hpl o, l o
l i f r r l
a. pl - i A a I ' i I l ; r -
' i n
.
. i
au i ns"r l s i n
! r . m
r i "i
pr "z"nl a
r nbFl ur
au\ i r
- f .
r r or di ncr I r ! \ ' Fr
L"i
JA i l l r ebui nLar F. i "r t . l :
t i ' t r
I snar l
. o' t . t r
4r : t ' ' hot t
' t t
r i i r r ar i al i i i .
irind drept oiteriu flrile dezaventaje adusc
de acaxti schinbarei lnscriu:
I shall
liiLL
atll
{
Lve shallltvill call, nt\ mare numer dintre aoeltia
inregistrtnd cind. I
I
we shall
I
wiII call. cinrl 1,/ oc tpill
I
shdlL caLl ltun
, S au l i rcut t oart e naf i ef ort uri
! i
pe scar; i nt i nsn cu rezul t at e, . coDsi dera-
bile" dupli cii se
pare6. pentrr prclucrilra masclor in vederea menlinerii
raportului SI{\LL
/
WILL traditionai.
In aceasfi situa,tie,
granatica de f&ti adopti tormele dc r-iitor
t;
de oondr"
lional
tradilionale, araiate
la
S
1496
;i $
1618, ca liind singurLrl
puncL d
ple
care
posibil pentru expuneroa clard
ii
metodicd a numeroaselor subliliilli
semttitice
(oiertonc:.) care apar odati cu oric nlodilicare a raporlului SHALL/
WI LL, rel pect i ! ' SHOULD/ WOULD,
ri ml ni nd sA se i ndi ce t eri or separat ,
modilicArile apnruie
gra-tie interl'cnliei stilului colocvial actual.
I
t hat nt t '
, , t 6 ,
m. \ " 1, "
r
r l
| "r ' o1. .
f o1, , I nl i r
'
:
, ' . 1 ?i nxmxr i <l i l ul Do, t r s. L r cl i r i os
r
- \ Lr l "
e
r , . : / ; o I
.
at a, . d l
r " n, i , ' t
' r
gr p F' 6r , r
"
l p.
-
. , 1. n. ml i D- r
"u
s. J. , i n: Lt : i
1t ", , . n- t o, . t : 1ot
br ", : . ) ,
d d\ l ' , l - .
) i
. , , , r '
DA, t
"
l r "F' r l
I
' . t '
l
t nt t "d i
' n; d
n/ dbt
, ' l - r
' sp
l i r .
t t
d K: ' cda' al i t
"t
I
nt n o' d
\ ".
"
"n
/ , , / 4, , l , p, ' r , S' ol ' /
\ \ bl l
t " 1. t aJ,
\ or ' . 1. a. , ,
, . . , , . . , 4, a/ . I 3l . d ! t , , , r ' i . \ n! l i a pr ot au. / oj .
O. / j . D. OxLt t r d t , t r , xl ! h Di cr i nl r \ r
' \ \ ' . l , l l l s. - I r ' r ' dl r on- n"
f ' r ' "J
' l -
"al l ' '
r
of E.slish is evcr c.lled oD to oleni a Nav through " "M.dcn
r\nerican l\igP "
i l f .
I L NI i t l , i ' r s ct {l j {. , 1r t dc, r . . . . l t en 4S, pag. 9;
"11.
Ql i r k. 1.
dl i a. I r t l t nn{r . .
$
i i : 8
200
5
1498 4) lnfsles. - Viitorul simplu este inirebuin,tat pentru a exprimai
$
1499 a,,l o acriune sau o stare viitoare fatd de un moment
prezent:
s
15oo
s
1501
s
1502
I-sha
l.vill
see Urcm on Fdilay.
(li ,ot ,cdd !inui.)
,J
probabilitatea unei ac,iiuni sau si,iri ln prezent sau ln trrecut:
Cononclo..
llease,
that rtll Dd St. Thomas's?
(Ta-\ai..,
v1i rog, acesta esre
!rcrdrtl
spilalul St- Thomas?)
1vh.t a hollahal.o at thc doorl Tbat t,il, bc the children.
{Ce t{ritroi la us{l P.oDoDtl cd stz, copiii.)
l r anv nr l he h; \ s hr s eal en l he i am. r l ar h1Z Lc JohD.
r O0. i
\ r FU , . ' LJ; . " bei "l i a , _ ni dl mdm"l JdJ, l r al A r r . r t ; sa
/ i p
l on I
As \ r u , , i / l ai r r adv 6, , , t uom hr r l p. l "r . she
"
aoi s
l o Jb31.
, Lt upr
c. 11
t r oboLi i , . i l i r
r l , r . "' soar Fa; : .
r l ' a, ;
I a l d: . 1
5J \ i i l or ul pcr r ecl
|
7 h" I ' "t t , ' r "
p
r l
i
| . o
I or m1a7b
r u
aj ul ot ul
: t or ul u;
aur ; l i l r ul Li r o i l . \ \ E ur n' al de
N
t . ; p; , 1 / f , al al vpr bul t r i de conj ugal r :
1 shall/$ill hare called;
you will lavc cailedi lie, she i[ Nill ]rave called;
we shall/sill lavc ca.llrd;
you will have call-"di they \iilt have called.
Yiitorul
perfect exprimE, ca gi in limba ronind:
d) o acliune sau o starc aiitoare: anlertodrd, altei acliuni ori stdri Yiitoare
sAD r nni momenl dat vi i t or :
Lo_, J on, ": Lhol l l ! : x l ar
[ i , ; . l f d
t
_' b
o r or upr p' .
r \ : ' a
I nF4r Tt l An. a t . p4: ns d b"Ll
. "Ji ul
I ' i r
c. L. i
"osi
r i i . )
tle ial\ lLd'e dor ihe tanslation bv this inre i.omorros'.
(Nu
ure sd. termine traducerea
pin{
mliDe la acastA orI.)
L
1 l
r obobi l
; t at , o
nr " a
l i , ni
sdu
. r i n r
""mi nr t p
l i c l n
r
r PcuL. l j a i n
vi i l or '
f n 6r p"i ar z
\ i i t or ul p"r r p. t
. a
l - r ' l ur n l n l r mbl r o"r ; na uu
\ i i l or ul
r nl er i ^r
gi esle de ohicci lnlocuit pr Lr o construclic
ln care apare adverbul
t/obaDii:
'ton
oi haec tuald ure nane: it is so lanoxs.3
(t'.aLdLil. cd ai d&.i, acest rnner este alii de celcbru.)
Ste eilt ha@ tin6?d.i nr nine o'ctocli.l
(r.ababit
.d e;
fi
tc.ninarl'a rrntnd phl la ora noui.)
6)
'l-iitord
f&,tx dc trecxt
fi
viitorul
porfoct
fa.ti de ftecnt (ltutur..in the
Patt anal Future krfect in the, PdJl.). -
Acestea sint doui timpud, inexistente
tn limba romAni, care au aceeaqi construclie ca
ti
viitorut faln de prezent,
in limba romAni, care au aceeaqi construclie ca
ti
viitorut faln de prezent,
cu d eos ebire a ci sint form at e. nu cu
prezeDtul, ci cu Itcr dlri auxiliarelor SHALL
;i
\\iILL:
Viitornl
fdld.
de hedat (Future in the Past):
I sliould/would cau;
you would call; he, slie, il sotrld calli \te shoxld/rolld call;
you
would calli they ilonld tall.
'triitorul
perfect ta,ti de treflt (Fntute
P:tf.ct
in lhe
pd\t):
I should/would harc caltedi
you,
he, she, ii would have called; tte s|oxtd/$ould
Iale calledi
Jou
would have caued; thJ would hale ralled.
l Vczi
S
t 4e0- 149r .
' zVezi
! 1, ! t 5 si not a n. l r Das, t 84
, Cl nd
i l . t . r \ 1; i , . 1. ' d o . Di obi , bi l , r xr . - .
r i i l o, . l p"i l pcl
l oxl dFr r ' , i na
i o. mt l
a"l i un"vi i l o. r "an' "l i o"l a. n, , i nom' . l dl r t , t ot . l - . r . o! - at a7: ot "pc; ! a:
, t r i
uh
qdedb
de tinp eiitot
precX.
r l n
u. r NLr Dr oD"/ i b. \ ' : r or
I D"r 1, r r . , . , e". ! "i l J
r
o
. ' r nr , , ,
, r i n", r i o, ,
hl r d. ", , - . u!
t . ; : i - ' t . ' r , i nbnq, r
' ". r , -
, r r ' ai ' . .
' \ i i
or ul I nl , ' , t Jd' ' n' :
n{:
,.Vd
l.ermira
llni
la ora 9' .
i9
ti01 a)
2$1
In lirnba romAnn, aceste timpuri se traduc cr riitarutl dupn cun urrnazd:
$
1503
ltulure in the Posl cu viitorul,
tr'urte Perf.ct in lhe Pdst cu riitorul anlerior
Ce.le doun timpuri rprim& o acliune considarati c riito(tre l*.i, de un
$
1504
momeni dat din lfrclrl s&u rillor':
I i oi d / , l
l houl d snr | l
- l p
l n \ l ol hr r . r \
r ' ' or ,
l . {m
sr ". t , , t o, {r e , namcr . l
\ l v nl . da\ '
". o.
r i o, , / . m. . or I I Fhoul d/ r oul ' l
h. b, ' ; o\ or . , l 6j ' ' . ( \ i
nr i
, \ J, r n
J l ni ,
1. ". - o.
a d", a ?: o
i l r
' d t ,
"
r l ut . l )
She ldl arirreu shc' d/wonld lrc 6ble to come on th. Iollowing SundaX.
Niihr
pe cct)
(3ois6e
ce ed
pLrea
r.ni drmirica urnatoarc.l
I rol.l
Jou
l' d/shouldi rorld l&yo t' dltlled IlrI tdk |rlot ilt appoinf..d linre. (\' iitor
'
rTi an .\"u' ci it\i tai tnd.epl.ini sarcina nuinie d-" ertirarla iernenllui acordat.)
I llbueht ron woutd b&le ro' rd his books.
lAn
e:.ezrir cir li rpi ii oiilt
(probabill
od.!il.l
Viitorul
perfect {a!i de trecui c\primii probabilitateA
ti
fdri prezen-ta
unui ad1'erb de tinp viito precis:
Ted ,as sur!
Jou'd
(- toDld) bc rctliDg likc going l,ontc bI ihc tine you'd (- Irol,
, T"d. f d
- r ur , d
l :
vr
l , , edor , l ", c. i , r ' , 1
. . \ ' ' r :
. dl \ ' i l dJ di p- o. 1
, l
absol vi m a uni {! Ni t l t i i . )
In limb.r
,torbitaL
dsl.i;1. cstc curenti lnloeuirer au\iliarului SIIOUI,D ctt
\{OULD la pers- I sq.
Ei
pl.
Periru a se evita
problenele gramatioale cc se
jvesc
astiel,
-se
inrrel,uinleazn in gcncre forma r,ontr
^sn
l'.J
l:
I shouli
l
q. , / J. /
si "Fppci v
r . t I x
"hout dl ^Lt dt
i , , I h, i , . 1 - l o. \ i J nun1i .
r i nr or bi
. ", i "r ' i . .
( . 1. , I t , t ' . ) ! r ! . n, p/ ,
\ ' r
I
' r i . r . r
' . r ' . 1.
"^nr ' a. p
/ / l
9i
e'll (
S
1507 volitiv).
,{vind acerali
fomi
.tl
Si
candilionaluL cele do,,i iimpuri riitoaro sc deo
S
1506
sebesc de e1 nLrmai
prin
inteles. Colter.tul ne va arita deci tlaci avem de'a
face ou viitorul sari cu condi!,ionalul,
viitorul fald dc irecui fiind corelat cu
u.
t t . . , t t : i , nr 1, t
d. . "r p d"pr ndF, i ' r , . l i ! i o Jul l . 1. i zr r l l
, l , . o pr opor i r i p
""i t i t i nadt . ,
i ; [ , ! q. , / . . {pi i ma, j . a, r - , bi nl "l ", s; .
\ ' "t , . , .
f r ""Fl . , i f di ndi
g
liitntuL pofect
fatai
dc Ltecut to oontrast c\l undiliannl L petfetl:
I lnde.sfood
rot'dleouLl..onte
at orcc.
{Viftor)
( Dut
r
. i r
d, ' i ' r . l "- , . ;
s, u; i ; n. d J .
, r I
' o' , l l
r r ns r o' r , , r ' .
Juu, / / r o, r /
or " d . n' . . ( . I
l i
nl l
D
'
r i
,
p.
"1
d
e. o, i .
a, , p,
i
, 1. ' l ' d
.\ sc cornpar'a in contrast:
S
1506
a) \or @iU ha'. re.eind n"y g..ctings in $!ilc ol th.l,oliday rush (I'rolalilitale
--
I . (r d, h. erl r rl c t i r
p prcci sl (Yi j t or pprl ' ct l .
r t , r r . , t t t h. , ; l i - ' . ' l l ; n"s. or Tq,
L
r r a, , i ' l r r ' r ' '
'
\ .
[
. uoi b: l l i l
cu adverb de liml
precis) (\iitor p.rlect).
b) I kne|9 yot'd.lqohld
ft6s
over Dickie il
Iot
got
r chance
lliilorul
rali de tfc.ut
cernt de un f.c.ui simllu
(ttn.tr).
sot
fiit\d tol u irecul.l
c) Un t:ondili.onal
!rd:.nl
corclat cr un saDjon./i(,
tr!!nt.
,J.'].pn
if, ii
f t l nct i e i l e si t Ll at i e sau de i nt enl i a vor bi i . or ul ui :
// the letl.rs 49, a lake ihey ./ cdtainly not De add.ess.d i.o you by
"vour
Iret
nan'e.
r , , , ' , , '
mi i nf i { {i o! r zi
i sl . i l
l i i . r ar l .
MOTI!O'OGIA
_
!'ERBUL
s
"o'
u,
.oli"l1'ti,i$"T$i*.ili{'l'Jf"51"K.i;;
iJiil$"if"}i""'i
(i"';13y'"'
Yiitorul
laF
'le
Prezont
r9r
I shail call
ie. she, it shall
call
i,e. shc.
it sh.uld call
Viitorul
fa.t[
ds trecut
I nLeni i a
. el ui ddf t sdt sau
.lespre
c@e se firbel.e
I $ili call'
he, she,
it will call
iney will call
iie. shc,
il wo!)d call
ihey wonld cau
Aceasti
tormi exprrma
le
ling6 noliunea
de riitor'
o-idee modald3
in
pl.|l": intenr,ic,
aainld, holdtir;,
pronLisiune'
ordut' amenlnlare'
{
taOg
'
-
o, Cirt,1
inten,tir sau hotarirea
o ar rcl carc Iorbe e' SHAI-L
est inlre-
bui nl dr
l d Loat e
Persoanel e:
$c stn r'a'd tomorroit
(lnieniie)
lfotu ,lecd
nnte
)
:^il''":'
ir'i"l';:,;i,il'':l
il".iil'i'
I'" rx,,
...
-
.
'
i li,':,, : :yl'03:,,',1
""i'
li' \it'il'ii.'3i'#'"1
liil'111""'
i \ c , l , l l
/ l
a- ,
i l i mp. don
I sor r vl ( Pt ombune)
r ,
d
/ i
' Ea
Jcol '
l a l i mp nu_l '
F
' at o:
t t t \ . ' aLl hon Jr l n)
. ut por r '
{] - r ur ' '
i ' r o
'
r l e' r o&dd, i ' v
r i r o. o / l ol spt r l r nu
mP! l
r o r '
j , l l
go t , or ar onc"l
l ot d: ni
/ / t sd ! 1. . i
acasJ r r ! ' dr a! 1)
t t p
"t ai l
bP
Puai shPd
i l n' J' Snb: I ' r
' l m"ni n
dr e)
I
l ' F Jd
t P P4&Pst t
da' i nu 05' ut r I
J
l r or ma
de
\ ; ; l or con' ( r ui ' 5 cu SHALL
l c t o' t e
pol soar ' p] "mai
cxpr i mi
"i
AL, : ol i ",
p, *; ; un'
^r r ' i
er c
l n t oal e a' c'
e noLi uni
"\ i st i nd
un. cl eman'
i "i i ""i i J
J. ' f , "' i , . r*.
on' i rg' t "i c rpri mel "
t l oua
exp. l pl e si nt Li pi ' e
penl ru
oii'"-t""i
oii"l"l",
initrucliuni,
obligalii
lornale
etc
):
ADDl i ""nl .
5l ' l l r ' 11
r " J
r om'
- . {Or l i j 4i "' u
| , .
l Ca_ndi dal i i
, . eDt i '
' n ' o' "Pr ck:
l ;1,"1' ;;l l ,' :l
;,1' ,,,,:.:
o:.::Ji ' ."i ":"' l :
"i .,1".1i i ;;
i " d,.,"
),1.,'li';"li
1"'
"l
l."i;,1
i",'l ;l-''"liliLl:
r ir;-'
"'''"
"
$-e
'srud
g.' rft'oesr,
-r'u1r
":i;li':;;i'):i;:,!l) r
lvom
..uii
cu sigurarli
(la fxl
t Vezi
i i
nof a, l , car e sc r el daL
t ot l r
, , i l l . nl i n
c. ' hi
cr r e i or | ' st e' :
I *i l l t al t
r t
se
La persoana
1, deosebirea lorm$li rnt.e simptul riit0r
hreeulurat) si cel $ 1609
et pLr .
ci ci st ; i n f aol ul cd. i n
. cr ul
de t r 1d, r t o. l est c r ol or al
modal , a; r "n-
_
tuat sau nul, pe
clnd la simplul viitor nu este nici accentuat:
|
. . ht l t
l j t .
r on"
oo\ .
qi ml l u
v' i , '
t
r n, vr nl , u m. l
I . , t , uI l ot t
I , .
. o, i .
Hot J1r
, l
. . t u r
. "
. 1, 1. , , . , r . . vr ' . ,
Viitorul constmit eu SIIALL intrcbuirrtat la toate
persoanele
se E.isste S 1510
ai
j n_pr opo/ i r I . p
"' r u^, l or r r F
duo. , r - "1
pl "
, au con. r r u,
l j i t e
". 1"
. i pci r i r "
'
hot dri rc. i nl t n1t c, e, t i
l i ,
un anl hI
It hds bun de.ided thrt Tetstars, sha te used Io. flie transmission of TV pro-
gra'nmes
ac.oss the Allantic.
Y, ur wi l i r . r r "z, i , pd t t st y, u . l , t t
t , , . . a r t l ns h. t i dr v t r ' , f Far .
, h. . j f "l , i , , *
/ o, - . , . , 0r ! 1 dI L"pn. x, pon r ", , r r . ; ^, : w \ \ , , \ ;
r r u. i
:
r dl / , , . pr , ,
, , Ci nd i nt enl i a
dt , arl i ne persoanpi
edroi a t e adresezi sau i l esDre carc sc S 1b11
vor bc\ f e.
aur i l i ar ul
, 1, r ,
b, r i n: at
^"t .
\ \
I LL l a t o0t e ppr boanpt p ( {
1507) :
Y u s. ' y
J
U
; / / sp- , k, o
l , . r , n. r i
- ol , v, r \ r ' : ns r Hot Ar i r p
' sou' . ,
. l
/ . o, a. ,
"
\ o"b, . . i . nc, , . . r J. . t or i : i ml ' r "( . au
oi . i , - "ar t r dr r t a.
l
I nnor d. l i nsl oL \ v' , t , pr j , ". Jn
h. t pr . ", t r t $n . l | pf
r
p
r i t r h"t o
mp. r \ . oi dr a
r \ r I
i . l r pl , l J. :
podl . . , i l , ar r pa! J mj J- , r t r . l
I know l l , p) . ' . ' /
' i r r . L
nLL r hpr r
i Lk
shar o\ Fr t ho di f f i . - t [ Fs.
t t . r sj . t f , nt l l
( 5 , u , 1 vo" p. , "", "! a p- nl , . a. i : ndF. ' , r i
- ar ,
' na
or r Jt d. ^ di dr I i
gr
ui di i r p
)
Er cep! i e
] ", P, i l 9per su"n, 1. | r i n
i nsust
I , p, ur
r , t
p. t p
t d
p. t eon4 / . e\ f r i nb i n-
St st z
r Pnr r H. nor i r f l r Fr .
o.
t L. o r or p
r or b. l | :
I sill tell him $tai I thirk. (Inl.n1ie)
{-\cccrr
treuiru)
(-\ intenlia se,i stln ce
siideso.)
r . . r a, I go. r r L
no\ . 1o | . " i noi "t i nS: ( Ho' ) "t , c
1\ u
vr r au sl i es a, uD, d' c. a| a sr . i r ur t J
1\
Jl l 1r , . ou
Lr ol d.
- , on
J, s. r r , La, L,
l Pr I nt : Jn"l
I I \ i l oBnd t : n i
. ,
\ o. Jd |
. r i . -
I d, , i d . r r F \ om , nbl oi a
r
( Ar r 4n'
n, ubu,
Not d
La persoana
a 2-a
$i
a 3 a. deosebirea formali intre simlrlul riitor necolorai S 1b1t
si viitorul
coloral modal erpus ]a acesr capitot std in faitul ci, tn cazul ale
"
fatn. \\rILT, este acceniuab, pe
cind la si;plul liitor nu este:
Yr!'llr'rtu,
se. 1,e.. (Snrllu riilor)
Lr r
! er ve0ea. )
I I e / l / , t ?t under st and.
l Si dl l u r i i t o. . l
a
|d irtelegc.)
Yon say yo' r , , / l sp. dL
1H, , t . l r i r el
l Suui r i i r sr i
j "r l - i r i t
s- L l or bp. l r ' . )
I 4onl , k' uL( i hpt h. r
I n
, , .
t ur
- or ' '
so
t o t hp l i r st ni sl , l , r \ ' ! i n| 11
r \ .
r i u dacr r 1
l r o"r "
. r u
n. , / , d
"i
. ,
i . ""
' r pr , mi . r J. j
.
. oJ t i . ,
' , . 1. . ,
\ i l n , , ,
r , i \ e
t F
r , r onr r r r ' d:
, or 1. r r a, ni ua, l
f et l
2: . i : , : ; "
",
'
j l .
I . , 1 , , 1f p
. , f r
. ! hi sr t r r . . i r nr uar d.
t ", , . , , a". a
o . d u" r ; "", .
' ftlsr4' s:
saielili
(le
ooniunicalic xliliz{ti in traDsrisiu.ile tetefonice si telev;alc
tla$atlani,ice.
, \ "u
l r ' , , . , .
. . 4t
n| u. ) , i o Lt o n oa. t u1"i
dr p
J"
"i n". , , t i
. r i , , . 7i . a. r
. i mr f l r mns, r l ' "r t , , ' t
! r ' n
anar h: . n . i , L, uet r zt i I ' or . ont o' mi "r n
Jp oupr r t 1, , , .
' r nr qp
.
p5l
ul , l , / . , t r . ' l F q' r Jl .
, r
l 1 Lnr l . "r , J, / . nq. . ur i t or nt ! i e, t uat .
993
2S4
ql Sf f
t l l
; ; t
' r ul
r ol ; t ; J
I dl i
4 t r "
' ] t
84
t r
t sl - t t r m. t - da
'
ui i r o. ' e\ pu. r r nai sus.
. ' r
d"o. abi ' r 1
; i
' uvi l i r r pl
r . nr I r
l t '
: u'
{i l l OI ' LD.
WOUI , D) :
IIe said it slarl,? be as rve would
(P,onrisiuDc)
(Ne
ldsdlut
ca va fi air cun von !oi.) (Accexr: n.utNl
, \ nn L, r me
' . ^t l . i g sha- l d \ i ni . l ' ' r
n hp'
. u. r ' - .
r Hol i r : r p,
,
( Anam. r . pt A- ; ol r r ' \ , ani m' - l no| Di q"
l l t
r Jd
r ' p' I
Thev sad
r l ' "i
Jo4d r l ' mb r o l ' r r r nr .
( I l "/ l ' i r ' )
( Au' sp, ,
"1
; d'
/ , . dr ; / i s1 nu I di cor l i aL
'
u. ' i
I krle{ rou
odzl.l hare
lour
oM way.
{r'e.sisienlil)
($tiad ci tet
!,.rtrid
sn laci ce v..i-i
( Penl . u compl el ar ea acest or
i ndi cal i i gcner i l e, 1' czi qi
51517)
S 1b16 Trotluceret in limba ro end. -
Ace*te formi dc viilor colotat'
modal,
'
---
neeristinrl in limbtr romani, este tradusit cu rirlorztl.
la csre se adauga
adeBea
cuvinte ce redar.r ideea adifionaln.
(Vezi traduce le la e\emplele de mai sus
)
15fG Nurnflc .le
'iilof
raliti'J
(Voliti()e
Future).
dat acestui
timp
penlruJaptul
'
c{ toaie lormolc sugereaze, ln maj l]rar. s.|L nrai rni.r-r rnnsur:r' o nrrrllest'rre
a voiniei celui carc:'orbeite. cnrria i se rorbefle .\rr desp|c calr se aorbelte,
este aplicat in gerere numai urmitoarclol]
innn'":
I wiu call
trc till call
ron sliall call
von sfall oirll
iie. she, ii slall call they shall cdl
Aocast i i nt er l r ei ar e cst c i ncor nt ' l pt J.
pcnt r t r
' ;
I u
t i n"
scdmd
deJor mcl e
neaccei r t uat c. ssu' n: , i mul i or i ndi pu! , i n al : . et
l uat e. consi f ui t c
cu SH' \ LL
l a
p. r - oano
I . i \ \ l LLl a
p- r . ner d
"2
oi i
'
L.
'
i r p
' u
' l q' r
r nl ' r F
r 3{r
l sl ut t ol n' ' ". :
, ". r ' ' r i t p
i ' r , "Ja: i aur i l i , r , i
r J- ' "1, /
P' r u' t '
\ u- "l "dc
t i i t ar t uI i t i t ' t r ebt l \ e deci cxt i ns
p"nt r u d, , 4, r i i i , l e.
i r r r no, l ul - cr pus"nnt
' us. St
i r", ""t " . *; ",
; i
est e i nt rebui nl ar x. Li cl ' rr
l u, rdrer de rt ' JJ
1et $
1i 0?)'
S
t517 8) i[odalitnli de oxprimare :l viitorului:
d)
(i . l eea
dc vi i l , or pur nu cnnt i m ni ri
o i nl l i ' ; ! h
rt od' sl A\ :
ri i t ar
f al d
ae piizt:"t tlrpdnat' prii viitorul xntplu
lsinvti
1:tti r')
ti
riitarul
letfect
(Futue
Perfd):
I rna .dll \'otr whcD lic comes.
lTe
eoi ch.nu cnni va reni.)
Hc
q,tll
lat? ndd his balh }r the tinc lou
gct ur.
l1!'
'd
fi fAa,lea /ac
baia pln{ c. tf vei scula
)r
S 1518 tirlrl tuld de lrecutc\DriltraL
prin
aiitorul
f.Ltd
de tftcut
(Fature in the Past)
, i , ; i t ; r ; 1 p. t l . . !
t ot d
d" t D. ; ! t Fnt ut Pc4q
' n
t l , Pa. *t ) :
IIe iold nrc iir teould Lre t\erc.
(ui-a slns c;"1 ra
ft
tuolo.)
I kner' I sbtld liee gone ortL lclore they camc-
{ltiam
ci ,,t
/l tl..d,in
orat hainie dc veni.ca lor.)
$ 1619 b) /t,iitor i.teea de hotbite.
promkianc e!,;) exprimat
prin tiiloral
"
r ' ol i t i i ( t ' ol i t i t . Fi t f e)
(
S
1507- 1513)
( col or at modal ) :
laln
l.c
r
rc:r/n:
I
' , r
|
""
l o
l r "
mnl . h
) Pt .
i l i '
"' r ' l "ddl .
\ u f " , . r d
, /
,
' F
t t d
a' um l i m4' i sl p i n. ; ddL' r ne
l
You slzll /dt" \vhat
-rou
,;ll.
(Stil
lo.mal)
(
t' .i ao.a L.r cc vei
' voi,
!i-o
iag{duiesc
)
I
liitrtut
pahct dla |tibtr romann esfe, ca
ti
in lidba engle'i, rtrmar un tlml grdna-
,t.{,
ii
!sLr ad$ca nrlocu't c\ tiitorul. si}n|ltt.
295
fald
d.e trecut.:
I sai d I
"oLl r , 1
so
l , ' r l '
r "Tr ' 1 {nl j i r
( r s
sl i l l d- l ! ,
l \ m spur
( d
xr , t pou i 4, 6 sa
r l t r I r m, ci r est e devr cmc. l
j
lromt
d
' y
"hotLJ
hoep ihat thpr |aut.t.
{Le' am
lngnduii ol eal aka re @. @i,)
c) (tiitolul
cert sar
lrogramat)
exprimat prin prezentd simplui
' I hp- ,
/ "/ * l or t d 11 n"\ L Tod .
t f Lo. o x l : , t l xnd \ r i t . {-
On Mondal. I go to Itxcterl
add
t?r.,
my wire back.
(Luni nir duc l.r Djcter s{-ni ddrc sdlia acasa.)
utilitdt tn sp(iciaL Ia dtte. orarc etc.,
Tomo.rorv ir l.hc .igliih ol March.
(ulirc
cstc 8 Dartic.J
The uptrair .on.s nr ai livc.
lTrenul
de Londra soseiie la cinci.)
What lime do.r U,c down-train leaye?
(La oe orl
tlcuci
trrnul care vine de la Londra?)
Intrebninlat
in no.l cLr.nt in subordanatele temporale s.u candilionalc
1s2717,
2752):
You won t be readv ieforc we t dre.
(N-ai
sl lii
sala
lniinle de Dlecarea noastrll.)
ilrlal shall I do iI
-rou
ar4 6t bach bv dinnei time?
(Ce sd fac ilace ntr ic Intorci pi 1la cine?)
d) (viitor
ctllocaidl - al)liune ptuieclatd)
exprimat pdn prczcntul
sau
S
1522
viitorul continun:
we d/e dtztrg ont tonight.
frllncdn b oras astil sfa.e.l
\lhai d/c yo!
drins o,r Slniiay?
lCe
Inclti dndiDioi?l
I shdll Le
coine
to the scasidc on
$
1620
s
1621
Friday-
el.c
llneri h nafr.l
Y.u
'rrll
,e !.ci,g liur
(Ai
sd-t re.i fiit\c.)
prezultoL
continu refrindu-lc si la
Dreznt. un adverb de timD viitor
este necesar in acest caz sprc a se deosebi viitorul de
prezent:
Thar ' . . r hp e. r l \ , r ot , l aal ; , 1
f or .
l Pr F/ "nl
{l i t d
l dl r
! i
f dc
{
( an! j l )
-
l n t aoh, , ; p. ) r . d r o
""l
qg
l . , r
np\ r Tu". ddy s. | |
t \ i i t or r
( L' .
t l
. . pl - . "r e
sl l e v; d d. r ar l i r nt r o sJpr i mr n". )
Fald d,e |r':t:Dt, viitorul acesta este c{primai prin trecutul continuu sru
q
1523
prin
,r'iilorul
fale de trecut continuu:
Hc said l,c aas .?aalrn lis holiday in the corntry.
( q
. J, . s i i i i , J
, , r , . ,
\ d. anJ l a t dd. )
Tl r \ \ r ur p
'
- !
r . i c
Bai ' g
r ol h; mouj ' t Ji nsl or t l . $?. k"nd.
( . \ u
' r i .
, t
. ,
J' " n nt unl " sd. r i
p. bpa. i
bl r ) i t . l d sJnr dml Da I
I
"1, J
$. . . 1. . . . a bp t . . . , i , 8l or \ - ni ce on I l , nu- , .
l-{ln
stus cii
rl..nr
luli I-a Venetia.)
H.
pr omi s,
i
- . . o. / . / r . ,
r t or so. , Col o, ar moddl
t \
l l gad. : l , . 1 Ji r d d np \ a' l l pFsr p
\ r oj l pl an: nd. )
ID genele. prezcntul (respectiv irecutul) eontinuu si viiturul uuntinuu ar
:
159,1
a, cl n. r . s", r apr oapr a,
' r a, "i .
i nl el ". . l n n. l a bi r upr i i e\ i "t ; i n. , o, Jeo. "hi r p, l -
sens subtild inlre aresLe doui formc:
sale
1Bar,-
tr.r! ln SdrcFcl., Anglin. rpnumji pcntiu restigiile romane
Si
pentn apclc
t",,l"it1"if./195f..,i
t' Devon, ,\nsrja: fl.trd caled.ah dafind din sec. x]
ri
utriverstai|
?96
Pr.:.nlnl
(rcsDecliv
:'ecutul
)
cantinuu erprinri
o d'lix"d holiiritd nai
dlnaizre,
tn
"rerire
ic Iii.torul cantiiu rr
tr':spec\i!
iiil.'til
[d&J'
1t' tl1 cunin n)
oon! , i ne nnpl i cal i a cd i ndepl i i rca ncl i u' ; i i expri nr' rF
' t '
\ erl r nrc rnrnl i t e
consecLnle:
we arc .li,,i,tP
' iih
l{olhcr tomoh$.
( Lui m
ai a"; r a
14 mdmr ' r Pr ' er _r r r ' n_dr l
wt \ hr t L t J" o: ' t
, e
\ . r ' 1, l l ol hd' r . ol o. , ( r mp{" r "or ' r "
i l , ul m
nr i i ne oai r t a ni ama
( - {i 4 r i ' i r . sr i sl t r ur
"
I r r r i r gLi ! a! *r
gt ' l ar l l
\ve are haein! a reheaBal at nlrc lodav.
{A,i
avc' n rderitie la ol:r 9
) {l' rosran
i\ofirili
we sholl be haeint a reher.sal
in a mirlle
rii"i'i-i'"p'"Llfi" r,i:'t"
iii"i:i mi"L".
(Deci. pres.trcrt" lel)l
llnanicalii
modale)
: l mus
b"o. - ^t ona
- 1
4r . . - p. .
, oo. :
l
' r ' l i
noJdl
l l : Pect r . i nd] }Lai 9ai f unai : ) L] | l l | . ] ' f Pi Un. l a| | ' \ r t . ' ' l |
e. t l ni . . n' "i n] ' ' 1"' | p' j | - ' l i F' ' ' | ' ' ' ' ' ' ' r ' i i "' : a
; , mni nl l t or
"
n
pJr l e
'
pl u:
r ' ul ; l
t r n
l "
n "u 3
ahase' al.enl' a cii el ntr conside.I
nicid.ctr' n chcslimft nrrt' istill
{f 525 ")
( t ; ; \ , t , n d; , ' 1
- ". )
"f ; t nt \ t ; l t ' I
1t t ; 4
t "t a"
" l t u. \ ' ' ^t i | : l ot
r a' e
o ' "- "
o. , o
- ' oi "oi ' "' o
, ' , , d; n .
"
! ' t , ' a' i " pt
r ' t "
t
' t
a; ' r r ' ' f ui t
' t
r - i
' '
, e
goi rq, -urni ai l de i nf i ni i i vu] \ . erbLt l ui de coni ugl L! :
S. he l e, r
- f :
qo: ' 3t a t \ " o' n- l r i r
I - v- r
'
nul i l
\ r
ehEn s4
l t l nr a
'
i oq' o4E, :
, 1t : r l , "' "r ' r r | L
'
1
'
' oJ' .
t qn- J"i na
. d_P l ' bi r ' l r o' ' i l i
r ' s"i r i
r r "
r '
You,' erd
soi,A
tr sat sorncthins.
(I.ltrti' ) (Coloril rrodrl r
(f.i@i
sd s?ui Nc\r
' )
She sa.
gtirs /o n@e lier onn wrl (Hotirircl (C' l! dodrl i
lEn
l@&titij tti n"
faii
dccit ce roir.l
: f
D, at . l i nt ""
"ht r ' t Pt , , bl t , 1'
dt r ' r l r "
' ol or
'
r "oJi l
l
( Nu
'
r f d Lr 1, l 8ul s' r
, , d' d, r el /
-\t
hontP. Iiolidi,i.s a' .e g' rg ro /].
llPasatrn' r
ftr' h' rr l' ldoriit
noddl){Sitdalie
In
' - ( \ cd"\ ' ' I ' ' ' '
/
n' |
' I
t \ ol u
Yi i t or Lt l
/ , t .
l oi ns
t a n' r sP LDi r l ' r r i nl Pazi
r t t r ' I "r r i J nnei
f r ol ' nzi f i i
"or al r i "' i ar ".
ci est e' i nl ci cui t cu r r : i r nr ul \ nnt t ' t l l
i
' t t nt L
I
' ' r i l
d- nn( ce
Yr r bul
r . , r
. r ' nr i r . , . | | r ,
"J
i . i r ul ! i ".
r l - i r ' ; n' pi
r - l
i i
\ i i r ndr '
1l she does i1]ui I saX, sllc ll ri{n/' me I{). it.
6l t 2S l t l l i t l r r ot , , ) r ' i l ' 1r
st ab; t " ant
t i ' t
' n'
l r t t
noI u
' j Lr r ' nr l
'
our i i i ar , , l ui '
BE ur ' , , "1 f l p i r , r ; i r r \ ' r r
' or
pl '
'
r - t l "
'
d
' ^nl uE' dr
r t r a-
a"'
p"i ' i
. i *t r ; "". , , e
vor ba'
. . ur r r r t
az. r b. l . - , r ! r i
' Jr
i na
. t L"l
S. r "c
d+
osebi r c {l e r i i t or Lr l vol i t i v, acoast n f t ] t r , , i r r r t ; ur vr Lt , ' r r t : l , r r r i 4c: i l cn) eva
;;.;;;" p"".";",' care rlorbestc, s:lu dc aceasla in lnlelcssre cu alicineva'-
His noll,.r t"- ro ,,om. tonorro\'
{lr
ro.l,a .{ nrma lui sd tt'd nlnac
i
Tcaolicr siid re
(.'e
,o Degtr rt oncc
(]'.onso,rl I slrrs cA trii. sd,t"!"r
i edrat
l
1'he lloNr "l,ightning"
(as
r, r/arr lirst
(Calul
..l
rlger: rd
?r,s.dnal
si
l.fre.sci lrimtrl )
,'.,r'-
',$f;$'xffiffi:ne*j-l*rtn
I aas ta tutat thc ne\fcome.s.
turma
(c.a
sarrin{ mca) st ,6/^Liesc pe Doii veniti.l
Th. t \ 4r p \ ' r ) h
r , t . . \
, . ' , $h 1, . , L"t t - , r as. oon r , dF r n l r F
- Dhont el \ $dr 1. r
{
\ u i o"l i
- i a
r i
o . r . ,
. Jar , ' r ", J
.
l {. , d, j aodl a I n, , , r / Do, dl ; : r dj r . : : j
g.) ( Vittar in.tliar) to be ahont
+
inliniriv
complet:
He ii a,,rr ,o la,(e n)r S{iorlrnd.
(Esti
ric lunctul
ne a
!l.ra
h Scoiia.)
\ ou . e. e aLout / o s, u s' , mr t , r r s
l l l r 0;
p. pur , . ' I l . ; . t | r
. \ . ,
.
l o, mbi \ ! i dr
DJ 5p i , p\ d,
V; i t or ul un. di or , $t .
. \ f r i mcr
i n
. r i l , , l , n
o. r i AI
pr i n
t or ma
t o
Lp
poi np
+
i nl i ni l i ! ul . ompl cr .
i i \ r "n" . F
t , t na t o br , r bor ;
i
i nt i ni t i vul
- com"Dl et
ste tntrebuin,tafi mii mult tn solis, in slilul formal si se reIerA la un viitor
j i mai apr opi at ( - pe punct ul
de a) . ( Cf .
si
S1525)
9) Viitorul in lntrebdri.
-
al SH]\LL la pcrsoana
I qi
a 2-a si $lLL ta
persoana
a 3-a exn md
uDeori
ti
dorinla vorbitorului de a afla ce gindesie interlocutorut (Viitof
^tnall
I tind ]j.r in
ji
I
so
!ow?
Mall
Iou
bc
jn
time il
r6u
hurry?
fr, i1 rain do
rou
tnlnk:
-
,, tn lntrebiri sc lntrebuinleazn
de obicei auxiliarul pe
care
jl
arcteptim
S
lSeO
h respuns:
' - t r , ol l I so L! m" i o$
_Yps
vor . r . / / .
{, . 1: ,
dau i oi p. , l
t \ i i t of vot i t i \ col or l r l
"Lpr
r ,
j , op
Dou. . / - 11\ , : .
- \ n,
uF. / , a"
t
r \ , r or Lol o, ar
"- Sl , / / . Lou bpi bl l , , l q . r pt omor r oLL, \ Fs. l "nou t \
j j r or
col or ar l
"I 4; / l
r ou
sF"dl ,
' o
i L. nn$.
j
, ,
l l
{. . \ ' r ", , u- r t vi i t dr \ oj j r ; v
-
. , nor xt l
' J- , {dI i 6r '
pJ n,
nFf n"( dr , 5s? I o. s, . . . }dr / o, . ' ( , , \ r - i dar voi ". - , r \ I ' ur r or ' i v
_
' Iltil she
tut
oD lrcf ne\r dress?" "\o, she
por' i.,,
l,,Nr
vrea ca..J (\
jiror
rotitiv-
"Sf t , i l . , .
r om""_, \ , i . i l i nA.
J.
<he
s/ d/ / . .
t vr i , or l nt i t ; v
_
coJor at _.
"l t : i 4! h". or
"'
/ 1' d r o
s FnJ. , . nhp, , ", , / . r ' t \
'
or vot : t i v_ , . ot onl )
_. . Act uFl mcnt .
i n\ a
"F
t i l l , l p. m. i al cc t n l i mba r or bi t n, si s cl i t
acesr e { t 63l
dr Fl r n, r
i n i nl r abi ' r i
"i
s' I nr r chui r . t ' , a. r , . b. l . aLJi l i i ' , t r r ; di s. r i mi nar
'
( eu pr "hr i n- a p"n r r \ \
l l . l
,
i n s. . , i "l i n. , gl p/ r amp' i . d, , . , . . 0r c
sp bu, ur d
de o, ncr p i nl l , r ani S i ' ,
^. ' r ar 1r i l ,
ur . Jpqp\ , ' bp: ' 4s. , us, t n\ or i t i mba, , , gh26:
"WiUhIoU
!ar
be n' Nl,fD I .all i0morrow-?'.-"\ps, I tr;1tirhd\."
(Vcz'
ti S
I r3i)
.
. l
SH \ Ll .
i , ,
r , LUi
! .
|
1a t o
' ' c
1, "*"6np1,
spt r . gr p
f pnt r u
a se a a
g
1b32
r nt en! r 3
t ,
r . ner
pr
, ; r "r 1
i r
". 1,
d, l ' F, . . l i l nt r - b3r r a:
,tftoll Lool se.ts lor ionislil.:
(SI.uNlrri.
nihie
lentN
:6|:iscaril?)
Sltolt ltit! .am. io iho mccti|g?
( Sl i
vi ni ] a, l cdi nl i ? sr r l ai an si vi nd l a
i ed' nF?)
,l/'?l?
ror ,, in tonorro$?
(Ai se'iii nriile ac.sI?l
,Sftali she /atl ine table for li!.?
.
(sa
luna
riasa pent cinci
!c^oane?)
Mall \e ,'2..n nn lor rou?
(Se-9i
spilir,
'r;ele?)
'
297
5
1527
s
r52e
s
1529
r Vezi
! ag.
418,
5
1014, nol a B.
s 1633
De l apt , t n unet e
l i ri
i n oarc l i mba I rgl ezt
' (rc-l i rnl r0
of i ci ul i l i n SUA
"' ""
"i
t "l ; J, i si
- cr uol ul
commn' r w"al l L
br i r r n, , r .
sH\ I L
p. r P
l n
cdr ' dp a
. . 4"o 1n dqsi , "r uai ne
f i j n, l i nl o. ui r
r u \ \ l Ll
sr r r
i
r
qr "nni m'
' i :
Po&ld von /ild me l.o ioot seats t'r tonigl't?
{-. t na,
I book seat s . l ' )
Do dou
. \ a
^"t
l ol ayl nel dl l i , r f r r "
r
l t ; l l
\ i n l
' J
t hc t dbl e ?)
{Yczi ti !
t8t6 !9ilJ}
q
I 5i ! 4
t l ) l vl LLt d
p r s / se
f t pl
c' 1
r r ur r "x/ / /
' u
ur ?/ / Pl i r l cr osd'
r "
l : ( , . . t r di n
e" r r c" m"i r r ul l i nr r r bui n' "1!
I r i
""r r d
"
SH{LLdr ' p"r e:
l r , / l I dol
frl,ir-t"i,
""."
,ttr, tt" to fte opera?"
"lYi[
I conrt \iil\
]ou?
will l? ol cou*e
I
Flll."
(ercla;naii\'. ca o relctare
a lntbiirii
l$e )
Acestea sint
dou[ din putin]e cazuri consideraie
la irce.put ca accelta-
bile in eramatica
tradirrionih.
Cu tirnpul
insd uzarta acestcr
lorme s-r exLrns
i"".J'i"tf
r' tii"l':"i colocvial actuil,
nai ales.prin
coniirln)ltare
cu ensreza
".i'".i"".,r
'"a"
cst'i
preleratn construcliei
shall I
i
tvt:
Wl r v Pl l l I l i ar c i o st l l ' l al ' ?
\Ihin @tll @e move i3?
Where @tli I take
Your
siuli to?
\ V, d, , i { /
. , r , y
i l i r l
l . l r i l l
u,
"
\ . . hn,
N , 4 m. . .
Aileseori,
a0easLi construct'ie
will l
/
rt cxl)rimi un scnt'imnt
dcprirnant
l l c neaj ul orarei
ll so. what rtl' 1 do?
How
"il'
/r reach \i'i in tincT
What train Pt'r a! lake?r
I l aci 1rr unel e
cazud i nl ocui rPl
duri l i ' rul ni
SHAI J' t LL. \ \ ' I T' L
T i 1' t l
-e, i i i -; "i ; a
conseci nl e
serrrant i re
mi nnrc
sc po; t ' rrt r' ' t r;
l ' r
' rrrrrLuu
Pent ru
l n1, el es. ca
1n:
Sna zo! be iD tolrorro\t?
II,i
&z
b. in tonor.o\r?
sau ln:
,Sldil
?o,
see hcr at 5?
lYill io&
see her ai. 5?
acerslii
schinbare
crceftzi insi adcsca
anlbieuilrili
jnrl.,rl'rntc
ca tn:
s, , 1/
r"pv
. on" ro rri d mdbri ns
'
' rt j ", t
\ . ' ; . ' , ' . , ' , 1"i ' i ;
, "
,
"' , ,
Ifill thPll
ra$e to I
I
meeong'
sau neccsiti
lunginli ln exprimar6.
pertru cl'rriiioarrll
intrelcsului-
fvezi $
t0r9, t1l5
'retnplele)
S
1535
.J WlLi,
la persoana a 2-a sau a 3-ft (intero-crltir) are
inlelesul dc
"r
1'or":
"Itjill
rcu trke a tram?" "No,
I
'tll
trke a btr:'"
"iriii
itre spmtr to me?r'
lrNo!
sllc 4ro4'r'i'
!
1636
La persoara a 3-a WILT,
poate cxprima
!i
u siuplu
viitor
pur (
S
149a)
li
Vr,t
i t t aa"it"
l"mitate
m potitel':,
vczi
$
2099' 2115' 20E8' 2074'
2SE
r
vczi
,i
unele exemlle
prccedentc.
I I . SUBJONCTI VUL
{THX
SUBJUNCTI VE)
399
s
163?
suBJolfcrn' sau II{DICATTY rREcur!
$
1538
Existl o atitudine conl,emporani destul de rxspindiG, care evite proble-
mele modului subjorctir iie ignorinduJe, fie ncgind tnsdli exisien.ta subjonc-
tivuhri tn actualitate.
I - n
mod
Jr r . na
i . l i n. , . J" o r l i ' dc mar . i r nnnr t anl a. . ar p. \ pr i md
i reot i t dl "r. l n . ont ra: t , r t nt i t . t , , t '
' ndot j
de modrT i r. 1i cal i ' ,
-
cel e dol ri
aqpc. l " f ' r ndam. r l dr . dl ,
,
\ i . i . 1! , i ur ndn. -
psl a
cu nFpul i nl i sc di spar d.
mi i
, u, ". ' t , . , . npt 4. di n, . , ,
1r co,
upar i l e i n r oar o domcni i i e, t i j nd 6xar p
pe descoperirea rrecunnstutrrlui. a raportului realttut.lircalitate,
a.r \evole
de in-qtrumcntc .Lo c-\pfiirla'. adcovate.
Este crrl cn wdriLrl subjonc'"i{, a,(t:rzi vetust adic; forna BE la toate
l i r npur i l ,
9i l "
". "
, r " l - .
: i
l i 1, - . sul i ' r l ur ; J. , per "s6nx
a J- b . g. .
. a i odi car or
r uhj nr , ,
r i \ , 1
.
a
, , , pr r t i r ' , r
L, r , r . r I n nnu- r n nr pmsi i
l i r p r r r di t i onal .
si
tn limb:rjul lormal, livrfsc. stinl,tiinr,
juddic,
gazetiiresc
etc., unde necesitatea
preciziei
fi
clariiilii datc do subjonctiy esl.e esenijali. Subjonctivul trsi nu
a dispnruL ca /riod
grarnnrical.
El si-a schirnbat, numai veqmtntul cu altul mai
t i ml ' l i . t , i n, i i l "r ni l i "^, . ' , l i pr D. l r
. -
noi l or
, pf l nt .
da
qi mpl i l i . r r p. un, ,
put e
qi di t uzat n 6" 4, "
p, a,
i n t t : 4
'
. i , l
t \ as. , t 1
d; o. A
,
apa ar
- .
i , l . pr i ' , , r l
l i ngt i l i . u' r
I . r
. t ' |
- , i ) 1t
l , r
' i
pr ol , r i ul ui
si u
f p, r ,
\ i
r n
r ! 4
. r
r ^n. r
t ' ; Lt r t t i
. nu
r ' t l
. t ,
nut ,
". , . , ' r 0i i ' "- , ' nf or n. om. pol d' r r i - i
' i r
pur r l nr
Si ngur J
"r Fl i i .
, t o r i - r Lut r o
Bl r . i l . sr ui
subj on. t i v
nr ai pn
.
a t ol l , . I
cu auxi l i cnrl r' rF. Frl i n l . ' t oat p persoanel p. pcnt ru si mpl i f i nrre.
Acstc forme nu mai slnt astizi substitute pentru subjonctiv, ci ru del'eniL
tntru totul stbjonctivul modern colocvial al liuturor verblor, inclusiv al auri-
liarelor modale.
Numai aceastx concellie poate rezolva toat complica,tiile te se ivsc
continru in interpretnrile invariabil necoDclr.rdonte ale u or cob^truclii suh
jonctiraLe
c?ra, figdduite ca aI'JJq
^x
d.pd.renla trecutului simplu, ddl na.ei
i nl el "*ut at
st u; d.
si nrd: . n, .
\ . rl ' e' .
,
a)
You ll3il rcrer go noN. aas rt e hc Fent to lcd.
t |tod /alnel .eiun
jn
a diy or tNo. I roxld sooze. you c&me $ith me, elc. (Vezi
51548)
conBiderate oa lorne ale indicatir'ului,
ar trebui si cr.prime r.alitalca unor
ac.tiuni xra&|r. intcrprrLifi care nu rezisLd la o analizi
gramaticah
serioasi.
deoarece ele se referl ]a ptt.ott san r;llr,.. ,{cela;i patternuri
sint pe ect
consecvente
ti
glllmalicri forccte daci sinl ini,eryretaie ca expresii subjonc
r ; ! al p. p
r "Jr , r / , pdr r l . ( \ - - l ;
j
l 5- , 4J
De{id!n', - Sprc d.oscbirc dc indicatil'. care exprimi o acliune sau o
S
1639
sLare r,!al.i, subjonclilu] crf ni o acriunc sau o stare ;r.edl.i, realizabili sau
nu, care nu exi st ai deci l i r
ei ndul t rl ui rc vorbest :
. t , ", , 0.
'
. . . r ,
"r . t 1J.
I nl i "J. \ )
\ r , , .
:
' i
, ' i . l
' 1.
1. r
",
I $ish llic n,.r, r,c.
lsubjonctiv)
f-1,s
dori sii lic aici
ida.
nu este.)l
"."":ilij;*T.l:.
"*t
-'rcnre
0u ardire' r'rrezen nd surrjon'r'ilur' iar cu'silere comlr-
800
A. TDIPURT
,"'5
f ::i,1;
J"ni"'"f
i:.1::lH#,ii"ll:1;;li,'li",iiiii
Xliilll."ii
ii#l;
r0Rll]I
l-llcl{x
a suBJo_-{o'r'll
L[Ur
,".,l.i,xlili*.I"ii"i'"]":ili.'
"":'*:::i"""11#
T"
x::xil,Hll"i,""'"#:
,"
"""
{
l,!i"',i",".l,"i1l,liiiii,'
il'!i"'
,"',"
{
l}i"lil""'";l"if}J'i1.""'
$
1540
s
1541
s
1542
Obser r t Ll i a
Ficind
r-se abstraclie
*
*"T;;:]#"1:;,';,::i':
:::l$fj""1'"':."""i:i'l
mod
(
'onfundn
fornat
tu
ltrut
i
"- ' i "g"r ' ' i
"ae
l ' s' r bi onc' i '
n r dr " ' "r ' l ' r n- ' i '
s'r*'
"-',iili"
-
l;W
;:**
i l*l;tllliillt
f;l.t,i
:#I'll,'"',.1i
fi
::if
'
tinp,
lrr,tl.l.
Prczcnt
san rtLtor:
l,,,i,,ii,"
l:,i";; 1"
jl:i
:)-iil'fXt:
r"
:"1:ll:
I
"
;;
".lli'
;l
","
.'","'
"' , ' ", "- 1, ; : , L) ; , 1
", ", i 1.
; ". "
:
i
l - ; , ", , , , . ( : , on. , , , , , ,
\ dr , b, l
, l ' :
l t
, : l ' : ' ;
' , ; ; "' ; : "f
i ' "; ; "' : "
\ "
' '
\ "or
' i c' : '
d-
''"'"
rr.'li'ltiiJl"'l?'
"
iir
l,rre
sr!riimina
aiitoa'e
ra ctrrsa Lnor"tieror')

1544
3) Inrere". -
F',l.''1
)::l:"i
"",lJiX::'il|*:
i"I
';iH*lrf
i'l"+lil"l
"
r r i , r '
o
. , l r "
d" l u. r un
p'
. : , : ; : ; : - ", r . .
", ' "; . .
, ' ,
, i *, r p, ' ,
""
o' on4i ! ;
' ^: n' l nt ot i
v
\
f
ol ' r t ' t
'
s4- s/ r '
4
"I "r '
or Ai n,
o l l r ur P.
o dar t nl a:
-"i;"1.'.:;'if'rr,'"*ru#&Hliiiff:iiiilJ,.:lli"'iiiii"lxi"Jlii:'fif;"ill'r'"'r
",$'l;n
t;ru*k*"t; ;ip"ffi':
:l*,1*,i:".:T,',1'li;
l::lfl![)-"',,"'.''""'
atil de elicicnt
)
''
"
l,*"lit"ll"'::"tl"i".Tl"'*q.'f"';,T.fl$'i::,i!{li'i;
r"*
ou condilionarur)
r r "
' . ' ""i , ' l i
I
r -
1.
pa- r n I n r ' r t n' r
a' l i r r I mr n l
"l:i:i';,
Ii::
*;'
l';'l:
j:iil:i"i"),ii;
{:i":
ilji':
"'T-il;,,
ii.:;",;lt:
';l
l;;'
:;
li\Llili";li"l';:;;:i;;
ftr';l
'
-"'"
,. . .
\i.
.*1, ,,,., *;
/,,,
*".,iI":;;i:,r;,:',lJ;;,,':,;Xi:l,l:"1,;Ji,iiii;i."
t(Noi)
am cerut s's',tn'i
(co!rJu'
armde trrlclearc l
"'
i.
l';:l:l'.:;;l'i
lll l'"li:':,111"r
li i
l
il"ff";li'l
l r l: :i;r
I'
ll,i"{:;:.}"i"'l:li";'1"
"",,,
."',
**d$li*r=lt'ti*,*ivi{:ttn#','r'rilli'
;Ti ;iii;'; i:ii:
l::#
;i'"fi""*
SUEJONCTIVUL
3OI
4' l nl rcb i nl i re.
-
\ ' ""hF. ,
f ur. . l d c subi or. t i vul ui enal i T a(t p
DL, t ; n { l b{6
f ^l o. i r " i n l i ml '
'
pnsl '
1s mod, r n. . . Ej r a I r F. r r nr d i n. r : n S ar el e Uni i e i t "
-
\ meri ei i .
.
)t:.st subjonctit se tnenlin. astaizi iD engleza briranici in urmdroarele si-
a) i stilal oficial si in ge*re
in limba
lormala
rrnrd
(frazeotoei
iuridiod. { 1646
l i mbr j zi ar i st i
; i
nar l an' ont
' r .
pr o"Fs^l i \ - r bi t F . h. edi , . l "l or ,
i n
St i i nl a
si
-
' - hnr . i el . . l . pr er ur i r J- ni
undr , : i . n. - asar
u t i n I . Jj I or . 1at pr ei i ". . 1"i ,
{dre
ambiguiLdti:
Tho
j udgp
dFa dnds r I al l l ' Lr . .
, 1pr
r " l ' "ou" . t n
l Jud, . Ar nr ul . dr e. l
i , ur ar r
. i
. p i r oo. s. l
___
If ih$e Dd all w can muster, ii were lctter to teavc thc scutf,tLr.es gatterics emtty.
l"Tl' e
Tine6" siil ziarjstic)
l Ddr 4ar pdA
o r i r ' . . od. Jot t oa1el . t "t - ' - p. , aj e, "t , . L- m"duna. dr l :
mi r bi ! "sd
l I sl m
R{l . r i i l .
de scul ! t ur . i
goal t s. l
I rnove that an apDcal rd made l,o i,he
ra lcs concerned.
(l'ro!u
sit s.
/dc;
dt.l l{
tirrtilc
in caizir.)
b) in
loezie ti
tn prcza Literard:
"T' . l r p" $i l $i l l I l . : L' o"" l , / dr . r Rr "on)
Tl ough sl ' c b s, , 1! u, q, I \ i l l . onl i do i n }ei .
c) tn uncle ct:preiii
firc,
ca.
il need Dr
{:
daci csle neroie)
, a i i so s. t u so Dd i t l : asa sA f i el
b ihal as it n",
(:
oiicuni ar lil
, , , " i r r ' o, n , , ;
, . . . r . , ,
t , ". , : d
mi i ,
; i
Jut J. J. . . )
/ ", . r o i d$ l \ o. m. J i nq obpr , r u",
l ; "
p, \ - 1A\ i .
. '
i un"nor . i r ot
as
' L
r . r . 1: c. r r r \ l r n J. . ' j . a
!
. ur ar l r )
catue *haL malt (.- rie .re o li, odoc s'ar Intlmpln)
. L) ' - -
' -
\ t on
t bJ
i . "
nt i r ", t c Lni un ar i
r ' , D. ui r ' t Fr
r ni l hr $ t l l car n l r skr t e
{Sa
vini ia a, ci vd lnriLla cl sh
latineze.)
s4l,.d it l.o saJ...
(Esle
d; ajuns si spun...J, ic.
d) in ixLIcniri injtioase, imye1lii, proteste
achem.nte san n|..
S
1b49
Clfse voul ,.d, tlte iellowl
(irire-ai
biestemat sI lii l)
(Firc-ai
sd lii de indiri.l l)
ilxpclscs Dd hansdl
'
(Dii
le incolo de helluielil)
'fhat
,e hanqd fo. a talcl
(Ce niscocire nnst.L,inicil)
5) Troaluccro.
- Forma r.eche a subjonctivului se tfaduce ln limba ro-
{ 1660
|
.
na pr i n. onj un. l i ' . pr i n
condi l i onsl s0u pr i nt r - Ln i n, l i r al i r , u
o nuant a
d"
' "r i . cnl i .
( \ Fzi r r ALl , , . r ea
pv
mt l pl or d. l d $ 1144r .
SItsJONCTI\'TIt, MOIIEITN
SUBJONCTIVUL Pt:tXZ}!NT
(rnDSllNl
svtsJtNcTtrtr)
l ) For nr i .
- Suhj ^' ,
r i r ul
pr ' z nl r - o si ng, r r . r ' , n, d pr nr r J
t .
r ' uj npl p. ar i ' 1. si | ' r . , l ar .
. l r
( i
| ,
l l ur pl :
, ^
^^, ,
j
L . t el : \ o' r . L h, st r . : r
. . , t ' , 1
' "
"- ' 1
"
""r . 0,
\ , , r
", t ". t .
r . y, , I ^t .
r " h" J
r !
-
) o' r \
r . r . l , . . r . p. i ' $. r .
-
*
I
se
- dr er , o.
\ , "
; t r r \
$r - .
s
1547
$
1548
s
1551
s
1552
l oat e
S
1553
t,n
u ,rr este lorma vechc a
lcNoanci
a t-a singular, astdzi arllaici sru poctici.
m9
Obser Qd! t e
,,,,'',,,:i:i,;'ii'l;;;':;;1,;',:'l::l"i-"j;l"T"""i;ii';'#'#:'#plly#Jii
qi a J a ' i nsl l l r r
' l i f '
r i J'
r r "uL'
-
"'!!rij''
\ll
j:
;*,"""
"
):':!:;"'
lh iT;'il;':"
"
.".
u'uot
"".,,i,i1*:':i
;":hi:*,';"*"'nffi;t"'*ri
eTl"}"i:
sau o starc iar'i'
'-
ii:ll::;
:['i
:ii
';;
]j.l;: il',;;,iiriri;11"
" '
""'-'
'
il:i;l
:lli ;;";
":1,
ll""'n:|,"i
r': il i'll'n"i'i'ii'fi"''
:
N ol d
Cit"i
lq**"
corespunde
reatte-iii'
se inr'rebuint'eazi
indioatilui
:
Ii,:i:: ni"t;,1*':l'.;lll'll"*ltfllilTil*-*"1r
'
'i*:
Yill'J
sif
iilil,lJfi
iiiJi,liT'i:li'"
E 1556
i)
^"4*-
Subiouct'ivul
prcznt este
tntrebuinlat
atlt
in stitul
formal'
i,,*
;'1
'.;:i,:;";qlr-i::*lr:i,.:,"f1"""'*ffii*x;'" i,iHiHl;:il.'Ki'ihii:
"
'"1,'i:\'Jlli$tJ'i ;i:'ii
';;i;
iniica,i'u,
re"ur
*as;
ll:,:': l't
lr,t
;'i|"]:lr"i;
'11"::"1:"
i
wi st r 1' o'
l
n t ocdc
*r ' ' r n
Hi r r nr n
tA.s
rlori 6l iid
r\rAlt r
l
Sl '
t ' r s sl "
/ a
"n
l o' dn
r aPi mP
ihlil
li:iritl;ir":rr'':1
ii"lijlr'l;i:;'xi'irJ'Yr
I
":l
':"
:'
165?
Li mbaj ul
' ul r .
p"' ' "' o' "
' n"'
di sr i ncl i a
di nt r e
i nJi ' dLi ! ul
t r t r ' r L
$o! '
''""'
:*iii:il.:":
il;
n *:*,ii'j:l;ii"i
""#
;::';'::l;lj ll"l'Tii'^l:
l . ' ' l
' - - i "ai ' "' i ""t
nr r
l "
podLF r Fda:
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I::,:"
;;,1;l;r
":f:;,i
:Ji:;'l:;',',
il,'iriill:'
*'r'
iii:j
rr, ;i li*l
rr,l
.j,;::
",::,';l
t:i
lgll'
"i::
"'"
,;;;"
i1i'
4,11l;
.l'
i:r:,i':l,"'l'l:$lil[
Obt er vdl i e
".,"
itl,:r#"li;*l;;*t
:{.'.
/fi
rfi
":lJl$"ihl'J1"il*i'i
lll J'fl:
r t I h" $ur c
ao, 1, dt r r )
r Pr "uP"1r -
I t r / l e nss
Yo"
( i nr r cel r JDr )
Corect,
dar .tr
tntelesuri
diferile:
""'
-""'
"*
il*;:*:r*:"'?tffi[r::i;iitY!*is$"""''
"-"
;i*n?::ft""*#
fxffi,i:l'ltl"l'r$r*
liu
poai'e ri.6rt
o
?resqznere'
a0s
- . 4)
Tr aduoor c
- Subj onf t i \ ut pr czFnt ,
sF t r s, l u. p
I n l i n br r om6nd pr i n
S
t 6i 8
conl un. r r vul pr pz. nt
sau p' i n . ondi {i onst ul
pr ar Fnr :
I wish I
pft
vou.
(.\t dori s.,
fd
rn rocul
tatu.) (Conjuncris)
S.!!pore he ddft, /
(tnchiluiste-li
c{ a' dnt.)
{Conditional)
r l ' pr Df we . i r l gr r I p
s. bj . cr '
{col ocvi al )
{t - ^- ar
t i st i chi mum suo, . t L. j
, p"onun; "". n. "
\ ,
SUB JONCTI\'LTL PERFTC'|
IINRItrCT SUBJUNCTIVE)
s
1559
1. 1 Formn.
- Sul j onrt i r. ul
l pt t rd
t -r
n
si n-ur, j
[ ar, . , , t
p"nt ru t odt p p. r-
{ t Srj 0
l:iTlt;:
J
lil'i:"lil;''":lJt,{
t;:1,.)i"t:ioji,;i;;
-;i;;a;;;';;"i;
"
"
'
t" *n
{
j"}Xt
jX'l:f"hlgi,li,."
j1l!jir,ih"}"ilii1iii"""
. *
{
i"}X13"fl;1i,\ltT#ir;}iiiii,
il}T"}f
""'
,^-,.3,.1ot"'""
Subjon.ti\.ul pFrtect
exprimd
o adlirn? rdu o,tarc contratd
\
1561
Ea poat e
f i :
_^. ^o)
-ant pt i aMd
rc! i uni i rcu
s
j ri i
expri mo, "
pri n r, rb. rt
di n propozi l i d
J' rrncrnal s:
I I " r Lr r . . t , " I ad
- ot , , . / s^. , r . t ""{o
hi sd. t r .
A- dof i
"r , . 4
I / o. r a. i , Je Dpcl , j , nt . n
I nd. ot , n"i r . d . , 1, : i , L
{
l ar a l ost . ) ,
b-)
.simultand.
cu un verb ta un timp perfect.
din principali:
I l
\ d hod
1e- .
l l l , 1r
qur J, shop.
h" @"l r har . t , 4p. d
\ or .
Dar a ot
h t , . 1
I n r r "t . . - , r e. dr i , , ; , , r , 1
, 1, r ,
; t i . ,
Li i i ",
. . , ,
3j l ot rebui nt raro.
- Subj onul i vul
De
formal sau literar, cft si in cel ,"-u,;.,""""1"1-!,'j,."''"ebuin!at
attt ln stilut
5r
1562
4) Trad_uccrc.
Subjonctivul perfecl,se
rhdu.e trL timbr
rumdni
cu
g
lb63
ur j r n. r i r ul p"r f , r '
", r u
r u
cor , , t i qi ona, u, p, r r "", :
I wGh I nad Dd,z th.rp:
(_{r
dorj rd
lt /os,
acolo.)
{Corjutrcriv
perrcct)
Ii he tdd
^u
oru, he s,ould ha! como
IJ,acn
b
fi ttiut,
ar ri venft.) (Condiiional pcrfecr)
0bser eal i e
DLl ,
4
I n pr op"/ i l i a. on, l i Li onal d.
sF I nt r . bui r : Fazb
su! . i on. u, t r t r .
mot l ul
. . r r . Ar pr l l l r
o pr esul , un,
r . . Ft , u i nl l i "at i r ut
t r r ut , i ,
x, e ar I i un nonsens-
B. t ) t TREnur NTAnx
$r
I NTxLD
s
.1)
lntretrriDlare.
Suhjonctir.ut este intrcbuinlab
duld
urmltoarele
S
1664
(
",
i"I
;.q i'":,
f
tl.,;,'f,i
{ht,
h;; i,
"
;:,;:I:jiitl
.1;l,f;j;,*i;::",11,
i i .'
,|X;l i l i ,' ".i l i ,"
1,,
9i J' ;:",:.:,,:,' \' :i :t
or or
"
.' :rt.,,i ;,' ;o' nr".
"i ,,
l;;: ,,'ii::'";::i':t
,:',r:r
l"llJ
l"l:l
";ri:"''iJ':;
';
,
"
'"tr"
.
i;:
ll:
6i
dupn verbel e:
s,ru,se
{:
a
lrBslprncl
fi
ro /tst (:
a dod).
I
Vezi pag. 314,
S
1565
2) I[{elos. -
Subjonctivul
exprimer:
i t sCC
n. l o
"onpa' , ' i .
i r nal a' r r r o pt "r "t i nt J {dup; . as. i /
as t hougl '
r at l t ' r
l hon,
t hon
t l , t han 1l ' at
"cYi n
l r opo/ r l r r l F
compar r l r vej :
\ ol npr
r , Pdt c, 1 a
I
I r - P 1 l i | l r
d;
l
l ) I aaa
n, l l r al F0zi l
"i
r i
'
um ar
"i
o i pl i l i
Ilother used id hert me 4 s hoqh
I hn'l ben n l:trtle
girt
{ltama
md tral, ca
fi
cum a'i ii iost o ietitl.)
W L^
- s
h. l r F.
'
dppi 4,
l dn , / oe l ; uPd Lv hi mcFr i
t l r
Doi sF s nl r mr i i . f ; ' i l deci ' dad dr l o' ur r ng! f
i sl ' oul dr qoi r J
I : l - l " l r Jr a
' onr "t u
f dr l P
' n' a
so
1o Tpd s
( , ^? pF t "_J
"a
r .
'
r un
r ol r , r t dF
r sr mar S
r a
r Pa
l
I ncds or r l l n' $,
r i t "o' "' mpor t anLl r ' al
Jo
"houl ' l
bFl ol d
l h t t ul h r ar h"r d?t /
t haa t l at
\ or
l / ' / h o^ l ' l L i n i snor an"
' ' "
r l ; , r , r ,
d; b"; 1, .
"t ""n"i
; ' p""r "n i r i "' PUn'
dqi r
' [ ! i spas^undd
ar ] pv$u
t 156?
bJ o concesie,
dupi eren i/, (ercn) thauEh,lncveocr'
whaleoer'
whichewr'
'
phaeaer
ei,c
(in propozi,tiile concesivc):
So D. il I
Conte Nllal
mag !
r, t . i i a t i "l t
(Fi e cc' o i i l )
f "- r t ' agh na h4, 1
' "nz, , , l J
-
so- l d r Jv"
m' r d l ' e'
r chi l r
, l a' "d i t l : ! ' n; t d. \ |
qi r ",
! _dr m r : l i gl . i l _o
'
j t ; r
m. n
. r ,
. . " n r l "/ 51 r r &pr .
sJ. Dol r nki n' r .
r . \ r hdi j
.
( [ , l ul l ur o. a
".
p r r l J. d"\ i . "\ P' nJ
"r d
l r pb t d' l unat ' r e
i
E*n if iL
qnc
ao, this is no eaFv matier.
rchim dacil ar ii asa. nu cste lu u utor.i
i / r , "r . u
"v
Da.
,
.
$r s ndvp. JI homr o dnyone.
( Af hai c] .
( O, ; ci np sr l i
r a i
Fl d p"i mea a' asi nr r r odct i
po nr menr ' '
c) o conditie
ireal&, realizabili
sau nu (ln propoziliile condilionale):
l l vour mol , l " r d&/ /
"onp. 5r r r
$oul d soon s"l mzt L"B r i gl l '
r Di cn mam' r t a df
pr l "d v' ni , a. dr . r r j a
' m
dr 8r r u' r ur r LP l
i r vour $r t "
. *, r i r l r s,
' l ' F
$oul d sap r o ! F. Jr hi ns'
{Di cr
' ol i r
t a dr . , l d noi . Jr avr a
gt i j d , 1"
r oal " r
l I r ot h"d aPt t t P r ,
Jou
$oul J hat P l i ked
l heo
( O; cl i - si t i e , noscl t .
l i _ar
I i
l l i cul ,
)
dl o dorinln
(in propoziliile optative):
I sish 1 @de a student againl
t]\q
do.i sn fiu iar sludent.)
Don t \ ou
Lvi sl
f ou
l od 3 son?
( Nu r j \ r ea s; i ai un t i u?)
'lhev
I iilpd thFI iod not .on? so iatr'
(Doieau $ nn l,
vcnit aia ltEid
)
shr disne./ sl(
l,dJ 04, o d)nc.r'
i no' ' , ""r i
t o". a"". r '
-
sou Ar I i dor i r sdl i
l n' J dr ) '
.J o ecxlama,tie,
o iormuld
retoricii
Otl ,Dr iL 4dlc
lossiblel
{r\U Daod ar Ii
losibilii
O[
|
/l'r hc lldd .oae yesimd
]
l
{\ l ' l
SJ t i
l Fni I el i er j
)
l/
irnprecal,ii,
proieste vehemente sau nu:
,.dl lhc fello}'l
lio,g it alll.
..
"pi''"iiii
"" "Ltt
(Lrs-o Incolor)
m4
s
1568
s
15G9
$
1.;io
1
Dilrihle tntelesuri
alc suljonctivului
slnt o'donrlc
Iesne consnltate _''
I
:
His matner.
ihoush slerq was noi unkind-
!
157r
al l abet i L
pPnt t u a f i nai
.3{5
ai,.sd tr,e manl t/os/ l,im! Confaund lin\l
(li.'ar blesiem.t si-r ficl)
{Duc{-se
l. naibalj
1;o da wi l ,h \' od!
i Lns- o bal l i l s a u Cum r n sn cf f d aqa ceval )
r. /
o i ndoi al n:
$157?
I doubt if he l,d ir. iArlrii.l
{[Iii
lndoiasc ce .rr li ic.si.)
Cl. I don't think he's in.
Ulxlicativ)l
I h"J, l u nor b"r i , ve r l d, I ' p p" , ' r i us 6" g. _. i 0. . ( \ r r di "r
r l i nu L( i l r . - r l i ct ur a dr l i or i ci ndl i . )
i . . . t s
gei ui ne. ) ' ( I ndi c{t i ! l l
-
I, o presupunere (in propozi-tiile condilionale etc.):
.\
1573
1/ l.his ,e true, he iB a clerer man.
l D"/
d, , J. l ". a, dr
' +r . - bJ
vl r , ' l r d, , p: , ut u 5p. ' .
!
r nomJr sl PI i l . l
. Pr pl pnl 1
su! r onLl | \ r t r n D. e\ pf l ma
' n,
o'
r r |
,tarrose shc dalL.i here I
ilielipuicitc
li
ci ar leni aicil)
I1 shc ,c/'
you,
sle would go in lor mediciDe.
lD.rcn
rr ii ia locultnu, ar siudia medioina.)
S/ r r l . 5i ag t hi s r J. l t di t 6"pa vo , 8, uoJ: I n l
Jo
r hd\ F bppD
Sl dd'
{Pi
, upui : ad c" a- i " J
. r r
f i l ! . . t . 1r u, na l J. nJ
l i dr
i i pl r ut bi np?)
t) o propunre, o sugestie, un lndemn, o cercrc, un ordin:
I l " mr veJ / , t or
r h"
m. - r , ng r / i i l t uur npl . ( \ r hdi c) ( . ol ocv.
"b, l depl
t ( El )
r
l r opus
sd se dmne
l edi nl ) . 1
I r \ J" sr ggpsr . J , l d,
-
e g, ( l sppci mFn l ". son. ( \ ' hai c) ( . ol ocv.
- sf r or U
g; ' , ,
( n. J pr opt a c' r n sd
l , n4
i , l ecl i e de pr ol r . . )
Soneone .omd Irde and stag/
(Sd vine cinem aici sI cintl)
I t is requcstcd rior union memberc
r,oy
uteir subsoripiions rcsularly. (Formal) (colocv.
( r r "ni bi ,
": n, 1, ,
dt - l ui sl nt r u' r l i
. d. l i
a. hi r F cu r pc! l ar : l r l r cor ' . 1l i i l e. l
j,)
un scop (dupi rnai, in afiar that,
'a
that, L.st)
lln
propozi!,ii]e finale):
S
15?5
Hc
lut
in an attlication /d, Mafy re accelled to erening clasres.
{Arhaicl
(colocv.
:
I
\ I t r ! t '
o. p". i
cr \ 13. i r sd f
^
r r ' r ni r 5' d
. u"s' r l
5' "' 1.
T. . \ souonl I t l r go, / , - / aJ, "l , pnar $Jr
' n
l ' "ddr k ( soLd/ n; l l o. "
L- \ -
\ , r ' u. - ol . "r ", l , l . . . r ' i I U r dl J. a r b d ur ' , . - p' i t r ' i
lil o tenrcre
l
tpn lcst,
for fcar,
ro be a raid, to
fear). .|i
1570
She le.rred 14, she D caught in the stonn.
[(co]oir'.]
$l,e lcas al.aid she u,g/,r le...l
{li
era teaoi r{i nu o pdndl lorltrna.)
l J o t t rare: Sl ; i t
l r ' ' ng Dc d. l ! ! t l l
( S, i i i r r oul l i nr r i l et r i t r l l l
In afarn de cazurile mai sus citate, subjonctirul sP mai Inl,febuinleazi;
a) , i upi . un. l r u. l i i i F i n, t "r - oncl " i l r ' l u. p
t r i r
' t :
' t
; s nP
. - nr ' t
t l i ; 6
l sr u
s. , r , , a. 7.
:
t s
F, Lt Lt
r sl r , 1"1, . pot i bt
t .
i r i s d
/ , i / a
r . r u, /
shaner,
f at t Ll nut .
rar unf of t unat . ). t l t s / t grt (sau wrcng, proper)2,
I i ! ' ?". r q
' l
h"up
"l d
l ' - r ol ' Jr u
-
oPi ar . t / a' or t ' I at l db
,
' t r , b. i
, J s- . r . .
.
t t r , .
, , ot "- ' o
. j
I
s
r5?4
r l i , r
d oi t f , / \ f r ame- .
, , t
0, ' , , . .
l l l . , , / a
t , t l
oshna": , f
pf 1
.
l n a. . sr .
,
' p
. j "l ' l
r l r u
au n" d
nn,
, i , , nr i
. / . r +. . "u. i r r i ' ' . .
l n l l r
- u, h
ot ahj ng".
whdt d ! i . v
qhamp
i r p shoul 4 I ' a.
"
go
L n l o r hJnl . n". r n. r ki Don"$
'
, Tol l ; A' esl e"or r r ' . . i i
c"r . ' r bt o l i \ ul , , "oar . . sr nl Lr m. l FdP. or t ul l i dr l d' .
exprimt;1 satr snlrinleleasl
1$
t!641.
Not d
It A (hi\h) tims estc urmale de subjonctivul prezent:
It is
(hiEh)
tine (tlrar.) you
/ere in bed, Nan_
lAr
Ii t.ehit (dc nuli) si te culci. Na .l
lin t lt rine lou sro,,d Dlavina?
\ . dr
l i r md . l . . r ; ; mi di ,
i r
t ; d,
d
r
I t i s hi sh t i nz \ hd / pd
qr oLr n
up.
\ ' , f oJi l . s; ai mh; , i ul l , 1 ; ni , r l "l . ' \ , r sr , d.
S
f5?9 n, in construcliile idiomaticc iarl bctt.t, had mtller. wauld rather, \pould.
sooner, verbele
had,
Ei
oould tiiDd aici la modul subjonctiv:
You nzd ,ir. srdd,,i io ],im.
(-{i lace mai bin; sd i vornc$ti.)
\ l t
"an
hd. J Ht , r
pl aa t - dt
"o. /
r T, r t
m"d Jr
f r , . t pr "
sd 5"
j ni ,
p
dq i t . . d | . , r , . / "
I eauLl, ntho \\e acckand..t at $iDdernuc.l
(At ptefetd sii pet.erctu
sthliiul d srlptiLninn la llindcrmcrc
)
I ! 4t A. . o. "r
\ ' ou
"dd"
vr n
m.
(At ptefetu
sd rtt cu minc.)
$
1580
sulJo^-cTlvui,
yENBELop,
,\uxtl,tiRli IIoDALI cL Dolrl foli\lE
ct 1N
.
t t t y
.
EHALL. t I Lt ,
PntN studiul complet al verbelor auriiliar Inodalc, vezi g
1930-2178.
400
Prc ztnl
(modal ptezent
+
i]dltniLiv prczF,rl,)
nas call ( toil trei
srd call
I
p.rsoanele
atl/ call
I
Prezent
(modal trecut
I
infinitio prezent)
could .d
I
miqht.dll I lo.ric lrci
should call a Drsoanele
sauld .u lt
|
-
Obser eal i e
Conditrioral
fi
sulrjonctiv prczcnt
i
pcrlect
1r. cl t t
(nodal t rct t
-
i rrn, i l i ! prez. ' rl )
ntgnt call
I
toan] tr.i
rr,rld call { Dc.soanele
P.|fect
(modai trcut
+
infinitie yrfett)
<\n\ti ha calletl.
I
mighi do. .alLzl
t
toai,e lrri
shonlil /Dee .ared
I
pcBoande
vaxld hd)e catted
I
'S f681
.
1) A so obseNa cir modalele au aceea,si formx la indicativul trecut, sub-
jonctivul
lrczent
si c.n,lilionr!rl prczent,
dec\ o singnrd
farnd.la
tri nortu
{
1582 2) X{odalcle an rn limp prezent
sl
.ut:,
tint t.:cut, tleci difnenla rle
fonn,i:
apare la mod,ale, care sint urnato la ambele timpud de un infinitiv prczrnt:
(o sineurn formn).
t t l
d- r ' p,
' F
ni i
' .
, r ' , r i n \ . ; l J
j I br
, - \ V, , n LaLe r ' ;
h, t , o. - r
nal i . , n
' . nr o. . , "hb- , n", , t 1, p, r o, , .
". , i t or ) i
p. , , . u gr Lt t d. po. r i
f o. , i i r r hl
'aI'hE Lak ,\chool".
stabirili in regiune:
tfi iom ll't a;h ftJ1tt 1350\:.ra;nlet l.aulal
cale dse
11712
.18141
!,
Rabe soklttu
l11i!t-ta4t).
l " s, hi mb.
, "n, l i Li "nr l ul
s; , , hi n, , , r i \ ul
0r , nd Ln
l f pr
r . ,
I
v p
t 1. , 1.
, l i l - r r l , ! s d" f ur f l s r r nl ,
' i nr i
i r ps sr u
r r e,
ur ul r nl ] Jt e l a
! . ( ,
t ut
' ,
r bLt L, i
lerical. auriliarul moclal rlminind acelagi in ambele cazurj, ca arcn disi,inc-
t i \ . i . a. esl , or doui modr r i :
.
I sl , oul d i : dr {r ebui l - \ onl d
e, "o,
") t
; i , ' . . . "i r i
"' "
)
t
f i ' ; ' i t t t
' r - ' l
"Jr r
r r
PP
Pr t
I
L, "i ; .
El
; c! pi , ' . d F, i
,
I
' r P"" '
' d
.
I n, oul d
( :
l r en! i ) - $onl d
. . ", j , "
r ,
I ; : , ' ". ; , 1r ,
"
'
t :
I 4t : i , i ! ur pr t : - ha\ "
. . 1p,
1
, . , 1,
. r gi . . , r ,
p.
, ,
. , l
'
r ' , 1 , 1 I i
' h
n .
I'ou 3no"d r,ll thc t.utl.
(-{r trelni s:i slni adealrtri.)
I wauld ntlt. talk to vou than dance.
{-\i lrcrera
sa siau de vorba etr line decil sri dansez.)
-\o
onc .olld haee done 1L rnore competently than
rou.
(-\_ideni Du .r li
tul.ur.
Ia. .u mai multe comleienld dccli tine.)
You 7rtsn, Idre .one soonerl
(,\j
tj
pulut
sir rii mai dcucd.ll
Pertru celelail,e auxiliare modale a se vcdca situ-iia la liecare rnodal
r n par r e.
( ] .
COI S! RUCTI I I , N C, \ RN I NI , OCUI NSC SUR J ON C TI TUL
S1683
ln iimba englezn contemporani, cu erceptia celo. citeve cazuri aritate
la
S
1i44, {orma leche
a subjonctivului e""te tnlocui p n construcl,ii formatc
cu ajutorul auriliarclor: LUT, ll-A.Y, NIIGHT, SHOULD, WOULD,
trccunr
qi pri'] infinitia sa\r indicativ.
l xr
!
1684
.
1) nornl. LllT
+
infilitivul incompletl lormeazl un echi\.alent al
S
16Eb
subjonctivului prntru tostc persoanelc
-
singrrlar si
plural
- cu rrccllia
persoanei
a 2 a'9:
. ^
^- , ! | l . l
n r ' ' l l , I I I i . , I ' ' , i l
, l
! v ! , ' , I
t pt us r a| : l cr f l , L, n c. L
Obscr r al i e
LDT esie ur ai de un
pronume \n cazul dcLt.zulitl
Lel n4. and, , , go
l or a *al l l
llon't lct a sce you again:
Don't lct'r st.rft yet, v'iil you? s |
'r
Ld's noi slaft yet, rvill
Jou?
2) inteles. Consirtcl,,ia Iormdtd cu ajuto|ul auxiliarului l,El esie
S
15EG
lntrebuinlatd
pentru a exp lr)r o
propu ,ci ur lndrnrn. un ordin indiect.
o presupunerer o concesj e:
Let Be sp.att no$l
{Protuncrc)
(S,'i rorl,cs. cu acuml)
,r, rs
so
lromcl (tndcmn)
(tlai si ,nlrsrn acasall
I,er'r /d, bysones be iysones! (lndrrn)
( f l {i
sn l i Hr n l . ccut ul l )
l
lnfiDitivul incomnlet nu arc
l]arti.nla
lo.
,
La peNoana a )r-a se Intt.:|[int:a7i] itur)edtirul, CaZ I deoarece acs]a exlrili lrl
,07
Jtt hin statt
\vork ai oDce!
(Ofdh indi.c.L)
1Si1
inr,eapi luoul imediail)
r?r her dft'c thc motor boat an.t lle.e rvill b. u rilidenl
{&csnpunercl
(Numai rd .onde.d ea baroa cu ,noior
Ei
se !r i,Li,irlr)la trn aocidert
)
t d npadpi 1) o' | t , )
' {, I so, ' r , l
' r
'
l ' \ . r r
i r nn' t i l
. \ u
' r cd", r : , d. 1- d, p/ "0' . oul
'
r "Lo nj r o 1\ r I dr ' n' 1. -
l ' ; al i t
$
1687 U ordin adrcsat dtfecr se ertrrimi
prin
jlnperali\',
persoana a 2'a
( s1622- 1624) .
$
1588 3) forma contrasd. Let's.
-
Let rls por1, a{ca sau nu forrni contrasa
duDi i nl el psui De care i l are i n i nt ent i a l orbi t orul ui :
'
, / . ; n. l
. "i l ul pri nci psl / , 1. r are t oat i l orl a sa de
' erb
l cni cal (: d
p r ni i . .
o
t nso. 1. al , . . ' p a. . pnl uJl
; i
r , .
Jr ^r ' .
br . a l or r
j '
' or ' l r J
i :
'l'ea.her.
llease,
l.i a6 go on a trit bX ourschcs:
D. / ci nd Ll l f est e i nsd auri l i arul unui cohi Yal ent , subj onct i t ' a11,
. de' i
neaccentual, tornla contras:i cstc aproope cirligatorie. acccntul cdzind
pe
vcrbul lexical:
l
'
i l l
f "
on r r r l
( Hb. ". n "S, '
' ,
". i 1\ ' ur
(-{ se vedea
ti
exenrlnele dc 1a
S
1928)
g
Iirfl, 4) Forma ncgativi.
-LPl's
are doud lorn ngatiLc:
.Doz] lets (.olocv.) 3 u u
, er ' r zor . . .
( nai
col l l .
D,n'r lcr'r wait nn rim. Cft
going
z.r's not I'ait lor l,im Bttlef
3el
g.ing:
DaL' 1l et ' s C, a sr . l i a l l r i r i sl ( ool oci . i
Zdfs ,o, do suoli r l|insl
S
lt1l0 5) Acoentrare. -
Lot's. - Auriliarul DO selv$te
la acceDluarea
ulrni
consi m! eml nt ent uz' ast :
"Sl , al l
$e har e ct nl i i sl t ' : f or suucr ?"
"Ohl
d, i casl '
$
1591 lrAr
M\Y -f
infinit'ivul inconplet este inltubrrinl,it in 1]onsLrucliiki
cthivalonte
cu subjonctivul,
pentru a expima
(cu o ruanli de forrnalisttt):
a,) o dorinln sau o urare:
Yo.
r 1- . , , n . l t r ,
]
, u
i , .
r onJ
t Di nr
r - d: 1di ' v- d", r ' odi . bol n \ ' '
.
d r , "r ' i r ' I a I nr l ' : r r ' i
,l o temere sau o sDerrrnla. de ccle mai mulic ori dupe conjunclia
llal,
"\ t ' i ' nEt i
sau subi nl el c; si .
l r
t r adus ou modul conj unct f v
( mar cat d con'
j uncf i a
sd) :
I r llraid wc nar nir* lhc sisnpost in lhc dark
(Uic tcamn cl ru aotn pntl,t ved;r indicaloNl futio
lc
lntuneric
)
Don'l,
so
(1or
learls
lou
?,av r,.urri, ii thc stomr'
{Nu
pleca,
sd nu ic
lrindl
n'ttnna
)
I hope
Jou
nay , t l i ghi .
( spDr st ai dr ep l i t t . )
c_,, rn scop:
I lrave come so l.J'at
Xou
nay r.ll rie thc ne$s-
{\m
votit ca sii-di slui vesi.ca.)
' s
1585, 1e28,
2
ctdyfi.sh, sg. qi coleclivi
lrl.
.rasltstus:.a.'
z (fo.
t0)
ncs@r il con{frdlF
l0ii
3{19
.1, o concesie
(dutn
ftrtt.re,". trhatercr etc.) saLr absenla ei:
Fo' . . , - m' r , , r I anJl : t F \ a. . Lant . ,
r t oo\ t o "
, . t dt , . "
r or i
i l d.
. r n
, . , I np.
I
ol , I t . , 1,
Construclia cu \'tiY se mai intrebninlo xr:l :
.../ in comparalii (dupd as tl a: thaueh):
Shc lo.ks,s i/16 lbulh st\. nda t:tu
(,\re acNl cti fst'
sata
!i plin8i
r
/J
dupn constuncliile it i: rossi.l)b.. it is
trcbul)l..
it iN liLllt|:
tt i pofiblelptobableitiiel3l l[ar. he /,dsr &. ttr.re.
lrhte losinil/prohbil
ca cl il lic arolo
J
( V. ui si
S
, 0: 6 2ol l )
rtrcHr
s
1502
\ {I GHT al e accl ca; i I | n(l : i i ca
Si
}1. \ Y ( g
1591): . +t e i nsi f t nosi l i , r f razel e
l n
care verbul di
t rropozi l i a
pri nci pal d se af l n l a t rf cut . sau
t t srl , ru
a suqera
o st arc de l ucruri l oart e probl em$t i cn. 1i c&re caz rre rol de, qubi on. t i ! dut n
l l at erpri mat sau subl nl . l cs:
Shc
'rtrnd
sl,e nisld nerer kno$ ilhess ag.riD.
{Do
r1,'.1
(Dorea s(i nu mai
itic
ni.rtudaii cc e tlorla.)
L. t i l . di d \ ^
'
"/
, "i . s , ' "
"i j ,
r , . .
:
h
r ' , r k
I . m, "
( l t i ". dl J ; ci , "pur . d. l L\ ' l n I . 1, . . , r ", e
p
nl . n r ' ,
1 l . p4l \ n n, t t t l ,
r
l _r "" n, i
( Sdr dm' r d
ai
- d,
'
pr a
t '
i
Hp, t o"Fdl l Fsl ' u' "r . . , 11, I al - . l Dr pl
no
, or
I l c. o!
L\
l n" r o! l odD. . ,
, ,
. l
n. : ,
,
n:
t , , al 1i r , -
1,
, ,
Ii oas
lossiblc
(Uratl hc /rigir trc ihere. (D,' !I n is
ld$iil,
,nar etc.)
( S
l ut ea
sd l i e r 0ol o. l
Obser "a! i e
d) MIGHT intrebuinlat intr o irazn a circi
profozilie princfualn con-
tlllo
un prezeni unori chiar si ud trerut aratl circumstanle a ciror reali-
zare este foart problentrlici:
I kn.w
Jou
are rer,! busy. bnl I Nish you ntgl,.rrd hcrc.
( i l : . . " . l
r od, r . , ul ar . 1. , r "n r . , i , Lr . . d \ , , r i , j .
r l " e , 6 i t r . , i d s. , r i 8r l
8-
t o"t i n I , p L ooJ- .
( l i
p- a
L4JmJ
, - .
n4
. '
n
t ul d,
r "' . 1i i
i .
t di . . . )
6J N{IGHT
{
infinitivul pcriacL
exprinra o acliune neralizati:
She sishes. she miaht hae. seen \ai.
lDorcite
sii le li vezuf.
k].r
nr 1.; a vii?ut).]
At enl i e !
Ca auxiliare care formeazir construcl,iile echivalentc cu subjorctii-ul,
\ 1. \ 1' . i
l t l GI TT
i i - au
pi "r dut r upr i n. "l
no; i o ol
l
npr i r
I
a
t ur al / : i .
, l a
. r l p
nai mul
"
or i . r i r r r u sF r i du.
j n
al r , , l i mh, , . l , r i n, Lr | , ^n; nd c\ r . r ;
t r . d poqi bi l i
"l Fd
d. d
a'
r pda , l r l r ' , , 1i " , 1, ,
onl - \ r sau ! l - i n
"n: i J
\
^r bi r n-
r ul , r i ) nub. t pl ' . ubt i 1.
"1c ", r bj onr t i r ul ui .
: nr r . r ". "
-
cbi .
. u
sue. . i i i ' r 6i -
ruhri modale. chiar
;i
tutenlii nralizatc atc. (Vezi traducerile exemplelor.)
sHornD
s
1693
1) l'orllrtr. O alti etr-lrcsie echival td cu subjonctivul. dar inrreluir g
1594
tatn ti
colocvial, oste accca formatd cu ajutolul auriliarului SHOULD la
toate persoanele
.si
timpurile.
;i
la ambeie numere.
l
sau
,,Do.et1e
s.: te li prtui vode.t". dn!d siftalic sau conntrn int.nliei torlilordri.
310
Se folosesc urmitoarele corNLructii:
pentru a se exprima
prezerrttil sau viitorul -
SHOULD
+
infinil.ivu)
prezent;
Ienim
a sc erprima treoulul-SIIOULD+inlinit;vul
pcrfccl.
no
'
, l i sob y hi n / ". t I r 6" rnl ")
qdbj on. l i \ )
(' rhar'
{\ u
, i n d. . . l t 1' ur '
c4
nu sF sr ' l Pr d
Don't djsolel hin les, hc shouti be an]ry- (Prezent)
{arhairant)
(Nu
li ne$cJllntor, rd nu se supc.e
)
l t I sl t uu
E
!
"1er y.
I l Fsp
' r n
( l i i l or l
( Da. a
' "
\ a
", pdr d
'
um' r . i \ . i "\ pl i | '
I r
, !
i nl oo. \ i b
p
t l hdt t
yo
t sl , "r l d ho. p b. - r bngr y.
( T- . ur )
I t "l "c, i nnul i nl a
( r JI ' al Fr ' : upr r ' al , l u+, up r ' t l '
$1695 2) inteles. - SHOULD. ca auxiliar utitizat
la formarea unui eclivalent'
-
al subion,iivului, esta intrcbuinlAt uDeori
pentru a arlta cA o ac,tiune sau o
stare este problematic{, dar nu,si irealizabila:
' t l
\ r . 1l haLt r t
t u. "t l t i n. i l l l l , i , a i o r i r E m" up
/
r r ' o
8i \
p
mF a r i n8
)
( 1,
' d
+r ' nUr l , l d. u1\ d d l I nl i npt ' i . spunp I sl _mr
l ' l pr onezp
'
S 1696 3l I'onctii. ln lirnba cnelezn modernii, atii scrisi cit
Ei
TorbiLS, con-
-
str(Lctia c u SiI O U L D i nlooujps L; forrna veche a sub.ionctivului
ln urmxtoarel6
S
1697 a.) dupi il tcst,
far f.ar,
tiLI, ut il,
Ifbt stouLl cane, t.thim lino\t tlc news. (Presu!un-".e)
{Daol
a. li s, ainn, slune i restca
)
c
csi r l . hc"d1. c/ .
pr r ot l , Jl a' !
^
'
' Jn. ( S' ^p.
I mer P)
l LL. f
"/ i
l or r l " s. r ' ' 5
' J
si ,
' i Jl
l J \ ' ' n"n
l
Lest Ne
(shavlt
) torset
11 (Scof, tc'ncre)
(Ca rd nu uitim l)
wc dare not sli. /of /ed.
she sno.ii, a'ara trp
{Tcme.e)
(Nu
tndriznin
sd ne m\oin dc tcanl cit arc sI se lrtzcascit
l
, B
hi l .
l ,
r . _mr ' , pnr . p i i \ i
dr 1i 4a
' _Jr F
r
S
1598 ,) dup[
fsr)
r/ul, peniru a cxprina un scopr un ordinl o propuncre sau
o sugeshc:
I rm rvrilins thG so rloi rou shoulit act accor(linElJ
lsoor)
{iti
sc.ju aocasla ca 3n prooedezi in conser illd
)
Tiie olrre6 s{re
o,dr$ thnt tlie nrine s/rtld ,. floscd
(O in)
iPlt..nii
a! dar ordin e7 se ii,tiide rnina
l
I or ol
"
s; " 1l b. l r h) l - 1l pr ni . r "l l opn"r '
a' i i ' )
iPior'trn
, JLts
l'ed, lsili )
l 59C
' . i
i r t r "7, l "
r ' r
'
t pr i ' r -
! ", r r r
. " I
":
|
"
r i nr o Lbi r c
i \ p
i l upi f or '
i un"
i a t f r at
a\ p
i mal r sau. r r bi nl J- r . . .
i , r F. - J
l 5 J- :
t . 2 l
et ol t s. us^t ' ! -
sur pr i -
t . , ' nni 1J1.
t . )
r , r
t .
t t
i c
. 1 t
t
J ' . t r
o sl nn ) '
i t t s not
l r t t
, t t , t s
i , r i r : r """. t t ct , f or ' Jr ' , t PJ; 1
i ' t .
"ni t
' nt : nt ' i r : .
po' si bt pr nbobl
-
I ' A
t i , nl l at
t t , . qr t "l i un) . t t t .
t n:
1'
t
t ' , ' . t l ' t i ' t ! r . r ' ' nn
p\ r ' :
J an iorry
(rhrt)
lon
slould sal/ so
(rkgret cii st,ui accasta
)
Su. t , a
p: , t
l h' |
p. ha4d
I ' a'
s",
p
"i nn! l ot l l ", hJr r l r i on. l ' i l r l
( Le
1. . 14: l
; J
1 r l nu
l ar
p o u r ' ' r "pr on L: )
i t t , r "' . ot u
r l l ,
r , you
/ L
"l J
, r , o ! l } l r ul h
LE. t "
n. r
' Ji
;
'
uno$Li J' r F\ ' , ul
l
t ! xo! i I pa"r , l " t t t t d.
sh- "h. ut J 1", \ .
", . , r \ h
r e
r _ou
$e| p.
I t , a. u
r ; r r l j Dl ; ",
ed. ,
I i
S
i j r
"nl '
" ' l l
r
l
IDsdiptie
p nonumrlul eroului necnnoscut "Tl).
Ct'Iotalh" de la Lor{j"!
h sds olt at te qa6ti.n (Ll,atl sli! slould
({i&
ihe.e.
{Era
crcl,,s si nea.ge
!t
jos
linil
acolo.)
l , i s
t h; aht
t i n"
( ' hr ' ) l ' . . r . z/ d. p i ^ bq .
l {El J
r , buJ i , "
' l '
mul n
t ' , .
d,/ in stilul exclamativi ttoric:
Th{i she rno,U D,nd'e like tnis:
{S.i
se poarte ca astielll
"Do vox tike it?" "1 shiull thint sol"
( l i
i ; r acc?-
cr ei l
; i
edl )
\or sh.attt hae lEdtd them
lraising
lLinl
(Sd-i li auzit lludntdd l!l
Iesterday in thc $lfeet,
lvho ./,dl I sce }ut llJlll
(Ieri.
r)e
stradl,
!e
cine eo ved? Pc Narial)
i in unole Dropozilii
sccundarc condilionale. in care ac{iunea ardtatd
5160f
. e po- i i l , i l l i n
r i i t nr et e con. i J' r "t . , . l . odr l , pr ubl Fr nr i ' i ' r pr opozi l i r
pr i n"i pal a
pndl ", ol l r nF r n r nl r ' 3l r v. ui ' . ondr l r onol sPU un l mpDr a l f i :
t l
. t pst oul , t
L. t . t pd! t npo
t . qt
, nd
I t i l l l "t r "t t t a\
( 1J. l \ J f gan. z1 , a"o
' Jr l
l . r J pr nLpong r l l
ShnlJd, he @ccpl to t.cture, theJ Nauld be inteteste.t
(Dacn ar accepta sd
li
i o conldrinll, i-.tl iniersa
)
r hn 4d h. r t r C Lp. p , t
Lm t t , r ^u, . t
, l h. s, . r pl r r ) l
Db, . Js' \ Jt ; t mol ' r . , , r "1r un. . , . J. r l pg5 ur d. u""r r l a"ul . l
f)
pentru a ar{ia o conccsic, cind subjonotivul exprimd o acliune
(]litodre:
$
1{i02
I $: l l sDe. L mv ^ Nl .
". , 1
, h^ut h
\ " I t hor l d l r ush aL n".
1l o, "pl n", " i . . ' , o
sr
'
' r dd. ,
"1
f i . i r . / , nc r . i n . r
Hor . / . f hat d l ' ^: t ot t J hor t a r ! d". h $i l l n"vr ei vp
I
( u"i . . r d' T. i t
. ' r J. d d" s uoi : .
, ; l
nu
' a
r ' nLr
I
. ni : odJ
'
Whokt e.
^4
Dat nt s. / , , r ' / J ov. sh. $r l l s. nmi l
l u
|
' i r de' t i ' n
( Or r "s. spun"p; "i
l i
. i .
d, ^vds p n"l ur J"i r j ; l or '
311
g,) h unele
propozi.tii comparativc, dupn as if' as lliorgh:
I[ lools o' ilwe snoz,,, niss otlr train.
(Ni
se
pi.e
oe arcm si
lie
r, l..cnnl.l
n) in ulele
propozitii conparative introduse de cuvinteie lidn
(that):
S
1604
It is bctter sl,e inozd..uit:, hc.Iailings now rather tltun (that) yon sl@utd
so
an
nuttitrc no wilh ihem.
i Es"b
mdi b' nF. ,
r i d"d
s JT. ' l p i i u i l r
'
I b. um dq r l , . onl ; nui 1i l d l ol dr d
)
ThFr p i s nol hi ns i r . d sl ' ka. n, ". , / t d,
/ har r
l pot
l p. haLl , J d ;
-
u . hi
^.
r \ i mi cnu. i
di - pl J' " n i I n, r , 1 . .
r ' "\ n"i pas' . J"' pr epl
$
1600
s
1603
s
1605
ITOL]LD
1) Formi . -, A. uxi l i arul
NOUI -D esl . r i nt rebui nl si i u l ormarea unui
$
1606
e. Li \ J"nr r l . uhj on. r i r ul ui
nun r i I r 1' - r r or ne
' 2- r ; i
c: J l 8 dmbdc nuner a
9i
la toate timludl.
f
\ \ OUf . D-
i nl ; \ ; t i r ut
I r ' "Lt - \ f
i r n"
pr "r "r l u'
' r
\ i or ' l
1
\ \ , ' Ul . D
i r [ ' n' , r ' '
t
r l
. t 4\ o, i , nd
r r ' r u L] .
I $i!h rou mald stt doFJll
{Prezenl.)
f De
cc u sl ai
j osl
{:
I t d. r i
' t
sl ai
j os. ) ]
I wish she trozil .otu tomorowl
(Viiiofl
lD-ar
veni niincl
(: Ii dori .d vin{ mline-ll
I vish you ,"ozd na'e rdez himl
(Ticcut)
{sill
Ii Yiztrtl)
l
conjunclia ,nd, nu
pdte li omisi aici 0a b ctempld pr.oedent
S
160? 2) inkhuinlre.
$
1608 a) $OULD est e f ol oi j t I t nod obi $nui t i n st i l u] col oovi al dupa rerbu]
l o
t t i . h
! - nl r u
. , ,
r pr i
- r
o dor i nl i r , dl i Tdbi l d:
I s; h r ot r
( , &l d. . t i '
ear l r l
t ( f i f e)
; r dor i sd l i i devr emel
( Dc ce nu vi i der r I , c?) l
S
1609
.
6, Cind insn dorinla exprimaln Psrt ireali.abib. se inirebuintazn suh-
l oncr r vur
pf ezenl :
I Nish
yotr tel h.rcl
tAt
dori sd lii aioi (d&r nu es.tj)
l
Obscr eal i e
S
1610 rr) NOULD pcate sugera el insu-si o dorin-t5, dat ai,unci exprinn o dorinl*
ireali.zabild, fiind ffmai de un subjonctiv:
I Qoui.l I
(' rd
Xoul
1-\s dori sli lju tn locd tau.)
Woul.t, il hatL mL bce| sol
(De n-ar li lost atal)
,i NOULD cu valoarc de subjonctir-condilional,
xprime
!i
voinln:
Wnat ,odd
you nd'e me do?
(Cc-ai
rrea sd lac?)
Look at it as I r'ruld, I could not see thc ditferenc.
todcun
al fi p.i'il'o (: at Ii uui s-o
piYesc), nu
lutcam
vedea nici o deosebire.
I N! ' I NI TI VUL
1r iimba engleze modern[, infinitivut inlocuiFte adeseori subjonctivul-
El se traduce de celc mai multe ori prin conjunctivul
din limba romAnl:
I s\ Jl l apt up
1- \ l ' , | , "I ar . . ( Subj . i r na t , . t r nJ ( ! er ' mat l
I bhdl l
!
up
pl r l \
'
ol r o b" I al - .
( I n. i ni r i vl
1U, 1
! oi scuh e\ f enr . cd &t nu l ni i r zr r ' )
H n
I r ' l ^i ", r nl 1: i 1, "dol l d. p' '
l suL.
p_/ nl ) ( - "r n' dl r
l l F i ' l l ui h , . , , . 1 d
'
i t t o sr . ok.
{I nr i d, t
v) ( "o. nr 1)
l . ; ul ui , h
'
han I d. i t hF; d4?d
cul ' j .
p- 7, r o. ! ", 1 1' ol o. ! dl )
(RidicaL
nina oa
ti
cnm ar li voit !d vorbeasoil
)
:
""n, uLs
oul t t . at .
omo9l p
pdt d. l [ . ] ' i t Jl onl
: bj ] l t oanal '
Sl t f snFi ks l i ud r 4 bp nedr d.
( I nl i ni t i ! )
(Volbiile tarc ca .".i lie auziH.)
rle closcd one evc that he nfsnt i.d beiio.
{Dchiralcnr
subj.) (tormal)
H. cl osed one
qt ' c, . . ". e
bei t ar -
( l nl i ni t i v)
1l
Inchis un ochi ca .sd aadn mai rrjne.)
Thc children desovc thai. thex.n rld
8o
to the
licturcs {Echiralent
subj.l (lormal)
The ohilitren dcreNe i,
so
lo tIc piciures (Inlinitiv)
{Coliii
ru.riin sd se duca la cincmatogral.)
ohl that I sn d D,
youns asain. (nchi le'li sulj.)
(Iomai)
Ohl / , Dr
l oung
i sai nl ( l nl i ni t j v)
{, \ hl
i d l i u i Jt t i nr r i )
Unco subjonctivut este preferat i initivului pentru a da o nuanln dife-
ti inlelesului:
SuDpose rhe distance @d.e ore milel
{Prcsupnnere
ireale)
(lnihipuielite-fi oe distania .r li o Inild.)
SuDpose lhc distance ,o ,e onc nile.
(Presnpunere cerlA)
(sd p.csupunem oe distania esr. o nfle.)
nt
s
16rr
s
1619
s
1613
I ND] CAT] VUL
318
s
1614
Subjorctivul, a!'ind majoritatea lorrn{rlor moderne idenfice cu aceiea ule
indicativului, este inlocuit de acesta in loartc nrulLe cazul in stilul col.ocpial:
I r vi sh I
( asl r ou
{l n
l oc de l d/ , Jou") .
Sulpose he easr yonr laUrer (ir loc de "]rc rele yonr latho").
I shalluphold mI
loint
ol vicwwhcther he i on my side or not. (ni lo! d!
r'wheth{r
he
,, on rny side or not"
: pcrinal.)
He does not lo.L poetic altloug[ he is a
loet
(1 n I o. dc "allhoxgh hc r. a
!oel"
==
I am ai.iid he otll r.lale to. the oreninS .iglit (i n I o c d e "l ad airaid lcst lrc bd
late_.."
-
perirnarl
Deoscbirce dintrc subjonctiv
-si
n,dicativ tiind irsn l ndrmentald in
g
1616
ceea ce prive9te tnlelcsul, sint cazuri irr care subjonctivul e preierai, iiind
rec. saf prnt ru cl ari i st ea st i l ul ui (S
1557).
n I:rfttITtrLAxx
In aftrrn de
.rechiul
subioncliv. c'1re are o singuri fofrnri. areoa a irlini-
S
1616
ri!ului incoml let,
9i
care s-a nrerlinul in unele cazuri in lin$a englczn modcrnn.
subjonctivul modar,, arc dou; innpuri: prez.nt
Fi
pofect.
l'ouna veche a subjonctivului cste pu,t;l folositn in limLr englezi actr.raii;
rd esie intrebuinl,atn mri nluli in Statel Uniie al
-\nrlrricii.
h stilul r:oloc-
vi al . scri s sau l orl i t . cu e\ cepi i i a cj t on-n e\ presj i i i l i omari cc. a di spri nrt
aproape cu to1xl. S-a cnli,rut 1n hnLa scriEn in diferite donenii (literaturn,
t)oezie.
qtiinln, tebnicn, ziaristn,n) si 1n slilul olicial
ljuridic.
l,arlamntar,
l n
nroccsc-vrbdl e.
dnri de seamn et c. ). Fi i nd i i dcpendeni i de t i rnp, f orma
reche
a subjonct vulrri esle
jntrebuinlati
in propozi_tiile
carc so reiori la rrl..
timp. prezpnt. tNcul sau. rii.tar.
Subjonctivul
prczcnt
fi
subjoncl.i\'ul
pcdect
nodern sint folosite in mod
r',rrent atil ln stilul colocrial. riit qi tn stilul formal sau oiicial. o
jn
scris.
l n aI arl de oi l era caprcsi i {i xc ($ 1518. 1579), rrnde
"q
a menl i nut , qi de
ronstrucl,iite cu unele corjunclii
las
if, enz, if. lest sat'r:,, rdrirg,. ridl etc.
(
i(
1564)l care cer subjonctit'ul, acesta e-ste inlocuit:
a,/ fie prin ind;cattu. c\t care are forme comunc,
(onluodtrdu-sc
adcsea:
suhjanctiaul
tre.ent
at inilicatiaul trec t;
tubjoncti.rnt, perf.ct cn trcctttt pttfrict:
i , ) {i e pri n
const ruot i i f ornai a ru aj ul or! 1 auxi l i arel or Ll i T, }I \ Y
{\rroIIT),
sHoti r,n. $.oLrr,D:
()
tie
Wn\
hfinitit.
I Dt rebui nt f l rea subj onct i vul Lri dd o preci zi e qi o subt i l i l al i i do i , , l cl es earo
nu poi fi oblinute prin indicativ. subjonctivul liind preferai peDtrLr a erprim,r
irnprobabililate, rcticn1I, indoialir, r)esiquranln,
presuturere etc.
1\ ' ezi
si
S
1i 56. Consi doat subsl . al da. d, t ( nui i xl i l i zat ad. s. a . l i i ar
f i
i n l i i f baj ul
, - ae( : ber or ! )
r dr ai o,
r , oer i oi
Lr '
1: i or l c{r j
1: del eaml st r ".
1i s, - r . ' , 1 nr l ai
z,rnt si destul de fo.nral: .{d... sa,tas
i-=
excetrt. Iul f.ri
1:
n' aiaft-r
'lc.
liu \l!p1jrl i tii
314
s
1617
r l l . coNDrfroNALuL
( TI I E CO\ DI TI ON_{LJ
{
10f8 1) Conditionalul
prczcnt
f/i."
Presnl Canditianal) se formeazi cu ajuto-
r ul auxr l i .
r al or SHOULD r l . . p- r
. o- n, ,
i | : - .
: i t l . r i i
\ \ - Ot ' Ln r l " p,
' . oJ' r a
a 2-a
!i
a 3 a sg.
9i
pl.)' urmate dc inlinitivul prez"rrt al
srbului de coxjugat:
I should callr
you
lvould caUri he. she, it would cdl;
w should calli
lou
worl(l call; they would call.
Condii,ionalul
preze t se traduce In limbaronAni cu acela;i timp
fi
nlod
S
1619 2l
(ronditionihrl
pcrfecr (the Perfect Cand.itianal, sc formcazi cu ajut.,n
aur i l i "r . t or sHor LD, l s p, r . I sJ.
! i
Dl . r
. i
\ \ or LD r l " par ". a 2 i
- i
x. l r
sg.
t i
r ' 1. r .
ur n a
"
de
j ni i ni t i r ul
p"t f " r
, l
\ "r Lul ui dp
. onj ugJr '
I should have ealledi
you, he, she. it would lavc callcd;
$B should hare calledi
you,
thcy s' ould have cald.
Condi,tionalul
perlect se traducc tn limba romend,:u acelati tinp
ti
mod-
!
1620 3) Conditionrlul rerbelor dofectirs Inodslo, - Condii,ionalul
vcrbelor
-
CAN
si
I\IAY aro s(ccsli formn cd
Ei
trcutul lor: COULD,
respectir- l{lGlIT,
urmai de infinitivul
prezcnL p.nLru
condilionalul
prezent. sau de irlinilivul
perfcoL p.ntru r,ondilionalul prlect (
S
1580 1582):
Lou' J, l l l .
Jou
c, . l t . , al t : . . p sh"
' . , ,
i t . dl t :
\ co, . o o"_, ,
l r ' ou
. onr . . a
r :
)
I .orld halc califdi
Xou
conld hale c,lleili
)
h.
,
sl , / .
: l .
oi n, l h . d i l d, l
\
. o,
t . D4t 4l
$", oul , l . h"r ". dl l d: . ^u, u l l , , d,
,
I . d.
"\ "o. U
l ' a\ oJ
I I
mi Jl ' l
. 1l l : . ) ^L. , i el . . i l
. l . .
r i . i r
' . cr r i bl
\ C- . , . - , . ", ,
l )"
.1.' .s1
.
-",
i .:u
r s
'
' :' .
mr r
I
I mi shl }' t . . 1l l Al
l oLn' i . l
l ' \
' . 1- J
h". Jr . ' Ti Sl ' l
I
I
r ' r \
. r r r l u
\ co, n. D t l e. t
i {
n, ghr hr \ "cdl ed. j
. l l : . I
S
r ; . - \ '
I
I
called
OUGIIT redi el insr.rli 1.1e", dc condilional al modalLrluj I'IUST. ulrnat
da i nf i J, i r i ' ul pr czent pent r u , or Ll i l i onal ul pr czcnt r
sau de i nl i ni t i ' ul
l ) er f ect
pentru condilionalul porlect:
l I
' ughl
/ o
oJl ' :
Jou
oucl "o
'
l l .
'
. J. . i r ougr
l l o
'
, l l
l . ^.
". - . - - ,
I
\ - o. qhl
l o r JI l :
Jo!
oL"\ ' l o
"
l -
l he'
uug\ l l o 11' l
ousht l
I oughl ' o hJ\ , cJl l "d: you ougr t o l , a\ '
. Jl
dl h . . 1". i l
I
I
ougt . L
' o
t 1! .
, 1, r er
\
|
na , " L I
|
$" oxght l o Ld\ e
'
. l "d:
Jn
I Lxghr r u LJ. ". 1l l eJ: I n. y uugnt
J
t
10 nale .allcd
{Vezi t i S
, 05i )
S
1621 4) Condi,tionalul moilestiei sau
lolitelii.
- Condilionalul prezent al ver-
belor delective modate esie adeseori intrcbuinlat, pentru exprimarca .ondilt.>
nalului madesriei san politelii:
CouA
-ti\
tett me lhe tin.". l]leasc?
wr , i t l r war , .
r l , g
' me
, , .
r uLr ' l V
. er J.
I ' I - ol u I ou
. a"
l o' a
c
ow I nni sl , ' ?
You sll;zldD't. do ihai,
you
lino*l
O&sn, you
lo
go
lor fl Falk in this wealher?
t
t t . . u ul J, r
dsr d
t omr \ q. "! . nt r r
r , . r .
i 2a
- ! - .
f o, i . 1
r nt r b, r i n: . , r 1
1, ' l / i
t r nmoi i r sl i hl
r
nel i . .
CONDITTON.ITUL
A se compara acst forme tn conirast cu formle indjcativului:
Caz
r.ou
tcll me the tiu,e, please?
,"s ivalch the
gane
on
1'onr
TV
(set).
Do
yo!
oare lor a shor ionight?
M&s, you go lor a walh in this aeather?
I V, I MPERI TI VUL
lTirE
rlrPnRATlvD)
1) Doiinitie, lmperativul eriprimi dile.l un odin, unindemn, o sugestie,
$
162t
o rugeminie, o urarej o recomandore, un slat. o dorinli, o anenin,tare) o con-
iesie tc.. motiv D{intm carc nu are in senere subrecL.
316
s
1622
gaee jt
your
oinL wirl
tr!. l,he .hild alonelr
N ot a 1
Subj onct i vul at e. pri nt rc al t c l l nl c! i i ,
; i
pe rcel ea al e i rrrporai i vul ui
$
1694
( Sl ' ' , 14. 1547. l 5be. l i i 3. l - , ; ; r . Ar at ar '
l dSl Cl J.
dar nr aJr "'
l "d, r ' r l -
pers.ranr a 2-a. oi l/di.l. la persoana 1 sau a 3-a (
S
15814, ceea ce il deos-
begte de imperativ.
2) l . ot mi , . - I nperat i vul .
pr; r i nsnl i Jcl j ni l j i l t ri . nu poJt e J\ eJ de' j t
S
1626
ppr soonq o 2 asi ngDl 0r i ,
r t ut ot .
o
r r . i l "r . , a. ,
i dnJ l i , i . i r d,
Fp,
a i nl i ni
t i vul ui i ncompl et (dpci t i ri al r):
Diel nln ntalp- ro1' l Ha!. a cup ol lcal
]].
8oodr,
all oi
)0uJ
N ot a 2
S
1626
tlnii eramaticieii consideril ca inrperativ si lorna de subioncti\- con'
st r ui t r
r u i mper al i ' ul aur i l i ar ul ui LEl r (
s
l 5b4) si
\ ^r hp. d un
; 4' t zr dt t r
drl a,
LJJrpbai l rprqoi n"i
0 2-?i t i $ rn t nt t "rut t ! i ndi . , r
{
"l res-t t "rr^dn,
i I
si a 3-a). ,q.ceastI interyretare ru torcspunde lnsd nici remnilicaliei moduri]or
r cspp. l i \ n
l i mppr dt i \ ul
F\ p' i n, i nJ
un or di n d/ r ' , 1. i "t subj on. r i r , r l Ln ur di n
t ni t f t t ) . ni i
I r ddl l ' - ' i i t n l r n br r om; nJ.
Not a 3
Yerbele defective modulc nn au inperativ. nici nu funclione&zi ca auri
$
162?
liarc ale unui impcrdtiv.
3) Timp. - Imperativul
nu are decit prezentl trecutul lipscste, iar
$
1628
f nr ma dF pFr t ' . 1
' . r e
un i di om r ar .
. "
; n:
Haee dan6 a'\llr il) (l'erminli odatil)
1barc
the chitd. alone ! s
^!
l.ao.
I
lct llk chihl b. !
:
las{ colilll In
l{cLrl
r
looi ?rr, I
:
asculi,-Ll
! poor r u
l r 5". r Tn. r : , ' l , d"auni . b n- . i ' 1", - 1"m i m l ' "or i . l . r d' r . '
l r , n, . . u
ni ! l p- , i , l uDLl i "d"i l ' l n, i d r or l , l on l ' , .
, , bun_ - p
' r dl u, .
r | 1; nd. I . a, l 9 B"G. . d.
r i t t ul u' . i r ' ; 6p, uma. r 5ui
d6
de. . , . . .
- . d
r _i dL. :
. . Coni 1b,
l i r - . mi nl F: a; ood
, . bun' .
r , unl - dr . 1"l - , Ll ' Dol .
o. r sn. i r pu
r a^at
r . 1l "i : aBadnnn.
( h' l , J
' .
hor "
l au
b"n
310
S
1C29 4) Asleft. Diatezi. lmperativul nu are asl,cci continuu, nici diatezd
pasivn do(,lt ln
'r1od
cu totul exccplionRl:
\ . n l
I d , - at r t t ' sl hd di nnpr qh"nl ' 4c"r ' . nl
, ,
"i
u
I
| , .
b; d, , ; s
pr . r . i ( h,
E
l T.
Ca. . - l
I
I
rc
!rcpa.e.l1
i |. dfescd
I' asi!
]
n
""n*u..d'
I
bc scated
I be oomtoriedt
$
f63O 5) Im iratiml ncgttil se construieste cu auxiliarul DO urmat de hfi
nitivul inconrplet, chiar in cazul \erbelor to be
,s]
to lwrel
D,"l Dd so sdtisl,l ,o no,
so
home
t'etl
,o,L nare her in nowl Dan't do thrl!
l n st i l ul poet i c
sc l nt i l nast c si t orl na f dri DO, care de azi t ext ul ui o savoare
voi t arhai L a:
Crll no, thysell a slavc to manl
Fiel Charitll .Vezfr n,, in sliie.i
O heart. los, no, th1- mhreF
r\tun.i oiud in propozilia imperrtive se lolosettc o altii negalie decit
adverbul nol. la formarea constructiei negdtive nu s; inirebLlin,teazn auxilir-
rul DO:
l'.r.r say diel
,Ioua ol
you goes a\a-!l
NabadsiNa ane sl.aJs bchindl
Formclc do subjonctir construile cu auriliolul LET,
!i
considerate de
uDii scriitori ca inperativ, potj sau rlu pot, sn
pr'imasri auriliarul DO lft
forma Degativi:
do not/don'l.lei rr .all sdz lct me nol call. ctc.
Formele negativc conslruite cu auxiliarul DO silt, ccle ilttrclruirlate
in lllod normal aiit,
jn
limba scrisn, cil
Fi
in rca lorbit;, chiar
pentru verbele
10 Le si t a harr:
Don't hr n. ke.p you lron your Forkl
,oa' , ld,' r
so
liomc yet!
,o4' l l.r her De a bLfden io ]oul
Do natldol' t tct theni la,e their oirn {.yi
Don' t lets do srch a thingl
&r' s nor do such a thingl
Formcle nesalire conslruile idrll auxiliarul D0 sint iDtrcbuiilate iD
Iinba literard oii in stilul formal, oficial sau oratoric:
Let ts nat *ek ralD areuncnts.
-I-c,
lheN uo, Z,d lnkind lo her.
,., s nor missseejlg rut exilaordinarJ si.uni mana.
S
1631 6) ,q.lto int'rebuinFri,
- Inperativul mai est lntrebuit,tat:
$
1639 o, penlru a eliprima o sfidare, o ameninlare:
JTPr p n^\ ' .
' f 1ou
, dn
Goi , r r . bnl l ou. r i
q
"
l , . t , l e. .
rCitaicdcIt.
QniL,
A Crunmat of Conlenpatat! Enslilh, i.)2.
sW.
shakeslearo, Iting HeDy W.
3W.
Shakespenrc. ndmkt, Ptince.t Dentuatk.
317
.
n) i nt r o. t r f ot ! ' zi t i c. , . u
i Lr t sl f s . undi l i onal .
i i nal sau concesi v.
ar t esea
(
t 6JB
nr r i . ! ", . r / ] / , . pr r oo/ r r r r
f l , i t . , 1r ", dr - cupr i r , l - , r n
i I t i . "t i \
. a.
un i m_
'
r r . ! "
r , . '
an r , .
|
"n
.
. . .
r dt p , n
,
. t pr or er h
L
, l , , i
I . g"t , r t . , .
, . i Jt {r , , I ni . ,
.
to, fruit and keo! ltt
{Rectalnn)
(Mircafi
lrucrc c, si tifi sentitot
,
abne
ud se! mr toior..Flt
Lvlro
sli r. !cr.n !)iinctl
I I \ or k / P\
{i
'
v"r r . l , r l
hs ol e, l r i
",
'
, i
- r
I di cr r , , n. . . , . , 1
. i
\
J, pa: , d, , gJ. . m; nr u
,
l - df Js r ' , , n r , u , , . . . . r oJ
. h. . n
' o J \ ! - r Ll i L
( u1. r
. r
. r . r o"t i , .
, , \ "r , . on. : ng"cr di
", . J. , ot - , ! , , r
t Lt
, . .
_
7) lormr acee hratl. l ornla accenlurta
a imperurivutLri
se L,rnst,ru_ li
l6J,t
i el t
, u. , "r ' . , . ' ,
Do, , , r , . , r ; I . 201:
l)D stoD snireltinsl
, o ha* a ot L*; r kel
,o l.t lrc s-a-" you
homel:
8)'I'raalu{rere.
- Imperativul se iraduce
t lirnba romend tot. printr
un
\
l63b
S,or ihrt noisel (Nu
mai taec zaomot! Taci!)
IJe
Wier)
(1ati
!
"ttai
t)rinjntc
I Jrat liristil.|
-
,,nl $orryt (N!-Li
taoo grij
)
.
". 9. . : . ul ' i c, r ul _i mt ' cr xl i \ ul ui .
bup, , I r n, - 0
m^, , i , nr r t d
Qr b2. r , Lr , i j
qJr ; J6
' r ot r nr : r p
r ' . n,
", t r vul nu i r r t I
spnFr .
! ubi F. t .
L\ i . t " n. i
. i
ud, i r
",
,
t r i . , n. h
r n
,
d| n
. ubi F. t Lt .
t i i nJ
( o,
, si r ,
- "sar .
s a m{] nl rnut put ernc
af cent uat :
d.,/ pentru
elitarea unei conluzii;
,, pentN
fl ie atrage at.rlia persoanei
adresate:
/
r '
, . , / ul r ,
l . | . r . r . t ' r . r .
. i
mai
"r . , "t er i . t i .
Fnr t . / ,
i
, r n,
i . : nJ
pr Fz. r , 1
. ' r r ) r F. r . r t ul Fmn, l p. r zi
o nudnl i ,
i h" i vd nFcxpr i ms. i
_
r s. , . dr p.
ner r ul um. r n. : Lr t t r , , r " sr u , l i . , r , ot ' i vi .
r - nJr r ! . . .
dui osi .
"r ".
SuUi "": - i
", r -
; : : : i , , i l 1; l ; i l l l , "
, "
r ' -
. na, r
r 2. a: pr o
u ner " a, z un nu" e pr nr r i u
Er empl e:
. .
o )
. i
L ) . h: t 4, -
t . u"- t
ut You r , - t &l r h . . , , . J. d$i , t , , . ,
r nd
uod. Lehz. t ne
11,1,:- ' ,i l ;T,j l ",i ' ,1q"l .j ",' ;:'
;;,.' l ;;:i l
' r' e
r.dseIA1d
' d,?-' r' ,
' '
;
' o
,
' , 1' - .
r r r . . r r . .
. \ , . r l p.
u, \ . . .
, ""0
, r . . .
"i "r , , ?l ; , l i "
at p
vo: r r r esr ' h r p on
i I Don
I
J4r
\ . TJ \ nw
Lo. r d go
j on,
r \
, i ^\
",
r , 5e, i j l :
t \ .
, . , p' m
. \ . - r . . ; pe( Jl i ; L
r ol i a, al r t . d, s. L
\Fvtsr
,nr
n ndt
y,
\ u
16 p, . . . r d r r , F. r ,
.
, ' "' r . "pi , ] I , , Yj . ; . p
, : , ar pr . j au, i n
r "
. i d" spu. : ,
l j o
' , '
I av, h nr Jt onr '
yo,
t r y t hl t dnd
Jo.
l t se"l
Dd, l sr t , I noa, ". r Jf
r l n
1l . , . . , i . ar ur , r
, r i , i
_i . z:
, epi 1. . i i
l ucr ul ) l l
Ll : ezi
si
g
1583.
. . "t ar ur , . . , t r u
i i l , : , , , p, t r v. r o, / r ". . . . JoJH. t 6h. . . . f . ". . i t t . t SL, l n
I ozi , , i . i . .
.omporra
ara, ri r
{An, h
, i l r l r r i r l &ol t u; s, t d/ . t i l s, . .
ni uhf i U. i 1 a] . oot .
1. , ! t , l l ' , j r l d
Jj on. ,
/ o/
1,
. '
' . ' ' , "I n- : p:
l r . : cLDl ul r nn"c". , 1 dr ' ol o{l . , nq , i l
Hdi . n 1": 1 /
- ,
do- mi
l
; l r l
\ ' 5 \ p7r
.
b n' l l l 1. e
l
\ ov a", r . r r ' o, e
' . 1
!
i
sool bor :
l ' / : l d'
r ul :
l n' , ' -
Ld"r ' . , - i i : "r mi n
- :
'
l . "1". , u, ' d"I . np5r ' n", r \ ' '
' lAi
slat dcstdl)j ili te nriiti dc aioi.)l
Confuzia lJrtre subiectul unui inprativ
ti
subicctul unui vocnl.il'
poal'
li evitatn dac6 se considcri accentul
lor, preiulr
ii
locul pc care tl ocllpat fie
'
",
I n
p"ur oz; ! ; c c l nP r r "g"l i l ur
. t n
' ,
t I
1n
:
"J
nor m"t ,
. uLi , , . t ut
t , r . . "
J. r i n or . l as . nr pr - 1i "
,
ur i l r , ". nor i r i a
enunliadvnl, reguh respctatn in cdzul imperativului:
Yo& conc herel
DtzDY, don't be alraidl
Subiectul \.ocativului are un aoccnt distirctiv -
/allrr*c- 9i,
ca;i ln
l i mba romAni neavl nd o t opi ci f i x; ,
I rndt r
st n l a i nt Pput ul , Ja nri j l ocul
' ru
l , , f i r ; i ' Ll pr opor i Li "i . l i i nd d. spdr l i L
f r l r r
r i r guh d- r ; st !
n, r, come h. rcl
C^n' .
' pr P.
f ?. / . r l or r p
Co. r r . r - . 3 or . d, Bo. /
I' oz urerc, where are you lrom?
' litddtes,
let' 6 have iccc|cam no{ i
Let' s hrve icecream now,'
.' niddt!
I
lG37 10) Nu [taret imDerltimlui. - Im]raraiivul neadnd decit o
"(insuri
formn gramali'cald si oiingurn persoand.'a 2-a. este u ul dintrc modurile cclc
rnai suateptibile de a fi.,coiorale" ln cele mai subtile nuanle printr'o multi
tudine de mijloace. Cel mai des intrcbuin-tat este inlanalia, care. asociati
,
r
pr i r : r ' r si gp"t i Lo. po. l F par . ur Je o I n' r ^dsJ gur r d. d" I a l or r ul
' ! l
, , , "i
aspi , r . Jur ; i
""mcr i n1r i or .
pr ni t a
- t
mr i nol i ; i . o; .
, l u
d
. "u s, , "\ :
,
d, I
.
Sr, p I do a rvar I r\ ' , rd. com, hukrxri nasl ons. ' sy. ul i \ er
You t l ! r' .
"r,
i hr t agai nr and_I ' l l knock
"vou
doy' nl 3c adf r ! t l , l ' Ll ocl ' t sr
, ui ndJouf o$i ' bcl nr \ \ r
,ltttzd rour headl
'itind
the step!
Cu asocierea uror cuvint diminutivc, aplalii afcctuoase elc. - carc
sd temperze duritatea imperaiivului;:
H. . . / i dJ; ". $. sh \ o r r r J' ps: Ho. , \ ou", d' i r , \ ' $'
l : r , , / n;
11' "
doa- l
i or sr l l oL". dr l f I J, . . ; r ul ' "r "ano l dl i l om. , h1l / ) oL. ' i l o' l Juu
pi ! ", sh' r l
"l
$r ndo$l
- I oi ,
Li o, i t do t hai dgdi nl
Dispozi,trii oli0iale
(:
must, I'o BE -r-
infinitivul ctc.):
Tiese books d.d feqzif.d teading.
Thcy a/" not to Dd ,' t4 awaY.
, ^o smok' nsl No
Par Li ns:
$Jl kr ng on
l h,
Ar a, 6, at
al Lo. . , J:
Park\ng ptohibited in ihjs arcal
IDperativLtl este forma ideali pentru provcrbe
li
recl rle dati fiind con-
crzra acesiora:
Love me' . I o* nr v doql l Pr or er bl
Ttu b.for. 1n
iust.-
{Proaerbl
Lo; . mt at
1' "
l i r 6l i ooi . ( Pr ! ! pr l ,
Eor huit drd AP?, lltl lRtclamll
, i ". o, . / l he $or , d 5 t i l i s r bsr , . i n. i : dr .
. ".
{F. , j , r ' 1,
Pi l zp t h" r ' o i vr r dnd
J
o. 11
6"1r l ;
I d!
. v
r , J'
\ or r r i r
' ( l . e' l dm! )
318
L
Vel i
$
j i 77,
pr ol ozi t i a en, r nl i at i \ i .
r Vr zi
{ , ) 7 \ or r l i \ , 1.
3Cu\ i 1r , l
, u, 1r F- di u l , r l . l
r i
' I r i . r al "
I or r .
r :
i t vou sau. .
( Dr onozi t i e
uondi r i , , r , al e) .
'
\ n; . ' i p mp; o, : , :
p; "bdsi r p
d H.
Q, i "| .
r '
1 t
t adr
n-
.
- . : r
o
-
lL yon lore Dre
l!.op.
condilionali']. y.,' r,usi love n'X dog too
81t
XI TODURI LE
I I {PERSONALE
$
16s6
I N0N-FI NI ' I ' I . J P1] TTS
OF A VERB. VNRBAI , S)
I . I NFI \ I TI VUL
( TI I I I
I \ FI NI TI VE)
.
1. ). Formd. l l orcd i rt j n; ri \
ul ui ergl ez est c part i cul a
, or, care
Drced{
q
l $4O
opocpDr ' d. l as' r pl dp . pt - t r
^
i or - p r "r bal e
prezent
I
/a chc al
Infiniiiv
I ro have .altod
perlccl
1
(a fi c|email
$
1639
Nu toale verbele
au in"q! i,rtiDiriv.
\erbc {Jrd inlinirir Jeri
si /.ir.d t 1641
p. o. rl i .
' t ! 1
\ 9
rn. . rI i n
, r
-: . rr
i t t t . t ar r, t t i t i ot p
, , o, , o/ ". \ , ^i . a. Ji ; t :
"'
CA\ . \ l AY. \ l l
: ) f . OUr : H f .
sH
\ t . L, \ \ . L, ct , .
,
nr l i ni l i r coupl pt
: i i nf i ni l i r
i U. ol npt pt .
- I nt j ni r i ! ut pr p. ad, ,
. t "
par r i . ut d q
t 6{l
r o. .
p
nr l l nl l
, nt t L,
| , . or t r t ' / t . ,
r t , ! e
Jr [ i ni t i r . ) . l n. "n, r r . , . , r
r ; r i nr i vLl
"
I ar d
l ! - r l . ul r
t o. nt mt t , r l , r t t , '
: h""npl . t
( I n"ahpt
t " t nt i n; t i t ") , .
2).Aspect. Diatz[. Timp..
- Infinirilul
arr aspeLt arir perfeuriv (!onju.
{ 1643
gi r Fa
6i mpl i \ , . i r . i i mpcr i ""r i v
{. onj r sr r ea ,
", , r i . . J, , , .
, mL"l ; , , , i . r "?" . i
, l ; , ; ; '
rrmnurr: prcrpnt .
sL
Drl c,
t .
Diateza aoti\ri
Conjustea
simph
10 can. onl .
l r ezenl ) t o t , ar e cdl t cd
{r nt . r . r i ect )
L:
r . r emi j
( : a t i chemat )
Conjugarca
continud.
io b. callnig (InL
lrezcni)
l o Ja\ e b, r ' n . , l l i nA
Ll nt . r er h( t )
( L l i . r cmr t l
Diotozo pasiytr
l o I , n, r
pd
{l , t
t r ^z. nt , ' o Ldvp bpen i d
p, t
I nf .
r , . r t dct J
t
J l . npr ni t
( r f i i ^. 1 . hemar ,
d ) Infinitiwl
"prc:.nt,erpr.ima
a, elasi tjmp (prezent,
trecut
sau viitor) g
1644
r . ,
$r
\ ' . r Dur ci r e i l pr pcP
a:
'the! nake (tud,1e
ar
qilt
mane
)
hcr taueh .
to
fao (au fiLcut-o sa! o voi ta;e) se ridi.l
I can (coltd
or shal be dbk /o I rde clearjv
tPot
(am
tuiut
sau loi pnrcai
sil riid cta'r.t
,
l l , l l i ni l i \ ul
_pr pz,
r ' r r oat .
, \ pr i - a
. i
o
^r \ i nna
i , t odr ,
Ll i d"
sn"os s
ver Dul ur car i l pr ecFdr :
we nr?d ro .aA tomonorv.
(sperlm ce rom p!t.a
reni mlin..)
1 ptutuis.d
to tetutn L\e book aL oDe.
(r\m flgndtrit cI voi rcstitui
jmediai
ca ea.)
. ' RFgr "i mJ,
l 4. i
I , - , , "1p!
l n
r 1, mJ, r ar omt n. 1.
uDdr r d' l , t as, qr Fr d".
, nf . ni -
: D. nu{i r d". . i nl i n
i v. l u e- , ompt pt
r i , , i nl , ni t i \
, Lr r t
. . i n. omp' , . . 1nt r "i ui n-
r r | r . I ' r mpt . i r .
. , , nt i n
r i r
l uns- dFpnnt no. I n gr Ji , r . r
1 r omdn) .
' , o. '
- ", r t ", . , ,
a\ t ,
;EO
S
1615 b) Infinitit'ul petcct exprimn un Ii]fnl) ankriat aor]uia la .iarc st rclc.:
r!rbril precedent:
Ite habes to hdee done well i. his work.
l{Lll
spern 6I li oblinut }ezlllate blne in mun.a sd.l
Sl,e ldl, roo eariy ro hare tu t tl\cm-
t(na)
a plccat prca dcrreme oa s{'i li lnlilnit.l
xor
piu
eant to haec fiai..,4d l'ou lessons bpn)re
goinq
io bcd.
(Vei roi
rrobabjl
si
ti
li teiniiiral.itdnini lcctiilc inajnri de r te du0c ]a c!lcrr..)
$
l(i4(i 3) Troduccre.
- Infinitivul lro traducc tr linba roneDli r:
a) in[initieul. 1n timpurilc si modudle in comp nerea {rnrofa i lrd
( s t 64e) :
b) i t t i ni . I i eul I a t i mpul corerpunznt or:
?o dD
js
human. (lnl. prezcnt)
(r\ gr?!i
e6te omencqte.)
She is loo sho.t sighled 70 /,ar..(..r
xou.
(lnf.
t.rl(
ll
(n$[e prea nioale
]rertru
a tc li viz!t.)
c) canj unct i r t l a i i mpul cor espunzar t or
( $ 16i 1) :
! want !,
gire rou a
lresoit.
(vreru sll-ti d.! un cadou.)
{Conj. trezeni.)
Hr scems ro ,14re ,old vou the tNtlr.
( P. r e sl
t i
l i sr r us r dei {Nr . ) ( Conj .
l edf Lr )
d) gerunziut:
I heard liin! clos. l.he doo..
(L-ain auzii ,n.l..,i,i ufa
)
e) supi nut :
There is much ,, d" in lhe hoNel
{Sint
aiii de nulte de
ln.,t
ln castil)
f)
un eerb la un mad persrnal lnlr o propozilie subieclirn sau rcnlfll,r'iri
di r ect , i r :
j ' r r
i "
' , d
/
"
' f ' t t i l l t t
t t
1r " v' _r r ' , , 1, .
: ur ' '
' i
S, dpur p. : I . i
. l , po {. . ' 1; .
' n"r '
. 11 f . , I , 1, . n.
\!. Lno\'l,id to hdrc rereieed a bonu! lor l,is Drrils. ico,nll'litil
LSlim
cl (elj a
trili1it.
o priniL
lenirtl
mqin,le s.l..l
$
1r;l; 4) Funolii. - Intinitirul esle
/o/,rd
d, 6.r:d a conjugirii erglpzf. fL,miii
,si.,lorna
comune" (Cotnmon ltorm, Basc.). Ca atam:
ii
l{il6 a) gesin timpuri si moduri idtnli.? ca iorJn:i cu el:
Indiatieul pterentt (i.oatc pusoanclc, .u crccllia
Irfrsornei
r !'a sg I I
'r{11,
Jo
Intnqatiuul lwrsot\t^ a t a sa. si Dl.l: Calll
I'o;tua @che a sutjoLctilulet:
lao)ie lersoanele)
I call, hc call, etc
S
I {;40 D, prcedflt de un auxiliar, ini.re ln coiJrpunerca urnnlia nor rorme
I sliall .oll; yolt. he n'ili .oll, ric. (Viitor)
I sl \ a\ l har c. a . d:
Xo! ,
he wi l l / mr . . al l . dr . . l t ' 1\ ' i i t or per l ecl )
I sl i oul d. dI ,
. r . u,
hc woul d. aU, ci c.
i vi i t oml
f ul i l l e l f &uL
f i . ondi l i onr l ul t r r eTPr t )
L sl oul ' l hn' p . al l . / , y, , , , he $l l l l d r d' a . al l . dl , f l . .
i l i i t or ul l . r f er t
al l r c. ui ul ui
r i coedi t l , ' nJl ul
l , er l e. l )
r Tl ol o. i !
l i ol
5p' l _/ , o. 1' l n l , n. "
, ' l
. r r t t t . a . l p
q[ ' 111
1 pt . d6l
d: da h":
. - , bi
'
\ J - l r i l ao' I t ' h"t - - ' . da a L
(Complcti' ' i
dirccti.l
I
\ _ezi
$
14! 0- 14! 1.
B! l
c.,
+
un suii{ formeazi urm:rtoArele
forne verbale: S
1660
- r
cal l s l Der soana
a 3_a sg
i ndi cat i l
! . czent
al t ul LL' or ver bt l o'
iir er.cDtia {uriliarclo.
rnod. e}
pt t
. 1r d
'
"
u
' r
si np r
'
\ ' ' o l or
' g
l bl ".
' Pl
' - - l ed
, "- ! r ' n'
i r r n
! "
/ pnl dl v' r bpo' r gar 6r r
, r , al t a , r a"i ' . : D, ul - , ur
"l
l r _b"o. . gul , 1"'
- , , s
, dl l , , 6 r ; d, : ' , i . on' ", , .
: i
g- f l r r ' d. Lul l , r ur or \ Pr b l ' r
' r
pr i
nl ' i ans_
l r ar . l or r i ooar t sl
. Jl i nl ocui ef t e subj onct i vul
(
$
1612 1613):
I askcd him ro orrz the door.
{L-ad
rusat sd iieschidn ula.)
l n l oc de:
I asked him ,nd, ie
(shoutd) oPet the doot
e,,l este tntrebuintat, ca Bubsiantil'
(Noun Infinitive
:
infinitiv substan-
S
1{i52
t i val )i
?o ndre 0 sensc ol hunour
is a grear qualitX. (Sulicci)
{A
avea simlul umorului $te o mare calilate.)
"a
p.ofuot? (suticorl the new technique is,,
/&.
4
{nume
prelical'iv) ecotromic
pro'
9"""'
(-l
l.o-ot.
t"ltni"u
nour tnseamnd a conhibui la
progresul oonomic
)
f,
este tntrebuinlat, ca acljcctiv
(Gerundial Infinitiue
-
infiniliY adjec-
S
1653
tival):
thinss t 'a"ru
(atdbul)
(cveninentele viitoare)
t n t he non, mot | . "r ' $aqnoonFl ol al &l o l \ l t i bul )
1l o
compa"t i m"nt u, p" t r u npl r mr , or i nuer du' m"ni uu
' 3_psi
t "I
r Jr p vor ba)
.. ..g,
esie tntrcbuin!,at ca ad-/erb:t
(Gerundial lnfinitiee:
i^titr.iti\ ad1'eF
$
1654
brar):
I calred on her odv ,o ldofn she lvas a{ay.
(Idiniliee af R6uh)
M-am
dus la ea ca s{ aflu (:
ii
an ellat) cn era plecaF
l
\1'e $ent into the resraufant,o
s",
some lood
fQbarietunt
cilcunsianlial
de 6cop)'
(Am int.at la restau.ant ca sd luem ceYa de mlncare
)
I w3s sor r y r ,
o. i compl
D"nl
. ' RUmsl Jnl i l l J"
' du?r )
{Mi . a
pl r ui r l r ca pl . c. )
She ivent home ,o s,zdy.
(Conllemeni circumstantial d scop)
(S'a dns acasn sI studiezc
)
/r) face
parte
din anumite construclii speciale numite
,,nominat'iv
cu
$
1655
infiniiiv"
(S 1675-78) sau
,,acuzativ
cr infinitiv" (
$
1667), cu variaota
pre-
cedat [ de
prpozi t i a
f rr'
(S 1674):
T/ , e, $p, . r ' Do{pd
t o l , o, ? r . ot had r h dr . r ' i I Fg on'
l \ nmi nJl : \
'
u
'
l i ni l i \ '
l S. i s. Lnl r l
i r ar unses"r " l n
l r nul '
r j l F r r r l r . p
Wt ivantd nin ro
ioiu
our basket ball tcan (Acn,ativ inririti!)
(Dore
anl ca el sd it'lre ln echjla noashe de baschet
)
I t i s t or uau
t a b"st ' r Padns. ( l or '
, . / a' i l " i n"ni
: t
( nst e nnAd t i l i I n, r l i sr c, t P: t i )
i) esLe tntrel,uinlat, intFo construcli incide L{ lolosit5 ln mod absolutl:
$
l6;{i
l L $as. r o, , !
r h" l F1- 1,
\ ' , r , dr l . "b ul l , n, .
{A
l obl . . a; r ' u st , r n mJi mul l o mar . n
Sl i j
nl J , i i n par r ' J I Li
)
He becanF. so r, sp.d .
a ltchnical adr'ser to all his lriends
{,\
derenit, ca sI;pu a,ca, consilltul ichnic al lultrro!
prictenilor sli.)
$
165r
l
FaII relalii sirtaotiijt !u .cstul proloziliei.
!
165?
jJ
introduce o construclie erclamatiad:
?o ro!,r such a thinq to youl
r Sa- l i l puna
a) s c. ; a
ro ,hnl that Bhe
js
olly a clildl
(Clnd i,e
sirdeiti
c[ nn a decll o copill!)
S
1658 5) htinitirul incomplot se lntrcbuinleazd:
S
1660 d, dup6 werlel
auxiliare
9i
delective modele, cu exceplia verlelor to
BE, t o HAVE1 qi
OUGHT TO :
I do ,hn* tlis is wondertul
proaress.
lGesesc
lntr-adever od aceste este un prosres ninuDat.)
Ze, cveryonc d,rdzd to his work!
(S[-ii vadn liecare de munca ]uil)
The nroiect .ozld De worked out iD thc Dcsisninc Institute.
(Proi;ctirl
ar
lxta
li elaborat la Institutuade Proiectfti.)
I tuh, se, thcm at once.
(Trenuie
se'i rld imediat.)
They decided th.y
poeld
ifo! expriences.
(Au lotarlt sI lacA schimb de experin!6.)
Hp wou. dn t dd. p: sd, so t o r ny l acp.
(N'ar lndrlzni sd'ni spund aocasia in lai{.)
\ ou , , . dr nol gd, l pr
i n l hp. r o! , ) et
( \ u . sl e l nr d npvoi p
qA
skl ngl i i r ocol t a
)
S
1660 Dupe verbele to BE, to HA\IE
9i
OUGHT se intrebuinleazi lnsa infim-
riv.ul complet'.
TheJ d.d ro 6e na..i'd ne\i \roeL.
{Urneaz{
BI se cnsetoreascl sdtinmha viiioar.)
I ndJ"
, o
8o
1l
r , .
f i b' l r i n8 i n r h" nor Di ng.
( Tr ebu: - sr mr duL a. ol o di s. d*di ni npr l J. )
You o,Bftr ro d..ct' thP prolosal.
l l - r bui p/ Jr
t r pbu. . i J"+pl r
pr opuner pa
l
bJ dupn verbele ta mahe qi to HAVE, clnd au sens cauzativ:
Thc nees ndde ho ./y lor
joy.
(\'estea a leculo sE puDge de iucuri.)
I'1l ndq. him a,rq.r lor his carelessness.
(An se'l tras la respundere pentru neslijentra luj.)
S
1662 c, dupe verbele care erprimi perceplii senzoriale: ta
fcel,
to heor, to see,
to obseree, to perceiae, ta tratcll, to behaldj:
I
/c,
him s,@, wh.n liis tramc s'as uttered.
(L an sintrit tesltind clnd
j
6 a
lronutrlat
Dumele.)
Tuu n. d' d t . pr . r . a, un i h"
. r bJecr .
( {i auzi l - o vor b: nd l n I g) i - r a
"-
a. d l I
. l pJi unr . )
She sas him .,me hoDe-
I(xa)
l-a rAmt renind acasl.l
\1:c rdrld hcr
pin
the mal,cx.
{Im
umtujt o eu
jDtres
cum a clrtisat meciul.)
I ,enerds thc sun .isd f.om thc sea.
{r\n
y{zut
soarele resdrind din nare.)
822
s
1661
rto
HAVE este urmat al.il, de nrtinitivul comllt, c1l
ii
dc cd incomllet. (V,"zi
ii
1903) .
'
! Cl nd
, , dol .
{$
-
2o- : 13, , , o . . od
r S
! l i
-
215: r ) sl nl vpr bF r "$r l , t ".
FI F spar
! r mdt pd"i ni ni l i f Ll ' ompl l . Ai . r dd. . i . d"a5r si l Ld! i p! i f or mFl el or . ompus. - l nt ur r nd"
l ol dp i ni i ni t i wl compl Et
3r , 6pl , / . 1psr pun
\ pr oa"ndi Tdnr ! i l i / d'
j i
sl i l ul n, . mal , l i hEr sau. ol o. \ i al
gl um4,
clnd e slus
pe u i.on cniatic:
"ael@ld
the bddcl",
"tcfirld
my maste4iecel" (el.c.
:
,,Iai.{,
privifi..'.1
'
393
d, dupx trei vethei to bi'li tu lrl
l(verb
l{io.rl)
:
a
lerl, a
pefnitel
!i S
166r
Dfueori 1o helpt l
She bad, hnn lc{r" IIs lessons
(l-a spus se-ii invcle lecliile-)
The ohittu.n
woxl.ln'l ldi me g, odt
(Coliii n au vntt sn mn luse sit ies
r
He nrr"dd m. .",ss oter'
{M-a
ajutat sn iuversez
l
Form.r
pasivri
a vrbelor Jc ld
h
r662-lLi63
,si
a
verbului to ndkc
\
1664
( $ l 66l t
pst e
i ncd
' r r ' I t ar i
d. i nl : ni r i LUl
a- , ai
r :
She sds heat.l to sin|.
(A losi auzitl cintlnd.)
He 9ds sc& to @tu.
{\
Iost !6zut venind.)
' thea
ode bi.l.den! ft,1 lal, thcir lessons
{r , i i - a
spus saL
t i
i nvel e t ec! i i l e. l
In my childhood 1 eal nelcr ler /,
so
nl oien sal
{ln
collill,ie n-ari lost niciod.li lesai sir lltc ce rotrm l
Ane eat tudde to.on*,n
(A lost licut,-r si consnnia.l
p)
Jupa ho4
l . ^u
nLr l 4) t dt t ! t ho' bt
'
na' t l d su t ' r '
r pt
"
r r "r r
S
l t i f i i
r dt h. r
t han.
saanpr t hdt , . nat " t hon. , on t 4^t ) bDt . Lol h; nt bt t
- \ "1
S\c
'ould
nlthi s,ov in tonighl..
(,\r
trelera
si sica acasi rsii:r sead
)
I hntl, b.lter gt noN, it
js
gctting latc.
(-.\l racc maibinc sii
ll.o
acun,, s-a li-lcu! tilzil
l
H" . .
' ! , t
. aa, ' ". ! d/ i n J ol hi l q
- r
. , . r , r 1, ", , t , , t . i
, ". ;
I . F
Ruth- thdn
-*flr,I
aottd so.net
' e.
t\.IeaLisr'
lDecii
6t s,Ii.. mai litic miL d,t0 li dcDtist
)
t .dzu,r ,tu, lFric@
J.t.
rvoNls.
( \ u
t ot
dcci t si mcd cr sPUi . )
6) Inlinitivul 0u rilYerl intercalat
(Split
Infinitive). -
.t1,lt lnltrntfe
S
1666
aste numele dat ln limba englczi intiniti'uLui intre d. iriirui
tnr!i
componente
s-a intercalat un ad1'erb:
I nt i ni l i ! r l l i i nJ
^r ' r i ' l r r d
"
"n
r ol
i l a' ,
' r .
' d' r '
on
l r u i p 1 l .
-
. ur d. , - nr Ld i n
- p. , r
. J
t i i ' |
1r "pr r "
l i baj ' r l ' r i i , ul
. ' r n- : l i i . n .
' r nJa
I , r t . . b, r i nt ar Fa
. i . . r p 4" t
' r r
r ; - , \ , r ' '
.
:
r dn. e, r . 1u- i ' i a'
' .
5
' l u. i "
r " o-
mr ndar ;
cr a
a! . zr | n"
, . i
. i h. l ur
i . i r , r - '
. JU
i r .
' r , m. '
r ' i i l r \ ' r r ur . o' r t , l :
dwn 10 s.I
rallil to
lnt /"119
lo aplreciil.e
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ni s| r ur - ' l o r e
gr t . t ,
I s noi t o si i . L, i t hodi gr cai ar sl ment .
l l nt
s. el t l J, , l i nd
qnamL i ' r r sl . a$. . . ;
Exisie inse situu-tii in c e despnrliraa p,{r'tittrLei inhtitivului dc \.erbul
nr opr i u. zi s
est p i , ' , \ i r
' br l ; .
; n
. p . i 0l
J. , r ' i
'
r nd i nf D i r i \ , r l
r ' r p
u' n, - r dF
' r n
i oni pl "- r . nr di r p,
I r . dr ". d r p, um
. " . . i - .
r "r
nn- l '
t r s p"r - t r "
r - chu1 r "'
l
Formcle comlnse ale verbllui rd riJ shi umat{i dr n,rn,itir conpleli
.,Hr
nds
nol bid us t rrdt \rcrk vel."
"T}e
.rllilllrir rvc.c l,idd.n ta .ank in to supper'
\'f.bul ro
l , . r t l .
comr us c! r o , l / . ; sl c n' nat l nt oi dcanna de i Dl n, i 11r ul n
t l . t :
' Hc sP! s J, 0
/ . d) , l i
.nc ,o sno&r." "lle I S io.|idd.n d. ro .,m. ag{in "
,
,o ndD noaic fi n.nat ri dc nriinjiinLl conrlet: ",,/.1,
tt b ia Lh. roon
"
'Cu
ciccltia verbelor r; dar& \ita 1.h.
,
tata sirt n.mrL.. la di{tez.t
p3,riral. dr
Da.ticiDiul trr!7crt.
'
a
r "o. i J". t i , t , r ar , n. . \ r , ut , . r ' l t , Jr . ,
r
J
.
. ,
, i . r , r f , ,
i
,
.
l
,
r , i . ul
I r . onl r Fl :
' .
t o' r i . r on
'
, / , a
t ". . nod. -
/ / d, Ji .
' .
t ' J1-
^o
t r ' , t : t '
5W.
Slrak.speLre, ttnntlr. t'r; ..l t)enn\rrit.
Dect j \ . : . , cl un
i
. i nJ. pr i n
s: , / "r "0
"JLF' b"l ui
l nai n
'
s J dupr i , l l i ni Li v'
: - ar
. omt r "mi .
. ou
s- ei l ngr r ui a l nl "l aopr ' d
r "\ t ul ur '
Spr -
a{ompl ul
They mei
"8din
to e\lress Urcir alpreciaiion-
l ni ' l e. ul ac"sr "i
. on6l r , r . l i i
nu""l ". l ar . ud- \
Ff Lul
d: / t ,
pul l r d" sF r o-
l pr i I i A l a
t Fr hul , , a, I i c l d i nf i r i l i \ ul
t o
"Lpr *s.
l n
' 07u1
' l r r d
dPa; ,
' p
t pl er s
la inliniliv, tn linba englezn modernn, numero$i scriito
preferd conslruc,tia
cu adverb
intercalai, inhturlnd asLfel
posibilitdl,ile de ambiguilate:
Thcy met lo sgsin dzP,rrs l.hcir alpreciafion
Tot astfel:
IIe sLed me Al4.t7! to lorward l[c
lrrce]
Pr oDozi Li a er t " Lr esi r r Dent "u
. d:
r l
psl .
apr bi 4ul ,
Li r , d/ y
p' r r r nLl dpt "r '
mi nx . , r r t ' "; bul arAi d. ; r si i nt i ni Li rul / o
/ "r, ' rJ ;
b. / ad\
cr b, , l l ,
i rJi
a
i l ' spsr
rc
l crb' rl
drl d
, l e
'
o. pl aman' ul l ri J; ra' r / / o
l arl Lt rd
t hP
punl t Cat ' t t )""i a'
corect d est e:
He osled !,e t, LindlX
/' rd.d
lhe
pamcl
Alt exemplc
,Je
Split Infinitiee:
?b sloslx rrd.t thc lorcst's shadl S0o
r
\ t 1
I . L5"r ha I
uo\ F"
l , sr r i r t !
i / r , . r t r I n\
,
nr n. or '
I I ' i . l ,
"l : . J,
r o ei en , , "/ ol r i '
'
q
l ul : on
Ir is Dot nfcc$rrx r, Iufir tris, xlon lh sx}jcl"
^
Hc had becn kno$n ,, morc thor .o?,P.nsdrd lor it lattre'
l ' oart e f rec\ ' nt i i n ergl ez: r am"ri , dri
, \ i
j r,
en! l a?a- bri t rrj cd i cl , udL' '
. nr . r r r cl i . '
i nt i ' , i ' i t "l i
di
' d\ ' r b
i n
Fr , "l r
c
. apar al
' l r pp
i l ' .
"l Sr ani p
f i i nJ r nLI ebLr i nr at d d. uni i di ' l l r p
'
i m"i Lur r i ' cr i i r or i .
l r | cpi nd
' hr ar ' u
B) -
ron. numit si
-tat
infiniLivuhri cu adverb
ini,ercalat" Roberi Browning
St
' i i i i
a; ; , p; . i "i
posi b; r i r al i l . d" cxr r i mbr F m. i
. or F' r 5
- ' i
^ai
cl J15. sau mdi
i ni er *ant s
"par gl nd
r - gul i l c gr amei r r "l o.
166? 7)
-A.cuzstifi
cu infinitir' -
A se observa in contrast urmdtoarele
doui
Dropozilii:
t a)
| r nnt t r ! "i t L nn
t h" 1t ' t t
I l
t Lor \ n nt ' r i r ' l l l r nt nt ) .
Propozilia
^re
do d ?crL'e c.rre au dcelaii
subiect'
(b)
|
qant
liet to sritdt on l,i,e lgnt
(Y.eau
ca e0 s; zrftdi lumiria.)
ln acesi caz avem aceleati doui verb, fiecarc cu subiectul
propril' lr-
iire vrbul Dredicat raant si infinitivul to stritch care urmeazA a intervenlt un
"omul omenL
di r a
'
, , r "
i dF. i
i n . uzal i \
)
al
t "r bul ui pr edi ' "t .
"ompl pr r el
t
csr n
Fsl p i ot oddr i
qi
subi pn' ul i r t i ni ' i vul ui ur mdl nr
t / o
$i t . / / . Nu
cu / / , )
i odApl i ncs. r . l i un. a i nt i ni l i vul ui
t a
s. v; t 4
' \
ca
( 1,
")
A". "sr d
'
on. l r ""l i "
cper i t ; . i
l i mbi i
"ng "/ -
nr r mi 5 d. ur 11r \
' u. . r r
I '
I i ' j v-
( , 1. . u. dt i r " t h t ; [ ; nn; r ' ]
; i
i "r m"r ' di nr r un
"r npl ' | - cnr
"di ' Fr '
car e est F t ol odi r d si
. ubi . "' ul
un"i i nl i ni l i v ur mi r or
1/ xs
dr ' : t t r Jt nt l t (
ar ' l l r l . I i - LI . nLl n"
t r "l t
ot ; r ob; , t i
l Obj
"l
. onpl 4"nt \ ) -
Al t i -aut ori , roni i deri i cn i nf i ni t rLul dj n act si sl a
const rncl i e I ! ' e
1' n| t e
rl|Jrt tti complement r)irect compk:x
(Conplex Obiecta
).
I wa L her to ll'e ta to the railio Bucharcst wavelength
lvrau
(0a ca) sI
puna
lostnl
de radio Bucureiti.l
r
G.G. Bvrot. Poens.
'n.C.
Sh;rrili and V.non Bat\retr, tobneu's End.
'
num" D. d, ( ar i v - aoor r . , '
d J", omnl Fi r po di r F
r
l Di ",
ubi p
r
: 6 2; 26.
f n
Candi na
. i
\ \ ' r l i l "\ sLd\ i . I nLl l hCr ' "no-
\ l '
' \ ' r '
l C- 1 p r r r '
421
B2t,
Tr ' "r /
' I Ur ' '
t , t L. . t .
. .
\ , b.
. r ' , 1'
J r Lc r .
' \ - "- aud t l dl
,
' t {; / . l
l . i sdal J, , r . r
d, n, i r ". ' r , , , . -
$:e asked lor r/ s,tc l, ,e btuught .n aI.we
1l n
cend c. i cl . gi , no sd l i c adN{ i ncdi at . )
His ca..l.$Dcss $ill calse ln, b be tupore.l.
{\tslijcn-ta
hi ii va ado.e nustrliri
j
\ . , i zdt i \ ul , u
i nl , , . i ' i \ -
". ,
i ' r pbu; nr "r .
p, n
' r
. | , pI i t i . , | r F
r i
cut ui \ i
r r ' . .
i n
r o,
ur un"i
p' uouz; ! i i . ", ' , pJ-
r r Ji r ^, r . .
"u
,
bni u, , ,
r , r
l hat ur r , dl . i , l
t n
' \ l j ar ' 1; ,
; i
r l
. er , i . r r b, - r ' , l i hr , ' , l - . , 1. i ". , , t
*L- 11' "; t
s"
"onsr , l pr ,
r r i mul er enr pl r r F er r i ^n. I mdi
. us.
l n
", ". r r t
r . i
, r
I , , ,
I
fi redat prin lraza neidiomalicn
9i
greoaie
a eir.i construcl.nr este mai
ipro-
piatn
de limbE romanni "l \"-aut tha.t she shotrld t nc in (to)
rhc Buchale,li
rravclength". Propozitia subordorat'
"that
shc shauld. irfu in._." este rrans
Iormai,i
jn
,,acuzaliy
cu infinitiv" astfel:
sxbieclul propoziliei. s.t (noln.). dcvjne nir (ac.). con,plenenrul dne.r
al rcrbxlui regeiieii pr'orljfatul
ei. rhaul.d. tunr in.
(lerjre
iniinilirul /o ,/r,
in: iar conjurciria /tal nu se ,rt,ri erprjmn. Se obljlle astrel forna nraj concnn
!i
rnai alefii:
I Nant /Er ,o ,r,c itr...
l n a. el aqi rnod. propozi l j t i uf l l el (, nre:
T}iJ didn't c\tccl rndr ni!
rd.r".r
rlorll i,. $ol I sn.c.ss.
Tncy di dn l , e\ l t r r i l l l s
t 6. r r s
/ , , , snl h l s! . ccss.
- {ceRst i
. onst r ' u. i l i e er t r : i nr , r . r }r ui r i l , r t n dupi i nuner oAse r f r Le, di nr r e
S
l $68
car e pr i Dci pal el e, qi nt :
dl vcr be car e c- \ pr i r r l o r l ( ] r ; r r n. o per ni r i une.
un or di l l : l o dcsi , ". 1a
erpett. t.t tv(nl b trish: ta &lb(v. to let, to p.rniL ta sDffer (:ta permil); k)
recomn.tul. to .a,tn.d
d. to ardi et|.l
t .ati.:.rctl.
ltou
/, n&'r m. n.tt.r lhd urat.
l\Iil ailepliDr rle l. tirc sti mn cunosii mni bine.)
Slre ll .".,r |ra,i1
.ltau
t., totue lra.:k.
(curind
a.e srl lrea !. si te Intorci.)
I nr'| ntton lhbts t.
so
o, lilc i.Iat h tliis lrouse.
i\n t.i. l.rnil.e
ia lui,uilc sl contjnue asttct h accasu c!stl.)
LIe t4inhe,itd nte pttior tt, I)e laten in tlc eienn,g.
1\
I ) r es( r i s
{i
| oi i t n' cr
sl l n l nal i se. r r . )
Thc rianaAcr .tdct.d atr .rquir r. Dc mala inro thc marter
( Di r ct oNl , dat di sf ozi ! i i s, l se r ncl r ct cz! r i hest i uDca
)
, ) ver l r e l esal , c do snnl ur i
f i
sent i nent ! : t af t . l . t ohear . r D s. r . 10 n. / t i ce.
g
1{i t i 9
to obs.,t'e. to p.rttirt. b trutch: to hate. ta d.isl;Ar. to like. to pr.fu et,c.:
Thcr
f.11
ht .hr.tt. to hetselt.
i\u
simli|.o ftind pe iniunlrte I
I henrd the Leb! .r!.
( \ D r uzi t col i l asul
t l i ngi l d. )
\]i so(, iim rt,s o/I rnd Ld,? Urc form.
iL-an
rezut puDiud rec.1]iorul JI lurcd
ii
pl..ind din c.mcrn.l
Th. .rlt.l aaxhal the ,trd /&r iis Desl
lcopilul
u iri cu
I,rirhea lnslir.a
d.ii
lrr.ilsea
clibul.l
SlE d hate
lotr
rat to trtite oltan.
(l-ar dislli..ea grozav
sil nr i soii d.s
)
r A-
r or nr ' i . ' i r ' , . , . l . , ul l l i ( p, . ,
r ur r , t . , ! L ubi , r : t r :
' I . . hdl d i k
t l "nn, . ' .
t r pt .
. , o$ L, , I
. r ni , ' ;
t . i t t , n \ . / , r i ", ur n. L
I'n ule the
foar)
ta be hot.
(lli-a. pucea
ca tnincarea si lie iierbinl.)
\\e shrutd
prcf.t lpJ ro 6, less sensitive.
tAm
prcioa
lca
eal si fie n,ai pulh
snsccpiibi]n/sersibill.l
S
1670 cJ
yerbe
care exprimn acdviinli mintale: ta essunte. ta beLieae. to.onsider,
to decktr?. to
find,
to
gu.,ts.
ta imagi t, to intet|].. ta
ju.d|.,
b knotri to near'
(: to intend). to suppose, to suspect. to think. ta untlttstand
ctc.l
Tl\.y b.lie'ed him 1a be s\nAle.
(Crederu
o'i este neimurat.j
I a1. t d' ,
c
'
/ oi ", pr , , , ,
nJ Jd- l
, r ' dnl .
( ( : on i d ,
'
'
, ni . di
i os'
' ^l
ndi L' r n p"i
. n
I opcncd tl,c erlelope and
faunn
it b caltai \cv tear' s
g.e.lings.
(.\n dEcliis plicnl
ii
ad gesit in cl lclicited dc \nul nau.)
I haoe t\c\er ho6 L hn
arol
,. slaok it her rvork.
t\u ttiu {c!
ei) si li losl lroddtil ne8lijerld in mnnc,-r
l
\ \ ' . ' l '
' 1.
. ' ' ' o.
I dn n"a. J h"' . "t ", t p, /
' l i r r . r ' . . l l dl l r
( r t
. - r n
. . , r ", cr . r
di av . nt "n. i 1
. r t oni , . r
- l
\ , , r t pnn' r n4r Fnt . p, u05.
Hc unde,:1aad ia ,r ,. i ddnce..
{Dutd
cit n4elcscsc, ca c.a dansatoa.c.)
1,671 d) rcrhe de nfbmdlie, nerylie, d.eclarulie etc.: to at:Atto$Ledlc,
h dctl.[e.
to
dent, to
lmna
nce. lo stdle .1c..
D\ct)nne ddlavd hnn ,o i,.
quililied
ior l,is
joh.
(Toii au ali,rat .I csle .alilicai. pentfu nunca hi.i
D Le danr nL. statement b haee ban hisl
tA
fieeduii
Iell
cn alirmali{ dr a lui?l
T\c t)rii.ics
,tunounce,l the nlur la haee b4n
^
s\:.n.*.
r Lr ' t i .
JU r ql r . ' l
, . 1
,
: . ,
i r . ". "
- r
su"
.l unele verbe ca: ta b.ar, tn pta"e1 ta repatt erc.l
Srbscql,cnt rycnis
p,orld
hin t hdte been wrong.
tEvenihrntele
unnitoa.e dovediri cl
(el) nu avusc$ ,Lrcptate.l
The
srannnar
\aok rcp. ed this ntistahe to h. tt\rltc cotnt@n.
lGramuiioa
s,"n!rla aceastd
sreEealll
ca loa.te obiinlit;-L
)
E!0
5
1672
1673
fl
unole rerbc u,nalo ,le u complennt
pretozilional. A: ta bclan? to,
to care
far.
to count an. ta dep.nd. an, ta laok
for,
to looh t.. 10 rcII on. ta send
fot,
to uait
far
etc.:
tt beLnes to HeLL Lo d<ide
jn
ure matier.
(itlena
lrrb!i. si1 dcnll aceasli chesliuc.l
1 .l.n r care
fat
thit.len b,cndr ljk. thai.
(Nu-ni piacc sa se
loafii
coliii 3stlel
l
I d
P
t
. ht " / . d l l ' "
_i gl ' l
r r i r . .
( ci , nl ez
r .
cl sa
l r cccdczc
i n nod
j ust . )
\ \ . / 1,
"a
,
/
r r ! . 1, e r ! or or 4n, sr r r : d( . ' r 11.
Lonl , ' "
t -
r ' . - i r . o\ ' r p. l na n. ud o' . sl Jf
. f .
Send
Fn
c n La lie l)toulht roun.I al a\.c:
(l\imit-"
s,-L in adNi indati nias.iDa.l
\\e U Mtit
lar
h.:r ta tp.aI lirsl.
( vonr ai l epl a si r or l r . as. ai ca ar l nt i r . J
lltil 8) loJrstructir
-.for'r
substantir
(5Ltu
Dronu
re)
+
itrtinitit. -
Lon-
s, u; i , . , , u' "i i ' u i r r r i r r ' r r
- r -
l pa' l
' ; .
dp pr r l ' ^/ i ' i d
l *
r d. "
1'
l r ' ; , r r ' l r - r l - r , ' t ' . - f "zi Li ur ' , t n oL, n"l r nr ' , "l r . u' r r i d"\ o' l r i r .
, r "r u
iot
Ii ilcterninaie de un ac''zaiir- decil
piin inlermediul uni
prepozilii:
I \oti
[at
cNrlarc 1, gd a l,h.atr.] ticlift,
{Spe.au
ua toti si caDct. hilftr de teatru.)
Th.
. l l .
l ghql : a- sa,
"Jor '
r
'
l n5l ,
' r l e
'
i . u' f .
Th"v spr e
oui t F coDr "nl l ot
t h. , : a n t a' Loa a l i . o\ n Lat
r r ".
( Ll r ; u l or t r r l ul l dmi l i
cJ , ' . 1 i or . i
r ,
l eJgi
"i ngur . , f l pr J
r
Pentm obl,inerea unei mai mari concizii, aceaste construclie inlocuiegte
o
pr or ozj r i e
qubi e. l i va
( cu
qdu
f ar d; l i nl r odu"r i \ Jr ar r j Lu' i \ dr . ompl at i ! a,
,
- uzei l .
t i nal a.
. on. acul i va
pl c. .
si
csl c
ul i l i zar i i n mod obi , "r ur r
l i
d) pi , on-
sLructiile impersonale cu lfterrl sau i.tt
l
is (inl)possible, nec4rsarlJ. difficalt,
eas1t, right, ercn$
(un)usual, (m)connon erc.l:
Jt iscustomarJ/o. r/rre ro De aD cacursion cvery SundaX.
(Subieotirii 1n apozilialni n)
(Este
obiceiDl se se organizze o ercnGie in liecare dumn'icn.)
t h re rs i pd' ch , . 1 gra(s
/ or , ru
r, i i p on. (Al r: bu' i ru
r Ll i , r ol o
Ln p' : , d i Jr bd
!
.
' r
sJ l - l nl i nr . )
l'll arrange
/or
my sis,./ ,o rdft?
tou
to the conoerl.
lComple[iri]
(Yoi aranja ca sora mea si 1 lnsoleasca la concert.)
His innovalion mlsr la\e bec! FrJ importani
/o.
rne
qd\-sa'eu.
ta
!tuie
),i. so hill\ly.
( ci ! z. l i )
(Inovalia lri lrebuje sil fi losl loarle imtortantil
tenlrn
ca
Sazela
de perele sli o
elogieze atlt de mult.)
The Itonan mosaic Uoor unearthed irl Consiarla was on \ie\\
lar
cqdsane ta see.
lFinalel
'
(trodeaur de mozaic roman dzgrolaF ta Conslanla a lost crlnse pentnr a fi razu[I
lr It ti,me
fot
the .h;Uren to naq, l"nch. (Dupn
eonsiructie iBpersolalel
(Este vrenea siL ia cotiii djunul.)
Tl'ere will bc noihing
/of 9oz
,, say.
{Dulii
consiNolie imlr.monal{)
{Nu
lci avea nimic de sr)us.l
9) Nominativul cu inlinitiy. Acasin oonstruolie con"q$ dintr-ur in-
S
ll;75
finitiv care {ace parte din prcdicat
Di
al ciiei subicct coincide c,r subiectul
rerbului predicat,:
Thds: / udsl r , a"d / 4. n9 I L
.
:
' - ,
' .
i 1
- t - i f ". ,
f ar a i f o" J. /
'
, ' l [ J ( " p' , . "
"
"
l ' i , ' l p] i - l
In gramatica nglezi. inlinililul arc in acoasli siluatic functi de nat?e
pr. di cat i a subi ect i r (Subj ect i rc CompLunenl l (cr.
S
166?, 2; 24):
d, Construc,tia numirii ..nominaiiv cu iniinjtir" amintette corstruclio { 1676
. . acuzat i r cu i ni i ni t i \ "' (g 166? 1673)
rci
repf ezi nt n vari ant a acest ei n
l a di a-
t ezn pasi vd. , {sl . f el :
| | , p-r orp. . t r. d n
, n" (\ , . . , r i l
l \ ;
b a. , i \ ' )
- r
r r . ppt d . . J
nni
" '
t i ,
'
f t
, o ) J
'
op. )
lfe rre.e e\petd ro r, ihere in l.in'r.
l\on'.
cu inl.) (Verb
lasil)
(Trebnin
sI lnn acolo la ljnp.J
Ilrcflono supposeil ni,r /o 14 r
Silled
acl.or (1,r cr inf.i (ferb aclir)
lToii il considerru u aclo. 1,alntal.l
, 9" $as supposad t a l .
j
g, | "d a. t or ,
l \ um
"r
r ' \ - , 1 n. . .
( Er ' ,
onsl der r l , ! n a' l or t al r nt at
)
Do
you ttrfend dts rredsuf. to sdcz.e r higher strnd.r ntr
Jo',r
glodsf
{,\,r.
c! inl.)
lsoopul
acestei ,ni$ufi .sle si !n asjgn.o
lrodNc
dc calitate
!r.ioar{?)
IB,Iis n.nsL.e intrnilerl ro sd.r/ a l,igher sr.andard lof
lonr
goods? (Non.
cu inl.)
lAceasu
mSsurd are drelt scop 6ir ii asisure
trodnse
de orlii{te s,terioarir?l
. \ sadar .
r nr bel p c, un, - f Jr - i 3 ! I '
'
3 l 6; l
".
r ,
r ' l n' l l i u, m.
r a
d-
, . i ,
u1ar i ,
'
u i nf i r i r i \ -
t '
I f i i n o, i r F
i r
d- un. r r r
l i . ,
. . non, i r .
t i r
r u i nl i ni .
tiv". bineinleles ru xceptia aclora carc nu p,rt fi inlrebrinlate la diateza
pasrva.
w
r . \ . ". r "
, n. r . d. l i i r ' r r , , r u, J. , . 1 r
"i
ul
, r r pn, , , vi l
) ur r
, r \ .
3!8
S
16??
. . _
Traducer| a r. rDl l xt predi , : at i #. \ i t de arcasri con, <t rul j ! i o se I acc i n
l i rnba roni nnd i r modul urmnt 0r:
a' J cu pasi f ul :
He
-ds
r..i to so home.
1-{ /os,
rd:,t duoindu-se atrsi"L.l
Tt\c! Mte i]..n L td be ntlustdrus.
(ENrt
cuhrs.u!i ca oanni hnrDici.)
a"/ cu o construclie impcrsonali:
Tr , l {. ", , / , "/ i . . . . / l ob, . pr . . r ,
l .
Tr
r
- a" "[ t ". p] . . .
- t . \
t spdt d. ar ; a, r d, , . , i ". Joul J.
/ L'
- 4. , e, ' r : t
. .
". \ n, i \
r
(\ ' ezi
i i
g
rrs t )
Infinitirul
clin aceasG co st.uclie se tduce in limtra romAnd cu:
a' ,
serunzi ul :
! l ' c $ds
hr ar Ll r o o/ . ,
r e
( l oor .
r-\
l,'st au?ita l.s?rl:r,, u\a.l
a", conj unct i i ' u1:
H r'asn't erpectd ,a l,. suoh i
. ,
( Ni meni nu s a at i et t r t ca cl sn
a"' l un verb l a un n] od personat :
shc $ i s l r l i p\ ed r . &, . at abt p.
I l e t d bf . n kno$n r , / , . l cvo sor l .
r j . , r pJeJ. ;
ps, ,
, . 1t , . , bi t , .
j .
. t i "
"1
t 1: cp i ocr t .
, ?t , . , bi t . )
S
1678 b1 I r al ar i d" r - "L, l p
l a d; ar - 21 pa. i r a
,
"at "r -
t d
{
t C; 6, , on. r r . r . , i a
. . r uni nsl i ! ,
d i nl ; nI i ! -
- , r i
pui l . r n: ol i : i unpl p \ pr b. i , ,
b') iliateza
acIl.'e:.b chance, to happr:n: to appear. ra sctn: ra prcee. to
t wn out
\ -
t o pr ove) et c- :
IIe lr.ppens ,o tzo.e Enstisti.
(Din
intlmllarc
tric
cngrezeire.)
ftey sccmd ro haee undererrod
the
tostiotr.
(Pnrcau
sh ti lnteles situ.tlia.)
,rne tur!']d oar ro ,e a li.s! class pitoi.
ise
dovcdi a Ii trn piloL de elitfi.
___
D"l
l r ecu, r ; i ver bul
copul at i r t a r eur mat , l e adj ect n e. , , cer t ai n, sur e
Iik.lt. unlikela erc.:
lld is strro ,, ,. laic as dstrrl
(Sigxr cn a.e sn lnilrzic oa de obioei.l
Aro ,lav likeix to hare ha-d rhe lV .rnnoutrce,nent?
tEsle
posibil (ca eil s{ ii anzit anunlul h telelizor?l
5
1679 t0) Acordul infinitiflrlui.
- O ffoare destul dn f.ecverte
consrd tn acoroui
gretit
al infinitivului cu subiectul respectiv. Astfel. este grsit a se spunei
To
- , t "
"41. . '
l hor odgh
L, l o$. , . dc. o"
""anm. -
j .
n , "s. dr J' ,
t a 1, " r t . t o4!
Eo t , I
ndn\ n
n
h r mo' r r
i .
- ,
nt i at l
NLr .,cuno-stiniele iemeinire de
Eramaticd" Lrehuie ..sn sclio bine,, si nrci
,.sintul
unrorului" nu ..cste intotdciauna vesel,t.
Propoziliile de mai sus trebuie ret{cute. lie $chinbindu
"ce
subiectul ver-
bului prF,li.dl
spre a ti ,o'dat
ti
cu infiniiivlrl respectir. fie schirnbindu se
I o. ul i nl i ' r i ' i ! ul ui
suu l r ' l or ui ndu- "e i nt i ni i r ul , r ,
o
f r . t o/ i r i F
sa\ , ndhr a,
astfl:
Ta srite
qeu.
one should have a thorough l$owlcdge .r gr.mm{r.
'Ihe
housr iras lell t. hdr( ttenbl,al.
(-c.a
simlit casa .rtrcnutrndu se.l
It \r{s m.ant r, ,i r.dl
( D, al i nal i i . i cr r s. i
t i . . nnn. l
'
. \ . d l ' ,
on l r ", l i n
6r Ft i r , l
o'
' , ur np) t F
. A
L) .
"al r r E
l , . f , r : t ' , , " ,
. . i n. i ni t r ! DF
3r J- . | .
i ] . . '
npj . or dl t . o- ' , , .
, l p t 1
r .
, , or . ", / "
.
. ,
s.
I . i t , . nad
I l l r
' ' 5, r -
t ,
' , ,
' r or o' r e
. or t d_. , o
gr , , . n. . . , -
r . d. " . , , , t .
) e .
i
l ' . \ " ,
s r ' . i . , u^ t n o\ 1. " t h
b. ot j or . g. s
\ srnsc or huDionr is essenrial iI(e
qotu
e oe a!qa!/s
sa!.
ll) Ilelel er
larticutei
infiriti\ate,
$
1680
-dl
lltr o propozilie
in
(ar
rtoun sau lnfli mrlrc infiiilil.e
care se succedd i 1681
: "S. j . ": . ' i epdi i
s, r ' , . aLi
! , , ,
i n. i r ui I
"i r ] , t ar e. ' t ,
ut r i , "i num, , i pr i , nui i n-
r r nr l r l r st e
l f cr r , l at
d.
I ' ar t i , ! l a
/ o. .
l h
J, d.
, l ", l
l o
i "no1! r r . i
\ aI t o
or
, - r ,
' r '
. i t : . t . "t
- r
t o. / , . i , n
- ". , .
Part i ri rrl a ; nt i ri t i \ ul ui
se rerDt d
aruxcr f r| o:
d' l i ] , f i ni t i 1. L, 1 respe. , ri v
rrel ui c accent uat sau conrrast at
cu un, at ht ;
l ' , r ; .
.
l
,
o. o"r t ! r r , t or d. . ,
Lr p t , . ,
i oaj L, t h"r , , - t \ . s
I u, n r \ \ . , nr
r,
'
h! / , / / b Lt t u t r. . r. n.
I l - t , ,
- . I ' u
. ".
r o, . , a. I r t i
. , r o- "d. ol r . , r
n, . ! , . , , , .
a"/ l nl . re i nf i ni t i vcl e
care se su(. f rt e i nreNi n nraj nl ul t e cuvi i t e sau cl nat
const f ucl i a i nt rcgi i propozi l ; j
ert c compt i cat n:
_
ile islid l)er not cDt) to lo,/i |,rd,gh
je
!.!os
he liad branght. bui also to co'..r
$liat srie didr't arlrovi {,t.
.
&r l I r r I
t ,
. i , , , i l i i , . ,
i , ,
. , . pur . ur i
t a t n r cb; r i i n I r a?.
. t , , ht ,
p. ". ) , q
t 682
I n
3' FsFp\ r r ; r pt ' . r 3. , . ' r n. r i i nl i ni
: \ . o. , t i , r t i / abpmFnt i , r p"h: dr Jo- d\ Fr .
"
bul l i psef t e:
"Di d he Nant i o come Ni t h ns?, ' . . He. t i dr . i
scem, o. , ,
(
-{
vnrt sa viri! cu ndt? \u plirea
si vr.a.)
"\ \
hv Ji dn t
Jou
so u. t i . n, \ \
1. , , , !
. ' t
\ a\ no, . t o( . d / , .
r . ) r
d
q
i , p. t r p. ! r r J
l ui J; r ml I \ - am
. \
, voi p. l
I-don'i want
1o sit lor the ex{n in Junc, bnt I lare,o.
{Nu
!.ean sn dan examcn in iunic,
d.r ircbuie s,o rac.i
I ' ou , l on I ol . "y
r ! ur
Damnr q. an. t r
'
. r , , ,
oug. , / , .
' ) u. i r
d. . ut r i
t , t , nl
i . . i t u' , , . i i . I , b, i r
. . "
1. , . i . )
H"J l i kn r o t , ' ! i , I t dr . t r ot o$,
b. t
hn
s. s t ot d Lo / 4.
i r . , i . r a r r '
- ul , , 8i p.
dd" i \ . . pu. \ 1
.
nu. , " j
"\ \ ' hy
d
' i
Jou
I . \ "
J""l
r , l a, \
. '
_\ \ d-
| oot
. u! po". t , o
{De
. e
i i
}l e. at
i r . i ?* Nu i r ebxr JTJ
You. . , ul d v,
s
dr of pr J i n
i or b
qi n.
' 6
i t
r ud d. r
dni 4.
, . .
i . \ r
n p' r t ul
sd l F. i o, . i p'
1, "
t " n, , r , l d, . ar t i \ "ut . l
Pr "zc,
! 6
pi r r i . ul . i i nt i ni t i , Jt c , "
i n
a, ", . r . i
. ; ' r "1; .
i t i . d
. \ r . r "nr a
unr r |
. umt l r mpnl
dr Fni i n
nr , i p. /
r ' i
r n. "r i ""r a.
d. ?r ui r "t , . r i l F , "t ,
. , . , , , t
,
I 2j I Df i f f i f i r r d f ar o or pr i mi
r r oput . . DLr d 1, , , t , \ . r b".
Dr
t a
t .
q, a. h,
S l t i bS
t onur r 4[ Lp. ) . . t a^n,
l t . t ,
. l p. t o, al l . n. r . 4, . . t ^- u
t at t n
l os] o| . , t . . i nt t . p- $u; t ,
-
I nr , i r r \ i t
( dr p F\ pf l
; s, , put se. r ar r sf or nr n
J_ ubi , _i i nt r un
mod p' r conal . l e; el , 1. \ - r bLl
f r . r dFr , t
l x. j r
. unj Jn,
l i J
, , r , , / . , . t , . , . , i
.
d
a. psT r . r h
ps' e
t d !
t or . t "
, I n, t ul
i , , . ppr Hr : \
. . , , r
r , | |
- ,
l , : \ dl _n
at r , "s, ui a
( u Ln\ r i r l r c. , r n i n, l emn
pt c. ) :
I'll .all o,d asA him myself.
(-Am
sii tr.c sel nilrel eu insuDri.l
1, : r ,
; . ,
:
t p, t , . : n" i
. ' . 1". j r
n' 1r , ,
". . . . i r . ,
un
.
: , , . r r . t i n r i r ' . .
tgaxd
aank11,.
lJat
hd s,ankd.
330
I'll ,inq lEt ur drd retl her the nc\!s.
(-\m
sr-i telelonez ca sa'i spun restea.l
Cane a l pldy
qith
theml
( Yi no sI t e
j oci
cu. i i )
You oucht ,o come a\l see ts.
(-A.r
tre6ui sI rii si n vczi.)
Cn dnd eet ronr hat .rnd coatl
(Du-te ac-li ia hai a
Fi
piliria.)
IIuttlJ up and.
/tnrs, Xour
workl
(Grnbette de-li termin4 treabal)
Esc. pl i e
I nf i ni t i
l . d. p
"rpt ; nri
srrput sc rncnLi ne al un. i
. i nd varbul predi . st
". 1"
l a al l r nod suu
l i ; , p da. i t . ol e ment i onat e I a
$
I 683:
It makes !s so halpy $'hcn we
so
,o sde him
(Sintem
atil dc ledciii clnd ne ducen s Yedem.)
1 cdlled. tt inquire, but ro one waB in.
(Am
trecut sa mi iDic.cscz, d,lr nD .a nineni acass
)
: t t - , , app", J u. osA I n" no\ l $d, .
($-a
orrlt sn nit inl.rebe ce nai fac.)
He cautd'rc aone to sPe !'ltnnY il she'dr told hi to.
ts-ar
li
putui
duce
(sau
s-ar li dus) la Fanny dacl i-ar li slN eal
l adn. )
1684 13) IntiDitirul
negatir. - Locul negaiiei care caracterizeazi un inliniLiv
cste inaintcu i initivului:
"To
be or no, to De, that
js
the
quest-ion
"'
I told he. it was a mistake no, to t ll Jan{ the truth
!'or
you
no, ,o hdee dnsamd bY a lrosn was signiticaDl.
I|\ ior them to
'l.ecide
ot nat
(to
dcide) oD the subject
s
1685
I I . PARTI CI PI UL
(TIIE PARTICIPLE)
CONSIIIXBATII CDNXRAIE
A 1686 t ) Pi rt i ri pi ul
l rri \ i t
. omparol i t i 0
granl al i . s engl ozi qi [ n roa romt ni . -
'
cramst i . a
l i mbi i
; ' : l ez"
di l prd t oar' | . l ' l ul l de gremal i ca l i mbi i rori na rn
ceea.ce
p,rivqte modul de tratarc a
larticipiuluj,
deci
ti
a terminologiei res'
Dect rv, 5Dre exmDl u:
dl l n
ercmari : a
l i mbi i
cngl ozo t "t . t ' enrLi d" pot t i i pi u (
Port ; "; pk)
i 3c
da un i nt el i s mf l i l "rs d". i l i n
sran
ut i . a l i mbi i romcnF, deoare' e
"l
. upri ndA
' odl p
t or mFl p
p"r r i r i pi al ": pdr l i ; i pi ul pr ezcnl pr l ; , i pi ul pFr h. t qi . per t i ci pi ul
irecut sub ambele aspecte,
pc ctiv
,\t
rmptrfe't'v' bL la ambcle
draiezoi ieF
m. nul . . parl i "i pi , -
di n
gro' "l . et i r" romend ara drcpt corespondenL
i n grams-
t i ca
onsi oza
nri mai t orn. nul
, , parl i ci pi u
rrp"ut ' ( Port Part i
i f l ' )l
, / ' i n Lr "mAr i , r
l i . bi i
. nsl - , " F\ i ql -
douH l or m"
v. ' bdl F: pd. / i
.ipiut
pre.'nt ( PTesent Participli) qi
Serdnlianl
(GerandJ' care, degi nu se
lslc' d:
sne ldd
(coloclial).
!
Sau: ",\sk lim ro ;otu onll s4, me". care este for ula rccomanda6
lcntu
e\itara
^t ". t ut d, f oni
dpzdLl dbl pr o, , u5 l r np
r ' r r . L
nt ur i ' uhi
i ^l i ni . i \ dl . - r r pFt Ar p ' ol usl
cur cnt u cl i i ar ! i
l n sf f k. Vezi
i i $
1633, 1030
' W.
Shalresre.re.
Hdmlet, Ptine of Dentuatk
{
P..nume nasculin fdssnl.
831
deosebesc formal. au lunc,tii dife.ite. Se atrage atanlia cititorului si studieze
a. pr qt ;
. hFcl i unp i ,
. odt ul
Lt unol i t
i . r - l ": .
unda
pJr t i . i pr , t pr . z,
n. t , r Japt i
I Ai r F l ur r r i i l a Hl r ; bu; 1, L, pr . Lr nr i , r l ui r or ' ; nF. . r
qr . 6
t d, a . t : . t l n, r i i
"u' . ; r ' a
l r r t r n gr r ; r r ' l i vul r
( C
t undt pnel r z' . r
! i
g"r un/ i ul r oma' Fs, ;
.
,
J: r AmAl i . 1, l i ' nbi i
Fnsl FTp
Fr - t n
pot . i ": t ; d
p r l . t ( P, , [ . !
Pdt t ; . ; r l , t .
dJ ln gramatica limbii nqlze nu eriistd r1rodul
.,sup;r,',, ale cirui lunctii
lc lrdeplineste gertndilrl.
2) Diatezd. Timp. ,{spcct. ln grarnaiica linrbii englczc. pa(icipiul
dre
g
1682
dou" di r l '
z-
l , . t i \ d
. i pasi \ aJ.
t r "i t i mpur i
{or Fr "nt .
t r nl ut
s: oer f e. t , si . t n
r r zul p"r r i "i pi Lr l . . i pr er "nr . dou; o. p. ". i
r p"r i ""
: '
. i
i -
1. - r t , r r r r , .
Participiul
T] \ I P
Di ol .zn
e,,,."r st,pr,l i
a
,-, ,
(: pornind)
{:
li'nd pomit) (: pomi rl
(:
lornind)
harlng been startcd
(.= liind
I]ornit)
0bs. r aal i e
Partioipiul trecut al verbelor tranzitive
ar tn genere
sins
pasi,,
iar
par
g
1688
i i r i pi ul
t r e. uL 11
r Fr bcl or
i nt r snTi t i vF
' "ns
o. t i r . For m, par l i i i pi ul ui r r i cur
'
al verbelor
rcgulai.o este aceeasi (irfinitiv
+
ed_,), in ambile cazuri:
Oncp s@' pd
l Jr l i vi ,
t hr "o $as no . t oppi ns n, m.
( Odal l po- , i , , n, , I mJi
put '
a or r i ni +n:
,
. d- l l "d
l oxs^, om, by
- :
p. p
t oot r t , . n: 6. I
r r Ji n.
, Ch. aol
Jr . t - ' t t F
pf r i r i .
. i t ' r dl
. r "n. l
J, . n; dp, e. r
T OTi , UA I N
- I NG
(TIID .INO
T' ORNfI
s
1{i89
l r Dot rumi rp, l n gramat i ca l rddi l i onal d.
nart i ci pi ul
prezent ,
c"run-
(
l 690
di vt l
( G
r und. 1.
. ubs' anr i vul
vpr bJl
Ei
ddj a t i \ ul r er bal au
pr i ni L, p. nr r u
bi mpl i f i "ar". rumel p
. upri nroror:
. . t orma i n
i ng-.
pent ru
f t p{! ) c, i
, osr,
! ai ru
au i . "Fa! i f orm6 l erri l dt a rn sul i rul
-, ' rg,
i "r d-os"bi ri l e di nt rp
pl a
si nl
loarte subtile. De faptlnsn, substantivut verbai-era o varianti
a
gerundivului
(
S
1748-1749), cu distinctii Ioarte controversate, iar adjectivul verbal re-
prezenta o funclic a participiului przent.
Pentru acst mdtiv, in lucrarca de
fali chestiunea formei in -ing va fi tratati in raport cu cele doni forme
prin,
, i pJl - : par Lj . ; pi ul pr ezFnr
! i
gFr undi \ . u. . pr obl en
a sub. Lant i r r r l r r i v"r l , at
l l
d. 4pa d ddj F. r i ! ul , i r pr bsl f i i , , d
Fr p, r sF
I n i , SdLur d
"u
t "r ma pr i nci p. , l o
r "i -
pectlvi.
' l l l ei - , ' . 1r x
r ! i D. odop' dr n. 1, 1""r , , i , d "dd
pr ! .
' r , m. r u, u
C
- , ,
/
J
! - dod
, ". ngl . / t . l ai
' 6i e, . , er l i r Ji I
u"na ut , ut ' i Jdapar , on. ' l r . t i i or di nt r nLa
"omi l ' . ; a"uoabi . , d. : ! 1, und l . gd". i oi , . F. Tr ' n" r .
aaui dt u- \ i . t a
a l nq- mJi "d
r . l i ni . , l l
- i
ner , mbl i , dl t d, r / d/ t
E; . a\ t : t , n
or
- p
nh. "m1r ' i c. J: . d"dr o. amb. . o.
,, Jilfff$ itii:illt
're
rar ln rimba cnsrez{ rnctt
loatc
ri considernt' ineistent v'zi
Bt9
A l 69t l r Ti un. Di at czn. Ar i r
| r r t i r i pi ul
pr Fz"nr . . i t
r i : "r undi i ul
au dnu;
'
l i mpul
f r Fz"nl
si
pFr h. ' qi doua
' l i . t . z"
ar t i r a si
l aqi r i :
Diate.l actird. calling
(prezentl harinq called
(pc.icctl
Ditrte\e .lsied-. beins-calcd
(piezenl)- iiadns lreeir crlled
(perlcct)
s
1692 P-TBTICIPIUL PTi,DZENT SI GTBUNDIVUL
(TIIE
PNtrSE\I' I P-{RTICIPLI] AXD THD ODRUND)
S
1693 1) I'ormn. - Partioipiul
prezent si
gerundirul
se construicsc addu-
gi nd ,
. "
r ul i \ ul
- i r p
l , i nl ; ni ' i \ :
to see
-
seeas
5
1691 1) ortogratic.
oJ Yerbele t{rrminate intr o consoani
precedati de o si\grd ncalii tlc'
c.ntuatd d,rbleaze consoana Inaintea terminaliei -ini:
In celelalte cazuri, consoana finali nr se dublcazn:
to bc'gin be
8innh3
to fo.
gPi
-
lor
sctt,"g
to Dre ie.
-
Dfe'fPfltns
to ;d nriL id nittrg
to olf-"r
-
bflcring
lo
'listen -
listcnl:r4l
lo de r0u. de vourtrg
to fc main
-
re'maini"6
to 0rnoe
-
canoe,nS
to hoc
-
hnetug
snoo.4g
to toc totn'g
to queue
-
qu.ue g
Er cept i el
to ivo.shb
-
worsl,ippt,s.
Cuointele compuse retminate in p umleozn regula de mai sus aplicat'
numai la cuvintul firral:
l o hoap{hi 0 -
ho_- \ r l ' i [ pi , ;
i o
( "r n' l t -
l i dnJppi ;
r o
. o
Ji ' r
-
l i d. sl r pt r , g
l o
' aI
i ! o . ' bo l l - adl pr r 4
DJ -l
f i nal st e i nt ot deauna dubl at , ori care ar f i l ocul acce t ul ui :
. , , , . qu. ' t
--
. q rl l l , , E t , L| l i l t ul ' ' i l l t . g
l o r oi n
r Fl
r on
' r
l l ,
"'
r o . ol r ol
-
' . n
' r ol l t r 8
l o l r al : l l r . ' \ ; l l i ,
a
l o ,
' n| '
'
-
gamLour r j
io an nul
-
an ndli,rg
c) -ir
devine intotdeauna 'idlt:
to bilouno
-
bivouackina l.o trallic
-
hallieLi"s
to mimic
-
mimickiug to
licnic
-
picnicktng
d) 'e mui {inal cade lnaintea te.minaliei
-ins:
io hare
-
having
lo make -
maktrs
_ , np.
?n. B
to d.ink
-
drinhing
Exccl t i L:
do dye
-
dyeingr
ro eye
-
Iomg
.
tu srtrg. -
srngc'"8"
Lu iinsP
-
ting[e)i,g
c, - i c
f i nal se schi nt bn i n ' q:
lo die
-
dri,sl
to lil'
-
lXins
to tie
-
tting
' . \ - ", onr ar a: , l r l i ngl . l . nx
- nr . i nl r . , t yPi t s J nJl I - \ ' l s, ndr :
vag, ag
[ ] "r u Jl
-
r i nl , ndJ, . u si 4g<i 4s r , ndl r ol
{
t i r r r nJL
[ ) ' ! ]
t n"t
' '
, , ' "nLr n- i ' , 1i ' r ' "
' r r '
i br i ei
". ' :
to inn.r-'
-
arDolr,g lo
lhr" tlalrag
to crl
-
crXins lo obcy obexlng
333
3) Portioipiul
prczent
fi
gerundilul. '- Din cauza formei lor ideniice, se
$
1695
t ". e dpsFor i
, ont ' 7i e i r
""
pr r i , i f i ul
1, r ez"
l
. i
g- r ur , di t . Di l i n. l i a I nt r n
o, ". ' "
1"r t i
de r or bi ' n
e. . c
i n-
'
l u, r
"
i por ' snr ' 1. dFoar ' ap
- 1"
au oci qi ni
9i
fu nct ii aiferite. Deosebirile dintrc participiul prezent
;i
gcrundiv sint urmitoa-
aJ functiilc granaticale:
.q
1698
I ' xrf i ri pi ul I rrczenl
pj r.
\ p, h
'
r
\ i o"t -
' )"
odi
. t ; r . i
dt u' l t
rb
gcr undi Yul
ps
"
! cr b
'
u \ r l ^ar
'
Jp
- uh. t r r t t r .
Primul srveste
pentru
a calrlrcd un suhstani,i{ sau un verbJ fll doilea aa-
np,rle acliunea
erprimatd de verbul respectir:
t , . . r
. a"d
. Jt . 3. r . i l d- . r ,
( r "r ' . _i t .
I
l \ r l ^l ' uh"
ol r i
'
l l '
r '
She Fent aNay .rli,s.
{l' a.t.-
ad!.]
t (Ea) t l eca t I nsl nd. l
Th, r
\ dr / . An \ ' r t , , . y, , / i , . C; n t t .
1""1.
I ar t , ' l \ d . ml
( \ . l
-
r dau, i I n I nr l
.
s
l l i
b' J
! r i r r I
' r '
Crltzg doesn't h.lp anyone. (Gerundiv- snbst.l
(Plinsul nu ajutiL nimdnni
)
Il'alltzs is
go.d
lor lhe herllh. (O{undirl
(lleNnl cste snnltos.)
a' ar l ", g- st i ckr ( Conndi r l
( : ! D l . st on)
a
(,olntB
dictionarX (Pat. adj.)
( : nD di ol i oni r . mbul ant l
, J i nt r ebui r l . at p st r i bnt i v.
pdr t i ci pi ut pr ezent
i ;
ger undi vul se daosebesc
S
169?
de cel e msi r nul t e or i
qi pr i n
a! r cr Lt :
subsiantivul
precdaal ae ni p.lrtil:ipiu are in goncre accentul
principal,
par t i ci pi ul r espo r i v
I ' ul r ' r d
dr pa u. . pnL
pr ; n. i pi l
- au
. '
'
unddr :
subsLsnl i i ul pr "r "dat , l . un
s
t n, t ' J ar e i n g"n"r " ar "or r t s. "undsr . gp-
rundivul respoctiv arind accentul principal:
Psrtioipii
prezente (: adjective)
i\
lbullying tman
the dmtng
Xear
an
' ' tns
judsment
r
/auiq
srar
r mr t g sl ai r casc
lhe
pos'us
hour
a nalch in
'sotzg
ronl.
Gerunilivolo (: substantive)
a ,adi,rg-rcsort
thc
_
cdlrgtrg Lriidc
^
,4rdsrng
toonr
a
t-^rn8-ro(
a
lrsng-par
a
'ledrt4
cerulio.te
(un ceriilicrt ne abetrire a
un-;'
icoll
t he, [ . i . r t "i nsr vcnus
i dtntlne conmenn.lJ
r tar.rtg library
Lhe det oetipinel weins cotnt tie6'
{sraliune
6a:hea.d sau climate cl)
r Cuvi nt
. t
, , d/ t i , r
". t ,
d, i ; . f u1, 1i , . ddo16r F, . r a. f b
' . , i
nat
t Fnl nr
a. r - p
p, ' c
: nt r ebui nl nL n. bl onLl . \ ur n l r nr pl r " i : o t t "Ll o""al t i 4a Cr I ni ul "d' i ' sdr 1 a. r sl
. i mnl u; Dpsl "pi nur m' " Jdt l i \ , ' 1r i n' r ' r "r l hl
l . g. r I Ar l r '
"dl d.
um. r cuL' '
lotelese tn cxcnphrr ufmi' ort d dictioNtt! that ealks.
!
Ttuile
ln curs de dezvoltarc-
x
t,aiinr r.nn > ||i1.hdr^winq.m.m
:
s,l.ras iro otndrd-
:
a se rctraEel
334
1698 c, Parlicipiul
prczcnt poate fi prcccdat nunai dc conjunclii, gerundirur
de prepozi l i i (91734).
N ot d
1699 ln uncle situalii ru se poate preciza iD nod incortestabil functia urlui
ourint lermi at tn -ing
Si
anume, dace este \.or$a dc un parlicipiu prezent sau
de un
gerundiv:
Ll\e Hanging Committeelpoate fi: comisia
pentm
,,
alegere a tablouri] or"
(geru div) sau,,care alege tablourile" (parLicipiu przent)
;
a haruesti.ng machine
lpoateli:
o masi i penim
,,secerat"
(gerundiv) sau
,,care
secerd"l (participiu prezenl)l
1n ascrnenea cazuri, un criteriu concludent pentru interprel,are astc
acceniul (
g
1G97). r\stfel. ln diclionarele engleze, cuvintele citate la
$
16)7
stnt considerate sulstadlive, funclie indicatd dc acoentul care cade numai pe
form.I in
-inf.
$
1?00 PTIRTICIPIUI' PN,I]ZNNT
{fIIt
PLESDNT IAR!TCn
)
S
1701 Cflraoter
ti
fune.tii. - Participiul przent are
pe de o pArte laloare de
verb, pe de alta valoap de adjctiv
9i
de adrerb.
s
1?02 1) Ca Yorb!
aJ are forme verbale (timp si diahzn):
calline bcins callcd
haYiDi callcd haYiig been cnlled
6../ poate fi detominat de un adi.erb:
Sl c $r nt r $xy l . uel t i ng \ i Lr t l ! ,
i Pl er , i
nz, n I nr et
)
Haoing spahel conainchely, \e
(Cum
vorlise convingnhr, a a t succes.)
c_,) poate avca un complemeDt direct:
-a1d"zg
a l.rrge
/dntls.
she tas very iusy.
(Aylnd
o lamili ntrmeroasd, era loartc oculate.)
Eaains l)een aoafi.4l a pti.s,
his work was reriewd in all the paleG. (Posiv)
(Fjnid
lremiali,
lu af.a lui a fosf recclzate h toatc ziarele.)
S
1?03 Avind caracter de \erb, pariicipiul prczcnt
cunoalt urmitoarelo lntro-
buill!nri:
s
1?04 o,l lmpreunn cu auriliarul to BE. Iorm0azn tonjugara continud:
Don't dislnrb l,.rl Shc ir ,eo.lin,i.. (l'.czcnt]
( Nu o ddar j al Lucr Pa?n. l
She aas hdenq a Nalk wli.n I ncr h.r.
{Trec!t)
(Se
tlimba
cind am Inilhit o.)
They rir, 6e Elelhonnry \ery soon now.
(viiior)
tTrcbuio
sn tele6neze ioarli curind. (r"-area
f.ijd.)l
S
1?05 D) dupd un
verb Ja un mod personal alaLd cd anbele ac-tiuni sinl, Binrul-
Thc dcnonstrrtio rrrt on. tl,e crosd .nc,ft,s. t\c children stngts.
(Manilestalia a conljnnat. tuulli'nca a.lantnd. coliii olntird.)
lle slaad laokiry at $-
lS1.itca
pdrindu'ne.)
l
Ia innba ronaae, inli.p.ct{ca dat, ln ac$i oar diier-1 de nrbrprclaf.a .nglezn,
denlni.fa adoltaii tiind
,.o
src"ditoar{"
l:
a nasiril ca4 s.ceri).
335
cJ
poate fi intrcbuin,tat in construclia
numiii
,.nominativ
absolr'tt"
$
1706
(
g
1723):
The lili. ,'lj[s out of orde.. I had to Nalk ulstahs.
{Liltd
liind-deteot, am losi silit si trrc pe sclri
)
Thp f oJd ha\ i DS
/ . a wnd. d.
pP
wl - dbl "- 1" d, i t " on. ( Pd' j v]
t Sos. JU. '
l i ' . d r dt Jr ar J. DF
' n
p i ul r ont r nur r umu
d) poat tnlocui o inLreagi
propozilie secundari:
S
t707
- st r i .
u sbel ^i r e.
' p
hsd no r i ; hl r , ' ub.
'
{
i N' sp"' k
' t '
uf v'
S. r i ci r r j r bi nl l "l
d. p. s. r Ji "r obi e, l i .
We havc decided io reoryanize our dai.v f.lnn' cicuns&nc^ alla@ing
l:
it
.iruNLanocs allo$ I.
'
i An hot , l r i l i r Pu"qar : zdr i - r nd noJ"' r ' 1
! dn
_u
' r dr t pr ea
vr r i l or J" l aDr "'
dacr nc vor
pcmite
coDditiile
l
Not d
Partioipiul
prezeni intocuieqte o iutreag5
propozitie secundard, ln spe-
S
1708
, i cl dupa- "onj un"! i i Jc
( 0t
) t houPl ' .
Qh' n. +h; b et t - l
Thoui n
Sai r |
on t or
"i \ l J
n"
I
' s ' "
Jt i vp
' as
Pr r r I r hough l "P w' nl on
'
{D ; i
TFr gr b
Jr d ' ar / i .
, r r
l l " o$d. i on l l . dr ol . i n r , {a
Pd
"; 3
' wh"n 1, " pb"s"J
( Un, or i vi nt h noi Li n. l t r ce
! c
i i r r ' )
She read
(ntie
dd,tze
{:
whilc she atcl.
t(Ea)
cite.r in tinp ce mlnca
l
2) Adj cct i Yel e
pr or oni t o di o
par t i . i pi i - pr ozcol o si n' .
' onsi der al F
I n
"di c: i o-
$
l ; Oq
ndr Fl e
Ci
gr dmat i ' i l p acl ul p
. d sr mpl p dl ' cl r vp.
'
f l l Fr r ul . 0nt ual . l r r nd
/ , r Pl ' 74
pp
cr r p o i ndepl i n' gl F
un
. u! ' l nl
sdu o
. onql r uct r '
Ll p aJ dF' l
' 8r a' p_
i r st i ci l e adi ect i vel or
obi gnui l e:
---' -
"I
*' g*a"
de t oi paral i e
dxcd esl e cazul : $
1?10
omu: i nq
l l dm' nB
i nvi r or dl ' ng sl i mul Jt : ng
pr acl i ns
I nL"r psl i og
sr usl j I ng r ) f l r J- 1S
He is nol, am&stDs thaD I c.rn te]I.
(Nu pot spune clt esi,c de amuzant
)
I lound her d? tust i\tere'ting
pe$ol I had ever mot
(rrm gdslt o cea nai interesaniil_pelsoanir
le
care o lnl'llnrsem v'eodatl
)
D, pot fi Iolosite la formarea adverbelor respectiYe
prin addugarea
su-
$
lTll
lixului -ly:
He answred dzgni4lY
(Dl
rd:rpunse rlzind.)
We looked. undcrclandingiy at oach othr.
(Ne-aD
Privit
cu inleles
)
c)
pialn
au funcl,ie de
alribul sau pot face
parte dintr-o construcrie
partici-
$
1712
cu lunctie de atribut:
tretine Mi"
ir
/rirs
vL tl
i i at J; "c n"n"
t np
6. . , , , 1; 9
pl dn"'
l n"
"; "r ; g r "n
r dl on
t t an; ag. d"t ' r
t l , F bot ht as
r l i l dr ar
l he r , I r ' 8 sun
Ever:r'thing is in eallt order. (ln starc de ruoiionate)
'fhi\
is x! la!/.ins maittsf.
I ne o( t r r - - ' , ; , s ! ubl i c
h1q i r ' r . as' d
. un: i d"r U)
T1"
Li ".
smi i i r s'
$ho s
.
ni l i n. j j o t uPl i l 4. i s I nv , l Jught "r '
Tl - or p i i somFoDo r i nsi oS
t
$no b r r ogr ngl
t r , 4I .
r
Vezi,si echivalcnl.ii ad
jectivali
l $
7,"5
-78?).
1
:
un bi' rrbai, cre chclciie.
3: o
vi zi t i sr i Lbi t a.
a:
aviorul care aiciza
{sar
arcrizenzll)
Conql r u", i i l " oar l i '
i pi dl ,
cr , , / ; nr ca
hor ' r ' i l r , r i n<i h; , / ,
/ /
si n al i i bul "
. l c subi ,
'
r, l oi ; , ri , r". spi " t i u
. 0, , r' ri , . d. o; i ""; repr"zi nra prapoTi l i i t Ft ' i t a
atributil.e.
S
1713 dJ
poate fac parle din predicat
l:
adjectia
prcd;mlie
)
|
Tl py dt r t ant i . r I n
uJl
dn. o
\ Jnr d pr "4i '
al i v . r b: . l i \ l
\ \ ' .
' t ound
h, T i "1\ J
so
, . g. \ uma
! . . Jr .
i \ oo
""r , \ ,
t 1?11 ll) Ca sdrerli. DalticiDiLrl Drzent are lunciie de conlDlement circumsta!-
"
t i al , poat e t ac. poi t e t l i ni r - o- const r ucl i e cu l i r ncl i e de i ompl ement ci r cum-
stantial sau
poate determina un adiecdi.:
She la! down r8dinc, icirc. de mod)
t vh"n; oi l . t - t o t hp
' t ' 16.
I ' r n' t i s 5on. Ci ". Jp l i nr p)
-iIo,
l,.inq;ode/sd,/ *ii th. subject, ie did n.L undc*tRntt the lectu.e.
(Clrc.
de
]9eeu s
ploling n,. b be in the isht, she snould no! hare nsed that to!8.
lcirc.
. {ki ; l v s! ni I t os,
. h" r , . r ' $. , . , ot l t I r on- i .
. .
Ci r , . d. . onai F
TI p , ni l k
{d"
boi l i r c / m/
( Dal pr n
1: I ur i l ' ' l i \ l
Pul on
yolr
heavy ioat: it is
liercins
rold. (Determin{ rtr adjciiv)
33n
s
1?r5 CoDstruetii
participble
(Psrlicipial Phr8se!)
s
s
1716 1) Acuzatirul 0u
psrtieiliu (,tccus&tiee oith
participlc).
111? d.) Verble rfritoarc la simluri
-
to
/e.'1.
to hear. ta listo, to see, ta laok
at, lo behokL, to nolice, to obs.jee, to parceire, to s,atch, 1o srr'?ll etc -
pot aYea
ra gi in.gramaLica romend, un complement direct care si fie subiectul trnut
pari rcrpru prezenL urmaror:
I trlt re child nenbline.
(-\m simlit copild lrenruritrd.)
Hn wal . \ ' d / . . aai , , g.
{Ne lrivca
eum venenm.)
I can smell &e ntlli Da.ntn6.
(uiroasc a lalte ars.)
t ; l a \ '
F. r p. , r i . i pi u.
. ^, , . i da' i r
i ' , g' "ms, r d l i , nbi i r l gl "z" ,
a f i i nd un
nur ' e pr o. l i ' "r r t ; bi
' , i ! r
{. t .
$2. 26, .
r ", r """2; i r np. ui ; . u
"uhi F, r ul
l ui
o c.rnsl,ruclie echjvRlenlA cu o propozilie compltivd direct;:
I lelt th. chil.l ttenl'litls
l:
lhnl the child was t.e'nbling.)
t I c saw het comi ns
( = i hal she $as comi ns) .
I c{n smell sonrdhs bolnlB
e
rnat sonDthing
is burDilgl-
S
1?19 .) ,\ltc verbe urnate de un afuzatil cu paftjcipiu: l, catch' ta
find,
to
!:et.
to har.. lo imdgine,10 heep, to l,!aa|. Io s.1. b slttt etc.l
\
"u
t i nd n pd4. i
'
l or ) '
r
ol i ddt j
\ l ' ga.
. l :
"'
I nd b r e1; 1"
' Fnl r r
' ' l p,
"i
n \ ""Jnl i
'
Thts]' Iept n. d'oidzs
{ror)
an hou.
ill
ru ilcul. sd atrcpr o o .)
I can't Isre n?' spotrt,s flJ chil{l.en.
{In
o
rot
llsa sihtri rezgiic .o!iii.)
l^rgine tue sun bathinc on the beachl
({e vczi
rre
mine li'lcind bdi de soare
!c lhjal)
r
ln gramalien ronnni. in aceeaii constrnclic: ..Am
yiiztrr.
venind", lo.mn verbali
.,\'enind"
esle considemu ca a,fiDLful oomllenientului di.ecl
.,o".
387
,
t ' n' 1" \ , r L". l i n
o, , a. . a. 1r b{or i e
po
t i u, r , , a, F r i
. t c
u, i nf i , , i t i t
r $J6r i nr . dqr , uo"r r bt r l as. hi ^b. r "Jpr nr "l ps: i nr i n: r i r ut . ", , i "r i t , o- ci une
, b. t a"t d.
n"t i L, nF. t
. u
t ,
' ; "p
. pr , n, l pi r t i . i ni ut . , r s, r i s/ "
"". . i
, .
r "; . , / . -
I l r uo
l n t ur s Lu r l anl Pnt dot :
I have ofter scen him .ra th." race.
lL
am lnzut adese.r dislnund
l=
cd dislnta) .rcea-rri curst.t
l _\ ; , r r o*i ng
or "r . \ r , r "n | . ' \ ' hi
r , , , . ; ", t u. J, .
- t .
I i r dl d\ dm
5r ' ' da' : aJ t .
'
1 \ i z .
'
d l
"
r " r . ]
r ,
n, t . , . , sd. . 1 , ,
d" , . . , . , . r . , r . _
I heard
r''ou Jrcdi to him.
tTe-am
nuzjt rorlriidu i (: cir i-al rorbit.il
I hFard
you
srrdl . , rs 1o h' o.
l T
. am
, u/ , 1 \ o"bi i d i ( , I nd
i i \ , r o"
' i
. J
2) \ oui l r l i r ul r u par r i . i pi u.
- 1n i "Fa. . d
"on. t r u. . . i p
i dFnr i . .
i r t i .
l . r r o. r ; n. ] . suLi *
r , l \ cr h, r l ui p| pdi "at l a, Ji ot ' z. r I a. i \ ' a- "r - , or oJst d5ub: "
I l
ur ur pdr r r cr pr r pr FT! 11 . J. a
i l i n. ol o. l a. i , r ' r e t H.
p
!
t F
di n
pl . . i . i t ,
ar , , r , .
pr ' di . ot i t
subi
. t : , '
( , l .
S
2; 241. L^ns
' - u,
Li a
, . . -
i r t r pbui r t . , r ; , , r r ,
"bel e
nar e
pr pr i m, r
t . r ppl i i
spnzor i sl a
t \
l , l , r .
pr "r u-
r i
"u
ct i e
, t , t a r er be
' S
l ; l 9r . . i f t pr "t i nt . ! , r st r p, o pr . t ". t
v"r bul ui pr edi . . r : n. or i t , t aun. , ", r -
zat ; v cu pari i ci pi u' (g
1716):
?, ' ?" r , r ss!
aeoo
r d, i r C J chi ' l f - , m dr o
L. i n;
t \ on.
. u
! . . . . t \ ! r b od. i !
' On l l r \ - / ul
! al vi nd un
r ol i l
dp l d . n,
)
: om, on"
aat r
/ / - Dr a
sd' , , g J
i hi ' d
i , .
, t r ot r 1i nr
\ , , u pd, . \ "r n , i \
r ( - r n \ a \ , , r or r l
qdl \ . n. 1
n r o! ' l
d. d , 1", . ,
51" saq [ e! nl n. t : a. t . C
l o. r
r ' am"
l \ om. . r I , dr t r \ , . b L. , i \
r \
l 05
"u/ i
m. 1t ". nn, l n| m' , , . l
. .
";
l 1"on-
L. ar d h. a?ai , r : "8 \ i . r nd
^.
r \ ,
i 1r p' r i \ dr . . ' i .
Constmct;a mmiti
,,nominatil-
cu
DattjciDiu,, aninteste constructia
.lnominativ cu inlinitiv.. (Sl6?t). dosebirea di;tre cete do;6 forme tiiirrl
aceea; i ra
t i
dosebi rea di nt re, , acuzat i vul cu part i ci pi u, , si . , acuzat i vul
cu i n-
f i i i t i 1. " (
{ 1667):
. \ Dod, l oa' l "d \ i l h l - i f l e\ s
s. . . n, o/ . r . ? t h t an, i , r ^- t . ' i , ,
r \ . nr . cr ' ^r . l
,
l O
ba. , ; i n, i Fl l J. u
.
r ' i . r , r . l r
' l u- l
\ d/ . i ! l , , 1J
"i pF! . d. t d, l . br F
l / o, r t o"4pt
(
n
r r pp r . \ i .
.
l ) r r ai r , i ; 1ar t i ' r ! ,
r 5r o1i . t i t u. , \ , , 1t
l t q. . . , t
, . , d
t L. ot
| ) , ; . I . dl
s
1720
s
r; 21
5
r?92
3) \ominatirul ahsolut (Nominatioe
Abtatulc). ln cordructia numita
{
1?98
. . not r i ' r r l i \
^b- nl Lr ' .
un pr r i , i r : u pr - / "nr . l r t r - Lui nr d'
i ' , . pt - nupnt dr ur ,
'
rcrb predicat,
are ca subieit un norrjnativ care nu este
;i
subieciul propoziliei:
\ \ ' . . h. ' l l
h1\ ' a p. n. nn
i 1l . r oat .
, "at r -
I , p, ] . t ! t , r c.
. l
i m , i i r r bi r . i J.
si , l , r . i , . J,
' : . r "
. -
r " o. n
' f l
ht dr et . n4. : nB
sD-
l o b. , , I n, ' .
n' \ , bt , o, pt
.
' Cot :
, n I
r . 1,
' l i .
pur pd r ,
' , r n
.
'
. a od t ,
, . ".
,
f l , ; b, : aCU, d
. , q4l .
up p
- , u
oI o t l " , \ t i t , . 1, , , n t r - . , _"r , J,
I \ ". r . d
i i l J n 1. . b, l - ", 1 . '
t un. l
l
'
1r l , r o J. u,
. , ; r n"
d. . i
_.4)
Partioipiul absolut
fl&srlaie
PurricilL.:
).
-
ln unele erprsii rurelrre.
S
1?94
subi ect ul pari i ci pi ul ui prezcnt l i psest c:
f . au. t : r s
l r an
4n. . , . r , n .
I i ' "p' ndJ r ni i
e.
m, . i r du. b. p. , ' / I . pr n
"
\ r , . r t noL
c.
' . e, 1l t !
: p"at t r s. t h, r , - ut r -
4 . . , t . r . . t , r . t
r Vnr o ni l t n gpnpi . , r .
r Fl . t , d, . t p . . nr
.
r . .
. ,
, 1oa-
,
Hi s sol k
j .
q, , i ] , p
eood. . an: i , t . . t \ t
L. l u^f dzr I , i
p, 1"
r o. dJ, d' i i . . j . . i | . . , 1".
338
A lte erpresii similare:
,a'.ina aocidents
b.sidins \'il\ our nert issuc
.ozsid.t,sr thc circunNt.rnces
sains.Fl\\t
judsng)
bJ apFarances
rn.rrd,4a iomorlolv
/c.ioztng
t.om today
.?gdldt';l rour application
s.?tn4 that
(loculiune
conj nclionau)
s' ' i
r ' r '
l -
J
' ,
p, "r at a)
- r "i <
"-
r , , r l , R i , , "vr hj ns i nr o d' . o. nr .
r . .
s
1?2;
GXITUIDITUL
172t 1) Form5. Gerundivul are aceeaqi formi ca
ti
pariicipiul prezentJ cu
care est adeseori confundat din aceasl,i cauzd.
1727 2) Carecteristici
Fi
funclii. - Gerrndivul esto o formi verbdd. c,t taloare
de substantie si, ca atare, are atii caractrele verbului, clt qi pe acelea ale
substantivului.
1728 Ca Yorb.'
al are forme deosebite dupd timp
E\
diatezd.:
I don't mind her se';na mc.
{Prezcnt
{ctirl
tNu
mI supiril cl1 mI ved
{m
a vilzut sau Ini1 !a vedea)'.]
I don't mind ]net haring set ne. (Pedect acl-v)
(Nu
n6 supanl cI n a vnzut.)
I don'i. mind beins sun b\ her. {Prezent
lisir.)
tNu
mi suptui si liuh{ li losi rizuti {le ea.l
I don'i nind haoins been seen by her.
lPeriect
pasiv)
(Nu md sulr&n ci am losi veznld de ca.)
,J poate avea complement d,irectl
tinsins fotk
sonss is her g.('atest accomrrlishlient.
(In
hterpretarea cilrtecelor
lolulare
sii ntarele ei talcnt.)
cJ poate fi caracterizat de rn adrcrb:
This is worth dotDg ,clt-
{Acest
luou meritl siL lic fecut bine.)
Ca substantiv
(singur
sau lnclnd part dintr o construc,bie
gerundivaln3):
d,) are funcl,ie de suDi.1, de nume predicatie srn ile complement dfiect:
Her 6etq youns was an assct. (Srbicct)
(Iaptnl cn era tinlrl ccnsrjtuia nn {i'anraj.)
Se.ins is Dlte'ing- (Numc
lrcdicatir)
She eDjoys sn,ntns a cigarelte allcr breakfast. (Com!I. dir.J
t(Di)
li placc si lnmeze o
lisad
drlii nicul dejln.l
b
)
polte ti i,nsalit dc adj utit'c :
Some of Llie books wcte ha .edding.
(Une1c
cn4i crau
srcu
dc oitit.)
.
1
cansi'1.{ihs
ri
ftsa tns au drenjt adevi.ate
prepozilii, coNid0.ate cn atnlc in dic.
I t oou"r ", , , l , , ut , - . . ^ooJ. , , \ ur i
r . d. or t
r i l DUr i l
d bv. r n- qr r . r F. ut : . r \ r : r o. l .
3C, . l hl r r , l ' l i p
g, l ui Lr : \ r A
d: n
. ""mr l "
. : 1 : n, " I : ae, J; t r s
, i
saoLi r e u t i yFt E
s
!
1?29
1730
$
1?31
c, poate li
lrecedat
de nn ddj.ctir
Nsp-eia
sau d0 un sabr^lantir
jn
cazul
S
liZI
IIis plasiag
Ll\e
liano
alter Jdnd's
r./ornlzg
on rhe riolin ad.led irterest to i.h
l i pl
- . i
l d. , nr Jt l , p, ' n Jdn. t . " l o. nd a
pr ". ut
, t o Lu, . h t J Li od, " d t t , . l
pr ogr anur
m. r nr , r . \ anr . )
3) Al t e f u ct i i .
Gerundi vul se mai f ol ossre:
330
o) dupe o prpozi l i el :
I am I f Fd o/ si ?xt , a.
( l I . ai r L
sr t ur t i r l r cl nt al . )
An l . or i as t hr l ' oose, I l ookcd. our Ll .
( Par esi nd r . r sd.
am
I I j \ i t
r mpr et dr
I
. \
1733
s
1731
i r " $aj puni nha. l
I ar
bp; r E a\ o t hdt eo' sr ; , h. ut
- aui ne.
r \ I o"'
t
1
t . ' r
r "ni r L
r J s t nr i r zi . "
)
( S"
r i l Fl "s. dp t a
. ; r '
hr i , l ^nL, d
/ o
| d. . . {. ept i a dF l d a"pr sr ; r . sul " al un. i
. t nd
p. p
Ddr t i Lut , l
i ' l i i ni r i vul ui .
dpoar . . p
pst a
pr i n d, t i ' , i l i a ur maG <t c i nt i ni r i v. l n
. et ; t al r a. 1.
znri insl, ctnd are
fdnclie
d,e yepoztlie. este ca insdii urmata de rrn gerundiv:
I am l ooki ng l ur ( r r d ! o sei n" r ou.
( Ar t et l , , 1r n, r db, Lar e s. t t F 1: ei . )
;he is used r, sLcrins on the corch.
(Dste
oi4ruitl sn doa.mli pc dormezli.)
ThPr : s r
'
, . D l i oi l o
r , , ur
", . ^; , E
i n t hi s o, Da- t nFn
l \ : m"ni
.
r r . ' . o oL' p t 1t d; "d \ r ci
. 1
t ui r . r '
.
, . i 1st J
5, . ; d
l l dupn unel e rerbe:
abhof disconiinue
.rdmit dislikc,
{ 1735
l9'rcy
lqget, omit:
sile
up (: slolJ
lostponc
h, Ll P,
i r r . f ,
l , a\ c l , , nc
l :
l Lni sl ' t
! r cvr r t
can(not) help propos.:
spend (tine,
morev)
suggest
Sl t P. ni aus ka\ i ns nr
t l Ei l
r i pl r r P sr n i t r Lhn. ze. l
I hJ\ a
I t n; sl @d
- / r r r r s
m1 I et t er .
l A, n
r , r ml n' t
d sc, i s scr i so, r Pa. l
Huv can t lrclp lorrns mv sister?
Cum poi
s{ r i u- i , i u- n"si si r a?J
\au kap PpeotinE
the samp mrstakr.3
l f
ac, l r eu . , cpr at i gr esei l i l . )
She
p
l , ospd
l eo"ur ]
pl pt j t hi nc
as r L uas.
l Da
a\ ei , l F gi Dd
sa l ase t at ut a; a ,
' r m
sc af l a. )
1 rcttuertber h.arh! the aoise.
iNi-aduc
{minle cA am auzit zgomotul acela.)
lNi
nai al;rqall
^l ' - r . p,
i r l ". . . a, r _0. , ' . . i l kat , an1d, p- , Jdo, r J, r , . . r mi . . n. . j , o. r
- _
nr i m",
t or
l r r ma, i . . \ 1. . 1a, . r at t , ; | a. r
t t
t a
t t h". i . sot t dou. .
.
r \ . psr 4\ r r r r , . J. uf t i r r r . ,
J. . r . d4r . ndi \ "1. d; . ni n. ni t i \ . r n: d( J: l i r edcdr u-
" r o". r ns' . ,
' ,
o s h I nLa. p d" I
l - 1.
r ( . r
I
j - 2n
r
A. p a. .
| , r J I n. onl . , . r '
- . , _mp-
:
' ' Tn
J
t , ?p.
ne xat t pe. . , nd", , , . r r "s
p. , -
. . J. . ,
r di . oda- Jr n. or r r r . i r d, , hi u, , r . \
. . .
par ' . i t . .
r s
t 7t 6
I : : 0 r . "b. l
;
/ . p I d
, t .
' ; l
t ".
. , . . '
. i . : .
El0
S
t ?: | 6
, . /
' l
r l a unal e
' u\ i nt a
. i
'
( t r r . i i :
bus!!,l;ke, tuat.
qotth.rhile),
thd! i:;. tlbre ir, thae i liLtle, thue is nuch, thete is tu,
there tras. n is ro
soatl.
(it is
)
w usc, it is usetess, ctc.l
The!/ ate busll e.t){itEnting tlie *c mei.hods.
{Si nt
ocup, r t i cu c\ per i ment r r ea noi l or mql ol e. l
I don t lccl ltner
6,i,9
ozr Lonight.
(\-rm ehpl sll ies din casn astl scui.)
Shc looks Eaf ..ytq.
( \ r . . r ur . . 5r ' s. r " s, pl ' c
l l d i nj
' .
r , J, r
""j
r l r r r ' - l / . 1 r ' l l
( t r ". u1 l u r . r ' r r " r ' d r i d r . . ur . I n r ' r , r ' f : l l r n.
t h t !
! - Ei
t o, r r ' l r
'
q. . c%.
vc
. ! ' ' o' r r i ob.
\ .
l
' ,
, j i d
j
. . r
t i
a , nJ pl j , ' i r
' u
r r ' - .
. .
'
I h- | , t . t , , o,
31gl \ | J
r |
. . \ d' | ^| , 5 Dn
' r 1 , I n
t r i . r r i r , r nr , i 4 , d,
- ,
l "ol i ni l
rYo k sl ol ?i ,g l Lc.;
Iou
shotrl d make her tal i ze her mi sl ake.
(N irre nloi u rost s-o crli; ar t.ebui $o lncisi inteleaE{ cn a g.eiit.)
S
1737 4) Fu tlii sinttr0tice. - G.rundi{ul
(saLr construclia gerundivaln) are
in genere funcliile sintrclice ale subslanfi'ului
(.\ 347). .{sttel, el
poa',e fi:
S
173t d, subi ci :
gilit,s
is his best .ela\ai.ion.
iErcusiil.
pc jos
sinL
!enl..u
cl cca mai bnnn ree.cace.i
S
1739 D/ nune predi cat i v:
Her
great,Ast
tleasure
is grtzg to concqrts.
l(l.a mii m]rre
pl;tcere
{ ei rst. s;i s4 drcll la crnc.rt. I
i i
1710 . / compl emont di rect :
Harc vcu cirPn D
y0ltin!?
l Te ai ' l i ' si i de r r ; r t ?i
'
S
1741 d/ compl cmeni i ndi r er t :
I car ne
p. eLLy nea. r hat s i r r Lhe coi t r pci i t i on.
{A
lipsit loarLe
!u!in
.a si ciil,iB concuNul.)
Do vou nrl iike E,tn! anvilherc fo. the wc-"keod?
(li ;. plilcei si ;erBi rndevn li sliryit de siptaninn?)
S
1742 / atribut:
I don'l like his way ol,trizs.
(Nu-mi pUce leltl lui dc ljaF.l
$
17{B
/ . /
compl ement ci rc, rnrt nnl i al dup{ o prepozi ri e erpri mi nd modul '
l i mpul . . 1, r 2
' .
n r or ' . 1i . . l ' . '
\ve \\enr ft oittutt riasias i.he rrorL-door I.tl. (Uod.)
(Ad
jntmt
l{rl sd sunlm la uta ditr faiiL.)
Oz m-r.?edfttry io [er. she ag.eed ai onc.. (Tim!]
(Cind
an lorbii cu ca, a iost im.diai de {cord.l
we 0duldn't say a wonl
lor
taushits.
\Catzl)
(Nu puLeam
scDatl o r.orbi dc tife f ridcam.)
Fol ail vouf sleeDias so badlv. vou rL" elw.lys activ-'. fcorcesivl
( Desi
d; r mi r r i dc"I ) r ost , er i i i nhf l eauni ; ct i v. )
S
17i 1 5) Cor undi vul
t i [ osesi {el e.
- Ct nd o pr opozi t i e secundar d di n l i mba
r omeni cst e t r adusi i n l i mba e^gl ezi pr i f t Lr - un get uf l di v ( $ 1752) , subi ect ul
ei sl e pus l n cazLr l
geni t i v
9i
pr ecedd ger undi vul :
Zrl letng late was fcmarked trIron.
{^dj.
posesiv)
(fapt od a Intlrziat.r lost conentat.)
I
Sno cu
Barundivdl
neerp.imat:
"I
leel ritu a cigarctto
t:
lik-A sdottug
{r
cigarelie)".l
att
' l h"I di sl i Apd . r ?d, s s, ei i , { so mu. h. r Sr
( Le
! i 5pr , . ed, . j r oaL-
r . nd
"
i r d, .
. , , r . i . 1"1
i n
' "/ ul
posFsi !
.
A. odsr d. on\ ' r u. r i . F- t c
dhj nt , r t a, . ". . r u
"t u, r . i
. . i nJ. Jbi e. r - 1"
( "t or
doun \ cr be ( pr edi Lat si gcr u, , ' l i r )
dj hr s:
Lu , Lr J d. ! . nLl t non
hL, . odot a
( Poi ,
i i si gur l cA \ a r r ni )
ThnF i s aor l i , C t o
V. r ,
\ ' pt i ou,
; - ; \ .
i n t , , " Toun' "i nF. f l nA.
I
vm' c nu nF , . t r pd, r , ' r J
I , r . "
t , . J , , , l p: r Fm, r l
Cind tnsd cele doun verbe
Inarntea gerundi\.uLri:
I .\on't lile editin!.
(Nujli place
si asicpt.l
A se compar al
"u
a, el ". i s, r bi ", r pu- p. i ! , r l
, r pbui e
+\ r r al
(continne
;d iiDtit)
I l j
r ou
nr i nd sl , / , r , , e t t "
. t . ! r
( : r h F I i , i m
, n
t r
r r Dun
i r
I n. hr ' 1. ur r ' )
D_ot oomi numt
hd t "gt n. r nor :
L. bi . i i
Ji er
r r
( Te
sup d daci i t nLt ' i Ll i , r r 7l
l ye st . I r Fd l uaghag.
t St r br p,
r r or nunl
{Am
l ncet aL s. i
' nai
ndFm
l
Wc: r onl pd
l h. l r / , r ' 8l "r ' , q
- "bi , .
, di t
, i "
{LP- an
I nl Fr . i ssJ
mr i r nr , . D , . I . dn t d. , s1 nu r udr r t dd. )
"-
-, -1! \ ' "! ' :
*t : , *i ". pt o, po
4t
4t po. . si !
rnumo dc ri i , , l " crc. , r pri
n". .
g
t Tt i
I nal nt ea gcl undL\
ul ui I | r md poses \ '
l . ol r r dn' t
hel p l l I , t EFi e
'
t ot ehn! _
I Nusi nt vi nokt
d; ; d
\ r Jg' . ; r , .
. du
\ Jm pr t . i 5. o, mi r r ni i . t e I r i J. /
) nJ mavdop"nd on
JoLr r ki t
t pns. ont nB
t , t d\
1P, , t r
1i si gur c! dzi
yor
vpni n, r r I t ej . l
-
Substantivele ne,rfr, intrucit nu au cazut posesiv. pdstreazd
tn aceastd
g
1746
construclie
forma comunir:
Nn onp opposed D{
pr d%
6"; , j , , . r i . d
u, , l
r mpol . r \ , 1 " dl i / i r i
t r oi ' . t r l or
m. r p.
we can t rely oD the ueoth.r
rumih! I.fle.
I \ u
n- put p, n
bi zui , , , -
t apr ut
\ . , I n, bun\ , , 1, .
6) Semi genr ndi 0ul
. (
t ' h" l t at f . Gen, n. J
ar F, L. , r j
pdr t i npt r ) .
TFn4i , ] .
S l ?r z
I a
acr uaf aa f r ml ) r ' engl eza
nr bi t . cst eca
"ub. t dnl i ! pl p,
. h; ar
dt un. i Lr nd DoL
a! ca l or m6
f ' oEcsi v5.
16 pd. r r pzp
f or ma . omun, ,
i nai nt cs q. r undi r
r t , i i :
f . don
t undasl dnd
! ou,
. ot t r oeu.
app6u, B r t , a pr oposl (
ot hi . . o sor k. r s.
( r u r nFr pg opozr l , a I
ol Fqr t ur Ll u t d pr opuner i l e
l l . ur p da , . ot . ,
t i eul I ui .
l l . as. .
obl , g" m, hy al l ou6nd; ne t o Rhsr
I sav.
( vi r og a\ cl i bundvoi nl d sa t r l r
i u t ol j i
r r nl i L FFd cp. pun. )
, .
Al paa! i I cndi nl d f ace. a
Si
pr onumel .
per sonal e
s6 nu ai b6 f or md dp
adl pch\ pospql \ . . r
cA- sr
p5st r a/ p
f or na l or d"
acuzat i v:
Excuse tu
vdq n,ng.
( l ar r d m, . i i am ci scat . )
FaDcy nim b?in"' so
pa.lvl
l ci n"
"- ar
t i 1. r . pi dt
{ci . i
. 1
\ nr d) d dpr r pmet l
i t s nn use ass. i n{
t o bed vei .
, N 1r "
. osl
si n. dJ. pm d"' p' d. 1m t a , , , t , . d, , , .
Their work prFeFnted thaa benls prcsefi.
{\ u au put r l t i d. t dr a pAn
r u, J d, r v r r d" l u. r r . /
;IX;J
',1"13u
a substanrivero, pen.ru
n.minahv,,
ob,ed,,
{s
r!,).
Fo.ma aceasLa verbali. care aDintette construclia gerundn'ului precdrti
rl e un
posesi r' .
dar care are s-i f i t rct i c LLe
part j ri pi rr prczeni .
a
pri mi t rurrr"l c
' l "sn' ; : n' nd' v.
l r , r r Fbui r l ,
". a
l r r i
e. t r
' . r , ", , , ' a
1r ' , "r , r a- . j "r
' t ' "or ^-
t e de l a
S
1744 1745 dau o nuar! : i f orrnal : l st i l Lrl ui .
t7{8 7) Grnrndirul
fi
substmtirul wrbal
(
l'r,rbal lioun). Unii gramati
cieni fac deosebire intre gerundif
ii
subsidrrivul verba), degi ele all aceetli
Gerurdivul arc nu uumai caraclerul unui substarti\', ci
Si
pe ac14 al urur
vcrh. pe ehd stdstdntitul re./6al ste un simpiu subsianrir'. Fiind o fornla
verbald, gerundivul preziDfi caractere de verb, care lilsesc substantirulur
'
r L. l
r - r uo
i u / i . l 0f p l i n' Fr ' :
. r
d: al "/ - d
. \ j i pi . r r , .
noJl '
I
. . r a'
^, z"r d- Lr ni dr er L gi poat p
ar - a, i r , o
"p, ,
. r '
t l r r "" l r ,
"r . l n. '
"a
. t ", i . i
cile s,rbstanti.\'ului propriu-ziF (aftifol si plural)r
ll. l.dd h.r ahoul n,.v li?rnq l.en ,narektl belatc.
(,\.f rornc vobal.: pdre.l.
ii
pasi'
l
1 don'i. understrnd htt le@in i eath/.
I-
a'J.\
')
r ' ^nc! n ct i t s
xr o, l
( +compl . di - . ,
Sulstantirul verbal, ncfiind dcclt substanl,iv.
poate
avea smbele arl,ic.,le
ti
lorrnit de plLrral. poaic fi cara(,terizal de un adj.ctiv
!i
dctcrminat, de un ge
-
nl t i v ( sa- \ on i au pr . t ozi i , i onal )
:
T p. r , , , . "r
, t
t "r , . r sp' \ . "r . , of r . r . t r pr l t dl i ngol t .
I
. ,
nr r . ^t . . : dj )
I r
, , d
{" dl , o l , i
gni ng. - nt r
at \ , 1. ' . . . r t 1. , . " | / / ,
- /
dui oss,
I
. '
l ol
, r l sFni l i ! r r ppozi t l onal
\ sa. , t r i
. r \ , s
"
a \ l r l l
"r
. uDi na!
' r
I soi ncq dnJ t cl cph. r i ngs. P
1749 Substaniirul verbal a
(lerenil,
de faDl, un adeviral, substantiv
:ri
est con-
sidoat ca al,are in dio,tionare. dupn cun reiese
Fi
din ur ti,oarele nenple:
$
17;0 8) Geru dirul cu intels pasi\'.--
Gerundivul ste uneo intrelunrlat
. ' r
i ' . , , 1. .
t o.
i \ :
'lhe
chlld needs laoline a[l..r
{:
neing looked alte!).
Tl,e room wanls d,s,i,g (:
being dustcd).
rs ihc ethibition s'ortli seins
(:
being s$nl?
S
l75l 9) Trailuccre. Gerundivul englez poate fi tradu! in limba rontenn p n
a)
geutzin:
On seclns Uicn, I waled.
(rd.tatlu i, le tm liiclt semr cu mirl.)
Shc ans\rercd lI nozdtzs assent.
(Rnspnnsc d,nd diz ca" alirmativ.)
b) suhkLnli!:
Idding is {n instruct\'c pasiinic.
(Leclutu
esle o djstractrie
jnstNctivii
J
Shc buNt otrt in a lit of ..ytLg.
llzbtlcni
irtr un dcoes de
lltrs.l
.) infinitir sau conjunc!.ia:
Ann stood wilhoui. roo^i,{ at me.
I I n. r
st l i t e. t ( l n
l i ci oar c) r er ea
me
r ni e
snmi
pt i ea*i i . )
One o.n't Lclp lining thcd.
( \ ! pol i
sd t ul l al t i i ge i . )
r sul'ins lerrin8s
i
o zl i r l t l )
l -
r cst ur i l
s|rp!'ng nfnxmrnrngs
1:
n{rt) (t{nnn nrnti4 (:
letreceri)
, "r r , r dr i . t u
)
bu^- ua. . i dl . : or
d,) ti.mp perconal intr-o
propozi,tie principali sau secundari:
There ir no sauins wlLJt h" !d. Lio
l \ dpodFni ""n; si l - ' - c. pr . .
n5l Jr "
i r . .
r Tppv- ds! p
r ' or ! pu"l
l .
I rcmcmler ,rrli4s he! Uic storY.
(lmi
amintesc ca i-dm
ryzs lovestea.l
i
G, r undi r r l
Fr a. Jol
t t n
/ r Ji / J
r S 174i - l ; 41;
, i
""nt : pr t nd;
"r
$
1752
{
I 1747) si nt r edsr F i 1 l i mh, ' | . ani
t r i nl r
o
f r ol
' , i 1i e
. .
un' l a15 l n
, . ' -
cuvintul in cazul posesiv sau acuzdtiv devine un nominatil':
Io!/ dzvrelizs withoul thinkir( $as a nistalrc-
{Fapiul
cI at /;spazs llrii sl te
gind.tti a losi o
greteal,'r')
He wasn't aware ot DaL'' adtahitlg h\m.
( Nu- ; i dadea seana oi , dn u obr t ua. )
I don't undcNtand ntm goiag home so soon.
tNu
inlclcg de ce
f.rl
d
lldcar
ata devreme acasa.l
10) Gorundiyul
pertect.
- Gerundivul
pcricct exprini o acliune, o exis-
S
1753
inli sau o star anterioari aceleia exprinate prin verbul predicat,:
r l e. chi cl hnnLl l caD | \ '
I hat i . s L"Pn t t t .
( l r i o. i l r Jl t
ei p: . di ' ; . l _
/ dp! , /
d" d
l t l ost
bot ' . or a l
I wonderd at his iarhs dd the initiaiive.
{M-am
ni.at ct iniliati,a
fwese
a tui.)
ll) Intinitiv. Particiriu
Drezont.
Geruniliv. -
Deosebirea dintre infini-
S
1751
t i v,
par l i ni pi u pr "z"nL, "i g. r u; di ! s" podt a ohs' r vr m. j bi no di n ur mal o, r pl -
exemplei
He sr , pped i o l o. l cbout I ' i m.
{l nl i ni t i v)
{S. a
opdt pt si ' t r u a
Pr i vi
l muej ur
)
He snpppd, l "oki ne aboul . i m Jr d cr t l ai ai ns. ' H^\ v r ; n" i t i s: ( P1_r . pr p/ P^l
{S
s opi i l u, Undu se l mpr ej ut 6r
"\ . l aml nd:
"C f ' umos :
)
HB st oFped l ooki ns xbor t hi f f 6Dd w. nl r LI JI .
( Cer undi \ )
{A
l nc; i al d" a mai pt : \ : l , npr r j . r
r i
r
l l er al
l
\Ie cdtue ta talk to Urcm.
{Inlinitill
lci.c. dc scop)
(-{ venit sii rorbcasca ou ei.)
se cane talk;q to r\eal.
(Part.
lrezent)
(Clrc. de mod)
(A
vcnit vorbind cu ci.)
I r pm. n' b"r d / o
a,
t o Emi \ t .
, I i l r nr r i \ )
t \ l : - l m
r dxq ami nl o sa mi dJ. l " I l mi l i d.
I r em"r nb
pd
soi . a
l , o E' o l vs.
t O
r u d; \ )
l l l r - dm
aJus Jr i i i r L; cr
/ r r d ai n I dn l '
l l d l l : i : , .
s
r?5;
formeazX adnugin-
$
1756
a4il
PATIIflPIUI, TIiECUT
(THE
UST tsINTTCI}LE)
1) formi. -
Particirriul
1.IecrrL
alerb or rqulat. se
du'se terminaiia -ed
la infinitiv:
Participiile trecute ale aerbelor nercEnlatc se gftesc in lista de la
S
1847.
2) Pronunlarc. -
Terminalia
-ed
se pronunln:
S
1757
a)
[d]
la verbele terminate ln total.i sau ln consoand sanardr (e\cet
.lnd -d)
|
to carry -
raued
to xang
-
nangeo
to lxalil trarelled
to dire
dined
to disoover -
discovered
print?d
{:
tilil:rit)
I
tre!]dl
l Yezi
S
! 1, not a 2.
&l{
Dl
ffl
la rrbele ternin arc in canso&ttn sutdnl (exccptin(l -1,
:
to tist -
askcd
ld:sltil
t o nass - Dass. d l l E: st l
i o ar
f "op
.
! ". pr .
t . h; \ h*' :
L L
r l
to f-"tch --
lriched
tle{tl
r,)
lldl
ln verbelc tefrniDate ill i sau l:
ro add
addcd
i o hr nd -
handed
t o
t at
- t ai l ed
to start slarlc.l
I adldl
i
hendrdl
I lajtldl
l st d: t I dl
l ?ar8 al Cl d
part i ui pj ul
i rPt ut a deveni i cu aderi rat
adj di v, t crnri rat i a
-. d
a, di pcri . ul ui .
pcnt nr a se Ji osebi de i ci rrl i nal j a
l erLul ui , est e uneorr
pro
un-tatn
[Id]
oricare ar li sunetul preccdent:
an ns.l
[
-{d3,d]:
nonrn
my ,,ror.d
lbr
].rldl $ire
"l.he
rlssd
f'blesnll
Danoze1"3
a ..dDDad
I
lr4brdl iacc
nr .rooia,
t
k kldl neans
. .".sed
I
k.:srdl nuisanec
aosscd
I
dlsldl
lersistcncc
a
J' s"
r J
ao
r
' '
Lr "
' '
] P"' i d
l r i
l l
i
hor
' r
the Laicd
l' ne,kLdl
tru lh
' ' AAt ' , r ' i d
i | I l r p1
, , "! Pd nr l r |
1r
, 4
pi anad
l wl k ]
scandal r
qretch.d
L
ft\\dl ir.aiher, ctc
Lr r r d ar l na: i
. J{i ' 1. . ; nl
i nl ^phui r ' l 0r ^
"a
r - r l i
i pi i r "l t ' l p l Fr r I i nsl ' d
/
' , , r
-
r ' . ""' , ; ! , l r Jl .
. i
"o
r ' or n r - - Lr l i i
q"' "i r l "
J" m' i
' ' r '
r i I i ; i h' :
lle had dlcd I i iLll ,onsidfralh
\ l \
o. i n
- r or
$"r P' ' . , / r "d
I
l . r ' Fb' r
: r , e h". . r ool . / kr . kl h. r l , r ' p i i n- .
' .
r hpr p
o
-
H l ' . t l t , Jd k"
. l
r o ndl J l h sl
5
l " p"o\ ' '
"l i o
r l . . o .
"l
do! a", , d t Jl
i
' \ ' s
"or
"omp
r : r n" no\ '
' '
"
""
t , *- i ' as; t ; l , e; o
r '
' : t ' or ".
l l J\ e t . u l oa. /
'
' :
i l
l or ' r
l " nl
Hd\ , J t \ o. l o, "d t ^vd r ;
. p- uf . . - i on
I l ' . I ' i . d"""d r r q, i . r i t l h" r ' l oor ' h' l l :
, l l n ml , d e\ r eDt i onal . i n
poezi c.
at Ll nci ci nd r i na sar i me| l \ l l o ct Y t er -
ni not i r -, ri . , l , i ar si at ona a
part i ci pi ui ui
t nt rebui nt at
verbal . t ssl c uneori
pro
nn! t ; t J
l r, l l .
", ", ' i ;
pr. , nunl "re hl t i d de obi cei i ndi cat d
pri nt r un accent '
gra! ' :
I i l h l w. nt y t f f ncl vd
gr t r . s on hi s l r cadr .
1i69 3) ortoErafie.
al l erbel e l . ormi rat e i rl r-o consoane
precedri n de o si nsurd t ucaLi ac
(n|aitti
tl\tble^?n consoana inainLea tdminalioi l'
to
rre
I.f
tfe' lcrred
Lo de mit
-
de niitt.,
to rc
gfet
-
fc' grctl.d
r \ ' . zi
t 91. r ot n L
j si
r r ni l i , i l l l i !
a. e. ai i
pr o, , t i Li c
"i hc
\ odnr i s agcd"
l ' er . l : r dl ,
dal se sl ut ' "an
i ' , 1, , ' l l ": ; i . - ' . ' ] ,
", ": ,
. t ". J- F'
. "
i - r i i - ' , , , r ' : 8
r oe. , oor ' l
r on, l ", or
' , . .
" ' nl i . m' r ' ' '
p"l pl i
TL l l - dt t ' n l
"
L al t ho' d
t t al 8
t "
; , / ' t
:
Ll r r l i i ai . . br r f l .
. l l ndi . .
i
$' . Shakespea.., ' the Ttdgc.l! of ]Iucb.th
t45
l n cel el al t c cezur; . con"qoana f i nal d nu se dubi eazn:
l,o sert sfat"d lo o.der o.dd.l
t! liang
-
hangrd io
lardod
pnrdo&d
to thickcn
--
thirkctr.1
Er cepl i a.
Forshilpcd.
0bser val i c
C.ui.ntele canp N t,erminate in
?
urmeazA regula de mai sus aplicatd nu-
mai l . r euvt i t rl t i n' l :
|
|
or 5
Ll r
i p
I
or - q\ i ur a, r , . Li , t r , 1p
-
Li dnann, r '
r ,
"i l pJi , ,
. d Ji pp",
^, "t ,
d bur ' , Lo| | t , : i dDp"d
DJ -l final este l,otdeauna dublat. oricare ar fi locul accenl,ului:
ru , o
t
-
"gu. )l t ". J
. o
"
| ri
i . . r i Jt pd
l o | \ bl
-
r i \ "l l ^, t o .
on . o
-
cul l r ot l a. l
1o com
rel -
com
pelll
to Eimbot sanibolld
to t.avel travelled to a; rul r; nnth.,
Er . epl i c.
un par{llcldd.
cJ t d dr i ne
- t . Al
to lilouac
-
tirouacl.l
to minic
-
ninl.kcd
io trallic hauick"l
d
)
a findl
trcraiat
d. o consoand se schimbi in
-i:
lo
(,r]'
crLtj
to carry carricd
lt
pr.c.tut de 0 roral.i se menline:
io
llel -
play..l
io disobcy disobeJ.t
eJ
-
mut final carle inaiitea terninaliei
-ed:
to dance drnced to ii.
-
tiet
to stdlr
--
shi!.1 to dle d"kd
4) l'unctii,
- Pa.tiripjul tr.cut se intrebuinleaze:
!
1780
a/ 1a formarea tirrlDrilar ptftcte ate \erb]lor (dupn
auriliarul ro U\YE):
I huvc secn I shat t hal e scenl
I had seen I shoutd hale secn
b) la lonlrarta tunjugdtii
Nsirc
(it\)n
auxitiarul to BE):
I am s-"en ! sh.U le scsn I am beine scn
I ivas seen lct nre be seen I \ras beis seen
t) ca adjectie:
lhc
rrouts..J
reFard long-/o.s,rcD memories
s,tdd
nissils
^
iet
piapeLled p]rane
Cu funclio de ad.iectir. participiul
trecut are si grade de comparalie:
decided more
(lecid-"d
most decided
sh.ken mofc shaken- nost shakn
( Vcr i qi
S
80{- 30: i , 2?i s)
5) Tr$dncere. Participiul trecub se trAducc tD limba romAnI:
.a
1761
4)
qt
participiul ,'.'.?zt atunoi cind are rol de adjectiv:
i r p, , , r / , , pb{r ( p"gi r , . r . r r
"
d I ""t ' , d mJnt
{
ur o1' I n' . , 1,
1
l,arncd
{adjc.l.iv)
este pronrntat
['1.:nrdl.
b) u tintpuL
9i
mod.ul tespectiv. atunci cind tri ln compunerea timpuri-
lor perfecte
sau a diatezei pasive (impreunn cu auxiliarul ctnd cazul):
I l,aae s.en ],i (: I am ldzut. il lazni)
I hJt l s , n }i m
( :
i l \ i i r usPm)
| \
' '
Jl \ l / l i "
' l )
-{
se cornpara:
l l e l , as
sonc
l i f i I . (-{ i m! l i ri i i 0 dc ani . l
H. is
s"'s
liitJ.
(-\Itrgc
!c
ir) d{i ani
)
s
1762
PAETICIPITIL ItrRFENT
(TfIn
rEBr,.ncr r{RrrcrP4)
l ?68 i ) I ormi . Di af ezi . Part i ci pi ul perl cct est e f ormat di n part i ci pi uJ
pl ezeni a) au: i i l i arul ui t o I I , \ \ ' E. urmat
(] e
pari i ci pi ul t recut al 1' erbul ui de
(onj ugat .
Partiiiipiul perlect
are diatezli actil-i
,(i
pasil-;:
hrring be.n called
lpnsi\)
1?li{ 2) lnlclcs, lunctii.
-- ParLicipiul
perrccL expriln:i anteljodtatea unei
,
{i
r ni
. :
r r ' l ' ; , l i n' ; t i r u, "r i . . , , r ui ; , . um, r . n! i , l l i r p. JF
pu7,
"
.
l nr r r ' :
"F- -
"
i ' r - a. - r l , r - r ' r
"\ i -
a. nr i ml ' : r " ; r ' i .
pJ:
r r ad, r ' ^p' r 1-
tr-un timp perfect
trl iDdicativului intr o propozilie temporalii ori cauzaln"
sau
nDrl r-un
gcrunzru:
tttrins
liritlvr)
l1er \|otk, she $enl oDl.
lIr1pd,..
ia
l,rnind, Iu:rN!. a iciil. raz Ea a ir,:it deaareu l;i t,ml.d."r lulrd.)
: l :
' o,
l l ' I |
' o
l -
. .
h ,
"- . 1 ' l
D
. f .
. ,
|
. o. "d
n b. ,
I . i .
, t , , . , r e4 . i r
. p. l
Tl,f corch hu.ried to lhe stadirrnr. na' n,g rptu r,ld lhat hc $' as wtrnicd.
(I' asitl
a.tp,rrdr-is.
.ri cra r.roie de !1. anLrrorul alrrgi la strdion
)
Pdri i ci pi ul per{ect are i vnnt ai nl
rl e a da o mai n, are eursi l i t at e si i l ul L, l
prnr f apt ul cn i i l ocui l t e o i nt reaEn propozi l i e.
1705
'
3) lnlocuirca
tarti{riliului
prrte(f r:ri participiul prczcnt. Llneoli.
jn
l ocul parLi ci pi rrl ui pedert se i nt rebui ni eazt pnrl i ci pi ul preznt pent rLr
. r se
r\pri,n.r o a,iltune cAle a
lre,,edat
i'nc.liat ocliuner
v$bllhri prcdiratl
:1.rnn,s (: liariis ,rrri*dl at dl oliicp .Nrl.r ioli|I. I sl,)rped io look aL the waU
l s. si nd d4\ ' r. i nc asuzi l a l , i Nn. n' . om rl ri l sn
l ri vf sc sart J
de
rer. t e. l
, , r Jt ; r
i
l r a ng cni dcdl t he i i . er t r , al l . sl i . l ool , cd t or | $r t .
i l ni r i nd nr sal a dc col cot . . Ani i r n s. ann l i bo. l
, \ aj i r ( t har i ng sai di
goddl , r e.
l r ! hI L l hc l ousc.
i L
' i ndn
i r
znr a bun: i .
! l . ci . i
s
r76G r, \RTItPrUt I .r SI\r
LTrrn
llSSIrD l,lnTrtrrl,|)
17t ; ' 7 1) Ti mt .
--Part i ri pi ul
pasi v url r i l orn t nnpuri : prezeni
r"i
perf ert .
1?08 l ) l ' orm: i . Parl i ri l , i ul pasl v esl e f ornral cu aj uLorul
part i t i pi ul ui
t rezent .
re". pect j r pedect . nl auxi l i rul ui t o BI j . urmnt , de
f ari i ci pi l l
t r! . ur
al vrrbrl ui dc coi j u{at l
],cing callcd (pr.zcDtl
( l i i r d chcnal l
haring ri..n .allcd
ipideru
Prilr tcmrrnul
,,parlicipiu"
st, inyltgc aiLi si
gcrundirul,
acesta conlun-
di l du. so l ormal cu parl i ci pi ul
t rl zent
sau pert ecl . at j t l e di at cza art i rn, ci l
; i
h cea pasi rd.
a7
3) Intrebuinrare.
- A se vedea lntrebuintarea
DdrtrciDiului o&zenh 1?69
pr s; v l a
S
1700- 1708. s pr f l i . i pi ul ui p. ' f o. t
t aci \
l a
g
l ; C4. i sr r
ser un, i i .
wul ui
cu l nl el es pasi v
l a
1
1750.
Participiul trecut, al verbelor tranzitiye
are sens pasiv cind est intrebuin-
lat
atlL l'erbal, ctt si adjectiral (S 1688).
CONJUGANEA SI]IIPLA,I. UNUI YERR NEGULAT
TO C,ILL l{ CHFt\I-{l
DI.{'I'I]2,\ P]\SIVA
{Passrv!
vorcE)
INtI\ITIV (1t?L\'1?1IZl
s
1770
I'IIiTIC]PIU ( ]J ANT IC I P I,E
)
PrczaJr\ (
ptesent)
Trcut
fP.rst_/
Pefii,ct ( P$f.11)
being called (: liind chemat) cRllcd (:
chematl haring bcen calted (= Ijind chciiatl
Prezelnl ( Ptesent)
to be caued
{:
a li chcmat)
Pertect (
Pcrf.ct)
to have been callcd (: a li lost chenrt)
lriitor perfect (Fntve
Pcrfed)
Pfizan+, ( besent)
I dD callcd (: sint chc al.)
MODUL I\rlIC-{TIV ( I N D IC /1T M ]IOOD
)
Tre1Art (Pa Tense)
Lrds callcd
i-
erim (lusei, fui, arn losu
you are ralled
Jou
werc orlled
l ui
she
l
. s
. dr .
J
". "
1
", .
,
"
o
J
j l
{c are calted wo $ere called
Jou
are callcd
-vou
woe oalld
thX .rre orlled ihey Fere call.d
Prezent pcrfcct (betent Perfect) Treout perf0ct (Past Perf.ct)
I
"vp
b. n r dl ho ( d , r o"r e5 md' I h/ d o"p1
. dl . . J
. \ JJ
. , r "
b"- n
, 1l l FJ
. v,
u I ' a, l b"an r l l l
q
' @t
n"r
sI
I /
l n. ' l hd si P, hJl D- ! . dl l o
i r Ji r l
rve hare heer called we hail bccn called
you l,ave }cen called you
had been callcd
they hare been {.rlled thcy had been odled
\iitor
(Futarc)
T &or ' oe,
' r ' F, l
\ . \ oi
I i
, n"r . r . ' I sl r l l hav. Lqn. dr l pdl
-
\ oi
t : i o- r l ' . "
] ' , . \ -
Le' al Jei
JLU
$i l hdr p b. n, dl h' l
h.
l
h
I
sl p
l
{l - bp, 1' l "J
. l -
)
si l l l ' "f . b
"n, al pJ
, ul
' r
I
rve sna, bc called \r. sna[ have been ca]led
you will be crlled
lou
will hare been called
they will be called they will havc bcctr callcd
348
Yiitorul hli de tre0ut Yiitorul
lerf(t
lati de lreeut
(ltntwe
in th?
past)
(Futur( Pilt(t in lhe Pnst)
r sn,"l.l ne orll.d (: voi ti oheDut) I sl,z/d l,a!c b.rn cllld (: roi li l.st
ohemar l
Itd
rrolld le called
.!!u
*otrI./ |.ve li.etr rall.d
nel
hcl
- r "l '
' , "r
l ' , r d I '
I s, u' | | ' \ ' L. . , , | . J
I r l
r. ../,atu t,. f.lllcrl \rf
rn,all lr ilf l).rr riilleri
ron Nould l]c .iallc.l r.tr *!uld hir. tr.!r cnll.d
thel \rrxlii bc ialld ther Fcnkl lrdlc bcfn orLlled
\lOlI_L SLITJO\CTIV (St,RJ{t,\t 't IfE }IOOD
)
lornr:r \e(he Fonna rnoderni
(I
llt'?t"tluttit de tlnt) |rczc\\t (hesent) Pttttct
(Pcf.ct)
I l)! ,iil].d I \vo.e r,rllpd I l,ad LJeei c.lled
'n-
I
. h"
l h
nt ' l
, r l
i r
I
trol)t,I, co\!I1loN_\r, (co.lDtTlo\.1L aoD
)
(
si fi tusl chetuai.)
tou
liad |c.n .allcd
h")
sh-"
I
hrd been crlled
Nc l,ad btn called
aon hr d becn o. l l ed
t her hi d l ePn cal l ed
|erfrti
(
P.rft,::t)
I sn,rld ha\1 boJr 4llcd (- .t ii losl
Jon
\vonld har. bc.n callfd
sre |
\roultl bire leer callerl
r l J
\r. J/e,/d ]tarc lu called
ron Nould have becn orlled
ih,.v {ould huvc leen calLd
I'rtzt\rt
(
Prts.nI)
I rl,rl.l bc .al]fd
l-
ai Ii chemrt)
r"on
$rntld |e !,rxtul
hl
. I P
) \ nxl d b
' l l . d
, t
I
Iou
rLould l)e .alled
utl Nolld rc .alled
ODLL IIIPD}I_\TIV (1tr?LB4'lIfE IOAD)
Persoana a 2u sg. Ptrsoana a 2-a pl.
bc cl l l cd
1:
l i i chcnat ) l re t al l ed (: l i l i chenri l i )
OOIJU OAR]]-I P,lSII.tr CONTI-\U,I
(Yezi
S
1t 9; )
s
1771
I'IAINZ-{
'17i2
Dethritie, Diatezele snri catcgorii
Sranal.icah
vcrbdlc care indirn
raporturile djotre subicct si corDplementul direct.
1ii:| 1) Diateza attili
(ThL
ALtire I'oice). Diateza a.l;/.i arali ci subieclul
prop.rzilici esfe autorrl acliunii rpr;natc dc rerb:
Cathy called yeste,dar
to see ro,,.
liil 2) Diatcza pasini ( t he Passir. l;oic.). Diitezalarir, aratd ci subiec
tul propozjliei (subiectul gramatirdl)
u estc autorul aeliunji verbului, ci cn
El sulern acliunea al cdrci auto. fsle complenr.rtul direft (subicctul logic).
ctnd
vcrbul c tranziLiv:
The cleciri. mte. ,ros rudd lasl Neek
thr
i|e usdal man)-
s
t
SIMPI,A. DIATEZA PASIVA
Compl ement ul (b!
t he usuaL m&n). t l r| 1r"o| pl , nmt
d( df t , r1.
Doat e
i i
{
177;
Fxpr i ndr ,
nd, . ' " i nJi r pen. dbi l
. i , sul ui .
dar r n gener n t i pse. i ' . : n. p. . i HI
'
l n l i mba engl ezd modernn:
Thc tracloN nad ,!en o' drnd&Lt in lhe $irter Diortls.
The I o". i so vi . r oF r - r ,
. r . - a
dt t t t . . . ; gt I .
3) Diateza reflexird, existDtd in limba romani
fmi 5!dt. te in,brdri. se I l7i6
r r de. / r ut
! n, Jspt f t . l au
l h. \
( : JouNt h
hp
. t t a- .
t h; ; s
t l / l . . r p
ar i r Jp
r ar a l n l i , , bs
- no' "/ i
i r , i r L, odr ^ l i . on. r d,
' 1' d
. e
i n^\ i :
- nt ; .
r \ ; zi
; i S
Zt - r , ,
0bser ea! i e
Ilumai tfb( le ,.dn.r;lipd. inchrsiv
cele prcIrozilionale (S 1319, 1325. 2195).
$
17i?
pot avea di at ezi pasi vA.
.
Tnrrp moJuri l e
t j
t i rnt uri l , t unJul nri i si t npt er pot
ar. a I ornre pasi vn.
S
l ; 78
Lo
f ot t . t , t . ot
o
' ont t rua
\ n. t , numAt
rr, -
t , t . , l
. i
t F, t t rl
; nJt t at ;
, l di . nrc, _m
Fi pt p' "nt Lt
. ut r n
t h. t / , r i por
at ", t i . r mi . pr . . i ' , . \ Fzi
, "1, - t ut
, t " t a
i t ; q5/ .
4) Patternul diatczolor estc:
S
l?S0
.
a) la diale.a
.dctirai
:
subiectui
i
r.erbut predicat
a0t,i\. (evntual prc-
cdat sau urnaL de complenrentul nrdirect)
{
ionptementul dircct;
,
b)
1,
di qr p
q
pr s; r . / :
bdbi -
r , r l
.
r - r ' but pr , . Ji , . "r p. . r v
{F! , r t usl pr e
mdar . su
ur n. r r JF ! o, , Tl - n, anr ut i , , di B. ,
", - n, , , . . t
, o"t t . m, n, , , i
u.
agent.
Er enpl e, .
Diokza o.tirdt T\ro
lrofesson
h.r\f c.nr-" to {clcome thcir toreisn coleaocs.
TheI ar s],o*nrg (tol' the risjro|s ihe nijw 1,.li.i.ectrnjc'buildinss.
Diare.a
pasied:
The visitors afc sloNr ur. nei! Potttr.imic
nnildnigs.
5) Formarea, tonjugirii
l6,sit'c.
lreccrca de ta r:onjusarea
detn.i la ,_en S l78l
p". i r a sc t o"c i n moJ, r l
' r r n, l r r or r
, oot J. t , Ft . t t t t t
r pr t ul ui e, r i v , t - r i r .
"l 16; . . /
r i n. a, , ul nof l r i . l i \ , i . ubi . l . l r "p6r 1u;
n": r , 1. \ i n. ( F! , nr u"t l . omnt . m- ,
1
(ln cazul acuzativ)
pfecedat,
de prcpozjtia
D4; r.rDrl
d.tir este inlocuit ;u aurii,
liarul ,o B-L, ld ac.lasi. tinp,rt )rod, urmat, de
Jnlrticipiut
1rc t at I-erbului
act i r:
I t nJi . o! : ut , al nt I l l . ". 1
Lj . ma
. r i . , . r
\ d. . r ! \ d. 1.
\ , r ' \
|
- - "' -
,
I
L
"
I
' t . . "
r . .
- , . , , .
. , r i , m t . . . 1.
l t , ai "*.
""
, , l
I / ' ' , h
'
"
\ ' r \
I
' . - ' ' _. '
_*' ' '
I t t f r v.
, oLet ' h. \
q
T". : \ .
| . t , et , r t e"r "t
I
\ \ , .
h- . bt t . t | h
. n
t du. ' .
\ . r , \
|
- - - ' - ' - - .
|
| i d.
t , 1
bt a, . ht 1\
( - . . i a. , Dt t ,
I r . , . ,
"_r . ,
J
T
i \ t , ot p
l . ' T, h a, / r . , , t t ' . . n"$! .
t \ ,
v
I
,
"- /
' .
I
T' " . \ - h, d. - - . . ". ", t . , t h"r n d L
pr "r i
!
'
j , ^-
t
<r -
r i l / J/ l r
"
Lp r n l
"
( r
' r nr
r - \ , t : \
|
"
- )
| . . t ar b
. du
d
\ t
I n r h. mn"n:
I ' bJ
, - . r , a. ,
I
v,;,- p,1" ,
I
+:! ' :i::";:ri ,
":::
::l:i:
'j',""b;\
l,: 'ip
ii,
,r'
I,,Clnj,usarea
simpli" esie
' roDjusarca
obiinuill a vc.Iului. in cortrasr cn
,,corjugr $
1?79
' z( . i ' , l l , t u
t bl i ndt * ! ' r t ol r ' , - , l , onr p, ' n, r r ' r l dj , Pr . pu/ i t
J
n. , 1-
udr -
"h"a71
, omp
n"nl . l i nl i r "l .
'
, '
.
. r
. . ' r l ' n 1, d. 1.
I
v,..
1",'t
,t" *,,
{ I l,:,:,,'""Ji
I sh'd'{ {Md Ihe Fonc tor
'linnPr'
I
\' riv
d, nnpt
SonS
@"r d r p sodadpd by hi ai
l Pdsi vj
I l i t , ot , ene. t l aL I Thev
"no&l d
ha, e dueht l he l oacher bel or p n, snt t ) l l . l \ r l i vl
I
dp t ua; t
1
Th; t hi . t , hout l ho, ; b. . n. a; s, t / bJ do$.
r Pd. i v,
|
. oh, j ; i anot pr ct ent
1: h", r
x, r L' J
"r ' ur
r ' i t 14\ pl o' nFJ
' \ ' r r \ '
I
- '
'
|
|
"haut d
b"
". cu"ed
i l I e\ nl ol , l ed
{
Pi . : \
1 f
I' d, ha,e cattet i^ a iJactot iI I
(had)
needcd one.
(Activ)
I
Canditiandt petfect I, S d.cto!
qauld
h@c beeD !,n, 10. il hclp had been necessa.y.
I I {pasir)
r
- , .
| | Fnc l i c \ \ a o. L. d l , Dt
' l r n. l ' .
( \ ' r
1i i i . i i "' i ' ' ;
. ' "; "; :
": i ";
r t l ; ; ' h
r P"", ' ,
I
s,07,
''
p*1"
'
{
:Jii:::,i,
i,liif;.i;1,;,:,'" 1 (,():l,l
I
t ^p' - i '
- ,
' '
{ ?: o", i i
l , "; "' i ; J' ) : ao, p $. , r , : , r d. i .
t '
I
t hr - at i ! i . r l ; - . .
r
l - cl n, ". "11
pr . ' l A' t : . 1
| |
sdbi o
"! t r )
\
L"t n*
1, . at bd ( bl
mr |
{t J. i f J
I Indbn' ; brc:ent | \\' . rfe /' e1,in! hrr.
\(
i\l
I
- "' , -
1
s i " b, , , ; r "; , . / D) L. . r a, : ! .
I - | l npr , ,
r cl pt , ht , p , . , l l r p' . r \ , ' i \
1
r t ,
. , . i t , t r . n r p; " L": . s
l . !
t eo
Ly
"
n
Lt . ' si ! ,
1789 6) \'erbul compl6x.
- Ctnd verbul act;1'esi,e urmat, de o pariiculd adver-
bi i l a sau, , 1" o
t r e, pnzi l i "
' or , ' l i l i ona' i r .
l a di al aza pa. i vi a. FSl ca si n' pu. e
rmet|rar, l:lupa verD I
cu ptlrticuLd. ad.aerbialdl
\\e sh.uld nu thn oz first.
{Activl
\he:i aaukl be tial, an tist by us. (Pasiv)
cu prtpozllLe:
Thev dB sr edt i , s r o vor . {] \ ut i vl
\ oi at e t ' . i ns
' po' t e,
6 i P* r r
she ndl l oo&; /
_a/ , . .
hi m.
( \ ci i {l
fle he,t bun tooked. dfto (by hc..) (Pasill
r ' r b
"r Ft t ; "r t d
adt
r bi at n
i
f ut y, 1' o- ; 7e:
I m6i, da awda rtn it. (-{ctivj
Il mrlst 6e lo,, aQa! Qtrr. lPasi\a
No one oan
rz,
zp ;rn hci anr lorger.
{Acti!)
Sh". cn.t be
iut
ui eilh any lons;r. (Pasi\'t
1783 ln limba englezn sint frecvente formele caraclerislico tle pasiv ale unor
verbe prepozilionale
al ciror complemeni lipselte:
The! eerc ldugh..l at.
(Rldea huea de ei.)
. \ t , ( i / os sp, t
/ , ".
(S-a l.rimL- dupi un tari.)
Qt 't r\e b. spole\ k?
( Nn i se
poai e aof bi ?)
'fh snm couldn'l bc accounted
fat.
(Snda n"a
lutut
li
juslilicaul).
\te
lan
beins attended 1ol
(Sintcli
sovir?l
I ' i
j . n
. d5y
t t
. 4kt ; ,
t t , ; . r "
,
, .
L] .
, .
"
omLl
"r ' , :
. 1. i
p\ p. , . i
L or l u' r ur i - .
s50
I
\ _ezi
S
2! 93.
SNPTA, D:r\TIZA PASIVA
Lds na& an April lool ol
(-{m fosr
pic{]ii.
de I alrdtic.)
An agrcemcnl aas arttre.t at.
{s
a ajuns la o lnlelesre.)
7) Vorbul aetiv cu doui complemeDtc.
Ctnd un verb actil' are doun
S
1?84
complemente, unul direcL qi celdlalt, indirect, completuentul direct de,-ine ailese-
ori subiectul verbuiui pasiv, conshuctie prelerati ln limba liirard:
ch"
h 4d. d
' l "n
{
ompl . i nd: r . l t h"
pt : 1
I , onol . d: r . 1. l Acr i \ l
' t h.
p"t ?
"r bpr t
$i r l , 1, , oaL r / "a
, , o. , ! l :
: ndi , . , br | "r .
{f i "i r
\ " $ nl / / p , ; r , i na r hd- pi on
l "nr Dl .
. r l i t
\
4
p, p
"n.
r n' r 0t . , l i r . l . \ r
i vl
, , r
p. ",
L, r . o
q
I , sJ nt t o t hp n ; , r
; r B,
dapi 6n
To
nl t . i nd; . . ) b\ ' . . at t .
t P"": ,
l n a"es caz. compl pm. nl ul i ' r , l i r a t r dmi r ". d
st r p i | | pr opo, i Li n pasi v6
t i
F. l ,
nul l l i l
j n
l i mhJ
pngl pr d
B. t ot nql Do' t r
1
dr t i r r "i i nut l .
In unele cazuri insi. in special ln limba vorbi'ln. adseori si ln stilul fol-
g
178;
m
,
cotnplemenlul ind,iect d.e\ina subiectul verbului pasiv,
complementul
d;rect rdnlnlnd ca
^rarc
( Retain.d AccuttLtite) (- acuzain re!in;t):
Thcv \re.e all
$anted
s./dbBnipr.
(Li
's,a
acordat
-i.utu.or
brrse.)
The children $ere otfercd t.es.
(coliitor li s a drt Inshetra6).
I n'as set an inl.ercsting rdsn.
{Mi
sa trasat o sarcin{ interes.rrtiL.l
You hare been atlotted d sh oI money.
(Vi s,a alocai. o sume d bani
)
( h
{i b, r ! j - , 1 r hd
/ , r aPJ
, r e.
( \ . ' f sul i , d ci t dl ur . '
r . n'
. ot o.
' f hF
Ai r ' so ns
. o
o l ul l
( nr r , r , ,
, [ - ".
i , e \ , , -
"t
. n
.
"LP\
' r
L
' Principalele verbe active al ciror complemenl, indircct poai,e
del,eni
subiectul verbului pasiv, tn vrenre ce complementul dire.rl estu pestrat ca
atarc. slnl: d.coril. dlor. tLLIow, award. c.Lus.. cammduL dcn
!/.
giue.ran\
leaee,
offcr, ot(la, paA. p.jnit, protnise. refusc. sau. shot\,) spare. t.ach. tdl .Ic.
8) \ierbele to bid, to make, to $ee: to $atch, to hear, to feel, to lct, care
$
l?SG
la diateza actiTi .qint urmatc de infhiiivnl inconplci (: firn particula to),
cer l a di al eza pasi l i i nf i ni t i vul precedat de t . , (' 1662-1664).
9) l omra i Drporsonnl i di n l i mba rornAnn. . se spure", . . se I ace",
, , se
crede"
S
1; B;
ei o. esl e redal A rdeseori i n l i mba engl czi i prh
acel asi rerb l a di al eza pasi \ n.
subiectul nce-rrLiia iiind .romplonren L.ul in;l;rect
al icrhului impersonat sau
subi ccl ul
t ropozi l i ei
compl el i \ -e di rect e di n l i nba romAn6:
f,li s-d orrr,Icfma: I rar i/roi orer ihe iarm.
Ii ." z dar un oimet dc cconomii. I ias
stretr
a SaliDg! Book.
I s-a dcotdal ordinul l\furcii.: He *ds dq\t,tuI thc Orilcr ol Labaur.
I s u
v,s
cd snrt aiei
:
He rra3 r,L l rrrs here.
& e,e sttrdtJilo. sn trinite ceroilc.
-=
Student$ r.e /eqzied to scnd iD tl,.ir aplli-
Ii
j
d .efur si .i!inm.
:
We
q,c/.
art.l lo srng.
^\i,.?zn?
oiL
{cl)
rste (un) savant.
:
He tr Joi.7 to b! a stiolar.
\ 1 r ' l
- ( ' i ) . ,
r J
d
Tl t p. \
' ' p
b, J
". 4
t
. , \
11 l d' "l r d
pt l , j ". i e,
I x\ a. ' . a . t t pa.
J| o, or | " . \ , I hor l
I cuf d. sau For dct uber s . nl J.
. t o La! , t . : l i l mr l r oDf , oc8. a.
' . i : q
I r . , p. l . , l J o, , r - . Tt p Rumat r i . n pi r t ur e
i <
. . po. l . d
t o
l r i \ p
s
' n
l ht s
Aol d
mt sdr l
-
,q.lto constructii impeNonale trailuse {iu pasirul
in limba englezi:
Lrtu a tti tu da sedtua alinvnlia lui este etooald.
:
h
qiU
be rcali..d that his i!!.nl.ion 1s omelious.
\u sc
paate
nintni bizui
pe
er.
-
Sr,. is n,r ta bc Nlied. upat.
361
CiteuL
fanne
uzuale de pasfu:
I an ( s
a r L du. l t ol d
I aus r'., (at the station)
I .ras
errtr
to rn.le$tand...
I
(as
sn,@z to the door
-{or
arc &anted
(dn
the Dhone
I t t s
{sau
o, asl sai d. . . -
I t t s
{s. t u
, . s) r no?sn, s au
To be callal tnr
The horse is ro 6, lzr.
Wl\at is to ,e done?
1788 10) \'orbele to HAI'E, to BE qi to cDT
pot
ti tnrrebuinlare in unete forme
spciale eu nuanti de pflsiv qi
Inleles cauzaliv:
to H,\Irtr:
\ \ l ' . \
' l or i l
vo. 1, , , your
shu"s sr t , "d l or . nc".
I r , . n' r J.
d , , i ^ a.
' r
o dd. A t i i u. , r dg, . i p si - - i t uJr u. "; t r
t Jr t ot i i
He /dl his tfouseN ,fasd.
t$i-a
cilcai
lantalonii
(h croiro.).,
Shc nad a drcss nat .
Lqi,a
ricut o rochic
lla
croitoreasi).]
Thev Ao.1 thrir slo\.es .lcond.
| ) , . au
, ur , l l dt ni anu. . ; t " ( l d
spi l ai ua. r . l
l'l1 nare
rou
inoo thai l'am a
qua]ilied
Norke..
Tin
sa
ttiji
cI sint munciror ialilicat)_
Jim nad lis
rline /,iia,t d.
(Arionul pilolat
de iin a tost dltumar.t
Adre the sec.etarv dn,o"n.e
you.
(cer/oereli
secreaa hi si G/ve aDurte
l
Th" gn\ Fn' n
nl l d.
' r r
t o. dd
"
$or t "r . i t dt . 1r , r / j . , l t
r \ r r : , Lr . nt f r .
{S' d, ul
n, n. l r u . r "
: n r o. t J, a. d
aI r dr r i n. nr r , n, , t . , r . . ! , , ' n, r . n.
r ' o, i .
to BE
Shc wanted hfr dress to be madc nl hone.
(\roia sn i se lac{ rochir acasi.)
.
Tlrrr' u"d,
md
a .1h"
to bp Lrculltt. nh$q
-
to t.
q,rot
s"
t. and
p{-t\thng
n bp d.4.
o{or e r t r p
( Fddr ng.
{At'
comandnt sli sc aductl u t.xt. sr1 se uanjcze flori
ii
totul sii lic gata inainte de
fu GNT
cd, lhis done
quicklyj
(Da
si se laae aclasta repdet)
I \ ' h"r p do
. 1o.
xpr \ oJr s\ ops ae"ded
r
l Unde
i t i i l dr gheni t e
t 0 r cpar Jt i l
You n . st
spl
r 1F
t t d. t or o
.
r . J<d t o
(Trcbuie
sa te ocupi 5i se rcpafe traotorul.)
. . l r r
s+. r "
cvonr ! 1".
a. 1i n- i
'
, r
psr e
t ndept i ni r 6 dp subi pr t , , i Je f l l l . i neva,
Sr
nr ' r
r ul pnl J
i l r el . d
i I |
. onst r u. t i a
Dasi ! i
obi snui t d. . i dF compl enr ent ul
di ' p. 1. \ , ea. ' u t or me dp
pasi v
ba r r aduca! u:
. . a
Ll ar sd- i t acA.
, . . a Dus oc
. i ncva
s5. i f . d"
r h. t ( e
) [ o; r p [ ai r , : \ r et f ; , . )
r no, hpn l o. s. n.
Obser r d! i i
S
1789 a) ln caz:..{le acestea de pasi\,
inrrogalia si nesaria v erbutlti to EA\E
i r l r cF cu oj ul or ul aur i l i ar ut ui Dr )
( (
nl 0
. l 9l Jj :
852
( Ni
s- a spus. . . )
(F{
ce l.i se spune.)
l
u r , ni l
sd n, a i d dF l d
Cd, d. l
l l l i sr dai a nt cl ege. . . )
iAn lost condus'Dlni la usll.
(U-an lacut si
jstrpt.)
Fl ,
) v6 , bur e . i npl J
f l r i t "t on
pL.
) l
i 5e sDunel al . . . I
bcLt t , pt . . .
i se ci edet . i . . t -
, P, . . . r i 5on, , D; d, ndt ur ul
La \ pn, si r i di up
sclsoarea.I
(Casa este de inchiriat.l
(ce este de l:lcut?)
\\'l'ere
/id
you
lrlc }our drrss made?
Thet dt dnl ha! r t l ' ei i
sl or es
ct e. , ned.
ln
SOPTA. DIATEZA PASIVA
35C
b) \erbul to GET n1ai poate fi utilizat
li
cA auxiliar al unui pasiv:
S
1790
IIe !o, &t/ld durinr the $ar in nn air rajd {: was killcd).
' r' . p-bo\
s,
. , t l . {/ , ; ,
o", nc , rJi n I t h". i e! Lr I \ as Lruenrl .
T
t ci ' - . t upt ; . t , - ; u
ai "a- . y smr n'
t '
\ / r ; shi psr - , hedl .
l I t r , bui nl a' Fo
"u\ i l i dr ul ui
GEI i r l o, r l cux i "r ul , r i BE aLl ucc, cum e
I i r "s. , I n
pl empnt
mr i Ll i nami . or t F\ ' ul , r i .
11) Verhe activo cu
yelorro
d0 pflsiv.
- Unele verbe intranzitive, degi
g
1?91
forini activi, au waloare de pasiv.
Ccle mai caracteristice sint ardtate
urmitoarele propozilii:
")
Sn, i l
\
0hy
son
.
r |
.
r annul bp dr LeJr .
Hdm. , r ' q; r l w, l h musl ; t u
{
i s
eood
$h"; 4/ t an $i l ' r nu, r Jr d) .
Your skin
/crls
smooth
{:
is smooth s'hen lelt).
\ el ons
don l ; / o,
{
. ( anr
ol ne
: r o^f d
These piuN don't pal casily (:
canrot be peeled).
l l : . a cuTcl r l hi l r , ". / , r a' $ l l I
' . . n, "
; "r l umeJr .
Hi s popm . r i , i l l
"l q. l
\ -
sound; , ' l l "i shl i uh. o i r i .
""ddt .
Tlre
rottery s//s $eli l: is .asilv soldi.
T, i i
; . l "dt . i nF
dsr . . r r {l dr ( r bi h
"
\ i , "n
"\ t AI , .
His coat had a collar thal lune.l d,oq't
l:
qas
iumd dosn).
The silk is
suaranteed
t ,rash (-
can be \i']lshedl.
You wlu lird the dress
ped.
$ell (: witl be wom a long tin).
( Vezi
si 5
t t 8t )
$
1792
s
1794
D/ Unele verbe au adcsea \ aloare de pasirla{orma
contiDui a ver}ului:
!
1793
The cot t ase i s hi l dn, a l - i s bei nt bur l t .
t h". r . {i er . a? bt . ; : "
I
ar p- L"j nJ b, u". . , .
l Th"r p -
i r ol . hi ' g / ong i s b i ng do- n" .
Hn
. amd
r o spp
ahar r o. dat r c
I
t r ds
b"i ns d^n") .
ur pal d, s. oe"r Fs up
pLmt ni
{.
a- b, i ns p- ! ; r dr .
The book i r
r r i , / i , j a: l s
l . f ng
! . i nt ei l .
CONJUGABI]A CONTIIUj. A UNUI VDAB REGUL-{T'
TO tX CAILL\G
(A
CHEILI)
DI\TIi]ZA ACTIY,A.
(ACTIVE
VOICE)
I\!-INITIV
f
I]Y,FI,YI?'1r4
Prer,ent (PNse
)
to be calling
{*
a chen.)
Prezentr (Present)
I @a calliDg (: chcn)
sne
I
t! calling
"1'ou
are callins
IIOTJUL INDIC.\TIV (INDICATIfE
MOOD
)
Peficct (Perfect)
h, have been cuUing (: { li chenat)
Trccnt ( Pdst Tense)
I @ds canins (: chenam)
t
to ctoss dinst the ligh^
:
a trare.sa pe rqu
/
Dereglementar.
'Pentru
studierea acestni tenomen g.amaticat !e?i
g
1796. 1805
MoRFoLoGIA.VERBUI,
854
Prozelrt Pede't
( Pr.scnt
Prfecl )
t hal e
becn
"al l i l s
(: cnant l
am chemarl
Jon
i ave
be. n
crurng
"nf;"
I
r,""
r"""
",rrns
il-" rl"*
r*n
*ru"s
vou hat .
I een
cdr r r ng
i ney
na!
been
car nns
\litor
(Futte)
I sluati
le cal)irg
(: voi chemo)
you
{ill be
caLrrng
sl e
I
{i l l be carrrns
ll" ,ja.ir
n"
*ui"e
lou wjll
be calltng
ihey
qill
Ie callrng
Viitorut
fatS'
de hecut
(Fut ur(
i n t he Post
)
I s/D!/d
be caring
(: loi chemr)
Jou
would
be callng
sl e
I
s! ! rd
i ' car| ns
*1"
"L,ia
le
""tti"e
vou $odd
be carl
g
ilev
Nould
be carnng
Trueut Porloct
( P&.1
Perfect
)
I had
becn
calljng (:
ohemam;
chemasem)
you had }een
caxtng
"ni"
l
,uu
o""n
"""ot
'*"
L"a
l*"
*'r1e
\ou had
ben
cqlrlnC
ihey had
bcen
caNng
Viitor
Pertoct
(Fut rc Perfect)
l,iKiiir:#"*"lf
""T'l'l:
voi Ii cl'mat)
"ni"
\
*iu r,"o"
r"""
*tti's
i,-" ,Lrr
n"*
r*n
c'rine
{f
}, *l';""f"
T:1"
Tjili'""s
Viitorut Perfgot
talii-do
trecut
(Fature Perfect
ln thP
Fost)
jjr*f
.'le'f;
lff \"J#i:'|.'{oitichema'i}
3f;"
|
*""tu
n.'"'*"
*ui"
l i , . i . , ra l a' "
u""n
c' t LL' g
if l"
\Tli.'i
J;.
';:1"""":iiH'
tIoDItL
SUBJONCTIV
(suBJUNCTII',E
MOOD )
trorma
moillni
lormo
recho
( I nd.ependentai
dc tLmP
)
I be calting
(: se cllelnj
3,i"
ir"
*'';"
*" * *t,''*
iheJ
be callilg
Prezent'
(Present
)
I st@lld
be calling
(: a'1 chc
a)
Xou
vonld
be catltng
ff"
|
**ra
r" *li"g
iJ"
"t"u
r"
""r11.g
voLr Nolld
be
cdrrlng
ihey
sonld
be
'
alr' tg
trcx9nt
( hesent)
I werc oaring
(: sa cheml
sh"
I
$er P dLr f i 8
NODUI,
coNDTTION-\L
GANDUIaNAL
MnD)
Pcrla
( Peiect)
t had
bee calling
(: sl li
Jou
l LUd been
cal r r ng
!i', I r',rt r"""
"aling
i i l
ii" r'"0
I'e"n oattlg
\ou I'cd
been
caLL'ns
inFv
had
bern
carlBg
Pefiec\
( Pofecr)
l""Yf
f if
'f
.l"Ji;il'Tf'r!;
"u
ri
"r'""'"1)
I'f"
|
**ra
r'*"
t"""
""'ins
;ft:**":+*:t?tt:
"x'l*'
trIODUL
INPERATTV
(IMPERA'IIVE
MOOD)
lE callins
(4 cheamar
CONJUCIFEA COMINUA 36;
DIATEZA PASIVA
5
1795
( PASSI VI VOI CDI
IIODUL
INDIC-\TIY (INDICATIYE MOOD
)
Prczout (hesent)
I du bei ng cdl l ed_
( :
si nt chcmr l )
r ou
ar c bong caued
slle
l,s
beilc caued
we are iejng called
vou are beins oaled
ihey are biis called
I wcre beiry caUed
{:
si liu chenat)
fou were beinc called
i e, shc, i t wer i bei ns ccued
TfiC].tt ( Past Tcnse
)
I
(cs
being called
(: ritn c]'enatl
Jou
\rere being called
slre
I
,ds beins crllcd
we $'ere beinE called
10u 1ee.c beinc called
ihey wue be,tis callid
IIODUL SUBJONCTIV
(SUBJUNCTIVE MOAD)
Prezerrt ( Prc.sent
)
CONJUGAREA CONTINU-A.
wo were bin8 callcd
you
were beirg called
Urey werc ben'g called
Limba rom{lnd
Canjugarea actiod
$
l 7s6
(TEE COXTIT[-0US OB PBOGRISSIVEI l'OBlr)
ll Formi. - In limba cneleza, spre deosebire de limba romAui, existd
$
1797
o coni usdrF numi t E
, , cool i nud
: car" ei F t o0t p moJuri i "
Si
l i mpuri l e
nonj ugi ri i
a. t i v6
ri u
excep! i a parl i ci pi ul ui r.
prerum qi
. rLavd
t orme dl P. onj ugdri ;
pssi ! ' e
( {
l i qi , . Coni uqar ea
conl i nua s- I or r nPazE cu aj ur or ul 3u\ r l r ar ul u' l o t i L l a
t oa' c l i mpuri i . ai moduri l e, urmal de
put i ci pi ul pr"z' nt al
! mbul ui dP ! onj u-
qal,:
2) TrBd coro. In ljmba rom;n6 imperfectul fiind singurul timp care
$
1798
0r e, spp. L
r onl i nuu. l oat e
pl pl el r er i mpur i
Si
r r odur i al F. ooj ug; ' i i r onr i nuc
pnsl ez;
s" I r aduc
. u t i mp, r r i l a
"i
'
, od ut i l f
. onj ugar i i si r r l l o. dupi
"um
ur mr szi :
!o
be
soins
I
an'
soms
r was
gonS
I have beer
soing
(vezi tabelul conjugdrii
continue la
Limbs englezi
Conj
garea
uctitd continuii
to h3ve been soins
I nad }cn
soing
-
I should be
going, cte.
!
1794)
' \ ' , n' "1"
l " Pr oer ocsi e. l or onu po' dl t t . . , ,
"
f
, 1n4
l . , g- , ,
'
d oJr 46.
l t l
' i r l
'
1, Jnb.
pnA"e. r \ 1r odt nd
,
""
p"ae^- "o: i . r {" t FI ar ' .
t t t 1
r r ' r a. t r r n/ 3-
r odr oc. ' ' , . r sl ; , A, l i l n
?r r l d- r . r \ I l i t l . a
I
nsl "7 |
,
t o L" . r
p o
S,
, r
"l
r n l d: r 1d i
'
wl
/ ". us. Fs
i l i
. l r Ji , ai r - sr r "Qpd. r J. oni , q. ' r , i 14 r n
dl d. "l d
al i t t de\ [ i 1! ur n. e, t 4
Limba englczi
Canjagured actied
continui
Viii.or fall de h.cut
Vrtor pertcct la!.l de rrcrul,
Subjonctiv- lorma veche
Limba romentr
Conjueueu dctioii
Prlcct
!mpl r
IIai mult ea
lerle{t
cun,ri ti unrr
I
i ;;i #
{
{
{
Diareza
rasi"I
{
Il$i::11; f.."""Ti'
J
Indicativ
lrezent lasiv
I
lndicaliv imperl.t
pasiv
-
.(Pentru
ilustrare a se vedea traducerea exmplelor ce urmeazi pind la
ef l rt i l ul rapi l ol ul ui . )
1799
3) Fuorl i i .
- Conj uqarca
. uol i nua . orp
l nbpbui nt at d
pFnrru

pxpri ma
o arliun" tptipohtrd
ln dpsfo-luarc
lin
/urs,
sau o starp t;mparcrd
pr;st.ntd
l n mom"ni ul vorbi ri i
sau l o cursul unFi pFri oade dat c:
A t i a.
I, atu
qtiting
t letlrt.
tD4"L
o sc.Noare,)
Sh" hod
1"P,
l ai , s i r l r or J
\ . . h.
tzd.da lolna\J d; o s6lthini
)
Pasi . v,
The tracio. is beinE oeethaaled,.
{Tracio
l .s,e ln re' aizie.)
A
par l v ni
i or pi l r "r s / , r / D. i aa r l r o, h t he i l nl - .
{Unui
g. up
dp al r J' n: i s" d. r i d nr d: . ul . l
1800 Ti npur i l e de bo: i al e conj ugnr i i cont i nue
( pr ezent ul ,
hecut ul
ti
vjjlorul) cxp nd acliunea ln desl5qurai.e-la w mament dat (prezentr lrecut
sau viitor) sau il\lr-o perioadd datn (prezntd, irecuti sau viitoare):
A C t LA.
Lookl It ;s ro;ntna.
luirel
Ptaud.)
Sr r n sas I ' nr n i n i . ol l and, l . I
s, " i s, , "/ , . s n ] - hr our h: noN.
I S r nJs' ul l n S. o1: d d1' a' um l d
- . r ?d
l a P
vBoLt \ . t
Whcn I cane in, llrey kele its,eDtns to the wea ier lorccast.
(Clnd am intrat, a!.irdz buletinul meteolologic.)
Shp xor
/
l i , s
pappr s
r l t dl hr ooon.
t l D. |
d o. d"j di hi r ' i i h . n d,
sdr "
l odr a ddpd- ami r zr
_
He oi b. t.aeellins la Deva at live tomorro\,.
t(El)
ra
ii
ln drun apre Deaa mline Ia ora citrci.l
I thdlt b. rcadias in the \ibrarri lor a iew davs vet.
(I/ot
mai ctt la billioiec{ incd limp de cltyd zile.)
1
l l ! r uu hL pl t 6d9l
I
u
)
^- d.
r i r , or r
Ju mt r , bar a I d! dt r . , r DFvon. Anct j J r , / cel
mdi ! r ci i or ai f ondal dp, ol oni . l i i
. Dgl "zi
t TheP; l s- nI at hqs) \ n
Mr si , \ c- . ' . . , i UA,
i a i 620i f . l veche mdLr de aul omnbi l
CONTGAREA
CONTINUA
Pasi p.
\ l e ep l "Ji r s cost s. , r d! r ! n subsr dnl i r l r .
/ ol r i r 4
o Fdu, pr " 6r bsr anl r i t i d
t r
r ur i , Jr , osr . r
I n 1,he school the clrirdrs)
q'ere
beinE NalI laak.:tt \ttar .
(La
icoali,
colriii e.du blne tne,iili.)
tr'oarto importelt :
.
A sF, ohspr r s f i odFt ut ot . \ l t i nt p pr - . ht r st c i n, l ; "ot i \ ) Lt t
pr "zt nt
cont i nuu
f l
uu r ndi cat l vul pr zcnt
si mpl u:
\yldt a./
.)or
d,ins th!e:
Ld t r ' r l i , g a s$"J' er .
l ! P
i d, i Jcol n.
t i n
sf csr moDext , !
t hPh ks ul
JPt .
u. l
Cbi "r da. a r i mpul pr pzpnt consl 4 di nr r o
r ,
r i o0Ja mai I ndet ul r ar d {ca
l n
F\ Fmpl ul , l p
l st a
). daco
' , .
rFl pri m l a momcnLt t pr. r, r/ v. rbLl ! 0
ar
Fa
f orme
prezenh
ui conti,nuu.
"Look
at he.l $rhat is she loing?"
,'She
ts doi,s tap dancingr.,,
.
..
lntrebuinlare a indicativului prezent (vezi
S
1806)
are cu rorul alte impli,
calx.
Ti npi t r , i l e.
( o. nt . i n- u.
p. r f ect c
er pdme acl i unea i n desf e_
S
1801
l urar.
f n ,
ursur
' Jnpt
] . pnaad.
dp t rnp ont qt adr" | dnui momen' dat :
a)
pnzentnl
perfcd
exprimi o acliuno sau o stare inceputa in fec.., !i S 180tt
conl i nuAr ; pi nd I n
l r
- . r /
sau pi r . , i nt r
Jn
. r - ,
Lt 1, i t
Jp r e, | | | i n"i t poat e
i i
consroeral cd
prcz. nt :
. hd
he" b4" wr l . t qg on. ' r dt r , b , or
qur t "
, $hi i . n! $
( Lu, r p, , / :
do dpsr ur dp I nut , i L^
me
j a
pr obl eml , . . i
- . ,
I n. r . di n, r t . )
Hos I nne l dup
r o. 6""f
. udn, , c
t o- , , s
. , i ?
{DP
cl nd r e ai &pI ; Ji ci ?j
( Vezi
t i S
145i *1. t 60)
. .Acliunea
sau starcR c)rprinati de vrb poate
conthua sau nu in prezeni
b) Trecutu.l peiect e-\primd o acliune sau o starc tnueputa tn trecur si
q
1803
. onl i r
uJl ; pi ni i nl r - - n momFnt l at t r , . t t ' .
I \ t , t i / xt
d, un r i r r b,
. n, r
de u;
"
vorb la indicativul trecut,:
I r :
l or d m"
r r
l adt . pt bt "i r E t 1o moun. , r b
f or
i sppl
r Ll ml , ' i pur , a ho. Lnr . " pr i n
mu, l i d. o. , , t t , mi na,
She ilcnt lo see a doctor )ecarse she ndd not b,.n
/eln,s Neu.
I(Ea)
i consultat un doctor pcntr
cI n! s, st,rl?a binc.le"NitaL\a vreme.l
,
A, t i unFA 5du sl r FJ
F\ pr i r j ar J
JF r , j b pL"t c ,
onr i nud. s- u nu.
) i
dupd
c)
.Viitortd
perltut arrtJ o actiune sdu o stare care continui pinn lnt.,un
S
l8M
momFnr oar et ' r or qr car p nr al pof l l c dur ' - . sau nu, dupJ a. pFd:
By l "nnd of l ay. I . l dl l / . dr . b. e1 st o. t ; , . s
- g
vou, t or l si r mor r hs.
r LJ i l i r r ul Li mJi . : " f or l mpl i ni
FAe
t uor d". i nal 6t a I t d \ o, . 1
I n anol h' r l upnt J m' nur cr $p, f r ol t , u. ,
kp4 dl l . . i (
r r or si \ hor r r .
( Ppsr F l 0 de m. nuh \ or f :
, d: e
ur . d. ! t nJ umLt am. .
85?
I
rz1 dczctns
-
step
ldarsl.
,
sau de echiyalcnti adverbiali.
358
Cottjuqareri
(:ontinui
!
1806
.Acliun
temporarn in desiiiurare lu un mo'nent dat sru intr-o
perioadA
I
rimD ire b3zr
I
ror s contirul
I am callins
I shall be callitl8
.{c!iune anterioare
ln desf65urare
tnt.-o perioade de timp
--",";----],1
r r' ao rren carri ns
I
t shal l hrre bee$ raui ng
a 1806 4r f oni uqarce
' oul i oui
: i
' ooj ugdrca
' i i rupt a'
-
1n1' l csul
rcrbul ui l a
'
coni usar e.
"o"nl i nui
3r " douJ pJr t i cul 6r i l i l i
' dr p
i l dpo' r b"' " J' l nl pl ' 3ul l ul
I a coni ug. rea si rnpl , i :
a
)
actiune a sau stare a e r primat[ de verb estre momenland sa1f, tcmlJorard
;
Ji ."ii'*^ se alln in rcitinuarc
la ur noment dai sau in cursul uner
perioade
de timp.
'
,ll^a".. ctnh acliunea
lerbului nu la inlruni acoste element'e, ea va li
exprimatd
prin oniugarea simqld:
I an Lodi n! ShukP, D"d. "
I n Ensl - r
Jl
, i t "
"
p" ! , t r "- 1, u. ' t
pl ' Jl pz. : r i
\ m'
' r r "
n mnr ' or ' t Ff i na' ?nt M'
ment
r t
pot l . t mLno . r i ! t r i or r . r no l l
I f.dd Shdlesre*e in Inalish
' I
c
' "
;
i r l ; k; "p
, ' , . n: . ni t . r , r t ".
N. 1n,
. d
- ,
I n mr n, nu o r : r bc r n
"c*L, i "i ' i i , i , . , "i i ' : ' ". nasi ni r "' . r ' , ' nar mi : mp
"l ub,
i r
t or
' i r i
r F
s\ dke-
spcarc In englez.ite.)l
In ex,rmplul hr care s a tntrebuinlat
prezentul simplr. ac,Liunea
nu se
d.esfd-:aard
i\ acl moment
'si
2r. .rl,r lcrnlrrdrd.
Al t e exel npl e:
l ' oDl F r l
p
$l n 1"Y
1r ' l i r r l
O": nl t l . d; r ' 4 cr nl r ' r
nl , o"i l
r f i nl
n l nr i t ". J
l i xni '
r "f ' r Jr LUn
' pL
go-
net ar. )l
113r i i s i / - ?i f , 3
f.Ua;ia
doa,,k.
ldltLuntd
cslc ir cuN
!i
tenpofa l, tnllul liind linital la momcrtdl
prezent: Urria se
poaie trezi odclnd.)J
\ \ . e. . , . r r l ur r r I : Fnc. al t h r ni \ i ". i t r .
l
l ddn. i . ni r yd l a
I ni v' Fr ' l , P' r r n, dl u r i l l p- I ' r Sr l i :
' ul r un
r ' r
' ua
I n
Pr ezent . ) l
Hc , . r r i l ! . r l Fsf er dav.
i'-
li.'.,.,it,, i"ii
Gii"iir
iern'inatn siiviriiri lntt un donrut t"cut deieminat
)l
Ha
' d
r "' "r
l h r "
- np '
l r ' r ' l hi r r '
f S"
a, - , i
"06t "
cl ml ] - al l i nt i l nr t
{\ r i i unF
t 2. zf s l r
' r r '
nr oment dJt
l r ! t r t l l
i
p
ht
l i , Pt
r hp, p
{' ,
i )
l r r Pr
l i a"
Lo
"i "- .
, , ^ o
i r . ' . n
. a
J 1, , ' r : '
"ol
l r . i r r .
r \ nl r ' gJr
r i l l
.
p
! , '
t . .
t t J: a
l l . . f ( l o
l
l h, . ^ v. Jr ' .
fl.dztc' l! iNolo ilc"tfei {ni: liinindouJ
flrnrelf se
' eterl
lJ o slarc trslti
rr
ner*ts
lihaitr t d;' i.;,iccnruhd
ideea dc coniinuitat.
ii Fecizind
conl' inuarea
' i
in
l)rezctrt'
poat e
t i
vi i t or
S
130t . )
I nrct rnY ooulin: he told me he na4 a,..sr, his bror.he..
\tho rvas wcll agarn'
f L; ;
i ; i i i nj t
pc' "; i n, l
meu! mi - d 5po, ! i l
: i
i t r ?3, r i r hdt ' l e
' af t
er a r r um sr na'
Los.
l 1. l l ' l
r f
r L'
. onP. ! ?a\ 4n' o t \ t nt l at r \
' n' i
5l ' r " l u r er ur n
l
coNJuG-{nnA coNTrNv,1
350
I mll nry c.dsinr he tdd me bE haa laer nr.stng Ljs bnriher Nho was slill Iar l.om
[L-anIntllnitpe
vIru] men; ni { spns ce"ii trs.tjeu
tle
citra limp) iratel. care era
Incd dtprric de { li silnlios. (Aoiii,ne tr.oufi
!i
,-"fdrnindr,i. rnicrioara altci acliuni tre-
cuter idea de ca.ti4uitatc este accentLlatil.)l
I ridll ldd
Jou
tonionoN.
lTe
eai eedea nline.
{Actixne
viito{rc.)l
This fime Lomorro* I shatt be suinc some lricnds.
lNrine
ra ora aceasia
'ot 'ededldh
sd. ed.t nitte prictcfi.
uD
'nomcnt
dat ajitor.)l
I tlDuld
sa
there
jf
I werc you.
(A!!it,Fr ra li ,, .rB Ia
l
Vezi extlicare.t aeestor te.nr,ri la
S
13i]i.
: / o.
d@d:
penhx t , , r l cr , r r
! l ) i n
Tal l , , l Cl l d$cl l , . 4 I nl osr e t u La' . .
tM'dj.izd
acolo dacl af ii ln locDl tlu. (Timp trclimiiat.)l
I 6nodd d go;ng there it I wrc you.
LAs. f i
pe d. un l nl Fr . ol o d3. I ai i i n l ocLl l i u.
i Ti mt l i m, l b l amonr nl ul p. c-
zeol i 0c1, une8 r n cul s a. nn. l j
-
pi Ptrfecliv
ti
imperfectiv.
-.Conjugarea Dglezd..are aladar, spre d-
oscbire de conjugarea romAnil, doud Bpecre contraii:
astccttlL
Iierfect;t
(conjnr:d.rat
dn ii.) i
aspecLul impertectiv (conjngafta conti.nad
)1
I6n! I oxistr I know, I uDde$tstril,
Elnt,lomre verbale carc exprimi ficcare o singuri noliune
//,rl.ti!/rir,
ca o clapn
de pian al c5rei unic sunel poflrti in sine clar. holirit, decisiv lncepul,nl
si sfi$iiul.
'
l n ronrra. t t ns; . / or, si rgl , ' s. I an eryi n2, I
. uo"
i , , 1. ; q:
I shot t b. sp", n:
yor . er \ pr i md
i ", i unp0 r pr b, r l ui i np r ht t , , t . . d uo cr . u:
r 0' F.
l , , np. i nd p. o
si ng1l r S. o0r dd de l o un
"r par
l a c"l ; l . l l obl i np
o gp ; i n' i ni t , d, ' n- ur i
nuan_tate ce se siing ireptat.
Acestc elccte apa4in numai lormci continue. carc nu sc limil,azi
jntot,
deauna la prezentul ln carc so atlE rorbitoml prozenLul
actual, real, ln
eontrasi, cu prezentul eteln. ireal ci se poato prelungi nu numfli ln tre-
cut, ci
fi
lnl.iitor, chiar di.colo deviitor. deoarece expriirr] si actiuni sau sttui
fdrd slirsii ce se
pierd
ln neriunoscut. Forma continui deschide drum lars
i n. er r i r ui i ni i . da f r i u l i b. r . p, , ul 0j i i l or gi ndi r i i . r "t i . "nr F, . r . r i . , r r i l or .
r mi ni
l i r i i .
r "n, Fr i l or . i nt r r i l i i l or i ner pr i r nabi l ul | , r
- -
, r epa/ , 1 n
at r n. f pr ; . ol or ar a,
Incdrcatd de retinrile sau de inhibi,tiilc i'orbitoruluj, caro pot
fi numaj intuite
ti
nu crprimate.
\o1t aan't gains a\ray ior
good. are yotr? (: I am alrai.l
Xou
.u.)
You
-on't
ad
Botng
away lor goori,s wiil you? (: .ngoasa cr.scind odatr cL1 int.o
ducff.a liitorului In loctl n.ezentuluil.
I ns- r "l ho| |
t . ho; ;
I nFl r r dLr
nr t i - .
I
- or r h\
n, l goon t h"t r r j p: r
l l - .
"i r i , J
hr s Engl i sl ' i r
6a, i as, u<r \ l . -
l l e
r '
l ' "v,
r o
. r i r t
b r shr g' t t p.
G{ r p anl b". Jo; "e! \ r . I
Jo, r
ar ' a- pd
' , r
}o. r i , l
. l
"1'll bc kaitins on ure sea l.lk. Dad
(:
so hurry)."
'
Yn. i 1l bp I ot t ne I , r
\ l i \ Lr . i I r nS! , 1!
bchool t nS. pr
' . l p-
. 1i . r 1nm. bnd
hs
mr dni .
' . 1
4 t or pj v. ai r . t I m vour t a, n, i dnJ l - o\ r
Jnx
. , i , , I
j
\ .
r . , , r F t . nr t J
qh, n
yon
k
gonp.
St i r up r he l i r ; , \ r l l r ou. Dddl
6) lltc caxa0tcristioi ale formci eontinu.
a) Viitarul calocrial. carc in limba rornand este e\prinat prirr indica,
tivul prezelt. esto redat si In limba englezi tot prin indical,ivul prezent.
1 se
la forma lui continun (
S
1522, 1524):
She ts dtutns h.rc toniono$'.
f{Ea)
tu na$ aici miine senrl.r
\
18{}7
s
1808
$
l 80e
36{l
{
1811
$
1812
t 1810
Tot astfel,
itdicalitrl
hccut contindll
inlo-cuieF
te.
rrii tofl fdld de treout
'
----
(t t "Li r" i l t rhe
post )
i d st i l ut l rmi l i ar
($ i 523-i 524):
I tol.l him Lds td' in fo. ihe seaside
thc lollowing
dav'
it-i^
' l' ,s "t
Ple.
li inafc ln ziua urniltoare' )
b) FormJ cunri nur
' o
bp; oi n. .
L
un
i nf i ni l i " . ompl el -' \ . [ i mi
o i n' "n-
l i A
p. nt r u vi i Lor
! r i i ' ot ; nt , n' anal l
qdu
un t i t l or t npd at t l t JzD) i
I on ao; n! Lo $, "k hJt J t r om oor ol l V: i ' of
i a' "nl r onal )
r An d: e s; nd . a sr "J; Fz s"r i u: de acum l nar nr p
J
' You
"ei eo: ne
n Fr l
. d your oame
\ \
i l or i nt enl i onr l )
(voiar s,r-o, slui rumclr d tale
)
c) Vi ; l ot ut
r cn' i FL, u
mai
noat e
p' {pr i md
$
o a"l i unP
hoLdt i t d di noi nt "
sAu
. "r e i r e l oc i n nod nat nol
(
$
1522 - 15211:
,\",11;:11:lJ':r:,ll'
ff;::;l
i:l; !.;ij,,i'1''':
#iic.ill.lil:
l:y;..',.
r, "' ; , . i i l ' . i i , : i i i ,
penrr
. r . Jt . nnrma
. d
n"
' nr, rnj m
I
Whrt rloil rou
,s doi,g tomoro\?
rL: "
ui i i i , ui rri . r i acl r"i '
*
i dri i n nod norDJrr mri 4p: l
l.i:^l;,ll5ill';;;l:,
\j"i i
"i.f
i,li
;";
ll'1,".
I "."1:l:"
N ot al
A. t i t
pr"
vnt
t t l or
! t rt t
t
t t . , l t
| i I ,
r" 7 n t l \
;
n
f
1'
t por
ar pri ma. ^' i i "r, i
I i i l o?-rc'
::
;;l,:"lJl
#1i"9,;::
"lili"
li';r
i
ll i J l,ui'i
I
ijf
iT;'i;;'
iili:l:il
r "
i "r . a, i "
\ ' . "m-
(
pr Pz"nt ut si npl '
d"pi 1dF
l " hol i ' i nd
un- i
l pf ! sdu de
imDreiuriri
obiective:
'
Rli.:,:iil:i'.'.''o':'t
;:"ii""i;i,"1
lil,lir;ii;:l:
"!':'i\:i:";:'"*''
Thi s
p' pni ns
hp
t s o, d, t r 3r
t
i s o l i
^
t Pr e' ' ' s' r Dl ")
lAst{-sa.n;
de ser ciu la birou
)
[|];#
irliKf :,":s:.ll
i:"lixii"'H'
"*1'lf*"i"{iiff
ifi
i'":'":"
5hp k/ r ps up her , i r
i ps J' a| hos
"r q
n r t UonJ' v
t PPa' . t
t npt u)
-,,,,
1;1, T:lTm:i
r ll;ff b1;ii"
:;"':
:;i:it
; ;T t. i
!
""
1: : !" i :i:'^,';i
"""
"'
E t 8f l
d
I
Vi , nr ut r cnL; n. t u
p' Lp
i nl r ' br r i r r l dr ' i
ppr ' r r u ,
qa
l or ' 1ul b
' u
mai
'
r nr r l r ,
. ^n- i dpr cl i p. di sf r ci i "
' u
l r ' I o i l r "l ' d| - U s
' l ' r L
Fr ! :
!r'hn trill
votr
Nothe' &d
'ontng
b see usi
' l nal l
$e D? sei , 8
You
so' n'
i \ '
' i ,
, i l l
r odr
b; vt i b" , an ng
'
r t -
So l ons l l l bP
"a' n8 JU"
( "our
'
1L'
i c! eder e
! e
Lur i nd. ) :
Toate ace3tc
tormule sint' mai
pulin abrupte
dccit
viiiotul simplu
si
deci
r nai
Pol i bi coase.
7
l : , r r u
Pr oPozi
i e
r r bi gr i
' r :
$'c'll
0ori rerl ha'd
\ ' 1nnr .
, r ! .
.
/ a. r on.
p' . r '
r ' : . 1
r "r . , ; . r : : .
1, ; ": , i r , ": ' l i l . , ; . . , r .
r :;;
ji;;il;l;
j'
; ;r ir
. .r rir;' rifui lr I i,lrlli;:ll:;"r;:;"
lr ;, rti;
u'"'.'"i,i,i.i:l?"',1,,,11;;;'',:;;;:',li?,".::i:)",,iTll'"
"l:;';r:l:i'll:,
t h sr l ut f t n, l i n ( ' nPr r ni i l i zat col o. vi al ,
Pl po' l r
i ' *i " i i , "i l t .
' . ' r n! o
r ' ' d Lm"Di nl i r or '
CONJUCARB
CONTTNUA
80t
care poate
avea:
fe')
tnlelesul
unui
(,;ltrr
pud (,lt:
shall).
tyor,
l&./a toarte se os.l
dat
ri-(e")
inlelesul r,iitolalDi eolitit' (,tL:
s,itt.)|
lstnten
hotdililyreh
si tuden toarre
scrios.l
ambiguitalea va dispira daci se utilizea_zii tiitorul
continuu,
car nu are aici
decll o singuri interpretare:
aceea d.e a{ttor pur:
We'll ,e ,o..(izg
very tiard.
^-,,
{]. llld
.;::!d arp caracter
rnumcutan (
g
1344), foma
conrinui
expdmi g
l8t4
acl runr sEu st An rppet dt e:
?, i Yd
b"l , noddi nE. b! t he t : raat rt F
morni ng.
dr app, , g t hi n$s $r i F
I sns dah. p.
r. l
Cu adrerbp ra:
dt rq4s.
l or
, r
t .
"an. t i n\ ot t ! .
. anst , I , t t g.
p, ryauol g,
S
: , 8t 6
rLsuol l l J
rt , . . f nrmi . nnt i nua. , . \ pri , ' l
d o rrt i ur, t s sJU o sl nr^ ; . . . ;
. ;
""p"i d
'
-
mereD, care constituie
un obicei:
you
ar" ok,rr
".otd.nc
mn.
, 1r. r"u
I , ri , . 4. . )
Don t bp
/o.
,,pt
luttins
oL
r r u amt nb
r n"r . u. )
T\?y aft .ontinurllu
atrujls.
A- l nl r una di l cr r l i r ' r
- "
He x,as cons,anrtg grrinujns.
(Era
nern ncrnnlu;t
)
-
N ot d
.
Daci I'erbul
nu arc caracter momntan (g
1g14) sau nu este deteminat
de nici-unul din adverbete de la g
t81b, nu poate
ai.ea lormd
conri;;;-;i;J
exprrDa o acl,tune repetati
sau un obicer,
Nu se poato
spuDe :
I r nal , . . . ?pl d
e
Sar r r d. . \ at Lr r oonaLr hLr l av
t
p
, d.
Bat ng
t o t h. I nst i t ut p , , et !
do! .
"
corect, lntrebuinlindu-se
forma
simpll pentru
a s cy;ta pleo.
l"4f .1,f
nT
n,:"!1,:u,ii{,1'liJl;
g;'
*"
n'*
llr,""lfi': I
laro {erbnt
Du
}o:rtc
avea aspect
continuu.
S
1Sf6
.
I nr r FDUU4r r ea
I nr mFr , on
i nup
r r - , a , 6
sc, i uned
. . a st ar e dpnu-
*l!1,,1:J::'",::1",i':lT'.".i!1Ji-;":,1'"u "*'""''i";;n;';u#";';:,;;;;;-
Existd insn verbe
care nri pot
avea aspect contimru,
sau situatii carc nu
pFr mi l
t nl r FbLi n t ar
ad
t or mpl or
conl i nur
,o""J)
U""O"t" nu pot
avea aspcct continuu eind acliunea tor nu este trece_
S
l8l?
! @
"' r dm
/ / ous l r um \ {ea, r o 1"5t .
lri u.' t.s
d
(lear
trand.
, , , "1"r . . "", . . 1". ", "i p""1' 1l l . "": "^; "l t a", n; t r on
\ \ . sr
I n Eosr . . .
' j
ni cj :
t t pj st r r t ng
a . t car
har d- . pent r u ,
a r ,
t i uI | ac
r pr l ul ui
nu c"i et em/ or ar A.
"-!nJ":" "'
*
*zi
qar.k,
Acnnna. al cor'.nr,rure
rrsrsr
e.ir,,ure tuture-as-
Se spune
30!
5e
poat e l nsi spnnei
Tl ' e . l r ' a, ' , , s
l or t aq
smuol hl Y.
H;
; - *i ; i , e r " n; i i , r c*: d; o' t
' l r ' t r f b
hi m
Dc' r l r u
. a
ut ubel . a. f i t r r r i si n t ampor {r '
t o
' onl F\ t el e
r aspP' t i LA
".
"--'rti
".ir"l
* zj'ie: "where
ari uau
tioing?" clnd
persoans creia ii.esie
adresati
intrebarea se aile inir-un
lo' ln mod lrecdtor. chrar
dac.a.,qeoerea
iooiol
p""t"usitx (de exemplu
pcniru studii
ln strdinaiai)
lit
'lv here
dn
uou l i ' ' ": ' r' Lnt l
nc i nl eresnrn d- Jdre. a
"r
pFrnranenm'
E l 8l 8
"
2l Pcnl r uacel ui r r not i v
nupol dvFt J' p' cr
' or r r i nuu
ver bcl ecar Per pr r mA
"' -' -
", , ri i , i , ".
i i i "i t ai , ' *' , , ", "
"d"
pt -pt i ; t nn; rt "
i nJ"p' nd"n' P
d" ni nl a
i ndi i dul ui . equPra c5ror"
ol
nu
poat o dP' r a' ! ' ond' :
4) sent i ne t ut e:
"
aal e
( - a
l
i ne l i c i ne vr i a t r
'
cvJl b ndr r cr ' t ' l i ke' ! o" l o@'
, a;"iii.i i""iiiit,'i
i"l'":',;;i";'", ,;
;it;":;
-t;d
t=
a
{se)
supa'dl'
e s4tisfv ctc'
0
t 8l ' J b) d. Li r i t at t
nt a, o! F t o oe, F. t o b4@P
b t hi nt t
( t hot . ) '
t o t Fposr ' t o
'
ro*' - @ kN*. to inia4 ta a"or, b tuti r'
r.tunb?t' ti
lo' E4
to s4x' '
o
"i"tt,
r
' uiq"i
",
10 ,ad".std t'
14J to r' qt
"
61820 c)
pe"i ept i i
seazot ; d! . :
, '
f eel ' ,
1a hea\ t o s@, b st ut t ' t o sol \ d' t '
! 6 i oaL I i A;
\ :
a
' mdJ"r )
' a
r Ps"nbt P
t
{
189f d) ee, bet e I esat e de. obi ect e cat e
au r nsut i r i
t et at i o.
peF
belons' tu catup *' ; ;;,L"' . 1" l' td
l:
@ contoin
)' ,
to
' 2n:i::-
of
'
t4
' oi t , t i
t ' o' ". . r o posi "*t . r c, i *n. u D. s' s. t / 1 naal ua
t ; nt f
)
r o / esn ( r nr r ' J {c'
S I 8r 2
"t
at i e
"""t ' "
cdt P t u suspt "aza
i d"pd J
' t "nPor dr ' : t o
bpead'
- , o
d"*i t a. t a
pt Lat .
b aJt t b. : e, ,
l : r
l o^ l l ! ! : p: ! ".
t
P.efet
it to the old one
I caa' t undeitaul what
vou
are snvtng'
I see now {hal
Jou
nrear'
I I r r d l n" dos r Jt \ .
i r on
r
si r i o | 1J; a_m"h' i r : i
"o' gs
I o
I Jl h f
She aa green eYes: she ts a witch'
N or d
6 t 8' . f l
l n eoql eza col o. ri al u modet od,
v' rbel e d" l a
$
I Q' l 0 c-ar^se
ral er5 l a pPt '
"
--
-
, "pt t i i "nl ri "i e, sl oL de obi . ci
precedat e de aur' rl i i rul
modai C4N:
l l n
l i mDul unei PUmn6! i
l o
Pr dur e) :
ddn yoir t,e the birds?
{Auzi P5stu
e?)
I .dz src the acacias.
lsimt Darlumul salclmrlor.)
b"n
viu see the lishthouse
too?
(vezi'9i trr ferul?)
| .on und.rslaod \our
d(ticulty'
(lnlPles dilpma ltr caro te ani
)
Modalul CAN, ca orice auxiliar,
nu pdstreaz& calitatea
de verb no9ional
ei nu se traduce aqadar In limba romena
ln aceastd
srlual"Ie
-
'
Const rucl i a
ai t rnal i vd. f d-rd CAN. esLe t oLuFi
l nce
prel erat a uDmrr:
Dd
you
tuo. the birds?
t s7;11 th acacias.
I se the liShthouse too.
I lndztsland
Your
diffioulty.
S
1824
AproapF
t oat e
vFrbpl e
menl i onat e
t a
S
l 8l 8-1822Por
d' "af i
t ?l ! 4, : 1'
'
i \ un, dat at unci sansul l or l ' xi i ' al se s"hi mba'
i deea Je
"parmanenl S
drspa-
rind:
-, p, , ' **-, r, -a
", ; , ,
1rai "^"
""i t l i ; ${#
I ua hat i ns
{d' l i un"
i nd' p o'
dented-ee!
o I n
td
noaslra)
;
I dn iooi i4'
'l3r
nn
t o t l cpcl rd (:
a dcpi i . l c t l 4 devj ne, . a ronl , a (l e)' :
\ \ e he. l epdxl i n\
i sau ui / a/ r , al l on r t , u l nr l he
y, at s.
4, nl p r i r . ^
r '
r "r L 1, . { i
t ohar cpi er ( l ei deea de . posesj unc" si dc\ i ne d l ud ( .
a br t r . a mi ncaei c. ) :
To hdre Lea, a rrfn'k. r wliisla:
\lhrt rili \,ou lar., Sir?
t o hr r . a I al l i , a s$i , i , . a n. ! . , ,
1) r r t I .
r sni ol <e, i l r | 3I . . t c.
i uzi t i S
1se7)
t o mi nd ( :
a supAr a! a l ua i n seamn ci , c. ) dev; ne, , a avea gr i j d dc":
Do
rou
n;n.l ny smoLirs?
(Vd'suldld
drcii'fum.z?)
\ever ntnd what Clara sars: no onc nids l,er.
(Nu lua ln seane ce spunetlarar nineni nu-i de at.ntic.)
Wl\o is nindinc re childr.n?
{Cine
are
erij{
de copii?)
to leel poate li tntrebuinrat pntru a exprima o starc tcmporari:
He is
faling
mnch bctter no\r.
{Verb
noncntan)
(Se
simie mult nai bjne acur,.)
dar atunci cind sntimntul sau senzatia nu sc limitcazi la monentul przent,
3e poat e spune nomar:
Hr
l pi c
6n i nt ! r pbl n
Jou. r \ . r h
dur ar i \ ,
ur
r nkr esezr . J
Tl o r oom
/ , r i 6
daml . V, r b ou"at i \ )
( Sa sj ml .
. h
oddi a ar r i gr r s
"
,
Ho$ do
Jou/ , , 1shq, s^n, body
p
l s Jou
a, ompl i r r "nt ?
t ver D
r r Fr a vj
to hoar derine .,a audia'r;
,,a
asculta'
(lec,tiile
etc.):
Thr y *+. hot i Fg J uour s" ol t mt ur . s.
( AUo' au un. ur s. )
I - uB h?ar a| hi m l , ; s l psor . .
( l l as. ul l dm sJ \ i d dl cJ; l : , I . cl i i , e. )
to look (: a ardta)
(stare temporare):
\ ar or p I @hi n9 po^, 1. r ( - p"i kJ, pe. ' k, dJ.
( Ar r l i . r m
r Ju,
Pr r i pdl i d. )
dar numai (- a semina cu)
(stare permaDenti):
Ycu look like an artjst. Wlro i.e you?
You aook tike yolr
mother.
tsemeni
cu nama ta (la tnllliFrc).ll
to seo derine:
,,a
s lntilni",
,,a
vjzita",
,,a
conduce", sau se lntrebuinreard
cn prcpozi,lii
ori ddacrbe care ii schimbd tn.telesul:
"How ts Chfis
s.r,in( on?"
"He's oX., we;re E;lns lim tonight."
TnFs
. t , *
vat n6 hn si C\ r s. r I n", i l ) .
n
Fr FsaD. .
dr n or . . , . l
|
'tds
Ncins het ra rnr do,r whcn
yotr
rary.
(o conduccan la uF,l cind ai snn;t.)
\t
ho i s."r',g
\lothnr
o//.'
l Cn" o nJ. . "
I .
l dni I d
S"r
: l
My hlsnand ;s r..t4 ro the rickers.
lsolul
neu arc
srija
de iilete.)
' ct -
yau
a. F I r A"
! ou"
not hpt
; n
, l avt hnt
|
.
t o. . ! . D, 0&/ : a s. mt na r h l r i c
pn\i.le\.
,ou atr IiA.
lair
tutter.
sou
lik" nusr And uo'4linc ana
paintins.
t Or
( o, t ogr af i ai o*d,
' r
USAj ( : hi n. ) .
363
304
MORFOLOGIA
_
\/ERBUI'
to smell
(verb tranzit'iv)
poate fi inirebuinlat
pentru a exprrma o srars
iemporara:
_
e das . 441. , s
'
r u
_
.
[ " mi r ^"
ur
r _
n l Jl r r ' l
dar se
poal , c spune numai :
r'hesc floivers
dDul snel? (\'erb
intranzii'i{ dufatir)
{Florile
accstea nr au mrros
)
The nark snel, {sau
'"s/
sodetr
lvith the scent ol Llre lincs
(Verb duaLiv)
itlr;ut
e.a Inmifesmat
de
pa.lumll teno'
)
!
1825
\ -n
'
' ;
,\ccleasi
verbe care se retffi la
percep,tiite senzoriale
sirt' tlnnate de ailJec-
t ; t c i n l oc de adverbe:
' f l .
"
mmLpd
gdi on
r ' 1nr t "t
"t
at "nt .
. Jt
"
_l l ' nr
Nl ' ' 1
r 1' L d)
' tr-e
rodsl. smPi^
va' datut.
I
d-
LJr r bs
$or l
/ ai s
' \ r "
"t
(
' "oI L
$r ' n r Pr r
(vczi
ii
5
76e)
l o l s6l o
poal F l i l nLrebui nl rr
pFnl rd 1
"\ pri md
o si l uaLi e
l "rnpor^a-ri :
c ook oo; h,
;,s,
".
s.r,r,
rl ,
l :l l :,. .Tf l i ,
l i ,i .' "Ti ;,
verb.mom-nr1n)
{Euddhe.si
gusio sosnr InPr!
dar se
poaio sPune numai:
Thp mFi i
r'
r, o/ g". l i ".
{v"rl
drrt l r: r)
c, . - nni , . r . si
d
i r r '
r or
The litre
' u' drs
sau doesn' i
il' ?
(\ inul c rcrn, nr i air?l
Uor 5n
l l l ' b"l l r k, t " - d i l "
, .
\ u g i ' l r ' ' ul
' l +
er ' - 1Pr r
Si
( ol u' i
r r , l ur i
r "r r ' b' l "r
"
u'
"r ' ' "
I i o l 8l 6 1812
. ' r r
l oal F i nr ar -
ai Li i i .
i ""i a
i : "r ' . L, o a\ . p1
I r i poi I ' ^n' i
uu
r i eLu
ns' bi ba' p. sr nanr r ' 5
r d, , ; a , um s- a ar dr al
mdi
s
r , , ,
f i "
n. nl r u
a
'
<p_i nr a nur nl " suhr r l p s4' sPa
. oi ri rat .
poFonal d'
'
orbi ror' da' i
pr' Ll ndu-3e I r maL muLt a
rnrFrprerarr
' si rrl
r"
"; 1
, ' , j . ,
-l o
o, rt si der-
?.
t j F ei o. r" f narl " rdl i nat subl i l p
cp
pol obl i np
j on-
! i r i i i r ", l - $, '
"^"i ; r ;
i l g, a"
i i
r oi t r i r l eYi bi l p
' i nd
l F' unosr i
j ^' ' r l :
. Ddr si
3" fi""t""fr"*
*-!i ri ln-suFil ciiito
l limba englz6
peniru a
9i
putea ingadut
el lnsugi asemenea
abaieril
Doni, exemplo. Palliser,
deschizind
brusc uga' ex-ploziv: 'What
orl- earth
."" o1u J.tooo*.T
to be doing?" -
Lady Glencrjra: ''i.
rvas acting a story
for
il"Jtv
""4't"
'^;^r
loli'gi
it
"
Nici un
procedeu stilistrc
nu pxie'a comumca
orui tiupattl
tnciniarea scenei
la care asiilasem
noi'
.spectatorii'
deoit aceste
""' 1"i . ' -
i qi
p"r mi l Pau l i b"r Ldl i
' u
r psul i l "
g' i ' nat i "sl P'
' ' T
an t , t ' t n!
you
v"rv rrJ' h
"t
am l ot i ne. vo: l "
, ' I l n , h-: ! t ' ! ! . i ! , : : .
'
Pi
f orne verbal e {ab' r -
s ai
l i zi * i nuabi l f crpcal F i i l ri gi di t at pa
l or. dp i nLardi "'
i i i f . n"". "i i "i ""i t o'
- sr ruusi u sa sparea t i psr. l p
pFnt ru a
a\ prrma
rnFl prr-
l i ' t Li , l , i
"' e; ; ;
i n. t abi l ul l 4
' i hi ' s Aba. P At t ' ! et " ra' l su
. pri nrr
o si mpl a
i on. rr' , "t i .
"i ""*uri ,
' f em' rul
p' i "t i c al xnui s"n
i mFnt abi a i nt i ri p' t
sub
am"run: rroa
6o_rbel or.
sort i t
, r' d"ru
e'
- a nu cvaa
urnan'
l
sq,ccr
:
rra.tumal
dDtce.
,:
lcntN cei nenltai!
!Vc;i
se.ialtrl Tv
"IuniLia
Zd ts.", dula
?r ol l or e l 18l
l - 1s821
r .
Tl ": s 4boi , 4t t
l
-
\ l
r r
r r pr "
l " l o1l c.
ilowbray Knjght
ronanele soriiLoNlui
ctgtez Anthnnv
.oman
lostbclic
alronnn.ic.!1ui
Eric
CONJUCABEA CONTITNVA
_
Compsrali coDtrastiyit loho lolma simpld gi forma continui a conjugdrii
g
1g26
0ngl czc. (l ext exempl r' r. arrv. )
"\ \ ' hos
ad&i ng l hl l . dr k"r r i n t . r " ! vi nj - r oom:
' . t hochi J| an
o. e
pat hi E
r n6
' ql ] or l .
l r onndUp' , on
r hp
Tr . ' ' . Hot r
. ' r you
- i dod
t ; t m hat ; a: i t . ' - Wel l .
r i evf 6
i a' i , 61' el i maol r nFi r l , \ s1 I don r r , , : o
- po, l
t h"i . r , , , , . ' . - Ri r r r 6s. uor "r . nt u
n. \ ' s d
"
dl l on
. dgeo.
I z
sor ' s
ou r or a $.
(
l o r , l a\
' '
FORMA FRECVENTATIVA
(THE FREQUENTTTIVE FORNI)
I) Iormd. - Forma frecventative
are nwnal tlauii tinpwi
- vcent si \ t8Z8
t t ?t r t t . L\ se
. oDql r ui . . t e . u
a; ut or ul eur i l i ar ul L, i \ \
t t . L i a pr "znnr
1t o61n
'
oer. uanel c) si WOUT, D
l r
t rF. uL i radt a parsodn. t . ). t r
"r, F
sF; J"uL, a i , l rl _
ri rrl i ncnmpl et al vcrbul ui de conj uqai :
/ : p. . t I
I
qJI y. :
yl u l vi I sap: hp. sh, . i l $r so. . : $o si , "".
Jou
\ i t l
t
seei t }ey
qi l l
sc. .
t r pcr t I
I woul d. b"e:
r or
$oul d. e":
np. sh. . ; wout d soo
r v. \ . ut , t
5Fd.
t
you s' ol r o
spe:
' ' oJ
$o. r 0
s
2) Futtclii.
-
Forma frecventatiyd exprimd o sctiune .dr. sc r{,retd
q
1829
sAr
"nt t
, onei l ui c
un ob; "pi j i e5' .
sdeser i nqol i t d d" ddvprbet " r"t " i j i ! ,
:
often. seldon,
teqrLe
lU etc.
3) Tmducere.
- ln limba romani, forma frecyentativi se rraduce:
S
l8A0
la prezent
c\i indicativul prezent,
la trecut crr imperlectul
OJ an rcning, I oittl oltcL sbou atong the riyer.
(M{ plinb adeseori sarr
!o
nalul rtutui.)
whpn [rrF cal i5 dwal|, thp m:cp
ji
,t,r.
l ci Dd
pi 6i cJ
nu i J- 6d: "oJF. i i j od. i ( .
au- obi cei r l E'
; . . ,
- )
r "
n1- 1. 1
ghe piA
s?end hou$ over hr books.
{SH
ore lnlresi citind.)
Tr ecut .
Er ccy SDbday Jpl f 8, on }i s new mot or bi kp. , odt d adp ou! i nt o r he
oubki.ts ot Br.hffpst
t- usFd to rido).
t l n
t F. ar n dumi oi ct , J; t f se
pl i dbd
n; noud t , m. , r oL cl cr e D. i n
i mpr "j r r : mi h Bu"r r e?r i ul ui . )
U' hp1 youos- t heJ. r o, l d
sompuoes
Jbi n
i n d, ". ,
pur
i hFat r i . dt s
t :
r nPy nsPo r o
Jor n, .
(In tnereie,
jucau
uDeori tn teatu do amatori
)
Not i L
Forma lrecventativd este intrebuintatd tn timba scrisir. La trecut. ste
I 1881
tDlocuiti adeseori tn scris, qi tntotdeauna in limba
vorb;td. cu verbut dsed ro
(
s
21rj6).
'
:
c.o ca cveninenlelor sportivc.
3
:
se d;sireaze
srozar.
r:
Nu vreru sli le stric dishaciir.
6
:
A ,icht !
(exclamalie)
Dc acbrdl
6
:
llar oaloi
pe
nervi.
I
f o"m. f . , \ nl d . . 1 l d
I . p6
I sg
) :
pl . es%
mai
pu
i , ,
i
, t " bu' nl a, r .
3
J. t
t , br ' v )
:
t ' f f r c4
[ \ ) ] t t r l .
s
182?
866
18e2
183t
l u l i mba engl ezn exi sf i l rci conj ug; ri -
curt j ugorce.
sl dbS'
' onl ugi rea
' "- -
l 0r .
i i
oni u sr ' c mi \ r ;
r r r "
' n
deospb' ' i n
' -
' 1"
pr i n l or m' l e
i nu' can-
! ul ui
r r a. u'
. i par ' i r i pi ul
r i
t r e' ut '
f c3f
l )i ooi ug"t i "
' l l ' t ; n
(Th"l l
0l :
' ani q' Lt i aP
t
Eorm"l ^
pt i r' ' i pah
al P
r cr br l , r ca"r e ao, r l i n s' csl "i
' on; u; r r i
:
sdi
'
i r ' l i ' Al i ' ul
l r p' ur si "nar r r ' F
; i ; i ' i ; ; L
! i ' 1"; ' "*i ;
pr "
"; i ", sar ea
sur i ' , r ui - d' au - /
r
r a' nt i nj t ' vul
t . rbul ui rc. p. cri v.
'
i u' a
pna' a s! Fc i "u nu ori gi ne
gFrmani ' i ori l rJn' pzd:
to larn
-
leam' -
lcam'
to
PaY
- laid
- laid
1336 a, La majoritatea acestor
verbe' adiugarea
sulixului -d
se face
prin
intermdiul literei mute 'e-:
CI , ASI FI CAREA
CONJ
UGARI LOR
to call -
callcd -
called
( o
Pl aY
- Pl aYPd
_
Pl aJed,
to s' op
roPped -
roPPPa
c 1836
b) Dupa uncl " consoanF.
l n g"nere dupb co)'
i ni l i al surde: "y g: ] ". t P
'
"urde,
sul i xul -d a deveni l
t . dP obi cci
precedaL dc srurt 8rea
vocal Fr raoa' rnl l :
to mean
to sleeP -
slep' -
9l9P'
ro leav;
-
ler;
-
lelt
to leel
-
lelt
-
lcl'
$
t83? c, Clteva
verbe Ia care s-a adeugat
sutixul -d
sau J au sulerit
qi modifi-
carea
1 ocal ei radaci ni i :
to seu
-
sold
-
sold
to teu -
told
-
to].l
lo buY -
boughr -
bougl t
t o t hi Dk -
t l ouah, -
r nougr r
Coni ucanea sl abb
e l e acLual menl ' e
si ngur a
f ocr l ' c
pr odur - t i vS NumFr oasB
ver be t a"r i _au dF! Fni l
l ol al sau
psr ! i al sl abp. i ar t oal F
ver bel e- . nor
pnmpsc
rreii.'"e.
"lala,
numitd
tn prezerif rlg ulatd s,'ed, -rd' -ing
(\'ezi exemple
$
1835).
S
f838 2) Conjugar
s la:rc
|
ftu Stonq
'oniugotion
t -
La verbele care apar\in
a. esl er
(
onl ugrr
_
v. ro. o. . "gi -n'
gei mani ca
.
,
. i ndi cf l l i vul . t rPcut
sc I oF
rneaza d. i , bi c. i
pri n
modi f i ' arei
voc; l ei i nf i nj t i uul ui
i ar. psrt i ci J' i ul , t re' ut
pri n addugsres
"Jf i xul ui
_"| l
sau -' 2.
' are
a di spdrul
i nso l a unel p
veroe:
to lall -
letl
lallen
t o df l w
dr "w -
dt a$n
i o
get
-
got
- sor
( ar h
t i - amer ' !
got t eor
t o ; i dk" -
i Lr uck -
s' r u' l
l ar h
r
st ncken)
S l sJ! 3) Cooi ugar os
Ei f l A
f 7l "
Mi x"( l
Conj ul at i an)
ar c- i ndi cat i vul
l r ecut
"
t er mi nat
1; ' ed
( ' ar cl ' r i st i ca
r onj ugd- r i i sl abe)
i ar par t r ci pr ul
l r Fr ur r n - n
sau -n
(caracteristica conjugnrii
tari):
-
sowd
-
swelled
-
swollen
' SuI i r ut
r s. a d. zvot r r t i o d Umi l p si r ual i i di D sLr i r ul
_d
I
Cu sau IArd moditicarea
vocalei rtrddcinrr.
,
d.n.
-
arnaic, atrf.
: engleza american{.
307
VERBE REGULA' | E
$l
VERBE NI I I i EGULI TE
$
18{O
{Ri'GUL\II
AND IRREGULAR VEIiBS}
Slnt considerate rsgulato toate Yerbele care au indicativul trecut gi parti-
cipiul trecut, terminateiu sulixul -ed.
iar nereguleto, toate celelalte verle de
coojugare 31abi, tare sau mrrti:
negulale:
to ask -
asked
-
asked to cau
-
callcd
-
cttlled
NoeCnlate:
to draw
-
dreiv
-
d.awn to learn
-
lcamt
-
leant
to fall -
lell
-
lallcn to
lay - laid
-
laid
to lccl
-
leli.
-
lelt to lcck sou:lht
-
sought
to got
- Cot
- Cot
Lo sow -
sowed
C.lteva verbe neregalate au
Ei
Iorme p aralele rqulatel unelc pfutrind ace-
laqi lnleles, altele cu tnleles deosebii:
I lerrnt
-
learnt
to ro!r!
1
tearn.d
-
learned
t"
'un
{ifiif"a
:
if,,'l"o
"o*,
{L"l8"a
_-lliig"u
)
t :
o i n' rt "t
)
(: a varsa un richidJ
Pentru aceste
particularitili, a se vedea mai
jos
lista verbelor neregulate
si observatiile ateiente
($
l8i7
-1819).
'
Marea maj ori t si . a
Frbel or di n l i mba
"n; l "za
' i nL
\ "rb" . rCrl dt e
t i !
18l l
aproape l oal e
verb*l e nou
. rPrt ot
sparl i n a. "s
Pi . JLpgori i . \ : l t Fl :
to telesrsph, to
{tele)phone,
to televise, ro pros.an{dc), to compule, to computo'
rize, to radio, to xerox, etc.
t o
wi F L, s
l :
a l r dDl n: l P
Pr i ' l
r adr o)
r u mol of ,
l o l d. i
i :
a m"r s" cu JLLomobJul . cu l d\ r r l l
r o sr eJm r . i
l J. u. , ond. a
'
u cdhd cu ol ' r r r )
l o
. r npmal o*r . nh r . : n"mal ogf a[ d)
t o st r eaml i na r . ada
o l i ni e dFr odi nJmi cl )
r o s. r vi . F i -
a of "t r u" ul omoDi l et c. . d . i l u, . a l ogr i j i l obr l ct r -
dintea olientelei etc.)
t o edLer or ool I
d, , i pp. m"dbi l i r a)
l o pi D l i ; t "
.
d.
"J, bpo"i , t
pr i n eondr . l , r : a i n"l dl a o coDduot d de
r)errorJ
l o. , Lom, '
'
d
"' "nr ' u' e, n, l omi :
a vJl r or i za)
( dt t ni z6, , , Pf r !
'
v. ' r of i . ar or p"nl r u pJr l r m.
Ji xat i v
pet r t r u p& el c, )
to x{ay
(. i radios'alia)
Lo, ddj ;
i r . dnc' : l P
I ' r ' a
r d' l i o)
r o
st , r
. '
' \ . . '
t r
. eDr a uD a. l or mr r e sau o act r i l l h r ol ul
lrrnu!atl
PRINCIPALELI' VERBE NEREGULATE
$
1842
l n n. p: r. r
'
l i i l
'
I ' r
,
l
ut
i r
. F
Jp. l L
varbel A si mpl P. precuo
$i
ci [ eva
\ Ar6p
. ont . , t
"
t b
t .
I . n
l , , r;
t ). db caror f orn. pri ^ci pa. l e di l erA ds
c. "l pd
"1"
i , r n , "-
i
t r '
. r " i n' r s r r ,
^"r punpr cd
l or .
Pe Itu rbcle neri:ll.latc tirnpLr\e a se vedea
$
1848.
1Indicativ,,t
irccnt si narli,,iDiul
trlicut nreslo. tube stnt o/rog,a/iat oorfo.m r81t'
j i o,
l " l a
S
r - i . : i pr . \
pl ' , : ' J Lnph t . ut "ph' wd- El ui sel .
PNgmnuwl ,
anPI AKd,
tdri pd,
":na"otoA"rpl ,
l 1
' aF
t-,o1,
t. ol ontzpd. t+44.t1.
388
Gna-xR,,r.LrT-LTr
. ,.
. . Trtcut Participlu
l nl uo t t u
si npl u rr". i t
51844
At ent i e!
fal
In limba engleLe, archarc ilscarara
..perimat', ..inr.cchit'
(oa
si tn
limba
romnnn), dar tatuti inlrLtrdnlai cu ur,cie sensuri speciale tn
l i t erst rri sar di i l cct al .
51E. | ;
( b) l ner et
' r pi ' ol
r cr e,
ni
"l ". i o"i
, , r , r , - i r : . l ar . i "i pi ul r r ecuLl n, r p-
bui nt , at t rLol - ss\ r
. . ad f at , , nr
!
"bol . r' ,
aap. t ;
rLrrrn o d". pn ni d
p"r
rri pi rrl
trecut, lntrebuinlat la construira lormlor rrbale compuso
(I
haie lcari,ed,,
I shalL hnoe Leerned d,c.) in contrast crr
participiul
trecut lntrebuintat adjectival
(a laafilcrl man).
S
1846
f../
Yerbelc care au doui form verbalo paralele
cu acelaii lnteles. la
trecutul sinplu
!i
participiul trecut, au o form5;egulati (terminaii
cu sufixul
. pd,
Ai
0l t a ner p: ul r ' ; . l or nr ol e r pr eoul r . F si nr
pr Ff ,
r aLp i n er sl ! za br i LaDi ca
i arcph recul at ". l n
nnsl pza
ampri "rri -rvezi B.
ei ui rk.
A Grani ar ot Conl em-
potarA English.3.65). Dic-tionarele si
J.drnaticilt
ceie nai cunoscute
si
rccente
nu confirmi lnsh aceastd asertiur,!.
$
1843
$
1847
TTIIPUIIIIE PIiL\CITJ{I,N AI'X TXRBEIO& NJiRTGUL{III
al i de
begin
bseechs basouglt
f
bid
[ {i D' ecl i [ )
bii.e bit
bled bled
blcnd blcntr (]it
berelt
[hrri:Y,
br relf, br .elt]
lesousht
lbrrsj:u,
br sr:t, br'sc:l]
betr
fbet.
b.at. betl
J l l 9,"" r rbrd,
b,d. rr,dl
I ili'ii"ri,tr
t fbrd
bed brdnl
tr.nnd, fba d. baund. baundi
bitic!, bit'
ibarl,
brt, branl
bled
lbli:d,
blcd, nlcdl
)
bleDt{
{1i1.) lblend,
blnt, blnil
Traincerc
i
a locui
{arh.)i
(lit.}
I
a rlmlne, a sta; a
{
conlinua; a attepta;
al i
l ani i t et
a supor l a
1
a
iscj
ptcca
I
o r i pi
hni l al r
a
1
i i r $i , a
! r i {r {t l ! nz. )
I
a oroona, a spure,
{
al i . i t r , a ol cd
{pr cl
I
l J l i ci t Et i . )
alodC iboder
la'lard,
c b.ud- orleudl
asoke
{:l .l [i "
r""",1,"' *-k{:l |.:,"}rr
I r s
I mn
l l i : ,
w. z, bi : nl
{ffi i i "
Ib.o,
r.:, bc:nl
lcat beaten
lbi;t,
bi:t, ni:tnl
t ; : ; ; ' .
bn; or r n br ' sd
l ; ; ' #,
I s' n.
bcga! Iesnn
lbrrg,n,
h
s3:n,
br
snll
rent bent:
Ilend,
bcnt, hnrl
l
Pararel cu fo.na ndguhra, existl
Fi
o tormil regulail, dar dilril,I ca Irletes sau
l nt r cbui nt t up. t Ver i Obser ! ai i i 6 i 819r .
s
I . zi ObseAi l i i 51819.
_
! I or ma
besdl e ; r hi i . i .
{Ti mpul f psp. . l
vt upr i r or d r F' ! , r L. ] . t nsl r di r Lt n' r pb, r ' nl r LJ. n Sr A. . or mar or pgI -
lal,a fijid ;Jra,Jeiistice ensLrzri lit.iarc.
lblcs,
blesl, hlesil
Iblar,
bht:, blcunl
Lbrerk,bronk,
brc!!anl
tlfi:d,
r,rd. brodl
Lb
d, b t, brttl
I ba: st ,
l . : st . i a: st l
tlar,
bcrt, b.:tl
tken,
kudl
lko:st. ko:sl. kosu
iketl
kc:r, k.:1.1
-
tijard,
urd,
rtlardd,
'ijrd(n)l
[rJu:2, uauz,
,rJouzn]
.,-. .,, I
klelt, Lleftl
1""
"
I
l dd! v, UJU! n1
lkl!,
kl^!, kl^!l
tklaud,
klad, kkedl
lkrst,
kcst, k st]
[ti:p,
]cpi, heptl
tlnt,
k^t, kitl
ide.,
do:st, deadl
ldirl,
delt, delll
36S
TradLlcere
f i desic. a da nastere
'l
]i, a'se lnnulli
a cudi
{
a.,btrcnii a crlild a
a (se) despica, a tlia
r se tifi, a se turjqa
ldspre
cocot) a clnta
r tfia
Infinitir
hing
iuild
cling
drink
I al l
lisht
llins
flv"
Trecu"t
stmpln
buiit
bouSht
J
chid3
I
chided
J
creft
I
(arl.lit.)
chng
J
ffe$:
{lit.
I
afh.l
{
dxrst
I
(inrechit)
iiid
fell
lorght
lled
flung
loryot
Parlicip;n
canSlt
I
chidcd
I
chiddens
{
creft
dng
IoL,glt
I t cd
!q's.
d.. g,cl a sara
du' ,
( l I d'
o/ . nl
td..:,
dru:, dm:nl a t.asc; a dcsem
ldri:m,
drcmi, dremt I risa
LLi nok.
d0k. dr nokl . , b9"
torarv.
(lrJU!.
rllvnl
i d$el ,
d$en, d\ ?l t l
-
d l ocl i
ti:i,
ct/eri{suA). i:lnl n nlnca
flcl,
fel, lr:lrnl a oiidea
lli:d,
fed, iedl a
{se)
hrtui
llil,
lelt. leltl a
(se)
simti
l i dr . l J: I . | : l , ' j d
La
. .
a sp r ' ol J
[ t i ' nd,
f aund, r aund] .
si si
lfli:,
lled, lledl a nrgi
lflrt,
flll, fl.lr1 a zairli
[lar,
nu:, roun] a zbura
lla ilet,
fa'git, l. g.tnl a uila
Lfs
serk, lo suk, Ia'sc taDl a
grlsi
tl.iiz.
irouz.
'lmuznl
a lnsl'cta
r
Tr mou r espa I ' v ar e s l or nl r ' eal ar d. l n
- p
. i . "
l , ' l r "bui n! a ; I n sr A, t ""ma
- "r p-
AUlatA
{iii(i
.rurctBsiic;, FriJalezi
lit!ide,
: ! ezi
Obser \ n1i
3184! .
sP1' al
Lu l . f na r r r . nl d d. r ; sr . r
) i
o
r o- m.
r Fgal at d. dar d
. . i
r , a i r ' . 1". sar
hhebni nt ar e.
( \ r zi Ob&r l at i i
5181, ) .
r
t or mx | Fsal al i i . l nUl nr l i ! F vr . n- r i
{n
l i r La ncf i sl . i {r a"l : . zi numxi l a uni i l oot i
mai
pul i n
i Dnor ' i ant i
ai i n un, h
p\ or "si i
. or bai
r r
",
i sr p
nr onunl Jt r , n eener e ca. i cei
t r pr ngul dl a d; ob"bi r pn t i i nd. r n mai r i . at pa
, l aur i l or ,
nu) ; ai ! r t ; Br st ; . r :
8?0
Intinitir
!:ild
gir
d
giv
hi de
hi r
liold
knit
l ax
lie
lighi.
oughi.
pav
put
si
I I u
goi
gilt,
glrl'
hiil
irii
held
hrit
laid
l ed
lelt
lay
lit
night
(ought)
pui
P&rticipitr
I
gotienl
I {m; r
girt"
iround
gro{ n
,
hiddenr
I
hid
hit
held
l.d
lit3
i,"t
Tradtcerc
thard,
hd,
rhldnl
h, t . hn. ht t l
i haul d.
l r ' l d. l r ei dl
i ki : t ,
hTi . t cl r t l
l ni : 1,
neJt , nr l t l
tnrt,
nt, ndl
iS;:i,isir
c"rr
a olrine
r dl I
Jl r . sl l
, . - i I ' - "- ", ^;
, , , ,
l Ai : d.
gd: r .
sr Jl
1
r "i e,
flll:
*,,iJIi 'ill,lr
i S"' u"*,
"
o,*.
i dr aLnd. ar . und.
gt aun l l r n, i t ' nr
;H"'i,
Hj',
'",1,"
I
I li:,r'l .
-r,r,.,'
i hFv,
hcd, I Fdl
'
cv' i
ah, J. I ' i : d. 1, : dl
I auzl
{
a
l 5ei
r r dt r 1
fhi:v. )taur. hcuvl
{
a (se) uni a
I
a annca
rhj :u,
hj o:d, hj u:l r
{;i l i ""l :j
"***'
a (se)
t,ne
a retima,
a ngnr
r
(sc)
Pistlt
t aJml l ct i , at
ut r
I itrc]1 a, a impo{era
a
ti.5si,
a preca
a da cu Imprumui
a l5sa,
a lnchiria
a nce, a. dra culcat
.l
a putea
{:
a alea
' al nset r I na. al t r l el g
I
a
(se)
lDtllnii
a lace
I
cunotnnF
tmiu,
maud, naunl
I
c9sl
fH:'d,,T^'r
lT?ili,'
i oei oei d,
per dl a
l l du
'ili;;',';il?",,, {ii;ii""r 1 '*"'
I.i:d,
rd, redl
a (seJ crrr
i l e, d. ' l c, dr d. -
l Fi dnl
al i : d.
l cLt . I Fl l
ilrin.
lcnl, 1etrtl
i rai i .
d, nt , n, nt l
i : v- l el t . l eLt l
i l end,
l ent , l enU
ilet. lct. lell
i l ar ,
t er , l er nl
lla{,
ltt, lrtl
u:2. lcst, lcstl
incrk,
netd, netdl
tner,
martl
tmi:n,
neni, nentl
tni:t,
met, meil
r Vezi
Obser val i i $
l 84c
s' t i mnul
RsDeci r r ar c si f nr mA r psdal , i .
. p; i ; i
; ; i ; ; i
" ' - i i t i ' r
. i r ' r r ,
r i
o r o, ml f "s"r r r r ' ddr di r er i i a
"J
' n{
r "j s1
|
'"
'"'l'ilJitr; ;)i1lr9.'i"fi.i;l
l-'"'.:3,.1,"'
.^
,imLJ s."isd.
,ar e.,dri nLn,ri ,d un'i po4i
' dr
or l i n i moor r aol i ) r
r r r
' n
l "
pst , r . si i
. o
) d' r d .
p! l o
pr onun{r t l i n
s! n
r '
'
a
i L
r "a
n r el dl : a. dFuse0r i ea l i i nd, 1, , n' ' d- or i t l t pd
'
dzut r l or . n' r r nar or r ogr Jl !
d
I
finitit'
Trecut Pdrlicipiu
l.end,
rcnt, renll
t.'il,
nd, rdl
rrard- r,rul. ndrl
i r l o.
i er . , r l l
. '
farzi rcuzi frznl
a?l
Trutlaure
d
(se) {'pc
I
fcsirins
r sci pa
( nanz. ) de
. Dc! , r sau de cer a
i
lsel
desriou
a Ulia cu lonslrlul
a scuturai a tredura
i,rebDi
(fi auiliar)
a rirsa
(lacrini e!c.)
a potcovi, a h,o[]la
. ararta: a sc vcdca
r r ut e l n l , i i i . u st qi d
I
o i nt r a
/ a
se st r i nge/
{
{la
apI)i a e,iia, a
(
s coar
n
{sel
spo!dt; a reria
a azvirli. a aNnca
J
a (se) cdpa
a
{se)
grnbi
r orLogralia, a silabisi
1
a
petrece (tim!nl)
r cnd . enl
ri( I ridl
ridr
I
I
I
ru' rg
I {t.hn.)
shear' shca.ed
sneN! shesed
shos' showed
shrinkr
shrank
rirc rivcd
rirfna
lra^',
rdrld,
"!\'nl
1
i si : ,
sc: , si r l
tsi:k,
sc:t, sr:tl
tsel,
soutd, seuldl
Uc'k, Iuk, Je'kJnl
II@1,
judl
tJ,adl
l j r d, I Pd, JFdl
f Jan, t i ud, I JUnI
fJorn, tcn, Jcnl
IJU:, JJd, JJd]
tfu:t, Jct, J.1l
ihed,'tred,'Jrcdl
tJrilk, JEtk, F^!kl
tjraN, Jrouv, 'IrNnl
tJ^t. lrt, J^tl
lsril,
se!l<. s^!kl
isli:p,
slept, sleptl
tslard,
slrd,
'sltdnl
[slo,
sl^!, sl^!]
lsl!1,
slnrk, sl^ukl
lsl!kl
[s]rt,
slIt, slttl
lsnel,
sDeti, snteltl
tsnart,
smonr,
'smltnl
tspi:k,
s!3uk, speukanl
tspi:d,
sped, slcdl
fslel,
spclt, speltl
tspend,
slent, spcDtl
[s]rl,
s!rlt, sprlil
shall
sold
sine
slide
slina
slink
shrorcl sltrn'cnr
sans
surs.
slew slain
sleDt
slept
. . : r sl ni
l
sl , ddcn
slung slung
{ slaDk slutrk
I
(ra.,
a.h.)
slit slii slit
spell
spill spilti slilis
!
Paralel cu forma nere$lai{ cxistA
!i
o forme rgulatl, dat dilcritl ca Jnlcles sau
lnhbuinta.e. {Vczi
obseryalii
S
184e)
svezi
Obse.val.ii S
i849
t
Tjrnlul resrreciiv a.
;i
lorma reguh1e
37S
Infi itia
sp'n
j span
trar!
spi!: spl!
spoil spoili,
t
(ensl. an.)
siiv staxt:{arh
l
- : -
| st t r nkl r r r l
tell
will
tl,ougll
sprung
staid:Iarh.)
told
\reI
TrccuI Partiipiu
Pronunlare
lslrn,
sp^n, s!?.nl
tsrr{enl
lsplrt.
ltr l. si,] rtl
tspred,
6]rred, slrcdl
lsprr!,
s!r]r, spr^'rl
l sr i : 1,
st i ul , ' st Jui Jnl
[s|l]].
sta!, si^t]
lstr!k,
stDlk, st^lkl
Isi^!kl
l st r u: ,
st r u: d. st N: nl
lsifu ,
rtrand,
'strrdnl
I
Gl r r n. ,
sl l , l , , st r / l , l
{
I
lstnr.
si.r'r. stra,.ll
lstrarr,
str.u!, htr,rnl
lswi:p.
sweli, srvptl
[s\rl,
sNe]d.'srvollenl
Lswrmi
6Feni, swnml
l l i l j ,
t r r i , t . r t l
ftrl. truld. l.ul,ll I
t 0r ! k,
J: t , 0J: t l
l r ) r d' \ ' . 0r au\ . ' 0r r vnl
I 0, JU, 0r u: ,
ur . un
'
l0r'si,oDst,
rr"si.l
r wer n,
q{r i
I
i ; ; ; kr D]
twi:v,
Nouv,
'w.n!onl
l wed, ' l r edr d, ' ! "dr dl
tw,:!,
wcpt weprl
t$et,
rvet. fttl
lwt,
srdl
Traducere
a sclipa
a (se) si.icai a .{sliia
x s!i, a Inmhe; a opri
a
,6c)
lipii a (se) lnligo
a rnspindi, a presnra
r mogc cn pat mar !
a s! ) l or i . a 6el t bi ct c.
a racc
gPva;
a osco-
pcn (!eirol, aur ctc.J
a nNata (pe ali.ulJ
a (sct rnpei a. snsra
a o ca
{ln
pioioare)
a (se)
Frta;
a dura
a
tllnge
l\tlrnd,
waund, s'aundl a
ierpuii
a inllsura
lrv.:k,
rc:t, m:tl a luoai a lorja
Irr0,
r^!, rall a i.lnge; a stoarce
irart.
ront, rrtnl a scrie
' vpzi Obr N. , i S' 8i 9
_
: oa- dl "l
, r , f
.
m- n. r
;
. . . r
i
. \ i .
i , r or m. i r "g. t JJ. ddo, t , r i . . ' at n' ") ps". u
l nt f ebui nt ar p. ( Ve?i
Obnr r at i i
q
l 8t 9l
3Ti
npul r . sn. "t i v i p. . i
- , r n, , r
f "s. t aLi .
aj v
' r ". i
l nr . _ Fj . l r ": r " r
l \ \ , r ' , _.
5V. zi
$
2r 03.
OBSERVATE ASLIPEA
VERBELOIT
NIREGULAI,E
V] I RBELE \ ETt E{i U[ , ATE
COMPUSO
rverbele
simple ca.e iolrll tn compunerca
verbeto. din accasH list{
stnr initicare
zYzi
Obsovalii
g
18,!9.
3
Ycrlul este drnaiii.
E73
5
1848
,
Ci t e\ a v"r h^
. pr er ul dt - qi nt
i
. 1"
r
"
pr i n
a, t - r q. r . , J un- r
r . r et i r
t a
unul
or r r r F vr r b. t o
dr ni pt a, . r pf l n. p i r r i i .
. ,
, l
,
m- i s, r . Tr ". r r r r t st qr pt u
. i L, act i , i
plul
lor trecut sint rdcnrice cu acctea ale verbelor
simplc tdto:ite in
Bxemple de asemenea verbe sidtl:
3- l o ar ' ", o, ' _us"
, . d
: .
r h1
. , t r d. o
. t t j l
I a(k-: h, br, rDn, ' t j r| k. / / rer
fre-:
ra becorn?, bcfaq. bt pi,l..
hei,ld!. beser. terlcaN. be.st,et,, berttitte, betdLe;
DrGd-: to broad.ds,ar
l oF: t a nt bco
-
t o"b, d. , j c. , r j , , . u , . , .
rr rntall
irter-: to inter0.drer
mis-: to nis8ir?. misne., misld3/. misl,zd, mkspclt. Dths/ezd. m;rdnc. nis
9l!:,
to arrbi.t, anLdo. olrsro' ,, out.;.1d, our,,rn, ourttu, out,,ea.,.
t o o\ , pr b. or . a\ "b. . 1 of L, j / . o\ r . dr r . , , \ ", . a, a",
^\ at
B
^t r t dna.
o\ dr , pd. o\ , r g{, , . n! "r / . 1, 9.
o. r / ao- .
ta!, oaerrt4e,
ovcrsroor, ovost e?, orc.srr.dd,, arermke,
otetlkra@. olernorh:
to rcbuild, rt:pd!, *lak?, rebeon
{let,n.),
r.,,tzll
t o t Db"t ut uDL, t d. r , - Lt , t a. u. . , a, un, . . , , . nx. i i .
unt d. c. unt dde. un.
-
t eot t . . a4t ot p.
LNa
/ ,
11
- t ,
E,
un! ; nd:
u. dor . f L,
u, d r r , d.
' ,
J- r
/ . .
, , . . t d. . u1a
t - t t ,
nd""xo,
) . nd, . "t , r .
u. der l ?r -
uod r 4. undp-
' J.
. nt , T". . nd. - . t / .
k. t : . r d" akp.
t r p- :
' ,
t pbp. . hat t . . t . - . r t . ". r
siv-:
si f t - : l o si "u. . , , r : ' L:
.
. . . 1,
t a. ' .
O]]SNRTAII'I ,1SLrPX-I
TIRBXIOR ]YXT,XGULATf,
S
1849
Ahide.
-
Formele nercgulate
sint arhaice5 si rar intrebuinrate
in lite.a-
r ur , J
"onLFmpor dnJ.
V. r bul
i nqJ) i e.
"
i nt r abr i i nl sr
numai i n i i , nod t i L"r ar d
t l
n
r nl ocul L. r n_ l l Tbd \ or br l i
l t i nt , h, ont i nd"
t o
st . p. Lo r "t , j ai n,
t o st du,
t ^ t , op.
t o
Lvot t
l ot
sdu . u
/ o s' r a
/ .
t a p, t '
Lt p t i l h, t o t ^t . t a| p.
_ l Tr! ". wake.
awskst r. $akonb.
-t l dt "
l
p). wokr. noki , ookpd esLe
i nt r cbui nl r ' i n
l i mbd vor bi t d:
oxI +. . owt l hpn. oah". ,
t n
l i mbd. . r i . a.
l j mba vor l i r - I
ol . . , p: t ' I g. i t r ng
t . t F.
[
' l r
s r l s l o b"
- oLPd
^r t -
I
l - hn uor l d \ ""mpd
Lo oxal ? r i d . i , ' "n.
r . mr r d
r L n. ' r
{
, s
r "pr o"d
"{, / ", "d
haf s. nsF ot duLv.
I
It was a nojsc ijt r, ,ratuD thc dead.
-
A|ake ql awaken sint prelerate
ctnd sensul este figurat:
tn a*ake to t]tre realities ot tite ,o oean? susDi.ion
!. dpai? to one,s danger
Whar an adftenr,sl
. _aPamlcliu
loma nergLjlirt5 existi
$i
o toimti rcgulaid, ilar di{eriti ca trleles sau
l nt r r l ni nt 0f e.
l vezi
Onsuvar i i
g
i 849t
"",
, i , l , l , l l i l i
, i l i : j ' ; l . t d, .
-
. Fr : md'
i ' u, , "i . ' o, r : , ' r bi n"'
nun^r p. "nqu, i
|
"", t
At 2t :
l i
r , ! t . A.
) i
t or m, n. r "at 1r r , : +6, r ' , . . vr / i
t i . r J \ r b. r or r "r
c! t ar e
l a
t
\ dc) t . A*ducn
t r
- al , . n
shi l g1r t 1r e.
8?4
.1(1,./1., are in gcrefc trelulul rgdat cind este tranzitiv
;i
neregulat cind
l i e
( i oi e. n
i . n }ecaus- " r o of u hr d dnzf t e, i hi d.
.|eali.n
i
ttulicn t;nd si fic intrcjruinlatc numai l,rarzilil :
lle \\as (orrulzned Il' ll,c Dolse.
llcar are treouful 6orr
,ri
doui forme de pa|ticipiu tec\ft: barn
\i
tur e.
Eorn (: niscut) este irircbuirl,at cu srrH
ldsn,
(firn IJy):
lo bc Dr., (: a sc nari.)
He \1' xs ,D., i^ l9t6
I hL i .
l , l ' r "
. t h- . / . of Ji co, r "
gF
, nl ,
tor"ne (: nnscul) esie intreblinlnt cu sens arlir
(sau pasiv
urmat dc ,/):
Slc had Dodre him iwo ch'ldrcn.
Uc had tNo daughlers ,orne him Dtl his s'ile.
Bor ne r nai ar e
f i
t nt el esul de. . sul or t at . pur t at , t r anspor t at ":
This cannoi be ,o/ue.
He Fis ,o.r. on their shoulde$.
-4i.bo.,d
traiLic has develope<I considerablX.
ln limba vorbifi, ,cdr (: a purta) este inlocuit cu lo carrV cind iDsenmne
e duce in minn
/
niini
/
spinare un obiect, care are oarecare greutate. de la
umbreln, n5nugi, p nrie etc.. pini la cle mai ma greutsli(lnzi lncdrcate etc.).
CI. io bear
:
a ava 1a suprafale1 a purta etc.: The door ,ore a notice
/
his name. The lctter ,ore her signaLure. She Dears my name.
,,_Cf.
9i
cu to Near
:
a prrdo tnbr{cnminte
/
incnlrnrdnte
/
mnnusi
/
Boholdon. Part;cipiu l,recub arhaic al verbului ,o behold, tntrebuinlat
arum numai ca adjctiv
predicativ tn limba literari, cu lnlelesul de
,,lndEto-
rat, obligat. recunoscdtor (fa!e de ...)":
I was belelden to hin ro. lis kindness.
Bond. - Vcchiul participiu trcui Deadd nu este intrebuinlat decit adjec-
tival si numai in expresia on bended, knee:
(:
cu genunchii plecali):
The slave {as killed because he had not ,ezr lis head alld asked on bendcd k ees
(Sclawl a fost ucis pentN ce nu iqi plccase
capul
Si
nu cemsc ln genuncli ierla.e.)
Forma participiald
contrasi mai noud ests lnsi preferatd
5i
adjectival:
- - -
- . -
|
( r ' Cul at )
. t . pi
l pr i n
modr t P cl .
)
numd
r on. r Ft
nq( ar e
\ r ni egul ot 1( :
al i pi i . a pr i va. a de| osedal
I
An accident bn.aoett l]'im ol his wile.
I
rUn
ac. i d. nl i -a r. rt i t . sol i a. )
l ' t h"
b*. o' "d r or i pr $as I n moun, . , ' E.
t
(Mrmr,
c{reia moalte.t 1i r{pisc fiul, e.a ln dolin.)
I
To bc ,/c/, ol spe0h. ol reason, ol .n's senses, ol one's possessions.
nor ocur ai
. l
( \ r .
. np r Jl . a+i pi , d,
' ni nr i l , : a
r ": i na. Jr i p; er de r ver . a. l
-
|
1h" l Jos
/ , r / l
hi m ol
"ons. , ousn. 6".
I
(Lovitu.a il llcx slli
tiardl
cunoriinia.)
IrariiciDiul ,crrarrd cEte lnirebuintat curent in sensul de ..tndoliat".
Partici:piul ,lr.t (!i uneoi bereaveti) este lntotdeauna urmai de prepo"i-
tria
o/.
Beseech. - Verb desuet sau litrar, tnlocuit tn Iimba englezd actuald
prin: to as,lr earnestlyj ta implorq lo enteat.
OBSERVATN ASUPR.\
8?6
Ber , - F"r m"l "
pci r ci p"l ^ r "gul i ' a , p/ / pd.
eori tn engleze britanicd.
I
Li d.
, t ut "
bi JJ
a
/
J
PU0P.
J
\ . h; r l . L' i , J. Li ' dl i
i '
"^l . r i
\ \ ' . / , . r ' r . ; ,
, 1
r r . L.
(Le-an slns n.aptc buni
)
i was Dtd.Ltr lo dinnrr'
lAd
losi chemai
(sru ilvitat) ]a rrasil
the rtddru Euests
(uNalirii inviiali erau numeroti
)
Ha l ' , /
f
I 0^
n' r ' ' p' r i
_
l I
npr : I i ' r b. 1 l ' n l '
j i r i
p r ' " l l ol
Yerbul esLe tntrebrinlut numni in limbajul forrnal sau irL scris. liind lnlir
cuit in li $a vorlriii
plin ta say, to tell, to order'
To
forbkt
(: a ilit$zice). compris clr \qbul lo bid. cste inttebxi[,tai
nrsd
si tr limba vorbiti.
'
Bite. - Participiul
Lrccut ,il estc intrebuinlai asliizi
nunni irr:
Once &rlten), t$icc shl.
lProrcrll
Bourlden. -
Participiut tracut arhaie al verbului lo trr:n.l esto intrebuinlat
astdzi
numar adjectival
tr erpresia:
' at "d",
dut \
I
d
' o1- ,
, l l ' ' bl : m' pi ' d , '
l t i .
l
t ai nP" o"l J
l u ool J
i - r
I
'
cl ' r d'
r
llroaalcast. - Accst, vrb dre urmiioarele formc:
broa.)cast. broad.ca:t. broad,cast. fiil;za| astdzi atit tn sensul
general de
,,a
diiuza, a rEspindi o
;Lire"
eic., clt
Di
cu sensul de
,,a
radiodiiuza"'
"a
iraff-
llite prin radio":
The nels \ts ,foadrds, lfonL Nucla.cst.
btoatLcast, broad&sted. brodtlcosted'
: (radio)
a radiodifuza, a transmits
/uiilizat la lnceDuturile
radiofoniei)
'
Boucbl en. - P"rl i
i pi u , rc"uL f f Lai c al verbul ui 1o , l ry. i nt rebui nl a!
adi ect i vi l ei
di al ecLal I n
onsl "za
' meri cand
Spre . l eos"bi r" de baught ' part t '
ci pi ul t recui curent . bouEht ?n arr nuanl a dF. . cumpdrat l a p16val i e de duzrna'
nu l ucrat de ml t r6 i ngdj i t ".
Dette.l, slnt inlrrbuinl,ate ade-
ordona, a i n"i t t , A corrvooa)
(prel la licirlt/ie)
C
yod.
- Pafticipiu
trecui arhaic al verbului to cd.te
(regnlat) ests
lntrebuinlai numai adjectival
ln stilul
poetic:
Participiut resulai cdrretl esle
participiul verbal intrbuintat in mod
cureni atit
-in
liroba scrisd, ctt
qi
in cea Yorbitl
Chido.
-
Acest verb este lirirebuintat numai tn limba scrisd
li
este lnlo-
.cuii
ln lirnba vorbitd
prin
verbul lo scold.
-
Forma regulafi ;hid,ed
(ir,dicati'r trecut
Si
participiu trecut) esie mai
{rscvni lntreEuin,iate decli cea neregulaH.
eifrsaa, - Cloeen,
padicipiul trecut arharc,
este tntrebuinlet
numai
ediectiYal:
"
a cloeen loot
(sau
hoof)
cropeu timber'
Se folosette lnsd adjectival si forma cleft:
a clet stoL
a .lett
Palaie
Acesi verb este rar i l,rebuin-tat, ast[zi
(cu excoplia
parLicipiilor trecuto
..left-{
doeen)
9i
este tnlocuit prin lo slllt (: a despica)
3?6
{' l ot l c.
-
Form"1. nFrFgul ai - , l p i ndi cet i \ ul ui t rp, ut
si
parl i . i l
i ut ui
\ aD
. ( l od. t
si nr . l i ' Fr an
sJu r r hxi . p.
. u . \ , enl i r
p0' hi pi ul ui i r e,
ur
j nr r c-
Drrrnrdr , rf l l ecl rvar:
l\gttL1! clad vire.lrd walts
jron-.ldd
{adj.)1
Narmiy.ldd .ltd in glory
nn iron./a,, (subst.ll
f osr [ ( . ; n' t .
n r "dht ) I d, o. r . .
l
r r r i nz.
' pcr r l dr )
'
i e\ - 1, r "
nn: ul
da
. os ,
Il .o{ m. i \l iltinAs
l l
, o. l . l
bpl or " l i ' , \ . i n; d I I ' r
Fmson' hpt L.
l ' r o$ a gi r . : ur i :
Ja"pr "
. o
oi r a
, i nLJ.
\ ; ' bvl , . r ,
a. r ! zi apr udr F
l r , l ol dai u . , r . ! ' r l Jl . Tr p, ur ul +. / . 5' p, l Fr up
i i
i nt r pbui nt dr t n l i t ; r d, , r i a
Dumai refe tor la chiatul coco_sr ui.
Dar c
J( h20l ot t i
npr yt Lot ) ,
i ndr i zni )
S
2l 2i
)
( t , 3ul at )
{- s dp"L; d, . c st i da. a l r r r r unt r )
La trecut, verbul a.e trei lormc. asczate aici in ordinea frecventei intre-
bui r r , or i i l or : dar , d.
r "a
m. , i hpcvLnt a: / ar "l l i r ar or a;
Jr r sr . ar hr i ";
ai
l i r "r ar d.
Di r c.
-
\ ' er b
r Fgul al , l ^ l i mba cnql pza.
ar e i qdi . ar i vul t "ccut
dr r si
p- r l i . i pi ul l r p"ul
d/ r ; d I n t or i r nt a
an, r i . sna a l i mbi i . ogl "ze.
Dri xl . Dt L, nl , pn . . t "
un
pi rt i ri pi u
1ra. uL i I | r rpbui Dt aL numai c. L aJi F"ri v
ar l i b. r l i v. dr , / . f i i nd par t i "i pi u ! . r i al
t i
adj . . t i ' pr . di . 1; vl
H" \ as i n. r d"r , t p, sr ar p. hd\ r nq dr ?, , t oo nu, . h on Jo
, mpt y
sl oma. h.
Sh $ae df uar. wi t h I ' appi nes
D$ell.
- In sensul de
,,a
lacni". to d,q'cll este inlocuit tn limba vorbitE
pt i n
t o l i r". Formd requl al a drFrp! , est e rrr
' .
Ilec. Fly.
- \rrbul to
fled
este tntrebuintat in limba scrisd. fiind inlocuit
i n l i ml i f
orbi l d yri n ro run n n
1
s"i t a
l t 4 l
d, ro
4
).
l n
-rest
ra t , ro
l t
u
\ -=
^
i
' gi )
Fl p
l nJr abui nl at num"i l J i nf i ni r i v s"u l a i ndi Lr r i r ul pr cr "nt . t i nt ur i l e
r r p. ur e
l i i l d
l pd. l pd
al e
v"r bul ui
r o
/ r . .
^
l Tuqbl
I pl ; nJ. . .
Pr r i r i pi u n"r cgul aL al ver bul ui r Fgul at i o
f . , ; r , ,
rnrreDurnl ar,
numar a0l ec! rvar:
Their remarks
/ruzgir
\ritl rnalic surprised ne.
Gird. - Formeie nercgulate sint intrebuinlate md rar decit, cele rcgulate.
Col l on. Par ' i . i pi u t r "r ' r '
bl
r "r bul ui , ,
a. i r r r ebLi r , l sl I ' Jm1i cJj a
r r f l l n
l i . r bs
pn- l "zd
i i i - r
^, 1
,
ur c. '
,
-
p"' ' i "i t i , r
r r n"ur
r r . br l I n e
: i . r a
I
e
-
J ui | .
n, , . r d-
f or ' L
P. r ol hp
. l
, . , .
.
. dJ.
.
\ r n, . r
sc gdseite
si in cornpurere ca participiu
trecut al \erbnki ta
foryet
(lor-
EaIIen).
(iraycn.
Pdrlieipiu nergulat desuel al verbului regulai lo gar, (: a
grava,
a ciopli). Inirebuint,ai nirrnai in limba literard sau tn poezii:
ll. ras
srd'dn
on his menorl.
0.dr.r irnrges.
, . t
( t ar l ot )
r
i
cn, , , / Jr a,
u"ng
1r ", .
"t nt
'
- u
i i r ni . r dL. , l ": a st , i nzur - ) , s, i l i J' , r i l i r r )
T. " a- t , . ( d. ,
t ] h . i r t t ^nepd.
l l , | ' , . i I . i . J dr ' d
, , , l
on, '
!
j .
I
ian dalt
lt\.):.|
(-
lliidal): au i.oz.ldd (snbsl..) (:
!n cuirasal.)
,
oBsERv^Tr
a7?
Hcar c . 1 t . . , t i i c t .
|
/ t
put ot
I r ! . r
q
g, r . . r r t r
a r r . r uml l a; x ar | l , r
7l r . . u; 4, t
r i l
I , o, r j , t
s. n. J. r t i . )
Uer bcsom tcorcd
Fith sigts.
th. shjl /-re Ire anct,ur.
. I I pw
i t ; i , , u oD^r ut .
a. i ^pt i
. ,
J, t t b. , " ( pi , t 11.
I . m. ", , ur buni :
undr , . p . 1.
"
r opl r ,
r , . . spr ", l - oscbi r F
dF / o sdr
{=at . i L"uf . r asr r t u. r .
r l . i l a 5D bu. ; ! i . r dobor i . Par t i . i pi , r l
, f f r
I r a, t t . . L t r , \ . d
psl .
I nJi r Jr i nt r a_
bur nl at dect b f or ma ner eAul . U i . , r r :
n" hdd. , t pr ,
.
J u l , "aal t I i . \ \ ay r hr ousl
I . p
t or p- .
r ) r 1 I r r ar . n
l r
n
pr d
r r ")
/Jcttn. esle si lorma padicipjutui
tntrebuinlat
adjectivd:
The toudaiion was made of /.,a ston..
It was a rough trQz
statuu o, a nan.
Hj dc. .
. l , r r r i "i pi ul .
' p, uL
l j i d. st a i , r t , aL, r i nt dt
si a. . azi ,
"u
o u. nar r i
nusnl r . dp. upl o.
Jn t i n, ba Ji t , . , , , r J.
Hi 4d. n
N
i ; i i ui r r ", . r t
ob; s, , ui i . ei ue
l nt r el
, , i nl "t
a, l t
! . r L. l . ,
'
- i
s l j F. r r l Jj
'
\Yticre havc
Xou
hidden the key?
I{neel.
- Formr:le resLrlate sintt trebu;riatemairardc.tt
cete neregulate.
.
Kni t . - Tr - , r
ul
' i
t ", t i , i pi
. l t r p"ut
n: . ut ar Ln: *! l
I t . | . i nt f or met e
1. "L, l F. l nt r "Lr . i n' | s
e
r r
.
od
"Li : nui r .
p. r i i , i pi ut
t F. - l
i r . , nu
*r i
cst e
l nr r Fb,
n' r ' d, . l t . i r j ' "' i \ r r . , u
t i : , r r . :
wiih nnl,(iedl bfoNs
Parl i ci pi ul t rccuL
Ani upd e. t F p, rl -ri i
t r
. azut
t l - . ci | | d nu
Fsl .
i n. ol i - d- U' ,
. l '
t pr mi , . Jnr .
,
L9. ". . . . L"or n |
|
' nt J. j r \ "t . . t .
Fr uJi r l
oPvcnr I
ad] . i . t r \ :
a leoEd mat a teonEd ?..\trl!L!
Lade.
- Acest verb estc intrebuintrat
astezi aproaDe exclusiv ca termen
l l u r l a
j r "
r r ci r , J \ a. al ^r si F
t r t o. - i t i | | t i mbd ,
ur "n, , ,
u
, - r but , o
l ; r ,
{r Fg, r l d l p- n
r u . pl pl dl l .
d n. . Ur i . I n . r l H' .
d" u. - t e
"u\ i n -
. or nt , us,
, ' r
de
rprcsii consacraie, ca:
a veu taden tree
trcaly lad?D truses (d a r t ddcd
Luses)
a haJJatc4 tony (d a r a lorry loodrd ritl tray)
PJcl i . i oi . l t r ", , r t / r ' d n ( = i n. i r . br i . , , po, dr r r )
Er a o Lr , nar a nuant a
y^. . ": l i .
$l
i
dal pr f - r dL
t ot n- i t nt t . d. r . d; "r "
l u, r n
. "ng
l i ; u- . r
sau e
)nt rFn Lul ar rn xrnhn l rt eri ri I
closelr. 7 it scntcnces
obiectelor tricotate, mai
ste participiul
trccut
tl'." i.aa,d Coursel
,
Cl . pr onunl i "
c, i j .
' i \
r l ui l .
' . t
dL\ . : . t 4l , u
j r , ". 1
"
t or l pt or \ . r bJl e
/ . ar r ?r
I
l r : ndi
' l J: nt i
f i gl ' 1.
o/
"
r pr i n' l A. x
, r . l u , i n1 t 1 i ' r di 1t \ , r t
r j a, ur .
bt ! sar pa
r n
' n
I or ma Fsul i l J
r i
. e0
n"' , . . u1r . , , .
"
Ji . t dt d
p
pr "f pr i nt e
ner j ondl e.
Par ' , r pi ul l cp, Lr r Pgul at , "1/ d. r r -
I n r LLi n, d'
r 1i , ! Fr b, t . ,
j r
. i
r . t j ", r i u, t r
a Liglued tamp
ihe t.g.hcd end of a matoh
The tirc is t,'glrcd
{sa!
ttl.
t?8
Pa ni\,iul neregulai lir tsle inl,rcbuiu,tat mrrnai vcrbal gi, ca al.arc. tn
l ormel e adj ect i vai c conpuse, ! d:
l , )
. l r r ni r a' dl p1
. ui \ ".
r ' nnJu
"l "
r i Avd. u ol Jn' f . apr i ' si
/ uo
f el i nai apr r n"r
Fr ' .
f or n. l .
pr i n"i l oh l e
-
ai r ui ! t b
ci n
r Fgul ar i '
S
"
/ r ( n, l , nr 1, , |
^. l oor .
\ n L r dr ' , ", I r , Pd us o
I nP. d".
l f cl f . Pdr r i . i pi , l
t t qut
mot t n
,
"1"
r r r ar hr i sr n i n' r ' bui r
! . r '
' ' ' 7i
Dur nai adi F' i \ . , l , r or or i t oI l nn"t al e. ". ,
l '
r l l aobi "r ppcnr r u npi r ca. i r ur a
ste ncvoi de temperaturi inalte:
m/idu glas mauea ton
Lo t or m- r e.
, ; ' npLr i l nr r un. f ucp
' , , ,
dp- r - J- , l i i ' poezi ". l n l i r er at ' r r a
r ecol ul ui r l \ l \ l "a
"r . ,
l onr r . dpsP. .
i r , ' r ' b, r r nL. r i r
cpr . .
I r gr r r a
urc ,,,1,.n !r.,nnr ol sorg
(A C Siiidrurne)
no7lr4 a.suncnts
($'.S. Lardofl
m/l.n
pa$ion (!. tlar|h)
Participiul trecut regulaL ,?slldd estP tolosii la formarea timpuril,} com-
puse
ti
adjecl,ival ln c{zul subsLantelor carc sD topesc ugor:
The sall had ndt d \'a rhc
t
r'
nelkd bnl.t(r tuerlt sao*
teltal ice rn.ll.d wax
l r o\ co. t ' . , r t i , i ni u
r r F- ' r r
Jl r - i ,
. i
Ji ' ' , "l "l al
\ "r Lul Ji r . ! ul ar t a
p, . o' F ( i do! Fdi ) .
j ni r "b. . i 1l i r
Hd- a ; \ dl ; ' , nc"i r l
r r r l i mLaj r l
j ur i di ,
t l r o-
nunlat
I
pn'rnl:
Not
r. oi , , .
(
. l i pssf
l , rt , rl e
)
l j r. l
' lhis is a sojfDl.iii(:.lh
rm!n
lact.
Qrrit
(:
a
pleca,
a
pirdsi; a 1ncet.,) se co
jugi
ti
regulat,
(to qttit. qttited,
quittcd).
I
r i t t "n t p1. t t . \ ' i t : u
I ' F U' l dJ
r i t al r
I
"; d
' par ' i "i p; u "p'
. t
r er L. J'
-qhc
nrs }een ,.dridl.D n.rv tur a
lcar'
H. N.s rtl ol l,is old laliLs
Formelo principale regulate
frtddcd,)
sint raro.
liisc (- d se scLrla) nu o lnl,rebuintat
(lrcii
ln linlba sc sn
,si
e inlocuit lrr
f i mbd
\ ol hi r ' p"i n / ^
t , /
r p. n
enh4
' t t .
C. r r '
"l ^ul ' l p
. r 1- dr i ' ( r d
. pr c
soar e, l ' , na. r . . i
"dl .
r "i r ebui nr Jr
- i
l n l r ; b
' or bi ' '
rodrt3 (adjeotiv atributiv) cslc lntrebuinlat nunai ftferito.
. nds, , ,
$, r Li
i pi u r , : ul o r l r "r l ul ui t o
t ^n
' )
t - t p t t
t t P'
l , , i r ' ! r l l r l ^r ' , , ar pi
r i n' nur i l or , umn' i . - . p
- ' 1, . '
ci
' . 1. ' r -
tor la alie alinente decit carnea:
Roast
.odsr F.at
/oa.r Lcff/Dork
{:
oirnc lriltl)
i-
rriptura de iaci/pom)
rcdsred ohesl rl-s rcdsr.d ipplts
{:
casr.4e
triiite) {-'
n'.rc .oaltel
Tlic l('l llas been .oasrcd.
1:
r al r i r i pt d)
i:
caiea
]Eijiti'rl
l
sra.ln
:
hrmirat de sl..lc.
2t t , ". ot . t
I mr n 4" r "f f , oJr .
, r .
"ut 5
. , \
t b
t t aoJl , r l
. l
pat l : Eht
. l t \ r sr n
i
\ Jt , 5
31 \ ut
- o. ,
r i pt , r r ' ,
. a". nt \ , , l r i p, u"d dF | l d ,
"t or ut pi l ", ", .
, | | sr , i r , . n l a; d. i : ; , o l i obi , i d- r r g\
/
, ,
bi i r hi l r l . i r . . ' i i n
eapul mesci) sar 1.ie ln nasn icliilc d. lripi,rii din bucata lntrengl de citne aduvi din
oss.nr. At tr
^sLPra
479
I l ot t en (: put red) i i r1. adj oct i \ ' :
rrr'r wood roudL f\tit. r ror,t solint{
i:
lemn putrezit) (
-
rrtrcte put.edc) (:
o s!,jiefati
rutredd)
nou.d, (- pn.|rezit). Participiul trecut al verbul,ri regLrlat 1l] rd (:
a
putrezi),
are inlr?buinlaro rrerbaln:
The wood has /Dted as,ay.
(Lmnu1 a
luirezt.)
1n stilul {nmiliar, rollc, eslje intrebuinlai io mod obiEuuit pentru
a calilica
tiiDlele
Di
lucNril de loarte proasii calitate (: lanentabil. mizerabil,
eroaz-
r ; c, af ur i si t ci , c. ) :
{ .Drrcn
!l.I
forP4 l veah.
,,r.2 bo.oushl
Salt, -,\djcctiv
intrebuinlat pentru
sa/l meat
sdl, lnilc.
ParLicipirl sahd este i,rlrebuiniat
pssi r3), ci t
t i
1' erbal :
to leel ror.z
nt z Ro\ :
fl areta o insulire:
to \reep salr l,.ar$
atit adjectival (nunai
cu tnleles
s4lkd ne,t
(idj.l
sdl,..d l,utter (rdj.)
salr.l he.rjns
ladj )
solld pork (adj.)
Slie hadn t sard ihe neli.
(Vc.lal)
S{y. - Say, pa3l
_si
la4 sint singurele verbe cara au trecuLut
Ei
partioipiul
trprlrt tcrnrinate ln ard. Cel{llaltc lethe, ca plaiJ, t/ay, au lorme regulate tn
n1, d ( pl oq t . . t o4ot J
t pn
t r i ' , , l i 0i i . ' r l
r r "
ul
; i
par r ; i t i ul l r "", r l .
Sor i n. ' - P"r r r "r pl i
r ". r n"r - : r ul r , r l
' "r t , . l ' r i
t o sc\ i . i ' , r r pbui , , l r l , aLl !
ca
participiu 1'erbal.
(,iN
;i
ca adjectil..
- shc
l i ad sar n a I nt i on on nJ' coat .
ShrDen. Pflrtieipiu trecut srhaic al vrbului rsulat li) srarc
(:
a
f orrrra). i nt rebui nf at i sl dzi nurnai ca adj eet i v:
I loolted rt his ?nis!/,aP, hands aid ryondercd.
ShayeD. Parlicipiu trecrt al verbului regulat ,i' sldt.
[
=
a (se) rade],
l nt rebui r! ai adi ect i val :
smootli s/d' n cl,ccks
r 0lose
-Vrar.a
l{F^
.tra{,rd arc tntrebuiniale vcrbalii. adi.ri sqvcs[o 1a compuncrer timpurilo!
tlp hrd lldr.d oll iLis moustacrrc.
Shoar.
Trcculul rioJ". este arhaic.
(.\ezi
;iL
shom)
Shed
(:
a vnrsa) ost e l nt rebui nl at pent nt
, . si nge",
. , l rcri mi ' :
To lled Uood 1. sl..l ierrs
.
! 1. . i . , t
, , r l
'
i " i i r '
n
r r , , 1' l ' , i . , , m"vt t t ' ) . a
r ^r r
1
"ol
1,
, . : i r "1
. r . . , ,
n, . , i n, a
i '
"t .
r d! , n. .
t t
:
l B
l Rt t t l ". i ' - ' r d-
.
, i . ,
I
"t . . o, ,
I o u | . . p- / , nr , j
'
, r t , , r t 1r n, , nL,
- t . ,
t , . i , ' I ' ". ui , l r , l l
l , l . or ' l r ; / . r ' . '
' 1r "i "r l ar i -
{at , r i n I . aDcer i l : t ot l e . t u Ni
l l r l
"i FD. al o
l i . 0, r r '
. sl r d, t
| t \ ' . . I ";
- . | . h
I pn' ar
or ^ r "n ( , "Ds
j ' r m. l i 4al
cdr .
"' l
ni ?n. r ' J \ ' "1 r ' , " , r , ,
dr r nu j i
i r l r d", , "- , si t t pr r 1. i . . di t . d, ". , . r , , . , ". . . , . , . , "i . . np,
r r . I , . r . . . . r . . . . , n. ! d.
880
Este inlocuit cu /., spill penlru alte lichide:
To sptlr tlc nilk Not a d.ol rvn6 srilr.
Nuch
jnk
has b!!n spil, about the nall.er.
8au cu lo rorzil lo sI{r peniru
,a
virsa" (:
a voma):
io rontt blood lo ,.nil smokc
The volcano s?.rs iis lara.
Shcdded (:
ad{postit),
pariicipirl
adjectival regulat.
Sh0n, shewsd, shomr.
- Ortografie arhaici pentru s,tooj shotruJ, shoq,n.
I
l i nt r. n4. l ul ot l
(
a srt ; ru
i
5nf n0
\
1Eanz.
ngut at l (
e l u. l nr i r l n
. p,
ci al l n engl eza
amer i ean!
The sun sloro brishfi'.
He sltnd his snoes e":ery day.
Shon. - Participiu trecut, neregulat al verbuiui to s,{eal, tntrebuintat
al t t
$rbJ. , 1l
si adj enl i rel . l orma ree! l arr . h or J | i i nl t f ol osi rd rareori
$i
aruncr numar
(a par
crFu
rcrDor:
,He
has !tua,fd
{sau
ino.a) the sheel.
a 5,t Ir lanb s/Dftr
yool
a sno., crownr
Cu sns ligurat, nu se tntrebui.lrazn deciL forma slrcn (: privat
de...,
deposedat de...) atll verbal, cit
9i
adjecLival:
sn,rz oi strcnglh, ol
lower,
ol moneX, et'r.
In tetrnici se tntreluin-teazi numai lorma regulute sl,ca,.d (: fiiat, fop
lecai):
The bar \.rs s.,4a.ed into .qral lenstls.
"The
pressure
has sl4d/ad th; rircis."
Shrink. Participiile trecute sinLshaDA irrtrebuirlat ca participiu verbal
qi ca adjectiv
predicati\.,
_si
slrarArr. intrebuiniat. ca adjectiv atributir-:
Tlic coat has sn'eri ni the wrshing.
The child's sh&,nen
{s
au sn&L{/ cheelG had
laled.
Ile looked at the sl.Lnnez cloll,.
Shrire. - Verb arhaic tnlocuit prin lo conf8s sa.u ta absalec. Formele regu-
late slnt nlai rar intrebuintatc.
SiDk.
,Srn/r
sle uD participiu utilizat, ca verb
;i
ca adjctft, iar sanAen
numar ca a.Llccuv:
TI J ] i ad s&nl i he ! oat .
t&trft in urought, in slee!, iD d.bt, in vice
a senl,a
ls
au !Ln.(./ shi! srri.a eyes
a suz,ldn (s au ezil rock s&n/rtr cheeks
r sa,tcz (s au sLznl road a sxn/.u wreck
Smell. -
Formclc nereguiate sint mutt, mai des int]ebuin.tate decit, cele
regutate.
Smitc. Ilste arhaic, cu exceplia participiului Lrec.ut s itten
q,ith
h?r
Sodde[. Participiu trecut dcsuel, al verbului Io seethe2, sod, sod(d,en),
lntrcbuinlat, adjectival, participiul soddened al
yerbului
rcgulat to loddn
(- a imbiba cu api; a rbrutizn) fiind intrebuinlat ca verb:
the sliFDd oil her so.td?D shocs.
TIe rani hid .rdd.n.d the
grouid.
r
a s/@f" .ern
:
caD tul)s chilus.
' Verlul
rd seerd (: a riobc; a calcdi) cstc asHziregulal.
SoN. I']arti(ipiul Lr.rut rrqulat este iitrebuin!al rnai rar declt, o.1
neregurar,.
|
(i ri .
ne. t . rut ot
I
r- d se
l rdbi r
i \ poi o
7
(t un; . r, ; ut dt ) (- a dr. "l Frr)
They spcd down the strect.
1ie
rydedal
(u!) i.he ersine (the ear, ihe trar|i., clc.).
Spell. -
liormele regulate sint intrebuinlatc ln scris, formele ncreeulate
Iiind lnsd preferate atit 1n scris. cit qi, mai ales. tn limba vorbitn.
SDi l . - Par l i ! i Di L, l t r F. ul sr i l
( :
! , . ui o. ' ) esl "
ar hai c. i dr i r i l
r r ecut
si mpl u
; i
parri i pi u) oor.
. i
I n
; ngl ezr
am"ri , ann.
Spoi l . I n sensul de 0 pr ad".
o spol i d- . csl e
numsi r . gul ar . l n
""1, 1"1, "
Bensuri
(,,a
stricar a avariar'etc.)
poate fi atlt rcgnlat, cit,,si neregulat. .tpr;li
este foma intrebuinlatrd adjectival:
Stay. -
Fornele regulate sint intrcbuintate ca forme verbalc.
Parti.i-
pi Ll t r p. ur . , ol d
F: l e
i o r Fb. i nl ar I n
c, , gl p/ 0
moJ, I n" n' , n i i ,
"
b. l j -
r i \ . ,
u
j nl pl csul
de, , asczat . seri os, gra1":
a s/d peNon
Ca formi verbal{, particjpiul stdid este pedmat.
Stink. -
Termen vulgar, inlocujt. la propriu,
cu to s dl nastll (sar
b.i..l).
to hate a bad st11cll.'fotuqi v ulcnla lui protestatarn
!i
concizia crplozi\.i i,au
nnrit nrir de circulalie reducindu'i totodati din vulgaital,c.
Stxe\y. Participiul trecut reg.ulat s1,"4rr..1 csle lnl,rebuinlat, n1ai raf dcril
fol'ra neregulati slrtl,n.
Stricken. -
Padicipiul trecut arhajc al vcrbului Io slr"iAd (:
a lori). a.(tizi
intrebuirlal, nu ai co adj*tiv si in uncle expresii consacrate;
sri.leD
jn
lears ranic
sr.i.i?n
I
i mt o\ i r . ' u" r r ;
i -
. . t
"i r s dF
! n- u)
Bttt
(: n'grozil)
(=.
cu muslr{ri de cusetl
uiunders,"z.ft
1:
lovil de trlsnct)
,.ttr&./i este pafiicipiul htrebuinlat la lo$rarea tinpurjlor conluse.
String. - Participiul regulai rtr"irgd cstc lntrebuiniat, nunai ln cxpresia
slrinled. i|slrumcnts (: insirumente cu coarde).
Swoat. Termen vulgar, (: a asuda) intrebuin-tat mai nult ir lorma
regxlald a
yerbului.
Dste iniocuit in limbaiul lngrijit prin 10 pcrspire2. P drlici-
piul trecut, rcgulat streatetl, ate qi tnlelsul de
,,erip1oatat":
sreardd children
Sriell. Participiul trccut sedld, a inlocuit aproapo cu totul forma rgu-
lau s(rrlld, care mai este iDtrebliin,tatd numai l]] cnpresia a swelled. hedd, si
The)- h.rd s,!.lL.d c\lcnscs.
(Urrllaserl chelttrielile.)
Se spune lnsd adjectival:
a s,rorcz cheek
'r
stro?lrz budgct
tcaf srrrreu cr.s . sroll., rivef
1k
st ' . i l
: x
r i sr ; l r ,
^
r i zsi i J
t
Se i l r U] d
l ' mod sn". ; l
"r "n' i ,
i i l ur i , , ' r ' i o
Ld,
r n4 l n ) pns conr r pr sF l r aouc.
t n l i mbJ
pnst pze
p"i n
t o
ppr . pi r p.
t "
. r o"sp; p
t i i a\ ) b"n", t t i ALr . , t
- Hp
r , r . p: , p. I \ , et r
l El ,
t r ans! i t abundpnl . ' : Noal i ng
, r , r
l i ; , / ' t \ u
s- d al l a_ i l mi l i u a i r anl pi r at ni mr r . t
382
Thr i r o. -
I or m^l F
r Fgul al p al p
i odi ' l r vul ui
l r "' ul
' i
par t i r i pi ul ui
t r t r r t
'"
iii"11::"''ll*1,i,-l$"ll'ii.,ll*lY'^','
n
es'|
^
i n'
"ebui
nLaL l'| i' ra
r ". r l i . "
i i "' p", ^i i ".
r onnLr ' "
"r u
9i
adj e
r i vdl :
The thread
ndii beel
qaretu
i\lo cloth'
dot' n
\' ire
oloselY
so' etr labric
ParticipiuL
Lreoui
roea este intrebuinlat
numai
adjecii{al
.i
ln specral
'"
"iff":::;""
,o,"
{satr
poe,a pa!c,)
'eam
/'o"papcr
\ yod. -
p. rt i l i pi ul
rrecur nerpsurar
r' J al
v"rbul ui
*q, l l 9t
t ' i . : : l :
*.
ri ' , i i rr"i "i "1i l
i . i ; j odar5,
adj ecri val
t orma
r/ grl ari
Ll pddPd
Fst t ' rorosrra
nt i t
1' er bal , ei t
i r
adl eci r r i r l :
H"'*.iJ";;ilffi"il$
""Tii'::T,il:,1T""',ii|!! o"*
a aeddrd tto
-l
;;i,; ;:i;:[.'uiliiiltJiJ"lill':J'l]"il:.'"'"'i:iJ
iilii'l'11iis"'';
i i , , r, ,
, ' "*,
r, pri n si noni mul .
t "i . , l r, l , f f f .
r, , "' . ", , ,
csrF i n
gen"rp i r, l o, di 0
," ,,)i:',;Jl:'?il'i','i;l
'* '*'
|
( r
: ut ut t
- a
l u' r o
( s' 4"
t '
nPr dl )
\r orL
I
r,",'
n
"i',"','t:E;l,l"l'lri:i;;I:';li,Xl;
;"i:il]'"'i;i;;
t
Pni a: d
Lucr a ( i r usucr '
P, tifipiul
nercsulai
{r'rorglil
esie
in special
inirebuin!'at
adjectival:
lr;.'iili,,ffii'i$
ii"f",l'ili;'#";J;'fti$t.?i?.ii";"/"rs
in ou' counirv r:
d
"'"r''fr1,"
"r,"ng,,
'ero!s/i,
in hr surpriscil
me
o\ e$t ar yl ' 1
leath.f,
oils. disteltle.
to be
.rorsnr
u!
S
l Erl )t clTDr',\
0RSIBYATI
ro\DTrcD
AsuPR't
! I]nB[LoR
\Enf, GI]I,'tlE
o,,,"LL1lh.,n'u1l"';!{;#',:i,'i'"iJ"#;
il:#'""
"'
si
prav au
acelaqi
,\stfcl:
ill;,
Xll,Xi,'
#"i"1'1$,f
i'ii,'ff
"i1i''t
:fnff
:'i''
"'l
Se spunc
i rBn:
ror.
sail
pronunqat
tscl'
scdl.
l'' su?s scz
'
r,".,1J"!-il;,,.:i),
-l','i{!,ii:'::i*f*',"-1,:
l::;?# H;;
. ", , 1. ,
. 1 ; ; , 1: ' , ": l l
: i .
t Hr l l
.
l .
p, l ; i ,
; 1
i ; l - i , , , , , r ' r ",
t r u: ' ' ] r ' r : ' '
\' ;fi i ,;)l ,' ;i "
i ,1"".' ;"' "i ,oi ",
' .,'
\' ,"' { d
!' M.' ru:
' ' ;u:d
l'"'ii
'o.",
,u-':
-'liu:I.1,1.:l::,i','i:i':;.:l':3"i;;:i::Ti,il.?:.1#il
Jounl
au
accea;i
pronun'tarc
ca
qr rornte
38t
DIFER{TE C,\TEGoRII DE VERBE
(VEliB CLASSITS o. CATXGORIESJ
I, I'ERBI]I,N AUXII,IAND
(AUX[L,!.RY YnRBS)
s
rs50
1) Definilie, - .,\uxiliarul estc un vrb care Aiuti la consiruira formelor
'A
18;l
verbale cornpirse. Ca auxiliar, verbul igi pierde, total sau pa4ial, con-inutul
noliona].
'
2) ,q.uxilidele
in
gramatica englcz5. -
-{uxiliarele
folosite tn granatica
S
1652
nqlezi slnt:
-
aJ suxilirrle
tfitu
ra (
primary
Auriliaries): to BD, to HAVE, DO,
S
1s;3
I , ET:
,J auxiliorefo nodale
(MoJal Auriliariee
):
CAN, l{AY, SHALL, WILL,
S
f85{
\ I I JST. OL] GI I T TO. \ EED. DARE, USED TO.
3) Auriliarele
engleze slnt nDmjte Anomalous tr'initcs
f.4
&ailiarr ano-
$
l8;5
", al e)l
sau Soeei al
Fi ni l s
i / ' 4' ut l i dr,
sp. ; ol ") dPDarprc, dat ori a mri l "q
, ! ol ; r i ci i dr nr i . "
ei
i nf l u. r r "i
"\ , r r p
dp
v; t bi l o. i
e. upr a
l or . el "
qp
dFp; - Pdr i
I nart p
prul '
de
t i pul p' pval en
6l
"onj uguri i
rFl orl al l e t erb. .
4) Foroele
tersonrlc
(The Fintte Forns)2
!i
formolc impersonals
/fif S
1856
. \ ' on Fi ni t Fot ns)3
"1"
rprbol or au\ i l i arc si nL dupi . , j ' r rrrmarz; :
a t 24 t o"nc
p"r . ( , r ) a/ p( . i mpl ") ( f i ni l cs) : "r , , . ar , . oi r s. o. r . ; l ' or p, l t o. , hoJ,
d4. , l ^c\ . dd:
t ; t t
shot l . shout A\ t r t l l , r oul . J'
' on,
"aul ' t \
na' t ,
L. ; : t ' :
nast ;
ou:hL lot nee(t., d.are; used, to;
,, 9 forme {mpersonale (simple) (Non-Finites): be, beins. btcn: hat'e. h(*'
it!, had
l
do, doitg' done.
;) Cele 24 d forne rerbale anomalc mcnlionate la
S
1856 Du sint toate
.q
16:,7
slru intotdeauna aux;liare:
to BE poate fi;i copuld ($ 1880) sau verb lcxical
f l l exi st enl ei
(:
a f i ); t o hal e
poat e l i verb l exi cal cu sens de. , pospsi ure"
r
, '
r r r ar sr ul i nf l u, r : c
s"n, anr i ", l '
. o- r pl PnFnr r r l
di r F. r
"1r ' i l
i nsor . . .
r \
1896r : i o r ' "Ja, t odoh, t nt : . i
r ' r bpl "r i ccl ngul ar .
, S
2141. 21. t 6t l .
t o! !
". ' c "i
v. r h l , \ i . r l nFr pH, l al
( r 15. r ) .
rr)
..Vcrbc
detertivo'pstc ntrmele rpzervaL numai autiliarc.lor care nu arr
$
l85S
ioate foimele: C,4-N. dOULD; MAY.IIIGH'I
\
IIUSf
i
OUGHT to; SH.lI'L,
SHOULDT WI LL. f i OULD; NEEDT; DAREa, USED t o.
Unii
gramaticienis considerd insi ca liind auniliare anomale sau speciule
numai grupul verbelor delective
(S 1940).
Obser oal i . i . :
l l )
Au{i l i ar Fl e modal nr r au l or mp i hpF' ' on"l " : r Ji "5 nu u i r l i ni ' i \
pr ' "z"ni sr u
1er t e"' .
p"r r i r i pi u pr p, / pnr s8u
I ' r r r '
t . ni ' i ser r r ndi v
^i
ni "i
- odul
'
(2)
to BE, to II Ay E, DO. LET, N EED
$i
DA RE por ti si
werbe lexicale,
in oare caz Dot,
avaa
ri
fornele inptrsonale. 1ct ca vetb neregr ato, cu modili
care senraniicd, nccd
:i
dare ca Yerbe rcgnlate?i
{3)
auxiliarele tra?, }IUST, OUGHI to, USLD to au o singurd forn6,
indiierent de limp sau de persoand;
I
otu' nal: $e7calt.C, anornalil. nereEulst
r \ ' ozi
{ I t 38 n. | r . hpt zl Ji f - r p1l 1 d: r r p, " r " i ! , ": oMp.
1V. r i
S
l - l a- : 1310
r n?, "soadl
u osi neu' i l or r nl n' r l r u
l oal " l r i pFr bo' nr l _
acind
nu slnt lrrbr lericalP r.qnlat"
"R.
Q\irk.
A Cd,ttuar of CanEmp.tuty Lnstish.
:t84
MoElor,ocrA
-
IEEBUL
."r"if)ti:l1Tf"|iu..',Tlill:i:o:ule
(ttini."s')'Ernt.indicaroare
de modJ t']mp,
,,,,'
;i;,
1'tillj'
;";;i
iitt:rl,i1
xij?
i: :"'"j:,,
;.;"::
l;::l
l:i";
y:'1,':i:.J),""",iJJli;
i,i6il?,f
;;;;rt-*.
r""r'"i'iii,""i'i'"li'"pr"
ifiL""i?:X"
r aa
cauc.i
r i,.i.iii,i*
#1f"T:1."f",,
i""lfl,{$,,"
i;,il,j,-itt_
. . . i r at
I nay st eep
. , . t f , at f
^y, ". "a z"rs
ljarc a natj
S
1860
8) ,\uriliarcle
se
oot aiuts s
*r\elor prLncipaLe:
i reciproo
1a lormarea
timpurilor
compuse
ale
-r_r-e
6,i1t h@e
beea enin$
i{iror
pe
ccr. corrrnuu)
, , , , f \
l Ll
r car e est ".
i nt ol dF- una
ur n, , i L dF
un i nr i ni r i i T sr d pe
t i nqa
HA\
F.
n. \ \ L ( cdr e
i n 6. past n
ci t uar i t s
cqr e i nr nr , r o, , , - , , ": : ; ; ' . . ! ' : 1?. - . , 1- "
",
:l
:,i;
"li
*-#
;*,
;i r
l:: r l"
f i.,';',,'i
l?L:i ; : I i";:'Lj :
;
ff
;
" ' 1,":
""' .,
si ns:r"
rormp
,",1i ,$l l r
t"
for
dP i rol osi
!' Pi d' J' :tti te
t" i on'
:*ii"l,!::,'#
:hf,;';.i
?i,:
?*,,xtfj
llli HT.,""ii$t,:"e":ii",
ji#:
"
. -
cI Li
Jcr st .
pr t a
subj f t pi pr j .
, )
l orl *
n \ i l i src ri
vcrbc pri rx. i l , t l c.
Toat a \ erbel o
"ur. i l i "rp
por
t r
: '
\
"l
.
pr i n, ; pat ".
l usi r t nr l u- . i I n
b. pqr
, i z
. o, r l r nut ul
not i onat ( hi ; . at ) .
AM ia
i!:4;!liffi"i:-"
l,:,{f1i-"t"jr#,:;.:"
1. 1. ' , : r '
""
i .
, , / r
. , v
ou, r .
;','-,,.,,,"):
;,'
r,
ii:'&:il;.i"ls"ffi,l,i,,i",ll'",il.,ilii,-*
,'.i11.:*
l3"i::"
*
;:"":*1,r,**i,"",_i;,.
S
186:1
10) Funclii.
- Verbele
auxilj
""n"t".i;"""
ui"'!to"";r"",'"T""il;"i1liff
i:l,il:l,fiT,iili;,f'3riji:ltH"j:
'
,"
,i !ti*rl*:lHi:";
!i:iliJi";*"fi:l
&
lt;; ttgy;l"pertFcte
dra
0",
l,i,iffi,",rl,i'J"1liii,,nj,'Ti,^i,ilr,'lliilii,sl?,boi,.ioo,.,.*,,"
u
","'l.irY;,,Jl,l'"".ii;i;",iifl*:,,l,ii:;i:gi,:,nXl;";";,;{*11,:.;;,"
cl.rrare
a lepetirii
acestuiari
aiuti
**"t""",i
ia"""
"""ri,ri,i
;J":i.:",i'lf$i";,i
.ili;;l*;;
";riii,","r,,"t,
l l ,
i ' 1,, 4."-"l l -,..,
t.a"hn
t
-!
t r:n;t
"t.
i I
i
gi j;'fi
:l;
i;itrf
Tit";iTx,lit"ffi,il1T5;i;;
* ;;,:1":*y""*,*x|".ru::$
"'"*'.iff;;1""
r*^
'""s1
.,1c
r,
marui
m.rii rn com*nu,
Argria,
ioarr
alreciar
de
' \ ' i i
q
r 910.
i Ver i
6 191s_
r Vezi
{
19r 9.
385
d.,/ LET - auxitiar modal: un echivalent al subjonctivului (g
1584-
1590) r
imoerativul indirect.
"/
MAY
- aur i l i 0r modJ: un
. . hi vdl . nL
al subi oncr i vul ui l Q l 59l r .
/ /
NI I CHT
aur i i i dr modal ; un
e, bi val pnr
al sub"i oncl nul ui
i (
I 5q2l .
g,
SI I ALL
- auxi Ji ar mor l al ; \ j i r or ul ( f sl d dc
pr "zent l per s.
t .
. s.
r i
pl . : vi i t on, l vol i r i v ( l al 6 de pr cz"nl / r osr a ppr dodndt ( $
20791.
i , SHOULD auxi l i ar modal :
vi i t or ul
t c' 6 d" t r p"ut , p"r s.
I sc. si
pl . : vi i l "r ul ! ol i ' i !
f bl n de
r r p. uL,
t oJl '
p"r soanel nt
conr l i l i on"l ul
r p"r s.
I se.
t i nl . , :
un e"hi \
"l F, , r
al subj on. Lj vul uj : . ; di l i or sl r l \ ol i r i v ( r oa. . p; r soanet pj .
; . / \
l LL - au\ i l i i r modi l ;
f i i r or ul
( f l d dp pr Fzc, r ) , p^r . .
J2- r
ei a
3. a
sg.
9i
pl , ; r i i ' or ul r ol i , i v
l f al a
Ll .
I , r DzFnt ) ,
I ocr t pr r sor n; l . i pr "z"n, l l
t or -
' npi
l r enven' . t i \ p:
ur
. chi v"l Fn-
0r
. ub. i on"t i r ul ui
( g 2095J.
j ,
WOULD
-
"ur . i l i ar
modJ: \ i i r nr ul f st d d, r r e. u
, DF. q. a 2- d si a
J- e. . q.
5i
pl . y; , i i Lor ul r ol i ' i v l Hl a dp l r ". ui
l Loi r "
p"r , nunal ; ) i ,
ondi t i on; l ul
( pFr s.
12- d
si a 3 c. sg. si pl . r : r ondi t i onal ul vol r r i v
( . oat - ppr "oanFl e) ; l r F.
"ul ul
l or mai f r , . v. 1t st i va: un e"hi \ i l "nl
al sr r bj o, i r ul ui
! S
I b05
- l 6l t ) .
l l J . l u\ i l i i rol o l n i nl 4ogal i i , n. sal i i . i i d ri . Du0. uri t c
i ourt e. - { 18,
Vezi
i I gJe, 2: 118, 29t J, 29Jt , 29i " 2qi 6
12) Caraotoristicile vcrbelor auxiliore.
-. S 16r
a) \ . r bpl " d"t e"' i \ c modal c- . , 44. l / l l , I / / \ f ,
sH. t LL, I Vt LL
. r ; . Of
GH T
t o
- ou a0 l a
f pr s^s, t a
a 3 a s. u
nr . z. r r ul L, i . , , / ; Jr l
. c.
. ur d. r er i s-
l r .
l a. r zui ' r ' Lr or . al or l dl
p
r "r L". i n, l usi r r o BF. ,
, u
H \ \ E, D' ,
"i
LEf :
ihinks is
r i l l
USt, ,o, fiind un trecub, nu are in mod nornal sufirul
-s
1a
fers.
a 3 a sg.
D/ Cu
ex Fpl i u
aur i l i ac"l or r o H \ \ F. . \ [ [ U
. i
l \ [ t ]
r , , , i n . npt p
qi -
r ua! i i
{$ t 3i - t r . ni , i un r ur i l i ar
"' r
l ^. n, - , / . I n
. r , ; . , i n,
, , pr - r , . . , I nr . "^qr -
t i s
n"sar ; \ i
. i
r a"punsr r l 5. uf l , u , , ut unr l . L\ i l i - r ul , r i LJo
, ", . ^
r , l F I nl o; u
i ps
"
l i ci p. nt f u evi r ar . d r apa sr i i t ur .
3
I . t eJ.
-
..b')
Intetuealia tuturor auxitiarclrrr se fa,:e prir irvusarea acestora cu
' subi ect ul
(S 1939);
L' t . \ "- ut i a pr i n adoucar ".
' , aL, Jl i F
, r , ,
.
.
t , r i n
' , t i t , : ^d
t or n, i r nn-
f uase n' l (:
nor) l e auxi l i d/
(g
l Ci g).
b"' I R6punsut s at pr i n r FuFr i r i d e"r i l i . , - ul , r d i r ,
: r
. 1u
n' J. , r i v.
(
S
2956t.
c/ ,a accentuat, (Enphati. Do) ru poatc l|sofi auriLiareLe madale,.
poate
insd ajuta ia accentuarea lor cind nr sint dclectire nodale. (S 1920):
,, ,. quietl
Hc zltd lla@ another nus oL treer.
,o d, you.
besl. this iincl
Do ler ne go on a llt-drive, to Scoilandl
Drz'r tcr me keep yort4
. 1)
\ ur i l i ar "l .
. i n'
si ngur al . l ar ba . 1r F
eu l ^. np n"dot i r ' . ant r yct , dt cl p-
l al " nu nun r i l n l i mbd vor hi r d. . i si i n . ^"n, po L r r " ot r ; i al .
i r r t nr mal o,
unde
aduc o nuant-i de inl;mitate.
1\xiliarul
DO este intoidcauna n.mat de nn iDfiniliv. iar USDD ronu are intidiiiv.
: L\ r "pl ' l :
/ a , e, . o"' . . hl nt
, i
r oat .
. .
xI J4": , "
p' . ur . i
i nr i vi ol | r l Jconh' at a: , "i ,
l l , i o pi nl n
qn
: Ji a. , , omobr l
de la acroDo.iut de sosire Dini ln Scotia.
4
t ) ai ' t t et m. keep y, i 1: sanu' t er el i t r !
Nu ucau st r e r el i nr
38 ri
e) Auriliarele intluenieazn chiar si struclura conte\tului, locul unor cA-
tegorii de adverbe fj;nd ljxat in lunclie de prezenta sau de absen!a auxiliare-
lor. (i8 2297 2299)
l|li; t3) l'orn)c tcri
!i
lormc shbc
f.tlrong
au, si ci ract erj st i ci f onj c
pent ru
c0re si nt
plrll de vorbirc monosilabich
- articolc.
adj ect i ye, subst art i {e chi ar et c. - i nLr o
care o iau cind sini accntuate sau !u.
and 11:tak Fort,.s). -
Auxiliarele
plasate, impreund_cx altc cite].a
plonum. prcpozr!u. conlunc!nr
categorio afartc, dupi lorna pe
ln conslruclia (patkrn
)
Iiu\bli englcze. ac.entul tonic principall rerine
la inierrale de timp mai mult snu
'rrni
pu!;n egale, dird asttl o inprcsi ger*
raln de scandare- AccFntele plincipale crd pe cu'intele absolut nccsare in1,,'
lsuiuj. care ar li, prin
analoqic, cuvjntle inlrebuinlate in slilul telegrufiL,
adicir: substantirelc. adjoctivolo,
ycfbclo,
ddverbele, numeralele, negalia elc.
Iccstc pdrli de vorbire i!i pislreazi lorrla lcxicali, ncinlluenlati dcit,
-
Cuvi nt el e nonosi l rb; ce care pot event unl l i psi . i ; i modi l i cd f orma dupr
eurn sint: &d.rnl aie (stranE
forit2 famn
rarc) sar nedccetd ate (*etLk
forrns
--
lolma slabi). In \.orbile, afesl,e modiliciri stnt inpusc d necesitata
{e
a se pdsira c1t m:i egali timpii dintre silalele aocenLuate. lntrc carc
pot exrs-
ta una suu mai multe silabe neaccentuale, sau nici una. Vocalc.le acestora
capdti atunci forma neacccntuati, in care elc sint scrd,ate dup[ uzanle acccr
tal,a (vezi Tabclul C),
pornindu-sc dc la un sunet neutru peste care se poale
, , . ur l I n- , " i 1. ' - n- n
[ . . r . J.
u]
. \ ar l "' ef ur
4i st dr r d. u r o
ul . i ' r pr ", , n. '
. i
p\ a. unsodn".
Cu
ci t r o. i r pr
"
n r i r .
r i , l a.
. u
. l j l di snar m- i
' . ul r .
q, , np
. . . i l "b,
s.
-
r ni ar ,
uvi
r . l nr r Fgr
1i
i ni el "; ' r er Ji n
' p
i n l i ! i i i
d0pi nde l n ul l i ni i nst ant ] i de ri sl unsul l 0
. dr.
t r s, st cpl i ,
al ci t pan, rn.
bazai pe accenlele l.onice, il cunolli
Ei
care poaie fi, in ccl mai fericit c az, "r"r"
sau "lir", sau intr un cod pe care il recunotti din obiqnuinln
-si
poiiunple golLrri-
l e, sau rLn r, ; spuns si bi l l t r; i pol i t ace apel l a ageri mer t a mi nt al e. sau cl Leva su
nete indistinctc. 'murdbled and manqlcd voi'cls and missinE consonanis':'
brui at e gi de pi pa di n coJf ul guri i
, si
al unLj
")ou
l l rro\ v
up t he sponge",
adicir te dai bdtrt qi abandonezi dDgu}.
$
lSli(i
trl r$belul A InRBELE AfLuLrARn: FoRttD TIRI
iI
taoRrID SLADII
Forme Forne tari
artagraficc ( accenluate
)
/;,rm/
?re
l9:l'
re
/ rJr: /
bccn
/bi:n/
/{on/
oould
/kud/
dnl
/ drd/
do
/ dn: /
does
id^zl
h.d
/!r&d/
ltlezl
t,a!e
i
havi
/ br ' / .
/k.d,
Ird/
/qd,
q/
..
/ h3d,
ad, d/
I
E\istd si .u.ate s.dlndala. care nu alarlii insi $rbi(ch,lui aoeslLri catil.ol.
:
\ I r "i l b l n t . , 1r l n a o, l r r r l
) t / o, / r r I
' J: 1
. 1.
i
\ umi t r l n l on! t i cd a. t ual A si l ni s | l i : n' s .
{
Cilai de A.C. Gimson in alt ionrexf
{or.
a.il.. ri.3), lnra ildicarea surei.
L.
o: t t i
. ' t
r r : r r "r l . i
"i t , 1
i , , i r , r i i 1 ! nr ' r t d unui . l i nl l
, , r p. " p- onr i l i
I nl pr ""d o \ a"dl ' .
"- !
mcl r r ai nt "a u"i , o. o- n \ e. i
I 1Jr . 387.
, 1d I
wi l l
/Iol, Il/
N
38?
t 5l
16)
I
'
o. k"i r &l . . l n i
da. t r
- i r
o, r p i ndi , . pr . r n . r
uDu,
"
t r n1t
, j - .
. p
0- o. , , r i ni l
' i
o \ ,
. at i
t r
,
5"
. n- , r na: n
,
4 unei
,
on. u. n! :
\ \ ".
r e. / , Lo n. $r r r r snt : \ \ .
p' p. "J. ' o \ , . "al a
r i
.
. ' .
. n-
' ns
n o , n. i
,
on. i , r n! :
\ \ ' . .
r ". / , Lo n. ; . .
; i ; ; i
. ' i \ :
ddr,
lrescnt /...
rv, prcznl/.
:
Cl. ,r! cu ir's. Vczi
!
1800.
\ ' '
i s. ho. . do, . t
r dl r
. i , , , l 1d". r m"l
dFLnpar ' i . i Dj r 0- / po
sd' r d- 1t c
l F \ o, bi r p: H r
sol , 8
nom". H r t "' hr / . , r ,
-
/ "ast f l nd c
Lr ml t J. ua
r , , r ' ,
i pi ' l e- ur mut dc un
I , i r t i ,
i ! i ' r
' i r l
JF\ o, bi r p: H r sol , snom". H' : i n
- ht t . , b/
\ -
l "as
, - pc. ' :
t r ' s gaap t oma
t : t t
doc.
r
n, , . : uE
r ; e: \ i t , ar ' r
' pc. ' :
t t sgayt oma
t : t t
doc. , n, : uE
r ; e: \ i l , ar ' r
i . t : k, ? Wt , "i s
t - :
da. , t -
: "pc. : , /
s8ol pr om" ( ) (
d*) n, "us, r , e: \ \ l ' al r
h l : l p? Wt , r i e
t - . da. ) t -
t r n r c.
. r
, r t d. r
I . t . \ t
n, , i h" . p-
Wl . at - . . 1, k, . ?- \ \ h1t , . . .
t r l ar ( aum
"sFr . /
. l , ' f j , : , ; Xn-
i :
"r ' l t . - $nF- "
i ' / ""
'
1r us
J"! i r J'
Toletul Ir- Itrltrt.tllr .tlrxJll\lllr FoR]tEr,rr AI,IR]IAftIti co\TltlsD
-{
13{J7
1' n
/ o! m/
: r
{n:
' , "
k*t / \ \ i r*,
wr*, Fo+/ :
uou
o
l i t i r t ,
i ,
t .
) r r l
/ / , . a, f . r daar . D, J+. dr +/
' '
, ' ,
"i
:
i \ , l , s\ . doA: , . .
, i ' i : / / :
snr's
/l
i rzi; n's, /,ts/:
'rndr's
/xds/,:
ttln.r
thn:ztl
(.(hEn.!
t*iv:ii : 0h4.;s i\!..zil :
( 1' l "h' | . 1: | - t h. | ' ' . . '
, ,
l \ t
: bar r : / , / or \ '
; i e/ \ i : \ '
t r r ' ! .
t i
: \ . i i ! , .
r dr r ! .
' , 1
l , l l
:
l ' od. shout d, no, i r dr
l 1
ad: h
' r
t i : t : . . t ,
J t i . a
.
i : 1
d . v, . d a: ,
t oi d i . , . a :
. t "L. t
o . J
' t !
, , ) l
:
si
,
qh; [ .
: J / t
/ or t i r
'
ne'
ihlJli
stb'u
Ai:rl..
il'll
ltt\l:
ee'tt
lv:)l:
lou'tt lj\t)l:
tlte!'tt
l6ct1t.
Tolchl C- YI]RBILII AUII,IAIiX : IOltrILLD NEG\TIVD CONT R\S|
S
1E68
ain't
lc)nll
=
an not, are not. is not, has N\ harc nat; rrecycrt tD SL]A: ronsi-
, . , 1
r al I g r r ' "
"ul . l
, r l 1r L. L. t - : i
. n. \ n8. . . ' . , Jar i nr . n. t ,
@e| t
l at ^1l : oh
t at :
, "- r I
onl hr :
L
mt nv
"m
r |
, r . r , . , r .
, r . . S. or r , : hdr . t a
l o"m: Lr Jr b! nd 1| | \ 1sl i d. nl r r J
. \ i . r . r ! i
n \
' t
r i r i . c"r . r . , r r ,
I
r opuTi l i i
e
d
,
' t ur : \
. . i , F n- , r ' . - .
I
j / r ?r
ai n. l l
m"- / l d. nr . o, , o!
Lr ' t . , , , . , o/ | Jqnt n.
.auldn't
lkrnnl.i
:
atn,t hat
.tat.n' t
ltn..nlt
:
darc nal
dtdnl
/idrdrr:
dri otud
frl
nu c finat/
:
did n,,
dn"
'
t dr t l t t
, t , .
cr nd_
r
nu r i ndt d
"!
@,
t u, t 1\ r t . JJn. d. n. . ' ; , , 1
t n.
n. . .
- do, . o!
du' nn t
l \ t a: sr t l :
dr Lt
"at
l nr i . \ t N)
hddr ' ' l cr nt . hr l n"nl , r nu
"
t i n. , l hoJ, at
t ' o- a
l hat n.
j . "/ , '
r l , l n.
t i nJl hos, t L
i , , p, hur nl , I . c, n, i r . r
' r
"
t t i ^.
. nu"
not
, ! n)
/
r Tnt i , zn ul nd
[ t ]
r I c l i nal / : r . , o/
t uor . - t
t nqnt
p. ' r
n"t I t , i l nl . I , u, nl " nun1 i n \ nj t , J
nl 9t t n 1
I n, \ nnLt
: , nt qht
r ot
n,s,D1l
mnsnt; m/-sn ciDd
tU
nu c rinal/: d&r 2,,
s
1869
$
1870
s
187r
888
ndedn! /'nirilnl.
ni:tnti
rni:dn, rni:tn
cind
[t]
nu c linaU
:_?red no'
a
shtn'i I
.rfti'crtn/ cind
ttl
nu e firal/
:
,&stu no'
shda't
ll(],ttl
:
shau no,
/t.el. fl, lo, ir
JouLln t l'ltr.l,Lrl
:
shauld tut
u
pt l ) t
t
l j u: snt : : t , . ' nat
Dr uI Unl al
. , nd nu
n
L"m! d' r c/ , - - ur / i or
' ' a. r ' ,
/
$uznr i t J: n c nd
I nu P I n t l : r ds
' ot
aeten't l'a:ntl. we.ntl
:
ae.e nat
qon't
lqaul|,
w.un clnd
ttl
nu e iinal/:
'til
zo,
|oul.ttt't
ltwdnl:
qoutd
not
I OF\ l j ] CO\ f l A' E Cl
Pf f O1\ t \ Tl ! nPt ' l
\ L4
da
ldn:|,
does
ld.Lzl-
doD't
/d.unt/,
d0sn'r
/'duzntl
shdu not
llet
t\1tl- shan't
llcltnrl
rit rc,
/wd
nct/- wo!'t
/wunl/
catmot
/
kBnrt/
-
can't
/ks:nl./
nust trot
/mr'6t
nrt/ mustn't
/
m^snt/
use(d)n'i
/'ju:sni/
(dum1n't
/
da:snV)
l 7l \ cr bel e scmi dur i t i ar c -
\ e?i
ver bFl a r r odal '
S
l 9J3'
T0 BE (.4. Fl)
A. CON*JUGAREA
SIMPLA"
(SIMPLE CONJUG,ITION)
I}IATEZA
ACIIYTI
(ACTIVE VO]CE)
INFINITIV
rr,{r1xl"rIrt,
Perlacl
(
Petfect)
ro ha\'e ben
(- a li lostl
PARTIC]PIU
( I' ATTTIC IPLE
1
Prczet|'t ( Pftsent)
to be (: a li)
Prczer\t
( Present)
Trocut
fPdrlJ
beins
(: liind) bccn
{:
fosi)
Perlocl
( Petfect)
havinc bcon
(: liind, dupi co
\ r nDl
L I \ Dl CAl l V
t 1- \ Dl r 4TI t E
MAADI
P$ze
(Prcsent)
I art
{:
6inu
Trcefi ( Po,st T ense
)
I
qas
(: eram, lusei, an fost)
f t l
'
r / p, d, D. r h. s2dDg. i . l
. di vpP?"n) qi l o", r ' r ' l pb. a: r ! g t
i '
si mpr r l
si Dr l or m" a' Ji , p.
' nl I or - i
. sl ,
i n engl Ta
r or ' . mpor "r ' r nuf . r Jr l r P
r Jr bl l u I n sr Lr r l
389
Prezont porlect
(Pr(snt
Perfcct
)
I lave been
{:
atn iosll
\iitor (Futve)
I sna[.be (: voi fi]
n-P
| ...
si e
I
s, r be
they will Ie
Yiitonl fati dc trccut
(Futwc
in' the Pdst
)
I snotrd be (:
roi li)
I et
shc
I
woul d
I e
Tlccut
Dedoot
(Past Perfcct
)
I had ben (: rrsesem)
sle
I
had bcen
Viitor perfect (ltufitre
Pcltict
)
I s/@ll l,afe been
(:
roi fi lostl
rou n'ill lave ieen
sne
I
Fnl harc beer
{e sna/, }rave b.en
you
mll lalc been
they wiU have lecn
\riitorul perlert
fn!6 de hecut
(ltntwe
Perfcct ln the Past)
I s/d&l.t have been (:
voi li fst)
you
lvould have i.en
n"l
t ' e
I
$oul d have been
we rnoLtd hare been
you
would hale been
they would hale been
TIoDUL SUBJONC1 Iv (SUBJaNCTM
IVOOD
)
Fonnr voche
(indpendenfi
de timp)
I be
(:
sn rir)
ht
l .
they be
Plezeft ( Present)
I sirould ls
(:
as ljl
you
would bb
she
I
would ne
Persaona a 2a sg.
be{: lij)
Forma
Preze'lt (
Present)
I wre (:
sa liu)
hi l
moderni
Peflecl ( Pttfect)
I had b_ee! (sl li fosi)
i nF
I
hJd bccn
IIODUL CONDITTONAL
QOND]TION
AL TIOOD
)
l l ODl L I \ I PEBAT, \ ( l l t l Pt t t Al l t E \ l OODl
Pefieel, (Perfect)
I slouid have necn
(-
as Ij los0
voD ilould haYe }4n
shc
l
would la\e lreelr
we sft,zld have iecn
)ou
would have becn
rh"J woutd have been
Persaana a 2-a pl.
le (: Iit'i)
390
B.
(] ONJ
T] G \ Rl i A CO\ TI NLTA
( r' l l E coN rI \ 1] OI i S CONJLTCATI 0TI )
Dl l ' r' nz; t rl (rTI Ll
(
l l c t I ri : Mc E
)
I I ODLL r\ DI C\ ' f l \ i
(I )i DI C. 4I Lr: TVOOD
)
$
1872
1873
18?{
fr\\zent
( Prts.nt)
I a,, }fing (
.
sinLl
r,,,
I
i i I
'ltt\tnt
(Past Ters")
I nar l i ci . r a
i .
er adl
i \ 1,
l . ^
0. "
i t J
i\Io!lil, ajtBJo\cfiv Is
ui]J i;:'ic1'! r't: )ta1D)
Pt.zQAt ( Pr{s.rt)
I wcre LrPirrl
(:
sr-r fiul
I ou
r vef . r ' i f g
I . "l
shc
i
w. I e ! r ui s
{e lvere lr.!' g
l[
sc(' beirg
|,ltc\' we..4 Dcln].
C. r,'oRllELE CONrll,\Slt
(rezi T(b..t
\
ut6i
)
I ' un. l i i .
\ pr hul
/ r / poJr ' l \ ' - u p' r n' i l "l L\ i l i
'
' ^l ' r r l ' l i \ ' Ju
o, l , l
r t n
r ' nr r
' , ' n' r
' "2
' . i nd
ur , , Ja ur r ; nl i r ' r i L
"
r l ' l ' r ) '
1) Ca i crl r
l ri l r{ri l ai r
est e vcrb l e\ i ral cu sens cnj st enl i ul :
a) : a
f i ,
a cl Lnl ] :
70 ,4 dr not ro /r., ltiat is tle
qu.stion
e
{A
Ii sau { ru Ii, a.,rrstr e intrfbrrea
l
I urinl<. i.he.olore I d,,l
( C, r i ] . l , dcci . r i st . )
Hc is the
Si
atfst
lot
l, l,hat crrr oas
{Esre
ftl iiaj tn,reioct carc a e\isiat
'.eodau
l
ll
(+ un adverb oli o locufiunc adverbiald
sau
prepo:'ilionaln)
:
d
fi'
aua Lac. a se afla, a se:dst, a sk. a Lacttl
Thev z'i, rt ho c iu tlic rcDngs
l , r
".
nl
, b. . "s' 1
He is on the llall.
(F c.
i)arLc
din
lersoral.)
Y.uf biho ;s l,he.c, ll- tlre door'
(Eicioleta la estc rcolo, lirgii xtt.)
T' r d . onJr dl on , ' \ i |
1L
'
( I r - monsl . , al i d d J\ ' , 1 l . c r t f l
i
$-Icn and $llce ir th mcctrngl
(Cnrd
$i
nndc ar. loc
tedinia?)
' 1, ,
I . u"i , me
I onal ,
"i
n' , n, , r Li . , l ' . . ! i . s.
, r "i l ! ' r l l i r o' i dl '
'
nr m"r LJ. 0"I l r u. d. '
bl r '
F. l r u1. "Jpot r " i "pui / Tl l i n. Jar l
l r l ol r ' l r r '
l r )
,
\ \ . ; hJ( \ ! , t . , uaaLt . t t Pt ol
D, r na4.
r R
J s dr l s. D, ! o( apl a l / / od'
_Cnl i l "
r go"r r m- '
39!
Iith.. rnd mother ,,er. ,to*rsr.,rs.
( Tal . r
si r j amu s. . r au j os. r
' l her e;
i l i r c
gant en
t uur d t he t r ouse.
lIr
jurul
crsei sc al]l o grildilr
rrumoasrr.)
The niitk t.q in ihe trrd...
(Lapt!l!
se gisci&
n, ce,nlrli.J
t "
i . .
D, .
,
h r ^, t , 5t ! .
.
(Si.i
/esrc/
se uflli ajoi d. o rtrtri ilrragli.)
c)
=. . 1
I i ,
a se duce, a eeni :
H", : o. . '
t b".
' o
t : | . .
r \ i
", . t
r r , ,
t , t
. . n
\ . , i
Has ht) bn, to s.. Gf.r:el
l:t
r.st pc ta
(itu.ge?)
I ndd Dcaz a ov* Urc muslun.
ttuseseDi
lrin
tor mrzcu].r
A lie lor l)ovcr?
(uos.
la Dov!r?)
dJ Verbul le:rical
to trc poatc
avea idlpcraliyul
iormat
cu
penru
acccnt u: rrc:
,, ,. srnsi etr
, r t r , t bd so sensi t i vc! ,
., Ilentru fornele
contrs$e l-ezi g
1gii7.
2) Ca rcrb auxitiar {orrneazir:
dl (+
l,artiripiLrl
prczpltt)
conjrqarca conti.nud (E tt-gi):
T, i . , hi J . . . , 1\
. . , . - r . s
L
l i
r ' r r
b,
. . , .
p i n"" 1
+. r
J
r \
/ , , ! / p"r 4. / , dI . i "- o.
vs. m
, . , . , . t
, - n
d. nr , r l
I
L t !
b
. ,
8
' i a
, ur , , , . , r ot r .
i _\ r , , s- t , t Ll I nt i ne. )
E./ (+
!articitriul
Ltec"L)
conjugdrca pastod (g 1781):
Slj. lrt.llion|d
askiiA ,, D. mei.
-
1.1
tcl.Ionrr rngn(l si rnjii cineu s_o
' a
de ta grla.)
H^, t t
t p. npt
d i r h
, r o. , ps
dsdi r r r
. . . . r chr s.
\ r ,
. '
L oar . JJ. " . , . \ r ". , / ' p.
r o, u
Trrex {,cre .alt' rt as..r.
(Snrt
Itcca9i,
i( lost' otrcrnati
)
tS
rid3j,-'I,"*l"ipi,,t
tuecnr) titnrrurik) p.rfe.r.
ale cltorva verb intranziriv g
1879
DO ernrrri c g
l E?;
s
1876
s
r8?7
s
1878
I aa doae to the $.rld.
lJ) Ca rcrb
(otrhtrir.,
facc tegiitura
intrc sub;ect !,i numle predicflti!:
S
1860
SM i J a sj . g. r .
lEsle ct'rtireati.l
I t
Jo- r
". ' "
\ . h. r n ,
. .
\ nr k. ul l
b. .
- . r . cs5r
. .
. r , a ,
)
You r.e eirh rodal
(-\i
lenil. de'renc :ri.l
i i Jl aJ
. r . ni l . ?l
I
$astAle
:
cnnrinle,
r
sbni' a
=.
sensiril
iniclcpt, cu l,un 6!m!.
MoRFo' ,ocIA_\,.ERBUL
39!
To $ot k i 3 l o. bc
r onLr n!
i,r
'':i"i
i"s"im"a
"
tr m"tt"it
Ec , ot Ld
b. as $nl l i o comF
ar obf P
i l .
i , ^,
' "1
bi n" o1 vi na i mPdi sL )
Se atrage
atenfia
asupra
urmitoarelor
constr\rclii:
.r)
(+ dnumite
adjective):
a se s;mtt':
1-:i:lfr.,'iijr'l"t*'l*l#*;l:::";'1""''l't'l'"1fii""'i'tliil#:1Yi'"xT"'"?':i3:
a fi-Arerit
etc
l
,,)
(+ substantrve
care se reieri
la virstl'
lormi'
culoare'
misu
etc
)
-
;1"*..,ir 1 .i;,;r,,: )1i,.,"
l"jl;,
:.
' "'
.1"',],'ii,,"ir,,
""
",r
)ll-1,r""j}.",,
"li"r,llllr,i',jl:!;':"''
LAr e
dodi zeci
d r nr
I
i;t .-;1T..',.i?:,i:t'
l;;ill.,,X
;
,";"iT',tir.:,""::'".
"
".""
["J''fi't*:xi;
-
:g';.jlx;1;':t'i;i"%'JlJl;lT'li;"1:iJi"'*]
a ltltl 4) Cd lerb modrl
(+infinit'r\ul
complet)
exprimi
ideea
de
viitor' aratind:
i i i l d, un
I r pr sr nbi i r L
dn' cr i or {$
1526r :
"
f,|ii#:"Ji"H"5,'#i"l,l",si"iil?i;'"cir{a'!isahoii'it)
H;,$:,r'"T:1"i';l."J"llf
"""i'i,'Jitf
'"i""*,'r
h::l+'lH
"ll;l;.tt,f
fs 3
'i'5"1?iT**"
I
(care a
'ci
iostr
S 1883
Urtr.(Lt de infinLtl')ul
perl'ut sc reieri
la un fapt care
nu I avui
loc ln tre-
cut
sdu
' hi ar
! i
i rr vDi or:
g
188r
i#:i"':,'lil"i'i&'"i.1lf
ilixnl',-
"-
.'o^ u
dar
,si
(raf):
i"'li'i":iJ;'li:"".:
l'li l?t"l'li'x; r ru-
rn'cnL'Inr'r )
l , obl i bal i "
dal or i p
or di r r '
di epozi r i '
Th. \ ' of t t o f t ^i ' h
t hat Jt on"
l Tr ; bu, t s
s' i . r n, i np
accast J
r meor Jr ' r
:ll:1":l;l
j;r
Jil,li:]li:'1",$':'":'i';';-li';"
"
.,.'
i.' "' ;
""' i"i"l,i"' ?ij' ll I i",;
r
"'
*-' ' n' -' i"a
r
fi
.:iil;r
;';j, ;l11ru"";
3,1r
:' ll;il:l
fli'll'
Jl J ll ili'ixtil;"
"
""""
r
cl Dosi bi l i t at e:
'tir,"
nouse
i. D t," fe,.h./ lrom
ihe ro rd
1S l ort e
rFnge l r
' as: t
drn _l oscr'
:lri"ii
I
i
l?.: ll';::"1;'"i'":ir
i'lil;l:
;^' i
"'"
s
1885
'-'t:ft:$fl$$$:i1l:i$tt*;$*li;-;l$',';n'1;iird!*T*3#':#?'
Tl,f tunn.t, x.rc lo b4 id.arl;pd br
rrF
nuBb.rs on therr b,cts
. I l "r gal o, : :
uf l d! si t F d. i r r : t i . a' t i dul a numeFh dn p"
l par p
How @e/c oe ,o .r,ss the In' o il the.e was no lridse?
(Cum
lutean
Lralersa riul dace nu era pod?)
Ticleis dr, to &? idd iL the enl. ncc.
lrlillele se poi oilinc ]a inha.p
)
Thcre is nolhing ro ,., /orc abort il..
lNn
psre
ninic dc ld.ut in a0elrsti clcsltune
)
$' hcle is this ..co.d]
' o
,c
/,rndr
(Urde
rori.
li
gnsit
a.est disc?)
You arr ro
(dft
acrls l,lie
sardcn
to.each l,he entralcc.
lTrebuie/este
ncc.saf se t ve$.zi griidina ca se iiungi ta inr.arc.l
Shf is Ir Dd pmis..l
lor hcr achicremen!.
(lrcbrie/moite
sa fie liludrtn pfntn realizare. fi l
rl in'itabilitatc, so3rle:
_ , nr r qr J"
l . . t r i "l i I b l r r l al i \
r '
Jdp r r . r , . cndAnr r d
, o/ ,
m\ ' , , - , 1{
r . r eno r hr i r an
r f
ar l a nod, r i , . oi . r pr i g. . ddr d.
. ' i - i : t
p i r d r i i - t n' .
!
\ ' b d. , . - . i 1r
r .
l oat i l 1i a1a cf a mai Jl ' F' t i dr : ' pl r t ,
n; . )
Lds trcar ro 3., tle old tnmblerl!$n Inxse ,rsain: il. $as rettticcd bI an llr ro dati
.
{Nu
ar.an si! nrai r.\ad ni.iiodaG vcclrca c.si rrniatn: luscse tnlocuitii.n nn njoc
, ^' l , r l . "i , , i dp
. ' r d. \
nl l on' . d. J $, d, , p r "\ pl
l DLp. J' . r o
n. aol
'
, ' . .
. - r . i
di f ol dl l 5i
,
r ' i l ' mr , r oddr a.
5) Eap&sii idioxatice:
L
. -
I I bb. n L, DP
. , . , ar l
pr
bol
. s rt i e.,
l.
r
s,'r lrnn astl.ll
ur.r. ir, tlicre o.c (: este, sint)
There rill De dancirg.
{Se
ra datrsa.)
Let na rrr
(Lrsi!,mifin pacel)
.t
llos ts shr?
lilo
nai la.e?)
I
$hai t . ( shc l i t e?
l cum
esl ( ea) ?l
Irh.t is to bccone of her?
L(le
sc (ra) fa.e?l
\ \ ' r , . e i s sh' t o
go?
f Ll de l t }ebui ; J si L sc di ca?j
l : l oi y i s i t i i i at . . . ?
l cxm
s l r cf ci . . . ?)
U'.ife lhis lcltcr aDit &,'/ r? ill daI ahotrL itt
(Sc.ie aceastl sc.isoarc
ti
rn pie,de
ioate zira .u eatl
Wlrnt's ur:
(Ce
sc n,limDlii?l
\\'h.t In;? ydr Dcn ,? r;r
lC; toznli
ai n,al Iiio,r?)
393
s
1886
s
1887
s
1888
6) Formcic rontras. kzi si
$
1867 1868.
r
$
r8E9
Cuvint'ul la care se alipelte, ca u srfix, forrr a rontrasd a auriliarului
toB,Prau a ncCatilri ce il insolette poate ti. practic 1'orbin,l. oric parle
de
l ' o' r '
f t .
nd s
r ni or r na
h s hol i dar a l t r L
The sLr eet s&Cs i oaki nr l i r l s on i ou. r i . hl .
' You, / f di i r r n
l l i , , \ i r
cu; , l A. -
ZEy'.e rNu lired.
?rer.'s no donlt ali.ul, it
I
?n"..'rs ihe m{n 1/.2'l. arfaid cl.
I
Eo.d
:
ii ,.hregistrar-d'
etc
r , n?- pn
i , a"nr uar
. sr r p"- i . r l . 1
i nr . oo . . i \ . . . "\ ' . ", . r i l d, aui , : ur n, , ni Lwi ul
. r l spnsl l J"apr ; "/ ol ( Q. t i t i ; . t 1. 2aC- on". , . . , \ ' r sr r r nt Abx: nj . r r r nr {E, j t , i
, i nl
f o b. f l l spnsl d J" a,
pr - "/ o
'
Q. t i t l . t 1. 21C- or L, . . , .
Fcr i .
I nt 4 hu: n 4
'
"
r dB, r t , i , t ul
..,1
x.
nrmeazi predicarnl
ln propo?ili{ dclaralivi!.
t
rn?.p accntue! este adverb dc loc (:
acolo) (iata).
81ll
ltt,s r.d: ntlll's yotrru? (
\rhal .,/,,r's
J!urs?)
-\nd
r/,ats lhrl
r1
. / ' r , n. L t h. od{l mnr oul . r
,t!lr's Ur. nudla rl vod. lursts t.riht. Oft'r dissins.
n-ii, sr l.he B,,r in q.;1
ari ivhai'sa lic?
tl'l,,.C-. In'nc5? Illr'i sfu {ono61
1, ' s not l i l r g t o $, i f e nomc r boul . ?
Cone on: terc'r Hrl.n.
i . r t t . r L . unDt . l l I :
, ' , j D,
i sr ' i : . p
-\
se rcnarca irsl .i tfurrlul rinpln al verbului to r. nu ,rfe lormn con-
tras,-, ei d nu o ncgatia. Nrg.liia orpdtn folna contrasi cir.l u lnso!.etie ttl
LiILa tatl)itii.
Ot : ser t al i i :
(d)
I'n nat llsLe. prfl('rnl.i1 fomri / ai.n t. iE aftn't I ? lonai uin't I !
( S 1863) . dt t l t i i Dd consi duai d subst ar l dr r d i n ambel e c, r zur i .
fl,
l ornele ncgativc cailrxi. .rL, verbului lo BE al! /ori aspecte
para-
],"1e. Erceptlnd pu*oara
I (1 ain al arrin t I ?, adt I )). crio douir sr'ii de
l or i nc uzi t aL. e 6i n| :
I oI ' r t
not ,
he s, s}e' s. il s not
$c' r . not , l h. yl e nol ,
I ain l
$
1890
ltsl
1892
Practic rorbind. difefc
la
dinke ac$tc douir scdi 01tc ncqlijdbill.
f.l)
it'u
;i
its
- Be larie rdeseori cnnfuzie inlre aecslc douar lorntcj proriun-
l i a
l or ri i nd at eeal i
I rt s] .
i / r: ; l i s (ri orl cuvi nt ? cort rf t se: pronume nl rut r, r
+
vr}b)
. .
ea) esl c; i l r (un si ngur cuvi nt , : adj ect i v
posesi y neut ru): (rl ) l ui .
T0 HATD (A r\ VE. \ )
,{, CONJ UGAIT',{ SI\'TPLA
(SIMliLn CONJ UG.\TIOr")
IJIATTIZ.{ ACTIT]I
(ICTIyL
L'AICE)
t NFI NI Tt Y
a/ , \ 7/ - \ 1?1/ r J)
Prezam\ ( Pftsent) Partc|\ (Pofat)
to harc
{:
r areal ro lLalf hrd
{:
r ti avul.i
Pq.RTtClPtU (PllRTrCrPt E
)
Pteze t (prescnL) Treeut
fI,asr,
Perlet:l;
(Pofect)
harins (
.
avind) lad (: avu[] havi^s had (: avind; dup:i ce a avrr]
(rt sar
(al) ei.
t
s
r"And
thal's thal !"
(ton
cntesorl.l
:
[i
cn asill basl.r] s a u
$i
rstr.i [ot.
?at , t \ - / , 4a4t - ) ot t
' i f l
. . , 1: / ; .
i , 14"l . ' r . I nL i l .
. . t ho- . . . . . - ( .
i .
psr p
. . , Ri , ! , r h:
. ' \ \
n"Lr o"r _, b
.
, t . ,
.
an_l df r . . .
==
ce est . ? W- hat i t . . . ?' - ce 0? i l l r ol csi c s{n oouni Ll n: ar c?
. / . . , ":
!
o . , f r . r ' , ' r n
! "onu4l ar
o
. , r . nr -
50 5' r ' . | . . u
t - o
nl i r "ngl Fr l
a numr l uj zr i t . i t r J. l i l n n, i f ol oqi a
qn
acJ
' Wh! ". l , pEan".
l t ' hJ' - . . . )
- , - r l t k! h^s. . . : t
Jr . L' l i i nJ l - . m" dr p"r i ccl
{q t 4r ! . r ( ! 3t .
' - 1
-
l t s ; h, . t t nt qp t ,
L
( o a
' t
ol t h. Lt r ] . r n' J) .
t (ze: t t
(
Prt s, : nt )
lii
I
,,,.'
i l , I
Pr{,zer!l
lcrlc.t
I
Prt st ' r Pa
l i n)
I l ur {, LI i
( , ah a\ nt )
\iltar {lt
tur.)
i sl{rl halc
1-
!.i rY!n)
l , c
i
sh!
'r
$ill I'arc
Tiitoml latil d6 trecut
(ltuturt: in the Past
)
I stualJ hrv.
{..
vai av.a)
i95
\lOIrrri,
I^"DrCAr'I\' (INDICA'r-IrE NOOD
)
TteLxt ( Plst T ense)
I l , ad
l -
a! ca, . , avui , am aNi )
r f
l .
i t
J
l l , i ] l : , r d
Trccul
l orl c{t
I h, , d l . i , , l i . . r , i s. s. r , )
i t ,
i
fiitor
Fcrlect
(Iuture Pc[,11)
I r Ldt l ha\ c h: d
1:
r ( i l i ar ul l
J.{
riil lL!r! Irrd
shc
i
' 1i l l
h. vc l "r l
l l r cy Nl l l hr vc l r ad
'l'iitorul
llerlert
lc1[ dc frcrltt
(1'uiutt:
P..tfttt in thc Pan)
I s/,dl Lrre hid
{==
lci ii {rui)
I!!
$r lld havc |a.L
sh.
I
Nclld bare
' i.d
\ vc. \ i oal d har c nud
Jon
w.nl.l have nad
Urer wluld hare had
I l UOUL
SUUJO\ . Tl \ '
| \ t
t ; . 1t l ( ' 1t t D r l OAD)
liorma re&e
( I ndcp cndentd de tinp
)
nou a nroalornii
Prczcnt
( Prcs.tlt) Perlaf"tr (petfad)
i r j
I lad had
{:
sn ii r'!l}
i t )
' r l oa
, {r , r .
j nl i f J( i r j r zr nr .
"i
' ho'
, , , d. / . i 1d; 1l i v
' r "
. . l or m l d r "' , 1' i p. at r E
peGoanp d r . d. 1 pr ' cur n- . : , 1.
t ' h".
i t hot h
. t
r \ ' . h" pp' , , ' , Ft \ ana J r d. . @di
cab\
pr '
z.
i .
5l nl , i , r r r . bLr nl dl c nuour l n . l ' , 1
I
oPL. c.
s
1893
3$6
] I ODUL
ltezcnt
( Ptesfftl)
I .lrald hat
(: ri
y.u ivonlli ltate
sht
'
nr ni n l i at i l
il,
j
\.e t rall hivc
rl,u ieod{l have
tl,"v rrould hirc
] I ODUL
Pet soai at 2as3
l i avcl == i r l
ool t ei l , el
hal i
t of l i ! i
l )
CO\D]TIO\.IL
( CI)N D I T 1 O i{AL ]TAAD
)
Petlect
( P.tf.tt
)
a!.al
I rl@,1, havc had
{:
ai 1i arui')
l i .
I "", , n
n, . " , , "0
, r I
N. r/ro,,l hare had
{on
$rul.l htvc lud
iheY would lralP had
r\IPrlrfATrv
(IM]'DRATIrU
'UACD
)
P. r soandu2t LJ) 1.
l i are
{-
l Lrrr, i L
l oi l i l i
)
] J. CONJUGATTE{
CONTJNU. \
(coNTINUOUS
CO NJ LtCA'.t'
ION
)
nrlrxZ,f. A0TrI.-i. lAaTt
rE rotcE)
I N !-Ili l1'I \i
r/r]ia1Jl?1
rt)
Prezen\
( Present)
l l nf l i vi ng
( , - a , t eal
IIIODLL INDICATIV
Prczetrt
(
Prcsent)
&lr,tihsting
(-
e! aln)
you
,gq
havins
!rs,
I
LE'havirg
yotr are hiYing
lhv rre hav'tg
Prezont
perleot
(
Prcsenl Pcrfect)
I haae been haling
(: etr
"shlrur. yotr hJve brPn navlng
I'f"
lo^
r.." nu'"t
r i l . . F_
we l vc l ecn
nr vr l g
tlri
ybn
h,' vi
q{in
La!ing
i hFl l , [ ! r
gGe,
ho! i ns
YiitiJrut
(rr"rdleJ
I Jl dl /
be
\ \ i ns
( : 1oi
' l eal
\'ou s|rL ne
'nav'ng
she
I
will bi havirg
i [ l
qf
lrql' sltblJ 6e'l{lttrns
.{6{*.y6a
\iiil}-bd.tftlring
inev Mll bc having
Pertc\.t
( Petect)
to hivc been havntg {:
I {i atut)
(INDrCl'L',Ivr: MOAD)
Ttoc\rt
( Patt Tense)
I eas havins
1:
eu avermr
Troout
perleot
( Past Perfect)
I had been haviry
You had }een havnq
sh
l
had )cen hav'ns
\re had been laving
You lad leen hutirg
fher hird }edr haling
Viitord
portoot
(Fatrtre
perfect)
i stuil have been hariry
(: voi li avut)
voD
wiU havc been lravrn8
sne
lwill
have been hauns
ii,e ia, ru'rc reen rravrne
you wi l l I al c been hai ng
t her si l l I ' al e bcen l aai ng
807
'lriitorol
t?ith dc trocrt
(Futule in the Pdst.)
I snoz?d Lre haying
(:
voi are.r)
you
wonld be havirg
she
l
{'ould
bc ha ns
y'c
alodl b-a ha\ing
xou
nonld b having
th-Ay wonld bc naring
]IODUL SUBJONCTIV (SABJUNCI]YE
}IOOD)
Form:r Yeche
l'orma moalemi
(tnd.epenlLentd.
de ti,mp
)
Ptanol:'t (Present)
pertcat
(
p.rfect)
I rc haliDg
(:
si am) I wer.
harjns (: si aml r had becn harins (-
s,.L fi
ll:u
Lf havtng yd rrere rr., ns
I:u lad
been r,"uiog
'outl
6l r e
i b'
r ' d' i "s
i h"
i ""r
, ' r "s
i l ' "
i h
J b""" , , "r "s
sp h?
r r \ i ns
w L( Fr p
he\ i ng \ . i , ; d l . "n , , dv; oa
yon
De I r \ ' na
Jou
wd. e
hl vi ng \ o, r hbd o"p, l havi nc
r hdl
bp h r {r ns
r pJ
w. . n
h1\ i nc i h"J
r d | . "pi
nJ. : r i 3
TIODUL CONDIT]ON]IL (CONDITIONAL
MCND
)
Tiitorul
lorfoct
lllti
'10
trecut
( Ful ur ,
P
f \ t
i l t t h, Pnst )
I snozll laro bcen harins
(- yoi
ti avuu
you
would h,rvii ben h:tr'ing
src
i
wonld hare brn halins
we sloalz, havo bsen havire
you
world hrve reen havj;s
ih.]. rvould haft lccn h.vins
Perlect (
Perfed)
I snor l l I ' d! c been havi as
l : ds I i avdt l
Jou
woul d
i ar e hoen hvj ; g
sne
l uodl i
i o\ r | een havi ns
we stould have been havjns
You lvould ha! been ha Ds
they would lavc been haliis
de apadenenrd:
Prczar\t ( hescnt)
I i n r / i / i r _P_l vi ng
( : ai
r vF, )
vo, , wo! r d De navl r g
sne
i
wdl d be havi nc
we snoed be havins
you
would ie having
aheY would be havin:A
C. FORMELE CONTR{SD (vezi
rdDd
g
1867)
Funcfii.
-
Verbul ,o ,{ape poate fi verb
1) Ca vc.b prinoipal (+
un complement
principal,
auxiliar sau modal:
S
1894
direct) cste werb lexical qi are
g
1895
urmetoarele inlelesuri de bazxl:
aJ exprimn ideea de posesiune
sau
$
1896
YoD nara R
good
name.
The door ias a lock-
They nad I mutual aid lund at thet facto.y.
,
,l este sinonim cu ro
pdt
sau to ta&., cind se referd la substantivele
care
g
1897
dnumesc mese, al r mpnLe t c, :
\Yill you ldd some b.caklast?
Do r or P dnol hpr cup oI i pnl
! t ,
""nt
t a Dnj t ; ng si n- r t onJl ) .
You oxght t o I ' a. " ndj your I n"d ci n;
"om"
' i n
ag^.
I
l nl Fl
. u_i r -
n"n
i onr
' . o ! i Tr l " i ndi ^d i i
- an"mh.
CL"st i n a spm, t r r i . r i \ pr i r -
poai o I '
ppur zar . i
i 1
. adnt
cast u' . r ni t ol
: 4
/ , n. l ar r r br i n al i r l i mba r cr l na i n a.
. r a. a"ur i ,
t r "bI : " t r adus
n. i n
, o / . o(
{
nu p n , o r ol r 6 Jcu anum| | p
pr . dpr r i
*Do
Jo' r
h}.
sxgr "l ( . -
, , Ob, i nui l i
, ah) . ?- ) .
5S8
\
l \ l b
"/
r t l ' r de s' r Lr r an: r ^l F' Jr n
' r "^' '
i l or "
'
"a' i
v' r I ' ' I c
' l "I I ' r t '
\ , . t der i \ . r F
l or n"
Td I nur ' r ' 4
' ' - "
'
"
' "| . u-
I S
i l l r vi i l o Lot "
'
/ "' r '
i ;' ;;,;;:' ;i ;"' ,.' ;;;;i ;,-i rti i w,' rona' ' ul atr
ntuu.qh
arun i l i +l i i i r:-l 1l i 1,l
; ;;i;,:;';;,;;:""
crc
;lroat'e
acest'e
fornre sinL tradusr!.t11'
\'erbcre corespunh
i """"' , "; * i Jei "
f
"
race o bai c i rr cadd) asesc[ t da
(i ol ac' ri u' n\ are)'
a st a
;;i';;lii;
i;;;'tilrj,
. r"^
".
p"t''" e
r' e
".piirLr-Ln
.."
^llllibl'"
i , t . *" f i
a. ; , , , o l ; ao)' "l t u""
suu i Lr bi cl rl ct "
f rt d
'
I
ri d' a' a u' r' ' a. . rnre
;;1;;';,1;;'
automoiilul,
a se rade, a funa' a
rrilge un
pur oe sonu"
a alrli
etc
\
1899
2) Ca
rerb anxiliar
$
1900
d)
(+
Palticipiul
t)lllrut)
lo laoc crllcd
I /r.,e onllcd
I s!ratl
i,r' e rilLd
l ormoazi
t i nrPuri l c
Perf eol c:
/td( i i : cal l ed
L"i .al l ed
I sl l l Ntd
n(' . ual l ed
s
l r ul
L) r ' t , 1 ur ' ' o'
t ' o' s": J t
r " pN
^' n- ' i u- : r
d; r
' - - "n'
. . ' : r * r '
i r ", , ' .
r n r o r "r r ' ' l ' r ' r i
I t "r - : d
n' ; t
' {
l ; 8r l
l ' r 0' '
"*.
U.rYl
15-'e urlral
itnediJl' dr) conrilemcntul
dircct
intercalat int'rc au:t'
liar ,si
partioipiui
trecut sau infinrtrv:
i tlar .ldanal tnl shoes
(Prcz' frt
loleltl
rli-am curliaL
icu
lDsnmii
sheicl(
l
I lnt, dI shoes
' rcd4ez
l\li ad dat
gl.nrlo l. .nrllat
)
Sl i c / , al hef
Nf ' t L r ?f ar f ud'
$i
u nrhlit
mina l
//arr llre .rke Dtuulli'
inl
snr i , i D si sc adr r e t o ul l )
' l lrc al]I)liouts
rx"r noring tlirir mcmo' J t' slcd'
lcandida!rlor
li se t.slr ,trcnorta )
l t
r
""t
'
"
o l f
l \ : r ' l d"
, t
'
' 0": ;
: s" l . ! b
g, ; l l d
r 1r "
lalel l&l h.r biogle
rr' ln
i l oi nci
i t a | uat l r , - ' ! ar a
l
\lc lolc to ldre rtrr hntrds
tom to s' c trs
ii" iii"i,'i',iirt
i
"
r.i"t-ii
Dostri
vnr{ sri nc rad{
)
r r t i
r , o' no I
r ' r ' r ' : an^
'
\ r f v ut ul
\ . :
' , ,
. b r , ' J r - \ r / ". r nr o"i
i r '
' ' f
6: ! l ' 1r n]
\ \ 1, 1
$i l \ o l r i l cr ' / o"l l 16 l ool l ' ' o"ds5t r
E
P'
J l ' r
""
{ 1902
ll) Ca Ysrb moilali
i
iil;
n1
1'.
int;"iti",'t conptct)
este sinonim
cu llnrsl
(: trebuie):
llr shofs
$ill nao ro bd mended
{Pariolii
m.i \rtr tfelui relarrlr'l
\ \
, . . . 1 r i / / n| r '
l '
"l '
1; h' ' dl r i Lu' l
_
\ r r I i . 1 i st unas". i qLnl
r ' r r uonr a.
Yod don't iot' r'
ao vet:
it is onlX live o'olo'k
li'u
trehic sI
pl0oi incl: nu e dccir ora unc'
)
(\:ezi
li S
1901, !063)
A sf cor' P. ' rr:
,i[:i1i,i,]"1i f"T,ilJ'ifiJtl"'i,1'xtil
'll
:i]l'lif;;*o-,,,u".r
(pcnrru ci, a iost
l,olir;i airl;i).
i
li:ii,'f
"',i,i:"1',x::i"^"1'"iiliilt
j'ii\r'''*'
".d
a,rcrnari'rir'
.
DJ S rbj onct nUl
t r! ?pnt
bxd urmat do comparaLi rel e
, dr! , " sau sooncr.
S 19Ur
r r - l dvpr bl r l
t o' t , t a", , t ) . . t u
, , r . r , - , r . r 0, ,
pl , r "
un i nf i . i r i t i n. o , ut et .
t or _
neazii construcliile idiomatic{r
had be(tr, h$d soon0r, h;d r&flrer, had as soon
(.
.
nai bi ne, pi ef er):
\on hatt L.uet d. sonethirg about il.
(Uri bitre .i r.oe ccra h aceastl privingaL.)
I 1r 0
' "! h ' r
' ' u' cr / l t
' ' l
' '
' ddi i n^
i ^ l h
"ou,
,
/ r ' , .
df . '
t r J,
i , i P, t i , , o l d
I , r
W. nd.,
"s
s.otr ,dtn thc dishncc.
(,\m prerern
sl1 nc ducem pc jos
liniL
acolo.)
Ct. cu I QouLd.l'd ratho s^\\
jbn
as soon. (S 1579)
yerl,ul ,,to
hare,' in interogalii
fi
cgs,tii.
$
1905
I l ur '
, l r
dF i n' Fr ^go' i ". ;
n, Jr t i H \ Fr b, r l
l o
ho, , .
t , o1
"
t r , . ^r - r r - j au
n, r ,
. r "\ r l i , r Jl DO. , , nl u"m
ur r
"' o.
- pl or
LZl nr F:
1) DO zero.
*
Nr se ldtrebuinteazi
auxitiarut D0 (:
DO ,era)t
.\
1906
"
,a)
clnd verbul II,\VD este lolorjt ca au\iliar ta iormarea rirnpuritor
ter s'
t90?
HdN. yo| otene,j
t\e leftat?
(Ai deschis sris.area?j
\\'e hadn't scci itie Dcrv ractorl
Xcr.
lrioil
!u vrizusen nroi Dona irirrto:r.l
b) ciLtd {ttbrl to ho,ve exprimi pose-riunea
sar aparienenl,a:
Ik\'e
loe
i\ r:i]arctLe?
(r\i
o
liga.e?)
I kr.zl rn)- ldcnds
jn
i,ouf
rosr.
{\u
an
trieieni
in .raitr] drmtaj..)
C^l u
\ i dl .
l l . \ \ ' D
p. r .
dF oLi . pr i ' , . ol i ' dF v, r u- t
l dl , , i r F. i - . ni ^- Jul
, nr r . i nu . l no. i onr ' , . r I u
"r - . 1- ",
"^t ut
dF: , 0, , "n' r a i d"- , d"
r , , i s". i J.
. .
, u
do "
'
n r , l i
'
\ n"i : , , i 1. pf l r
i a
/ , , , , .
\ S
l 4; i , :
f /
"t ol so. ' ' i JF. "
1\
o t i qJr J, )
|
! "- r .
sa'
' . t
1i . ". . n
Jou-
r o$n.
. \ , a, , , p| c", , r
r , r d, . t r ; r mi . at
,
c, clnd verbul ta haae paate fi inlocuit cu l, ,d..
r l r .
t l , i . . , . r or , , "", , . 00
"or k, . "s.
. . , 1. .
1, . " 50, $or k. r i . t . t or t or . . . ,
qr '
J' a"l t . ' L, r , i
i ' 0J, l ' , , r ' . l v; j I
j r , / i 0,
r at u. r dt o r , . , . . . . t b, "t , i .
,
f
,
J
l , oda'
, 6, r ,
dnl ul L bool . , t t r t br Jr J.
(Nu.rveru dnll. catrlir(cli ln lirti!l.een.l (- Nu erau !r!lre oi4i !.chl nr bibtjoteci.)
2) Se folosegte
auxiliarul DO:
.--gl
oinrt verbul ta haoe arc altA inirebuinl,are
decir aceca arirati ta
{
1907 1909
ti
e6te sinonim cu fllle verbe. pierzindu-si
asttet inloiesul propdu
,,1 the children /dr a nice \rnch?
(-
to lltl
H, l . na, o, t l a, . h r L. udt
' , , r
or
, oj od.
l oJr . n/ ,
\ \ ' i , l r i d, / JU. / r , ' J1ur l - r h. , o t aL"
I d. l \ t ho, p . "h r ' o. o- . . t , , q, I
h"r ".
! ! ; , t
JUt
ho, " |
6N, 1
r t , , o
Jo- '
'
r , , , r o. n oJ on. . . . i ,
wr J du, I \ ou r r . , \ , ur h . | h o
pl d, t t
t , i : ( t u d. l , J Jo. t or t u l ook a. t "r i t
\ \ . "
I
.
t d\ ")
r , o
t oot i . t .
t os"t
, . r .
/ o, i ner r _. \ 1, - : l
sn"
d, d, i l df ! i , , r bLi , t
, , .
. ", . t o. . L sor i , o. p l o
pr . . . : r
r / t dr "
. J
/ " i r
vezi
$
1901)
DL.
J' - r
1l $ , J: l n.
"
/ "
ao
r o
b. o
I
I r ' ( \ l u. L
r r t d i 1
i h
Jt
"r
oon. ( ,
. o b ol t , J"u.
s
1903
s
1909
s
1910
.s
1911
$
1912 b) cind \erbnl to hare se referi la o acliune sau o siare permanenid sau
olisnuiin:
Do aou olten L,ra colds?
, o i l Pv usur ' l \ f t d' r musi "
j n
i h4
P\ 4ni nt "
\Ye d,;l nate'enoueli hockeY iD Nnre..
II thc slror./,6n) ftte lhe books
you wan1..
Jou
nav order thcm
h
posi
Prin conirast. cind t0 idr se refera numai la o ocazie anumiti. lipsa au-
xiliarului DO
(
D,0 ,en) niicn aceaste situa1,ie
(S 1906):
I i . a\ or . "r \ o
k"4t t Pt t a"o' r ' r
pt ! u
h u1016r r d
P
i r ' l h" "a' n
Ho\ b \ c
,
eot
'
i
t
mr sr t , r i g
I
01 | . hp T\ . '
\ \ ' n/ - no
i h' ( al ' ng
I
r ' o' nr ' -
ln enEleza a rericanli. rorb\tl to haee {ormeazi lntotdeauna interoga}ia
9i
n"gr {i oi u
r i ur o| ul a' r r i l i r r ul ui Do.
' i nsur a
ex' apt i ' , l i nd
'
/ ul l r "' dr F. 1o
i {. \ vE
. .
'
r nr ; "bui nLsr
'
c aur i l i . r
r a l ur mcr ps
' r r r pur l or
p"r r ""' " r . ^ r r ui ) :
Do vou idtc a oiqarette?
I d; n, ha! " aa\ . _", r 1
\ our l o$n
l l sl , . , r / , ; , ndr ", r : dl . '
. l d' ""
0" r psi ' l ' ! i l v
Acenste
tntrebuinlarc s verbului DO s a eri,ins foarte mr t qi in Angha
contemPorilni
TO D0
(A FI \ CE)
{00
s
1e13
$
s
1914 I'unorii. Vnbul ll] do poate fi vcrb principal sau auxiliar'
1916 l i C1
\ or h
nr i Dci pi l
|
' r "' l p
H
' m
l i ul n". / b D"r
cr nul
' '
i "; sr i i
ver bel or
l ,
r i r r l ", t nl o. r I
'
I r ' r ; i t " r n- DO r ur i l i . r i ' ol o u- de
i ' r a' r a
p
l F
necesard
(aczi eremplele urnntoare):
d./
:
a lace (scns generi4. a indeptini, a realiza a se ocupn cu a er-
cui al a t ermmi r:
Hos
, r ' o
) n- . .
uj , , t . r r
.
t r d.
.
i uJ:
\ \
r . ,
r ' - P
t o,
i r or . g nos
,
\ . e
JU.
I
r v.
(Ce iaci retn? Dqti oculatr)
\\rhat /oa sht d, ior a lirinC?
(Ce ocupalic
ire?)
"Nrat
/id
r.u
do reslerday?" "I
did mv roonr'"
(Cc
ai lacnt iqi?- Ni.am lilcrt cual'
j^
carntrr'l
You /doeDl don.a
-vour
hrir
Yct-
l\tr
tc-ai
lieptar{t
lncil
)
; l o"t i . r , ' p, 1' . , . ' 1 ,
$
l l
( f cpnl b' r
I
\
e\ e^ l l r _d I \ J"
_n' a1ab
l
'
"
l a bL' ' 1
1
I'll d, mv bcst. lvoi lace tot
losililtrl )
\!l,cn in'Ilomc. do as rh. Rohans do. (Prolerbl
l
Acfst re.b cst,, uuxiliaNl DO. Nunai hlinitinl lo3 iscrjs ai.i cn li1_"'e cuNive
)
*t , . . 1' - r : , . . , , t
i '
1
\ i . l . i l r " om4, L
v
r br ' l ui /
-
n' ' . . ons r ' . i o\ ' r l JI '
p"'
' ' ' , "i / i , ' ; i ' ;
,
, j " ; , 1, 3 i 1; l
'
l l l ; ' r. ' : ; ""' i i i
l ' l l : r
l ; p. l ^' ' "*, u' -, o,
l l st eo: r "D, o- r I o sl ' r t dl ' t l
' ' "i
' n
' l r \ d
Hur ' l Tr da b nt : "4"4
:;Y;T,'."":;i :
;.: "j;",b'li":"F:
.';,:r
:,"1'' "
:
''r'!
:';,
/".";
":1",':
'iir,l
"ol-'llli
:;
;1,,;;ii;i,,' ,,
: ;
:i
l,ij";
":
;,fl"":;;1"\
;i' -li
)' F.j::i;#r,' ' "lli
;;;.jl:l' r' d:
C. I t . S aL . 1
. . e
i pr . / nl j i r r i l ' r : i ' .
I I d
"r "\ pr !
d"
i xr
'
t
to ,li one's han': a se
picniiinr,
a_si arrnja
pnNI' a sc coala
401
.,
6)
:
a conveni, a {i poirivit,
a fi de ajuns (ln special la viitor
si condilio-
"lYill I dol" said thc
sardener.
..I'm
sure vou win.,'
(Vh con n? sptlse
$eaina.ut.-
Stnt siguii cI da.)
' I
hi s bui l d: 1s
"
! dt , l o l or 1 dav- nur ) e. \ .
A
"d\ t i
r t di r i r . d, I b r n. p. i r t "u . , . ,
,
't\a\
qill
da !
{De
aj dr sl r \ st { c t ol ! Pol i
t l ecal
sau di ml ot r i r , 1: Uer sc, e bi r E: )
l ' . u
"\ ' "d, ) ou- ( , I l , ! r op. r l y
1h. t x. nt do xt i \ l
Ni "i ". t Jt
,
L t "' r . i
. u. . i r -
DUr ; . .
qj .
1 mr "gd r pt oc
)
cl : a r er mi na ( t n Bpeci al l a t i mpur i l e pr f ect e; i t a par r i ci pi ut
t r ecut ) :
lYi,cn
she nas .lrnd. we,ll
Ao
to bcd.
Onc nore sandirich atd I had dane.
ne.rlore
ls
at ,are dozd, now! It is gcriilg tai..
I hdee dane \\lth tanl
Have
soe
d,nd $itti me oomtrasses?
His N.rk loae, hc Nent io see. a liln.
I:trell n.gnn ii liali dou'. (Pfoverbj
2) Ca rcrb :iuxilior (+ infinitivul tncompret):
$
t9t6
.
d, ajul.i.Ia
-c-or-st.uir^ea
formi interogative.
Degaiive si interogativ-ne, g
lgti
satire
(g 2913. 2920, 2936).
Dl i nl o, , i e"t e
Ln r l r \ "r b. p, nt r u c\ i t ana
r - p- t 6r i i
ar pl t ui ! ,
pr nr pr l ,
u \ t Ct 8
nu, ni r d" uni i gr ". l r , i "i "ni . . r r . mpor l ni nngt ozi
t \ CODI i
t -
t ; , LOD/ :
\ \ n ! r l hu, ghl ,
r r
so r l | "1, 16 r , l l as
1p, , . .
' ' Dr !
t ou f . ad 1, hi . ?
"Y4. I di d'
"\ vr , J
' , - dn
I r r . r j oi "
i r
' he
. omoe' i i i un
-
- Dur r i , . J d, r 4, -
dr s, r or . I mt , dr ' 1, 1 he/
She dj,ln' L Mos.ire mc, dtd she?
Yol l
, 1. , l r ' p, I I , r on
t l , t dr , p, \ n v, .
", I d; , 1:
. a
- Oh. ! L: l t r d, , t t
\ \ pl ho. ghl h. q, . l or \ . - r - , - . , , . r . s, ut i . 5, t .
*
ba, r ho r t t t .
c.,, este tntrcbuintat
atunci clnd.
pentru
a se Ja mai mutta \.ioiciun
si S 1919
cr pr 4i \ i r ar F
sl i l ul u; . . " i , \ pr ""1?a or Ai n. , ohi . nui r a d. uvi n, et or , d\ 4b; t
-
Gau
eohivalcdtul acestuia) fiind adus la lnceputul propoziliei,
iar auxiliarLrl
DO pus lnaintea subicci,ului. ceer ce dti un ton nai ioimai
conrexiutui:
Novcr dld 1$r such sjro.tsmnnlikc lcnariour:
WeU d, 1 rememr,,r him!
Odly {' hcn lie called ont .lld
' re
n.tice him.
d../ accentucazd ideea
yerbului
pe lingd
care sE (Enfia.t;c
DO).r
He do.r looh kindl
{Par c
i nt . r der n. om bun. )
,, be
quiell
(Tlceli,
ra rosl)
We ra]lv drd ],rv acrv l,ard.
' Tp
r si Er ; r a ani . nr "i , , t t n r - ad"\ t r r . . , r ' .
j
d, u: r or
You saX I wasrt thc.e, lri I dtd go!
{Spui
cd nu eram acoto, cu trsl m ail dus, re asigrrt)
"l l,ope
rou
don't nindl"
"ilut
I d, mind_,,
(Spo
ce nu le sulfu.i!- Ea te il5eti, mn supir{, te asigur.)
,r comc iomorrowl
(Te rog, vino mline negreritl)
3) Pentru comp ara_ti a contras livi intre vrbel e to d,a
Si
to make
.rezi
S
2200.
S
1921
$
1990
I
DO este h aoest caz puiernio
acclntnat.
10:
l t r t
192| Frl]lcli',
.-
1'crbr,l l, ler esie iltrtbuinlrt e3 \.||b ptntiiipul sau
parlixi
auriliar.
1991 l ) Ca rer)
pri rr{ri pnl
a,
:
a lii-qa, a permi|e:
Li vc and l c, l i r f l
/-|l m. bel
(Lasa.' tri ln
lrr0!l)
l l c 1, , t | . . L0gs l ooso.
- / - . ,
nt hal c r cur r ns$d. t or r r r l
-I-rr
me krow irl,.n yon $' rnl li) colrel
we mav
so
i I t hc Nf r l ht r ' \ r i l l 1. , ns
' l
r , r nqr r r i / ; r no . r c i n
1,., sl,r' tn,g dogs licl (r' rovtr]r)
.r.d bXgo.es Le ltgon{sl
{Prorc.li)
, j : r ( sq i nchi i a:
I s,as lookin; lor a hd6. r, 1er.
(:dc incLirirl)
It is rYhI tilc horGr has revu Ll
l l l ; : J
r . "
\ o, ! au\ i l i r r , ur ' . 1- . r
' .
i . , , ,
f r or u
, i r
' ' r ul
abi ' i i \
|
n' i ni ' i \ - r i , , ' onpl pr I Lf 1' u, | , ur c' r " ; "i
"i f ' l F
I Jl uhj ^'
i ! u
tui persoana I
fi
a :l :r, trg. qi
Pl
:1
l , , l r ! . si r ' l i s t hi s r i ght ' 1
DoD' t l i l o nci l , r hr
Fo
shck
j , ' st
nowl '
///' s hrrrr,l-' l
I ) oi ' l l c, nr c . at oh v. u her c agr t ' l
Ddn' l l el s si r r g n. \
Zer X b! f qr r l l i ) Y. ( Uat \ qr ^Li e' l
S
l0.lti Crzul compl$metrtLrlui tanilLnrnlri LD t. -
To Lll L liild un
'erb
lranri-
t i v. ei t o urnat de un
pl orut ne sru sub\ i i nt i l -i r cazul | l cuzal i l -chi | l r
l i
at und
ci nd o1 est c auri l i rt :
Le, n. t hn, Ll I sr ' t h. a di i . ! ?
I - r , ' s si r end. u. I ' ol i t h, s i r L| c . 1ou4l . nb
Se at ra: l o at enl j r asupra grc; cl i i f F wr t r
' l e
1 s!
I ' unc '
cpsr
'
^n
l rl crncnt
n . zr l nur i nr i ' {' , b r r r l r ' nl
'
f bI r i u"- r ' r "r
"l
; "ur ' br ^
r ' ' ' :
Let nt ' and r r e
8o
i n r . . l ' aohn: 9.
1"L. 1n. r ! d 1" esLa i f ccr f ci l
i l a! r one l s. espansi }r l c l or t l i . odi ssi or , 1. 1
j t
bt i r s
( "Lei i t 1, . r . ' f st e nt oof . ut l
1927 Inliiritilul dulir rcr;rul
"to
lst". \'erbul lo l,l este urlnal' la diateza ac-
Li vd dr i r' f i ni t i vul i nco, npl et . i ] r 1& di i i ezr p-rsi rn (cl j rd i nsernl nn
' n
p. rrmt e' )
i n grn. t , ) dc i nl i ni l . i vul compl el
(1t l i l 3 l 6f i t ):
1", t . . aat h
r , 1r ' , . ( \ , r i \
t . f
. , . . -
r , ". p. t t . . d. \ . a\
i . L. , n d. {r
- \
19rB Ifornel contrasc. -'Nodalui
LET, cin.l c::te au\i]inr, are o singufl lor
r ni : r Lccl r Jl r :
/ , 1r I L,
r ,
F\ nr i
i r , o
un r nl ' n i n
"r r ' ""
' u
r "r bul
l , i i . . , l / o, ' (
. d
n
r m; r - J. , "t " ; , r r . f ^r 1, or "r '
l i n 8. "d
l i ' i u' i '
Zc,' s have I strinl lluxiliF)
r / / a
"
h, P' , o
l ' r l : r ' 1
' l
' no"
'
r hpr .
!
"d- . l , /
"
Eo
l L| r ' , r l ' DJr ne' gi . 5' i nol '
1
t-rDii rulori coNi.loe aoosie lornc eonsinile .ru LltT ca iiind la modll idlcmtiv.
li"l' d",,,i,
.,"' jl,:"..:l'
"li
"f;:";' ::l;jT,i
I i ,1";t. i
' rr,"' "t' i'
os;:;i.' ,1,:::
'
5cr , ul I r oDoz , i "i
; "i : , j , 1; , , 1. ,
j . """. ' ' ' . . i "
, i , : .
"
r ' r r ' " ,
' r , t n' c
' i
D D: ' hr ' , +r t : .
TO LET (A I , , {SA)
403
1, , r i , bdj , l ol n \ : | . i n i . l a
"\ F' , r , : .
J" t ur - p r on
' , -
"l i
, , r \ , , b
r r , l ui LET. "on- i J- r . t e u\ l op1. , t t .
, . l
r i
. , Fr , ' - . n: . . r t i
r , t : L r r l r r , o-
l ocvi nl :
Zctr,
t-
lriml go:
1,eln
I--
tijcul spcak ouIl
Pentru formclc contraso, vezi
Ei S
1867.
Do acee t nat ( Er nphat i c
DO) ! i r . er bul t o l et . DO dccent ual noat e i n
q
19! 9
soti
ycrbul
,o lct, lie aiesta verli lexical sau modal:
Nother, d, l.r us gc
}ikins in the mourtajns this lrepk.nd, I|.n ard rrel
"DitDI. shall rve go
surf rjdn,g lodrr?"
"Oh,
rd,
Lr's/"
slltt,[. 1tr[1. nt]tY.
Acest e auri i l i rre, l i i nd vcrbc dof ecl i re nodal , sl nr t ral at l a capi Lol ul
verbel or del eci i i c rnodal c ($ 1930).
II. I'ERREI,N NEI'trCI'IVI }IODILE
( I I OD- \ L DEFECf M
- \ UI l Ll l Rr I t S
o. l I i D t l t ODALSi r
\ : ERBEI , E }{ODALN PRNARE
{PI t I MI RT
I I OD- \ L YDI TI ] S)
CAN. IIAY. }ILTST. OUGIIT. SHALL. WII,L.
1) Vsr',re delectivc. .^.ccsl,a verbe sint numitc defrctiw deoarc|.c tru au
toate nodurile
li
linpurilel
d, urmitoarele verbe au nurnai dauii. lonnrl
Ptezent (Present) 'lt.cut (Past)
corld
m. y mi ghl
shall should
srll would
DJ III,ST qi OUGIIT nu au decit o singurn fotme: aceea de pN..nL, it\-
trcbuin,tatn nerri
ii
cu rclerite la tecut.
s
1930
s
r9i 1
s
1932
At enl Le!
Toate vcrbcle de{dctive sinr trdz.itire, complemenLul lor djrect fii d inli-
ritivul care le urmeazd.
2) Ycrbo moilale, Verbele modale stnt aslfl nrmit dcoarce au si S 1033
ltrlllatie tnodald': insolind verbc care nu
poL
fi decit la
'nodrl
nrlinitivs, ete
-
j
o asi un rol aproape asemindtor cu aceia fll ruxili arelor pro priu'zise, exprimind
al.1,l. moCalildlca, ciL
Ei
litnpula *rbului dr:pend.en, de olo. Cu al be cuvint e, in propo-
zl rmc:
I .a, lperk, you atgli, go,
clc.
verbele dependente spd.r/r
ii
go, neputlnd avca decit formd de infilitiv ln con-
stlucliile cu vffbclo modalo, nu pot reda ideea exp naie tr Inod obilnuit, prjn
l
ii gramaii0r englez,'r aceste v..b! .r! dinrrit. lrmiri durn nubi: )lt.tlal Delectioe
yetbs,.Mo.lal
.luitiar! r.rr. (ullimul, nume impro!.ir, accsti reliind drci! un 6pect al
:,ualdr
:
..caf-A
se ftie.,:r ra un mod
.sfadral'.a1,..
(Diliannral
linbii tumdne litoaN
.onremp,rdae prblirat
de
-{{radeniir
R.I'.R.) Vtzi
si S
133t-13n0.
r \ . r l r '
, r , , 1"1" nu
I , r
r i u"m. r ' d
. i t i \ :
\ "r b' r l
modl l 6l u". 61l
/ p", / . i dr i nl i ni r i \ ul uI nr l ur . .
. . r D
d? r , r ' r
{Vezi
{ 13! 6.
i ndi cai i w. condi {i oDal sa subi onrl i r. AoeasLar i (l cc noCrl d est e redat n
j n
exerF
plelc dc mai sus de 1'crbelc delctive regenie C1)r (i,r(licdliv) qi \{Ii}HI (in-
dicativ trollul,, conditioral sau Rubjonctiv). Irbul defrotiv rcqcnt, sffvclte af*
dar aa;nd.i tar norlal.: spra crc,nplu. chidr darn acliunea bi fsio roalir si ar
trebui deci erprimatn pril indicativ. ot cste pus La modul condil.ionel sau lt.
subjonctiv pertru
a se ariia cd acliunea la care sc refern verbul dependent LLI
Pentru funclia modali;i aceca tcmporali pe care o tndcpli csri pistrin-
du-;i totuqi propriul inleles. verbclc module. in conirasl cu aeelea auxiliere,
stnt considerate
'ra
semiauri.liar e.
l93l f,) Colrjugarea {erbelor ilolctivo modale.
!t04
Prozont, Yiitor Trecut, Corditional
li
Srbjon{itiv
I collil
Xou
coul.l
he. she- i t conl d
rve conld
Xou
,jould
thel oould
f,I&y
Preuod
'Irecut,
Conrlilionnl
li
Subl{}nciiv
Uust
Prezontl
Shrlt
Prezont
I
Prozent
shall
6hall
shall
I miSht
he, shc, i t mi i ht
0ught
Prezent
I oughl
le, sle, it ouiht
ihey ouslri
Trecut, Conditional
I
r u' , ,
!i
Subjotrctiv
Fi
Srbjonctiv
I will
they wiu
Corditional
I
will
Troeut,
405
.
-Pentru-tinpurile
compuse ah aLrxiliarelor delective modale primare vez!
s:1940,
1961.
Pentru subjonctivul si coldiiionalul auxrtiarelor detectir.e modate, vezi
s
1581, 1620.
Pentru auniliarclc rnodale secundare vezi
S
2069 20?:1.
4) Oaracteristicile nrriliarclor deleetilo lxodal(. Auritiarele delecrive { 193b
r uJdl i
dr
l , o"r s
di n, r r pr nr . , r . / ' . br . . t r t ot | ot r t d. .
sp. i . t t .
/ , \ pzi
|
, 8- , : , .
( t . d
dr d". JU u. mu t ol t ot .
d, sinL dctcctiro: nu au irfinitivl, pdrtifipii. qeru,,rli\
sau irnpcrrtir..
\ 1996
i "r douJ di r l r "
Ft F t , , r 1 si l r , t ' t t a) nt . ' u r i . i t or ; r l p t "", . r :
Pre.enL
dav
must
,/ nu au irrrmil]alia r la
lic maJ
he can
'l
rccut Prezent 'l rccut
0ould 6hall
-
should
might *ill
-
would
_
ougri
persoana
a 3-a singuLar a indicatiaului
ti
l9Z7
c/ nepLrl,ind Inrno singure prcdi,
atul, sint lntotdeauna
urmale de un \ 1938
i t I i t , i t i , i n. r npl . l t l . . H t ar .
t u. \ . f pl i a l ui o4ht . r l t t pa. 0r . . i nf i ni r i v, r ] . j t p
precedaL
de p. ri rcul a l r:
it slall
it x'ill
You ay si, dolr,. Ii ougbt to 0o.ft.
d) Iormcle )or intercgotir.
)i
rpgarli,p stni conshuire, oa la
auritiarele BD
q
t9B9
si HAVE, pri n i nv. rsdre
. uhi "rrul ui
,
u moJal ul
Drpdi "r ul ui . drci l dra i n
-
terrent[a aur;liarul&i ,O (
S
]918):
Cdn
she do it? I .dn' r scc
"vou
soor.
Ma! |
r onP
i n'
nh" ndu , ; , b, , s. y.
. t ndl l I hl d, \ nu a u. u of You e, , t "l be l ot e.
-
ter?
I rna not lic ilo\rn.
Wt t t
l ou
t i nE nt s r p Th. v , r / t
, o,
N"i l
no$.
OuBht
"p
l o , "Li
( . t .
oul l , : m: \
- i dCht
not r o $Jl k Lomp.
II. AUXILIAN,ELE DETEOTIYD IIODALE
(MODAL DEFECTM AUXILIARIES or THn MODALS)
s
rem
.h_
aceasti categorie intrd uD numxr de auxiliare disparare
- deosebite
S
1941
t oLsl
de rpsl ul rerbel or di n l i mba
pncl "z. i
-
rarp,
1n d"aursul I ndpl , i nqdrci
'
9i
, buci umal Fi l or
j sl or i i .
aJ pi a, duLl r Fpr dr
di n car acl er e, r bmi ni nd
asr ezi
unele cu doue forme, alLele ou una sinquri
- sau chiar numai cu o fttnturi
dF l ormi
-
t i
rouqi nd su supmvi el ui asra t n mdsurd I n carp ru i zbut i t . a sal i . -
f a. d n"voi l p de expr i mar " al e odmpni l ar . " l F i nt r ebui nl au. Pc t r u. ompt FLa.
rea Iunc,tiilor dispirute, s a apelat la sinonimele respective, dindu-li-se istfel
un cumul d" f uD. l i i ( v"zi Col LD, I ' l l CH f ) . al t t al ; l or pr npr i i . ci r si I n con-
t r acl
"u
CAN,
\ 4\ Y, I \ 4UST, BE l o ssu l l A\ E TO dl n i c"casi
nat eqodc.
Rezolvarea ambiguitdfilor astfel create a dat tns[ aoestor fiaqmenie de
yerbe
alLe sensurr cu implicalii foarte subtile. Noilor auxiliare, eminamente
col o. ri al F, l i s. du ad; usel
Ff . . Lp nbl i nul p pri n
mi i l oa. "l " socci t i ce rorbi ri i :
nodi t i . Sri si nl d. l i c"
Ei
so, nan' i r", abrcvi eri , f onnc noot raseesr"nt ori sri re
mo-
dal pl or , ar c. n, i nr onr l i "
"i
r i r . r shr
,
, . pt F
modsJ- l p f i i nd mono. i l dbi cp.
'
lLotlat la vortad i.fin:t;o, totlr' - b
.
a", to mau.
to
4,sr. /o or4n,. adesea tnr ltriie
r d a l ' oJ: dr r l i , s nt t ot at
pt oadb,
nl f : cdl d
, r t i r nd mnr i I nr : n, t i vut r i .
it06
-\
1042 ( D CAN
CONSIDERATII C]]NEIIAI,E
S
1913 1) Fol.mt, - CAN
[-
a (se) putea]r, avind numdi ddrd forme, face parl.e
din cntegoria verbelor defeotive.
Cele doun iorn]e ale verbului sinl,:
ClN -
forma dc
,r:en,
(toate persoanele)', inirebuinlnli
,si
eu rorerne
la /ltrrr.
(Vczi
S
1949)
COULD -
fcrna de rr?.d, ln anunitc litnite, erprinind
;i
rinorul
fald
(le
fecut, ca d.ilianaLul gi *tbionctioul (l,oate prrsodnclc).
Aeesto lormc sint npmatc dc infinitivul infomplet (' |nrn puticula lo)3
,\I eerl lri Inic.lL depcndent
lS
1938, 1933).
S
l${,1 2) lloduile unitersorale
ii
imperson e. Modalul C,\N. ca orirc au!'
liar delectiv modal, nu arc impe.aliv, intiniti\', pariicipii, nici gemndiv.
$
1916 3) l'ormclc oompusc, - CAN, neavild infiiitii'
$i
participii, nu poate
avea nici forrne verbale compuse. ,{tii acester, cil
fi
ntodurilc ilnpcrsonale
carc ti lipsesc ({ 1!44), sidt lmprumutate de la siionimul situ BE ,\BLE TO
\ "- i
| !
19. q, .
{t ] . o. , / , , :
}oT l o BE \ BLL. , u Bl i
I ' \ 4Rf l r r .
I nl ocui rpr
o, l al ul ui
C\ N
f ri n
BE ABLE nu se poat e i nse f ace d. ci t .
atunci cind aceste doui verbe sint p(rfect rirozi c, odicii atunci cind C,\\
irNamni
,,a
putea"
:
a
fi.
in rtare (1'ezi si
S
1949).
S
19.17 4) Pronuntrare.
-
CAN se pronunln:
umnluat
lker):
foll:ila taro (vazi
$
1866);
nc.LcccntLrdt
Lken.
kn, kll
:
forma slabn (i'czi
ra
1866).
'1,
CAN, fiind auxiliar, este in mod nottr\al n.a&eduat ln contert, accln-
tul ciizlnd
pc verbul principal:
You ca4
Lkalrl
go to sleep now.
Al1 $e .an
lionl
do i'r to kccl sniling.
D/ CAN este .Lcccnhmt ii mod normal tI1 ur.nitoarle situarii:
-
cird stn singur, neurmat lmedi4t de un inlinitiv:
c1r_{
I
kenl is a modal ld]]
"cdn
ikanl I'ou
tell me xhere slie is?"
"O1 coursc I .4n
t
kenl."
-
introgati\.:
Shc can't s.old
you, ddD
I
korl she?
urmai de ngalia not (lolma necontrasi)i
I .a4@t
I
kan.il tell
Io!
his nante.
-
peniru a exprima un
protest,
contrastul sau o co.irazicer:
llc can't do afobatics, but you.az
t
kenl.
{cu
ionul ur.:nd pc co"
jn'rl).
adDrirdtiv
(cu tonul cobortnd
pe
silaba finali):
You. son .oD
I
konl .rctl
cind, liind lnsolit d un advrb de timp neprecis, preia accentul care
revenea acstuia
(vezi
S
2298-22119):
You al$ats.az
lrk@nl
lind thc dsht No.d in a crjsG, .az'r
I
lto:ntl yoa?
You ncv. r. aa
I ' knl
l . eu I
r
Dc lapt. ac.astl tr.rduccrc, incract{ h ]inib.r romAnlt. nD esi. dc.it o oonldil,e
iidislr.nsalil.i, deoarecc CtN nu an inlinitiv- Ons(rmija este va]alili
pcntru toaie moda-
S
l r 45 J 2i s3. :
' , hr Lk| ?nsr
' r , r ' r i a. . L' n. l or mT. l 1r i l . D nl q,
D\ vr ' - i . ondk) t t l . d. i Dn' - u l r "r i r i
n car i v, n' . ' na, . i
"o' t . 1(
) st
' ot
sl nr dr hi r r ,
i i
i ni . DLi n xr - i n i dbd r onr Fmpor nn. ' - , ", mJ, d, al ' . r al
r i
t ! , ' : l u
t ' u"r r '
' Cu
erciipiia nodalului o,snt ro, c4re esl.e IntuLaleduda un"at dc iniinil,ivul .ur plct.
,'0?
:)) InlerogR1i!,
!i
nega,tia. Formele de interogajie
ti
negalie sint:
.s
1918
aidn I /Joulri crsl'.ji tlNc/l ou/ihcy ?
I/ro!i hci sr,./it^yri/.ronlrrer .zn,,r
i
l^.tl
L.eLl: I.rna
.onnasn:
',atr'r
Llto!11'.
ti) Flllltiii. C-L\ (: a pul.ea, a avea posibilitatea referindu sc l,r \ 1919
pr(.?nt s\ tiitor) arc rmntorrde lunc,tii principalc:
aJ exprinn capt(i!a|.. .onNte
!d.
priul eft, pu.tinld,
[i.nn.
intckdualn.
I
l95O
moruld etc. t:atdctt:ri.tti..d, dcli de durati (-, a li ctrpabil de ccva, a a\ea
l,u-
t er. a. drcpt ul . cal i i i cnri l e, ni j l oar: el e et c. ):
f nogrt i v:
d nu put t : o. : e\ t r' )t 1. . i \
i rcapaci t at c, ncput i nt i . i mpo3j bi l i t at e et cl :
I arn t ol d
] o!
orn t rne bc. rs.
l ' hr t r onl n. dr ! : a
l good) spo . , .
i hc $i l l do Nhat sh. ca, .
( yi n: i r |
i L i t oso. i n: ) "11l at ada I do l or
- v. n,
nudad?' ( Cn ce r n pol sr r ! i ?)
C.:z aou curv il{i orrhr urr Ure st.N?
lI-" .da' r lrpnd ilic
punr 1u... nof irrargc llc i!se-
Urrori C-{\- porte reda (in fur.ilie do intenlia vorbilonrlui)
Di
o ca]'a(itclis-
t i cn t recnt oare (: , , I at n de ce si ni i sLare oaneni i l ", , Se i nt i mpl e un. cri . ' ):
Jrrc .d,, Lr. r.rr obliging Nhed si,e chooses.
| . od. i . a,
cf l . cn be r e nnl c. l i ns.
Thc crossing Dr!.r Cahis .dn b! r.ry rough al this tim. ol (UI:) year.
III llat .dn lc llril,ly l,ct in lhe snmner.
, . ) esl e si n, rni n ru . , a
! t i "
(- f t . rn. n l n l i mba gcrmann):
S
1S; r
H. .?r play lhc ..11o liLc a lir,tuoso.
His studcnls &n rfd bcoh n,
th.netic
scripi.
aj dn r . u skr t . ?
To, i r . aa r sFr k El gl i sh at al l .
( Vcr i
i i
r o , l t , j r t I
5
19e8)
.) .xrrn\n posit)iiiutl!:. dcci
;i
deilarlie, presryan./c (: UAY)4, (negatir:
!
l9;9
i tpas ibilitat t)'.
Idith ca, cornc \rith rcu on tour triD.
C, n i t bc t hat
yor ' r !
: , l l . r r t r i eer l . ho, ?
She.tr,', Lru m..ried.
-she
had no Bcd.lilC rirC on Id lingc. ycstffdaJ.
\\'e .d,1 give r!, rr,atcv.r uic cost.
Thcv. anL l , a! r . , co$i zed hi t n. l he l i Eh[ s st r e o! i .
"Do;
plfrse..d,
yox
rrescribe
a pick-ie{p lor poor Minnie? Shc's iccling so dowr'
- . nd
oul
j ust
r or l "
d) tn limba rodritir C,tN cxpdnn in mod curent, pentru prezent ori
S
1953
viitor, solicifarea sau acordarea nnd pet"risinni (-,. Xl.\\!); (negativ: r".lr?:.
inte iclic), inloc,'ind .rstfel modal|lI'L{Y. care
pine la al doilca rnzboi mo
-
diai era considcrat, in limbajul cult, singurul accptabil in acasti siiualic:
Formulele obitruite slnt:
' an.
l
r t '
"t h' r
. ' '
' ,
e) , 1
an. saL
- Y. u
r , r j ' , : no\ v A gyi 5
doi r c l , r r ooL , ' s ! r r . ! t
"
d J , , dl l \ l 1l
"
ou"b
' - l . , r
t , o; ; .
".
du, , u, na
. , J. r d
! i gJr . , oeJ. ,
. t , "i r "r ' . , " / .
I
. , i
Lq nl . I '
p, on' , , ' I . .
11. . .
, -
n nE r a d|
d,
'
' r
'
e, l sDl ,
oD r oJr " nt
-
t ^aant . t
-
dl i uno' namdbi l , . L. 1r d . l
' r - ' b' .
t nt r unco. i
", , ; . .
, "' j , , l . | . | no. "a LA\
- h
p. . , \ \
Ld
l r r ' l
,,ste
cu ndevi.ai....",
,,itjc
lntr {d.!tu...", extrinlnd admiralie luperlnlirA
pcnt oreali-
s; . , ar L. t 1dr 6r
r . . . , , b. . . ut . , r , vt . r , . , , o, : . , cosd"p- r ar , : j "u\ Fr b! , r , - o"- m,
f Jpl ur j l t r t r d o. r ' ol
r
l ' r r ' "d,
'
dm"_i i , I n) r . \ n. . " onl undr
r r j h' p. opl
l au
a. t , al
/ , t 4r , . . ub. l . nl . l i \
pl r , l not or Li ' u, u a p, apl . . p1. p"oDl . s
t Jpu". popo
r ' :
"t h.
p; apt es
of t h"
", ' l ; / '
l : t
on; . ; el e l umi i l
a
v \ \
I
po. i b
l i r J
'
i p/ i
$
1012: ! A\
r !
r mi 5 . n
r s
203r .
108
MOEFOIOGIA
_
VEEBI'IJ
CoD I see vou a nonent?
{ton
neut.u
-
cel mai frccvcntl
Coai l I sea aou, l or l a moi l pn . r l on m3' l ol i l hosl
, Ua, I scc v; J l or r momei l :
r on 1i oi . r al . t o_m1l l
Yofcaa
so;o*l llomuld
pntru
a marca sllriitnl unei conleNalij cn rn itlerior ca
vl$tii. rang. i.eatti social[ ctc.)
De fapt traducerea in limba romAnn ilustreazi aceste nuantc:
"Caz
I smoke?"
(= ?o, iu]na?l "You aar."
"Co,i.t
I smoke?"
1
,4r
plka
luma?) "You
.42."
",tta"
I snokc?" l:
Imi pcnneti
sI lumez?) "You .a'."
Rdspunsul; .,Iou can". acelali la toate irtrobirile, inclusiv ]a
,.llry...l"
si la,,Could-.?"' este simptolnaiji pentru e'olulia viitoare a rerbului CAN.
tr{ai edificator este ri.(punsul devenit clasic. l,iios. nu lipsit de urnor, dat
adcsea la intrebarea'aan I snok.?' i\ apaca Al1tbelicl, atunci ctnd sc tncrca
sA se stivikasci aceastd invazie a verbului CAN. coDsidera sloppy
l:
"You cd,, youlg man. but
J.n
ndl not."3
l,ati,enrul
,,CAN-..
M-\Y noi..." esi,e lrcir intrcbuiurrat in l1lod curenL pen-
tru a se sublinia o siiualie eontrastivn indicaie d. context
Dc lapt, evolulia verbului Cr\N, depafie de a ti sirncit limba oglezi'
, l upa, ur ' . i r pEr "'
di n. pl - , \ t , s.
' n; i
"u. .
i . '
' Jd' , sJr
o, , . r an1u. t b i l a
i n i . l r , i i t " ui nr r e
"r m"r . i . di h- n: r
d: nr r . C\ \ . n
" t , i , , , , r
n
j ' i
cr ol i nv^l l
si XrlAY. mai lornral,
9i
mai
,,respectabil".3
!
1954
( D
C0ULD
CONSIDEITATII GE\]ERALE
S
t955 1) Pmrunlare. COULD esle pronullat
lkuttl
lorna tare
!i
[krd]
lor
I na sl abi :
How could
t
kudl youl (foari0
rocentuat)
(E\clanaii\')
I:le sas as nioe as .,,1d
lk.(ll
be.
S
lt56 2) IntcroErti:r si negalir. --
.
, / , r / r , u/ h
"r . / i , l \ , . r o, r
r pr .
l \ , ul , ""n l
[ , '
' , ' L
i \
. , nr ' '
, / r d /
] t
d
l ]
$ l l l l ;
. r
t un. ! i i . - LUI I D
t nf l F
F\ pr i ' n
' :
a) tru:dul simplu (PAST SIN'IPLE) al modalului CAN, in nnumile liDi.
tr: irqiuse do cclclalte lunetii {le lornoi COULD{:
\\h:n 1onrg.
Ned .otrd slcak Ercnch like a Parisian. (: capacitatc)
| . , |
. a. 1o
5\ "
p, op
dJ.
{
J
r l )
\ . . ,
- ,
. . . . , , / ,
r r f , J
i u! . : ! , 0 n, r r
. ", 1d. ,
r
.
t . ] . .
, 1. \ . , r 1d sl , s , n. , i r _ oo, i b; l i l i
"
r l \ ' l m. r
'
I . : : ao 1
- 1
. L"t ' "' " i t
"
. n | $J ol l
r .
"
n"t . .
I
i ^
po'
br i l Jh
\
i
. r . j .
\ l ". l n". i l l . ' , 1r t . ' y( n I i
ai d". u| r l dr
r ! ' Ti "r n".
I
1, r r i n, ui Lt : i nf cl i i F0t
3,
, l , . , r l ,
/
d, . , /
"n
p
dl l , r : G . i Lp. L1n' . Upo' . i oJt t C' qt . ht , . L- . p
-
a
\ ' r ' zi ! l ! / 13.
;
sni
(jip
pn' riLat
lskiN
sau
f.til,
ultimn fin,d
rro,' ulia
nor' cgiaDn adoptatiL
ti
ir
\ n| ; i n
\ . ' ' ' . i
'
- i
\ ' - i 1
p: t . / , 0, 6. 4, dh
\ p. \ . : /
A. at o' t a,
l aa
t , t . bl
, i , , . , , , . : : u: ; ; ; j 1". , ,
o' ab' e\ . . / s"- . . . / s" mn. t . : b' . ot a' . r i bi . r on""r "i b'
4{0
D.) CodTd (+ i"finitivul perfeci al verbului dependent) ajutd lalormarea
trecutului pe
ect al verbului lexical:
I r pdov
qas po- i l i \ "
\ ou aul t J
"ot l dnt
ho\ p Mt h"t .
l , oui a ha' e @/ d
Jor , ' r har
m\ s"l t .
l po; i bl i l ar n
n, r par i zar a,
cJ poate exprima aiitarul l^t4. de trecut al modalului CANI
Tl ' "r sr i d l he\
, ot l d : \ ot
uLt r al hpl p us movF i n on ] r ( nda\ kpal
opn; t r ",
Jdu
, a\ t dl o"t dn' :
nne
t r h; ,
14r t seaL.
d) ajutd la lorniarca ditorului pcrfect
fald
de trecut aI vrbului lexical:
Hc lold mc lrc .auldn't
tossi\ly
hdre canc the follo$'ing week..
e) poale li condili.analal
lre.?ezl
sau poate ajuta la formarea condilidnalu-
,di pcfcr, al verbului lerical:
He coel.t 1= ar
lrteD)
ra&. more erercise: he's (: has) put on weighi. (Conditional
p.ezenl
inde!endni)
(posibilitaie)
Tne). couu. cone il thcy
sa, Xou.
l.lL.r in good
l.ime. (Conditiolal
tr'reni
corelat
cu subjonci.ilul prczent) (losibililat)
r at LJ
vou I ct m l r f " n \ $
' 1. .
_LonJ, n
Ca' l : ! E
3
nv l omur r o$. Col oi Li ondl
r Fr "r ; ndLspi J \ r i or ,
r Dosbr , | , . , r . - r , - Dot : t i . oo. '
' f t , pr ' aut d
l a# awi , t h, \ t o1 ,
"; . I
r our
I r r "r ' 1 : m f or i h"$. dd: nc. r con-
d: l i ondl
l r "l
. l , or . dl . r
sl l I n, ; u p r
", : l I o. i b: l
l . ' 1" 1r , , . ".
"r - Jl i : J- '
l vezi i S
1t j t 0)
f./
poate fi snbjandiauL modtLLttlui LOIILD d\1pi\'. il, s .ppose. inagine. as
though, I t+,ish etc. ($ 1,580):
/ / on\ '
l r . ' \ u". i
a
. t ' d .
",
d; t i r
( . : , r ,
'
n. r i \ , . . "r . a, , , 1F, ' l
I t
\ ot
. oul J . oi an a.
\ a.
at d
' onl i r ' Lndl
o, , / pnl , i dr . \ ouf
nxnte
'
ai,
-.o
suppu: p \ t v- t d
. ul j
n. r i \ p
",
nr ndr "
. dl . \ "- k . d Jr l o o, r s- l \ ". . sh r .
vould vou like to lro?
l i \ i sl ' Lo U' r '
, , , .
' t o' i
r nr r i l hp o, .
"r
"gl ds$. 1
"") o-
l Dof i r l J)
i . I enl i . c!
Subjonctivul erglez sc traduc de celc nai nulLe or; in limba rominn prin
-
condilia al; deci identilicorea subjoncl"ivului rrr se poa1,e face conform tradu-
ce i . ci conl or m f uncl i ei pe car e o i ndepl i net t e. ( \ i ezi
{ r 58i )
g_./
inlocuiqte
t,'lr.3/t'l&l
C:\\ ir stiL l i./tdirctt:
(La tcl?fon):
I sondred il
xou
.oLrt l,ar e all rishl..
{Ua
htrbam dacd mi dz:, |in,,.)
,\1il diect "cat rou he.rr mc rll righi?"
They askcd us
jI
we tholshi Fe c,dd ftach an ufderstanding.
, \ "d,
r r l r ' o. ' l
, 1i , . 1 n
oi ' Jpd
caonp. adl r ' ; ! . r ol
l r l ! ' r p)
St : t dt t ". t : "L, o: ou
r l ' i nt \ 1 , d , r o \ an und"r ' dnl i ns.
h) 1L eacltlnalii:
Ilorr dorlrl shl (CuIn a ptrtrt lace aia ceral)
r I
next wek
{illrl
ariicolul holiirit d.)
:
.,s,' L]rtdnina viitoar' lutiL de nonentnl
r zent |t\ cnre se afli' r rorlriionrL:
l hr br r t s*k
, , . d! , , 1q' I r d
u"mor oar r ' . aJ' d d. . d, ar p r ma momr ' i ul ui r r "/ r
11
. ar - -
al l d \ o. Li l or . l . r ' dr "pu. : n, \ ! , : J"J, l 1. : "agndi o' ar
dpaf ar ' i . n) r l
,nd cste sinonim{ cu the
la
aan\! .vet:i.
t - l n' , dar t ot t t . t s
t
- 88. Lo, da,
. at t : ' , q
l :
l r l t , l pr o; r 1nr ' r . i
"mi
' . nl of
Cur por . l j "i l " l l u, i u
; ' T. l er , r ' Lne
Lundon - . l - BL
. -
- 8f l , i . ' i t sr udl "i . r i ng Cor l or 4-
a
!a$i,, didinuiiv
Irrhtenc6L:
Atsnalian(d)).
{t 0
t9;8 CA\. COLILD. BD ,{BLD TO
(sTUDtU
CON' r' RAS ITV)
TI}I?UId
II
CARACTtrRISTICI
C4\ "
l-olna C,\N erprimn:
s
r9,i9
s
106:l
19{i 0 1) t rrezcrt ul modal Lrl ui C. \ N:
Uard .a, Ddke b.auiilnl li.ie.
ar.rn she trc]ols to our chb. and rr1 nol, ]ravnls niet her rctl
Ld
i
b | \ ' H
- ,
. . \ e- \
n' , . r Jl . H do". nr l , , L i r , , l : . . h".
\ \
J. d
r j , , l . ' L
J' u
' r "l a
l . , or oJ, - l r ' 5
s,
i ng l o
l . our
\ ' i l '
r a
r .
1961 2) T&rut l modalulii ClN, flI,uncj cind C-{N stc urmat de infinitivu}
pel.fect
al vrbului lerical dependent, (Cf. 1957 b). ]\eeastd construciie dii
;.icnrui modal noliunca de f.i.al, colorati nr glneie cu eea de nesigJranfi,
rle irealitate. cdre aparline modatutui rr:genti
l Jor ' | 1\ h" d? ] . ar " bp"n d
t , t , JE\ t
s. h, t o. k". t t . , t ' t , n hc. - or
t - i z"
J-
'
,
t i .
. l
r d
J
n d br but v
. , i r t ". t . , 1
/ t
[ln
aceste excmpte, tornele (can)hat'c
bccn, (can) haae :'an. (:an
he (harc
"o, '
j ' ,
f or
t i f i ddJ, ! i n dor d | , o l u^i l
n)
"
I t t . , ,
. n[ ] ni Lr :
. . . "
I , ur u
i i . . . , . . . . p, r r , . . t sr i q". . . .
6/
. u
"o"
' t ,
. r -
- i
r i r ^, j 1. . : . . . nu po. l , r - I r
.
q
i ; Jr . . . .
"u
j u . r i \ Ll
'.\ptiminl
txisiluranld, ind.oiald.l
1' ,
"
, r , i . . , 8"
i ,
s, . mp
Ln.
{o. . o,
,
\ , u t r , i n i . , r r
t . o:
t ,
p. . t . | . t nar i p
\ t d\
t r ! t l ; , / , r no; , n. . i a. dr J
r o,
l o,
Aa. . ! "
t ""t d. r , o, hpn. dd
\ . r i n_. , t ( sr bi
, l . l
t t
t or : t uI
. 1
t t
or a nt t
I
r
' ,
I .
a, . ' t | t 1, .
' l )
!
ot
t ho. ,
- , ?us$aLi
A
r ' r l l ' e p. ' r k, , r . t | l . , r l mr " i bl i
' 1"i , . a. '
/ \ . t
""
t . . . t ?. r , " [ i
n- t ]
l t i . bi n. n: .
pr r n p . ,
. r . r a. J. ,
COULD
ti
\|AS/WI.IRL AILD TO
Functii
l9ti3 1) CoLTLD
qi
trecntul simtlu.
- COL'LD este int.)ttl.:auna form.. intre,
buintatn pentrr r.cdatea trecutului si rllu atunci .hd c\prime pcrnisiun.)
kdeseati) pa:ri'it.itate
i
oritin(l este ceite nc utrr:ponaoltl ti.mivitar (Sc-
quence ol f tnsts
):
Topsy kn.q she .,,1d do whotevcr sl, likrl. (p.rnistuntl
Lolld ihil gaurt
m{n l. .trr lrttrt
{posibijii,ai,ir
certri exolamatjr)
. _
't hc_v told rrc lhey .oau,u 1 lir h Lordon bccansc ihe cosr 01 )irnrg was tao high.
ijlil indirecl im!osilrilitate)
I ' Jr i l 2r l Hpa. i l i r i c dc dur nt j . l nr . u. i t p- \ F.
n
r r l r r i t cr . i
- -
", t . sut
pr : n
. . ; 1. . 1
ut
r . n. t , , t Lt t t r
I \
r S
l q. , 0r
_
LUt LD nu
p"i r "
p, r , _i "nr
r ""- . i t , ,
su;ire decit atxnci cind ea este o ruractcrislit:d tl.) d.irati. e\;I]tni ncinteruptd.
detit rnxear; si pentru r.zr, timp:
<
"1
. a"| Jl .
J. r . ' r ni n6
j r s,
ot ! o!
. , n; .
. , op. r r ot
'
-
t dr , r . , .
( t , p1
I . F
' i l 1. . hi i ( r dr JLt , , . n", r t r oh, r p\ t , , , , t i or ,
1\ 1. . r
- hp
, . m, d dof 1. hf r $ r nn, r , ;
. n, i t "
r r or . . l u- 5 \ e
' -
3nd t , , "ge ,
I
n,,
!.onuBic
ln cazrl oliectiv, lntelninl{t in loNl nonrinativului
-a.
-
Iortri {te
nrire cireulalie aetunla h Imbajul coloclial. (Vezi
S
88r).
4r 1
:) liE ,tBn iil -
rcrliz:rrc
prirl
{}lort. Cind inse verbul se rfrn h o
i
196;
r(rili.ttc i/t. trntt, oliiruln
prl;lf un
,/o/1,
Ci)ULD esto inlo':uil cu rorma lJli
\LIL.E TO (: a ii in sl:,r.; a rcu'\i; a izbuti), carc mcrcheazi ..a uni dt
Iicuhdli
inrinsr:
( i . ; cD. ds
dr l c i " ski (
.
a f . ui i t ) s r , t . , a/ d ski l : a
! ! hi
( posi l i l i l at e) l | . t i . r
wner shc hrrl lrad some coa.hins.'
Innnn sas tolrl she .rrll lri\' ! Lhc lase on lhe trble. lni ire
' at
uP a, a sla.t
and
' d. "
11, , dr l a t o
t ui
t ht
t codi es' 3t D
t hc 1r l l l oy3, oul . I r cach oi t l d t hi l dl cn
( \ er i
i i i 5
r 9! ! )
4l T0 \l-!l{,{GI - PL:ntru atrcnt'u:rret dilicultltii eforttihti depus sf
S
lttli
t , rt rel nl i f l orzri
rerb| l t 0 ] L' rN, \ GU
(: a r{[ f i , d i zbut i : n se d. l 1(I i rct ) i n l o
cul l ormoi COLt , l ):
It N.s v.rl diLrlt Dd rrn,ing l,ajd hul Fe iererurelss no,/r{.d to rerch iioni! ii
! r put t i ng l i ! l ol ot . \ t f a w. r l r , Ne Don. s. d t o
l t J
ol t Lhc dchl oD i l i e caf
5) ts.8 IBLH
f0
ii
]IA(AOE T0. Aceste formr, c.Lre nrrcheazn {,
i
1!16?
real i zt rc di i i ci l i r.
pot
f i
j rt rchui nl ai e
l a t oai c t i i npuri l e -/ r: ! r?1.
1r"(. al sr!
ritlo. -
\'I,\NACE chjar
jn
ro'tlbijratie cu fornrclc oAN
,:!
I'OL:I'D
(lrczoi
si r: sDcol i r con4i . l i nr. t
N\ ri rf . df r h / i i l rt l - si t uat i i r1 crrr pl t ona. ' nrri
:'can
ivLnt:i' uorlribuic l:r ir.rttL,utrrca
idei;:
' \ !
| . no' . : onl , ' i l
' ul
. / h
, .
l
' , ' Ll , ' , p: . n
; / r ' l
. r o" "l
cu refornc lr \iltln) tut,tds. a
$ocd
Nliile Lo .ome
c-\RAtl
1'E R I ST I
(l
t
1) \{rgrtirut COI]LDN'T
po.lte
li inLr{rbuinlet
ca negalic a anbelor tor-
nre
' COLi l -D
si Wr\ S, Ul LI i TO-
durl al nt rebui
l areal
i i n accst caz t rebui .
mulli\ atentie Dcntru
ca el sl corespunili 111 toate detuliilc- De piidd. tn erem
Dl u
, l .
I '
pun.
ul
1i 1
pr o'
' r
' r '
r oi ""i r ' ,
'
n"-
'
i Fi LOUI D\ ' l i n
l u'
ul
t ^r bu
t , r BE. \ f i Lt :
f O ( . . , u
\ 1
\ \ \ ' ; E I u) or
. o, . i r ui
^ ' r oar F.
JaoH' . .
COULDNT
nu i rdcpl i nest e condi l i i Le necosarc: I hart b. n dl l e nu est c
negatir
!i
nu exprimi crpacilato caracierislici
ti
continue
2i ' Lf u)cut l . ri mrl z COULD
poai e l i ut i l i zat l n propozi -t i i l e negt t i re
(S
19691 sau intcroqatile
,:hiar tn cazurilc ln cnre WAS ABLE TO cste sinEnr&
forni afirinarivi
posibild (i 196;), cu condilia insi ca ambii ternreni in-
tocuit.
!i
inlocu;to,; -
si se suprapund
perfect. (
S
1946)
l{. clinbell uD to Ure top ol the irec nrt..zld"',5dc [Ic ]ake.
co,l.l he sec ihe lakc slien ne.lntbid ul io the to! ol tlie lrec?
Co,rl Jolm hrve a holidal on FridoX lasi.?
Ile.ouldnl leel hrtty iD tt,e to{n b..ausc he {rs loo lonPly.
p"i n
. . pr oN: i ! .
r . ! , l Fgc o' i '
e
f r opozi l i e '
a| n
. "pi l ;
d r ' s nE
r r t i v dai or i t r Dr "zpnt pi
, r nc; ph"l i dF
\ ut bi r p
' r u
. bi ar un i al l F
t ' r ol o
Tr r i i
r u
. "n.
n"q0; i , ndu Lni , ! , r / , r ' .
r E 2C33' :
anr l hi
*,
I wd'
"
ml l Y
l ong
'
l i Pd
1h" l ol l oql l ' - d , i I di dn l l aF Jl l , i gl r l and o\ t . t n- t
A
r t
'thc:i cautrt i'a
i G-rjnesalie)
sce throush the mist
-I,,'r"."i
,.t"-it" Yerbclor CoLJLD
ii
DE AtsLE sc supraptrn h acelaii contelt,
. ( e! i r t r r r t un {emt l u dr r r csl . gr n
!
do"u.
. , a
I r t r t r ,
7l
l :
t n of , r )
"1l l Dt . "
r ". l b, r . . / l ) ub' r ' i , l i \
n. r Jb: j
,
' "f r n
.s 1lJ{;s
)R
1109
s
10?0
s
1r7r
{19
MonFot,oorA
-
wRBUr.
A nh. r $omar , aut . t
s. 4apt u. . pmi n. g"
p)
bp t aund.
1\ at od, t p- onunr
n. eat \ , ou) d
r nda- t i . d hi n.
HF . o' r d t l er
14. . r adr
, , F1r i v
, r !
t mp m, t
r ef .
l 9i 2
3, Pr cf er i nl i .
- Ci , , l t i mpul
t r
"0r F
i r . " I n, r ,
l i unF"
l Dr hut ui Fs, i
Dr eci
z- l l pr l nl r
u' l od\
r b
dp
t i t , p
t r . . . ut ,
x: d. st t r dol J. t asr t , , k. t t o daq, oeo,
", a. ,
WAS
ABt F. TO
"s
"
r
rurpra. rorrnp: COULD. ' , rr".
", .
-,
i ", r
. ;
i ; . . ; i -i "; : ; , _
r ur .
- \ u,
i Ll p/ at r r Fdb: 1.
""
r n pt eo, . . . n. 1t i , r . r i
, t o
sdv"r bFI , Jp
, i , r p , r mur
pr. crs:
.
Dl 1l r gs
abt
' a
i t i st
' p
' nt J
on o, h: s mi , . . "- i nr o t . pt t ot t i t or r . r . t o. g
l r . l ur r r F
ddi e i Fpo
nt , d t . r opt i \ pr \
r . j an du. , r t "' ^
| p, o\ p
hi .
D, ; . oC. "p' r e $, . ! n hd. i . . r ' . ,
l r s. t i i ns
i t on I . s.
.
D. l .
d, "i sl e pr nt er i nl d . \ i st d
t ot , r <i
sl . Jt p' i . d. . n, , t an
"r i a
vor bi
or ut ui
t r
mar al F. , l up;
di l , r Fr t a d. r nt pl p.
"ar . , r j s
r I ni r p. - t p doud
p- \ pr i nj r i .
(Vezi
si { 1963-196b1
l 9?A.
4)
( {r t
LD i n st i l ul i ndi r p. t . Tnr r r n. pu, "1, , r . . ;
de"t ar a. i i di n sr i t r r t
! l i r p. , . i n. et
i ndi r ar
si i nr er . . dr n sr i t ut i n, t i r , . r i ", ; i at . "; , , 10. : . ui i "
"") , i
mo, rrl Ft or
rpl pasi mod; f i , ; ri i nerFnrF r-g1l t i t or
con spord. ni Fi t i n puri l or
(
s
2834 2838).
CAN din stilul direct devine COULD in srihi indirecr (;i invers):
Shp s d.
' . . , '
you ,
umF w: r h f t Jr d
, "
I r
n"nd 1
c. . ". , .
shp, si "d
n. . i 1 |
"aut t t 8a
$i t r hp" o t " t i r menJ i i ur
(Vezi
ri
g
r95rs)
$
1e74
0onjugflren modalului
C,IN1
Inlinith
:
Iniliefltil :
/o./ fall de prlzcnt
having bcen able to
can
{an/arelis
able to)
coDrd (was/$ere
aue 1o)
ha!/hlls iecn alle to
had leer nble to
J
p.s.nr
can// shall/will be allc to
t
pe./c.r
shan/}ix lave been able to
J ?rc.n,
corld//should/would bo ablc i0
l p- 1, .
,
oul d
coud$, r ' Lh
\ h. ndr r ' p t o
could:/iShouldhvould bii allc i.o
coulds/,/should^voul,i hale bccn able !o
cou]dl/r'wasi \yere able to
10,
Iali de trcclr
Conditiodl :
'
P", ' l r u r or m l " r pr bnl ^
' ar F
i r . . "b- Dodat u Li Cq\
ABLE TO ur mi t dr :
s
Inlinitivnl
trezeni
al verbuhi lcxical dependent.
?
Inrinitivnl
Frlect
al verlul,i leical deiendnl.
s-.t folosit sinonirnll snu BE
I I I I PUL, \ ' I I ' I OR
4lE
lntmtluo$e. -
In rortrast eu limba romnnn. in structura limbii ensleze
existn dord alitudini temporale fr.rndanrcnl,ale lale de nomenlul in care 6e afli
vnr b: l ur ul : I ' f al t dr .
I . r cl pnt
p
' l '
o
pr ' l '
' i
l , l
l {
de l r cr ul pF de al l a.
. \ , ,
- .
'
. r ' ud, r . cp
r , l l F. , i n
br .
n. a r , a.
' , ndn
o- l a 1or
FI F . or . j ugdr i i
sinl constluite pe doun axc
poralclc, pcrlact sinrcl,rice
ti
logioa. conlorm unor
reguli reunite sub numele d| cor(slantlenla rinpurilor (Stqur:rtcc i,/ Tens.sJ.
S
1976
Pentru aprofurdarc, vezi Schema conjugnrii
g
1356.
.q.cste alirmalii sini ralal,jle numai pentm gramaticr aFa-numitn
tradilional:i, adi(; s.,cca a stifiiui formdl sau livrcsc
rsi
snrt modificate
din te ln te nrai ull h
granratica irrfornoli sau rolocvidi arluali.
s
1976
s
1983
' I ' I I I I ' UL
\ TI TOR . i CONDI I TONALT L
s
1977
s
1978
C\ N, COULD, ED ABLE TO
l) Faln dc momentul prezentin carc se alln vorbitorul, viitorul (: posi-
$
1979
bjlitate) este exprimat prin:
al CAN (indicativ prczcnt)
D, COULD (conditic,nal ppzent independent)
c, ) SHALL/ WI LL BE ABLE TO
"Canlcould
.{ar
come to l,lnch lilh us. 3ay tomonoF?"
"So ionxl I'crn'l.."
"Iiow
atroui th day alier?"
' I i ; hl ,
Ti , ar ' l l $ l r r I n' , ' l r snl r }o. . "co l ons. '
_\ \ .
- d
R L. . ' r ' or l h f \ l . sl xe l , ar r , I aui d$r
sp'
r h"
r , p"Jr .
pl e0sF?"
-
r ou
. d, . f f ; dr J r ' o
_
- r r , , . l t t t l r t ; ni - \ " s, eJou, hFr l yFb) e
'
rlnaliza
gxomplelor
preoedelte.
C d modaielc CAN
;i
COI-LD rprimn
tosiz,iltlal ti
se refern la tiiat,
S
1980
deosebirea dinLre aceste doui formc verbale este accasi ca si ln traducerea
respectivn in linba romeni:
a) ind.i.catiNul
Ir.:,r?t
(C.!N: pot, puteli
ctc.) exprim; o acliune sau
S
1981
o stare de lucruri sub forma unei inl,rebdri sau a unei declaralii precisc,
ferme,
b) , ond; l i arat ut pt z, ht
i nJ
!
rJFnt t col LD a:
t L
' a.
a1i purea el . . )
S
1982
i nr r odu. F do, r i n. , nn: p J; l - ' i l ar i r r ' , r . i t ur l i r ' p. ezi r . r c'
. JUi si
o f or mul a mal
politicoasd dectt CAN, eventual cu sondarc pentru
aflarea
pdrerii intrloou-
torului. (Vezi exemph
S
1953)
AI TC
CAN
f ann"
d r ; t t ot , ; r l
. on, ! i ' i ona] ( '
, t i i t or
i n, r t 1
COUI , D
-
The Joncses canlcdnl comc to ihc "Peolles Maich nr. Jols" lonoF
r.s.- $rher .az you hing your proals lor relision? Why .an' r
you
do it saoner?
(lo!
catgoric,
precis)
-
Tl . . Jon, s s
, o, r d ,
o_m!
. ' nJ
ol her ^ddy
( , o, di . i onal ) . -
I \ l , en oul d
r ox br r r u
yo! r pr oor s
r Dr r r \ r sr oD.
r o"l d, , ,
\ t u da i l sooo: l l on r ai Dol l i co) i i ' r pr i l - d: np. l - Coul d
Jou
l "l m; Jvn i t i \ ' t . 2-
I
aul , J l
' dl r p
H I n oul
l omor i osa
{sol i .
. i
ar ' m. no
i ' , ud: i i . sonddr p) - 1- 1" I 1n , ' , / . oI
s. p \ l u
t r ow
(ton crfesor]cl, blt hc.ould (condilionalj ionro.row, ans iime
sou
r :
- {l l
t ghl . l OK.
!
5 (live pounds) (slanc)
414
S
1934 ., SHALL/WILL ]lli ABLE TO cr.primn un viitor nrai
precis. adsea
mai dcpnrtat de prezent, sugerlnd intcrr.cntia unui lapt internttdisr de care
Ya dcpind realizarea acliunii indicatc dc verb:
I
. t r l r : l t
U b"
r t l .
t a . "du I $o. k d, n, h1 r 1r i r
".
Th \ ' / 1 , ' r / 1 b
I sn;
/i,tlll'll
be able to se;
yon
oi Tlcsdux.
(snln,lel.si
sint .cnpatl
tini
at!n0i)
At cnl i ( !
$
r93. i
f dJ
Ci d posi bi t i t at eR
vi i Loaf t
pst e
i n t unrl i a , 1. ut )a. ; l ol t
: t
n' l l , ! t m'
prejurnri, iar daia indicar,e esle desemnati printr un
(drerD
d timp aiitor,
S1T, \ I -L/ NI LL BE . \ BLE TO est ri si ngura l orml po$i b n:
Don't $di-v aboul Jcnlyl \\'her she his ieln ln Englard lor some Lnrc:, shc'll
&e olle to
lass
tI! qualiling c\a all righl..
lni,reb.rinlrrea formei CAN in aceasti sitra,tie ar insemna
permisiLtr"'.
$
1936 ,J Cird tn context nu exi3l.i nioi o indicatie de viilor, SH,\LL/WILL/ LL
cst e i n g. ncm si ngura f ormi pref erat d.
S
l 9c7 l i i l orul f al i nt f t orrl
(l
u, , t t t n
t h
Pa\ t ). A
' . sr' '
f nr: :
p\ p' i n"
t . t t r L' t t : ni , n' i
r ur bi
r r r l s ar l nl
l r . I I nor npr
r ! l .
t
' l i I
/ . , , / . CFI F do. r ;
lormr de viilor se deosebesc prin
auritiarctc lot: ,iitoral
fald
d.
Fezent
Esre
S
1988 ronstruit cu aurjljarcle SHr\LJ,/LIII,L (doci prozcntul rriliarelor caracteris
ti.e viitornlui). iar tiitorul
f.4A
dc trecta cu auxiliarelo SIIO ULD/WO LILD (tr{r-
cutul auxijiarelor respecLive), in toate cazurile. auriliarele fiind urmate de rt-
finitilul lerbul.ri principal:
| l t r i
I l no, r I
I
$i l l / , o/ / . o nr ppr
r | | dr . d"di n.
I
I r,
t sl oul d
I LncN I
I
$ot r l d , . d/ & l o mpF Lpr s' Ji - .
l , d.
Aceste c)icmple stnt valabile la l,oaie pcrsoanele.
5
1989 COUI , D, TRBCUT SI NI PLU. CONDI JI ONAI ,
(PREZE\TARE
CONTNASTIV,i PITACTICi)
Scopul acestui capitol ste sprofu daroa unor date cu caracl,er general,
rpuse in capitolul precedent, pcntru limurirca dificulti,tilor Ia prima vedere
ireductibile.
Cititorui est sfiituit, si nu trcacd la citiraa acestui capitol l6rn a-gi fi in-
sutii incn, tn delali
,
materialul cuprins ln capitolele
S
1940 1988.
$
1990 Cea nai dificild problemi p
care o lnttmpinn studentul striin este legaii
de funclionnlitata plurivalenG
a rnodalului COULD, sursa complexitdlii
ambiguitdl,ilor suNenite atlt de frecvenl ctnd strdinii folosesc limba engleza.
rCAN
sc relere
ii
h viii.or.
(S
1949)
I
aapt Fp . . l l r al i mp.
l i mf . r l esr . . , ne"pq' i , . 1' . . d, l r i I spamr J i . d
- l ul dp
n' r l l .
3
l / : sl d/ l s. r u
pl , l
( r br - v. )
.
d
-
snlxld sau
porid
I,rb.Fv.J
COULD e:1,c tlr prillripal uu trccut ingridit tu anunile lilnit'e, nu nu rai
8 1991
. 1.
i l t , ul
""
po"l r ,
\ l , r i n
-
ei , i i t or ul
1. , : d
a t . t , t .
"an. J
t ; . - t at . , t .
ar , . . , ; ,
. t
'
pr : r nt ; ) t ' t , du
"\ 1. i "t , . 1, . 1, 1 "l t i , r
t . t
-
r t " , i ' , , 1
r ", . ,
' "pr r r i
, r " , "
respondcnla l.impurilor dar pontru
cI
ti
in sferele aceslor scrsuri este su
pu8
un,Jr mmeroase tabuuri
Di
l.er|felnri conplical,c, care ii dau subtilitnti
numite in limba englezi! or.r"1on.r, iar in linba romend
cu aprorimalir
-
subin-telesuri. sugesl;i. ;nsinuiri. inlllicaiii.
P' ^i . - or i i
pn: ] . ?i
n pl . , . r i r
' t
^, i .
1 I nr r Fbr : i n. , r , i
r r pci t .
r r ^| | , , i
q
$! r 2
COI ' T. D
,
,
a,
u,
. t ot t t
r 4ut ; r
I
t ' ". - t . nt ) ! . . \ nr y, i r
t
"|
. , t ,
r , \ ;
r p .
I
| ' ' | naU- r A, | , ' | ; ' | , u| ' | ' ' \ | un' r p1i r ' , ; , ' ' t , t l r , ' ' r
bazd a t recut rrl ui si mpl u.
W. Stannati Allen. arLtorLrl uncia diltre cele m:,i aprecirte lucrnri
rrrc
t i ce pcnt ru
uzul st udcnl i l or st ri i ni r, meri i one: t zn nedumeri red sl , xdei t i l or
care, ci l i nd i n rnarual r: ci L l onna COULD est c t r. cut . ul sau condi l . i onrt ul i no-
dalului CAN, lntrcbuinleazd COTJLD firi discrnnrdnt i
tropo'iitii
ca:
"1
"aLt l J
pa. ' ny
"r r nr i n"' i or .
r ' r
v^' r r d- , o. l . o\ , t j
; t t ^
h, . , . unr r !
r '
. l
' 1. ' v
i r d l l d, l r ; u, , 1 r . 1. , t , , , t
, i . i r
m\ r , , . r t , i , , , , I t . "r
, d, , ! . ' , :
t , "u
Iormelor corecte:
.,1
t\\ts
(Lh
1.o pass
r11r exanindtion Len
reir|s aso.'.. _.1 rr.rs
t
o! , o. r o l r ^. . , , r . . t r \
' . .
"i 1. , \ . . .
.
- t
v^ oht .
t o r : i . r ,
n, \ . n, u
r ,
, , . ,
H. V.
r - , , nr r ,
. , 1. , ' r gr ' : - Br
I a. , t J
l "r 7
;
: / 4
/ , , , r . , r ' i i r ,
.
. . Jr r r . u.
' l Fr .
dr J - l f ur ni , l r pd
, 1"
h^u"a. Ti r n, , i r "- p. . , r su. l d. . , \ . / . , , . "' p
(or irdrag.l) tc lrrnirh LI e horrse.'
'I
could attcnd tlLL k:ctu"e' r. f, r.r Lo n lecturc
i I t hol ut ur o'
. J: , , r , - 1. .
l i . o, r r "l . r
. sl ", r r pi 0
1b. t x. t
^$. r . h\ ^l
$, . ". b| "1o! . 4 r ; . , i . . .
. t
r , on, t . . . t t , . ot a t t , t . . t t
t .
t i . ", r ". - . Lt
, . ,
gub, l l di ' 1' . |
: ^t
. , \ ' l
. u. 1 Lor ; vh l ot r l
l . , ur .
.
N. t r f . . , r r
, 1. . ,
r
I l ,
pr. J, p
t ' j vcqt
c' , ndi t i 0 al rl , I L\ ' .
(i eorqa,
"ccri er
"l
co l d; Jo n, , t : rs \ 1993
pl r l . "r i . r mu, 1". r ! i t . r ' st i \ - ur
- l
"1n. t . , 1
. I
. . , t dn
t t n;
.
, r
"- r ",
r r i
"
thc tututs (: nu a_s puletr). Unlikc
"i
.ruld do il", ho\Iever. iL mal. rFler to thil
past
aod ean
"I
triai ta da it buL I
failrd."
(: Am trceri-at, drr n a'n rcusit
.
Pcntru a rezuma
ti
cor,r{llcta conslaii Le celor doi autori menlionali
S
l1)1){
,
(a)
| coukl dn it (condiiional
alirmati\') este o ..nodrsld. atirna_ti (.=
al
put ca s-o l ad, nuan! a de zi t arc. nesi guraDl d sau _, modesl , i e, , f i i nd i nt rodusri
de nad l. candil,i1nal !.i rcfcrindu-se asadar la
yiitor,
nu l.r l,"r.ai.
(L)
"I $nl i dd i l ' nu poal , e cr. pi m0 / r, . r/ r/ si npl u af i nnart v J, . i t i n
S
l rr;
\ i l t , ' : '
' f
p\ on01. . i
. | pu. r
r ' l r , i sl
, l -
^, r "sr "n. l "n
a t i mDu l nr {\ r / i
. . Sr ; l u i ndi r ; ; : t zCui .
"r , d.
- /
; out d
do,
-
t nt . . : ui - qt a p/ , . .
' , ;
C\ N) / . .
cutnl simtln.din alinnolia
"1
can lo it" cs1,0
.'1
nas $lil6 io rlo ;t" (
g
200:) qi
tu
"I
coul.d do i.t."
(c) Neg
\ i ^"1
conkl n' r d, i , " somenl i ne, l : i rn rnodi f i carea f ormoi . t , ) am-
$
1098
bele cazuri urmhtoarc -
pe care si le numnn I si 2
,
modul si timpul vel
bul . r i I n. a s"hi l ' r 1l u
-
'
unl ur r n
. ar i nl r l ^r
l u' , , l i - i p. ,
vr '
n
r i ' I '
n' i n- st a r r
. l l ubl l d, ep, , l i \ d.
\ ; | pl t
"aul dn' t
j "
,
pn"r - t ' l
l t
- "' , a, t , ", 1, i ' , i i '
, \ u c; put ". ' s u t r "J r "hr i ndLr - . ^ l r r i i t oi . a' r
\ 2t ; nd; r c1; , ,
t t , . ut
c: ; , t . t , ,
n
Lot ; r \
\ m l nr er "a
+n, J. .
l r r n. "m r F, r ) i l ) . r pi pr i n. l , r . . e l x t r i r . ur . L; n
, F\ r ul .
i r
d, ' i
' . r r "r l i "
! of ui l or ul ui .
i r Ji , "
, u1
: i o
i l . dF'
t ' , r . t r u
r or n. ,
COULD l rr cazul i n spet n.
1W.
Stanna.d \1ten. t,ieins Enplish Sttuctur..
'
H. \'. Cco.ge, 707 Jers,ttuiian iables
l,r
Sr.rtcLts ol Lnslish
Teach1b' an.l Atj'cn..".]
416
199?
MORFOI,OGIA
_
VERBUL
crx/coulD
$r
lNLoculroRll
RESPDCTI\iI
l Uodul ul C\ \ , avl nd.
dups
' um
q
a
! ; zut mul r i pl ". ei
' ubt i J"
ut i l i zar i
1i
numar doud l orma
ppnl ru a I e
nxpri mn
' au
sugerd
F' ' a l ol osrr I n pf l n' rp cor'
form coosiderallilor
Fxpuse pini arct
Penr r u a. l i nl a ur . i
. i
, mbi gui
l r l ", Jr F, - r \ i n
l ' ' or i l i
' i mi l i r r i di ni i
f ""-i ; ; ' ' ; "; . t ; , ' ; ,
; "; ;
i rd eo, t orr' rl
' i u
I poa' - l 0' nuLi ' "
rpcurs'
l d
"i nf t
ni mp al n moJ"l FLor C. \ \ / COl
LD s"u
l a a
r -
'
odl l r l ' l r Jcpmd4aLoJr p
"r or
de mai
j os:
r A\ BE ABLE TO
{:
a l i r r r st at ,
'
r ' ui Ll
i 3
) ' . ' ) i "' 3; l : , i , : ' i i #*l "; : ; ' l ui
p"
'
ur ! ' - . . r Li I ' i dJr d
pa' r "",
Bl I' t.,c.E' rzl n
A
i b9' "
"1
,'
.' ,1,n .,
r,' r
,' r I n
' i
t a
' l F' l uru
r' |
n' p l
iFj zERo cAN/couLD
iGJ
DE SUPPOSED
TO
iH)
Imleratiwl
lolitciii
s
1998
s
1999
AL. 6l F i i r oni n' 4.
pr i r l o. r gar . u sr r r ub
i l ui r - s
pr ol r i t r ui . l or i
"l Fs
r Ju" o mar " hog' l i F J;
' ubt i l i t "t i
l
' mur i nd
i n a"pl Hf i j r n' n
' ^nr u/ r r r n
pnql D' r e
({l
gn
\BLD TO
lnirabLrinlalea acestui auriliar
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a, Fornl a
(l e
l . ecul i
f i
l ormcl o r. arhal c cornpuse si nt , i mprumut at e de I a { 9056
l i nuni m"l " 1, , l l . \ \ t . , r r t . .
HLORT t CLD) uni nt i ni r i \ c^mr . t *t :
I ld./ to
go
u'o. rT(.iut)
(A
nrbuit si
' n.-L
dnN rcoio.)
\ shaLl \ . f t b ! t a!
^L
hor r e. l Vi i t or l
/ f a r . r a, i i r r , i nl n, , casn. )
li I had 1r.cn in. I shallt haee ba L ollirrl lo see hin.
{CoDdilbnall
(DacaL at li losl acasai. d
/t
tehn si I
i)rimesc.)
'lO
BE OIJL|GED 70 i'r1.!.uieste verbul I{UST numai tunci cind
acesta expdIni orllg.,li., ll,\vE TO atunci cinrl lr{US f erprimd nccesttare sau
obligalie.
a' l
: . had
{sul i j o
i . i ! ul )
5
Tjnp i.edri trprirDal
lr.irtdrn
inririti! lrecut.
2037 ,/ Condi_tionalDl modahlui MtiST ,,ste redat de obicei prin modalele
OI ' L; H I TO b", . SI I OULD ( l s r os, r
t , F' suanal Fj
( S zo8, )
.
i ; f i nr r i r ut
r , r e-
, - nl . p^' ,
' u
s
-
- \ pr i ma
pr . zpn, ul \ ' - r b, , l ' , r l , r i r al . . ou pl us i nt i ni i r ul per -
Iect a1 noesiuia, pentru c-rprimarea trecutului:
\ , r a' 4r t a\ hoLl d ! o, J\ , o
h- r
, conl i . : "ndt
r , r "z"nl
\ r t , , i i ul \ . 1 i \ . or b,
t r i . )
st\e aryht f.ishtuld h^\e )islencd to
Jo
.
{(tondilionut
pe.tect)
(-\.
ti ltunnit sn ic isculie.)
205E 3) Jnterosrlia
fi
n{:Batia. Foftn.lo de inlerogarie
Si
de neqarie sint uF
t t , t
- /
You l , r sl Lc, i l / t r cr \ ou/ t her ?
/ r ' , . h. .
r $,
Jou/ t t ; I
n. , ; n t n+
; , / .
I mr,sr4'r miss dy triin, m4r /t
20;',9 4) Pro u
.larc.
\'UST se pronuDln: accentuat sau inaintoa unei vooals
L, r
st l : r sac. i er t uat
l l nast ,
nr s. r D. t . nsl .
2060 5) Fundi i . , - UUS' I ' enpr i nd:
u
)
net.sitate, datorie, obligayi.c absolut{i (:
a trebui, rrbnia. a fi neoesar):
l n
l j nc i nd l r i f t i c u,
,
1. , , p
, , t t r t ' t t .
Ln{sr lieep my word.
Tod ,,rrr seu [er bccansc shc is il].
\\i ,rarr'r lcare bel.ii srJint
gooC.Iltc
l,o e!ffIbodl.
l r
|
, 1.
t . , -
, r
I I . . r
Cu aleasiri r.,.p!i(i.
fi,rm.L
n.! i *rt i.|krolatiri a
',.rl,fllui
ULlS.l este
uLr or i l \ UED nat sar r dan' t i docsn t NI t l l l ) . c de, r sebi r ea ci i . i l l accst caz,
r deea df nf r osi l al e sau ohl i sal n' nu est e n] l sol ut n:
r
l h r . e 1. I
f o' r
, , r r , / . ^, , k
. " a t
, , r !
'
' |
r / l \ 1. 7t , . r , Jt l \ . '
) t r , , , t I , , . ' t , r mJ. . l j l
.
i / l I t ' Sf mnj poal e cxpri nr
\ a1 robal )i l i t at e. l rc: t l t )un. rc
t o . l uzi e
Shc rsd I ir slf ,,?s, l)c at school.
ThcI l . l t i t onoe t h. y z16, l j i vc ! . t , n i n I hur r l . .
t l , , Ls/ l , a\ c beer l r i dax ni ght w| cn I t l st sr w t i i n.
Forna negativn in acast caz esLe cdn'tl.unnot.
l1 shc isnrt.r. sohooli sh. ,,arr ire .1. honr.. Slit.anl bc anywlrcf. clr_
L&st harc seen l,im on I'ridarr'. It.on, hnre been aD). othfr duy.
.) ULrSf este rerbul cel mai uzitat, pntru
n a\yitr\^ a i c. i er.iceri,
intcrdicli.i si prahibilii ati.ialc.
You
'nG,
lflul lhe doctor ai onae. sli. s l,Ncn takcn ill.
Yo! /,rrt nere. oome hcre again.
Hc sidlrlr mrst nol, ser. lhat shabl)r-seni.el cort ol liis.
{rhej
lialiis rr4, Ir. on berore d[k.r'
-
t l a r i , , s, i us, n. r
Dar k
ncr e.
d/ I l l l ST cBLo i l r Lr ebui n, t at i n pr ot r ozi l i i l e
af i r mal i ve sau Degat i ve qi
pent r u
o sc cr pr i na sol i ci t ud; r c
( i i l d
se dau sf at ur i sau se f nc i nvi t al i i pe un
t on si i r ui l or :
T".
1, . \ ' r , ,
D
q
l o . ,
_f dt p
'
b I \ o, , / t ao. t or ! , mDI v nu- l
\ n. l
, \ ' . r , , .
1p. . r 1, ": 1. "k. . . a' . - t , ' r r t | . , t . , "n. t t hj i , . , y4r l Lmt r . n.
I - i r ef pool $l , f n Jon a, c l hcr e.
r
Yori
-\ uEI ),
s
! 145.
z,{
i.ohtl l liE rr .stc lnt..luinlrat d.cil drcn Ntc !.rl,a nomai dc luniirile uni
z"Tl Lt : 7t ue": ": t he' I at . Gdt l q! - .
ccl . t r l
sal er i c
de ar t , , - . Doder i i dr l r Londr a,
f ondai . i
( t e
Sj r I l dr I Tat c ( 181! - 1894J.
l i 1{nl f opi ngl ez, al cf t r ui nr me l l
! on, l i L.
127
6) Must zoro (nhrori i l i e).
-{cf rst h
l at l . . ' | at hai cdl co' , st i i n cl i psa, , nui
S
20(; 1
yerb
ea
go. gfl
sau alre verbe silnil| care sf inlelcg usor din coDientj
(ja:
ae nt bst at ruy: \ r. ul ust go
u, \ ' t l t J.
7) lIllS'I Nnl]OS
:
ttebur. tapbat. rrfresie h raro IILST este vcrbut
g
206:
modal dei ect i v (: t rebunr. i { , . rdr (: . . neapnrat
)
c un adverb.
trIIsT l t( co\Tl l i sl cti rr,tl B To
s
9061
a, Si }Ilimia aceslor doui verbc cxplice intrebuinlarea auriliarrrlui .s 200.t
I I AVE TO ca i nl oc i t or al verbul ui \ l l rSf i t r ca^l rrl t uror
f . )met . )r
robat c
mre
i,i
tipsesc a(cstuia'l
To
f o
l o l i r . j l cn. l
. l ,
\ nJ L - o. l l .
' : t , . nn' l . n
\ , r \
r o. gl , \ , r l , - .
- r , . 1
\ , ' r ' , J r d! "". , . , i ; ai r . r
' , l t
! \ r ' J
'
r
. ' .
l r , , r t n, L t ; \
Di . ] . t , "h. . t ,
t {- L, ,
t n, . t a"i r i . , , t , r , ; . Fcr r . d r r n: t -
r Tr , , , , r
, t "r o: , \ ,
T. l xt t t ha, pt , h. ' , ". r F, , r
b, , .
, . ,
", d
l , v , , i nomos. \ , i
L,
pa. \
I ' l nnr
i \ ^r . , .
J,
"
, "4, . . , n / " / , I d Doa, . Ji . Lno' b- i nl l of l t , ar r , i L
' t aha\ , 4opal oL
f ol . r n
. r L
I n. r ' 1
. Lo
r i , r .
l nr , : r , .
'
D) \ {l -t Sl rl SH. \ LL/ \ \ I LL I T\ Vl l ' l O.
-
l nLre acest e doui r au\ i l i are
S
2005
qi inlocuitorii ior s-au rrc:,t fu Linpul runr era
1i
t1orrllat deosebiri se,
maniice cu nuante toar|e sublile.
sH \ LL Hq\ E t n, t i t - r "
*nsi bi t . t
I
{I
pr i n
nu"nL. l _
n_pt d. . , r _
pp
car c. o suE' n dzd obl i gar i ! i l r r c" on occ. Fi l sl "J n"l i unr r sr u i r "r i i
t -
,
dr . o
. . Lha\
hor p t o r a"k. ' l r
n
r i l
r o
s'
l
mJ
pap"r
d, n .
l t ul . ! l , g
dt
_bu'
o' l ' - s
go
r o r r r d r nst caol
I
-
I musl
qatk
all nisht Lo gei
mt worL donc. (O
sinrpti de(laralni ncc0lor rl.I. cu reterire
TIcy sill/shali nar. r, ,rg me , new drcss for N.w Ycar's Eve
lwtreitre.
Ujcy likc ir
They
{sinllJ)
hu-v aze Ine ns sl,o.s . . . (o d.clariiie intoaiile)
.) Fnfind U \\'E (COT) 'lO
"ste
in gcnere obligarorie cind se relern la
g
2066
ost n; u u, o: ; ,
\ i i '
- .
i n. o l r . ,
I
u, , r , {i ' r n.
t , r m0. - n. .
obi t r "i , d:
H: r . t - LAot |
' pl
ydsi n, . ' | , . i r n' on{: r hn' p
o' , i gh. ,
*Hr '
! ot .
t - ur ) , f l o"5t ' a. 1. . , 1t / u- , , r . \ ' . r ' , ' . I t ooLust
'
d) EAt ' E (COT) TO
t i
t t (t s' t ' . Forrnel e const rui t e cu I I A\ D 10
g
2062
6ugreazd adcscori
-oHisalie
erielnn. in 1'rcme ce MUST exprimd obligcit
dLn
l&fleu
hrtLlor !rrt.:
"\ l - . ' l h. ' nnr r , l ol l .
"r 1". .
I A. \ , \ , ' r ' or , t . r '
r Lh. r t r r dr v.
' ' \ ou
l d. ; ,
ou.
. .
- Lr r . ! , r . .
' . . , ; , , ' "$
I
. r ,
/ , t / , , ,
Ao"honr . ,
t t . "r " J. .
apPoi nt m, nt cnd I . an
t
pr t
i t dl t .
ltt.rsT IN coN tAS'l cu NDnD
5
20ti8
Un al t auxi l i ar f oart e ut i l ra t nl oru; Lor al modal ul ui MUS' t est c NEnD.
Acest !'erb, avind doud conjrgnri
paralele (g 2146), are
;i
doud sensuri care
diJrn. deci si ron,torteri diferite.
.
I
/.nat. nx in*. mn,-L
,df;u
or in granati.a engte,i. ei aulnai o
lartui1
tnrechitd, rot\ri
l nr J
' 1
.
hu, r ' l a' A . r ' hl . , r ' r r j
a' , r i . l ,
, "l
'
.
I
Vezt
ii S
1056,
'la
be th. linLit
:
a Intrccc rrils!.a. a Ii irsupofiabi].
428
d) Ca verb lcxicol tegulnt, NFjED insea nii a attea nlroie de, a necc\ita
si,
posedlnd toaie modurile
9i
timpurile unui verb regulat. poate e\prima unele
nurnle care lipsesc modalului MUS'|:
\
.
. . / r
. r
.
'
L
a
I i J n
^
k
.
o
r
a "d 1 Y. . . h, , r / H, r /
i - "
/ o
1, . , \ , ,
r "r \ l i l ' . ' r , r ' \ dr . r . '
. Lr , - 1
. I nt l u. ". ' ", "" . n] o"
' l d'
Jo, , , o. , . r ". , ' . . i . , , | i , 1: , , .
pd(
- .
l bl i sat ) si nus
gor
r o l : t . ' br i Fl
. -
11' sg. l i i i 6r ar F. I ndr , L- ul \ ". , . ' l :
", dFo.
", .
. l n t . t . l \ pso t a, r
mJ Ldr b- f
' t . r dsndr l r -
nr j l pJr I . a
l . l r i r ". . ng t "r \ i . ' J"| , . 1
. ) u, . .
1, . 7 u
'
. . . r i l i or mot l al . \ EED i r . . r , r r r ' r u
l '
ol t : . ot . , :
- '
l i i . i .
. ,
^r i . e
r ' ^. 1 dFt F. , . . d" unal p l ^, n, p i l ", , al , , l ul Li
t , 1, , 1, r
r o \ r ' l l D
\ "?i
$
2153r .
Trcbuie tusn insistat
fi
aici:r-supra unei
lnfticulnrit:i.ti
c.ne nu aparl,ine
deciL nodalului NIIUD
si
nici unui rllt vrb:
.\'Ztr, ca rerb mod,al. nu poate
fi
intrebuhlat in
fop.iliil.
xfirmatik,
Jegi
"p"r c
r n
1r "1nzi 1i i l .
i r , r or aqs' i r ,
- i
r . "\ dr i \ e. I "r r r Lr ' p.
"
1r ". I n pr o
por i Li a
i nl cr oqdl i ! ". unJj r m1r ns, i r . r ' "
r r ur r . ul
s u| " Jl i r n,
' l i r .
. o: ; i r
t ' r cn^-
' / i l i i l
Fl i a"sl l v. . . qr p l nl o. ui l ,
u
\ l l
{i .
' r ' r "u
nl o
, r i "r i '
"".
. i . ' : l l \ \ E
' I ' O,
SHOLJI , D. OUGI I T:
",\' dcd
you go?"
"Ycs.
L,usl
"
(dd Lad7
Shc needz' t conic, bnl
' h!
n{sr.
Esle insi litrcbuintat h propoziliile atirn]rij\e
in cafc se alli senlire-
SRlii
car no ant', scarccL!. lntdlU, n.*t. nonc etx.:
I nevcr ned l.ll lLcr whrt to
(1..
shc is ro cllnrn',t.
( \ : czi
i i $
! t dj
j
g
2068n (t') OU0Ilr
,{.est rerb laoe parle drn catfgoria auriliarelor detoti\-c modale.
1) trormn. - OUGUT are o silrgurii lormd. ought (: ar ttcbui), folositd
la prezent. Pentru a exprina ideea de hecrL. orgrl este lie
lrecedat
de ul1
r.erb l{ treculi. fie urmat dc ur infiritil perfect:
,qe.rnr oacrt to kno$'net[e..
Sle eas l.old she drynt b sing.
Hc o&sn, ,, /'acd gotu homc b)' non.
2) Intcrognlir
lii
nega,tin,-- Formcle de inbcrogalih
;i
de negatie sint ur-
rniioarele:
a, ar l l Aol nF she , L s"/
"r l
I
r". /r.e/she/il /$
P. I lfI ouLltt ,"' toutltt' .
'
)
3) In,telcs. -
{rugftt exlrimei
a) obl\ali.( moralil t:tIn co stringcre
lsinonin
cn shoald'
\:
ar trebui)l:
Yo\ auehl ta do this
qtriclrly.
\ou rn dd do lhis
quicLll.
1t oasnr rci to be alioned.
Il r/Du]d not he allowed.
Hc oustu to halc iotd nie lclo.e.
HL sno/ld hile tolLl oF n"ior..
Aueht L""! nl t Ousht ' i t h. t Loh' \ Fgon"' r l l o. ol l eJe-
Sn ul d l l pJ I ' o' / ( ho. l l n l O' dv l , , ! gon u, ' o
' ol l ' s
'
'
j . dn. n.
pr o! r ; unJ- . ut : ni r i . f . . ?, Jr unI l l ar
f . , n I
r enn J. r r , . b. i
. i
t i . mai
Dr cveznt or / s. - L xi bd mr i mul l i mi r l e. l
-
'gO,Sri
ror, siRerlnd !n slil n).nal. risl. rdfsfr nrloruii, l;!la {orbifr cu siionimul
499
Obser aal Lc
Urnat
de un iniiiitiv
perleci, rerbLtl ol,glt arate ci o actiunc
sau o staro
TlIc
proofs odsl'/ to harc lfen co'r'cleil
long r8o-
h)
vobahi l i t dt c:
T'il'l J.i',i'i,i,
1""'"*
leen hire r-v o1v
t^ltI'i"JIHb
;iJi,TTflil:dii,LH:llivn
sau o necositare,ogicn,
t ' ""; 1, 1; , ,
, .
. r r
r r "l ' ui r
p\ p' i , n,
o ohl , cl r i ".
m^r dl i
' l "r "r ' ni nf
i d" si - r l u'
, l r ' n' i "i nr i
d.
"or sr i i n! 5.
"dJ
n
' ^r "l ' r zr '
l 0a"
i l or
'
r
' r r r 1:
u, t
I l #J; ; : . : : . , 1; : : l ' i : , ' i , i i "i ; , , ' ,
n, "r i n", yr uni dr , .
o
;t,,
{
l,i:,'1;J"0,','.3i'
,"";;,ll:i":,:i.'l'i:
I
l:"0'l
"'
r'
''
r
" ""
'!],TIJ
IIlrBX DXTIICIIYI'
Tol deleciive
sini
,si
urmitoarele-forme
verhale menitc
si atragi atenlia:
iibnlv,tnf tr'"
+
".r1'
: prucleni adj
)
:
Fifi atenli
I Bege-ti de seamil
't""tL"?Jiill,
n,"oo""o"rsr
r-
pizili-re
de hotii
de buzunarer)
\rerbul
este
intrubuinlat
numai
la imperativ,
persoana a 2-r'
I i il$iFiir:,",,1
;;r* rlr:;i".,liil.*ivl'.'""iri
;
-,
;
r , ". "' .
; ; , Jr
-
r l ' i "
r ul : quo' h l
l uor h
r r "
P' t i mar '
(VD SHAI,I,
. \ ,
asL r er b i df p
par l e di n
- cal Fgor i a
suxi l i sr r l or ' l ' h' t i t '
m' dal e r $
l 9i 0) '
. i . i o"t i . -
r; . but
' rol
orc dounr
f onno:
ii:lir;'l::;li.(::"i';'LiJIii-Ji"ii,io;.""'n
(tonrp pprsoan're
i j . "i oi *oq"t i ^
ri
ncgal i c -
i ocrn' l "o
de i nrcrossl i ;
si dF nceaLi n
st nr ur'
mdtoarele:
;ffiiiill$llii*i,ri1iltfii:
t'i;,',,
r,*,,', t
Prcnuttlidt
lezi
q
186C.
-1R68
-
.
C. f *"1t . -
S, d/ ,
(l i nf ; ni Li vul
; n oml l ' l r
Pndt F
l i vprb au\ i l i ar 3au
' "' "r I l u, "l ' *u
suxi l i ar
f nr n' ' "/ a
Yi i r nr ul
nur
r t "' ul nt "r
moJsl r :
"' ,
i , i i r r r i
"i
, ) i t ! ( r ut
L. [ , i
r p. r qodnr ' l sg. , i pr ' r r S I 496 l l ' 01\ :
;;'""":
r'
;fii- ;;:lT'l''
i' i-l';,1;^l'i;l';IJ
li:11" ;;;
"'
fiiiL"lxl'ffigr
L",,l"l"ii19ii*.rlil"lri,ili,["'Ts
(Yiitor
pcrrec'r
**ffii1,'miiu*,,,ttl'.yi11r"1,":il;l,,llkiit;kl'ill;iii:rl';,lifali'r:;i
$
20{i9
s
20?0
s
20? r
$
2072
s
2073
$
2074
s
90?6
s
20?6
s
2077
$
2078
s
20?9
$
s
!
430
L)
(,iitoru\
t)olitit'
(toate persoanete) ($ 1507) (colorat modai):
I tell
yon
I siall ,.eai tlie s1led rccord.
(lloiirlrc)
11i' spirn cI sint liotilrit s;l bal. rccordul de rjlczir' i
{ . s/ . 11 / o, r I
' . i . o
( 0r l '
lTrebuie s o laoi droi srun at.)
i l Jo.
' r e, , ' , -
l ' . Jo l Ja, 8, , ^l l |
- J
g
\ r n. i ' ( dr
l D". ' n.
") l i
Jn"r ' l - . r .
r ' r ' r i r s' l - ' r 1i / p r or r r P
\ u. . . l t l ( ar o, d, """Ls i 1. - $^r k
"r l
l ' ' om
"i ' r P
\ 1 l Ag' l i r F. ;
. ' . ' p' l I ' i r ' u r ' I r l u r Jl i sF_i :
l
Tlese Nl.s r/n,l ir, in 1or&' till Jure loDli8rlie
lcgalaL)
(Acest ngulunent rilrnE lL rjSoarc
pjlll in itrDi.
)
1r ruu look ihrudsl, r\ar boor. aau
shalL
fnLd
Ll)e datr
vou
wart. (Previziure cerid)
, Di
J\ , _: . i ' i L; _1"'
""
. \ ' i J5, l 1r
' J
1r pJ; n' r oi p
c) subj\ndirul
(\ 21)')).
!
2080 2) Ca verD modal tste inLrehuirlai in limba englezd conlenporane
in spe-
cial sub forrna s/rr"kl
(S 21J81)
2081
(vn) sH{JULn
2082 l'un(,tii. -.5'ro
ld poate li auxiliar sau Yerb modal
9083 1) Cd verb auxiiiar forneazii:
a) ditorul
f.1ld.]e
lrccut
li
ditarut
P.rletl i4.i
{i fec,l
(persoana 1 sg
fi
pl . ) ($ 1502)
{necol oraL
rnodal ):
I knciv I r/@zll sa. him.
(Vjitomi laln de irt.rt)
(i t i am cn l l roi vcder. )
We saiil wc r/@uld note .drL.n.d bx lilc o'cl.ck
(\iitorul
le'fect
laln de trecut)
(-\m spus cil ne r. nrtoarue
pind la ora oinci.)
b) ri,itor l ealitir
fald
dc fc,tlrl (toate persoanele
S
1514)
{modal):
I l ol d
1' u, , ' r . 1"
1/ , , . . i , ' i o- j o' r | Jr .
b. nes'
l Hot l r i r ' 1
. .
l l . Jn. t u: .
I n
r ' i l
' d
r " r r J; r ' r ; l ' nl ' r
l ent r u
npgr ' JPn\ r
( 1
I
Het hn. . neun. , r ' r . r ' \
h, r l ,
ad
m ) "* r l i l l hd)
t r dr Pl a. ghv An n: nl Jr e)
( t i dl ma, r : ' l Ld: i . i ' u
\ ur ' , p, r
' d' "' r
.
' )
1. \ ot r i
' ur
nl
J
\ t r n \ i - t o
,
. 1- .
/ . . , / ot
r .
f o- ^
. . \ i
, , . l r ' , ' r 5h"Ji ' r l d, L\
' f r omi i dn'
l saf Jg I l " , J
d
' '
11' l d"i 15
r r r ' r - r ' 1 r ' mar ) l
i r "*. ' , "- o
'
Fui "pa"l ' . r t i "" / r ' 1.
' doi
PEnol ' t un' n Or J' nl
qJd
d6! 0/ , 1, i
"' ' i ' i - ' l p
\ u' i r ' r ' \ l ' Ji e7" r l Jr I ' t m dr ur '
' ]' r,-"v
read the siholastic 1.or sroeid /d lictddd into lbrcc ternrs
(Obligaiio iega]li
(Au' citit
o[ anul
tc.la.
vli ii imll4it
jr
t.ci trimeslle
)
c) condi l t onat ut
{persodna
1 ss.
Ei
pl . ) ($ 1618-1619):
I sho, / / eo \ i i l . t . p L, o nl l
' '
l si r ej ^i r ' LCol n
pr ' / "n
( \ l - d. du;
'
\
' r r z
D' r .
'
L' Ln1, , i J
' i
J, : , , l o, . l l Ju I
\\,it: shauld h*e sp.ken t\adn't $. leen so s}y
{Cond lerrct)
irlm
li rortit daan u drn ri lost alil.lc timide-)
rt ) un echi aat c pent a snbi an(: t i a
(S 1583' 1593):
Ii is good ihat iheJ rlio,l.l ft.op it- (ComlleliliL directi)
( nst cbi nesof t i c. )
l l d; . Jn l ooL 1r L r , l . l bl ' p. l , LI r ' l l s"l l _r or ' . ' ! - s
f : r dl i
. \ u
s. ui J l
'
Pd .
r r ' { 5d ) i nr l d : n i n dal l
t t i " r t er l d
t ' ub| : J,
r ' i s
r , r , d, nC6 l $r . l o | pl
Jo.
Lnow ConJi l i on l : l l
t Dd. a""l ' 1 i i puLLi
r "| . "l i l - i l . \ ' i i l dJ' \ t r P. l
t .
j
sh" , ho1l d
t , ar
1: . "an r bouL . i -
l r or or : Ln
en I nnl cdi d J
wor d l
{C\ ! l dmdi r \
)
l r J, l i i . i
l upbpt n a\ 3ns' l r ps l ur
r i
b1
'
-
\ ul l p o t or Ll
)
whr / r , l , r l l l ou
Jt t d I - un
\ i ' h h; n
r r Fr or i i
'
( Dc , . sl ni r e! ' u] 1, , , , ' i t t l ecl ?)
431
"l s
1l {ni cl
sonc
t o Cl uj - Napo. e?"
"l l os sr oul d I kno$?' ,
i E\ . t amat i v)
(A plecrl
I)rniel h Cl',j-Napoca?
-
D u^de sr"r
Fiir
eu?)
( \ ' e, i
i i S
159r . l 5r 9l
2) Cr auxilixr modirl are toate persoanele
.si
ufmdtoarele intrebuinlnri:
S
9084
, x, ( : t r ebl t i e, ar t r obr i ) , si noni m cu l ] l ' gt r i , dar cu l ni t l es mni sl ab. est e { 2085
f , l osi r dc. "or i
r r . j . l
q. , l J
r
. . , u
sp r er
. l
'
r - i . , i "nnst i ui p
' . r , i
. l pqr . b;
! r e. o.
'
i,randare deett o obligatie. Shonkl
(.:
at tfebui) este n1ai ptrlin categoric ca
sr al l ( : i r ebui e) :
You s/'dli d, von. dniy. (Obligaiie ibsolutl)
tA1
sl l.i 1l.oi
i-
lrrniic s{ l.i-ldci) {litorinll
\o\ shauld d.
Iou.
dutr-. (Obligltie
niorald)
(,\r
trclui siLli laci datoria.l
'l
liey s/@Lld Dot lazgn s. l,)ud.
l \ u
a. l r ebui sn. l de ai j t . l c t t c. )
,\ll is as it snorld Dc.
LI ot , , l
esnr i i nr ( : cuni t . . bui cl . l
51o"1d
s-
r t
"
1. 1, ! u, ' \ F, . ,
\ n \ , r . r . '
s. - t 6, . "n. . ", 1. , Jni \
^j r
, , |
. am
. . - ut
\ . . r o- . , ,
Shat d+ infinit;rul
!ft.l
erpd,nd o obligafie sar o recornandare carc
g
2086
nu a f ost i ndepl i ni t n:
Sh. ."n,zld narc ralld to hio,.
(r\r li trebuit/rrebuia s[,i
yortcasci!.)
.
Shonln
i
a nelLlic
+
infinitituL p.rfcct arate dezaprobarea fale de o ac-
S
208?
, t runo
sd\ i rsi t i i n t rl rcut i
'll|e\
shouldn't haee c.tue so taL.
(\u a. ti l,reluil sI vini aia de tbznl.l
D, exprinn o pte:iupunere sau o prababilitate:
TheJ snouid ,c in by noF.
[-{r
trebui si iie
(ptobabil,
ct siirt) acase aoun.]
Ar e
Jou
l ^oki - g l or
your
"odl . 1
I I i / D, l /
r p
i n t hp h1l l .
l l l i
i dul i hdi nar r mi , aD, l r 1 F
l n / nl r ' u. )
(YXr) WILL
s
2088
Acst vcrb fAce parle din categoria auxiliarelor deiective modale
( g
1940).
A. forml. Verbul
pill
are dou[l forrnc:
S
2089
0,ill
-
prezent (toate persoaDele)
oonld
-
trecut (toate persoanele)
B. Intoroge.tia
fi
ogo,tia. - Formele de interoga.iie
ti
de negalie slnt ur-
S
2090
' ' 11l
T' t o! hF sh"' i t l L\ "
Yo / t t r Pv:
I j ou/ .
- 1e
i r / $e
r n,
h"! r ' t t l ot
t r a; t ) .
Pronrnlare.
- Yczi
$
1866-1E68.
C. Functii. Itil, porte fi rerb principal, verb auxiliar sau verb modal.
g
2091
l) Cr rerb
priroipol,
tt;ll prate fi defectiv sau rcgulat:
a) retb defectit) (:
a voi, a dori, a-i plncaa):
It shnll be as
you
0tl1.
(Va li a,ia ouni
yei
!oi.)
s
2092
s
20e3
I
t f h. r ) ! : , t
l r , r dl
n
t pr r o. , , , r
12. \ . t
. , t
t ' h, t ) )
uoul d{. / , , t r d. . r
t er i o. r 1l
a
21s. _) sl nl i ol n nr har p dl al r a
r ' r . '
n". L" xm. i J. r - t n sd' r n
- l ; l r l
pr "i d.
Conc when
you
eilll
Sav drat he
ptll,
I can't ieliere l,e djd riglii.
(SrnniL
el ce-o vrea, nu
lot
medc cI a procsdat
just
)
209 |.
)
.,r, refllldl. coni Llqat ca orice verb regulat Ia toate modurile rimpurile
. i
pcr so"nnl ". - qi , r nn"r i I nl i r ; l i \ ul on' oi . l
. i oJ
""t a
cuzul :
D' J: a
"' "a'
It;liins and Nisl,itis afe not urc s.ne.
(A dori Du e acelrri hcru cu a roi.)
You mnst rill to gct bcttcr.
{Trcluic
si rrci peni ou sit le taoi binf.J
lle Nbo
''tlls
succcss is hru wrr lo it.
{Pro!db)
(CeI
carc ro'rtie c,, rdevnf.[ sir izblndcason u
ti
izluiit pe jumiii0te
)
0, , )
:
a l nsa
l r i n
t esl ament :
He
(illedr
his cbildrcn cr.rJthit'g he
losscsscd.
(-{ lisai
lrir
tcsLdintDt copiilor sai tot ce avea.)
2095 2) Ca verb auxili:rx:
a/ Iorme^zi vijtorul
fi
viilo t pertcct (persoana a 2 a
;i
a 3-a sg.
ti
p1.)
($ 1496, 1501):
You
pill
se, ),ir! tomorrolt. (Viil,o.)
(ll
lci vrdca miire.l
ile eitt hae. teaht ihe ness by then (viiior
lerlect)
(Probalil cI ra li aflat gtirer
lini
atuci
)
,J formeazn
yjitortrl
votitiv (toate persoanele) (S 1507):
Lui ,
s,
r o l | l , ' . dLr e l on' gr . r . ( I nt r nl i ' I
.
( Am i nl unl : u s; mi Jdc l a l . "al r r eLi . esr r ' l
Il ihal's whatyou aazr.I'11be therc tononoN (Pernisiune
)
(Dacn {st{ vrei, an sll liu rnlile acolo.)
I Mn'I ga Lo bcd, I am not sleepy. (Hottuhe)
(Nu
vreau st mn duc la culcart, nu e sonltr
l
lYe otll s?e to the luggage, don't (you) worryl (l)romisiun)
l \ , n'
' r ' i
q' i
\ dp bacdr ' . nu
l i
I "
I ' ami
,
: '
r i l e, o- ' . sr . al "v; r . ) o . JI P. r r sl enl l \
, Ed
ol \ ' ; r si di n
, 1st .
o_i r " i - di . ! r r ". l
d.,) ajuti la construi{ea prezentului lormei lrec.reniaLivc
(toate pe}soa-
nal e)
(S 182?):
Otr Sundav Dornires. he aill olten so to the rhil.rD,oDic
concerts-
lDuninio.t"dimi.e.ii
(ei)
s ducc a.leseori lr concricle lilannonicii
l
S
2091i 3) Ca a,uxilillr modih
S
2097
..
a/
pe,stre,azir idcea de
,,perseverenld"
ohiar in cazurilc in care noliunra
r1e
vnior a oNparul:
I ' , ' r 4 / . op l hi
' 4.
{ n
p. opl '
sl
pp
hur i "
i : r a, . i r l ol o
'
. n,
: n
1 l r '
' L
, . di n n. . , i
'
i nd l Jm u l oi r mp
Yot ail haee
(l' ersiFti
sl faci"cc rr.i.
/
lnt;rdealn.t 1,-ci ce \' rci.)
Tl,erc arc nroDle dro
:till
canc tatc io the llieatre-
lsint
oamprd aare nu lor sa sc lasc de obiceiul de a \' oii ihziu ]a lcat.u
)
$hr / r l l vou r . "\ "f r s/ ?a l o $hdl I l LYl
t Dp' "e n
r ; ' i l , s, i n I J" ul l : n: "odd,
' ".
. t !
. 1)
132
I
a ,tl
:
un l.eJanent.
4Ad
.
D) Unele propozi{,;; consLruiLe cu verbul
pill
au devenit adere.aft zice-
$
2098
l r ovq
. ui l l
b^ bor s.
, C"
si : t
, i ' \ ! 1 \ i nr
bl , pl i i
)
r l i d"r ui l l out \ 1"\ t r ul
. r i r na
si r r - - 1"
pr i n
a l i , ] F. op. r i r r , .
l r ut h r , 1/ o, r '
( Adpr r u. sl hs. i l " pr i n. ' i l 9i l al um' oi .
. \ ' i i J4nl r r r l l happ. n. ( S"1, , ' n, pl i : \ Ji
c i h. r )
Qtrolily
!'ili tctl in the er!j. (Silmitrfa
bund incollerie
pinl l. !rmi.)
Dlood etll tell.
(Itudenia Du se dzrrinte. Sulcica nu sa.. dcpaiic dc
loin
cte.J
( Vzi
t i S
1511)
r, este intrebuinlet si la formularea unei invitdl,ii sau a unei cereri poli
$
209$
ijooase (persoana
a 2'aJ, would acconiulnd si rnai rnult nuanla de politcle:
l | i / l yox come t hi s $r J?
r \ r 1i s! r "ni t i
I ) e
r i ci ?)
tt:U,
you pass the sdgar.
llolse?
(Vd
roe, arii sijni dati zal!i{ul?)
,t/on',
Jou
sit down?
{Nu
vreli sI luali loc?)
sau
;i
rnai politicos:
r or l d you l i ndl J pdss t h" sue"r ?
( Al i vr . a b. : i I i i , sl r L o" i mabi l s. i - mi J, ' ; , Tr hl r ur l l
,./
jn
propoziliile conditionele Iiitoare, itir, ste lntrebuinlAt, cu in!,elesul
$
2l0O
' l p
, s
r ni - , ppnl r u
a i t r t ' odu. a
n. er pr p ( S 2116. 2761) :
l r vou l i l l l l d mp vour Dr n. I si Ll ""r ur n i l i n I ' n m; nul s.
n; ' r \ r p: - r ' r . . : i m! r umLl i t o". l .
l i . l
voi r es' i l . l p s{e l o oi nuF
)
l r r he, , l l r , , o/ r al l r mv so^. T shal l b" abl " t o do mv shoDr i os.
na' d \ J \ oi 6i
. ' , \ 1 gi i J4 d; i i ul m"u. l oi
! uL"a
. 4- ; i
l aJ; umi l l l ur i l . . )
.,/ erprimn
probabjlitatea (vezi gi
$
2117):
S
210r
"
l , ol l
por r
r
"J/ /
Lnot r
\ hPr Al hal dr "pt i s.
- l
v . , "ur
.
o, r t , r t ' . r l - d. , ui p
cd
) t i n
r pf obahi t cd
; u"t
und.
. . t r
st f adl J. ( eu. l
I hi . , / l l r r ' . \ or r l ,
i r . ' r i on, T supposp,
iPr)rabil c{ acrasta esie Gara de Nord.)
lltil lhal bc tl,c [ons.] Sh(llty liyed in?
(Islc oa.c acfastr os{ i,, !rrt a ldit ShelleX?l
Yon
(/l/
brre met l,irn.
(Prolribil ci l-ali crnoscnt.)
,
i unele caz[ri. rr:rhu] flii. pierzlnd cu totul nuanla dc viiior, are r.a
$
2102
lo:.rc
,le
pr...tt:
i Aj [ ngcl
] t d. aj DS )
' f hr L
r r i / , bc enongh.
1D
dc aj uns. )
Icc,''ll llort. belanse il is ligl,lo tl,an Nlter.
(Gheatr
lldieilc ]r.ntn
'ii!
oste rnri uto,t&i d.cit apa.)
ox)
w{}ur,D
: 2103
I\rn{!ii.
-
lli,uld
loaie
f;
'e.b
fri.cipal.
verb arixiliar sau verb modal.
)s
2104
i) Cn rerb
0rin{ip$l
d{rterlti\
{toare
pusoanolo)
ar ln-telesul de
,,a
Yoi".
$
9105
,,a
dori',,.a-i
pla.e (tuivd)'
(tfttut.
ri i tar
fala!
dt' trccu!, subjonctic sar condi-
Hr {skcd Dr e t u l end l , i a no\ , l , L' u1 I r , , Ua / . ( l }t out i
( vj a cer ul sn- i l op nnr t r ' , f onr r n. dar r r r r r Nl . s' t i - l dai . )
Hc sai d i t shoul d be as Nc
( o, l d.
LTi i l o. l al d
df t r r . ut l
1!11 spuse ci ra ii aia nm roii r.i l
'i'his is tlie
tl.rce
diere I ooeu spnd a l,oliday. (Sul,j. cond.)
ilccsir
esie loo,l rnllc at !r.a sa pctrcc o lacanie.l
{
l ou af3 niseralki. I aoLlda , be you.
(Eiii rcfcriciii. \ nr,'d
sd liu ni locul tl|u
)
It',rlli ii were l.rtret,
iSubi.
oond.)
i De
r r r i adevt r ai : t
lrbz&, thai l.hefe were cv$lasting p.acc!1 (Eubj. oond.)
( ! e r t l i
l ace
r et r i c
)
Itr,zl.l: now lhe trlt $viIL misis .rzld tdl.
l hei f wct gf ast
on ny hai r
3
( Subj . coi d. l
j ' . ,
n- l . ' ' "nd pr oo, r . y W
' t
- , , t J- Lo.
i - . r . . t oo
t yo! n; .
r bj . . onJ
\ . t o'
L Jt el l : . ur n l r
bui " Cp r - "r ' L nr . , r nr . r .
S
210E 2) Ca vorb ruxilior (f infinii,ivu ;n
^,mplet)
formazi:
,5
2107
.
a) e;itarul
[t!4
cl!
-rlecut
qi ditotut petcct
lald
de rrda, (persoana
a 2,a
9i
a J-a ss. si pl . ) (g
1502):
Hc pronised
he
''o&rd
dol,t harder this
year. (Viiiorul
tatA dc irccut)
($ia luat arsajancntul ci v.r lucra mai'mult anul acesra:)
I k\ . ^h *out t ha. r g. t t ' omAbJr . pr i ^. Jn. wdn! t hr . .
l vi i r . pdr t .
t r l t i dd l r . f . J
t u,
m vd r r i Junn
JU r cr f d dJd. g. pi Dt
q-
, l
r . i .
'
a. ol o. )
b
)
aiitor ul tulitie
fd,tii
.Je trecat (
toate p ersoanelc) (
g
1514) ( color at no d al) :
I promised
I roltd ra him. ipromisiunc)
{Viir.orul
tall.rc trco.)
(AIn lrgiduit on voi
trimi.)
\ye said wo ooltd l@re
''fn,,4
the letter |y the iide ho came. (Inrdtie)
{Viit. !ert.
fallt de trec.)
(/\rr
stus crl vo,n ri scris sc.isoa.ea pt'!1
ia vcnirea rui.t
Ile aovldl'! siag it spiLe ot our insisronce.
{Ilouriret
{riu
a vrtrt si oinle, ou toai.I si,.lruinta noasht.)
Sl t o xr . t d p' ddt
"
h . \ . , 1n whpn L wi r r p4 r o. t "r n.
t ppr n- t l i i . l
r Pr f "
i a si st u l i e e l d v: u
[ . r
, 11d
voi dr . 1 s1 dor m: )
6
2t 01,
.
Tor t p i mpl i cr t i i l e
ar ; r t ai e l a
g
20?i r - 2102 penr r u ver bul . ' i si nt val a-
I i l c si
t pnt r u
l or m, r woal l , t r nnspuse i nsd l a t r ei ut , i ar pcnr r u i t ust r ar ea t or
pof servi acoleasi exemple, cu verbul la trcclt (eould
\nioc ale sitl), Astfetl
I r . ul l t r l , t o
t o ! od, I \ r sn' L
5t eeDv,
( t l ot Ar t r c,
{\ r
dn vf l r '
' 1T1d
r . l ' . . l c, r : : u
mi +r , somn. )
r Y" nkud
, . r nor
r o
"or f y.
be, r E-
\ v r , . / d
s, r i o Lhp l uoodo. . , t ' f omi "i un",
r r - 1n 5| . s 5l n I
, t i b1
5f Je
p"nr ! |
' , 1
n^ f o ) r
'
. ut 1
noi de bj j 1j . . )
Wt r "n
Jou
wFr d r l l yuu, ud. i dgo
or t wh. t r evar
I s. i d.
, t
pr r evor p. l J)
( Cl nd. r ai i ohl v
sLdJi ai
"J
i di i di n cd"a o. i ue dt , r spus, r . l
c) condi l t onal al (persoana
a 2-a. si e 3-a sg.
9i
pl . ) (S 1618-1619):
You, o, r d l 4p us wi ' n Lhe wof k i l you
codt d. ( Cont . pr r z. )
{Ne- ai
aj ut a i n muncr daca ai
pui ei . )
I L. ?ouLr l h4p bpen b^\ t p | | yo r ndd cone hpr p.
t cond.
per l ,
( Ar
i i
( ost
mai l i de dr c, l r r l i vcni t ai ci . J
d,) v\ cond,ilion.tl cu inplicaliiLe ,iitoruld[ aolitia (ioate persosnele):
J_pozl d
sdy r hi s: yo r 1dv" i Tt r uvd d gf r dr .
dpJt r l r el y.
l
trpburo si mtturispsc (: rr vrea sI spun acearta) cI ai
prog.esat
toarie mult in
ul t i , r a
y. emo. l
|
' oat
I hDp
Bi r "a
j , d
r ' o t i k
, r
i n dny . r q".
,
t nr "nl i ")
{. \ yedn
l "
JI nd
sl . l i d I I r 1 or , e cdz bi t , r t ! . ,
i
2l l 2
.
", ,
a
ce . omp1ra
I n . onrrl qL
i n, r. Ldi n: dral verbul ni a, dnt
-
n?au
-
rndt cat rv prezenL)
ou aceea a moCal ul ui reor&l (: a+
vrca- corl di J. i onal ):
"You don'i
q4ur
to." "I @atd it I coutil, buN I can,t.,,
s
9103
.t
2110
{. sl 1r
I
Proloziliile
el ice conplciate:
,,I
q.uld
lhaL iL
i Pr opor i l i o
"l i pl i . J:
l @r l now r L
t h"' nt l , .
3
Lnsupr l ps Abel ur or nLi u. Mat ! M. L, Sana.
ee.c rfte."
"I
polid
that thf..
A se compara:
I / . r U l ' 1\ "
I , . ' Lr
r or I n d
' .
dg . 2 l ' . r pl ps r
' . i
Lt u "un' j i r : or ' .
I
. \ . l : ol l : r d. ' n' l . i , u \ r L r ' b. : r . . . p
"r
r ' . , dt l n, r .
, i r r , , ". ul
r
/
I iro&U
hae
taid
ior l.hc daniage. (Irtentie) (Viitor rolitiv)
[ - \ i
j i
pl l l i l
daunc] e. ( : ar cadl nl ; i r i a s- o l i c) l
I I r . i or l , l ' \ r bdp I ' dr F oug, " . \ ' . r t , moJ. l
l \ I l l )
. ' r n t r L! i r s1 l i ! Ji i
I
H! s.orll hato been hcr!.
lsimph
conililrior{l)
[
( t ] ] )
ar i i nJst . i ci . l
i Vezi
si
g
! 086)
/,/
ajut.i la oorstruirea trecutului lomlei frecvc tfttile (toat persoa,,ele)
S
Pl13
(
. a 1827):
lhel' !,,zld olto go
hikinq.
i!ilccau
adesforj e-\cusii
pe
ios.)
f o" n, dn, J , \ "
h". l , ' o, r . / , nor
. op1l
o us
l / , F
I n. , i di r i . \ dr . J ( . a . , . . voi J r vo, l , . d$J/ . " r oi . l
II/r"ld poate ti siorplu auxiliar sau auxiliar modal (: voia).
3) Ca auxiliar modal (+ infinitivul incomplet):
iq
2114
nl Jl cai ui et i F rnnsrnr. l i i cu i l orl , 7. f orma de of ert i sau
(erere
pol i ri ,
. \
9u6
coJsJ pnn e\ rl arrr rd:
I l ' or , l
\ oJ , a. p l u- i
. . D
or I , a:
.
\ , Jor i o
. "i ) . d
' l ". Pd:
l.l' .uld
you
nrind
postins
Lhis tor me?
,
Fr i t e r oA Lun
>i D
, n" ; , . ast a t d oo\ t J I
f ". , r d r dnj a sa. . . ,
(Vezi qi
g
20ee)
,, tntrebuinlat, in propozi_tiilo
condilionale cu sensul d
,,a
voi,, intro-
S
2116
duce o cerere (S 2100, 2761):
I - r u-
"aut J
aeh
. Da' l
\ r p. r si m. m
di
. z, p"n r u
pr Jmpn,
s. a- puL; r
s. i I i du J dr ' dJ"". . r , .
._., (toate pcrsoancle)
e\pri|me prababilitated:
S
2lI?
l\Iotlie. w.nt lo work when I $'as a babv- I
po.&,
bc tlircc at the iime.
illama
a ln.etut sn luc.cz. cnd er{m mic. Si tot ii avtrt eu |Ici ani pe rtrrot.l
I don'l kD0w who it lozu bc-
l Nu t l i u
ci l c ar pui ea
l i . l
I thougnt he Qo,ld lia{c }ritten.
[Am
crenlt cit
iprobabi])
soisesc.l
I r "\ , r sr ' dd I n o. \ or hr o. .
_\ , .
\ , i r
u, / / d"r "
l \ i , : , . J, , . , 1. . . h. r ' r , , "
r , r , i r . .
| .
i . .
!
1
|
.
t j |
,
, n .
,
d
.
d
"
,
.
. t , , ,
j no. -
r l la tot ce esle c!lru.[].1
SHALL (-<rlOlrLD),
WILJ, (\\:OLrLDl
43i
\ 2118
,lltc irtxebuir{iri
1) ln
propozi-tiile
eonditionalol, slro"ld
{h
roate
Dc$oancle). trddus i,u { 2lIfi
. . ' l ! a i r l i
. 6. . .
.
/ , / r, pozt t
rn. h; ut pn! al I ubr' or
' t , , ,
i i i ,
suceri nd i rnprubcni
'
lil,atea in mai na.e misuri dectt subjonctivul verbului reipecri\. (.\
27?1):
.t
ar
Ii ile postman
s/DLld,rtzs fie
p.rccl I orde.cd by posi, ny sister worlil let me ha!.
_
r D/ - l f r , ' of ul r ' ; i cad' r , p, r m\ J' o. . t n". Jr pt - dmLor nandr r pr i npor t a
"nr Jme,
a, r a. e sa- mr
! r r ! r na
r medr ar . t
lfroloziiia
condilionald .stc o slbordonat! care exprimn
o eondilie (S 2?i2).

6
2120 2) ln
DroDozitiile
(onditionile,
ron(esivc' relatirc
F
temporlrlc, sldll,
i r r t r nbui
. ai
l a oet " pcr . o. n"1".
r l "
i d"r r
. 1"
\ i i l nt
PUr
r S 236n' .
2l9l 3) I Nould like. In gramrtica lradilion e. vcrbele Ia lik?.. to ctir':, to
ptfcr, to bc
elud.
to ln incliietl, to
find
it h.1rd. eLc ailatc adeseori
ia persoann
l l n
pl "p"/ i i i i l -
' ".
l i Li o
"1. ,
n,
pu . u du
j i l i r r
r l
, , r , / d r i
shoul J J r ^r H
Iikc,'Linutrt otr . I
would
rt[pt,
I \rauld br:
glat], I lo d
find
it hard to saa
etc. sinl
pleonasmc. Se wa spune deci gramatical cor0ct: 1 siould lthc' I shauld
. or. | . hout J pr. f , r.
I
. 1r' ' u1, 1
b.
2t 4d.
I l , ut l hpd
i ! hr| t l ono' J t
l n. . i r l
, i ' u"' i . t t ' . " l nh: ; t d t ; t '
, 1
r "1t d y
l
t er .
. i , r
i n' n bLi r :
' -
ln mo.l turent, con"qirucria aceasta
pitrunzinrl chiar in corosponden!a oti.rialn
a unoi edituri ca 'O\ford University Prers'.
2122 4/ f oml l et i rpl o rl i r0rl o i nl roi l rr. c
pr; n l h t ". \ ' r' l F pI t ' ri ri i
"er
uLj or .
: ' ui
r l i . ' . hot t
, , t shuut d
l , ' l ; a"t "
, r r ' l i nl n dl
. : ; / / . r ' . p'
.
t i \
' r o,
d Jut , .
{p L, r ,
, , r e. uqp- - 0/ - . i r ' 11, r "
. "
. , r t r a r F/ ul l
, r ' r r ' r r
", 1r Lr , r '
verbului. de ixemnlu dupn cu;iniele io be anions
(- a dori foarlo tnoli') io
tlcmand, to d':site,'Io expect, ro intend (intcntion), to oftler e\c
(+ thst)
I an anti.us rhal Lhe ti1hi Inan s/i4ll b. selecl.d ior lhe
iolj
li|e
d.emanndt that av cilldrcn sftr&rl be \tell looked altc..
\ \ ' 6 .
D
"'
! ha,
, o
. 4 | o\
r l ' r l r l
r
r r f pl
4-
t t t . . , a- d". l t t ' , , , t , "r I I n, ^, - / u/ / b, . t ' r r
, , r , ^. l l ' i l F.
l t \ - i ) p a, t
' , n
. ' , n^ o . J. , - . 1 , ] n l - i .
"or '
' . 1"
l "For l 1ni / er o. / . - / , na
, r . / b"t d' i t r , \ r l ' . 1\ . l l , n! l
. r l - \ ' , 5"
TnP dr i n L{1, . o, a, r "r d, ndl
. l Jr t uom". hLl da t
' t - '
4.lG
You l , ad l ! t i o l aki t h.
t ) opm
l o sl , oN i t t o t l c cdi i . or
j n
. , aso h. sl ol r l r , t n
(Mai |iDc ri hr
loezia
si i-o areli rfdaeton,lui da.ii s.ar lntimlrla si iic acasiL
)
. \ l aul J
' ^r
t , ot p
1 i l
r or , l , oul ' l , npp,
)
on
r r r ' . Fi \ . n r ' r c
i l , a'
' ; . "r ". i ; i
. mi an"r or I n, , n: . r ' l
i .
- ' .
I shall tcll l,in mr nlans lor tlie ho[]a1s si,,/d Llie oc.asion df,:5?
1ii
voi nnleriiLli
r"roiectele
mele
I)entru
ircanliL dac:L s.af ivi
, umva p.ilcjul.)
,q. se compara:
She \ronld let rno kDorv il Ann ddlled.
isubi,nx
Litul rerldhti .4lll
LlDal
mi-rr de dc
ltirc
dacn ,\na ar rdii.l
Shc wol l d l {, 1 mD kno{ i l Ann s/ @zl d. a4.
{Lnl f obabi l i l r t .
acol nl r r r r i i l l Sul ) j or . t i v
l ( l i a)
r i ar da dc
i l i r e
dmoa s . . nr l hpl a . a . \ r i 3i r hi . l
Obser eal t e
1n
l ropozi l i i l c
urrdror. .
v"rbFl p t o
hof '
t o
I
o! .
/ o
/ f
' .
rPsu-' ' ri n I
i nl l u. nt ar ei r czul ' ar ul ui . se
, oq. l r ui pc. .
I auxi l i Jr ul
, r / / . '
I n
r
(t hat )
Jou
, ' ' i r rone.
I
/ed. {inrt)
iL 0'lr rain.
$'e .'!e,
(thal)
shc
.,tI gel through lcr cxam.
/,}. se compara:
I e. . , . r L1l vr ' r
- t r n, '
ovi r f ul f i l r o' r r n- . Je' .
t Ta "t r r !
r P' di i i . l . r . ' , r , l , t :
_
: ul l , l l i \ ' r ' l ' l p l a l i n 5i
l i
Jdpi
{ngrjamenl.ul.l
Wc dr?c,
(thatl
slic
(
ill sei llfouqh hcr e\am.
fAo
,;p..r' ntr arc airi nioi o llu-qiln asulr{ rerullaLului.
_'
Proba}jl cl ra rc!!' la
2123 5) Propozitiilc firnle oonlin uneori fornel r'ubale s/rcaltl sau
porld:
Wc dn'i.lcd the cete eqnally, !o rlar no one rturtldconllain
{riohilaleni
subj..
len'
tru ca nidcni sd nu se
plingi.)
Slit nui some llow;rs oir iour t ble so Ddr vou dorld lccl rr.lrome $'hcn
xot
canc
lE,rhiralent subj.
-
Viil;ul lali dc tr.ctrl)
i
oa s., h' snnli o{ l. lire acasir cind
4Zi
(\) T0 DrriD
.
f of i I o. I uDr l i i . \ . f hul r o dar c a' ", | u. ; , . , j usdr i
n1r
, t "t . dr t d t , L.
1; i l p pe cdr e l c i r df t , l i n"si , . l - l est , :
1) r cr L Lar . i di l f t gr l al , t r anzi t ; v sau i r t l anzi l i v: sau:
' r t oui ' t 4r . 1
t .
t , r
' , , ,
l 4l , i t
! "r p, \ ' r l "l or
"n| al "
I
t nonat L, , t .
l )
( : j ,
! Fr b l c\ i ' . r l r , qr l r t a. e r r r ' oi ' . m, , i . r . , , t udt dpr
I
f nr . , a. 3
Far a-
l
r , .
, di , "
i ' , . pr r . ul : . . r r nor , z' i - . . . "
' , .
/ - . . . "
t nhunr i . .
,
i
. r i Ji - .
.
a, t p.
l i ' l . b' i \ r . . . . ,
Tr u\ o
o
i i ,
, onpo
n. . r t oot "
I
t b. l
t t l r l at :
. r / , r p
i ' l t r ni r ' . 1 pr ^cl r '
, 1" p. r i i , r l i t o
! , dat . ,
t ^
t o, . r J
". J.
,/ :,re sufi\nl
-s
la persoana
a 3-a singLrlar indicativ pr.zent
da's:
Shc d,,/cs lo ryalli in tlrc woods bI troseu.
c/ arc lrecutul reguldt terminat cu sulirul
-ed
- dared:
\ ol ol \ / d"t ( r o) s1r ' anr ' 1n_
h. n r ' " r Jmr
' x
,
_
x : n, - f . , zr , l
Th! \ . o. / n or i "r
- n. , r
. h t . "i d. r o. "r i t ", dr . . ur o. .
Jl . f . par r i , j pi ul . ' , ' r i nr r . u
. ur i \ ul
- ed
, / ar "d
- si
I ur r , Fl !
. ompu. . , . onst r ui r
.
, r ur , "
nd
t er nul
ur i r , , . ui r er L r "l - l "r :
He hasihad/won'i h{\'e/&,cd i,o alprole ot such
lal
niociless resolurion.
eJ formele compuse alc v.rbului lo dal, pot ti urmate atit de intinitivul
complet. cit
Si
(mai rar) de infinitivul iuconplet:
Noo^pl ddpr er Jd- . /
t t a)
t ol t . t o
' i ,
Lcur r t t son t , c Jl n. l
. t kot l I dt r c ( b) r 11 | r
' . ar t h.
She
qoukln't
ddre not ta k e,lft \\.r\.
Hc, os da, . d r , Lt r d nr t ha si or r .
/ ,
sl e conj ugat cu aur ; l i Rr ul DO ] a f ounl e r l e i nt er ogal i e qi dc ncga! i e:
Hoi! do
Iou
ddl. rioi con,. heN?
Tl "\ dd
"t do\
, 1. , . , u
n
' , r ' / t , r
, r ' h! mL.
, l r
\ \ h. \ dj J I ' d, "
q' . .
. . l ' I i , , -
gl..pdme.sie
aun;li:rrul dc lntdr;re D0
li
cii tnl.rcuitor penrru
evitarea unei
You said hc wonldn t, bu1.lic dtd la.. mii io $' ritc l.liai lertef. lidr' t l,c?
He zra..s to swim lo i.he isl.nd. and so d, I_
I drD' r ztdle to swirn to tl,c ishnd, nor d.es t,e.
2) Ca verb alefeetir model, tranzitir sau intranziriv,
are inlelesut mai stab
df t i r Jor ma
qd
pr sl 4d.
si r nr r r r ' , : . I , , l r ! r ni - .
, . a
a\ ""
. ur aj ul
.
, , a
sp i n"u
' , , p1d".
/ nFgdl i r ; ) . i
t , r ,
?: nr n . a
d. , ! r i . t i . i l F AU\ i j i dr pl ^r J- l e,
r i ve
{r_./ are o singnlii lorDi
- darc. urrcori
;i
dared la trecut, dar atunci se
$
onlport{ ca un delectil.;
,, nu are iilinitiv. participii.
nici inperativ;
c,/ nu are su{ixul
-s la persoana a i] a singular indicativ prezenr, indieari-
rul prezcnt
liind asadar:-
s
s
s
\
s
2126
2 t 98
2124
2125
$
2133
s
2129
$
9130
s
ttr3l
s
91e4
2135
sl B6
2137
i
s
tft. she. it .|arc. ddred
, 1t e Ll i c !
!a
)
For 'Ld fart ,Jujixul s lr per.oa,,a
a 3,a singular esle pr"c/'rald, penr,ru
S
2138
con. l zr a ci . , i n
r r opor r ( r
p
r nt . r a: 0t 1, . .
n
Sdl t t o
s6u i f i r i r p&r r r l r "r f l . si ada-
Ho{' dd.a
}-ou
cont.adict him?
FIe l@e not/ddl,1r rnsw."r he.
438
S
2139
frr)
Dsrn't este lorma abreviaH a ngativului darc nr, qi poaie fi ln-
trbuin,tatn pentru
a exp ]nfl orice timp:
?r:cnt,
trccal san viitor-
S
21,10 c, l orllla
yiustn
durst
-
t.eLutul
Fi
subionciivul
prezent la toate
pe}-
soanei e est e vi t at { i n l i mba engl "za monerna. c, r
rr. i epgi a
st rl ul ui l i ri esc
9i
l n vorbi r"
a
pcrsoenel or l i rsrni ce. unde est e i nt rebui n! ai i t n speci dl i n propo-
zi l i i l e nasal n F bsu cnr di l i onal e:
IIe d&rrt not conc, bul I did.
(Tfccut)
It she duru, wriic, shc $ould do it.
(Subjoncli!)
In limba englezx actuala. darsl este inlocuit l. mod curent cu dar. Fau
dar.d la indicativut trcut gi la subjonctivul prczenr:
llorv ddl,
)ou
com. in $hcn I was out?
{Treout)
llou,- liad read nJ school repo . but .l@c/d) not tell Fatl,fr. (Titcui)
Tht : \ , dat e( d) noi sper k l o hi m. l ' f r ecui )
11 hc. l d. r l r nswer . he sot r l d do i i .
{subj onct i v)
S
2111 d, rUodilul l.1l?E nu csle conjugat rrr auriliarul DO la lornLclc intra-
gativi
1i
regative, ci prin inlersiune in
Irn)f.zi!ia
intcrogatiyi, sau fu adlu-
garoa
unci negat i i i n propozi l j a negi t i yar:
,d.d she say so?
Hos daro yoo write sulih rrash' 1
lle .tar.: nati.ta n t oI)eD yotr. lcito.
$
2142 .J cste urmat de infinitivul inco11rplet,:
He dd.. noi
so
home now.
\ot! darc sar\ lou rre risht?
(lDdrdztrettii,r' spDi.i aidrcpiate?)
|
21.13
f,
este repetat in interogaliile confirmalive si ln rlspunsurile scurte:
"ltc du.nl scnd tliat $irc, da.e l,c?" "Oh
lcs.
he ldf..;
S
2111
e./
este umrat imediat de adverbelc de timp neprecis dlttay.s, nero) some-
rtrres (S 2299) si de adverbele asimilaLe cu a&sLe'.
(almast, hatdly' scar-
cely etc.), ru precedAt de le, cutlr esle cazul celorlalie verbe:
ch
d. - , P/ r , Jl l . ' g, i r ' .
\\' e date.l not afL.n.ross th-" sl..eel nJ oursi]res.
' lhe! ddr. ha t! bteerne r{' lcar ol Nrking hnn.
Ohscr e&1i e
ndf J t , " i r
n: r . ; r "pLUi nl . I
r ,
. pe. i i l
i 1 pr npozi r i i l ' i nr , r ": a i r , . r . e
t , r r i . ". "ol di ; i or
sr .
. au . l uui ,
, r i r ' , d: , r i i pr - / '
' r L. i
. ' r bj "n
; i u r , r . . r r ,
. l usl \
i n. pl - , i "e,
nr , r i n
r I g" i i
. , : t . . u. ]
t .
t .
: r .
nob. l t .
t . . no on. t , . 1
-
I r "
1, , ' pu/ i l i '
. I i r 11r : \ , r , oi . r "r ' ,
I , . . r ' ' .
r i - p n. l -
^
r ' , r r Fbl r - . r ,
. i r , ' t
' ,
"
r - f "
' '
1!
214"' .
\ , t . , "
- -
i i
l "^i ' i
t . r ' , r , ul : . ( . "a, , , /
Ncitfur cun.
laft
ert:.
A se compnro:
She darc r,r t.rke out. Ure b.i[ n) 0,is riin. (Dflfoii! tnod.l)
i\u
h,dlhaFil.e
(
-
sc tcd) se scoali lnfra
!e
plo.ia aceasta.l
Shc drcs n,, darc io take out.lle bo.l nr ihis rain.
(T.an7.
reguirl)
lNu
hdrlzreite
(' d are .u.aj!1) si s..ai. r{rca
le tlo.ria
ac.asta
l
Shc dd.cs me to take o!1. the bo.t.
(lr,rnz. rcgulat)
iMe
deslide s' ' r scol barca.)
- ' r
dd' . r ( r u r dl i oul my l our i n l , : " ( l r n?i {, ' j 1, 1
( I ndr l / n"r .
' - ni
5. o1l t b. , r . J
t "
pl o. , i x d. pa. l d. )
(\iczi
ti $
,165)
' A, pi l p
d. , u) v. "b
. . "i r ,
i m! - . un, do- "r r '
. -
pt al abi l .
t , o, l "
( ddr . r b\
l da, n. t a. i l
' "' i ; h.
I ' r ' l
' i l
i . r e4t l l i . )
(xr) To NnDD
$
2145
l r For me. Fuu. ! i i .
( . '
r o l ur r ,
t u
n\ d
p
d^ud
"oni ur t r j
o, r al el c: I 2l 18
l o nadd
cct p ! Fr b
l p, i . dl r r d, , / i , i . r - ' l r l r ' sr u aur i l i . r dFf ". i , v moj at
t i
. "
al ar P ar . l n' r ^bui r l Jr
s. ' r n
l r ul
o, i 1I l " pozi l i r a. , r
bi l r . "1" n"va. i r e Fau
2)
(la
vorb lelical tranzitir regul,rt, ro neel arc lntelesul:
,,a
avea nyoie
S
2147
de".
,,a-i
trcbui cui!.a ccrt', j,a necesil,d',
,,ali
necosar'( si prezinti toate oarac-
eerisj,icile tuturor 1'erbelor regulate:
a, ar e suf i xul
- s
l a per soana a 3 a si ngul ar a i ndi cat i vul ui pr czent :
She ,E.ds the help oI l,cr leuow students.
They med ur
jnc,nli{o
to study.
Tle cas. ndcds ljrm handling.
6) trcculul a.e forma resulati needeil ia Ioate persoanele:
' l' he
lvofk zrd.d qreat
care.
Wc zc.L{t sleup lelorc rnJrthirg clse-
shc ncded t o i r c r . l r i nded t o d. i t . .
., parLicipiul trecrl esie nadf.l, pariicipiul prezent neening. iar partici
g
2150
piul perlect haring needed:
H.r h,:lp was urgenill nceded.
Il hid bc-Ar .r mucli nnd..l tessor.
I ' dl i , g a doct . . , r ve sr nL l . r John.
Harils nided a' \ npcnLior, l,e hid been ote.alcd on in Yienna.
dJ esle conjugat cu
-auxiliarul
DO ia formele interogatird,
negatiyi qi
S
2151
eccentuatl (Entphdti? DO)l
,, you zedd nc now?
llc doesn' t neal anv ai.mril fnvelopes.
l hpr d, J"r 2", 1 Lo J l l o$ m{
, : r ,
. dr d l
^\
.
H"i al r j l dp . "d ,
, , , , nr 1' , .
.
Jo; s,
Hc does ncd a good Lalking to, docsn' , he?
?J est e urmat , d un subst aot i v. de
"ehi r-al enLuL
, rccst Lri a (pronu' np.
se
g
2169
aun' l i i . . ub. l enl r v
r Fr bal r
aud. I nt i ni , r ul , o. t l - . dpci
. . r t or r i pl e, ompi . .
-
al c a. p. l ui
vFr b
ci n'
ur , nnl ^ d, i , hni r ul . ^at l - ' :
I ncc!, rcsl.
Don' i. vou need l,cr?
The pocrn ncddd rewriting.
IIe tuerls ta be lookcd aft.r.
She heeds ta stutlu.
WilI hc ndd td
so
baok?
3) Ca auxili$ defectiv motlal, NEFjD estc intrebuintat tn spccjal in
pro q
216t
pot ! l i LI " i nt arydt i r"
i
n, sat ; r' . st -
j nrpl "sul
r. , a/ i np, rsonot i , ; o f i nAdi . -,
. . . 1t r nt r "sar . obt i gsr or i , r - . . J, r . bur - i r pr F/ i nr u, ar a, i ar i . t i , i t av"r b"l of dFt Fc_
al nu dre sul ; , rul
-s
l a"pcrsorna a 3' a si ngul ar a i ndi cat i vul ui prezent ,
!
216{
f onl ugar. a 6. esrcr i of rne rl rnt rl
I n-"ed we reed
you treed you need
hc, shc, il neud thcy nccd
He need nof troublc hi seu to come.
b) tecntal aft iorma neeil la toate persoanele:
Lold hid he z,ed nol telll a rcbufl.
r\ll ih{t we n?ed say was
"yes"
or "no .
,
)
xt ! dr
; nf ; n; t i r
par l ; . ; pi t . ni t t np"r ct i , '
439
s
2148
$
2149
$
2166
$
2166
s
2157
s
9168
$
2159
440
d, nu este conjugat cu auxiliarul ,O 1a fornele de interogatie qi negalie:
Yotr ntud4' , go
Xet.
d..i
Jou?
r1.cd
10!
speak xorv?
Why ncd slic stay iiomc fo. the holidays?
He need naLlneeln' t siot ton1.
$' e n...1 norln..dz1
lry
lor ii no$.
Forl]]a negativ[ coDirase estc needn't.
l este urmai de infinitituI Lncampletl
' l' ..d
Jou
leare Io. lhe counlry l,odaX?"
"No. I nedDl."
("Yes. I nust"f
| \ "edn t t - t t \ o t
'
o$ hr r , pr $F I .
j '
o\
pr
r hp r psLl ot or r
. \ ppr i n.
nl .
i P n . , t hor dl d b. hpl pdJ i n hpr s ud' dr nus.
\on needt' t hdre Lutied so.
f,
esie repetat l^ intercCaliil. canfirnntire:
She n..d?1
giye
an imn.lial ans\vef,
"cd
sne?
ll' e n.rdn' l tra$late thc whole artiolc. ned rdr
2160 Cind insn verbul NEED este sinonim cu IIUST qi H,\VE TO' aeesra
(must) il inlocuiette in propozitia inlerogadve confirmaLivl:
"I.u
nccdn't go to the linrary to rcad thri book, nrc, you?"
"Oh
Jes.
I mlsr."
s
2161 g, esLe repetat ln rdspunsurilc ncgatiee scnrlcl
",\'.e.i
Jou
work ionighi?"
"We
rcdd,'1."
ln rispunsurile afirmotit'e sc\\r|e se intrebuinleazi insn trIUSTr
"-l'ed she lecture tomo(ow?" "Yes, she mr6r."
{Nr
se slure
"S}re
ntrd",
s
21{;l It,\Rll
9i
Nltljlr
Douil
.rerbe
car se comportn identic
tvezi ri 5
:068 a)l
$
2162 h, este urmat imediat de advrrbele de timp nprecjs dl|ays, otlen, neeer
(5 2299)
ti
de adverbele asimilate cu scFstca
falirosl.
hardltJ, scorrcltJ
Frc.):
I n. Pd ha l ! Ll l
l ou
i o$ l l ck\ ' I $ds.
sh,
r un) n, . . I n, 4\
"\ ! l ni r el r or
. ' ; r i n.
' l ot
vpd ha l ! \ d\ " \ vr i ' l r n. ( - \ ' p, i r pvoi si s. r i i . '
S
9163 iJ NEED are ca sinonime verbele to tean, (: a at'ca nevoie), to.gttr.-
to be in na(d, of,
:
Nesalie
I
He ddteslne.Is b ca11.,
\
Shc aaNd,lncated to
Eo.
J
Does he darclneed ,i ti^1t?
\
Did she dte
lnead
to
tlo
l
J
He doesn' t darclreed rn .x\t.
I
s\e didn' l datelneed to
so.
I
Hc daes d@alreed ta Lal,.
\
S\e did ddrelneed. to
so.
He darcn'tlrcedn\ cau.
| | Hc l dns n- ds l o cal l - doAa r he?
|
1
she di d^' t . t *el t ueJ
t o
s, ' .
d, d sl r ?
I I
Hedures/ndstocall and so do., slre.
I I
Shc do.sn' , du fei,ecd ro gn, nor dler l(.
r
Nu se
poate
spune: "Yes,
i n..d."
,
to ca,l nre
ii
n,lclesll de
..a
rizita",
.,a
[.ccc pe h" e1c.
D | RF
-l.init6J1.
de
Concluzio
5
21ti5
si \ f Ll ,
f , , '
1' r ' "
' ] i n
r upr ) r f t 1r nqn| t
l l n' L' 1t a' '
- ,
",
. . - ", i , . - - r ' ". " i
, ' u"r r "
I i l n
r or ' ?
' '
r r ' ' Jm-
"" ^Y*^Ti,ill;"
{.r 11:1.Td.1ri"!::i:11?.(.?J,!,li J',i!l"xlli:Tt^1"il
r or , unar .
r , e"u- . i
nel Lr Lr
pPzf r r t e
r m' i r L
iil**,,lii
l,
i,ii*+1
ifj;1'
"
:i:,
I'rl
Jiill
l.;r:i[fiil:
$'r"
ain *"i,"t""r"
r1!"-':.tl:.:T:'1.::il:i"l
i",ltlf',i,i;1{6'lt'
'-*'o'
o,'u,,:,::
o,#,",!::,:;;
;:,1f
;i"$ffi
";u"'t"
Jte'
ti"l" *"1ino,"r'i,o"
'"-t";tiou
(: a a'-.ea
i tlrizneala,
curajul;
a rlesfide)
ITt",i;;/ffi X"Jl"i)i"pr".
-*i
o"r
(DARE), sau mai
impersonal
d\ DED) :
D\ RE 1
a i nJr ar ni r
a
s' i r ' ' u' ' Ft i l
(uen
i:
^
ti nevoie,
necesar;
trebuie)
t o t oaLc si t raf i i l c
i ndi cal ' '
j r
'!.ffbt, t.rical.c
rrr
/dt.
lcoloana
('r.]'
col oana t ' al ,
acesl e
doLr i
modal e
si ni
ru r:arucli:risiicile
acesiofa
lsr
oonJuqarc
(xID USnD
T0
s
21S6
1) l'ormi,. -
Auxiliarul
modal
LJ-6D
?O est'e cel mai
neregulat
dintre
S
2167
::*
:'#:l'.
u*
ru;'j;; i:;
i:',:,.'
l r;,'" :rlii'lt
:i';i''ff;'ii
l
;'
I u*d to s" them
very olrcn'
(li ledeao toartc
dcs)
t r t enl Lc
r
".",,:i
"
;;'x"
I
:i;r:i i"l
Ifl lJf;l;,'
:l lJ;iiHi
:i::'rl'
illlijii
i:","ii
"""rir""i".';."
e"":'i,r,'",.T.:''I,Hl'iT;,;"'r";T:li.:
jt'"*"'
t'
';i";#:l
li|:l[:li';"*l;"?J;
;:;i;iu;
l;iJe-indica'tiv
$
2r6s
lrul;nli:;lSll;::;:l;ll'i';;;l?Lli',ii,iilJ:"'*'u
o'""'"''
*trii:.'iil":;:il:'1,';'i1r*"'
b"t
rJTJi'"ri"Jtn;i;;""":r.
i
[;l$r*;;"-lii:!i
i?!iir'?
;; #;;;1.]i
;i,.,.a,
:','
"''|'
in
--ttftG;$.{$.1"11'li
\^ use(l ta leo'n estc to lea'n'
in'Iicatimr
prezclt al acestui
verb
!
2169 3) Intelcs.
Traduct.re,
- Ilodalul U,!,411
?O se lraduce. in limba romiai,
ou imperfecl.ul, uneori (ln functie de coni.ext) cu perlcctul compus:
lle rs.d 10 ship lunch lo go
boal.ing.
l-\d.scori
rx nimd la
lrlnz
ca sii se dtrcn la ean.taj.) ilmlcd.ctl
' ' . ", l dr , . , . i , n, J, , ul i A: .
,
r r r l l ' r ! j , / / o
r cl ul
,
' . sr r
. t a' o
. r ' : r - i " p" Lt
".
, ' . d; I n . i ,
l o
, o
)
t nt t t
. t .
They Gdd ,o w.rk he.e.
(Aa
luctar aici.)
{l'jdlc.t
codtns)
FaUrer zsd always ,o tcll mc lr,at il a thins
js
worll doing. it is sorlh doing \fel!-
lTaLat,t
slzna@ m{eu ca!, da&i nn lucru ro iiri sI ije In0uL nreriii si fie ledri.linc.)'
1I'edeol. comrus sad inpe.lect)
In genere nodalul USED TO arc rrci semniticalii de crre trcbuic se so
.tinir
seana tn traduced:
5
2170 a. \ l r r i i ' , r i
r . , ur
""l i u
:
\ .
i r
'
r '
/
r nf p r
". , ,
r obi r oi t t r i ar ' r ", , "r i
, i nt i "t . t u1. i 1 r ^
e, , t ul r ^' h; r i i
I . , a, "e. r , . i ua i p. I SI : D l O
p- t 1. l Ln, n
ou trFcutul lormei l.eovenlative'.
t)e
care il
jnlocuicDtc
in Limba rarbitd
(ri.
chiar in scris d.rcn scriiLorul considern cn foftna frecr'enlativi arc o sonoritate
prea livrcscn) |
.\s r cltld. I .s.l ro ./..a,r ol irr all lands. r.- I !!dl d..a', .1 la.oll lands
l
ih
coriliiri-" risan la
1n,,,
,(i Jndeu-Lrtat .l
1In,I,.rIc.l)
\thcr n, the eolnirT.
Jou
e.r.d ro go
to le,l re'y eatry.
\-
obicei)
I1.l.Ierur.l ro tell nie slod.s l.o
Irrt
rLc to sl..f.
(: aabisnui)
S
217r / ' . /
. \ t r i , i A
i
l i ui i
( sr i r i ct , . ) . ont i nue. al ent i a f j i Dd
j r dr cl , t at i i
asupr a
t r p, ul ul ui ,
,
u s: u f . , r a ur r i r r di , . i t or r l c t i up t l r r r r t . deoar ece f Sl ?/ TO sugF
reaz; el insugi liusa de aotxali|al.e a acliunii infi,rili\.ului tlependent:
\ Lsed u knaa hct.
(Ne cunoilcam
te
r/rn'l l
At Oxlord lic zs.d ro lne in diss
3
{La
Otlord, lccuia cu cliirie 1n orai.)
Ara
i
o:!cl !s6d /. Dc a swc.t rihild.
l^v.r
er{ ur .o!il Ilojrttnior ln ,i;L , nrri e .ot,il, lau nx tiai c Iicintrilo.rr. ori ltu
! i r l r .
q,
' ,
nu m. , i
t r i m
i mi , , l . st r p
'
0.
- \ l i i n! l i i
se r f i cr i r , zd, l a un momenl
l sr u
o
per i . d' j J)
' l i l
i , t u' ul . l
lve?i
si in coDrlarll.ie !u lr{utul siDr u
ii I)r.4',1tr1
pc.i..l
5
lqot)
$
21?2 ?) alnrlia osic indrcptati asupra
lreze
lului in .onir.ast cu tetuttll. l a
prezon!a unui adverb de f.inrjr trecut nr lrxLul tnglez, dar necesar in cel ronre'
l l c r ee\ b. l Gr l han }e
zsdd r o.
(Sc
sintc aj linc dcslt inatnrc.,
1 , , ' 9. ar ", ' s. d l l . "y, d, o/
(Lucrurilc nu mai stau oa
!e
'rdne.,./
' Tr . pv r . ", , u br
s"
r l
"r "nl . ( , i ' . .
"r . , dl
r Er dt i
t oJr
"
b' r n,
I r r t
r ' r pr t F
- t
1 , , , 4' t ' : )
I
Sfai adrfsat liuhli silu d. c.ilcirul diplordai
ti
cni d. stat l)Iilip ilomer Stanhr!e,
Conte d. Clr$tcrlidd. 169, li,-, lL.1t.' s. Dnblioanr in 1ir.' ,
si
18901
'
[' o.na l.( lverlaiiv]1 ar. h hr u,1 io,\ili{.!l 11 Otrl,l)
-
n/i/,,rir tn toatc
p$soancle,
sg. : i t : : l - o. 1, t . . 1. .
! r 5r - . 1.
1, .
t
r ' r t i nl f
"
t - , r
I i ,
- l / a/ r ' c
. ' b- ' \ . Lr . i \ ' r r . l l J, n a, r r , , r l
. , '
r , , r - d^. / . r n, oi i . ". ' .
dpnt l r r 1, ", r . , s, , r ,
Aar . oni . r ' l r r
' , r nl
'
o, ; i ' r ur
.
r , ' i ap, r r ' 1 L, r / , r d/ A.
, ' r \ I ' l
nor ,
ln colliasl .u ll.db k 1
-
dc oeranitli r.siej Onn),.iti.s, nnmc dai. rnivcrsitltilor
mo, l "r n
,
. t , . , "or pr ol t
Ji t "r \
, t r , .
I al . i \ n. : ' . 11 t , r \ ,
f u l j r , t i t
. 1,
'
t - i h
sr i el l ul
l
r s d. Lt r . . ur i cnt Jr i i
l uf t ni , !
ln scrir, claLoriti c\cesivei sinpliiicnri gramaticale
!i
abundc
loi
c.rn
<rrucliil,rr idiomaticel -
carc se
rrreteazir
rtit dc binc
jocrdlor
de cul inhe nLrlt,
gx5r . ' . i l "
"r *1"r i
u, l ' Lr al i "
l ' o"p. ' ! dr F. '
i dp. . ^ i a, nhi r u . t , ar t e pn. ; -
6i
. l r i
, r , or , t i ' r d i
r . nr ; F:
- r i i l ' r ' r l ' r r
i , r r r l
: "-
r nsa.
' \ i i l d
u' , l r ' r "ej u"
aubtil a\nt
D
inplic!1ii. intoralie. n,nrici{.
gesticn, priwiri, umor. earr suge-
eeaziL sensui a;a iutriLelolle/lonf
!. ce dau limbii engleze caraclerul tasci'
nant al unui "'oss,"a
puzzl.
!.
Spre eremplu, in teitul de niai sus. inlonalia e](damairi.i " L:sd.r" poale
f i :
- i ' .
i . '
i . ur pr i z, ' .
pr "t ' . Fr '
- ' u
/ ' d. '
\ . J, ' ". , , ' :
' - ' i ' i l
l i -
r r "' t r Jr .
l i r . ur i l
p
, . n- i n"dur n"r r
c . .
. i
'
n/
' r d l nr mi r e
r
' l
i "l . , ' "
)
E l Fd"oh. . ' r ! . l . l r l r . nr unq
' nar
t r l r add, d
l uJr i l bl , dr r l r ul ui
' o-
lllenial. nu adverbul de timp trccul ,n.c eJle nrantional ill cx(ilanlalie, .1
f i i l d
pl eonast i c si deci super l l uu, i ni r eb. t i nl r i numai penl r r acr mt ul r e s, l r L
echi i i 6r ' ar ea
r r opozi l i ei
- ci aur i l i ar ul t - S/ j , car e t r ebui e t r adus i n r onr i net t e
cu adver bul de 1i n! t r ecul . , i hi . r r di . i ar esi a l j psest c di I I pr oPozi l i a l nql czn
/1)
Interogalia
li
ncga.tia. S
2f?3
a) Intorogati.r. ,\rnbele fornrr:. cu sr fdrii auxiliarul
DO, sinl irr .ircu-
$
2l?4
l al i , &t i t l a i nt erogal i . , ci t qi 1o neg{! i f :
[ ' - , dr I i r L St ] i r l
] r
,
l l t l {r . '
nt , ) : .
i r ' r "l
|
' ".
/
, ' l 5
\ l { 1, . I ' a,
.
; t \ ' , l o;
, , a
t r ' r . , . oL, , I r l h . \ h. T- . J, JD
tisetl thn. Lo lrc t titr |oll,ise h-rl
t t t l ! t ^. . r b. "- i
: r ' , r p
. i . , r ' . , - .
1, "
' l l l
I osr
r ' , , , "; , r t ' r ' l . t
/ , d- ' :
'
Dl r - : '
l,/ Ncgatie.
I f u r scd I r u: udl not k' nl l t hl r q.
r o. r ,
- , , , : r "t , ; . . pL. L, l , pi i , / . ' i ut . '
, r Fr i , u dr ' r ' r ' , t
. : i 1
- ' .
?
l ' l
\ ou
' s. / d/ Dr
L
j t r : sni l
t o , , i l l l r , . r '
C, l or . Yon dt dr l , r .
l j u: ?l
I o cr l l i her .
Th. f c us. f l l r ' r
i
j u: sni l i r ) r c a t i l y
' l l l r gt
hoe
Ther ! bed
t i u: , dl
, o' l o r ' c a dot LJge l r l .
{al ot r ' l - l \ ef t di dr ' t usc Lo I ) c a cot t . g. l r er c
\ r i . . l , "t r r pdr ot j Js. ur nj oj 1. t ". L. p( t / t \ - ? sau ndi t r e, \ e1r
. t . ' " dt d
l i - Jr d- . L, r J
nu" r i n' ' r h'
$
2175
Oui r k
( 3. 21)
semnal eazi , l er n cot nni ar i u, si
pr ezenl a l or nei . l t , n l scd
, . . L, , r p,
QJr r , , a' ni r r ' r "r i i
I nr
' r ^A- r i '
'
/ i d, 1o. ' i nr i l nF
' i
"ul '
i n
e j ' r z; br i i r ni
": J, / i '
' r s
t , : r :
i n
p
| l u l
^
/ | b r r l x n r .
i .
'
i
r
' i
i
F' . r i '
' n5.
Co cl uzi c.
S
2176
DO. f oi osi l r. r aLrri l i ar al auri l i an: l ui modal t -Sl i D t o. a l of i cr). damnai
Di n: l
l a al doi l ea rl zboi nroDdi al ca o rl ovdrl i do i ncul t url . Ul t erj or. a apnrut
i n: r "n, ,
i ", - : t i , ! i , . . . , . . , u. , : t , "", , , . , , . i r , : . . Ln. r l i or ". . t onr ' 1f . . . i ub-
- r
". d, r . r
. , .
. l
sul
.
"r ' J
' r J- a.
J' ,
r ' r r ' .
-
si
'
f
I p pr i n
"unr r n, i
"r '
i n
"n
steza
(colocvia]n)s actuali.
precniere llsupra tut,iror celorlalte forme, datoriti
aliei sale de ri"lpitdir foarl,c c\tinsai.
1Un
srrxiarirjian
cnst(, nlnrnr.r-r 90i; din lcri.nl liDbii
-qrglez.
cnf idiomilit.
: :
dvi nt e nr cdr . t i r t c.
' 5l al ar
l l o. os.
I
l . \ r . ; ; .
"
I t al . \ t . ! o' b- l
"
r r r , l l '
.
ri;ii aniori
"i,ri
ru md m4lion.azA cii tu.mi llsDD TO, ooijlrgari .u nxrilir.ul
! O. esi c. r l . r , i al i .
444
ln numeroase cazuri se eviti acest punct
nevralgic tnlocuindu-se
negalia
cu adverbul neuer:
You , , r, , r. at t o 5p' ak
Sood
t : ngt i , h.
or a, J
r o
t o b- a r abi n o1 t hdt r o, L, or
- d.
t hpr Fl
Li SED' TO
(tn
lnterogdlia
confirnd.tied qi cu DO auriliar de acccntuare .ti,,p/rd_
tic DO
)
\ r "d; d ui . I . h \ our -
pJt
\ . J, , n- . . . , ") n
I
l at . Lot a, t . \ d. , t ; t r . t :
rri ere 4ef drDl ro be a ca! e on rop or I har
hi rj , i s, ! ' i i ; ;
i L. "r"i .
j i i i J1r, , . . "
(in
fra.a
dubld)
1' , ' r uf r o $r i ' . snni Enul . ". r , . I . o . , J
t i ^, . ! .
50 di i r I
) , u , , + dJn I I n
. I r F1k
5' , r i t , ) F. ct ' sh, no, spLt l , ot a. r . aor o: oAt _J. dt . "\ .
"oh, usd thercl/ (coloij\-.)
did rhrit,,
!
2177 At enl i e!
A nu se conf unda modal ul USED 1O
I
j u: sru]
cu:
,
,
I
t.:,,'!"1
.:,,
narricipirrl
rrecui,
,ised
ijl
rzrtl ale 1_erbt,lui
ro lts.
fir
iu:zl
l :
a rnrreDurrl aj :
, _. , . "Ha\ r of zsedl j u: zdl nybi r o?: How. l oLot r t i Lci t . ?, , . . I r . sl j l r i sl , r . I kdi t J, Jt . r
(-\i
nnosit pirut
mcu? Cum tli ptacu?_
E trnn. Lanr
jntrebuinlar
ied
)
. D)
r ' 1. *. l i vul E". t
t . ol
i r t
u t n: 1, . t j
, , . . d t o.
usPt l r o:
d \ p obl i ' r ur c| :
a fi obisnuit .u: /o g.1
s
2178
. "I
, a
i 6dr ' , . domJ a", mm"r . .
t , . r . . , l . .
. i
h
.
. \ r , f
. "r n
[ nr t ; h. .
. \ . , , r
ml nd
, . r
ou r l suon
8f l
, r / , t . : 1. o1t ' e At
"r : ,
. . I
l | , gt i st , r , , . r ", , I L
.
. ' \ u
D. pni
acomo, l l r u
i o\ dr , 1r , t
I . ou , 1.
. , i "r . .
\ L
. , , ,
obi . n. i [
".
.
r .
!
/ . , _, i
am"r . anA. - \ i ci
osr j j "r Ai si . , r . . r . i . , . i , , , , . . , j .
\ o, . r "; r . , ; i : ; ; . ; , t , . .
-
5) llronur.tare.
- Used (au\itiar
rllodal)
se pronunln
, . , , - J
i
j u: st ul , r nd qr a
: i n: , , r . . .
u i nai n' "a, , , , , i \ u. al c
^ " ' "
I t
j u: st al
i nai nr "s un; : . . ' r . oane
She used to go
llru..
asefiJJr't
I
ju:snt]
negativ.
.
- -
, u. : r 4
r j u: i
dl
"
l r Fr ul .
$i
pJr r i ! i t i u l r n,
ur al v"r but ui t pr i cd, r - gut r r / a
xs
Lt r t u: zl :
d
j nt rebui nl . Jl
I havc &se., your
llionc
i.o iall to Clivc.
rrscd
fju:stl,
rux
lj:tr:z.l)
d.dj.: accusromed3 (:
obj;nuir):
He is not &s.d to the noisc a l thm-r ot cties.
{:
obiqnujt cn)
TII. VDN,BELE NEFLNXIYE
(Rrr.[n]qvn
rljRDSJ
.
I ) Dof i t r i ! i e. Vp, bJp
r . f l aj {i ! e : i n, ! i r bp r r an/ i r i vp
sau i n, r "n/ i t i r e
r b . . i r . r
{or - i . d. 1i v;
s d sddugdt pr onLr m- t c . , f t pr i t
A. . r da, i n , , u r , . r
- i
pFr sosna
cu subr . . l ul .
r
-
bine triDin.
:
I ' cnr , u / , t ; , vezi
nac. i a5. r . r r 4
r . r "d
"; : i r ; : ", ; 1l l
,
ot r i , n"i '
"
i n, Fbui nt . , ' n"i
ni . s r n' , , , bJ \ o. 1, , r . , . . , ! , o, - r r ,
$
2l 7o
s
2180
l i ERBEl ,l ' REl LExl v'
Prolrulr1i
rell(]Ii\.
|rfali
|it
srbr|trul
c'ire
indel
tinelte
acliunca'
sufern
si
{ {ecLere
acestera:
r.l,,ir,".,l::iijf,,i}ilLll'J,lilii)
l"
"'
1j""':.:''.Tl
l,l:lij:
:
":l
^\':l
"j
li
1""i""1:i'f
;:l"l,il
:illl,.i"i:'i"'i
l"'ii;';;:i-:;:,,lll
.""
".,,'
I
i
""1;I ;:::ii,;
i,
l',,1r,,: :;:,1,'illl:tl
;1j:';;'",jll
:'l
"l:'l't'
Ll l i ' ,.i i l ;i *l :::j
' :l i i :":' i l ' :; -"nt""' i ' ' i n'
' n' ' '
' .",' n!
' '
-
l'*
**i**j
*i
l-*lti"."riiffi
*"::i
1'
j
),;;;;
:
il:
*-i:"lil+i:i'lit*t:ln*".i*
l":'
:" :;::':.
"
;,,l
trii;'"i:ll1
1"1:''''"
l
:,;
i
ill,ill:1,::iii*i,"
fjrTiitl",'h"ffli;
(so
er
iamrl
\l'
"{"
jg*lt'"'*;"i"i;
""n**
I
i9]'i"""1iii1"'ii'#lli
""ns
un r'li'
erbu\-r
.' r-,,.,"nps,rr). s
2183:
I *if irr
jii;,
ir?il*i$li:-i'*;''*{r
"4tr"
l'
"rir':
;';I;'.f,H*i
i ;i;;1r''"'"1.;';r"l"lt:'iil:;i"ii'::i'i:irilli''l:liit"i'
x'fi;1;4;[IiL
j
i*"';;
;;:l
;"'""i;i:;"d4i;
iiil,,,,*
"''n
,-i
il'i:
i,h
;:,"
.:l t.,iil'
;
:i,,
.*,
l-;,
au',.:
j1jiil;
l';:
tqi#,
*
ft i*ft
i!
: ;llil
;,+ll;"'"
":rx
ii
:ri''r
;;r:''
:'
,",r1:x'"".
;::.;^;
.
,i
#1"r,
i1;,
l'tl"t+
$"f#'flX;:^'ii1'n" '"o
r
I
I't*l*1"'
llXl'"l#i::':"#'i'"*J'ilif','ft
G*nati'|ii
ri'rrrii'onrne'
Ed'
& d&da cu sucoesnl ci.
{:
she D,askd ot hrr ruccess.)
Jd stntrd inDiit_
( : ue
l . l r
uset ess. )
l ] u
r ", \
. "f
b, sr nut . . i o. hi . , opi t uu, s
. 4r l . .
4e
r 1, 1, i r 1
.
\ '
"p
, , . d1 pi nd
i n \ , 1.
( l t e, i , . 1; , 7, , p
Ln r he t op. )
2185
.1.,/
yerbcle
refle\n.e c(,cntird din linlba ro emd adice acelca care arata
,
i
j n
st Ar . d suLi ect ul ui
qe
p, oducc
o schi mbar e
! o r r aduc i n
qener e
i n l i Dba
' r r Fz1
f r l n
\ Fr bn
r n' r i , n, r \ p sau
t r i n
r r
- . 1.
t a: t o. v. t a b"t un,
, _v
t o L.
&dj ect i vul r especLi v:
a \ F , t r r gt et ) :
h / , ' u
l i nl r )
i \ c
j r ' gi l l ' eni
:
h
, dt Lr nl r . l
a sc ,^nrcsi io btush, to ;edde;
(itr
\
, ' ol af ud", t r
a o
b / ' I "L, r d. . r - . Lnr o. . \ : ni
pt .
i .
r l 8l r
'
t "
^"onp
2. t
e"a. .
bp
t ,
1. b"a- . i t l e- ^. 1 b" al
J. . ! n", ; ' . .
g- 4r
"
r podq.
b p, . t , - "
t . , -
' _I \ o
t u. r nd.
, ,
b". aF?
{. . t , t , .
L, , r . J, , t "i - . ! 4.
218ri r/ r. erb, I p ref l c\ r\ " t u
f mnumet e
t n dal i r i n l i mba ronl ani i si uL f oart (]
l , i i
": r 1l ' j ' ' i n l i mbJ
"nEl , / a
i i i r d i n
J", "r
i n' r H, r i r i \ p. r r d, . zi r i \ _. pr . f ^_
zr r r unal P \ r u r n\ ol ' r c de r n Jdt i v:
.
fr
lao rlu
:
r, na.ft o,csc/f (reflexiv)
:
tD
(
o.r/
{i!l.rrnzitivl
.
t tenenbu
\trarzitill
-
b
l i n. ! .
t o nnoei t ,
t r t hhk t t anz. \
: t o
n\ a kor el p. nni i : oa
t t an^t i r )
:
t o t ouah ot , t o
j . . t
ot
t \ "r L
phnoTLt i ondl
t o . o' r t n o1\ . t t
r r ""L
od, i
l , i t o?, l i or
, l
Pronurnole refleaiv neaccenLuar in cazd d.atir posesie
din limba romAni
s. l raduce
i D l i mba
eDgt ezn pri nt r-un
adj eci i v posesi v:
a-si puDc
nrrnuite
:
,o put.
an .ne"
stor.s
, ' i $, ] ! r ' . '
' opi l 1
, r l
t "
"a! 1, "
onr \ h; bJ
. r j , s o' i p ol r r t . , pr r mbdr .
b , 4r " one, s. t i l t \ . \
t ot t nl t :
r
it
scoalc piliLria
-
,o take aff oae' s hat
a' !t t,iia dcgotul: ,D cu o e' s
fiaEu
S187
l)
r.erbela rellexive pasi,c
din lirnba romArn se rradue in
senere ilr linbs
englezd cu pasiyul
sau cd vcrbe inrranritivo
ru inlcles pasiv
iS
ljia, 1792):
-
The book hG beet tound.
:
A house n?s ,.ir* azir.
.
lhc sho' ) ornr aL fotrr o' clock.
-
ll,rc is a rloth lhal cr./r .asily.
:
Th. l nl
( , t r l
snzr .
2l aa
.
: l
var l - al a
Ft l "yi \ . n, p f s, r dl .
Jr . t i mbd r "r , ; ' l i s^ t r d, t r , i n cFnFr p
i n l r , , h"
pnr l ,
/ ; pr i n
r un pa"i .
s. . , r pr ; . , r r , , . \ "r l .
r r i nJ
, .
"ubr . "t
, r ; t
, l i o
t r ^numpl n
r , ' , , ' . r ar . ' - i , .
Jt . . t .
on". , / , . ,
p' . . , S
o- . , . I ' o; Ld, . t . I ; 87J:
\ ! <1r , . i . i . st F n , j r , s
, I I ". .
' , a
u o r h, , t or n
_ t D. , ) i \
.1.
rdr.
.rn c rir.i.
l:
It uppeare ihrl. he
js
here.) (pron.
nftroi,ifji)
,\? .o"stria o casl
PrllvAlia
re d"i.,\tde la ora 4.
Iai,i
o stori c.r.e se ..o/r/.
ase
rai.)
Caladtl nz s. tn.nide.
\u se
r' ,1.
niciodall-
i-
L?. nclcr .d4 rell
./
3.: .rcIle ct. a lost lilnal ln Scolia-
( .
' l' he!t
thnlk it rrs lilmcd in ScoLhnd
)
ft) rerbgle rellexivc rt'ripr.)rr. se traduc cu vcfbe
jntranzitive
singure sau
S
2189
rnsol i i e de
prorrume reci proi e
(S 931 932):
\ l . mor ' i mr "r l ' | \ or ' l
' g' r '
'
' _
t i r l l
"
I Ll hu at i
G t
' t : Pt
: 1
u
,
t t ' "
\ I or , r . '
I
' r L
r '
/ w
, 8/ . /
I Li I
ld .cn.,rt si se l,Ip?.,t to.rlii ziua
(-
They
qzd' ./ and u(A' n I? {ll d.r"l
r l dn- . l e si n; i L. i m' .
' e
i , . dr i nr Lr i r r I
uy i l o; . nJ
I n l rmi l i a no. shi , d i ari m. n t ol i i
i :
I n on. l r ni l "f \ r t r l l l , r e ot t o@t t Er ' )
, {l l e
l erbe r0f l ej ri l e i l i n l i mba romnnn ci rora. i n l i mba engl ez! , l e cores
S
211)0
pund verbe iniranzitive
sau tlanzil,i\'o:
. sc ulrnd.
:10
tdlBltatch
fie
a sr rrrolia
='
/o uryla@k, to .otue uP ta
a se aieza
-
! , ",
.
. r J. .
i d
1. , 1r '
a .
Et a
t . t l
r . Jat r .
i sc desrirli
:
to
Port,
to s.Ptat
a sc ddr c
'
t a
8.
a sc ioi.si du to
"nka
Lsc of
a sc sirdi
to think
ir se srribi
:
ta hot)! uP, ta nake haste
a ic
jiorrri
..
ta rcs,t;e, i' detemti^e, to .te.idc' 1o tu1he uP are' s mnl' t
a s! irlornra
:
l. tnqztrd
asei bi l i a bbal
{ se lndepilrt. ta rnorl: as\t!. to learc
r sc triol. ta L. mt:laken
i sc nr t i l ni
r s. r r i i l r
a se oPd to stoP
! se Dlimtu to tah' a Qalk
a sc ilinqe
-
to .onptain
a s
i,"egati
-
10
etlnak.
rcad!, to
ln Pare
r s,, ieifaga
'
t. rctie. to 6 nhdras
r s-" scnlda
.
la ball@
:
to dPologi.e
. se si.Iili
:
ta rettle
a s. fenc
-
to
feu,
to tie aflin, e&
3) Al t e Yerbc rel l exi Ye i r l i mbe ongl ern. Al l o
at emp)o Jc rerb" r' l l e\ i *
j
: l 9r
1r , hr nba
"' ; l , zi
sr / " / , / or "s' f
r udl e. l 0l ' l r nl "
f i . a
P l F upt r - dp
s. l l ' I r l l r :
/ "
I
r st p
t , n
s
' l )
( a Jur ni
pr pr n ul l ) :
] a o{r ' t ot t '
t vt t t s
t l
l
t | r . r r ' i
l t , n,
mul r :
!
'
pt
o\ wn' s"11
'
d l a' c
' 1' r r ' r
l oi J i d\ :
/ '
Jr '
'
un s' l t , ", , , si
1
"
r 1r ' I 1":
' . p
r d! ' u- . p. l r ) :
t o
t , 1
h on' : Pt l
(
a r . 1r Li
'
"r F
gur J e' c. :
' l J\ ' r A
l i ' r r . l l . ' l \ ' , . l ' "' r , r '
1 . "
"l al
l p t t ' 11 Ln' 11
I F I t Lf ' un' Dar r t
' l ' ! i / o' I
r i n I ' dr LFn l ! r r r ' - ' r ' r ' '
Shc ,rod. nfls' lf tll ovolt{lnrF
lile 11i.1
i-cirgxril
"*a
imlohdaii. nin|nrd atit de tiult
J
lle klt l,inntl soLrl
q
doi m,
,
n'
'
1
' a
L sr . "b dF I ' l t
she t ol / pd h"a4t 1a / .
",
b r ' nur i n r l p' r ul l l J
. A
r , ' L: l
l : nr ' "
_i r Ll i r '
o, r r "r
' r r J
r e?u- l . l ' sd bl J el oar '
: r t r \ 1, .
, at
t
. ' nr l Pn: . 1r ' .
l o dei l o\ ' r
r hPr r
l al l
"
i ' l n r .
- , , i ,
r '
' i
i l l ; . ; J,
Jor ' , l i
Ji n J I ol i
"
I
i l ": l u l or
417
1+8
IY. \'DHBNLII OO]IPI,'TI1
(collPolrtiD l'nRxs)
S
2193 1) Ierbcle complcxe cu
taitiouli
adrcrbial,i,-ln linba englezi e.i.ita .,
lgrilure strinsi intre unole verbe
9i
adverbele' care le llrmazi. asemenea
ycrbe
fiind consideraic. pentru
acest moliv, ,c/rc conpLen
(5 2208 2210):
Ue was tircd and
sar.
zI climbils atrJ tLrl.li...
\ ! "
r c/ o. . l ' l o:
- t i
and
6,
o/ / r t f 1, J , .
, \ Pcdl 11, I . . r n I n r r ! or .
'the
curtain
per,
r! and the lislils rrcn, door.
IIdr., o,r1 Ii's sti!!e.y.
S: 1191
,
Uncl o ver be const r ui t c cu
par l i l ul [
adver bi n] i pot f i ur mat e l , r i od, i t i i
sr oc prepozrlu:
SI p
. , t
"
d, r t
r ddv
)
, ' t 4 pr , , t
t , ; t \ . ".
\ \ p
/ oo^. J / ,
adr . r o r r r er l : l i i m . , , | . , 1h. !
Th
!
t ao J r a, : ' r
' l r . r
- .
i p; r ,
L. l F. .
. e k.
Ji . . , . | di .
H
' "t
"r
r . t ' . o/ , I r r n t r sor d.
I nt d, , p aat . . ; "
' r , - i . ,
Ler , , r or 1, r ma, "k .
l s" |
- , l '
, r o
p"i r ' i
t r i nr , , / or
' , JJ\ .
. -
r r , . n .
j
"
i . uJ , F-
t "r
, r
. ' nd d, r :
' , 1.
t o pu'
up . r . ,
-
h
t . - r ,
l l r \ . nJo$l "'
D do. . r - n. . r , t . , J, 3. j ; "
\l'e ,/.r,.1,
{adv.l
04 ,o (rioul prirl
)
ilic \ioanda.
S
2f9; 2) Tcrb0lo prpozitio
alc (prcposi.tional t'erbs). O categorie Epnfte
{rsle formati din unole rerbe atit de strtns unitc
(\t prcpozilia
co ditio|atii3
care le
urmeaz;i tneil. in anunite situalii (Ia conjugarea
lrasivn.
spre e\enplu)a.
prepozi,tia tsi pirde funclia ca etare si face
parle integranti din
yerb.
Chiar
tr
ca pronuniie. prepozi,lia
apare ca ur sulir dl verbului:
!y
luggrge had bccn atlcad.A ,o Fhco you ardred.
Tl,e .oom had ben iired tD.
SIc was ni. 10 l,o,t ar.
lI likes to bc /trlP@d ro.
Acesi lcrbc sint nunite tcrbt
TrcpozilionaLe.
(vezi
si
g
227E)
s
r1r2
s
2196 T. TERUELE l uPDRS0\ ALE St U Ur l PERS0Nt LE
(ITTI?ERS ONAL OR UNIPNRSON,TL YERBS)
$
2197 t) \'erbtlle impersonale sau unipersonale au pronumele it ca subioct.
(
$
855) :
i, drizzies n lglitcDs t sleets
r, Ircczs i, rains i, snoss
tl ltails t dews n thundcN
'S
2f98 2) Lnele verbe unipersonale sint, urmate dc un substantiv sau dr: un
pro"
nume personal ilr cazul icuzativ sau datil'r care cstc subieciul
(in
cazul nomr-
naiiv dcci) r'erbului personai
co.espunzlitor I
I t shans n . , ,
) l o
ha\ F hpr l \ al
. , ,
b. i . f
\ . r b r r ' nFr 5o' r r r
t
l ' 10r n. ,
pr
d. . r mdd t o Ld\ ^1, u"\ , d", l , a; Jt J. l L\ ' , r i i , pr "ur Jt )
lL bchues tut
klal..)
to crptain herseu.
(\:erb
uiipersonrll
t:
s/.e (nom.)
ousht to e\plain herseu.i
{\' c.b
pi.sonal)
r Vezi
S 1325. 12t 8. : i 3! 1.
r N. ai
;
i i
par : . 1" 1t r
r bi ah
' S
j _: - - : : - . .
: r : "- : : cr j
3r ' ' For '
: , : pr r pnzi l : , i . ". ondi t i o; . '
r \ . , , .
: . {. :
. \ ' z
$
Lt 9r 1; qr .
3) ,Ueseerzs, in.rrirAt. desrieLc. ]it. (: illli
Iare):
,nt:trrt.tl, |t.,thoulht
|
zttg
:
irni pnrca) trecut sinlplu, sint 1.erbe unitrersonale. pronutnele nre aflindu-se
cazul dat i v. i ar
rubi ect rl l
i t nel i i nd erpri rnai . (\ ' ezi si i 20t 1 2072)
. l n$el e exe' npl e I nent i onat e h (2)
; i
{: l ) si rt desL, et e.
rL liDnBD
('1.
lt sll {]orFI'\Dii.
s
2200
0 alerrlie steciali trebuie dati nrrn:ilo{rclor verbr. care se confundri
.
l r l Jr ( i nl r ' . npl ec, , l al )
( : . r
s. i yi . a r f ; s, a) :
flitr:ui6iances a?,r' $hilh rctrderid r,) pns.n.c itidispcnsiblc.
I r r ?r . ( i n1r . nor ogr l al ) ( : asc Sl xr l i , a : n i i r l i t u; af i r si Jl ) :
Sl c r . r e sl o$l y l r od t ) i j chai f .
i o t xi st
t . I t : . t i t / . .
i egr l nt ) ( : d r i di . a)
tle rui*d l\ts hand to l,is tsyes.
/ d r / r . r nf . ( : a asi gi r a p. r nr eva p, ' i n c r i , , l i ) :
I d..rl.e you lhat clc.Jl|ing is all riglL.
"
1. ' 7
u. i cur a l ' r i n' l I nn. , , t . l :
To rBz.e success ol llrf curf
I'ox
mxst
so
to Jlrlh.
t . t e. r c
\ :
a ar i gur ' a l a o sor i i Di at e r l e i si $r i i r i ) :
l\a tFu/.d .rI lin, {g{irst {ll risks.
1, bor N*
( :
a l ua f r j i mpr umul ) :
I Ninl to ,orr,.r r norel ironr hinr-
ti t ul
-.
la
da
(,rl
imprumul):
I l(r l,nt hirn a ro{cl.
io /?o
i
a faco (scrs g,,neric, concfcl)ll
HoN do
you
do1- To do nothing
' l o l o . nc' s l . sk. To do dne' s h. i . .
"l , en( l me 50t r l "
"\ ot ni ng
dot i gl "
t . t u 1, .
l :
r r a{' . a f onl ei , l . i ona
( sons (
or cr f t ) l :
' l i , , ar . . r i kl a h! 1, / a dkss.
.ttare ho! \'ttita Ll,e snn s!)iDcsl (Prove,D)
l i ' s goi ns
t o r ani $' f ' d b. t t 0r , , dl . ,
/ or
home
t o . t : t ) t ' t (
p
se at i ept a l a)
f an
dr r i l , de of t ht : ni ndl :
t r nai t
f at
( . :
a af t cpt a)
[
t dui t ud( of t ht ' hodal :
I sl r r l l / r t ed l oo l omor r o{, bt r l I $or ' 1, i i r i l l ) r , r ot r i l r ol {r ! l r t o.
/ i r
/ 7/ ,
( . =. a hr si . i l r
sener e
de o pi i mcj t t i r T.
'|lie.r
/Ll
belorc the .o iry stofd.
t(
Ilu
a zbura (.lcstre pasnle. avior etf.: (lig.) a zl'ura. .r tugr repede,
a sc r cpezi ) :
Tl,. t'ird
/er
aNay when I went ne{r.
H,,
/&q
to LordondeN.:
I t ' s
qel i i . s
da. k: I musi
/ l ".
l r r
/ / . r '
, r I ' r i n a r dg .
l
lirlord?trt!. oomir{f
ti
reiedirla restie(,l.i!;1 nt ldmdn d. \oal.
460
t o f k) a
:
a cur t sr
( d, spr e u api ) :
The Dan' , be
f l . dr
i nl o t he t sl ack Sea
10 t ea l :
a i r | : ' aI a l l Pl A, r nP\ a) : l
' " - "i
i ; "" l t . l t ; al - h b' cdu""
I ) . at p / ! a' . r r ' hp
l ant uJ/ ' or r ' I r l ' - "' monr l r s
t o t each t !
i n\ ! i a
l pp
' r r
F\ a) . a
l ' eda
r u mJr r t i P\ l :
Our t ear L r I ' r s l ,
' o
r evl "i s u" Lr , gl ' sl ( l or d
J' Jt
nd\ '
t o l i " t i t , t r . t
t ut .
l ni n
I
a: p
, r l a. a
. ' a i nr r r ' s' :
l {e al r aYs i i er do\ x si l | r r uDLl
\ \ e \ r t r t "r o I r $ner .
! \ F
/ "9 on l ) '
. o.
i '
t o l aA
( . Ja' 17. . )
, i ! , i t l , l ai d
( : a punel a al soza et r ' ) :
The ]rrn r,rs cgg!.
\ vho t oi d
i hF t abt F:
l o l r se nu: zl
( :
l i . r r l ") :
I i an
r i i n, l mr wa1l "l : I r '
"sl
r d! ' l o. ' i l
r , l uuse, l d : ' 1t '
a, l F7l *sa, o, l a dr un, ul : a' l r br
l l
n
<ur
uL
p' e"' l t r n' g) ' l '
l :
ki "c r 6i r r
b. t a l i r l d: , i i s mu, h r oo l i sl ' l :
/l.
aoo;dn
L'lu:snl
sle
Preferal.)
ta rcmember
(: a-!i aminti):
t o r t t i nd
\ :
a ami nr i cr Li r ' ) :
u I don
t f . t r / , 6"r
. u
$f i r o,
pl , ! s" r n. ; 41 I n. :
l o r eq t s: ul
( :
a cur sc) l
I i as; , - i , "'
t r sr u, ol
d sni , t .
t o sr l l f sr ul
( =,
a samEna) :
Thi soiver was lo@tns l.hc seed
i o r i r ' r
I s] : l
( ' = a t ai . r t r t Pf nnr nl r l ) :
They sl ". d
l .
: d1t r '
r F' sr l h l
'
gr ar ' ' di f l i ' r l J
, o si l
( :
a st a
i os) :
She , , s . , t t , , ; a
. n a i l i Ji t
t l nr t nnzi t i \ ' )
. h.
' d
l , i m b: l sr cn
I np 1{ bu\ ' on
l hi n/ l l d'
l r ' Jr ' z
{L-.t
atezat inlre cei doi bilie1i
pe crtrapca
)
t a sl on. l
(-
a sl , a i n
P; doar):
He \;s too $' cak ,o shnd atlo lLis ilhess.
t o st da l -=
r sl a.
a remi rl ):
l i e i s
"/ orn' ; ' u1
l he Li do l l oi t l
Thev sra?rd $i t n us ] | l e
I dr i n t i \ dn.
' ^. r ' 4.
b I Lp! : n.
l eJ.
l, seal
(tranziljv)
(a aqza)
Pleaic. be scated !
Our libnrry sears i.wo hundr.d teaders.
to speak
:
E
vorbi (in sens
l&rg)
aJ a l_orbi (persoana sau
persoane'le cetelalte ascuhind)i
l],a tcllon)
Jones sPddntnc
(: Aici
'
Jolr's)r
j pd&
t o hi m, he
$i l l i el p
l o!
Ho s/ ol e bt l engl h on
I ool Fr at r or '
""Jlii$lii$l$liirr"r,11i:l!1'"i:1irtil{:1il"tfiit"nL'iiri"':i;""'r"ilr;:
,) a vorbi (:
a articula cuvinte):
He could not sFdl ior laughing.
She oos spcd/itns hcaihl.ssly.
They sprai English well.
lo tdlA (:
a vorbi)
dJ a {orbi cu eineva, a conversa:
We Fer-" di^i,s ol this and that.
I couldn't lird lnJone l.o ,arl to.
DJ a vorbi despre u subiect unui auditoriu:
He r4l,tdd to us o lhe subje.i of the collectiriation oI agricdtrre. (- to speak)
c) a bt . f i :
She \rill dllr. whalerer
)ou
do,
lo lellL (:
a spune)
a) l nt at J auna urm"t dp un
"on, pl ' m, nt
i ndi rat ! e\ pri rnal : du subl nl el es:
HF al d h". l ' i l dr' n he $as l i ki ng l Foo f or d \ rdl k.
He,,ld (us, them etc.) the news ol Toly's.lrrival.
,, introduce foarte rar un citat.
lo sd33 (: a spuner a zice)
a) nu are complement indirect in l'orbira indirectn:
He satl le wrs . worker.
D.,l esle verbul cel mai des lntrebuinlat, cu sau lird complement indirecta,
pentru a introduce cuvintele rostite de crneya:
H sdid:
"I
am Nick's brother".
He sai.l to met "I am Nick's }Iother".
A se compafa cu:
He said he was Nick's brother.
(Slil indifect)
He tald m he $as Nick's bro!le.-
(Stil
indirc,t)
to srri (: a-i sta cuiva bine):
Sho.ts szi, yort.
to becone
(:
a-i veni cuiva bine):
lled br.onds hr.
You. Itat is YcrJ D.ontns{-
to
fil
:
a. se potrivi, a-i veni cuiva bine (ca mnstrn):
The coat doesn't
/n,
it is too tigl!|.
Thsl
"or t
i 6 r per l pf l
/ t
i sr Jt sl r nr i t )
\ o
/ t r i r s
i s n4". . ar . , . (
- Pr br )
r o t r dr l ( :
a 1Ta) :
I
pdz,
to taik to you.
r-{nDete
verbe au
ti
alte tntrelesnri, caft nu inire hsd In cad.ul
problemei
sinonimiei
'ComDlenrcDtul
indi.ccL reslurde la intrebarea ..cni?',
sComDl r m. nr Ll
i ndi F( 1l t Pbul ui b. aap5' por ; cpdr ! d"Dr . oozi t i nr o. , Dr ad"osa-
l r r a o-
/ oopl 4mpnr
. l i ndi r - 11 \ "r bur ui r opt . car dnur mpepuzi i i . ; l n, l \ . , ; i n"d' J!
_
a
Par t i ci pi d p. czr r t
d. r eni t r dj ec{. i v.
$1
4i2
to
'rill
(ragulai) (: a voi, a-9i errcita voinla):
As wc /tll the lnd wc must
L'iI1he means. (Proverb)
t ' i l l
(pri nci pal def ect i v)
(:
a voj ) (S 2093):
Ile |nal rill noi lrhcD he na), Fhen he etll he shall liale It.J
tl' rovcrbl
to rvis,t (: a dori)r
Ltrl I kn$ who she wasl
i,
gon.lcr
[
\'^ndr*]
a)
+
(tt (: a se nilluna, a se nita de):
I doadd. at vou. courage
-
this is dangcrous cliDbDg
Tnaf isn't lo be eondered. .it.
b)
(rranz.
fdtd
prePoilic) (: a se intreba):
| , o, dP. \ hJ l hP\ d. . n
i or ni n8.
She @nded.i Nl' at his nnme was.
t, odndff
[
Ntrnda*]
(: a rntnci);
(f.,'lt) a se indepnrta:
The! eandqed abont aiml$slt.
Hc eaatlerc,t
/rcn
rhc subjecl.
}.ORNIAREA VERBELOR
2201
(foRr[AT]oN ol' VDRDS)
ln lirnba enelczi. verbele s-au lormat dupb prncedeeJe
obi5nuite erpuse
I n caDi t ol el e, on; J r dl .
( Fl o' l dl r e
ni 4i
dc \ . nr bi r c l n
' ons' i nr ;
6"
' or r ' r al 6
existenla urmdtoarelor catogorii de vorb:
2202 1) rerbele
primare
sint, chiar rdddcinile verbelor
pro'renite din limbile
caro au stat la-baza lericului limbii engleze:
to come to
givc to look to
PaY'
el.c
S
2203 2) rcrbele tlerivate, formate:
$
2204 d) ou ajutorul
prIixelor sau sufixekr
(alixalie:
'4
ffi:ration ),
di'\re
care
principalele sini urmitonrele:
Prelixe:
sb.r, xs-, silJ, l,e-l. cu-! eru-, i r-! for, er-l, rs:
l u, DJu. l . l o ol , sl Ar n,
l o/ Lr ' t l . og, l o, / r udg-
/ ' ar l l L' f r l nl 1". ' l r L' l '
t o"pl , i r t r . l o, 4r ! ar l , l o, a! up. l o/ a"b. ' r . ,
/ ". q' l . l , , , na\ J
P l ! P/ r "r ' 1r ' ' 4nl or r .
l0 rcnew, rc.;
ouhl, ove.l, undor.l, up-r, NithJ:
t oo! l do. l o, / , l asl , l o04, r unh. r , l o, t a. . r n
r o, r P. l ' anf
' oo' r sl FPl
l "' r d?- l ' J'
t o, , a. "i . i - ai ; ,
r ", , d, f l Ppd, i o, r hol n r o r ' l r oor .
r . , r ' d r n
"i / / dr ' ' $ "
"r ' l or J
t o. vnnst and,
el c. ;
*
:
r lntal {lin c!\lni este
!,on!!1at
r lnai ea lrti rocalc
li
mili
inailrlea
nnei oonsoane.
!
\ . eb' ed st l l do t , , t , t
i J\ . r b, . . , , ,
r r por i l i i
l nl r Lu; n1, "", r
t r ' ' i \ ,
, l - . r d d. - ,
, r . sr nl
! r , l ' \ "
l r Lnr Ln l al r nd r J. "_ i r . l i r "br
ancl n/ i
\ 1 h6
anlonimiee:
dc-l, dis-, n-, mis-:
10 deoode. i.o delace, to ddlect, to d.tdm, to ddll{Le to dislike to dtsoNn, to drpci.
lo u,Lrulror, lo znco!e., io r"do, l.o rzisi,arj. to Dislake- to ni!lNSt. etc.
sufirc:
-en:
1o blackc,, lo gtadden, lo heigll.cn. to lcngtl'n, to lesv,. lo \ridn, ei. :
ny: to clari/y, to e\emtli/g,1.o lrcnchjtv, io mumi,i/r.1o splcchi/y.lo
lcri/y. ctc.;
-ize:
to lrulalir,, lo.ochnfyt:, to
gener.lt:c, to nionopol;c. el.;
-ntr,
-esc0r
-er,
-te,
4e, +b: lo ex..o bate. io a.qui.5.e, 10
glntdc. to sl)arhl, to
cl r.\F. lo punisn, etc.
6l prin modiricarea vocalei rndncinii
(rpoiorie: llowel Grad&tion):
S
z)nil
sing- sorg sirikc stroke
( vezi si
5
i sr )
cJ prin de'ivarc regresivd
(BarA-Forndtlon), formhrdu se lerbe noi
S
2206
din curjnte cirora li s'a suprimal, o parte eronat
privita ca un sufix:
10 bany-sit bdby sittr to housete.Ir ltousckeePe.
1.o burgle burglar to hze )^7Y
to diagnose di.ignosis to pcddle
t,eddlal
l.o cdil edinr to renniis.e renilis{iencc
to grovel grovtllirg to !am! \ampi.c
3) lerbele oomprse, torrnale din doun (rareod maj nlulte) cuviite scris
$
?9o7
tmpreund sau unite prin cratime:
10 backli.c
lo dcadlock to stosawry
io iaolspr.e to
gan,s.)' to str.ll'ang
10 broadcast
1o rosedilc io tiploc
10 buttonhole lo scesatr lo NaJrrY
to .rossexamine 10 sategdard to whilcwash
1o sl r . amnnc
4) re,Ilele comple\e, iorlnat dintr un verb u.lrat de o particul{, advrb
S
22{}8
la origi e, sau de o prepoziJ.ie. scrise sparaL, dar atciiiuind n tot indisotubil
ca inleles
/a
lcricaL ito
):
a) ftrb
+
a|t)ctb
(particuli adverbialii) ($2193):
S
2201)
to }ring rloll to kcet otl to staxd l)J
. to call up 1.o lisl.en in 10 lake oil
to draw h lo rjng olf lo take aNaJ
to lade oul lo scl, otrl, 1o lune in
to
gct on l,o size uP io ltun out
b) vt:rb
!
prcpozilie candilionatd
(".rb prcpo:ilio al) (S 2193)t
S
22to
lo charge $ith io lislcD io 10 rcly oi
lo come bJ to liYe il to remind oI
to depend on to look allr to tdk about
lo laugh at lo objcct ro 10 {l,ink ol
I
dr esld de l.pt
pL"pozilie lttrcbuinlaffi ca
prelir. (Vezi
l]i8.453,
nola 1).
2gl t 5) locu-tiuuilo
yerbalo,
adicd echivalntii rerbali lorrrali din verbe urmata
de alte
pn4i de vorbire, cu care alc,dtuisc un tot indisolubil ca inteles, intreaga
constru.rlic puttnd li ln gcnere tnlocuitl printr un 1-erb simplu:
to catch hold oI
:
to seiz.
to come to naught
:
io lail
to
get
the betier oI
:
to deieni, lo oulwii
l.o hare a
joke
'=
to
joke
to tako a dislikc io
:
to dislihe
t o t uke i o i r sk: t o r ebuke. et c.
2:ll 6) Sohimb en categoriei gramotioele (Coneosion). Un fenoDren carac-
' p"j .
i . . f oar r F | a' p; l l di i l r l i ' r bd engl "zi . F. l "
t r p, pr i a unei
pi r l i dp vor bi r o
l r nr r o
dl ' sor i F gr , ' ns. i ""l d
"'
oi ". C. a mdi t r -
r pnl a e: l e i nt r pbui o-
larea
aceleiali forme atlt ca subslanLi\i. clt
ti
ca verb:
454
S Listantirc
{to)
st'oe
(to) sisht
2213 Tendinla acasta este atit de puternici tnctt qi astdzi slnt coniinuu creat
a,l'hoc Yerbe noi:
She
p6
los,e$tzs on a
llane
bound fo. South Ald.a.
(- to act as a hostcss)
I i n
pnd
6l dr i l o mv l l dl .
(
l o
qo
bv l dxi )
\Yc dccided ,o no,.l tr,'and in; ,, and
pu,
'r
whcn it \\rs wetr.
{:
to sLPcp ii hotds
rnd ntns, and dine at pub3.)
I asked Ler io ma.ry me. Shc .f8n,-no"d.
(:
to say all dghi,.)
$:hcn.ver wc meet, \e m1j deapf.llo*s me
paironizingty. (: to keep sn"vnlg "m.y
d. r . f dl ow". )
It orr na,ods He.od.' He out-.olue.l Zota.
"Nay, De, me no buts, oller me no objection!."3
"Hcre
you a.e, Ih. Griltitls", he said io CUde, \tho $as ralher
lleased
rvith lhis
The doclor wunled to help her, but shc
up
^ntl
atvay.
(:8ot up ald ilent awav)
Sle ods ,lt.iatasi away. I'I opay o/, then.
{:
I'lt
co
away)
Don't
Jou
lt.:ie ne.e
PdtF ale ALte pdrli de
tfnpuLuL vofDLre
(to)
back
(to) dry
( t o) ey!
{t o)
i t l l e
(to)
iinscr {tol lcllo$
i t ol l , ei d l r ol aoubl e
ho)
strin
(tol dowr
(to) stomacl!
1to)
furiher
ool
near
r t ol Lovcot i r {t o) out
, i t oi
t ' ei t oc
i t oi
sh, nshr i
ito)
lxnch" (to) sltush
{tol
}adse.
iiol
ioi
( l o) hos
{to)
hound
( l o
{to
( t o
i
. t au. aLr \ dl i : at Car , : r a . l Bo( . o' . t r : ml p' _udno. . boi ' r o' dl l -
i d I dda
I r , l r nr ' l Ll t -
p_r
i nl . ! d, nl a) uDr i or Jl mo, i "i unur
, nsl "z
"t ohp"t or . a l i mni zJ. Hp; l or , l ; ' , 1 l , r P- i ar n>i so' Ll . \ n' l r omar di .
. b
t Jr . h a l i n. J JLd, f i t o| . 1 LJn. h. i r , i t r - i d"nt i t i . ar . dl ,
. l r ui
bFr l ! . 1. f f
' i
pr r \ i znt pedPJpbJ cn l l n! r r ci .
' J. K.
Jcr omc, Thr , e JI h ; n o Boal
5W.
ShakesDea.. Hanlet. !.ince af Denmark.
a
M. T\!a\n. A Colnectitut rdnkee in Lina Arthut' s
Cou
: Tr , .
Dr ei sf r . Ar Ankt i un Tt oa. du
.
R. Lj "w"l l Jn. . \ one Bt t t h I ' n; l y Hea' , . \ ' r b, , r t dd, nE
' uger ' i / 1
m- . , ul I ' gl nat
e
Seriai TY
,,Iamilia
l' aUiser"
- ,,Nu-ti
dau roie st mi spui pe numel"
Adesea asistim la o lncercarc de dilercniier tnlre substantiv
{ureo
q
92t4
sdj er l i v) si r "r b, I n( cr . ar p. . mar AA
i i p
l r o s. bi mbsr e
dp c. . pnr Fau o Dr onunt i a
'
di hr i l d. d, qi or t ogr al i d r "mt nc; , "pr - ci , pl na l a modi l i car i dp t o. md di n. a
In ce mai accentuate.
Schimbare d.c ac.ant
S
2215
(Substantivele
_si
adjeclivele
:
accent pe pdma silabd)
(Verbel e: accent pe
a doua si l abn)
Subsrdntie I erb
'ac.ent -
to ac.ent
'condDct
-
io con'duci
contrast
-
l,o con'trast
di gPst
-
t o di
t esr
'dislUlnt
-
1o distouni
rc.ord
-
l.o re liord
'il|rnsport -
to trans'lort
Adjecxi, V erb
rabs.nt
-
io ab'sent
abstract
-
to .b'stmct
.ompound
-
to comrpound
'ffcquent -
10 tue guent.
Fsenr -
to
pre'senl
'subject
-
to sub'jecr
'suspect
-
to sus'pect
Maitficdre de pronunlie
-
Orlogtafia neschimbatd
S
2216
(Consoana linale este surda la substaniiv sau adjectiv si sonore la verb)
M odificar@ ortografiei rcd.d nud.iticarea prondnliei
(Sonorizarea
consoanei find)
Subttdntip
close
ll'lausl
(adj.)
Erease Isri:81
lerus-"
t
rerF:31
u$
t j u: sl
lnt$
[tru:o]
Verb
-
1o abuse
t r ' bi r : zt
-
r.o excuse
Fks
kju:zl
-
to nousc'tmauzl
-
lo mouth
lnaudl
-
to rtuse
lirfju:zl
-
t o use
t j D: 4
-
to betrour
lbr'troudl
s
2s1?
advic?
isl
-
[o advire lzl
dc1i.P
isi to dfris. izi
choi "e
[ \ ] -
t o choo{
i zl
cau
-
to cal.?
nal/
-
lo lial' ,
Ielie/
-
lo !lier.
grief
to
Erieoe
reljet
-
10 rlljere
shelt
-
1o sheb?
tliie/
-
to thietz
rroo/
to
lfor
bcl hl bo: al
-
t ,
b. ' t t L
l bpt nt
j r a/ nI i : 0-
t o. h. , ' , , !
i i o/
r ' - r / r / br , 0/ I n
b, pa/ n?/ bi . b/ r .
p, , l
t i : 0 r o l . p/ t r ' i d
, I nl l
kl , . 0/ t o, l or / , p, , Juud $- dr t r i : 0
.
F$r dl r . r i , r /
slass/glo:s/
ro
sh,./slerz/
3r d. .
t r o: 6/
l o
Sr ar e
sr e' / /
r o. . / r ^/
-
I n l o. P
/ l u
/ /
7) Ye ele imi itire.
- Nunarul vorbelor care ilnita surlcLeL
{onon,a-
q
ZgtB
l opcc
- Onomot app; u/
( sl "
l oar l F
' nar p
i n l i mba
nr r cl t ua:
to babl,le to ounch to
s.u!r ro souetch
10 bans \o tiz. to iic.u! ro tfiklc
to click to giggle
to shjsh_ to ritter
to chailr to gotrI'le
ro sizzle ro whack
to croak to gurgl
10 sllDtter io yap
466
sau, p!ilr relluplictrred
sunetuiui:
t o , i l i p- cl of
i o
l r gj r 8
10 llaw hrlv
to
Poon_Poon
r o t L. c hi N
l o
Ful l r ul i
O altd
(,ategorie de verbc itnihliLe t!t'r
anumi t e
' ni ! ci t i :
to tnr(k)'to.{k)
acea a verbelor care sugereaze
sau.
Prin
reduPlicare:
10 lrnrrJ s( tr(l'. ro sllillX shalll eir'
Cr eal ea r l e cuvi n| e noi i ni t at i f e di r st i l ul ui ur t
pi l or esc de o m c enpr e-
.\ horsc tluf//Pl
doNr ils nos.
r
. \ t i s v; r r i $
t i ""hi r hon, hd r t
I
- t .
i j , , ' r r
"l - l r 1A. h
"",
, ", dD L' , r ' r ' , "r ' '
2: : 19
3J Hedr r r er c. l
l r t , i t
n; n!
' i
!
1; pl ' I n; )
i ) ' n; l c| r "
ur ' i i
pr r l i di nr r ' un
cu\ i r r l
r . l p
l oFr r e l r p'
( . n15
i n l i , , ba
- r r : l . z;
i ' r
"pp,
r i l i 1 / r l r l p nodcl r F:
Lo l cnd
' n
l "l , n' t
l o I i L
Li t r ' t
1, , r ' , . nq
r o 1t , ' nl
1. ,
l ' r nr l a
' 4
' ni
nr
$Jvr
l . ' spr r l
t o
' 1t
p^4 l "
l hnl n
l u
P/ v/ o; "r l r r '
10 tYPc
' :
' Yl' \Lnler
,f20 9) Yerbelo telsooDa.te
(
p.)rtttutnteau
lltordJ ar Blends
)
(S aol) - Ca
verbe, a,,este cu1'lnto stnt mai rare
jn
limba cnglezn:
to .hor1l
{snori r
chncklei
l o l l t r r ' ( l hl l F' :
' r r r i '
l o PI P' r . o ur o
( i mi r Jr nuPr . J' "' +,
l u
l dr r l i se
I ' i
r i \ r ' l F t d kkv: l i on)
1o
gahmt)i (gallop
' j irilnplil
2221 10) Yc$cl e noi i nt ral , e rel at i Y rFent i n l i n' bi
"ncl Pza
si nt / rj xj dre;
l r . ul ul si n' r , l u $i
par l i . i pi Lr l l r p, ur
r r r n, i "al t s i t r
' d
t r
qul r \ ' r l
r l a. pat s' ana
, ' , - ". sx. , i , ; i """1; t ; a. i "' r . r "r a1i "
' i
nPs"l i c
qe
' an' . r ui "' '
'
r r .
aut i l i ar ul
Do'
F. l . si ; l r r nr , . P ngul i l nr
' {l ogr at i , " ' ar c
pr r t ps' v' r hpr ^ r eeur dr Pl
t o r . , , 1, , , , r adi o( el s. r Jdi "i ng. r ddi oF. l .
t o n
'
t b. . mot "r s. nr ol "r r ne mor or ' al
1! $oot Pr l \ .
t o mol u. ) ,
t ' t l ' l , \ i se, l . l c\ l ses. i f l t svi sl ng t "l ' \ i s. d,
10 \rro\, \cro{es. \crox' ngi \cfoxeo:
i; trti;.-btr.. irri"a, otng-, lo oka-', otrvs. okiling,
okaved'
l vczi
t i
l
181' t
)
I
Curjttele soise.nsiv, din aetst..s.rtple. m exisid in vo' abdi' ul englez consa' far'
. : Jj"il
jii:{ri':{n:,t1':,i",#,".
iilrr,.
:iiii"*,,il
i..;srr',;.mig
t . , r , , . 1, a- ;
pr ' .
n"r o; , . ' ;
r i
i ady, adj . t ' l \
'
LPr b' . _d1'
i \ . sr r bsr anr r v
t
ADI]iNBUL
I. DD|I-\ITIIJ
II. CLASIT'ICAREA .C.DYDREELOR . . . . . . . .
. _ . . . . ,rr4
Cl asi f i csf A dJpr \ l onl t . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
- . . . . . . . . .
: . : 2"
Lr as' r r ' i r F 0upa
,159
4i9
159
460
4ri4
a6i
46!
468
469
l L LOCUL ADYXRDNLOR
Adrerlote mliliotiie
Ai l vEDe csr . i l et emi d r cr Dc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- '
Adr et bel e d. t i n?. . . . . . .
. l q' . , ! "1. q" ri mp nPpr-, i "
1, ml '
Pr n
. . . . . . . . . .
A. l eet bel e de nor l . . .
- . - .
Pl asar c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, l dvml
dp mod i
sr c pr . r dt r
r pr br l . . . . . . .
A, r v' . h. , ar p cJr af r Fr i z, ar d xI
t ar t i . : pi u
t f , i ut . , . . .
hl l nenl a dpl asl r i i adr i ! ] ml ui asr pr a t nt el esnt ni a. est ui a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, 7. l e. r bek . l e | ac, . , . , . . . .
&opozi f i
o cu | | l ei nul t 6 edr e. ) e. . - .
- . . . . - . . .
I ocul ol t or cdegor l i de sd! er }e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ad\ pr bFh nr gi t i \ p. . . . .
. \ d\ pr br t .
r n
r n, t ur , t r \ p . . . .
t r t 3
4i ( ,
2,283
{r-lr
22aL
1l
2185
4i 1
2288
4il
r r 89
471
4291
4r2
t ! 95
4i )
! 301 423
1303 4i . j
lil l0 4,"'1
2Jt / .
4i i
! 318 4t i
2321
4itt
2323 4i6
2329 4,.
j
t 330 i )
, 331 i ) -
i l 3l 2 4t s
Adlobcle in.' d-qir
MonFoI,oGIA_ADVEBI'I.
t58
Adverbel d lntlrire
.
-
Partinia
adrerbiah.
- -..
ea""i l O.
, "* dPi e. mi na i nl i ni l i ve '
l nl i ni t r l ul
. u aJePr b
I nl ' _' nr r r " '
,L
2333
2334
2342
2348
2344
2350
2351
2352
, 353
2354
2355
2151
2358
lll
418
479
4t9
419
480
481
sdYor b6 3pt i *l o.
. . . . . .
EIse ..
VI I . ADVERBE
CU VALO- {REA
ALTOR
P' {RTI DE VORBI RE. . ". . . . . , . .
2359
\ I I I . CI TEV. \
ADVI RDE SPECI ALE '
P; 1"*.
I "
t , . , t . f
4A7
481
481
481
482
483
483
483
483
483
485
485
484
485
485
486
447
2360
2361
1?62
2363
2?64
2365
2366
2361
2468
2369
2370
251L
2314
:
2371
The
. .
- . . .
.
"
?oo. . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
'
V?r v Mut h
. . . ' .
. {I I YXRBl I L
i TI I E, \ D\ ' ' ERB)
r. DoFI]{TTTE
$
2222
Adverbul este
partei de vorlire carc dtermini sau taracterizeazi un
ozrb, rn adjectie sau un alt ddlrerD:
lve'll idea somc tnnjs rhis 3ltemoon. (Verb)
Her school-repo.t
js
hishlJ sa,ls/d.rors. (-\di.)
He sFaks English retl 4?r. (Adv.l
Loculinnile adjectinle sau adoerbial,:, ptac;un
fi
altc
p:i4i de lorbire cu
yaloare
de adjctiv sau de adl.erb
pot, li de asemenea deL.rrtrinaic sir! carac-
terizate de un adverb:
She was llteralJ ottt al brcath. (] o{r,iiune tdieoriril;'L)
e saw me slmost to rn, dool.
(Locll.iune
adtrbialil)
0nll ond boy in our cluss had to bc hclpcd or with his wort. (Nunleral
(u
lrloare
de adj . l
He went stmkht hoae. (Strlst. cu valoarc dt ad\'.)
Adverbul mai
poate deiermina:
a) n\ substdntie sau un
?ronar?d:
OIrlY dzz wns abseni. (Subst.)
"xyen
drL, Ijr"tusl"
(Pron. posonrl)
The initiative \ras mGtlX /kb.
{l'.on.
pcscsirl
Plietiea.llX er,ryrnd had come.
iPror.
neholi.itl
b) nn participi.u sau rn
gclrndit:
She add.cscd them in a lerv rell-crostr wods. lPa . lfeidi.)
I hare ahvars knowl him ro. a slotr-slealin!.
)outh.
(Pi .
lrezent)
,.teir8
dstrgc.ouslt is his lavourite
lasinlle.
(Ge.ntrditl
c) m inf.nttie:
Shc w.rnted ro srd., $' ork imDiti8telI.
' l h' v
' {p' r l Pd
t o
f : n. l
r ' t t er ".
I ni r er . oul d / 4, . c
gr scPnr l l Y
d,) o
Iropo.ilie
sau o
ldrt
de prapazilia.
Prb!5 sn? aill be herc. t,Prcl]oz\\ieJ
It rolled slmcst un'1d nu
faot. {Prrte
de
fro!ozi1i.-
comll dN
)
N ot d. s
22: 3
Adverbole care nu caraot zeazi lerbc, ci altc
pnrli de rorbire (adjec-
live. adverle,
participii sau substantire
S2222,
25E'i i) stnt. numjte ddtcrre
calificatire.
II. CL,t SIFICARDA AD\DRBDL0Ii
Advrbele
pot fi ctasificate dupd
/drr?d
sau dulri inlrl.s.
ir
?r:l
1) Clasilictrrc iluoi torme. -
Dula formi, adlerhrte ne inpafi, in: ad-
!
222;j
ver be pr i mor n ( snu
"l - , p1, ) .
bJ\ p' 1, .
d r i t a' F cd\ pr l , a, u
n
":
l u' r , r t ' r ni
adverbiale.
222i
h
)
Atlwrb.le
detit'at'
provin rlin diieih
pnlli de vorbire
(
.\
2249-2254)'
c;rrorri
li s-a adlLrgrt
un
prefix sau
nn sult!:
460
222G a) l dt obel c
f
i nar '
l at F
l r st
i r
I r l
hl r d
^ut
$Pl l r ' !
so
sint lormo simPle:
, ' {onn
snr i l i r L8/ ,
,L,i,rn*r"ds P..ttscu/
li.stlV
2928 {') Adverbel
cornpuse
sirt formate
ilin doui sdu mai multe
pl$i d" Lor
bi rc i ont opi t e
(S 2255):
i1{'.r1's
howclcr
nendlorth
lndoors
heroby
no\there
2229
d) I'oculianitc
(1ttt'arbial' sint grupc de clrvillte clr
valori de adverb:
i,;i:rl
i ii I
li,'t
il"i
*:*l;;
rr
r'":i
l:,i;l;;ii
ii- ii i:l;, i
;.' :
,;r:,i ";i
' ;{*
l :.i ,l ' ;,;r,r,' i i ;l i
"l ,f,l ' "'
};.:g:l i
i {
i i l , i i
then. to anil lro, uP rnd do$tr, ctc
""
:::i'"Jii:,,*iii'$;:f;:'t;*"t"*':'"-'i?;iliui"'$1""'1"ii'1ff'll'i:Jl
At secing thc notice.
I
she
srote to ds/r
lo.
11. .^n\e b
.ut al tnc
come flnd sil
.lov r,
$
9231
2) Clasifioarc
dull inleles' - Dupd
inleles' adverbelc
se- impad in:
i zz::, a) adretb(. de tinp
('tdetrhs of I;ine
1,
carc
'rat{
tirnpul
:i'ld .::, !-"Jl:"*
"
- - "-
"
""1i i "; ; "' i
i "a
"' i ' ' 0
" "' ' r '
o l n' usi r "r "
sr
' ar P
r i spund
r e r nl r cDJr Pi
Pl . r 2
( : t i ndr )
., r. 1,, ,$,rdr
dso
i ,, i dy
.h
rr. a,d' |rv,l l l .-i i :.,;1."i :"' ":l ,l l ,j l ' i l .,i l l i i l
f:,
l ""l l ";,,i l .i l ' "' l ' l i ;":"' pl l -' i ' :,1:;' \' ".-' :
;i ' i ;' ;;'
si n"P
"omAi m4
soun sLrr
'
i#:,ii,l*xr"Ll;*"lr"n;t":.*k'";.;nl;,ii'i"Il"l"iilil:
i"$3sll.'i,itlliii,
"
' i , , , "
"
v.
*a, j
r". "' i o"
"
' r' '
' "
i *' i t rr
"o
i n a
vFar
or r$o
r"
;
A 2233
I t t anvrbeJ
nt orl
(Ad"-b. o[ t l ' | nn+) axt r arars
moJ' ] l
l n
' af p
'
Derr. . " o . cLi un"
"d, r
, n . ". "
' t ' "i ;
o i Lare
' o
i n"r; i rc
o' '
l i
' cr"
[ t ; sl unLl
l a
i ot rebarea
l or 2
(: cuml ):
badlv. cerloinh.
dflberaiclv,
cnsilt' Iast, kindlv'
preltilv' slowu'
so' somehorv'isurelX'
' t *i
u u
' , ' t t .
$ l l $i l ' gl v'
r "
$ 22e.1
c) adecrbe tle lac
(Ad'ol)s of PIa(),
carc rala
lo.ul un J
F'
se^ ptt-rcce
o
"
'-"-
*ri#"
-""
""de
exisil o stare'
o
jnsugjre
ptc
si care rtspund
la inirenarea
rvherc2
l==
(de) unde?l:
l$':',xilTlr,il,:rhl.l,r"";"::"Jiil;.1ixl;.'fir;ii'il'\Li:"''itll 'l'lln':Ji':]:.""1-
"
',
i
;':1
.t,
",I
"';.;.:';l'lill-':
;il;
ll'';':':;llll;,ll'""li'i;'
':
' ' ' ; , . ' ; '
'
r i \ hp
r o\ n' r
'
sonr $r ' pr r '
Fr ' :
d) adterbe de & ra|. sa& d,e scop (Adtrprbs
ol C.t^e, R.a\on o, R.\rlr,, \ 2985
'
' F, ' r dl ;
. d! 2, l su s. opul unFi d,
! i ur i .
.
l r i
. "u
l ' , . u. ; r i
r ci
. , j ". r . st und t a
i nt r ebar ea 0l y? ( : de cel ) :
Lonscquetrlty. heroe. lor thnt, lor lhat reason,/pu.posc. on
prrpos.,
sdi so Ur{r, rhat.
r s dr y, l he. el or e. et o. :
s
2243
s
224.1
' . "t r
ny, 1r , a" :
:
Fr u. i , )
. , nLr n ui
"l r ' .
da,
"hi . r r .
- "/
8?"- "d.
Dr l - /
, ' s
P' st t t f t ,
Lh. t sh? r us c^ne
'
'
s. / 4. . 1
r i
) i
, ,
"au
, $r ,
p. i
,
u , , . t ol ,
' HJ ] Jn. t r . . J l o! Ji , l \ or ' d Di . r i on/ - r
_r / 4r r ' '
46t
s
2917
s
g:te8
b) ad|erbe de cantilcle sat gtdd (Adeetbs
of Ahrount ar Dc7r.j:) |
S
2239
' bo. ' al . amo. ' . dr I .
r og' t
F", ds, ' , . r r
|
- ont v
,
. o. . ol e i
, r .
enor q. . . , n
r j \ .
cv/ . . . . . . .
d 1"1. \ ' .
6\
r pnat r . 1. , r ,
. . . r
m, r l r , , h, | l , h, r dt v. ; r gpt ; . i . t
.
t p. s. I ^a"]
no. . h. npd"' y. unl I .
! d' l r . t - pt r J
di . r l d. , ' ql r ". r . r t her , s, ar -
. - y. i o. . oo"\ l ' dl
- u"i i . i "
l y, oo pr ed.
' r t t - r l i .
v r J. v l t . \ r hot t y. , j ". :
.,)
,Q*.1".4:. nfitmo_tie, d. prcblhitilatc
san de nesdl;e ( Adrerbs af Affir-
S
2240
' nultnn.
PfababllLttt of .\ c[nlton
.l
I
y"s. , i nl "at .
dout j
.
$f l I ' . uodDub. pdh.
. "r r , r nr y.
r "ut y. vpr i l J
pt . . :
maybp, p4r r d\ "n-
.
p. r ' ups. pos. r br j . oF' b' br y. r , . : r , dl r . t u, no. n r r .
pl , . :
hadl J,
d) ddeerbe de precizaxe sau tntdxire (Intensire Adrcrbs)1
?) direrse aLte ad,rerbe.
a!].!etbe d,c canrc-ric (Canc,:ssirc Adaerl)s
)
1
ho{'eve. (: totuli), sl.i]l,
Iet,
et..j
adrcrb. dc
ft.ct'enld
sau repelilie (Adtetbs
of Fr.:qucnct and Rtlcriian)l
oncc, t\!ice,_ tnree iimes, ctc.; li.st. lof rlt). tirsilJ. secondl}. Uiirdly, lasrly; qain,
al one
{-
onl x) . ci ( -
ad\rbc i/ieragatire (Intetrolutirc
Adufis).
now? Nhen? s' ]rencc? whde? whelcfttr!? \thitheri, shJ?, .rc.
AdrerDelc de mod s subtmpart in:
a) adrethc de nlitate (Arlaerbs af
Quali.t! ):
b{dll bcautitully. elrelleiUy, lairly, thenl.lr, kirdlJ, ntul.y.
tprtec X,
wcll, etc.;
s
2236
$
291r
Jl so.
n"oqi al b.
p\ , n
,
"hi 1r l .
, vi d. 1r l y.
p\ a,
l v. j ai
r - r ocmai , .
or t y. pu- r i "LI dr t y.
r dJI y. s mt r J. l ur t J. r o^
{
i o) , dt t paJ, at nost ,
"t , . i
e) ad,rerbc fc.tftctiae ( Restrictbe Adfttbs):
S
9942
only, b'rt (: onlyl,
jusr
{:
onlx), eic.;
f)
adterbe erplicatiae (Er.pl.anatorlt Adrerbs
):
as, namely, $ch as, that is (to
say), etc.;
g) adl erbe exclamatire (nxchmatorll
Adcefis):
horvl ivhail, etc.
So !'hat:' lvhat does il malter?
D'na, .en, shrms and sickness his rtu.n was d.layed.a
h
)
ad.verbe inlrodactire ( I nxroductar, Adeefis
)
1
J. . o- J: ag' y.
. oDc^quenr ' y.
i n con6"qu n"
. . j r o\ pvr ".
' h"r pf o
f . , t dDJ r
r 4. . n i ny
$
2246
t62
s
2246
g
294?
5
2248 1) Origine. Adverbeie derivate
provin din difcdte
pturi de vorbire:
a) dit\ subslantit,el
III. FORM,IREA ADYERBELOB
A. AD\'ERBELE DERIV,\TE
besid.r badi)y
atra! be,itui ddtly
b) dlr. pnnutu:
t hi i hef
lere
dicre
()
dn\ atljectit'c I
d) di]J n meruIe:
iwice
e
)
din pfftiipi.it I
betaa cleaAy
behind nosrly
/t"tr)'.
d,tLl!
secantlty s,z3ty
'
' Jnt' t.d1!
61"' 4
l' '
"Pr"o.i
i
t1!
'
dPpo' . l l !
t t ul AP\ t l
/
' or
" 51.
f )
dn). .he adrtbe .
belare ldtely
/b.4rard
lieloLA ne6tl!
$
2249
".
2) llotnaxe. ,{"dverbclc deri{ate se formeazi
prin addugarea utnri
sa/rr sau a unur
|r./tr.
S 2260 Sr i l ul
- l y
. C. l p, nbi mul l " cdr pr b". l p
r r nd
) i
. i r ' vs Je t i - r | p ( dui l ! .
'
l p. At r , nunt l "
l . , t
f l i r . 7r s n, l 1""
) s.
t or maa/
l r i
ed; r g r - "
' uf i r uh, i - / y
At enl Le !
S 225f Cuvtrtele terminrte ir
-14
ru stit intotdeauna ad1'erbe. urrcle fiind
9i
ad-
-
j ecl , l ri .
i rL st e, i al at ucj ci n, l suf i : i ul cst adi ugai unui subst ant i v
($ ?92):
a dniLu pllt t a
ftiet'Jly
gest e
monthl!
^ccarnts
a Lcnel! tor\r
a rrenly nrgazi.-" a lituL\t t\int
led.ly !rXm{,ls
a s'tly old nan
S
2259 ortografie
Suf i xul J9 cst c Adnugat rrrnj ori t ;
I
i i ' n' i . i rl or i Jrd rLi i
I
nrndi f i , dr e 3 nn-
mci }or i ni l i al c. Se ei ragc 1o
"qpeci al
arenri a Ji uPd c duu;
(dt csurrL
dP
,
urrnl e
de obicci ortogralieie greqii:
a) adj n, : ri r. t e t er; , i not " , ' r
-,
(r, u enf epl i a l eul nral i ej l .
t rccet l rt e
dc o
. . n. u. . 1, 1
t d. ' r edl i
d
n. r
"
i i n"l
l]nnillei.e complctel/
!u..- lur.ly
ljn.- lird?y sii.cf.
-
sincfLjr
, ) di l i et t i l cl e
l L, n, i r dt c 1o ' l
pr ece{141,
dr o l . ocr l i au consoaDa
I dLr l l r l
l a f ornra adverbj al i un I l i l rrrl l i rai ul adj ect . i vul ui .
i rr' cel de al . l oi l ea f l ci nrl
pr r t e di r suf i \ ul ' l t / :
fq!rl- eqdalft/
gfDr,rrl- gendallg
Itiiihn,I
-
' 1.
iiliturs Igrl- lpgall!
I
llajorilnLea a..stor
!artic't)ii
ar d.\'.ni! adjc.tile
{ia
Nodilicxri de ortogralio sulerd urm{toarcle cuvinte:
S
S963
a) adjectivele tcrminate ln Je precedat de o consoand
pierd nceasti ter-
minatie lnaintca sufixului Jy:
lrobable-probab?3,
simllc-simlly
CiDd inse terminatia -le
ste precedati de o vocaii,
-c mut final se
menline:
c) adjectivele
te.minate ln 'll pierd un I lnaintca suiixului J3r:
Exccpl i e: r vhol e - dr ol l y.
DJ adjectivelc
terminate in
-ae
pierd !'ocala linald
-e
lnaintea
sui i rul ui -l y:
d,) cuvintele terminate ln
-r,
oficare ar fi sunetul prccedent, schimbd pe
-g
tn i inaintea sulixului J3t:
day
-
dailv
gay
-
gail!'
Er cepl ; i :
Au ambele forme:
dull
-
duity tull
-
lullgr
dry
-
drtly
si
drsly
shy
-
shily
9i
shrly
?,1 Adjeciivele terminate in
-ly,
ca
frien"dly,
Io elg, timely, eily eLe., nn
pot lorma adverbe p n adXugarea sulixului 'ly| din motive fonice', tinlily,
sa.u IaneIiIE fiind excluse. Ele au deci adverbe fonnaie prin
adiugarea unui
cuvini, aBtrfel:
iD a friendly way at a timely momcnt
Adjectivele terminate ln 'ly, care formeazd adverbe de timp, pdstreazd
aceeati forme:
.. I a dail" DaDer r He rame doilr.
Mrerq
1a
-"eit1j
p:ap"1
@r4F
1
S,.e lvrcrc r$ico dail!.
Alto sulixe. Prulixo, - Adverbele mai pot li formate si prin adeugarea
g
2264
altor sufixe sau a unor
prefixe:
sdtrolo :
.lona .$rdG)
-wyG) -ri!o
{, etc.
l\eatllahs out@a s strajghiaoy lenglholse needs
sidelous sestoar.t(s) sideaags iikeaisd novadays
helitolo: o" be- to-
dgain D,fore taday
alooi 6?neaih ,omofow
dflame Dcyond ,ogeher
r
s" , r r dp f a. . r , l nnnr i
l t d: hi "4dl i t ! .
xi l i t ! . t of a pr r h"dbi t r f i ' br
" I
Combi nal i a sunchl or l i i nd dFzasr pabi l i .
s
2265
$
2266
$
225?
A.1).
+
Ade.
464
B. ADVDRBELE
COMPUSE
Adverbele
pot li formate
ti
prin compunete
din di{rite
p{rt'i de vorbie:
lorUrrlshl.
Ad. o. +PEP. +Adt .
IY. CI.'IEGOnII
SPf,CIALE
DE ADVFR'BD
ADVEIIBUI,
$I
ADJDCTIVELE
PREDIC{TI\.E
Unele
verbe intranzilive
slnt' urmale
de uD adiectiv
!i
nu de un adverb
(5 76?-?68,
2517):
l o / , e/
' ul d
| ar d
pai ni ul r ough sur r '
' l ' '
l o i ooi awt ul / t i nP/ ! r el l J
"r "
r o snPl l s{Ppi r / nasl r / sour / sl r ong
e( r '
l '
"od' d
cood/ bFadI i f ul / ppt t '
' i / br r angp'
pr c
t o / dq. b: l t "r / del i "i ous/ 8ood/ souf
pr '
AD\iIIRBD CU,\CEEASI
FORMA
CA
$I
DJECTI\.ELD
S,A.U
^"'
"'*"siiisriNrliiin
conlsputlzAro'rno
Unele adverbe
au aceeali
formi ca
!i
adiectivele
sau substantivele
cores-
Iunz;toare:
th; ;dst ol EqlaDd
",*"*tt*i****l-iiiEiili$i:iip"::'l*tii'iT"']:;*'"':"""
Don't
{alk 60
ttut.
lr wiil
go
tlt
Nith him
l
. an l st a]
l onC.
_
She NFnt ead' Bh,
natK
l l i s
sur l i 3 l Pr Y, er l
dot r ' '
Wc weni, not.
Y.u nnsl n..ds olPY
Jour Parenrs'
Tliey t.areUed
e@s,
ADJECTITE CU DOTI,4 FOruIE ADVERBIAL]I
tlnclc djective au doui forme adrerbiale, una identire cu aceea a adjcc-
tirului, cealaltii forrnain din adjciiv
prir
adiugarea sufixului -ly:
4i6
!
2258
-
}ard. hardly
-
lasi, Iastly
La unele ad\.erbe din aceast; categorie, lntre cele doui fornll] nu existi
deosebi r" J" i nl ' hs. . i
n, , , nsi d. l nLr"bui nl ar. . f ^rmd
qi mpl a
f i i nJ adnreori
I
r . l p' dl i . i nd i nl Fl "sLl
"sl e
con r - ' . pr opr i u
. au
l i gur . r l . l a gr ; dul
. ompar al i r
ci u
. uppr l a' i v, i l
. r , t i nl p) p. ompu\ c
f i
i n
Fxpr Fs; i l p. unsd, r sl p sdu i , l i om0l i . - .
i ar l , r ' m r l n
- / y
l nl or i nd, , - s. N u' , . i
ei nd l nl ; l equl csr p abs' r r , l :
To. . : r / / o, p l o r r r p
door
{
l o' r l . dpr oi pe' . ( Con. r "l )
,
/ o. ! I ny r r . i r t bur . / 4! . r r t
"ki n.
, Con; r p. ' . l P. over l , J
' l' o war.ch crosci!. To go .los' ly into thc maller. (Abstractl
To be ctaseu .oD.erned
jt
{:
indcaproape).
llbstrrcl.)
Slill wntem run dp?. (con.ret)
{Prctrh)
To $'ork de-",D into tle nishli. (!'i8lf,:ll
To drink d..e!.
{Irigural)
U. ?t l !
' on"^n. l .
r . ppl / i r l pr . sl l . I \ Lsl r ", .
T^
go
deer l ! i nt o t hp n' Jl l er .
( Absr r aLl )
.6asi4 said l.han done.
{Comrraralir)
Dasl! .o^e. eas!
go. (Idiom{tic)
{Provcrll
Take il cass I
lldiomal'c)
As
aai . &
as
Dosi bl e.
( I di omat i c)
F. n qk; , 1. . 1 l l s r hp qd, cl , sr | , dn go. ( Compdr a i v. sun"r l ^r i \ )
Ilonon.s qui.ftlye follo*ed.
.tuick-acltng
qut.fr-gro$ing qlt.L-selting
Alte adverbe din aceeati categorie $nI: dear, d3.tl!; newi nealy; pldin,
plainhl; slow, sloela: thick. thi&ly; thin, thinUl; tight, t{ghtlu; tvrong,
s'rongllt eft.
Obser eal i e
Clnd tntre cele doui lonne adverbialc nu eristi deosebire de tnleles, ad-
verbele calilicative3 au in generc forma ierminate ln Jy:
deeply intereskd, easih/ rn'l.tsloo.t, aeatlJ nanied, d.ea y bp.loecd, thicQ! ctad. eLc.
La alte advelbe din aceastd categorie, deosebirea de tnleles dintre cel
S
22;!
doui forme adverbiala este tnsd atit de mare, tncit unele dinhe ele ajung s[
erprirna chiar sensuri contra.ii (hald, hardl!
).
Formele terminaie ln J3' sint
r Cd
c\ LcDl i a r a, t r "i l or i r . i l : r r ".
. dr u: r ' l r pl r ui nl dr . i
ddvr r h d1. t n l i mba
. ncl . r J
. ". . . mnor dnb. o nor r d"
' i ni 1
, l p . u' i r h: \ d\ . "1 . l I ol osi r I nr ol dpJxn: r
Fsl p r dr ; l y.
,
ln
atarn de ca^file aretaic. adlcrbnl
qzt.fr/v este lormr eea mai Irecvent lnirebnin-
1aili.
3
Vczi
S
! 289.
406
tn gnoral t trebuinlata cu sens ligurat sau mai abstract,
Si
sint mai d{rpnftate,
ca lnteles, de adjeotitul corespunzitor:
'lhey dispached the TV set dt.d io th," sorke.s'club ( direct).
'fhc si,hool is dtfrdlg oplrosite (: eracij.l
t'n conirs ditull,
(
im.djat).r
,t Nlytsiie snid it, shc knew she h{il been risht. (- IDdai{ cc)
l I e 3l $aJs
! l r - vs / ut
( :
' , , r . 1) .
H nar ' dm
/ of l y
(
"l , i
dl l . _u"l
Your work is
/otly sood
(: d.stnl dc).
H, oul d $or k I
' - d
{ "ob"r
n, l . d
E"
.
H"
,
o, l d / , "1, / r or \ ( bl i . {- o,
) .
The Dl me $as l l vn' c ni l l l : sxsl .
I s. l s , {r B/ . / , n
; c".
' nd
(
", . ", .
Jus, here,
ih,
br Ure door
(:
chi{r, imediai).
It is
j,sr
ihe book I edt (:
to.mai).
Jrsr once,
iusl
a little
{-
nuorai).
To d.aljasls wiih somcbody (: just,
drpt).
He $us
jzsdy punished (: pe tuept).
Ite came ,ast
{-
la u.mal.
[ : . . , t I \ , hcv ni o\ d o a ! . $l r - ] r ui l t l l at . s( r ondl v Lhev bnr j hl npw l ut n; r ' , 14. I nd
l d"/ / j / h"v
i , , .
h"as, J a
- t f l s, 11r o"i neJsyr pr m(
, i t i n. , :
t t nm"i dr l .
Il Nas ldre in the altemoon
{:
thztuJ.
I have lot se."n her iar'1,
(:
ln ulrima em).
Ho \rs irayeuing llslrr (: Ierii lttgaje).
He has {]waYs treLrted iliings l.snd!
{:
uior).
she. ' ood
, . . d" r ) e
r i . p
r - - aDr od0r . I nsa) . {Adv Jpl o4l
nh. r d. i y br ok, . dos i r h. n sh
"a$
u;
{
r pr od! ", .
t l dv.
dr mod)
Hp i r ?r , ys. l pv. " ( .
o, ", r . s. t ui ni . .
gr ozbv dp. . . )
She sinss so
rr,ril.v i:
drJtsat).
I s"i ' . i g&, l o I np bo, r om ( ,
Ur ppl , di r a t ) .
You
.Judgid
.islrlJ (:
lideJ.
He iumed sloll
(:
brusc).
They will ne here slDr
E
(:
loarte curi'rd).
Alte adverbe din aceastd categorie: clean, alaai\ly (to trash clean: a clea.rt'
Iu
"lressed
ch;ld.): shtrp. lharply (2o
lo"k
sharp: tatutnsharp: ta sprdk sharp'
/ d/ , t r ue. t r ul y
( t a
si ng t t up: t r ut !
; t ot c[ ul ) :
wi de, wi dol y ( t o op. n
"uJP:
to traQl *,Atl!; NidLl! kna|n
)
eLc.
At enl i e !
2260 Se at ragp i rr spe. i al arenl i a Jqut ra urmcl oarl or adverbe.
di n| "I e care
uncl c m"nl i ondr. l ;
$
2258 ad"s"i
"ronat
I nt . l . sc dp i n. epat ori -
dFoa
rece urele forne ln
-1, diferi cu totul ca sens de cele simplei
. / i "e , r - : m", l ; at , I at PI u I r "c! nt )
/ o; i 4"
: J
r t ut o"J l i l "n
,
- pc^bdbi l ,
hd"dl !
\ -
abi a. d' l ar ) , . psant l v
: , nddl d.
numr i dF. l t l
hishti
i:
toaie) prette
-
(:datul dp; .oloc,. sirasnic,
gro?av d)
sno.,rv (- cu.lnd, ln scu.t tiDP)
N ot d
Dircctl! es\e pronunlat
[&
rcktll, de r, da|r-, drekl4, formr
I
drkh]
nefiind utilizatl cu sensul de tlirect, sraight (: ro4. direci, drept),
ci in Jnod feovent cu sensul de at once (-rom. nncdial,)
li
tncn
ti
mai
' \ ' z: ! 2: 6
F nLr u dosbi r r r d" r ' ' o
r l l ' pd| ' r "". s Lr . r 1l \ p"u
I t
, . ' c", . r p; sr Fl "
pr pr nt . t r . n
r dFi . , a d i d. n
j , Jr u1' 4i a"l F"r i qr ' r i . 5' . mi i
derilrtal,' r 0a tilel.s.
frecLent cu sensul de dr sooz as
(.:
rcn.1^dati. ce).l Astjel, in limba englezd
\orbiti. semantjca acestui adverb este indical.i si deci inlelegera ci usuratn,
qi de pronuntarca lui.
Obser t ' al i i
aJ ln culintele compuse se iiirabuinteaze de cele mai multe ori forna
S
2261
sjnpla a adverbului:
46?
a qrick gro\ring
ll.tri
a
quick-lo.gol,ten
renrark
a lotrd tickinq clork
a .leaFringilg voice
a llat-looted
loson
nc$.dis.orerd tenitory
./a.: ledl eleoted.membe.s
a rewly{cdded colpte
DJ Pentru o mai mar flunln ill stil. tot forma simpll estc lntrcbuinlaln
S
2269
adeseori
ti
pntru gradele de comparalie ale acstor ad!'crbe, chiar atunci cind
forma gradului pozitiv
este terminau in l,:
i?zsi, snid th.r, done.
I c.tr't sncak .rv Dralna.
Th dos barked ioid,r.
I'c wtnt sl'(d.-
Yotr r
aut.ft-"/
lhan Ffcd.
Couldn't
l-ou
put
rou oase .led.c.r
lle slotrted ,o&da,.
\1'c walhed (zi.irs,
{or
rlr'r.rrl belFern hcre and t},e park.
flis motor iike came rlo0dsr ol all.
Prin xtcnsiu a, sa tnlrcbuinteazi in lirnba engiezi vorbitd formele dc
conrparaliv
.si
superlaliv ale adjectivu)ui rcspectiv cliar gi tn cazul adverbelor
decit lorrrla in lr:
Hc *.ites .lrel"r thdn he talls.'
ADVDRBELE PRONOMINALE
(PRONOITIfiAL ADVERBS)
i
! l ri 3
ii6re rtlr.xre
i
' li"s!rc
lnLe4gaLit. who?
1) llefinilie.
-
,ldforbele din aceast.i grLrpn
sixL numiie
,,pronominale,', S
gguj
deoalece pdr originea. functia qi tnlclesul toi se aseamdnd cu pronumele:
'
al provin din rdddcinile pronominale
h, tlLc
i
wha;
,,
lin
locul unui cuvint (adverb),
al unui compiement c cumstanlial
sau at unei
propozilii.
ti
leagi propozilia subordonate de regentx:
ile weni abroad (adv.l,
iin,r, he Fas scnl. at !n \change stndent.
Lct' s nccl. at 12 r' .lr.l
{.onrrl.
ciro.). rLhtn ure marn;qdin D.ride
is ove..
IIe
?Lt
up kb hand t,prcpozilic). &rs stolping th irallic.
lvpzi.
pentN ilustrarc. .\emrl+le de la
S
22tJ.
:
Ir.$'. t o$1!r, .1 l]idrior{t t! af adon EntisL rlsos,
-er
arz
-cst,3
1108
cl ara$ nodul. locul
ti
limpul in mod rolativ:
t , 1ru i ndi ci : nodul i n f unct i c de si t ual i a rezLt i t at d di r cont e\ L el c.
here
i
ther (ca qi pronumele
dmonstrativ thir si lhat
)
aratn locul in ra-
IorL
cr persoana care vorb;te; aceeati lnt.cbuillare o au si adr.erbeJe dur:o
-
strative ,iitr./, hcnu. this
Ei
thdt;
thither, thence, tthitlEr. trlgttce arati locul in raport cu un ali loc ntcrlir"
tl,en aratn timpll t {unclie de un rnonent tre(rlt sau \.iitor.
ii
2265 2) Clnsilie.rxe. - ,{Femenea
proDunlelor,
adrerbele pronominale se irl
part in ur ril"oaftle cateeorii:
$
2266
a) adt'trbc demanstrutu,e : irerc. Lhcrc. Llrn. i.his. that. thus.
N at d
In stilul colocvial, this
!i
thrt sint adrobo denonstralive atunci cird
si nt urmal e de un adj ecl i v sarr de un adverb care enpri ni cnnt i t at er:
rnis
{s
a u dd,l hish ,lts
{s
au ddr) l... er..
I know 1,r,; nu,l,. thit he Noa' t le tlic.c.
The Ftrtcr $.as do, higl.
S
2267 b) adretbe reLdtiw: horv. Nhcn, drere
S
2268 c) adrerbe inxxogatit.: honl rvhen! whenccl Nhcrcl \\hither? Nhvl
i!
2269 Asomellea atllerbalor, iD lunclie de raportul pe
cere
jl
e\prime, adlerb;le
pronominale
6e impart in Drmdtoarelo calegorii:
S
22; 0 u) odr' rb. d
j , r, i , :
noN. rLc, . . shcr
S
2271 b) ddftrbp ttp ln!: llclf, ll,ere, 1lhere, bither, thither, \vhiiher, hnce,
ihence, whence
S
2272 c) ad.rcrbc d.c rrcd: horv, thus
$
22711 d..) adrtbe de
grad
sau cdntitute. rhis, rbat.
S
2274 3) Adverbe compusc.
- Unele adverbe
pronorninale,
combinate cu
pr-
pozilii
sau cu alte adverbe, formazd adl'erbe con)puse:
..
t4: he.e.tlrout(s), hcnalto, hcrcI}, herein, he.eto, he.etolore, hererpon, here-
r/d.e: ihcfeal,oul(B), therenfter. therely, thoclorc, i.hoclrom, l.hucin, lhcrcol,
thereon. thereio. ihcrcriion. indwillr
//,"r: *'hereaboutisl, whercLX, $he.efore, whrejq whereof, whereon, wbereto
,,rd: hercetorth. IenceloMard
r.iez.e: lhcncelorih, thel]celoN.ard
, nn r : hi t h"r t n
PARl'ICULA ADVERBIAL,{
(TIIE
-{DVERBIAL
I'r\RTlCLn)
5
2275
$
2276 1) Dcfinitie. - Particulele care lnsotesc
ycrrelc
crrtrlc.re
(
g
l?81) srnr.
de fapt, adverlle. deoarece ele detefinjna.
"Ibp.
Aceste instrumenrc grnmaticale
sint numite mai
orecis
parLicule
adeerbiqle.
I22?7
,{dvcrbclc cari servrisc cel mai lrecvert, drept
Darticule adwrbiule sint:
obaut . axo! . b. t "A. d. rr, ' n. ; n. al l . o". o. , t . , , r t .
, t l t , t r.
S
2278
I
2r Part i rul a 4drorbi sl i i o ro0l r. r. r rI p. rrl i rul ; prcpozi ! i 0rrrl d.
- \ . "l eai i
partjcule pot,
avea uncori
ti
funclie de prepozifiel (S 2195), legind werbul de
complemcntelo iui;i stabilinrl asl,iel arutrjte relalii, intrc verb gi comple
Dentele acesLuia. Ele sint iD acest, caz numltc particul prcpozi.tionalc.
t
Aeav.bu.k
il
out slit nruai adrerbe.
zVezi
S
t 38r .
A se conpar a:
Adt ' t r b.
Pt r [ on vour ] r al !
I l ookr n r p r . f Jndr css.
Tl i - v $et r l / r , , l Lr
' l Lnnr .
Slie
put o// Irr tril-
Y,:rbele din .,oloana sthgn
"qint
adrcbiale;
rerheb din dreapta sint
PANTICULA ADVIRBIAIA
PteNxilii
He came inro lne rooni.
Put You. hat oz the tLrbll
She iookcd
l? the slreei.
Thet $'cnt dotrtr lhc hill.
'his
is o// lhe
toitrt.
lerbc conplere oo stnrite cu
ldrl;.tr/?
urn.Lte dt
trepo.ilii
cc iitrodu. 1o.u-
,169
l i uni rrt ua: . t 1i anal . .
'
l n' ""t o, ' i "
- , i n- a.
. , , ! ; nr ' I i n.
"t ' .
' t 7
Jo, r ' v/ / dPr F' mi 1d
t r b' t r Lt - -
mi nd . ' - l . , l ,
"
r1: -t o
"a\ ".
i r' .
t o
I ", t
on.
t ^ t o
t
t / t .
t '
. 4
, l o' t ' .
' -
""'
"l T
Dol l i l l l o ui l - u dl r F
\ pr l , a : i noni r ne
f / ,
' nt
r ' t o
ar ' r
"n
5 t 4d 1' s
t "
i od. st , nd.
t "
r i a nat t . ) .
Et F nu l - . 1. r v"r bul l ' , u! i nr 4p ur n' J
i dr . p' r l r r H
t or n. r
"u
a, "1
.
^
^r . l r u. l i p
I ' r ' t ' ^/ i r i nnal i r
on
t ur ' r hdl t t p 1 t n4t . !
d.o$n to dinnff. otl ,f," ril nu arr nici un scns ca aiare A5adar at$te lornle
sint.
(
onsideral,e odtr"re-
l n
. o1". r . , di ' d' Faf r r
l n. . d. pr "pol i r i i l a
i ", "
u' t p.
' 1. "n. dl
1^. c"
\ r Lul
, l c
c^mDl . ' n"
l . l r l , r i l ^r , , ' i r , d
"r
P. - i l .
'
' on5l r u'
l r r
f r Fpu/ r l r 0r dl ^
i nl "l l : i bi l ": ; at , l ' t t ' . r oon. r ' o, 1' "t ol l . xpt h. t r ' 1. d0$0r ' "/ r ; / / . l ol t t l "po: , ' t .
Pr i n
, r r r r r r F
r . , .
F
l u' m, , t ^t
pr ' t o) t t ' .
3l 0rdinoa
(nrirrtelor in
prnlozitic
si
acceDtfl:rrea
lor. ,\cesiea sint
S
2279
al t e Joud cr r l Fr i i
, , r p
'
onr r i t , ui " l . ' aLr l i r "1 Ji l ' 1"nr "l o'
' l i r r t "
p . i ur ' 1"
adr erbi al e si ccl e Dr"p^zi l i onal e.
L"r i r u; a
"l . i n. '
di nr i '
I ' ar l i cul s
adLer hi al i
i i
t . ' bJ
- i ' p ' on
l i l S i n
, pr . i al I n
\
or bi r r . und.
pr r t i
ul " ad\ "r hi al a.
pu' " dr ' t d
\ "' b F" p' onunl i ,
f i e a si l abr l t i nal , r Jr cst r i , , t i a
un, al d d o s. r r ' l o
l . / / r d
l ' r i i r ' l "r , uf i nl ul ur
urmetor. Particula advefii|^tit paatc cleci sta
i
la sfiryi.tul
propo.iriei, cu accert
1r1I
final
pc rerb:
The
rln
takcs oll 'at ht
SrYii..h on
rthe
light.
I np l i r . ' : s ou.
A.c
you going l.o
rdng
uP?
Urhen rvill hc
' be
in?
Parf i . ul a Drcoozi t i onal i
eal F i t
-a
di ri ns l 1g' )' d dr
\ uLst ant i l sau p. or"-
S
2280
m, 1" o. u"re 1l d"l . rn' i I r.
p"
c0rp l l
r4r", dd,
si ! ai ' e
psl a
a, . P, , udl
' Li a"
. l nd
pr apo?i i i a
M
ar l s
l l sl i r si r ul
pr ol "i i l i ei cont or m r zr nl pi
'
i l r r l ui
r ol oct i al :
\\'r Jre roins l,one ru 'L,us.
sl , e Lo. -shL t hut f ot / o/ rl 0
pound"
' t
p
oui . \ nu
ar 4 oo[ , . 9 d, F d br aur J.
\ \ ' ondr r . ul t i
l ' r r . l W o
\ a' i l
Lpi ; n
"l Dv"
Th mJL
r ' ou
dn
l Jl i ; ng 060, l i "n l i l \ \ ' dl l o
Jnu
$dnl hi m
/ o"
( Vezi
t i 5
, {! 5.
)
llaioritatea Darticulolor adverbiale au aceeaEi lorme ca
Fi
prepoziliile
'corespunznioarc,
cu exceplia urmitoaretor adverbe care nu au
ti
lorme pre-
pozilionale:
' e
\ . ! d' q. o' ha"t s. r d
, , . . , n\ , r . {q) .
, . "$4dL- l
)
' r t
. . Jr
.
4) Alto tategorii ilc
parlieulo adrcrbirlc Llna'ri
L,ariiculrl
lrlverbiilF
S
2981
r epc , i dee"
\ ar L. . l , r i . ur . i t "r ' z, ' r ur i r
""i nl
f i i "
- ' r
f ' o
pJ' u
I l ' ' r r Hs ' "
inadsul verbului r0spctiv:
t o l ur n r ol r d, cl .
4?0 MORFOIOCIA
-
AD!'EBBI'L
Alteori insi, particula
adverbiald
dilerd adesa de sensul verbului de
to come
'n
10
qo
away
to
sivo
back ro hnock iul
Numeroase particule
advrbiale
adaugi
verbului o
bazd:
schimbd cu totul
notrune noua, c e
in!,elesul
verbului:
t o pui . up
(a
intela)
lo give out
$
2282 Foade intersarte combinalii se ob,tin cind unele
particule rdverbiale
slnt urmate si de una (chiar qi
dc doud) prepozil,ii:
to
lut
zp d, a hotel, to
giv
"1
/o.lost,
lo
get o// u/ a stop.
lo qet rfl iktrP(.ts
)
{2
rdrer}e), to
,Ime
rcun.l. to on. wny ! lilp
1\c.1, -
ddlFrb
+
lr.loziln
l. to
.lrrtrb
rp on to l\e roor
{vr! +
adrerb
+
t
prcpozilii)
$
22EE T. COIIPARATIA ADYERREI,OR
1) Formi. une)e adverbe, in special ad{erbele calitative. au
gride
cle comparalic ca qi adjcctivete. Comiraralia aalverbelor se face tn irodul
ulmeior:
aJ adverbele monosilabice, precum
Ei
advelbul ed,'ly, pdmesc termina-
liile
'er la comparatir
;i
.sl la superlativ:
late- lat.r
-
lates,
early- earlic.- carhes,
1, 7 adv, r b, l l . r mi naL. l n
- / r .
pr Fcum gi r r / dor r . t or mFezd compar al i t ul
,
u aj , or ul adver bul r i zor , . i sr supr dal i ! Ll
. u , , ost :
clverly- more cle_rrly- Inost cl""lerly
n, . Pr y
-
mor ' nr . r t
-
: r . osr r r
pr )
s. I don
-
mor e sel dom- most
""l ] or i
Adverbul olrrn are ambele forme de comparalie:
-., --
J
ottcncr, olicDPst
" ' "
I
mor p ot
pn,
soqr ot t Pn
adverle lormeazi comparati\.ul qi superlatirul neregulrl.
(,a
corespunznt uare
(S 666):
fi
adjectivele
Pa.iti"
ill
'
I
riti.!e
C ompd.raliv Supcrlatio
nxpticaliile formetol de corritraralir
fi
superlaiiv stnt acelea;j ca h adjcc-
t i ve (S 672 ?20).
4?1
COMPARATTA
Lr cmPt c:
' l h , , i ' i s r Jl u"d hi s
poqr v. t u' P
r hdD
hpv di ' l
Jo
F
l ' ou | : I
\ ] mc onp
I ' enod( ar
i ' Jr '
She $as Li ' r i r a\ -
\ hen ar o'
l our
( l . d \ vas nosl 5al i sl a' l onf
i , : , , 1t l ; r): ; "D; ; i : i . l l : . . ,
, , ,
r, , , *
Ji d.
' ' Fa\ ' : '
2) Ortogratic.
Regllile
de ortosrafie
slnt acelea,oi
ca
;i
pentru adjec-
$
9284
t i ve
(S 661).
3' Uoun
rompari t i l o.
Ca' i
l 1
' "7u1 ' dj Acri ""l or'
uneori
o propnzi l i e
$
2935
"onf i ". '
"- i .
i comDar sr i \
r r par nl
' pl "' 1or r "f ot nFf i i nduni l ' Dl r r ' or r J' r ncl r J
"r a.
i - ". i ,
, ""
- "l i p
*
' r r Ju' "
nr i n di n
' "
; n
"e
n r i ' :
I fcl the cold
mort a\'l mote
(Sint ldgtl din ce ln ce mai muli
)
\\'e iikc lis atlilLlde
fuss and less'
(Atitudinea
lui nc
!1"'
din ce ln ce m
pulm
'
Alteori,
doua
comparative
diferite.
precedate de adverbul
''e'
se gdsesc
S
2286
t n di u, . , nr opo: i t ' i
A
pi ' i i t p' : n ! ; r cul o
t \
'
un
mmpr r dr i r . l n l i F' ' r '
pr opo-
; i t ; : "i "' ; ; "[ ; ; ", 1*; 1i e
s"
i ra. ruc' pri n.
"u ' i t
m"i
' u
a' i ' mr" :
ft
';
lii'mil".";llilxli:':"x""i1*"'::*'""'"ia
nai rirzir
)
I
F r" r, " rhi dL" rbour n' "
"' "; : ; ; , j t | PU, 1"i i ' ;
, ,
psrp
mdi bi . . . ,
rcu
,,,
""
s' nd,,r"
.3i.oi"iri' _,*,
l n un"l o
. 0zuri un si nqur
advFrb
i n grddul
coorparat i v
prt r"Jdt de aJv"r-
f r"r t i j , "". r"
i ^t . l ' ; "1"r
i Ji omari ' 1: i i
moi
' u
a Lt mi n
r:
Hr hdd
rh" rubv
ro I nP. ri vhLrri ' d' r- ro, enj oi "l ' i "l i ' l i "L: l ' Tl r,
. u admi rabrrd. i
[(Xl)
ridit r rLl]inul-
In drcptul
rumrnrr cr
l i he NJs nod
"L
, l d shJ
r npv l i kpd hi m "l '
' h'
h"t t "' t ot i t
i b: ; l ; ;
; ; ; . i
t i
rrmt o
Fri ru dri r mar
i rbi r' l
At enl Le!
A se eviia drbia,
comporatiu
(more nicer, Iess nearer)'
greieah
frecvntd
S
2287
la lncptutul
studiului
limbii engLez
\1. LOCUL
N)VEIIBEI,OR
A"A'DVERBELE
CALIFICATIVE
Adrprbel o
nal i l i ca' i ve doprmi nd
al l r
par(i dp
! orbi re da' l l
q. . . , ' . -"a". rt " p. ' . . dn i n
gencre adj cct i v"t "
sdverb'
l c
p"rri ' i pi i l e
sau substantivele
pe care
le oaracierueaza:
: he i s, +/ P r l l
' ; di "! ?ous
r o
"r Y '
\ dj '
i rrro
"
'ir
t'
i,
r'
1"
-
-'r
I
{Jt
t
1' , ' v { r "
r , ' / ! ?' A?a
o-
l Jr t l r ' r r l
1, "
i s o. J, o , ou.
<ub- .
l l rcepl i e:
adverbul
anagn, care se
pune d' ! d
cuvt ni ul
pc care t l
i i
9990
determinH iS
2353, 2683)
s
2288
s
228e
vcrbele.
r
$'ali.
\ltirdan,
D"n-?ur^.
472
s
!2$1 B. .\DYEUBDLD CARE DETERI' T\,\ \' DRBD
S
221)2
nDyrRBxtx Dx TDrp
Penllu slabilirea loclllui pe
oare il oeupe adverble de timp in propozilie
cst e necesar si i l e i mpnrl i rD i n:
S
il2t3 1) adverbe care dau o idcc ncpri:r rri desple tn:lp (ndyerbe de tnnp
ncpreci s):
..
ihr.ys, ever. n!!o. l.cqncnl.lJ, oilen, si,ldom, r ell, g.nfrrllL n$ral\, on.e, ome-
udes' soo' . el c' :
S
2291 2) adlelbe care arati
lr.ir
timpul (adr-erbe de timp precis):
Jest er day,
l odaJ, l omor f ow. t oni gl ' t . dt t r i gl ' t , l a51 ni ghr / $epl r ' r i r , nt h/ yer r . ct c. ;
l I r . , \ r Ji j
. r ^ . I r s
sr ' ^.
"t ,
. : , n t t r m, , . r r : r ' g/ i j , I noo. , - \ , ni r , L. , , t , ,
S
2995 1) ,\dyerbcle dc timp nepre(is sint
pucf:
S
229{i a) tnuin.a verbului. cind aces[a aro o
/rrnd.\i,ntlri.
cu excepjia verbuJui
lo r,e. pe rare il urmeazi:
\1'? ./!n go
skrtins ir tl,c winr(,r.
ThJ' ,",,n lerrlt the tuy.
s
'
i '
n""
i 1
Hu s.as s,on tircd.
Er . cepl i e:
Cind verb l /o 6, esLe accentuatr adr.crbul de timp neprecis il precede:
"She is ni. "'She anrags is iri in ll,e elenhgs."
S
22$7 b-) dupd prnml.
aar;llar (inclusiv
sl l-orhutui to BE), cind verbul are o
rorna compusa:
un uuxillar:
Ne sh.ll dr,/ lorgct yon.
' l
huy h.d o/reu aticndcd il' e erening rlisses.
I hrve rdf.ly bc.n l.o a iirst night.
\\' e rre dlrarls sec;ng Ureo-
doltd sdu tet duxtliarc I
They shall sooa have head aboul lhe neN salellile.
He has seldon been seeil in our club.
NJ son {ill,/,.a hrve becn goilg l.o university (lor) a yea..
S
2998 Er t . ?l t e
Cind auxiliarul trehnie accentuot, adverbtl de timp i\ prectdd:
.lou
say I have n.rc. gilen
her a ihonglit, but I ol'rdys lrare looked afte. her.
S
2299 c) d.nrii tn vtrb dtfactia modaL:
He can
'n...r
go
io sleeD riil,out lirsi readirg Id haii an ho!r.
Y.u m.)- rraa meet hc on
Xou.
\ay to s.hool.
OLset adt i i
\erbul C,\N poate li
li
precedat de ndverbele din aceasla categorier ceea
ce at l age dupn si ne acccnt uarea i dei ; :
I nerer
' coulll
reciie aDJthing
\or1 alqay!
' can
r.ell rvhen h is hapll: lrc sings al lhe iop ot his loico.
Yon ,ra .in ldl $hxt rnal hatpcn ncrt.
ldverbele noe. Ih.tt. sotnctimes.' soon nu rrrneazd intoldcauna regulile
S
2400
precednte. ci
pot fi puse
ii
la sft$itul
propoziliei
{acceni
"(]ab).
sau.
fclltru
o accntuare nai
putrnicn, la inceputul ei:
l shai1ro,' crtlain the lcsson.
{Neacccntuatl
I Ie i,ncd',s . o nes on TL'esdnI.
{^!earcPl_
4t3
S
2:loB
cazul
:c
2306
I shall e\llain the lesson ,or- (Slab acccn' tu'rl)
tuil,l
tre comes on
n'o,!. I sl,aU c-rrrluin th lesson.
{Accenluat
acccniuut)
Tuesday roae,iner. (Slrb
$' c slall r,' z s@
yor
asain.
i\eaccfnl,ull
$' eshallsec
lou
aga 5,,z.
(-clab accu,turl
i
J' oon w sl,all see rod
aganr.
lr.cN,tu.i
I /kz kn.w lhc tNth.
(Nla..eniuall
Thi,y Ffre tndn liljng in the .o,trttrI. (N{!
iHlilliil
'-,'
d'. rshb
a.oenil,ar)
,tonc,tnes h. |r(ttes 0n
? lEn I knc{ the l.rtrll,.
{\ccsttuat
putelni.)
!!|.ni.)
2) Advcrbcle do timp precis, precum qi lalr
!i
tdrly. sint plasale dc obicei
:(
2301
la s|n',situl propozilriei:
sl . . ".
i , l 1l p. l
t , f - r 4^- . J, u
q
.
. \ ou
,
/ i r "'
t , l sr '
l ' ,
1' . oi t r t . -
t a"xht . l l dr ' l d' r ' 1i m/ / "j ,
"' ",
/ . .
| , l
. l l r , t
h
r ' t . \ t ot - o r . Th"! Jr , l .
. p. r ' ' .
l .
|
' L
l ,
I i e i s l er r i ng. a; l y I o s. hool t oda) .
Cind shi a.centuale. aoeslt ttd\'rbe sc pun la incclutul propozilieir
$
2302
' Ioddl thc NhcaNal Rnt olf .emarkrblJ $,.11.
' I.rth.( hP will be h!re, I an slf..
Idk rt li8hr ne N.s slill ha.d at his bools.
ADTHRBIT-T DII OII
1), \ dvcrbel e de mod si rt
I ' use:
d) durti ,crb:
lle drank si."v.
I had walked
/aJr.
I kroN slie crn sin9 b.autirnl!.
b) dupir cotnpknent. cild verlut ar un comthDent scurb ir
I uscd that wo .lerirlut ,y.
fdilcr h,td litkcd Io het kin ttiJ.
Cind insl dcrsl tbnplemnt $tc plt.a lu
g. ppnLtn evitaren e\-entualclor
S
2t07
contnzii adverbul este pus inainle satr dupd wrb:
He.!il4,rly ryal, hed the gamc lrcak corer.
'l
heX hrd t!.irten dd../"dy.
r Yol r ;
\erbul nu trebuie dcspdrlit de conplcnu:ntul vix dird
(
)s
b9-"'):
s
9t08
Ile speaks Dnglisl'
/l&cnly.
Hc straks
/l?.,/V
Eoglisl.
DespnrLilea velbului de eonplementul direct csie
justifitatn
atunci ri d
"",nn'pi""i"t
d.it.d
toarte
lung;r
line
prca depflrte dc verb un adlerb care
nu i l
poat e precdar ($ 2601):
The liction ot
gltoilla tighleN nad .ap.s.d ro.e./atr d.s..u.,l,z ure Nizi lnnks
p.ssing
I
i-iil.l ol.lXi,
'
.",' u.u' . tso\|,:,, ot cit.. r osit,.n at A.1,,, t,s.
$
2304
s
2:t05
At enI Le!
2309Ad! er bel cai i t at i ve- ( bddl v, bnul i f ut l ! "r ' el l Lnt l ' a' f l unnl ! t ' ' l ' , i nt l . ! '
n; .
t 4.
\ v l t ,
pt '
/
l r
r| F' ' br t rY t ' 11 si
t : ru n' a
t '
"arp ' l o
@l ' nr, ar
T' ] i : -orr
' i ^"L, r
t ""r ' , ' r de Lo; ol P. n'
nr ul di r r c;
r l l i mba r omSnd
' r
pun dupn
t onp' '
[.]i ,",i al .:;-i
i i ,
-
fi .r,.
' "gt-s -c
! i Fpun' de
i
i nF
i l o"" hpr $or L
J"' s
' ' "l l
i sat
ba' l l ul '
l l p l uJ r "ndPr "d ' np
pP' r LPdut t l ut t l l
Tliel sDeak
Englbh
flz'n'Y
i kiow
English re'! tul'
I like
Youi
hous
'e'Y
nrc,'
S. l]a e?r.ld urmiLtoarefl
vrsone
incorct['
curntd
la studenfii
ronAni'
""'"1i"li"il"""l"li'ae
locul acestor
adverbe
ln limba maier$e:
I lnow t' g
Qdll Dnglish
I l i l r F
+, Pr ' / r
I our
nour
. '
' f l r
)
"P' i k
l / P'
l / Y Engl i sh
q
2310 2) Advexbele
de t\od
precadd
ecrbul:
i
;;i; ,j'"ti
"*'pr"-**iin
oazul
obiectiv
estoltng
stru ciod
consta
dilrtf o
propoz{,re:
ift
i:%:.1",".",,"1",'l:,liiff#i,lj';",ili
ll;'i31'"11,'''".
S
,ttt
,rr",OU?
cind complementul
direct
esLe un
in{initiv sau o construclie
i ijni-
474
InP hn'l stokfdllv
pro
';"J
lo 5l-udJ
I Dottidlo;ta
ask"d ltin
ro
bn
'
lrerir'
Tine\ ce ai;11) kner wiat to do
You rtnPlY nust
80
nos
N oI d
E 2313
t npl o rJvPrb. , l "
mod al ceror
l u'
' "ro
i n
senorJ
dl p:
l ": l
"' : Y-9: uu
'
'"'"
t ,*t*tUttt
,;li;,:;,^,";:"1i,";!,:;";,,:i:"':'";'0":'"i"'li,l,;i'i:r:ti!!:[;)
' i i , ) r , i *"; ; t ' , i "i
i s
zz6: r . zzns' zf vr i
j ' i J
i i ' . , , "' ' "' "' r n"a
r ' r r e' bcr e
' l t i ' i "r, """
i i i i i "-"i
p; , , , t
. t i n i np*t nnh
f ri nd l nrrebui nl al e
'
r
drn
"' rr-I ' i rp'
i n r , - i , ! I br . ' ' pmn, r r . dr r o "r ' - ; i ; ;
- ; i
; ; i 1; ;
' hi ar ' l i r "i
' r r t d
l
s i - : Fl cs' n
h#a*:'"""l';"";;tilii.::l':tJir6;i1,xx,i*lil+ll{il:iri+
c\ ; Lci t si cot eaoi i c
modul
i n cut
i , ; ' j
r i ; "i ; ; ;
i ; ; ; . ; i , i , - i ' ' "
"- i *r ' i . 1, .
i r ' 1. r - sr . r .
A"- ' r ur
r oni '
: ' r "
i "
accst caz
Pe
adver D'
A se compara:
l:l ::l
",1'"iiL:',l"xT;,1':ili,;' ll:: fif;"'i',fi'3';1li'i1"',Hl#liil
i'ii::',9i',;i';::""T,il:
lfff"Ilil;;r;TJ;"'l"Y'"#'ifliiii
E
23f . 1 . \ drprl "l n
d" n' oJ a/ i ' a"t
t rl t t
l ' ordl u
t t t '
n' | dt l ' 1
pr^boLt !
' r\ : '
"
- "
, o' i , t . s ot - t J.
st t ur ; t ! . , ' r r ,
p' l ' ""i
'
\ er L' r l {\ "zi
r i
i
2Jl 6J:
He dlrDs, lorgot l[e
loem
.
ii:"'lt'lrufi,*1";l;1";:li
ii,l iii8lliil"*:"
*u*.
"
,'."
*''
I oLir.
asree with
Yon'
r inlst
.;drlv
go no$
. . .
I lrzlSr bPliete
lou
are
g[r'
4i;
Obsar en! i i
7r^.r"
"i,u""",
acestc
aclve
re sini
puse
la inceputut
profouiliei: S
2315
i;xiY;'"j,"lf:ili:
i;
l$:;'il,i;":,''""'
llL';';l"li:
'"ilill':lt''."""'li';
'"
''
n
"'""
- \ d"r br l p
dF mod cr r "
pr ecnd;
\ *r bul
r S 2 u7
2Jl 1'
' e"- ur
i onr ' ' r , r 5 i "
2; l l t i
:' Jt,f'' :r"Tl*[i"i*;jll:1""1";;ll'
lruii: i,li,i;,,'i:;':
i]i.;i:''i;;
i i i ' r , i , . , 1i . "t . r "' r
""*l i i "
""
dupo
d' t ' "t n"l '
nr odel e
''
";,
",';,;
; nr
i,od,,iz"4 n,yt"i,Tli"Tji
l.;i:
li,.;1";"tf
o;:l
i
i
"''
f r a. ,
' Lr'
sugereaza
un subqt rnt rv
dFt erl
ci ni ul :
'
. \ . . , , , . Lpn4; l r , o^. ! t Jt . t J, '
i or .
"
r
"b' . us( . choi r
$i l t
. nor , , onr
i 1, o 1, . , . r , _.
i,.i.'1,,i.,ii:";"Jli.n;ii:
Jl,ll'Jii
l,l'i'.
""'
^"':'""
l 1
' f , i t t l
carJat Ll l ol Pt l . Pot n
st t t
hot nl
! t "ut l l J
i
t t u
n d ' , u: "rr' ' t \
l "
au
,
, ,
-; ; ": ; ", , i , :
' , ; ^""t
h. op
.
s"t ' I
; nt t u' n;
re; J
' p
i ' d' J r-s; t "rJ
sr"n' J
"
t'a",
iliif",it
rii''ilr'.pi][*
*0""t
d'supra
intelesului
arcstoi,'
(rd{erherc s
2318
de r i'd ri
do timP).
"
'"it-;"*
J-*Jl"
i;i schirnbn
in!'lesul
dupd
pozit'ia
p cam
o ocupi:
S
2:|19
:i:
#ij{
li-fi;
:r'lT'li\;ii:i*,"i'T'1,""11d:
lI:ff,
f fi l:'.F#,-,?i"i'liii"",'liTi"r'r
I ril;;l
l;-ll
**:
:l.-?fii?'j,xJ"'i;19"'l#'il
l::""
fl i ili,'ifl
"L"'.jff5l,'i"l
1i''l'11;** r"r'
f *""r,i
s",";,;p
(
;,,i,L$;li5li!lii;
li_i"Tlh"
.,",
t t i s r on
{: Pr ' )
ol d
l l . r i col d
r o'
{'
l ot o' DI
I
i"r.;,,*$,;l:#;,r;
l:
$f iTiilill.\xiilltr
Al . nl Le!
t , "' , ' r ,
. . "
et i r J e\ . nr u, ' l pl "
' onf u"i i
F' l F t o1' l -
i
' l ' or l ' nl '
t u1! "r bul
. . , L' J"". i L, r l ui
nr Hi dLpsar u. r ci
'
I r r d
i n r r dr d
c!
eJr ' ' i
' n4r
nr r r "
' u\ r r ' r p
' , .
. . r i '
"' l "t bul
l "
i r pul Fa dpr Fr mr nr :
rlY aunt wlo
had boer ill /"cnl19
(adv de i'i
!)
crme
up t'o ioiln
Nu este
clar
la care curht
se
relerl rc'n|ly
Trebuie
spus
sau:
X
aunt'
\tno nad
'd'?nds
becn
ili
'ame
up to to\Ln'
irl'l'out'
wrro rraa reen
iu' came
trP to 1o\rn
f'c'n'iv
br 1r '
l i r "La
f or Li
h di ' t osl
n
' ) r t ' t
hat t Jt ' t '
s t r "t 4
l u' t
1' n' 1
t i
"r "7
|
2320
, , ' L i i . . . l .
", i ; ; ^
0u!
' | n
ur"t
rn
1' roi ' o' i ' h
El '
r' ebui " s'
Pr' '
' rdn
\ ' ' nt
'
"*t*
O*aii,
*ri l'""rr,
op ciL, Position
of Ad@bs'
4
r ) p ut i t . l
t r ni u' i
( r 2l 1l i ) . , l ar t -
au. l hdcsPof i l n
eni l pzr col o' vi al J
' on
qe
shot'cd me 1l,c iinesi s.lool
I drrosr ev. saw
tlenrn:
tle stro.rca me aimor, the linesl school
I erd srN'l
I r , a1r
. l , _
\ t c", \ hot . sJt "f i .
. t F
j , r c
( p, n. r i l l l ' r t r , r / l y' r ' "( hor sa. r i n h'
j r g
' \ r )
\ \ ' r . t u t l !
\ at
t nnl l J) I ' a\ ' JnJl h' nE o sr y i r ' l ' " m
'
l pr '
, F
l " r u:
\ ! . I ' b\
F
, , d/
p/ y
t or har dt ! ] . r t hr nS
r o
sJy
l
I ir,-", did it ro. a io\e.
lpcniru:
I did
jr
ius,
lo. a
iohe )
\ \ e n. . . 1/ ho! ", 1
r o r r ' 1, sL' ' ol l ' / r
r . n
r |
i t , . t i , t "o
", r ' i a
l o. d
' h
s, chl
. i I r '
I o'7,r Nant to bxv some milli
(renliu: I \Yant td luY o,l? sone milk.)
Oul l
!
u, I a*t pol
. a
i i
, r r mez'
'
u! i nl Fl r
p. . dr P
l -
' l '
r er l i ' r ;
' u
'
^r ' di -
1i a
cd i nl el "sul v l i c cl sf :
onc Nord o,1", and I .n oil
Iintrllce Io. season li(tcls o
Y.
T"n
t !
und-
. r / ad. t
F
l r |
Pr i
P
!
2321 rrDlEftBDr,n Dr Loc
Adverbele de loc sint pu'\e tlupiL ucrbul intanziti"
\i^
forma lui sinpln
ori co$pusi) sat d.upd utr'mnpleite t dirctt t)ri indirct:l st:utt:
He {enl lulor-
' l he! can' t have
Sone /or' :
Ne uscd io meet llcm /,e/.
I was ia]]ling io mol}cr l"4mrairc'
Cind in,qe l"rrrlrrentul
l1rte
prPo
/ang. in lipsa n ei snlulii nrsi burre'
mai al es at unci ci na adverb{rl esl j e' s. u| t ,
^. FSt a
st e i nl r" \ ' rb. si
cornpl ornenl :
5h! t,ad sent n,D. lhe lJooks
gilen
her by her motho.
\\c nsed to meel i./c aU ihe
girls ii du. class
Not Zr
4?6
S
2422 Pcntruaccettu.arr. ,rilvrbele de toc se pun ta incepu'r
prcPozilici:
-ddr,,
Ne used to meet dailY.
-1,
l,n. ererlonc is lrapll.
PROPOZTI TTLE CU I{Al \IULTII AD\'IIIIRL
s
2323
2824 a) lntr-o
p|opozi!;e cu doui adverbe, unul de 1oc
,si
allul dc lirr!
/r'cir,
adverbul de lot
{ecedd
pe cel do timp:
I rm
sonls
ra.l (loc) ,ono./or'
(Linilr'
$ e Nn[ LoDe l l ocl i asl t ?cf t
( l i dDl .
shc $'nt lier soi ,,'tu. n,rne.!
(loi,
scs,rl'y
(1inr!).
2325 b./ Cirrd ir$ir adverbul exprinrd nr2recis tinpul.
r'1esl. rrr,rdl de ndlorbul
de l or :
Yotr Nill na'er
{tjm!)
come /Er, (locl r8.ir'
Ne r nen
{t i t up)
weni , nht
{l 0c) .
Tlrcy are d/-ass
(liml) a,ray
lloc).
I
Vezi
q
: i l ai - 93t 6.
'
he !' o;
far r.k
:
{c!
or,linei .Drintillr in!.F.rlli bcat norr. ra4
!e
ntoari..
PnoPozr!!LE
c,) Adverbele le timp precis sint puse intotdeauna Ia sfirtitul prcpoziliei,
S
2ZZA
chiar atunci .ilnd sint, iDsoliLe do un alt Adverb de tinp, care
jn
aeesl caz le
preced! :
t n, t " F, n E, , , , o t u 1- - i \ . . on- t ; t p
\ t i np
n, pt . , i st t ado ot
r l i , r l i ! ", i ) .
I s i sh
- \
o' , h- l
'
. , , , r n"/ y{l i npr ' pr ' n t r , } ud- ' ; s( . : m! ! r ' i ! ) .
- hF. l l sn1 -
r s
' , t
$or l , i nd h1
\ t t nyn I ' ' ", i sl
r "' o
r r p, , r "/ ' r ( l i m! pr Pf . ")
r1J Ctnd
propozi(ia col\\i\a daud. adverbe de timp precis, cel cu slera
S
2327
noliunii nai mstdnsn il precede pe celelalt:
Lr | sn"Fr , ' r , ou / o, I
l sf ' r i r ' : r an. Jl
nn. u { ( J r dnai l Hq1l .
\ l p
bhl r l
, "nr du\ r ' l "om uni \ ' bi ' l , , J! , , l sl Fr i r sl r l nbi l r , Jt
! , , . Gf "r i
n, ,
Didn'i you sce hiD oD rn. :l,n (slc.:l r.sl,insnJ rdst zodl (sfd ai large)?
el Cind
tropozilia
oorljile lr"ri adyerbe
(de loc, de mod
ti
de tilnp precis).
S
9328
acesta sint pusc in ulnritoarea ordire:
1) adver bul d l oc; 2) dc mod; 3) de t i mp.
-
p
$. r I ' ap
{l o sl , , . r t q l na. l
t 1. ! L' sht
, t \ nt ) .
\ \ .
"l , "l l
- , . 1
! hp, F
\ t at
a: I ; r , t q
l mv, t )
t a- ai l a"
l t i nr ) .
Cind adverbul de timp esj,o n?ra;s, ordinea advcrbelor csic:
1) adl er b de t i , , r f : 2) da 1oc: 3) de mod.
\ \ n ,
/ r uc r i , npJ . l u_n- d l oa
i l o, ) sr dt TJ
n, od .
Tl , sl ud n. - ol r ,
( i npt "o, U. '
' t pt ,
t u) r t l t : n! ] s
l ^. a' J)
LOCI ] L
-{LTOI I
CAf EGOI I I I
1)
-{dvcrbclo
ncgstive. -
DE ,\DVERBE
a.) Adverbele negalive se supun regulilor adverbelc,r do
arlici, precetllr /r6al in forma )ui simpld, dar r.in d.npd to BE,
6au dP./ctilelf modale:
sle ,,4. Niled so that ne .ould neei her l..ili.
I t , pJ s' a r Pr . / u1 i l , . sr ag. .
I J, , "r kn, ' u
"r ' "
r o
'
m, dn L) r h. s" \ or d. .
ThtJ have ,zrdly sren me yet.
l he childret
(ould
.(.o/rr,s be at sclrool row.
Sh," may ,e,c. reconsider he. decision.
l./ .\drerbul
^agativ
peredd infinitivul, participiile qi imperativul:
\ l f
ud- n
sb. l : d mp r . , r oeo i r ' or , ! 1i nq. l nt i xi l r \
. \ ; . ; . b", , , g, b| " r o, l , . l , ' .
j , 6 p, "t Fr l J.
hp $r s
"i g. r l r
pn- ur pd
Pa, r . pr p/ ^n. ,
llis
lroposal
$as unnel a.ccpicd, tu. dc.liDcd, bul, ls xndlr coDs'deration.
{l'art.
J.rer lrit the .hild otrt or
Iour
sight!
(Iml)eralit)
2) ldrerhelc irhodur{ire. Lo0ul acestor adverbc este la tn.e?dlal
S
2331
sar ioarl,e aproape de tnceputul
Fopozi,tiei.
Cind nu se gdsesc aici, ele sini
puse Ije dnp.i sabiccl, Iie dupe vtbul ltical, d.uailiar s^n dtfrdie:
| oL. p, j
t . , . 4u
t sdo
t r
,
or !
r "p, ,
?
) ,
I , i r
, "ur '
\ , , r \
h
, r t
f of d
, l "gr e".
}l "r ' p! . . , I
r
t ook up a l r l ni cal r ar . . r .
Af .avse,
fat
knorv she I{s nckr rfp.ated hcr mistaLes.
' rlie
bov. l,-c,.,.. ioryot lo lock the door.
\otr crrre{I me, tlEt.fo.c I t:anP.
Tl' &e is. tn d,y casd, no news yet.
ThcX worlil, rl#c/ore, c.iticize the negative asplcis ol Ure crse.
1 , . r . ot
. '
!
"f k. . t ay
l l "r a ,
r t l . r i r h ,
s
2329
$
2330
rinlp neprcis,
drJpi duxiliare
4?E
S
233S 3) Adycrbclo inoiderto se despart de restul propoziliei prin virgule qi sint
puse fie rlapd subiect, tie dupd. rer.b (cind
acesta are o lormi sinpli). .ldp.,
auxilite sa.r defecliae:
\ie, thercforc, rccepted their te.m.
Tlrc French railvaymcn's strike, noferer, caused a
grent
stir.
Sh was, ar u Dy .dra, a hard workcr.
They had, aay,as!, collributed a
grat
deal to th *cces ol the periormance.
\\ie may, Nnsetten
!J,
discuss thc coniroversy now.
S
23:|3 4) Adyerbolo ale irtdriro se pun ltrgd cuvintele pe care le determiDel
-Orez
children knoN this.
H never
"0a
spoke io me.
She suspcis ,edz me ol havins misundersl.ood he!.
Ii's eQn wo.se to lie anout it.
t J"n hpt r
Jo.
sou d, ' l b o^' i mp.
,1Lo lrcd saw il, s au: frcd salv it, alro.
Th. J
. dmr 4/ o4
i n t h" mof l r i n{. ! a . . Tt
r y , am. i n t h" mor ni nC ol . o.
Shp a/ so ,
umt ' o- n
l hp
mr si . l o l }F sone,
l L Jr uul d , 1, ; bp l nu\ n Ll , at np s ouL ot t own.
It is eca.tl,u tite.
He rle' ays aauies out his dutles er@l|y.
Obser sdl i e
Adverbul de intnrire fiind un adlerb de nod, atunci cind determind un
\.erb se conformeazi tn
eenere
regulii adverbelor de mod.
$
2334 5) Particuh advorbialtr. \ierbele conplere (S 2192. 2208, 2629) sint
exemple de verbe cu particul{
advarbiald:
to go
by, io kno.k out, to pul
on, to rlog ut, to send away, lo iake olf, to work oui,
$
2335 d) Parbicula adverbiald a unui verb complex tranzitiv sti d&Id comple-
mentul direct atunci cind acesta este uo pronume personal:
H,
""
i i
JoJr
h. , t :
pur i r , , . l
L
I
I i ' l rr , vh. t r n. . on, ,
She drove then our.
$
2336 ,) Ctlrd tnsi coinplementul djreet estc o
altd
I'art.
d,
,r/Dr. decit pro-
numele personal, parlicula adverbirld il poaLc p/r,da 3au !r,ra. larn niri o
schimbare de inleles:
Let tz tho clrildrcn! LcL lhc children tDl
I'll ptrt an my hai. I'll pui my hat oz.
Take o// yoursl Taltc yor.s o/fl
Clear ra,ay tliose tnngsl Clear iho6e ihntgs 4ragl
Nat d
$
233?
"Let
th children inl" eLc. esle forrna coa rnai uzitafi. In genere, ch1{i
particula
adverbiali
poate fi prepozilia unei construc.tii
prepozirionale urma-
toare sau atunci clnd nu lordeazd lnpreunn cu verbul pe care il insolegle
un vrb complxr particulaj care ost in acest caz un adverb, se pune la stir-
titul
propozi.tiei:
I brought the child i
i=-
ito ih rooml.
I asked the visitors er.
t"To
ask up" nu cste un !e!b conplei
ii
deci nu se poate spune: "I asked ,r tho
4?9
c) Cind, complemenlul die.t $tc
lrca
lang sar atunci cird este lnsolit
$
2338
de un atribut lung. particula adrerbiali p.rcrdri complementulr
lve looked ap l,is name ard addrcs.
\\:rile dr'rz a lcs'namcs,
Shc senl o// thc greeting i,n.ds {ril1.n i}rai morDing.
dJ Dacn verbui arc do A nmpLemcnte. ordinea lor esie u nEtoerea:
S
2339
d'.) sau complementul indircct. fnri prepozilia to. despnrl,e vorbul de
particr;la
advrbi;h, complenentul direct l'eirind ln acest iaz dupl pafli-
He'll $rile you (conpl. i,dif.l ozr a pres.rirrtio (compl. dir.).
d"J sau conlplementul direct. pus dup[ particula adverbia]d,
preced{
complenentul
indirect. car are forma prepozilionali (S 2618):
Hc'll write,at a p.esoiltion (cornpt. dt.) lor yox (comtl. indir.).
, Pnt ru a se da mai mnl t ri vi oi t i rrDe st i l ul ui pri nt r-o const rucl i e excl a-
S
2840
n, al i f i . a, r
Fl um- , 1d. i
f ar , l i l i dr i . par l i . ul a
ad\ "r br ar 6
". r "! r j d
l - i n' "l ul ul
proPozitiei:
e') a/p
Jou
gol
,o"n hc went on all foursl
o//
jt
camel
c".) atp climbed ihe cat.!
,oan sent babJ on all lou.sl
o// can. ihc buttonl
Obser aal i . e
Cind subiectul esie un
pronume persoDal, el yecedd \erbi, vezi exem-
S
2341
I , l ' l e
d. l a pun ul
r '
. / i
i sr , l nd subi . . l ul
. cl a
o al l d
par l p dc
\ nr bi r e. l o. ul
l ui sp bf l a . / r r . t
, qb
[ \ - zi
a\ e" p] al e
da l d pu' , ' r ul
/
") . ,
Uneori virbul poate
chiar
ti$si:
, opz Ri t h i he t ai i or sl
Oer lrith il l
o// rvith
rour
booisl
6) Adye*ele c e al0tormid infinitire.
-,\dverbnl
std i]l genere inaintt:a
E
2312
inlilitivutui:
I uscd dhays to go and see hef.
She. t eci ded n. r . r t o snoke asal r .
r-.on ought r.arv ti) speak Xnglish in .lass.
Regula trebuie insi aplicatl cu attnlier deoarce adverbul detemine
un.ori un alt, cuvint, dcil infinitivul qi lrebuie pur alunci lnaintea cufintului
deter inai,. r\.resta este tn special cazul Terbului l{, B-g
+
url
farticipiu
tre-
cui sl l u un adj i t i v:
111 t t t i En
r o' hot t q
t r n"n' t l oj ! J $n"I ' ' n d- \ ' I
r o
l ,
/ , / 1, , mpl oJ
d.
\ \
( n"s
I n
I n
l . u r . oi l "
al
. of br d
j n Lr
$or L.
lle did not erlcct yor lo bc so ddllrl n(erested nr lris
loerrI.
7) J lirnfirul co edrcrb intcrcallt (Spl'r Infiniti*).
-
(Vezi
$
1666).
RncaPr TUr , , \ Rn
$
931t
\ , l r "l ul
t r ' "da
r n spnpr "
. , r r i r r ' r l n-
"r ' "
, 1 ! l "
Fr mi nd
{u' l j p'
r i v
. . 1-
r Lr b. pi r t i "i t r i u, \ "b. ! u \ ubi dnt j \
) .
Lr ce! ! i i :
o) t n^4L c{"
f us
dupi n, l i . ' t i r . r dt - r b r au
r , r b:
L)
1u
Bl : . oLJt t i aFl "
: i
d
l
"t i r
1, t nodol
. i nl
urma' p d" rnrj ori t
' "u
adYerlrelor;
480
c) adverbcle
de lrr:
direct sau i direot ssrrl
t,ul cste \ing;
si de Dr.J stau dupe \'erb sau dup:i cornplemintLtL
i preeert l
sau ut meazn
i nl n vcrbui ci nd cornpl enrt n-
dJ adrerlele
i? timp
?r..is
(tod.r4, tamorros.
nelxt erenine,
in the mami
!.
at ntgl, tc.). precunr
qest.irdalt. I1,\t ni:ht, tl'.
;i
ldlr
ti
(]afla.
sint
Pu3r
l{ slirDitul
propozitioi:
einarticula atlverbialn
a wrbelor rcmplNxe rdn:tl;"
poale preced;t
rau uim'a co'nplementul
direct clnd acesta lte un srbst'arti\"
diI' iL rrrmrizi
l nl ot l 0auna ci nd est e
pron me
l ersonal '
s
2341
,\c(l oNTt
j ARE,\
Arl vERtl El -ol l
Fn. i ndu-s.
absl ri cl i e
de ad\ -erbel e cal i i i cari r-e1
(i af c
' i u
rf ePl i : 1
I ' rl
,ndagL, precedn intol(teauna cu1.inlul
calificat. in!(teiul rrajoiitilji
a(]\ crbel'tr
o,, a'"u:"';nl
verbe este iniluen,tai ile lo'iul ocupat ir
lropozilie
de udvrrl)
Sr t r i r r br r r r
l , ^ul r r i
p" . ar e i l
"' ut 10
I ' r r r r ' "1 oL' i sn
i r r r r J' "r b
' '
-
oi r . r . - r ' , , "' "f o' . "' u' "r l el - sr i r ' i ' ul l r np' vi t r ' i ' r ' r n' cpr r r r r l ' i . r ' r r
di
l nr r "
i , ' sL| erbrl r
i n pozi pe prrverl al a, ai e ca | ezl l t at 4"' nl rrarrrt
i drr c\ pt ! r' i i e
de adverb'!.
Astlel,
Penlru
artcnturrc:
2: | 45
r) at l rrb
t " J"
t ; np
n pr"' s
-' i
d a' od.
l u' "
' l ' i ' rui l
r r ".
f r F l 0 l n' Fpur r r l
pr ol t nr r Lr ' r ' I ' c i nnr ' r ' Pr ! uDr "' r ur t ' r
n' propozrl re:
- \ ' , . r I ' aJ1, "r ' r r pi l i z'
r ' ^r m h I ' i ' $
' r L
nr '
' r r l
ur nn \ d' l el i
l r
r r "i ""i : "i , , . , ""
. , - mp, t Jni ni n l ' "Jr ' r , r ' un
\ ' l \ ' J r ' r r "
rlirr" di,i stre t row wlrt slie sas in for'
{Ad'
de n'od)
2346 b)
(uloefietc .1. timp n?pft.is' carc
in mod ob-i|lluit stau dupr-r lo
-Bl''
, l "nr , r n aur i l i ar
snu dr Fi
' l pf a' Li ! l '
C\ \ '
( i ' f ' I
D
l l r
' r ' i ' nr - J
f ' "'
' "
' "Ji *. - ""'
l ; i , , r "' t ' r ' r . h' t i u' sr
d" p" a l t ' r b
t ' '
\ ' r h
'
' r r
r '
. r r t \ i l i
' r '
i r ' r ' '
nr t i - . . l cei l i
, '
l i n
bi i enubze.
l ' r r ' r
' ar -
i dFFi
i
- l F
n' r r r r r "i r i r r r r ' "
' :
Thoe is ,t.r anY stlt on ihe lallf
Ther. ,?t r is arl salL on tbe tabl'
Il $' ds donc as il shonld
a?rdqs h'
Il ltrs donc rs it alrrass
' should
!i
tle ..uld ,.!e. \arilc
loet
He ier?r I orld Nd[.
]roetr]
' l r
\
' '
- un i r g i s l \ oucr ' sl ' " $o
' l
I
' - '
' l l '
5h" r d. f l r r ' 1i ng
i s l h"' r er '
5l !
P"" $i r r l l ' r ' i p
' l htJ r.c dllrdgs rn
Tr
"r
, a' ' /
' r ' "'
9: t 4?
c) ul t ' d)t I P
dc kr' de t i np
! r"1r
ct r
' ' F l ' ui r
l ' L' r"put rrl
l rrul ' / i t i c"
-
pri mi nd h f el ul aoest a nccent rrl i
r\r. lorc
(loc). I ahra)s icll litrlier th.'l in rtv olher
pLai''
t pf . r l oc' .
"\ "r vl ' r ns
i s i l l r i gl ' r '
' ' i i . , , , i i i i ,
,
i ' "p p; " r' "rh' r
ro' d m'
|
l F
'
\ " or
I
urrJrri a; "
Z/ Pr
( l i mP) l r
' ! n
F' o
h"r nc
P. . / di "l l , ob, bi ; r al
l l '
a' l l Fi oo' r
)
A, l {o}el e . {r e . al i l i r I ai t j cct i vu, advc' t t ' ,
pr di ' i l i i
t i
sl t Jant i vc i $
: : : s'
' I ac
cxdpt i e uncl c r dv. . bc de t t od
( S1: 1131'
l ndi nl t ] | t
Yer bcl of .
_si
si nl . r f cenl u. t t e
LOC[IL CITOR\iA ADIDIIRE
SPECII\LE
4El
dt
t ot t ; , ul , t
od, ,
i al
: r
f una
l d i r c- l ' ur ul
pr op"r i l i "i a' r - r r ' ul ci zi nJ
pLr
"r ni
:
pe
T"r l i '
ul a.
. ePa , p da u m"r e
\ r LoBr '
l r
\ r 0r ' r u
"
sr r l ul t r r '
rD,'"z
t'enl the llrC and o/l $. all slarlcd-
oz, You
gei nowl
' a' l,
{id do' lt he went.
Ciod. Dentru
accenLuare.
adverbul lrece la inccputul
propoziJ,ici, adeseori
are
loc qi in{rsiura
rerbului cru subiectrl:
. \ ! r . . . do hF sP' n r ' Jr ni ng l : 1" r r '
I l , . . e : t oud
l l r
bor br dvF ant l dp
'
I nr n. d,
t,' t .t th" hoi! N"hFd a lttttq
gid
' / / , .
mu- ,
\ o l p' ar p Jnd nor ol het wr s'
s
2348
$
2149
s
23;0
-\
2353
1) ,A.lso.
-,4lso
se
pune inaintea cuvtitului
pc care tl del'ermi a:
$
23nl
He iB also a teacher.
;-e"l"i'ri*it"
",iir't
a- to include an e\celence oI desffiptior'"
{o
Goldsmilh)
Er i \ l e I nsd l oar l " n, ul r d
l i bpr l el P l a i nl r cbui nl ut cn
s' r sl ui adt er b nu
numai r n l or bi r pd obi snui r e, . ;
9i
l b mAr i i s. r i i l or i
l i bPr t sl t *ar c
'
r peazg
.i"i"-i'"-lig.ltlti.
1\iezi
qi alte idrerbe similare
$
2355.). Se spune in mod
t l
shol l d
n/ "o b" add", l r ha h b' mdnol g_' dl
pr a' r i a' Pr l ' "r i Fn
'
. . .
l Ar
l r pbui s{ nr ai ddl ugr n, i
Fl
psr '
' r n
on'
' u
mul r i
"r p' r r pnl a
l l r uc'
'
dr ' l
Thev al so eni oved i t $ho r ame I at er '
( Le; pl acnt "i i at el or a
,
at e uu i nt i r zi ai )
Ambi gui t dt t :
I ul s di s. ovp. pd
har hP
was un ol d hi - nd oi I ni n^
r ar . ,
r i
p", r i i . t ' i i l " p"onumcp I | 6i ! u ar n dPs' op' nr ' sr u l a vFr bul di ' ovd"d
(= am descoprit de asernenea).]
2) Elso. -
the, adverb sau adjectiv,
esie pus ln genere d'Pli subsl'antiYul'
5
2352
pronumele sau adverbul
determinat:
When the iloor opened,
I could see manI lhings els''
There {as nothilig ers, w could do
wlo eir, nas there?
Whcre .Ise may
I go?
3) Dnough, -
tro gt se
pune dapd adiect'iv,
adverb sau verb:
Tl i 5 Ln l 3
Eood
aousi r aon
You l r a nol nF, ' r
, r , ugn l o hFa' $' l i .
f,uriotr' l\
"nouAh,
I t i s hai dl r bsked et uz8n
(Vezi
ii $
!683)
4) Genorslly. -
Gnerall,
poate fi:.r.,/ adrefb caliticativr 6,/ adlerb
de
S
2364
t i mp nppre(i sl
. . / Fdv"rb de mod. Dupa l unrl i a
pe rarc
o i ndpnl rresl F sP
coni ormi aza
r. gr' l i i advcrbcl or
re! pc. t i vp:
d)
. i nd csl p
ad{rt h
. 0t i [ ; "ot i ' l n' Fmna . . i n
gnncrJ" l = c! rodpc
de
. at r e l ol i ct . . )
$i
pr e"e, l a
( , r t i nt ul pF . r r ' l l
. cr r ' l ^r r zFaza:
a writer gc,r.d/rg esleemcd
,) clnd esie ad.ecrb tl.e timp nepr"ecit, irscann[
,,h
general" (: de cc]e
mai multe ori. de obicei, lnd;obrG)
!i
este
pus
jnaintea
verbului daci acesta
are lorme simpld, dupi to B, oii dipl auiiliare sar dfectite:
Tl r"y
s
n. ml l s, al l h re on
c, r
ri J
\ \ . at P aLt
?4Uu t n
I
, an
r"; prrl t u l ndFrsr' nd . Do(. D [ ncl ' .
' G. *, ; uu, I
i no" mr |
. son. (A . "n
u
' l rc,efd[i
slcJking.
I h. np$ do xmcntarl li]nrs a,e try (nnt!h) appreciatcd. (-{cccn-
c) cind, esle ad.aerb de nod. lnsanne.,in general" (: din punct de 1'cdere
general, ln mod general, ln total, 1n ansambir: opusul expresiei.,in special")
ii
este
pus dup.li.rb. dupa cnrnplementul directicurt, sau la sflrliiul- prop o-
zi!,iei:
qn.
*.
ps
t m. )
ca- . . al t !
' ^
| |
l nuf , .
' l h"
t , , i r l s
I n"f o t hp t
- . on 84p' Ll l l J.
A se compara:
She helps
gc,.a/ly in lhe housc. (Adv. dr mod)
(Ajul6 .am 1a toate in ca6e.)
i h4
spul d/ t s
Lpt l s i n r t . r
ou5.
{\ d\ .
d- m! )
{DP
oLi
'
i dj ul d l D
. d' J. )
$
2355 5) Only, Conform regnlilo. gramaticale, in stilul formal, adrerbul
only
l.febnj,e
sd preceadd cuvinl,ul pe care 1l determinn sau sd stea cii naI
aproape de el. Propozilia ili va schimba deci inllesul dupi pozi-tia ocupatx
de adjectivul sau adverbul only:
onl y we l ool "d , l your pd: n. i og ( . - t r umai nor . ni m"ni Jl
r i nP! dl .
\ e anl " l ooked aL vou. Dai nt i nc I nu r m b' at ; "s l abl oul l .
We loo"kcd o,/y at
-rour
r,rintin?
(:
ne-am iritat mmai la labloul teu, nt
fi
la alt.
\ \ c l ooked i t yonr , r l gr
l ai nl . j ng l -
l a si ngur ul t i x t ai l o! ) .
In stilul lormal sau lil,erar, aocasie reguld este incn rspectatd aciual-
Engleza antebelici nu cerea insi ca onlg se preceadd neapdrat cuvirltul
la care se referca. Aceastd libedate persistd
9i
astlzi tn limba vorbitd, rttlde
only este
pus 1n generc inainrea verbului principal sau dup.i un subrtantrv
sau pronume, tn!,elesul propoziliei fiind aratat prin accentuara cuvintului
la care se refcrd ,nly:
$re ozl, looked rl.
rour lainting {:
numai noi, nimed altcinela).
l l p ahl y
"ol pd
ar
I '
u' l di nl . ng ( - nd^
f i
al i ns l abl oul ) .
wp o, l y l ool pd a
' Jour ! ui nl i ng
( n . l a
l abl o
r l l l . ui ! J)
$n oal s l ool r r d bl your pa: . r ' ng ( nu
; i
L gr J\ ur i
Wpl oot , d ul
) o, "' pJn' . ngo, l , (
nu
r i
r adl i ' e\ d) .
Conshuctia din limba
.rorbiin
esie adoptat[ adeseori qi tn limba scrisd.
Gramaticianul
englez H.W. Fowler considera cd propozilia constNiti cu
only conform regulilor gramaticale moderne este de cele mai multe ori nna-
iurali gi pedanfi, qi recomanda rcspectarea ordinii prescrise de gramatica
modemd numai atunci cind construc,tia din limba vorbili nu esl,e clari ln
scds. Se va spune deci.
"He
anu came a 1{eck ago.)'t
"I
anLU asked the ques-
tion from habit.";
"The
addrcss to bc Ndtten on this side orly." ei,c.
48!
I
Cuvintul oxrg esie aici adjecl.iv.
LOCU! C1TORVA OVERBE SPOCIAL!
,\lle exe]rpie:
f ^r , d. l a t q
, l nd,
. p
un"l " ,
umr i J-
: m,
nt d d
' r pn di n \ nst i a)
TLi .
"i l
r o i . l l r p"- ot r
' l n
l i . d, i "
f e
. l r l i e
t oi t . r l ")
Il orll I knoy tha $'lio1e l.'rtb,
Il onl, be would comcl
Il he would onr, comel
You only sa$' him on.e.
He a, / r . ai l ed I ' r c t \ ' i . c.
I o, l , hr l e J l i vcpcncr
( vezi si
S
: r 10)
Only poarr fi si adjectiv. cu lnlelesul de
,,singuc,
sinqular sau
plural.
{ 2356
. 1n, j
l , l ar mi r , "
un sul ^, , n, i \
. ,
' .
r r ' . p14nu
r . . qi . i at ur , , i i n*i r r eu eces ui a
'
( "a
1070- 1071, 23; 5) :
rny onl3r chil{l her onl,/ hope
He s'as Lhe .nly one missing- Onr, she can do tlis.
The onls l.icnds I had livd in the country.
Pcntru only, conjuncli, vezi
$
2431, 243;, 2448,2L61.
6) ' I oo. -
Tao arc nrl el es di f eri t , dupi pozj Li a pe
carc o o(upa i n
DroDo-
g
2' 67
zi ' i ": dana pn r "Jo
un s l j m i v
. a' r
r n
", t r "r b,
i , . er m a
, , pc": ";
! l a. n l F ur -
'
heur . i n. aamna . . d" asm. n! d :
l ot
. . dp a. F' n. r , or - i n- J. nJ
t i
, l up;
r n
substantiY sau pronune:
H| i s r oo vonn( l : ! r e. r ) .
Ther sookt r or - t i st
' t -
r r er
t l e ] s youag r oo
{:
dc a; emene! )
T'
J
. pol " l sl r oo
{
dF a5e
"n"1
"Sr . i " your
si s, a. . "
_l
i ndr r or . '
.
-
. 14
r odm. . Fd
"l like
jazz
nusic."
"Ue
r,o. (de ascme,ea)
:
(coloov.)
7) Ivoll. - Well precedd
adesea un participiu:
well,known \re1l-meaning
well eamed well-pteasing
well-done
!.eltNishing
VII. ADYEBBNI,D CU V-{I,OAR,EA ALTOR PtrR,TI DE VONBIRE
$
2359
Multe adverbe au aceeati formi ca qi alte pdrli de vorbire:
&) d:ide, beck, beyond, inside, autririe etc. slnt..si substantive (S
390);
b)
"noupl ' .
I i st .
; ns; d". t i t t ' p.
] , , u h. ont ! . out s; d, r. . l J
Ft . . st nt
si sdj p. -
t i ve (S 761 762, 2b83);
. ) ol on9. ba. do. w. up
at -.
s, nr
"i
pr"apozi l i i
{S
238J, 2405, 2425 2i 2bt . ,
d) b{aF. o[ ' "t . sl , ] ^
ar , .
qi nr
; i
conj unnl i i ( S2383. 242q, 2411. 24, 81;
e_,) lhe cste si articol hotnrit (S
529).
$
2358
s
2360
VNI. CiTNY{ ]IDVENBE SPDCIALE
COI{PIRATE CONTRAS'I'I\T
1) , \ go. Si cc. -, 49o. adverb sau adj ect i v,
. st p
i ni ot deduna
pus
ddpd
f i
2361
cuvi l l Jl pe car F i l del cr mi oa. El 6e r cl cr r l a un nampnt . r cr ut ,
i p
ear e
i l
consider{m in raport, cu prezentul, pornind
dinspre prezent
Bpre iecut,:
\ .
mpr l o' s o! o.
t Adv. r
He cam" r/ r; a, ;
"pl s
dco.
{\ dj
j
481
Sin., adverb,
prcpozitie sau conjunclier,
se referi la o perio&dd de rin],p
socotiid
pornind din trcout spr prezent:
We mct her lasl.
vear.
but have not seen her sr,.e
(idr')
I l , a\ ' n
r r p^n l . ; , i D" \ on' , i t .
{Pqp. ]
l t r s l l - r F" \ L ks si nr
l hF nd$
l l anl
r r l bd {or l i Lunl
L
.SiDc, ost loarta adesea
lnsotit, de adverbul
"tr!
care dccenl'u'szi
ideea
de durat i :
,eel st{z wc lirst met wc hire bect ih .loscst lriends
{ 2362 2) Before' In tront of. -
Befor"e se refere atlt la limp, clt qi Ia spal,iu
;i
'
I nscamns . , nl nd r t ur r . i . . . i nai r ' r e
I hadn'l sccn him ,e/orc
{Tin'P)
(Nu I mai v[zusm
Pinn
alntrci l
At t hr Jl r n' l i ngr l aer .
l l ' pr P $Pr " b"ai . bol h l ' l oP anr l bphi nd out n"r ' r ' bodl ' i pdl i ' r )
. Ld
dFbJr . ad; _
"r ' ' u
I ' an i
r i
l n
' dl d
r r
' i
' r r l d
I ; r ' : i n' i i l F c r mol o"
ln
ftont
of (loculiune prcpozilionalii) se rfern la spaliu
;i
inseanni
, , i n
I at i ":
Thcre $as { lree ttr
trnr
o/ th lrouse'
(Era un
Pom
in lat{
':aset
)
6 2363 3) Bcsi doq. Bcbi do. -
Br . ' d s ( s' l v' r b
- ' i
0r Fpuzi l i e)
l nsJnr n'
pP l i npa
(aceasia)",
,,tn
afard de (aceasta)'.
,ln
plus". .'x e\ceptia"
!r
nu trebure
conf Lr ndat
. u 6Fsi d"
( pr cpo/ i l i r . car p l n' pamni . l l ns6 . . f l l l ] r ur r "l
In the l0rder ihere sas meat and.hecse, and nothing Desids (Adv)
(ln clmarA cra oa.ne
ii
brinze,
'si
nimio altceaa
)
Besi d": l t p1 dnd J, f k. nobodv
el sP
' d, n".
\ P""pl
l l n
at ar i o" f r . d
t i
dp Ji ' k. r "r
' '
nr di \ ' n
I ni r n' n; I
Come and sit lcst& mel
(P.P
l
(Vino de stai llngl rninel)
6 2364 4) Bui . Bdt .
pr onumn r el ar i t .
' onj r , n'
l i " ; i
pr "pozi l i e' ? ar p
Si
r un""i c
"
dp aLl v"r h
. i nJ
pst p
. . i noni m
r t ont 4. , I t pt
( abi e. nunr si dF' i l ) :
Ile is Dzt r heshcr-
(Este studenl Jn
lrinul
an alia.)
Had Lr, seen herl
(Numai dc-ai li
'nzut-ol)
Sle
js
nothitlg 62, a sillY
girl.
(Nu'i declt o latl
Prostula )
$
2365 6 Ilireetly. -
DirecthJ este adverb de mod sau de tinp.
Mod:
dJ
:
djrect, drept:
, l : exact :
H-" $enl dtlatl!
td,
.ckttrl to ihc
loiDt
Thc house sas dt.eddl
tdr\'ektlrl
oplrosit.
Timp:
Leave thc
larcel
thue:
I Nitl olcn it dn,c,?v
I
drekll] coloclial
In limba vorbit6, directl?
l'drekhl
poate fi
9i
conjunelie
(: de indath ce):
I will ring hin ]rp dt.a,l/
[
drekll] l've linished mv lessons.
1
J;n.. nai are
ti
ln!lesul de
.,ileoarece"
: "Jtn.e
vou
are lroe, nol hiDg else mattrs"'
'
_
' vl zi
{ 1097. 2404. 2428-r4: 1, 2l r6
3V"zi
sl dpo. abi na dp p. onunl i di nl rp , l r)
i i
,
/ S
t 2: l - 2160
CITEVA
SVIRBE SPECIALD
6) Ha lly... whe ..' -
A se obsetva
urmitoara
construclie:
iarlrs
had he linished,
oncz his f'lher oane
s
2366
Har dl , t . . .
cst c unnat
dF ad\ er Lul
- ' "r '
nu' l p
' ons' r u
Li a
l l ' dl
cau
/ / ' dn'
eum
. e
con. t nri pst e
uncori
l n moJ
prunar
i n f razd
"-"i i ; ; ; ; ; *j -
rl i sr no{' are doud i nt eresuri
(S l 46q):
. .
.
. . --
S
2367
a )
=
R. l ui l mcnl r ,
i n
"' eFl
mom"nl
' hi s'
r ' ucl
l o' l "ar {' on' l r ur r
cu
pi . , nt ul
t i
. u
Pt
=nt ut
PPrPt t ):
i";if'::*""?iii $.::lli
;"""1'*"1q1'"
F.ri'or me?
\ve noec
iurr
6J: arl i neauri
(const rui t ou t rccnt ul
si mpl &)l
I saw rrer
ids'
ho-
8) No sooner...
tha . -.\o.
soon'r. fiiril un comparativ'
este ulmai
in
S
2368
l r aza, l e, nni un, 1i a
' ndl
{' su
Jp
' dt "r bul
' r i
nI 9i
i r u
' l '
onj un' 1i a
i i "' :
- \ o "oo, . pf
hr J
|
' l dr l "J
l l l I i n
' hi r
' 1t t
ah' at l r ' d| | / ! ' l l ' 1r
' l p
Pudi an' r
{
' '
r l "r "ni "g i " , "y
. p""
"
si ' n r h
' i o"
t r a"n' : ' n
9) Still.
Ytt. .\tit
rltll l]lt sr
y' slnt adverbe
de Linp care
se traduo
S
2369
prin Lincn".
Deosebirea
dintre
ele este
nrmatoara:
\ o, ,
. r , / l
ose r n- 1i \ c
I r
LT. i
mdi l mj dat or ezi
, t nl '
l ' en' c
)
yl:t (: inee,
pini acum
sau
pine atunci)
se rfri la un momenl:
lri""
ii1';
li:'Jl
,1";:
{'
r\}11],-fi'
1,"";
{iil'
"
"
"
.'
By rr. i m-
)-a' r
+r
' hFr'
rhern$on rrrrrl i , ,
l , l i ' , t ; i , : : . ""'
l Fi na
cF \ ' i i l i r nq4al ur
gr a' or n
A se cotttpafa:
Hd i ' , / l l r t P
( onl r r r r dr
I
l l a h, , . 1
1 q, n"
, 4
I D ni
: n
Pr e/
n l
l 0r Tbe.
Jr '
o"r "
' r n"or i
i nr r eb' r i r r La
'
d. aLl ( ct b^"r r i n'
i
' i nd
i n' oLF- ' r e
S
237o
un
adi p, l i \
sau un ar l \ "r ' b
i n sr a' l I l
^mpar 8' r r
r l / J/ r :
?'ne sooner.
rnd belto'
i"-,i':!i'#i"'i:ffi""d
is I h0iI e\rected
it'
s
937r
ei slabn
|
2372
; i ; ; ; l , , l i ' J: l i l . 1i , , ' | i i ; -
"l ; l i
1, : l
): ' ; . :
", ; ' , 1' ;
i r. . r' . . A, ,
", ' n. ,
*,
^. ' , '
""j
1: , i ' , ""' i "; ,
i ' i
j j :
; "; , :
i l
JJ,
l l '
s,
11r
1t) l'here. -
Thcre
tsrel
t ) nar t i . ul n
i ni r du
i t o' l
nei ' \ ' - ' l usl 6
pr onur r Lcr ;
I . n l or md,
l dJ. o; l ' si
i l , r nbui nl 16
l e i nr cpul ul
unpi
pt ^p07' 1r '
t t nd st t ut P t ut
' pr er l i ci ul
' nu
sp l r aducF
l n l i mb
'
r o' r dni :
-
Tnd'a3 is an enard bov
ai l}e door'
lliste
nn
(omisionar la u;'i)
l ", Fr "
1_" l $o bul "ns
mr bsi ng
' n Jnur
' o3l
11; 1: , - . u, i nabr , ' i l '
r "1r l
Siill
erprimn
dlrtatd, conlnnlare:
I im srrll hn8rY.
lui-e
jncd
loam.)
"re^.
onll remuins tor me to hx again.
(Nu-mi
rhmine declt s,'! incerc din nou.)
I! l.he little lLonse drrr lilcd an old lvoman.
(In olsr1i," loouia o bttrntil.)
Tliroush ihe doo.. ,ft,rc ente.ed a litllc bor.
(Pc usd intre un neiclct
)
7r... shall come an eto.h e'hen man shall conqu{ inlerplanetarv s]race-
lva
reni o poce in aare oBul va ouoeri spaiiile interyianetare:)
'
?lele happens to le
'r
docior in thc audience hall
(Din intimplrre, exisl{ trn dodor i" s'rlll.)
( \ : ezi
i i $
2502. r 50r
- 1i 0i . 2618. )
2:t73 b)
(r.betb
de lac.
r om' i ni pr i n, r ecol o' ! r
$e lound il rtul,.
{r ,
i n
gi si i . ( ol o. )
accentuatr
proDunlat ln lorma tare
Di
tradus tn limba
'?zae
s
sraiiiudc
lor youl
l,\str
i r..unoitinli
)
7l cr . shc r omesl
l l ar o
ce l i r el l
s
s
A nu se conf unda i : el e doud l or r nc:
'Thre's Lnizl xour
liag: (-{dr. de ldi)
{l at i - l i seani a
a. ol ol i
't het.'s
ln.zl
t
rLrig
on the tanle.
(Irarti!rilar n'irodu(tir,',1
l Esf e
o
seanl i
pc
nasl
)
?/ kr e
[ ' de. ]
comcs a l i t t l c
si r i i l Ad' . d.
l oc)
( l ut i i
r col o veni nd o l et i t nl )
"/'c.d
tdcl
.orcs a lilflc
'giLl. {Pa,i.nxl',.
inl.tudd.!.ivil
(vinc o lcl.ita.)
Thcro poate li intrebuinlrt cu ,unlele sensuri in accea-si
propozilie:
?,{c..
t
deal (adv. de loo), dr.e are
I
diral
nrrticuli
inlroduclival woods.
(-\,iolo
siil,
r,-tduri.)
"7.c
af.l,lc.ol
ilaLU.uD
iDt.ocn.Liri) Lro dolas ,r.e
I
d:Jl (ad!. d. loc)
{Snrt
doi oiini acolo
)
23?4 12) Too. Adr er bul l oo r r e t f ei i nl el er ur i :
231i' aJ
:,,de
asenenea' si sinonin cu alrr. /oo fi;id lnsn nd faniiiar:
l l e r , o hl d
j oi ne. l
t l e l ool bi l l l eu.
$
2371i , . /
: , . prea",
i n ci re cnz est e supus acel orat i
regul i ca; i adr-erbul
pdr3l
(s 2377):
, ' ) esl , c t nt r obui nl nt ou ur adj ecLi r sau un adr er b:
St,e is r,, 6,sv to cd'n.. (.u un attj.)
t t i s ba
f b
r o
so.
( . u nr ad! . )
D",/ inaintea unui
participiu trebuie sd fie insoliL de arrci sau de ua
adverb sirnilar. cn
$eatlu,
highlu eLc.,
He $' as ,ro g.edily ailmired not to iake noLice.
They were ,o t uch atpacialed.
( Vezi
f i S
t ao
- t 1r l .
13a7)
c,
:
lnce, pe deasupra:
He was ve.-r acli{e io. an old man, and a sick one,o,.
ehEvA
-{D!xRBx
sPrcr^r,D
48?
13) Very. l l uc. h. f n, I ' rso! e! l , e si ngur nrmai aLLi e(t i \ rLe i n
cradul
q
2377
p^zi r i t si
. l l pcr l hr i v.
p""r i , i pi i l "
r r - . ur F
i n ; , bI : , r "r ,
, r i l "ut i !
; i
edv; bFl ":
-
L
c i q , . . r j / , i , , .
{Ad. .
gr d, t
r o, i
: ,
T
. r
ar " i r p , . r \ , Lo: - i t ^i . t s. A4 r . aJ. Joer t dr , vl
H. gr \ "
me a
. , 11
"a, pnt t
t oo\ . t - l
, f
r - , ' r l r ' r ' bu; \ - \ o
)
You . j
- "k
' / ,
l Pd. r r . ( \ ' l \ . )
Cu comparativul
;i
cu participiilo
trectte intrebuinlaic predicativJ very
este lnsoiit, sau inlocuit de rrdcl sau de un alt rdvcrb care exprimi gradul,
ca
far,
geath,
highl!, ttuitc eIc.l
She lert
frerv,
,.uch betld. t.Camp{I4tir)
L" a i , n L. h For .
"- qpt i ,
q- . h- n
\ , ' , , .
{Cor Dar dr i vr
Hi . j
i
ot I
i r
/ , r
, , or . t od; j .
r C, . . par - t i . r
l j l o' r l d bF, r , "r / n. ' . r ; d. i t . . "i i i Lr a, . ". , P, r ' r r ", u, p, . d, a: \ l
l l '
s, , s
! Pd' l , /
:
; t ohd. Pd r , .
pr d: , at i \ ,
Th"v spf " i . : / "1/
, 1"
. , r .
Par r . r r "r i r oi oi cdL; ! ,
H. i ' a"
1"; , - , , : - . ", . , , .
I dr r . r F, J
t i , u"or i r . '
A se compar a:
HP
j s
r , , ! t , l , t ' at P, l
\ , \ di . l
H"r b aur \ ! J. t \ , . \ t r L, L, . 1. t t u1d L) r " r . r e.
l Pr r t ,
Ci nd. ub. t ar r i . ul
. "u
t , "r num'
l " l .
"a' . ""
F n r " pdr i . i pi Ll
r r ",
ut
.
r r . r a
a. t i unFa vFr bdl a , 1,
' ,
I ni l "
. l c
n,
F. / . pdr t i ,
i pi
. l
'
- r p
i n- or r i J" , , r . , . au Jp
Th"J\ D"n. i r pr . o' l j ) . r p,
t r , , . ndkj ol . or m. ni og.
HF b' nhd
/ , P' i l , /
4t r h ot t . a
t , l .
l l , 4
l r ol ) ! j
$r r i . t , pt yt F. 4. . ", a! . t
b! , . i ' s.
ln caz contrar, o.rg insotrF.ste singur parti(,ipiu] l,recut,:
Ilis erpressio, \\as aer! strptise.l.
Iln lone Fus reru dnnaled1.
De f apr. mrt rc
f dri j , i l , j j
I nt rcb, , i nl at o
at ri buLi v au dyeri t adj ect i ve si
S
g3?8
sl nt
. on. i d. r al ' , d . , r Jr - . \ - r i pl
. , n . i
dl j F": \ d" , r ' r nl od| r :
Jt 5' i ' \ 4,
. ' n. d
", o. d. , ". b' . , r ,
, . Jr l . ' r
",
L i . r dr d. t pl .
t l d15. d.
r . r 15
pd.
f l r pnsr o, Dr pd! r t r spl . $o r d.
. Lc. :
.
anilsi.g, oJing, dazzting. irritallng, limiting, loitug, .Ili8ing. li.irg,rryirg. $' oF
Se va spune deci :
t t d
i -
.
. a, t at t t g; . " p : . n.
,
\ , t j
_i t
r b. \ ,
t ou \ 0I
pot l
d \ l
t t - a^' ". , . ' , oi t . ; . , j
r o
\ ou'
l Pd, ' . , . . . ,
I i t , o, t d L, g, p, , . t ! abt ; A d |
) ou
$o. t d
r ,
"r r .
t r , . .
l
lle {rs rely
l/.drd
l.o scc me. (rdj.l
I an,
pdl9
rt.l.
{-\dj.)
In rezumat, cind paiii|ipiul trecut
ar fun.,tie dc adjectiv, este insolit
de adverbul
'ery:
rhd are f;nclie d verb, l]si'irsoiil de aarerbul na'cfr
3a1t gfealll!.
I
Vezi lLW. ForYler, ,1. .n.. TcrI.
488
;
!'OTFOLOqA
_
ADVEEEI'I,
$
9N79 Afrain, abne, alaof,
preoum
9i
alte adjectivo
Pur
predioativer slnt lnsolite
-
de adi'erbele
otg murh:
I an eeN nuh al4id it E rru'
She wss'eag na;l alou
rVzi
t
763-t 64.
PREPOZITIA
I
p:q
2382 49t
2383 491
23a4 492
2386 492
23At 492
2390 493
2393 494
2395 494
2396 494
2397 495
7421
2422
242b
il4t6
2421
OAT OF
24t9
2420 507
507
504
5t o
5t 0
PnDPOZt TT- r
t l
l I 0 PRI i P[ ) sI f t oN)
l ) Drt i ni t i c.
PreDL, ri l rn c. -t e
parl pr
nel l eri bi l i de
' orbj re
care st abi -
$
2382
l eBt e anLmi r .
r "l al i r
1d"
pur : i r . |
' f ; ' ".
. i ".
, t "
; p
'
r ' . l
l nr r F
r "r 1
pni i
un- i
nr ooozi ! r i .
' ,
1'
. i - i
np"! r "l nr "l
. i
l ' "r ' r r ' l pp. ndpn. P"el ^zr r r ' , ' i n r "
i ' r i i ' l "ur " nu. . '
"
pl - m. , ,
dF
"- er "r : i
u
a
' i r r r i " u p r r ' ' J' l r nl ^zi r i F
d. . l l i n, f ' ". nd
'
J
, l l F
'
! r Li d.
' u. l
i I
l h" l
. L o r ".
'
. \ ' l ' o/ l i
'
| \ "l L / m\
'
, " i r h n, ".
' , '
l Di ' ' 1 )
Tl , c exami nal . j cn
i s t n l i ae da) s. ( Ti mp)
C, r \ i nr ! 1, o/ ?,
/ o
: i
/ r
. i nr
p&j , / i r i i :
FI F
Hr . l r Jp^r ul 1i , ", . / " 1 Fi
desk.
t t r
, i st uda.
, \ . i
I ' r ,
, / ar ' c. . i
u i ' . 1
t ' , ' r l i
J" Dr "po?: r i - . i
l s'
|
" "
din sintagniele: on mV desk. to th. stud1l. itt
fiet
d&As. care sint complelnenie.
Cur i nt t l e
pe cer e l e l eagi
l r . pozi l i a
si nl , :
d) cuvirtul
de care depinde
ti
care o praccdi;
,) cuvjntul care dcpincle de ea (.untit i g|o],at'\ta englezi,Ihe Conple
n?nl\'af the
pr?p.)silion)
li
cafe este prer+r,lat de
prcpozilie:
I I e sl oke
/ o t l i e r t r .
Verbul slonc esLc cuvintul de care depinde prepozilia lo, iaurn cuvin'
t ul car e depi Dde d"
"0.
Cur l n l l
, d, -
r r p, ! Jr
pr "t / i r i J
I r "' "
i i JI
- , , b. r an, i r .
un ad; c
r : \ '
un verb sau un advirb.
iar cuYintul
preredat de prepozi,tie st un sublrtantiv
sau echivalentul afcstuia-
2l Preoozitic.
(,riunctic
sarr adTerb. Eristi adcsea conluzie intre
$
2383
Dr pDo; i t i i ,
; onj ; nc{i i
, . i ' . , 1' "r t , ' .
, r ar , ' m$i I n, , l l
. u , i Ln"l e di n d. F' r F
p: r ' l i
i l e vorbi r. au
". "FA-i
f ur". ". f "n ru s l ^ dFni bi rrFbui p
' i
' nsl i zAm
rol ul
lor ln propozitie:
I md
, t
b. I a4
' h"
doo- .
r Pr po/ i . i )
! l p n, l / "/ t e l s' nl on my l , o. i Ll dJ. ConJUn"l i r l
wc have mt Delo/d.
(.rtdrerr,)
Prppozi l i a ar^t i rrporrul di nl re d"i I ' t mc' i ei l rn"i propo/ i t i i . drr nu du
ae. casi
i unc( i . si nr a. r i ; d ( u' r subsr "nt i r
i i
"t r i bu' ul
l ' r i . un. Jdj Fai \ '
"Ju
un
adverb
qi complementul
respeciii', un rerb gi complemeniul snu eft
).
Conjunclia
lea-rn doun pnrli de pfoporilie de ac14!i fel, sau doud propo-
zi-tii.
,4dperlul determini un singur termen
;i
anume: un verb, un adjecliv
sau un alt adverb':
\:\:e mci her otr,. tutrclr.
(l'ri!.)
\\:e \rent lo tlic lheatre di"nr.1ou ].tt ns. (Conj.)
\1:e leii a short line ai.t. (Ad\'.)
I aniled eelo.d hcr. (Pre!
)
She l auehed at m Dl o; . I -sdi da$ord
{Cot : i . )
\1: had ncler seen nnn Del..e. (Adv.l
r
t
anpl pn?\ t t n ! i | ant . l i t r nq^/ a
. omt l ! l r "o. ' . n' ! l i n r " \ ' el '
: i S
2532- 2593
t C pi A
i , t vpr bp dpt Fr mi
". ' r n5
b: r . \ : i u, , . \ al , nt ' . l
asl - r a. ur . opr opozL
t i c
sau o
r , r ' h
d.
l r ol ozi l i e
l i : ! l ' l l .
MORr.OLOCIA PREPOZITIA
'l'her-"
rvrs no one thcre bu, nre.
lPfer.)
The erginc was old D!, s'orking benutiiullJ.
(Conj
)
SlrB ivas Dzr an amateur.
(.\dv.)
I had not necn the.c siz.e the sp.ing.
(P.ct.r
I m i st
so
sr , / p
Jou
r r r sl cet X.
i C
i Lj . )
Th. r h. ' vp r p\ pr hp, r d
, , r
1, 4 st l e. ( \ d\
)
2381 3) l'ormi. - Prepozifiile pot fi simple. derivate. compuse. complexe
sau loculiuni prepoziliona)e:
a) prepozilii simple:
iy lro,n
b) prcpa.ilii d.eri"o.te I
ulong bclote dside
c) pr.pozilii conpuse.
409
trton
(l.oughout
d) ptepozilii conplexc.
according to as to iNtead oi round about
along with beca$e ol out ol up to
c) loculi ni pepozilionule|
at the la.k oi in licu ol
by means oi in optosition to
by the side of in spite ol
lor the sake ot iD Ure Ycnt ol
in front ol in the middie ol
2385
f) Fepozilii
pres(urtatel
o'clock
ta' 1:
ol)l ashore
Ie
(- on)l
dkin
t. {:
of)l aioot
t. {
on)l
four shillinss d
ta
:
onl day
2380 4) DouA pr el ozi l i i
. i nr
i nl r ebui nr sr o ur po
f
l i r yd d"da$i cul i nt at Dnr i
,
i n' l una si ngur d
r sr p i ncul i . i cr l ; p"ni r u d r cdd i dF"r :
Tl , " bus D6sFd anr l I
j umDFt
o" / o | ' , p
pl d
l or m
They e\lid"t"d thF rurnilirr'
lton
undP; th,
Nin".
She shouted
/elz
dnoug lhe trees.
ThPcp wPrp hedgps rouad dbout him.
The tablcs on tha terrace were close [o each oi.her but I squeezed ttr 6e,aeen them.
The coitase looked out oz r, a garden. (Verb complei
+
2 p.ep.)
(Vezi
ti 5
1618)
238i 5) Cazul
fi
lormr euvintului
procedat de prepozilio.
- Cuvintul
precedet
de prepozilie std ln cazul acuzativ daod este substantil' sau pronume, sau ra
forma gerundivului daci este verbr:
Lct us t r l k r ,
l ou.
' ' i l , I
She was looking dl ,'.
You arc iord ,/ sn)gtns.
231J3 Unle
prepozitii contribuie la lormarea altor cazuri Astlei, prcpozilia
of lormeazn geniti'ut prepozilional
i5
281). iar prpozifiile ,r,
for'
of,
fton
formeazi cazul dativ prepozilional (S 307. 308,
pag. 76, nota 2):
Tlrc cover ot ,nd D,o/i was a seDsauon.
{Gcniiir lrepozitional)
G\ft it to hitu! (Drtiv prcpozilional)
ni n
llmc
c{cltio prcpozitia ro. ciDd cste pariicula inlinitivuhi, c.rre esle u.mati dc un
LOCUL PR' POZITIEI 403
Ho br oucht L[ . Ll o$ r . / , '
, r Ut ", / .
r Dr l i r r {pn. z, l i , ' na }
He t ookl hc r u, 16a. kr
t om
nar i nJ put i l ' on hi 5 bd. k.
LDal i v
pr . pozj l i onl l
Stop that row, I bes of
wb! {Dati!
p.epozilionai)
Ci od are a. east a i nLrcbui n! arc.
I repori l i s ! i
a
I i crduL
conl i Dut ul nal i o-
ndl
$i
d davFni r o. i mf l d psr i i ul o. ut u[ i i nl r Fbui nl al s i n l oeul t e"hi l or
t ermi nat i i di spi rut c cu Tremea.
Obser ea! i e
$i
in aceaEii situalie, crviniele preccdate de prepozllii
-
9i
anume
$
2389
boak, him, Marg,
!au,
ho -
Elr,\ tn cazul acuzativ.
6) Locul
propozitioi.
- ln lirnba scrisn, in siitul olicial sau lornal
9i
$
2390
i n
Lor bi r pd gr dmal i . r l
"or p. t d.
pcapazi l r a l r "bui l - . d
nf . . . ddA
i m. di at par l "d
de r or bi r e sau l on' r l i unea pe car p o i nl r odu. ea. I n r ngl . zs dnt ual : i i nsd.
,
u
r oa, a opozi t i s
pur i gLi l or ,
t n
pr opozi l i i l a i nr er ogal i v" sau al r i but i v. i n
'
ar e
t ppor i i i c
; nt r oau. a un
pr onu' ' r .
or i
^d\ pr b
i nr "r osdr i v sau r dal i ' ( $ l l 0q) .
i rpi i mau sau nu,
pr. po, i l i a ast a puRd l n muLl
, urpnt l u st i rt i rul propozi ! i "i
r . i p. . t i vo. n' r nu; ai i n sr i l ul i nt or msl .
"i
. i
i n s' i l ul l or mal vor bi l . uneor i
chiar
!i
sois:
The child
l,nd,,
I lookcd dlr'r w{s i l.iend's.
'l'he
nan
fdid,
I s'as t.llitrs you drolt (: alout whon) has come.
sart is on;, w; ot't do siihiut (: that without which)
, / l o i s
_hi s
}ook Dr ( by $homr_-
I wl ol i s t hi 3
/ o.
( :
f or Fhr t ) ?
,rne"e
is she
/rom
(:
fron $here,.
Looul prepoziliei nu
poate li dectt la slirlitul propozi{,iei relative sau
dupd vrbul acesieia in urmltoarele oazurr:
a,J cird insolette pronumele relativ r,ldl ($ {064, 1078 1079) sau as
( s r 0e4) :
The houso ,,lar Ne looked a,
This is the same villag ds we rod ,s in JulJ'.
,, in propoziiiile ln care
protrumele rlativ este subinl,les:
That is the iactorv section tlhrtl
you
were seni. to-
The womatr
twhol
I was lookins
foiis
lhe wo.ks manas...
Unele
prepoziiii condiiionate Etnt attt de strins legate de verbul precedent,
$
2391
n, \ mi t
rprb prppoi ; l i unal rS 2l q5' . I n. l r nu msi
nor
l i
. onsi dcrsl c . a el pmFnl c
dF l esdl ur a car e pr *edu , ur i nt ul i nr r odus. Jn s' past d si t udl i p, uni i
gr ama-
ticien-i consider{ Cl ele primesc de fapt un caracter adverbial qi sint privite
, a parl i . ul p rerbul e
t uqc
drpd t et bul nr rare l ar
. orp
o' nun.
Ti nl nd
spdma d"
p^, , i l i d
s. . . l nr
pr i t r . Ti l i i .
uni i aul or i au
pr opuq. i n
. Azul
, 1"
t al a, r nt oor i r "r nur n"t ui
, t p
, . nr el nzi l i p. .
,
u u"ol a dp . . pnst pozi l i c. .
Strtnsa legdturn dintre verbul precedent
Si
prepozilie apare ln speciat
la diateza
pasivn, prepozilia tiind aqezatd in acest caz la sfirgitul propozitiei
sau i nedi at dupn verbul respeci i v (S 1782 1?83):
llis
pfonise is not to bc depenrled o\.
Thc notior aas aANcd rr]iot.
Take {wrv the tclcvision seij ann hdE it seen tnl
He was bcins ndde tnn ol.
she
({s
/dlt.7 sDout .t lol.
BaI' I larcs r,tag /dad lo.
t - t naput t . . r .
r q, r r i ppr r . ol ' , ' , 1", r .
. . r l r . r , , . , n5p' 1' . . , 1.
sd. / . f r ^I sekl l i i nd Dpnt f u
p\ r ur si i ) .
_!
Col ocvi r l , t el ; r t onl l csl e numi i . ' l i r ' r o: ' .
MOFOLOCU
_
PREPOZITIA
23gZ In unele cazuri,
prepozilia care apare la sftrtitul
propoziliei a rdmas
a. l l "l dal , ori t d f apl ul ui
. i r pron0m"l " p. rsonal
"rp
urrra nu mai
, 3l F Fxpri '
mal I n l i mba
pnol e?d
I . o' l , ad. penl r u a sF c\ i l J r apal i r i a:
Tl'is is a hou6e comlortable to liae t4 litl.
lvoe the histodc docurn.nls worrh \tasting time otel
liheml?
She is good to look rr
lherl.
\r!'ere ih cllildrcn dillicult to take care,/tiheml?
I necd somoihjng to look lorward to
litl.
2393 7) Pr cpozi l i r
. ondi l i onaLi . \ l aj or i ' "t na \ er b"l or d; n l i nba
pngl FzS
ca. to puL. t; si;g eLc.. poi fi Lrrnate de orice prppozi-tie ccruia de complemeotul
To
lut
on th tablc, und'l thc chair, ;D Ure culrboard, otal the ned, tc.
to sing tz nnglsh, on the siage,,o the
public.
/o.
somebody, tc.
2A94 Existi lnsi o categorie numeroasa de verba, adjective
li
unele Bubstan-
tive etc., urmai,c numai de anumite
prepozitii care nu
poi li lnlocuite cu altele.
Astfel de prepozilii conditionate 6lnt:
49{
gnalitied./o.
t \
zi
f i S
t t o)
slnpii}J ,l itn
2395 8) Propoziliilo uzuele:
abofd lreside(s)
aboul bet''een
abovc beyond
lul
(- crc.pr.)
altel lry
agarnst conc-Armns
alons{side) despite
amidist)
.
q-1r
. m"nEr sl J dnnng. .
. i . cr r Lr ng)
lelor-" l.om
ihind in, into
below inside
beneath minus
on (- Irom)
sinc (- de la. din)
till
until
via
tlarol
2396 9) Introbuinlareo
prepoziliilor.
-
lntrebuinlarea prepoziliilor in limba
englzd este o chestiune foade dilicile
ti
subtild. Se zice:
"to abound in re-
fined expressions", dar
"to
abound
pil,
fishes";
"arnoyd
aDoat a mattr",
"dar
at intrusion, n il,t applications, by complaints";
"to
arrive iz Pali6"
(un oraq mare), da.
"d,
Dover" (o localitat mic{),
"dl
Richmond (o suburbie
a Londrei),
"astonished
at his daring", dar
"rg
his ded";
"to
belong tnlter
l he hesdi {. g.
i ,
a buok . d0r ' r o
. oncboJ) ' :
o bur r l i ^r l h i a, o sons . da
"to
burst ,r1, laughing. inlo tears, ,rill, raqe'; "t^
.omplain
irDozl s thing",
dar
"o/"
sau
"agains,
a
parson,
/rr
an act";
"to
die
/,'or,
(sau o/J a \vound",
dar
"o/
grief",
"Ihrough
\eglecl"
t
"displeased
dt a thing", dar
"ti,ill,
a
person",
' gl ed
dl t he
ri di ngs' , dar"of t he
l act ";
"obj ect
af di nst t he appoi nt ment ". dar
' 1o l l i s $-^rJs
;
' t ^ t al k
oboui
sau d/ a
per. on . ! l "r
-on
s bubj , . l . ar"f
d
matter";
"il,
Lhe tircumstances" (reierindu-se numai la situatie)
;i
trndcr
th circunstflnces" (referimlu-se la un lufiu lndeplinit);
"to
compare one
thing or person lo anothr"
(pentru o simple afirmRre a asemdnerii),
,,(';lh
another" (pertru a face o comparatie mai ample, stabilind asemeneri
li,
ln
mecirl. deosebiri).
INTREBCINTARE^ PREPOZTTIILOE
496
De cele mai rmrltc od. tntrebuintarea prepozitiilor in linrba englezn nu
corespunde intrebuinldrii pe care o au in limba ronarrE.
40) Excmplificare, -
Existi verire, ca ta get Io
:o,
La looh etc., al .6tot
inleles este complei schimbal de prepoziliile snu
nari,ioulele
adverbiale care
le unneaz[.
(Peotru
o trattlre contrastivi. ln acelasi timp mai cornplete;i mai meto-
dici a chestiunii, ln paginile
ufndtoare se va arita atlt tnlelesul
adverbialj
cit
fi
cel prepozilional al cuyintelor citate. Ercrrplclo fnrn menliune speciall
conl,in
prepozilii.)1
To
get :
to ge, into the house
I:
a intra ir crsn
lcu
dili.nllal..)l
to
g4r into tlie l,.ain
{..
a sc ur.a in iren)
to
a.,
in a word
{adv.)
(: a qunc. a nrtrodu.e un ouvjnt)
1o
set
orl the
grass (- a ple.a de
te
iirbii)
10
s,,
olI a traitrla bns
(:
a colori din tren/ruiobuz)
to se, or a hoNc t: a desciileca)
ro
?e,
oll easily (adr.)
t:
a sdpa uqor
ttirtr
o litualic oiiici)l
l o
B"/
on r r
"
l l dr l or -
( J
,
obor i p p. I , n)
t o ! . / oD $"' l u: pt h"r
( JJ\ . 1 (
. , e l nt r l ec l r : nf t nD, cut r dl
r o
; a
ot r
r dJ\ . )
i n- dn. i , '
. r ;
"- i
m' t g" bi , r F
- du
r b. , , d ! ! Jt ud nl Fo5l uj t aer c. l
How are
lon
g.uiiLg ott
l:ce
mri faci? cum ili llergc?)
l or p oul ol l l '
r ou".
. ai j di n. d. 1
, , I J Ll Jl . . , u r i ol , nl '
I
i o
i d
our ol i l , " r ' i n
I
d
' obon
di n
r "
to gc, out ol trouble
{:
a scilpa de necaz, din incurceluri)
tro
sdi
orcr a diilicttlty
{.-
a invinge o dificultate)
1, , r ", o, cr a r a5k ( ad". ) (
a sl . r - i o
pma
J.
' l Fr l i ni
o sl r , r nl l
r o
sa
or { ! . r r pr . ""
L
. i
r i
r "vel i dnr ' or u"p_i / A, '
r o
ser
ot . r r n
: l l , ' ". s
{
J
"p
I n. I nl l or i l
l o
spr r ound J
pr ohi bi l r oa
I
"
! l udd
o i nl nr oi l i . l
t oi ' d r oud a p"r *o
t
i
. on\ i ngd
r d
. , ne\ ; pnn
abi l d. l
( o
s. r
l l , r ouch l su- t .
"
'
l
J, er D, nJ{l ui r ul i i ) j
r o; "r t br out b
i , n
' r , r ,
t '
a r "ul i s
j r dDcn,
-
1o
s. r
t hr ouEh oi a bi l l l
GJ! . ) L
a
. r e"e
l r i r t dr l ampnr ,
a t i \ ot dr ( dFspr e
uo
'
l o g. r l br dugl
r i me
I
a- ?i r r e. p l , mpu,
10
set
to bnsiness
{-
a se apuca de t.eab{l
to
set
tosether (persons, thinssl (ad!.)
l:
a
lse)
aduna, a (se) sl.ringe
{persoane,
lucNri)l
t o
spr
up ( a. 1r "" . "
)
I
a i r ur d d se : t l ; r , ( l nl r . un . opac
d. . ) l
t o
Rl
np ( adv. l
l :
d sP vr r a)
to
s,
uD on a stool (adv.) (: a se mca pc un scaun)
to
ger
up a
plal (ady.l
{=
a pune
ln scenl o
p'es[)
To go:
l o
A,
ahoul oa"
"
nor k ( i
-
r . dpd. d.
' r pdhi )
r o
8o
r r u
f dr so, '
( 1 3F r "r al ,
' u
r ur . F r a
' r ni r c)
to
so
ItI (adv.
ti
p.p.)
t:
a l.ece
{pe
llngl)l
to
Eo
down
{of
a ship)
{adv.)
(- a sc scullnda)
io
so
dom soneiliing (: r coborl)
t o
so
i n
( ) d\ . ) , i Dt o ( : a i nt . al
l o
so
i t r 1, , . so, n"r \ ; nc ( adv.
r
a i dr u. a , 1"
un l u r , f Ft i ,
t o
go or l ( dds
) {:
a
Pl cLa,
a s. l i ndel
l o
so
ol t
r r - .
sr J|
F. . ) _ 1 pi r di ( s, . nd
pL
) l
I
l l ! "r bpl e
) i nr pnoTi l i i
p
dF
p
i ^ . onl i nL1r "
o' nt n' r m"i
"{
mD i f r r Jr i , E' e nu
"oui .
zeazl , nest i unei . cei a. e ar I i : m. osr l , : l l r . . r l f ul x. : e. r ei l xr r t r i
$
23e?
s
2398
$
2399
496
MORIOLOCIA -FFEFOZTTIA
10 so ot r l adv. ) {: 3 coni i nua)
i ;
i ;
; ;
l ; i ". i
i ; r ni nPr eFn ( - a s' spt opi r d" I r ani . J m' "sF
pe I t ani )
l o
so
out
{' J\ . '
( 0. i FFi : 3 5a sl r ngp)
to eo oui oI
l:
a reSr)
r o
Ao
oui ol r J' h, on
I
a 3" d"modd)
r o
Eo
or 0r
( a hodsF
er .
) t
a ! , zi r J. 0
"r dr i nJ
{o
cd5J
' "
) l
r o
t o
or cr a s! "ah ( d r pf d"a.
i r PpFr r
n
' uvr nr 4pl
, o
so
or er
{dd\ )
10 | P Fr Pmy ( a r r P' a a I naml
r o eo l t r ot r l b d Dr r ' i
'
a- ) i I naPr , l , ni
/
dd i r Jl t ol ul l
i ; ?; i h; ; ; - "r i u' c; ; nonv
er "
)
d r , . t r " r a, a' sur o. d ( o *t emoni e
ot c
l
t o; o l h. oul h d pi
' "
(
' .
r \ "; ul a
o bD' dl i r
l o g! ur der
r Jd'
I d
r
s' ul uadd u. dP' 5dPdl
, .
r o
s,
$i l t , 1e- . ! i \ \ 6
t
a s"
! o
t \ r
i
u vr d/ t t s
' ur val
t o
i n
r i t bout
{:
, ' ! e l i l si dF)
S
2400 To look:
lo looft ot
{:
a
prili)
io i"' r,
' lo' ut
-i
(: i s uita lm jd.; a ciltnina situalia' a se mai
sindi
lnajnt'
dc a deci de)
lo rooi slter somcnody
{:
a
]rrivi
tn urma cDila, duln cineva; a lns' iji de, a avea
(rii.L
dr finerJ)
-
_
t o / , oA l or
( :
r ci ul al
to rooi h
(;dv.) (: a iace o ririle scurtl, a lrecc pe ]a)
l o / ooi i nl d I a
. \ i - r nt . a , r ymr i )
r o
/ , ol
ot l ( 2 l ook
Fl '
. i
a. : i r : di I o, h: i ( d" pe o
'
a"l '
Fl '
)
t o l ooL o!
(
a
. on\ r ' 1er a)
to ?ool on
iadv.)
(: a asista la)
to aoot out
(adv.l
I:
! ti atcnt. a nrga de saml)
r o l o, { oul ot
, J
s, ndo$
"1. .
I
F pr i vi
l pF
l dr edsr r n
pl '
l
i ; ; ; ; i ; ; ; "
a:
a nesura
pe i ri eva cu pri l i rea, a exon' i na; 0 ri zi ra (o casr
' t c
):
t o / , , f t l l r oush . J l r i r i 0. , Pf l nl
.
I . o / , Dl t o
{.
a u\ Pa
gt i Ja d; 3 n8! i i dP. 3 sul t ar ' g}p8:
3 s' b: 21' r
pP
' r ne\ a:
a
aDet a r r I r neval
-"' --l,ir,il
.ri
(adv.) (: a privi ln sus, a' ti ridica ochii de
]re
o carlc etc
i
a ceula'
io' tool up (a $' ord, an address)
(' rdv' )
t:
a crura (un cnrint ln diclionar' o ad}.sa
in cartea de lelelon eic.)l
lo loon trlon
(: i considera)
PREPOZI TI I
$I
AD\ ERBE OTI ONI \ {E
UZUAT, E
,{l arate starea
pe loc (S 2403, 2424).
I o arat a di recl i a
(\
2423).
/ , ar sl a sl sf Fa sr u mi s. dr er i nt r - uo l o. r $ 2409. 24l l ' 2412t
- - .
/ r , . ar - l i Ji ' p. ! i d di nal sr d i naunl r u sdu
l r an' t nr m"r ea {S 2410- 2411) '
s
24.01
$
2402 ABOLTT
Ile lalsh.d rt'ort il.
She ](rkcd ltout ler.
( Saui t ar hj ' r r . )
Ilob has snoken: Nc1l. e,la, ilort
/o!?
{tsob
a vorlit. Xi }ine, tu ce laci?)
Come tomorrow rlrout this lincl
(Vino niine can pe lr ora asta.)
They rowcd rl,out ttu lo^e.
He ilts .bont ro sp.dft.
lEra
pc
luncrul
da a vo.bj.)
Hare
you any moDct slout
You?
He had about 2,000 books.
(Adv.l
{nvea
v.eo 2 000 de ce4i.)
It .aDe sDort in rhis waY...
(Adv
l
{S-a
lDilnllal. astlel...)
'l hev took Lltrta dou slout.
(Ad'
l
( Fei "! u de sedni [ i ] r et nal i l . , Lt e nnnl
497
PREPozltrr 5r
svEREE
o
At'
s
2'1oB
Vcfte si
adicctite
urmate
de prepozilio
tl:
.
^ ", -' ,
: ". : .
"
rL l art r.
t o l '
. urpri "' d. d"ri sl rr"d
r o
sdze
ro
srurcbr'
ro
rrdr'
r
o rnoi ra
l :
i ; T; r:
i l ' i ; i 11"1; i ; i ; i
-i o
i t ' ""t ' o
s' at ' o
t hro$'
o
$onoPr
Localinni
&tuerbiale
cu
prepozilia
at:
"r,"Ji,
"ri"",,
st once,
st the same
time'
one
st a timc
not
't
all' rl
lrascni'
ri arr
sl night,
rt sea,
st war,
rt a loss'
si l'he
iop nt the centrc'
et
puy
I rln
st 4 losr
whai to do
(Nu
ilin
.e sa lac.)
She
is
good !l
.h'r
booLs
Therc
is a house
3t ,ti" Dd'A
lXsle
o case
in slate
l
ExemPl e:
\r' . do,,Pd st Y..1"
l N; ; ni ; ! I j t
l a f nr t l
' l . . - , : : ", : : - : "
- p
i n a sna' k sr a sna"h
b
' t
3
l j Jl i l LS
i i ;";' ;r"' t'
u" b
"1
rubs
o
snstaie
tmpreunA l
I l eei mF
3t r he s' dl r onr
( l a. ma dc l a
gar ei l
BtrT
\
:
B
erceqlia ipre!
'
conj
)
He
sas ros' but
o"'
l Ero nennl t i m! l )
u.t
r"'
t ' ' "rt'
r."
)' ' rl {^1"":,
d,",","i t' ;"".""
LI r r u/ dr ' :
n_ar r i I osi al ur or ur
t r '
I . anr or
but sr ng
l or
j o]
{uonr ' r
( l \ u
l ot
s; i nu
t l ni de nu' ur r E l
2)
: unai
( adv
) :
{l""iT,:
lfJ"Jii''";"
rwo,
r s{w
but
otu
3l
:
rdre
sn nrt
(pron relati{
negativ )
rl ' er ; l n" . n'
rur kno$:
o l ' "
di hnrprnpn' '
4)
:
ddr
(conj ).
You askcd rne
io comc'
but I conldn'1"
BI
1)
: . l e (precedn
compl emenl ul . de
agent )
It sas
$ritten W
nv
'{rrt''
2)
(cu un
partioipiu
prczent)
(comptcmcnf
instrutnertal):
5nr
won
g^' d m:' rlrs
bt
' rcllirp
I' r' r
I
r i
"i | i , , r
nor " b
I nF I I ' r r n I r "
' r r '
r "-
I e\ t r r \ r ' L
m\ sFl f
I t r sdat r E-
, ,
Lui
r r n
'
. ar t
i ' r t ar P
Sl ' nnr n0
'
s
2{04
$
2405
*,{""qiFr}i+i,*'sllill*"1iif
ilii.lr"Il;)illxi'rcchrlr')o'ddrica!'ta'Ir
493
MORFOLOGIA PRIPOZTTTA
3)
:
l i rydl
l\e Eat br tle
fire.
Thcr'siood bx /kr thrdugh her mistodune.
4)
:
dnpd,
\1trat time is iL hI
1/ob
eatch?
I could lcll nho he is Dx r/d
fti.'lls
he hns.
i r
"r /
( u r u. 1 d. I n
' . L"i l :
I am lallcr i.han he br a
/oor
t
To buY llour h! thc
pauu1.1
To die lrJ tEnlg
|
-
a sc slinrtc (: a nuri) cu nrc-"t!ll.
6)
: ?e
l a (aproxi ' nal i ) (compl . ci rc. de t i np):
I shall bc ba.h bI nine ,tl,a^.
7)
:
ca. pe.
trtn
(cu denumid care se releri Ia mijloace de locomolie
;i
Ia nediul prin care se c6litorette):
to travel
{of
go) ty trair, bI car, [r ]ard, bJ sea, ItI air, etc
a)
-
pe linSd.l
She aent lty me $' ilhout a looL.
9)
:
pe acol a (ai v. ).
Sle rr.n, hY liumnins {n air.
The ncx'sriidium \taJsor,w|erc
',dr
[I i:
prin ntropiere).
l0) idiotuatic.
How did vou .oe iJ this money?
(Cun
ai ajuns sn ai banii aceitia?)
Or p Dt oa.
I ney go'
up dDd l "f t l he Lal l .
( l nul
. l l
unul s. au r . ul at
r i
dL pdr ; s. r . dl r
I
I lived by rylert
(Triiam sinsur.)
ol
r l l l hp r . r r ' qsps
,
asr f or l h"
par r
ot OphFl , r sh" $ 1s Lr
/ , -
r Lp
moJ t ou. I i ng.
Di nl r a l odl p d{r i l Fl e di s' r i dui l " I n i ol Ll Ohl i "i .
Fa ! t o5l cu mul r cea mDi
'
To! i oDsnt J. '
$
910ri roR
Verbe urmate de prepazilia for:
to ask, to blame, to care, to compensate, io e{chan8e. to leave, to lona, to
look, io scnd, to set out, to siart, to ,ait.
1)
:
pentru, del
Write this lor turt ,truI
I'll ,D&rle yon lo. some b.ad.
It?tots that thitrs lor!
The exhibils are lor rtld.
Tortoise*hell is h.d for maki4g combs.
Thc World Council tor Pddsc.
2)
:
d,attu prepozitional:
Uary sent this book fo. nc.
' l oot .
paund
i i
' / / L- uni r r r ,
dr odsur e dl r i r l l "r p v"zi
g
I 3! i ' , r or ur i pr e-
zeDt l nd un i nl pr Fs l i vr eso
peni r u
. r t r i or r .
PREPozqrI
tr
-{DvrEBx
o
3)
:
ld (dstina!i):
He l.t lor ./dsil/ this mornins.
{c l l i . Jt
l r r ai i ast . l z, d, mi i r ' pat a. )
Ate
!o!
llt Buchorcst!
{Mergli
la Bucrregti?)
refe tor la tinry
i
distanld (: de sau netradus):
He \sas iD lh.re lor atrout ,ro nodrs.
Slte had becn
lrcpadng
Lo eran lor /er7rs.
I }Jvpr'. .q n
Jorr
lor 4 /,,g
':trllor
o1ps.
Eor
pt l e(
ar uu d,
s! . o' l dr ' l
5r ' r l r ' .
:
in ciudu, cu toutc ac.sleaj lolati (introduce un compl. circ. colcesiv):
She wrs a
good
childr, lor aU her lit e nichs.
Io. al, rhd,. he should hrre addrcssed }inscll io nc.
ror a,l yor sdy, ve ieel snre th-Are $ill be an improvenent in
llris
conducl.
:
de, din c(Mza (introduc
un compl. circ. de cauzd):
She
sa5
repling ro.
jog
Thc Litlle
g!l
Louldn'l see Io. rEes,
\Ve couldn'r go io slccp lor laqnizs.
He cnn't sleep lor ,i? nois, of ihc rain on ll,e rvindows.
-))
6)
i I dr' pt.
.o
fiind
I
I look lim tor o drc,o..
He was conter tud tE a thief.
8) dupe o tnterJ crlie:
{zr.d/, Ior rhe holidays I
Splendi.l lor yn!
On, lo. a
slass
ol ilt1er!
9) cn Dn compaxatit,i
"Do
you fel anv ,tu ,.ref lor his mcdicjne?"
"Oh
no. I am tu ao.ra lor it."
It was a.harye ror lftd &e|lo
lsa|r
ne ao*L
l0l
+
substantie (san prcnutne)
+
infinitio (ac.
cu inf.
$
1674).:
ThPr p $as no
t oj
l ot Ann
t o pl ou
\ . t h-
fi is impossjble iot het r'
so'rh.ie.
It Fas quite plain IE eleryotu to see.
It
js
(not)
lor hin ro de.ide.
Ior n?r Dot to aor.t hard now, belore ihe e{ams, s'outd be a mistake.
r l ) , t
l or
( : dac{ n ar l i i aa n- ar f i I ost ) :
]}ut tor n,.
{saunereil
lol lor her)Be shotrld haye prelerred tle seasid-
12)
: (cit) desprel
-4s
tor ntn, h chos. to become a stulrt man (: cascador).
, . 1 t or r / r dl , $" l l
' al k
aboul i l , dr ". ,
You may see ior youroeil
{:
siDgrr).
For mysetf, tor ms
ptt (: lni.ucit m'-i
]r.ivestcl.
13 i ( l i omat i c I
lor insianc
lor ihis purpose
e'ord tor
''ord
400
:
cuvinl cu cuYint)
I
:
trn copi l dl ni nl a.
500
MONFOLOGIA
_
PREPOZTTh
s
2407
s
2108
s
2{}9
FRO}I
Vobe
gi ad.jectitc urmatc de prepozilia fiom:
to ileter: to ilie
(lrom
a wound), to diUe.r, to dividc, to escape' to Inu, to guard'
to
part,.
to
pr;vent, t;
proteci, to.ecove., to sulfer; free l'om'
Enempl e.
1) (provnienle)
:
de la:
I
soL
a letler hom ntm.
Tl; \'ind blcw hom rtu ,tcs,.
:
di n:
I am talkins ilom
".Feriezaa.
She
rDr.sd
-water
hon the
jug
:
d.apd.:
Hc vas callcd Jaok.olall-trades
lrom the nature ol his occupahon
2)
fron...
to (: de 1a... la)'g:
Ile walked lrom the door to the rindo\t.
They counled trom one to lillY
3)
:
inlpotrteai
The veil ,rck.r.l
I'er lrod ihe sun
ThpJ
q"r;
ra/" trem inqui5i' :vF p,$"6_bJ
4) timp I
Enn that titue sh slolPed writitrg
I' rom hod oD $' e will do oLlt besL to catch up with the othe|s.
IN
L)
-
i n, I a; cu:
Tho.e is sine ln my
8lass.
She liYes h Brcharest-
TheY a.riYed in Bucharesl4-
lle ;as dressed ln a
pai. ol t.ousem and a shirl
2) (cu obicte de studiu)
:
de:
a lesson ir Etrglish, ir malhemalics,
etc.
a lecturer h
PhYsics
3)
:
Ja ( o uni i ' er si bat e
et c. ) :
a professor ol English in the Uriversily oi Leeds
:
li:
,Ti:l-#r,:."1":iii^"1tf;lffl
;"fi'"T:lts hai.
ra,ii
race o crrale (,n pdr)l
31F, i
. i I r i : l J.
I
)#.
u' , , 1i 1' u; , ", , '
. "' i ' d ur \ ori , hi r
JJ kJ, 4, . n \ \
pJ
Ri di ns
L
rd, d, rl , Ansr, a.
' , r e
Lni ! r ; s; l r r : r oi d. '
1 i r l s^:
r Ji a
a' "gor "
r pdDa' A' l
r
r cdb"; Aur t - \ : ! , , so
. . / /
r "r ,
' ,
r r r - i r ' 4i d
' ol dg
. onr pJr dr r v r e' bnl p. cu
pr c
r i - L( r - r ' i r . ' 1r i dLdd"l : n. Jf dmi l ) apdnnJ. dpun4r "dl i
al r t xl i 4
' onl r asL
r t r vpsqr er o
I ni \ "r ", . 1
, d i r u\ l , , t d. C- n, br i dg . I ( i nr \ l Jl "; "
<r r dnd;
Londr d
r l , r
' u
pconr uma'
nisri. si aonst.riie din pintri.
PRIPOZITII 9T
ADVERBE
O
4l i di onat i c:
1"" tf
i;'.'!"
"1't
T ii"T:1""1 )
i t r r i mer
( : r a l f eme)
,
ll illi liil'lii*
(i-'i"L1llit"r
l n t he
eveni ng
( =' sear ar ' ,
l o t he st r eei l : Pe
st r aor r
ln tle skv
i: l''
+rl
il li,'l'"$llE
l;,:'lffi
;i x'i''
it l['.#illt,:'"lYi";i];,rl*:'
"'
l l i *;' l l ,' ' ' ::l *r
;
":::"i 1""i ::
1i ""' "'
rr' "-i l , i ^
l " l '
rr' *"t
'
i n
srr' l
I \ dL
r
She F i t r .
t E
r r asr )
i Adv
l
60r
Illro
l'crbc
urmare
d e
Pr'lotilid
inlol
to change,
10 ililide
to impo't'
to make
ro
Fdril
prepot;liet
Lo e|\ter
(sens conc'et)z:
pour, io s!a!e.
to translate.
to tu'n
s
2{10
s
t11?
ii."l,lil,lf
ijii"'1",)'"ri"mi,,,"'r"
ll'.'"llil,,Iii""""loTlli'i'*
"*"'
tN. lNTo
s
2'll
11,;"i::,i'xl:ul":"11'1"".,*'i",T:"'J,,'x'"li$
i["**.'*
'",".*.
1"";i;;il
ifl
:"9lil
f1?;T'i"':'l;'il,:,J,':;",:''"
gf"',li;n:"-'&\T.'itl
i;:i:,'"iH!!",#:'a"^",,,.
T[i,[#if,ir-'t':iliu'"
*'
if:'fiii'."1il"%'rtri#
The house
qds l n 5r g' I
. .
'
ffll'],fi"*,:T
rT;;*'
i,;-ii'i,1"'111,.'jr'-''
IN. OUT
0ul {ddt . )
eql .
cnnr r ar r r r l . l ui . i n
r adv ) '
t ) ut ot
Pst e cont r ar r ul
l ur l nr o'
:,i'J,"iili";",,l"i"Tii
;ll)-
'!J
"il
li'i'"';
"'l'L'
'
-u
'
'o'
:flT'"i^'1,*il""
.'""#'
ill;,;
'il,'"'
'"" '""'
-
',r..
*
,;." ," A"
"
t'ne
-
li\
la ora hotirriinl
ro Da i'
I/?'tv
o/ rln?
-
i sosi mrlt
'"t
'1"1,:"$,*:niA ,u s:l;^d-b:,1.r:.
:
i.;,:^i,:;:;,:i.i:';:L:i.r
inro 6'!;r's
iu'o d
-*"yr22!;ili{',itii\
i*o
ren4'n'
e'r ei
502
2,113
trronfoL{)ci A !REPozrTI^
o!'
lerbe, adjutitc
.fi snbslantiw unnalc de prepozilia olr
oi ' a. i . ocon. i sl r , l , ' di p. oI l g, or ", nJ, r o
- p"dl t . l obui pa
. ol r r " dr ' -
r o I k. b
r ; "1r , l o \ i ar n' , api L' : . , i r pxl , u"- i r ' u. .
, ' dpl ' pnd nl . ni l i r i o
' u"
' p
iible.i
tossessed
ol; in sFar.h ol, !tc.
l)
geniti! prepa:iliona| (9 2E1):
Tne door ol r.hc nod sas ajar.
She is llle $iic ol
(
do.rol.
2) ld dale
(precedn numele lunilor):
Tb,e rqi.h ol Septetubet.
On the first ot ,ne non,ft.
3)
-
di n par t ea ( dupl adj oct i ve) :
It was v.ry itzl ol her 1o com.
I l nw. f , , , ol hi m !
4r dp
t dupa
adj , c. i v"r :
to ic proud ol lond ol guill.y ol, tircd ol, alraid orJ eto
5)
:
de, m (cu nume de materii' de elemente componnte, sau referi-
toare 1a con-tinut, etc.):
'
0ihello had a .apc ol gold on.
It sas a box ot car.lboord.
It all came down like a house ol
'4.dr.
clve ne
t rtp
or @ffee !
I l e, eyes u. i
/ , l l
oI i caB.
His
glass
was
f"rl
ol sheny.
6): t n (dupn i i uri acadmi ce):
Bachclor ol Aris.'
Na6ie. ol Science..
Doctor ol i[edicitre-
I hJd r n opt ur l un' r l ol kl l t g
' : m
ny mi nd.
He
Ras a man ol s' r r z.
( ai t ui i )
- r , s/ ?dd
ot suppf r , t hpt hi d n, gh l ea. 7
8)
:
de la (provenientd):
I }orowed a few shillings oI /,tn-
"Ol all chemisk."
1:,,La
toale famaciil".1
9)
-
di nt rc,
He }ocame one of l,? re6rul' f erening srLddnrs.
l' he tallest of d ,o"s is mv son.
the, nr atl
qonen,
io bchire ir such a rvryl
1/.
.o,6,sr or
-
a corsla dini ,o .onsis, in
=
a corsi,r b.
3
Vezi {
2a196.
- c"
t
o. ' t
"p' r ' o
r :
o r al a sgsi nsl .
r
l-ezi si
q
ir(2!
I
t.,{- til'ru uriviNitar ccl,iralcnt c! Zi.czltd, tz /iLerc
(:
Racltetor
of Atts)
6M. Sc. ( l [ ast et . f Sci ei ce) al doi ] eaqr adt r ni vcNi t ar l dur i l ?. s. , i nAr yl i a. est e
larn cohirtdeni in arte tliri. D. ii1t. llai. Daotor Littafim)
:
Dottot
af Luctatute,
(orcs'
Dundr mai d-"$abn titlulrd de ,ocrz, din celelalh inri.
'
t h' Lht ; -
at
/ pr | n/ m. s. i . omp' r oadi np' ) r ; . u_n". r a; . 1. r ' 1r , . 7i . dul ' r ' dmi a, i .
. , ndhmi i d, I nl od"
' d
l d mdt ' d, : ad nl I nj t r u
- n4
mA- ' or r sr ' r ' ni n
' ahr p
i ar I ' ne
t i
de. i i nA si de ceai .
PREPoZTT!
Fr
svERB! o 50,
70) pcntrr accentnarel
?rd rnr.c ol &r went bJ bus.
tome aa, aU ot
!/ou!
11) idionaticl
Ile .d,p ol agel hsl. rltitli. What lias bcconie ol l.rl
Tlie noise stoDDed dll ol a sdl&n. S]rc is ol no a..olz' ,
\\' hat do
you_do ol d.\u :tala Il \' as oi nD t,?,r,
' li,c .al cemr ot nr.//.
OTF
I) dcpdttart (ddr.):
IL is a lang 0a! olI.
The rilligc
js
tt\. rLiles .r\1.
2) despdtlirel
He c/, olt d sample.
(-{dY.i
She to.e olt the
rase.
(-{dr.l.
The leaves
/dit
olI the tfees
?'dfte olt
your hatl
{Adr.l
She tool. oll her coat.
{r.d! )
Here is
rour
orange
-
tahc
on ihe
peell (Adv.)
3)
:
a( Nl , y
( : de ai ci ) :
The lhief
nadd otl. (-\dv.)
o{otul
a luslt.)
s
2{14
lle
putte'1. olt his loots.
{Idr.)
lou nustn't. Lo^ oll
tour
book.
I sro,i the mrtr oll.
(Adv.)
I ftno./i.d him oIl his chair.
,t0i,.I oII rhc lishi.l. {r\dv.)
?'L.n oit tlie waaer. ttie radio, the
Tvl
( Adr . )
ol t t ncr . r n I ( t da. )
lPlec.rrli
In
gorM
tuaF.)
Ap ot f : Ot l
$; l r
l ^u {\ dr )
T| o kn"
"oi l i "d
ol l J
"l ' i ' L"n
( \ df )
r Pl , "a
Ll " di . i Edi .
I r l ". "
r "
r l
l : Ll r . i , ' , un
pui . )
lI! son .dptcd ot sere.al
ldzes. {-\dv.)
([iul
meu a luaL mai mu]te
Pen'ii l
4) diecrsel
Iz@e ofl talkitrgl
(-q.dv.
)
(Taci,
nu mai aorbi l)
Thp
qun $oul d nol
so
od dnd l ha hd, e f an awa. r ' ( A{\ '
{Puic;
nu s luat loa
ei
Lelurer a fugit.l
!!e
play is oll. (Ad{.)
I t - r esa
nu 3e oat
l oaca. i
To be
'.J]'orl.
lAdv.)
{A
fi cu dare de nlnd.)
oN. uPoN 5
241;
PreDozi t i & on
p"t c
si nor' i ma cu
prppozi l i
ut ron'
pri n . arc pos' p f i l nl o. ui l d
i n anroi ne i oat e acccDt i i i e 6ai p. Al . s. r"a unei a sau 6 cPl ci l ; l l c est a di cl at e
, 1. ei rf oni "
"au
de uzeni a. upon t i i ndf orma maj rara. l nrrPbui n! al a moi al ps
l n l i mba scri sd
9i
t n anunri t .
. onsrru. Li i i di omat i ' p. I n
' arP
Fst F
l orma
' on-
sacratd
qi de neinlocuit :
uloo.mv word!
dnce ur;or a tilne-..
(: a tost odati .
)
Prpoziria upon este compus{ din p (in sus) qi on (pe):
She
got trPon a stool and raohed out lor i.h vase on the she[-
1
a am of agc
:
a deveni mnjo.(a).
, Vezi
pag. 505, not a 1.
604
noR.olocrA PRtFozITr^
I'trfu nr ttttt: d.
Pr(P,rrtlt1
ortl
t o
qcr .
oi dl ,
'
nl r r ' r '
nut r ' l l o i _ ul ns, '
t ol | \ p. ' on"p\ ai | : . U( i i ' : ' | ' , | | j }' ' | ' i ' | on5on"| ""l ' ' '
on his suocAtsi lo oarN otr
lrdv )
a h{dc
Hos
11
1o
|
8ql i . .
on
s l
l o'
t el ' ' hr
I
\ d\
1
\ Vl ' al i s
At i nq
on i n l r r P?
1\ ' 1\
I
t )
:
pe:
There afe atplls oz Ure Lairlt.
Lie do\rD ,, lhe sdial
2)
: (a se t mbrnca) ro:
Shc
!2,
on her sto.kinss. sho.s.
(gi-a
lus
ciorapij,
prntolii,
lil,'Lria
rlc
l
She tled on hr dress.
(^dr'l
(Di a Incercat rocl'ia
)
lte buckl.ed. oL his bell..
(idv
)
i $i . a
l n. hei at cor donul . )
The l.rce nds nd icaYes
( hmnl nn al e I Nnz.
l
.Pzll on
]' our
soilts:
(-\dv.i
Shts iad a r.d l.och on.
(-\dv
)
f^vea
(!e ei) o rochie roiie.l
tlrc Fore flbber solcd sneakers
on tur
i(Itr) lurt.r
lenisj ir
!i.ioarP.l
3) Ld d.ale .
l r nl l ! t ni r d' l avl l Fr "i i ur ndl nl o\ . .
l | I r " r ' a hor r dr J on l r ' 5ddl
,
\ l r ' i J / i
"i u' r n
^i .
l d or 1:
r \ l Jr l i n | 5"
' "
' / ; r
'
i was l ol r on t l i e t l l h ol Sepl . eml ' r I l cl t
t l r e t owr r oD mv f ar l Pr ' s-
i r r i {a' '
i l r - "i , - *si Jt i l t
s"pt e- l "i 6t {\ mr l r asi i or r i dl l asosi Pat ' t t l di nr ! )
on
: r \ av mor ni ns
oo i
' r or m\
n' er
I
' I nl _. ci . i n, i n"' i .
l e nd,
i
i nl "u odr r p L
' r Lnoasr l
0n nr \ bi r l h l dJ
.
I a
' r
of r zi
l a / "r ' ' I n' i
'
P na'
pr ol
on Uut daY
( : I n zi ua {ceea)
0hser adl i e
Sl r F d"^. pbi f "
' 1"
l i "' r bo r om; nd undF sr r b' r Jr r r i ! pl -
' ' * i """' "' : '
Dl r l i i l p zi l . i nu si nl i n
qFnFr " pr ^' P4Jl e
' l F
pr - | ozr ( ' r
' i nd
6r au st nLr ur '
r n
. i ' nb"
"ngl . zr
pr Ff nT; l i i l a
' .
i nr r ; br r i n
aazd
i r r no' l r l ur mi l or r :
o xi a
i l a i n , P na' at r E l d
Pr r l /
3t .
' - :
' l , l t
J- ami J/
'
i n
' t P
ol Lt t aoa
!
nuheoe ne r t ar r r r
"r aul
r o! ! i i
=
i n r i P
"t ql r 1
\ {t r
l a cr ' mai ul zi l ei
: nt daybr ah
nr r r ng r r L' r r snr '
ln amurs
:
^I
nAhtatl
. \
94t B Preodat e de un at ri but , acel eagi
subsLant i Ye
f ri mesc
i nsi prcpozt l t a on:
on o
/t8
mordng
on a s,a?' v nj.sLt
on the nigh[ oI Tuesd.J, the {st ol JulJ
on o sLnnr-cYoun8
I
vl zi
$
: qi l t .
"
to preiuil on
-
a corviige; /o
//.' dll
oror
:
a
jlling.i
r,
rre,ail
asatnst a
f . zi st a.
t ) t , a: t soat Pbat t
l ot d , ;
"Pl J
. Lor r l
r nhnt
n, , / i
r o1r l pdr i l i r nodr oa"na: j l r ' 11' / r i
l nl "o l n' r n' ; l r _ nI r o
no, pt , o" r i r u.
"
1
";
l l aou" l ' J l n , r n' bn
Fnl l
7 r i l r , p\
Pot t
r : o' " dn! or " nar nt nE'
""" "i1ffi.,+fii-'il';""
r'!crc$r de..cnr',s
ts"am.
duri aprin.rerca
l,lminiror)
PREPOZITII 9I
ADVEREE
O
4)
+
un
Cerunziu
sau
a/r sxDstanlit
(nu se iraduce':
on t ' or r r
r l r ' noi sP
I
j umpPd oul
ol b' d
i ; "; , 1-' ' i "h";
i t , rn
n, oi e I ; '
' s
'
1m"
' o
l i s\ "
5)
:
asupra'
despre:
tle sroke
oo rl' sL'J'r
oI \ork'ng
somen
6) . a t i nnare:
{' o utrt lr"ol
oo! Xftl
on!
(Adv
).
il,,i, .i!ii""a
on
rhrr
Pds:age:
'
\rv )
L, . r on i { \ ul r
$or l :
( \ d\
l
7) erprimn
o at:liane
tn cursr
"
The Dl i r
r s 6t i l l
oo' ( Ad\ _
)
11, . Li s}l s
"r
oo' ( AdL)
i , . i , . "
i -
-
I n r h" i l i ni t r g
t oom {Ad!
i ' "' i , , i , i , " t " t i t '
I n d] bPJroom
r\ d\ ' )
. s, r / . 1{ oD t }c
l i gl ' t l ( AdL
)
8\ idiamatic:
nn h, ot ,
d m"r g",
' u
pi ' i or l I
l o
wal l
li ir:ll
t';,i.;.'1il'+;.
l';"1'"",lT,l i*''
c6a arLh
l
$ ; i "l ^' i l . [ . h
i l Ti r ,
dor r d, ' pd' par dr r addr umuLui '
31
":'li:"'
ili'lXllj':'"'"'
i" d"bambru
on t h.
' , ' nr r ar J
( : dr mpor r ' vr l
;l l;:llil,
il"inl,",1u,
:iltl:,;il. .
'"",,,
"r r ' i . j hr
ah
\ \ 4t
'
\
dr ' ! r i nd
n' Pr '
OUI
' {lrDvERF)
t ) Mot her
(' as
out ' '
".
l ] ! am3
nr t r a ar r sN
l
I u, r l
ot r ( shpn
|
. d$
I ' i nr
r nl pr ' l f r oom'
i e-"i ' i "i i -,
i "; i r' , . t l zur
i rrrnnd
I n oddi P )
II\ buok
is out: it
'd'4
out
yest'r'l
'v
( Lar l ca nFa
d r pr r ut
r eD
i
2) Lanes
6"d, . t ud
out
i n al r di f c. t i r , ns. .
-
i i ; ; i ; ' : ; ;
, l ;
l dr r
se
' 1n' i r i
Ju
' n
r o""
' r i r F
r i i r "l
3) Blo,
oui ilie
'andle!"
'
(Stingc lumlnareal)
Pr, out the lishtrl
(Slinge hrmjnal)
_
"
The lishts
,efe our'-
( Lr mi r ' i l e
er au st r GF
i
?, r r
odl t he
l i g}f sl .
?, f n out t he
Sr s
l t r cr
-r.^",,,'"r...'',r,,'".,1ri':l'lt."tl,ll,,.i{ril:;,,J"i,f:'it,:'.."(:.,i:i;'jiil:
t he I i sht l
The
l i El ' 1s
' f l
"t t ) i n"", "' . r , ' . , . , "r uei so{t "{Ei no' a5) cn: "shei so' nt ' '
i E l l ccal e
E pl ecaG di n
t"at
)"
t
",i
si
g
!1{1 $i {
2'116.
;05
s
241?
SOIi
MOBFOLOCIA
_
PFNPOZITIA
nu, out this senien.ci
(Sierse cu
snma
a.casiir irazill
C.oss out thai linel
(Taie rindd acel.l)
llv coat is dor" out.
{Hant a
nl i - e uzat i . )
I am iol, otrt.
( Sl nt epui zai . )
4)
fi'.i|e otr tlis dictaliorl
{T.ansoie
aceasie dictare!)
I can't nale out 1l,is $'ord.
(Nu pot deslufifn!01.'sc a.rcsl cnvnt.,
.Span out!
t\iorbeFte {cu
!oce) larell
( Bagr i de seaml l Fi i r 1et r t ] )
S
9{18 our o}'
1i
-
(afard) din.
He rtlrl otrl ol tE loes.-
lletrls .te dug ott or the eatlh.
IIis violin has
got out ol lune
2)
:
de' dt n:
She agrccd to it out ol ntad,dss
3)
-'
di nt re:
I .hosc i{o piolu.cs ont ot r'rdnrv.
S
2119 ol llli
Verbs urnai de prepozi-tia
!i
particula ailverbiali
ove|:
bloN oter,
gile orcr (- giv. upl. took orer, eic
T, r ". df f Jg! s. , q 61. . , r ' or pr n!
r ' n
r o"m.
( . \ dI I
( Tr a' ur a
'
-
"1
. i sl ul r ' ' l i l " i r r l ul l
I
I hail Do more ritien.e:
I
s4t.
orer waiting io. her. (-Adv
)
(Nu am maj rvut .ebdarer am renunlat sl o ai alrepl-)
/ro& orer your lesson againl
( Rel czi ' t i l ecl i al )
l )
.
dPo' ' t pt t ) . o. uPt . r .
P
st
The ceilirg is orQr n! haul
IIe
jDmPed
orcr ,nd
ldln
tsecutoren's seF.trlns oYc. his contempofadcs Nas established onlJ bX
p!j: :
2)
:
mat nnl t de'
?6r ,
( o ci f r e) :
Th old woDan lras ore. s'dnr?
There were orer ,(, lizad.dd
leople
in the lall'
3)
:
ternti al:
The ,lav tus oter.
('\dv.l
lly
prtiace wiiir her tr orer.
(-q.dv.)
4)
:
inr:oact, incolo:
Won't 10ll
corrc orcr 10 sec ihe Bi.az dam?
{Adv )
Hrnd ii orer to thal. manl Oru lhfuc
(."idv
)
PREPozrTn
Fr
ADVERUE onor
TEBOUGH
Lhe
look4d tltrorgh lsau oft ol) th.
^iular.
(Prn,i
!e
iercasrrtl.)
,lljcy
tr.ivelted thtoxitt the ..uL:rt/!ine.
(Cilelori.a la
1rr'!.)
l,o trarel lhrougLtu air
(- a cn]{lori
IE
o{l-aa {eruhi.)
I eol
, . . , i 1!
l l r oush n, 1 \
,
^
([1i
rn terminat uqo. lucrul.)
Hc. ddd l r , e book t l t l ousl r .
( Adv. r
(Citi ca.t.a de la incetut
llnir
la sliriit.
)
He carne ,,, throuRl wjtl ihc rain. (-{dr.)
{A
lenit ud dc
llo.ie linil
la piclc.)
I an throngl s'ith ii. (Adv.)
(-{m
sri.iil 0u ace{sta.)
I am throdgh with
Xou.
(-{dr.l
(-{n lern'inat cu tjnf.)
TIIROUCE, AUB,OSS
f
{cro$ Hc
qdD,
scros t|e ro,rd to th! housc oDpositc.
I
{:
pestel ,,
so
ocros (adv.)
{-
a imveNr)
I
throuql ThcJ rowed s.ross /ll. la^? ald walkcd throush tl,e
/,8s,.
t
(- prin) (adr.)
{:
r t.rvers,1 rlsliDdi
TO'
yerlre
ti
(djectiee
urnnl.. de prcpa.itrcL to|
t o adupt , t o agr! c' . t o. t t ach. t o bel ond, l . o l i nd.
i o
c. i rpare! . l . o. omert , t o con-
trast. io orrespood, to fasl.etr. to gd,
to hrst{, to list,n. lo objcct. to pal alr.eDlion,
l n p, , i . l u
! ,
t . r . r o r , . , n i l . l . pr . 1, ,
-
r , r . Jk,
r o
i , , o l ur n, t o
$r ' l n dd. qu' l . b\ r r . r . l . r ' or . I i , al l , . i "bl
. i - l . p, l r o, . Dr p
i or
Ezempl e:
1)
: l a (di recl i e. cu verbe de mi ; eare):
\fe drove to 1oNn.
Tl,cy b.ought iL to l.he larn.
2)
f nn. . .
t o ( : de l a . . . 1a) 3:
sh,
r
i d l , I I . . t ur . t r ot u, , \ p, t o
r r hl
I I i mDt
l ' , s
' r o
hul dr ' i r ' 5 l r oD I nJ- l ' , . , . p l o \ uur e.
(Dbtstllll
3) daril prepozilional:
Giv ii. to Ken.'
A slal.uc was .aiscd to rft, mmofy ol the
loel.
4)
: c"
(dupn un adj ect i v):
Be ttnd to her!
He ts o?e, to everybod]'.
60i
s
2190
5
2{21
s
9122
s
2423
l
ve7i si {: 101.
"
io aei"i ro a thins, wi,l a
person.
'tobetongro
- aalarlinej to belong ttr: aface parte din ("th lile lh wire le-
l oDs' d i -
) .
( $
23l i j l .
r
l czi 6 t 396
5 cu. . .
p. bl d, o nl qLur . k adi . F\ e. , o l l ^l Lea. o/ ' t "oot . o/ \ al i ousi nt "r l r et d i onr
. \ Fzi
Fi
q
2408
1
r.a
lkenl
didinutiv mascnlin de la ,tzn.,n
t
kenrol.
608
MoBlorocr^-
PRlPozlTD
-r) :
sye.
(lupij (precedn un
substantrv):
To 4 s, . p/ r ' '
Li l . ' r - sa'
I nabl "
l o
' n' qer
hi m
ShF l ans
l o , . r ' ' r ' l o' ! "
i i -i "
i , , ; i t . i - i . , ' i , i shry i ns, r, '
' , \ .
p.
' ur'
i ooL
6)
:
drrrit
( uzicn
ft
):
TheY dan' l to l/F nrst'
' i
the or' hesl' a
?r l t rat i l d: rl i , r
(j ndi i i nd d; rect i al :
t r et al d i p: t o
, t " , ' ^r
ot Engl ' qd
8:) idioi atici
Sne wis tuen.hcn
to tn
-sit'
1A
I ost udi l i
Pi ne
l r
Pr cl e l
l{e
$as bn.nt
to //Pnrn
{A
n, ur i t
di n
P. i ci na
u6ur r l or l
It Nas to uo otd,,.
(\ ascrail lu nitnnr' )
Bdbr cr i eJ i t sel L
l o . / cPP
( Cop, l dt ! l d
t ' l i ns
pi n; r ador n' r t
l
Fiird
prP'pozLltel
She QoAd to a n$ lil.
Sc dtiette
lr o vial.i nour'J
^
ShJl l
I t ul , r 1, , n
t o \ ome sor r Pl
i i . a
l c sr r vF6l
c!
Pul i ni
sxpsr l
I l.old i,er to
ncr
t{ai
(i-an spus iD laie
)
?aa io one shc
{ill come.
(rle prind .i !. !qu.)
,, kl, soneboilX
a sio.Y,
l i i i "i ;,i ,i ,o i ,::"11., r' rd"
ar Iu dt' rnd' h i o
I
pr"
i ^n'
Hrp.ri
dltfod.li,q
to bl
rpl
s
2421
s
2426
Inaintea
subsianiivului
Lt se menline
tnsi:
honre,
prepozigia
to u cste c-tprrnaia:
i o P.,l e l ome
ul'
l )
: (i n) susl
sii,:.:L:li' #,ir
;:if
i,'nu,,,
.
l l e r o\ cd
ul ' , n? . nl
I r i . r Pr n"
h' |
0' P/ ""' ] _
i,lj,i#
'lHilifi;"'"'"'
.o/, up to o , ri,,!cs
1Ldv
)
i r, , i ", i ' a
"p
l "a- . "
I n'
'
rN d
"i ri "s
(\ ' rL
'
E. l i l cd u! hl s Fi r s
l Ar l v
I
s, " t i 4d dI l r r
gl d' s
{\ ' l \ ' r
2) erprimd
aProPicrel
I *ol l Pd
r t t l o l P bool i r cof l ' "
( Ad\ ' 1
Tl "
( "_J' ; t " ut ' or h"mr i n
nl r dl ' p
l 1' r !
3J
:
ciilre oru." &pitald,
ll LrersLtatcl
I I n' go ng nP o r c' ' a
( \ ' l \ I
Shp
s. nL r p
"
r ^, o".
\ ^". : *, ", , !
I n s. ! . . mb, f . . \ J\ ,
:!'
Jl.lr"""i'.i
"Jpl'r"l',,u""'',',
;
r',i':.,j;i:l"uiTilli:: 'J i:;f":'
:;,ii"",';!,);'':"li,i?1"'
,,
*," p,'pozirip: up
ar l . . )
sr dr s,
up
l t he)
hi l t . t P ( t het st oqe
PREPozrTrl
ir
3\DvtRB! o toc
a)
+
s,dl)
-
(.tnosciitor, verya\ bin. prcrdtit,
IIe is r'.ll up in English.
(-\d!
)
-r)
:
ter/ninat, canpleL
totul, dc tatl
Ti me i 5 up! EaerYl hi ng i s rP! (\ dv I
-
l or d
a l i dl : F: or a d l n, | i d' Pl Tul ul
s
'
'
r r ' i
'
' l he sanc
, s
w! {\
v
)
r \ u
; ai
"
ni n: ^. l e' a. ul .
e
d dA' ol Fr i '
l ol . l
'
l odr ' r , hup. l o
' l
up, I ' , ' ul up. i r ' r ool
r l ( \ ' l \
L
r bar dl r r l
l Ji l r . ' r r l "l ul i
j Fr l gp' l r 1
1r r ' r r n' l
6) , erbe
+
up:
t o get np, t u st and
t r l ' . t o
j r ml r up
( \ ' 1I !
I
( : a sc s, ul a. i s! ddr e
'
I n
l r l r o
' r e.
a
ro ,e
I
till lule
(-{dv
)
(:
a s1a lin'u roalte.r)
to
?i.n
rp som.thing
(Ad\'.)
(: a ridica ceva cil2ut)
I ad' .
uo n! l i , kct .
( \ d!
l
{, ^;
dat bi l i t ul . und! , t or r r l r r i
l
t o
et , .
uI l or l osr ( \ dv. )
1: r
r cnxnt ' l a
n soan s' r r a
irn obi.ct. soroi.indul
Pierdul )
Pa, t xD r our
t l , i i g"l ( \ , 11
)
{l mpa'
i , ' t , i i ! . 1 ) nedr f i l e!
s a D I' aceli vli baaaielc.)
io ro,r u!
plidl.s (Adv.)
l..
a dezridl.ina
lrlanle)
t u di g up. ut ol
r nP ear l h r \ dv
)
l : .
{, , at t s di r
I ' i L' r i nt
si ni r ' dl
io s,t up tbe iirc
{-\d!
)
lo r"dl
uP
lAdv.)
1:
a vortri llai tari,
7) .4 sc compara.
I .2, mv turser.
(u'an 1"diat ia descl
)
He cl, ut the meai intu snall
rieces. l.{.lv )
(A leiar loatd carEa in bucitele mn:i )
I
/iaad
thc
jt's
{An
u'nPlut .aDa
)
I / l t cd uD mv st . , ss. {t d! . )
1\ i i
an, Li , ot l i , L
pahdf ul
l ' , na
sns
)
Horses
/.ed
on
g.ass.
lcaii
se nr{ncs.i ctr iarbil
l
I an ftl
uD $ith so nuch light ntusic (\dv
)
(Snrt situl de atita muzic{ uioa
)
Wc use coal io heat lhe rooms-
(Intreluinlem oirbunj
pentro a lncnlzi odeile.)
-{11
the coat
in the cellar will be soon 6d uP,
{]\dv )
(To1i cirirnnii
din pivnill vor Ii ln cudnd lsminrl,i.)
I ate nread and lntter lo. heaktast.
(-{n mhoat
tline
cu uni de dimineala
)
I ard uD the b.cad on the table
{Adv )
{-\rn
nincat ioatn
piin.a dc
pe
DasA.)
8) Dircftel
bhp
. , t r
r Fsl "Fl i v
I not ni ng
I
J \ qr i /
! h. , oa,
i r l ' r o np. ' , ! l
. a""d
' l L' . 8(
Js dpr opd)
/ \ ' r vl .
Lhr , r a"
uD u' n mp n"a. |
-
Lx' J"p I i l ul e or 4nr m' Ll \ oYi
H" bt ur pt , , , t I ' asL r $hpr l | dn, - d adr ' "
I ' pl ' a"6. p1
\ . \ ' n
"r , , . 18/ , / t r p,
dr i bi "
, r ' ' r r l \ ' l \ )
| r br cucht np r , r - Fai , , m"F" l d ur m. i
'
\ Jv. )
I rook a Dieoe
oI clialk and \t.otc
(: . lua)
t r ooi uu r nci n{ I
1
r i pu", l p
r
\ ' l r . ) .
l i c man; d I nl sl Jk.
'
, . 1 =h" , oo' l , i n' up i r J' l J( a' ol "' r ai l \ ' l v'
I shqnt li., her Llrnq
(:
J relinel
Thp r u, , l i s l Fp, up L' J pi l l aE I d. u"r i nF
' Ad\
)
-
.
5hp , Ppr ur ' , ' t pei , dn
os
I
a
I ' ; r r . J
S
2426
rIP.
Ilo$n este oontruriul
llri [p:
Go un! l AdY
I Uusl ai , sr.
He
\ . ; n r p . l , e hi L UP' r l l r .
un ih' riIPr
t o go n! l ! L. ndnn ( Ai h. J
an xD triin
(:
care nielge stle c.tilali)
( Adj . )
Stand nD!
(-\dr.)
r .
so
u!
- l o
hP, udi s a l J_
{' nr
I
-
"
so du. l J ! n . 415i b
.
,
r l F\ a. ' i
. l ' .
l pn' ;
a, ei n( cpe cuan. i l e ( l un. {i c dc
Ile t.irlkd. rtt at thc sky. l!.dv.)
Tale up your pencilsl (A' rr.l
1i . / ' uD t h. bookl
{Adr . l
MORTOLOCIA PRIPOZITIT
(: roru de NsiniL)
$ild {ith harpiness
(:
neltn dt ie.icitur
D0w: l
Go dorn!
(-\dv.)
Do{n$tairs.r
It rolled dom thc hill. Do{nhill.:
I
go
dom t o cl l Lal j . ( Adr . )
d dur n t r Ji , r ( :
,
ar c
I I car ;
dj n c. pi i r l ) )
Sit dosn!
(-{dv.l
L.
s.
dom
( hom r l ' e uni vf * t ) 1 ( JLj \
:
r
par , l si
uni v. | sj t at ed;
, r er mi ni
' r ni -
wsitaiea; a
lleca
ln vacanli
(in fun.9ic
1o &e rdn, ilorn
(- a Ii ermatdculatl
iIe loorcd ilom ar hb [eel..
(-{dY.)
Take ilosn what I sayl
(-\dL. l
?Lr i t dosn on
youf d. sl t L
l \ dt . l
610
$
2197 wrrH
AdjecLiye. substAntiye
!i
1'erb0 urnate de prepozitia \r;th:
t o L.
' .
l L
. ' r r r
l si l [ . - i m' , r .
l o. omndr ' ' . l o. oopF
p,
l u
oni ".
. o\ i r ,
vJi
d, o. :
ou r o| | l l . r ol , Jr r . .
; pu
up.
r o"+on i . ". r o L 5 , , 1, Lopy.
t o sunound. t o t ot c: a
gI J' , . oi cer npd, Lant Hi , i dent i cal , pl r JsFd, \ i r i i , i i r r l . 5. \ nonJ_
nons, Fcarl riUr: irei stlh llood.
pe.spiration, tears; s] nipathy {i1h:
(:
Jealiln
dc ffis)
i: ralid
d ;paini)
'lhe
dog Da.ftd with
jol.
(Ciinclc ldirir de bu(lrie.l
' lhe
laie rvas s' .er with Ure sceni ot acacia.
l' tsea
cra iDmiresmntil de
tarlu,nul
sdl.inilor I
The decision licr/.cs/s sitl him-
(u hoft4te.)
It is
tooi,.g
nitl .ain.
(Pioui
.u
gileata.)
colin is sraving siih fatler.
{Colh
sti la tata.)
Hc hrs ,.e' nlth us llor) ten rears.
lEste
la noi de zece a;i.)
She is r seoreiary m r a firm ol lawXr!.
(EBie
sefreiara la o lim[ de ayoca-ti.)
I lelt a message lttth ihc porter.
(-{n
lnsat rorbd/un lrilct la
tortar.)
Lt l s t r r t p, l
oqpo' d
dr ' & I ' i . f r i "r ' n" ar ' n $pnl l om4
t L, , l "s; euF. r ar r f
l "pr r "ni I u\ r unul uo a. o". I ' uP: ) '
pl . : , ' ! l
tlit]J all ht cherfulness. sI. is a child at times dillicrlt to
lar
'?
sith.
(Cn
toatl reselia ii. .ste un copil rieori
8ru
do snfotrt
)
r
l ezi Das. 50o. not n L
r l . ! , o; "f u"t . , . Lnt . uspdost r . / , J". .
du$nr , . r . dosD
, 1. .
! r . "r l du. , ,
i ,
! r . f o-
zilie: dosn
f,n?)
.i,ats,-dorn
/d?.,
hi
,
tro\^ (1h.)
ttuse.
:
Vezi E t 1t 2- , 396.
' , , , , ,
i . - dcl j . t l : r r , . l er l : . r snsi nat . ul nar
si l i l l er / . ; ' , t : r sedeosebi d; r anuf i dc; r cor doi i di l l et or ni : nnul i deacor dcu)
6
part
-tn
a thilg,
/ron
a person.
'angr-r
s,n/, a
pe.son, a/ a thrtrg.
tl1
CONJUNCTIA
DPI | ni 1i " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fol md . . . . . . . . . . .
EuocliP
)i
.lasifi.are
aoajunct iile @odondtoMc
Co^jurcliib 6aL locuti\nile suboldonatoarc
!
242A
!q
513
2129 5!3
2433 5r3
2434 514
24tr0 514
2151 515
2451 516
2458 516
2459 516
516
516
Al Le p; r l i de l or bi f e i u val oar F d. . onj un4r i p
Conj uncl i a, advFr l u)
r i
pr ppo/ i l i d . . . . . . . . . . .
Cuvintele de lpsdturd u.inalp dp .tomr in
.ine
Cuvj nt el e de l pgdt ur d u. i nar p dp . . t omJ i n
. i nC'
Locul conjunctriei
CON'ANCTII SPECIALD
2462
TiU. U\til
Thdt . . , . . .
2463 517
2464 517
2465 517
2466 511
CONJUNCTI A
(THE
CONJ UNCTI ON)
1) Dotitrifie, - Conjuoclia leaga doun cuvi4te sau sintagne, cu aceeali
S
2428
I unct i p si nt a"t hd. sau doud propozi l i i
di nl r. o f razd. Con; un. ! i i l a si nl i nr ar a-
Father a'd molher are at home.
lDoud cuyinte)
To bp or nor r o b", t hat i s r he
quasr i on.
t Doua i , n dqm"r
Shp camp , al coul d nol spo me. {DouI or 6oozi t i i .
I shoul d b" happy i / I coul d oDi y sppk Engl i sl i r v"l l . ( Dou, pr opo/ i l i i l
,
Conj unnf i a nu poal c
uni de. i t pr opozi Li i r sr e
au o l cs6l ur a dF i dei i ' , ' r e
er e. L\ u se poat e
spunel
Father b at home dad I learn Englisli-
2) Fo.m5. - Conjuncliile pot, fi:
S
2129
a) s;mple (Sinple)l
alter, ad, as, bui., lse, il, till, wlicn, while, why, etc_
I hearrnd, you
arc well again.
\ Ye camP ear l r
si r " r ou r sLpd us
. o.
To knoq , l P; r o kp+ si t pDr i s . gi r [ .
L) compwe (Compoann) din doua sau mai multe pIrli
de Yorbire scrise
S
2430
however, notwitbstanding, othNvise, unle$,
She cannot siag in the choi. re.a&se she hl]s no voice ro speak oi.
He was there, ,na,/ofe h could rc.ount, Io! om benefia, thc
procedings
at ihe
No one could stand he., dlrn &gli she vas quiie pretl.y.
.
c.) corelative
.(Correlatiw),
IormaLe din. doul conjunclii, inire care sini
S
2431
r nt r odusa pr opol r r i r 3au par r r
cl e pr ol ozl l t c:
His lctter was ,"r,,, alfectionate an?, kird.
f he oper d i i nol . , i nl pr F6' i n" a5 i ' i s $. r uDc.
Vo so; r . hd ne l r l L t ndn I r f l ' . . j
.
d) l,oculiuni rcnjun4ional" (Conjunctional Pl,'dr.r./, formate dnr dife,
g
2432
r i t e p; r l L dF vor bi r e.
"ombi na
"
c, r . onj u' r . t i i
sau
,
u
"1, "
par i r JF \ or bi r F.
lnireaga expresie avind
yaloare
dc r-onjunclie:
i f . , . , . . . . , , . . . . . . . . . . t l i en
ei t her . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . or
nei t her . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nor
whet hr
- .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . or
boI . h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dd
not onl y , . . . . . . . . . bt r t al so
on that accounL that is why
rcr us say
I was i11, ,nd, ts .rn, I came lal.r.
She laughed dr rno4sl, she didn,r care.
3) Futrctie
ti
clasilicare.
-
Dupa funclia lor, conjuncliile pot ti coordo-
S
2433
nat/lare sau subordonatoar.
514
MoRloroc
coNruNcTr^
2434
d. ) Co
j
nncl i i l e caot dano. t oat (
l a"ot . l u' ot '
; r I
aat di pot : n.
t
ut ' j un
t
ut t
ra
' ",
l ^u pt rl i
' l '
! rup"/ i l i '
.
u d"Fl ". i
r ^l
- i
r d r i
r .
. 0u
dn, r
'
n.
, o r ' i Lr r
' ' "
J r "t "
'
Conj unct i i l e coordonat oare
pot
l i :
24Xi o t
i upui ot , t , t t vp
, ] . ' , t r
' , t
t t ' n t t a' i r
1.
"nJ
'
'
,
, , "! i ' , , '
se adaugi o al t a:
or o. l a. r . . . t ur l l i . ",
{' , . r ' o l - ' l ' "n r ' l , { l hol '
d v nLl o- ,
, l r
I
but t oo. et c.
I Eol, nD od Nrlked .I1
ll; did not tro$, nenld' riotrl{l l,e gn.ss the rels!tr ol orrf atLil.tdr'
2'136 b) .1dt.fta1in
('Tdteftutit!:). cind expdtnn un contrasl:
l ) ui , br r t l t i en. $hdcas, \ L}i l c, ct c
\trrv is intellisent ,el lazY.
onc ol the strtli;s $is oI miirtle rlicre{r the orlj.r \trs i $' od iarjjng
2+37 ..) di*j nclirt:
(Disiuncti.v), .ind tsalrirtrn o dlernatiri:
o.. clsp, o. elsc, olhdrise, eitl)r' ' or ct.i
Itun home .t ortc. clse
Jon
Nill lre lale
EinLi lr\.\et o/ mol,lio Nill b. lfrc iomo.rotr
2438 d) condusirc
(1u.1tit't.), ti:ld e\prini o coneluzte:
.lcordinglr, .onsequentl-v, hence, sor. so lhen:j thcn!. ihe.elorc. Ior llal, rcaso! on ll|at
accoxrt, rhrl, is \rhr. etc.
I lorsot to reiurn thc mrsrzinc nare hs displ.asure
Yo! afe nol rcad]': rh?"
t'otr
a.en t coDnn8?
24Jg
' t , "r Dt i . , ' t i r p
t f
r pbnr ma) . . r n. l
spr t "- l a
"xl l i ' "r ' -
r r n";
' l -
l i r , r r l
as | - . un. dr o. ' r pi ur t
.
_.
h"' a. r ' . n'
"1\
' r ' ' \ ' mnl "
r
i i bi dD' ". I I u, sdr . "d' , s, l ' . ' I
i J"l ' l ' 1.
i 5 l "' L
' '
r oc1\
arumcr .rdicl).
":.4,
etc.
I dor k n. ' r r D". at
p
I
r , ' r I l "
8pl
a d- Fr p .
\ o l l I ' d\ . l ogr \ , I t ouuJ- oi ) or ' " r ' r " n" f or r r ' i l l oI ' Ll ' L
A 2440
g) t - . onj anct i i L
sau 1o( a! i i l e I u I ' n r d o t t u I o a r
'
'
lSuii,l;,ot,
"or
Subor&ndting
r:onjunctiins ar Phr.Ees
)
lag'l propozilitl
subordonatl de rcgnta ei'.
Conjunctjile si toculiunile subordonatoare
sini I
S
2441 a) tlc tinp (of
'l
itle), cir,A iniroduc
propoziliilc tenporalc:
al r . r 1
r
'
. r l ' . d5, l Pl o- d, J; r . l \ "
r "\ "r ' ' r ' ' "
r l l r l r ' ! l l r ' \ l Pn \ ' r ' \ r
' '
| 1' ' n| . | i | nl . : | ' ' h"| ' mpasl o. g' ' oi . "oo' ' 1. | L'
{Penirtl
exenllc, rczi
S
:r71i)
S
2149 b) tte toc
(af Pl.rce.). cind introduc
propoziliilc circunrntanliale
dc lLr':
rvhetrcc, {lierc, Nhe.erc., whiihe., as lar ds .[.
{Pertru
.acmple, lezi
I
2t2:)
S
2443 c) de nod (af Ma nt),
t:\l,al iltroduc
Uopoziliilo
modale;
as, as il, rs though, so lar as, et..
(Pentr{ exemPle, rezi
s
2tt4)
"
A. l \ er bc cl l unr Li - l ' Lr ' . n i " oo. J' r ' . l o - a
$
i r 1
:
5, r F aor r i ul t . ; .
: d
"r
' 11
l t , l , l r r : n1 n":
.
! : : ,
-
r t d, L' . , t ( , 1: n l i [ l 1 r l i r ' . l i Jr r ! nr
.
P. nr r .
, 1,
' r ' ' l r a
pr ol o/
l i . i - , r b. , ' donJ
r . 1. i | | "gi nr . t nr si "
d) dc c.tuzd (ot Ca$c), clrcl introduc propozitiile cauzal:
$
21,14
so. rccanse. f . r. norv (Lh. rl . sei ng (t h. t l . si nce, ct c.
( Pf ni . u f acdpl c, r czi
S
t t 30l
e) de scap (af
purpo$t.),
cini introduc propozitiile finale:
S
2,145
h order l hat . l or l ca. , l est , so as. so t ha[ , . i c.
l Pent N
e\ em' nc. vczi
$
I t r l l )
f)
contparattuc (af Conpa.rrtun), ctnd ini,mduc propozi.tiile
comparative:
S
244G
l hi n. r s i f . i s . . . s not so/ r s . r s, et c.
( l ' {t r u e\ empl e, Yezi
S
: 7l l - 2t ! 9)
c)
"Mi:;t't
(of Conu'ssi.on), cind introduc propoziliilc
concesive:
S
2.147
(il)ll,outh. eler ir. ho{cler mtrrh (s rx \dl), n' spile ol (l.lie ract Lhafl. trol.wiihstlllldnrs
l Penf
, e\ empl e, vezi
$
: 17J5)
h) condilionttc (Canditiondt), cind introdue prc,poziliile condilionale:
g
2448
as lonE as. ii. ii on1J. on
(o
ir.ion
il.hitl.
p(r'nld
ith{tt, ]]|oliding.
sn!!oss. sulposing.
(PenLn crcl rpl e. veri
S
zt i t , : 53)
i)
,:onrccutit'c (of ncsatt), cind introduo
tfot,ozili;le
coisecrtive:
S
2{{9
( so. . . ) t hal . sul J, . . . l . hal
( PdI t r ! exDnr de, Yf zi
$
l t : l t l
j )
ret at i ae (ReLat i k). ci rd i nt mduo prorozi l i i l e rel at i rer
S
2{50
( p, o| ut u
t . l dt i e) r har . $hi . h. \ r ho, l s
(ddjectie
rctdtie
)
w)ros.
(ddeetbe
ikun\:
)
{s, when. whee, \ri,J
( Pent i , . r enl l e, r czi
S
: l t l r a 2t t l )
k) subiedift (S&lie.t
(:Lr.ns.
Conj ndlu\). cin(l inl,roduc propoziliile
S
24;1
subi . ' rt i vci
i hr t ( = , i l
l Pcnt ru
cr. rnpl c. vei
t
! t i l ' j i
I) .ot .dir. (Obj(t
Ctau:c Corjundion\). cind idtroduc propoziliile
!
2152
oomt l et i ve di rect e:
l hal ( - ci )
1ltatrtr
e\emple. rezi
$ 'ri09l
tn) atibutirc (Affibutioc Claute Conjuntians). cind iniloduc propozi-
$
2463
t i i l e
at r i but i ve:
t hal ( . i 1)
{Penl
e\ empl e. r ezi
5
r t 08)
4) Alte pi.fi de vorbire cu v:rloare de conjun(tie.
- Printre conjuncliile
$
2454
subordonatoare se atli
_si
unele
pnr!,i
de vorbire (pronume, adjctive sau
adverbe) cu valoare de conjunotie. Acesta sint:
a, adjectivri
;i
pronumele inl,erogative relative:
S
2456
thri, whifh. xho. \rliose. whom. {hat
(P.nl.u c\cmple. rezi
5
!700, 2t(0)
MORi OLOCIA
_
CONJUNCTIA
2456 ,J toaie adverbele
interogatiwe
relative:
as. how, sleD,
lhere, x' l' Y
(Pentm exmlle, aezi
S
2?4r)
2461 5)
l-onirlnctia, odeerbtrl
|i
p64i dP Yorbire.
\'ezi
$
2383
prepozitia. -
Pentru
deosebirea
dintre acest
2458 6) Curintele
il logi,tur[ rtmato
-
vorbiie se situeaze,
ca funclie, tntre
ilo
'Iorma
ln
-i[g"l.
-
Acesk
pnrli de
conjunc-tii
!i FePozilii:
ait.r, bto.c,
(erer) since
(- de cind,
I
till. unti1, s'hen, whilc' etc'
'\iler
si,?P;ng lod-ay,
I $'ent lor a walk in the
park
Belorc soi,a
or,, I rrng
Jou
!P
I dpf i d d
r d. 3d sl t i l c, dni , s
{or
}ou
2459
7) Loc ooniuc,tiei.
ziCO i) C.onjuncgii
$i'localiunile
coninnclionale
treluie
puse lntre cuviniele
pe care le unesc":
Go ozd talk to he.!
(Du-lc
ti_i
lorleilcl)
i sa$ F,cd as Pl/ ds AIc.
r L' m
\ azur I i l p. l ' r "d
' l r
) i
p \ l qu
l . dr d. , / ds {l el , 5J\ Fr cd
, t , r t u.
"r ,
; i
\ 14, u I - Jm \ ' zJr
f "
f f ' d1
Tn. mol l hr . , ,
l P / , l dr I npson. sJn' pd Jr np' o_onr
l o' n' '
a\ r
I i n, ms
"' .
r
r i ul voi
"r
'
a l ' dna oi \ r o: Ji a5;
I
Thd mol hef $dn. r . l
. l dn. l o nn' .
hnn Fl "r t hor
i l Fsun
. .
, i , , t
, i i ""i i "' ; , "t
Jr l r J mul r
"d
v, n\ l ol nJd' as. ' r l l i n"d
"a
si
\ r ni
r '
r r ur e'
)
2401 b) Coniu
ti.it.
L.)relati'1..
,\mbii
t'rne i tr-ebuie atezali
lnarntea
cul i nr . l "r
l ar " a, r ar . i si
t Ln. Lh sd' , t un' l i ;
si mi l dr e:
' t
' \ ' nat a
a
$p- i nl "l r gPr r l . r dr gi l r J
'
dd' ar s o!
Pht ' i ' '
t l ' ' ot ". ' t )
i r i ; i '
"", "
, t or l J i 1r , l l : - i . n bur
si
r "^ sr uden' "
ol
I ' i I si ' s
/ r
"f ( '
r '
$-e hclpcd 0,ri 1o bring ihem u! ond advised then
(I t' oIect
)
ii; ;;d-l"ip;,i G t.i& then ip a,d adv'sed rhem
(c o I e c t)
CONJUNCTII
SP!]CI,\I,E
9462
1) Like.
'{s
-
Aceste doue cuvinte nu Ee pot lnlocui
reciproo
..
l i *p.
i di a(l i !
qi
prppori l i e, arara asFmd, ai ca
l nLre nol ; uni
sau obi ecLas
expri m"r. pri n
t t dru
d i f i i re di [ Pri ' ".
Si
nu poal c l i urmat
dp un
verD:
She is ltke
IPr noda
{Adj.)
I t Fet l i ke
Yo,
( t ' r el ,
)
l ] e
Nor ked l l ke ndd ( L' t cl )
- Js.
. uni un. l i . . dr al i sscmr n0r ' ' a
i nr r p a' t i uni
sau sl ar j e\ pr i ml F
T' nn
. . ' 1r ",
t 1
. . ' - . d". r . r r r ol deaunu ur msl S
I nu neap; r el
r mpdr al l dc un
! Pr D:
L. l r s I d, /
\ t l r ^ d
"l udenl
( con-
)
l l . r ehor ' , d ss: f np
r pF J r , . i l d.
t conj . )
lF:l
;
jj:l:,:;i;^fii;i,il' ]ax' "i' J;1";j' "' "Tl""ar.
ve7ipj,np,",.d.ra s2i28-
2t i4. 2454
3
Sens
qramal,jral (S 2l
. "l ""i . i i ; - i i : i " t . """
. p
apr i . r conj un"i i l or
cor ei bt i \ P
6 os
616
s
s
CONJUNCTIr
SPECIAT,D
5I?
2r l l . Whf t b0r.
, / f
csl p l nLrebui nl sL
i n1' -o
nropori l i P
' ondi l i onsl i '
, vrpl , f ,
r l nl r-o
propozi l i e i nl Frogal i \ a
i nd; rerl St uI ' ' l P
cp
prcsupunc o arrprna-
t i vi :
-rl
he obrri n' sooJ
murt s
\ F shdl l bp nradp a Yor' nt Pi on"p"'
V. i i ai an L
' , i t
t s vh. t hn hp
was an ai ' p' l ol
{ot
nor"
Adesori
tnse conjurclia
i/ este lnt'rbuintatd
qi ln locul conjunclici
'
t ) Ti l l . f ni i l '
l nl rc e. "dr'
J"ud conj unc{i i
rru
exi sr; di t crFnL
dF l nl F
r".. i Jr*i l ,i ' i G' ."
,""i "
i "
.i "",t
"' l ' i tott'
"i t'
di cto' i
de
pufoni a
5i
de uzanl a'
4l Thet . - Coni uncLi c
t / l o/
r n
gFner F nu
psr e pxpr i mal d
' i nr r r nsi
' ub-
l Dt pl pa. a.
. u dposebi rc
l n l i mb" vorbi l ; :
\ ou ol d mP
/ i dr r , P
we hpl P
I r hi nl
l / n
' l
h
r s
a gr Fal sr nBef
: , r t ro1. . .
0or/ or'
l nl r' o t rd/ d
"ompus6
di n dorra
propozi i i i negat i re
. """, 1; ; i ; . ' ' , J; ; , conr. i ne
de ohi ' pi n"gol i a ror' Uneori l rrs6
rl nd p6{rrc
npqal i ! c
( i nl
s. ur l P sr . dp. r .
r o*a. o" r r g- a1i e di n pt i ma par l e per <i sl 6 si l n
cei do- a doua,
cc
l ol osFsl e si onl , r n. l r a
or :
He dos no, speak.
nor docs he read trjnglish
t did r,, sce
o. hear alYone-
l n mor l obi r nui l
l nss-
' or "l dl i a.
dp f aLc l nl r F
"or j un
l i i
as"m; n; l ocr ' '
anr bel e
negr t i v suu smbcl e
pozr i r ael
r ei i her ( l at r noi ) nor
s
2463
s
24M
s
2465
$
2466
r vezi
$
1026.
I NTEI t JI . i 0l I _. 1
fr
Hc 1\Tl l tJECTto\)
l l l l ' l i ' r i r i o. t . t i r . : . . r i . , 4. . . . . . \ . t , . , i , : I
r r \ . . .
, ,
r i . r r i l
nr . ,
! i nur
r L, , r ; , . J, l - . , 1
-
r i
r
r ,
.
t .
.
, t .
"
i
'
oJ
,
- , , r
, r . r . r r . , t , . , r , , .
t ul pr opozj l i r i .
I nl er j ccl i a
( j l e
l l l ' nl d1. r
( l c
, ) ! i r sul n sau dr n, nr nut ! r r t . r l r i r i i .
2) For l ni . I ' l t er j cr ' 1i n
I o: r t t
l i :
a/ un sf uqi . t ( s
u r nai ul t l ' )
( i al r
e- \ pf i r nl - r sf r r i nr | | r e. sel z! ! i i el t r . .
r d] ' escazl uf ei al t r
l ) r ' r soane
(
i un i ndct r j r . on r a] ur f r ( j . :
, \ hl Ol r l OLhl l \ ) t r t t l r l l Li e| t l t f i ghl
\ hsJ I l t r l l r ) : i l l st Lt t t i t ) l r i t . r dLr r I
1, , u, , u1 sau nl ai I nul l i i f l 1- i nt c
l ol ( , l nar o| ce)
car e
j r ni i . : r
st net o s r zsl )
mot e
- ! unel el e
car c i , , si , l esc ui r l t ' acr e t i zl l ) l oqi . , c
l r usea. r i i ut . f t ui er i i ul
et c. ) , sl . r i gnl ul
ani mal el or sar r zs( i nr ot e d; , nr . i i l , t i , l | ' , , I ] i ur i t o, I
l l cnl I h l Lal \ \ hewl 1, [ . {]
I nnr {vo\ I l l , ul l l i aoNl r nr Tzt Cr . Lool
.
n&gl Booml
( l l i r l t
t i Jt ' t dor gt l hl i ! t t r | \ \ ' t r i r l
c/ o al l n
t ar t e
de l or bi r e ca| c.
t , i cr zi ndu, t i
' al oaf t a
t er i cr [ i .
a pasl r nl
numHi
n \ dl , ' J' p
al r ,
r i \
' .
S, I ' . 1
' r ,
r , , l ' .
r r ^num- t - .
\ ,
r l i t
,
r t . , i r , r - r r r i \ | si
r dvp, b, l , l , r r eh' | | r ! : ' r - . , i 1r , r t , , r i i
.
. i , 1, , hi , , r
r r "r , i r p r a, . . . r , r . , r .
r ni
nume
,
e.k. .:r(l.a\uti.t'r (l::xt:l.rwtoru
tunt/$. protlouns. art.jari.e.l,. rcrhi or
r _or sensf l 1\ hal t Goodt T. o br dt f . n. 1, l I i . t ! or sl r ani cl
! ! t l l Wf l l . \ . 11. \ r et l t \ t f ] ] l nd goodt
I ni t ecdt \ \ l r r l
Oo. d- br l l {. r \ r r l l l
l , ) o
t r upozi l i
f u ear act er cxf l amat i r .
j n
gencr e
et i pr i ci , i
Loof t het ul I sar ! \ ! : hr t { sh. r l et '
\ l hat a
pi l r ' 1
\ 1i , l r . I r Pver l
s
2167
9{tis
2l t i l l
s
2170
,\
2t7l
$
2172
UDel e i nt rrj uct i i si nt st eri i i cc
nnui
at are si nt . l ol osi Le i n sp0ci al dc t i rnri :
Ol i , der r l Oh dr i r l
Dcar r Fl l r f r r Nl
Oh bol , l l cr l
oh myl
emol , r{ si on
S
2173
l i o, ba. i ercl d' rrl . i v.
,
' l t t t nr n1, , : J. ,
111, 1, hon. ' nt . t , u, \ . n, t : . , I nt
. . , . r
, - t
m, , r . \ i , . . n, . ", . Jr , .
"l
t i Ll {l '
I
l l f . l , , l n, . A
t r ah. , . 1
- t
i t o/ ' , n
I : : 18t ,
1' g
i , : . .
SI NTAXA
(SYNTAX)
sr\T,rxa PIl0PozrTrDt
(oNsIDriRiTII
QtaN]]li,ir,ri
Deln'ilia pmpo,ilnii
P, , ' r , . zi 1, r
t r . , , n, , ' . ' l ; .
Clasiri,..rea
ltupoziliito.
dtri}i
Pr opozi l r r r [ unt i , nr \ r .
Pr or r ozi l i J
oDt dt i \ , r .
Pr ol ozi l i , ,
ont i r i \ , r .
i ' f opoTi i l
j i t Pr agat i r , l
Pr ' pu/ i l i d
dnl ' i t . r r i vd
l r opo. i i i , ' i r "p. r , , r r \ | .
Pr opozi r i . ' P\
l l r ni l \ . i
PiriTILr,i PROP0ZTTIII
coNst DDl t l TI I
f i l . j Nt t I t I Ll t
r ' f ot or i ! l l l , , f
LI
! J
( nr
r Jr J.
Delitritic
P- I RTI L] !
t ' l t 1\ Cl p\ r , l l
- \ l , r j
t , i t opozr
TI l . . r
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, 49r j
Sul r i col ul . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i t 497
P. ! . ! dec de exp i mj r e.
. . . . . . 2, r ! l l
i nD! , cr ,
( ! mpus.
] ] 499
Sul P. l dr bl !
. . , 2i 00
qr bh, r l ! "ar .
. . .
, , r l ( ' , 1: , . t
. ' t , r i ,
. . .
sr i ' i r | l l ] nf n, l or v. r bl ! L. n. l r r edj f {t i r . . . . . .
. . . . . . . r l J0/ ,
Cazr l subi nt r l i r i
. . . . .
. t i 0u
Pr edi csf t r l . . . . .
: t : ) {r v
Vol L' i
t ,
- ' Ji , i l r \ ,
\ 1 , . , r
i
,
' . , "i . Jt r \ , .
\ . r t . r r t r . . i i . .
: , r l
: , - u Jr "a pr ' . r r ' '
Jt u
- i l :
Pt edi . al ul
f t t b( l
. . . . . . . . . . : l i i 3
Pt edi cat ul
nani nnl
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : i t {
l er bcl e
' r o! nhi i ! .
. . . . . . . . .
j r t : ]
^umcl c
l ) r ednr t i r . . . . . . . . . . .
25! 0
! 41i 3n
4418 i7)
2I ) . J 3a'
,1tS0 7t
: 1481 i l t
2482 3!)
.',!8
: / t sa
5t 8
,481i
i18
2521
: r5! 3
,52{i
,524
252n
'27X0
2531
1532
!l'33
253{
2535
r_,!9
5it9
i 29
530
5il0
530
iStl
:r3l
531
531
533
533
i 33
53J
J33
334
534
535
435
i31
:t37
737
538
I I
i , . . r ,
"'
. , , h, . . . , , .
pFr r r ?i r L . r
b r b. , i t ut . . . .
pf 4, t r . . r r r v
- - r ' , i mp' i . n, ! nt r n
.
i n, n, , i or i , , t . .
Prulicate o[ R^rh
I r . l i ni t i , .
l ' r ued"r
dc
pr F. i r odr ,
Di r l cza ver bul ni det er Di nal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . .
C, ' Fspondenl i
i n r i mbi r or nj n, l .
i,38
538
539
539
,39
539
624
S1NTAXA PEOPOZITTEI
Aco.il'd
predirstuldi cu subierlul
Subiecte cu 1'erbul atlt la singula., .it
i
la piu.al
Subh' l p
. u v. r l ul nr l mai l . l i t r gul dr
Sub, P. l ". r v"f bul ! umdi l d p) u, dl
Sul i Pcl "
. om! u, ". . . .
I I L PA| . i TI LE SI I CU\ D\ r t n r \ LI i TROPOZI TI EL. . .
At r i i Jul r l .
. . .
DFt i ni l i "
. .
Pr o,
e, l P.
d. \ pt m r .
s
lrs
25i'' 540
t 5t ! 540
2554 543
2i b" 5l i
2i 66 54i
Dlinitic
2582
2583
2584
, 586
, 1Bi
ti48
548
5!8
5' r 9
1588 .']19
2589 550
2590 550
t 591 551
t i ; 94 551
2595 551
,)a91
551
2598 i sr
Ac. r d . . . . .
Condtruciii
apozi!ionale
CoDpl cmr Dl ui
f onpl
npnt ul n; ". , t . .
D l , n' l i "
r '
dr a. l Pr i sl i i . .
P. ocFdpd d
F\ r r i T. ' r P.
Cotnpte Lor npl pmpb, nl
Comi hm"n ul di r a r "l i nu'
Lo. ut I n nr u! , , / i l i , .
co' nD- enenr ui i nl cr n . . . . . .
l ' r p"bp ,
u ooLl
'
or npl pm4n
p
di r r . l . . . . . . . .
Yefbc cu doui'! complernenic: di.ect qi indireci... .
|o' 4Pt?n,
' .tut
D"t i ni l : " . i . Jr a. Fr i . l i . : .
P. or . da J"
P\ p"i
. l df l
.
For ml
|
, D Fl ui nl dr F. . . . . . . . . .
Ver b
,
d dnu,
. oopl Fnpni p.
Con. pl pm"t r ul r pl i nu'
Conpl.wr,,l
pP
po:; t;onal
instrumentul . . . . . . . . .
2599
260:l
, 605
2618 551
1606 558
2601 553
, 60! 553
26t 0 553
2618 5i 5
2620 556
1611 i 56
2622 556
, 623 556
2626 551
2626 551
,618 558
2629 558
2631 558
551
551
55ir
Def i ni t i e. . . . . .
Intrelnintare
2632
, 63t
2634
2635
2636
26t t
2645
x646
559
559
559
559
561
561
562
562
2647 562
26{8 562
t650 563
2651 563
2652 563
2654 564
2656
2657
2658
566
lmur shllulului
L Lo. ul ot r t but ul ut onj ". t t r ot . . . . .
\ d
j . . r i ql
ar r i bur al
l r onumel u: . . . .
Adi " r i ql dl r ' bur r l 6ubql r r l i r ul ui . . .
Pai t uo r l . . . . . . . .
SubsLd;tial Lu mdi multc calL:Ldtiv!
Tdbd. . . .
Cduri sPP"ial"
I L l kul at . t baul ui subst a\ t i r ut . . . . . . .
I I L I n- i aot but ul ui pt ur odi nol . . . . . . . .
I y. Locul dt . i but ul ui e. pl i mat pr i nal l epdt l i . Leeat bi r c. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lmd .omploDortului
ComDl pmFnt ul di r a t
Comi l emeor ul i ndi r pd . . . .
Verb cu doud complementer dir&i
si
n'di.eci... ..
5!6
_L
q.!:
2665 568
26ri6 568
2667 568
2668 568
i l 6?0 569
2615 5t0
2616 570
,680 511
2684 5J1
26A7 572
2688 512
2691 512
2594 572
2606 572
2692 572
Irootrl oomllome ulut circunlt8ntlol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2694 572
sr NT- {xA Pr i 0Pozr ?r Er
(SYN' I "{X OF THE SI I {PI -E SENTENCE)
CONSIDERATII
GENERAI,E
1) Det i ni [ i a
propozi t i ei .
Propozi t i u (Tt u Sent ence, The Si mpl e Sent ence)
|
2174
. . 1. o. o' nl l ni , ar p i n
. ar . i \ Fl ; un
' i nsu. t , pt b
l a un mod pr al i not i \ r S2- , 11r :
d) tle 6Dtks h a lacio.r' .
/ . / \ \ ' / , o/
n"\ F- D l b; ' or ' .
..) I .annot go none no$.
d) Da
"!o\
Eant Lo l.akc
!a!t
in the debric?
. / , \ i t er dn' i r s, i ht sv, e"r l . {J bsd.
Se atrage ai,enlia asupra faptului cfi i'rbele ,net (in ernplul lJr, go (in
xemplul c). $ant
i
tuhe (in eremplul d), sau dizizs (in exenplul c) nu sint,
rerbe la noduri predicatilc: primul
eslie un participiu.
urmdLoarele trei sint
inlinitive. iar ultimul esl, rn gerundi.!-. Ca atarq afeste forme verbale, singure,
nu pot lorma propozilii.
2) Propozitir noninali. In u elc
l.opozilii.
werbul poate lilsi:
S
2475
Darkncss
Qnict
\o ,novnent, no soltnd. no light anywhere.
llrlc.t bless.d siillncss
i\'zl i1 5
t8ta)
' 1,
f l a{i f i . rcd
I ' rot ' , ' ri l i i l , ' r
dupa i nrcl o. , D' rp. I nrpl pr. prupuri l i - pod- g
24?6
l F l i :
. n' r , l i ar i {i .
^t "al i \ i .
i n
' r o
s i \ ; . d, r hi l al i ! d. i
, f - r ol i r n
1. i
F\ ' l ar nb-
1i {e.
a) Propozi.lin enunli.lti('d (The Declurati()e Sentence) conline enunlarea
S
2477
unui f apt , o decl ara, t i e et c. :
I dusr gel. np no\'. (Pozil.ir,'\ll
Dick did not comc ycslc.dal.
{\egutivit)
.
b) Propo.ilid optatird
(TheOptdtitc
S.ntencJ exprimi o urare sau o do-
S
2478
1l{}' yon have ! lons and latpX lilel (l,oziii!n)
li onll lh-" In' e $?{ih.r didn' i l)reak
j' 6t
rowl
lNegal.ila)
c)
prcpazili.a
intarogatiad (The Interngatiee S.nrenre, conline o lntrebare:
g
2479
$'here did vou wo.k belore? il'ozilirll)
Doestr'l shc trnderBtrrd whut I sall?
lNesativd)
d) Prapazi.l;a d.ubil.atiir (The Dnbitatirc Sentence) exprimd o indoiald:
g
2480
I mny see ihem today.
(Pozil,iv{)
Prhaps the t.ah is
'[
in yet.
{N;salirl)
t) Prapozilia. inperatied ('l'he Imperuti'e Sentcnce) exprim{ un ordin,
g
2481
o r ugl mr nt e! un sl at et c. :
Go home no\r !
lPozilivil)
Don r
b.
. .
: l i i . . 1l ( \ "gJr i \ ' .
f)
Pnpozilia ewlamatiod, (The Ex.clamatoru
SnrenceJ exprimd o stare
S
2482
Afctivi:
Th- n"wl y bui l t . r hool . huu. " $assu, h a t ot r r bui . di nA:
r Pour r \ i r
Nor . $ban l r har ki n I ol hpr : \ egdr i vdl '
I
Paritie: .a!e nu coniiDe o negaliei oonhl.iul negati lui. Vezi
!ag.
20r, nota !.
628
SIIITAXA PROFOZIT1EI
P.(RTTLE PIToPozITIEI q
2483
(P, {I I TS
OF THE SDNTENCE)
I. CONSIDERATTI GDNRRNI,E
S
2,184 Clasiticarca
prou)zitiilor alupd Etxuotnli. -
Ca sltucturi.
propozi,tia poate
ti si t?ld sd.|' d..'altati1.
'rdddr
$as singirg. lPropozitrie sinpli.)
It is , ol[- lPronoziLic simD];!l
Il ihr
purk tnd;tr a smJll boi \vas lusl.ily singing a litllc song to his Inol.he.
(I'.o'
poziti.
dezYolfatal
-
'
lt is too cold lor a lons walL this morning
{Propozitie
dezroltau)
d 2f Es 1, Pr or ozi i i a
si r r pl n ( l h?Si npl S, Pi Fr ""r . onsu numai d; ndoudp6r ! i .
nunitc
pniil, pin"ipdlt al
propo;iliei. Accstea sint, subiectul
6i
predicatul.
S 2186 at Subi t t ul I
f hp Subi ' rt )
pl l p
l u' l Fa
de
prol ozi l i p
cat P arat a
' i no
s5-
"
vi r sest e
"c' i unFa
or i . . dt l d' i n; r ar pi
pxpr i mat l
pr i n pr edi cal ul ver bal , su cui
i si r r r i hui " l nsu. i r pd. ' i car a. l er j . t i , - r
cr pr i nal d pr i n numFl c
pr cd; . al i v
Subiectul ooaic
fi'af1ai
Drin
tntrcberile rrt2 (: cine?) sBU {t}a/ (: ce?) :n-
uodt se i ni ri ni "a
predi cai ul ui .
ln .rernplele de Je
S
2484, cuaintele
"Tddy" Fi
"It"
sint subiectele
propo-
ziliilor simple rcspclivc.
t 2487 t )) Pt . di "ot dl l Thp
Pt d; "ot , )
psl c
parl cr
dp
pt opozi Li P carp
"l ri bure
"
subi o,
t ul ui o acl i unp,
o st "r. sau o l n. usi rn. Predi . aLul
poal e f i af JaL pri n l n-
trebirile re /ace2. ceeste? san curn
rsre.l
subicctul. ln exernplple de la
$
2484'
cuvintele
"rlas
singing"
qi
"is
cold' sjnt predj.atple propo;i,tiilor simplc res-
Pectire.
i 2188 2) troDozilia dezr oltati
/?,te
Camplex Scntence
)
conlinc,
pe lingd su-
'
biect si pr;dic;t.
I
piirlil. s,. nddre ale
propozilici. Acesiea slnt dlriDrrul
tL
conrpLemenluL.
S
2489 a) Pd. r l i l e
pr i nci pal e al e pr apozi l i ei dezaal t at e.
Subieolut si Dredical,ul
au ln
qenere
acetali structurd in
propozitia dez-
voltatd ca
si
in
iropozitia
simpl,-(vezi
S
2484). tn exernplele de propozilii
dezvoltatc de mai sus
(S 2484)
9r
anume:
l n rh^ park
' odsJ
a smdl l bor hJ. l Dsl i t
"i ngng
a l i l t l " sorg
ro
l ' i s mot h' r'
l l i s l oo . ol d
l or a l ons
q, rk
l hi s norni ng
cuyintle "boJ"
$i "It"
slnt subiecte, iar
"was
singing"
9i "is
cold" sini predi-
{ 2490 Numerosi autori enelezi considcr'; Insd drept subiect
Ei
predicot ni$te for-
"
me nrai com'plexe, numite snbied de:t'olLut, reipecriv predirat dPzualtat, Epre
deosebjre de-subiectul
prop
u-zis
!i
predical,ul propriu-zig expuse mai sus
'
St ruci ura acest or
[ orme esl e urmai oarea:
8 24$l a' r . ubi cct ul del r ol i l
/ 7r P
r onpl ' t
Subj c' t ) . onsl d
di n subi p' l ul
pri pri ; zi q
l The
Subj -t l h' Si npl . Si bj P
t .
al l t at mai sus t $ 2489) rm'
Dreunl cu atrrbuiele 6ale.
'
l n nri mul
exerol u do
propozi Li .
d. z! ol l aH
r; Lou
1$
2489), bubi F' rul J-z-
vol t r t e; t e f or mal di n
"uvi r i t "l .
- a sm, l l bov, spr Fdeosebi r Pdcsubi pcLul pr o-
pri u' zi s.
care const e di n sul st ant j Yul "bov".
l n aI doi l cr
pxmpl u
d'
l ropo-
;itie dczvoltaG citat
($ 2489), subicctul este simplu, "It";
{2492 a i
PPd; a11' 1 J nt ' ot
I t t "
t
al f l
i
Pt di 1t "J
' upi r , dF
r ol
r o: l ul
"
pr opo, i i i "i . adi . 6
l or
. ". d . n
n, r
F l t s sr bi c. r ut
i nsor i ' d"
p\ ; n' uul ' l c
l ui st r i
-
;t0
buter. Pre(ljcatul de^'oliat esi,e format din predicatui prctytitt-is
llhe Pre-
d: . r t . TJ, . . \ ; t up! . P" di o, t
) l \
248r . 1, r r I pr "r , nj . . r i \ pnr u. , t "t "
l . r i Lo, 1 r t e
1. r , ' " r , l i , ^, t . l nJi r , , L pr ppozi l i nndl . , i r . r Lm. r anl i ot r .
T
r r i mul
pr - n, pl r r
d" pr np^/ i l i a
dFz\ , t r Ht d ( \ zi dl r r ,
r , : , , t i , ,
r , l r l ez
! ^l r "l , . 1'
i
' "p
k od"! sa. l usr i l J r i ngi r . . J t i , r t n. , r , :
. r i . . o, Lr ' .
r 1. r t l , u. , l i - d" pFdi , "r ul
I , r op' i ' r
zi ' - si
- i n; i nc
.
l n r l or l . ,
, ; '
r . ' pl . L
,
S
21- Jr .
1, r ^di , i , r l
or T. nt t st , . t - . i . r o. ,
| | r ol
1l onc' $
'
k l l , ; "
mor ni r g .
. pr n
d, osr hi r e d. p| . di , ar ul pr o, , i u. zi .
. . ot d'
b) Pdr l i l c secundar e al e pr opozt l i ei
de. r ot t at e.
S
21gJ
li
)
ltib|! $tp p.irte.r dc p'onozilie
carc califica sau det.,njri n un sub-
g
249.1
sl arrrr sau un ecnrval eni al aat ssl ur. .
l n
l r i ma
pr opozi t i c
d"z\ ol t r ' n
l $
2, 1d0, . odj c. , i ! , t ,
. r , r
. t r r r ' "
: i
I ' i s ai r I ct r i oui o. - snr al l
r al i l i r i nd
r uh. r "nt i r ui - bn\ ".
. t i | | l a
r r . r f i , , nl
subs anr i \ ul
- song, i cr - hL'
d. l . r nr i ni nd
"ub"t ent i vul
- mut her .
Chi "r . i
. , r t i , ol Fl . . t h.
! i
. . a-
sl nt . onsi d"r s' e 0t r i but p, pFoLr u ca d"
"r ^i nd
p, j m; l
sub. r snr i vul pr r k' i ar a) doi l oo
-
o dat {i subsi ant i ' ul
. bov
. i
0r t J d. t .
sLt sl ant i ! ul
- . ong' .
I n a doua pr opozi l i c
der \ ol l ar e . i t a' d ( g 2189) , edi cnl i vul - t onq
. i
dr t i . ol ul nFl ol aj l l
- a
sj nr al r i but pl p
subst ant i vul ui \ \ al L . i "r , _Ji e, , Li t r ; l
demonstrativ
"this"
este atributul substantivului,,morninE'.-
b' )
/ -on. pt pn"nt ul
csre pdrt ea dp propozi Li p . rr"
derpi rni na urr \ erb rl a
g
249i
un moo pr eor cal r v sau n. pr pdr . at r v) . un r uJp. l r \
cau
un dvFr b.
l n pr i ma pr npoTi l i a
dFzvol r al o . i t r r a ( g 248C1, . L\ i nt Fl "
- i n
t b. ps' k
.
"l od, y
. l ust i l y' . - a l i l l l e song si
- l o
bi s mot hpr " si nt compl nmpr r r p. l n r
doua nr ot o?i l i ", l Fz\ dl r "r , , d
2480,
. r oo
, . t , , omp' F1, nr ; t
d, t j a, t i \ ut ui
"cold',_
iar
"for
a long Nalk" si
,,this
morning,' contlnrcnre.te pr;dicatului
"is
colrl".
[. P-LRTILE PlirN0rpAr,n ALE
pn0pozrTrEr
t PRr] at P{L PAnTS oF TEI St Yrt {t -E,
SUBI ECTUI ,
{TH] '
SUBJECT)
s
2{96
s
2497
.
1) Prorjeilee do oxprimare.
- Subiectul este exprimat, pri tr-un subst,an { 2498
tiv Bau pdntr-un echiralent al acestuia:
a) substantiv:
That
s;rt
is very dilignt.
toys
gcn.ally
shor great aptiirde lor rcchnics.
D, un
pronune:
&B came vcstddav.
8, , I uho, l
' t
i \ r s
qdr i ' . i n8, he, ol 1.
, ' i pse.
l {f t o i s t hr i n' ax1
Th man,1. came skiing witl, us is a tellon Fortcr.
c.,, un adjectiv:
The ,linl hale slarp enrs.
dJ un numeral:
Ipo onh camc.
The
/tr,
slopped lclore the doo..
1
PFDI r r
dpr dl i i v- . i H. E. Pal nr r , A Ct on. , nat
4
r p' , . , E, ; / , "/ , . Car b, , d( p. r 928.
5
151. 456. 4/ i i
- i 04.
j i C.
f . ut .
. r t
di
l t Cnnr r ". \ .
s Yor l , , t "i 6.
$
4t . i 1- - 5b.
5t0
sINrAs PRoPozITM
e) un
Semndiv
(Gerurul,) sar, u substantiv vcrbal:
,Snoltns is considred hardfnl. (Gerundiv)
The .cdlt1ss of ,nodcm
toetry
w e lrell alt.ndcd.
(Slbsl vcfbal)
/)
un
participiu trecut:
Thc
/dlieD
corcred the ball.tcticld.
g./
un infiniiii':
/ o
"d. / ,
i 1
. ot d $a.
-
8, , , . . 1
i or r ' , 1, ". ' l ' h
t o
r un at a! t ^ot n r ' sP
' i L' l i l y
) ^osJr ' l i _
t) orice alt cuvint, intrebuin,tai ra subsiantiv:
"Ur"
is lhe contrrrv ol
"do02"
"li"r n.ans "first
,t:tss". "crccllcnl."
l, o construclie cu un iDfiniliv sau un
gerundiv:
Hotv bat to d.epit tli nN ttle is tho mNin obieci oI pri,srnl dry $' .ilr' $ In otrr
' irudLrJ
,tlbq ins buttts the sighrs af thc cit! \s nct
job.
IIis haoing .nol,iatcd nt aur iorh has mcurt much lo us.
: t 99 . . : ) subi or f r omt , t | .
t aol ' r "unJ
. . ' , hj
' ) .
Dnur
- r , t
, i
' n, r l l "
ul ' '
' r ' -
t i vF( qa, ' pr hr r l F r . ' "r , - . r "i r 1 uni ' e
1. l n
and. . ) :
t 11 t . . ot , t ' . l . r mei / , ul
subi cct compus:
Johi atul Ired a.c nr.y lricnds
Ihusics, chenitttJ, arit\netic' as s' .tl as ttu
Yaclicat
dPtliatians afthe:e scEn.cs.
arc bcing taught at ihis institute.
To be at not ro b. is llamlei' s
problem,
2500 3) Subieet dut,lu (Double Subject). -
In stilul poetic. dome ul l,ututur
licenlelor, se
jntilneqte
uneori o lormn de subicrii numite r,?]i..r dablx Aeosta
consie in repetarei. sub lors,i
pronominali, a unui subn,ci substantival
Ind lnis adi.lar stu li'ed sith no other thought
Thrn io love and be loved bT me
But ozr io' d i, was sLronger bi lar than the love
Oi lhose wlio wcre older ihan t!.
Se al r d! ^ i n
qDF. i al
al Fnl i J r st r r f d d. F:
ci f on
' ,
cat e F' e
' ^r ' si d4r ' ' r 1
i n. o' ". r , r i n
l r oza
s: r ' i s: r sau vor or . o. si . dr a, j p l 1r i r n". l , s oer cqFr l d l n' r ' nr d
la inceputul studiului limbii engleze.
2501 4) Subioot
grem$tieal (sou tormdl)
!i
subieot logic
(Gtumnatical or !.orr ul
. ruhj at and Lot i "ot Subj "; t
t .
.
Un"l .
propuri Li i or! rn doa, FUbi c' rP.
d, i subi . . l ul
pt umt t i "ol
. ax
f ornot ,
. ar" cqt H
ubr, . l ul
prot r^zrl r. r
i
unq
d"r at di n pun' l ul d. vr det F
"l
r on. ' r u'
l i ,
i c' a f ar i , dl F Fr :
D.) subiectui logic, adevdratul subieot al
propoziliei:
It b dangerous ,o di,r nerc'
["It"
este subiectui gramatical sau forma], iar "to dive horo" este subic-
tul logic.l
(Vezi
ti 5
86a)
Snre deosebire de limba ronand, unde subiectul este
l i mba
cndl pzd
6ubr F. r , r l nu
I ' nd, c
l i psi di n
nt opo/ i ! i P.
l l L dp put pr ni . d i n. i l . I n un"l p
'
onq"u. {i i i n
'
dt e su
25nZ 5) Subieot eliptic.
adeseori sublnlelcs, in
Aoeaste kndinle esto
' / ! l pr \ r l Lud, . al Ja. , "0l i "! . l pi nl ". bLr Dl ar ' oo
r , al , nor i r "cf JZi " Ld o"i gi n"
u?a mdi i ndl l e' al i r
' d_"ar or dur . i n{i "l ot l dl l oydi . r pn
mi l i so^i . l r ( "
l or r don z" d' Jsi g' l
' 8.A.
Poe, Annabel I2e.
PARTITE PRINCIPALI ALE I' ROPOZITIII. SDNECTIL
;IJI
biectul. ste. nut at de la locul lui, s a recurs la o particuln
iniroductivi penrru
, i . upl i ni l i p"6 l 1 i n, "D, , r ul pr opor r l i ei . l n a. cer
. , , , . , t
.
d Ji uns t d, , r r 1, , , , , r a.
rJ . orl ql ru,
l i -i rh t , L'
(t h p
dr.
t
t \
rxzrri t p
i n
. . r. . . ubi ". r, rl
s- . f r. , , l up, i
l erbul predi cat (ri 2505).
E\ i si . n i nsri unel e si t uat i i xcepl i onJl c i n
, rare
sLj bi ert ut i rt sre subl l rt {. l es.
\ 2i 0l t
ur " f l , hr er i mpr , r n; , u \ Fr bul
' . . l r cr i r :
. l J i . propozi t i n
rare f onl i ne u i mperat i v (I rersoa, ra
a Z-r) (N
l t i 2; );
Go homel spe. k t ouderl
, / i n unel e expres; i conci se di n care l i psesre pronurnel e
rr (S i t 6. J):
I {l l l w. i t c 10 her dj ( i r )
/ odr s.
You x.e lanif ftaL
lit
is) rluat
Shc stawd thfre ldrser ,ion
tllt wa,t nera*atu
H. nccdtr,r {orrv aa
titl d\u.as his .:tufu
"
Srak io |iln rs soar os (ir is)
/o.$rd..
. . . ) , i l r l
, l uui
pI , l i , dr n , , , , i ' o
t , ' i n. onJun, . ! i i t "
u d. bu! . t , , ; t h. . . . . n, , r
. ar
1t h, r . . . ar A, r
d, pl asr
s, , bi a,
t .
a. "st a n. l i i n, l r Fn. t ar i n a dnus pr upo/ i l i _:
$e wrnl. in orl (wfl
sai dowr.
H" kr ' o L d b r ' F , l oo.
l , "r hpr
, t r j 1
o1, r i , l
\ 1, .
\ i .
""i t l , p.
. i "
, l osn
, . -
, sr t t
sh, l , at t r , , ,
do, ur .
Whencver I call, you rte .nher pra.risn,s
Jou.
ridnr o/
{totr
{re) going
ro.
d/ i n l i mba vorbi rA (S 848. 2825):
l l upe t ' ,
s' " vox \ , , oI
L:
/ l ' npe t o I
\ "v r
"\ - .
h- r d Jh, ' / n"L"r \ , n 1r ,
)
Seer
1-
I oz see?)
] \ cf vonsl Don l br oi ! t hc \ or 1t .
i :
. 4 don t know. . . l
f i )
suj , i edDt
t ormI , ' r rorhal e naFci l i 0at i re. -.
Subi ecI poi
avcd nu nu \ 2i 0l
r , , r '
\ Fr bpl .
l J ur , , . J
t r - , l i r r r i ! . .
i . i Lamet r , - r t . t e r , - pr 4i ca, i r ". ,
ur r r , . r , .
i nf i ni t i rul
sau part i ri pi ul :
P',
isubie.l-
non
I
workcd hard r, ."r
Itrt
treztnL)
.osts.
/ , . . . ' l hi
i t
n, t a ho, " . . a; Lt
! / .
_! l
r o r Let vr
l , sr a, l l l l / , , , . I l r . ,
u, ", r , or
". . t . : nt oSr .
, , , , , , . n, . , "t , 0"0
' t . . r i . ! , r l
, . I ' r , 1, \ 1.
Vr "r
. r . t , r
I
om
, ". 1- r
i dn, l \ , p. .
I sa$ f t . r s, bi f . l - u, . ) 1 g, i / , 9, 1,
1par t .
p. czcnt ) .
7) Thcre3 is.
-
ln unele cazuri,
jn
carc subiecrut se afln ctuDe rerb.
Dro S 250;
I o: / i t i a
r PspA l i \ d
"j l p
i nt r o, l u. s de
"1p. ' "; u
; ' np i ^ni l . t h, r . . i ,
Ut , . r .
i r "1
"
psr p
l qi r r ) . sF ci "et l F.
. -
JI I ; 1. i n ,
"r
\ "r bul , u
DF nu
a. LF r op, r t xr i ! .
?tu e is n n'odtan at tre u0o..
?kfe oe ihre novels there, on thc shetf.
f - \
$oman
! i
- r hr pp nuvel c- si nl subi F( t a - i .
r i - ar e
st n'
pr , , Ji "ar c. i m-
pl . .
- l hcr c
( , . 1' , d
pr p. ed6 !
pr bul r
". t c
pdr r i , ul ; i nt r o, t ui . t i ! ; ,
i ar : at l hp door .
,
' l hpr e
( ddr pr b)
_"i
- o' , t hn
shcl l . i ' ) t cumpt pmFr t " ci r "umst dnt i dl p
, t " t oc. l
I
Si
! . r Lul , , " podr l , ! s: . l i n d, . dsl J , on. t r u. l i a:
- . .
/ o, ap.
. ' \ . Fsl
sul F. l Jl i or m"i r "r bal p
n"pr cdi . dr i f ", i r dr pl i nesL;
j n
. or npl mnL
di r . . t
propozilie
lun0tia de
3
Pdfli,-ula in rodurliv.l r/.."" a iusl lu originp adrFrbut dp tor
,r!"F. ,
ar- Di.rardL-sl
I n r csur d4 dpmon. t . dt \
. a. "
n"um par t ,
or gani ) di n cor , st r u. t i s / r p. p i r Ca i l nr F, Doao
I : 1l . i l j l l l l
i mpr "unl ' uar \ er b, r r d/ munsr r ur i v, . r i ?, p\ i
t @f t : - r har ci snonnel t ea
$
2506
{
2607
638
SINTA).A
PROPOZIIIEI
\.fa.,.,
"on,!Lru.ri^
ps':,
r:,'',:!.,lil,';
l:
"l'::
:""Ji"t"l
11,.'i;;::";
, ; : , i , . , i ; , : ; i : : : , : ! t : i : t : , 1, i , ""! f "! ' [ i ; ^i i ] r"a", ri ; ' , i .
"n. dup' rorb:
if;;
,2'"1"i;
i'i'",:
't'ii"l:Lo'.rrm
in
''''n
ho
're
i ; : . , ; ; ' ; ' . ;
"
r : mP sh. l
d' P
' o
'
ff# f*4j{.ii
#tilr; Tr"'",
'"
'""'"'
ll*;'*
:r'll;Tll"'lltll"
Jli''i'?
il;
"
" "'-
*"
Al enl i e!
Se fflce adcseori
confuzie
i tre construcliile:
dl tEre ts
$i
' -B
b) thqe
ue
lr
tteli
arc'
fi l:rr,:i,jl:r
r,x"l"lii";e
j:i:j'{'r.ruriirii
ili
lii,:l;:'rl"i;"=. 0"":r
l . i I n"pp, r r ' r l
unpi
pr onozi l i L
d"oar p' F
r mr
f ol rna verbal i . , , si nt ":
ti;iit{{ii"Tff
l1"}$;'*::'"lr.s"i'i.'1":';"1ili'
i r ' or i r nul
' xempl u
d^ ma' |
' us
i nJi nt ' a
\ "' bul "i r "' i nl - ' ": ' : ! ' l l : : f "
:*:l"i"i"r;i,"liili;:;;r
rllr*ilr,ilit{il:#::iiri;i'iiii1:
:lr*,:i*1.:j
jltli:;"ill;:i':it';"11'l:'
li;;lii:.,iff'
:#;
i:
ili:l
iril;:,,:
:'
lt;"
"i'i"",iiar:l
ilii:,ffTil
rlilrtiir
i;a;4;:
illi"T";ii'T"!Ti.f
i!'h"K'il;;l
;;;i
qs'g
x"'n
'/
7"
sabir"'r'l
sa,, con'
"' i . ' r; "r*
a; ^ i i ni ba
cngl "' ;
va f i t hero
aro:
g'Ai""f
il|ilJii'l*:'?),';Ti
fJik""dn#""
$ltf.i,
n"
''
g"ti"Jf"
txxiti$$tl'f"ili'i"iii?hiil
-' """.,
.,";**n'ffii ffi
*""tr'
iJ:.il:i:iJil
ri
! lt,ilJtil"{l}ff:{''1';
s
,roa
' "
8, i";i
*lr".p;i'-,:*:1;"'l
ll,:i,',1.'.'l"l,l
n:l
*T|l'""jl:'":i:
"'"1
ffi :i.r"J;:;f.,,"'il'iilii',T
ff Tl,lrl"*:i:lllii:m:lili: tf iiili
3i ix"lili*i:";;l#"fiff'{$
i?lbi'r';;;;; ;;;;iv'
cind
este subiciul
unur
serunorv':
i*:SHii#r'l\"j1,
ii.nr;i:r
i"
"'"-"'-''
ix,:',';"';;:,j;; i ;':'1"
t":'
e
"u';;lif
'r
1l61i
J;'
"
"' """'
"
" "^''
*
I
Vezi
l i
5
1i : r i
PARTILI PFINCIPALE AiE PRODOZITIEI. PMDIC^TUI]
PREDIC{fUL
"n
25Og
{TI I E
PI I UDI CATE)
l) Uoduri prodieative.
l{od[ri deprealicative.
-
I]lodurile personale
S
!;10
(
S
133?-1338) shL predicatil'e,
adicd pot, torna singure predicarut
unei propo-
zi,tii. X{oduriie impcrsonale (g 1339) stnt ,repredicarivc, adice nu por forlja
lredicatul
unei propoziiii-
Sint predicatil'e
urmitoarle nod[rl: indicaiivu], subjo]rctillut, condilio-
nalul si imperativul;
stnt nepredicaiive infinitii'ul
Ei
participiul.
l) Ycrbc predicati{e.
lrerbc nepredicatire, Ntl orice verb la un
S
2bl1
ll}od pred;oati1' (adicd pcr.(orlal)
poate forrna singur predicatul
unei
propozil.ii.
Din acest
puncL
de r.edere. verbele se inpnlt 1 predicative
si
a/ sint,
Iredicatirc
(Vetbs of Conpl.cte Pred,ication) verbele care, fiind
la un mod p$sonal, poh lormar lmpreund cu subicctui lor (cind sint intranzi
tive), sau tmpreuni ou subieiui
Si
complementul ior direct, (cind si 1, Lrarzi-
tive), o propozilie
cu tntels deplin:
Tlie li.d st"ss. (\.erl nLtr{nziLiv)
Shc tr r.adr,g { novcl.
{\rerb
trarzitivl
/J) sinL neprodiftitire (l/erhs
af Incanpht.
prdicatian)
vcrbcte care.
dcsi la un mod persoral.
nu pot form{ nnpreuni cu $ubicctul lor (sau
imprcune cu subictul
!i
complomentul lof direot) o propozilie
cr hrr,etes
tleplin:
liis lello\L ]ro.kcrs
l.,rcd
very hclplul.
TlLc a.t,icle.(,1 ltlg[ among ltLe g.eat
conposds.
Unii autori consider; verbe nepredicative si verbele tranzitive, acesbea
aviild nevoi de un complement pentru
a forma predicatul
cu inleles deplin.
(\:ezi
fi S
15t:])
3)
Struotue
proilicatului.
- Dupi structure, predicatete
se impart tn
donii clase mari: predicate verbale
.si
predicate
nonritale.
PREDICATUI, TIJRBAI
(lEE VERBAT TTREDiCATE)
Predicatul verbal consti dintr-un verb predicativ, care poate st,a singur
sau poate Ii tnsotit de complementele sale (dirct, indirect, prepozilional,
cir-
cumstanrial)i
Lions .oa. (verb predicali!
sinsur)
Ebn't
6l\e .ome? (Verb predicativ
singrr)
\on m@t not dft,ft @tnr. (Ve!b
+
.omlrl. dil.)
I spoke to th, naaagef.
werb +
conll. indi.. prpozitional)
I\e
qB
teddins ne @ ,c,rcl. (Veb
+
compl. indir.
.1,
compl. dir.J
. .l,ena
fo.watdal
the parcct to hd r.r .r.
{Verb +
compl. dir.
+
compl. indir. p.e-
We a,.ieed ysteddv.
fidlr +
com!1. circ. de l.inp)
'lhey sing bedutifutly- (Yerb,1-
cornpl. cnc. de mod)
Our team .re phlne
in lyales. (Vr.b.t- comll. cit(j. d-a loc)
s
2512
$
2513
r'34
2614
Predi cal ul
nomi nal
l at i v sau copul n.
; i
un
SINTAXA PROPOZITIEI
PRI]DI(I,ITUI.
\O]IINAL
(I' HE NOITJNAT TNEDIf AI})
consis dintr-u 1'erb rprdjcativ.
l1 mii lerb copu'
S
2;15
Verbolc rrPulrtirc
U'ink(in!)
l't:tbs. Copnklli'c Ietbs at Capulusl
\ - r nul ' apul "r i \
p. l . , r n\ - r h' dr r
pr pt r r r r ' l r r r r r u' "1
' "r r
p0r Li "l
"r ' l i
ul r r l
, ' . , r oI : r l . r ' u
i ' . ' ' e
l , ' m' a
p' Fdr . ar ul r r n"i
l r "l "/ i : i i
J"i r
' u
aJUl or r r l ur ' ul
", , n' "
pr "' t i "' i i '
na
", , '
, 1, "! a r - i r , or ar ' i r i
' r r nr ar p
r cr l
ul
' opul "t i r
nu rsl i i d sni E st ot at or' ci are l umai l urcl i a de verb de l eg' i "urn i nl re subi Fct
"i
numl c urecl i rat r\
'
'
i n
srari nt j c"
engLeza sl er' r nol i uni i de
rnl j cat
l i nrt l mai l argd deci l ' t n
gramati;a romann.
qi numirul
verbelor copulati|e este or mulL mar mare'
\ "t i el . Dol s' r r r dr "pl
' , r bP
upLl dr i t F:
a ) t o b6 -
verbul cdl nai i nt re6rLi n! aL
,
u ac"dst a f un(l i e
5i
si nol i rrel e
l l ri : t o' f a/ l
(f l at . i 1l , a
prey. avi ct i r, et c-). t o hhl d
(rl onf ,
t asl .
good gui hl ess'
Lr ue. ei f . r . / u r ' r h"l nl - "
r u$, Fr , . , / "
"r r l ' '
t i ' i "nJj
gou' J : ur ' c" l / '
, / "u' r. , , rre. t . l al sc. D; i c"] "t s. . f l eht usel ess. val uabl e. et c. ). / . , f onA (hi gh' hrt '
i t , . 1, i n r, "r (Nruh, l ,
. rr' 1, / o s, / (qui ct l i sht . et c). 10rror. 10srond
{al (mf
b)-
sol neborl {. coueet ed, l ast . f ; n. et c. ). el ri . ;
bl h, t ret ome cu . i l o| rr, ' el " )ri t t o $m.
(sl Lort i rue et c
),
l o gcl (angrv,
, l ar k,
huns . r u. . \ . r hi r Fl ! .
"Fd
- '
, , 4
r o
ha' l r
' zr '
dr \ ' nr a l
'
r ' \ '
/ , r
. / 4. ,
, di r l , l ' 1. l hr a
"oni
! .
, t r
' .
t n
t t n
l l "\ '
l r \ . r i ' l ' hur l
Pl . ' . )
' a
l ar n ( pal e. r ed. so! r ,
Jel l o\ r ,
er ' ) t r ht t r
nr l ( i r nP \ pl endr ' r , d r r nF I Pxo\ '
er c. ) , er c.
. / r u cunt l l r uc r u sr r Lonr r r r er e l ui : ! r l o on t L' h' ) l ' 1 t u k' ep
( an)
l l i ne
t i l '
1r ' r ghi nj . s, , h' r . t t . : . t . r . ) t , t i , t t n ( s. ) ber . t sl . r n' l i ng. , l r ue. e' ! t
) .
10. s14, ( I ' nt so
ber . t r i r e. et c. l . ot c :
d) t{) seem
(u
silonjmele
lui: ta dt/:ar' lo loolt
ltlilti"ult
lirro ill
jnlchnt'
r
:
' i "l l .
. t '
) .
' a
t oou
\ 1" : '
r ,
- nJ
i
j
'
r '
r '
' r '
:
. /
r l i l ' r i l !
r er bo:
"
- nt l "
\ "' '
d" l i ' .
' i i l r i
ut t
: l l '
' . '
) a'
"\ ' -
r 1r : r ( bi aut i f ul . cl . ver , al l e\ t ) or t . r ni nn\ .
' t '
)
t of i l \ "i { dcad- . ' Js\ '
r ' pen'
dor r r r sf ai ' : ,
i r l
sood
f o di t i r ) n. e t
)
1. ' h. ) pp' n 10 l ol J l ' l e
eui l t l "ss
i r ' es
t er m. el . e. ) . t a l , . at t ol l . eI (
I t . n. l L. !
, i l l i To be. ci nd est c ref b prhci pal (: a e{i st ' a, a se al l a' a se
gdsi a al ea
l or
cl N
)
(S 1874). poah rof i ni s/ rgrzr predj f at ul . , rbal :
l . ' har D?n
1' r
"
- r d
. r ' r "i
\ ' "1"
' r ' d
r '
,
' \ t
L'
pr r d \ "r bi l l
1" ,
. , -
- F
' r "u
pr / d i ; t , ' dl
i "
' r "
kr ' 1 .
' ' r t l
f ompl
' ' n
' l P
l ' "
.
' ' ' l .
r I l l
' r "
"r - p
i or nr ' . - . r ' "
I I o4
r ' r r LF"'
l p_- n \ "r br ' l
I n- \ '
t t t . '
' t . ' 1
. p"
d \ ' t l dl
a' , /
' dl r '
l l d"r 4""or I ' or np
r r r '
,
i i ,
' , ' .
.
- "
r , , ,
! r e' i
\ "- t a )
"Jt
I
r d, ,
ur . pl .
_.
d. r i , npl
\ . ' ", - r ' ""
, "r Lut ui t , D" , pr uar ' e
r odl - \ . r bel r
"
l ul al i \ e l or
l i si
t cr bc
t , r , r . r L' . ' F.
'
s.
er P. u i r l . l FqUr "l ' i nr bat si i n scpsl
' z
pul I i , r ma
' r n! ' ' r r F
i ' r . , i r ' : ' . . '
\ , , hsl .
l di "a
1' "t
f i pr e' l i at i r e:
Sn.h manners do not ,.@ru a yotrng
grrr'
Iherything
srus
very iasl in th
jrngle.
Thc noise
'terr
,a 10. hou.s.
t l v
I pad
, , ' ", sl , . o I
Spl
up.
l l ; r ' o" r unr i ns i dct "r Jnd f asr er '
PART]LE PRINCIPA!!
^LE
PROPOZITIEI. PR!:DTCATU!
Ii 3'
/ /
ci t er. d verb. i nt ranzi t i ve
i n speci al rel e care e\ Dri md
na. r: eDt i i \ 951?
ser r zor i al n d"si
l r ", l i ,
r t i v, i ' r mo, l ubi ; nui t , si n unp^r i
j ni ot r r .
, t "
un; , 1
'
j e, l i r.
condi J"ri t i n a. Fql
,
o, / nume
pr. di uari v
dFnar", . c,
al j t uri d. semnrl i
, al i r r "r b, r l ui
f p. pF,
l i v.
op oul r ; n1"1"! r . unul di n f \
pr bpl p
t or , , , t ob", onp: "t l
'tttc
be.t
fc.ts
act! ha t
{:
is ha.d when lcu).
That stcak smelrs
sood
(: se-"ns good
when smclt).
Uis descdltioD of a sr.ag litt\r saunls too
sood
t. be ia. (:
ycms
too good
tI ltr.
l ound oI i t l .
'rhe wine tr thrt casL rdsres soe. l: is sou rvhen rasrcd).
A b.ceze DrooJ .o,, (: is coot as il. blo{sr.
Thr ink tu nr ballpir lrt.s D&c
(-
is btue wLcn it dripst.
'lhc
sun srin.r /rr (- is hot F.hen iL shiresl.
-{
se compara:
She l el t r , nr ny
t Nnnr
pr al . l
She l el t nX [ n, r ( . od] pl . dn. l l o see i l i t l vas al l r i sl i t .
Thc lila. snrells sni.,r
lNume Dul
l
Hc sdl l s l / 7a
f l oncl r
i ( i or i r r l . l i f . l
'l'liis
sXrup tusi,s z{s4/. 1\unie
tf!d.l
IIe $1r) txsles .:r.rlthi.ng
\.oa\pl
dif
I
iircs ol .verJthing.
iprorerbr
0h: cr eal i ;
- .
al Ver bel e copul al , i ve
t i
ver bel e. Ni mi l at e cu l e si nt r or st r ui l , e cu t or ma
\ t ; 18
adj.ctinlir
ti
nu adverbiah. a L,nui cuvint:
The {ir sndls sueet
iN:*.etla).
t r " 1. . ' 5 r ' t l Jj nt r
, l v. )
( \ q
$
r _: .
Tl ' c \ at pr r Jn ol n
\ nu
, o1, 11! \
Thc sind bleri hat
lntr
hottv\.
Hfr lftaih canii .lur ati hcat
!
t,tr
de
!
and hmoilu).
,./ Verbul copulatir esre archl,at cu sabn.ctul lui
;i
nLr cu nunetc
g
i519
predicativ:
?lkir
greahsi
trco.:clpdtiah
at lhis rnomcni, is thei. cra s.
The Last ol tn .arcs
',ar
hc. plans for th. liolidajs.
?re most interesting
td.r
ol thlr
!tugranrme
q,as
Lhe tions.
I hr I ' - st
i ' n , {r I ' p , , , 1- r , l . ; . h D, "nnal
Tt t "4. - " r t I n\
. i . n, ; r .
n" r r r . i on nd
p. r p4
I Ld\ , .
n. r o, .
Numelc prealicrtil
S
Zj20
(Cornplnu:n|
pred,icate
Complemcnt, Predicati.oe Complenent
or Prcdicatieer)
,
1) Dcf i ni t i c. Numpl e. predi cd_t i \
psLe
part ea
de propozi t i e
carc, t rnpre-
S
ZSf l
pr c4 r . ar Ul
unpr pr opozr t
:
The rifl. ,as
(dod pt..l,.)
out of onlt (rrume pred.).
$.ho ts (mod
rrr..d],o;dftd
r/k
fl,o
(;ume
ired.i?
.
Numele predicatil poate sta pe llnge un verb copulativ la un mod nopre-
"o
re (mod neprcd.i d
8.ddadr"
(nume
r.ed.)
was one of r. .eqllirement.s.
tetng
(mod
nepred.) ,i/ d
(nunc pred.),
she went lo }ed.
2) Pmoodee il6 expdmare.
*
Numele predicai,iv poate fi un substanti.v,,
\
2S,,
un adjectiv sau un advcrb
(ori
un echivalent al aoestora), lmpreund
cu deter-
minantele respeciive:
1ID
accst caz,
'?.cdiratir."
este szDsrnnrtr
9i
nu adjeoiir ca ln
,,predicarive
Complc
6t6
SINTAX^
lRoPozrTrxr
lIc
is a s.l,l0
She cdlled tne /D
/.i.,d
I l i s t i nv.
! V' o. i J. r
' h
r "Fl 1L
, o
I
Sh," tud.d otrt to be eorlebadu
,,|cft:tLl3
ndj eei i r:
He had
g.own ord.
I ldud it /&ll-
D) utt
She loolis ,acrlY
He $as
/oLrd
in tnc line'
It is
gctting la,e.
$i lound BillY tz.
11, nust Io
da"
/J
un pronun sau adverb
interogaiiv:
Who is it !
f/ia, were thel?
-
l1o, i.. You iodaYl
/Ior oid ls ronr son?
naw nuch 1i t hi s t {Pe. ccor der ?
Not d
l n or on. zi ' i i l e:
l 1 , , , i s
I our
bi r l hJdj
- l v/ r ' r ' sas J"nnyl
el "
pre, l i ar; l i ; r" t i i nd
t ' rb
l ri n"i pol
(
d. a! ' . 4
l o d sp arl al bdrPrD' rP1l n?r
l i
q/ , , r"
si . nl
rornpl cr rrnr, e i t . umsl dnl i Jl o
dr
l i n p rpspe' rrr dF roc sr nr
nume
preorcailYe.
f,,
un infinitiv:
His
g.eatcst
llcasurc
js
'o
ratz''
She stands to ,tt'
ThcY ap!ar to unde\tatut-
n. , l uo se' ur , di v
sau un
Par t i ' i Pi u:
l l i s hobbJ i s
l h' ' os' api i as
Cerundi vl
: hF
qPnl
. n st 4st 4g.
{Pa{
i {"z"nl l
rour Lh'' L lorl6 I allPr
tPdrl
tr"'ur
l
i) o construc,tie cu iDfidtivut
sau cu
gerundivul:
fnl','l:i,1fi"'i
'l:'l;,1'
n);,
e
thF,;Eht
a,e{
jJ
o loculiune sau o construclie
prepozilionald:
She
''as
Ds tu's'lf'
I lclt him ou, oi so/,s.
JnilY had
sro;n
inta a
fine
sfl'
2523 3l
f az.
- \ umcl "
pr "di ' ul i v F' i i n a"el al i
' r z
cu subi e' t ul
pp
"l
' ' ar ui
- "- "
. *ai ". t i t - i or mcazi sut i ' "r ul
r esppl l i v
pnat Pf i l ncszul nomi or l i t sr uobi e' -
'
v, deri rruor"l e
pr"di . al i v se poat p sf l a
i n do' d
srt ual u
9r
anume:
poarc
rl
i"ki
irrai"otiu
siDieciip sau n;me
predicatta obf'cctie'
PART]LE PRINCPATE A'E PROPOZITIEI. FTDICATT
637
a) N unel e
r ) r ecl i cal i e
subi ect i o ( Subj ect i . | e Conpl ement
E
2521
san Sihiectit,c l,rcdi6xte). -
Numele
predicativ
care lormeazi predic;tut lln-
preunA cu un werb neprcdicativ intranziti.a aclie sau lrdn:iliti
/dsit
se relere
ia subiectul verbLrlui
9i
ca atare stn in cazd nominati\':
Il.
(subicci.)
is 1/ner
lnume lred.
sulriocliv).
l oa , "ubi "( r
l ook r ) oadp"
l ^un"
pr "d.
r , bi p
| \ ) .
l s ndi pn
{"ubF"l
h"t ut t p
\ ^uap i r eJ.
. ubi "r
r v :
Th" p;en
\6ubi"
1
t
/ , sur i ", I i s s. l r i ns d" i r nr nP
pPd.
subi P"l i v) .
/ / "
. j uhi . , . r
sp; ms, 1; / " nunp
pr ; d.
subi , l l \ J.
/
l "ubi " ' )
r " I l , ns. 4
Lnume
pr . d.
"ubi "d; \ l
r , [ a r dt . ubi "
r ] l . pr
/ dl l ; x
( num" pr pd
:
' bi ' r l i v) .
ct ut se
t . r bi pr t
) , ,
on5i d r l d
l t ",
our t i ". t @, k4, [ um" pr ed. s Lbi e
r i v
.
Not d
Numel epredi cat i vraport at l auns, rbi ect careseaf l [ i ncazul geni l i t poat e
$
2626
st f t
j n
nomi nst i v l n f unc[ i e de cont exh:
n'.e.]'s (subiect) is tlE b*t tr.tk
(nume pred.
subieciiv).
ue
q'as
cerlain oI t,s
(snbiect)
beins sne/freP
{nume
pred. subiectivJ.
I l n
pr i mul . x. mpl u. 6ubi r cl ul F. r p
numr i ap0r ent t n
. szul
q"ni r i v. d
f i i nd- dp i spr . onsr i l Lr i l di n
. ubFr snr i vul - sor k
f
- Fr cd s wor t
j .
. ar e sr a
t n
"omi na[ i v.
l n al doi l ea
"r empl u
gnr undi vul bei ng . ar i nJ r Jr J"t er ul
unui substanliv, este lnsolit ln mod normal de un adjctii'posesivl
b) Numel e
pr cal , I car i t , obi . ct i v ( Ol ' j et t i r e Pr Pd; cat P sau
$
2526
Ot ' i F
t ; r p
aont ) l , n"ni ) 3. \ ur al p pr ndi '
a
i u ,
ar c I or meoza pr edi r a ul l n'
pr i ' un. , u
ur r vo"b n; pr eJi ". , t i \ t o; z, t i \ ) 3F
. - l er a
l sun. ompl ; mor r
'
0, . sr d
in caztl obiectit'a si ca atare se ala in acelafi caz cu acesta:
I l ound , 1, ,
"orr' l
di r
I
i U nurF
r' r"' ' j .
oLi . , ri Ll .
rl e suo. osed ; r , , . ; mo, - du. , ar, d , . um Dr"d. obP, ri r).
\ yF t h; L
nt t ".
. oni Dl .
Dr. Do/ , i i , ; dl r
rs
r
da i ne nun" pral .
oLi . ' , i \ ' ).
n' \ hp h; U?n . "o1; t
ni )
*od, t
nun"
r ' f Fl
oi i n' r : \ l l
Coul dn t vou makp r ' , ( umDl .
, l
t .
: t "
op' , nu. n
pnd
obi . "l i r r . '
I l hougni / / , i "4 oFpl d' . l o bp n; ; , nr nr pr d ol r i ". l i r
N ot d
Gndiwl
trrcdicalir
poate ii nnmp predicativ attt, subieciiv, cii
Ei
obiecti{,
$
952?
,
- "l l F
cuvi nr c
"p
poar - n f . r i a' l r
l 1
. JL, i " r ul
\ ' ' r bul ui pr pJi . ar .
,
i t
ci
l d un
compl cmcnt i n cazul obi ect i v:
I t "
pl ou
, . b. r r t
q, ,
si or " ( n. 1r ' pr "l
r r bi "' i \ ) .
I / " i , oi 7 l "ul r ect \ t r , ot B. t p aan- i r - ,
. uLi '
' i \ , .
l aon l l l kpul d
r , ! mnl . Jr .
. . r , L
",
t t e
J'
onr Jb. t t . t , L. e' : nr m"pr al u! ql i r .
l l . b"l "\ - i ' r ". o.
r
or npl . , l " t , .
n. ", p, i ap, i ! - . l | t n-
r 4d
oLi ^
i i \ .
4) \umle
Dr0dicatiy $
suhiectul,
Deoscbira djntrc numele predicativ
$
2628
si suhiect este nneori greu de ticut. deoarece nulncle predicativ p.rate fi tot
at i t d. bi nc subi ct . i ar subi ect ul rl une predi caLi v:
Zrr
lsubic.,l.)
it ,ntr deatett
tt."d
(mme
Pred.)
,v! de@at
ftiend lsubiect)
is Drc (m!re
lled I
l | . t onl u- : . 1, uL"
r .
ot
"paLo1
, , | _
t ' ,
d. .
T"b
"t r ".
t " / "- Lpr i . . t ' "o' . t . t L n, 1r ' n' J. .
1
"ar is zE' . lof,trl htrcltritrlal.i cn.cti in sliiu] coloclial, colstihinil o a}rlare de
|
^r l r *r ' r n' dl i . dr . "1n
r . . 11
i i : : i i : r "st ",
adr I n'
i n . l ' r l , o-
' 1,
"
\
"r '
r n- t o- i a ct r ; i . , . r q r . . .
i r ' , , a
- ubol d
mai u.
' . r =. , , a^. . a. . . r nr . . ; , r j ' , r . , ' . , : "
' "
di .
i .
. n r L "L. . ' d"6-
o'
. ' . . r \ . j i r i r n. r ' I
l
. l , \
' ' 11. 5
l pJr . i
/ r ", r ' l l J "$' "
Ur i nr t ol l i oasr . i , sa. l ar l i nf "t l o. i CLl i Sl i l t l
( i
Cnr ne. , l , an. , C ] I ' l l r , o! . t r ' et c
638 srNlAxA PRoFozrTrEr
Pcntru a0esi, moliv s obi;Duieqte si se considcre sari.fl partpa . :'
zi t i e care precedd verbul copul at i v,
, i
nnne preni . cdt i r p&rl . a di
! :
:
care i l urmeazi .
S
25rg 5) \ ur el e predi &rt i v
f i
(oml l eme
t ul
(j reunst i nt i al .
{-rrr ! ' :
predi cat i \ - poarc l i ronl undal ru compl | ment ul ci rrunrst ant i rl :
Vi t i kr \ as si l Li ng dr / , rLi . i NuDre
t rcd. l
l \ . erbul
{/ / s si t t i ??g nu r l i si ngur nkj ca. ci . i n aceast i r si l ual n' . -
ni l n cu rrbul
"t o
be". cnci \ : i ckv nu . . st et a
j os".
. , i , . . i l a , nrs. .
. {t adar l ot i ul i i unea
"at
t l c" esl e i ndi spensabi l i
t {ri t ru
rcdarf ! i nl -: . .
dcci i ndepl i ne; l e f unot i a
(i e
nume predi cat i v. verl ul , ! l s si l l rr, : r
-'
f azul dr f nf n predi cat i v. l
Vi f l i . f r vas si t Li ' g ar t hc r ar l l
i t j or i pl .
. i r i . t i e l di . l
L\ : ef bul ' t \ , ds
si t t i , rq" (: st nl eaj os)
poat c l orma ai ci ri t rql rr
1,
,
, . Unde
st nt oa. r"
, . La
masi ".
"-{t
t he t abl e' est e pri r rrni arc
' ronUl "
' r
. r dr l ; J
JF l u. . l
sr \ c r s nt h. "Le oD an- v suhj c. , l . l . onuhi ng. l , i l df . n.
l \ une t ) t t l
j
I Verbu] "1o
be" ncri i nd ai ci
t rcrl i cat i v.
cnci i nt Fl erul pri (l n al ! 1, , : :
, , a
f r' , ci , , a cunoasl e" (:
' r
t o be at home").
"at
honc' cst r n, , me
] rf ei l ,
.
' ' t o be" r' crb t opul at i v. l
Shc is ahvajs at h.rLe i\ Ifu, fvcnnll].
icompl
rirr rle lur
l Verbul
"t o be" (: a se al l a. a se gdsi ) poah. h acf st , : az. si i ; : :
-:
si , rsur predi (, al ul .
"At
home" est e acum conpl ement ci rr, rnst ant i al
. -
dporece rnspunde l a l nt robarea
. . unde
se
Snse$t e
eal "l
s
25:10
P&trDIC,ITD Of RIISUI,T
5
,5:tr 1) I)lidlie, Numele de Prdi.al ol Rsalr esie dat fornplil]i!::
arati consecinlele acliunii i.Erbului determinat de ea. complinire carr :,
si dcrn oe f ace pari e di n predi cai ul dzvol t at l :
The weU /.dd
srld
dry.,
llnrii^a
nu avea api pcnl.! cI r..dsc.J
Th vrii,ing desk aas bnlea orttt\-
( Bi f oul d i ost s! a. t de l , ot i . )
Thc trilor ,zs
' ,d,id
ronr
iackct
too ti8ht.
( Ja, l , el a 1r est e pr ca; t r i mi {
l cnt r u
ci a$a a l i o, l o ooi l oNl . )
\l' e' ll ,rc. li.r con' e ho.r,
lEa
rre si( \' ini ai.i
lentru
ra o ro,tr rdnce noi.l
S
9632 2) Procedce al e cxpri maro.
-
At a num; t ul h. d, i rut . of l l rsul l t : t e
; ' . '
nl at pr; rt r-un
subsl , ant i \ ' . un adj cct i l . (sau un echi val ent , al rcesi oral . r; l
rerb. un intinitiv.
un participiu eLc.
rl-A Nas appoinled mdnaset ol tlle works. (Subst.)
She
8r!-a
thetn to
Jou:
l,hal, makes then
yoQ.s nos.
lPfoD.)
\ \ i l 1 \ , r r .
r l F, ' nF.
boi . | , . gi .
. A/ .
Adj . )
\ \ e, r r ", ; d , , ur
t r . d, Js r r : / / . - . . \ r L. ;
, - ' "
I , u.
r ' r
e, , \ ' .
o,
l l i Jr l r ' ul . i , ' l \ "r bi , ' 1. 1
| . , . . ; , t r ' "
,
i "
dr 4q. t . , ". ut , u, D
r , r "l . u/ i r i , , n. t "
IIe
plr.ed
lhe documents iu #e,o/;.
ilu,ir!tunt
adlerbialir)
r
Vczi
5
2490, 249i 1.
,Cuvinlpre
titrerite o! rimflpre ddire sint ?rc|iar' af ttadt.
He was obl i gt d, o l l s, er .
( I nl i ni l . i v)
'rhrt
sei him rhtnnt,g (l'aft. prtzcnl)
I d, , r ' t t "
, ,
hp Lpt , , , o
. ; , , g
r , i .
| . n t i \
\ \ - ' l l I ' a\ . l . . n. i \ ^
at t 4Jp. l
, , , 1. . l
' ul
3l A. urd. 7h, PrrLl i urt u/ n, ' r/ i poal , e l j raport at l a subi cct (, t arj . ' ] - g
2533
t i r, Pt . . l i t ot , at H
, ' , l t J. r\ r
1, un
rnmpl emen'
di ' r. '
l Ol . t ,
1t . . f . , t Jt "qt . ot
,ryts nn,e had gurn
stir.r
isulic.liv)
' Ihe sJEnket soon ran drX.
(Subic.ii!)
-\g-"
hrd h,med ntr /nif {Iite. (Obie.lill
Thc h-"rdr,,he drove /' pr lndtic,
(Obiectiv)
4) Dinteza rerb lui detcrminat, Yerbul determinat de un Pr.di.,?rc
S
2;31
al n. . ' , l t puJ| p t i . "r i \ . pr . i \ s, , , r r "f l ": r i r :
rcrb reftcxra:
\o\' tt ntatn
ILLE.U
hmrs. shotrting cn.luragome^t to olr foolbdll.rs.
rJetr..r 1!t riim slee! hnnftt Botrer.
Ioh^ ate I' in64[ Bitk.
: , r I orc. I rond0nl u i I l i xrLa roru: l ni . l r crd. rd
i '
d r^-' , i r. ,
. . mnl FI I an
l , r l
.
i r ' , r n , s l
a
'
, l i J l
'
nr r . e' . r i t
"r espr r '
J, i r oi r . ' dr . mai ur d.
'
s i d. p. d?. r ui
I,raLi&I( af n.s,l/. ru deoscbirc, ci srera noliunii legate de termenul englez
esle mult mai largi. deoarece numele de Prrll.dr., o/ fiesdl esie dat unor pnru
de propozili cu funclii sintactice loarl diferite.
-\stlel,
dupn cum reiese
9i
din exemplele citate pinn
aicj. Prellicatc of Result poate fi ln gramatioa ro
rni ni nurn
predi cat i v.
cornpl ene t , di rcct , compl ement ci r0umst an! i al dc
loc. {le mod etc., {,ireumsianlial consocuti{.
!i,
tmpreune cu verbul deierminat
poat e f i t radus cu un rerb Lranzi t i v sau i nl . ranzi t i v et c. :
He m{dc her nls eil., l\trme
pred.)
I l l . sk hi nr , o mD?. 1i bmr, 1. . l i r. )
\1''e Look her noru.
lcontpl..i.c.
dc lo.)
Tl , . r l , ul r r - hdd L n p 0r ' d bt up Cont pt . . i r . 4" 1, od)
H
$or "i , l hi m. "l l r a, l at h t r bor
' i b
i ) l n $.
l Con, pj
. on- , r i i \ l
she
sor
the roon rcdav
l
a ptetlelii. (\' erb
tr{nz
)
I l a, ool hi s coal o/ / ( : a scoal . ) . ( vc. I l r anz. )
{on arc
atot
itls rlt,Df r.d thn' nc.
i:
a sltlbi).
(\r..b intr.)
Pri!rDl0-{rr
-{PPoslrlYn
Lnele \ethe pr&li1tit c au o tomplinire nnm\1"i, Pledicat. Appositi.tr
lrt\
substantiv, un adjct;v. o locuiiune prepozilionald etc., adesori precedate
de conjunclia ds. aldturati ca apozilie verbului predicat. Aces| Predicatc
Aryositia. a"at!,. in
frincipal,
stara in car se afld. s-a aflat. sau se ra afla
subiectul in monenlul implinirii actiunii vefbului:
He }as a
jol as
sord,ur-
Shc tliei aL okl tuoman.
sa.ah camc in hapl! and e.pectant,
slrc was gontg to be eligagell as Luts. to a si.k.hiLl-
Hc $' as )orn ,i,h d s,7' .r tpon iL hI Muth.,
\\' e rioullh' t l.i,trdt. mor r' omloftablf.
Whv oas mv r an. r y s. r hoea
IIr;ds dri' L' out orlis nhrd br l.hc noisc
You had better ol.r llie door trid..
lvhr!, malr,r hfr so l!t.?
Tnis coar Fill n.ct yon N[m.
,(
2535
s
2536
t
{;uvirtcl-" liliiritc cu cnra,ile..
, :
sortil sl 1ie bogat.
aldinc siDt !/dt.d,es o/ nsrlr
W
SINTAXA
IROPOZ4IEI
6 253?
\ CORDI
l l ' RLDI C\ t l
LUI
Cl SURI I I eI UL
\ OAEI : l l E\ 1
1' f
\ ' t l ' B
\ \ D
cr
PJECTI
{ 2638
RegulA
geuorali'- -
Ca,9i
in linba ronnnn'
tn limba englczi
Yerbul
pre-
'
-"'
ai cat , "' , "oi d;
' , '
subi pcl ul
i n n' rmi r
si
parqour' t :
?f,:';:i"%""ih1:
{":-"':i;ll
\ umarul
. ub. t an' i rul ur
'
u r"l d" s' bi
'
t r" s"
ro' si ' l ' rd t l : :
t ". . / i ", 1:
dp l a; r; ; ; , '
; ; bt "s.
dPosrp' F
i rr
l i mb0
ensl "/ a
F\ i
rd
' ubst srt rwc
ru' I nrrna
a"' . i oqr f - ,
1p
"7i "
' d' l
pr ' )
d- r ' u
i nt ' l ; d"
phr r al
, si
i n\ pr q- subsr ar r r r vP
:; irx,:likl
Itr;l{[i'
:kir;.lilrr i;i"]:"";'::::',,,",,
",,
;i
:l i i ;l :::"i i l ..,"i i "' i ,i ;;' ' ,
"
\"' bu, nL,,,,ri
r",";"H"1"t"
ri
""ri",i;;"
i".." ,.
"'"s",'jJ
i, ;".:iil:l,illi"i.l"u"'ill"l;.
"'
u"l'.
Verbul
Preriicat
se va acord
l n! Fl Psul
8' es
ur3'
S
2539
Srbiecte
cr Ycrl'ul
atit ltr singular'
tit
$
la
pllrlal
I I S, r b"l nn' i \ Fl '
' ol ccl r t c
l "/ / / ' r ' ' l oL' ; t r '
pr r t u
"1"
)
{S, l 1l
r ,
il tru
"tru
l;'r"i"il'r,11
ll:
Iili"ll
;
j.rl;
:s"ii l":
"':l:l
ct t si
i a pr ur ar r t : , , , ""! :
' ""' : : , i l ' i i . ; l : l "l . l l : 11 r r . i ngur r r . , i r 1i r .
pr u-
4l Ct t er a subst ant Ll , p
/ r f ni r
ral
{se"' s f dr' P?s
ci ' )
' s
' ot ] o
nul ronr, rol . d
sau
prove
i enl a
regi onal i
5) Subst rnl Ncl e
caru aro r
($ 1?J)nu*"""t "' n
cu
t nJel ' -s
de
Pl ural r
/ i u
' l r' i l '
rl ' ! s' Jd' -?' ri l h. , l ' er' r'
($
1230-1233);
brace.
caaprc'
oo"i'
i''i"'
trost'
hcad
ldlr'
srcrc'
lelttt' lahe
u,to'"
',s,
ti',1,1';"
,1.
llnus(tn(t,
l. ittion er(:' cind
-si't',
nuncralc'
Llesi neterminate
s
-'"
,".""t,
.,i1i..,rit:,#il,,i':)rj
ji,,;"r,r
;"*,:'1
) i i "t
' n' "'
a n' J"
- r n5$' FJ
r
p
' 1r r
l n r ha
( o$n
\ ' r ' "
a
t nt t t t a'
t t aPt P
a26{f bl C, r t i nt "l "a' t pl dua' l t vs: pa' r ' Jar ' ; d1- i . nul f ai si neuhr n, ' "f or -
'
m: .
( i n' l si r , l numpr ' ' l -
"| |
' "' Buf
f "' 1r u' "f t
' i nd
' i nL' "u10
t r r r i t P I ' o' l r ' l ' '
;;;
;r; ;;';;;'n'
;lrii;,r i:fj,i'iii'1,:lill"l"
"
"'
?'":l'"1i",
:
Ji',
fl
',.i: :
";'"
sr4;r'"'n
I
r'|
;1r?
nc
ft :',,r,
1i;:'J.#.dji;"'fJ'i'l,lo"
r
q
2542
7) fracfiilc.
all' -
rracliile
au rcrbul
trcorclat
cr substanti'rul
pe care
-
l l dFt - r n: i r i :
E, t r
' r "
t d' ' l
"' l l j
Li'i"l'"J'f'
liE;;iJ':;
l'i"l
','"'
'''
'
T$o l t i r ds oi
t \ t s
l l at Pt
""
t a' n
;fr'e.
r"r,*" *a l.C llandlord'
te'vdav
Jenteaus
h Sprhen
Engtish
6{l
ACORDIJL
DREDTCATULOT
C
r Voi d
Penl ru
ori . e numi r
csre
dP. pege
r uni t at ea'
..a"i :,' ..i "' ."1.;"i "*a
pl ural ul
db.a
nuneral ul
I
Paiil
oro onit s h!'ll
'dt
lof it
fie chiar
inlerior
mrmirului
prccedd
(in lntregrme)
suD'
Se spune
lnsd:
I
Paiil
ore idL
snil s btll for
it
8)
Numter.
-
Acest
substaniiv
are
verbul
la singular
sau
la plural:
S
2543
o t l a si nrut ru
ci nd are
l nl el cs
dc 6i nsul sr:
'
T;
^"nbe,
ot Norl*s
is on
thP inc' essP
,,,
^l#:"1**ul';ir
i;*;::1"1.1"" ;lf.?fl
;
"lJ
Til'::;":i'f"i:;i":lil:'
si
rerbul este
la stngrlar'l
'
i l l ,
pt u, ol ci nrl are
l n{el es
' l e
pl rrrnl :
"'
' -
i
^"-t *
"t
*' t ' '
rr"
j oi n"d l I ' r"aJi ns
cl ub'
, Sn'i:l*"*f
jl,l',r.ij
''"".""'.'"","1,1''":tl;i*
"lil;';'11
;:ilrlifill;i
:
1i ;;i l ;:;.i ";;;";d,r
Je arri .orur
nohotddt
s' .1
..".:ilxislii'i;iliiF*l'ilrui:ltl'tni"i".:i"i:i:":T""'i""i;:i'1il;s'''
no$tc
lnsemna:
' "
t l i ""^
t f u*n
1
'
numar
superi or
Ll '
vot l rl
-
t
' ut I osi n| ut ot l
"'
'-;;,."';;j.;t;;
""' "'
rri i"nt ior rhc
prssins
^I
thr bl'
I )t l st ns
"on. r"t )
cpi
' nsi
mrrl t i
cel '
mai mul l o
I f ari
i deca
da cn' -
n".i
l i p,i *' : ."
j .
p"i "t' r|
t"i l
-
oe
'
t to
vturat:
'''"'
+,lHi],i{"i'
;1
j"llii:,#'"119'i',1";1" J'il::i1'
..,":*
[lrs"
;:*;irjtUl,l
";
;i;;T"',1'T.'
:Ji'::i''i]lHl!
t e sruoul
sau mel nbrl l
acesl ura' :
' """
i h.;,;i l l :":.:l "l t"#",;l dl l "
r", ho' .
' o' sL' !s
oI
\o' kmPn'
,,,,,i%;;tllli#ny'l;";.i;l:'if,
l''J'':"f
alf
';l,1il",llJ;';1"'u'sn"'u
'-"_'_-'
n..r ol the
tD?{' /os bcen d'mo)ishpd
),.ii,,l,pxt
il.,';",rJ?lx'
illt"nio
".
ii,: r":'Chi"ilr
il ll:'#:l"ffi""
h";:'1""'"::l;'rr"'i'#i'"lll;''"
**"
"'
I I ) .r
sfost
(s.a u a
sood,
d.or. A
sfe,t
l:":#"i
i"":1,]fi1"'ll';:i.,'Ji';
!.,:,li
I
"tu
i"":('"i*,'";Zilii;ii.i^,"T1',
j,i;"1.i1;";iilli*
j::;l'ii't;"t
4 ff?',:.:.,L.f"i':1,'";'fi,"t'il
;:l;;#,;lltF
s,udr
of Eogr,s,,
i?;:li;x'";';i';.'lify",ifi:.fit;{;',-;.:;'
"
dcr..lii. u.w
Fo$lc.'
rP .t,.'l'Itajo'il'J"'
b42
S
P; +? 12) Uor e t han. I ost . Aoesl e cuvi nt e pot avea l er bul l d si gul ar saLr
I a
Pl ur al :
o)
r o, i n. ut or .
r r . 1, I pr , ,
Jauf r i . l i "sa, r un, , r i r | , Jr . 1u a' Fl "r , .
t l e pr ul ar :
Ur)r th{n r,,rc rnr,s oI l,hc glass
(a!
hroke^.
Tr
i . , . . I nu"F h, t . . P, - , ah i ar I
Uo. L ul . l , t r r o t i , , r s , i a, m l d. {"d
] I ost ol l hc . dr gr nds l osl . l ser
b. ) I a pl uraL. ci Nl si nt urnrat c dc un
f l ural :
o P' no t l -
l l o' "
l dx
'
d, ? ! , n d, n. t ded l ^. r
\ 1, . : a. , ! r r . i .
S
2;rS t3) Heaps. I Lot. t,ots. Plenty.
-{cesle
cuviite prinele trci fiind
i nt n, bunrl ai e numai i n l i nba vol bi t n. cu l rt cl csul de. , o mul t i ne"
-. au | . r-
bul l a. ri ngal ar ci nd si nt urmat e dc ur ri uvi r)i cu , <ens de $i ngul ar,
, si
verbrl l a
p/rudl cind sint urrnate de un curint
(,u
sens de plura]. Atit, la singular, cil
;r
l a pl ural i ubst a t i vol . det ermi nanl si nt precedAt e de prepozi l i a of :
Th(c tr hcaps ol
tood
in llre Urder.
Hfaps and li.als ol .ntldcl net. or t.he
Tl]ot ir lots r0 ldc ir this lo(tr.
Lots ot
p.arl. .o,a. herc elery dn).
Th r ' , . 1 l . ol p"/ p" i a , , l ns, "
t h"r ,
r '
t l r ' l \
o , o, , 7I nt hr . .
Ther e or . { l ot ol / r l ngs I can do. Tl c^l r . ' , r / 1. - r r p
g"i nA
t o t h.
' pr . i d.
S
2519 i,i) Therc is/arc. Ilcrc is/are. Accste loculiuni. cind sint urmat de
doud sau nai multe oufinte legato prin
/ind, so a{,odii dc obicei cu priinal
. url nl di n enumerat i :
' 11\' r' ^ (
boule. a
tlal.
atrd |ao glisses
on lhe trblc.
' f hef t . d, r n, ns
onl \ d neLn aDd i hr ce t omal , o. s i n t hc l ar der .
l l . . ; 1 b
. t ! . , r ' l
r or r t , r . t r ' - !
t - r u. a- ot . dnd i
r - r ; r l 01 mJ l . 5k
Hctr tN the
ftt\te5
and lhe ras..
(ltnd
irsn sLrbstantivelc din enumeratie fl)nsiituio rri tLnsatnhLu, st Lot,|
nandd pluralul vcrbului, ehiar cind enuneratia incepe cu un singular:
Ttict. ttot a tall." anrt hLo .nzts on ihe porih.r
Hec o/e his rcat drd pants.
Th{c o.. n. ,ed. no marr.csr, Do
rill,(J.
S
2550 15) Pronum0l0 intemg[tiv-relativet.
S
255r a) Pt ant l nt t t e i nt er ogat i r e.
-
Pr o, , umel e eha. t l hi : h
| ,
t r hat
pot avea. i erbul at i t l a si nsul a. , ci t
; i
l a pl ural .
I i trcbiri. trho aste de obioi ronstruit, cu ring&/arl/:
"I l D
i s comi rs t o sl e us t oday?" "1he Smi l hs.
Il'io d{r rt the
p.ttJ?
Raroori . daf di n cel n ce mai t recl enl i n speci d i n l i mba l orbi t n. i nt i l ni m
; i
f orma de pl aral :
"l/lo sir on lhc branchcs?"3
It'no ar. {t tlie l{}le?
Ccinsiruclia cu \,erbul la plural dupd pronunele tl,,bo {!sto insn in generc
elitafi. tie intrebuinlindu-se o altn construclie cu acelali
jnleles,
Iie irodu'
I
Pcnl r r al l e dcl al i i , vezi H. \ \ : . Fo{l er - , r . . i / . , "\ ! db. r ",
:
:
IlntN allc delalii. veri lL\\:. !owler, ;r. .n._ "\u!rber"i "\\'lal.."
3
W. Iiipdran, Fin Dislish Boak.
ci ndu sc un cuvi nt cart ! si
j usl i f i f e
i nt rebui nl area pl ural ul u; . f i e f ol osi ndu ! e
si rqul arul l
WhaL .lo 1lou s.. on the lranuhesT
r l t t . a F"
. h
PaPL
. ' t t t r I . l I :
ll' r, ,r ar l,lie iable?
Dcsjgnr tns;i c:ij h oazuril aseDnnntoare colui urmitor. pluralul
este
si rgurul r[ rl ni r f arc poal e f i i nl rebui nt ai . dcoarece F, qt . r cerui de subst ant i -
I f l b a' . t t t r l n. nan ar i t h( gi . l wi l i r her ?
Pronunele rvhirh
1i
{hat au rr:rhul acordat in numir cu substantivul sau
prol umel e pe care i l l nhcui esc:
You \ Lant rour. oat r wl i i {h i s. r. ,
\tln h a.. rlDs, Fho \yrrl lo takc pa.l nt ihc rrr'1
\ \ hr t . , n. r i l l er t he t i t l e?
\ \ hal or d r on.
r c?sr nJ l or ' l ehar i ns r s
r ou do?
"Whuf
zf. ir th. ftlds?" "Caqs. h' i4 dnt JEep.' ,
_ . h)
Pr on. ut ne l . r cl at i a- . .
. \ i
r bul pr upozj r i . i , l l i r i r F F\ r .
i r , r . ,
S
! 552
. t 41
: n
"ur . , i t
\ :
t . . t
. - , , , d
, , t , . n1, . . . 1 , , , , ?
I . r unumpt U,
r
t dt r I
Shc i s r / , . gi l sho , 4s si a. i i r g al , l he seasi de l i l l a $l l e. . $e st dr i or . sunmer r a
The *gettLl.E whltl aretabr gro$n
ontlie la.n hare alreadr becn
lrlantcd.
I' .asanr !,otn.n i. llvir Su,lag .lorr.s, \rhi.hr is one ol the iinrsl slghls. Nerc sl,and-
It is slc wlo .,nc.s licre cvcrv \rck.
Slic !s one ol rlp
sr:rls
thrt lar? had
niano lcssons.
fVhat nak r. it srrprisin{ i! the omisaions
jn
ui xork.
Tr , e do( r l or s r c. . Dni cl d a dl eL on, ndr s. . , , t o t hon
j usl . i r i abl e
sr , uds.
'16)
Prolumel nehotiirite.
S
2553
d/ Pr ' , ' l u- ndF at l
t i
vat put a\ "a \ pr bul l a. i ' r ! , , l d". HU l a
r l ur Al .
i r l
t , n. i p dc i nt pl acr I l c
- r r r g' r l ar
ur i J"pl ur "l
I . ",
nr " i l A, r i r , t r ar a. , a' i por
r r "r
terbui
acordat cu detrrnina tul lor:
-:lll
oI iL 0?s rotl,en.
-:1ll
{re agrlcd tliar lh. plaX
,!ome oI lllc
lqe.
"ar
s!oill,.
J.ne ol thc
flrrrls
qrfe
ladcd.
b) EIrabodu, tftrpnL sonebodu. sam?on., a.ubodv. muonc. nohod!,
no anc
\ \ r zi $
1144. 11/ 19 11, - , 0) .
Suliccte cu vrl)ul numai la siDgr Ar
$
255+
1) Eithsr. either3, each ollej elery, evcry onot, many a au verbul la sin- E
g5lt5
gul ar chi ar dacn f ae pari e di nt r-un subi ecl oompus:
llithu ol 111\t brbids ;- Iine and he{lthv.
J. t l l ul . 1 l he t . Js r cl ozgs t o hi n.
E.th one trl rha [oJs is llirg a krl.e.
E.,erV mar is there on the lrwn.
1-\ntcricd.nlrl
lrorunnlii
dLn . cstc l .egnl grxp
de rxiyintc
lrf.ccdut:
"Il,!6ot
nodcn i n i L. i . Sundai . l ot hr s. "
r \ i . r br ,
. J. r
' nso! . .
, ,
n"o.
n"l
, , / , o,
"1t :
j , , . n. "u-
r i , {r . r
t , r i
' l bl I nr
d. i l i ' r .
l l . \ \ . 1, , $1"r . op
. d. . \ "r t hr - . , j .
r
\
. , n i u
' dJ. , . 9
v.
"
, , , i
"?, \ . , l ) l ") .
l r , r l l l
J' i . r
"r t si ' i j , . ui , J\ i nr .
?r , . , , r i . r ^" 1 . m, . ' m"nl oI J
nar s
s
s?1: , . r
u . . i : , Li nr F, nsi n.
SINT^XA PROPOZITIEI
I n- ! . ' at h"m i 1b, Jr ' v
rlfa,r a poet nar sung the digniil oi work.
/ . r
t
|
, , y
"nd
l p. s gi t r o: , r i r : n 1, . r i . | 1. .
F. . "e, l l osr . .
"\ pr !
t r ' .
". pt !
Ll dd- ol g a"s ! a! . \ Jr p ol Jpr i nJ.
S
9566 2) Suhstantirele cu lormi de plural
li
inlslcs ilo singular:
t r) t 1 s.
npxs. sh0nb| . s. sumnans
i i
, ri p. Par"di s
(S
l ?8):
, , num"l e dp
t t i i nl r
si obi p. t ' dp st ul Ji u
t "rmi nat p 1n
. i . \
(ort rcnat t t t ' s.
dt hl pt , ". .
pl "rt rar; . s.
mat h. nat ; $.
phon. t ; . s et c. ) (s I J0
. .
124);
.l numele de
jrcnr;
cu lormd de pLural (drazgrts. ftlrelins tc.) (
S
130 d,
r23)
|
dJ doui nufle de ,oli cu forml de plual (mea-rles, narqs)
(
S
130 ,, 120).
$
2557 3) Substantiyglo cu form[ de plursl care fac parte dintr-un
grap
consi
derat. ca un tot, ori lormlnd all nume sau un lirln tle carte, aJ:,erbrlla.singular:
' l l De
. t uU; , s, a
ved
, " a r Ji r
p"i r . .
1\to cups of ,ed ts not enough for me.
Ihc Warc of th. Roses ts ihe st
ggle
bctween the houses ol Lancaster and York.
Tohanlin{'s
"Oe'
laur,iczlo& ,tr;ds" ts a lavoudle oI Alan'!.
Tx.saniev's
",4
gaata
s ,tl.t n s" n s won wo.ld-wide lame.
\ at d
Numele de cnrli care cuprind cuvinte ca: Iales. Sto es, Sketchcs, Nates
etc. pot fi construite qi cu verbul ia plural:
Tr.geniev's
"A
Huio's ,S.(?,cne," nore $'on world-wide fanc.
t . . , - bs "I "r . t "o r sl r r k. sp. a- r .
pdi r
phJ, ant r el dng.
<
. ' k, . f -
.
, ' \ o1r . t . ot . i t r \ our i l F boo! oi npb.
L)fukpns s
"-\meri.an
,\otds" u/c amoDg the ne\v relriDls-
alr,au.cr's
"Canlcrtrufy
?o,es" a.d delighl,ful.
S
zji5il 4) l{umeralele
Fi
numole de mtrsuri cu formi d0 plural.
- Unele nume-
ralc
|i
rrurne dc mnsu cu iorm[ dc plural slnt privite ca un lo,
ti
au terbul
h si ngul ar:
' | \ \
'
t . omn. ' r ' \ l ' r pF i r r on
i.ive
porrtds
tr'l.oo nuch lor tnis.
?'riJ lasl lcw days al1 bJ tuysU nds been lery lonely.
\ most intercstnrg t$'o monUB /,as pa$ed.
'Ilirre
,rdr still iFo hours ielore the sho$-
ll ts a good
letr miles io the next.
yirlage.
:1, ag.c.atrlc tl'rcc hours
rasses
quickly.
Do givf ns an,r/Ef ten mjnrtesl
( l i ezl
t i 5
2i 5t , 54t , 9561
S
2;59 :) It is
-
un pl{r&rl.
- Pronomele il inhebuinl,at ca subict care anuni[
qi
icccniueazi nutn] prdicativ. fiind rrn sinqular, are verbul la singrlar
chi ar at unci ci nr l r umel e pr cdi cat i ! ' cst c un
l Lur al :
,Ifs ihc rilinas
t
-1r
is nry.n/ldl.r who look arter m-" Nhen I r,n ill.
1r t! isenf,y ltllatl.tas lo t|e nexl l,oN!.
I l r as l l \ e h. Ldal F Ur ai l , hcy $cr c \ ai i i ng l of ,
11 nas ltathet dk] rlt,n.f stro wore dnsing ih. letl.
lr lfdr
)or
all who werlr there belore tlie othos.
( \ : ezi
t i
S
861. ! ! )
S
2560 6) )Ioro thsn orc. l,ocrliunea rrore tllun one. deqi cLr iDieles dc
plural,
rre verbul la singular prin
atraclie, on avind inleles dc singular:
Ol his
!u!ils,
mare that one has tnitren ut a terhni, il .r.ec..
Ltate rhatr ane comnine fas isorkin8 thai dil.
544
Subiocte ou
yorbul
numai la plural
$
2561
1) Substantiyelc
cu lormi de singular
$i
tn.teles d6 plursl,
S
2562
zl/ FolA (: lune, persoanc, familie) (
$
148) gi prople (:lume. persoane'
rarni l i c) ($ 149).
b) Fish. Fruit. Cind aceste substlnlil'e cu lormi de singular au inleleg
de pl ural (: peEt i . l ruct e). el c se const rui esc cu pl ural ul (S 162. 147):
..1.. the
/isn
f.esh?
Thc
/
n a,e/d
srccn.
c, Subsl,anLivple connan,
faat.
hote, s?.il (:
artilerie,
infanterit, cava-
lede. marind), deqi cu formi dc singular, se construicsc cu pluralul deoarece
ou sens (col ct i v) de pl ural (g 147. 110)
2) Adjectivelc
li
participiile derenite substantire colectiv cu sens deplu-
S
2563
ral ldrd schimbarea iornei au verbul la
Tlural {
g
750):
Thc tngltsn naca a speciul sense ol humour.
Th-" missii|A Qez I$.
' L' he
nartl o,/e
p.csenl,
in
g.cai
Drnbc|s.
3) Nonc. Cind pronurnele nehotirit zrne se referi la un subsbantiv cu
S
2564
tnleles de singular. el are verbul la singular:
"Is there anr salr lelt h the srll
(iclhr?"
"\o, there ts ,ore."
^',ne
ol those women rar ,n, ore hc rvas looking 1or.
Nonc bn1" Ihe btaoest nal des.,er llie Damc ol hoo.
Cind insi pronumele rrrne se referi la un substantiv cu sens de plural.
I n l i mba
"ngl "r j
mod"r 16 sp
l i ndc
"J
\ ar bul
a, or , l s.
. u
pr onumpl p nd, ?? sd
l i e l o pl ur el . hr dr dd. 5
. i ag. , l i r ul
ar f i mai l ogi ":
Ir'.ne oI thc Doyr d/ here.
There aete tutu ol mv ffl.rzs nresent.
",rk amory the ra.ltcs itiere ara non, ugly, so adong Lhc tuL there ate tune old.."
(Goldsmith)
4) Ono or Tr{0.
-
Locul i nnea, nar' t od(: vrodoi ) are i nt ot deaunaver-
$
2565
bul la
plttral:
O^l! ana ar tqo of ihe mn a.e against the p.oposal-
' lhete
arc ane ot tro ihings we sLould lik. io iuy.
Axenl i e!
Loculiunea d-i- substantiv
+
or lpo are adesori verbul la si
.g&lar:
1qard or xrc is sulticirnl to conrincc hi .
Subiecte compuse
$
9666
1) Subioeto urito p n
"and".
$
256?
a) Doud snbstdntirc cu forlrii de .lingrzllir
unite
pdn conjunclia and au
$
2668
verbul la plural:
Both
"tm
ind
-ft"tcn
ndrd exceeded the nork norm pd
l.actor.
7 he ha! and girl Nere wail,ing l,o c.oss l,hc st.cct.
b) Doutt
'u]^tunlir
cu forma dc slagulor. unitc
prin
conjuncria
dnd. re-
S
2569
f "r i nd. r se l r , ,
+'
"- . i
l i i nl a e1i l s sc"l al i l u r L. sJu sr \ r do st r i n. uni t e
. a
r ' 1-
_telcs
1ncit, sugereazn un singur obiect. au verbul la singalar
Th-" {dl known nusician ant pairtet
has lc|.
Brad ahn bt et i \|llar I p.elet
lor tea.
646
646
sNaaxA
lRoPozlTrEr
lcuvintele "musician" ti
"painter"
se referd
ls aceali
persoana
Dsc[-ar-
t i "al , i
^"
i ; i o"l . ep' t "i ,
' ei '
doua subst ant i t e
s" r"f ereau
l t pcrsosne dcost s
;#9i ;;;i;;i;
piur"l: "lnc
wett-knovn
musician
and
the pant"er hote
l eI t . "l
E 26?0
i) Gerawl'itete
$i
substantLu.ele
verbale coardonate
prin canjnclia"and"
'
-"' -
*"
"oot ornr"r"a
acei oral i
regl l i {$ 2567 25t i 9):
Asani ne aad f l t i t i I
E
a"e l dugh' i n
r L"el "m- nr a' vs' r @'
Opr undi r ' )
i i ?)"i ai i i
Ji i ' ; ; ; , ' , i i ,
"
oi r\ p
odp' b
t s t i ni ' \ "d
/ sub' r' v"rbJr"l
S
26?1
11) I nfinitia
ele coord onate
prin conj nnclia "
an(t" auinsd
verbui
ta singllar:
?o si, up lata' fdd tiU all hou's,
and
sd'
ul at six /'qs wom hio oui'
E 2672
,
)
Sub. t ont i ut
. u
f amn
d" s' ngut t
pt *"dd! Je do| a
""' T"i l ' l l : . d-
"
' "'
i ,",;",' .i i "' i "1;;ri ;.
i ;' ;;bui nLai ;' "aJi "' ri '
ur'
"o"t"r"
Dri n
corrj un"Li r -dnd
'
Doat e aeea
ver Dul :
F
)
l ^
' t neut ar .
dd' i i d"pa
'
qLF
Je r i ngul ar
e'''
)
la plural' ilace ideea este de
plur :
i $ XXt T\f ij";';l'?j:J
;il";"!?
itfiill
"-'e)
i,; :lll';'t?
ttl lH",Tils#i"lTi"i,*',ili
1"?";'f i;l9.'dlil'l
."''r
l \ ot i unFc
dF
pl ur r l
c' r o I ndi ' "j a
pr i n r "p"l ar "d
0r r i "ol ul ui :
- a
r "d
"nd
, ' "Ui j , l l """' : i : ' : , , 1"' ", i ' ; , ' ="n6' 1
r 6r "i t r i nvma' hi na
. Subs' ' r ' r i \ . ul
r u
p^Ar e
i i
pt t '
l o
pt u"ol . t n p' i "1ul
r
r npl u
r l i n
pr i r i r r a ar t i "ol ul ui
nr bol ; r i L
"r pi r ' ^-
i.5ti"""'i"i
""
."li''t."tiv
cu sins Lle singular'
iar !n al doilaa exemplu
ppnrnr
lFi.t'iJl"li'ui""
pi';;lutui "mu"t'nrcr'
'ar
prodnro amhiguitar'e
nefiin'l
dar
i - . ". . "
' "i 1,
do doue' au
d* n ai
r nr r l r p ; dsi ni dF
l r pi r r xl
\ i
ce( cr r l
l
{ 25?a l )
. t n t rerbut
rra"dd
suLi P4aP
t ni t ' pr; n conj un"l i a
-11. ' l , t : : , 1' J-"t
cl l bsr xnl i !
p. ' p
t a
qr ngr l sr
. o
' n' t "1' u; | | ' ' "' ' "
l oar r " ad"s- ' ; i r ' pal ar ut
i n I o r r l
pi"."r"i'i,
tii specii
in
propozit'iile
interogatile:
ii:i:1fi""1'"i::
*{
"-:'}n#l'if
',i';l
-*"
*
*
PlurattLl
esLe lnsd de asemenea
foafte mult
uziiat:
Hd'e
a'e
You'
bag a d umbrella'
{Vezi !i S
!5/'e)
t 25?4
2) lrouli Eubiect
altrlrairro'
-
Doui subiecie unite
p n conjunclia
or
"
- "' '
, ' ,
""' t "i ". ". Jar
eu subi pr l ul
cet noi apt aP' ot 1i
,otts
or toD is coming
tnao or her szsr'rs
ore troe'
''s
he or his sisters
in ihere?
e' inc
larenh
or the son
to comc?
Not d
Locuriunile
on ot loo
!I
a /r'old or tQa nu sint subiecte alternative'
ci simple
oi"""-l
li
"p""t'i"
o*i unui
:rlt capitol
(
$
2565)
.
6 25?6
it Ifool ."rri""t"
legeto
prin
"eithor"'
or"'
"noither"'
nor"'
-
i;;;;
o,) Ctna amlel"
s"lieote
slnt
la s;ngular'
verbul este tot la tr'nsalar'
-
R'J'|i:lll"r,l;"."'ji#^*?91':.';'litthaeffateuthe'icar'
ACORDUL PRE TCATULUI
61?
. i/
O"a un subiect cste la-pllrral
Si
celalalt la sineular.
sul'iactul cu tormA
S2527
<l e pl ursl
3e
pune
I nal ot ea verbul ut ,
care sF a. ordu cu, l l
Dithpr 6hp of th" other
ci.ts
i.y' d.cid/d to swop exoFriences.
Npilh.r Lout nor ny Doys dE .bildrpn
In kindprgarti,n.
, .
c) Clnd subictele nu rcprezintd aceeati persoand, verbut se acorde cu
g
gb?8
suoredul cel mar aDf oDral :
I : i hpr
you nf Mi kp 6ar
q' r ' i co
of t r hp nr i . . .
N"i t 1, r
^l Br k
nor @ l ar s
. ar : Fd
oi l r h"
nr i z".
Este preterabil insd sd se repete verbul:
l i i hpr you l dJ. r ' r pr i r ' ,
or , t r . Dor " t , s i r .
Npi l ho. Dor l Aas r hF
nr i zp. nor / , . , r sp
4) Suhioctele urmoto do constNotii introiluso pri
cuyintel:
as kpll as, besdes, in uldttion to. likc, hkpa'ise, b:"thtt a'ith. ,vith,
ond
nol - . x""l t .
but
\ :
ct \
F
\ ,
cl
l i aj .
6ul , or. no ?ess l t {n au
v"i bul
ocordeL t n numar
t i
persosna
ct pri mul suh, . r. acest -, onst rucl i i t i i nd. de f spt . i nci dFnt e:
P_dd, as eel as Hdcn, 6 rv.lt u? in chemjst'y.
yo! ,
as sp. as hf , @" l i r r r ar e
"si nr n"' s.
lvo od Lesidcs thpm
pos
in the iields
, 600& of
pocms,
i n addi r i on t o r ov f l oyeE. , ya,
spnl t o Dr nl , nL.
l r ar i l r . l r kp n"r par enr s.
i s. sp, ndi ng hpr ho i . t ays i n t h" mol r nt ai ns.
?oly, togetlDr with his friends, i; having Englilh lessons.
Datr wilh his brotheN le lelt to. thc coirnt.i.
, {l l bul he
t s
d u hi m, ar e
Er e. ' r
wal k"b
.4gn,s, but not he. sisters, @ae to be }lamcd.
ft? ndtugcr, no lcs than the clerks, ori@s at the office prompt
to !h mirute.
Esr e l nsd pr el cr abi l
sA sr r eppt a vcr bul t n un, l p cazuDi , i ar
l n al t el e se se
t r eacd ] t nge ver b subi ecl ul cu car p acesLa est e acor dat l
You r., a lirjl-rote swimmpr. and so ir hp
Th. mot her / @ oul , and so , er e r hp
.
hi l dFn.
Du /4! lPlr tor the
ro
ntry, and so lua his brcthers.
Maud eas lo be b,amFd, but hpr sist.rs do.
oo!.
In addilion lo my floseB, a r@l o/p@tu ,a! spnr to llarrhi
Li ke_hcr
ndr nl s; Cf ac!
i r spFndi n8 hr r hot i dr y i n t h mount ai ns.
,-ro rs I'aBng Engbjh l.sorc tosplhor Lvith
his friFnds.
Dd, nar lctt tor th' @untrr $il.h his brorhF.5.
),ro lB lhaD thc clerk3, th. nonag.. aii*s ar thc otfire prompt
to rhe minule.
, . . 5),
Do. uI suhi oct o l eBst o pri n
"not
ool y. . . bul . , , ' au verbul
Bcordat cu su-
olec\Dl tel mal aDfoDLal:
Nol onlv I, bDi In? lP,.ntr /tirfte ir r,sl I to helD rou.
Not only h". but his
/.i.ids
/./,6
dpcrdF-d to rak.
i.;ft
in rh., ompetiLions tor rhe bdd*0.
Este ins[ preferabil
sd se repete verbul:
Nol . onl y I di r l i l r i 8ht t o hpl p
you,
hut so &ss I n. r ndchnr
. . .
Nol.only
h. n's iccidcd to tJk; parr in rbe comp?truoc lor th' badgp, bur 5o t4e,
his tuiends.
6) Cdculolo sritmetico.
- ln calculele
ariimetice se tntrebuinleaz{
attt
. . i ngul arul . (l t
Ei
pl ural rl .
l i mba rnodprne c! l nd rpndi nl a spre
pl urat
acot o unde
rxi sl d
ol t prDst i vd. spro exem pl u
I n
nri mFl e
dou"
cxcmpl e
Je rnai
j os:
Tro and two is lsa u e,) tour_
Ten tines touuiakds (s
au nai., forry.
Si Y ts fnnr rnd i vn
$
2579
$
2680
s
2681
SINTAXA PROPOZITIET
Eighl ts lwice fou..
Two lrom si\ ldacs tour.
Tlree ts containd in six lwice.
Ten diYided iy live ts two.
How much ir selen times fen?
Wlal, aP twice three?
III. P,{.NTILE SECI]NDABD ALD PROPOZITIEI
(sBcoNrllBY
PrrTs oF rEE sf,NrxNCE)
s
2582 ATRI BUTUL
(THE ATTRIBUTD)
S
2683 Delinitie. Alrjbxtul qt" partea de propozitie
care determini un sub-
sranl w sau un suDsl rt ul al t ur,
S
2584 Pmeoileo do.oxpdmax6. ,{tibutul este erprimat p ntr-un adjectiy
sau
printFun echivalent al acestura:
aJ un adj ecl i v cal i f i csl i t :
There \1as a
line
pajntins
on Ute wall-
I have met the torclt.itchild.
bJ un adjectiv pronominal:
This is m3' molhd.
XaerJ woman has i.r oru worl.
dJ un articol:
Th"r p $i ! ", n, . . r psF shor t . y.
t Lan ne rhs ..un .ehin,l lfu
'
i.
-ls
dJ un nuneral:
He has necn away
/trd
days.
I LL the
'nr"d
aat h t r
eJ un gerundiv sau url parlicipiu:
lle wrntd some
',ridns
natoials. (Goundir)
T
", f t , r y, ag
b' r r l 6l or ' r , pu he s
-
P' ".
0" r ' ! i
Tr
f uU"i
; dn" , , 1
, 1,
- , , i
i
l P; r r
r , "u
/)
un substantiv cu valoare adjectivalil:
A mcss meeting was callciL.
That's hoy the ,rztns class.s startcd.
gJ
un substantiv in cazul gDiti\.:
Our cozuty's outlul. ol l.ract.rs h.3
grown
to a
great ertent.
The doo. ,/ n. o//t.e was opcn.
/rJ un iniinitiv:
She l' as the last pcNon l, ldr' c.
llare
Jou
noiliing /o sd3 lor
Jolnell?
i ) un adverb:
I
"
vi l l Jg" r kl " i - mj I , i "
, pl " P.
' l hF
m. ' n n. Jr daol h". l . n d\ ar dr d i L, St - L ] . r i r .
j)
o apozitiel
-\n
cdition ot
Professor J,a.s's Phonetic DictionarJ was brought ou[ in thc SovicL
UDion some time ego.
"Popev.,
ft? Sailattuun,"r ir a lell-knoFr liln chari.ler.
5tE
1I' opele
ltpp^tl
(:cu ochil Inllucalil.
PAF'TID SECUNDARD ArI FEOPOZTTIEI, ATRIBITUIJ
A) o loculiune prpozilionald
sau adverbiald:
lhe
Nom on ,n? .igl, i! the srudy_
This is atr out-of.tt
.eae
ptace.
'
construcl,ie cu paticipiul prezent (:
o propozi.tie relativ[ eliptici
649
I ) o
$
1712) :
Th"
Airl lsho
isl ktu"IirE ot thp doot i, Dtptr\.
Thpr ; . l r i
q". ds
\ t hat
a"; )
sN"i nE. , pt i - ha;
mJ o propozilie sau o lrazi consideratd ca un tot unit,ar:
qh"
dl d h. " s. r \ i n t hoppt pa- t u. Lu | | , t ! .
.0,.h
a .nrh.ron
$rpsl!,n_s is-nrural.
He rookd ronnd fiih a nlc,t,am ana-aren't-you-Etad to+eeme sofi ot air..
Not d.
Un substantiv poate
avea mai multe atribute:
sow l,rohen ald lnn\fire lay in onc .orner.
]ls liltle
Jow
yeaLold, gi.1 ii v-"ry naughry.
APOZITIA
(TfE
PPOSITIOX)
1) Dotirritie.
- Apozilia este atributul substantivall care se ieferd la
a. . eagi f i i nl a s' u l u. r u cn; i subsl ant i r ul det pr mi ast .
. . I nl ' e
apo/ i 1i "
i i
qubsr anl i vul
d"r er r i ndt n, r
pr , i cl 6
dF obi r pi un r apor t
, l a subur' l onarF:
pl p
st au
np
r,
'
l al i pl an
r"i
numci l o. ul l i c. arui a i i dcrFr; i na
. al i r. l Fa
de dFl Frnri ncl s; u deLermi nanr' : .
l n. dzul apozi Li "i . del F' mi nat ul pr p. "d dF obi "Fi dpt er mi nant ul , i l F. i al
doi h"
. ubst snl i r
( qau
F. bi vdl . nl ul
; "". r ui e) r cpr . Ti nt d i n
cFnFr F aDoTi t i a.
2, el ar i f i . ar e. \ Dol i l i s podl F t i si mpl a s; u d"r vol t Ai .
o) Ar o. i ! i d si F, pl a ( Th"I l osaAppo. i t i onJ
par o
al , sLui t d di n-
l FLn s, r bs
enr i v
( . au
Joua) .
. l r i n.
l . gnl ,
a i nl Fl F. dF
. ubst dnt i \
ul dpt cr mi nat
s; n"a! l n, l
pl
i nsugi ni "i un, l "' pr n. i nan:
Graham G/.,, Conrade Jac,tsoa
Urdc
'sun
Miss Kellu
-
J
n. Fr I n. t a( a"r . l ^ol Ddi i pl l aa. s
Ddd.l, b' .81.!. :t Lrdrue OtiJi".
a
kttua
.@dtr"
"
rr,. nnn" ol
.ac,utl
th tliver ?toDls
ure cturslegs Inn.
numt . si r
lhe advob ,drd.
Ihe cit! of lbndbL'
b) Apozi . l i a d. e. eal t at i i
l l
he Loose Apposi t ; on
)
const i di nr r - un
s, r L. l enl i \ i Fur i r de ar r i bur pl a l ui . si
FSl .
da f 0pt ; , hi val "n' i cr r o
l r npor i -
l j p
r pl at j l 6 expl i cat i l r
ol i pt j . u
I
Rarnes, (wlro is) di nd.nine tuon
forcndn.
\as otir
jlsr
bccn appoinied to his
job.
Ir.utn,,
ls'ho
is) ,zr
/oD,e.
eer. ls an old nar row.
.
B, r "n
-
( ho
{ , . t t "
l anoh
E4t i r h, ono, . t : .
t od ul t hp ] . t h. ", t t ur J. t or - ght t or l \ p
r I ' ! "i n, al
t {i nl Fun
"ub6l dnr i t
f du
"n
". l i val "nt
dl . , psui aj . . . d"t r mi ndr i t .
rFsIrP, lilr ,lnd acFstpJ Fristr
,
Gtahatica linbii tunane, Itdihra Academiei R.P.R.. vot. II, 2r3.
. E\ Fnpl do
apozr i r i , ar d. l nmadp\ . pr . ndl . / / , , , , , , bub"t r , i r ur
! , , an
f l dat er -
ni n;
Ls
2i 8: ) .
.Construclie
numitl
..genitiv
alozitiv"
i$
,r8).
s
2686
$
2586
s
258?
s
2688
660
STNTAXA PROPOZ]TIEI
!
2689
!
2690
3) Acord, -
a) Gcn. Numd.r. - ,\pozilia se acordd in gen
ti
numer cu rufiDLul
d.ter-
Juae anaouda (subieot ren pl.), ny st,re.s (apozilie fen. pl.), havc nol reached
I/;
(subieor pl.l,
nomdnians
(,pozilie pi.), have
sreatly
dcvelopcd our indust.y.
b) da:. - Spre d,:osebire de
Eramati(,a
ronani. unde apozilia
cste in-
totde;una in cazil nonrinativ. unii gramaticieni eqiezi considiri ce apozilia
se aoordi ln caz cu subsleriivul determinatl. Astfel:
Adhi nt s\ , b
q
nom. r . \ ' pl . a" Jr
, , t : . . . . )
. 1"r "' r
J \ "r , . l on . T
' f
q. , .
T
F l ol l n6 r . nd\ {, I bo! L- ' . . " Sn, / ;
p d' DL n.
p
o. n; . . . 1, "
; t
at o"o' o! : st
t"o""i"L
ilT"lt ,n,, ."" t ri. rohnso' tt\c butch{'s iui,ozitir
Edlitir)'.
l scnt mv . o, . l
. Jn
' ' .
ndi r . da . l / / 4
(
o/ i L
"
l
' l
)
r r p '
.
l . n t i - r , ' r ' "
t a l . t | al pt i 1' , i _ r "t o, l r ' n
r ' ". 5aa
ddl .
! r "l ",
i ondl m!
. od, i n l JDoz. Jr 5au
Ll dL.
Dr exoTl l i or i l l i
l d' i hpr un \ ' , - | / m?l
I
^
pr . d ". J
r nr L" / 1i l d; d Jt ' o/
, i
1. . r t .
\ . - r sl d i nl F"p' ^. . n ol 6 ui - qLF t r , "a
nr i "
l : n. ' da 1o- i . d
. i
d^ un. - '
ven! 6. . \ pozi ! i ". r ! t ' r / / er r r ' d o pr oDo/ i : i a r pl r r i ' d
. l i ol i . , i .
nu poJl . . d d"' i L
l n. a, ' ul nomi na' i \
: i
i l i nhd c' gl Fzi . i n mod
, u l ot ul
at . . pl i onal . 11
, , "r 1
senitiv.
Ace8t lucru se vede clar dac5, rclutnd eremplele de mai sus. se comple-
ieazi propozilia relativn cu ptulile carc lipscsc:
I sr a . l daI onpl . nl i r . l J
J.
\ ho" mv, , us, ,
.
,
r
o / i
l '
"
n n , n .
)
. l l ' p, r '
"1
l s"nr l l ' J, r
F o/ / d . , ol . i ndi " pPnoI l i onl l . J. . duddr . p_"po/ i l i o4' l . nho- r
-
f r r l h; i oDi ! . , d$, n"/ , +r
' omr
d. . d. . . ' t l , i "l , \ J. . l Jr Se\ hi
pbui l d: n!
t l ot t t i 6
4) CorNtmctrii apozitionalo, - Pnn extensie, gramatioa englezd lolose;le
e\ Dr esi A. . i n apnzi r i o l r r i . . . -
r i
paol r u
al r p
par ' l i d pr opor i r i "
' au
' bi ! r
' l pr r r u or ; pozi l i i .
f i . "". t d Fr pr p"i e,
cu! l or , r l . . apozi t G-
"r a
I nl el p. ul dP
, , r "pof l
i i ni a' r i " t n' r "
"on"r r u". r i ,
da obi . ei
. on. F
Ur i vp.
. ar -
r u s6. ' ) i t , n"' i '
' l
stau in acelaqi raport cu alte elemente din propozitie sau dh {razi. r doua
consiruciie determintnd
$i
completind
pe prima"':
IIc
sarc
us his
p.otuise (conpl. dir.) ta r"d
{inlinitiv
ln alozilia .odplementrhl
/ r . ubi "
'
g. '
1J
"l
rs ki nd ot hi o bpt a' i ne I i L. , i dr l c. nsrru
l i
j ' ru d: ! al r.
subi ert l ouo rn doozi t i a l ui i rl .
/r
r.ibi"' c' o
r , :'
"
$ls u,uJl lor hin to spp4d l.: holidol|. hiq;
E \
cn!
li"
i nf . ni l , {i l e. subi ", l o. r h n i por i l i J 5uLi p. r ul ui s"amar r ' 11
i / i nl r ol ucl r v) .
Sh t hor sh t r , or f r t i ' i pi
! ' ho'
sh" ni J ni s"ed
. u. h
o' aPDot t ": ' ! r . o
r t i ! 8
di r - _d l a Jpo/ , l i J
. omp. em. 1' ul u
d; r F"l i r i nl r oi l r ' l i r l .
{Vezi t i $
864- 866,
pag. 178, not a 1,
S
t 8r 6)
1
.W. Forvler ard F.G. Fowrcr, The Eing's Enqlisn, J.c. Fdnald. llnglith Ctan'
Mt Sinplified elc.
"l n.
n. r . s"mnul qqi : \ u1, , / sr . pdl aua"n
ndi l ddpoer r i e, deol - .
-
' o
l r ' 1
cr ac"a) l
. Jor nr a?' unr oi r u. , bJ' i r i i ul dpl r mi nd' : _dl Jo: n. on hpr , r t "
_
S
j
2531, Vezi si al l c t xenr l e l J ! l t 2- ! 53.
"CazJI
- Dor i
i ei r ; mo. ; . . ut u, i ndi F. t n. FooTt t i onat ps
, - u. .
pt r u: t d- d, u, :
. r .
0F, l r ,
. l podr "
l i J"u/ . r r l \ dr "apozi Li l F; i ' ; o, , : i , l ". aaa, o"dd: , . u. ont l mnr r l
i Jf . i p. Fpozi l i ". sar , l - r i \ ul dd. a conpl "m"nl r l P\ r p l uar i mpr . - nb. L pr el o?i l ' d \ ' / i
"r l "
exemple la
$
333.
avezi
allc cxcmDlc la 5 311.
6
?hE A tu{ icdn'C.ua
!!e'
Dictio nary. "-\ptr sition".
P-4RTIL! SECI'NDARE
AI-E PEOPOZITIEI'
COMPIFMENTUI'
CoMPLETTIDNTUL
!
2691
Termi ool ogre.
Part os
depropozi l i '
numi Le
i nsramal i ' aromi nd,
rorn-
S
2692
or. *""i :
", "
a' o"a a"oumi l i
1n
; rai nrha
anel cza Obi at .
pe' t ru comprcmrn-
i "i i i . ""r, ' i "ai *"t
9i
prepo/ i Li onsl
l i
' 4d' "r"' i dl
ponl ru compl emanrur
' rrcum-
Etan-iial.
Al enl Let
O"nu.'i""u
Camplenent
din
gramatica engleza
nu inseamn
''comple_
$
2698
. ", , , :
, , , l l , nrr" , orrrJna.
"i
. . orrrl "
prFdi . sri v-
; au . rompl i ni rc
pr"di cat i r""'
-L.
COUPLIIIrUA'rUL
DrBX*
u
'u*
(TnE DrnDcr oB'tEqr)
.
r) Derinilie-qi
0aractedsti:l:"9:l,ili,ff*X\,fi::t"."i"T,1;"1:t*'0,:1:
$
"tt
B:1ii;
.j
:li"::fl" ll":f
i:;,i:' r:;.;i,i,
"
p;
'
;.r.,,
"o,np,.
.F,,, difec,
Comf l cmpnl ul
, i ' . " nu a. '
p. "p- i 1i '
"' a' n
c"' ut r "uzat i '
ei
r aspunde
$
2696
l a t nr r ebi r e: ,
xhon' 2
\
"
p". r nP )
u
' r r l .
l
' F
r :
Ual e
You
had
r' a
J"t ?.
|
"J\ ' / F
Y' "l "r di Y
r r r
' r '
5l r '
r '
;;:i,.,'il
i'l"lt;1,;j,",'J,i.-iilnl
,,.,
""
,
,,-
",'
Thcv rvanted to
go io a shoN
ilX".li*#"jHii""ii"ii
rvirrica to rre rishtjry
ror their rishts'
2) Iroceilee
il6 exprimoro. -
Dupa cum sevede din exemplele
de maijus'
S
969?
. "- n"r ". ; . i "i
' l i *' '
p"a' " t r e. t pr i nr t
nr i nr r - un sr r b' r cr t i v
ssr t
pr r nr r ' un
". , f , i i , "r ""'
"r
' r e' r ui i
r pr "nun" aoj
'
r i t
"ubst ant i r r l
num' r dl
i nl i ni l i \ '
serundiv
sau
participiu
l'recut et'o
i
"---ii
r""a"i*.
Conplementul
ciirect din gr^mtica,engleza
torcsp-urd^e
$
2698
t:Tl ; I : i i'"*'l l' $i", il
""#;^T.1
i;,;""i: i:' :
";
;
pi' ; : ; li"# )J;
il
i:i
""a""
"ti""
""i,
o .'n
i'J0,, o'
",'*;;
=':,i:Xl,' ;. ir"if
lTi:
"!,"!ii,Ti;
i o
r er r oo' h. t o r est nt bl ' t or ' | si st , t nsi t ( et 6
i
"". "r . ' "- "' r r "l
i nr l i
r r ' de i qi azuLui doi i '
di n l i nba r omAna:
I saiv
ntn
(Ac
)
{,-am
vlzut
)
(Ac
)
i(';'iii;T"Til.iii1'"
i:fr ;
(i'ii;lou,,nr
: to., t
Ai ' i be, om, .
vo, .
I \ ' '
Cul l dr ".
nPaL t ; l i 5 r l p l r nF I Dr r ' l
Hr s
r nsr dr
'
un
r
I
l "a5
Y, r
\ ' l
t l r dpr n' ul
ui n
l i d
pl r ' r ' r
i udr ' l
, 1,
l . o. ul
i 0
propozi l i ' . -
Con
pl "mer l dl rl i re'
r
*. pune
daprr
t erbul pe
$
2699
c"' "
i i J"r ". "i "a
' i ' , f
i ' "r ' nL, po. ' " i i Jespct Li t
de' i r 1n mnd et
Fpr r on :
Hc made (verr) nts s/.'cn
(comlt dir') on the spor'
lntrc
complementul
direct'
!i
verb pot interveni:
a i un comi rl emcni
i rrdi r(i :
)",""',11
J";:"
lii;;i
';;;l';
l';';':"-!jl;.'
;:"
il
odii
,:
[""1:,1-:w1."1:vtr:."jlffi:ii'fi1'",;i:*iiil'"'il3i'$'i:3]ffii'lli*"ffi"j"iJ;
$
2600
65'
STNTAXA PROPOZITIEI
!
2601 D,) un complemnt prepozilional
sau circrmstAnlial. ori
"a
Predicatc of
Result". atunci ctnd complemenLul direct este lung sau dctcrmirat.le un atri-
bui ori de o
propozilie
relativd. sau cind consfi dintr-un infiniiir-:
. .
I know lrc srorr
{vp.b)
tu o{lone.in hk altice
\compl.
indir. prcp.l a postca.d
i.om!I.
or r . l n n a r . w \ r o. os or
3r r
"_g
( a r r ul
I p"t down (yerb)ou,tu idDl (Predical.c of ltesultl th. box (compl. dir.) tikan lrom rhe
boy
{atribui).
$ e spole aboui
tlrnijltg trerbl
i4 lne
edl.Jen icompl.
ci.c. dc locl ihc ilowcN (conipl-
di f . . whhhhadbp"nt . nd, di nt . p; r . pnt , ^uspsr ' r oxEnt r dr i nt I
p"or , o/ . t i .
r "t Jt i .
Tl l e l d. or y
*J.
h "i nS
r - ^b i t hbr , ot
'
nt
: r '
) , nt , t i aD ot
"r o.
"o
l ' l
ci r . dpnol , Si i l sr ' om' r - d, r . ol , , , h, r r "n i l , i r ' u' .
-
He kissed (aerbl
eitl catd tips
lcomr)].
nBtrumental) his son's cheeks
[comrL.
di..l-
_
H"dai dr d
t e"^b
i , h: h"or at h. t i s, omt , , i r ' . , . "l o, r om
l r p
. or ; , , 1
Jr ,
,{ceasti intercalare
a unor
pdrli de propozii,,ie. cliar loartc lungi. FStc ne
cesari ln special pentrlr cvitarca e\-entualelor ,ronfuzii:
\ vc". . "t , l pJ \ , r bl r ; r nl l pB*at ", t t kd. , t p, n1t . t . - . 4p
. , . , 1 t l , I n\ i d. r , n
, , i r , r nl
di r . , spD l , v 11"
I . ubl bn, nF
oi r s" . .
: i bu
r .
Ast ' ; r n"i n: h, t a\ F; ' "r b. mp. r . i r h' ". . t . - . t ; . , , . . 1
t al
4, ; . 1, . 4J. h. h! nt t n, .
yoar 8i . l "odpl .
' i r
d. .
1. ' ,
. r ' r upu/ l r
r pl r l i \ 1r . I F |
'
' "
onpl .
' . ' "
j x-
br '
; ' hl
, y r ne mcsscng. r ( di , r but ) .
Dac[ complementul circumstanlial, cu subordonata lui, uu ar ii lost irf
tercalat intre verbul predicat qi complemeDtul direct al acestuia, iraz,"le rle mai
sus ar li avut cu tot l slt sens:
We accepted the
jDvilatn,n
sent bX the
lublishirg
house @ih ttt. greatest
fuasut..
{Comphmen
LI d" mod d"r pr m: n
'
i n a. ; . 1 J/ vpr br l
sr r . /
_He
gaye
me thF lettu
just
broushi by the messenger ;ith dn..prcssioi.f
jo!
shich
node hih loak
leatr !ouu;r.
(ComlLleneiiul ds mod-determini aici vobui ?,irsL.)
S
2602 .,,1 pariiculelc
sd\prbjok care intrd in compunerea verbelor conplexe
($ 2208. 2275-2281):
He knocked ae, (adv.J
the ashes (@m!1. dir.) f.om his pip.
Rins &p (adv.) the telephone exch.rngc
{com!I.
di..).
S
2603 5) Complementul intern (Th(
aolnate Obiett ar .tt ru\atirp
).
ti,relp Yer
be intranzitiee
oot avea un comDlernent dilcct dir a(eeasi rtdacirra tu r.erbul
(uneori
di nt r-o rndnci nd di f eri t l ), . nml Lpmcnt ,
a* r"i , eU
j , l ppr
\ . rbuLnl .
Aceast[ parte de propozilie csto numili
,,complement
intern" (Calndtc ob-
ject
ar Aca$atirc). iar verbul respeciiv este considerat in acest caz 1'erl lran-
I dreaned a lo\e1.t dftdnt.
Shc
/orsl,
a hard
Itlr.
Thet' lt'ed a long aDd irappy til..
Delir sans a linr sozs.
Ther sneArd a terrib6 sn/l oi burnl oil.
tsaly snir.t her sweeiesi sntle.
It was .dtut,s rvith bi8 {tro?.r.
This is a mcmorial to the soldiers ]tho dtal a
glorious.led,/,.
She alwars
goes
hcr own
('dr.
Hp
"a-
I i shi ' e
1 l ol i ns
/ , 4/ :
bo"i n, r I
r ncJ . , , 2 a s$r r r
r d. P
(\iezi si
S
13261
$
2604 6) Complomertul dimot relirut ( Retaine.l Direct Ohject). \-ezi
S
1?84
- 1785, 2620.
7) Ycrbe 0u aloui complemento ilirecte.
- oltei'a verbe pot.
evea doun
g
2606
cotrpiemente dir.te. cea c; constituie o dificultate
pentru
sddeniii romen|
-
datoritd laptului ci. in lirnba romAni. unul din aceste doud complemente est
adeFeori indirect. Asupra acestor verbe gramaticienii nu cad de acord; se coD-
siderd insn in genere ci urmitoarele verbe aparlin aceetei categorii: to an-
stter. ta enteat. to enu!, to
fargi"e.
la hear. 10 requcst, Ia saee. to strike, ta teachr
Wc an*verrd tldm (cod!I. dir.J i"rDs ./&es,trnr (compl. dir.)
fae lconpl.
indir.)
-am
rilruns la multe tntr.irt
(co
nl.
indir.).]
H" nr i d
r "l I '
oml l . Ji . . )
Jou"
su, "". r
I
Umpl di r . )
, t ,
( '
o, npl . i ndi . . ) ovi di d
"
r "q/ l ( . ompl .
d "
)
\ \ " r , ,
A, \ cJr , , l , unt ' | .
' r i r
hpr
". Ja, .
s
, on' DL
oi r . .
/
, , , , p
i r ui "t - - r ni , r ' ' / od, . .
, , , n, 1, 1.
. 1r ' a. pal i pr
q
\ ' onpl .
di r . l
Shc tauslit ne
lconpl.
dir.) &e dtfure, (comtl. dir.).
I(E.r)
n
lco'nll.
dir.) a llviLtrar alldl-adl (.ompl. dir.).1
8) Yerbe cu doui
(onplemerte
.,dire(t
!i
indircct,,. Vezi
g
2618.
a. couPl,rrritcrLll, rNDrrincT
s
26ffi
(THE
T\DINECT OBJNCTJ
l) Delinitic
-si
caracterisliri. - Complementul
jrdirect
este
pari.ea
de
g
2607
propozifie esupra cireia se risfringe in mod indircct acliunca vorbului, in sen-
sul cn aceasin aoiiure i s adreseazd sau esto lndepliritl penlru el.
uonplenentul indirect std in caz\tl datie si rnspunde la intrebnrile
/to, S
2608
n'han?
lor
nhotn? ol trhonr ? to whal) a1(,.l:
'::Llil
pcitru cirle? de ]a cine? pen-
tru ce?). El porl,e drLcrnrina verbe tranTjtive sau ii)tra zitive. subsbanLive,
adjecft-e (sau e,chivalenlele respecliil'e)
ti
intcrjcclii:
\ \ d, sJt r &, \ i ndr
'
\ d h l ,
r l
i n, . " J o o. r
\ \ l ' r ' , l
n
'
/ . , /
t ol br r r ' r C, ' r ' r r ' 1.
,
-
pr ; no/ i r on' l
, . ; |
. . ,
, r h Jl p r Jn 5 10$: t on, . . r , t r i o nn",
i uo
pt
i noi .
pr . por ' i or dl
H m"l oC . ^o$ , / r ?r , r . pt osr si neur $. 4, ml l I ni , r Dr , uoz t , onJr
r
. . , \ - b ur ! '
. , . / d, , ; . ; , i i r
l o' , ,
Cor nf l . i n. r ' .
p- t . r ' r i u1
,
Tl r , , . , r , . , ; , . dl , f l , "
l i , Lb.
. i cl , i , l
l hr i r j r r . d. Comp. i n, i ".
l , . pn/
t i . , n. ,
H i , al - \ - , o' ; " l o. r . r r ot r r .
l ^o
r l . I n r r r r , . Do r t i onl
H/ r , , t oi t t ; I ol l dr r s. i . mpl . I n l i i .
p. "p"
, t r u i
I
2) Pro0cdeo d(j clp m$rc. Dupe cum se vedc dir encrnplelc de mai sus,
S
2609
complenentul indirect poate fi exprjmat, printr-un substanl,ir sau prinir un
echivalert, al acestuia (pronunre.
adje{rti1' substenlival,, numeral, partjcipiu
becut substanti]'at ctc.).
3) tr'orml
lri
? trelui
rare.
- ConrplemenLul indirect
arc do rt fonne in
$
2610
l i mba ergl czi :
dJ complcmcntul indircct f;rn prepozilie;
.il
complemntul indircci prepozilional (constrLrit cu prepozilia to, ra-
fcorr
Jafl
otr san ol
).
a) Fornafd.rn prapo:itir este ceamfli lrecventi
Si
se tntrobuinle aze atunci
g
2611
cind complmentul se afln imediat dupn vcrb:
Shc s.tvc Jad he. tea a mornedt aso.
I r.ili send nin a sir.
' \ ' r bul
, , r l n\ . 1( J' . \
l a t F. h) bt
) i
i nl i r r l r a' n' i n1, 1o, . 1 , omDl amenl ,
d, p. &.
x
l r
pxpmpl p,
, r . enl "l p t i r , 5r i t p , u r Ui r F
r Dr "zi nt d cor nDl . m. n ut i ndr r pcl . i f f r r l o
tiperik cu liiere cmsive.trvlnaul dele|minat de ;omtlementui indircct resp.ctlv.
SNTAXA PROPOZITIEI
Clteva verbe nu au declt complementul indiect lird prepozilier. Printrc
cele nai obisnuite se Afli:
to do a fa;our
/
an horou
/
a service, e[c.; to
tlaysomejrody
taise
/
iai., otc.
I
to reach;
t o save: l o spor " \ pns
/ l bl our / mon"y/ r . ouLl p. F' ,
Do Ja@ a favour. wiu vou?
Reaoh ze &,a tliat vai,
pleasel
This has saved tifu nccdless expease.
Can
you
spare /k. a lcw momonls?
2612 b) For na pr ' pot i 1; on, t 7l a compl . m. nt ul ui i ndi r ec'
"s' e
I nLr cbui nt st d:
D' . ) ci nl l
. ompl "m"nt ul
i ndi r p. l dFt ar mi na un subst snt i s, un a. l j c"t i v
sau un pronume (S 324-326, 330, 332)i
D"J cind nu existd complement direci in proporilie:
Wiu vou sDesk ,o Lec, now?
on h;r holidays she niote ro md every day.
b"'J cind complemenbul indircct se afle la hcepuiul propozitiei;
L D' nny
Fvpryone
spedls kindly.
To uhonaid th;y dppi! | ,IYto did lhcy apply lo?)
ror n' B arn a rnP
praaft.
D""J cind cornplementul indirect este precedat de cel direct:
I sprl n
(roDpl.
dir.)
ft ./
nr.
{.onpl.
indir.
pcppozilional)
al, on.o.
Mor \ er br o r gh l hF qui debook
L' oopl .
di r . )
/ o. ; r L; ompi .
i ndi r . pr p. ) .
Exc"pt i .
2613
_Complementul
indirect pronominal precedat
de complementul direct i,
poate avea
ti
forma fdrd prepozi-tre:
Don' t wor r J about Jouc l er l - bookl Thpy s; U gi v? t l
V, u
wbFn I h. y aJp t hr ough wi l . h i t
He insists on having his micrcgr;ove rc;rd baok:8iv-e i,lin aadhav done wjrh ill
Iy hat is in the hall: go and ietch n ne, pleasel
2614 0""'.) ln cazul unor verbe care sint urmate intotdeauna de comDlemen-
tti inil]nett prepozilional, oricare ar li i"cul acestuja. Pr;ntrc ccle mai oiisnuite
ver b. Ji n acFa. t d
. ar pgor i p
- p
al l d or n i oar cl e:
l,o yield
to communi.ate to leave
\yon't rou exDl{n' ,o nlr how rou did it?
I iriroduced t;
"oa
au ihe hie;ds I hrd.
\Vill
-vou
posL t ,ne
rallirntns
/Drs. the lettr I lert nn my desk?
Thcy sai d, o nc: "Come ho. l "
we
sug. . Fsl "d I o l ; n J na\ v I bd ns l i n i n pl J, ,
q.
Tr an6l . ' r "
/ o"
, , r , n
l l . , r l nl " r o, ' l ' 1v
- , .
I r d.
r
For m, , nr Fl ozi l i n
l l , r ' r l "l l i l ni l J. u' ol u
a{. "D\ i ol ur r n
t csl e nar r i i . nr ,
pi pnF
! l u: ' o
pl dj
i t i i k on son t ao! '
\
r j u, aor ", l 1. r ; d/ .
PABTILX SECUNDME AI,E PROPOZITIEI. COMPLIMXNTUL
556
Compl enent ul i ndi rect
est e I nt ot deauna precedar,
at e
prepozi ! , i e
cl nd nu 6 2816
f src. i n: ol i r
d un
. ornpl pn, ent
drrerr
{rcri
i n sp"ci ut rerbei .
t o t i si en,
t o seem
'
qr
aI el t s
j
Drrare. ,
drF nu ru
. ompt Fnrent
dj rF. t ).
Complernentul indirect
al urmitoarelor rerbi
esre agezat de obicei du?d
!
g13
compl cmenl ul di l l d:
to saJ.
.
to suggBt
H, s_lll dfrarSe rli,Br
rrompt.
dir.)
/ar-_r@! {coDpt.
indir.l.
r_l_on r you ocs(r'Dp
Jour
rrp
{.ompr.
dlt.) l.' !J
{fompt.
indir
)?
\ ho sui dr , ve your no, o' . Do, r ,
ompl . di r . t
/ or
you. ( conpl .
i ndb. l ?
I fiDish.d hpr ?sdy
{codpt.
di
I lo;h4
(compl. i!dir.t.
$ on I yod I nt f odur e you.
Dm, , , kr ( compl di r . ) r o t u.
homDt . i r di r . l ?
\ h
n4ver . ai d d {dd homl t . dr r . r r o, t i h
, compt .
i r dh. ) . '
\ 1ho
buSgpsr Fd t hi s dns{".
r . oopt . di r . , o
! o! t oDpl .
i ndi r . ) ?
Cind tnsi complcmetrtul d ect este lung ori este determinat,
ale un etribut, Q !g1?
3au de o. pr op- ozi t i e at r i bul , r vd. compl empnLul i ndi r pr r
i l pr ccedd ( ! ezi
g
er em_
'
pr , r p de r a
S2bt 4.
unFl c vcr be dr n e. el gr up f 6cl nd par t e
t i
di nl r e cel e enume_
t at e l a
$
2616) :
I f i ni shed/ of t ur
' ( ompt .
i nJi r . , t he csr dyt r ompl . di r . ) - gi v, n
byt her Facher
t at l i bul ) .
,"
"lL:;l,r""l?fiifl$i,
lidien
rcoopr.-i;di,.)
,n"
sn {,ompr.'dir.)
ruu
$pr; rtl,rs
^.
, . R; 9
s. rgS"' t , d / o
l ou
"ornpl .
i t rdi r. l rf t , a, r, a
{i omt t . di r. t
Jou
gdre us rpropozi l i e
(yeui
,i !
31e_i26)
4) Vorl, cu doud eomplemente:
diect
$i
ind.;rect.
- \rbele hanzitiv
q
!6lg
ou adeseorr dorJ cornpl cmFnl . . nul di rF. ' gi . pl Bl al r i ndi rc. t :
I htrL iin
{.ompl.
indh
)
my na.ti,rost
rromDt. dir.).
Joho s(nL. @. d
/ . ompl .
di . t t o l i s bN
p
onn: i sh
l ; ompt . i ndi r. p. . pozi t i onst )
t o
a,,l Complementul indirect este pus imediai
dupd verb:
I ' l l l pl l Jrl . n
{compl .
i odi . . t t hn r' ud
rcomDl . dt . t .
\ \ ' oD
t
JoJ
kepp ru rcoDpt . i Ddi r. , aon?oni (compl
di r. )?
,.6/
Complementul itrdirect este precedet
de complementul dircct tn uF
maloarle cazurr:
D', cind complementul direct este pmnume penonal:
Oi v" n
t rompl .
di r. \
{/ o. /
6i n
r. ompl .
i n, l i r.
Drel ozi t i onat r.
w(
"pnt
r/.rn
rroD,rt.
dir
J
to ah
trierd.s \turi.pt.
jDdir.
prppozitional).
, l ' : , ) f l "d
. ompl emanl ul
i ndi rpf t t prepozi l j onat )
esrp l ung sau t Dsot j r,
Tlfv 6enr /pddjag.ods
' rompt.
djr.) lo , thrir
/.cids lrompt.
indif. prppozitiotra
.
--..
1..
".:.3
hls f' lr'
l.ompr
' rtt.)
r. tne ncw rtzdtttunt
lcompt
indir. prepozilloDrilj pre_
b"'
)
penlru accintuarea complementului indirect:
I setrr the rord
{compl. dir.l to hin t^ot to
wt)
tto,npt.
indir. pfQozilionst).
- . . - Sl e
b. oushr t l Fsp
/ %p. r s l compt . di r
r / or t u
{nor / or hvsi , k. j . r ; mpi
i Ddi r . pf po_
'o
a..ange
'
to finbh
SINTA).A PNOPOZITIII
$
2619
Printre vcrbele cel mai des tnsolite rte doui complemente, direct qi indi_
recir se aflii urmdtoarele:
550
s: 61l xl
un Yerb
acLir cu
verb pdsrv. s| pot
2620
5) Comllement:ul ftlir:'ut ( Retdi.nei
jt)jt..t).
-, Cit\tl
dou:i complemcnte (direct
si indircct)
estc rrirn"rtormat
i11
przcnl a
doun si t ual . i i :
a, sau {ompl ameDt u} i ndi reci dari ne subi ect . . co, npl emenrut
di recr, ri -
minind cu areea,Ni luncfie
!i
riind nunriL in ae.si caz ,t ltetaincrt Diect Ot)j.:ct
(complement
direct relirui) :
A l i \ . i , "/ , r ui ",
o. l ar , . omot . i . r . i . , , t , "r / a, , . , npt . dr . .
Dd. i \
/ . ubi , $. ,
ol d l , "
' - r . h
t x. r . ; . d D: - . t Obj . d) .
,) sau cornplemeirtul
direct devine subiect.
complementul indirccr
re-
minlnd cu acee asi functic si fiind numir tn ace st caz A detuined In(tirect Objp,ct
(cornplement,
indirect relinut) :
Aal i \ r / , ubi Ft
br one, r i ,
, ompt
. l -
t t ol h. , . ol pt . i n, l i r
! r ppn/ i l , ondt
.
t r as- \
/ / r s. Dl i ' ( r . ! , oL4h
/ r o) / F l Et a; r yd l t ut nr t oh! f t ) l by
| . Le) .
( Vezi
i i
g
t i 84_178j )
$
2621
C. COYPI,NMENTUL PRXPOZITIONAIT
(TEtr
FNEPOSITIONAI,
OBJE(IT)
S
2692 1) Detinili,
Conplementut propozitional
este complementut
Drece_
dat d prepozilie
ciud rispundc la o tntrebare
care cuprinde prepozilia
respec_
l i r J
I
t r onumel .
. vl , op. t t ho,
I l d. e1Anf e. ) t h- oLph
t he
popi .
, ,
. , , "
$J6 goh. l
o,
e". , - or h, t
t r . h- ul h l hat
dd - . : r . r
r , , , r , . , r , a. . , i ", nE, *J;
"
. ' i o. , .
| ", ,
waat al . r n g) d1, a t h
4uEh
)
xd. hi " so1 _a, od , / t /
7, [ ?/ s, F . - or pan: . l t . , J t t r i ,
. a
r . .
\ 1p sr " t l l n
^. f
uou.
t Bt ! wham wr p r h"y d1o1' p r ' "d?
. . ,
t ol
, hoas f \ i . : r i ! nar
. "/ , . . .
l . l . t o
t a", . wko \ e^r ' t , er o^ pani l n
DJ. - l ! . r "
( F
t l l ki nE o/ . ". /
Shc was a kind wile rD ttn.
/?o
pti.n
was shc a kind sile?_
cota.e.
Who was s},c a kind wite b?)
S
2623 2) Complementul prelozitional
lii
complomontul circumstantial.
ComDle_
menLul prepoziljonal (prepasilionalObject)
nu trebuie
confundat cu comole_
mertul circumstanlial exprimat printr-o
ln,u!iune prepozi,tionala
{
pr;po-
sitionaL Ad?erbial). Deosebirea
djntre aceste dour
-
comptemente
consri
ln faptul cd circumstantialul
aratd circumstanla
de mod, iimp, loc.
cauza
e1c., lo care se petrece
o acliune (S
2634), deui flispunde la tntrebdrile
puse
lentru
aflarea complementelor
cjrcumstantiale.
A;este Intreb{ri,
sprc
dosebire de cele aritate la
g
2622 (pentru
comptementut prepozigionall,
constau, ln cazul complmentujui
cbcumstantial,
dintr_un adyerb sau
PARTIIN
SECUNDANE
ALE PEOPOZTTIEI'
COMP'-EMENTI'T'
637
o
loculiune adverbiali
l''rv2
Qhe
!
'vhtre2
flh)r! etc
(cum? cindl
unde?
y;)f
',l,lj*l'\i{"f"'ii,i:iii';i1
::j;'lll'i};:"1:"1'i'l"llu.'",
"un't
ir" .""' i.u,i,iq
'a't
g'*' ra*
(coorlt oiic
dc nodl
faao,v
ras Ic lalkingrl
t l "l , ; : ; ": l : ; ; i , :
p""j "
l ; ; , , 1i , j - ", 1i : . r o
4o' r - pr
p'
r ' o/ r ' o
d
. , , -
"i
i , . ", ' '
"
' h. ' ^'
J
Con' o
' r ' ' Fr i nr '
{Com'
dr r d
+aJ wr t l '
) r n
' ' aen
' /
At enl ! . 1
-{eceafi
constru.ti.
prpl,rtf1l1::H;;:T;i?l;::ll
li,::""i';"J;l'"S::1
i
**
:,;:l': i:.
1';';ll ;:
t ;i
ii;!,i
i
!,:::
:t:
ii,i"i ii;il,lill
tru
l ii'.
;,1
;;
d".
I t r n. ut msr P
l n f unct i F
' LF
Lni r r nsr ct
TheY
dincd
'tnn
tfr'
'5,1116'
' o
, l t i l l nps pr At ozi l i ^'
1" n; t . h. t h'
. 5"1, i t I '
D"at "
l i I
l,"fi,tni,Il"tl
rlli::i;""T';,ii;*1
i;"
:ii:,1:.'
ft;i]i11,{Tfl:
, ' i t ht
)
/ , r comnl "r n"n'
r i r ' um' l r 4! r dl dp
r n
ro""a;
1..tt'i,"t'
did
t'hpy
LlrnFL-l
ln acelagi
mod'
tn
Propozr,Lra:
H" is an th'
-Da:l
t WorlFr
-
daci
i nt Prscaza , , undr
au
l uat
*"';T::#il;:1i"11'$i:,;i:":?"i:'":";:I"nlili",'J'*.,sau(corocv
' "' ;
ii{:J;l:;;:l,,n,o"
f
,//,' r' is he
(,vnrlins' :r
r'
'"ii
;'iTl'#Iii:
;;"
i:msl*i:r?i'ist'1"!"'"s*xiii!e
in'iran.
s
2625
l.n#5it".r$i*'i"l;11[]ft:hi1-l:il{i;'.:,,"-,")
!*'1"]Sl'
Tfllil'##i#
:'*"'
iruii
i;
r' r;uil"il"';'',"''o'"''''"'
"''
4) Caz. -
ComplemenhL
.
.pr:!o.ziti3na1
este
oonsirlerai fdtd
prcpoxi'ltie
\
262ti
i i
ca at are
st a i n cazul ecuzat rr \ 3
or' '
Comol cmcnl ul
di rFf t
pri n l nc59t
nal rrra
l ui nu
poal e f i
' ompl empnt
l re-
5
2627
g:trl.$'#iilff
ij;:r;1,u,r,",.'
I
r": l'
il'
:"" rl
ij'h:i1""'i'x:1'
"oTi")i:i
($ 2594.
13194.
1325)
Iuoc
fdto.e.
abre rialic)
:
Ddc&;n,ostr
(hainidelloare
imlgrmeabilizate
cu cauciuc)
668
srNrAx_\
PBoPozrrlrr
2628 5) Complemonte
cu douf
prepozifii' Unele complemente
sint introduse
d doad
Prepozrt r
I
I look th look ftr'n
o/lrhe sheu
o, , i
"l , r ' ng_. ooni
I ooL; i oul o"
r o
l l
'
l i pl ds
A Se COmpAra:
Tii{ i.:;i il lix'"i%;"Yi:l
l"h'J'"l':
J,3'i l' iJ'l;'
jJ;il'"]1
"-"'
","
"-
"
"'
T; . "v spnr on
, ; ' i , D; i "
", r n.
\ \
er ! . ompl ' r
'
ul pl
pr . por ' I onJl
TlIi
ll: lli :i
f"'f fr\i'."*jl"l':.1:ii'i',]li,
*'1''9T1'
--
",
.',,,'
0.'o'
(vezi qi
S
2386J
2629
6) Verbele
compleie
cu
particuli rcrbal5' ile origine o'herbraltrl' -
Con'
----
otemeirtul
pu.
imediat dupi
part'icull nu este coDsidemt complement
preporr-
i i i i J. , i
' i , i , pt ". *,
a; rp
i . d"oarec"
pdrri ' Jl d ed\ erbi al d
nu
r' rc
j n
a' rsr
caz
l ,
p, i rl "l i l ; ", ' i i , "
"' t ' . rb
"ar"
ram
f er' e
i nl egrani a di n vorb
ri
cara
l ransror-
m; u; verb i nt ranri t i v
l nt r-unul
l rdt rzrrrv:
Ee sefi, il ke ktLet af inttudu' tion
i i h"i ; , ; Tr ; ; i ; ; ?. ; ;
y' , .
c
s, / o' be' d 156
' he
' l vas
r oo bu' v ar r h"
' i m"'
"
h.letter
ol introduction"
qi
"secing
lhat
Jear's
Salon"-slnt
cornplemn-
t" di"";;;.;;;'*; "in'r
si
'lorfr"nu
sint"prepoilll,
ci adverbe
care
rac parte
organicd din verbele
"Beni
tn"
ti
"put
o//"'
A se compara
cu:
i;i':''
l.T':"'""t:;l
:,;:.'.' li
:
}.1.
-
i,,:";:
j'".'i'll
i:i .r
"-i"
.d."*
r
Shc Put
mc
ofltuY
?laz
f(Dat
n-a oonvins si .cmtn! ra
uotccrul
mcu
l
l - / ,
a l ' l r Pr "
\ ;
- ol / mv
pl an
' i n'
"ompl "
r ent "
pr "pozi l i onah
i n
qi
,6s0
''rf
''"i11,:".:ffii"1:'otl"li::l'i;
lifi,li i;:::"
";'p;;l:xlu'p*po'ir,on"r,
He nul. ur dtn {llthc
'lifft'zlli's
inherent to a beginnitg
Thd roo; looks out on rne gdrd"
She l oo}ed about
f at
hs t ht l dr en
$:e wert on lo ,r" ,..t irem on the rgcnda
l - Put r r D . - l ook
n' t i ' , ' k) ok ab^ut
; i
w"nr on bl nr
vor b"
' ^r
pl - \ ^
' on
"r "' i - " "r
ur i "*f ,
t "
- ' | 1, , r "s1' ,
r ' i . - ^u'
.
- i boui
sr "on
qr
- t ' ' omnr pmnnr Fr P
""i #", 11[ """
- i z
i i
"
"i t di "t r i ^.
r esp' r i v bn
1\ 1.
sot g: l .
i or
l : "
l ' i r i . ". i r i
"i
: t
r hF l exl i r "m.
"onst r r , i i e. u
pr epozi l i i l c $i r L
r ' "pp"r r \
";;.4
i :fo.1.
ri
..to.l .
(Vezi
ii S
2208J
{
2631 7) Terbole
propozitionale. - Unii
gramaticienj3, considerird
cn
prepo?i-
"
----
tlu co',raitio.tate
ta"e
pa"ue integranti
-rlin
verbul de care depinde
(S 1325)'
i'" *i"".i,
*-pl"-""t"Iprecedai
ila o astfel deprepozilic
ca pe un complement
prepozilional,
"i
"n
p"
"n
conptenarLt
direct De exemplu:
Ilall is too old to Iook &lter the childah
r i r r i s ut U
' ,
t ^Nh nt
' n"bodl r
' t ' ; -
l a
l : ne":
\\" rtll.d orcr
t/" .
'!
'
1Vzi
S
: r r 08- 2209.
t vezi
si
q
t 3S3
I
Ct. Cr'rmi,
cr. dt.,
S
63 B l ftc
PARTII-E
SECIJNDIiE
AI'E PUOPOZTIIET'
COMPLEMENTUL
560
,"^:fr.Y":1:;)";',in;""\8"::J";::Tl":#f::i"'T'1Tflil*l/:.':],".:;;"f]li
','i"#[1;
:"t1.:,i] ;-ii,
::;:lli:13";i:'ll
:::l;r;r:ii^"3#'Jx;
i cgat .
pri n prepori l i i l "
-af rar' . r' spF' l rv "al
! r
"ovpr
' l
8t ComDl omool ul
do rgoot
f i
i t rql rument sl
(ThP
A(l ! "rbi ol
of Aqen' y
ond
$
2632
I ru;",u;i*
s, ::ff : ;
rl:
I ;;iulfi ;;i*; : i:'sl*',l
x;;l
i : a" ci n"t i
sat bt
xhat n
"4rs2
I
=
' u
c' ?):
Tl:;l;,"Ji'llf
""'-j#"1 :;:li;l l{-iJ#'ri,,'""*p'
*
"r"'
+',: i*,1"r:.T';;;';fl',l'#l#il';*111.""','
D. colfPlxlrrlNTul
ouicuMsrANTIAl
S
2liBt
(TEE ADYERBIAI,.
t'EE ADYESBIAI]
I(ODIIIEN OB ADJ!rNC'.)
1) Dot i ni l i e. -
Compl cment ul
cLrcumsl ' anl i al
est
padea secuDdarn
de
S
2634
orooozit.ic
carP dptcrmind
un
tqb. xn atlJP'ttr aan x^ onoero
- -
-
.
Cs cl et ermi nant
st
verbul ui . compl cmenLul
ci r' umql ' anl Lal
aral a
rn
' e
r',p,.i-l';
ili
r"". ti'p. mod
eL.1 se
3i:ilfi:l:i::[:f,i";i"fftr":tJ
",:;,*:
:'*ii;rml"n:,"I3li;;l;i
"ilJi,,
um se p, ezi,, td o tnsu;ire:
il:#"1;{ir*fisihi+$fr""iiti*4sln'
ii;L;:iliirr;;;. rcomir'
I i... dp mod
'-
adi ).
l,Ft ir"Ttiif:i;i['*ciu*''""$
h:';r';*]
une
prep.zit .na
'
Compl emeni ul
"i rcumsl anl i al
poat e dct ermi na
qi o I nt reagd
propozi Li e:
He came to see us simllt ,euse
ha
feh
like it'
2) Pro0odee
do eiprimars. -
comp]:ffi:tlrT:*:lXlil:ltJ:li".,til1:i
$
**
::'T:.1
i,l:;;:ile,['l;'"lJi:l'J
il;;i:i
i"l"ri",
i,
"-"" """'
,,.,i.
. :
; ; r l , i ' ; , i , ; ; i ; i i "i f r , .
o
"on' r ' ' u
1i '
absor ur a'
o
r o u! ' ur "
P' r ' Fr bi r t
sau
prepozilionah
ek :
Tl,cv rorked nad
(Ad!erb)
shc $cnt nt n' LSnb"t ar l i v)
H: ; . ' i ; t ; .
; r ml : dr ' r nr i v n
. Dr eP
r
I nn aLl t h?
' ' n!
1A' xzdt r \ . ' ' l vr ' r Dr ar l
' ";
"Zi i u,oi fri i ' !",;,ri i ' )Ii ::^-"
*"
mus' | hrv'
i n i n!i ' a:on con5' -u' (r' :nri '
""'"")jrr;;,1,t;;;!;i::!,[.:f.'l;
L""t:l
.]
il,;:i"'ri;il,l
l':ill" ,
-.
".
,.
i;: i:'l',?l'i
*: l*:,',,1,,11;'
l; 1,,'"":
:+. I'
i";'.,1
l'
"" " ""'''
.,*,
i,X""iitlii'j"f11i,-*ti
cste o constnclie
de sine s,atiitoar-"'
sp'e
xemllu
"nomina'
SINTA)i A PFOPOZITI' I
q
2636 3)
l ' t asi f i rarp' -
Dupd nl ur, i mpr' j uri ri i
p'
' art s
n
arni d' cornPl p-
ment ul ci rcumst ant i sl
Poat e
f i :
a) complement
c cumstanlial
de loc
6l comnt . m. n'
ni r . um' t Jnl i al d" l i n' t r
. . 7 compl "ment ci r. umsl a"l i sl
d' nod si
' ompJrdl i v
d) conplement circumsianlial
de cauzi
el comptement
circumstanl,ial
de scop/{inal
/j
cornplenent circumstan-tial
de condilie sau
prsupuner
SJ
complement circumstan-tial
concesiv
S
263? a) Compl . menl t t l
t i r cunst anl i al
' l e
l oc ( The Ad' ver
"
bi al of Pl a- oi d . t t o"". "n, t r d 6 l u. ul ur ' d. sF pPl r ' . " o 0
l i unF. sau
pun"t r r l
d. ol . "ar e.
dj r pr l i "
' i
l i n i r a r r n' i a'
l i uni
dr u Fl i r i El
' d"pund"
l a i nl r pbdr i l P:
, r i nt
l r ont
' r h"r . . ' t ' "t
l ' or ' ' ,
unJp i n' ol r o d' r r r r Jp' pi nd Lr nd": ) l
He \-as in the Nhn
ii"v *"
g"l'g n lISgo;oaia
\ h. i l n
/ . oa
/ o' a?
J". J"I J ) .
on
l ' " l
'
Jr er r pi 1"
\V could $a1k ds
/o/
ds r/r srdrtoz
S
2638 b) ConPl c
enI l Ll ci r cunst r l nl i al
r ) e t i np.
( Thc Ad'
-
vtbiai of ?t,n;) arafi tnnpul in carc sc
petrece o acliu-ne
sau exist'i o star
El rdspunde
la lntrebnrile ahe ? since t|hcn? till *hen2 (for
)
hae lone!
l:
cl ndl de cl nd!
pi nn ci nd? pc ci ndl ct i t i nl p?)r
H a,ri\' fd
v..",,rddl
Thcv ]i{Y becn here itz. Mou' aY
$r: lvorled dll ldr. ol nlsn,
The n' euns was adjouined ta tle
fattan' nry
' h!
He {as hee
ttt) a
lottLisht
lhey hare co c to Bndarcst
/_o'
d Pecr'
$2639 c) CanpI cnenI t t t
ci r cunst anl i al
( t e
nod
( The t l doct h'
i al of l t , t nnei ).
n cnt eqori a ci rui a i nt ri i
f i
'
i
'
c d l n r I a n
!
i a. l d I (de
*oa) corop' orat i o
(The Adt erl i al af Ct t ' ?pal rron),
araLnnodul
t nt are
se iniepfine9te o acliune. arc ]oc o
-(larc
sau apare o tnsutire
^El
rlispunde
ls
intrb i;ile :
'ftoo
? hor*'tnuchl hotl' nan! times ?
(: cunr? cit? dc cite ori/):
Shc w.s smiling nd?ltlY
H,
"r pdL.
[
: l ' . 1'
l : 1 or Ct
3] i : t n
ar .
' 1on'
""
' pal
uni . j L"al &, t t ' 1: ' o, h: " t
' t h
\1e lhanked Lim t./v mdr.
Th
i
. 1m" I non! t i n'
S
2040 d) C onpt e ment l ci . t ( umst anl i al
t l e ca. uzd
( The Ad-
-
cerbiai ol CanieJ arati cauzi unei acliuni sau a unei stirj El rnspunde la in-
ircbarea
for?
trhat cause?
(: din ce cauzil):
Shc conld hardlY sPcak
/' f
t' dls
$re $.c sl.ift ,td @ll.
I said noi.hing baause of
soz
S
264f c) Compl . ?' ment l t l
ci r , unst ant , i a. l de
. sr o7. sou . f
i '
nal
(I ' hc Adeerbi al
of
purpose)
arari scopul uner act runr sau ar un^eL srarr'
El r; spund. l a l nl robu' e-
n, d/
l or; f ar
l hdt purpasP: ' t = 1n
' e
scopi )l
He $1ol.
/o/ taru'
I am hcle to lorl ro voz.
ii'6,iii to
^"t"
o
g6"a i^p..ssiol, Ie was otr his best bhaliour'
f ) Canpt enent ul
cLt cunsl anl i a' -
o'
: 9' , "1: ' ". . : - 1:
S' unt
o,
"'!
u"p",
o'",
"
('1'1rc A'lt'efi;rtl
ol ConAiion
or Suppasition)
arati
condr'
i t ", "*. . ". ' u"' r r "t ' "od' l i un"' au. nr ' l ^'
u' t r r "
l l l r a' l undp
l " i r r l r r b
' r "
'
an whol
r cndi l i on)
( :
I
u ce
I on' br ' ei ) :
'J:TJ:i:"lllJliilY:?:
:'::;
;
"r,I
I;f
:::::#::;;'
:
"
I{/rl
ttri,
I shall
gei Urere
in time
Circumstan!,ialul
de condilie
se recunoaqte
!r11.*":".:U
t*"1::"]:::l:
.'
"i."""ritl"
itt"a"sn
de conjunclia
if Propoziliile
citate
r]rar
sus ca exnr
Dl e
poL f i i nl ocui t e
nsi i et :
I cannor
go anlwhcre
if I don't
ask m!
fanct
s
PetnBs'on-
ir'"
""r*-.'.irit
rat""" ;f ste is not.'omPette't
bu @tcunBtances
1f ! atu tucku'
I sha11
get thcre
m ttne
! )
c. o n p t. n
:'
n,.a,
.
:l::,1'
:# :
1.1i,'"r,."'
l"i"' ::' .tlfi
,,''ju
n'""
vrrbrul
ol Conn: si on )
nrst i un
oDrrcr
i rni "at J"
*"i ' , """"' "c! i uni i
l crbul ui
prcdi cat
El rnspunde
l a i nl rebare&:
'iia'"p,u"
,f
*hd
Petsa
(at
':iatnstdncc)?
[:
in ciuda
cirer
persoane
(sau t I nPrej uri i ): ' l :
I Nmr to ihe ioe-hockc"r
drt' ' h
ilr s!i' e
o/ dv tile wl' o
Nas alfiid ol lhe cold
'
' :2i .";:""!,:?,:1,;::.
l i j
";i ."
'
-"
Thaur t t
! t *1,
; r r ' :
t on o"' i ' r g
d
'
l ' I
Wl , . - ' - h t ""t '
\ ;
r " l Fl l r
"
x. Ar,'tr
0EnsTl[']il
Bril'xJiITO_lA'll
r'^ coNrLli{nrrn
1) Atto catcgorii
de comptemntc'
Ca
jii
in
granatica
romenn
la cat
S
26+4
go. i i t - , 1- ", mpt
"
nt ' i f Jl 1' '
pl ' i i i
i ' "l ' or
hd"Jg0
"ubi mpr t Li r i
l n' pe"r '
I
"^t o
"o. nt . . "n'
ut ul
i . "un' l ' nr
i dl J" m' d
r ' r r ' u
"xpr i n' ":
o t "l ' 1"
"' : l "l : :
1". ""
' ] . i "i ".
ar i ". r
"
' "r r i r ni
" ' o-
er "r 1' ' u: er a' r '
di man
r un'
r ' ' r r nr i '
sreutaie,
raloare
eic':
: hr \ as sood
ot
t t boat
t o
pl l " t p d1i p '
ii;,I;i;:.,:i,l;;:;,-llTJ;*l:I"Ji
,. -:,"i,
ut r'|"-
r'
i;; ;;;;;;"
"'
ih" ;on had
sone-up
'4o
dds"s
(G'ad)"
Tl r : ol a! " . "d ur
. l t "o sl ' a' P
I t l P Di n' n
r L' F
if
r:il .t"r;:
;,'l:ij;
"l
i,i,j
;;;r,jr
'
"Y;:
'r:
:
'
; """; ; : : ; ' pr ", "- "
i t . " sor r ' ,
d ar r / oar a"
vdr "a- \ 0
,*,,:;}l"ri;.1,;;llJ;ti'l'i,r'Tf":l;1,i"il,11,:l;"::l;:ljl'":'jlil'J;,'il.'ir.'j;
hu"' :
r n , . r .
pnsr a?i
dcpol "
'
ompl "m' or e
! r nr
t ' - po/ : l i onal e
r S : 621
;
Ii:"*f
n1,-,"*'
+;"::l'(#i'1T,fi ;1i1frl:;lT,0,"{ircu'st*tri
rrurui
de mod
6{i9
SINTA!<A PROPOZ4'IET
2645
2) Complemenhrl
comp.|.s
(The Componn'l
Adaerbial)' -
Uneori
comple-
mentul
poate fi dublu sau multiplu:
ShJl l
sP
pu r l t "' F
'
'
t r r Pl Conol
ch dF l o"1
ne {as l ur ni r s
/ ds, "r
and
/ e?r '
r compl
' i r c
de mod'
irno
"oni"g
a,L;v, a*ouog
or n"t oeeA?
(Conlpl circ de tin!)
264G 3)
Compl e$onhr l
r ompl ax
( 7h' ' ompl "r ODi el . / - "Compl Fmenl ul
conr -
nl . x est donumi r "a
der E dp
' i l i vs
gr amat i ' i Foi r const nr r t i i i or
i or mal c
Ll r n
iomplementul
direct sau
prepozilional,
lmpreune
-cu:
d. / i nf i ni ri vul
part i ci pi ul Drazpnt sau eerundi vul
I n ronsrrucl rrl P
-a' u:
".
l "
l *i "ri "i ri "
t q
t 66l t Oz' l r sau a"uzai i v cu
pani ' i pi u-
r$t 716-1720)-
Ir{ lPachPr
exp
'
led n" l,o
'dit
English lo }'er'
\1.e hesfd
n"r
'rop
t thP
gar"
I cd 5"e ffPd
@frtas in hi" slndy
-
Can I r el v on ni s bPi "g
eacl v t odaJ/
-
You don;t mind
nv stuking, do
You?
DJ nurnele
predicaiiv obiectiv
(S 2526):
We consiilered
niz d t"v intar$ting
olil tu41'
Do
!o\
li'Ue
Wb
nilk hot?
c) Prcd.icale
o/ Resal
(
S
2530):
I washd
' tu
sdu' ePat
cleal'
He c],sed
thz li' l tighr'
$
2647
Iv. ORDINEA
CUYINTDLOR
Ni PBOPOZ4M
(TOPICA)
(0EDXR Ol woRDs)
2648 1) F,oguld
gener: i. -
Spre tleosebire
de limba romdnd'
unde ordinea
. ut i nt el or l o Dt upozi l i e
cst c f odrt c
pl as' i ' 6
l D1Fl Fsul
despri nzi ndu-sa
cu usu'
"i "t "
ari ""i t u'
r"i -a"r
f l exi onare al e
l i mbi i l n l i mba
pngl cza
. . carp
ct e o
l i mi d cnal i ri "a' ,
ordi nea
' u\ i nl Fl or
Al p f oarj p ri gi ds
raporl uri l F
si nl a' t i cF
ai"i*
"""i"t"
fiina;dicate
ln mare mlsuri
de
locul acestora'
2619
RcquLa
! ' eneral a. '
ere ' rebui "
I n genFrF rFqp4
art j
l rev' ' l '
"" l ' : ! i l -'
d, :
- "
, ""r , . i i "
"r i r "
t Pt ol " pr i n t nt "t Ps sn' u
l i P
d"spa\ i t P
Or di nFo
cur r nr cr or
I n
or uoozi r i p
F. j e de' i , i n l i ni i nar i . ur m; l oar Fs:
'
""; - t ' "; ; i ; , ;
. "
ar r i bur cl e
1ui r 0r r i bur ul adj "' r i val s
pr acedi ndui at r i bu-
tul substantivala
urmlndu-l);
'"' -il
,iio"l
predi.i?/, prcedat tle complementul
de timp neprccis
ti
urmai
dp con' l l "mpnLul
i ndi r e t
i i
d" cd di r F' t i
. l Lomt t pnt Pnt , t P
drrunst an! ; ol "
{de
l oc dF mod,
dc l r' np
precrsi '
,
\r. cnnsr,ind
and
.'r
\
35iri
*u"'1
,1i;l;i;"',1",*"t;,l"lL,ij";-"","u-l.
o",
.,0"'_
'
tnDd an4rrt.d
:
lim}l ln care d
sr,l';:ll,:ii;ux.r:,
jill"n"ll
,,r,tii;;i"i*1;'"'i1?"';Tiili",'rllil.',]}
,^,,,,i.1i:;?!'nf;:,i:,"',"i
L;:ii""';"j;j;
;.ill ;'"'","[]ilir.'iiLit.r*ri,"r
*0i""'
.
""
'?il"il,';"#$^flJI"l:"'";ii:''i"J;il';iiliii
l" *-,
sFniliv
prppo'/ir'onar'
ORDINEA
CUVINTELOR TN PROIOZIT]' ;6i I
Orice schimbare care
inter ne
jn
aceasti
ordjne modificn
rflporturil'
. i '
l a. i . -
i i .
Ll pci .
si
l nl el "sul
l , oDo/ i r i "i
2) Atcentuare. - Icceniuara
unei
pirli de
propozigie se lace ln gerere
rR
21i5{}
Irjn
schimbarea locului ocupat de ea in mod obiqnuitt'
3) Iiitm, -
Riimul specitic limbii engleze. prin intluenla pe care o are
S
26;''l
asupra accentunrii
cuvinielor,
delermini
jrr
nare misuln
3i
ordinea acstora
iD propozi-tie.
-ASL{"I,
".
cu nt mai scurt cum st'e pronume}e
personal
-
tindc sn
ocupe un loc rnai spre ceniml
propoziliei. in vrcme ce elemenlele
nrai lungj
-
substantivul sau un grup dc cuvinte tind sn l;e aDez''te spre sfirlitul
pr opu?: ! i ei .
p' nr r u
c
hi l i br ar pa a
e' t pi a-
Shc
put on l' .o4,
OI f @
gol
"Come
here", le said-
"Come
llcr", saic tha man'
4) Orilinea
(urintclor.
-
In rletaliu, ordinea cuvintelor
in pro|otilid
S
2652
en nliadd estc, in
gcnere urmdtoarea3:
a;
"o,"pt"-ent"t
accentuat; ,J aiributll adjcct'ivai
(inclusiv subsiart-
tivul ;djci,ivat
9i
substaniivul
tn cazul
genitiv saron); c, subiectul;d,
atrt-
butul substantiial
(apozilia
!i
atributul
tn cazul
genitiv prepozilional);
, /
ompl "m' nr ul
, ' "
l i mp n"pr ' ' i s' "au
4' nud: / /
l Fr bul
nf "oi
r : ! / con-
pl "n. ni ul i n. 1; r . "
r i ar r pr - pozr , i "r : f t / onpl "r n"r
r ul
Ji r p
r : t i
nur I l c
predicativ;
j)
Predicate ol Result; t/ complcmeniul
indireol' prepozitional;
i7 alte complemente
prepozi,tionale; tz/ complemcniul
cirournstan,Lidl
de loc;
nJ complementul
circumstanlial
de mod; oJ complementul
circurnstan,iial
de tinp
ltluratel;
p) compiementul
circunst'an,iial dc t'imp precis'
(Vezi
S
261!l
b propozilia intoogati'rti
;\ierrbe o modilicsre nunai in pozilin subicc
S
9663
tului, care sto inYeNat cu verbul predicat, ordinca celorlaltu
perli de propcl
zilie rdmtnind aceali ca mai sus ,\stlel. in general' oflli]]ea orr\.intelor
ln
r, roDozj t i a
i nLeroq. rt i \ d eqt e urmi t oarra
d. / cur i nr ul
i nr . , oe, t i v: l r r ur i l i a' ul
' uu
' '
r bul
1' r i r r '
i pal
' o
' ": i
unFor i
ta hat(:; c) airjbutul adjecti.al;
dl subiectul cu ai'ributele
sale
(aqezete in
ordinea aretatl
rnai sus); c) complementul circumstanliai
de timp neprecis:
//
verbul la un nrod nepredicativ
(infinitivul sau parl'icipiul verbului princi'
pal);gl complerncntul
inclirect
(inrn prepozilie) etc
(ln continuare,
vezi mai
sus orilinea cuvintelor
ln propozilia enunliative
)
iilr:'i,"'it""iX'"?",
tjil;..
de, neuenstischen spnche, LeipLts,1e31r
L' \rj'oktrrora'
"' i l ' !' {;,1tn"::l ::"e;-fl l i i :;ri "l ' ;,' :' 1,l l L' ,1,'
o.n,' ",' ' ,rnoo,i ..ui ,.' !d,p/i T
' ' - i i : "11": ""1; f ' 0"""L' ' . 1oJl
' ' -
o
", , ' - , ' . ^' , r
i ' , ' : F dp' d s, 0 \ "r r r ,
| ,
d, a'
l s
2295-r300).
564
{
2654
SINTAI'.A PROPOZITIEI
ORDMEA TIIYINII]L OR,
PtloPoztTI_{
Coool - !i f. do
ri r; rcDi mh
;d d. tod
t)
(sl
I
.Pronu@d0
"hE"
sts ri oi odnpl .n$ di l ei
' l
i i l i dl i vuhi ,,to t*t.
!
2655
OBDINNA CUTINT]ILOB
PROPOZITI.\
I
I
ONDINIJA
CUVNAEOII
TN PROPOZIXAE
lN tll,oPozTrD
NNUNTIATIVA
(ir
0
Fi;i''
'6"
to dn tnr'ak, I'hitut)
I
Ndti m l ..ne'
tl di ,
I
(conr' $' ci ' tn)
IN PROPOZITN
INTEROGATIVi
aoml l
i trdn.d
tonortur l cLa
dc i i npl ?
tddl
(&iribut) hdat
tiN
do
i n ts
(stri hut)!l i i .s
(!tc dcl o0
mi!
hhibur)
ndning
(.ir' d3
l3:*31:I"*rt::rr,i'3ii*li}
"iii#iilxl1i::"Ti1''t
**'rYsk !6'
a' k
DrcMdr'
560
SNTAXA IROPOZIT]EI
A. I , OCL] L SUBI DCTULUI
$I
AI , PRLDI C. \ TI -LUI
$
2656
s
2658
$
265? 1) Suhiect +
predictt.
-
In mod norrnal. sul'icclr'l
precede verbul pre-
'
dioat in urmetoarele situatii:
al tn propoziliile alirmaiire
Si
ngatire:
dr" lsubiect)
@at eoliifs
(predic.t) in l.hc p{rk
Neilho st.te
(subiect) scored
(!redi.al.) a
soal.
l , j t n Dr onnzi r i i l "
i nr ar oqai i t .
'
ar F i n. ,
I
r r r
r r n . u\ r nl i n cr ogs i t
f ni d
whi l , ' ,
' 1, 0i ,
ho, nu h. t , o. v
i "on1' r '
)
i ' , nu, ni r d' i v
r S
r 028) :
c/ t L Dr opozi t ; i l "
; nt . 1nsr ' i r e i ndi r p, l F
\ S
23o1. 2951) .
2j Pr ci i i cdl
. ul ' i ef l .
: \
er bul pr edi . l pr e
r d;
subi i . l ul i n ur mi
g
2657 b
lqi
2657 c):
DJ in propozi-tiile care conlin o urflre sau o exclamalie:
L! ! cdr ! d"i p' : vmol al J
9"u
( s! hi ",
' 1; p
I ni nr i v' l o! nl ov i l : r ur dr ' r
r l o, v sho: l s. a- d \ "r b
p| di al ) |
'
, , d"s
' ul i
' r r :
l Er ' l amr l r )
c) cind rerbut rste
prcedat de particula
jntroductivx
lltoe
({ 2505-
2508):
Thp". i s
t pt L) oD / n; a6
"ub: ",
r
i 1 $l dl j u! ' ar '
\ "t b)
' at h: . g
r sub' "1 l o b J
i n' l r 4l or p n
' on' dt r '
l n D^oonr i ' i i l " d. l i pul : - l n
r hF gsr d, n
I r hp' r l
s"r " l l o*"r ' pa' i "u] "
i nj r o l u' ' r i ! u t , & / P
"dr p "ubi nl "l . asi .
Er t , r i , "ar ".
Hcr ^ I n' a n' i di om' l i
;
d/ rind subiectul estc uinat de o propozllie atributivn
lungd:
HLr F- o ! r br | | pFn- l b
r om nl "xl
P' l *ha ka. 1d4 Ldba' . Eo"i
"odenat
r dt i a'
t , t , h" Lo; : ns
ot r , . t "a-
- . or "
.
t l np. , / i l i
r . bul i "'
' '
i ' i i ; ; i i t m"
o. .
l ' "' t
t t ur ' 1
t t bi '
o
t ' ' . . t t p""t Jv
'
t hat I " nt P[ a'
,rilcs (protozilie atribuiili).
., in propozil,iilc condilionale
jn
carc conjuuclia if este omise
(S 278;):
l l / f r \ , 1, s, p r ' . 1i . ' r
' Fr ",
sl '
\ \ ouJ. l \ l r
l r obl / m
/ / , / 1! \ i t i i " ' . l i r ' l r v\ mi
bdt u' d. l ' $ot r "i I ' ar - i ol d r r ' r npr p
\Las a semmar looay.
/ /
I n
pr opo/ i l ; i ' F . r r - . or l i n uI i mD"r l i v r eeJl i v al
r dr ui subi "'
t
'
"
t \ pr l n, sL
ast i i
col o, r i al )
( d 1636) l
, ! . , l al \ ' l i dt , wu Dubi l ' t
dkP 1f i n r i v sdv
'
( '
r d l o l i l l
, or ' t dl \ l ' 1r ,
, au
"t bt "ct .
bcl n. e I n nr l i \ . u' \ d l "r ' gl
-
/
'
l r ' d.
pFnt r u
a s. r Js o mai nr ar e vi ' ; ' i unp
- ' i
mai
' Ul t
r pl hT ' Li l ' r l ui '
"l l r pi r l i ' 1. ;
upo/ i l i ". i n
l ubr pdp l a l o"' r l l . r : i aJu' p
l di , . Pp&/ / /
pr opozF
l i ei .
nbl i n; ndu- "" n! t l ' l a. . pnl udr Fi
l or l
Lucku is the man \!ho has such a wilel
,iui;@crc the ao s ov r.acher addrcsscd to us
J. f und
dor 14 t hal ef r Jor ' c l ur ' d l i m
t ] . | l u
- r , ' et t
hod h"
; ? u' $h n hF ur n"d o ou" si dF
Doo"-6.nt thi
Itoa
dnd off E! stutedr
' . 1\ ' r sar on\ ' r LuLi
r o"pl i ( S2191, ' r subi "' r ' l 6'
l ' "I umxi i l
r n' i ' nd' ! bi "' -
, ut +, " uo i r t '
- l i u,
. n a. "sl
; dz or {i i n d. u\ i nr Pl ' r ' r r no:
pdr l r ul r ad\ ' r b' J n
r
\ ' r b
,
"r ! '
"1.
Cl nd l nsa sub: p
l ul
' sl F
un
! r or
' r mp.
i nv' sar Pa L- r r ' r t pr Ur r . nu sp
pr oou' P
. ; dr n. a r uvi nl "l or f i i l J
. . a nor mal l
pJr l " ul d v"r bnl ,
_L
! ubr q
r
! Pr D
a, tn propoziliile intcrogative
(cu exceptia celor de la
t / ar t ver b Dr "' l i "dt t 5l . r bubi "' ,
on ' l F
' r _r 1. ":
, , d
{au\ l
i i r j h? \ "ubr t
I ' oLd ! l ' oi : vl u d"Sa l
ORDIN'A
CUIANTELOR
11{ PROPOZTTIE
647
g
;'l I' i JY,!,,!:':
:'
"):f "
:'Ht'"iiTl!
iYsJTf
:"'f".'f
"f"';#i':::;#lf:":,ii;1"::r'i:I':
Obser oar LL
s' I Auxiliarul
de htarire
DO esie.
tntrebuinlai
a'leseori.ln.aoeste
cazuri
$
2659
f ;"r;ii:i'il-";.if,^il.ti[l
r, *';'Hr"-""J","ii"T
J1"1#[tJ"f";:*"'
*"
iilf#:i:iftijfi{i"'#*i1}':""*rri
m;i:;.h
in,he
c.'m's
wi" brins
"oo"twu ,r,
tu ftno@ his shortoqnings
a' to bed /t! dtd in th
end'
"".'fl
,;1
$i1J"f
l:":lt'l:i:n""i#Ti'#
l?i;'#::;
Jii;"'Tl'.xl:i:1"ixi
s'*'n
p"i r"-A! -*p' u"a
l i i nvcrsal '
cu
vcrbrrl :
ffi:"':,jH.1#'t*,
tff:"",iil
*^"'
ffit#.*:rlili:"".
ilY.{:"#i''
i.I In vortrirea
direol'd'
unile
ritmul
frazei cere aileseori
inversarea
subiec- 5
266r
tului .iu verbul
de declarotie3:
"\ e6
. sdi d
t u' ' l or t hough
l ve n' ver 5o"n
i t
. I
kt r os o' hPr s
who hdvP
-
::i*,;;,i;'{fl",lill.,
:l1llr",r,l1'
xr"
}i ":"!.q,,*a ,a" a"",, -t
p',nv'
ao!lh." r.Pli?It
th"
Brc'e"
:$t'",-::x;"It,;i"
ff'Yffi' *"
*
"v
' ' No. no' , , os
l i . r ' l l , ot r al l sLds
Et cepI Le
I nv"rsarpa
Prcdi . i l ul ui
' u
subi ect ul
nu se
posl F l d' e ct Dd
' drcl drst re
est e rnt r o f o' m6 compusa:
_\
e" . n? / . ad s4r d,
_l or
r housh l v- p nPvpr sP"n
i t '
'rii", l i+v
"i'rrl'ri
a"s:
;'P or
rh" o\?t hnd
P!4li*d
i) tn declara-tiile
cumulat'ive
($ 2954):
'The cnildrctr
rc lunetv " "S9
ifl,
r"'
we mu5t
qo
no{,
dd so
mr4r Jotr4
-
;
ll;*":l;-""
l;'i:l'".
\il'f,11,3"j',"''"
F: xt . nl Lel
Ct
d subieciul
celor
dofd-
propozitji- dfimdti\
esle
'acaqi
fiinle sau
S
2664
, . , r , ' I l ' i "' i ".
i ' i , ; ^; *"
' ". t ' "t ' i i
-
subi ect ur
nu
a'
pr odu' c:
' 1, . , . . 1' , *- , 1y' t , . '
. '
: d. . ' h" man Son' . i 5
' a: dI h"t i r l
*l t
j s
S. t t i ng
Ll ar k-
_t s"
r r r r '
-
:
:;tllly",1ll; ;m$l:"-i"
i):Jp'[irlffi
il,i,liT,]ji,i;:"iill{'1'.'i-"'1',#i.''
' ' ' "
Ti i ) ' ' 11: l ' . r *t
E' r pr '
r , dr r p si ur
pa
' : "
di n ar ' "r dor ' r -
' Lnr i r
' "
nD r or Ps'
Ph'@ti.
B;ainst
in EnstistL
verbul
de
S
2662
s
2663
SINTAXA PROPOZITIEI
B. LOCUL AI RI BUTULUI
2666
r. toclil, ATRrBUlfiLUr ADJDCTTI'aL
9667
l) Adj_eotivul atribut al prorumelui,
In limba englez6, adjectivut este
nr acat
dr r d
T' r onume.
i
u
px. pp! r d
pr onr mFl or ppr sonr l e:
T|ere $ds soruboda
sii.l rheri.
H. $i i r r , r 4l i "i \ . i r y ut r n/ .
Did onuthn! .r.iiia! LiDDenr"
t ho! ; 41- b; h^' "d
"i '
l i i r
d bJ r . F: r .
I I . r r .
Et cepl i e
Lucktt
lou
!
She lookcd
so lurious that
jt
was rseless for/or n Lo say anytning in Iny dience.
2668
_ .
2) Adjectirul etiribut al sdrBtantirutui.
- ln limba englezd, spre deose-
bire de limba romenn. adjectivul prerdd substanti.rul pe iare il ialificn:
l.hc nt.. girl
a
/t
vcning
tf.ry
ctrildrcn
Excepl i i
Adjectivul esle pus dryri substantivul calitirat:
dl i n u el e t i t ul at ud;
Al amJ 6p, adl \ l
ni st t I l . , ; D. ' ", , i a"r J
Co!.r^ot Genqal NotaN Pu &7t;
Licutcnanl,-C,a..dl Prsirlint !r.i
l\l^jnt
(i?ncptl
htit opporc\l
r ' , ' \ i m. ' sl F. r , ' , e/ , I
hat p; ; ' unpt be
-qoricil.oPc,rfai
Lni,A]!r etunt
SecreiarJ-G,,.ral Pael Laurcate
Er\tay Erttua inaty cousin-Rcmdar
5S8
s
$
$
2665
s
96ii9
,./ h cileva denumid gi expresii consacraLe:
li$t
person
stz(ald.
third
rrerson ,lald?
"Captajtrs Coa;d!.o"s"
"Paiadise 2,s,"
'
Asil ,Vtn,r
tJt6a Mdiot
\sa\
Minat.)
Jon s m.nar
\sa\\ malat
)
\ tudjot
\nnz.)
B ninat
(ntz.l
C
ftat lnt\z.)
rlief adjectivul:
th adjeotivc
t-pl
c/ ponl,ru a scoate in
ttom rimes imncmotial
The.e are momcnis lzfo.sr,dDle.
' ' I l oq NFl l l hr ' y aqr r cj over t hi nss
li
qas
llatted
pire
and sinDtc.-
' ' Tl,ose rnuskei' eds ot
lnUicity,
.lc' p
thc onlJ rcmedy posiirle
ihe best inlcry.talion prorull,.
tlJ cind adjectivut este o porecle:
Peter the C.cd, Charles the fdi, Ilan urc ?/.iDtc
r
Ve.
or : mi r . 0 . vdr i pnmar l :
\ ar sal var l . pl . @qt a- genh.
' R.
Ardinaton, Death 7I a Herc.
ORDINE^ CUVINTELOR IN PROPOZITIE
560
.
d, clnd adjeciivul cste forllllrt cu prcIjxnl
d- (dftane.
aftai(t, n!dt)e.
o. l ' d\ t . nt i rp.
a: t "
t , .
ut oA
"
. . j
(S ; . rl l :
\ \
i h
pr ps
a! u/ . " 1' p
. hi l , l
i ool . d
oL
Tl f s. dn , : r ' / r or d . ' "dh
Lr d
, hp
ln ihc sctling srtri I saw a in|e;sh- ar a Fnrdorr.
/./
cind adjeci,irul este nume predicatil'.
in care caz cste
Dus
rtupi verb
iau dupi complementnl direet. daci acelJla existii:
The crop ,16
1t,,.
They
(oiNnl,red
thc DIar dull.
PaiiL ttu tabl ati;!
'
,qh. ,nad. rn, dr.ss ho k 1!.
I la\t\d tre chit tn:n asLe?."
' ) i r r d edj nt i r u' i
. n!
t r .
un. ' r h. l a l i r
". , r p
J"r u
, . . , ,
n". , r d
l i l r l nen\ r nr . .
t r n
t ' .
! r n n / n. ] r ct
) :
Tlic roon, \Yis Len
leert
hish
\ \ ,
! , k r L i I r . , i t t !
uo, d. :
I . t
.
r LP r ot umns \ \ cl e. . nt ur t Px Dl d
The.! .rme to l.hc neettlg rpo thouehn stunc.
i rl ci nd adj ct i vxl are un compl cment :
i teachef /' trd r, alt
a m.n
qo
h! af th. nane
a
lnpil
drri,us tt' harl Dqtkh
a voran
fnt
b ktutt at
;L house ld.sd.,o,s, to h.ld scrodt
fahities
i, cind atribulul st o locutiune
adjcctivflli:
'rh-"
wonan iu d.f. is our sm,etrl.
Ask the nan r n, l',sn.
3) Participiul.
- $
9620
d) Participiul precedn
substantivul cind are r.aloare adjecrivaln, dar it
g
96?1
urmeazn clnd cste verb.
adici atunci cind sc referd la
acliunea insd;i:
T1i
Slc
The
tooli away lhe .rytrs balX.
lAdjectiv)
$!mtn. .fytng. told me hr. sl.o.y.
1vrb
wo.e a z' ,Lsd cxn.Bsion. r,\dicctivl
oowd. ona.".d by the m.nkeys. i{u;hed llelishi.edty.
{verb)
D, Participiul urmazd suhstantivul in citsl'a expresii consacraLes, unde
S
26?2
pnstrcazA incd. in mare rnisuri. caractcrul 6{u verbal:
on Lhe .\iy atpainted
on ihc nighl
/bll,(
/,g
c, Pari . i ci pi uL pus dupri subst ant i v. La
gi
adesea adj eeri rul i n aceeasi
\
26?3
l . ozi r i ' .
". r ",
l r i val pn
, u
u p- opnzr l i c el . . r i va:
I f
"ar pr i
nl nr mo"n n. ! .
", r . . nnl l ai , t
-
, , , \ ! ss, n, i
, r , l
i r . ' s1, . 1
t oo. o". p4t . "Lanl r o. 7, "/ , / , . r nr ' 1" {t , r , t , r , u5t on, ur nt r "
l i ng, Lnd wondc. l ul . . . ) .
lle told m. alont lrre sr cne /,v.lr' d in his b.ok (: {.Iioh ras dc!.rttred h his bookt.
1a
/Dr
:
nrisuri ,le luisine (desliinlaln) :
\t ii.l.es Nn.4i! t:tn.
a
, Ja . t
4+ r d
' r
I
' "i
ae
l dFs
r i nr dt "
, . 9t . 1
n,
Ll r ul - l d/ i
r r , i
5, ,
, r "JJ", i r r . ' r .
Dd{r i u. l I r m", r /
j . L, LJL' \ ut
, . r na, , . n.
br at : , . t , .
"t . . t .
p, - i f i r ' t uor r e5dr t l
t , i F, - Jda. J. . \ . mJ, l . . . ""r oJr . 5pun. - - i
. r ' ,
tol,l rdlth' . .^ Lhe
folla,inr
iiv-|t ctr
0bscr aal t e
28, 74
\ sF ob. ar \ a d
pl asr r ' s par l i ' i pi ul ui dupasubsl dnl i t - ( 26; 2
2613\
. a
si dsozarpJ hdj "
l i \ ul ui propri u-zi s i n acFpH, qi
po/ rt rp
/ zbbLr).
sar\ ' srF ede-
seori l i s. oat *t p. r l n reri ar 6
. al i l i ' ari vut ui .
9G?;
4, ! ub. l aDl i r ul
cu nr 4i uul l 6
r al i l i ' sl i \ e. Ci r ' l n sr r osl ar r i v r r " nai
. nul t a
. dl i l ; . ar i \ o. r di , r i r ul . "1
n, ai l Fgat .
' a
i o{' l F'
' ' '
suL' sr r r i !
' t d
inediah tndinlda
'acesiuia.
celelalte
indcpariindu-se
treptat. dupa gradul
r . i e apr opi "r , al i nl , l p' ul ' r i
l ^r
' l '
i nr Fl P, j ul . ub' l ar "i vul uj
p"r ' r u
Ll . r Fr mi nJn. b
or di ni i r n
"ar "
adj a r i v"l e pr a' . di uhsr Hnr i ! ul
Hl i
i i "- l nu
Fxi . l d r . cul i . b"ol ul ". dF
' , r . d
, r r n 6r or L, l
' l ' el
n' r po0r '
' l a
oe
' r
sugestii.
s
26?6
Sub.tdntir
cu urai lllulie cnlilicatiTo
'
l'*e''
1r';s-
:liil-,
ili"
Gt Jr r Fl a, l
' l o, , u
r l i
- Jl F. r i \ p. br "
p. -
' , 1"
r r n sul r
"' r ' i t
-
"onbi na
l i i l e, ' r .
| Ta; l r F. v' nr . I n l i - , Da
cnsl pzl i " i n d, l r "dr i i n g' r r pr ' \ n L' "l ul
de mai sus:
I1r. Smitn is a /znn?/
,nr man.
The housc itas.r l;;sd ,U bnilditg
These ar f i o* / , , , aut ur nr . t ar s
! \ . a"r ' r \ ' 1i r ! , i d r r , r , . $edl l ' ' r '
Th s E . 1 , "t , ol r i r
- ,
/ Ls\ Pr : dD , i n;
She had a nd( D/ue .ntn,. lrock on.
lhe.e s'as a btach rnatble
f'epla.e
in IIc parlour'
Ja.k B tr bald-healetl il,rd old man now
2677 Cl nd ur . ub
r ar r ' i r ar p m i mul r '
r "l i l i "r r i v" a4sr Pd por pr ' r da
' dr r
ur m'
r uhst ant i vul , . du un
' sl i l i ' al i v
podl F pr F' aLl o subs Jnl i ! ul
cpl Ful l
urmlndul,
ln {unc.tie de intenlia scriitorului:
d. / . h" i s J , , ;
p.
4p' . and oa6i "s wor dn
san: Dl She is a woman nt.d, .leer atd
qnusias.
sau: . , Sl r r ' t "
r ' 1n. t at ud Pt g
d. / l r l o l ' . 5' i ' . f r 1
i L d l \ 6
' l ' i l dr 4n
/
; , !
and hol P l , ai
r
l nd Le' pi t t r r ?' r
0bsef aal t Le
26?8 . Adi ' . r i r "l "
pl ". a
"
d' r p"
' ub' l anr i v
i nr
"' hi ' J"n "
"u
o
f
opoz' l r e
r el ar i v;
"l i Dr i . i ' ?.
i 1r
pnTi Li i
r ot
^nr t i bui "
l ,
"'
or ' "r p. l or i n
' pl r "t '
2U79 Ct nd di ur . "u
*i , t j ""r r v"s""f l a. ci i n{el - s.
r n 0
Pl r : i er eddFef r opi cr e
de substantivul caliiicat, cel mai scurt sAu maj srmpl
si; de nlrr'er mor
depart, iar cel mai lung sau mai complicat
stn lingii substantiv:
T| er . $t r s
, br i {l l r n \ 1, . r ! 6k1
Th sl ' , ' t
{i doav h l l i o
' n
r r
^i
f : t p
4!
r ' t i 1Ft l
l h", a l 1d- d J. ' 5 ol
e' l u
dt t on
Pat t t
uL
qL: ' at
an4
f 4! q' ot .
t r j : ' . . . awo
an al & X hi . e. . l er + aad nnr Bi ng "
a-r
:
"...
a nicc rroman. .vho i clero antL dtuu-.ihk"
i)
:
"..j:tittron
q,ao
LrLrc
ks1i.
and hrlly, nai.! and Lntesbdinal "
ra..r*"r r"*r,. "lffli-
L
ORDINEA CUVINTI!' -OF TN PFOPOZITIE
5) Cazuri speciele.
-
a. / Adj a
ri ! pl F
al l si bol h se
. onf ormoaza r, gu, i r ad! Frbpl or J-
l i mp
$
t 6q0
napr c"i q. adi f d sl nL
f u. p
t r r ; / / a vpr bul ui , , 1
"
d f or m; si n' pl 5) .
Aat dapd to be, tLuxiliare
i
defectitel
Thc tonrists all .ltnbd up to lx" peak.
We both atte\ded. llic end'of-tenn ceremonial .
' t 1Fv
o- nt p"oci .
. ni
r t r r . o- \ .
\ t \
: i t t 5
. ! *P bot h k- "1 on ch, , t r .
Ttic kids, ndd d,l seer llLe ncw pnlpel
sho$'.
\\e nalj both
i.in
lhe .hildren round the Wt't4. Tree no$.
Cind subiectLd estc un:ubstantiv, adjectiwele all
fi
rcllr
pot sd il gi pre-
Al L. b ki ds l \ ad seen t he ne$' puppei
shoi v.
All
(tha) Luti'ts .,hnbed up lo urc pcak.
l i a \ F!
E:
t
"r
t r n on
' l r op:
A se ob serr a I ntrcbuin,t are a prep oziliei o/ p entru a(entu ilre :
H r
l l , ns
, o' l h" |
"l i JaJi
f i l l
. 4
ot h-
' t
: nd
All af hrn na.l
tanr
nonr.
Be nt\.et. boh al
!au!
Batl; at tbese
ross;riintes
must bc considered.
,/ Pros6nt. Acest adjcctiv 1si schimbi in9elesul dupn locul pe care il
S
2682
ocupn i n
propozi l i e:
lve ivere 6hown o!e. lhc ]Dsii|ni-" ]y tNo ol the
?r.s.n,
rrzd.dr
(: sl.udenjii acinali).
All the sradc,ts
rresen,
(:
sirdentii
przenli) go in lo. sports.
., Enough. ,{ce""t adjectiv prccedi sau urmeazd substantivul:
$
t68t
He hasn'i
gof ,,ozsl crteience
(s
^n
.xpeience enoLgt) lor ihc iask tnt.usted to
Thrc isn't cn,agn .rt,e (s at trine enough) to gotound,
Xou
should buy sono no.c.
( vezi
i i
$
2353)
[. LOCUI,,tTTiIBUTUI,UI SU3STINIIYAL
1) Urmitoarele alribrte
Fecedd
subsiantivul determinat:
a./ substantivL adjecli!'at i
a Qood lire
(:
ua ioc de lcmtrcl
/ t / e
wood
( : l emnc dc l ocl
a gla$ Je
{
.
un ochi de,stioul
{n rv.-glass
t:
un monoclul
lll substartivul in cflzul genitiv saxol:
i , ' r r
i o, nr . r s oul pul ol n"' . ni n r r . . ga' i :
J
{. dd' l j .
T
. t t dp. t
no- r d h1\ r r dpo Lou*d i n a n t r bui l di n; .
2) Urrnitoarle aLl!.b.ote rmeazd substantivul determinat:
d, r pozi l i a;
Unole Jdnn l.lL carly todrl.
Jones. o,r ncd apptenticc. is a
joll)-'
tharacld.
Itead tuom
-\ct
Oac, Itcene Ttro, parag.aph ntrnber rhue.
Dl substantivul
in cazul
genitiv prepoziiional:
The witrdo$' o/ tur roon wrs .losed.
He rvas a{arded the Order o/ Zaro&..
6?l
$
2681
s
2684
s
s686
I
&td
:
tulti:
r/F ltdr
-
puitimea
s
2686
SINTAS PEOPOZIT1 T
2687
III. IOCUL ATRIBUIULUI PRONO]TINAI,
Atributul pronominal, liind un adjectiv, este pus ln limba englezd indintca
substantivului determinat:
m! lrle s!.1,
phrases
oa. imp.cssion .!omd silvr
,/.is (sau ,1d,, lesson ahdt
jo|
the
tdncr lsau
the lara./ No.dB trhich d,ay
IY. IOCUL ATNIBUTT,'L{JI I]X?IIIIAT PIIN ALTE PIRTI DX IOITBIBD
5?2
{ 9688
S
2689 1) Urmdtoarele atribute preced; substantivul determinat:
a_/ articolul:
She recciv.d a micro-gfoovc record as d p.esent.
Ale s..ll serrioe stores }'ere open otr Sundays.
,, numeralul adjectivat:
IIe linishd nis Nork in
/i@
da15.
This was the s.ond day-nurserx lnilt in tle village.
Hare
)ou
a doLDrd bcdmom vacanl?
$
S690 2) Construcliile echivalente cu o propozi,ti relatii'e atributivE unna-d
substantivul determinat:
Tl ' a, bu\
l \ \ , , o ' . 1
, &",
i . r
t r , ze
{i , ne".
Tl,c li.si nan ,o
'"cal
( $ho spoke) was the ohairmnn.
T'
pi . l ur 5 |
l t at a^
|
i , t h: . er l l "t ! at r al l
t "r r r di
s.
l oi r k, , ok ol Jn. \ on' " r o ui - , ", i , 7, r g up i dr l bsr ni g' r .
2691 C. LOCUL CO}I PLEI {ENTUI , UI
1) Complcmcntol dircct. Vezi
$
891. 2599 2602, 261E 2619.
2) Complenentul indirect. Vezi \ 891. 2618-2619.
2692 3) Yerb cu doui tromplcmente: direct
!i
indircct. Cjnd un verb are
doui co plenenle. unul djrect
!i
celelalt indirect. oricar din aceste comple
ment e poat e l i pus i nai nt ea cel ui l nl t
(
q
2618-2619. 314--318):
aJ cind complenentul dircct
prcccdi
conplemenlul i lircct. acesta
are forrna prepoziliorialn
I
I g"\ r u?" , ' , .
t l
l I
) , , l aur t aq
, - 1t ,
r r l r r
, ' ""t o, r l : on. ,
I r o. gt t t dLl 2t
, , ' , i t l .
l i r . )
/ , "
r , , d ( . , . , "1,
j ' , i
". l . , el '
/
. i uadl
.
lJ cirrd cornplerrrentul indilecl. precedi complenenlul direcl.. prepozilia
csl o omi si :
I ga\e nE ha! (fon,
. i,dir.)
'
r-,.(,i/ iconpt.
dir
).
I aouEht ni ni ron, f l . i ndi r. l d s; r. rrl
1. ; rrl .
, l b. l
9693 Cind unul din cele doun complemertc cstc ur
Zr.)rr,,/.
pcrvnoL. )ootl
snu est c , r?cdi al dupi \ *h,
Ee srioe.d /kr
l(rttl.
indir I L,/ rary
l(nrl.
dir
I.
Wrc sho\rcd n
1.,omtl.
,lii.l tu the phalosraphct
i(odpl.
indi..).
Ci nd nmi nd! un conpl enent el e si nt pronume persona)e, compl ement ul
direct, il preccdil de obicci pc ccl indircct:
\ Ye shos. d t (con! 1. dn. )
ar, i
l t (com! ] . i i dn. ).
D. I -OCUJ, CONI PJ, EI ' I E\ TUT, LI I {l I RCUI I STA\ . ' ' f I \ L
Penlr locul complementelor erprimate prin Adrerbe. vezi
S
2288-
s
2694
SINT.A.XA [R,.{ZEI
CONSIDERATII GDNEIiAI,E
! !r1
515
I L
D"[ ni i a ndzr i
R. , Jr or l u' d"
' oor d^ni r p
si
dF 5r bo"dunr r .
Et pmpr , t a
p
l r Jzdl
r ) enml r a f azcr
. . . . . . 26! 5 1JL
R, nor l u' d"^' oor d^ni r p si dF sr bo"dunr r .
t 6sr i : , : 5
2: 0 r i _5
CLACI f I I ! T, t \ PROPOZI TI I I OB
5I BORDNNVI I : ] - BI \ A\ \ LO
Cr I CU PARTI LT
L' E \ ORBr Rt . . . . .
. . . . . : : 04 576
f t opozi l l & l uD8t t i r ol d . . . . . . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2705 516
I ' r opozi f t u &di ect i r al d . . . . . . . . _. . . . . . . . . . . _. . 2Jr t Sj ,
Pr ol ozi t i i si r i or bi sb
_. . . . . . . . . . . . . _. . . . . . . . . , r 4 s78
Pr opo/ i l i ' I mpor dl , r
. t 11-
i : 8
l ' r ul oz. l l ,
l r ut u dnl i a' , dr
' u
. . .
. . . . 2: 2t 5: )
l ' r opozi i i a ci r nmst Jnl i dl a d. m, r d. Pr ol ozr l i a
. , l / \ 57o
r r oPo/ ' l r . i r 1r ' / d t 3
2710 i 80
Pr ,
t , o?i r
. r
I nl l J : d , de s. ut , . . . . . . . . 2731 5sO
f sp, / : r i a, u. D+ul \ i
. . . .
, 273t
Sor
r r opoz, t r a . oD. c. \ 1
. . 2t i ' , 5, r l
. 2- \ 0 58:
r r or o. I , l
of l . r r r na r \ . r . .
. . . . . . . . . 2- 12 i 8r
Pr ^o^7i l , d
pr pr i ,
dl i r d
. . . . . . . . 2: 4t i 83
Pr oJ' or i l i i n' nJi l
onJl . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21i 2 uo4
r i t l 53t
584
5aL
585
58d
587
5llll
588
5S9
589
5ll9
590
i ! 0
; 90
590
5' Jl
5,J1
51lt
5! '
i92
59l i
5! 4
t 81t
t 813
, 819
Cbzu" st
p'
i l !
. ot d r i
r , ar _
>r
pr opo/ i
"
sul nr , , "r , . . . . .
s r D. Jon. l i \ r l ,
| .
' l oJ. F
d'
. ondi l i n'
. l i n
pr opo/ t i 1
L' r ' n,
i odl , . . . . . . . .
I l l F". u-
. r h_oo,
i \ r l J, i n Dr ooor ' r i d f ondi r onal d . . . : . . .
Ti
t ' r l
i r I . , d
, , . n
on. l . i . . . .
O"d, r "a
l , "opo, i l
l o. . . . . . . . . .
P. ou, z l i , ur ' ! i onJl ;
i nd. ! n r . I '
l . \ ' ai , 1. a
i n
t r u, ' ol l i
, ondi . t nndl
. . . .
P"ol
ozi l
. ,
"or
l i l ndl '
"l i pl h
- t
: l
\ l F,
on\ l "u | i , , , | | | i , L' ,
. . . .
Tr d/ J und' l i ol b l b dpl \ ' ,
r i . ,
l l ' ,
pn/ i . '
d l i r ' ondr i
: i
r , r q"
'
| . . np' , ". t . .
r ' r opo/ r r d 1. I dr l
or ' . ' r ;
+r
p' opLZ
r ' . or . . ( l
Structure
Cuvhl.ele introduclive ale
t r ol ozi ! nr i ,
ondi l i oul r
l L' nur i l e l , r t kbui nl at c
CL-{SIl'lC\RE-\ PROPOZITI ILOP"
-cljBOItDONATE
PRI\
,^;\-ILOCIE
au | AI I TI LE Pr i oPozI Tt EL. . . . . . . . . . . . .
: 795
f . oo, / , l i r
. ubi - ,
l vb
. . . . . . 2: .
l r opn' a
n- r r "\ ,
. . . . . : 8^l
l r cpa/ i )
aat l , ' i \ : . . .
8oi
P"opo?i l
r
' o ! 1
. . . 1
' i
" J
Pr ul ' u/ i t i , ' , i r or mJ r nl i i l r
l ' r o! oz
l i ' I , r . pozi l i onal e
STRUCTURA FR.{ZD]
Protoziliu ind.pcnd.nl.,t
I r aza {r odr l er i . . . .
2i 56
, t 5r J
2764
2768
t 776
, , . i 1
t , . 81
2JAE
! 7S6
21A1
2188
! i 90
l i 91
2794
2793
t l r .
282t, 5!5
, 8r t i 96
, 8r 8 i ! 6
ir8.r9 5!6
I\'.
, 74
9831
283'
!:L
597
59S
5-a,q
593
600
600
600
li00
601
601
602
60!
60i
603
604
608
608
610
CORESPNNDD\ T \ TI MPURI LOI i
2A34
1836
t 83t
2838
2846
2A41
2848
284!
t 850
2858
t 8t 3
2876
2877
1878
: 879
F. su11. . . .
Ket nr a
. . . . . .
Regul a
I I I
A' l i . nr s, mul r . nP
qdu
. on5p . i , .
A, . . " 1nt , . - i odr l l dl l ei l . . .
, \ c1j une
i i l oar c . . _. . . . - . . .
ni'ii,i,r i'i
ri.,jri-iri"
"'r"'c*.,t
,
Condilional\tl
STI LUL
Definilie
1'L DI RDCT
DI
I NDI RECT
YI I . I NTEROGATI A
$I
NEGATI A
I nhoducr e . .
I ol er osr l i a . . .
Tr ansl o. mar easl i l ul ui di r ect I nsl i l i ndi r e. l . . . .
. . . . . . .
-
2885 610
Ca.uri speciale
6tl
P.orozitia nlte.oEaiiYn
" '
t39r 611
P. o; ozi i i a excl a; at i \ - n
. . . .
-
. . , 894 612
r r ei ut i r r nat de
t r eznl
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2895 61: l
sl knr wi u
. . . . .
' .
. . . . .
- - . . .
28e6 611
verbclc defecl.ive modale
,' !9011 614
Nodul i mper ai i v
. . . . 2905 {j l {
r ' r si no-
" ' - '
2906 614
sdxsi t el t . . .
. . .
' '
2907 6l t
Vo; ai i act e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2108 61t
Nol i unea de vi i t or
. . . . . . . . 2909 6t j
Nesel i B
. . . . . .
29t l 61r l
2913
2914
t 918
2920
29t 1
2923
2! ! 8
! 930
29J3
2936
, 937
: 938 610
620
2943 621
29t r 1 6t l
1949 622
t 95t 6l l
l , \ p moddl ,
! i
3u\ : 1i . . _4r " 8E I l \ vC. DO. Ll r T. . . . .
615
616
61{t
61ri
61:
611
61i
618
6t . q
618
619
620
620
\ crb( e lPri.dlp
Verbele to BD, to H]IVE, DO, LET
ii
dcnttivele modale
Altp
ptabkw L
["
aaP1rrPe' t:P
Cuvi nt el e de negal i o . . .
- . . . . . . . .
Du}la negalic
Senrinegaliile
I nt rog8t i r nesrt i rn
i nt or ogat i r e s. o ncgt t i r c . . . . . . . .
195!
! 953
!!i 11
: t 955
2956
I n. ""oC1' a
Fr o"i
. .
6.1.1
62tr
n6. !
' nsul
-
di
SI NTAXA
TNAZEI
(SYNTAX OF THD SENTENCE)
I. CONSIDON,ATII GENERALE
1) Dotinilia frazoi. -
Fftza (The Sentence) PslP o i rbinar. de propozifii
S
26$5
care exprime o gindire cornpletx int._un toi unil.er.
d/ I noddcd and 6mi hd at hFr '
6j ' l bos
, h"r .
F s
""r
ot l i mp t o r i so onF di J b' or ' $
'
d $ho \ a n; ur of
onnress us will b sweDi likc leaYes."r
''
;l !.rom his bedtdon, whi.h was on the lirstlloor, he co .t not see Rhat the childrn
did in ihe
garden whcn Urey weDt out to
plaX.
2) Raportul ale coordorarc
'si
dc suhoralonaro
(Coonlination dnd JaD-
S
2696
ordination). -
Propozi.tiile din frazi poi it:
a) &ordonate
(Caa nn&), cind. apart;Iiid acel'ia;i categorii, se afld
S
2697
in rapori de egalitate intre lei
b) suba onate (S bardi.nate) unle altora. cind nu fac parte diti aceea;i
S
269i1
categone.
-Atit
coordonarea, clt
fj
subordonarea se lac formal fic
prin
ir'.,laI'rn'e
S
2699
(
I udap.)sitiou,
)1,
adica
prin alnturarea
propoziliilor firi introducerea unui
co.rini de lgnture, iie cu ajuiorul unui cu.oint nre Ie utft;te.
CuvinteL de legnturi poL fi: conjuncliile coordonaloar sau subordona-
$
2700
toare, locutiunile conjunclionale.
pronlrmele sau adjeci.ivelc;rterogaLilo
ori
relativ,
!i
adverbele
relative sau adverbele cu Yalonre de conjunclie:
I LJnp. I I ' \ . | . onqua"dd J- \ r
t ' r r r ef d
\ t p al t l i kFJ hi n:
F
qr " . .
L .
. l ux at uor -
TL v mer oad i al kpd r ' l l dr . .
r Cor i .
'
uo, do! , l o, ' r "l
Hc At ol r su, o he
psor . mi m.
b- , / , F ho had Jl r p. ' l J s. ' n i r . ( Co"_ ul o". l on t oor "l
SIe asked-me
@/,, ine man was
(P.on
inte.oglliY)
Tnev told me Ure storY tnar I had forgolten.
(Pron rellliv)
$.e ;ondered ,rnosd nlDer had be,,n read.
(Adi.
interog.tirl
I don' t know on' .e tire-sed.tary has
Sone
to (^dv. relaiill
Coordonarea se
poate face atlt intre propoziliile principale. cll'
;i
int're
suborLtonaLele
de acelaqi
lel care rlcpind de aceeati regenti':.
3) El0mel1tel6 frezei' -
Llementcle djn care sc compune
fittza se numesc:
S
27{)l
al propozilii principale
6l
prcpozitii secundare.
a) Propozilia principatd
(The
principol
ar lloin
fl.lusP)
pst'
lropuziijs $
27oz
cr r e r onl i ne r er bul pr r n"i p"l di " l r a, , . E" nna' c' \ cJ' su
nu un i n: ' JFpl r n
b) Propozilia secund.ard
(The SuboftU'nate CLrmdl est subor(lonatn unei
S
2703
propo;iiii
;umiid rcgrnld, carc
Poate
fi principala
-qau
o altn
lropozilit
secun
iarl. Da indepiinesue
lunc,tia unei
pi,rli de propozilie a rcgentei saLr inire
ge,stc tntelesul acesteia ori al unei
fir,ti
de propozilie din r,'geitii:
llc stoke sloNll shcn hjs s!ee,h \as bfoddcist
1Ch.
Dicliflls, Thc
Cltin$ (Three Chrishat ' t\n$
)
, vczr
s
1103.
5?0
l ' H
. paA-
: t "t l ' r '
pdr p
pr upozi t i d or i r "i p"l " u I nL"l - s dFpl i n:
' ' l ' ' n
nr s
"p
,
"/ ,
, r os br cad t "t
t ' t r pr opo?i i i d
"ubur Jondl i
,
u l uncl r ' dp ompr c'
me. | . i r '
ur r "r at
l i i l
l c l i mp sl r "eFnr "i
l
\Vc did not ask
jl
he was {
good
spori
r
Ll Vp
di d n, . t o' 1'
p. ' p
pr upozi l i u
f
i n i p"l ". al . . F i i nl "l c'
r r phu; c i nUr -
Ei l
J. br , oor donsr e
' I
r '
xr o oo4
' p^r i .
r d| F r P
^
' ur nl t r er r t d
nr r r ' ' a
l
Fin(ling l.hat he had loryotten to iakc his .!ai he retu.ned
home to lcich rt
' H
Ft t ' n"dl ' . n 10t ' t , i ! t ' t u; n!
"' ' pr i r "i pr r r :
' ho'
t ' "h' l ' l
l ot ! l ! "! . t '
Ldt : . 1, i ' n, at
F- r !
Uoot doni d' r r r ol
dF, n' nl l "mPnr
di r a' |
' l
\ cr br r l Lr / ' ' r ' l ' n- '
din principaln.l
IL CLTISIFIC,{RE-{
PB0P0ZITIIL0R SUI}0RD0N-{TD
PRIN
A\A',OOIE CU P.tr.NTILE DE I OR,BIRE
l r ' , r r "n. r r i .
"nr - l ' za.
l r - l ozi t i i l "' r r Ln' l n- "t -
' i '
|
"ur i
'
dupi
pr t t - a
dc
t or bi r . a . 5r pi t u; ,
l i p ;
r ; dcf r i neF. . \ s l i I
. r F
' -
i r r pi r l i n:
,\.
propozitii subst.lntieale
( 1\ au n C Lautcs
)
-
subordonalcle
care tndepli
nesc fu-nclia unui substantiv;
B. nraoat i t , i odi , a' Jut " l
1di 1' ,
l 4j Pa; 41
rbas"s)
-
. ubor Jo; dr ; l F ; dr " i nd"r l i 1e. " l i r nr l i o unui adj ect i r :
C.
proDozitii
ddt'erbiaLc
(Attkrh Clauses sau Adt''ibiLl
Cl|utes) - snb
or.do natile
-
cari: indeplincsc
lunctia unui adverb.
\ . PHOPr r Zl l l . \
sl I JST. \ \ ' l l \ ALA
(TI {E NOUN CLAUSE)
SuborilonaLa care indepiineqte func!,ia unui substantiv
poat fi:
l) subiectul unui verb din regentd
(propozi,tie subictive):
What aou
do is no .oncem oi mine-
IthoLeier
sae s,gs is $i6e
Thot
lau
shtuld soll so A surltisrng
2) name
pr(.(licd]tit) li propozilia regentn
(propozilie predicativn);
He is ,noi / shan neeet be
She made me Qnar 1 an.
3) apozilic
(ptopozitre atributivn
apozilionald) :
The nN5 ,nar ne eas aoode.d the State P"ize(are as rn agreerlle sLlrl)r]sc
l n.
"
r vus d
L"n' r , l
t dn: h
r s
i l | E
!
hr d und
'
@od t u'
Jot "
I Jon l l hi nk : l l i l "l r
/ l al A"
' t l 1
bP dr '
4) complenent dtrc.,
(propozilie completil'd dircln):
I r.old hin
frndrl
I aantad to do m!
latt
H. W]* ahal I hdd sdil
5j cot plement prePozitional
(propozilie ptcpozilio aln):
He thousht ol shat his
f4Loe' aatke$
hdd toltJ hitu
They listned to shat I hdtl b eU
$
270+
!
,705
$
2706
s
270?
5
2708
5
2709
{
2710
1L
tt a
(saod)
s!",: a nr!.legc de
gluna: a li trtr lnr oamara'l
cr,,{srFrcaE
a PlroPozrTlrl-oR
B. PROPOZUIA
ADJECTIYAL' {
$
27rr
(TilE ADJECTIVE
cl'\rjsn
oF
ADJEcI'Ivru'
cl,-{usE)
Subor don"La
. ar e
ar p
\ Jl o r pr unr r i
adi ecr i \ "
' i ' ar e
det pr mi ni
pr i n
r , r mdr .
un subsl snl r v
sd' r u1
pr ^r ' ! n' r '
r ndPpl i npsr "
t un
l i a
d" a' r i bul
si
est e
o
propozi,tie
atibatiad
(\ 2a0i)
Ea ste
introdusd
Prtnir_un:
ii
"*"**
""i"]"f
'"t
dt
q)ho'
tphom'
tkhich' trhat' as'
'a'
(
-
that not)l;
bl ; drect i l
rcl at i v
f ul ase):
";
ad; et b
r. rari v
(r' h n
nt ' "t "
' Nhu
t '
/""IJ"rilin
"aj""ti"Ae
"tt"
n p"opo'i,i"
relati.vdL
determinariadl'
A t enl i e
!
Propozi,tia
adjectivala
este adeseori
'onfundati
cu alte subordonate:
d ) ProDozitie
ralioctiYald
sar
propt'zilio suhsttrntir&li''
-
L]nele
propolit'ii
S
2712
",b-i J"i ;;i .";t
i i """"r""a"' '
"u
o"opo' i Li i r'
"Jj F' ri Larp:
The
pronise
' io'
at /' a' l remetuLeted
sa late was now useless
l'Ihar
tre haiL remcnLbcreiL
so l1lc'
minn" substantivul 'the
prornise',
de
that.)
csrc o prot ' ozi t i r
adj ect i ! rl a
' sre
det er-
care el t e
hgar, pri n
pronumcl
reLanv
Thc
ttonise
that
thcv Mre
gathq to /'erp n . relived
her holes
."".*J
:f :"f
i,-$:x,,T
l"t:#l-iii
;:";#:l
"lt':#':n""'.*^;;
prin conjunclia
lhat
l
N ol d
", "i""#lf
'""""l"J;"!f
'^"#':"x1ii:T'l'J
i:-1ffi":\il*""-l'":lililL:"11
i";ji;"1*l*;:
:li' :
?iilJ'irfi fr
.'l;::l;"
::' :";i:'''
::;'::"":
:
;:i
", , 1""a". "' ^
psr"
o
l ropozi l h ' ubrrdnl i vi l S'
D) Propozitio
ailiectirati
8&u
propozitio
adverbiali' -
ln frazele
care
S
2?13
t}il'.*:''';l::rrlff!
in:fi {
-in
ri
"
i tx,''
"
propozi, iire s,,i."
.1, ri,.rF..ur.i' "
^1 "' J:#[l;il.
J,]"*::"' :l;
l.;X;
i;11,;:,;':llllll
lll"illlli;Jill"i,l;"J.
i'#,;
i"",""""
ara o sropu,
""""#:$;tttti'ff1:Silatd este nunai de'erninari,ii'
pe cind
propozilia adver-
h;ali
e.te ex?IicalLed
l
Vezi
g
2t 40- r 741
' ] ' ezi
5
2t 42
3f
-
Gradaue
ilnbri
encreze
!
2714
SIICTAJ<A FNAZET
C. PROPOZITI,'\ ADVERBIALA
{THE
ADVERB CLAUSE OR ADVERBIAL CL-{USE)
2?16 Propoziria adverbiald este o suhorJonati carc tndeplinest funciia de
adverb. Ea
"orespundF
prot ^7i Li "i
r; r r, t l st ont i at "
di n
; ramal i ra
ron. i nj .
2?16
..Ca
3i
adverbele,
propoziliile
adverbiale se lmpart ln urmitoarele cate-
gorD pnncrpare:
1) propozilia temporald
2) propozi,tia circumstantiali de loc
3) propozilia circumstan,tiale de mod sau comparativi
4) propozitia
cauzal{
5) propoziria finald sau de scop
6) propozilia consecutif i
7) propozi,tia concsivd
8) propozilia relativ[
9) propozilia condilionali
271? l ) Propozi l i n l emponl d ( l hc Adr, rbi ol
. l ou. ?
af
l i nral ri spunde l a
l nt rpbdri l c
, ri "r?
si n". , rhcnl
l t l l
| | l 4n? (l at )
hae
I onE? ct . . (
; i ' , dt d"
. i ndl p; na r l nd
i
. ; r r i - p: '
pFnl r u . l t
t i mpl j . Ea est e i nt r odusn 1n p, "' , "r p pr i n.
ol t f f . bqaf t . as. di nc g. an, , .
' i n. ".
t i l l . unt i l .
qh"n.
t ahnpt pr. , rh; t ", ; h; t r, ,
now (that), dr
(sau
so) Iong a.s, as soan as, hardly... ehen, scaftelE... ahen,
no sooner... than eLc.
d, I shal] go ic the
licin*s
ohzt I haee
finishzd
qo*.
H shall not come herc ahile I an aqau.
As tahg as gou aant to
qoli,
yon $.on' t feet uselcss_
,.) I should latk to hin ds 5oon as I sar ntft, if I w.e you.
c) Ilanlh/ had. h. cohe hrtue rtuz he was recalled.
Ih.t! hdJ : o-ptu
Jtn;.h"d d* sire *hen rhe eu srs arrived_
fio
"aon"r
hod l' :pattu h
t,:n /fi;" / rp;ret:Fd my $ords.
0bser aal i t dsupr a er empl cl or
2?18 aJ Ctnd verbul din regenti este lfl /iitor, verbul propozjtiei
tcmporate
esl e l ; i ndi ol i rul pr"zpnl p; nl ru
acl i uni l e sau st 6ri l p si ; ul l anp, sau l a pr".
n-
fin perfect.cind. acliunea sau starea din subordonata este anterioar.i ac.leia
or4 regenna.
(Vezi
ti
g t850 2853, t860-986r)
2719 D) Crnd
vcrbul
di n rcJent . i
p. t el d
. ondi l i onot , vcrbul propozi ri . i Fmro-
"al "
csl p l d
' ubj on"t i r.
rV. zr
ri
S
28
18)
t
2720 c) E ard.ly g\ scarcelg slrit \rrir,aLe de when; no sorzer, fiind un comp arah v,
este umat de lDdn.
Clnd. hd.rd.LlJ, scarce?y sau na soont se afl; la lnceputul propozitioi
tempo-
r al e, vpr bul
ps. e
i nver . al
' u
. ubi ""l ul .
ln acest tip de trazl
lexemplificat
la punctul
fnl],
subordonai,a cuprinde
ambii membri si
loculiLrnii:
he was recalled (prorroziiie pdncilal{)
Il@dly had he come home elea (subordonatd
temporah)
the
suests
arrived (propo,ilie princilali)
They had s.a/.cly linishcd dressing rii?z
lsubordonaH
temloral,'i)
I resrel.ted m"1. words {prolozifie
princitald)
No so,El nad I sloke! to ljm daa
lsubordonau
temlorald)
878
CIJASIITCAREA PN' OPOZITILOR 6?l
A t cnI i e !
A se compara:
a' )' | ' heddre4hddt ut hehadt al kci l t omeaLout hi si nt crest i nt oot bal l
(Trnl rot cl r).
S272f
t hp doh. ; she b. s4n t a. t u
"; 9.
sh" Fal i zr d i l nJ' r he
I
t ^hr i on f or
qhi
h r h" I ' a I
a vocation. iTemDoralir)
h t ' l n. l a\ ' t on a hi h ) , '
ndd 4a $ r s h s l d: l dr r h"' ummFr . am!
( Al r i bu' i \ l l
. . / 1. mdma ( uh?n t sh" b"| a" l ". t u' i '
I
\ as 1l ur nr _g p i nr i n l r pr l i f "
r At r i '
butivd)
f l n er enpl ul d^ l a
pun' l ul
/ / ' . r '
' ubnr donal "l "
r di punJ l a I nl r abr r ea
wr "p2 si
. i nt .
Dr i n
ur c\ si e,
t cmt ' nr dl p l r . t ' cmpl ul d" l a pun' t ul
1' b' J.
sub-
or l t ondt a d"t "chi na suh. r an' i v; l
- l ho dsy gi e{t e adj ocl i val 6 ( r t r i bur i vd) .
or i nr i oal a i i i r ' d:
- The dr t wus hi . l "' i ar l bF
s' r mmpr
. smp
'
Tn . xempl ul
; . L,
pun"r Ll
/ - t ,
. ubor i l onat a c. r i qi . u l i L. r e
nur "i r e
dcr or mi na' r r bst anr i -
r ul
- Lh" mo
, r n' r t
' si
esLe
ddj c. t i ! sl a ( dl r i but i \ d) . pr i n"i pal a t i i nd
- t l ' n moment
was a turning
point in her )ife".l
2) lroDozitie cioumstar,tiali
da loe
(Tlrc
Adeerbi&l Clause of Place)
$
2722
resound' l a t ni t ' bi ri l p
' "
r" hna
l ar2 ham
' rl "' P' (:
undcl i ol ot ro: '
pl nd
unj c. ' d. unde11. Fl a est " i r , l r odusd pr i n
. r vi nt "l "
h t ' . , h"nr c. shi t hf f '
aheraeer, wheresaeger elc. :
I crn t takc vox
shie I' ot^
eoing
r comc a.rois him ,.ha.."r
thqp
;s
a ,a"..4.
, 4 t enl i e !
lylpre nu introduce mrmai propozilii ciroumstanliale de loc, ci
Si
pro-
$
2723
pozilii substantivale, adjectirale
qi principale:
Whi r e he ao. As i ! d Dl "Jsanl
pl d. r ' Pr onu/ i l i . sub5l anl i v
' l . t
suLi '
l : v. i
Tcl l me
' l nl t
t u f i k i s t Pr opozi ' t ' "
sul Janl i vdl l
' oml '
pl i vd
di r e'
l l l
| , 3nt r p, nr mb"r he pt at p
' t na
/ k l ; ' ps. Pr opozi l e ddj e. r i vr l l l r i b_ur i vi
\ Vp $pD\ l o l r r F t h. al r . ,
' h
i
& sau a f t f ud! ( vr opozr l r pnnf l par Jl
3r ProDozi t i a
ri rrumbl ^sn! i al A de mod. Prol ozi l i a
roml rral i vd.
(f hP
5272t
Adv, t bi al at dr; s" of l l l ann"r or
ahnrr' ' i . ar) r""pund" l a i n' rpbEri l a
l ?o4r' ]
hotr much2 ha* nana 2 hou, many tifies? eti. (:ium? ctt,l de cit ori?)
a) Pr oDozi t i a
conpat at i ad cont i ne al doi l aa t er men al
$
2?26
r , ". i
. ; mpar ai ; i st af i t i l p d. r pgFnr a. f esr " i nt r odusd pr i n
"uvi nt "l "
as as
t f
as thonpl than, t/l
+
un comparativ,
so
far
asi ss--. as etc.l
As it eas eith ,ttn, so it tns $ilh her'
Slro sniled
as if shz betelod'r enjosine heser
They looked aL ne @ thoush the! hdi
Thev daDced \ettet thdl ther saas
aIh; less she heaB abaut t, thd bettef it is
,./ ConjunctiathDll este
precedat.r de un oomparativ care se afld lnregentd.
S
2?26
(\ ' ' zj pcnul i i mul exempl u de maj 6us
)
Conjunc,tia as poate fi precedat{ ln regente de cuvintele dsi sa, $acl, sau
Snp is ,s clpver or r/' e n
lf.t' y
l l , i s not i , / ds i mDor t r nl as ! u! / 1, , r .
l h. l " $ss. r . / . l du; ' r l "r as / , "; had nen 1 . "f u
"
She spokc in the s;md
quict wsy ar si" hdd al\,aus dane
I j , r
"Dune
cu. pnt n l i 1bd
"n; l pr ,
. , , r l , i . . i J' " Jas nj o- v: ng 1. 6. 11 . t or nd
"oI . . dr , r . r ' r ' - l suosr andar dchi d, ) l d"a' "' d1' - "n", ' r i nl r ' , r . ( v4i ql i : i
n: "4
- j l
r or l n
A"dmar i cdl
. or c. t 1.
adi . d
t t n""t r ' t l uaa
1.
. dr ' i
r i cJ
o supo' r l F
3?*
680
2727 c) Ll i psa r t r bul ui i n
p
r o
p
o z i
I
i a
.
o n
p
0 r t
I i I d
\ ' pr bul
di n
pr opozi l i a
sp. undar 6. dr ; . on; r i l ui p al doi l pr t "r mnn al un. i
comparalii poate
adeseori lipsi:
Hp i s mor F s, n"r ous
/ nd,
"n
r : s
Itjs
larenls
ire as old a, nind-t;.e].
I don l sr ' eal , as
soo, l
Ensl t os dot r Jo, .
TLey dr t mor ": ni c. l ' g"nl - , , t an
i
hi v ar '
l f
- . ".
Alec is lceling bcllo iodal ,,,aD
lhe
l'aslr tos, a,er,,i.
ln unele cazuri. etipsa verbului poate
crea ambiguiidti, care trebuie
tdeturate prin repelarea hri, lD special in scris, unde lipsesc
mijloacele
or al c dc l amur i r p c i n: d, , ul ui : ar ,
an1.
i nr onal i F, pl us g"sLi . 6
eLc.
272A Pr opozi Li a . ompd. sr i \ d el i pt ; "6 Fsl F , ea
m"i t i pcr e- nr a f or mA de compa.
He is more
jrduslrious
than
lou latel.
Thev Dl av aq
q. l l
^
! P r ' , | ; wr
'
I I i "' h: " . j arh rl dn
-i r
"J' l o;
no", . 060. h. . un L omi nsoul .
Ahe &oner
lit
isl,-,r, Ae'er
tit
jsl:
rh. natu
t\|a
arc1, &e henie;L\r tsi.
\ -prbul di n propoT; ! i , ompf l ra1i \ a
pl i f t i "n
nu poat F, ns; l i psi de. i t t n
caTul cl nd
psl t
l o r r , bsu
"l nd
ar i t l n r Fgpnt a, l '
t i
l n subor donal E se af l ; a,
c-
lasi lerb.
(Vezi
i i !
882-883)
2129 d) Jnl o. u; r r o
pr or a: t ! t i
r onpor ot i ! ".
Pr opozi t i s
. ompi r al i \ d i nl r odusd pr i ; coni un. t i s , r dn po, l e
t i uncor i i nl o. ui l d
nr i nt r . u
conal r ucl i p cu i nf r ni t i r ul . ca: . est p pr "i er al d ,
a I i i nd m6r scur l al
l ou
"oul dn' l
do b"l l "r l hbn l "d' - l r " d on"j n, , \ \ ' l nsn i / wd 1"/ / h"r al on nl q
Thre was notling the child disliked mofu than ,r:ra, ar. l,nme br l,mscu
1:
thair
qhea
he ndyed ai lome by hinsell).
2?30 4) Propozi,tta cauzali ( The Ade.rbial Clause of C ause ar Resson
)
fispnl;ld"
1a tntreber {tru (=, Ior vhai reason)l
/rom
ehat &tuse2
(: de ce? din ce
cauzd?). Ea e.(te introdusd prin as. because. sincer. wherea.*, ;n that, nat tha1,
for
the rco-.on that an the
Ero
nd that, cansidering that, sccing that9l
I didr'i
go
to the bon' n e btaa* I was tied.
r ; , enu"
at t s1, o, "not h, . n: u, e". t uL
4"r . I snal l 0 . , i st .
. ons: dpi ; nsi
t hdt t . p r c\ p| dA s, / ,
- i r , , - noLr
r . n
hF t eFl $Fl t r
2731 5r t ropozi t i f l l i nal e rau dc {ol t TLF
t l t rbi at at auce
of Pdrpa' p) rt ).
punde la intrebnrile tty (:
$hai forJ?
for
what purpose? (: in ce scop;r).
Da este introdusi de that1, so lhat, tn aftLef that, Iest,
for feor
el,c.:
I gor. up early rnd,T l na!/ be in tihe
for
schaal-
Sh. l ll al on"p ro that
.lb
nitzh! k,"p h.t ot
pan
m" .
Tl , " \ i l l 3g"m $oul dn l I p r . si dr l $i l nou' i gni , l ",
t or t eor
' " "ha"t ' l
ea
l a. t
; r
t l , p
r l n
a""as' a
pr opozi t i
l i ! 5F5r F al
|
! r bu
pr d, d, .
cl l si s b: ' . 1
. 1.
: P. . i 5l i i
r pcomandr
pl i p"l
t pr b, l ui numni 1r . n. i , j i d
r r "sr d 5-
r l l d
r n a, r ' ai
' mo
9i
mod n, ambete p.opozilii.
ln limba curent{ lnsl aceasin recomandare nx e6t rcspecta6
t 5 8831,
$to
leatu alone
-
a lisa In pace.
:
In stilul olicial si
ju.idic.
.
"on.;d*in6.
rpi?6 ttut .. ,t"t
lil|'d
r'..
?
lrar
:
.i si.
CI]ASTFICAREA
PROPOZITIILOR
68I
^
Verbul . di n propozi l i a
f i nel C est I n gcnere l a modut subj onct i v (
{ l 5?5).
{ UZ8S
ue r-erc marmuri e orr. t n8d. o con6t ruct i c
cu i nl i ni t i , t l csl c prcf aral d propozi _
'
l rFr
rrnare, deoanece dg mar mul t d
conci zi e st i l ul ui :
I gel up early ,o D. ir tims lor sohool.
Sl'e left ot once ro /r4dp hcr appoinrmcnr.
w, wFren t' l.t to start witlout a guid". nat b
e.t
lort tn rh. tao.t.
,.
6) Pmpozilis coDcoculivd
(The
Aduerbtol Clause of R"sult or Conspruti4
\ ZTgl
C {daj e, / ral A, con3ccl nl a sAu rezul t at ul act i uni i di n regent d. Eo est e i nt rodu6d
-
pf t n uw, so nar,
l so' . -. )
t kat , (suchL. . . ) t hat , but :
Nrvpr a scck
sop6
by ,[zr sh. h.sn t @M ,o s.c ur.
Ar f asf . mor ni nS eomo. 60 r i at u. naa dbk t t 6nt i neow
hur n. u.
rnc rclfnS wds so, good /ur i! *.nt to sa th.
,ta! d.anl
Hr! mcmofy sas
su.ht
,hat
h. rcn.nbtud a
ldce
6ni si-|.
, oov.r prs rh+ Univr|sity Librdry ,urr rnanb..
tha old lib.aian
At enl i e!
... ,So,.fiind
adverb, dptrmind
un a,ljrcrir sau un ad,,ert tin rcgFnti; such,
$
Z?g4
runo aol ecnv, ocl ermt no
un. 1rA9t dnl rr drn resent i .
,-
?) Propozitis eoocesirl (Thc,tde.rbiat
(lau'se
ol Contession or
(oncusite
E 2?16
Cl arrp' , srat d l mprcj ursFa car. nu o i zbul i L
sA t mpi pdi . e a. ! i unea sau sLarca
drn regent C.
Aceasl d propozi l i e est c o
sc. undard i i t rodusn pri n:
/ d, )/ l rouqi ,
atbet\ as4. but,.ven tf. ev.n thou.h.
fot
all. in spi. of. if.'ho,|Plpr. ihoe;t,
qnttneaef.
wnate9ef Qtt. I
'rhnugl. sla is nt
f,i.hd
ol hind. I hnvr r hrsh !t'sR.d rlr h"f rtn,li,ati\r
Itddsotu dd she
'i.
Ies DpoDh likc her. ,lnili.niivl
f l l I o. n. on t hF O. N. T. r onr i r i r l , l ou
?r , 4 r / / do
^. t
l ed
aU , i xht .
\ t nol f at i \ r
Fot al l
! ! nu
sou, ) shdl t do s I i i nk r i l . r l ndi Ler i vi
sh, . oul dn
r bF
eel t t sh
, / r i e
' ' , . d.
r Sut j i on. i i vl
Hoaa?, bk! ha no! b.. h; JrssJs rin,ts time for . n, s
hook Sul,ion, tir r.
| $oD I apol ogl . , . r ' hat eer yor
"4t ,
so! . I nd: ca, : v
sr br on. . t i v
I hJr , kno$n hcf r or y"r s. but n. at e ho
f t i er ds.
,
Propozi[ia
concesivtr nu este introdusd Intotdeaun&
de o conjunclie sau
S
2?36
o un Dronume comDus:
Sh; t ught Lc pl ai t . b| r
. h wr s l i ke, l ! v c\ kvbodv.
L"t my
'aas
Ftare
pvet
,o
v n8rdrs&I,. I slol dli,Jyd be a kind mo, h. r ro rl,, ,..
.
Inversarea verbului
cu subiectul poate
de asemeDa exprima ideeu con_
S
Z?32
R. t hot o"r i t ho! . - howea"r Ur , r ' m. , v l cl . Lr nr go; ng. t n, r ng
on S,
. , J
J.
Su! -
j onct i v
! r czcnt
cu r dl cr i r c l a vi i t or l
Aa n r , pr e l &J.
' hFr r '
i s a sor i sl ot m e! "r y
"or nJn
s l , car . . i ubr on. r i v
pr pi "nl l
Bun a"t sl , p ni t h! - Bt ,
"oul d
r b- s t her c i n i i m. .
r S. . b, on"l i ! t i - i : i ;
Obser r at i e
Yerbul
Inl.rcbuinlstln propozil,ia
concosivd estc la modul i.ndicatiol
ctnd. & 27Bg
sc rFl erd l a o srt ual rF. real d,
sa! l a m-odul suDj on"l i /
(pre?enr.
f orma reebe
sau
-
consr r u, l Dr Bcusr oui d. n0gor r mzt hP)
ct ndconl i n"i mpl i cB! i adepr obl Fn- st i . ,
- ";
ffix*l*i,"::i:hm,f(i:|i:lit:l!y
;"1i;"*."*r;,;,,"
* r""'6"""
3
d,Pn
:
dsi
{6til tormat).
I
Prcpozilia
conc.sivr care contin. @
{:
detij nu InceD.. cu acp.bt.i conrunctie. ,i
cu un substaDuv, un adr.ltv, ur verb sau un ndvtrt,
5Slil
lorbal
(conline
subjoncl.ivut cu LE.t).
. c: or i cub,
or i ct t
+ subj onct i vut
l ct .
nor a 4 d. mr i Eus) .
TYezi _r i
e. t empl el e
l a- . 1 2?35.
6E!
ireal sau o presupunere. ln limba romdnd indicativul se traduce prin indicativ,
i ar subj oni t i vuJ
9i
. onst ruct i i l e ru
shoul d, si nay (n4ht ) se t rarl uc
ru nondi -
Li onal ul .
PrezFnLa subi oncl i vul ui dd sl i l ul ui un t on f ormal , l i t prar. dPsuct
chiar. atunci ctnd subionctivul nu are forma moderni sau nu e inlocuit cu
indicativul:
Thotrgh sl, ld'.f6 capc.icnce, she is very competent.
(Indicativ)
{Dr ' i
l i l r r s"r r c
a\ pPr i r nl ' ,
psl F
t oJr l p
' oTp"l pnr I r .
A" hp
, v"i
so 6l p"n ho Lsyouf t u1h"". ( Subj . I or md v
. r '
)
( r or n i . l i r ' , dr I
t or i ,
r , d.
/ r
d" . pvpf ,
pr p
r d al
, bu
)
hvcn lhough the hotBo
' /./,
on fire, he $' ou]d sleep ihfoush it all.
{Subj.
prezent)
l Chi ar da' a a. / aa l o.
. ' sJ.
el n r i dr d$l 4n' d. )
You musr Ll o
your r ask
pvpn
l nough yor . hond
t . d i l h. i t l .
' Subj on
v
(T.ebuie
si-!i indeplinc$ti sarcina chiar dac{ a'
ti
s,t
It
sd
pdr.t g.ea.)
\Yhaicvcr you tudy (s au ntst) say. he irn' r .isht. (Subjonctiv)
Orice at sratu
(s
au @t
p&,ea
sp,ner, tru are dreplale.
2?35 El i psa i n propozi ! i a
conrc. i ri i . ei nd propozi l ; a
non. "si vd
arc acel al i
subi c"t cu
p-Xen1n,
subi . ct ul si
predi , al ul
ei pol l i psi :
"n
,Bn
lhc
wasl ct;pplel,, he was leading a u3etui lite.
Eo@eret unlikel!
lit
aete), the thins happetred.
The weafher was pleasani.,
laenl
if
Lit
aasl cotd.
2?40 8) l r opozi l i a r cl at i vd ( The Rel ot i , ' er hu*1
"sl a
i nl r odus6 de un pr onume.
uD adj ect i v sau un advpr b r el al i \ i .
or pr i mL sdu bubi n{el .
!
5
Cuvintele care introduo propozilia relativd slnt: 2741
prununp r, l at i rc
-
wbo, \ vbom, wbi cb, \ \ l Lal , l LdL. a. i
adj , t t i , , p rel at i r,
-
wbo"F. \ bhh. wbal ;
.
ad.vefie relative-'$hen, rvhere, why.
There soes lhc nat Nho is one ot ow ablest .oaches.
I can' tan$ler lor a child
lda,
sau whoml I hdtdly knoa.
Hp has a nr m" t h| l t
i "
l aaou. .
She did .rio,
(:
that shich) she coulrl h heb.
Yo! may takc such sleps 6 you ttlink
fit.
Thal was tho honse ehose t naIt had, baen Stutatu-
Lasr
ypd. .
akr I
i n Nhr h) / r nr ; l l , I had r o l t pdp i n bed.
TnJt i o. n; r , / r . . ,
.
i ' r $hi i h.
"'
, ! r d- , i d, o
i s t P; \ ddap
Tr Jl , { u, {"
, -
t : " r . a, on l o- | 9hi cht he aukt at dr r ; nd I ni n"pr i nS.
Pronunele, adjectivul
qi
adverbul relativ lac parte din propozilia rlativd:
4' we pr
o oqr . l l hdJ t h4 d, l ot ! l , a had b*n. ho: er
I o,
t h" l . \ Ji f s
pot
: n
'
pi "t uf ?
, ; f 1. ; , , or
t ' hon) r l ou
l @, ". n
p"
, s \ "r \ gaod i n l h- l "adi ng
pdr l
lln
arnbele exemple,
"the
actor", aniecedentul
pronumelui lelativ, fac
oar l ; . l i n
pr oDo/ i t i "
nr i - ci pdl i ,
i n, r r p
psr e, omt l a' nFot
di r Fcl
( pxpmpl ul dl
i au subi ect rexemi l ul 6r. Pi onL, m"l . rel "Li v f a' e
parue
di n
pronozi Li a
suhordo
nar a! i n
. ar F est p
quLi o
t
i nvoml l ul
al
. , ,
. omi l cmnr r di r e'
I
i p\ Pmpl ul , r ' l
ProDozi l i d rFl a i rD
pont "
l l da, rn, no! l t i t ; au
'
ryl ; "ot ; f t 1.
2?12 Pf oi ozi t i a dcl ermi ndl i rA I t h. n. \ t , rt i r" Rpl ot i f p at ou: c)
. sl e
numi La
asr hL Dcnl r J. u. . dpl ar n, i r l ] -
. ' nr a FdFnl ul
eau. i dcn' i t i ' l n. l u- l ; cu al t p. uvi nt c
ea serveste
pentr[
a deosebi. dc alte obiecte! similarc, obiectu] denumit d
antecede;t. Fiind absolut necesar; tn!lesului, nu
poate lipsi din frazn qi'
ca atare, nu este dcspi4iti
prin virgull de rest:
Tl\e docLor that
lou
rahs up in the matning \as come to see
you.
She has seet the land rlrrc otahlc-ttc.s btossotu.
I l . ooo/ i
i ! J, , , ; , r / ;
' 1"
uni dul or i
pr opozi : r p
"_Li . , i ' d.
d' o1r "' o
r "sl r i nsA, ; 1"1": ' l ' o"l qpd n r l ui . . t r t t l poul a"r pl i a! NdP6l i uneor i
numi l d d"r . . i pr r r i l
:
Sens
gr anat i cal : at i t l i i , , l e, ci l 9i l uc. ur i ( $ , ) .
CLASTFICAREA
PROPOZITIILOR
563
propozi ti a der*mi nati )1.*,:
*.l tl l .' S.I";i i ]j ,l "l ' ;
r",,""i
,:.pri cr-
|
ri 4l
,",.,1""",,ox11111"",Tl1,1"i1'"111;,3r:l'ri*;;,"
;;;'
',"
cs'i' indispensaL'd
lll),*iii
ri","i
qi
na*. avind
r*"j.'::tl
Ul'"'"1ii"il.'J# ;-*;.:::Ii:il:ll:
::;i:l: :xl ::l: l',;:ljl,'jl'li'l';::t''*
il;",ir,.i
in
",i"
"
"ru
""'"'a"n''t
liru:it*:-:Oi
;ri,l;l::r"rurr:t;';
;
;;'^f
i''"'Tl'llr
My r{ile,
rno
ts catuing
L'@tar'
$ill }c
lleascd
to scc
Jou
il-
""*-tl"
principali:
-llv
\fift tt'ill be
pleasea
ro sr?
i/on'
coordo-
"utu"lo-on'"ono,'1'"
relatiYe
p ncipul6'
coordonsfi
cu A:
eho
is c('ning
'"
'
t
n**U
urrough
Proguc'
*ha e I s1ent
a delichtful
week'
i
-
i:lli:ili:
lii:,:'#Ti'i"'"T"'1"9:i:i"'?r.';'
\'{hp'r' t spen'i
a
a' t;:i i a
*",t
(= snd
thPre I
sprnt
)'
.,. *##**rm"xtlltxllilTfifi"ilT.il,$::i;iiilf:Tilix""H:r
s
""
;lt,'liintl*'"l
i
ji:1:"i:ilii]*:$,:",r,T"ri."ri:H:ti"f
i:,r
s
"nu
dcnl $.
l n
rare caz
i nl rodrr' e
o
f ' ropoz
)l"" il,i-,,i1',,qi1"",1;l':::
i":;':;t",';f*'
",""1f;;.r;il*i
iffiT.Hlu:",
:lil;;;r"ixi::"i:'i;l1;;:;1'
li
;:i:"il'i'i
i oordonat e
cu ant ccdpnrur' 1.
".
S
2?46
Propozilia
relat'ivl
podte
-lr:
^--,-ote
rplativ \
2?47
.,, |
#rulf
;;f ;"1;,:lllli;'#,1,1$*;'"f,
!
j5 j!ii: jI
*r a'ltv
:
b)
di i l l i ,' al ()t
(atrj buti vdr'
"rn' r
' l t"
i "' "' ti n"ri ' i
r$ 2;l l ):
i Si i i
,.".,f1.i##*..-fu
$;*?*r,*i*.'rt*J".:.':'::t;::",-'**
d
)
od
rcrbi ala
(circumsrantialb)
:
I lliSl'i"",11'Ti "'"T."I
i"\;;,;
k';;",::".i'11::;
,!9ili?'l**'. ,0"'n
I a^"nnt at ri bul i ve
l n
l dJ
propozi t i i l e
rcl rt i ro
"h'
ri"P":;:iJ;;;i":
;"i."
"'Jrt'i
cauza anliunii
din
scoprrl
ei.l
scrise
cu
litere ctrrsive
principalr.
i8r a doua
-_-_-rr"
r"
""'"
rF rPlerl un nronu
e adjectiv
.\
2760
684
srNrAxA FEAZET
2751 L, l i -nbd
Fnql ezd, sprc dposFbi rp dp l i mba romAn; .
pt opozi l i a rel al i vt
Doat p. l s unFof i
- r l epai l adc
cuvl nl ul pF. sr e l l dct er mi nd. daf d accasl ;
dcs-
bd4i r c
nu duF l s i nl cr pr el er i
cr onal e
l cf . $
t l 08)
qi puncl uaue esl c
caa adP( -
vat d:
''They met som"
P@Pl
alt?t they had got insiile'
p'ld
said they had been thero
l or t h. ee
qui der s oI nn hour ' '
'
i l "o"i Vr r r 1af l Fd
Ar @ BoPvn r i ddvor r l "t ' mi ' vo
t l osdt d
l a
' homhei oi
lon! been attdched.
'
,c.
ttezd
had come ahotu
I had. knaqn as a bog
(Penf.u alte detalii asupra
propozi,tiei relaiive \ezt Pronumcle
rclattee'
s
1037).
27b2 ! l ProDozi l i A
condi l i onal i
l l
h' AdrPrb; ot
rl ausP af
' ondi l i or
or
rondi '
t t anol l t or ; pt l i at ar onJr l i ad, dcar Fi r nd' l l i oi r ed"pi t r dFa4i uncadr nr ' Lcnr 6
Pr opozi l i a
( o- d; l i onal d r espundc
l o l n' r Fbdr pA
D t hot
"( l st
! l : i n cp' dzi ) '
27tr3 Yerbul dil
propozilia condilionale
poate fi la modul indicaiiv sau sutr-
I ndi.,:atit) ol in praryzilitl @ndiliondld
! , 4t .
"
1 nu oJt - ,
' Jon
hi ng"
go si onj
\ o( | . y .
' r
1N\ @: o Jot :
"
, ,
O. ' "i | , "r ".
Unlcs
ltau
slaP taughrnS'
1ta^
S ubjont:|irul.
in prapozili.a candi[ionald
I shoul d st r . i sl ud) i ng i l r r er c
! . u
-
I t t ou hod o
. o".
\ ou
so' r l d und r . Jnr Loyr '
t i o, i t t
"", b*"
e
; : , d!
|
$ou' d Jr p
- or . e
L' , d sJr k
I , l on. ! no\ f l , "
l Ja- L
n- n! @ i l
. ! ou
hddr ' ' 14'
f Pent r u
det al i i vezi i n cont i nuar e Ft an condi l i an&I d
( $2754- 2704) l
rriaza c0N0rTIol-11,,(
(TEn CONDI'rIONiI SEr-rnNcD]
s
2754
2?; 5 l , sl r u. l ur d. -
l - r J, H
' "ndi l i ' r r dl n
i n t or mr
"i "r mpl d
"st a
o l r ozh
. oj pl "xa
1.
car F
,
or r . l r J; r , J", d
pat i :
aJ o propozifie rdgnld con-tinind un Yerb legat de o condilie;
A, o
p. opot ' t i "
uha ar t
t
' "r "
"\ t "i md ' or r di l i r
' l o
a
' br ar
; nJFl l i ni r e
depi nr Je r i ' al i ) or "e c, l i ur , r r di n r ' - ' ^r r ' ' . Acpai r d
"ubor dor r a
i e l P I unr r r a
prapoztlie condtlionu.Ld
(\ 2752).
2?66 2l I ' uvi ol el p i rrl rodu, {i re al n
pr, 1' ozi t i 0i cordi ! i oual c
^-
Propo/ i l rA
'
3F
, onl i nA. ondi l i aF. l . I n
"oJu' '
pr i n ur ' ' J oar ' l '
' u\ r nl
: r /
' | 1
ont ! ' t r
' ar "'
on iarulition
(thdt), prorided (s ar prct'}iding
)
(thal), s'l?pdse, s au rupposlns
(that),
unless, dr long ds. so lang u.s, aheth.r.. orercl
I t uou t ot t i u
{
r
do l
r ou ' bv
j
i t i , t , t
"h"
hod r " r
j r .
. . i ' o r t d 6
' v"
t ' l r
ndppi ' "
In .a!. lou shoutd stur ms, \-ou' ll {ind me ai lioNe'
I i l
j "l
l . t u c, , . . . , , , a
p"o. , i , . p". .
N' Jt t : ar
t h1
. h. ; .
bo. L bu n; t e.
- ;
, o u
- "| pi .
i e
I . d, t
r . , i . l l l ' . l r r ' l r
' l
1, . : , ' i i "; ; '
'
i "' . r * . ,
, , n : r nd
' . ' -
, ' 1^" t h t
; P!
n
a
v: "P. Lt t h""
\ oi m, r ' on. o
h, 3o
a"u
r a
'
aL" uP oa t u k oJ 1t t t t n
\ \ " i "nr . o. 1, ,
! l 4 h"r t P, o4t "s
I
J.It. JeMn.. Tht.e )Ien iL a B.ot
' Cu
o $i , i 8ur e
pr i nci pau 1$
t 82t )
3
70 adm'
:
r recunoa'ie.
FRAZA COND' TIONIA
L r ' "or i or op' zi L; ,
r ondi l i on"l a
r u
r qr p
i nl r oJuci d- . r r i n' "1"
mci
. u. ,
i p' , t ; r ' . 0
; i
f "r a r - n' i p^, 1' ozi i i n' , ondi l i oni l - l
Dat t h, t
t , ; ' t o: : 4a i l
vo, ,
d"n x,
p
I ' , n
\ di "ng l nd
p
t on
cr l
l l
I i l i pdl .
'
oo, ' ] , ' na i
pf l n . i l ni r n
l i a
o, 1
' n
d a pr i n i l du
c j d
vouu ha\ .
' o>aJar
o' . l J. ot nat . . auPd ot t hp La 4. t u"' t
{,
I s. n on- hJ. 1ol Jl pl l : n
Pl ; , uu"dondl ;
pr r n' un. ur r
r r ' ot r ' J
d r " pt n
3) Modurile intrebuirtate. Nlodurile verbelor intreluinlatc in
-fraza
$
2?58
condi l i o, . . 1;
"rt :
i ndi dt ; ' rl .
l npa. t t i ul
' . nl ; t , onol ut ' . i
subj aul ; , l I nt t P'
b, r i nt ar "s
x, "i r or modr , r i d, pi nd. dF
' . ' 1 ' ar ul
r . i l
' r u
i r . al al r "' i r i i I er
bului.
lntre rnodurile
;i
tinpurite verbc)or predicat din cele doun pr.,pozilii
exista de obicei concordanli.
a) Acl i unea r eal d Cl nd
wer but di n
pr opozi l i a condi l i onal d
$
2759
cr or i r a o , cl i ur " f t ot u
. du
t ' r obob; t o,
nod- r i l F i nt ' pbui nl dl F i n g' r Pr '
"r nl .
ea
_"i
j n
l i mbr
mmnn\ . i ndi i t i , ) ut i l
cubor dor . ar i .
;
;
ot i , , t ear
t np t ot i r ul
t n regent E.
Cu excetrli.L riitorului. care de obicei nu se ioloseqie in propozi.tia (sub-
ordonatn) condi-tionali,
Yerbul predicat. atit in regenti cit
!i
in subordonati'
poate ii lfl orice tjmp cerut d ln.tets:
t r h. . . 1t t . , , . hd 4r I b.
I i
r t "e/ "nr
p"", Fr l
) t np, ' t , 4. . o r r ' r '
' r r so
"l i , , .
"
' """Ji
\ \ hd- d. \ o \ Pr pT nl - ' r r l
r l I / , n; i i m
'
i o r .
- ' o, \ r ' r n-
, 11
t o. ' t 1l
l ' "/ "r ' \ l 01
I
j oui d, . . , ", hr n. ) ", / , o; l o\ i . , '
b"r r ' ' hi sh
"l ,
' '
l - " Zl ni
l 4t f d
r
r
'
t t r \ ' . 1i . t 1t
"". . t
p
ar t 4. h' - dl
'
/ a
"' .
n' ' r
{T, '
pt ' z"nl
I t j k i
. . , , , : ", /
d, l o. ' o". Tr qu
r a, ur )
l r 5l ! -
/ - Apd
vou o . . i ,
, r l 1 . Fr ' ,
"l v
/ P
: r r
I l r "
\ r ' l o")
l r , ox{, . o. ' i n( F1. t 1r d. ct onr l o. l hi .
l i l l or m"
r Pr ' r
nl mpPr dl i r
I t i "
"d
r hpi p
y. sl
r d1i ,
, ns i . u! nor '
r T, . . '
i , np", dl i v'
l t t t hodot
[ ; ' . t ' h"d r r ' ,
r bi ng i r
- \ .
] n
l {ui ' dl r y
I ' J Jr nos l r - ' L
! "1
II' Joan li;dn' t lzzclrd bclor
youf
arrival, snc *ta probably
jotz
us in the dining{oon
non. (lre.uij
lerlect
+
vinor)
\ pr o.
p. l oi r p
"r cnpl nl e
d" n Ji
( uc
. onr i n
l mpl i r a! i a
r i a. l i unpu 1Fr -
bul ui
es' "
; or . i d"mt l
"r
r . ol a
pr i n l apl Lr l
. i
f o' ' r apor L0l S
'
a ?l ar F dp nl pF
l ocut or sau de o al t i
persoani :
l l
"
pnj oJ.
"o
i nu h
'
o". i l . ' d i on
' ds
p"opl " or
Jod
saJl
I l
you
l dv. r d, n, m 1r s
I ou
sayJ. . .
It ie d.idn' r &eiee my lctter
{as
J.rne saysJ .
NoI d
Viilorul lepuitnd li intrcbuintat tntr o
propozitie s,rburilonata (S 2850),
$
2?60
nr ooozi t i o
r ondi Li onr l a r ' r
poal -
' onl i ne
r r r i i i t or : a": ' i mp
Pql - r pdal
l r i n
' pr e) . n
r l i r ' l i r at i r r r l u;
. "u
l r i n
or ezent ul
t , ' l e"
r S 2852 2F: Jr :
I vou r , - {
1, "-
1. \ ot r
( i l l
or '
r
o1l l op. '
r D: \ ' - l ". d
bn.
\ ' l l
qel
l r e
p"i r " i r
shp l , i d' s{p/ "d
' r l
l h! q. ""l i ol s s"l bJ t h
r \ am
nFE
t \
a obf l r i .
t {"m:
. r l . i r o
t t r ' , t uas
'
l od l nr r ' i - r i l "
l , r '
' l
{Jmi ol l or i l
|
10 cotue aut top
-
ta cotue a' t (at the) ta?
(of the tAt of sucds' ful catutidat.s)
l:
a
reuti
primul/triD' a la conors).
arltate
$
2757
680
srNTA:.A FRAZET
E
2761
-_...
Pr.pozitiile,cunditjonale
construite cu verbul Fi nu constituie de lapt
xr
',ptu
la reg,rta dF mai sus, dat fiind
cd
pjll
nu este aici auxitiarul viito"
r ut ur .
cr ar a i nt . t osul sau d" \ Fr b
moddl
, , D
vul
.
I . bhi ' l b-
Jr J. , l u'
i l
Jor
. vt l . or "t ,
nr -
r t r \ or n . e"ut r os. J, of
d. d , "1 , o; sd m1 m, l i L. z. )
! !
you r l l onr J
qt r y
a l i
pt on9n". r o. \ vi
, . 1r 1, , " br oJd"J5i . onr er r .
; r ' r i st l i oL! . t r . v, . i aul i , oo. . r t ul
r ddi , , di , r ar t . J
S
2?62
. h)
Ar ! i Ln, i r "d1d. -
Ci nd t - r bul di n. vbor donr r j Fxpr i md
u
r . l r unp, . a/ 4. d^
i i . r u: n, hi t ui . d
n, r , r , 1i , modu, i j F i nt r pbui nl ar ei t n, cr n*_
l nnol ut
l 1
"Agqnt i . i sdLj ondi t ut i n suLur donst d.
ast f pt :
. on. j . t l ona| .
ph
I nt t r pgpn' 5\
_
subi an4i r pr pz"r r ( subor donat a)
. onot t onat
p r l . /
r ' . gan' 5)
_
subj anat u p"r / . "1
L. ubor donJr i )
^-.,_
\Yo\t
@auld @epr at onoe it you ire, what iL was alt abouL. (Cond.
!.e2. +
subj.
-
You.oozi, haoc auepted, at once iI you ndd t@/u ivhat ii was all about. (Cond,
p&f.
+
srlj.
!e.t.)
r\ se conrpara
contrastiv:
, ahe , ! i . ot r p
j f
r ou
ask t r er .
i A. t i une r eal el
c- h"
r oul d Nhp i r
Jor
dsk"d he".
l A, ,
unF
j maci nar . l J
shz eodt d hdr d. , @ i i
Jou
had ask"d
har .
t \ . i : un.
Ler "dt i zdr r )
f l r r di ,
o' i vut
p{pr i r J
o d. , i uno f pdl r .
. ubj on, . r i r uL
pr . zenL
o acl i une
PI rrpal d.
5ubl on. l r\ . ul pFrl pcr
o o. ri uno F
. al i . ot t i . 1
At enl i e !
$
2?63
_ .Indicaiivui
trpcut
)i
subjonctivul prezent,
avlait aceeaqi formel. dar
,nllesurr drlentc, nu trcbuip conlundate lntre ele. ln
Eenere.
lormfl verbald
dr r L subor dona' ; Fsl e
i ndi ""t n d. mooul l ar but ui
di n r egcnr o:
l l
"h
sd; J
"o.
i j
' "s
6
. t i ! .
l l od: , a
r \ r ". . r .
i n. t i . dt i \
l r "r u|
r DJ, a d spl . d, "d, l J. d
/ ar
di t r L! , . nl i p. , . \ , l i ur F r eJl bj
I l
' h"
sd; d
. . ,
n noukt L" r st i p. S' , bj .
pr "z . ond
o. p/ . ,
t Dac^
a. sput
- , sr a.
d.
t
d D n- . ' r
' n. i . .
q, l i uno
i "j j . r r
fSubordonata
i,online in anbe]e cazuri
acecasi lormn. dar nu si acelasi
mod.
' n
t r i mul "dz
\ - r bul
f i i nJ l r t nJt . ot : r t , t t r , - u' , i n, i
dni t al t c \ r r i or r i i r ; l
pr c: pnt .
I
. "| . 4t l
Ji l "r ' . na. i . i r r I un, r i e
dp n, ud, r .
j nt r r bLr i nr at
t n"r - : pnt . i ,
i r?ri mul
caz regent a i i i nd col st ruj l d ci r
j ni l i cat i vul ,
i n at doi LLa, . u cu; di t i ol
Uazuri spcci:rle
S
2761
. Con, or danr r
r - odur i l or
t i
r i mpur i t nr
Ji n t r azs nondi l i onal d
( S 2762) ,
dF r r Fqp. . r a, d t n r nJj ur ' r a ea ,
"zur j t or .
DU
+
m, nr i nF i n un, . t a bi r ut t i i sp"_
$
2?65
,
d , Subjoniir.ivului pi'fp.i djn subordonatn ii corcspunde uneod condiiio,
ndlul p/..rnl
jn
regent6..mri
atcs arunci clnd este insolit, de un adverb cu sens
up prez. nr. rr' .
not .
-t t 11.
dt p. , t "nt rt , . . i
It i ftddn' l r,s, nv \ratch,I sho,tld. now hd,e one.
He @out.t, be !\ei il I hdd\,t aske.I him not ro comet
5
l ?66
. .
6r r r r l
- 1"
Ji n t . Jr r ,
o. Ji t i un, l i p4r F\ pr i
. , b
o onl i un. r . . r / r i n r Fqenr a
- cr
r r pdl . t i n
qLbor Jor , . ' r i i .
d! , i poL f i l d i ndi "dt r v t n r et p t a
si t a subi onr r l v i n
subordonati. r\cesta este tn special cazul subionctive-lor
cdnstruiie'cu auxi-
r Cu
excer ! . i a
v! . Lr ul ui r , r , ( g 1553) .
IBAZA CONDITIONA' -A
liarele *,aalrl (cind erprimn roinla. inren!,ia1)
si rloxld cind exprimd o
p.esu-
punere ori o irnprobalilital.e
accentuati sau cind cBte sino;im cu i.erbtrl
ought2:
I
pauT
10 talk io t-ou
ii
rou
' ,oald
.dll toDro.ro{' .
He .an visil tlie nrusennr if h-" no ltl, like to.
l l sl ' "
t ot l d nt l , ^- -
. hr . , ; i /
/ , "/
/ . gl a
|
.
s"" h"l
I l \ , r r / , ' 1
r
. o I ' om, no$. \ r | \ aa\ ' t
, oL
. q . a
")
\ , l bel e
. l i n
f r 0r a , undi l i unal ;
t ^r
- j \ pr i md
n
, , t i , Lne i r , ot u ( pr i n
Q 2?62
.
| l , i i l i on. l i i n r ' npnr J
ci
o . . ! i une r ' ol d r pr i r , i ' r di , t i \ / I n . ubor don; t br
"
l , , l i ul dl : t pt a so I , y, r . ' J. pl t 1
. or ! "
i f
Jou. r J Jou
dr . n, ' , omi nc.
1) f o0di ! i r, | l i l ul
)i
propozi ! i a
sul rordonaH. Spru d"u. "bi ro dF t i n, La
Q 27n8
' o' , , ;
d. unJa moJul
"undi l i onal
r .
p
I nr r eb"i r , l s t r r r ; n r Fu, nt a. . r t
si i n
subordonaia unei lrnze condilionate. in ljmba
cnslezn condilidiralul
nu doate
l i nl r Fb- i ' r , "1
. l e. l , . -
, ol ul
, \ . pp, r ^r Hr
I n
. ; bor dnne. J
car .
pr pr i na
o
. nndi l rc.
j ;
", 1^
l nl o, ui l . dupi
. r. m
d
\
"?ut
n, "i
, u.
(
S
2?b2),
t t t i n
"rt bi "ni , *
a, er t e f i i r . l modul
. . r p expr i l , d
",
l i u, i i r pel ". . \ .
f e, i n. ubor don"i a:
condilionalul prezenl este inlocuit plin
tubjonctiaul preznt
"and;
i ^n4t ut
J, . t t . , t
p. , a
i rt u. , , i pri , , t bt onai , , ut p. i l "r
Pent ru accl asi mot i v, unel e propozi t i i
r"l at i \ c core srEereaz; u condj t j e
E 2?69
eu
r nr Lul l a
. ubj on. i i \
$i
nd l a
, ondi r i on"l :
l _mdg: n- b i ng l l d. psl d, l
i r '
J book t ^dt r . , i r : $pr "r I . i r d- r j t al
I nhi p. "
I
o. Jr t Fi a!
j l
l ' . l ubr . pd' o. f t
0r scr r al i . i
{,J Propozil,iile subordonate conditionnle i.olstruite Lu shautd si would,
\
2?i0
dup; un ur npar ; . n, r
. or s' i l ui t s t sx. cpl i i
l i , "05r a r , gul El
Should
S
2Z?l
a') Il
ro\t
shauld meet liirn ($hich
k higlly inlrobabkr,
teu him ro come home
I l . h.
"n
, d
I , n hpF
r shi ,
h I r "r r {u"h Joub ona( "pl dJf r . I wi dbk h . l o t e
S/ . o/ 17 you l i nd i r Dp. "ss8r y l o i al l nr . J shor l d
( . dJ
i t . dh
nnF.
l Jl o/ a.
i nl r - br i i nr al ai r i l s
l pr soanr
a 2- a si r J. d I nt r o
pr onor i l i "
sub-
or donal S
. ondi ! i ondl 5.
pet p
s"bj ant t t r ut r . r bul ui sl , a/ /
oi
suqer 16z6 6 sj 1r 61; "
f odr l F DUl i n
pr obabi l a
sdu
o pr csupun! ' , i npr obabi l " p"nt i u
' i i . or
(
dal r i
s-ar l nt l mpl a s4. . . )
($
2119). 1
a") It yot sttoutd (:
ousht) not sit up so late, why do yon rto t?
S
2772
_
fJ'ftould,
sinonim aici cu ongrt (: ar trebui s a u trbuie) este subjoncrivul
verbuhi modal s,4all (js 2085).1
would
$
s??3
"' l
I . r oul d b" c. a
"' ' . 1
i t
. \ ,
x
' o, U "\ poun
I
l ou-
t : r ,
q-
: 1 , , D ar . , r t F,
\ l i f r auno*I or d, . r i , . i , . , - l pr l Jr . l i r ni r
. , r : , o. , n
t ul i i r , . r f F 1r , t or
II yon ooLrd
jusi.
ster inio lhis ofiice I
IlDace
aji eoi.) re ros sI intrali o clite In acesi birou.l
iI s|e
pozll
only lave st.rled iD, hcr.o]d \rould iave sot bel,icr,
iDaca
a/
/i
rot, nudai se nu iusl din case, .Ie{ta i-ar ii rfrrcui.)
r
\ i r zi
S
: 77: i ,
,
vczi { 2085.
I
.=
daca dr
ftrd
nc
lacn
o \)2i11,...
(inltubabititate
aceentu.riiL).
r
-
daee l|.6?ie si l. dnci acnnl ac61. ...
l:
auht).
i87
588
SINTA:<A FBAZEI
,".*'1""""Ti:,,oJx!";';T;:f
|:'ft
i",hl""tl'i :lil"lllji,Ti[i""ffi
,i;i T]:
"u-iili"i".rl
p"
""." "re
acesta
ca auriliar
rnodat
(: e voi) q' tg"9i'^",","J"'r
"i."ii""ii"
i"l"
"o*iaerati
drept tonna d" politcle
prin
Fxcelenln (5 2r Lt
2116) . 1
s 2??{ ai') Propozilia
c"ndilionald
conshuiti
cu viiLorul consiituie
un
caz
anal , q
l S
2100.
2t 61)
I
2n6 ;) !"""pJii'
""-pr"ti"e
airecti
poaie aYea un condit'ional
independen
tl:
I musi
inquie if it edtdn't
"ebetterronnil,?,
i"nltJ$i|'a,tl
i1:,
",i*:l
"T':,'l?'i,,ir"ii;"?
il" t" r.""" tvp*'.iti"s.
E
2; 76 5/ Sul rj oo. l i vut
(u
rsl orrs dc rondj l i onrl l t r
propozi l i a
pri n(i l rl i
S' rb-
"
i or ' ", i ' ul
p. ' 1"
unaor i
i nr r "bui nr c' ' u
' ot o' r '
dt ' oi r di l i onr l
t i
i nl r o
pr opu-
;itrie
principaln:
' , t ' 1, 1 . . n
, - " I - sho' r l J, l b'
"or l l | 0r hi
ee l r i s' l ' e' a
''RT
"
",jr;!a
ll1,.:l*,'
i'i,
,;",
:,"';:'i".13;*:'* ;"HI"liT";"'-' -
r n"
p, , ' i i , , a
,
-
so" o l , ' bp
I r nur be
8i i "n
1' Jl l
'
E
2777
0) l nl cl esul
bul , j ot rcl i rul ui
l n
propozi ! i a
. l ol di l : ' ] o"l ' d'
-.
- -. , . . ^^
i
zzzs o7 Sui j on"
i ' r, l pr" . "n/ , i r,
propozi : i s
' undi Li oDdrn ", l P| "l Ti ?$l l ' "' l : . "*
o dr dr e
r magr nar r .
r cor r TDr r d
r dU i ' u i n pr er er r l or i
r i i r or ( $ l 5i 4- 1r 57) :
s
27?0
i/"#,fi
"3-Ji'f,t,viiliJ$i"J1"
j"?:""j*.f
"ti:"#L")
D) Subjoncti!'ultcr/e.t
exprime
o actiune
nerealizatd
in trecui
(S 1561):
Hs l? srt /o.
th?
tatotshP hp
qor' d
i3v"
$' 1 J
Da. d r r I i
. dr J: da, l d bLr "s ar I r ob\ ' nu' o
6 2780
. )
Fo' ] | l , , t
' ) P
, ' a subj oncl i vul ui {sl s42, esr el r r l r pbui nl 0r sl npr opoz' t r B
"
' ' ""
"o"al Li o""i r' i "
r' . ol ui ; i ' ' i ai ".
zi ari sri "
pai l ament ar'
ot i ci al
i n sl i l ul rt erar
:ij",";.:*jH'i::';;1,::*'?sTt'jiu,i
;,"i:":"'iif
i:trJ'sif,T'1
It it bd so, lct then do lhei' Iest t'o win
vou
aplrolal
$
2?81
?) Timpul in lleza, conililion
i'-
{
2?82
a) Pr ap. ) zLl La
r et ' ) nt d Condi l i onal ul
pr zent se' r ef er i l a
o
"
" ""
:;i*HT:"::lll,t**.
sru rjtoare, condilionarur
peffect
ra o eclrn'e
i:i
lk'n,
* {i1i
t
l;i
r.hr;l!1i"ii}";;;
:r;i:':i,,
S
2783
Lt Pr opu
; l ' o
' ubor dor
oi i t . Lul ndu- sc
na r t eml l u, vcr bul
/ or "t - r co. ' r al . suL' l on"
r t ur
"r Pr i md
a' r t Fl
r i mpul l npr opoz; {i ssub' r donar t :
:;;,i"i'.i
,,,,,,
l
i i:li,:ji:t;
i',ii,:lfir.r,:ii'*;*1"i,,
r
, hn,.,.,,
. , , t ,
[ ' i ' : : ; i : r l ; ; . , ' , :
: , 1
pr i , :
- "". ' "l ; : ' r \ ; . ' \ f
i ma' i ' r ' ) obi ' i
' r Par
Joi r "a
:j l ":)"),:"i ",' I",":11,,:;i ;;",,...., ot ,h Fry, sh /' nr,aa,
.\nd'
i
ili"lJ#lli'.,fi;,i11;"'
(g r556-,ij5.1).
FRAZA CONDITIONALA
I
L4d
Gulj.
prczoDi.) (limba
scdsi
ti
vorbitd)
eiitonrt
J tI
06 (irdicati! tr.ul)
{lim}a
vorbiin)lr
ei or i m4t r ' "i o: I I . r t o, / d b. Al ,
t t J ) a t odt r
o r soan l . l l l i i Dbas f sl si vor bi l l l
'
t
t / p
' o
/ p, r , b.
r ' r - u
nt
; : nt i ni r i vi r i i nbr s. nsl si
vor b, l r ,
t h r ". hLI f - , ,
l i n: i i , i ", p. r ",
1I
r ad bpt ' ubj . p. r "t ) ( l ' ml d s. r i , 5. :
vor l i r l )
Obset t ' at i e
Intrebuinlarea timpurilor
5i
modurilor tn propozilia condilionald difere
$
2784
ln iinba englczn de [mba ronani ln urmitoarele cazud:
689
8t 0rdi n0a
pt ol ozi l i i l or.
*
l n i rsza
'
ondi j i onal a. prnpozi l i a rFgFnl ,
S
2785
posl e pr Fced
qau
ur mi Subor donal a
ci .
Ci nd r pgpnLd pr e, ' d; . a, edst a l i i nd
ordi noa normal a a
pre"Fdpnl Fi . . F1c
doud propozi ! ri nu se de. part pri n ri rgul u.
Clnd, inse, pentru accentuare, suboldonat,a este deplasati astlel ca sd preceadx
a rgenta, se despa-rte de aceasta printr-o virgnh:
You {ouldn't meet her il you telt now.
ll you leti, ,tov, you rvouldn't meet her.
9) Propoziti8 conilitiodald inalepenilentE.
- Oricare dintre cele doud pro-
S
2786
pozi l i i . are
cl cdt ui F. . l rora. ondi l i onol d poat e t i l nt rFbui nl at a
. . i
i odependent :
Principala:
He @uld like io see
"Hamlet".
Would
-Jon
mituI otcning the windo\r?
I
qould
hare done anytling ior you.
S ubordonata
(exprinind o dorinln):
If I @rtd only ski aEainl
Il Gco Poli,i'only n;a. youl
Il he lod only D&D herel
10) Inyersiunen in propozitie
0ondilionsll. Conjunc,tia i/ poate lipsi
$
278?
di n
pr opozi l i a . o1dr i i onJ5.
i n. ar p r r / ; d"pJ dp. ondi l i onal
ps
e
r . dat d pr i n
i nr . i sr i - o or di r i i
. uvi n el or . subi . " ul
r Fni nd
d, , pi vFr b {, i nd a"Fst 3 e. G l a
un iimp simplu) sau dupi auxiliar:
Aceasti inversiune se poale face numai atunci clnd propozilia introdusd
de conjunc\,ia t/ ooDline ulul dintre verbele ta be, ta h&e, muld sar shaukL
In lipsa acestor verbe 6e lnt.ebui
leaze
auxiliartl dLC.'
This would halc no inlortance r./. ir not that he kneiv ihe regulations.
l l o$ f i nn l }r l and. dp.
"ou
d i p r "^
, r a
spdi r 6 i . i or l h"
f i r - t ( i
n"l
{ i t o sr i t e, \ vunl , l
JoD
ans\ cr ?
L
hl i t r ! r ci r c s! l j nr r r i l , r t ( S f i 50_ r s5?1.
' I n\ r r ' dl i !
, , i o
'
. \ l ui . . / p. u- Lbi
. l
. l . sr ' r , r Jl nl i mbJvof bi . 1, i 1r ' n\ 4r s. r "c
indicatimhd
'ras
{S
1i56) nu rsie h|tbuinfutil.
Limba rom$Dl
eiitot
petfect:
dac{ loi li lost
cond.
iiett
dnall.
^i
li
.oNJ.
peicct.
dicl ar fi losl
Limba englczfi
:
i ndi . . pf t zent : i f r or . ( 5 2759)
:
Fte:pht t' afe.t
it t rlaue r,r.
($ 2760)
: , ut , j . pr e2nt : i i I / . . c ( $ 2t 62)
-
tubj.
p*fect. il I ndd Deeu (S 2761)
6S0
Had t heu a l , . nl . l h. v conl d camn oui ,
.
-god
in
i
known Engiish ir-"11, rheJ would have been able to read Shaw in the
-
Caua she com. Niih us, wouid
you takc ho on our e(uAion?
t t . out d
wa
, nn" 8. "or s h m,
pl r bsr
t et mr know ut on. e.
ni d / knos f , "n'
' .
| . or l d
r ' . d
r l ' s poem
{ 2788 11t Pr oDozi l i a condi l i on&l a cl i Dl i ( n. Di ! Dr ouozi l i a condi l i onol l
i I -
-
r r odr , s- , l . , on- ' i ""1i . 7f ' . r "l i p. i v. r bul
, d"",
al . si a. si " r o 6". i
r i
, ubi *r ut
(dacn se refern la regenti: sau este acelrqi ca
9i
In rcgenta). Sp objine asticl o
construclie clipticA:
I should like to har Ure
pi.tu.e tl
til
ill po$ir,,.
Th. y
- ay
p\ ! r j
l i ng: ' d l , ; g r : i / t hn' . o. l r . ' don, n
ad
TF now.
Do cae. vt l , i ne vor cdn. , / l i i . l , e. , $, "/ .
-./
Iir.
pr;vediu;M,stu;-'r,'rn"
iamera niislit ie exchansed tor a better nake.
In propozi,tia Degati\.6 chiar conju cria ;/ poato fi lnlocuiti peniru a se
s
278C
da mni multd concizie lrazei:
But
fot lou l:it
iL hadn't leen lor
you), I
should hav"" neen lost.
llithout lv
fathzt
(: il il, hadn't been lor her father) she would nevd have sat fo.
all her eaams in llre iDlDmn.
iJndss (: il it ts n.1.) canfi.tued by
lractic.,
lhcorJ is laluetess.
S
2790 l 21 4b i f . Cr qi . onj un. l i a
4
l o"ur i unFa a- s i / ner e
"ubi on"r i r r , l
si
s' pbt
obr p
l r al us i n l i r r ba r nr nr i na cu
, ondi l i onal ul .
Pr opozi l i a r psp"cl i ! i
esle lnEE comparatiii ($ 2724) qi nu condilionflle:
TIey look as
jl
they nad toothache.
Yo! iehrve
'rs
if
rou
pef?
mis1.ess ol the house.
She ale as it she fid not /rd a meal lor several days.
$
2791 13) Alto conshuctji conilitionalo, Condi_tia mai poate fi exprimati in
lirnba englezi
,(i
prin
umitoarele constructii:
t t
l ou
"h' ul J
l hl pp
n l o) spF hi D. l F hi n l o r i ng mp up
DacI s 1r 14t . mt l 1 sI I vazi . st / t r 14 i 31 Ti l dpl un"z"l )
It you @e. to ,ec l,i,r, icll hin to ring mc upl
(DacI
ar Ii 6[l vezi, splne-j s{-mi telefonezel)
Aceste constrlrclii sugereaze o situatie mult mai pu,tin probabild dectt
subjonctivul.
S
2?92 14) l'Iaza conililion:rlf dezvoltatf. Oricare dintre cele doua pir,ti ale
rnei {raze condilionale
($ 2755) poate
avea
ti
alte subordonatel, sau lntreaga
frazd condilionald poate Ii lngiobate lntro fraze dubln'sau multiplds:
If t hdd the morelJ \\h1c\ I lost yesterday as I $'as going to s.:llool, I could buy
n! *I [ I he
' oo'
I n"ed.
( I r ' , / i . omt '
pxt
dp/ \ nl l
'
' )
Hod he bained Ntler he iirn ca' rD to tsucharest, hE @uld tue haae bee| iL
farm
af i
sor c
i r
f u,
t h" hanpi . , l ; r .
l FezJ
Juudl
She iriid to mini,nize
roui
drllpvement, nut I knon
jlou
coulrl,D' t haee obtainetl, youl
dtstee, when \an wer-A {i collegei if
lou
hattL' l wothed ha
,
rat\ I do aplreciate yolrr
eitod.
{r' rrzi1
multitli)
S
2?93 t5) Pr,'t'ozitia cotrditionalf
$i
propozitia tromporal{. Aceste doui
pro-
t or i j i i
por t i unpor i
, ont undor p
dr . a se
l i n;
sean s. 1' r I nod suppr t i . i r l . nur n6i
de cuvintele care le introduc:
My litr.rc girr didn't mind bcitrg r.pdmandcd ro lons ds no ane else oas
prctcat. I,Con
dilioDald)
Nothing can be done about it. so ,ong as she lives. (Tem!o.ali)
r f or mi aJ
l n s. o" , 4, , , i - , zt . , Tpl pr r
. r
u
": 1Sr , r
t r i - r i pdl "
( $ 2827.
: Cu
duua nr i nci oal e Lol r donar e l ( 2828) .
! C.
l " i sdu ndi mul p i n' i pr l
; oor d. ; l a
.
{$
t 82r ,
ERAZ^ CONDITION&A
591
l l
vau
. o- "
t uv,
you
r ni sh mFp hi r . Condi . i ondt Er
ll h" n
t
h"t. he sutl"rrd a-oDF. oI shyn.,.. i/ n? JiJa
,.
hp wds
eor-v hp hJdn l
seer lLrr. TcrnoofalJl
l 6) Propozi l i a oondi l i onal d
! i
propozi i i a ron. psi vi i .
-
/ / nu i n, roduce
g
279{
nur ni i pr opozi ' i a
condi l i onal d sdu t F1! or r l 5. . i
t i
pe Fd
con. esi va:
I l h" hod l t t l " b"aut y, st
p
was so ki nd i hdr
"vpr r one
l i t ! . d h"r . r concpsi \ r l
Ev. . yoo. $ a5 i 1 aSr ppmFnr
qi
t r hpf ar l v1n, . . m. nr . ' t
ot i
l
ha i o s t o &un! ,
"hp
proved
verr ablc. (Concesivi)
III. CLASTIICARE.{ PN,OPOZITIII,ON,
SUBOR,DONATE PN,IN
ANALOGIE CU PiBTI.E PBOPOZITIEI
O altd clasificare a
propoziliilor
subordonatp re drept crjrerju
funtlia \
2?96
pc. rp
s. Frl Fr o l ndepl i neFct n l rarJ.
cor. spun. 6l oarc t ui ct , i ei pr; rl i t or pt o-
-
poztliei irDlr o propozitie.
Exist{ astfel:
1) propozitia subiecl,ivd
2) propozi,tia prcdicativd
3) propozitia
atributivi
4) prcpozitia
cornpletivd directX
5) prcpozilia circumstanliqli
6) propozilia prepozirionale
RccunoaEl Fr eo
"r r '
L"r ul ui pr opozi l i i l or
qubor donsl p
. p
l a. F cu ai ut or ul
. el or aqi l ' , l r absr i l ol o- i t F 1s sl l sr . - p
' r ( i l or
pr opor i l i ei .
1) Pmpoziria subieciiyl
fzr
Subject Clause)
S
ZIST
a) Ptopozitia s,rbiectiva estc o propozirie
substantioald (S 2705,2706)
S
g?98
care
j ndppl i nesl p
l unct i a dp
subrca
ai
prodi ,
at ut ui di rr propozi i i a pri n"i pal 6.
dr n . ar p
cauzi scpasl a dr n ur m5. f dr d pr ' m0. nu ar p l nl pl ps dppl i n:
,rhd she thauEht af it c..t remains a mystery.
Ho@ he d,id. it is a sc.rct.
Pr opozi l i i l e s' r i qp. u l i Ler s cur si r p
ql nl
pr opozi t i j
subi pct i ve: - r emai ns
a mysrprt . -i s
a
qe. ret
sl nL propozj t i i Dri n, i pd; . a; c
nu au t nl et ps depl i n.
b.,/ Propozitia subiective eshe into.lt ed prin:
S
2?99
conjunolii (i/, that, ahethel, whether...or)
,
pronume.;i
adjeetire relative si compuse (qh.), d'hich, ohd.t,
(!,)hoerer,
adverbc cu valoare de conjunclie (ho,t\', when, s'lLte, whlJ):
l vl , ah4 h" t as / i p. r o" @r
p"o, ' , 1
i mml r "nr ' .
Y' hi h por t l . p
"n", l d
?i d4
nJs
nor dai dpd.
t vhu h" had b. har "d
: r
su"h a *o! o. . dm" I r
i r r i . dt i ns qu"r y.
",
Ci nLt propuri l i d subi n, t i va
. e
al l a dupn \ ct bul di n rFqrnra,
"a
psl p
Q 2800
i n r odusd de pf onumi h i l . suLi F. r ul f or mr l t r "spn, "i , t n ap"i i qi a, ur u; a s.
gnsttet.
Propozi,tia subiectivl este consideratd in acest. caz adevdratul subieci
(subicctul
lagic) al principalei, It f;ind sul)i.ccrtl
8r'analical
(sau torr!rd),.
{r
i s i mpo- : l , l r 40' t L
"t i ul d
ho- l ' . ! t h- p
/ , i s v"r J l npoi do
- h.
h
"
! ^d
hor "
/ at l . J
a,
' al
rr LvJs lmDitrrlrl ;[ ]!rh di.ln t ,anrc.
s
2795
r
P, o, r u
! r r , l i . Jr ,
a a, ".
' r i
- r
. . r , v, , i ! : " : .
i 9| ) .
I
l 1t r "u u"l i , ,
l ' J
"ubi
, I r l Ji u"' .
. J, ,
gi a, na, i r d. . r e/ i
I
: i nt , 8c4.
699
SINIAXA FRAZDI
,qceasl.e construclie este folositd tn limba englezi actuali rnai mult dcit
.er
de la puncrul
10./.
rnal ales ir lnnbar.orbitii. Asl,{el,Irazele citatelapunotul
( bJ
. r nr
I nr i l ni r F mdi dr s sub f or md:
1t
troved
imm3te.ial
qhethet
he eds th* ot tot.
1, \ ?5 noL dqi d' d
"hi . h
pot t h. : haul d
t l o!
I . b. . dm'
, \ .
i n r ar i g
t r e- )
, hu h. l od t . ho\ . . t i n sah a ! a! .
S
2801 2) Propozitia predicativf
fz,te
Camplement or Prcd.icatiee CIa se).-
S
2802 d.) Propoziria predicativd este o propozilie sabstantbald sa\1 alljectirali
c.rrA indspljneste tunL\i^ de nume
Fedt
aril1 al verbului din regenti. Velbul
r ccpnl Fi
psl e
un
! Fr b. opJl dl i v, , ar D.
i n, pr ai na
f u pr uf o/ i l i a p' - di , r Li \ ; .
alcntuieqte
prcdicatul
subiecl,ului din principali:
T\ar is 9hat hc
' ai].
It sq{cd r/d, the titt ban^s
qqe
nood.d.
It loolled as t/ slk ha.In1 bat tho. at alt.
lPropoziliilc
principalc sint:
"that
js",
"it
seemed",
"it,
looked". Nici una
dirrtre principale deplin. Propozi,tiile predicative stnt:
"what
ha
said".
"that
ihe river banks \.!ere flooded",
"as
if she hadn't been there ai all."]
!
2803 D./ Propozilia predicatifi esre inttod.usai ptin:
conjunclii
fds.
as if. i[, that, trhether
)
pro ulne
ti
adjeci,ive relative cu valoare de coDjunclii (oho,
,"hich. ,rhat)
adrerbe cu valoare de conjuncrii (hotr. who\
',vh.rc.
,.vhA)l
Ii looks dr i/ the! eeE tteepiae.
$'e coNidered Lhe.i
'rhat
parerts
shaukl Lc.
The monent I like best is altet I
so
ta bed at nishl oilh dn interestinE book to rcoA.
Triat is /lv 1 rceo ca aa hin.
S
28( 14 c) DL, ] ; n4; o l nt t , pt opor t t i , l p
suLt p. t i r .
t ;
. pl pr pdt . at i ep
f i i nd un. or i
diiilild, ba obilnuic;tc sa se considero propozilie
subiectivn subordonata caro
precedi verbul copulativ. iar propozifie predicativ5 propozitia care tl urmeaze:
1! haL I l i kp . , bo I npr subi
, , : \ d
: c I ' or , hp
j : n! l "
or pJi cdr i var .
. Thar
, h. npvp"
p. ' m; t
o
g"r
"{
s. t , u ni
F- t
di
cubi r ' t i va'
i s shb s1" sJy.
l pr eo' cuova, .
l"How
she sings".
'\hat
she says" pot, fi tot fltit de bine propozitii subiec-
tive dacd se inverceaze ordinea propoziliilor in frazi:
Hos'she sinEs
(subiectivl)
is what I like aboul her lDrcdicaliynl
What shc sa-ys
lsnlie.iiva)
is rhat she never dreaned oI
geiting
such a rice ilat
(predicativi4.l
(cr.
s
, 528)
$
2806 3) Propozili$ atributiyi
1f,t
ltLributlec Clause).-
S
2806 a/ Propozilia atibutivi l depline.ste lunolia de d,rir
a
pe lingn un sub-
stsntiv sau un ptonum, din propozilia regentn. Cuvtntul determinai de pro-
poTi l i a
al r i bul ; ! a
. at e
numi t ont p
p. l pnt ut pi :
Xyerv toudst
qhn
catu last
qeei
Du[ uD at thal holcl.
The icws tnd, h. has su.h an tnt;esrinZ intuaation spread like wildtire.
l"Every
iourist" si
"thenews"
slnt antecedentele propoziliilor atributive
respeetive scrise cu litere cursivel.
$
2807 b.,) Existn dotr[ categorii de propozilii atribuiiye:
pt opoTi t i i l c ddl
rt i &L. . Jr"
s; nt prupozi l i i
arri bul i vF rel . rt i ve:
..
pronozjline substatnivdlc, cdre sint, propozitii
atributive apozitionale,
adrca apozrln.
Penrn propozi\iile
atibatiae ad,jcctiaale, *zi
g
27LL,2740.
r
Peni r u nl mFl e
pr edi cl [ i r .
vczi { 2521,
' Pcnt r u
! e. bxl Jo na v.
vf zi
S' 2sl i .
crasMcsE^ PRoPozrTlloR 6S3
Prapozifiile
atributioc
snbstanlieale\ slnt apozilii'9
pe lingd un substantiv
S
2E08
eau
pe llngd un eehivalent al ac$tuia:
|
. t on
- ht
I d: d
: t
t n
n^, on. a"n- ' l
vou"
' r n,
' ! . t , r , .
L bou
\ . " ar i r dpd l u P. l l . 1, " nan i har " Li k
nnl t t i r : t ! !
4
on elanrla
to ecetlone
Pr of u/ : i r l Jr ' i but i v"
- p^zi r i "nul e
i r ' l i nl r o l Ls i n e' ner ol or i r
'
u! i n-
t , t "
! , o. , , t l , o' . i . n.
t n r ' .
\ ' hpt h
t r Lt t
Ft . . :
Her lrcounf ol ha| the Wiater
lrce
Part!
hatl
Saae
o// s''rs roy lunnv'
d, -
i \ i , sr , t . / , {,
I d 40 / i r u $ds l l i n' sJ
\ \
' ' r " o r JpJ r | ' P t hP!
'
"' d
t o
8a
a1 t t t r
t nl
I '
PI J
P
"/ ;
e I hat J
l t t
t Nt h'
T
:
r ,
, i l . m r l . di "' a
Po, a""r : el o
l emLt ' \ o"i d h"t dl l l ' )
T
r
"
I nhq t
"t , r l ": e
hi ' a o bp ; t L i s
' l
ar '
4r Pr oouzi r i a
r omDl ol i r n di r ocl n
l ThPOI ' i
r l ou' ' ) .
-
o, I ' r ' "o"zi r i r
n' i , pl pi i r a di r er t a ar e l un,
l i u
de
f omol F- "- r l
u' , r , r
. h r i r r n
.
"d
pcr ' onr t au
i mp"r "o' J:
I don' t Lnos xho np aaa /d
3
L{od lrEon
l)
T' pv
sdnr "d t o i ee
"
h' | h", l t
- os
t h"r " o" d/ . ( \ l o' r
' r npPr d' nar ' '
.tr""
t
'
n'
erybg
L
hat
th"t
"' e
a hoPpu auPle
' \IoJ
imtpt>ondl
I I Pri,uozrtia
,rompletivd dirccG esle introdusd
prini
S
28lt
".
i u.
.
i i
l , l .
t l i t | f t t .
nhah! )
pr unul , l i r ' l
p. l i \ -
' r -
r r l oor , d"
' un: u
r l r i / i / l a r h^
' vhar '
J' L' n'
pnal
I
r ' l r pr l -
, r
r ' l ^dn d" o, , j ' , n. ! i i ( t , "t
\ t "n r h r
'
Jht ) :
l l p
$or l 4f pl
: [ ; t
' o
t . "P
! l at
t ' i r ' ] a t ' ok l o t nP
"- oet
I dl n Jl Ln s
- hat
: h" I ' al
t o
"r J
Tlipl' .oiildr' t |clr hoe th. thin| eas rlDne
ile' aski,d m slan I had ..tLP
I don' t undustand
phy
slE llocsn' l dgrc onh him
N at d
Ci hd
i nt roducp
l , ropLrzi ! i i -
cut npt t ri \ dj l e(t e. conj uncl i a
l / l dt est e i n
$
2812
/ r , "r -
r . , \ pr i r , al j .
r r
i occi al
\ n
. r i l ur
r d, i l i 0r :
I hored ffiarl he
qauld
ee mc
Thci $'re c;r nccd
lthdtl
she Qns rryht
Acesta
este inrieosebi
cuzul dupn verbele; to belieee' to hear' to rnagme:
r "t ni i . i op, , ' r , . , o""n
n, t "r ' t o' i t t
t u. "". t asur r po. "
t 4t hi ' t l ku. nd. r st 0nd'
Coni ui ! i s
t hat r u
. sl ' r ' i . i odn.
r ' \ pnmsl i dL, pa t at sh t d r at nPr '
t . J
' nan: .
, i
; '
/ ' , / "
\ l o. ur i uni
Lr mal e d" ut ' sr r Lj or , ' r i \ ) l
I / ; - , 1 , h"r I I ' ad no' bp"n uul ol
' i . d. r l ' c. : usL
' ^s
! ' J
' oi "r
t a . at u
"
' nnl r
I r l l "d ol Fr nr vspl l
h t . i n e \ at l \ p : l d,
; d phol os. dphi ns Bdbv
ct l kst t t ut
i ndt p4. pr opo/ i l i s. ar F"onl i nF"omur r i . Jr aacsl ao. ompl cl i \ r
S
9\ l J
di r ecui s' r bor d"n
' . r
v"r b- l ui , l - da l dr dl i P
: i
po
'
"
I i l n' o' Li r d s1u nu dc' ur r -
Slre siid 5h? +o
5,ting
hone
- - -
\\ i r dnrD
-
\o' r nau v tta.P @ trtP
-t4
tB' Nt' ot
' r4
had JanP o' J
rho t?' th?
, r l p. pr l i i l s
"ho' h3. 1
l ; Fn
puni sl Pd/
I
P.olozititt slbsl{nlilala
cste sr}or.torata care lndPlrlineqte tunc!ia unui subslaDti!
(S
",ol)""u"
LlLriiiiia apozitiFi,
!pzi
S
t!87
,
i ; - \ ;
pl
.
. ", . i i r ' I p' r ' r ": L nJ' d i r t p- . . o/ : ! i j
"'
oml l pl j \ "
"dg' t ! r '
s
2809
direct al
S
2R1{J
694
lExempLnl
I: comunicarea rprodusi este o compleiivd direote.
Eremplnl II: cornunicarea reprodusi consta din trei propozitii comple-
t;ve directe qi o aiributivn.l
2814 In stilul diteu, propozilia care conline comunicarea este o principali
coordonatd cu propozifia care con.tine vcrbul de declaralie:
' r oul h"r ". $h! dor ' vou so ak uDl . Doue Dn, ooz: i i i c"or dot r al e i u\ t dDu, p. l
_l
don r r , , , s r i i m,
.
""i n. $"f ", 1,
- , n
t t aon
. "'
.
, T, , :
pr opozr , ;
Dr i
, i r ,
' l ;
, oor Jona
".
pr ' m"hdoua j L\ l dpu"r ) i
d r pi r aoof , r o, , . J. r pn L,
l ; i n. ' , ' t unl i dd?d-
At enl i e !
281; A nu se faoe confuzie iDtre propoziliile
complctive directe in stilul indi-
rcot
9i
propoziliile incidente sau ddiugate la sfirlitul unei traze, fdri legituri
sintactice cu restul lrazei:
I know you havc a soD.
t0
proloziiie principald
+
o comllclivi di.ecti.l
Yor have a son, I krow.
[P.otozitrie
independnt{
+
o prolozilie adnryain, Ii.a legilure sintaci.ice cu
trim..]
"Thcsc,
I bclieve, rve.e his aciuil words."
l"Thcsc
werc his acl.ual words" (p.opozijie indepetuiniil)r
"I belive" (incident{,
IlrI legilturi
sintactice cu
!.ina).1
2816 cl, Propoziliile completive direcle sint uneori anunial,e de pronumele
"i,
i'rtroductiv" (prcpdrdtar! or Introdn:tarlt
"It")
cu luncj,ie de,,complement
prot i zori u" (Pro, , i si onrt Obi {! ) t SSCi SaG,
I ' ol ' ozi Li d
co, npl et i va drr. cra
l i i nd . . t Fl l n apozi l i a
pr onun, cJui n ( S 2- , 90/ :
\ve don' t thjnk if likcly ,ia, hc was da a.ta".
They i' iU scc to it fi
lou
get
Uou.
d,ue,
You mny rery otft nM
qe
shal.l take patt in the spotts,lEtuanst tian-
281? 5) Ptopozilia circumstantiali (Th.
)dttb;dl. ClduscJ. -
Aceastn propo-
zilie este o subordonatd odre iDdeplinetie funcria de oon|lement circutrrslan-
(Po!t.u detalii, Yezi
g
2634)
9818 6) Propozilie
prepozilion&li (The hepositionaL Clause). Prop.,zilia
subordona6 introdusd de o prepozilie
are roiul unui complnnt
prepozilio
nal (
s
2622).
l']ropozitiile prepozilionale
apar,tin urmdtodrelor categorii:
I di do l l ook Lt . vh. , t . h" l , r d 6/ ur Ji ,
, Comt l "r i {, 1 t , ""r r . zi : i ^l "' r . r
i ", r , "", f r h; v. "^
^v' r l r i on
Jr ds t t r vhoae var t "d r o ar
' ni
ho ns: r i r v.
( comol - l i vJ
Tne boy
lou
ooe tatkntg to (- to om you wcre talknrg) is my son. (Aidbuljri
ritative)
She has no idea ot hos t do t. (Al.rilrutili alozilioDah).
$
2sr9 IY. STRUCTURA FR_{ZDr
S
2820 Inhoducerc
ti
termirologie, - Pentru cunoalterea aceslei chestiuni, este
necesari ldmurirea terminologiei engleze, care. prin
analogi.t ej cu termenn
gramatica)i romAnr$ti, asomnnntori ca lorrnd dar cu irlelos difcrii, poate in-
duce ln oro.1ro pe e.i eo doresc se sLudieze acest cnpitol sinLaxei.
ETRUCTURA FRAZEI
616
Phrase nu lnseam il,,Irazdr', ci,,loculiune",
,jsin1,agme". ,,grup
de cuvint"
g
2821
(care l u oupri rrde un verb l a un mod personal ):
ComplotaLe, accsto propozi,tii
EnAlish ts sr)oken ,,r,.
?n.E ts llanding roo onlX.
lor mixing cocllails
N-u se poate
aplica numele de
"phrase"
propoziJiei eliptice care conline
un verb subhl el as ($ 846, 1131, 2825 et c. )
Clrruso se numeEle propozitia ca element alfrazci lhe l,lain or Pri cipal
S
2822
Clausd fiind propozilia principali, iar t/rc .9.crnd.ar! or Subsidiarll Clausa pro'
pozit:ia secundar:i sau subordonati. Cuvtntul claase inlrebuin!at singur, Inrn
calificativ, inse;t]llni,,propozi!;e secundard".
Senl oncc csl o numel e dat at i l propozi i i ej
j n, t ependcnt e
(adi cr
t ropozi l i ei $
2823
. ar c
n. l a,
t 1' r -
l i n r u l ' r ?; , . . i r
; j
t r eTci I n- si . I r , l ur r ,
l i pdp
"l
! n' ur a r r a-
z' i . g' a- . , r i . .
FnFl pzd . , r '
oa. ' r ur r ne' oar "a, l osi l i "ar e:
lj l.he SinItL. Scntence, pe care o voln numi ln limba rornenn,,propozi,tia
i ndependeni e";
2) the Compler Snrarc. cireia li vom da numele de
,,fraza
complexi";
3) the DoubLe (or Conpound.) S entunce, pe ia.re o vom numi .,lraza dubld"
;
4) Ilrc M ulLi,ple Jerrdncd, cireia ii vom spune
,,Iraza
multiplh".
.
lr Thc Simplc Seolexcc
(Prcpazilitr
independ,enld) cupriide un stng r
g
28t{
yPr "D
l r nn mol
I ' r ! dr cal r vl
I smt?dd at hr.
JolD and L,ar to a show resterdrr.
He dtll ,uy pa!.r and a bno.l
Uneori verbul
ii
chiar subiecl.ul stnl subtn,telescr
$
9895
"\lho's fhis lor?" "rvr." Hap?y N.a
ycdt
I
Janglish spotuL. "$'ait..ssl" "C.ntns l"
,9taLdiLE taam rnly.
ll-a
.incnLr.
"AL! ore
fares, ?tear
?
(C.Dduciornl tn
t eal . r u cl . c. l aut obuz)
"May
I spcak to Gcorg!?" ".tpedl "I
kno{ some s.hiskX. Put
raL
tiglLt ir to
t ns. "
i l ' r
t el el on) i i n. . "
el i pt i ce ar f i :
I s,i:h
lau
a H.Ur)' N-{L Year.
I orn cornng.
Ae nkte an!
'nara
larcs to pav, if
sou
1t Qtll pul
loD
dght in no time.
Li n Lr
pngl pzb
vnr bi l d c^n. r b l n sp"ci al di n d", r , . 1. a pr opoTi l i i
pl i f t i ,
F,
1r chr .
t " pen' i u r Jt i di t at Fr
- i
\
i oi
i un; pD. "r ' . ^duusr i l uj ui . - l 11"oconver
salie caracterjstici,, in care nu xistn nici o singnri propozilie complein
li
ni ci un ver b l a un mod pe$onal :
.,you
l,"a!i4C?'.
"About noon."
"In whose car?"
"Johnh. "
"Wel], nice trip.,,
"Thanks. See
Iou
ne{ wek."
r
r ; t u
|
l , ar
r d
I , sLbc ul : .
qur ""r i bi i
I
l ,
.
l un
f "l d sl i l or
. .
J, dl d
mdl a
,
H. Shetter, dioft Crh /o Effectiee Eulish, \;e\\
york,
1955,
lag.
15.
696
2826 Propozilia independenti poate
cuprinde si verbe la moduri Depredicative,
sau pirri de propozilie dezvoltate:
"The
rank and lile sanl ro esrarltsn socialism, zrtlt:tns
for rhis pu.losc alt the
dcmocratic mcaDs and possibiiitis
poa
by tle p.evious
siru$1c ol the pcople."l
2827 2) The Complox Sertenco
fFraza
canpLed) esle fraza compusd dintr-o
ptopoztlic p .ncipald si una sau mai multe subordonaie;
"cv"r y
Pady Con' p. "D ag ndd r "\ p116 l hJl r he
demand f or so, i . ' 1, m. l , ght i ng
sor i Jl
"m,
6t r i nS- up
el dr
JnFw hoo l 1' . dn- J d r i . p.
'
lPrcpazilia
pincipald:
"Dvery
Party Conferanca agenda rei'cals"
Prapatili& subord,anatd;
"that,
the demand for socialism, lighting social-
tm, Bprings up exer ane\l' frorn the rank and file",. (Propozit,ie completivd
direotn determinlnd verbul
"rcveals"l.
.
From his desk, which wrs raised on a dai$, hc could see what every sl.udent dld
in his scal wheD tle le.ture
' as
on.
lPropazilia
principaldr
"From
his desL he crdlt see"
.Propozilitle
subordontLte.
"Nhich
fas r.rised on a d ais"
(prop
ozilie atributivd
determinind substantivul
"desk"):
"whaL
every shrdent drd in his seat"
(pro-
pozirie substantivali completivl dirccti, determinind
yerlul
,,see");
"when
ihe lesson ds on" (propozilie circumstan-tiali de timp determintnd
yerbul
"di d. . ] .
2828 3) Tho Doublo or Compouril Sentence
flrd:a
d.ubld) e6te lftza cl doud
propozi l i i pri nei pat c. oordonsl e. CnordonrreJ Ec poal e t a"a pri n
j uxLspunere
sau prj D' r o
. onj unc! i n: ,
opul si i \ d
f rrd.
not . nat ont g. . . but . dt so. n. i t h"r. . .
ar, noy, theb etc.), disjunotivd (or, else, otherwise, eitheL.. ort, adyersatiyd
(but,
howet'cr, neeertheles\ stiLL
!eL)t
ca.uzalF\ (for
)
sa[ co.dclnsi'{F^
(accord,in|ly,
so, then, therefore
)'.
He now had his desree, the futu.c opend }efo.e him-
(JurtapunoreJ
we sat down aad ;aited.
(Copulatiie)
Yo1 nu. l c^ no( u"
r . , u
bp. Jr ". I r i sj r 1, i \ ' ,
1\ .
, . . , 11 , t I
Jr
l f onl i r . / , , \ ou +' r p , . .
I
\ , t \ "- s, r i r . 1
D
' n-
g'
r / o'
I m o , i nl
' .
r r
Jou.
r ^dLr . ' l . 1
I' n grilling
hutrg.J, !o you' I] hare to ft,ed nio nols. (Conclusill)
Ambclc propozilii principale dintr'o frazi dubli pot,
aves subo.donate
\\]rn l! nnd.fsl.n,l mv meining, John ]irked ai me atrd lrtrghed. as if [c had
nPYPr t l Louj hi ol i t hi mscl i .
l
Jnhn wi nl - ! l , t n' . i
' LF'
l AUgh. d- F' n
t r ol ozr l i i
pr i n. i pr l -
' oor do-
nar - , u aj ul or ul , oni un,
l i "i . opul r r i t
- H |
;
- \ \ ' har
h^ur . d. r . r ood m\ m"sn-
ing" ste o propozi,tie
circumstan,tiald de iimp determinind vcrbclc
"idnked
qi
"laughed"
din principale;
"as
if he had neyer thought ot it himself"
cste o propozilie circumstantiale de mod determintnd vrble
"\a'inkd"
qr
"laughed"
din principale.l
S
2829 4) The Multiplc Sortcn(c (ltrun nuLtipld) este iraza cu trei sau mdi mallt
propoztlii pri.ncipal.e coordonate, care pot avea ficcarc subordonai,ele iorl
a)
He li.ril cod. irto ihc Lcin.c hall and was lookitrS fo. his sif., lul she had aheady
lett,
I
Labaul ,Vanthlu,
prll
1951.
2
thc tunA ann
litu
:
mNele.
507
lFrazi
cu t/i propozi,tii principale legate prin
conjuncl,iile
'rnd
fi
Dat:
A.
-
"Hc had come ilto the leciu.c lLall";
B.
-
"(he) s'as looLins lor liis Fiic";
C.
- "she h.rd alrerdy lelt".l
b)
Thc dal I mct her, sl$ \rantld to book scais lor
"lting
Lear", and was going r.o Uic
r h- Jl r ' l os- - : f
sl , ". oul d sF J, J. L, l . ' Jl dh o o. i i ds
r ad
r o a
' or ' "r r .
$l : . h
. i
r
dl i t
oi mi
e k. r o gi r i
t
h
"\ "r i n".
nJ \ h. l w"" sLl pos d t o b t h- b! , of
r t r d
s^
"
n, l r i l l i dnl d" , h" al t pc I ' dd ! "pr . s Jdl
lFraz:i
cu t; propozilii pdnoipale coordonate
_si
cinci propozitii subordo-
\.
-
Ptupaziie
ltin
ipaldr "slie raantcd io book scals ior Iting Lcar",
.t') l)tur.iie erba.donati: "Thc day I rncl. )ier"- ipropozilie circunsi-anliatd dc
t i np, car e dct er mi ni l er bl l ' \ vul ed"' di n
t r j r ci pal a
r \ ) .
ti.
,
I'Npoziie ptituipaLi:
!'ishe)
rvas gontfr
to the tleatre to s-Ae" (coo.donail cu
!.jncitala
A prin conjnn.!ia "and"l.
.
)
t r cl o- ! t ,
"uba- a
' at ' : '
"
. . oLi l
; pl
i l i
t r o
o. r l
d
bub. l l n i \ , ' 1. 1 , u
r ul
J" . o pl
"
, , . di . , r al r r ' l L . :
" o. . nLn, i
"
I r . . l u. . l p
' uml ' . pl i vr
di , p. r d) .
C.
-
Propotitie ptincipdld:
"I asknl her to come
jnstead
to a coftert"
(coo.do-
nali cD
p
ncipalle A
ii
B.
ii
lcgaG de B
lrin
conillnctir "nut").
.
)
Pmpor i ! : , sul o"do- o
n:
"| 9hi I ' J {". "r i ol r n- r J.
s: vi r . g
l r r dl Fvpni nq
l Dr nno
?i ' ' . a. l r . | i vj | J. . | r U| d""r i bu| a| . u| r dn| | vU' ' '
.") Ptuporiie szrodoaad: "$'hich was snlposcd to lc thc bDSi ol the season"
{Dr oooai i l l di t ut i val i l .
( u
r ol np' r t r i }- (
. ' -
subr r - t i vul Li "- cot r cFr t . num t i or ooozi t i F
aLf i bJLi ; 1,
. o; r d"nJl r . !
- ul
or donJr a . pr i n . or r un, l i J
' 4, .
r '
/
. "
)
Pt ot o, i t i " sdb. nl a' at d:
"bt l ) i dn a" l l ' l dr ""r ddh""nsot i r "{pr o! o?t i P
Jdvpr l Jl . i
"x
r o- dF. onpl "m"n , i r , r mbl 1n1 , l . on. 5i r .
o. mi i pr ol r o/ : l i p , on. p"i \ ' i .
sxbo.don:tJ
r'ropozitiei
spcundare
.".1
t Pn, p, . i . i 1
t o, )
d"' "p
i n"
I n d. t dj i r r . p
. .
v"r t , t p $a,
- . , : 19-
! :
a. L o on
c"l . l al l " doud
p- i n. i pdl r r oor dona . .
nr
I nd.
AN.{LrZA I'RAZEI
S
2830
Pentru a se analiza o frazE. se procdeazi in modul urmitor:
a) se sul l i ni azi i f t rbeLc dh l t al i car sj nt l a moduri l o
l redi oat i ' e; f i e-
care verb la un mod predicatil. aparl,inind une; proprziirii. numirul verbelor
subliniate wa indica numnrul propozi,liilor;
b) se d.cspart prcpozilitlc diD carc fac parre verbrle subliniate;
d/ se glsesc propoziliilc de sho stiulorre
.si
se inl,itulcazd prolorilii
pr i nt pol " r nu t r "Lui . ui l ol
r u
u
' l
pr opozi t i i pr i I i pr l , nu cu i nl n. . J"pl i n
i i ""
"i , t ' o"ao""r a"
i n r eg- . i n' pl p. ul l or ' i : . i nd {r r za
"upr i
d. r nar ' n
- l r "pr o.
pozi l i i pt i nci odl F. . e 1r . i r l por l , r l J; nr r F
"l '
' l d
' . l r ' r
l pqdl F or i r
. ux
apu
nere
(aliturare imediain) sau cu ajutonrl tlnci conjunclii coordonatoare;
d) se cerceteazi
De
ri , suba onatele
$i
sc raporteazd liecare dintre ele
la cui'intul din regenia rcspcctivi pc
care-ll del,ermirii se stabilcqte astfel
functia pe care o indepliiresc si deci caraclerul
ti
denumirea lor: propozilii
substantival, adjectivale sau adverbiale. cu rol de subiect, nume predicativ.
ar r i bul ,
"ompt . n. ,
l , Ji , a L i ^d; r p. r sl r
l r "r . nzi l i nnut .
. i r , . u. n. i nl ! . t r pr upo
, , i 1i - . ubi ". r i \ d. f ndi , dr i ! , ' ar ' i bu' i r / .
^n, pl
r i \ "
J: n"r . , . i nd; r ", r 1s. . J Dr "
pozjtjonald. circumstanl,iau de timp, de nod, de loc tc.); se arate modul ln
69E
care 3e laoe snbordonarea faid de rsnid sau coordonarea intre subordonate
prin
juxtapunere
sau prin
cuvin6 de legeturd; se indicd natura acstora
-
dacd stnt adjective relative sau interogative,
adverbe rclative sau con-
junclii
etc.; se aratd caracteml restrictiv sau explicativl al acestor
pronune,
adjective sau adverbe etc.
.
"/
l c, ara' 6
nu. narul , gi n"rura prol nzi t i i l or. pre, Lrm si hl ul l razpi
N\ t r UPLI }' I CAB, D
S
28Sf
t. rBA2-L co;rptDx,l
(TIIE
COMrI,EX SENTtrNCD}
SI analizim unn6torul exemplu:
.
Il I !m lree neai Fridey, l an
go
wiih you to that frlnd ol youls x'hose library
Analiza acestei fraze se va face ln modul arbtat mai sus, astfel:
aJ Yerhele la un moil
prealioetiv
: am. can, trant
- trei terbe la un mod
prcr] i , at i r. rl cci hei propoz; l i i i n l r azd.
,) Propozitriile:
(1) If t an
f4e
turt ltidalt,
\2)
I .aa
co
with
loe
b that
fuiend
of
vouts
\3)
qhose
lib.dty I so mwh aant 10 see.
cl Prolozilia prineip:rli :
I can
sa
eith
sou
to that
ftiena
al
lJouts
d/ Propozitriile sutuordonato :
l!)
tf t
qi
tr4
nprt FtiJdn,
lprcpozilie
adverbiiu conditionale, itrtroduse dc con-
j ' n. l i d
i /
l i
da
' r mi l l nd
! ""i i
Jl ul r ,
B,
' l r o
p"j D"i ! r ' r )
l:)
*hrs. I ibro
"
lt
t so n uch u o r, ro rde (!.opori!ie adjectival4 al.ributivn, de tc.minird
srbstantj\ul
tie,l
.li,r
,,fin
iprlir. dF oarr csl.c teCal4 prin adjeotivril relaiiv resrrictiv
e.,/ Fraza cuprinde o propozilie principalx
cu alou{, subordonate. Este
deci o lrazd coEplexi.
$
2832
2. TEAZA DTIBIJ.tr.
{TIIE
DO[i tsNE OE COMPOUND SBNTENCA)
Se wa analiza acum urmdtorul exemplu:
How. v. " I i l rl " sucl , ; n $" l dd rt rar
summpr. we l ovpd t hn l i n\
(ubi n
! v Lhe l ake-
and l "t l i r onl y $h"n ouf hol r dJy . um r o al
"nd.
d) Vorbol e l s uD moi l
proi l i (al i \ :
hu1. l of t d. l pf t . . c, ?p
- oat ru \ erbe l a
un rnri d predi cat i v. dpci p$i ru propozi l i i
t n l r0ra.
,) Propozitriile :
(r) Eoqera lit e suBhnE e. hdd
12)
ee loeed, the tinv cdbia bu the
$l
o
s
@hen ou h4tda! catu 10
r Vezi
p9. 58r , not a 1,
g
2742- r t 43.
5S9
c, Propozi,tiilo
Prilrtipale
!
n.
--
qe
laoed the tiny cabin h! ,le ldic
(coordonatl cu B)i
B.
-
(ee) teft,
lcoordoliain
cu A
lrin
' oniunclia
copulativl
dndl'
I
Accstl sn borilonrh
dete.nii I ln acslaii timp;i te'bulLl
dit'
lrinoipala
B' coordo-
.1,/
ProPozi,tiile
suboralon:rtoi
,.,.".1;t
xitr1l6,'"Tlk'
1#*f
,iil;:x'li,$i'
sT;ii
l%il":*:",iJ,ili5li":$T"""ii;
d t onl u
-h,
n aF hol i da!
"a, nP
t o
on
' nd
t l ropozi Li "
dverbi dl s
t emporl d
i ",.Ja"*""i i "-"a""*[,i ' .;-' ;1";*,1"
"onj uni ri ",ufr
r
i i
J.r"rmi nl nd
verbul
l dr di n ori nci pul a
B)
'
, f ""r" rp. i na"
doun
propo/ i 1i i pri n i pul e u subordoDal Fl c
respec-
tive. Este
prin uimare
o frazi dubli'
3. IBAZA
'nULl'IPLi
$
28tt
(TBE i TUI,TIPI,tr SEJTENCU)
Se va anatiza
exemplul
urmnto!:
\ t r p| Pv. r
$p wei ' l l hp o
aoJol s. b; ng
l ol d \ " $pr ' t ol kl or i sl r '
N l r cm' d
xs nd
:i.]'"r;*:F;*."1;li:i:;lJ"n,:l
ilu;i
l5'
:;
i:i'l":1#'.";"'"s;::l,i:;1".i;;
d/ Vorhot cl aun
l nodl rcdi ral i r:
nl ' /
' v
t e
' v' l ' on"d
sang'
r| ' rn' ed
' oul i l '
had
, one upon.
pr' 4
-
opl vcrbo. d"ci opt propozrl rr rn rra/ a
D) Propozifiile
:
lt) lYh"t.r.r
' ft
e.nt'
izt tt," o"o"onLs,
beinq
bA, *ctconed b'
\3) ttttoL)
ae
Qoe
fotkto' ^t' '
14\
(theu)
sons,
\z;
lr,' :
"'
:;k!
;rd,' i':;
; :
i'
l'
I
i I
o-'":
;.
:
i
"'
13\
!*i:l ,tr'Y-:
',:i::
ro,,he
un xpected aeat,h
or o" disca'ery'
c.) Propoziliile
Pdrcipnle
:
i. -
ii
ir"*"",
biing
told, Qetcotned as
(principald coordonati
cu B
si
C);
''
"'i.
- ftn"r )
sang
(principald coorilonate
cu A
Pi
C'
9i
legau de C
p n
aonjunclia
copulativ{
dnd.)
;
-
' C.
l , n": r)
danc"d
suf i i nt r' st i nr f at k
dan"es
(pri nri prl a coordonat 6
cu
-\
9i
B.
9i
l egol d d. t s pt i n
' onj uncl i a
a' ?J)'
d I ProDoziiiile
srboralooatc
:
1: , ' i i , , ", r,
w'
' ' rni
(propozi t i "
adv"rbral d
de l ^c i Drrodu' a
pri n ad-
, *t ' 1i "Pi ", i ,
! i
i l Frermi ni ; d
i "rbul
' r' l ' on' r' l
di n cr' z:
- -
O
'
1 1t hat )
, t ' , , ' er"
f ol kl ori st s
I propozi l i "
' ompl "l i va
di rF' t i
i nt rodusd
o' i "
"""' 1i , j ""i i J
"' , 1"' i ""' j i ", . '
i r' , ' i i , ri '
r"i Fasi r si dFr-rr"i ni nd
v' rbul 6' i ng
iol.rl din A1;
600
d"'
)
that ee could. hurdly reca\], alL the material (propozilie adverbiald co -
socutivi, introduse prin eonjunclia subordonatoare lial
;i
determintud verbul
dancd.
,Jin
C)r;
d,""
)
(Ihat) ee had conc rpoz
fpropozi,tie
adjectjvald at butive. subor'
donatd prin
juxtapunre
(pronumelc rclativ restrictiv t/rd, fiind subin,teles)
ti
determinlnd subsia tivul na,rertal din d"'l;
d""'
)
secing thal ee $ere taa
f.o far
the unexpected M&Ith of our discatery
(propozilic
adverbialh cauzald, introdusn de loculiunea conjunolionaln sub
ordonatoare s.cing l,tat
;i
dererminind prcdilatlrl couLrl rcco dil d,"').
,, Fraza este formati din trei propozilii principale coordonate
!i
cinci
propozilii subordonate. Este prin urmare o lr:rzi multipli.
s: t 3{
v. coREsPo\DE.\T_{ Tr}lPUnILoR
[sDquDNcr]
oF TENSDS)
s
2635 In limba englezd. timpul vrbului din subodonatd este, l generer itr
strtisd dependenli de timpul verbului din regentn. Aceaste dependenti, nu.
m itd
,,corespondent
a timpurilor"
fseqadnce
of fenses), a fost reglmentatd
de reguli rigide la origine, astfel:
9836 lioguh I. Ct d rrbul din propozilia regent; cste la
lre:rn,
sau la
pre.entul p.erfectj verbul din subordoDati. poa.le tila oriLe timp
(prez t, trecui,
sau vrl or] i
I sae that you a/, a
good girl.
We ea', to know what vou .ttd then.
I think I shdU ,ate a hilida:r' next
ye}.
I |a'e told yN Ll\aL li. eds holding a prolessorshit in ihe UDivcrsiiy of Leeds.
-
.\\e.haee
i\st
leotnt that sha ts (sau ,as, in her oUice and
'ill
sed goa as soor as
sne rs o$enaaged,
2817 Bpgul a U. Li nd \ "r bul dj qpr opozi l i ar . gFnr d Fsl F l o
Ji nr r . \ ar bul di ' ,
sl l bordo. l l i pu e
f i l a or;
t , nt , t f , f i
J
/ t t , r
t S 28-0 2e-7r'
Sl!. ott ..s il wc
rzntsn
he.
1 sloll kU her nhai ne ftzrd dane |,sa1r d.id).
rrentru excp.tiile la aceasti reguln vezi
$
2859-2E72.
S
2838 Leguli III. Ciod vrbul din propozilia regenta ste la 1r.r i. sau a,'6
fornd
de trecut, vrbul din subordondtt, daca stt
jn
lcgaturi ienporali cu el,
trbuic si Aibir |ot
larmd
.le trecutl
I @aratu4 thetn while thev ene Dbrins chtss.
Lli
rv.ibedm
lcu
privire;) pe
oind"j";,"
$ah.l
I th4uaht
vou
nod told hPt sha
,ou ia"/.
l Cr t J; Dh' t Ji
oi spus ce
$t i . )
31 ut , t ?' skod t l nt
r ' . F
d, Ef t ' Ld r ! , or n ndnJed l or l p
r , ": / p.
Ll
- a
dar a t n, l g". a
- a. r zko
sr i i
r r ur r . . l ppl r - upi r r i u. J
$ @l d t hem shc @ be
( her ' .
t(Noi)
re,on s"&s .,{ (ea) ra
/i
acoro.l
I
prtmised
I
poLld
tume it I knete
lot
neded nc
\Ti
an
filsiuu
cn eoi eeni drcil ,oi
fd
c{ at ncvoic dc minr.)
I dnided I @uld t! 1.o see
you
befo.e I
q
enr o my holidry.
t{nu)
dn nod.r, ca voi incc.ca s{ tc vid inainte d a pleca
/
si1llec tn vacanll.]
,ur, :ftT,n
t.o-tti"
,,eiermini in aceh$ timp
qi
verburMns din
principala B, coordo-
CORESPONDDNTA
TIMPURILOR f01
I npor t a
r !
al Prin termenul
,,formd
de tre..it" sP intplcse in acest
'Bz
nu numoi indi-
$
9839
( "t i f ; l r ' ". u'
si
t r p. ut ul
pFr f pcl
{, u
l or mFl P d'
a' pt sci con
r nuu
' or pspun-
/ a odr F, .
' i r i
br i . .
r i r np; "u t r | od' r [ ar n' d' f c
/ r ", r . at i nd' u al l p
' u\ r nr a
ot t r i t t dr ut l a t r ". r / . cd
vi i l nr ul f dLi dc' r aL, ' . subj on' l r t ul
l r czpni i r
' on-
ditionalul
prezent. inlelendcnt
dc i
leles:
care inseamnl
S
98{'0
, . / I nu
. c
ui l t r
. l ' r r , ' r r r ul pnr t F' .
c' l p un adj e Li v
. . 6' ,
"c. l '
n nl r ui
r i ml p- . r Fnl t r ' . ur sl u
! r i ' or
-
i i
'
d
t ernl f nuhi , . t recut ".
t i xccpt , i i l d RecnI a
I I I
17l Ci rd
propozi l i a suborrl onat i
i nt roduce un f apt l ndeobi t e cunoscut
$
281r
sfiirliiic sau unirirsd
vrnabit.
verbul ei est
p s lalrezent salt rlllar:
He rcod in the
paler that ne{ t.ec states o., consiatrllt arleadlg otr thf m'l ol lhe
tt'otl'tiv,,."-
,ota tl"r tlc rton,ic erfrg-! ustil in stiicnce.\iall
"44gc
th! lrce ol ihe eirr'lr'
I l,.rr ihai a l.iend ii nced ,s a l.ie .l indtcd
i ] , Lr n, l . i '
! r np
/ i ' ; d
"r r Lor ' l at . r d.
t i l r p l "' ; r - ni i
c' e- i ndepend- r ' t J"
$
2812
r : mpul
a. l i uni i
di nr . e"nt a
v, r bul : ubor donar '
i poal c I r pusl apr ' r ' / sl u r d
riitor I
I dillr't sct
on wiih her bccruse sle istr't r.ljable.
5nc @l d hp l r dl h4r l dl r ' r
' l t dJ' ' om<
I ' oad dl r l J
I t r r el x"r : o mu, h har r / ol i i - vp_/ . . 8"r h"r .
.) Propozilia aiributiva
arc verbul la oricc li
?
cerut' de inleles:
S
2843
t 11\ "l L sani nd| ha
l i l i or l r i P. I J han bPP' ht t n' bi mJl or o' F hef
hl on
I / o, "j l oq. t l a. l sl u/ / a' \ aJs. r mal , p. bA, F
l d' a. ng, , ; Ll l o
Pr l or l l psi i mul u'
I naod alwars
/ornd
jn
he. caample
d/ I nl r o Dr opo/ i Li .
r omnar a i r a l "gr a d'
pr i n' i pcl u pr i n 4r ' r l l r ' o'
S
2qt l
n' r h os, o.
t
"i l
d. i .
r "r bul po"t , f i pus l " or ; ' r i ar p
,
pr u'
da l r r Lci "s:
She lo'dd her sisier morc thrn sbc lots o. /tll eve'lo'? tne
si" 1","a 1". si"t"r
* .uch as she lo',s or Pill ever loec me
e) Clnd fraza condi,tionald
erprimi o si/udlie rrdld rtit
rFrbul,din"r'-
$
9845
s- nr a.
"i t si r "l di n
subor Jonat "
por t i pus"
I d ot r LP
i r "r p
4r u' uo nl pr ' s I Jr a
1. "r i ". . - "' od"
r ee"r l i l , d. "o' ; ' pond' nl "
A' i ' r put i l or '
(Pentru exemple vczi
S
2750).
Face
excoptie tilloral, care' in
genere. nu
poatt Ii intrcbuinlat
inlr'o pro-
pozifie subordonatn
(S 2850-2857)
CAZUIiI
SPNCIALtr
1) Stilul nsratiY. - ln stilui narativ, toate ac,tiu ile care se dcshtoarE
$
2818
simulian sau consecutiv
slnt la acelaqi timp
gramatical
a) I'oate acliunile
Prezente:
Sh en,r'.s tl\c e$ibitjon room {nd .'.tt?s
'10$e
her apprtoiation
i tle book {hich
She toDned rouDd, sa,e _q.!n, who o,r
sirtirg iX rhc tjre, ,r2, Dp an.I spft, io her.
c) Taatc acliuniLe riitoare:
I s/'dll go ro Bnohmsr, /,g;srd. as a sru.tent, dr,ndleciues
anil g.r a d.gree.
E rcepl i e: Fl eri bi l i rarea
l i mbi i , v. prczenr
dupi t recur,
S
2841 2B45,
S
2847
..
.2)
Actiunj simultane
sau ro[secuti\0
in heeut.
_
In Iinrba enelezn.
a,:
\ r uni r e. pFr . r , cul p
br mul l "r r . . . nn. F. . t i \
i n l r _"ut
st ot
pxpr i ma, .
t oa. c
nr i n
, , i : : : : 1i ,
". , : : a! '
. pr F, r oosab, r n
dF r i r bs r omdni .
und". r n ocaar i i r ual i ",
i r ci ur ul al r Fr neaza cu
l r pzent uL:
\then I h,, liim I roru hiln ron ,a, i]L
ictnd I ath ,nitnit i-an spus ct es,t iotnald.)
I /i,rr you
a".e lrere
(stian
ci esti aici.)
I dsizd hcf nnt shc sdtd Ia.tin
(a,
astecn.
l\m
intnbot_o d.u mi-a stus ct\ MafiA aadrne.)
$
2846 3) 0 actiunc arterioari
attera se xpuma:
--
a
)
p.rrn pt
uentul pertcr, d acn verhul dj n prop ozili a regenrd sre ta p rczenr
Eau l a l nLor :
I sa Lhar
she has
Kn .
I sndi, g,
to Lhe thearre and In tiie
lertormance
tdJ already
r.gtuz.
b) pti[ trecutul perfect, daci verbul
djn regenti este la indicatil.ul
trecur:
$,
d- , u. 1\ ' er , t ' ",
. r t
, 1t . 1, i - e, .
Il:hen I .ane h.me, src na.J bedL tundins lot an ho\tt.
_.
Tot u$i . ci nd . \ i . t ;
Jnu; sau
-
, : r , ut . F , . ! i uni
"i 1ut
anp, i nt Fr i or r Fr , r , . , l
clrrnl.trrclte.
nulner
lflmnl
\.efb
esLe la trecutul pedeci,
celelalte liinrl la
r ndt . ar r r ut
t r eLut :
qt
' , , da1l
Lot .
I np
, h. r
n, / . t / . / i n |
. "r , p, ool nH
r . a
Jns"r .
_
8\e betieeed she had sc.n hid rrainins in.c_st,pn
hp
"*""t
Fi:",teiiir," p""";",,
r,","
dnr l r , , . j "r . 8 n, , r t
-
\ : nr . f . . ! or t , , omp" i , . on.
.
l nr
a t r ] 0" d, - r "r e
t ool i ng i r . pr i . r s pr opor i t i ", - sr s
sL
pr "d. at . - . ,
' 1\
a
r
co i
! r
r ' . . i n r do, r . .
. - sr
l i t nt r - bui nr r t r ", ut ul
ner f c. l
p_nt r u
con. i oc-
r "nr ul ,
' , c,
! ; u, , i l - si r n, r t r an" cr r Ft "
"r f r i ; "r "
pr i n i ; ,
"i ; i ; , , _
r c. r | ' t Fr eq. t
"r
t r t n. ' nr , da . r r . t , ar , Fi 1' ". , i dn snt pr i ^r i i i t . .
si on, r r , . . a
(i np
rna prupozi t i a)
. . ei dr; t , rser; t supnral i , i nai nre
de a veni r; r, i ; t i t i ee""
. e
ar t r t ob,
. ' n.
non. F, , . )
i i
/ i n
d
, 1.
I i (t r^pozj t i p)
". .
. , . t t u. Fsa t J
p, At eJt
Fr
. a r ua. a pi r r . t r . o
t . - r ' ( r .
spor r , i t nr d. i dr no
i naj nt _ d. s r i t ". t n ; t ni , . l
.
)
. nnn, , i i t at ut
pt P. ,
rrprp-, ri ! . i ; t orut
p, t *t
f dLd. t p
t r / r/ / . ,
; nd o d. _
l , ur o
\ ' , r nar F Fct a, , r . r i uun.
. n, . i
nun^n dhL \ i i r or r \ ei g
l 50t
r 501,
2853, 2E56) .
S
284$ 4) 0 oc,liune riitoare fa,ri de at1,a se exprimnl:
a) prin t'iitor, cinrt.ierbul d;r regente este la prezcnr:
I t,a?.
|
.],olt
..". \' au as-tn
She nrc(.s sh. ,r' i rd,e io aitend ,c graduation
tesi.iljty tomorrow.
1
ln propoz'liile
seou ndare h oa.e
loare
ii
jnircluiniat
vjjrorul (g28I0.rs5!
2sr:).
CORESPONDENTA' TTMPURII,OR
608
-A.criunca
viitoare talir d0
pmzont :
a)
\E indicatiaal
?,'e:cr,
(tradus crt aiitorul
ir limba ronenn)
pentru
a exprima
o ao,iiune
i'iitoare in raport cu momentul
pr"e:ent in oare se
b) p.jln aiitor l
fald
de trecut cind
verbul din regenti este la trecuti
We urLdtslood they would ting ns
uP.
it'" ni tn""snt rni **a r, ruquir?,lo attend th' festi'llv on the tollo{ins dav'
5) Yiitorul
in prcpozitio suborilonatd. - Spre deosebi'e
de limba romani'
5
2850
l n l i mba
Ancl Fz6, : n at uca
a. unFl P
pY. ppri i
ardt a
P
ndi
j oc' . t rbut nu paot "
oueo
l orni j
i c
vi i t or l nrr o propozi t i e suLorJona' d. or i ' nr
p
ar l i
' i mpul
3au n odul
i l i n r pgen' t i :
\ i i r or . i mpFr Jl i v.
. ondi Li on
' l
'
l '
Verbul din subordonati
se afli:
s
285r
$
2859
I shall
never ioryet hcr as long as I ltee'
lNl1
o voi uita clt ,ot
'Ir,t
,
Fi ns mp
up when t l e
l l aY. ds
lTeliloneaze mi clnd sP
ua r./n',d
prcsa
r
I sho! l d
l : kp
r o b"p hi n i t hd @4ei
nest
- w4
L
i ri
i i i i "i : l ' i o, r"'
r
-, pai
. d
d r Jn"
'
si p i n nd \ "rod-"
I
b) Ia
prezentat ptfect (tra;lus cu tiilot[l dnlerior3
ln limba romini) ctnd
$
2863
rcliuiea
.riltoa"e ilin subordonaii
este anterioare aceleia
din regentd:
|
-
, d l l mak" mv r r por l
q
h"n I hn*
"onP: ' t "d
nv |
' b
or r l o"i ' $or l '
i t oi i ; ; o Fr ; mr Jr
dupl
, ". mi r i t t
4' a; aat
cdu
! i r "P; ' u
) r J' r dr pdde
Let m. kr nw Js soon
as
vou
d, P &
P;
' d
ar ans{"r '
i i ", j , i i t : "' .
t ^i , i a
*
' ; ;
t i
p"i ni t s\ u t ' ; P"; ' i ) ; sl un'
l
I shoul d
- Jv
t i l l st ' .
&ds
/ i r nl r Pd
hPr
' n'
al
i r-'
"; i
pi ' i i . ; f i -t r". ni not
sl u
' a ' +ni no
t md' a -
Aeliuno Yiitoare
fa16 do trocut:
s
2864
a)
la. indicatiaul
fc.rt
(tradus ou
'iitor!'l
ln limba romene)
priru a ex-
S
2866
prima o ac.tiune
viitoare ln rapod cu un trmp recdt:
\\e undarstoott
(p.jncipala) w sfto"id !cd'him
(resenta) 8s soon
as he c'me to ille
Instil.ute
(sllbordonala){
fn"pi
"rt
r"pt"""i".,
\t eotu eerlea lnilatt ce ea
'dz;
la Insiitut
l
The tit-"r with llre w.ong ad ess htd bcel detaitad
('egenla) until an inquifv F33
Dsde lsubordoData)
-"-"
ri;"J'i*J"*
iii,a-"a seit{
rusese reli'utit
rinn
oiod se
'o
tn'lrasd cineva de ea
)
i
pas
eaing
to ask him to
Plav
his ncw sonata
{rescnta)
lhe nexi lime I c!'Ic'I
{sub-
""
, nr ' ' ".
de
Si nd
si l cog sl mi
' : nLe
no
'
l ui sonJl l
da J \ i ; r oJr p
"i nd
r oi
:i;*,f' l?i;i' it;:l;ti!?,' l;,."' ru
n
' p-
d p,upoli,"-". nd1' ' .
p n,ru
* ..c'Ji;t.l:T$,lir"'"iiii
l!,"i*ilI
";:,."rjtyf"r"l;t,i|il;"1";
lit,i:ll,i:
l n I t r i L ! i i t or ul Ln. l a.
t ovi nt eL
l - r pl nl ' e cu l t l er
oonf or m'
ot espondenl r '
t r mput ' r or '
604
28; 6 b) l A
t nut ul ppt f pct
t t f t dl J'
t u
! ; t t aru| un' , r; or1 t n l Lmba romdoi ) ct nd
c. l i unpa
\ i i l oare di n propozi l i a subordonat a esLp
anrcri oare acl i uni i di n
' F
genia
er:
Anr n ppd l l r i n"i pal dr r he
I odl Jgo: t o i he pi . t ur as
{f Fgent a) uhet r
shp hsd doDe hpr
nomewor r {
l subor dooat al .
(Ana spera c{ sd rd dzda la cincmatogral cltrd iii d
fi
tsnitut reclrte.l
-
I taeo
lprincipala)
they aoutd cane in,
Fege
ta) if theJ hsd seer rny lisht on
lsun-
{9tiam
cI @, tnr.@ dacd lmi ,o.
/t
rd.z,lumiDa ap.insd.)
9857 Urmetorul tabel comparativ, refritor la intrbuintara viitorului tn pro-
pozi l i s
subordonat ar prezanri nd
unul di nrr" rspe"t "el e upl i rari i
pri n"i pi ul ui
,
ar p. i a l a br za consl r i . ! i ci f r dzFi ensl er Fr ' r pbui ; sl udi at i n l . sor Jr ;
"u
s"b"
ma di n Fi g. 2 , S t 356). unde 6ro5t pf i n"l pi u s" at l d
p\ pu".
Tsbel
2868 Viitorul ln p&pozitie
subordotrati.
(dupx t/, Itll, unril, when, as long asj as soon as ete.)
a, Indicativ pretent (: liilor)
Is,{"@ I.ea mkr lorgcr hu as lonS
(ttiu
cA nn rai putcd
s o uit cit loi
t.ni.)
6, prezetrt
lorlcet
l: viitor
!-lc.,l.)
I t.tl yan I
qi\
so
onlj. \l,er I hsro
(lii
s;un ca,oi
rl4.d
numri duDd ce tc
roi ri inzut.)
a, indicativ trecut
{:
viilor 1a!{ dc 1rc.ui)
I ln# I @zld nerer fo.get her as lorg as
lfti.rn cii nu loi
lutea
s'o uit citroitrti..)
,, tiecut.terlect (: liito. pcd.ct lati .le
I lod you I
qrrld
so
only $]lcn I hsd scen
t Ti on
squs \ l r ai
pl , La
^\ ) mni
duDJ ce t e
r oi l i r ezxt . ,
s
285e Er cepl i i
\riiton tali de prezcnt
a) Ptopozi|itl catnpletbd. d.btctd po^1e
avea verbul
;i
la viitor:
I ou
I l l m r ou
r l dl l A, 3 l o l r . o, a n
. r t .
l l mi st r ui cl i l , Pi dr . . l i on. r d. J
I c\lccl that
Jou
sialla do vour dlrt!.
l{9ieli
do la voi sr1 r' r frccii datoria.)
I $onder il shc
' rtll
nara Ur.. ninutei$ readr.
(xi
Int.eb daciL va alca
tfocesul-vcih1 sat;.)
Slie doesn' i kDorv wh0n she sill bd back.
l(Ea)
Du
ilie
cind se va lntoarce.l
l VFzi
S
l 4- i o \ , n, r La r Pqr eci i v I
r vi i r of ul
t r . d.
r r r . . p, r i "i i
t nr , bul t i r
i n
J. . Ff , s d
! r opoTi l i
s. cundda pq r ,
ci ca esle o compl-"tili dircct{ (S 286r).
sVr zi
5
28s' i 7qe
_l
. aol i qo
)
'
. r i l . l
di ""c
|
\ , 7i
S
t l 2:
.
- $a
sr . l / i o ou" d. , . v . 1 sr i t
I d
- r ' .
s
Vezi
5
t e0t - 290r .
CORISPONDENTA
TTMPURII,OR
606
,",,?,ltr1";;:lli'fi['ll'*i,hf
iiifl iii"':?j 1".Yw2riy,#"t::":"";;
u
"*
'".'
:'dil:x'i:*
g.,"'i:"
f **ii,li*li"rl$=ii:
:":: :, ;"^""'"""'
1
"'d:tlliniTf
ii:f"'r*".t$,
:h:il;\
fi
":;r:lt#;'L
*,.
""
-*^
'."'"iiiiffill;"":"*:,r"?l':ff
'ff
:
jffi
fr : ff flliitr#Jlfr"l:ilift
:i:"'ll
"'"'';;;"fiii{
j',"',"{"ffi
4ff
fi ;1i9ffi
#'lr;;
In
proporiliilo
dio accastd.'stcsoriasi?
t;1.;"Ti"""if:"li:',,1;
:"1;"iil;
u
t^nt
l"f*lrijlr,ur
r,*iirtfrhtF,'1,"ffi
i#
i[irlrir"""'*';:i'fi:
Durilc
ratate
la
5
z6ru-z6oJ:
'
" -
it
x:
",,nn*
:g;:if
tr;T,iit.tlt
r
"sxr,H{illffi
"1."'"n*,,,,
.fiiif#*l;ififlrf'f;$r*;**,,,,''1,,,*t,c'mp''[!idrec'|r
ill*,rli:.;::1"ru"::
tr,:h?;?, )tr
::"$.i:ilire'"E
'-'t**$i*1l*il}j",*fffi
;qf-$".#f"1i'i#*,ff
:
l ui al doi Loa:
'"'
"ied:"''"*
lrl"'t"""';ilH""T,f
i!'1i"":1il'lii'!"ri5ii'f*l-i'""'
;"lil;iii"iql;
:n*.:*lli;
tlu"""1'1,};;";i*3
iiit,'"ili-)
,r*i,:'i";":lllllll"x,lfii*'il
ihu,"i;
:xi
ctnddcdtuie'te
rorma
de
s
2{t62
f ;'il1lf"gi,in'J};1"',";
{il"Ht!}"Zoi'i}!"li"o''id{i
accasu ostnearr')
:,il"l:'i;'""
:
llilui:^3"i;\lili[;
*
*.^*
,
i;""nr**ii;;tx*:t,q,,.,,,."rTrr"f
;"",,",#il-l"Jilrffi
:',T''*'
1L'"2i
"I
: ;: #,:;" ;
"
lr;,''i J,li'"$113"'"' r
*:*T;ii*ll$lii.'J;511,1..rffi
1:
1tiir'ri'I:.T'slf;{-:'titlT;
rvezi
Pac.
28{' nola
I
600
2863 Yiitorul lord do treout
Iceleaqi exceplii sini valabile qi tn cazul viitorului fa,td de trecut, cu
rezervele l[cute la
S
2867 2872.
2864 a) Ptopozt\:.a completivl directe
$i
pnopozitia relativd pot avea verbul
gi la viitorul fa![ de tracut:
You told e
voe
lhoulilr
so
10 the .ancot. (Comrrletiai dirctl)
(Ui-ai slus ca dt rd l' d,.t la conccft.)
I
a\ t , 4. t ^t ( t t at )
r od
sbor l d? do
vo1,
/ , , J cont t " i \ i J r p, . t . 1
,
\ t , pl a I n d. l a vo; sd
'
/
/ J, 4;
da or i a. )
I wonderpd t/stu would, [^va the minues rcdd!. (Comp].inai direol;-r)
(U4lnrrelam dacit (a) ,a aeca pmcesul-vrbal glta.)
She didn'l loow onaz snd Bhotrld
(sau
woulds) hc 6ddl.. (ComplcUvn di.ect{l
l{Ea)
nu
$tia
clnd s? ed tndpota.l
H. wi s' r l r ol p J' s o/ r / , , , r , soul d do, , / 4" r / nn.
".
t R4l ' : \ . 1
dr , i bur ' \ 1
l l El )
i r er n . ui ul dp
! "n: "'
l p i o I gl l ur i . J
t - l ul i n
"' , p
n r u, i
r .
p"p
r i _. '
I
I had callcd thc poftcr
',na
no'rln tae to tle lusgase- | Relativii final:-r)
(chemasen ham.rld, care utma sd. se ocupe de bnsrjc.)
She said sne rould rclu.n ihc books ivhich shc had read and ont.n should ,l"n bo lott
to othe. rcdde6.
(Rclalive
lina]{)
(Da a spus cA va restitri ceriile
te
oare le'a citit
ii
crc eat
li
apt,i lmptunutule altor
citii.ori.l
We {ssured thcn we Mnld subnlt for discussidn Nl,alcvd protosrl l&tr drFrtj
Nhonld rnrhe{.
{ItelaLiv{
atribuiivn)
t{Noi)
i.an asisurai cn von pune In disoriie orice prop'rnele ne vor race erpc.iii lor.l
S865 D./ Propoziliilc cotul.ilion&Le, concuioe
$
temporale pot avea verbul
ti
la
viitorul fati de lrecut:
I iold you I Nould let
Jou
know at orce ii /,r $houldi eone ta the office Lh. next dd!
lConditionaH)
tTi
am spus ca tc loi anullaiftdiat decil
lin
co. c,i et !a veni r doua zi la bi.ou.l
We dccided ihai eeeu ;/ sn' sloulds
got a
/dtl,f.
ndfft, she shouldn'L bc scold|d.
(Con
cesi!e)
lNoi
am hotirii, chiar da.i nu !a ollinc noi{ dc lrccdc, sl nu lie m'lslrala.)
T Fr
"dnr ' d
l osai l
r l , r "
"- r ; l
r n? on, v Bhoul d" Bl op. . Teml , or J
I
( r oi . u d dj , . pl r . ol o pr ni . ' e \ , r sl I ni r so, r 1'
H. . nJo"
"p
h , m n4 i o
. . dy
I
t , "r . , r r . t , ' ] ?
' t out d,
D. 3ct r r
/ o".
( T. mt or , l . t
l r l i l r se
l , "r . r f . +l sL. d a. ol o! ' r ' ' . vo. l "i mi
"d' ! d "1.
28tt6 cJ Cind verbul .'oaLJ are lnlelesul de.,r voi" sR11 cind alcdiuictte
,,forma
ae politele-. el poaie ti intrebuinlaf c.r t.ns rle riitrr in propozifi; condi,tio'
I l al i ( $ 2773) :
I l huu: l I . l oud, n | }. r l r Ji ni t r hd14, l / - 41 me.
\ l . dr ' r qr ndi
- r
m, \ oi Jr , psui . u l ". ' F 11 1. ' , . t i a, r , dp""n
p. ,
i said I shouldT bc gratel\] il yo\ eoultl .onc.
lAn
spus cn voi Ii recr{osrftot nactt eeli aeed anabilirar,a si vcnili.)
l Vczi
5
2896 : 8! 7.
: Vczi
S
r
j i r .
3Vezi q
2901- : 902.
a
t/i,d/r, .a.e di aici idce.t de viitor
pu.
icl- $
:319),
ronte
li nrlocuit, pril simplili'
cr f t . ou Qoul d ( g ! e011
t Vezi
si
S
2819.
6Vczi
\ 2099 2100.
' r / , r . / . p\ t r r nr ndar ' i dr dd
' j l or ! r . t o/
l
' al o, . : l
! r "o
l / 1"' J, p' I l r gA
i o. "d o. \ r r of ,
""
\ r r i r "
. .
"i 1, ". 1i .
.
.
"pr or nr . i r n
( $ r i 0: t - t 6.
CORESPONDN''A f I!|P('RII-OR
607
Obser aal i c
Nurndrul
propozi.tiilor In care poate
aptua viitorul fald de trcut esle
S
286?
I oarf e mul f redus pri n l apl ul . e f orma dp vi i uor pur consl rui t 6 au sht ud h
t oat e Dersoanel c Doat e f i conl undal a cu:
aj un echivalent al subjonctivului;
,) ought
+
infinitiv.
Penlru acest motii'. in cazurile de ambiglitate, 6e folosesc alte construclii
care sd ldmuraascd intelesul. duDd cum se va Yedea ln continuore.
ln unele dintre exemplcle citaLe la
!
2864-2865, forma de viitor con-
struitl
(u
slanld la torte persoanele ar putea fi gii
a, un echivalent al subjonctivului cuvaloare decondilional.caresd accen-
S
2868
tueze ideea d improhalilitaie (
S
160{):
\Vc asn.ed them lhatve rvould submit for discusion whatever propoal their expdts
(\-oi i-am asigurat cA vom
l)unc
In disculie orice
lropunere
a.
/t
sd
/acd
exlcrlii lor.)
I lold
rou
I rvo!].l let you
ln.w at onco iI hesnolrd cone to the oflice the next day.
{Tj.ad
spns
.n
te roi annnla incdial docl el &
fl
sil eiud a doxa zi la nirou.)
We decided thal eren iI shc siould
s,!
a lailure narl. she lhonldn't be s.olitcd.
(Noi
rm lrotl.ft 5n nu fic nust.ili chiar dace s'r. inttn?la sd au obli^d torl ile rte-
TIcv wante.l Lo wait therc tlntil the snow .lozld s/oD.
tvoilu
s{ afl.ptc icolo
llni
ce
(ar
fi)
sd. s@ n\ts;'alca.)
IIe made up lis mind to slay theft nntil he sn /i.l /a
ytr,
to.-
liEl)
se honri sn stea acolo pinii ce
faf /i/
d re ,.@td dupn l.l
Pentru aoest moiiv, ln cnzurile de Ambiguiiete de acest fel este prlerabil
S
2869
ca s/mrl.t sn fje
jnlocuit,
la prrsoana a 2-a
9i
a 3'a, cu
rvou?d
clnd verbul prin-
cipal are tnleles dc r,iitor pur:
\ l i i ssuf l d rhem $p soul d subdi r t or di sussi on what prpr
n. oDosal
l hpi r cxp. rt s
@uU nah
-
ori ,
"
nropur. r,
vor I a"'
, . t ! i i l , , r
pu. )
J f . l d
l ou
I s1, ul d i
Jouknowr l
or l ei f l F@i l dNh. t o t h" ol l i . . l h. next daJ
I
ddaA r d r eni ,
l vi , t or
pnr )
\l c dp.id"d lhal e\pn iI sh" @ould
sa
d luilurp mark. shp shouldD l bp .coldpd
(-
d@,t
nr m obtin.r-
{viitor
pu.)
.
They rvanted to wail tlere unlil the sno* rozld rro? (: phe ce se d .!"J.
{Viitor
IIc nade np tris mind to star there nntil he ,orld Id sent lor
\:
p|-I.n ce * @ bituitc
d!pi ol).
{\riilo,i r,trr)
lnlocuirea n,rmelor de la
$
2864-2865 (conslruite cu sftoaldJ pdn sd,-
S
28?0
janctioul
cn lubarc iLe @niLiltanall de propoziliilor respeciive nuan![ de con-
ditional'z:
$re assurd ll,rm $e Noxld subnii. Ior di$usion shateyer proposal thei. erperts
(l.um asisuat .A am
rnnc
In discutie orice prolun.e d.
/a.c
expe4ii lor.)
I told vou I would lel. vou ktrorv at oncc iI he.dn, to the otfice the neat d{v.
lTj'adspus
oi
tri-ai
d; imediai dc sl.irc drcd cl /. dii a doua zi la birou.)-
\fc decided tlat eveD il6he
so,
a lailuru mark, she Ehouldn't bc scolded.
(=
. . . chiar dnce nu o. orltre o nofi de tre@rc, Gl nu lie rnuslrata.)
They $anl Pd t o wsi l
' hr r r
nnr i l l he sno$ st pf f d.
l:
-
. . llnd cc 4. srd nrnsoarFi I
lle ma{te
u! }is mitrd to stny therc urtil he i'c.
(s
0 u ds, ssnt lor.
( : . . . pi nl ce r - d , . t nt r . dn! 6 el . )
t
1568.
5
rr62,211) ' - 2180.
A se compara:
. . . . I . l ol d
you I
qoukL
l ct
l ot
knos i t
he soul d coDo. ( Vi j Lor vot i t i v
r
r i i t or puf
sau
l l
:
. . t e @t aaunt a der r od mi r
{ssu
@ @F sd, i ^d) sau l . ondi l i onst ul F sub-
Jon'
I ' v- condr ! ' onal )
l
.
. . . t e. at aaLnp d0r { d r oi r ! a ui nd. r l
I told you I @zld t r you kaow ir hc .tould como.
(Viito!
volitiv +
un cchivalenr al
subJonctrwrur ac^pntutod imllobabilitatea)
\-
. . . tp ,oi anu^14 dac.a 4,
lLsdsind.)
.
I. rold yox I sould let you
kn *
jt
ha cM6. (Condiliondt voliriv
+
subjonctiv cu la.
roarc uo conorlfotraf (: . .
-
k,ai a,unta dace 4f Eni. )
2871 b)
:
ought
+
infinitie
ll
2085)l
You l.old ma
yot!
shbuld
Eo to lhp cobcert.
{Mi.ai
sp'rs cd e rrrli
se l. duci ta .oD@rr.J
She said she would rcturn rhe books she hd read and which snoatd thcn 66 lrur to
other rcadeN.
(Ea) a[']s.a va .csl.it ui ctul ile pe.ire tp cittse
g
ca!.,o' t .buir e\ tir apoitnptun.
tdk altor citir.ri l
2a72
-
. l n
aceasl a; i t ual i e, s, f . r r l l d put i nd
avea
Si
t nt et csul de, , ar t r ebui . . ,
, , t r e.
Dure (srnonrm cu ollgll,rj este prelerabil
sd fie lnlocuit la
persoana
a 2_a
Ei
a
3- a
r t
woul d at unci cl nd
ver bul pr i nci pat expr i md
i dcea de vi i t or pur :
You l,old me
you
@dd
ao
to the con@fr.
{Mi-ai
spus
..1
,. ,pi du.t Id ron, e"t.)
She said she woutd .eturn the book! she had .ead and which @o&ld th6n ,, td4, to
olhe! reade6.
. . . .
t l Ea)
a spus. Ji va
r psht ui
. J4i h p" ( ar c
l , ci r ke
$
caF @'
/ i
apoi t dpf znsr at auo.
$
2873
6) Coodiiionelul.
S
2874 a.,/ Pentiu intrebuinlarea
condilionalului in fraza conditionald care ex-
primd
o sirarlip ireaLi vczi
\
2762
-2769.
S
2875 h) Condilionalul indry?rddr. Yerbul subordonatei
unei rcpente care con-
!ine
un-condilional independeDt se pune ta
o formd de trecut
(i;dicativ
tmoui,
vltor
tafa de trecul, etc.):
| @udn' t kno@ \|hich ol thm a6 hcrc.
(Nu 6
rrt
care dint.e ei
"sr,
aici.)
I sh4LU think it slad.d coovincinc.
alt
..rd, cA saad convingeror.)
(ry
tou
thint t\p! oH
Elk.l?,
-t taLun't
sdu th.y t.r..'.
t( rczL cA EInt tat"ntdti ?
-
Nu a.e rp&n. .A .lnr l
ll_o-
J
ou r,rd.
J
ou {,rld rat\Ft I didn\
lpt
t. a ou's. ?
( vr pi
"d
sp, i t l at pQf . . a
sa nu ddr . ; sor 6?r
.
She said she @!ld 6e the tght educrCor
(.o
look aJter the chiuren shcn they.@ to
l(Ea)
a spus c{ @
/i
educatoarea indicatr pentru
copii atunci olnd @ rufs.la gcoatd.l
28?6 7) Stilol dirart
$r
indiroct.
- Regulilc dp mai sus se aptice gi la rransfor
msrea sl i l ul ui di reet t n st i l i ndi rect :
/Da.i ShJ said:
-1
an
boff! | ha'd
^or
boLsit Lho watch
{rh.tl
I rtzlt &.d.'
rr4zr./ rDe sord snc eas
sorrJ she [4d trot ,ozair the watch
trhat) sho @4A rrd.
(Vzi
ii |
2901_2902)
2a?7
8) Cotrcltrzie.
-
Conjugarea englezd desldEurlndu-se
De doud axe Daralele
(! i l J5t i . I 359), a se observa- perf cct ul paBl ol i sm
t nt re ut i l i zarea i ndi c; t i vut ui
pre:ru ra reda.rea rnrimpldl'tor prezeDte
ti
lntrebuintaloa indicatir,ului teru! la
-
' V"rl
I
: got -rso: .
r Vezi
g
2896, 2898.
|
\'ezi
(
2t7:r
ir
"i'"ri1'.
lXlli;'ilf,'h"iii##;;t.:;'*"t
un cchivurent
lcnt'u
cubjon'ti!
CORESPONDI.\TATIMPURILOR 601
r pdsr . d i j r l l r npl i r i l or 1r e. ur ". aar b"l e l i mf ut i
Jr , ' n1r i
dl . dvi r 4 d. "l r qi r ol
ppn, r u
monenl F di f Fr i ' " si r l l i nd
' - so
l n ac"l "at i r apor ' ul i i pml . dl .
' u
. el - -
l al l " l i m0ur i
l r amdl i ' al " di o
gr upJ
r - i pccl i ! a Cnr F"p, nd"n\ r
l i mpu- i i or \ ' a
r i dcci ur r r ar i r ai n. ' h"nadi n- l r i : . 2( S
l Ji 6l . i n
gr r r . r
u, i l i zi nJ. r i ".
pent r u
r cl al 0r . ,
j nl l r . pl nr i l or . o'
, l i zul ^ i n
1r . z"nL.
Li mpu"i l di r
qr uf .
Dr "T"r t ul ui
t . ol o. , na, l i n
.
i near , i r r
p"ni r u
c"l sl i mal nt i ' npl Ar i l or
t o. . , l i l . . 1; l r ,
l r . ", r l . i m-
pu
r l " di r
l r upr
r r "ur ul ui ( col oJr J l i n dr ^apt 61. i r r ' r "
n"l ". l ou
'
gr ul "
er i '
i nd
o, l "r nar cei i . nFt d
: i .
l n pr i ^ci pi u. ni "i un r r I or L l . mt "r dl . de. i ni . i on-
cord:rnla (cu coiectivui
pi cardil aduc rcgulite dela$ 28J6 2837,2E41 2845):
Prezont
LeJl
lou
I sial, srd', lfaitiirg onlJ whn
(ti
Jpnn .i roi t ocle aui..cnadclrtul
rumai cind
'(
r.ni
prinr'Llara).
SIe .\"s she foz'r
go on her holiday }.tore
iStunr cn nu
'o.pleco
in vacanfd dcclt dupn
He ts sufc lhat his
Diotute.
whcD it is
tin-
tr/rd. ./,all D/ttg him the success he I's ,..,
/i'sre aiErrr ci rabloul lri. c rd ed
fi
tetnindt,
ii ra adlcd succesul
!e
care il drkdr,6 cu
lvlienever 1 .oll on her, she is oor.kias,
{nd sars I rnd re a
sreat
arljst 1vl,cn I
s,
oldef. I lldll then rert mr reward ii I lare
rml l ,al i s l td as she do,s.
lori de olLe ori me d4. la e.r o
s,t.sar.
lncrin(l
! i m, , r dn. ca r oi / i un mnr e t ( t ur . , nd
! ! i
i r : z r i r ar . l mi u; i . r r r l d ai unci r i spl at a
nace eai
Ji
luctdl tol al.lt ile scrios cum
Trecut
I tah)
!o\
I shoult statt rtaining olll $hcn
spr mg. an, .
(Ti'z,r sr6 cn,oi ird.r4 otrtfcnamentur
Dudri clnd .d rent
rrimivara.)
Slic r{td slrc o&ldL, go on h.r h.liday
Iclorc shr ldd !.eu rou.
f,4
slas cii nu r@ p/..4 in lacanln decil
nnli ce te ea
fi
!a.ut.
)
IIe dG sufe ihai. his rJictr(,
wlien it
"'ds
finhhad ,
shaLI'J b''ts t\ln rhc srrcess lrc lQd
DdD Loltlns lo$rrr(l to.
fEr.r
sisur Ci talro\rl hi. .inlca
fi
tetnnoa
ti ra adu.e succesnl
te
ca.e il asrepk, (s au
ll olra?d, tu Derlbddc.l
\Vhenevef 1 .altul or her. shc rds
(ornlns,
rnd ,s.d to say I snddd 6a a
s.eal
artist
Nhcn I
sor
oldc.. I rnould then .'uI mr
r.\\'ard il I ld,
-..l?,
as hird as sle di.,.
{Ori
dc cilc ori ,td du.eart lx ea o
Enrcdm
hrerlld si nni srlacd ci rlt tt nn Darc
pi f l ! r
Lr nl
' Di . ;
! r . nr . r c. l mi , . i
' al or "
i t r n. i r . 1"pl r La d, L. i
' . ,
l ,
/ ?' . , r r ol i l r l
do scr i os. un l , af a er . l
,tlte \emple tipice de corespoldenta
l,impurilor:
"I
di.rr't lno,' \'ou !e/. here."
"Ol
coufec Ltds."
f,,N'd/r e,iu
t cir.tt ajci'.
- .,lifcftc
ci s,nr."/
He rioegnt 0i thc rcspoisibility that aolld .Ie'rl'e on |irr *'hin lic 4,r..tl upo his
t(!l)
se
s,ndi
ln ristunne.ca carc li rd /et.ai cu.l tu l,.d i,t
Unnir
trona sr sucjnii.l
"Sometimes
slie eorrial, (indicati{ trccut
-
drocut i:ioric) ior fear the
book
(lrnld
D lort (viitorul pasiv lati de trecul) and sh d
(: \,rorld) nver
&c al'lc
({iiiorul fatd de trocut) to rad il agair. She iad onoe sldr/.d
(trecui
r ' Fr l e"r
- anl , r i or i r i l "l
. opyi ng l he bnok. Sh" r , r r / ( i n' l i 1l i \ l | . '
ur -
i r e,
r ' i st or i "t
r 4 o\ n i buL; l i st bdJl i r an' l
- t Lol "J' y' . / - / , , \ r r F. ul f
r J. i r
-
enterioritate) llre copying traulC dD (\li.Lor.Jl lald de trecut) it. llut she ,iuri
l i / ", t l r p. r r
p"r t a, l
- aal . r i or i l . r l al
i r r p. . .
l r o\ i n- )
l h"l wl | Fr
- l r "
: .
. ,
( i nJi ! l i r l r F uLi nl o. r l
r i r ' nt ul ui t et r , l " t - r u r n- r l , ur l onJr br ul ' . , h
JoaU
l},rrli (viitorul fald d treout) hard aud buy evcry sinsle book lhat slc lilic.i
(indicativ trecut in Iocul viitorului fati de trecuL in subordonatd).'r
illneo.i sc ft,tn,' tr de teaml c{ se e@ .,iid.t cartea si c.I
"a
ra nni ,etca
s.o .ttedsdd
niciodar{. lnc0Duse odat{ sn o epi*- voia atlt tle mttlt;ii a,rri o cafte a ci
ii
' r.rese
ciL.
, t o. a, a", pi t i
r ) i , a r par r : a l or i n. , 1, . , r
' "r , , . , dp. . . j uI n, ' r ' : . . T, nn .
' r ' . r i : ' l r d. d
1t s0i t l
Smi t h, l ' 1r . . Gt unE i n l t t unI l sn.
610
s
28?8
$
2879
,
"1)
Definilie.
- Curintele attei persoane
pot Ii reproduse ale vorbitor
in
5
2880
a, Iie sub tor,]]& unui citai,, intocmai
cum au fosL rostite:
Tfe rittle
loJ said:
..t'ddcr
ne@
toryets
a
!tuxtitc.',
$
266f
, ,
?, / . l i p sub f oLmr unei
l ropozi t i i
subodonat c
al i rect unui verb cn: l o, . r9,
10 teu. ru tppah, 1,) obsert)c, to r.tnark,.to
dr-gue, to naintai
,
to
^rsert.
ta dccla;c,
t . D st ' ut ,
, t o
onnurn. . p. I . i n, t at n. , t u o4. . nul t . "rf t , .
t o r. ' n, i t . t o
0. r
-.
t 4 rLt , , nanJ,
t h d| r, t t . ro t n\ t ru. t t v
a\ h. I a d. n, ond.
10
i n. t . . ; t
. t a. t ". t l i - ro q, _, t i un,
t n
o, ,
strcr. lo lhink etc.
Tiie litflc IJoy idd ru, /,rs
fdthn
n&o
foryat
Fa\t totscts)
a ptumise.
S
2889
Reproducorea
curintelor cuir.a 1 forma iniliaU
se numette stil dic.J
sdu rorLire dirctd. Trarspuncr
alorlrrr.r o propozilie
suborrtonaiii
se mrmcsle
snt t rdrr, . t 6Nu t ' rLt re
t n. t t r, t . i .
$
2883 Ve.lul
care introdrce
citatul (S 28St) sc nume,sre l,erD de decturalip
S
288+
.
In sft1 l dll., r. cu\.jrt, L
.
rpproduse sl r inclepcndenrc
r:te verbut de riccla-
r 01r . . , t n s, / f t / , l t t dt t \ t 1nsA. . , u\ I r t ct p
' ,
pr uJu. c
J. pi . . zi r i l d, r pr Lul
"ar p
l "
I nr r of l Lr i a. vi r b| | t
. au
\ Fr bFt n, r t r
r . t , i
p, onf ur mpd- a
r "gul i l or , of , . ! o1Jr n_
lei
tjmpurilor.
$
2885
2)
.Iransformaxea
Etilului dircct ln stit irdtucct sc face in morlul urmltor :
,
^
ghi l i mel cl t
di . par
- i i Fj nr . oJu"e, onj , n,
l : r
adl . , r , "", r e; , 1; : ; o; l
; ; mb,
suur DI Fr Pasd.
l n
ql . r r Dt
i n t t . r ba r nr bt t S.
- .
, f r pn"T"r "
I
r "onr t . .
nod- . i . .
. i
r F' t . , i \ p. Tr , , um; i
adj _r r i r nt cpos". r , ,
Fr nr r nr or Lr
p
c, r t or mpt n. or e. pLr / Jt ! dr ,
Jp
f , r r o- , c
t . a 2- a ssJ; i j - a, i | l
Iunclie d tnlcles.
S
2886
Cazul I. - Cind velbul do declaralie ffrc la
rrrLzLnt.
tinroul r.erbctor trrn
Irazele rcproduse rimine ncselimbal.
i.ot neschi'Irlare
ra-i" ,i .rJ t""li""r"
oemonstratrvc
sau advcrbele din lraz:i:
(p; , . )
t t e . . , J o mj si .
,
":
-l
(
t t . di . )
I t p
' <l l s
n r r i t ! r r r Jt l . p d, , , . o i i L r
f Dt . ) Tr
p
l i l r Jr i n . , j j
- / , / , / / r r o$. g, ,
t o,
Li D boo^ t o r pdd
I , . r ,
. . .
t t nt l t r . )
t t t nt bt r t Jni , r r . l h, | , r i / / no$gi . pnr p
hk l ook . o r eJd t 11 .
S
2887
Cazul lL
- Cind
yerbul
de derlarftlie rst ld frcxr, timpurite verbetor din
l rrznl e : ppro. t usp
, i ,
I t nl u"ui r. cu rurn. t . nor
p.
pt r nza r; ; i ;
; t " i ; ; ; ; r' , i , , , .
Ast f el :
ati
lsat
is) caltins
ha,e
lsan
has) .attE.I
hor e
l sdu
has) b, en co i r r !
l tdrl .aUl n
yI.
SILUL DmnCT
$I
INDIIiECT
{DIBECT
AI'D rNDInXm
s?Ytx)
delino lns calkd s at calte.L
eas cauin!
dcvine |cte .alli;s
deriDe had, .albA
-
devinc had tccn .aUinq
x{mltrc Ldd cutt.d
delne
shauld sar eould
dcrrne
a' aukl s ar shaukl
.revrne ha.l to s xr muxl
1\ ' ezi
t : 5
t sl t M! .
STI'U!
DIREC'I 9I
ST]LUI]
NDGI'CA
611
Acliecli)elc
demottslrari/d
li
ad'erEek
care xpriml
dpr''lierca
slnt
lnlocuite
S
9888
"r "i ' Ji .
"". .
"". r ^
a' nnr r at ' d
\ sr hl
60 l nl ncui r ' t
:
Ezenpl e:
' ii,i.]i''i
","
!.;i
I'i| liilx
"-li lii;"' ,'"
;li,l lr
: :;ll:':;ll;
;I;i{,:J1,:"ij
ll;i'#,1
T
';
'
l?,;;; i'i'"',.j"li,iil"il;'
l,
iir1"i
,l,"
'ill
;ii';,';'i'Tix^ 'v
nt'-
";
't"o
'
"
Toate demonstratitelc li
adverbole
ardltte
ajci
se men'tin
losi dacn
tnte-
tesrll lor esie nceleli
fald
dc
ltcze
Ll
/ Dl . , l n l he onndt r i
l ' cl
n' sl i
r "
"
r i ' t :
I r r ' r ' l o'
\ [ "r cl odi y-
iill'li:i:"il:.:l;;;1,;i.i#l'Iil:il'r
l:i . a',",n
ro,,a,.
I;ry;
Il;;:;:,ru' ,;"' .i
i:11;"' :;;li' :jj,
re.r.r' ,.r
1n.,
/' In
"
hdr' 0'
' "*"I i au. r
H sdi d
rh"v l d I t r s-r
Lpr t hc dnt Deroro
1nd' co' r' i '
*' *'
j o1
1"l i : '
illlit*ltt
tt,t't,,i'ti;,
;riJ"lff
i:Ti
##?ll
;:' il'""#"T:-
."",*t:"lr*;lii:';:
?ililx'Ji:$IttTl*',:1,;lli:
*"'
citaturui
ei
$
288e
1,%rl li'""'":"
iiJir,.:ili;'j';'ff
;jli'Ilil':i'T:
;'"
illJ
;U::1.
lll
r:*.r"x-i:l;s;i'l"'l'"'"';,.
Cnzul
I .
-
Cind
verbul
de declartlie
este la liitor'
iimp urite
verbelor
rX-
5
2890
t\ll neschimbate
l
'",alJf,vtt"*'i;;;;'1|3;:f
i"Bx,1llliittr;":lrJrii;ifl,lT"'#"""''
CAZL]BI
SINOIALU
e"""?""",Tlxii1',?'{r":,riflii,li[if i}i}:};;}
ji:q":i:'#}i1li""tff{'-'
iar v6rlul
ro
say, care
o rniroducelr
es
i . 1nt t o knar.
\ u\ i l i drul
i 0 or0
ro
omrrc:
"
[,?[d
Tf":xrJiiTi#ill"":lJ#"iii
;il';{:'l'ti't"d"lri""i
l:'lJl.';':'.
'ihlii:!,::,Y"';#,#tixs1"l:"1'""'.i:ii:;.
...\ llEt
hetu
cu
thl e
612
2892 Cind
nroFozilid
intcrogativ6 Jncpe cu un pronume, adjectiv sau ad1'erb
i nr ^r ogar i ! . a. psl s bp mpnl i ne l n
"t i l ul
i ndi r ' . r , conj ! n, l i , , / / . eu t h. t l ' f f
n, -
mflifiind inircbuinlafi:
lrtr.,
I said to ml*ell:
"It4.,
are tlie childre ?"
(Indi.)
I wontleted ehcrc lle .hildren Nre.
/ Dt
)
\ \ - , sdi d: "l l ' 1o( r n) l i l I o. r al . l o. '
r .
nJl , - . 1
( I nd: '
)
\ \ - , i nq. i r "Jt 1o( r , ) Jouhddl al kdl oJr l l nai . 1, .
artl.1
Sh-" sr to lhe little girl:''Itlnl
lorm rre
you
in?"
r//ndir.)
She Natried lo kno\r
(Iar
torrn lh litue gi.l
iras in.
( \ ' ezi
i i $
t 653. 10! 6)
Obser r al i c
2893 ln stilul dircct, rerbul propoziliti inicrogali\"e precedi sulieotul. ca in
or i "" pr "puzi l i , i r t pr osr l i ! r . l . : l ul i n' l i r pr t : nsd.
nr opuzi l i a
. ubur Jonal c
) emAi f i i nd i ' , l . , ogal i ! t . st ' 1\ . . t t t J
t r ' .
r n,
r r r r .
r \ ; zi si
S
2l 5l i
9894 2) Propozitit oxclamatirtr. CiDd propozilia reprodusi este exslamativi
r-erbrrl de declaraJic cstc inlocuit cu urr altul
(arc
sir cupfin(lir ln,tclosul indicat.
de exclan\&tie:
/ r t . ,
She. . di d l o i l r cmr "J/ ) l e i dI L. i ' s go l Dr a $al kl "
(tntli.)
With
dn ea.lamatj,n o/./'r, sh. asfted to
so
lof n Falk $iih lheni.
On. ) ''llhat
a nice roonl" she exclrimed.
1/1,dt.,
She dd,rtr.d lry nn,e rooli.
2896 3) Tre(ut urlllat ale prezcnt.
- Cind comr.icarca idcuti tn stilul dircl
conline un lflpi indeoblle cunoscul,,
Sliinlific.
u r.ersal valabil. sau consti-
tuind un obicei ori o caractedstird a subiel]tului (S 2841). indicalil'ul prezeDL
di n"n, nuni , 1r ,
. .
l 1l . '
! i np
i r r r i l , , l i a, ' i r . . .
t . '
, , u
1. cc"Lr ar c. , i t l "i i
' 1. r al . r
bi l i t r i e i n
I ' rezerL:
frir./
The loclurer said: "Thc eleotrlnic lfain ncacr n{/trs nistakes."
f/dil.)
Th! lecturer sa:d ilie electronic brain nover rnad. nristaks.
lFormn
uiilizald in special in limba englezi lilerflri. dacd \..em sd repro-
ducenr intocmAi gindul vorbitoruhri Xn acel nomcnl.l
(Ldn.l
He sa ihc clccl.ronic }rain nerer,ltler injsiahes.
[Formn
intrebuinlatri iIl special ln limba rofbitn, accertuind
ralabi]ita-
tca faptului i pra.cnt.f
9896 4) Sholl. Will. Conform regulilor gramalicale sidcte. ln propozi,tijle
care redau, ln stilul indirect. cuvintl sau glndul cuiva, se intrebuinleazi,
indifcrcnr de
|crsoana
la carc se rafcft, ausiL{arul
folosil
dc aularul twintdar
ln stilul dirert. Timpul reqrecliv se conformeazi hsi regulilor corcsponden!e
timpurilor.
Stil direct Stil
irdirect
V i i t or par
She saJs:
"l
.nd.rl not l,car lfon ny 6on lor
I said:
"1
sl"lllrlaytle
]r'ana
aDd yo! Ftll
She saX! she
'noll
nol hcar lrour i'cr s.r rd.
I.said I ..n eld
llal
llc
piano xnd yau 4,o&l,r
lle tl,otrglt hc sl@Lld rsk ],cf Io maur' 1,im
She lold me I
(orld
be tt&I.
lle said lhc fllrld nave
goDe lromo.
Ha thoughlr
"I
rLdll ask her to mnrrJ me."
Shc sai d:
"Tot
, t U l c l i r cd. "
Hc sai ( l :
"Sl , c
( t / r
ha\ c
gone
l onr c. "
s
9897
V i i t or aol i t i t
01c
StiI direcl, Stil indiroct
I said to hcr: "l a?,'i. iorglt to wrjtc."
She sai d:
"I l Xou
qi l l
i r el ! c, I ei l r l el l yor l
lhc lairy talr
iou
want r. heaf."
He s, o: l-ou inau hcar lron nie ,elore
lorlg."
Tlrcy said: "-sl?.V,all
br rniardfdl"
C ant l
He said: "l rolld fo ir
Jo!
si.rl, ast
I t r l er
Ile asked nlt': ".$all
I sl.ak l0 her?"
I askd: "ll'or'r
Jou
have a dri k \itli
St i l di rert
Sl,e sa]sr "l sla, noi. liear lron Dry son
I s. , l :
"I
r f t ol l
pl d\
l !
Fi Jno
ar l l
\ ' ox r ' / l
bi nA. "
lle lhought: "I sloli asl h.r l.o lra.,'J nc."
Shc said:
"You
n i?l be tir.d."
Hc said: "Shc rUl luvo gore homc."
They ihongl,i:
"\\-c
rlalJ soon I.
gojng on
a t our oi i r sl cr l i on. "
I promised her I eo&ldn't forget to $'rite.
She told me that
jI
I strard helD her. she
^,Lld
ten mc lhe fairy iale I iranted to
lIc said I riould hearlrom him llor long.
Tl'fy sai.l s| s/DLld bc rcwardcd.
$
2898
s
2899
l i onal
I]c 6aid h rorld come
Tendi nl R act ual i de si mpl i f i care ; rt . n i uc t nsi qi
ai ci , ca si l a i nl rebui l l -
g
2901
tarea
au\iliarcJor si(ll si rill in l l.fribiri (g 1831). lla nu aduce modjficiri
l n
,
ar ul
r i i t "r ul ci \ ^l i r i \ ,
Lnd, Lr t i l i z"r ". , aur i l i or el or s/ , o/ r si
i l / 1, , \ pu. d
n. i i n- i nr " r ' l r r " r ' 5' r l i l or gr . n, . . l l . r l ,
. l r i . l .
t $
18! 6J. , . r p r on' or r r r l
"u
tcndin_tele limbji actrale. In cazul viilolului pur
insi, auriliarcle acestuia sint
I nl r . bu| l : b. r .
r i l ul
I n. i r , . r I n modul oLi gnui l i di , i sr dl / l a pFr soana l .
di i l l J p, r ! ' Jnr . ' 2- a. i , , 3- u i ndi hr "nr , 1.
c"\ i l i ar ul i nr ' , bui r r l Jr 1n sr i -
l ul di ' , . r . . \ sr hl .
t . - n' r u
. ,
r cl ui
p. , r npl nl e
dc mai sus. i r r l i - nbo
pnel pza
a,
lxal.i. in
"qpecial
in linrba ro1,lld. se irlrobuinteari in mod curent urriitoarele
Stil indirect
i ' i i r or pt t r
/ sl nl l
Ja persoana I , r' i l l I a persoara
a 2 a gi a 3 a)
ogat i a
S
9f i 00
II.i :rsked me
jl
he slartd sFak 10 hrr-
I askrd rhrm
jf
ih.y
(ortlnl
hale a drink
s
200:
Slle s3Xs slie
'rill
not her. Irom hr son lor
l.srid I srodd play ihc
tiano
and hc ao&&l
lle thotrghl hc oodd ast )icr to ma.ry lrinr.
Shc told nc I snoLd h lired.
tlc said slic Qo&ld have
gone
home.
T|cv l,l,oucht tirel r'o,lJ boln ne uoinq o!
'
l or r ol i nsr . . t i on.
V i i t o/ r ol i t L,
Lsnou
ta loaie
]rt$oan.lcri
d,i?l la toalc pcNoaDel.z)
Shal l i sl i l ul di rrct ri mi ne. ri nl l i n st i l ul i ndi rect .
Il-ill hr slihrl direct rimine o ill ln stilul indirect.
Se ra l,i ri insn
"qeflrna
de regulile {le corespondntd a timpurilor.
Exempl el e de l a
$
2898 reni n, deci , neschi mbat e.
l Yezj
S
15i - r 7- t 503, 1514- 1i , l I
s
V. zi
$
1507, l i 1r l - - 1513,
e14 srNTAxA FFAzxr
S
2903 Construofiile rezultate din dorint a de simpLilicarc au insA dezavantajul
de a fi uneori alrtriguc
ai,
pentru acest trotivr .qlnt condamnate de puri$til
f D". JT. "j . r : ' . \ \ "Jr ?r ' ' v, . t u
"t , Ln. \ .
- r np
r , , 1
( I nl . t . ) l t
er
- "\
I n"J / on t h. \ " t , r ' r 1. \
llyill
tntrebuiltst ir roes[ caz potrie
sugera un
.riitor
volitiv:
,,nu
por
sr rc
l rLnzur
arum' . 1
flzdtl,
Tliei' say they slaa'l hrre lutr.h no\t.
fFolosirea
auriliarului sroll clarificn situalia: acum se inrelege ci est6
vorba de un riitor pur.l
Tot aslfel:
fDtl.) She s:113: "I rldii rol htar hoLn rtrr *nr
"
f/,.di;.J
Shc s;ys she ,pili llot heaf lrom lrr. s0n.
f l y; ?
nr l , I nl r . bui n' ul i n J. "i t
"] -
npl , r r 1 l , ul t , ", n"i r l d' l r r , i mpu"r i
de rcsul i l e gr-, nct j , 5l e
st ri ct p, po, l t e
avea
qi
ai ci i nl ei esul vo)i t i v:
, , nu
-orea
sE m"i ai b . \
'
.
i , l 1. , l i , i l
"i ' . 1
S
2001
5) Yerl,{ik' dcfootive modf,lo.
-
\-cfbuh delective trodalc sc corto.meaz5
acelorasi reguli de mai sus:
Stil dtect
Stil indircct
He said:
"Yon
.d, cone I' ith mc ii
lou
Ho seid I .o&U conlf \ritl lLin iI I lilted.
l i ke, "
SIe thonglri:
"IIc
Da, be right."
I sridr "You nds, work il vou want to Eo trn
to
(1,h0)
uniraNitv."
I snid: "You ,/sr do you. homework-"
I said:
"She
oa6h to know."
Shc thou3ht he algr, lc .jgLt.
I sa he na-"r irofh il lj. $,anhd lo so
uD
i o ( l heJ
uni ve. si t y.
I srid hc rrlsr
/
ras ro do his homeivo.k.
I srid shc oa3nr to know.
"
\'erbelc ruusr s)L ought rjmjn nes.hinbate la tfanspun0rea in stitul indirect,
l ul na
' 1
pr a/ , n,
- Fr r r nd
ad^s. nr j
: r I ,
n t u
1. .
l . ,
S
290; 6) lllodrl iqrpor,rti{.
-
tr'lodul imperRtiv de\.ine ialiniti' in stiiul indiroct,
iar verbul de declaralic esle
jnlocuit
cr un aliul care sd erprimc un ordin, o
rugi mi nt e. un sl at :
(t)i.)
fie said i.o \ts,
"Co and rci' [.,ae ]ra.k againl' ,
(Indir.
)
She at.tcted t\s to
sD
and ncvs r, ,,ac bt.L asain.
/Dir.)
Helcn soid to ne: "CotN a1], haee an i.cl"
(L1d.it.)
trele bked,|ineit d n to haee an icc with I' r.
( D: t . )
T r '
""r oi d
I u| "| :
Da1 t
a"
\ ' t a\ ' . t bd. , - t i ". \
'
l n!
- .
t T"d, I o
t i . pd
l
q
no' t o
t D ! - .
l , , r r , a, 1""
r o
/
j . . r / t ' n
I
d. i
. Fn.
$2906
7)
ycs.sino
sinh inlocuite cu r.erbe de atil.m e (t.) accept, to agree, to ts-
se tt to dns',per i thc 0,ffirnoliae etc.). respccliv de negare (o
denA, to refuse,
to rcjeet. Lo ans^,t in the ne1atioe eLc.).
f u, . )
The\ -sd/ d: "I cs, wo a. e co' ni ng. "
(r|.t;.)'ti..f asreett t6 con .
frt.l
We sztl: "llo, wc havc no! leen lhcre."
(Iad.it.)
\ye deri.ctl h^\,iug boen rhfic.
$
9907
8) Sny
.si
toll. - Cind verbul ro s.ry, care introduce citatulr are un comple-
mcnt indirecl. el ste inlocuit cu lo tcll:
(Dit.)
;\1t: srid t nc:
"I
want
ro\, to sins Ior me."
(Inti.) st\t' toLt tue ihal. slrc rvinte.l me 6 shs 10. lier.
i \ , r bl
n, ", ) o, ol . ", . d, t . r t v. . , . i 5r r r j on"t i v- r r . . . ur e. d nr pa, . Jui ndi "J.
t i ve
l ' f p. cnr ". \ C
Cr a {' ,
"p. . , r ,
5
at Bi l .
STEUL DIRICT FI
STITI' - ]NDBICT
9) l'ocntirelc
t.i)l.aiti
l -I',rtks
anIt Ceftle
'n",
".nA lri'rd:i"
rt"(' 3int
S
2908
a- ", . 1, , n. : . . . . 1' F
"r : :
l o r i l ,
|
| i | | .
u
\ i n
i
"
.
"
r P I t d"u
j J"
J I p l i \ ; :
t L, r l . ",
. . i l
' a, a\ . . 1", ' l sho\ yur r
dn \ ' l i
, i . . : , : '
r ' , ol r ' r - - "dr ^sho\
' r ' n"' p) ' l i
(Di
) "L.at
trer. J.ht," said
l
'rl.n't
uPsei' hc'1"
a/,ri;.,r
I {:ilrii Io)rr. d
r;.r.tttt
((tJ
nol' lo ufscr nfr'
l ur \ ' r l i ! , nox
, l d \ i i r , ' f
' .
f :
vt t t i
p nt i n pr . "l o/ i l i sc"ur
I r r a
S
2909
{{
}- , 1) ei -
r - 1. . r ' .
": ' r
|
' , , ' l ur
J
' r "' '
p' r '
' n! r ' d
r r ! r / / ' 1?r t r r ' 3
i . r hut , l i r '
. l ". l r r
i i " . ' t e l i t r . u! :
t l r , t H-
dr l .
- l l ' ""l ' m\ ' n
I y@' r homF'
, 1di r \ t
"
I our ' l
,
'
\ ' r l l )
' "r ' i
1! l PnLr r )
r ' P' nonP
, , r , . . , r ' ' . l
l
r
'
dn $ r !
r ' u'
u i ' r J l ba p
; i
": ) '
i i i
' .
"
r ' "
r J, ' r '
i do, ur o
shr l
' l r ebui r
ai ' , Jr l : . r ' n nt onl i e nl sl ci a1 i r r t r et ' ui r ' l ai i
pr u' r ur u' l or de por sui r r i r
S
2910
i ; l - j r \ i xer I r r .
- .
m
d, r r
, ' l ". "ur i I l l or , f r r zi i . Pc"t r u J. '
"\ r l
' ^
' r - i .
sp
i ; i ": "i , . ; ;
. un. . , "' ; ' . , , t ' . ' .
r
- r u
p, onun' r ,
' r ar i r ,
i r ' 1"1^u1.
ori rai srrbsl,rrtiv
li rlritot ln parantczn:
/ D; . I
Jol , n : i aj dr
"Lan ) e. .
I nI br 0l l cr wcl i t l ' o t he I sl c ol Man. 1\ t her e
i t mct {
lrirnd ol mi e s tL.ni I likc n loi."
I t t Jv r
"' l I
r ! "\ ' ou' ) i d| Ebt ot Pr r ddh"nl o
r r ' 1"01l l an'
"h. *; ; l , r ,
r d, r l $ om/ . , k, J i t ur . , . / , . o/ . d- Jn. Li sauj
, , l , t . l l
, r ' r
pr ' \ r
"]
' r
' ' l {'
hr | adb"nl u
| l l ' "
\ l "r ' t n"r r l d
l r , t r
- _, , r
, , at . , ' . . - l i j ^l , t L, d Jl or .
r / c, , , , )
I L, r . t :
. i r oh r ' . :
- r : _\ o' r ' ' r "h' l p)
o1' \ ' 5
"
n n I Jr ng. i r da"
t T' ' i ; ) "
; i ; : - i , n. r
r
' / r r
"i
i
11' 1
ohr \ F U' LJn
/rif.I t'r.d srnl io hio:
"J
h.rd Lrcl.Lr.
go honn:
"
iZ"a;l'.;
r"."rt lnl,l lit" tt,at he
a!'red)
hrd bcti.er
qo home'
016
TII. INTENOGIT]I
$I
NEOATII $
291r
I \ I RODUCERE
(Peniro un sluiliu eonrpltt al accstui capitc,l a se consulla,'Indicelc
alfa-
bct i c",
pagi na 62i l ).
Peniru forrnarea
inlerogalii sal rr'g
1iti,
\'tlbele se tmpad ln trci cdte
$
2Qt2
gorni
.\. l'erDr le.rir?lc, ru fu.clie dc vcrhe prircipalc, carc alciiuisc marea
maj ori t at e
r l crl -rel or
l i mbi i cngl eze
B, I t "p . t , not . r ' ur ni
.
l i
! "r be
' 1, '
' i ' l -
t 71' " 4r oL ot au' ut Sp ; t l
Fi Li t . s- ) .
'
- t "
. ' r t
out i t i ' t t '
' l
[
' t ,
] ""1t 1".
C. , l
put ""
rcrbe di rr cal , egori a
-' \
(I O BD, TO H' \ ! E' ' l O DO
l i
TO
Ll -I )
t ui rci i c, rrcaz;
i
c^ aut Ll i at ' .
2,1 llnul u""t e il categoria 1l (t)\RD
;i
NEED) au
9i
funclie de /erDe
prlncllaI. f!!uLat..
1I sl eof MdnI xl t . !
dai l , ! t r adi t r i r ei nsul de
br i l ani ce
h Mar cr I r t an' t ei
( l i l i t al u
^"'lijiiiil"il"-r"
s
.r!iro,
18ii.
tt0
I NTEROGA' f I A
{THIt
INTDRRO{l-\TtVE FOIiM)
s
2913
{i
2914 A. Vo ole loxiclile.
-
Aceste 1.rfbe forlreazi interogalia cu trjuLorul
lormelor auxiliarului DO, urmate de ilfinitivuL inconplei al verbLrlui de
conjugat.
S
29f6 Ordinea cuvintelor tn prolozilic este urrniloareri tlo (tLor:s sar d.id,)
t
sLr bi e. L
+
i nl i ni r i vul {f Jr d' / o, al vpr bur u, JF . onj ' , gr :
Jack /sddi his score.
You o,rt lo a footbail matcli.
-
Dtd ti,ey go to a loolball malcl?
My sistcr stoid Jatanese.
-
Did
lou.
sistc. st.ak Jrp{nese?
Formele intrebuintate sint: do (]a indioativul prezent, toate pcfsoanele
cu excepl i a
t eNoanei
a3-a sg. ), drcr (l a i di cat i vul prezenl , persorne a 3-a
sg. ) sau dA
(Ja i ndi cat i vul t re. uL
l ort peri ornel e)
. i
i nf i ni i , i i . uL i ncoarpl et
$
2916 tn toatc cazuriLp. Numa; rux;Liarrrl DO se ionjugir, l.mbul la infinitiv r,lni;ind
neschimbat:
Do I cal ?
Pent ru i nt rebui n! aren arrxi l i aruhi DO dupn pronu cl e
f i
adj ect i vel e
i nt erogat i ve, vezi
$
1028-1029.
{ 99f7 ln siilul poetic se intrebuinreazn incn uroori ior;na veche de intero?atie
oblinuta prin inversarea verbului cu subiectul, firi interventia auxiliarulur
DO, procedeu care aducc i n pl us o nol e subt i l i desuel i l
"Uadam,
how lind
?oz
tl s
!lal?"r
",tdp vo,
nX lo.d?":
"['hc.c died sne2"s
"\vl\tt
fcdr
you! ThnlI yi! tii; i lion"s d.n?":
"For il she be not lor me.
l vhai . ar . 1 r or shom she bt l "!
"-d,ds
all ou. noDth-long lo!. ir t|isi"5
(
2918 B. si C. luxilia&le defettiro moilalc
Di
a xiliarolo BDJ HAYE, DO, LDT.
- La forma interogativi, aceste verbe re inle,'sed.; .lr surierlrrl lor dupi cum
urmeaz5:
B, Aur i Lt d. r cI c dcf ect i e? mod. al e
-
,o Lo' ! lv.iie a sorata?
-
,o.; Ja.k rcid his s.otu?
Do I &, m.y l,aif row?
Does shc d, Lcf iasks d.!ii.r'?
Did theX d,) thci. roon Lt'cfls.lfcs?
Pot[tir
I .aa come Nilh
.l-'on.
Io! tuust
!trt
it down.
[le arsn, to have known.
lYe sldll spnk to her.
.\'lc 9o,id nave listened.
I see ,ieg ldru comc i!.
I lerog&tie
-
Ca, / coNi Nitlr
trtr?
-
Misht h. ialir.x ;l?
-
,ltrst yotr
!' rl,
ii d0wn?.
-
Ouaht Nhe to harc knoND?
-
.lld,
(,e
sp{k [o hlt?
I' ' ozld sie h|lr lisldted?
-
Iios ddld
,oa
oome ini
: Y. l l , , l - +". '
. H. ant 4. . t l , i n" at I t . 4na, t .
-
w 5l ) r {4I FJI ' .
I
Geo.ge t\riUie., Ifha! carc I!
5
R. Elidscs. I Wiu Not Ilt
' rh.c
Go.
6
S"u "Np. d
Wr
p' , ' i l doqnl
l "l n
l Dul l l LsT
"\ l f i n' . 1
, , p. p' i L' r r .
si t oni m cu NDl t D. J \ ' ezi
S
2t 6n.
liind d@i
61?
IN:TEROC^TIA II
NECAII^
C.
' l uri t i rncl t
l t l t H. t l
L: , DO, I ' 81'
Be
I nlercgalia
s
29re
$
2920
Po.itLr
i,'j:.1:.:",T;.",""
:
fl,.'#,niil.il;'il'1t'io,y,
i,'r
go ne ,"
"
ror a **l
,,,*,l"i"i i#L,,"i:"i"i,iJ,;""
""".",o
ror , ?,
s, r. n
, n. JJr.
, l f l i i . ri : -, -. 1i . "
J n' "ddr/
Aut i i ar -
t or'
At ( nl i
r !
,^,.8tft#riiiil
iii,T'li,i,,'],;l,[:'i,;4:T1'ni'1'*,,,
DARE
s
2,25-
2134. Ni i LD s
2145 215:J
NtG,\' rIA
( Tl l E \ "D( ; - \ TM
F0l t N)
r vcrbrre
relioare
rormcaz;
ns&liA
ccrlal,,*,#,ffi,]fitl":1,1";""ifi
$
"nt
st d i nr ' ' l i ar
' l r r p. i ' ubi ' , 11i ' st e
ur r r r i r
r t
a"
".,;,""
,
ill,t;1,|t.',lll'*
::.li;,
;;i't
,t;iiiii,t"i"
;S;';,:f
-",
I srlrd r sonatr.
I do no'li&'t' n'ir.a sorata'
1;1;r,.j;l;,rl.
i ii:;".::,,:,!;;,\:i':i,':i:";X:."
n:,iff';1,"';ll,*;."
{i:;:i:l!";!:i'i:;,fr:'il,!"J"iilk':y:
fo.^.
"*lt"
de negalj. aleituiiii
fdre interven{'ia auxiliarului
DO' se
S
2$22
ment i ne
rn, ; rn sri l u)
Pr
"t i c:
'
_f hos'
i l l ' l h
' r '
' J
sr . ok \ at . I t r o
'
t at l br ' ot h' ?0r t hy nr m' -
"{' lio
tlou alt I l' nat
^ot"r
It ,unr..s zo, $10 I
's'
"l'.il
n", cur lasi""r
Cn. , t r ucl i i l ,
1"
n^c I
Pr p' ! n" t ko/ ' no' / i ' ; ' Loi
cl ' nu
"i nl
er ceor i i . , i I r ' or ' , zr r i i
. l i n' ; . . i ' l , f b, . l , r , r r ' 1' r r l i nr l Ll unoi
pr o0or i t i i
"uht n
1. l cs,
: |
'
: 1, ,
' '
l
t '
l i nt t hi ' ; s I ot u'
"' -
rf . V"r, ' , i "
1, , BE:
ro H. t t F. Uo. I t : | ] : i dof orl i \ ol '
I nodcl e'
. ! ?1' : 3
-,
rmt , rrt ra BE
. i , t ' i rrl i t rl c
mo, l at ; .
'
Pt '
f ozi ri i l ' '
are
' on\ i n
ret bt rl
$
29! r
i " r , f
+
al : ", , ", ; 1
. , i ' 1" i - ' i i ' , , , r i ' i \ ' Jr ".
-
i n"o' I u"" n^gal i d
dupi
l : cr r r t l
t oBD
The1 r . r . l t of l an' Jr '
He i r
gor r i . l or I \ t r l k
.
] ou
( . r
{r r . n
i nr dr i
N
qatio
I an nr t al home,
' flov
,u.., r,,h,?.cu ' r
Itomanian
l l . i , / , t i s,
i goi r ' s t or u l val k
-
.
1, r u. / , , . , ot r "e. . n
/ gr vr l ' a medar
1\ : . zi
S
191t .
: 11; ; , r l ' . , i I
; i r . dndn. ; n"
i
, ' . \ ". ' , ", ur
' , ,
\ or r ' A r r H, r i nLr
odn"r ar ' Fi
Dl n. l i r
t oi i , i t
t : r , l r - r '
.
' r ' '
'
I
J- p- nl ' t l i
'
i 1\ j , . , .
. t ' F1r "
t l t : 1": ' I
D
t nan
6
(i
G BJ.on. I o.r"s'
;
i{"iitt"ji';11i
rl." r N
B.ru
of ira&c,h.
61E
b. ) V"t l t
l
J
l
' 1i t
t .
Jo1'
I .an oornc \riil
Xou.
He ,ugn, tu have ktrown.
We snutl speak to hd.
She ,,orld harc lisl-cncd.
I cunt ut t cI n' t . o, nc {i l l t yor -
I t e mi Jt n. ! r at i l ht a t not \ P i l
1n! t ! t nust r ' t i ui i t Ll oNnr ,
Hc orsn, ,,&rtn,a', to havc knosn.
\\( shdtl aotlthan' t spcak io her.
S\?. tquld tutl(ouldn' l harc llstered.
s
2e25
2926 2) Yerllul
,,to
IIA'['D" are un regi,n specia] (S 190; 1912).
2927 3) Locul rregn:,tiei.
-
Nega,tia se pune tlupi primul
aux;liar, d inaintea
rnodurilor
inpersonale:
Ho ,rozld not have lelt. i{ork undone had he not ldt 1U.
Nol l 4r l 4ss"44 hp' r "r , I h | {pd r ' r r ' . bp. i l l d\ dv.
{ol / r ' o", ; syou n; n . l d l nr . ^' l i /
- r ' o. \ . ,
af ; . ' r i \ p.
Nerfi ,"odd.as, bclore, Uic nclodji had bccn liitle kno\rn.
I wanlcd you nere. r, rr'ln rgain.
ALTE,PROBI,NUD RNIIRITO.IRII T,,I. NTGTTIL
2928 t) Crri t6le do nsgtrlie. - Cea mai irecveDli negafie cstr adverbul nol.
Cind dupd verb se aile un substaniiv, adverbul negaliv ,rl estc ufmat de
adjectiv;] nehotirit, any, oinil este cazul. sau este lniocirit cLr adjecrivut negariv
n0
l:
n'I anlJ
)
'
\1'e har"
'@
children
(sau D, d,y uhildrfrl.
1'here arc no llowc.s on rour dcsk ls a u nol a4! floivDrs).
Iltc regdlii siill net'er, no rn.t noln, notliltg na,xhere, QitlLotLI, eitlrcr...
no\ nal, ... nar .1c.
At c
l i c
!
S
9929 ln protozi,tiile cirp conljn te nogalii dccil adverbul rlr, nu se folosetto
r r l ) . i l i r Lul nU l d cons ' ui r "a l or m. i n- r
i r -
x
vpr bui ui
r r r Ji "' r l
She {aats m ncou.agemenl Lo sLatrd up .r'rd rtiilc.
I adld. soo he. nowadays.
Nobad.rlno otu ol th.\t, \^rne evef rto.k.d in our ofiioe.
We head @,it4s lrom thcm to. l.wo dal's.
The
DaBsbook
\./as nrolB.d to bo lound.
H lelt lho
party drlo&r srXing adyihing i,o anyonc.
,q.ceasti regule se aplicd
ti
in cazul semingaliilor
(
$
2933)
S
2930 2) Dublo negario.
o) SDre deosebire de limba ronAni. in limba englezi nu 6e
poate
intre-
bul nLu dF"i l o st ngur n n
a0! 1"
l ' l l r o pr ol or r l r F npnsr r ! r ' ur I u
aasr a . au7a
adverbul not este omis o de clte ori in frazi er.isti o eltl negalie, fie aceasta
adjeciiv,
prolurne sau adverbl lerbul r[mlnlnd in forma sa afumaiivd:
You do no, knorv anylhing about chenistry.
There has bccn no tr.rin si ce the 2.30.
I shall dre. beh.rr" like this aeain.
H did zo, find anylody in.
H" l l r nd aoba. t J
. dr
no
^w)
t n.
S, " / . e. a
"ai d
dv \ i n. i
"i
hPf .
Childrd I had zone.
Many people can rern". sing uo. dancc.
' : an ' t r "d t ut
l
npdn' t
j oj
i r
' l o\ vn
.
t d
uD' i .
n l vFr b. l 4, . r .
pl r , f l , dnd
n"""sl
tai.ea, ste siDonim cu zerii
Fi
cind lni.cbafca cs1,o fordulatl oa la pag. 016, nota 6).
IMEEOGATIA ST
NECATIA
019
Const rucl i i l c
cu mai mul t e rgal i i
rcprezi nt a i n gpncre o l ormi d{r expri -
S
293f
n, ar Fi n' ul l J.
\ r '
",
p r u, u
r r , mp1' l c de n' oi sus ur r ni ' 0- r el r
l r nl o
l r r
i nr or eLLe. ul r l : / al ,
' . - ""i
qi d-
q
- den! i i
i nc, pi t or r r i ni r r r ' pl Fr r pr c' uu' r no
r ; d. l
. un. r r . .
l . ,
r , ' 1"' i r r . l i n
l : r r ba t uml r i :
You don', tno\r norl'Ag al[rll cllcmistrX.
fl"ora",
(Nu
itji
njr,ic djD .hinie
)
Tt r r r d. , l n r " kJ, n
: ' r '
t l r 2t j l l r ' a\ t )
r \ u
m
i l , s' r ' i u1 r r pndupi r r ' r Ll d
230)
He did, nat l\d aobodlJ
\n (Incarcct.)
{Nu
a
gisil
le
nincni acasai.)
5l
p
t Acf s, l n t ut hi g khht t
- ( t nor et t
)
-
f l l r . , )
ni ( i , ", a m
LL i n , n
'
r odf i r nr mr c
I
Uu^\ D ar '
, a'
' t r , j / ".
. i t A t a, ) an
"
t l @141)
r \ l ' i . l
r r ' ' i ' r "r ' l ' r 1l
n' r oi ddqp/ pl
D] Cuvintete
r.iI&u'...
nor.. rt rl nor stnt nega.tii corelative care
pol apfuea
$
2939
lmpreuni
in a,rtealcr
Propoz{re:
l l
, . . ,
, ,
. r . f
\ i F , u
, hi J. .
n.
( (
ar c. ,
- i , , i t . , , ' ' . , - . ' '
n' ns- l " r r ' r dl
. l
S. nr i r . gr l i i t o.
Pr opozi l i l l c
c"r n r onl i n
'
u\ . i n
F cu
. i nl el ' s
ot r ^' um
S
29l l l l
npsaLi \ .
. . '
adi ' ;
i \ ' l a 4/ , / -
i i I ' v
( i I r I e' p' l ar c
! l ' dr r r ' ^r ur
npnnr nr r l d' '
""i i r "
Ll .
i i ; ;
,
, r ' ' i t .
a. l r - r l , "l "
t ' or i "1' ; ' or ' el ' t ; sau
r onsr r u' i i n
i t i o
t oni
t t n'
' ; n,
. n p, I a\ pa \ erbul l n l orrna nFgsrr\ ' i sr s"' nert urPF"rro
esl ; , . szl r l ' .
, r j
aoi ^. i \ \ , 1
onf
t r
cu f or mFl P , ompu: '
i r F 0. t ur ur 3:
Ile lirr& hew hcF 1 o t.lk t. anlane' do anvthing exciling or
8o
d"gal'e inlercsting'
lcatect )
'
' i . , *"' , / "
pat , l , n ouf bocr Ji ng_l ' ou. e. $r ' ospn' ' or
$ar L5 o' v' l ' P' P Ur di d
"^, , ni
l
i
t
-
i
"
r i "t t
i t ' i r r s, s r no i
r nr ' : r F
sJnd
r ' oFd
l
I ;i.L1
ndpdy ltnos' {h^r ta sal
(Incortl)
l l r t t i r l n
2i . t u. c. sr sl r r n
)
-
I , dr l l v l ^ew $l ol t o sJY
{t or d,
I can t l ' l D / , r l auel $ha1 | spP hF' l ' : nd t
I n or P I l
112 l ot
sJ , 2 r r 4 i nd v, r l Lol l nr l
) .
.
|
"r , . j
'
I
d, r g , g $l ' nr I s
"
t ' " hl l t r of t t )
Thfv s.n' , s.o/.elrl
lisic! to
lou
to!
fln' olt"/
/N; ror rs{lh d.,,. de lile arnd
l-
lhey \rill s.,,.../l
lisl.n 1.o
lor
no\"
{Lol' cll
' t h. ,
ot u' a I : r ' Pl dr ' , n) L anynoF
r / nol et )
l I r ' t t l t nt
l r r ' I r r ' ' '
r ' ' r
r - - ul I
I t : . .
t , !
; !
np . "I - Js. \ ' ul
l / r ' / l
\
- ,
, , ml dr . , i r ,
i nnl r r . l cu l i r r bi r omSni :
li iciad.ad irl t\ \rtir nin.ni
(frcj nPgrrr4
,\o or. elcr cI]lrc
(0 ffsati!)
1, , . u, n' t "": , /
"J. ' ,
P" r I n""dr i : l
\ \ '
r . , ,
,
; ' \ '
n
l ' n. \ an, n; g i U ! ' J
Yl
dl l n r r l c cazur i .
1n l unci i . i de i nl ' l t s o
l r op' zi 1i F
poat e
cor
! i ne
qi i n
$
2934
l i mba"r ^. , r a
r ' . i u, r ^g. l i
dr r
"l uf i
r "u i l al ' sr r l o' esr ^r !
dp\ r ne
, . r , ozi , i ' ) ! ' n' l ' ! | nJu| i nJo| e' , - "1a' ' "' | cU. Unc| r l | . | 3
t uar e. r scn. ul ur n! PJl 11 dl l Hr nur ur i
l l .
, r . , 1. r "
, L"r '
r
I l " I ' L: l l a\ " r nusn'
1, ". : , "
, , .
' \ \ dl i dr . , r ' ' "
or ' - | . r ' _i na'
' r '
r Ar ar r sdasom
oI lhJJ'ear
tlac was aL ierst .nr lloNcr
in ! vasc
)
.Contririul
ncsaiilubi.
0?0 srMAxa FRAZEI
You must4 r ,D, hrve him here tor tlie llolnlrls. (: You dusl r:.hinl.y have him here
Ior ihe holidaJs.)
I car! swea. zofud, l.ook it.l
'[d he eic|lime{i,
Aivins
uJ tu o{Ltnple ol tli. emlhalic usf ol llie eSiti{e:
',\nd
d, . l i
"o, F
"l
r o
r / {".
",
; n^
bi ' \ no mor
"
S
2935
p_, 1
B\ i st d t ot ugi o f ocmd r l e dubl u r egabi vj f oar t e f r ecvent i i n l i nba en-
glezai.
.d.e
este ecbivsleni5 cu o afirmali,
li
arume o constrrctiie in car
negalia esl,e unrati de un adjectiv sau adverb fornlal ru un
prefin Degativ:
l t i a t ot ; t upa. . t ht p i r i r pr ; . ' L, l ' , r "8 l , "" hv , , i . j h' . , 1
P. r | r r ( i r . r ' 1 . ' r . , , o, , @' r {. r ( / r . , r ui . . ur r noL)
i 1
r l , , , , . , ' . J,
H' . al r
^t
u"*t . o1, t bL ( qr i .
. J, o, , , Li ") d
- : r "o
( u o b
' .
5
2936 3) Ver bd
"t o
do". - Ver bul t o. t oesl eal i t , auxi l i ar , ci t ; i ver b pr i nci pal .
,\;adar, la fo|rna intelogatii'd gi la ceA negativii! verbul pdncipal lo do cste
conjugat cu ajutorul auriliarului ll0,
(a
oricare vc.b
ldncital
din grupa I
{s
2e21) ' :
I / , n, {! i r . , ,
( 1r ( i 1. "" t d, l r r \ ": n' l , ' , 1 \ vi k.
- h.
d; l r ' ' r oon t . .
", i 1, , - , sh' . 7o
r , "; , r . , r , ' l
1, ",
' m. '
Hri dll liis tnslis. ,rl (inrilinr)
I'e do
lprii.ilxll
l,is lsks?
s
9987
\ 20c8
I NTEROGATI A NEGATI YA
(THD I N-TORROG, \ Tt VD NOGATM ! ' ORi I )
Ir propoziliilc irterogativ negative. negal,ia sc punc inaintcu s bicctulai
ciDd acesta esLe un substantir., insd drpd srrriec, cind acesla ost un proDume:
trryra is @, ic{c,
{
l::#,jt;i"1,i/:i.?1fi:.,
ron,rasno,sonehomc
{ill:i:'/jffili.Ti'i,$?:,11iTil..,
Darry does no, slcak yer.
{
B:::;,,",fiiil:'"Jl},{:i:lX,*"
Bob and ran cana., cone
"*"
{
3:ii'#fl;1/3"'i;'il"{":k;i ''
\Yhy should i.,/s[oulda'r ta']/ kno$?
\Yhy should si? n
dslouldn!
snd ktu(?
SOITI]. ANI. NO. NONN
1) neg t
g0nera.li.
- In linii generale, se intrebuinl,eaze:
S
2939 a) sor/Le
\:
niqte, ceva) tn
Propozi,tiile
afirmati!'e:
lle has lotu experience ol teaching.
5
29{0
. _
,) a.n!)
l:
fiqLq ceva), sinonin ct tor}c, ln propozitiile carc conlin o
rnierogar,re sau o presupunre:
H: . ve vur l ouj h! daa t nsh
. rFUn rol
v: . I n ru: , 1i . )
t f I Li d d, ? r ; sh. i , r , l w uJ; i v
t ou
, n". , P- . u". r ' l
,
l " a. st
4<cr pt u
cel " d. u. n"gr t i : s. g. i sas. , n
I , mpo, i . ' i
d
c. r i t ".
.
cr .
si
. , r
DO. , ". dnr udr
( I i mpt
r l ' . OO, ,
"o" ".
r i l l i 1 : r c""asi
6i ' ur 1' F.
'
l l r pbui 4l a- a t n"m"t of
. on. ". , . F
' t r r l
-
duD. i si n" u . . . i mbar F t n por i l i a ncgdl i Fi
dnnl oronumele strbicot.
_
iFoma
Iunge neconlirasll
l/Do,s
il aor spcak? ,, thcy tu, read?l nu este obijnuiti.
NTMOCAT1A
9T
NECATIA
0!l
. . . . , r)
*t yy. ro (: ni (i un. ni ci ot , none(:
ni ci unul , ni ci una) l n propo- g
2gl 1
, l r l r r r e neg{u! e I
I havcnl zny s6[ers.
I havo ao sisters.
Siste.s, I have nrnc_
_,
Any, I n dl ar d de l ol el sul pecar ei l
ar e ca si noni m al l ui soi ne i n pr opozi - g
p! [ 2
J
r e
cdr e conl r n o r nt af ognl t a.
o
pr Fqupuner a
ssLl o ncqal i r . mai t r r e un l nt el es
el sdu pr opr i u_. {:
or i co. or i car c) . Cu acpast . i a. capl csr e i nt r cbui n! at
; i
i D
{uopozl l r l r e
3nr muf i 1el
.1,, apprentice corld do l[is.
(oricc uccnic ur putea
faco aceasta.)
Give mc a4, oI rtrc noyels on thni sh.lt.
{Di-mi
oricare di romancl0 de pc raflul {cela.)
I t i ght aay i ul t l or hav", l r vpd l hi s st nl uc.
Lu i i
put i l
or i . i r r sar l pr or 6i s. ut pt . r p ac"r i r d st nr ui c?i
2) SoneDody. Somsone..Somthill9.
Somowhcre. - ,\semenee cuvintelor
S
gllt
somq anuj no se comporl,[
!i
lormele lor compuse.
_
a,l Cuvintele. sonebodlt, someonq somethin$ sonctehere
stnt lntrebuin-
|
2St4
gate
in propozil,iile
afirmativei
Sohcb.dlbo@tut knocked at thc door.
He brouqht me roedina new.
| 6haU ftnd it smtun tu-
6J Cuvintefe a^gbocL!. anyonp. anVthing. aauwherc siot Intrebuintab
q
291;
0l l l , l n. pr opozi l i i l ei nt . r ogat i ve. dupd o negai i e t n cct e n6get i ve, cl t
Fi
l n pr o-
-
I OzrI re
care con9rn o presupunere:
Did a^lbodslonlDM
tnffk at thc doof?
He didD t )rins mc onurtirr ncw.
Itrou can tind ir d.yat?4,;etrd
it
{tol
Be ar once.
Not d
lntocmai ca
9i
adjectivul ary (:
orice, oricare) (
!
2942),
pronumele
neho-
{ 294{t
l Edf e. ompuse
cu acpsL cuvl nt au i nt el esul l or
propr; u:
on\ l bodu si anvonc
-
(:
oricinel, anything
l:
orice). anyohcre (:
oriunde). Cu iceasta acciptie
sl nt I nt rcbui n! at e gi i n propozi t i i l e
af i rmat i ve:
A.nvbod!lanwre cot td. h,reo tor"totd the consequ.nces ot
Jou.
.arslec$ess.
nno u oo anvrn.zr
lor vou.
we can takir
pitk
d,ir-n
',
you
tiko.
...,3)
Formele nobody, no ono, nothing, lowhoro, stnt lntrebuinla0e ln propo-
$
29{?
zrlue negslrYe:
Yob.dylno on knock.d al th. door.
Ilc b.ou{ht me ar.t;E nrw.
t shal t f i nd i t , "qhp. ", ' t r m at r i i d.
Obser aal i e
Ctnd cuvintele some, someboilv, someonc, somethinp, sottei,hete ae sfl{ la 2948
Inceputul
unei propozi9ii,
negalia nu sc formoazd d;c[ cu antonjmFle ]or
-
r
soruDode
{colooviatl;
sro@ (mai
lo.nat).
622
(naL,
nond, nobud
1.
na
anp.
hat h: nP. noxh' rP). . n d"-a doua l ormA d. n, sa'
j i o,
. on"l r Lr i . i r !
not ot i ! 1 n.
pur i d l i i nt f l bui r
l sl ":
Jbnd neighbouN canie.
,tond of tle neighbours camc.
.9ruDod?/s.r1.onc knockd al. ure doo..
soma,liis was missing.
(Pcntrr detulji .srtlra Jntreldnliirii
No ncjghbours came.
-ivon.
ol the neighl'ours camc.
IoDodrlro on, knockcd a[ thc door.
.Yotlt
s
wis missing.
$
2949 ALTT] FORI'ID DE PROPOZITII AFIRITATIVE, INTEROGATIVE
SAU NIiGATIVD
aceslor clrlanle, vezj
5
1176-1105)
2950 ngguli
gnerdi.
- l.a bazatuiuror formelor de la acest capitol std rcgula
g. npr al d b
pal l pr n"hr i
"ons' r u
l i i l or
i n' pr ^gdl i \ c qi n"ga i I e:
-
l . r c BE. b H, 4VL, DO si deh,
t i vel e
no. l r l a si nl r +el sl . .
lL celelalte velbe sint t iocuite, clnd este cazul, cu auxiliarul DO le.
acelasi timD si mod.
2951
t
I uf e; oe, i l i r di ro. l n
! i
i ndi rf t l i
t l h
DLt
' t
und Tndt r' t
Qd' st i on)-
-
(Vp/ i
g
10z6-102; . 26s3. 2655. 2891-289J)
Se atrage in mod spccial atn,tia asupra ordinii cuvintelor, care, ln irltro-
galia indirccti, nu este i *tsald. ca tn irtcroga-tia direct;:
\Ire do ' i knorv sho th^c nen dre lti n\ \ho arc these nen).
TnF\ ' dqr i - d d; di n' \ . r l pr or cs'
-
t t n Lot t hod r ot ! d ob. Ji o0s.
r o' , . 1; hor , ; u L r , ", r
; t
r i ,
, , , .
, . .
Tcll me whdi ln!t/ aan;ts aDd low old ,l' ds o.e.
2si ' 2 2J I nt crogl l l i , !
ronl i ru ri \ [ ( t ] ' p
. ap[ ; rnot i uo
nu' ri i orJr.
- I nt Frognl t J
coDJj r mal i \ j
i sl p
o l o^r , l r i r r cr ogi l i vJ
r ar e r or espundp
i n oHr cusr p m5sur i
ur mai oal pi
r onsl r u. ' i i
di n l i mba r omi r , a:
Conl l r r "J
Fhl "
J l r . i a. i dr a. "
-
TI F
PosJJ i s
Jour ",
i 5i - l
; , l
Ea consth dintr-o lraze cu dou6 propozitii: prima propozitie este o crnsta'
ta,'eJ lt doua o intreb&re.
a) Const at 4red est i nl ot deauna l n conl rasi cu l nt rbarea: ci nal
consLaLarra e al bmat i yi . l nt l cbara e negat i vi ,
, qi
i nvers, cl nd const at area e
negativd, tntrebarea e afilmativi:
You hale a son. ioe.n', /oll
\ ou hr \ " n" s"n, ha, ,
- Jaa:
Slie is in, lsD', srcl
She isr'l io, ts sn"/
b) I nt rebarr: a esl o al ci t ui t i numai di n verbul predi cat , subi ct
(un pronume)
Si
o negaiie ctnil o cazul.
Subiectul este intoLdetruna un pronwne orespunzdtor subiectului din
prima propozilie:
fliu r
sirl
is a beauty, isn't sndl
,aniei wasn't ill, was /./
Lu. .ldss didn't couect nough sorop iron, did t?
L is still .ai ine. isr't t,l
l\an! af the eo;keB
go to evcnitrg classfs, don't ,idyl
I
I{o adj.
Fi
,r/@
pron.
slnt lo.nllc nlgative ale ouvlrtului sona
{adj. Fi ]r.on.
ncho-
Hrlt).
t qcpst
t i 0 dr nr onoz: l i d
i nl Fr oqr l i t r .
", r
) i
' r npl "
l : pu- : . p L"m, azr .
podr l i
Dump di t P-
r j t p l ^ di ' "c>i ; ul or i . Fi r ar Le r Jsl i , - r
p. l "
I n, "l F r " 7 i sQdat . : on p nl u i nl r og! l i a con-
lirmativd.
INTNITOCATIA
FI
NECATIA
6S8
Escepl i e
I
part i cul a
i nt roduct i vi \ t )t ere, (are
se mcnt i ne i n ambel e
propozi!,ii:
7rl. arc tro lasi dowr-rrains in rtrc momilL3, are /4/, I
Predicatrul corcspunde vrbului din prima propozi!,ie,
si anumo:
4
)
\
"r br l r
t u BC.
t a
l l l l L, DO6i d- [ , ai r , t . modr r , l i
Dr i maDr oDozi r i a
B F p. l a i r J mJi
' n
l nb. - br r - : i . , l i ni r i v, r l
sdu par l i ci t , i u'
""r t ut ui pr i n. t p. t
rimin insi nexprimate:
Sl.ve ts a physician,
i.Jfr tr|?
L"n
' , r
r .
1ot
. t
l yi i g ,
-
( ",
, . i r i 4, d". . '
r
j
Y, i r / ' r . . " i . " t . . hr t - ", / i r . p
\ o. i
' l -
! ' Jt l
'
sd. i n; . 0ook.
r o4, i , : .
,
k n^\ , . a. , n t I l
Y.u. t{DilJ d/ru,t strit fo. r"atr, Ia th.rX?
\ ; ' L, 1
, ,
/ ' aJ dr , u, r p. - . I n
j pr : ,
r d
i
, i . ' , t . t , .
b)
t ' . "| . l dl . " \ . r bFsi n
t r l ^, ui r ;
.
r r u\ i t i . r - r t nJ t i . Ln t ut
"i t i mout
r es_
pectiv
fdo
sar dodr la in.licalivul prezent,
.ttd ]a indicativul
tre;ut):
'
Yoll,'rlra a ]rook. d,'r'i vor?
Dan ."r,z/is !n3ti;h. d..si't he?
Thcy ffar to a strow, dtdn,t rh.X?
(ct .
s
r911)
_
: r f nl orocnl i a rel ori ' l l
(7I ,
nl t . r. ri at
Qt t p. t i ar)t
. o-j t i
rt i nt r. o propo-
{ 29Sl
zr r r c
j n
Fr ogdl r vj . or a
nr ut r ' dpr E dp l dpt r . ] qt un. , t ; i nd nur n, i exct a11at i vd
'
( r r Jdusi . L. . . \ ; . 1' . . . \ d"vur , t t
t .
\ r p". I
l r opozi t i "
dr " o nucnr d r t ect i v;
p"or r r r n. . r
r . , r pr i mr d bu"ur i . .
n"r r . r l L, r , r i r : .
l ur pr r nd"co.
. , m"ni ; . ar "
"1c. ,
l n ru-nct Le oe rrl rona, I l n, gesl L. J
erc,
Tnr Fb1r ". r r , I n"i , d e, t p
dr i r m, t i !
j r
t s, I pr upozi r i s pr "c. JDnt , r c
ar i r mr -
tivi.
fi
negatii'A dace protozi,tia preccdentn
e netaiivn:
-
"Jack
is liere." "ls Ie? I
raa
glad.,,(Buctrric)
_j hot L' nr ' ' r .
Lr hl s $onr "r r . , ", / . a; . "
i ur l r n| . r o. \ m"1i n. r r o,
' ' You l oo! v, . r 1i .
"Do L P. r . . r . . . , r L| r d
r ")
"H Jr ' 1j knowdr r .
- r s. Ot r . h"do". 1r . r i i . t t ". "
l \ "
i r t . umi +. \ m"t r i r t acFr
t r ^, hD. t
t t ou/
1t r ,
- r , , s
D, , l i t i f osl
"I
calted at Tomt today."
'D,,1
3,oa
r I rhought yoritwo had lalren out.,'(surpdz!)
, .4)
Deelaratia eumulaliri' (The
C rnnlati?e ,tcaterce,
consti diatr-o frazd
g
29b4
, Al i r mal i c: , r l !
Ju, r i
nr onor i Lr i
bi nr u1; t a
t r i n
cuvi nLat e
f dndJ
so ( +
ver Dur l ] l vPr \ i 1, cu s! r Dr or t ul )
j
d) I aa r n i ' l ' m", . r 1l sa; .
. i
- , i
"J.
Harry rds an iDteresling book, anll s6 llo'id ,/d/ (:
ii
ei).
L)
"' he
n nt
so
l of f . "' So ahr
- -
t . , , , , , r .
. , r vu
, , , r ". . r oud
f r dn. r . - . . ) o / i . 1r r "/ r . . (
5r
Jd. k) .
Obser t al i e
C"l - doui pr opur i l i i p r
t r l r , t r - b, r i r , l "r a
d" a. pcdsi
pFr . odod.
i n a"Fst caz
l i i nd u' r i l epr i ncanj unr l i xa, / t , r i . ycmpl , . l Fd"l dpi n; r ut
i / a/ l , . au st r i r os-
t i t a Ll ". Joud p- r r o. , r e di l "r i r a. r un
i u1' ,
i r
ur r
i
n"i i i ; d . r un, i ; i pr i mat d
I v"zi
remplele de la punctul
fDll.
{Vezi ii
t663_jt604)
-
1! : 9 I I El : 1l
4
c- aaaat
oJ. cp"L"n c4t , sr , cdnLr i dg". I , 28. gi 85, onumpEr e
4 | onw4tdnee
auPgh.n.
'O
l.az{ comrrusl din douil
?ropozitii
prirctlarel
S
2B2B).
624
\egatia:
cele doun
propoz;tii slltt ulite
prin nor"
"r
(+ verbul in.l'ersat
cu subierftul):
Tliey o. not nr, nor ir stu
{:
Irirri
'{)
TheJ don't know !r.'
nor do 1 iheDr
['-
nici cu
p'
ei
l$u
e])l-
IL h; loesn't
come $c ior't
cone eithe'
lTi'trll
schinbal)
iDaiil el d. ,tt nL
'on 'etrt
nici roi
l
! ! "t vo' r / l n
r r t r n
'
nr ho"t
\ r : t oi . ; ' r l ;
f , a i r "' 4 t nul sl '
r ur
"1
/ om
'
nn I on
{
2965 l / f r 0r f ar dl i s
di ' j nt ' r t i \ n 1- f ' "
u; . vhn
t i r r S nt Pnr ")
' onst d
Ji r r l r - o
"-
l , "r "t l r r bl i ' , ' , i eLj ' r r l 1' r opo/ i : r i l i i r ' Juni r ; nr i ncnnj un' l i i l ' ' ur el at i \ F( i / I r "
EiUIer sle is lo Llrmc or
You-@e'
Ilither rou
.4r do il or
Jdu
'dtr
'
Dither
)_ou
slea^ now oL NfJ dads
q
2956
tj) Itnq,unsul scurt
(Il' Ji'o/l Answet)
'- ln nod obilSuit'
adverbul
"- - '
"t l "' nor i '
sJur eg"r i t t t Ps. nol
N
P"r e r nr ' Fbui nl ar
' i ngur
i n
, r 1: pul : l
- : : : r r
:
"i
""1"
."'^i a"i'" *iiect
(intotdeauna
'rn
lronumc
pirsonal
liy.
o. pllliil'lr
;;l'il;ii':;);;
,i;;l'"verb.
i'rsoqit er
"r'tu't 'te
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