Masini Electrice

No iuni generale
3.1.3. nfurri de curent alternativ
y
"
#
$
!
%
2
m
%
&
'
(
zona de dus)
zon de ntors. &
'
'
Nc
N c = 2mpq
# nf urarea
'
$
ntreag
%
,
!
=
* +
#
2 p
Nc
!
( N c , p)
.
/
Nc
=
mt
#
Nc
=
m
Nc
=
2m
0 1
* 2
"
#
#
)
"
!
* 3
3.1.3.2. nfurri trifazate ntr-un singur strat

$
%
"
N c = 24 p = 2 m = 3 )
t=2
$ !
* 2
=
5$
* 3
2 2
=
=
24
6
)
#
* 5*
Nc
=4
2m
*$
-
#
#
$
!
)
5 * 6
!
2
3
7
#
+ 2 3 8 /
6 /
A/ B / C /
!
: 5 55
6
%
%
;
#
!
Fig. 3.23. Steaua t.e.m.
pentru nf surarea analizat .
#
!
#
<
=
)
> # * 56 ?
=
"
> # * 5+ (
# * 5*
=
3.1.3.3. nfurri trifazate n dou straturi

,
,
y=y
!
=
/
#
/
Nc
m
#
N c = 18 p = 2 m = 3 q = 3 / 2
#
#
4
* 58
> # * 58 $
3.1.3.4. nfurri n colivie

;
!
Nc
"
# * 59
>
m = Nc
<
N = 1/ 2
!
Fig.3.29. nf urare
n colivie.
3.2.2. T.e.m. indus ntr-o nfurare de curent alternativ

$
0
A
B
#
# * *5 /
! 0
0 v
1 0 0
A0
B
#
0 !
0
1
1 " 1 0
0
A
B
1
A
0
0
$
1 !
1 0
1
#0 1
0
T.e.m. indus de armonica fundamental de spaiu

B1 C
!
0
1
#
! A0
f 1 = pn
2 p
=
Nc
!
#
$
U ec1
0
"
01
U ec1 =
v = Dn = 2 p
!0
0 #
li ,
B1li v
* 53
1
2
B1l i 2 p
* 58
0
1
= B1 ( x)l i dx = l i B1 sin
0
1
# * *5
0 !
#
( 0
0#
A
xdx =
B1 l i
* 59
U ec1 =
f1
* *:
= 0
0
0 1
0
#
0
#
1
B
>
1
0
x,
1
1
* 52
U ec1 =
> %
0#
A
#
x
0
# * **
1
A
A0
#
#
0 U eci1
%
1
)
0
47 (
=c
> # * *5 /
#
01
A
0
& B
0 1
D
y
y
U eci1 = 2 R sin
U eci1 = U ec1 K i1
c
c
K i1 = sin
2
2
0
B
1
0
C
1
"
0 U es1
# 5 *:
1 0
"
**
* *5
* **
0
A
# * *6
y
= 2U eci1 K s1
2 y
y
K s1 = sin
2 y
y = y K s1 = 1).
U es1 = 2U eci1 sin
01
A0
@
U ec1 = R
> # * ** C
1
#
0
T.e.m. indus ntr-o bobin cu sb spire
* *6
U eb1 = s bU es1
> # * *6 C
01
"
* *+
> # * *+ C
01
0
U eq1 =
'
q
k =1
(U ebk )1 (
(U eb1 )1 = (U eb 2 )1 = ... = (U ebk )1 = ... = (U ebq )1
2 p
)/
Nc
* *2
1
"
0@
U eb1 = 2 R sin
U eq1 = 2 R sin
q
2
K r1 =
U eq1 = qU eb1 K r1
sin q
* *3
2
q sin
2
0 B "
1
#0 1
K r1
/
0
1 0
U eq1
#
U e1 = 2 pU eq1
U e1 = 4 pqsb K i1 K s1 K r1
K B1
& 0
= K i1 K s1 K r1
f1
2
0
N = 2 pqsb
1 0
* 6:
1
*6
U e1 =
2 f 1 NK B1 1
@ A
!
0
1 0 0
1 "
U e1 = pU eq1
N = pqsb
2. T.e.m. indus de armonica de ordinul
B
1
)
p = p
=
2 p
=
Nc
>
! A
* 62
0
f = p n = pn = f1
Ue =
3. T.e.m. indus pe o faz
=1
* 68
A
U e2
0 y
A 1
$
* 63
2 f NK B
0
Ue =
* 65
* +5
0 c
!
A
0
1
!c
y B
y
Cmpul magnetic pulsatoriu
( 0
0
B 1 ( x, t ) = B 1 sin
!0
x sin t
* 29
B
1
0
#
@ A
A
!
0
0 !
# * *9
0
1
> # * *9
/B
<
B 1 ( x, t ) =
1
B 1 sin
2
x +
1
B 1 sin
2
t+
* 3:
$"
0 B
!
#
A
1 !B
!
) B
!
nd =
#
1
f
p
vd = 2 f
*3
f
p
vi = 2 f
* 35
<
ni =
3.3.2. Cmpul magnetic nvrtitor circular
1. Cmpul magnetic nvrtitor circular produs pe cale electric

$
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 0
0
1 0 0
0
A # * 6: B
#
1 !B
<
B A ( x, t ) =
1
B sin
2
x +
1
B sin
2
t+
B B ( x, t ) =
1
B sin
2
x +
1
B sin
2
t+
4
3
B C ( x, t ) =
1
B sin
2
x +
1
B sin
2
t+
8
3
* 36
$"
0
/B
A
3
B ( x, t ) = B sin
2
0
0
0 !
0
(
4
!
.:
<
* 3+
1
B
<
B ( x , t ) = B ( x + x, t + t )
* 32
0<
x=
( 0
(t + t )
A
(x +
x)
* 33
<
x
f
=2f
n=
t
p
!E: B
#
01
!
% ;% # * 6
0
0
1
0<
3
B ( x, t ) = B sin t + x
2
0
0 ! 0
1
A <
x
f
vi =
= 2f
ni =
t
p
vi < 0 B
#
01
# !
% ;% # * 6
v=
(
( 0
"
0
(
1 0
(
* 38
A
* 39
!
* 8:
!
2. Cmpul magnetic nvrtitor circular produs pe cale mecanic

$
0
0
0
A
# * 65
% A
0
0
01
B
#
A
#
1
0
0
A
0
"
A0 % A0
4@
# * 65
%
A % A0
#
B ( x) = B sin eR = B sin p
" #
A0 4 @
B
! <
gR
eR
%
)
gR
" #
$
A0 %
0
0
A0
gSR
%
#
#
4$
"
4$
#
gS
B
gS =
( 0
A0
gSR
+
0
* 85
gR
/
A.R.
A.S .
%
!
A
0 #
0
B
#
* 85 !
A
B
#
B ( x) = B sin p ( gS
gSR )
B
0
.:
1
*8
gSR
gS
eS
0
A
4$
A <
* 8*
<
* 86
 # * 65 B
#
1 !B
<
%
A
"
p t ) = B sin
gS
B
!
B
#
0
#
0
* 8+
1 !B
1
A
1
0
0
1 B
1. MAINA SINCRON
1.PRI COMPONENTE I MATERIALE UTILIZATE
0
0
!
0
n1 = 60 f 1 / p ,
0
A
# 0
A
0
1 0
A
0
%
0 B
#
0 1
0 1 0
( 0
1
!0
A
#
"
0
A
#
"
0
5
0
A -
>#
$ A
"
!
0
1
A
turbogenerator
0
#
0
hidrogenerator
C
0 ># 5 $ A
"
0
#
A
(. "5
G
A
) . 2"3
#
#
A
A !
"
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
!
0
0
#
A
0
A
1
<
#
A
0
% !
1
!
< (. 6" 2
#
Statorul
0
!
0A
!
Rotorul
B
1
!
1
A
) . "5
"
%0
0
0 !
0
! <
1.1.1. Prile componente ale statorului

Carcasa
#
A
0
A 1
A
0
0
Miezul feromagnetic al statorului
B
#
!
1
0
0
0
0
%
#
:+
( 0
#
0 H5:"5+
0
#
!
A
%
0
0
#
0
!
!
!
#
!
!
A
0
0 ,
#
0
0
C
!0 0
0
nfurarea statorului e
1 0
0 1 "
1
!
%
0
0
01
0
>
1 0 0
0
A
A
0
,
!
F.*" + IJ ,
1
0 0 0 B "
1.1.2. Prile componente ale rotorului
A. Rotorul cu poli apareni
$
0
+:: K
B
A
!
1
1 0
A
1 #
1 0
% A
Miezul feromagnetic al polilor
%
0
A
#
"5 +
#
>#
5"
0
01 C
/B
0
B #
0) *" =0
+" #
) 6"
0< "
0
.
= #
1
)
)
= #
B
0
A
B
%
0
=
Infurarea de amortizare (de pornire n asincron)
1
0
1
0
7
A
0
#
0
"
1 0
#
"
1 0
Infurarea de excitaie
%
0
0
B. Rotorul cu poli necai

$
0 1
A
!
!
#
Miezul feromagnetic al rotorului
::: IJ4
%
0
0
0
0
0
0
%0
B 0
A
!
#
A 1
A
0 5K*
K*
-
A
#
!
%
#
=
*
A0
0
A B
"
A
B
Infurarea de excitaie
%
0
0
0
#
0
6
%
! 5K*
1
0
1 0
/
=
Infurarea de amortizare
1
0
%
0
!
0
1.2. PROCESUL DE REACIE AL INDUSULUI

,
1 # 1
% A
A
A
1 0
B
<
"
"
"1 0
"
A
"
A
!
A
0 % 0 B
/B
0 1
A
0
)
0
)
0
1 0 0
1 0 0
#
0
)
)
0)
0
1.2.1. Reacia indusului la maina cu poli plini

Cmpul magnetic inductor
,
0
0 1 0
% A
0
0 5K*
A
0 1
%
0
1 !
!B
#
0#
+ $ A
B
B E1
(
0 0
%
# =
0 $
#
0
%
' %
!
0
Reac"ia transversal a indusului
!
1 0
!0
= (U eE , I ) = 0 I = I q ( I d = 0)
L
#
2
L
0
L0
0
L
0
/2
1'
d1 , d 2
0
(
0
!
L
>#
2 @
L
0
!
(
Baq ( x) =
1
!0
A
#
a)
= ct.,
aq
//
2p
<
( x)
( x)
A
!
A
Main nesaturat
#
01 1
L
0
#
0
0
3
A
#
A
B
A
L
!
0
01 % '
01
0
#
<
0
%
;
0
=0
/@
#
!
0
A
0) " #
A
N
L0
BE
<
3
#
A
0
A
>#
A
#
"
A
0
0
0
#
A
S ABcd
0
0<
1 #
b)
#
#
0) "
G7
M max
> %
S abcd
(
Bmin
G4
#
0
0
#
%
#
= E
1 #
Main saturat
#
0
$
0
#
$
! 0
#
#
S abcd ! S ABcd 0
%
A
1
0
B
< E
Efectele reaciei transversale sunt urmtoarele:
#
#
"
%
1
!
0
#
0)
A
A
A
0
1 #
)
A0
"
1 #
1
=
0
0 I = I d ( I q = 0) $
#
,
#
L
=
%
1
8 @
#
0
!
/@
B
#
0
"= /2
0 M
0
A
#
%
!0
0
0
'
/2
>#
A
A
/
$
8
M
A0
Reacia longitudinal a indusului n cazul

8
0)
#
%0
/2
B
#
"
B
A
#
I, I E )
0 M
L
/
0
#
8
M
L
#
N
# 0
!
! L
L
0
Reacia longitudinal a indusului n cazul =
/2
0
!0
9
0
1
I = I d ( I q = 0) $
0
0
A
!
0
#
0
0!
5:
,
#
># 9 @
A
A
#
@
9
#
0
0
A
0)
"
/2
B
#
#
!0 0
1.3. ECUAIILE DE TENSIUNI I DIAGRAMELE

FAZORIALE
1.3.1. Generatorul sincron cu poli necai
A
0
1 0
0
$
0
"
O
1
#
0
%
1 0 0
/
B
0
#
#
0
A <
Ri + u = $u e
"
<
> # 5*
0
@
"
A 1 0 0
0)
"
)
"
"
$u e
#
)
1 1 0
0
d
dt
0
1 0
%
0
= E+ a+ %
)
A
)
$u e =
"
$
%
1 !
E
a
"
"
"
%
%
%
%
E
0
= Nk B
= La i
& "
kB "
E "
La "
L% "
- 1
<
*
A <
= L% i
0 1 0
=)
%
)
!
!
0
0
B
B
A
A )
%
1
88
$u e = u eE + u ea + u e%
0
B
)
0
B
)
0
B
0
A
1 !
u eE "
u ea "
u e% "
0
<
+
0<
0 0
! 4 /3
u = u eE + u ea + u e%
A
!
1
Ri
2
1
0
2 /3
55
1
A
U = U eE
!
U eE = j
Xa "
X% "
4!B
0
2 fNK B
U ea =
jX a I
U e% =
jX % I
A
A
0
0
0
A
0
> # 56 ( #
0
!
0
+ U ea + U e%
0
!0
RI
!
3
A
<
8
B
B
3 1
0
!0
0<
A )
#
!
56 "
!0
> # 5+ ( #
0
!
#
1
5+
0
!0
Ecuaia de tensiuni i diagrama fazorial transformat

$
1 !
A <
U ea + U e% = j ( X a + X % ) I
X s = X a + X%
Xs "
A
0
/
U es = jX s I
9
5:
5*
0
 # 52 ( #
0
5*
01
aq
" %
" %
" %
"
ad
Lad "
53
> # 53 ( #
0
1.3.2. Generatorul sincron cu poli apareni

0 0
#
0 1 0
#
"
O
1
Ri + u = $u e
d
$u e =
dt
" %
0
1 0
= E + ad + aq + %
E
)
A
A
0 %
0 %
1
#
5* $
0
56
5+
52
0)
0)
%
!
56
Laq "
id "
iq "
- 1
0
0
5+
<
$u e = u eE + u ead + u eaq + u e%
u ead "
u eaq "
0
0
B
B
58
)
!
0
A
1 !
u = u eE + u ead + u eaq + u e% Ri
#
A
U = U eE + U ead
!
!
X ad "
59
%
1
A
A
A
> # 58 ( #
0
!
!0
0
+ U eaq + U e%
U eE =
U ead =
jX ad I d
U eaq =
jX aq I q
U e% =
jX % I
0
B
2 fNK B
0<
RI
!
*:
A
<
A
!
> # 59 ( #
0
!
) X aq "
0
!0
5+
4!B
0
*: 1 #
58 "
0
!
!0
1
0
!
!0
Ecuaia de tensiuni i diagrama fazorial transformat
/
B
0
0
0
<
U ead + U eaq + U e% = jX ad I d jX aq I q jX % ( I d + I q )
0
X d = X ad + X %
#
#
59
0 %
*5
**
X q = X aq + X %
Xd "
Xq "
/
01
0
!
0
0
U ed =
jX d I d
U eq =
jX q I q
U = U eE + U ed + U eq
A
#
*:
*6
RI
*+
0
#
!0
Ecuaia de tensiuni i diagrama fazorial simplificat
( #
> # *: ( #
0
# = 0 0
U = U eE + U ed + U eq
0
0
A0
*2
01
># * ( #
0
52
1.4. CUPLAREA N PARALEL

A GENERATOARELOR SINCRONE
&
"
<
)
"
A
A
"
N
# *5
5
*
6
1
0
!
1
# **
J
$
#
1
#
!
! 0
1
1 0
!
)
A
1
0
!
0
1
O
0
#
#
! A
0
0#
L
A <
A
0
A 0
A
0
# 0
0
Verificarea condiiilor i modul de ndeplinire al acestora
A
#
!
0
0
!
=
0
0
0
#
A ( 0
A
1
0
0
% A
Ug U
#
B 0 B
A
#
5 !
A
!
#
A
!
=
0
0
=
#
1 !B
Montajul la stingere
0
#
*5
#
#
A
1
#
*5
( 0
0
U1 , U 2 , U 3
0
1
# *5
#
#
( 0
1
0
L
1
0 N
1
O
1 L 0
53
L
1
> # *5<
"
=
L ) "
0
U 1, U 2 , U 3
0
1
#
*5
!
U1, U 4 , U 5
!
#
!
A
!
!
L
!0 0
0
/
#
!
1
!
Montajul la foc nvrtitor

$
#
0
!
0
7/ $
"
0
( 0
1
0
1
!
U1, U 4 , U 5
1
A
A
!
0
**
0
L
0 $
B
!0
1 #
U1, U 2 , U 3
1 !B
0
#
!
L
**
58
> # **<
"
1 !B
L ) "
#
0
U 1, U 2 , U 3
0
* J
! A
( 0
! L
!0 %0
=
%
0
#
0
( 0
0
!0 0
-
L
0
! L
r
B 0 B
0
0
A
01
A
! A #
A
$
0
A
#
0
M
0
0
A
0
#
Consecine n cazul nerespectrii condiiile
1
#
#
M
1
L
montajului la foc nvrtitor
1
montajului la stingere
1
=
!
L
O
! L
1
6 4
0
1
0
0
/
M
0
0 B
0A
59
0
1
#
A
0
Ug U
A
0
A
0
A
!0
!
!
0
0
1
6 &
A
#
! A
1
00
!
0
0
* ( 0
#
1
0
B
A
A
0 B
1.5. CUPLUL ELECTROMAGNETIC AL MAINII

SINCRONE
1.5.1. Bilanul puterilor active la generatorul sincron
#
*6
A
A
0
<
P1
"
0
0
)
PM
"
0)
P2
"
p m +v "
PFe
"
#
PCu
"
0
!
)
A )
)
1 1 0
> # *6
7
!
#
Ecuaia de micare n regim staionar
7
A
!
<
*:
P1 = PM + p m + v
( 0
0
A
"!
#
A
*9
0
0
<
M1 = M + M 0
6:
1.5.2. Cuplul i puterea electromagnetic

$
# = 0
1 1 0
PM ' P2 = mUI cos "
(
#
0
0
A # *+
0
"=
A
A
6
0
A
<
PM = mUI cos cos +
6*
+ mUI sin sin
$
1 !
0
I d = I sin
si I q = I cos
66
(
#
0
1
#
*+ A
0
0 %
U
U cos
U sin
I d = eE
Iq =
Xd
Xq
N
L0
A
> # *+ ( #
6*
66
6+
A
0
0
#
<
PM =
mUU eE
mU 2 1
sin +
Xd
Xq
2
#
!
M =
$
0
65
0
A
1
sin 2
Xd
62
0A
p - mUU eE
mU 2 1
sin +
+
2
Xq
+, X d
!0 0
<
1
sin 2
Xd
*
(
()
63
#
-Componenta principal %
0
0
% A
p mUU eE
sin
M/ =
Xd
"Componenta auxiliar %
0
0
0
0 % <
p mU 2 1
M =
Xq
2
63
A
1
sin 2
Xd
//
63
0 0
!0
Q = mUI sin " = mUI sin(
)=
= mUI sin cos
mUI sin cos
Id , Iq
1
Q=
$
0 %
mUU eE
mU 2 1
cos +
Xd
Xq
2
!0
% A
1
68
A
mU 2
Xq
1
cos 2
Xd
0 !
0
0
%
0
<
69
0
0
Caracteristica unghiular static

1U = ct.
.
PM , M = f ( ) 0 f = ct.
. I = ct.
/ E
La maina cu poli necai
1
0 %
!
#
A
<
+:
A
0
Xd = Xq = Xs
#
p mUU eE
M =M/ =
sin
Xs
#
0
01 #
*2
La maina cu poli apareni
#
0
#
*2
+
0
0
+5
0
0
*5
> # *2 /
#
"
!0
#
0
#
#
0 M = f( )
A) "
<
A
*2 0
1
!
1.6. CARACTERISTICILE DE FUNCIONARE ALE
GENERATORULUI SINCRON
1.6.1. Caracteristicile generatorului sincron autonom
1.Caracteristica de funcionare n gol
4
0
0
0
A0
<
1n = ct.
.
U 0 = f ( I E ) 0 f = ct.
.I = 0
/
U0
L
%
U 0 = U eE
1 #
U eE
(
0
A
A
0
= f (U mm )
%
#
1
#
U 0 = f (I E )
#
<
> # *3
A
+*
/
1 #
**
% A
= # 1
!0
0
0
0 0
0
%
%
/B
!
0
0 B
%
A ( 0
!
0
0 B
#
0
2.Caracteristica de scurtcircuit
0
=
L
+6
B
/2
#
1
L0
I sc = f ( I E )
0
0 1
!
M
0
@
0
#
$
1 f = ct.
I sc = f ( I E ) 0
/U = 0
A 1 0 0
0
!
1
,
A PEE@
@ L
#
M
1 #
A
0
1 0
#
0
,
0
0
N
0
%
++
0
3. Caracteristicile de funcionare n sarcin

L
1 I = ct.
.
U = f ( I E ) 0 f = ct.
.cos " = ct.
/
;
L0
0
0
" =0 /
1 #
.:
01
0
+3
1
0
0
!0
*6
"
!
.
"
> # 6: /
#
># 6 /
#
4. Caracteristicile externe
L
1 I E = ct.
.
U = f ( I ) 0 f = ct.
.cos " = ct.
/
( 0
%
!
1 1
,
!0
!
0
1 M
" = / 2) 1
0
F
#
#
M
UN , IN
!
L
M
M 1
0
1 #
5. Caracteristicile de reglare
4
+8
*+
1U = ct.
.
I = f ( I E ) 0 f = ct.
.cos " = ct.
/
I E0
>
L
M
!
!
"
( 0
(" =
/ 2)
1 0
L
0
F
+9
L F.
% L
#
1 #
0 N # 65 "
F .
!
#
#
U e'
/
> # 65 /
#
0 0
1.6.2. Caracteristicile de funcionare ale generatorului sincron

cuplat la reea
1.6.2.1. Funcionarea generatorului sincron la cuplu constant i
curent de excitaie variabil
a) Funcionarea n gol
>
0
0
L
L
0
0
L
U eE = U
.:
=0
#
# 6*
$"
I Eo "
% A
A
1 #
# 0 U eE = U
( 0
I E > I Eo
U eE
1
% L
> # 6*
"! L 1 0 0
!
# =0
A
0 Rs
*2
I=
1
U eE U
U
=
jX s
jX s
2:
L0
# 6*
#
!
A
0
( 0
I
1 J
L0
0
L
% L I E < I Eo
U eE #
1
#
A
1 #
!0 1
L
= # 1
1 #
L
!0
0!
# 6*
#
P2 = 0
01
#
%
6+
L
00
0 1
%
! 1
0 0
cos " = 0,8
c) Caracteristicile n V
<
1U = ct.
.
I = f ( I E ) 0 f = ct.
. P = ct.
/
N
1
# 0 "
0
0
0
I = f (I E )
J
/
!M
0
L
!
!
#
!0
01
1 J
0
1 0 0
L 0
QH:
> # 6+
!
#
J
!
-.
%
QE:
*3
1.6.2.2. Funcionarea generatorului sincron la cuplu variabil

i curent de excitaie constant
( 0
L
0
#
#
2 8
0
L
U eE , U
0
U eE 1
0 I !0
0
0
0
0 ! 0 ( #
1 # 62
/
I
0
!0
0
U
L
0
!0
( 0
0
0
#
L
L
U eE
0
L0
"
0
#
62
$
0
!0 # !0 > # 62 J A 1 0 0
!0
L
01
#
% L
B
01
1 0
!0
0
1
#
#
!
!0
0
0
L
,
0
a) Stabilitatea static a mainii sincrone
1
!
0
L
0
/
1
( 0
0
P= f( )
A # 63
4
A
1
#
A
! <
M1 = M + M 0
0
0
#
0
25
M1
#
/
0
*8
0
#
#
1 4D
D /
A
/
/
M1 = M + M 0
> # 63 $
!
A)
2*
0
!
<
A
M1
0
M 1// D
A
0
0
!
0
#
M
$
#
#
A
1 4R
//
= M + M0
M1
/
A
R
0
26
/
1
//
1
A
A
#
0
/
M1 D
0
0
#
//
0
1
B
7
A
25
#
1
B/
M ///
1
0
zona de funcionare stabil
#
0
#
= ( 0 / 2)
zona instabil
= ( /2 )
#
63
63
"
0
A
0
#
0
0 (
!0
0
#
o
o
20 30
B
1 0
)
P
1
K m = M max =
= 2 2,5
2+
PMN
sin N
*9
1.8. FUNCIONAREA GENERATORULUI SINCRON N

REGIM STAIONAR NESIMETRIC
A
A
A
"
B
A
$
1
0
0
# =
<
0
#
1
0
0
A
Zd
B
Zi
B
0
0
Z h = R + jX h
A
1
A
1
Zh
"
0)
 A0
@ A
V a,V b,V c 1
A
0
! 0
<
)
#
1
)
0
0
<
1 0
6:
Vh
Vi
1 1
1
= 1 a
3
1 a2
Vd
Va
Va
a
a
Vb
Vc
Vh
a
a2
Vd
Vi
Vb = 1 a
1 a
Vc
8:
I Ai
3 5%
I Ad
1.8.1. Regimul de scurtcircuit bifazat al

generatorului sincron
/
0
0
0
1
%
A B 1 "
#
0
# +5
0
0
0
1
A
<
> # +5 $
I A = 0 ) I B = I C = I k2
#
U BC = U B U C = 0
8*
A
0
0
0 1 ! 0
4
<
1
1
1
.U Ah = 3 (U A + U B + U C ) = 3 (U A = 2U B )
.
1
1
.
2
2
0U Ad = U A + aU B + a U C = U A + U B (a + a )
3
3
.
1
1
.
2
2
.U Ai = 3 U A + a U B + aU C = 3 U A + U B (a + a )
/
(
A
86
!0 0 U Ad = U Ai
86
1
1
. I Ah = 3 (I A + I B + I C ) = 0
.
1
1
1
.
2
2
2
82
0 I Ad = I A + a I B + a I C = I B (a a ) = I k 2 (a a )
3
3
3
.
1
1
1
.
2
2
a) = I k 2 (a 2 a)
. I Ai = 3 I A + a I B + a I C = 3 I B (a
3
/
$
!0 0
!
0
0
<
I Ad = I Ai
83
(
A
#
1
0
U U es = U + jX s I = U eE
88
4
0
A
0
4
0
0
B
B
0 !
A # +* ( #
"
9:
0<
9
95
< "
A
)
0
65
+*
/
1 0 0
/ 2 A0
"
0
0
0 1
A
# +*
-
#
# +*
<
I k 2 = I B = I Bd + I Bi + I Bh =
$
= a 2 I Ad + a I Ai + 0 = I Ad (a 2
A
<
1 !
2
3
1
3
+ j
2
2
4
j
1
3
a2 = e 3 =
j
2
2
9*
A B
9
A
 # 26
/
63
0
0
#
6*
!
0 M 0
! 4
0 0 M
M = M arb
1.10.1.Ecuaia de tensiuni i diagrama fazorial

#
26 "
1 0
!
" 0
0
A
0
4 B
O
0
A
1 !
Ri u = $u e
(
#
A
#
A <
d
$u e =
dt
%
0
1 0
0
= E + ad + aq + %
" %
%
ad "
%
aq "
1 0
"
A
A
%
0 %
0 %
#
!
#
"
<
6:
6
<
65
A )
0)
0)
%
A
0 0 B
%
66
0
0
!0 1
! # 22
P1 = mUI cos " > 0
1
U
!
!0
<0
6*
#
0
L
0
%
%
0
0
# 2+
# 22
0
!0
L
!0
66
> # 2+ ( #
0
> # 22 ( #
0
!0
0
!0
1.10.2. Bilanul puterilor active la motorul sincron

#
23
A
A
0
A <
P1
"
0
!0
0
A )
PM "
#
0
0)
> # 23 7
> # 28 $
A
6+
P2
p m+ v
PFe
PCu
$ 1
"
"
"
"
)
!
1
1
1 1 0
A )
#
Ecuaia de micare n regim staionar

7
A
!
<
PM = P2 + p m +v + p Fe
A
A
A
1
#
A
M = M2 + M0
Avantajele motorului sincron fa de cel asincron
"
L 0
" cos " !
L
1
=
!
0 0A
)
"
A
0
#
% 1
A
%
!
L
Dezavantajele motorului sincron fa de cel asincron
"
0L
#
L
0)
"
L
0
0L
1
L )
1.10.3. Pornirea motorului sincron
- !
L
0
#
L
!
! 0
A. Pornirea cu motor auxiliar
/
0
%
0
L
01
L
#
B. Pornirea cu frecven reglabil
- !
! L0 #
0
! L
! A
0 .5"* G
A
B
1 0
0 n1 = (5 6) rot / min
6+
<
62
L0
! L0
0
0
0
0 ,
#
62
( 01 0
B
1
-
! L
0
L
L
L
! L
L
0
0
!
! A
0
C. Pornirea n asincron
4
0
0
0
1 0
01
colivie de pornire
0 4
B 1 0
A
0
B
#
1 !B
0
1
!
A
A
!
B
#
0
#
M as
1
/B
= #
A
0
n = 0,9 0,95 n1
1
0
L M as = M rez
01 0
% A
- M #0
L
L
!
Ms!
0
A
$
0
0
!
M
% A
A 1
A0 @
1
M
L
0
0
,
L
1
1
L
% L 4
% 0
L
#
0
0
#
0 %
' 1
0
0A <
a) Se scurtcircuiteaz nfurarea de excitaie
0
1 1 0
% A
!
0
% A
0!
B
#
!
0
0
B
#
1 !B
0
! 0
4
1
A0
A <
63
60 f 2 60sf 1
n n
=
= n1 1
= n1
n1
p
p
A0
A
nd = n + n2 = n1
! 0
B
#
!
A0
A
ni = n n 2 = 2n n1 = 2n1 (1 s ) n1
A
B
A
0
.: +
A
!
0
0
n2 =
/B
/B
1 0
-
># 3 /
% A
01
) "1 0
63
<
68
/
Md
<
= n1 (1 2 s )
4
B 0
7
%
= #
< "1 0
0
0
A
A
1
0 1
0
A
69
Ms
( 0
01
n = 0,5n1
0
0
%
b) Se las deschis nfurarea de excitaie
A
A
!
A
0 !
A
0 = #0 1 4 (
68
1 0
0 1 1 0
% 0
A &
0
0!
0
c) Se conecteaz nfurarea de excitaie pe o rezisten
01 0
% A
0 !
Rs = (8 10) Rex
!
1 0
% A
!
Mi # 3
Md
0
$
! 0 1
0
A
1
4
!
1
4
A
0
1
0
A0
A
!
1.10.4. Caracteristicile de funcionare ale motorului sincron

4
<
1U = ct.
.
+:
P, I , M , n, 6 , cos " = f ( P2 ) 0 f = ct.
. I = ct.
/ E
1 #
3*
> # 3* /
cos " = f ( P2 )
> # 36 /
n, M , 6, I = f ( P2 )
69
M
0 caracteristica !
0 n = n1 ,
0
n = f ( P2 )
M = M0 + M2
M = f ( P2 )
M2 =
0
6 = f ( P2 )
0
P2
#
0
%
1 M
M0
0 0
cos " = f ( P2 )
!
!
I E = ct.
"
1 #
36 $
!0 0 1
L
% L cos "
!
0
0
0 ( 0
I E1 1 M
1 # 0
%
%
0
1
0
L cos " = 1
0
0
cos "
!
!
A 1
% L
!0
A
/
5
% 0
I E2 > I E1
0
0
1
0
L cos " = 1 ,
0
1 0 0
! cos "
00
!
1 #
!0
01
L
!
% 0
(
# 0 % L
0
% 0
!
I E3 > I E2
*
0
0
L
! 1 !
# 0
L 0
#
!0 1
L
/
6
0
0
I E4 > I E1 - 1
#
! L
P2
!0 N
!
0
1 M
L
L
!
0
L
! 0
/
1.10.5. Compensatorul sincron

N
#
1
!0
1
0 0A
0
@ #
%
A
01 #
0
0
!0
+:
0 0A
1
!0
A
I a/
!0
A
I
1
$
# 3+
0
!0 I r/
0
!0
0
!0
1
I
/
r
0 B
!0
!0
Ir
I r//
0
0
0A
0 0A
0
/
0 !
> # 3+ $
!0
!
# =
0 0A
"
!
Observaie. /
A
0 1
!0
#
!0
"
2. MAINA DE CURENT CONTINUU

!
0
B
%
=
0
#
0 1
A
1
#
0
B
0
1 0
A
0
"
%
0
0
0
!
B
! A
( 0
<
1 0
0)
1 0
"
"
%
)
01
"
0
1 0
0
%
%
%
A
! A
1 0
%0 B
0
2.1.1. Prile componenete ale statorului

$
%0
0
inductoare
B
#
0
Carcasa
0
0
% 0
0
% 0
=
,
!
#
= #
= #
0
1 #
!
>
%
1
0
A
1
#
0
A
#
1
A0
A
A
B
:+
0
4
0
"5 +
%
0
Polii principali
A
5+
#
01
0
1 0
N !
A
"
%
A
%
%
A
0
#
+5
Polii auxiliari
1 #
A #
1
!0
A
A 1 %
0 0A
A
Infurrile de excitaie
0
#
1
0 1
"
A
0
%
%
A
0
1 B
%
7
A 0
#
,
!
#
1
A
B
!
0
A
0
nfurarea de compensaie,
1
0
# =
01
2.1.2. Prile componenete ale rotorului

@
Miezul feromagnetic
A
0
C
A
0
0
0
0
#
:+
0
% 1 !
1
#
(
!
!
#
0
#
0 l 3 20 cm
B
0
0
0
!0
!
A %
#
#
0
0
0
A
! 0
!
A
Infurarea indusului
0
1
0
0
#
0 1 0 0
0
#
1
C
1 0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1 0 0
4
1 0 0
1
0
nfurri de curent continuu. $ A
0 1
A
0
+*
B 1
Colectorul
0
B
1 0 0
@
%
A
A0
1 #
1 0
2.3.1.Tensiunea electromotoare indus

@ A
l S 0
U e = i N bU es med
0
K
Nb =
2a
!
0S "
0
U es med = 2 wsU ec med
A
S 0
0
#0
B #
0)
O
0
0
)
5
0
ws "
0
U ec med "!
(
B med !
Li " #
v a !
,
#5 8
5 55
5 5*
0
#
S
)
0)
S
#
A
U ec med = B med Li v a
A
)
0
0
!
"
#
0<
5 56
S S
A <
va =
( "
"
( 0
55
Dn
60
5 5+
)
S
K
S !
+6
=
0
D
2p
5 52
2p n
60
5 53
!
va =
Ue = Ken
Ke =
5 58
pN
60a
5 59
)
=
Li B med
5 *:
2.3.2. Cuplul electromagnetic al mainii de current continuu

,
L
1
0
#
L
M
1 0
<
PM = U e I a = M
5*
0
!B S !
A
5 58
5 59 <
pN
nI a
U e I a 60a
pN
M =
=
=
Ia = Km Ia
5 *5
2 n
2 a
60
Km =
0
/
pN
2 a
5 **
L
#
%
L
Ia
#
In concluzie
A
0
#
#
#
B
!
++
2.4. GENERATOARE DE CURENT CONTINUU

;
0
L
0
generator M
0
0
0
2.4.1. Bilanul de puteri i ecuaiile generatorului de
curent continuu separata
$
0
%
#
% A
0
A B S
0
A
#
5 52
0
A
A
<
puterea mecanic
0
" P1 = M 1
)
0
)
" P2 = UI puterea electric
" PM = M = U e I a puterea electromagnetic,
!
"
0S
)
!
L )
" p m+v
" p Fe
1
1
L
= #
L0 1 0
0
)
" p ex = U ex I e
1 1 0
> # 5 52 7
A
%
)
#
2
" pCua = Ra I a
1
1 0
)
" Ra
A S 0 0
)
" p ct = U pe I a
1 0
Ecuaia de micare
(
A
P1 = PM + p m+ v + p Fe
& 0
p0 = p Fe + p m+ v
A
S #
S
P1 PM p0 = 0
L
5 *6
0
S 0
#
#
5 *+
+2
0A
#
"!
#
!
A
"<
M1
M0 = 0
) "M
" M1
5 *2
) "M0
Ecuaia de tensiuni la generatorul de curent contiuu

"
#
5 52 !
0
P2 = PM pCua p ct
%
! <
UI = U e I a Ra I a2
U pe I a
(
A
T
A<
5 *8
5 *9
0 I = Ia
0A
A
<
U = Ue
0
Ra I a
U pe
5 6:
"
S Ra I a
U = U e Ra I a
2.4.2. Curbele caracteristice ale generatorului cu
excitaie separat
N
5 53
%
0
0
56
Fig.2.27. Schema pentru ridicarea experimental a caracteristicilor

generatorului de curent continuu cu excitaie separat.
+3
Caracteristica de funcionare n gol

1I = 0
U 0 = f (I e ) 0
5 6*
/n = ct.
,
A
S #
0 U 0 = U e0
U e0
0
! e = U mm = 2 N e I e
U 0 = f (I e )
0
0
0
#
0
( 0
0
0 = f (U mm )
#
U0 ! 0
Ie = 0 /
M
% L
% L
M
Rc ,
L
0
#
# 5 58
,
0
0
% L
> # 5 58 /
#
0
A
S #
0
0
N
0
!
0 #0 0
! 0
% L
0
0
0
0
%
0
U rem
%
rem
(
0
#
M 0
+" 5 U N
- L
L
0
0
#
#
0
,
0=
0
0
Caractersitica de sarcin
0
A0
<
1 I = ct.
U = f (I e ) 0
/n = ct.
!
$
!
0 %
Rc
5 6+
#
L
0
0 Rs
.
5 53 1
0
+8
/
.: >
0 1
0
#
4 0
!M
01
0
#
5*
0
# ) !M
>#5* /
0
.
0
> # 5 *5 /
0
0
Caractersitica extern
$
A <
01
!0 0
1 I = ct.
U = f (I ) 0 e
/n = ct.
#
5 *5
5 62
<
"
S
" 0
/
#
0)
L Ra
%
UN ,IN
% L
( 0
5 *5
J L
0 M 0
0
1 #
#
U=
N
0 1
U = (5 10)%
U0 U N
100%
UN
#
U0
L <
5 63
+9
> # 5 ** /
N
%
#
5 **
> # 5 *6 /
0
%
#
/
0
!M
# =
!
!M 4
#
0
I e = ct
Caracteristica de reglare
$
A <
1U = ct.
I e = f (I ) 0
/n = ct.
#
5 *6
0
5 *6
#
0
0
!
1 M !M
/ 0
# =
U =UN
$
!0 0
L 1 M 0
0
0
# )
0
5 68
#
0
( #
S
#
0
F.
2.4.3. Curbele caracteristice ale generatorului cu

excitaie derivaie
U
% L
! L
5 *+ N 0
% L
0 0 0
0
1 0
0
# 0 "
1
I e = (2 5)%
0
2:
# 01
> # 5 *+ $
%
#
Procesul de autoexcitaie
L
#
1 1 0
ue
!
0
1 0
1 0
,
! 0
01
1 0
ue
1 0
% L
(
L
5 69
!M
0
! L
1
0
0
O
1
%
0 0
% L
! 0
1 M
1
0
i a = ie
di
u e = ( R + Rc + Re )i e + ( La + Le ) e
dt
N
#
5 *2
0
U e = f (I e )
5
0
% L
0
( R + Rc + Re ) I e = f ( I e ).
% L
0 M 01
di e
5
=0
dt
$
!0 0
0 Ue
0
#
L tg = R + Rc + Re
M
Rc > L
01
L
5 +:
#
0
0 M
L
1 M
0
L0
0 Rccr
1
#
cr
L 5D
% 0
L
L
!
0)
Rc > Rccr
5VV
0
% L
(
0
0 0
% L
0
S
0
A <
> # 5 *2
%
!0
" 0 %
M
#
% L
S
0)
5"
%
S 0
% A 0 S
)
*"
A
0
% A 0
0
B
!
0 Rc < Rccr
( 0
!
A
S
!
0
A
B
#
%
A
<
Rc B 0
$
!
A
S
A
Rc < Rccr ( 0 S
A
S
0 0
A
S
0
0#
0
A
"
S
0
S 0
% A
!
%
0
! 0
( 0
A
0
S
0
0 S
0 B
#
/
B
0 1 0
% L
0
0
B !
Observaii: C
U0
1 #
# 0
Ue 0
L 1 0 0
L
!
Ia = Ie
# =
)
25
#
L
0
%
#
! L
L
0
M
4
N
- 0
#
M
0 1
L
5 69
U = U e Ra I a ;
# =
Rc
L
L
! L
O
#
00
U = ( Rc + Re ) I e
5+
Ia = I + Ie
Caracteristica de funcionare in gol
1I = 0
> # 5 *3 /
U 0 = f (I e ) 0
5 +5
/n = ct.
A
S #
N
M
U 0 = U e0
1 #
0 0
% A
0
0
S
%
#M
L Rc 1
(0, )
#
0
Caracteristica extern
1 R = ct.
U = f (I ) 0 c
/n = ct.
(
#
#
0 Rc
0 UN
IN
0
!
0 5 $
! L <
% L
5 +*
%
!0
0
M #0
0
N
#
5 *8
%
L 0
S
! L
1
0
<
2*
"
%
(
#
critic
0
M 0
0
M
0
1
I sc
Ie =
!
0 M
0 Rs
U
Re + Rc
0 Rs
curent
L
0 I cr
)
0
0
%
!
0 -
# 0
L
I sc = U e / Ra = (10 20) I N
%
> # 5 *8 /
%
#
%
0
0
L
0 M "
! L
%
0 Ue
Caracteristica de sarcin
1 I = ct.
U = f (I e ) 0
/n = ct.
i cracteristica de reglare
U = ct.
I e = f (I )
n = ct.
0 #
! L
Caracteristica de scurtcircuit
! L 1
M
0 %
%
5 +6
5 ++
%
0
0
1 0
#
%
2.4.5. Caracteristicile generatorului cu excitaie mixt

$
#
%
%0
01
5 65 U
0
01 0 0
% L
! L
%
( 0 %
1 0 0
%
%
#
%
26
#
1 0
excitaie mixt adiional

! L
1 0
%
1 0 0
0
0!
> # 5 65 $
%
%
0 1
1 #
M
1 0
diferenial (
L
0
0
%0
caracteristica extern
0
#
1 0
%
!
"
L
#
M
0
# 0
#
! L
N
0
#
! L
N
5 6*
"
%
! L
0
0
( 0
IN 0
0
1 # 1 0
0
L
0
1 M
0
0
5 $
normal compundat
1 0 0
0 #
( 0
0
0
IN
#
,
0
6 #
0
supracompundat
L 0
1 0
%
#
anticompundat
> # 5 6* /
%
1
0
!
#
*
A
2+
%
2.5. MOTOARE DE CURENT CONTINUU
;
0
L
0
0
0
M
0 ,
0
2.5.1. Bilanul de puteri i ecuaiile motorului de curent continuu

$
0
%
% A
0 #
5 6+
0
A
<
puterea electric
0
A )
" P1 = UI
" P2 = M 2 puterea mecanic
0
)
" PM = M = U e I a puterea electromagnetic,
!
"
0S
)
" p m+v
!
L )
" p Fe
1
1
L
= #
L0 1 0
0
)
" p ex = U ex I e
1 1 0
% A )
1
1
" pCua = Ra I a2
)
" Ra
A
0 S 0 0
" p ct = U pe I a
"
Ecuaia de micare
(
A
PM = P2 +
& 0
p0 = p Fe + p m+ v
A
S #
PM P2
0
)
> # 5 6+ 7
p m+ v + p Fe
5 +8
0
S
p0 = 0
S 0
5 +9
22
0A
A
T
M0 = 0
!
M
"M2
"M
"M0
M2
#
"<
5 2:
)
#
<
d
dt
Ecuaia de tensiuni la motorul de curent contiuu
#
5 6+ !
0
P1 = PM + pCua + pct
M
M0 = J
M2
UI = U e I a +
(
Ra I a2
52
A<
5 25
+ U pe I a
5 2*
0 I = Ia
U = U e + Ra I a + U pe
0A
5 26
U = U e + Ra I a
5 2+
2.5.2. Caracteristicile motorului derivaie
> # 5 62 $
0
! A
0
I e = (2 5)% I N
A
%
A
A
S
#
A
U = U e + Ra I a ;
U = ( Rc + Re ) I e
I = Ia + Ie
0 0
<
5 23
23
Caracteristicile de funcionare ale motorului derivaie

1) Caracteristica vitezei
$
A <
1U = U N
.
n = f ( P2 ) 0 Rs = 0
. =
N
/
U = K e n + Ra I a
4
0
A
0
0
A # 5 63 /
%
!
A
# !0
,
0 n s = (5 8)%
Observaie
$
0
B
! A
n = f ( P2 )
0S #
5 63
0
A
A
0
5 29
5 3:
53
P2 ' I a
0
A
!
5 28
0
0
0
0
28
P2
L
1
5 4
0
5 Caracteristica cuplului
1U = U N
.
M = f ( P2 ) 0 Rs = 0
5 3*
. =
N
/
$
!M 1 !
A
S
#
A
M = M0 +M2
A <
M2 "
0)
P
5 36
M2 = 2
M0 "
M0 =
p0
!
= ct.
A
S
0
B
p Fe
B
# 5 68 ,
A
1 #
> # 5 68 /
S 0
+ p m+v
)
5 3+
S 0
0
* Caracteristica curentului
$
M = Km Ia
A
0 @
"
1U = U N
.
I = f ( P2 ) 0 Rs = 0
5 32
. =
N
/
!M 1 !
A
#
A I = Ia + Ie $
!0 0 I a = f ( P2 )
0
0 I e = f ( P2 )
#
0
0S #
5 69
"
0
= ct.
5"
0
29
> # 5 69 /
> # 5 +: /
6 Caracteristica randamentului
1U = U N
.
6 = f ( P2 ) 0 Rs = 0
. =
N
/
!
A
<
P
$p
6 = 2 =1
P1
P1
0
$p "
5 33
5 38
6 = (75 94)%
Caracteristicile mecanice ale motorului derivaie

;
L0
0
0 1
L
caracteristica mecanic
0
<
1U = ct.
.
n = f ( M ) 0 Rs = ct.
. = ct.
/
-
0
n=
U
Ke
= n0
Ra M
KeKm
# 5 +:
5 39
Ia =
ns
M
Km
5 8:
3:
n0
ns
"
A
" 0
S #
A
ns =
# = 0
= ct.
0
# !0
53 )
0)
Ra M
Ke Km
B
58
A
!0
A
0
0 n = f (M )
0
0
1) Caracteristica mecanic natural

1U = U N
.
n = f ( M ) 0Rs = 0
5 85
. =
N
/
,
! A
0
>#5+ /
A
0
0
0
0
n s = (5 8)%
B
0
0 # 0
#
5+ "
0
0 1 B 0
!
! A B
1) Caracteristicile mecanice artificiale de tensiune
1U = ct. ! U N
.
n = f ( M ) 0 Rs = 0
. =
N
/
A
A <
Ra M
U/
n=
= n0/
ns
2
Ke
KeKm
!0
ns .
0
n0/ =
/
0
!
/
0
U >UN
S #
U/
Ke
!
' ct.
5 8*
5 86
0
5 8+
$
<
0
0
<
"
A
S
B
"
A
0
/
#
U <UN
> # 5 +5 /
# 5 +5
2) Caracteristicile mecanice artificiale reostatice
1U = U N
.
n = f ( M ) 0 Rs = ct. ! 0
. =
N
/
A S
( Ra + R s ) M
U
n=
= n0
n s/
2
Ke
Ke Km
A
S #
0 n0 "
0
( R + Rs ) M
n s/ = a
5 88
KeKm 2
4
!
!
A
0
0
"
Rs
> # 5 +* /
0
# 5 +*
2) Caracteristicile mecanice artificiale de flux
5 82
A
<
5 83
A
35
1U = U N
.
n = f ( M ) 0Rs = 0
. = ct. !
N
/
%
A
0
A <
( Ra + R s ) M
U
n=
= n0/
n s/
/
/2
Ke
KeKm
!0 0 "
A
S #
0
U
n0/ =
5 88
Ke /
0
A
Ra M
n s/ =
5 88
Ke Km / 2
/
!
!
A
0
A
/
%
< N i
0
# 5 ++
2.5.3. Caracteristicile motorului serie
0
% A
0 0 0
0 S
S 0
0A
A
S #
0
0
% 0
> # 5 +2 $
5 82
5 83
Ie = Ia
(
3*
0<
U = U e + Ra I a ;
5 9:
I = Ia = Ie
-
5 2+
! A
Ra I a
Ke
5 58
n=
Ra I a
Ke
U
Ke
!B
S !
5 95
Caracteristicile mecanice ale motorului serie

L 0
mecanice
<
1U = ct.
.
n = f ( M ) 0 Rs = ct.
. = ct.
/
,
5 92
M = K m KI a2
M
KmK
Ia =
n=
Ra
U
=
K e K K1 M
U
M
KeK
KmK
M = Km
caracteristicile
0
0
Ia =
n=
n = f (M )
0
A
0 5 98
U
Ke
M
Km
5 95
Ra
K2
0
s Ia
A
A <
0
5 93
7 ct
!
A
Ra M
KeKm
5 98
2
s
0
5 93
1) Caracteristica mecanic natural

#
5 +9 "
0
"
A
0
0
0
elastic (moale
0
0 ;
36
1U = U N
.
n = f ( M ) 0Rs = 0
. =
N
/
,
L
#
! " #0
0
1
L
# )
!
0
L
!
0
5 99
!
0
1
0
> # 5 +9 /
0
1 #
5) Caracteristicile mecanice artificiale de tensiune

1U = ct. ! U N
.
n = f ( M ) 0 Rs = 0
. =
N
/
A
A
/
Ra
U
"
A
n=
K1 M K 2
"
n=
! A
B
Ra M
Kekm
U <UN
0
%
!
# 5 2:
U/
Ke
0
1
> # 5 2: /
2) Caracteristicile mecanice artificiale reostatice
2
s
5 ::
<
5 :
5 :5
3+
1U = U N
.
n = f ( M ) 0 Rs = ct. ! 0
. =
N
/
A S
Ra + Rs
U
n=
K2
K1 M
"
"
n=
Ke
/
( Ra + Rs ) M
K e k m 2s
5 :*
A
<
5 :6
5 :+
#52
0
Rs
1
A
>#52 /
3) Caracteristicile mecanice
artificiale de flux
1U = U N
.
5 :2
n = f ( M ) 0Rs = 0
. = ct. !
N
/
(
%
0
0
#
1 0 0
% A
#
A 1
0
!
0
A0 W
< N
%
> # 5 25 /
%
A
01
# 5 25
2.5.4. Caracteristicile motorului mixt

% A
5 2* > %
%0
S
0
32
1 0
! A
%
01 0
0
=
0
A
B
0 1
1 0
0
%
> # 5 2* $
Caracteristicile mecanice ale motorului mixt

0
! A
5 26 "
<
"
! A )
"
)
"
%
5
*
A
0
# 0
1 0
! A
0
0
> # 5 26 /
)
6
"
%
! A
%
0
!B
"
$
A
+
A
%
1 # )
A
0 0
!
%
1 0
0 1 0
%
L
0
#
L
1
0
0
L
0
!
33
2.6. PORNIREA MOTORULUI DE CURENT CONTINUU

-
)
0
N
A
#!
1
0
0
0
0
#
0
2.6.1. Pornirea prin cuplare direct la reea

4
0
0
0
0
M 0
2IX
A
d
1
.u a = Ra i a + dt ( La i a ) + u e
.
.u e = K e n
.
d
.u ex = RE ie + ( Le ie );
5 :3
dt
0
.
d
.m m r = J
dt
.
.m = K m i a
.
/ = f (ie )
$
1 !
motorul derivaie
0
N
u a = u ex = U .
! 0L L a , Le
1 0 0
1 0 0
% L
0
!
0
L
$
!0 0
M #0 regimul tranzitoriu mecanic
! L
L
regim tranzitoriu electromagnetic
! L
L
%
" regim tranzitoriu unic electromecanic.
/M
m < mr , n = 0
L
di
U = R a i a + La a
5 :8
dt
$ L
L
0 ! L
%
L 0
L
Ta = a 0 !
0 I p max = U / Ra 4
Ra
38
!
L
m > mr
0 1
L
M
1
n!0
ue ! 0
Ip 1
!
/
0
If =
Mr
KM
# 5 2+
m = mr
C L
nf 1
0
U Ra I f
nf =
/ M
Ke
#
5 2+
> # 5 2+ /
L
1
0
M Ip
1
0 I p max /
ia M
M
(
!
1 0
1
1 M
#
%
! L
0
!
, motorul serie
%
Ip
L
0
!
-
0 1
L
1 "
I p = (10 15) I N
Mr =0
.: :5
N
t p . : ": *
Ip
0 Ip
M
#
39
Mp
4
1
# =
0
Rp
01
L
Rc
L
0
# 5 23 N
#
!
0 0
.:
1 0
I p max =
# =
2.6.2. Pornirea reostatic

,
1
0
M 0
N 0
% L
0
L
L0
!
% 0
.:
Rp
(
!
U
Rp
5 56
0
0
I p max
1 B
= (1,5 1,7) I N
I p min = (1,1 1,2) I N
Ia =
!
!
0
0 If
> # 5 23 $
Ken
;
Rp
5 5+
Rp
0
0
# 5 28
! L
8:
@
0 N
L
# 5 23
L0 1
L
/M
Ci
0
1 M
L
1
R p1
0 I p max N
!
0
!
I p min
C1
ia
!
R1
0 1
0<
R p1
1 M
I p max $
! 0
M 0
Ri
0
I p max , I p min ) /
I p max , I p min
"
A
U = Ke
0<
5 2+
0
+ R p I p max
A Rp
Rp =
"
4
5 52
<
5 53
I p max
0
!/
U = K e n1
(
01
A
Rp
Ri
R p1
+ R p I p min
5 58
U = K e n1 + R p1 I p max
A
0
A
I p max
R p1 =
Rp
I p min
=
0
R p = R1 + R2 + R3 + ... + Rn
R p = R2 + R3 + ... + Rn
0
0
R1 = R p R p1
5 59
A
<
5 *:
A0<
5 *
n = f (I a )
> # 5 29 /
! A
Observaie
0
01
!
! A
0 0
#53
"
" A
"
/
"
= <
0)
)
!
0
<
=
#
2.6.3. Pornirea cu tensiune redus

,
!
/
!
!
B 0
0
= #
A
N 0
%
0
!
!
0 $
0
%
Rc
#
!
L
0
L
L0
%
L
# 5 35 N
#
!
0
0
0 1
1
85
Ia =
U/
Ken
;
Ra
5 *8
> # 5 35
$
! L
1 B I p max = (1,5 1,7) I N
I p min = (1,1 1,2) I N
I p max $
0 U1
A
0
0
ia
$
0
Ui
"
"
A
!
0 U 1 /M
0
0
L 0 I p max N
1 B
1 B
I p max , I p min ) /
I p max , I p min
#
0
A
5 2+
U1 = K e 0
+ Ra I p max
0!
01
A
0
0 U1
!/
U2
U 1 = K e n1 + Ra I p min
U 2 = K e n1 + Ra I p max
A
0
A
U 2 = U 1 + ( I p max I p min ) Ra
0<
01
4
5 *9
)
7
5 6:
5 6
8*
n = f (I a )
> # 5 3* /
Observaie.
0
0 1
"
"
"
(
"
! A
! A
! A
0 0
0
0 00
= <
)
0)
#
<
#
2.7. REGLAJUL VITEZEI MOTOARELOR DE

CURENT CONTINUU
#
n=
0
4
M r = ct.
Ua
L
Ra I a
L
5 *:
Ke
Ua )
<
A
0L
0
)*
# =
!
"
%
M
<
86
U
(
/
4
5
*
6
#
!
# =
# =
8 = n max / n min
2.7.1. Reglajul vitezei prin variaia tensiunii

#
0
0
A
U <UN
> # 5 36 /
# = !
!
A
! A )
M r = ct.
/
#
5 36
! A
1
#
5 36
A
0
Indici tehnico- economici
0
0
 0
A
@
A
0
#
#0
!
0 A0
0
$
0
0
1
#
!
"
#
# =
> # 5 3+ /
# = !
! A )
/
5 3+
#
! A
1
1
A
0
Indici tehnico- economici
U
#
!
#
5 (
# =
<
0
* /
# =
<
0
! A
0
6 4
<
"
! A
)
A0
0
#
0<
M r = ct.
#
5 3+
<
8 = nmax / nmin = 2 3
0
0
82
"
0 1
#
2.7.3. Reglajul vitezei prin variaia fluxului de excitaie
A
0
% $ !
1
otorul derivaie
%
% A
! L
Ie
=
B
Rc # 5 32 /
# = !
! A )
C
M = M r = ct ,
!
!
1 0
n s/
5 6:
0
# 5 32
<
%
L
83
M = Km Ia )
5 32 "
0
L
La motorul serie
A
%
Rm
we
Ie
4
"
"
"
"
A
A
0
B
%
0!
0 N
0
M
B
0 @
M M r = ct
#0
#
#
0 0
A <
2we I e
= e =
Rm
Rm
% A
#
0
0
1 0 0
% A
0
A
0
#
5 6
)
%
A )
<
"
1 0
0
#
)
"
% A
0 B
0
% A
0
1 0
# 5 33
0
0
A
0
Indici de relare
U
#
0
" 1 0 0L
1
01
"
0
0
L
!
0
> # 5 33 $
%
B
B <
Rd
Ie =
Ia
Rd + Re
!
A 0
L
L )
A 0
B
A
5 65
0
:
8 = nmax / nmin = 2 3
%
0
0
<
0
0
A
)
88
5 (
# =
* /
# =
! A
6 4
"
Rc
<
! Rd
"
!
%
"
A
!
)
=
#
2.8. FRNAREA MOTOARELOR DE CURENT CONTINUU
$
0
B
<
" B
!0)
" B
)
" B
0
2.8.1. Frnarea recuperativ
;
0
#
B 0
!0
B
!
1
A
A
!
A
0
Frnarea recuperativ la motorul derivaie
$0
0
%
!
0
L
/B
0 1
# A
1
B #
01
0A
0
4
0
# 5 38
0
0
! Ma
0
#
0A
A
/
A
0
A
0 /B
"
> # 5 38 /
!0
M
! A
89
0 n0
1 #
0
0
!
B
B
A
0
0 Ma = M f
( 0
0
0
B
A0
B
Rf 1
4
0
0
M
0
M
Cazul motorului serie
(
0
1
!0
01
0 1
!
# 5 38
0
7D
1 #
0
B
Frnarea recuperativ la motorul mixt

,
%
0
0A 1
A
=
A
%
01 0 0
<
= d+ s
5 33
/B
1
#
B 0
!0
0
Ia < 0
0
%
1 0
/
=
!
A
%
s = f (I a ) < 0
0
0
B
(
A
!
B
01 0
B 0
Bilanul de puteri: 1
#
0
0
0
" B
0 1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
A
0 $
B
!
= 0 0
#
0
!
=
0
0 B
0
A n > n0
0
M
M 0
0
0
0
2.8.2. Frnarea contacurent (electromagnetic)

#
B 0
#
0
0
A <
9:
"
01 0
!
0)
"
-
A
A
# 0
M
 # 5 39
Rf1
#
L
! A
B
A
A
B
B
0 B 0
B
B
( 0
= #
A
!
M
0
0
Rf 2
A
0
B
0
1
M 0
0
- L
L
!0 0
0 M f min
0
% 0 M f max
!
0 1
N
0 M > Mr
Frnarea contracurent la motorul serie

,
0
1 0
/
s = f (I a )
0
!
A
1
1
#
B 0
0
#
!
0
1
1 0
$
!
! A
1
B
A
!
1
!
0
0
Frnarea contracurent la motorul mixt
,
%
A
1
#
B 0
0
=
0 % A
!
B
%
01 0
#
Bilanul de puteri:
A
0
0
" B
0 N
L
M 0
#
0
0
!
#
N
#
0
0
01 0
0 ( 0
A
B
1 0
#
!
I f = (20 30) I N )
B
A
1 0
1
0
01
L0
(
1 M
# =
1
Rf
0
L
0
2.8.3. Frnarea dinamic

- !
1 0
0
A0
B
01
/
0
L
If =
0
1 0
A
0
Ken
Ra + R f
L
0 B
!
5 69
95
1
#
#
% A
0 !B
0 1
A
! 0 1
L0
#
M
Frnarea dinamic la motorul derivaie
/
#
M
<
Ke Km 2
M = Km I f =
n
5 +:
Ra + R f
!
0
A .
0
A
0 # !0
#
#
5 85
B
1
0
A
4
0
0
0
A 0
1
7
B
R f1
$
!0 0
0
B
0
0
A
0
0
B
0
B
0
B
= #
!
0 M f min
!
A
B
A
0
Rf 2
0
!
% 0
M f max
B
0
> # 5 85 /
! 0
L
Rf
B
L
#
0
! A
M
M
1
M 0
L
>M
L
Frnarea dinamic la motorul serie
,
M
1
#
#
%
1
A
<
"
0
1 0
% A
!
0 U erem
L0
A
"
#
#
)
9*
"
/
"
1
0
B
0 R f < R f cr
!
1
0
Frnarea dinamic la motorul mixt
,
%
A
1
#
B 0
0
=
0 % A
!
B
%
01 0
#
Bilanul de puteri< 1
B
B 0
0
0
0
0
0 1 0
0
A
B
$
B
!
= 0
0
!
A
B
0
!
B
0
0
/
0
A
0
0

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3.1.3. nfurri de curent alternativ

3.1.3.2. nfurri trifazate ntr-un singur strat

3.1.3.3. nfurri trifazate n dou straturi

3.1.3.4. nfurri n colivie

3.2.2. T.e.m. indus ntr-o nfurare de curent alternativ

T.e.m. indus de armonica fundamental de spaiu

U es1 = 2U eci1 sin

(U eb1 )1 = (U eb 2 )1 = ... = (U ebk )1 = ... = (U ebq )1

3.3.2. Cmpul magnetic nvrtitor circular

1. Cmpul magnetic nvrtitor circular produs pe cale electric

2. Cmpul magnetic nvrtitor circular produs pe cale mecanic

1.1.1. Prile componente ale statorului

B. Rotorul cu poli necai

1.2. PROCESUL DE REACIE AL INDUSULUI

1.2.1. Reacia indusului la maina cu poli plini

Reacia longitudinal a indusului n cazul

1.3. ECUAIILE DE TENSIUNI I DIAGRAMELE

Ecuaia de tensiuni i diagrama fazorial transformat

Ecuaia de tensiuni i diagrama fazorial simplificat

1.3.2. Generatorul sincron cu poli apareni

Ecuaia de tensiuni i diagrama fazorial simplificat

1.4. CUPLAREA N PARALEL

Montajul la foc nvrtitor

1.5. CUPLUL ELECTROMAGNETIC AL MAINII

1.5.2. Cuplul i puterea electromagnetic

Caracteristica unghiular static

3. Caracteristicile de funcionare n sarcin

1.6.2. Caracteristicile de funcionare ale generatorului sincron

cos " = 0,8

1.6.2.2. Funcionarea generatorului sincron la cuplu variabil

a) Stabilitatea static a mainii sincrone

1.8. FUNCIONAREA GENERATORULUI SINCRON N

1.8.1. Regimul de scurtcircuit bifazat al

1.10. MOTORUL SINCRON

1.10.1.Ecuaia de tensiuni i diagrama fazorial

1.10.2. Bilanul puterilor active la motorul sincron

Ecuaia de micare n regim staionar

1.10.4. Caracteristicile de funcionare ale motorului sincron

1.10.5. Compensatorul sincron

2. MAINA DE CURENT CONTINUU

2.1.1. Prile componenete ale statorului

2.1.2. Prile componenete ale rotorului

2.3.1.Tensiunea electromotoare indus

2.3.2. Cuplul electromagnetic al mainii de current continuu

2.4. GENERATOARE DE CURENT CONTINUU

Ecuaia de tensiuni la generatorul de curent contiuu

Fig.2.27. Schema pentru ridicarea experimental a caracteristicilor

Caracteristica de funcionare n gol

2.4.3. Curbele caracteristice ale generatorului cu

2.4.5. Caracteristicile generatorului cu excitaie mixt

excitaie mixt adiional

2.5.1. Bilanul de puteri i ecuaiile motorului de curent continuu

2.5.2. Caracteristicile motorului derivaie

Caracteristicile de funcionare ale motorului derivaie

Caracteristicile mecanice ale motorului derivaie

1) Caracteristica mecanic natural

Caracteristicile mecanice ale motorului serie

1) Caracteristica mecanic natural

5) Caracteristicile mecanice artificiale de tensiune

2) Caracteristicile mecanice artificiale reostatice

2.5.4. Caracteristicile motorului mixt

Caracteristicile mecanice ale motorului mixt

2.6. PORNIREA MOTORULUI DE CURENT CONTINUU