Documente Academic
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Documente Cultură
ENGLEZA
ENGLEZA
LIMBA ENGLEZ.
CURS PRACTIC PENTRU NCEPTORI
UNIT 1
N, n [en]
B, b [bi:]
O, o [u], [ou]
C, c [si:]
P, p [pi:]
D, d [di:]
Q, q [kju:]
E, e [i:]
R, r [a:], [a:(r)]
F, f [ef]
S, s [es]
G, g [di:]
T, t [ti:]
H, h [eit]
U, u [ju:]
I, i [ai]
V, v [vi:]
J, j [dei]
W, w [dblju:]
K, k [kei]
X, x [eks]
L, l [el]
Y, y [wai]
M, m [em]
Z, z [zed]
Transcrierea fonetic
Din cauza diferenelor mari ntre scriere i pronunie, a devenit necesar crearea unui alfabet
fonetic ale crui semne redau sunetele specifice limbii engleze. Dicionarele ofer att forma scris
ct i, ntre paranteze drepte sau linii oblice, transcrierea fonetic, i anume cuvntul n form
rostit. Semnele fonetice nu se leag ntre ele i folosesc exclusiv caractere mici. n cazul vocalelor
lungi, simbolul corespunztor este urmat de dou puncte. Iat, n continuare, semnele fonetice
2
nsoite de un cuvnt care conine sunetul respectiv, pentru o mai uoar nelegere i memorare a
acestora.
Vocale
Diftongi
/a:/ park
/ai/ nine
// (a scurt) bus
/au/ how
/e/ bed
/ei/ late
/e/ there
/i/ sit
/i/ boy
/i:/ leave
/i / dear
// shot
/u / poor
/:/ sort
/u/ low
/u/ cook
/u:/ two
/ / ( scurt) reader
/:/ ( lung) bird
Consoane
/b/ back
/g/ glamour
/d/ desk
/h/ hit
// they
/j/ yet
/d / jump
/k/ king
/f/ flower
/l/ live
/m/ some
/p/ pencil
/n/ son
/r/ red
//song
Not: Sunetul nu se pronun n poziie final (teacher) i nainte de consoan (worm)
/s/ soon
/v/ interview
// wash
/w/ wet
/t/ tower
/x/ loch
/t / chair
/z/ business
// thought
// pleasure
Noiuni de vocabular:
Formule uzuale de salut:
How do you do!/ Bun ziua!
Not: Se rspunde cu aceeai formul. Expresia este folosit la prima ntlnire cu o persoan.
Hello / Bun!
Good morning ! Bun dimineaa!
Good day ! / Bun ziua!
Good afternoon ! Bun ziua!
Not: Folosit dup miezul zilei.
Good evening ! / Bun seara!
Good night ! / Noapte bun!
Good bye ! / La revedere!
Bye ! / Pa!
See you ! / Ne mai vedem!
So long ! / Pe curnd!
Exercises:
1. Transcriei fonetic urmtoarele cuvinte:
name, address, job, work, engineer, student, they, English, Romanian, like, (to) do, (to) be, (to) have
2. Notai i pronunai pe litere propriul nume i adresa curent, ca i cum le-ai dicta unui
interlocutor telefonic din strintate.
UNIT 2
REGULI DE SCRIERE
SPELLING RULES
-s/ -es form
Aceast form apare la: indicativ, timpul prezent simplu (Present Tense Simple), persoana
a III-a, singular: to play (a juca, a cnta la un instrument) he/she/it plays (el/ea
joac/interpreteaz), precum i la pluralul regulat al substantivelor (acestea adaug s/-es la forma
de singular): book (carte) books (cri).
Se ataeaz es la verbele/ substantivele care se termin n urmtoarele litere sau grupuri de
litere:
-ch: to reach (a ajunge la o destinaie) he/she/it reaches (el/ ea ajunge)
church (biseric) churches (biserici)
-tch: to watch (a privi) he/she/it watches
match (chibrit) matches
-sh: to finish (a termina) he/she/it finishes
brush (perie) brushes
-ss: to express he/she/it expresses
kiss (srut) kisses
-x: to fix (a repara) he/she/it fixes
box (cutie) boxes
-z: to quiz (a chestiona) he/she/it quizes
buzz (rit) buzzes
-o: to do (a face) he/she/it does
potato (cartof) potatoes
-y precedat de consoan se transform n i i adaug es:
to cry (a plnge) he/she/it cries
fly (musc) flies
Not: Celelalte verbe sau substantive ataeaz doar terminaia s: to work (a lucra) he/she/it
works), play (pies) plays, house (cas) houses, friend (prieten) friends.
-ed form
Terminaia ed, ataat primei forme a unui verb regulat, ajut la formarea timpului trecut
simplu (Past Tense Simple forma a II-a a verbelor n englez) i a participiului trecut (Past
Participle forma a III-a). Verbele neregulate nu adaug ed, formele de baz ale acestora putnd fi
gsite n tabele separate aflate n dicionare. Iat regulile de scriere a formelor de trecut i participiu
trecut ale verbelor regulate:
a. La verbele terminate n litera e se adaug doar d: to live (a locui) lived
(am/ai/a/am/ai/au locuit) lived (locuit)
b. Y final, precedat de consoan, se transform n i i adaug ed: to try (a ncerca) tried
tried
Y final, precedat de vocal, se pstreaz i adaug ed: to annoy (a irita) annoyed annoyed
c.Grupul ic se transform n ick i adaug ed: to panic panicked panicked.
d.Consoana final se dubleaz n cazul verbelor monosilabice cu o singur vocal scris
(to plan planned planned) i al verbelor care au a doua silab accentuat (to admit admitted
admitted)
Not: n engleza britanic l final se dubleaz, indiferent de silaba pe care cade accentul: to quarrel
(a se certa) quarrelled quarrelled.
-ing form
Aceast form are n limba englez dou valori: de gerunziu (Gerund), echivalent
omonimului din limba romn sau folosit cu valoare substantival i de participiu prezent (Present
Participle), form ntlnit n structura aspectului continuu sau ca adjectiv.
a. E final dispare cnd se adaug terminaia ing: to smoke (a fuma, a afuma) smoking
(fumnd, fumatul Gerund/ sau am/are/is smoking, smoking smell Present Participle)
Not: Se pstreaz e final n verbul to be being, atunci cnd verbul se termin n -ee (to agree/ a fi
de acord - agreeing) sau cnd exist riscul ca forma obinut s fie confundat cu cea a altui verb, ca
n cazul to singe (a prli) singeing vs singing, form a verbului to sing (a cnta).
b.Y final este ntotdeauna pstrat, indiferent dac este precedat de vocal sau consoan: to
study studying, to play playing.
c.Grupul final ie se transform n -y la care se adaug terminaia ing: to die (a muri)
dying.
d. Grupul ic devine ick, cnd se adaug ing: to mimic mimicking.
e. Consoana final se dubleaz n aceleai situaii prezentate la -ed form: to hit (a lovi)
hitting, respectiv to refer referring.
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Not: n engleza britanic l final se dubleaz, indiferent de poziia accentului: to travel (a cltori)
travelling.
Noiuni de vocabular:
Modaliti de prezentare:
Hello, let me introduce myself./ Bun ziua, dai-mi voie s m prezint.
My name is / Numele meu este
I am/ Sunt (se precizeaz numele n ordinea prenume, nume)
I am from / Sunt din
I live in . / Triesc n
I am a/an / Eu sunt (se indic profesia, a crei denumire este precedat de articolul
nehotrt a/an)
I work at/ for/ Lucrez la (se menioneaz numele companiei la care lucrai)
Im in charge of/ responsible for.../ M ocup de...
Exercises:
1. Give the s/-es and the ing form of the following verbs:
to bite (a muca)
to choose (a alege)
to open (a deschide)
to cry
to play
to do
to refine (a rafina)
to draw (a desena)
to drive (a conduce)
to search (a cuta)
to feel (a simi)
to hit
to travel (a cltori)
to lay (a ntinde)
to undo (a reface)
to lie (a mini)
to write (a scrie)
UNIT 3
VERBUL
Prezentare general
Verbul este partea de vorbire care exprim aciuni, stri sufleteti sau existena. n limba
englez verbul cunoate urmtoarele categorii gramaticale, dup care i modific forma n timpul
comunicrii: mod, timp, aspect i diatez. Persoana i numrul nu sunt de obicei marcate, excepie
fcnd persoana a III-a, nr. singular, de la timpul prezent simplu, marcat, dup cum s-a vzut, de
terminaiile s/-es i persoana I, singular i plural, marcat la viitor de auxiliarul specific shall. n
engleza vorbit exist ns tendina de a folosi will ca unic auxiliar de viitor.
Singurul verb care are forme distincte de persoan i numr este to be.
nainte de prezentarea modurilor i a timpurilor, sunt necesare cteva observaii preliminare
referitoare la clasificarea i construcia acestora. n limba englez, verbul are trei forme de baz,
de la care se formeaz toate celelalte timpuri.
Prima form (V-I: to work) este infinitivul, de la care se formeaz timpurile prezent i viitor,
precum i aspectul continuu, cu ajutorul verbului auxiliar to be. Aceast prim form se regsete i
la condiional optativ, prezent (Present Conditional), ca i n forma nvechit a modului subjonctiv
(Archaic Present Subjunctive). Prin nlturarea particulei to se obine infinitivul scurt (work), numit
short/bare infinitive, pe care l vom regsi n timpurile mai sus-amintite, ca i la imperativ: Work!/
Lucreaz!.
Cea de a doua form red timpul trecut (V-II: worked = Past Tense Simple), care are
form unic pentru toate persoanele (am/ai/a/am/ai/au lucrat).
Forma a treia (V-III: worked = lucrat), numit Past Participle, nu poate ndeplini singur
funcia de predicat i, alturi de verbul auxiliar to have, intr n componena timpurilor perfecte. Ca
i n limba romn, forma de participiu poate avea valoare adjectival, caz n care preced un
substantiv (the finished race/ cursa ncheiat), sau poate intra n structura diatezei pasive (Passive
Voice: The garden is watered./ Grdina este udat.)
Dup formele de trecut simplu (V-II) i participiu trecut (V-III), verbele limbii engleze se
clasific n verbe regulate i verbe neregulate.
a. Verbele regulate adaug terminaia ed la prima form a verbului (short infinitive),
respectnd regulile nvate n unitatea a doua.
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Verbele auxiliare sunt acele verbe care ajut la marcarea unor categorii gramaticale cum
ar fi aspectul, timpul, persoana sau diateza, precum i la formarea propoziiilor interogative i
negative, acolo unde nu exist deja un auxiliar. Verbele auxiliare din limba englez sunt: to be*, to
have*, to do*.
To be/ a fi are forme distincte de timp, persoan i numr, dup cum urmeaz:
Timpul prezent:
Timpul trecut:
Timpul viitor:
I am
I was
I shall be
You are
You were
You will be
He/She/It is
He/She/It was
He/She/It will be
We are
We were
We shall be
You are
You were
You will be
They are
They were
They will be
Aceste forme pot avea valoare predicativ ( I am here/ Sunt/ M aflu aici), copulativ,
atunci cnd intr n componena predicatului nominal ( I am an engineer/ Sunt inginer) sau de
auxiliar, ajutnd alte verbe s formeze aspectul continuu i diateza pasiv ( I am writing/ Scriu n
acest moment i, respectiv, He was congratulated/ A fost felicitat.)
Have poate avea valoare predicativ, caz n care exprim posesia ( I have three books./ Am
trei cri.) sau de auxiliar pentru timpurile perfecte, pe care le formeaz mpreun cu Past Participle
(V-III) al verbului de conjugat (I have just bought a car./ Tocmai am cumprat o cas.)
Timpul prezent:
Timpul trecut:
Timpul viitor:
I have
I had
I shall have
You have
You had
He/She/It has
He/She/It had
We have
We had
We shall have
You have
You had
They have
They had
To do este folosit ca verb auxiliar n ntrebri i n propoziii negative, acolo unde nu exist
deja un auxiliar, i anume la Present Tense Simple i Past Tense Simple.
I live in Ploieti. (Locuiesc n Ploieti)
I do not/ dont live in Braov. (Nu locuiesc n Braov.)
Where do you live? (Unde locuieti?)
Not: Cu anumite excepii (be, verbe modale), verbele din limba englez nu ataeaz direct negaia,
avnd nevoie de un auxiliar. Propoziiile interogative fac de asemenea necesar prezena unui
auxiliar care trece n poziie iniial.
I lived in Bucharest 20 years ago. (Am locuit n Bucureti acum 20 de ani.)
I did not/ didnt live in Arad.
Where did you live as a child?
Exercises:
1. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of to be:
I . in Greece last summer.
He right now, he left to work. (negative)
When . you. home tonight?
It 11 oclock sharp.
They . extremely tired last night, so their boss let them leave earlier.
How old you? I .. 32 years old.
2. Give the negative and the interrogative form of the following sentences:
e.g.: He works at a refinery. He doesnt work at/for a school. Where does he work?
You like chocolate very much.
We study at Petroleum-Gas University of Ploieti.
They participate in the English class every week-end.
I have a new car.
10
UNIT 4
Modul este o categorie gramatical care exprim felul n care este perceput o aciune
de ctre vorbitor (Scriu/ indicativ, prezent aciune real, sigur vs A scrie/condiional-optativ,
prezent-aciune dorit).
Modul indicativ este un mod predicativ care exprim aciuni reale. Este singurul mod
care prezint toate axele temporale (prezent, trecut i viitor), totaliznd n limba englez
dousprezece timpuri: Present Tense Simple and Continuous, Past Tense Simple and Continuous,
Future Tense Simple and Continuous i timpurile perfecte corespunztoare, exprimnd anterioritatea
fa de timpul cruia i poart numele: Present Perfect, Past Perfect i Future Perfect, fiecare cu
form de aspect simplu i respectiv continuu.
Vocabulary:
Zilele saptmnii (the days of the week): Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday,
Saturday, Sunday. Zilele sptmnii, ca i lunile anului, sunt substantive proprii n limba englez i
se scriu ntotdeauna cu majuscule, indiferent de poziia cuvntului n propoziie.
Lunile anului (the months of the year): January, February, March, April, May, June, July,
August, September, October, November, December.
Anotimpurile (the seasons): spring/ primvar, summer/ var, autumn/ fall n engleza
american, winter/ iarn.
Uniti de timp: second, minute, hour (h nu se pronun), day, week, month, year, decade/
deceniu, century/ secol.
Hobbies: reading/ lectura, sports, listening to music, watching TV, gardening/ grdinritul,
pets/ animale de companie, travelling/ cltoriile;
Not: Pentru a exprima activitile din timpul liber folosim verbul to like = a-i plcea, urmat de un
substantiv (flowers, pets, books), pronume sau verb la gerunziu (-ing form).
I like skiing and travelling very much./ mi place foarte mult s schiez i s cltoresc.
Exercises:
1.Translate into English (Traducei n limba englez):
La fiecare sfrit de sptmn merg la facultate. (to go went gone)
12
Studiez Chimie, Fizic, Matematic, Limba Englez i altele. (to study vb. regulat)
Vinerea m ntlnesc cu prietenii. (to meet met met)
n fiecare var merg la mare.
Iarna mi place s schiez.
Primvara mi place s grdinresc.
Nu am concediu n fiecare an.
ntotdeauna m ajui. (to help vb. regulat)
Soarele rsare la est. (to rise rose risen)
Zilele sptmnii sunt: luni, mari,
2. Give the negative and the interrogative forms of the sentences in exercise 1 (Dai formele
negativ i interogativ ale propoziiilor de la exerciiul 1.
3. Write a short composition (5 10 lines) presenting your habits (obiceiuri/ activiti
zilnice) and hobbies.
13
UNIT 5
Uses:
* aciune n desfurare n momentul vorbirii (now, right now, at present, at the moment);
I am reading at the moment./ Citesc n acest moment.
* aciune n desfurare ntr-o perioad limitat (these days/zilele acestea, this week/month,
etc., today/astzi);
Today I am going to school by bus, because my car is damaged./ Astzi merg la coal cu
autobuzul, deoarece maina este stricat.
* alte valori: aciune repetat care enerveaz vorbitorul caz n care se folosete cu adverbe
specifice lui Present Tense Simple: (You are always smoking in the kitchen./ Tot timpul fumezi n
buctrie.), plan personal de viitor (I am moving next week./ M mut sptmna viitoare.)
Time expressions:
now, right now, at the moment, nowadays, these days, this ...., Look!/ Privete!, Listen!/
Ascult!, Pay attention!/ Fii atent()!
15
Vocabulary:
Relatives:/ Rude:
* parents/prini: mother/mam, father/tat
* grandparents/bunici: grandmother/bunic, grandfather/bunic
* great-grandparents/strbunici: great-grandmother, great-grandfather
* children/copii: daughter/fiic, son/fiu
* grandchildren/nepoi: granddaughter/nepoat, grandson/nepot
* great-grandchildren/strnepoi: great-granddaughter, great-grandson
Not: foster/adoptiv, step/vitreg
Relatives in law/ Rude prin alian:
* wife/soie, husband/so
* mother-in-law/soacr, father-in-law/socru
* daughter-in-law/nor, son-in-law/ginere
Not: bride/mireas, groom/mire
* aunt/mtu, uncle/unchi
* niece/nepoat (de unchi/mtu), nephew/nepot
* cousin/vr, verioar
* sister-in-law/cumnat, brother-in-law/cumnat
* godparents/nai: godmother/na, godfather/na
* godchildren/fini: goddaughter/fin, godson/fin
Not: n limba englez, substantivele formeaz pluralul prin ataarea desinenelor s/-es,
respectnd regulile nvate n Unit 2. Exceptnd substantivul child pl.children, care are plural
neregulat, ca i cuvintele compuse cu acesta, toate substantivele enumerate mai sus i formeaz
pluralul n mod regulat.
Exercises:
1. Answer the following questions, using Present Tense Continuous:
What are you doing right now?
Are you paying attention to me?
Look! Is he driving that car?
Where are they leaving?(to leave/a pleca)
16
17
UNIT 6
Past Tense Simple se traduce ca indicativ, perfect compus (am scris, am lucrat, etc.),
artnd o aciune trecut ncheiat. Acest timp se poate confunda cu Present Perfect Simple (have
gone), tradus de asemenea ca perfect compus (am mers). Diferena major este c Past Tense
Simple se nscrie pe axa trecutului, n timp ce Present Perfect Simple pstreaz ntr-un fel sau altul
legtura cu prezentul (aciunea are consecine n prezent, este recent, are loc ntr-o perioad
neterminat sptmna aceasta, today sau nedeterminat).
Structures:
a. Affirmative: Subject + V-II (vb. neregulate)/ V-ed (vb.regulate)
She drove all night./ He played football yesterday.
b. Negative: Subject + did + not + V-I
She did not/ didnt drive last night./ He did not play football yesterday.
Not: Verbul de conjugat se folosete la prima form, ntruct la formele negativ i interogativ
auxiliarul did preia marca de trecut, fiind a II-a form a lui do.
c. Interrogative: Did + subject + V-I?
Did he play football last Monday?
Uses:
* aciune trecut ncheiat;
After graduation, I worked as a lab-assistant./ Dup absolvire am lucrat ca laborant.
* aciune trecut dintr-o perioad ncheiat, de obicei precizat n text (last .../...trecut,
yesterday/ieri, in 2003, in January, ...ago/ cu....n urm);
I saw a film last night./ Am vzut un film asear.
* aciune repetat din trecut, situaie n care poate fi nlocuit cu used to sau would, urmate de
V-I;
As a child, I often went/ used to go/ would go to my grandparents./ Copil fiind, mergeam
adesea la bunici.
* aciuni consecutive;
18
He entered the room, shook hands and drank a cup of coffee./ A intrat, a dat mna i a but o
ceac de cafea.
Time expressions:
last week/month/year, 2 weeks ago, in chilhood, in1998, in highschool, etc.
Vocabulary:
Questions:
* where?/ unde?
* what?/ ce?
* when?/ cnd?
* how?/ cum?
* who?/ cine?
* whom?/ pe cine?
* why?/ de ce?
* which?/ care?
Exercises:
1. Make questions from the following sentences:
I have two daughters and one son. (How many?)
I live in a house/flat. (Where?)
He works at a refinery in Ploieti. (What?)
I am wearing jeans and a T-shirt./ Port jeans i un tricou. (What?)
I went to the seaside last summer. (When?)
I speak English fluently. (How?)
He left out of anger./ A plecat de suprare. (Why?)
Not: Dup ntrebrile mai sus-menionate, numite generic wh- words, folosim structurile de la
forma interogativ a timpurilor nvate, respectnd timpul din propoziia afirmativ.
e.g.: She played cards with her cousin last night. (What?)
What did she play?
2. Translate into English:
Am absolvit liceul n 2003. (to graduate from vb.regulat)
ntre 2003 i 2005 am lucrat ca laborant.
n prezent lucrez ca inginer.
Lucrez. Las-m n pace!
Nu am fost la bunicii mei iarna trecut.
Ce ai mncat asear? (to eat* ate eaten)
19
B.
P-A-R-A-S-C-H-I-V
Science-Fiction
It is mine.
20
UNIT 7
Past Tense Continuous se traduce prin imperfect (lucram, mncam), artnd o aciune n
desfurare din trecut.
Structures:
a.Affirmative: Subject + to be la trecut (was, were) + V-I + ing
We were working outside when the rain started./ Lucram afar cnd a nceput ploaia.
b.Negative: Subject + was/were + not + V-I + ing
They were not travelling yesterday at noon.
c.Interrogative: Was/Were + subject + V-I + ing?
Was he sleeping when you called?
Uses:
* aciune n desfurare ntr-un moment din trecut sau cnd intervine o alt aciune;
I was reading a magazine when you came/ yesterday at 7 p.m./ Citeam o revist cnd ai
venit/ ieri la 7 seara.
* aciuni trecute n desfurare simultan;
My mother was cooking while my father was fixing the car./ Mama gtea n timp ce tata
repara maina.
Not: while/ n timp ce
to fix = to repair = to mend* = a repara
* aciuni care se desfurau cu regularitate n trecut, enervante pentru vorbitor;
He was always complainig about his boss./ Tot timpul se plngea n legtur cu eful lui.
* alte valori: timp folosit frecvent n descrieri literare (The sun was shining and the treetops
were trembling in the wind.), plan personal din trecut (He was moving the following week./ Se muta
sptmna viitoare.)
Time expressions:
while, when, as, all morning/day/week, at 3 oclock
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Vocabulary:
The organization of a company/ Structura unei companii:
Production: Production, Packaging, Distribution/ Dispatch, Quality
Human Resources: Training, Personnel, Wages and Salaries
Marketing: Marketing, After-Sales, Research and Development, Advertising
Finance: Buying/ Purchasing, Customer Account, Financial Services, Maintenance.
Exercises:
1. Using a dictionary, specify which department:
a. puts the products in boxes;
b. pays the employees/ angajai;
c. places ads in shops, magazines;
d. purchases supplies;
e. sells the products to the customers;
f. invoices customers;
g. plans how to sell new products;
h. services the machines and equipment;
i. recruits new employees;
j. arranges courses for the staff;
k. manufactures the products;
l. looks after customers problems and complaints/ plngeri;
m. organises control systems to prevent mistakes;
n. dispatches the products;
o. deals with taxation;
2. Translate into English:
M splam pe dini, n timp ce soul meu se brbierea. (to wash, to shave)
Tot timpul fuma n buctrie! (to smoke)
Transportau combustibil, cnd a avut loc o explozie puternic. (to transport, to take* place took
taken)
Plou.Ia-i umbrela!
n septembrie i octombrie plou foarte mult.
Nu dormeam cnd m-ai sunat.
Unde mergeai cnd ne-am ntlnit?
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23
UNIT 8
Future Tense Simple se traduce ca viitor I sau viitor propriu-zis (voi veni, voi lucra). Arat
o aciune sau stare din viitor (plan, predicie, dorin, prognoz).
Structures:
a. Affirmative: Subject + shall/will + V-I
He will visit me tomorrow./ M va vizita mine.
Not: Shall se folosete ca auxiliar pentru persoana I, singular i plural, iar will pentru celelate
persoane. Exist ns n engleza vorbit tendina de a folosi will ca unic auxiliar, shall pstrndu-se
n engleza scris formal. n varianta contras, ambele auxiliare apar sub forma ll.
Ill move next week.
b. Negative: Subject + shall/will + not/ shant/ wont + V-I
They wont play basketball on Sunday./ Nu vor juca baschet duminic.
c. Interrogative: Shall/Will + subject + V-I?
Will she arrive in time?/ Va ajunge la timp?
Not: n afar valorii sale de auxiliar pentru timpul viitor, will poate fi utilizat i pentru a exprima o
rugminte politicoas (Will you help me with this luggage? Vrei s m ajutai cu aceste bagaje?)
sau dorina, voina de a face un lucru (Will you marry me?/ Vrei s te cstoreti cu mine?). O
utilizare mai puin ntlnit este He will wait for me every day. = He waits for me every day, pentru
a exprima o aciune care se desfoar cu regularutate n prezent (M ateapt n fiecare zi.).
Uses:
* aciuni din viitor (predicii, promisiuni, oferte, cereri, sugestii, sperane);
It will rain tonight./ Disear va ploua.
I will visit you when I have the time./ Te voi vizita cnd voi avea timp.
* decizii de moment;
We have run out of sugar. Ill go and buy some./ Am rmas fr zahr. O s m duc s
cumpr.
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Not: Folosirea viitorului nu este permis n propoziiile circumstaniale de timp. Se folosete fie
Present Tense, pentru aciuni simultane din viitor, fie Present Perfect, pentru aciune anterioar celei
din principal.
e.g.: After I have graduated from university, I shall/ will get a better salary./ Dup ce voi absolvi
universitatea, voi avea un salariu mai mare.
Time expressions:
tomorrow/mine, the day after tomorrow/ poimine, next...../ sptmna,luna, etc.viitoare, in
2010, tonight/ disear, soon/ n curnd, in a week, month, year/ peste o sptmn, lun, un an;
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I shall not be taking part in the meeting tomorrow at noon./ Nu voi lua parte la edin mine la
prnz.
c. Interrogative: Shall/Will + subject + be + V-ing?
Will she be cleaning the house this time tomorrow?
Uses:
* aciune n desfurare ntr-un moment din viitor;
They will be flying to Paris this time next week./ Sptmna viitoare pe vremea asta vor
zbura spre Paris.
* deducii logice cu privire la o aciune din prezent;
He will be sleeping now. It is 3 a.m../ Doarme probabil. Este ora 3 noaptea.
* planuri personale (aceeai utilizare ca a lui Present Tense Continuous, cu valoare de
viitor);
Ill be seeing my friends tonight./M ntlnesc disear cu prietenii mei.
Time expressions:
this time tomorrow/next week....., between10 and 12, when my mother comes etc.;
Exercises:
1. Put the verb in brackets into an appropriate present or future form:
If I am re-elected, I .......(give) you my word that the first issues I ......(tackle/ a aborda o problem,
un subiect) are those from the environment and education.
She is so pale! She ..............(to faint/ a leina).
You are looking gorgeous in that dress!
Really? I ...........(to buy*/ a cumpra) it then.
Margaret .......................(to have*/ to throw* a party/ a da o petrecere) tonight.
The plane....................(to land/ a ateriza) in 30 minutes.
2. Translate into English:
Ce ai de gnd s faci dup ce termini facultatea?
St s plou. Nu vom juca fotbal pe stadion.
n dou luni mi voi cumpra o cas nou.
Vrei s vii cu mine la film?
Inginerii din sucursala (subsidiary) noastr sunt pe punctul de a descoperi o nou metod de
purificare (purifying/ purification) a apei.
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UNIT 9
Aspectul este o categorie gramatical specific verbului, inexistent n limba romn, care
exprim felul de receptare a aciunii (n desfurare ntr-un anumit moment/ limitat sau la modul
general/ desfurat cu regularitate, cu sau fr consecine, etc.) Dup cum am vzut n Unit 5,
verbul poate avea trei aspecte: simplu/simple (aciuni generale, permanente, desfurate cu
regularitate), continuu/continuous (aciuni surprinse n desfurare ntr-un anumit moment/
limitate ca perioad de desfurare sau regulate, repetate, dar enervante) i perfect/perfect(ive),
avnd ca trstur definitorie anterioritatea fa de timpul cruia i poart numele i fa de care
rmne legat fie prin consecine, fie printr-o perioad care le include pe amndou. Pentru a v
reaminti structura celorlalte aspecte, revedei unitatea mai sus-amintit.
Aspectul perfect/Perfective Aspect se construiete cu ajutorul auxiliarului to have*,
conjugat la timpul cerut, urmat de Past Participle (V-III/ V-ed) al verbului de conjugat. La forma
negativ se adaug negaia not dup auxiliar, n timp ce forma interogativ se obine prin aducerea
auxiliarului n poziie iniial (Have/ Had/ Will,shall you.....?)
Present Perfect Simple/ Perfect compus
I have just met him./ Tomai l-am ntlnit.
I havent seen him this week/ Nu l-am vzut sptmna aceasta.vs I didnt see him last week. (Past
Tense Simple)
Have you seen her lately?/ Ai vzut-o n ultima vreme?
Uses:
* aciune dintr-un trecut recent care are adesea consecine n prezent;
* aciune dintr-un trecut neprecizat sau vag, spre deosebire de Past Tense Simple al crui
moment este de obicei specificat;
* aciune dintr-o perioad neterminat, spre deosebire de Past Tense Simple exprimnd o
aciune dintr-o perioad ncheiat;
Time expressions:
just/ tocmai, lately/ n ultima vreme, recently, yet/ nc (n propoziii negative), still/ nc (n
propoziii afirmative), already/ deja, before/ nainte, today, this......, ever/ vreodat (prezent cu
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By next February they will have been living here for 5 years./ Anul viitor, n februarie se vor
mplini 5 ani de cnd locuiesc aici./ Vor fi locuind aici de 5 ani... .
Vocabulary:
Colours/ Colors Am. English
* red/rou
* orange/portocaliu
* yellow/ galben
* pink/ roz
* blue/ albastru
* green/ verde
* lime/ verde-glbui
* brown/maro
* olive/ oliv
* white/ alb
* khaki/ kaki
* black/ negru
* purple/ purpuriu
* grey/ gri
* cream/crem
* beige/ bej
* turquoise/ turcoaz
Not: Pentru delimitarea nuanelor deschis/ nchis ale unei culori folosim adjectivel light/dark,
urmate de culoarea respectiv.
e.g.: light blue/ albastru deschis vs dark blue/ albastru nchis, numit i navy blue/ bleumarin.
Exercises:
1. Translate into English:
L-ai vzut recent?
Da, l-am vzut sptmna trecut. Conducea o main roie.
Nu mai vzuse pn atunci o main roz.
O s vopseti peretele acela portocaliu deschis pn s ajung eu acas.
Scrie de 5 minute ntr-o agend verde.
Angajaii tocmai au primit noi uniforme: albastru nchis, pentru efii de departamente, i portocalii,
pentru mecanici.
2. Name your favourite three colours and three colours you dont like. Give a reason for
your choice.
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REVISION
I. Give the forms (Present Tense Simple and Continuous, Past Tense Simple and Continuous,
Future Tense Simple and Continuous) of the following verbs: to go (irregular) and to play (regular)
II. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the verbs given:
1. Where you after you had left university? (to go)
2. I pork because this meat too fat and disagrees with me. (to eat-neg., to be)
3. He in a conference, in 1991, when he his wife to be. (to participate, to meet)
4. Michael .. at a refinery as an engineer and he really ..his job. (to work, to like)
5. They .. football yesterday, but, because it .. right now, they . again
tomorrow. (to play, to rain, to play)
III. Match sentences A G to the constructions 1 7:
A. I am working for a new project these days.
B.
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UNIT 10
NOUN. SUBSTANTIVUL
Substantivul este partea de vorbire care denumete fiine, lucruri, fenomene ale naturii,
concepte, stri sufleteti. n limba englez, substantivul are urmtoarele categorii gramaticale:
numr/ number, gen/ gender, caz/ case.
Sufixe specifice:
-er/-or:
-ism:
-ist:
-ment:
-tion:
Number
Din punct de vedere al numrului, substantivele limbii engleze se mpart n dou mari categorii:
numrabile/countable i nenumrabile/uncountable.
Countable nouns:
a. cu plural regulat: book books, wife wives, girl girls, church churches etc.;
Not: Dup cum s-a vzut i n unitile anterioare, substantivele cu plural regulat adaug
terminaiile -s/-es la forma de singular. n aceast categorie intr i substantive precum knife-knives
(ho-hoi) n care se remarc alternana consonantic f/v.
b. cu plural neregulat:
Substantive cu plural neregulat:/Irregular plural:
child/copil children/copii
man/brbat men
woman/femeie women
goose/gsc geese
tooth/dinte teeth
foot/picior -feet
mouse/oarece mice
titmouse/piigoi titmice
louse/pduche lice
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Gender
Animate:
a. mobile: au forme distincte de masculin i feminin.
a.1 marcate lexical (cu forme total diferite)
cook/coco hen/gin
boy girl
drake/roi duck/ra
dog/cine bitch/cea
a.2 marcate morfologic, prin terminaii ataate formelor de masculin sau feminin.
m + -ess: actor actress, duke duchess, lion lioness
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Case
1. Nominative: The student studies at Petroleum Gas University of Ploieti.
2. Accusative: I have just seen the student.
3. Genitive: s Genitive: The students marks are really good.
of Genitive: The colour of the new car is brighter than the old one.
4. Dative: The professor explained the new lesson to/for his students.
5. Vocative: Hey, students, come here!
Not: Substantivele n cazul vocativ nu ndeplinesc nicio funcie sintactic, fiind separate de restul
comunicrii prin virgul sau semnul exclamrii.
Exercises:
1. Put the verb in brackets into the correct Present Tense form:
The scissors ..in the drawer/sertar. (to be)
This ..the news. (to be)
His wages ..very hight. (to be)
I think your glasses..on the table. (to lie/a sta)
The scale ..a housewife in the kitchen. (to help)
Electronics .a very interesting subject. (to be)
2. Give the feminine correspondents of the following nouns:
son, husband, nephew, uncle, king, lord, cock, stag/cerb, Tom-cat/ motan, brother, monk/ clugr.
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UNIT 11
PRONOUN. PRONUMELE
Pronumele este partea de vorbire care poate ine locul unui substantiv, motiv pentru care
este considerat n unele lucrri subclas a acestuia.
1-st person
sg.
pl.
I
we
Me/pe us/pe
mine,
Vocative
2-nd person
3-rd person
sg.
pl.
singular
plural
you
you
he/el, she/ea they/ei, ele
you/pe you/pe him/pe el, them/ pe ei,
m,mie nou
-
lui
You!
vou
You!
ea, ei
-
lor
-
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Pronumele reflexiv/ Reflexive Pronoun ine locul obiectului gramatical care face i
suport aciunea. Se poate traduce prin pronume reflexiv (m/ m-, te, se/s-/i/ i, ne, v/v-) sau prin
pronumele de ntrire (nsmi, nsi, nsi, etc.)
myself, yourself, himself, herself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
e.g.: She injured herself while ironing./ S-a rnit n timp ce clca.
Alte tipuri:/Others:
* negative: nobody/ nimeni, noone/ nimeni, nothing/ nimic;
* reciprocal: each other/ unul pe altul, one another/ unul pe cellalt;
Exercises:
1. Insert the missing possessives:
This doesnt look like notebook; it must be .
He has lost .. pencil; perhaps you can lend him .
We have taken .. breakfast. Has she taken ?
John came to see me yesterday. .father and were coleagues.
Tell them not to forget ..tickets.
2. Translate into English:
Acestea sunt surorile mele vitrege, iar acela mi este cumnat.
Eu nu am rude bogate pe care s le rog s m ajute.
Nu m-am ntlnit cu nimeni ieri, dar astzi toat lumea m-a felicitat pentru proiectul meu.
Aceia sunt verii mei, nepoii mamei i strnepoii bunicii.
A cui este aceast proprietate?
3. Choose the right pronoun:
We are stronger than they/them at chess.
Help my/me carry her/she, she/hers has just fainted.
Let we/us all go for a walk except him/his; him/he is tired.
Their/theirs jobs are better paid than us/ours.
Why are you/your crying?
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UNIT 12
NUMERAL/ NUMERALUL
Numeralul este partea de vorbire, substitut al substantivului, care exprim numrul sau
ordinea prin numrare a obiectelor. Exist lucrri care consider numeralul subclas a
substantivului. Aceast parte de vorbire poate fi divizat n dou mari categorii: numerale cardinale
i numerale ordinale.
Numerale cardinale/Cardinal Numerals
Not: n documente sunt indicate formulele de mai sus, n care numele lunii este scris n litere
pentru a evita confuziile provocate de sistemele diferite de notare a datei n engleza britanic (zi,
lun, an) i n varianta sa american (lun, zi, an).
Sunt admise i forme scurte cum ar fi 4.05.2010 sau 4/05/2010, dar acestea redau n Br.E.
ziua de 4 mai 2010, n timp ce n Am.E. se citesc ca 5 aprilie 2010.
Exprimarea orei se realizeaz cu ajutorul prepoziiilor past/ i, respectiv to/ fr, utilizate dup
minute i naintea orei.
14 i 10 minute/ ten minutes past two p.m
14 fr 10 minute/ ten minutes to two p.m
Ora fix se exprim cu ajutorul adjectivului sharp adugat dup or.
5 fix/ five a.m. sharp
Quarter/ sfert (de or), half/ jumtate (de or) se pot folosi cu prepoziiile past i to:
16 i 15 minute/ a quarter past four p.m. sau four, fifteen
16 i jumtate/ half past four p.m sau four thirty
Exercises:
1. Notai n litere urmtoarele numerale: 24, 15, 65, 79, 83, 100, 105, 573, 2435, 1 434 500;
2. Notai urmtoarele date: 1 Mai 2006, 21 august 1978, 4 aprilie 1600, 23 septembrie 1999
i propria dat de natere.
3. Scriei echivalentele ordinale ale numeralelor cardinale date: 11, 24, 31, 62, 173, 555.
4. Notai pe cifre numrul dumneavoastr de telefon, fix i mobil, ca i cum le-ai dicta
unui interlocutor telefonic.
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