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    14 vizualizări610 pagini

    Gramatica Limbii Engleze PDF

    Încărcat de

    Daniel Antohi

    Drepturi de autor:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Descărcați ca PDF, TXT sau citiți online pe Scribd
    Indicator pentru conținut neadecvat
    din 610

    ALICE L.

    BADESCU

    GRAMATICA
    LIMBII E,NGLEZE

    i6fiGil---oe"fnur{
    I
    I

    . I

    surtt'or

    lr:lrt

    t'tt'ot-^

    '

    nhil'l
    /t\

    u/
    EDITURA 9TIINTIFIc.I. $I ENcIcLoPEDIci
    BUCURE$TI,1984

    c Dv I ti T c |lTREc r'r'1'roF
    "The tettitoty of En|lisll teachin{ hd,slonE beensamethingof a baxlefield,.
    Anon; tl,r mdnu i!:ut" na,ob.inp toryht oL'ti' thot b.t,\".n trts"fit||\e and
    d?s..tplire Flrir udes 1o ,r.age.'r
    Cu acestecurinte incepeutn d,inte numeroateleanclrcteefecluatein altima
    treme asupra limbii englezeactudle in Anglia.
    Prima. atitudine,aceea,,prscriptil'n",esteautori.tail, natmotird.,ingrddird
    ile numeroasereguli, stibuind, tncd tn idealuriLegamaticii ld,tineale secolnla;
    al XVIIIlea, $i aparlinind azi unc; i.naifili erwl,{teti rctragrade;(.ead,ea
    doud, tttitudinea ,,descr'ip1irn".etle modernd,evoluaLi, dirumici, VIE.
    Limba ln1ti popor eroluedtii fovtE tupid ti &ntrudictariu dacd.na este
    cantolatd. In Anglia nn a edstat niciodatd o Aeademieasendndtoarc celor
    d.epe cantinent,"The Royal Aca.lemf" fiind fonddtd in 1f68 d,ercpeLeGearye
    !11III-lea &l At|glici caclusir p.trtu lncurujareaartelorpldsticcprin infiinlerca
    unei scali de,:L6enti (rearca un.i exla:ilii anuale cu lucrdrile (ilitlilar |lestitieni in oiatd.
    Incurajarea scriitoritor filrrdsese,d,in!rctinri stribcchi,tn seamusueeranilor
    a
    catcgaritau in juruL ( rlii. reg(rleri arlulaa "lhej,|rp^Irons". Lituba
    nobiLilor
    Si
    d,'st^td o d^,n:t. t;n,t,. F,od.r,'l,;rn,t :i sstlplnunpl, ,tp -r(ipgs l:nettsl,'
    rat|Qa,,r's I:n4tsl"..inJ 'to ,o.ut2.o ,jun* sd tnan'rp. lintp tl" s".otc.
    ,,limba e Ek;d, indusirt reguliLeE naticd.lenrecte abliga.tarii".
    Od,atdinsd cu descoperirea
    Nd,iotel.egruf
    ici.ti a tcleriziunii ti eu ftspindiree
    culturii in moseprin intenled,iulacestarsubiteti.prestiliaascmassmediA.bah.nlo,
    putctii s-a tn(lindt sprc an nou nume coresii a|linrleosd nai a noile et'enimente,$i nstfelEnglc.a IIodeLa fast nnnitd "BBC Englisll''. FoI e curindinsd,
    faplul cd ]a BBC rorbeau,in direrft d.ialectecnglezc,ptsoane renite d,in lo(tte
    coLlwile lumii. LimbaengLetdd.lfu.atil la BBC d tncetatde a mai p ea fi consideratd .,madelulunic" ti s-a dd.optdttermenul de "SlandaftI EULish" pentru
    saianta li )Lii en1lezesocatildca rodel. llcest nume lare sd aibi n1o.inrulle
    se preteazdIa conslrut:lii earelat reda nusnle
    Sanse.lc suprarieluirc, deaarece
    muhiple. atitfaartesubtile.citFi faarte utiLe.Asttcl.,gtumatir& poatefi dascripli\A
    snrrp rfr cri tt irar. l/on,?nla, ra r.ccivcd pronunciation f,4.P.r, un tomcn paate
    ft stard.rd sou subslandard.a(cptal0le,accepled.archaicsaa la re,l.uraccepled. rlnrcfe rhle. pfe{eraLlesd l,rtfcnd, |bdcscert. obsolele,anl,iquuted. sut,errnrualed.suterseded.old-fashioned,
    outwoln sduj "it r{!1es
    js
    out
    il
    cf
    daic";rlc.
    nd
    i,firilum.
    ["1'oulhcr]4.
    Lx inrcputul tedului 0l Xx-lea. Dani.L Jon.:.\1.\.. hoflssol. Erncritus
    in Phonoticsil tha Ufivorsity ol London, r.s; incqte s.ria dNfanrirci,"i dic
    lionare toneticeenlle.etti carc arcau si reroLulione.estudiul littlbii cngleze.
    tlntih s .1 dlia. \:i,7i Ililliogalia.
    p 6!6.
    :' lll.tl
    L' -{nglii,, lronul lilrii po{i-a rveni ailt lr.trl,a!')or. .ii li J, mrilor. ln orilinea sur(trIBC,
    a bl"lia1 ia r unic lni r ndt udiiuz i' Dii hita n n 'e :
    'D t i s h B r i d c a s t t l S
    . /?d,pler "Iour coat dalfs ron ili{rhin cl..l" \au simpl,: "Io(. .oor ./trr.s". ctr o
    n' brrl" n..drr,l",Ir"+
    . \ Liilr ,
    l.i.,ri
    J.r"^1",.
    din ili
    lFr p |, r - , - - . lo
    o i nr a Pr o.mo osr)

    iic

    |i-.\r tt,!)\|rh.
    _. ln p{ala winului sdutii.dionatlitrctrctn,:te:.tr,ti nin
    trr3nounc;ngDirt;onnr\-'. dtdo ti !.ri!: ..,1;doi :;rid.dar (n n a,r int .lia
    pranuntiel ori tl,e4 ldbi lare pronuntic csrtt:ntt si carc isre
    de a fa.ce
    -refltnnarcstui d.itlianar estc
    gtqlfi. ,\capul
    d...Linrel.ltra. dt trai prc.l] pa..ii:t, ,to
    unlio tipid. i ieb.inletil in mol ol;snuii in t:anq)rtali,(te dtr. n nnntir
    considerali.L
    de persadtrescoltvi:.at.dm swt t \n!ti!.i.''l
    "Thc booL it n rcca l of t\:rt nat ol thrcr;ts at rcBanat rrli!"n.B
    to
    ot t rt uDt i. r',od o to Ip. : , 1. 1, 4, r apv a- .
    ,.. tt..rt tt, ,,..,
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    nurt:d t;on .L
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    ,r
    al t.. I.L,
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    Aryuhthl ddoptat in trnns.icre. fonatt:d tr ftrst $i este (d

    .t t*olid.liei

    Il L ,
    /1 r.a , . . . \ . , ii- r ^,
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    t.
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    a?casti o&zie s.a canttato,t ii tinbt en:].:n nu tja. te ftl!,t, a sinlurd.
    limlri, ci clt c:t:isttru .Lottn cario,ntt:: tintba s,:riia larr a li,sr ;r
    n,: $ritte
    nt\glish) ti.li.mbu nrbitd (spoli{\r English). lriat dtit.bne nnt;.h .nklti
    t.a fun|i
    .t..l
    t. D rc .l
    $ t .n u: aJ . : t t ' 4jind t s .;rt,..t
    p o stL t lic t . s . alt f ir n l rc l rl i
    1 t1 natit.:
    a) ior m al s pe e ,h (s ti l L 'fa
    c u m ro n i os, trn\;i ):
    t
    1)) rrn ,ni \I,i1iIg (stiLul ftrnnl s(:tis). ; di:ir
    sri/'.1 t1\reic?. ,/irilllj
    le:at. juid,ic t-i. !t.t::tires.:
    c ) inl. r r r nal s a ' r c o l l 0 q u j rl s p e rh (s ti l rl infornat
    t\)' tr\i ti 3 (nrti 1);
    ^-,tu
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    t.
    ' ,..t.i ,r.:,: _
    d,ela puncnl $), ad,iirrsin.t aitftl u stil in ptuN. .lL]i rrunatit:icnl uu iiitrorlus
    tn .o .r n , 0t |, ot : r td t4 ..p a ;l i ta tp
    ,,,,1 s ,' :.., , t,.' .," : ptn" at!! !,t. L.,o.tdt
    u tst, I r ar ed) .
    Se atrage at.elid. citilotikr c|L,irl lnnl)a u!\e.d. eduraterl ir?^vraliDriic(tiri
    za i . c ult . iar uned u c a te d :re i c i l a l j z .1 t.
    (,i l n{j xl i on :
    i .c u tr. Ii rri i ful tri i :
    s,colarrz:rfe.ifvntnturii. culiur.l: 1dr cdurrlie
    lln Lniha. ntl nn) - r\Ntlrpr!
    (go!d rd bad): "Ar io nnl1nefs. hc hls rorre"r a erlu{ra. a (.rette (un copit) :
    I l , l s ul: c dur ali o
    ,rtu r' -i ' . -i ,,' .,rr: L
    ,,,1' t.nrt:tu uf:
    ' " ,.,,
    I
    l a ln - , , . nt r pn r..J :t:l a . tt i n !ru ,4 tn tt,4 ,t..

    Saftina pe cat. rni d.n &tntnat.o a furt r/iof.i - ;t m.rmmoth lrlsti


    cuilt
    spur,n:l"'t: ^t:1d rrt^t..
    t:r,.o d. ,";n."n.,tLt r..u,,tri oL
    r.n *.ln.
    \\/a..,dd
    u: p.t. a tt..pott "
    1r rrt,. l.rtlp. fit,. .,.tqrur.. tn
    I Prrrr',!ia d in s , L, l, a \ nqlei x los lil. is i, n
    !n l e l . d e o t d e i e t . . ', . 1 . a . . i , i . i h r r l
    si o rll. [ ia] . r . ' Fljr r r c { f r a r Nt , it il d e s . r d e r e r t r ! u l i r . F i t i r t i t f d ! t r
    S rlfrfarr.n lr!
    .i | ., t
    O,' o- . -n .
    .' \,
    ,r"! !r , r r,rh_
    ,
    ,l t:,:,.
    "..
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    r:lf;nc t bs ln
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    iL{ 401. n \ g b ! \ 1 i t j i l . I"I a t r ; ! i t a j t \ . ( 'h t t
    t.rk.us. itlll
    .t... .afc ldmrNfri'' rp dra.ii Lri.hxti d,r si,at .nttczi si ille Dersonatjtiti
    ina(rmtLr. uhirr sir._rlnLi..\..sh r.oli ii ufivr$ii:-Lli ;lnt h liiRti si asi..1zi.c,i turut r"oi,
    r.!rtl lir.er

    or r iilof . |, r \ uiplia ljir . s r lo r d c l . r l n , . f *. a ! . i r g e n i r u . s i i l


    -slll , Ll
    . stil .ula^ ial : stll .nfart..ris n . in
    r.onvqsrtiilor oliiNriif.
    tamilir|e
    !..)pfr.
    . .
    knU oqti.a l sp t.h/. jrL f of t r as t . l
    iot r \ f r s it ir t f s ir ! f i s o r i l . i i t . {t c L r ) f o r d d t c .
    .

    CUIi'NT CATU

    CEITOR

    ulrfotrnelat t& 4 efa.anstd,efat nqral. dtical fu inccputltLa.est.lti.seeol (inloI uir t a notni aLi.ruluit tt (rcu.sti aul 1a p r onu tclc p eNnnale; \\ho i . loc (1,e
    \\h.)m ;
    i hf t's ne lcnlrtr it i! l. locul prcpo.ili ei d ltt n \ eth si u inaintea cwittLt lui ta
    N.rc se refeft (rvlo is it for? I|'herc ure 11oucani g holl!l) etc.. ctt., ctt:.)este
    nnsiderat core(l acum. (Yczi fipitalele @rcs?un.ito\lc /d Indiee.)
    t! inrclis. tot (e(a G tste &ctlm eore(tgranntlcd .rtl conrldl4t sloppy.
    Gaanad,updsinplifftdre, darinla le u tittiga lintp. t:it.mai mu.Utimp. a a(lusti
    ertindered.lor telor Nntruse. a fispunsuiior tnanatilabirc. a snnctelorinjtrnit
    IalLIe.
    S-a a(eptat un aLLoiteriu: ditttlt l me.selt)r(fi the man in lhe slreet,
    sintboluLt:rtd!?nnului ( tlc: obitnuit). Chiar t-i d. la &tcilrele niwftiture,
    ptolctotii ro aiscLtrcla.tiLintbaj surprinzdtor. bc (? intedbd un nai\'. -Nu
    ttiu !ruflaticii ? - Pentu m stLtdcnlii sainu i. Itutr.e tirept 'old,faegies"( :bd,
    H?nt!/ Seeel, lta t&ri(i!1 u|, toia ]u sfiltlt L te.alulai pftcetlent (in
    Ne\! Fl!rglislL
    Crammar. Logical ard Hisroriral 1392 si 1696), anticlptnd
    s rile d,cfatt utuale: " t he rul(s af |rumtu dt lolie no tal ue cftept Le state,n.nts
    of ftl(:I: whateaeris in gen al us. in tl languafe is lor th&t et! ftdsan granl
    tati@llt eotrc(t."
    Litnba s. sthb hn r atittl r.lpiditat(. intit striitorii dniltr '50.'60 au deja
    un it inte.h . Pcnffn strti.ini insai. e&re sint in matea lor tnajoritate cititari.
    inslt,'i. )a lintiir n!]..e tu uiutarul unti grdmatici tadilional.e llr? ncapirct
    nu:csdrai
    , ?entru a li se tontla o ha.i solitli si numai rLupdaeet:aei.i si.nr putetl
    {Ia s&nla. in pradid, da *hi.n xirile prctctie sdlt liitoare di limb& en!le.d..
    7u ,\,o;;n nr\tyt.. : . j, , . p"' n, , i. , i

    t on P a t ! . r . 1 l d

    ,1,tb^tp rl"sfe

    neri-

    ',,.
    tclegtwnali.ti.ilui Otto Jftl'5dz i/r "The Fis!enri.rls.l E!glish Gramln ,', 1938,
    ture r?d,e!r.1nt.1tie&
    en!\e.d: "as sotncthingLiti.ry antl derclopingund,er.onlinaal
    $omcthini
    that ls founrlcnon the past anrt pr$aris rhc $'atJfor the
    flwluaions.
    futnrc, sonethiw that is not eleags rcnsistentar perf.ct. bur ,lallessing anl,
    pe.fettible in onc pord,, hunlan."

    ( L 1'i,\ t. l), 1tt.TE


    Crunatiut rl.e[aln tii-ica luuare con.:eputiipe Ld.e tat].ilianat..
    ,Si t tratale apnfu ddt taatulJroblet )tt de Erumaticd,p;t ,iulu st dc(nn
    pa fnontenp.legrunaticalc st.Lifice liniii engtie;i deci trtai
    ?ulin (t:t:csib;Le
    (Llriarul\t nmain.
    f..t t ot;: o tu!, u. t,.,. tu,trti tr !orotiat ,, a tr tnyt,:d s; t,c
    bozr,tnr "odui,.fu,Llt, ., .tat,.rt.. "n.: tn..t
    u. ttr.t,tt ,.x"r,.tt"iu;,i
    ranate de o&menL.J)e Irtt. u s.t urnldti t&ntfarna|&. etaluliu tinl)ii si uanld.
    S a urmdrit.sd se dd,apuc tenninataSi.li
    ya !.tlcatti t:it ijdi brit:i ;i. cit n;ai
    aptapiatd.dc f.nanenul s1ud,;at.rcnsi,t;;i it ,:d sint t)|.'Ltc etenlenredeosebhc
    tald de gtatnatica lLmbii tot drr,. (:unitt Ii: genvt;rut. ri.itorut lulti t. t!e&t,
    i,,olut o
    '[.,t l0 n J ',,,',t.1t,:.,'u p,r[. ..tot,1,.,.4] t,t.,t,.
    l4 rt" 4 !t,lot i: t \ ir t $1un : n . . . - t . . p t . . , . : . . .
    a.., n,t,paptp.
    - t u, . dt . t df
    pn\ttlp ".J,rt,
    tir - : . t s d
    ; ' , , ' t lot - . .
    t t . . t n . , I 'i , . , n r , , t . , . . . . ', I , t p
    lt t
    I.n tDtnn It1 t t t n dl s lt l. .

    t'entru .a .agrc tnta srutli.rul nt&terirlultli. s ao i tradls. ptin un?le


    emnplitirairi ti notc d,e sulJal, tit mai, trnthc d.jte ttesprccitttLtu ti driti.a.lid,
    englptd ti despn sTecifitul abi,ceirrilor Lrad,ili)nateenlte:rtti.
    Latted.are pdragrafe nu tcNn&tud,ct& inujt tul pind. lo stitlitut ti. p{dra
    tt s. lutea /.r.e triniteri de la o prubio n Ia altd. ti !.ntru a se ei.ra reperdrite.
    id.tdt.. i ot i un, i", t,,,,;, i" ,"r,r'.,., ,t.,tr..rtt'tt[0.
    Lrt
    .
    'hrs,t'tt
    L-t .. o\tltt |n.tt , ; i, qut
    s l po4t d
    psl, d n .n , tut.. t t t t t . 1; 1 I \ [
    nn.

    dL la tnrcpur ftnt lu iirttt.


    .
    '1" L

    + tt ,ntelo\pnit.
    ,rn
    n t o r t t r 'p .

    I t't )o dp [ o, ; .
    ],. a .t'..t',..,, L.t.... p. a ,Jnft;,t,
    .,..,!; o 0t laat . , . ^o"o,
    .,1. t. rn,iInc"
    t . pt r t lr t at p . t o' . 4t .. t

    lt.n
    un,,ffi
    t t Toretrei

    ,t lp.luln;i.n
    . pnlpi,
    d,e

    Sperin M wrca tlepLisn.le cLitrc(utoalcj (u tlsitL;Leasi d.drui& specifice


    nu t.LLun..L tarsnte, sd [ie sprc instruiru. intercsul ,\i s.lisfaclia ci.titorutui

    E ;)TT{ i R A

    TABLA DE }IATORII
    Cuvlnt cAtr citito!
    Cuvlnt lnainto .,...

    5
    8

    IIORTOLOGIA
    .

    Sul6tantivut.. . .. .. . .. - .. . ..,. .

    t:t

    Adiectiwl

    Numeralu1
    ....................

    r..

    hepotiiia.

    9l
    ,2t
    !,67
    229
    247
    457
    489
    5lt
    520

    snn{xl
    8i;u*a prcpozlli"i.. . . . . .

    524
    5?3

    Sintara tlazei.

    BIBLIOGRAFIA
    INDICE

    626
    629

    MO RFOLOGIA
    lrroRPHoLocY)

    SUBSTI.NTIVUi
    l

    {.

    CONSIDDRAT]I G!]NEIIALE
    1

    tI,

    CLASIFICARE\ ;SUBSTANTIVELOR
    SubstMtfo oomue 9i suhtstrtiYo Foprii . -

    srbstantive comune

    8 b s h a c 1 e . ..... .
    SdDstMtiYo eoncroto ti s u b 3 t8 n i l l e
    Substannve

    Nun iab ilitok| . . .


    Substantiee numtdbite

    19
    7g
    19
    19
    19
    t0
    20
    20
    20
    2Q
    20
    20

    t8
    29

    tt
    2t

    30
    31
    t2
    33
    3i
    38
    39

    ?1

    40

    6t
    62
    63

    26
    t6
    26
    2tj
    21
    27
    21
    3'
    33
    33

    87

    36

    90
    91
    92
    DerxrtTlrrrr 93
    95

    37
    !7
    37
    37
    37

    '

    C ar ac t er is t ic i. .-.
    . -..... .
    Calcgorii dc sulstaniive numcrall
    Substuntioe nenrmetubite

    Car ac t er is t ic i,.-.. .. .
    Categorii de substartive nc ! , m Pr ibil. , . . . . .
    Numcle spotu.ilor
    Nrmele de materii sau de mase
    Nnme dc mai.edi sau de nase
    iul .. - . .
    rabile ln
    Produselenaturare
    .
    A nim t r lele. . . ......
    Plantele comesiibile. . . .
    Numelc de mase :ibslraole..
    Nune de masealshacte nenunerabile
    Catcgoriide srbsianlive (hnel).
    TII, GENUL SUBSTANT]Y]ILOR.
    D eliniliel. . . . . . ..... ..
    Gnurile ln sranlatic{ englczi.

    4t
    L2

    49
    llasculin ti leninnt . .
    Genul,subsiantivelo..are n ic{ naliomlitatea sau lrovenienla regionala
    G enulc om un. .,..
    Exprcsid Sranaticaldd enxlui .
    {\.. NU]IiNUL SUtsSTANT]VIJ].Oit
    Col3lilorstll gon$8|e..
    Ptu..lul Bulrsti irctor '

    i
    lli,;, " ,i-.,ji,,;"0',1 ,;.ror"...''i!ifl,ll"{i'i
    i";;'i;" rd s,rEUrdr,
    -2. +h..h-rsnrur'L
    .;;,;;;':i;

    -s. -i.

    ti
    Ii
    ti

    b17
    It8
    918
    10
    t2
    13
    t4
    15
    t8
    t9
    20
    t1
    22
    2X
    24

    ...

    cono.ete

    Sulstantive abstractel.
    Sulst&ntFo ttrdiYiduslc si slD$iMti{o colcctlve ..
    Srlstantive iniliYiduale .
    sulstantive coleotive
    Nume dc naterii ti de mise conc.e
    Sobltcntilo rumer8bile li ncnumerrbilo

    p.9:
    t7
    t7

    : -::::=

    2X
    '3
    :r4
    ,5
    25
    26

    t4
    Lryq
    snbstantivetc.ninate la singularIn 't sau'le
    in'q. . . .. .
    terminate
    Subslantile
    Snbstantilcterminateln -th .. . . ..
    rrex

    P lu. dl6

    ::
    ::

    al.

    iiJi,i. i, ,";*i rormr", 'i.t!ru"rpr"'p ,'iva


    l i ; i n l rllisu b slin ti Ylecolectile..-...
    :i n ru r "

    ' dr ' . t lu" dl .

    ri,iiii,iir'ir*"i'd.r,"
    Plumle strline

    D o u l f or m " d" t n. r al u

    ' 'nr
    aii*it
    rnt"res
    ri'l^ i,ji,i:i' '" J";,i1 rormr,-ir-ar.cu
    ," ." ,
    ,,.,,,1 ." r.
    L ,o .i ! lu. d" ,

    ..
    ,1"r",
    i'i" '.. "t'"'par
    li J ' ro rb i " P' u l '
    Pl u i , r l llor

    v.

    CAZLL SUTISTANTMLOR
    co ..;o 4- . , i, :, , no. , "
    L Ll,J.f J ,'rt ,a nti\".

    liomiistiru l

    ......,._ ..

    D . riri1 jc....

    ,,

    '

    .
    ,

    ill
    ltl
    i;l
    :

    r":..
    r\d..

    .
    .

    : :::::

    ,,.,,
    . .. , . . . . . . . . . , , , . . . . . , , . .

    {u cl i i . . . . . \ominatirnl \ooaur'
    Ge n l t ' nl . . .

    "

    .... .................

    ...
    .
    Fu n 4 i j
    rra d tr c pr e. . . . . . .
    . ,.
    l o rma l , . - . . . . .
    Cenitirul eran {t. ca.ut Pofsie .

    rormi...............

    :.
    "
    "

    '

    ;;;
    ;l;
    j :' .
    ::t

    . .

    .:

    ,....

    :'1
    i:
    i;
    re
    60
    60

    ii

    189

    6?

    l ;j

    !;

    198

    6lt

    l#

    3B

    ;i ;

    64

    ;13 3l
    i ti
    :ti t

    !28

    ,'

    {j5
    66
    66

    :: .'.'',' 331 33

    .......-..-........

    . ...
    Irefinil,,e

    il
    i3

    ::;

    14
    2i a
    !80

    Drl i rd

    i0

    ,' :osri l r

    "

    Deii n i .1.j.c. . . . . . .

    ;;

    :11"
    Ii o

    iiJ"] o'i.i;l; i I in," s .r" 'insu1- e "\p".r:'P .


    .:
    i' li"i"r ,i,ri,i,', i'"llr rr" "r'r 'd onarir:
    "a 'au Pto!n-n'a fg'onari
    .. .
    Fj'"ii"i a.."-i"it- d.i animare
    substaniile)or.conlnse .- .
    .
    numelo. })roprn. . .... .
    . ur n. r lt " t o"
    . ..
    u i erc
    tr.ti
    ...
    ..
    .. r..tnnm elo.dc "l ,te

    ly:
    l. li

    ;;;

    l:9

    Pl L rJ" r lin f r r r c lP dp r' 1 r'

    9luralul
    I'luralnl
    tl Jra l u l
    Pl u mhl

    33
    ie
    .10

    ';:,
    113
    :j;

    l s rl i l p ri l

    ,;?
    ;;i
    ;;;

    12
    '0
    i2

    283
    !85
    300
    307
    3n8

    i3
    )' 3
    1t
    ia

    il:

    l';

    'i

    15

    srrBsTAN:cl!'IJI,.SUMAR

    _.L 4a
    VI.

    .C.LTE CHESTIUNI

    REFERITOARE

    LA SUBSTANTIV

    ......

    944
    345
    347

    Substantiwl adjeotivat
    Chdinea. r r v inte l o . . - .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. ..:.
    Func$ile substantiftlui
    VII, FORMAREA SUBSTANTIVELOR
    Ds de& . r . . . . . . . ......
    Alixatia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
    P ief k . . . . . . . . .......
    S uf i: . . . . . . . .. .. .. ..
    Dpr iv dF a r e8r , 8 i e 6...
    . ..
    . . . . . . . . .....
    R E duc er ea
    Atternanl lonetice
    Ab r ev ier ea. . . . . . ... ..
    SclimDew cslogorlei 8flm3uodo. . . . . . . .
    CoDpur c r m . . . . .
    Sui6tertive tele$opate

    .......

    ...

    .....

    357
    359
    360
    36t
    368
    373
    a?4
    482
    383
    384
    399
    40t

    7A
    7A
    19
    19
    80
    80
    80
    80
    a2
    a4
    84
    85
    86
    88
    89

    S U B S T A N TIVUL
    (TIIE NOUNi

    0ENnBALE
    I. CONSID$n-{TII
    p s l " p a r" H d " \ orbi r-" rrp doru' l 1F:' o[' i trl al ' '
    Dc linilic . Su b ' l s n l i ru l
    P ' in . obiF cl a ' s ^ i n re l .g . p o p l a n e r" rIIi ' J1. fi i nl P l " pl anl cl " l u" rur' r'
    e\rcrFnl o pp pl cn' rr rpor:
    tn .u: ir il. . . " li" ni l a ..l ' ri l a n ^ l i u n i l p . -h s ' a l i i l ' Fl '
    i d ml
    rdl
    rP ' l r" '
    h
    '
    l
    A,
    ' ,o s .l
    i
    6l '
    I" a'

    II. CLASIFICARE,\ S1]BSTA]['I\\-EL OR,


    CON{UNE$I SUBSTANTIVEPROPI\II
    A. SLTBS'IANTI\iE
    1) SubstantiTelecomulle (a a t,' tL c ' n \,,, t
    ,obiectelor' de acelali fel:
    dos
    b i .d

    tn !'
    llolFr

    / -er!' . l i i ndi . r-d 1' r' rrr^r

    sr

    s3
    s4
    $t

    I oP l e
    Inmrl y

    ptoprii (Prop'I AodnrJ num-s' un. obi.cl( Jeosbin- $ 6


    2, Subsraoti\cLc
    dul de loale cFlelalte,obiectc'din acceo:icategorrF.Subslsalrveleproprrr
    (oumrrr.seogralr'e
    sp s.riu .u ioitiald maju."uldr 9i denumesnfiintp locuri
    csrp enl
    aqlrp
    adjP.li\e).
    $r.gal,a\rr
    (substanliva
    nalionalil6!i
    ii
    in rcnere),
    gen
    fFmrnrnll
    (toldeduna
    dc
    ur,icalp'. urassre, laifun" elc.
    sliiDliticp.arlisli e el'.. anumilPlrlulalun ercdrlrp'
    istoric", operilrter"r".
    'prole.ionalFsi culluraie. lnlrpprjcd'ri m;r' i dF labrirarrc Pr'
    onorifi.c,
    lunile anuiui qi zilele sipi5mlnii etc :
    c ur
    J c r i"
    lno ao n
    iii-ii

    T 11
    n L c h a F s l B.n N P \i s
    th p I L D i . ' i " L
    n^nub"
    :j l erpt
    T l r;l 8 i n
    Ro{1nia
    Romanian Eulole
    ^-inar
    l'lie W{ oi lhe Roses
    B.itish Aeroslace Airdali Group

    V ot d' !
    4p.l ' 1.
    5pn' n l dtron'
    Rolls Roxce

    O bs . r oalLi:
    p rn p ri i a u d c \" ' i l s ubsrsnl i rc romunF si ca al p sc
    t J nele
    " ub. l a n l i !F
    sr r iu r : r inir ir li m n u s c u l d ' F F r , t l F d i s l i ' g' dF nrrmel " propri i r" sn" l rte:
    d) obip. l. n u m j te d u p a Io c u l tl e o rrgi nc:
    cl : \11_Jof nF nl
    n' rml e
    o b pdt r nl u a/ ;l d p n .L d n : l l to p ri u : r S !' d
    "
    '.
    u nu' \ m hr . r , ' r dt J d a l i p l r,i fl i n /rl r. J .I L o n Jl ' . A ncIT
    ,t,, a l: nor ieln n <
    l C l ri n a
    .," ii" , . t . i" . d. ,i " c o ri rr' / ' o i n I' l ' n u r ' l n ,:r
    r' ro cul l gF' i l i | d oi r ai l J ri 4 n\;n l e i .l u
    l , Er" n
    ;;.; , ,
    '
    l
    "
    '
    .
    ,
    "
    "
    t)imint sccuddl din .\nglia)
    r' ' -5'
    1r" .1'
    L^i, , u"
    rro n " ;i ,u " 1 .s L ' s l r' l i i b p s" fl ' r ^r i rri ;
    tu, t t , , ' lh t ur ' t' ' d rJ ' " . 5 P ,n t
    ni ni l
    ni J r' a
    ^r t , at ih. n -a n .:' o " .
    'i
    ' '
    ' i ' r' l
    71 ," rl ,1 \y ttrJ .
    ' ..' r. J p " .r. i nl -l p .Ji ub...ar" rv.on n
    " ! ln , ! : r rrru l _ s P ,l d u J " ' ' ra
    nr '
    LJr" I rrol ' rr' ri
    . ] \ s d c o o .rrd.i o n rm ' l r g l a ' th ' n t
    too\
    p6o,' i ,i .J'
    n . e ic i c : " \ i: j, , " ; ,- s i " ;- i i :..-. L i , . ,-. t,,t.r.t;tai
    - . i s/.
    !ric r il, d' lJ ' dp d e rj \a re rb u l r,a ,n /.rr:P
    nnmele trnor unsaDc de pc coastr Caiiiofri'i
    '--;lli'i..-et'"..

    s7

    /:.il'tr, 1: olundilr < Holl|ild 1: Oiurda\


    i . - jer s . ul< J er s e r i i i u u l i l i n c rn rl n l l h ,e l i !l
    -/.f!,y
    ,,,r,.., ( - m ar oc hinl< Il o o c .o l - \Ia .o l ,r
    rn ,tt nnn L- .lift\ lcatit.nal). soia. .rd,ipe.l < OLlonnx rt r.o, d,iije,rtr ai rc.hiul[i
    o rr./s i: prntoli de sport. rxLlii:tnrii < O\lod iorai lnivesillf di,, .\dliil)
    :r,/,r ( : r n' de X eps r < Xe re si l o ' ra l i i a n ,i rtSD ,tn ia)
    ,,r ,1..7..i ud I.'l de rfirlesil luri-.si hfrl < Ulsref iprorhiiD id nofddl l.l,rLd.ili
    ,/ obiec t o um i l .c d u p i i v e ta to ri i . d e scopcri tori i . fabl j canl i i , i nspi r8681
    o l n o tsf u1m l-r n dLr e,,rr r,.1 rrrc l i i < rl ,o rd l n fo fg h xml i m de sl .all ,.i i .ani c,
    i \utbrntJ l- Ln I.l !1. sloli inpfimcabilil sfu . hanji din a.csi !rat!ri{l) <' rtE
    Rubory
    irrdelf lal'ricdnLulLril
    r r ': i p l l
    l
    pl,.l
    r'
    l, ' i
    Io
    ''d
    . 1d! - ,
    lL r qi , l' -"'
    r 'r u
    i.
    il
    .
    , "t d'
    l " \ 'n r n 't
    ,1
    bi
    "
    ' nd, I
    r't
    l
    lln'
    l r i J o " ,"l t " l p
    "
    ' 1.
    :
    '
    r
    d'
    ,
    .
    '
    ,
    .'
    ,.
    - tI
    u f.r ' i. r I
    I.b
    t lof . . . . ", r
    f,\., i
    ' . r' J
    ,
    d I n r'.
    J o r 'r L
    l .'''r
    ' ; o1r ,
    I l..lrd Ro@ (: atrtoinolll.lr.toneli
    thvf.
    lfica a..idrrtall < Lltl
    in1:.i
    0e1l
    '
    -:.-,
    ., 1,., , I , r , - \ "t - \ l,
    l
    .umli.r.
    os,
    P ', n
    , lr o
    pr: n l" ." ,
    'u +
    ,,n aj. . .,. l: un l ilii sl ai, r r c l: l. . laic nnt r r l dt i . \ r nden r r ' d c C i n c m a l o a f d f i er l i r r : j u l'h . i
    .rir . \ ( t ! ! oul.
    in iulor i. , i. t i. c r , , . ) < O r i r
    i L 'i e r , i e l i . i L . L Q !
    !.cdiu !.n trd
    irmP rn ,rn de Arir ii l
    i. , s e. I ] { i
    e tuni! t).rtl..d ,os
    d.
    1p.:lrlinle al SU\.
    r l ( ir io"t r iell. < lh. ot or e i R o . r e r l l l l
    i.rirt nr.n , \li:jl. r f lr
    1.rl
    d. r jr c ij
    \r.
    l\old
    . , 4'
    I 'r ', r .
    ' ' ---J
    . ' rllr mtr l( lo r-n{lLr l" oli
    -l
    \ l . " i r r 'r d , r : ) r
    ,
    ,ln' lr
    L' r ' ", ' \ ''
    t l
    ' " "
    1" 1",' 1 ". r' l.' 1. i
    l , l: ". ' q- ' i- l"
    l
    I r ' j.
    ., r,l1 1: tr! voll) < lllNs a\ d. ol Volla lf iz i. id ilal i a n , 1 r 1 ; - l 8 l t )
    a qdu t:in
    wrtll < ( J aniNi \ v at t { inginc r ii inlc D t a l o r s c o t i r n , 1 i 3 6 - l 8 1 9 i ;
    ' ,.

    ;,ll
    ., illt r Lrlf,j 'r,
    I

    c, lucrui fi teNoane iumite dupn creaiori de opere de arfi Bau dupd


    personajedin istorie, legendi. literal,urn. artn etc.:
    o a:desa. / un l1.in, ln di.il,a!,ori
    a Gdin:booush l- trn lal,lotr d. fiainsb.roLLghrl
    n /udas (:xn
    trlLdr'tor d'r lrtteni)
    th. tiadn\s
    o/ iird,..
    l: nia.ii linaiciaril
    a .th!ll.cl2 l-r^
    riimnril rdnilo,
    a r-eLtt I, n stliuic a z.ilci Ycnusi o ien,fii. caccplional d-A irumoasrl:
    It wft a -r-dDls../r ol lio nloodhonnds .lnd .r lerlc..

    s8

    B, SUBST.\\TT\TECONCRETE$I SIJBSTAI.iTIVI'
    ABSTR{CTD

    ss

    1) Sut,staDtiyele
    cl|, rete (Cant:rett,VolnsJ numesc .obieote'{ mdteriale (persoane.
    aninal'.. plante, lucnrri, fenomene evenimentedin realitotea inconjuritoareetc.) de a ciror er.istenlnne putem da seamaprin sim-

    t J-l4na-. (kritl,atouqr. o.lebN


    lltll-!7331
    lrorl.rtisi si pclsagisi enqlez
    ' ' .//
    r ok.-p F.
    ' d
    ll. d \ idi
    ,r, .r .'
    t...,.
    i
    r ". , , |. . :
    .
    ,
    t
    .
    t
    ,
    .
    .
    ,
    '
    r..
    T 1 .,d,...
    ..
    .t,{
    t.
    t...
    r vP/i
    5r l
    . I tt,un rt
    ds l. , r { &r l $t c t it lul r i z e r r l t
    h crgieza Ldianicd
    l\l:) il' iil:

    l0

    2) Sulstantircleahsbaotef,{6slrdrt rvod r/ nunesc acliuDj,stdri. sim- S 10


    lnsu;iri, relalii etc-rconsiderateca no.iiuni:
    ldmintej senza_tii.
    l.iour
    rcst

    hcalth

    N otd
    Unele substantiv absl,racte au si scisu
    6chimbat:

    con$ete, uneori cu in!e14

    4
    r lr
    ' ur . o/ il
    'l
    . li. , i
    - i, . r ' , , u b r n ', i
    d- li. ' ! l- . br r r .. l )
    I
    a' ", . !
    Ii
    1- . , . r i, r ' d61.
    dr n ar ' aL. lt "l )
    .
    I
    J "r ' P
    1
    ld, . / o"
    r . on, r ,
    nr l: ni' , b, .
    ,
    I
    )
    ,,,.",",""
    '

    $ 1l

    'u , . , '

    I : .ro,,,"t. ri,,, *r

    " i "v

    r _ .h i r " l r; (.,1 .,ra,,)


    , i n ,j In " .t..,r .on. I
    1
    "t

    C. SUBST.{NTIIEINDIVIDUALE$I SL;I]STAN'TIVE
    COLECTIVE

    S 1'

    Substantivelecomune,atit concreteclt si absi,racle,pot fi:


    un singurobiect: S f3
    1) indiridule flndiridadl Norrns)cindla singularnumesc

    .--" {i}i'j {ffl,.

    J .t,pr
    I to $n

    J lilr
    t odk

    J sl oon
    I l ],]' t

    ,{r'jntx:s,r
    "0",*.,a:
    {;'.:'#* {l;i:" {l*r {R'i'""

    2) coleetire (CollectieeNouns), cind la singxlar numesc o pluralitate de


    ,obiecte' identice sau similare, privite ca un tot unitar:

    ---k {i:?J

    I auiien,er I ili(hl,
    1 p ro l c L a ri a1t sdl arv

    g 14

    r ltock
    1 te,m

    .u"'",.,"
    {$i",i:#-{ iir:Bill:
    {ffi;ii#"'{ilit:itil:
    86)

    {Veziii 5
    3) nume de materii li do mase conorete (Namcs of llatter dnd. Concrete S 15
    ,MarsJ qi nume do maso obstra0te (Ntlnca of Abstact,Udssr, clnd numesc
    mateda, substanla sau mesa unui robiect.':
    I col otr
    I mill
    I dir(
    rcv-a I sold
    1\\inI m"ir
    1 sour
    1 tubb.
    | . o. t . ,
    I k noil, dee
    I t,l-\L:on
    | ;n.ell:L nr,l
    t '.",,,.,
    'e'Im'" 1ir'iroiojrh\ 1mur, "-",1',""
    Obseraa!ii
    a) Unle nume de n&terii de$mncazis,;obie.ite corleclionate din mate
    S l$
    riile respeclive5:
    t D.oss1: al,iDnrie.aliirnril isurnanli\' colecli\'l
    (: d;1Druri,
    otJic.t.dc alami, alAol,'{nii,,strurtrrrtp
    ,nL,zirale
    dc alrr,-rr
    D/a-.sds
    l rzdic,rd: a u. lit or nl lla nn oor , f r r . et . . r .
    prbL,l
    gi,g,,:
    ' s , s 1 . c nsLnl
    i 'L (1. p,'Lsari.
    esrldril,'i {1. alniarf. ploal. (t. gl.a41:.
    3 rtrrrl.V,
    (!on.r.il guoi; (abnrac| l]|{(i'ri. uosLji. iidicnri. rroNfBui
    1. '\ ': '
    a4
    l. - "
    np tl:a"tu".
    t r r oa.
    tof riii. liri
    l
    '6 Trrd
    ., "il"r r r i\ ' n, r '
    I r ''. ': . r '
    r 't l /
    r . i ', :
    nglezeDli resleclire.

    20

    A lt

    " ' , . 1, 1" 0, , o J n t: I p r" r' I


    rrP p n nt:I r1-h" ' 8 l echi ,
    :i i ;",
    " , ' rti m" { d n tri l
    o ,r.;\ 1: bani m a ru
    rro J dnr| ol
    d e m' .ri p : " r
    ' i \)l
    ,i
    " ri
    d rl d- ( : t n ! r na., o o e rL n n l )
    r/o :* s L: r , anuei os l i n z i , o l h ' l a ri l
    ifur l: lcrl
    aL i;n (: rtr\ li.r de celcal)
    ;n trons (: in lanlu )
    (vezi ii S 30)
    precun
    6i Denumirile pro{:luselor naturale, prelucraie sau nu'

    ;i ale

    sini dsimiiate,din puncr'de vedersraea alinLent',


    iri'"l"i.i"te
    ",'l-ri"r""natical, cr.rnumele de matem:
    / PI ) i
    \ ' 1, "
    b lFr ' o' '
    /. /:r'
    lnr
    'o 1'
    .LiLk. LtrLtt/r. .h"r'sts,
    , l (lr1 Lh rn, dn ,k, go05e!t nr k er . por llr J , er r '

    ruu-. r'ip" \uod'o'k r'


    .(' \irl"ru"
    Ii". ".ln,on

    i, ,.' : '-r.-.'r'tJ,i
    .dp.'oi.
    ,.u"

    s 18

    Il. SUtsSTAr'Tl\'ll NUIIERABILII $I SUBSTANTIIII NE\UNIllrtABlLE


    NUItI]riABILITATII

    51e

    tCOUXTABII,ITY)

    ln qran,atlr" moJ"rna,ir .ritFrr - .irp stau ld bazdimpdrlirii subslaoloJrtp^urrr


    .i'"lor r"r' rr.gor iiJeexpusemai su . ' a.ddaug"t ur' ' rrlprru,nou
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    SUBST,UIIIIX NU IjRABTLE (dbrca lNl)

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    2) Crtegorii ilo substantivo numerabile' qi


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    2) Categorii
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    r or 54 l J n
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    'l i l i 'g

    $25

    s2 6
    s2 7
    s2 8

    r 'h \

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    Acestea nu au dectt forma de silrgular fi se conslruiesccu singularul


    llo's $ 2 9
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    1 -- biurura (narerie)

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    p1. ,.'cs: \'iie perlN;j in abaiof
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    ar

    P"nrrirob'"r'.tii g;n"r.l" - '" r'dca $ 158

    162 $39

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    nune de nateri c [\N ]
    nume de animale [N]
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    (odgine laxonI)

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    ' p i r,l
    -.t.
    rJ
    r"
    rom;' ;.sp
    dr"
    r:rrbr
    rr
    n u m o ro rs p , z u ri l p
    l l utal dl
    sp " ' ' . , a" ' ' " , " . i" i
    rrn rrndu
    pe
    a
    n
    p
    l
    a
    ;
    ."
    "
    4
    i
    l
    dFrt'
    '
    Fa/;
    g
    u
    l
    o
    r
    i
    n
    l
    i
    mb
    .
    ,
    r
    r
    .
    .i
    '
    ,l 're r r aJ ' r .
    '/
    'r
    .;tor nea\.iznt. Pntiu a so da numai citel'a r'mple:
    inslltc
    - abuse
    a.Li 4
    s fa tl ri
    alaceri
    - butrncs
    aplauze
    -- aPPtdure
    ' .'mran1|
    musaiiri
    ( o\'

    i.

    ,ltl P

    01.b-

    ""

    no", ^- 1,
    - infotmd ti'nl
    - intaUilenu
    k:dge of
    -k'ot

    t - , , r , ": r ii
    iniormatii
    inloF,alii se*ctc
    .unoitint'" despfc
    stire friri
    ljeacuri. litust'r
    rrogrcle

    - Ptust"s
    bbih
    --sLalPitl
    ldughter, Iit.

    crmli(ri'"uri
    .hele

    Pluralc cn irr c-templclede lrai jos, intilnitlr lrcrent in traduceri, slnt


    inad.rnisibilc:
    ,r,s'r, ir1,rii,{tion.. kno\rle{lg.s p.o3'ess'r. lLome\rorks.slollingJ,

    {b,s.s. adripi. ittl

    eic

    I}

    Nume de mase abstxlcte ucnumenbilc intr-ut contc]lt li ntr eralrilein altul

    tNl

    tN \l
    nr."r,dily :

    sg.tL Pl

    nbsd.dil.rl!

    pl.

    r" o l r' r.l ttl t to ti !tr .au i l i tmdti F


    a b .!rd dI 1,oi rcr. i ndi \l n' ,111
    d ,.aur1J: o fruntr'scte (.oncrctl

    pl.

    .omld ,, : tu r dr , t ie . . r nl, ni. .


    5 0rie tdtP {a |\t . dulli n, us ar r r L
    I hear r:ou h{d .ampan! yc.'

    Rodrnian PeasantFotner olten arr

    l;

    : f/i'.J o comranie, o so.ictate


    com,rcialil (con..cL. 0ole.l.iv\

    !l

    : on.nt e (cotelnill (concrei);


    a miscrau! 2i..1 .l humdnnY: o
    bialir eparl unian'i
    d.d fun;,t,ir : Etiinl,lcumanisiice

    r PentN subsiantrvele abst.aclc. irditidtalc

    : vezi S t 1t.

    .ole, iisc

    lczi

    ! 10, l:1, 14

    S 3E

    tli

    iNl

    t NN ]

    d
    {sctlr -r1rn
    i . o'rdio
    nofe1.indiridr.ll
    tlrrv i neF racro.

    Mdi, il,, lclrrilir'. lflf ionr.l


    lh(e
    lt M, bt.nd'rtst lI ntlb

    rl lttl

    rr) th.
    Tutn on (aff, io(n.
    HarP ,j.n sot the t'1ktt tlP.s

    (:

    ir r ' i. dL
    Ll{
    r .,, . sl.rll L. r r
    /1 ". t uaF lat lie h' t "
    srr.(fd r /
    rt
    t -dp' i: l' . in J n' lli
    ' 'n ,\,
    tta
    .,ri r , r, J n' / , 9' N' f l . n|! l
    ,in rrn.'r = n 'rrn I lo, r r f l r r r pr c i' r I F
    labr ' 1z l11l
    t].t,i!ion li\it ? ' t ' I li: ! il
    r j isi .'h \tr., L;l
    ll l'ut t rn ktP"t ra, tt ('!
    ,'/ h ! 1- \ I n' t iniPht
    Jl,n ll l.
    L)itllal s.. ln' tenni.snuchot tPt'rEL'n

    catl e.i

    aroorn-o

    hon.rt. i ndi vnl ual l

    {;
    r.ieoisn,r fs.rlr : apdr.1 (1" TV i!on"ei,

    ili,'ll{'ll

    ru'
    ,r" reresion,onisiir?

    o,i (oll. do$r, ull

    il,,r"ii*: "

    1"

    ,r

    lel.luion

    indiri
    I niilri(on'rPt,

    ,arrl6- tnrli

    lpl

    CateBorii do iubstarttilc

    !39
    ,-

    PI9!'l..n.,frl.

    ' n.
    ,iole.t'!e nuN
    'ndiridu.ne

    alrslr'actE

    indiridrale .ol.cii!e

    I
    l\l

    t\\l

    .-....1\\l

    s .10

    tII.

    {iB\UL

    SUBSTrt\TIYriLOR

    l\TRODl-j(lliRE

    s 41

    l, DpIi'li!io.

    ',u"'-'l-

    c4i

    lG nJ rl ir' :r"

    r"' t,"

    ,''

    p":li'l

    j1";:i'Ll'
    il\i','lii "1.""'"'
    : "'",1
    l; :li;,ll::;'l;::ll.'.i'-ii,i
    grflmrtica englezd' Gramaticn eiglezit aro patru gc.urr:
    2) {icnu le in
    niascutin, ferninin, romu!L qr rtelrtru

    .':l:ji,l:i
    .i:i,i:,-:". ';;,i ,r'.1,n
    ,'^::.:':
    ,.,,"i...:;'1"1,,:'';;,
    i:. *;,i:.'"":

    r;l
    i'l'"li:':r :iir,:l/.
    ij ,;'j;:,;ilt';"litJ",.";::
    ';l;iJ;1,, I :, -; ll',;i^",t:""*'i"l
    " j'11''"'';'
    ,;i.;j"i'i,,,;l
    ""
    dprr,l

    r-l'.

    ' - tI

    lt

    d n :lr h to t

    a/ Substantiyelr de len masculin ( llasculir,r: Gnner) numelc fiinle de


    r.rla.
    lrfro

    ,/

    Substnntiv.le ilp !4
    Ntrcss
    h. r o' n.

    gi

    Iandlord

    fcminin (frni

    in. GPNler) nume"*ctiinte de

    c l, ild
    puPr i

    f l-rii.

    s!.'xg

    $ 45

    t ! ac ! ! ef
    I upil

    Srlrttdrti!.lc de:tn n tru ()tut$


    '.1./
    . , I pc l"
    jo,r flinrp .'l
    ?t or
    ' "\
    book

    $ J1

    Ia.

    laDdhdr"

    ,:1e!.n (onun (Catnnon Gender) au o singuri for n


    ../
    -<ubllnntirle
    trrrrlrtr nnbtlo serie:
    ..nsii
    triPd'!

    S 43

    &ntlcr ) numescohiecLeninsu

    "pF. ir r . ol
    lr de

    .s 46

    oti r,r inl"rFj"a71l

    lrr lirolr eneGzd[oderniLsenul Eramaticalestcrdlulal. cu alie cuvinte $ 47


    ,,r unFlP
    et r.trp.ru I. t.,rlir-" li: tlor1n!61-,.,trgorii l,;ulo-i,p dupJ .p\
    or.p1ii care. tccn.i prir {balrea lor de la regulii. atrag ateniia asupra prezelrt;i uni interprctnri sdrtilo. scmnificati!. in intenria vo.biton ui (ceea
    re elrcl.rii r., r,., ur.ra\,. t. \,p. pru,FlFU :'at: 'le obi.,; ,iLitotului
    l" ls o r.clrli obilnuitn
    np.,\i/J. '.,tr rl r un i'l"r', J .rn,pld .\"1,i"

    0'""it;snl

    *'ill

    ",t*t

    se e{p,imnprin nijloacel,ri.dl saulranaticale.

    s4 8

    FJ\PRESI.{ GE\ULUI
    A. tr\PRgSL\ LNIIC,ILA.{ GENULII
    ,\rcsl capitol Inprinzind titluri de politele, profesionale. ororilice. nobi
    ! 49
    Ii'|- .,u di.tir.i|l a,"rdrt" p"r',,r rFrir. .t.'p;i ,11c. in 'en.r. supu'P
    unor u/.r,le i r-!Lli J. "rlolr3li- lrnro ol.rp.p-.rfl'..rlrlur,r d \or rplFrl
    rru cdluril. r'"nrioi,e . i,i i trP:i ur ii '' r;ilurr:i Pdirori.onla { .l U"
    '"
    .implili'At.
    7r roela indi'51rrle0minli'e
    .l'i"r.
    r-'p,.
    cl ii
    ;-".'
    - "'l l"
    ',u
    l" o b" "rtc
    '
    '
    ii i. .. rc"o,i,r".l" . r'inilor:a l.
    'pli - -rn
    "'n""r",Ji
    side .
    ln co trast cu limba romnnd. u de cele nlai
    1l llasoulill si fomirlin.
    multe'subsl,antn'; au lonne diferite pcnlru a marcn dcosebifea de gen. tn
    limba rElezd majoriiatea substantivelor au o singuli formi atit pentrr.r
    g"n rl r'..i"ulir'. . il :i ppnltu ,.1 h-init ? u rpndinls,jlr^'o I i!Fl'r" in ld\odi"a t"rrn.l"r d" me. ulin, prphrulF."lor le ,inine Toluir. rr ' zul LrnuiI'un r
    reiat;\' ;c de substan|ivi, Iemininul se dcosebe;tde nasculin p n:
    a, uo sulil adiugat la lorma de nasculin ru sau liri altl modilicare
    l) intrebunrlarea a doui cuvinte diferite;
    .t .onlnon"i"o cu un cuvint care indicn serul;
    d, aite'nodali$fi de a se indica genul (gramaticale,prir contert etc)'
    L Prin ,,hnba erglezi nrodcmiL"se inlcltge linla enlrlzade la anul 1500pitri azr'
    :
    genrlui .onnm.
    -\pa.iiD dcLi

    $ 50
    $ 61

    &) Ge aL marc&tPrin s lirc:


    .Safirul -ess:
    mascuLin
    fcni'nin
    albas

    atb.,
    a.lol
    adlenl!r..
    imt' d sa '1..
    i' rlhor
    t)aro'
    bpnpi{rt.r
    r,nd!.tn r
    t,oml,
    d. rt r
    .luke
    t ml t?r
    Pn.har tf,r
    Iound..
    siart
    god
    leir

    rrr

    lannd er./
    lion
    nrLlagt.
    J nrarquB ,

    arl\ent r r r Ar
    Jmb 6s ar t $'
    L rut nor es r - ,
    laronas
    b 'rieiat Ps s - ,
    d oc l( o) r Ar "
    duchas
    rmlr'?er

    masculin

    femtnt'n
    - misi.ess
    - malotes

    msl4r
    m,'trn'
    millionaif.
    ncgr
    ldtron
    ! o. t
    ldcst
    prince
    prior
    Droolet
    irciriet""
    i'.oi""t-

    litroin's
    - lorrPis.-lrtewAs
    - Prtn@ss
    -- Proptrcrdss
    -lropriekess*
    -Protrcclr6's'
    shelhdills
    son8stess

    - gtallesr
    -g oo u4s

    sheptreFl
    sonAster

    - l*"':'

    steNard

    -sllward.ss
    ticresr

    lioD"s
    nunagerdss

    .i.-"r
    waiier

    - tFeount"-;
    - rart.css

    m"r.hioness

    ivar(lfr

    -sddrtrs

    - Nlarin(r
    srltan
    Jo,'
    - dond
    It l hrr sfdi ol F.: dornn, l a rnrnal
    srgroru
    sirno/
    rliuui itrlicne)
    ncro
    P anl
    -P aul l ue
    undergrndue/. (glur!rJl

    li.tiii:'*-,[]"l,lll;iHm:.
    -undergriiod4,e,'

    Doui substantrve au mascun ul fofmal' de ]a fcminin:


    fhi.le)

    bride

    sroo

    $'doir

    widowa

    b) Gennl in(licdr prin cuei e diferite:

    S 52

    lasculirr

    1 dai,r -

    l sn,ql e rl j l l

    i":;iil[;:: #,1:.,l]'t..::l;'
    liTi:ill'irli :1,l:liii:i.lii',,"'iardloa.',a 'e"ilu'jc'e

    '"'j'i.r,l',:;:l',J,ll"H'J:'!r!lr
    f?,tiltjt-::,:l",l,,1li,t
    ijjllllll...,ii;',jlf;l.jJ",i,lillilli

    4 n qlc zc at lc l r J a S!9 ,ro l a s u b s o l' ' l ) 1 o rn ' a d !

    r'.j;':"r'-",'.;'i'i'l:j1,,,1"1";:i::::"i;
    1",'t,,
    L"
    "
    rnP
    t
    ",.l;;':;
    lorrn nLav
    arrL'!I.
    a t r - d t , , , r o, / i4- J ni
    J,

    ..rt|.,nr,.,rr,/,ro.r..

    sa,,.a\,.a,in'1
    :""::1"1xT'J
    i'li' ;.Ji,i;1111i;il'"'.ril"l"ii-"
    tns'mnara o'isine
    '"il"L-

    i- ".rlut*ij-

    "lotu'iroare*

    x9

    Iria.. I

    Iinga
    lad

    llrs

    \liss. lI$ 5, l\ladad{e)

    Lord + nune Proprn,3


    Stu+ nune !.o!ril3

    Lady + rume Poprn,s


    Dame + nume Proprnrs

    i:t.ll".ll l ?:,l;l'i;#. iliil' j",;".;l


    ;"i;,# J:9,T,,,i""'i"1
    ,,,.,,i';t"0,,,1*L
    o'":::i,Yir:':":"*)T'3iX

    :1i,"nobr,u pnr'"/rl. o,r, . ,-a n,n,,r


    ,n rmh p

    "'

    rrl':l'' s6 3
    )i,",:ii";r;::,iii:,!rrt;:l;jr;i[:iri'Tl'u.{'i'"";r
    on;i::,'

    ;i;2";}:^-i,::'
    i:[1";i";)':;,1.'Lii,;':;";:::.
    ",,,","u,qi#;o;;:"t;
    'd'J;i.iiil"'{i;is'l"l:r"). ,, .",is"n'u'j 0brd\ia" , Lur.d"
    '',r.
    do

    l.ebuieuimd '"ln |o'd ;ad n' ' ' 1"J nnI m "! t oPt i' ' ^m i5un. nd. ' ' | l ] , r
    soLialA in l"|io ar1 a\o .bi| or U|' |' ' I n. onlr 4' ' ' U||m ba. om . na

    "in,

    ry L":r

    ''iill"'i.i.,i"l
    "il"l;;"iili'"g;"9::'1,"1".";i"':
    :x,l;I'^x.:
    '1 li,'i"b"l,?;'Lli
    i[';ii3":j-I'?{iI;,il:l'iTiTi'i:':"""f;""i.ri"3,,,'i;;iii"';'llli
    "
    er".
    M,'. Choi^i,
    -"

    ; CriA-;i;t;,","

    ' - ' ' , " ! :';") :;"

    prorrrii. accstesubstaniivaLriniliale majlscule: Pdpd, Mnnmd'

    ol'"i,i.l';"""",.,i

    ",i d.oori, " , p , r' r, / d , r' n s o , i, b n d n , n r

    ::f';: ",:,i# ;n';


    :'i;t::',
    r:i:!ii"
    *t-[i"1{"',
    ";:'t
    "'r"r:'
    ,)l;?;,':.i.'-1ii;,1?,i'ii
    ';:i"j:1"'#,1'1,,
    lll:iF':i.f;:,?;"
    lij#i"Tl,l,1l;"i;"

    ".;r^:,i"ils6 4
    - b:t:y:rrit;.;,',*.,,;i, ;;,r1,]"r
    ,l?t,*[l'1"ili,
    i.""11,S
    bF ilU md'.inn ,'1p dp ldm 1|ip( naiobi' n' ||nn: |d! nr |' ' |' n' .
    indicet r e aDa rd.|n |im|ld|. ] ' 1lioda|i, ns J d.(nLn"pd.
    |J m ' |t s n n 9 . . j p
    ir O li\ i"'
    l. t/dy
    . So l i i l u
    Olr' rkr. ma i d -s 5;" Lo upt u", n' . iodr lr
    im
    ee
    r
    ( ' r 5 d u r r l n 'r F "
    I edv dlivie !. L dlu $ rp or "liiJ r ' ld p
    7n ;4i" , . \ ' . / i li Lo' d 1 1t jn
    urui raror,r
    "o u

    ro14,ntoodla

    +#',ij:it;ii;.ii",
    ]':.';*ik"'r"
    il;#dfli'["flflH,i
    r::i:"",'ri,.r
    deordlc cu o .h.I

    to td, ' o[ t h' B' it t h Lr pi

    ) \ n r "t m a r l n 'r ] r a d

    30

    $56

    Gen comun

    Mdsculin

    I illJ

    {5 6

    .) G.nut m.,rc.lt pri.ntr)tn cdfint cdfe Lnd;cd se$ul


    FcmLnin
    rnd.groorr
    bo)'' ls a u n'anl run

    gifl siud.ni
    shopgirl

    r;;,.
    iil;i;;i,;{.1i,
    ;: ",-';*
    :rr,x;1"i:,-ilr-"r
    .,,,l'i'ii'l:

    ii''i#Ii['i'1'i'*
    itiiifri;i"",r
    ," i,';',":i,

    :;
    1',:
    1,
    illt,:;;;;,
    ,11;'1,,;1,',
    ,f

    lin lr\it

    i, 1i; " 0 -

    IrrLFrl.r' r i, i i

    ''l

    ,,:l- ":;: ,'l;


    lr l

    u ,n ,,ir

    3!
    llasc

    lin

    Gen comun

    Fcminin

    rilisleornc/pl )
    shopkce!$l ai rarl
    nsiro.rut. splce i.lrveller
    An i m a l e
    bull calf

    d.c

    buUdog

    Inll biich

    ]re bi.d
    billy-goat

    d.) Alte nodalttdli d,e ind.icarea genalui t(mtunr


    Odat5 cu emancipareafemeilor qi cu lncadrarea lor pe scari lot nrai
    largd ln diferitele sectoareale vietii cononioe ti socialerezeryatepiri relatir
    recent bdrbatilor. nxmeroasenume de profesii. funclii sau demnitdli, precum
    ti mulie substaniile care 6ratd apartenenla ]a o orgflnizalie politicn, sociald,
    sportivE etc.. au inceput, sA fie folosiie !i la fminin. de cele mai multe o
    tntr o formi identicd cu aceeaa masculinului. ali,eori cu anumite modiliciri.
    ca, de pilda, adeugareauDui sufi! sau a unui culint (fcmale, girl,ladE, naiLl.
    aoman) care se indice sexul:
    Aicountant. clerk.d.octor, (bus .)drieer.engiteer.farmer. mechanic,player,
    secretar!,teacher,sritet, authorl paet, lead.er,M.P. (Llenber af Parlianent),
    prime Minister, captain. Lajor, sergean\ comnunist, socialis!, acc. .hantian
    elc. sint denumiri adoptate fltlt de bdrbati, cit !i de femei.
    Ambassadrcss,ltuthores\ atialrh sau arialr?ss. cond)tctress,
    d,octrest,
    ed;tress,inspectorcss,mayorcssjpoctess,girl studefi, girl tgp4t, Iadll cashier,
    laiLA san teoman doctar, Ladg report$, Lady tApist-seffetarA,femaLeeditor,
    female san watnan naaeList,eaman artist. aoman aeiator, wom&n cLerk,
    eoman councillar. wonan ruslonler, waman jodrnalisl, eaman Membcr of
    Parliament, aoman eriter etc. slnt substantive de genul femjnin, dar rar intrbuinlate ln engleza actuali-

    s5 7

    s5 8
    s 61)

    ,2

    5 60

    Pentru desemnareagenutui len1irii Ia numele dc profsii etc., subsian_


    din doud cuvinte scriseseparat..ca ln-paragrafrrl
    tivele de gen feminin com-pus
    precedent, fdrd cratine, sint inlocuite in mod cureni prin substantivele
    de ren ma"tulin corFsDUnrbrosra
    - mri preris spus d" gen .omun taF rdiugar"r cuvint,rlui.Jrc in.li"a epnul hmirin ,^c*la est" adiugsl,
    num&i aiunci cind nu se inlelega din conte\t .; esie vorba dspre o lemere:
    Gemrl teminin indicat prin pronume:
    ir P | : . , - , i
    _ll. ' \ eJ n , ir..S n r

    a D :.t, ' 1 " r -. t


    r--i \' .
    1 ..' -i 1 ,. m\ d' {

    Ctnit gennl feninh

    reies.. din c.)ntext. cneintul carc indicd genul este

    \ \" .i bl

    uP )-

    TlcY wrnted to halo a @oDaDdactar'a gil tllpist, elc


    \ t tt s ;' l [' i P4 J r" \ rJ n j ' "
    I n A nE lja ex i s ti o b i c e i u l c a p ri rn a s c .i sorre tri rni sa de o f" mei c une
    j n prrsnl eze. dupi sFmndtu16.
    I'r'n . , r p n- biunosn u . ." a i b n m ;n l i o n 0

    5- 61

    rurss sau llrr"s,spre e\ernplL: ,.7.G. Patker (Miss)' Ilditar", o practicx foarte
    utila Dcntru FIiiara- -r^;ilnr u cdrp.rrpa 1..punsului,rn "pe iel rn rozurile
    1n "siF 1'n1r.i', re ind,'"rd prinrF,,' .ub.l;nrir J^ "n .run "' d''ol.
    cd.itu, la$!.r, Iibrarian elc.
    2) Gcnul substantiYelorcsrc iBalici nalionalitotea sRu provcnienla regionali. - Substantivele compuse cu termina,tia - man! lorlneazii femininul
    prin adnugareacuvintului wrman sau girl.'
    lll ascnlin
    an Dngiish''a'/4 isatr snt.)
    a D u i c h (,ord' (satr s,rl ./

    Toate clelalte substantive care indici nalionalitatoa sau provenienta


    regionald a unei persoaneau o singur{ forme penhr ambele genufi ,siapa4in
    aladar gcuurur comun:
    lias)0
    Eriton
    Dritisher
    Bulgar

    cantahigians

    Uneori. pntru a se e)tprima in rnod special genul feminin. dacl aceste


    nu reiesedrn contert, se adaugi tromdn sa\rgil 18.adjectivul corespunziiior:
    r P o m i a r l /rronr" san gtrl
    r .l i p a i e s e /@ ,r,i san gtfl l
    I a Spanish faDmaD sau
    1 a T d rk i s h fs,ona, sau

    sif,
    st.l ,

    I G.P.: Cctoat Ptactiti.ner


    I ntrdni care p.aotioil medicina geteralil.
    sin t ac r lpat i c d ld S i0b
    'n\L
    fpliil,
    I Esn,
    lFlp rat ar t ! J lm ent e t u\ r nt ' r lr i I i, r i
    a D,",oDtaz
    : din Der.nsnife.
    r r r , r b; ": o
    i1 t..|in\,.
    "fa a@tr;e;o n - dp la Lan, l, r , t gr
    6 Or.nio r -. d " t j n\ h", 1
    od, r "4. r . 11 t. , L J I

    B:I
    3) Ccnul comu . - liriemple de substantivc de gen cornun:
    , 'l'rll
    etistr,
    artistel
    rilerk
    .odrnunGi.
    .odsh

    , ook
    (Iclist
    orphan
    pcsidcni
    eDemy
    gucst
    pupil
    lcotuler
    render
    .clalivc
    mol.orisl
    ( Vez i f i $ a: - 19. 6ll

    S 62

    lrnjrr
    socialisl,
    slcakr.
    traleller
    lypisl:
    ris'lo.

    Notd
    Unele subslaDlive de gen masoulin sau feminin pot fi intrebuirlate ea
    sJL.lanlived" gcn,nrnun da"5 din .onLe\r .p In'"lFgF,l1r.r ". p rorbr dp
    h-,ini'r. Din r"ar. i
    un -ubqtrntr\ .1"gen, nn,unSi nu dc unul '.lo ulin
    -r,r
    catrgoh fac parte:
    pis
    lor

    duck
    goose, etc,

    B. XXITiXSIA GRAIIATIC-ILi A GXNTIUI

    ss3

    l) E{presia grarnaticali a genului consti din:


    ,./ to.i brli.sl-d ir'l^ ,ri'ii .ubstantivulLi1'rirrp' onurr"l l.-,nr'dl cor"..i drldr. rrds ulrr .du lFt]rnir:
    l, r' -1.r. lr nFr.osrs " :: d

    s$4

    TIrc do.rof Las come. but s/,e is ht..


    is out : , . iii u, hour r so .
    ]Iy.o , it /

    ,) acoldul substantirului cu adjectivul posesiv respectiv sau posibili


    tnlocuirii lui prin pronumele possiv corcspuiziior. la le|Soara a :l a
    t.ti
    :irqular. masculin sau feminin:
    u'$ :r'onr.rtld w.dins ,ts red tie?

    !6;

    c.) acordul cu pronumelerellexiv sau cu pronumelc dc irtiirirc respectiv,


    h persoiinaa 3 a sirgular, masculin sau femrmn:

    s66

    'Uie s/;rel had done l./ iesL lo. thc w.ll Enzetle.
    'fh. @.&cr took hoDN lhc pap.N l,hat $c.D niJ.
    (li!. r.rd.tuf l,hes. notes: Uify re l4-s.
    The.d, is caling oui or that boirl n-"canseit is rts own.

    vpr, u .ou, l , , h: n+ lf | , l i: | - r . I r J is ,d b y . h , o
    .
    ' ' : . r' a.;.0
    hq' . . ".
    b . . , jor ing n, ; 4/ nn
    "p$as
    pmb ';
    a so..o lan 1: l$ionai d. lolrall ntns.Jf and .nplaincd
    Thf led,f./
    the collesc tcam.
    I was lokl the laael had d.signcd l,Lc.osl,rmcs narll.

    2) Crtzuri specitLlc
    ,/ :uh. dnri\Fle baL,J.infort $i .7/ird,,;nJ r'-.J Jrn un,.i rn."1rx:r.i
    .. t.rl n r.-J sr-L dF obi.Fi n-u r". mi al-s ir li'rbr \orbil..:
    t t' , .h brb! .romis
    i i5 ,rJ:r3.
    ts hrnch.
    Calltlul, clitd and sive it'or:
    "lhis liflte c,t4, lad tited ni Dr arms a gaod Irfft ol trs sdrall lilc; oltcn I could
    sel i, io lausli Nlien ttu rnothoi couldn't.
    "x{v mother dandlcd ae and sms,
    'll;w roung i, is, how young'."'

    r dttisl
    a:\ artiste slnt sulstantive de gn comnn, dcci antlele lnlrcbuinlnte {til
    . , " . , mei,"r,,: p.D ru iJ r b. f : o{ ; . ' I o: t J p. I . r gd In l . . t . . u r
    9.. r.t dF..ffrrsf.,
    ' r. ,-, di.,.,o1 ldlFrlal', , . r "m r ahDldl- s , "r , u gusl u l i . . l , '. , , " r , " p a r , . t : i
    . d- . h[ o:
    l' I
    o.,,,pi lo rira. u np ori..r Llp' oi. . . ". ulpo"ir J
    .",.
    ' I . i , ,,,i .r tr.I_. ..d n rpald' . . . d , n"
    . 1 , ". ' F
    o"i" a l
    ', 4 r r o
    ' lor ".
    *, unlsr uLre dr r.!rcz4 t djii o, t , , bl,
    rll
    T\rain. ,1 caiLe.ticut Iont.c ,t tintg Lflhut's L.ttt.
    I \\:.ts. r*cats. Th. Pldy.r
    Qtt.:.t.
    j - Granatis limul engreze

    s6 7

    ir

    34

    insn r.este subsl.antil


    e sirt considcrate
    mascutinesau tcmnrine.
    In funclic
    de serul copiilor r.spectivi:
    ^dseori
    I gar c hly h .r n j l l l : ..n . \6 i rn g rv .
    '1hat d'ild lL{sr'L ral.n /.ts loridgci fu Nill he &,oldrd aglin.

    s 68
    $69

    D_/PronurnLtr: ne;; s/rc indicii in general diferenla de Fex. Une.rri inlo(uieso


    tns d nc ulr ul, r a i n c a z u l p ro n u m e l o r n e h o tdri l e:
    Il ]on aslt a,rrdy iD lhrt sti! t. ne Njll shoiy Iou $h.rc st,etiv.s. rftt. S 114d1
    . J S , 11, . , r ti \p l p .r' .
    a ri m u l c ti n, tu.r, p-.rri . pnc i ci i n.p. rr)
    ' 1 , -rn p -.
    ri nl ' - r p
    . l, s p n p rr" r.a /r' ..l ,r,r,t' rn ' i ,
    r;.n..1i \:' .r-.un,ff' r' :
    ' ,Js" \ul
    Thc rrll hid liurl t/s lis.
    ;\.,//' Nas scnrlnrqout ts r.nrnrthatri coclia doodle,doo.
    Se atrihuic inBir adeseori arestor subsi,antivo gcnul mascutin, indiferent
    ..
    .t
    -t n t /." a J t,fl r' ,r,r. t," ous t. | ,..
    h L Ud ".:u ,t,,...
    on,.ri \..Lr
    ..1'
    Th. r.ii.l. d rhr storl Nas "The Cat lhar I'alks br ]tnn!.tf'.|-

    \\

    lool I i i

    t,

    \ \ i , . , e l 1 i , , i , l i i r ,,""in

    , \ nior iiele. i n s p F c i a l{ i c h d o m e s tj c e .s i nt i nsI desemrare ti pri l ] t)roD ul nc


    d e g. nl c , ) r esp u n z n to rs o ru l u j l o r. rn a i a l cs atul r.i ci nd ti sc n,er;ri t,D rnzd
    n u niele s au c ind i n l ff\,i c o n .q i d c rrn tcd e ordi n ai ecti r:
    Th. ,.d. lrld /r. cnlJs la,l leit l trail.
    ' ilf . ! \ ir . l o o l i h g a i a i c r i n l l ,./ c h i dons.
    'l

    r:

    , ,

    .,

    -,r

    ',r.

    t . l \" .
    I l, ir nii s c ri i n rI d .! l o r !o n i f l i d i $ l rr i s l i e Ii ,l i i g?
    ,c .l rrrl . i.' r, In F" ^:.ra.r ' ,n,
    S . . r if
    "
    , r , t s s t x rJ , u rrl i l r,u ;:
    l a lL
    'r,
    r at l, . . . " l) o ro n tL i n k n /..1 s ,"
    C|i1d. " \ \ . 1 1 . I l i i p i o l l ,i D k r. n o ,i ..s"

    u:1. r' ,l . rr

    Cind ur arinlal ire pl'rsorilicat. pronumclc corcsprnu itor vr li i. sau


    sia. dupS ser. in cazul pirsonificdliloi tn ca"t, nu irtereseazn r:onsirleratiite
    d e s ex . s ubs t a n ri v e l c c a i e d e s e m n e a z n a n;nal e narj sau puterni ce /rri dr.
    .]|?hant. Lion, nnk.g. tigcr, do!, donket|, horse. pig etc.), [i citova in af;r, de
    a|csLea (cdnortl, flu etc.), sint de obicei rnasculine, pe cind ce.lecare desennc{zii
    animale ])iici sau slabe (rlrari.sr. rut, hdre. 'N]:'.]e pisii . tarr"rl erc., ins.cte
    1c,.) sint, feminine. Fa terja hotirnlte lnsii in najoritatea cazuiilor:
    T lic dr nli. " , o N trl l i rfd to l i r n a s te r o l th. trfal cnt rrc had recei * d.
    T lif , n r r e l i rrg l d l i l a .l n r s l a mc .
    ''Ilrt the ,{rr.D sii,Linslonelr otr l|ai rlacid busl,sooke orlr
    Tli.l o,,e wonl, as il l,ts soul n, ih{t ore s.rd /E did ouipdur.,'?

    s7 0
    $?1

    /l -q.ltoperso li(iri. - In stilul poetic sau retorio,un numir mare de


    substantive-- nrrrnede objecieDeanimatesall de abstraclii.consideratein

    m' d nhi. nlr il / ,,h


    i :, p 1 r' ,r/a { n u l
    na:" 4n " a,r /,r?;,;, di n l i -bi
    cn c lr / a \ p, hp , ,tu n " : , rrr.l rrn l i u n i l - rF s p p .ti \p .rnt tor.ori l i " d
    Sint. in genere, masculire substantivele care denumesc: ?ariunile intense
    ,:i acliunile oiolenLc:
    anger ,r ul, l c a r. te rro r,1 o \.. ,l i ro rl . d e s l ai r;.rj mc, rnddc., $ar. ct.:
    Iii|li.g. Jr."r v .l;or;,.i.
    'll.
    z l.:.\. I'or. t he l|at.h.

    denente (ale naturii)j fenancnele naturalc .\i a.specteleaLin naturii imPrestnilnte, pnturnlcc eLc.:
    storo, thund.r. wirdr snn, mounlain. ocenn, river. sfreimi summer, anhrmnj
    *n,tcr, iime. drl, sleet, ileaUr.tl,c grave (- moa.l.cal,etc.:

    !73

    tr !,111113i:
    d{nger, las'. etc.

    ru,r.le dc flnlii, rirri:

    s 7r

    $7

    lr,c Danubc,thc Thanrcs,the Iihirc, cl,

    i.te de mrnti :
    ]ltn

    Neris, the Cheviots, Scai!]l, Skiddas,, cl..;

    Sint fcmininc substantirele care sugereazi o &raLtnittit:ai frmini. d s^n


    ,,r rnracter m|n. bLind,dr ce, a/er,arsr prcrum ti cclc care .ntlicn fertiLitate.L:
    illi'ite sentitnenteei insusiri:
    ', io". r'\o .on. I r' I |o l, n, ,nl |, . .1,.'
    Lrt| Lum'l.tr
    o.l" . .

    mp t.u,.u h

    .Jrh

    . up. , ju5r h.

    . r . . . . . "i . t . ; , . i ,

    ",

    ,,.t,,,

    s7 5
    s? 6

    "...

    r.:(1e triLedluridc cdructer \atire $. consecinlele


    lor:
    urlition, ir.rice, enrX.lolly. j'ialous"1',
    ranilr, !ice, el..i
    lfidc, r\.0ngc. Lr.ason.

    s7 8

    Atftft obiecteL,fenome elefi aspectel.e


    d.in naturil.:
    ' ' "| | ' ' noo n'n '|dI''5 "'.\\o ||d: ' ' |. . p|: ' g'

    rit.r:r

    nume de abstraclii:

    " , . \ er. r\. eto rn ry. er |p"i"r ' . r ^m 4. . nr ' u- .


    p,n" p,.i y, lrulh . vi, o". \ . . n . "ir n. , .

    I b, { ' J .

    n....5i v.

    p' a-.. f."1r\.

    nunlc comune4i proprli terinrial-ad.ministratioe


    (numelede tnri. provincii.
    tiiuturi. localiti,ti etc.);

    s7 9

    s 8{)

    .otrDtry. 1and. fathe and. nor.herland.etc.


    llre SocialjstRepublic ol Rotnania, G.eaLtsrildn. the Soviet Lrnion, !'raice, 4to.
    Scotlind. Delon, Lanci6hire, cte.
    Rooliarest,London, Mosoow,etc.

    O situatieaDarteo uu numclcilc tiri:


    d'-l p ;ite iin punct de vedere'geografic,ace"qtca
    sinl de gen n.xiru:
    Crer r'iratn is an island.th capitalis London.lD 1!61,i, liad51,40t.023
    inhabitants.
    poliiici,
    d'l privitc din punctul de vedere al wielii care le animn
    ermonic{, literari, muzicali etc.
    mai ales inpliclnd Ei lcgrituri rfective,
    nunele de.tnri sint adeseal'e,,tntz:
    71" . S a:.li t n "p tbl( al F nnn: n hd
    r iJ . r b\ ' d"\-,
    / d, . ar,{.- n -5 ;o t o ,lv m oult n: n. : s L?' . l,
    { ' : 11. , .
    Ione $as ihn in the days ot ler 8lory.

    oppl /,.Indp.

    d'"_./in limbaj spo.tir', eohipelecare iau parte lfl o competirie internalionali poarti numele ldrii pe care o reprezinti, nume care, tn gramatici. este
    considerai ca substantiv peffonal colectiv, acordal c\\ thelj, their |i eho:
    nopon:o \n 'l /n,i" lrJ J l $innins lr p D, d: , Cr p.
    t ; ] at Btitr.^ ,'
    .rorp lo $inning hd 4\ \ or ld ChJ n p i o

    r :p .

    d"") numele tlrii este dat, ti sul'eranului ei, in special in literatura mai
    \ ffl)e (vezi Shakespea.e,picseleisto ce, 'King Lear", etc.), precum ;i nurnele
    de regiuni legate de titlurile nobiliare puri,ale de personajelerespectiv:
    .t n
    o, -t . o\.rr-.,
    A '. a .
    ".sl,
    - e- el" ll, nr ' ". , 1 . - r
    "t.o"\toll,
    . r t' .
    .t tttonJ e .. t-iI..
    1." l'.t1,.,. t -'.". i. , . . 11. 1, L, r al
    llt r J
    n , , ' ., \ n.
    l.r' sOnslc"irt"Iilnsl-c{f". dar . a' s r { f Dilif , , lLLiii\ or ilit ir o|j s . j n i r .

    $8r

    86M
    N, r m ^1. ilF /r;/,r" r,/,,/; .i n l to l tp m i n i n p:
    Cambittge ULi'ersitlJ, Ox[ad] (jLire.sitlt, late UaieqsitlJ, .t

    s83
    $ 8r

    Numele dr.l.lrJ" qi ale tti;rlelor


    art, thiloso|hY. scicn.c, el0.

    etc.

    Denurnirile de
    pare a Ii lnzesirat

    noloare, st1niui,
    rrolrlont.

    toI ce

    I o ' o , n o L i v c ,! f f -

    Neutre pentm majoritatea vorbitorilor, denumirile acestor obiecte sint


    ad.spahrnininF.tn spF,isl pcrtrJ p.rsosnclc.ar.l. manipulaz;:i sint ata-are
    srl nd;d{i l. I r \l'ijn nrnnpls
    a-d e". Bi4. dtuk".

    I a \p r. "o r o o. m v . . ' dn | | r 1k , . / . , our " ! " r v d J v .


    qn, t t a r j a , i n t h " n s l " s o D l ] d .
    \{J p.";" .,a t hp t t ot b.
    "h?,
    \1r.r i- h r I nalr ir $i
    . o.
    r , o/oto,t ah"a
    ,"
    t l. r : s r - s o . . s r o n r ?
    I s"j.d lh g, , . : . n. ia. n
    ou. . \ ' ^ nnJ p l .

    !a 'i.1

    Ssr:

    Distinctia intre obiectclemasculineii celefeminine. a5acum a fo:t erpusi


    _
    lr a.acl pLnir. nI ,51. LAdpir,rtr..pp'lat6 ,Jp Loli auror;irtip..rp dintr. ri
    l.\in.t Inu libcr ;msginrlrel.
    ln rezumst, tot ce at'esau pare a avea o personalitate- {io un alinal. o
    plJnl ."u .hi.r u l,i.ru
    ,dr" dpcimnatprln pronumel.ppf"^r"l n.., utin
    '
    ..,r hr.;',in,
    dupr crz. Dir pu rir ,, fiinl4" lip.itn de nersonaLtaie c"oiii
    m i' i. arrimalcle
    si-r dpspmnare
    prin pr,num"l.
    1i ,tiarp"r."in"t"rr,a,ur..
    personalneutnl it. cu iormele corcspunzitoarc ir fi ;rsef, sar disprcluii,orltuit.
    o plur0litaltd" .obi," o.
    . _pJSul'btali\olo oolp.lire. .drp dcsFmnpd?d
    pri\rlF.a Jn rol si .urp ..,or',truip...u
    "ij.;ularLl3.Jot tla gpnul n-Ltru:
    'lhe .feQ nds obeyed nr olliceN.
    The fdnil!/ is praud ol tr membeF.
    The arltr.
    which rns trlt ot ts usurl e,rthusiasm,
    .rlrsscd ii unrcsorcdly(Pe^tn lturnl yezi S tt!)

    IY. NU.}IANL'L SUBSIAI-TIWL OR


    CONSIDERATIIGENERALE
    Substantivclcpot, avea doui numere:singularqi plural.
    1) LInsnbstaniiveste la sirgnlal ( Singula;N n ;be;) arunci cind desem-

    neaza un "qrngur oDreci:


    bool

    _",

    w:rlcli

    )abl

    leaf

    tJru,'i
    pt tat ( PlaratNunbet
    ) atuncicinddesenneazd
    TJ,::?l'r "stera
    loots

    Falcles

    babies

    l.ares

    Nu au plural decltsubstantircIe
    numeiabile.
    1a etu r,lon ?
    aipl n" t An ) .
    n. )
    2(1 . tin o, tBt
    En"t L, lt C; on, nt . \ ' ) , ,\3. New-York. 19ri1.
    r($ -orld
    Jo u liLc to ; auJ , U, / . , , r . I ; r ' ) , t'eing o\rnrd bj dr. FancJ se.jng i/ pvfl
    3 \'e 7i !' 11 2a.

    NUMANUL SUBST^NTI\TELOR

    87

    ln )imba cnglezd,in mult mai mare misuri decit in limba rolnini. nu


    erisi:1intotdeauna un acord intre lorina substantilului si numdrul tui: cuvi te
    cr: iormn de singular pot avea inleles dc plufnl invers, cuvirte cu lorme de
    plural pot avea intelos dc singular.

    S 90

    PI,URALUL SUBSTANTIV]'I,OR
    1) Ileguli gcncra)i. - Pluralul substantivclor sc formeaznaddugindu se
    surdpr.i [z] dupi .Flc
    la
    -s ring,rl ar.\.csr \ sp Irron,,nl.l"J dupi con.oanala
    Eonorprsau rlupAvocalelecre sc i,r{l:
    ch e q ue

    tsl
    tsl
    Is
    tsl

    .|.q ucs

    bead
    chrir
    rir.jle
    nccl

    --heads
    -.hairs
    .iril|s
    hecls

    lzl
    lzl
    lzl
    l,l

    cinola

    cn'enm

    tarcc

    -payees

    - garagcs

    rillagc
    jnds - o

    $ 9l

    lzl
    l21
    tL1

    tri

    2) Substantivetelcrminate in c mut preoedat de litcrclc c' (d)9, s sau z'


    pro,,unlar.rFspari\ l.r. l r.. ldrl. ., vu fzl ptim,. "'H tlural l.,minrlid
    -.s llltr lrlonrLnlofulrzl:
    8das.

    S 89

    S 9S

    -village.s
    - juds . r

    3) Substanl,iveleterni atil la singutar in lii.crete -s' -x' -z' -sh: -ch LtJl $ 93
    primesc ternjnalja -rs la plural:
    bn*r
    claser
    -- Io\.r
    - lillLzes
    lez.zta
    \nizz.s

    fliintr
    iish
    I'cach
    mrtoh
    s.nd\i.|
    pincc{cz

    -.hinl,z.s
    lrshc
    bea(,hA
    .. Datch,s
    -saDdNichesa
    pi!.c+26

    A se observa pluralele plasses(sg. plus) Fi rareori,llJscs Gg. bus) (i'eDit


    din SU,\).
    Obscre&t,ie
    Substantive.letumiDate in -ch pronunlat [k] sau hl6 urmeazn regu)a
    generah erpusi la inccpuLul acestui caprtol:
    , ',',,r' 'r- ri..t'
    r/ah.
    t-t.l
    tkl
    [].1
    ',nufl'i
    i ' n i h l.Ll
    p a r r idnr , L
    h
    l ."
    ,i d r.l ' . ' k .
    aDoch

    - t'd
    t-tl -cloflis

    L-ksl

    loc\?

    " on
    l xl -lochs

    s9 4

    l'.sl

    4) Substantii'ele terminatc in -y lrecedat de co'rsoani lomeazn pluralul


    !n -ics3 astiel:

    Ad i . r , p) 6. n l. ' . U , l h l , L l . t . L l i i 0 .
    . J,i ,, ' , i, , 1 s nnir . h b l tJ L E .L I-. In l .J n .' u l . a .r\-.i [,]' .
    i Su b sldn' : v ' ll l@ds "t h ru s l -l e u !
    sprfi ' l i I' pl " ' r.
    i h d u /.4 d " o I ' r^nrnl i cT
    ! l i ".r'., / r . " nl
    \ i i t.ar' \r' Il
    pr on ,n ra l .d :i o r'
    rn^ri r'
    " a rs td .t.
    l " ro rd n ' . 1 ,,' .1rl ul r . n" l " ' . " o'
    I
    u1 .l ' l i n
    '-i mb ,' l' il lt r i
    ? Dronuntat flr-\'.
    3 i crminilia: i. . - f ons le d i n s tu i l (s e mn LpLl d ra l u l tri ),
    l ror.ni l di n i r.nsf.rf,a.ca
    v ocd 0 i Ii .i l e : ? s i ' e I t oc rl { { l c l .g i i l !rl 1 l .

    s9 6

    B8

    !... | !; i: rrrm^1.r'n.trir :i t.,rril.,1" rorl'ira .ub.rrnrirarc. in mod


    .L
    cu rnrur r\ce ronrr:
    ou. l,$o L .1s
    rll il,r llcnf-{s

    96

    slitrid D\-s
    $hr-s

    (ln irsn -)' e,{teprourlat de 1.ocalii.l.r


    t,lural se adaugi nunai un -s
    pl|,oun!it lzl:
    iroy

    117

    thc l,vlvs
    llif Tlr.fs

    (liv

    r)o]s

    d{Jr-

    kft

    lic.lJ

    Substa l.ir(le teurin.ric ir -qu} nu (msliluie o e\.eptie. dar tiind cX


    .'r'rul rrt F/.r'r
    J ,'l , a ".re o:,',,; ro.rl;
    ' fri 1ir,r. /
    "r t,r,,,l.
    n' iI Pr P:
    cu
    l\\ l, o e.r ,.Ir ' r r . ' t
    '.r
    colloqtrI - - ( olloqui/:-

    !ol lrtrr

    - solLloqfiis

    si fornrrlr rlf lhr.nl rll] rrrtrr:LtLirutui


    substa ri\':
    -{ !e oLrscry.r
    is !

    lrl

    r lk , li

    , : l i, a!
    lr indk f r lr il f s
    g. . i\
    nnr it r
    gr lls
    dnr r t i-

    tfu.i
    ijtfl
    srn,
    Ii !
    sirilc

    - Irroofs
    ililr,
    silcs
    ijl,,s
    *s t r i i e s

    bf ( ?s 3
    len'.r
    s r r er r is
    lhigr s
    - lo{ r . r
    - - r ! l. r
    - lulr'.s

    clt
    sr,[
    slltl
    lroli
    krile
    tilt,
    wil,

    -.

    L,ps
    s!tr?.s
    .hcl,.s
    \ol.cs
    kni|cr
    tn.er
    \rir"s

    un eazspecial:srill,iilr,(: nat,,ri n,,,artn).


    pt. .ri/i/-t'tr.
    Citevasuhstantireau anrbelefolmt de pluial:
    s.rrrf
    slafl -

    l0l

    r)1,r1i...1

    tlnclo substalrl.ivcld.ninatc in -t sau -Ie formorrar nir.i pluralui in -/es


    Prcnuntat lrzl:
    i, . . I
    lPaL
    s lr eNt
    Lh' f i
    loaf
    . r LI
    lru

    100

    s ir n

    5) lI i(,ritatre slbslfrti\clor t.nrir.rte jn singularirr "f sau -f0 primesc


    .t ]a t)lural:
    . lr '
    linr . ll. n lr i , l
    it r ic r
    r r LLlf
    glr ll
    iLr Q f l

    99

    pt I . llit i:

    s.rd.ls. srinr(.::
    si{flJ. star.rr

    llDf
    N'll{l

    - Ioris lioorPi;
    $liitrls. lthures.

    6) r, Substnnt.ircl.termirato in -o preccdairle consonnjtiornreaziDluralrl in fs cind sint cuvint obisnuites:r, inrrodusede mai nutrn vremi tr
    Iimba englezi:
    r

    go

    rdio
    lres, o
    lr.ro
    m os qI ilo

    r (,ho.r
    lr.sl olr
    lrcroA
    inos qr ilo/ j

    t "on n r , , jp. + . . . Ft i\ |. r
    r t lr . t , , , ,, 2
    "1.,.. i.,r \ t / . . / . , r . 'r r , ii lu, , / . , . , . . / , . .,
    I:
    n uma i. ci!{t niseadr ii, . v it r ir f ir t r r ibii. r , , s n a , . i r l
    .
    '
    '
    l
    . \ n^r ' ' .
    ,,
    r ve zi l. 14;
    5 U,rrli,l / . r . , ?J . s lr . r , i
    . L rl!,a.. r s t r nnj t r , Ff i, ' r f( lr f it , , r dr A

    nfgro
    l{l.llf o
    loriilo
    lornado
    iofll d0
    rfto

    negro.s
    polalo..s
    t o m a l {r c r
    - t o r n {i l o ? r
    L.fpedos
    - rrlo.r
    -

    dii.Iil.'r calii,',tide rarne de racl)

    oa

    89

    ,J Cind nrsn.o final este precrdflt de vocali, plura)ul ste rcgulat (adicn
    trminat in -s):
    porioiolro
    .nbrro
    iolio
    nnnoio
    Iamboo
    cx(ntoo

    edbrJos
    lolios
    lunoios
    -}amboo..
    - 0L,clioos

    lorlololios

    radio
    -rrdios
    secnario - s.en.rios
    shtdio
    sl,rdios
    Hindoo
    Hindoos
    Lang&oo
    ltangaroor

    c, Dintre substantivele terminate in -o provnile relaliv recent din limbile sirnine (tn special din linba italiann). unlc capii,i -s la plural dacd stnt
    mai pulin frecvente sau daci au o sonoriLal,c prea sirdin6:
    albino

    photo
    prrno
    q ra rl o

    -.asinor
    .hrodos
    dXrrno.s
    - magnetos

    lhoios
    p'{nos
    -rN nrtos

    d) ,\ll.e substantil.e strnine iefminfltc in -r) au ambele forme de plural,


    fapi car dovedeDte
    e; sjnt pe ealc (lo a li asjmilatede limba eurenti:
    banjoer
    -barjor,
    }|a\or, hraroes
    .alioos. 0llico.s
    - r orl.ralLo.(, *n|ralLt
    do!,nh8
    -dminos.
    I nin eo lr , . r ' s o. "
    - fr"., o " Ir ". o,
    _ jh.||,,..
    t "|lo. .
    gtullo.r
    -grottds.
    lralo.s
    -halor,

    l.s$
    Danilcno
    daronto
    nrollo
    torli.d
    ! r o\ i. o
    olo
    . , , t r LU
    stiletto
    lola.ro

    .op"dt
    - . . opr . , n o .
    - stjlcttos, stilcttoes
    lo!a(os, Lobir(,oc.{

    s 184).

    7) Suhsiantivele terninate in -th primsc -.t la plural.


    Tcrminntia {}s se pronun,tn[0s]:
    indusir.r:
    d, Ctnd esteprecedatdde o rorale scurti sau de o consoanii,
    breruri, deatni, nout, sn,iLhr,births, he.rthi, hcnlths,siaurr, nroDtlrs
    ,, in cuvintele:
    !+owths, sloths

    l,ls se pronunld Idz]:

    c, In celelalte cazuri
    bath

    tborol

    j',uil'

    ai',.0I

    Orlograliat li tyfo.
    ./on,m

    '/tus
    (trrsoaDi. I'aina

    Iatl,s
    nouths
    ti{lhs
    Io u l .Is

    l: nwtit,or. rovi(l

    ! 104

    -l.sso.", lrssoes
    manireslos, minireslo,s
    ncmcnhs. mencnlocs
    - xiottos. nroLtods
    torti0os, portico.s
    t ! . \ " 'r .
    t r o v r 'o , s

    ln timba contemporani. substantivelesirnire terminalc i -o la s;ngular


    tind s,, iib., li pl,r'.'l rmb.lp r"rmindrii.
    e) ,\brcl ialiilc terminate tn -o primesc la plural sufixui s sau 's (vezi

    lcaLhs, faii}s,

    g 103

    allinos

    cnsino
    .h.ono
    dJnanio
    rugnfto

    b.njo
    iJra\d:
    .alico
    (ontralto
    orino3
    i. a . n;o
    1. . . " o
    ,,h" ' o
    grolro
    halo

    S 102

    lbo,dzl
    t atrb4
    fpo:ozl
    l j r:0zl

    ! 105
    S 106

    40
    Unel. substantive au insd ambl pronunleri:
    lrrutl'.lrJ0sl
    .
    I tl
    -81
    I Ilrrc:01 broll,s Ibrrdzl,tbrr:osl
    I tkl.Ol olollN [kl.0t (: Ie]uride slola, Irlluil sau alLemdle.iale)
    1 .,,
    [
    lrlh
    L
    "d
    Jre dh

    | 107

    "

    -,
    r,.0r
    lo :01
    o ..oi
    ,f.:o i

    ll

    . 1/ l

    bu il, J " J n i J

    ] uLh,s r LLlu' , i4 ( : ll' int s l


    - dr ll' "
    [.u
    ldll' s
    r lo: G ,
    o, 0"oJ ' l' lf
    li: 0. 1,
    - . l, i

    mJtpridh)

    lJ/l
    lo:1/l
    l
    ', J
    t i . ') / l

    rn, 0..
    r J/]
    [ir,.oj
    \tr J lF r'i:0-.
    "i:n/
    \rPdrl' iri 0r
    Urmdtoarele subslantive fornreaze pluralul
    8) Plurdle rcregulirte.
    prin s"himbareavo";lci t tlutotrcn PI.rrttk):
    morac:
    lozse

    lo,l
    -let
    1, , 1, h
    - it h
    g,0se - gest

    s r08
    s 109

    pln/r s ru rl

    - mnie
    -troe

    Trei subslantive primcso termrltdlin 'n:


    brothe.- btthr,n- {! 14s)
    child- childre,
    (Penl.rDsubstnrlivclccotrluse ctr acfsle iuvniic, !zi S 16! 1tt)
    9) I'lurals cu acecrfi lormi tn li sirguhrelo respettire:
    Unele substantive di limba ntglezi au aceeali lorma utiL la singular,
    cit ti la plural. Din aceasl.i Lategonc iac lartc:
    o, ' rl,\d d, un.rrr !1. drr,/r' \d l6l);
    l/ sub.lbnliv.l" o/r'l \ - 0'u :'r 1
    "
    ',i 1or"7
    s s L l p t [ ; i s c ''a
    ,./ |a ,
    I s:s,./
    iLhs ld' I iv "r n
    l. t
    ,l . mJsurS. ca
    dr ur,pl, .ub.rarrir" '1'- J.nu,er. urilrii
    I'plufal
    aldturi J" lorma
    patthl.cton.,
    rrrr"ori
    r:r,r',i/or.;-r,dr".
    fothon,taot,
    ia -s. aL,si i"rm dn plurJl , nl,' it rJ'',.i., (u ",, pa u siagularului.it spp,ial
    'cilrd sint umatc de un nuneral ce ildice subdiviziunile sau
    "
    tn limbai'orbitn,
    de un adjeciiv:
    The wil.e. sas tci f.t, ls{n faat) ttitt\er'
    'fhe
    n..p.
    rikc Nas LPti latlon(s)
    'fh d.ptll ol l.Ie $atu wrs lour /nr','ns
    Itc is si' Io, l t dll
    r \'''i
    I ' l l l l 'r /
    l\ Poaot
    ll'r
    ol
    t
    \ o t . , "d' .'
    p J v ldr - i ; r
    rr'
    DJ,u,
    "iJ
    \
    h " lu inl ..l . : lr ' J
    F, , . t / )
    ". n" ,
    (rl l 'r o l \ ' l" l or ' . . ' J
    '.o
    ' / t li
    '
    (\i,i i,i 5 l.lB9i

    itt.

    oI
    l " r ':

    Subsiantivul rl.Jn.s.cind desmlreazdunitatca de nisuri'


    sl,c weisl'stcn !tr'?: s[o hasrrt on wcight.
    Tric! b;rlghl

    esle invadabil!

    l.*o r/dre oi ilour lot lhc .anteen.

    n '" l " r l
    a 5lo' ioue
    \ 'F
    d f i
    ',/ ,,
    ld. , / "
    r\ca d o. : - i' r " s ir r c u
    'r . d L '
    l , 'r i '
    Srnsrltr lruoa. , "' , ' lo'
    r,m.'
    fo rtu.rl
    .",r;..j .
    l' r 'r r " l , / r 'r '
    ui"u'
    D r . t a n d i r i J 'r " " ' L l 'u ! l . r 'l u l
    iI t in
    , r'
    na, nd rar.p lrd'lL
    - 1. ' r . l
    t d.rn&usa. trl. dtnLkt
    n /
    I t o^t . . I lii
    'P
    'r.,lctaL r ,
    a _rt,".
    i . i 'u \
    rlul
    r, . . r , \
    r , ; i" , nr . 1, . ' u, "n' r ' u p l r " ' l u i '. :
    'o '',
    l r ''n L " l r '
    I il'
    r r ' ' a r '- o r '
    Ptu."t.? "a
    a.l |.',,]la -1,,,,l.l "l, s r ; l
    r l 'l a
    r ' i '1
    l"nii l l i
    d' r r ' : r ' unr ' '
    L', 1'
    'r'
    rt:
    L;
    l i l r 'r P .
    oJr' | - / 4.'
    'tn L ' P r , lar
    oo, l'r

    4l

    ?,, Substantivln foat, lrcrse, sail au la plural forma de singular cjnrt in


    seamnn ,,infanteri,sti''Jrspcotiv ,cavalcrjrsti:!,,,na.i,c,i,cu sens (otectiv:

    S 110

    Two llionsand /oot n?z o. thc ru.


    T h. cc hurd .ed /me .on .
    10 t h| r . s . i.
    Twcnt.j- sdil /,ar., ,ro, lhc bai.Ue.

    f) Cruft, aicraft, sedcraft.space-taft etc. au plural cotet;v cu aceeasi q l1l


    formd ca aceeaa siDgularului,dar ou verbul lft plurat:
    ,l, o -.,- . t
    i' t r r al
    ! r. , lIJr,
    ' lha,rrlk
    w1 , i.
    a,
    o'o l. i. , \ r

    r lr \ ' liant r ' or $1.I p r , j \ .


    pt ) al. t l 1i, : dr .

    t0) Pluralul ti substantireleeolectirc.


    o l s'rbs ' r nt ir elp . ol ..ri !a s I tn g F n .' e (v e z i $ t,1, o .i neLrra torrrru
    d ..i r'-u l- r
    si
    t,r:\i rp,.0 un
    ' lpq" n ,..a /d u p l u rc ti rH te d e .h i p .rF r d.n' i .,
    -F
    1 otc - I "-i l o lr F F e\ . m ol rp o r' i n r," .t-r ..,t.A o ri r. ,,r n,utt m;i ,,umcroasd
    lD lim b a e ns lez d dc c it in l i ' o b a rn h i n i :

    n.my
    a$ emlh

    ,1.:r

    .onmittce
    .omlany

    , rot r d

    ot ls pr inAr

    j,,mily

    l*ri)l

    g' n F rn mF rtrtrn\o .
    juri
    iesinrDl
    pu ic
    Loop

    llignt6

    r f " i s u s a rj tn ta l p s d .,i n g u t,r s" rr J" pt,rr" tdup.i ,r2,0.


    ^ . n4,Su b sta nr r r ele. , lp.
    Lr
    r \ r a l p a .o .rd p rJ l i
    u n i n tr,E . si nt ,ubi tsnti f" i ndi
    'rFn u m pc . . olp.
    'd
    riduale qi se construjsc cu singalaral:
    Tl e .l d s s oar lak en n v a v frr a u e te ro n f.
    Thc enmittee ..nstrrs oI lwelva ncoolc.
    llis /n,ri1, s,as sma1l.
    , " n^$ b i , . rd r. d .1 .' l .o " . \,,., .o t l r,\p f.,n,,.
    l'Il " ,,' - : r
    h c l ru f ( J nD{ dlst o d l i rs e ,!r;i ..
    Tr( tra,hing s r a/ / , , as ta g i .
    l p F hr J lnq, l" m" m b ri r ..n fo n -n 1 i
    . Ci n ,l
    c ole .l r\a sp . ons t r , r ic s , L u p /rfa l rl :
    N.,rl J , ll r r " . / , . r

    1 i " o tF" i !i t" l i i .

    sub.r ,r.ti Ji t

    , ' p " " !i \" 1 ro o l r" r' t...

    h ovP
    ' . F o dn . nd"bl. ' . liI . .
    Hi" lann lt ,krc all dsl.
    c l, n lhr r lc ds .
    T l,rsr rn,lrl, n .! !rrv lin. .
    th
    r qr r . - t , l t ok , r
    , , ii lJ r r r 1 . s _
    t ; bt"a "
    rs.r.,,/
    ' Il' 4 ril hin ' -,.,// u.' it t , \ ! , , ' J t o I r ' r u l. y , r u, t , ti , , .
    I russ :

    poDoll.

    dr -i i|l,s,i..n{.t,r

    t.i,,,"
    ._.-a tort
    n n erj . _H. , od
    "1::i,l:.-"
    lJ n 't-l"!!
    -,P ot J
    p atrt. .
    "lh"ht
    iln;l

    'Ja

    , gt , t Fr wi t t Lt

    p l".,r . r , , t " is - r , .
    't,l;d"
    r"' I (rl tup r , c iini c t , )
    on rrn... , .

    , ht

    nd;r,.rJ -rip$.,s,r. oi f"4e

    alt , pt , r "

    p$J dr t d

    n J a- J loul"\

    dpJrio"ni.

    t o, s d . ,

    . l,

    tr,n d p st /. LUn-

    t, r,r.r rru t i , nr s " \ r i . i. r . ' r i|r J ol . r : . i r r . . d u . L d \ i . t v r . ! .


    o
    . . 1-L. ; "
    3 Lal
    b an . d. tr"r i, d"lf , n: , I . J lple) , r k r t : dpm .
    , r/,/
    trerchdiP
    r0 Numnrul unui sxlstaniiv .otctiv csre indicat
    de verbul sau dc dterminantii
    !:sprclivi (arliool nehol{.jt, adjectiv dmoruiraiiy etc.).
    -

    $ r12

    !19

    D/ Linelc snb-clanl,iveeolective.cu verbul intotdeauna la Plural fcon."dbuldr!. i fantry, mili.turtj. palirc to.).pot fi preceddtoii de un jrumeral cars
    le dn sensde plurat individxal:
    al,ih.
    ,\.\.ral con!Iab\rrrlt u/c licepirlt ofrler al, l,fc
    d,e/? iacins thc litrglisl,.
    tit. tlu'1stt,l. l.Nroh t,ftnt,
    ,r.ne nilitatll /d,. slopt)ed l,o Natch thc pflio{fls in lhc prtk.
    (: noli,len,c,rl di..d thts t.i!rli,i.
    ?i,o ,,lnr

    Numrroascsubstantirerok{ti\c au ti tormn (le plur individual in -s


    cu ingelesuld{i .,mai m,,lte grupe de; divizi din categodarespcctivn":
    rrngressii
    r onnf ils
    . . o{ ds
    lLf m s
    I lef ls
    il).lis
    g. odps

    113

    he s
    hor s e h o l l s
    iur ns
    t uinis t r n , s
    pr'rks
    pout lr i c s

    ptrl)li.s
    sPnat.s
    soNietics
    sqtradrons
    1.rnrs
    irt,cs
    irros. et,i.

    r) SubsLantivulcalllr:,rc o situatieaparte tril a!'c:rin trecut -sisensde


    in limba englr:zi:lcLualiest. conltruii
    un singurarril1lal.
    singuiar.dcsemnincl
    numai ru pluralul:
    \\'hcD{ia i,rih e . alt l. anr

    t \ t f r l / ) r ir h, Lr , r / , e , r i d l t h f i l o l i n 1 [ c

    an3.r.

    dj tinii granruticicnitcc,rlsidetira fiin,l roleciile ,sisubsl{oiivelementionat; la S 108 109 d, l), d. e. i47 r, b, r, tiil. 16r. cu alte ruYinlc orice
    substartive cu formn de sinsLtlarfi tu-telesde plural
    11) Snqulflro ftrrl plural. - Lnele subst&ntivo din limba englezi au
    115
    trumri singular. in vrme ce. ir limb.r rominn. substa tirclc corespunz;toare
    au alit si gular, 0il li Plrral:
    114

    infornariof
    inlclii{.nof"
    k ro \r! d s e
    ldsjrge

    melrlrtr,dis.
    rNnel
    lNdrrair

    lfosrss
    strerql h
    \roda

    precurn ql:
    hail. lightning. slftt.

    116

    lhundcr, 0lc.

    nuneLe dc nLatcriil !i nxmeLc.rrno.


    ln generat. sdslanlitcLc alistrdcreB,
    produs'Tatuati { .r.alc cr..l. uneori.hiar prFlu.'dlP UU n'rnrrr 'incular Si
    dci sirt Ienumrabrle:
    b,rdey
    busvness'
    hrppiness
    nlnnr
    -1;r
    Iea.e
    lnil.ion

    1H.W. r'owie., l

    saDd

    Dictiotut!

    o[ Mod.m Dngtish a dse. G. Curme, op. cii. etc.

    ] in reIte .n"" . int or m dlii s "c r plp.


    { \ rll's".on "L ndd , u bins la"Dl indiv , J , r il l a d @ r , p t - u o d \ t , " ) L . r
    tnsFrmA
    , , pro,lu s ix 8 .n ral lnllr r f J i . au indnql"; il' _ PA r \ t tl P N d u . ' r 'd n u m J i u n 'i n g a l d r u
    I nlple r cn lcL tiv (: t ' r odus e nat ur alF. agf luole) .

    . Vezi ii $ 10.
    ? V ez i s i $ 15 .
    3 Ve2i si $ 31.
    t A nn sc ra.e conluzio lntfe subsl,anl,ivele
    ,ur?Fss t l,rzrnlsl (: hph,l dc a li
    p.in o.lo'
    o.utrati actititate intcns{) si 6us,acsst'btznrsl i: {laceri), ca.e $e deosebese
    sralni, rronunlic ii Inteles.

    {l

    -* . ^_

    Her adrt d a@ alfa*


    excelleDt.
    lsfatutile ci enu Intotdeanna e]cetente.)
    The fnnrute in this mom,rtoDss ro vado s peiods oI sr\ne.
    (tlabikk
    nin acpaste came.{ dr stiluri dirdite.)
    rlr.4-\ llurb lp
    ;Flun ot;aa hr . I olt o$ed r hp t r un. t , ins n t m l l ) n a d s t ! . , . r . I ,

    into

    n '.,r":n l^ .m t : ;
    pv t io. t \ r i ur n, . , lans lr ii n a L . t . r - t , d r i a t " . , u , " t , i p a j
    _ - n ._| 4r4t
    , ; rtt
    rG
    In spal,ur
    r1 r,nt'rsLr o. )
    Hi\ Anontpdeeof hisrorv ir apr\. sticht.
    t( "t,ein \I
    lui d" is , or i. . / ir i t ojr t , . t , , b. . )
    1 al lu \Bro" ; . t o b" , ht . uqr - t in r ' , , \ an.
    ' rn n: " lra
    Li x+ st jrn . toa tp b oEar t " t t obu^ dpp' s " L v . , r onu t 4 p b . , c a j p . )
    lh.', b mgs ar ' r J t ha, l . , , 5 . ur pf l- Ls .
    \"
    -" . "."
    i' 41 l' d1"nql
    , ""
    .
    s
    IIi.
    .
    L
    r"
    g
    s
    1t
    r.t,, ,,r\.
    .J
    '
    t
    t
    , I . . : -. . c t. " tr' tJ .rmb d . . gt ! ; J . . r , . r o. , r t . : 1t r . t u, otn i r . ,
    Hrr ,r.Dcrl {,&e taihrq idsr.
    t P\teile . pdftseeu cn repczi.ri!nc.)
    ,o
    \\-' 1
    1., 1 u". 1, . r . n, t t t h t p- n, d t ; - r r r . s : r , l h .
    "Lr.
    \
    . r r . , t Ld, . '
    . l rJ I I'i.:
    p pr,. r . . d
    'r'r.'

    O b s . r ralii
    a / T r p b u i.r e{ln u rlaptul.x sub.ranrivptc
    de ma is u s(S

    il . rj, r . o n b i_ $ t 1 7
    -

    :{,-rrn:,rrarpinljmhaenglezA'hr"ratulci,jndsint plurnlFinlinbaro,rdnai
    ./
    susmcnlionot.{j lli,. a\rnd , |rtetes
    ' lA lr.'lnprpdrnrr..Ibstantrvplpn.
    ru pot ,ala idma dp.ingrtar s"u rJcptural .i a.ri
    r,"r a,;;;l;i
    L-r!"l lnFhotdrjl d .aU dr. al caruj Inrpt.sFst; dp (ineul6r.",DF A..Fs.or; de
    .:'- oll r,F rofpflm In unul singur dintr. plcmentch .;mpon"ntc
    al" t^rali,
    ';tL rF.,rrspmla un.u\lnt ajutdror {i/pn.
    /n-. et..) ca;c sli redcanuania
    -\stfel:
    ' n ! l' l
    o m obillr
    o Prostrc

    a ,;a / n t + l \rc c
    - d p ,,a o t w rrt.,
    lnn @ticle ot iurniturc) (rornall
    : a pta? ol nonsensc

    i P ' 4 ' o t i n to rm,rti o n


    (ar rem ot inlorrnatioD):
    : a ioat ol b.ead
    d /d s t o r l rg h tn i n F
    'r .drl oI r]'und,rr
    grindine {piatrl): haitt a haitsroae.
    !l_ }aitrronss
    Tltis gouet js a beauiifur ptac oi \rorl.
    ' n- or m ilP
    o pnne
    r n r ult er

    :,

    l2).Plurale ldri_singulara. ln aceostl caLegorie se al]i substa tivele care


    nu l .,i l lat na dF plu rd l { m c j o ri ru t" r t.rj n i n a l . i n .sr tara un .i ncul ar
    , u d- los i in tp b s . S u b s ra n ti ! F l " .u p , i n sp 1" ace" r,
    f - . p r,l ,/i
    ^r
    t,ur.cr nrrr,,* " :
    'l

    ..
    :1L-

    n mohil,i: o pi.s.r din nrobilifr


    ,9, i' 1, ; i" . r
    .n i at . !1l al or.i de
    "a
    \,.m
    p ..,,.\.r'
    .t .o ,t i ..
    j .rr.d
    I s a: . , t t ,
    t,.;,.
    ,,., i .. i " . a;.* ;.,;,..;l.
    at 1, r ^t t t , , . . . rt,-' ,tn \.1 !..,. 4 . i . .t.,| ,_..,r:r r..rnt.,,l c rrn.tr..

    ..:L.r. tnt.DndtLah. k.trs.


    :.l
    l, r' \ . 1 h , a 4 t . 4 ,
    \i.
    ii.i,' ,,
    t t " t t L n dp ,
    a [ " fh
    f,",*
    . p r i n 5 - : r s L b s,a !ti\p .",
    '\ , : . : nl
    d rr

    t r: : s.rs 1 g151- 1, 14) .

    r lu ",'
    .
    r i fo r n r jd

    ,-,,'

    t...t

    tn.

    r,. l i o_r-r:

    . n...t.,.. i ntrebur,t

    ,t".n..1

    { lt8
    "

    MONFO!OGI^ - SUBSAANTIVUL

    44

    SIl9

    oIt'\ti

    ol tt"t)'lu;

    bowcls, cDtnils, genitals, gill.ls,

    S 120

    s 122

    Litrls. elc i

    b) bali.ti stdri dc sqiritl


    m p. ( , , n' . . nn .
    1 J . pr n' r . d u rt,irisnlei, sullts, elc.;

    5 r2r

    loifs. iLfws.

    d pr 4'

    .ri ..b F.
    m l JrLul i " !' i
    ri d g l ll uo n l ,rsr-l

    c) imhtiicdminte .onpusd din daud sau

    l ' ,' l " j ' l ruds

    rai tnultc pdrli:

    r.. t.r.. kar l .rh. l nr" kpF


    ll
    Lt ooT . r . . lf r - - , u " ..i L F s .,l o n .5 .
    boc |pr ' |/ jn: . , o \" r| | | .,' .,,rd " ' p ' U | .l .n n ' ' !' ' ' ' ' l ' ..l our' ' ' .hU r
    l i n rl nJ onq. bbP B '
    r ' r ' ; , lir.. 1 F . l i l h l .l " ' n l rn o l ro r r' l ' r' 1
    ' r d\ .
    "
    r \ - , 1. ,
    ; ;r4 r' . L b l r.. 1 r\ l l rr . $ h i
    "l'
    d,) unclte ti instrumente conpuse din daud pdrlil
    so" nl ' nprdF l
    bllo$" , lin^. 1 " .
    p rl ' ' {
    ' ' l i p r'
    " n ' l - Irl -r
    b' rr ' /n
    r' f' l ' l a' . l ^ ks
    nn" ' . , pli_ : l
    .n c " l " .p - f..
    ..
    a" r ^ | | ,

    ' a'frmpot
    kpB .

    5193
    bil)iftds, .afis, cl,cqucN (sau Sr',{ oheckeNl, darts, doninoes' drauglLts.lorl8its,
    marue1 nirretins, quoits, shrl,il's, ulo.I

    ! 124

    f) tti.inlc $i obieLtedc studiu (substantive lcrminate in -i.s3r:


    Fl ronduri s i l ri " . b' l i ' l :
    J . t r oDlv s c ' . i_ o l . i -, 1 " r' l r* . d l rl .c
    ' i \hs.
    . d p l o m l i .. ' l vnbrrrcr-A on^mr s, el q' r0n,' r..l hr,tr,
    dd( . : : . . 0. ^on , .l t,q .,ru r' ' ,
    r\drn'
    r
    !
    Frnl
    ml
    ni s'
    g ' r..l r,
    rrm n ,
    )dro' Larrs.
    " \ or pn. - A p n th \s ' .. l h ra ri
    1ol
    '
    onp|
    G,
    rn
    rr
    k inr i, " . li
    ,n
    l
    r
    -.m p r" ..Il v n d.' .i
    -'r'Ji
    rrpr l pLLr^. rc:
    l'
    r' Ll " l " L
    1r r s " . 1oit . " , . !o l ri . r' f l i ...' j

    $ 125

    e) n me leagnltt I
    thl] ths. lrif CurtaLl,ians.tlie IIrl,fidcs, tle llighlands. lhe lDdirs, th. Nell.dands' tho
    Ilnil,ed States ol ]\ntrrca. .lu.i

    $ 1!0

    h) stlbstantir. r.tbaLe i

    'in| t

    s.

    dissnrgs. doiigs, lcclinltsr, eiriings, sonrgson, leav;ngs, iodsnlgs6,Frings. lickingsl


    pioio"iLine., roting", scranting$ shalhgs, sctthrgs, sltoricomings'su..oundn'gs, slippings, sweepings,trilings, iakings, ltinniDgs, etc.i

    5 12?

    i) tuljective d.utenite substanti'te pri'n atldullarctl terminaliei -s,


    eommons'd.inla|lcs' ediblee
    {nli(E, bctters, litte$, cmoni.als, chemi.rls. comesr.iblcs'
    em!ii.s. n..csdics, nervs, nulli{ls, odds. Ohmlics, perishables,rcgimentals,riche*
    shorls, sla.ks. Urcatric{ls, 1ighls, ralurbles, cic;
    I Sinquldul or.ralt alc hlelesul de "halal." ipentu personal sanitar. muncito.i
    elc.l: o ,cf;lrs lDl. l 1: s alopFt i)
    ,c,l
    a ' ''n r s u b 5 l d n
    . ubs l. bnllv ul) i biLlir , d . t n" n d d p s i n 6 ', l d r r l t u 1
    '
    -r,"i ir
    t r P , Llr ; " , : " s c , o , u l I F S P Al r \ : o 'd t d I o ' 4 t F
    rite d s"mn"d; d und d, n r p pip' l.
    de jo c), d nin ept , ( : o I , ^Pi' i) et t
    '
    l J '1 n r 1 r , l o r i u l r r o r t i i l r p o r i i
    f,\
    o o! . r ' . ' , u J ; o, . b, F r ' - m i1J L:' - i s
    nclF/
    o r dp .r ' diu in t . r p r ", "' "r ' lr no'
    o bq '
    a l:\i l1
    , l. L . . j 'J . o i " " m J p n n l r r
    o"t'
    r n l " / b J '1
    - i o f or , . r . i m . , i "dr '
    '
    la te Jn liln zo li I t he . ot unLni. I Pt hic
    5 f../inf.. : qh t t iLillt ilF, . r r nplt ir '
    oi r.,. , \ i. . li, '
    .r-,r',rr. I.r:;.;
    l,
    l , 'J
    -rt a, el;! lade,1i.
    'l r ''i r
    and todEins rtc.
    b.d

    NUMARUi

    SUBSTNTTVtrTOE

    15

    rr" nd .., a nn als. ,'r l, , v ps . a"n5r . . 6. i2 . 1- s pi. . .. ! n , ) . b . T . ' r s . . l n 'h . .


    ,- (- \dr.
    ul) . , or n j
    r r 'j
    con :n". , c onlpnls (
    " , . '^
    ! . ' \ p. .
    i
    .n.d
    op sirAJb"i, J 6, , dr eg6. "ut . . ' olli
    :."s
    ' h r . , - p r q . . 'o b r '
    g , l l o {- . e " i l r . g r o . d r
    . o
    t"r.. , . .a p iri 1r ' J , t ir F$nr r ( . 1= o dr dlit h: i) , lu n d .
    '
    ' . . ,ro jdh : p1 "iu l
    pi . lr diir ' . s r oals . c - o. s hJ J o u b r p =.
    inton.
    . . 1.
    h,.igi.
    l p 1 n r . I 'n l i \ q . j . I n u n r r r o n c .
    I : bt 4). ior,in,r.,rpd s, (L'o lil li1k q, l. l. r ar r ,
    nr 'r '. i '! 'u : l . p r o d s q u d r l e r '
    o. lpnPa 1, . pFa\ d.
    : I.iA , ou lsq ur s, ltin
    m i 1 , , r ds . c r a. { l' . I . c ' , ur ' ) . h d , ', 1 1 . " l o ! s . s p i f l s [ - '1 i . .
    .o u i n Ll , , -- - i r' l ,, .o_.
    '
    '/'"
    " a - , ". r , . ' r ' 1r . . , , r n_r on. . 1. r 15 l a n l i . L d n c . \ s p " t s , v i d n J s .
    rL' , r'd d
    i :r.st. whe.calrouts. worlrsj erc.

    .8 198

    li) sltbstantiw cn pLural latin sau cu dspectlatinl


    .:ndoiaj, ta.eliae, imtedimetli, imlondoabilia, litt'rati. n:rrsimli\ memoralilia,

    s 1re

    ,\(jordul cn vcrbul fi cu detorminan,tii, - Sulostantivclc nenlionate la


    ..rit purct (12) se construiesc tn generecu determinanlii Si verbul la plural.
    :..! rceplre:
    arl numele oe Jodafr:
    jyin'riB r.'"@s sreat skill.
    Dtu;shb is" a lciy entc.t ning game.

    $ 130

    b) d.o.iL name d.e boli: - measles9i mnrnps'.


    . o n " lid " . @dJ ps, r s s e v .| P.o m!l i " d l i o n
    .ltants ts.ontagrous.

    .) nunele .rliinlelrr ti ale obiectelarde studi termindl, i4 -ics (cybernetics,


    .L,.trbnics, mchanics, physics, etc.) construiie cu verbul la singular:
    ,l.oas,ts s,zdtes sound.
    ,,nt.s ts concerned\rilh the nrinciples ol norals.
    Hrr)nslaLics.ledls$itj! ihe Dressnre6l liquids ai (5t.
    M;ftenatics is indispensaua|o ihD siudy ol the exacl scierccs.
    arp,t.s r.cd,s ol li8ht,.
    Na td
    r\ se observa ci unele dintre aoeste subsLanLive ca: a.oasl;ds. etlict, mech'
    r'..,p .)ttl i" s l/ d, / i. s el( . . . l n d n a d o s e m n o a z r)ti i n !a re .l Fcl rr' ,.,uubi atul
    :,
    rd i u, s " . unc r r uies c .u v e rb u l l a p l u ra l :
    The dduti.s ol ou. new auditorium lcute noihitg to be desired.
    llis ethicsda above reproach.
    \t\e Mhanics ol plRy witing d.s unknown io lim.
    't]trci phnneti.see benealh .ontemlt.
    Substantivele atlLLetics(: atletism) ;i glmnastica se conslruiesc:
    cu yerbul la ring ldr cind au inleles abstract, adicn atunci cind se refed
    t,rrctid la arta sau la practica sporturilor sau a exercil,iilor fiTice;
    eu 1.rbul la pldrdl cind au inieles concrel, adici atunci ctnd se refer[ la
    -ererciliile
    lnseti.
    sporturile sflu ]a
    I Aici slnt cup.inse si subslantivele cnle au ta m'4 obitnuit tot'rl ile llurat, lormr
    ,i. sinsdlar (ttril -s) fiind rdeo.i intrebninl.ald: antic, d.chiee, bdta.h, contine. cu.I,
    . - . b pjuy. . io nd .'ilr,rl "r u r \ : nd o dm . or n d. ' r li ( o t . p i " N d 4 ', . u s t n h u +.
    ' : e A art - din .
    s \ m t un, qot hl
    p( lp dp obur i J n r , lr . d '. q i n ; , r l , r r l d . m , s r " r d r r i
    : , rbrd.ti\u t e4 . i
    ,rf
    /.4!,nl! r,.clcririir Inloeuil .u sllstantiyll
    lnlFl"5
    o fli4
    Dd bl ll J p s r nr r lar , s r . ; ' . r u 4 l i
    r-\\r'r ;
    . r '1 . , , . m 'i 1 a 1 , r m : r r c d l u f i :
    ii o'o rm, i r.l"lr d" - iogr ld, r 6' p ln Fbu,
    P ro e-.o t t r t ne 44BP\ d 1t ! 4 wr g. I n n l n u 4 :.:
    o " 't r .
    E " at.It

    16

    d/ Numele Un;ted, Statesof Ametica se consirui$te cu singularul cind


    lst consideraica numele unei naliuni, cu pluralul cind se referi la lnrile care
    al(ituiesc naliunea:

    I3l

    Tlre Lizi&li [ta,.r of Atuetk:a has ll'ashington as i.he capital'l:he Unnd Slat s of Amii.a l@rc roied thcjf rcprescntaiiresir (lonsrPss.) I)ir.rsc. - Substantil'ul n?es fiind un singular, de;i are formi de
    plural, se construieste numai cu singllarul:
    \i'hat is the D.,e.s.,lio ,.aB is good nars\oNadaF n.,rs,fd'ah {iln lghtning spced.
    ,Ue,rs qi snarnDlessint construite intotdeauna in limla eD-qlezi rontenIorAnir cu singdarul.
    .lxmrrons, singular. are plLtralul s r?r?ons.s;i se acordiL cu lcrbui la num inr l c or c s pu n z i l o r:
    'i here d'd! a,,.rs al. the li.k oi l.he sqnar..
    ,\ st,,,&nr ,rds sdred on u,c grilly pdll.
    Tnc iailill is$r,d s..a! lfunaae\.
    -\ltcr the colonirlisi rtiaclr, tl,e ]\lrlcrn villrge nas a s/dnrlcs.
    Sulrstantivele umritonre cu formi de phirfll
    ul.ns. arnnds. barracl;*.
    .arq'!. gallatrs3. headquartcrs, littlts. mcans. adds, thatiisa. lidi trs, li rtollsd
    (: atelicr, uzinn. fabdcii) - sc consl,ruisc atlt cu singularul, cit lri irr.rpluralul
    tn lunclje de intcnl;a \orbitorului, fo.ma dc plural a substanlil.ului insi rimtnlnd rceeasi pentru ambele numere:
    TIic arDI ,d.'o./a ra t,san o-e) empt-{ {l llte rnonient.
    Th. l,h.air. l)ad a .ar?J dc hallci, wllich (ds lamons.
    The tx'o amy .o?s /d'e lecn advisedoi Ure ohnngein La.l.ics.
    \:liere is lne an\r h.dokatt.:rsl
    _l$o
    T\e heddrra e^ or llc
    i.ade-unions oe. in uic saDresheet.
    The.e ,ar u (salt )linksl not lr lrom the niotel.
    'rtft (saU-)ti1hs slthir e{sy reacli rr,., ferv.
    IL sar oDlv d Dedzs io ar e!d.
    tsJ dts e;rs produ.tiliiy ts culain to rcgjster a nurked incleasc.
    T)'e meansoi locomoiion {rrc ample.
    \Yhal's the ,lds:
    ID ihc clanpionship .onrcsl.-ihc oddspcre asainst ih. Driiish middleseiSht.
    flI"nls/ l- ThaDk Iou) Thants lerJ lruchl
    I owc
    mony /naz,ls.
    -vou.rc reeded.
    .l'. r,lorts
    The glad rlltn(s (c (siu oa") b.oadcasi lasi Dighl.
    ,\ Iuge nouoD.,tsir .oming inl.o being in otrr town.
    -\..trneronsao'ns /dre r.cn occtcd all ore. the country.
    Cjtera numc de unolte fi de instrumcnte (S122) sint uneori cotstruite cu

    of pliersetc.
    snrgularul.subinlelegindu
    se cuvintul a ?a;r' o/: a pab of scissors,
    Trr tn's.w;r'so.s.1, i." ar old,'r or nrin..
    Shc has lolglrt
    and tr is r\rllP.l.
    lth .t

    n
    - t n- t .
    ;.
    n bd rtt I .f t t I r ' . t r r ' u, . !
    :!,r
    bstrntirnl ,,rt!. nrfarialil

    n , , . l '- ! 'l
    ca lornl

    orj.n.c ar li inlelesul, pluilr.rl

    L- 1):
    sc dis-

    linl. (le snrgrihr


    lrnr rNruntnrrss lkrri rrl.lkx:rl
    rsdll4(r, conslldl.,l!
    o]rnr,l{i si,isnlan,l,a.e ii tlualul sdlro(! inr SU\. li tl.
    'to...t
    r.
    Lt."lt')
    r
    cslc liloa.
    tltd tidi\s
    " ( o r i s r V e r i F i \ 1 i5 .

    .i
    \' t,
    s.r

    ,' .
    g],,ntrl.

    tt. 1
    uneori lxiin

    'Aslizi esle irni oniinuiir r a,ll ,,zae.

    t-"
    n,.
    trofic.

    tt..[,t,"...

    ].

    0bser0oti,e
    Cileva substaniive de la S 118-128, piiDtre care numele de jrcari,
    rrecum fi cuvintele scissors,spectucles(: ochelari). tiarlrr1, lroxsdrs,rrpers
    formele compuse,pierd sufi\ul 's. conlorm
    ii... cind au funclie adjectival5
    fEsulii de la S 166:
    b,lli.,rd a li"
    ,lrJuq hr b odr d
    nineph player
    skitue allev

    bdddr r oom
    bow. l r om pl! i|l
    scisso. ca5e
    speoiacle irame

    .usppnd f Lpll
    r o l . 'r b u l o n
    thrnk oilering
    resper bell

    ll&joritatea celorlalte substantive de mai sus pistreaz{ lDsi sufixul -s


    tr .ompunere, in generepentru cn singularul dilerii ca sens de plural:
    l,..cchespaft
    llonoursList.
    Eood!l.r,rin
    $ofks r ornlLittee
    customsexaminalion sporL!coaL
    (\reziti 5 166tent'! con'tleinF)
    13) Pluralo striinc, - ln dccursut anilorj numcfoasc cuvinte strnine au 5 132
    prooes intFun
    :: rat in limba nglezlJcare le a asimilaL- li confirui aOest,
    ': :,
    ai mi. s.,.rm0i m1'p dupd vp"hi-r"J in.'..14/d .i dut.j "\rir l"rFJ lor
    . .r uldt;,. mxi mul l -au nai pulin.ir.rm.crisi. .ii ln 1'reranr.cbidr la
    .Li ]11aimuli asimilater paLternul dupn care au lost consiruite ln limba lor
    r: ifiqine rnmine, cu pufine exceplii, vidil sl,riin dc speoificullimbii engleze.
    Substantivele diD aceasti categorie,de fapt "outsiders' foarie ulili, fac S 133
    ::rfte din marclc numir de cuvinte savante aflate in sectorul qliinlific, tehnic,
    ::-."dicaletc., provenilc in spccial dir limbile latinl (uncori prin iniermediui
    :r;lnlrezei) grcaoe (unele difccb. altel prin lal,ini).
    llulte -si
    din acestesubsiantire (spre clcmplu $ 134-137) pestreazi plu:]rl lor originar, dar un Ioarte mar0 nunrdr dintre ele (de exemplu S 138ll,rlr. pc lingi pluralul lor de origine, azi rezervat mai cu seami speciaiiqtilor,
    : L;i un plural englezescin -s, seinnul rodirii Fi asimildrii lof prin popularizare.
    ,r n treiac&tegorie(vezi exemplclc S 144),ceamai numeroasii,cuprinde curin.l! complt asimilate de limba englezi atiL la si.gular, cit Di la plural.
    a
    provenienld
    strdind, in mrjoritate savante,
    Urmltoarele substanti{e de
    jji plstreazh pluralul originar sau au o formd de plural loarte apropiatd de
    a)
    {sc.

    139):

    opzs, {masna)olerar coder, cod;d,s, vo.trr,


    outos, custoder,eic.;
    r Sub+alri\ul rnaah pJ5bnaz; lDsI tormd dF
    lluml ln cuvlnr'tl lhanksEiu;as.
    : S inc ula r,l .larlm rslr r { . t nlr ebuint ll. Plr r . alr
    l da & e s l e r n e o . i t n l o q i l , l n l o . u l
    d" c ph hai m r lt o or i. h a z r s e r o D 5 L r u i e t l e j a p l u r c l
    . t i t T h:sJo lo F \"ry u sp iul, .
    ' laf
    p d n ru ,r sp e\ita .iog ula r r l dol,
    n. ' t r p s ut r J pr . a p"danl.

    $ 134

    48M

    b) pltt.lle se,:etti (v. li S 140):

    S !35

    , oll
    oiir "
    :L -ic p -n!p
    l
    ') I '
    n. . ' .
    1,
    .
    . , . , oj
    tJrurtr... . "
    -j..
    "| | ' ' ."|''|'.mp ||np 6'''h \ ! olha. : ! ' } ' \ po, - ' , . ' m ' |a. or l' h. .
    r s . r no p l
    |
    ,
    r'tralslr'lplrJr . l"
    rr''r
    lnol _
    p ''n
    pi. . r n"t ,
    t d: Dlr ' 'r 'l r i r '
    . "t
    ma r/ :
    In
    ' f l"
    pr'
    dr'.ri'
    r
    J
    r
    n
    li'
    "
    d
    _Dlrp
    rn.r
    Lam
    J
    '
    o:
    1l
    I

    () plural. france.e(v qi 141)


    "s b' l"dr r and " "

    13li

    l ro rau i!l
    p ,""i.i:t,;
    n. , , .,
    U$dirn'es ctc.

    - lr liu! . ' l:
    1"o, ' .

    b"' '
    "n", .

    no, , ' : , ' i.

    \i

    _ ilA._

    apq
    '^ 4 4 i

    'n l

    t 'd r "
    I iin

    lr

    rpnP'
    r r r o ''

    r i f '0 i ^ t t r '. t ''r i _


    orJ"
    \lalarn I
    5 " r r ' \ l r '. \ l a . F

    d) pturuh itoti.ne (t'. s.i i 142):

    13i

    ' - c - u. I l. -i .
    IU n | ' rr " . ' o r ' l ' : I
    d ,r r i I an. or
    a!1oil.ada, ru[o:rtrad. el.c-

    hrzi.on., lazzrroni; condoll.icre. conbamlino, lambini; p|hzro, lalazz,,'

    ObserrolLe
    e uor-di. r,nLFiJFI'nnun:i- 'li t" rprrnin'i, !inS" rlr,s^ r',nli'
    rr\ )'s
    .
    ;,rl ,rrrl'ri s,s .r -Jlr f- r'. ksr.l si 0 eea a plurrlulur -s's r sl.a
    p/r S | :tl
    r\
    ,s
    a
    .
    trc
    lpr'rinr'F
    in
    roalp
    ;rplF
    t"i:rl
    sulrrln
    h
    l- i:i,
    slrc eriemplu:
    pl.
    sg.

    iheJts

    t 0i:sEl

    *bavs
    - eritrr
    i .l ,c!es

    I dsi:z]
    I bc^i :z:
    I kra,si:zl
    l 0i :si :zl

    (p)
    \ur , r"Jsp ' .In a J, nri in' ,rin, m 'l' rrln buinl r" arr "ipJ "l'
    'i
    'rlpl
    1,"rrr"l ru l luralul l"' ori!';rar. :r u , plur-l errgl'7 s' r' ruldl iir|.r' prcrL
    ,r
    doun lnrm" Je pl,rtll u'nr dihreoliel".a s-r,s:n I0rmu uncorr
    'rr
    z-. ., mli ol,i.a,rir; sa', . nilrara. .F"ldlld slrrinr' Inlo'ilj in-strlul lrlprir.
    siiintjiic sau t;hnic. Numnrul acestor srbstantil'e cu pluralul englezescin
    ls crelte neincetat, pe misurd ce ele se tnceti,tcnescin 1imb5:
    n) IrlLtr\tc lali t (v.
    $ 134 a):
    S 1Bs
    'qi
    arcnrr: a'cnde;
    d,l: ldl.nna
    anl,ennas.rnlcnDddr rre'd
    ll \

    Isc, -a: ol. -i ierralizl.


    n,unla - inim',1
    { a it,, 1e), Inrnruld,; la.uno -la|unar'
    vertebrae, ctc
    lc.tebro -vtrtelrar,
    rftir@.
    l
    e
    l,s.-x.
    r|-.s
    I h7l ' il: ""r r
    ' J ' r - . . 'c 'l r

    la'rlnad, retr'a -rcirr's,

    " a l " l ''


    '1 1 'u 'v l
    p D o l o r r 'r c a . r 'r " '''
    n' l 1 F q / r - n , r '. - ( r '?

    u l r 's

    .n -r' q . ' li ll
    rune u,t.
    - i d l: olus a l' lddr o ir h i l l o p n 'r m / '
    is lT 'j s l h m r
    h' .
    DotJmir:a mL,.s. i' m bus , |' m bl
    j' r. .;'"r.nn '},,r'|n |..5. ' |' L; ' n' l' 1' , ' _' ' ] ' U!' s ' nUi|! lr
    sJnr0 r rrnnr_
    .id rj q '.op
    s \ 'l l J b 's
    ,'rs . : ir ' op
    . s J r n b r 'P s
    "J rt"olndgt
    'r) r " 'r "
    um u i s .
    lp lnin u
    nu!
    . i " 1n ,
    '
    "r m
    rd rl p
    rn r_ lrul"irrnb
    i1 J r la
    l-; {'n r r'1.
    '
    cln|'"lrrn '..''rl]||'".'o ln|- ' ' di, al' ' oa! - r d|um .
    orru;
    m
    cnr i.u lrrns. .d ni0 dd, dc c ennnr r ?- - d . , nr ' i m s . d , c P n F d r c t u a - d r c r
    npordj
    dllnrirn -cllh,\'iu n, r . c lr J nr io, - c r nr or l! n- . r t lor i' r m r ,
    m r r 'z s 'i r 6 ; n ''r 'n c o
    1
    e.
    -rn11
    i,
    s |'
    . n"'
    m
    a
    usorca, ai'
    d
    a
    u
    s
    'l
    e
    n
    m
    s
    I
    \
    t
    r
    o;
    ni.
    lus
    ole
    u
    D
    int.mg d lu \rrrn- lr \ hx m .
    . ' f r r , a", . r r ", "t u c r t t no. t \ - a
    r u t s / 't u '
    ,,"';., lnd

    "";.ii.,i""r-.,
    'lgallr

    .l t

    !d

    .,r1.rI"on n, -ii d,ra,r,

    ir p sl. 6 4 ' lb d ' 1 .

    o ,-e p-rdrur/ds- t1.,,r4

    NTMARI-I! SUBSTANTIV]jIOR

    40

    r ''
    di r r I I o r n l r 'm - r I m o _
    n' J ; n
    m'\i o r qi' a
    r r i. f ill" r ' r o r n r m '4
    n' l' I n
    i'.rni "",
    mofatorid, rclirr.dlt
    -rellrendums, r'leFrda, sara
    ."..1-nrtns,
    , .r."i"ii"p ^ r . , r i . - o r t r '. :
    r,r.,.a . ' a"i' : s - , - . . r . n. . b"dr . p.
    .,',
    rml
    . .Jrd"n'..
    '|
    ' n. ' i, 4
    ' v n' iii' r m j
    ,iirnr. ullimat t
    p '" _ o i \ ''
    r li ' r ' i o ' 4
    al
    'l p | n d r r
    ' ; r'r. -iri r". -nB r"n . r ' ' i, "
    i i ' r in , "r ' 0 " " t " 'd a r 'i '. . " . -,
    ^ r- r ' i. ".
    ,;.ii,i..
    '" " 'rr'
    ,.;,..i
    o-o.,
    r : '. .
    , , , r p\
    r
    ,
    ".,i";...,.r..s',,-"'
    fto.
    i.statri.u'
    l,.statrix.s,
    ' n, ,
    rr:e,irLfl.es,' testatrlr J 3: "ot r ' , - ' or t 'r : 1 .
    n "r
    :l' , . ' r . 1.
    q ippr l'
    1
    s l' r ' 1 5
    .
    ip
    p-*
    I
    lnar
    "l
    "/
    'r
    ','..

    b) pllvale 1recetLi:
    tss.-ii pl. -s (engl.),-trttl: ||aumo- lranmt, traumtn,
    i,,s. -onr lt. * (engl), -rl aniomat,n-attoDatons, atrtomrlai"il'cri'a - 'fite
    ' |

    S llo

    * 5: m "- ''n l ; '


    dn ald"r ' . dr onlr
    mdJapolia r ni ro
    1. . -h.t.-.s
    . "^po
    , lrcio iv : ne "^pol: s ^' r opol'
    'r'
    '
    irtz'c'",
    chrisalises chrisalddr; irls -irjss'
    lss. -isi !1. -eF (L'ng!ezl..idesl: chrysitis
    sphinaes. slhinfs{. -x; !1. -cs (eDgle']. -gesl: lnlJnr - lrrXnx.s' larv.ges; sphint slTrn \i, sr r r n! ds . er . :
    : ] rinr
    r , . . 'o D . C J ' n l / s l r "
    u loD, . a\ . ' opr
    0, ' npue
    u ,rnp "..
    "l' :
    D r\ r h F:

    c) pluruIe francezc'.

    S l'll

    (1.
    ) plurale italicne:

    s 142

    c) pl rale ebai(.e:

    s 143

    rJ;,, b" ad h" u l r' r'


    l -, - . r . r ur r ' . { r ' n g l " /l : ' c (' )rl l : :o F , _ .d i "
    /'
    h; , f J ' 1. .Lr r . o" r' p !' " o r - p l r Pa d sI.I' l P^ ' ' r p' " l n n' r - poa n' l n " d
    i ""
    r, lrou$.aa - tronsscaN.troussc4,., et'c:
    ':lrtrraniedu
    cic'
    lss. -Ni tl. { (e.glezl -el: auloitf{da -autost.adas, autosftad',
    io "
    .
    ,
    .
    ,
    i
    an:
    .
    /
    1,
    b'
    nd:
    |
    b
    J
    n
    d
    i
    :
    bd
    dir
    r
    ,
    tsc. -e. o : Dl. -q
    '" o n ; r
    -i
    glplt
    g | '" l l o s
    lrbfFro-lrbrFro
    ilr lplilnlji
    c l' pllo
    (l lrr. ' al"
    ldil'i'1 n i,
    !
    ^
    p
    "
    J
    _n _
    r
    0
    n
    .
    l
    o
    d
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    o
    l
    '
    r_ d r ij s ' n. . / o
    ., " 1r1 pr"-ro
    - h r / o s hpt /
    l. m por . lPm pi: ! r r uo' o
    i.mm
    r
    o.
    .o
    prin
    ^r' "d
    .icNl

    chcNl.(,

    .|crnt'rn

    pturale asimilatcln limbr,

    tVarialtn amer.: sanitarirh


    sanita.iutu, sanitarid
    !{m J t ar alr ' : J iir r b l d rP' o re J i r.' l o T p
    n ,;; : ; a \ ' o- .
    ,., rr' f.rt . n r In ' r' bLi al 1L.
    nin
    r \l J i obi: t s e
    In . I .. \ L l o l ta ' o tu s .
    p
    6 Orascleinorne
    "
    ale riitonnri
    6lo;ni dc sitAurN "sfe clJdoP san c!.laps
    o ?t,.tu." pcd;nfi-(F T. w;od, the Crcuntaorhol EdstisL Gtamtuat'
    '
    nr t ; z i' po n l .ex n s n o l ,i s m
    L o n d n-i:"i";
    n ,lt 5; ) "ir."
    e "t. " t ub - r oot t f d n o ri . n v :n o \n l i : Im tb i n
    h" " n! at
    tal.a. nl, adeseaIn bioloqip a..dp.
    :0 \re r i pt . 6" u; i n ,h ri , i r. l " r" s r S l 4 <

    s r{4

    50

    S 145

    14) OouI formo de plurnl cu irleles diterit:


    t,'t^ ,.

    .
    8 "1 "'-

    m.lit m

    -'"J

    ''tt--

    btathtre
    i: irJtil
    i^nIi,i.
    tup t ht pnt r * r . dli
    dps , ngp \ p, nl , n . p '. I \ '1 1 , .
    n 'r m l f , d i
    aceleiali comDniGti, societili clD.l
    .o{r
    i: vacil
    .\!',,
    A;d '
    ( $hJ , c . lr i"r a|
    I
    / . m J k ilp penr r u r ur n a r e a o p d . . l i i . u r . m o n d d o r l
    14 i..
    I d 1.e
    { : z ar un,
    c Fn: i. od$Pni d. g. n i u ,
    | :.r.r . es
    s 1, i"ir . . , 1"1, , .
    \
    "a,i
    It
    ex es
    I
    indc \ ur i ln. dr ii) l
    ino,
    nat . n; t i"
    l id
    ""
    i
    , " '': . i
    ' '"
    "
    t ,,.dilns
    f- medii (rersoanill
    aass
    i.- .ndjroacC, (d _cu]llrarizare a nasclor ctc.) !ezi:
    I ndtia
    metllt $r tuunrtudLa"
    I
    I t en, ;3
    moreLle d clte trn Dcnnvl4
    \ . ' t u' df , in pdn \
    \ r...
    nrll.:lal.e
    ajo.cr cadre, !.rsonal al unor, irstitnlii elr.)
    sbfir
    i
    |
    t
    l
    t
    f
    1

    .r. ^

    "t

    1l

    I , o. r

    \ d Lm u/ ll"

    O bse r a a lie
    a,lorh(: natrial. stoln, pinzn)are plrralul clrtlsa (: ieluri sau bucili
    de stofe sau pinzi). Pluralul clath.s?(: hain) nu are singularin engleza
    contemporana:
    The satesnansloFcd rs fario''s .lrrts l.o chooscr.omThc
    shc Nore \\'cre vc.I smart.
    'nlodcr

    $ 116

    15) Dord,plumle cu acce$qiformi, r'hr cu irrtelesditerit.s


    lss.) l: (,hiulas'rrnei urmel, rl. ,f.c.l.r
    (pl.l l= rari.alodi pn!'i h sru slb golxn,ihi)
    (ss.) (: c!lo.rre), pl..onrzre
    (pl.) i: dratell
    {sg.l (: r'usola), pl. .on7d$s
    (tl.l {: comPts)
    ( s s ) (:o b i &i l , p l . .z r,o n s
    (!1.) t: rmrL)
    (ss.) [: a!dic), p]. da'dss
    ddtuse
    damaEes lpl ) (: deslilCubni)
    ( s qI ( .L r' n d " a " r l f.l . D l . d" dr' sl .,s
    dt o" eht
    ' i n .,,rl
    ,o ,s n i c d p l F rn
    pt
    i r" l ul
    d4t ih^t
    ' -i nl " l ' r
    ..dnmel
    breech
    brc{:lk\
    cot ut
    cotaure
    catnpdss
    .onrsser

    '

    j o D l dp

    I Pt\ra1e1e Lr.lhr.n
    ii ll,r, lnrL iorme lilerarc, dcntelc. .u exccplia $tbstantivului
    ,.arl'.n cn scn$rl dc .o,/4i.
    rs"a.,rs
    g .niu . on dr g, r ' r . : lood er t l B, L; ,s
    4r.1.r t),L\a:
    q"n;;
    .:^r.-b
    po\ Fdlr ' nd nr J b" J F r i
    pl j/nta..
    ar' ) i sg . s,rr.. i
    ' ,urdji/r'
    t
    ' r iJ
    ' L' d. "
    Nd to '_ r . m
    inr or ndr r . i '.Iul
    a m 1 +l o r ( p r p s i . r d 'l i o .
    'h
    'a o'r
    lplpviziu
    r...il'.nla roj r ir pt . ) t i nut ' t npdt n . , r iJ loa ^ n m u l r 'p l . r r r m F n l p l i a r , r i n \ i
    inlel{s.
    iimlnl el,c. cn accla$i
    .'Ih / r , t , - 4t s , 1 m " hop"t . " lor In e s t J m p '. . C . n
    I l.\.lqllr
    Jo,r siv' m. t$,,
    rop J r ' r .
    o Ino;.dJ-d- i p' n1..
    rL^ r " . . tot
    r n, , pe + . J ' t er - e. \ J J " p a ; p
    '1llF
    ' .1a1" d; d ; un u d. i r . 'n .
    a r '$ 1 .../t ". ' '
    '
    5Cd accast{
    acceolic, rluralul s,ueas arc si sinsulrrul star,.
    r \',.
    J p; s "o"" t n, ' pr o- ur , u l o i : , , o f u l h l " 0 r . , l o t t s I k l J 0 s l . r l l " . 0 'l
    tlJr,l",

    (s r06,) . i, , t u" t k r r,,rD z l .


    3 scnsu.ilc aralalc aici sht nunai cacrnDliliciri: e1enu .eDrezirfi l,ak intelesu.iLc substantivclormeDtiorate.l'lulrlel la orc singul.fll ru esie m;rlionat nu au si;guh..
    t V ez i $ r lt 8, trn , 1 rl o a .

    NUMARUL

    i:
    1P l) {:
    1sc.J(:
    1! r ) L:
    (se.){:
    (p1) r :

    SUASIA

    Tl\'EiOB

    sertnl), Dl. didr.r


    indispersabiti,iznenc, chilol.i)
    nr.ct), rl. "//d/s
    'f"c]p, brrnuri molile. imbrirtnrirne)
    s.nljmcDt), pl. /eeli,as
    s r n s ,b i l ,trrtF
    s u. s c e p t,b ,l i ta ls,P,
    i mpi l i P )

    tlarell), Il- f?dnEls


    ,o , , r r
    hir n4 d" f lan"l. , . ln . p , i b l
    ' 1.
    I rrtn li la L ic lel s du lJ alt c joc u r i r )
    (: m ot iv ) , nl s m ! , dr
    (pl ) {: ,i1i l. ' r a , n jur ul unr i Lladir i)
    iss) (: soisoare: liierll. !1. Llr.,s
    l:

    t pr . l

    panr ,ton; J"

    flan"t.1.

    Lprl

    1: dodl. pl. nau na


    nia'r'er., t)! are r
    I rLiqr niil p1. _n/ s . i, , ldan, r l
    (- ir Pr anc or F.lr Elet el
    ls8.l {- nr iluLl. r l. m r z t 16
    (- pro.,is-!0ral al unei |edhieJ

    r!1.r L:

    (: nnmnrl. pt. dnrar

    lprJ 1: verslrr, loezrei murltmel


    1==duerel. 11. tan?s

    issl 1lpl. )
    is g. ) 1:
    tprr l:
    lsc.)l=

    (rr) i:

    lss.l{:
    tprr (:
    Gs.)(( pl. ) ( :
    (ss.)(:
    ( pr l
    (:

    parl.ci rolJ. !1. ralrs


    r r p mi s \r, r/1 . r,.u i r' s
    io r.n . j m o l L l . i n (i n ta )
    Dunct e1c). Dl. r,,i",s

    imu4

    dulc,ati de irurrel, !J]. rr.s.rrls


    o.helan Je }roleclic) sl.rt), !1. ru,/rc.s
    lo c n i n fi ,,c a n to n o me n l )
    chitani-r), pl. /adt",s
    lnapoierel,pl. rerz.us

    (ss.)l= sami lmuz.)i solzl, pl. r.ai"s


    t: baranla)

    lsc) (: bucelicr. lracment), pl. s..dps

    ( pl. ) l- rcsturi (de mlncare),deFu.i {de mclal et .)l


    (: srrrtmol), !1. sp..rd.t"s

    {rl.)
    Lss.lI I r m n n . D .fi o J d i . d u rrl l i ' f.m p .l r.l , rn. k,,'
    (pl.) L: t ,r,n " n ,,i F tu ti i , ri n o rl u ri : L o n di l j i l

    (: un Il de stoli dc lini), pl. ,rcdrs

    (pl.) {- .oslrn din tweed)


    1: a!ii), tl. rdra,s

    16) Doui plur:rle, rrllul colectir, colilalt individual. Cilera subslantive


    au doud forme de plural: o formi este identic[ cu aceea a singularului ;i are
    intalcs colectiv, adirn se referi la lold1ila1.oobiectelor pe carc ]c dcnumettei
    caalalLi, eu terninrtia reguhtn in s. este ur plural irdividu.rl li descmneMir
    '\'i r$ - ir I o
    | ' n " l -..\1 ,' ..
    ^lln tu t
    \ . z o t u l L i mao. t r i. ) { v e/ i: i S l i 2 b ).
    , /dF?ls: Icluri dc ttrccd.

    r' '

    ' i l .^.l

    ..r,Ji -' 1

    .^lr7

    !r

    5!

    dif.rile .)bieclLsau /cllrt d! rDt.lrt,l. Ilit forlna cu illrlcs coleciil-, cii $i cea
    dri plu|al in s se conslruiesccu verbul la plLtral (cu c\c{,l!ir substantivului
    ltuit')\
    f
    ,,ni i , traats l ' 1.' i :
    ' ,r:l " i .. l .1,ri
    h , p; road"
    rru .te , r, ,./r
    r lr r l
    t,ri t
    I
    .o b J Z . b o mo" Ln n I "l "
    ol
    , l , t . b o mb , -.r' 1 1
    'b

    ' . h4t
    ./,o , r

    s /.o ,t- g l o ,1 .
    . / @ , s onL , e ri " " ; a l i i J
    pior c r , " .
    Ji Fl
    . g h i u l " l " . ( n ' ,rn -d
    " .n a n
    The ereny .(rn.u (.'r abandoncdin tlie lield. {Nil )
    - t h t ds . ; " - d ,@ n d a p ti r-n o u " a p -. (rri )
    T t o, onio" . .,r' u . d i o m h tp n .n ,y d ,p \l ' ,ol " l :n I. n,L' r,
    \l\e t.it ucrc' ri!e. ll"na ts rvhal I like nesr.
    E,tl l.esh tL# anil kep lill
    Thc srll siNiee sl.or. l,as tuirs oI nll sorts rat zre corrjng nr drill
    ' I , r . , . or ,l y .r." .-t.1 " o r rt,e r,ta t,.
    l' iuN. ! r nlei a n l l td n s c ri ,,e s1 P tz n s
    :
    l. - l u" " nl; J . /,,rs o . h " ' f :. o r h o r' . ni o " _:
    The shir rlied lhc corst sth her ./,erls
    ' r n" v : l, ir n" l
    1 J /." /r. C o ..l i )
    a u s i h ./e
    _ll^ i, i . r " a/o ,p rrp ,rid l rk i r
    ' o rd ,n.rj .t ' r' ' ' l l " 116
    Tvo siotu were ii.cd tuon the irigate.
    l
    /" d J
    d rl h ' ' -l
    S oa- u
    " lJtr
    i i., d .. o i"j. .' ,. d to r r ..
    ' r"
    .j
    ' ,"r
    ,n

    s r+8

    '

    rr 5uLdr',r.iL^lplrlt_t.ol',1:\,1.i/r//,\lp'.in-.
    inr Llorr,lorn.eJelrL,'
    limb ltanr'
    - t,pr,orr.-- o"m"ni ..tdI.ilid .rul".1 rr .celrrinr'1.
    tiar sau couun)
    Fi ou vcrbul la plurLrl:
    ''L i- n, lalt.l Do
    g, ' . r - A. ullJ l . od@ , b n : : s r '' r '
    The r sftu stu r { lv ( ounir v / o/ , t / s ) .
    . Eh l d t h " n '' l a t i
    hp n
    T " rn Mnlo tr , : * bu"y ' ' ir o
    1: lcmeilei birbatii)
    ,, t',.1
    n ..
    f m i' a , t P n ' r P, ,
    l i r ' : i '.
    I . J . an
    t[. .,i : .t ] . h- , " , , at , /

    j I tl)

    r'

    in

    lr

    ti I'

    F.ri-. .i .n 'i"eul 'r .1""


    /r1A t ropur ' n'1. "7 n "h lin i\'l'
    muii /,//'
    ,unpu.,: lJr 'u lui.5 I 'r. rnpi. / rr' l:'n ,', tott t't lt
    sa.r[aLltflIesrer'
    sineir, t l/' songs, foLhstarLtst
    c) subs|anlil'ult.oplc (: popor,nalnr e) steLrnsingular;i ore llulriul
    regulat pcolrlcr (: popoarl], nnltunt:
    .1 ,.orl .s masleroi ts own dPslinl
    The ,;opl.f, ol lhc rvorld dzr lishling ror pcaoe

    In afard de aceste form' r.isid ,si un substantiv ctt formd de singuhr


    qi sens de plural, colcti\': Itc Zrolle (: poporul, cebe,icnii)sau individual
    (: oaneni lume, PersoaDe,famiLie):
    r 1 1d , n fl.r"r r ial. i, ' - e: r dr l
    .'n o rn,. m . r :
    t 1" l ""t , k
    A . olll"i.

    .\r

    _' . ' r l 'J r . d r '.


    . " 1 '. ( . l h l h p l r i l r i l
    I ' ut ur L i r i l - , . '. ! F r o r l J .

    l lnlcks u rrm dl, f ol 1\ !


    ,sun nrn tr\ut(u t
    ,rnddFspmn.dz,,olp.ti.
    ( , i\ : , ", . / s , , "ons t r , : p. t ", , r . ir g . t 1 - . r t
    se
    riial.ca ln tolalilaten ci si e;ie asimilat .d nunete de natcric sun ru lluralul cn
    tJ "t"m"n p t" , om r jon"n, " it , t u, t i. or i' . v a/ S I I : d . b ) . . S 1 5 0 .
    r..r
    rPl r,rlu Ln l^ li\ : r anaa
    p l 'r _ ' d a n a r r ' l . " n r L l
    pr ldr "
    fmid"
    \ nlt . l
    la. ^ r ii . r,
    . PU 1- .r vojt c"
    uJ drn l."r' rL ,., n 4 ( l' r 1, . \ 1
    . /:
    ", r . r "r ' lu": "' o
    l-pr'
    a oorb' or drn
    li
    \
    "t
    lir
    lr' \.:.n tatu ,.
    'u
    "t ,
    tNL$ c
    (S 15 ll
    !
    S.n cri c d. t r odus t r al, 1r alas im ilr t t u n u ! n r 'l ! : d B ! \ a l o i c
    1i0
    sr
    lrio).
    $
    ' rlA .RrDL LnL. tf lonl( 1.
    _
    p or" ir
    .- r , , . , a/ . .
    p l .;"'
    tulor '
    t o\ . - r ir i
    "
    "
    '

    NUMANLTL

    T \ t d ^ --. ..,,u
    the \o u'- /,o rL
    I $il lJ\' r.{ Ju

    SUBSTANTNELOB

    1, r , . ' l \ \ ' or r d f ^ '


    t
    oDl"
    "r .
    li r ' ! i n
    ! r 5u' n l lr r r r ' nr r ' i
    | a l"' lt
    o p ' \ "\ r 1

    l^l

    p o _ l 'b 'r I '': n

    tlnele substantive au Ia
    t7) Pluralul ln tul](tio dc s(lrsr'
    -stngdar
    .1"
    unul Jp .,;irrn rt 'hl;'dL'at' lt':,'t rrr plural ' rr n rh:i Intr"."-dp
    ';i,sub.ranlr\
    Lej,'1i llul
    plurali
    neavind
    rit Si

    l,uir*s

    I'c l

    S 150

    r - a b u rl , n l . d r, A [\]
    i- i n q ,l te l ro l e ,ri v rl L \\l
    t : !.x \.i l i c . i n trp n fi n d { F l , p ]. D,si nA Y s l N l
    t - - ;tu u a ,, ro L n d i tc o l c !r1 1J. I' " tta.tl l i N N l
    .e No n li

    in lo n o \"-

    .i,p r e r l.

    i ;rff'

    i: J d a c te r i a L s tt ;rr] tN N .l
    d r ' . l i on " i .
    i " o i ,. r ..' -,
    i. n trfr..,/r,/s )l I\l
    l- c u l u /i td t l rl ' \i r.n t I t\N l
    1- ilcli.alcsii. lnldd.r), !l d./i.o{,ist\l
    l\Nl
    i: dricatelc labs|rnrL.).1
    r : i o c- rl . . rn s l \l

    l r''l i t-d'l T"r\l

    l'1

    1. o.l rr' '

    crl\I iNNl
    i: i,n;r' {.o1,
    .!,u

    I'rl )

    (:
    :
    :
    i:
    I
    i:
    (.i:
    i:
    1:

    lir de Di.), !1. /ui.s t\l


    pir lfolecti!ll l\Nl
    i N l rrtd ti . 0 i n ,, f\l
    q h i a i ; { n tri n F In d t' ri F l ltN\l
    r,o 1 rr) r ' rr ' l l ' n ' .r. | .0 4/ 5 !l
    n o ,L a t: tn b .tra c It t\N l
    Ii ic: zird; .oinunicrr, L.zr-i).ll Pdlels
    hirlii. acte. do.umenl.c; zia.ei Iczc, comuiclril
    llrLic Prrne de natoi',)l l\Nl
    s fu rl l , l l s ? o //sl N l
    i'
    l trr 1[\\
    .o tr,..
    ri .a
    o
    l
    ",

    18) Piuralc dileritc (u inlclos de sirrgulnrelcrtrspectire:r'


    a) Nutn:le dc tfrol.fii si de pralnse nuttule {cer' e. zarzavaturi eic ),
    care. ;rin insnsi natura lor. arr ir mrid obi'lnuit fofrli dc singuLar',pot avea
    si to"';a de Dlli"al. dat cu o srhini.rare de inleles, irl"' 'Lnind in acesLcaz, oa
    produsclor rospectrve :
    ;i tn l;mba rolrrenn. ,.speiriiale nl.rlefiilor salr
    fol lons
    linos

    oil( \ s
    ifrs

    rfools

    lsolll Noolls

    lul s
    . i,. "
    ste'is, ot''

    (cl. s tL"/

    b) N tueled. ndle,'ii desenln{)aznadescaobiectc confeolioDatesau formate'tlin materiite respective: u eori sint lipsiie de singular. in gene'e lnsi
    au alit singular, cit li Plural:
    desret; pantaloni
    /ld,ael l-- Iianeli)
    Ilannets l.pl \ \ ' tlanele lle .o.p -lcnnen
    d in llJ n' lel'
    J.
    luin
    p
    Losru
    m
    6
    i
    '
    ,
    r u"' pr d r ' ' r ' " n
    t J t . t 4. l:
    ,,.ulo n
    ';i;L:.
    : , ' r"i | ;;:;i;' -i'',tt'i.
    : rp '.. 9'ro. ,, r',d r'1. pr ' '4bP"" sqro,"
    dn nr s l! lr iJd '
    du
    niil
    ronn
    - d nl' r l, l I

    clc nu rel)rezinfi rod'eInlelesurile sub_


    'scnsurile ailtate sn,t numai erempliiiclri;
    stanlildor menlionate.
    146.
    '3
    Vez is j S
    'strbsrantiaul,d,s. Liu..stc an llufal
    . Xa;;Diie
    6 vi ' i ii P ag. 51,
    l
    ^ola

    Vezi li $ t3 ti lr3g 24, nota t'

    $ 1;1
    S l;2

    6lM
    ri4 (:

    cositor , lablli, t ir ic heal- a

    /.,".d r
    .,"..d.

    rt! {sg ) (- o.ul.ie de cons.ne; nn bjddn), (pt.li

    r,f f , l dn , . or . r r ' . r , , ads t t .


    .o5t,.," trn .$..J).
    t ntt
    a r.,J
    L, l
    o |. id. r f r , . t t
    ,,a,J.
    !:d.r.

    l,..t,ri .r,,

    lyezi si S 16)

    s r 53

    c) .Nunt.:lr dc culati a| la phral in.tleFulde ..nuanl, tonu

    ale culorilor

    ,\1o .

    .n . ..t , j i. / . , r . ar t , . r li_r ic / pr . . .
    I1e lorfs 10 pairt r|c rcds ind ,tu,i;oi

    -.\utlmn tcares.

    Lnele plulale alo numelordo culori au inlclcsurispeciale:


    .

    ,'.::

    ,r /rr s
    i...ns
    ,,trt..r
    i.rerJ

    ir 15't

    ,, F

    ,,

    J.

    ..,,

    o...

    , ,t.,.

    ,a.

    1:rr pr r r ' I . r
    I ' nlanir llr
    : r f . o. t lol
    l: liainc alltri l0idoni
    .]c ltan.lii rtbirl
    han'e g.i, panhloni ih llaDetil grir lxi
    i

    ilmsiil

    .l/ Nurn"roasesubsl.antive
    absl.ra.tooare,prin nntura 1or.si t nerrne
    r bi ,;iJ' ilip-i'ed" pl,,r,l,\",r S llr..rap rrrrr.n, iir,r.l,.ut .t,...ner"
    .rn,.2J...'.trlr.l,,\,d:uI,i.ir,lural;i
    ,l-,-rr: ,l orrhl , n,
    t-'l'r.i..
    I La !1 ilil. l).auh:s) t- n lrumtrs tr. o leDpie tu{qroasil
    a tdlh ipt. t|un6) t: nn aderr"irl
    uh nnr i.tue
    .lpt. int.ttige,/.:) (. . intelig.nlirl
    d ,r.,nrJr
    | o mescnlrrr.l
    t!r. nEonn4!\)

    so manr* Itdzesr.s
    1 'n , , ,
    :o n. . q, i. nl J um "n , bn r p r J l , 4. r "i. .
    i 1,'t.r hrm ltr c / |, r r . i, ' I ' \ t r r . t . r pnum "r dt t r r
    I iol,l him a ifw ,!d5. inuncmlill

    r"

    r.,brt)

    c) Alte plva.le d,iftrite ca inlclar rle sing\hrelc Ns!./!i.rt,,.


    Ir,l.l

    (: jntormatii, ftiri, coDuni.'i11,nNliintirj, avtci

    (r,1. f: a!rc (lisLfai)l


    lss.l I sfium dii tigarn; .ctrliri in, rtin,l,i. lomerlll
    general; .cnusa xnri onr Dorl, n unei f6e.
    Ltrl i:.r:nuir-1
    ircendiatc); 1: ruine ris. ,r oJn.s .f a la en enpte)
    {- .cnnia din soli, .iuin)
    1 ,lildift marc ii linplii on o lrzurmirl
    pl.l i - (,azarme,cazimil
    L . c o n d n i l i , p u rl ff. l i nnl .-Lirl al i l ,, asp(ci 1rl uri cl N

    i:i:),'
    LeahnSs
    Lta.t:'
    Lrac.:i:

    .' :

    1!1.) i : d i ..r!i i : !o z i l i u rd al i !l l
    lsq.) t- p o e c h e l d e !o L i .n i .hj . de .i i n1 .1.l l
    LIt.l
    L: brclcl. Iientru pant{lonil

    1,.cj l k J n i c n l l i : c a p a c i i al c)
    ipr.l I l trt.n s ].l k a nl d ' ts l 1: conl i ndLl
    iss.
    ir)'l l :0 1 L c l l .,,j .l i d u frh i i ial i ., j du.ul i r .t.l l
    l ' ,.1

    \,,r'
    r-r,.L l
    .,i . . .r L U .; ..

    ti .r I

    r.r
    rn,l I
    t:.,...l .,,.

    rr:--t-i .
    ' ' .!.r

    I
    r\'rri
    ij S 11 8 .1 1 t, l l l 1 .
    4 sll,riantirul
    6/d., are llLrrxllt ,/d..: ,,hundnrdsoI Dz.e or ta.l.idgc', lS t 2!i)

    NUMARUI, SUBSTANTIVIOR

    5EI
    i, t ,
    1s
    " , irqI
    ' '

    1 : s o l , r' 1 m i n i , tP re n )
    i ' l \Ji ri I
    i i rc j d ' ,.s " d i n rrrr: rrr " n. t ' r' ' l
    L
    n o a r, .i n s t.l
    L : o-t.
    , ." " i r.:; .l i s rn 1 i . !c i 1 rr I' p^r' rm' rtl r t-1rrJ ob' i '
    sp.' J /' r! f.nrrr un
    r,r.:' .n L i ti tl u i c d d "'m
    i . .ur5

    Lil.h icadetnic.)3
    \ FliL m llor i". m r r ir
    '
    'l
    1: et ul m ed' ir
    4 \ e r '! r d : l {' r i ' 1 l
    . lPnr ' i
    " n' ' r . m ' di
    |
    poor t r i r I
    m l' , nalr r-' p. d' r r '
    m i ' ons i' Fr J :
    ns lF' . i
    I om J gr ' r '. P"' r "r
    'tl
    l. r nun'
    / 'n
    n r '1 a r l 'l )
    , z inb r p l - " " b n 'r '
    pr
    ls g. . ' o; . i.
    r l un r r I n F i n 'r ' l
    J - ur ur ii$
    r I J ni' r '
    .r briky'orLs. n gasworks, an ironworls. a steelworks. the lrorks fonncil

    rsg
    ntddtp aq p
    Lhe, VL dd k AsPs (Pl I
    ro' :."
    ,"r I
    prort r ?
    {pl
    ,c tp t
    -r'
    r" p "L !
    IPI
    rotk
    1sg)
    : -. it"
    * g.,i

    Toate pluralele de mai sus se construiesccri vrbul la plural cu cdceptia


    *ribstanrivJlor larraclr li itorAs, care se poi construi !i cu singuiarul ci d au
    sens de singular.
    19) Pluralul substnntiYelor care trati nationalitatca sllu prolcnientr
    regionali. - Substantiveletrmidate in -s. ,r [i,J]'-s, ti +rc au acee'rtiIormii
    la singular ;i la plutala:
    the lrognois
    l,lLcS*iss

    thc Fren.h
    th," Scolctr

    $ ll')6

    S 1;7

    l're Iinglish

    Celelalte substantive formeazi pluralul regulat in -s:


    the Czcchs6
    the Danes
    Sobstanti{cle

    thc RomrnidB
    lhc Slaniards

    tre _q\t'des
    thc Turks

    compuse cu -man sa\l 4raman formeaze pluralul conform

    regulii de la | 168:
    aDui. hs oda n
    an Englishman -lirglishm{il
    r \\tlshNoman
    a Scotchman - Scoich!'cn
    d Cliinanan -Chinamn
    (Yc z i l i S ti t-t5 !)

    Dulchwomen
    Welshwomcn

    20) Plur&lul de tmirilor alc anin&le.


    a-) Danumirilede animale au. in genere.forma pluralului difcrili de
    aceea a siDgularului:
    lic
    riuckoo

    -!i g i

    kippcr

    - kiplP8

    onlf
    gooss

    s 168
    s 159

    - cahcs
    - gf6e

    rl e zi s i s r 18. 12 8
    e Bd oa'Hoturt\ t\'
    \@t Hatutrs, lJa@tuB ,tsr: lista de iitlu.i, decoralii
    h
    {t , co D ief lt ede S u1. r u n \i ) l n l l Brrt. c u ooazia zilci Sale de na.ile.c,.espcctiv

    ,'ii,[if]r{,;i
    --*,*ttl;llt$usltllg**l',:'',"

    50
    l6n

    Mo

    /,/ l 1.lr .,rl.rr ti\" ,tir, i.... '..l


    srn:,. -i :r t. rrL.'1. .nrj,t.r.u r.... .1,",i". , r,r.l ..It
    l,-:\rt. ,j, atin.ntr. or.,
    i'

    lr ' , . b, r , l
    r [r., i rp.
    .ou
    1,,.,,,ai:
    ra.iors Jnnsl or

    a nIDLrfr ol Fjlil ,4a


    I
    I rt .

    i, t in

    161

    ({...J
    rtrs. 109 a):

    dcc.
    162

    ;.

    Citela nrlxrnnti'e Au o sjfguri lorni

    r.jndeer

    srlrcr
    grrnrs

    l)entm singular si plurat_


    satnron
    tu.boi, ptc.

    d/ .\lt
    r(artile
    u o tormi rle pturat cu inrele! cotecti, idenrici cu
    n FF - rd inr ' , -s
    ir utu i . n ,p " u .i tu r., d L " p t,,r .tng.ta
    1i ^ _,1p" n:, ,;;" " ,
    4 . r . nur Lr / r s . I,tri F ,, ,,," ,ri i
    ,l p i n d :\i .i ,ti n .t,a,i ., drnuni tH 6. " . "

    ,l.c hcre nnv /tsn in this rirer?


    JI h 1. l?' . , n )q n t n i t! l t, rh : j L o a r.x
    f

    'lh@

    tt.L | | 1t t
    d..a lit.

    " ,

    ,, b

    /tsral

    e,

    rl

    ?/ . . t r . h.

    on thc truc.

    ..,1

    4 .." t." ,1
    I
    ''."
    ^ ..,, r..
    'tU Ltluts' at lhe CaqraUjirn brools a,, r..r rinf.
    '.idr@z ruD ulr lron |rc sen aDd Uifrc o.,
    atsol)l!n!n tt.\t, a ke pike &d..rs.,,

    163

    2l) Plualul substaDtivelor


    compuse.- Substantil.ulcomtruscsieformat,
    i ' , : r "r ,li', r 'rn Ll'rtir i\ nri "if,Jt .i u, , u t. " r c c i , n u lr" ' " u , in : ", ^ . . r, r. n

    .:.. r, , u r rn ,i a Jr a,ti a.ti v I,n ti ng., :.b_

    . . m pl .tp o r:i r,,

    'rF
    -l p .u t
    slalri\-ul
    principalPturahrl
    substinr,iletor,,,nnpi,"";n
    a""rt n,ni s" t&",eor;
    pu,,induse semrulpluraiuluinumajta subsrani.irut
    p riput:
    .,,,r,- marllal
    .oegn.\ gPrmar
    ,r/s arr)u.enl.
    ,c/-! s!:nel.l
    ra\y4ls
    r.rrrs pltenl

    164

    ,ftdes to.bc
    e?rs oI mail
    /ddcr.s in taw
    ,i.s,at-ta{,
    ldlns-jn-lyaitins
    maids ot all-work

    Cind printre elemcnteleunui substanl;vcompus nu fiqureazdun sut)


    stanti\-?rincilal, se adaugir s la utrimut cur-int:'

    r. l:,1d"11;
    ",i:; )1,1',,1,4.mer
    ;1;::';:;'i1LT,:,1,.ii
    ;r:r: ,',",i1

    ',oi;r.:,,
    . *;J-,1':,':i:..il;.I,i"',
    ::i,i",-li:illl l"jil;:,:;:,.b:iJ:",.,'

    -ii:'it,i';Ll',
    jil,':l:;;i-' ""1","r'i,1
    l :;1i:::'{"1:""",:,,"i
    i,'"i', r,t;; j.'"il
    ;i; i,,
    ;1r;;',i',-;r.;
    :,:;l ;i.-:iil,l.:,fl
    ".;;
    6< : t .
    14r . 1 1 1 n ,f.ti t.
    , E, : 5 cAp.iori, ciutir.
    3 ftr1s : slecii dc pilsirdy'.

    trp m "b an .
    tFnn"li dredlals
    pl'6-/o"fs
    H - , ',a Jp ., p Jr."l ol
    Itpr "did -\ud np a.r.
    - lhp $ df b ts4 r,,

    . ' , , LL. oI A
    $rrat-noh
    young maDt,L{
    pu", iD' y , r , , r d. . ' r ' I or l
    oi. l r u. / r . , .
    t , ^, pJ
    t L, . i/ u"r , f r , i , t , , I . dt .

    r ood . n F r . , , / , ; , . j s
    merry so-raaali
    strJ d /,o'Es
    or I n . , r . , / o - . . .
    m . 'n r ^ . , - . .
    @t ,

    Substantivele terminate in -ful qi -laadl tormeazi pluralut in,s:


    , up/,rrol o'oa
    nhr /,/. ni ton,l
    buLU"dJs
    of rriDocs
    ha.d/,r.oi n1r
    ,a,/odlsot lkra
    r,ot&/sot r,
    m.,lh/"1 .^ o _r
    'ar'd y
    $nY,/s or /rod?h

    r r , . s poor ' / , / s

    ^t

    r . , d, iii1, , .

    .o.rti.odj

    S 166

    .i touri!tj

    .a, Ud.ds oI rillagos


    i.ainloods ot NeeLcndc.s
    tnckloads of coul

    Substantivul secundar al unui substantiv cotllpus DasLreazitn serere S 166


    {orma de singa/or,chiar stun, i , inJ are spn"d. rlur;t s0; cind .sre pr;.cd0L
    - un num"ralcu.ens dF rlursl, deuarp.F.ti',J.nlinFstctuncria de idrcrir.
    ',r-.,iind invariobil,S r;tlj. r.]n,,ne',.{himbi tr'pturet:'
    a @o,n}.ush
    lhe glore departmcnt
    ,",\? - b! r ld ns
    sr? .lir t ins

    a D,oLkecl)or
    .t ./,s slro\i
    d /to a rr s l o D
    a i l ' h rl .s i r,l ,.n

    a thrcc'r.ac .oslune
    a ttn mt&r, liclure

    . Fac_exceptiemajodlatea subsrantivclor secundarecare au numai forrna S l0?


    de plural (S 118-129).,subsiantilolerare. inr,rcbuinlarenumai ta sinsLrlar, .,r I,U Fa pro.lucn,
    ..,r fr Ii n".t1rp , I r,, ., a.iFSFori
    suberarli\, te
    ^'rtuzir
    '' ^,t,u.F,rir m.i,nulrccu\i,,,.
    i,, sfairt d, .Lmi,it" uti,irt". Fi.,tir ,- in
    '' nr0i ha.\ent. ,bior';i .r,h:ran rrele obi_.r,uirts
    r\ind .err" J" piur.l:

    'lhe ko,ds
    a .\s.,s r.ndor
    Aiants
    , p I n Ld . \ , , r r a . . O r j r i n i , . , , i o n
    -\e l)Ibti. n ,/,r,i.
    I \ . r , . , r t ndn
    l' n frJr .n ,'r' jl'^ 4"". r n|' , , ,
    t . r nir , t . i,k s , o n j r b 5
    a umulicdtian
    s saL.ltiLe
    an Indian /rrt,.s
    airDlaDc
    rhe Cl,,rcs and Jn.s bishibuting Centrcs
    t\ | | r-p tr lt n! 1qr s
    f , r bt . t , inj i t ' r L
    1!e Lo rlor , ar i Th. i
    '
    P
    ,lpdrds Drhibition ol Ar.hii.eiitL,r-"

    ivezi ri S ,t5 :t61)


    Substantirole compusecu elmentul ..nan" sau .(tvomat',. - Cul.intul
    nt.1t san '&omanprimefte semnul pluralului &tunci cind ste elemntul prnr
    cipal al unui substantiv compu,!. Iiind detrninat dc u adjectiv sau de o
    altn parte de yorbire adjctivati:
    bnsnrcssromdr
    t'hliqatuln
    .ongress@ndl

    -bdsinessdorua
    charvomt
    congless0ond4

    l Cuvintelc
    substantiecle ln compune.ea
    -/,1 si ,oad au devcnil. de lapt suli{e, i
    l i r rora intfi sinL .dNid .ute r r d. r iv al. (5 Ji9)- Subslantirete asllel lormate erpridl

    : Recura nu se aprici fn c;v,,i s,rbsianlivelorca: Getndn. Mlsstitun. \'annan,


    -. na\ notuen, Tu.cainan,.at!nh, ra?iwn e1.,..,iare.deii ternin{ic ln
    Att
    -mon. nu sini
    llnrlirsc in Imna englezllmodonri .r $rnisnii{l rn(n.

    g 168

    n rer.la nt,n nr
    Indidr@z:
    ,{n rt arnrs
    ,{n o i NrrJ

    tGS

    llngljsh,,,rdr
    louuadan
    lr is hdo, r d ,
    r nilk d! , f r n
    rc.dlcrr.,ra,
    toli..nrnal

    : hant t , n
    -!rfi
    - lnilirri.z
    rt rrns
    -rrn
    2. , of \ r

    sto

    lhglishdlnn
    lotet ,?rr
    --lrislorttD
    -rtj]ktranen.
    necdleito,'.r
    Policesatnn
    slorl.vro,zu

    sfom(r

    Ci d s bstantilul t .att san Qamatrser\'esl.cDenlnr a arnta disiincl.ia do


    sexr ln formelcompusedin,tian (sau .fo,ra;) -. substt$tif, ambii teimeni
    primesc semnul plurfllutui:
    \ronr0r.ou'rilloB
    rncndrilncn
    npniolk l, s l
    men nrilliNrs
    $cnscfrarls
    nr c D s ir gor s
    Iirtmen nnLsnriars

    aratn (lislinclia de se\,


    Cind sribstantilul secLxrdar t/li/r
    principal:
    dc
    substtrrtivul
    .slc
    n..rrlsi
    semnrl ph1lalului
    ltiNit
    ,dn
    ,rt,r

    1?0

    erleN
    lix d cN

    d,-killcs

    Sllirstantircl{]comluse tn ck\ncltul 'ifoot'J. 'rtootrh" sau "ntouse", ca su}


    suu'rr/r.:
    stanti\e l)rincitale,foimenzri!lJhhn ir !J. res|ccliv 11.1//
    lor/i?l
    'I\\n\I l.,t
    l.vt)ur.
    lielrl ,,0r1.",

    la*t..l
    hnli /,,r

    $ 1?1

    \ 1:3
    -

    tttJsleth
    nrilli /rr,r

    (lc .,11j.,lir. lelinrin invariabile


    Cind lrsi a(esl. substarl;\e au 1'alor're
    plurtl:
    sens
    do
    chiar dacir au
    -

    s 172

    tti! trt
    ,lilli /.,'r,
    nrrntu.
    Di,
    -licli

    tn'!h^.hrs
    /oorriltrc
    t,ltrfr
    rr'ri|flLsl!
    '?.,i/rl)fuslrfs
    l,orD, .s
    l.,,r,!nrl's
    thnrtir\
    - /oorst, ps
    ,,,{sr Jroles
    /,rrP hole
    , r or r r s ' I r r n r i s
    , r or . w, s ( l! { ak
    , r , , J . lr a!
    - - , r or : , lr a" s

    Titulaturilc (omt usc.


    (nrora irtrn un sulslBntil'determirrat'
    d) Lr tituldlurile in con,punerea
    pirii Je !'o$ilc adjettivale.substantirulprim$te
    de ur d'lic,tir.r|Ic.,ltF
    semD l pluralului:
    nla,
    l' ..'mtr
    . t,"
    ' ttu"t .t"
    (.noa1"1

    sau
    ,orraris
    cirrt{i,, ;r;naals
    .ltf!& d'alairesd
    r,r.rild Dhd a
    2 Ind nrrn n:
    I
    otrrd.
    a ',n,
    Srtrr rn l.d.
    0r

    o,

    ,:l

    ' o n n ..:L t
    o n P .' 1 1
    '

    '
    !

    '

    Ia h
    l {'\\

    r't )
    r I

    P\
    '0

    | .rct
    r"'

    s.rsD7.s
    tl arlrs
    sd,seanb_nl_la$'
    strgeart_mdJ,.s

    iirre,r.rs senerul
    zortries lnbli.
    llurorl,c
    .Jroeis

    = ={ s
    . onr f r c ial.
    \as . ar c l&0r t onr el! ur I ndi i l e
    . \a
    dt, rirzboi.
    ., , , r ! .
    I nllel
    t l1.
    rt

    o4t."t-.

    l j q : r , ) +r

    I '.

    NUMARUL SUBSTANT1VELOE

    69

    ultimul ouvint se pune


    D./ La tilulaLurite compuserlin doun subs[an1,i1'e.
    in genere la plural:
    licuienant .olor.lr
    li- .

    b.isadier s?a,fnlsl
    | ,ld. o t.a.o t.
    tt' 1i'2 .."n t

    .\ l7t

    Loti\ Chnnallors
    T.ord lI /-"
    l. l\ lI a - "

    _.

    dar d/fdlorugeneral sau dircctor g'cn.J'llls,deli cuvhtul cnre a primit somnul


    ?luralului cslc 'rn rdjecrir.
    .l Ciler-a titulal,uli conrlnrsnu amindoi rermenii la llurnl:
    Iinlshtr Tenrplab Lordisj Justioe.{I-ordi!) LicnlcDarts.ct!.

    I l7:t

    umelor pmprii,
    l'hrraln numelol de fanrilic urneazn i 17C
    l2) Plurahl
    rcgulile pluralului substanrivel.rr conure (:\ 92. 93. fB. 106). cLr c\ceplil
    trnninnliilor -o ti ,. care se menlin la pLural chiar atu fi chd siDt prcodnt.e
    lh. \ \ ' nllis . s is a !
    t lc Co\ c r

    ll. ll(N $
    t|c lla lit r r

    tl!' \\nllirl
    the ]irrli.J

    ll! I . r lI s
    t [ c ut r r r or

    (lind numelede tanlilie estef!ctedal de un l,itlu se p ne sennul plufalulLri lia la nunele profriLr (in ]nrbtr vorbitn). lie la de unlirea titluhi (jn
    timbu oficialn):
    Cortrade Jones

    \ 1. , .dr \ r.,n ,
    lrali
    lrirte :i sora
    . , r " o, :
    Colon.l Crosbl

    f
    I
    I
    |
    1
    t

    S f77

    ll,. Qrruade "/,u.sd (iidtba rorbiti)


    doadd.r JoDcs ilimb{ olicirli)
    Ca,nrad.s 0. Jones nrd S. Ilurphy
    | e \ I r . 11, . r t i n , l , 1 \ o r l ' t : . )
    1t ". . - . I t i.
    t . ,. , h J o . i d r r
    llr 11r . . / , ' . o- ' . | | n r l J r o r b i i

    |.rr".a,,",. r:","n ii ,,l,.'o,|':


    I tl' lli,. .t,,.//, lli nbr \urlil:1
    1rt, v: ," -mi,r, r,nb' ',ii .l'
    , ,
    ,.,
    ^

    \l ' sti I

    t/.,u"".

    { ,6 . i ,,,, ,r ,. v_,
    { rtttt .neus
    1 lhc H{leI ,m/r/:':
    t tho i,/,lr^ llrl.I
    - l l , H " l .L r'
    - Llrc two llolonel C'orrtls
    , ,r ^ ,\"

    7 ;../r

    L ,r .J r -i

    { n.- ir r,"..,,,rr.

    P.oi- llcc{l

    t.,/.b..r,!

    r. . nn , ,

    ltccd and Conpton

    Prenumcleare la piurat s (sau s torrtc rnr in pri{lezarontemporonrl $ l?8

    (s r7e):

    our Uar.fs. our llll's


    t he l$o Denier s i!

    s a u llades
    t h. t No D e n i s 'r

    ln acelagimod se srrie pluralol conform regulii la prenumele masculine


    ,li leninine: Jefircls, Jerri6, Johnnids eic.: Ivics, Jennics, Judics etc, dar
    ,numele de luni au: Februarlcs sau Februar-Ys; Januari$ sou JanuarJs;
    Juucs sau JulJs.
    'Ii
    I r" r , "' l
    I i ar ' ir' ri
    ' ir in( , 7Lnn, , . li, i
    :.\.ti.oiu rrns.inrrc r , r inr r az

    nt:i liiat:: "IIah!

    B t o t h o i '.

    80u
    Numele compuse din mai null.c substarrti'e proprii sau dintr'un nume
    pr.triu + alt cufinle p nesc semnulpluraluluila ultimul cufiiti
    r - l' - "t H / . 1 {
    r ' n' r '
    l'
    .r ll \ lr\l
    l HL- u
    o '- $ , r J
    - 7"n. l' L
    "|
    Tl,.I ue like Ja.k irlhc-ro&j

    s r79

    I r,ii
    rdopl" s..ru -s,r ., rr "l I,l,rr'l'rlri p"nrru jos F lirrile
    '"iirori
    n', .itr .uLqra,,l,\p, nr' un", da i .i in .azul numelnrI,oprii
    d rurbir' ,
    "rp prenunelor:
    frnilie salr al
    Tne d.isq's havo askcnthe J',s's io dniterItc o.dciad three 7'0n and J.t.u;\.

    $ reo

    Numclc protrii striinc au in genere,h limba enslczn.pluraiul numelor


    proprii engleie;tli (vezi S 176 1791cu uuclc exreplii in cAzul terminaL,ici'y:
    ure llnlenss
    lhe Cnesia
    tlrc \ie.us.r
    ilre l)uDotrh ihc Borsirs
    t\e lloi',.or
    the Sifili.s

    tle \cros
    i1i. (uri.s

    thc LorenzoJ
    the I'i.olerii.r

    tl,. Julios
    the tiol,ti.fllis

    ure Apollos
    lhe nl Grturos

    Ex( e p li{:
    th l,ro C.{..li, the rlt./l/.i, l}. lnrt c1,..

    s 181

    Numeralele snbsLantivate
    23) Plulalul rumeralchr subst nti\at.
    scrise.u liter urmoazirreEulile subltartivelor in pli'inla lo nnrii pluralului:
    lrYc.strr,s
    Ifu lliilht:'
    nr t le lt r . , r i. J ol Lhc llt h 4 , . t u r v
    .. t/,.|l. . , . .
    r, /'
    Thc gif ls \ r f r P Fr ilnis iu , r . J i n d
    ^eos.
    (i.N
    Tlt roNing
    rre il :rr.r and s/r/rrs
    I
    1
    4
    6
    )
    lll!
    .
    1:
    J
    j
    1
    l
    i
    r
    i
    1\ : er i ii i

    s r39
    | 183

    Sorisecu cilre, princsc s sau 's la plur.rl:


    Yox . 6' r and 7C' i ir i s m r ids f , l l s i r , r a D d 1 0 s J
    ior).
    ln l, lie J o' r oJ l, liis ir ' t r r r v
    lsau
    lhc l16r ' s ls { u
    t he 7r 60 J l

    24) llurahl
    plural:
    la
    's

    rumelor dc litcrc.

    \urnclc de liter. prinlesc in gnere

    lJont roll ronr /'s.r


    Sh.
    I on

    (,mssPs hef /'s.


    lt as s " \ it li l\ v o s . r .

    ne!.r
    \ r r ile

    Unii scriitori ornit insii apostroful:


    \\'ril. "l.all' Niur 1,\ro,s.
    Numele de litcrc pot li scrisla plural;i in intregime,astfel:
    "Ll,c lNo

    s 18{

    e.s. e/s, .11s. .."s.s. eL. "r

    Plurahrl cbrcf iatiil.,r se formeaze ad6ugtn25) tlurahl abreri:rliilor.


    du-se in genere un -s la singular:
    (ss.lC.l'
    i: Gener.lPra(tili.ner) (plI C.P.s
    \1" l'.
    \l P.
    P: liar'rn
    r , \' l
    |
    ., l .r
    (pt. I c
    l.jr'r,g [,"r.,. '
    "
    lssI p ,,.
    1: losicafd) hl ) p.r s

    , ' d,i

    1r
    "

    Tatu a\ti. J.'rl:


    lm l.l
    1 m.1". 1. , , , , ' r - . , r ' i. J
    i.
    l\'/.:
    ol i. lo
    io \
    ,
    nor . I
    '1,., ,r' ' .\ ". t \ "t at a, at

    dc Utlttr.:i
    ^r , :
    b"r i. ' i
    D. . , o1

    ancric.tnii.
    ,
    i
    'tl...:.
    , '\ r 'r l .
    l v . I 'i
    r '. \
    ll i .
    t
    1.1, It.
    1it

    I r ''
    d

    '

    "
    1

    NUII.{RUIj

    . I .' r'.
    .:
    lL.
    .!.r U t
    iq.l rol.
    , si
    -.
    s! I lb.
    -t 1 \ 1r
    _! I L, R'.
    ,.o
    :
    \l L r
    '''
    . r. \
    '.O
    1
    -.

    61

    SUBSTANTIVELOR

    .ap itJl) r - ( r , 1. ) c aps


    = l,on r) - { Pl. )
    hs
    {: Nou nta , n) - ( pl) M t s
    (: volume) - (Pl ) lols
    l: ao rFte ) - ( PI ) im ls
    i: l,u nd .edlv eis ht )- ( pl. ) c s t r
    r: nound < libra) - {Pl.) l}s
    (: rArd) - hl. ) v Ll\
    {: c.mtd,, ll - ll, r . ) ' , os
    : t)ro lhF r ) - ( nl. l br o5
    c" e r. l c al
    O r r : c 4)
    i
    { plr C. S{) .
    O l ?r ' \ lon I nt d"r , - ( p l ) \ I O s
    -\l"Li
    '
    \ fl O s
    \.r.r:o m m n. i. n"d
    O il6r
    - / ol. l
    r pl I P r r 's
    . Io 5l U i p. l' o! : 1
    ' \ ' lpr

    Lrii scriitori formeazdlnsi pluralul abreviatiilor alcituite din ilriliale


    s) la sinsutar(l188);
    ii:r1ind's (apo6trof
    ,,f.\

    P.G.' s

    N .C .O .' S

    \ LP \

    $ 185

    aile1-n abrvialii dubleaze la plural litera linali


    .r l u s. s au m s . ( : m i tr,s fu j p t)- { Pl) } { s S
    L= t , aqr ) h ' l ) rrp .
    /o ' \ i t
    r ol os r i I P d s ' s
    '
    \lte doun alref ialii au un plural special:
    : \ li. t r r r 3 L l l \ l l " s s rs '
    .: \1 .
    \ li lr " '
    o l \L ' r ,m " '
    ..
    .

    sau ini!,ialn:

    \l p l " rLi LIP!orl ,i rr , Ptu r x lul c llnr i p.l r!i d r v o rb i ro s u b .l a n l i \a l c '


    f or n paz , d " .b i " .i p l u r0 l L l c o n to rm rpgul ri ganp' el o , sub.

    s lE6

    :' . - : i . d o r ( $ {11 1 0 6 ):
    \rrs iem pf . . d t r Puhops * a. il pot s / r l {s t {A d ! )
    il.ir. nslfcr
    ({d!.)
    i ,,,i ri..a
    voltr i/s'arrl ,rri (-conj.),oI you ilirs a;d ,'rl,/,m.
    (^dv)
    ll,s iil, I'{s"t till oi ar." and lr,'zs
    fh. dsiris .1 l,istorv. (Ad!.)
    -ir,c ad's anil z,es tin Pa.li{dentl. {-\dv.)
    Pr pr . )
    a nd .oa " s,r ' \ r ' , gl' p, l
    ' d. . nr lr ar t l
    -:c r:o
    ( \ u m F r 'l 9
    ',
    \ nt o,L 1 ".,\:n j l. - r r oom ot . ' : r " _|"
    ' r a'
    lvPrb '
    i- d
    , ', / .
    id, /
    jr'
    s n ad la an inl"r m r nat l. " o_v oi
    " h " Nlai-crP. thev aE "
    ''Ihe llower is oDe ol the \rhal loi onllrnsn! -a
    Eorrgy,

    s 187

    t rele cuvinte primesc 's:


    fd r- r

    1n p..hd1g-

    ot

    I' o s d o .fo ' r d " ..

    i l r $ a s leit ur oll t P rrj l i r " f,l l rro r"


    i -'. r p i\ ' - us " olr p n d t.l l s .n u s tl ,
    l

    P " ;a _ d P n ," ssa.

    mo.l

    npl " a' 1nl

    L nii -.criitori tntrebuinleazd 's ca semn al pluralului la orice cuvint ca.e


    - '.tc u n s ubs t ant iY c o mu n :
    't. l tt- : "
    fd i r rro :
    l l r J o . r:
    Ll . ll" p ro ' i n u " o a ' ,Io u r rs r oJ,os
    ''. .ri; r J
    ', l P . J nd
    oi l l i s s o rl J
    " ies
    { ilI r' r .v r' r' tn ,l ,h -&.a r
    |
    l pul up
    i t" a s a tl th t*
    i o r 'e $: r ' l; ' , 1in6.b o
    "
    r nrrial : naiuscxlti.
    !u ;
    s r u r lr . f s r s l a l .
    :,:u d anr
    ( ' ! . ' dum l r.
    ;,lfl.lraria cnliitlot.arc nu stil, dc lapl sxlrst{ntivenu s. conlordoazi regulilor
    _ i.rri.
    sftst{ltirfrof: rort,rlrr';i nu ro..riLli.:; .arefulu:. li n (reft.Ui:s
    ', :;i l,rorrli
    S i: 61.

    s 188

    62

    \T. CAZUI, SUI]S'TANTIYNLOR

    s lil9

    OHN (ASE OF NOUNI)


    unui
    l,l'rrr.itlrrrlii grtrrrslo,-(:," ra n,rm-sl- Irm" . r p^'ili
    .d,r j' .
    prirr ,:1 " '" rr'14 ,rn'rr0
    i'jru:r',LrLLd.lr!
    !!ln . "i\,lF',rul-i
    I ' a , J r n n , n u pp li
    ln limbr cngtezne\isti loarte puline pnrli dc lorbifc care rlr aslezr
    forne (Leosebil.cpentru diflrfcrlierei cazurilor, si Ace:t('a smi: pron&'itu'
    o?'-.in
    l.l;ril
    J lr^nrlr'l
    r,ro .i ''rb nli l
    ,.t.'.t"t . p-.'tr"l"

    ll,rl
    l9l

    Irrn hl r14' u\-r' rprrl


    '. . ' t t l t nl
    . ll! l
    i i l F .r/-J l a .
    " i n rpn-r'
    ' r:ri
    '
    rr$
    r
    ,
    rr"
    ,
    .r l, r . ln7; ! r " . p ' n l r' r n o ^ In , ;.. l
    ' '1
    - l r' r rr' pu?r.rr I' e1
    tru _S
    c ernr
    it il'
    e s i d rti v )j
    |1 )'l
    r bos c b i re d e l rra rn a ti c r rrrn ra n l . c| IIc 6rc .rnr' ) fazrrri - l romrni rl l \"
    r . , . , ,,j r. l i \.r \^ ,d :,\
    ftl _a
    I, ir , i. I
    ' .' ,n.pr" .r," r
    f i J rr
    i r" ' fi i r"
    ' r ' ri . ' rn r i .. I i t
    " r, i r' ' "
    'l
    m , r ior it ! 1{ ] a qr a m a ti (i c n i l o l c a o Io ti rn i rr n i:n| i nal i vul oi l i oumi l i n ci rnsl ! tnl i i
    noninal.irul Toc.ttil')
    ,\,rtri/ttlt irt) .)l Ad(Lr.ss (
    nl r' 4 I ct l tti
    1 .,.t
    . , 1 ;,r" l l
    llll
    , ,, d a " ,.r: f tn .: ta,.t l l
    tr" i
    '
    pd' ' l l
    ,o .r' i \' ,,..' r
    , , , - r e, ' , 1.
    l r'
    -.r'
    r"
    ,rrr'
    l
    ' r.' rl '
    -l ' rr.l
    "
    F
    carc::c
    p
    ri
    n
    crz
    (
    ldru
    l
    al
    ci
    rrri
    l
    ca
    url nare. rLn
    , , , ' ! oz t t ] , r .
    n l e D L rz rti o l d ln u e s te .
    l ' 1,i r' ' 1" l r I
    ,. " i r' n ," /i ;
    , , ; - r | . . . , r'
    i
    '
    iL , t , lil i r ,
    ' l' .
    rrz u l p rr:p o z i l i Lunl si nl ades.ori re:ui i l c sun un
    lr \ d. .' rL r7 -i rnu l
    . i l rr
    -ri
    sirNur nunre cdeNrir: t:o.;t abiccli; (Oli.x:tire (:.ts.) Ca ,sicnzul prepoziliolll1l'
    r i. i , r ( f s la nu e s t u n (a z d i s ti n c t d e c e l e patru cnunerdto nl ai sus. cr ost' t
    (liroft. indirect sau piepozilionaldupi cum o arat'a
    (rrzul fotrr|hmentllui
    la
    0rj.d.
    eare tnseamnn
    vcnind
    de
    a/rjeciire.
    numclo
    s:'t
    culnrtul
    inru,.i
    (Dic,:t Objai)' ind:trecr (Indit\1 Otae.r/ sau pfepozilio
    ii\\,r
    .,"'pt""1".t
    ( PrtposittonaL 0bica ).
    tJ
    pcntrD tn.te Lfl urj l e i rr afrfi ,l e
    S Lr bs L. an ti v e lae' i d -o s i n g u ; fn fl f
    s(1 ,.1 ;
    r ' , ' r' u n " h J e " o : " on," t' (( onn' n .o: I ru" nFr n" l r'
    , r " , r ul r r nr f
    \iorare intrebuinlate, cr sau fnrd prcpozilic. si$ de,tumirea (le. nominatil
    (\' ezi !i
    197) (l azul co un nu
    ! , LLir i! Df eD. ,ti o n a t..l a tn
    -.a u a r:u z a i i r ..
    unIU r ,' l ":lsi zrr IF rr si nl ni l i " i F'
    u' ,rz rrrp r r..,i I' l ,r.z i '

    I lt)1;

    2) Dccliuarea srlsttntir[lui

    (oi rl,.l lirs


    (to ' l h .) roy

    I tl.h itdt nhn : |L: t 4^t ilnli. s lli


    Di loaio
    or i, iD . u\ i r l i l t r e l t n i r t r t r x $ n s h f t i v
    ll: r rr l,mn uri.. u adic c t iv s nls t ant i t . r n g. r on d i r . u n s u 'n i t i n l i t t r r b d n n i i n i l i t , o
    ldirriunr. r..c!'!
    si o lroporilie, o t)nrtr din {oeaslr sau o nfuti
    :vfzj
    s ll lit .
    r\i 7i S 2 r l3! .
    ! \'t,xi s :r s .

    {l
    Obsetralie
    \.easti formi unici pentru toate cazurile - cr.r cnccplia ge jtivului
    :.\nn - se nume.ste
    fatma cam nd (ComtnonForn):

    S 197

    ' l h r" '


    / \ . 4.)
    $"i '"9.
    (Ddt.) I garc ilrc" l,o! a p.n.
    Na.y seesa Drs in il,c ga..lcn.
    G.)
    6an. ta .:.) Bo !,6 n e l re re l

    Cu prepozitie:
    He is a lriend of tLc bor ne\t doo!.
    1 sa\e a pe1 tu nF boy.
    E x ( e p li e : gen i L i v u l s a x o n :
    TIc Dos'slci is in I'is pencil-hor
    /C.D.)
    (Dat.)

    NOMINATIVUL
    1TUD \OIIIN,\TM

    s r9s

    CASril)

    1) Defilli,tie.- Nominativul este cazul subicctuluil, al numelui predi- S ltt


    ,ti\' .,are deterninn "qubictul (rlunc prcdicativ mbiectir' -. Suliulitl
    ,,,,tl.n1.nt)$alapoziliiloracostora.Elrist)undelaintrebnrileutro.2(:cjnel'l
    .:iifr2 (: carel) sau (,ldt? (: cel).
    'I' Iu nr lii.

    \.

    . i n " ti ru l h r

    i .r' ri d J p

    '

    r) subicctsau partc din subiectulunui rcrb la un rlod personal:

    \ 200
    \ 2(ll

    7
    . , r ".
    Tl.
    ' "Il o I I
    l\
    ' m "I
    , 1' orh'nr ! ' a'
    join
    J,1 , " .r t 11,
    d I
    ool.r r \ p .
    '
    \ll ihlt n.rl ol .drl, {$
    i,heirs.

    ii\

    ,, nurrlo prodicatir. care detcrnini


    SulJjutit,e CanpLcnent)|
    Shc is nr otl,.

    subiectul (numc prcdicaliv suL;er

    .s 2ll2

    Thc nc\L ii,ctu is l,lrc iDLc.laLional radio nriir.


    Tlose Fho died jn the cause ol ihc p.otle ale l...es.

    ,:, apozilie sau parte din apozilia unui substantir (sau a unui echiralenl.
    il acestuia)care srn h nominativ':
    -{da, l,is dazgnr,/,likcs my novcl.
    _

    This is }cn's trtcl\Pr, Ired Pork..


    Dr.
    U.,.
    Aaad
    oi Ure English Dptblnent jA urc Lnife$il)
    _

    S 203

    ol Ohann, is now in

    d) subicct al unui ljnitiv care frce part din prcdicat in eonstruclia


    n\n\iti\ nonirltit, cu infini.tia3:

    \ 20I

    o o o d .r."n..
    . r / t r i s l p o ..J o D c
    r I " r , , l. ," d " .r.. / En'3" rr
    rl h ," ,a .i ,r,, t v.
    e, subiect al unui parLicipiu prezcni, care face pade din prdicat tn con
    slr'uc,tia numiti noninatie ctl larticipiua
    c/. \d
    n o tn p ,t /d q n g
    , L o .- . a r d:$n.
    1he .pacc roci.:t \ras s:rtched sodring jnto th.

    sl<J.

    l lacc cxccptic sulic.trt h razul ncnzittiv al unui rob la o lorrnir in,t*sonrlr


    sa n laf t ic ipiu) lS !5 0 rr).
    linli n?i ti\evzi
    { : 1t 39 b.
    I Y.zi
    1ljt 5.
    ' a Yczi S
    51i11.

    5 205

    04
    fon-

    lorneazi
    subiect al unui verb la un nrod irnpersonal cu catc
    ttl1
    |
    r\\tr1ilrd.nom;nativ absal

    $ 20(i

    fur

    pl' r r 'd . 'r 'I o r 'l r "

    s 207
    -"
    *i"
    -

    \ t . d'
    p ' i m o r ar io' $:
    -ih"
    , o,' tron,rr'i nr' rr 'rr'
    ;;;: ; .
    r' J"*,"
    on tonisht
    ",1,
    on the $irerss.I don'c"
    T'i;";ii
    'aizs
    &tirul-locattv
    3) Nominetivul Yoeativ ( oninatire of A.dbess) - Noni
    r ura nir
    rucrlr
    un
    sau
    ci ^-denunqte o liin,n
    ;;Jl"bstantivului

    Is lhat You,rdnd':
    An".

    < ' ; P. . 4: ld" n

    s l Ft " r P {o u '-

    ri,.y,i*nT
    r,o"o.
    ::, ");;t,i:r
    f",; ",X.H",,'
    " ;,,,iro

    Nominativd 'rocatir'nu are rcl sinLactic'


    {Voziii S 1e2l'

    GENTTIVUI'

    208
    ::Us
    210
    i1l

    (THll GIiNIT{VE C'\Sn)


    Ic'rib'rlul'ri -\prirnJ in ori"'ur rirrdr'0''1r llclitririe. CeriiIul."z
    l'irrl ' /'n'"
    pr;rIip'llri'
    pnprira
    i"a 3r"F
    'r r L
    .f
    '"'pund";rr
    'pbrrrr'
    t
    xl't
    h
    t"'uil's"r
    i,-i
    'ltot
    t "l ur.',.i
    e\prirrln dile2) fi c.tii.-- Genitivul are {le obicei tunclic de illrlx'rrEl
    rite r,rpL'rtur'i,dintre c:rre cele rllai curentet sinL urrndioarela:
    possesstue
    GenitLte.'larata pos'rsrunea:
    a) lt)nitirul pos.sie ('the
    ihe s'/@'l'lillrcr1s rcd ties
    ilie d4ts kitlcns

    .lr.h's t..is
    iliis ,rr""r""', rol.""

    r ,l'l

    b) ! titittl
    aparlonrL.a i
    UrP \lrtt

    \ ll3

    alrartenenlci (fhe

    G'nitit'c

    erprclsi(e of dc|cnlloLr

    tltc k'J of mI

    , / lhe .drr

    '/'ar

    t) lenilir L i raditii (fhc Genitite lJ2rcssingf&nil!


    irrudirea:
    NLr's
    Urc tr"0's'
    .U5'rsor
    the sldo{

    o/

    grcat
    ^

    ) attiii

    ftlutianritip )

    rtt\

    'rir'.

    "- *i,ljlil:li:{if"i'J,i,1X1"il;,,[,',H,;1ll#:i'::'
    s,'DeLo.lv's adni.n[ion
    rha .lJrirg af the bdbll

    fi'r#l#,"::il;:l:
    "' ,'","1;1.fi:i':"11s'i'f:ill?:,1{li,",;1'H""
    r0rr ho*er
    3'[i:i;"r*'"'ifi:i,","

    f:J};i']'ij"'t?''!dffi

    :ir"iiri'""'i'i'i
    :
    r;:l
    rr''r'
    ;#l;r'
    i'
    ii
    r
    i:l; ;+l;:il:'l;,'
    ;'yl
    r,,
    i.:"iii"i;"
    ni |,,,,irrl
    "i"t,..., :,:.iljlli,i,;,i.i/1li;:

    CAZUBI

    CARE ANTICOLI']

    LIPSE;T!

    'N

    115

    J,OCUI,,\RTICOLUI,UI
    1) \mbele aflicolelre.edd substantivulsau al,ribululacestuia:

    2) lmbcle articole Eta.utnainteacurintului whole, dar dnpd all, bothl,


    rrire. iust:

    $ ;6e
    s 570
    S i7l

    The |hile galden wils in bloon.


    I sdrked at )t lot a @hDl. eeek,
    .1ll rtu siudents were pPsent,l
    Ballt (the ) ptetts
    weft Eeated at ttte table.r
    T h" sl .dy o r 0 r'ilp. , ur p r s qd; t p t h" \ bps t lhin g l o f X o r .
    U " saN o d're n ,,um ldr
    or ShaL"DedFs Dlr \ s .
    Thjs is t;s, ,n, house I $as lookini ior. {: iocmai)
    li. is jlsi aa ordjnaly bcd'sittjrg'room. (: nirnail

    3) Cufintelehall rsidoutule
    slnt urmdlcde articol cind reprezintl mnsuri: S 572
    holf a doze eggs
    ftaf d pint ol bc4
    ldto
    rmnute's silence
    toit rie bottle was emply.

    dolble the srn


    daubte the
    d.ubb the ^nmbet
    si,ze
    lYo paid dourk ,n, vatue.

    Sjnl Insa lr...ddr. de .rrticol atunci clnd lormeazd un sdrstdntie comlus


    u
    rd " cu "ub.lrn'i\ ul urmSlor:
    'npwA
    '
    ltu hLtt-ho' ) a.l lturl

    S 573

    \\. sp n t d t l"L an| 4' t t / D, f r F1oing.


    We heard ,}l d,&rr4 iecl. ol the postman.
    The word hns d d.Lblc nca\ing.

    ,\ se compara:
    sdu \Jcdnrl)
    toll a 1 , , l, daaj
    r , m . 1ld' "d
    ' oo'
    r ibc / i .
    dm il/
    1 "diu
    a ialf-la lt diu i
    o
    J '' l,
    r !r:pi
    , J ni. r ' d |ber r .
    h;]J hoLda!
    'h P
    rve"v \, par hp d lor i l huLl a hat t uo! I n l ' s p d " t r s .
    / ' dl/ I " / oir &y in s "or ld n d .
    Th ,t.p,D
    Thuadav is a ldl noltdd

    iii' ii'i

    i" ir"et;';i"-td"

    .
    rhehalthotiday

    VII. CAZURI IN CANE ARTICOLULIIPSU$TE

    s s?i

    Rcguld ge erali
    Nu prjmcsc articol:
    lt s.rbstenriu"l.ir''rab"inl-lc .u inlFIF t rpfalf\\l
    2) subFtantivelecare au url caracir de dn;cna,t [NN]

    1) S[bstantircll]numcr[l,ilecu in.tslesgonoralnu primescarticol; au S 5?ti


    i.'rc u rme t o a rP le . u b . . -q rrro
    Jrr
    a r t i .o lu lzpr o .- ln arpu.ta,alegoriF
    "
    ind sint lnirebuintate cu sensqeneric:
    dl substantivele care denunesc dDslld.itt [NN] (S 35)l
    -B.tu tlJ s t r ut h. nut h h bpout ! . '
    s ill er r c r i / . .
    la,sd,r'u' r 5

    l ldj{,0tirele d,l ii Dod nu se const.ni.sc co aru$]ul nehofi.it.

    s 5?7

    t!;
    p \n ri nrr ' n1l ' l pm^nrul
    t n ttiLr Lt ob: t ir I th O b i t' " G n i ti J " t
    F n ' r -rbr' r:
    L ,l ' a l 1 ' s u
    l"
    ,,';',i .,' 1, : ' ; ; ' ii
    '"
    ^ ,i !-i n "

    /O' -

    e 216

    ;1"*Ji",i";li;3:fii
    x;,:t:i,t{,ir:'i
    ,,",," 0f I ri*IHll:jl
    i" n{ f ! hlY
    l)ur is hm f it

    f)

    "'

    D60iptit'! Genittu') (les$ie sr$Ftrnlivut


    linlti.rnl rltsrriptic('Ihe

    S 917

    ""'
    ll'i,;lr':'ri",,i"'"
    1,,'liljlii":lJ:i,1,i,,,,,
    "f,iirJ'
    i;l'iii,ll"l'jiij,""-,,.rr,"';?1fi

    tls
    Genitit't)ayil1rlroLniuneisinrple \
    ':) lnitirrl alra:itt'('llt( t ppositit"'
    detrrr"nar:
    proprii substantivuL
    .p,,;il. l.,ri'i,r,,ilz"aznprin rririne

    lii:illi,,il,i'";::ll;!i:'iiljil,ll"lj,lilJu'*,r

    c{r:' l+'|rP' In l'r'rr'li' l'


    p'ttti!:r t lh'Pnrt;t't. .1;r;ttr
    l,) - rilt '11
    '
    rl i'r/rnrr" l"r ri:
    it Jp|iri\ ia l; rn'l ir'r'purrliH'r\i nr
    i"',-r'1.'.1,..
    "'i'l'l

    i'i''iil,'l",ilil'i:f''* lll",'':i'i["li'Jl""li

    (Tht: {;t/titir'
    i) y itiral itl]lttunll]tnal. sul'trlutbtllui!
    :
    suferlatl\
    dP
    crprimn rroliunea

    of Gt1tLalkn)

    '' ' '' " ' " '


    ', '"it t',':,;;,1''',"';,-''
    |i,
    '.
    . ' ^t ' . n
    l
    t
    rlf r"".. ''.,1
    -

    se tratlr(e iI gc ere in
    ;l) l'r.rdu{10re. (}lrnitivul dio linba erqlezi
    pu'l:
    liniba
    -" ",1 r orlAld
    et!):
    (ge itivul posesival apurteneDfi at inrurtifii
    *'it"
    ""

    i'l:'i,l,",il{"i''"'""1'ilfi
    l1''i.ii"":i'o-r
    i "l,i.'f,ili'i\i.,.,,r l!i"i.'il"ll^{.ii'lj1;ir

    .?f + substantrv(sc iti\. des$iftiY):


    ,, (|(n,struc1,iR

    o'0""'''"'
    n,",r i:'ii;1"!Y,"il""i1{
    il'l;l',J"iii,"
    i ll*rl.-;:',;i,,t,, I'j,l)ilii.1'";.T1".,"l'
    l),;il"tiili:i'5,",,.,l'rliiii,i;l"ilt",
    f1"i1,i",li",ll',,,')il'J,#ii'lii,)':"lii,,'!"
    ..1 fulintele ilinir', din (parliti{) (selrili.|-lariiliv):

    '''',,1'"'"
    ;';,--"",,

    '' li i]"i;' "',",


    '','

    t llf'

    S 22u

    S s2l
    q 22t

    I !13

    \ 22{

    i 1i'-'" ;-

    'l 'i "-"


    ': 1,,::
    'l' 'i"1"'

    ,,s,niri*,ui
    r:1rirn,i
    i)l ,ij:*::pjf:,,:i?1i::r
    ,i'lli:,',i,{','3:1ti"l;,,''
    "',.."
    5

    cranratica ltmbli e'gteze

    6 0M

    S 225

    dJ o apoziti(Fenitivapoziriv):
    thc Isle o/ Md?
    (: hs'na ltanl
    thc monUi o/ Jondf,
    i:lnDa innudic)

    the dt.v of RuctL at


    l= ol\ut Duclresi.i)
    5i.. "rdlr4's Park
    (.- rJarcut Sr. Ja cs)
    cJ un adjectiv (geniti.!' dcscripr,iv):
    .,.
    r : , " . - l o , ,l
    tt,. | t :a.t.
    I ,

    S 228

    S 9P7

    . i rd e i

    4) trolllll. -

    S 298

    r J.ir

    to ,

    tr,i _.

    Genirivul are in linba erglezn d.a d fart .l


    ,\. !.nitiral s.oor (sau ft\ior.f)i
    B. gti;iti eul p-epa:i1ionut.
    s,rrxor\${rJ c,tZUL pos}istr
    -{. ctrrtlrtul
    (?riti stxos on\rfilu 0n posstrssr!}j
    (,tsE)

    S 229

    Forlrlli. - Cenirivul saxon. nrrnjjt. ,\i cozul posasi!. ceniri\ui flc\ioxrr


    F"L,gpni iirl .i'r" i . . . r, , rn : : r rr| ,.2 ,1 ..t.r.,iri,-t.r dir t:mL1
    r0rm:1r, fln ll-1,In,. -Ll Fi. n r;mJ.itr r \,,hirlrii ,,F iri! .,.0 . -r:t,./a
    1) $ingutar. La s;rgutar. r:azul posesiwsc tormeazn adilldndu se s
    $ SeO
    I"porllul \), la lormHuH nu'nirI ir .i,,:,u11', .,r1. , t,'jr,"" ;rd.l.t ,,. t, ,.1
    subslant[rulrespecti! s.: tontind sdn nn Ln -s..
    tn.r .d ,p's m.mllN
    Si. ?r"Das'.c f{osriiel
    C/d,,rd.-. r Lr(rltoir.dia
    ,i.ldrs's
    atrd It'.rr's riol.cls
    ,ll.! s fransisto. radio

    r,' .r's hools


    rlr .trn"nr.s herd
    otr. s,',se,seAss
    Btan he';' .t)i1\j
    th. Jel8.'r lerd4t
    .tu]/fr,,.riim.latrlc
    tli. huEe/i.n s lail

    s 231
    s 2I!

    Er cep lii
    Primescn r, 6i ,rtu!trntul:
    . _ ! iu
    't) substrrtilplp.r ,aror srlabnlinaln nrripctti se teniinn .u suretul
    trj

    tz t:

    C..esls' lreasu.s
    23e

    ,J cjtel'a substantiye
    curintul s.lA.:

    lsir' tfrnjrla

    comunc tornlinate

    ;n s,'netut [s] ti

    I'r .ozfdrt.r..'

    urnnte

    .Ie

    sake

    ior ,", ornC salc,erc-

    231

    ln nczr,l.lp t,;. ctro.r'ot.l ru , .,a. bl,:. tori,r: tAa^.lJ.i ,,rtir,t.


    tc..
    -,
    eulor un,n-; il in,r.oJi',{' d/J rlt, ori nu. ln itr i . ,.i:
    tor g,od,.srsake
    tor ..ns.i.,.. sake
    ror.on'dn,4..

    sak-A

    ior tL.lt Dffite sake, ell.

    ,f J " n ri \ l i -n , , d" J:r-:


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    rn , l. , 1T r r , et nt ar o .d l c j ., d rs !.ru rr rn tfe l rm D
    : T p" m r n, r ia r.r .t.i
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    1 ,." ,,rt.i ._ d,rt
    .

    , l11' , r / p s .
    t,ru ,n n ri f!to n rl l .

    ., ..b.tJrt:...r

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    ,.,r.o,n t" s r,J. t. ,,Jt ,

    O b s e re a lie

    .i
    E 235
    in 'ibilJn l .ulrrJt' da si// -..--,,- reguLu
    -,h\un,-1. proprit '
    se
    supun
    dF sd'rr
    'm in0lp rn sibilnnrali urm
    nnrFrminaro
    .' .',Li*i;;;;,;;
    "P
    s)]:
    's
    (apostror
    irL,i.n" ladicd primclc

    Ior ?/dnas'ssrkc
    Iot Ar;''s sake

    l:""i#lf,'J3*

    art lor o"s sake

    iii r.l;i"i'";t"

    sau 6n1i36- lcrminate-ro $ 236


    GonitlYulnrmclor proprii striinc - moilcroe enJl'z"rlir$ 2{r' zJrr:
    .",ir.Jti.l- i"".i" i,r,"rariti" secon'porra
    'a ii 'alF
    C'ilnDlst

    i:x*f*;s"
    i'*;*'"*::l'"
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    -Eaaz'sr

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    house

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    iiruarie
    \fpsati
    hr/' ) si estolncntionLiarcrlAnlru cr

    fn
    cu nql6za {ormala sorisi .
    s( omiie arit tn scris. cit ti oral -s.
    "--,- -?
    \tluJmente ins6! pantru P'nonr
    (c roru ' rcni s 'r F :

    i tlii i'ii i " r ' ii i ''l 'otulmanri nrnJ u

    fler'L1's' flub

    Pn4ebrs'iame

    i"'"'?"'iir'ii"*Pt'Y
    l, . t d' s' c o u ra g e

    L''nk' blrth
    _ A/u rr1 J 'atti l Lrde

    IJn i i a ULor i' P . ^f f s n d a l n L fe b u l n l a rF -l g F n ;l i \x l u i ' pfA pozi Li onal l nspeci Jl s2:| 3

    r,

    ","lli.

    pr "p ;' an r i'c lungi.'ila celprprnindt"in " : z l:


    'h " $or lq o/ ?4 e7 L' ,
    ' nr P"in r t ' ' Lt Ht PPa"' t "

    il otd

    239
    dp cFniriv sa\orrepini'a Pi11 S
    L, ulrimplpdF.cnii s-a In.rrat'nrr iorFa
    dpo'
    b u '|n' ar
    ' 1 r r or ur ' r itii' i.,",- "Y1""'
    , " 1 if i; ; i i ; s ; c s r d .r" ti zaprdri ni n\'rrp
    :
    ".,,i.i.,"1i"'r.
    r's"r
    Pronu.trriIrnqrurlrrnLLZI
    r".;i""'" la'insulit ia
    nrn!inirdu-seinsdi
    thc ac'r'st' | ktrsrzl fa'r'
    t'he rzi'rss'
    :, J a"

    [ $ertr$tz] I 'rmrc
    JIL
    d
    'rm/r/

    u
    il'''
    |"1i:ri'o'r"r"'*''"lriil'"
    -"

    se formeaze h do'rd moduli:


    2) Plursl. - La ptural, cazur poscsiv
    se adaugi apostroful firi sr
    a) ta pluralul terminaf in litera 's
    na "
    her ft;r/
    ; h i ,;j '
    tuit' ' .i r" '
    ii'*
    l)

    la pluralul care nu se termini

    run'! hais

    cliildTeD'! Eanes

    tp h ' P
    'e

    S 2{0
    S 911

    l -'

    Brnelr'- rouse

    s):
    in lilera -s se atlaugd 's (apostroful

    gff::i i:iy*

    ltr aceirst;lsrttra
    I In
    lrre'a pmnnnlat;l ca i mnnne$ sc rornl'rt'i
    -F&uztlrenlsl'
    ''
    lj.. c:r ti sibilantr :.

    $ 2{2

    213
    "s

    {lox{tuzie

    Cazulpov j! se fonifazn:
    ,s
    1t l,t
    "in:.rt.ltr.Jdrx,,ii rlu ie (apostrofs) iir io.rte subsianli\fle colllunt,
    . u r'-oprrr..l,rJr
    s.
    1,,,"1, 'rmir
    ' - |r
    244
    Erctiplii
    "s
    lll substanl.ilale terminHto inrr o sihhn cnre in(,cpo ti se termini flr ,;
    ,./ cttcva substantilcteminare in sunFtuts, ulndte rle sirl.:
    2) 1.0 ptutdl:
    d/ adiugtrdu,sc atostrolul fir:i s 1a pturatcleiel\rrinritI iI r:
    ,, a,liuqilldu-sc.- (aposrrofr) h pturiikte rerft'lntrrat{,
    ir .".

    s 2Jt

    $ 246
    ia217
    S !i8

    : lt . nlie
    !
    S pr e r le o s e b i l ' erl o l i mb a ro m6 rri , substa l ;\ul i n cazut r)oseri 1,!/.a,/n
    n,l ,rl .,r,. l , rrr:brr ,1, .,t-.
    l ,.s -,l J ' .," F ,.rtc p rn ,,,i . t.tJ
    ' , , . ' . laof i, , l' r r,i
    lr nl, r c pr F l r ' ' | | | i
    urti rrLl ,.,,\,,,r (.ub
    ' ,..J ..\.' l J ,F d .,i i r,-p :n d u-.,,' r
    stantivul determirat) Ei co tjnuindu-se cu cel sau cele {are il preccdi. in orrlidra
    apr ut , i" r ii l^' d - c l . SF \a ti r,F . b i n ^ i rrFl FS .." j L,a J" t,,r]tul ,.H cuL. .r,ri v" t,.
    J F l. ' m ; nA nr F s l , i l u i ... ru j ' l ri b u r.l e l ur un ;rr,p si .i ;rJi ,.d ;ndr,.,rh ,i . i
    se aplion in {cest .,az u subslanri\-ului deramjn;ni izotar. ci intregului grrp:
    nr"r clder sisre/'sl.lio
    trer lalc n,.\rnd,s D-d,..'s hoNf,
    r " " i. . ..f,,' b r' ro ri r.' l .,!l i r/r' i
    -d.b ?,r' .i (p.rrr,l ui ri .o
    ' h / , r r ," , ri .l o ' .
    4 ,..,,...r'
    r,-r,h.r'
    I j' r ' ir i i h ro i a l !,l fi i l o rl
    ( nerdut nt\.sri ,i l i i ,t,,i tl i R ol ,)
    f4r.'s !d..nh' risilr
    (: fizit.a trirnrlild tui rinte)
    Subslanl.i|ul determinat nr esl. pr.1:.:dar tt.i articol:
    the tost,na,is ,ln,rn (nd fostmn\ ,nc knook,)
    thc flrildr.ns h.q t ls lt\t .hitdNr's ,t. .e* io-rs:i

    Subsrantilulin.nzul pose.iv poate Ii hsn prcedatsa nLrde.rrtiroll


    in lun,lip
    rnr.l.s d,,r n; arun,i,ind
    i,"m" pror,rirrta srnq,rl.r,:
    'lp
    ".rn "n
    ( Puttlr inltcbui lafta a ircLuLuit:n nnmcle proprii, r,r.:t,si g 463).

    s :Il
    $ 9.',0

    (l:rzuri speci:rle
    . 1) Glltpurile de ruvirrte li titirlaturil conrtmscau semnut cazului poscsiv
    adnuqat Ia ultimul eu\-inj,:
    Ih. ttd! Llforc\ pat'pt
    tt. lais and a hatf': ntlar
    in a n ilul e at e, s ii t :
    tt1. i.:tt Lraan Ankticatt ireokt

    nr, r&ri.r-t
    ldq,.r irords
    t.li rdnr Cltel Jr.-rnr,s {ddnss
    nRs i t I i d n t t ; t h M n e t u , . r o t h e f
    ua,{
    tirehani: t)jrt \\orli .,lfg!

    (ta,LL.l
    lrrl |,s.

    .Tot astfelnumele (de pcrsoane,dc tirnre erc.) :rloiilujtedin nl^i rjrrtre


    i^ nt:nr!

    I III':

    L"jgn

    th,, td;roz

    Co.'.r r,$rds

    09
    .t) Cnrd doui subsiixtile lcgokr llrin 'axal" rprezinti pos$orii aceluiatj
    1,. 1.'.r,!'dl crz,,l\rip.sp'i\ 'F a'l'rre" la ul imul 'u\rnr:
    \\'lh
    1.t.,

    ri- arl
    1 1 .. R.t' o to v
    ro
    i/o "
    . . " t t ! t , ",.d

    ,o tn l n t l.s l' r ^ ",r i . "

    S 2l'I

    n'dbor'l

    Cind insi obiclul nu aparlinn ami (lurora.se spLrne:


    \1ith llltrv's rnd Jn"r's ,!mlliments.
    and lrihor\-$o|lts
    t-^';rr.
    J;ri'"
    iluriLri

    'r ttlori!ia priip.l.

    s'rr'rrl

    indiridual'i

    *rv I t
    'zului pu
    "' hl:

    P l u 7 'r r r
    Par F inlr . b' r r nLor at t t ht t '
    ,,/
    '
    ' lJ,u :en ili\ul
    I' rr1ljnlul ei cuvint:
    ,t;
    l' n\ "
    l r'r rl
    TJ,.a ,r
    h' F l - d '
    / "r / e
    m ll
    H,,\'1n u
    rs'r
    I {lid t|is lo. JuPs ,z? amll,r. s salic
    |:n!lan'1': munr'' \ilfs
    llII
    l/k nins
    Il.r.I
    "f

    ' Ii

    de obicei

    s 25r

    sclnnul losc"qifitluj S i)i'3


    bJ dacn genil,i{ulste inlrbuirr!,alpredi.tatio.
    determjnar:
    s,tbstantivul
    s,ru
    de
    e.rc frhit rlc apozifie
    ln ,'/.rs.
    san
    'Ihcsc iro15 a.e Prt{
    lhe .nrtft
    Trif$ bovs dre /.r.f'r
    sa u
    'l he aPro; is mv sister ,mirsr's
    'fhc almn is nrl sisl.t'J Emil.r*

    cj Rareori, scrnnul posesivului se giseDtela ambele substallive:


    Tlcsc hovs de P.t.t's the carter's
    She \vas goi,,A 1o Libbu's thc st t.t's

    ln Iimba nncl'r" ' "nt'm


    aposlrollhrila razul po'c.il.
    4r suDrimaren
    obic"rul
    ,a
    c.nili
    \ulrri
    'axu' '" tiF 'uprinrrl'
    or',r.nir
    aposlrotul
    .rn.'
    s
    r'
    i'.,
    n
    '\.--13 FslF
    in.pc.ial ,dzul 'ubslor,li!Flor,rr lnrni J" nlural.dr"n'r 'rnl n!
    rulrimare d lrpo'1"'l rlrrr'- inlll"rr.ra i,h".' de f^.e.iunts,,1.si"r-mIl J"
    In'i:
    r,. in , rnd .ur"r'r si l'.ir'g,rlar. lil-rd '
    ''lerr!rrrind,'P
    1sg) St. '1lro,'r (town)
    1s(.) Sl- ,1rdld s (to$n)
    is a. l . / ' r s - ho u s es p i ,i i

    "s

    2l'1

    $ !;1

    1tl.l ih. ln'o lca.." Plat


    1!l.l a ieN n,r's rest
    lil.) a 1w. miles dislaroc

    ,\nrbele lonno. cu snu iird aposl.rof.se intjlneso adseoriilr -acrlqi eon- S t50
    iert. Urmiloarcle \emple sinl nume consacralede t'eRt'o li snli de concerL
    .p;-;r," din p asina'specl,acolelor ziArului "?/l, Iirnrs". noienrbrie 18'
    "i"..
    1978:
    Ilukr of lorras,Printr.Cnar]|s,Sl llaftnr'rirr Sl l{tttins Lanel
    \lJnd l

    n,ir

    Q u. eir , f lc .

    Raoa nin Lt'l; ll u 'uhurhi' I' rrnrl'rl Lurr'lrei'


    Tol .'.li'l c/ Jau''
    j, .,
    . Roodnt.. !o? .,rburli, I' q.r'1..i 5, /,,,, r /lnal irr_-'r,rl
    .\/
    Jrr',
    ^
    'i,
    L, r',lFi. DF ta!1. :l .l,rn". .'p 'r' 'l^ "in.,-nr-/" uri d r,rrtnir'.l 'punrnrr'.
    r.. 1.,',dr' bi d- ii. arp | ,l , u urlni'r.Irr ,.r l,' 'rnl'J rl'' rlr'F 14 rrrur"
    SuDriuiareaaposlrofuluila cazril poseriYd JLt. ln rll rriiuttd \(ripri'H :257
    ,iiv,l
    .,rb.r"r,
    .
    n.r,fului.
    ir"t":,',,ti\,,r sF,,rr;'-l | -,'
    .i tolerlra d rrci .r,rirL', iri\.1 il s,lrrr"lului.i ' ,li\u' l,l'rr''lulurnhi"nui' rr r"n' li- d' J liaii\'
    irr en4'/a
    -uti\r in f. cr" ',,' prn'1,,.,- niurii 'u urn'd "4.1" "rFr'irrr--'-.r1"*
    i:"""t *tr"t infertiturtine in p ririrlla locului apostroiului in inl'enfia i
    '58
    rorbiforului. do.i amLisuiLateqi coniuzieln lcritul (omunicdrii:
    r lczi

    ii idrirn

    \i.ol.sl.

    7."dirjc

    in olgletn hrikrnin

    cant'ntPo nti'

    i0M

    2i9

    6i J :i r,,,r',"1l'rot,riid i',"riruli,. tirn,",t,br; i. m.!a ; . r..r ,u-'n -.


    pilrluri , .) sirt d" rceul" , onsid.rateplurale tralatc ca atdre i privinla
    ii
    rcordrihri l,rr cu verbul rqi(,u pronumle eLc.r{xpcctire, rimine iotusi incerti
    tu.iin!,1 |rrnti ln pririnf,a nunirului - singular sau plural al.numelui
    propriu ti afensta in domenii tn care coa rnai mici eroaie poalc atca conse
    cinle dezaitrooa3e.
    in donrniul afacerilor:
    1- t
    .,,l,,Jyllr

    :lll0

    r r . , d, . . di
    i r t t r ld, u L r .
    t-,rj,
    r - i, , . .
    .
    ,.
    r,t,
    t , it . t . 1
    ( lds , ll3l Ad, .' . |r or s lt ! .out
    a r.N dl.tionnfJ.

    I , l.
    i:

    .l tr.zerla unor subii,antive aparnt plurale .,u rol de adjeotiv in forJrLrftn sulJstantirelor rornpuse a prLrdusezitnri la plirdr.a regu)ii roDlorm
    ,."i',l.n,nul
    r'r r.,lnan Fd-.,r\il , n'r-.r, a,rl,.,; ti\ ,
    trFLui^mru. nu
    ..:'1," iur" ,1, nl,[dl r::.1. 1f6,. S-,
    rd rn "pbuir.t
    ,rp.,din.air
    "
    " di|l"1
    ',jui
    .ie rnri lrc(rcni,i a pluralulLri elcme telor secundlre ln substantiveleoompuse.
    uneori partr)el cu trceleaconstnrite dupn priicipiilc gramat;fale:
    tllr iltr.. d,./,!- old rihild

    261

    L..1,rl

    ih.
    th.

    t!tcnl,.\'.3/.ah'olds
    fhf.{r ,'?.}'6kl .lijld

    d) a,lcsoorinr se mai lroatc deosebidacn un detrminant,ast,econsiderat


    din pLr rt de .r-edere
    glamatical un simplu ptural cu rol de arliectir..un genitiv
    saxon silEular sau unul plural. -{cesta est,ccazul substantivelor ca:
    tfn sli/lingr rrin Dione!

    llr. d'fe( Loute ol Wo.l}Ltth-.

    Thc lnii|!d .l'aro,s OrgarizatioD


    a! oltl rU(sl.'s srle
    i.h! ont /a;rrr
    dela.irne!l cnt.ai.r

    !, mri nlult lnrl accasti ercesir.nsirnplilicare a lost cauz.r int!buinldrji nejLtsiificate a unor substanLive cu h,ieles de singular.onsacfste nr
    englzr (ontemporani sub formir dc plrrall
    I're qot to so to n), ran,t.rs.
    IIJ,l&r.fs ,rc Uli l(i. tlacc lof r0,, lo go 10.
    l \r j rs l h n d m X g l o ts scrl l o Lhc.l ,a/N .

    2(i2

    iar lirrDtl acst.i categorii dc niagaziue poarl,i nrrme|: B. Smith. dlr:azr:rs.


    :r) Sulrrimarca substaDtirului d.'tcrllrillal. - ln uncle cazuri, sLrbstlntilul dc l?r m in a t n u " q em a i e \p ri m i . d e oarcce cl sa i rl dago di r oonto\tt:
    \l ' ! s L a l l n c c i a l n r r( nr,s (hous.t.
    Lcl's go 1o LotLi. ,rrd'.1 hnaoet.
    1 r,a l l
    T o .r' .' .
    l .!
    . ,
    I Io " ,
    r1 - o ' r ,r .\.r..,-.
    Ile weDt iolo Jinps,/'s l.cstan.ant,t.
    Iler ial|.f is il, J, ?,toz,as'r ltk3pit{t}
    "\1hov, roice $as that?,, ,.r_4'is'siroir,l ,'
    sirall re alsit I/ 1,orl':r lCatherlf!tl loriir?
    a'rr.idr.'s lEorelt .tr J,t,J tcotr.slt
    ltudnor
    1lt\l,iLition)
    L,ri'
    chb). o"..,,s (Hrt|.
    "!!..rar,l's
    icri.k!t.

    s ,63

    Intrcbridtarer caznitri !o!$1r


    li Ro3 li Spupralt.. C. zLl tu-^i, s"ir'tr"l..i
    d/- ir'.,:. r't^,'rfl,:
    d/ uL nrr\":"
    pr.
    I'a i ,, i Jl :
    ^

    I gril

    s 265
    de u

    r CnrniLel{' s r|njl,lrsc 1D e\.Drtrl. tfu!j!ie nrsi .\tj.irrrre it r.,ri rjinil


    s:nt Ifec14^1e
    rd jr'.li\. los es ir : "L. ls m er l. _r t &r nr r s .l , , . . S t i a l l $ e g o t , , y , t p l r . i , ,

    zl
    ,l substa irele colciive ca: tlalian, .auhtrlJ, loJi l'ttion gaacrnn'] ,
    .,b1,it:is1ra1ian.Parlianent, mdiorrtl!' campanU' J ll erc:
    the
    thc
    the
    rhe

    \ z&li

    @znt!'s slog'aPhY
    za,i,n'r relrfs.ntairlcs
    ,,oll's roi,cs
    lzrt's rc.dict

    P, ,r,ic !ofl,ind. J"rori'. rc Jinrpi de ii" tlifi" n ,si de nivelare din


    uL.ter' :' ' hirr ' l" nrnunFpot rYeala gen!hv
    1.:
    ||' rr, rprosl'uri'
    .l substantivelccare numesc sau sngereazit itdli de
    ji::llti.
    greutat., raloare etc ):
    cUmensiune.

    nsurl (tjnrp, S 26?

    $a]h
    dirl '
    ' l' . . / ' /
    | "r f .
    I.n4h
    \l
    .,/,,d
    I Pt,'rNorui
    three slill,ngtl \rolth
    \torth
    .nc's ,,n'r's
    I l.ro ,.il.s'

    a three lo,ru' iaik


    \\"
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    )"
    l,.,f a r n,
    )i
    , rrr.- jo f l \ '
    t .."o ,.k. t\ . .
    - q,
    il a 7ro,:.nas rro1i.r.
    a s/dn,'r thol'
    the ,drl.'s ltrrglh

    lvlzi ii S :99)
    sarion
    ale sul-'siantivclor care dcnunls(ruitnli de
    lor rele da Eeniti$
    p"t
    lrilocuitc
    uneoti
    li
    r,;r.rii
    9i prin forme edj'ctivale compu:' ale cnror
    flenrntc sini unite Prir cratinA:
    a l,.ehab

    $ 2ii8

    a t4, r,tle NalL

    t l1tr

    de tinp intrd qj:1ado4'lnt ottor'' l/ts'/'/n4 ""/i


    ln catceorier.initilt-ilor
    n'or
    ,t""r.
    olt
    n.
    t|ntt
    '\ n tt r'-n' Dn ur'r sr rru ' le ir' rrlo rJnl
    t, h \.
    ;i ario',inpuri:
    (cciis

    S 9{;9

    rtcotnts
    IusI
    fte\! /anlr'.- liolnlrY
    -\ lli&r,mn,d ,\lsnts Dr.id
    The Ift'r./'r Trle
    .u'r.ddy's tiptl
    ltif
    s,n lrislit lalc le.n S?rrnD.r'sthe ,ar./ ac&.e's Paper.
    She wis r{ding

    ,lays n .ws _
    natr .
    !.tlnttl!.t

    urrate
    d/ cit1'a substantirc ,-'ornd710
    tor
    i n
    Ior
    lof

    S S7o

    de cuviotul saA':

    s{lte
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    obe.li.encc'sa:ke
    ,r td
    lof !"d r
    caalla.
    "Jk'
    ti
    ii. . . , , 1 / a . a k . .
    ior,.der's sake
    .o's.t;..,
    sako
    lor l'lY's sakc
    tr..!'s
    sako
    (Vezi ii ! 23il' !3{l

    .J substantivele.nurnc d obicie jnaninate' care pot r\'ea gerui nlasculir, sau terninin t{ 70)l
    ;) i",li"
    ect'i.,ni,insuabstfaclii.sentimente,
    l--'.*"
    ""d'i."i!i.,.""
    ani l\ 7l ) ctc :
    '',/i'

    '1o . 1

    R- u' !

    iL

    t'

    /a'

    L"boui

    S 2?2

    Lo'

    ,-"J unele obieete $i aspertc rLtnnaturi, sau clemente!i fiomene natu'


    raie. unpo,i prsoniticdt.etc i$72)l

    rslitlliDs-nl, noncdd lerinatri. toll\i

    S 2;l

    menlioDati oa ralod. nu nunni h tecul'

    $ 97:l

    tl
    $iiil
    l h '{t 1 \ /-or,r-s liftl
    ,/.s ior
    tlrt sr,f,fs lilnrncf
    rt./.o/i\- door

    t hc
    r ooln' s s
    iAil' s .nld ,l..fin,ss
    hr 'nrr,'J
    ?iz ' r nt h|s s n. s s
    {rr gnmrenl
    -1rr,,r'r
    . \ ' at , r . . - r iair \ o. d] s

    i 27{

    /'"./un',lcrrrne grogmii.e (de c{ntinente. !iri. regiuni,ora'seiriuri etc.


    ( )s7:j, rti ):
    a.,,l,r's lrmous parks
    l/.nrrs lro|lf.rs
    /a rl i as l .rn r o l !o r.H rrl l t
    i l !' l rr,,r. s i otrN c
    g , o Ira PL i .l o s i i L o x (,/r,' al l s l ei rrl l ng i l .osl )hrr'
    l ,' .i l d tL ' ' _

    S 2 7 'i

    , r ' " . ) iine l e l u b s l a n ti \o c (rl l frc l e . n u me de,)bi rcl e


    ir z r s r , nle f u o i a l d p ro p ri e (S 8 4 ):

    pi r

    tl ' e .,rs.r' r .r' w


    l l e si i /' s nrart

    D ' r.a f r \fh i rl s


    l l l r.,3 i ,a s s ta n m fr

    s 27ri

    i n l i mnte far.

    t/ unele e,tpresiiconsacrat.ca:
    en'ls
    tLr o' s /r,s4'
    or l ol / . , r , t s $a)
    hrf /r,rr's dcsir!
    ,'C
    ihr J,u,ry'r

    .( 9?7
    l-u

    ,'l

    , lp LF ; r i\

    . h. ' , '

    J ' r r i Ln. l F

    pfonulnc

    nehoiiiriie,

    ca.i o,notit.t,

    .u satne.anu, o, caery etrc.Ft a(iverDul


    ?ither.trcith.r, one ett..lolnrele comprrsr-'
    d/o/rds iitirr
    tun" Lad\'s tr.l))':r
    d,r,,c r olnrioD
    . , / n. f r oln.
    ,orody'r l dli
    r.irrcr'r nrni
    t {. r 4 , , . . " $ i s h
    lr ier ds
    ' , es bc s t
    \ \ ho r r . s I r r oir os il s ) 1a l l\ t f ( , o r s n l e r r o r ?

    27tt

    2) htrrhuintnrs gcnitivuhi saxol ir loct gclitivdni prepozi,lionsl


    ziarelprIragenitnul sarongeniti\uluiprePoziliona
    l']rirt,uconcizie,
    rnai ltles1l tilturi:
    ? , r ,r iL

    2i9

    5 :o !' r r "xr lll

    s,rinlihre$cin mod curent


    Llerapt. in lirnbuca ;i in "nriL'dleroniempora!ig
    tolna dc genitit s.{rioli tpebuinldli ii ponGu irlnim.,to dir Lrutznron, iziei
    ri. pro(nru.ondunat
    insn de prrilsti:
    1|f

    ,,a J.

    "_

    llif zl./,r'.s
    in tlif till,(

    t80

    ir o n L lo o l

    ln !,h. vtrrd s .litf,,lnrn


    ffllt,.iion
    s slr iPf

    0rc oi tl," ,zt

    s jrrks

    :i) (;c itir'nl srron irlofnit (u Nulstrnti\'1' ( omtlusc. Sub;ixntitul ir


    r':rzulpo:resi!.cirrl fosesoml rtrl{'slc o liiot:t. se irloruiette adesori(,u un
    subsl rlil . ompus:
    rilfr
    '(ritri

    ratrlt

    nr \ lr. (rh.li. st,i/a

    sn',bP.!,
    t:n!ti!h,

    tn l.ti/,rr!it:

    trn,nttt

    [o, FtftigL

    Strden|s,

    7A

    s 28r

    B, GXNTTITUl, PRXPOZITIONIL
    Ir[I'

    PRI'JPOSIT'IOX,r.r,
    GENITTYD}

    l) l'onni. -- Genil,ivul prepozjlional. nulnit dc unii aulori fi ..qcritivul


    {tanfez"sau..normand"(Nornan Getitiat), ori genili\ut analilic.estefo rat
    dirtr'un aruzatjr-preredarde prepozi{iaol:
    tl,c lnlure ol ,,d,li,l

    lht lpa!

    o/ tlie a.!s

    2) irtrcbnin,tflro. - Gerilirui prepozilionsl osle prin er( ekjnl:i geDitivul


    substadlj\'elor neutre ,sisc jntrabuinleaz'i a;adar (le prefe nle in cazul substantire.lor .,are nu numesc iii 1,c:
    urc rool o/ ihe /F/r.

    $ 282

    S 983

    1lt " \ i t lir ! "f 1 ' t " n l L r , n . t

    -\ se obseN'ah special intr{,l,unr1a'ca genitivului prepozi{iona1la,?41.. S 98+


    precun ti dut)nu,,{,1.den ,riri geogralice(conin,ert,
    dupn culnrtul
    ',onll,r
    1tu rrj\t.ti .[ D.t

    lhc \ illagc , /

    tir

    i r , c . on1ir d, t , / l s ta
    lie So,,i{risr.Irel,llb!i. .l h.rrt.1i

    al.rllh

    L r,. O U U , / .r/.,?i ,
    tt\p ts)e al tlal

    E r. ( c ! ! i. i. : nu,nele de duri
    th t fi \.r T h rmc s
    l ne r iv e. Danuj r.

    thl rj {er \l ' rs.1

    \8\on.
    l l ) i n lr ebuint ar c a g e n i ti ru h ; p re p o z i ti o n a l i n l ocnl !rIi ti \l | l Ii
    ,r j ,L r' ,' .r.l '
    rr' ,,ri
    L'inlir
    L ,',,i ,i ', , 1 nnlnT : liln1 l p
    :i
    I'
    p,,
    ' ,,
    "
    , , aren u n e sf liini. c . inloo ri rl d g e n i ti ru l s a \o r i l l s Pcri i .rli rt ur rrtntoarFl er& zuri :
    i " rm a l . g e n i ti rul p* ,l ri zi ti onal .l i i ai
    /r/ l .r t it lur r r g" r r , ra l
    ti l u l
    . ' r l' F r-r -s
    ri i ,n.1',,i
    l p r" r i n '
    .rr ' ' l :l ' ru.i
    rrr i rr' t"
    - , rl l .' ;n t lr r s nr o

    i ' l si
    \ 28l i

    an,ploare srilului:
    l'o.fi.,a] \\'o.ks a[ Itahal l] arnirg t'li1.lt1l
    Tl,f \rnts ,I lrd, iTill,,r
    'Ihel ioiledlor lh. \c]lxrf,/lh. rc11.. iSrillivrrs.l
    Pentru a.rlRti rnoti\'. irrtr-o (onslrLtctie sorrtn este prelFrut gfn;1ivul i\ 247
    ir
    sarionlsltllcr's Pa(tical I1'atks (titlu). l'].d r si:l.t. Kin! -I/.nra-.s(r,1ia.$1.
    h,ng cere.pertru echilibru.gonitirul Prfloziltunal
    deterrnjnanl,
    ( the sisl.r of Frctl and J ill. th. six n'ircs of Xint Hcnrt thc Eirhth.).
    ,/ .,hrd un adjectiv rste inhcbuirriai substtrnt-irill:
    S 9ES
    t ht nlol l r / l l L . r , . r
    llie i nrlrrse .[ t\. J:t':tir,

    ili. da rin: r , / t he 9, ! , 3
    th. ?a?,.v/
    th" esl^ic
    '/

    esteinsolit de un atuibutlunq s:rLde o profJ rind nunclc posesorului


    pozilie {tributiri:

    i\

    2lr9

    lhe li.arrlr 4f t|f qirl in th. hau::. arF,slt


    lh. dothilr o/ th-" lhiltl 1 om !oi4 ta n. bnor\al

    l/ tn qenerealun.ii cind inl,rebunrlarea


    senitivulLrisaton f, li iortnli
    (la parantete. shilimele etc.) 5i trebuie deci eritaln:
    T lrc l.sson s,/ U'. l,,t / , id' . s oNt ir n. t ' aolr t s r r\ r t fr r f r l i n l , l . s l r r r i r .
    olltt obsliitu' '!o lh! lrJdi,rN
    Tlr. lrngurg. o/ Ihf "-c!orts nllrlh" rrl,"r1..
    's

    ! :1110

    subiectiv'(inafarnde situaiiilen,fniionati S 991


    ,:) uneoriin cazutgt'nitivutui
    la $ 285-290,293 294):
    T lrc nflrls,/ tlrc Io nngf r 3er . . dr i. , Nep r r r Ls at d l h r n t r o h t r i l | i - , r l
    \ a s introd,,cid in o nr sch ools .
    Tlie aeln,veDients o/ lhc socjalist resnr. sruk ror themselrts.
    -J
    ' ln llmb .l \o rL,r.l :. . J - ,trlto
    popr
    al
    t. 'lh "n "b t.
    n " . m oth
    ' V czi 5:1 1, 18 5-2 !0.

    i \ ii
    s o\ ' '

    '

    t h"t tt l
    71"DP. /d

    1 4 E t '. ) t
    anPJ""

    lrnifnrg

    Niic."

    in r.,zul g.nilivuhi obieoiirr:

    I
    I ' ai "I ' r
    'h
    ' i'
    '
    llrc .t oit'llion af tl't:
    a pr sc o/ s@r'D'dv
    lor 1or1: of Atn

    lrJ

    {:
    ' j l }!

    na'tt:

    '1" un adjecLiv
    Ini
    u: l ol'ir'rul ri .nosdir ''lp l-'"Jdr
    /
    ll
    r-lrr ' rLr'r' 'rli oldl nFhot;
    ,1.
    "r'.
    ol itu si'/s \cF n!'rnl lor lh! sporl'scodllsi
    'Ilose
    i /ri'rd a[ m! uhcL Darr) '
    He i! 'l'tn''s
    \nn und' l ,' 1
    " n;/i r' ' l ol o' i l ^ rn ' :
    , / p' nr r l r^ u n a ' u s " o j i " l
    \' * l
    i
    oi
    l
    dr"
    "
    '
    Lri
    '
    rl
    P
    n!i
    o1
    't
    , . . ' . i c r nupos o (!' 0 rp ' ' " " ' i " " ' ' -p t' ' '
    d
    -'
    rrJ
    u ' I ri
    u
    rr
    rd
    l'
    rri ululr' ' \ o t u rt r'd '
    ti

    ' t rv

    i,'r ,i "
    r.u,i" r'r-'Jrr '1F
    ti- un FIic"rit n 'J'iv . - l
    ,;' ,i""l "i i i
    '" ',,1".-t.
    t coLFL" ui llis wiie's

    dlr llirY oi Ilrnrard shLss


    b r lurii
    r ber ", D- "
    , " \ uo
    ' i 1t I t h 1 s

    E 20;
    "

    pentrLrinlitursrcaForrra do dublu gcoi!i\- esto in spelrialtntrebuinlati


    ,'numitol onfuzii '\sttel:
    r n l 'I
    : '" n l \
    I t] /"
    ' L J _ "il' iun
    P d i ' u^h nrL
    I ln "'
    J d . J ' ' , o, r nr 1, , . k , , j , . . t r u r , _ - a i
    kF'
    i l 'D
    ff
    (-o
    J ": a"t
    r"nitiL
    jr Pot ii
    o 5' ' e '
    ' n' l l u p i i l d ' c : d n L
    u" por ' - ' l in" ' ' r d '
    I
    ! o"r r , r 4/ S/ "g" ' jdr cd b l 'r s " n i '\ l
    nl
    u f or lr "l Pr ldr Ll"
    I

    s 2$6
    ''""

    do dublLr'genitiv Po0refi
    Precedatl de un adjeoti!- demonstretiv' forma
    'Irrnn-nrrmal
    l.t""tr,i'rtutl ui fdri a aveasensutdeunexemplardinmaimulta
    Iaudi t ic )'
    cere'

    ',ili"'.""lJii?i"J;,i
    r idispr'l ncpro
    i'
    "oti'
    """"-ti
    "a,,
    "i,pai
    tntocmai ca ln limba ronene:
    l'ut

    on drd' red

    'aat

    al r'\-r

    natket s'

    l'fi"i'l'";lY;:' :,,i:"ill:ii :!.i!.h;'


    ",,;;, "E:r:,,d

    6 29;
    -

    ]lllrJone Prnis'dt'o' I
    tiind fiinta lr'inrrrl
    Cirrd un goni'iv d"'p'minb.un alrul amLii po '"ori
    g"t'itiv
    aol'"
    i'"
    ia'rre 'zr forms de
    s'F Iorrd pr^po/rLr"n"'"
    'i
    -.ni'if
    r qr I ir o' _"h
    { : t ut ogr ' ' lr i

    al

    t'1s

    " , '. " h "

    r,,,.rnr,r,t, I ;.;, : , . : . f " ; " , b * ; l" r


    (- zi'r, r'Ntra onrrrrrrt
    'ul

    destul de frecvente' de
    q 998
    Dul,lul geniti! estc reconlandat in locul formei'
    '
    la $ 21rli.
    S 299

    N o|n

    pot
    c're nuDesc ulritili de misurd (S 267)
    Unelc dintre subsLalrttvele
    ut"u qi tn"*" de geniliY prcpozilional:
    a Nalk o/

    I
    "vezi

    S 116.

    D;l's

    ir delrY ol

    '''o

    lo! m a lilr . l) ! i41at n dc o b i o 'i

    's t e

    diY"

    'ia

    d u b l L t lg e n i t i ! 1 5 t ! r a ) r " H e i s I

    in
    l, l, e0it ir ul t roporiliotrdl l'nsl. ir'hrui goniii\ ul 'x \( r' iu r'r'nlt!ilr' !tii:
    ',ii.r"iri'"t"' 'rt';t tn'hr' )iotht tnt
    drort''
    ,-,:","rrt
    -t tl
    .. trtril. Cor'h.1\'ru,(q4651.asimilarc cr nuntelprofrii cird lru !ir'L pretc?.i! dr ui adlectr{ posert;:
    C,,l'r

    D./ in razul numelor proprji .lD L'calilili,


    Sl. -'llbans 1- St ^'lrrans loTLri
    '.rt
    ' . 14.t
    t : , , . " i' , t , , i
    '.

    sirr.Li

    li!fIrtirLr

    piele. clndiri. institu'tii. rl]alra'

    Dr' 'r'l'otr\_
    t lu

    s 300
    s 301

    S 302

    Ilotrs'
    '

    s 3{r3
    r) in cazul substantivclorin gcnitil' l]rnale de un gerundir'l:
    ,o"r's
    |.
    lt,,./
    F."
    I'
    lionrr' | "
    inermrnb"r'Ir
    ''
    s 30{
    precum ,siln cazuile ncrlioDale la S 276.
    'tJ
    utt
    $ 30;
    ti,rt.luzip. ln r--rnoce;eririr'r1 .,'on "r' " "r''r;rl d'.ti.r'i'
    n^d
    l" -\iil nL' utr
    n.
    la"'-l,rp'l,;'lFF1.
    nr';\Ll
    nr.p"/iri,
    ''"irr'rrll
    lflrIaIr''d
    . r"r\,rl J.;rmin,nl .0u,la " hrlrbfrr',mDloHrp.i" aH|
    i\ului '1\"rir'l^"1'rF 'plrr l'FDo7ri . \.e.t tff FxDli', r"r,l inL-r'1s
    ',i
    I
    r' "
    arrrn i rn'l
    ,nal
    chi.r 4",; 16.".nrul rrrr n n lii l'
    . r ,. ,r" g;ii ;. ."'r'l; , S r;o. .l;r.".2qir ri ini"r. ir tr brri n
    lri' l'ri
    .e
    rr'rrrrr !r-rs ra
    :.,n,?i{io-11 lnli ul ."lui .1\un. t,rlru r 'lH Pnpl ',r'
    'rr
    r-r irr ' '/Lrl i rrr ' i r
    .c"i,irer reremonio"sr.ru lo itluril' '1. I'r'rJri !.
    ;,' ii. D"n ru u d1 ,tor;rrr"-'i , hilibrrrhal"i ($285 2rJ)
    s 306
    P; llnc ar'asls. g"nilar.l .F\'np n rrn:"rritit 'uh'' ir'i'r\r'rr"
    r"ni i'rrl piepozitionale , Lngenirit ^hiali\ ii nu"r''i ln m^l'\'rprrun: l'
    ir:
    denu'rririt"rdp liit ^ podr. li ;i ''rhir it
    "rzul
    se
    compara:
    -q.
    ri \
    iv cubi' l ' "r'r't r ' r 1 "i 4n1 i\6
    r' r ' " J
    A des,iriDtjonol mv s'll. lgetriliv olie.iivl
    (: o ,leacriPr. in ca.c .si.c inlaliiai'1 ncraslr rn.!l
    .ada'srear at sea (gcniliv slbicctirr
    (: icana Idei Pe dare)
    O ut t " dt a l t to E n i r\ u l ' i ,' i )
    l= t c om r r' .a ' tri d ts l J a l
    .' G . t r ili\ ul pr oUo z i l i o n a li 0 l o (u i t (u !u L rl c rrl i \e coD rl ' u' e
    ' pr'' r:,rri
    i ri ' ul \
    .i ' nprJ: ,,n sul
    r , -r-zi l i o n s l ps r c odp" o 6 ri j n l n ,,,i r .u n to rm ,i r' ri
    ri r' L' p" -l i l l
    \i l o re l '
    i i p ,,* .:n' ar os ub. t anli ru l
    l n g c n i ri \.' n " l u
    "ljdterminai:
    substantivul
    '..adir
    \ lr , ' , / .

    t\e t)o\ct ol th. baok


    1ne .quipment ,/ u iarn

    tl,e /d'"

    s 30?

    .qu'ptncrl

    DAf tYUI,

    s 308

    {THI DATIVE CASE)


    lr Dcfidilie. Dfllivul, d. obi.pi .azul "omll' mFnlul i indir'' l 'r-l;
    ,.i i se a.lre"nrzaa,tiun"a p\primal; J' !prb 'o,r d"numir; 'l' Lbslarlrtul
    ro
    de 'rminar. El ri-punlle la inircbarcato th'n: lar tlanl "f tl't"):"'t
    (itr/ (: cuj?), ro;iricli? (: csrui?).
    rPe nt n t F r n, pnulS p n ,n ' l i r. !P z i S r:2 i .

    s 309

    r {M
    S 310
    S Bli

    2) I'or r[.
    ln limba enqlezd dativul este expdmat tn douri nroduri:
    al printr un substautiv (sau prin echivalentul acestria) neinsotjt de
    prepozitie, cazul fiind indicat, in aceastd situatie, de locul substantivului
    a;ezat imediat dupl verb:
    {iivc Jzue nl" bcst rcga.ds.
    Tell llie a6srngd to ooDc inl

    i 31,

    t) printr-un acuzativ precdatde prepoziiia,{,. rareo /ofr. ol sau ff{rmt:


    (ii!c m.y L.sl, rcganls lD ,/dne'Illel wf-" tallting h lit: secrert.!/.
    (n,1 lhP brll tor the waiting Doyr.
    I ioqdir.d ./ ;1,c $hnt tl,c
    bjroi lo. dfbalc al lodar's s.minnr wrs.
    I snrichcd his handL.driel IDD ,tn to w.rve {t th. *inDing l..am.

    S 31t

    Cod-itru.iliafiri prepozilie este cea n]ai obiinuitn. Co struclia prepozilionali. ci d nu esteneapirat ceruLi in unolosiiualii (S 323).se intrbuinleaza
    pP||tru3rrenturr!r.
    J) Ir'rtir Si aruzatir'. ln Innba engleznmodernd.daiivul este insolit
    .qBl+
    1n gnerede Lrnacuzativ. De pozilja dairirului fr,tn dc acLrzativdepinde intre,
    nuxlrarca sau suprnnafea prepoztler.
    Datirul
    ptepoxiti
    d pre.cdarAcuzativul:
    S 315
    fdtd
    S Jl 6

    S 317

    $ sllJ

    Lat ii, uI

    l i i rc rn J s i i t4 . (d { l l I s d l ac.l l
    s|ow mI rrirnds ld'rt) Xou sinnp (ou*tiD la..)l
    cu
    p rc p o z i ti e
    s - ri dupn acuzri i l .:
    rii\1 l.lje r.or (iu ) io mr ijctfr ldat )l
    !Io* Jou. stanif itt ctuh t,\: \ to mv ldords ldrt ).
    ( i .l l h e r.a (rc .) to r t.th e r l d a t.)l

    Pulinele verbe cu care dativul se poate tntrebuir,ta fdrir acuzatir


    dativul prepozilional:
    "lht trtur. Del,/,sJto socirlisrl' is the slosan.
    Tali to 1'onr nudiotr(endwl
    Didd't t;e 4fne to John?
    I wanlld ro .ed,, to crlnnie,

    cer

    Spunenlnsn ca nrai sus(S 3i5 316):


    D i &, t s l c w ri tc J o i D l d a t.l a ,rr.r l i c.l ?
    Didn'|. sle Frite a larle. {ae.)to Joh! (dal.l?
    I wanicd t0 rerd Gtann;e (da|.) th,A z.ps iac.).
    I \runtcd lo rcad lhe n.a,s (ic.) to cBnnie {dat.).

    $ 319

    4) intrebuirtar0a dntirului prpozitioMl.- Dativul prepozitionaleste


    lntrebuinlat:
    a/ cind daii.rul s1,a
    precedatde un acuzativ:
    $ 320
    (a..1 to lhe sfcet dotesrto (drt.)l
    Serd
    \ \,. b o',.d
    ...' ,r ...p . ,.
    tn r' rp rrbFr (.1,r..
    ..."
    d
    Trj j
    1 fr.o t. t ] o t tr .nul hor rl d.i .

    !| 321

    l)

    c ind o p ro p o z i l i e i n c c fe c u d a ti vul :
    ?, h.r lasrdd {dat.l sheiiriles r lettr ev,)rXdtry,btrt nevcr ro
    n rl & ' l d a t.l
    r',. llabv (d{t ) she {l$'ays btr"yst|. lDst tr,c.c is.

    'J

    cu yerbele insolit de dativ lnrn acuzativ (i 317):

    .ir 329

    'lhev sDokc ,, Ule .road 1dat.).


    {l irlfi ocorrred ro d,? klat.).

    Il
    "i-r i
    flr']'' Jpfq ' r ' l / ' I r r ir ' lJ l"pr
    '
    r
    (
    ,
    1,
    t
    )
    \lrite ro v ou , 4/ ' / c
    boonl
    \\'e read ,; G'a;dt;,r{"f ldai.) cv.ry rlcnirs

    datirui prepoziliod ) dupir anumitewerbe( $ 2614)carecer intobdeauna


    !rnl. .ihiar atunci cind acsta precedd acuzattvul:
    I drsc.ibed b l.he .l4s (d{l.r the llow.r show ({ti.l I t'rd visite(1.
    io i d i l 'i " w r 'l i ^ ''l
    H rlun'.d r' |i".a l|"oA" r ld l ar r ' , 1r a l[
    r'
    l^..^l 1orr Irlot].
    \ \ ' , n' "ilion d to t|a no"o' , p' \ dd
    t
    /
    a,
    ' l"r ' J - \
    ',

    .l dupe adjective 1n genete:

    s r2r
    s 31{

    IIe ir ./!l to lnn|'!lq.


    Be tirl
    io Lu. r !
    Is h.r opinion nrrrtl so Intrch to l'rrtrci$?
    rFndit,"
    t : n J y n t " . 'a t
    l lia r iv "l", 1- '
    / / in .p ".i-l'lL ,t"
    ^n, 0dr ar : "
    Ftr.:
    . "t t " r .
    n t. su',;lL t t . 1' t nht t n' , n1. ; nlt ; a"
    t , r h t a 't l o n o ! .
    ' 1 u ' 1-,,1t ; J at
    ,,
    r
    i
    .
    qnat lll o
    \url:.
    a
    |o
    "t L. d/ . , r t o I
    -t
    \1 -1
    ,11
    ' t a" io ' ll r ' t nim r l3.
    Tht re$rlt Nas LoL rtutottiondte to l,he erlorl.

    s 32;

    s 826

    S, dupd substnrtive fi pro une:


    to ny chtlilrn.
    I uannot lo|gft mI l,t/
    Yotr havc bdrn like a.llrughla to th| poor somd..
    $'liat is he. axnude to [rt?
    Trll ne,
    afc A.v fo Iont )roth.r?
    'vh.l
    lv c z i i 5 t 61t - t 6lr "l

    5) l'u (,lii. "

    Lln substanliv (sau un echivalent al lui) io cazul dativ

    a.) complemcnt.indirect pe lingn un verb:

    l.nd lou. motltor a ltscnii


    Gir Ghily$ mr n.ssagcl
    bJ complemeni indirect prepozilional pc llngn un verb:
    I spoi. my mild to T,ohe.
    We se", an {rtid-" to Lho prpen.

    rr"complement indirect prepozilional'z pe linsi un slrbstantiv sau o


    iIlterjec-iie:
    1r " ' , " t
    L ..i n ..,, g i l .i n ti l u a .l n rl r oni ,13,\6 1,I" ,
    ll" \ v d a" . -r ,' h ' , i o I' i . n o -w o rk c .r.
    llc kcpt hia pronn; to his pnpils.
    darut lo. lhe holidsXs!
    d) complcment indireot pe tingl un adjectiv:
    Yotr de ltfr, you. mourer.
    Unllne lntl.cn-, he sts neve. shY.
    e) complement indirect prepozilionai pe lingi un adjectivi
    l{is house wis olporik to the echool.
    I cnnrol.bullecls.,k/al to the eomredmwho helpedme n, my wo.h
    /)

    apozilia unui substantiv in cazul dativ (! 2589 b):


    I Srre m-{ ftt?n.l I}Nil Jou l.Lio 1o lerd.
    Ilave Jou rPoft.a ,o fi,gr, onr .'"s room-mttc?

    tx,t,L
    po
    -inru ,l li" r ir i' "
    ! lr
    . o, r lr ' '
    .L 1.n i , .
    ^ r,m'.
    i4
    d - umt F r;. r in ir". I t4 r r o l . II; pp .8!,9 0).

    'r

    _ ' di ..cl .
    i
    {S i l r:).
    ',1 . 4 n n
    rh
    1 r 'l nL dnl,iv .tr fLrtr.lil
    '-:l
    'i . D .11.,B dcurt' ti . {!i /.,
    l r . \ .. r

    $ 3r7
    s 3P8

    s 3s9
    s 330

    $ 331

    s 332
    s 333

    i sn
    ACUZATIVT]L

    s 33{
    | 335

    5q33{i

    s 337
    .( 33t

    (T U E -{ C C U SA T l \l ' l C A S Ij )
    l rr\.d1pr\,' r7 1 i \u l . p ' j z u l ' ul ' ' -n i rxl ui { -' r :l '
    lr O c li||ilic .
    r-\par:ra
    dF ur)
    j
    '
    ri
    rr'
    '
    r'
    1run"
    "
    Ji
    re'
    '
    r'
    n
    '
    rri
    l
    o
    H .,rl rrJ
    tLr l. i |p. l' r ' .
    'o
    l ' r' ur 4rr4 r' \' ' r71 1
    J /r rl
    F l ,- p l ri n F \c -l -" i
    \p r h r . ' / ir it
    l
    l
    '
    mp
    ' on
    \ul risDunde in Drilcipal lA irl.rbirilc:

    ('= cel)
    ,rlnml
    l:De ci;,ei')ri
    ''.
    ''iar?
    lui, cind ste precedai de o prepozi,iie'
    i"rl'toi,U'n'r siri echi"ali:ntul
    su rrld in cazul acuzal,iv.
    2i }'rlllclii. - Acuzarivul indeplirefle lunclia dt:
    a/ cornilemcnLdirect al u ui 'rb l'inzitiv:
    in lhe sire'l
    He saw n."* stsref

    s 339

    D, conlplentcnt !rePozjlionalr:
    At the m..tnig. lr. lu .d orer 1hcllo0' ro Smi$'
    \ho

    s 3r0
    s 341

    s 342
    s 3{3

    js loo\iis

    al'l

    Brian?

    .) nume preclicsliv care deternrin:run eoflplement direct (mlme pledi


    cariv ;biectiy l- ODlrcIift Canplcnent):

    ThP nana{er aDpoinicd /1,n 8.oet$t'


    She erlls rva.s;.,r "consi "
    .l/ apozili{i a unui substantiv (sau a unui trihivalcnt al ace-rtuia) in cazu!
    a c uz at ir i$ 2; 8 l i ):
    I .alled nr t /rn\d fldJton.
    N. senl, lo. r. 11i'ls the ]ofil ssgco!'
    tl .l Jl, ro l/ rL r " Ioremn .
    e-,i complencnt diroct al adjactirutui "o,'lft'9:
    is qort a fo.tune,
    llis
    'oi.c
    / / , o, , ple mc n i .rr.u r" ' r" n L i d l . o ' i l !r l e di nr' -urr ' o' r I' l " rn" nr ' .i " um
    ..r , ii. t . , t
    in" r \.rb . i n -a ' 7 r i \p a ' r c i r rl subrranl i \ul ' ' l F ' l ' l ' rmrnar de
    l o' ' rl r.i
    o ri o d .rb o . F \r,r;, 1 nd .a:i -e' t\crhel '
    ,,; ; ; ; , i; . .
    ;;","i"
    ' pul '
    t'
    ottt'
    -t)1r ruot
    o
    Ji. : . r , ls . \ " lu" r ' n . i rp l l l c . n o d u l . g radul ' l " l runtt
    (4' l rttt' 1t \' uttJl
    (. 1J , . ; biot t t ,s tti t" t " u u s ' tb ' ' .tn ttr a tl r' rLi oL
    (Lotl
    lvnt
    lone.
    Thcv
    l \- \q o { ,' ' .r /,. rrth . ' l ;_P
    l h e c .r' b rP l ro l o l I p s :" n ' r' 3 al l ' l " l " r a' d /o r' I' odra' I ml
    riic ohildtn go lo a pifttrrc a,./v nI' lTiml)
    11. nn the nhale 1tir. iDistantill
    ' l L " j J ro r!,r.,,v m i l ...
    ' n i r' '.
    r\aroJr!
    r /rc
    s um f or lq n i 'o l f s l i r '
    :
    l 14
    ' r ' 4d
    t h ^b
    io n' . r m q" r . ' ; i, a, l &, . p o u t r r l 3 . r i r ' l o r r
    T " nur ' s q' n / / l/ b! r . d ( \ I o , l
    I u _ | I 'p a r P
    Thc t , m r ' ' , ' " t t , ' nt r lllolooln{
    'r'
    . , ' . "a/ s br dr F r o o J r t
    Grddr
    4. , J
    ""

    TI. ALTE CEESTTIJII IIE}'ENITOTRE LA SUBST.{NTIY


    A 314

    l, Subslanliruladir(tirAt. ln l;n'br "ndl'zi 'ubs'anr.i!ulpoal' 3\pa


    l ur', lic dF adjF. if. cdi.a poJle cara'l"rila Lrn rl' 'uDFlanr\ lF nnsd '1rp
    std:
    nylo, stocknrgs
    /ar .oat
    !Ve zi !a g. t t .

    r ot a I

    ttarll.ng let\
    Jrr,,s llsmons

    ?!t

    ilu'intele nrlon. fur, morning. spri s, pdrttl, penn!, d.e1\substa tille.


    - :.t intrebuinlate aici ca adjective.
    (|rdincn curintclor. - Partea de vorbire care c acl,erizeazisubstani,irul
    .: raL,eare, prin ull]lare. valoare de adjectiv se puDe, ci:rii acesba,inainten
    . rL,rtAniil'|rlui.Se atrage in mod sPecialatenlia asupra acestuiiu u, deoarece
    :ielesuise modificddupd ordine:rcuvintolor..lstlell
    n
    .
    {
    n
    ,\

    fd., ftors, insamn! "un cal dc curse"


    irae .d.d iDscamDir
    squoro mar.e: I mi (o
    lf.rfrfn pirtrat;i N lalrua de 1
    rrc^ oi 4 iqdfc ruh.s = o srtrllnl,li de 4 m:
    square
    nn coror dc 16 nl (axl) (un lirirrr
    larpet 4 rut;
    -

    s 3{5

    l
    cn latun

    dc r !!l

    Cind un subsiantiv are mai muite atribute. celc mai apropiate de el ca


    irrs se pun imcdiai tnaintca lui. In limba rominn ordinea cuyintelor liind
    lilrita. doarece substaniivul prccde adjectivul, traducerea din limba
    'rogleznva incepe cu ultimul atribut, din grupul de curintc do tradus rsiva
    .rtge tnapoi spre tncepuiul grupului, lutnd['se atdbutele pe drd in ordinea
    :propirTii lor dc s{rbstanLivul determinat:
    a qii.Lst.p
    lolk'danc,, nNic
    i:o
    rnuziol pentru xi joc lrotul$ cn lat rclezi)
    ., lho r. n f,,'rr,r go u, 1 J FI nw I , r n". ' , 1! ' J r pl\ "
    rl"op .ur ' n
    o..r ' i
    ,l a n m, djn bf o, dt ( d "u. nr . . ) g' r b l - J , - F . . , r " J a o r t J t o n i

    (vezi ri S 2aI)
    cdj"rli\ul nesvinJ plural. FUb anrivul sdje.rivrr nu rrc in prin"iria
    lorn de plural nr.i , hiar-"tun"i
    logicao
    d. .x.mplu dupa irn num.
    "ind
    ".r..
    - sens de plural etc.:
    rrri cD
    a si{ noaD

    s 3{6

    o1d cliild

    a ninc-r1du committre

    (Vczi ti g 131 Obsdaati.,166-16i,26r-26r)

    2) Funcliile srbstantiyului.- Substantivulpoate indeplini funclia de: s 347


    l', subiectlau parte din subiect,al unui verb la un mod personalsau s 348
    impersonal:
    Caoperatiaris l,he sec.el,ol srccess.
    I cane homc carly, i"a,n.. bcins out tonight.r
    A completeItsr ol candirhtesrv,rssubmitted to the dean.

    s 319

    D) nume predicativ sau parte dint.-un nume predioaiiv:


    a nicc a@ur\.
    He $6
    Sl^ F b.'im P 1n , a s s o' PPul".
    Hir F\p rl ons nlhp. J Uqpo lht popl"m r dF 'r : m a p o p . l 'f

    rp.o,

    cJ complement direct:
    Hnre you Benthe ne{ plastts?

    s 350

    {t) complement indirect:


    On'e DdDyils diDnc.'
    I told the ,oy a storI.

    s 351

    e,,l complement indireot, prepozifional:

    s 352

    Ure pnrel tr yort nith.t !


    -qe.d is a g.cat asscl ,o tlc larsity /,orralrlr_
    l,ani
    The rcleree was lair /a both ,eams.
    I Numit
    ii nominilliv absol,'t (! l72l).

    $ 353
    s 354

    /) atfibut:

    \ D.Jr;. lldrr lriLs disrjorcNd und{r Ihf delris'


    D.'n's rrpli.ution wls r1$cpnal jr
    her lainlings
    rarbe $is mtiniicsi
    ll,r loli'ol

    l '+'s
    r " r '. r ''i n e
    ''r l i ''
    I hr : t t t "a"! ". L r - 1 ' . l"li
    "..r:or-n
    'in.i ,;,
    r ''
    .
    r
    +
    .
    r
    r
    '\
    d
    d
    r
    "
    o
    n
    'r
    r
    '
    r
    nr
    ndt
    t
    t
    a
    I :;,
    \,,
    '
    'r'
    i .,.1,.i
    ,,,.-, r o. . h t y r li, hi. . il\ r '
    ', 'l " p
    ' . u"! l ; | , \ 1
    rn'rrr

    i.il""i',i.,1:; r"r"":.ir,

    ',"ir':iir',tr,conplenent Tnepozilional:

    ' r'1r'r'irivrr"rir

    ',"iplFr\r

    s 355

    il

    ! 35ti

    rl c(trnpleme,,lcnutnstanlial (S 2633)

    rr

    ilLP l. ngPn i' , r c oo, l


    "
    r, |iln' \ ] r , is t o au jn "'/ .r/r r 'nir , . . .
    $e stavftl al. lh. rcst_hous. liorl a foLtritl)t
    p' r ' r ' \ ''n d
    ot t '
    ll \ ' '
    l o" l"t t
    t
    s L. : l:r'ii t tt' \'bt
    \
    ^

    \'titrpl

    s 457

    1'!t. l'0RllIAnnA sljllsraNTrYill,0n


    {}0rd[lrlo\ of ]{olrNsi

    s 3;8

    t r nu ,:'r lu,
    lF 'ul" anlrl pr^\ir tat Ita' lin l;r"bil" r' r'uo'-l"r
    (hrF
    ,.rrr',i' li r' rurr-" r',l:-nii 'r':l /F
    "i''"';"''
    -,,,
    ir ',nr" l. Ii"rr 'rl .r l"rrr\-l 'r sru Iurrrhl r' 'r"l'rrl lcd ln"^nrorn]
    cel.,r trei procerlo uurunie, adi('I prin:
    B. schimbarea(,a1eg.ricigramatjcal'
    C. totttpunere

    ,L. Dltrur ,ttrDA

    s d5l)
    s 360

    iDElil\"\'rIo\l
    r" '
    Jurr'or It
    iub''rnli\-r'
    )r'
    l, .ttiratia ( lll",r;'n)
    'r
    \ntbirr'
    dF
    .
    i'- dr.p-rli
    nnr' "liucc'''
    .1e.,.'ut rr'r"'rrrr"r,lin "l
    'rb'"n
    elPr' rr urrr(ur r.: ur' rr\ '-.r i ur",i uli\ l , u ra l ' rrra P'-li\' lp i' 'rrIrr\-l'
    ,,ir
    irr,'rrrurrrrJr''
    4!
    Ll'/i' at,1r{ir,'rn ^rdin"d trr'\"r'r"r
    .;re ir I'11rnlrntoarc.lorlinrbi: a1 gcrrnini(e: r, rornalifci './ lrleaei'
    llnn mai ios cjl;1i (l;nrre Prtixele;i sufirielc'urerilc'
    Prcfir''
    (Preli\cs)

    s 36r
    s 36'

    aJ Gernraille:

    rorr: /,,.r,nhe,.
    /n,.nrr.ir',o.r, r,,,ilill,ilLj;,1'iililii,li;ri.i,,oon
    i,!.rnistrl.
    r'r'
    I'

    r lilnr '
    rrild l
    Lr r ir ' r ll! l
    n i.J:'
    u d'
    J - i n 'r " '\ ''
    lnint"rt.L tr'
    i i l r'4
    't
    '
    r
    '
    r
    r
    r
    i'
    /
    lr
    r
    d"i
    /,,,/sh rt,,' k ' n, dlr r r r l llL
    rnrjpj,.
    ot r . : r . \ . aa l l r s f . o t l l a \ L - l r l l o o k 'r q r a l i c n r '
    on t-3:,//r!rsl.

    r r ; ir idn L d. , l ,

    ! na

    abt.!

    " eoc G r , s inr ,

    (;i l fdt' l l r'


    l (l n ' .n u d rP n ri i i n l : 1 a l )r!
    ntonEndtLcl
    (1 . l a D l .rrv i rl P d c s i rrPs l rl t i l tonrci rnr' !rri rtrL' ca l [' l i i c

    \'

    d('

    81
    or$J : rr..all. ...froar! ,r)./sho.si or./sighl,; ,r'l.ha.g., or./doso. ,tz{ullihnenl,
    . , , . i rp, ' r r'1 .
    ,nl'groNti,
    ud..8round,
    und.rorrrcnt. ,n&resliD.le,
    rndrJ I rnd.r,lolh.s.
    r n ) ? r 'l u '
    u \ d ,-pl^t , t L otL ',rr,
    "\'. , , , , r ' . Er Fd' r al' . ", , / "' . 1 lr : a r d - 'l s l o o n P t
    t P. ' I r
    t r ra rrr\ n' crt.,n.1 .6trtFmPnr . r t u] P. or
    pfro\lr'
    /ll,"p
    / I l r J f 'l
    irlr s "miprti" : ,,r,"inr r n/ . , p ur r nl"] . r ' r ' r l
    r l'
    , / l ' 1,1. "r rr. ,/''i.,n c. "1 o, r . r p. h. l. , i5l
    'rl

    dn

    Subslanliec

    sens

    \ :lli;|

    negatial

    zrdr.ss. {ncmnlorme.l,. L,laxlul!e'cs. urrcst. ,rlrrlh.


    nn- : /,liclifl
    nislit.
    ,,,scondu+,
    n,so{riagc,
    ',ir.oiceriio,i,
    'nisj:
    el. ',t.(lcmeanoLt.
    i, m t s t it c . , r is ir us t ,
    , n i J hap,
    , r/ . s lo.lrin c, mislrin

    el..:
    nlssi!in!r.

    S 361

    lJ Roma ire:
    arcrre: dddress,dllusj
    r-. sil-, sl-. on-! a!'. *$: rdiirs'ln{nl.l,slfoi.
    ! , Pr' 1. dr nda cP.
    rl
    b' r ". o ' Aior ' , b . l 'n l i o '
    { | ts. n- . nb * : n r'|.' : or ' ar s r r "
    r' :
    .r'l
    nrlr' . rrrrdli"n
    ,r,,J r r l. ' , , "
    b t rt,')"
    irf . -. dn li-:
    ,, prodtrct'
    l,rr bI-: relalt. t.liPl. b.qtrfsir rtl elc.lioD, i,y hN Dypts, ,,lal,l,
    b , \ n\. , 4r\ orJ, Fh .:
    "
    4rlli
    r '.
    { . lr n1l o
    iornl,.ol-,
    "/ l' r ' , r ' l u n . , r 'n '" 'i o r '
    - di-- de-. dis-: .liEre ssion. , llnPr s ion.dim iNt ir e, , ir is ior . 2 . l . r m . n t ,
    d i s n i i s s {I . e t c :
    eionq.lion: ,rrcss .,aspc.alioni cr lr|sid.nti
    rv-, el. -eq c- : .zriision. .rttsion:
    4 r L r sLon,. s0lie , .vasron . eI r . ;
    It rp rior'
    .:
    t - b' pt t
    ia r,lol'r.
    ini. r:
    of i r L u r r t u t ! t n n \ 6 '
    , i. i
    1a\ t \ .
    1. |\'
    t' .ii-: p /d l. to:! \ . . .
    .
    .I p.i\
    ., t p -l. r r , : .
    t .p \.,tt.
    t l r , lr ' ' '
    pt un^'
    p4
    r 'o o l l
    r i|
    i, ru-. r'trF : , " l a ,
    ' r . / ^lo ' r
    ' o"
    l' :
    ' ' ' ''
    , -"' r'i,rrrr. / , a
    / , 11' " lr ' po' 'l
    , r' \ .
    lo r . , "pl_J or ' , l'
    '
    v?calrdctd.. ; surch{tge!
    r?c.ioiily
    srper-; su.:- : .{lrii0irlitr,
    -

    lrsns-:

    /.o,sl,il,i01.

    .Ir

    Substuntir(
    .

    lrdn.rter, ,ortitio!,

    senr

    ,az.nali0n,

    r 'r ''

    .Lii-

    negatir:

    S:165

    dh-: di.-abilitr. lisl)rli,l. di.{,otrlcnt, Itslike, d;lasle, dijtfust, eto:


    irF . i l- , iB-, iF":
    , ' . 1- r J r ' d
    l, , p-.'r-iu rr, a .'.on 1
    br r ll
    ".
    rniN -t : mirad \!ntu re,,r is c hanc c , , nhc hic l. ni. { r eur l. e t r i :
    l. r o?f on i ! a l a n t , f L e .
    ron- : ron ad lresloi. r,"ndr er t er . c , , onaNi

    S Ifit

    .l Crece$i:
    amPhit iac)\, dtahit hcanc dnrrora, .cic ;
    snpl(i)- | dnpltbio.
    ,n-. d;'ir-: archorite, dre,risnr; analogj. onolJs's, dzutomJ, elr'
    !nt-, snli : anraltorisni, .lndrcli!r dtribioiic, d,,iolini.\, dztnacassar. anl,seplro,
    ,tc.t
    i. rtot h' ' "t r '
    1t ot 1' o . dPl' ^r inr '
    :
    ap(or.: 1 orrit
    . / r p'l l 'r o .
    ,^ l"r Fn, t .
    1, . r . d, r ' r \ l.
    nrrl' -: o rll,.(.,
    "r
    r
    ! uto- : , ,/ub iocr.t. r, , , / hi . . d, t u. hr o
    '!
    , . lu! ' r .
    , d r h 'l d .
    ;ta lrar,.
    'r l o n !
    'di!slr-,: /lanetes.
    'sl-:
    di,dcd. diagnosis. laagon.rl. dtdl)Buc, cte i
    L.
    \
    '
    p
    r
    r
    onj
    l;
    n
    rti-: d,""r ,'''.rrl-Irt a . d
    "l
    ..
    nr ' l. r ". r , ll' . ' - r
    -si, .,.l
    "5r
    J
    s
    m
    ;
    r ' , r r \ . r ' liF". , . 1. ' . . . . , l :
    , , \ -, m. : ",--"-F,
    l
    .. hdt
    4t P - lr u l _ , )
    hlt at n"! r '
    blpeF : rgp ,l
    - t it r .
    / 4 P d n a ''
    :
    hup' ' t \ " l! lo' t t \ '
    tvpo-: /"rrpo ,i,li r. l/ / o' lun4ad
    'r '
    mcttr-.mrr-.md !.:,r'ab uli. ' . p. , 4r nor r r hu. - . 44r p, n. r "r ' r n p - l " h o . r : . @ 4 o d .

    I \' czi a 36 -. n oL L I.
    2' t
    i,,,h'a r,uro n:
    3Db'

    (lf.) lFlix

    ""

    . , , , "plo- r ' - Li . p : : n r ' n . , l i t s p , b u l n p g d 'i '


    "l - ub.
    al lubsi{riivelori
    acclaii (ens rr" ln nol. ,
    .

    pr ' ii.

    8!
    !!rsa

    !tu- : ld.d|l ci laldsrapli, ld, alJsis i Po.dsitt i P/en ! h.sis. lid'oLiXi ldlo tl smi

    P, ' pr if i.
    I'cri- r -, me . . - o
    n
    Ft ^p !
    aa r \ l'
    Paar '
    lrro iu-: l!r'o l
    .la"t
    , 1
    .!n -,sttrF,.ll-..1- : i,
    o. 1 . . ' , l
    9'
    ,
    1'
    i
    :
    '
    t.
    frlc_:e ....rr
    - . t , . t 1. 1, o. , . t. t
    h
    ol; t :
    Jttb.ta tt;r
    a4arch-{, dnfudoi.'
    a4allihabclisnr.
    ?sligLodlisdi
    d-, rn-: oblssi

    36?

    s 368

    .ic

    Suti\e
    (Srftirrs)

    369
    dan.

    a) 0ornlaxice:
    { r ar r : handj(" -/ t., . -" t - t" .rl ' .
    - J ur : r " . a" r .. \ts r,,..r;&r' " .n .!i ' -. t
    |$\'s-otJ.4

    - ta d .a

    r'

    n t\d 4

    s ,,1 . ./r..r,
    h. i n/.r' . l r' r' r' o- o
    a
    -b' 11

    i l ^ o o -.
    l r' i +
    , r , " : i, - . r.,._ ,:r
    -o
    o t " , , . Lu- rnd
    $ r'
    lennP.r
    rd? '. ! "{ it . i4' j

    u i -rF.

    orl l '

    i rl

    P \' 1;' :l " '

    ,.:
    ,/. til.ti/..d/.
    i; t , r . "Di,
    -ho on : Lo \t,od . ; . : o/ - o, .
    "t . ./
    i \rr
    a r ''J r 'o
    s r nuk , a s ollr - r ' r e
    'i r l ; r -in s:'r'"'.r4p
    ''g i
    ' J aw' i
    r' :
    a -L"gs
    b" dd,, s,-4 u r,"a . ,iu , , a, I Lr , gr r t r , n?_ . oio r , . r L t b k ; s
    ddl . | ;1 , b 1 " '1 . :
    ri:
    L ao l;r b i, ll' , Lund&, lind/ ,
    F
    a' r "n t : 4E s r nt : 4s
    lou
    -1itr8 : d Jrl.,g . 1/ r nj
    ,:
    'tc\ " / r 6 ' o '1 ' " / 1 6
    r ooJ 45r ' . r J /
    l"Pr
    '
    hppr
    '
    '
    -p
    -trc\s:.Jrd li!s,. . !

    't '"'.l";'ii.
    ,ry...,p,.sd tu ,p . ,r..:
    ,..,,.. , i v.../,, r,rJ. o/,", rs.op".
    ibti: ,u uf"lir. :r-,l.lir. Litulir. o{lnriiIr h.'rdsr,'. oa, hrP: hotunmtn'
    sn,p. l,"JJ"n;, p"ol "s u$/ "r p lour / 1lpr / , , t . '
    "oldrF-strr: L -iv.e ", h. r r j. , p", "o' gr / ". , s pin' r ""r b '1 . " . r .

    """'' l.li;,",u,

    S 370

    l o u g '/ P . c a n t o r o _

    nft{dri, srow,n,heatD,rrdrn,warmd},weal/r,,..rronsl", hcisht, e!0.

    D] nomauioc:
    oo' 49 I ns , 6 " t o u L d s " m r l " n g ' p o u n 4 n " '" 1 ^ i
    -rq c: J\ rd s.r r dnia8"r pc , s "
    Fr...
    -al: dn ,m,/, p"ono, , / r m . lol, r p' ] u5. l. r . m o. . r . l d / .
    I i r 'r D u d l j a 4 \ l J n . r n r o r '''r o n t r i
    lus
    i,
    niCi_l
    Bon
    lnr
    da,
    -la n.-s:
    ' bt idgr dr '
    r p P r r r 'd ,i {n r n 'd n r
    t , i. o r;',. m rs,.i4 n, \ \ ' as n "r / n, J pFn5pr ' , , r b1_bd " i 'r . F q F r r r o .
    etc.;
    rclnblicru,
    '
    u r f P n '. p r
    -u ! -.n r: 'u m m t nJ r a' . D"d4r . ly r d4r i r ofr r ' '
    ''d 'n r . " l ':
    gm nd/ r . s r ld/ r t
    :
    -.ry: ad vrb ,r r , di"liold. y
    'r
    '
    l
    .
    :
    y
    .
    !
    af
    ain.
    r
    .
    oLst
    i
    n
    a
    .
    V
    '
    '
    -.ri : ad \o- r r lJ nk r J pl
    ! , ; u p . " e l " E e i l 1 d o " '" P l F r ''r 4 .
    -"i : atrs"n -. addr "s " , bir c * , d- biu"F.
    | . . . ,,o Jy,F'vpn J.:.o m m i||"Pj. oJ 4r ( qlU|n' ' ll|Lpb|oL" J p h l f
    r he lr ugh' i
    ar 'd l h ' l J u g h a P + r r ':
    Lr-. 'd urio r" a nd hp PJ ' r . a"*
    ptolrtPcr'
    mnskptPPf.
    engincd.,
    mountajnc./,
    auoiionet
    ,
    -ee.:
    h.l
    lorlenra@c,
    dilig,u.., !roildnae, aPlea@Dce, assisiar?. nujs"';
    ridddz.?, etc.;
    grocc', Nher; chllncello.. docLo., clect'/; accumulator, ele-e"i. -or,'-ier : bultl..
    ,.
    ,
    rp,f
    - _ "o u r , . . P c . :
    \ar
    o
    ..
    r.,",
    hFf , f indt r , i"- . lur r i Po"u
    -'
    p :n.Ia l"* , "i.Lo
    s u . P r \ l r l n a P \ ''" r n " " r : i l J l '" '
    il. r ' ", Chin"r ' ,
    ';st:
    l ':
    r "l"gr , p_' ". lr L " J d l i o F n
    ,1,1 1 6n ..", 1 6u ;nr f s r . o. ; iilq,
    . d. Fr s , Aond, s , hun' I Ps c. m d 1 J P p r " s s .'r u '

    I Sdlirul a din limbr saxon{ provine ditr limba laLine f'al,d.r.


    : Dlblll srLi\ .../
    bsttrriivlle dtuughttli,hcight,din suliaul 'r,1 a .inus numii litt"r _r'
    'ln
    a
    S uLir l. r t ir .i !r(r.
    rr' ' n" v. I -1
    ll- r J . ,
    - r;n d rI F , n " l ' 1 ' . C rri ' ' n
    0 Sur'\pl

    !"

    lJ

    : p a r ' .l ' r i dr.d ob:di I i "Ll

    livol lormal cu oci d.-al doilen o lndcrlin.ilc


    I StrIi{ ooe lo.tncazl su}slantiv! de gfDnl lcmhiD ($ !1).

    nrt

    "^

    'd"

    *rrl

    dn_

    -li. r:

    llisfjllir.,

    u .di.t,. j

    n. t ur l.

    ( ; r Flir . ,

    ! jjlor i/ . .

    gtsolh.. ni..Lt-,

    qnintn.,

    'ioD. -{inn. +ion. -\io.. -rti{}n. -itiotr, -son: t.girrr i$jri,,.


    va(l/t,n,. crt.nrior.
    11 .?n, i r 1f |' r i. r / , ni . f lf l, r i, r ; r L r . r o nc. l , . .i
    -: ! r. ' ill:
    .o " b rl /.
    , . u.
    lr..rl:
    ,o
    ,.,rd...,..1
    r, ' .. rr
    , . , o. . r r . bt
    '. :
    L rlken.
    slr.r,r.,, s|1,,,,
    adornr,.rlj lasor,nr, m $n.,1,
    i, .
    .
    t.- t : t . t t - i, , a' 9. 1 u i, , ! , .
    -onny :
    J.
    'rr)" rr : d b. ta J. lo
    1 . r.
    Ln.
    _"rr.
    :n .-,. ,o ,,r. , , t . t , J-.. t
    1, t , r j
    h. . .".
    h. . , , . /
    -rr :

    t..e.

    la.,-r.

    t!t..1

    . " ' rr:


    l
    r,
    "liu a..'tit ' 1.
    Jr. -ilr. -lr:1".'ur,.t,,:
    ,.,r.r..
    -1 : assembly. d.li\ery.

    . r ' . . , . : . , , "i. . . , ,
    .:
    , t r : , " : . 'L
    j, . . r . lJ : a
    J.-,
    l
    1
    lr
    llo
    ,
    ' :
    "
    ,lcUuty, dii!!, 1r0xly, clt.
    "

    -,

    ._./0recefti:
    {'.rcr,:

    l3 7 r

    luto..d.g/, lr!.rau.m.t;

    n ,l 1 r.zi S ; lt lr ) l
    { f , -c f . : . o

    ./,

    t.,t.

    1 ,,

    ,' .r ' .

    |hrtoorr r/r {uolloqI (cttono./c.r, srobo.rn.r.


    IF ..i\,8 ...r .u d ltr

    Lt..

    ,... r,n :o .... n .." u , r.,,1.ti rt,tr,..


    -i .rn : t a- i r , . " . . , oa .r..
    r. or l 'Fr.,, m , r han. u. r r ,
    _ . -irt! : ]Iaxis,, so.ialirr; plilorogtsr.fllsicnr. r,lani.d;dtis/, ],n 0risr,. antlEoDisr.
    \' p r' c ,' . P ' t p ' l .k r
    l ' . . .\r' .r' /,.
    -:l _ : l , lar " . l ob
    "
    r Drrr,. L ch ir r r hl, ' r l. . . l r,h i r .rr.r
    -iiis : rpperdi'itii, nloi'.1ri.". !oln^, sinrlstrtr, lorsiutir, cre.:

    ' l u,,r

    dJ Sufixe dimhrutiynl0sru dopre0iativc(.Lit'..rs(.


    or*i,ni).
    -ard! -o.t /g.rn.l : b$tzfd,

    coM/d, drunkar.

    hgsa.d, stuSga/1, wjzdfda, b.asgdrr,

    -a1ter (lal.tr crilicd.de., mcdi.as,c., Dusicds,c/. !octds,c,,. ol!asr".. elc.:


    n lulln q . il'
    aa i-',' . . , / . . , or jr . . t ut lc . ' nt
    . . t a, l".p o . i \ t "
    \,\it,:tti"tpt,
    tA" i tu)tpl, t|fun ,tp4 , mo l.ir t p{ , . r c . .
    i,n lijern.): ohjokcn, Lilten, nraiden, etc.i
    il..): rorone,, isle,, lerer.4 nidsd,, osl,,; bill.r{,. bull./!, fitl,4, haich?/a, pultc4,
    . -et
    4.
    d

    _I

    -onn,{j

    lr drunn
    -ctt (rr.): ciga.cre. Iil.heMr,, maisonlnler,f.widotr?,&j eonducrord,rar.
    mijofer,. undqrrdure!, ustrdcrF.i uanncle'e, learho.rc, rlush.r&. erc.:
    _ . . -ier lo.igir-aobscui): Antrtr, ,\rohie, Jralie, Johnrl.. \!ttlc,- cool;,. deariz, doggt,,
    -kinG) {olatrde,amediel: oailt,, la,nbntn. maniitn, Pet.trtur sonnihns. Moui}ar,

    -1 e 1-rl
    , r { S e. m I I br am u d . k n d c k l c rk e ri .l . e to .;
    vnre,, start 4 woodt,,.
    .
    ..ret iff ): trnkt.t, etel.t, llauer, lNiu.r, hafl.4 tigr.t
    br{ceierr, chnp?e,{,i,aole/i, w.islj,r{. en,.:
    o ' r:L /r,s . e o J i 6 .
    n .h b ,rk l r,j . -u.t/rrs. tord/,rg.l ri n" -l i n s s r ' . . : 1?r lr s
    tt ng. rn e rn \, ! ndc f lr na,wr a L rra j e t..i
    -ock (germ.l: bitt.ft {dialectal).bullo./r, hiuo./r, etc.;
    '(e).r.I (lr.): cock'rcI, Don8r.r. w$tru/. etc.;
    -st8 lgerm ): dah,e., do!c!rc.! gaDerr.f, gangs,e..!usra., rh,vmesl..,lipsr,., trick,
    , r , .-r u ri /i n/ ob. . ur : E : |r , . fa l l /. J o n L . P, s j J . \\' h r rpJj Lobby..dbby. .ookv.
    tu.
    I,'3 ry $r r gd. p t { . o n n y . u n m| h J n k y . n rd t '{ , F .
    r Suiix cde formcazl
    ii subnaniile de Ernul leminin.
    :I'ri n i n lef m t s diI liDbrl
    l
    o rl d l i r' l -i frU \rz .r
    I|
    . u $, r i\ ul d/ ..
    'D l rl diminxlilal sau delr!(i.rlir {l snlirului s.
    .Itrlelesul
    tierdut cn vremea.
    5vzi Fi sliirul .v mai ios.

    .i 379

    Mo

    84
    J ;t

    ! 3?4

    2) Dc r iv r r c n ftc rc .i rn
    I B 4 i tt.F o rn a ti on ). _ | o" tp j uhFtdnti !c
    l o r m ar I r i1 dr r ita rr rp g r" i i ' u .
    ,L p ri n s upri n,arc,, ur,Fi P i rLt.ronrl
    "di
    vitc ca un sufiri:
    plp - ptrply
    trilia < triri.rlr
    g.eed< greed,
    tat < Pelty
    typewrile < typcwriter
    dooste < donaiion

    . d,l
    P rr-

    Acesl procedeu,
    3) Iied ceroa (Redurtion, Shortcning. Clipping).
    l o a r t e pr oduc t i! i n l i n b a o n g te z r),, o n q ti i D sul r;nrdrcd urr-i Ii !!i (i l r.P put.
    . ul. . r," d i p r d i n rr-' r' r ' ,rtD rl . drn .sp .^ ob i n- n.' l pl o Iurn' i
    d l ir iil
    " H, r
    "
    noud. Uneori aceasti creaiie nu este d fapt decit o simph presrulLar .1
    cuanrtului irtiiial, alleori inse capite un inleles oarecun dcosebit sau o intre

    buin!,areproprie:
    S 37;

    a) suprinarea
    'engl r "t''l -ri'r:

    b^coy (!op.l

    < ioDd...

    .oa.h
    cXclc
    nroe

    < m o ld . .a f
    < mol,of cod./l
    < bLlt:le
    -:: C,efence

    < l l .tm n o (fo p .)


    < Pi p a

    lla
    Pa

    376

    inceputuLui

    b) s pr i
    apocopr:):

    dre tr sftrsitul

    L{ereze -

    tn(intului
    lhone
    pranc

    .- telrphnr!.
    -. A.\iPume

    slori
    squtre
    sror"r
    larsiry
    $.fl

    < dtslo/t
    .-9ss",.c
    < n1stutll.
    < tD'r.ri1ry
    < pclrera

    ui cueintul

    .i lapocopn- (eng])

    ad < a.lveriisement:brt < rrassiercioab <.drriolel; cabh <.arlegram: champ <


    rh a aP io. :
    l o. /, l or:
    6 ' .l p : " u 5 r' .
    " 0 ,;n l a i Jn
    ,. " t /d ' i. : . L i\ dr r
    Lrnro \i nJrRp - pa,A1'
    n/ , l"l, 4ioit
    lind r\.
    rine: nn , r /iisif",
    m oli ,
    Dr t - r
    p '6 o . r t . r 9t ut t t , ' n",
    p' rjuc
    r ; / poaa t o " e : ! T i b / t - & t r i . i
    n, n i
    " d I 'o , p .
    ".u ., io f i: ur uT.
    ud'
    prnp
    p\prtv'
    t o 'd n
    prozt-.f
    1' r ' , p. r J d ' nr r lr l:
    'a o p
    < s o n J d l 'r m .
    tio': rrt
    r "n < / er ul. r ( iuni - r Fr lor r ll' . a l r .
    -,./e
    -""
    p ti,hr;rr
    dJ,riL rpllj
    6
    vrr.vr
    al^: r .
    ; d! lln s p " u F r s r ''. i \ i
    t' ",.,"/ \:,io n, \ '
    r ', l u r i d H d l l ; w l l k : F . l a l l : o <
    rr r dn,
    , Fr iidr \ , O ld \ ic
    Bol"
    railing
    ldl/i1 e r r J J io s "t { . ?oo < ?ooloc ' , J-g. r r J ; 1 " 'c ,
    J cin q nd i' < r ; r r r lnd / , J ; J n t Pf m or h

    377 jatEon colbesc:


    ,ol . "r/l g
    nAlhrJ<
    liJ .
    / r gg r g ! _ . \ am < "r dn i J l i o l : l d b - l 4 r o r a o t y :
    , , r hi, . ld ion: pr ' p \
    p.pparLtion: pmt \ ptu^ sof : L",g <
    no'h nd n:
    n ,ar .
    t ,sotrometrri vac < racrtron etc.

    s 3?8

    cu addqatea unui suti.x:


    dinP' (Iam.)
    < dinirrg'c:r.
    sleelef (rrm.)
    < sle-alin8 car
    r-o " i a i c n fo o l bl .
    s o. " " ( ta ' ,'
    rugg# (ld,n.)
    < ,nu8iy lootbill
    s m ok a (l rm )
    < s mo k i n g -.o tri dA e
    no. { m k r .rm .) / ,' o ' ,-" r,ua n 8 .a r' dqp
    ls o d" r \'
    1 ., s1l I l $o dp Ls
    i"nr I
    < b u " . h rt
    l-wo-seat (fan.)
    < (ca. wrlh) hro seais
    '
    _

    r,ri'ial:

    nelnscmn{t, supi,llicirl,,z

    tri

    rl. ?/,riu:

    ltrc.d.i nfiBcnnrate, lleacdo,

    s/ai:
    Jna.c {dmiraior (setr adni.atoaful, !,tsional(rli duti
    sport tito : lrra /dr, tun nr F,t, hdntbntt F,6 erN.
    ' lto 9e tq ' \ ' ' \ t r lr lll
    l nattti.-tntlie
    atarat d. ra,tio e ililor fcccttof torlniir.
    : : 1!o loc{ir Lr-loc uin! a.

    lilnt,

    lotoitrnlial,

    cuot' ntul ui
    din
    i n te ri o ruL
    t r t t .J r s u n e te
    .) cd d , ?r c 0"
    isincold - (engl.) s?incotel:
    cu.tsl' < dzltesX
    bike < Dt.yclc
    mrko < rrt.rolhone
    tmcy < /antasy
    dormonse < do.mDt t0zse
    motorbike < tut .Di.Ycle
    motorcade < morotcavrcade

    .l) cd.d,.rea
    F.

    unor

    suntc

    Ln

    nuIt.

    t o : it ii:

    S 380

    pran < pe.dmluhto.


    <,irningham
    au < in&enza

    .u ftLdt\afta unui sufir:


    nabs< ,arDara
    .) comprim.Lrea

    nai

    nim)- < inmccnl (: I,rostdnac)


    ,n u l l o r

    Anc.ioaradian l: 4noican +
    Canadiat)
    lmerind (: ,an.ricar + l-did)
    Bakerloo : rakdrst|ecr and $raterloo
    lUn d e rar odndRailw, r r l

    \r,\rr,anr.
    o-'"""i:,r"'-"i"4si,i;'"'
    r,'iii"r.-..""
    r
    -iibockeN)

    hqi

    t379

    ,'-',"t.

    Ln;.1.t

    s 381

    c L rri ntc.

    electmctrtion l: elat,ic executian)


    chandclE.)
    cleeirolie. (:
    'Ie.'ic +.lsu,
    Eufasia 1-- t,.ote
    ro.rnishr (: /o.,.;een zi,,n,sl

    ffi::
    i' ; "fij;.:;"1',1il,
    motol 't I Nta'
    "nsi"''

    radd (:.adio detertiorand.anging)

    Unpl'subst0nlivP sa
    4l Attsmaffle tonatift lCrddotrcn, Xlutatian)
    ,1Fospb,.c
    de alr; parli d" !nrbire (adjc"rive.vPrbc.r. ) prrn modili.ar"r unui
    .Lnpl \o.nli. n"Jian tl at I GratJ,ttiorJ.
    insalita .ad nu d" lrodili.ari consonantice ale terminaliei ;i cu evenbualaadiugare a unui sufix:1

    Substantie Verb
    io lreathe
    brcath
    c.lotl - to clolhe

    '(Vezi ti

    $ ]cz

    S bstantie Adjcctir
    breaitth
    depth
    length
    {idth
    young

    - broad
    - deep
    -long
    - wide
    }ouih

    s 22r'11

    5) Abrovier0a ( Abbrceiation). -l|[ult mai f.ecvent declt ln limba romend $ 383


    se intrebuintoazn in limba engiezd abrevierea, adicd reducereaunor cuvinte
    la inilialele lor:
    !s'1" I pounJs
    T\', toroli,'on. n R C. { BfirishBroailcaiing.orporarion,
    nola b"n " ) , & P . i . l = p o s r d r i t 'l '. l h P
    { h i inc..;e n.e t- o c. r Doir . ar dt . r n N. B. ,
    Dlc h"lor o A r . . ) , m l L S c . ( - \ r d s l r r o I
    Po :r Oir ir F. , d BA. I
    r, . P . Lr. ld .ncril
    \ , , ip" .i a c.l .
    Ccn crd l Pr ; c li ioon" r dof lor , npdr . "d r ^ p r a r U . . 1 m p J i . i . d g 'D ' f d n .
    Non. n a n : s s i o l " J O u i . " r '. a w q A F
    . d ,M.P .
    -u(;r,"r o l ldtl, anFr ' , , ao NCO I ( nro" of lhp So\i.l io idlnl
    , - rnen, b r o t rh " \\'o r"n s A r \ ' t iar \ . \ i. I or ", , U. S. r . H.
    Inilpd \aLi.n5 Oryuni/alionl,
    I rilq l 5ldl. s i f Am pr i. a, , l\ O I
    k ebunlicar . t5 \,
    q' i nlin
    l l ' r l O r g J n 'z J i o 1 ) p l ' .
    dr d
    I NE sco ,
    Lr.rtL d N o : Edur s r ional,
    't
    '
    UNICEF iunitcd Nations International Child.etr's Xme.gency Fund), etc.
    I A " pisll mu lna _"FJ pnr ' ' l
    n:
    ll, '
    !f s.J
    , e.h bJ n. Lo g l l i - . \ i r d l ', r d
    I,,.,", ribf J . s nlr l, d4 ' dF. ' r f d1'
    l J U. t . i..hr 1u t- b Jn lo ". a,lo . d1; d r r l t , r t ' ' ,.r1.
    ji .. m r t r r j. l : T. c .
    t n "dr l.
    "orosn 'Lrt

    "r'

    ZrD";n

    MOR!OLOGIA _ SUBSTANTTiUL

    Gli.l\iATlcALE

    B. SCHl\lll-\Rli--\ c'\TllcoRlEl
    ico\vllRSlo\)

    .rr:lsj

    lc'I'
    rile r:ll Il'ltl:,1:1"";"lii1ll'li];l.liililri''irdc
    rn,lcsubsla

    0""',inl:'l,"1i1"'ll
    ;"
    :'Jiiiil;T;";^
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    J 3 q(i
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    1'lill:;,' lil'

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    T'"J;l'"'*
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    #'1"'*'11"
    i';',.,,;1il"i.,,'#g
    '

    Tii',;:::,(:1",tr"i1'J:i"l1x"'ill'i"lilLT*
    1 \e 2 ; S ti o -t6 0 1
    ti

    s 3s7
    a blildtng
    handw.rung
    a !rrrltng
    A ldrmng
    ln] \tashing

    s 388
    S e89

    ihe {c.u-".tl
    t h. ir t r t s l. ! - L
    ine r lc ' t s a\ d
    ll, e Llc r ar t t L
    h, r Ln[ ' ni] + , 1
    lhe unk no{ n

    ihe k'lost'g
    the lrvrns
    Jhe I rsornS
    tLr li irnrr
    l l t r u r t 'm p r o J c o
    l l 'c s t i r t h e n
    , ! l . i 'd .

    . lir s t
    3 s elonn

    Pcrbtt

    . 'turr

    " iI.l

    J o';n'{

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    " "iitr t^'0""n

    "
    ,i'l
    ,iliil
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    aL' a swu :iu-;Ji,i,Hill,'1.!: "",l:ill
    shot
    roat). a "l

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    : llFh'

    t' t tl"''"* 0".


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    i; " , "/ i
    j''l "'

    ::ll:'"'#l.q:^iljxl'v"I' l''i{*;l' '


    tonorro$'l
    tiivc me
    {: ring ne^w)
    Tn' r
    llL- s

    S 3'J0

    ' r";'g
    $v m or r So ol P o a
    ' dJ
    o"l f is dn old nd
    ' ' er '

    ttl .t e tbt:, prtpozir'ii'


    .. ,t,. L",t !, Lpean.t
    . ..

    ''
    "il ,'''1, ', i,,i l!i , ' i l ' " '

    coni

    n c liL ' a rt L c o L

    lil:*';"":
    :

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    o r' ' ' ' to ' '


    " r" ' a "

    l'*:{lr'il'11;''
    i';t"lll,tli*"y'li.l'""i5ri."*,1'i
    .;:'l::',$.:l'i,f"l"!,""'Ji".'r'lti'e'"\'ilj
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    ,'.,,,;:J:;
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    il , ,f,"i:T {,:',i,,1,,"
    "

    $ 3e1
    { ,.E L oi g.aiihd!
    ihe Da.: ol l]ii,s
    ihe .ntt oi bids
    the clarg ol buses
    Lltt ble'rl

    the ntss ot th. sf.D.Dt


    il,c n ,i or tr. cirrs
    { nzr, ol surp.ise
    the .u sre o1 silk
    the srtsl ol ihc b.oom
    i,he ,!rt.f ot swdlows
    tlie rrrf of coi$'hcfls
    oI thc Soviet ea.th satcllilc

    n) cu adnugarea lilerei s. mirca

    s 392
    s 393

    pluralului:

    (Ve!i ri $ 127)

    fo

    s :t94

    tra tn -iry
    ..omiqs and soinjjs
    gol4gs
    roogDSs
    sunclndhgs

    eamings
    emplyrnss
    sarrnSs
    takinAs
    $4nnrngs
    (Ve,i qi ! 1?6)

    lilings

    $ 395
    in lwo rMs
    to waur on all /or.s
    to lnle si@3 in eloves.
    the I'ghts

    to be at rt ! dd 64eas
    to dressup li! tle Dtnes{la!].)
    (\i e z i fi S 1 2 1 6 , !2 6 4 )

    s 396
    one's /ttdr and d6rik3
    the slolls (sau s/'dlrsJ ol momlity

    a.lNetbe,

    conj unclit,

    s 397

    prepozilti

    thc dyes and nocs (in Pa.liamenl.)


    the tns and o&& ol the case
    r 1p1r c " . r - d . o r u
    lh" /od. f, d rh u/,ys ot lh. nd' l f
    Ii" t r. a rd,rl"
    lr r . , r s
    ald d . , , s i n o n . s l i l p
    pots
    II t/s and a6r were
    and tans there'd bc {o need fo. tinL-"N.
    \lc didn'|. knorv \cr t&ereaboutt and couldn't loNard your lette.-

    c, cu modiiicareaaccntului(insotiti uneori si de rnodificarealoneticd g 398


    respdl.n'e),substa tivele fiind accentuitepe prima s abe,verbelepe a doua "

    ( s 2215).

    I Semnalsonor caracteristicprinului satclit sovielie.


    t l :t.t.. y a4ds - lt r o d \l p , n p rt,1 6 rr| a r' L r .,p, t \ r t r !r,t;dr
    .or . d ..a l i a li i r r r odr : r " r. = L ti th " A :Ah ts(\ z i p l g .6 ' .noa2:,i ..pa" r
    luat{ ourttd dupii or.t 11 a.m.
    3aD este lorma r.he r conjurctiei il

    .= arti .usttuo

    E 8M

    C. CONIPLINJ]REA

    .{ 399

    icoMPOSITIO\)
    L

    , 'ir'',,i" iii i " ,r'""


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    (ionrpuseeite astizi tot at'ii de pr'rCreareasubslanti'elor derirate sru


    personal'
    (luctir:i ca !i in tr,:,:ut. cont"'o'rinrl i^ i"""i"'*a unui stil fdarlc

    (uri
    e,.enpre
    iis\ii:,l.;,i;,i',r;-''iiliiiirl
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    i t l - qpeli:

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    lr\,o'

    inlf . r l. in liniliir '


    '(irvin
    ,ll.$_ , teIorl Pr . ar ' t n,
    "lY'

    60
    _ l l .-s0, k c wir h
    a S o o da mo u n t o t n e a .to fi a .l Mi t!.u ss.l
    -.f'irow6 qrlh
    utr.p\s t}|at gpt lhF wolk donA. l
    r s . . ' O trp r mc n o o b j p .ri o n s ' f'
    "B{r o p no r u'tt.kt
    ' fhe pefisdns ol thc doiag-whate,ondpa-did-and.tpt:
    prckad it.,t!t-ta!.I!..t

    Substantivo telescopato (po manteaa,Nords).


    TiDul de cur.tnt numit,
    _ 4Ol
    lnlinrba englezeaporlnantpauNord.eaxa blpnd.rord1un, u'inr ..tclcs.oDat-j?
    c.r" n.rFalip arrificiald.foarla sugectiveadpsaori,
    carecombinAin mod arbilrar pafte din sunetelegi sensurilea doud cuvinte tegatelntre ele prin lnleles:
    l,rurcl I. bFalta.l lun.hJ
    rus p lnmpr.lI . rurh husrtcl
    suurry
    .snort)
    'hor'lp'chu.kli
    ! Innurndor .mog ( ._-s.urtpr+hrfrvr
    risrnundo
    r-- Insrnua||on
    snokp : tos,
    n g Pf ( - Lon r |lS F |)
    !n a .k { ' snake shartr
    motel (: motofisls' hotel)
    Nlirlicane {: whirhind + huricane)
    slithy (: lithe + Btimy)

    De fapt, acest procedeu de formare a ouvintelor std la baza vocabularului


    iou..intrebuinrat, extensiv atit in reclame. cit Ei tntr-rn anumit, gen modern
    . 1, . li l "ra tu ra.

    I \. Bert. Cadunt.
    I i. LFwis, ,ltotn iktrr.
    3 Cuvinte intrate l. liob{.
    a N. Twair, op. .t.
    5R. Aldinftoil
    Deoth ol a lterc.
    ' \ ' , oF da l dp LF$is C; r oll ' uv r nt ' lo. , . ir
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    . Hanap's Sttndad F.ench d^d Enst^h

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    de studiu, rlc jocurilo. ii:rle sloflurito.

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    l n ri n i ca Lil. lor ilori , nu m e l o rrl c l ro re s i i . n p s c ri i ,n r; i oul i l ai ,j ...........
    ljulrii lnlintrrc nrc basincssal. theptt i tah ol. tt.e!t.l.sst.n .1. the tN.te of

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    Remli g .nFr''l'
    snlxr,nli{FlL
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    .1Ti TIC O LU L
    (T]lFrATiTICLE)

    I. CO\SIDERATII

    CE]{ER-.I,IJ

    l) I)cfi ilie. - lrticolul este url instrumrl|. granatjcal care serve,ite. S 11)f
    ir lri,rcipul. la indiridrlalizalea.obiectelor'asupra
    cirora se oprcEiea1,cn1ia
    \,,r1)itol.r]lui
    salr scriitonrlui..obiccte rlonunrile,Ire plan gramal.iral.cu a.ir
    t rul substantiruluilnlolit sau ru d. artrfot.
    2) Fon i,
    Grdnatica englezi are .toali arlicolel:
    !.10;i
    arti(olLrl hotArit the
    a.t;colulnPlotdrit a sau nn
    ,E l,ca.rr'.s
    ,,. JcaN

    u rins
    ra id.a

    :l) {lrratteristiti. - Spro rlcoseb;e de limlia |orrrini, ilr limba enqlezn { 101
    lr ' i . . lF lF .int
    l5r ,
    '. n l r' .

    thtl;t;...,r
    H {a e
    '^ rt.r r

    f lr ' . , u\ i'
    t p c lc pm . pda. , r h . r h , , t i \ a t p
    ta,.irp
    I n : Fnar p,
    a . . . n t , r a '. :
    "r li. olpla n u , i n '
    ' l' .
    ,/E h.urs
    a .nild
    t/r llnro lr-"nn lolntriN
    dn able rnu

    t.

    lVez j ins ii 5 41, 0.ila)

    4) Fur{,tii. - .{ icolul ru stn sjngur; ci Insolelte tntotdeauna u. sub


    ilantiv -qu un eehivalent,al acestuie,fapL pontru care unii grarnaticieni il
    ItnFniera o partjculn.
    ,Obieclele cxiste le se imp8rt, in doun categorii: drlirrtt. (adici specifi
    .atc. in.livjdualizatc) tarl nuiefinit e.
    d.) Defini.r(a obieetelor. adicd indiaidaLl.izare /or. se lace cu ajutorul
    arti(,olufui hotdrit, the (the l)efinit. Arlnl?). erc sril pe lingi snbsl,antivele
    ,.c ]e ddrumesc ..i al cdrui rol ste de a scnrnala faptul ci obiectul in cauzn
    ,,.te snu ra fi cunoscut.
    Thc, care la origin tnsemna lhis, that. tht:se.t/os.. ai pistreazi tnci.
    rtenuat. acest lnlcles. lmpru'ri cu irrncliile corespunznt
    oareI the poate lnsoli
    iird1r,.{rrslan I ir.l?. nunerabiie sau ncnunre.abile.ai.lt }a s; qular cit Ei1eplural.
    ir i,,n.,lie de conte\l:
    l)J r.slul substanlirelor.adic{ aceleacare dc,runlesc
    ,obieitele, ndefini1.. ncnldirnlualjzale, sillt insotite de xrticohrl ncholl\tlt (thc In.lrfi it(
    -l//nt.,/. .\cest,Rrtjcli ri sau an, crre lnsemna la origine one, adici unitttca,
    nu poate deci insolri(le.iii,iorma de singrlar a unui subst&ntiwnedefidt.. ,\,ra,
    iiar p.n1r|rfoo.a (lc plural forespunzil,ouencer;stiDdun litoouil.orposibil,
    . a dal .unrele de artieol zero :rriicolului r,are af trcbui s^ c\istc in acel loc.
    d&r care lips4r/r. Lipsa a(ieaslaesfc tot atit de ilnporl.anli ca si prezenla unlli
    arlicol. deoarececn are functii distincie qi holiriloare. (Vezi S 429).
    -{rtifolul neh.rtniil nu i sottte ]l;r;o(latn substantivele nenunerabilc.
    r l]rii
    1: ri i ( ii lt

    grarnati.j.ni .onsnlri irindr I hol,'rril ca p. r^ anirit.


    itr articolut nchoun al;.7 rit nelnnntit lr.zi llF Can i.a ArfdnJ Didiaharr, a, sn, t\e).

    $ 40;

    S 106

    S 107

    \ 408
    .s +{)g
    S tl$

    91

    lI. tRl tr,||LI-l

    ! 411

    '''' i:l'l;i\\lf,;ilil3n,\*li'''''
    Il.cul:i qcncrxli

    s 4 19

    i:i#:;

    :,,t.t., "t i- , 1

    ' "i::i
    t ut 1r t r '

    iiililffi;i

    -tt

    l" '"
    p o .l ri "
    'pr-'"r
    t' -'''' r
    i
    n'n ''r'"ru'
    i
    I'

    ,,r' ,, r' rr;J rV

    < . , t . n n t;r

    '"

    t o1 t P t \ \ t
    .i i I
    '

    I r

    "0

    '.
    .in ,,l.r' nt n
    pi.,""i.p"t primit'r singurar

    artic,rtul holirii'

    +lJ

    s Lr.rr.r.r' tI, \i , i //r!r l rtJi i Ll -:


    I) .\rticotulndrotirit c,qtcintrcbuinlil
    st'r nlv lnr nD lLr u a i tc t\

    21 \ uh' lnnli\ Pl o n u mc rc h i l c

    , ll |

    ""

    ."airl.,:i"

    ',,"

    ,'"

    " " ;"

    ' r' J

    ";.
    alt, determinat:3
    "o h r i- . ,' r .bll.r_:i..1,;I',.

    lr"rrl)ai'sn fib'r ili


    I'n r:' r ;r
    ' au nebotirit - d.rcn ru nu 'Ln
    '

    ,'l

    i rl ro*t.\1.

    , e rr. , x . -. . , r -, , rr r" . , ' -

    i '

    'l iII;"r",:.)
    1
    , , h I"a)$ i'' i .li "i. .o lt oL;,:i:),.;ij:"
    :"
    1
    "
    ;,i"rij",,',,,':;i";.,1
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    ' '1;J,:i,l;in',,u,
    ,,".'".0"',','"ll:.'l
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    ,
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    ,,.
    or,,,
    moLr
    ,1:,
    "'
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    ," ";,i,";it:;;',"'
    , ,r")
    f':i:;";,,;.;
    i,i;,1.;
    i'
    ;"";ipn"r'"rr'i"1'r'i
    :i;
    I""r.'r
    iiililll,"l:l;rll,]'";l'lir:,"
    cu ceae.,slez:i:
    i:1"",1'i;. romini in conLrast

    -"""[i
    .de

    rei,r,.,
    ronesre
    r.' lli
    il.ltl: Ji'T'i":'iTflli,fL:i;""i"!i,xl.,lx
    r sr c liil:
    sie n d"Tjiltt:
    Lurr
    m a i m u ll

    lin

    'rl
    i,,toit.:.':".",-..,".iur.,.,"
    ...r".,,.
    .'t" pliii rt"" ard lrdtrL rrr"rir'

    .i.

    : ia,:

    r',

    "I'r"

    'dl'rr

    Con(fluzic:
    (rtiule nthatdti't
    tc-\tul rL'nnn'sr' -\'rrarai
    Nici wr articol nclLatnnlio 1oi
    te\tul ergleze:c4li:
    Fxi:,ptii l:i rtErrltill, !

    $ {1(i

    s ,117

    Iloll' a rvlLisltr ind^ottr' Lrl!'isi:


    rcinll
    Ca0l;, is ( 1hP' dniD o r

    / , ) s Lr u,i !L i l rrrL + tP :
    q l n d _ l o ' r' Pr' '
    v ' t nt , t ' I t' t s re b rtl '

    q, 1 1 8

    .,', ' ' , \ r "


    i; ij " ; ::l:1":'ll.
    "l';;
    "
    ii, ' t rn l s n l o l l ' ' d 1 o tl rP rr'

    " i" " t - , i'

    r \'r..rjl

    '

    tr'"

    1 j.ltr .L^-:":',']

    r |.n rrLr I ' c lr niir an! ' . \ 7t i


    i 4.,h.' l : {t'd Lorl
    'i!

    '
    .l

    '""

    ,, ,

    -"

    '

    "

    r , "r u' r ni'

    '

    ,. r'r '" :

    CONSDERATII

    CENEE{LE

    96

    3) La pluml, substantieele
    n mcrubilclNl nu p mcsc articol nehotirlt:
    \r{tctres

    nou.s

    ) -"nN

    idcajj

    4) Substatilele nonnmcrabilotf:ll
    iici
    articol nehotdrit,:
    li

    nu au, in mod normal, nioi plural

    S 419
    S 420

    qnaljtv.
    !.rseeianP
    is a
    'l otr can'i. lile .ll $ea1,
    liinds bl D6t..
    air r w
    is a nr elal.
    jldis!.Dsalle to man.
    -{tr-is
    Ci. The atl in rhis room is nesh.

    5) Concluzie.- DiD cete erpuse pinil a;ci reies clteva reguti de bazd:
    dl dacd un substantiv este numertrbil, deci are plural el 1'a alea li sin
    gular. care poale ii preced.at
    d. (trt[.olnl tu)lntdrit. Arl,ico]ulu;rehotirii {asau an)
    ile la singutar ii c;rcspunde al)stnltr artical tnir la pl:UJa\.
    , J o. g g"l
    1 1.r,l '0"-, hool
    I -J.
    ^\..I \ere s$ arn '! r g our iir Fr r f r
    I pr. Lizs

    ( 6 , or i, '.

    S 421
    42P
    "s

    our.

    Substantivele numerabile au ariicolul hoLdrit,the atlt la Bingular,cit $i


    la phral:
    I sj. 14' 1o ..3 ,irr \"- //l' .r'' ' o.'

    S 'tP3

    D) Substantivlenelrumerabile- adici abslraclii]e. uneie de matdi


    sj de nase, precum ii substartivele nsi]rlilale cu acestea nu au plural si
    deci nu pof avea decit,o si.nlurdfa nd. cen dc sirg&ldr"!. fdrii articol ichotdrii.
    Piirnesc insi articolul hotirli, liir tn iunotio de contefl:
    \o oDc could lire $iurout notr.
    linos'ledEe
    ol lis success
    was sn.r^d bv
    ' the -nress.

    S '124

    all ; .
    { pr. Tn " L "1. s"
    Tabnanent Fitn s.
    I

    g r o ! \ io. Ll do. , r o $2,, , . / / ,

    1 . . ' - 4 r '.

    T4t

    ,Ue@l1t,N Urc maiistar ol his diel,.


    The tuat yon sent ne was deliaious.
    c, Lnel{, substartive nenumerabile por de\eLi nune tbilc jn lurclie de
    j teni,.ia vorbitorului
    !i sint tra1,a1,cca atare ( S 30).
    Jl Dq i unjj a, , t nr j i n d j r, a ' l j a c ti v u l n e h o tn rl t rorrc ca pl ural al arl i colului n a b o ,. r il lif . d d " s ru i a l s n l u fl ts n ,r a r, .{ d r o,pl J.i 1-rel p.,a " n/nr
    dp.i In l o r r ir . d l^ r p" i p ro ., n u s p p o rr. i d , p in oJt" si rnal i i l ., .hrd
    -"i
    r n r . lr.u l u i r dje, r ; \ Llui . o r,,. fi i rd m ri r..tr:n F d d p i i t 0ri F1 a cL,ntri sr.;ru
    lului .e h o ti rit :
    I s!. I . dN d b' bv t l J l i s r l h e p a rr.
    {

    I r'

    I Tl@-

    I :,.r

    {p"a

    , d/i",

    I d \' r ,t

    .i l i \.

    ',

    i 42;
    g { 26

    n ,r Dd r

    o .b i d s rr' J .v ,n ;i- rhd rrJrk.

    III. LIPSA An l.IC OLIr-LtiI

    s 4!7

    Lifsa:trti{rolului ste tot atit de imporlanti ca lsiprezenla lui. Pleclnd de


    la acest Dunct de vedere. sramatica moderni stabileste tri situatii dislir."l' !;;num":..ot,Ltttnris.,:'ntutu;'.
    ur!;.uldt:"ta: si it"ti.t,nld orti1) OrDisiuneda ieolului esl,cdeliberaii. Ea nu lnseamndincelcarearegu,
    lrl r!r01"r;.a'a itlp,inini o 1rp:".,1.]
    crin,atirila. ri r.umaidorinladeiso
    |ealiza o tortcizie, care obline edeseori, pa de o parte efecte stilistioe
    r: a rl i . r olulZ E I T O
    t Ol . 1 :e z i 5 6 .9 .
    :1.rh
    .st. Cc talrLlotna conlund(S !t-irs),
    3 : n ,.ri, r olul
    z f r o 1i1, ,15 4 :!1 .

    cuc sc comt)orli1ca nn singdar.

    { 42E

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    ',ll,rrli,;i, 1'-, i
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    . ,., " " ',"1:,;'^;:y::;:;l:li"-,i"-;

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    I ti k . to d rn ' rr

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    - 1_rrj ^

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    . ..:,.i- hr ,r "r ,,i,' ,' ir ",,- .:,,,,r u
    ''' " " " ' ' "

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    ' 'll;iiii;"*,':'j'''',llil::''lr'll';:"'l
    :;'""h """"r\"'"4:'1":l
    etf '
    Lonttot'' tt attrihsttittt
    'iii''l'^"""'
    p-p'i' n' tt 'tnttt
    ,,,1,1l.'i'

    (;rtat t.oitaitLl'fslii' 'tnrrr'fl

    '" ,,,,,,i",,1
    . ri1'-,'
    " ,"'"ti:.''ll1:l'ill;';:'" . '
    -";"'r"r'1
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    s ,*' ,,,,l",,llll.',1:i::
    " i l l 'l 'l l 'i " " :'r '
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    ':;'li' ;::l ,i l " :l l i :
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    ll-)il:ll:,":l:"lllll""
    ri(L;f'
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    -T"i"'u"t"i-tu'"uu'ri

    7'tu csle o rart 'Pufritrli

    ,:'il;.i',*il"l'll.i,n"ir.i,,i

    in mnL'n

    "nlrltidt

    r'i rtinrJi
    s.rmati.rr'
    ar..r!.r'!xn
    ri.r,",,,qr-:,

    AiTICOLUL

    IIOTAR

    97

    s .137

    IY. ARTICOLULtrOTi.NIT
    (TEtr DXTINITD ANflCLE)

    de
    1) tr'ormi,.- Articolul hotdrit 6ste the' inva abil in sdis, indilerent
    gen' numar sau cazi
    tle boys
    ti9l
    '&
    ,,',2 aeach&'s address

    S 438

    t/ia houses we vrsiled

    r n P '$ o g i r l s
    f/r" p riz es wer e gi! . n o l& bny r nd
    IhPt saw r / P r o$n in r l4 dr r r dniF

    2) ProDunlio. Arli' olul lft' 5o pronJnri:


    36
    it LoiN ti,onC /,f,]1 - forma rarprr ' ind rsLe o'fenrual sau clnd
    '
    The delinite article rs "tle"
    Is he 'tnc" Sliaw?'

    s 4e9
    s 440

    lEs lo Pl . Plebar l 5l, aw: )


    is hF "dt , ' p". iar i: r i1 ! ln m d l o l 0 g J r

    b) lbtti (;NanS farn - forma i,are) sNtl6r) (acak form ln.inta unei vocalesau a unur, mul':
    ,tu c{Ith
    ,tu jnn

    .i

    "

    forma slabd)r $441

    ,fte hour
    ,h? hei!

    cau a unui ft aspiraf


    .J fb,l, t6l. torm"'labe. lnainrpa uDAiconj'anF
    cu
    consoanole5:
    a'imihre
    se"ii"6"it"to|"t*t ri [i].

    FUNCTIII,E ARTICOLULUI IIOTiRIT


    GXNXX'AIX
    coNstDtrRATtr
    demonsLraliv
    lr llomonslrBtiY.- Arli'o1ul tfre l& origine adjr'iv
    u4ur demon_
    a
    t - tiLsthnt.th,s.,thnser,peslrazaqia'l6zivoloArFs,sLenu0li
    strati\', a'ind uneori .hiar :i fun'!i0 ocestuia:
    lr. is iusl what I unt sr rtu (- this aomoni.
    Mnn v'h aDD v Flum

    ol r t u { = ihr s l

    $ 442

    ! 413

    s 441

    ddy

    i""lll1"'"'"j'*'
    il;^iT"
    rl'li'J,''',i;;
    r ha""',
    r prrce
    u s "d c ar J nd d' "do al t h? I
    It sas
    "4'

    ^
    (":h:T:il
    rhem.
    ,*tidj"ii,"$T."ifi#-'J;'".", r hea,ir

    care de'
    2) funotii. - Articolul hoidrit va insoli aiadar subsiant'ivele
    ""tTi
    "O'*'"
    t'" J/^U"'"i"
    -'i.#

    . "qnot"utp,lieln ambianla 1n ' ro sa fl; obicctele'


    anum;t,
    un'u.io" sau psrti'ularizste prin d' rermiaanti6ori aLribule:

    $ 445

    s 448

    romo si"il (0I) esielormaneaccentnale


    to..a acccntnate
    ,""
    "r"
    ;lT,,i;' :.''i1,,' n,r,r.t"! .hu,".tp;,.t"an.!.hntuc.,,da,:far"r"rof.::srLb

    $ 446
    ,",hf;:ti;oj"j:;".,,-,,.
    $ 41?
    ""':fi.ll.:r':r':X;;;l:":T';1"/'f';b,""'j;"'.,"""i"':::
    i scml\.1 'l
    l{l r' di ll iniliali ir r ' - r v r nl
    '
    '::;1..,,:l;1,
    - '"r;;;l)i;;,ii;;l;":
    l,i:1i,r1r,""1.9;:ili',il;:i.'
    " ;i1"f
    tI,l{5i:'{i:,,rt|"'

    '.'';""1if

    t - qr.hailcs nnbli ensrezc

    98M

    S 44t

    $ 450

    DJ lrnir.rtr, irdeo'ostecunoscut:

    'l /M dror js shxt. brt. rl, rindo,s are o|lenTurn ofl lnc /ddto and h,rn on /F TVJ
    P\i ott tlte lishtr, llcasel We dor'I. sdl wastc l,crr.
    Are vou coine to lctah llte .hitd tuom scliooll
    Iak",/F i: ilis) pastcdntro thr post-office,therc's a good girl]
    Thdnk you for tnc aunitioa. I\I h{\\e the h;fi tdpe1,p)eac.
    1 mertioned chcss: he was !.olieieDt in ,nc sdtu,.
    The pi.ttta an ,i. ,@ll fte his own.
    The hishlishls al tlt $ech's
    ln Engtaud, caN drire on . Lt and pass on t@ ristu.
    1'lE c.smos is a wcll-orde..d syslcm.
    A t enlie
    !
    3 ) ,q.dvorb.- Th. est.. ar t.ical hotdrlt trumai clnd sti p e ltD-qi un subsl antiv; clnd lnsd insolelte un ddjectir sau un adrerh, )^ qradul compdrati\. sau
    sup$laliv! in speojal cind sint doun adjective sau advrbe corelate traduse
    p ri n . . c u c it . . . , c u a tl t..." , l h e e s L ed d p d .r:
    t h ] . t u' P ,' h r " " r .t t\d \F fb
    He lias had a rcsl atrd leirtsd,. r.fu. ({or il.). l-A.dverl)
    ' 1, . . , at . g. r t p ,l ,i l ' 1 ,//'
    3 .,o , ...a r., .\dr rb,
    ( lr " ) ilo - nF d b " " 6 (,t," ) 1 .,,,a a t,
    (\d\erb)
    s
    nosl
    .
    e ^ i .\ 4 , r" ,

    Zfu eslc tnsd articol cind precedi un superlativrclativ + substaniitul


    erprimat,sau subinleles,deoarece,ln acestcaz, el determin[ subst&ntitul.
    (Vezi S 724).
    $ 451

    s 452

    STUDIU CONTR,\STIV
    AIiIICOLUL

    IIOT-iRIT

    SI SLTST,4,\?IINJ,I] ABSTIiATTI} SAU COIOIiNTD

    Etemple:
    o.:t
    " t, h . d m " l

    t.l"
    t t l h ,n a ' "
    r'
    ,1 " | ,5 .- r .
    r\D 5rri l di
    I'o1\a")
    . a t e - \"a s
    t.kb r 1 - "p" r tr ",o ,,
    a .onup

    O sene de substantive pot fi uneori abstracte, alteori concrete - deir


    nu pot sau pot avea arLicol hornrii - tn {unclie d inten,tia 1.orbitorului.
    1) Substantivele bed,,br.dl; (: rcc/catle), canp,'Change, church, callc:,,.
    S 463
    coufL ha.rbaur:hotnc, lLaspital,jail, mass, marhet, parL prisan, schaoL,t(".
    shne, tdble, tcrm, taen, aork etc., nenumerabile,nu primesc articol (au ndic;
    articolul ZBRO) cind lnlelesul lor csLcabstract, deci atunci cind ne reterin
    la rnlian4 respectivi:

    na Chanee
    lo have been to .ol&sd
    to }rine ini,o .orrt

    lo leav s.l,oo,
    to lut to sra
    l0 sit doivn to rdDl,

    to admit into norrn(l


    10 s o lo bF d,ro J p , o 1 6 ., l o .o rl " g ' ,l o ,o r' .i u..3" l orr, o" .
    p o ri. , e. in o h^s pi ra l .l o mT L
    In ro to r. to p , so j i l . 10
    to town. t o uni\ c r si ,y , to $ o rk , 1 1 ,,

    (r' 11 t' -

    1. ( A b, r . , at or r.)
    t' ;e h [.J,' i ]!o nd " i ' 6r' .i .:t
    .
    rro r,rn l rtr.' r ' )t
    x I n' aL. hanp. /o
    .1 ..,1 ) .,,.rr d i n r.ur .l r.
    ' i r n^ d" l d. rr,r,,r '
    sublnlel{asl /o l'l. "Ee sEnt to theb \or^e".] ii ca atuc lac! t,]]t! din categori'rde s'l
    staltive care, lmlrl"url cn o lrcpozilic, au lalo.lle dc adftrbe.

    TICOIVL

    i - illhTn|n
    dlp
    roliuin b'l,i
    '
    : i . t o J . i d l r . o , a 1. . ' lool "

    9C

    ttOTARlT

    qi\ "

    c''

    'o l i g n

    'h o m "

    in los_

    To\vn,fira articoi, pe lingn selrsurilede la S 453 S zr55mai l seamni $ 454


    rlrul (comerciala]) ornl'.rlur:
    "i
    Shall Nc have ililn.r tr ,oa, todav (- Il ora!. la rcstaurnnt satl la chbl? Slo
    l o' ui l d i n
    n o ra i ' l p i ' r4pi ' r' r' .
    ,i ,i 1 "., i t . t o lr s l' on n ," x
    "iJ
    on! Inarn'
    ^,,(1 ,' ubu' h: i . r {
    d J J u ' l a " ad rl
    ttP) ' ta " '
    ' pdr

    '

    : : r o r ca u edon a lr idal.
    Se intrebuirteazl insi ariicolul bolirlt atunci ctnd ne relarim la inlelesul
    .onrret al substa;tirrelor de mai sus dcvenite nurncrabile, la un anumit orag,
    , ) al u mi l i F c oali c t c . :
    TheY lookcd at ,ne ndd: it !'as nPtY.
    |the'coltele slood {t d oossroads.
    The lisiciiersin tne.o&r, lrcrc not interesled.
    'l'he chcmisl.'s was rear t,l" /@3,Dt,2,.
    At Doltani,,nd P.tsn h4len turned into a museum.
    \Yc salv tne scn d, bciore tts.
    ! , , n . r.J h i b .rrl ,' di n h p s u n i l l d r.
    T hpA i r' ,n r" 5 i rri _ g d , fr. ta b l " u F " l i o Ll i r booLs.
    rle iN sriislicd with r/P eofr in !f.p
    SIc wcnt ior a $alk outside,ft4 t
    Wc were alProaching ,ne ,oaD. 'qa.

    $ 455

    S 456
    !i in urrndLoarele construclii:
    /i ' l a b o rd l o ty ./rfi ,/ L n i \F E :'vr.go do!l " ^i nl o ' l P ' ounLrl :'
    I ns li
    l o so
    '., Fs.
    ' o,iv
    io' . r r A r' rLm
    . r. l -u b i l rnr
    ,o h i ,l ' .o n " r' l n
    i o q o io ll' " c ilpni. l h P i )s th ' ' o tr' e rl t/r' o D ' rd. l ,p nrl l r s. ft. Inertrper' '
    ''r b sl Jn i i v o. 1r e nur n" s cu d G mrl l c d l P g o rFd a d F l r" l rr"
    ! {n/
    sch o ol.- \ da s ' r r t ad ,t,i a a rv s .n o o iw l p r s h " s R ' :.. S l r E pnl i o 4 p' i 4ufv
    . {o Dli n Jr s - y , . nd s penlfo u " )PP t. d Is " ,{ o tl T l ' Pns n p \ P nr 1oY 4n4or!^sta^t \N nen
    . , ncr:n i rh ed/ r " s - or l, . u s to o l , .h " w " n l u p l o ,,ru rs ' rd In uucnrfest.ro r 4? u4' ' ?nr.ru
    R u c h u P ' tu n i r' t' i ]!
    oir rn d Fsr{ ! u" P of , ' idl) ls r u l o rl h p )
    ' drent l n l rmbT\or' ' ra
    Irticolul

    hotirit

    se lllttebuinleazi

    2) Numetedate|,cselarzilei f: meakJurmeaznaccca;iregnl{: (au deci S 458


    .lrticolul zro):
    o) nu sini articulalecind ne relerimla noliuneeabstrnoti:
    ,.dftlast is nY talourite nealCone to lrtul tomorow!
    ?!d h ai live todaY.
    lThe) dtaDe. is seNed
    \Yon L rou shv lor sll?ef ,
    * g .y ' a n o rh a rl v d s u ' d i w l d ' : l he ndl ' rq $i rh hP f noa?
    i i a i .,l. in;
    "*
    ,) Cind ins{ noliunea esto concret5, substantivul poate alea ambele
    devine numerabil, adic:i ore li plural:
    articoie
    ""i
    S[e put rh" rrd^/nsl nn lhF t8blcd ri c ' t' a ' l ' roo:
    i i , i" , . ,
    s r ' n j ' o ' J -.r" h
    ! 'elc h
    l / c "k,d,. P l e J s.l
    Comc on. vou \iilj Pnlov rn dniM'.
    \\:c sold a" l, , r ndF J t' r* i to t, a n d Iv o I' u n d re tll e ," todaJ.
    tastd!
    L\ t . . i d ,".rb inlr"r.lln:
    - d ar lr . : b La r , r r : r . r . : t : j \ L
    pr "l"r Tl1. m d J l
    l'
    lr oi , r "l
    . rr on, - ,1,,r .'r //i. dc
    "
    ' lt
    (\ ezi U.H. I{illils et alia or' .t , p. 68 J
    j \'e,i
    ii S i'rs.
    ii

    4t

    rt.:tJ:

    S 459

    100
    460

    c/ In acceafi cateeorie f6, inlrn si urnitoarele substantive, care Doereu plurnl 5i ori,are dir ,"le doud rrri..lp. dr
    "u o noditi,!r. sem"r,ti,l
    alun"i "lrd se relerald o iDt rrr tir la n,sF".o p, rrFrarc.t...
    ./i"n". .parryr tait n sr-.
    Il:"y .g"u" "
    0 arcarsurcess.
    Helen has iccn 10 r@ dtra,,s this we.k.
    W had d lovely lancl at a Sohorrestau.aDr.
    ,161
    - Aceeaqi uzanli este urmai,e si ln cazul
    l) ItlijLoacele(le Lacomolie.
    verbelor lo gor to camq to learej lo lrarcl. urmate de prepozilia ,y (: ron. cu),
    care precedi, fird artirol hotArit. noliunca fiind abstra;rn, numele mijloacetor
    de locomotie ca bicuclc, bike, boet, bus, &r, ptane, taxi, train, tubi, und.er.
    graund eLc.I
    I se nt th o D dc el Dz dt .
    lp f'IorL oDdnl; r r . , , / J ".
    r J "! . I n. b o v s q o i n F r y n , / , . b i 6 . p t o
    . ThJgr.l
    an(l 1n o
    ,lr !d. nr h s om ! lr . nds
    Go by anderyNlnd to "Piccedilly Cittus I'

    joi . rh-m,

    . Spuneminsa, htrebuin_ttndprepoziliitein, l,n + articotut hotirlt cind


    nolrunea este conoet5:

    169

    Sh " l o o L ,1 " /,rp to O\1 ,' rI L:r rs


    I/." L o d l rr.ri ,r \
    in
    - tnin.
    We had lunch aL th.
    Thde was onty stn.ding room tD ,nd rd;n.
    'fie.e \ras lo one we k.ew on ris ,ldae.
    I *as on tLe bus whcn you got in.
    4) SubstantiTolo abshacle slnt articulato atunci cilrd, conform resulij
    de la ! 455, numesc ,obierte' anumitq cunoscutc, mentionate antrior"sau
    particularizate prin determinanti3:
    Hs prafa.pd pcansidpt:t; th" p.p,n. and tbF suqsestio! was ac.eoted.
    T l' nujh v o, n s .
    l J s i h . s rF d n m rn o t.] s;i ..
    S r r r dd lhD g o'o" d s e n $ o l \..:.s l h" te j trd i rF o/' o,...i ,ri " D .
    ?he lile. oocurftd to t.im thdl ties night ldre dn ovtins_

    s 1(i3
    ldl

    AX,TICOLUL EOT-iN,II

    SI NO]INLB PROPRTI

    Rogul[ ge[erald
    Numele proprii cu formi de singulor,prin faprul cd reprezintn
    u n J n,pln r up,...0uprin,rs.arti,ol,.tlt o t a rr. . , " . . . " r! in J i" n f u a

    4 c s . m nr un b n u m rl n \p mD L t J ;h tr o .rt. or: . rV e?i S ,i JJ InF\i .r.nta


    articolului)Num ele p ro p ri i i ft t /J In s s ry -' , r ul d. t.t,i ,t,dt.. \i dp" i pri mp..
    . t t t i' oJ ul hat 0t i l .
    a l d pl urrt. ..u ,e i uLsrarti L.
    " i n d s r' r i n trc b u i n :a
    c or unp. qiu , i n d ,l r I !d r i , u l f i z A e ,l a n dc," rmi n. n (d" i but ..pr ot oz i, i. . r r j b u ,i !r. .p , z i l i e q ,r t,o p o ,/rl i F apo/;ti var.

    166

    1) Numeleproprii ile prrsoauesau animslc, lmpreundcu substanti\el.

    ..o m uno ?s im ilarp l o r' n a mb ri i fj l n ,i ti a i . p e rsoa' ptp apropi ate c ..t Fothpl
    Mathcr, Mummlt, D&dcl1J, Aunt, Uncle, Bab!, Cooh, N uise, Teacher erc.l.

    r,ton : carticrd;n t.ond.a,c.tbru


    lcn1ru reslarrartetes{lc cu tr!.nfiLrieshnnri
    p;..ottiu!lprrJ',irtr'drr
    tp,L d.., ..n,1, .rm" I Lir, .
    ., !ia|;t!!t Ci,'.s

    -Lrc:La s-p ,lrr.on $Jef d' ; , , n' , r ur I o. df i. r - r . r ' s , . . , . oI iald I n r , r n , t l i : u o f a t . n L


    :olv'

    fb rra i m.r'" .|") z i: . s o_, d". "1. o p, J b p, ' ar ;


    ,\ru at ?: t nl0lPnt s t r nt l.
    !ci. $ 4 44 -1"0, 45i- 1Ljr . i- 24. i! 6.

    I dt"pt-.e.

    ua".\. I J.: Oiaa

    AETICOLUL TTMARTT

    IOI

    ntr au articol la singular,nu au piurui sj so scriu cu inil,ialn rnaiusculx


    (VeziS 301):
    Is ?,, on ihe Fa.iorY ConmiU.ee?
    Aucudus JohL'{ "$rasliq DiX" Iaigs in the Tate Galle.y

    r-i4.r. (Jolin) didn'l. !irg up yPsterddy.


    Tell Croft Urc .anteen hnoh is nt lhree todal.
    Diil ?ld.l.. call lhe .oU?
    s",ofty is a wise cat
    Aceeagi conrport,rre !i la yocdlitr

    $ 46{;

    I shun'l,Ire a ti\in\tl., IIunvL!/!


    Daggi:'. tet.n lhc bulll llar.'s a good boll

    Numele tle faDilie este d.'fapt un .leternrinanln;scut din recesiiater S 467


    de e se particulariza prenumele lvrzi L,f:girea rumelor scolicne, irlandezP.
    scandinal-eetc.. care 4,, pfetir.rt lr prtruncle strnbunului flAnuldi. ir sco
    dl lui.. l, ial in
    liann ,4{d.sar,11d(= 1i,,1.in irlande,r a)' (-,/) t(desr,erdent)
    lui...). Astlcl t"lacDanaLd::fl. .
    scandinavnsuti\ul .ttrr sau -s.,n (:liul
    descendenlul Ir11 Donakl: O'Do oea : dercerdenl,ll irli Danomn Chrislo'
    : dscenden-tii lui Chrislopher.
    prrersron sau Chri^'tophercen
    hot6rlt
    numele proprii care au pierdut caracterul de s 468
    Primosc articolul
    unicitate:
    a) numele proprii cu formi de plural:
    $ 469
    Concert
    ai the Loldon PlildDonic Orchesira
    We me!,the BroaasandilE Sttuhhs

    s 470

    DJ numele proprii dc.renite substa tile comune ($ 7)i


    I was dnvins the ALslin: aulomolilul (cu marca Ansit').

    Wc l o L t h? t ; lads t a1l,b .' r) o " 0 u " c l o l l ,p . ( c p a r dnl e .l l .


    ,,l o u l d p C ausui nj ^
    Di d 'ro u s po r t u Ca, s l rr_ a l rh - r.' r"
    She ;as sitiins on- the chesleiictd (- canapca).

    cJ numeleproprii particularizaiepdntr ur) atribut, sau pdntr'o propo- S 47r


    uilie atributir.i;
    substantivprecedaLdc un at but,:
    tljt ..I.bNted
    John Gdls{orthy
    the /dtuB
    llrs. Sidilons

    substantiv urmat, de un atribut:


    I conld h.trdlv rDcosnize the Bd.ltarelt
    I didnf rike ile Opihelis ," the nad.rt

    o/ p.eaat ddys
    ier;ion of th; ptay.

    substantiwurmat do o propozilie atribuiirn:


    Tho r\m 1 nonirZ nds not tbe -{Dtr t had ntust in ny ch'ldhood
    Thc Tentrs /ou sd{ wus the (alll}Jsiin Ictu8.

    Erceplii
    Substani.il'eleproprii praccdaie d adjective ou rua li afectjvi, srtu de
    cuvinte care constituie o poro.l:i sau e:rprimd o singurd idee nipreuni cu
    substaniivul. nu prinesc articolirl holnril (Vezi $ 433):
    31' \i
    darl , j \Io n ' f. d '' !. "n. Eoo l ll J ^ . s . poof lr l l . \ n n r n u
    'r '. .
    \ldy. bnv e liub, i llaod. por r f I
    ' rJ/ r lo,r. dry
    r rr
    n' " " i r
    s,lint Joa ,,, Yo ,,n" f'4 ' 1. oU 11^ B, oN
    '
    , ""i r.;;;;.
    \t;d;1;o,F"r:.\: ,,ri.n F,ns'dno:i
    5rd-d:sri.' I
    .ij',q:'"
    _ **'
    " "ii;l
    "
    R orna,,iJn li 4"4r..r , . o loq. ir l E, ' 11 . h. n, "dipldl S 'h i u .
    J "",
    I A -8..:,

    Ed " Jt
    ,l

    t.\,
    ,"

    t a19_t ' , ; t , t i t , . r r i s r r r op o f l g r
    nu . r r . :
    J im i, , L ' . , ' -

    d:

    \ f i 'p s

    S 472

    102
    473

    Cind nune.le propriu este ur at tto un adjeftiy sau de un substantiv


    apozitiv care constituieo ?ofccln. arli.olul precedi porecla:
    Iolit
    n Creail
    (lhnrles lk /tdl.lr
    Fl.\a dtlFaor t . . . . i

    s 1i4
    s475

    /"

    \,.-

    Erceplii:
    John Laclil.tnd6,Edward /,onXrr(rAr'
    2) l{umele prop i lnsolite de tiUuris. - TjtlLrr;le (de politele. prolesiG
    nalc, aca{lemice.nobiliare etc.) urnate imediat de ur nune de persoan:,
    prln laptul ce au un caracter dc unicitate. nu sin,, artjculate (Vezi S53-54):
    Niss smith

    ColonelBrown
    Q,Er M.b
    loctor Rolinson
    tiin.c Cl,a.mila
    C,rnr, Gonzalool Lara
    176
    Etcepgii.
    lililurile striine (Empffor, En cst, SxltdD etc.) au articoL :
    thc Arthdule Ftatz Ias.t
    //,e Ca.itto llan,. -rl R6hid
    ()zdr,1 Pcter ure Grenr
    f,te,

    477

    Canstr ctii perimt e:


    ,na ladv ]Iarion. tte ladv Roscna.
    'Imarry,/irnrl"lail].,\nn;'flirl,ard111de$'.Shatespen.e)1';rlELordRisin
    ln Tl,. Bla'k Arow". fjlm 'r\
    Titlurile pdmcs0 iI,sE arlicolul lofdrii atunci irind i.si pierd caracterul de
    $ 478
    urricitate ssu ctnd stnt tnsotite de determinanti:
    o/ rnrur e rnra nDmp pronrrl

    fie .,L",/
    illlectcd
    the tloopsZle do.l,/ \rar s.nt l.r.
    The lt4i4eht
    .rddr.ssed thc neeling.

    480

    D) titlurile la plural sau urmate de mlme proprii cu formir do plural:

    481

    c, titlurile prccedatede un adjertir sau urmat.odc prepozilia ot:


    ,n, ,/ar. ,{dmirnl Ncisotr
    r/'., X,,,srI D.nD{rk

    The Mbs Btoons

    (s a

    d,d r1t;ssesA.o.rtrl lived ncxl dcor.

    7i. Pri(:!
    \\:rles
    '/ o/ lh4 riollcge
    rne Prcsidcnl

    rld s*e Kjng Solonon

    482

    Cird tnsi Lii,lulurmat, de o/aro lurclir de apozili. articolul rln seexp md:
    &lwad,

    P.ta.,

    ,/

    Il-a/cs. snllerdcd

    to i]1c tlronr.

    r Iadn I ('ul llIdr.') 1135i-t433\. fpqe rl Porhiqrlil,i llrli


    l1]31.
    , CdtuI I I'ccl rlla,?;) (82:-sti). rcr1i Nt Friniei lr4rl 8;1. .ci.sub n!mete de
    C.trol Il. Imptuat al Shitul
    lmDerni Ro'nan isti-tt7:].
    ,tt

    t,otr,.'.

    rd .d

    o o o r d .ld

    r"f. s ou'
    I 00i
    liaris(t rul, tiriti

    'ttevic
    5 AitL drd L lninil t t e 2. ,
    irn .ird,
    r rr.i,
    Ir1
    ll6'lao ttt.d.

    _ cd t cr a t- .

    ln, i6. - r \ -li.i l1:


    de r,ortnlalia 11tj1i4-1i6it.

    l 't ,
    i,roNrlo.

    ( 115i- 119! 1. r eg e a l l n g l i r , i l t t s 9
    lTlr j

    r,

    "l
    li i

    \'91,.lll

    ljlu.,

    al crrtori:dtor

    t1!!):nhatlrtc
    ^"..,mna.

    \ligno

    lfd
    a I l: ^. t 110- r i. il
    A
    :.
    i '1 0 : . . . r , . r c ) i
    lll linsLnt
    rsrr t.r.r.
    1 , , I r lr nJ r P lunc r .
    " \ sri @mlara cu S 4t6.
    .t.1 r'
    dI r .
    i q ir . v t . '
    r.../ r
    ' ns ii
    L. t
    th st
    Na r . r i , , . o, ". ,
    "not.l.
    ,,, ,. ;",,
    r r or r oq- r j
    ,i r!.. s.,u ,-.
    ,l Cilatul ale srroarcri ljnitii lli Siiik$po:or, dur rnj e nri !u roCll pfntN otito.ii
    . .

    sf n,^ i

    l 0B

    3) Numirile geogreficc.
    pd ' r; ' / . r' n n ' irr' n ' Fl5 rr' r" a ) S ut.r ,' r i "l e " arc n'rn,'" ;n'nt !i !.
    In
    ' L ra) (\prr J e i :
    mrrn
    l
    r
    :r
    eiu n i . p rov ia" ii. lo. dlir' i ri d i ' l ri '

    ,,t

    . ir , a r u f or r n r L l " .i u e Il a r tttl rr
    \\' ' ' s
    lur oD"

    jii,:1"'

    i .i," i i ,,r,'"
    ii'r;1""#il;;!"

    s frr.o r:
    R

    )'ro)'i,,'
    iiiil*.;,,,",.".

    $ 483

    s 484

    ' ndP st

    !"#:li,'.'"
    southrari.nsington
    $ 485

    EtcepliL
    ,ne -{rgcntii.l
    ,le coDEo
    rne Ltvant
    r/r PalntrDaie

    forni

    "r

    de lhuat si t arlif,dste cu ariicolrrl hotirit:


    r / "' I os , , r r .

    ,i' riir'",

    r- ,'

    ""
    rr' H i rh l d t,
    ;i ;: j _ ;;' ;,r.
    it | llanJq

    ,.
    i -

    r /, P \ l ! "

    l/" Bil

    t" L' JmP dr'


    r, . I norn,"
    rlP R o' kres

    ' ' FI btd


    l ,r orkn I

    r' 8"

    l," L" vi' s

    '

    d'

    Obserra!LL

    srticolul chiar dac[ au formd de siltNumele Sirurilor ile munli primesc


    jhe-P
    nninp (hoin'
    euf*r rlr" -frir.. tbc fa" o'r"
    B "rnod lit]de St Cathord'in'
    Jdn.[]au'theS!
    "--Nr."t.alrei
    rrunli:fhc

    $ '186

    articulate.
    mnri, estuare' S 487
    , ) Substantivelecare numesc intinderi de dpii (oceane,
    riu )'p mescarticolul hotdrtt:
    /ne (Elglish) Channer

    ,r, Nile

    '

    Notd
    ari'icolul nu este exprimat ina- S {88
    in cazul suLsl,antirelor proprii corrTlrse,
    j?l:
    i
    ;nr""'run 'lo" cr qr.l- dF rru L '/i \
    Strailord_on'{eo'
    Newcas|e_otr_?,nd
    Burroucn_r".,r
    '\
    t de un I'unrc S'189
    lLrmdte-imcdis
    tnount|ad
    c) Substartivelerdl.. Iakelloth.
    '
    ' r\Flr
    cltt':
    afllrol
    S
    ptopr',
    un r " dpo/iliP ltu au
    ""u 'on

    -''J;;

    rr'r.'..r

    C apc Con averJl

    r ,r"r',n,t"".'r' ll;lill :,";'i'


    I oc h Lonr und

    ll;:' l"'. '

    Cind sint, lnsd insolite {te Un atrlbut, e\e slnt afii''nlate:

    i:;i';i::*'[ii:"*'

    i*ilf:ljfim"

    rne Rasqre Prolinc.s

    r,{. llirrhiz stepre


    rrP str;i ts D .t errrts

    del'rminat de u3 nu11
    a,/ tll genere, cirr{l uIL slll]slon1?ltomdn este
    rr' i\ul 'umu''
    ntooriu ta{t;
    'd\ ^F nr)J-t)t'1"r" ,'a":d/"r's'Fruid'qub
    (""i'ii""t"",,';t'i"r'
    nu"'.rr
    it
    'ub;r'LalFb:
    ,
    u"
    '',"

    I St slnne iNr

    -lrsrl'rd'

    ?yDl, lrderai. tn -\ustria.

    S 490
    S agr

    104
    rr, Strait ol Gi!.alta.
    r/p town of GuildLord

    ,ttd tohemie Fo.csi


    I t / k ) US S R
    tl,

    $ 492

    Saharlt (Des.ftl

    ErceplrL
    htrbnn hat"n' ,hill't ldnd'
    Substantiveleball fitth hcaL fni'l'.'fs(
    nu 3u rrtrcur(rezr
    sau
    c"rnurre'
    pL
    n'rn]P
    rle
    preie<tate
    rrrriiorg,clnd stnt
    'prii

    s 4 33) :

    liil;i",fl;il
    .;,1;i i;;:i

    )ll"lilr'dnd
    'i"i''"

    .:
    Fllr".l
    r'-'" t i'ro''

    'on;
    nsprtrite
    rctnLnilor
    si
    alr
    /tin'rc art'icolul
    c$dinate
    punctetor
    N
    umele
    .)
    {'- 4$3
    hotnrit,:

    ""'''
    ''',,"
    n,:n'u,vijro,u:
    :;t,h.,,,1,
    !:.
    ljll,;;:,tli;"1:t,,:.;':]lL'l;
    "h'i'"ll;,,'f"J"",1'l;
    "1H:1',"-r"ll*lll'il
    *
    r.d- cs,i.n,,
    ;,l'i";,'i 'J,,T'',I";i,i;
    'f'""'",*k#ii*illj"stXli.;l;,,f
    Er ce Pt.i i
    idl ariltind dircefia'
    .1, numelepunctelorc'irdrn e i l'ebuinlate ddltf
    E 494
    "
    nu au ortjc^l(\rcziS 49r)l
    o. '
    ' I h" wir d hlo\ .
    u' r '
    \ ' \ ' P NPr ' dr '

    S 495

    b, in expresiilede t'iput $ 602:


    We lcouleil the woo{t lrom

    $ 496
    I fol

    \I)'

    io so"r

    and l.nd

    e'Jt to

    'or'i

    'ves''

    4) Nllmele d0 strtrzi, parcuri, elidiri' vapod'rc etcnb'tdnttu rr'rrm-prnpriu"ru rom:^ I' i"t'
    d, 0un,elFiormaiedin (tot'.'r
    '
    i ' rrru 'rrt Jrri'ulire
    p*'
    i"ii:'"'o1'6"1' '"
    .omu4 rd sr' "/. tq*'
    (Vezi S 433):

    F;iil;:.
    iir,,l*i-" Rri;r;il;";1""*
    Er'"',:;F"'.y"''l
    iij;i;;i,.i;;,1 kl l,i,ll;''

    lln*iili"
    s 498
    s 499

    i: :i'i:r"f:
    Y:rirr;r,r

    ,) Drimesctnsi articolul hotifit:


    nn trntne cotnan:
    l,;.;'nu'r'"tc proprii formaie dintr-urr ridi"liir +
    l/P Zoologic{l Cadns

    ,d

    \ationdt

    oallerl

    :flll',;'l,;'fill.l'l'"*,i]l'"'l'i'',li""iii;"i?l'f,ii,l:llTi*;i[:'!"]"'
    ^*
    lon(ronez.
    '"""1 fri,'i"'ii"f;,i!.",,"rer.rerar|io,,

    AFTICOIUT

    EO1'AR1T

    105

    E a c e pyi t
    nr oad S rre e i
    tsrondwaL
    Suburlan Pari!
    6'.,1 nnele nume de cartiere, stdzi.
    cA $fi
    foorle ctnoscutel
    tne ndoiralty
    tnd CFnotapti -Arch
    rn" Cit.vr
    ,nd Mallr
    rn Mansion HousC
    li, l\Ionnrcni
    ne Str{nd
    lp l-owc' ol l.ondon
    rn. Tare tGrllefri
    tlk 7no

    clddiri, nanumente

    eIc., prin

    faptul

    S 600

    ,l@ Adelplv (Tlealrel


    ,n? -^ldttrch lTheafei
    frlP/ DnrI Lane iTheatre)
    /n . Ol d Vi e ! i Theadel
    rle Cccil (Hoidl)
    rne savov (Hotl)

    dar ldrd arlicol, d.s; loartc cnnoscurc(\ ezi $ 433):


    $ 60I
    Pall Unrl?.Co\.entcardens.Soho,Irdgrarir!, Unyiair'.
    5)d),I'unrel" d,./ilp.tuni.sfii.cnotimpuri.birbnloriau o situariesporrp. q S0,
    .
    AcFsrFrLt,strn r\o sint |
    proprii.dF,i IUn,., uni.Htp. na ar, in g.n"re _
    9i
    articol (Vezi g 433):

    I'-'^L
    -il
    tr r:,1"
    ! i'l
    un
    , r s i'.p\
    r.

    t1 ,t n rd 1 y .
    .,
    On l^r'r,
    r ' 4. t n. b tttd i ..) r;6 " d r.d .fi n p t,rt c U rrdl l i c.
    '.r,.
    a
    J u .. 4 r
    i s -rtr mo . ,;ro rrs c,sIi \a' i n ,hF r S A .
    ir-,"*
    rkdY"1.
    r/ r ' la 2,lr , - r . . | \ r!r.r l tt.l J fto .t .i
    i th a fo r. ,t!,
    ,, To r u. i. , u c \ . . pr i F
    tF -H rti ,o ri . .ubsrsn,i v.tp dF n,ai
    s us q i n r n .n, r dLr t r [ r , r , ,l a .i r,r.,t:,.i D , ,l a i d \n i pl u,, L pra rL, si an;^l
    hot iri t sa u nehot iiiit . du p i c u m ' u r;;a z a :
    ctnd articolul t,tc are valoare de adjectiv ilenonsi,rativ. se spune:
    The (: tLdt
    ) artunni Nrs noautiiut.
    ll-c sha]l go io the s.asidein rt, ( . rib) sumniq.
    cind substantil'ul nu erprimn rirrlut jn rtjpori ru prezentul:
    On ,c X loiidal l, e wJ,i t0 w o rk a s l s L a l .

    cind arLicolui eslI intr!hLrinlat .l,lrrasii\ |


    Those werc his p,tstim.s in ttg witLtr; it th, s,r,na,
    :C . \ o!

    . . * , ; ; ", '
    .?rre M.l'.,t.o,,\:.
    r ..s a La dr L .' Lo nd .a.

    ., a

    *"r.":'li ltJ;h';'"'i.
    "*"c

    h, ", \ d, . . r . , , r

    .nI",r

    . t u, , t i r . 'd r u i

    S 504

    $ 606

    nf used io

    r m pr . , r , , . . . . r b. ", : ^.
    . . i, r :
    I.i ri .,.-;,r.,,'J..

    r..,.r

    tj,'.d .
    ,

    S 608

    d,11 maj\,.hpa

    n , , \ i n g '. s m . r c e ,J . n l o

    *redinla l'rjncitr) a ro(h']rni


    lljn'iarar Londrei(rhr Lonr

    erl.#lrJ',;;J,''j1"ilfXi'Lk"^:t&::^:),:l!,ll,Xi""li'iiili""l,"i,,ifffi,'
    ,i
    ..r".r rr,;rFsp.
    afp.r" f , mJ.r' 'po,'.rid dp r . ar; ,r"
    '5'. ".

    :p,rJ'jl,t*lil*
    3 .lS :

    stfarship.
    ttto :stftn J'o r.on / jc pt ! br apan r . . t r i"
    , , , loll
    u Fvrp lrd r I m b"ilor , lubur it ^- . t , ' \ \ . . .
    P 6 F] ' P F llm4.

    i.,,..5rr,iI,ror,uIr.d,rre^t4
    Enr.,a-"Lro.
    ,, r..Lrl nrll

    ,i;,i;""ifi,:1
    ,"Iijiii"
    !",r;":;iirj':,:d1t",,,
    cii-d : .";; ,;
    J:r;''1;;;;i1,;ljj',t[r

    i'"+

    \:

    I Belsta,ia, .MalJfait :

    rdnsnrm'
    a '" imn",

    ;i:l' :ll; ,ir ;i,]l"ir'rl


    ";;:i:

    N{ijcre

    trxodsc aristoc.ate.

    MOE'OLOGIA _ AA,TICOLUL

    100

    506 cinil aceste substantive Elnt pdrticularizate printr un otribdt'


    lhp' "" ot l]F H' lPil s'm''shrroi'alty'
    lr th"u *.f tC4t.L,n:n;r; si'hsrnod
    01 t helv " d,a s d a ul a l l av i a s . h ' ,1 ,n I' o m..

    ; 0;

    sio50b9
    t

    pcn^fo1..\i sl d i l ri " l .usl i p In


    c , c i, r . l in. d a ,l s ta s u b s L rn l i f. ^ u l ntP l P .
    p
    ri
    !F:l
    e
    anol i mnrrl ' r no:runP sau
    .u
    rn
    l
    o
    rb
    i
    r^
    ru
    l
    p rif i, ia ar li. nlul u i . d u p d
    ln 19t9. rlD QtD,,. hail becnte.riblei sno{ }tad fal1cnin masscslron Osloto AthcDs
    par
    aliz P dm dc h o t th e C o rti n n l .
    aDd
    sls stow to .ome.
    rhe suine-srrtag
    ws there in ali its berDtv'
    Sudd6nlr
    pE Lel osoti t
    r 1. / A f li. olul n c h o l l ri l p ' l F i n l c e b u i n Lar ' i nJ. sub' l anLi \11
    tat
    e
    x
    ..p
    l
    rd
    Part!
    tu
    .
    ,
    n
    .
    tl
    l
    i
    fi
    ta
    t;1
    .
    c
    u
    ,;"
    :t
    ddj- ! ir
    by an iataaeiv @ruNinter'
    Tlrafyear \te hail s lotdr! atr,linn, fol1ow_"d
    it-i; now kt. ptn,e'. About this liare last ,1-cdir rvasalrerdv da'! s!"'s
    deratc iz dasr.d.rL,

    jlo

    lt

    n' i" :

    i'i-"i"
    luniior si ',rbslorilur tc s'riu "u ;ni!;ulu 1-ojus'rln dal
    'ii"r"".
    nun,rt" anotimDurilorau inilidl,' 'ninu. ul3. (\'czi c\.mplP mei su.).
    \,rm.l" zihlor, luoilor. aDolimpL,rilor
    Ei b.rbalorilorpol \'er inoa,4/rr_
    p
    dupi
    cum pol JrpA uoeorrEr p/drdl
    rot n hota l cind limpul n"dofinil.
    *d

    611

    O 1 a S , ! . . / da i D D e .p mb rf,I te l l ." u d d p n l Jt ' d up ar l h" i dra ol ' l l l } P del ' nroi


    and aecidedto enjo': I Nci teor's Et in the nountai's bv
    ";;;,i-Gi"',,
    ';t;

    6) Numelelimbilor vorbite alepoloarnu au xrticohl hotdrlt cu-exce-ptia


    cazurilorcind sint lnsolite de un substanti\_exprimst sau subin!lslvezr
    g 433):
    M v naii\ e t o n a u ei s n o mn i n
    \ v hai is t ai f tl a y i n -F .e ,.l '
    r r ; if dr . s la t.d l b ; b o o k l ro m c " n o "

    ! 5r2
    513

    {Consi-

    i ^to Lnsl i sh'

    Se spuneinse:
    Is t6e nnalashlanstdsp rerY difficultl
    lYhat js r'? nou a"-id,i arlm;., tof frir Irlav ?
    Itun the'Busion ltdncuds")
    t ii"i" iiia a noler l.rdn5rarPd

    7) Iiumcto obic.ictorde 6iudiu.alF jocurilor r'i il' lporlurilor nu primcsc


    arlicold Lotirll dcci' alunfi cind brnt p"rli'ulariTdt' pnult-un alrrbut (vczr

    s 28):

    aPh!

    len;sL 4

    atdain'

    rtr

    I 14
    ErcE
    .iigav*d ,e;nis,sheiiayed otussand t'olh walchcda some or
    il" *ii r6"i
    "i had a oharce.
    thcv
    when
    ,iu;o'd!
    "-*'ri"i,iijii"-*1r-iti;
    pubricrvoe /oor,ail'c.;cir't,hocte!,stvinminsetd st@lins
    Se spunctnsn:
    al n"b'
    lr" \a r.s d look on t lF. t , "nis ' . !
    l.a nn o ro "S t t eht llt n
    llo: J l- hnlny :

    511

    rl qibi0

    lunil'

    8) NrIIIcle ziArclor au articol ltotirit:


    Th. 'l'nnes.The Cua lidn, Ttv Ne*s Chtuai'L' TILeOb*ret, Th' Dailv TolearaPh, eic,

    Nunele nagaziDelor 9i ate altor pcriodice nu au articc'l (: inexistenla


    ariicolului):
    Lif.' Nees,eek'r%ue' etc'
    lunch, Tine, Language,

    ARTICOLUL

    TTdARIT

    10?

    ALTX FUNCTn -{Ln ,{R"IC0LUIUI EOTilt lT


    1. i ,.1 rl lr u l, r it i, , " or" .' ..i
    _
    r ! : .: : 5 d pr e( ada:

    s 515

    i l rp p d tl i ,l p !o rb i rc tn afsrE dF.ubstA nti r.

    I numeralulcaxdinalintrebuinlat cu valoarede substantiy:


    the Bi? Fiset

    s 516

    tha Eboea'

    : Dumemlulordinal (la date, capitole,leclii, nume alemonarhi etc.):


    S 6U
    th? f4t \on
    \lr(h rl" /:rl
    lne 7,i ot November

    ), t r u

    hp thnit chaotel
    th" !"nth teBsin
    Edward the nilh

    -\ se obsen'alipsa articolului hotdrit atunci clnd substantiveleAorA.


    1' s ot t .

    s 518

    par t . to l tti ' .. a 4 . r.p n .. I;n e . p d ? c, numbq etr. grrcatr


    . 31". -d p t rE la- 'd -L u l . ' df p. in dc F s t , d z . F q t. n u mp ro h rl ra rd i n a l cu val oare dc ai ozi rre:
    T\i" is Aoat T@. ahaptr Sp'"n: L?ssanSu, ro OE-

    i,;i"'
    ::i' rg il:r,j"l:,i:::!,:;L'i:,,ff:;::"i,:;.:!:".
    La hotl: Floor 5, room 51.
    {Vezisi S 1lie)

    :\ ota

    L ri udliil" din g i00. iOJ. i04. ',06. tbt,p,te o icotd.nrcwttuir. tr:i h


    .' A rom;ni l:,,1...a.
    ,ai..Flp. e.Fl(a).ace{e)aetc.).Iapr car"
    r-r
    "rat"
    arrqrnProltrcolulurhol;rif.

    *)L -

    : un odjcetir, cnruia ti dd asrlcl caracterulrte subsLantivabstract: g 520


    . .,a | .ulli lul'. /r, b ou!;[utl ttJr|o tt). th" ip
    ffobt. (: inefat

    *
    -

    s 61$

    .tbitrd ,t. tl,".or.t

    t ". t l,

    I . ht t r

    lf t ! t !

    pt r .

    u',adirctir. urr parliciliu, un gerundiv etc.l care capiti in aceasti


    \ 69l
    ,lF .uD.rsrtr\ ,.ote.tr\,.a,btruit .u plu"alul.rar un singular: '

    pi'"
    . .' i..: ;'! .,,,^t:" j ,t:;r"tt,r,'",!!i ,';^.ui.
    ,,,,;i.T..,l/.-,:;,,,,'::,::::!,i
    1o
    ,,,f

    .:;.i r ..i l l .j','",' :;, Ir,lliY ':'1''t"t

    " d r' . t , ' o ' h l. t h p , t " Ma d

    1:'.,,i'ii"":*,:f;ii':,.fi1,,1',1",l1j#'frr:#;,#,#:*
    ','eri dttarii S itn ! huticeh d\ubetic, ia cuyn(ul SUBSTANTI\.AT)
    "'ff"{,*{i.i:'1iJ,"."".
    ;. eomparatirul, cind acesta are yaloare do poziiiv sau de superlati!3i
    ptir]' tE youuter,
    Hc is /le utc.r al tlic two.

    S d2g

    iJ suporl&tiyulrclativ:

    s 523

    She is llr atcrs, of aL


    Lti.i is tte le6t totkal ae tutiridual I e\t r\et.
    Ee I 1|e Mst iatarestinsman I L\ow.

    E:1-l

    L r: ccle ciD.i ita


    -" i. Sr \ . \ ldFJ 0i, dnip. I r dn,a . t l t i a , i J a ! n n i . ,
    rizboi nrondi.rlsi .lr
    la
    nllf inla { e PaLc de la Pr f is , r ! 1 9 .
    I rh " c1 .* n = - e, t , , br deCo
    lns!.ezccc jucltori (ta so..e/, ..ichet, hachai eLc.).
    : \ rzi E tr ' r .

    108

    ,,24",.,7,1,:,:
    :l ;inif;
    #"l.lil;;#l;i,l"ffi{;,?',',!fl"##ITj111
    o
    Iitere naru''ltrro -5'- """'cu
    uneori
    i",i;":;":;i;
    tu"''i*'.]u*'",,*r}.*i"oT'*'i*i;l"liihl"|'"*eH"'""i
    o ** r
    iivar""i'idi"r"te'rccrd'
    )
    ^'eai"ar.

    l#fli:i':",i""'i'H

    s bsb

    $;zri
    R it li

    i,,:"Ili'.:l:"*,;j.,1,;";l',1:l'

    ew
    11,
    ' ,h.'bo"'
    :,";j::::;,.,"..p.,h"
    ",:."1;lpl:,"I^"':,ll,l:1;:l;
    B:l",l'llflll":'''#';"'i"i.i.l,i,'"1"11,"",,'u.-se
    anLedoariz
    raonoli,.lne
    id fi e n n d e m o t

    ur"
    j';
    :;'J
    "'''i';
    J
    i;;;
    "Y:;'"iiii:'l'liJ; 111
    .;. ilinl ii ;tll''r:i

    9 r \ ar r P oat "

    l;'i';:r;;l;"1J'"1;'$'
    u,,,,,,,,l;,;;:; h;'lS "Xt;:";:l);"
    i
    I'i'* o'r ro'r vo"
    lll'ilrl:'0,1:;'"J'';l'fi
    j ::,1;1"';":"1'1"''l'
    ,''uu" -,
    lt-i;:";l;
    "' "**;r;1
    -'"':

    ""
    "u.*
    'iirrr,li"j'""
    $52s ,"','.",
    '1"';.;
    i,ri:""
    "'
    "" "'TT;'l*i^-

    tt'r*'
    "
    {x:,:,^:"','::"'':'%'
    zi-

    s6ss
    "alf'*;"f*H:lTgl'*"""T
    o.1
    ll f^Ul"il;r"""
    s,rup*'I
    - -.ll l:jli'"li"l'::llli,i:'*r,ffi;:lli.l'l:';
    c""nru]"";',i;i";"'"""i;;"'";np-",,]
    [;rI cindcdPiJi"'""l,r"t
    .a.'rnui
    cu'nnsodDerer:
    .i
    tntrebuinl"rza
    l
    r""i.it"t.
    "1":,.::l"i'::"i"'
    " ""
    a "rfl"'
    aspiraLaqi
    "'l"r""i''- ''"
    ::i;i""'
    I :li,
    ^ alrnsl:';:i"
    ilili",," "'"'
    se lntrd
    t'" nl nad 'antualr
    c'r" t"'""i't

    U'

    rr":i " '


    r"r"fll#iliiil;i.i;"io'u
    ,l il'i"'"
    An {ptonunla lsnl 'lnd
    a

    'nvelole
    ' ' '

    rrrr--

    ';i;;
    'd "1 -r
    ' '!'iil.::i"i:i,lti
    .iq i;:;l;lllr

    *it$r,i-i

    *l

    E\'Pzi P:rg 9: . noir r '


    6\'e r 5 !1 7, nor a d

    ro
    nd ddo b a 'r'! dd ct'

    "il " ll"'lli;*'"

    ' rhis'n'irs14i'

    I r;;r,'i:i',i";; ";i;"'r roar"r "'Jr'ddv"rb

    109

    Forma dn era freovedt inlrebuinlatn ;i inaintea unui i aspirai in silabn


    neaccentualiij astdzi mai rar. Istfeli
    u r his t o ry d a .:
    a' habr L
    a rhdo

    $ i):J1

    az hrs toricat picture


    ar ha,hihral dnrnkard
    aa hr.oic selgeanL

    Tot asifel so auzea pin5 recent:


    dD ho iel

    aa hy ' P o i n e s B

    dz hYs terical child


    u, he rediiary ilhess
    guilarist
    aa Ha *aiie

    ln subsrantivele'hLstorlJ,lnhiL qi lero, prima siiabn fiind prea pulin


    accentuatd,sunetul[h] era atit de slab inclLnu se auzea.
    E x c ep 1i e : a Hun'gdridn.
    2) Articolul nehotdritti plurilul. - Articolul nehotirii, neputiodinsoli $ 539
    decit subsbantivele
    cu sensde singular,acesteaprimsola plural ardcrtu,
    :4ro, cu alte cuvinie ln aceastisitualie articolul lipsegtei
    Hc is a ba!l..

    3) Articotul nehotirit $i o oonshuotio cu lormi alo plurol. - Articolul


    nehotdrit exprimi unitate; poate tnsd tnsoti o constructie ou formd de llural
    re exDrime o misurd si este consideralil ca un tot unitar:
    A /o&. rudtu is sullicinlto eet this work ilono.
    \Te spent3 ?i!asaa, ,rde dass in the country.
    Thesh.v wa DostDoned
    for tutuer r@ ,raks.
    (cf. $ 2i5t)
    4) Articolul nehotdril, nu se lntrbuinleaze declt ou subsiantivele numerabile, nu qi cu cele nenumerabile,care nu p mesc ariicol nehoi5rlt.

    S 533

    $ 534

    s ;35

    I\TRER IiI\ fA RE \ \R I.ICOLULUI : \ E HO T A RII .


    r\rticolul nehotirit se tntrebuinleazeinarntea subsianiivuluipentru a
    d,intr-ospeciesau cat\oriel
    desemnarn erenpldr a.Lrecdre
    \' lh"sljtl-m" PLr ls r oddv on/ , . ,
    l rrie rs d rnr.ro $ooae .P.o.'/
    M/s Stuill has called.
    -{

    pr lddFm ll d " d t h " l l o o f .

    nehotdrlt este intrebdin at gi tn urmitosrele

    $ 53?

    l) ilnaintea ti urilor, a numelo. de Troftsii, mcscrii, nalionalit,te sau a


    lllor subsLunlilre
    simillfF. .lnd a.ac ad ronrpzinti e\^mplnreoare.arcdiotr-o
    categode Si sini numo predicative cu formd de singular:

    S 638

    Caznri specialo,- Articoh

    Sl\e b 4 student.
    She became @ ta.r./.
    (Este sla]entd.l
    lS a l[cut p,,/as,d.d.)
    1l G o L o , t .
    I, r ' t r ' d
    H" .vs d t,r,.
    ( Xs ' " & i : / r . l
    t - :ctosra psa" ti. n. qFf ld.
    I
    an Easlislnnan.\
    (Snrl
    ^n ,nsl,: )

    A se observa ci, in limba romAni, subsijnnl,iveiorospectiveDu aLr arlicol.


    (Vezi$ 60.414 41r)
    "pu""
    ".ri"oi.S"

    ln*{,1"-

    Dnslish pt:ntn t'n tintltih csle trn adiecii! ii a{lFctiwl nu

    MOEIOLOGITI

    1IO

    S 539

    _ ARTICOLUL

    O bse r a a lie
    Areleaqjsubstantile,cir,d au caracterde uDicilatesau ln.telesabslracl
    D u r b i.i '11 "r i ula'. ({ ,"1.;84/:
    af the 'Itude(s) Unian.
    lle Nas elecl.ed
    He had ben Headnastet
    "rdident ol trton lor seteml vea$.
    Dickjnson Nas ,razag,/ ol tht Norks.
    This book is nv John Soith, k.tei.. ta rnslislt.
    She sot . job as
    'an.cas.
    He acted, as idetpteter.
    Hc held thc olTiceor sd..'ra.?.
    He $ns awarded the .ank ol .,roaar'
    Ile had l.dned soldte,r.
    lve Inet Uiss Shalv, !iargn,e.' ol the celenrated writr.

    S 540

    2) dupi cuvintelethe l)usinessaf' the p(ttlrcle of, the prafessionaf' the

    $ 641

    He vas ncring the ?dtt of a judge.


    IIe had lbuos'ed the 1ra.tcaf a pouer'
    3) inai tea numeralelor hund,red, thousan(l' millian, dozen, score:
    A hundredI a tl@usanl.etc- Inen altended ihe shor.
    1 bonght a dazenhandke.chids.
    There-we.'" a s.oft ol leollc prese l al tho airport.

    S
    " 542

    4) haintea

    cuvintelor l;lll,

    Ei /er,

    exprimindu-se in acest mod aproape

    coniririul inlelesuluipe careil au-aicstecuvintecind slnt nearticulate(-$687)


    543
    5) inaintalocuJiuniloradjectivalcgoodnan!1 greatmanA,lat afl
    S
    TU' r :
    A rcatt no ru r ' hpLc { r "
    A;rc"t n dn T ' lD! f " iir "s n"l
    \;.o .ld,,ri.i,;
    d. r , ,
    r.

    s# 4

    S 546
    S 547

    pJ r t in J '6 l . m o 1 s t J d l i o n .
    l. . a iuloFo b v l h l n P o r n .
    h 'i r p n b p n d . I n l l " r o a J .
    ' , q s , r "a/ or ,; l

    6) dupe adjctivele lrecedate dc sa, as, too, lnwl haoeaoi


    Shc is nol so qxdlilted a rorlrd as l:on
    Thev moved ro as ni.e a ,,rse 3s yours.
    It is 1aoltiflicutt an .xuci,e.
    IIa, p.rfect a oi.$ !
    Iloee;er ttutLfal a sil lsl\e mar be), this finc she told m a ]ic.
    (l\tp:d
    nan!, quite, ralher, urmate alc un substantiv cu folmx de singulari
    7)
    Manu ax ttallb
    lds admired Ure Danube De]ta.
    Thel \rere nllotted quilc a aic. haue.
    Sne \s rath., a dcar.

    Idionul rzanrr o se construiette cu verbul la singular.4


    8) dupn oifi"at, sLtchli Nhat (\clamativ), urmate de un subste.ntivcu
    formi de singular (cu sau fnre adjeotil'), deci numrabl, carepaate tnsd at,et)
    plwali
    He broughJime a senl eithtut d bult.
    Such a bilrla\t pifatnarcc $as lo ]rc e$ected of a yaruiiy cha.opion.
    .t4.1 u scattFnrainedcandidatc!
    trhat an ided !
    I;t .d, a magniliccnt a.hbftnenl t\e Danrbc Black Sea Caral isl

    r ClndcstcInsl hsoiit de un ahibntsesFne: in '.euentekli.d, elliat ol fottune


    ^
    (d. $ 45rJ.
    '
    l n r d n ',
    lForn r

    n lon Dlir d", o s r d p " J i F . f 4 r m d . d d l i 'o l


    lr'd rr ic ol d nn
    . t ho d.u lnkl./'.... .!, p o . , m pr d "r I r m J l
    ". l, , , , nu, , lu r i t . d i n D r , , i n " d . u s r | o r : , l o *o d t r F ,
    lor m r r lr r t uli' nl p. l . s , n g l r " l l t e b u i ; l n L 1 .
    dpccse.lr.l, p prtru . on' , / F
    s-vo nu i
    o nud , i l , t . 1 1 r J ) i d . 3 , p " J p s r p l 1 l . u i 1 . l u
    stt s on. : \ ' r ' r , &' "- "
    r n on! - . s utldr r \ ?lDt r ! ' u \ "r ou t . I p l t t d . M o n ! N n @ " . . .
    slil. l "olo ri,l
    | \s4 ul,. rfaln s i. i
    r tp"n oa tips t.Bahet.
    or lnd: I dn! , 8(
    n) lhr t i 6 e
    'p

    111

    :\r[ico]ul nhotiril nu cslc_insi expimat cind cuvirtele mai sus-menlio- g b48


    nale (8) precedi pluralc sau substantive care nu au in rnod normal formi de '
    plural. deci nenunerabile (nume de matcrii, substaniire colecLivcqi anumite
    substantiro abstracte):
    .rfar caDnoLlire qithnrt ft;ends.
    \ li' ing
    .f.sanis',
    shP s J - u / / , o \ olnr't : f F . r
    inL

    c a no t

    tr st

    d r r r .q r

    't

    t"o tt fa o d .

    n .lh a r t,n tt,6 .a

    m.

    ,Sz.ft loyelr Seplenbcr dals I


    o n d o ' t l, a I r ' r . p.
    " ,./i ,.\a L i l . ot,t " rt,c/.
    .u \ 'n- . uk
    th . c o l l L tl , L ,ri n
    Wc had szd, lunl
    It&ar interesl,ingl.]k danca !
    What tinc rapet !
    l vh a t g ood r ; s ;
    It hnt t,oLbl. !o\ loot :
    oind adjectil'ul snci este precedat, de ro,?c aau ro, ori ci4d {ridf ste adi F. li\ i n 'e ro gar i\ . s ub. ' J n r' !u l r,rn a .ti \ n u i rp a ,ti .ol n,hor" rtr 1n ni ci un
    I.h .\tl , ' a" $. |t , it t u, . - d

    b49
    $
    -

    i n n rJ mn J rv trn | ,tJ rt.J oa mJ pf 5n[l rj p.

    Whdt ald! ol the nonih is Uris?

    ,9)

    lnaintcaunui $ubstantivprecedatde conjuncliuas sau de loculiunea g bdo


    The chil,hen nscd lhe chair as d lacomotiee.
    H. .rr J c o t ot h?' aL t ^F t { p_is r r y O f i i c e .
    :aF d op ,dFd ar , ho bJ l dr ' s pd oJ o p o F p .
    TheI sert her a doll oli a ,rrs?D,.
    A d rh,tC, ttotJrL dtF ad! $as .
    H. $ a
    o / ps r a M 4 t ha1 \ p nr qii' f h i m s p t t :

    10) in uneleexpresiicuruntecarenu au adicol in limba romanx:


    : la disiantl)
    : multE/scririli nencl
    : cu roco larerlc{zutl)
    oD d larse/small

    scale

    iL is d pil| lla shttu ll


    to
    lo
    tn
    ro
    to
    l.o
    to

    have dz dnswd. lor eveNthinE


    ha\e an otpetiE
    ha ve a n/,d lo r hhilos ol} y . c r , . l
    nelc d Jdry Jor
    t\^\e at aDpo.tulitu
    have a rtil,:, to
    haYc d raLn, lor

    ro keep xp 4 c.rapndcnc.

    l It

    is a shd tue !de ii lnl. ) es r l: "E N, s inc l"

    : Ie scari laqnhcdusa)
    : pe picior.d-"egditdk)
    :
    :
    :
    :
    :

    a
    a
    a
    a
    a

    Ii grnbit)
    li In situaiia)
    avca raspnns la toate)
    afta rolH de niacrc)
    avea cap de {liloiof eic.)l

    : r d ri i ,Ll l tnt l r, penrru)


    : a inlLAiine corespondeniti)
    : a tx r.,c.rpni l a)

    s 661

    MORFOLOCIA

    119

    _ AN,TICOLUL

    r. Jrnd an drslpr
    to takP a 8ar

    d lf im i l p

    r 'b n u ! " l

    : a s' dute ra.primba"'e/p9,19v9!,19Li"'


    ralonuiuu tuasuia/cuautomobihl

    to 8o tor a aatkla saitla di'.la


    "it,;\c.'

    Notd
    A ss observa construclia foarte asenrnAloare celei romenelti' din care
    S 552
    lipse$te tnsd articolul nehotdrit:
    Tlat rascal oI 4 brothef ol tlne'
    (itrensa.ul acela dc lrrie al meu )
    She is ar aDgel ol a womrn
    (Este ud lnger de lcmeie )
    A shrimp oI 4 man
    (O sii.pil.rrd d! om.l
    I' i; : t

    u{i l e se fdce ddesea conl uzi e


    l r' rr' rr' s rp u o u i
    I I J _A , - o|lc .
    n
    l
    ri
    l
    numerul ul rn sau o
    n
    pl ' ^rrri l
    d
    rl
    i
    Ii
    m
    b
    '
    ro
    '
    ,'
    j
    r'
    n
    ,
    f
    aplul
    .
    .
    in
    o ri n
    _au
    "i
    a,-,eeaqiformi; din r.iensti eauzr trebuie s.i "p da multi atnlre deosebrrn
    d i n tre eln:
    a este articol, ia! olle nutnoral:
    I have d dogI havc ,ne do8.
    un.cl i oc'
    T n pr in ul e: ' -rn p l ,r s n o r- rI v e d " r" /' rz 1 " ub' l snti !ul ui --,.am
    anrmal
    el or
    n,tki
    r'
    l
    ,l
    r
    s
    '
    i
    n
    '
    i
    s
    l
    ;
    aquprJ
    o u o pi. jc s ; r n r l d o i l e a ' r" mp l .r
    r"
    .
    h
    a
    i
    mu
    '
    n
    u
    num
    ai
    |r
    n
    c
    li
    n
    F
    .
    --a
    '' rni; " " or i s p inr rc b L i n rp d /j ' \n d ' i a rl i .o l u l a cu l n{pi esul numeral ul ui o' P :
    n i ci ndaln lns i num rrs l L l o ,rp n u a rp j n t' l F u l url rcol ul ur d:
    1 r :' ,o u d b p l o n s " r b t a n l rP .
    Th"

    oa-

    sa

    I' r a iPn h f d $

    oh hpdd

    She .ou1d not saY a single wo.d

    ld "r b J
    H, F a l
    .l lJ jr m u " o f.o l- .

    sau ln provcrbe ca:

    i 5; 1

    JPP f.
    d G:5
    Pr

    .4 bi.d in th. lush is Forth iwo in lle hand'


    ,:1slitch in tiDre sdres n'nc'

    ALTN C'IZUIII

    i\

    C.\TiT AIiTICOLUL NtrT{O1rt,i.RITLIPSN$TT

    Umriioarele subsiantive nu primesc articolul nehotdrlt - cu alte crrvinte


    aa drticolul zero:
    ,I,5
    1) ln generesubstantivelecare nu au plural, cr ad,'irc' .heakh'.furaitute,
    S
    "
    p rni'sioni prudu"P.r'rcJ"ss. porlr t ' l,rciu rr,'rnJJ qlujbdrel' INNl:
    t r uaL
    tle (a\' Td$ p
    aood, di,
    Th pih avpb od ghr - v . r y lr Pt u; nt ua' ot d

    r ', s h r b 'n - '


    o4dl\ ' r "
    vP r y l r e l u r n ; t u r e
    .p mobli lodrr '

    lrumoase")
    S ho; niov s r ad i l n t tu ' l ,fi .!u d ta d i a !l l ' ' l ' n : o ' J" rl i ' ^ l nfl or" oal " 1
    I wm ' 8ii. n qi " l P n
    a rl o ri /rl i " s .ri s i " ).
    u i i tn opr m r s 5r o-.,o
    n
    @l ., i n l h rountry{ a l erJ rnre| " sl rngaocr{'
    wif ound v pt J i n r.ts s l ,n g m e d i c a
    :,p
    m uoc J / , : lu: b i to u rl " i n l P re s a n l .r" )
    (Vezi 9i S 115)
    1p pf oounla ttp i :]| : p .n n ! s a u ? ? n c c ,
    . V ez i r i 5 r l 5 .

    2) substantil'ele cu funclie de s,tbiect precedaLcimediat, de ndverbele

    )( 5s(i

    Il er! authot Nas hader to translale!


    h(sbanll had a morc failhtul wile
    \eqr

    exisl.riparolcl c:
    It eftt dn autlbt l'as Lanler lo translate!
    I.'cf
    had d tirsband a morc laitlilul *ife

    AIIBDI,OR AR'IICOLE
    YI. CO\SIDDIi.{TII SPNCIALEASUPR,,A.
    d.numpr o blerie (au talcgorioprir.*
    lr \uLsrdnrilelp
    rrolul hol6rir siu nph^larll ,.i r'umirul si',gularsau plural fara deoieLir'
    nr:.1rp Jintrc r,ps,p tormp indidnJ s? ria:

    : ;-'8

    T[o /;o. s 1u s l, on] h onp ol lhe s l r o g F s r a n i m a s


    Ttrr ltotrs ls a u Liotr3l ic" so1" ot tle sirong.st anrmdts.

    Toa1.ecele pAtru lornrc sint crtrente. cu preforinln penttu pluralul ne


    Li.ls arc 60ni.r of th. sfrongcsl,rnimalt.
    ,l Sulrstrntivele farc denuntescp[4i &le txupului au arlicolul hotnrii'
    acsta rlesenuind utl remplar dinir-o categorie:
    7n. tuad conl.ainsthe brain-

    Thr lta s ha\e live li.i8e.s each.


    The feet harc livc toes eaoh
    Substantivele din aceasti cfltegorie, {iind concrete !i numera}ile,
    av6a ambele numere !i articole, ln iunclic de context:
    That hoNe has a beautiiul tudd. and de.oa, a very rine colour'
    All lho hoNesin thb slud have wllgroomed long ndres and lutr!.

    $ 569

    pot

    3 ) N um elod0boliS i u n e l e s U ,ri d o s p i ri ts i n ts x b s t ani i vepl ni recent.sLtpuse


    uno r u za n le t r adir ionel p l o s rrp .o m p l i .d l c p .i v i n d l nLreburnl dre8arl rfol trl ur
    l " d puer m ina. ln li n h a tu l s ,' u ;1 . q .rF s a u v orbi l . In rare' i mpl i fi rsrpa
    "arc
    dicteazi regula. axticolul hoiltrit nu mai apare deoit, sporadic. o rimnEili ir

    curs de dilpflritiei
    u) cu urLicaluLnehttdrit:

    i ;ri1

    l d . " 4 're ,l r' ,J" ' '


    ro "J l' r ' l, od,
    o h d v " d n J p p .l i .d
    " ' ,' ni ,
    1 .-n . a -o r' Iro a r l n ." l o or., r' ,npr' r .r { rnecki l o a. uJ " k ir ' '
    :l
    :_
    '
    o
    r
    /.
    r
    au,
    h
    d
    r
    a
    a
    '
    k
    o
    r
    ( ro
    rnr ' 15. o

    b) cu saa fbd aricolut hotiLri/

    : 'l '!
    p, m 6l
    h l'
    s . I n' r qr ! . . . r ^ r '
    Lo hdvr F:rrJch .. !a ,h"t t aot r '
    I
    ' f , rh m ll:5 r, (tl9 t A o. I t h" h"_o: 1r r . , r , u- u" r h o l r ''' L p 'o '\ . . b. n' , . t 1"- r , , "1 r o"n ir I . r t : r o s . l
    \ n . bir-, 1-ro"tan c.rt"d
    horroN' rickcls, et'i
    l/F hlues: ,l' creera, tu dumrs, te lidBcb,,i'

    S ;fi o

    i'
    r

    '

    / / . ',
    rl l.rnliJ

    4) \umelo ile mnsrui (LiimLnsruri, grcuiate, oa lilate. timp cl,c ) pot


    f" n'
    avc:, u ri . dr n din " " lp do u i s r i " o ' F , " u i n :.l F ' d i ,rr" i l ,u i v i i ' u pt' hri rl i
    tr11 lhr I
    3; D a/,ne dosel ol beer.
    lu i ur r l h rm s a n d w i u h
    ,{ yr r" J l abpl .
    . t ! 2i, a(t o th " Io r' l o J u l a y !V.rr" t,$
    tess a.e 50 D dlhe d.ozcn
    r - 6ir t o" su . tb r' d /,t" p o .t l .
    I Adici rrlualur cu attiaolul zetu
    tl o v
    d i ,' r " . i a .,, i ' fp -n c o 1 .d r' j bpP i . rrruti l p de h.cl " t"
    ro
    ' inur
    i uL, o-s hrrnb' Ll
    ,l g F rrl d ' elrddi .i otr.l 1.
    lb.ul
    r - 0 .4 J q k g m r' .ra
    "r{&,r ' r - ; .

    S ;6t

    S ;tiB

    l14
    Shocs l]e 5 45.!t
    !air'
    '1,i, d iorl,lighL
    onc-A a weck. t{irie
    tro worh I\' /n. da\r
    to bc laid'bl_ tP non!'h
    lr r L' J ' r
    ' o r r r l 1 I o' r
    lo hr " a l d' o. . / r h o r

    5;61

    6 56!
    "

    5, -\pozilia'z. l, -pozirii 'pjnr'"LLinl'1rJ ori'drp Jin "lF do-d crli'


    , or" .su r'i,i un,r1,, onlorm rpgulrlorrnnerul' r\pusa rar sJ(:
    Thc Thanes.,ic ri!.r whiohitorvsthroughLoDdo!.is slannedbv Ditnv blidges'
    (q 44!l
    '
    I sirr,,)".t . " in" tror.- $i1 'rp Dr-b!. J1 -3C
    \\'. H1,r,r. Lrri.h,r'.r, ".J165'J:i 'S i'lv.al $ 162'
    ri..",ys.bt
    6l Atribuiul si articolelc' -\tributut estc o nodalitate gramaticali foade
    eficoce si subtili'Dentru Darticularizareau ui substanliY El loate preceda
    sau urma subst,aniivul pe carc il determini
    Ctnd urui substaniiY fira articol3,expdmind aladar genedcul,i se adruq;
    unul sau mai multe atrilute .& clil. fatnft.n un tut. o stnS rti ide' prczenra
    atributu\d (sau atribuiclor) nu nrflrLenlcszarrrlru nirnic id"ca de gerreralitate
    exprimatn dc substantiv, acesta rlmintnd tol nearl'icuiat:
    ,ltaz is an jntelliSentbing.
    Antituniesaft no\t in the lorcfront of interest.
    4oi?d ri6

    Cr e l: a n,n titres d"r in lhe r or Pl"onr ol inr ' r s

    jtii",.i,;,

    l l d n l d d or l. . r p in " rl i n ri rl '
    l \' r:b u
    schimbl sensulscncric al Bubstantrluluil
    :5 5G6
    '

    nd."u/t;" .r 'r'l'tr'slrr,)

    t'i""ai;. t^itoji .'b"tt t ni, *t,t

    mrrl ' i ll u pl

    ' r nnr)' rhsr' r" vi

    l rdnn

    Dar ou un atribut carc aducF o iilce in plus sulsrantiYului. ap$P artico


    s ub s ta n ti v u t c x p rj m a a c u n o j.l nc preci so, sau srLj col ul nchol ,l h o t i" it , l" " {
    tdrit daci subsliantivul e nedetinit:
    Thri Ga-Md|tunr ntD is belie!'dl.o liale belorycd to Llo same slccies as (fr'
    moden mun.
    \rie Grcekantiquiticslornd jn the Balkan Peni6uh arc in lhe lorcl'onl oi 'nr'r's''

    s 5G?
    7) RrDetoroaarticolului.- Cind doue sarr mai multe substant'ii'esau
    "
    atlj"ctiweslnt unite prrn and.numaiprimul p nc,stein mod obiinuit articol'rl:
    she rp ad s iD o : lo! at l dt : t : t t \ or "
    ,4 lilrh b ou Jnd . r . l "r c s s lhp r oad g1' n"t l} e l i t ) l '
    'rh" htb.: brathz; rd da / $ra ull In'lrPF
    He il.rced, E idn, nAat, so/i, sdsdr, rt., and /&er on the sticll'
    ro E filth and .,irtn Pages
    'lrr'

    .t
    '' 568

    Peri'rn accentuarciusd, sau atunci cind substantil'ele ori adjectivcle se


    referd la persoanesau lucruri dlfcrile, arlicolul ljc repetd tnaintea ficiruia:
    The Dcn lu.niiure I boughtis ,ndsndf,.s,tzd,ft'
    {lccentuare)
    'sr'
    A se compara:
    TIE bt)fesor
    th e r"o feJer
    A n on ;r:on
    I Eo aa .ra

    nnd Doct l.rt.1f.s on lrlondav' l0 sirgurit


    a nd t t , " r ot l t u- ol \ l. ndu\ ' l l r o u - ,
    I n. n. r r o L i
    t , . o. . "j
    a n4 lr aj. \ .
    obiql
    and. " Z, r / . J , r i, r iur ' ". . ilo. i

    r l nt J r !
    tt .l.u
    c
    . l: ;
    t. l
    ' , n.
    r lir i, \ , ?, 5 r _r 8l1 r tfl, d .tinil id . ' t o;
    ,.\vlnd adicl arfidur
    zcro.

    a,nr.shr rioi
    i ln r , 1b. , r . r
    nLt o llat nat
    o r t. + c , r ; . : r

    leNoan'i)
    p o 'o a n "
    ,I
    '

    a.ccn|!at, ii ins.amr,"t. uricnl


    ,:n ,, ..
    ,1" no" " I l ,
    ,r ' " |
    D r' l 'nrriDl o ro o tn . l r(n ' . i l " -_ r dei ul e_l
    nrndl mol " " n
    l ' J t r:,' u r ' .1 i ' ., ' l ;i .,

    CAZUEI TN CAIiE ANTICOLUL

    lltt

    LPSE$TE

    I,OCI]L IRTICOLUT,UI
    atributut acestuia:
    1 ) -\mbelearj,icole?rdrzrldsubstantivulsau

    s 589
    s 570

    4 boy
    lne Lov

    dar pd al}, lrothl'


    2) Ambetearticole slau inaintea cuf intului vhole,
    "
    quilc, just:

    S 571

    ?l,e q liol $rden \is in -bloom


    I worle d 3t it for a liak Nc eK

    1:t'';,0:','u;.i'5"i'f.":'i"'?li
    "',*,'"0,"
    n3'1iuffi."u,lil

    i,l:":tyi;;l;:;;,::;;:;,,i'
    " i. ; : , : i , / , " h ^ u s 4I s a c ro n u s

    li;;g'".'""

    to f
    or ilii d rv h e ds i tti n sro o m (:i rr- d ro" mx

    'i i l .
    j; " i, '
    ii
    ';

    cind reprezintdmnsuri: S 57''l


    3) Cuainteleholf ii doublesini rmdtcde articol

    kli:'":""i""i',1;' fri'l;!Y.;:L,,
    "^"
    ','lll*[*"1;,:t';"nr,tiu1^,!!'*ilui",n

    iu

    -t1z
    formeazi un sabstantfu@rnptrs \
    de articol atuoci
    Slni lnsd pi"eccrlarc
    -clnd
    o s,nlurd ide" cu subslan'r\ul urmror:
    had slnrl

    * i::;,: :,J?",,i"ill""n;.,._
    i:: :;r:!,i
    Thp LolfJ@v

    The wod

    ,{ \e romparR:
    '

    hns a d'Lbte wddng'


    _r

    I r c ' pdp' nn4r :

    s 'I t J c l n L

    ;;Yil/j1it";uui*,
    i:ijl:',";l;il
    *
    ^;"u;';;';;:il
    ; t"'i::'I:"f:' ""
    .';:t -{"",i
    LLda,i'
    l; i'i::{ifi.,'fJ ,k hotr'h
    T"Ji;1'"t
    t"ott a t , ' t : loJ l

    !'r. c{zt'nl l\ c,ulD.q.RTICOLT]I,IJPSD$Tf,


    Reguli gcnrraLi
    1!!4w'!!

    { 57{

    s 5?;

    rESurd

    .u ,nlp,-.
    I n'rdl,\\l
    )l"l;ilil1,:Jii":l,
    *.,"'*,,. r,n,r/,/N'
    '; :;;:i:;ii,;i","*"buinLa,p
    ", "i'
    nroulDcrihilccu firiplc'ccncralIru prrmps'
    I r Sub.tantireto
    lo rr.a'ra ca egoriJintrrunnllosrele
    i,il""iLti,"|'o
    "*.r",
    .ind,"int tntrebuinlatecu sensgenerrc:
    (S 35)l
    {t) srbstantivelecare tlen mcsc a'sildcltt [NN]
    'n 'nttu
    X
    'rdut

    i" t - u' t " t - uh is t eout ! jor n' s lr h


    er Per Ft c

    nehotlrlt'
    all ti Dod nu sc conslNjesccu arlitolul

    s 57?

    11t
    5 ;78

    D) nuncle de naturii. protitls.t ndttraLe' ?i dalort fNNl:


    -rnir is nsed lor * lrng'
    The coin wns dadf ol -itlt#
    Itttual is a ce.cal
    Rcd afi btue a.0 ihe colo!$ 01 our iean'

    4 5;9

    oman''z manhind, qamanki/td, ]i ature societ!,


    cl s[bstanlivele ntln2,
    \\l :
    .1
    d
    l
    q
    rr"
    .L i i
    ons ida ro "
    ra s' . ; / / .
    1lo

    6aJ -an'"

    Jr 4

    ' n r I i' e ' r

    ne'

    i' iii. ir i, *. . ; ' , , ,.' l i -to ,r;c o v l rr' i s c o d m u n L o h ol l nont' trJ' n' !td^Ii nd'
    ,\'dtutu nas neer lamesse.l lrr mdn.
    we nave dul.ics t( sd./.,v as i'ell as to 6x'sti s
    PoJrai,y apprccialed PurQell'smus'c,s 580

    6 581

    d, precum ti substantivcle numerabile cu forlnl sru inlclcs de Plrrdl lNl:


    Bo?s lolc foolbau Da"n?s'
    rl " ' l i k o o \' .' ," h a a h a r' t
    notnl
    'I
    J I' J l o l " " " P r d ' i r i n l l ' 11 pl a' "
    jlu eu lftirol
    - ln aceastd
    2) Sttbstartivele cu car ctcr dc utricitnie [NN]
    catgonc lnlra:

    c, numeleproprii la singular ($ 6);


    S 582
    l,l numelciilelor, lunilor, anotimpurilor,anilor. snlbitodlor, obiect'elor
    i ssr
    " -- a"
    sporturilorli aleb;lilor(S510,513,120,123 124 502);
    "t.;i",j"*rilor,
    irr'
    u'cdrr r'polil.l . nroh rai
    liuldru'il
    5\l
    {

    ./
    ''
    '4"
    tudt,i (S i3 5i,4t;)rl
    .t) snbstantivele abstracte nnumerabile' &
    S 586
    paradise.prcailence eta.; (vezi S 3;).

    S n8 7

    'lr''

    hcaren' h'll'

    'nu"nit"

    purydloA'

    Erceplii'
    Substantivele eotth, san' maon' sk!. Narld. uni'erse' costlrDs.desr au Dn
    cafacter de uniciiato tn ambian-tain care se afld sint srrbstaniwc concreie
    indeob.stecunoscuteli ca atare primesc artioolul hotiirit':
    ?/,e s&D was hot
    s"
    We
    l4? tu,, .omin! n'rl ol
    ? m o rel ran to ' JrrJ out hi 5s hcrnror' rrr&
    ihc r 'aw
    i is not l,i n gl n ,1 " ." _ ;rdl ,e d p ri'r"
    W e s as ' a t t rrb o p ro l h i s l i u P i n ,i , s i g .
    ln limbaj literar sau poelic. "'ubsiaolirele rA3 !i rtd ar Di plural:
    ..under $resrcm .r,t;r,, is the titte ot I nov'rt.
    Hc sailed ihe Sevon J.^tr
    De IaDt, in astronaul.i.Ji. toate substantivele
    substaniiv[lui cotr@s deocamdati) au 1i plurui

    d 58,'r
    '""

    de mai sus (ou exceptra

    s,r
    r r "l
    a' l
    or '
    .1 p. n
    Il
    'd L n u l r ', u n r i
    l - l 'r '" i "
    lil.
    ,.,',,r l
    |
    )ll:-l
    n ,r,t
    r,. l
    'r o
    "
    "
    d
    .
    , r..
    \'\ ' r ., l r " /
    ur J.n
    dr ir ' \ ' ' . a
    !CLi sensld d" tu1aki.n,L t'.!pcat.t\ n)natttitd
    : V.zi si \ 1 60. 1t . ii.
    a I s'minra u.r d
    S 476- it , .
    6 :'
    8.-::
    ||'
    r'.,1
    ' r ' J ; nr- i' Ll
    d'
    l
    ;li
    ;".ud
    ,t
    \":
    in :ri,r
    . \ r 'l J r 'r "
    'r r
    ",
    ^i in
    r' n;nP
    l ) 'o
    r'":
    , 1,
    r'
    \rl;
    ';","
    -n
    (lig. pochcl."
    -.
    liiminLlltri
    .r,,,,:,

    ' rdll

    117

    UL LPST,$TE

    }Lseraali.e
    S 5fl8
    l lali, ce caructeruLde E.neralil\te sau de unicilale dispate f]e prr]1
    i,prul .dunple.ubetanri\F ;r' p r". laplural tsprootcmpl.rnumel"propr'it'.
    :r" nrin Jauqar""unui alribu' .du a un"i propo?i!iislribuli!P .srF la pertirulirizeazl - substanlivele primesc arlicolul hoLirlL sau nehotdrlil
    atunci clnd ne refedm la nl andmit emmpl.Lrconcre!, $ 539
    a) hotiirit,
    3partinlnd unei categorii:
    Whcn,p lt,D sawthe llames.he ran away.
    She was nolishine lle sr,ee.t,
    Do rou ;ind t'i6sing the suLr?
    Th. ink nt n! inkstand is drY
    Th. bluc ol lhe skY was nlensc.
    He is ,n, tudDin chaq oI ihc !'all garette
    The aotuan nexl door is {n afi studnl

    b) n e h oLdr it ,
    nind unei catgorii:

    at u n c i c i n d n e re fe .i m l a u n e :xenpl araarccve apat\j

    / lt,n ss roaring.
    I saw o mn al the door.
    A fuv noan was dsing otrt ol t|e sea.
    ge n e ra l d
    Ob se rg alie
    cind devine
    Cind un subsiantiv nenamenbil apare cu lorma de plural
    ! rdi. ; n u mc r s bil - qi nu i n tra l n \rp u q A d i n c a re g o ri i l c l rnrsj e pl nJ ai ' i . urm Arzr q a fi e f nlples c a r e te ri n d tr-F l d i ta ri L e " d l " Eofl i . l P tuti spcl .. tori P tdl i .

    S 590

    5591

    sorla,"isau caliriili ale substa tivului nenumerabil:


    b.cad

    -heads

    velaei

    - velYets

    earlh
    watd

    - eartlis
    - waters3

    Exomplu

    S 59S

    SubstaDtivul cdrth. ca.e are un caraoterde uricitate', ilustreazd pregnani


    intrebuinlarea articolului :
    cind inlelesullui esie dlrfatt:
    articol
    &)nu primeqte

    S;)93

    H n Loe Fd h Fs\.n an d ?d- l io lind o, J oLr pFs pnr dd d r . s


    bJ . k t o . , . I h .
    T l"e. dti.'sm lsed on his " h m " s oon h"ougr |
    "r D

    6au cind este \.ume de mdterie:


    It was rat {or heary) cdtth
    Thv filled the lit with ea.r,t.

    h o td rtt
    c i n d tn l el esul l ui este condret
    ,, p d m ef t e ar t ic olu l
    ' -i
    aunosc tll san pf ecLzar:
    ?tu ra.rn is rclnd. {: Tena-unioitate)
    T hr \ N " F l i l l ' rg ,n P d { ,L I- s o l ' rl l
    6 l th" .arth.
    T ht lit $ 6 ru ' l o t \t l ' a t,.t
    (: Frlna - mrsi conoeta cunoscui.).
    n
    a i unci cl nd reprezi rl e
    n e h o td rtl
    c, p ri m eDt e 0, r t ic oI o ,I
    exemplar iLinLr-o catc1o'tei
    ,4Dea.rt on whioh the.e would be pe.ce amona pcoplff is an idealworth st.i ng for'
    e trr' .;b" : arsintdna.
    3t.r pt,",lt t1 . d ;ri.rp"
    m , 1 - ' t " s , . . r p { r iur : . t r . u" i . T t r j . o " r a n p p r . . . ' , , 'l r l
    ln num rorse fapresrr rrg!.4r..
    . o44 p.n . ro n :.i,s. d
    inilial' m r lJ qJ ll. J s r ) z i 1 '1 u " . u 1 1 . t 1 'L r 'a - a i i l i d
    '
    inairscrrli cind e ntrlle de llanetd (: Tcni).

    $ 594

    S 595

    IlIJ

    LIPSIIITE
    .\r,Tr1 c,|zlmr N cABx ARTTCOLLa

    596

    597

    lrLicolui hotirtt nu esteerprimat ln urmitoarelecazuri:


    1) dupir un substantivin cazul posesiY(S 247):
    Flf;rr's arotl,io!
    the \torke$' /a/d
    todaY's Dem

    598

    2) tnainta subsiantivetordgtrminatede adjcotiYolepososiresau alcm0nstnitiY6:


    ntJ trnby

    599

    ,nes"lowns

    ,,a, mountain

    t/r.t chjldrcn

    ripri3) lnainteaadjectirelotlast Einoxt (+ un substant'iv)cind acesl,ca


    mi firtpul ln rapori cu prezentul(: articolulzero)i
    H .a.6 L nme los t ) r ondau l- 1J np. t
    rh "j .lP l"dL ing t o" lh Deioiup , ( J

    t t . ' u' i) .
    ( s l l 'l m J n a
    '+i

    \ 'i t o T r P ) .

    Notd,
    600

    prFzpnDdclrSnsidi" ri\'lp /!9lei t''Jl nusi l.or''i,l.rrlFinrcporl'u


    Itl, ,1" eiprimr ordin"a irr ro sFricsi su urmdrorulInlFlp.: /fls' .ulliriul:
    nerl: ur;ntorul. in acest caz sini piecedata de articol, atunci clnd insolesc
    un substantiv expdmat sau sublnleles, ;i earLicxlateclnrl sint singure san
    au raloare ale adv-erboti de prepoiilie laceasta din urm[ in cazr lui nert):
    ol tl\is monthis a holidav.(+ sul'st)
    The lastMand.au
    r r e \ a! lL. ( o i -u ,s J r.. Iu l rl t th ' ,a tt Jtu
    " ul
    l aJ.
    o b s e e r,rr, d o ro;.\.' .,1 \\,l"l ) $Js/l
    . r . . . " " , . ir , " , . r r ,.i ;.
    qi r' ;r" " du
    .,o l h p l i 5 ro l f.o l i j " nl 6Jnna' '
    : t h, \ " , t , t . t t aqtt\" " )t

    \l.hen I las, nel. Lenn. sle sas llourishins (-^dv )


    $ n " ,, , r' rn u ;o ."
    I s houldlil" io - "
    - $ )
    n .-l r,J , I' i , " . n . P.pa
    ll. \ . , F \ nar irC a L'd;.u

    S ti01
    S 602

    J,L" l )
    :rbsr_

    (\' l r' '

    1) pentru a se aIaconcizieqi rcli./ stilului:


    a.) in unele loculiuni adverbialesau lerbale ln care substaniirrulare
    lrLFl'" ./r./r'a/ ( J' ri.olul 7.ro)

    in {thc) lutuc

    to deotare$'ar lrgnmst
    to fird emploJmen!

    to hn plc utder foot

    603

    ,J in unele cuainte compuse(:


    {lownhill
    in- s hom

    604

    iidoors
    u p s ta i N

    allicolul zero):
    oul.siiic
    trpsidcdown

    do$n-at ltel
    u! io-daie

    c) in unele etpr.rii cozs/ra;I,r/n.lr'tc, in oarc doue substanti{e sint' unite


    prin prepozilii sau coniunclii (: artieolul zero):
    trom begirning io erd
    lrom hand 1o mouih

    lrom 1.opto lottom


    through thjck {Dd ihin

    dry _by day .


    lv hook 6r iy cmok
    oi.e. nountaiii and plain
    to linish ne.h and neck

    C^ZURI lN CAFE AEllCOLlD

    LIPSE$TN

    IIC

    u'"'
    ..",1,'.1:-:ll:1"'liifili!;il,lli",tiffl;.1'11""",i"11
    noril'e'' ( omiiunp\:"riai"Lioni'e
    ;;;;:i;t;;i'i";i;.r'r:ri'',i'
    ""g1.

    uea5e, lend rnone) s'lool rre (Tdeg'aml)

    rt-m' lI'rt,-9:..".?til9l:
    1,""j:;.,i'1".;"i'i.'*0"'il:"ri',rr'i,n:o
    d ir r r
    Jr ' ir cr
    n
    ;;;o ;;;r't;l rrar
    ill : i ; l t l ' ""# i ; l

    .Jii:
    ';:n :;
    .,:;L;i*l;u
    - r iuu,d;
    i:l:"::i"r'i:i::ll
    t"ff:,lt",ft
    f
    equ ri o r' 1 !l trtl l
    S." lio"

    r 'fprlpr,o*o" I br isr",Ii'ksupr'"iv'' dilrsnum


    "tg
    ;;;iJrl " t 115,",1i;.1:i
    Rsic)

    a;d steari

    de

    0ndi"rlii
    zid)
    b:"1';;;;;!i;;;;L 'br comianr'{^n!ir
    (u vi ,lIoi onnuo' ,)
    n il h ;u
    u uss;.' (D
    .ito
    o nry o
    ,4 r r ; s r nr r : ur ' pe r5
    iiir: bel
    i""r"* n"o ol rlonth (rrtlu arri ol ?irrr
    lnuiests l'ai on I etrol'

    I
    f ,i:,l,if
    if';'JAi11,

    de {anteziste'
    Foarte adeseori titturile din ziare' ericesiv ile concise ;i
    etnt inintetigilite inainie de citirea artioolului'
    [In exemPlu:
    da'pre cunhrinll l' ni{d
    l';;{il-;;;
    SwimbuiiSuo!mit. - Tillul urrui reportaj
    tinu
    nui'r'osrumd/ tlp'
    P'r'Fri
    Par"ur'lrri
    i;';'..lor
    {""1
    15' I9;')
    (-\eqs'\Fek
    Janu0rt
    ;;;
    ;''";g";" rirlul. 'i lo uuadFlups

    *
    tvl
    ii[***r*
    r'ffi t**
    :"1:i
    i;'"T:
    :;il;'* ;""':ri"'ri""s:
    "'":
    i
    -giir'
    ;;fi''i;lil'i"il$
    "''

    AI}Jf,{]TIYUL
    ji3

    C ONSID E RA T I I G E NE R { L E

    rlD JICTIINI,tr

    {.

    CALIFICATIYtr

    co\SIDER{l II (iiiNxtl-{1,8
    D cliriiLie,.
    f i"

    Fu n'.ot rrj i i

    113

    s i.i

    610
    6ri

    ......

    {1. couP\RATI_{ ADJECTIYELOTi.

    622

    Com!*r&lir dc * rllfrio.itr t li. . . . . . . . . . . . .


    a:antrar dtiaa dje ctie elost .
    ..
    r ldicctiv .lc d c o sin su ri s ilab|. . . . . .
    Adjeciivr df do u! silab c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
    .\ ltf t l.ii de rorb irr rdj{ c t ir at c . . . . . .

    IttJ..lite

    .u f.ine lc.:onrntatie

    .. .....

    .....

    . ..... ..
    ........
    .. ..
    ....... ..
    ....-.-.
    . ..........

    ..
    ..
    ..
    .

    thrth".

    Later.L at.st, -

    --la

    Iiue r.I ^

    (a n p o "o' r na, t J " " t ,lov,

    D6

    o/tir
    641
    052

    liltl
    'l : 8
    '1 1 8

    65'
    6i t
    6i 6
    6i t
    659
    661

    t:9
    l :19
    l t9
    1l !
    I i tn
    r:1"

    6t:
    6tri
    690
    69t

    1a:l
    r jr:l
    li3
    135
    136

    n:t.gurti.

    Ol sl fva l ii as lpr a adj. c l i \rl o r .u g .a d ed e c o n u tu ti e ri ,rcsul ai i .. . . . . ... .. ..


    l tt .. . .
    L ;tl " 41 t ,
    1, t . | fu
    l r".h lhr e
    lt r . \ t..' ..
    FI.lPr Fldc"r. OD"" 4t'1.1...
    I o-h" .

    6|ii
    (itg

    tt".a . F ta h ,.i

    ......

    ...'...',''.'.''.''.'''''','''''''.'.

    ..............
    " a oI' r.
    ( o mP8 B t iNil. . gdibn. ...
    (omp3r.,tlA dF interlorihl.
    ODso.rs9ii3$rp.3 tonp&ntii ndJe.tircloritt snerel
    a :o n stnIr 'a pr nno' it iei'o m p a ra L i \'
    .a 1 ,, , | , i I - . | , t oit " r t-rm p . rt ,u . r,.,, ti , i ..
    ,.,i r,,r,." ,r \ F t p l t in" . .
    ,...
    .u ,Fl 1 r' r : d pr " L, " . ir . i
    s
    rp
    " rl d l . rl r.l l :\
    S t,+l 1 l i\ ' l
    1" i. ol''rlr l n
    . .. ..
    ..
    "
    ' rl l
    r'fo t4 i l i . om p. ' . ' ir . i -l :p i " . ... ..
    ,
    , t o, . 1 lhi "
    mrff,li1
    .o^rn
    p i rdlid dinlr un ob d ,"I i rn e .J p
    I'.b -.1 'om par r l: \ . Dub l u rs rp i c ri v
    .-,r.l "r,1
    a . . ^m F . a \ ' r t' rj i i .' rr.rL
    0"rst .t ii idiom at i. ec r d o u .l c o ml a ra ti v es a u s u p c rl ati ve......... ..... .. ..
    I'ro ..d fc lc nt r u c - \ pr id a rc as u p o l a ti ru l u i a b s o l ,rt..-.. .. -. -.... .. .. .......

    t06
    ,0)
    tt0

    133
    139

    717

    71a 141
    i2n /r'+2
    1/r:1
    J2l

    ,22
    J23
    i !4

    :34

    1i-)

    r43
    143
    l 1,r

    L1;

    1?2
    II I . AI,TII CI I ] ' S T I I - NI R D I' I' IIIT O A R O L A AD J E C T IIN ' ' ' ' . ' '

    -|

    ryqr48

    ia,o
    ,' 01
    t03

    148
    1,1
    1i l
    1r3
    7i]
    1i t
    't5r

    ilD
    iil
    i))

    t\. fcHl\.\l t\'[ll.\DJtcTIvAl.I


    .....
    Su }srant lt . . .
    -..
    .
    Ge r(rl dit . . . .
    -...
    Pn rri i j iniur r . n\ t t . . . . . . . -......
    P,miiripjrL
    i .i ; iir t r c dL
    P
    .
    In l i n i tiv , , . . . . . .

    ,74

    l 5i

    )J3
    17i

    15ir
    \54
    1i 5

    719

    15t

    /-sL

    1i.',
    15r>
    155
    155
    15i
    liii
    150

    7ia
    -

    t8:l

    1t5
    760
    7bJ

    Locnliun. prelrozilio ali.


    ... ..
    -{p
    o rl ' rehtivl
    t'iotozi!ie

    v.

    FoR\I-\nI^

    ..

    ADJECTIVELOR -

    Ite ri rer c s . . . .

    t9l

    A'|j..tir. cu t t Lc. esntir ".


    Sxi i x o. . . . .

    7S 9
    ,-90

    ...

    -,...

    li n a l o -..
    Du l l rtr ea c ons oanoi
    -e - ntut lilral

    Schndbiredcrtsoricigrrmatlcal
    Pdticipii adFciivate
    ..
    adjcctiralt. . ,.
    adJccurarr.
    -qubstantile
    -substantile
    . .
    adjeclivate .
    \trle
    \,tte rbr nr i '
    \rl r.o lu' r " nF r ' l' r ' ' u !b l o J r" d . ' l j ' l ' !
    ( o Dp rn. r c n . . . . . .
    ADJECTITELN DIINR]TINATIYE
    sAU PRO\OUL\-q.I,X
    ,\diecli{clc losostve
    r\dieclircle ilcmofslratire
    rldjecti!ele rntoogau!e
    Adicctirele rcl'rtivc
    Adjf.ii!lc neiloLArile-

    t9t
    i 94
    ,94
    t96
    t97
    793
    ,99
    800

    r; 5

    lrt
    156
    li6
    Ji i
    157
    i 57
    137
    1i 9
    l 5t
    l a8
    li9
    li!)
    ,l6tf

    30ri
    80t
    s08
    809

    'l 6 l

    814

    '10:

    818
    819
    3!1i

    16t

    szt

    164
    1Cl

    A D J D C T I Y UL
    (lHFi,\DJE CTM)

    CONSIDDRATII GDNDTi-{LD
    ,\djecti.rul estc partea de vorbire care calilicdl sau deier1) Dotidtic.
    al acestura:
    r,,ini: rn substantivsau un echivalcnl,3
    29 leloved
    a .rcqrwomar
    $de clinlk
    /i,e rerdins
    t.ot

    me
    a s@,ng man ud

    S 6(Xi

    the sam, idcas


    a 4.58 one

    se lmpalt in doad categorii:


    2) Clasificare.
    ^djctivele
    (r 608)
    ,{. adjective calificatilc
    B. adjedn'e determinalive, r,umltc 9i adjective prononinale (S tt4).

    S {n)7

    s 608

    rT. ADJECTtrVELECALI}'ICATIVE
    (D!]SCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVES)
    I. COISII)I]N\TII GDNDBNLE
    1) Detinitio. Adrecti\ul ualiticati\',care esle de fapb adjectivul pror unui obi".la ,l- i rl , alili" r6 :
    p rl r - 2 i . .er eL .io ln .uqir:e

    S 609

    anes o r
    btutrn elts
    renDl.

    .io[.do\

    s 610

    2) Caraeteristici,
    I n I i mb a e n g l e z n , a d j e tl i v u l a re, cu ci tel r exc' pl i i , '
    a ) Itor m d. .
    n l i mJ r s a u a z . El , u .o pndl p dp.i s ofdd
    sina ,a l fa m d, ir . dilar p n r J "
    -F' -r.. l ,rl r.p s l u i s 'I p e at. rl .l i l i rd:
    .u
    b
    .t'an'
    i\
    .
    u
    o
    .h
    i
    \;l
    . u
    ul L. J u
    '
    \o t
    mri sS l
    \,o ,,c Doa s , ' k n rk i n F ' l .n s l ' n P
    \\'e '" r $: ll, ; ' / o. , . . rEi " / . r ' " " -r , g ,l c * (\ " lam pI l
    ll^
    l h " I dr " s o
    lt o u n r t+ \e t' " ' rl C n ra u l .l r pl
    |
    . , " 1 r " r - t \ o l l tn J .u n 8 . D a l g n n ' o mu 1 p i . adl rub(rJtn\a
    "Jo r

    S 611

    $ 612
    Ex c ep lii
    Comparativulqi superlatiruladjeclivelorscurtesint singrreleformeadjectirrle {lexionarc:
    ' \o n g J (.u! tl J i vl
    \ o nc
    \ o .n i p r ' o m n ' . i \
    o 5 r ' u p r- l al i rr
    bl ." r 1 o m1 rr. ' r
    ! o*(Cl. ii unele adjcctive prononinale S 817-81e)

    o! .'t

    t \,rt; t ; . 4 - r d. ri " . / a ru a e ri i .n d
    ndi
    ' ' n i l rl ns " ' ri . ' 1" r" ' "
    d Dr nlir u r . l, r lp n a i l J 6 J b a n l ' p " " l d 1 S.drJ !
    Intdesui untrl curirt.
    a pr.ciza, a lluri
    ietirmim:
    ",4
    3 ve z i S t ! 0. nola 1
    ! sels sr{matilal ($ !i.

    4 unui

    114
    (Adj'ctinl Phrcse) Loou't'uDea
    adie.tiaald
    LocuIiuned
    ."{ 013
    impreun;
    "
    ua i"Ji"uriii'"ons t l dinlr-un grup de crroli"teteie p""aic"t coreiuatc
    au'\.aloare de adictil':
    T. r-a i's , rto, 6,'dPntr" rl P: L
    s l d 'n r '
    a1
    . t h" aPa in{ o"; n L
    "v 'n i n ; " 'l s s
    T,i r,.l r'Ar,\l'h-"r:e is Ure io\el lent to Martdn?
    lli'.:nt
    vou folnil arvole glad la h?:]P !ou?

    ddjettrvulni
    b)La.uL
    { 614
    "
    rnoiutca-ub.l.,olivului pp rere ll

    esie pus in genere


    Adiectieul
    'lrribatiP
    5:
    "lifi'
    - thc nlce o&.1houses

    615
    616

    I $17

    618

    (Pcntn detalii vczi S 2668


    '683)
    1, t j t i, ut L, r' c l t.a ti r " ' t' p u s .d u p d -\-rb 'au ddp" ' ofl pl ern" ntul
    (v ' rr F re mp re S /o / /oJr'
    .1 rd
    I c\i ;
    ",".
    are Itei funcl;ii sintactice:
    Adjectivul
    3) l'urc-tii. a) pot\re li d.tributl
    Madse' a /iae girl. wa!-comi g to lcaI bo'urht sorne ioallen
    He is-a man /drd 10 ':lo!es
    !l'ase'

    Ji r" ' t

    ,) poate face Pade din P,'edt:"r:


    Conplementf:
    l)'')'cd nnme pre(licatie l(hedicate)
    The sLY is Dnr''
    It sre; ddlnAD old shoe ieels eas,'
    7 got readll i^ a lerY shorl trme'

    ,') pentu.a campktainteLesul.unui,':il"^:i-:i'1".Ye:T*,,',""#t::i;


    su'o*,r'",?
    .:3?#"f'ii'xlj""i'i'#ii,'ii"li"ii'?i""i-""iii"
    J.i,i'i'l'f
    "'i(

    620
    S
    -

    { 621

    Resuh'!)l
    ( Pred.icate
    Prtdlcak of' Re.sultt
    )|
    \'
    P" i n r d l l r { l ' " " l /
    ' l h ' g ' " u F ' _ o l " l L - 1" 1 sru' l ' r'
    s'l''
    I boiied m
    'ge
    cl poate fi complement circtmstunllal de mod:
    Thov came hom'
    'ied'
    Tre'$ind llew coli''

    ($ 750 760) are luncliile substanlilului


    Adieclivul substani,i'rat
    ( s 347-358).
    Ir. c0llPAnAlrr

    s ii22
    S 6f3
    "-"

    "

    .lDJECTrrEl'oB

    OF ADJECANDS)
    ICOII"ATTSON
    it.do.ud tno'J-r': it'tr
    'l eomfa,alia adje'ivFlor p^"le Ii r'alizsti laeiobie'rr

    ot,i- i.,"1, .:,.i.i I'i".r "u, ;, /;,,p. pri\in,l""


    '
    ,rk.,,
    dmr
    -i-^,"

    I
    l
    f
    1

    He sas nn ollef workman ilrm his brol'her'


    iie w6 the aatas,workma^ in thc laclory
    [ler health lad been growing tJelr?/dd balrd'"
    it $as Des,l6t lundav

    t'iri lmnnd'
    consii tle lart dintFo pmruzi!ierelaiira
    t-,t,""
    r; e
    tttvt" ' ..)
    tk
    ti t" " " " .
    .
    "diectivah
    .,t:.' i ...;" '
    *' r, , . . i . , ' i. ; : : : i ;" p ::;,:.
    :
    \i 7
    i
    Ino'
    un'
    '
    '
    d
    pr'
    rrl
    l
    '
    "
    1
    lt on. r r ' r
    " n : ' ma ri " a ro rn a n r' d d i '
    2t 3f l,
    .A
    3 Sens granaticat.

    COMPANATh

    ADJECTIVXI]OR

    l!6

    2) O compara_tie
    poateli fdcutndin rrri punctcde vedero:
    a, pentru a se aftLa egalitateai
    lle b 6

    0.,)pentru a se

    ^rdLa

    lizl

    { 624
    s ii:15

    ds Jane.

    saperioritatc&i

    s 62G

    T I" i 3 i i ,d ./ t,,d i J .n e
    lle is Ure fttud,r, ol all

    c/ pentru a se ari|a

    inferLorihtea..
    He js less nt4 than Janc.
    lle is nDr g,,/os lia.l as Jue.
    He is,,,,p i.ds, Ilad oI alr.

    s tig?

    3) Pe plan gramaticalse deosebesc


    trei gradode comparatio:
    a) gddul pozitie,clnd adjectivulnu a suferit nici o comparalie:

    i 628

    cold

    s 69$

    bcautiful

    n ) o rc dul . onpat t t ir .
    rior .d u i nlF r ior ar aluiJ

    " i n d a d j F .' i \u l a -ra ri o i n (u,ci retntr-un 1T" d sun"


    \ffl m c ' tri n g ra d u t p o zi ti v. sau egsl ;u arebi J:
    '
    coldaf
    n,fe beatrtitnl tsnrerio.iratet
    lcsr cold
    /ss ieanriiut linfu.iorjtarct
    as cold n!
    ds beauliiui as (csatitare)
    not solos cotd as
    noi ro/as biniiliil as i r.riortrab)

    g rd dul s npLr lot i! ..j n d a d j e c ti v u l e x p m i


    . t.)
    m ar tl )8 tt sx u c el m ar srd z u l :

    o tnsrl i re tn gradul cel

    q ,::i rl

    S ft

    most beantjlnl lsuDerioriiate)


    lctBt Ieauliiul (inlerlorilale)
    SLrperlativul poate fi:
    , i n d a \p ri m i e rd d u l .a l m a i tnal t sau , pl msi s .rzu'
    c') .s.up" t lo. t ir . r . , t o,,r.
    , .
    a r rn e u :i n r I nur ot , t F . l i1 i n mp s rr' tp c ' l a t' F o b i F c to sau l r. ti mpl

    .: r,:tJ

    Hc is ou. @sr .'italr. tracto. driver.


    , r" I" ^ t s rc ." ..l u to t ,t,p , rl d i d arp..
    ! , i" r q r ,
    I h. r v " b . n r. ry .tl 0 l t $ rp I b u t I I.rt
    " ,/j l roday,

    c" ).superlatteabsolut,clnd arati o tnsusiretntr-un gradinalr ldri stabili


    lea urei comparaliidirecte:
    ,ca,.sr Fathol
    Tldnt y "u lof ) ^. r r d. , / jnJ
    ll, y { r n aor r ", L r ^ I ' im .
    Shp ; , . o"t ar , d. a. "

    I,

    pr.

    Superldtivulabsolut,aneliticl se deoseheste
    Je cet relativ.sip n acfert:
    sup'rla i! ul rbsolul. liind d".nripLiv.ar",, "pnrul p" adierrir. tnsr."ireaexofl
    mcri dp ar..ta allinJu-." pp I,rimut ptan st inLpr".utuilsup"r.Lerivul
    relitn
    ar",..rn,ul p" sdr"rbIl /rrr,. ri rqta Ajp'imt, d..,Fl.tL- tn ,:arFs. and obic,.
    'IrrF i5 rl," 4osri,h,athc ot rh. boohsin th" librrj. tSuD""t.
    ret1
    \ lle
    I
    h
    thn 4o :l
    H . r" Trk!
    tq

    rve zi

    5 638 ii 6i3

    ,, \"p. t ir x lar p. l< 0"a. r bs . r


    no s t t nler t : . s . ( s up"r l olr r ,

    S (i:t:i

    . tj:]1

    120
    DE St l Pli Rl o ll lTr\TE
    collPAltATL\
    icolljl-\illSoN oI sLrllr'IoRl lY)
    Corilarati{ul .sjsupcrlatil'ul do superioritale -seformeazl ln doxli uo'ltrrj'
    G3{i
    (tupi curn adjeciivcle sint scufie sau lungr'
    _'r
    i"nF' 'u i\"1- - r ' "n ^u 'on'frr'''i".:i
    ti:l;
    -\. trli$rlitolo sr'lrl. n
    rrr
    'r
    lto/r"vrr'
    "J
    ,n"' r,r.ut,"rlu'i'raJ'u! la ll ,JjF' i\ul |
    ^'1rsI
    sau flerionard satoli):
    6];

    VioleL is a rdl, girl lPoTitir)


    \
    \ .1. is r/,.
    lr ' I nlJ r r "
    'n
    "r l
    s uip" | r I
    r ". ir .
    \ro . L rt" r" . 1. r ul I r f r

    li:Js

    (lenlru oonfnratil-) -:l


    LJ. Adiectileto lu gi primesc adveit)cle
    '?'rc
    (metoda
    ,nsl (pentru superlaiirJirare lrrecediiadjecti\ul in gridul fozitiv
    r:):
    n;ll"\ionJr. hJr'
    1alitiia
    'au
    (Po7ltirl
    M\. sor is iut?lliaezl
    r",;o '",
    h' 1 1\ l"r L r ""
    N;:,1
    ' / 1,buiBt
    r,'
    16'
    t uo\ ' n '
    r'
    'lr -.n -/',

    p"r'
    l'
    i!orrrt

    Lrrlicatii cxacte in rrrN.mtaronrlrarli!; iLLjecrivelor!lnt in]poFihildfrI


    .l1l i,,.t1diul:n crr-,n rtis lirnla in! r-ld i' rual " l lrrr' l " nrar!uio'rz
    { rrl
    .,' t" oio-t,"'-".r0'. l^rm"lor ' L'/'lr '- ' ^n r '/i" "r r'-"r:i' hiir.irI on"
    rntpns":r
    lru'rualre
    o
    d-rrn'i
    crpli.ilri.
    p"nr.u
    lol" -s,
    ^" ''
    l",.;";l
    in uzanla curent,a.
    crescindi
    ''-in
    cvr
    I ii .tl' Lion."n,'spi'ul'rl '""rnd11liFiidjt''i\"lor " l- (,caI
    -l
    pFntflr
    rel
    p\pmplo
    '..'nrri'
    1"lu''
    t'le
    rnd"roni"
    .1u exocdiftl!uma..u
    '!en
    sir aibi'trasate unele reperc, ahiar instabile, ' ontradr'torri onErhrccsarl aDruF
    ,1,. finthl 5eamrd" drirpl"erpu.e mai jo.. i rrorii vor inlrlni Llertsur'ull"nrprimori drt"rile, ol'i.ii 'onlrJri: dsr rLr \of ri"a 5J.rru Irc,inL4rp:l
    'iur.
    $ttL
    sau sn lie acuzatide lipsi de con.iderslicpentlLrint'rLocutnn'tnt tn'!
    he on thc safesidc.
    ri 639
    a. colrP,rRrTll -LDJltfrrvrloR, sorr-rirrl
    lcolrlAHr'soro[ sH0tr'\D'lljcrlvul)
    ,{cessLdcategorie cuprindc:
    z I adiccti']e monosilabice
    :

    ;i ili;;ii";i;

    ai";i,ai.,t"'-i".t" ir\'a' 'L!, ''r, r' -o", -ro'rcsi srle

    i l a b a:
    .i l -Ld' , d: '
    rr' -,' r,,1 p " n ri rr'
    i! . . u
    n I srrl D J:
    b
    /s
    //d
    i
    '
    "
    , 7 nim - r oa" " a d j t' ri \p
    ' u ' ' ' pnl ul l n Ll r
    di adjectirelc trisilabicc ct preii\ negati\.
    l\Iai{fitatea acesLor adjcctive au ambclc forn]' tl conparalie:
    [ot" ' o Fl ,t0]' i :
    ' tr ' rr- F" ' i
    o11, , *or o
    i ' .r s u l i r" l o -' ' ;i t
    '
    ono
    ru
    b) h l

    Dxemllc

    ! 610

    UrnlLoarele adjecl,ive fofireazii irr tnod norma] conrparati{ul iIL -cr ii


    suDerlativul ln -esl:
    ' 1) Adicctilele ile o si guri lil^bti ( nnosilabtte)l
    lnrc
    olear
    thitr, otc
    ga.r
    llrctuplel
    .iear -.l e u e r
    lat
    - htter
    garcr
    ga),

    -.Ic a r$l
    - lattcsr
    - g.xesl

    127

    2) Adjectirclode aloui sital,cfD8ildrfu, terminatetn -y _ay:


    fi
    bu: .
    . Dr l
    elrsy

    s 641

    i \.h
    m. ]t\
    sicktl:, etc.

    !,l !p j
    likely

    E x e m p le :
    _busiest
    _eastcsf.
    t.i 6 n d ri p .
    "
    | ' L t .t
    _I0rclesr

    Dus y
    -h u s i e r
    easy
    - e8ie.
    ! : " , 1J' .v . tr n d t," r
    ..i ,.\t r
    loncly
    -ton,"lier
    Ob se rv alie

    cuprefc s 64!
    ;i superra'if,
    ,,,,f;:ii#ix::,,fr::fi:;::l::;':!:';i:,i:,:'nparaLi,
    r',/ ml j ili

    bleJ i' r j- . ri \' t' r

    $ 8,rs.

    tn a r,s ;td b ;,..

    glad

    llji

    n"r,,,uli,'iIfi

    adjectil'cre
    ,Islrd'ir' tcrninatein
    arg_ry

    sii|I

    -y s&u J3l, acirentuate pe

    6t+
    '

    risk-\'

    iliifr'!Y
    "1,""v

    'x.tx

    l.id r

    locc.i
    .J adjcctivele r/J;1aDi.c.t.orminatein -er, -Ie, -ow, -sotnegi -urc:
    biticr
    teebl.
    hollo*
    g.L,esome
    'i"l
    i"n :i
    ..'
    sol4

    tend.r

    h u m t.t"
    noble

    srD[e

    lo$
    stall,,w

    vc]ror,

    wholcsomo

    ;illlli:.

    ",".
    dl alte cltcra adjec1,i1.e
    bisilabicecn acccntulpe prinm tabd:
    qlier
    ..r!r"
    nile
    ,rretr
    rcal
    s
    siupid,.tc.
    lteasui
    'ppie
    ,/ nuneroase adjeotivo r;rlturri, .jn act:t:ntulpc Ltitna si.tabd:
    ibsurd
    dF.reet
    Irrolound

    .oDcjsr
    minute:
    totitc

    i 6{l-r

    s 616.
    s 617

    .cmdte
    sinccre, ctc.

    .
    .n,,,j1orri,
    u.r_-o,a .j/
    . /l .'a;",,;, .la +..:tol,. .t, ! r.t: n
    d4t .1..t bt.tlai.t.,,t r .1rr ru ro.t ior. Et, trin ,rti\rr.:
    nnkindly

    l lormelc llcxionaresilt ori..grariatctr tiaba..ng1ezl:


    nue .t. oa.Zesr.iar nr Srr\
    rri
    d
    t.l
    r
    x
    t
    r J , r . t l{ : m i i !s .u l l e 5 rpaioi a(ljectiv (cu lrononlia dilrtr.le roc.n
    .-

    ( r:tr

    t9t
    urt.rD,
    unl.;i,nv
    fr.:
    $ h rr\u
    inpoini

    lilg

    ,ii,[

    lt.Pleasant
    rniidlJ
    u n h o | t;
    - i'npol't-

    '

    insrxfd
    insi"..r,. er,.
    trnhary
    "s
    imPatitEsl

    lor'
    adjeclivenono' si.bisilubiucu gradede compara,lio
    llrceplii:
    rnate analitic (lumai cu more fi most):
    4 o.d L mun osilabldi
    ,.'
    n 'r d r " r c " n r u .
    ;;;:;
    ia"r .
    t , " t . . t - s it . t "o! \ ' I
    l;:i;;.
    .oanl
    o nth ",. b i,o-., b r ' ". r .
    1 r a do. , r \ ' laL' r ' 4 1 r r r r
    ):01 1"t'
    (-'
    Itr r m ' id r '
    ) r or I d "
    (a'
    t r ' l 'r ,
    r
    "
    '
    i
    p'
    l
    lur
    n
    .1
    r.n;r
    t
    a"'
    t
    ':
    ' ' ' 1d
    '"
    r'
    :'l u t
    'r' oDir r r ilr .' lupr er i\ ul
    otat
    n' . ' t
    ,xlj"cfirpl.p rnJna"!lirer
    ^ 'l n '
    r" irr' n l]Jn
    nJ du t o ' . l a h i l i r '
    adiF"' : \ , 1^\n rf.Fr",o-rp rrlli"i

    tl'r,rezi.'..r .lur,aan'rmi -,rirorii . r t ur .,l n . . j u' l i . i o c" Tr mud r'^ rnrl '^- nJrat;" d'li,clii"lor hi..ilobi"pm,i nbi:rruit"'e ir,' 'u 3 l'rrrl iu-r''nlorll
    l:"ni* ri'i- " qi -Fv,,,np.lnd "Jj..riv"l" bi"ilibi" mir pu{i'r ohi-'ruir"f'
    d" ""miirair" u dj,rrurulf^t'n"lur I 'rlp)iiorr"r'" unirnri ' 'u "'n'
    'rr.'d"1.
    adjectivelecu ambelelorme de comperatil'li super'
    lt;l
    ln'ceea ce pri.!.c,ste
    lativ. aleqereaiirt.e icestea esle in D:trc mnsurn dictate de eulonie, riLn:exrres;''iiite. Pe linsi aceasta.in lir a votbiid si l preferato fornele llcrii(naie. pe cind in ldba Lterard se lotosescnrai mult fomele oonstNite 'tnarLsi nost.un.l. adiFci\p.u nusn!n"\clu'rv lilprlrd - 'J onl;qa" b;:a"l
    hd sir7u".t". avin,i.aEr, um .-a aru ' i649r.' mJr torm'la nFrl'\ion1'
    "r
    sc conformeazi acelorasiuzanle rl
    Li;2
    . 3) ,{.lto pn4i de vorbiro ailjedirrte
    loor '
    \lho li\r on tlc r pp' .
    lld r r'.vn "5 r $ 6 lf . . lir lp. , Lr nuLr ' .
    Ou tlfu inchdcs ihc proauction oi lhc cl,i.,r,
    \1'eren't l.he littlc bov's {ords the

    witfs

    4) Concluzie.- In englezaconternporani au sparl tiparele in comparat:rdieciivelor, pe lingi mon;- ;i l0isilabeleflcxionat, lotme ca nlore!lat1' n1't'
    .oi|t. n"r, obt". niro prau!, not sutl 'au n1r" hat. n
    'lauda - rulrt" i
    n'o'"
    o"'1. t"ore '
    kn""
    bud
    l"
    BllC
    -,bior
    uulplin".
    'nplcorul^si;o,le
    w'tr-al,'t*d. na\t tr ll'ihlar d. n,oJ 'r'tl dt'ss d - plra
    tinaar. no.t
    iormFlein i/{ si -pd ru gradr dp ,.rnparali' lln\io rHr'z ro0l- 'rpbrrr'
    r,irr,rri im. dov' dindu-seuiranti lrdi leri'iL ;r''pi"1r" li irlpr"idr)l'
    elocvente !i lraparrte cind se abat dt la ltorn{ decit conlornindu-se, curnni:
    acesteia.Iiete de fapt, era noului. a ruper;i iuturor ldnludlor, a incercini :
    oelor nlai indrezn!; fi ,,trnsnite". din care izbucnesc adesea idei genirl
    Excnple:
    1 " t , ''J
    h4t L t r ' r l " r ' \ 1 1 1 "
    \' \ o nc ot th c
    aood , a/
    't h " C n ; t '
    o
    \ b 'c ''l r o i
    Itth . lo"t 't'- 'nns
    ! t nr lb'
    t ol 11"' t t
    "t
    '
    ll l\ r ll r . lt , . , P t 1 " , ! ) .
    DorF b c"f-tno sn lo n- t hP. L - , , i44
    'th"thrt
    r
    r
    ' t
    r
    J
    l
    r
    '.
    .
    1
    r
    5
    'r
    p
    p
    l
    "
    r
    l{
    m
    n"'
    j"'
    l.
    r
    Th
    .-r''lu/
    'a "
    1968) .
    '1...) LMdon nn:: an th. ,.t!J ro ,.,,,3 ll't lciilinscs{ ll"a
    I
    lJohn os|onf.
    ''"""!l;
    ,f tt Inn,tah tLnr. i' itt Pnti i'aftt
    ,*t"r,"*".,
    '
    1906) .
    (Pcni
    trltimele l. c i . iiat ! , . i. S 6t 8r '

    r lii'i
    *7.\dall

    ?1 .* ", r1.^4li,anno,atr"
    t \ l . o l "- .r ,

    t"n d r ' "

    in c,- l

    llhc

    tLLrcv comcl' t I

    apaa -at , e t . n .

    ,n L .ta "t

    ab

    t-rnu.

    1!:-.

    l a:

    COMPARATIA

    1!0

    ..Iar pe cotorutcirlii GuinncssBookof Reco s 1971,printre alte superla:i|e este dat mostestr."
    E\.ident ce aoestecitaie nrl constituiemodelede urmat. Ele alrartin
    . nuid o mFniu
    . a rc 1 na . c . t . a z
    a l lu r u r o rli.pnlplor- dom.niulsrrii' o ru lu i,
    !u poatedaclLsd ne edifice,pe unii locindu-ne,pe a4ii tnctntindu-ne.
    B. CO}I?AEATIA
    {COMfAIUSO\

    ADJECTIYXIOB

    I,TNGI

    OT I]ONC -{DJEqIIYES)

    s 663

    Urm;roarplFd.ie,liv p,.i larli"ipii formeazrcompdrativulSi superlativul | 65,1


    ' L djurorul adrerbplnrnorpr .:i ,l?ovzprA pdind adjectiYele;i participiileln
    sradul pozitiv:
    1) adjoctirele mai lrugi ds doud silabe:
    $ 666
    atiractiye
    }eautifut

    (rcativc
    cu.ious

    despoidcnt
    imporl,ant

    Ete mp l ul
    rtlr!(iive
    nore atiractive
    nost attractire
    dependable -more depndnble -nict
    dpendanlc

    2) numoro:rse
    adjectivebisilabiceeu aceentulpe prima silabd:
    acid
    . , n ,,i d
    t i \:d

    lSill.
    d o,il.
    tdr ' , t e
    rraglre
    hostilc

    .onstant
    ,.a s r
    tr.re " t

    S ri".,6

    lrddent
    ; dd. t1.:o..,.. ..

    advcNc
    t.opcf
    In special adjeclivcle bisilabice termir.rte ln ,t.'. -tsl, -tlc, Jcss Fi -o"s:
    r.ri r.
    L r ,i .,
    Ioolish
    tnilhlcss
    .toJous.ctc
    E te mp l e:
    r{ti*
    more fttivf
    .omic
    rnorc comic
    nrosl lonrn
    loolish
    - mor loolish
    - nDsl toolish
    (Vzi ,!i S 611 61,61
    3) parficitiile adjoetivate ,si adjcctivele cu sufi)ic p&ticipidle:
    s k rl te d
    I h a .m i rg
    u!!rt
    lrdncd
    .rnvnicilg. el,r.

    E r e m V Ie:
    m.st. slrn
    - morc skilled
    - nost skiled
    -mo.e cliar.i.g -nost cha.ning
    L x c c p ! i i : crooked,Ei tritAc.l. care pot aiea lsi formele fleriionare.
    skill.d
    charming

    h stilul tatnilidr, pentru a se accentua si mai mutt irieea de superlaiiv,


    'L n er^dFFddj,,li\F. tn .pe"iat.cl"
    in -obt. -.t. -[,]t. -;J :i -;ng.
    ,oru:i .upFrtai!uL ir
    'FrmiIdre
    4.{ nu au .o^ pdrativulln -rr. formear,J
    -...t.la'dFt .J
    lo.ma netlolrorArnl
    Jq ktrd rd -1 .
    biflp n,. I
    I ,r"rr'p s,
    .h, p r'.rp.

    . dnd d. s
    ' o. j, nlr ir
    fr J gLl,s r
    ' im pid. . r
    p ic id. .
    d nm lab, ps t
    .n"ible. r
    t im idpr '
    toyalest
    tircdest
    Do yo.Df damnedat I
    He was the .asgrd6r clild.

    I CoDptuatjvul adverbului
    nr.r.
    s iJuptrlatirul idrp rn!l'r' ni, / l
    I - c..natica nmbii cnehze

    . 'r n n 'n q p c
    sinn,ni.sr
    ss.nsinsN
    doAs"d.l
    dninlenest. etc

    S 658

    130

    659

    4) ntte ptuli do rorbire a.dieotirate:


    The v dall' ^m P:

    Yo; d,

    ,, i'"'

    bd
    !r:
    'r';,,",P

    1,J1"1,', p,n.,
    -.

    liis nelheNso" mu
    lle loted-o*
    than uncleio him
    660
    """

    Notd
    douir comparattl e
    Un substantiv sau chivalentul si\r poate ti lnsolit de
    adverbul tn're
    cu
    cotsiruii
    ali
    ;et
    tn
    -cr
    terminat
    unul
    * fo'"t"" aii".ite.
    pe
    a'alitica {concea
    prccedd
    .i.teiice (h -,. sau'e'r)
    i; ;;;";;;i;;;
    struifi cu mo,'e sau mosl,):
    a'd

    m"'

    e't"/ftsins

    llian erer'

    She looked ,.ot"


    ti; ?!tarc' and rhe hoft cteeetot r\e Lwn
    ie iii-lr'"
    "ia;",
    idpii de.progresje
    Pentru simpljlicareins6, pntru rpdarea
    "ssu,pentru
    jn lnod, obj\nuit' trrfixul
    -l la
    adjdctivele scurte'care pnm'sc
    *"".t"""",
    mote:
    d!Frbul
    on'lrrrilS
    comparalivpoi avea si forma '
    ' 'r

    '

    ilffJl"'
    ll"i*Ti."*;:1ff?ii''i,,:T'#iix
    o ' om" dd' ' r rnot"t' tP dnt ' P at
    f o r"
    t ; . fi o ;'
    ' o ' r!R
    " r' a m'
    s,:;"if ;'i\i,"i"ii'^!:o
    r.
    R;a'"i"'""ii;
    "',"
    He te)\ tu e deld thaD axve

    S 661
    S 662
    """

    oRroGRArIrl
    dF o siDgurd!o'al;
    a, Adjcclilele rPrmina'"ln r o 'un'oana'zprF"pdar!
    onro"nJ i4ainrpa'uli\plor -pr $r -Ps/:
    'ldblpa/i
    ".rr'l'qi "i.."trr0rat,,c
    bigg"r
    - biSg'sl
    - th nnesr
    rrin
    - hinnFr
    linale este prcedatd de
    consoana
    ctnd
    ln celelalte cazu (adicd atunci
    nu est'eaccen_
    precedenti
    vocala
    clnd
    sau
    consoand,
    o
    alti
    doua vocale ori de
    iuatl), consoanafinalE nu se dubleazi:
    sweet
    deal
    solt
    qniet

    663

    ,J Adjectivle ternjnale
    sulixelor -.I sau -sl:
    nice
    lrue
    lree

    ri01

    666

    -sweele.
    - dcate.
    -s o l i e r
    -quteler

    jn 'e mut sau in 'ee pierd pe 'e linal lnaintea


    - nicer
    - t.!er

    jerminrra in _/ pre''dsL dF o \o'aln neac'entust;


    , LJ adlc.li!Flc
    / fin-l eslts,l,rblsrIn limba pnglFTn(nr sr in.ca amprrcsnaJ:
    -ca'elullest
    -ra'etul]er
    -cheedullest
    -cheerlull'r
    o ellest
    "r'-""ii"t
    ordcl
    -cruello
    tivele lernrinst" l n -y p re cedat de o consoa i
    dJ
    '\dji srrlixelor
    in -i inainrea
    '/ :L
    - dricst'r
    drie.r
    drJ
    -lazrest
    tazY
    - l3zi|r
    r Uniis.dirori nr|.rpreiear. h a|sr cazconpuati{ulnde
    r\ d" ' i
    n ,.i d !,' , d ." i 1 1 ' o n ' p;' J
    r . le- r , t , : , r ; - " .
    p ar nl, iv ulli! ' l J n g l $ rl a trr trru l /d rl F "
    t Cu t r c ep tra(o n s o a rP ro,,
    r ! tr _ '
    dtYest.
    dtyet
    aaris
    n't
    "Uncori

    schi nbn p-:l

    0afiind sinonimo adsf,ral : orrrnJ )' r' Lrroi '

    t81

    COMPA&TIA

    Ctnd ins[ -3, fina] este precedaLd o vocali. el se meo.tin:


    gay
    - galest
    -gaJe.
    cov
    Eacepl iil
    shy
    sly

    itl,{
    wry1
    ADJOCIIYECU FOnlIn Dr colrPAB,\TId )l-0riDour, aT-tr

    s c66

    Urmdtoareleadjctive ar fornre neregulatepentru gradelede comparatie:


    Canl.lratir

    Pozitie

    Superlalir

    \1o.st

    I litl.lesi

    ilt
    lilile

    t
    t
    {
    J
    I

    rarc

    hind

    J oldcsi
    I l.lihesl. iarth.rnost
    I l ,rrl h c s tr.n ' .th emrost

    I iitst
    hindmosl, hindcmost

    Urmdtoarele cuvinte, cind sint la gradul pozitiv,au tunc,tiede ad1erb,


    iar la gradele comparaiiv Ei superlativ ar tunclie de adjeotiv:
    (beneath)
    {'D )

    (our)

    (upl
    l compdaiivul

    qi.sute.lativul

    I uLmosi. ultcrmosl
    upm0sri uupernosL
    adjectivelor ,r.v 9i,,y

    si t adeseo.i ortogfatiale ti

    r Icn ru ,.1 1 si ,l/. ru va oar e dp adi"c liv . v "ui s i { : 64 a , - 6 q b


    3t d4hc" r Ia -t r,rob dL : 1,la or ieine, . onplr ali\ ui
    ddv " " l , u l u i / o 'e . s d . d J p l
    'r n i i
    !L o ri. a l" i /o rtr /u";t .I f!|. un s r n: r lJ Liv ior m dt dupd . , r l*
    . npd. ri:n d la oris n . .o m of f J liiul aJ v Fr b- lui , , jn; , "d"" . e r '! u n d 'r b l u r o m p " r a l i v i
    dverbulu jatsn.
    ncr, a losi sunolatiiul
    fo,l d or ' s r Dor n"t l, iv F t or ' nar . d r , I d l . i n l d d s " " L 'n u i / , r , i
    " rcrcn^t:tr;''an
    - d . pl 1d\ "t n )
    t D 'n o r t t n l 'r , b " n g f r l
    , -p ? , cslp ul i.omp ,mtiv ror nr '
    la n". '
    '

    s 667

    132
    668

    pu'otele cardinal au urmitoarele grade de


    -{djactirele rele toare la
    comparalie:
    easlmostl. casternmost
    no hmostl. northernnost
    souihm.str. southernmost
    westmostl,w.sterndost

    6t i0

    ru l orma nprcln s r ar i da a' F ' l e l o rm" m a i ' \i ' ; o -c ri ' .' l ' sunprl sl i ve
    l a unpre
    t?'
    s/
    . p ri r' .d ' u !' a rF s .u p F rl l i !L l u i
    ' r ' prmrne!r'
    !u l a j e. . ons lr ui
    adjectire sau adrrbel

    i.d

    r cr n o r ,

    b@1. of

    r .p

    n p

    n c .a .o rn o " ' i J o r l h
    "I
    r't\csouth{nnan leak ol ihe range
    \ " old.
    f i; 0

    r, fo' .t' P a
    .n ,
    n " l p i d l -' l i \F
    C. s i ' n lin, b ' r
    ' o' 1" d .o" ' puo' ;
    nt l ^rat' o.tP quu' apt' ^n4t
    ri
    ,
    D
    '
    s
    l
    '
    '
    u
    b
    t
    i
    rp
    ri
    '
    pc
    t
    .
    .
    r
    r
    '
    "
    '
    r
    '
    rf'
    a
    iie
    ' rrr d ^
    "i
    i ip l ' ' nl ru
    i di l l n' l r\el ' si nr ,' rF
    p n rn t. i rc n " .
    n t;t
    j-ri
    r.-1
    L n ' o rIo l rd r \ ' cu ' " l .rIj ' r i r' r'
    . . - ., , b.
    , r ,.''"l", .r F . ; J i .i
    ' l ' i m,
    p ri nt r e ac es t ens e a fl i i o i e ri e d e c i l .c rr L rrj n t. Iro\.nrtP tal e qui re urn nmra
    ,l r^ l ' i , F .h l u rn ;:i i r' l l " ' Joru\i nrul rpo-ra' ' :
    l d ,i n ' i. ar l' J r "

    P\ nJ or

    671

    opt i LUnl

    (F quD'l
    I n,ili 'r "n""'/ 'dra'ler:7 'r pri- praT'n E a numpro
    i ,in,l
    '-.I
    oruti in -od "ul"r'r',r sjr'"ial tnrraiul lerni in
    laLi,;
    -..e tnrrln,.,
    "L.otu
    - adeseorisi in ccl masculin - lorme ca:
    ihe mosrP.r/4" lit e lat
    \t ( d t itu t"

    . s\

    ine 9t,,a'des' jnzz brnd


    a rcr!/ tnique clild
    p"*"r poise in anvonc lor hcatd a nDa ?aled musical)'
    I harc neac. seer
    ".ou she sill do eelg
    York
    ler
    olporllnity.
    Giren
    '.DrlaDle

    obse alii asupraadiectirelorcu gratle ile comp&rafieneregulati

    $ 8i2
    ! 6?t

    Itt
    1) Adjectilul tll (: bolnav) are formle de comparalie neregulate ttors'
    Sh " (d.
    -,s"
    She \Y.rs tu..

    674
    "''

    \ t h, l I c a\ hF"lis r : s hr h J J c d l l e d u p l a r d o ' o r '


    ak n to noop|ar'
    s h n s h" \ "'
    f adiJ
    tZ /@ree, ihan rYc thougnt"

    2) lll si siek. Sinonirnularlie(Livuluiill si'esi'ft ln SLiA' ill estechii;;;al ai atlieciivuluisi(A'anbeleadjectiveavindacela;iinlels:


    ""}".t"i;ii
    t Fo.nc r.r. intrebuinlate.
    : hr1dn61
    '3 afietu^t
    los.rmost : lae.st.

    in the e,s n dle


    'tui.lmost:
    6 tapmost.: al lhc aerg tap.
    r tn l.tna st
    la! , s l
    I\'?r ri r'.h-'la\ t . ll
    \ l: l ir j r 111 oP. r r ' ' p r a

    5l

    co@aRATu

    183

    l,ohar,. In Angtia. tll (: bolnav) este iDtrebuinlat numai prdical,iv.r\tribuliv ti ca adjectiv substanlivatr, este lnlocuii prin st./r (: bolnav):
    t l. a, lt c oti ! )
    t ot t ibbu! )

    _
    ,, r.s,rd'\
    - l l.tsl t , | ..,1 6
    \ o u l o Jk,//
    L,1
    ' nJ
    H F F 1 .r ,l n ' "n . 1 p i\ n n ,, /,.1 i\p
    on
    n" .
    ", ".1l l o.\:

    (substdntie) The si.l musi be caredlor.


    Cind lnsi sic& estelntrebuintat predicatir. lo &dsi.A are in ,{nglia nuanla
    de: a avea greatri (la propriu), (iar la tigurat) a ii sAtul pestemisurd de cineva
    (ptdicatio )

    "You look livid. af. you 3i.l?"

    "As st./. as a.atl I am alwavs sdst.l *hen I cross the Chinnel!


    - it's alw.rls ronsh. and I nm such a bad sailor."3
    I'n si.ft la;d lire-,i) ol felliig her fo do her job t.opcrry.

    3) Ani,oninrul adjertil'ului ill esle {r.ll sau in good ltahlt. In bad heaLth S 6i5
    este sinonim or ill. Heahhlt nu este antonimul adjecti!'ului til. tnsnmnd
    ,,sdnitos" ln sensul de a fi iniotdauna sdndtos.rezistent la holi. robust.
    4) IlL ri trotst, norst poi ii !i subsi,antii'e9i adverle:
    I woD't hale Jou think ill ol Jour felioF. lSlbst.)
    l' ll t binl @roe ot l,im il he doc s r ' l c om e. { Subs i. )
    Let him d o h is !o rr. t s ! is r . )
    Ii wiil 80 il, $iti Xon il ]ou don'l oneX Iour doclor. (Idv.)
    I'o.J plaJcd Dadly. fiona piar.d,orra
    dd Elsie played ao.-"l. (,,\dv.)

    Little. A littlea,- fcw. A I$a


    1) Lit e- - LittLc are cinci lnlelesuri principale:
    O lAlhs \lntn substanliv plural) (contrar: narn) : , pu,tin(i)" (: insuficiont). se rclere la cantitate sdu duratd, are comparati'ul lr.rs ti supeflativul
    /.asl _sieste intrebujniat cu substantive nenumerabile (nullle do Inalcrii, d
    abstraclii etc.):

    s 676
    S $77
    S 6;8

    lirl? donfl. htne \\ite. Utne timc. li,ri intelesl.


    She has lri& (: trea pltille) knowledgeol DnglisJi,so she .a.'t rad inis boo[.
    1..$ joy, lcsr air. i.ss wo.k. lcis tngl'sn. les.snoisc
    Hc look the line ol lcas, resistarcand accelteii to be pui on a diet.
    , b) a liulA intrebuin,tat, cu substantive nenumerabile (deci fnre substant iy plu ra l -si gr ade de c om p a ra l i r) :.,p u l i n (e )"
    (: .rceva" .,,ni qte" :si noni nr:
    son1. este lntrebuinlaL cu Eubsianlivele care nu au plurfll:
    a til1|emone\, a tiltL winc,.r little wliile. o lnre jnicrest
    She has d hirL (: cevar krowledgc or Xnglish. so shc ran reid thjs )ook.
    p rl nj ,
    t L " n . l ' .v ' r : I' a n d b /s b p .d u .dI l J\d /,,,r
    J m oiP v . ].1 n .J n ,s 1 l i v .,
    ) | 4d n h ' ,j ' n i - h l n d b .s b F .d u s . I h \d o 1." t" ,- c" \al
    I m on r! \.a n a ,' ,ri i v r'
    l v e ,i i i S 6 8 7 )
    cJ lilll (+ subst. p1.) : ,,mic(n)"6 se referd la f.irsta copiilor nici ;i a
    animalelor tinere (: pui); are comparativul yourger ti suprlarivul Soangesl
    (iD stilul familiar,lirer
    qi hlles4:
    Ji m i s r l, t r , boJ hp k m!
    t,o o k sF ll ilt F r ' 1onr / i rd o ;ts l C a n a l L t\l l a p ,i i ,l " .D r" ,4 r sl i d d" Iranl a.
    i InA I is h) r har " 4
    'Tl
    s p FL. a bal siilat
    .r
    rotdcaum de .,lu de m re:
    !r//,ti /./bint dJ " . t j\ p, , "uieri ri rrri v " s d u n ,h o ' a rt" d e r" rm:nari v.r.ol i utesi of,!
    s lD ' ad j .ri vp npholr ' p ( dp rp rm i n d ri \.,t\p 7 i S 8 2 t .
    6;\d j cct , v delf , r ninaliv 1 S 8 2 1 ).
    6
    -{djectjv calilicaliv ($ 609J.

    g 67$

    g 660

    134
    Tnp sn arrca {a s lr J ine I ' r / ; r r L o' P'
    Th" /;,/P' kjd ' 5r r r pk ' d r n or nqnr '
    He is our /t',6'| (onc) (Ian l

    S 6!1
    "'
    '

    '

    o i;

    1
    p tLinr'1rlor'dnrrai
    plrL ' mi46'
    .r,liah(r:ibubFl
    'l'F';il:':.
    compad'
    gra4F
    t'
    l; d;m'r'siun' i-do1"r'LJ"i r^re'd
    ..rn* ;t,u,
    "'r"hri
    asrazrr'ru I s''13 si superldri!ullPast
    f1L;r.ompstr'rt'lp'.s'pu1rnu'i:ar
    (j!i stilul tamiiiar' lil'61)r
    i r' ti 1 " m' nd
    " u1 I
    ' ' . llr l. r oo d i ' 1 l P
    n. r n- , no t , " a n J n h l l h ' n d n rs ' L

    ri c

    ,.,fi ." 1 '6 ':,;i.,'


    , rr,. r,,.."
    i : r r ": g n ri
    ,.r ,r . \D,,r p5
    r ' r d Lown
    -,oe u" lhP" q
    |t
    'h
    tlrc t?ss2' tead
    h rr l.ssrr \o'L j,
    I bt

    ll' r l' iet loc r q

    ,:.. .hon+ ," /-.... P o\".1

    oi i,i;

    j'"

    o'

    tr 6

    /"' r /

    s' J(

    ' lF a ""
    i" , . , ' " , t , . r" a ' ' o " i J U " u r '
    l
    L
    '
    j
    tn
    e
    /td
    e
    s
    -t
    c r nLlPlla
    r lt r i l
    T lt lir , . 5l lh ' n A' o l d a rrYIn e
    J o nrrrnl d afecri { 6
    v rrs l s :' r d rr' " run" ' ' f"
    ( C\i
    J t nJ t t t 1 1 " - IF l " ' l u
    '
    t 13' I LLLtLu
    s u r d x n rn u trv :
    lls dulins lt'rle girll
    (|'.tila tur dragi Il
    Iliess rour li'l' lrei'L l
    ((le ntimioal1 bun{l)
    . . s hc hadillc l n o s td c l S n l l u l n l ,i .v o i c e ' th cgal estl i l tl l uugh,tl l eni osti N oi l ati t' g
    lirlc vars s
    c ' ' F i rl o' ' ri ' pri r' st" d// " u.grr' l el e de
    ln li r Lr " i l ry d mo d e rn a /J //
    e GD:i
    rFt' rn l " si mpl d drrnFn5rurremar
    ! t l. r tt rq i s n ttt" \t' o tu n ri ' i ' l ' '
    ""'
    ,"- " . i, 1i"
    i, i
    ' olp' r' u n ' u b s rd r l i \' o n ' re l :
    ',
    "i " " "
    I s aF aS we tl l ,l l c h o u s c .m n c n s n a /l ? /| h { nJox.si i ,l l csnd]/' s,hoIB eIl l ' Lveeve

    $ riAl

    i./.CuvintullirrlePoateli '"i:
    (adj)
    (subsll I caa gile votr is, l'n atraid' loo lirdc

    ll'he /tl,

    ,.or,/,r.
    ,Fvedome
    f;:'i liJ;"li$"'."'
    g $c l lPr ^v er lr
    \ ll,r g uis d lor

    S 085

    |drerbI
    'lr"rt

    l;

    r' lL_F

    lt lc I r . l. I n

    |'

    oLsr

    it.j,,
    liiTo"
    ;;",;;;; "ii::1,i,i"i'',i,";i

    A tenlLe

    '::"J'.4"'1"1:',''i';'",:il'rli";""
    sp'.
    sri\6
    rl ' nm
    '
    s
    LrctulnI' dupn
    | (. ) - /. I'l"':hir",":
    * n

    "
    "'
    lj:i""'."
    ii
    i;l
    ::"ll r.*:,:'
    F.:'l;
    r
    l:il
    ;"1'
    *r
    :,',
    ""if,
    n '" -'t'i '* !l i - t' / v ' ' ub' r ' pl r ' . pulr r r
    * , , . t " ""' r , i . ' . . ' i r" *l
    s''':f;1;::r,,,ti.llijj:::,ll::ijii;;;1,:l::,,,i,1',"1
    r r lr r f r Lit r s f oql
    ': ,\Lj(r lrv
    l\:!rrn ri plr r r al. l" r s l' eLr r t e

    :t:f.':;l i
    'til'

    O(.',

    ,,',1;,rl
    rl,;.1;
    " Id'tDredrd'iv
    ,ti 'j :, l', ,:1,:,;:1
    LJ o d' 1Dt hll

    coMP-AnATb

    nF!".j).]:i
    1l
    I' nuanla puzrtrir:
    arri'l1l"l:
    tI. Lal nid "

    /,"

    ll-',q
    rp

    't,,4
    ,/1

    n.,q"

    nrd mJd

    ,r'J
    .

    135

    ,-or oo,'ul 'oncr,., r:il^rlr t,,tt .i o [e'.'.,tc


    .,

    I . u, in. , - i, . d.

    .,iifd

    .' / , r

    ii nt-"r , t ".r

    lr i"nds

    \ lf r

    o I n, r ' l: m

    .;

    l,,nelL

    ILi.r,

    de p r i , " n i

    ti^m..

    1l
    :i ft{rcr. Leasl.i tc$c.t.
    Drt tiind .r t1l/p( cub.,..(./ n, pri. { fbb
    .
    I:\ pa.
    n,c i ar'rrra
    r,!r/:r i- -ub-'. pl.rn,n ar.t. /"* ri /",./,iin. rn" n"t",,"
    ";^r
    rFntrta',. lptFr Fi /Fs"o' p-n,ru ru n if. I o,Uti, , umF0ro
    tivul
    /as'.,rFir:a raondndi l 6 ti" Flirdt ppn-rut..t", irFn f^rm"i
    r. .i, rr. i in/r
    1,'in rrmba pnsrpri ronr.mpo,a,'ap",|'ru i p\p"i_d I un,..rur,
    l'1::l:ri !l"gl'
    op.r
    ,rr .ompJrirr\ Ft pozrl.\ut,r' /. r :
    ks.s r.oots
    Lls clorhes
    lprs leopte
    There ]rcre Lsr thsn ten p-.opleir ihe wa,uns-rood.
    4) Little ,ci much sint antonime. ca
    ;si pluralele respectire te\r si rrany.

    llnrb. lli

    urh. Long

    Ir. -

    S {i89

    s 690

    l ' ]l u r b. llant .
    l tl .,,s s .rc .tp rn rrFb,ri r,,a,,,r.ub.." nti \p
    n num ta b t t ps t F \ pr i' 1li. d n i tr..a :" rbdsi t.
    " rp ^ rrj v i . n o n,t 1 -rbrt. nt r. i nrl e.
    D y! n l a (u s ubs t anli\ . nu d p td h i l ..
    i ma n L ,rd r rt . D eo.Fbi rasdtnrr_ rco.te
    "\

    :: l i " i , , : i " . 1:.",.t,.,.h r cp4'i,d.i,r!^ c'bi,.adinrrp rd i. , r; \ F r,

    / r, . . i

    q ri rt

    /.,\.

    .,mu{:h', ,,mnny', prin


    sinonimele lor.
    . 2) Intoeuirer cuyintelor
    !i
    Cu_
    vintele r?rci Fi r?anl sint, adescorjinl;cuite p"";'"inon;,"t" tn", ,-"*rl
    fi*,
    a La..t)dpdl tott. pt.pntta[. t t,,! tat) ttam.\.ta6 (of)
    \tarr.).
    . t?.)|u t,ton1, tl d.Fstp.rnonimese a.langdd tvud qara:r.tttt tnanu
    o yod) nunbq (o[)l
    sr d /nr:p {sAl,o
    Tlr I h a d J i . n"t,al
    ,'hh"d
    In In F .o o o F r .,' v,

    { 699
    '

    ..d | 1 soot) d.dt ot thc n,t\rF


    !.4 t
    b""'1,"ri1""1!ii.:""f
    o " 'vprd'oa
    +H,:'IJ':'il";i
    ;"rl!.:'"""'
    '
    ''"""
    .
    ot t
    i np^.1'

    " r,.

    i l; '" rl ' ; , : , 1 j ": ; ' , ,i 1 i ," i 11 .,,,,,

    T ha'

    \ "F.

    " 'd

    Jd' iol' ,

    mdr i{ .

    lot a t too . l . , t . oi- " ". d, lv t o L. . 6r t ot t , , t h , . j r , t F n s n m . .


    . d,
    I n- r na . , t : 0 r I , n d _ , n U , . d s " r s .
    B,"ot o e. . d ) t , nt b4 ot t h

    lll "chr ln r"Fdi.p .rrr


    - inoni , , ; nt out
    ..
    l o l ^ . r Jll,;
    \..F\it.,.u.,'rlo lat of . t ot s olt n

    . r r in,
    or n,, h .i ,,,"t,,t
    ".te mai
    t i. , Lr j , r t t ^ r n . t d I s , r i - . . i t

    lil,llurb. T.or-9. lLu,:h ,t lun! -jnL uneo sinonime si se traduo jn


    Umba .a 69J
    roIar., pfln r.nur(;) . , i ,[
    ,],o-pbi,^l
    "ta1r.r
    n f, exprim.l cantitatca. numirrrl, morc sugerl t jdeea de
    ,,.
    ,,artiijona1,.,
    lrzs e\pinlA !durai.d,, i

    r.inlp:

    'l'ip r is . ' t ioo d. n


    r 0r
    !) ro nos.
    Ilt tilf s 0' ie, , r .
    c ak e.
    . . " 4o, . qu. .
    r o i o, , d
    ll." .- ' p
    tri n r I o
    in"
    Ar . I ne s o, , p
    -,r.-

    :1 !..!, s i , t , J

    " " ;-:t r1"r.1


    i pli:,i,i,r:
    t,'rl'"
    :iLjlll;,ii';iir,i
    lr,,Jtitr'i*l].
    " " " " '" " n e n !""r ' r ' ""oud L Jnlp",.ii."1 . . . il J , l : ' . ; ; ' , ,l' ' : "" '';';.l rr'

    :,i rr\" ..

    1 .rn r r r. ,r" ," rn:Iarj \( ,6 82r.

    r30

    ""11;'1,i,l;;,,
    li";:t "1;,"1i-:
    i),l',T,,
    ".*"'"""':l'1".'"i'l:;':
    inT;;.::''';;"""i

    ':'l''"i"'t

    poate aveati funclra der


    4) Schimbarede furclie' - 'l4arh
    a) subslantLe
    '

    S ti9.1

    "**'
    y,'
    i"i;l"4#"T'i'if
    :iiiti','fi'1"

    b) adterh:

    He js ha'l belter toilaY

    r.r"a*o
    )'1il,rrl'i'ii'"
    .l'Tj"'.1"""i
    #-:"i''"Tf

    st rig;
    "-'

    lrrelor pozir'i!Pr}Jx"l s'


    E'r' forrd dP sulPrlarit al P'lj'
    quoqran
    5r llocl.
    /r'x"" ) :r 'u
    ,,,,,i.':;';,.Fhu,ni esz;.u."r,-;"i'ri'.t',",""o4tl

    '

    *a" r , "
    :.
    .a ud " r ' r r c,b
    ; '; 11n
    i, " , ! , i , " i l ' , 0 , " . ,d' ,".r u b .s'n ri,
    <r ' i \ u.r ' .
    h at" r hd 44 r ' on \ ' ' "
    Tho ;"n^
    r-{il
    rt"., n{'nle
    lik' lnlstr

    r ' ol a l ^ '\ '

    l i r d I 'd p l r )

    -''.
    i: .sr;"
    iiir:,.l.ri;;ii;;"til"i:n;
    i';Ti''''"b""r"'
    .,i,;1.
    i!'id?:''
    i:ll";'I :l"i:',1"1";;:

    more lqrless'
    ti) llost;i lcrst rint antonime,ca;i comparativele

    ( 691;

    Elder' Dldest -

    { 697

    s (i98
    ""

    0ldcr' 0ldostl

    Erdosr.
    - q":;",r:,1,i
    r, ildts,.
    :"0.;i1"""'
    1'.
    lf t nr r x pr r o ll,:l".il;'iil.j'liXi,i
    qe
    rr'r
    P
    nt
    em
    lr ilor
    io
    a pli";
    I i'as an ,lda son'
    {h",.
    m! rt . \ r \ r s lr .

    i ; i ; ' i i ' "' ; . :


    o c

    ,j .li ,; " 1 ';;" " .'mr'" ' ' /p ) """

    ro rn p ' " rp l i c a l i p ' r' o a .ral ol l i rr


    'p

    H' Ii"h
    s"" r no*lr Pd
    " l ' ri

    l ;i l

    at' rrl ui

    Ti:
    1"":":
    :'':i':';'"
    .t],i';,':'
    ;l;;ii',i;*:tii';l
    ::*:i'ift,;;.';
    r""''L, . nr i.

    ' hm

    Iir:;i,,;
    llli..'.1f".''i:i""r'"""
    l''ll,l'" ,""'
    .,1.'';;:
    l.'l;:ll, ":l;1'"

    i1 .;.. ," "li::;^i1..;lj.;'Iml;rj:"'


    ' '' ''' p^ 'h" r'rrasrrd'a'
    i",;"{i li l:l ri'i,"I.1.,.::'":;"-li;*
    c,ou, ". ' ,

    n iaLa { - n; 1i

    t"

    " ''

    : v i 'i
    'c e l o f c r \ o f u r m d l i n 1

    *illi::
    liiii*ll*-*
    iilr;rrN"
    ;,1';,li*;
    llil-.,,,"
    "*llir
    ;;'.;{,:;1,i;'i;,,-ii
    'Hlii'"i'ii.,-.. r-oB.,.:d.nu,n,'!h?Etda.t n') a 1 t'
    'e cn L.,

    *'i*lj"illit,,i;i';;,:j:r';;:,l.rtt,''"*i
    ]'::",,.,"..,r,u,,s
    r \u dit /,ie nld' ; lr nt ' u J I i deos ebI o

    COIIPARATA

    13?

    tTdel poato fi ,ri sub,(tantiv cu acelaqinrleles lnrgil:


    Uv b.o!he.is Da ,lnr nv th.e rea6.
    Yi,n sb"dld onslnprlouri Fa?r's
    She rcsistedurc adrice ol he. .Id,./s.

    s 699

    Comparatkr .ld.r u poate fi urmat de coniuDctial/rd,. este nu',L.ri i 700


    . riburi! .i n'r p Intrpb i ar tF,lrru a',ir,,Hl-si tu.r,rri. F.tF sub.ri,1i\'. .ou
    lnsorclle intoideauna un substanliv. ij este ln genoreprecdar de articol ori
    de un adictiv poBesivsau demorstrativ al,unai cind-calificd un substani,iv
    la singxlar.Cu un sub-rlanlivla plural poate lj ljpsil, de determinanli(\ezj
    exemplelecilale mai sus).
    2) Older. Oldest.- Fornrele oldd,'!i ,ld.sl sint, intrebuiniate atit pentru { ?01
    fiinl, clt Fi pentru lucrurj, ,ldf,'fiind folosii atunci cind este. sau poate f;.
    rrmat de ,ran:
    ]iis .llr sistcr is ten yeds oldc. ll.hanhe/hjml.1
    I y d o g k o/ dpr t hi, ' r o u 6
    of \ lilr " n. ko rk s i .,o n s i d m b l y q J u
    _ I o ..n p ,

    n ..l' j o/,,. rtJr th" tl u-

    ' rm

    She is llre ,idrr, woman I cso mel.


    ln vrenre ce c?derEi rldsr sugreazi in eenere o comparatrre inrre tralj sau
    r uror i . Ii i sa u f iic " . t or n, el" o i .i ,r a i n 1 dri s i n i tn rre b u i nl oi "
    , j rrJ , ump,,-runri
    ralia nu se face tntre membdi lamiliei restrtnse, atunci ;hd comparatia
    nu cirnstituie obieclivul prjneipal sau alunci clnd mentionarea rirstei_mai-are o alt6
    implicalie decit, cea comparai,ivi,. Astfel:
    she had an dd./ sister.
    (Avea o sorl mai mare decli. ea.)
    Slre }ad aD ou,r sister.
    llrea o sold mai ln vl6tl1 deott accca despr care est.erorba.)
    ls there no ol&. son?
    1Nu exisH t]r nlt iiu mai competntp n vtusl.alDi dectl accsra?)
    MA eLd.er(s ar .ldtst) cotLsinin mod obiFuit nu tnsea'nni ,,un vtu
    ai
    mare (respociil' cel mai mare) al mu", ci,,cel mai in vt$ti dintre doi (sau mai
    rnulli) frali, veri ai mei". MA alder cousin este 1n genere preferar pentru intelesurite ,,vbrul meu mai mare decii mine" sau ,,.e1 mai tn vjrsii dintre doi
    veri ai mi care nu sint fra!i.'3.
    Formel r/dn (cind nu este urmat de ,rolJ $ olddst indici rirsri tnaintatd
    sau durati de tinrp lndelungatd:
    She is an orlp, woman f: o lcmeie (mai) tn !lrst{. tn etat].
    Tlje ,ldar hilding jn this to{'n js the Gui)dlall.
    Shc is rny o?d.srfriend ( = c.a nai vcctre pieten{)a.

    I'arther. Fart'hest.-

    \ 702
    "

    S ?03

    T'urthcr,Furthest

    1) Farther, torthcst si further, lurthest sint adeseoriintrebuinlate fdrh


    deosebire.pentru dislarl.i (: n1ai dcpirtat, cel mai depdrtat):
    I s\rari 10 l.he fatlhrt b^rL ot th. rivcr. lDistantel
    \1rr .onld $! lli. /orlkr cnd oi th-" strcct. (Disi:inlii)
    I V ezi
    S 698 .
    3 H.W. Fow]er. ,p .n. clder,
    -est.
    3 H.W.Io\rlcr,ot..n
    . cld0.r -cst, C,rrtr liidl trn s[]rsi{ni.i!
    saD...v.I|i"), interlr'rtara
    date ai.l lentru glDul nasfllir.stc

    tle s.nxt comun i


    ..!arr,.
    rlalrni Fi UItrr
    .el

    4 p. nt1,
    sp-,i
    , L r., r ' r La dr n , pJ - t i n"op, ii", . , , r t o d , d \ p . . r v . . r t n r e l + r ,, . . ^"a ma r!'n. r--rF , '
    b/ . . pt i.
    r' !. r.or dr,r.i o.!e
    .fill'r'.,c',
    , r nd n,- .
    |,tt. ,o lnJ,
    i.
    ,
    . , LA".
    | \1i1"t Ac.lntnt.t
    ,
    i.
    lt t
    . r1o J . r t '
    l ."iA" t] t , . r o. uo ' , 145'
    " lt

    !i ?0{

    13E
    l r L lin Li c l s l, r; .o n l c m r^ ro

    al., ,',i" ..,r,'i"''i i" t


    dc djstanln lipse-ste:' ""|.".,i

    l cgarF de i dcea do

    fo a h r E i fd h t ' r' l

    i"t"*i"'t to;n'"t"['/rth"t'//i/'ai 'ind ineea

    'lhere was a st.rhLeat the lt1hzt end oI ihe room'


    we headcdior l,he/drtn"/ sho'e
    ft ii"it*r lo^; rion the sohoolis nine
    grad'
    I''l thersilu t, / sa rplpra in mod oLiinuil ld rimp crnlitala ssu

    ..rnplus rrrdus
    ,,,^'";-ii,l,i .1,,.;i;; ia""" a. ,,"aitio',"r...rupl,mcn,-r-.
    uoeriri prin ,,alti, ,,mai" etc.):

    TIi.r d is r o nded f o- / ' , t / , . "' dTpl L u o / 1/ ' " . on idPr dr ion h" d r id' d t o
    I .m told there is no /u,ftr nevs'
    r ' ds on inr m y d ' i 'i u r '
    t ll u v " lor r r / , / ' ""
    T _ ! I i' k r ' oul / , ' r l"" dplll'
    s r \ n o n 'n s
    lo br dv } er p ' o"
    I $:.
    /,/r"
    'I :. , s I p / r "i/ F' pnil h'
    In l rs nn rusrons'
    ' ou- d r p a 'i

    ln li-b a pn rlP/ a . onr am por s nd s F r - inde l n F a ' a l f f 'n a l "


    lot r ' ale t a h||ifo t 'l 'a t
    in lo a' . ' r z "r ih
    . , inlulJiri..
    '
    Th town is ier kilometrcs a$aX at the /uttust

    $ 705

    2) SuperloLivele larthermost,l ffffienmit

    [urthq

    li futthest

    enprnnd un grad mult mai

    l n d l l d" . ir t or m oln " o i F p u n ? d l o a rF /d ./rP v Si /rrl l P sl l

    are siudvins the Idfth{t46t ls^\\furlhettusr)ends


    Solitt expcditions

    3) Pentru /ar cu valoare de adverb vezi $ 2283 c


    S ?06

    Nearest. Next

    1) Nearest(: cel mai apropiat) se referd la sldliu sau.rudnia. e''


    la timp siaula ordinea in 'are se rfl6 obicrtelercom(:
    ""i""e
    "";;;"-.O.;
    \1:e rane np the nrd.?s, doctor.
    urc f.oi
    lrrs zzarasC road.
    r
    TheY are mY adr.s'
    'elahons
    s
    par
    '
    n
    r r F m L 'r m p l o t h " d
    r
    in'
    p
    r
    r
    v o . s ed J o
    \'.f,
    L 'r '
    'tn be c onLi
    ir r nL" / r l n
    - pJ
    ''l'\
    I n I P r t u Pdi. nl
    lle t : m \ EJ ' al + ; " 11i ' s lP I Ud l
    'r'li 1 t ; n, y , ' J ' , / r ir '
    r u d p l i l F m a r s D r o p r a r pI
    lm i il
    2 l Pe ntru r'ir . , u

    ! r los f e

    dF adt "r b

    vPzi $ 228J "

    n Pi ' !
    arli'oluluihoL iririn a rrrrosau p F rla riv u lu
    l i p "n i." inr*t
    "i"lntea
    vozi S 600.

    S ?0?

    Fole. Formor' - foremost'First


    1) tr'ore,cu vdloarede adjecti.!"esteinircbuintat mai mult in formelo
    lorelcg

    6 ?oR

    2t lormer,

    toremM
    deli cumpar{ti1

    fo'$to
    ca formi, nu e\primi

    lorc'urnr
    intotdeauna o compa_

    p'olesoar{ a nea)
    a /o.tu' i.acher o{ nine (: un lost proiesoral meu,/oiost{
    :,,.a.a rl :

    cp l m ir s c ur L,

    189

    COMPARAT6

    3) SuDerlativele lilsi fi loremost sini aproape sinonime, amindoua tnspnL- ! 709


    nind ..p ri r;r ul . F ar " nn' t i . rp fp ' b i o j ; l a p o ri l i F . 'l i t01F. i mporrH nl .;.' u
    r .nc .i .ti rui" a. npr , iJ pi i d c i n I i i a t a l F . s v i n ,l n u rn l a da: d) ...c1n ' ai s t d nFar" :
    pl ' .rr:..pri mul di nr' '
    D / , , pri n "i p alul' . . . F l m ai i m D o r' s n t d i ' ' i n F . b u n m a rc
    , +i di n l i i : pF . in l / , / s r A r' ,' ; o rd r^ p . i n r' o s p rr.:
    TIe /or.,ro-.rlroons had reachedtlie riter.
    th " l l .r o r s -., p l a J q i s h .
    F o. na"
    ^n
    rogh t to r4 tu tn n g ]1 " i l i ' l p . n " r"
    O nins hor
    The /rr nns pa-sstsui live o'clock
    I $iil lale ll,c /tst lrain
    Thev sere tl,. /t(r to comeN'n; is the /^, placeon rou riglt
    ]t rva! a /,st nigj,t lFrromance)lntrebui ,tarea anrbelor suprlative ir expresia firsr nnd faretuast acten
    lneazi ideea de inriiet,al,e:
    The t{o hothers $erc [iN ann forcnastin thc stNggte ior bctter qna]il] Soods'
    4) Pentru /orr cu \.aloare do adverb vezi $ 2283 c

    Lster. L:riest.- Latter. Last


    1) Lster. Latcst.Latter,Last. - Formelelolr (: mai thziu. mai recent) S 710
    ln funclie da
    qi ldlrit (: ultirnul pina acum,cel mai recent)slnLconsiderate
    timp:
    Idrd. rnmourssaYtirat he is dead
    Iashio!
    This is lhe l@,es,
    (,lin
    doi,.
    doiled
    ulrimul
    Latlerla/
    lopu'lui lormer): l'l r"lerindu'"
    "l
    mod,rn, a.rual. prP/"nrl: la'l I u]ri'
    la llirsitul ;n"i Dprioadcd" rirnpt "./
    mul rdin mai In'it!ir tnpu" lui firsll; ulrimul dFfiniri\l se rplcri la lo ul pc ' "r'
    dclFrmint:
    rl ocupain lll,p ,au iitr'o s"rip
    "o1r516n1ivrrl
    ine later l: Ih conbine6l{erc
    hnd
    ben
    ovdhanld;
    an.l
    tombitres
    nl The tlactors
    bt
    ' 't

    alr.adv Norkrns.
    T \ r l;2,, hd tt;t Jdn dv $as \ r r J "o' d.
    lashio ns a .p h. r dlv b. om r ' g
    lautdar
    ' rhp lak; p oa l- an rlL ing pair r n lh" iiJ hr lor I ' bpJ v d n d p n J l p
    'fhcsc were his l6t No.ds.
    He caDe ierc i,st FridaY three Nceks
    r ' gr I F I o, r lt j"ndt
    T 1p , asr h ou "p on
    "
    1r r lhom . on.
    I h" L l g u".t

    2J Former. Lttter. - l)upe enunFrarea a doud obiectel,comparalivele


    trebuinlate pentru a ardta: former prinw],
    corelaiivo forrrrr ti lallfl snri
    rreilionat:
    obict
    ultimul
    obiect. ldll,lr

    S 711

    l' p m n u n r a i n s o r _ i n " s p a - : d . : s F
    Ih" r" sp . tso .,.;.s. - r : o, - f o- t h, u"pLp r ' ' r ip
    lh! sea5r4
    |
    t o t h t a" p tolo . t
    p t " latat
    ' rto rtd '
    "E lo ,a't
    ( Vf z i ii S 965
    9e6)

    3) First. LaFt. Cnr(l enurncrareacuprinde md; mull dP do 'i obieeter' $ ilz


    suDprl,li\pl! .^r,l.,li\p /rrs, :r /dr/ "rn irr tpbuinlale n"ntru a aratj': /r'ri
    primut obiecl. ldsl ull.inul obiect menlionat:
    ,,c. li\,^1
    Ilt . Hdrll
    i'"*
    o nlit'"'
    L : r' o\ pli,l.

    ir "l

    cD
    r l. ' $. r .
    i
    1"/ r "'
    '

    r"

    r"rnriish$ri

    r '' 't ' r '" r

    '

    Oricare dintre adiectivelo /o n.r, lattet, firtt i lasl pot {i inrrebuinl'ate


    s.i singuro, |nri corelati\.ul respcctiv.
    I Sens
    Cfamatical (v!zi S !r'

    S 713

    140
    ;ll

    l , Lr lo. l. I a' |.
    r.rA.r
    . el
    '
    d /'r'; ''l
    ,rr
    '
    i'
    nut
    i --

    pri n l Jpl ul r' i


    trp e l d i \ e ' ' d' d' br' '
    o rr
    \" -r.'
    '
    pc rrnr' ta:r
    d/
    l
    a
    ta
    tatad
    t
    '
    L l ' rm rrr /rr"
    '
    1
    '
    ttn
    o rd i n " a i rtr' a s t' I l
    " rtta

    tiitrdin viuie)r
    ,"1""::'#,1llit.t;i"iii"'*:i"lL'll;ii ultina'atrtorur
    nu a Itrais'is o artir]
    P'i'f'3'i[:l*"",'1",1i";5.eaotorur,
    'nu'jno'
    'rll. ldresr buscs aft tcry 1t6r'
    I cNsht the lds' bu$ holle

    i.ezi S 2283 c
    5) Pentru lald cu valoate de adverb'

    Uut

    s;lb

    "L.ljl":ll:"::';I";#;,1-iJ:ii';;',:',i,i,'":"oi:'.;,:":

    P\rre m ) 3u r nielP! e b s trrd :

    rh..,,".rna,
    ou./ cloll\es

    llil:;:t::l#:i;r.11,1,',,

    &lrd.onrrsron

    ttt

    nn &ll" stlanger

    liltili"

    mai inalt decli


    '*iii un grad muli
    Forna de superlativ dle''mos' exprimi
    forma utrmost:

    oIthec''lrih
    il"'i"* .:1".,:i"J?:"""'i"";'";;$:i"l'l:;

    s ?16
    "'"

    2) Contparaiivul o ldr este antonimul -comparativului-;nner'


    in(F t)tnott
    our("'1nos' 0nronimul 'up"rlari!ul|l
    ''ul-

    $71?

    iarsuperla'

    '?ffi*t*i iJil"lx#1"3i3"1'J"ii"
    sauun
    adiectiv

    t) .A.djectivere
    "i";tii'":*i'tL
    :1Tl'::' :1*x:1""il;tT,

    fo mp rra i
    h J\" r h. lof inr 1/ ; o ra c r' rF a F
    ' P.l ' i l :' -:i :l .i :::

    lrr'"
    il]Ji'l
    :iktrul,*
    $:;;;ll";",i';:;"on;'i$;;ii"fl
    ;r;?j:ir
    """"xj
    -i :-" " t.

    ar,,n.i ci nd

    e l om enn:

    r;'1";o'1"1'"-'
    o
    ;:';;:;riY:'
    ;"1;i1"
    i',*ll,lil"''"' e"'''|'rri.'a''ookins
    f##;-.Tri;"i';;i-;:))"'"1
    o-'
    'j::,il,';o,"l'li'';'-,n''
    3".'i%r;;:13
    '"
    :"lii;'

    rj;g';11i1;
    ;;i1,"1i,"",ii:3,.!f3ll
    -''",,'
    i" I \"' "
    ri" ,/'"
    ri;'i;

    'ninn 'Pd
    foF
    Tost atunci oind primul elerneni
    lJ./ 0u ajutorul adYcrbelor moldruii
    ,-.nns un ro' indiBolubil rl doilea:
    -pn7"'

    #;: li:;Tlillt#';ii'i,1:;';iilif
    fi;,1;iil"li'
    "....-'.,,,.,
    ,,,r".,.,i
    i 1"r,),
    i.;,,1,.::,ii"lT"111"d.",.
    ",r,r.,-.
    ll:,i;;;r;:,,:1"
    ;1,1'l:
    fi
    :',ijil:J"*""i
    _,
    ./,,rr srshlfil, rurr srLoctsrgrr
    "_,
    ra
    o
    '
    r
    i
    rh
    n
    ;;' 'E;i
    '
    " p r' s r' l
    ":;

    i:tii:i",1H
    lJ:{i*;Tr**-1ff
    [*;i'*'i:t$:'lll##dil"aq,"'1:irjltfr

    141

    COMPAFAFA

    fh d ! adopr r u a no* h i s h ' n i rd t l t' n v


    It \i .s r h; m . r ou, a[ th " -rt4 /" i ,.r.L o .,o .rd rr,n k o.
    i n l l ' r' ' o nrrv'
    /o /
    i ': n :oir t , ' t t ! nli P .' J -" i ,n ' .r H rl :'
    ' ,a' 4d' e
    p
    2 ) ,^'ri" . r it " la " om pu s F ..l " rro r l ri m F l a .1 p n rF' un ' uvi nl ' drP n' r arc
    r :rad.d c.d -pr r o1ic . t or ' m c a z aro rn p o i a ti v u l i i ,!r,p " 1 1 ' ri \ ul u 0j u orul sJL" tbPlar mo te l r ' r qpec t r v m r \ l :
    darbtelaced,.mote dol1llc'Iaoed, uos, dottl_laced
    h e .Itb t ol, " n.t u. p hpartb ro t" n ,tu ., .F ,l rrL ro kn
    .fthnni, moP oittdd, nos' olr and
    M * . o" l .l i ,rq s , @ r ' o u -.l i rri g
    ';u l "d
    -stiit
    \ r c ,4ol" r 4d -o l r-_ ,ru s ' s ' a n do i l ' h
    o llLh.
    s,a
    "
    I loud hin marc doenhe@tedtodav ihm vesir.tav
    Shc is the morr selfrateious girl I cver .ahe aoos-

    COMPARATI.\ DE EGALITATE
    {co\[P-\RlsoN oF DQUALITY)
    1) Comparolir de cgalitate. - Egalitatea 6e exprime prinir-un adjectiv
    1n gradul pozi'iv lncadrsl dp conq'rufrrd:
    David

    S 718

    lleased as l/ne!.

    Construc.tiads .. .tJ se menline io propoziliile interogative, negative ;i


    interogativ-ngative:
    ls D a \i J o " p l PA ,d e I/mP ?
    I/m" '
    I D a v ' d ' ' n rt d s n ' e a s e ' l
    1_ David is not ro nleased ds' r I/me.
    Isn't Dalid as Pleaseddr I/mc?
    in
    n rr s, d" c so estF di n
    2 ) Co mDar alia oc qa ti r5 . - l n ' o n ' l ru ' \i s
    'e o
    i
    madi
    al
    l
    n
    dpa.i
    al
    .. ma i d .s inloc uir c u a s to p ro p o z i l i i l p n F g a l i v a .
    ' l upd
    l ormS.o o l r s s d r a is , " / , t .L tn t' M rPn t.d ;d n -t ' l c i n vrFmccpsocdl pmaLmul l
    lntrebuin,tat dup[ adverbe ca reall!, qnite eIc..
    He is n o s o k i n d 6 t" i " i
    HP isn r o s L ' n d c Er;' a
    Our task eos zo, so had/rdsu 1 as ndrd ar we ealectcd
    T h" n Ps m L s i rl s u ,P, r d i p o p u l d o s l h" o' d nn' s
    ' lh" e d i d a r a o o s fd _ ri i l r' ) d s (l h " v d
    ' i r JA sterddv
    HP;anaot

    Pa L lu b P s

    b d d d ' 1 ll

    hdl

    The sardensara zo, qtrneso Inst at I thonght'


    Probabit .d lr ra,!pindtrFo.on.lru' liai ds. dr a .onlribuiL n'r numsr
    tpndintoilF.implificarp'atitdp a' ri!a aclualmanl c 'i9i inllu' nl3 sononl6Lrl
    lo"uiiuni idiomri.. 'lP lsrqacir"ulslip mult aprPfidlcde Fprrlul
    niLore-"iilor
    anglo-"axon,ti ,onsllnd din jocuri dp.u\in'P (puns 'r-ont 'alr'nbururrr
    asuprasensurilor6Jje.livclor. naslru$r'i'' ombinale'u sullqlsnlrvFlcrespF'tive, precum:
    (do.')D at.
    os t l; hl a . o b a t , a < . l osp o s o i o ' J tp - . o s d . a d o n u ttar- ns 4.ol o' 4
    4s snatP
    tl
    aLhha"'
    lP.n
    o
    "n
    L
    r
    d
    ,l
    d
    sn
    adrso
    d
    s
    g
    a
    o
    d
    ose
    a
    ll.o
    o sd l n bo
    a l.t..
    d, e needle, etN. ela. .rc

    lAdelco.i adverbd ds, care pecedi adjlclivul, nu se exp.imn: The child is shop
    6 a reedle Th e b aa tt,' d -u ns J ' . 1. Hp : " , \ ' n a! o t uk .
    ros I
    ' o r m 't l :
    "rp ,o"."r xrim lr i. "t inlFb. i^lar I n - i". i
    limbajrl colocrial scrG sau vorbit (\rezi ii $ 87i)

    $ 719

    14!
    Anchela ,,ltiiiins (op.r't.. p.24- 25) ajungela con lu-ziaca ambclptofmF
    in snrul
    nrl so...arr8i noi 3b..4, alll dp Ji'culdrP.sint a"+pjabrlp pnrna Frpi
    ln
    jn
    o
    fnpl
    da
    t1'nlliar'
    \orhil;
    srilul
    in
    limba
    a.r"
    i"-,
    l;
    l*rn"i, .;"
    lenta disparilie fina16 a forl'rei not so...dr'

    DD INFERIOITITATE
    COTIPARATI,A.
    OF INIERIORIl'Y)
    (CO\IPARISON
    I ?20
    -

    qi .i ls p.usF inaintco adjecInferioritatea se e\p mn prin a'lrerb'le 1rss'?


    'as
    adl'rrr!urur:
    Iungimea
    ar
    Ii
    li\ului ln gradul poTil;r' ori'srp

    r ohn rs t.i p /4 ' sd l h a n I m F (C omP r.ari t


    J ohn i ' rl P i d ;r ri " 6 ' d o r ' s a ll (5!p" rl al rv'
    as.)
    F or m a nF s at rv A a .o m p a ra ri ru l u i d F e g al i tal e l not o' e ns nat 50'
    arebrr'
    rs
    esl
    c
    prel
    crsl
    a
    sj
    co re s ound" c a int p l p s " o m p a ra ti ' u l u i d e i n l F ri ori tatF
    de
    ,"'"t adje'rivclor.curtccompa'ali\ul

    ii" iiHl"i;"-i";;i"i. r; "pl'"i"tr"


    i n fe r ior ilal. l; ind s o fo l i r m s i p F d a n l .

    OBSERVATII,\SCPRACOTIPARATIEIAD JECTITELOR
    IN GENERAL
    ?21
    G
    o'-'

    ici romparstite'Cazulrclui dc'al doilea,teJmen


    ruclia-nropozil
    1J Cotrsl
    - li'irlo piopozi!ii rare con!incun 'omparativ l doileA
    al eomoaratiei
    Psr;lPgalde pnimulprin conjur'1r3rfttn r- decrtJ9r'
    term.nal ci,mparaliei
    Lprmenur
    t
    ;etlciP
    orai"lanoti"dl. se sfld ln a"elaqr
    dc
    din Dun"i
    ''r
    'az cu
    care esteeomparat(Yezi 5 881' 882):
    ?,Fygr\. n,r b"llari ecor. lhansir,ldidl Nonina.i\)
    /obiprtrvr
    b"r'.t rsond rhanIlhevdid
    Th.i'Ea\"
    '.
    ',
    ins;' 'pcslaregulAnu cslFrespe'tat6'ln urmaIn enelcz,contomporana
    lorm" p.ono-inale, ambele curentp dupa tntn:
    &o,i
    tntilniir
    ex;mple
    toarele
    I{e is kinder rhnn sh'lh'r'
    He is leEskind lhan stultu''
    He js not so kind as ttuln"r'

    Cazulnom;notttts"?r/al pronumFluiobligaroriuin arpaslt situalredupt


    ln s'ilul formal !i.ln.lrmbdjul
    rhan.f{'t, promattcot
    "arPit'i "" \ntrchtinterza
    in lrmblur'oro'este
    folosil
    (r'./
    insriiit. tnnrom" cc cazulobiPti!
    'urpnl

    eni Faur"dc
    ca'rc priFi
    oriin""r ramitiarel scrisoriror

    i;iii'ii1"itii,i

    ^;gi,:;i
    aDropiate
    -"'"i"i."lri"r"'""
    obie"'ivinlo'ul nomineli\ului'repsza ln'aamhirlp'"" ronulsi 0ncenlul'arp por l6muri'itunlis
    -,ului
    ,".r"
    gri,Jfi.
    "*i".
    "i;i
    -"i
    ln conl'ersatie
    Spr. prl,l '. ev.l'Plul .lasi :
    th.tl ntz'
    fal

    I lilie hcr morc

    ,q.cesttert, completat cu po4iunea omisd !i interyrtat corect gramattcal


    lnseamnde!'ident:
    / D,

    ' {r' r '

    i. e
    ll
    "'
    i tdl
    d r r"'' n
    llb '

    lrtll ir,
    dP_ d

    I llr \ t "' "n "" 6 't 'n n " ; d


    or ' r apir ' lr
    Co."l"L li--'. o
    i "r ili ' r "' o ' lar ' li d r o r d '
    lFp' a
    A "(I'm.iri o L 'p-.
    - r CodrarntiLtl
    jrd\rrhbr
    i,rrre
    3 Supdrtatirnl adverbului ltde

    r l i 'o r " '


    a'

    dlnmatr"dpiF

    143

    Totuli, tendinla actuald de inlocuire h cazului nominativ cu cel obiectivl.


    addugatd la omisiuneaudei pn4i din coniaxt, face ca acelagitext fa,i de mai
    tfd, I like tier morerhan nm.l
    6d lie folosit ln mod curcnt 9i cu inlelesul nccorespunzitor gramatical astfel:
    I like her more thatr ne iliLes trerl.
    f.)
    (: Ini llacc nie ea mai dult declll"t./
    .caa.F aqle.u to',rl Eltcpv,t.liind o,nbiguu.
    A. S. II ornby, scrie: ,,ln stilul colocvial. yorbitorii nu isi dau intotlleanna
    4t'n old so ol ogn pppla,t
    ,4r 't .ind nu a\i.ri ri..ul ambisuitnlii.
    Is "h os tsll is mel Cor^.t gramati.sl .5.o a\ | aml. Gr $"oto-oiti nu
    est"erotd.Cl. Inlr^huinlafpalui lt's mp'. 'Tbat'q bim her', dpdut d? .uta td
    in stildl colocaial."
    Dar ce se lnilmpli cu linba englezi in cazurile cele mai numeroase.in
    .Jrc vo'bilori; ..ntriti dau orlpneala sd lic rrFnli la.rps.c spun {sau!ma
    mult lnnaj au uita' sau n au vrut .d rrip niciodard,lcosFbirFa
    lnLre un rext
    corect gramatical si aitut incorect)l
    A.Fla.i pro.ps s pFtrp.Fsi da"_a.
    dup" rl,oa.pronumclcsinL inlocuitc.u
    numF proprlr. Propozttt0.la) vu li 0 uI. r:
    /4, I likc Agatha nore than .Erdd.
    unde interpretarea ambigul poate fi:
    (a'):ln:,
    place Agatha mai nlult decit Fred.
    (4") :

    Agatha tmi place mie mai mult dectt lui Fred.

    Clarificarea intenliei vorbitorului in aceslicaz se poate face numai complpllndus" omisiunilFdin ."n,-*1 u. t",
    fa'l I like Asatha niorethatr (I like) Fred.
    fa")

    I likc -{galha no.." tl,aD lired tlikes her).


    (A se ledca hse nertilrat qi 5 s81)

    .umpcrarive provcDite din


    . . 2'. Comldraiivclc l ati||e. Lrup.; ,lr.\s
    linbi lalind, (unt,riur..in[,r;at.junior. p"st..ry. yihr. s,niar, sup.rior etr.),
    ronlunclrJ r/?anFsrpttuo.u r cu pr!p0/r\tr lr:

    I 722

    Their sooils $ere infqiar ta o11ts.


    Oxr team wcrc rlrs.ior ,o ou oppr'nents.
    IIis clajm {as J,'t. ,a auu!.
    He is th jarD, padnir iD the lirm.
    3 l C oos t r uc ! ia pr op o z i l i c i .u s u p o rl a ti v u l rcl sti e.
    l nLr-o propozi Li c
    . aic .o n l i n F un s upF r lr li v re l a ri v . s l d o i l " a ' p rm p n l .onrpai al i ei est; de obi .pi

    precedatde o prepozilielol (: dintre), in, rn, under elc.l:


    Lilies are the nost lmsant ol fXnaos.
    These are thc f,E;t ;ppld ia out ochatut.
    Ile is the Ds, an ;\' tutlL
    Shc was the dp;s,
    @naa undcr the Nn.

    A se conpala cu $ 87t.
    ^IA.SHomby, Gat.rdto I'd ans d l asasein Engtisn,pag. t24.

    $ ?2t

    144

    4,supcrra,i,ur
    i:11"i":iii"""?'illi
    s;2,r
    ?i'1ut""-llr
    ll'o;rj;,,;,':i':l;:lJ,l
    "'*:l:'il':.,i'il:iil
    "*'lll"l"

    "#*r

    i:f;:]fjil o.if.".i"",i',
    prcp'e
    orr'!!-"
    in theoause

    Hf']"'f;"ff:ti
    'ro'"'"

    clnd substantivul*t"*"t
    colul nu este eriprimat:

    *iTil""n"

    de un adjectiv dctermitlatiY'art!

    "--'lll"",ll:"1;,.,:;l"l'i::'"ili"Jl;:":""t:,
    :i,;if l''"'l'il"T"ii'lllii'i;"
    "'"'""".'- i
    i u p e ' l s ri \u l ui ds rrl puri u nLrdnLs l o' ' i
    LioqA 0r li' ulLrl rri //" i rrd rn l " r

    " t , r ,r iii'"*

    p .i .i"a o prorunddFmoriP :
    t
    ol i1"nd 'l
    rr
    ' na l' ; t ht t t
    A' - Fns , t r Pl'

    '

    esle precedat de articolul hotidr'


    De objoi' superlativul-ansollrt nu

    , '..- 'm^'ld ''' ' r'ul^"Jsid"i'Il.

    '*';ffI:'15i;"'i"":*li"'

    ,n'uh''.n'iv
    "' '1 :"1;.,':::ll"ll;";'iiii;:':;r:ili$i'^"11
    $726n u seCr nd
    t a i u n ' I c rrrd
    epet i

    """

    ' lec

    ' ro l

    1.'"**'"'
    xij!,tl;"1;::;'o:"":,:::;,,T:^T[:-:lF;i't";::i'#
    "ln'"'f'lix;
    sl ur'pi'nTlPrman
    l'loilcd
    lrrmeo - LclJ'

    5J fonrlaral ia rrr trnsrogur


    E 726
    r' cel al 'up"rt'tttut'n:
    "
    para!ii poa " lil'r dtr' In "azur 'ornpdto'i\ulLri'c1lsi

    :":l'r"] ll;
    ::,;'""
    "'a'v
    :; F:'f".;
    no., .,h",,'re_ra""l,,lTi " " ''
    -h"

    .",- ,"*,,,...

    i;'i:""itf#:' .x"T;fi "nii' is*iu*';'

    { ?2?

    \ trbul din ptofuzilrs '- un'l:r;


    bJ Propozili.romparirlrli eliplicn'omp''1ii adF eorrlro'F'la(I r/z/caro'onclrlur.dl dorlcarartirtslirrrei

    2?
    -'- 2 8 . 8 E2 - E8 3 )r d o u lo h i o (re 'z'o 'o rnpr r aLiplnr ,r PdoY:l,"lil' "";lbi
    it fornparalia
    S'"
    i2 8
    ' au"r p^z' ' r '
    n
    i : : T ""i : .i ;:;i ,;;..;.p " ;" ri ri rr i rro"ur iur *r r r tir Jr r i
    ;:,irf

    ""^iI ::" ;i'[;:;]:,,;"ffi1,'"'


    ;.
    l,;;, *,ji
    .
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    'r'1I sn pn t tl'e 8 f P' r ef pnr

    \ ?2 9
    '

    "'i"'"'J'i'1""'
    llili::i ll"'g"li*,'i; )n;j';,]
    .;' l,a'i::"";T-:,i'.,;i:":r''li'iillii'
    ,,""i;:',i":1"f
    " ''' " '" ''
    A s compara:
    i]': i"ll'i\il':liiffi:";iiil"'""'""'"
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    '
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    Cor r , p, r r r ir trl ' u In -l a ' d F trr' " rl ' rr' ' '
    hatnri t ' u:t
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    tul
    d
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    -'
    tt'
    t
    1n
    n r ' nl, u / i' pr , n l J l ' rrl
    ' "

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    rul P ttdttt' u

    ll i: t:j[,i;J \i ; lt"iill,]" ilrr,ii';i"ici,,i"Ii"iill;1,1,,,'')


    I l' , nt r ! dur i n i ti atrd
    r li, j "'
    ',r"',",.
    ' ", ' "

    |' pl

    r r nr ' '

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    ii"',","';iii'i"",1l
    ili,'.:ili:1ii.
    tii?i:liiii4il::;',ti;;ill:
    """'

    145

    COXPARATIA

    douii obiecle superlaTotusi. se lntilneqlc unoori ti irr ronrparalia dinire


    lilul i locul conlparal,rruluri

    ",,'ii'","iu*
    ih ?i:*""1':i:;'ii
    8l',,i:
    '",- ""

    \ ,e.i-1.,

    Ln n.lru .l

    p F ' 1. .

    gr r or P

    In

    ' J r ' ' i' lp"r ' i

    la\i

    n F ! l i i 'n l d

    sril

    i. n iir.r. runsrijit: 'tipstrodEngti'b"'


    ( ;ll(l
    dirrlrourlohicrl:i trtr.crrrn rlrn'lun uLi"'r ''rp otnpdral
    '. I oDrpam!in
    i nd
    ' r/r" rl i n !' up el ' rn' .i
    . r r-p u l Jr " ' ' r ' lJ ' ' nd rrF " ' ' " '
    ' t"rp
    t' " i "
    rt
    '
    rt
    llt
    t
    t
    u
    t,
    i1
    ,r'tr"
    s'
    t "cuvinte
    ' in rH" :ca: /Derrsr S 73r
    'nd 'nrr"
    '"'.' , ; i : l ; ; i " ; ",,r "i i i " '' 'i
    ,t'i,rg"..,p." iace prin inlrodur:ereaunor
    ;;;i;;;'""
    arivul :
    CornptLr
    :\

    /;J;"^';,,"
    ;ii"
    t alrccre ct)

    **
    J,i?#"fi"$:1i"l,ll
    "ll:,'ilfi;f|:li'r.,';;;ft " "t,,

    J oan is ?t u fe d i l i g n ttn a n ttu r4 ' o l tl e cl ass

    "i1lf

    li : :: ;:;'3',lll;"",::,':"-ilti1f."1il,#i:"1ilJ"iJ"'li:l*
    il?iiiii.
    ::'/-"1',""iit'ii,
    f;,ff|,',#::itr"
    ii:::: ;i'4,,JJ'1,;::
    un saP'rlaiit' obicctul supus comparaliei $ 7:12

    Dinlporli!4. lntr'o propozrlre!'u


    in gtupul "u .1ra FsrF'o'np 'r'rr:
    'r, h,I- ';,//r
    ,\up'rlalirul:

    ,t n"a.c,,r J^6nis 'Lau,., n.ff:i".1""i,i,Jo1*":"i,1


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    1,r"..",",;,r"1""fr
    oir,,,,ji,L .nh"r.ra...
    ,",1.Jfl;";i;::.","iI
    ttn. o,p ,t,. r qr/ $ ,r.r' ,,r"."":"l i ,,l l oJl " ' ; : 5 . f i: '
    $ erP t h' / t ' es r oL r

    iLa"""L)

    Th ,!

    (CarecI)

    'lt\e v lver

    t hc nt ' s r t hildt un in t llc pa r k

    prrria
    parre
    caneriini,
    Hi ;;il:L:;race
    nii'Kil,.",lo
    ,(J;"x;;; il":l,; ':1.11;
    .r.r..ar uraD her sisrs'
    srre is

    " "'|/;-.,",,',

    is the.lt"'sr ol the lJodeslsistcrs


    -\t\e
    t
    tle dublu-conparativ
    9j Dublul comparativ'Dublul sulcrlativ - Formele e'nnstb'r't'st)1'F
    InotPobt
    dubru.'irp"rrarir
    | -.;:';:i:;.";;:'i;;:;rri
    DFsi .u'pnr inrrpbuinrdlcIn \r' n Fa lrri ShaL"pFdr" ti "it\a
    "',i" "ri1",..
    :i;;;;',;;
    d.rualrrFnrprr;d"dz lip'i 'lc 'ulrurs
    " """.
    (Cotect)

    \ 733

    ' '"'
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    .ll.t,i;".nli':li'?;"1,?:lliillli:ii'i,''fl'Ll,".,ll'ii;
    '",
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    p tp i i ma' "d' d'
    ; "" . ; ," " -" '" ,. r'r'i i
    -

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    ' " ^' ;

    " unp

    "

    F s r' n r-' F d rr

    r' ri \u l

    sau/dr'. ori urmat de 1)Ylar etc :

    d e aJvqb" l "

    tr" r' Jl

    na h

    i'orse lodaJ

    '|r,. Feather is (aeu) nr'L


    lr ar l
    \n1 '/r'
    " l

    l "'l :l :"-'' - , \ ' n r r \ r r a l


    : :',.:;,.'.n:'0"","
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    de la S t3i. In gramrii.i.

    ' ' rl
    r'r lr'n / 'rri si rrin lattrl ci1 .ste nar

    140

    ,i\,",u,'r-'|JP r: uLrrindu'J ll:: : ;: lil:


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    c^n,parili,

    llli'll
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    *"' lrlii:1,i";riii
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    i\ o-6itu" o""i':ll':;
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    l:
    lI, construcliiidiornAlr'o.
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    ri"-';;iiH;

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    b / ' l "d c o m p a
    llnJLr']'prrn
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    'la
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    :
    mar"cu at:li..
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    " 0. ,,

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    ii;*$i$i",11
    S ?41

    a) intrebuinlarea adverDe
    restrlNd, loo':

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    ;;1'"-:;;"r;'!)t''))a""a

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    r'II'! 'p - q'r'nrn

    147

    COMPAEAT1A

    unui Dumer foarte mare de adverbe echivalntecu adverbele S ?42


    _ Dl lolosirea
    oau stilului mai multi exPresivitate:
    tare
    .le mar sus.
    i \\ru rl r

    ad mi .d blf . J l4" mn8. y . d .p .rn s h .

    rd

    ro o$Jl !

    l l l :!' 9-l ' r" t px rJoror


    \i P J\dr\'
    i
    i
    sr'
    l
    v
    h^r,i
    b'
    r.h'
    real J
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    m..5
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    m d' ,L
    . r' p ^ l l J . ' ,p
    i n n, i,,h r'.r-tr, - , r , , , . 1r . i' n " d i n ,.r' 1 .1t"
    n-ommol rj
    fl i b l j .rra r- r\orn j h '
    hn, . s r , , L' 1s l .f " o n d o i ' J .
    ':;;i \' ,"" t
    t \i 5 rl r ra m \" n d ' ru rl f
    'l;
    lL
    r
    l,
    :
    ,
    dl
    'i'. - : i ,t,r.
    lntrobuinlarea arlcerbelor eragerat tle erpresive este una dinlre oaract eri"li rl " . ilului t , m r liar i n l i rrb s " n s l " rd l
    > h p u a - o u /,/r" r,l p a ' ' d
    t \,,- /.rR 4 ,/,//JL i l d o r"
    I im drea.lfutlg sorrYn r'
    lr \a ! ,a ra J a
    ' f n d l . ,: .i D l ,/-1 'i r" ' n l Yo u
    S 7{3
    cl ui,ilizarea unor adverbe cu nuanld de superlatiY absolut, ca: irut.
    .ruitc.' pasili(,elq, reallq. s;mplu eLc.l
    It was ius, snlendid.
    I q d a u rk d i s d D Po i n t' J
    ll
    P^ n ,,4 , ;s i n ' a l /J , d i ' E d l I
    " Awas
    rimFit aslul
    She
    S 7r+
    dJ lolosirca unor anu ile prelixe sau a altor cuvinte la formarea adjective-lor:
    ."'rlelalnuaid
    ngPelsensitive
    s'rra dry
    JuP erttnr
    o r,.b l .r' '
    "-o .st ion, l
    o .a " i z e d
    rJp p r o ns ,ipnr iods
    l l i ;:.;11" .,.

    dp_ao\ .

    , lF

    ir'rlli

    L.*hti"

    lJ

    P) im d h r l\'

    o vPn

    o r ' rl r'

    c I folosirea superlatjlului relativ tntr'o propozil,ie in care al doileatermen


    esle l6arte general sau lipEe'qt cu totDl:
    )
    U has Ure ,o/sr ol temlers. {: IIc is e:l.ao.dinarilv bad_1empe'd
    I saN the s,er&s, batY 1: nosl. s$.et)
    !\1 " m " l J l u n n y r
    Sh p i d , " / ar . , ip" , ' n ,l d
    H" sa. n l . p , nt , s , b rr mu \p d
    T ha'

    ,l'

    "kl

    l,rd s oi n\

    Je1 come aorossl.

    si\tp r i

    n o ct a r n ^ !

    n 3 : h ps l l p

    ro

    $ 745

    'Fst

    ict $ 633.itl)
    tdri interjec!'ii: S ?46
    /J intrebuintarea unor constructii exclamative, cu sAu
    t|'rd, a /,r' sFechl
    Oh. Father.Iou are so &tndto mel
    "Ha| GrceaW8 UY ValleYl"r
    Isn't she 1.hemos,e..?aisitcactressl'
    ! I intrebuintarea unui bubstantjv sau superlativ urmat de prpozi,tia r ?47
    u/ tni' ^ (on.r tu, !ic spniri\ sla .l' 'ipul urml ror (S 220):
    Thc landowner was a lnrae .f knaoes
    riluP
    t hp \ nt uP
    Hc Dr o!
    ' o t as d'
    ''^ oih : ne"im
    m n on r his 'J
    i i s i^r l o / r t S t I ' - 5
    { o'"d
    , ld
    '
    ur
    pit
    o
    lr tt t h?a\ ol h"o" s ' np k nAr hp $a 5 r i g h
    Ile Nas thc l,(c.'r o/ ilie lod'

    r o tt"4 ! - e dnr 1 I , r.n u n l :ri tr ' -n ,l i " ,1 4l n l d " .: I r:tlr] clnd Inseamni
    Fi
    'rl
    f 'rJu l ,1 ci n r l lns eam ni, , . , rr{
    z. h "p tu br c t obt ut n i i l
    3 T,u ui x nui r om an d e tl . L l ' N e l l J n
    p rp rra .l rn s rd d m' : Inalt dectt simplul snperlativ
    . i o ",t i" , ; " ' , t . ' l'
    " x' l d rJ ' \
    6 O B. sha{, Coaot onn CkoPbo

    ir, lungirca li accentuareavocalelor:


    IIc's thc r("sr I ILt:trrdtstlr{llow

    S 718

    I halcn't

    S 7{9

    - atrEcrrvuL

    rloRFolocrA

    148

    gol th!

    l'dsr I lj:i:stl

    idfa

    unei aile'dolc:
    proceileu pe care il rcg;sim li ir rona ctte la auz-Lrea
    'odrdl
    iJ repetarea unui adjectiv ssu adverb:
    rump;rde
    'lh. ncocrnewsXsten: dl thc hi" PUrh{sesJstem'sisl'rnul.
    r i ' l t m o r u n I a'1r
    l
    '
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    )
    - - m o' il

    cu D.d ; 'n tu "i t') ' . "n


    5 n' s ao ad d!!a od' t

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    li;lJli",iii;"ff:' ilii"i?!u*" '" "." 'Nnosu'j
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    +T;""

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    pljmb lnilu se d

    , (: ,,N,,p-ij cuminto!" E{cramaiiesrumalrciddintirneitio tate

    dd t inir ' l

    III. ALTE 0SDSTIUNI REI]'DRIT0AITDL]l' ADJDCTM


    (luscnr,r,arDous BllllArixs)
    $ 750

    1) Sohimbarede lunclie. Adioct:ivolosubstantivate'

    faz F"l" in
    dI AdiF' li\ul poale li rnlrFbuinlst'''uhstantiv'ii irr..am'
    gener6rnu'.t.lusiv] pr'"ed1 d" u'li'olul Lnr;rrl Aslial ulrlr/al dpsemnFrzA
    ( 'io:iindi'izii crrc Io'cJa in'u+irraexprimur;
    i"""]"".;i".;,;*';;le,ti'
    rnloruprnnA
    he nai*,i'1. D"'i lorma lL,i romrnFnps birnl'arn a'P dn'orpa
    j"
    plucnl:
    rprbul
    ia
    ronstruiFtrp
    cu
    arun.i
    se
    i"i"i"J
    or"*t si
    the s'ise (: lnlcletlii)

    i h e j ndi .i ary (: mi ai \i rdi l i r


    th c E ncl i sh (: enC l ezrrr
    tlLe moie intcrestins (: p'6oinel'

    nra'
    r hP liv ir ' g ( : v i i i )
    r h. ac edr ( : i a i rl n rr)
    th p nobl e[: noLi l i i ]
    r c r iim inal i: c ri mi n a l (i i rl
    th e l ess enl husi astrf
    1: ' er mdt t' i rrrn
    t hc unpm plo y d(: ro t.0 ? trr)
    e
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    rhe wo.klcss t: sone.!)
    i h e hF6i i nfordP .l{ :.er r dr ci rl r s a u
    thc iotrlc$ L: sometii)
    t he inil' t r r y (: mi l i ta ri i )
    The Daoersnublished lisis ol ,n, ddd and 4d nif'ng'

    *n'"**
    Tl",e;#;i!,i'fli",'?ii;'',)l'-.,i',il
    ":i*'f;","."'/,"i'i"lii
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    i nl rpbui i ' l al P
    Cit s v , . ii. c i i v p , d P \a r,i ti s u b ' L " n r;v e de gcn ' o' run si nl th'd PosLd
    hisbPtroth'd,

    hT b'loid
    t',ai
    "i"s't
    ^i'', erc-"i;i""i,
    intended
    .lerarted.
    his
    the"'"iii"r"-i
    " ";i;j;;
    i"ar"ia "su rJ Ln nu'r.ir.'F'rins d' indt'lizi
    ;;"i*l;li
    "i".,.
    prin insulirea
    ardleld da adjp'ti! adjeclivulrrFbuic insnliLJP
    "".".i""i"r1'
    un substantii':
    'l\\e Lnclishmdn s'as ialking to the rwo 'ttotcirutr
    I saN i nilt,a.3' ryaDstandingbv thc gale'
    dsr'r' ,,dn,
    She t's
    i Ling f ulL
    bo r " /4 .J,'rr^ , "4 $. r '
    t n\
    p l^ b : .
    o; a' ll 3
    o
    l i".
    '"

    on, .
    Pt
    '0

    r 5e pr o, ' unl e| .l -rd .


    p .i rl ' i r.tq ' rr
    l Frl d:rIP
    a s" d pt bt ll- it n. n y .ta L e t' \" o e " dL d rd l r' ' "
    : G . I a. bhaw . .p . .n
    3
    ['erdrrd]

    nod dscd: nnbrltrinise;

    149
    bl ,{dicctivul lntrebuin[et ca substantiT cu tnt']les numai de tnryuldr
    J. b"m ,'F,i r I n g. " , 1" 6 a b .i rd , l ;..J U l i rn b 0 u ' u i p oporl
    Sroa and skddy Fins th'" ra.x. lProrerbl
    IIc has io stu'sent rrght dtr etD'g .
    'lhe uLln&sn holds no lenors for ]Im
    Iiindlv nddD, is Lindlr/ tnkcn ll'rolerb)
    \Ye k"no\t litlle lnsltsn but spcak goo'I French

    E 751

    b" r : i .1 . rh " a l ,i o n l b h i n 0 rr' F l " t. rhd Frr. ne. rh" r" rri bP
    1r,;'",'r', iii. ,
    ' r ' . dtmrnal;
    tin lilms, ctc.). thc
    t u n ,l c s uur lot it )
    pt
    iti "n ,r-sr, io. t ar " s r , r ' . \ d .r r,.- $ o ..' . rh mu r l h ri l li ng. .
    No td

    A se observaadjectil'elesubstantivateintrebuinrateln constructiiidio-

    S 7ir2

    1t) lo tlL ttal.


    Trr"j w'r.
    soBc'
    Thiri6 $rrc "t(oine /'on ba'l
    E,pn ls , ' r p , ; / , f { o r t ' t ot 'o h bet t e r .
    I'll do nrl b6t to holp
    T "t .a r at derd o/ ntL,/
    .^
    HJ\p rou s aP, m 4 i' t s / . ' Cooo:
    ,
    o
    qui
    1l,
    "ir
    k b\
    $or d .
    /r,
    U. rc
    ailr
    I fo 'rnJ ' rn{
    q' ll , r / h" lblc } ol lr ing"
    s hol+
    ll. $ c , lu,
    t ' lea"4 o,
    l,.t lrim ri. its wo$t.
    ", "

    idionatLce
    constr tlclii
    AIte
    cu un adjectiv substantivat:

    tt i qt^" th" LP rt i a
    \n th " o l ' s t t dt . t o E o t o th j b o l l -ro rBk F -' A ? ,a d $ i l hth egaod
    o
    elr'l
    atl
    ot
    suddPn
    c"a.ot.itt ttu nain'in tfu oP"\' in sho't'

    cu forme de Irdrol:
    -si
    goo.Is, 6h@ts, tuins. aces,

    etc.

    .) Adjeciivelsubslantivaiecare denumescculori au atlt singular,cit


    ti plural:

    t/iolpr happPnsto Ie tle colout I liLP


    s d b N " n ' o r a u mn l .i \d b .
    Sh p Dat n; d r ' r c a. ans P 8
    t' " s i fl rr rn o i l r1 ," ' . ' rh d n ,o" F5 rhp pi rl
    [" i ,'. i t , . ' . . i, ir "
    Lieht Blu*z
    Th. D@k Blue;', \he' 06'
    liv
    F
    A u d p \e n i t a d c v a ra tF " u b s l a ni i ve si pot av' a formd
    adip'
    d, L n i l c
    d c pl j ra l . ar t ic oie. s enili v ' i d F l e rn i n c n l i ' r l i s u bstanl i ral a propri u-zrse:

    S 753

    S 7i r

    m gqral

    a catital
    a daily

    a lrcleta.ian
    Rath er a d ed ., is n i s lr P:
    y af t s u h dPar yr
    r ^ o rnr hp rp, p v , lor t t , B, : I
    L.t mc look at Yon, ,tv ?.ell'"s l
    \\^ d..rl i. tib : . . 1 ar y r ods - nadPs .
    she Llo ps n ot d ; r r d r ln judg' o"nl ol h"r ? 4 " 4
    r' rl, p

    spo riv.u r"j.d r { s au

    a jur t

    t o s r D l 'P - l n r P p r z " q i P r i \ a

    . - onold. t
    u"'"',tiliil ;i."i:I^l/,i,lX"l
    ,tuziBld
    tii"i;oxrordi
    'l,l;,#""'fl"t:,fi.lgiiili
    i
    r ni!"trir,tii dp la C.,.bf:dsp.

    ar,*.

    ,:,p.i,-"lir'i,

    150
    ?i6

    '256

    {' ?57

    F . / | nF lF s 4j p c i re . p ri n a J -u s 0 re d r" r r,' i naLi Fi {


    i n trFbui' , ! at c numa i l a p l u ra l :
    rrl' bellers

    1i8hls
    necessa.ies
    movalles
    lla\" \o. Drl on v our r o, 1/ , s - s oollFn lol I i r 'i
    JPl.'
    lle .l-,in t ie a' , lie / idls r . ' d. l aam "- in 'r l , l r i 5 ) .
    lir . l ' ls 5 s d i r i a s P q ,
    Tre r $crc n o / ir s , s nn ihdr l, ain i
    H. dl{)r- pld J a r l' r t a' i"c \ - \ ilI J ' ns pom n o r ' i m p o r 'a r " h a r u 'l 'r :

    E r c e p tiii substantivulnrs. .are! deli cu forma de plur'dl' esle no


    singularfdra ilural; a Dlues(: un cint'c melancolic)'c6re are singularulio
    -s iilp!rlic cu pluralul.
    (Pentru ditalii vezi 9i S l2?)
    /./ Ntrmele de nrtionaliti,ti
    f't AdiF'iivele .s;o aratii nalionalitaleassu pro!pnicnla r-sionalu !r
    sirr j;rminirF rn ., Ir[]. -s/i. -(s./s. 'PsPpor fi Inrrcbuinlatpca'ubstanLive
    cu tnleles colectiv de piural (toli locuitorii din acea !ard, regune sau ota!):
    &e f'renclr (: lrarteziil
    t he S c ot c l ( : s c o l i e !i i l
    the \ltlsh 1: locuitorii dln \l:alcs)
    tne lrish (: irlardezii)
    $e r'lemjsh (: tlamanzii)

    ?58

    ' l pti n ' ub' ranri rL

    thc SR'iss(= elaelin'i)


    thc Chinese(-' (l'inezii)
    the Geroese{ = geno\'zii)
    ihe \Iielnamese(: lietnamezii]
    ihe Viennese(: tienezii)

    Cind esteinse i.orba d unul sinqur sau de mai mulli iocuitori, adjeclirel
    lcrmjnalAjn -a, l t fl "nu -r, slnl urmite d. .ubslsDlivilF man t pl. npn t. so an
    \pl. .'om ).ru !,opt r"61eq1;'.bsrbali \i fcmpir:
    scveral lrish0,,@.
    lwo Scorch,rn
    many Dtrt.li tcolle

    E:x c eplLL
    Danish - a Dane
    Finnish a Fint
    Polish
    a Pole
    Je$ish -

    [" ?59

    -a Spn ard
    -sDanish
    siredistr - a SirPd.
    Turkish - a Turk
    a Jcw'

    Adjectjl ele terminate in - frrr, -esdrdmin insil neschimbat$i tn aoestcaz:


    a Japanesc
    a SFiss-selcml Swis
    -some Japatrcse
    a Pekiness- many Pliincsc
    an IroqDois
    -rvo Iroqlojs
    /") Adiective]e Lu alt trninaiii decit cele arelate pin6 aici sini intrebuiniar'".a'subslsnlive' u totm.r dF "ingularli primesr un -'la plural:
    ir ' . \ m " r r an
    \m p ri ra n \
    ,n Asrd
    -\s:Jn.
    a Czechoslovak
    - Czechosloraks
    a Dane- Dmcs
    a Fjnn -IiuDs
    a Greek- oreks
    a Je\r - Jews

    E ?60

    i \l a l a! \l dl Jrs
    r PoI
    lolp'
    a Scrb - Serbs
    a Slat - Slals
    a Spariard Spa iards
    Sweaes
    a S;ede
    Turlis
    .r Tuk

    0bs er v alie
    Spre deosebire de liuba rorrAnn, tn limba englezd atit adjecLivele care
    rdr r ; r lr ondt it a l " r s " u I' u \c n i p n !a re g i o ral s.,i t :i ' ub' rd' rl i vpl - rp' p' cri \e
    r,p s . r i' r lnlolJ ea ' r' r, rr tn ;ti o ta n o j u s l i
    (Vc z i ti S 6 1 . 1 5 ' )
    I J.0 nasc., Jc'cas fem.

    l 5l

    2) Adjectiyele !i advcrbclo idontice ca formi.


    eaii fornre ca !i adverbele corespunzetoare:
    we look a /art l.nin. (Adj )
    TIe lrair runs tasr. (.q.dv.)

    Unele adjective au ace-

    $ 761

    { Pen|I u dc t alii r ez i S ! : 5t l

    Acelasi cuvinL poale avea v:lloare de adjectiy clDd determinn un substantiv, sau raloare de adverb cind determini unvorb, un adjectiv sau un alt adverb:
    Ad j e c t ieL
    ..Littl ,Udr" qnile contrrrv...", lsubst.)
    Titian's Nomer hale rcildiah llatl. (Subst.)

    A i L r e rbr

    S 762

    I se?her verv littlo norvadsys.{Ve.bl


    It doesn'tmuth m,t. $hctder h is youns or old. lvobl
    l v z i i i S ? 6 t)
    I like the roddislrrmo4 colour ot her hair. (Adj.)
    She was wea.in8 a light ,l4d lrock. lAdj.)
    The sky wa5 hlue-s.cain the distane. {Adj.)
    We drovc l,omc
    lasr. {Ad!.}
    'rs (Snbstantiv
    Tl!.y raD s/.dt!lr homecu raloire de adt.)

    3) Adjeetiveleatrihutivefi dtljectivelcprediertive.- Adjectiveleatribu- $ ?63


    tive3 preceddsubstantil,uldctrmiirat; adjectivelepredicativeasint legate
    de Bubstantivp ntrun verb, fdci l astfelparte din predical,:
    th "

    b ".l,lr r n. r d

    nt - ! it g
    a , "d r la g . , A d j . a l b u l , v
    pi, r r r . ia.
    p" di.Jtiv)
    uc |"
    - d {A d i .

    d,) I-lnel adjctive stnt tntrebuintate \nll'ai predicatie. Printre ele se


    afld urmdloarele cuvinte:
    d') adjeotivele compuse cu pretixul a-:

    S 764

    alight

    a") citeYa adjective ca:


    drdk

    ill

    well

    Unele adjectire din acest,grup (aJ au qi un sinonin cu valoare atributivd:


    Adj. pedintio
    Adj. dtributir
    Adj. ptd,icalie
    Adj. atibativ
    liShted
    blazins
    alighi
    bur Dr n A ,
    ' " j ,' "
    bur nj, ' g ,n' rmi
    t lodlin"
    walkrn8
    s dpr re.

    tl L p
    a l i tp
    a l o tro
    Bskew
    3 s r" p P

    l i .p, . n' i l dr
    l i ri n;
    l on" l t. l on" .rmF
    o}liq-"
    -r .p' ns
    $i (rng

    glosirS
    at<in

    k iiidf d, :i 1 ,1 1 r

    L l ,L i k
    r1l

    l Aldinele reprezini{ adjectivul sau adr*bul,


    'A Nureetu Rhune.
    cu iunciie de atribut.
    '3Adjectvfri
    .AdJe'[\4lp
    u t|ntlia dp nuM ppdidti,
    r i c a pnshzal. VFzi $ 25 20 .

    conscious,ktoFing
    'rooL"d
    nka
    'sick,
    1,
    etc,

    cu$ivele culhtul

    L1unit ( Prdtat"

    determinat meniio-

    .ohpl"np",)

    In Sramd-

    S 705

    152
    ,.) ,\ite adjctive nu pot li intrebuint'aLe decit olri'driri
    de materii:
    b1) adjectivele terminate in -dn prol'enite de la nuldele

    !" ?66

    a leot l' * P
    k "d"nol:

    .r 'utk,a \as ' "|


    lto t l trr

    adPn,6no'
    l r o 'r r P ' l r m p P-r

    B"

    o/kare^ llour

    *
    nu pot li lntrehrinlatFpredirrtjs q:"11,
    .{cesteadjecr.ile
    llli:i""l1t
    I Dc
    Noollen :su
    '
    jumlei

    Nas
    'noes
    i.t"r"s'iiq""rt X" * poul" 'p"n"' lltr
    FSr"prop lu rr:
    , ind
    ..,
    "ensul .*;'''.;'.' 'rhe Jrue'\\eren'adeor 1\o'{1"'
    '" "ood,n'.
    i'#;"fi:;i;;;i;-;i
    sens
    lrgurai:
    Se spunc insi, cu
    In the sun his hat had t ned soid'a'
    Thc skY was le4dtn
    uis s6lennls wcre e'oden'
    Her trssesshonrilfta'

    ,')
    the

    adjectivle derivate de la nunlele Punctelor cardinale:


    ilre Pes'erncounties
    iolrtulz }eniislhere

    Nu se poate spuDe:

    [ 7ti?
    '

    The hemisPlrre Nas r'trncrn


    Tne connlricsN"e
    'res'an
    Une]e verbe intranzilive
    predicative'
    \ erl,elc esre eer ailiectir
    d
    l
    v
    F
    rl
    p
    :
    l
    o
    "
    o djc " r i' e pr ed i ' d ri L " i n
    'l'
    'h' $" ' " i rl i re 3i l eD t'
    \ ou lonl s p l p trd i d .
    llrla^ ttcn'd rd rl lh"
    I /,4 wotrderlul.
    nsppl '
    Th"
    -\ l P t ror l h' rard' 'nBs
    ."
    *
    r.
    ir l. , - , . . ir

    r,.F\r,orp'r,np.a,,.'. perr.rr.
    The milk lastes Sood.

    E t68
    "

    S 761)

    l]"f"iil"'l;

    cer

    ,an" auttit1t.

    sus ru arat;
    ''r/r
    Cu!'intele scrise eu alctine'.iD cr'emplele de I'rai
    alre"rr
    stt
    subi"ct.ut
    ii
    F\prin,rra d- r"rb
    ',a' iir';ltii
    ',u
    'uvrnr"
    'r"'
    unur
    ""tni, ua'".t'. i a',oai-'i'
    ,i. in '^nsP'inr6 rnrr'bu'nLdrpa
    ;; J;-r;;,;;'J;
    acc-csbla:ltYi:
    in
    \'trbFre
    cazun rreuui" Aitdi; cu grjj;
    a.lyrbin asemenea
    cu ln b'.,/'iar djectivulest'Pprdicatrv (\ezr +
    (sinonime
    l"p.i-ti""
    ii"
    "r.t
    s 251?-2518).
    si arate cum ind'eplin'-tt
    Aclea.stverbe put' fi insolite de adverbe carc
    lcrh:
    Jp
    sub, "tL,td.{irr' .r "rpriqatd

    .ilu
    ""-

    :F
    loal"d nr ut dnd d o s n m i 'd i l i l i r e l t '
    Tlf n' r a" k l' nt dnl' lp n a r e t u l l r ' . . . ,
    laJ delrgnrF(rI'
    TnFv { - _a / ! l/ r aa' llP
    HP -soua{./PdhP eong luiousll'
    qlo$ l i .
    > np as , ad lr P loo4
    _\ ". t dos r '
    ' 3rr sFtr u!hur
    ll' n d l l
    I o'
    \\' /l
    .,.
    '
    ' 1\ d
    dPidlY'
    E /t/'6
    m t id. r
    '
    r
    '
    H" . lhF " . t ) LrF "oom q x r f B r r .
    scnzori le delirr tl?nzili!'
    c ii v er bele legr t nF p' r t P l t i i l e
    -\ s ob se r v a
    l^'
    ul
    r
    \
    u
    lur'
    J
    'l
    l
    'r
    In
    .in
    d" , r r '
    u l|n, ' "
    'J\-rh
    slnt urnilloarere:

    i;;"1;;"re

    cer adiective in loc de advobe

    ctc nu inseann
    *"r,, clnil se rehn la ur miros s{u la un lrarlunr
    '
    'ari""l*.tr
    tt
    s
    v
    ,'
    i
    mo
    q
    :
    l
    a
    rru
    ml
    r.
    du] t r ' .
    ", ,
    -. t
    .? ^ " p In o r' r rts
    - old. , ; l i " " " g - b F

    1;B
    d) verbele copulatilc aritate la S 2i15: to bc. to see
    continireimpreuni cu sinonimelelot; spre e{empluli

    h
    -

    ta becamei t')

    :
    b t at t aloo An^J ' a t 41 r 1 n n
    ro bc oui l. ro.._ s, ot
    'l 'i l ' " 1 '
    p i
    / r ' ) 1. r .
    . dt t o - , it : t o t oat ' t t \ |
    -i
    i iui
    r t _\ ' lr P pi: D I r o l d l i r J
    so r d \hi
    l, u ' t \ '
    t!)tt,a ;{
    b btov "t"":
    '
    .lc
    la f,z, son r'
    -;n. " dt \ :
    ro.\dl: to ltou tr)" Pir
    . ir - n : r o
    , / "1 ' nd
    J;,:;,; 'i'n ':
    - aor ' '
    ' "n'
    Fnz or ialFl
    Fxlt;m "
    p"t . eplii
    6 / v"rb"l".u r"
    r o u g h : o l : ! " t a a i . '. \ t 'i
    ,"r*r, o1,.
    ILn q',..;.r
    l, lhiFr \ : ' . / "PllJ r d. painlul

    rl:l;;i,..'l
    l;il'i,ll;ri
    iP,, "l",ifilv;i
    iffJ1
    l;t;i.;;JJ:";J,|',
    precun qi:
    cJ

    | -: D /; b-ri d
    , n ha n tJ D /d /l d d d . i l l : ' o s u P F ti el t s" orea'
    i ,, , . " *r .
    : F tr
    ' l u'
    npatl'i:,o p o i ntgr an $ ; ' . . ri ' p ,o ." ,o ' .t " _ o rs to t;" bi rgl ' '
    r" h u i i ' i a r i n l o u r a d re rh u l ri nu ' rai dd " l ' " rmi n;

    \d i F/ri r ul pnir c f ilt

    .uL ia r,,l ri-,1 e.rpru,, . prFdi,


    d ri! s u b ia rrv .

    "".
    , L j " " i i " ;.'r i .
    t;,-aonr,l.nent)3.li..orIl"m-rl,rl
    till. - Obiectiee Comqlemrnt)a :
    H " I , a." /Jd

    r ub:

    ln u li.'d ! .

    s ri' '

    dir..l lind c'lp nump nrP4rcerL onrp '

    '

    : t " Com r l F n

    ii" i'"t^s
    i
    ""tli
    'lt 'r'r
    np !'!'
    i:..,"t
    i;" i;; ::'"
    :
    "irh
    ljt t
    t l | \ . i_ so',r,d tn' t
    T hd idkr 1,,.t /. ...'
    I n^u-d 1 5 .j'.-. /,lr ' n
    'r'
    ol
    \ \ ; -. * hrr.
    " so .\ r r lp.

    nr ',r'.' sub-' \" cornpr""nl

    '

    ( : o ll { r ' .
    r om p"1' r l

    1r) Adieclivrl caro ciliti,rf mei rulte subsfirntiYo'- Adjcctiv-ul cAre


    ub r''r'i\- rLr rr t'pe d tnain'pd liF'; ri
    ."u n. rr ult
    ., lifi:. ,fi
    'i
    ''

    S 770

    .,a,h.!
    snar,$t
    lvotu
    rhei,
    itiii" il$ Jiilf';$'li',:T,lT:iJ #11'.,i1'll'{'"',iiike
    df el:
    Repetarca adjc.tillrlui ie face pentru accentuarcaideii eriprimate
    'fh; coll-"ctivc iantrfN liad llanDfd to hive 'eo trrlioN

    a'rd nc'' conbines

    :') .tdir.li\ul )i Pr.p"zilit trrornl"nr'. r:1 ': !"tr'-l" 1di' ir"oor r. urnirtr dF.rr d. Lr',,rni" tr' l^/ilii rl'r'to/rrrr r "rrrr^nsLJi:

    im tlrr1

    "

    '," " '/ ""' lP' r )

    lr r

    "'l

    pentrrra
    6) 0n0 (pl ones]. .\cstproluloe Fe pun dupn un adjectiv
    F\l'rin
    rlrri
    o'lar;
    r,rb'ldr'li\
    s" "rira r"p, tar.a
    -l?:
    l oo
    i
    o
    Il sGa
    ldk,
    ll l

    i,,
    p r-J

    (liczi

    :r ' .
    '
    ' '
    liL
    lo
    { 1 6 4 !e n lN

    io

    "ll
    li

    i i7l

    learnins
    keen
    liabi. 'D a [a{
    p 'rL 'o

    dclioienl. in $il
    diil-"rent /mn nnvonc

    r"", r , l r ' n ' o

    ru

    e o r tl
    Ic \h r

    "
    d orP

    d e la lii)

    l Ailjeciiveleoilalc nu linL ilecit exe plc: ele nu eluizcazl lista adjeclivelorde cme
    Dot ti d rmn t eler belp r P s l p .trv e .. . ,
    er hi\ a| nt al s u rrs ta n L r\u tu r
    'sa u uo ,5t4.
    3
    Vezi
    I \'czi S
    S t i2u
    sau ' ol o' J ti - s" si mt" i ti t,i' o" a . s - im " r1 u T l n J n " rf" .i o IL s rn rrdH
    de
    s
    P
    i
    ri
    t).
    r.q
    re
    ie
    D r o si .
    ls t J r e
    '
    t\'l !zi { : 64 a' . 769 b
    e "n rr ir, , " pr on' r m "\./i G . C rfm' . o P i r' S l 0 J \' I04 A

    S 772

    ( ?73
    '

    7) VerI. Much. - -\drerbul rPl, pre'edr adj'r ii\ul pr'prju'?is (tn


    u'po't"rru1;ln'inra; unui parr:'ipru ir"rrr ire "rlrcrhrrl
    l;i n-i'i""u
    "',.7 F.lp lnlo Li' print'u h.tu t"ra nu h:
    I

    i..

    '. ,j);

    r-L
    't.

    pl' r n
    "N

    r "4 Pr er ' l- - l' ' adj c " l n / i 'i \ l


    u. . v pr s ; b t . r t . . ( 0 J i . g r , s u p p r ) a l i t " . , . .
    .
    ' h"n ) i[ d
    D , , o l l r g 'd p l r ' I p a r | r 'p n l
    'r',fv,

    )iumeroase participii trcul,e, dvenite aderirate adjective' sint prece,laie de adYerbul ,rg:
    r..?.oBpli.aitd. t.9 dislinpished,efls pleased''cry tired, tc
    Proredul ac.sta s a exiins ln engleza contemporani chiar qi la simple
    Darl,iciDii trecute
    '
    Cdmpa"ativele slnt precedate de adverbele much' ecry much san tar:
    It is scitine n!.t colder'
    I I P r " f PI ng , ' - 4 n"' 1' \ \'t n '"
    li t s / , r bplr i. ' o ; it lor lhp r h o l a r 'h i ! n o w
    ( Yc z i ii S 1377 )

    t 77{
    "---

    qj li'o.!rurlii ad.ierli\alccrbitrlenle cu unelcron'lrurlii impcrlonalosa|r


    ti;br iomAni. - I-'rale''nsr''u'riiinp*ru"nol"sauadv'rbiAl"
    a,lt"rrriot"
    'lio
    adjel..tiv'ul
    djn limba romani sinl,redate in limba pnglezaprin -propozilji Jn.car-e
    rc'0a liv inlrpb!inrdl rrrcdi'sliv lmprFuna'u Frbrn ld D" cdlilici un "ubre't
    pcriorral.C'a moi frcrvpnte 'onFlru'liF ilp a F" lin 'clp forrnal' drnlr un
    idiectiv urmat de un inlinitiv:
    Shet ccrtainr" Dein.
    Isi(xf c] (ea)P nsJl
    lltisn t lili./'/ ^'
    p l ) 5 l !' n a a ra i u ' l n J l
    pr obi6 i
    l\ u.
    ' ' na polm j- d ;l' la;
    l ra rr'
    ' 1 1to l " o tn b J
    ' \ , " ds l, i p. / i - P s l p tr.u d , ' n v b l a ' Il p d r n Jrt, )
    Tl,.Y're ru ro ,e away
    - r . r | , , J nr n ]p ,d (i d i n o rd i )
    \ ' . is
    a, , . i i n d F s i n g ?
    f LDr " ,\ .d lm b ta .a t re l rPd e l l
    Don. i b" t , nx a to u t i t!
    1r ' r m r n. ' r ep. o ts r
    \od
    u'

    ft

    ha
    o*"

    'r

    ta Pko'e
    l; n l!L m e ,."a

    ,ir a r i

    E li

    uF'r

    d'

    Iur'i l

    lT. ECErY-{LD\Trr,4.DJUCTr'[lLr
    FontLia adiectivului poate fi indepliniti rsi de urDlntoareie pi4j de
    \ oroirF '-J .o sr' u't;i "djF'ri\ Jo
    ir u; 'rrl'cl anlivsau o'' onsrru li' sub r'tnr:vAl"'u \eloarP'le. adjP'r.ie
    S ?76
    atrjbulir sauprcdicatjv- ln generp,rr i',rm; de singul0r.cDrnrclnd sensure
    de plural (v. $ 1uu):

    ".1
    | ;:::.:L;:::,;"',:":'".:,'2'
    ':,:;",.':,T.:!
    ,'i;:";i':.::";i":.i';i,;1"
    ,
    ^t : : . b". ,...,-.,.t rtit , h. ot d . ' , . n!
    ".
    -.t.

    - bt n .

    tndinla lntrebuin,ttuii plLlraDin rc iD ce mai mult ins, !e acceni,ueazii


    chiar cu ro1 dc adjecin' (v. $ 167):
    lului substantivelor
    'llf- ho"E affa,s cornmittee. ile
    r'l
    ti'ts ' t . n
    r.it ,t'l;tt

    t-'otiong
    tlr r
    ti nual Stotes cu ditltion,
    "ikd
    lr ik p a l h p L 'l l o n s " h n o o l I o n o n '':

    \ t t r n t at
    L i n " r' l i 0 /,,o J l i / r" . b " v .
    - os a r . ' . na - ru b r:' .,1 ,rtl ,rro r p p \n n,l "

    \l i
    "

    '

    p' rl l rr ra dn /r fe (\rrr

    2) un gerundiv:
    ..1
    r

    n' ,,rIo ol..'


    ' .,A
    lc"t..,; I I
    nj n . n o,

    3) un pa icilirl

    S ?7?
    - \ int . . t
    ". o1. d. t , ,

    J
    i^t or '"r r o-"l

    |)d ,n.a
    rS1:to.

    dnr dd :
    ,

    l:.tuoh'

    $ 7i8

    trezcntl

    Ihe accampdnyiig n.te. ltu . nirq slom.


    au t s ains t lne. e t.r. 1 v si S l; 0! r :

    ra4nt,g wrter. the t@nhg

    irrnr.

    the

    4) un pa iciliu trecut:
    -L.t

    d r.t
    1o
    .

    dnupdn
    . l\rtp

    r
    "

    p1lLpi"
    at . \ "t
    ' n. .
    . "$i' h
    t a' , b ) lr l. t "'

    $ 7?e

    ; . aa t 'a l . r k i t r \ \ " n
    l. - r ' i
    Jir.
    -. \

    5) un infidtir':
    an int)r1sc b sir{r

    $ 780
    thc last lo Lar, ni.v rvisl\ L ga to the pictxrcs;

    .,t?81

    6) un adverb:
    ) r'" n. . lh , . r l r / ""
    n/ . .
    th
    .t t L iL-:J.i
    -r..',b
    " . v" . '-,
    r r , l v ' tsi
    S 1ri9 2 56 1. S 2l_ |

    ' ' " ' lhd '/ . ? h d l n 'r " r '


    . t l ' 1 o '/ - t
    ' ' - r b, l"

    lP datn :bi.'.

    7) u

    genitir:

    | 782

    lne lno\rc .f tle rlot!; nlt ftin.ls sot: hdtf a,ti tt.'s silen e: Itjjt: Lan,lat
    tarins's n o th Y eaf r l' t ' . ?n , a tu | ttu n rn E mo t| 0 r n a s .a ucd tp Ct'hatu GreeLe's'
    " Quie i ,{me ric an"nas s et 1n \i e L n a ' n .L v .ti S :.8 , l s l ).

    8) un :rticol:
    e tsn ): one: T o hr * l \v o c h i l .l ri : a b o y a l d a Si rl i a hrnd(di r thousardi
    a nill i o n ; l v. s i S ial. l3; r
    tlt/c (denlo^ttattr ).
    D uf..l l .{"
    " ? ftewools nc k ris as ain s st tmrs m e a srIe s " ./" 7 n . ? tn a" ) -" Il .ri Ir
    ' II r Du u e l l ? A r c t ou t p f i l i rl p o e l l " ' (v . i ti S 5 r4 l :

    s 7t3

    $ 731

    9) un rlumeral:
    fabteen sqnat\cts': thc thi..l door o n the lett i fttTn lverue6; ,nd.te.ri.l World \\'af l

    t o ) o l o cuti ue p r e p ozilionali:
    ' f hp

    I 'ol r l

    r u . t . r -.u b n "- n. ,

    JL .l

    t or n ot tl c to p l $ i

    !?85
    "l.T l

    .'

    q rts i

    L Jr ' l.

    .),

    fi m

    $d

    d rd\i ga

    o_

    t dD ,fa sj carc circulii spre Londfa sau sprc un oras mare: dorn,.atns: cnr. rin
    de h Lo;dra sau de la !n orai i)ri!.ipal (atlail l,ilelessi r&tru up ptatlotmri doen plat-

    nlafrm : aefunt.
    ' , o. ' , r i 3! r ' d , , ' , ". 1 ' " .
    ro"r
    C"hhim ii;,,,
    r '/ . n L . . . I n l 9 0 i
    5d. . u ,, n {u '. i o t c l t i i l d , u r m 't
    - rF rto ot'd .L: /d./ a ro s . i. ' uf idin". u ! im ll
    . J / lo' of i' iall l L o r d u l , , C , , 'c P l a r f - I n . d
    u l u i d , \ . , ndLou .1l 'uDo r
    in,:JT"r.' l^v i. or . ' r nd J : r s' , nr r . . :d d : i '1 1 1 i / r b l r p F n t r u d : o
    , H i e h. ho, / eit'^
    t r t t k r ' t opl" r . oJ i , r J : '1 a r l i 4 o l u l . d r c - l d I i
    a m i l l ti n" . D lu u foPilo r idu r ul 6|r h
    }aza coircil ui brjtnnici /r./ dcn!nirea de lt'ddlsdci simbolizenz{ iii ttnclia dc Lod Catr_
    Iar. a.fstl .eprezentind |ocea Canw.i Latzitot ('Iht raice of ttu Halse of b.ds) n\
    p\ pr "iii, . /
    , r . I l 'o o l . &
    rrv,rfua".i"
    t i mo ll j " l .ti op ll@1. "l,l- ' r ndp. i
    d i or.t Ldn. la i. Lo nl-r ,a, . . t dr I no, Dlii"s r F, . 1, J , - I u, l, i"l
    "
    .
    r
    "rnir:br.udl
    ' unr " di Lur ' d e A p e j . P d s r r b o r u \ l d r " i
    , . . r i l i ei. r^cr b ru rn l-1 Li. '. pr ' . J r ' "l
    : . e i _ u c. . k li sr ra o ut , . . , " u. d p, . , r , r d. J , . j t o . l i n , f . o . J t . n U J . e r J L o r - , , , r
    lrb .i
    Jlliuntesd,l
    \; d r, flde!jr;o n
    - \ or b. a- . b i, J dr u ar t il l ', l o r . 'l
    I/ r, r ,!n1fl, J r.d,"d lapl L
    p r o p 1, ..1u i,mo.d p ir .-,n lppt r r . d, ' "
    ' . l' r . , t d. id
    , i J n " ln i rp r rb .l I n r ".
    nr lt r dpr F/ r n r r
    'l
    d 'r o p i n d s d p I
    rJ r.lrs : . n. J r ' r ' i, ".
    n r o r , ' p i,"d.il
    ii"r
    l"o lei . d
    i J.plC L " l i : S u p r 'r d . \ t I
    PFr
    p' 'lio.
    a Ap.l.r , o, m bo, , l l. r , li iJ'pr ' ou.
    ; " . . ' 1 ". t"r rh "u .a
    , n rr, t , u nrdt cr rt.u " rn Dr,J J ir d i J l14 public : ' $- hal L ll " o p n i o n o l r
    ' Ilnor,o-l
    , n rj r, l T , a, . rar "ri rol o. it p"r . . - d il' s pr nd J n gr 1r r . t L n ' l i d d " j u l . ' u t
    t . ont . ' . p G oE" bu r- u pr onunla F, 3i. dr r d' . r n". . U i . , d ! " l l n '. . 1 1 , ' l 1 l t . p o l
    ! i rohax(i.r cnslpT to .lrle apr Fc r at .
    : ier.0 inb .Jr ; or J r r . iAc r d. lp d. p"opl. r ar o o r ; J " " ! . u r i . t . m r 'l o '1 1u
    cas;i ,j1:rtl libere. Buleva.d din NfN \-ork, unde numele prlnoip&lelor bulevade sintnulndalc ordlnale-

    'fDit

    1,56

    s 786

    s rt?
    s ?68

    1l) o apoz il i c :
    ._. Sir Nrriil lIoLL,qn,,t

    .f the19i7 l;ol,el t'i.e, N,rs Lnightedin 1961 1or his scien-

    c i. r " . . . n. / . . . A1 .,,...' r.p o


    i l - . ,,h ,.ro" /,1. /t
    \.ar" d.t,rm1d
    tl .tt, , r
    n
    '
    o
    .th
    I:.
    o
    t
    0
    r"
    0 ' l !ro p o ,i l " r,J' \.i ,.tr." rg_ri
    l " l ami r,l /h" l r
    'n

    12) o pmp0zilie relatiri:


    Lord Rnfhcrionl. (ho eat a,va llt Lh. 1908-\-oLelPrite. \ras ihe liNt soienlistto
    sr,l i t t he at om ( in M .rr. (v . i i 5 1 7 !0 )
    0I t s t : r t at t e
    UajoritatFa

    erhiralenlilor

    adjectivali

    sint, de Iapt

    propozilii

    relatire

    or . . t t . " p. - r 1. : p :
    $ ' ,L i d d .,rp "um.
    o-o,npor
    " m h 1 p .:..It
    ' ti na-ra. /,r./d,r
    . , , oF pi
    ro p ,. o , .:oti i ,, ' h.-sti ,aar;s.l
    u.o:
    "j , lcaec: l\e l.st
    ta
    srpst Fho blt, ri..

    s 789

    I. l.0nnl-{nEA lD.ltscTlt'Er,0R
    (!'oIirI1ITIoN oF ADJD|_]TrYES)
    l,inba englczil.ra ti limba romdrln. cunonft rele trei procedeeeobi5nuite
    de l0rrnftrc a adieciil"elorI
    al derivarea
    l/ schimbarea categoriai granaiical
    ./ compuno.n
    (ct. s 35t, !:011

    s 79n

    DERI\i.\REA
    IDNRIV-\TION)
    Prin Llerivarese iormeazd adjecl,iye din alte adjectile sau pdrli de vorbire. la carc s0 adaugi un prelix sau un surir. Printre prefi:iele 9i sulirele
    adjertivale rele mai obifnuit ln limba englczrl se alld urmdLoarclr:

    s 7tt

    Prefixe
    (;ermanice:
    4r ' l5puk 1. r , / s r r 'd n g . , l . . :
    u ul-:
    or lr oir c . , ", lJ ins .
    tre.b ,.
    ca nngr , r c . . as l: o. "f r onliLlpr t . t . .r r i i l , i l , . t p f d n F ,
    o rr": "''lon
    o u , f l 'r l l , o u p r . ! o l r t e .
    ,re.polulai.d,
    d!rsnbscribed. oerloight. ot{seais), etc.

    Lo anic e:
    r-. rlr-, rDF: aclirotnauc.adanantr arnormal, arsent. or.dpnions. etc.i
    arl.- : anraredent.dzkdilnrian, anr.mernlian. dnr.-Far. el.c.;

    / lr i1r F. , r g! m ol. .
    hi-:,r"n:"..
    Dl s a. . D . i o n l h l \ . - i ,
    ci.cn m-: ..r.&nr t ex i c r r c am lac eit - , r r , a, r poa r , , , ^ r , , s o r a . j ! 'f t , D r s p P , r . . 'r ! e & sianlial, el,c.:
    col-, .om-, eon-, cor-: .ollaierali .,r,lassionatc. ..nponent, .,ncaie, .ohspjc!o!sl
    .r.rcct, .o/Npt, etc.:
    ro ofrr-: ..r,"dir lor v
    o. "ot nt n . aan- : .
    orl,stJ. pt..
    !\-..I-...:,J|Fn s i\ F' P' , p' ' - : "h|' "[ |nien|:
    extn-: cz,.arnuial, c.taneons. d.rrao.dirary, rrr.{tcrcstrial,
    .r//o{agani. elt...

    I O r r c iijili la E BC f' o r o u ' o ri ; ' o. i


    o- J C \ l t
    O"A4nqhh llFrn limpmeridiamhi Grcenwich).
    : Ntrnai rfel'xele Fi snlixele au o.jginea indicaia, c!rjnlele citate ca cxentl!

    o'
    !ot

    16?
    intcr-: ntrallied. i,rcrclanscable, ;/,rcollcgiatc. inrdlnational, lc.i
    el '
    lnr.. ,P;a nnt . . Pt p. t . r l:
    l, / lu' id
    I ' . F , pel: tpfn l
    p t r-r r-li
    o'\. P-'^ 't r'
    /Feous
    P Pt or r ' o"\ ' / + s Pnr '

    l '. _ $ a r '

    rctuflca. /.t,grade. .er.ogrtssive, re,/ospecl,ire, etc i


    rotro-: ..tuacti'e,
    , inr. l' :
    ru t r -. sur-r . ,ru 'din d . .,bs"qu"nl. , D5idar Y. . , ll' " J ned n
    '
    ; Pr it t nr r . . dr ' l' ir il
    o: 5"4p a l i l . r 'P d i n a . F l . :
    F U t c F . $r-: s/,qib un din t.
    Fr
    t
    ,
    La'
    :
    t
    Fr'.
    l ru s -: ran,rthn li".
    zll}amun'
    nltla': L/r.acodv.ntional, zrfa fashionable, anlznarine, ,ltdmontan.,
    alra-slrort, zl,rasonic, rlr.dvi.lct. ctc
    dane, dltdllanetarJ,

    sufile

    s 792

    Qermlrnice:

    _d uo di"Fd ,
    m o pJ , r . lI pd. s r Fl. h r ' . Fl. . , \ 'o , r S P r l . 8 0 5 . 8 'l l
    -F d : ,. I b-J,J,
    p ,dllFr, g old ,,, pad"r , $ood, . , $ooll r . F' . . ;
    .
    6h
    :
    a.
    -. n
    etc
    nardd, outr (slacel, nlp'.
    -er llomea,a com!ffaiivul):
    {'rn:
    easlc.,. north.rz. souihe.z. $'este'n. elc.:
    pr,.:
    -tu l : l, e" / i/. "..t.lut, a hi t t dt , g"r "l' t , p"1t "l . ll, dk &/ .
    lre rl r4 . r i' 1 , ! . lo' ir ! , ollia, ' ! . r l. :
    -in c : axru.,n p.
    . Dps l. $l' l; 3h. pl . . :
    -kt -: lrhr, r. u1 ],./': roo l, , { . ; lJ ; . n.
    id/,
    rimbl.,
    etc.:
    licl/,.
    b.illl..
    -le:
    etc.;
    hol!.lifr, lilrt^?, rnrlii,,
    -tike: bell'ltne. clild,t^?,
    q!.1/,
    d.r"1u t o
    t ! . , i. \ ""1! . i- "1! . t anl! . ; 'l t t .
    "1..
    -l ! : : r. odi,/. ,1 ,.i/a.
    .t.rrtJ ^i. .
    tsontP). rtt:
    t t A: a4p. \ \ ' at ln.
    +o m ( A ):
    ' nl'o 4".|^ A
    r
    l
    .
    ,
    t
    r
    '
    ,
    d
    .
    )r.o
    i
    r
    aa,
    S '2 '1 r '
    -n s f l ij | 11"',d .
    ,. r lr .
    bd, , i' , od 'l J $ r . " r '
    ' rl. l'r'ny. "i J
    !
    'l : . r ,
    ' at ' . J . '

    Romaniee:
    , ' t'i b l c , I r ^ : b b '1 4
    ttt i itnot ' . t ) / r b|" - m t r c ll,
    -! b f r . -il, lc: /ll
    .,, n nt: . ! t / . g- os t lr hr t ot J .
    t ^: ' r l ) . l ''o t ; . / o l t .
    't '
    -i . f u lt: , ^m.r.//,
    u' J dr . , ln. r l. lid '/ " r '
    -s l : !n- 1. 1 - m n l. o n. lr u ior . /
    amplibi?n.
    GeorgiaD,
    Elizabil,dn.
    Dnroped4,
    .rnslaolar,
    -&n. -jon | \meri.,n,
    G.fcian. rerubiifa,. Itusslon. Shaliaz3. etc.r
    - a D t : u" id, / , o is,o J,.i. d,. r a, / . , alj! n- ", . I 1, , , , . " c . :
    innou, , . ! "r m aD4, , pFr o r 5 l , , , , 4 l '
    - e o l : d D nJ,l. uilL .,.ridF, / ,
    d
    /.
    lh
    li-n
    ,;1,
    f
    l1".
    d/
    ,
    :
    sl
    iu li. m l, adr r ond/ , . li. i
    - , a l "F
    la ..;.. li lor , . t . bI , . , . ' r lphuli, T' ulonr " e n :
    - n : Rvron;,
    .1,.i
    - i r" : ,i, t i.,, ,o "r,,.", ,o n.r uFr , / . il' , . r ' p. ilgr , ' p. ! r "; , p. r p s r ; 'p .
    ' 1 " : " Ul. r'"iltl", A"n /p, hr r m bl", nim b/ ". Fl,
    jr . m F n d o , s p r '
    - o u ! : ' ourd s o ,s. lo ro"i"h . gr or io, s . jo) oas . I , r ", io, .

    AIIJtrCTIINCU fiTELXS NIGATIY


    Pretixo
    Germarioe:

    s 79:|
    791
    "s

    u-: zzcrt, znhspty! enintelligenl,unpleasa!!,uDtrne,unwise,elc


    Iiomnnicc:
    dh - : di,asree ab lc. d ;armin s . d6hon"! ' . d6lonour r blP. di n l . a s P d , l . i
    it r -, lg-, ii-, im-, iF: ,a.jp ti; ilp. ; s nobl; . I 4p8s l. , m m o\ dbi. . m a r i o n a l . p l . :
    nis dar pd, n; s l a i d . P l r .
    m i i - : /traDplFJ,
    no n -: iDn-t s rilish , ro ,d'$ fi pl, @ 4m or al. nor pr r dil. i. t s etr s 4 . t u n '. m o ) . i n g n a n '
    s1op, no4(eJsucl. etc.

    Sulixo
    Gcrmanice:
    -toc$: carelcss,cease/trs,counu,ss,lolcldsr, pennildss,pitills, tireLss, etc.
    1 Sulixul -tu&are ln gnereo nuanla depreciatir{.
    , Su l i \L l Jy , s r " . ar dc t pr F ti cp p n l ru a d v p rb (8 2 2 5 0 t.
    3 R cl e ri l n r13 G . B . S la$.

    $ 795

    ORI OGIi,ATIE

    s ?96

    1r UuLt rrr ronsoauoilirralc'

    N ;C;

    il';i:J:"t""i::"11"i".:u'i
    o) LacuvinLFrp
    1"."l:i:r)'i"';;
    '"r'i"'"

    ;";,''''-''''
    ''T"i';i'1"".''o;';
    l:":l;:i:;"""":
    " "1""; ,:"ll:
    '"':"rl;f" ;;;''
    ::;-1'ri;..

    -:l:;l

    "' '-'

    i,lif?''"

    Er cePl i i :
    in fe.able tr'rls lerabtc
    azuriio fud'"'r:'l::':;:td
    finali nLrse duLlcdznIn ' cl'laite '
    D) Consoana
    a saucind actcrinl
    rLeaccentLrol
    t
    i"
    de o alti conloand'de d"rla ""*'i'
    ' "t"i"
    nu se nnnline Pe aceea-sisilabil:

    """:lF.
    '3;;-x3ili:" iili."-li:#:u
    til**.
    .
    :"
    ' /'rr ',": 1,"T"f
    li i;,1":
    t;;;i";:"j"';li'"1:i;)::'.
    r " "':
    ,li ;"Jr:,t'r'''"u'
    ":
    :l'1""';:"':;
    i".:;Il;i:""" ;l:;;1'l::.ii
    t:;
    "'; '?"i ;:' ;;l ';

    :1, ,f:;

    -'il'r'r'i'l'1il'i..
    "i',"Jf"'
    - !:"l,ilil'f,-,,",,,,,,1*'i'ii1"'
    ",
    Eat:':!ltr:

    Peri/ou!, trn larill'/r'd

    ,;sb

    in ' " r ' " u ' - 1 : 1


    , i' :
    l i ': i 'l il 'j ; ,,,r- i n.i ,'FHu,ui .u r ir" " , "

    :"i" -,".,,,

    Ll:,:::,r1,"

    1t: -;1;:li'

    ErcePlic:
    igrcous gllt'I, uucJ'
    suliri ca'e incepecu o conli""r * rrrelrlininsi indriea unui
    Aj -"
    ''"t

    E:r ce p lie:

    ii'ii:li"::'t'!
    .",,l't,eillt,l't*,i#il.'l:,:r:",'11"'i'i:""IJlt'lli?
    b l; J,"i
    l;;r:;ir;"
    m dr gt r bLu

    s i'rli

    lliijj .

    -1 li!al seschimbn
    ," r'r'| tirr:rt*Ln-t preledatde ronsoa'n
    ;)ri.1'lll;,
    '
    "
    rr'
    :
    .''r'"' | -rr'le''arrl 'lul' -lp " r'
    1 " ,1 ]"l i :'

    '' ';': l ; .''-

    l:.i

    :',"'

    , rr",- i:'";'-'

    lorlnei lalire g/d'i'sLs litl ln acestcaz _mrt s a hltrslormai 'n -L strb iDlluenlr

    169
    ttrtt
    b l ' rl a -l " aut?oJb'
    rn r-D.nl
    p' t ous'
    prs
    d u ./ - I' d 1 0 '
    p ' tr'
    i tt """
    D/ 7 ljnal s c m enf ire i n s d a tn n c i c i n d e s l e p recedaL de rocal i :
    . njo/ . ' b l e
    p ' d ,a u l
    ro,,l p.buo. / a'
    . oroxr
    c/ I t inal s e s c hjr n b d j n to td e a u n a tn i l n a i n tea sui i rul ui -l y:
    bodY
    datlX
    - bodilY
    day
    d) -? final se mnline lntotdeauna inaintea sufixelor -tsft Si ItAe:
    c o ' r1 trY
    bt e
    - bdbJish
    ' ounl " ,l :k"
    ho!
    - borl i l
    - g rl " n
    c"i
    e) La cuvintele trmin at in -y se int rodu ce un e mut ln ainta sufixului g:

    SCHIITIBARE.A
    CATEGORIEI GRAMATICALE'
    {CON1llNSION)
    p ngl pz; pr i n trc" Fnl a l ui
    p.
    Are -r r r r oc pdp, r r !" r" , l e r;' i p .n r ru l i -b a
    p
    i
    r
    l i l p. d' torbi rc ' F]p m" i
    pr
    i.
    "
    s
    r
    "
    tn
    rms
    r"
    J
    a
    J
    ;e
    .ri
    \d
    o
    r.
    ln
    """a "
    obisnuit adictil'ate siltt: participiile, substantiYul fi adverbul.
    l l Pa flir ipii A djpr li\ a te . - V d l rF p a ri i ' rP i i l rp .ul e sj pfpzP nl F si otl nl rP
    buinl 'rp a djF . r r \ al. r r ne l e l -v " r.i n rl a d p \5 ra l F a d j F crrrp .unsrdpratc ' a sl arc
    ln di cl i o n a r e:

    s 80o

    s 801

    ple$eg _
    0harn,ing

    Lakng

    Cn.ori Darticipiile au fost aiit de mutt' identiiicate cu adjectiveie Inctt' $ 802


    ca ."i acestei, lonireazd adverbe prin addngarea sufixului J3:
    ,mur.d1u.'pJrnpdl!,"urpri""d/v,soodhrrmou.dlg"ic
    Jd,ns1{:AnosiDglt.l0Lingly.lovinglyrvilling/vel!.
    (Vezi9i ! 791.1rr1)
    ln
    maioriLatea lor forme verbale mai vechi, sint S 303
    trcule.
    Unele DartiLiDii
    deosFbindu-Fp
    rntrebuintaienuniai adi"' lival ln limba enql"zacontemporand.
    J" forn',le cor".punralbar.ele parricipiuluitrecul propriu-zislvezi $ 1756
    1?58. 1760):
    11! bound.endnt!
    a .a4,rz Blaiue lpoetrc)
    jr a d.urfteD ioryor

    nohea Slass
    an rnt.oqr accusaton

    sl,e hrd ,.nr her knePs.readv to laU


    T h !v (o rp D o u p di l du' \ ro o\Frl u i i l l l hp ! an
    He iad .arued a head iir tle marble
    ' ' On H i r " r. t,o u -a l /el mv h' Jrl i n l $ai n l
    I had d.!nl rnv sla$ cheprlullY
    H e n a d Po rh i s d i s re e l v l rrd $ork.
    The lam-p has noa hffn iir {sEUli8her'l
    Thc heat has melted Ihe \nrter.
    It trad prc'4d my sood lairh
    H e h rd s i ,' d i n l h e morni ng.

    l lnaintea sulixuhi -o&r, trecdat de consoan{scofiogaliaza uneori-_'pronrnlia


    -I
    remlnlnd aceearioa si In celela,ltecazn.r'
    i D.hirdledii adj@ti',li 5 )-i5.
    '\eti
    '\e zi si c aDit olulCom p l n P | F cS 8 0 4
    .
    . \\'

    c n , . - ; f e . , F . H o r .ta r . t .tr .

    ,it D.t 4 .4

    lG0
    The mate.ial 1,as ri.znk i! the wash,g
    the conl,was sr./dez iriih rnin.
    The conNc ol events \Ynsslagrd.
    TLcy were vr".l Nith paric,
    \l:ho has s,rrLs n)r violin?
    The storm had sz;n thc shilShe had o,n'orid.
    (v e z i $ i S 1 8 a !l

    !/rr"8e d rn stru m Fnr s


    szzftez wrcoligarden

    80.1

    2) Substnutiveadjcotivatc.
    buinlate ca adjeciive:

    pot fi in genereintre

    Numele de nrtedi

    Celelalte substantive pot, fi ti ele adesea adjeciiral,e:


    l.le Bz.nd-4, streets
    a f1otbduream
    /a.u eqnitmenl
    a sree,\rorks
    the re,ur4lar-"
    805

    ,{li,cori substantivul devine adjectiv prin adiuga.ea Fu{ir.ului -rd a participiului LrccLrtregulat:
    &o.scd .ad,iag.s
    tlie Doa,r.d interesls
    fl .&h{rcd \lonan
    ,/o-!p d r'rn l'rlr^.
    a t b, o n"r
    r : t l o t | 'l " t y
    Po"\ ' t
    dtu:
    d ;:/ / !,rfi
    t "' n
    "..:tta
    in 1lrt6.
    Thc \\rorld Ilorlins clampionship wd bsle,/' D1- SorLlh {li.a
    had sal lh. di.r bcio.c.
    Thc homf a{lairs ronmittd, r/,ataP br the Eome J..r!la.r
    H, lo ok-t 1 1" . r ' . i ?1 , . ld
    "we adnrir.d ttis ftann.kn ind r',r?rr...l p.$on "
    "\n1 Lttctt. a*t.adletL and nLfre.ed, nood .\brl "
    1\ ' ez i ii

    E06

    3) Ycrbo adjcotirato.

    S 8l L i

    Unele ,ierbe pol avca raloare de adje.ti':

    S h e i a l k e d $ i l h m,.t s o l .dni tX .
    lle \ras only a sidn captain.
    Ther sa$ in lr th. acircss e 0..
    Onipnpil, iho so"ld Deorator, hns r bent ro. toelrr.
    807

    4) Adftrbc adjectiyatc.
    Cite\.a adverbe sinL tnrrebuinlate
    tive. unele arind chiar grade de comparrlie:

    fi ca adje.-

    thc o//-side !laj

    .\.lon t lsin up) hie/lutt


    these /,tncrl, results

    ?ur,
    mme.
    o&r.r space

    l1'r oz.r proviNf ol lril.ain


    the ar&f,r,sr delence linPS.

    This is otrr g,De,z, [cacli{.


    Is tnis a ,.r,sl, irain?
    Slre told nt i.he rpri.,rl torsc.se
    1 \' e 7 i i i 9 .3 1 9 b , 6 i 1,1)

    806

    5) Articolul !\i umeralul ru \'alorile ile ndjt(tiv. - tlele doud


    adesorinumeralleau 1'aloarede adjective:
    tne fridsP thcle
    a pounua wee k

    ?n oterativ.s
    the st.onl steike.
    iYc z i ii S 520, 12t il

    I :

    g[zduit

    iicole !i

    161

    $ 809

    COMPUNEREA
    {CONPOSITION)
    ln limba enslez[ se formeazd adjective compnse(CompoundAdiectioes)
    atlt din adjeciiv;, clt qi din alte pn4i de vorbire:
    s.\srpm.a /D4..i"sr m0jo'i']
    subst.i subsr.:f,ont-xh"4df|v?, \ ? l";r-pu\hds"
    tu

    lIFt sat
    rtla'. ct'
    si.lPm,
    *"auad.o,?
    - -; ;rtn .-"t;;
    1. , st;Pom'litu shrpP
    k 1 " e d " rD l rJN hi rP s" J* orl l rt
    b; F ndnev. c d " k .u -.4 o ;.:-d
    sotrnrlprool,ctu.i
    fb o rn o t ' ondi l i onpJ rgg sh0pP d
    i u b sl .+ Ds r t . : t " ar l- r " n d i n g .l " a .r Io \ In g
    erc i
    thoushtworn,
    heartlelt.
    '
    '
    "ii
    i
    .
    .
    i
    J
    i
    ii
    .i
    '

    li"lt;i'", rcn.n",

    h 'inj ldJ,, ""

    irrF s rk a L t E \ ' e : lt ' t

    h: ' \ ' . oln r ' d pl" 6 d n l s D o l '" n e l ':


    d +p .lon "d . har J bo"d
    ;dj. -psf.:
    dt' :
    r dv.
    8d l.: d own ri;h', . epr . ' hd"p our bJ nJ . pr ' c r '
    idv. -r nsit.: ra'\-c"in s. hs r d \ t or } s oul "ndr n. l o \ '_ b a r r n ; \ ! F r l m d a n n g
    ir i
    ndr lnr n
    Jo s n "d l. l,;sl,sh J\Pi, ha iv r _la' l'
    ve.b + snbst.: l.hc ral, taL blush. elc :
    \ p d' n t . \ n 'L l d b " ! l " s 6 4 t ' :
    a dl
    r rrrr + re tl: n ok? b't:p " s at ai
    ' J o.
    t
    o'
    r
    o
    dr
    J
    lr
    va
    u
    eerb i !dr.: a h :J.4
    i. d ' u 0 " o !
    ' g6 l
    , nr ' r . o,', D , r g a m " s . t h " o P F P '( s )
    /
    n..;
    b"l.:a1 lfr,../i,, ". \ i
    ", l t ll
    -s /l
    it.
    roa
    d,
    ai,,rh,
    tf
    t
    d
    e
    .
    - batl ar\ h rondu"t. "\c
    Adi. (,;Dme
    ut i\ : dr
    olrr"m
    t 1r
    . h:
    a llr d odL | o t n t o . ^ - I '1 " o n d 'd 4 o t h .
    a' ' "4oJ
    inl.: a 1 sPAq'
    m; i mu riF rre"f'..ti!sdu
    ' J 1. . '
    .t . u Q elc. Jno, 'o n,o L,|:)a ''JIu 'ho, d. r \ d! ' ho\ : ado! b! . |] o'
    pot Ps an o tt ol th" qoJ Ptarp atr
    :l,o ,: ihp nol/-rl"/ "rAl,/ D-tut' dn" . ."t\ al-d ' " I
    n Joyothona
    \
    lh'
    n.
    t
    r
    oonstruc lii rrrrrs:lc:
    :t+ . t
    1ui
    E""o, dhl
    ^hnltvt .'ry\.o n '.
    rh! srorl
    ; n. o b" 4n' t - l
    \. \ " . d . / , utd; t hu a ^ 11 ! tp o
    - i, Unt
    \ t t o l S p ) l a 'n s s
    l' anuh
    \
    '
    s
    r
    dr
    .
    h,
    4do'
    .
    "rt
    ign.
    il
    lnb
    -,,ds
    'pa nn
    ^'

    Elementelc care inLrn in compunereaunui adjectiv stnt in general sau


    scrise intr'rn singur cuvlnt, sau unitc prin oratimn:

    S Sl{l

    | $ "r,.
    , "r F ", . _J d. r .
    \'\ Eoeryd.nll (adj ) nnslisli Col|sc
    Il is a lans disl4ne aw0!
    (adj ) cau.
    Ii lrad a lo,s'd,rd,'.
    Th !. u", p linl bt , - o' , i. aplt ; ! lo \ r '.
    T p lo - , h" t t a* - and t F: anal . , r t ? o d t a b l "

    Liniula de unire $i locul unde se alld er prczinti loart mare impoltanlA


    pentru intelesul cuvintelor respective
    ,\ se compara:

    /otr ledl

    a cndpled

    (:
    1:
    (:
    i:
    l:
    (:

    o camer{ dc hotel nicl


    o camri dc hotel nrice)
    retala unui t'Iandaiir strivit)
    ; pchu de trandalir stdfita)
    calrl vcchii diligenlc)
    leirlDul c d diligenl{)

    Foarte adcseain linba englzn.un substantiYplefgdlt de !l adjectj\. i Sll


    !du dF un FfbivclpnLal a.p.ruie prim".l" !uti\ul prrli.ipiel -'d1cbi3t aluo' I
    ,ind nu exista un !erb .o'..pun/d nr 1n limbdr' forml d asLtelun sdiA ri\

    compus(cf. S 805):
    qilfedsed
    a ane'kgge.l rr,an

    a doublebdtu ed 8\L

    Thc chair had dn upenr)ed\o\ tor one l e g .


    'rh. restalrant \eas ;rcrnaDledL shoestring :
    ll - cran.lre

    t\\..

    linbji encreze

    812

    gald nr " inr I u r'i


    m Jn
    i' r n! l
    d r';r

    bl:l

    (Yezi S401 peniru eapli-

    Ailiectire telescopate(Partmankalt ll'ords )


    cerea termenului):
    lr"

    thine

    l-roarcdadierli\cl,'r rrrodorrrc. Cr' dr^ ' al' ' lja'i\" noi r' rli/'ar.arr
    pru'F'l'u.qrrlr'I
    .lild .r:Jf.nl0 in limbd - el.zi a '''o'r'p
    "l' lolo''l; a
    'accentu
    tn scris qi in
    o\presiritilrii
    area subtiliid-tii. lldsi,icitnlii fi
    p entru
    la'J.|l.rJ e\en p|" '|- ",nFn darjp'li\F In'r':rrrrd" I lrmb6 rlrFl'
    ,r+alii li "ra." i,olH-;. "i -'d,\lnil ,r'i"r -'r"d" 'l' 'omn,r-Li' 'onlurFr l'-cedelor ourente:
    an daclurrsbtel nnn
    u n_ge,_aldblel l]hces

    d r n \ , i 'E 8 n d , 'd g L . s t s
    ] , at ano ; n
    f / r \ t r . l d z zl E n d
    lhc
    r
    !r.r ",
    ,,,x1
    -,1?i.,ish: {ir
    Il \r.rs a n.(r"-r' lntE.,
    l'
    ; l I i' )
    l/ * r ^ r ii
    nd /t
    a lidli.
    dr ' I L, . , - nh. .
    -

    lle $a5 rod- St*'r '


    ''_ \' ,o ull lx q |d L
    '.IlL rllplh . u. ' 1. a. "r
    tarian and Eu,lar-Dor0lrilh."r"i
    "Here'! a frin ro z.v '/,,a l,'

    bo.t

    'J

    Iatn rqiadjectivc tormato dintr o lo.ullrne snu diitr o frazii tutrearn:


    lriend oi lis

    1l\is h.k'a|ain'Co&a!(ilr

    :i ;

    ,a ' "i " ti".

    '',1: n:t" ! .

    ;.

    : r,

    '

    t.:.

    oDt " l'

    r' , i :

    t-.l/,

    '| l r '

    l on

    i { ar d
    Adjeciivul trbuie studiat ptralel cu adtcrbul

    NALII
    S 814 B. ADJECTMLE DETERI'II\A1'IVE Sr\tl PIi{JNO\'II
    (PRONOITIIN'\L AD JECTI\lilS)
    In afari de adjectivcleproprirrzis', P\i\1i in ljr bx enql-/;. (a qi-inlirrbA
    romeni. o cateqoriedc plonunle rare nu rrruilirr lo'rn iirbFrrrni"lor' 'i lc
    i.""i"* .; t" ditermini ca $i adielli\tle. Ille lu nti dtr. r: Llrr' firr '1ie (le
    udidit' 1""
    derin adcvirati adjecti\e ii de aceeasint
    ':rtr\it..
    ";
    poarln
    ""o'iuln":
    ele
    n1ai
    e
    trliiitati\
    d
    adjectivele
    Einr,nflr
    iominalc. Sprea se deosbi
    .lettmlnatLrc:
    a4iedLw
    de
    Tlls

    lot lf ail

    is r f o. c

    ir r t er ' s l l n s t l ] l n

    ?i. al es t e n p ro n u me d e o a r' e i ' ei rk ,t ui el tc


    u ' t ul
    . in. d a lt c l i ! p p r,rl r " ,l rts rmi n i
    -.
    l'
    l
    "
    h
    l
    .
    . \ P r ' bt , c
    P ru n u r
    n r onunelui int e ro s a l i l ' s n u rc l a l i l n /t' r' ' pLrf ur
    a u 5 i u n c o l e s l o ndent
    p r onune nehot i ri te

    -i;'fa#,ll:Xi:"1'l,i'll'"1*;,*'

    ''d r '

    subsl rnti trtl ?t' tml t:


    p" ' ' " t
    '

    thts

    11' rLrFl ' Jr\ /ri rl !r01' r' rri


    arl j | tl i Y al '

    d. L,\\,.
    i,, 11',,nnqhtui
    Ad,anu,e!
    din.7ti.,s

    trR.
    .n.
    -\ldinstor. or.
    { iala
    o iarLi iDiuz.tni.d ca& ra lnraiil .Im 5n lotosraliali"
    1 i" w r ' i601.
    " ' P u \\
    ou.P. \a" "tl :ng Fry:\
    i 1r ' l \ '
    6! n i\ ' .',J' /o . l o d l r I i n ' r' b -: l

    (}'hatosrut't

    163

    Adjectivale pronominale so tmparti ca lsi pro umele respcti1-el in .tncl


    S 815
    .ategorii:
    1) adjectivc posesil-e
    2) ad ierin e demonstratiYe
    3) adjectirc inrcrogalivc
    14 adjective relative
    ;) adjecLivc nehoterite
    prononilale
    sint inl.nriabile, cu erceplia adjccti\.e]or posc- ,s Slti
    -{djectivrtc
    sive. demonstrati\.e ,si a cito a adjocLive neholnrite.
    (Peniru studiercn comperal,ivi rrsi amnn nlitn a adjectivelor prorrlS9'n 'll
    |,inil", \"/i proru,'l.r'.p'rr\p
    '012. 1049,IIjl]l.
    lj tdic;ritolo p,'sc.i\; I Po.-s,J" AIJJ T;r's.t : nt
    s 617
    I ou'
    {.- trostN, nonsha..

    "s. {

    il
    ffi"l=ii,:.i',t.;'i,:ili"l"'r
    lw*

    ,a . {

    li:
    l-lii'(,f[;;,1]'"'
    ,.
    lui, ri) ln PUt r ul
    {=

    {: rosrru, voastra
    roifr!

    !oaslrel

    (: lor) (nascnliD, l-"ninii,


    rt 1,t,","
    nculrn ir conu.l

    $ e00i
    2/ .\diorlirclc dcmoDslralit0(D"nonstrat;" .ldjcctitcs) stllL.
    tho (: acel, acea, acei. acele) Orzi $ 444)
    (1'cnL.u dcialii

    vczi

    I d i d n ' t k n o F l .h e ma i ,/E Ii m e .
    ls he rndrCronin'1
    ac s t . ac eas tn ) (s g -)
    ?its bol goes 1o e dax-nu.sery.
    these (: acesli, aceste) (p1.)
    Arc ,tusd cigarctn's yonrs?
    t h i s (:

    that

    (:

    those (:

    acel, acea) (sg.)


    I'ndr rcst l,omc h6 jt6t been bnilt.
    acei, acele) (pl.)
    Don't put ,lD.? things on the tablel

    the other (: celdlalt, cealalti. ceilalli, celelalte)


    Givc me ,ld ,rrdr Dhoto: this one is no cood.
    l'll havc ,1, od.f apdesi I don'l like these, ihey're g.ecn.
    thc lormer [: prinul (din .jouli obiecte' sau din dodlUgrupud de obiecle'?)]
    Doesn't he p.eler th. latwr ?f,Letn.\titeto the laiier?
    tho latter (: ullimul din lo d obiocte'sau din dou.t grupuri de obiecte?)
    Aren'l rne lo,rd !.oposals do.c atl.active lhan ihe forncr?
    the fi$t [: primul. primele (din mai multe obiecre')l
    rvas lhe best ol the thrc..
    ?r. ftr, tiile he s'rggcsLcd
    the last [: ultimul, u]timele (din rzal nulie obiecte'9)l
    Ol all ihc plaJs you mcntioled, oniX fta 16, onc soundsUfilllngSuch (:

    a.est, aceastn. acestj, aceste; asemenea, astfel de)


    \there did 1on lind st., a perfcct pieceol old ohinn?
    ,ta.n rvre his wo.ds.
    .lL.n goodncssis.a.e.
    .larl, liorsps ,.e Aood lor field sorlt.

    ':Pronu,l t [0iJ rezi ! Ir1


    Srnsgfrmatic.l(S tl.

    S tl8

    1|]4

    acelaii, aceea;i etc.)


    The sdtu dav I went on a irip to uie seside
    'l ory (: chiar ao1/acea/aceilace'le)
    We arcstandirgoi l'hcterl ryot Ftrcretlc baltlc\rxslouglil
    rc"i a""t-'' u.rdretbp
    \on. rt'url ,i !oniitsrrur li rdi''ir"r
    ' 'rel r'"a
    n jr'lul loprr':
    cl
    JialF'
    o olol"ii irt -'rr,'i n^u"r". n -"b rrnL"l
    .J
    \ 'l j
    Soms (:

    ln r n
    | " l'

    S i. l)
    '

    \"
    o r \ o' " " h4 ' r n J L '^ d
    'i / \ d \
    lnr ' ' \ ' 1,
    p"- . '' i; b
    l"'
    'v d l\iczi tnrtN detalji s 93r)

    '

    /i' "s./ sir. :


    J, .\dicr!i\elp irrlprogrli\e I tn' rr' -at"1di
    I-'lrins
    rrn'-1"
    'Frp'rrrl
    Whi.lii
    1p"7 ure Jin -Ln rru"'
    .1 oj , !" " 1 1
    / , . f r \ ' d- o " b .."
    o r' : !
    1 y t,
    , r ' . ; , o ! ' ,:J " " o
    " n nr" \r
    t'trl
    I\'hosc? (: al cuil n cui? ai cui'l ale cui!)
    lfr,se sor \tas h.1
    rnos' roice did l hcaf?
    ' lT bat ? : r : e? c a re l p c ra re ? (i n fc l e s l n rg ge cral )
    lr'ial rclatives ln!. Jou got in Buchrcst?
    ltla, lciter .ue lrrstT
    iry'd, cha.act0r did lie inrpersotrate?
    Ho\ l m r loh? ( : c i t] c i tn ? )
    ,'1,n,,,rc]' llnslish do You kno{?
    H,0 nr./, iJiFrest did he show'
    r onY l (: c i ti ? c i te ? )
    llo\ t
    lh. 1 o lhp nnnor ' ' 1 5 - ! m 'r d
    1to ' rto d o "!u - \ p,
    Ha r " aa -t \r,:s , . : d . \ o' r pl nLl
    {vezi Penl'u detalii S 101!l

    S sJO

    14 ,{djectirelo&lttire ffielrtti'e Adiecttues)ri]|,tl


    Which : (pe) care

    inirodnced me lo heo oI ihe rcadD's' ltcnt


    The li|rrim
    lfo
    ntra
    nkPr'
    nan a
    fo l u $ d
    r d\ r D
    W to'l h'mlo ' nr obd
    ' r lil

    lvhoso (:

    Jones' oni'l'

    hll'r

    al rafui. a irerci, ai ciror, ale cnrei etc)

    Thp mln Lfta


    i;:' ,s ll|o!l

    Wh$t l:

    rld

    "n

    idrili ls
    b- dn m r : o1p| i o " d o o I r - r " 'l p r J
    1' . r ib m v $o k

    ce, (Pe) carel

    te rd
    ir ^ o . . nt i' ( 1
    tYl,, Fl li\r
    n 4r r '
    I do _ troL { "hdr s o. (
    Wnal liitle tobacco rmains is at Iou dispos'tl

    poi tl pronume orr


    Cuvintele compusedin *'har l\ Qhich +erer sau soer'J'
    .Ldjectivc:
    'o
    . h m u l l o 'l
    n' dJ l- .
    ll h dt rro f.,. r c llls . ' p
    r'
    t om ds f ir lr m or
    n h : he ". p\i
    "i
    delalii
    S 103j)
    lvezi lenlN

    i 5::1
    "

    '

    r"l

    il tdiertitelo rrebolnrile//ndPl'l/P A.di 'la)'i",t:


    cnur' rr' o inJnrrlJr
    a ccrtitin ( un/o
    Hc broL.lehi,4d.rrdtz Dan Rlrrt with him
    iii" *;;i i'* to @.c.'dia exrent sadsractorv
    cedsin (: unii' unele; oarecare)
    t f r din oP oD l ph a l e ro b rp to r i d /z mL s'
    He I ' a" , - ; or ' , b o u l s h a m rg h l ' n l " n 5 r ) vu

    somel (:
    pul,ine atc.)

    cil,ira, cilcl'a; unii, unele; ni-ste,ceva, pulin, pulind, pulini,

    Wc sarv so/re teasets at worL


    Shc will buX srru rrce.
    llhe ernibiLion c.nlaired somd

    sorrre... or other (:1'reun,

    vreo .., oarecere)

    Hc is alnays sure fo make sol.e eti\1se or ot'tet.


    $'o mnst liird satue reas(n o. athct lof our absence ltom the party

    d, (in propoziliile S.terogaliv-e,negalive sau ipotetice):i'run,


    vreo: ( negaiie)nici un, nici o; sau nu se traduce;
    Ha\. rod dra rare books?
    'fhe\-\ion'i lti ni or9 clild urder seren
    any
    It Jon trale any llorr, bring me some,plcde.
    &l : orice. oricare
    ,1,v ohilrl conld do lhis
    Toli niav tale du, nro magazines
    lon like.
    dilerili, difrite;
    mai
    multe;
    mai
    mulli,
    several(: citiva. rjtevn:

    reEpeotiv)

    Jarrii lircfs 01 iewelr n..c missirA.


    I rn re 'b ee, , lo \ - enic ; re /e /a i ti r,ra
    \te oalled iberc or tlircc .v,t.ral da\-s.
    'l-h-"sresis said sood |yc and $rit tl,, ir .\.r.rol \tays
    su dfy (: diierifi. diterite)
    \Ve liaY m.t on s,nd'! occarions.
    Tlroc wrrr sdn.lfr reaaoi( lor his alliludc
    o n o (: un, o)
    Orz dat l.hc cosros \rill hold no secrek ror nim
    Thcre i\as onc }Qter ln pafllcul{r Nliose rngs were Folks of lnrc a
    alrother (: un alt, o ali:i; rrdi, hcn)
    0!c ol ile mcn lud bougl,l or. ho$e, on.lner one anolhef.
    Uav I lralc rn,r(. ro ol ica. trlease?
    Stir LnaLhe,th! rinulcs. Fill XoD? (5 133)
    other (: all, nltn, alli, oh,e)
    x lid! orllr peoplc callcd he. altfnt'on lo it, slie r.alized lier nisiakc
    c'rEl da]s, ,rll \tnys.

    uch (: mutt, multii) (rezi $ 690 694)

    rh m o .n i n l .
    .
    Tl f " $ d :
    " . , 1 us :
    You lnov l,o\L na.n Norh l djd yestudtty-

    mary (: n1ull;, nn te) (vezi S 690 694)


    _

    inlo orttr
    -lIa,y \rtsr tlie resnlls iolloring !!0n lhc:launchingol tlie carth srtellites
    I halc mdr.! radio h rs: auons mI lrinds

    (a) littrc (: pu1in, pu-tine)(vczi S 677-686)


    I savc him ./ lrtL adri.. on his $ork.
    H ,; L n n \ s r r , L, ludn J n ( ' ., l a l i u .

    (a) re\v (: ciliye. citel'a; pulini, putine) (vezi S 687)


    . . 1 / t u {o ds a,. o rl.n
    o, p plol,
    \ \ p kno! /.- rFop le i, ' t "t r hur "s t

    lhJ n a long s p
    'h

    1
    as le d ! o bicdi n d.
    srn AT lorm'
    "nl . al ln, onr . * L- |P de. i lo r m a , l d b l l p
    -on! Jnde so
    a
    ropo?iipi v"/i
    r T' t - rml
    nr
    od
    r
    '
    "ials
    uuda!
    65eallblJ
    b
    l
    r
    r
    i
    i
    l
    !
    l
    '.nlu il
    !i Q ll: 8, lt 8i.
    r fdd,o lan J : rJdlo am at or i { c olo( \ idll.

    186
    enough (: desLul, destuii, destui. destule)
    We have iood cn4rsn fo. our oul.ing.
    Thoc arer't ,mLrn caks to go ronnd
    each [: fiecare in parte (accntuindu-se padea. nu intregul)]
    We should see a tuture Dromisein adr ohiid
    is $vil..hed or'
    -Eaci applianceshould b-; ovefhauied belo.c it
    eycry [: Iiecare (inteles colectiv); io!i, todt]
    /, './ L ' , , 1 v ll' ov J " 4 \p n u r i ro t' .n , rrt
    d .i .n ro a r" d " m i , ri ;
    d, . i" " r ,
    I'i i i * E e.e Jaok had ltis Jiil.
    all (: tot, toatd, to!i, toate; liecare)
    He worked l,afd all dar ai the lorttiit ol an acadoni.ian.
    .1lI peo!]es stru3gle ior Peace.
    cither (: amindoi, amindoui; oricare din doi sau do n)
    ,1 .1 .1 "
    F o {",j s l r v o, ' t la" -rd r o r 1 P rn d d /
    5 h " I ral l. r \ p . t i, . . r o o m . s h ' ;.h r r s h " p - ' .:
    noither (: nici unul, nici una din doi sau doui)
    ,{.id.. I.ontranke. was over bvenly_Iive years oI age
    fi,nnd. scheme was accepied.
    both (: amlndoi. amiddoui)
    to,n mv cliild.en are at school.
    Lct m have totn testtlbes ior the etperrment
    no (: nici un. nici o)
    ,Vo ma n k np( r Lourqd d e n i n s a s m " ' 1 . 6 \n
    Tn p p o - m d ! - or ula@ h rr.rs .v e s t,rd d j
    nolle (: nici un, nici o, deloc)l
    P"d .ri .al , \ p" r : ar r p h" h a d .o r b " i n S ) ' o o J o ' rD c
    Bd "k,rdt ur ij lur a. r hn rew e re to 4 p i n l \" o " p h a n d Cr'
    Genius he is naE.
    (Ve z i i i S l l e 7 l

    Nard
    determinatitetrebuie studiateparallcu proounelerespec,A.djectirete
    (Vezi
    1152)
    tive.
    $

    I zond,cind cslc adjectiv,sti iI gcneredespe.liI de subslantivulle cn.eil determint


    literaf).
    {stil

    PRO\U}ItrLE
    pts

    coNsIDtH{T1t GE\ER_\L}l

    til

    322
    824
    8r5
    427
    828
    838
    ii39
    839
    L

    PFO\I \ LE r ll I t F s U\ -{ L
    Delini!ie

    8t!0 1i4
    841 1 7 t ,
    842 1 'L
    3/r4 |,.t,
    845 t74
    846 lt4
    849 I r-4
    85ll 1,-5

    Fuclii
    N.mn

    l Iratut"ElIi

    pprsanol

    Persoanaa 2-a sinsnlar


    PeNoanaa 3-a siniular
    Phalul antorjlalii ti al
    fa: ul lonun .lot

    869

    t.,.o nt le

    IL

    PR ON|IE I , E ! t : \ D, J E C T IV L L T O S ES IV.

    III.

    PNONU]IELE IIE}'J,}III\T

    -qI

    FlI']\U]IEI-E

    IJD I^"TiRIRE.

    P rn r.l u rJ - r r or idr ii i. , . o r r;.,i


    .....
    ......
    ......
    .........
    rl n ru ar dr ef r n' ll
    r" r' .n l ' r' ,,1 1 ,\i f
    i l p l ro ,,,In!tu d. n,1ri rp. ,.
    rn n tn /.- pr onr m - 1"
    .. .. ....
    ....
    I"o u n " r n r l" \ | , ' r ..' n r ' 1 .

    I\ .

    trt
    111
    171
    t1r
    \t!
    17'
    1r_2
    1/-3

    ! n " l ronLn
    frn n 'rn r pb r o|F \ r v
    .,I,, .u t ,," ,,o ," ,,,...
    , /fu J l t r nr r eDnr r lx I r
    Lo ml p ronnnr hi ; eit . r ir .i a l t,l r.u n i i rri ri e J n i ;l ;.;... ........
    Ft ,,\r \ t F Lf . t \ 1, .
    L L ,I:\tO.-T | | \' t,\
    ' :T .\t

    ... ........

    870
    873
    887
    888
    890
    8-46

    1r' 8
    t79
    181
    11J1
    181
    182

    900
    901
    !07
    !09
    910
    911
    918

    183
    183
    r33
    184
    184
    184
    1l t5

    919
    920
    grt
    92t
    923
    92i
    928
    929
    930
    931
    934
    9t5
    936

    1l l 5
    15
    186
    186
    186
    laJ
    187
    18rl
    188
    188
    189
    189
    189

    939

    189
    189
    189
    190

    t6 8

    't HLS (THtiSL), THA'1 ('tHOSE)


    lu n cl i i ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .
    lo rma . Gc D.Nu: lr . Ca Z ........... ... .. ... .
    In|rcnninlarc
    'Tl ,L r,- lhx r ' '
    ..
    l, onu ,n l _ l r\
    \Jr. rb " , . or . l
    '
    r
    .
    "
    -l h t
    .....
    i - r . " ' : l. r 1
    TIlD T'ARJ]IEN.THE ],!'T TL A
    lu ,rj i i .. . . . .
    Fo rml .. . . . . . . . . . . .
    hhelxinla.c

    PTIo NUI E LE $I - \ DJ E C T IIL i . l Y l l i L l .ra j -l T I\' ........


    Dcl i n i l i . . . . . . . . . . .

    . .

    Siualkt ..tut\
    In te ro q aiiadir c . li s i n i d n e d i -'....,. ,..
    Ixxili;ril DO ln irti,rcsatii
    . . . ..
    L o "r pr . ' o/ li i.
    Proa

    iF ' r -

    ....

    \.I

    PRO\UI { F I LE lI

    {r48
    !4!
    961
    gil,

    {90
    1)1
    19rl
    i9J

    !66

    191

    1!5

    s A l r E ... . ...

    .
    .

    . .

    .
    .. .
    .

    ....

    'o
    co n struoliim ionilic e . .. ..: .. .. ... ....

    190

    96t
    1161, 1 9 4

    ' )H1 .: I.I A S T , ' , t HE L AS ' | ..........-....


    I H f Oflt l n. l111, utt1 l 1 :. .....

    v.

    945

    195
    rl9i

    i!l:r

    ll .

    101t
    1nl8

    rrr'
    r?-

    1011 :
    102b
    ln_
    lotll
    ' n'
    10:10
    l nl :'

    '_

    1035 :

    . . .

    A D J IIC T IVU L R E L -\T IV.... .... ......

    ,i 1
    9i )

    ......

    . .

    1057

    189
    4i

    wHo

    1053
    1059
    1060
    1061
    106,
    1063

    IYEICH
    Inteles
    Funclie

    WHAT

    205
    t05
    205
    206
    206
    206
    206
    207
    201
    208
    ,08
    ,08

    1083
    1084
    t0a7
    1088
    1u91
    7192
    1093
    1091
    1495
    1096
    7091

    210
    210
    2ll
    211
    211
    2t!
    211
    A3
    .. .. , .
    2t2
    212
    212
    BUT
    2t2
    lnr.l"s . .. .
    .. ..... . ... ... lnsn 212
    mrPrlrnl,rr
    .. .. .. ..
    .. ... . .. ... tO99 212
    2\2
    Ake clkstnrli. ft f.t itaate ta p.a numete9i atljtti, eleretatiee... .. ..
    ..
    .
    .
    .
    .
    .
    .
    .
    .
    212
    -..
    Su b sl d li\ , , ol " liv . - l J ,.o -n u m,
    h rp tJ t' r
    ....
    .........
    ..
    ..,...
    rrul
    272
    urrp sap o' uad. r r r J . v ,P " o . ,j , r" l u l i \ /..o to l . .......
    ....
    rro2 213
    Lo cD rp rlnur n
    ....,,
    2t3
    ' r,,6 214
    c u r r n .{ rF d P s u b s ta n tr\' .,.
    2t5
    ra t6;i; ; i; ; iii'; iit i r ; i . r i p . l . i i i i i i i . ' " i i i i i"!.................
    ....' ...1 1 1 2215
    1120 216
    \t21
    216
    1t25 216
    7124 2ti
    7129 21)
    1130 2t1
    1133 21i
    1134 21i
    r\t'
    2t)
    1136 !l r.
    1137 at?.
    Ca z

    I'tadutrh
    \:II.

    retalio

    Pll']NU]IELE
    D

    ' irili

    I DJ D C T IYIT L -!-EH O T A R IT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .._........

    II
    .. .

    ..

    .. ..
    . ..
    , d. it \ q
    r . dt r ot J lt
    ....-.
    ..
    o r rr J r dlr " r f . t or Lr hot J r "t n , u alt p p r o n , r m .
    , ,." f."u.t

    ri l t

    21!

    t t(2
    It11
    lt41
    I t4u

    . 1.
    :t.
    l.
    :.jl

    170
    j

    protrumeri sdierlieo oetot6rite


    . EYE RI . . . - .

    t1r")

    ,22

    'I l5t
    tt37
    7116
    Llii
    1t5i

    :l2rl
    222
    l.!.!
    22)
    122

    I ri 9
    223
    tl6a
    1161 123
    1163

    Inleles.. . -.

    Acordul cu alte Proaune


    .
    F un o i i i .
    ,,'
    consfruoiii idiomatice
    SOME, ANY..tIO, -i\?NE
    S o,tl f
    lnlpj e . .. .
    t nhe b u i n l a P
    Pro n u n l i e
    Funcli . .

    ANv

    l nte r e b. . .. ...
    lnhebuinta'e
    ^f

    ^rnN/i

    F o rmeco m lus r

    "224
    l
    116i
    '
    )2L
    l16i
    116,1
    { 170
    ))1
    tl14

    '

    1r)'5 :15

    1 1 r - 6 " 221
    1 1 1 8 22i

    '
    ..

    ..

    ... .. ..
    ... ....

    ... .. . . . . . . . . . .
    ,'

    l-la
    l t74
    22ii
    Irl t'
    l l 8<
    1186 2),
    )t1
    iii* :tl
    . . . . ris a 1),119t 924
    .. .. 1205 !t8
    ..

    P N ,O N U IIE I,E
    (TIllI PRONOUN)

    OONSIDERATII GT]NEBALI]

    l) Drtinitic..
    dt

    PronrrnFlecsr" _parreade vorbire care ljne jocul unni

    rn Ut pc nr \ dt enli

    dl ac es t Ur e.

    S 8gz

    iub.'-,,ri\ut ,.ru c.hivalanrutluir rnto.uit de pronum".e numeqlejn g


    821
    llnti .rlrl-z; .nlprpdcnt
    tl pronumplui (lnn.pd"
    sau Prinrr'parl.Desi nu
    r..'r', rotul .3ri.15.d'odf..a,pa.tn dFnumirpfa fi tnrrpbuijr!n; pon,ru sim_
    plilirar" in 1rr.r*r'a <1"l;,; in lo, ul ppriha,,Fifnlo.irFin a.c.t
    "az dp gramati"a
    2) Clasificarcr proDumelor.
    d/ l"o1r4d r

    o"":o na , "

    / / t , o..,m-'r Do.,c,i\ c
    '
    .,

    Pmnuml relle\i{c

    d, ProDn fl.

    (lenro,,stratirc

    Se disting d obici rsdprecategorii de

    P.o.um.le

    $ljo? Nhose? whom? $l,i.h? Fhat?


    sho, Nliose, \rhom, which, $lEr, rtrat, as, bur

    lelal.ive ti
    I
    I
    I
    I
    I

    3) Acordulprorumelui.
    cu antecedentul
    siu:

    \'r'
    ) o! .

    r a s l '4 i | . $
    \o
    l h 'J
    nr m . , . .
    . ... \o" th,q
    I I nin! J o. r s . l, is \ F r ' i l " o \ n
    I onr ( r o r r ' r hqr r ! o r r
    '
    ols . l" lour s l' . ||: m r i . I . r p l l . i , s d , o u r e p h , "
    lonr s . l\ es , lnPn\ el\ P s i o n c s c l l
    ntciptace: eat:h othe., one doitrer
    r i. .
    i! .
    hdr . ih o . " , r h - t o r m a " . t h " d " r ,
    ' i. . -I 'lh
    ' hp las t . I n o o t l , . r t s , . s ? m p , s u . l
    r.

    e.) Prorrmel-. intcrogal.ire


    ll

    r nor nl l
    oo r u

    g 894

    d. h. J l. on. . , r ' , or h . r .
    rr,,-, n.r.r r.
    bo . . r . s e. J od. t h . ) . s^rt rhpr rr jrr.l!, s"ui n
    urr., aj I. k,
    s or F. t uv . , , on4 . om " b o d J . s o n . , 1 D . ,
    D;q, .
    nnJ DodJ . anJ on4. a n J l I n g . n o b o d y" .o tnr io" t hoi n
    p! . r ! bodv .
    . \ e. ) o.. r . 4 \ d r v r r i . a

    Pronumelese acordeinge/\ nutnb Eipersoand g BZb

    i rnl ,rm, i. : .a. snc m.\ d1.gt,.pr.


    Th, n,,.- Jd aL n //",r,I.imo"b,,or-30,.Sd"\n,'r"r,at-.
    ln privinta ca.ulai ins6, pronumcle este ildependent, de antecedant. q 826
    cazul pronumeluj liind determinat de ro1ul acestuii tn propozilia alin care \ j 4lio 1 .l , a, ' r ' 1; l
    n' $ r , " , , , . , al. o ! o _ .
    T p . t1,n t.. N\ ,
    $pr ( ur k ing d n t dr t
    /r,,, rddt.l.
    .o
    0(p
    , . . .-i i.\roanr r v . o .
    |
    to th/r . . . 1, . . , ? ( . jat . , , e, ( "nT
    Srrc mel lhe rolrd, (ac.t. rrnose lgcn. ob.t in I kne{

    . . Pronum-tep"rsonalp.po.".i\. ,, rt,.\i\"
    4) F
    -i d- jn iriri au, { 822
    iu il. \., 'rDlri.
    ts\.pprii Inrn- ddcritF pFnl|u pFrloa16.runnr tl" p,r.oalla a3-a sg.) .r ^pn. .-",,lp parsondl.si ppn.ru
    "Hz. Pfa.unFt, in,"rore,i\ r_td.iv
    1v. zi p a8 . 62 rlta

    r?9

    8r8

    rftdl'
    rr4 dre lorn, ditprirelpnlru '1r. P"lru nronumFdpmun lrnlivp //lr '
    on, th ,t!'t.):i unrl nehotrrit (n'14,arr plurllulditFrirdcsrnguLar'LcroraIe
    Pronume sini inlariabile.
    genere valo{rc de
    5) l'u 8!ii. - Formele cu valoare de pronume au ln
    'si
    adjectiv.
    EacepliL

    \ u au lorm.1Jj"' li\ al. ' orplpun/droJrr:pro rmelppprsonrle


    "irpllptivp'
    t'lo' cu cazul
    Dronumele demonsirati{ s(]: pronumele int'erogativ-relfltiv
    *a-t; pronumele relaiive that, dr li D&t; pronunele nehot'dritecom'
    iii""ii'
    puse cu some,dny, n0 | erera.
    formi de
    Adiecrivele corespunzitoare pronumlor poscsive difere ca
    830
    maso'
    acesl,ea.cu ercepl,ia pcrsoa ei a 3-a sg
    lrma o.rel" ru\inr. Pot lr fi:
    $ b3l
    829

    s832
    s 833

    s834
    i 8?t

    s 8:r0

    illl"l'1"1;',1"
    i3il."ffi,ii#]"ii,fig:
    ".,,,i11:*i,'"1,:'1"'lh,''hfi?''iiti}",''J;
    Dzneldlr: oDe, lirst
    alc-re: all, any, 43, both1, but, eilh(ri neithef, little much no'
    sone. sonelhing, (the) sanc
    @aiLtulii: 4. botli' bul, ilhor' neither
    pepa.iliet brlt.

    strbsian-

    lunoliile sintrcticeale pronumelui stnt accleaqica !i aceleaale


    tivului ($ 347-35{l).
    6) Locul tDtccedontuluipronunelui' - Substantivul (sau echivalentul
    838
    ln rare
    lui) tnlocuit de pronune precediide aelemai multe ori Pronumele.
    cazu inse. il fi urmeazn:

    $ 837

    "
    \\l'cn lh. 4 r l,
    sl,rr ; r -/ ! - - at nt .
    Iylo lo ron , i s1 r hr , , dr
    puo.
    o
    i:l;".;'

    d l o n 'e
    r "1 '\ f t / r 't r 'n '
    por .
    ( ! _or ' l ' v "t J o n e F a o E n " r "
    iant e' ) at t h' ' loo '1
    / i . r 'r '
    l a '.
    4itre
    t hat uau Bpt la'' l"! 1". t

    posesivo
    7) PronumclePorsonale,PososileDi rellexir0 ti ailioct:ivele

    s 83e

    (Pds.)

    (Ndtudt)

    ss.

    Pl

    (cel

    l1
    toate
    j r
    {
    I masc.
    | 31hm.
    t neutru
    t
    tl

    toat e

    ioaie
    PentN

    it

    i[

    "l'osAtre
    (]'totu )
    (Adj.)
    rni r.
    yours
    Jour
    his
    nis
    hers
    her
    ils
    its oslr
    Jour
    their

    lours
    tlieirs

    F.flerit
    (l'ton )
    trrsel f
    You.seu
    himseu
    herseu
    itseu
    Yort!$tves
    llcmBervE

    on.'s o1$r onrsell


    lo.mrlA a.lraroe alc lfonumelo. vzi S r5l

    1idverb sau coljunctic

    CONS1DERATfl CEN'RALE

    I?3

    8) Pronumele li adjectirelepronominrle
    Pronunlie.l,'ornLetati ti forne sldbe

    S 819a

    t) Forma leticald /;rn.r tale(accelluali) Farna slabil.(neaccentuarn)


    he
    her
    htm

    /hir/
    / ha: /
    /hm/

    n,s

    lhtll
    /Dt:l

    ln.\tl fomd nutudrd


    lli:l
    /s"rn/
    IlAl /ttun. rclatio)t
    l6P.Unr
    th ci r J i 6 ..i + rc n e a n d
    I la..rl + eacatii
    !!em
    /irem/
    r.her
    l6etl
    us
    /^s/
    rre
    /wri
    yov (adj.)
    l1t:*, p.*, n@l 11dne
    lry
    she

    tl lqhd

    ttabd frc.eenld

    fu a tm d L e)

    yon.s

    ij.:zl
    2) Pronun.l" nFntiondrd mai jo.
    ,\tt

    rIdIjl/

    st .Pd normald,

    "u osirs.ri

    tatn.n: funnd tar,,.dt.

    *
    fil{ al pronumetuiesirepronunlat [r] inairtea unei vocale si este
    mur Irnarnieauner consoane.
    prcnutLe Fi a,ljectia denat6tntic

    ttutzt

    ?ranum. inte.asatb2

    3) Pronumcloreflexirc
    1. ". lr'

    hc , t r

    rt\rl |
    J |.

    / r t s . li/
    m'r'' !
    / a ." rF I
    / J',. rt|

    n xf.rt\

    r ^,.'"r

    you-.dr\ ds

    In r ,r . " t \. "

    ,.l

    hd' ", . t t ,

    ": s-, J.. /

    . . lf . | , u .
    / o: r "lt /
    q: . "1\ /

    ll

    .,,-.r,",, . . jJU.- h /.

    n " ,n rt\7

    ,.d".

    :r:

    No ta i
    l l y.
    . olc gi; . F un ;\F r.i ra F i i t" L ro n C o l t" g. qe ot i snri ptrF .j ca
    ,
    "T n
    . l3bi I m rl p .r.l ' u ,// 1 n
    r"oo( . a s'a ronna
    !utor\ ri tua
    r^ .i ;l p .p nri al - rrrl
    d d?'?...r o a F r r p. \ F nr i F rte i n .5 ,r p ro n u n l -\p
    H rp r tu i l /,/ Lfr rl !i i n u nptp e\ preFi l
    .om u n c !F:,J F r . r / r ng t t /i . rta t n u l n a l tc o .rT i i . l .s .Fn!. i . pi erel e
    seri oase
    p \ r s'i o .ra d r t i. . r a! pbi t n td i n .J d .
    m u l l i a . o ri . d . s prol unl a fml | ori do
    , p n tr.,},, . s t a nF lc . en ru a r. rD i n ,E ,6 ti " h p ro n oun,i ng
    D i .rt" narr.t,
    Daniel Jones.)
    r !.q i

    :i l, r . pr n.

    :i d i ,,ri v

    J " m o .ra r,\.

    ., l \

    r,:8.

    ,1rn
    :illt;rt,"T,J*,i'il:'df;tl;i':"il;il,j:
    o".,,;,i:ii:l".,
    t:iJ",,.;?,,#i s"nfupr
    .dQ m. : t - e \
    toa rp la 6d! o. ier d.

    s ' , r dpnlit of J in in r i i . . . t , A i u t u i .

    l'i4

    $ 840

    I. PRO,\.LTIELE PEITSON,TL
    Paorl)tN)
    (TUE P-0risoNAr,

    s 841

    1) Detinitie. -- Pfonurnele personftl inlocuietie un subslantit. sau chl


    valeniul acesiuia. desemnind ln acelaEitimp fr persoana
    2) Formi. - ProtrumeleporsoDalesini urmitoarele:

    s 842

    Pc nbe. I
    'rie, 'nrr
    (- tie, tii d-talc. dr.;
    pc iinc. te: Pe d-ia,

    (:

    l: hi, i: pc el. il)


    1: ci, i; !c ea, o) ei. i; Pe el,
    f:hi.

    then

    ( - ei ele,

    S81 3

    (: roui,- ne. tj; ]re


    ror. nel
    ('- roui, rii l)e Io,,
    tn. vi: d!,. Ire d\'.1
    {: l o r , l e i l e e i , i i , ! e
    ele lei !c dnnncalorJ

    O bse tea lie

    tormJ p"rrlru,Iip'nr'
    Cu .\' Fpli" pcr'ua ' i a I " rl'ul 'r'
    p' r'p' :'"'tirp dih'inl
    4i
    r..'n,
    r'nr,u
    o;,;";.i-"" "-.,'i
    ".".;;";;:;
    dupa p;r'^aru, r"rrnir :i '"/
    ium"i
    /' / por I' sr pronunP
    3) Fui'rlii. - P'o 'rn ' l' p"rorrrl' it ! ' !')') tt
    8 844
    '
    nehotdrite.(\azi S lra4)
    p"orr^'"t" p"i'!"'"t,i
    pot aYrja Si frrncfia d adjective.
    "u
    \ulfi.R(ll, PRo\ulrrlltr rilrisoNAr'
    s 84b

    $ 846

    s 84?
    s 848

    4l Persoana I singular'
    lntotd'Ftrnascrjs tn litern nare chiar irl
    r'; p"".r"i"]" j i::
    "'t"
    "'l
    m locut llr'Irozrlrer:
    I Ln { l to_so' n "nlro1 i
    r''
    ll in .ril'rl ,u^,\i"1. rdFt"n i lt^rr,m"l^ / r'r r" nrprirr'" torbul
    peotiv Jipsind uncori li el:

    l'" : , ''i T ' ' ,- , r l


    l. r ' r , r r .
    Tl' ,,
    to.

    llc

    s 849
    s 850

    k , , ' ' ::C "_ .,qr; l 'o dr{oas ,i s


    I
    H
    )'

    J or r r om or f ow

    .' '.re urri pr^r,rrm'l' dF l"Forrr ''-l s ' , r1,'


    trt',' '1- ' l1r'l^r:-Snrr\ ro\c t r'
    pl*-;:,'ia;
    sL,rts. r'ortut,i
    "
    lvaitins' .. (l an1) sorr-v...
    vou
    '
    5r Perioanr u 9-n lingrlrr.

    d/ i';;;;'-r"i"n-

    " ,n '

    mele de peNoanaa 2 a llural:


    ..
    ''u u'
    ^,

    I
    1
    I
    I

    : ' :n :u r'r

    sL .l Ynr df . I r r , laugi' r ' l


    r o , dr . i t r r r t il' lr n
    tt l
    I
    aot r luur r ar
    lsc
    la*
    \ \ " - J $ d", l . I r l ' in
    r

    nnrh I

    '''i

    n"J

    176
    ,, loun.le arhaice ale prouuntoior de persome a 2'a sint:
    r,z l:tu) (!ron persl
    { \.n
    | ^
    ';.i !{r'I:"
    I o ,,

    h. t

    t N oo. I\t" {'t .


    |

    r,'
    I
    ''
    ]

    -l
    t
    I

    t ,.

    ""
    "."" I a,,"

    l' oh

    It ! _"'1i ,I

    $ til

    ta u . td tJ r. t..l Pl ,,J. r!' .


    ,d " i J. - ,ro... no" .,
    ' a " r.-n
    p r ri n ) (p ro n . r" r' .' ,i ' a

    ' o ::J ..
    - pl

    .o r

    '"'",

    ' a. r "l, r i

    .o ri,.p

    \ndr-

    (prol. p^.t

    p fo,. (rp df. !"^ . r r.

    Prorlnd. fcltc\ir I ss. thlflf


    l. (rcll.): iDstrli, insat,i (le inti.i.e)
    I d. !o4'scl'cs : lli lreit.); in!i!i. inscri (dc ltrierifcl
    ;i-de Intirrirc
    -{cesle lorne nu sc mai gdsesc iD limba moderni decit in "(tilul literarJ
    i,1r 1[e., ,e ;i in sii]ul dialectnl sru in cel colocYial.
    c) Pnnnnele de palitele l-, dumnaloastrn. dumnrata) este pronunele
    p e r so n a l d e per s oloa a 2' a :
    Io& a.. a mcmbcf ol thc Union of Artists:?
    . ' DunnrJ \o tu | ro s l n l ' n .ml ru d l II ni \rri l l ' r P l d-ri r
    Drn n "i n
    lo & ,., m m ler . o lh e U n o n o l A.L tt,'
    (Dumn.deaastnj.
    Pl$iio;?l
    .tnr.li .rcabri ai Lniunii lrl\lilor

    S 869

    6) Porsoanr a 3-tr singular neutru. - Pronumcle tl erte tntrebuinlat:


    S 8;3
    d, pentru a lnlocui numele .rbiecielorsinaninaie, pe acel al iiinlelor
    $ 85'1
    al cdror-sex nu este speciticat sau nu intereseazia. precum ,si subst,antivele
    colective privite ca un tot, uneori chiar qi numele de persoaneconsiderateca
    abstrac,tii:
    t rJn g i hF l. ll,
    )ou hcar n^
    bdD " r i / w 6 a s l p rt.
    Sl e l o nk edat t h.' lid
    Hc caued the d,s. and t came at once.
    The n?ru addresed tset/ to ihc ia-sk bclorc ,,.
    i; him would sseli tbef wlcn i/ had an opt ortunity.
    She iinc; the
    'tsnnaD( Ve z i ti $ 6 7 -6 9 , 8 5 , 1 0 6 0 c )
    D/ casubiect aiverbelor unipersonale' refe toarcIa timp, orcme Ei distaal.i:
    t de{$. lr driztes, i, r.eezcs,n haib, n lightens.t rains, n sleeb, n snows, t, thars,

    S 8i5

    ,r i s !rr iUv hool/ s dr m /h o t/fi ,,e rd ,l l


    n !s coneI o f loc k i , , i s p a rl v ' l a tp
    ,r i s Si ! , dnr . , r i. ' r ' : d o i J u .y . rr." s p ri r.
    -\l n a t t ide is n. " a / h b s t' -c k b r.
    1t is three miles to the nexl to'vn.
    Ir i s a lons wav io m v o l l i c c .
    // i s th r p- weeiss inc e ' l o u \1 o l p 1 6 i .

    A se compara:
    1, ,s [: este(impenonal- pentru timp, vreme Di distan!e)]:
    t is dark, ir ts laie, t 6 Uonday, t;

    2 o'clocL, it is lar. t, is a lollg way

    Thercis (thercarrJ l: esreGtnt) (: se afln. se giseqte,existd)+ subiectul (: il y a in limba franceze;esgir, ln linba garmand)l(tntrebuinlat
    cind subiectulvine dupd predicat):
    ?iald is a saden round tle house,
    Th* be peipre i the ga.den.
    (v e z i ti I2 5 0 5 )
    t y, esle prorultrt
    lji:1, nneod ljil.
    svezi a/,i-d pas. al!. rota
    r.
    (
    r
    ezi
    2 ).
    s
    r
    am
    ,
    iiianl
    $
    'Scn s
    rV.zi
    67- 6! .
    6 \e ri S
    S 1196.

    S 8;6

    1?6
    S 8 57

    d J ( c u v aloar e d e p ro u m n e h o te ril ) c a s u b i eot al unorvrbe i mpersonal e:


    , l hJ I ppn \ l : s c i n i l m p l ; )
    n appears(: se la.e)
    , / r han, . s l : s e i t r t l m p l s )
    x seens 1: se pa.cl
    (stil lanilinr) t says, n tclh iin d pla), a book' elc ), tl is said (:6e spune)
    1, aplears ilai sle Is woried in ihe "litsi ol llav" fa'torv belore
    /r seemslie wants to be a nDsrcran.
    . // lb o a pp pr"J lhbl lhpv \ L r ' r \ : r ig in ll' s J F l r '
    i' . m '
    J [ L\ d Ln N r r , ' , 1 o,
    -1r l$ r claxcp d
    /r.,a vs in h rs !.l ool r po, r r \ ' ( r ' p : . ( n lnL l i n r l l i n r 'l
    ,p r lr oni. l" no\ . 1, . d, t J l , l ll, . r ' r n \ .
    .// t- tr :n

    Ne putem da seana cd verbele de n]ai sus sint impersonale.in caznl de


    fald din iaptul cn aceastdconsiruclrecu il poateli Lleplasrt'si pusah mijlocul
    sair uneori'la sfirr.itul frazei. fdr[ ca ir sa ']j'f.'i, l?rbul nepuiirrd fi ljpsit dc
    subiectul seu:
    Shehas \'orkcd, ;t app.ars,nr the "first oI IaI" laotorXb'lorc'
    l rr' n J in: ll'" dr'' slr -l
    Th,v r"r'lr\"q,
    i rl P l i g'l
    1and
    li'or ' js
    l'
    ool
    In : - " .
    -pnrl

    \ s58
    "

    ' ld

    ^o

    Mult construelii tnlpersolaie din hnba ronanir se traduc prin verbul


    r IjH-i'ifiu. J\in lcubi p'rul i/r limbs "ngl"zi:
    to l', r unddiarir '
    j p 'r n i
    , i'
    ad
    a ,J(
    i, F "\r.
    "lu- oaJ ' '
    - 'd
    .
    .
    r l, l' , 1
    ,l is Flp' "l-d
    '
    u
    p
    p
    o
    i
    4
    '
    r/ 6 lhoudlr
    Fs r F i los bf
    ,/ i' tr,; po 's:b l
    h
    r
    pb.
    l
    ,/
    n "n s'Frr I
    It. is impasible not io lPel erl.Iusiastic or.r ihc last constnction ]fogralnnc
    socialist countrtes.
    I. i. r.... a -J
    It .
    '' d bd' Lr n- ' lot s r ldnm br "
    A lew'o:.1
    luratl the.c $as lile on thc ]rlanet Nds
    Icos ago, ir 0ds
    'a@o!cd

    in

    in limba englezi, de ceie arixate ln


    De lapt tnsn. aceste construciii
    -lin,
    (h)
    (S
    punctul
    864).
    g us$
    dJ jn Fopozil;i impersonaleln care il are ln!lesul general de: ,,impre'
    jurerjle". ..stareade lucrun erc
    I a sure ;, shall lc weU$rih l'oul
    i is wel/ill sith...
    llo$' lares Li
    t iares
    un nume
    aii\, in spe.ial ca subiectal verbului,,,c+
    S 8ti0
    _p/ ci donorbtr
    predlcatll lrr nomrnauv:
    1, iB ten miles lo lhc nett lown'
    "$ho is nr'1 'Jr is l/nc."r
    "1rs a long way io Tip!era.y."
    \\:har is n. (JonRani)?
    /l ca subiect al verbului ltr r. + uD nune predicativ in nolninatj' i')so'
    5 8$t
    1it de o propozi!,ierclative, construclieintfebujnl,atnpentru a sc accerlu{
    un subiectsau un co rpleme.t:
    /r h I/m. who havc! ron lhe lrizc.
    lt .ra! orerc l.ial Lidioe6 uscd lo be.
    \Lho di*olcrrd
    thal. llrc earlli Llrns round ils aris
    i; .;; C"p""ri;.
    I ir: rnd ! lnro r r n, e dc uons lr ' . t i1l.
    tIn rm I r.,--nr l . . , "
    l 'I r '1r ' r r n J . dJ - li
    t;rrl/rid
    I r r ' ''u / a r r \ r
    l""ap
    i I nl df
    t
    u
    r
    "
    r
    i
    b1r.: pro nu n' l" l r on, i , r : . "l " i
    'r "
    3 il : rhis s& Aat.
    ou antcc'dentul prorL:
    Fopozili.i rdrtive se acordi ln nunrir;i ltAodri
    'Vob!]
    i /,i.fur, sat cehoslovao disl.rls d. armalu g.tuanii, c{ r.ptesalii' JI' 194''

    tradusi

    cu consiruc,tia romeneascd:
    Eu sini acela carc''
    A c o to -s tr to . rt u rd ....
    C oPPr n i'

    P""

    d e la

    'd'

    (V e z i i i S 2 5 5 " ,

    g, pentru a inlocui o intreagd propozil,ieprecedenrdsau urmdtoare: S 862


    ir do, s n l m lllp'
    rhz \lep ha . bp pn pd t . t t , ! )
    l1P ds ,li and had a lFrI bad tin. ot ,
    It l/ i"n l b .k:l'A lno m ' r , h. , odld : t au I Pad n" ludr r n L P l k , :

    Nati.
    1
    1, este in senere omis dupd {,s !i t,tan in propoziliile comparati{e In
    caro it, subict; inlocuieqte o tntreagA propozilie:

    $ 863

    As lil) hB becn nentianed, dl the candidatcs x're accelied.


    I sill he lp vo u 4 Ir. t s r , / , / lt r ' v it hin ns L' ! ' r '
    ue did a; l,r) s.en.d Des'
    H . erprL "'i -im"Pl n ot " t hon I : t ) ' os Aoat [ a" h: : I '" o l h
    Orr team weren't in tlainins long.r thaa (i. teds) necessaty.

    il introductiv) ca subiectgramaiical S 864


    "I/':
    D) {numit, Fj prpparotor42
    al unel pr.poririi ;l c;rFi subi.c lugi" a'ra un infinitirr tsuu o 'onslru {ia.u
    infinitivul); un serundiv (sau o constructie cu gerundil'u1),ori o propozilie
    in apozi.tia lui t:
    lPh
    ./l is good oI Jou
    'o
    -4, tikes me rr hoor t. !.t her.
    $:hen will ll be lossille /o. us to t2atn thc .esltlt?
    1ts tro ute 5u?/rtza.
    /r $6 .u ulth !o ;. p nb"' ng 1] " . an Put : a4 \ 1r ' ' . \ ^. u h r o r o l " d i n i n g
    1r nd n.. ssd rv
    thot it
    s @ e l p; ' t h" J ag t o \ p t o t i t P t
    // orcur"ed lo i'-n
    r " l; , P an nF "at n. t f t a o t
    htEh"- tP
    , l, imDal..ia l to t.ah- hjt
    "t
    Does , mattcr ahb speths firsl?

    ri.e cu .arar'rpr.' ursive.in .ubie' rplF)ugr."


    tCurintel" .i propoziLiila
    ala vprbFlor al c;roi subi."L grdmrli.al P' P n./
    il introductiv) ou lunclie de complement direct S 865
    i) (preparalata "ia':
    p;Doziiional p;ntnu3 anunla un 'omplPmplr dirpcL{un infioiri!. un gF"au
    cu iofiniljvul sau .u g"rur,Ji vulrori o prop^zitiepredirundiv. o consLruCLie
    cativd sau compleiivi directn in apozi,tialui il:
    I lound n hatd ln slzPP
    \ ra "ou gh l , \r"t ,a t pt t k , ' a , , , v t V J . b; . , . - 1 1 .
    H p ha sn r tol :t 1 ltin t o . pDr - t oL t ' .
    ., d ^ i lJL" /o" trnu .ot 'o a .p t, 1,.1!.
    \\', , o,..id,.-.
    She ihinks n'j danscrous ?rotr. saLmmutg tL (g eat.r.
    t o na P' Poal
    I lrkp i, ,4 rr h"i r aat "e*
    I but ir to vou qhllh.r h? da\ ttBht
    Iric. -; no ll"irs ,", ; b r ' , b"Rt at t a, t d\ ' n
    t e t 4".
    t 1 I P a " 1 'r '
    lll od. o lr ll' l 'h" t "Lt " ' * r ' t ! r ' t
    t..'
    P\ blt at oat J
    n '\, rplr o 1 :ttlr t
    )o

    Notd
    A sc observaordinea carinlclrr in acest paLlern : tl introductiv, preoedat
    direct
    sau nu de prepozilie.este prs inediat dupn Yerb. iar eoRrplementul
    , \umii.i
    i,,,tud ,.
    t 5. t o , t t - r ! - ; .
    r p, , i, ' ii1ir '\
    o p r 4 ! o z 'r '
    u. ,,"n*
    r"
    ' Ci (l su6 i".lu l lo;i"""vd \ "r b, lui, .
    "JU
    introdrclit
    su conjurclia tru, n.narn de un snbjoncrit, eiLc prfteratf' consiruolir cn
    'l

    S 866

    l7,J

    a$;

    apozitnrall vinc la ifirsitul froloziiiei: in ri:rznluriFicompletiredirecte,tocul


    acst.i se alli la stirsitul ira;e;.
    j/,,.\il,,,e,1-trnn,,,.,,.r
    Luto.ti,,tr,...,,n.ri",,4
    L nrJrlempnt
    dn, , r, In..pf,;l il n nor 1-cr
    b{,rare au nceea,li
    tornrnca ti substan,
    Ir r-.nF r\. .. ,u dr.t;
    :
    trppu,,rt,,
    ^
    '1
    lo niakf

    ,/ lti

    Y ou' ll c alt J r , r /
    Notr lor trt
    To r"d (p. r," t n .
    'I-" h ,r, d.,,!J o J r .
    i Sri\

    rJ r, || !a .,rp
    ilul .,ln \;d r p 'n

    Ito \t l tl fs i .,
    H..s i; ior ir.
    r t , t , ""

    i. .

    t . , 1"

    ,,,.1

    d" . , h. r ar . r r . \ r J
    , r,rbi,td 4la. rrJi - rn
    ^ t.runun -j
    i
    \ nr i1, "
    . ' l or pt . . . . , n t i . / t i - .
    ,
    JiTpotri!i..a.t.,i.
    'r
    . .

    ., r,,r int,.t,..utJ F ..i rnL. r r a l

    .,f ,r ,. -r:

    I . r i6
    r : , r , ' i u . ro u " 5 : t\h " rp o i d ,o u ri c k ur D i .furL
    I . dn t s ' 1nd ' ' - a ' p i s s D d rteI -,t"
    -$ ri u " rc
    ki
    - . r t , i, r . r, a L .o ' .' p ty .' ;1 " \,trn i .J l :
    ;...
    r , . s , it . : t he , o t
    l n n ru /i tu m
    ^'
    You musi mccL himr he's the ..t,,, oi rh. ih.atrB rlortd. irmlo.rantir
    No Nonder she's a success:shc's goi ..tr,'. iIarn..)1
    S t6! : l

    ;. P lur alul au l o ri ti ti i :i rl u o d p .l i p i .
    pronurn" tn Ja r,.rro" nJ I
    f " .i
    p l u '., 1 in li' nDA r nl l , n J . i . to , r" 1 !., i ,, ti muJ
    " t-. d" .i n,.ut,,r
    ngtnz. r.,l
    nrar
    . l u l i ' ' . ir d s o r " l" r i l .' u $ i n trrd p o r.4 d n a s i pq a "(nLrebui
    de l urori r" ri .
    .u \Frr ni. . ^ni" r pnr r. ri . a u ro i i .n i ro rr
    , . 1 , , .,
    , ,u ;i i n Ii rnoe crgt" " "
    "
    " .'
    verbul are formd de plural:
    (Rcsina
    are
    tut
    aa,sdd..."
    "\e
    Vjctofjnt.
    ' t d, . , a. 1, , a . _ .p , b u r rh :.k . s .d } l r ,-. a oLpFn. _
    j1
    .
    ,I t ' o " - D- r ' r dd .' l l h ,l r" . .ta rtg i . n r r, ,. $i .t -" ' .utL ur i l i ," .u." " ... ([l

    S 870

    c-{zur, pnoltutrllon

    pnRsorALD

    granaiica actuati lace


    ,I" c.e,r .c pri\este cdzul pronuinelorperson&te,
    o dcmarcatrenetS intre:
    o) stilul fornot. i:ntrobuintat ai,ft tn scris (: Boal' rngl;sD * sritut livresr
    : 8?1
    si apisrol.rj. r' :i in v^rh;r"r .u1,,'. iolr ald. rrti rlta. granrdrirlt6:
    $r
    b) stiLLninfornal. colodridl.intrebuintat tn vorbirea curntn si rn scrisoS E72
    rile sctise in stil familiar sau negliient.
    _ Totu;i, aceste doud stiluri se suprapun in unele conpartimente, sl,jh:
    .,olocviatindcpnrtind chiar forme gramal,icateesen,tiale( cfolom inlocuit cr:
    nrr.. sau nominativul pronumelor personale1, D,;re, {rc, rr.g, tnlocuit,cu tor
    mele de acuzativ Drejnn. ner. us,in, n 1. lrstlel, formlc coto;viate au crstisi
    si ,i.lir' rapiJ rcrFn.c;insrilul lornot rorbir. n oara,dr- na.uri si 1nqtitL
    scris. chiar in cl olicial.
    l Conpl-emntnl direct erlus ]a accst
    esle considerat tn linbR engtezn tn a!0?i.
    !urct
    '
    pronumehi it.
    : ld.scori s.fis c! iDifiaE mniuscula: He txtier.s hitullf
    t. be.'11..
    2 A se obserla ir a,iest crz
    Dnirz. far. intfrline nr rorb;e inainrca nfonunFtli .i
    ,,a ' L .n,
    . . hn r i . ' . i o, . d D r o n - , e l u : .
    ' u rl d
    , t "1 o
    al hi\ lp rur Jin ".lim
    t . 1 t r . ' n. / . - Llt " a , r ' r , . , i , . n
    L nosiml roL, rJJ
    \
    nuani, aclsrcr cxpres!.
    r\L Shakespcafc, 'Ihe Lilb ol Eins Uenr! |IIL
    fia

    tr0
    ri
    r J'
    rr' \' rI -, u l r'r pn^/ ir ipr ' l, r pa -r"
    ' i ' rr' l '
    'u l
    " ri r -i ,l l r ' rJ 'Jrr'
    :n
    L-rr'l
    i
    i
    rF
    r
    H
    r' ' .,Ii .,| .
    . ,1 ruarl r, a .l1, n ulu:
    '
    '
    '
    '
    ,
    '
    '
    I
    ,
    ,;
    I . , r n n e si - hi b , r r l" ' lp /
    t, " r" " 1 " - 5
    i
    ' l: \i J-;r
    ^ r' -I' d
    t
    ,
    i"
    r
    "
    ,
    r
    ",n
    n
    -!tl
    .i l i rl us e d efi terl Ltl l ri sl i l u]col 01]
    s
    L
    ts
    rra
    r
    e\p
    u
    s
    I
    r
    ,
    ele
    l
    s o v a li n e sea il de
    r ;al co re sp ur z elor "
    i n s l i l l rl g | a $ a l i (' rl l o D rdl l fonLrni el e personal
    l) l a zu l nor nint t ir .
    sllii i n ca zul nor ninr l. ir i r u rtn n l o a re l e -s rl u a l l :
    "c
    . ,/ ci n d es t e s aDt f f l:
    / rm xo r s on.
    !L i, . inr.

    s 87;l
    s 871

    hNr.

    rir lrrera't of Hamret'


    i't thr rla.v,/it r)tiilg
    '{sr
    -"
    l'', acordai h caz flt "\rbiettrrl S 8;;'
    1,] cinci esle ttrne pt.tlicatir (dupn 1.)
    (
    } ut lt ' 1t \ t
    'rLpt n' rt ):
    'u ore crr\
    u , d e pre' lr .r1 r!
    irir.i l;i",, i'iii

    {r

    ll is 1 \ iho aJ nl lot r r nic nd'


    I u m le { ] lo t x t , : s f lr ar g. { ll. r
    s pok '
    w$ r l' \ h'
    Th i

    Jou

    prErt;faiir al 1-erbului/o , se acor(lii in caz cu subiectul verbului

    S ETlt

    ropulati\.:
    /,,5/i\

    1\ 1. _. , :

    /:!o

    o "r h

    .,

    l :,,

    o:

    {".

    \' ,n

    r' ,n .' "tJ

    -.-\'
    1' nol
    ''l l
    :\
    '"
    I \o fl
    '
    I
    \\ ,i rer
    t i\. r ' l l_ n I
    \,
    r r 1 ,, t. n ,/
    \\L btlj,.\,t
    '1
    lo h "
    1'
    l
    o.i
    -l
    "

    h'r'

    \"

    \'

    rcspeflali in stiln) fornrLl sL:ris'


    -{fcastii reguh trebuic
    r ' lur"r r''r
    r'j'rl" '1" r, 'r
    In lrnld t)orl)tto.
    "rl: r '- lpl
    rl irre \irDAr !
    H U i r 'l
    l' r i

    s ll7?

    ''

    . n p . e : ori

    o lorm'rlrr"
    l' r "l'
    -* r "' nr u
    r": iL " r r ' i' ' ' ' ^ r ' ' i' ' " i
    ;, ; , ; ' ; i;";,; ;" ;;' " i', , " ".t r "'r' '
    r p r ' ' " ' r'i' i\ ' r ! " r I " r " i
    '
    nu"'|
    r'"c
    ri
    ".,
    i; " . 1 "i;,;i" ;;iri.; 'u rr .r'r'.r
    i; lo'ltl norrinarivduis
    icuzatirului
    ia
    Iolrr:i
    i,?.
    scartl rn
    "i'bintri,x.
    Itri rerb.sautind rronunere
    i""t"
    iii'i",;p;,trlii.,
    iiii""ii"l*i"J-'-,"
    '*'
    ifirtitul propozitici:

    , Wholsrtroer' (f/r:s) nie.-'

    ' '
    "Insleo tor Kr ox l" ": I ht t r m
    _lt r l' o
    "1,'s-on lr I' n s o r ' r ! o! s "
    "see iI ddts htn '
    r"
    "iare wants vo" on lhc rhon' " "1)h
    'rl
    "l m rhaiil n tvael't thtnl "
    'ill Fish ir t ( d , . . , r r "
    '1-ou'rc alNa.ts liglitirg hiBr'" -/ls 's or /'t'

    "

    posesiv:
    siu prccclirtlun gerundi!. in lo.Ltl unui adjc(:tir
    { //

    r.

    ;r"

    , \ l' 1r

    r 10

    1o'l

    "

    o p P i \'

    "'

    ' rr

    r i;$

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    ""{iilti,i,}Wlqi*id*j*:}l''il$*:i

    ci su i teatril
    . \{. Shakcspcare,r:s ,!z Lil' . lt
    . ! r . 1r " . '\
    \ . n'
    l '"n l ru , , nur nt sP r ' 1r _ a u t* . , z ' i i"
    d c . ) uLi 'i r 'r l
    1 nt ^td n n a .l \ t , { dnt nt \t ' |ebo tn6 , nr ii
    ' o1. ol "

    ! /
    '' r 'r l ' I 'i
    d F i r s n i n n o r n _ '-

    MoRFoLdca - ?RoNUltEr;E

    18C
    8?9
    "'"
    "

    Y p' hLLll ' r b' i n-p\pre{ a


    Cind ins i num e te p re d i c a ti r u a re s ta p P l rr' grr
    ds i ' ' z
    ro
    n
    u
    ,
    )
    l
    -,'
    .'
    "
    i
    '
    "
    J
    "
    ,,'
    ,'
    i .";;;;" i"
    ' ri r
    ' F-n " \' " 1 ' r " n
    to rml l ' r In mo J n " r1 " l :
    cu Jco' - i- ' ilLl
    1)
    llt
    l v t' o o n
    'l
    ^,
    lon / lllr ' - si. me
    j
    t'
    r' : ).
    ll'" )
    rra
    '
    I
    " ro
    a It was ru rc gi':a thc ea'ftikcf lritt' the kels l/"r''lal)
    .DL L )

    ,r ,p ,l r "

    t dL,

    E k n a ' |' o l- it )

    *1";"1

    ::
    iTr;;j:
    {,,::;

    lt hot

    al the pl{l

    Iersiunile cu pronumele*'lo"rz //tlil sau 03 apariilr \lnui stil mai ingriiit'


    st;
    .j a"p., ,- !iir,,, ii, prup"zrliileconparatirret; cnreprimul termcn

    S 880
    '.

    S
    ' 88 1

    fc.loc'n,l

    , az ul nor ninit r \:
    l : |
    t alt . t - t ilt
    .n /
    " ' r!
    I
    . " rl h n ," ' n
    i'l
    r"
    ; ; ; , i" ,
    l
    '
    n
    ro
    "- l
    l
    $
    p
    l
    p,
    C r' :l i "
    i. ; , '

    ' oo\' :
    eor' ' ' ^
    ,
    ,
    ri oro' rrrLL
    ' Jr' l r'

    H .!nld
    Jupi ar .'i lia' pronumelepcr:onalestin acela;icaz ou
    l"
    F
    "o,"rr*ra!ir.
    .n'i.'ri
    s.'r pr"rrln"l' rr '
    'oFl
    'i'

    "ut,.

    Sc ra spunc deci li:

    "p

    ,{i.\ sugLtslnrn1tr! Ltr nfur' inteffstifg ihrr }tint


    rs gold as 4r'r'
    ?lkt ltno$lcdse .l ltrglilir
    tim
    i ratrre rne,r ;;tff tlan II 's
    'ah!
    . . ! . . t: , r; ;. "r . , n,l .
    \' ' r' h" rD rL '
    rp ' ,
    i o i ;.
    \",,."
    "ii
    A s o . , om P |lr a :
    ! 882
    t kn.\t htr rcttef Ur,tn n' fkrr'ws herl
    I k no\ t n. / be tl .. tl a n l l k tro (J /' L '
    cl & ri Lateda' :d
    ln c az ul c e\ t i c l e n l d o i l ' a c re m p l u , fro p ozi l i a ar ci ;ti ga i n
    hlocurior:
    verbul onis ar li enfrinat', lic chirr !i Finir un
    /, I' i n
    I l. ! o, \ ' . b- | . 1 d
    i\iczi r'i S 1918)
    na exp nrat atunci rlod ditrn de primxt
    i'iotilea
    .U doiler vcrb trbuie
    { 8SJ
    s ru c i n d i n s u ti a p rb rrl P ' l c a l tul P ropu/-i ti a urmi i odre' del t
    ' " -"
    ." ti; , ' ; ' ' ; ; " od.
    r I p"n
    l i n l u r;l F v.rl i ^l or ' rrr ' l rl pfl r^:
    u r;rr ' a. " . . - i' r ut
    ''
    '
    u
    Ue ts at l$'ortX lcss se'ious miidd l'haa votr at liLleen
    Cor p. l ' i. t r " P o z i l i s J a i n lle is rl. twenlv lss s.ricns minded thiLnvou c''rd ai' lilteen'
    r
    A t enlLe
    persr' ral
    s
    a
    c u ro a rs to a z u l !0 ra rt tre } u i e stl 0i }; Irontrrn' l '
    a
    P
    ent
    r
    u
    {o 88.1
    ""
    Lptbul
    u
    n'
    onozi
    Li

    ."
    \P
    dJ
    ' fl t' :
    ,l u p" " o ; r n' r ' i' " , 4 r,' i
    ' o rr' p l " ' b
    ?ne? consideiLim norc ddpctenl tlu sld lconsjdeN]rin-rl

    ii,;i ;;i;;i;;; i,'i- ii.i"

    /@
    tlan iuret oonsiderl
    -.i"t*t
    (V c z i ti S 2 t2 41

    de la S 8so sli4 slnt lalalile ii Ftrtnr subslanti!_"'


    '-r".".ii "".g"U;i cele
    3 O llpsa (Pronumet'ri ftlrti!)'
    -

    l 8l

    ln stilul colocvial, nominalivul dupi conjuncliile r,hdnti a, este inloouit


    prin cazul acuzativ, consiructie condamnate de purilti. Se spune totuqi in
    Siierrlr-.Xou.ge.thio ru.
    Ile is ar nrch tauer than ,r.
    \\'e a.e a! rrlev.r as rtun.
    lVczisi S s7i)
    dJ Oonctuzie.:in slilul coloct,ial, pro unele personall chiar cind este
    ul,ie: rd, iir'.b?ul nomin"ti\J r"- nu.. - d"t"r;ins d"ni"i oprppu/iii".
    ia. t 1o'ul ,.ominatirului.lorma ecuzeirul rr. u rrrrr-i lr tFr"orn. l..i ll
    loate pcrsoanele:

    g 885

    S 886

    It nas zs \'h0 had been sidEjiAl.


    \1'! sair him at l]|. corccfli al lcall i thirk iL nas nin.
    U:c -Uother
    md Lr -\rnt
    lor a trial
    n in or. nNv .af.
    am
    I
    "I
    sorn.
    rPsret."
    -41:
    nd (exploziv) : ';,1t too! lu. tooIt-r. nDl" (NeE'anaiicitsi trutologici drr c. i.struei.,pp
    ,,"
    r.'
    , 1". m . 1i"., , a '
    1. "r ",
    1.in,J r,-.
    r r r. gir ilp A rJdJ , i",.ar
    .:
    i. ar
    d"
    o lor m ' I r,-r"
    '( , d , I
    'rn
    'i
    c r J J rdl n,'"q i l rr p leon. o",
    I 1 t , . V , r . T o a - . 1 1 ., ) .
    I c , 1. , d r , . r ' , lu t \

    Dr. P. Gurrey, Readerin Educalion and Head of the English Department


    in the University of London Institute ol Educalion. tc. etc., etc.. scrie:
    "'fhe use of the Nan Nominaliee form of a I'ronoun fllter 'is' in rrr","edt
    rcltoquial speechis 'Who is that?' 'Ii's nre"'.
    2) Nominatirul vocativ (Noninuti,tc of Addte$) (S 192). - Irronunele g 887
    este in crzul nominativ vocativ cind se referl la animate sau inanimate
    cdrora ne adresim:
    Hey, goul WIat are you doirg there?
    Mfuties af tuy childhaad
    I $ty do yon comeurwanted?
    3) Caz[l gonitir. - Pentru forma de genitiv a pronumelor pcrsonale S 888
    qi adjcci,ivul posesiv" (S 900).
    'Irronumel
    O
    formd idiomaticd de ge itirJ intrebuirllate Ln NtiluLfoart. fan.iliat. | 889
    lonsti din pronumeiepersonalin cazul obieeli! precedatde prepozifiao/:
    You wilt I. thc dcalt' ol mcl
    vezi

    I wouldn'L do it ior thr lili 0l ,nc.

    4) Cazul obiectiY3.a) Pronumele personal tn cazul datlv sau eclrzativ osl,lrpus drtrt verb.
    Ctnd acuzatirul esie un pronume, el prcctdd ln generedatiyul:
    I g d v r, (1 ^) (r' ) l e " a l l d
    o "oa
    I r Jv " ,/ J , .r /" r' . 1 7 , td , ' ul
    Cind insi acuzativul este un substantiv, el rjne datd dativul pronominal:
    I gave lf (dal.) a s,aer (ac.).
    I [Ii tl i n s , or . . i/ , naA .9 0 .
    , P. C u t
    t . " 1, ; . ; Lt K t .h L , o a a o . p t" .
    rD Jt'\. r ci,uz a. iv s iDr c D o :i l ,o n d l !l 9 i l ,R p s u IL .ra m-.i cri rarr orr\ .c.ui ,trr' .
    1i\ 11li i n d ,i G aF f p \ . r . , 6ir - s ; t" i rr.,t.o ,,,,n ," e n i \s F n ,rr..b.rd" ri ,uJui .,,i
    i Joe
    l ,i a . g 1 2 . p nri u tun. rl I i . d:.l l
    ! nlru d 'f:n i ii da i\ ul. i. S 1 r0 p n a l o rma
    u"nlr u .J-Irn iad,
    i
    z dl v J lu. S 3 " 7 p n k u fu n " .i"i.l ' .r' -l u i ..5 L i l I nl " un i i ni l i J " .,/ .l ' ,i
    {l n l i .ba r o' bila. . nd p r.n u ,n h trs l b In a .u z a ri r.5 " 5p' rn un or i i : -l ,l 4l l
    sendsoz {dat.) ,i (ac.).""Don't you slve ne. (dat.) t, (.tc.)." etc.

    S 890
    S 891

    182

    Erceplit:

    Sul,\tantir',rl|
    pronunele iD dati\. firrl se urmnresle
    -c\tzaIi\ I'rtctdti
    jn mod sperinl H,'" tjrarea
    da'rir1rlui.
    care este.iJr a|easti s;rnarie.pfcedat,
    dc lrpozilia t0:
    I gaycl.Iero,,l ia..i io tur ldafl. not to r,, 1dat.r.
    D, Dupe prepozjlii.pronunlelesi,n h cazul aruzativ:
    S 892
    .rbout li,.

    $ 893

    $ 891

    bI 4.,. oi !i.

    to ,p.

    \rilh

    r/rf,. eto.

    Er ce p li,:
    Pfepozilia,/ poateIi urrratn lqide un qen;liv:
    T r ja r.i :h l l d ,/ z i ,c i s a
    1\_czisi $ 196l
    personal
    .r.,/ Pronumelo
    in fazul obictiv este nrlrebuintiat idiomai.ic ln
    unele irterjeclii din limba vorbite:
    lvai: -{delirat? lir lrai spun.:)

    de ir.l)
    rsnra{n1/s::r.rc{

    lv ail v ai de m i n e :)

    (SdJacarle.acul
    de ti.cll

    ir 89.i

    d/ Pronumele perlsona] in razul obiocti\. este uneori intrebuinlat {cu o


    n u a nld des uet n s a u p o e ti c d ) !i c u re c h e a l u i yal oare de pronurne i etl eri r' :
    I loid ,r. i: Drysclt do$Jr ro sleep.
    Ef t,ad built ,t, i- li;nseut a trous..
    T he c anar yloo k l o i r i : i ts e l l t n D te .
    "L'i1]e slars mat hide r/pa ( ihenBel\s)Nh.n lhel list..' \'. shakesrare)

    $ 896

    IOLL-T,PROIITJITDLUI
    PDBSO\.\I,

    s s9?

    a, Plfi)umele personal este pus de obnri cit llra; dproape de aniecePronum"l" ,1, pprr,Hnl . . a th . ,h . ,1. //,FJl oa,r
    "d-deori n"-'pre 1..
    ,.'rlu/ii ln.,.p".apirint.,.Tr"L-r"daim'rltiit.nLi,
    1.,irtrpb,.rnr"rcator:
    Ann's Diotlc. mored io Ll$l,c. Nhen sn, sas h kirjdcrgaricn.
    f\t nrana .ra la grldinjl;i ciNl s-a ,l.ai.in Llster. ci .\na.
    Fraza t.cbrie rcli.uti: astlel: "$'hcr -\m $as iD lindcryirten Ler moiher movcd
    \i,jk iord tris brortrer d didi L know Engtisl.
    _, _l\Li lntelc. .i \i.lt er.r rL,tsh larc nr ilia engiezeite.Fraza trebuie rellcria asllll:
    ''Nicl<said to Lis l'rclri.r: 'I dor't know nnglishr,,l

    i 898

    P er t r u ac elas jmo ti \-. p ro n u n re l e p e rs o n al de persoana a:l -a nu l nehui e


    rn tro dus ir t r o pr o p o z i l i i n a i l te c a a n te c e d entul l ui si fi l ost menri onat:
    .."
    rt t! .d D " o .o . d 1l L " ro
    11
    r \ h "n r ' a{
    s. .
    n l l .ql o h;n. otr ' l
    "p "
    ,, PromLmdc de peNoana 1 singular'. cind apore jnsolit de pronumele
    care se refer:'r la celelalte personna sau la un substaniir. na lr"erdd, ci urmeazil
    ,1un as \dl ls I/m.r hlls to go al oncc.
    Io a a n d l rn e a re fri e n d s
    // and Iile cou. lo b.eaklasL .arly.

    i ri!rrl

    La piur al. or d i n e a e s te u rm n to a re a : $ e , aou, * eu:


    lt., ,,, rnd
    hare nianJ tastcsjn cotudrn.
    'tuV

    s grxl

    P0SDSIV
    . Pn0NUIIELE$I ADJECTTVUL

    PIiONOU\ '{JD ADJJ]CIIYE)


    {ITIE POSSESSIVf,

    tjfrriti\ul pforumFlri personat.are'dord lorrre


    L) lrcfini,tie !i rornll.
    pri rrr r "dl' ri"li re lJp'rivLl n^ e'iLr'
    p' -'it
    r,
    , r,, numi ll' {p o
    'i:;",:
    to"J'r1s; f""'iu
    t,',1",,,t " l^' Iunui 'uh'"n'i\'b'| "r'

    S 1)ol
    imz

    'lhrscoat's mr''
    timp ;i
    ,tdjectitul posesit'determini ur sub"qtantiv intlicirri ln acela;i

    - .".n'i't nu"itut,'i''

    $ ll03

    Tltis is D!/ (oat

    s 9o4

    ,,,"":,:":iliil:l?,'lliT;i'".i.,1lii'ii'""$xLt"'iii1f,:Jli*'"
    t""'ilj;*t"""

    !i pronunele posesivesint urmdtoarele:

    I! ls veDs
    Ii is tu. dog

    Obser p&!LL

    s 905

    ,.,"s{,1.x1?"iil?:Yill'{ii';*?':l:Yi?;lii:";'#"11
    i: al neu s i dl ilu) .
    ij , lt , e i: Ce F aL m eu e - i i r l U u l .

    906
    bJ Formolorp.ri al' sdj"crivuluipo'e:iv ra;t" -si/i;,?P"rnl inlrFbuil.!dla s
    orr
    adJerrrve_
    subslanlttelnr
    in onei"zamodernOdupd un \o.clit sauinHinlcs
    .du cu un t. panrru a dd o nuan1apoatic' sduarhaic5
    i;. ;;;,;, ;r. ;;
    "li
    "'
    "
    stilului:
    r nt n I os l n r FonlJs o n t n r l " 4 r n " '
    ntn p"\,s,m i, "aa"
    Ftr
    rai, n -\'', Lddv m ; t el t hi " eJ ' " t ht lc h c d t t
    t
    dJ
    oqn
    | \an l lo do ll"nJ " in dir P
    I dd $ "1 ' or n"d bY m ' r ho:

    2r IBtolosulprodumolui$i al adic(livuluipoqo'iv' DeodrP- fronumelc


    dPnume:r,"
    * .,f i- i'i,-r'p"*[i'-.;-o.a l' io tirn6uengt-a-(u subsrrntitul cdrc
    ';".;;;;;i' ;1; se traduc !n limbs rom;nr'u roarelronu'nele sal ad:trrrv'rp
    pospcorulur'Ind'lorFnt oc
    io."siv" rehri'oar la p'rsoano 'orespunraLoare
    ex'mplu:
    Spre
    pospdst
    obipcLului
    i""J ri "r*a*t
    nir ' { - sl n ru d 1 r' a i D d i a r Ddhl
    r n" i. si- 1 l l o " , I l n r, a i l u r' rl " l o r)
    l: tiu. ta, iei' iale)
    "olr i: noslru, nrasl.ri, noitf!, noastrc) Lc'
    ;ur

    i ',t"r* g, *' t i, , t
    l ' ..' S
    "q i :,,r llr . r , onu, n "' T . rd' lr'm rr\ p o " s i r n u ' e ' ' i
    ,, ts 9i esi.si fornil cont.sl' ntr trn loseBrs'

    ni ' i oddtl ns' dn

    l r' ' " Jmnr

    s e07

    184
    Natd
    S 908

    Ca ii in limba romand. Dronumele Dossi\-DoAte dre.{ si inLelesul de


    ..lamili..'udc. prie'eni. sau ..propriouare-:
    H e { i l l a l (d 1 5 ,h 1 r \ fv L i rd r ol ror and u-. ..
    I m' (- n o i l ' :tt0 rr' o , i e t* e e i n;i c ana 18." .
    (Pentru

    S 909

    $ 910

    adjeotivele posesive ln spocial, rezi 5i g 817, 911)

    3) Gen,numir gipersoani. Promrmete


    qi adjectiveleposesivese acorde

    i n g F n. num J r s i . p e F o a n a . .u q u b s ta n l i v u l .src dpnu.n,qtp poseeordl .nt -,i


    ''u obr p,r ! r l pn. oJ d l . .,r' ' .a a .o r,l ; l n g o n .i nu.u. tn l i mba fomend:
    Me has lel chitd: ii. is n,.r.
    Da a.e coDitul cii este al ei.)
    t/i? nas i"t chitdren; iiey are t.rs.
    [Ea a.e copiii ei] stnr ai-i.)
    s i p ro n L rrn e J ep o s e s i v l ,e r" .re speeti v l rrs. si nt l a D ersoana a
    [ { dje. t ilul
    3 a leminin singuLai i.a si pose-sorul sie; ele nir stnU acordate
    !i c'u obicctu)
    p u s edat , r / / d, c J r e .rp n p u tfi r ;i , i n p ri m u l oxempl u, l a si ngul ar, i ar i n al
    d o ilei la plur dl j
    4) oaz. - Desi pronumele Dososil rorezintn genirilul Dronumelui Derso nal. . l r ^ " t ' z ut p ro i ./,,i '
    l F p F ;d e , IJ p c ;ru t ant" :i de.rtul ui saul d" .rmi na.
    d c r olul ju. ht dc ;l j 1 p ro n o ri i i a d i rr ra re fr"" parte rvazi si S 826)
    j ' Itz a (pron.,nom.)
    rs
    . will x on lend . l a u N a t (a d j .,a c .)?
    t: ny.o4, (D ol l r.)]
    t
    t
    at
    h?,
    a
    tl
    .j
    !ro
    ...
    lh, . l
    d r.r," r' i \
    Iom. i s d g,dr re.to..,bi t,v.
    / ur , t s Nv lpo r --g v .
    l /s o r /a d ..d " t. s i -rri nst" " .brt tr,.J;n\;/r...
    l t'ron. , dar I lns l i o t.s .
    AdjFctirului pospsi\. in propozilie este dtorminat de rolul substai,-C0zul
    l i vu lui
    ( . nu Hl p.h i \" l c n t.l u i o " ^ l u i J t p p trnqr .1r^ .ta ri , u cdrp formpaza
    tm r up s int o. t i. . { \p /;
    pri n
    " \e m o l p l e d e ri r,r " u-" i l di " a.
    " ur.i r..1
    I ' r . bf ^r gl zJ p p a
    d .l i d e : ' d \p )o ,.i o' yo," . p.on.. a..).
    r
    et-s
    r l- r r b r n ||' ,u .rh o .,
    r.rJ t..d , p " p . :
    l ook Jr t;s (pron d.. tf!f. Lo$.
    - r
    Nat il
    . T h" t . br o b. r
    /,..s r
    rra r" l e s , F tr Jt .i i e.,a un dubtu g6oi i i r.
    \ r r p ex em pta :" /
    I m r ai
    nl ,,l ra " ' .,
    .a rri .t,n J .a t l .u
    T h' . o bu .rn .. a l t" " ;.. ...
    N. t , ic t , r r . / l i (.,s e \? r r, j r.t.d-rLbr.i
    y th ; Hansi ns eommi ti ee.l N i ci un radou

    s 911
    s 912

    { V e z i , p e D i .u d e ta l i j , S 2 9 4-196,:esl

    5) Adjctirul posesivfzie Passestiae


    Adjp,ctire
    ).
    d, -{djectivuiposesivinsole!leintotdeaun'1ut'
    subttanltusannr gerundie:
    This is mr./ stsrer.I ' subst.t
    Do ).ou mird my smahin1l
    ! (+ seNrdiv)

    $ 91 3

    , J Ca or ic e a d i c ti v 1 n l i m b a e n g l c z a ,a Jj ecti rut poscsi v rf,c,' da substan


    d " F fi ,,i n i . n u l l ,rfl ,' a ,,d ,r- i n l i rnbr romJri o:
    !.,"F
    'i t,rl
    , ,., a l
    T.
    (Aceasr.ne;te pilirin nad.j
    IlaYe i'ou patsd /oh crarn iJr maths?
    /7 ,-a ' l ,r(u t e x a me n n l { l raLcmal i cl ?)

    PRONUMET

    186

    $I

    lnlofuies' arlifolul subsjarlivclor cu tumlic dF $ 9Il


    .) Adiectirala Doscsive
    pdrli
    trupului 'su oPi"alpd( inbd inintP ln rFtF'
    .rr;
    olP
    I
    denumoic
    subiF
    arli.olul iolnrir:
    lalrF .azuri sF tnrrebuinlpazb
    S/@shook 12. head
    I askcd goa to Put on Y'zr coat'
    Se sp u n e lns i:
    I took tu' bY ,nE a.n
    I oar nover'look ntfu in tfte lace agnin
    They thnmpeil /,tm on rre nack.
    (Ve z i!i S 5 i i I
    d / so Hr , ic o i, , s pp" i d l l
    F nt l Tr b a
    1 '0"*ii . d rn li; beer ili r n e a c c ent uat e:
    1 lnt on tu4 coal.
    2,"";"r,;;l r';";.i
    \r $ " nn / , ' . l" : nd' ' :
    (\.,
    . n " d f 1 |- ni
    H. took oll nt! hat

    F n l ;d a ' ,,p rd Ir-o n ' /i ri i l at i n " ' r^ odi ' ' i f" l "
    r' 0 d u r l n l i n b d 4 ' n sr; Iri n Iorrr' ' dP ddt' J-

    S 9l ;

    O(. elilitro ha{c leli lor tlie Pioneer' Camp


    fre au rlecaL copiii in tab;lra dc piodie'i r
    c \" I'
    / I ''i'
    ,/\r_ d p i d rd ' rr i u"rn
    I havc paid m,/ shr.e.
    fMi-an
    rlrlljL paltea.)

    c) lnlr'o enun(.rare. adjcctivul posesiv nu se repcti inaintea liecafui


    substlntiv dectt perrtru clarificare "(au pcntru accentuatc:
    /,'
    d b d
    - r hu,;
    ' ud
    II' .rnotmL ',P
    p. . . nb"i
    na. eo " l 'n
    rprq
    d'
    1ii
    ]]r f,r"tJr,.n 4
    or"
    , . . u, ! 40. r f
    i.
    ft dn d 4 :. . t r t
    ;'n
    1t . . .."
    \ orJrer
    uJ r '
    nd \ ' ' '
    /Ir'.-an da ll"i
    o&
    p o.p .i!. s r F
    bdp. ei ; r nl: l dF ' u\ r n r u l
    \urp.ri\L l
    //

    D r a p t i u 'r '

    gl{i

    S 917

    ,dn inrrFirp id'"' no "sirul,ri rPsn".ri\' J-r.1t" nu '' rr"Ju ' inrold"lund
    tn lirnbfl rornnni:
    "TIe aii.l's Ora Boolt.":
    TheiL iltcrests are mr otu
    (Inl.tusele lor snrl ii alc mPlc)

    Llo m-r ,0a .ookirg.


    (il11l,cseshRr'm.l
    slrc makes |o 04? dfcsses
    (lli fuce singnri ro.hiil-" )

    L,r Adieriirul Doqesit:i gpru r-iirul. P r,"u ^hrirFrpdu 'ri 'rrl l pids'
    optu dr\'
    tn limb" p"rslezev' rbul prcdir.ti' ' Inlu'u: .rc ad'Fori 'u rr'
    pronume
    posesiv
    sau
    a
    urtur
    adjectiv
    formaunui
    p Iingn care"sribiectulstn sub
    persolal ln acuzatrv:
    r Do vou mind lf I smldr
    deline: 1 Do you mind /y snaltzsl
    i r r i, , uo, . r . ' . " 4 ., /o " th " tr' \t' tte q
    1 wi llo. r . r t ' t" .: ' h .' r ro i " " ' /
    't-ri n ":
    (\tuzi li $ 9l ll

    S Clq

    oon

    s 919
    fiI, PNONUMELENEfLEXIT $I PROT*U}IELDDO iIT'4.RINE
    GEn riEFr,o)ul-E AND Tm n]IPHATTCPRO:{OUNS)
    1l Dcfidtie, - Pronumelecare, tntrebuinlat pe tinge un verb activ, 5 92{l
    arata'ln prin;ipiu cn acliunea"exl mati de verb se rdsfringeasuprasubrcctului se numeqtePrununerelkrLe.
    runeori adjcctivul ,au calain o nuanle alectili prDnnnlar!: Mv awn btuth't !

    (s"'1fii"T:l"Til;i]"
    The Ba!\

    Aen Baak.

    careaveaii pe.echea,esrectire
    vremu,i,
    roareapreciarpe
    ",sreze

    186

    $ ,21

    Pronwnele rlc t,?rnn,'. in-rolaltF antererlentulpcntru aI acccnLua.


    2) I'ormi. - Prouunl rcfle\i1. ti pronuorele (le intnriro au nceea!.i
    fornle in lirnbr elglezi:

    Pl.

    s 922

    s 923

    s 921
    $ $25

    : i nsnmi

    L o x l s e lrl : i er

    I
    |
    I
    1
    {
    t

    :
    :
    :
    :
    :
    :

    linRu (: s)
    lrersell(- se)

    (
    I

    m \* l J { : di r

    Nrtrd

    iiserf {: {l
    '
    our*lvs ( ncl
    ]' o u s l * s r= rri )
    ilEnshas r= sl

    I
    I

    l " 9rj
    Insar
    in rsi
    iNiii
    insgli
    Dsa;r

    : biine
    : nr_si ri i
    I - l'iqrI - tns'tl
    : ir$!i

    onseu (: r)

    Pronulllele refleriv !
    cel de iltdrire slnr sinqurele prollume care. ja
    peNoana a 2 a, eu fonna de ,singulal'dileritir de fcirma de plural:
    iss.l Jousef - lp] ) r'ouse1..,
    J) Pluralul dutoritnlij $i al Iotitctii.
    LI 'i lronLm.lp rp cnu 1rl,." relers]3, s;r:&fd pprsoal"it,tur.lL, au.!.
    rflSrii :i
    polite,iill. rorma rFflF\i!d Fsr" ,rA4l qi ,rc,ns.tt inu o"r.t,,.
    "l
    !i'e oz.rcrybelicle this to be ie rnrh.
    Ion sa'd so loLru.4, Youf }lonour. (curinte adrcsarejudcontoruhi.l
    . 4) Prinrilslelc funrlii alo proo m0tui rcflpxiy Fi atc !ftnrunrrtui de ixrinrc. - rn i,trjnli \rpmp.p'onu1.ta rcllFr,i\ ,r.f,lI a cipj, dt o i.rrFr uin.dr.
    todrler;jpindild.i rpdi."rirnrnrtori".Frecarrru,irLrl
    e.ri.rno.lesrrr.inrret;in
    lare. Dro u'l alor d, po..o,nn l. 1 .ru a, . liin4 .o,rqidord,p
    to !". er! LJ
    Jorinld d \nrbrrorulri rl".r .. pun" in p!iJ"nlj. fi, .e. ,ti-)porfir". ,,r."/
    rrrn4un .uiinr n rr | ,n: t i,, pntu0,.,tJ .rilulDiur aopp.trai t^,r t.,"
    ,
    drn 0lle morirp p^.ibilp -, rr\ tul tn vll -"
    de,
    or.s
    azi.ri
    nre"
    rnutt
    "ud"
    f.]r.,,1i.,"r ln'1 . Po
    "nalpr',rlo\iv nI rcbuiei"to,ir ca .rrbe i,
    ltoiler ard 1/e fnr inlseli)hadrca rogethlr.
    Pronumele rellexiv sen-este:
    aJ la fornrarea cnnjusdrii r.fk::ciw a vcrbelor,:
    ,, a,d '. l\ 6 b r . l! \ ir
    I
    '.to v
    .Tl' n mDr' rla o p. 1eo i . d s t ' , r
    ln.IidPd sing trd.l

    \ ld 4t t f .
    4/ \ ' , - L 1,-

    ,,"

    ,t , I

    d.,

    ,,..

    id.,

    ,d
    L) rn ",F,,;
    - rrppo.:,,:. p.-"pJ. I dn onnozrr:i. 1.
    "t,.,t;.)
    n/ $i /rr. prnnun
    Fl" -rl,p\i\ xr" ln1"lFtt ,1c ...in;ur.. dar.u ;u1 ," nit-r e
    l,] a ."

    //

    s in; r n"r ' . ol I s ". r n, J . Lbl


    |
    I c am e dt ll |J L) r D.
    \ , \ n. r i . 1! r , 1" t ot _ n"i . o t i
    Sh-" did it n! hcrclli.
    (A lilout o sjngDrii, DcajutatiL.)

    " \ ez i il $ 1i; 0 .

    d. nim".i,

    SI

    PRONUIIILE

    r37

    DE
    'NTARIRE

    l: sir(tr.. de la snl
    The cdD c.ackedd/ tsaf
    (Ceascta o.llai de la sinDi
    lor o n * J / f : s ir ! : , r ( t u In s u l i c L l l
    l;".;;j "
    / . . , , , " - " r r rp \d - i a r o { i o ' ,l d ,n qi -,-a' .' i ' ,,,.r" -.o' ,nr,.!jl"i
    ,'
    , r i o rr' l r' ' r' l r l n l "
    r ' L : \.1 . . i- r ur \ or r" :\" f- ,' "o
    ' r" i "
    Cd. dhe prcpozilii:
    IIe k.!i. hinBdl r, itnt'f.
    She cadc & n..rall
    lSia rclent )
    \Yhat .rre rou dontg oltk t!.u'setl
    lr:orbeqie1int.n iinrftr insrilijin nu.rclc
    lC-" Iaci asti{ea.d?l
    i rootr iL Lrh ,m$tf to o o n re n . tL e m e c l n rq .
    (Ii mr luat sarcina de a

    ot oz6.lf

    c, Pronumole ale intirire tste intrebuinlai pentru a da mai mrtltd tirie


    dnui substantiY sau urui Pronume:
    TIer hcard the ncws lrom ihc witness ntnr.l/
    lAri anzit resLca ohia. de la martor')
    I nin it mysctf. (-\m fiirut_o u lnsumi )
    \Vhen in Ensland. I p.eld to \Yashmy clou,es nyMf al a launderetie'. ralher
    llim Iule thm $'6hed al a lannd.t'.

    S 921;

    5) Functiilerronu rclui relle\ir. - Pronumelereflexir se lntrebuinl,eazd I 997


    rn g.n"r- ,rn
    sobiectul:

    p;lp n"mp pr"di ari\ sdu Obj t' ,i la s."Fdii p'Foani ' u

    !n' {as not lefs.r/ last nighi. {\d c Ir.Pdi0.rtili


    Eob I\rtL hinretf- (Comrt. dir.)
    -He x-\" ]"i% .tt d mr, , nl I r I
    { Co npl ' nd "'
    di"
    rh ; n ,mba- r o h?""t t . t c ^apt .
    i-[ f r al
    $.
    d o adr r'ur _ l or 'i. 'h
    I ' os s h"
    J' p& r. rliJ rr'a r /,hrp .4/,
    l r o l ddlo n a r 1 : 0 s t 'o r a
    ' 1ana3
    r ' J " or poz
    i, io. J l
    r : m p $6 J mr' rv lco np '
    p_ l o r , r o l r r L
    ( c om ll
    "Ho' n' . . l/,e hou!,, h l.s4 /:
    i onJ'
    ,, ,ipr ,,/ b . .nnt
    " I ^' , dr
    tt. r"h;
    L.omt

    6) Pronumeleroflexie cu raloare de pronume Persoual.- Pronumele S 9'lS

    rnlo.ul .alli p.'qonrlppnrI-ud:nc\irdsmbigurldlca


    'FIle.\ii.-LFinlretluinls
    atunci cind folosireaunui pronume personal ar da un alt in-telespropocreate
    zi!iei:
    Sr, k@w that na' datrshte.\'as prefer.ed10 nPrscn
    ' lrr

    .d lrr"r ''

    ii 'r'r lr . r . al- r

    f"wa! prefeued to l,er" ar li insemnat,,era prelerati unei alle persoanedeclL


    :rceleia la care se refetn subiectul".l
    r.other was as caDable6 htms.lf
    -aiir
    (Frutelesau cr{ tot alli de crlabil ca;i Fl \
    l'as /r" s ar fi relerit la o alti persoanddecit aceeade al ciirei ffate eravorba.j
    shc asked nc to look alL{ nJs.J/
    (lli a centt si am griji' de mn'. 1
    sn aibe ea grijd
    ["She askd me to look after tr." ar li insennat:.,\'ti a cerut
    de nine".l
    Cind confuzia nu eslc posibili. sc intrebuinleazn pronumele personal:
    Hc srve nd tle nPPl.s.
    \fc sa w it m in lhc s tre e t.

    l lduz.tz.rtc : sDltutotic cu aparatcautomateundc lnblicul hi spale ii calol sntgd!


    d " " ! l u l s tn ' o d rd l
    or i lr' l
    t t rll",!t'n l .u
    ' pi"
    ir ir . . . . I n q i rp .r5 a u tr" p o z i r' o n d r(5 ::or.
    'co .n n ; m en

    188

    S 929

    7) Pmnumele refleniv tu comparotii. A se observa qi tntrebuintarea


    pronumelui relle\iv cu valoare de pronume personal ln conparalii dupd
    lilxe, than i as in locul pronumelui personal:
    Hc is l,ol-hcadedli.td n?s.n
    S " i. mu t' \aut t tLA" nJ,tf.
    T'r'

    S 930

    S 931

    '"

    nn

    ( "ad

    s n) r "e. . os a' - . . t r .

    8) Iipsa pronumeiui rellexir-. - In contrast, cu linba romend, tendinta


    limbii engieze-estedc a tnhi,ura pronumele relleriv acolo"undeacestanu esie
    necesarpentru claritat0a f?azei. \irbele reflexive stnt aqadar foarie putine
    la nunnr tn linba ongleze.Chiar lqiunele yerbe cu formi retlxivn, cari au o
    rirculalic mai nar, Fjnt i locuite de prlerinld cu o {ormn aliernatild intranzitili:
    ''| ,,,t | 1r ,r,rrir_ "r'n,"J
    .i |,.th-u,f...

    ..u..t.
    r.ia,il Fntiu: "1 slaq" in loc dc r'l ;ndrc n?a.f".
    -\c,la!L 1
    loc de "l dBs /r/sl/" ctc.
    i\rezi ii ,,Dinie7d .elle\ivl,.
    I ri76l.

    "I drcrs', tI

    9) ?ronumclcmoiproce. in limba rom6.6, u eori pronunele rcfleriv


    nn a.ai; o fcljunFcsfc!e rd\fringcasuprasubiectului,
    ci acliunireciproce
    a

    dou; rdu n "i nulrF .ubiF. .. Tn a .Ft .,/. limbd "n-tFZj nrr mai rrrrpbrin.
    ,eazd pronunele relle\i.i, cr ptunumele reciproce, ctLreslnl urmltoarelel
    eech oth0r cind este vorba numai de doue persoanesau lucruri, sau de o
    actiune rciproci lntro doud persoanesau lucruri dintr-un gmp;
    ono another penlru mai mult de doLri pcrsoane sau lucruri:
    Thts t$'o hierds wjll nol sce.d.l ori"/ nsain lor a lons line.
    (C!i doi ieteni nu se vo. dai redea mllliL vreme.l I n o . ' " ' . 1 \ p ," ." J
    o J rr,
    rl o r./" or.,.
    ' ' .-o . ri ,.. r .t t:r"!'sdu
    L p, ' u.
    r a , r
    d
    ;,
    !. .,1 ,.
    '
    '
    ,
    lr i
    l , " ln
    ts | rr.ri l to \' n tI co ,o,ri t on.
    "
    .o
    LUi. , , F y u; .tu ti rr.rtro ., r.h i ra n o $ h ,' 1rn N i qi i quN si gnraD rei nbccerea.)
    Not d
    Onc anotho esle rdeseari intrcbunri.rl si pentru doui persoane sau luorurr:
    Siie nrd L,,r broilrr arc lor fir\n ol ant: an thq.
    rlusbard .dd Ni{e (ere siltins Na. rnc alalhn.

    S 932

    S 933

    A s e c onp& r a :
    Ther kncw /lanvl.s. (Refleriv)
    t 5. " , , u. r ea tp e ,i tn s i tr).)
    T h. r t n,\ . d /. o ,l .. i r.i ,.o .. d o .i p " " ..o, J
    tSe cnnoneau (i1tut pe ahrit).1
    'lhel rnl kncN one antnEr \tte.:itrot) n{i nult dc doun lc.soare)
    LS e, unoit P { x a & r,l l l .l
    qi r e\pri ms' p i ,l
    i ,!i rn n
    Ur . " l" r pr l" , u
    i r l i nb,.o..n.
    '
    ^
    i
    l
    ,ro
    c
    a
    p
    \,rh
    '
    l i mL"
    ,r,,' tru n u n F rp .,p o" " tS Jl l :
    Lr " z r n in
    l]'e,.r jn ujr Darl<.sdd a l.w {ords. slorl l/ids and Da.tcd.
    (Nc'an hnlniL in pot:, z az sp,s cifera ouvhte. ne ttu siins nita ei nc-amd.s-

    O bse r a a !i e
    Prepozitiasepuneinaini.d pronurnelorreriproce,nu tntre elc ca in limba
    'lhc.t t.\ll<rl Lo .Le aiotker.
    lvoibeau un1 cu altul/lDtre ri.)
    Tl,.\. couldn'L rt.IL hotr edcl. .thd_
    lNn_ sc lutcau desr)jir1i unul de altnl.l

    5I PRONUMDLE DE TNTARIRE

    189

    l0r Pronumeleroflexiv !i prr,oumclesau adicrlivul neboltrit. - Panlru


    pr onumplprefleri\ cora'ounzdiorf r^nu"rFloli cdjF'li\ alor n'horari F \'zi
    s 4145-1151.
    "
    llr 0ne.plt. intrebui0lare. un:1[PrF inLrpbu;nLJlin ]"sBluri 'r

    s 034
    s 935

    7'o heoea Lnits ivell doDe,a? mu$l do it oaacry


    ?'o srcdl at lensth ol ozes.//is bad nanne.s
    Eihi;!: b! aneself is the besi *ay

    lo see a c.urtrj

    ln "onlrH.t
    t2r Locul oronumolr rirollo\ir ti nl nronum.tuiJc l0iirir..
    pn
    ',pzH
    cu limb" rom.rru.1n dra p'onun "la r"rl"rir pr. - ta r^rbul. rr, lin,b
    pvte
    dupd
    rcrb:
    se
    rellexi!'
    lronumela
    I lurt rt u / '/sil|| rh
    1/-d
    r -i r , ro 1

    h.

    \\'

    '1 - J " F .
    ' lo"el "
    . m ui. lr ' l lo r l _ b n

    s 93{;

    I 'a l

    Pronumelo dc intlrir0 "<ep\ne inediat llald carinl&l p: care il ittdrclt:


    I n"sdlf rvroie ure rvordsflr tl,c song
    rDtr-t;dDut arn s0ris cuyintclc on,tecdui l
    him*l[.
    He had rews ttom Unde fnt'.t
    {.\ avtrl rc;ti .nidl de U ut.rhidl Vin0entiu l
    U re o .i
    I r o r m " J . r" rrri ' a - a r l ,,r' ,i r-t" ri l ' ' ' r\i nl " Ji l ' ri r. ' l i n
    "n
    i t rF -dl
    t ' r ' " " , r . i ,, l ' ,r,.,,r' ' u c u ,:rrtu l p r ' -rl
    ",l
    i
    a
    .El
    tr"t
    'i
    r'
    _
    l
    '
    ,"
    r
    l
    l
    ,
    I
    |, l
    Jt"{../
    ' i a rr\' p ru i
    "
    11i
    lp
    o''
    r'r,.
    I lJ
    rf r.
    r lr " ndd dojp l h ,\, 1 .- y \" n t: r' .t.^L-stl
    (t','lc!sc e:eruiliilc .hre thiat de rrolasoarn)
    l ' o n l u ri i l ron.rrn.l " J" Inl ;ri r"
    ' i | rJ " I
    Ci rrd n op, r i i' i. lnqiur '
    .
    jr
    l
    e
    l':
    l
    "
    ri
    ' 01' ru .r- I rnl l
    i,
    1' o
    n ,r' :i ' J i i i
    ' - r "'"r-i -l
    " '
    cu deosebire preleriin ln limba ! orbitn:
    t .lin it nleU.
    {tm lilctl o 4. t'rtn, l
    Ih.! \rcnt thete thtusele^.
    /Cria. dt s au d6 acoloI
    !lj. tired id the |loctr oL rlals st had desigtrcd/Fm,4.
    ll-muia in blo l pe (am .d ,nsrift il ltorciavi l

    s e37

    S u:lt

    , \ pr r Li_1, , lr , r ri .' ]

    L 5a \\ \1 1|Y fu. s , /
    i-\n vlzu fo.fti al
    ! e Uar ia. )
    I sr\ llrr\
    nrnl/.

    I\'.

    PR0]{U}IDI,E ;I ADIECTIyUL DEIIO\STR]{TIY


    oEn DDlroNsTridlrlE PRoN0Il\,1-\D,{DJrlTrIE}

    S e3e

    inlocuiclt un substantiv (sau un


    S gao
    I\onnnele dt)/)lonstr.ltii,
    1) Dcfidtie.
    echivilent al actstuia) erprinat sau sLtbinleles,preciztndui toLodaLi con-tinutul in sFatiu sau ln irmp.
    A(tiectie l d.emanslrdtlrstd pe linei un substantiv (sau un echivalent al S 941
    acestuil) pentru a srita locul ocupal,de obiecl ln limp sau in spa-tiuill raporl
    cu vorbit6rui. Pronumelc !i adjecliv{te demonstral,ivese acordii ln numir cu
    subsirntil_eie la care se relerl.
    Pronumele demonstrative slnt urmitoarelc:
    S 942
    2) I'ormi,.
    this (these), rtiat (\hq.),
    same. suctt, stchtitt, e,

    the 14u.r. Ihe fi4t, the hsl, th. other (the aherc)'
    the fond,
    one (an4)

    MOFIOLOCB

    1OO

    s 9tB

    \ 911
    "'
    '

    _ PRONUMEI'E

    Cu eroepiia lui so fi,nc (anes).Ioatt!celelaltepronurnedemonstrative


    ru' li 'i tti' r;r' Lt"n'hn*t"o'ir'1
    i fdr'F.o'^'Lm'i l'
    '
    l\"?i a\"n,rl l" ii lr"qu .F I ld ria.dr' prnnrrmr
    rralrrc
    rr'/r !.6r.it)l
    ar-; -P2t.837. i .r p" r'r sJie riIrp dpn'n
    denoDstrativ
    adjecLivul
    Cind
    '
    i) R;0;h;"4 edi;cti\trlui dcmonsttatir' bar' el nu
    sar'L
    .ln'J
    prin
    conjuncl,iile
    unite
    sribstantive
    nrlt;
    a"t".i';'l'"1"j
    sc repctn inninter fietirui substantiv in partei
    lh' ror'l
    ?nsdbovs arrt si.ls \tant to
    "oss
    ?na,nisi,r*a3

    lt-1"j,liili, l;t,11",#;.;" u.,


    r|,orL in rhe
    ":lg:,.-bl:i
    ".,

    Thc atnaieur P rYe.s were Lh. s'


    ticlds
    ' _-'tl.,
    btt
    IiiinfirSs

    THIS (Tl]trSrl), TII^T (TIIOStr)

    s !{t
    S 916

    (TFONU]IE

    1) Furctii. .'his

    mY look

    S\U

    .IDJECTTI''1 Dtr]TO\STRATTIE)

    This (thes(i)' rhar (thas') pol li pronumo sau adjctire:


    LProa l

    t-ra;.i
    iiii" i,i,,i.'r'-.*iii".
    's

    .:rl;

    afe srldom lountl

    sellllir"s
    "r

    ?ft'sa arc mI

    hoolis (Pronl

    7/..rcbooks'ar.mitr,: (-{dj'l

    ?h6? are nl.vsns iPionl. . ,


    ii.j iJ'-r''s"" te-".]
    ?&'s' boxs nre dv sons l-ldl'r
    itur a,,r is
    tlai.i
    '"r "l".
    rezi
    (I'enin ndje.li{c
    !i S slsr
    !
    '1tcnlt.
    C.r\rnlul thdt dre parru trrn' ii ptrn'ilrlp:
    d,tia1tu ien; sraie e aeela.acer' cer, acea a!ea'
    ;i ;;i; p;;;,^"
    ";,,
    iotdeauna
    tea), f ronunJati
    ldetl':
    fia, is ml' bol
    ?ftdr !&e ts dr'e'

    b) prcnntlt rel.jtie (: carc), ptotlunlAt [o'eL] (forlrla tare) lilat


    'tl
    (forrm siabd):
    Niling
    about
    \cff
    do4
    thc
    Thi6is ure loundcr
    laFrs
    .) nnjunxlie (: cn) ptonunl'atn ld'ell forma iate (rar inLrebuinlatn)'
    l6atl lorma slabn:
    He |ind me tna, he had |een lhcre
    (l) ad')crb(: atit de). pronunlai irtoLdeaunr accentuat [6eL]:
    'l'hc sro\t Nas /n.r high ia.lllnd inellid'"i otr mloal
    S !rfR
    Zr -Formi.Uetr.\umnr.(az. " 7t'+.tl, . '/,r/ '/,o "uo'in:ur;forfl'
    pnlnla
    cenurite
    ir .azu'rle': ele nu sint dilerenliatedecit in
    .
    ',"',t;;";i;
    irrmirului:

    itti{ ,,,,

    r*-r { liij
    { li:l ::::!:,, ,,,-,
    r"')J

    [ruu:t{lou:]

    {li:l il:::,"

    i li:l ii:ll
    ',
    'o'""
    .,,.,
    I t oo : tI tB;il,'
    L" grI

    llil 1 ,"

    {l,en|.fl, tNdu&rea

    I tr'"-) { ii:j

    1fr'r
    IL", ! lrt
    tr i :l
    rezj I 8181

    adj,'.litel,tr,

    ,o,.: .jnraloaPd. adje.ri!.ste nun{arsax


    ,".,
    PSI
    I
    ,lllilillL,Ti.x!,{l'1".,,,"

    : f ru nxnlir dr t r t n io nc pat r r az r ir lP
    oJ r " 1i'
    0", ". r ", ' - . ' ,
    ' "' ",.',;;;1 1"
    e ste lom ' at s t c u pr . poz u, ' a t o'
    'Datilx1

    '

    tt

    'a t

    t L 'l t

    (r'

    r".'""

    l 9t

    3) I tret'ui lare. s 9{9


    jn
    (ttuse)
    inlocuics.j
    sau
    deterrni.i
    ob;eciel
    rpropiate
    tin,p
    sau
    u) Thi:
    spatiuin raport cu vorbil.orul:that (thosc)obiecteldepirtatejr timp sa.r
    spatiu in raport cu r-orbilorul:
    Tinp:
    Tntr t-. Iinc Neathcr oe dre l{ving. (Prczcnr)
    a. lhc rvcatlcr (. iad li6t Snndal iTr.ctrtl
    ?'no,
    "rdr rill De iine! (Viitorl
    Thxe arc \a! remarks. ll'rPzentl
    Ihasc iete t\is Nords. ilrtutl
    I shalt tatl to rlosa preseni. lviitor)
    Sp a !i a
    W ho js , nl- " ? (A !fo p i c ..). \\:h o ' s ,,l a rl (L retarLa.e)
    / iu t ' r r L ' y l ./ d o o r;. J o .. D p . " r
    .r ' n J to $ -!. t@ p d p i " | i .
    th
    d." .\' .r.
    ' pr ol' r "
    rlcri
    la
    i,imp,
    demonstrativelc
    this,
    Cind se
    thesc sirt jn genere lgate
    de lrcrent, iar that, those .le lrecut ran de t)iitar.
    Cind se referi l,r Fpaliu. demonslratirele this, thcsc desemneazi numai
    obiecte din imsdiala aTropilr a lorbitorului. obiecte pe care acesta 1 porte
    atinge.
    Cind tnlocuisc o propozilie sau parte din aoeaslia.this, theEe sini in gerere
    intrebuinlate tumai jn c:rzul irt oarc curintele Ia care se releri precedd ine
    diat sau urmeazi 1n aceeasi fraze.
    Potrivit acestei reguli, ioarte adeseori in limba englezd se intrebuinteflzn
    lndt f*oseJ acolo unde limba ronAni {oloseste demonsiraLivele opuse,,acsta' ,
    ,, ac e n sta " (. , ac ef iia' . , . ac e s te a " ):
    ?/'a, Nas onr decisioDat tlic lirne.
    lAceasta a last hotlrirea no{sili ]D ac.l non|Di.)
    fld, was a lortrighl rgo.
    lA..asta se $tretiea acuri doui-rsliptnmini.l
    Is rrzr all lhe lrgga8e }ou a.e iakiig?
    L, t ^ a- n to , i i i .l l .
    l i"i
    '
    \\-1,all r}inl ,,nr
    l.l oti (n,dim usrt l.I
    ?ra, is ny opi[i0n.
    a-.1.errrocsn, I irna nica
    lvhat do yon Dean bI ,rar:
    icc $fi s,-Lsu'i cu dadsrul,
    -\p l i ra rc a r c E ulii r l m a i s u i , 1 -a l a b i l ni n o a re fa re nl i suri r fi i n l i mbarome
    ni. e ste mu lt m ir i s lr ic l, d i n l i ' .b a c n .q l e z l . 7 ' ra l i n pri mel e doue rmpl e se
    r e lern l a u n lapi t r ec ut ; ln a l l re i l e a e x e rn p l u s e re l e r d l a un obi eci cfl re nu sc
    a.fh in imediat.L apropitft a celui rare l.rrbeste; in ultimele trei ennple sc
    fcfcr, la.iufinte
    spuse inajntea propozjtjei in care se afln lllal.
    ?rts is lvhat I advisc Jor lo do: make n list...
    rtis st intrebuinlat aic; pentru ci !e relern 1a o propozilie explicativ.'
    c^te ur/.ca:d. in at:ee.tti lra.d.
    Ti d i ar e in\ A o niult ma i l a re i i n tre h u i n l i rr' e rl cci l l ri r, l ui nrl u i acesl r)i a
    adeseori locul. In asemenea cazuri idiomatice. el scape regulilor. ;i poate lj
    1n\'6!at numai p n obrerlaiije ,.i notare.

    Lo lelcfan:'\\'har lral:" 1:Cinei acolol (ia distan,tn)l "rnis is


    e Gene).,\proapetoti, incon;tientrridicn tonul. strign chiar.
    Gene"(-,,lii
    rind rorbesclir tclclonj aiii derie e impresiadepiirtnrii.Rarcoriallii tnLrcab;
    1 sel]s sranatical {$ !).

    s 9;0

    109
    (.\Vho'stlis?:'. prcbabil pe un ton sLizuL ?oatc sub impresiaapropicrii
    -\i l1 u r c c n a '
    'n.onriian t.rpd lp

    S 951
    S 952

    I'ut

    S 0;3

    d F r n. P3

    !n

    la v or bpilp

    b) This (Ihese) sint intrebuinlale in corela,tieN lhat (those)l


    \ hi do Jou Pr"hr' trb o" 'i''
    '
    \re lour
    slamlrs
    lidI de aceea a adr.erbuhri
    ?trs este legai de noliunea adverbului t'l'
    rnlr lich.c

    hrt.

    and that

    'ir

    th'tt

    !
    /ltenlie
    Puri lii 'o',dim ' " lii ,l u'r pl"orr'rm rr'lr^bunl r% I' onslr_'i\'lor
    i4;. i1ro, lr.ulir. rr;l',r r\d"/r
    'i 'l r'.Lu tr"'t'to1t":1' r stttt4ltn'ra
    sa recomandi:i'qi fic evitatc.
    Se aude 'Lotrsi a,:lseu.ea !i ir linba ronlann: this nuln hte thdt child
    Ih$. eLc.(: on"ti u"o"iu de aiei, copilul acola de acolo) ca o rccentuare sau
    clarilicare.
    .7 L ri inrr r,L,or^m"J ''.is t,t ^ t \thl| /'''s ,'inr Inr'"Lui r":i
    Penlru a se evlta repeLarea
    m . on' - , ' oll. r ' . . t . , '
    H""h^ $.d
    I r,"""-.o .r
    r o / h. "
    t.- -r
    a le - : .

    S 9;4

    I.
    s J s " l 'r ''l
    !4 . a $
    - 4 '_ a a ] '

    .J) Irronunele ttis (thtsN). Ihat (tha{) sint lntrebuinlate li in lo'nl


    denonstrstiyelor the l1.uer. thc lbrru:r:
    6 dar'
    Hc disliksl liolh dnosar'. rnd nanill,,'i lor 1nisis rs ruch oi a! cltrerne
    homelong alie. ihe c ldFni
    ltlie 'lrild'erl I'ad Nn al
    ri-" r--nt...,1*l
    $ d I d l o \l \' 'ftcs'
    r"
    l l ' $. , \ . i\ ' l t hn. th
    'l

    l; ;

    E r ' c eplt iel


    La singulrr. pronumcle li;s li llnl nu pot intocui in acesl caz subsl'llntive']e
    care llenunesc PosLrane:
    \l-. coui.]n.t .lcci.lc brtieeln dre gtl a\\f rh' ba!: the ltrz' \\Ls us innrlligenl' as
    ttE Fritt.
    d' l i }p pen ru i
    / / 4is s ' , , . ' rn l i n rr-h ,ri n l s re In p r un r i d rr' :r ' l i rrmp
    rrnrrosai
    o p' ri od' l ;44
    a re f c ht : l,
    nnz " n . r" I p p n u I d -' ' rn t
    nu
    se t'raduce
    construct'tc
    aceasti
    ronand.
    viitoarc, iegate de prezent ln limha
    acesld,
    accatlal
    decit rareo
    Ptln
    Sce you aaain fils di.r x'eck (\_'iTh.r is.r sl.onri bfrier. cs.ere^itgs lLn+
    zcnt)
    (Nd reledcn de asLeziinl._o sllunn'i )
    (Vintul esLctnlemrc searal
    (Tr.ortl
    she is eoinq lo Sinain liis month
    rvc.k
    asal
    ,ris
    bcer
    He h.!1
    {Se dro; lr Sinaia lLrna4..dsD.)
    lEste Dleori dc o sipLimiraL.
    (-{ losi rlccat siPumina a0edla l
    Iou Fill rcsret jt one oln's
    The-l.l,avc ben norkn,S hard d,s lasl.
    (\l s-o rcs' e!i i ntr-o zi l )
    Itu luo, l t onr t " m ' n t i n Il trn ' 1 r z l l r

    ,\ se observaintrcbuiilarea i'lje'tr$lor //ti\ sJ thdl.c'rp Lr li arij'ohl


    { 956
    unprpenehotartt ($ 529), de;i ou formn ila sinqular.poh dctrmrr5nurrLcLe
    oade de timp cu sens de plural' prif itd ca un toi:
    '1 nd \'\e bd ar , "r ! bus v t hh - dJ l. r do!
    \ r "J h1"l o n 'o
    Thi; Jo rmy / i"* u, . r s bN b+
    I'!c been cxpeciing lot this taert! mLnutes

    sau, pentru irecui:


    Thst lrst ,rd turntnsFas cndless

    "

    r9g

    $I ADJECTTVUL

    Aceeati lntrebuintare o au !i cu alte plurale care pot fi privite tolectirl


    Beiterhavcthis t{o !ound(s)sixty 11 (sau rn.el no*
    Did he rcturn t|rtt tbee Nunds?
    Thel: coultlha.dtt walk that lst tqo hitomres,they wereso ljred
    (Veziregulala S 2i'5t-25ts ci. S 533)
    Natd
    A se obsdva lorma de sirgxld"" a substantitului ln urmitoarele expresii
    idiomaticel
    Wc hare tilcd heretn;r seren,.dr a lialll coulle
    ttp ha, b.-n ,4.

    , i n ad

    I d do o.

    f) lhis ti that inlocui-qcadesea o intreagn propozil.icprecedet[ sau


    parte din ea:
    kno\ ,i;
    n, t"r. t
    S he r.it "!
    t " ut t n" p anat , 6t . l
    tn
    r r ' lo' lor i 'm o 'n : e
    I dJ
    /"
    I p' omi.o,
    -:
    l
    " anl thtl
    .)1
    Th.a ntt\t !. hanP
    lle i,s the;epulation of a rn.^l lrnt 7//, hc cellainlX is not
    1a r r
    th6 p sin
    nt "ir i'
    f^lo' ir '
    S ) T his.
    '.i

    ' L"

    ? les' are m! childfcn.


    (lli/\ { r.eziil tc copiji mi.)
    h) Thi,r (these)\i tm Unse) + ta ,, sc traduc prin .,iati":
    T7z.r. ar. his lliings.
    7/,;s ts sliat hc told me.
    (Ia ti ce m i- a s lus . )
    tIat,'!i l,rcNfile (nici).1
    ,.\l'hioh is 1-otrrpor olio?" ,.7/,tsts il."
    flior. afc ltis Dftenls.
    ilalli i Dirrinlii lacolol.l
    lcre este'scrrii,t.rtn? lai o )
    Tnoas hoN ire heard about rt.
    (latn jr c! fcl am auit desl.e ace&sta.l
    *This"
    ,i)
    Toate Pronumelc demonsttal- pronlDclc relrti{.
    ,si'thii'
    r" ' du j " hrr:' l " P
    /} ' ' si
    t i\ F tu l i n J li ' , r - s r " J a t ,o u n ' p rp ,d r' ^ . , { p ,i
    ,rdt sint supuse aceleia,siuzanle:
    lvhat is r/,is rno,. I sci?
    is a ditTercnLnroblem lmn that (.tltuh) \\c discussednefor'
    d l o ' k ' r,/&. tn h ' .n a t" an l ha ban' h d mi i
    l"Lir
    n r 1 ." \ n " l1n. b1ll" i n '
    n8" /rha
    Th p .u l l ^l; " lr n| . , . r . fl d r ' .d l -" ,,r' , i l " l d ' a v rh
    -t.t" am A l t
    Tri s i s Jol, n S nit h.
    {lli/^/d }ronri t. JolLn Smith.l

    Na ti i .
    Consiructiei thas. trho ii core""punde la singula? lr, (s au s,it, {tlD:
    H. ( 1, . r r n do p . n u r
    tl ne" l ' .1 i P { pahd.
    ' r,i l o " o l F .p ,l
    .'
    7f r ; - , ' n. J o n .. .i r!l i . o o l ." g " J ,j r,l p ( dl l l ^ F{ pdl al . (pl' s3.
    prelerete
    prelioase.
    le
    slnt
    urmiitoarele
    socotite
    acum
    Acestor constilrclii.
    conliderate mai pulin pretonlioase:
    Thc siudctri nho doesnot submit...
    StuiltsntsFLo do not s!bmil...
    5) Adrerbe compusc. - Thi.s \i, that. precedate de prepozi,tiile after. at.
    l n l o u i l e i n li nrbd ]i r" rrr6 " cri rS ori
    in
    L, t , , o [. o n . t . ) . ur an. r ' 1 k .. r' ' rn .^ ' i
    oii"ial a "u FJ v " r ba . o' np. .., d i n a 4 \p rb p l " l | .o u th .rp-: tratrozi l i d
    ' F.pp"
    ,{.sifl:
    her . alt c r: a l l e r th i s
    ili.reniter : alter thal

    , p' onun lal p I


    : ri. , / . " r . , rr J.+r
    .13

    s d, r PP, . ' ' nl l . I n a o n P d d n o u ;


    Jo_r . / ?r ur
    . L'. pr 0num . . I ar ir . pf on I nlll [ d3 ] .

    cramalica rinbii eneleze

    S 957

    s 958
    s 9;9

    S 960

    $ 961

    S 982

    194
    hereuron:
    thereipon :
    l,e.Nith :
    th.rcwUr :

    iherety - by. ihal

    9{-i3

    o, -lbiq $i{h l id{erbc. ln' ilul rJmilirr'/'l''"i/nd'l"tfisisd!'r1."


    Jpn'^r"lrJ i\e I = .ol Dl' sinr a un'i urrnllF d- un rdje'li! sJu de un adr!rl
    care e\pr;mn lniltimta, cantibaiea, distanla, timpul etc.:
    r l. s h. .
    1 = \l ' i l
    (c a :r ,.
    /t"
    -r,,
    1t us 113| ||t u !)n i g l ' { In /i l l i m ' ).
    P , , , . \ r i, i G u u i .' ,l o J l
    ( s au
    a ,) i a r' (D i s tm l e )
    " & t r aici (sau acoto)l
    fPlnl
    Th-a $at.r $ds Inor hia}
    ,i n d L :-' l '
    I I n, w / nr s m u rh , l h a l ' o u s

    96{

    rpon this
    tlpon that
    with this
    with that

    He rvcnt tldt iat and no Inrtle.


    Did wc stax the.c rl4, lons?
    !
    Atenlie
    ?/,it ti lhdt cu in,tclesexciarnariv (:
    dialeciale:

    '' J

    aiit de...l) sint expresji vulgare ofl

    I s $ r/d t.o l d l
    (['li_era aili de Irigl)

    Trr! Fox-trx& Trrn r,ATTnrl

    $ 9ti5
    6 966

    (},IONU}Itr

    DDffONIT'T,ITTTX)

    {)
    Functii. - Demonslratjl ele the fanrto l- pLimu) ldin doil pr in::
    r<lin,loucr.prim ii sauprin',leldindor,igrupr,rirlsi 'l' tdtt'r ' ult.i rll't
    ooi), ulLinaioin do r' ullir"i"u 'rlr m'l'rd;ndou:grLDUrrrlpol Irplo'l'
    sarr adjecdrel
    I lravereadBob's1\ork anil Jan's l ptekr nk funet {llol\ work) to /r lor"'
    (Pron.)
    iJano,s).
    '-- ine;"r";ked l.ochoose
    bet\on Sha$dd Ocas'): rn' /n/'/' snbie'r (Eh'tr
    $&.

    { 967

    SAU ADJDTIIIV!

    pelsipr,

    t h P 10 .t

    \o ' p \

    Ocd

    ld

    rp"

    mori

    r!'cdl

    r/r lbrmo ;i tfu lalter au o singuri lorm;


    2) Fonn5.- Demonstrativele
    InrX distinctie de gen, numdr sau caz:

    Cecil dit Alice arc hothr and sislet: the f.'rn r (C.ril) is youger Uran /E larr-_

    , \ lic el. lNasr 5i l. m s g no, n )


    Isaw lho ho !6 r s , ig b"h: J | ' e' t L' h'
    \ 1a5. s i lpm . pl. : , .
    t h b "r \ ' e d Jl.'

    p 'n

    r||

    b '1 " ' J

    d d 's 'r " '

    Demon.rralivcleth fnm". Fli/r' /o'"f. tiind^dnua'on'p(not;r ''ill t]l '


    rar
    site numai arunci,jnd se r"tpra la doui obi"c'pr.In 'zul unpi I numprari
    dou:
    conline mai mult, ale aloud {iinte sau lucruri, tnt'rebuinlarea acestor
    sste incorectir.
    demonstraiive
    -- -'ti
    fnrrotruintar". \ll dFnon'lr"ri\ul [om'r. rit "i d"r"on' -1
    .
    969
    tattpr pot li inlr;buinlaLe inJpp"ndFrI urLl de arlul 'l"r "u morrlr "r:
    -.i
    96E

    nv

    tonat

    t . a th Pt

    ..

    lo b l ,

    n "d

    p to i"r

    d "b )

    m:r lomr Dteits { toe ii m' rhri,


    th; fun{ dcin 1 - lostul dc.d)
    in /o.ne. tines (: ne rremndl
    lhe / dt lpfhalj o t l h ; c " n l u ry I a d o u a l . nbl a' p 3 s" ol u i
    t he lolb, Dat Lo l L h Pn o v d (- u l ' rmr Ird l n a romuurul
    in r h" : " l; r pf d s v s { i n ,,l rrmu l l i D t. 1 n ,i l " l " no6k" r
    a .l J F . ' p :D i idp ul rrmi o" rJ
    I r r r p. - davv iew ! a
    ' ;o n .e p l i i
    I S ensx am a l i .s l($ 2 . Pe ri ru d e ' -a l ivi p z i $ 9-n
    ! perrrir o enumFf;re d mai m-lt dp douJ obipctp vFTi 5 970.

    lt5

    $I ADJECTIVUL,

    S 970

    THE TIBSI. TflD LAST


    .PRONUUE AT ADJEI'IIVE

    DEUONSIA-{TrIN)

    Adic"rivFle/r" fi.s, ( -primul. prima. primii. primalelsi ilp /arl , ullim Ll, ullima, ulLjmii. ullinFlc). liind doua s,/1,./d/i'P.sini lnlrcburrrlat".a
    pronumpsi adip.livp dpmonstrarirFin eazulun.i eau'nFrSri.dreLoolrnenar
    hult de dou[ fiinle sau lucruri. (Pantru detalii vezi S 965-968).
    THE OTf,EES

    TEtrJOTIIEIi
    (TRoNUMtr

    S-{U ADJESIIY

    DEIIONSfRATIV)

    s 971

    (PRONUME DtrIIONSTRATIV)

    Forma de sinqular llv ol,{r"(: celetalt, oealaltd) este consideratdca lnd'


    olinind une"ri funrLid do adi..liv sau pronumpdomonqlrdliv.jar Iorma d"
    ilurdl !h" oth,rsr= .prlsl i ;lplil ni ea fiind numai pronum" d"mon' rali!:
    j. r ' ( \ d j l
    r nd t "t ' + t |' at h. . ir
    Orinc rl' b lu" \a5 . r'.
    i o .rr J ppt d, t n, r LaLp , t ? o/ f r - .
    .s
    I . A k"
    -ron.)
    '
    E a h", . dan' pd l P " o n r
    l n rir. l h i l in a "h ro $ ; 1nq ; nt l
    SAITE
    (PROr-UIE

    $ 972

    S-!U ADJECTIV DE]UO\STR-!.TIYI

    aceleafi]poate li
    1) Functrii. Sazrc[: acelaqi(lucru),aceeali aceia-si,
    pronumesau adjectiv demonsirativ:

    S 973

    lrllatrrryNew Yearl" "The sand to yo!I" (Pron)


    Thei ireharedin rlre sdmeway. (Adj.)
    A tenlLe

    Intrebuinlarea pronominali a curtntutui sdrzste condamnati in unele


    cazuri ca nclitirari !au desuetn,dovedind uneori chiar lipsi de culturd, spre
    exemplu in vechiul stil comrcial:
    Wc liave Xonr aelvet and {'ill scnd sa',. at once
    Samc poate avea li valoare de adaerb,cn sensul de,,la fel", ,,tntocmai":
    work wnl on i'ast E satu.
    In his nbsencc
    I leel thz sdne as yoo about teaohing.
    Dimpoirivx, loculiunea all tle sdnd (: totu9i) exprime opozi-tie:
    A

    S 974

    S 975
    S 9?c

    lhe sanc, I don't like hef.

    Sdmepoate inlocui i a tntreagdpropozili):saa frazdl


    They alplied the Dcrvmethodol wo.)r,and I did the saru

    s 977

    2) Formd.- Samare o singuri form;, lari distincliede gen,numlr sau S 978


    'l'hcv all s:rid the saue. (l'ron. neuhu se. ac.l
    T hr r df r p op l " w r'
    - d ,i .' o n l a i o , o n l l ' p bu' ro l -i ol i _
    1. \ dr m ac s i l e m l l n .m )
    Sdnc est"eaproapc lntotdeauna precedat de articolul hot[rit.
    3) Accentuflrc. - Pentru accentuarea ideii' same poate fi precedat dc
    cudntle ter4 sau sef (: chiar acela, identic):
    This is ihe v.fu saa.r baa I lost.
    S'" \.- r h, . " 7/ . dp. Li " l l I' a d m i o n p L r,,i n .

    s 970
    $ 980

    4) Corola,tie.
    - Samcpoateii corlatcu pronumelerelativ as(Y. S 1094). S 981
    I Demonstrati{ulsdru poatetilsi clnd este treoedat ile adv.r}ul tery: "This is the
    $r

    198

    so

    S 982
    $ lrbS

    {FNONUIIN DEMO\STRATIY)

    D"mor'lr,litul s,, { a"rqra.r.r' r e'rF lnlrnbuintHi 'J


    I fur.lii.pronu ' :i "lun i In'o.uiorIpo Intr'-ei propu/rlreprpiedFnrd:
    I knewsnc wasr'l ri8li, and I told her so
    "C& she IelP us?" "I tlLiDk so-"

    \'erbele cu care pronumlso este tn specialint'reluinldL tn acestcaz,sinf:


    la beaftaid, to b(Ii.ee:tu do. to fear. ta hape.to sa! : 1otlqpote' to leIL to thLnherc'
    So poate inlocui lqi u Adjectir;
    S 9Sb

    E 984
    '

    tle $ -Etre1,snaod sn rre \e


    I xse d to -be , r An, s , iLL I am o no lor ge.
    "It ws .old lesierdal." ".!. it $4"

    i 986

    ,So esLc ;i adverb sau conjunclie:


    .to Dranymer, so many mnids lAdv i

    S he is s i r t r e l .tl ' L(.\n 1 .1


    I le s nok e i, ' a l m h l i \,rL )
    k r ipt ; on b tJ .j .o . ,o L r.r h d " J r $ ," . ,\c\.)
    T1e-r i.r

    s $87
    s 988

    n l I' .

    g91

    S 999

    s 993
    s 904

    s 99{i

    '.

    ."d ,.

    4un_ l

    SUOIT
    (PNONLT]IE S,\U -{DJ}]cTY

    DEMONSTBATIV)

    a-c erLl { dFr' A ' a/


    a l a ra . i rt' l ' l '
    S a rI
    I , hr nc lii.
    "
    pm'
    npa
    p
    as
    laj
    r'
    i
    '
    dJ^'
    rr\ d' rnun' t1
    F
    r..l
    p
    r^
    nurF
    poilp li
    s " " pi; r a1 .3 re " tc 1 rr
    o,
    s"/'
    rs
    and
    eell
    knoND
    Hc Y'as a .lNm man
    {Pron l
    Sz., rcsulls are rery uDsr$sla.rorJ edj ]
    rh i
    2) Ionnfi. - ,9r.i are o singure forrnn, lirn distinclie de cn, nunir
    I can'i ba slackersand all sr.li lPron Inasc.ii lem l)l ac l
    (.\dj ncntru ss Doml
    a\raJs
    Judn music
    'tlcornc.
    's
    dternrinat de adjeotivul sD'n '=
    al
    substantiruhi
    Articolul nehotarit
    p u n e dupi ac es ta :
    Did vo! cver see sz'l a tJiing?
    It rvas !z.l a ,ine drYl

    3) Inteles.-

    a) Sar,t poste {i sironim cu demonstrativele this (thesc), that (tha;t.'


    rd .n I
    Jr./, I

    s 995

    | \

    2) Soandso. Lor liunearo an.l s/)(Fubstarl,i! set'raduceprin',culare l


    \Y stayedovcr ihe \tecLend$ilh ihe lr'_ozl sos lsubst !l )
    3) So"so. Sr-s, (adjeclil' !i advcrb) inseannA ,,a!sa,ctala :
    a clcrk she is ro-rc. (-{dj.)
    ^s sirss io-so.(-{d\.)
    lIe

    s 989
    \ 990

    ,L

    lh6 i, r ha Dq, / l . or J i . L' \ ine , n s i l , l o r


    ,:", onlJ r l, , ar ; n - od r Lr r ' ! I n J n n l

    ..
    '\ 'l j r
    o n l F I 'o

    ":'

    b) Sach aN qi lnleles e\rlamati{ (': atit de, aqaJ:


    uutF"a\P hal ,, t a bumo| 'rol rlrF - '
    ThF Asri.u'ru,dlPr'lrr"rio,,
    '

    J ( . / . li: . , , : d .n , j r,\' , ' . J rp r; i n g ru l L ! rr' B " l JrpJ :


    (V.zi 9i S 51')
    cJ ,A.deseorisar,t nu apare in lraducerei romaneasci:
    I t is dps i" ab hro -.u " l d l i / n l ra * d -:e . ' . r ' Jl o" oprr-1"
    lL" t e d. dori L .a r l rJ d ..r p a J F F p o lt' rr' "
    m" as rof" dl ' 1m'
    T hpv \ v " r . a L " d l o s l o n ' l l ' Ib u n l l ,/
    Io:a'
    ' ' a m4' ' : sr \'
    l
    '
    p
    r,"
    '
    i'
    :
    ir
    '
    i
    s
    i
    a
    .n
    "
    r r iu' t oq

    o r

    197

    FRONIJMELE SI

    S 99?
    4) "Suoh" -1' prontmel rolatiY.
    esde
    aproapc
    S 998
    a) Cinn snch este urmat d u,n pronumerelativr acesia
    rro:
    iDtotdeaunaas (: care)' rareorr
    in l.r ' l
    hi t'
    ,
    m ig h
    l l. $ r . h " a 1 r , i r p w !"o d ' r ' r '
    \\ i\ : l, d\ o'' ' | o n p p " o j . | 5 / ' l n ' r d |lo u l' | 1 | .| l' .p n r J\'
    1 0 1 ll, n $ lp l' n ' lo L J
    lh p h '
    r 4/ ,
    u. lj J l o l ' 1 r 4 | | ; r d

    r'nl l d

    rr

    \ar

    po

    r'

    b) Suchus este sinonim .n thoset\Jn, tlv)setrllich:


    ils dcicnoe'
    Let all slrl, ds t: tl,oseshol want leacc e'ork
    a.t, but'l wjll shitlx lrr d Jotr.rd,/'dr ( : I hoseNlich) I nav'
    i!;,s."; le;
    ".(,ik$ "'
    dl Srrl &s poate avea Ei tnlelesul ..ea de eriemplu":
    The Sl,alcstore ad{crtised loys sr./, as lraUs.dolls' drums aso
    Do lou lnow therc is se./, a piohuesqucplaic os ClovcllX?
    5) Such and such, - Locutiunea srr.l, dnd s ,]h se lraduce prin -,cutare':
    On sr.lz and sai a da[o, it sacnond nr.t a llacc

    l're neto hen

    I 1000

    S 1001

    s 1002

    SU(,lILIIiE
    {-{DJ00rlr.}

    S 999

    ! 1003

    (= ascn'{ta)

    sr./r,^. iDlrdinccl

    rrr.'rrr
    (Pror!M!/ (: asnentn
    He enjoJ.d rcading a lotr lovels, short sto.ies, plr$

    .\ 1004
    ihfillers and nrnltne

    s 1005

    oNr,! 0r\Es
    (PnoNU]rDDrxrorisrR"{rlv},

    On. si .,n.s sint rrrolrrme denr.nstrative Ele pot {i qi S 1006


    ltluxctie.
    ..,b"ts ri'o ii I2641.:ingLrl"rul
    nn pu" e ri nrrn"rfltil2lSr'prorulr'n"1rntirit !!u a!lip,ti1' n"hora,lt (S 1104)
    2r Forori :i lDtrh..- Pro'ru'rFlcor' li on r d r n ircurd iormj panlr I S 1007
    jrr pri'inla nu'ndrulrrr'
    ioaja
    Lpnuril..i 'rlurilp. EIP nu '. d-'Fpbr' dai
    '-'1008
    lnleles:
    S -^
    au
    urmntorr.rl
    demonstrative
    C; p;;rril
    acccn,
    cel,.ealtss.)
    o,, l: acela.
    cci cere)(d )
    ores(: accia,acerea,
    Pronumele one !i ,n.s stDt,inttebuinlate pentru a se S l0og
    3) Intrcbuinlarc.
    erita repetara unui substantiv:
    I c1\e h pf rr'" r"d riL lon J r d I , pl
    rhd oo( olr I'e r,,d g lo! "" r r d ! . r

    lhe L, lu o, P
    in s om F, dk

    o4Pr.

    O e nu lnlocuielte ilecit subsLantivle care pot, a!'ea -siformn de plural: S 1010


    SDeakto tlai llttle boY. l.he fair o/
    L;ok ai thoseplroiosl\touldn't you lilt to hare oneslike tncm?
    Se spunc tns6. cincl subsi,antivul nu poate a1'ca plural:
    I IiIe cold milk ieild thlln hot.
    I'll lakc re lat neat not ihc lean
    Llneori promrmele onr precedat d lr adjectiv tu are antccedent '{cesta
    este insd eYidenL:
    l l y l i tt lF o, . i ( P uiul rn .x r)
    Ou r l i iile ones { : c 0 Prr'n u s l .r)
    l
    rl '" \" r ng, 4i' ll" o, q o t d n i rn a l sI p ' ' ." r' i m d l " ]o_

    MORFOI,OGIA - PRONVMDI'E

    198

    Dr] oltSTBATlYE
    gl
    coNsmucTtl lDlo)L{rrcD co ?EONUIIE ^DJEmlvE

    s r01r

    oi'l',i"f"h"',"i''
    #i"T"fi."tr"u
    noi o sr'rna'"dr L)

    iit.i-;J,a;'
    Ztke tirrs//ndl(: asilcllJi tu r"r" )
    Vii) iiiij 'i 'a'" r' cla"'iu,nm

    armi
    :r
    na,
    Ii: ;,Ui,.";",i":,,."'*,,:;i',,' il:", Am'

    l#ii"'111''at
    "^";'i''n:"''"'
    l]';,".o :"
    lj:';,;1":,"'
    i[lir;s.
    "iS'"i $'1"i:
    u'"*nr
    i;;"';l:'l:Hrll'"i1""i35:'i":l;l;
    i*:
    out
    ,rilft tndr, sh. ran
    r S r r alnd o' c dr '

    fu g r a ri ta l

    *11;""*;'t *l'n"'"lfi'a't
    a gaod Laa'
    't"n 'li.l it Tho'
    tAi reusitl Brdt' rl
    r 6; s and J
    Ir wac a lwrls J ol' n
    i e.cu lo n in Fus . r on t n J ns l

    c'rI
    c@d
    ' n ' ldr '

    'Fii"*,iliii:1;}iq:i
    pe
    irinc.
    a,a,i
    a,,a;,i
    ;fli"[,.1;
    :'
    *"r
    \'
    i;
    .
    ;"?l,Y';;J;
    {
    ll il^,",,
    i!:;'l,,,:

    a hr '
    1 "". 1 ' *. "i , r 'p ,,, ;i ; '" '' " t ri '
    o;'""'
    ii. s"
    orat r
    ' ''iT;'","' r"*"... {: io .u,adzi,tn .u'd^4
    ""a 's"'1"
    ";
    "
    ;;?l' ot,i''.1"'";;;'r

    ;l'"i:f
    ?ii"ie3
    s1012
    .
    t l0f3

    v.PRONUlrE.-L!,.trr?JR:ll'*t';l'131"*tl
    (TEE INIERBOCNr'r

    ;nt"togoli!F're f'rr"s de
    I) Dotioilio'- PronutrI"
    p ' t u t"' t
    iv rlp n i't'j
    lu la ""ll'"
    '\'orbirt s r' r e ' h
    r
    n
    r
    p
    r
    ogrrrta
    D r oDo zilie
    """' "'-"i'-i'O'r""ri ' ; l
    ixoiimat ln r[sPuns:
    \ lv

    ..,"- / /i,., ., LulsfeA


    n;ii';;
    -#ftfTl1*"ltf-',"-,f:i;i;i
    l' forl
    pe ]ingi un qubsrantivii FFrre:te

    ''1 4h t ra d,r';rs l'

    ' t olle'

    stl
    AdiectialllintefoEatit'
    tntrebart:
    nnei

    - '.::ii*"*
    "
    ^'o'
    ,X:J'i.::':;,t::,"'t!'"
    *t ** ;;"1

    $ 1014

    intcroT::.:]r"i";:lt*'""'
    2) Formi,.- pronu,rerefi $djcciirerc

    ltlnol (: cinc?) 1\om l

    are
    aicui?
    ac''?
    t;n:ii laloi?
    1Tj,xfllill"i::ll',1*l.",

    {': Froda'i
    s,'paL
    '""J#"1llr
    l=:itiil:ili
    \#,:\\
    t"fflg*i
    ""'
    IFiilllil""';,,i";;fll'1..,0,',.'1"1.''''

    FRONUIEI,i

    199

    lv

    S1

    T \r'";:l':t':rl
    ',;l:"iq,T { l"#!':lj,l\T"
    ''-'n
    1iY,n:.',
    ';, i- ;.,i''l
    ;- ;" :;' dt"*,
    I#l;;l"J,ll,ill;iiTi;"J,'".liii
    F r l' I n dn ; n B ' L $ o d ''r " o 1 )
    I lv nol

    t|n4,'(',:

    '\on. -rr.

    ltl,]"""

    iii:;
    J';.i"i:t;.ll,i'n"iiljx.l
    .
    ,-'
    ill';;.""';,..):r;,,cj.
    l

    TbseraaILL

    ,,, Jirol.iiJHi"

    l'i'"
    ::: ,',,0'r"
    ,n,.7.'oli:,

    $ lorb

    pot alea sensalti de sinsular'


    inr'crosarire
    ei adjccti'rle

    iL"
    ., ,, "i .u,- sdip.
    i', iii;::::i,l:;ii.;,ll ii,i'',lll"li"",in,,,
    ^o,i
    rr'
    nora
    r:
    u
    i
    "
    "
    l
    ura
    I
    , jr , d i n Fo l c i, un s r r b. r dn l i \ r-r, .rr
    " p"":;,,._.pr. a .^\FJ..,n" ' \i rrl -t
    " l:l,l.j:";; 1,.1r:1:;,
    .1"*) *h;+ .i
    i

    'a.i'li?ll':,:'i"':
    ,"',r"a:-,i'"
    ;,,,";'
    ",,,'i,,':::#:iT";l-:ol;
    n'o.l,l;1";'l::'?;'.i1,;!l'il:1,]Jl;ll;fJllij'iiii'ii"ll"'h
    j'|.rG

    :l',1,;;t
    ii;i:fi ;
    li'"1
    L'''i;r{:
    il:l'lri
    l:;""llili,ilirXl
    *"1'l
    ll;l;;i;
    tu tt lt '; 'n ] . u . r . .

    l0t?
    a "2 . P ro n Lo,," :i r l j ' i \a l "in ' u' a' i\" "' o ' :ingr ,r S
    r
    dil"r t rpFr I arurrL'r'

    fofln1.indit'r.nr ,1, gcr':i nu'nnr' P' n ru

    ',;:f, l:i8;:
    ',7',' i:,iH' """

    ; ll"il;'
    ;j':rr'

    )l
    -riq
    llnl,lni
    '

    stnt tnirebuin- S 1018


    5) lntxcbuintare. a) who (trhascl, Lvlto(n)' to o/ro'r,
    tate nunai Pentru Persorne:
    '
    iwno is ihis rnm?" "Un'lc l orn"
    _iv,l"
    ."o' ^i.t? f i ' 4" I I'n" rhp!J ri -\ rulr'y"roud ..
    -ii'r,,'"".
    i:".,; ;"
    "-'on ) "Th" n \ ldoor I pr s nD n ! _ s
    -whr'. is i
    r p.

    :lT;;o:;'-:"::',;.J;
    ;

    -r1rbrbr'.^

    _ T o n v \rd rp $' 4nd hrss Lp..


    i n ' ').0:""':'""
    - who! n. t di d v o ' r '_P"
    ty
    n
    o
    -:
    ' . l don l liL F r
    l' Whon: )
    "

    ;i[ ]:ir':, . "


    Tjlk"Ji,
    {fiT',"1:'-',:i

    din'rp) - prFupune aleepre S I0l9

    ,;;ili
    jJ'ff
    Hi.J"
    :;i'
    ;,"T.'iJ'Silil,"':,tTlfi:JiiiY"
    "'i"li'ii"",ilJ,ilTii
    o/:
    li' J t'"""i";'"rJ Ji;ing;r sauesr"utn'61dFpr"poziuia
    , j which intproseri! e.ip 'plc' liv (

    '

    wh ich
    t/nr ,t
    wh ;.h
    l1|6i.1

    'arF

    o l vour br olhpr " i5 \I^d\


    oLcp f a! on"il"j
    J lx
    o " ih is $Fk c t ilm \
    ) o t"p s won r hr r 3o- r \ or I
    dratr:ns do You P"f"rr
    '^ol i

    i XflH]i" ;l"J:'r'";"{

    Pron'

    ?"'*,. ' i r."h,ipsr ri'.p.r',


    'datdeprFpoziria
    'o
    '?lh,f
    '

    o*'Pff"l",lj'i,i1
    J-.1:"J8iJ'fl
    flil'';3f'.)i'i;ri#j:"il'.'f,
    lI;;lJ'."$,".';.:*

    plurarurui.
    p.ererarr
    **"rui esre

    Whieh iiind invariabil ca fornil, sint situalii in oare numnrul (sg. 6au pl.)
    trebuie toiugi specificat:
    I'vc lound sonc smpsiiotsr/ntul, (pfon.)wouldyou havc?
    Ambiguitatea lntrebdrii creeazi o sitralie diiiciln: l.cbuie a]esun singur
    insLantaneu sau mar multel Solutia:
    Which .ne \!antd, you h.r1e? s a r
    tfii.l
    o"s s'onld vor hr!e?

    1020

    c) 'lYhat, ca proDume.sereferl nunai Ia inalndatel gi indirect la aninate ;


    ta i anim&te:
    ca adjectiv se rcf;rn atit la aninate (iDclusiv persoanc),cit
    -si
    d i d " ,,.

    ^ o

    , pdno:

    "n nd, (adj.ld,s nit him?" "The }utch.r\."

    i r1,," r,"

    i ..-

    eb". do rou rrcler?" "\'rolet."


    gtts did I'iru tnlk to in the hnll2'nTo Jill and Ar.r."
    's lhe ,tmcr" "1Il's), itrst goDc livP."
    di.I it .asr1" "T\r. rrounds'.
    js your nafuc.
    kleth'n. nnnt,a, oddnEst"
    nati;natiht, rnf.s!n'\
    's i'our \rife lil'e:'1 "Swiret and .os) to be Nilt,".
    I "ttrlo arc.rou?" ",\lec Jores. tour nrother's rricnd. .oDP l,un
    :1 s. canPan
    { the stares i: sL,{j"\ !,.
    J ' :\'
    I' } 1 /., ,- ' u .'
    'l

    1021

    Aten lie

    Se atrage atenlia asupra intrebuirtnlii incorecte a adjc.rtirului inlcro,JF "J "ron1' lolo.; d" .ru,lp lii ro, ini t'-,,r,,, rr" Lu -i,
    ;a rr .i;i.
    TI/; /' i, i,nji'r\ -''"
    0djari\ului inrpo-J'i! ",.- din IrmtrJ
    '^,,';1.
    srlfcrir (: care dintrc...) . Cind adjectivul iDterogatir
    ..faret nu eslc sclecti'.
    cl ste tradus prin }'hat' al firui inlelcs tn limba ronarri nu ".tenr.rnrai..e-.
    ci 1i ,,care":
    Cdl. scriil.f lLi nlar! cd mai niull?
    : Ilrld, \vritcli d; Xou likc best?
    Cdrc din1rc scriitorii seoobhi al IIX-l.a ili tl{!e?
    : Which of lti riih cenlury wrilcrs do Io\ like?

    1022

    What erclamati{.
    n?d, a rvisesa]ingl
    \.rzi S t46. 1090.239t.
    SITLr:\TLI,lCrU-{I.l.

    1023

    .rJ IYho lYhom. DupI cun s a mai aritat inainte. iendin-tade sinrirlr
    ri'.-diir Iiml , !njhir
    drn.lrlul .o,.';"1 -rri. prr".ii', r.l 'rl 1'u '
    'si
    r'r" ,vhat4.tor".
    iiili\,.lui ri, rin?inJ.dinlo 'ri.., in l^d. iru-lrr '
    ^,,
    la pInu^FlF )i cJ:p'riv.ln i.lp,4,d i\ '
    torn,' oLip.,i.ur..r.,r',/,. r
    'r
    | .
    ls,FlFrFloti\F. I'rrn I9'o. l.l"rr.l 'idpir.. s in:Lorq,ri1". r"1'. i:
    lrom now noi el et Lil
    safto prophesJthat within a corple ol hundrd
    -l'ears
    nost leirned jurist t'ill be saling''l|hom did yoir see!" Evoluria actual'l
    acestui pronume confinni adel'drul proieliei cilalo.
    Jt,r. !ro"urn.. nri\..- o t,,' r
    Jrd J - t f / . , i. I "
    \ n. nr ' . a! r ' .
    ' L d I.i -at
    ?1 "qtp
    tn"r r, ?,o /,! n "i ! j , i t d . n obF : nanim a t , r " e r r . ' u i . . j i r ' - l r '/ , o .
    tit pl,\.:
    d l . / l i d , . t r o r 'r n . _ u : r 'l u r r .
    '"'"+od ..r i. 1"i. |lpl. n6r am ali
    \rfe'
    "\.o
    u.
    "tanirL
    I Ul
    tyloi's the time? [: urhal tJ...]. 11'r just s,ac live. I: ll no6 6',8...1 r' S 1::'
    186t,
    3 Citai de Drian Fosier, The Changing ErylAh Ldnguasc, p- 2al, 19;t'

    PRoNUMEI,I

    Sr

    lv

    201

    ";ii: li#;i,,fi,if iil;i,1l.r


    .", iiliit: il:i,T
    t".:j;lll.f
    :l:l;;,1;
    .n - ilul .oloc\iat s,ri". prin ior^r" ,,o
    j!i,.r,,,?J::lJ:i'iff:J
    "
    ",,;'ii,lii;,ill:ff"1x!?l::,,""1J1,:i.ifi?x:J;ji;
    s t i tut i nfannatIcok.aiat
    {ro.ntt sau scrjs)

    lllat.).

    ro Nhom

    prcp.)

    lor \vhonr.._

    (9 " t 1 .

    ' vho

    pre!.)

    .. 10

    who... ior, crc.

    Erenple:
    ,.r I ni,

    '.rylo Jid

    nn

    , pr

    I , pj-

    ,t.r..r,i.-.-

    r"iil;sjj,
    ;''r'i'r-,i ,. \ ^ ,i".
    I;0";1j,.;
    '
    r.;i'rd
    '
    J y , no t t , . h ,,o k D !
    '.

    \,

    p-

    1 ,.
    ii.jtll l; 'l I :,;i,i.," ; ; 'r":,"lflooll;,
    ' ,,,",'

    ;'liI " i_11,1


    ,,,l;;";'illli;:;
    -t'll:trli; ,Jil,l
    , n lo u r.,.oL . ' r .

    , , p t r dq r hi1t . . gol. .

    \,

    I'

    . ri $bi.b "i $hat c" nanrir "., m,i su. r$ t^t_


    ln stil,rlIo ,,at. ni.j jn cl Loloclidt.
    ',r.i

    tu22,. t.,r".,t,ir,,bdri q t0Z.l

    ;r"':
    irlj
    r;*';irl#:,
    i ;ir.lr'',r,ili
    lr ;ii,,,i".i^;;;;;
    i,r'ii;,in:li'li"r
    o'"r"u'
    ,
    i;il:

    ;:i;":r"'lij
    (,:;;;;il,l'i:li#ii:i

    c, Which - Nhose. cenitivul o/ eht.h. ltni o lorma


    pred greoaie. { 1096
    p!re dp.Fl. rnai
    m rlrn ori t,,tocuit, u'it,F.,,n.,1r, Dr:
    Thc cottage o/ o,,ri.t Lhc sh,ttqi

    arf grlcn js lton\.

    Esto inlocuit,cu:

    iii';iii#E,r,,;'ii::1;::
    i;fj,:;it'
    (:::i'i;;,.ili;,,,,."",.,")

    T,rP ro om r1".. t a9 r , , dv . |lr. ro om .,./i . d . t , - "r . .

    ir
    b"y nin4oq . -

    Inljrogalia diro.ri \i inrlirccta.- lnrratbr;t".ar",onli,,


    pronu,,,pqi { t02rj
    . ,, li
    LrJAsrr\.
    Inl"ogr i\p. r r d' JuIA htuflr ,tirp. _:i inuirrctc.

    FFn'ri r Fopro.
    ;;{,tti' ; ",!'1""'i;;;, :l il;\; ;i'1
    '''
    l'
    -":'iii',iii
    "p.'
    "1;[:"i]
    tt'tal is lhe lran,s namc.
    IflBtn)
    .tid vou rt,E rD.
    I t 1, n i l t n e e r h l r ti i i i n i

    11,,:i:1L;;;';,,11x,,:,i,,;X::,:i;'
    "'',u
    "i:::',:::":i,:ix,,lii:tl':ll,iliTf
    |

    '( J ' r

    "l"'
    ,,/.n \,,

    r \-czi R .
    Q ni. k c l. at ia.

    _l I r r t , 3 . n

    909

    AtP,nlie !
    ver\ul sau aunF
    La jn orice propozjlie interogat'ive'tn interagalia'l'irectd
    6 102?
    "
    liarnl /r.t,rdii subieurul:
    m' aa 'Ptul:
    \V "t h g
    '""
    f ido al l|" d o o ^"r r
    \ \ nul n'
    '
    4"
    \ Vhu { l 'tl'ald / P

    propozi'ie interogativx' ci declaraltt interryali'1 indl]ectl' carc rru esteo


    \ Prbrl se PunFJl/Pn 'ubi"' | :
    I i\
    ",
    qhd
    ln ' ) !
    T lm
    I r ) l' d h - sn o In
    Sn o d o o "r ' l "1 o \ s

    tu t ro""l "Jk
    '
    iP h a lJ touan at th" uoot
    ''
    n /l fto r sP '' Lh4 s"rP Io
    'r

    t9 5 1i
    { V e z i ;i S t0 5 2 ' t8 9 l '

    inloroeatit' "' '


    DO ln ixl' rosd!ii' Cind pronum"l"
    ?r lttritiurrrt
    ji,i':"a"a:""1i\ Jl inrFfofairv Ll"t'tmin; 'ubiP'i-ulnu 3e inlrcirurrr.rr
    '"1'
    propoziliil' in erogr'iLP poriLivel:
    iil,r" ""'ri'".i;i Dti in
    l7lD thitrks so7
    loD:

    s 1028

    lt ' t t "c s o1 r am " or '


    ju l n o {:
    |, l, t r n s or nun ] ooLed in
    n"'1 J""rProar
    l'"ta' l3l!

    E 1029

    :
    propozi'tiileinterogativ_negabive)
    Se spune insd (in oazul obiect'ivsau in

    i:"'i:"*'!
    1):;
    I":#,l':':"
    wn!!
    W h h "a'

    d: t lh" Por ' m 8 n g o '

    i::,1"'j".''lLi'
    **,
    EL',,=n
    Hi;;'
    ^x:

    tt stilutlornal
    - Conrntrnrcgulilor.srdm6li'at"
    8J Lorul 0repoTiliei'
    1030
    ' "" " p r " p o li,i , p r o i"do phnum'1"'sr adj";rit u l in re ro g u lr\ :

    :'li %xl'n"
    f;,,iYil.,'
    7or ohom did he want it?-* '
    langhing?
    At ehat are lou

    1031

    il
    prepozilia
    rotulpecare
    este
    .{cesta
    "":iirt['ffi,il,ii1'"x'rgli:i,
    esie
    I
    curentriinsn.
    In aorbiett

    Prepozilia

    Ilrl'o is Uiis |ook


    school does
    '/r he conc l'o4'
    I/l;n
    it lb'r
    Itl@ did hc $dt

    t{l'i#""J"-]"""
    ;-,tri,; l::

    ::*:
    ##}1i;'
    :iit*r;lii'*l:3r{

    1032

    lrr s'ilul Ln'iliat sp lnlllnp' rl r'


    9) lronumele iol'rogaiiv compu'
    exnrimd surprrnoerr'
    t/'dl
    mele conpu"p: i)rLotPr' ettt';r "'/ li
    '"/ 'sre
    nedumeriri. indignare elc :
    ,tp ,in"': wl". -"'.,ro d
    tthD a1-:
    "rounill'i :i"iJ:'",

    f;:'::;:'i ,.::::" :"' ;;;;" "::,'s r " n'a,',r?

    oede acediar". :.
    po?ili\ nu r upr ind p o n e g a l r P : ,.Cine
    I ln
    "roe ,l ia . d c l_d' r er

    "l* iffig,qit;"

    cio'nu
    Jii'i"oon"s'fr' "'r"0'

    Scrise tntr-un cuvini fitlo-r.. 'xhicheaer)t ,haterer)rt pronumele intero- S 1033


    sitire deroti ljps5 d cDlturS.Insc s, 'drrtDtrcbuinlatpentru aseaccentua $l{)g4
    prnnurn-lai'rre'og1li\'.n,r Fsle puq llngi pro'lrn":
    lfha e,et aadC,have known the rcason?devinein sc,is:
    Wh, canl.l,erd have known th," reason?

    $ r$6

    10) Conshuofii idiomatiee


    Cd Xou tcli mc @ho'sqho?
    lPoli si-ni srli cinc slnt c.i dc faF
    lsau ocj dcsprecarese Yorbeqte?)l
    lAluarul notanilifililor)
    Itna, ,ind did h colne?
    (i,a ce ori a v.nit?)
    l]'rafs the Xnglish 1o. lhis?
    (Crm s s!u!c la accasta in fngh'

    asta?l
    What abaur t show?
    (Ceai zicc si ncrg.n la un specla|ol?)
    Johnny'sdrawerx'as luli oI ma.blcs,njls,
    nsils ard wrzt ,or.
    (tirl.arul hi Ionicil ra Dli! de lilc,
    penile, cuie Fi cn, air.,,.,f
    trhdt of thot! sat
    What theh?
    i ]]i i i ? C c i cu asta?)
    I d.n't know tuhit:h is ehn:h.
    (Nu 1e lo1. deoseni.)
    l l e k n o { s ," ftul s @ na,.
    i s ti c c l s e sc dcscurccl) sau (D l ]e
    H. 1n111
    me
    nax (ha|.
    dedrNbiuril-" cliestiunii.)
    il\{i r ertlicnl 'hot
    (M-a l u s l a ruenl .)

    (D a r tu ?)
    Ate n l i e

    tEr sr I Lr' I uu 413.',

    this in En.Eli.qh?"(Cum S 1036


    In hnba englezn se spune: "Itrdl do !-ou
    'rall uF nl a"
    r.un,e:lia -dbla In , ngle/F:r":, ,;i nu. c'rnt ." .t',r,
    '
    ' tr" 'n rirri.
    , u lin,ba romdn.: Hou Jo vcu :.ll hi.. i" Lneli'l,l'
    prir
    "nsluLi-

    RNI,ATTY
    YI. PN,ONITU}]I]E
    II ADJNOTTI'UL
    (TtrE liDll\tryn PRoIrouN-{nD -{DJltlrIlE)

    $ 1037

    GE^"ERAI-IT,tr
    l I
    l) Formd. - Pronumele relalirc slnt urnldtoarcler':
    s t03n
    eho (,xhase,ohon), whith, i|hal Mt, &sj but.
    Ca qi in limba romAnn, oha, trhan. trhich l; trhdi poi, Ii aLtt pronume inierossiiv., ,lr :i pro,un," r^,irirp. dupi Iun rr" t" "d'-. ind-plir'er.
    ttl'u',. .vhi.h s, ,/'ol tnr li :i rdjF" i\" r"l"ri\F.
    Pentru simplificare, relalilcIf|. interogatiyle !i adverbele care incep
    sini grupdte tn gramatica englezil sub denunirea de "phcu literele ir/|
    forms" (forn,elc cu nri-tialelert,{-), la oarc sc adaugi !i ftoo.
    Ir^nnn,.lp rclativ arc doul func-tii sim tane: S 1039
    2) Dofilitic ,\i lunrtii.
    ul tinc loiul ,,,,ui s,,bstantir (sHual unui cchivalontal acestuia').le- S 1040
    gindul de o propozilje alributi.i.n care explicri{ sau detenninis inlelesul antocdentului;
    A n. s ., o 1 , u r ' , .

    a ' , . . 1. p "o

    1r'

    tii,r ','

    dl dr,/,

    t,.o^pusp,'d-.

    .1 . ,,,' t.
    h .r ,,.tl at.,- rsl l :l
    n l o dp. r , , ' nr r n s i n c ' ,r,u '
    b": r ir
    I Pentru hadu.crc, rslr (lrourmel 'S till'r 1lrix, ladj.clirc) S 820.
    r Ve2i S 190, notr L
    I N u mi tn nr oDoz it je. : r ti .,' i ' ,1 l $ j l t3 l
    i! .
    \u mi l plo ' oz : i, " d i' n n :,u tt r \g

    l l 2).

    904

    { 1041

    al propoziiiei
    D/ este subiectulsau complementul direct ori indireci
    aLdbutive:
    'lho man rno lectureil veslcrday is mI brother'

    iffi'ffi"#ili
    "$${',:;ff
    J:ltf.ffi'x1':}L'J"f
    ."0,1:ll,tll,::'*,;f,,';::,'f
    estc subieci.l
    !a!e.m.trtioned
    iy'3'l'"i#l'lll,gl';"1"+3i"I":?'i:li:"1]"ii.l?f"""1'"i

    Lorulr,i'
    e-,vhi"h. inro'ui
    l Pru' umer
    ;'"1,",i.:
    ",*"::i' ;;#' "f :f; liPnT;li
    propoziria t'ibutivE- "Nl

    1049

    ditec-t in
    dFt'rmin5:
    u l" ,lou: fu;"lii tol li .(bJ al" pronumcluirclativ
    a"stuin'
    nu'rbr-ul
    6 7 p"-.o"'
    " 1i

    r04r li i;;.'J"i:'u,^^"'n"
    ;:;
    .,":l,",l"lTi'?"T11:,""",{lfii;i;,
    .a"iiuj'e,,npe*oa"n
    ;i
    li"j;'J:'ll"1l:;T:ii"'.i,uji.*:;";;;;l;"";;;,-.
    lD numdr:

    r' l\'dJts ldre g"Ls ulrpn rrold d'


    ,or.
    o a ,r m olhPr , . inDoL la! ou_ \ d
    /'ii':rio 'no
    Par lY r iq' r s $io r hP dav '
    "n "*

    il'u#*

    Obserr&!Le

    ill;"";o
    -;tr"tl";:P"fl
    l"J"
    "T,iXot'i":Ti.ff'l'l:#:

    $'* u"n"liilit"J:"i:lT'n"*
    ",1"t$ll,'"T"1T;*:"l"lTfiJi"i1

    "1i"c""",."""11:"Jl"cT,t
    s- ,ors""
    l:'::#i:i;;":,|:"Til:lil"$?,,:",;'""
    a cps t sll joac d in p ro p a z l l d d tn ta

    ililf^-:*l"JJ'iitl1;:':1,:t;;il';li;3i*i'ii"i,T'J
    Lomple*ent direct' sau indirect'
    'u" t"'d

    ' is lor lu' o i s s i s .


    r nod r laus hq J l m

    rPro\Prhl

    'ii;:il;'jli"li"'"1\I'ri l"''"1il.r" ,do "\' :""b


    rki;'""rt
    tit ;:,1,;';
    L"i11',";;'' "; ,:;:;i;,",,.
    .". *-''','
    ' -ho

    ;"'":pi,i i;.,;", "t;:" "l


    i;lj;
    1r"
    ;l;;;:T,,,,
    :L'';.:,,:"1',
    1
    fii -,i..,,1
    li'".:,1x."il,1

    $ 1{X6

    Declinarea pronumelor relative este urmdtoarea:


    Datie
    Genltit'
    I ol Nlich

    t o whi l h

    qhich

    Ceielalte pronume relative nu so dcclinx'


    corelative"$ 1{38)
    (Vezili
    ',Pronunele
    !
    Atenlie
    rdre sepot i!i 'lnd pronum"l"
    xsuptx;rP$'tttar.dP
    alenlia
    SF slrdsp
    s lM?
    '47
    "
    iDrrdelru:
    relativ est" ur.rol d" o propozilio
    He $'asthe bov @nomI lelt had told tho huth'
    '
    Ultptio_
    apdriioa'um sulutuitirpsc f8'ol Ensli"l'
    ' r"emot.teO"lo a"'sl pun'l tn
    penLru
    as"pf'
    paiarLez"'
    ri"chivarFDLrF
    ;en!ibnar'
    ;i
    iair,.
    t"lucra ii:
    'oloc!'alP

    liii,iii-.iiriiiiii'i iii l; i;drr d'.";tip{v ti 5 r0s0-i05r)

    FRONUIIELE

    !05

    SI

    wlpm trebuie inlocuit p n {rlm, propozitia,lird incidenta,.I felt',. fiind:


    ''the boy.rio had told the truth".
    Thercaresome?eotlehereltrft I knowyoy nell havea ident lor music.
    fl,loD, Lrebuielnlocuit prin rro, propozilia, fdrd incidenta,'I know rery
    well", fiind: "people rr,io have a talent, Ior music".
    Fraza trebuie construiti ficlndu-se abstraclie de propoziliite incidnte,
    cat I felt, I noltced,lhe! said, he thought,tre knoq, e|c.
    ln .x.mplul urmerorlnFd.propozilid-l beli"red 1o ba lba rulp'it np.
    fiind o in.idpntj. ulon. pronu'lc in'"roJari!. .rle .omplcmFntuldirp., al
    verbului belieoed.Ca atare, se sprne corect:
    He asLedme @i,n I lelivdto be ihe culprit.
    (...p/b I believedio be...l (coIo.v.)
    Df scruf &EL PaONUIIEL0I iI ADJIi-TITLLOX Rr]r.ATlt I

    $ 1048

    Prorumelerelative sht tntrebuinrate,in general,dupn cum urmoaze:


    (Vezi olseNaliile S 1053)
    1) ponftu pcrsoano:
    S f04g
    who (: care) (nom.)
    The man @,{,spoke io you just now came f.om l.he countf}..

    vhoser (- al cirui, a ctuei, ai cdrui, ale cErui etc.) (gen.)


    I don'l.bow
    (pron.)this bas is. (sau ...,tF$ ladj.) bag this is.)
    '"hose
    whom (: pe care) (ac.); to vhollr (: cxruia, cdreia, cdrora) (dat.)

    4n8in.rr /x h o a ra u ,n d r) $ " . . .n | , -td." tdm i . J


    tri rp
    . . . Tn p a g " hut r u" al
    The
    wori'al
    to
    alnm
    yo!
    ryere
    is
    (s
    talking
    an
    a.tisi
    a
    woman
    you
    u
    The
    were
    talk.
    i n g io ...l
    which [: (pe) care, care dintre (selectiv sau inlocuird substantivele
    colective)l (nom. Ei ac.) li a umite substantive ca sh{.p,. babls etc..
    He had two broth.rs, onc o/ onicn was siill litUe.
    Slre sondered qhich ot rhc sislds w&s the eld-"st.
    I c_an'tteU.rrt.n I ivould rather hea. you play -Chotin. Tchaikovskt or one of
    ._
    The c.owd ,lialr irad collcctcd cheredthe foreisn delcsal.ion.
    1nd bnL ' t t h t , h

    .h ;-

    b r o u g "l

    in

    d . p r P.1 o n .r

    'odd,
    " J s. 4
    ; r hir q4r
    - ..L i F u . to n o \ r

    hdnt

    r/.'

    2) pentru admale !i lucruri:


    which (: oare) (nom).

    S 1060

    The d.s r/,t./, blt rou las Nn awar.


    Is the -clr}oard ailt l siands on r:our left nrll?
    ot Nhich', whose (: al cnrui, a cilrei, ai carei, ale cdrui etc.) (gen.)
    th roon, Uredoor o/ oLt., {s a tr o/
    lhe door) is otren,is minc.
    The room. dnos, doo. is oDen. fs &! ',lri.n
    the room oith thi oDendiot...\ is mi^e.
    Th ta t.r , ' h" " oot af oh :.\o f" h (h tl a N o ts r" d d p p l .d .arpr. $aq be.r,' i ,t.
    Th ",o F. nlol"
    r dr \ v a 5d a p p rp ,l .g -F,^
    .\ r * ttt, k " dai pLed
    E " p,J,odlw
    , 6 b" dn(Yczi si 5 820)

    l rn se esie urmai imediai de un substmtiv itrii a.ri.ol ctnd est adjectiv.


    p sl4dps pm , , dL
    I m o d .L F n r p ri n l ro n i n .h j ,p rsooalhmi D rn;n" t* . S 81),
    i Dl r
    pr onu'si
    mp
    rp laliv . or ps punz J l oIir i n d l n s { i mo F 6 o n a l d
    . n n n l D pnl rul urruri ,
    3 6 a rv s r r d" " " m nd'dp o ri .p p p r.o a n A
    (i r a r' rf.id . D d ri n risi acpatanu ,nrotdoaunal .
    _r.
    pfin pmnim"ln imp"Bonal
    ru proDumel;rptd ie imb"Eonal .orpspunzALof
    r,,,t.t (v.
    _ { 854 1 .
    { ol enrn este precedat sau urmat de un subsiantiv drricerdr.

    MONFOLOCIA

    !06

    which (: pe care) (ac );

    _ PRONITMELE

    {'htch (:

    clruia) (dat.)

    Ahica
    rol
    iij*"*y'*jr'lrt"iJ'J'l;il"'j'xi'i";"?$'"5fl1
    '.o''
    animaleli lucruri:
    'o

    t) penlru persoane'.
    * 6 i"5 ' 1 i p. "arel {nom $i a"l

    106l

    d*'*" -'',' I::


    ;\fi:rtiJ';l#:l
    r.'o:,
    ii."'l';",{ir,,l:,::;i;,:;"0
    decii la
    ob se relern mai dsla inanimate
    il

    i:

    (;;; carel (nom !i

    "",nl' ; ; " " , r ' , ' ]

    rh . p L ' o rt' ' s o o d

    o n .o ' rr d' {

    sa" \ou' s' n" '

    rol
    ,h" \r tup
    +;i1,f*lr:"rut:t hr.n.;;iT",i:'
    ''I",h"rs
    'j
    l{
    '
    l
    i'a,r
    'i":J';^
    soo
    d
    L
    ]
    '
    ro
    v
    i:l :."r ;";- ?;:I t/id

    re r: rne)carel(nom !r ob )
    1;.
    "'/ /"* rJ.^ o",a",d, "ij.
    l i "';i1 " "
    . i" , iriii; " " " . r'p" n ' sL h F r' I J L l
    j''-;:"i'i

    J"1""
    l;;"11ii',1,
    T'IT"iftl"T;.',ii
    tlut (: care sd nu) (nom)

    iil'i:fi'i;$":"''"

    lti"*:*r"';:t:1.*i

    i"i" ' t*L ""r"

    src$e'
    orn'ninescu

    4r cr irrtclesnchotilrit

    s lo52

    oD i
    shat (: cP. cPAc') (norn fr
    *
    orr'J i 'p d''"m nrs "r rr'e 'r"
    ;;;;; h"o',;-"d n^ \J'

    'l ' v ""irr' '''r


    ,:";),,"1"{'
    -l,J""i
    ?i:;I'i,:""'
    "
    OB SX I' IA T II
    \TEO

    s 1053

    {?RO\1J}ID

    XDLATIII

    :
    ilT':?$.
    l:.i'#il;
    s,o'n ,"l,i"l"lil;1.:f"i;l'i
    lXii:,l"J:'J
    :li.:
    :
    :1,'l:
    p ro n um ' r F or i < /' c:
    ^,
    ll. i"
    J : ""' ; : ' : il : r ;i '1 " ' i 1 J'|" P -i n
    'P
    *ttt"*""**-.

    "

    S fOff

    ;i:x}f"nJr1i'ii*
    il*rUll'lt*:l*+lf{l$liii

    afatlar un pronume indepenPft' esLesirotrirn cu h' tt'hd' este

    Zi U*-i

    ll.friliifi,ii$"tiiil'ttl'"",;i
    _ nupoare
    rl
    _ deci
    !i,?ho
    ffl",ill,'
    s r0b6
    s ,"r'
    ,'"f"",11,i,,"
    jt.,":}","iitr,t;;,;,:'
    {,'6.'1
    , "*i"J.,"J'i:i":'lil,l"ll
    ;l,t"t;Jl"l:l"ii',i:i;:,1"i#

    " .' .l
    "

    lig'-"rll"'.""';ll 'i, ; ll::1"1.


    aDim{lesn{ llc'r':
    ---l.,1;"t
    cn'd siDt enlioul'e imP'cutriLcu
    ,"

    ".r".a

    r. lcrsonnc

    'u''?lJii"?;;;r'
    ; l:,,l:"|]jr
    ;--ti*:"'."".i:"Tr
    :;";: l:*l: '
    ;i{,iii.rr
    -,pirnd',
    ".rr,d..,.,i:i,",,.ii,":;::ul;;;1i;,:l,l.jg;"j;ii"',.,i,.:i
    sr a
    ri".

    'n "'nt"t"l

    lr r J c ePi! 5il' a7t

    PRONUMILE

    207

    9I

    Thc trc.,
    l.arcs il,(tered in ure h.cze,...
    '//rsd ligLts shono ir the darkncs,...
    The lut. .!Los
    5) nhom.
    ln linba englezdactualii, pronumele rctnLi,twhom nu mei q 1058
    este determinat de prepozilii decit atunci clnd acesteall precedi imediet.
    situal,ie tn care prezenla lui devine obligatorie:
    She ivonderedIot @hon 'lom lad boqht u,c llowc.s.
    C a !i l a pr on, r m el" in, p ro g i l i \F i n ,n . l n s L i l u l .o l o cvi nl di o,n ocLei nl ,..ri l
    p r in /,t . s.b im hln, lu s F or J i n e B ru \i n rp l o r p c n tru c i prA po/i .i J s" vi n.] dJpd
    H rt"n ,
    | ' hr 4 lr " h a d l " n l h i q s k rsh , u d q b i n d i rq
    on.
    q h , rp ,ai\
    '| a " d.
    nnt i" m . 'in n ta a I ta ry d ,h a .l O)
    ' t.,n
    We lrave no idea who c]]ntabol.a.tes
    iiLh @hn.l,l
    I don't Lnorr pna he is wriiins dbout.lbl '
    U n p o ri rhiar s i or p. p d J r d o tra p o z i l i p l
    "It js rery imlortdt." "To ohr?' LOll
    Pp n L ru a s p ev it s inlr F b u i n l rr.a p ro n u m " l rri J r\rcn. i n rtp Je dr.p" ri l i e,
    n h o ea Jl @ l tjl in) o. ui" " { p c b i i r 9 i In l i p s s u n p i p re p o /i ti i :
    Tcll me wno you watrt. (: Fhom)
    Ttr"F n no on. ( , t h. ) tru .l o n k n o w ,,re . I \' o ..
    A t l }p .lub , n , hould I r:n d b u t C ,ra l d : - \h o m
    ll A i q n pv prin r o ppoplph n d i s ' i l " r. | !h o n , O l n ta ' u pf o q.bqranti vr
    l way shnppi r bdb y ' i 'l i n g b .trtd fp , s h . . tn , rn or, s" ,. ti dF.,
    "\ a
    " toa.
    - . qohcu
    u^ rnr
    'ip n - r nr ( r en l
    Wh o m p oalo I ns a li S i p ro n u m . i n d i v ;d u a l . d " .i 1p ctor6tor, tdra sntac cdc n l (: h c Nhan. t has pN h o n ).l n c a rp .a z n u .)i i .cl F i nl o.ui t. ci pretFra. :
    l.I'non the sods love die youDg. (Prove.i)
    IV]IICII
    (PBONUME

    iI

    ADJtrCIIv

    IiE'ATIY)

    s 1059

    1) inloles.- Pronumelenlic, cstetntrebuintat:


    Q 106{l
    a ) . j n d an lF.Fdcn tul
    d.numptLe
    un animals"du u n o b ip . Lin a n ima:t
    Tne figers ,fidn he had secn pedormins carn from Belgal.
    w o ipslp d rnF !o p. tc..41r uh; . h s , l bFln ; 1 I . p, . on.r i r d o r .
    \ l lhF @4 ;16 ,rnr.& h rd jus t u, n, "|] , d,
    ha t ook t r , " I n o r . g
    I nndor. -/., 1 i"'."",,'l
    a! . ' h"Un, o l\ i1g, hm . 5a
    . ,ofotisoD theTrJT^s.

    ,) cind antecedentul denumeqtetn acelaqitimp atit fiinte, ctt si lucruri:


    $'e iarled alout the tic"ds and erpoiencpr@hichM had had in commotr.
    peorle sh;ch sl.ood oli in oDe,smemodes.
    Tlrerc \r.r r.nrs
    ^nd
    _. c) ctnd antecedentul, care dendmeste de obicei o fiin!6, este tuat, ca

    notrune:

    I made oi lrcr L\e eomak shih I rvnntcd my daughrerto becom._

    {cr. 5 854)
    d) cind antecdontulesLeun substantivcolectiv(g 1101):
    Ile had leen listencd to Iy taqe audienccsont.l had tctr enUrusiastic.
    I : lipsa lui ,/,r.
    r U n p o ri
    | F nnani_. ' 1" 1. d o m " si " " .l ra S i s . In rF b ,,i ,' !" a?JFIa' i vut rnr:..[Idrl ha
    h ad a l o u n q d " pr r no Ls " d lo to l l o wh rr d b o u l i L r d D e tb u o D v.'
    'g a l u 6 r . r v lnlul. a vo fb i l { l a o i n t} u .i r" ,,
    f T a rk l @ n d rrl J u lc, d p b rus .u l p ror.pi c' or arhj ' nntti l oel
    . . . 'lu i cl p l dnB 4oaaoaa. or ri
    i t alian,1 4 7 5 -1564

    r0E
    mic:
    el ctnd antccedeniul se referd la un copil
    the lrospital
    at
    had
    seen
    shc
    Do',
    the
    '{n" """]a"'t {orgei
    ''li'}84, 854)
    6t'
    s
    {cf
    reca' a):
    o inl rFagrprooozi!iesdulr"za prp'Fdenls.r'
    /r cind inlo.uiFSle
    '^
    , " h " tp " J ,h " s tl ,' ts . u l r' /i q 6 / prti ' ' eotl l v proi P e' s acrron
    ,,,
    o' a d ' s d ' h 4 a ' rp ' l ' h r" p I' r' r"
    ii- oir " "! ). ',t,

    zt io n iiiv.

    t lOar i

    rl" i, ' o n R"lntitulr/'; l ot. rn "az u lg " n iL irro r" n a' /

    ''*'l;,';*1f",:";.i:'^1li';,il:itli;r,:""i]:liii":;i
    insi urmaatunciclnrl
    pii,'.-.ir"'";"4

    I,'9""aero"-" 7-il';"1'; oapoalc

    !i

    iubstantivul detLrmixot stijln (


    o/ rni l t 'oll5J drF$hir^
    t hrr' ' _oo' // *'1l or
    ""&\rsor

    11;."i;li:.1i,"''.,
    I;lli: """:l
    '"' ", "'
    poatelnireWirkn poatcli qi adiccrierelatit)in carecazse

    J) Funclic.
    S 1062
    ""'
    t r . l ' ,1 , a r i' fen r r u tiinrn crr 'i p"nrru l.rrut il

    girr !ett".1tiU,";Ji1i,",l:f;"1,llii,f
    ire iak; ro.rhe
    S"if;,ii:lt:'i,::il"$i"ii,"d
    1hc
    $e lPfi rlP Plo ngh ' t "1.11'"
    ,
    ' gr r c

    thicL titue 1l

    nrP'pJs d"^prppo/iiiepoarefixnpotl
    4l qinorrimoad\crbialp lllil

    1063
    r(dF'u"l'
    t'""",nto.ui,
    ri lir'rdri i'p'e
    r'/"
    r"
    pri""a'*S'f"""
    '/'irl
    'poeri
    Doetic qi liierar), rvt?/ eic i

    "'l*i;:llt"l,.,.ll,*,'jfl"!i'i:'#"ii;fJ7f,i,lu,'ii!^.*trh.ire

    ""'" {ff ." ,rqrrir":j':.!:.ir:\.:l1*}'il"hllii'j',ll;rrrr r(co,ocv


    rd
    ) a hote,
    i! it a hotPl u /rrlliP' \r
    $ P lnt

    (;i,fJ,
    '""'llf*.;"
    iji'i1,,,
    flJ,li
    ETf"
    i::il
    U,.:,t*
    hdd bat

    lent: to)

    s1064
    61065
    r'"""

    ,","",Ifx1,.,,,,

    rlai poat' \nlo'ui' pronumdc


    ll ftrlrrhuirrlarr. P|irumple rFloli\
    d"t rntit'ai'rP' '0re oupc
    inoint"un";
    propoTi!.ii
    uha.,,l,a*..1,' n ts'n"''oi
    ," .ri.. p'r" ab''l rr np'P'Jrd par'rru'l:'rrar.eaInlplj
    "u*

    ;:ij:i["i,ilI..
    ti rit,ilil"r["*!il)
    i:i,;4,
    rL

    t'h ih)

    I s ar it t o s t l

    ti!"'t
    'if:,,i

    rh" r ! ilnl. la',.. "*|'


    \'''!'\",','o,i;* :':"l;i%iYi;.i',
    ';;' i i "r '''r "n"

    '

    1-!" :.p-' '


    l hal "
    l ronumcl o
    2) Cdz ur ilo in c a rp !e i n l r' h u i n !' d z i
    rr
    d
    "
    u
    rp
    bi
    rp
    i
    '
    azufl
    :
    . plF lHll" l ro n rrm p r" l Ari \F
    ' rrmi ' oarFl p
    i "f* ri
    1
    I
    l
    r\i
    n
    r
    r
    n
    ' o t" P l
    ' tr
    a7 dr r pa
    l re ' e ' l
    A f 06?
    '

    S
    t 106
    '""" 6

    $ 1068
    s 1069

    D) dupn r mcrale]e ordinale:


    iliil not kno{ wnaL'nrss nedia" mtant
    si" rr"'.,1,, f,,,",r,
    "t.o.rt,rd'
    (l urr adjcctiv ir gradut superlrtiv:
    r:) dupn un subslanlivcaliiifnt
    Ii N*'Itu l,ris"/'rrrdiv lriarl \re hrd on onr tri]'

    .H:f;Hl':i:
    il''33'ii"i{:il't
    '""i:',i
    ,*gj;m*rill;,**;,?gt:irliii:lii

    5r

    209

    rELArrv
    ^DEcrLvr]r

    s 1070

    N otd
    D remarcat constructia irtiomatjcii de mai ios, tn care prol1umeletha''
    imDreurj'.u verbul rFspecli\," inlocuil prinrr-uninfinili\ slun'i 'lnd snte,.i.nrul lui crc lori esic pr".Fdbt,lF, un r'um"tal urdinal un superlrliv su
    uDa din enpresiilethe anl1J.rhe t'erA:
    F hie' o; l\ pls o n r h " B o 'p l
    'l 'n "
    Chdmoolliol $ i" tt" lt$ 11 J PI '
    to;i
    v t " i " p 'r r 1 r " a J e 'r d F G A r r a l
    op' t lt ot hlos
    ;i; ; ; i";ii;":,
    oi'n ' .
    - ; n ' o d' : ! P. a t
    H " " -' ;ler .\a. /, /., I No,-nr
    r ' ' ". dLr un i l' buz r
    i, t"'' p ima I m "i"
    r."' .
    '
    Tal"" r
    or t ni r h f ", ". $ds Lm L s
    l.v ,o rrm" ,a h rJ..an" "/
    rur La-m!r
    I por ni' F
    i.
    ,
    op.
    "r
    '
    ii..
    iLi,ii' t
    ,
    ,
    lov
    p
    s
    r
    i
    r
    i
    '4"
    Th" " or' ., Ens. h b vo l. t o - anne' / lu l' ein1Fr 6 t t o L l r a f r \ r 'l ' s p r , r J '
    \rr prrPre
    I n p 'r o l o r
    Lia! ' P. ol
    Put l; r "Nnodo"
    ,r-allllF p^ sl ,;5 li 'l"rrt
    \\'ilde
    .le
    lur
    O\.ar
    l
    d P re ;tru
    q h s.' r /i,,,/,
    o n @ r o"oA t r ' ls I s l
    L;" d ,/ d bin" plgl' r ' r l" r
    srrru ,
    'F rr ws i/re *ry nrn i. do the job.
    He
    (Xra omur td;.al ca sd ,ndeqlif;e1ld sanina d.r1t )

    d) duD! Dronumelenhotlrite: all3, \'erqthng, sarne,anA, no nnnP no \ 1011


    one.s6n thinS.ontthtn!- n.thtns.i dupd rr\'inlcl" D'ttth.1;ttl' th ' th ot Lu
    ,4/ / t.dl glitle $ i. to t r j ' l, i t P.
    Ll
    : s n\ er
    l r,t.rht r e t+o , I rr,.t , . . r "
    n 1 . t lol
    inr I
    s p"int or
    /nr l\ \ '
    i h' i-' n.oa -l,.j
    t ' othinelth atl yo u tl" r\ a l. r r r e lul.
    \ ' Lt P ' t ' ni J U s o u o l l "
    ' 1 2. \ o. Ao ,"'r g oo d r ' , \ ' s .
    ri. i rr' o ju,i.t n , ..'tt', o' t t p- o! ! t r , 4i | , lin' I Ln o { l O J
    boal l/ 1"/ | n r pd . ol
    O n np ) lrL l .a $ ,r,.,/

    rOi

    S 10t2

    e/ dupd pronurnele interogativ trio. penlru a se fita o repelilie:


    It'ro wa,sii riat rang jllsr noF?
    /) dupe construcl,iainrpersonall t Is. il oa, etc :
    He was suren eds Ilme that had rung hin ul

    $ 1073

    eEtecompusdin doud (saumai m\ te) 5r$stant'ive,S 10?4


    sl cind antecedntul
    ahtch:
    trho,
    alnt\
    unui'crind
    I $nll write abouf ,n? l4o?1e and thc eoenLsthdt ha\c niade ttre world lhal

    3) Cezurileiu caro nu so lntrcbuilt.toari prolumelo "thst" -.


    poate ti lntNbuloiai:

    it is'

    ?lml nu S 1075
    S 1076

    d, in propozitiile e)iplicativea.deoarecel/lrll a.e sens restdctiv:


    arr:\e d \ 1s r a- Lld- 1.$6 ns "\ on hn l i 4 d y
    lIv mo tl,"r. rn
    rs nor an cntrD rf
    \ irhulas. dn /d/ ro u r aus h dL ' v r r ins ala' s
    r r ' r lldr dr r v "d
    r l r ^ h o 6 / n 'l J o u
    Ily
    m
    ol
    po
    sl
    .p
    ln;:
    tN . "

    a!gn-

    b) tn locut unui genitiv (ahose, af ahich sa.uof ',honl)' dat liind cn nu S107?
    are formd de geniti{:
    T ' F ' . \in rpn l, {iDs" s ' ns " ' l lum our v ou $i' l at p''i d l F _
    e: " v r n. e l. oI . r d' _r _
    oI h' r m o u r
    I
    1\d . " !o al".pu
    r Il. .

    , d. |oc.' ;La l. l ,'E . Cdir o ESlpl. u d" ! _a gdil- ir . l T t c

    l P s l p d p a . d Ps - d ' i l r u

    j;i"ffi"ri;*r-_
    IJj,
    li::j.,.fre;:iyir
    ''"..Jii,l;:';;l;iilr:"
    'l!ll,:,ii.'r
    q h a r 's n
    lr
    u
    oi
    n
    r
    I
    nr
    '
    .
    r'r
    l1
    l
    "
    \h o r..rit , "
    ,1 8'
    ' ' - i'

    r p ' "i I p'


    ' : Li d Dio ,,,,,'rh 'll "
    pl,
    ag.etd
    \te.c
    "
    ",4,1
    Fcscnt
    '
    ! Car nu llnr alsoli't nfoesa.. reftrtr

    'l

    clariiat.a lrazci 15 ltal)

    MORFOLOO

    910

    s 1078

    _ PRONIrMET'E

    rle o prepozilieJdeoarece
    .r) cind pronume,leIeI,rLll'.{rsteprecedat,
    'ilx,
    .,, oo.rl. ii pr-..,lrL ,1" pr"fo/rln'

    r a n , a r . , ,,,i ,4 \d . " b " " 1:l r1 r':, "' n11""


    ,,,1...
    " " "1,

    '"irJi;fiir
    t\ri lir ,;"'rili"
    #i:'i,,,l;,;';ii'"
    ' f he t \ nr D
    i\ L sc Po atc \fl r r ' r :

    $nr lrccFdste imedisi-de lrepoConstructn in caro pronuniele rcl lii.t-"

    {o 10?C
    '

    'r'"rbinr'm:i;;':i'jJJl;:l:i;l'il:
    ir"i,.."ii"rirre'
    'r:r.iil'r"'i
    ln stilul colncli \e lootF,I
    rp'b:

    { 1080

    cfl DrppoziLis'a rin; Llupa

    ': l:. :"j,-% o


    ;; Jl,,',t;,1"1
    (Vczi ii $

    ".tt"l

    '390)
    pre'"d rp Je sdje'riv"
    rlT,Jupa num"l' or^prii 1i duni 'ubFrdnLiv'lp n''
    ii
    rosr" ri r"strins'
    Irosbi\",', demuns'|ra""" """":;i;";';"
    '""''o''l
    lol IPstn.ov:
    iar l,tai
    ^f

    t g-.*rT"fti'il
    ii*"xfdffi"""1"
    "",-'"'

    s l08l

    '

    _llral zero.l ztt


    4, Pronumelo

    rPla'it //'dl nu
    - De obi'ei pror'umFlF

    oolliri""J""i"ii"
    rn
    Fitcerpritnrr
    'tna"ro ' "ur

    rits" '*bita depersoaa'l

    ;",,,,:i1.,,
    " "iijT;"',1:1i
    ii1;r",,1
    r"r
    :.,1i;,:f ")ll.l.i
    1o1
    rf'?]l"l'ii";"'";
    ]ill''";;'"tl:"i''{"J
    m*' q
    ]iult
    di
    r"[",;'b'i:"
    ilr n': ;*,if l,tl'lll
    Ob se r o a !rL

    llX
    i ,0"
    lJl:ili"::"'J"#"i"J':',::.::i;fili;;l'"|il
    '!':,0:""t'
    ",,"'jj'T3;
    i,i"ulii ii" .:""r", ;."1 *,r' " """"i' ioar''i"n'el"rn'ndinjnd
    mod"urentIormdA
    Ih"
    ln oo- irr tormnro
    '"

    :r"1^:';
    ['#j.t:d'ttI inl,"r;r;:,]:*l;j'il"H:',';
    .IVHAT

    s 1083
    {r ' "J 0 8 4

    "h ":h;i";i':;;::';1;;;ur"*

    (?NONU]IE SAI]'{DJEC'IIV

    IIEI2ITIY)

    g * i, lil! " : 9 : : 1 " '


    I, ln r r o lr rri0ltrro't4hot ,that'r'ril' Cu p rin rina dn rF " c d p n ru
    n ul e s ra
    s
    ru
    n
    '
    i
    ' rn ' l
    ';1"- p r o n u mei'r/"ri 'p inrr"bL'inL"a / r

    'e-x Dr lm A t :

    Mdt bclonss to -rou shr'u be vous'


    We'lI tell You 0'd' s'e sa$"

    o b se r r a lie
    atunci clnd antecedentr'esie
    Pronumcleivhat e$telntlebuinlsL numai
    5 1086
    vag:
    neprecrzai,.
    I doI t lnoq r ' oI r o r X
    P r ' "P s l i k P a I 'g
    Com P ' "t
    ' ar

    '.u-.r"r
    z
    s I08.Ij 7.r6rr.F-r'nrur
    '1";1d4.'?i1
    i';r. r064r.
    ', "'
    *lati'"lolldr
    -tr *hr'a c0
    C'oi iiit*l"inl"iia
    r Cons t t uc ti ath e Vl h a t c s re

    PRONUMXIIE

    21I

    ST

    Thot \thi0h se lntrebuinleazi atunci cind antecedentul se referd la un S 1086


    slro'FdFnrur
    bau
    ,p"',"4"
    ;;;'J,"r=
    'jnJ
    ,
    "bi".l";;";;;
    (Lhnt
    hicL
    rrrcntnat
    'tobrip
    '.J " 'Fll
    4 lh"

    Tnp\ . , J rl e ll lh memrn g. in lh- J ! lio r ' J dod li' ly "o , _ 'i r r o ''l i
    Tl,,;F $ai rro r i1 l' m "nt l m il i r p"lon' Lr k p
    Thal qhichl he said was no !e$s io dvone

    rdl'

    2\ C$2, Pronumele P,tdi cste alegn neutru. cu inleles de singular fi se $ 108?


    intreiuinteazi in cazul nominativ sau obiecliv:
    lyn r r, ro b. I'n. n,rr oe s"l do " \o r'rJm"hi1'lppd rob'
    youh.dirl'1n".a1d ll'l:d
    i')i'.,,,
    1088
    3) Frmotii. - lt7ftal, in afard dc faptul cd ara l-cloire d" I'ronuJne dupi S
    pfi
    pJnasi,i. pod
    'j sdi'.rir+lai\'indd-l'rrrn;u4ntrbbtar'num. a
    "rcta
    Adjectirtl

    tyhar Pti.6 that got were all _"amcd


    phal poate fi tntrebuintat qi exclarnativ:
    W , { dr a l i n d a l l
    nhdl n o n q c n s rr
    I l' r " / h e a l LYl i a l ' Ps r
    lr ez i ii S ' 1 1 ' 61, 0 1 1 1 0 9 0 , 2 8 l rl l

    $ 1089

    !
    ,4 tcn tL e
    In erclarnalii, pi./t exclanativ nu rcdn cuvtitul ,,t4" din
    declt. atun(i cind acesta insolelte &n sa,slatl":
    tYiar dreadful manlers lre
    lce manhr,, olirilf .rrlr
    1CcJ r t . ' I ur n u ;r.r)

    lir

    a romenn S 1090

    Cincl cuvtntul ,,ce" insolelte lln d?j..1io. el se iraduce priD ad1'erbul/I,*':


    \ se o b . pr ! ' . s 1r pro p o z i L rrl p' a rp ' ' 1 l i n ' u !i n rcl F /' ' r si rr' 4l ' ubpns
    r0 ' r' u l i ' n b d rnr3n; orp' F' l a prp' l r' e.xcla-fl ri t. I n gp' c r F . u6i " tl u l l n .o

    tul.

    pronunrclc
    .'F' din e\0tFirlP"tot ccea'""'
    4) Whst. That.- Adescori
    l hot D u' rx ott' 4' rr'
    r.s d u c F
    p

    g rp ri l
    i n u \l ' l u l
    .. c eva r" ...nin' ic r c , ' . . F "
    ro
    n
    '
    i
    n
    '
    q c ..' p nu ,'
    o
    rn
    n
    u
    '
    l
    p
    l
    r
    r
    r
    l,
    hir
    "
    .
    t hine . sa n ;h ; r arri \):
    In
    c
    J
    Z
    u
    l
    n"
    r
    p
    ri
    rn
    rt
    rr'a
    t
    obi"
    .
    i
    pi
    i
    n
    t
    de
    ci
    ^bi

    .4r 1 d , , h . r ", . i . n o , s,rJ.


    ,N,,

    io, pa

    :;:.-;" .,:,:"i:"lj,l

    & s ' . br u. p, . , n .p rra r'

    i ^' ; ":ij", ,;'ij :,# 1 1 - '

    *'

    "

    ,j l l l T " * ,

    S 1091

    rFda nrrn o' or'

    t""- ;",1"":...

    n do.b i . bao.\ don" .

    .
    \i .i "o;",: , , . ; t u - n . p n r o "1 1 L

    '" poL rredure ir .lirba $ lo92


    5r What. Wbi.h. - Ilelarir"lo
    rrrrrndlo'ul unFl
    p'unu'nc
    a'Fstp
    prin
    a'
    rLalo
    rirrn,
    cnsleznorin ,t/,d/ 'su
    :""
    ,';i i"'1, 'lin Fa'?lTlrarn' " inse tntrpburna irun' i 'ind
    "i
    "r3t-irii
    urm"aza $hi'h 'lnd pB pr'cJ;:
    irobozitia
    \ t J s v h! t l r t r d
    l .nd .\r r ' d
    l,fidrlcou lJ
    ' Dt r "Pa
    ldr' I n l _' nd
    ft4q \o'! tut rr:t P" ,hi h I '

    6)';What" idiomstic. Pronumelerl,al, repeial se t'raducetn limba S 1093


    romAJl r"in ..ba...ba " in urn:itoarea construclie:
    jn
    lrnu;Nilh e.lins llnd /rrra,J witn drjnkiiS. th'i \e$ Year hril tome

    I ?tdr ,,nt,n estc


    *i8r.rL"
    "rri"t".

    belo'e thev

    ocuir IDin pronudclc .r,ar li siil,l colo,i'ial: $'rrsi nc sai.l ods


    atuoi iitrd anteocdcnrulcstc o prolozili san larb dh accasla

    219

    S loel

    E
    r0 r ;
    t _'"-

    o'r".""*""**-,

    t " r ' p'


    d r e l uo ' l a i X \" il' ;l;;i*" " J" ? ' i"ii:" i:' ' ;;:
    I r F unc lii . - ' 714' ' s|estP

    pe circ le urmeazn'
    "u,l
    Qhich ti that'

    ' """
    *i'1"'1;'nn*''
    Ill,"liuiJ"""'i'H'19""1#
    L i' :
    i"

    t'"

    *'" rdvprb'au 'onjun

    ?,,"."
    :'fL'i;"pl;''i;;li,i';'l'l$
    li;;' njt".,'r,;,
    i::.;if,l":";
    atit peniru
    asseintebuinleaze
    "''""

    "t' ^

    $ 10rG
    ""tJi1":iiJlTi?"iilTronumeie
    ! loe?

    rerativ

    ,**o*n "JJ,o".o"

    lntclpqnpgaliv Fi
    dP pronumer'lsriv' arc
    veloJrp
    cu
    B't
    l) iolelrs'
    s 1098
    "
    ,'tore 3' nu':
    "noa"

    """'l""lrrw
    J#,*'f'"ffiTit'J#"Ji1""T""x}'':l
    ' ,,- '^-- u
    jtutrerruinlare.-,-4,,1f
    jii,Tii.{iutii"Xgi.Tlit"";ji:il't'*,i

    E10sei
    "

    hmD
    buinlet Si etunci nunrarln
    lsl
    F tF:
    'olo'\
    rronumFrctaliv bu' mai

    $|roo i,,l^Yli::,;
    ,'i :'si:;,i.too:poirrbdbr'
    mu"n
    ii' "5
    'ur
    ="U):
    -'i*"t
    bt od tPr b\= dcclr' numai){
    r lir h bov
    H" is . nor h i n g 'b ,r

    = a f6 r, d e. daci u | = .t" ppt)..


    n;?T"'lu"
    *'"*""*
    "/*:'""#ilhJfi
    '
    (t) e nantial: dar' insn (olieclie)l:

    iour lalk is ldll ol

    'rrs

    rlrJXCTlrELE
    r'A PnoNU)txL!
    -sr
    ,Ltrlj cIrESTruNrnEl.trRlTo 'E

    RllrflTf,

    s,,0,,,ni:".J*:l1"it,"J;.r'","1,.\
    linili 1l # *u ::i* l;i ilI mlffit
    PsrP.!
    relstr! trtD dnc{ Terbur

    ii
    ::l';;'1'l';""J';"
    Ii: :'.:',:f ; ::*":;'.;"

    ;^;1
    ,"".." ",,' " ;]:';'i": il;' ""'-' tI:"':i:19;';i':
    "o;',;"'"",1:
    :'pTll""x'l'i"'3i"'"
    l.n;:i'lti'::'ri'YTi
    *1"1",1,:i:;liii

    niii
    ,,",ii"":,il,'ii,: :,l.i;I
    j:i,:t,
    "i:i;liil lr;,;il:il:i'il ,'t,['"
    Dut nu are lunctie de
    1 Unr i aulo fl c o n s i d a ri _ 0i P1 ace6H silualie curlniul

    .' .lnLi-"lllif*l

    propriu.
    $lJ;Jril"::p""oD,

    onume'

    ztq

    PRONUMf,LE iI

    pqle
    Plor
    tnlrp p"rsordlli itufPrcorclln raz'rlt'uhqlaDlir
    AlAserea
    'olp'li'F
    lacuia ti gon.r" 5,i fun.1i" d" iirFnlis !orbirorului scu o s'riitnrtlui'
    S I lol
    folrr'
    2t Eti-osapronumeluirelatir. (Pronumolorelaliv zero
    qli in raLut obt tt'
    clipti.
    r'uD'i
    poale
    fi
    rclsti\'
    d/ Prbnumdp
    'ind
    indisf"n'ol)itd
    si cfni propozitl" din cere la"" rtl";d" J t rminotirn dn
    F
    ln 'r'rLul
    alip'6
    inloLdFduna
    spronpP
    onclrE
    in{elesuiuifraz;'i. Anpasl6
    '
    cnglezrr
    rn
    nosrull
    dc
    lrmbrr
    vorbrrp
    d
    o.ara.leriqricd
    coiorvial:i.on.'ituip
    Anslia:
    .l n o $ i . m J -F r' n e w
    T h. Lo\ $. _tThAI
    " bi o J rl o a w " In " r" l
    , in o. " d. .
    'Ih iactor! we aisited iv$ er.cted quilc rccentlX
    Iln loc dc:'"Thc lactory @li.t we visiicd. "l
    lnp . 1ild r n r s p o k p l o i s m v d a u c he t-s
    I
    t i" l; ; , t ; , - T i . .l ,i l d ro ;t;/i v o u ' l o (r'
    r h d p a p F tu)n u $ F re l u ^ l i n s l o_ . . .
    I did' l t f ind
    _. l h P p a Pp Fi o _ ,n ./l
    ]o u rv rP rookrne
    r lo loc d" :
    , J Pronumele relaLiv n & poole lnsa fi omis cirld este sabie'l sau clnd pro'
    pr y lic at i*i. dc ' i n u e s te u s c 0 s a ri l n l e l e s ul ui frazei :
    p ozili i
    "ste
    w
    T hp bol , n g n 4 re J J rp j x s ru w i 5 .my n eth
    qr norv ...
    o
    m
    p
    l
    h
    i
    b
    o
    J
    poar
    p
    s
    p
    u
    ra
    :
    l
    J
    tn
    [ N- ' .
    'r
    ri i " ft i s o n o ,r s J y .
    L. r ' " \ : s it t h. tu .ro N
    _ L " l . v i s i l l h . Ia , o ty r" on
    l\ u - " poA le.p -n F :
    l h p l a l h i s l o J i ).
    T h. nap" f t idt i . o n_ Ih
    e pdp r L
    l \' { 3 b l P rs rod,l Jn j
    r \ u: ; " poar es p u n " :
    ^b
    !F
    i
    D
    n
    I
    n
    b
    l
    s
    in
    F
    ar
    h
    t,
    Ct ul
    ' n _ C a l i D l 1 l h " r I S' aasrd i n l h' . -l
    t Nu " " podr es p rrrP :
    T hank v ou |or J o u r n o r' q l ;c l I r' " i v F d J psl nrdov'
    t Nu " e loal. s tu n " : " T l J n k J o u l o r J o u '
    "

    S 1103

    Es c e P lii
    intilnite in vorbirea S llo4
    A se olservauneleerpresiieliptice.loarte colocvial,
    nominativ,dupi
    in
    cazul
    relative
    chiar
    lipsesc
    ai" care
    f|onumele
    "u*"tA.who
    i^P:
    is,
    it is, there
    Ol
    //\ th F !d_ r br r , l ls \ i' \ r c lr h"' t "' ' v ot n
    O
    I n"r l 1' 1 l"_' r ' r o'
    /,' lhp r'..'l
    on lh' , ' ho_r ' q1, " s an ' l " ' l k 'n
    ,
    ii"""'.
    ol
    rh ar \ ' r J t nn' k ' d J l
    Jl/, \ds """'.
    " doo"

    \ " 'r

    Ol

    c) Co structii idiomatice. In unele tonstruc.tii, prepozilia lipse'RteS 1105


    odati cu Pronumelcrelativ:
    ,l ,p, ' 4u.
    r . s l, i hl 4ol i, / / lO '
    | ^ .'n rJ
    t4. tw
    ^)
    .p r , . / , r r t . $ !
    h. it r '
    lr" .d { l
    ' h ? r t L \ ''
    l l' .l v u fnn w 11, n n"r t in \ t t t . hl t hP no , 'L q
    Sne d ns! r-J /l
    lon $h' . hl J ' P I "ar "d n t u t 't t " r ' l \ 4 l
    "' . r

    S IloG
    3) Loeul Drotrumelui rolotiv.
    posibil,
    antccedentdl
    sdu'
    pus,
    pe
    Itngd
    cil,
    a') Pronuinelo relativ trebuie
    Neresfectareaacesii reguli dd naltere ]A mari confuzii:
    IIe took an ar.i.o, lrom the iable.onrn he at \tilh relish'
    ( I nc o/ ec t )
    fNn a mincar nasa, cr catsa.l
    'Fr;n the table he took d altr,t
    ( c ot ec t )
    |

    t"l

    - z?n

    p lati.

    p rcn au a' O l\ x dir d

    ( ii.,r he ale \!lth relish

    r l, p. n pr o' um d. i

    r F a 'i v ,

    P nlru simbolul

    .umir-rD
    t,i!.,roispr...srn'
    srdrarim
    '" .T#jiiiil."Hi.i',i'l'"'o;o,,.r',r",t-,..
    ol Loht'nPo4rv Lnet'8n'
    p.o9ziii
    Ptht',tidle tqnitk. A cnnfut

    enslFze m;d"rn1:
    7 4 : 2 9| j.

    214
    I s d\ v t hc m nn i r' l h " s " .l //' , v u ' r L n o \'
    , , - r ada " . ' 4, , .u 4 o s .u ' j ....a 4 rri n d " u b -tJ

    l l07

    i vJl !l n."

    doroti l Jr pror. r" l p

    I'i the strcct. I saw the man ,ndr vou know


    L,,Omul" este ,,conosculi'i mdD liinil substaniivul alropiai de prorude l
    r-nti trt' a
    (ott. both. ndny
    rr" " rp -i n .
    D ) \ um " r alplp !i c ' r\i n l " ' "
    q
    p
    ;b
    i
    pronu'
    ^l ui rpr' cP dst
    p
    u
    r
    In"
    i
    l
    l
    "
    J
    e
    ri
    .,
    et
    qol.
    s
    a
    t.,
    mo .t. nuf i.
    'h
    "i
    d F fr" po/ ili, " t ) o l ' v h o n . o l a h ;;h . ms i a l e q ci nd ' Lnt ' rrbi prr' l
    The !triv{Tsity secttarialc cmp]oyedsix clerks. r"'o o/ sn;n rvere univcrsitv gra'

    Hc erpo,rtrd.il lo ns a rnmbe. ol rfccnt lchnolosionlnt.tlrods nos, o/ rrnrn wo


    alreadv knc*.
    the two sirls. &ort./ trl,n took r.hclloor .1llihe confcronce.spoke ol ihe neoessitv
    ol ha\'ing a pooling ol e\peri-aioein farmirg
    pngl ,zn nr p^si bi l n conll08
    / S pr " d. u. p b i ra d p l i b . ro n ,i n d , l n l in' bd
    '
    s: stea dpparie de
    poate.
    situaljj.
    propozil,ia
    in
    unele
    relativi
    strur:1ii iri care
    antecedentul ei atunci cind nu existi ambignitate:
    i _ o" j mi " n
    n \d .
    .\/.
    o -F l ,l
    '
    n
    o
    |
    J
    l
    '
    - 1", l lo!o tn
    u
    ,tt
    "
    rrr:l
    ' ' I " . r ' ld
    a
    b^l
    t
    i
    t
    \b
    r'
    n;
    .
    'lo '^n
    (Vc z i s i S t,1 5 1)
    4 P r oou||r r lf rc h l i t :i n re p o T i l i i . - C " n l orrn r' .:ul i l or:rar " ,i ' l p prll09
    Do rit i" t r Lbui" . i D r" ,l i n ro n rm" l " r" l 1 i t p" ," ro 1l In' uLP : a, .\' n ' l i
    i e Euii r im ine ins " i rts L i l a n u mri l n l i mb a s e r i sn.l n stj l ul col ocvi al . prepozi l i a
    se"punc lntotdeauna .lrrpd verbul respectiv sau dupi complementul ]ri djrect'
    The lainting d, ,li.n yor $cr.looling is a Dcgas (itlamatical colect in slilnl lormal
    '1
    1l o' fi ' r
    u. , r ' r in! \ i r,i .r.i \' o u w -f ,.o l i n g , i . d D g. r' i
    I orn.Jl
    | ..rr."
    Li .m" r ' ,o..
    r
    l r' r..\;
    r,.' i ;,.4 ,' si
    " - ' ..r ' . , . _s ,
    trdditiunal
    /rrrl
    ' 1 . " : s p. ' ,
    rd r' $ l ' o rn ,l l 5 .r
    J o u r ' er ' , u
    " l o^\bl
    2390)
    S
    lV.zi ,si
    Cazurile in r,are prepoz;lia sH intotdeauna drpd verb slnt urm{toarele'
    al cind pronumele relatiY nu este exprimai3.
    lhe, r ' " t r ot hia e ,$ i " l ,l o ' ,v /o ' .
    Tr'c aitlor .i it,i rjN-Ihonciic Diciionary is TlIn hol. Dani.l Jones!lwh.{d]l
    Jotr must hare lrcard aD,u,.
    D) oind pronume.le relativ intrebuinlat este rrdl (dat fiind ci nu poatc
    1111
    precedai
    fi
    de prepozi,ti):
    Thc nrrse rho, lhcf sclt /o/ $'as on dutv at U,c hoslital
    ft? animnls ,nar wc show kindncss,, al alsav6 graielul
    jn sine
    Pronumele ttftdl este un caz special deoarece cuprinde
    Ei antec_
    1112
    pronumele reliar
    oliicD
    dentul. l't:l,ar: that tphich, thar lliid antecedntul,
    tiv.
    1110

    111e

    Dacn prepozitia se releri la ani,ecdentfrralJ, ea estepus{ numai inainte.


    Dronumehi pftdr. dacd se refere la Dronumelerelativ fttliictr' a poat'efi pu:;
    inaintea pronumilui rrral sau dupiverb (adici se conlormeazeregulii qnela1
    !i uzantei de mai sus):
    IIe ncv.ir {greed 70 i,la,

    you sugsestld-

    1Ch. Dick.ns, Daeid Copperfield.


    xP.onumclc r;htve
    ozilii.
    ttnr si ai nu sht nrsolitc dc !.
    3Cr iltr cu \;^ . 1n
    Dr o"um d. i r plar : r z " t o
    lDrt;? lJa vF
    r donr J ' Fl.
    I piil
    I ! L_. o n d l i i b r ' 'r g ! /
    d- J1u, l.
    D ictio nn r lo ne lic .ng l. z il 1- q1r - .

    a D b l i r 't

    !16
    p d .n l r - ./o ,} ,, \!hi .h vorr qrrg:pcl oi l'
    l Pr"n o z ir r s / a . " r Fh rJ l 3 J n -'
    n,r p u d' a t i lu. i, dF ' i r ;n l i n l p l p ' .r rm ^ l u i r' ' d r' l
    we do!'i knov ,, rldr lrc rfnned (cranatic'l '!tect, slil loDDal)
    $J. don't know trna, he rclerr.d tu (Slil colocYial)
    r. : ' \\
    don I I' na' r ' bJt
    I Pre D o/ i. i L / o bA , . t c rd d , J rn | ' p ro .u ' c ,' n
    'l""lrd Ll m" ri
    .
    i
    ..l
    o
    r1s:nr ' a pro.
    .rp
    p
    u
    '
    o
    .
    n
    rc
    ;r'
    i
    .
    i
    ;.l
    ,
    n
    "
    r
    l'
    p.
    t
    "
    d
    rn
    "!
    dupn
    l
    Dumclui relativ, iar ln vorbirea curlnli,
    'erb

    :,) Prorumolo ruLrtiv cu lunctic tlc suhsti,ntiY.- Fle\ibilitater limbii S 111+


    cn s r a zrnFr m ;1..r - d liidF.uri,,.noi rr"t.',. prin . u n iz i' s i " u ro r' in I. I "
    W ho , Wh o. uuu r r ul r u m " l o r J a p ' rs o d n " ma " a n l F i t I l atr' p domFrrrr' rc
    . lc ml rl l , uno' c . r t . i DUb l i '" r " b i s rl r \' r.i u n rl - rtl ' 1 l " nti rr i r 7 hP fi nl " s
    are o i n rrec s . l pas i: a J p ..\4 :.1 ru b l i i i rF - i n ri rul a i frP W hr' s l V ho af
    de l E b0bl si tt" rs
    lV h a i ' tth " " e . li " a" e ' p " r a , u n l u " ; /" ' h ;' i n . ' " trt-s.
    c
    t.
    n"
    '
    t
    In
    .td
    n
    !
    Ba
    i
    l
    t
    Bo
    u
    t
    o
    L
    i
    n
    B
    uild,
    n
    e
    s
    ,
    l
    ^
    Iot
    t
    abL
    ehi
    '
    In l i m ba e. ) r lpz E " .tp c J r.n r ro rJ I d e ' u b ' ta { i v d3r l ro' ru-rFl ur ' !l '
    qi relativelor ln ginete - dovadi articolul hotirit care 1l tnso-te;te:
    Carl Sandbufs3,jnt.cbat r,,leritnr la xltinele ;ti.i, a ritsllns: "I slau ask thc nexi
    bana n a n Fdol" ' 1t ; t h. d .l t]" !h u t o t i t
    l yn a fr . : pedeapsa , c e a rra :
    Snc gave hnn ,tl,afo. whell he did not eat his lood lcolocv)
    WlLaxnot, p\. -s :
    pentru acestea etc.

    nimicuri, fleacud. tot felul de lniruniiluri;

    dulap' raft

    Tablou rezumotiv :ll utilizdrii pronumelor relttiYs


    vho' whoso, whom, which, thAt

    $ 1115

    Pentru inl,rebuiniarea cazului pronumelor relative din limba englezd


    trebuie l,inut seamade urmAtoareledoud considerente:
    'r slill,l
    fo,tuutrJu "u]".,)in! pa'1r. ll sl a'a- E871.872r:
    .rul
    n
    rl t r4"n lt rits \) ' tfti'otird - rtrPid
    .sra
    2J
    I'rot,ozil:Fi
    'li\"
    p
    u;"1- InrrFlui,.ral t|2;42 ) 1"\'.
    ii
    "t.'l;n"

    (ncesarnirllesului)
    I. Propozitia aleterminatiYar,
    Caz

    Anrmab

    ..
    ] io nitu ti,
    A ct..tn.
    Cu p ip..itie '...
    Ce n.ilir ...

    r Yho. llliat r
    l] iat j
    lll, ar l . . p. . poz t ! ' c
    llhos e

    tFrnzi r c
    ltl trtl . i N hi ,
    . l u \l i ' l /l \hns' . .

    lI. Propozilia explie:rtivi (rcnoccsard intelosuluj)


    $ ' h o (D r)....
    w h o ...,
    r]r* n ri l j c
    ..l
    $hJ
    - ,e o z rr

    $ 1116

    ....(1' hi cl r).tthatl ...


    .... prcpozi l i e+ \!l ' i ci r..
    ...rrr
    ' pr l ,o/i l i d
    ...
    . .. f kl ,i " h w ho.

    L 7. / | e Zrmp r, AxSsr 8. l9: 8. J ' ag. 22.


    ii, t i
    187s - - ls - 67. . po{ l b i o s r u f $ i $ r i t o ' a d " f n r '
    i k;, . en, lr b, , ; . "
    ":
    "ii,';
    r lu {a dv.
    cpld liv). ar . r . ult r J r lr v ; a' p r r pt t f \ t : - t M ' n 9 s 4 n d w n e r7 0 r P ' 's 'r r '
    . D,ii."t e sreclDrin s t d a s t 0ur r t , ddot ur c r pl. , ' i\ e l " n u a , r d p l l i o r m a ! " P t 'o r r , 0
    dativ.
    .all1 cu ,o sau f,. tn iaz

    $ 1117

    !t6

    Ilezumal loarlo brhomalir (. il 'ol^'\rJl

    (.Animate

    -#'

    -f#

    (;,";;

    lrblll
    sho.e
    Pr'rpozi!iadrlerminati'e I fnanim"r"
    \rlri,h
    t'
    r'
    uz"ti
    ri'
    rr
    rintoc'ri'p
    /ldl
    o
    onrls"shom, $hi.h
    nrin
    i ro'rrilFpri- r/"r/ ornF in '.uzlriL'
    genpre
    r"plrbi)o
    in
    a'
    { | alrcrn.rirp
    i i rle oloieeiomisein vorbire I ol
    NotiL
    din 1-oF
    Propozil,ia xplirrtif.i. neljjnd eseniiah irllelesului . este omisi
    11fE
    i'
    rire\e 'uvrrlp
    ln
    o
    a\^nrudl
    i,
    birta toirr" aU,"ii'
    "rpli""tia
    "p"rrr'i "r
    a*^iece stilul coiocrial erte format drn propozi-tii scurte'
    O"
    i"t*"t"
    "*i.
    neavindnici subiect, nici verb' ( S2743)'
    iiiii"i" ri,i':.-

    A ten lte

    S lllN
    "'"
    "

    "i" "a;.;ori
    !

    JF"i penrrrr pe''osr' proaun'"lrpin,-''"7rr1


    ln prnpozllia4 1
    t' th4t:
    'tatn0tird
    I;" ,i". ,"""
    o '*t" . ',\ ir,r. 'in l;-tr" 0d' "^ri rm:,
    ",i'
    ""-;' . l t . d ' !
    :
    o"lr
    "

    | ) \' f,'

    ..,,-.
    ii#iiiT;firllJildt)il1.T.
    !r;'tiru
    ;,l"iil,,
    :r'l
    |
    r
    il
    ro.uAp,les
    r^
    ,am'),
    o,u
    "
    n-,s,!!i
    u'0.,."
    lii
    ,li'1,:JXl,iil",,lilli
    T,',X'"'i*l:
    elcr ootncnv Nav
    sne is rn; ('-.sr Nornanda' lras'r.

    s 1120

    Pno\uuEr.ll

    lr,{DJxgIl[L'r,

    RJlT,lrttl- colllPlls

    1) tr'ormi. - Relativelc rft' tvhich 1i what impreund ou ^'tl:lb:l:-1'


    $
    t 1191
    ""
    c*e o'i on cu"actermai general'
    *r'ti'"
    qi
    l";;arlJ".""-"
    "o"'pose,
    decti formele simplel Unii aulori consideri acesLeforme ca
    i""i"oJ;
    "oltote"rt
    liind pronume nehotdrile compuse:

    ""'",:;;iiiii,,t"i,r;'"'*Ll;l'lr,x.:ll$,'i"tl',,';,I{f},
    *'o'"*
    "'""'

    i'iiiii2i r':.l,li",lpcl o'ricaq- tiep qnieLahak'ershesavs . ,


    ( 1122
    Fo nle compusecu sootl tthosoewrf: (pe) oricinel' rphicl*oepe
    -"
    t r o .f ^r ica r - l"i'-rars, ''l I ori'"r sin l lilo rs t pri d o s u-e t pslnt lntrevhasoe'c' ihichsoe'erSi ahdtsae'cr
    t" rrga ' 'iJ"lnei" .i'.e'i"t"
    in
    stilul
    buintal,e
    Poetic.
    """'P;.;-;i;
    au antecedentulcuprinsin ele:
    .o-p'*
    S 1124
    '"i"Ii""
    careJ
    otit)e
    rhae'er \P{mani
    ohiche,o l: ari'c tlinld sae luc'u care)
    (tdrer" l: oflcc ruc'u ca'c,
    Pronumelp rclsti\.e comDuse au aceeaqi declinare ;i
    2) Dcclinare.
    S 1125
    slnt supuse acelorasr regun oa ti formele simpie corespunzitoare:
    whosoerer
    /N,h l Nhoe\'
    $hosesoever
    whoserc
    /cetr )'
    $ho(m)soeYet
    $ho(m)erer
    iob i

    q 1126
    Cazulpronumeluit'hoefereste cr !i 'rzul proturmeluli"l1' l].:::":.1'""
    ie:
    "'--- a"
    pc'caretl are pronumel'ralativin propo?iti'tlLr)carc lr|c pi
    j,
    i
    l
    \ 1' Lr lt d
    I r " 'a
    -fU
    ' Ps PJ
    / '1 ' l
    $" l *_ d
    \ \ ' An e' l ! r olP, "; r "
    trtrt )
    Th"r s D L' o ! h' r ' r ' nqf t ' l
    tunt )
    o ! t ' ot n) \ p' ' \F r " ! '
    f l. v s r ' ol

    1lli

    cu r)ronumelcilrterogatiYeoompnse'S t0rrx

    PEONUWLE

    217

    ST

    Formele compuse cu acuzativul {!Irm sint rar, {?l,rm fiind tn curs de


    disDaritie.
    ' R;tair1lp
    tr
    srdl'o / /auo.ingurdforms $ ll2?
    ahi.
    'rl'at
    'i
    'vh'thNq.
    Jr Adiecti\elerelciire comlrusc.
    ^o"rpr, _ Cu pr':nptraform'lnr i'\opJ"r 'i o/'o_ $ 1l!8
    soo,,'r.pro" nunolorelArirPco"nirFFsinr in r"buinLdrcir ,d a ljP'ri\p:
    Everv article. of ahoLe@ daoiptian. shall be enlelcd nt lhe lcdgcr'
    pat itc tu.n in Buciarest, Iuilding is in Fog.es!
    Ithiihqt
    4) Constructia cu Eubioxctirul. - Clnd ac,tiunea are ir "speciatun caracj p r n p -i e u r, ph^lnr ir . ir - a l . \n rb u l F j r' I' u . l i ' " ro J u l subj on' ri \ ' ' u ' 1 l r' m , r n p. hi\ a tp r,rp ..b .i o r,i i ru tu i
    rro n . rr_i r. ,u .t,autd. hnr.
    L uinl p J;i lor
    ,?igl'l ctc.):
    rno4,.f tlicY ,.. shall he p..secuicd
    TresDtusscrs.
    tlr'h;lcrr :-o\ anrl s{r. sh! will not lisicn to rou.

    $ 1129

    -S1130
    S ll3t

    Jr llte roxstructii sDcriale.


    ,) Dupo fo"n', ,i,ra;c,'r.r'.,h',1lo Dpoitc uneorilipsi:

    I ani Eohs io lrtrr urc camera.qndteretthi .a:t


    |t'hale;;r iit .eo-";rs,his &nduct wrs n!)sl unsrtisfictu.l
    ii ,\diectirul relativ tlrl'r'.r. prrs duri un Pronumesau un adjceti! S Il32
    ro rl nll
    n"1'o,,.; n",1a,i,,rr" rr oori i 1-lp.rrlo ..,b.olul i' ,r' ...'l
    '
    cte.:
    neinsemnAt"
    ,,odcit de
    T nF rp. /.a . ^ "1 .,,t . t hp. , J
    e,
    ',p ../

    .."

    o- ol' , r ' i
    \r,.

    l,ltoNu]f ti',ti

    ' l: . r' obr


    ' - d' ior L m
    "r ' d

    .ir"

    "i

    inlrrr

    Lp-dl

    s 11r|3

    (oriDL-{TITII

    S 113{
    1) Forrui.
    C.,n-qtruc,tiileronnneEti:
    prnrr
    l1c
    (san
    e
    glczn
    ir
    linlbs
    tn.
    se
    trarluc
    cn)
    celt
    ftre.
    at)rtl
    at"la isau
    (masc.),src trlLa(lent.). th( ane (sau ll,dr) on;cll (rreutru)|
    'vi, tnpthar.t
    I r ', n '. ', r , ,
    dr , r t f . . r , . j. f
    r tdr,tt,r . .
    r"
    no dn Jrr
    ),1
    r J \ l ' r J lr r ' i' r ' r o '_ ' n
    Yor lca\'r zs strnrdrd rrl, cnr b! t.iLslcd lot lo l.i yo! down
    i'
    i r'
    a' ,
    He
    . 4 irtn '
    "r L
    ^1
    I rv, ^./.,;,
    l.ct,r j . n
    'r ''
    'r
    'J r " 'l
    js
    dti.I
    iJ
    on
    lhc
    lrble
    tlv aut l.r'ntutt
    Tolr larecl
    (\'czi si 5 s;9 r

    'l 'l l "

    2) Pcrsoaa a 3-a Dlural.- Piuralut iccator corslruclii in linba erglezl S 11:'6


    (desuel).ci rltrs. tvir. uncori sir.h Lvha.suth us \: cel
    actuain nu esterreJ
    'vl,o
    ?'l@sedlo liEhi lor tlie }innin$
    --

    ol nnolerr l\rapon tPsls ha!. \ron tr.oad Popular

    . l,.r.nlv
    rn ha fc linolr n ie. \ r or k c an t illi a|oul i t
    TlLc IIN;un
    rosscs.s leF old mstos. |nt su.i ds tlqt arc ratrk among urf Dest

    3) ,\corilul prort nelor corelatire. - Ca 5(iil1 linba romeni cele doun S llSli
    nronLm' ^r,lJlr\i nu .. " orJ- r'lrp I dF i rr, ' ap8 'a Ir'r\a'l- lorolng
    ii nun'rrLl.,"/ul In"itr,i d, .rn'rT, d trrr .rr 1,""rr" oilJ'lJirre'' inltnpozii,ir din care laro parte lierare:
    I/c d, addressed trs was our lea.ho.
    I *ant to s-"e nt,z orrs. \ro.k is bfst.
    \Ie oDenld t ]s kho \ad ahrnvs beetr our friend.
    I shnll Eivc it b hnt ih.nl Yoi !raiscd.
    :l.tt th's; loha(n)l
    lou s0ni g..cting cads l. \'cre dwaX

    i\rezi ii s s.trl
    tceste conslruclii sint intrbirin-tate in stilul iormal.

    218

    $ 1137

    4) Pronumelo corelaiye Si stilul coloeyial. prorunele corelative xu


    slnt. intrebuinfate in stilul colocvial. Aici pronumete personal este inlocuit tn
    genere prin substantivul corespunzitorl
    The inaL s'h.
    I $.ant io see
    \\",'!p ,bl"o
    | .'.lll g ir i,
    \t tl.. r..,J

    s rr38

    addrcscd os Nrs our teachcr.


    *e salttEnt ahase qork is best.
    ' . r l . l|at s b " , n o u r t r 'n d ,
    t , , , he. t u, ) "at
    v o. ' , ) "i,r d .
    "hot.nt
    . iio J or r .
    A, r ir , . ' . . , . d5 " L . . p J $ i r .

    T,RONUUNLN REL,TTIV II_I)EPXNDDNT


    ( NE I IDITDNDENI

    S lleg

    RII,ATIID

    }NO]Y OI]\I

    Llneod aniFcFdentrn
    Fnrumeirri relativ nu esra exprimat, pronumele
    d,!p ir d o tt,l inJFpFnd.nr:
    'pldli\
    i. n. iF . . r b\ . , r t , . , p r . I . o , F . l r d J s
    Il:,wt., |
    " sho \ o- 1. \ , . J d, : , . , \ . r s r f . 6Lou may wrile 1a et.an l: ro him (sau herl irloml lou like.

    $ 1140

    Altcori anteccdentul este cuprins chiar in pronumele relativ (cazul iur


    wlal ii al pronunelor relative compusel:)
    I doD't kno\L on01 i
    tt\aL i, ch) tLc Fanrs.
    Ilthoer.r t, h. Nhol is l,on.si. tirJs lis detjts.

    s 1141

    vrl. PliONrJrrEr,EsI _{DJECTIYU|


    ITETIONn'T
    (IIIE INDIITINITE ANJI'TIIIE

    ]|XD fII,ONOUN)

    S ll42

    1) Iclinitie. - PrcnrtrLtk n.hotiirit li]lc toeui unei denumiri cle tiintn


    s0u ,la lu, ru lr , i rp .- rFtFri tn r,o.l rag. neprp"ir.
    .. .,4djeLtioul nchotirit dFLun caracter ragr nodefinit substantivului pe care
    1l determinn.
    2) Pronume ;i adiectiy. ,, trIdioritated Dronumelor rchotarle Dot ti
    S 1143
    Adi",
    ri\". {\./i e\pn1pt"teri
    !i
    "r,;p iij" t. lronur,.t. r..p."rir.1

    $ 1144

    3) PriDcipalelcpronume,si adjcctiyenehotirite sinr,:

    ( d) . . f r lRinJ . ru i . .i u s rF (1 r.. a n u mj trt ,l { .dj .j r\-?i si


    S 82l l
    c af o" ( : : lr e.a rP )
    T hp . hidr , n 11 " .".-i \,n l $ o a p p tp ..d ./,. .r ro n.l
    [ o. t L or - o tp r.-;" .u ,t- ' d t1 ;o i | h. p" o,t,,-. t\d-.,
    " n ,.r"

    erery3 [:

    fiecare. to,ti ("dj.)l

    1J ' y \.rking
    tufy
    \ or ling man
    m .rn l u s p e ,\o .rt l b rd ry .
    lLe bt pnds?r e f, !e ' r' y h p l d s o n !!o k s .

    ell (: tot, ioat', totul, toli, toate)


    I had seenil dil belore.lP.on. sA.)
    ,1ll thc sl,udenis
    were thdc. (-{dj. pl.)
    onoa(: unr unulr una, o; cineva, se) (!tg.)
    On ca on ot Jl$nls nP r is lt . { Pr in )
    oa P dd y h c \ill ge1 h s dFgr r . . ( AJ j. )

    rV ez i
    I l1? . 1 1 2 0 .
    :V ez i ssii {S 811 , 1 1 5 2 .
    It r , . 9 p" " num a i a d ." .,i v r\p ? i
    r. 5 h 2 r, tti : . oronr' " tF.or" .l ,rnri tor ti i nd:
    _.
    \ : / r , il d2r , 9 i i , 9 4 i , r0 0 5 -rc 0 9 , l l 6 4 I|:i ,.

    2t9

    anothd l:

    (un) alt, altul, alt{, alta;mai ..tncnun(ul)l

    On . ild r''d v d, or ot l ' s nr l"d


    \Vol
    dnd{ "
    vo ,, l'a\" d@ ' i. -

    ( Pr on )
    ' ldlr

    other (: alt, altI, al-ti, alte) (sg. ti pl.)


    the othor (: celalalt,cealalld,ceilalli, celelalte)(sg. ;i pl.)
    o/ p' ar c r m { , r r d r. n o r n " ,--." r\ (\d j )
    h \d n u ,,/rp " .l /.o n .
    D on l t dk " ll' : . p . ,
    Ther came in o;e alter 7n" o,i4 iPron )
    He iech,red on Milton lna olfu. day. {Adj.l

    ot l e rs' (: allii, alt elp l (p ro n .) (p l )


    r b c o tb or s r ( = ' " ilalL r, , p l " l a l l e J (p ro n .i rp l .l
    We harer't lisl.cncdin to l.he conccrt, bul orr4r5 ha!.
    Someol them $'.re late. n l tlE odere ]].adcome in good iime
    oricare din {loi sau doun; amindoi, amindoui)
    "\Vl,ich oi the tso do you nani?" "t,,nc. \rill do" (Pron)
    I had a ohild on d,Ael side oI n'e lAdj )

    cither, (:

    ncither [: nici un, nici unul. nici o, nici una (din doi sau doun)]
    Tti.! L'oth Aot up. btrt neid.r ol thent slolte. il'ron i
    rlet;.. siofi' api'cared h prlrt i-\dj.)
    both (:

    arnindoi, amtndoLrn)
    .BoA arc awar. lPron.l
    B or n c hildf t n { e re a l s c h o o l (^ d j .)

    it 3 {n e i ra dus ) ( im per so n a l ) (p fo n .):


    1, is Uonday, .
    rr las go!," sri
    vc

    (-

    noi) ( inper s on a l ) (p ro n .):


    I1', can't $'ork ii d'e ar tired i\jorbntd in g.nQaL)

    per s . a 2' a) (i n p e rs o n a l ) (p ro n .)
    l-o4 iccl Jour dal has nol bfen \taslql $hcn lDz have dore a goo.l day's worL

    yo u a (:

    t h e ya (:

    s e) ( inr pers o n a l ) (p ro n )
    ?ny sai' lie is a succslnl ariisi.

    sevel:ll (: r,itiya. citeva,


    lhere Nerc r.t.rai
    "sed.dl d.n 0rme
    mrrrh {D r o . s i ddi, ( t a ri

    mei nulfi. nrai nulte)


    ol l.licin iProtr)
    in. (-\dj.)
    $C90 601l

    mrrrr (pr^n.:i rd.i.l ( \'",i $6t0 691/


    ({, lirlle (pr"n ii adj., rf"7i $ 676,
    (a) lcw (t,rof. qi adi.) (\ezi S 637)
    ,a\a ri.rp. turir . fu!i'i. LnL u plp .r ,5r!s. i{it"
    \ou.rl
    partc, vreur. vreo. un (o)... oarecatel

    ilova.

    ,!,D. saY slie is cler!.. 11'ron.l


    Il. took me s,n, tnne to get l.hc.c. (-\dj.)

    lathrs, the othns nu sini derit p.onnme.


    -\djeotivclc corcspunzltoaresint o,n. ij
    I Vezi fi S srt.
    . Vezi $i $ 85i1.
    a Vczi si { 1168.
    '\'"zi
    , t : 1. ll. 8- llc 6 .
    :4 1 8 -2 !i x .
    >i S

    2!0
    onyt [: oricare, orice; cevar vreunj rrreunul, vreoj .t'reuna,vruniij vreunele; (cu o negalie) ninic, nimeni, nici unul etc.l
    I havc no money on m""r havc rou eoi onu ? lPron.)
    Il she had aze"iea, rhe wolld sir; nie ionl. (^dj.)

    ro'l (: n;ci un, nici o) (edi).


    Thre were zo ltoNersh th-asarden.
    norct (: nioi unul, nici una) (deioc)
    Pnticncc lre hril
    lo. Bl,aL hc didn'l lilic. (-\d j .l
    'one ljlror l
    r\:,r, ol thcnr spohe.
    so d e b o d r 4 (
    so rxe o rel 1 ( : ' r n. \-J ) (fro n .)
    Tt,oe is yn@n al. r.he gate.
    ,!b,rr.d, rafg t|c b.11.
    somethinga (: ceva) {pron.)
    Sondrit was Frong thcre.

    allr lrodls f
    ,',jon"i
    i

    i "\
    ir ': {'u o l jariF 'i"rF'l (p'on )
    ': ''i

    D
    aaubod! lsit\
    anx.ne ) corne?
    Anlladi
    coittd ha!. don. it.
    Ban
    I don'l riirnf ra ",!t"*,1
    see arwnti lsan anubod!)

    anythings: re1'a orice: (cLro nosalic) nimnr (pron.)


    !'d Iou say a,37r,;nsr
    Anrtjtlnp \s bel,lpr 1lun ill |.alih.
    I ..,d d ,i' i s c c ar r r r nr s h tl e d a rl .

    u ,'h o rl tc I
    o o | |e c I ( : n1n] . r r) { trri n .l
    ;\'dl,ol! stoke 1or a l)ng l,ime.
    rlo ,nc osFerpd Ure door rvhen I rnng.
    n o tl ri n g 6 ( : nir nic ) ( p ro n .)
    iV,Di,4 mal,|c6 non iliat s|f l{s gore.
    cre rrl ,o i lr T I
    ( : lr P td l e to ti l (p ro rr' )
    e'e .j o n c i
    i
    T|e lcrturc. spohe lo a,c.!r,ly dter th4 lectnrc.
    n.?rrr. Fas Lhere.
    e ve rj th i r gT ( : t ot ) (p ro n .)
    I ha!e told Jou cc,/rni,z6,.

    (pentru doari obiecte)3


    \YIj.h do lon pteterT N.ith$ I: rici imut)
    tnlur (: ori.are) will do.
    I \:ezi
    t i $ 8 11 , 1 18 7-1 r 96. ! ! 38- 2! 43.
    r /,
    .' "
    m1 i
    , or , 5pun/ bt o.
    I \ P 7i
    $i S 8? 1. tlu z
    tao4
    4 lezi
    ( ll45 -11 18 . t 205_1206 2q1i
    -ii
    5 \ " . i .i
    lli'.
    t , 5 t 2^, j. l! 4b. r r is .
    $ lt11
    0 f -. zi
    rl4ri ltt8 , lLiu. r : l] J . 19ii.
    \
    i
    S
    ? \ F 7j q I I',5. II
    t1: { r . I t 6t
    3 SeDs grnmatical: ',0
    aiit liint, cit Fi lucnlli.

    ,,4 ,..,"

    S r2l. Il97-

    l?nl .

    PRONIJUJ

    !!1

    E FI

    (pentru t di nult de dodiL obiccrei

    whioh(orthen)doyour.erer?
    r{;?:

    {l_;ij::"iill,ii, ."

    1145
    4) ,Leoralulpronumclorfi al ndieetiTelornehotdritetu alte I,Ionunlefi S
    cu
    '- verbul.
    S rlali
    p."""*"fu" nehotiritecu inieicsde \ingrlflr l" "olc(purrdtormolF
    17'
    n
    rsoa-?
    t[
    :'
    l
    d
    .
    ,
    4
    r-fp'
    i
    'e'
    ts
    d
    a
    h
    a
    s
    h
    .
    /P
    r.
    'e
    h i'. h ;n .i h ; ns , t f , . r u
    'i

    ILr Frr/ i pF' rrr' 1 '


    s . i l a p l fd d. d. p r ' r " r u lc l L rrru ri ' " ' r l r l i i n ' o l ;" o r ' " \
    Ver:bui rbspectiv esLe la siflg ar:

    .,,,,,,',.';:,'"i':ii,,,:;"ilT''i,i,',L.,;ll;'i1,1'"";';""''':"il,"
    " -s, l , pF.
    rr.1 h; . iPm i v r "ao1
    l:n,1 l
    o ;"

    "

    '', " ",


    lilH :# "';,,"r:' , : : ':i," b;
    , , g: , ] r " "i'i."
    " ,,,'

    /
    ,t i ; r " : r , k ' ' m a n g 1 /i
    eon.s.
    in
    trr
    ohai.
    lllerul
    :,
    ,,1 ....t
    r""r, ut " er , ! , " ,j

    | ' ' r'


    ,

    JnI
    ^' ''
    ,- :r,,.. .-m'

    o r d-r:' t

    t i l tcr..ol l l ' "

    ,t t
    "t
    '
    r,:F,"',:l:,:l., .' ""d,,rr::,i:.,'1{
    "'"".,:""1;:"
    )'l1l'l:'
    .
    [ill.:,:,;:lJ,"be. ror''. i,,r '-b "o \irr" t/
    il n

    ii".,ii""ri:.

    Obseroaltt
    11'17
    .z/ Sc oluisnuieslesa sc rxtrbuir,ie?-elL':' his hitn -sii'ilzsef chiar atunti S
    rrrn
    mae'
    ."1"
    lr
    iri,nn
    cr-t^'i
    ||
    I'h^4n'Llp.p(
    cir,dI run .r,,-t" r', ho arr
    si l1 o,r.obn^ de'pt i-rnin'n lf'7i "r"rrrl" - 'i' I pun' rul ld /l'
    s0u d 1148
    '
    a't cina pronunelenehotirit inlocui'fr' "u\'tdntiee de grn-hminin
    nndl'
    Psr\ar
    po
    sFU rrllprrv.'.orFs
    r.-lr'r. | ' " nr,l , .Lr l'r. ur -1" ppt
    tb I ti (' )l'
    dtd
    olFl,
    t',1lrtr'
    r""rJio,,"t,-r,
    "\'1,
    "
    a I ln uonpt" /ir"/. /' ;r', $ lllr
    rp', r"h,r 'r,." "u in1,r-. ,1" pl,rra13
    ;; t.,
    qr pl
    ri\F
    "
    p
    o'ur'"
    .. tt.n'..' * a
    ii
    'or"'pr|rr;'o rc tprbul lrrn0
    'Jj*
    'l'.r
    la plural:
    Atl o
    '.if I

    bov )
    . or '

    t ..a
    Cn xl celelat t epr onum
    i" " t " .
    n. t , . .t,. m onet
    " dI f l" ii! ,
    nale. n "r-.i ' a. i

    s"-'; i

    i"i;li'l"i"i"

    ";

    t r"

    '
    b
    rr' r ' h .t
    ' J ' r' "
    t " P t " r o o . r o rr ' r'

    d _f

    | | rp u ' -o 1

    n e h o i n ri te ( * /rD o d r, t r i l Jotl P ' dnl bol l J.unttunr' S 111' 0


    l fl .rd l . d F .i ." ' c .o m" n di .a prunumFre pprcod rl r p u -p rr s i rc rl a r. s c" ' l ea si nl l ol u:r ad" corr

    lo.nia lo" d" pii.ol. Yerbul pistrlndu-seinln la Finsular:

    *it,,'"
    l'll'il,i'-+iiii'ili,
    r':"":*i,i*il,i,1,lr',.;1;

    \d, onro tre in /hr. $ ies gof g I n $or lr


    - P ''
    Do on r r b ' b' lo l
    d
    . ioliu' l!
    's
    'd '/l

    1151
    dl Adicetivelc nehotdrito au pronumcle personal. posesir'5sau reflcxiv $
    stau:
    pe
    ltngd
    c8rc
    corespunznioracordat cu sub"'tantivul
    tea, mon is oblil.d to do /,is dtriv to ntnef
    f;ft"" si'l 'o || \i- ? ''onp'rt4r//
    , //
    r o a 1r ' r ' r
    o I n d p u D r ''
    .
    -Lprtl, d orr

    :h .

    ' Lni-t e r . f i o i , n d
    1r.
    , h s o. h ' i

    in

    ' . . ' \ r n-

    '/

    r'
    n4r_'onand
    lo ' r ' 1l
    r5l
    r P o itl' :/
    'al
    d r o l rp 'r\
    l". Jlll
    l ! r!b "!J
    h a ' 1 1 "..

    . n r cu r dt . c r , ( f t e o ;r!i rE .
    3 cu
    s lorm fn l i u n l L . l i S rl i 0
    'Ie liia c tposcsrlc.
    I Si adjclivele
    6
    Si adjcctirul loses'v.

    bi '

    "l

    ''

    pRoNUr{! $I ADJIIC'I
    M

    s 1152
    6 115 3
    "

    NllllotARlTE
    IIVEBY

    IIACH

    i,!DJECTIV ]EIIOTTRIT)

    {pROrrjMEirr -{nJncrrv nEtloriRlr)

    fi " drF'
    \ ;r d " /' . 1 ' i " J ' 4 ;^ q p a n" i n l i mbr romi nd
    lt lnt eloo.
    l
    n
    s
    ;:
    de
    o
    s
    Pb
    i
    re
    o
    nLr aDt adc
    " ";;;.;;"i.'.i"
    g ru p :

    e p a rt ' d ir rr' " n


    .
    'p" ial lr..tip-r- uni'' i"
    ci
    c
    respe'tit'
    r^ i
    'Ll'ituind'unt'oi' r;r; exocJrlre"'
    'ite!
    "r"ir'i" ""i""4
    a"'g"'"""rit"r" Do 3cle. \p.si !ildll',:1"-:."1:
    traducpte o a'l lr
    """";i';;;;;"i*;a"iii.ii.
    nrite ori fn ronnneite prii lol: t)'rltt ta1t tool' Ateeu-\L
    :
    tn.\t
    e"rvDodv
    respir,tive:
    lcr-'r!.nrc)
    -"i
    lo3.ta-l
    -J/:iUF,,cn
    Ace"t";i,i"r"
    i;"".p"""
    iirra"t,u;: psletor, pl.rurin'lenir'RarcorLlrp sr
    iitiii:t
    Iaqi inleles':

    "o-

    $rua
    [i.ft]"yri!/-;]''".1r1",""
    ",,",,. li*rxiil#i,llir,".i":]
    r i" r " " d .' ;r - d ' , r ' '
    l ,';"'il, '1: ; " 'f ' ' i , : ' , ,,. , , . ,
    '1ao?

    " 'r

    L\tctp.Jl

    -"

    ) Fiirixil
    t;:i;"1ir"il".
    i""1"1N":
    F* lru;r;;rl'll
    ..."
    "..",",.

    l;*;l#'ii"ln:':tl:: fi?i'*lli',.:l iff'x'l?#"'l"liii;'"#iiiiil:ii':j


    l: ,,uth p,. t\
    tl:,iL t:",J.,:

    { ll55
    "

    t 1"m "s Ld I lillp |


    "
    ar led
    11 , i ' u' ' 1, \ , r i

    ol
    pin' i

    "

    Pd'n--tL '"rv
    2) intrebuiniarc. - Pronuntle ri adjertil?j" n-elotbril'e
    qau rucrurr' rpre
    frrnle
    doun
    dP
    mai
    m{rF
    sint lrltrebuinlatei pentru un numrr
    tl'hp')t- li tol^'ir 'i \n' zul 0dn'dobia c:
    deo."L:'"da;./rn".

    jl :,,,ij;,*
    lll .T;i.",;,i',
    ;,";';"rt
    iF;,j,y
    :,,
    jl'l:''"i'
    ll;;'':-*'
    l'"i,:1,1i,'"1
    ::
    :'l
    i"i'ir'.fi:il:l
    1i;,1

    S lltd

    de un numeral
    31 'Drer1". Alte irrtrebuin,tiri' -L-tel]/poate fi urntat'
    ri!
    Ir'
    r1
    rl
    I
    ljo
    s"u
    ou bmi 'l
    ,
    'lp
    -rrlln,l

    li :[" "iHilfi'"'* r
    J"l",:ffi
    HT'XF;',".
    il'j'i;":'.?
    t',?r,,ii[1
    'rhe
    sior. Fcei{csl..shr-n1!ties
    srar.c

    lMagazinul de stal ldmclt' tr


    eN olto dnr hti lrnohed ai thc ornl'cn
    (O aitii ta Oo.i zjle tra l'lnzul la oanlua )

    ilJi ,* I

    cind sint subiecte sau Iac psrLe


    4) Aoordul ou verbr 's 1157
    -r-ach Ei et'rl,
    "
    din subiecl. au verbul la "(ingular:
    n ri '
    on "L
    l
    o 1 rj '
    d \i ' l
    / . . a, l
    ' r' a b rrnl
    '
    r' r'
    t l, , r
    ' \L rd " J " n '
    "ttt "
    o' uf-a, atl
    c
    ur
    i
    n
    tu
    l u i " c a c h " i u l rt' l ' o z i fi c -Lucul pe-' arci l
    5) Loc t
    { 1158
    " -"

    "

    e '" , ' .l n " i m i l pr l "1 e Dc' ; :: ' ' ,"'pr


    !ll-onum
    l1,p"F
    i' n i "o - i i i - . "pi rro rJr
    i" L i , i *i ' i , ; ' a i . ;.i r','i"'," n -- f-i '" a u 1, .l' 4' i"t ' ub dnr i\ul
    .r'r e,lj* iv'rl po "'it resl"' rrt '' 'il; ld 'nrLr 'r:
    The bo"vss'ant to have cotl nis own }all
    , f . ?i ; r dm p l l l S l l ,! s i S l tS r'
    r s pns A r am ;ti c a l :ti i n t. n i t l u rr,fl

    PRONUMELE

    FI ADJ'CTIVO!

    2'3

    NEEOTARiI

    .:,
    il3';:
    li"d;illYtlli
    ifl,{i5i;:Jliiri
    :;:ili"T;
    "Jt
    ",,,'""i;;"1:
    ;'o*""'i.,l'Ji"lLJJ:':':.,"
    Jl
    c ,'i^,,
    \^',,,,
    a srdirenl r' r/r"i" o\,'

    '|h"i

    ounl.,,j
    IT,L
    (PRo\rDr'l !l'\DrEcrIv

    $ f1b9
    rtrrloa;\tslr)

    ,."uil"^il'J.tlll:",*i"i-:ilt:,lll$*1*

    1160
    *.*""' me'ilionate
    'sises

    :;":.';j"'"
    l;li';I "';;x;',;:
    -: li set'raduccprin 'inirel"' "inireaqi"- 'lntr'qr"'
    i'n**I
    "lrn"t"'U

    tn""

    r.,lt"'!:"ll,il'1i,"*,i,j1'i\,i,il,''lilil
    "tot" ".oainirave
    l
    l;:J;"

    i
    hot;rii

    **

    t*"*

    sjngularurmt't de
    *eorj re'latd!i prin &ll1r

    arLicolul

    i:':
    #l :l:,.lriii"*)i",,1'ilil'
    "Ji'I,:,,"';:;,"'ori *". ""
    all ;;::,'
    day'
    all
    "p,.a
    arlrerbi'rle
    t,ourtriunile

    *""
    Pli'l;"
    l,;li;,il',li'"1'
    .",?;\'l
    :-*ln*ti,;
    ",*,il*;
    brroul''''''
    ;li'1,
    n*rr'''r"'
    erpr
    i' i:";;";'-;'
    * '| d1lr o - it r Fr '
    l'; ^ l" T Ii ' ;"'' 1"'' t""

    ,; i

    Iil;.,i'r"::lifii"i)',",i

    ..,,, p .,pr n.cr pch' .Joinr Fr NLl


    r f l : 1 "i ,", u \ i n ,e ro ,,,^ mp u .-,,

    ?l'li;
    l:1,:ii:i;ll,l$.:,l,l,i:';i";.''J';'i:'""[15':r:"'i]'l
    *re,";l,1ii;i1ii'1"1
    ;ri;i'G
    i;

    ;:jI;iI,,,i",

    *u
    iLril,,,i{"#ttjiii-i;is,**
    3) forme

    idio'atrcnei
    !i eo''strnctii
    au_nerciful'allpolfrlnl'
    all-embracing,

    s11

    i
    drr n" h'rppi
    l':'' ," ,"' ", ",, ,h soFp.
    ",,.":l',
    .no,d, ar,.rorar'I knou:
    otLth"b.,\-ot nl,,ll-,n"j,,1',,i'.1,j'",,.
    "rt'r\{1"'1fl'"i,eh,
    ff,Ej:;;":'"::''::,:,

    ;".r.f
    ",,..," llf,)"",."",1i""11#.
    gi't
    i'
    {i'l;*,,i'1""*:,x")i 'n

    **"

    *"r-""t'

    " ^i-

    (Vezi S 2J
    atii anirnalc' cil' ti inanimalo'

    224
    $ 1103

    4) Furctii. - Pe lingx valoarea de pronume sau adjectir: nehorao!,

    .L vrnlul , / / a" e; i ta l o a r. d " s u l b rd n ti v ,ru rl " adrerb:


    ,
    .,1ll )ou l,are to do lor ihc nromentis to 1'atch th." nork of {.hequatiiied turne.s.
    Hc f \ or k is n o t d l i b a d . { .rd !.]

    $ 1161
    S 1165

    ONII
    lPrio\.'urltr9r rDrncrrv tr_Drrorln11)

    l) Formn lri irtrelr i[tare. Cuvn]tut ,nr csLeprorume sau adicrir'


    nehotdriLsi are o singlri fornn - c|e de singular- indiferentde gen,numar
    1/

    li'",p \'_

    r i^

    ,1
    ' ""''.
    ./ 9.".
    u rP- n evP.
    k no\ r

    ni, ' '

    oll".LJ ,.

    Sh-" was so shy and qllianass.d,

    ore.oulljn,t

    roll:

    het! icclilg sofur rrr hef.

    _ tPronumele si adjfctn.ul in e-tcnplele tu)1i(I))siLt pronutne i ddjecri,)


    neltaldrttcn caraeterde nltm.rdl; n e\emplul d," ]a runirrrl tcl nronumele
    ps r n.l,utari,.. tr;,.,p.t.onat, .,r,,n ti .,l.r trrr .",,:;,"n r.li_b.,:p,manr;
    cinen, se iri linba iomAnd)1.
    d,): un oarecare(nccunoscut):
    S 1166
    Ilf introduced
    nc l. ,a. Prot.Rced.ilron )
    fI07
    2J
    r-lrp
    Tnfele\.
    (rmper"o',il) este iul,rebuinlat aproane irtotdeauna
    S
    n.ma'
    i, r,J ;nr.1"..I o.. t,-rr . qer,-r,r.
    Jr'on,.ri":
    "r'rn,
    "prn.,p"
    Onr should ahlal"s go nr

    $ 1168

    n falk

    alllr

    dirner.

    Cu cji in,telelrrl der;re riai restrins, penlru redarea idcii imoersonat


    sint t,+fprdre_iltcfnrmc si pron,,menho[tirp: t.
    peiple, thcu,
    ,,o par..i:
    ,u . ,u/ ii , Fl n,pi in
    la
    '"n
    p

    /'.l,,d "'
    ir
    t-.
    \ i, '
    : , ", , , . i: n
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    . , . n" t ,
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    p+ .
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    "
    ,
    ,
    r
    ,
    t
    :
    U.z ilir'I
    l'. is I { Ft r ins
    I'eapb belie\a lrin 1o be a sf.ati artist
    7/,P! \a l slP q d good \ A' r
    TI_ mu r J $
    . d r" ,\' |
    nr o. dr at
    'r .
    '\ '. 6
    Ite is.sdtd to lc a m an lor aU $eat he$'
    /ir,
    irn pn r.nn ar r p. p t r t ir i t r "LLi' , H i r t r r b r , n . : t p z a . F o l o . i r r r
    .
    ih-" ^,-.
    . r J nr . t i, , , q' " . , r 1 , . l e . t i l
    r',.
    u i lr un, ' m , . r . r o

    s 1 169
    s 11?0
    $ 1 r 7l

    J) ,tcordul cu alte prorlume.


    a) Une (pronune nehotirit .,u l.aloare de numerat) estc intoLdeauna

    /,. s/,.. - i r i. l
    oldd l
    I nr ' . t - , o- .
    ht\. h;n. hin,.tl.
    t, I
    nr r r z d . d r p
    "ll
    '
    h.r\P tl. lt, 1 /\. tt* q I
    ,
    i 1a l.. "bo J '
    ."t Jt n n""".,t /,,
    - a, . . 1 1. . . 1, . 1r . , r . , , , , |
    'l io h c 1 \. , t - r
    girl t- roe
    i.nd
    f olu r "ar ' 1.

    { 11?9

    ,J ,ne (proDune i,npersonal) are fornr


    -_
    rcllcxi!.
    corespunzitor onrsrf:
    '[o looL ait.r o,c'.f is ,ri.s dutl.
    l Pronrme Drscdin id nominatiy.
    3 Pronnme lminin in acuzatir.
    a Pfonnmc imneNonnli,r nominal.iv.
    5l- c z i s i { 1t il.
    6 qlr n. lpl' . old .J u n dL a i d l L i
    t" n " ,i t . n ,g r
    ' : rn om pe f.1relF !o!

    de geniriv ,n's ;i plonumele

    FEONI]i{DE

    9I ADJEC1NUL

    NEIIOTARII

    2P,

    Notd
    Orp
    limppr(onallcsr" si pl uncoria.orda. (mdi alcqjn vFrsiunea
    amFrjcanE
    ,.
    ru hp hts him \i hin^41. .tat s'paoru.^nstructie nu esrc
    :^l'::ll."l,c]:'")
    A se compara:
    oa ot ri" wof&'rs.Irided
    h;n"41o. hisa.ti"\"n"nL. lpron. . numerdt,
    uz

    s d nt ndr oa c u r "r ' t ir ih


    s dt c . ,
    erwavs p d "s o trs" r y . on ou ! a"hi. g"m n, s . { Dr ^n . i m o " r s o n d t ,
    n ,nd. dF ". d- i. . - t r it . noas , . p. l

    4),Futrctii,.- Oze poate fi:

    D, adjectiv
    c/ pronume
    d) Pronume
    P)

    $ 1173

    pronume

    s 1174

    Ue coutrred lrom on? 10 Urree.


    O alJ
    IJ T P $ t b u rn i n g .
    ' ,"
    nehotdrit cu caracter ale numerat:
    One \'nto night he wenr io ihc st rting-rink.
    nehotdrit cu 1.aloare de mrmeral:
    Ozd of them slot e.
    nehoLirit, impersonal:
    ona shonld play rair.
    demonstratir:
    Shc hnd a gren tain ottranl.er anil a s.cv one.
    Lan yo! sec l.hosewomcn? Thc on, jtr bticdjs in mo!.ning.
    H. $rote a hrndred and fleren $irh thr.c oids.

    5) Conshuctiiidiomatioc:
    o rP o nd oll
    .wtya 'P
    t la t a it

    ru
    , , ii t J - l . \ . d r . t i l
    . n. l . p
    lo, r .
    ( - l r "r , lt m , nr : v- . t "

    SOME. ,lNI. NO. NONN


    { pno\untr tir -{DrEcrlyD xEE0r,iri 1rE)

    s 1176

    $ 11?6

    _ Same,ang .i nan. tt'r ii atit pfonumc, cit 9i ad.iecrive.]{o ste numai ltZT
    a4jp.riv loarp !inr i',\dri-bita. ;noir,r"nr Jp p"i*--.
    "'
    e."":";-,;;,
    ,!bn. ot rE wcrc aDsclt_ tDronI ",,"0i.
    Hc madc son. mistakesin h:s w;.k. tadi.)
    I r d \ " " y , I J o u rd r. , r" .. (p " or.
    H \
    to . rn ,J ,.h i td ra: L tt.
    I travc ,o lricrds ti.re. tidi.l
    i:,,, ot ihen carc rtr( me: iDhn.l
    Au',
    thf.e Ft6 zoze. ladi.t SO}IE

    sr178

    1)
    r ar. lnt ples a[inld.ti() qi n ticttu. ad:,ce pune accentul { 11?9
    _Inteles. . So,7?
    i
    unur
    nLn.
    ' r { f-.td n s ) s d u i u n " i , d n I r ti I i I rF.| | i ,ropI di nrr.un
    I , F . r\ rrcn
    .nra. i..:r sFlr r d. u, por ir . . r t i rJ r
    ..i tn ta ...u n i i -r.,L ,n _ F..,..ni .tp-...puri ntdJ-.
    .. p\ o- .p d rr p*. jn 8. . : l . ,n .,a rts :n r' .L u ;^ 1 3
    ru n ,,i ...sub!td' l ti vi ta ntural .
    m e, ' r ii J dp. r. o L i p n ' ,:.trn rrra s e p o d rp a,." ;u o p..i " j .i
    1
    ! , lli"
    .
    s uD
    s ra':.,1
    l r\ e t Ds t r ac t c .
    "u
    1 .tY- Foqle\ on. cit,.
    , Seusg?anatical: attt aninlate, clt
    l5 -

    cQnaiicq

    umbii erslse

    ti inanimalc.

    228
    s 1180

    { usr

    2l lntrol,uinFre - -iomP.F'F lntrcbuinldt:


    p*pl';l'lr:

    'J

    i"

    j;jfi';n'".

    rps,r,m,
    ," dFsk,:\,um,r

    .'"',"",
    ii.^J:fi:li"Jlh'tTfl'"Tili'''"''
    c""'''"'" *''"*''
    ili;";i:#i
    "itt;1".il:91'i1;*'
    din h'lnza acecar
    (Dd_ i, te rog'

    mens 1182 i,'l"t"H?:1X-ilfJ"i:::fi111'ilr-,


    sauobiecter
    dinobiectur
    iionate:

    ''""-#";"t

    E?l"ttidl""'I:

    rcttoiarres'
    r:eT#Ht*ed?f

    ci numai pentru obiect):


    Se spunetnsd (lfun intcrespentru cantitat'e'
    di
    'l
    i
    o
    l
    a
    r
    i
    p
    \:
    oi r ' e r e"o nm "nd' d
    HJ\' to u go t
    rr:
    ' r Y d'n
    o
    rqoma
    ';,
    ,r'.ii"",i
    ""r
    i;:
    o rugiminte ori se lace o
    ,'/ tn cares otereurt lucru sause adreseaze
    sugstie:

    sliru I heh Jou to rone cale? {olertli)

    ri:,'i';l;;;,

    Pl'Jl,Sl'
    a,$*in'"'

    iii"'' ;";1
    '',n',''
    ,'il Siij'1,#'T0,1".,
    n'"/" m"'":l
    ru

    tD
    'rmo"r'
    c'''":
    b- ) in car" jnrFrofdlia nrr s' rpl'r" la
    S ll8
    "* 3

    "

    r'aves4P " " d:


    lirl ' o ' r ' r \l d r) o l ' m "
    c g a ri ! i nl eroeal i l e In ' 6rP ' "
    , . / in pr opo T i rrrl " n ' c a rr' \i
    '
    a o b io ' L u lu i:
    {r'ii)
    a

    ,'--'
    " ' ,""; nu n il..ltui'uu

    ' l ' fi ri e

    '

    s';,: 'nrirr{ii
    I n"'", - eLa,,
    "ji; l,T';'i]",''
    i
    ilxo:'.\i::"1,q
    J,".!'l
    *
    \
    J
    J
    u lr o_ar
    " '- ''. '.
    l\r.io olla
    "" " ' ""

    nu iniereseazd'ci numar
    Dar se spu'c (ctnd nurt[ru] sau cantitatea
    oliectul):
    '
    I nerer bur dnr lio$e$
    lNu cumli1i nioioda1e llorr')

    A s e c om pa ra :

    i; ;"i;' ;i*.";i,r.?i;"'e14'*
    'i; :l'l' l'l'"",''::l:''JI;";l"'

    \ro u n rrn o ) rl
    s P r a rra b o ' i l i l I
    s
    '
    |
    | m" -v J o r' ni P i rl :
    \'
    u
    I $L'
    l " rr' _ ri ' r ' ' " o l r' D l r '
    \i
    ' l ^ _ r-' b
    aprori rr" n:
    i n " i n re a u n ' ri u r' rd r' oD n' ru a ararr
    , i f lv er bi" l
    s l1 8 {
    \trnd
    ih. : ; r - { n( ns r" s ta d i !n i rBn c l L a ' e s tc a n s ' n " 0nooI' eopl e!l ucsonP ' 00n0
    t'*
    xo 000in licioat
    "i3lxut""', ,,* ,t,,r'st" dir Bu0urcll'iale s0 00ir'le loruri' I)lrs "'o
    I' r"
    :l
    o l o' m' b' aarrl usj i
    l :r' i rr' L rl
    : l) P r onunl i e
    ( ll 8 :t
    ,' o " ' " rF
    ni
    i u "l"
    dp
    '
    bJu
    i
    nl
    cl
    Ful
    ar"
    pnr
    us
    r;
    l
    s h tr " ra ri '
    ,'.""
    pr1rn
    ' :;r;' " ' ;' " -1"
    i af'
    b a ' " d rn r| | ' '
    "'Ll"
    ' F\' ar" ni or^"
    nar t e: I or m ls l
    ""1
    i el" . . , DU! ini" ,,' P' L ti n " :
    I
    rn l
    { m e . r m l s :tl '
    " '
    ( ot r l" / m o i i
    In r"
    frJ '
    n rmb I l ' rr s i ' u ' ns l ar' i r di ri dual
    ..r p o J !
    ' l" " , *' ;
    olJ . u

    PEONUMEIE SI ADJECTNUL NEITOTARIT


    I $ 31 se
    srp b oig l'

    227

    . s dnr t alpt eo { . . r pv a. 4i. t . .


    r oF, p J $T- pau , | _ lni. t p,
    'r.tie,

    4) Funotii..- In alari de pro umc $i artjectiv(sau numeral)1nehotnrit,


    S 1186
    somestesi adverb(S 1{84).
    A.ITI
    . . lt lo.t"ln..- An? (: r.rcun.wreol.

    s 118

    n, c,u nsr esnehoa,i


    lp
    t q i . c , " , " " o , , ^ , " " l " " " i,ily" ji;;f,;i[,' "il:"$,?1188
    ;i;;

    rominFd-ca
    :1i;:,'"i:til:*,it,:l :;1,i,,'*Jj:1,*.p
    "d;.;";';;;;i;,
    2r
    Inrebuiolarc.
    !rJ Fsta Intrebuinla,.
    a/ ln p'opoz4iil" dfirnarirF r- oricrre. ori""l:

    inrhewrons
    frl,*:l,lil,i,j*,lxi*;JJl"ifil"*'Ji""
    .,lny man could do this.

    s 1189

    $ 1190

    (Otice btthaL ar luta tace nceasl.a.)

    ," "i1""t*"i:'lh*rl'::fill;,:""i:,"*"ive
    aDvnews?
    llnre'osatirr

    AT",;!i,f"

    ,, in propoziriileiporerice:

    (dupn
    o nesari)
    cuaccentur
    $ 1191

    &".iXf;.,g;j,,T,

    rc'ends.
    (Nesariv)

    $ 1192

    Tt I h r d d, 9 t - - on. | .' ru d a i v p \ ,u ., .r .
    r!'a cJ ns a\ ea lanni. i i a . ,1 1

    u
    ", 'i,0"
    ixq, :':id.fiy;'"li i,i""li:,t::r:::":.1
    ,1;;J."r.i:'.
    "

    dJ ca adverb:

    rr93

    s
    (pentru
    timp)
    sau
    anv
    + s 1194
    ,,r."".lillrf" ?f':JL"#ii"JJi,1'lil;gli'.r,liiie'
    "'"' ': '
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    j:,",";,;J,:,.:;;,.
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    ' ' 'r t,
    r"
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    I\i"T:l ,,1li"
    "i;
    :ry
    1.,"":
    i;"
    ,li;
    d"J + un comparativ,an, nu so traduce:
    $ 1195
    ,
    9""{:,*l'#;;,,"
    f";"','l?
    ,
    '1f"
    ":arii,"yt,::jj"
    d-)
    the nL comparariv:
    +

    $
    .' an!,he
    be,'o
    to,
    t:i:X:J"':,1""t;,"ii;ii,""jii,'1i",,",,
    -\a\,,
    ",;.lil,xj:
    lt;ijf

    Nt)
    (ADJDCTIY

    Nd{OT.1.R ITJ

    i:Ti',

    derocmaibinedupadocNONI]

    (ADJIJCTIY $T IXONU}IE

    IYEHOTIRIT)

    1) No este:
    ( = ni"i un. ni"i or aru' i,in.t J",er'llini dn suh.rsnri\
    scu
    ,,.:!),dd!"," tir
    etnrldlentul
    aceslDra.
    !1.." "_" ,"" .r, , ,s rri., r'o , m
    r'.'.,s: in
    -lo,-k
    Cind verbul ro be san ta lmre clc. ste urrnat de un substanti\..
    negativ tntrebuinlat ste adjoctivLrlno care precedd sutstant;vut. cuvintul
    bace'inii
    1 V ri q i g 130t .
    , V.zi S p. 195 adj. not a 1

    1196

    $ 1197

    s 1198
    s 119C

    MORFOLOOL{

    - FRONUMEI'E

    mche''c)'
    enough'
    *j*'i"*(ans'

    2!8

    t*:t',ilii"iqtr*1".'u.9;uti;ll
    s 1200
    "

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    q n ,o k .o r,i m no$
    )o u n ." J

    sd \e r! :

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    unui
    ilx"jli*"*iil il{:'ituX,'"1";iit""roi,,1ot
    r,."int"u
    cu funclre de a
    ln genere'no

    u
    " , no,'""'', " " -'-" ::^

    arerr r o e rdpc ju b s t s ' t i{ L :

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    ;;i ]::.""",'""'"':r'i :l;'ii

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    li\, l,)i;i;",1."X:=;"".i,"
    ;1; ""r1,

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    no otrc(: nimcni)
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    li"Ji:::h T:"X'"Iil-i".'";'"..*"n

    s120b
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    s 1206

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    "l]'";';i;:'

    NUMER,ALUL

    s,

    I. NU]INR-{LUI, C,\RDINT\I,

    !!5
    231
    7201 931
    1208 ,31
    1109 231
    M0
    23i
    t2t7
    t31
    l a26 233
    235
    :t35
    1249 9J5
    12i0 235
    t2i t
    ,35
    7252 ,!5
    1254 ,36
    t257 ,36
    7262 237
    1266 231
    \267 237
    r1268 23'
    {tti 9 2t,
    1279 239
    12S l 239
    7282 il39
    r39
    239
    240
    1290 241
    1291 241
    1292 2L1
    r2!a
    241
    1296 24\
    tt97
    212
    t3a2 242
    24t
    1306 !43
    7i t0J 2\t
    1t08 i243
    1308a !44
    190e ,t4
    1310 2t\4
    7t15 444

    N U ME N A LU L
    (THE NUTIER,{L)

    CONSIDEN,{TII GENENALE
    l) lretini!ic.l- Nun eralul cslp parreade !orbirp , arp F)iprimaun nunrdr Sl20Z
    absrr.1.D JorprrninarenumFric6a obiFntplor
    "0u ordinca obie.tFlorprin
    Fie
    and leclee
    Thjs is the r,r.4d

    2) Clasificare,-

    ol the monii.

    Numeralele se lmpad in urmdtoarele catego i:


    numerale cardinale
    numerale ordinale
    numerale fraclionare
    numerale colective
    numrale lnulriplicarivc
    numerale distibutive
    numerale advobiale
    nurrerale nehotdrite

    $ lg08

    I. NUUER,\I,TTI, CARI}INAL
    {luD 0aRDINALNI]TNXrIAL)

    s 1209

    1) Delini,tie. Numeralulcardinal exprimd un nunir Jntreg alstracr, S tZ10


    sau ur numir determinatde obiecte:
    ,Ttz, and s?'nkez arel twentFsi\.
    'fhel' brought r/';r9 chairs iiid,.e

    ta),le

    2) tr'omrd,.
    d) Unitnlile (Thc Units)l

    s 1211
    s 1212

    rought, ona.1wo,urrcc.lotrr, iire. si\. sclcr. eighr.ninc.

    ln

    Notd
    Numfalul O (zero)estc nrnit noagilr inLJnbi Lurentn(forrnata)..zcroq rgIS
    r::nl" rti/i .
    .i O rpr^r Lnlut loul/ ta ,atFton.h TV, -r..t
    30:l (thrtc norshl lFo sad th..
    linndr.d .rd
    g.i a ,o,gir in ler ex.m.
    i-qhc
    l1 d. g.e s a bo ve :..,,
    10 d. gr es Lr ek r r . f r ,

    hrol

    ,) Cu exceplia nunorelor ele|en _!i I'vflre, oelelalt nu er&te piI,A ta 19 | lgl4


    se lormeazi" adnuglndr se terminalir,1..n ]a unitdli, cu unele modif:ciri orrogrance !r roner,lce:
    thii.en,

    Iourtccn,

    iiileen.

    sjrtern,

    se\rnlfor.

    ejRlt.a,r_ niiaicen

    Nurncralele trminate in sufixul -rcenstnL accentuate pe anrbele silabc 1216


    cind stau izolate: aight.:enL etrl nl. ln propozilie insii si;t accentuate pe Dnatp st,un , .i;s, no^", , r iu "1r n|, . )
    - n orh 'ns
    |, m r : u. oi. " t o
    "t - t h,
    .^d r i , !,,,i, , " , i!1 "
    'S"

    3."

    "

    tt;,e ta nou|h!

    9S2
    de un subultima silabi cind se gnsesosingurc 9i pe prima cind sinL urmate
    siantil' sau un numeral:
    shr is .isrt?.{ [ i ti nl

    1, r 0,Lin 's' ,
    1",u', ,' nrtaDd
    ii"": i;'l;:i;t.; i;"3':ii'i''
    PP " r a n'''
    } d I ur oat v
    '\;r'^ r

    ne ^ p

    $' n

    lt t

    td50 sa iormeazi
    a) Nrtn,rc|"L "oL. rfino ' '!' tth' tns) d"to 20
    $lS16
    "
    rrr
    /'r
    lo
    l"rmin1ii
    sdausindu'p
    'l;Lr:
    iwenty, t\irti', io;lx. lillv, si!lv. seventl' 'ighll' nnietJ'
    Arenli.e
    Zecile si L legaLe de unitnli printr o liniald de unirel
    E 121?
    breniy one thirlJ tno' iorlX Lonr, nincil s[
    Notd
    !i unitnlilor'
    Uncle pcrsoar,eilverse'lzn modut de numirare al ztcilo.r.
    s 1218
    rhirl) -"i\'nd
    -l$o
    dnJ
    r""n't
    a".t"'
    i;"taln
    'na
    ''-'"
    "1"nint-on"
    "i i" ln.j- .rr"rrrr
    o,,p . -rl'irr\,$o : -ror')- r\"' 1...''nP o'l; cu
    i",i":
    ",.. rl"su'rl in lrmh; cnol'25
    o nir"nla
    'nnrdrrlofHr'ii
    pot
    avea fi formi de plural:
    zecite
    erprimJ
    care
    Numcralelc
    1219
    some dns ol mnsl"erli'ces

    ''i l ',,
    ,i "",",".,1
    4,

    s 122rJ

    . i, r ! . i\ '

    , r r P 6r . r iq

    r.11r.,.,

    lhe nillions ):
    d) Sutr.tc.rrtitLeqi niliounele (Llrchunbed^t the li1rrsdndr'
    hund..d. tNo hnndNd ur'ce lundret' etc
    n 1 . n. hur dhd
    . "' . ""' ' .
    ,. . - i", r ' i"

    "

    : llr il
    lf o r \ " s r ' l
    ll"^
    I nr li

    r'
    lrr'
    '_ d n d
    n: l o n 5 0 ' I m 2 m 3 -

    'l

    Ca si zrile. :l.,csienumeralc pol aveAiornrd de plffll:

    s 1221

    ""1i;,ll,"rl'i,.,;;i""
    ..
    '."..Ji', ";,1,"..l.o"i'0.

    inrre Ple-pflr
    Cilrele care io.iicl sute]e' iiliile ;i milioJncl' eie se 'li 'patL
    i
    ilb
    1r
    mai'ri'-rp"
    1;rrlor
    inrrru
    r
    ur
    p'ir
    r
    ||inrr
    ''
    '
    ,irputo nu
    Iun
    l lii 'i" r'ru
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    l; nol "r'!1""'r
    i ' '
    t ::'
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    "i"' J.
    "'J f" la 0
    '0 In -u.r.
    N atncrtLlccu aflo1rafi': sl.lialnr:
    S 1223

    {o 1222

    ,\a

    nor

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    tt :

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    ' '

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    o
    :':',' ';,,lll-"'

    U ite
    .l I (saurn4 liliior i'beanrni bilbn (saumiliard) tn Statelc
    'le
    E 1291
    "
    Briianie
    in
    lldn'a
    Americii. iar triiion

    i'l,lli!'i'l1i:ili",:l'::ier't,1.9":
    .,*-1- ,^**li::ill*lil'i'";".fil't
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    /i /,"

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    rir;r,';.,
    ri1l1
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    s' rlrrril" ,.etr t l4 ,' r ! hr e, . , , S/ ' l{ ) r r ez i f r r ur m
    ir ntin' ln /'rr r..t ' I \ r c u 1n |o' t !

    283

    MtLrea Britanie
    ti alte ldri ewopene

    $ 1225

    St i
    1 00 : I 000000n00
    1 0r : I 0000000t0 000

    .billionlsl

    :
    :

    .r/oneqtradrillion
    ./one qujrtilliOn

    10b .= r 0000000000000oo
    , l r3
    1000000o0o000000000
    :1+ r/rzcfou.i
    :l
    F30 zl rouri

    Cifrele de la un trilion in sus interescaziinLrmaipc specialitl.i.


    3, Formo ..i ronblnr.lii .ne.intc.
    { t226
    aJ \urn,rrl"lp arotf.,,,',li //,FF ,.u pu, or,.,r c,t,ctanivalap.nna a \ZZT
    s r f rr,.,-pJr; u pron,rnli..p,,id'd..F" u^u., .uL,.rrnti drn rrm. ;"tiind "
    a hallpcnnxIo'herynti

    lson n q ,'4!"$1 .
    s on"n \ . 4.
    Ln ree tF,,cFt ofrlr ns J ;
    , ' ."p t"n rr.4Ji.
    ., 0np nr t . J b- \ .
    rdr lrno np dr a c,h r l

    Ir,r .
    I . t ur :

    I rn.da

    ,!.i.

    l) NuneralLrl huniLreiL este intotdeiula


    lcgat prio and de numeralle S 1ZZ8
    .ar A JFn rm p. . z ailF s au ,i n i tn ri l " , x ,a d . J .q i .
    , rrd t,rndrcd esLe '
    " e r,n,i
    subinteles:
    two hundred a,d siat1.-four
    a urousandtlirce nutrdred anl sir s.u l.hirteenhund.ed and six
    oDc l.housrndond t*cnir sern lnnndrcd r&ri,r.&s).
    c.,) P_entru simplificare, se obisnuieste ca miile sn iie transiormaie ln g 1229
    a l.holsand oni Inndr.d and fir! sau cleren tinndral und rire
    i - . nl ' , 1s 1' J J d rttJ * i \ .i
    ,i s t,, a ,t , t-si \
    d) N u m" . al, le hundr" d . th o .t" a n ,l .n i tti a n p tr. srnr i nvi ,i eLi ,F ta pl urj t { tZto
    clnd sint lntrebuinlate adjectival. snu cind stnt. precedate de un nu'maral "
    ,! rdin rl o ri ',+ dil' l" " s c r . , lp. tl u r.l
    1 .1[.tp
    . . :(:u e /a tct| .). cu cr.]epl i a adj ec $1239
    ( : . t llr t . ,rtF \a J :
    '
    lT-" n16 lo.r ni nn,e e,, tznrl.,
    S.\e|nI hLldred were at lle nfrtins,
    Sone hun.lred,wont)\ in rhc lactoB lLrd n.t ti,. set ot qn.tps asjgned to ihcm.

    .,,i;ir"i.u'"'}iii"i
    lliHj:(r"j,l,/jil"itt'.iihij
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    pt,rrat,.ind E t23J
    I,or li in.. ir ,rt."ttuti,F. rr ntit,, dF.i -,
    slnu:rnj' .
    JF ,r'r ru,,,,r.1. . nJ .i ' ,|'n,"
    -.t" 1i"1.^zirrr/
    'rat'raFJBr.
    sau fttunci cind
    au un irlclcs nedeljnjt:
    .

    ' Lnrt ands )in ] r.ad lh e i , if lP


    rD.onr colrntry tli! rumlcr of !o.ls

    'the rlolc aurtrled


    ,^
    Ti, . . , 1 r sa

    lu|lisli

    rr.nl.htJ anirnrs

    ta huntlreds $

    lo $,tc hu,dreds.
    a. ha . a. t . . at ^t . . .

    (Yrziii S 1!21.t:la,sl

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    t.n ' t t . , t J p
    timoul
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    ,.t.t \ i_,,.a
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    sl/d de cAr1i, rreo nl. de rersoanc ctc.i, riutln nrvarjabile.

    s tsSt

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    crn,r
    ;'il:.'il;ii"r'#Ji
    s r2ilduah
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    "T':"'*;l,u,'l'
    er"frimPi'
    TJIili';l:,"" l. on in mv po'kor'
    i i't

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    ' '"

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    "'ilitr'
    ;''pTilll'T'
    i{"{""
    i,"*"t'#"i

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    s' r2r;rvea./si uirriod
    *::i',i' ".T;'J#':"1i.1;'ji#l'Jll 3J"i:
    de
    forrnd Plurai 'u 'uuu
    ii"

    ".;'";

    i""i"''i unui dlr numFral:

    titree nl:l/;dn reolrc


    lirc nillior t{o hurdred

    s o ( pLinc ln j ;j

    \" /i $ 13l i '


    J h d " d ,p ,1s n .t l t' u a tto % sr.rl i ng

    ;l/1p,""'l:--,!-n-ririad
    :f.l'
    'l :i{liii

    -, ,,o5",. "llllld.i;i,,:,i",:i,""
    ",..

    T Pn \ o f ' a r iltd r

    ilor'uo'd:
    ('ilul
    \rrl "" 'punc $i r"ldliv la numaralul
    ^olrt
    ln
    'olo
    it'
    f o"

    1236

    I ndld ' wo

    sint' precedate de nurneralele

    "x ' dnl'


    thausand ti millio'
    /) Numeralele hundted'
    !- 123?
    al sau one'
    ! t r. R
    O ne s e jnt re b u rn rc d l r:

    B ffi
    S 1940

    1'l'"in'.t"' "';l:::::,;.'::";";;
    nor:

    f"l

    q,pnu,d-d..p'nu,'d-,

    )
    ^"
    olli qonn'J'in 1\"orr)'ror'
    Ir'n ' o ""'
    num6r 6upeun
    gdse'sLc
    nnP
    sP
    de
    cind inaint'eanuner uiui precedat'

    onehund'eilatrdsirtJ:
    d lhousntrd
    ini:
    / "1 la Ja'" numai PFnrtrr

    iil"fl.i'.'li.'$T'iKi*"Jiiil;"u

    " '-

    andrive'
    u'"*-u ninehun{tftd

    ii"^' u""n""" ""'-*"*r"*il**'11*'",1ii1$""


    !l'""ii,l"il";*t

    *'i
    lim b s "ncl'r ; 'onremp^ rrnr'e'"''numdr'rl ^ " -^ " . ; : : ; ; ; ; ' i anurrn
    t n s ru o cd e
    ' n , , 1 s*l
    J+purlir'du
    'arr
    I'iii i".*"'r,
    'sr" '1"'emnazd

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    ll," al,;'",:ir*
    o,.":ro._r
    li ::i"l::':l.j:1,,*
    i'
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    fdra dcoscbl l e
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    ^ ' " l a l''Ie ' J l u ri
    rr'
    peopl
    d
    rq)
    tr'
    5a
    n e " $ ' r'
    r' " r u ' I I' u n
    '
    (Vezi
    !i $ 541' 55il)

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    d c t r Lf l Dr ec e d s ti ' d e

    -:k{ai:.}s#LHr,i,.,.,rutiiir:ril

    nt, indurisinsuri

    strpedot,laicn
    numfil

    'r'&sdn4i'-'"'"'
    mllr maP

    ilti'p""'i"['i

    'i;;

    pini"

    'i

    tn;nt"itui iru 5eani un

    r&i
    Nu se spune:
    lrrndred and i,serl.\' I0ur
    lhous and t iir f c hr nd. Pd
    illi(D lonr liundfed
    , Iund.ed atrd t$fniX{orrr
    d thorsand lhree trllnd.ed
    d m,llior nrr hundrfd

    4) i lrcbuintare.- \rezi g 1257-1261.


    5) nunctii. Nrrireralul cardinal poate fi:

    t it . , ind ! le j F rm i n i u ,, .u ,,rrJ n i \ :
    oa. hrnp or $rgar js fnough.
    ' fh .re w c ..,n ,. l e o l tc o n rne ro]L
    su bs t unt ia. c jnd a re v a k ra re d e s u b s ta n i i v . i n care caz poat avea
    !)
    !i
    formd
    de plural:
    Wdl. elelen $iih tm ,nes
    I soon pnt l@, and lpo 1oge1!pr.
    js
    wrols sid. oJ /orrvr.
    .She
    t hpr ( " roD thc
    * d tL i n tj .. I,J i rq o rrh rp :- DJ. \os,r.r r_-/
    ir c r s ri n rs rrc l rr' \" .
    I $a ,. rn -,,;tr" .r ,' d I n , . nr .ry.
    o) odj

    .l

    lv c z i i i S 3 3 a . 3 !i , 1 !3 3 t:3 6 t
    N u n r or alul onc p o a te l i q i p to n u m e . (S 9 4 2 943, 1005. 1164)

    $ 1243
    $ 1244
    $ 1245
    S 1946

    s 1247

    C a q i ru m pr J . l" . s , r i i x u l -/,.,? p o c tp r\,,, \e l u rpd.aJi e.ti \.au


    dF sub- q t248
    s ls rl r\: I p- 1pl. )
    r r p ro ri r.ra i rr i J n l .F " -n ri \" d i ,d i orJti ra,ed ani tnr,u
    numa t! .p rn I nJ r " t n - / , . r . tn trF l j i .: Io d n i i " rtu b i rJl
    f he. ho' f . on .s p d o l p q o 6 p ttp i
    | re,,8% :ubqt.,l
    t ie r s s f llt r n t' rs l ? tu oGu
    . b n .l " ...o ..)
    js
    Ile
    Jb, olt .l ljis teers.6 {sunst.)
    Ile is o.r of ,,s rdab.? Lsubsr.)
    ij r Nu mr r nlul . ar dina l i i a rl i ro l u l . - N u r,.e r" t ut poa F ti rrF.eLrr ,tF l 2t9
    Brli
    h olar il . r , r n, h.l Ari r ' E .r8 . i ' l
    l ::i :. l 2i 1
    t2i zt.
    ^ l l rl

    II. NI,IINR-{II]I {)RDI.ITT,


    (TirI oltDlNAl, \_IiltxRAL)
    1) Delirilie. -

    s 1250

    Nrmcralul ordinai indicii nnmeric ordjneaintr-o serie: g ttsl

    Hc .amc out rccond ii liis cxrlr.


    She lut on lfr t/.t.d b.sL (d.essl
    i ,t ri

    2) I'orm[,
    Numeralele ordina]e se lomrpaza ad:uqindu se terminatia
    n .rmFr r l. lF . r r di' pl p s c u I. F ,h i v rl ,n ti i l o r:
    loudh, sixteerth, lweniy srcntl,, l,udredth: the Dt), lower

    'I = n bccut dc painzeci de aDi.


    : Are ftslf nDtze.i d. ani
    t t h ri f i, s ol t i, "t " , ,h. c , tu " !
    n ,^ a n i J :.as , s e j nrt,\i L: rhsi rr,. n/r? ..,-nr iellt ,.h tu "r:lnLt e anii t Cr i os i l 9 C 9 i n l l u s i \
    ! : Ctr ri late din Dal,!e: tcolooria|.
    r , rr ,^ ,i re a ,' i . Jd.r"
    i.
    ) . - n" i! . : g u: ,t
    I
    -,,r.
    - -\t,r aa nr r , linil20 d r J n i
    l
    r.
    ,
    dt
    de
    20
    de
    in
    i
    .
    ': -\

    \ 12bP

    986
    E r c e p I i i:

    primcle irei

    numeralei precum 9i nunreralcle oompuse

    thsl. second. lhird


    thiriJ seoord. sixiv third'
    i'i;it-ii".i.
    'tc
    primeqt termiralia'lll:
    La nu leralele compuse. numai ultimul termen

    ..0'n',,,',0'.,
    ll: :H liliif$l'"tl"J;"IJi'ii'J1'

    s 125a
    """
    "

    s^n tanl\kn
    Numeralcle orLljnalecare con-tincuvinLcle l4n(beit'-thausand'
    poi sa nu
    sau
    (ci
    1237)'
    de
    a
    $
    deeit de nurneraiul on. .sinu
    .hi;";;;,l"te
    ""
    aibi decit ariicolul nehotirit:
    ,
    .n p o

    \udcrale
    li/ih,

    s 1?pj
    t 1265

    ' o' r ' d d

    . nd t L r v - t i- . 1
    i' r ' r ' l id L' l 6 p 'n n o

    tu ortogrdic spocial5l:
    i{cl/lh

    eigh'h' ni'th.

    twoiii'th'

    etc

    thjrli'th'

    :' l ormo :i coo'lrur!ii b0c:iclc'-itre


    ou uLrirnctpdoui lirorF adnuglrp
    d.,/Nurnff'lcl" 'rilrnrLe srns
    4[h
    , nd
    3.d

    100th

    63rd

    s 1266

    a) Nuneralul ordinat precdanumeralul cardinal:

    $ 126?

    ;
    lTl]""iJ:"
    ;; :l[:ll'ii':ii,
    lriil
    ' ll*l*:i:.1;*:;:llr

    s 1258

    The tfs, llD xea.sol tle century:'


    rsrdiolle
    ,'il lntrobuinl,rrcanurnerAlolor

    -:i

    I rolor ordionlo'-

    10"'
    l*,j:x'ld'"X;Li:Hl,".'?l;xllwl;t*:]:,$iiiftl;:"11"i"

    '61tl"'i'Jl'Jr'" .n"", ther'hird


    orJ n')
    "n
    cFplrm
    b ' r t s rl\ p '
    lirsL

    h ir ilu l oln'!idl: Jur'F


    r :d:n:14'
    s'r"r"rln Fl"'ial ln.rr ru l. s rrb s t o n riv " 'ro
    t\
    irP
    E I 26 9
    p
    f -" d ' e i' rF U:dr p n u n rrrr
    o
    '
    d
    in
    3
    l
    "ii;i
    'i
    ;r
    "'"
    nu"nnrol"
    t
    r-\rr.-r,,n.i
    "' -" " a i .i ,i,1"ii"'* "i
    "rn'l
    dl numeralul cardinals:
    i;i.J i""e
    -lnur" the t""d $'ortd \\at (Wa14 tr Tqo)
    the 1/"rd Rooh (\la( Boah Thrce)
    1 t ')
    ar I nt
    r h' v od
    Pdr l
    t 'r t
    Los n
    l"
    I nt
    \ 4t ' I Ar at
    sn
    r \ ' t dt t t utL r
    r r r ' . \ . p", / , I c l
    t r a- " t
    I F / ut r \ ' l\ t lr /
    thd

    .' n

    5in

    il' "

    ?P

    "t

    {'r l

    tle -ir-i''ft ra'agraph lt\xr P astdph nlhe)


    r h", l"r "d r ' "r o \ ' t dt ; t "4 ' t n r " t
    ..
    ,
    $o- J i' ar Pa3 " '
    1r a
    : '" " - s r '
    t
    h
    "
    t
    hd
    ltaor
    5 t uor n 44 u4
    lr i
    'd

    *'*iil,i+lii+:*:r'r'#rliif';*;}lt"{:}i

    ;
    ,
    ilrll',,111
    **
    ;1.1
    sl1;',i{lil*
    n'rtP
    r:'Lord
    ;r"';li':t''J;Jili;
    """
    '"
    -,:e;iilititti
    l,-,fllliliil*Jli'i';r;:l

    2C7

    c) ordineasaccesidni{capilor unui stat, ni bisericii' ai uni familii, expride nuneralul ordinal:


    gitliam the aoorl'i Popc -!crode. tlie Att& Borgiai
    Quccnlt];abel.hthc rtsr, Joln Smith lhe Zrtd
    tL,) numitorul unei frat:\ti ordinare eBLeindicat de numeralul ordinal,
    numdid,r.aruliiind cxprimat prin nuncralul cardinal ($ 1272).
    Numeralul ordinal poato avca valoafea de:
    5) Functie.
    o) alieclitt Henrv vTtr \Lasihc first Kine of lhe houscof Tudor.
    b) suibstanri,':
    ' tnil puero a$r ambeJe articole ;i pluralut terminat in 's:
    He 0amein an casy/ts,.

    S 1260

    nata

    S 1261
    $ 1262
    S 1S63
    $ 1264

    \!e r J \ r s '
    J ou o lJ / ; J
    . . P. / ilr "
    n.
    - ol
    tao secotds'zlo !]raiov.
    \\' boohed
    ( Vez i t i S J e5)

    s 1265

    Wlicn I l'sr camehe.. I sas a olild.

    6) NumoralulordinalFi articolul.- Numralulordinalpoate fi precedat $ 1266


    de ambcle articole,articolulhoteril tiind lllsn acelacoretl insotqtein mod
    objlnuit ( $ 517).Nuneralul ordinalpoatesta Si ntarticulat:
    He Ieft tor the seasideor the t,.lrlt ol ihe monl.h
    He llas the ,,tt..t to oome
    A ,odf,n innovalion wB added 1o ibe othc.s.
    Slakcsleare's comcdy 'ils \ou Like It" ws pcdormfd on

    Night
    "esfd

    $ 1267

    ITI. Nf]II{ERALUI, FNACTIONAN


    (TED TRACTIONAL ]IUUNRAI)

    1) Dofinitie, - Numeralele fraclionar exprimn fraclii. adice una sau


    mai rlulte pn4i eqal0 dintpun intreg.
    2) tr'ormi. - Ffi1c\ia (the Fraction) esie de doui feluri: lraclie ordinari
    sau tractie zecimali
    a) iraclia a inatd (Ihe VuIS(irn'rutrian) Fraclria ordinarn are doi ter'

    s 1268
    $ 1969
    s 1270

    nnmitarul (he Denominatur), un numir intreg cale araLd ln clte pirli


    pqole s- impdrtjt rin ditsA;
    - nut,,d4t;rut(Th. \unrolar). un n'rr;r inlrpq.nrF srJrs .i Fdin e.A.la
    sini tn lractie.
    Dirti
    - -Numlritorul estedespdrlit,de numjtor pri tr-o linie orizontald sau oblicd,
    S 1271
    numiritorul aUindu-sed;asupra ei. iar numitorul dedesubt:
    :

    ) r r m J' 1

    lJ\n P!a - l

    - .t\

    'r
    tu S.^t*
    1t,,,o^;,- 4 '''
    Frd, lia s^ po"r" pxprini ii ttin 'xrin ": lr linba engl"zi n,m:ri orul
    lag,t pin liniuln de unir6 de numiLor,care S 1972
    constddinrr un-nuoLertrl-cardin^l
    esie ur numeral ordirel, eu semnul pluralului cind este caz :
    3
    : (iive+ightIt
    :

    lth.ee qlarle.s s!u

    t
    (a thi.ix lirst)
    31

    10

    I
    sc citi "Henry th. ScvcDlh".
    t -{
    : donr:rbilcl,e de t.cn la chsa a t-a.

    llrcljon

    hsl

    ll

    t38
    determinatde o ftaclie ordinaril se aftd la singular:
    Substantit)ul
    g
    hatt atu hou sau a hau-hou'l
    I n ""
    "a*"'
    1
    l"e .itette,three qudteis ol o nl:/el
    a' ^it"
    cn o, fraclie
    Substantieuldeterminatdc nwn(r'tlul 1 (one) .jft compnnre
    s 12?4
    ''' '
    dupa
    pcl.
    .tnd
    3e
    citeltP
    .,rir
    .,
    la
    lic
    dar
    ..ai.-"i!.
    olu"ulin
    "
    "ingulsr
    ":1''r.
    'is.
    fracliel
    dupi
    se
    citqte
    plural
    cind
    tntreg, fie ia

    S 12?3

    1!, n*

    1^"1" loz anil three qnafteN sau

    ane and tttteequartErtot)

    ot a ptay 1o""i"a dc, dnd a harl sa\ ane dnd a hdtl @ts)
    -x
    plural qi compus cu o
    Substantirul determinst ilenn numerai cu sens de
    \ 12?5
    p
    l
    u
    ra
    l
    '
    trd rl iF or dinar a oe 0 II5 l a
    (secirette: iln and a/onehau /ruotur"! sa! rea kitbwt'^ and d hdtf)'
    t0 + ftilnet*'
    t

    complicate:
    :1r
    E
    sau ait:r6: :; 30/et
    5;;
    se citcsc: /ozf ae{ fi'e -1@ai';
    reslectiv: ,,{i/rv okr nlnetlJseren
    r ft' ttn ;n o t F ru a i on ) l ' unP l ' razuri fra' Li a s"
    bJ F r u' lio. . ' t n o d
    $ 1 2?6
    pdrrea
    p
    ri
    n
    rr.u
    n ,a ' rmd r r" ' i m a l ( f h" D " " i not V nn" r)
    er
    pr
    ina
    rl
    ma i p6r ' .
    puttl
    prinlr-un
    paftea
    zecimal;
    inireaEa a numarulur lxno ocsldr-titd de
    pr
    ir
    r
    r
    rn
    m
    i
    ;i
    '
    o \ ir g ' tl l i " c \n l i mb i
    ;i' n u
    o t5 s; citeqte: (noushl) deci!tral rsat point) ser'n li!c'
    o ii
    ""u
    point) two
    Fraclii

    ejght.

    mai

    /saa
    ?#i";'i#.;;'11";;':iil:i,l"lH,i,'Jl",i'l'ii "!ei,,cinn,
    '0"

    six

    Obserrlti.e
    Nunoratelc rnailte Jr' purrri 'qeciLcscca un singur.numnr' 1Y!i,p.li-"]
    a 12??
    -numar ;r ouprl
    '
    lj".o'" cifra se lite-stPrcl 'r;t l{inutele se ciicscca un smgur
    '.

    Ir.l5

    lr

    l\ -

    il

    l- '

    A se colnpara:
    poir! No lonr trrce)
    18t!s3 (s; tirlire: ode hnndredanil eight]'_scven
    . ,1, nP ,'d, }r,ndredand eis}iv{er'n and l'wo hundrcdard loi'v'
    13;.il
    ths
    ilirce thousiu'd

    12?8
    '-'"

    la singulardaci
    Substantivutdeterminside o iraciie zecimal; se afli partea
    intreagd I
    dace
    plural
    qi
    la
    (zero),
    irac,tieiesie 0
    o""t#i"i"""sll
    iractiei ester:rnalt numeral:
    n.J" nn r
    ' 2 J d t's

    \n a Al, I p ' r nl " n i\ p at a ^a" w " '


    \ ; Poir ; l s o ii\ ' , " " 1

    fi$tt*nntn*tuxuu

    !80

    s 1279

    3) ALte nnmcrale fta.clionare sintl

    quarel;1 taharr,
    pr.harvest;
    4+ (rour
    i t" "*t, ". ' a
    , lr r eF

    q u d1 rr' o ' a r, r. t, .r J n d aqr-ri dri r.r' cu....ui ,


    aqr d l "ro l '1 1 hoLr i
    h,rl t
    d. ro$n '. h J r adoz " n: t o, r ' n d d ' .d -l : " n o o u rd sa n d a r,4.t." n :r' .dJ nrtt po rnds;
    H o ff a l. al is beller t h rn n n n r.
    a good-hall ot ii.. t_heri.sl hnll oJ i]]e year. one hau ol it: the rwo hahes oi an apltc;
    to go halvesi to do things iI hnh-es.
    Ate n !i e
    !
    Numeralul naffho:f]

    in compuncre ru subslantil'ul

    tat I herpn4,.
    Dxp&sii matematiee0urcnte
    +
    +
    :
    +
    :
    +
    <

    llus/aDd
    mtnus/takeawav
    rlus or mitrus/aplru.imlklv
    - iy/ti m a
    isda b1
    i i s ) m ! lr iplied
    pentu drm4srulL)
    (is) diaided bv
    (is) eqnal io/equals
    t not eqtral to/doesnoi equal
    is less 16an

    pi lpa4
    -r
    fol : radnf oI ci.cle
    % Pc_.lent
    O

    is an emlty set

    penna este pronun-

    S 1280

    $ 1281
    A' X rekslsouared
    X3 x feksi cibed
    It X lelsl i.o lhe powe.fou./io
    nl n tnl lrctorial
    the irtegral ol
    i

    ts lerDendiculd

    to

    an a.c)
    ' minutc
    -acsrei {or
    ' secondlor an uc)

    rv. Nulrl]|tlr.ul, co[Dctrv

    s 1282

    [T[Iri coLLtrltTI[I] NUtntjlt.,{r.l

    I Dofinilie. ),lumFrslul"ole,riv orprim" id""" nun pri"1 ,lp plural in s 1283


    ^
    Jufmd,re
    srtrguj
    i,r.
    2) Formtr. Numeralele colective sint: cauple,lair, brdce,span, team, s 1284
    yolrc,dozen,score,grass)qaire etc.
    a) Numeralole coulle, pair, brace, span, ledm, yoAd numesc grupe de $ 1285
    do; astfel:
    couplel: doi (sau mai multi)3 (neasorta.ti)li
    a aupl o sen ,nd -. a.N u. I " al d- inls : ll' J oLn; , , , r , 1. r :
    | | g1\4 v^u d .,,rk
    aptLP, ( do .r .
    ^r

    .n.o,p!poi"Jt\

    pair l.: tol (asorta!i), perechel:

    n !at, oI gloves, a lat oI trorsers, ctc.


    \,. a o: / . ) , al I or " " l . d .d r' i " 1 ," J rd t.;r
    1f . \ ' t r
    4 t@tvq P4tl
    l'hey wuiked in pai6 Ior couples):.,perechi, pereohi" sau ,doj .lle doi".

    bracel:,J.oi (neasortari)l(termen vtnitoresc)i


    a ,/a.. oi dor$. of ristols
    a,.a.d ol dLoks. of rhesants
    thlcc ,.d.c ot parl.idsis
    t helf a ctuen:2 s 6.1.anodc onetnrl
    terimrtai,ln ci.culalie irri',ter introduc..ii
    :is t em n l )i d . . im al ll9t lL
    ti $ 1! t 7. '
    'Ve
    3 Cuziaceastnacceptiuneeshr nxmerahl nchourit : oilira. cttera.
    'the lauls caupte: tifua t*eche ($o.tati), sinolin cu rat (e\cep!ie).

    !40

    boi el'c inhima'ti (ressran l< Alrica de Sud: doi coi. catlrj, ci-tivfl
    '
    lmPreL'ril:
    p;.ri\' inJugrli,
    ' '
    a s?d. ot hoNes, bto sPdr ol o{er

    rinixgaLrimpround: pprF"he: ecbipn


    teaml: doi " i. boi . ". lnh,m8li
    rln labri'rl plcl:
    (de sportivi .i.r, ""1'ip" r"u noriun"': '"l,ipa
    twentY lczm oI catile
    tcdm. 1tc rv0.
    \ve .fc
    ^

    doui animale lnju.Eate; Perechc):


    live sol, oi oxcn
    mai mari de doi:
    b) dazen, scarc.gross'quir(t numesc grupe
    do.zeniJnzin; (12)ll
    lokc (:

    s 1286

    h 10 t c q hr "lq ) ^ L '
    l{ r J o:
    somo .lD:eu eggs, ctrj

    dozen (:
    a lon{ (san rcunrl, Itoker's, deril's. pnnter's)
    TLev verc

    t3):

    rio:aE

    selling eggs in

    'altf's
    (ternen
    qross[: gros(12 duzini)];sredrgr{'ss[: 12 grosuri(144duzini)
    comtcial) (ahe1' g. gr')l:

    $ic bonshl srx g.oss !e6.


    Slie rvante'l fit s'fss ot but!'ons'
    li g.oi g-* is tir:elvesrossoL144 dozcD

    scarc(:20):

    il'h'i ili,:ll*'r
    ffi r?";r;ia*

    coald (nffe, de 4 sau 24 etc foi) de hirtie]:


    The Paler \tas 'n tzrl'r'
    colct'iveau valoare de
    3) luncji' NuDix. - Nlajoritatea ntmeralelor

    qair"e[:

    s 12E7
    $ 1288 " 'u' ' "i l ' i , . , *, . , u ,.,F,,.ro r" ,r,\. ,L d o L.,f' ,r ,- r "r .,' tp:
    ,
    s 1289 ;;,'i;.r - .i ,,;;,.-l-'.,1.
    n r'-r ' li I " -' r' F r' o r; ' rr" p ' . n n ' ro rro
    .n,,
    r'
    r' rn in lriP
    s'Ine d4'" hmdk*'hiels

    cieht .,url.fsJ .l dogs

    tr,,;t
    ?::ixX":l;iF1,,:i"
    He * as

    -"

    l' r1

    in rn
    .',''""i
    '..i" 'i',.r' .'i d" i r" p "rF r' ' r"
    ".u" dpos ' birii\^
    L
    n
    rrn
    :
    F ln l rmb i

    ln. c c s . , f .

    li,,T"r",:.iiil"il'.*lid"
    "",,,,,p

    \ : |jnl

    l.am

    old

    tiv coleotiv nr.sinl' ltecedat'e


    z]) ci l numdalcle fu.valoarc des )ita
    Irr'rr''ad'
    ti'.
    ttFpozrLr'ro/frrmoqr
    J ' 'r'r^u'.'"r ' 'ir
    deun/ru
    -al. I .i ,jub'"
    :
    rrrol"
    obirt"'t1'
    r
    i.i"i',.,1i"
    Ln ctqks
    'I'he gxcsts l dkd i 'o uie dining room
    Thev sto't1 an l tr P'rr'

    i--ria-i'i.:o t'i' re'rite do:'ns !I li'rfs

    s*:iil";-l;;:llllri":.ilif,|lll:,.,'",

    loflra.terminati in s;-c) substanlii'ulquire arc Ia p\Dal runai


    plurar ca -'
    51
    ru
    brht:, vt'ss sVin .'i 17okt acerali fornn la
    ai
    "''""."r"f"
    la siDgular:
    lhree ,rd.e of Pn.s{!rl's
    two r.ors or pen.ls

    ' -\ se

    .-;

    o..pail

    i:, . l" 1,:

    tJ

    t",

    scvcril ,ole or oien


    at

    r"

    rJ :r

    Ju i

    "

    t
    "an"

    d^?n

    'acl 6

    Fr cE!

    rlv

    Y. NUIIER'{LUL
    (TEO }TULTIPLICATIID
    1) Detiri,tie. -

    Nxmelalul

    241

    DIsrBBUrrv

    S 1290

    }IL-LTIPI,ICATIV

    NUIII]NAI'

    multiplicatil'

    OII' }TULTIPLTI]Ri
    arate proportia

    in care cresle

    q 1291

    o cani,itatesau se indeplineqteo aclrune'


    resl'ulnumerallormulLr2) tr'onni.
    - Cu excepliaprinului numeral
    "-;l:,"-";
    .Jai'gr"a'-"" sufi:rul -/old la nurneralelecardina]e;
    p["";i";
    single. dou|le /so, t\tolold), irille

    l'nfold'
    fsad treblc' ihrcelold' lou'1old'

    a huD-

    formele laiine:
    Cu func!,ie rlc adjecti!'e sint lneori tnt'rebuirlate li
    quadmPle,quintrllc, serl'uple scptnplt' octuple' elc

    numaiin siilul $ 1993


    Ca adr.erbe,lormelet'erninatein -lo&l se int'il cscastdzi pin;
    ;ti;ial. ln lnnba curentn,le au roFtlnlocujLe
    n,"";: t";;-;
    tiBes' a Inndr'd tim's {as
    onoe, twi.c, tnricer .saa .threc time!, lou! times' te!
    g.ear
    rc
    as
    nanl.
    l'
    as
    muclr,

    ( 1293)'cu exceplia S 1291


    Numeralelcmultiplicativedin aceasteultima grupx $
    ,,",'"c,rftrlc4,setormeaznpunindu-secu.|intulri,1'r (: on)
    o"i'r"ii.l"al,"*
    dupi numralulcardinal.
    sau dc .{ 1291'
    3) Functii. Numeralui mr t'iplicativ are valoare de dljtli'
    atL.,erlt.0J'eiti !i .le rdbsldnli':
    T he snilra qF lrrl a 'lo r D'

    |ot t um

    iiljl

    1r,';l
    ;;; i,l'9j; ,,. .. ,
    l;ll
    ""i"-l lr i,f',':l;'i
    l r\/ a o r' '
    ir 'l'
    ti tr i - Lr La'
    \i ,,; r t hr , , 17" I U L r' r (\u h s ri
    r& r" rrb
    l' ,
    s" r"
    " n'
    '

    $ 1t96

    'lI. r-UMIIR,\LUL DISTIiIBUTI\'


    (TTTtrI)I STIUBU'flTD NT]III]RAI')
    grupe egale d obiecte'?:
    ]i nnrcrnlut ttittributir arotiL repartizafea in
    1r '
    oreaL rr; ".
    "r.in
    ' rlip'
    . 1h, ".
    bj
    "
    o, bv or'". r* , bv
    pl'
    ds
    dJ
    '
    n'
    ov
    L"
    .,- u ". tt 't'"
    .. : nt r nJ , , . . I p ilr . r , . i .
    ;1 i;-,,,,,.
    . b..
    '

    nr '|
    "'
    i i ,.,r" t r " ,
    ' n l rr' " ' l o, r ,, j l
    i ;:. r , . ' . i iy .
    9
    ' i \ n ' h:h
    '
    r' n
    "
    r
    '
    "
    .
    "
    J ' \'
    o
    '.
    i "',0
    ,..'
    d
    a
    J
    n
    tn
    nJ
    !
    s
    cr.i t ' , 1
    f s dr " \' .v
    .a , b r tv .! o ,o \F
    ,i .' " .
    .
    I.; t , " ;
    ,, r \ ds d t a ' 'P"
    l'il ,,i
    Shc ran do\Ln Dr.. r/4r {i a mc'
    \t'-" N.re sivcr /lr4 fouos edr'
    Tnc.e lt.ni ionr sfotrls oI str der 4"'

    r Le pr'
    L' r' l r' '
    ' I- to:'

    rJ

    rd' r r

    ti " ' t

    l Ntrmerahl ,irl.t cste .ar nrhcbDintat tn ii'rba cu'cnti tstc inlocuiLprid Dnnre'alL't

    'i""

    j?;""

    s",t"'"ti""rl'.,i I !)

    AZ

    s 1297

    VII. NU}IEBALUL AI}YERBIAL


    (TFX ADVBBBIAI NUIIIIiAL)

    s 1298

    Nuneralul adverbial indeplinette functia de ddrrD qi arard:


    a./ lrecventa sau periodicitatea unei acjiuni;
    D/ locui ocupat inir-o serie:

    S 1290

    a t at".

    tti',

    t ha" t , M . . - at h- ic ; h 8, , t . n"s . a t t u d - d t i n " . .


    os a. r , t ". p o, [ ^t t os o. t ik ] . c r , :
    . P"opt , 5 Couo. i' r . r r h: t d o i r a r n . r e r t r q o v . a r s .
    Th "l".rion s to f
    Uy .l'iJirpn .s"J r o I . av p un I : nCUlh t Fs s anr n r @ I . p , a ; p p t i . '
    I I' rv" ro l I Jn u a hu, d4d t i@ , not u go t he r e .

    Notd.
    Oncq twicq threetimcs eIc. Eint ti numeruIenulti) licdt;re. Deosebireadiatre numralele adverbiale ti cele multiplicative std-io inl,eles:
    Ozcbitten, ,at.d shy.
    [On"r ".1,r.rr..,1 adverbialpFltru.a arald frc$Fntd atiiullii. r+rce
    oste numeral multiplicativ pentru ct aratd mssura tn care a ;esou; prudenla.l
    _S 1301
    , ,, rirsi.,lirsily, sccoritly.utir.lly, eigh y, etc.,in rhe iirsr (or second,;hird, riiln,

    S 136$

    e i c.) plac c :
    Ladi-"s lirsi.l Satetv lirsi.l
    Tle o,,lt, quesiiunsu,r rhp agcndaweft itfs,ftrl, ihe rotrre to be followed,s@.dtg
    ..
    th e DLm beroi m en t rr..q I. 1 o d l d ,4 9 th , tmn .p ufl ol th" Frp.di ti oD .

    5 1302

    ITItr. NU]If, NAI,UL NEUOTIR,TT


    (TII[

    $ 1303

    INDEflNITN

    NUIIER"I.L)

    Nrrmeralul nehotrrit eqrimd un nunXr nedelinit de obiectes.Numerale


    nchoii!lte sinL urmatoarclel
    :p! " ' dl a oa !. /o i h- 1, s an
    u . ", , 1 d . , o t o '\ , ,
    -.
    troacr . a Beotle.ad tnnalt',
    i4pntqr, .Ir.
    S&trdl oi the bo$ in the school had Fo! scliola|shits.
    u!,-.|d n
    r s r . n. . L- gr i. ' . , , r ot adJ .
    lr'f4

    a t,d

    {c o t o . \ . J ,

    I shaU be lack nr a /e@ davs.


    T ,j n .r\" | , r' n dJ F 1t - t t ' s dr . ho. , t so a . m o n t i , s i o w ,
    A ru ab ,.afth
    pajdnr - r r d
    b. n
    t , o", 1 t o n . p 4 5 p n r r h d , o o p d r a r i v . a ,
    conleren,,c.

    A " out b al n i s p -p :l r,d J y i


    ,,t." ru ,. 4lo o/ lhe u , m n k -rp q ,1 i ri ..t $ o .k 1 5 .
    Itls of rreoprehad come to rhe Ineethg.
    l30l

    ,.r' t.

    l -' or m A lpdp " in 3 ,r,rc


    u n o rJ d i n trc d .p s re nu.ta" al " , \ anump: (harl
    tg a"ol pd4
    n u .h f u) 1; t t |" .d
    d B , o l o t (o l o v .), 1,,{. r/pnl r/ ,prveso l a exD ri ma r.a . dnr ir ; r ii in" t.t
    , c z u r n ,rm ,l o r d " mJ t" ri i l a u al .i bsl r;ti vel or absrrsi te:
    yo. hd\ no iJ " 1 t" o ,ttu u .r..r.i p rro n s . h a \d roti + r,.d.
    Th" r p wr . v r r . n r" n ," 1 trr i i ,t" a ,d o J .
    A / t lllr ' m oneyg o ,: a l u n q Bd r.
    Hn . dd 4, , . i_b s t o j r ,,r t,-i ,t r,. a 1 t .p - o t r .5,..
    T .

    l,ol

    ',1|

    o !p 4 t

    e .,a d d o l a t

    tr a + .

    A lo, ol iris assuianoewas du. to ihe su;port his conrailcs Aare him.
    r,nrt.,

    estc dcsuet, sau lil.erar_


    s t . , ! r s idr r at e
    'rfo nn a fiatla
    Sc^ s e rdn ,ri .r l l3 , l
    4vczi si
    b8s .
    $ U{1 ,08; '

    i t;;tJ;

    u ;";:",i;:,,/p

    I \ czi
    r i S 0! 2, 2 5 4 6 .

    pr et ioc d.

    J'p,i
    (e , 2 8 5 ).
    ".m'rd,co.. ' iv{ o o . d o u a

    ?43

    Sens nehotdrit au ii:

    ii"i''i'""iliii"'f*;ai.;le,
    aprorinalie (rzi S 130tj):

    etc) insolitede cuvintecarexpdmd


    colectiYe

    Wc stopled there fo. o'olt t'"nig minntcs


    D) nuneralele (cardinale. colective tc ) care erprini

    r
    s 1308)

    S 1all5

    ciire nari (rezi

    to the meetinS-

    Thcv came in nudlelr

    FOBIID $I CONSTR,UCTIISPECIAIJ
    qlnost n.artv.sor'' S 1306
    1) A0rorimxliaouorcd.i s, ":*frirr; prin: |ltaut.
    d "aupt'',
    tnotd.!.ndd
    oplrr
    .lneal,erc
    rcuthl
    1iA".
    o
    oLout.
    lJ
    son",
    kq.
    rhrne

    prrn srrrrxul
    t rlo: "n . o n . ut 1! r u. t no, . th r' r' o r n Ptr-. s a u . i n ' " 1' rl l l ]rnrl rar'
    -irl adnugai la numralele scurte:
    lve s'alked zror,/ua.iy a mile
    tw -n " tv n i n u tp q Io o k i n s rot a rori - .
    i' ; ;
    ; : i- , i; " '
    N i l l ' ;' [ s o a ' rn i rs i i d tq o hL' dred I i
    er Lili- i" r , . " i
    Slie was manied src fiYe Yearsback'
    o D " r i i !" p ounds
    ir iL *r r . o' L tti n s n ' " l i t"
    papdr
    ) l?e a{ lt " . a n d i d a l ,e s h a d a l re a d yfi n i ' h Fd15P
    (1Fq LIF I' ay
    t laur hhtA t pN ,i L o t" l r! L ' n o l l -P 3 !d i P n ' "
    suror
    l $ p trrv th o u s a n do d d l -r0 0 00 bi
    r s , " . *i" iil
    LFvd
    n dr: l n l ' r p :o ul"ro
    i r u ! ur
    1 j1" br r d t or il l $ " n ' v o d d U ro trs a p
    ! . , u, le l- . ilr\a ) o l o u f mP n a l n d a \d n rD q' ras$
    p a l 4" pn 1rutr
    t lr dv ' rlold io r d o F 6 o l i i m " s n o f l o
    ln is \ n lih p h a d p u b l k h o 4 N \D b a f d o ' n l ott po^K s
    o
    lnev t ir r l b" b a ' ! i n a dqqur" otrir ^ru
    i p 4ror l p a rn J o .r
    ; n * ta n tn ' i q
    iii
    -' .ad" ..
    or , v ' ,i , . no. l, ,0 mp ro .l d ' u d d y o n a n 0 !n L
    jin,
    c
    .h
    ..
    r^ :4 ' l 4 tn
    - \ \ i, - l
    '
    -h, | { n
    se
    xprjm;: aeer' marc than' dntL nore'
    eifre
    2) Depitirea u ei
    //o/rn.le)
    ahorc. u|,"a s (of) en.:
    Ile is ote. sirlJ
    ,qhelost ordr tilenty pounds in weignt.
    \ u, n- r " ar l h e fl .h i i . l ,b ti " ) 4 u " ' dp _ n o ur'
    oF
    on
    r l a , " 't;k'o r d .la t"n 5 r L lp t' r fl s l' r l h
    ' i' r
    ' e i ;i . o l i g ti u d D o P r' rh " ' r' oi r'
    6 n a 6 ' a ld n
    i
    s
    Tnf

    s rr v

    bn

    \ l3O7

    or'

    ''
    ipi.,a"' r ' ]d
    of t*o minioninriabitants
    ii'i*"i-ii"t ii"i"
    cul inrPle S 1308
    3l Dmrimareacitrolormn netletiDitese tai'Fintrebuitrlindu_se

    h,tn,1"d.riousond,n''tttodt,nttt;on.doz"n..or"pl' .,rppra'pdalcdpnumprJrP
    qi de celemai mulie ori in forma lor de ptrral:
    TIct F.nt iu /,endre.ls lo the conlcrence
    H t;rea : .n d ' t aLs d- dr nJ r h' l
    r al ' " r o s r r m .
    'j;";"";i'
    "d hPappeJ l r '1 d \ I o r l d
    'p" r , ' s olds s r g
    ''/l tt.o u'"to !: na YO o r n r ur r m ong"t ' :
    4 th"u o.d rqa]'o:i : A th'""and l nr'
    o4a lhin- s lo r l' ilu
    I n a\d o rh ur t r l4nd

    ru,addror .'.". n',,

    /
    ' p r ise"..j,;;,lt:;,ti
    n r c s ! l !.a cP co n"*
    Tl(
    o ' ttfir s
    l llm
    d a zPn l"o ' <
    I na\c m'
    th d i4 4 lL IJ
    n "lo "" r h
    fh;v fP l lf
    ' a Ps
    ini g lor L
    $ p i l rd

    @s or p,orr.

    orm
    r"'lga.l
    la
    i" ; o * or n .-.' t
    They had ioitrcd the cooperaiive it ereat numbets

    r a nyria.I :

    zece mr.

    ^P o i 'd L o n 'r r '

    214

    S 1308c

    4) Plusuls u nirusul fa,ldaleun nunir dxt se e\prinri asifol:

    on. (t,o. tt|ee, cta.) ko ,tun! t: t,c\) nlui (doi. |Iei etc.) mai Dnll, trntrl {doi. lrei
    ci c.) in r l, , s l
    ane (nb tu, elc.) ko t4r l-. l.n) unul (doi, t.ei ctc.) mai pnlin, wnl (doi, tli
    eio.) ln mrnusl
    lhcre js,ne ligurc ra. ud,r to. a lhone numb.r.
    llr

    $ 1309

    g \F In

    i'

    Iillin "

    r o o /.r .

    5) Iorme ialiomntice. A se obscrva urmntoncle forme idiomatice:


    14, ,tr, on. (: pdnntioull
    set nd best I j de lort-A zild')
    (eorocv.) Hc's fire foat hnlhins. (:

    $ 1310
    S 1311

    S 1312

    exactly live loot ialll

    6) futrchuinlnreaconjureti.i "and" cu numcralele.- Conjunclia dnd

    rcr, rnt-^h i|| d d fFnrr, . Lor:


    a.) nunirul unifitilor de numirul zecilor cind acesLadin urmi esLe
    yecedat - dtt nu si urmali
    de primul ( g 1217 1218):

    a, nun drul unitn,tilor;i al zeciiordenumirul Eutalorsaual miilor ($1228):


    three hrndred dad onc
    cight thonsand dnl Utirtr iwo
    nine ilousand lou. budilr-"d dnlt fifi.y-seven

    $ 1313

    c) numJrul tracliilor de numirul intregilor:


    tso ard Urree qnartos
    a poued azd a l)alf
    li{c hon.s o,l lortv minutcs
    fou az.l sirpence liar
    tn eaftircd curentd: lotr dnd. si\)

    S 1e14

    Not d
    In senere irsiL. nu se htrcbuiiloazn
    conjunctia and ra snlcgo numnrul
    uniinlilor de nnmnrul subdiviziunilor aoostora ln (azLrl ini\urilor ale ciror
    denumiri difern de acelca alc subdiviziunilor respeeLive:
    \ po. nl
    l,
    l :n a .1 ' r ' i .. p o u r ' l nl
    n , no' r nd ' o rr '
    l i o n o ' rnI i ,, -.
    9. i] 0 ( nine lhir l rr) (re l .ri to r l a i i rtrp ,l i d b a j ol i ci al )

    S 1115

    flonot{
    tn Marctl Britanie
    100 pen. e[ pen s ]l 1 0 0 p l:l
    Iro n n ds l c rti i g l paund ' stJrr!] l rl nsl
    tserliid)t
    ealonre
    tu)neda
    t
    oihlf on, \
    .p rtn r.,.J l a
    d ' d l !- nl l l , ' onrl

    t/on.:

    l hi l

    lt i ! F , , ny I r r n ,l . f.o /o ^ .I
    r! twolclce I l^jrrt, two
    prnc.. f.,1,,r..1 l.wo l hi:l
    - ".

    a i$opcrDl

    ptc..

    I!1,!n4

    ra' '
    !9r,L.-"'
    {L a | ,,,,l. /s/ , ?! ) | quid f k $r ll
    ti, ttn . !10 i\. P G n, lq; r r . t
    !orrds, allala, fivr/i,,r/trventy

    t3.8t

    a^f iv . r / L n / t w . r l J

    po!nd n.ie,

    lhre potrnds .ighl,y two p.n.'

    'Sa\ hatf past nine ln litubr cnrentli.

    /rla,s,

    ,At

    1131C

    Monete
    tn StaleleUflile
    r00 ccnts lscnta] {100i) : I dollar t dclol (gt) (tun. : dola!)

    toi ten cenrs


    25c lwent]{ive cents
    roi }all i dollsr. fsia'81

    a nicke'l I nlkll
    a dime tdarml
    a ]ialf'dollaf

    a dollar ltll
    $r a doltrf, /ildDs) a bDck [b^]tl
    a riYe/ten/twenty dolla! bill
    $5, $10, $r0 live/ten/lwentY
    '
    dollaB: 1sla,r, rivr/tFn/l.wfltY
    S3.8! in.ee dolla.F iBhly_two cents

    TERBUI,
    *t'

    tit
    CoNSID ER A T I I G E NE R' { L E

    "

    t!18 25t
    131! 255
    1329 236
    {333 251
    t58
    l J43 158

    ndnhiliP

    i ".l i ,' o" . j' i' t r t r b rr rra n z ' rr\


    Di a l zd. . . . . r :
    ,: ,
    Prr,o a n a Num & l' r n f ' ^ u

    i'i-.i, J"i'":pot.i v'.b au\lia'


    -."
    -{srco1 .

    "

    '

    160

    CUNJUU\RI.t
    C . \ RAATERI S T I CI G E NE R A L I' ] ' '
    Inilicslji Detoitieo ..
    l
    Tituputi (ind;catieut) irirr\l
    l'ormo r eiltsle

    '.

    \_!RB
    CO,\JUGAREA SI]\[PL-{ 'q' LNUI

    iNSi
    13ii6
    t:6i

    260
    -.160
    161

    1368 26t
    136! !6!
    26t
    tS i i
    ltlGUL-\T

    ila dilt'za

    a0Dva

    '

    1it I

    ,64

    { 38rl

    iJ6a

    {3 8 1

    l6i

    DIAT]'ZA ACTIVtr.
    NTODLBILtr PT']RSO\'{[N
    I. Indic.titnl
    ?tc.entul snnPlu .

    ;. ; "i;",i',;'
    f,l"il"'".:;";'"
    ' lrl.: ,.-". .^: .;.
    i"j,J"',ii'i-;ip,''."',rr"ddu,"r"dindi.ar,niu' p'.?"1,,
    lll jl, i:^-1.;,,
    continur
    iiliJ,ii,lilii,lii;i;'Jiiili cr prezertut
    I're.:utul

    ,138i 96i
    1386 t66
    t66
    138t
    1388 !6t
    1110i !69
    :t0
    tI]06
    1t0
    {4 1 1

    1412 270
    .,]70
    MN
    ti o
    t\14
    74t1 271
    273
    tLlB
    7429 213
    7431 t74
    214
    t43!

    srm?ut

    Evet \i ,ct|, ftenn!


    | .i lo u liuni'
    -\ l!";b.

    1382 t65
    1384 t65

    adv r Lir lp d_

    1445
    \t 46
    1447
    14q8
    lt'35
    1461
    ltrii2
    1463
    1465

    t15
    211
    2i t
    2i a
    215
    !76
    277
    :78
    2i,
    2r9
    28tl

    T n , t ut t

    Dt

    r488
    t(8!

    !S 7
    i rst

    ' r4!4 :r88


    1495 :88
    119i 1 289
    1501
    l 5r2
    150?
    1l )l i
    1528

    290
    :9D
    :92
    ti 4
    197
    :99

    t110
    tlt0

    !0t
    S u l , j d,f ti! ul

    !.e ^ Jrt.

    l',
    T .t ,."
    : r , , r' r i.

    l tr,.l

    :'
    ln '.

    ' t5i t
    liit
    r i 5i
    r ti B
    tiilr
    liiio
    r t61
    1i 6U

    u a .s
    i
    r , ' . rir' .l
    r_ l '"s

    3ni
    t1,j3
    N 03
    iln'

    3U l
    3r)'
    1r6i
    i tr3
    1:,05 N l r4

    ,\ rAY . , . . . ..- .. .
    MI GHT

    ......

    sI l ou L D. . .. ...

    F orme .. . , . . , . .
    .
    .
    lnle l e s ..
    ... .
    I un ctr...-

    w au L D. . .. . . . - .
    I n i i i i livul

    ..

    Indicatirul .. . . .
    R cca p rtu ta r e- . . -

    IY. lmpcr&tiYd
    Delini!ie

    Iorrna ao0cntuati
    - .
    T ra .l n o e re. . . . . . . .
    Sllicctll im!{rl,in]ur..
    Nnrniaea iulerallvtrrur
    ]IODURIT,IJI]IIIERSON-{I,O
    I. rnfinitirul
    F ormJ ..
    .
    n 'dL' , J . I i,
    f . i; '
    't,
    T r rI r"rP..
    l un "l rr . . .
    l, , i ;ru , i' or np I
    ln :n l ."l . . 'lin r b : \
    ni '
    \ ru r'\u l ' r
    5 r b r d i ' " r p r4
    r -, ," .,,.tr. "
    al"
    i\
    '
    No n r,i 'rul ' u
    \ L o rl,

    1611iJ

    !15l
    308
    309
    309
    309
    310
    310
    llr

    1606
    160,-

    ll11
    312

    1611
    1614
    161i i
    1bI,"
    1618
    1619
    ' 1610
    t6t1
    !tzi l
    1621
    i 625
    l ttt

    att
    313
    313

    !
    1591
    15!'
    t5!3
    15!4
    1595
    { 590

    n r' ri :

    r' lr,'r''\rlu:

    1630
    ' 163t
    76tt,
    {6i 15
    t6t6
    10t,

    l t6
    31i i
    3li
    31?
    31t
    318

    t6t8

    3tt

    163,.1
    1640
    16r3
    16r6
    16Li
    1658
    1666
    16ri 7

    319
    31!
    t19
    :l!0
    3rr0

    l(itii
    16t9
    16.q3
    1681

    n t alr \
    | ,i .
    "'rl
    II. ta icipiul .
    Caatilialii seletutc

    314
    314
    314
    3l ' ,l
    31t
    3l i
    31i
    315

    16Sa

    3r:
    31rl
    :126
    Jti
    328
    3!!
    3j1l
    3j 0
    t30
    3t1

    ?6ti.it i1n $t\b.l)


    llama

    tn 'ing

    '1 6 s 9

    ucn n m'rc_. . . . . , . . . _.
    'Iinil.

    Djatczi

    P ottait' ntl Pt.z nL

    1691

    Ee tun' 1i! \ l

    .
    O .l, r)gldrie ...
    Particir)iul t.ezent + ger n n d i v n l..

    :l rt
    331

    t:t2
    .

    ..

    ltilti

    r33

    L'd.ticipiul pre.eat

    Caracter 9i lun4n . . .
    {F rb .. .
    A dj' .' irel"

    I,"u \"n r. dr n p"r |dpr r

    pt dz pnr !

    :1

    Conshuclii !a.ticiPjale

    ru p'lr Tip ' r ' '


    .\.!/ari\J'
    \on:nali\,.1 .r 0d rL
    \ominativul alsohrt 'Pr u

    . .

    aisohl

    l'nrlicilntl

    i
    1100
    ti 0l
    1i 02
    1109
    . _ t7r4
    17{i
    t tt6
    7721
    7,.2:l
    t1!t
    1,426
    1i l 7
    17!3
    ti 37
    7i 44
    ti 4i
    1.1l ra
    1750
    171\

    G.rtullirut

    F o.ml .. .

    -.

    ..-

    a Trr" l' ri. l 'I i iu n.'ri


    \ 're l, ' !ii
    I un. ir sin l r.l1
    r rrrl' . rl- :i !o-'iva P
    "q rmrS
    (nd r\ul

    Lierundi!al DPrlect
    l nt i,Lii r. Pa .tiuilix !r z nt

    Jn' t : . : r

    |;au

    It3
    7136
    113i
    ti t9
    ti 6n
    1t61 3\t
    1162 346
    1t63
    1764 346

    l.o.nn. Diatezl
    1 n i ,.l c".f nnc lii
    ln i o , ,,r a t , 3, t l'iliulr r i I ' ri P .r c u l a rtrc rl rD l
    Pani.itiul pdsie - .- .

    SI}IIL;\ A U\UI

    Dcl i n i l i e . .

    DiateT a actili,............
    Di. t eza tJsir"

    -.

    1766 3n6
    1)-6i

    rr-68
    1t69
    3t1
    trir
    1t7t 348

    \-]!RB RI1GUL\T (IA diAtEZA

    1)i 2
    ri i t
    171tt
    | i ,.6
    1t80
    I/-81
    1t 82

    _.

    L, n "a i" h\ r "


    l .' r' n u l 4. ' , P oL
    .. l o .m{ren c onlr gi la s rl e
    ..r
    \.b
    ''
    :
    :
    ' om Dl.n
    r 1 r llFm ' nlc
    \f rbul xciiv
    'lt,u;

    "

    ti tT

    r'.,j,i ,iii.. o, ratoaredr ic,.i!

    CO\ JUG-\RI'],\ CONT]NU;\ A UNUI {ERE


    Canit t ldte d . a r t t n l d

    338
    3lr8
    338
    339
    340
    310
    311
    3'+2
    3t2
    iti:

    1i t4

    C' r r n' 1r !

    .t Dtt4d

    CO^-JUG\REI

    ,14
    334
    334
    334
    335
    336
    336
    336
    t31

    IIIGUL-\T

    (la diaLczaactiail

    3i8

    34il
    3/,9
    3i 0
    3i r
    3i 3

    l i 9l l

    3i 5
    1 , 1 9 6 355
    1195
    tJg)-

    3tn
    $6
    1 8 0 6 3i 8
    781)1 3i9
    1 8 0 8 ?ii9
    1 8 1 6 361
    365
    t8t6

    lr99

    ; ;;;j;*;";;;,;;;
    iil'## "i;"i.T,T;l#1'iii#;;
    !:T;ilti';,,'i":iil,$ill"

    !51
    !

    Formt lreevenbtirn .
    . .
    .
    Forml

    k , ,n .ri i

    T r d d -c" t P . .

    (1osithsrcs cotrjrgdrilor'
    CLniugar' a 5labd .
    Co n j ugd. ^ la t P
    Co n r ugarP dm xL A

    r'orbe r.gulrl. Fi rcrb' n'rerulilc


    Prln.i l sl .h ,Pr bc t r er r y ur trre
    C4 r o ti@ :

    ...

    3ni
    365
    36i
    ?65
    1832 366
    466
    1838
    1819
    1840 36,'
    784t
    1843 36tl
    ta47 368
    l 8rru 3i3
    r849 3i 3
    l s l g a 381

    tarl
    t 828
    18r9

    1. .

    oc.b.tarnercsltlltc \t"abe1i
    p,;";p"t
    ii^p",ii
    "t"
    Verb1.nrreg'Iale .ompr3c

    r-l,.la' rc ' ; r lo' P


    O b -, r' ltt
    ^npd
    Cibra absc\alii to.eri.e asuPN adbaa' nercSutnb ' .

    DNTRTTI] CATNGORII DD ITTiBTJ

    AUXILL\nD

    1850

    1851
    185'
    1856
    18,8
    I861
    1862
    i ,i 63

    3S 3
    38:l
    383
    383
    183
    384
    3E /r
    38i

    ' 1S 65 386
    1 8 6 6 386
    38,'
    l|l6t
    'r 868
    1869

    r870

    T O B!
    A. CoDjuseo! silnprn..
    Diokza a.tita

    18tl

    '

    1372
    18?3
    t8?4
    t8t6
    1380
    ' rN 81

    Fi , nr!ii . .

    Ca ve rb Dr inc ipal. . . .
    ca ve rb aiailia. . . . . . . .
    Ca verb colulativ
    . . .
    Ca verb modal
    lixprcsii idionatice..
    Ioniele .ontase

    1891 39n
    3!4
    1 8 9 2 394
    396
    1 8 9 i ] 396
    1860, 1867 3!;
    1 8 9 1 , 397

    '

    Didt.za actieil

    B. 0onjrg&3 conthun
    D hL .a tchpa
    C. Formcle ootrtrd$e

    388
    3rJ8
    488
    t90
    3!0
    390
    390
    l rl
    391
    392

    1889 393
    TO H-\\'Ij

    A. Conlug&et sinlti

    388

    ,'

    I t rn cti i ..... . . . .
    C., vcrb prinripdl
    ca vFrb anx r r r dr . . .
    ca v. ct mod dl
    .. .-..
    Verbul .,to hare', ti inrerogatii !i ncsa\ii
    D {l zero
    ,S ; lol"s'ir' J',r,1'iru l D O

    1S9ti
    3!8
    .

    'l90il
    19!5
    {9 0 6

    3!9
    39!
    3t9

    t!1il

    TO DO

    1914
    1915
    r916

    rdDclii .

    ..

    ..

    1924
    1925

    Cd Ycrb P.i.,iipal
    .. ,
    C" vcrb aux iu
    rlu; a ' 'i "n i LI T
    . , 11l"F "n
    Ci / u
    o r. r '
    l. l i i \ u dLpl \i rb I
    , ' oL_''
    l-o' m |
    I
    : .t;
    D O d o+ ' uJ

    1926
    1t2J
    1928
    1,)29

    tL vliltB]n,E DErri(lTlv!] IIOD,{I-E.... ..

    ...

    442
    LO2
    l u:
    403

    2074,2088, !02t1

    ]\IAY

    SHALL, !fILL,
    pr r n*e. .

    400

    ,t)2
    tga,
    1921 4!1

    TO LDT
    Funcl tl .

    p'q
    400

    19311 40E
    tgill

    ,'

    (I,) C ^ \
    Considdstii genBl.
    For m.
    .
    It 0, iu ri l pn n i r ' . r . or r Rlc
    : r r n' ltro n a r'

    lgllt

    /!03

    1t35

    405

    19/12

    r,06

    tlrril

    406

    Forrnel. con'lnse

    . . .
    P r onu n l rfe
    Intetusrlia !i rcgalia
    I un. ,,

    ........
    {-q:r{

    (II I C O U L D
    Considcrllii sL{enlo

    1!ll5
    11J!6
    t!5?

    S lud i r "o rl r' F lir

    (',{ {

    totl. l
    L at

    l- t

    To l|ltliAli[

    bt

    lll nt
    .

    |
    i" "

    tntt

    r,,

    t1158 410
    i 10

    ..

    t ur t.1 '

    1(]

    tLta

    .i .a\.xt'

    Tinturi

    Bn \BL1i

    CotlLD

    ll,\N

    4lrS

    l6 L L

    1902 410

    l n ..

    1' rt1. 11tr


    t!ri 5

    'l
    "'

    -tl'\tt,l.7o...

    ..

    ..
    \ ,rJ r' u rifl /f'\'f
    ir 'ii rlr .Ar-LI)
    l r-

    a,OOl-D in stilul irdif{|.


    Coniuqa.rr Inodduhi C.'l-\
    ti .onditionaltt. . . . .

    dc tftcu i. ,.. . . , . . . . . . .

    1!67
    1963

    1!60
    1!t0
    ti12
    ti i 3
    L91L
    \9i 5
    19ii
    1987

    411
    41r
    411
    4r2
    4\' -)
    t' 1!
    413
    t't3
    41n

    . O ( L D . Tn. r ut F im plu.r o trJ i l l o n a l p rP /" n l i r' contrastiri lractice)


    CANICOULD fi lnlmdilodi rNpcctiYi- -"
    BE ABLE TO. ' ' .
    MANCE T O . . . '
    I JSEI' M . . . . . .
    TAGET. . . . . - .
    ZERO CANICOULD . . . - . . . . - . . . . . . . . .
    . . B E,]IPP O S E D T O , . . . ....
    lnpcr.tli\'ul Poliielrr
    Co n cl u zi o. . - . (IIl .) II]IY /IIIG l IT
    Consiilerstii gencrnlc . ! 'orme . ..
    or r alr
    t i im n ' .5 n n aF
    U od L L ri luDjpeB
    F
    lnierogal.ia,"inegalia .
    1\l\Y
    luDo ti i . . . . . .
    htrcbuintare . .
    L]

    ! r\ rjd r

    mod1l

    u A) .ttlcHl

    .. .
    ..
    Fn r0 h . . .
    C'N]J,D: N'IGII'I'
    .r[1G9" : c.ndilional
    P rLo' rl J joo "'r 'i
    \:r' 'r fa .; ' l
    !rli;-ll ]'

    lr P' Ll

    llt .I i o r ot r lr u. tr n V l I

    (lv ) liusT
    ..
    Fo mre . . . . , .
    Fonnele comluse

    .
    /rFa (
    .! lll:r
    ML-sf in controstat 4-4tI
    rlt 'l io "not-.t ru \tf,

    ra
    (v ) ouGlIT

    .-

    ...,

    IntercsaiLa9t negnlra
    Fu n cl " . .
    C a vcr t au lilju.,.

    ..

    Cr ve rb m odal . .

    (vrL) s]lOUI,D
    Fxn.lr .

    . .

    4:10
    t' 10

    !0rt
    2ltl

    421

    a024
    !02(i
    202;

    1038

    .!2il

    t0/t5
    2046

    (t3
    42L

    2A4!

    !21

    2li2

    t!)i

    ti-r5j
    1055
    ,053
    1049
    206i

    12t
    i25
    426
    4:6
    416

    ,1168

    4),i

    !061

    4r!

    11:19
    ,0t1
    10r_! 429
    1rl 1i l r29
    v L l SfI \L L

    F of m lL

    476

    416
    417
    417
    41t!
    418
    41l J
    419
    419
    tL2O

    106'
    20611 L'-),.

    BU V:ARF . . . . .

    xIF:THl\Its ,. ...

    t99t
    1998
    t0o1
    !008
    2009
    !010
    t011
    20i 2
    ,013
    20'J4
    ,0t0
    !02{

    t06r

    llL.'t

    '11t.\ f

    (lu o r H . . . . . . . .

    !
    1989

    t0r,
    t0ll4 411
    2037 L' '

    ,J \ili"r"

    CJ -, r, " Ju

    -..

    !076 ,!!9
    419
    20i )
    :0i 8
    90711 4!9
    2080
    430
    !08r
    108(

    43i

    954

    {vrrr.)w IL L

    :088

    Lj

    43r
    431

    431
    43\
    432
    4,t2

    {rx.) woul,D
    Fu n cl i i . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . .
    C a \"r b p' in. ipJ l d" r c l v

    .... ................._..
    ,

    C a rux it iar m odal


    ,SH AL L ( S HO ULD) . W IL L l rtOU L D )......,\l te tn tr c luir t i. i

    .. ... ... .
    ....
    ...
    ......

    (x ) To rr\Fx
    Fo rme .F unc iii.. . - . . . . . .
    Ve .b lex jc al r egulat.,..,... .. .. .....
    Al xi l i a r dlec t ivm od a r..

    .............

    -. -........
    ....... ..
    ...... ... .. ..... .. .....

    (xLJ TO NErtD
    Fo rme . I nnc lii
    p\ i. c l t r L, z it r v rg L l a t
    \a b
    m od a l

    . ... ....
    .....
    .. ..

    .. .......

    {xIl.] usDD l'o


    ro"md ..
    Ji.p
    l. lele

    ..

    . T"Jd .i Prr

    I tL. \_ERBDLEREFr.t\tVt-:......

    ....

    Dp" inil: P ....... ..


    Trddunprp d o ir liob a .o 1. 1. i. . . . . . . . .
    A l^ ! . . b, rplp rivF t1 lr m bd . r 5 "/ 1. . . . . . .
    l v . \ F RB E LE I OVPl.CXC. . . . . . . .
    ..
    ..
    V ericlc co mple ae ou pa r t ic nli adr er biiu. . . . , . . . . . .
    \a L" lP p rrpo ziL ion al" .. . .

    .. .

    V - V ER BEL E I ] I P E RS O NAI,E SIU U N IPD R S O N ,\L D .....,... ... ......, ,....


    v L \ iERtsE CA RE S E CO \ FU N D I..... ...
    .. ..... ...

    tlo?

    433

    ,104
    2,Oti
    :,ori
    2rr4
    211a
    r1t8

    4t3
    43r
    414
    425
    433
    43J

    2t:24 437
    2r2i
    4X 7
    2126 4X ,2rg4 4A j
    21.1j
    2t46
    j' I4l sJ
    !166
    216)'
    2! 68
    1169
    2ti 3
    2lia
    2179
    2180
    t181
    ,l !t
    2192
    t193
    rt9i
    ' 196
    ,200

    439
    43s
    11a
    139
    141
    4tl
    447
    4t4
    444
    444
    417
    4t8
    4\8
    448
    448
    449

    YNR,BUL
    (THE VERB)

    GDl]anALE
    coNsIDEnATIr

    "

    $ 1317

    1) Dtinitie.- Verbul erprimh o acfiunesau o activitate' o stare-sau $ 1318


    .ri,i"ii".""p",lfir' .u''it*i"r"'" s"u modifi'ar"Jun'i lnsuiiri o a'irudinp

    .impliti.ar" n"
    leicri ln "onlinustp n'rmai
    Pcnlru
    -..
    'o1
    prin a'Fa'r0 si cclelalie notiuni
    rprb.'ubin
    dc
    un
    ori*
    "lag\nd
    "il,
    punct
    "t*""
    in definilia vcrbului la acesi
    cuorinse
    tranzitiY rorb inhanzitir. - Ve.bul poai li tranzitiv sau in- S 1319
    vrb
    2)
    -si
    trimzitiv
    ssrpra unul
    oJ verbul a .JrLi a' liunF sp 16"h1ngPnen,iilor;r
    a'l'
    lranziliI' ( TransitirPt
    nt
    dir'
    un obir.l, nuFil 'ompti

    Verb)'.

    M.g ts! ta1reil d', ga.den\\.e 30{ lIa c.mrng

    Frcd js ltriting d l.,l?.


    Tlrey ere enioXiDs d.ns'Ites.

    S l32o
    \:erbele tranziLive pot a|ea iliate.d po-tipd\ $1i74)
    obiecl
    esie
    asupra
    unui
    bl Yerbut a cdt'ui actiune etc nu se risfringe
    (Intran:itioe f erb):
    inttaixi\i\
    He rral^s slowlr'
    And i]liiv ll'd happilj cver alter'
    l S2 l i r6 r !l n i | .| r' l i .i !p
    \ crl ," le inp, t s onc t " a r u n ;l to n 4 l "
    | 1 br,.' rr ' InLr 0u nprpnr
    \'.rb le inir anz it ir " n u ru ,ttr' , :n p rt' d
    t r' anzi
    '''1ti
    i l c I E lJ 24- 132 8 ).
    \ e rb u l l r' rn z i l i t p o " l " ri i n l rpb i nl ar ssrl ' l ' i 1 i -npa
    r'
    " ' . ' l' " ur il.
    i rr" i nl N " ' d' ' l '
    l, ri sr ru " e r " s t r ins r r ' -p ra u r' ri o h i F rr' J D ^ " rF ' a_t' lrri pre"
    r' '
    n
    b
    h
    l
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    l
    J
    '
    u
    ft'
    '
    F
    ^d l n a' ar ' i '
    a, li u n ".. \, r bului, r u di
    " ;' u r'
    intranzitivt:
    veibul devine
    He sroodtlie mirfo. on a lablc. (Tranz)
    He s,oodthe.c siarins (lntr')
    llr $ a 5 l n r" tu rg I l o d r:i l l T ro m - l
    I s . r\rh i m p t;,r' ,6 ' d r n L s' a s i (Lnrrl
    l T .i n z I o
    ''llia/ / ' L o \v ri1 1 u . Ira ri r
    l
    L I il
    I ' dr
    .i rr'q
    ,
    ' ld
    '
    ". .
    l'
    ' m '" l l T 'r 'l
    1r, tRr ! r - l' npp r l lh r 0 o' '
    ls - n r r ' J d \ r l r r '
    'l - , m f t , m ", . l; , , r
    / r "r a. ; / ; t in dr - r alolr F r p '0 r r , r i :
    dpr it
    in l^ tn jt'J

    I-'n relb
    d) daed este urmat de un Pro unre rellexiv:

    t
    P:,fr
    i,""i,'i"tr";,
    r."u,,
    !1;H,",*,r

    s 1321
    s 1322
    1393
    "a

    s 1324

    s''u
    1,1;#
    il,1'J;s;ll^x""iti"'ij'"&!iJljiib'ui
    ,ff

    D) dacneste

    : Lnii x ,,ri ,o nsio"r t . "


    d "-t- in,
    r n mo, l db"o /"I,
    -oj.J

    v p- oul n ""
    lp Ln ob!

    6li. il- ali"


    trp .

    p r ' vern lranziliv Inhebuinlal

    250

    MORIOLOCTA

    _ !'EREI''i

    prepozi ia urmitoare se intesreazd atit de mult verlului incit devine o


    parttcald.I'erbdld.care transformd verbul din intranzitiv in tranzitiv:
    t:r.r r on, . y dseo. "s t u lp Dv nJ Do S D o . r i p a r k . I n t r . l
    'f1F t r al. ld i^ , . ; ' r / . . . x an: "n ed 'L i ; n s .
    rTranTI
    \\" s o, t Lns r ! an, r hJ d t s aDd$ic h . I n r . I
    \\" 6! l o. , ; oLr . . r pr r p, ( Tr dz .

    interJr.(CagnateObjrcr./( S2603), care reperi


    $ 1326 . , c, dari.ar un complemerl,lL
    roeea vernutur!.
    Ee was r&e rinf $it h on. c v e oDen. llnl. . l
    H.p \1 - !""p,n i t h" J . p ot ilr dan k ho l, dd d o n " d g o o d d 1 . v s $ o r k . ( T . d n z . ,
    Th" , h ld $ b

    s 132?

    lou"i; ne a Ldr py lau|h.

    Tt \ n t . t

    Nunreroasewerbe pol li uneori tranzitieej allcori, intanzitiae:


    II" to .u "4 inL a s or Ll' , , p t of . ho" r . oai". . l l r , D z d , t r L
    E\' ur.ro n a i.
    - " r aa t o r n gov on - r r d , r v . . T r d n r . D a . v ,
    'l-t p .d" no r,r'nt r' B
    r ' br \ t J m i. ; s an I oLr . I i t " . ,
    Tlr ,.sn "r ot , p pr dt d iun , ' o", t pd Li. t abo' ,r " r , v " n t d r d . T r d n / . i f l \
    ll"y
    u p." /, rj or - r ' "- "", .
    p6iv ,
    t t r r , ".
    'j-l F mb ' ),'nr
    HF
    ra -tiag har I I nr : is , \ am q. ' l t r .
    -o.
    Fred rpca&s Enslk]! iTranz. rcuyl
    Spanisjl is s?,ft.; a gie,ri dcal in Latin Am&ica. tT.an,. rasilt
    rle lookcd oD without sp44ii4s. (Inh.l
    He took her arm and besan rl d,aln her uD Lhe hilt. {Tr.rnz. activ}
    She las Ddara,n..t otl hei lcgs sholping toi tlc hotidat:s. (Trnnz. paiv)
    lle rds
    last. (Irtr )
    -dll;?scan s?d.? twehe pcolrte.
    Ti,is coltagc
    iTranz.)
    Slic Jldqs like a top. (Inl...l

    ! lB98 . . Uneleverbeisi schimbncu totul inletesuldupn cum sint rranzirivesau


    F a culalal:
    ,",i" I ll,iHir- ad lace
    i d e ,' .n .:

    She did uie roonr.


    - ot, Ihl t !.,t dr.

    She sar. me a prcscri.


    The dike ts atrtzs.
    I ield the |askcl in mr hand.
    Mr p.omise still /rld.J.

    ct,e{ llTni)
    'o

    t" h"rd
    { ll;iTi.)

    l( t r m z . l :a s D u n -" :
    ,^, - ,.,,
    ,
    liLr . . ' z .r : a D o \c i ti :

    '"

    Il-" rds l" tne the l,ruLl.


    lhe child;.n a sto.ll
    ;,\,,d.r .r:
    T|ci.
    nords bll.
    I i ,n r .r :
    ".,1
    | ( inlr . ) - a l i l i n l a v .a rc ae l r.)i Tlis rdlls in yotrr lavonr.
    I llr . , nz .l :a p u rl ,a :
    Slie atu (.d.i,s
    orlrilis.

    to r!.a. I llnlr.)
    I

    ldasrr.e1in!J
    a trcce i.cct:

    The nighl

    ds

    S 1329

    r.d/in6'

    lo ib end

    3) Diatezir (Voicel.
    Diatcza este torma pc care o poate llra un -i'erb
    pe.nLrua arita raportul dintrc subiect qi cornplementul direct, exprimat sau
    subinl,eles:
    { 1330
    al subirutul gr:mati,al lonte tndeplini actiunea exprimarl de verb
    (dnte
    otti
    -+ctirt l'o;ce):
    I rd.n Dnglistr.
    She rr.r nrr.
    ,l subieolul gramaticil poat sufcri acl,.iuneaexprimati do 1.erbsi indeS 13,11
    piiniti de conpLement\l d.i.recL(diarezapasiad , P^sioe yoice)l
    I n,asrdagtrE glish ar school.
    Shc /d.s lur

    (lJ

    n,el.

    rUDii art.ri ljonsid.rn vcrbul tn accasHsjtdrlie inirlnzitiy.

    CONSIDtrEATtr CINERAL!

    257

    rJ subiectul gramatical poate in acelagitimp indepliii 1i suferi acliunea S 1832


    r\primatn de verb. carein acest,caz se nume,sreftrb tcflexie ( Refk rcftl))11
    I

    ?. t.

    1l t:|t:1i

    a-.. t. _'"J1.-..t|.

    4) Pelsoeni. l{umir. Timp. llorl.


    S 1333
    pe
    a) Persoand
    Persoana
    este
    lornla
    o
    ia
    \.erbul
    care
    f"drson./.
    S 1334
    a
    arita
    cn
    ac,tiunea
    ste
    tndplinifi
    de
    cel
    vorbe$te
    (peAoana
    1).
    care
    fenlru
    de cl cdruia i se adreseaznr.orbitorul (persoanaa 2-s) sau de un ali. obiocLl
    aninat sau in8nirnat(persoanaa 3-a).
    (-\ruD0). Numnrul estelorna pe (are o ia rrbul pentru Sl33i
    b.) Nundr
    a arita dacn arliunea exprimati d cl nrc un singur autor (nw Ar singuLar.)
    sru nrai n,urli (numdt ptutat).
    c) TiDLp (lense). l'impul ara|; momentul sau perioadain care s S 1336
    potrece actiunea enpdruatn de verb. Gnnaticr englezn.ca li .rea romeni,
    ounoarstetci,,timpliri de bazi"' ( Prindxl T1trscs)3,pr,:z.nl. h.t)ut -.i riitor.
    Pe lingi aceasi,a.verbul mai poate oxpriua si nuanle ale tinpurilor de bazi
    cu ajutoml timpurilor perlecte, nunile Si ,,timpuri secundare" fJecondal,
    Tcns?::l). (A se redea Conjagarea, g 1354)
    d) Motl (Mood). Forma yerbald care arati nodal cul]1este conceputii S1337
    acliunea exprimatd de yerb este numiia nod gramaticaLIn gramatica engleze
    se l-orbette delalra moduri: indicativul. subjonclivul, condilionalul 9i imperaln principiu. acliunea rprimatn pri! inl.icaltu este reale, sigurn; prin
    subjonctia,iJea16,presupusn; prin cond.iliaml. conditionatn srr dodtn; p n
    inperulir, parn|ciLe sau sugerati dircct:
    I rp.aft XDglGh.(lndii,rl,ir)
    r'is ri{h Lim"\o., p,A?Inq.b,,.i!r rn m.,,1i.," .. -..ion, iv)
    |^ "art,t spp.''tt'iE.,.n it h" ^""rd. ,.on,tiliunat,
    ^i?rdl English at Ionr lessonsl(Ituperativl
    -\cesta patru moduri sint numite nodari pffsanale (Finit. Farns), deoa- S 1333
    reco forne,lc 1or sint,legate de persosne.l)e lingi persoani. ]nodurila personale
    au numlr. l,imp, aspct, diatezd Ei sinL pnCic.Ltire. adici pot loma singure
    Dredicatulunei DroDozitiiI 62:llr.
    '
    tl rt:r' rl' .ro,lu"ilip.rion. l". I'r crlnJri.a engldri re"bul ore;i/or.'r" t l:t:19
    in,t r'nnatc(Nun.F;ni1,Forn' ol u I ptl, |\r I tLrl!).ar. nFfiild Ip!irp dp
    parsoane,sini inwaritrbile.EIe corespundmodurilor impersonaledin g.amatica
    romene li sint urmntoarele:
    inf;,nitivnl, carc denume,steao,Liunea,slarea etc.. o\primatn de verb;
    pdrticipiuL prezent,oare aratl o acliune in desh$urare ori o siare in curs.
    erprimlnd verbul sub forma de tnsusirelczultatd dintr-o ac,tiunesau arntind
    cirounlstan,ta(de mod, de timp, de cauzi cto.) in carc se pctrcce acliunea
    verbului;
    qt nd,irul, ca.c denumette ecliunea yrbale;
    1. , grama 'rJ ,.1 !it/,,
    I a. 1, ". , , , uiLt "/ 1r p t p . i . i - . i J " 'd p t
    ii .,o". 1' l,mbii roma np _, L l. n . P. li. , a" r r "f \ . I n pr \ inr d u F . r r d r " , l " a 'r m i " i .
    r S ens crn na Lirn l l$ 21 .
    . {,.r' mr,Iil.
    J. L;,
    m on, nr u \ o r b r ; , , b m ' n u n F , f dpolr r , l J , i l- . l.
    p + - r nl. ' r F_. p' , ni, . ' . m o m p n , l . p \ r {i " . " .
    ti . , 1 ,' , nu" , dtiso lur-. r..;,no , i
    I . . _ , l n r r d a!a f . _" 1 '"
    r o p o " , u1 on dn r p rdrd rr , r ' 6. ! r s au
    '
    i
    ,..
    t
    r
    , , : 'j .
    l, li
    t . i : - t t r hr . t ; . "
    ur.,."os,o".. > i I n. . { od
    nd

    958
    de tnsulire rezultat5
    parliciqiul treeut, care exp me verbul sub forma
    dintr-o aclrune:

    p""."']
    i T:,,:l;ll'ill:;lli"l'-I"
    +:"r,5J"i
    jlir

    i;"l'l:;:'.:;:o"ili"""Iiu..*. ""
    -,4
    \ l S40Fo rmFl FnF p- r s onalFn u .d rrp p rq o q n a ' a ' r' n u ma r:i ' i ' tnp' t!i a' l i r'
    il.:

    "

    "'"

    i:i

    j r i mo no'l
    s ip s rrr' rp rdprr" r" n r3 n
    'idioi"z' iarinlin it iv u l
    t SZ5r '1 ,..r 0;n
    sr a rpoc , .

    rerbul poate ii pnn5l Vorl princip: !i Yerb suailiar' - Dupd funclie'


    cipal sRu au) iliar'
    v''6l rp ir'Lcl"sproprirrrsi ' re
    al t'*b
    t,rin ipol t.Th' Pt'n";pd\
    { l34f"'
    ,,rbul rurilia' l' formdrrr'n'oJurilor\i c li'"rpurilor'on'lusp
    "1u,",',:l"
    The housew6 to ld'
    '

    I ndoea son
    ihtv ore at ttie ptav'

    \ f lt l

    Sho dtd the room'

    torl l cl ar
    rrui r' 0
    t , ) V , r bt t t au t;ti o r r tl e A .u " ti u F t I rb r uj ura l r " on'roral
    p'
    our.i
    u
    ti i n i 'r' ' :l ' r
    ' 1u rsi j i rl :
    !e rb ale. om pu' e. l rrn a ' F a e ' | 1P' ;;;;J

    germooreo

    l,:%i!!"i;.

    0"r,,.r', \'li,'":l;i" '-;:


    !,'1")i"10:'*i

    ii::j" li,lii'il;:'li'l-:-'
    i" nntoo'r r"u:

    N ar d
    Totrte auxiliarelepot fi ti l'erbe principale/lexicale'

    s"*o
    """,11.f"n1,1'.J;i.T::'*;;fliiii'"x""J'i*".iJiJ
    Din punctul de vedereal dura!'ei8cljunD
    n,A r P.

    a) Aspecrrll

    \)erbclor'

    erprimar".v'rLcr" r i"nnlrr1n,/r'r
    ii'_|,i"']i ,"^",,**us
    d') \Pfbe cu caracter o'nr
    [ 1J11

    ' '''

    A,p.a. pain..

    ;'-:1Ti':1i,1'ri
    ':'"i::
    l,*ii;tt;;i;-lil;l;j;r:ll
    ':i::;;;il
    ei:
    ninnrii

    lslclJ' care eril)rlm*


    a"/ verbe cu caracierdrrdlio (y erbsof Dutdtiec
    d1315
    "
    acliuni sou st;ri ce dureazi:

    1':$"1'* i:[::+

    A 1ir16
    '--"

    i:]i:1"* f'"T;

    csre au taraoter
    d"') verbe cu caraclerdubtlr (Verbs of Doable AsPe'l''
    da
    cotrr'\r:
    sru dura iv 1n fun'{i'
    -n^pnrin

    *T),,r"*"''r
    tl iii"",#;"il'""Ti
    i;,1'i;i?'i:l
    I l?a fd a n ois c ( Nom ent J n)

    !iii"i".? iiin ri" | 'sonsto' {n ho - " rolv nu"di'


    He srorrel shorr' {Nomenl'nr
    rrur '$^ dJrs Durirriv)
    ii;:;;fi;; i'i l" '!irras'

    gmnr'i i ' J i 1' bi i ' J gl r/'


    *r ' mo l i \ v Prb u lp ti r.;rs l ' ' ." u n porirumi l i r auri'i'-r
    r"'" "rp ri1.''r
    ' r - *"
    i"
    '
    )
    i))i.i'l i.iii,ii 1""r;''""uriiii
    " ^bli
    p \rd"'"t"'"r
    l i ra t rbpl
    \' ?' s r:{u
    m"
    di
    r"
    '
    r'
    '
    u
    t'
    4
    rn
    P
    t!)
    ijai' iau^ r ! An
    i"r"tt
    j ioi"
    '': i" " a ajungc lntr'un lunci'

    CONSDIN^TII

    CENIIALE

    Ob se r a. L! { e
    Lrnele rerbe lii schimbli caracterul din durativ in momenranl prin adnrgara part;culei advcrbiale sau prepozitio ale care le translormd in yrbe
    .orn p l e \p . ins i. l1nJ u s " . o . t" l c ..i p r" i n .,l u tu l u i . .ti ' .i rrl i .Ju rezut arui -i
    a . ! ru n rr o r i s t if lr p\ p m a te .
    1os.t
    (: a der.n'r ldlrrativl
    10s.t u!
    (: a sc s.ura) (momcnraDl
    (: I ii cnlcat, a znce) [duraii'r
    b tie
    t. tie &\\,r
    1: a se c!i,,a, a se n,lnidc) (!roienra.)
    t o, nal.
    (- a l a c f) l d ,' ru ri v l
    (: a lusi) ituomenianl
    ta nat'r off
    (: I sed.al ldu.aiirt
    ta si.t _
    10s . t d. oqn
    1 :a s e a re z r) (rn o n ' e n l a n )
    to stdnd
    l: n sia h ricioar) l,tr.ri.irl
    to stand up
    1: a s. saul. in pi.ioa.c) (monenirnl

    \- lg4?

    fo s;t do, v n. t a t or d u p a u u n -o ri -i In ,J l -q L l ur.ti r (r-Jp" .ti r a scdad.


    o s t a i n fi .i oar r ) ln t u. r,!i p d " ro n te \tt o rl o n 4 .u p ral /,/ L b0r sdu bul el
    la care se mdnlnci stind in picioare); a stanrl-up ieal (: gistare luafi stind
    1 ))
    s p p, t t , u l f - o r,m e L o r u e rl a l c . trIa j o ri tatea fornetor {erbal e
    ,
    _A
    or n rl mo a e ngr c z a at r do u a & .p trtP,
    h') aspcctal perfectio (The Common Aspcct or Perl ctive,4sr..t).
    care
    c\ D r i md .liun" a i- s iF i d v " rh u l u ;. F 1 i -i 4 ,n a u
    " " noLi Inad da rl Li rara qi d"

    S L3{ 8
    .a1849

    b" ) aspectul inpetfectie (duratie nn nnLinu.ttiv ) (Itu Cantinuous ot \ lJiO


    Prc'-r s';r, A s p*' ) . . s r c a ra l / .d a , l i ,rn F a v a " b u l u i
    ,n , ur. .1u .b se
    " st"
    r e petd .
    Acestor doui aspecte le corespund doui forme de conjreare:
    . ) ftnjuqar.o sinpla (lhc Simplp ConjaEat;on) cind A0liunea verbului \ 13il
    .
    I g, hon-" And llc do$n rvhrn I olz tir.d.
    Shc nas s/P?r\di.
    I saw t,. .onz in.
    ThrX ndd tud such lrnl
    con.tinud (Th. (ontinuons
    .c").conjryarca
    oind acliunca {erbuiui este i'nperiectivn:

    ot prclrl'.ssit)e Conjalation)

    | ltiJz

    'What d. ron.r,inAr" "I am t.Liins at t.hencH jfr air linpr..'


    t hp ho b, . s l " 1 i ... | ,r ,1 i .. .r
    Hr ho. t t , \ r" a d " A rl | l " r-,
    ,..
    HoN lorg iar yan bkt
    tchiaq cotds tjke this? (R.t.tililel

    A t e n l ie

    ._ \un'"le te.anjutor. "au lonnt pn"ta:ri F.re i'lp"opri,r.,t"odrp.c il


    limba romdna .progresivtrr"umn, !..ir! .r,,./. sau sFd. /. ar, i rFDtt- roDu!
    r :r"s,r. .mr re nu e nazulaii. Fo|ao,ontiiua
    nLm"tpinLtj.Jr,tn limbl
    englezeb bc in lrrgrerr insemnind a fi in curs,"tr"
    in d(:s.fd.turarc,
    i.n Mnti uare,
    de unde:,.lrogress;re".
    t Ve.belecomplxeou oaractd nnmait.rr pot delcni dnrnrivc in htn.lic de cornrt.
    lt*

    S ljb g

    !00

    CONJUG.\REA

    s 1:l;t

    GE\DRAI'tr
    C.TITAOTUIiISTIOT
    1\DIC,\'1,'ll\1trl 0Dtcli

    S lil'r;

    1*!F*$*ff

    i1;,
    ffi.u+;.{i*rrr,1

    ig*$fitffil"xi'fst
    TtllPtrRt
    I\t)l c \T l \' Ii i ,

    ! 13;1i

    s 13t7

    Gn,Ir rrczeDl{ttui
    T i m D u ri l r' .onP us'
    au ru\iliid,l h !tu:flt
    l i i tor

    1
    i

    Im*\

    I
    tig. 1

    'L i r I L
    urLlrrr
    '1 ,
    , r u , r r r . i t j .t I l d t . d "
    f_i!tor ti1n, tlr lrtIl

    \ili,r n"Tt,r,ttrli

    i:61

    Aneliza fig. 1 lqi 2


    Conjugarearonlini este un sistem eentratin Drezent{ver; Fi{. 1). pcl,Ltu
    F\primarFr lre, u'ului tal,l dp p'"rpnl. ronju'tar;x romdnJ arF-trFi rin,puri
    tl.tutrt impc4-lut. ppt[,"tut\inptu ,i I,"4..tt l ,ompu:. qi ,rn rihp rniFrinr
    a' P.lofai m4t mult ru p"r[ ftul. Pentru prprim"rpr rii'nr-lui
    romind are atitorul Ei \In timp alterior acesfitla. oi.itorul anttior. "onjugrr.r
    Uonlugxreo$glczi esl,eun sisten construit pe doun aft DarulLIci\ezi
    Fi:. 2\. cisl.mul F6tpoJdr pc rlouj t;npuri: pr .b oplr.p pr...ntu! ( p. *Lt
    i.rr,.
    ne dF a|a tt..u1u| (Pn,t t"nv).
    Redarea unci intinpldri sau a unei st;ri poate li ficutn:
    l) fie la prezent, lntrebuinlindu,se prczeitul indicairu,Iui;
    2) fie la trecut, tntrcbujnliDdu-se t;cntnt indicar.iruluit

    ( l35S

    \' t;i.')t)

    S 1:J{i0
    i fl6t

    He knoc16, aaitt a liiUe and iher ot,ns th. doo.. lPrezentl


    H. kn.ked, kaited a little aDd l.len oFn.d tht door. iTf4,,L)

    .\r..bpl" limpuri .int ri'.1nurir;,,r1,


    Dle au liecaie trcrural si ;iitotul lal distin.!. expfi-late pr;u r;lllpuri co puse.
    1) Fati de prezrnt ( Pftse t T,n*). prc.entLl p.rfect ( prcynt p.jrfcd ) I tttjl
    A\p|lrni o a rlunp
    "r,t-fluJ15.iJ' r;.totut (Ft, t,) si r,,]ar',tt.tl .t tFulrrp
    Pcdcct). acJiuni riitoarc:
    /,,.".d1.1"1
    '.'t,'r,. r,.r.riofip....nt .tu
    Ll
    t,".r
    toU
    Ir

    '".-,'l iii', ; , i,

    . . , . , t 1 -l ' , :i r , , ., { | , , L ! r ' ' " /,,1

    ErentpLu:
    Yon Ano$I Lrre."/1l ..r l)fr ard itratt.all asain.
    !X fir. o',li.k I sl.r'trlre.olLd t$i!e.

    Atenlic!
    Toaj.c recsle limpuri. fiind raportate la prezent. au auriliarut respectiv g 1B{i3

    , r l'n{n de trrecut ( pasl Tcnse), trccutul pei{l ( past p.rlcLt ) e\prima o


    1J64
    . anl,ri^ rd. ),r,' tut loto d" tr.rLrt(t.r,ut tn,l,. t,asit ii't,ttorut -s
    li.
    a,
    p, !4 fuli dt: tecut (Futurc Perfett tn the past_/acliuni I'iii,oare:
    I cn u t,i

    Ir

    jI

    i . , d , r hd

    t.cfll

    s no, ld, n r

    viilorul lale
    dc lreort
    \'iil.orul terfc.t

    I I sno&tl harc
    I
    called

    pedect

    (acliune alr,erioariLircntului)
    1 acliLDi riir.oarelaliL
    t 'lc trecrl

    E x e n p lu :
    I lold l'o! I lail unled .n her and \fodd catt lgdn.
    You krictr ihri by livc otleck I shorrldbsre.ali,l {s ngrccrl.

    )! \

    T o ,l n 0 , F s t - t im pur i. fi :rd ra to rtx ' .


    l n dlc ollrnl

    lfP.nl.

    l d /.p . r/. J u i U \i ti d,l ta r,.p-

    ri \"

    S l S ri t

    Obseraalf.e
    . Arnlele srii d-iin luri - erupr prezontuluipc dc o part li grulo irecu- S 1366
    ru ru, pp de olr0 - lormF0Tart':t-tbm p. I t! sitr,tlir.

    !8i

    FORME VERB.{LE

    s 136?

    lloonotnia de formc tn coniugareaenglezneste extremi. La verbele regulat, care roiNtituie mdroa majoritate a \;erbclor, o si[guri formir - aceeaa
    infinitivului prezcnt- stil l^ haz:rintrogii coniugiri. Este deoi suficient se se
    sLieinfinitit'il unui verb peniru a se afla ;i conjugarea lui, dao{ se cunoso
    urmAtoarele reguli de bazn:
    1) lormle simple ale coniugntii dedvn de la tnltztltt ( $ 1639);
    s r 36q
    r^ rrll (infir ilir) - .4t1."olls (ildi.aliv prFz"nrr ' .o1r{imperdtiv) .ntl"tl\i",li."ti! lrc.u sLbjon.liv pre?pni.parri.ipiu rrp.uLJ- .dtrir: {participir prezent).
    2) formele compusese construiescou urmdtoarele auxiliara:
    1e69
    s
    WILL (cu trecutul SHOULD si WOULD) + iofinitivul
    s 1370 n) SHALL qi pntru
    viitor (modul indicativ);
    sini ciracte stice
    Tiilorul
    I s/d ci1l, .tc. (lersoana 1 sg. 9i p1.)
    Iou (lZ orll. elc. (persoana a t'a ti e 3 a sg fi Pt l

    I iilt,rul faln ,1. lro(rtl


    I sno"ldc 1, etc. (pe$onn.t sg. $i p1.)
    you .ro,id .nll, etu. (pe$omaa t-i ti a I'a sg.ti pl.l

    s 1371

    $ 1372

    D/ SHOULD ti W0ULD + inlinitivnl lorneazd qi condilionalul:


    I sh.uA crl1,.tc. (!eNoa^a1 sg Si Ir1.)
    Jox ru.id eauctc. (lersoanaa !-a ti a 3_asg ii pl )

    .J to HAVE + participiul fecd ajut[ la forrnareat[turor timpurilor


    pclfeote:
    Prezentulpertect

    l'reoutul pcrfect

    Yiitorul portect

    Viitorul pcrtect fati de trecut

    caued, ett.

    I rnz[ ],r.

    Co dilionrlul perlect

    I stoall

    /ure called, etc.

    Subjonotivulpelfeet (forma modernd)

    I sharltl. ha@ .altcd, etc.

    Infiniti{r

    s 1373

    pertcot

    Participiul perlect

    dJ io BE lormeazE conjugarea continui


    . pr ni. ipir l
    pr f ii. il' iul

    qi conjugarea pasii'I:

    , o n i ,Ea rF O .o l i nur:
    p rc z a n l
    I an ca.lling,ctc.
    l re .u l

    .^ n j u !d n 3 p J " i r"
    I a,, cailed, etc-

    r Ac.stn tormfr de bazn esie nuoriti 1n Sfanatictr nglezil,,Iorma comuni" f?tu


    Cotumt Iaitu. The Dase)

    0bs.raalie
    \o,n0n laiurs rct,,ali ., ,o,,jucr i englezeprezintn acceasisincirie si S 137:
    ?
    ^r'mic' o .i .o,]iuga',.. T.a-,. l" r, durilF o/1. lirnp,||ilni/rrr; or.,olor
    rrpi linlpu'ida b.zi rrrp,u,. frpzen .lir !ii .fl. iu.u\
    ,rut Ir[p] rldu,".I
    lo n'rr"lp timoului .au -o,l'il'ri r^.fF,.i! s-'1"' too1"1;' r'i1;1),1. t.n a'.,1

    un Ztdefl

    core".punzdtoF:

    Viitoful Intn de lr(ul


    Con.ti!jonalulrrezeni
    p.ezent
    Slnior.ii{l
    I n i j r i ti v ul pf z . nl
    P.,rl i rit ix l pr ,z . nt
    ll r c e p I i c: Imperathul.
    xce p l i o n al. ( V ' ) z i . s162 2 ).

    l)rczcnlul !erlc.t
    Trecnlul tefL.ct

    \' i i tn tu l p -a f eL
    l l rl 1.,l e 1r.1rt
    L o n o T ,o n Iu r l , rP o
    Sulriofotirul perltut
    Inlinili l rrerfect
    Parlicitiul perleoi

    carc nu are perlFct decit in nxrd cu totul

    S 1375

    s rB7

    .1 te n li. !

    A se observa ideniitatci de formi a urmitoarelor timpuri ;i moduri.


    si da i .inpli .,ter ri , -izis ronlrrc.:rriien. r z-.
    ',r
    d/ lnfiniri\ul t,rpl-nr ,tdr.1,a,. iriLli"rti,'i' pr'rpnr rhnr p"r... .,-a.g.r.
    subjonctivul (forma recho) si imperativul.
    DJ tndicativul trccrt si subjonctivul prezent (iorma moderni).
    a/ I'recutui portecl ,si subjoncti\ul perlect (forma modernn).
    rl.,)Viiiorul
    falE de trecut si condiliondul prezent.
    ,ri viitorul perfecr faln dc irccut, ii concti,tionalulpericr.
    Diiro.lierea acestor lorme este determinatd de .ront.r/. cnrc subliniaze
    inl.alid vorbitorului.,\ccsi are astiella dispozilieo qami intirriterie,^ubtiliLetti (ooertones.)
    cu caft.loate jongia pentru a ;i exprima cele n]d ijne nuanle
    are qrn( n sau srmlrrn.
    0onchrzio
    Sistemul conjugn i enElezecuprinde la modul indicativ:
    1) ttei.tinpuri d? be.ti aLercnj\gdri.i sbnpLe preznt. trecut ti viitor care evrimi o acliunc przenti. trccutd sau viitoare. nelimitatii la rllornntul
    2t trci 'tnt)uti d h:d ot .q iup,.trt;,onttrr"
    ptp7.nt ..a1tinuu.trF.u .onrinuusi vii,o'
    o.r",irrn,
    tn, u". ld n mom' rt,
    -'n'inlnr,
    dat prezcrt, trecut sau viitor; "i"c:r1rim.j
    Jt tr i t,npu t,,rl .,, ,tt. ,onjd;dti; r;,/,/./ - n-a/-nt pprtF,', t,a.ul
    p,rf.,r si \iir.r p"rh" -,1p Frprimr 0",itni ,.rmina
    ". , nt"riu.rF unui
    m^manl dal pxpri'nrl prin prerFrr, trerut adu \ tor:
    4) trei.ttnpwi perfecleaL conjryd.rii cadinu. - prezent perfect coniinuu,
    lrp,r'l I,Frl""' .ontinu r Fi \iir4r p-rlF.t ,.,,tinuu
    ..r"
    in
    "xp"i.r, i.!iuni
    r urs pina lo Dn m01.nt dar prFz;rr. rrp.ur :au rri or ."i.o-tin,rlnd
    .au nu in
    l. ur trpzF.t ii un p.rla.t. pdrri.itiul J\ind in
    , Cplplelrar oduri du lo
    prus
    ir un rrmp rrecui,
    I DennniFa de ,e./c., are. ln rclasia sil.lr}tie.si sensuld. polcctat, iermina!, deci
    anterior !nni alt timp: !|czni,. lrecnr sau viiin.'
    : Pentru atrolunaarea accstni astect al limtii ngleze,rezi Y.rbele defe.tire ,odale

    s r930.

    $ 1377

    904

    s 1373

    CONJL{,i,tltE-{SIIIPL-4.A UNUI 1ERB nIEGUL-{T


    (sllrPlll coNJUGlTrOrOl' A rLnGU[-\RTIIRB)

    s 1379

    DI,\TEZA ACTIVA1
    (ACTTVITYOICE)
    TO N,ILL {A CHEI{A)'
    I \r I \ITi\i r?r\?l\'1?1 rz,

    l)rr,zent ( I'res.:rLt)

    ler{ect ( perfecL)

    lo c au ( : a c ] ' c m a l

    l o h a tc c:rl l ed{= a i i cl ' emar)


    I'ARTICIPiL

    (! ATTT]C]PLE )

    Prczen\ ( Pftscnt)

    Trecut f parrl

    Peficc't ( perfcct)

    (alr;ns i: clemhdl

    calld (: ohen3l.)

    hdenq .alle'l (: chenlnd)'

    \l r' . l :L l N n l L \l l \

    L .V tnD ;

    tl .\l rl a A i l l

    ( Prcsent)
    Pt.z$t
    I otll l.= chcn)
    rou call
    i' " I
    sre I caus

    'Irccs\ ( Past le se)


    I called (: chc!!am. .hemai, am chemat)
    You cnll.d
    h"|
    she I called

    wr c{ll
    rou oall
    il,cJ call

    Fr called
    vou c rll"l
    l.iieY calld

    ir J

    i;' I'-- '

    Prozet pefc0t ( PresentPfffed) Treeut lrerleot( Pusr PerfIt)


    I havc call|d i: am clremrtJ
    Iou ha{c ealled
    rlms.a llrd
    slr

    I hrrl callcd (: .rhematn)

    {'e harc callcd


    rou lave callld
    ihcr have eallcd

    Yiitor

    yiitor pertcct

    (Futue )
    I rn,ll hnlc callcd
    I s/d/l i,all
    J,
    \ ,i.,T..
    I
    I
    "oi . i '
    fo-\ il|.'l\o]si'|''"\"il"J \ ' o' $oU|d' a|L

    \ii

    i."
    . |
    ,rr " I
    l$ir.,'r ;, iljft

    r . . h //,.d l

    , t
    .-,,
    "i'l .l
    rl' " \ ' $il.d

    * s j.// r,av.

    ',r"r
    \o . $ilI ' c {
    ' ll"J
    ". . r . i. | lJ \ " ' llqJ

    Viiforul perlecttati
    Yiitoml ta$
    do trccut
    dc trecut
    (Fuhtre in the (Future Perfedin
    Pdst)

    the Pdst)

    I snolld c l
    l - v or c l 'e m '

    I siodld hale calted


    \"i li
    'h p m a l , , ,

    h.

    I woLrJ li_ I $"urd hJ\"


    i;" .lr,t;.,ii" -'e i",i;
    r" . 1

    *.

    ,,t,

    { ox " l
    l, '
    lL' J { ull'

    'i l l l

    ii"

    ",

    r c,u' ,drah"J'\.'m 'l " d


    ) ! " rr,
    l h 'y $ o u r o r J v r
    'd r r P o

    l Y c z i q 1t7i- 1 7 7 3 .
    -r
    ' , i . , i , - otr ' ..r" . " . * o n ' p rl i ' ," ' In l u ' ra r" Jd- dt" un hi ngu_l nl l Fs ' l \' rb ' l ui
    j*t ,
    r"
    l un.l i e
    ,, ,/, . \ " t ""ir
    .,d ' r" J " c 1 ,.i u n i : a s rri g ' r. a xumi ,:r \i /i l a/l r.-l D
    ''
    tcu sersut ,,.tutii ce a chcnat" lcesi tinp liDsefl,ein gramatica limbii
    'omane
    (V.z i S 1r 0r ) .

    ,6;
    tl0LlliL suBJo\cTIV
    forma Teche
    ( I ndependentd.
    dc linp )
    I call (: sn chcm)

    (,ttj B.ttiNCTtvE ltooD)

    Forma Doui
    Ptezet\t ( prcsed)
    Pertect (p.4.d)
    I cancd.(: se .hcmj
    I l,adcalted(- s,'L
    fi ct,cmatj
    Jor falled
    |eI
    she I call.d

    slr. I call

    Jou had caltcd


    t re l
    she I had cdteo

    'rJjrl

    ]\IOIIUL co\DITtoNAL (CONDIIIONlL MOOD


    )
    lrtzeloI ( Present)

    Perlect ( Perfect)
    chena)

    I'ri

    I s/pzld have cdl.d (: ns ti ctt.Irarl


    you wonld h.rvc call.d
    nct
    slic l ivould halc ,ralled
    ri I
    we sloLld nare onlt.d
    Iou wolld |ave oalted
    Urcy would }ale callcd

    ir, I

    lloDUL TMPDRATIV(I]11'DFATIt/E trOOD)


    ( Pcrsoana a 2-d, sg. ti pl.)
    &ll (= oheane,.henali)
    {Yezi9i g 162!)
    OONJUGI&XAACNY.I CO:{TINUI
    (vezi S 1te1)

    DINTEZA1 ICTIYA

    (acrrvu Torcx)
    XiODU R II,E

    P E R S ON AL E

    i ! tN l T ! IOR \IS OF _ {V ER Bi

    I. II\DICATIVUL
    (T H I] IN D IC AT IY N )

    pdltif'S.

    s 1380

    5r 3 8 1
    5138

    .trlodulindicatjvprezinreacliunra,si,areasau eristen,raS 1]8s

    exprrma ta ije ler b Lr r , ,' a t, rr{ a r" d .

    PX,DZENIUL
    {THE SIIPI]N

    $}IPLU
    IIiESE\AI)

    s 1384

    1 ) De fi ni, lic .
    I n pri n c i p i u . ti m p u l g ra m d ti .a l r umi t..trei ,i r.
    e_rpri nr.r ! tB S b
    o a, l i u n e sb u o s r s r c . o e ri i q l rn ,li n p rp T r' , . l n t, p t i r,.H . p.fl ,,.,,t. de Li --,ol .- , aresFrp f"rd \ pr bul F " , n " l i m rrs ts ;l n ,a p " i n tF ,u t -i dutr0/.. ri n ti i tor.
    ir , . 1u.i v mo m c nlul pr pr p n t i n .J rc F .
    \' o rL i l o nrl .
    "ild
    rVe zi
    S 177t - 1t 73.

    266
    a
    , r:hB

    sroeulitr' - Ptpz"n'ulsinllu:'"::":
    2r [nr,n;. Poreoarra:r:l-i'l
    :r-d'ingul 'r' '"re
    ,or'"
    p".-""""f"-", ,',-pi;" n^Fodn;i a
    ,., si i ni:-r iv.rl. t.
    "']":-'
    , ''rrinllio di 'in' r'ra:
    ....
    "" "

    i,'l:i'|"!il"'
    i;i'iI'J"l5ti"l'"",i";"li:'
    s in g u la r'

    a 3'a
    Or tog r a fLtL persoanei
    t " l' ' : : r: T :
    ' i rit
    ' A"t i
    ""r".i - -""iu
    "ilo'.i'"'ai"
    l n 'r u ,r ' .i'u "r i.' i 0..".rr .h"sri,rn'
    t " :S' 'o" -o '
    p
    lt"alu
    lu
    i
    ''o
    '
    "
    '
    "
    ;
    '
    t
    i'
    "
    e r a t i'r i i
    '"" '"'""l
    c\emplcilu't'sri\" p F n ' L uv p rb :
    i i - " 1u"."." r r r m;roJrolor

    /a) (S el):
    lo looli to r.dd l. bcar -

    hc looks
    h. rcads
    lLe bctrs
    to
    i'o
    lo

    (b)( s sz):
    to laoD to .o[gc -

    sn'" laces
    she .orges

    lsl
    lzl
    Lzl
    take
    lliSueclrcte -

    to s.ow - hc sro$r
    lo iaai - he ta\Ls
    ro eve - he cXes
    he takes
    tsl
    nc
    ne

    l,o plcdge to turse -

    (cj (6 s:r):
    to d.css to mir -

    he orcsYs
    hc nnte_'
    to lnsn to icach to match -

    iL fee?es

    iL blitzd

    ro,ar-J _h.,ar,tr

    ($ e6):
    -

    xe saJs

    ne gods
    -..-"

    (e) (S tot)'

    ''

    |o l.eezc -

    he Pushes
    he r_"achct
    he maicnes

    to l'Iy

    io go

    he Pledges
    he lursos
    to blil,z -

    rd, {s95):

    to say

    trl
    tzl
    lt)

    -^

    f/) ( S10 2 ) l

    ll l;1""-i" llrnl"

    to to'r

    he loys

    ro do

    ;:i:li"r Hi":f;""

    3)Porbotoa
    lt',i"::'"*."*
    +,2-i:'^::r"*;
    s" r38?
    i"i racr
    Ji'$iJ:, mutr
    a.Aciirormi , o it ta p"r'oan? 2."u""il};l
    si bun-bunl

    '"i'",i;i","
    io,rre
    i;,"
    ensrcze
    d irmDrr
    A.asru.cra.leris1,.5
    i',1.'Yll.li-1"^-.r;.i,,i."rrctar,iiru

    .iTl"iTiilo";llili,""lil"lil'il,i'i'T
    pa"$q*1
    p""'."
    ::';lt"
    i. ,,"'i"i."i
    p"r.oan"lpdrn ongrndr'
    .1
    dinrre

    i""i.,.i

    r' i""^",,..*".".s"a".
    a""^rn!'IliJ dPorisin'iul:"qhi
    jc
    x
    ru
    r
    F I'ii1q.",l:1"""1:':T
    ' g ra z :1 9 )' " ' ' rY '
    din
    i'""itir"
    'r 'or "r "l polirctii-lnrrch"rih
    ma c a z in-\
    : vhal cn I do

    i-i
    "( s au " m Ji r o r r nal-How oo 1'"' i"oi';rli"r- u ^
    ti

    : aslc'iai asoni (llsrd


    :
    1t o
    a P o l c o r' lto r!h'o (onomalopce hltl)
    :
    - " 1, c ain c i rl l a i
    p"..,,iTi,m
    ari {rialectahsntrliLfarir: o&.4ll*'
    arhaic,-I,
    !e,s. n r a ss. c- r.Lu lormi

    '"',,.;T't\l;;ir,:j;i/,"r,,b,irr.;.1,,'il":ll,',,lJii
    :lXl,ii:l;;-.";
    . orr
    fl Lurdr'oFn'
    I't

    ri:'ir
    ^i:]."i..-,,, ,, r,....-rs
    ri;::':;:r"r;o,
    ::f;il:'r
    ii
    :r
    ri:i'
    i'"Ji
    il
    i"
    '"
    "i'
    i{itl"l,.jtil'i;ifl
    'ii'iii
    obr'^""r:a

    ':ri'aIl:il

    !67

    lor lou, lladaml" La rcstauranl,: '\lhat \\rili lrou have. sir?" etc. stnLtraduse
    cu .,Cemai /acl?', ,,Cuce t serrescl".,,Cec'rr:isi iei2" in loc dc: ..llespectete
    mel_e".
    In magazin:.,Cuce rd pot serlil'. T,r restaurant:,.Cer)oriyisn lua1i!,
    4) I trebuinlaruri przontutui simplu. - Ilrezentul indicatirutui esic { 1388
    lnlrpbuinlrt penrru pxpri-.'. ir. lun.lic dp,.nr,\r. drj in.pul pr.zcnt.
    frI 5r Irmpur trecui- \iI 1ur,or.

    z) Exprind f i,npul
    prezenr.
    $ 13Bg
    PrFzantul6implu.cind InJJ ri'npul prpzFnt ,^.r r'ai hc,rpr ti tntr,.
    bumlnrp a sa xpnlnn:
    dJ un adevnr general. u ]ni:;ersal( an etttnul rr uii J. f; ra speciticarei ijmpu \ 1t90
    '
    lui,rumil ln a,e. rrz sj ..trpz.n etrrn-1. loar'" ii..li,"t in prorcrbe:
    The Earth rurn.sor lts dis.
    jn reed i." a hiend jndccd.
    lP.oterbi
    -{ i.iend
    Tlii, sun.;rs irt the east ad se1si! $c FesL.
    TNo and iwo {"3 ion..
    Dab'es u., lery sNeft.
    "Thc child is father ol the nd."

    ,/

    s 139r

    o acliune sau o sl,are care cartrctcrizeazi subiectul:


    The lanulc
    flor! into lhe Bhck
    This tcni /Mlds lonr pcople.
    II
    i ,r \e N qui, k $o. 1. .
    r cai\ slim ' f os i.
    He laees ltr canp out.
    l. b bt:d \F sle ju. . t l, \ Ps t aot : : . . c .
    ue h os a tbm .

    Sca.

    cJ o ac,tirne sau o staro permanentd care cons|ituie un obicei sau care q 1392
    este repetatdl (adesea cu arlverbe sau locut,iuni adl.erbiale repetiti\.e. cn: '
    al*alf, often. seldam.usuaLll. ca.r, neecrl trhen&er, erent rlult. on qe.hends
    \\i, /isnr 1o. r'cace
    I

    oa, liles and lca.ns. lProvrbl


    s,nls hlr lltiers brf ai. nail.
    -qherlccpi iir) litlle. doisn'i nc.
    Hc
    , : , . s \ ilh
    "L on d n fdllin ;
    n' \ .

    r "r l.

    r '" . . 1

    ,.1 \r"

    rl,,

    j. !
    \fF o lnrIr
    o. r - r r
    ' on 1""1, - . ,
    p. .-J ,s o/r a
    $r. seldom ltsr.? in t. hilk'sDoesit shc u a ! statl ut kde?
    It' \at er.r r.,7cnr.f whil I sa!?
    Undc
    u t-.r.r tl,c tt o.l.l I.r5
    on lb. T\i.
    ",rft,\ttta cd,ls, sh0 brings cran.ie rlo1i?rs.
    Wheher|
    r a. i , / l.r - l i ?). n u n ap .l-., r',n i i ", 1. , '
    l. i",. J
    r
    J.
    i : -\i,,1
    \'-l
    . I . r r . . t '. i , . .
    t 'r r . i . . / r . , , - i " l \p \ s e li,rh, nkro u
    ;ma inl, , .
    .
    1L. t t o. t r . .
    I n , r ' a,p: -t l.!1 .
    h,lo ut,fu ,r / . ,
    c . r b. r , r , . . . . r p . t . : . . H / 1 . , i
    r \lrdirdi o \-.pl
    d p "ddu, , f lr ^r dt n, , ". n. n. . , , ; .
    ara, irs.,:.t
    I\ rr1lr
    E d t n p A tlaon,pa "u : r;/ru\i.t,lo r ' r r r J . ai, t
    , , . "; J t
    r..Jt .l_,L!\...,
    n io tr.J
    "
    b i m1 ni" t u_din a r"ili",l"1 1.p . r J ! . luilor . . . \ ' 1
    / p/ n, / , . - t L '- . t b " . , t t ,
    rt t t,.i--.1
    d i n ! p" uulanl. Pd "ld st,-rr: . . \ m n' in, r ' , , . t i, r "
    L , . l . ', t ) ; . , t , ', . a t n . o J ,
    r
    t u n d a r, t , n &,toftl ttun E.
    L. I . d. . . . . . r 1, iun iu, r . a . r t p r ] J . ,
    ta.dat,t.
    :.\cor z"a .,1o
    I ' r , t l", . r .
    d 1- r' rp ti t.. sp
    "\r r in'
    n u m c r,i rire:e ar sno nrc (ra anlt 14! , nt )
    IJn lo. ' n p lu"r'.-Ji,/p ! ^ nai pud! . r , L
    " I i". , l , "7 , i r . . s . , , r - , t . r , ,
    aFo.mil ninild h sramatic{ ,ic,ent iloatie
    (ttetutiee Prcsent).
    s"Innl.on Ca ine" a: Vorleiti
    Londral este nlrmele iransmisi.i TV a RBC.nlui.

    268
    q 1e93

    d) o rcljune sau o stare cnre are loc ln momeniul vorbirii, dar care no
    an'tr' ' , I riin.l In ,1,qrr_.urrrp.ci nrrn,ri ra "ristind:
    _\ o .-r" rrL
    o o 'r l " '
    |/ , 4P
    4. " r o lr r o - - \ ",
    'ni.
    'c o l l 3 n d
    Sl,p ra:",1(rl l,Jn-ds uid-,o/is su rasL that ihe oihA sirls in her teanr cdn hnrdlv
    ke .]l ur) $ 'th bc r .
    "Y.ur sist('. /ts / in?" "No, s hc ' s out "
    natuicd.
    l)aphnc ts l,apll
    h.''t d. ttt^t.l Yon d?rrc so l6t.
    \\'a o.ltnanl.ng. re.cipt oi lour leiler oi cvc! date

    q 130{

    .l o art;u,,ein curs sau o stare eristnti in


    r'.rb'i' nu y'"r . r!"r fo'mH , onri' ui { S l8{6J

    ronentll vorbirii, cind

    'fhey /,.1 old and {oul{i like io see thet grandsi,n


    I remnbet ihe incid.nt no\t Urai lor n.nrtdz it.
    Tl,cy a.e shd Xou'! cone
    g 1395
    /J l'rezentui se mai tntrcbuinleazi cu verbe de mi;care. care se referd
    l a u n iapi c e ar e l o c i n P re z e rl t:
    Herc .oma the ,tnzaf of ihe CuP.
    etc ) de eveninent'e
    corllentarii, interviuri, descrieri (la radio, tele;ziune
    sporlive; exclamalji (cu sau ltui ordinea subiect verb inversati):
    Thcrc r4lfts n, ld.l as'a1l
    I r od. c ur l, ' , po nth e .l ' a i rr.d n to
    'ttrre a.a th."rtnne. beli !
    Tlerc apeats anothq Napal@t !
    Hcrc c;mcs m! fdtlet ! Lct\ sneak ouil:

    Hcr' ('. a,tu a-carollinglr


    atuitt ga.s yab cdb!

    gl Dc asemenea,prezentul simplu introduce un citat in mod djrect sau


    E 1196
    indirect, cir,d verbul irtroducti' aie un caractr momentan ($ 1344) fi nu
    exprimx o aotiune in desfigurare ln momentul vorbirii:
    l{adletr'sadviceon actingi.(: "Do not sawthe air too much "
    Jo hr's l"ll' " ia y s r t i" . u ' f ' _d ir '
    a' . ! r l. "l
    Dl , ,pllr nr. J o r r '

    nr s n br r m p r . " o P

    ii a.rp in reb rinlar ln i.dicaLiilp!..nicF, in rezL'maul pir sclor. sl filS I39?


    '
    lologrrijilor
    mal^rii pov^tiril^r. la rillurilp arli.ol.lor.lin ziar.. al legendelor
    din ziare etc.:
    Oli\in e ,, r u o "t ds t ,
    \i"r.o .* , or',

    dr I up

    qr . r dd

    d";rl. slulvry.

    t:
    trec
    9. Erptind fitupuI
    $ 13$8
    S1399
    a) ( Pr.zcntulnal alir saai^rtoric- H isloriN ar N axratiaePrcscnt) - P en'
    tru a'se da mai nlulte aioiciune stilului, tntlmpl6riie trecut'e sini porrestite
    la prezent, uneori ohiar in continuareaunui tilnt trcui, ccea c contribuie la
    rliefarea faptelor P01'estit:
    I qenr ir MC, clovd lhe doo. Snddenly a voice .alls oul .l the dalk dd srart'cs
    flc. I tcel iainL atd .aD ha.dlv waur'
    i ji au il,c Pacnls ri that d'll1 I rcmemhc(d one flridlr': Noihe' ir in the silliltgjoom'
    in.o,tt raiii to l,tr lii a 1\hilci bnt nll the ti;ie I /.cr th{t atl is not as il
    Ot
    rd, and yet I datu roi asir r,cr aboll lhe doctor's visii.
    slould -,'"

    Prezentul narativ cste loalte rar lntrebuinlrat in engleza vorbitl


    A 1400
    il ln cazul unor Yerbe care se reterA la informalii. cat ta forget, to hcar
    "
    to tt'ritcela'j 3e
    l:n dlh). io l.dnr (: r 8lla). 10ldl, ta be told, to uniLcrstand,
    intrel,uinjclz. do prchrintr l'^pznt(l simplu in locul przentuluipedecb:
    I /o/3.r \rl,{t diy iL wt6.
    (t\nr ur.iat Ne zt .ttr)
    r Pe o il$lfatiL de
    Nor: .,In1.,1-n..!t{im
    ,,n ea tt aL t: .a pt .-A.nul
    c r ! e t u' jt .

    si ri

    colindim."

    t /.,"drrc\

    1.i; "ji

    1\

    '

    bF j d .

    o n \ ir $

    ar ' - J t r ' d . BL, l' d- "r

    lrrr"r'

    n " l l r 'r '

    :
    rr ;,,. r, J,' - 5r ',n \,,,r 'l\o
    r. r,-surIn ",ad.,onJr
    '

    r"r'rizore

    I 1.2., vou !e {on the Pdze


    l,1m ali.tL t'.\ ai ciltisat Prc iul.)
    \u lr" J r/r m J' \'-eol y uur . d"g- '
    n\ r iar J
    i: . i
    . r oinlom '
    n'i.d ? ;
    I \ .d-;v
    "
    I rn tal.l rau rrp \.rv rr!\Y
    Llli s-, stus ' J .rti to rrte o.npdt l
    1 unlerctand. l\e is a mathemati.ian ol rclulc
    .
    iDupi olt om i4leler, esle un matcmrl'c'8n repurirl, ]
    rlv[her u.r,p s
    o \ " r '" n l
    d lh' ' . d. n l ot
    ' r o\ li a. , . . , . \Irmn rdd :J\Fr . 1lLa1a l\ l r r ' i uo r r nb. r Jl r d p ' p " n i J " d '.

    riitar
    s r10r
    1. E a pr i m d f i m pul
    d) In limba vorbitn, clnd exi.itaur adYelbde timp aiilor tn propozilie' .\ 1{02
    prezeritutsimplu erirrnnnuneori o aoliunesau o starc viitoare. a.steptatiori
    proiectatd,sau care constriureun obrcer:
    'l'otuia*
    is J!lt-. 2i Term beiiiDs o^ Monddy.
    The past;nan doesn't eall on ,S,nda?

    D) Prezentulsimplu esteintrcbuinlat ln specialcu referirela prograne' s 1403


    orare! nlersul trenurilor, al vapoerelor,avjoarleloretc,:
    \1hat tjmc ts ihe nnsic lesson odar''1
    \re razd at. livc this allnn on The York trnio is duc in al 11 am.
    thc mass dntonstration is at 8 a.n shulp Lolnonos'
    Profesor Morris is dne io lecture on Frrdag oe.k.
    ' ' \ ! npn da,c , . r Sun do ! , iil, t s BBa p"o; - or F.
    . lL du, 5n . . l, s d n a lt ; - ht . on- . . at b, r , t . as t . ' nd: r ' lt do!
    lnLv rr \" t-'ra 't""-.lo l t r aa' ann""
    Tt " ir is o ,a to H'oth' a; . t ; ' p. t t
    lt t , all hnur '

    D" fapt, 'a.i in limbr rom-n5. programarpdplanilicor"rsau inlerc'ul


    eri.ld in irc/"n1, i'le'Fs.si tn rraful. !1, r'alizarFain \iilor'
    Uo rh "r 1. , , - io- r ' r r " J i d p D ' { l \-P \.
    te.r,po.l Pr"z A n. Ll s im plLrp ' l A l n l rF b L i r,l i l i n p rc p o z l i i tP si undot.
    ql rrp \rrl ocrp care
    r ale. a u cu nJ i! io' J le - p p n ru a .x p ri rn a o o c L ru n r s" u
    a p l o . .a n. init , nt , F a u rp ro p F (o n " o n ' i l n n l . ' u oLti tt l un" tau state

    $ 1104

    viitoare (S 2E52):

    Ritrs me un as sooa as he ga,t lome


    (Telitoneaza'mi
    oe ta ros, rc'r.si.)
    hr J , s l ]o u to .
    D o r' L 3 u nnlil t'ndatn
    _

    \
    nu I o' "/ P",
    \d l.ou _
    o nr'P
    | .ha Lu v,, T\ ." s h"n I c n, s , oJ al, , / p in.
    . ' 5o"t nol" m odal" r
    tV , i " mdlrd i,n "l'\/o- ' i
    Il Virian crues on llondav, I'll look him uP
    iDaoi Vilian ta cd't luni, am si na duo sil vad )
    no longr t b d l - r l o 4 i i l .
    I nra. . \ our,d lh
    t, - . ' lonof los .
    ' il m r ' l
    - ' lll m in, nr n'
    Jr 'r n L p a d b 'l
    ,frr'r-,
    D-cJ nu,,
    r
    \\
    I
    \
    '
    hi
    a
    .
    np
    ' D ' $. !
    )h" \ ili lo ol a r
    /;P
    d" \\J\ F "
    \d
    v'r;rrjJ
    '

    indicatirului prezelt ilin limbi romeri, ilr limba cnglezi' s 140


    5) T:raaluoerea
    asupra traduccrii urm:ii'oareloroazuri cu
    aLn1,ia
    lndeoscbi
    - Se'atrage
    totul spciale:
    t

    ,.o.h -.v At.ron

    p.'p

    , ot or u, t 1r r . L, nl, , .

    97n
    S 1,l0ti
    al lndicotivul rrrzent din linlba romann tradus ln linba englezi cu
    '
    ;nd; ;;"ut r,.ut s;npll' $r,ontin,'u { S I4ll. 2838):
    i"t
    tl) i / 4"1"' iil
    rl:.', d.p .6
    laot " r n t
    uds do; ag h"r I ' om \ \ . r \
    dd c o , l l a r " o n " '
    -h .5!'d .he

    s 1{07

    ,) IndioativLrl prezent t&tl,\s cn |iitotul fald de ,'ed'.tt( $ 2838):


    .t," r-

    q 1+0S
    '

    n," , , p / t - , u, . ' dt

    x-t

    n, m r o c o m p . l

    e./ Indioelj(rl prezPnttrdJus cr prerentulsau cu ,;iordl cantinuq reJind iiiton,l in .rilul familidr (S 1521/:
    \la: dzc la llinbttre rresl. o o.d:
    $al. iD ar , ho I
    d rl
    t + :"'& tr
    l ll i" A:t' E . u" a s alk I n J n hn r '
    \

    ,ll lndi.atilul prezeot tradus cu ttfrrldl sau cn eiitoruL fald dc tecnt


    S l{0$
    "
    nntinttx. r"drnJ 'iiao',,1rn s ilul fr nrliaf \S li2Jr:
    A spusotl se du.eta plimbarePesteo oIe
    ir. .b rd p -'
    - tl ,.,id h"d

    q 1{10
    '

    sJL
    _, j?Hf or n$. lk ; nanI . o. r )
    qoos or J \ v 1l k i d
    "; ut ! , I

    h o 't . l

    ) lndicativul prezent iradus cu construclid idiomatici to bc Soing to


    (enprimd crtitudine):
    Vrcmease s.ilrlnlrA.
    1- The rveath.r ;s g,iig ,, .|aDgc l
    crnhesl,e-l'. tievi l.enulI

    r'
    t ' ir ' "? :
    | ou l :
    |
    t-s l nL dn d;'_Pl.' ^: p s i, ' "!
    r ' r a' da r r ' nr r l J n " n u " " " r " b p '"
    i". i
    . n"got ,'eo
    I i' I r ' r J in i r s l P d t d n t t o a l , I r t p
    'll
    lo lJ h".:n l n' d . \ r n r ' Sind " o J u ' 1 6 ' d '
    f\l_imi
    \:tn go rn9 bio nlr t r ' l

    6) Prezotul simpluin eontrastcu prezentulcontinuu.- Vezi Conjugarea


    continun S 1806.

    $ 14rI
    llt2
    "

    T&ECUTLTLSIUPIU
    iTIItr

    SLIIPNE IIS'i

    TENSEI

    lr Foruri. TtF ulul sinplrr I'rc o \;n ut,i forud l''rlu loere p'r'ur
    e
    e
    n l , . ,r . r " Fpt i H '.rbului /o At. Tr..,rrul simplu ^l v'rb lur rP!d|ot .c Iat
    meazn adnugindu-se suii\ul -cd la inlinitiv:
    ,., .,!,
    -"

    |-i
    I pt

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    L, . "i t J : I . o

    l. .t h.
    ,'JlL:t ",
    .

    . r . .J F'n
    d .l q l :

    Trecutul s;nplu al rcrbelarncrclttlateesle foarte dire$. (\rezi thta verbelor nercsulatela S tE47).
    2) Ortogralie.- Vezi 5 1?;9.
    1i113
    S
    tr." rl ' rl .i m p l u . p ri ' o d l i ur,r ' ru n' l 0rp ' unrl l ' l
    Jr
    f un. lie.
    1414
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    r.'mi na
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    i ri ri p ' rl , l ' ,pr I F' r" ri rnr" rl ;n r-l ,ui ntdl
    D" l t iinJ ir ' l l c ...l .a u
    $ 11 1 5
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    l e p o r " . Lir . a inlr n ' p l a ' i l o r t;p ' tt- t It ,' tu t l totot
    ' a| t ;snr" ' [)orroti v"
    or Historic Pdst)l:
    Georsc,,a,...d ai this rnd !rr,,d.l ac.oss{i lhe Chicl I'ligincer'
    rle ,tird himscu togel.lie. and rhtt ontLnued
    IPrpn r,r..,jLn rdir e J F m r l J "Dd r ' ) : r r |\ 6
    1 ^ r d r r r i 'i d r : n . d F 'r r r l p p r o \ i t r '.
    l" f^e T"a*
    4n u' ii A"a^di. ip i ' t udi i n i o u l n . a I r i
    c" Lc tciusi
    'nln
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    i,"r .nierna naortaia tr lndareJ de fJli.

    2?l

    'limpul ln (Jrps 0.per.erutactiunpsxprimati


    de verb poate fi precizat S1416
    "rn urmaroal0Lemodun:
    a, prinlFur aJ\prb da ti'np pr"ri. sru prinrr Jn rJ ati\. a1:u.st,r.Jor. \llt7
    t t x a d otc.nA ' A.d fn'!J.dr$ er.),,- 0. t d. t ( Np"t : , nr t t Lj, 4, ". . t ; , n"c ' c. t . '
    r k p n . , v\ . n p' .. s3u p rin n r i. p 1lt p. . t v . f bp
    or i t o. I J iU, ;
    I,l\erbilte rafe Drci_
    ; n 19. 35 a. w' 4 a. ji ut t t r t , t t t . , 4 1 t h n l t i n t . a t t h e
    z " a 7 l limoul ln lrp ,
    .,
    ':
    n u m nt. Jus ro r l (
    ad inFaur i/ ; t h. t J o. t b, l, r , , t h" o t t t . t t l o . t . , t
    " da t Lelorc
    . ! s b " do. t .
    t..A. r . " n, l: t , t hi( d. t t t as t , t . 4r F l '. 1
    ' J 't.tdo !
    I called i.here z.,sr..da,.
    IIe srw mc fi; nizL,.: aq..
    She lolt lor thc Cort.int\ir tdsl ucut.
    \\:hcn I $ng u!. sr rlr9 out.
    /. .... d s'3DoLc . I f l+ oc r iz r d hm
    I mat r'm r1r , , a. , i,
    ; |J
    You sr. hir.e the otte da1t, rreD't !on?
    '.\l ."b-lh $ as r ir . D ll. iil
    rn tr-;.
    \l!.rmc
    in ar ll] . r 0 t odr l
    \. d ,.,7 , I rsal ot p1 t o
    . r f oo J J r u.
    I so i trie te er nn t v pdne, k i.
    I didn't sl.cl al
    thdt Li,li.
    :,a a ula 'da u'.r ^11
    b. c r n r o - , r , c r
    , ho ue hl tl,p t i. k nt , ; 1
    Tr \ , !
    t o lhp ahi .
    The Houses ot P{rliaert ir Loridon wore l|llitt d,,atiars petiods.

    .^r, printr{tn verb la un timp tuecut (care aparline grupei trecutului g 1418
    -{ 1356):
    'thet s,cte sains rhcn we ord{e{t.
    1t f . t t ! had ! " n " r,.n ry d

    h o o ntcrpdthp room

    li, . ' , . I . 16
    \ ?t . oat d: p "
    it
    II- totid to th "' . p. . r n' r $niUw"' s t aoid
    Dointtnes.
    p
    ^t
    ,
    h"
    .h
    p
    ,
    S' said
    tir ' . 1 1u- n - - t 1ii" I nus i. . J . { S t , t i n 4 : r ; t , . o n f n r m
    .^ rPrlon d, nr, I m t r r lr or )

    _ c.) prjn orice alL indicator dc timp trecutpreci,s,care se nu tie adverb de S l4tg
    f rmp cdu.onqlruLllptcmpori\|5:L!i,fp. (r..th,t.tosaV.totell,togp\tabutf,
    to cost.to payj to LastEtc.l
    h'tuN ,]id yor sa this buruundvl
    T t r y did ni. . a " h .r u r; ^ ;r /ra ," .
    lvas ,nar ihe nilknm ivho rnls?
    lvho sa'rdso?
    Who ,old yon inarl
    1 bauahtl\is ooat ar lla.rod's.
    What dtd your teleajsioncosrl
    Hoh m u. iJ , ]' o u r,r4 r.r rh . As ta c .l s (tt.?
    HoN lons did tie 6h;q /dsr:

    d) priq context sau numai ln intenlia celui care vorbeqte:


    lt'@ she a! home?

    s 1420

    He .ane cv.rv dav lor $cks.


    The rlay pd; teii sed,.,t rou hea. that noise?
    ,'d.e'1'0u aL the nartv?
    \\'h1 l d d Jo . - aJ / | ; av n r h"J r d ) ou
    Yor d/d, I sc.
    e tn ttte .lub.
    I ner him o, d fntt night: he $as a regutaf ti$t nignhr.

    4) ,Ilte luncfii alo trocotuluisilnplu,- Trecutulsimpluinlocuiefteurm{- g 14Zl

    lor . , i . Ld\ . "b. t r


    l D . l nu )iJ"
    ' int . , , . r r t r ui
    . *th" t n"t',...,
    (
    L r, n' t ^. ; , , ,
    d. t - . \ nlr id,
    4 n g l . r i. , . ' iLf \i r/r. p ". r! a I na. "n : , , . | , ; t , , . . , o-

    ,u ph.,nttt

    p . 4 p 4 t g t i 'r .

    "u a F r n t . t , u 'r , t J r c u r c t r t d c

    27t
    $ ff:.:f

    ''\Yhai .,x
    -1
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    \J''

    l- ' i

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    o t tlt
    -.nt).t
    tl'o 1r.r1 .rr l:
    intlell;rI

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    to
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    T " l i i 'o 'a

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    :What illd YonwnnLio ialli to me aboutT"


    fDfst)E .,c i,tat ( ' lrcji si\ni \r,rbrsti?l
    (eu niperfcclul in louul prpr'ntllui)
    Cr. ill tirnbalomAndacela'(ipro.edcLr
    scop.ilustlrt prin rrdJu efle din pnr'nicTtlP I e rnal
    tnlrebuinlaLtn acelalqi
    Sll:3
    "

    ..1.ln locul cnruiaesteuneorilrtrbr


    tul /rf
    I))tr,t
    ou
    'r.r.irnpl:li'ar"
    i"ntr.r "'iarpi unFi r"peririi:

    ,L8tpen-

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    a 't s t u l e 'l r L d a v
    Shc hn J |.cn {l lhe lui s inoe \ i, ' r ! 13v Thr s n o \ i t r t r n \ :
    loll"l
    I L\ oJ ' J s
    Jr'l / 1
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    dl
    ill.r la cab rnll dc hr i. \ ir s oar c a / , . / / , r w i L l o ur n l u l a s o 5 r r e r
    lirt!
    ' ' de doni zil. l
    l a d m e t l H a 'r 's "
    "sh r srill sh.l,r d l. hr o$n u, e bun do\ n t l, r r c b e n '. s l c ', r r i
    ltfu.ea cli rom l.ic cliill aool. inairtc de a't fi ittttttnia'l intllni lE llau's)
    iYez i t i $ 14811

    'ht,tt
    4tp,
    in 'ilul indir- rinrr'o prap"
    ti'nr'lu
    'n'n-i,l
    rinp,lin gr"!d r'"''r'rlLri' au ulorm;
    zitjc.p.Lr,l 'r;.Jur1 ,n r:hl'r'
    s:nll):
    J; r re.,r.3t,^nf"rn' r'i,rlii ur'0'nd.r'l"r rimputilor
    t:') (dn|il un tecut si.mpltt)3.
    S 1{2i}
    I ntoushtYot nad a sisier'
    lcredcamci a, o sor,''l

    {ll9l
    '

    Ilc dsn.ll nit jlsr row ho\t Iotr 4?,r'


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    5
    ' r+'16

    /.

    ." ) (dupn eiitoruLfdtd tu lret:nt) conform regulii coresirondenleilillllurilor ($ 28314:


    \l'e rre.c told
    lNi s'a stus
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    r.ra ' T "\' p:x,
    \.r"r'F li

    ti")

    S 1{:}7

    t,) wait xnlil thc lus .rdr lhcrc.


    sii {sl,eptlm riDiL .t ta srsi allobuml l
    r _""
    oll1
    l' i
    ' . r ia
    "r ", n
    'r ' n lo. . l ' l l: r ' l , , / l n ' o " l i 'r 'l
    1 . r nDt t J . . |at , r s ' p s nat
    J n' ir , i- ' ir ' r l "
    '

    (dapd u

    condili.ottul
    )t :

    i !ftozldl,rcd.1: sir ho ntuiic (asijsJ Adr'


    es / t \ d. . )
    lCrcd .a r nn n.ie
    ':i

    I J.r(. ,lcrome, Thtee)Iet d a R.tl


    :\'l . l ur: ' l d' .i o' -' 1.
    ,..' i .u ro
    \ r'..,:,
    3Df r ; l I ' " ld
    l _ -q t r'
    rrL i ' .
    rrl i l - n;l : I' l ' rl l r' /nr ' rrrrl uro
    7r' i .J u,r' , :. \- l r' r.: ' nJ' -l
    .' ,i .. p r' r I r
    |
    .:t n t ; , nlJ io' . r , .
    b | " : i- t
    '..d | ' t - b'
    r"
    l in | '
    :r
    rnr ' r ' r |
    ''r " i t r v "
    "m n
    trDl.
    r,tlnrla
    carc
    iusLil'.i
    '
    1nl, o
    iTf,u l.
    nr r, oui ,
    r ' l. J
    ,jmr . i r b.
    ", '
    '
    \ o '! d d '
    li- n11"
    I i: '.r.'1, ' .
    ' i,ut i.:riro t.o,r"dio nd:
    "
    t
    i
    .
    "
    r lor ' r \ d' L l 'r ' / o
    .n s.blo .' :' o ,J 4 l' l g . n

    noln nl

    '

    r-.

    '5 F.n nJ ,,o llc v ialf .

    \ 'l u r l d p r ; / p - r '
    lund' ru uljo
    I n 'r d d
    r ' r r i 'u

    2t3
    \\:e riotldi,ro&ldr liltc lo i.lierc Ic @a."lbr a poct'
    (\_e'ar |],-i.ca si! rriilfm .ii esre Poer"l

    : )) Sl i h rl c oloc r id. - Pi n .i c ro g a re d rl rr" g u l a ' ofesl nr' rl rl rtP rl i nrl ' urj - S 1128
    ru 4 0 .rr F r 4. prF/oni ,\rq-Fn 3 rn
    t ur : . in l ; rr,o \ , r Lir ' : - i t , - .r' .
    ' r"
    "
    :,r'
    r
    p
    rF rnr' r\urrrl r' n
    l
    p
    d
    '
    n
    ,
    ,
    \
    .
    r
    l,
    .; n, r."l ,r:
    fn ,'
    'l
    | " .rl r' -' u i . ' rrl i i 'l ri n' nur di n r' r' t' ozi l i e
    oruoo l i i { . " u . l r .
    / d t" i t,, t., t::t t
    : . , i, ,,t-* ." r li, . .
    r,t/ mc she Is gting to bc o{$ied so.n
    -!lri
    I /rnlt stif,s
    d ll'
    fh ".
    rl
    ||I r , ^. . d' , , l, nl
    , ' ,, .!r',
    ll" ,.. ttf , tt
    .i
    de ltr I !S!l lgI'2. jlrl44l'
    raria!1.1e c\cnllol..
    1t.zi
    Desjsur ci rella lea u no r ac f iur li s nu s L; ir i t f c . r iie e \ p r i n a t e l n s t i l l l

    direct

    fiitoare pislreazi toLuli forma de lrt'xl conlorm


    plin prezeni,fnrn il1rplica1,ii
    timpurilor:
    iesulii corespoDdeDlei
    H'o,t
    .

    ' t:tP-a
    ?

    r.t.

    ro

    F\

    ' r \ "'

    ld1

    '"a,,
    'r

    J"
    $ 'l '

    g'.o
    " ''

    Din schemclede la ! 1356 qi 1357-se { I'129


    6l Tmihcerex in lirnbt rorne i.
    de lrecl]t esteexprilnatl in limba
    noliurca
    i,'djcrliv.
    la
    trodul
    con.iiit:i ca.
    qlF/d n,inrr .,4n r" rorn ' .prbrb' -'i rnrrm' I'in inlli"1ri 'rl rr'ul
    '
    ^j..
    l:{.or. iar r' li nhr I 'n;": lti' / l l'r'rrF \.ch 'l' drlprrrp:
    t P)!1I t;s ) I
    inr'.ri t.i,li:. Ir:6 ln lr"r. irul tr"' rt
    p,j.",ii
    7.,1 t't a,-!., .i
    ".,p',,.."-1"_i -l 'lr'dL'F'1 'rr'r ''lph
    r p r
    'rrr , ur",.c.'rpe
    tr linba romeDe.astfel:
    t ' ";ntt,' 'du 'I p4t thl "otlpu li rFd'r'" inrr'lpbril r t ll:lll
    ot-'tp
    (s l:44
    rrF.ulp
    d n, li'r ", t\orr',', d dp \p'l'
    " ' rb 'r num-nl 'r
    'r
    1347):
    134r:
    il t . t ' |J t s t t ^ ' 1 1' lh! ' p d
    ' , .11 1.1 t li
    . _il
    ,',,-.
    , . 1,
    s "al"
    " -'
    \\c a ,nl to { lli"r J f s r er dar '
    1Nc 4,, .l4r ifri la ttalrrr.)

    b) crl inperfc.tul ln cazul acliuni]or sau stirjtor' cu cal'acter duraljv


    (li 1:145)sau reprititiv:
    Hc sd1 ll,cfri i ' aiLins lDur aliv i
    /.se&a aiolo aitrflin'l l
    l
    fL P\L
    'l
    '
    l' ' ""P
    fto r 'r_ '/
    L je :r'\.' \ (
    s],. ;'16 i Llcrei N.avcr lDu.aiivl
    / Era ,r lr.1 1o . { c Dr it . n r ' l

    S 1431

    \
    l'r'rrn
    \\'' ,,.i1, /
    'rl' llri
    l' 'n
    i
    'r'dS ll32
    Pe lins; aceasta.irecutul sinplu e\prinliir'1.'lrrpa cum s-r ardtdt,rnJi
    q4

    ., D rpTFnul \arr \ri o' ur'


    s u! I { l 4 l l . li2q, . dlil -n
    "l
    rr\F
    l
    i
    rn
    p
    rrrrl
    rn
    e fal :
    I
    om i- i
    t"-"ij
    radu i c l n ir nb
    llc

    ii,,i; ,,,"tt ,,"?'.rtcrril tn-cazitlunci ac-tiunisaustari anterioareurri .s1433


    monlenl
    "" "'ii" dadtrecut(S 1423):
    ni,iiira'
    r)rcztnlcind noliuneaestede prezent(in cadnrl cores- S 1434
    "i t;mpurilor)($ 1424);
    ponddnlei
    rr',.n i rol, ' \ , '

    l" at td ttt." .t

    Ilnir r- i i r P r c s sin
    :\!'.i

    I,qd..(

    ir ' r - lrn d '

    1r:0o1.r,

    'n
    i n''
    d i n l r" i
    I l- "

    ,' .i,:,r ' .

    3 1 r.c t , t 1, . , t ,
    , " r," ,1
    anterio. unei a.tirni lleente.

    'n

    rr"
    , i
    'l
    l " r'
    l o d " ,,'
    . S - Ji

    ,,

    " ,,

    i i _' ^.r^ ' Lrai ri .


    r4' r' i r rr4'
    u\rorr

    ??4

    143, .
    { 1438

    c)..cr t'iitrr uL_t:n\d noliunea sto de viitor (in carrul cljle.,ironrlonti


    ( $ 2834).

    Atcntte
    !
    ,{ nu so confonda trarulrt silnptu cu subjoncrivul prezc,rl cu care afe
    formd identici. (Vozi $ 1553).
    jon .oi!in subjorLl;ruj sr xu treLurul(dupn r c,.iu,,Llia
    . .Exempleledc mni
    ,.d/r ii1 .^r,. rurr i.-, a\pr ,, Irqt-ri,.ra,:
    It\ linc Llnlil ron qe',r fo rr1.
    llr fi tirilul si Lt i.ut:i. la r\tjNa!.
    Ion nrd ,ef.. sav .r.s,.
    /lIa i l)ine d i s pr ne _dr . - i:
    TLey \vish llhrrl ih,:J .,r
    sr. von.
    /-,1f l,.t si i. toitr-l redfa i
    1 1.
    rath c .
    her ) ad t . t ] , f . g. .
    rll
    rv
    (At ',o
    pt.fira
    sir s! ' ia,
    insoarc
    cn ca d{it sn a. destflrti.)

    5 1437

    7) Trecut Di riitor.-, Din Fig. 2 () 1357) se vede .,n in.i;.j4liiri?lrrecut,


    ocupa prtrul .jstemuluide tirnl,uri care apartin trecutului.r\sadar.pentru
    '
    rednrcu unpi ,rcliuni anrprioarc iceteia exprinat prin i dicati\-ul tre.ut. vcF
    bul cF lunp l\.!r. rt.t pa[!"..t pa\t p"[..tt.i"tp.n.u.F.riun"
    vii nar.raia
    d" d.cF1_"xpri dr! pfln in.t q rrrt rrq ri r"16,rt ... pur. t) t;! ut [afu tJ?
    trecut. (Ftllurc in the Past)l
    lt".bllm
    ) 160. . . a , r
    \t -d st'r. .i o r ' : , , . J

    S 1438

    5lf39

    ttp

    |". t . t
    r
    ( \ t i. , .n . "

    tt. .,./d.F"
    r. l\iiror
    ," o ,T f,d.d../

    Obsereq,lie
    l\it trecnttll anterior indicatiyului tracur. cit ti riilrr..,l fate de acesta
    slnt l,impuri constnrif,ecn ajnrorulforn.i tecute a diriliarctor lesiectirc.lotme
    irnpuse de coresponden,ta
    tirnpurilor, care cere ca un \erb ce se'&t''tdin raport
    temporuI cu un tecut si aib; tot form; de trecur, ( I 2838).
    8r fompnr0tieiotrc irocutul bimplu .i trcrllrrl.ootinu||3. FormasimDla
    r indi,irivului r".ut i\primrj o drliunFsau n starp,,.m/ral.itn1.un mumFnL
    dai.irecur;lor_ma continua snger6f.zeco tinuitdtca unei ac!,iuni sau a uner
    stdri_trecute. deci ii Japtul ce acasranz, a fast desaitirgiti.
    Dacd intreabi cinovn:
    "Dd lor hEd.abort Lord Nounitatten'$rragic deaUiin Ireland?.'
    Se poate rispunde cn lrecutul simphr:
    "Yes. I /kd.d l.he Dews on tle TV.',

    R;spunsul suqereazdrd informaliile auzite Ia TV sint suficiente si cd


    vorbilorul .on.idFr; Lhestiunain, his,iSe poate lnsi rnspunde fi a,r trecuttl conti.nun:

    "14 './r'r : ,r-eJ dlJ lr _ da. . i \ _o"biu"LI "" g r i j I l d m n m " 1 u t d " n t d u t u : b a r


    "/, r I d" id l l L. t g nd, , t . , . . 11 . , , v r , .
    r i in^ r o z i o d . r '. r ,
    ht|-,..Tt,v,v.r,
    ns rlo ,( il r ',. . r , . t Rool r "t J y . _"u\
    r,rt.,
    t"" inr;rpr. iorbirorului
    nr' : t . ,.1 :1 .n ? .i a . r . . t a s , dor , o . , , luJ r ; . d d., - .,,i.".it.

    $ 1410

    t) Douna{tiuni simnltAne.- Dcui saumai multe actiuni tre0utecarese


    dcsfaso8riln i.olasi fimp pot f; eriprimateprin indicatii,ul Lrecut,conrinuu.
    . F ^1 . . . r I |t c rF s F J T i, s . a . u n I i | , u i | ., p d lor l " u^ motuent drt:

    d d .;

    \,"/.la,-

    In l^
    ,tt) t

    ,1 1 ,' o .
    " lu \,
    co q r t.1 .)

    .,1 .
    'E t,.,.,

    !?6
    []rfn I tuned in i.o ihe lilc o'clockne$s, Ure annoDncer,asrcddt,g the nalncs ol
    tlrp njrriirq teams. whilc oo{'ds eere ctucrits and musio 44s LeingPlalen.
    (Cind anr pns radionl pentru sinilc dc ]a ora cinci, crairicnl r.'zvrn.a nunle
    rclripclor cistigetoaf,, in timi c. mlllimea addnd li se au*a tnnzioe.)
    Foartc adoscori ins[. una din cole doui forn}e conlinue este iniocuitd S 1441
    p rin 'r'.u ru l . i. lt ' lu I nc ^ i d p u n d ,l L Arh ' ? t. F \p ri mj ' unri nui l al F- ' JU /,ci
    .o n ri n ri r ,rp o j . ,r,/. \
    :i ' nLl ranpi l i aar pr..:
    i {, r t t.."i 'Jr"J
    lrere
    tn
    laft-comets
    Pourtng
    -\s thc slrow ntuceetlen.
    He ou.ed,an, illrIc thc noist outsider@ sro"B in Yolumc.
    Dacd insn nu cortinuitatea acliunilor intorseazd. ci simplul fapi c{ S 1442
    omcnt dat. l_erbele respcrtire se pun la trocutul
    acestea au avut loc la ur
    silnpln (N.rrftrtirr ar H^toru: PtLtt):
    Th-"1 /ear do$n lonnr and 1 cam ho ..
    a,t-;& dar in oras. iar eu d,' ,.,ir acasi.)
    \itc. tlc livc o'claok ri$s. the enouncer /add the mo,es 01 tl,f cdsi ir the pdpt it t l
    l o . l a _ lo lo n n {. so il n'u :.
    r 4. - l' r ' L s or r n i l - l l i . s '- P 9 , . P 4
    1 r l r " l r l n t h . " i ': . " u / , r ,
    fl1 ; J ld o ra.r ", ' r ir J r r . r l r . , , t 1um . 1.
    tlup. i:
    .dl r
    /"1 r " r r ' ' / ' \ " r r _ - n' o
    ,o h . : n:. ,^ urd n'

    PREZE\TUI,

    PNIiIJIOT

    (THE IITESDNT I

    $ 14.re

    MECT]

    $ 1441

    r' Formi
    |'rol.n|U|p.|tFc.''a' :in''||r|U|.ompU.di|||inl,ar"r'r"nJ
    nun r. Ja ,sern'n.'r". -" torn,pdr". u rruronrl rndi"' i'ul.ri prcr^nr il su\iiiarnlui 'o f l.\\E. lrmr dc p.tt:;piut tr-rl "l vcrbului dF.unjucal:,
    I hale callcd: fou hdt!
    .alled; lhey la!. called,

    calledr he. shc, ii h6

    callsd; we hale calledi you IaYe

    D. Functii

    s 1445

    Din F;g.2. S l ,iL. q. or..'ori a prezerlulpprfr I la'e parle,lin srupg


    ,lF 'i mpuri , arp
    rn ""rrrrl lor 1,r':,nt"t indi ,ltitu't/i si slnr ' on lruir" ' u
    "u
    respecLive.
    auxiliarelor
    -rr,"r:.nlul
    Prezeniul perfect,erprimi asadaro acliune sau o stare treeutl, anterioarl
    \arbului FqlFin
    ,.. yntp1y;, lar alll rlp "lrin. l"qrr" do a -- r In'll lnlPlFSUl
    t.tpt Jc tt"z"r1. pqz.nlLl Dorlpil li:nd 'r',anri hiar lr-d'r. u prF/rn ul ln
    ]inlba .omend (S 1475 b).
    PrezenLulperfct are l,"ri tntrbuintiri /rrincilale. Dl fuaLn:
    l) mterioritRtec unei acliuni terminate insintea altei ac.tiuni exprnnate $ 144ti
    prin prezen',:
    on i, nJ"i".
    \h n 1 p 4as / ,
    nd bnak d r , n- al{ d' . . d " '"
    'h l J p e r '
    m r . , l dd_U. j 44. ? i1 _ 'l d J u n a " i " r F p .
    D urnin ,,l . ,lu r,1
    oi \ or l. I s r o l i o r a ! u p o l
    \ L liv.. , .n I h t!" ar ", t
    "r , rdlr l'
    "u,
    . a t b a 'r o'-eJp. a : c a
    lir p. m lop r . r '
    tlut',t " on l, * l,
    r ' ' , 1, bu'
    tic| n, )
    'd

    1447
    2) rezultatul in prezert al unei acliLtni anierioare. de cele rnai mulle ori
    "r
    cu irnplicalii ulterioafe, l}ronentu,sivlr*rii acliunii respeotivencfiind india
    deaaracen intereseazi:
    D.ry has broken.
    IS'a cr{pat de zi. l:

    Esle zi, dcci ne tutem scula )l

    ln di mull a LiPr ic nni


    ' E \ orsie
    um s ar .Pd"
    1 , nur n l ; . , . o , r ,
    r o 'i n bt t o. : \ t at . t dd
    ' ,' it o' n,w
    'l
    duri iitlu). inspj.at{ din bltsDele 0clc mai cnDcscuie ii o e constiLuic cvenimenhtl lradi_
    liohal a1 s,lrlriloril{tr d. ialni'L-

    276
    Whal ,rs Dfozsn,vou here?
    lce te-a a.lLs aici? (De cc ds,t aici? Ce nei de la minc?)l
    lvho nas l,tu,\e, the l.caD.t?
    Icire o s??, ceainicnl?[: Ccainicul.s'. sra.r, deci nu putem fuc. ccai.)]
    | l"nr. .""t

    n , In .,n

    L d JU'

    .1 p i u r p

    n tallou m nunJt. (Nu stun.,nd anr vtzut. iar)loul. cioi nu iriereseui


    tltu
    d .r,_ f F 7. 'a.ut
    lld ul ln f r ,/" n r: ta r,.u l, i rl r.n o ... . r i ,pl , al i a .d j nr ,nLU ,i d.rnrr.I
    wl{
    Drf

    ld,.
    1 o u o j. o Pd tt n \i \h .\.
    4id,.hi.
    ( \to m F .,r
    t"t"d ' t^ a

    x' l

    .!r..t,i ni r'n

    rr!,.a.d

    ctrd aios t des c his di d c a s L .a .c i l a p tu l c i l e rc a s i .r'adsrdeschi si i i j cl deaceea.srrcr.


    "IIarc lan pastcd.l.heletter?" "\o. I h.eca't ben dble La get a stnmp. tlecryihing
    p,ts ctosed."
    { Ai lus sc.isoarer]{ cutie?- Ntr, n an lutut gi6i tinbrc. Pcst. tot cra ltrchB.,
    "Eao. lot ne! t\ti Flcndnrsra" "No"_ "I'd like votr to rnaci ttiem.i'
    ( cd;Drri fa'nilia l lemmint?- \u. - ni vrea i[ rc ,rcztr.)

    $ 1448

    3) o acliuno sau o stare incoputfi in txecut care durcazi pinl ir prezt'rlt


    (sau pind intr.-un moment,trecut atit de apropiat de prezent incit se confundi
    cu acesta)jcontinulnd sau nu ln pfoze.t sau in .riiLor. Se deosebesc
    urmitoarele

    S 1449

    a) durata perioadeide timp in care s a petrecLrt,acliunea nu e:rtearitat;,


    se subtntelegi;e cuviotele j,pi;[ in prezeni":
    Sheids redDall a.longthe scacoast
    and nos.,.a alt ihe new buildings.
    t(Pi l In p.ezent)a losLpe iot litoralnlqi a vezuttoatenoilaconsh-uctii.l
    H.

    h d " b " c n t + or 4

    to $ ;d

    , n | l.m d s

    lse qiic cA (piDi in prezlnr) a iiitisai ri zecereprize srccesiv.l


    Thi ooncertnasa'l ,eszn.
    ddct nu te sribi.l
    lconceriul nu a lnceput (pine ln lrezcnt)
    Adverbele c/cr si nerdr accentuoazd ideea, nu sint deci obligaiorii:
    Have rou (r,er) sP, a sazelle'
    l A i r J z ut ( ! r eu ,l a l i ) o s a z e l i l l
    I Lav . f oer c r ' l/ u d . p o p p o rtu nty .
    l N, ) m dv ur ( ' ijc i o d a tr)t;rl :j u l l :
    ,/ durdra acliu]lii e\primate de verb esLe aretati prin adverbe sau lo5 1450
    cu l i u ni adr F r bidlc a l c ro i | rl e l e s e s L el e g a t de prezent asau attt de apropi ai
    d prezent incit se conru,rdd iu acesta), -ca: jffi (: tounai, abia), laielE', o/
    lal., fecentlg3. d.aring thc I tlle:e l.rst three yeors (feo q'ecks, LtrJo montht eIc.)1
    this last Aear, tlrcscllhis t|entlJ minntcs, oa Atr, Uet elc.l
    He ttds irgt dt:iecd..
    lTocmiri (acu, abia) a sosit.l
    SIe /dsn'i ,c,u !vel1litsly.
    (Nu s-a simlit biDe in uliima v.eme.)
    l2ur ioclbr lb. so l d .l IF U !F s n I' F l d s n r,/ m u . l o l pJ.n,
    I n ul im ii doi d n , a a v u t m .l tft d n In \d l d t.j
    \- ft, hr.d u rF.r.h Jou tbi! rhcsc ro y mioutir.
    , I n. T dm d pd u re .r 0 e m ' n u l ' r' d a o d ti n..l
    cJ duraia acliunii exprimate dc verb esLe o perioadi de timp indicata
    { 1451
    de un adverb de timp nep;ecis, sau de o locutiune-adverbialn (precedate sau
    nu de prepozilia /d/J : (far ) sone tine. some iieelis. sercral !ea6, a fart ight,
    an h,aur or tpo. a fctr minutes, ([ar) alang rine, ha',long...2 eIc.l
    \\c haeeb.at Daflt.l (lofl o week.
    /.tinkn cisiloriti de o sntiiLohi.)
    r r\ 6e obrlna t.arer-'{ saDDilicai,ive d. ia
    0..retrLdi nerfeci la trecnlul sjrnold din
    ultinia !tupozilie, ca.c s. fcrrfi la ur mooenr Dri;is din rrr;trr.
    :
    ncrfect vdnbilc si: "//dr? vou ir.D;L sazell{i?" "1 ldrfl''r /,ad thr olro|iunilv."
    "!lnt
    '
    xrcd,tttu
    a;:Leun droib cxr. sicdnsLrtri.,ii; ri eu ir,curul simplu {S 1i6i r}.

    !??
    tt In"' l \ou: I / dt ", l '
    J or ' lor r c ei'
    i t r r I nl' n. s i l \ u r " d' t : : ' r
    |
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    .
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    '1
    long?
    Itd.c lon ArorYz the
    (li .rtold dc iult?)
    {on long nat. lon beea \rith tsl
    lDe .in l cl,t la Doi?)
    . 1r pr - u t . "r a u l r ' l i u r r " J " \ n r i - d r d
    dr ln,"lur'rl
    t'.'i ,d lP: J - li' nP;
    ulr ' n x! l ! 'r l r d l ''1 r '4 \ l n r . a
    p
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    b'
    duolo
    { l a ! e rL, c" le r,' ';/d
    : L"
    ( :r
    s t t t " " t 'P c h '
    t luhlu! !
    jin
    l " r 't o t
    l9 ' a
    L i n o , rl r' r. . i-, A:
    \i

    ii,,i'ini'ii,i

    "f

    $ ll52

    ftan 1e50ftum
    t",, (:t'c).tron .Lhov (froin his chitdhoott'

    1957'
    n Br ' '
    1 ^ \ t 4 b4 .
    ' ir "
    lui: n Fur' "L"i
    fi
    '
    li
    "a u.h '
    home rrom o
    lle has liaed a\tal- lro
    'hild'
    era
    coril-l
    a(Dl) tfnicete delarte de crsr'r d' cind
    tale
    agail
    thrt dlX sh. nds nele. beea
    f
    'n
    |l]ni accn zi {ia) nu a riai ttlt.idr niciodai'i l

    Atcnli.t!
    je alrlL" in sncrill al"nlid rt nu ' intrcblir'1:" r/'hddld ln lirnba
    en"ltz'' ind, ,1t",ttiftz nt i t]n'i "|nJ un v"rb e r" \n'olil dr u-n udvcrb do
    r'
    rimn lr".rll p""""d"r d" 'i. , ( J..in l Jp Jtu-.i da. 't tn lar' lron
    {1'ii,si s t4;;, 2361).
    er incerulul perioadei r1etimp in cate s-a petrecut acliunea crprimatn $ 146t
    un \Frb la rr ut'tt 'tmpl u:
    <lo
    '"rn...1" "i)r'
    "rrn,
    tot hdr. b*n lrY ldtnd evo since I w!! born'
    (tni .f/i prielcn_dc citrd n am ndsc!t.)
    she .anc h$c as a .hild rnd nos bftn \titl us erer since
    ai'unct')
    lr\ venit aici de copil ti sd la noi mereu de
    S:n1J..
    I la- m r t lL r d l
    \\'e /,,
    . ,,
    trnJo r
    nd ian i1 ; ln l u l m a o d - ' l a
    L .rrr up lJ I J "
    \u a
    '
    L
    P
    itr I97'
    \tp
    l F I .4 n- r " lr or r ls o y ds nol "\ Fr s i n r F
    'n t r
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    ,\
    ' 4 ' "a '

    p
    $ 146{
    rJ d r r , r " r io- l. i i n c e r." Ip ' l rF ' u L a rri u n o ' F rp ri ' nrrdd' tFrb,F
    percrerol
    i
    '
    i
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    o
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    or7t
    p
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    tu
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    r/.'
    .
    \
    '
    "
    r
    b
    lA
    n d i t, d .'i n; t t
    r:
    ' b r" ' " n
    He ha3n't {orPel i}pilg since hc lrss Deenin this room
    ia n'a-:inade cind 3e afla rn aceasfi caderd )
    il'-. l'""t.1 Ji
    "c"id
    disatpointedir hcr sincc I iure knolr! her'
    I iatd neler rzdn
    (Nd m-a d""zanegitniciodat'l de clnd o
    /
    l
    'z@t'
    \1'c rat,6edn jn nish spir'ilsa]l ihe tnne Ne heYcrrorled at tho barage
    -entuzintti
    la
    La'aj
    dc clnd lucfta
    )
    (Sltiten mnur loirie
    \ t n / ioi Dp
    " rJ r ra ,l .\.i n r" \" h u ro I' ccn mrrri P d
    oi
    i ' r r d . rn I i ,r" ' a "
    -.r 'rn fo I
    '

    $ 1455
    d. Prezontulletfect simplu Si prczentllller'feet continuu
    , l L x |cr b.l " lu r ' r\p 1rpla 3\"' t^ ma'o in u ' rs lli: ' p " ' z " n lu l s 1 4 6 6
    d' r' ur' r

    oerlec co lr , r uu " . c " n u, i rJ i ' l " " " d A n n ' i n -i ' r" d u d" Jurx' i
    iernrinaie in prezmt sau lnir un treoul' fo t'e recenl':
    He h.s b..n ,a.ntq llrglisl! (lor) l$'o veaN
    (.['t..li. eielrza .tc d.r am )
    ri .fo rn
    ll. '
    v 1r ' ' , r " ' ,
    LD, ' rtd In

    unpr

    o lPll,T i

    l:li::lllii;"':i'":ii:l;'i1ilix"l-i;ilT
    n:nhxli:ill',,iiii'l:jir,il;:l:;fi

    2;E
    i..'

    '|:'':'].'

    ' ' ' | ' ' ' ' | i' ' i


    l^

    S r157

    , .

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    , i d t r t 1 , . t i . , i , ri .m tL, rdt 4,
    ^.

    t on'h5'
    n ut.:mr.c

    f I

    ll L eori ffi.rna continuii t, trez,,rrutuj priclr !\pfl,,ra LUniirLunrea


    unci_aririuni
    lir pr;rzcrtjcv,jriunt :r 1,, \jitur. i!,!|lrott
    eu prezerrt!1rrertoct.
    simplu.car.cnrat; o acliulp termilrti in prczrrLt:

    l1 r , \ , . r J r , . a t l a . tm .,t| " ,
    I\ou-tJr,rl
    " b p ,../
    t t ir r . , ' . r - . t .
    T i .a n r,.rL ,r ,d t " ,, , n " ,r " Li ,t_ t.i z .. rr.r rpl r' n,r-o.J
    I uD ai.aid I /,ard .o/an 1.our lunotr.
    lTi ani niin(rr lrinzul {iu a nai r;iD$ nnriol.l
    P r ez eit ul p e rfe c t c o n l ,j n u u rl \e rb e i o r n,oD entai e (g 1344) edpri mn
    $ 145 8
    .... /
    a.,, urr reperaie:
    r
    . 1or , t . " ,-" 1 ,/.r l l l
    ,:" \d\ r, th.i a..u" j ..
    l .t d
    \' r.,r,
    ,,i t, .,, .tr. r" b i .a ,
    ,,, r" -"
    ,,t, . \\c hdt. l,un :lapprrs erfrl r.rtnan $e met ro rclt him thij ,.s5 ot ouf trrigadr.s
    1l{},,frn.ID roli mu.rjr.o.ii l. carf i am nitilrtit. oi sri lc spur.D rcsLalealizrrli
    ,o " g ,da'
    n. i r ' l
    S r45$

    d./ PrczeDtul pertect lorrinuu

    drl uneoi

    te\rLrtui o nuanln emol.ioratd:

    \,r L .1..
    g, r , g I n I i. i, iiLr r .
    J . r 1:
    : nd , Lr ". ! - b
    ii.'rr',
    iarrp i
    o5la, :
    \:i d:r d, t.ziu,j
    ll. Lo t."- . it. ; , B ut r , ddinA , I dt , , , r . s n {J i n :
    (i J
    Lr / iu n, . . ' t r . , , . Do d.; J , . o b o , . i . l
    ".d -1,titp n1

    \ se corripara in contra"ct,:
    : tte hasatut n a svmDlionv.
    ,1 sartuo snnronie.
    \r"a -nru t

    a ,,iLni , . ! n npr . r . r ilbr . , i, . ' nu

    in . ; , p s , : r , . i . r d

    a r . r '! s i m l o n i d . \ ,

    unul r - e, ut . _ t , e n, . ,
    \"r
    \mphont.ta.L
    \Io n".,ul a,'iL I r , j.
    p"e, . i/ J ' . an, r t t r Lr".
    .
    ,1 . -.. o s,n on: p dnr . t bi. r t , ,
    H hos r . : t . " , d s r n , r , h o i . 1 . i , r r a r .
    I \i u Lr i .!pu t d . i t pr m nai, t r " J " . t dn
    l
    p
    ,
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    .
    o - i n | , ' F J n u I a' ps , i.
    lt - / r bp. , . . r t; t , , . g a s J l p r ! J , . i . J F r r .
    -j
    i \i ri n . d '.nro
    pu, J in a, . p, J n du"pr / l . i . n F r p l " r , 1

    D.narcLepfuz-nr,rlpc pcr e\primi ideeAde anterioiralefali de Drezenl


    J1r " i.tJainr;icuitutc';I.ri\in,d,o,,riru.,ii
    r.;";, r-";;
    \I o". F.l' LIF Jo fll . J ba I nlit ur p a. FJ . r i, r , , iio""1i,_"ii
    u r u n t i "",.h;trai;
    ir,rrFbuir tind||-satntdt_
    ,1t.lina p.'tttn indicarea contiD!itnlii acljunri lerhutui ttztntut retel:t
    confinuu. care aduoeprecizareaneccsari daci aceastanu reiesenici diir cbricxt. {cf. { 1455).

    $ I460

    S 1.161

    r/. Treeutul simph si prezcntul pertect

    Deoscbireadintre trecurul sjmptu .sjprezentul l,FrIFrt prerinti mdri difi_


    ' .1.r i ferrru .r,,.1-,,riiIn,,,;ni. obi.rr.riir ,,.ri,g"rc" i"manl. as"ln".o.
    "u
    .Lcl-zo :r I a i.'ii ,imi, fu"rrp
    ,lit"rlri J" pd. tje a, aFr. ru,|'r! n I ", ,
    ,r r. , Jb.tr
    rr_ dp rin,pufiJFgran,Jti..,toJin lrn bd romdna. s, r" .,urJia
    ,rr.,I ltru,-lr]rJ orjulrlii e',slpzcin Fis. 2 S 1J57.avindu_"(e
    tn .!,edere
    irif
    /.r'i/ \ Dr!utuI d|l,.rop,.2,,ia,n, Fzi. ri niridncrrr:r
    rradrr,pr,a.tin timoarumina.
    . . U c',mparair"intrr rrrcnrnl simplLt.siprezentr perfct va lnmuri mar
    bnre intrebuiniareaa(l*tor rimpurr.
    . Trecutul simplu est,ea.l.t:tdratullinp netut 1n limbo engleza.lll exDnm.ro
    d.lrllnn,Jrp r arut lo. tntr un tuot\..t prec^ 6du in,ro p r;oaddprp;isddin
    tfc.r?r!ar_truneternrn.ltd atnnci s\ fdrii nici a legdturd.ct1,prezntul-

    2!9

    hczc tul pedoet stc esentialmenteun tinp prcz.nr' El erprimii o nciiLl


    ne trecnLA, crie aJ".l..git urd cn prezerLtulsi c e a losl s;t'irliti indr un r?,/rtnt
    ""ffl"fl*t
    simrlu inrlreaptn aten!;a asupra no rnllthu rr..ur ir ca.e s a
    ,<nvirgit acliunear prezenhl ptrfec{' nrn|ra rr. ltatttlui acli.u.ttiiin ft:tnr:
    I 1,s, mY look len da$ a(o,
    ,,.r,
    \" .' u,ri rmrj, r r ' . d, r - , ; ' . r
    ;,
    /l .
    -q ' ,r r,i. -l r' ,J
    ar, I " eo
    r' -rnl .l
    r , d, . ., .t I n . . t , , , . t m . ,r" " . ." r 1 tr" r,ru rd p , ' .' t,.r "
    I nd' lo'r n'v r'ook.
    p" P ' 7d ' ' i
    i nr r' 5' ari
    U rn r D- c . d- -rt r " ' . \l o n r, I l ;rJ .i i n r "
    .i
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    L i i Io " J
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    i pol l -n ,d ,tr r lo! d r r l
    ' ' ' i " _' Ir' al
    IIi ..
    s o n D o dy/d sr' r' / / h r' ,o, arri l
    | :.i .h p a - lt
    - l^t
    " tt,b
    ri lir n n i, no "ch " rIl
    (\
    I.l " ' ' r ' l d r \' ,1 .l .,r \d a api n' o i I
    L'as in Bu.Iarest last l-.tr.
    l,\n lost anul trecul ta Bicnrllti (Tjmlnl prcciz.rt: ldsr !dr' ,\cl'nrneallII ltgli
    tndi iru lrezcntulr n! nai sint aon, in Dncurciii )l
    i haac \n\{ beenin tsucharcstllorl . ycar.
    tsjnl (acnn) la Bu.urciti de ur an. {Aaliune lrecute carc ocnlinud in plezdli ti
    !ro!abil in !iito..)l
    ds a .nttdl" "No, I .iil''l.. I onlv r'.4t lo Hun_
    "rtd you err go lo Czcobosloraltia
    S t "v
    \u. ,,, a,n r,sr. \m ,.i
    "j e i r " . t v podd' a r n r" h !s r, \d .." ..td p tr: ,o p t:
    nnas o d d ta r r Lngr id t lrn l l a c L !r' a r7 1 l d p ,u \i n l " l ' d., ' nl d ).
    'tl .r. \
    l -7 1 h o .l o \n l i a . \o , l /d ' u 1l ) r' P o l l ungi rJ '
    ' - \ a t " . n lo
    N " a m l L i . ndi rr' I n d" i a rs out' i " _
    v
    r
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    ]
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    n
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    tctege ,,pin[
    ]rrzent-11
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    l l i.d l.r Init,u , ra . . r ' r ' , " J " r ^ ou. P i- r n"m alo g , a l ? ( T i n 'p u l d r 'n r l 't P n _
    zat di cuvjlltele befate coins ta tlE lictLtes ))
    dard lou d,rc vour norka
    Lncreea ste sata {in prezent) (Sublnieles: ,,Dac[
    inat"lrcraree?:
    tTi'ai'ter
    ste saia, poli acum sn te distrezj.")l
    I h. d,d O"h oL . n i Bh, ' r s d / in Dlu; , , . ' t . n: ! oua lF . a n . " t
    ( \ I o m n l r q 'r t D ''i z a l
    lA muu,il ..lla D oo id 1 lb; . r , d: d lu: C"t . ! $ilipr i' onr Fr t
    de cN'intele Pi'dd?/ at the .otu41 ,i fad hstttcd .u Pterentut.))
    LdJ" ,{.."d riprsh{in; "ll dnsodv in lrluc_ /;r,
    ( t r n J i n p r P z e n l '. r t l o n. i,r i
    traDsod rlrd I , a! . a- a l . i c pr . h\ in d" f';nPs
    , \ mlrn7r
    p "r io. oa o" Lin, p or . I "eot u, o " p e ? ^ t n . ) l
    n p n l u t 0 tlu l: ,"/;-i.dr.
    "Ilate !\it rcad 'Hamlci'?" "No. bul t hnte seen it I sao the pic\n.e duing the
    l- tpt 4d t n F* . ?n! t " - Nu, dd l d m \ t z u t t l t 'o t r P r P z P n t )
    |
    -A . icit:t lliil
    ot )1
    t n"t pt ulu: t t - Vow ! t t q r ' l r i i
    A m iizul t ilm!l ra .:mpr' f ". l: \ alt lui
    She d,, u! to lhem and !s/'.dr "Why nd you c,ru: Whv dn lou sdv vou rveren't
    rp
    | 5-a roro !:dl d " "'s a nt ^"bA t t r eu ' a, at ir t : . , D"c F a r i r . n r ''. '. D r
    "tnrpli
    ai ; . t , a p*,p"t,
    ,,Dp rp a lis pus lnlr un anu4: t r nom pn( s r b r r '" 1 " s r d i n / 'P . u l ) c i 'u
    ! e n i ti?' il

    AalyerbelealotimD inhcbt riato atit cu trccutul simplu' cit Di cu prczentul $ 1462


    D c r l c r l-. Ar i l tr o uiu l -i'nnl.r,.ll )i prF/pntutp.rlP l p o r li i' rF h u in t a lp

    In urma to r r nl. s d\ er bF d F i ,,Ip n p rP " ;. d a r i n s i l ui l i i

    di l eri l " :

    1) erer $i nc{er, recently,slnt, folosite cu:


    S 1463
    gubinle
    le
    g
    t
    re
    c
    u
    t
    "
    :
    c
    u
    v
    in
    t
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    le
    cind
    se
    simTlu,
    , , in
    a ) Tr e cn tul
    "rid vou crcr /tnd o,, the nanc ol the goal kecpcr?"r
    "I dtd'- iusl relorc I Lfr lhc st{diun "
    / rt;i,rJ drn se 'r"tia lortarul?-Da, chiarlnainte dc plecareamcade le stadioD.)
    She was lh. rreitiest girl I or0r rad
    (Era cea mai arrgule rain te carc (fl pd:,t_o .odail:r')
    1 (sport): parur {la lotbul, ho.h.i {do.).

    {i0
    Hc rcrf..er?{kd tlr. o/I,,& tor $tji.h Ie tad n{rn c.nsurcd.
    (Nu a /cprr, ri.tdd.d grei.th telt.u ca.c nrseseo.iiicar.)

    . b r,,a n r { . . io ot h b. , p
    \r!'r..
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    .
    1lr':r,, / "U
    | . r iI co ir ,rt
    t . . t . ; t .' . qnt t ! .
    .. /

    Sr { 6 {

    b) pr e ..n tul

    t.rIr/:1.

    t)tfi sc s L rb in le ] ecgu riirc t e , , p iI i rn

    p fe ze n- u- :
    }1{r, }ru crer llrilcl l.he ller.,itasr llnseun, nr Lrnhsmd?
    (.1i ri..inr rreodaldiluz.ul Emitasii din LcnilAfad?r I i.
    .
    ,n I.s ri n : | !l !s J . ' r h o r\n qrJp i of d i n., \.,tr,,L
    . r .rd re .1l i ri ,o t,r .- ,l n o \.' i. t." " ,. ., l r,tLa r,rc4,to)
    r DFr.r r",
    I/
    olh
    i d i, ll);u ttn fast niciaddtil h i\arc.)
    $",,
    Dd,r ,.a or / pr ^
    i. " / , , . , . . . /
    uf lr a
    to O,bcor.
    /\,
    tdn ..
    | . . d", , , t t - , n r / i J L t d " o \

    $ 146i, . . 2) -ldrerhele li locutiunile adrcrbixte de tiDp neprccis care cxprine


    iileeLrde..pili:i la un nlornntdar trcrut sxu p"c,"nt.. ci: dtt,dtl.lJ.
    stiLL,uet,
    .ot t.,,t. t tn.\. I tt
    ) ,t'l ,s tt,,. ,luJpt...,in r'uto-itc,u:
    a) Tr.t: utul si,LDl .. cin,l sc subrrreleccurintlc ..ollrdnrtr U,
    '-. ,r ,,iiJu. :,, ii,,.b.,,^mi.:, , rr irnpnrt,,ruir:
    lle LyardlrldX tircd.
    /,4.o deji obosit.)
    Trrere p.fe articlis ltill not irfittcn.
    /E.aa attiole lncn ncscris.)
    -fhere ,e/a iobs not vct don..
    atra& sarctri lnce neildellinite.)
    So nu lhinss gr.. al] ris[t \iLh lhe ,,e\Lhjrcddcd corn]e.
    (Pin,'Latruoi noii instr{iei se tnrd,a4 t}i.e.}
    I p lo nor pv " . v tl ' n A r .,a " d o i i c .I
    J . n ,i ro r l p d -, g r" r.r
    . P r ' . 1ar
    L) P r . : nt u t
    r,n d .p .,,L,nrFt,s ,uri n el , ,prna rn
    I. r[..t.
    .ot.r,d.j
    p r.zrrr r ' r r J us in l i mL a
    ;n i ,r
    r.4 .., t
    . . . . r' b ri ." ' o
    Pr' .."r
    a rl rc a d r.
    f! fi rd;u r .xrozitia.)
    Hdrc yo! boughtuic tiokets rt?
    [Ai cumpnrat bi]etele (ptni in lfe?enr)?l
    Shc still ,usn't aond.
    lTot n-a e.ni1.)
    SIc n6,'i .dne xet.
    {\n o rr"n nrcai.)
    Up to no{/Bo Irr tl,c experjmert lds De'r a sucoess.
    {Pini h prez-"ni cxpcricnla a ac"r succcs.)
    14tj$
    3) Adl.erble ,siloculiunile ad.!'rbiale care arate o pe oaili, dc timp DeterS
    nrilafi, ca: tadu!, Ihis tr.iehl /nonlh I gear I matuing,-a.tt tluy, all n{ght etc.
    si n t folos it e c u:
    t ul
    s i rn p l u .
    e n rd p e ri o a d a d i ;np sau acti unea rpfl . ).trt.
    m.rr1 cre \ er'IJ s a lern.Du1t:
    I / / . lJ f . " o . th n
    o rri n ( (\:orl.so dlti1-amiazn sau s!r0 scare).
    (N-am bliut oldra azi djn' nnealli.)
    lt iiinerl tune!.
    plaud a n.)
    -{ tlouat. rzl. (Xu
    "tui
    r,,!' nu si, I.l.Ia numal l.r p.czrnt. dar ia nn Donx,nr dat r.eclq
    consider.ttca
    ii
    Ir.z-;ni .F rtro or.
    z ta !h^ ,J.q!= pilt.\7i: tu rna, lay : pjnri ahuei.

    981
    h.rc lor a lerv liours this $cek,
    He
    'ds aici cileva ore slltin]ina aee.rsta(da. a plccat )l
    [{ lost
    pcrfe c t.
    N i n tl p e ri o x d a d e ti l )p si rtLarl i urea vrh ) p rcz ent ul

    bului dureaznhcn:
    I hdeen'L har) corlcc tbis nosins.
    (\-am beut calea azi dnnjnea!{.) {vorbeso dimin.a!^ i
    'l'odrr nds ,c.i a line dal.
    lrzi I tosi o zi lrtrnmasa.)(Esle sca,d !i inci rrumos )
    \on hdrc been here onlv onc. tlis weok.
    fN-ai lo6t aici dcctt o dalI (plnl acud sipfinlna ace,tst r
    In a{ard tle cazurile menlionat la aeest punct. ur1de iimpul verbului
    rsDectiv esto imlrus de necesiLatea clarificirii nri,.elesu\ri, r.tunci ri d situaiia
    r p ip. r l i rn p "lr J in " on, pr l ." l F d o L d l i " l p u ri ,n ' .4 "..nti fol osrr" l ur' d"
    o*bir ", n . m ai r " r . r , lndu s e d i .ri n l i a d i -rt, ' l F .l l bi l i r" r Ji ,,' . A ' f-l
    se spune in mod egal, tn,telesul fiind acelagi in ambele cazurj:
    'l-e hnt
    a l l d .\.
    "artpd
    .r . s
    | e hd r r t e n t L , ' r' di 5 \ ' /

    _d
    'r
    .\"

    i1 p
    lt"

    ,o ' r Pd rard Jl i l J\'


    l o l i i s L;l e I :. {
    "tu F

    [.

    4) Ad\,-,rtel6dc timp ,\i loculiu,rle advrbialecontiruttirc slrnrepetitire' S u67

    rad t.
    p, n" , o' t J - u. . o * i a n n l ' :j . | -ttl o tl t. ,j u o ttr. tt, q\.rttJ. t'
    '.
    ! ' n s , ipt + ol t
    L i ' n " d t' | ' ,q o tn . n o t or t 4.q' n. L ' t JLtt.
    .: t d"
    .a
    n
    .
    ' -" s .
    ".
    oJi ni oar,r pe tr' n' uti .
    .t . r. t ,-h fu rn t. . r ' r y [ o
    n!1 ,' ,.p t! I v x , t.-. n r" ,
    1
    t
    m
    t
    t
    \.
    ti
    a
    n
    rl
    t'
    l j /r' i ,acpLi . srnr l ol o
    o
    dJ
    l.
    )
    .
    n.
    t
    \'.'),
    o
    t..
    '
    1
    t""r
    '
    c i n d s o s u b l n -te l eg cu1-;n' .el c,.i n treeut"
    I s inl l [.
    a) l re cLt t
    (trecui indicat printr un adYcrb de iimp prccisl):
    Our lolk danccs grout lrcque.nttl toz g.eat alplans! dron Ne pertorned in the

    i ra rl r' e o ri l L d l ' dl l Ll
    d J-Jm
    !r:.h :l a nos r r t d" dan r,r, I" l u l d
    ' r" l
    s pF r l n ,,l c i n labr ic j. )
    In mr cbllillooil, tle olten s"rn, thc holida$ at. trrc scasid'r'
    (ln cirpildrja nrea, petrecea adGeori lacanla 1a nare l
    As e b o r . I lom pliDcsttr+ d tn th .rh o o o n l b n l l I dn
    " -; i n ' r' i | n a l " d l d " ol i i
    1 u ra ,-lr im , opr . . iur J
    " rr
    Shc ,st.i to tite in ilrh honsi once'
    (Locuia pc lrcmuri in ace'rsil casa)
    pe rf e c t. c i rtl s e s u b i l l l e l e g cul i ni cl .,pi rn l n preh) p re z e nt ul
    I ndr. olrlrs_ tftorqrr slie 1'.s shY.
    {A oczut. lnto tdaannn d .sn1ar.r tindda l
    He llds olten ,a.z hoe.
    (.! vnit adeseori aici.)
    I lar. r.dn "Othelld' nonJ tidres.
    (Am lazut de mnltu oi ,,Othcllo")
    She ids ,,,2 here only otre.
    (-\ iosl aici o sirglri dati.)
    i:) Since (adl.erb. conjunclie sau prepozitie) se intrcbuinleazd cu:
    c i n d a c l i l rn e a s a u sl arca l :i cate sf rferi
    s;
    a) tre cut ul
    /l a -.
    (lat
    drn
    1,"..r1:
    rre loc tntr un nonent
    I ta,.r't scenlini slncehi.aru hcfc {s a child {Conj.)
    (Nn lam v,"rzdtde clnd a lcnii aioi, trn oolil )
    r" l b L . C o n l .
    l r'! r'," e J d\ . qinr p
    'c.
    ;
    In a o " .
    -i ,t tr - r / i J , . r n, d to | .!
    ' rl
    r Sau prin fohivileniul tui, n,liri o loculiure adr..biali. o propoziii. (nrrnslanli{ll
    rc. -\..sf te.rr este nun,iL iknri' i;at rcp.li1i,

    S 11168

    2 !S
    Tlis line buitdirs ozs a ruin noi lonlr sincc. lAdv.)
    lAccastt irxmodi cltdire .ra ntr de ;rnr o niira_)

    b) p, c . en t.u t,,'

    in pre,
    .,pine
    /, i;T].-.;'::'ri,'pr"g .eri.,:;''u"

    !(, nos tuld a }rrof.ssdship sinoe 1$0. {prp!.)


    i t ) eline o c at . dr i Ld i n 1 .J 5 0 .1
    . Ravei's "llolcfo" \'as irondcast last Selrcmt.r, Lut ndr not tc.n ftp.atetl ci\.e.
    (_{dv.)
    ( .tsolefoxl' hi ltar.l a loEt dituzni la radio in settembria,dar n! a lost retelar de
    .
    P , , , , 1u,io" , t , { s .n .,? b l l .a l s a n d b o u n d ss i " c ea!totuati onw asi nrroduced.
    (C orj .)
    'tr oJ . , d as t or, i -i re i n o . t. ,i n ,l .r
    ro dL. durondt,rdl
    I lr r . t , at t 1s ," a -.i p 1 t q i o rc I t, rd b rrn ,n .i . o.,i cp.rC ...i .
    /\r n ir \ " . . r 1 m u :, J " .n l s i n .
    t,
    b ro u .J
    ' -.
    just
    6)
    Do$ poal,ri a1-eadouir i telesuri clnd s retlri la o trf1jur t rccuti:1
    S 1469
    c)
    adiltainri;
    acliunea petrecindu se intf-un auumit morncni, dir trecut. '.impul eramatical
    i n tre b uinlai es Le t r e c u ru l
    s iDt p I u :
    s lic r d' lr nF uD i u s t n o n .
    i u i a i. , ir , nr r ad ;e d ,.i ./
    L) : tomni. cltiar actLn:
    acliunca arind lLrc i]]lr un momcni care se corfundii cu trezentul, tirnpul
    p .rfecl .
    . q ra ]n tr t ic nl t nt r ebui n l a t e s te !rc te n tu l
    Tl,cI ndrE jusi loF &nc in_
    I\u irirat .iia, r.z ./
    Obs er uali.
    .o n ' i n tr.cutul b;rnl J:du D ' cz( tul
    f, r ' ' p. - r bil c . r, !" o p o /rr h ,d t,
    S Il70
    j ' i " i u q rd !,rb p -n rfp r...r
    1n' , \ i. li n rl i cdrpa ti mpurui rn." r" ' r.,l osrn;o a rd ac liunc a v er bu l u i , d a r d a c l rn n i n t, J \ o rbi i oruLur aceal tn,{cti ,rne este
    , l- r 1 . . ur enr . u ,i " a p .r:o ,. l d ,ri 1 r. " u
    pl rd r r.bu;nta h.r,//
    l .ca
    s tn p tl 1. . r t jat i s o g i ' rl l e q tel A re z u l l a tu l a c l i uni i l n prezent, va i ntrel uh!a
    pr...ntul 1rt4.(toDnl trecdt
    You raid rou Itdr't liLc il..
    \rnltt dni ih."r dri lor Urat ],al?

    ,{cliurc l,.c.utn lesdn de l'lezelt


    Iox'r., said ii. t\yicc alrady.
    \liral na-s sh-" ds^./ you? Tcu look so

    [:here dtl J.u .{.a urem?

    I'rc sc.n them sad and l'0e retr l.hem

    Tl,. raj! sropcd r0r ten njlutes


    ihfn E Son agair.
    Ilorv dtl rou sroil your dress?
    I 1,,, 1cn lrl
    "Did

    -\an

    n!rc.

    h.at ab.ut llelen?"

    and

    naplrx.
    The rain lzs i/rpcd, I an so glad.
    \ 1\nt ha@ sou dane! fo!'r.

    s!.ih you

    u.te6 \on brcasht 1t t)ackl


    I hde;\'t h%rA \on.
    _S l eL (: /,d\l
    -\\ rt abort l fr"
    l ,r
    tl ' t s.l " rl arbhilr,
    or Lon,l nn"

    I @, hcrc lor a weekc ,1 rn j o"nlru o


    p. o. , t , . r r n '. i
    - J pl m . ni. t
    - la
    J t d. \ dr l, s 4 p- . t u! g r r d in v j i t o r . )
    lluO a s e. A.
    (Staro trccut.i, legafi d. lrczent)l
    LSini aici d. o si!tlmln:i.

    herc tor a wock.


    ''dsto6l di. o r.plin ln". I ' l1r r ua' un' . Li' ind\ d.
    .1n
    lnLr r n t r d c u t d e n i f L i l d . D r r T Fn t i , ,nL, o tp ,roa dA iP tiq,r ' , l- r : ' dr " n' dm I nr or ; . I

    'linpul grrmaiical pe care tl alegc volbilorul ir acslee\errple - si nu


    neapnrat prezn,taadverbelor dc tinp - este cheia inteniiei sale.
    'O
    neiodd simptd pentru allarea iinputui gramaticat nicesar prezent S 14?1
    simplu. preznt perfeci s.lu trecut, sinlplu - consLi ln folosir'lja crior d0ri
    tntrebdri indicate mai jos:
    a.) Ere npln:
    ,,E1est la mare leni.ru o lunll".
    lntrebarc
    EsLea.rm la arc?
    A lost s,i tz 1..&rl

    l?ds?ens
    - Da.
    - -\u.
    prezentul sir.tlu

    Sc va intrebuinla deri uu simplu prezent


    .arc se prelungeste ti in wiilor).
    He n .t 7llcs.ar.ld Ior a month

    (prczent

    b ) Ex:enpl. ul
    .,Ijl .s,. l.r m.rr. d! dori hrni."
    nsle d',m la mare?

    D a.

    luri.
    A fost ti ir rre.zt.'
    Da, dou;-L
    Se va tntrebuinta ur timp trecut, care are legituri cu prezontul

    pr.e;en-

    Hc has ben aL tl,c seaside fo. hlo inonths.

    c ) Ex en r tu:

    So va lntreb[inla

    .,I.ll a /,s, la inare in iunie."


    lnttebote
    navzns
    Est a.,n la are'1
    - \u.
    :\ l.tnLiL lrccut?
    -- Da. in iurie,
    deci un timp irecut care nu rre legiiurn cu prezentd He,.a r n i tl rc s e a s i d -"
    in June.

    ?. Alte furclii :{e prozerhrlui tc ect


    S 14?S
    1) Prezentulperlectlnlocuieltcliitoml pcrfcctlin Prapr.il;ih src rdof, I U73
    in specialin celelemporalesi condi,Lionale
    ( S2853):
    I shaUso to nil oflicc w]ien I haeelod locr.
    {u'1 voi dncc la birou drpi ce coi fi luat ma.a dc prinz i
    U t hdeeseenho lcfore roon, I shau ]eare ai jira.
    IDarii o rot /t rdr,,'o line la prtuz, roi ll.ca la lora) .inci-l
    You can'l go ard play till ro\ haved.one1ou. nonreryork.
    (Nr t"" poti duoc sI ic joci pin;1ce nu li lci /t it.a,1 1e.!iile.r
    2) Constructia idiomatici haio got 1: frare). deli a'ind forma d plazent
    perfccl. arc tnleles d lrc:enl. dcoarece vcrbul ld ge.tnu indelhrette nici decit
    rolul de a interi ideea exprin,atn prin |erbul t.i idr'.:
    I.ndre so, a rvatch (- I nalc n watch). (Posesiunul
    t nm un c c 6. l
    I I p 4, 9. , , oD 1 /,,1 { ( II /d ., r-.1 .-\ . (OIl i ..' !'
    ( lr abt r ies r r nl " L trd s cal c x m .)
    ,\oeftstn construcirie nu este intrcb

    nlatd.lc.il

    iD sli1ul colortial.

    S 1474

    284
    1475

    3) Tredoccrcs in limba rome i. - Prezentul perfect se traduce in


    limba romAnn astfel:
    pofectnLrom! s in toat cazurile ($1446*145rr), 0u cnreplia
    a)
    ^ g 147,irb $i c:
    punct,rlor
    I hncefhishe.l \ti\iot4.
    \1:cfrarejust n., thcn.
    (,7m teminar.l,. scris.l
    ll-an izdlni, adineaud.)
    bt ,u indirc itut pr . n'in nzul 'rrrpis,tiuni in epul. ln
    ,lur,"/x plna In pr "z,n li probcL:l;i in.ri ur t I1448':
    I haoekLoen hcr lor a J.arHoe long lare Jou Dcaa
    {o .L@s. de un an.)
    c) cr ';'iirarul an,r;orl ( S 2853):
    Yon Filt f(l ielter Nher you /,a.. beeDhe.e r Nek.
    (T \'ei sinii nrRi Line dup{ ce oti fi skt aici o siptiminar.)

    s 11?6

    Prozcxhl perfeet

    1) nllrimn o d.iinne all$joari


    piezdLiului {-\ 141ii)
    :l) llontri
    ine.lt nee.-Fimat '
    r.zultatrl in treze.i inteFseaz:', i1r int,lirajii
    rltc.ioar)
    G ]1 lil.
    3) Actnhetr rfti lo.ini,r-o riordi
    do iimti ire(\li-i .trc durerzn
    z, lirii adrerl
    !r !trLnrirhsc Ild'ia lon r.d, 'llrmirt"?
    ( \ 11ii4)
    , .lnrn in l(^ nNr
    .\ar cliltrned
    i, .n erei, ner.r {S 1a!i)
    Ente lri

    i cr. r.",.'t' .;"ut" fS rlll,,i i

    r.r:ll I

    l{r

    trcoiluli

    Te-rt
    -rrldi
    liici

    ../ or n rdYfrn rFrc sn!s..rz,i Iuu


    id.ea do ,,f:ni ia lrez{r:.t :
    al.q idL r t, s6lo r c ic ( S 11r j; ) ld!

    !_. t.lgf.gU

    ,1; .i/i/ ..lltrnlet l

    {lrcrdX l0id rlc ]li-dt

    ,id,,

    I 'e i

    I
    rd,"i

    rreoditii I

    N_ruslov.stoa

    n$

    lori Ml DJsifrcr Xtl? -{i .u,r.rl'o

    I,lde slill sotrDollet l/d \-rm.rul

    linn u.!d

    i i cn l ri l ei al .

    d, (tr un ndrorb .rro o^-lrnni T h ' ,b rn l r,a si q tl .. r" N n. Trenul d s4sii chii. acrn,
    ut tnal) iltrol

    i snr risui

    dc

    jrs1, ltlciL ll0s{


    !(/dn:
    tscnty Dinuies.tc. {i! 1116-

    iYe ld/ . r f i

    , ! L J ou l i t i l l .

    Nn tr-d, !.i;d h nliin!

    ..) d' u rdrerb crre rrrt.i o TodxXldi |ad r lnrc da-r. ,\lnri z I'sl o zi lru!!'rsi.
    t..ioadi rLetirnp reierminrti:
    lods!, this ret, ill daI eir. I ldrr uorlrd lPrv lrrd -.1, |(rrl
    ioarte ntrlt
    (! 11ii{ il, )

    1i. r*'nr,t^1i,' rl tltrl I

    $'Iet
    dsJl

    tu& rou t(n

    dl Unde ni /r!, lorln ziut?

    t Viiior'n rnFrior jn liDla ronini. ca si riil.onl


    D.rlccL ni linba rnsle7.i. ru cste
    d' laLr,l.,
    l-n imr,e, d, . dt . , dl. lnl. . . il r nq n, n nr in n i / r n
    o f i r , l r - ; r \ i i r , r ', l n i
    \.l.
    l li id \ o, L, i' . ir
    .
    d
    . r i j , . , t r r , L-... r i . r J , " , 'l d 'i . \ l
    nr opoi, , l
    "l'.
    ,'u, da- . . 1, j.
    .,
    d' lrhir"rou p,"
    r , l a ' , r a i i '. . . \ u l I . o I r u "
    .td.
    i.
    r ". i . ! i r r b i r , r r " d r p , , . . . i
    !1 ror,,'
    1. . , h. . \ i"a

    !86

    f)

    ((n tar)
    u a{lv.rb .are
    anti o '(srn
    Dcriondli (lr fi'nr t!ri!
    rorriNlird)
    rrinaii
    pr.7ontj Niic
    ! rr lrt.i
    (\ 11: )1);

    4 / i nalxtrl
    frrii'JJrj d P tjm P
    t. rmrnxi lscx
    Drcz.ni este ]lr.Lt4l do nr

    idvrb {.susll:

    l(]l

    IIol1 lolg ldE votr ,.4, ir

    I
    Ile cl*d .iii in Buourciii?

    fo. so0c ten$ lie irds ,e.,

    De cllirs mi Gl) l,{rd?d I

    Tho gtdcn

    Crndinr s, /d".u/nri Innoast iledl ln oprili.


    I'icsa r nrrl succcsde l&

    /Me ir?r,r.l

    TIle tlrv /mr re.! a .uces

    Treortnl sin,!\t \ 1111

    l J i ne! ri' 11 tcriu ad "i d .. li' nl,


    t P ru rnJft (srtr (o0 rrnn nr nl
    'r
    !r.20trt. este pr..rzri de ua
    i r!,ni sn,,p h i\ 1 11 11 :
    i./ m {a lrmrr
    lreriert. an,bele
    lofu. dc trczsrt pcrlP.t e-F
    ldn!'i
    DriFird
    tarar.L.

    jl

    She ldsn'i trN' Irere ({or) (!ar Il'd /4r aici de un 3n.

    \\'o nrL lirril lifr sin.e Ne ,,.rtlr


    mo!tui il lalr Jas)-'.

    ii.i

    do ii'rd n!-rn

    Iis hetltl ,ds ,.tr botter Sinitotea lui $r a,r,liorui


    sitr.e h. hrs b..n t*inF
    do .ird hee Qia I. tsiile
    the Ml.rs al tle Slirnic

    is r151):

    .n u
    ruati!
    olle&
    ci ., l i

    xd v or bd. t im ! . o n ti - LaE dhr.xs l,ln!.d na -.1,r .r.a4 inloldeinn| ol


    san rcretitir: 3l${r\
    somrii ei, urDi tiD'es \\'c ndf. olton l.er to the ,1m fon od*cori la nrt.
    1 4( i?,1{ iib) ;

    - cr.r,ai",tiln*.,t
    !i l]{jr-i

    t rtal I

    I liar4 r..r "Ila.r!t"

    s.rc.

    !,

    rii{l.,Ilanlot"

    de Dri

    sr1?7

    TRTICUTIIL P]IRTNCT
    irflli r'1sf rnRrxc! oli rll;PtrtuEt'rl

    Trccutul pcrloct.e;le un ijnlp ,omlus iofr,,nt cu sjutorul S 1178


    1) Forni.
    lrmL Ul li d'l\il:1rL'ui to H tl L ur'. rt J- II i' ipirr lr-'ul Jl \arbulur de
    conluEni:
    I l,adcalled;f,ouhadcallcdit., sle. lt lad cau.di se hadcalled;vou llad calledi
    2) lutrebuirtare. IrircutuhiiPerleetdin gran:rli.3 'nqiezniiro''.punJ S l4i9

    r r P t r ' l p o r l " " r " \ p 'r t "r t t d l lt ' 1\ 1 . CA. s i ai' qi


    I' g l Am, ri d ro ln;n
    '.
    ',.a /
    . t i4, : , l' r l ! . lr nr lr ! . J
    osr
    slr r rl ur m0mpn
    n, a ,, r. ' iu .o lra.r',:
    ^
    'n'

    fre.rt. si se tr.rduce in ];]rbs romeni ln acest caz cu rnai muli ca pedectul'


    cu perl6ctui sinplu sau cu perfeciul cornpus:
    I kneN Cuv. hl. I idd not r.en l,in s'nce mJ Inar ase.
    de la cnsebria m.a)
    {ll cunqrca;n !e Cny, dar nnl
    'a!zs.,z
    ll'
    1 r : l. ql on l^ | ' I {'t o t i
    \\l, en tl,.i /../:d rd
    lo oior p,
    J |' onr r r uJ l J r L | u l
    !..ItLot i
    J
    r' , t " . ; , , t
    " p " t d ''i . r
    ',,.:i

    Trecutul perlect irLr-o plopozilic cere trecutul simplu sau contjnuutn S 1480
    cealalti:
    rher h.d a aL e b"lot I . d, r '
    I roia 1,,u nt tn,t been iaillin!

    an u

    rdr@
    so_ :1.
    .\. or
    luiprotr'u '

    't

    I n I 11

    s ' J Z\ or ' l a! . n' in " r 'l p ! '' L u : r l l F


    l" \dl" mro-rJl"
    "' "1r u Lnr u
    'l

    Jpe ial{

    r86
    S l48l

    3) Trocutul perfect si treeut[l simplo. - Trc.utui pFrfpct .1re, fatd de


    trecut{ simplu,rolul pe caroI indeplinetteprzentulpertcctfat; de treze'rtul
    simplu. Ca atare, cl nai are urmetoarele functii:
    a.,i tradus tn limbr rcmAnn, cu rfrI,r/p.ral, ?.r[,etul sinLlnu sar !,:rfc(rul
    S 1489
    armp[srarati ci o actiuoesau o FtaretncopuLl]
    irrintea un i dnumit nroment
    trecut, indicat prin trecuiul sinpiu. a durat o pedoadd de timl pini in acel
    moment (cI. S 1448):
    H" ,o id h" h ad 0. . / t nF- t f o" $a l. , r r b
    . , a r ' oh J . doJ .
    rq pu ncdrp u5 . a 5o- , , l

    S 1483

    Thp \ pr,
    lfrs;ou :rd

    $1181

    "-"

    bJ tradus tn limba romAnn ctt t'iitorul antcri.or,inlocuie,(teviitorul pe.fect fald do trecut ln propozitia subordonatn ( g 2856):
    Fp ,l r hd\ r , o. ld iom . s he, , lr d\ n 4 d t ; n ; - h e d \ , L r ) t .
    .r L o. i, n , ir , l \ or lt k n: ni
    \ d 1 : a - L , a . t , a t t , t r '1 .

    ., estelolositcu adverbelejast,
    srt/i!i g./ (cf. S1448.1450.1465.1165b):
    \ . r he $r Hd /kJ iu ar ,i, . n / lp,
    ih" nld ri .'r s t ill nnl^' , lns; '
    J ou.
    She told me slic lddn'l s,., Xou
    -rei.

    rrlt d d$d\.

    A se compara urmitoarele lllze pentru a se vdea rolul trecuiutui parfect


    fa_tdde rrecutul simplu. identic cu rolul prezertului perfect fald dc prezentul
    sinplu:
    She @rnds sh has bcei matied llor) a rea..
    '
    {scric .e csrc mddtati de un a;.)
    She orcr. she had beet nuDicd tar
    lctrt.
    (Soriah scris c[ estc,'era miriial,l
    ^ un an.]
    de
    n.l ,s ro nl d"n' ) - , ill bp ar n a r b k h n h . t
    . _o' ,, t
    -t., r '. t I . t J ,
    r u, , t . - r , , / ,
    /.;",f..
    ", rd
    lL,a n."tp siJ ",. 1 i"a\ io. ' or l' r ; b"
    Dan rd s ron d nl l' . - or ld L. B. - , r ior L. t ,. r n d n , / - 4 r t s 4 i ; r . .
    (Dan ra sigu r ce i s c v a da o s lt r jhJ Ll! p I c . , r i , , t i l | . f , r , i d r i . t t s , u m f n u t d c s r a t . l

    A s e r em ar c a e l a s ti c i ta te a c u c rre l i mL l e nql ezd spdrge Li D Jrl e.Luntorn 'i n d u . " " loJ a 1 l o r c l n l l n ra ru l :
    Shc ras,ni,ntzb,on lic. wa} [o lhc oemttcfy: "Ioddy her cl]ilil /dl r.ez dcada y.a.,,r

    S 1{85

    4) Trccutulpeficct in stilul ixdircrt. ln strlrrl irrdirc,i. dupa un r.erb


    grupertre.rtulujr,lrcLutulpe}fe,rinlocu lornli de trecut.deciapartnri'rd
    cuicstetrecutul simplu sau prezentulperfc.r dil stilul direct:
    I.a id:'l
    ,r a - |r es enl , 1, \ F, r lh.
    ld. r \ \ , " r P , ,
    |
    I h oJb&' J r , oa. nldir . n
    lh l- . : "
    \ \ 'r l J 'o L, i".r.r ,
    'ril
    Sn asl&'t tue: "Hdt. tot seen todal's !a!e.i"'
    askcd mc wlictrcr/il{ I nad scen ttiai dar's later.
    -qlc

    S1486

    ;:

    5) lnlocuirer tro0utului leriect cu treriutul iimphr.


    Pcnlni s; rplii;cire.
    ln unele sitra,tii trecutrrl perfect este lnlocuii ou i|ccutul snrplu, spre
    eremplu lnaintea unei propozi,tii secundafe iltroduse prin conjurclia ,rtrc
    sau ln propozitiile secu dare in care anteliorjtatea dcliunii c-\pr; ate r,1
    mod normal prin trecuiul perlect rezulli{ ciar ti fdrn lntrebLrin!arer acestura:
    T l, e nr . r nd/ , / , ( h .t l ,.tr) L . ..1 6k - ..,. ,.. tr, . n,.fl
    \rj eI he obroitrJ ( . hid obtdincd) liis ii.it.lt.s, ne spint a \r..li s holidar ir rhe
    Shc.tLnid the tarcci Fiil, Lhe doll I lorsl,r (: Ijad lorChtj ii,'r.
    (Y.z i $ S 1 /,r3 1
    rvczi

    \ 11 :t., v eli s i not a.


    'The Ir,nqe-t
    "torr,.". LiL l0Nl.er.
    3
    V.zi q 11 56
    !nhcthLr
    - un.al lr.analifal, dar iorDal:
    5ltn lruG.C.f.
    v ez iir ! g. 3r i0, f ut { i.

    i/

    !op!lar,

    dn. cln,nt.

    !
    S 1' 187
    . . - p a' " " .i ,u . i .. d i q u b .n " ' ;ru l fF,h. r . a,e p\n' i ma
    rtu l p |r ,
    .i " u ,, r" nLr ' -:rbui e
    p ro o ,7 :i d ,o r' ,i ' i o n 1
    ir " 1. , 4ut , . , , /l r
    ^ t . rF . u tu ',o F
    "'
    coniundat. ln linbr r'.,Lline se lradu.e in ace.stn situalie cu cordilionalul
    . tl x.tt1 l ie

    T rn

    ( $ 276 2 ) :

    I naCs.n liin lcto... brt I didn'L knoir his nnnc. lTrecut Dert.t
    ill rnai rd:k.D, dar nn stilrn cum i] cheamri)
    it I h. J . , p, h m l .,
    ., .' \ts l o ,u \o u rc,bton.l r\ p/r' .1
    lDJ, r

    j , i . - .l+

    r ' sp u .

    i\rezi ii g 175:lJ

    TLTPUTiILTTIIRTtrCTX
    (f!n Prxr!.ria.rir\nEs)

    s 1488

    1) Fcrn[.
    I'imporjle perfect se constniesd cu aiutorui au\iliarului g 1,tE9
    to IL$'E, la modul si timpul de bazn, icspcotivi urDat de partioitiul trecut
    al lc'rhlui hrieal dc corjuEat ($ l:li2 l3?8).

    Obscrealie
    Inlre co sll'rclin liilo.ului periect.a liriurului pLrlcllala de trecut.si S 1Jl,O
    h " 'n:r:ron,l,rlui Frr"rr p"J"opi,fl-.si ,o."rr..riJ\,ILF'rrFte!rr!.,,oJdl.
    urmal.e.de un nriiriliv pertcrt iJ. dc alta. e:ristn identitate dc lorme, de;i
    sltucturarespeclirl diferi. Cn alle cuvinte.in cazulde la1! se suprapundoue
    irterpreterj:
    al confornl hqulii de formrre a timpudlor pcrlcte, viil,orul perfectj S Il!)1
    \-iitoflri pedect faln de trecrt ti clrndilionalul pcrfeot sint iorm|ll,e din .,iilrrrril
    (respectiv ,ttrrr l fdlri de tre. t sarl ':ondiliaMlul) au\iliarului to IIrt1D ]parli.ipiuL trecd al t',:rluL,ri.l,ti.taLx:
    / .pl . l-Fc'rr.
    | | I'o'1 Io, { \ir' r /o hotl-,o.t
    \r rlor p! lp l
    ,,,
    .,,4
    rir
    tr,. I
    or/a t.4) ) -:t.,h.n ip"rr. r""xr1
    |
    I'rr' I tiilnr l.r J r. .' o tnre|!st
    pl
    tI-',,]
    ,!.,r1.
    rra Ur/
    \ ii or p"r'll
    felrl de trocut l rou
    l.Jr. (., \'iiLor ii!,i d., trrrt|l Lahaee)+*en
    'rarld
    (parl.
    I
    trecut)
    | :hould haoe (: cordilional to lLure) + wtLlkrd lpatt.
    Conditi.ndl
    (rruld I'arc (conditional to haa.) -: rutr (patt.
    perlect
    -\o',
    t!acut)

    6/ pe de altn parte. cin,l trebuie redatd ideeade limp perfect,verbele g 1492


    del'e.ljIe nlodrle. deci Fi SHA[,L ii WILL. sint urnlaie de un inlinilir ?erlcl:
    I sn"l, (dcl.cti\. ia.l6t) haft.att.d
    {n'liniti! pcilcci)ron ,,i/i {den 0tiv nodnl) /drd s],ot n tnrlhiaiv reriecl).
    l rau lJ\4 ,.\
    r'r.
    Tol'
    / "/ , r ; nt ir i \ r . r . . " t .
    , . l: dr ini jr t " r " c ' ,
    J, r Jorl/ t i"r , ' , n, l. ' l l. ' "

    Ideniitatea lormelor de la $ f491 cu formele de )a S 1492 ste pcrfectd,


    cu toati structura lor dilcr'itn.
    l,,Propozifia coDdi1iona1."'
    \:stt: subo aNta catu coniine if In lraza cordilionale
    g !t ir .
    :!'r zcnt . t r , , ut : ad \ il t,rr (S r1 .:!l
    t r r .i .t

    I11ri, i. '" ,
    .,
    dr'
    t l l . L " nr d z.ve r h r ll"\i.l,D,s,l,' r n h d lir .n r u d j' .,n.t1tJ
    i . . , t d ,4 d F to .r .,p tn 4 e lip r fe ,.t m 4 n l' onatp.
    r, t , r. gr t , r . t

    s86
    ln lucrarea de la!d, paliru coisecvenle !i o mai metodici. pred-are.
    coriuqarii \ erbului tn qeneial, se vorbe;te de utilizarea au\iliarului to HAVE
    ls firr;ar.a /x/l/ror ri';nijrilor ppr[a,1.. .Flilal rcpe,l dl c^ <tru.l:pi cprute
    de ver!le SHALL !i \''ILL liiird aratat ln caJrul verbelor delcLi\e modale.
    Tirlpurile per2) Timpurile perlocts eonshuite cu auxiliarul to BD.
    { 149:1
    (prezentul
    perfcet
    perlect)
    Yerbe
    intranzitive llo
    irecutul
    ale
    unor
    si
    fecle
    /; do L io tini.\/. tn pr.to.o. tn gnrl la lt e t. to n'|t. t4 'rt'
    b*om ,,o
    -n,,
    to sit,to ftst.
    to return,lortseeLc.lau utreorio form; psraleli.in curerrrxiliarul
    to HAVE esle lnlocuit cu to BE, padicipiul trecut pfimind aslfel aproalle
    valoare de adjectiv.
    Aoeasli oomporlate eiiisfi Si tn limba rornnnn:
    She
    $\e
    Tte
    The

    h&s .on.. lEa a aenit.)


    is .one. Ea a iuit.
    {: ,'sie taatr.i, de.i poii s o lczi )
    sun brd .:.", . . ljodr c t , r as a- . e. )
    /,tsdrit. dcci nu mai lut.au
    sun 1r$ ras.n. suuele r\J.isc. (:trd

    ve{ea

    rnsitilul).

    ConsLrucliato BE + participiul trecut, tiind in getlereintrebuinllta ctr


    verbe crre exprimi in mod obignuihaoliuni, arati sLareasubiectului rezultatd
    din acliunea verbului respectiv. Astfel:
    Ue hs soue. lEI a ptecat.)
    (Alnlia estelndrellati asupra acliunii in sine.l
    He 13one-[D tlecat. (: tsr.rl,.a,. nu mai esterici.)]
    (-{tcnl.iaeste irdreptatl asup.a rcarltntului acliunii vcfbnlui. ,,!l ntr nri este
    airi, aia ce nu'i poii vorbi"l
    (irandlalhe. sas gmr'4 otd
    Grardlatler hril s.otD old,
    (Buni.rl tu {),trl;.)
    (tsunioDltrDdrtn6?.,

    mai rechi il] limbi Formele de periect construite cu auxiliarui to BE


    au reusit si se;entine irl oarecaremisur5. alitud de lormle noi de pe.feci
    constrriite cu auxiliarul to HAVE, prin laptul cn, deli uDeori aproapeperfeci
    sinonime cu acestea.poi fi intrebuinlate penLru a rcda totu;i nuanle care
    contribuie la o rprinare mai subtiln a gindirii. .\sttel:
    (V-aii ' odihnii?l
    {SInteli odihnjl,? }'ulcn tleca acum?)
    I travc hea.d he has /crrnd.
    (.^.m alzit cn s-a IntoN.l
    I have ha.d hc iN t.rurned.
    {Am auzit c'1 s-a lntor6.)
    i: Esi ai.i, il put-"n redea acu .l

    s 149{
    S 1195

    Tl . bxtier h.s aelr.J.


    { U n tul so tot,i t.l
    the buti.r ft n..J''d.
    {Untll es[e l.o!it.) ( \tr
    silli dau dc nt'oar.)
    .|ne1.harl
    jn the sircel.
    t
    r, l ,e stradt.l
    I L \e ,nt i ns'-dt
    ,/ T l i s N Jq thE .asc th' \ scn m , to
    I lAcesta c.u onzul p.ntN discutafta
    I druia so intrdnisari.)
    I
    |
    1
    I
    t

    YIITORUI, SIUPIU
    (rrrE slrfrr,E rur[nD)

    \'litornl (The b'uture) etpri,ni o acliune sarr o stare care


    l) Delinitie.
    va area loc drpd momenLulvorbirii:
    I Lo os .h",',/1 , . h' _d u l' , n
    (Siiu c{ ra /t aici ]a ora lira i.r

    289
    l) Formi, - Viitorul sirnplu se formeazii ou ajutorut auriliarelor SIIALL S 1496
    (lq pcfsoana1 sg. qi pt.) qi WILL (la persoaraa 2-a fi a 3 a sg. !i pl ). urmate
    d.e Lnfinitieul lf;e"t al vetbului de conjugat:
    I sIaU otrll, rou Flll cal1lihe, she,ii will call.
    we shsll calll rou wiu oall; they will call.
    3) SHALL. TIILL. - .\,ieasti ut;lizare tradil,ionali ;r auriliarelor SH,{LL S 1497
    vii'orL'lui
    (f.f..L g.sr pl.r'i\\lLl
    lcrs o2"'sia3a'g
    'i lt' I r" forn rrea
    qru \.orDr').
    ,.rorr-. la n..nclult2t.,t" at\ d etontat,,dtin sltltl larntut(ncflq
    irc m"'u'a
    L''s il ,l toloc.ral t-' ri ',u torbili, \\'lLl d irlo'u:r rr l^Jtlr
    propriu-7isa
    \\ll
    at-nape"r'Iuiv
    si
    a..,rli.,rulSll\LLin \nsli
    ,,din'e"
    i'. :co'j0. lrlardd. \\'r1".. rr nro'ir fiF.i lr torirorirlap\ -dbtilani.^r!3 cE
    SU \. \u"lr ali3 ;i Con.n'unseartbulBritani" r.chi -qin 'r "nd" 'agl'za
    esle a doua linbn a-orbi$.
    u 1ll.i sohr'i- prr,onizr" l" 3r,'"-rsti'"ni n"n ru :a'ire" 'rr "i cui de
    iunslaaLi ,l.conluz"{ s prob)an;.- 'tFl pdP.FJ n'"i mrci
    -.,e.:n . r0Do' .r sll\l.L/WlLl.
    'nodrc5 " ;n rpbuirr,arFl Iorn'lor
    ti. r"
    ul
    'on'ras'
    foartc
    penl,lu
    erpedient',
    ambcle auxiliare. ,{cest
    I't.1. ltou'Il ;tc.. l.alabile rPrPbralrrp'".dr n
    lri qi r n irrim'rlri J"
    se,lLrLr'ornrir .irnrli '''lorr
    i'lausor, eraLicqu" c.rrl,ri rur, o nou" su'',' ,lF Pf li.uiLeli e"-Anr;'e ' r'
    Iflbui d tir'^ddla l-olL rlF i rpo^ts1la'5rr'irp a li^ bii ltinpi"td"t"'nrrrlui numnr de nuanl,e inlplioite ln contrastul S}IAI,L/WILL.
    tinii eramaticieni mafcheaze aceasti schnnbare prin iotala e\clndere a
    .'nili"rului Sll\LL Lrp.n .li! SllOl'LD7 'lrrr lsb' l" 'ulilro"rii -\irii u
    ddupld' un "o-,promis 'n unna divar.clorFn.hplo,lo lifrrl a.pl-iA a I'i Il;r'in . .i au ins"rlsin !r.m r i"i pr"z"nla rnbFlurau\ir
    rr ordincr Ir! \'Fr
    -f.
    .o't.t
    r
    4r:t''hott
    t
    i'tr
    illrebuinLarF.
    i"rt.l:
    Isnarl
    L"i JA
    'tt ri irrari aliii.
    flrile dezaventaje adusc de acaxti schinbarei lnscriu:
    irind drept oiteriu
    I shallliiLL atll { Lve shallltvill call, nt\ mare numer dintre aoeltia
    inregistrtnd cind. I I we shallI wiII call. cinrl 1,/ oc tpill I shdlL caLl ltun
    , S au lircut toarte nafi eforturi!i pe scar; intinsn cu rezultate,.coDsiderabile" dupli cii se pare6. pentrr prclucrilra masclor in vederea menlinerii
    raportului SI{\LL / WILL traditionai.
    In aceasfi situa,tie,granatica de f&ti adopti tormele dc r-iitor t; de oondr"
    lional tradilionale, araiate la S 1496 ;i $ 1618, ca liind singurLrlpuncL d ple
    care posibil pentru expuneroa clard ii metodicd a numeroaselor subliliilli
    semttitice (oiertonc:.)care apar odati cu oric nlodilicare a raporlului SHALL/
    WILL, relpecti!' SHOULD/WOULD, rimlnind sA se indice terior separat,
    modilicArile apnruie gra-tie interl'cnliei stilului colocvial actual.
    ir ' :
    fo1,, Inl
    t hat ntt' ,,t6 , m. \ " 1, " r r l
    |"r ' o1. .
    nxmxr i <lilu l Do,t r s . L r c lir ios
    grp
    n, i, ' t
    F '6 r , r " l p .
    e r,.:/;o
    I . at a, . dl r "
    'r
    -\ Lrl"
    d d \ l ', l - . ) i . , , , r '
    1t ", , . n- t o, .
    n.mliD-r
    s.J., in: Lt : i
    t : 1ot b r " , : . ) ,
    "u
    , ' l - r 's p l i r .
    dbt
    lr "F' r l I ' . t ' l t nt t "d i ' n; d n/
    DA,t "
    l
    l, p , 'r ,
    S 'o l '/ \ \ b l
    d K : ' cd a' a l it "t I nt n o' d \ ". " "n / , , / 4, ,
    tt
    ,,,r' i.\n!lia protau./oj.
    I 3l.
    d !t
    , , . . , , . . , 4, a/ .
    t " 1 . t aJ, \or'.1 .a.,
    O./j. D. OxL ttrd t,tr,x l! h Dic r inl r \ r
    r
    f 'r '" J
    ls.Ir' r ' dlr on- n"
    ' \\' . l,ll
    " a l l ''
    'l of E.slish is evcr c.lled oD to oleni a Nav through " "M.dcn r\nerican l\igP "
    ilf . I L NIitl,i'rsct {lj{ . , 1r t
    dc , r . . . .lt en 4S, pag. 9;
    r t lt nn{ r . .
    d
    lia.
    I
    $ ii: 8
    Qlirk.1
    .
    " 11.
    I
    ,' . 1 ?i
    r
    ., 1 .

    200
    4) lnfsles.- Viitorul simplu este inirebuin,tatpentru a exprimai
    a,,l o acriunesau o stareviitoare fatd de un momentprezent:

    5 1498
    $ 1499

    I-sha l.vill see Urcm on Fdilay.


    (li ,ot ,cdd !inui.)

    s 15oo

    ,J probabilitateaunei ac,iiunisau si,iri ln prezentsau ln trrecut:

    Cononclo..llease, that rtll Dd St. Thomas's?


    (Ta-\ai.., v1i rog, acesta esre!rcrdrtl spilalul St- Thomas?)
    1vh.t a hollahal.o at thc doorl Tbat t,il, bc the children.
    {Ce t{ritroi la us{l P.oDoDtlcd stz, copiii.)
    lr anv nr lhe h ;\s h rs e a l e n l h e i a m. rl a r h 1Z Lc JohD .
    r O 0. i \ r F U , . ' L J ;." b e i " l i a ,_ n i d l m d m " l J dJ, l ral A rr.rt; sa /i p l on I
    A s \ r u , , i/ l air ra d v 6 ,,, tu o m h rr l p .l " r. s he aoi s l o Jb31.
    "
    , Lt upr c . 11 t r ob o L i i ,.i l i r rl ,r . " ' s o a rF a ;:.r l ' a,; Ia l d:.1
    :torul u;
    s 1501 5J \ iilor ul pc rre c l | 7 h " I' " tt,' r" p rl i | .o Iorm1a7b ru aj ul otul
    a u r;lilr ulLi r o il. \ \ E u rn ' a l d e N t.;p ;,1 /f, al al vprbul tri de conj ugal r:
    1 shall/$ill hare called; you will lavc cailedi lie, she i[ Nill ]rave called;
    we shall/sill lavc ca.llrd; you will have call-"di they \iilt have called.
    Yiitorul perfect exprimE, ca gi in limba ronind:
    d) o acliune sau o starc aiitoare: anlertodrd, altei acliuni ori stdri Yiitoare
    sAD r nni m om enl d a t v i i to r:
    Lo_, J on, " : L h o l l l !:x l a r [i ,;.l fd t _ ' b o roruprp' .
    r \ : ' a I nF 4r T t lA n .a t.p 4 :n sd b " L l ." J i u l I' i r c. L.i " osi ri i .)
    tle ial\ lLd'e dor ihe tanslation bv this inre i.omorros'.
    (Nu ure sd. terminetraducereapin{ mliDe la acastAorI.)
    L 1 l r obobil ; t a t,o n r" a l i ,n i s d u .ri n r " " mi nrtp l i c l n r r P cuL.l j a i n vi i l or'
    fn 6 r p" i ar z \ iit or u l p " rrp . t .a l -r' l u rn l n l rm bl ro" r;na uu \i i l orul rnl eri ^r
    gi esle de ohicci lnlocuit pr Lr o construclic ln care apare adverbul t/obaDii:
    'ton oi haectuald ure nane: it is so lanoxs.3
    (t'.aLdLil.cd ai d&.i, acest rnner este alii de celcbru.)
    Ste eilt ha@ tin6?d.i nr nine o'ctocli.l
    (r.ababit .d e; fi tc.ninarl'a rrntnd phl la ora noui.)

    s 1502

    6) 'l-iitord f&,txdc trecxt fi viitorul porfoctfa.ti de ftecnt (ltutur..in the

    Patt analFuture krfect in the,PdJl.). - Acesteasint doui timpud, inexistente


    tn
    in limba romAni, care au aceeaqiconstruclie ca ti viitorut faln de prezent,
    cu d eosebirea ci sint form at e. nu cu prezeDtul,ci cu Itcr dlri auxiliarelor SHALL
    ;i \\iILL:
    Viitornl fdld. de hedat (Future in the Past):
    I sliould/would
    cau; you wouldcall; he, slie,il sotrld calli \te shoxld/rolld call;
    you would calli they ilonld

    tall.

    'triitorul perfect ta,ti de treflt (Fntute P:tf.ct in lhe pd\t):


    I should/would
    harc caltediyou, he, she,ii wouldhavecalled;tte s|oxtd/$ould
    Iale callediJou would have caued;thJ would hale ralled.
    lVczi

    S t4 e0 - 149r .
    'zVedzi ! 1 ,!t5 s i not a n. lr Das , t 84
    ,Cln
    io.mtl
    il.t.r\ 1; i, . 1. ' d o . Diobi, bil, r x r . - . r iilo , . l p " i l p c l
    l o x l d F r r ', i n a
    ,tri
    . ldl r t , t ot . l - . r . o ! - a t a 7 : o t " p c ; ! a :
    a" liun "viilo.r"an '"lio "la. n, , inom '
    uh qdedb de tinp eiitot precX.
    rln u .rNLr Dr oD"/ i b. \ ' : r or I D"r 1, r r . , . , e". ! " i l J
    r o . 'r n r , , , , r i n " , r i o , ,
    , r r 'a i '. .
    o r u l I n l , ', t J d ''n ':
    t.;:i- ' t . '
    r , i nbnq, r ' ". r , hlrd .",,-.u !
    '\ i i
    n{: ,.Vd l.ermira llni la ora 9'. i9 ti01 a)

    2$1
    In lirnba romAnn,acestetimpuri se traduc cr riitarutl dupn cun urrnazd: $ 1503
    ltulure in the Posl cu viitorul,
    tr'urte Perf.ct in lhe Pdst cu riitorul anlerior
    Ce.ledoun timpuri rprim& o acliune considarati c riito(tre l*.i, de un $ 1504
    momeni dat din lfrclrl s&u rillor':
    r ' ' or ,
    I ioid / ,l lho uld snr|l
    - lp ln \ lolhr r . r \
    t,,
    to,
    {re
    ,
    nam
    c
    r
    .
    l
    sr".
    l .{ m
    h. b, ';
    (\i nri
    \ lv nl. da \'
    o \ o r . , l 6 j ''.
    rio ,,/ . m . . or I I Fhould/ r oul' l
    ".o.
    a d", a ?: o ilr
    'd t, " r lut.l)
    , \J,rn J lni , 1.".-o.
    She ldl arirreu shc'd/wonld lrc 6ble to come on th. Iollowing SundaX. Niihr pe cct)
    (3ois6e ce ed pLrea r.ni drmirica urnatoarc.l
    ilt appoinf..d linre. (\'iitor
    I rol.l Jou l'd/shouldi rorld l&yo t'dltlled IlrI tdk |rlot
    '

    rTi an .\"u' ci it\i tai tnd.epl.inisarcina nuinie d-" ertirarla


    I llbueht ron woutd b&le ro'rd his books.
    lAn e:.ezrir cir li rpi ii oiilt (probabill od.!il.l

    iernenllui

    acordat.)

    Viitorul perfect {a!i de trecui c\primii probabilitateA ti fdri prezen-ta


    unui ad1'erb de tinp viito precis:
    Ted,as sur! Jou'd(- toDld) bcrctliDglikc goingl,ontcbI ihc tine you'd (- Irol,
    ,T " d.fd
    l:
    -rur,d
    ab s o l v im a uni{!Nitltii.)

    v r l, , edor , l", c . i, r ' , 1

    ..\''r:

    .dl

    \ 'i l d J

    dip-o.1

    ,l

    In limb.r ,torbitaL
    dsl.i;1. cstc curenti lnloeuirer au\iliarului SIIOUI,D ctt
    \{OULD la pers- I sq. Ei pl. Periru a se evita problenele gramatioale cc se
    jvesc astiel, -se inrrel,uinleazn in gcncre forma r,ontr
    l'.J l: I shouli l
    q.,/J./ si "Fppciv r.tI
    ^sn -lo.\iJ nun1i.
    x "houtdl^Ltdt i,,I h,i,.1
    rinrorbi .",i"r'i.. (.1.,It,t'.)!r! .n,p/, \'rI 'ri .r.r '.r'.1. "^nr'a.p //l
    9i e'll ( S 1507 volitiv).
    ,{vind acerali fomi .tl Si candilionaluLcele do,,i iimpuri riitoaro sc deo S 1506
    sebescde e1 nLrmaiprin inteles. Colter.tul ne va arita deci tlaci avem de'a
    face ou viitorul sari cu condi!,ionalul,viitorul fald dc irecui fiind corelat cu
    li!io Jul l.1.i zrrll ,l,.o proporirip
    u. tt..,tt:i,nr1,t d.."rp d"prndF,i'r,.
    g
    ""ititi nadt., i;[,!q., /..{piima,j.a,r -,binl"l",s;. \'"t,.,. fr""Fl.,ifdindi
    liitntuL pofect fatai dc Ltecutto oontrast c\l undiliannl L petfetl:
    I lnde.sfoodrot'dleouLl..onteat orcc. {Viftor)
    (Dutr .ir d,' i' r.l"-, .; s, u;i ;n. d J .
    ,r I 'o',ll rrnsro'r ,,r'.Juu,//ro,r/ or" d .n'.. (.
    i
    d
    D

    '

    ri ,

    p. "1

    e . o ,i.

    a , ,p ,

    ,1 .' l' d

    I li nll

    .\ sc cornpar'ain contrast:
    a) \or @iUha'. re.eindn"yg..ctingsin $!ilc ol th.l,oliday rush (I'rolalilitale-rlc tir p prccisl(Yijtorpprl'ctl.
    I.(r d,h.erlr

    rt,rr .,tt t h. , ; li- ' . ' ll; n " s . o r T q , L rra ,,i ' l r r' r' ' ' \. [ .uoi b:l l i l
    cu adverb de liml precis) (\iitor p.rlect).
    b) I kne|9yot'd.lqohldft6s over Dickie il Iot got r chancelliilorul rali de tfc.ut
    cernt de un f.c.ui simllu (ttn.tr). sot fiit\d tol u irecul.l
    c) Un t:ondili.onal !rd:.nl corclat cr un saDjon./i(, tr!!nt.
    f t lnct i e i l e s it Llat ie s au de i n te n l i a v o rb i i .o ru l u i :

    ,J.'].pnif, ii

    // the letl.rs 49, a lake ihey ./ cdtainly not Deadd.ess.di.oyou by


    nan'e.
    "vourIret
    r,,,',,'

    m iinfi { { io !r z i i s l .i ll i i .ra rl .

    S 1506

    MOTI!O'OGIA

    r9r

    _ !'ERBUL

    (i"';13y'"
    s"o' u,.oli"l1'ti,i$"T$i*.ili{'l'Jf"51"K.i;;
    iJiil$"if"}i""'i
    Yiitorul laF

    Prezont
    'le In L e n i i a.e l ui ddftsdtsau

    I shail call

    .lesprec@ese firbel.e
    I $ili call'

    ie. she, it shall call

    he, she, it will call


    iney will call

    Viitorul fa.t[ ds trecut


    i,e. shc. it sh.uld call

    iie. shc, il

    wo!)d

    call

    ihey wonld cau

    riitor' o-idee modald3in


    Aceasti tormi exprrma le ling6 noliunea de
    pl.|l":
    intenr,ic, aainld, holdtir;, pronLisiune' ordut' amenlnlare'
    Iorbe e' SHAI-L estinlre'
    o, Cirt,1inten,tir sau hotarirea o ar rcl carc
    { taOg
    buinldr ld Loate Persoanele:
    $c stn r'a'd tomorroit (lnieniie)
    lfotu

    ,lecd nnte )

    il".iil'i' I'" rx,,...- .


    ir'i"l';:,;i,il'':l
    :^il''":'
    liil'111""'
    li'\it'il'ii.'3i'#'"1
    'ili,':,, /: :yl'03:,,',1
    ""i'
    (P
    t
    ombune)
    I
    s
    o
    rrv
    l
    a
    -,
    d
    o
    n
    i
    m
    p
    .
    i
    l
    l
    i\ c , l, ll

    F ' a to :
    r , d / i ' E a J c o l ' l a l i mp n u _ l '
    .u
    tp
    o
    rr'
    n
    )
    J
    rl
    {
    ]-ru
    r' ' i ' ro '
    ho
    n
    .
    '
    aLl
    ttt \
    mP
    !l
    s
    p
    trl
    rn
    u
    /
    l
    o
    l
    ri
    ro
    .
    o
    r l e' r o& dd, i' v
    r o r ' j, ll go t , o r a r o n c " l l o td :n i
    / / t s d ! 1. . i a c a s Jrr!' d ra !1 )
    dre)
    t t p " t ail bP P u a i s h Pidl n ' J ' Sn b :I' r ' l m" n i n
    n
    u
    0
    5
    '
    u
    trI
    d
    a
    '
    i
    J
    l'
    F
    J
    d
    I
    t P P 4&P s tt
    l c to' te pol soar' p]" mai cxpri mi
    lr or m a de \ ; ; lo r c o n ' (ru i ' 5 c u S H A L L
    e noLi uni " \i sti nd un.cl eman'
    ^ rr' i e rc l n to a l e a ' c '
    AL, : oli" , p, *; ; un '

    exp.lplesint Lipi'epenlru
    "i
    i"ii""iiJ J.'f,"'i,.r*. on'irg't"ic rprimel"tloua
    etc ):
    oii'"-t""i oii"l"l", initrucliuni, obligalii lornale
    r om '
    ADDli""nl. 5l'll r ' 11 r " J
    - . { O r lij4i"' u | , .
    lCa _n did alii,.eDt i' ' n ' o' "Pr c k :

    o:.::Ji'."i":"'l: i" d,.,"


    ;,1',,,,:.:
    l;1,"1';;ll,':l
    "i.,1".1ii;;
    "'''" "
    "l
    ir;-'
    r
    ;l-''"liliLl:
    i",'l
    1"'
    l."i;,1
    ),1.,'li';"li
    g.' rft'oesr,

    $-e'srud
    -r'u1r
    ":i;li':;;i'):i;:,!l)
    fxl
    lvom ..uii cu sigurarli (la

    se
    t V ez i ii nof a, l , c a res c re l d a Lto t l r ,,i l l .n l i n c.' hi crre i or| ' ste' : I * i l l tal t rt

    993

    La persoana 1, deosebirealorm$li rnt.e simptul riit0r hreeulurat)si cel $


    _ 1609
    etpLr. cici st; in faolul cd. in .crul de tr1d,rto.l estcroloral modal,a;r"ntuat sau nul, pe clnd la simplul viitor nu este nici accentuat:
    |
    r on" oo\ . qim llu v ' i , '
    ..htlt ljt .
    m.l
    t r n, v r nl, u
    I.,
    t , uI
    . o, i.
    lot t
    Hot J 1 r
    ,l ..tu r . " . 1, 1. , ,I.,,.r . .
    vr'.,

    Viitorul constmit eu SIIALL intrcbuirrtat la toate persoanelese E.isste S 1510


    ai jn_propo/irI.p "'ru^,lorrrF duo., r-"1 pl" ,au con.rru,ljite
    .ipcirir" '
    ".1"
    hotdrirc.inltn1tc,e,ti li, un anlhI
    It hdsbun de.idedthrt Tetstars,sha te usedIo. flie transmission
    of TV progra'nmesac.ossthe Allantic.
    Y,ur wil ir.rr"z,i,pd ttst y,u .l,tt t,,.. a rtlns h.tidrv tr', fFar.
    /o,-.,., 0r!1dI L"pn.x,ponr",,r r.;^,:w \\,,\; rru.i: rdl/ ,,.pr,,
    ,h. .jf"l,i,,*
    ,, Cind intenlia dt,arlinepersoanpi
    edroiate adresezisau ilesDrecarc sc S 1b11
    vorbc\fe.auriliarul ,1,r, b,rin:at
    \\ ILL la to0te pprboanptp
    ({ 1507):
    ^"t.
    Y u s.'yJ U ;//sp-,k,o l,.r,n.ri -ol,v,r\r':ns rHotArirp
    'sou'., .l /.o,a.,
    \o"b,..i. nc,,..rJ..tori:iml'r"(.au oi.i,-"artrdrrta.l
    "
    I nnor
    \v',t,pr j, ". J n
    p
    d .linsloL
    h. t pr . ", t r t $n . l|p f r
    ritrh"to mp. r\.oidra
    r\ rI
    i. lrp l ,lJ.: p od l. . , i
    l, ar r pa! J
    mj J-,rtr.l
    I know ll,p) .'.'/
    nLL r hpr r iLk s har o\ Fr t ho d i f f i . - t [ F s . t t . r s j . t f , n t l l
    'irr.Lp - nl, . a. i : ndF. ' , r i
    (5 , u ,1 vo" p .,"","!a
    - ar , ' na or r J t d . ^ d i d r I i g r u i d i i r p )

    E r c e p !i e

    I,p,urr,t p.tptd p . t e o n 4 / . e \ f rin b in - S t s t z


    ] " , P, i l 9p e r su "n ,1.|rin insust

    r Pn r rH . norir flrFr.
    o. t L. o r or p r or b. l| :
    I sill tell him $tai I thirk. (Inl.n1ie) {-\cccrr treuiru)
    (-\
    intenlia se,i stln ce siideso.)
    r ..ra, I go .rrL no \. 1o |. " inoi"t inS: ( Ho' ) "t , c
    1 \ u vrrau sl ie s a , u D, d' c . a|a s r . ir ur t J
    1\ Jll1 r,.o u
    Lr ol d . - , on J , s . r r , La, L, lPr I nt : J n " l
    i ., \o . J d | . r i. - I d, , id . r r F \ om , n b l o i a r ( A r r 4 n ' n , u b u ,
    II\i loB ndt:n

    Notd
    La persoanaa 2-a $i a 3 a. deosebireaformali intre simlrlul riitor necolorai S 1b1t
    si viitorul coloral modal erpus ]a acesr capitot std in faitul ci, tn cazul ale "
    fatn. \\rILT, este acceniuab,pe cind la si;plul liitor nu este:
    Yr!'llr'rtu, se. 1,e.. (Snrllu riilor)
    L rr !e r v e0ea. )
    IIe /l /,t?t under s t and.l S i d l l u ri i to ..l
    a |d irtelegc.)
    Yo n sa y y o' r , , / l s p. d L 1 H ,,t.l ri re l
    lSu u i ri i r s r i j" r l- ir it s - Ll o rb p .l r' .)
    I 4 o n l , k' uL( ihpt h. r I n ,,. t u r
    s o to th p l i r st ni sl ,l , r\' !i n| 11
    r\. ri u dac r r 1 lr o" r " .ru n . ,/,d -o r'.,' i ." " ' r p r,mi .rJ.j
    "i
    .

    . oJ ti .,

    \ i ln , , ,
    r , i\ e t F r , r onr r r r 'd : , o r 1 . r r a , n i u a , l
    fetl
    jl. ',.1..,
    I.,1 , , 1f p . , f r . ! his r t r r . . ir nr uar d . t " , , . , , a " . a o . d u " r ; " " , .

    ",
    2 : . i : ,:;"
    '
    saielili (le ooniunicalic xliliz{ti in traDsrisiu.ile tetefonice si telev;alc
    'ftlsr4's:
    tla$atlani,ice.
    ,. ..4 t n|u. ) , io
    Lt o n oa. t u1"i dr p
    J" "in".,,ti .ri,,.7i. a.r
    ,\"u lr',,.
    . i mrf l rmns, rl' "rt,,'t
    ! r ' n anar h: . n . i, L, uet r z t i I ' o r . o n t o 'm i " r n J p o u p r r t 1 , , , .
    ' r n r q p . p5l ul,l,/.,tr.'lF q 'rJ l.
    . nq. . ur it o r n t ! i e , t u a t
    .
    , r l1 Lnr l. "r , J , /

    2S4
    q lS f f
    '

    ro l ;t;J
    tl l ; ; t
    Id l i
    ' r ul
    u i i ro .' e\ pu. r r nai s u s . .' r d " o .a b i ' r1 ;i

    WO U I , D ) :

    tr"

    ' u v i l i rrpl

    tsl -ttrm.t-da
    ' ]t 84 tr
    r.nr Ir l t' :u' {i l l OI' LD .

    IIe said it slarl,? be as rve would (P,onrisiuDc)


    (Ne ldsdlut ca va fi air cun von !oi.) (Accexr:n.utNl
    n h p ' .u.r' -. rH ol i r:rp, ,
    , \ nn L, r m e ' .^ tl .i g s h a -l d \i n i .l ' ' r
    l l t rJd r' p' I
    A-;
    o l rr' \,a n i m' -l n o | D i q "
    (A nam . r . pt
    (Il
    "
    /l
    '
    i
    r'
    )
    T hev s ad r l' " i J o 4 d rl ' mb ro l ' rrrn r.
    (A u' s p, , " 1 ; d ' /,.d r;/i s 1 n u I d i c o rl i a L
    ' u.' i
    I krle{ rou odzl.l hare lour oM way. {r'e.sisienlil)
    ($tiad ci tet !,.rtrid sn laci ce v..i-i
    (P enl. u c om pl e l a re a a c e s to r i n d i c a l i i g cneri l e, 1' czi qi 51517)
    Trotluceret in limba ro end. - Ace*te formi dc viilor colotat' modal,
    S 1b16
    --'
    neeristinrl in limbtr romani, este tradusit cu rirlorztl. la csre se adauga adeBea
    cuvinte ce redar.r ideea adifionaln. (Vezi traduce le la e\emplele de mai sus )

    15fG
    '

    raliti'J (Voliti()e Future). dat acestui timp penlruJaptul


    Nurnflc .le
    'iilof
    ln maj l]rar. s.|L nrai rni.r-r rnnsur:r' o nrrrllest'rre
    sugereaze,
    toaie
    lormolc
    c{
    a voiniei celui carc:'orbeite. cnrria i se rorbefle .\rr desp|c calr se aorbelte,
    este aplicat in gerere numai urmitoarclol] innn'":
    trc till call
    I wiu call
    von sfall oirll
    ron sliall call
    they shall cdl
    iie. she, ii slall call
    c
    s
    tc
    i
    n
    c
    o
    rn
    t'
    l
    p
    tJ . p c n trtr ' ; I u ti n" scdmd deJormcl e
    int
    er
    l
    re
    i
    a
    re
    A oc as t i
    n e a c c eir t uat c .s s u' n :,i mu l i o ri n d i p u !,i n a l : .et l uate. consi fui tc cu S H ' \LL
    L. ' i rp ' u ' l q' r rnl ' rF r3{r
    p -r.n e rd
    l a p . r - oano I . i \ \ l L L l a
    "2 oii '
    \u-" l " dc
    rJ-' " 1,/ P ' ru' t'
    i
    '
    r,"
    J
    a
    :i
    ,
    "
    .
    a
    u
    ri
    l
    i
    ,r,i
    r'
    '
    ri
    tp
    t
    oln'
    '
    "
    .
    :
    l sl u t
    ti i ta r t uI it it ' t r ebt l\ e d e c i c x ti n s p " n tru d ,,4 ,ri i i ,l e. i rr rno,l ul -crpus" nnt ' us. S t

    ir",""t" .*;", ;i este intrebuinlarx.Licl'rr lu,rdrer de rt'JJ 1et $ 1i0?)'


    8) i[odalitnli de oxprimare:l viitorului:
    S t517
    riitar fald
    d) (i.leeadc viil,orpur nu cnntim niri o inlli';!h rtod'slA\:
    riitarul
    r')
    letfect
    ae piizt:"t tlrpdnat' prii viitorul xntplu lsinvti 1:tti
    ti
    (Futue Perfd):
    I rna .dll \'otr whcD lic comes.
    lTe eoi ch.nu cnni va reni.)
    Hc q,tll lat? ndd his balh }r the tinc lou gct ur.
    l1!'
    fi fAa,lea /ac baia pln{ c. tf vei scula)r
    'd
    S 1518 tirlrl tuld de lrecutc\DriltraL prin aiitorul f.Ltd de tftcut (Fature in the Past)
    tl , P a.* t):
    Pc4q
    ,i ,;i t; r ; 1 p. t l. . ! t o td d " tD .;! tF n tu t
    'n
    Lre
    nrc
    iir
    teould
    t\erc.
    IIe iold
    (ui-a slns c;"1ra ft tuolo.)
    I kner' I sbtld liee gone ortL lclore they camc{ltiam ci ,,t /l tl..d,in orat hainie dc veni.ca lor.)
    i.teea de hotbite. promkianc e!,;) exprimat prin tiiloral
    $ 1619
    b) /t,iitor
    "
    ( S 1 5 0 7 -1 5 1 3 ) (c o lorat modal ):
    r'o l i tii ( t ' olit it . F i tfe )

    laln l.c r rc:r/n:


    I ',r | ""
    \u f" ,.r
    You slzll
    ( t'.i ao.a

    lo lr " m nl. h ) Pt . il i' "' r ' l "ddl.


    s lp i n . ;
    d ,/ ,
    t t d a' um li m 4' i
    ' F -rou ,;ll. (Stil lo.mal)
    /dt" \vhat
    'voi,
    L.r cc vei
    !i-o iag{duiesc )

    d d L 'r n e l

    I liitrtut pahct dla |tibtr romannesfe,ca ti in lidba engle'i, rtrmar un tlml grdna,t.{, ii !sLr ad$ca nrlocu't c\ tiitorul. si}n|ltt.

    295

    $ 1620

    fald d.etrecut.:
    l, ' r l' r "Tr ' 1 { nlj ir ( r s s l i l l d - l ! ,
    I sa id I
    "oL lr, 1 s o
    l\m spu r (d x r , t pou i4, 6 s a r lt r I r m , c ir e s t e d e v r c m c . l
    j
    lromt d
    'y "hotLJ hoep ihat thpr |aut.t.
    {Le'am lngnduii ol eal aka re @. @i,)

    c) (tiitolul

    s 1621

    cert sar lrogramat) exprimat prin prezentd simplui

    ' I hp- , / " / * lor td 1 1 n " \L T o d .


    t f Lo. o x l: , t l x n d \ri t.{ On Mondal. I go to Itxcterl add t?r., my wire back.
    (Luni nir duc l.r Djcter s{-ni ddrc sdlia acasa.)
    utilitdt

    tn sp(iciaL Ia dtte. orarc etc.,


    Tomo.rorv ir l.hc .igliih ol March.
    (ulirc cstc 8 Dartic.J
    The uptrair .on.s nr ai livc.
    lTrenul de Londra soseiie la cinci.)
    What lime do.r U,c down-train leaye?
    (La oe orl tlcuci trrnul care vine de la Londra?)
    Intrebninlat in no.l cLr.nt in subordanatele temporale

    2752):
    1s2717,

    s.u

    candilionalc

    You won t be readv ieforc we t dre.


    (N-ai sl lii sala lniinle de Dlecareanoastrll.)
    ilrlal shall I do iI
    ar4 6t bach bv dinnei time?
    (Ce sd fac ilace ntr -rou
    ic Intorci pi 1la cine?)
    d)
    viitorul

    (viitor ctllocaidl - al)liune ptuieclatd) exprimat


    continun:
    we d/e dtztrg ont tonight.
    frllncdn b oras astil sfa.e.l
    \lhai d/c yo! drins o,r Slniiay?
    lCe Inclti dndiDioi?l
    I shdll Le coine to the scasidcon Fridayel.c llneri h nafr.l
    Y.u
    ,e !.ci,g liur
    'rrll re.i fiit\c.)
    (Ai sd-t

    pdn prczcntul

    sau

    S 1522

    prezultoL continu refrindu-lc si la Dreznt. un adverb de timD viitor


    este necesarin acest caz sprc a se deosebiviitorul de prezent:
    Tha r'.. rhp e.r l \ , r ot , laal; , 1 f or . lPr F/ "n l
    {litd ld lr !i f dc { ( an! jl)
    qg l. , r np\ r Tu". d d y s . | | t \ i i t o r r
    l n tao h,,; p . ) r . d r o
    ""l v ; d d. r ar li
    (L '. tl .. pl- . "r e s l le
    r nt r o s J p r i m r n " . )

    Fald d,e|r':t:Dt,viitorul acesta este c{primai prin trecutul continuu sru


    prin ,r'iilorul fale de trecut continuu:
    Hc saidl,c aas.?aalrnlis holidayin the corntry.

    q 1523

    (q .J,.s ii i i , J , , r , . ,
    \ d. anJ la t dd. )
    Tlr\ \rurp '
    r . ic Bai' g r olh; m ouj' t J ins lo r t l . $ ? . k " n d .
    !
    (.\u 'ri. ,t ., J ' " n nt unl" s d. r i p. bpa. i b l r ) i t . l d s J n r d m l D aI
    I
    $ . ..1. . . a bp t . . . , i, 8lor
    \ - nic e on I l , n u - , .
    "1 ,J
    luli I-a Venetia.)
    l-{ln stus cii rl..nr
    H. pro mis, i - . . o. / . / r . ,
    rtorso.,Colo,ar moddl
    J ir d d np \ a' ll p F s r p \ r o j l p l a n : n d . )
    t\ llga d.:l ,.1

    ID genele. prezcntul (respectiv irecutul) eontinuu si viiturul uuntinuu ar : 159,1


    a,cln.r.s",r aproapra,
    'ra,"i.inlel".. ln n.la birupriie\i"t; in., o,Jeo."hirp,lsens subtild inlre aresLedoui formc:
    1Bar,sale

    tr.r! ln SdrcFcl., Anglin. rpnumji pcntiu restigiile romaneSi pentn apclc

    t",,l"it1"if./195f..,i

    t' Devon,,\nsrja: fl.trd

    caled.ah dafind din sec.x] ri utriverstai|

    ?96
    Pr.:.nlnl (rcsDecliv :'ecutul) cantinuu erprinri o d'lix"d holiiritd nai
    ic Iii.torul cantiiu rr tr':spec\i! iiil.'til [d&J' 1t' tl1cunin n)
    dlnaizre, tn
    "rerire cd indepli irca ncliu';ii exprinr'rF
    \erlr nrc rnrnlite
    oon!,inennplicalia
    't'
    consecLnle:
    l{olhcr tomoh$.
    we arc .li,,i,tP
    (L uim a ia";ra 'iih 14 m dm r ' r Pr ' er _r r r ' n_dr l
    r " o r 'r "
    olo. , ( r m p {"
    wt \h rtL tJ" o:' t , e \ . r ' 1, llolhd' r .
    rr rirgLi
    r
    i'
    is
    l
    t
    r
    u
    r
    (
    {
    i4
    ir
    .
    s
    r
    t
    a
    niam
    a
    n
    riine
    o
    air
    il,ulm
    " I
    nlrc
    lodav.
    \ve are haein! a reheaBal at
    {A,i avc'n rderitie la ol:r 9 ) {l'rosran i\ofirili
    we sholl be haeint a reher.sal in a mirlle

    g t 'l a r l l

    ! a ! *r

    rii"i'i-i'"p'"Llfi" r,i:'t" iii"i:i mi"L". (Deci.pres.trcrt"lel)l llnanicalii modale)


    :lmus b"o.-^tona
    noJdl
    -1 4r..-p..
    , oo.: l 'r'li

    ll:Pectr.ind ]}L ai 9aif unai: ) L] |ll|. ] ' f PiUn. la||' \ r t . ' ' l |
    e. t lni..n '"in ]''1"'|p'j|-'liF' ' ' |' ' ' ' ' ' ' r ' ii"' : a
    n pJrle ' plu: r ' ul; l
    ;,mnin l ltor
    "
    ahase'al.enl'a cii el ntr conside.I nicid.ctr'n chcslimft
    {f5
    o '2
    " -5"

    o. , o

    ") (t;;\,t,n
    -'oi"oi'"'o

    d; , ' 1 - ". ) "f ; t nt \ t ; lt ' I


    ! ' t , ' a'
    i"
    .
    ,' , , d; n
    "

    trn

    l" n "u 3

    nrrt'istill

    1t t ; 4 t " t a "
    r 't " t
    pt

    " l t u . \ ''^ t i | : l o t
    a ; 'r r ''f u i t
    't r - i
    't

    goirq,-urniail de infiniiivu] \.erbLtluide coniuglL!:

    r a 'e
    ,e
    ''

    I - v- r ' n u l i l
    qo: ' 3t a
    t \ " o' n- lr ir
    S.hele,r -f:
    \r eh En s4 ltlnr a '
    1
    L
    rl
    , "' "r ' r r |
    ,1t :
    ioq 'o4 E,:
    ' 'o J '.
    '
    r ' s "ir i
    r'
    r
    r
    "
    .
    d_P
    l'
    bir
    '
    lr
    o'
    '
    ili
    tq n-J"in a
    (Coloril rrodrl r
    You,'erd soi,A tr sat sorncthins. (I.ltrti')
    (f.i@i sd s?ui Nc\r ')
    dodrl i
    She sa. gtirs /o n@e lier onn wrl (Hotirircl (C'l!
    roir.l
    dccit
    ce
    n"
    l@&titij
    tti
    faii
    lEn
    :f D,at.li nt""
    l
    dt
    r 'r l r "
    'o l o r ' r " o J i l
    Pt ,d,
    , blt
    r el, 1' /
    (Nu rfd L r 1 ,l8ul"ht
    s ' rr,',td'
    '
    In
    Iiolidi,i.s a'.e g'rg ro /]. llPasatrn'r ftr' h'rr l'ldoriit noddl){Sitdalie
    -\t hontP.
    ' -(\ cd"\''I''''
    n' |
    /
    'I
    t\ olu
    YiitorL tl

    6lt 2S
    '

    /, t.

    loins

    t a n' r s P LDir l' r r inlPa z i

    r t t r 'I " r r i J

    n n e i f r o l 'n z i f i i

    c i es te ' i n l c i c u i tc u rr:i rn ru l\n n tt' t l l i ' ttntLI ' ' ri l d-nn(ce Y rrbul
    "o
    lrnr
    i" 'ir
    iar .",.. || r ,
    ' ;n ' p i r-l i i \ i i rndr '
    i .i ru l !i " . rl - i r
    r.,rra.r'
    "J
    1l she doesi1]ui I saX,sllc ll ri{n/' me I{). it.
    noI
    u
    lt llit l
    r ro t,,)r' i l ' 1 r s ta b ;t" a n t ti ' t
    ' n' l rtt
    ' j Lrr' nrl
    r-tl
    "
    d
    p
    l
    '
    i
    r,r;
    i
    rr\'
    rr
    B E u r' ,," 1 fl p
    ' ^nl uE ' dr rtrao u ri iiar , , lui'
    'or
    '
    '
    S .r" c d+
    v o rb a ' ..u rrrrta z .r b .l .-, r !ri ' Jr i na .tL" l
    a "' p" i' i . i*t r ; " " . , , e
    4c:i
    l cn)eva
    rt:l
    ,rrri
    o se b ir c { le r iit or Lr l v o l i ti v , a c o a s tn ft]tr,,i rrrt; ur vrLt,' r
    cu
    alicineva'lnlelcssre
    in
    dc
    aceasla
    p"".";",'
    care rlorbestc, s:lu
    ;;.;;;"
    His noll,.r t"- ro ,,om.tonorro\'
    {lr ro.l,a .{ nrma lui sd tt'd nlnac i
    Tcaolicrsiid re (.'e ,o Degtrrt oncc
    i edrat l
    (]'.onso,rl I slrrs cA trii. sd,t"!"r
    1'he lloNr "l,ightning" (as r, r/arr lirst
    (Calul ..l rlger: rd ?r,s.dnal si l.fre.sci lrimtrl )

    ,'.,r'-

    297
    I aas ta tutat thc ne\fcome.s.
    turma (c.a sarrin{ mca) st ,6/^Liesc pe Doii veniti.l
    T h.t \ 4rp \'r) h r,t..\ , . ' , $h 1, . ,L"t t - , r as . oon r , d F r n l r F - D h o n t e l \ $ d r 1 . r
    . l { . , d, j aodla I n , , , r / D o , d l ; : r d j r . : : j
    { \u io" l i -ia ri o .r., . J ar , ' r ", J

    g.) ( Vittar in.tliar) to be ahont+ inliniriv complet:


    He ii a,,rr ,o la,(e n)r S{iorlrnd.
    (Esti ric lunctul ne a !l.ra h Scoiia.)
    \o u .e .e aLout/ o s , u s ' ,mrt,rrs
    l l l r0 ; p . pur , . ' I l . ; .t| r . \., . l o ,mb i \!i d r D J 5 p i ,p\d,

    5 1527

    V;i to ru l un. dior , $t . . \fri mc r i n .ri l ,,l , n o .ri AI pri n torma to Lp poi np +
    i n linil i !u l .om plc r . ii \ r " n "
    .F t,tn a to b r,rb o r; i i nti ni ti vul -com" D l et
    ste tntrebuin,tafi mii mult tn solis, in slilul formal si se reIerA la un viitor
    j i m a i a p ro piat ( - pe pun c tu l d e a ). (C f. s i S1 5 2 5 )

    9) Viitorul in lntrebdri. al SH]\LL la pcrsoana I qi a 2-a si $lLL ta persoanaa 3-a exn md


    uDeori ti dorinla vorbitorului de a afla ce gindesie interlocutorut (Viitof

    s r52e

    s 1529

    I tind ]j.r in ji I so !ow?


    ^tnall
    Mall Iou bc jn time il r6u hurry?
    fr, i1 rain do rou tnlnk:

    ,, tn lntrebiri sc lntrebuinleaznde obiceiauxiliarulpe carejl arcteptim S lSeO


    -h respuns:
    _Yps v or . r . / / .
    ' -tr,oll I so L!m" io$
    ioip., l t \ i i t o f v o t i t i \
    { , . 1:
    colorlrl
    t ,dau
    "Lpr r, j,op Dou ../-11 \, : . - \ n, uF. / , a"
    r \ , r or Lolo , a r
    "-S l,//.Lou bp ibl
    l,, lq . r pt om or r oLL, \ Fs . l"nou
    t\ jjror colorarl
    j , , ll { . . \ ' r ", , u- r t v iit d r \ o j j r ; v
    "I4; / l rou sF"dl,
    iL. nn$.
    - .,norxtl
    'o
    ' J-,{ dIi6r' pJ n , nFfn"(dr , 5s ?
    I o. s , . . . } dr /
    o, . ' ( , , \ r - i d a r v o i " . - , r \
    I 'u r r o r 'i v
    _

    'Iltil

    she tut oD lrcf ne\r dress?" "\o,

    she por'i.,, l,,Nr vrea ca..J (\ jiror rotitiv-

    i.i linA. J . < he s / d/ / . . t v r i, or lnt i t ; v _ c o J o r a t _ .


    "S ft,il.,. rom""_ ,\,
    "lt:i4!h" .or
    ,.otonl)
    "' /1 'd ro s FnJ . , . nhp, , ", , / . r ' t \
    ' or vo t : t i v _

    _ . . Actu Fl m c nt . in\ a " F t i l l ,l p . m.i a l c c tn l i mb a ro rbi tn, si s cl i t acesre { t63l


    dr F lr n , r i n inlr abi' r i " i s ' In rrc h u i r.t' ,a . r,.b .l . a LJi l i i ' , trr; di s.ri mi nar '
    ( e u p r"h ri n -a p" n r r \ \ ll.l , i n s ..,i " l i n .,g l p /r
    a m p' i .d,,.,. .0rc sp bu,urd
    d e o, n crp i nll, r aniS i' ,
    ^. ' r a r1 ri l , u r.J p q p \,' b p :' 4 s .,us, tn\ori ti mba,,,gh26:
    "WiUhIoU !ar be n' Nl,fD I .all i0morrow-?'.-"\ps,I tr;1tirhd\."
    (Vcz' ti S I r3i)
    .l SH \ Ll. i, , r , LUi !. | 1 a to
    .
    ' c 1 ," * " 6 n p 1 , s ptr.grp fpntru a se a a
    r n t en !r3 t, r. ner pr , ; r " r 1 i r " .1 , d ,l '' F
    ,..l i l n tr-b 3 rra :
    ,tftoll Lool se.ts lor ionislil.:
    (SI.uNlrri. nihie lentN :6|:iscaril?)
    Sltolt ltit! .am. io iho mccti|g?
    ( S liv ini ] a, l c d i n l i ? s rr l a i a n s i v i n d l a i ed' nF?)
    ,l/'?l?ror ,, in tonorro$?
    (Ai se'iii nriile ac.sI?l
    ,Sftalishe /atl ine table for li!.?
    .
    (sa luna riasa pent cinci !c^oane?)
    Mall \e ,'2..n nn lor rou?
    '
    (Se-9ispilir,
    'r;ele?)
    rVe zi
    !ag. 418,5 1014 ,n o l a B.

    g 1b32

    2SE

    s 1633
    "'""

    oficiuli lin SUA


    De lapt, tn uneteliri in oarclimba Irglezt'(rc-lirnlr0p.rP
    sH\IL
    ln cdr' dp a
    commn'rw"allL brirrn,,r.
    t"l;J,i
    si
    qr"nnim'
    "i
    i
    -cruolul
    r
    ru
    srrr
    \\
    lLl
    ..4"o 1n dqsi,"ruainefijn,l inlo.uir
    'i:
    tonigl't?
    t'r
    Po&ldvon /ild me l.oioot seats
    {-.tna, I bookseats.l')

    i ,r frr"
    lolaylneldll
    Do dou . \ a
    t c td b l e ? )
    r lt ; ll \ in l ' J^" th
    {Yczi ti ! t8t6 !9ilJ}
    c ' 1 rru rr" x///
    p rs /s e ftp l
    q
    t l) lv lLLt d
    r " I 5i! 4
    l :(,..t r
    din e" r r c " m" i rru l l i n rrrb u i n ' " 1 ! Iri " " rrd

    ur?//P l i rl crosd'
    ' u S H {LLdr' p" re:
    "

    lr , / l I dol
    I
    frl,ir-t"i,
    ,ttr, tt" to fte opera?""lYi[ I conrt \iil\ ]ou? will l? ol cou*e
    ""."ca o relctare a lntbiirii l$e )
    Flll." (ercla;naii\'.

    la irce.put ca acceltaAcestea sint dou[ din putin]e cazuri consideraie


    lorme s-r exLrns
    acestcr
    bile in eramatica tradirrionih. Cu tirnpul insd uzarta
    ensreza

    cu
    r' tii"l':"i colocvialactuil, nai ales.princoniirln)ltare
    cst'i preleratnconstruclieishallI i tvt:
    ".i'".i"".,r '"a"
    W lr v Plll I liar c io s t ll' la l '?

    i"".J'i"tf

    \Ihin @tll @e move i3?


    Where @tli I take Your siuli to?
    \ V, d, , i{ / . , r , y il ir l
    l. lr ill u, " \ . . hn, N , 4 m . . .

    dcprirnant
    Aileseori,a0easLiconstruct'iewill l / rt cxl)rimi un scnt'imnt
    llc neajulorarei
    ll so.what rtl' 1 do?
    /r reach\i'i in tincT
    How
    train Pt'r a! lake?r
    What"il'

    t LL.\\'IT'L
    Ilaci 1rr unele cazud inlocuirPldurili'rulni SHAIJ'
    T i1'tl
    consecinleserrrantireminnrc sc po;t' rrt r''tr; l'r 'rrrrrLuu
    ca 1n:
    -e,iii-;"i;a
    Pentru ln1,eles.
    Sna zo! be iD tolrorro\t?
    II,i &z b. in tonor.o\r?

    sau ln:

    ,Sldil ?o, see hcr at 5?


    lYill io& see her ai. 5?

    jnrl.,rl'rntc ca tn:
    acerslii schinbare crceftzi insi adcsca anlbieuilrili
    \.';.','.,',1"i'i;
    '
    s,,1/ r"pv.on" ro rridmdbrins
    ," , "',,
    Ifill thPll ra$e to I I meeong' 'rtj ",t
    sau neccsiti lunginli ln exprimar6. pertru cl'rriiioarrll intrelcsuluifvezi $ t0r9, t1l5 'retnplele)
    1'or":
    inlelesul dc
    .J WlLi, la persoanaa 2-a sau a 3-ft (intero-crltir) are
    "r
    S 1535
    I
    trke a btr:'"
    "Itjill rcu trke a tram?""No,
    lrNo!sllc
    'tll 4ro4'r'i'
    "iriii itre spmtrto me?r'
    pur ( S 149a)
    La persoara a 3-a WILT, poate cxprima !i u siuplu viitor
    ! 1636
    2074'

    vczi 2099'2115'20E8'
    li Vr,t i t t aa"it" l"mitate m potitel':, $
    r vczi ,i unele exemlle prccedentc.

    399

    II. SUBJONCTIVUL
    {THX SUBJUNCTIVE)
    suBJolfcrn'

    sau II{DICATTY rREcur!

    s 163
    $ 1538

    Existl o atitudine conl,emporani destul de rxspindiG, care evite problemele modului subjorctir iie ignorinduJe, fie ncgind tnsdli exisien.ta subjonctivuhri tn actualitate.
    I-n mod Jrr.na i.l in.,. J" o rli' dc mar. irnnnrtanla..arp.\primd
    ireotitdl"r. ln .ontra:t , r t ntit.t,,t' 'ndotj de modrT ir.1icali',- cele dolri
    aqpc.l" f'rndam.rldr. dl, , \i.i.1!,i urndn. - psla cu nFpulinli sc dispard.
    mii ,u,".'t,.,.npt4.din,.,,
    1rco,uparilein roarodomcniiie,tijnd 6xarp
    pe descoperirearrecunnstutrrlui. a raportului realttut.lircalitate, a.r \evole
    de in-qtrumcntc .Lo c-\pfiirla'. adcovate.
    Este crrl cn wdriLrl subjonc'"i{, a,(t:rzivetust
    adic; forna BE la toate
    lirnpuril, 9i l" "." ,r" l-. :i li1,-. suli' rlur ; J.,per"s6nxa J-b .g.. .a iodicaror
    . a ,,,prr tir',r L,r,r.rIn nnu- r n nrpmsii lirp rrrditional. si
    ruhjnr,,ri\,1
    tn limb:rjul lormal, livrfsc. stinl,tiinr,juddic, gazetiirescetc., unde necesitatea
    preciziei fi clariiilii datc do subjonctiy esl.eesenijali. Subjonctivul trsi nu
    a dispnruL ca /riodgrarnnrical.El si-a schirnbat,numai veqmtntul cu altul mai
    timl'li.t ,i n,ii l"rnili"^, .',liprD.l r .- noilor ,pflnt. da qimplili.rrp.un,, pute
    qi dituzatn6" 4," p,a, in tt :4 ' .i,l t\as. ,t1d;o. A , apa ar
    i,l. pri', , rl
    prol,riuluisiu fp,r, \i rn-.r!4 .r r^n.r
    lingti li . u'r I.r . t'| -,i)1t l,r
    'i
    t';Ltrtti .nu r'tl .t, nut,
    'ir purrlnr
    ".,.,'r0ii'"-,'nforn.om.pold'rri-i
    SingurJ"rFlii. , to r i-rLut ro Blr. il .srui subjon.tiv nraipn . a toll,. I
    cu auxilicnrl r'rF. Frlin l.' toatp persoanelp.
    pcntru simplifinrre.
    Acstcforme nu mai slnt astizi substitute pentru subjonctiv, ci ru del'eniL
    tntru totul stbjonctivul modern colocvial al liuturor verblor, inclusiv al auriliarelor modale.
    Numai aceastx concellie poate rezolva toat complica,tiile te se ivsc
    continru in interpretnrile invariabil necoDclr.rdonte
    ale u or cob^truclii suh
    jonctiraLe c?ra, figdduite ca aI'JJq
    d.pd.renla
    trecutului simplu, ddl na.ei
    inlel"*ut at stu;d. sinrd:.n,. \.rl'e'. ^x, a)
    You ll3il rcrer go noN. aasrt e hc Fent to lcd.
    t |tod/alnel.eiun jn a diy or tNo. I roxld sooze.you c&me$ith me,elc. (Vezi
    51548)

    conBiderateoa lorne ale indicatir'ului, ar trebui si cr.prime r.alitalca unor


    ac.tiuni xra&|r. intcrprrLifi care nu rezisLdla o analizi gramaticah serioasi.
    deoareceele se referl ]a ptt.ott san r;llr,.. ,{cela;i patternuri sint pe ect
    consecventeti glllmalicri forccte daci sinl ini,eryretaie ca expresii subjonc
    r;!alp.p r"Jr,r /,pdrrl. (\--l; j l5-,4J
    De{id!n', - Sprc d.oscbirc dc indicatil'. care exprimi o acliune sau o S 1639
    sLarer,!al.i, subjonclilu] crf ni o acriunc sau o stare ;r.edl.i,realizabili sau
    nu, carenu existaidecil ir eindul trlui rc vorbest:
    ...r,
    .t, ", , 0.
    '
    "r . t 1J . I nli"J . \ )
    , ' i. l
    \ r,,. :
    1. r ",
    ' 1.
    'i
    I $ish llic n,.r, r,c. lsubjonctiv)
    f-1,s dori sii lic aici ida. nu este.)l

    "*t -'rcnre

    0uardire'r'rrezenndsurrjon'r'ilur'
    iar cu'silere
    comlr-

    800

    $ 1540

    A. TDIPURT

    ii#l;
    Xliilll."ii
    i:.1::lH#,ii"ll:1;;li,'li",iiiii
    J"ni"'"f
    ,"'5f ::i,1;
    L[Ur
    r0Rll]I l-llcl{x a suBJo_-{o'r'll

    s 1541
    s 1542

    T"x::xil,Hll"i,""'
    ,".,l.i,xlili*.I"ii"i'"]":ili.'
    "":'*:::i"""11#
    ,""""{ l,!i"',i",".l,"i1l,liiiii,'
    il'!i"'
    ,"'," { l}i"lil""'";l"if}J'i1.""'
    ObserrtLlia

    * *"T;;:]#"1:;,';,::i':
    Ficindr-seabstraclie

    mod ( 'onfundnfornat tu ltrut


    l' s'rbionc'i'n r dr" '"r'l'rn -' i'
    i
    " - 'i "g"r ''i "a e

    :::l$fj""1'"':."""i:i'l

    '
    "-',iili"
    ::if
    fi
    :#I'll,'"',.1i
    s'r*'
    l;W
    ;:**i l*l;tllliilltf;l.t,i
    san rtLtor:
    tinp, lrr,tl.l. Prczcnt

    I " ;; ".lli';l ",".'","'


    r":"1:ll:
    l:,i";;1"jl:i:)-iil'fXt:
    l,,,i,,ii,"

    (:, on.,,,,,,\dr,b,l
    ;".": i l-;,",,,,.
    "',' ","-1,;:,L);,1
    ",",i1.
    \" \"or 'ic':'d,l': l t ,:l':'; ',;;"';:"f
    i'";;"':"
    ''
    ''"'" rr.'li'ltiiJl"'l?'

    iir l,rre sr!riiminaaiitoa'eractrrsaLnor"tieror')

    - F',l.''1
    Inrere".
    ';iH*lrf i'l"+lil"l
    1544 3)

    )::l:"i
    i"I
    "
    rri ,r' o . , lr " d" l u .ru n p '
    .:,: ; s4:;:-" ,r.
    . " I" r'
    ,' ,
    s/r' 4
    "",lJiX::'il|*:
    \
    ol
    '
    rt'
    t
    v
    f
    o' o n 4 i !; ' ^ :n ' l n to ti
    " ,' " ;..
    '
    ,i * ,r p, ' ,
    "
    "
    o rA in, o llr ur P . o d a rtn l a :
    -"i;"1.'.:;'if'rr,'"*ru#&Hliiiff:iiiilJ,.:lli"'iiiii"lxi"
    ''

    "

    :l*,1*,i:".:T,',1'li;
    l::lfl![)-"',,"'.
    t;ru*k*"t;
    ;ip"ffi':
    ",$'l;n
    "

    atil de elicicnt )

    rr"

    r"* oucondiliona
    l,*"lit"ll"'::"tl"i".Tl"'*q.'f"';,T.fl$'i::,i!{li'i;
    l
    I rpa-rn In r'rtn'r a'lirrImrn
    1.

    {:i":
    Ii::*;' l';'l:j:iil:i"i"),ii; ilji': "'T-il;,,
    ' -"'"
    ftr';l
    ';l
    :;
    li\Llili";li"l';:;;:i;;
    l;;'
    ,. . .
    ii.:;",;lt:
    "l:i:i';,
    ,,,.,*; /,,,*".,iI":;;i:,r;,:',lJ;;,,':,;Xi:l,l:"
    \i. .*1,

    '.'""i,'li

    t(Noi) am cerut s's',tn'i


    armde trrlclearcl

    "'

    (co!rJu'

    l rl: :i;rI'
    li i l il"ff";li'l
    i. l';:l:l'.:;;l'illll'"li:':,111"r
    ll,i"{:;:.}"i"'l:li";'1"
    "",,,."',

    ;Ti;iii;';i:ii:l::#;i'"fi"
    **d$li*r=lt'ti*,*ivi{:ttn#','r'rilli'

    SUEJONCTIVUL

    3OI

    4' lnlrcb inlire. - \'""hF., fur..ld c subior.tivului enaliT a(tp DL,t;n { lb{6
    f^lo.ir" in liml' pnsl' 1s mod,rn... Ejra IrF.rrnrd in.r :n S arele Uniie it" '
    \ merieii.
    )t:.st subjonctit se tnenlin. astaiziiD englezabriranici in urmdroarele si.
    a) i stilal oficial si in ge*re in limba lormala rrnrd (frazeotoeiiuridiod. { 1646
    limbrj ziaristi ;i narlan'ont pro"Fs^li\-rbitF .h.edi,.l"lor, in Stiinla si 'r. ,:i.
    '-hnr.i el..l. prerurirJ-ni undr
    n.-asar u tin I.Jj Ior.1atpreii". .1"i,
    {dre ambiguiLdti:
    T ho judgp dFa d nd s rIal ll' Lr . . , 1pr r " l' "ou" . t n
    i,ur ar r . i . p i r oo. s . l
    lJud, . A rnru l.dre .l
    If
    ih$e Dd all w can muster, ii were lctter to teavc thc scutf,tLr.esgatterics emtty.
    ___
    siil ziarjstic)
    l"Tl'e Tine6"
    p. , aje, "t , . L- m " d u n a . d r l :
    l Ddr4arpdA o rir'..o d.Jot t oa1el. t "t - ' mirbi!"sd
    lI s l m R {l. riil. de scu l!tur.i g oalt s . l

    I rnovethat an apDcalrd madel,oi,hera lcsconcerned.


    (l'ro!u sits. /dc; dt.l l{ tirrtilc in caizir.)
    b) in loezie ti tn prcza Literard:

    s 1547

    "T'.l rp " $il$ill


    I l. : L ' o " " l , /d r. rR r" o n )
    Tl o u g h sl' c b s , , 1! u, q, I \i l l .o n l i d o i n } e i .

    c) tn unclect:preiii firc,

    ca.

    il need Dr {: daci csle neroie)


    , a i i so s . t u s o Ddit l: a s as Afi e l
    bihal as it n", (: oiicuni ar lil
    ,, ," i r r' o, n , , ; , . . . r . ,, t," .,:d m i i , ;i J u tJ . J ...)
    / " ,.ro i d $ l\ o. m . J in q o b p r,ru " , l ;" p , \-1 A \i .
    a s r.r. 1: c . rr r \ l r n J ..' j .a ! .u r a r l r)
    'L *haL malt (.- rie .reo li, odoc s'ar Intlmpln)
    catue
    \ t on t bJ i ." n t i r" ,tc L n i u n a ri
    . L )'-r ',D . u i'-r ' t F r r nil hr $ tl l c a rn l r s k rte

    $ 1548

    .' i un" nor.i rot

    {Savini ia a, ci vd lnriLlacl sh latineze.)


    s4l,.d it l.osaJ...(Esled; ajunssi spun...J,
    ic.
    in
    ixLIcniri
    d)
    injtioase, imye1lii, proteste achem.ntesan n|..

    S 1b49

    Clfse voul ,.d, tlte iellowl


    (irire-aibiestematsI lii l) (Firc-ai sd lii de indiri.l l)
    '
    ilxpclscs Ddhansdl
    (Dii le incolo de helluielil)
    'fhat ,e hanqdfo. a talcl
    (Ce niscocire nnst.L,inicil)

    5) Troaluccro.
    - Forma r.echea subjonctivuluise tfaduce ln limba ro- { 1660
    | . n a p r i n . onju n .l i '. p r in condilionsl
    s0u printr-Lnin , lira lir , u o n u a n t a
    ( \Fzi r r ALl
    d"
    ,,.reapv mtlplord. ld $ 11 4 4 r.
    ' "r i . c n l i .

    s 1551
    s 1552

    SItsJONCTI\'TIt, MOIIEITN
    SUBJONCTIVUL Pt:tXZ}!NT
    (rnDSllNl svtsJtNcTtrtr)
    l) Fo rn ri. - S uhj^' , ri ru l p r' z n l r- o s i n g ,r r. r' ,n,d
    r'uj
    n p l p . a r i' 1. s i|' r . , la r. .l r (i | , l l u rp l :
    t.
    , ^ ^^, , j L . t e l : \o ' r. L h ,s tr.:r ..,t' ,1
    ' " " - ' 1 " " " r.0 , \,,r " ,t" .t. r.y ,,I^ t.
    r " *h" J r ! - )o ' r\ r.r.l ,..r.p .i ' $ .r.
    I s e - d re r,o . \," ;trr\ $ r-.

    prnrrJ

    loate S 1553

    t,n u ,rr estelorma vechca


    lcNoanci a t-a singular,astdziarllaici sru poctici.

    m9
    ObserQd!te

    ,,,,'',,,:i:i,;'ii'l;;;':;;1,;',:'l::l"i-"j;l"T"""i;ii';
    ri J' rr"uL'
    qi a J a 'inslllrr

    - "'!!rij''
    lhiT;'il;':"
    "iar'i'
    " ):':!:;"'
    \ll j: ;*,"""
    .".
    ostarc
    sau
    'lif'

    u'uot
    ;":hi:*,';"*"'nffi;t"'*ri eTl"}"i:
    '"".,,i,i1*:':i
    ';;]j.l;:il',;;,iiriri;11"
    "' ""'-''
    ii:ll::; :['i :ii":1,
    :
    r':il i'll'n"i'i'ii'fi"''
    il:i;l :lli;;"; ll""'n:|,"i
    N old
    Cit"i lq**"

    indioatilui :
    corespundereatte-iii' se inr'rebuint'eazi

    '
    Ii,:i::
    'i*: ni"t;,1*':l'.;lll'll"*ltfllilTil*-*"1r
    Yill'Jsif iilil,lJfiiiiJi,liT'i:li'"
    estetntrebuinlat atlt in stitulformal'
    Subiouct'ivulprcznt

    i)

    E 1556

    ^"4*-

    i,iHiHl;:il.'Ki'
    i,,*
    ;'1'.;:i,:;";qlr-i::*lr:i,.:,"f1"""'*ffii*x;'"
    "
    ';;i; iniica,i'u,
    *as;
    re"ur
    ;i:'ii
    '"1,'i:\'Jlli$tJ'i

    ll:,:':l'tlr,t;'i|"]:lr"i;
    '11"::"1:"
    r n Hir r nr n
    i wistr 1'o ' l n t oc dc * r ' '
    r
    r\rAlt
    rlori
    iid
    6l
    l
    tA.s
    lo' dn r aPi m P
    s sl" / a
    Sl' t'r
    "n

    ii"lijlr'l;i:;'xi'irJ'Yr
    I":l':":'
    ihlilli:iritl;ir":rr'':1
    ll"l'Tii'^
    ''""' :*iii:il.:":
    il;n *:*,ii'j:l;ii"i""#;::';'::l;lj
    Limbajul 'ulr. p"''"'o'"

    165?

    l.''l

    '--i"ai' "'i""t

    'n"'

    $o!'
    disrinclia dintre inJi'dLi!ul trtr'rL

    nrr l" podLFrFda:

    "' :,i I::,:";;,1;l;r


    *'r'
    il,'iriill:'
    ":f:;,i:Ji:;'l:;',',

    t:ilgll'
    "i::"'"
    iii:jrr,;ili*lrr,l.j,;::",::,';l

    ,;;;"i1i'4,11l;.l'i:r:,i':l,"'l'l:$lil[

    /firfi
    lllJ'fl:
    :{.'.
    itl,:r#"li;*l;;*t
    ":lJl$"ihl'J1"il*i'i
    ".,"
    Obtervdlie

    r t I h" $ur c a o , 1 ,d trr) rPr" u P" 1 rI t r / le ns s Y o " (i n rrc e l rJ D r)

    ""'-""'"*
    il*;:*:r*:"'?tffi[r::i;iitY!*is$"""''
    Corect,dar .tr tntelesuridiferile:

    ;i*n?::ft""*# fxffi,i:l'ltl"l'r$r*

    ri.6rto?resqzne
    liupoai'e

    a0s
    Traduoorc- Subjonfti\ut prczFnt,sF trs,lu.p In lin br rom6nd prin
    S t6i8
    -.4)
    conlun.rrvul
    prpz.nt sau p'in .ondi{ionstulprarFnr:
    I wish I pft vou.
    (.\t dori s., fd rn rocultatu.)(Conjuncris)
    S.!!pore he ddft, /
    (tnchiluiste-li c{ a' dnt.) {Conditional)
    r l' pr Df we . ir l g r rIp s .b j .c r' { c o l o c v i a l )
    { t - ^- art i s t ic h i m u m s u o ,.tL . j ,p " o n u n ;" " . n." \,
    SUBJONCTI\'LTL PERFTC'|
    IINRItrCT

    1.1Formn.-

    SUBJUNCTIVE)

    s 155

    '

    Suljonrtir.ul lpttrd t-r n sin-ur,j [ar,.,,tp"ntru todtp p.r- { tSrj0

    l:iTlt;:
    t;:1,.)i"t:ioji,;i;;
    ""
    Jlil'i:"lil;''":lJt,{
    -;i;;a;;;';;"i;
    t"*n{ j"}Xt
    jX'l:f"hlgi,li,."
    j1l!jir,ih"}"ilii1iii"""

    . * { i"}X13"fl;1i,\ltT#ir;}iiiii,
    ""'
    il}T"}f
    ,^-,.3,.1ot"'""
    Ea poatefi:

    Subjon.ti\.ulpFrtectexprimdo adlirn?rdu o,tarc contratd 1561


    \

    rc!iunii rcu s jrii exprimo,"prin r,rb.rt din propozilid


    _^.^o)-antptiaMd
    J'rrncrnals:
    I I" rL rr.. t , " I ad - ot , , . / s ^ .,r.t" " { o
    h i s d .tr.
    A- d o fi
    .,1 , :i ,L { l ar a l ost.),
    " r , . 4 I / o. r a. i, J e D p c l ,j ,n t.nIn d .o t,n " i r.d
    b-)
    cu un verb ta un timp perfect. din principali:
    .simultand.
    I l \d h o d 1e- . lll , 1r qur J ,s h o ph." @ " l r h a r. t,4 p .d \o r.
    Da ra o t h t , . 1 I n r r " t . . -, re .d r i ,,;,,r,1,1 ,r, ; ti ., L i i i " , ..,,

    3j lotrebuintraro.
    - Subjonulivul
    De
    attt ln stilut 5r1562
    formal sau literar, cft si in cel ,"-u,;.,""""1"1-!,'j,."''"ebuin!at
    4) Trad_uccrc. Subjonctivul perfecl,se rhdu.e trL timbr rumdni cu g
    lb63
    u rj rn . r i r u l p"r f,r '
    ru cor,,tiqiona,u,
    p,rr"",:
    ",r u
    I wGh I nad Dd,z th.rp:
    (_{r dorj rd lt /os, acolo.) {Corjutrcrivperrcct)
    Ii he tdd oru, he s,ould ha! como
    IJ,acn b ^u
    fi ttiut, ar ri venft.) (Condiiionalpcrfecr)

    0 b s e r e a lie
    D L l , 4 In p r o p "/i l ia.on,liLionald.
    sFIntr.buir: F a zsbu ! . io n . u , t rt
    r. t lu l
    mo

    . .r r. Arp rl l l r o pr es ul, un,r.. F t, u i n l l i " a ti ru t tr ru t, i , x,e


    ar Ii un nonsens-

    B. t) tT RE nurNTA nx $r INT x L D s
    .1) lntretrriDlare. Suhjonctir.uteste intrcbuinlab duld urmltoarele S 1664

    ( ",i"I;.qi'":,
    f tl.,;,'f,i
    {ht,
    h;;i,";:,;:I:jiitl
    .1;l,f;j;,*i;::",11,
    or or .':rt.,,i;,';o'nr".

    ii.' ,|X;lili,'".ili,"
    1,,9iJ';:",:.:,,:,'\':i:t

    " ';
    "i,,
    l"llJ
    '"tr"
    ";ri:"''iJ':;
    ll:
    ,
    l"l:l
    i;:
    .
    "
    l;;:,,'ii::'";::i':t
    ,:',r:r
    6i dupnverbele:

    s,ru,se {: a lrBslprncl fi ro /tst


    I V ezi pag . 3 14 ,

    (: a dod).

    m4
    2) I[{elos. - Subjonctivulexprimer:
    irnala'rrr o pt"r"tintJ{ d u p ; . a s . i/ a s t h o u g l'ra t lt ' r
    n .l o
    "on
    p
    a
    ','i.
    l ro p o /rl rrl F c omparrl rvej :
    l h o n , t hon t l, t han 1 l ' a t

    S 1565
    i tsC C

    "cYin
    \ olnpr r , P dt c , 1 a I I r-P 1 l i | l r d ; l
    l) I aaa n, l lr alF 0 z i"l i ri ' u m a r " i o i p l i l i
    Ilother used id hert me 4s hoqh I hn'l ben n l:trtle girt
    {ltama md tral, ca fi cum a'i ii iost o ietitl.)

    W L^ -s h . lrF. ' dppi4, ldn , / oe l; uPdLv him c F r i


    rng!f
    tlr Doi sF s nlr m r i i. f ; ' il dec i' dad dr lo' ur
    f dr lP ' n' a s o 1 o T p d s
    i sl'ou ldrq oirJ I: l- l" lr J r a
    "t ur s r m ar S r a r P a l
    r un r olr , r 'tonr
    dF
    ( ,^ ?p F t"_J "a r.
    '
    In cd s orrlln '$, r it "o' "' m por t anLlr ' al
    J o " h o u l 'l b F l o l d l h t t u l h r a r h " r d ? t /
    l/'/h
    o ^ l' l L in is nor an"
    tla
    t
    t' 'haa
    \or
    "
    ar]pv$u
    dqir
    ir i"' PUn'
    ; ' p""r "n
    rl;,r,r, d; b ";1 ,.
    '[ ! i s p a s ^ u n d d
    "t ""n"i

    bJ o concesie,dupi eren i/, (ercn) thauEh,lncveocr'whaleoer'whichewr'


    t 156?
    '
    phaeaerei,c (in propozi,tiile concesivc):
    Conte Nllal mag !

    So D. il I

    r,t.i ia ti"lt

    (Fiecc'oiil)

    m' rd l ' e'


    f " - r t ' agh na h 4 ,1' " n z ,,,l J
    - s o -l d rJ v "
    r c hilr , la' " dit l : !' n ;t d .\ | q i r" , !_ d r m r: l i g l .i l _o '
    jt ; r m . n . r , . . " n rl " /5 1 rr & p r.s J . D o l rn k i n ' r r.\rhdi
    j .
    .
    ( [ , lul lur o. a p rrl J . d " \i ." \P ' n J " rd l rp bt d ' l unat' re i
    ".
    E*n if iL qnc ao, this is no eaFvmatier.
    rchim dacil ar ii asa.nu cstelu u utor.i
    i/ r , " r . u " v Da ., . $ rs n d v p .J I h o m r o d n y o ne.(A fhai c].
    ( O , ; c inps r li r a i F l d p " i me aa ' a s i n rrro d ctipo nrmenr' '

    s 1568

    c) o conditie ireal&, realizabili sau nu (ln propoziliile condilionale):

    s 15G9

    dl o dorinln (in propoziliileoptative):

    $ 1.;io

    ! 157r

    ll v our m ol, l"r d & // " o n p .5 rrr$ o u l d s o o ns " l m ztL" Bri gl l '
    l
    r Dic n m am ' rt a d f p rl " d v ' n i , a . d r.rrj a ' m d r 8r ru' rurrLP
    ir v our $r t " . *, ri rl rs , ' l ' F $ o u l d s a pro !F.Jrhi ns'
    ro a l " r
    { Dic r ' olir t a d r ., l d n o i . J r a v ra g ti j d ,1 "
    lI r ot h" d aP t ttP r, J o u $ o u l J h a tP l i k e d l h eo
    ( O ; c l i- s i t i e , n o s c l t. l i _ a rIi l l i c u l , )
    I sish 1 @de a student againl
    t]\q do.i sn fiu iar sludent.)
    Don t \ ou Lv islfo u l o d 3 s o n ?
    ( Nu r j \ r ea s ; i a i u n ti u ? )
    'lhev I iilpd thFI iod not .on? so iatr'
    (Doieau$ nn l, vcnit aia ltEid )
    shr disne./sl( l,dJ 04, o d)nc.r'
    d o ri r s dl i
    ino' ' , " " r i t o" .a " " .r'
    - s o u ArIi
    .J o ecxlama,tie, o iormuld retoricii
    Otl ,Dr iL 4dlc lossiblel
    {r\U Daod ar Ii losibilii
    O[ | /l'r hc lldd .oae yesimd ] l
    { \ l' l S J t i lF niI e l i e rj )
    vehemente
    l/ irnprecal,ii, proieste
    ,.dl
    lhc fello}'l
    "pi''"iiii

    l n' J dr)'

    sau nu:
    lio,g it alll. ..

    (Lrs-oIncolor)

    "" "Ltt
    1 Dilrihle tntelesurialc suljonctivului slnt o'donrlc
    consnltate
    Iesne
    _''
    I : His matner. ihoush slerq was noi unkind-

    allabetiL pPnttu a fi nai

    .3{5
    ai,.sd tr,e manl t/os/ l,im!
    (li.'ar blesiem.t si-rficl)

    Confaundlin\l
    {Duc{-sel. naibalj

    1;o da wil,h \'od!

    iLns - oballil s a u C u m rn s n c ffd a q ac e v a l )

    r./ o indoialn:

    $157?

    I doubt if he l,d ir. iArlrii.l


    {[Iii lndoiascce .rr li ic.si.)
    Cl. I don't think he's in. Ulxlicativ)l
    Ih "J,l u nor b" r i, v er ld, I ' p p " ,' ri u s6 " g ._ .i 0 .. (\rr d i " r
    r l i n u L ( il r . - rlic t ur a dr l i o ri-c i n d l i .)
    i...ts g e iuine. ) ' ( I ndic { t i !l l
    I, o presupunere (in propozi-tiile condilionale etc.):
    .\ 1573
    1/ l.his ,e true, he iB a clerer man.
    lD"/ d ,, J . l" . a, dr ' + r .-b J v l r,' l rd ,,p :,u tu 5 p .' . ! rnomJrsl P Ii l .l .P rpl pnl 1
    o ' rr|
    su !ro n L l|\ r t r nD. e\ pf lm a
    ,tarrose shc dalL.i hereI ' n ,
    ilielipuicitc li ci ar leni aicil)
    I1 shc ,c/' you, sle would go in lor mediciDe.
    lD.rcnrr ii ia locultnu, ar siudia medioina.)
    S/rrl .5 i a gt his r J . l t dit 6 " p av o ,8 , u o J : In l J o r h d \F bppDS l dd'
    {Pi ,u p ui: ad c " a- i" J . rr fi l !..t .1 ru ,n al J . n J l i d r i i p l rut bi np?)
    t) o propunre, o sugestie, un lndemn, o cercrc, un ordin:
    Il " mrveJ / , t orr h" m . - r , n gr/ i i l tu u rn p l . (\rh d i c ) (.o l o cv.
    " b,l depl
    t (El ) r l r opus s d s e dm n e l e d i n l ).1
    Ir \J" srggps r . J, ld, - e g ,( l s p p c i mF ln" .s o n .(\' h a i c) (.ol ocv.-sfrorU g;' ,,
    (n .J p ro pt ac ' r n s d l, n4 i ,l e c l i e d e p ro l r..)
    Soneone.omd Irde and stag/
    (Sd vine cinem aici sI cintl)
    rcsularly. (Formal) (colocv.
    I t is requcstcdrior union membercr,oy uteir subsoripiions
    .d .l i a .h i rFc u rp c !l a r: l rl r cor' .1l i i l e.l
    (rr"n i b i , " : n, 1,dt
    , - luis ln t ru ' rl i
    j,) un scop (dupi rnai, in afiar that,
    that, L.st) lln propozi!,ii]e finale):
    'a
    /d,
    Mafy
    re
    accelled
    to ereningclasres.{Arhaicl (colocv.:
    Hc lut in an attlication
    I \ Itr!t' o. p" . i c r \ 13. ir s d f ^ rr' rn i r5 ' d .u " s ' rl5 ' " ' 1 .
    l ' " ddrk (soLd/n;
    T..\ so uonlI t l
    r go,/,-/a J ," l ,p n a r$ J r
    ...
    r' i IU rd l J . a rb d u' nr' ,.- p' i t r ' i
    L -\- \,r'u. - ol. " r " , l, l

    s r5?4

    S 15?5

    l l o."

    .|i1570

    lil o tenrcrel tpn lcst,for fcar, ro bea raid, to fear).


    She le.rred14, she Dcaught in the stonn. [(co]oir'.] $l,e lcas al.aid she u,g/,r le...l
    {li era teaoi r{i nu o pdndl lorltrna.)

    lJ o ttrare:

    Sl;it

    l r' ' ng Dc d. l!!tl


    l
    ( S ,i iir rou lli n rri letritrl ll

    In afarn de cazurile mai sus citate, subjonctirul sP mai Inl,febuinleazi;


    a) ,iupi .un.lru.liiiF in,t"r-oncl" i lr' lu.p trir 't: 't ;s nP .-nr't t li;6
    :
    ,1"1,. potibt t. ir is d /,i/a r.ru,/
    ls ru s.,r,,a.7. ts F,LtLt rslr
    unfoftunat.).tl ts /tgrt (sau wrcng,proper)2,
    shaner,fattLlnut.rar
    I i!' ?" . rq
    ' tr,b. i ,J
    rli, r

    l' - r ol' J r u
    'l h "u p "ld , , ot "- ' o
    s-.r.. . ttr , .

    d oitf ,/

    \frame-.

    ,,t

    0 ,' ,,..

    .j

    - oPiar . t / a' or t 'I a t l d b


    I
    lll.,,/ a t,tl

    oshna":,f

    pf1

    . / . r + . . "u. ir r i''. .
    .j"l'l rlru a u n" d nn,
    ln llr -u,h ot ahjng".
    , i, , nr i
    ln a . . sr. ,
    r n.r kiDon"$ '
    w h d t d ! i.v' p q ha mp irp sho ul 4 I ' a. " go L n lo r hJ nl. n".
    , T oll;A ' esle "o rrr'..ii
    c "r . ' r bt o
    li\ ul , , "oar . . s r nl L r m . l F d P . o r t u l l i d r l d '.
    exprimt;1 satr snlrinleleasl 1$ t!641.

    400
    Notd
    It A (hi\h) tims estc urmale de subjonctivul prezent:
    It is (hiEh)tine (tlrar.)you /ere in bed,Nan_
    lAr Ii t.ehit (dc nuli) si te culci.Na .l
    lin t lt rine lou sro,,d Dlavina?
    \.d r li r md .l . . r ; ; m idi , ir t ; d, d r
    It is hish tin z \ hd / pd qr oLr n up.
    \',
    f o Jil.s ; ai m h; , iull, 1 ; ni, r l"l. ' \ , r s r , d .

    S f5?9

    n, in construcliile idiomaticc iarl bctt.t, had mtller. wauld rather, \pould.


    sooner,verbele had,Ei oould tiiDd aici la modul subjonctiv:
    You nzd ,ir. srdd,,i io ],im.
    (-{i lace mai bin; sd i vornc$ti.)
    \lt "an h d.J Ht , r plaa t - dt
    rT,rt m"d Jr fr , . t pr " s d 5" jni, p"o.
    dq/ it . . d | . , r , . / "
    I eauLl, ntho \\e acckand..t at $iDdernuc.l
    (At ptefetd sii pet.erctu sthliiul d srlptiLninn la llindcrmcrc
    I !4 tA..o."r
    \ ' ou "dd" v r n m .
    (At ptefetu sd rtt cu minc.)

    $ 1580

    sulJo^-cTlvui,

    yENBELop, ,\uxtl,tiRli IIoDALI cL Dolrl foli\lE


    ct1N . ttty . EHALL.t ILt,

    PntN studiul complet al verbelor auriiliar Inodalc, vezi g 1930-2178.


    Prc ztnl
    (modal ptezent + i]dltniLiv prczF,rl,)
    nas call ( toil trei
    srd call I p.rsoanele
    atl/ call I

    1r.cltt
    irrn,ili! prez.'rl)
    ntgnt call I toan]tr.i
    rr,rld call { Dc.soanele

    (nodal trct t

    Conditrioralfi sulrjonctivprczcnt i pcrlect


    Prezent
    I infinitio prezent)
    could .d
    I
    miqht.dll I lo.ric lrci
    should call a Drsoanele
    sauld .u lt | -

    (modal trecut

    P.|fect
    (modai trcut + infinitie yrfett)
    <\n\ti ha
    calletl.
    mighi do. .alLzl
    shonlil /Dee .ared
    vaxld hd)e catted

    I
    t toai,e lrri
    I pcBoande
    I

    O bse r e a lie
    'S f681 .
    1) A so obseNa cir modalele au aceea,si
    formx la indicativul trecut, subjonctivul lrczent si c.n,lilionr!rl prczent, dec\ o singnrd farnd.la tri nortu
    { 1582

    2) X{odalclean rn limp prezentsl .ut:,tint t.:cut, tleci difnenla rle fonn,i:


    apare la mod,ale,care sint urnato la ambele timpud de un infinitiv prczrnt:
    (o sineurn formn).
    t t l d- r ' p,
    j Ibr
    ,- \V ,,n LaLe r' ; h,t,o.-r
    'F nii
    ' . ,r' ,ri n \.;l J
    n a l i. , n
    p.,,.u grLt td. po.ri fo.,i i rrhl
    . nr o. . , " hstabirili
    b -,n " ,,t1
    ,p ,ro ,,. tfi iom
    'aI'hELak ' ,\chool".
    in regiune:
    " .,i to
    ll'tr)i a;h
    ftJ1tt 1350\:.ra;nlet l.aulal
    cale dse 11712.18141!, Rabe soklttu l11i!t-ta4t).

    ,07
    l" s, h i mb. , " n, liLi" nr l u l s ; ,,h i n ,,, ri \u l 0 r,n d Ln l fpr r., I v p t1.,1.
    rbLtL,i
    i rp s s ru rre , u ru l r n l ]Jte l a !.(,
    tut
    ,lil- rrl ,!s d " f ur f ls r r nl,
    ',
    ' i n ri
    acelagi in ambele cazurj, ca arcn disi,inclerical. auriliarul moclal rlminind
    ti\ . i . a .e sl , or doui m odrri :
    e ,"o , . I s l, ouldi: d r { re"b' u i l -\o"n l d
    t f i ' ;' i ttt
    rr
    " Jrr
    )
    ; i, ' . . . " ir i
    ")t
    ' r-' l
    I
    PP Prt
    c ! p i ,' .d F ,i ,
    ' rP" " ' ' d
    I L, " i ; . E l ;
    (:
    .
    l re "n !i )- $ o n l' d
    ..",j ," r , II n, ould
    I4t:i ,i !ur prt:ha\"
    t:
    ; : , ' " . ; , 1 r,

    .. 1 p ,

    1 ,.,1 , .r gi.

    ., r, p. ,,

    ., l ' r' , 1 , 1 I i ' h n .

    I'ou 3no"d r,ll thc t.utl.


    (-{r trelni s:i slni adealrtri.)
    I wauld ntlt. talk to vou than dance.
    {-\i lrcrera sa siau de vorba etr line decil sri dansez.)
    -\o onc .olld haeedone1Lrnore competentlythan rou.
    (-\_ideniDu .r li tul.ur. Ia. .u mai multe comleienld dccli tine.)
    You 7rtsn, Idre .one soonerl
    (,\j tj pulut sir rii mai dcucd.ll
    Pertru
    r n parre .

    celelail,e auxiliare modale a se vcdca situ-iia la liecare rnodal

    (] . C OIS!R UCT I I I , N

    C ,\R N

    IN I,OC U IN SC

    S U R J ON C TI TU L

    S 1683

    ln iimba englezn contemporani, cu erceptia celo. citeve cazuri aritate


    la S 1i44, {orma leche a subjonctivului e""tetnlocui p n construcl,ii formatc

    cu ajutorulauriliarclor:LUT, ll-A.Y,NIIGHT,SHOULD,WOULD,trccunr
    qi pri'] infinitia sa\rindicativ.

    ! 1684

    lxr
    .

    LllT + infilitivul incompletl lormeazl un echi\.alent al S 16Eb


    1) nornl.
    subjonctivului prntru tostc persoanelc - singrrlar si plural - cu rrccllia
    persoanei a 2 a'9:
    n r''ll,IIIi.,
    I ' ' , il
    !. v^ !^-,!|
    , ' , I l.l tp t
    u s ra |: lcr f l, L, n c . L

    ,l

    O b s c r r a lie
    LDT esie ur ai de un pronume\n cazuldcLt.zulitl

    Lel n4.and,,, go lor a *alll


    llon't lct a sceyou again:
    Don't lct'r st.rft yet, v'iil you? s |
    Ld's noi slaft yet, rvill Jou? 'r
    2) inteles. Consirtcl,,ia Iormdtd cu ajuto|ul auxiliarului l,El esie S 15EG
    lntrebuinlatd pentru a exp lr)r o propu ,ci ur lndrnrn. un ordin indiect.
    o concesje:
    o presupunerer
    Let Be sp.att no$l {Protuncrc)
    (S,'irorl,cs. cu acuml)
    ,r, rs so lromcl (tndcmn)
    (tlai si ,nlrsrn acasall
    I,er'r /d, bysonesbe iysones! (lndrrn)
    ( f l{ i s n l i H rn l .c c u tu l l )
    l lnfiDitivul incomnlet nu arc l]arti.nla lo.
    , La peNoanaa )r-ase Intt.:|[int:a7i] itur)edtirul, CaZI deoareceacs]a exlrili

    lrl

    l0ii

    $ 1687

    $ 1588

    Jtt hin statt \vork ai oDce! (Ofdh indi.c.L)


    1Si1inr,eapi luoul imediail)
    r?r her dft'c thc motor boat an.t lle.e rvill b. u rilidenl {&csnpunercl
    (Numai rd .onde.d ea baroacu ,noior Ei se !r i,Li,irlr)latrn aocidert )
    l ' \.rr
    t d npadpi1) o '
    | t,)
    i rnn' ti l
    'r '
    ' { ,Is o ,' r,l
    n jro 1\r I dr' n' 1.. \ u ' r c d" , r : , d. 1 -d ,p /" 0 ' .o u l ' r" L o
    l' ; alit
    prin jlnperali\', persoana a 2'a
    U ordin adrcsat dtfecr se ertrrimi

    (s 1 6 2 2 - 1 6 2 4 ) .

    3) forma contrasd. Let's. - Let rls por1, a{ca sau nu forrni contrasa
    duDi inlelpsuiDe care il are in intentia lorbitorului:
    '
    ,/ .;n.l ."ilul principsl /, 1.r are toati lorla sa de 'erb lcnical (: d
    al ,..'p a..pnluJl ;i r,. Jr^r'. br.a lorr j' 'or'lrJ i:
    p rnii.. o tnso.1.
    'l'ea.her.llease, l.i a6 go on a trit bX ourschcs:
    subjonctit'a11,
    D./ cind Lllf este insd auriliarul unui cohiYalent,
    .de'i
    neaccentual, tornla contras:i cstc aproope cirligatorie. acccntul cdzind pe
    vcrbul lexical:
    l ' ill f" on rrrl

    (H b ." .n " S,' ' ,


    " .i 1 \'dc
    u r1a 1928)
    (-{ se vedeati exenrlnele
    S
    g Iirfl,
    lorn
    ngatiLc:
    are
    doud
    4) Forma ncgativi.
    -LPl's
    .Doz] lets (.olocv.) 3 u u
    ,e r' r z o r... (n a i c o l l l .
    D,n'r lcr'r wait nn rim. Cft going
    z.r's not I'ait lor l,im Bttlef 3el g.ing:
    D a L ' 1 l e t' sC ,as r.l i a l l ri ri s l (ool oci .i
    Zdfs ,o, do suoli r l|insl
    DO selv$te la acceDluarea ulrni
    5) Acoentrare. - Lot's. - Auriliarul
    S lt1l0
    co n s im ! em lnt entu z ' a s t:
    "Sl ,a ll $e har e c t nli i s l t' :fo r s u u c r? " " O h l d , i c a sl '

    $ 1591

    lrAr
    cthivalonte
    M\Y -f infinit'ivulinconpletesteinltubrrinl,itin 1]onsLrucliiki
    cu subjonctivul,pentru a expima (cu o ruanli de forrnalisttt):
    a,) o dorinln sau o urare:

    . l tr, ] ,u i ,. ronJ
    Yo . r 1 -.,,n
    . d r," r' i r' Ia Inrl ' : rr' i
    t Dinr r - d: 1 d i ' v -d " , r' o d i . b o l n \' '
    ,l o temere sau o sDerrrnla. de ccle mai mulic ori dupe conjunclia llal,
    s au s ub i n l e l c ;s i . l r tra d u s o u m o d ul conj unctfv (marcat d con'
    "\t'i 'nE t i
    j u n cfia s d) :
    I r llraid wc nar nir* lhc sisnpostin lhc dark
    (Uic tcamn cl ru aotn pntl,t ved;r indicaloNl futio lc lntuneric )
    Don'l, so (1orlearls lou ?,av r,.urri, ii thc stomr'
    {Nu pleca,sd nu ic lrindl n'ttnna )
    I hopeJ ou nay ,t l i g h i .
    ( s pDrs t ai dr e pl i tt.)
    c_,,rn scop:
    I lravecomeso l.J'atXou nay r.ll rie thc ne$s{\m votit ca sii-di slui vesi.ca.)

    's 1585,1e28,
    2ctdyfi.sh,
    sg. qi coleclivilrl. .rasltstus:.a.'
    z (fo. t0)

    ncs@r il

    con{frdlF

    3{19
    .1, o concesie(dutn ftrtt.re,". trhatercr etc.) saLrabsenla ei:
    Fo'..,-m'r,,r I anJ l: t F \ a. . Lant . ,
    rori il d. .rn , . , I np.
    I ol ,

    r t oo \ t o

    "

    ,.tdt,."
    I t.,1,

    Construclia cu \'tiY se mai intrebninlo xr:l :


    .../ in comparalii (dupd as tl a: thaueh):
    Shc lo.ks,s i/16 lbulh st\. nda t:tu
    (,\re acNl cti fst' sata !i plin8i r

    /J dupn constuncliile it i: rossi.l)b..it is trcbul)l.. it iN liLllt|:


    tt i pofiblelptobableitiiel3ll[ar. he /,dsr &. ttr.re.
    lrhte losinil/prohbil ca cl il lic arolo J
    ( V . ui s i S , 0:6 2 o l l )

    rtrcHr

    s 1502

    \{IGHT ale acclca;iI|n(l:ii ca Si}1.\Y ( g 1591):.+te insi ftnosili,r frazele


    ln careverbul di trropoziliaprincipaldse afln la trfcut. sau ttsrl,ru a suqera
    o starc de lucruri loarte problem$ticn.1i c&recaz rre rol de,qubion.ti! dutn
    llat erprimat sau sublnl.lcs:
    Shc
    sl,enisld nerer kno$ ilhessag.riD.{Do r1,'.1
    'rtrnd
    (Dorea
    s(inu mai itic ni.rtudaiicc e tlorla.)
    L.t il.did \^
    ,"i.s ,'"
    r,.. : h r',rk I.m,"
    (lti".d lJ
    p n l . n r ',
    ;c i ' "/, "pur . d. l "ij,
    L\ ' ln
    I . 1, . . , r
    ",e
    1 l.p 4l \n n, t t t l , r
    l_r "" n, i
    (Sd rdm'rd a i - d, pr a t ' i
    '
    11, I al- .
    lDr pl n o , o r
    Hp ,to"Fd llFsl' u' "r . . ,
    I
    L \ ln" r o!lo dD. . , , , . l n. : , , n: t , , al1ir , - 1 , , ,
    Ii oas lossiblc (Uratl hc /rigir trc ihere. (D,'!I n is ld$iil,
    (S lute a sd lie r 0olo. l

    lc.o!
    ,nar etc.)

    Obser"a!ie
    d) MIGHT intrebuinlat intr o irazn a circi profozilie princfualn conaratl circumstanle a ciror realitlllo un prezeni unori chiar si ud trerut
    zare este foart problentrlici:
    I kn.w Jou are rer,! busy.bnl I Nishyou ntgl,.rrd hcrc.
    .l
    (il:. ."
    r . , i, Lr . . d
    rod, r . , ular . 1. , r "n
    rl" e ,6 itr.,id s . , r i8r l 8- t o"t in I , p L ooJ - .
    (li p-a L4 JmJ , - . n4 . ' n t uld, r "' . 1i i i. t di. . . )

    \,,ri,j.

    6J N{IGHT { infinitivul pcriacL exprinra o acliune neralizati:


    Shesishes.shemiaht hae.seen\ai.
    lDorcitesii le li vezuf. k].r nr 1.;a vii?ut).]
    Atenlie

    Ca auxiliare care formeazir construcl,iile echivalentc cu subjorctii-ul,


    \1.\1' .i ltlGITT ii-au pi"rdut ruprin."l no;io ol l npri r I a tural/ :i. ,la
    .r lp nai mul ori. r irr r u sF ridu. jn alr,, limh,,. l, rin,Lr| ,^n;nd c\r.r;
    "
    a' rpda ,lr l r',,1i" ,1, , onl-\r sau !l- in
    tr .d poqibi li
    "lFd d. d
    "n:iJ \
    rul,ri) nub.tpl' .ubti1.
    .u sue.. ii^rbirni'r6i"1c ",rbjonrtirului. :nrr.r"." - cbi.
    ruhri modale. chiar ;i tutenlii nralizatc atc. (Vezi traducerile exemplelor.)

    sHornD

    s 1693

    g 1594
    1) l'orllrtr.
    O alti etr-lrcsieechival td cu subjonctivul. dar inrreluir
    colocvial,
    oste
    formatd
    accca
    cu
    ajutolul
    auriliarului
    SHOULD
    la
    tatn ti
    toate persoanele.si timpurile. ;i la ambeie numere.
    l sau
    ,,Do.et1es.: te li prtui vode.t".dn!d siftalic sau conntrn int.nliei torlilordri.

    310
    Se folosescurmitoarele corNLructii:
    pentru a se exprima prezerrttil sau viitorul - SHOULD + infinil.ivu)
    prezent;
    pcrfccl.
    Ienim a sc erprima treoulul-SIIOULD+inlinit;vul
    qdbjon.li\)
    ('rhar'
    no ' ,lisoby hin /".t Ir 6" rnl")
    { \ u , i n d. . . lt 1 ' u r' c 4 n u s F s r' l Prd
    Don't djsolel hin les, hc shouti be an]ry- (Prezent){arhairant)
    (Nu li ne$cJllntor, rd nu se supc.e )
    lt I s lt uu E ! " 1 e ry . I l F s p ' rn (l i i l o rl
    |'
    ( Da. a \ a
    u m' r. i \.i " \p l i
    '"
    " , pd rd '
    I r , ! inloo. \ ibp tl h d tt y o t s l ," rl d h o .pb .-r b n gry.(T-.ur)
    r' tl '
    a l F r' :u p rr' a l ,l u + ,u p
    It " l" c , innulinla (rJ I'
    $1695
    -

    2) inteles. - SHOULD. ca auxiliar utitizat la formarea unui eclivalent'


    al subion,iivului, esta intrcbuinlAt uDeori pentru a arlta cA o ac,tiune sau o
    stare este problematic{, dar nu,si irealizabila:
    ' t l \ r . 1lhaLt rttu. " t l ti n . i l l l l ,i ,ai o ri rE m " u p / r r' o 8i \ p mF a ri n8 )
    d l In l i n p t' i . s p u npI sl _mrl ' l pronezp
    ( 1, ' d + r ' nUr l ,l d .u 1 \d
    '

    ln lirnba cneleznmodernii, atii scrisi cit Ei TorbiLS,con3l I'onctii.


    S 1696
    str(Lctiacu SiI O UL D i nlooujpsL; forrna veche a sub.ionctivuluiln urmxtoarel6

    S 1697

    a.) dupi il tcst,far f.ar, tiLI, ut il,

    Ifbt stouLl cane,t.thim lino\t tlc news. (Presu!un-".e)


    {Daol a. li s, ainn, slune i restca )
    c c s ir l. hc " d1.c /. p rro tl ,J l a ' !
    '
    .(S' ^p. ImerP )
    ^ lJ '\'J'nn "n
    l
    ,
    l L L . f " / i l o r r l " s.r ' ' 5 ' J si
    ' iJl
    (shavlt
    11
    (Scof,
    tc'ncre)
    Lest Ne
    ) torset
    (Ca rd nu uitim l)
    wc dare not sli. /of /ed. she sno.ii, a'ara trp {Tcme.e)
    (Nu tndriznin sd ne m\oin dc tcanl cit arc sI se lrtzcascitl

    d r1 i 4 a
    r
    , B hil . l, r . _ mr' , p n r.p i i \ i
    ' _ JrF
    ,) dup[ fsr) r/ul, peniru a cxprina un scopr un ordinl o propuncre sau
    S 1598
    o suges hc :
    I rm rvrilins thG so rloi rou shoulitact accor(linElJ lsoor)
    {iti sc.ju aocaslaca 3n prooedeziin conserilld )
    Tiie olrre6 s{re o,dr$thnt tlie nrines/rtld ,. floscd (O in)
    iPlt..nii a! dar ordin e7 se ii,tiide rnina l
    a' i i ' )
    l opn" r'
    p rn i .r" l
    l -1 l
    I or ol " s ; " 1 l b .l rh )
    iPior'trn , JLtsl'ed, lsili )
    ." I " : | ri nro Lbi rc i \p i l upi for'
    r' r
    l59C
    ' tp ri ' r- !" ,rrr
    ' . i ir t r " 7, l"
    "
    t.2l etol ts.us^t' !a\
    p
    im a l r s a u .rrb i n l J -r...
    i u n " ia t f r at
    i ,rF .- J l 5 J-:
    t
    t.
    i
    c
    t.)
    t
    o
    sl
    nn
    t
    .
    r,
    r
    tt
    .1
    )' i t ts not l rtt ,tt,ts
    ,
    '
    nni1J
    1
    .
    su rp r iJ ' .t r
    prnbobl
    i
    '
    t.
    i ,ri r:
    r""".ttct,
    fo r' J r' ,tP J ;1
    ' nt:nt ' i r:. po' si bt p\r' :
    "nit
    1
    '
    t!
    t'
    ,'
    i
    '
    r.r'
    '
    nn
    .
    tl
    '
    t
    t
    I'A ti, nll at t t , . q rt" l i u n ). tt t. tn :
    J an iorry (rhrt) lon slould sal/ so
    (rkgret cii st,ui accasta)
    p .h a 4 d I' a ' s " ,
    p
    S u. t ,a p: , t lh' |
    "pi n o
    n!l uotlr'l'"r",hJrrl
    on.l ' i l rl
    pronri
    L:)
    ( Le 1. . 14:; Jl 1 r l n u l a r
    it t , r " ' . ot u rl l , r, y o u /L" l J ,r,o! l } l ru lh
    LE . t " n. r ' J i ; ' u n o $ LJi ' rF \' ,u l l
    re r_ou$e| p.
    t ! x o! iI pa" r , l" ttttd . s h -" h .u tJ 1 " ,\.
    " ,.,r\h
    I t , a. u r ; r r ljD l ;" , e d ., Ii S i j r " n l ' " ' l l r
    l IDsdiptie p nonumrlul eroului necnnoscut"Tl). Ct'Iotalh" de la Lor{j"!

    311
    h sds olt at te qa6ti.n (Ll,atl sli! slould ({i& ihe.e.
    {Era crcl,,s si nea.ge !t jos linil acolo.)
    l, is th;a ht tin " ( ' hr ' ) l' . . r . z / d. p i^ bq .
    i, " ' l' m ul
    n t', .
    l{ElJ r, b uJ

    d,/ in stilul exclamativi ttoric:


    Th{i sherno,U D,nd'elike tnis:
    {S.ise poarteca astielll

    $ 1600

    g,) h unele propozi.tii comparativc, dupn as if' as lliorgh:


    I[ lools o' ilwe snoz,,,niss otlr train.
    (Ni se pi.e oe arcm si lie r, l..cnnl.l

    s 1603

    "Do vox tike it?" "1 shiull thint sol"


    ( li i; r ac c ?- c re i l ;i e d l )
    \or sh.attt hae lEdtd them lraising lLinl
    (Sd-i li auzit lludntdd l!l
    Iesterday in thc $lfeet, lvho ./,dl I sce}ut llJlll
    (Ieri. r)estradl, !e cine eo ved? Pc Narial)
    i in unole Dropozilii sccundarc condilionale. in care ac{iunea ardtatd 5160f
    .e po -i i l ,i l l in r iit nr et e c o n .i J ' r" t.,.l .o d rl , p ru b l F rn r i ' i ' rpropozi l i r pri n" i pal a
    p ndl" ,o l l rn F
    r n r nlr ' 3lr v . u i ' .o n d rl ro n o l s P U u n l m pD ra l fi :
    t l . t ps t oul, tL .t.tp d !tn p o
    t.q t ,n d I ti l l l " tr" ttta\
    ( 1J . l\ J f gan .z 1 ,a " o
    ' J rl l .rJ p rn L p o ngrl l
    ShnlJd,he @ccpl to t.cture, theJ Nauld be inteteste.t
    (Dacn ar acceptasd li i o conldrinll, i-.tl iniersa)
    r hn 4d h. r t r C L p . p ,t L m tt,r^ u ,. t , l h . s , .rpl rr)l
    ., , r" 1 ru n ..,.J .r l pg5urd.u" " rr l a" ul .l
    Db, . J s ' \ J t ; t m o l ' r
    (]litodre: $ 1{i02
    f) pentru a ar{ia o conccsic, cind subjonotivul exprimd o acliune
    ,h
    ^
    u
    th
    aL
    n"
    .
    \"
    I
    th
    o
    rl
    d
    l
    rush
    ^
    N
    l
    .
    I $: ll s De. Lm v
    " .,1
    1lo, " pln" , " i ..' ,o s r ' ' rd d ., " 1 fi .i r./, nc r. i n .r
    Hor . / . f hat d l ' ^ :to ttJ h o r ta r!d " .h $ i l l n " vrei vp
    I
    ( u" i. . r d' T . it .' r J . d d " s u o i : . ,;l n u ' a r ' nLr I . ni :odJ '
    W hok t e.
    D a t n ts ./,,r' /J o v .s h .$ rl l s .n m il l u | ' i rde' ti ' n
    ( O r r " s . s ^4
    pun" p ;" i l i .i . d ,^ v d s p n " l u rJ" i rj ; l or'

    S 1604
    n) in ulele propozitii conparative introduse de cuvinteie lidn (that):
    an
    It is bctter sl,e inozd..uit:, hc.Iailings now rather tltun (that) yon sl@utdso
    nuttitrc no wilh ihem.
    i Es"bmd i b' nF . , r id" d s J T .' l p i i u i l r ' I b .u m d q rl ,.onl ;nui 1i l d l ol drd)
    d ; - u . hi
    Th Frpi s nolhinsir . d s l' k a . n ," .,/td , /h a rrl p o t l p . h a L l ,J
    ^.
    r\i mi cnu. i di- plJ ' " n i In , r,1 .. r' " \n " i p a s ' .J " ' p re pl

    ITOL]LD

    s 1605

    1) Formi. -,A.uxiliarul NOUI-D esl.r intrebuinlsi iu lormarea unui $ 1606


    e.Li\J"nr rl.uhjon.rirului nun ri Ir1'-rrorne '2-r;i c: J l8 dmbdc nunera
    9i la toate timludl.
    f \\OUf .D- inl;\;tirut Ir'"Lt -\f irn" pr"r"r lu' 'r \ ior'l
    ir['n', r'' t rl .t 4\o,i,nd rr'ru L].
    1 \\,'Ul.D
    I $i!h rou mald stt doFJll {Prezenl.)
    f De c c u s la i j o s l { : It d .ri ' t s l a i j o s . )]
    I wish she trozil .otu tomorowl (Viiiofl
    lD-ar veni niincl (: Ii dori .d vin{ mline-ll
    I vish you ,"ozd na'e rdez himl (Ticcut)
    {sill Ii Yiztrtl)
    l conjunclia ,nd, nu pdte li omisi aici 0a b ctempld pr.oedent

    nt
    2) inkhuinlre.
    duparerbu]
    a) $OULD estefoloijt I tnodobi$nuitin stilu]coloovial

    S 160?
    $ 1608

    l o tti. h ! - nlr u . , , rp ri -r o d o ri n l i r, d l i T d b i l d:
    I s ; h r ot r ( , & l d ..ti ' e a rl rl
    l c c e n u v i i d e rrI,c?)l
    t ( f if e) ; r dor is d l i i d e v re m e (D

    S 1609 .

    6, Cind insn dorinla exprimaln Psrt ireali.abib. se inirebuintaznsuh-

    l o n cr r v ur pf ez enl:
    I Nish yotr tel h.rcl
    tAt dori sd lii aioi (d&r nu es.tj)l

    Ob scr e a lie
    o dorin-t5,
    dat ai,unciexprinn o dorinl*
    rr) NOULD pcatesugerael insu-si
    S 1610
    fiind ffmai de un subjonctiv:
    ireali.zabild,
    I Qoui.l I ('rd Xoul
    1-\s dori sli lju tn locd

    s 16rr

    tau.)

    Woul.t, il hatL mL bce| sol


    (De n-ar li lost atal)

    ,i NOULD cu valoarc de subjonctir-condilional,xprime !i voinln:


    Wnat ,odd you nd'e me do?
    (Cc-airrea sd lac?)
    Look at it as I r'ruld, I could not see thc ditferenc.
    todcun al fi p.i'il'o (: at Ii uui s-o piYesc), nu lutcam vedeanici o deosebire.

    s 1619

    IN !' IN IT IV U L

    1r iimba engleze modern[, infinitivut inlocuiFte adeseori subjonctivulEl se traduce de celc mai multe ori prin conjunctivul din limba romAnl:
    I s \ J llapt up 1 -\ l ' , | ," Ia r.. (S u b j .i rn a t ,.trnJ (!er' matl
    I bhdll!
    up p l rl \ ' o l ro b " Ia l -. (In .i n i ri v l
    1U, 1! oi s c uh e \fe n r. c d & t n u l n i i rz rr' )
    i 1 ," d o l l d .p ' '
    H n I r ' l^i" , r n l 1 :
    l s u L . p_/nl ) (-" rn' dl r
    llF i' ll ui h , .,,.1d ' i t to s r.o k . { In ri d ,tv ) (" o .nr1)
    l. ; ul ui, h ' h a nI d . i t h F ;d 4 ? d c u l ' j . p -7 ,ro.!" ,1 1' ol o.!dl )
    (RidicaL
    nina oa ti cnm ar li voit !d vorbeasoil)
    : " " n, uLs oul tt.a t. o m o 9 l p p d td .l [.]' i tJl onl : bj ]l toanal '
    S lt f s nF ik sliud r4 b pn e d rd .(In l i n i ti !)
    (Volbiile tarc ca .".ilie auziH.)
    rle closcdone evc that he nfsnt i.d beiio. {Dchiralcnr subj.) (tormal)
    H. c los edone q t' c ,.." .e b e i ta r- (l n l i n i ti v )
    1l Inchis un ochi ca .sdaadn mai rrjne.)
    Thc childrendesovc thai.thex.n rld 8o to the licturcs {Echiralentsubj.l (lormal)
    The ohilitrendcreNe i, so lo tIc piciures (Inlinitiv)
    {Coliii ru.riin sd se duca la cincmatogral.)
    ohl that I sn d D, youns asain. (nchi le'li sulj.) (Iomai)
    O hl / , Dr loun g i s a i n l (l n l i n i tj v )
    { , \ hl id liu iJ t ti n rri )

    s 1613

    Unco subjonctivutestepreferati initivului pentru a da o nuanlndifeti inlelesului:


    SuDposerhe distance@d.eore milel {Prcsupnnereireale)
    (lnihipuielite-fi oe distania .r li o Inild.)
    SuDposelhc distance,o ,e onc nile. (PresnpunerecerlA)
    (sd p.csupunemoe distania esr. o nfle.)

    318
    IN D ]C A T ]VU L

    s 1614

    Subjorctivul, a!'ind majoritatea lorrn{rlor moderne idenfice cu aceieaule


    indicativului, este inlocuit de acestain loartc nrulLe cazul in stilul col.ocpial:
    IrvishI (aslrou {ln loc de l d/,Jou").
    Sulposehe easryonrlaUrer(ir locde "]rcrele yonrlatho").
    I shallupholdmI loint ol vicwwhctherhei on my sideor not.(ni lo! d! r'wheth{rhe
    ,, on rny sideor not" : pcrinal.)
    He doesnot lo.L poeticaltloug[ he is a loet (1n I o. dc "allhoxghhcr. a !oel" ==
    I am ai.iid heotll r.lale to. theoreninS.iglit (i n I o c d e "l ad airaidlcst lrcbd
    late_.."- perirnarl
    n,dicativ tiind irsn l ndrmentald in g 1616
    Deoscbirce dintrc subjonctiv
    -si irr care subjonctivul e preierai, iiind
    ceea ce prive9te tnlelcsul, sint cazuri
    rec.saf prntru clariistea stilului (S 1557).
    n I:rfttITtrLAxx
    In aftrrn de .rechiul subioncliv. c'1reare o singuri fofrnri. areoa a irlini- S 1616
    ri!ului incoml let, 9i cares-a nrerlinul in unele cazuri in lin$a englcznmodcrnn.
    subjonctivul modar,, arc dou; innpuri: prez.nt Fi pofect.
    l'ouna veche a subjonctivului cste pu,t;l folositn in limLr englezi actr.raii;
    rd esie intrebuinl,atn mri nluli in Statel Uniie al -\nrlrricii. h stilul r:olocvial. scris sau lorlit. cu e\cepiiia cjton-n e\presji iiliomaricc. a disprinrt
    aproape cu to1xl. S-a cnli,rut 1n hnLa scriEnin diferite donenii (literaturn,
    t)oezie. qtiinln, tebnicn, ziaristn,n) si 1n slilul olicial ljuridic. l,arlamntar,
    ln nroccsc-vrbdle.
    dnri de seamnetc.). Fiind iidcpendenii de tirnp, forma
    reche a subjonct vulrri esle jntrebuinlati in propozi_tiilecarc so reiori la rrl..
    timp. prezpnt. tNcul sau. rii.tar.
    Subjonctivul prczcnt fi subjoncl.i\'ulpcdect nodern sint folosite in mod
    r',rrent atil ln stilul colocrial. riit qi tn stilul formal sau oiicial. o jn scris.
    ln aIarl de oilera caprcsii{ixc ($ 1518.1579),rrnde"qa menlinut, qi de
    ronstrucl,iite cu unele corjunclii las if, enz, if. lest sat'r:,,rdrirg,. ridl etc.
    ( i( 1564)l care cer subjonctit'ul, acesta e-steinlocuit:
    a,/ fie prin ind;cattu. c\t care are forme comunc, (onluodtrdu-sc adcsea:
    suhjanctiaul tre.ent at inilicatiaul trec t;
    tubjoncti.rnt,perf.ct cn trcctttt pttfrict:
    i,) {ie prin construotii fornaia ru ajulor!1 auxiliarelorLliT, }I\Y

    {\rroIIT), sHotir,n. $.oLrr,D:

    () tie Wn\ hfinitit.


    IDtrebuintflrea
    subjonctivulLri
    dd o precizieqi o subtililalii do i,,lclesearo
    nu poi fi oblinute prin indicativ. subjonctivul liind preferai peDtrLra erprim,r
    irnprobabililate, rcticn1I, indoialir, r)esiquranln, presuturere etc.
    1 \'e zi s i

    , u i i x l i l i z a t ad.s.a .l i i ar fi i n l i i fbaj ul
    S 1i56. Cons i d o a ts u b s l .a l d a .dt(n
    ,-a e (:ber or ! ) r dr aio ,r,o e ri oLi r' 1 :i o rl c { rj 1 :d e l e aml str" .
    1i s,-r.' ,1 nrl ai
    z,rntsi destul de fo.nral: .{d... sa,tas i-= excetrt.Iul f.ri 1: n' aiaft-r liu \l!p1jrl i tii
    'lc.

    314

    r ll. coNDrfroNALuL

    s 1617
    { 10f8

    (T IIE C O\D IT IO N _ {LJ

    prczcnt f/i." Presnl Canditianal)se formeazi cu ajuto1) Conditionalul


    r u l a u xr li.r alo rSHOULDrl..p-r .o-n,,i | :-. : i t l. r ii \ \ -O t ' L n rl" p ,' . o J ' ra
    a 2-a !i a 3 a sg.9i pl.)' urmatedc inlinitivul prez"rrtal srbuluide coxjugat:
    I shouldcallr you lvouldcaUrihe. she,it wouldcdl;
    w shouldcalli lou worl(l call; theywouldcall.

    S 1619

    Condii,ionalulpreze t se traduce In limbaronAni cu acela;i timp fi nlod


    2l (ronditionihrl pcrfecr (the PerfectCand.itianal,sc formcazi cu ajut.,n
    aurili"r.tor sHor LD,ls p, r. I sJ. !i Dl.r .i \\or LD rl" par". a 2 i -i x.l r
    sg. ti r'1.r.urn a " de jniinitirul p"tf" r ,l \"rLului dp .onjugJr'
    I shouldhaveeallediyou,he,she.it wouldlavc callcd;
    $B should hare calledi you, thcy s'ould have cald.

    Condi,tionalulperlect se traducc tn limba romend,:u acelati tinp ti mod3) Conditionrlul rerbelor dofectirs Inodslo, - Condii,ionalul vcrbelor
    !- 1620
    CAN si I\IAY aro s(ccsli formn cd Ei trcutul lor: COULD, respectir-l{lGlIT,
    urmai de infinitivul prezcnL p.nLru condilionalul prezent. sau de irlinilivul
    perfcoL p.ntru r,ondilionalul prlect ( S 1580 1582):
    Lo u'J,lll.

    s h"
    it.dlt:
    J ou c , . lt . , alt : . . p
    \co,.o
    o"_,,
    '.,,
    lr ' ou . onr . . a r :
    )
    I .orld halc califdi Xou conld hale c,lleili
    )
    h . , sl,/. :l . oin, l h . d i ld, l
    \ .o, t. D4t4l
    $",ou l,l.h"r".dll
    d: . ^u, u
    ll , , d, , I . d .
    " \ " o . U l 'a \ o J

    mrr

    II

    miJl'l .1ll:. ) ^L. , iel

    I
    i{
    I

    r ' r \ . r r r lu
    n, ghr hr \ " c d l e d .j
    called

    . . il

    . l. .
    .1.'.s1
    i.:u r s ' ':'.
    l )"
    .
    -",
    l o L n ' i .l l ' \
    I I m is hl } ' t . .1 l l Al

    r i. ir

    '.crribl

    ' .1 -J h" .Jr. ' Ti S l ' l


    .l l :
    .I S r;.-\'

    \C-.,.-,.",,

    I
    \ co,n. D tl e.t
    I

    OUGIIT redi el insr.rli 1.1e", dc condilional al modalLrluj I'IUST.


    d a i n f iJ , ir i' ul pr c z e n t p e n tru , o rL l i l i o n a l u l p rc zcntr sau de i nl i ni ti ' ul
    pentru condilionalul porlect:
    lI ' ughl / o o J l ' : J o u o u c l " o ' l l . ' . J . . i r ougrl l o ' ,l l l .^.
    I \ - o. qhl lo r J Il : J o ! o L " \' l o " l - l h e ' u u g \l l o 11' l
    o u sht l I oughl ' o h J \, c J l l " d : y o u o u g r to l ,a \' .Jl dl h ..1" . i l I
    ougt . L' o t1 !. ,1 ,re r
    I
    \ | na
    |t $" ox ght lo L d \e ' .l " d : J n I L x g h r ru L J ." .1l l eJ: In.y uugnt J
    10 nale .allcd

    ulrnat
    l )erfect
    " .-.--,
    ," L I

    { Ve z iti S ,0 5 i )

    S 1621

    4) Condi,tionalul
    moilestieisau lolitelii. - Condilionalulprezental verbelor delectivemodateesie adeseoriintrcbuinlat,pentru exprimarca.ondilt.>
    nalului madesrieisan politelii:
    CouA -ti\ tett me lhe tin.". l]leasc?
    w r ,i tl r w a r, . rl , g
    ,,. r uLr' l V .erJ.
    I' I-o l u Io u .a " l o ' a c' me
    o w In ni sl ,' ?
    You sll;zldD't.do ihai, you lino*l
    O&sn,you lo go lor fl Falk in this wealher?
    t tt..u
    u lJ,r d s r d t om r
    t rnmoi ir slihl r ne li. .

    \ q. "! . nt r r

    r,.r.

    i 2 a - ! - . f o , i . 1 r n t r b , r i n : . , r 1 1 , 'l / i

    CONDITTON.ITUL

    316

    A se compara acstforme tn conirast cu formle indjcativului:


    Caz r.ou tcll me the tiu,e, please?
    ,"s ivalch the gane on 1'onr TV (set).
    Do yo! oare lor a shor ionight?
    M&s, you go lor a walh in this aeather?

    IV, IMPERITIVUL
    lTirE rlrPnRATlvD)

    s 1622

    1) Doiinitie, lmperativuleriprimi dile.l un odin, unindemn,o sugestie,$ 162t


    o conun slat. o dorinli, o anenin,tare)
    o rugeminie,o urarejo recomandore,
    iesie tc..motiv D{intmcarcnu are in seneresubrecL.
    gaee jt your oinL wirl
    tr!.
    l,he .hild alonelr

    N ota

    Subjonctivul ate. printrc altc llnlc!ii, ;i pe rcelea ale irrrporaiivului$ 1694


    (Sl'',14. 1547.l5be. li i3. l-,;;r. Aratar' ldSlClJ. dar nr aJr"' l"d,r'rlpers.ranr a 2-a. oi l/di.l. la persoana1 sau a 3-a ( S 15814,ceeace il deosbegte de imperativ.
    2) l.otmi,. - Inperativul. pr;r insnli Jcljnilji ltri. nu poJte J\eJ de'jt S 1626
    ., a., idnJli, i.ir d, Fp, a inlini
    pprsoonq
    o 2 asingDl0ri, rtutot. o rr.il"r
    tivului incomplet (dpci tiri alr):
    Diel

    nln

    Ha!. a cup ol lcal


    ntalp- ro1'l
    ]]. 8oodr, all oi )0uJ

    N o ta 2
    S1626
    inrperativ
    lorna
    de
    subioncti\con'
    si
    tlnii eramaticieii considerilca
    s t r u i t r r u i m pe r a li'ulauriliaruluiLE lr( s l5b4)s i \ ^ rh p . d u n ; 4 ' t z rd t t r

    drla, LJJrpbailrprqoin"i0 2-?i ti $ rn tntt"rutt! indi., r { "lres-t t"rr^dn, i I


    si a 3-a). ,q.ceastIinteryretare ru torcspunde lnsd nici remnilicaliei moduri]or
    rcspp.li\n limpprdti\ul F\p'in,inJ un ordin d/r',1. i"t subjon.rir,rl Ln urdin
    tnitft t). nii Irddll'-'ii tn lrn br rom;nJ.
    3
    Nota
    Yerbele defective modulc nn au inperativ. nici nu funclione&zi ca auri
    liarc ale unui impcrdtiv.
    3) Timp. - Imperativul nu are decit prezentl trecutul lipscste, iar
    fnrma dF pFrt'.1 '.re un idiom rar. ." ;n:
    Haeedan6a'\llr il) (l'erminliodatil)

    1barc the chitd.alone ! s


    l.ao. I lct llk chihl b. ! : las{ colilll In l{cLrl
    r looi ?rr, I : asculi,-Ll^!
    ! poorru lr5".rTn .r:, ' l, d"auni. b n- . i' 1", - 1"m
    l . r d 'r . ' l r , n , . . u
    i m l '" o r i .
    r| 1;nd. I.a,l9 B"G..d.
    n, id r or l, lon l' , . , , bun_ - p
    luDL li"d "il'l
    n i !lp-,i,
    ' r dl u , .
    d6 de. . , . . .
    a ; o o d , . b u n '.
    lF:
    ri t tul u' . i r';6p ,uma .r5u i
    - . d r _idL. : . . Coni 1 b l,i r - . m (i n
    h 'l , J
    r a^at r . 1l"i: aBadnn n .
    hor" lau b"n
    o .r s n. ir pu
    r, unl-dr. 1"l-,Ll'Do l.
    '.

    $ 162?
    $ 1628

    310
    S 1C29

    4) Asleft. Diatezi.
    lmperativul nu are asl,cci continuu, nici diatezd
    pasivn do(,lt ln
    cu totul exccplionRl:
    'r1od
    \.n
    ,,
    "i

    I'asi!

    $ f63O

    dinnpr qh"nl' 4c "r '.


    Id
    ,- at r t t ' s lhd
    u I | , . b; d, , ; s pr . r . i( h, E
    lT. Ca . . - l
    rc
    !rcpa.e.l1
    I
    i |. dfescd
    ] n
    ""n*u..d'
    I bc scated
    I be oomtoriedt

    nl

    5) Im iratiml ncgttil se construieste cu auxiliarul DO urmat de hfi


    nitivul inconrplet, chiar in cazul \erbelor to be ,s]to lwrel
    D,"l Ddso sdtisl,l
    ,o no,so homet'etl
    ,o,L nareher in nowl
    Dan't do thrl!

    ln stilul poeticsclntilnastcsi torlnafdri DO, carede azitextului o savoare


    voit arhaiLa:
    Crll no, thysell a slavcto manl
    Fiel Charitll .Vezfrn,, in sliie.i
    O heart.los, no,th1-mhreF
    r\tun.i oiud in propozilia imperrtive se lolosettc o altii negalie decit
    adverbul nol. la formarea constructiei negdtive nu s; inirebLlin,teaznauxilirrul DO:
    l'.r.r say diel
    ,Ioua ol you goesa\a-!l
    NabadsiNaane sl.aJsbchindl
    Formclc do subjonctir construile cu auriliolul LET, !i considerate de
    uDii scriitori ca inperativ, potj sau rlu pot, sn pr'imasri auriliarul DO lft
    forma Degativi:
    do not/don'l.leirr .all sdzlct me nol call. ctc.
    Formele negativc conslruite cu auxiliarul DO silt, ccle ilttrclruirlate
    in lllod normal aiit, jn limba scrisn, cil Fi in rca lorbit;, chiar pentru verbele
    10 Le si ta harr:
    Don't hr n. ke.p you lron your Forkl
    ,oa', ld,'r so liomc yet!
    ,o4'l l.r her De a bLfden io ]oul
    Do natldol't tct theni la,e their oirn {.yi
    Don't lets do srch a thingl
    &r's nor do such a thingl

    Formcle nesalire conslruile idrll auxiliarul D0 sint iDtrcbuiilate iD


    Iinba literard oii in stilul formal, oficial sau oratoric:
    Let ts nat *ek ralD areuncnts.
    lheN uo, Z,dlnkind lo her.
    -I-c,
    ,., s normissseejlg rut exilaordinarJ si.unimana.

    S 1631
    $ 1639

    6) ,q.ltoint'rebuinFri,- Inperativul mai est lntrebuit,tat:


    o, penlru a eliprima o sfidare,o ameninlare:
    JT Pr p n ^ \' . ' f 1 o u , d n
    Go i,r r .b n llo u .
    ri

    l ,.t,l e..
    "

    rCitaicdcIt. QniL, A Crunmat of Conlenpatat! Enslilh, i.)2.


    sW. shakeslearo, Iting HeDy W.
    3W. Shakespenrc.
    ndmkt, Ptince.t Dentuatk.

    317
    n ) i n tr o. t r f ot ! ' z it ic .,.u
    .
    nr ri .!",.r/]/, . pr r oo/ r r r r

    i L rts l fs .u n d i l i o n a l . i i n al sau concesi v. artesea ( t6JB


    fl ,i t.,1 r" ,d r-c u p ri r
    ,l - ,rn i Iti ." ti \
    .a. un i m_ '

    r r . ! " r , . ' an r,.|


    . ...
    rd tp ,n , . tp ro rerh
    L , l, , i I . g" t , r t.,." n,.i J t{ r, , In i ., .
    to, fruit and keo! ltt {Rectalnn)
    (Mircafi lrucrc c, si tifi sentitot ,
    abne ud se! mr toior..Flt
    Lvlro sli r. !cr.n !)iinctl
    I I \ or k / P\
    {i
    v " rr.l ,rl h s ol e,l ri
    ,i
    I di c r r,,n ...,., 1 .i \ ' J ,p a :, d , ,gJ..m;nru ,
    '
    r
    ",

    l-df Js r',,
    n r , u , , . . . . r oJ . h. . n '
    .r .r .
    (u 1.r
    r o"t i
    , . , , \ "r , . on. : ng"c r d i

    o J \!-r LliL
    ",.J.,ot-,!,,r
    tLt ,..

    7) lormr acee hratl.


    l ornla accenlurta a imperurivutLri se L,rnst,ru_li l6J,t
    _
    ielt ,u.,"r'.,.',
    Do,,,r,.,
    r; I.201:
    l)D stoD snireltinsl
    ,o h a * a otL* ;rkel
    ,o l.t lrc s-a-"you homel:

    8)'I'raalu{rere.
    - Imperativul se iraduce t lirnba romendtot. printr un \ l63b
    S,or ihrt noisel(Nu mai taec zaomot!Taci!)
    IJeWier) (1ati ! "ttai t)rinjntcI Jrat liristil.| ,,nl $orryt (N!-Li taoo grij )
    m^,,i,nrr td Qrb2.r, Lr,ij qJr;J6
    . ".9..:.ul'ic,rul_imt'crxli\ului. bup,,Irn,-0
    r'
    .n,
    nu
    irr
    ",trvul
    tI
    !ubiF.t.
    spnFr.
    'rotrnr:rp
    L\i.t" n.i .i ud,ir ", , tri.,n.h rn , d|n .ubiF.tLt. tiinJ (o, ,si r,
    -"sar.
    s a m{]nlrnut puternc afcentuat:
    d.,/ pentru elitarea unei conluzii;
    ,, pentN fl ie atrage at.rlia persoaneiadresate:
    .i mai
    / r' ,.,/ul r, l. | .r .r.t'r.r.
    Fnrt./, i ,rn,i .:nJ
    "r.,"teri.ti.
    prFz.r,1 .'rr)rF.r.rtulFmn,lp.rzio nudnli, ih"
    ivd nFcxprims.i _ rs.,.drp.
    nerrul um.r n.:Lrttr,,r" sru ,li.,r,ot'ivi. r-nJrr!... duiosi.
    "r". SuUi"":-i ",r," .na,rr 2.a:pro

    ; : : :i, , il1;l ;il l l ,"

    u ner"a , z u n n u "e p r n r r iu

    r'-

    E r e m pl e:
    .

    . i L ).h :t
    . o)

    4 ,- t.u "-t ut

    You r , - t

    &lr h

    . . , , . J . d$i , t , , . ,

    rnd uod.

    Lehz. tne

    r.dseIA1d
    ',il;T,jl",i',1q"l.j",';:'
    11,1,:;;,.'l;;:il 'r'e
    '' h; rp'oo n,
    a t p'd,?-'r',
    rre
    s
    r'
    v
    o
    :
    r
    ', 1 ' -. r r r . . r r.. .\,.r l p. u ,\.. .
    ,r...
    ,""0

    i I Don I J 4 r

    r\

    \.TJ

    r , 5e, ijl: t \ . ,.,p ' m

    ,i^\
    ",
    \Fvtsr ,nr n ndt
    \u 1 6 p, . . . r d r

    r,F .r

    ljo
    I av , h nr J t o n r'
    D d ,','ls r t ,
    I noa, " .rJ f rl n
    l u crul) ll

    "i"r,,?l;,li"

    \n w

    L o .r d

    g o j on,

    .\.-r..;p e (J l i ;L

    rol i a,al r

    t.d,s.L

    y,
    . ,' " ' r." p i ,]I, ,Yj .;.p , :,arpr.j au,i n r"
    . i d " s p u . :,
    y o , try th l t d nd
    Jo. l t se" l
    1 l .,..,i .a ru r,r ,ri ,i _i .z: ,epi 1..i i

    L l:ezi si g 15 83 .
    iil,:,,,p ,trv.r o, / r ". . . . J oJ H. t 6h. . . . f . ". . it t . t SL,l n
    .. " t arur,ara,
    . . , t ru
    .omporra
    ri r
    { A n, h
    ,ilrlrri
    rl&o lt u; s , t d/ . t ils , . . niuhf i U. i1 a ] . o o t .

    Iozi,,i.i..

    318
    1.,!t, ll' ,jrld Jjo n. , / o/
    nq
    lr. :
    cLDlu lrnn "c".,1 dr ' olo{ l. ,
    ; lrl
    \ov a", r. r r'o, e '. 1 ! i s oolbor :'
    L d"r '.,-ii:"r m in
    ln' , ' -:
    'lAi
    slat dcstdl)j

    , il

    1,
    .' '. '', " I n - : p :
    Hdi. n 1 " : 1 / - , d o - m i l
    \' 5 \p7r . b n' ll l1.e l
    l' / : ld'
    rul:
    l. "1". ,u , 'd " I . n p 5 r 'n " ,
    ili te nriiti dc aioi.)l

    r \ ''

    Confuzia lJrtre subiectul unui inprativ ti subicctul unui vocnl.il' poal'


    li evitatn dac6 se considcri accentul lor, preiulr ii locul pc care tl ocllpatfie
    ' ", In p"uroz;!;cc lnP r r"g"lilur .tn ', tI
    J.r in or.las.nr pr- 1i" , ur il r,". noriria
    1n :
    norm"t, .uLi,,.tut
    "J reguh respctatnt,r.."
    in cdzul imperativului:
    enunliadvnl,
    Yo& conc herel
    DtzDY,don't be alraidl
    Subiectul \.ocativului are un aoccnt distirctiv - /allrr*c9i, ca;i ln
    limba romAni neavlndo topici fix;, Irndtr stn la intPputul,Ja nrijlocul'ru
    l, ,fir;i'Ll proporiLi"i.liind d.spdrliLfrlrr rirguh d- r;st!
    n,r, comeh.rcl
    C^n' . ' pr P. f ?. / . r l or r p
    Co. r r . r - . 3
    or . d, Bo. /
    I'oz urerc, where are you lrom?
    'litddtes, let'6 have iccc|cam no{ i
    Let's hrve icecream now,' .'niddt! I

    lG37

    10) Nu [taret imDerltimlui. - Im]raraiivul neadnd decit o "(insuri


    formn gramali'caldsi oiingurn persoand.'a2-a. este u ul dintrc modurile cclc
    rnai suateptibile de a fi.,coiorale" ln cele mai subtile nuanle printr'o multi
    tudine de mijloace. Cel mai des intrcbuin-tat este inlanalia, care. asociati
    , r prir:r' r si gp"tiLo.po.lF par.urJe o In'r^dsJ gurrd. d" Ia lorrul '!l ,,,"i
    mri noli;i.o;. ,lu d ."u s,,"\:
    aspi,r.Jur;i ""mcrin1rior.prni ta
    -thukrxrinaslons.'sy.uli\er Youtl! r'. "r,
    , d, I . Sr,pI do a rvarI r\',rd.com,

    i h rt a gainrand_I ' llk n o c k" v o ud o y ' n l 3 c a d fr !tl ,l ' L l ocl ' tsr ,ui ndJoufo$i ' bcl nr\\r
    ,ltttzd rour headl 'itind the step!
    diminutivc, aplalii afcctuoase elc. - carc
    Cu asocierea uror cuvint
    sd temperze duritatea imperaiivului;:
    \' $' l : r,,/n; 11' " doa-l
    H. . . / idJ ; " . $.s h \o rr rJ ' p s : H o ., \o u " , d ' i r,
    pi !" ,sh' rl " l
    l d l i l o m .,h 1 l /)oL.' i l o' l Juu
    i o rsrl loL" . dr lf I J , . . ;ru l ' " r" a n o
    $ rn do$l - I oi, Lio, it d o th a i d g d i n l

    Dispozi,trii
    oli0iale (:

    must, I'o BE -r- infinitivul ctc.):

    Tiese books d.d feqzif.d teading.


    Thcy a/" not to Dd ,'t4
    awaY.
    , ^o s m ok ' ns l No Par Lin s :
    $J lk r ng on lh, Ar a, 6, a t a l L o . . , J :
    Park\ng ptohibited in ihjs arcal

    IDperativLtl este forma ideali pentru provcrbe li recl rle dati fiind concrzra acesiora:
    Lov e m e' . I o* n rv d o q l l Pro re rb l
    Ttu b.for. 1n iust.- {Proaerbl
    Lo; . m t at 1' " l i r6 l i o o i . (P r!!p rl ,
    Eor huit drd AP?,lltl lRtclamll
    , i" . o, . / lhe $o r,d 5 ti l i s rb s r,.i n .i :d r. ." . {F.,j ,r' 1,
    P il z p t h" r ' o i v rr d n d J o .1 16 " 1 rl ; I d ! .vr,J' \orr ri r ' (l .e'l dm!)
    L V eli
    ji77, p ro l o z i ti a e n ,rn l i a ti \i .
    r V r z i ${ , ) 7 \o rrl i \,1 .
    3Cu\ i1r , l , u, 1 rF - d i u l ,rl .l ri
    ' Iri .ra l " Iorr.
    r : it v ou s au .. (D ro n o z i tiueo n d i ri
    ,,r,a l e ).
    ' \n;.'ip

    m p ; o ,:,:

    p ;"b d sir p

    H. Q,i"| .

    r'

    1 t tadr

    n- . -.:r

    lL yon lore Dre l!.op. condilionali'].y.,' r,usi love n'X dog too

    81t

    XITOD U R ILE II{P E R S ONA L E

    $16s6

    IN0N-FINI'I'I.J
    P1]TTSOF A VERB. VNRBAI,S)
    I. INFI\ITIVUL

    $ 1639

    (T IIII I\F IN IT IVE )

    1.).Formd. llorcd irtjn;ri\ ului erglezestcparticula,or, care Drced{ q l$4O


    .
    opocpDr'
    d.l as'rpl dp .pt-tr
    ^ ior-p r"rbale
    Infiniiiv I ro have .altod
    perlccl 1 (a fi c|email

    prezent I /a chc al

    Nu toale verbele au in"q! i,rtiDiriv. \erbc {Jrd inlinirir


    Jeri si /.ir.d
    p.o.rli.
    rn..rIin ,r -:.rr i ttt.tar r,ttitiotp ,,o,,o/". \,^i.a. Ji;t:
    't!1 \9
    CA\. \lAY. \ll :)f. OUr:H f. sH \t.L, \\ .L, ct,.
    nrlinilir couplpt:iinfinilir iU.olnptpt.- Intjniri!ut prp.ad,, .t" parri.utd
    ,
    ro.. p nrllnll ,nttL, |,.ortrt'/t.,
    rt,!e Jr[initir.).ln."n,rr., .,r r;rinr ivLl
    Iard l!-rl.ulr to. ntmtt ,rl,rtt,' :h""npl.t (In"ahpt t" tntin;tit"),.
    2).Aspect. Diatz[. Timp..- Infinirilul arr aspeLt arir perfeuriv (!onju.
    girFa 6impli\,.ir .i impcri""riv {.onj rsrrea,
    .i
    ",,ri..J,,,.,mL"l;,,,i. r"?" ,l;,;;'
    rrmnurr: prcrpnt.sL Drlc,t.

    t 1641
    "'
    q t6{l
    "
    { 1643

    Diateza aoti\ri
    Conjustea simph
    10 c an. onl. lr e z e n l )
    L: r . r em ij

    to t,a re cdl tcd{ rnt. r.ri ect)


    (: a ti chemat)

    Conjugarcacontinud.
    io b. callnig (InL lrezcni)

    l o J a \e b,r' n .,l l i nA Ll nt. rerh(t)


    (
    L l i .rcmrtl

    Diotozopasiytr
    lo I,n ,r pd {l, t
    t J l.n prn it

    ' o Ldvp b p e n i d p , t
    ( rfi i^.1 .hemar,

    t r ^z . nt ,

    d ) Infinitiwl

    Inf. r,.rtdctJ

    a,elasi tjmp (prezent,trecut sau viitor) g 1644

    "prc:.nt,erpr.ima
    r. , $r \'.rD ur c ir e il
    pr pc P a :
    'the! nake (tud,1ear qilt mane) hcr taueh.
    to fao (au fiLcut-osa! o voi ta;e) se ridi.l
    I can (coltd or shal be dbk /o I rde clearjv
    tPot (am tuiut sau loi pnrcai sil riid cta'r.t

    ,\p ri -a
    .i o
    l l ,l l i n i l i\ ul
    r'
    i ,todr,
    ,
    _pr pz , rro a t.
    ^ r\i n n a
    v er D u l u r ca r il pr ec F d r:
    we nr?d ro .aA tomonorv.
    (sperlm ce rom p!t.a reni mlin..)
    1 ptutuis.d to tetutn L\e book aL oDe.
    (r\m flgndtrit cI voi rcstitui jmediai ca ea.)

    Ll i

    d" sn" os s

    ,nf.ni . 'R Fg r"im J , l4. i I , - , , " 1 p ! l n r1 ,mJ ,ra ro m tn .1 .u D d rrd' l ,tas,qrFrd" .


    :D.n u { ir d" . . inlin iv . l u e .
    .i
    n.omp'
    ,..1ntr"
    i ui n,o m p tp t ri ,,i n l ,n i ti \,L r rt
    r r |r . I' rm p t.i r. .,,n ti nri r l u n s - d F p nntno.In grJi ,r.r 1 romdn).
    ' ,o .'

    - ", r t",.,,

    a \t,

    ;EO

    S 1615

    $ l(i4(i

    b) Infinitit'ul petcct exprimn un Ii]fnl) ankriat aor]uia la .iarc st rclc.:


    r!rbril precedent:
    Ite habesto hdeedone well i. his work.
    l{Lll spern6I li oblinut }ezlllate blne in mun.a sd.l
    Sl,e ldl, roo eariy ro hare tu t tl\cmt(na) a plccat prca dcrreme oa s{'i li lnlilnit.l
    xor piu eant to haecfiai..,4d l'ou lessonsbpn)regoinqio bcd.
    (Vei roi rrobabjl si ti li teiniiiral.itdnini lcctiilc inajnri de r te du0c]a c!lcrr..)
    r:
    3) Troduccre. - Infinitivul lro traducc tr linba roneDli
    i lrd
    {rnrofa
    a) in[initieul. 1n timpurilc si modudle in comp nerea

    (s t64e) :

    b) ittini.IieulIa timpul corerpunzntor:


    ?o dD js human. (lnl. prezcnt)
    (r\ gr?!i e6te omencqte.)
    She is loo sho.t sighled70/,ar..(..r xou. (lnf. t.rl( ll
    (n$[e prea nioale ]rertru a tc li viz!t.)
    c) c anjunc t ir t l a i i m p u l c o re s p u n z a rto r($ 16i 1):
    ! want !, gire rou a lresoit.
    (vreru sll-ti d.! un cadou.){Conj. trezeni.)
    Hr scemsro ,14re,old vou the tNtlr.
    ( P . r e s l t i li s r ru srd e i { N r.) (C o n j l.e d fL r)

    d) gerunziut:
    I heard liin! clos. l.hedoo..
    (L-ain auzii ,n.l..,i,i ufa )

    e) supinut:
    There is much ,, d" in lhe hoNel
    {Sint aiii de nulte de ln.,t ln castil)
    f) un eerb la un mad persrnal lnlr o propozilie subieclirn sau rcnlfll,r'iri
    d i re c t , ir :
    j' r r i"
    :ur' '
    ' f' tti l l tt
    tt 1 r" v ' _ r r' ,, 1,.
    ',d / "
    . 1 1 f., I, 1,.n. ' i
    S , dpur p. : I .i .l ,p o { . .' 1 ;.
    ' n " r'
    \!. Lno\'l,id to hdrc rereieeda bonu! lor l,is Drrils. ico,nll'litil
    (elj
    priniL
    a trili1it. o
    LSlim cl
    lenirtl mqin,le s.l..l
    $ 1r;l;
    ii l{il6

    S I {;40

    4) Funolii. - Intinitirul esle /o/,rd d, 6.r:d a conjugirii erglpzf. fL,miii


    ,si.,lorna comune" (Cotnmon ltorm, Basc.). Ca atam:
    a) gesin timpuri si moduri idtnli.? ca iorJn:i cu el:
    Indiatieul pterentt (i.oatcpusoanclc, .u crccllia Irfrsornei r !'a sg I I
    'r{11,Jo
    Intnqatiuul lwrsot\t^ a t a sa. si Dl.l: Calll
    I'o;tua @chea sutjoLctilulet: lao)ie lersoanele)I call, hc call, etc
    D, prcedflt de un auxiliar,

    ini.re ln coiJrpunerca urnnlia

    nor rorme

    I sliall .oll; yolt. he n'ili .oll, ric. (Viitor)


    I s l\ a\ lhar c . a .d : X o !, h e w i l l /m r..a l l .d r..lt' 1\' i i torperl ecl )
    I s liould. dI , . r .u , h c w o u l d .a U ,c i c . i v i i to m l fu l i l l e l f& uL fi .ondi l i onrl ul trreTP rt)
    L s loul' l hn' p . a l l ./, y ,,,, h e $ l l l l d rd ' a .a l l .d l , fl .. i l i i torul l .rfert al l rc.ui ul ui
    ri co edit l, ' nJ lull, er l e .l )
    rTlo lo.i!

    l iol 5p' l_/ , o. 1'


    d:d a h": . - , bi '
    (Complcti''i dirccti.l
    I \_ ezi $ 14 !0- 14! 1.

    ln l, n. "
    ,'l
    - lr ilao'
    \J

    q [ '1 1 1
    . rrt
    tt.a .lp
    a L
    I t 'h " t - - '. d a

    pt.d6l

    B !l

    S 1660

    c., + un suii{ formeazi urm:rtoAreleforne verbale:


    -r

    calls

    pt
    'Pl
    ,r
    -, , s

    t .1 rd
    ', alt
    --le d
    a
    ,dll,,6

    lDe rso an a a 3_a s g indic at i l ! . c z ent a l t u l L L 'o r v e r b t l o '


    iir er.cDtia {uriliarclo. rnod. e}
    s inp r ' \ ' ' o lor ' g lbl".
    u
    ' " ' 'r i r r n ! " / pnl
    dl v ' r bpo' r gar 6r r
    ,"-!r'n
    ,ra"i'.:D,ul - , ur "l lr _b"o. . gul, 1"'
    p r i n l 'i a n s _
    r;d, :',i . on' ", , . : i g- f lr r ' d. Lul l, r ur or \ P r b l 'r 'r
    lra r.lor rio oar t s l

    $ 165r

    .Jl inlocuiefte subjonctivul( $ 1612 1613):


    I askcdhim ro orrz the door.
    {L-ad rusat sd iieschidnula.)
    ln loc de:

    I askedhim ,nd,ie (shoutd)oPetthe doot

    e,,lestetntrebuintat,ca Bubsiantil'(Noun Infinitive : infinitiv substan- S 1{i52


    tival)i
    ?o ndre 0 senscol hunour is a grear qualitX. (Sulicci)
    {A avea simlul umorului $te o mare calilate.)
    p.ofuot?(suticorl the new techniqueis,, /&. 4 {numeprelical'iv) ecotromicpro'
    9"""' "a
    (-l l.o-ot.
    t"ltni"u nour tnseamnda conhibui la progresuloonomic)

    1653
    f, estetntrebuinlat,ca acljcctiv (GerundialInfinitiue - infiniliY adjec- S
    tival):
    thinss t 'a"ru (atdbul)
    (cveninenteleviitoare)
    tn th e non, m ot | . " r ' $ a q n o o n F l o l a l &l o l \l ti b u l )
    1 l o co m pa" t im " nt u,p" tru n p l rm r,o ri n u e rd u ' m" n i uu ' 3_psi t" I

    (Gerundiallnfinitiee:
    .. ..g, esie tntrcbuin!,atca ad-/erb:t
    brar):

    rJrp vorba)

    i^titr.iti\ ad1'eF $ 1654

    I calredon her odv ,o ldofn she lvas a{ay. (Idiniliee af R6uh)


    M-am dus la ea ca s{ aflu (: ii an ellat) cn era plecaF l
    \1'e $ent into the resraufant,o s", somelood fQbarietunt cilcunsianlial de 6cop)'
    (Am int.at la restau.ant ca sd luem ceYade mlncare)
    I w3 s sor r y r , o. ic om p l D " n l .' R U ms l J n l i l l J " ' d u ?r)
    {Mi .a plr ui r lr c a pl.c .)
    She ivent home ,o s,zdy. (Conllemeni circumstantiald scop)
    (S'a dns acasnsI studiezc)
    /r) face parte din anumite construclii speciale numite ,,nominat'iv cu $ 1655

    infiniiiv" (S 1675-78) sau ,,acuzativcr infinitiv" ( $ 1667),cu variaota precedat[ de prpozitiafrr' (S 1674):
    T/,e , $ p, . r ' Do{ pd t o l ,o ,?r.o th a drh d r.r' i IF go n ' l \nmi nJl :\ ' u ' l i ni l i \'
    l n l rn u l ' rj l F rrrl r.p
    l S.i s.L nlr l ir ar un s e s " r"
    inririti!)
    Wt ivantd nin ro ioiu our basketball tcan (Acn,ativ
    (Doreanl ca el sd it'lre ln echjla noashe de baschet)
    i n " n i :t
    It i s to r uaut a b" s t ' rP a d n s .(l o r' ,. /a ' i l "
    (n ste nnA d t il i I n ,rl i s r c ,tP :ti)
    i) esLe tntrel,uinlat, intFo construcli incide L{ lolosit5 ln mod absolutl:
    l L $ a s . r o, , ! r h" lF 1-1\', ,r,d r l ." b u l l ,n ,.
    {A l o bl. . a; r ' u s t , r n m J i m u l l o m a r. n Sl i j n l J ,i i n parr'J ILi )
    He becanF.so r, sp.d . a ltchnical adr'ser to all his lriends
    {,\ derenit, ca sI;pu a,ca,consilltulichnic al lultrro! prictenilorsli.)
    l FaII relalii sirtaotiijt !u .cstul proloziliei.

    $ l6;{i

    822

    jJ introduce o construclieerclamatiad:

    ! 165?

    ?o ro!,rsuch a thinq to youl


    r S a-l i l p u n a a )s c .;a
    ro ,hnl that Bhejs olly a clildl
    (Clnd i,esirdeiti c[ nn a decll o copill!)

    S 1658
    S 1660

    5) htinitirul incomplotse lntrcbuinleazd:


    d, dup6 werlel auxiliare9i delectivemodele,cu excepliaverlelor to
    BE, to HAVE1qi OUGHTTO :
    I do ,hn* tlis is wondertul proaress.
    lGesesclntr-adever od acesteesteun prosresninuDat.)
    Ze, cveryoncd,rdzdto his work!
    (S[-ii vadn liecare de munca ]uil)
    The nroiect .ozld Deworked out iD thc DcsisnincInstitute.
    (Proi;ctirl ar lxta li elaborat la Institutuade Proiectfti.)
    I tuh, se, thcm at once.
    (Trenuiese'i rld imediat.)
    They decidedth.y poeld ifo! expriences.
    (Au lotarlt sI lacA schimb de experin!6.)
    Hp w o u .d nt d d .p :s d , s o to rn y l a cp.
    (N'ar lndrlzni sd'ni spund aocasiain lai{.)
    \ ou ,,.d r n o l g d ,l p ri n l h p .ro !,)et
    ( \ u .s l e l n rd n p v o i pq As k l n g l i i ro col ta )

    S 1660

    Dupe verbeleto BE, to HA\IE 9i OUGHT se intrebuinleazilnsa infimriv.ul complet'.


    TheJ d.d ro 6e na..i'd ne\i \roeL.
    {Urneaz{ BI se cnsetoreasclsdtinmha viiioar.)
    I nd J ",o 8 o 1 lr,. fi b ' l r i n 8 i n rh " norD i ng.
    ( T r e b u :-s r m r d u L a .o l o d i s .d * d i ni nprl J.)
    You o,Bftrro d..ct' thP prolosal.
    ll- r b u i p /J rtrp b u . .i J " + p l r p ro p unerpa
    l

    s 1661

    S 1662

    bJ dupn verbeleta maheqi to HAVE, clnd au senscauzativ:


    Thc nees ndde ho ./y lor joy.
    (\'estea a leculo sE puDge de iucuri.)
    I'1l ndq. him a,rq.r lor his carelessness.
    (An se'l tras la respunderepentru neslijentraluj.)

    c, dupe verbele care erprimi perceplii senzoriale: ta fcel, to heor, to see,


    to obseree,to perceiae, ta tratcll, to behaldj:
    I /c, him s,@,wh.n liis tramcs'as uttered.
    (L an sintrit tesltind clnd j 6 a lronutrlat Dumele.)
    T uu n .d ' d t.p r.r.a , u n i h " .rb J ecr.
    ( { i a u z i l -ov o rb :n dl n I g )i -ra " - a . d l I .l pJi unr.)
    She sas him .,me hoDeI(xa) l-a rAmt renind acasl.l
    \1:c rdrld hcr pin the mal,cx.
    {Im umtujt o eu jDtres cum a clrtisat meciul.)
    I ,enerdsthc sun .isd f.om thc sea.
    {r\n y{zut soareleresdrind din nare.)
    rto HAVE este urmat al.il, de nrtinitivul comllt, c1l
    ii dc cd incomllet. (V,"zi ii
    ' 19 03 ).
    !Cln d ,, do l.
    , , o . . od r S ! li - 2 1 5 : r ) s l n l v p r b F r " $ r l , t " . F I F s p a r
    { $ - 2o- : 13,
    !rmd tpd "in inilifL l'om pll. Ai. r dd. . i. d"a5r s ilLd! ip! if or m F l e l o r . o m p u s . - l n t u r r n d "
    lol d p in iinitiwl co m plEt
    3 r,6p l,/.1p srp un \ pr oa"ndiTdnr ! ili/ d' ji s lilu l n , . m a l , l i h E r s a u . o l o . \ i a l
    glum4,
    clnd e slus pe u i.on cniatic: "ael@ld the bddcl", "tcfirld my maste4iecel" (el.c.: ,,Iai.{,

    privifi..'.1'

    393
    d, dupx trei vethei to bi'li tu lrl l(verb l{io.rl) :
    Dfueori 1o helpt l

    a lerl, a pefnitel !i S 166r

    She bad, hnn lc{r" IIs lessons


    (l-a spus se-ii invcle lecliile-)
    The ohittu.n woxl.ln'l ldi me g, odt
    (Coliii n au vntt sn mn luse sit ies r
    He nrr"dd m. .",ss oter'
    {M-a ajutat sn iuversez l
    Form.r pasivri a vrbelor Jc ld h r662-lLi63
    ,si a verbului
    ( $ l6 6 l t p st e inc d ' r r ' I t ari d . i n l :n i ri L U l a -,a i r:
    'thea ode bi.l.den! ft,1 lal, thcir lessons
    She sds heat.l to sin|.
    (A losi auzitl cintlnd.)
    { r , ii- a s pus s aLt i inv ele t ec ! i i l e . l
    He 9ds sc&

    to ndkc

    \ 1664

    In my childhood 1 eal nelcr ler /, so nl oien sal


    {ln collill,ie n-ari lost niciod.li lesai sir lltc ce rotrm l

    to @tu.

    {\ Iost !6zut venind.)

    Ane eat tudde to.on*,n


    (A lost licut,-r si consnnia.l
    p ) Ju p a ho4 l. ^u
    n L rl 4 ) td tt!t h o ' b t ' na' tl d su t' r'
    r dt h.r th a n . s aanprt hdt , . n a t" th o n .,o n t4 ^ t) b D t. L o l h;nt btt -\" 1
    nlthi s,ov in tonighl..
    S\c
    'ould si sica acasi rsii:rsead )
    (,\r trelera
    I hntl,b.lter gt noN, it js gctting latc.
    (-.\l racc maibinc sii ll.o acun,,s-a li-lcu! tilzil l

    rpt " rr" rr S l ti fi i

    in J
    ..
    . aa, ' ". !
    d/
    olhilq
    '!,t
    ,".; I.F
    t,,t .i
    r , r 1, ", ,
    .,.
    -r
    t\.IeaLisr'
    aottd so.net
    Ruth- thdn -*flr,I
    'e.
    lDecii 6t s,Ii.. mai litic miL d,t0 li dcDtist )
    t .dzu,r ,tu, lFric@ J.t. rvoNls.
    (\u t ot dc c it s i m c d c r s PUi. )
    H"

    6) Inlinitivul 0u rilYerl intercalat (Split Infinitive). - .t1,lt lnltrntfe S 1666


    astenumeledat ln limba englcziintiniti'uLui intre d. iriiruitnr!i componente
    s-a intercalat un ad1'erb:
    rol i la',
    on lru ip 1 l. Intinili!rl liinJ ^r'ri'lrrd "
    'r. i , 'd'r' .'r n-:lii.n .
    "n li baj'rl'ri
    ul
    .urd.,- nrLd in -p.,r .J tii' | 1r"prr"
    'rnJa
    I,rt..b,rintarFa.i ..rp 4" t 'rr r;-, \, r'' . : rdn.e, r.1u- i'i a' '. 5 'lu.i" r" omrndar; cra a!.zr|n" ,.i .ih.lur i .ir,r-' .JU ir. 'r,m.' r' i ilr\'rrur. o'rt,l:
    dwn 10 s.I

    rallil to lnt

    ... .. .. ........ .nis|rur-'


    lo re grt.t,

    /"119 lo aplreciil.e

    Is n o i to s i i . L ,i th o d i g rc a i a rsl ment.
    ll n t s .e l tl J ,, l i n d q n a m L i ' r r sl .a$...;
    dc \.erbul
    in
    c e despnrliraa p,{r'tittrLei inhtitivului
    Exisie inse situu-tii
    n ropri u .zi s es t p i, ' , \ ir ' br l ;. ;n .p .i 0 l J . ,r' i ' rn d i n fD i ri \,rl r' rp u' n,-r dF ' rn
    i oni p l "-r.n r dir p, I r . dr " . d rp , u m ." ..i -. r" r n n -l ' tr s p" r-t r" r-chu1 r" '
    l Formcle comlnse ale verbllui rd riJ shi umat{i dr n,rn,itir
    nol bid us t rrdt \rcrk vel." "T}e .rllilllrir rvc.c l,idd.n ta .ank in to
    d e i D l n ,i 1 1rul
    n tl .t:
    l , . rt l . co mrusc ! r o, l/ . ; s lc n ' n a t l n to i d c a n n a
    .nc ,o sno&r." "lle I S io.|idd.n d. ro .,m. ag{in "
    , ,o ndD noaic fi n.nat ri dc nriinjiinLl conrlet: ",,/.1, tt b ia
    'Cu ciccltia verbelor r; dar& \ita 1.h. , tata sirt n.mrL.. la
    Da.ticiDiul
    trr!7crt.
    '
    a r"o . i J " . t i, t , r ar ,n ..\ r,u t,.r' l t,J r.,
    ,rf
    r J . . ,, i .t'rJ1'.
    //d
    ,
    J
    i
    .
    ,/,a
    '
    .
    t"
    ..n
    o
    d
    .t
    o'
    r
    i.
    r
    on
    '
    I r . o n l rFl :
    5W. Slrak.speLre,ttnntlr. t'r;

    ..l

    t)enn\rrit.

    conpleli .,Hr nds


    supper' \'f.bul ro
    ' H c sP !sJ,0/.d),l i
    Lh. roon "
    di{tez.t p3,riral.dr
    r, i .ul
    ,, i , . l ,
    t r' ,t :t'
    ^o

    421
    Dectj\. :., clun i .inJ. prin s:, /"r"0 "JLF'b"lui lnain ' s J dupr i,lliniLiv'
    :-ar .omtr"mi . .ou s-ei lngrruia lnl"laopr'd r"\tulur' Spr- a{omplul
    to e\lress Urcir alpreciaiionThey mei
    "8din
    lni'le.ul ac"sr"i .on6lr,r.lii nu""l".lar. ud-\FfLul d:/t, pullrd" sF rolpri IiA la tFrhul ,,a, Iic ld infirili\ul to "Lpr*s. ln '07u1'lrrd dPa;, 'p tplers
    la inliniliv, tn linba engleznmodernn, numero$i scriito preferd conslruc,tia
    cu adverb intercalai, inhturlnd asLfel posibilitdl,ile de ambiguilate:
    Thcy met lo sgsindzP,rrsl.hciralpreciafion
    Tot astfel:
    IIe sLed me Al4.t7!to lorwardl[c lrrce]
    ProDoziLia
    ert" Lresirr Dent"u.d: rl psl. aprbi4ul,Lir,d/y p'rrrnLldpt"r'
    minx .,rr t'";bul arAid.; r si intiniLirul/o /"r,'rJ ; b./ ad\ crb,,l l,irJi a il'spsrrc
    Cat' tt)""ia'
    lcrb'rl drld ,le o. plaman'ullri J;ra'r //o larlLtrd thPpunlt
    '
    corectdeste:
    He osled !,e t, LindlX /'rd.d

    lhe pamcl

    Alt exemplc ,Je Split Infinitiee:


    ?b sloslx rrd.t thc lorcst'sshadl S0or

    \t1 I . L5"r ha I uo\ F" l, s r r ir t ! i/ r ,. r t r


    In\ , nrn.or'
    I I'i. l,
    r o eien , , "/ ol r i' ' q lu l : o n
    "l:nfcc$rrx
    .J,
    r, Iufir tris, xlon lh sx}jcl"
    Ir is Dot
    ^
    Hc had becn kno$n ,, morc thor .o?,P.nsdrdlor it lattre'

    l'oarte frec\'nti in erglez:ram"ri,dri ,\i jr, en!la?a-britrrjcd icl,udL''


    .nr.rrrcli.' inti',i'it"li di
    in Fr,"lr c .aparal 'lrpp il'. "lSranip
    'd\'rb
    d. unii di'llrp ' i m"i Lurri 'criirori. lr|cpind 'hrar 'u B)fiinJ rnLIebLrinratd
    infiniLivuhri cu adverb ini,ercalat" Roberi Browning St
    ron. numit si -tat
    posib;riralil.
    d" cxrrimbrFm.i .orF'r5 -'i ^ai clJ15.sau mdi
    a;;,p;.i"i
    'iiii
    grameirr"lo.
    r-gulilc
    inier*ants
    "parglnd
    7) -A.cuzstifi cu infinitir' - A se observa in contrast urmdtoarele doui
    166?
    Dropozilii:
    ta ) | rnn t tr !"it L nn t h" 1t ' t t
    Il tLo r \n nt ' r ir ' l llr nt nt ) .

    Propozilia
    (b)

    do d ?crL'ec.rre au dcelaii subiect'

    ^re to sritdt on l,i,e lgnt


    | qant liet
    (Y.eau ca e0 s; zrftdi
    lumiria.)

    ln acesi caz avem aceleati doui verb, fiecarc cu subiectul propril' lriire vrbul Dredicat raantsi infinitivul to stritch care urmeazA a intervenlt un
    in .uzali\) al t"rbului predi'"t. "omplprrelt
    "om ulomenLdira ' qi,,r" idF.i
    subipn'ulir tini'ivului urmdlnr t/o $it.//. Nu cu //,)
    csrn Fslpiotoddri
    ta s.v;t4 '\ ca (1,
    intinilivului
    iodAplincs.r.liun.a
    ")
    A"."srd ' on.lr""li" cperit;.i limbii "ng "/- nrrmi5 d.ur11r\ 'u..rr I'
    I i'jv- (,1..u.dtir " th t;[;nn;r' ] ;i i"rm"r' dinrr un "rnpl'|-cnr "di'Fr'
    care estF tolodird si .ubi."'ul un"i inliniliv urmiror
    1/xs dr':t trJtntlt(
    ar' llrl.Ii- LI. nLln" tr"lt ot;r ob; ,ti lObj "l .onpl 4"nt\)Alti-autori ,roniideriicn infinitrLul djn actsislaconstrnclieI!'e 1'n|te
    rl|Jrt tti complementr)irect compk:x (Conplex Obiecta
    ).
    I wa L herto ll'e ta to the railio Bucharcstwavelength
    lvrau (0aca) sI punalostnl de radio Bucureiti.l
    r G.G. Bvrot. Poens.
    Sh;rrili and V.non Bat\retr, tobneu's End.
    'n.C.
    '
    num " D. d, (a ri v -a o o rr.,' d J " ,o m n l F i rp o di rF r l D i " , ubi p r : 6 2;26.
    f n Candina .i \ \' rl i l " \s L d \i . I n L l l h C r' " no- \l ' ' \' r' l C -1 p rrr'

    B2t,
    . . \ , b. . r ' , 1' J r Lc r .
    Tr'"r/
    'IUr' ' t , t L., . t .
    l. is dalJ , , r . r
    d, n , i r " . 'r , , , . '\-"-au d
    tld l
    't{;/.l
    $:e asked lor r/ s,tc l, ,e btuught .n aI.we
    1ln ce nd c. ic l. gi, no s d lic adN{ inc diat . )
    His ca..l.$Dcss $ill calse ln, b be tupore.l.
    {\tslijcn-ta hi ii va ado.e nustrliri j

    .|, pIiti.,|rFri cutui\i


    \.,izdti\ul ,u inl,,.i 'i\- "., i 'rpbu;nr"r.p,n
    'r
    rr'.. in ro,ur un"i p'uouz;!ii.",',pJ- rr Jir^, r..
    ,
    "u bniu,,,r,r
    lhat urr,dl.i,l tn '\ljar'1;, ;i rl .er,i .rrb,-r' ,lihr,',l-.,1.i".,,t
    *L-11'";t
    s"
    erenrplrrF erri^n. I mdi .us. ln ",".rrt r.i , r I,,, I
    rrimul
    "onsr,lpr,
    fi redat prin lraza neidiomalicn 9i greoaiea eir.i construcl.nreste mai ipropiatn de limbE romanni "l \"-aut tha.tshe shotrldt nc in (to) rhc Buchale,li
    rravclength". Propozitia subordorat' "that shc shauld.irfu in._." este rrans
    Iormai,i jn ,,acuzaliy cu infinitiv" astfel:
    sxbieclul propoziliei. s.t (noln.). dcvjne nir (ac.). con,plenenrul dne.r
    al rcrbxlui regeiieii pr'orljfatul ei. rhaul.d.tunr in. (lerjre iniinilirul /o ,/r,
    in: iar conjurciria /tal nu se ,rt,ri erprjmn. Se obljlle astrel forna nraj concnn
    !i rnai alefii:
    I Nant /Er ,o ,r,c itr...

    ln a.elaqirnod. propoziljtiufllel(,nre:
    T}iJ didn't c\tccl rndrni! rd.r".rrlorll i,. $ol I sn.c.ss.
    Tncy d idn l, e \lt r r il lls t 6. r r s / , , , s nlh l s ! . c c s s .

    -{ce Rsti . ons t r ' u. ilie e rtr: i n r,r.r} ru i ri l ,rtnd u p i i n uneroA se rfrLe, di nrre S l $68
    c are p ri D ci palele, qint:
    d l vcrbe c ar e c - \ pr ir rl o rl (]r;rrn . o p e rn i ri u n e . un ordi l l : l o dcsi ," .1a
    erpett. t.t tv(nl b trish: ta &lb(v. to let, to p.rniL ta sDffer (:ta
    permil); k)
    recomn.tul. to .a,tn.d d. to ardi et|.l
    t .ati.:.rctl.ltou /, n&'r m. n.tt.r lhd urat.
    l\Iil ailepliDr rle l. tirc sti mn cunosii mni bine.)
    Slrell .".,r |ra,i1 .ltaut., totue lra.:k.
    (curind a.e srl lrea !. si te Intorci.)
    I nr'| ntton lhbts t. so o, lilc i.Iat h tliis lrouse.
    i\n t.i. l.rnil.e ia lui,uilc sl contjnueasttcth accasu c!stl.)
    LIe t4inhe,itd
    ntepttior tt, I)elaten in tlc eienn,g.
    1\ I ) r es ( r is{ i | o i i tn ' c r s l l n l n a l i s e .rr.)
    Thc rianaAcr .tdct.d atr .rquir r. Dcmala inro thc marter
    ( Dir c t oNl , d a t d i s fo z i !i is ,l s e rn c l rc tc z !ri hesti uD ca
    )
    , ) ve rl re les al, c do s n n l u ri fi s e n ti n e n t!: ta ft.l .to hear. rD s.r. 10 n./ti ce. g 1{i ti 9
    to obs.,t'e. to p.rttirt. b trutch: to hate. ta d.isl;Ar. to like. to pr.fu et,c.:
    Thcr f.11ht .hr.tt. to hetselt.
    i\u simli|.o ftind pe iniunlrte I
    I henrdthe Leb! .r!.
    ( \ D r uz it c oli l a s u l tl i n g i l d .)
    \]i so(, iim rt,s o/I rnd Ld,? Urc form.
    iL-an rezut puDiudrec.1]iorulJI lurcd ii pl..ind din c.mcrn.l
    Th. .rlt.l aaxhal the ,trd /&r iis Desl
    lcopilul u iri cu I,rirhea lnslir.a d.ii lrr.ilsea clibul.l
    SlE d hatelotr rat to trtite oltan.
    (l-ar dislli..ea grozav sil nr i soii d.s )
    rAror nr ' i. ' ir ' , . ,
    .
    ' I . . hdl d i k t l" nn, . ' .
    t r p t.

    l .,u l l
    .,o $

    l i (p ,.,
    ru rr ,t.,!
    L ,,I .rn i ,' ; t.i tt,n

    L
    ubi ,r: tr:
    \./,ri " ,urn.L

    E!0
    I'n ule the foar) ta be hot.
    (lli-a. pucea ca tnincareasi lie iierbinl.)
    \\e shrutd prcf.t lpJ ro 6, less sensitive.
    tAm prcioa lca eal si fie n,ai pulh snsccpiibi]n/sersibill.l
    cJ yerbe care exprimn acdviinli mintale: ta essunte.ta beLieae.to.onsider,
    S 1670
    to decktr?. to find, to gu.,ts. ta imagi t, to intet|].. ta ju.d|., b knotri to near'
    (: to intend). to suppose, to suspect. to think. ta untlttstand ctc.l
    Tl\.y b.lie'ed him 1abe s\nAle.
    (Crederu o'i este neimurat.j
    I a1 .td', c ' /oi", pr , , , ,
    nJ J d- l , r ' dnl.
    ((:o n id , ' ,n i. di ios ' ' ^l ndi L' r n p"i . n
    '
    I opcncd tl,c erlelope and faunn it b caltai \cv tear's g.e.lings.
    (.\n dEcliis plicnl ii ad gesit in cl lclicited dc \nul nau.)
    I haoe t\c\er ho6 L hn arol ,. slaok it her rvork.
    t\u ttiu {c! ei) si li losl lroddtil ne8lijerld in mnnc,-rl
    \\'.'l'
    I dn n"a. J h"' . "t ", t p, /
    . .'''or .. r di av
    (rt .-rn '1..,r",c
    . nt "n. i1 . r t oni, . r 'l- li r r\.,r,'.r t.pl lndnl l'rr n 4 r F n t . p ,u 0 5 .

    Hc unde,:1aad
    ia ,r ,. i ddnce..
    {Dutd cit n4elcscsc,ca c.a dansatoa.c.)
    d) rcrhe de nfbmdlie, nerylie, d.eclarulie etc.: to at:Atto$Ledlc,h dctl.[e. to
    dent, to lmna nce. lo stdle .1c..

    1,671

    D\ct)nne ddlavd hnn ,o i,. quililied ior l,is joh.


    (Toii au ali,rat .I csle .alilicai. pentfu nunca hi.i
    D
    Le danr nL. statement b haee ban hisl
    tA fieeduii Iell cn alirmali{ dr a lui?l
    T\c t)rii.ics ,tunounce,l the nlur la haee b4n
    s\:.n.*.
    rL r'ti. JU rq l r . ' l , . 1 , : . , ir . ". " - r s u" ^

    5 1672

    .l unele verbe ca: ta b.ar, tn pta"e1 ta repatt erc.l


    Srbscql,cnt rycnis p,orld hin t hdte been wrong.
    tEvenihrntele unnitoa.e dovediri cl (el) nu avusc$ ,Lrcptate.l
    The srannnar \aok rcp. ed this ntistahe to h. tt\rltc cotnt@n.
    lGramuiioa s,"n!rla aceastd sreEealll ca loa.te obiinlit;-L )

    1673

    fl unole rerbc u,nalo ,le u complennt pretozilional. A: ta bclan?to,


    to carefar. to count an. ta dep.nd.an, ta laok for, to looh t.. 10rcII on. ta send
    fot, to uait far etc.:
    tt beLnes to HeLL Lo d<ide jn ure matier.
    (itlena lrrb!i. si1 dcnll
    aceasli chesliuc.l
    1 .l.n r care fat thit.len b,cndr ljk. thai.
    (Nu-ni piacc sa se loafii coliii 3stlel l
    I d P t . h t" / . d ll' " _igl' l r r ir . .
    (ci,n lez r. cl sa lr c c c dc z c in nod jus t . )
    \\. /1 , "a , / r r ! . 1, e r ! or or 4n, s r r r : d( . ' r 11 .
    ' r p. l na n. ud o '. s l J f
    r'. - ir . o\
    L on l,'" tSend Fn c n La lie l)toulht roun.I al a\.c:
    (l\imit-" s,-Lin adNi indati nias.iDa.l
    \\e U Mtit lar h.:r ta tp.aI lirsl.
    (vo nr a ilep la s i r or lr . as . ai c a ar lnt ir . J

    lltil

    .f.

    8) loJrstructir -.for'r substantir (5Ltu Dronu re) + itrtinitit. - Lonrd."


    s,u;i,
    .,,u'"ii'
    u irrrirr'rr -r- lpa'l ';. dp prrl'^/i'id l*
    ,r"ru
    1' lr';,rr 'l r-rl- r,'t'.-f"ziLiur',tn oL,n"lrnr',"lr.u'rrid"\o'lrir.
    prepozilii:
    piin
    inlermediul
    uni
    Ii
    ilcterninaie
    de
    un
    ac''zaiirdecil
    iot
    I \oti
    [at cNrlarc 1, gd a l,h.atr.] ticlift,
    {Spe.au ua toti si caDct. hilftr de teatru.)
    r
    . lghql: a- s a,
    Th. .ll
    ' ln5 l , 'r l e ' i . u 'f .
    "J or '

    w
    T h"v spre ou itF coDr"nl lot t h. , : a n t a' Loaa li. o\ n L a tr r " .
    (Llr; u lo rtr rlu lldmili c J , ' . 1 ior . i r , l eJ gi
    "ingur . ,f l p r J r

    Pentm obl,inereaunei mai mari concizii, aceasteconstruclie inlocuiegte


    o prorozjriequbie.liva (cu qdu fard;l inlrodu"ri\Jr arrjLu'i\dr.omplati!a,
    ,
    tinala. .on.aculivaplc.. si cslc ulilizari in mod obi,"rurrli d)pi ,on-uzeil.
    sLructiile impersonalecu lfterrl sau i.tt l is (inl)possible, nec4rsarlJ.difficalt,
    eas1t,right, ercn$ (un)usual, (m)connon erc.l:
    (Subieotirii
    Jt iscustomarJ/o.r/rreroDeaDcacursion
    cverySundaX.
    1napozilialnin)
    (EsteobiceiDl
    o ercnGiein liecaredumn'icn.)
    se se organizze
    t h re rsi pd'ch,.1gra(s/or ,ru r, iip on.(Alr:bu'iru

    rL l i ,ro lo Ln p' : , d i J rb d ! . ' r s J l - l n l i n r.)


    l'll arrange/or my sis,./ ,o rdft?tou to the conoerl.lComple[iri]
    (Yoi aranja ca sora mea si 1 lnsoleascala concert.)
    His innovalionmlsr la\e bec! FrJ importani /o. rneqd\-sa'eu. ta!tuie ),i.so hill\ly.
    ( c i! z.l i )
    (Inovalia lri lrebuje sil fi losl loarle imtortantil tenlrn ca Sazela de perele sli o
    elogiezeatlt de mult.)
    The Itonan mosaic Uoor unearthed irl Consiarla was on \ie\\ lar cqdsaneta see.
    lFinalel
    '
    (trodeaurde mozaicroman dzgrolaF ta Conslanlaa lost crlnse pentnr a fi razu[I
    lr It ti,mefot the.h;Uren to naq, l"nch. (Dupn eonsiructieiBpersolalel
    (Este vrenea siLia cotiii djunul.)
    Tl'ere will bc noihing /of 9oz ,, say. {Dulii consiNolie imlr.monal{)
    {Nu lci avea nimic de sr)us.l
    inAcasin oonstruolie con"q$ dintr-ur
    9) Nominativul cu inlinitiy.
    finitiv care {ace parte din prcdicat Di al ciiei subicct coincide c,r subiectul
    rerbului predicat,:
    i 1 -t-i f" .,
    Th d s:/uds lr , a" d / 4. n 9
    IL . : ' -,
    " ' . l ' i ,'l p]i -l
    , 'l[J
    ("
    p ' ,."
    f ara i f o " J . /

    S ll;75

    "

    '

    In gramatica nglezi. inlinililul arc in acoasli siluatic functi de nat?e


    pr.dicatia subiectir (SubjectircCompLunenll(cr. S 166?, 2;24):
    d, Construc,tia numirii ..nominaiiv cu iniinjtir" amintette corstruclio { 1676
    ..acuzatircu iniiniti\"' (g 166? 1673)rcirepfezintnvarianta acesteinla diatezn pasivd.,{sl.fel:
    ||,p-rorp..tr.d
    n ,n" (\, . .,r i l l\; b a.,i\')
    -r

    rr. pp t d

    . .J

    nni

    " '

    ti,

    ft ,o ) J '

    o p .)

    '
    in l.in'r. l\on'. cu inl.) (Verb lasil)
    lfe rre.e e\petdro r, ihere
    (Trebnin sI lnn acolo la ljnp.J
    Ilrcflono supposeilni,r /o 14 r Silled acl.or(1,r cr inf.i (ferb aclir)
    lToii il considerru u aclo. 1,alntal.l
    \ -, 1 n...
    t a l. j g ,| " d a .to r, l \u m
    r'
    ,9 " $ a s s uppos ad
    "r
    (Er' , ons lder r l,! n a' l o r ta l rn ta t )
    Do you ttrfenddts rredsuf. to sdcz.er higher strnd.r ntr Jo',r glodsf {,\,r. c! inl.)

    lsoopul acestei,ni$ufi .sle si !n asjgn.o lrodNc dc calitate !r.ioar{?)


    IB,Iis n.nsL.e intrnilerl ro sd.r/ a l,igher sr.andardlof lonr goods?(Non. cu inl.)
    lAceasu mSsurdare drelt scop 6ir ii asisuretrodnse de orlii{te s,terioarir?l
    .\sa d a r . r nr belp c , un ,-fJ r- i 3 ! I' ' 3 l 6 ;l " . r, r' l n' l l i u,m. ra du1
    a ri , ' u inf ir ir i\ - t ' I fi i n o ,i rF i r d - u n .rrr l i ., ..non,i r. ti r ru i nl i ni .
    , . i,
    tiv". bineinleles ru xceptia aclora carc nu p,rt fi inlrebrinlate la diateza

    pasrva.
    r.\.".r"

    , n. r . d. li ir ' r r,,ru ,J .,.1

    r "i

    ul

    ,rrp n ,, ,vi l

    )urr ,r\.

    3!8
    S 16?? .. _ Traducer|ar.rDllxt predi,:ati#.\it
    lirnba roninnd ir modul urmnt0r:
    a'J cu pasiful:
    He
    r..i to so home.
    -ds rd:,t duoindu-se atrsi"L.l
    1-{ /os,

    a"/

    de arcasri con,<trulj!io
    se Iacc in

    Tt\c! Mte i]..n L td be ntlustdrus.


    (ENrt cuhrs.u!i ca oanni hnrDici.)

    cu o construclie impcrsonali:

    Tr, l{.",,/
    , "/ i. . . . / lob, . pr . . r , l.
    tspd td.a r;a,rd , , . , i". J oulJ .

    Infinitirul

    Tr r
    -a"
    " [ t " . p ] . ....
    / L'
    - 4 . , e , 'r : t

    -t.\
    ".\n,i\ r

    (\'eziii g rrs t)
    clin aceasG co st.uclie se tduce in limtra romAnd cu:

    a', serunziul:

    ! l' c $ds hr ar L lro o /.,


    r-\ l,'st au?ita l.s?rl:r,,

    re (l o o r.
    u\a.l

    a" , c onjuncti i ' u 1 :


    H r'asn't erpectd ,a l,. suoh i
    ., ( Nim eninu s a a ti e ttrt c a c l s n

    a"'l

    It \r{s m.ant r, ,i r.dl


    (D ,a l i nal i i .i crr s.i ti ..nnn.l

    un verb la un n]od personat:

    shc $ is lrlip\e d r . &, . at abt p.


    p s , , , . 1t , . , bit , .
    rj.,rp Je J.;

    S 1678

    'Ihe housr iras lell t. hdr( ttenbl,al.


    (-c.a simlit casa .rtrcnutrndu se.l

    I le t d b f . n k n o $ n r , / , . l c v o s o r l .
    j. . t i "
    "1 t1:cp iocrt. ,?t,.,bit.)

    b1 I r alar i d " r-" L ,l p l a d ;a r-2 1 p a .i ra ,


    ,on.rr.r.,i a
    " at" r- td { tC ;6,
    ..r unins li! , d i n l ;n Ii !- -,ri p u i l . rn :o l i :i unpl
    p \prb. i ,,
    b') iliateza acIl.'e:.b chance, to happr:n: to appear. ra sctn: ra prcee. to
    twn out \ - t o p ro v e ) e tc -:
    IIe lr.ppens ,o tzo.e Enstisti.
    (Din intlmllarc tric cngrezeire.)
    ftey sccmdro haeeundererrodthe tostiotr.
    (Pnrcau sh ti lnteles situ.tlia.)
    ,rne tur!']d oar ro ,e a li.s! class pitoi.
    ise dovcdi a Ii trn piloL de elitfi.
    ___

    D" l lr ec u, r;i v e rb u l

    Iik.lt. unlikela erc.:

    c o p u l a ti r ta re u r mat,l e adj ectn e.,,certai n,sure

    lld is strro ,, ,. laic as dstrrl


    (Sigxr cn a.e sn lnilrzic oa de obioei.l
    Aro ,lav likeix to hare ha-d rhe lV .rnnoutrce,nent?
    tEsle posibil (ca eil s{ ii anzit anunlul h telelizor?l
    5 1679

    t0) Acordul infinitiflrlui. - O ffoare destul dn f.ecverte consrd tn acoroui


    gretit al infinitivului cu subiectul respectiv. Astfel. este grsit a se spunei
    j . n ," s.drJ' ,
    To
    l h o ro d g hL ,l o $ .,.d c .o "
    .'o t,I n d n \n n h r m o ' r r i. " " anntim.! E
    t a 1-,,"tr"t . t o" 441.
    atl
    -,

    NLr .,cuno-stinieleiemeinire de Eramaticd" Lrehuie..sn sclio bine,, si nrci


    ,.sintul unrorului" nu ..cste intotdciauna vesel,t.
    Propoziliile de mai sus trebuie ret{cute. lie $chinbindu "cesubiectul verbului prF,li.dl spre a ti ,o'dat ti cu infiniiivlrl respectir. fie schirnbindu se
    Io.ul inli'ri'i!ului suu lr'loruindu-"eintini irul ,r, o fr.to/iriF sa\,ndhra,
    astfl:
    Ta srite qeu.oneshouldhavea thoroughl$owlcdge.r gr.mm{r.
    .A L).
    ' .\. d l' , on lr ", lin 6r Ft ir , l o'
    np) t F
    " a l r r E l , . f , r : t ', , "
    3rJ-. | . i]..' np j.ord lt . o- ' , , . , lp t 1 r .' ,,ur
    , or . ", / ". . , s . I . i t , . n a d

    ..in.initr! DF

    Il

    lr ''5 ,r-

    t,
    i ',,
    l'. \"

    ' r or o' r e
    , s r'.
    i

    . or t d_. , o gr , , . n. .. , r.d." .,,,t.


    . , u^ t n o\ 1. " t h b . o t j o r . g . s

    \ srnsc or huDionr is essenrial iI(e

    )e .

    qotu e oe a!qa!/s
    sa!.

    ll) Ilelel er larticutei infiriti\ate,


    $ 1680
    lltr o propozilie in (ar rtoun sau lnfli mrlrc infiiilil.e care se succedd i 1681
    -dl
    !,,, in.irui I
    utri,"i num,,ipri,nui in:"S.j.":.
    'iepdii s,r',.aLi
    rrnrlrl rste lfcrr,lat
    d. I'arti,!la /o.. "ir],tare.'t,
    lh J,d. ,l",l lo
    \aI to or , - r ,
    i "no1! rr.i
    . it :. t . "t - r t o. / , . i
    'r'

    ,n

    - ". , .

    Partirirrla;ntiriti\ului se rerDtd aruxcr fr|o:


    d'l i],finiti1.L,1
    respe.,rivrreluic accentuatsau conrrastatcu un,atht;
    . , o.o"r t!rr, tord. ., Lrp t, ., ioajL, th"r,,-t\.s
    l',r
    l r, h! /,//
    I u, n;.r \\.,nr
    b Lt tu tr..r.n.
    ' .". ro , . , a. I r t i . , r o- "d. olr . , r
    Il-t , ,
    n,.!,.,,,.
    -.I'u

    a"/ lnl.reinfinitivclecarese su(.frte


    inreNin nraj nlulte cuviite sau clnat
    constfuclia intrcgii propozil;j ertc compticatn:
    _ ile islid l)er not cDt) to lo,/i |,rd,gh je !.!os he liad branght. bui also to co'..r
    $liat srie didr't arlrovi {,t.
    t , . i, , , ilii ,., i ,, .,.p u r.u ri ta tn rc b ; ri i n
    &r l IrrI
    Ira?. .t,,ht, p." .), q t682
    .
    "
    I n 3' FsFp \rr ; r pt ' . r 3. , . ' r n. r i
    i n l i n i :\. o .,ti , rti /a b p m Fnti ,rp" h:drJo-d\Fr.
    b u l li p se fte :
    " D i d h e Nant io c om eN i th n s ? ,' ..H e .ti d r.i s c e m ,o . ,,
    ( -{ vnrt sa viri! cu ndt? \u plirea si vr.a.)
    .' t \a \ n o ,.to(.d /,.
    "\\ h v Ji dn t J ou s o u.ti .n ,\\
    1 .,,,!
    r . ) r d q i , p .trp .!rrJ
    l u i J ;r ml I
    \-am .\ , voi p.l
    I-don'i want 1o sit lor the ex{n in Junc, bnt I lare,o.
    {Nu !.ean sn dan examcn in iunic, d.r ircbuie s,o rac.i
    I'o u ,l o n I ol. " y r ! ur D a mn rqa. n .t r ' .r,,, o u g ., /,.
    d . . ut r i t , t , nl i . . i tu ' ,,.i i . I, b ,i r .." 1 .,.i .)
    ' )u .i r
    H"J l i k n r o t , ' ! i, I t dr.tro to $ , b .t h n s .s to td L o /4.
    i r . , i. ra rr' -u l ,,8 i p d
    . d " i \ . .p u . \1 . nu.," j
    " \\'h y d J ou I . \ " J " " l r,l a ,\ .' _ \\d - | o o t .u !p o ".t ,o
    'i
    { De .e ii } le. at ir . i?* N u i re b x rJ T J
    Yo u .., u ld v , s dr of pr J i n i o r b q i n .
    it
    ' 6 ru d d . r d n i 4. ,..
    i.\r n p ' r t ul s d lF . i o, .i p ' 1 ," t" n ,,r,l d ,.a r ti \" u t.l
    Pr"zc, !6 pir r i. ul. i in ti n i ti ,J tc ," i n a ," ,.r.i .; ' r" 1;. i ti .d .\r.r" nra
    unrr| .u mtl rm pnl dr F ni in n r,i p ./ r' i rn ." ri " " ra . d .?rui r" t,.ri l F ," t, .,.,,,t
    I2 j ID fif f if ir r d f ar o orp ri m i rro p u t..
    D L rd 1 ,,, t, \.rb" . D r ta t. q,a.h, S l ti bS
    ,
    t onurr4
    [L p .) . . t a^n, lt . t , . lp .to ,a l l .n .r.4 ,..t^ -u
    ta ttn l os]o| .,t..i ntt.p-$u;t,
    I nr , ir r \ it ( d rp F \p fl ; s ,,p u t s e .ra rrs fornrn J_ ubi ,_i i ntrun
    mod p ' rco n a l. le; el , 1. \ - r b L l fr.rd F r,t
    l x .j r .u n j J n, l i J ,,r,,/. ,.t,.,.,i . d
    a .ps T r.rh ps ' e t d ! t or . t " ,In ,tu l i ,,.p p rH r:\ ..,,r r,| |
    l ,:\dl _n at r," s,ui a
    -,
    ( u Ln\ri rl rc. , r n in, lem n p tc .):
    I'll .all o,d asA him myself.
    (-Am sii tr.c sel nilrel eu insuDri.l
    1 , : r,

    : tp, t,.: n " i . ' . 1". jr n' 1r , ,


    un . : , , . r r . t i n r i r '. .
    ;.,
    ". . . . ir . ,
    tgaxd aank11,.
    lJat hd s,ankd.

    330
    I'll ,inq lEt ur drd retl her the nc\!s.
    (-\m sr-i telelonez ca sa'i spun restea.l
    Cane a l pldy qith theml
    ( Y ino s I te j o c i c u .i i )
    You oucht ,o comea\l see ts.
    (-A.rtre6ui sI rii si n vczi.)
    Cn dnd eet ronr hat .rnd coatl
    (Du-te ac-li ia hai a Fi piliria.)
    IIuttlJ up and./tnrs, Xour workl
    (Grnbette de-li termin4 treabal)

    Esc.p lie
    alun.i .ind varbulpredi.st
    Infiniti l .d.p "rpt;nri srrput sc rncnLine
    I
    li;,p
    mention
    a
    t
    ea $ I 6 8 3 :
    l
    a
    da.it.ole
    " . 1 " all r n o dsuu
    It makes !s so halpy $'hcn we so ,o sdehim
    (Sintem atil dc ledciii clnd ne ducen s
    Yedem.)
    1 cdlled.tt inquire, but ro one waB in.
    (Am trecut sa mi iDic.cscz,d,lr nD .a nineni acass)
    : t t - , , app" ,Ju . o s A In " n o \ l $ d ,.
    ($-a orrlt sn nit inl.rebece nai fac.)
    He cautd'rcaoneto sPe!'ltnnY il she'dr told hi to.
    ts-ar li putui duce (sau s-ar li dus) la Fanny dacl i-ar li slN eal
    l a d n .)
    1684

    13) IntiDitirul negatir. - Locul negaiiei care caracterizeazi un inliniLiv


    cste inaintcu i initivului:
    "To be or no, to De,that js the quest-ion"'
    I told he. it was a mistake no, to t ll Jan{ the truth
    !'or you no, ,o hdeednsamd bY a lrosn was signiticaDl.
    I|\ ior them to 'l.ecideot nat (to dcide)oD the subject

    s 1685

    II. PARTICIPIUL
    (TIIE PARTICIPLE)

    CONSIIIXBATIICDNXRAIE

    t) Pirtiripiul lrri\it .omparolit i0 granlali.s engloziqi [n roa romtni. A 1686


    '
    cramsti.a limbii ;':lez" dilprd toar'|. l'lull de gremalicalimbii rorina rn
    ceea.cep,rivqtemodul de tratarc a larticipiuluj, deci ti a terminologiei res'
    Dectrv,5Dre exmDlu:
    dl ln ercmari:a limbii cnglozot"t.t'enrLi d" pottiipiu ( Port;";pk) i 3c
    da un intelis mfli l"rs d".il in sran uti.a limbii romcnF,deoare'e"l .uprindA
    tormFlpp"rriripial": pdrli;ipiul prezcnl prl;,ipiul pFrh.t qi.perticipiul
    'odlp
    irecut sub ambele aspecte,pc ctiv ,\t rmptrfe't'v' bLla ambcle draiezoi ieF
    in gramsm.nul ..parli"ipi,- din gro'"l.etir"romendara drcpt corespondenL
    ifl')l
    rrp"ut'
    (
    onsioza
    Port
    Parti
    nrimai torn.nul ,,parlicipiu
    tica
    ,/'in Lr"mAri,r li.bii .nsl-," F\iql - douH lorm" v.'bdlF: pd./i
    .ipiut pre.'nt ( PTesentParticipli) qi Serdnlianl (GerandJ' care, degi nu se
    lslc'd:
    sne ldd (coloclial).
    ! Sau: ",\sk lim ro ;otu onll s4, me". care este for ula rccomanda6 lcntu e\itara
    r r p F t A r p 'o l u s l
    lr np r ' r r . L nt u r i 'u h i i ^ l i n i . i \ d l . d pzdLldblpr o, , u5
    ^t".tutd ,fon i
    curc ntu cliia r !i ln sf f k . Vez i ii $ 1633, 1030
    Shalresre.re. Hdmlet, Ptine of Dentuatk
    'W.
    { P..nume nasculin fdssnl.

    831

    deosebescformal. au lunc,tii dife.ite. Se atrage atanlia cititorului si studieze


    a.prqt; .hFcliunpi, .odtul Ltunolit i.r-l":. unda pJrti.ipr,t pr.z, n. t,rJapti
    IAirF lurrriila Hlr;bu;1,L,pr.Lrnri,rlui
    ror';nF..r qr .6 td,a .t:.tln,rii "u'.;r'a
    lrrtrn grr;rr'livulr (C tundtpnelrz'.r !i g"run/iul roma'Fs,;
    , J:rAmAli.1,li'nbii FnslFTp
    Fr- tn pot.i":t;d p rl.t (P,,[.! Pdtt;.;rl,t.
    .
    dJ ln gramatica limbii nqlzenu eriistd r1rodul.,sup;r,',, ale cirui lunctii
    lc lrdeplineste gertndilrl.
    2) Diatezd. Timp. ,{spcct. ln grarnaiica linrbii englczc.pa(icipiul dre g 1682
    dou" dirl' z- l,.ti\d .i pasi\aJ.tr"i timpuri {orFr"nt. trnlut s: oerfe.t, si. tn
    rrzul p"rri"ipiLrl..iprer"nr. dou; o.p.".i rp"ri"" :' .i i- 1.-rt,rrrr,.

    Participiul

    Diol.zn

    T ]\IP

    e,,,."rst,pr,li

    ,-, ,

    (: pornind)

    (: pomirl

    {: li'nd pomit)

    (: lornind)
    harlng been startcd
    (.= liind I]ornit)

    0bs.raalie
    Partioipiul trecut al verbelor tranzitive ar tn generesins pasi,, iar par g 1688
    '
    iiripiul tre.uL 11 rFrbclor intrsnTitivF
    o.tir. Form, parliiipiului rricur
    '"ns
    al verbelor rcgulai.o este aceeasi(irfinitiv + ed_,),in ambile cazuri:
    O nc ps @' pd l J rl i v i , th r" o $ a s n o .to p p i n s n,m.
    ( O dall po- , i,, n ,, I m J i p u t' a o rri n i + n : ,
    . d- ll" d lox s ^, o m, b y
    p . p to o t rt,. n:6.I rrJi n.
    , Ch. aol J r . t -' t tF p fri ri . .-: i t' rd l .r" n .l J ,. n;dp,e.r
    T O T i ,U A

    IN

    -IN G

    (TIID .INO T'ORNfI

    s 1{i89

    lr Dotrumirp, ln gramatica lrddilionald. narticipiul prezent, c"run- ( l690


    divtl (G rund.1..ubs'anrivul vprbJl Ei ddja ti\ul rerbal au priniL, p.nrru
    bimplifi"ar". rumelp .uprinroror: ..torma in ing-. pentru ftp{!) c,i ,osr,
    !airu au i."Fa!i form6 lerrildta rn sulirul -,'rg,i"r d-os"biriledintrp pla sinl
    loarte subtile. De faptlnsn, substantivut verbai-era o varianti a gerundivului
    ( S 1748-1749), cu distinctii Ioarte controversate, iar adjectivul verbal reprezenta o funclic a participiului przent. Pentru acst mdtiv, in lucrarca de
    fali chestiuneaformei in -ing va fi tratati in raport cu cele doni forme prin,
    , ipJl-: par Lj.;piul prezFnr!i gFrundi\.u..problena sub.Lantirrrlrriv"rl,at ll
    d.4pad ddj F.ri!ul ,i rprbsl fii,,d Frp,rsFIn i,SdLurd t"rma princip.,lor"i"u
    pectlvi.
    r!iD.o do p' dr
    n.
    1, 1""r , , i,
    d "dd pr!.
    C
    /
    ' lllei-, ' . 1rx
    J ! -dod , " .n gl./t.
    lai
    u"na ut , ut ' iJ da p a r , o n . 'l'rr ., tmi i.orrud, iun t r n L-a, ,
    '6
    ie,
    .
    ,
    er
    lir
    J
    iI
    "o mi
    l' . ; a"uo ab i
    .,d.:!1 , und l. gd". ioi, . F. Tr ' n" r . aau i d t u - \ i . t a a l n q - m J i " d
    r . l i n i . ,ll -i ne r,mbli,d ltd,r/d / t
    or - p nh. "m 1 r 'i c . J : . d " d r o . a m b . . o .
    E; . a\ t : t , n

    ,, Jilfff$

    itii:illt

    rarln rimbacnsrez{
    rncttloatcri considernt'
    ineistentv'zi
    're

    Bt9
    lr Tiun. Diatczn. Arir |rrtiripiul prFz"nr..it ri :"rundiiul au dnu;
    A
    ' l69t limpul
    artira si laqiri:
    qi doua 'li.t.z"
    frFz"nl si pFrh.'
    harinq called (pc.icctl
    Diate.l actird. calling (prezentl
    Ditrte\e .lsied-. beins-calcd (piezenl)- iiadns lreeir crlled (perlcct)

    s 1692

    P-TBTICIPIULPTi,DZENTSI GTBUNDIVUL
    (TIIE PNtrSE\I'I P-{RTICIPLI] AXD THD ODRUND)

    1) I'ormn. - Partioipiul prezent si gerundirul


    gind , ." ruli\ul -irp l, inl;ni'i\ :

    S 1693

    se construicsc addu-

    to see- seeas

    5 1691

    1) ortogratic.
    oJ Yerbele t{rrminate intr o consoani precedati de o si\grd
    c.ntuatd d,rbleaze consoanaInaintea terminaliei -ini:
    to
    to
    to
    to

    bc'gin
    fo. gPi
    Dre ie.
    ;d nriL

    ncalii tlc'

    be 8innh3
    lor sctt,"g
    Dfe'fPfltns
    id nittrg

    In celelalte cazuri, consoanafinali nr se dublcazn:

    to d.ink -

    drinhing

    to
    lo
    lo
    to

    olf-"r
    'listen
    de r0u.
    fc main

    bflcring
    listcnl:r4l
    de vourtrg
    re'maini"6

    Erceptiel
    to ivo.shb- worsl,ippt,s.
    Cuointelecompuseretminate in p umleozn regula de mai sus aplicat'
    numai la cuvintul firral:
    lo h oa p{hi0
    ro .o Ji'r

    - ho_- \ r l' i[ pi, ;


    - lid. s lr pt r , g

    io ( "r n' l t lo ' aI i ! o

    lidnJppi;
    .'
    bo ll-adlprr4

    DJ -l final ste intotdeaunadublat, oricarear fi locul acce tului:


    .,, ,.qu.'t
    t, L| lil
    tul''illt.g
    -- .q rlll,,E
    lo roin rFl
    lo lra l:l

    c)
    to
    to
    d)

    r on
    ll ,
    "'
    lr . ' \ ;'lli,
    r
    a
    io an nul

    r o . ol r o l
    lo ,
    ' n| ' '
    - an ndli,rg

    - '. n 'r o l l t r 8
    gamLourrj
    -

    -ir devine intotdeauna 'idlt:


    l.o trallic
    bilouno - bivouackina
    - hallieLi"s
    to licnic
    mimic
    - picnicktng
    - mimickiug
    'e mui {inal cade lnaintea te.minaliei -ins:
    io hare
    - having
    lo make
    - maktrs
    _ ,np.?n.B

    Exccl tiL :
    do dye
    ro eye
    tu srtrg.
    Lu iinsP

    - dyeingr
    - Iomg .
    - srngc'"8"
    - ting[e)i,g

    to queue c , - ic f inal s e s c h i n tb n i n ' q :


    lo die
    to lil'
    to tie
    -

    to 0rnoe to hoc to toc


    qu.ue g

    canoe,nS
    hnetug
    snoo.4g
    totn'g

    dri,sl
    lXins
    tting

    - n r.i n l r. , t yP i ts
    ' . \ - " , onr
    arndJ
    a: , lrl
    r inl,
    ,. ui nsgil4.lg.n<xi 4 s r,n d l ro l { ti rrrn JL
    []"ru Jl

    J nJl I-

    \' l s,ndr: vag,ag

    333

    tn"t '' ,,'"nLrn-i',1i'r'" 'rr' i briei ".':


    lo lhr"
    to inn.r-' - arDolr,g
    tlalrag
    lo obcy
    obexlng
    to crl
    - crXins
    3) Portioipiul prczent fi gerundilul. '- Din cauza formei lor ideniice, se $ 1695
    prr i,ifiul 1,rez"l .i g-rur,dit. Di lin.lia Intrn
    t".e dpsFori,ont'7ie ir
    ""
    e..c
    rorbi'n
    inlu,r " i por'snr'1.dFoar'ap-1" au ociqini 9i
    de
    o,".'" 1"rti
    '
    fu nctii aiferite. Deosebiriledintrc participiul prezent ;i gcrundiv sint urmitoa[)'!]

    aJ functiilc granaticale:
    .q1698
    pjr.
    .t;r
    .i
    rb
    \p,h
    \
    io"tdt
    r
    odi
    u'lt
    I'xrfiripiul Irrczenl
    ')"
    '
    gcrundiYulps " !crb ' u \rl^ar ' Jp
    -uh.trrttr.
    Primul srvestepentru a calrlrcdun suhstani,i{ sau un verbJ fll doilea aanp,rle acliunea erprimatd de verbul respectir:
    t ,.. r .a"d .Jt.3.r.ild-.r, (r"r'._it. I
    olr i '
    l\r
    l^ l 'uh "
    ll'
    She Fent aNay .rli,s.
    {l'a.t.-

    r'
    ad!.]

    t(Ea)tleca tInslnd.l

    ,' l \
    T h, r \ dr / . A n \' rt,,.y ,,/i ,.C ;n tt. 1 " " 1 . Iart
    r da u ,i In In rl . s l l i b ' J !ri rr I
    (\. l
    ' r'
    Crltzg doesn't h.lp anyone. (Gerundiv- snbst.l
    (Plinsul nu ajutiL nimdnni )
    Il'alltzs is go.d lor lhe herllh. (O{undirl
    (lleNnl cste snnltos.)
    a ' a rl " ,g -s ti c k r (C o n n d i rl
    (: !D l .s to n )
    adj.)
    a (,olntB dictionarX (Pat.
    (: n D d i o l i o n i r .mb u l a n tl

    .ml

    ,J i n trebuir l. at p s t r i b n ti v . p d rti c i p i u t p re z e n t i ; gerundi vul se daosebesc S 169?


    d e c e l e msi r nult e or i qi p ri n a ! rc rL t:
    subsiantivul precdaal ae ni p.lrtil:ipiu are in goncre accentul principal,
    part i ci p i u l r es po r iv I ' ulr ' rd d rp a u ..p n L p r;n .i p i l -a u .' ' unddr:
    su b sL s nliiul pr " r " dat ,l . u n s tn ,t' J a re i n g " n " r" ar" orrt s." undsr. gprundivul respoctiv arind accentul principal:

    Psrtioipii prezente (:

    adjective)

    i\ lbullying tman
    the dmtng Xear
    judsment
    an ''tns

    th e ,[.i.rt" i nsrvcnus
    i dtntlne conmenn.lJ

    r mrtg
    s l a i rc a s c
    lhe pos'us hour
    a nalch in 'sotzg ronl.

    r /auiq srar

    Gerunilivolo (: substantive)
    a ,adi,rg-rcsort
    thc _ cdlrgtrg Lriidc
    toonr
    ^a ,4rdsrng
    t-^rn8-ro(
    a lrsng-par
    a 'ledrt4 cerulio.te
    (un ceriilicrt ne abetrire a
    un-;' icoll

    tar.rtg

    library

    Lhe detoetipinel weins

    cotnt tie6'

    {sraliune 6a:hea.d sau climate cl)

    rCuvint .t ,,d/ti,r
    ddo16r F, . r a. f b
    ".t, d, i; . f u1, 1i, .
    i: o t t "Llo""alt i4a
    : n t r ebuinlnL n.b lon Ll. \u rn l r nr plr "
    l. g. r
    . i m nlu;D psl"pin urm'"
    J dt li\ , ' 1r i n' r ' r "r lhl
    lotelese tn cxcnphrr ufmi'ort d dictioNtt! that ealks.
    ! Ttuile ln curs de dezvoltarcx
    :

    n a t t F n l n r a . r - p p , 'c
    a.rsl
    C'.r,Iin i u l " d 'i 's d r 1
    I Arlr'
    u m . r c u L ''
    "dld.
    :

    334
    1698

    c, Parlicipiul prczcnt poate fi prcccdat nunai dc conjunclii, gerundirur


    de prepozilii (91734).

    N otd
    1699
    ln uncle situalii ru se poate preciza iD nod incortestabil functia urlui
    ourint lermi at tn -ing Si anume, dace este \.or$a dc un parlicipiu prezent sau
    de un gerundiv:
    Ll\e Hanging Committeelpoate fi: comisiapentm ,,alegerea tablouri] or"
    (geru div) sau,,care alegetablourile" (parLicipiu przent);
    a haruesti.ng
    machine lpoateli: o masi i penim ,,secerat"(gerundiv) sau
    (participiu
    prezenl)l
    secerd"l
    ,,care
    1n ascrneneacazuri, un criteriu concludent pentru interprel,are astc
    acceniul ( g 1G97).r\stfel. ln diclionarele engleze,cuvintele citate la $ 16)7
    stnt consideratesulstadlive, funclie indicatd dc acoentul care cade numai pe
    form.I in -inf.

    $ 1?00

    PTIRTICIPIUI' PN,I]ZNNT
    {fIIt

    PLESDNT IAR!TCn

    Cflraoter ti fune.tii.- Participiul przent are pe de o pArte laloare de


    verb, pe de alta valoap de adjctiv 9i de adrerb.
    s 1?02 1) Ca Yorb!
    aJ are forme verbale (timp si diahzn):
    bcins callcd
    calline
    haYiDicallcd
    haYiig been cnlled
    6../ poate fi detominat de un adi.erb:
    S 1701

    S lc $r nt r $x y l .u e l ti n g\i L rtl !,
    i P ler , i nz , n I n re t )
    Haoing spahel conainchely, \e
    (Cum vorlise convingnhr, a a

    succes.)

    c_,)poate avca un complemeDt direct:


    -a1d"zga l.rrge /dntls. she tas very iusy.
    (Aylnd o lamili ntrmeroasd,era loartc oculate.)
    Eaains l)eenaoafi.4l a pti.s, his work was reriewd in all the paleG. (Posiv)
    (Fjnid lremiali, lu af.a lui a fosf recclzate h toatc ziarele.)

    Avind caracter de \erb, pariicipiul prczcnt cunoalt urmitoarelo lntrobuill!nri:


    s 1?04 o,l lmpreunn cu auriliarul to BE. Iorm0azn tonjugara continud:
    Don't dislnrb l,.rl Shc ir ,eo.lin,i..(l'.czcnt]
    S 1?03

    S 1?05

    ( Nu o ddar jal L u c rP a ? n .l
    She aas hdenq a Nalk wli.n I ncr h.r. {Trec!t)
    (Se tlimba cind am Inilhit o.)
    They rir, 6e Elelhonnry \ery soon now. (viiior)
    tTrcbuio sn tele6neze ioarli curind. (r"-area f.ijd.)l
    D) dupd un verb Ja un mod personal alaLd cd anbele ac-tiuni sinl, BinrulThc dcnonstrrtio rrrt on. tl,e crosd .nc,ft,s. t\c children stngts.
    (Manilestalia a conljnnat. tuulli'nca a.lantnd. coliii olntird.)
    lle slaad laokiry at $lS1.itca pdrindu'ne.)

    l Ia innba ronaae, inli.p.ct{ca dat, ln ac$i oar diier-1de nrbrprclaf.a .nglezn,


    denlni.fa adoltaii tiind ,.o src"ditoar{" l: a nasiril ca4 s.ceri).

    335
    cJ poate fi intrcbuin,tat in construclia numiii

    ( g 1723):

    ,.nominativ absolr'tt" $ 1706

    The lili. ,'lj[s out of orde.. I had to Nalk ulstahs.


    {Liltd liind-deteot, am losi silit si trrc pe sclri )
    Th p fo Jd ha\ iDS/ . a w n d .d . p P w l - d b l " -1 " d ,i t" o n. (P d' j v]
    tSo s.JU.li'
    ' . d r dt J r ar J . D F ' n p i u l ro n trn u r ru m u

    d) poat tnlocui o inLreagi propoziliesecundari:

    S t707

    u b . ' { i N ' sp" ' k ' t' ufv'


    -stri . u s bel^ir e.' p hsd n o ri ;h l r,'
    d .p . s . rJ i " r o b i e,l i .
    S.ri ci rrjr binll" l
    We havc decidedio reoryanize our dai.v f.lnn' cicuns&nc^ alla@ing l: it
    allo$ I.
    .iruNLanocs
    '
    _u
    i An h o t , lr il i r P u" q a r:z d r i -rn d n o J " ' r' 1!d n
    ' r drtprea vrri l or J" l aD r" '
    pcmite
    coDditiilel
    dacr nc vor
    No td
    Partioipiul prezeni intocuieqte o iutreag5 propozitie secundard, ln spe- S 1708
    , ic l d u p a -" onjun" ! iiJ c ( 0 t )th o u P l ' . Q h ' n . + h ;b e tt-l
    Th o u i nS air | on t or " i\ lJ n " I ' s ' " J ti v p ' a sPrrr I rhoughl " Pw ' nl on '
    {D ;i TFr gr b J r d' ar / i. ,rr
    l l " o $ d . ion ll. dr ol. i n r,{ a P d " ;3 ' w h " n 1 ," p b " s" J
    (Un ,o ri v int h noi Li n .l tr c e !c i i rr' )
    She read (ntie dd,tze {: whilc she atcl.
    t(Ea) cite.r in tinp ce mlnca l
    $ l ;Oq
    2) Ad j c c t iY elepr or on i to d i o p a rti .i p i i -p ro z c o l o s i n' . ' onsi deral F In
    " di c:i
    ofl
    l
    Frrul
    .0ntual
    .l
    rrnd
    .d
    s
    rmp
    l
    p

    d
    l
    '
    c
    l
    rv
    p
    .
    /,rP
    l
    '
    74
    g
    rd
    m
    at
    i'
    ilp
    ac
    lu
    l
    p
    n drF l e Ci
    '
    Ll p aJ dF' l ' 8ra' p_
    p p c rrp o i ndeplin' glF un .u !' l n l s d u o .o n q l ru c tr'
    i---'r s t ic i l e a d i ec t iv elor obig n u i l e :

    *'g*a"
    "I
    o mu :i nq

    de toiparalie dxcdeslecazul:

    $ 1?10

    sl i mul Jt:ng
    i n v i ro rd l ' n g
    lldm ' n B
    I nL" r p s l i o g
    r)fl rJ-1S
    p ra cl i ns
    s ru s l j In g
    He is nol, am&stDsthaD I c.rn te]I.
    (Nu pot spune clt esi,cde amuzant)
    I lound her d? tust i\tere'ting pe$ol I had ever mot
    (rrm gdslt o cea nai interesaniil_pelsoanir
    le care o lnl'llnrsemv'eodatl )

    D, pot fi Iolosite la formarea adverbelor respectiYe prin addugarea su- $ lTll

    lixului -ly:
    He answreddzgni4lY
    (Dl rd:rpunserlzind.)
    We looked. undcrclandingiy at oach othr.
    (Ne-aD Privit cu inleles )
    c)

    au funcl,iede alribul sau pot face parte dintr-o construcriepartici- $ 1712

    pialn cu lunctie de atribut:

    ir /rirs
    vL tl
    tretine Mi"
    tn p 6 ..,,,1;9 pl dn" '
    i iat J ; " c n" n "
    tta n ;a g.d" t' r
    ln" " ; " r ; g r " n rd l o n
    l h e r, Ir' 8 sun
    t l, F bot ht asr l i l d ra r
    Ever:r'thingis in eallt order. (ln starc de ruoiionate)
    'fhi\ is x! la!/.ins maittsf.
    I ne o( t r r - - ' ,;,s !u b l i c h 1 q i r' r.a s ' d .u n :i d" rU )
    $ h o s . n i l i n .j j o tu Pl i l 4. i s Inv ,l Jught" r'
    T 1" Li" . s m i i i rs '
    T l- or pii s om F o Drion s i o St $ n o b rro g rn gtlr,4I.

    r Vezi,si echivalcnl.ii adjectivali l $ 7,"5-78?).


    1 : un bi'rrbai, cre chclciie.
    3:o
    viziti sriL bita .
    a: aviorul care aiciza {sar arcrizenzll)

    33n
    Conqlru",iil"oarli' ipidl, cr,,/;nr ca hor'r'ilr, rin<ih;,/ , // sin aliibul"
    .lc subi,' r,loi;,ri, r".spi"tiu .0,,r'ri,. d.o;i""; repr"zinraprapoTiliitFt'ita
    atributil.e.
    dJ poate fac parle din predicat l: adjectiaprcd;mlie) |
    S 1713
    T lpy
    dt r t ant i .r In u J l d n .o \J n rd p r" 4 i 'al i v . rb: .l i \l
    \ \ ' . ' t ound h, T i " 1 \J s o ,.g . \u ma !..J r. i \ oo " " r,\,
    t 1?11
    ll) Ca sdrerli. DalticiDiLrl Drzent are lunciie de conlDlement circumsta!"
    ti a l , poat e t ac . po i te tl i n i r-o -c o n s tru c l i e c u l i rncl i e de i ompl ement ci rcumstantial sau poate determina un adiecdi.:
    She la! down r8dinc, icirc. de mod)
    t v h" n; oil. t - t o th p' t' 1 6 .I' r n ' t i s 5 o n . C i " . Jp l i nrp)
    -iIo, l,.inq;ode/sd,/ *ii th. subject,ie did n.L undc*tRntt the lectu.e.(Clrc. de
    ]9eeus ploling n,. b be in the isht, she snould no! hare nsed that to!8. lcirc.
    . { k i; lv s ! niI t o s , .h " r,.r' $ .,. ,o t l tIro n -i . .. C i r,. d. .onai F
    T I p , nilk { d" b o i l i rc /m/ (D a l p rn1 :I u r i l ' ' l i \l
    Pul on yolr heavy ioat: it is liercins rold. (Determin{ rtr adjciiv)

    s 1?r5

    participble
    CoDstruetii
    (Psrlicipial Phr8se!)

    s1716 1) Acuzatirul 0u psrtieiliu (,tccus&tieeoith participlc).


    Verble rfritoarc la simluri - to /e.'1.to hear. ta listo, to see,ta laok
    s111? at, lod.)behokL,
    to nolice,to obs.jee,to parceire,to s,atch,1o srr'?lletc - pot aYea
    ra gi in.gramaLica romend, un complement direct care si fie subiectul trnut
    parircrpruprezenLurmaror:
    I trlt re child nenbline.
    (-\m simlit copild lrenruritrd.)
    H n w a l .\' d /. .a a i ,,g .
    {Ne lrivca eum venenm.)
    I can smell &e ntlli Da.ntn6.
    (uiroasc a lalte ars.)
    t; la

    S 1?19

    \ ' F . r p. , r i. ip i u . .^ ,,.i d a ' i r i ' , g ' " ms ,r d l i ,nbi i rl gl " z"


    n u r'e pr o. li' " r r t ; bi
    ' ,i !r { .t. $ 2 .2 6 ,. r" ,r" " " 2; i rnp.ui ;.u
    o c.rnsl,ruclie echjvRlenlA cu o propozilie compltivd direct;:
    I lelt th. chil.l ttenl'litls l: lhnl the child was t.e'nbling.)
    t I c s aw het c omi n s(= i h a l s h e $ a s c o m i n s ).
    I c{n smell sonrdhs bolnlB e rnat sonDthing is burDilgl-

    , a fi i nd un
    " uhi F,rul l ui

    .) ,\ltc verbe urnate de un afuzatil cu paftjcipiu: l, catch' ta find, to


    to
    har.. lo imdgine,10 heep, to l,!aa|. Io s.1. b slttt etc.l
    !:et.
    \
    t ind n pd 4 .i ' l o r )' r o l i d d tj
    ' ' l p , " i n \" " Jnl i '
    \"l'u ga. . l:
    re 1 ;1 "
    "' Ind b
    ' F n l rr
    Thts]' Iept n. d'oidzs {ror) an hou.
    ill ru ilcul. sd atrcpr o o .)
    I can't Isre n?' spotrt,s flJ chil{l.en.
    {In o rot llsa sihtri rezgiic .o!iii.)
    l^rgine tue sun bathinc on the beachl
    ({e vczi rre mine li'lcind bdi de soare !c lhjal)
    r ln gramalienronnni. in aceeaiiconstrnclic: ..Am yiiztrr. venind", lo.mn verbali
    .,\'enind"esle considemu ca a,fiDLfuloomllenientuluidi.ecl .,o".

    387
    , t'n '1" \ , r L" . lin o ,,a .. a .1 rb { o ri e p o ti u ,r,,a,F ri .tc u, i nfi ,,i ti t
    r $J 6ri n r.d q r , uo" r r bt r las . h i ^ b .r" J p rn r" l p s :i n ri n :ri ru t." ,,i " ri t,o-ci une
    , b. t a "td . n " t iL, nF . t. u t ,
    ,. r" ;. ,/.' ; " p . p r, n ,l p i rti .i n i u t .,rs,ri s/" " " ..i
    Ilruo l n tu r s Lu r lan l Pn t d o t:
    I have ofter scen him .ra th." race.
    lL am lnzut adese.rdislnund l= cd dislnta) .rcea-rricurst.t
    l _ \;, rr o*ing or " r . \ r , r" n | .' \' h i
    r,,,.;" ,tu .J ,.
    -t.
    .
    r
    Iirdld\ dm

    5r''da':aJ

    1 \ i z . ' dl " r" r . ]

    , n ,t .,.,sd..1

    ,,

    s 1720

    ,..,.,.r.,r._

    d"

    '
    I heardr''ouJrcdi to him.
    tTe-amnuzjt rorlriidu i (: cir i-al rorbit.il
    I hFardyousrrdl.,rs1oh'o.
    lT .am ,u/,1 \o"biid i ( ,Ind ii \, ro" 'i .J
    2) \ouilrlirul ru parri.ipiu.- 1n i"Fa..d
    idFnri.. ir ti.
    "on.tru...ip
    l.r ro.r;n.].suLi* r,l\crh,rluip|pdi"atla,Jiot'z.rIa.i\'a-"r-,oroJstd5ub:"
    Il
    urur pdrrrcrprrprFT!11.J.a il in.olo.la.i , r'retH.p ! tF din pl..i.it , ar,,r,.
    pr'di.otit subi .t:,' (, l. S 2;241. L^ns
    Lia ,..- irtrpbuirt.,r; ,,r r, "bele
    '-u, pr"ru- ri
    nare prprim,r t.rpplii spnzorislat\ l,l,r.
    "u ctie ,t,ta rerbe
    'S l;l9r..i ftpr"tint. !,r strp,o pr.t".t v"rbuluipredi..
    r :n.orit ,taun. ,",rzat;v cu pariicipiu' (g 1716):

    s r;21

    ?,' ?"r,r ss! a eo ord,irC J c hi' l f - , m dr o L. in; t \ on. . u ! . . . . t


    \!rb od.i!
    ' O n l lr \-/ul !a lvin d un r olil dp ld . n, )
    :om, on" a atr //- Dra sd ' , , g J ihi' d i, .
    , t r ot r 1inr \ , , u p d , .
    \"rn , i\
    r (-rn \a \, ,r o r rl q dl\. n. 1 n r o! ' l d. d , 1", . ,
    51" saq [e !nl n . t:a.t. C lo. r r ' am " l\ om . . r
    I , dr t r \ , . b L . , i \
    r \ l05
    ..
    m.1t".nn , l n|m ' , , . l
    "u /i
    ";
    L.a
    rd
    h
    .
    a?
    ai,
    r
    :
    "8
    i1r
    \ i. r
    p' r i
    nd ^. r \ ,
    \ d r . . 'i
    .
    l1" on-

    Constmct;a mmiti ,,nominatil- cu DattjciDiu,, aninteste constructia


    .lnominativ cu inlinitiv.. (Sl6?t). dosebireadi;tre cete do;6 forme tiiirrl
    aceea;ira ti dosebirea
    dintre,,acuzativulcu participiu,,si.,acuzativul
    cu infiiiti1." ( { 1667):

    5 r?92

    .\ D o d ,l o a' l" d \ ilh l- if l e \ s s ... n ,o /.r.? th ta n ,i ,r^-t.' i ,, r\.nr. cr' ^r.l


    . r' i .r,r.l r
    \d /. i !l ,,1 J
    , lO b a .,; in, iF llJ . u
    " i pF!.d.td,l .brF
    ' l u -l
    l /o ,r to" 4pt (

    l)rrair, i; 1 a r t i ' r ! ,

    n r r pp r. \i .
    r 5 r o 1 i.t

    itu .,\,,1 t

    ltq ...,t

    ,.,d

    tL.ot

    ),;.I.dl

    3) \ominatirul ahsolut (Nominatioe Abtatulc). ln cordructia numita { 1?98


    ..notri'rrli\
    un prr i,ir:u pr-/"nr.lrtr-Luinrd' i',.pt-nupnt dr ur, '
    ^b-nlLr'.
    rcrb predicat, are ca subieit un norrjnativ carenu este subieciul propoziliei:
    ;i
    \ \ ' . .h. ' ll h 1\' a p.n .
    nn i1l . r oat . , "at r - I , p, ] . t ! t ,r c .
    . l im ,i irrb i r.iJ. si , l, r . i , . J ,
    . - r " o. n
    ':.r"
    ' fl
    ht dret. n 4.:n B sD- lo b. , , I n, ' . n' \
    , bt , o, pt .
    ' C ot:
    ,n I r.1 ,
    pu rpd r ,
    . . a od t , , . ". ,
    'li.
    ',rn '
    f l,; b,:aCU,d .,q 4l. up p
    oI o t l" , \ t it , . 1, , , n t r - . , _ " r , J ,
    I \".r.d
    , u 1 . ' t un. l l
    iilJ n 1 .. b , l--",
    1r l, r o J . u , . , ; r n "
    d. .i
    '

    _.4) Partioipiulabsolutfl&srlaie PurricilL.:


    ). - ln uneleerprsiirurelrre. S 1?94
    subiectulpariicipiuluiprezcntlipsestc:
    f .au.t:rs lra n 4n ..,.r,
    n .
    Ii' " p' ndJ
    rn ii e. m, .ir du. b. p. , '
    / I . pr n
    \ r ,. r t n o L
    "
    4 ..,t .r..t,r.t
    c.
    :p "a ttrs. th, r , - ut r .e, 1lt
    rV'nro
    nil! tn g pn pi.,r. rFl . t , d, . t p . . nr . r . . . , , 1oa- ,
    His solk j. q,,i],p e oo d..an: i, t . . t \ t
    L. lu^f dzr I,i p,1 " ro . dJ , d' ii . . j . . i
    |
    . .,1".

    338
    A lte erpresii similare:
    ,a'.ina aocidents
    b.sidins \'il\ our nert issuc
    .ozsid.t,sr thc circunNt.rnces
    sains.Fl\\t judsng) bJ apFarances
    rn.rrd,4a iomorlolv
    /c.ioztng t.om today
    .?gdldt';l rour application
    s.?tn4 that (loculiune conj nclionau)
    p ," ra ta ) -r" i < " s ' ' i r' r' l - J
    r,,rl ,R i ,," v' ,rh j n s i n ro d ' .o .nr. r..

    s 1?2;

    GXITUIDITUL

    1) Form5.
    Gerundivul are aceeaqiformi ca ti pariicipiul prezentJcu
    care est adeseoriconfundat din aceasl,i cauzd.
    1727
    2) CarecteristiciFi funclii. - Gerrndivul esto o formi verbdd.c,t taloare
    de substantie si, ca atare, are atii caractrele verbului, clt qi pe acelea ale
    substantivului.
    1728
    Ca Yorb.'
    al are forme deosebite dupd timp E\ diatezd.:
    I don't mind her se';namc. {Prezcnt{ctirl
    tNu mI supiril cl1mI ved{m a vilzut sau Ini1!a vedea)'.]
    I don't mind ]netharingset ne. (Pedectacl-v)
    (Nu n6 supanlcI n a vnzut.)
    I don'i.mind beinssun b\ her. {Prezentlisir.)
    tNu mi suptui si liuh{ li losi rizuti {le ea.l
    I don'i nind haoinsbeenseenby her. lPeriectpasiv)
    (Nu md sulr&nci am losi veznldde ca.)
    172t

    ,J poate avea complement d,irectl


    tinsins fotk sonss is her g.('atest accomrrlishlient.
    (In hterpretarea cilrtecelorlolulare sii ntarele ei talcnt.)
    cJ poate fi caracterizat de rn adrcrb:
    This is worth dotDg ,clt{Acest luou meritl siL lic fecut bine.)

    s 1?29

    ! 1730

    Ca substantiv (singur sau lnclnd part dintr o construc,bie gerundivaln3):


    d,) are funcl,ie de suDi.1, de nume predicatie srn ile complement dfiect:
    Her 6etq youns was an assct. (Srbicct)
    (Iaptnl cn era tinlrl ccnsrjtuia nn {i'anraj.)
    Se.ins is Dlte'ing- (Numc lrcdicatir)
    She eDjoyssn,ntns a cigarelte allcr breakfast. (Com!I. dir.J
    t(Di) li placc si lnmeze o lisad drlii nicul dejln.l

    $ 1?31

    b ) polte ti i,nsalit dc adj utit'c :


    Some of Llie books wcte ha .edding.
    (Une1ccn4i crau srcu dc oitit.)
    1 cansi'1.{ihs ftsa tns au drenjt adevi.ate prepozilii,coNid0.atecn atnlc in dic.
    ri
    .
    Ito o u" r " , , , l, , ut , - . . ^ o o J .,,\u ri
    r.d .o rt ri l D U ril d bv.rn-qrr.rF.ut:.r\r:ro.l .
    3C, . lhlr r , l' lipg ,l u i L r:\rA d :n ." " mrl " .:1 : n ," I :ae,J;trs
    ,i saoLi reu ti yFtE

    330
    c, poate li lrecedat de nn ddj.ctir Nsp-eiasau d0 un sabr^lantirjn cazul S liZI
    IIis plasiag Ll\eliano alter Jdnd'sr./ornlzg on rhe riolin ad.led irterest to i.h
    l i p l -.i ld. , nr J t l, p ,' n J d n .t ." l o .n d a p r" .u t ,t o Lu,.h tJ Li od," d tt,.l
    p r ogra n u rm.r nr ,r . \ anr . )

    3) Alte fu ctii.

    Gerundivulse mai folossre:

    .\ 1733

    o) dupe o prpoziliel:

    s 1731

    I am I f Fd o /si? xt,a .
    (lI.airL srtu rti rlr cln tal. )

    An l. or ias th r l 'o o s e , I l o o k c d . o u r L l .
    ( Par es ind r .r s d . a m I I j \ i t r m p r e t d r I

    i r" $ a j puninha.Ilar b p ;rE a \o


    r\ Io "' t 1 t . ' r r " nir L rJ s tn ri rz i .")

    th d te o ' s r; ,h.ut
    (S " ri l F l " s . dp ta-aui
    .;r'ne.

    h ri ,l ^ n L , d / o |d. . . { . ep ti a d F l d a " p rs r; r.s u l " a lun.i .tnd p. p D drti Lut,l


    i'liiniri vu l u i . dpoar . . p ps t a p ri n d ,ti ' ,i l i a u rm a G < tc i nti ni ri v. l n .et;tal ra.1.
    znri insl, ctnd are fdnclie d,eyepoztlie. este ca insdii urmata de rrn gerundiv:
    I a m l o ok inglur ( r r d !o s e i n "ro u .
    (Arte tl ,, 1r n, r db, Lar es .t tF 1 :e i .)
    ;he is used r, sLcrins on the corch.
    (Dste oi4ruitl sn doa.mli pc dormezli.)
    Th Pr :s r ' , . D lioi lo r,,u r
    " ,.^ ;,E i n th i s o , D a -tn Fn
    .
    l \ : m" ni

    r .'. o

    o L ' p t1 t d ;"d

    \r ci

    .1 tu ir .r '

    ,.i 1stJ

    5,.;d

    ll dupn unele rerbe:


    abhof
    .rdmit

    { 1735

    disconiinue
    dislikc,

    spend (tine, morev)

    l9'rcy
    lqget,
    sile up (: slolJ

    omit:
    lostponc

    suggest

    h, LlP ,
    i rr.f,
    l, a\ c l, , n cl : l L n i s l ' t !rc v rrt
    can(not) help
    propos.:
    Slt P .niaus ka \ins nr
    Huv can t lrclp lorrns mv sister?
    C u m p o i s { r i u-i ,i u-n" sisi ra?J
    t lE il ri plrrP sr n i tr Lhn. z e. l
    I hJ\a I tn;sl@d
    m 1 I et t er .
    \au kap PpeotinEthe samp mrstakr.3
    sc,is scr is o, r Pa. l
    l A , n r,rmln 't d -/rrrrs
    l f a c , l re u ., cpratigresei l i l .)
    She p l , os pdleo"ur ] plpt jt hinc as r L u a s .
    lDa a \ ei , lF giDd s a las e t at ut a; a ,
    sc afla.)
    'rm
    1 rcttuertber h.arh!
    the aoise.
    iNi-aduc {minle cA am auzit zgomotul acela.)

    lNi

    nai

    al;rqall

    ir l"...a ,r_0 .,'..ilk at , an1d, p- , J do, r J , r , . . r m i. . n. . j, o . r


    nrim",
    -r. p,
    rrma,i
    .
    . \ 1. . 1a, . r at t , ; |a. r
    to r ^llr'\.psr4\rrrr,.J.u
    tt ta tth".
    i . s o t t d o -u_. .
    ftirrr.,
    J . . r . d4r . ndi\ "1. d; . nin. nit i\ . r n : d ( J : l i r e d c d r u .
    " ro " . rns' . , o s h InL a.p d " I l- 1.r ( . r I j- 2n
    ' , . |,rJ In .on l.,
    r A . p a.
    ' ' Tn J t , ?p.ne x a t t p e . . , n d " , , , . r r " s p . , .r'
    p- :
    ..J.., rdi. oda-- . ,J_m
    . . . p a r '. i t . .
    r n. or r r r . ir d, , hiu, , r . \
    rs t7t6
    r."b. l ; /. p I d ,t.
    I: : 0
    t ". . , . . ' . i. : .
    ';l

    El0
    S t?:|6

    ,./

    .i (trr.ii:
    'l rla unale 'u\inta
    '

    bus!!,l;ke, tuat. qotth.rhile), thd! i:;. tlbre ir, thae i liLtle, thue is nuch, thete is tu,
    theretras. n is ro soatl. (it is ) w usc, it is usetess,ctc.l
    The!/ ate busll e.t){itEnting tlie *c mei.hods.
    {Sint o cu p,rti cu c \ per im ent r r ea noilor m qlole. l
    I don t lccl ltner 6,i,9 ozr Lonight.
    (\-rm ehpl sll ies din casn astl scui.)
    Shc looks Eaf ..ytq.
    (\r. . ru r..
    5r ' s . r " s , pl' c
    r ' ll
    ll d in j
    r,J, r ""j r l r r r ' - l/ . 1
    '. r. r ' r r " r ' d r id r . . ur . I n r ' r , r '
    f: llrn.
    ( tr". u 1 lu
    q. . c % . v c
    t o, r r ' lr
    th
    t
    ! !- Ei
    .
    !
    ''o
    'r ri o b .
    '
    . .
    \.
    ,j id j . . r t i a , nJ plj, ' ir ' u r r ' - .
    l ',
    '
    Ih-|,t.

    t,

    rYo k slol?i,g

    ,o ,
    ' r 1 ,In

    r|

    d '|^|,5
    Dn
    l "ol i
    ni l
    -,
    lLc.; Iou shotrld make her talize her mislake.
    3 1 g l\| J
    tr i.r r ir ,r n r ,i4

    ..\
    ,d ,

    (N irrenloiu rosts-ocrli; ar t.ebui$o lncisi inteleaE{cn a g.eiit.)

    4) Fu tlii sinttr0tice.- G.rundi{ul (saLr construclia gerundivaln) are


    in genere funcliile sintrclice ale subslanfi'ului (.\ 347). .{sttel, el poa',e fi:
    d, subici:
    S 173t
    gilit,s is his best .ela\ai.ion.
    iErcusiil. pc jos sinL!enl..ucl ccamai bnnnree.cace.i
    D/ nune predicativ:
    S 1739
    Her great,Ast
    tleasureis grtzg to concqrts.
    l(l.a mii m]rrepl;tcere{ ei rst. s;is4drcll la crnc.rt. I
    ./ complemontdirect:
    ii 1710

    S 1737

    Harc vcu cirPn D y0ltin!?


    '
    lT e ai' li' s ii de rr;rt? i

    S 174 1

    d/ c om plc m e n i i n d i re rt:
    I c ar nep. eLLyn e a . rh a ts i rr L h ec o i trp c i i ti o n.
    {A lipsit loarLe!u!in .a si ciil,iB concuNul.)
    Do vou nrl iike E,tn! anvilherc fo. the wc-"keod?
    (li ;. plilcei si ;erBi rndevn li sliryit de siptaninn?)

    S 1742

    / atribut:
    I don'l like his way ol,trizs.
    (Nu-mi pUce leltl lui dc ljaF.l

    $ 17{B

    S 17i1

    /./ complementcirc,rnrtnnlialdup{ o prepozirieerprimind modul'

    n ro r ' .1 i . .l ' .'


    l i mpul. . 1, r 2
    '.
    \ve \\enr ft oittutt riasias i.herrorL-doorI.tl. (Uod.)
    (Ad jntmt l{rl sd sunlm la uta ditr faiiL.)
    Oz m-r.?edfttry io [er. she ag.eedai onc.. (Tim!]
    (Cindan lorbii cu ca, a iost im.diai de {cord.l
    we 0duldn't say a wonl lor taushits. \Catzl)
    (Nu puLeamscDatl o r.orbi dc tife f ridcam.)
    Fol ail vouf sleeDiasso badlv. vou rL" elw.lys activ-'. fcorcesivl
    ( Des id; r m i r r id c " I)ro s t, e ri i i n h fl e a u n i ;c ti v.)

    5 ) Cor undiv ul ti [o s e s i { e l e . - C tn d o p ropozi ti e secundard di n l i mba


    ro meni c s t e t r adu s i i n l i mb a e ^ g l e z i p ri ftL r- un getufl di v ($ 1752), subi ectul
    e i s le pus ln c az L rlg e n i ti v 9 i p re c e d d g e ru n d i vul :
    Zrl letng late was fcmarked trIron.{^dj. posesiv)
    (fapt od a Intlrziat.r lost conentat.)
    I Snocu
    Barundivdlneerp.imat: "I leel ritu a cigarcttot: lik-Asdottug {r cigarelie)".l

    att
    'lh "I d i s liA pd. r ?d,s s , e i i ,{ s o m u .h . rS r
    posFsi !
    in
    (L e !i 5 pr , . ed, . j r oaL- r . n d i r d ,. .,,r.i .1 " 1 ' " /u l
    "
    A .o d srd. on\ ' r u. r i.
    F-tc d h j n t,rt a ,." ..ru
    ..i nJ.Jbi e.r-1" (" tor
    .
    " tu ,r. i
    d o un \crb e ( pr ediLat s i gc ru ,,' l i r) d j h rs :
    L u , L r J d. ! . nLl t non h L ,.o d o ta
    (Po i , i i sigur l c A \ a r r n i )
    Th n F i s aor li, C t o V . r\,' p ti o u , ;-;\. i n t,," T o u n ' " i n F .fl nA .
    I vm'c n u nF , . t r pd, r , 'rJ I,r." t,.J ,, ,l p :rF m,rl
    Cind tnsd cele doun verbe
    a ,e l " .i s ,rb i " ,r pu-p.i !,rl ,rpbui e + \rral
    "u
    Inarntea gerundi\.uLri:
    I .\on't lile editin!.
    (Nujli place si asicpt.l

    (continne ;d iiDtit)

    A se co m par al
    Ilj rou n rind sl,/,r,,e tt" . t . ! r
    ( : r h F I i, im , n
    t r rr Dun ir In.h r'1. urr')
    D_ot oom inu mt
    L. bi. ii
    h d t"gt n. r nor :
    J ier r r
    ( T e sup d d acii tn Lt'iL l i, r r 7l
    l ye st.IrFd lu ag ha g. tSt r br p,r r or nunl
    nd Fm l
    {A m lnceta Ls.i
    ai l"r', q
    Wc:ronlpd lh.lr'n/,r'8
    - "bi, . , dit , i"
    { LP -an InlFr.issJ mri rn r , . D , . I . dn t d. , s 1 nu r udr r t d d . )

    *t:, *i". pt o,po 4t 4t po..si! rnumodc rii,,l" crc.,rpri n".. g tTti

    In
    l n t ea
    gclu nd L\ u lui I|rm d
    pos es \ '
    "-a-,-1!\'"!':
    l . olrrdn't h elp llI,tEFie t ot ehn! _
    ' J g' . ; r , .
    I Nusint vin okt d ;;d \r
    . du
    \Jm
    ) nJ mavdo p"nd on JoL r r k it t pns . ont nB t , t d\
    1P , , t r1i s ig ur c! d zi yo r vpni n, r r I t ej. l -

    pr t . i 5 . o , m i r r n i i .

    te I riJ./

    Substantivele ne,rfr, intrucit nu au cazut posesiv. pdstreazd tn aceastd g 1746


    construclie forma comunir:
    Nn o n po ppos ed
    D{ pr d%6 " ;,j , ,.ri .d u ,,l
    r m pol. r \ , 1" d l i /i ri tro i ' .trl o rm.rp .
    we can t rely oD the ueoth.r rumih! I.fle.
    I \u n - put p, n biz ui , , , - ta p ru t
    \., In ,bun\,,1,.
    6) Se migenr ndi0ul t ' h " l ta tf.Ge n ,n .J a r F ,L .,rj pdrti nptr).
    TFn4i ,]. S l ?rz
    .(
    I a ac ru a fa a f r m l) r ' englez an rb i t.c s te c a " u b .td n l i !p l p , .h;ar dtun.i Lrnd D oL
    a ! ca l o rm6 f ' oE c s iv 5. 16 p d .rrp z p fo rma .o m u n ,, inai ntcs q.rundi r rt,i i :
    f .d o n t u ndas ldnd! ou, .o ttro e ua. p p 6 u ,Brt,ap ro p o s l ( ot hi . .o sork.rs.
    ( ru rn Frpgopoz r l, aI olF q rtu rL l u td p ro p u n e ri l lel .u rp d a ,.ot.,ti eul Iui .
    ll.a s.. obl, g"m , hy all o u 6 n d ;n eto R h s r I s a v .
    ( vi ro g a \ c li bundv oinl ds a trl r i u to l j i rrn l i L F F d c p.pun.)
    Al p a a !i I c ndinld f ac e .a Si p ro n u m e l . p e rs o n a l e s6 nu ai b6 formd dp
    ,.
    a dlpch \ p o sp ql\ . . r c A - s rp5 s tra /p fo rn a l o r d " a c u z a ti v:
    Excuse tu vdq n,ng.
    (l a rrd m, . ii am c is c at.)
    FaDcy nim b?in"'so pa.lvl
    lci n " "-a r t i 1. r . pidt { c i.i .1 \ n r d )d d p rrp m e tl
    it s n n u s eas s . in{ t o bed v e i .
    , N 1 r" .o s l s i n. dJ . pm d " ' p ' d .1 m ta ,,,t,.d ,,,.
    Their work prFeFntedthaa benls prcsefi.
    {\u a u p u t r l t id. t dr a pA nru ,J d , rv rr d " l u .r r./

    ;IX;J

    a substanrivero,
    pen.run.minahv,,ob,ed,,{s r!,).
    ',1"13u

    Fo.ma aceasLaverbali. care aDintette construclia gerundn'ului precdrti


    rle un posesir'.dar care are s-ifitrctic LLepartjripirrprczeni.a primit rurrr"lc
    'l"sn';:n'nd'v. lr,rrFbuirl,".a lrri e.tr '.r,",,,'a 1r',"r, ra-.j"r
    't' "or^te de la S 1744 1745 dau o nuar!:i forrnal:lstilLrlui.
    t7{8
    7) Grnrndirul fi substmtirul wrbal ( l'r,rbal lioun).
    Unii gramati
    cieni fac deosebireintre gerundif ii subsidrrivul verba), degi ele all aceetli
    Gerurdivul arc nu uumai caraclerul unui substarti\', ci Si pe ac14al urur
    vcrh. pe ehd stdstdntitul re./6al ste un simpiu subsianrir'. Fiind o fornla
    verbald, gerundivul preziDfi caractere de verb, care lilsesc substantirulur
    I ..ra'
    ' rL.l r-ruoiu /i.l 0fp lin'Fr': .r d:al"/- d .\j ipi.rr,. noJl'
    .r' tlrr"" l r,
    .t",i. i
    ^,z" rd- LrnidrerL gi poatpar-a,ir, o
    "r.ln.' "a
    cile s,rbstanti.\'uluipropriu-ziF (aftifol "p,,
    si plural)r
    ll. l.dd h.r ahoul n,.vli?rnq l.en ,narektl belatc.
    (,\.f rornc vobal.: pdre.l. ii pasi' l
    1 don'i. understrnd htt le@in i eath/. I- a'J.\')
    r ' ^nc ! n c t it s x ro ,l (+ c o m p l . d i -.,

    Sulstantirul verbal, ncfiind dcclt substanl,iv. poate avea smbele arl,ic.,le


    lorrnit
    de plLrral. poaic fi cara(,terizal de un adj.ctiv !i dctcrminat, de un ge ti
    n l ti v ( s a- \ on iau p r.to z i i ,i o n a l ) :
    T p. r , , , . " r , t t" r,.rs p ' \." r.,o fr.
    r.trp rl tdl i ngol t. I ., nrr.^t..: dj )
    , , d { " dl, o l ,i g n i n g .-n tra t \
    ,1 .' ... r t 1.,." | // , -/ dui oss,I .'
    Ir
    l o l , r l s F nili! r r pp o z i tl o n a\l s a . ,tri
    . r \ , s " a \ lrl l " r .u D i n a !
    I s o i n c qd n J tcl cph.ri ngs.P
    'r
    1749
    Substaniirul verbal a (lerenil, de faDl, un adeviral, substantiv :ri est considoat ca al,are in dio,tionare. dupn cun reiese Fi din ur ti,oarele nenple:
    lerrin8s
    r sul'ins
    l - rcsturi l
    i o z l i rl tl )
    s|rp!'ng
    nfnxmrnrngs
    (: letreceri)
    1: n{rt) (t{nnn nrnti4
    ," rr, rd ri . tu )

    $ 17;0

    bu^-ua..i dl .: or

    8) Geru dirul cu intels pasi\'.-- Gerundivul ste uneo intrelunrlat


    . ' r i '.,,1.. to. i\ :
    'lhe chlld needslaoline a[l..r {: neing looked alte!).
    Tl,e room wanls d,s,i,g (: being dustcd).
    rs ihc ethibition s'ortli seins(: being s$nl?

    S l75l

    9) Trailuccre.

    Gerundivul englez poate fi tradu! in limba rontenn p n

    a) geutzin:
    On seclnsUicn, I waled.
    (rd.tatlu i, le tm liiclt semr cu mirl.)
    Shc ans\rercd lI nozdtzs assent.
    (Rnspnnscd,nd diz ca" alirmativ.)
    b) suhkLnli!:
    Idding is {n instruct\'c pasiinic.
    (Leclutu esle o djstractriejnstNctivii J
    Shc buNt otrt in a lit of ..ytLg.
    llzbtlcni irtr un dcoes de lltrs.l
    .) infinitir
    sau conjunc!.ia:
    Ann stood wilhoui. roo^i,{ at me.
    I I n. r s tl i te .t(l nl i c i o a rc )re re am e rni e
    One o.n't Lclp lining thcd.
    ( \ ! p o l i s d tu l l a l ti i g e i .)

    snmi pti ea* i i .)

    a4il
    d,) ti.mp perconal intr-o

    propozi,tie principali sau secundari:

    There ir no sauins wlLJt h" !d. Lio


    . r T p pv- ds!p r' or!pu" l
    l.
    n 5 l J r" i r .
    l\d p o d F ni" " n; s il- ' - c . p r..
    I rcmcmler ,rrli4s he! Uic storY.
    (lmi amintescca i-dm ryzs lovestea.l
    ,i " " nt:prtnd;
    i G,rundir r l F r a. J o l t tn /rJ i /J rS 1 7 4 i -l ; 41;
    ..
    lim
    h
    ,'
    |
    .a
    n
    i
    o
    un' l a15 l n ,.' -" r
    i1
    174
    7
    )
    si
    n
    t
    r
    eds
    r
    F
    {I
    tri n l r
    fro l ' ,i 1i e
    cuvintul in cazul posesiv sau acuzdtiv devine un nominatil':
    Io!/ dzvrelizs withoul thinkir( $as a nistalrc{Fapiul cI at /;spazs llrii sl te gind.tti a losi o greteal,'r')
    He wasn't aware ot DaL'' adtahitlgh\m.
    (Nu -;i d adeas eana oi ,d n u o b rtu a .)
    I don't undcNtand ntm goiag home so soon.
    tNu inlclcg de ce f.rl d lldcar ata devremeacasa.l

    $ 1752

    10) Gorundiyulpertect.- Gerundivulpcricct exprini o acliune,o exis- S 1753


    inli sau o star anterioari aceleiaexprinate prin verbul predicat,:
    rl e . ch i c l hnnLllc aD
    | \ ' I h a ti .s L " P nttt.
    (l ri o .i l r J lt ei p: . di' ; . l _ /d p !,/ d " d l t l o s tb o t' .o ral
    I wonderdat his iarhs dd the initiaiive.
    {M-am ni.at ct iniliati,a fwese a tui.)

    ll) Intinitiv. Particiriu Drezont.Geruniliv.- Deosebireadintre infini- S 1751


    pr "z"n L ,"g.ru;di!
    i
    s" podtaohs'rvrm . j b in od in u rma lo , rp lt iv , p a r l i n ipiu
    exemplei
    He sr,p pedio lo. l c bou t I' i m. { l n l i n i ti v )
    {S.a o p d t pt s i' t r ua P r i v i l mu e j u r )
    H e sn p ppd,l" ok ine ab o u l . i m J rd c rtl a i a i n s .' H ^ \v r;n" i t i s: (P 1_r.prp/P ^l
    {S s o piil u, Undus e lm p re j u t 6 r " \.l a ml n d : " C f' u m o s : )
    look insx bort h i ff 6 D d w .n l rL IJ I. (C e ru n di \)
    H B sto F ped
    {A l n c;i al d" a m ai pt :\: l ,n p rrj .r ri r l l e ra l l
    \Ie cdtueta talk to Urcm. {Inlinitill lci.c. dc scop)
    (-{ venit sii rorbcascaou ei.)
    se cane talk;q to r\eal. (Part. lrezent) (Clrc.de mod)
    (A vcnit vorbind cu ci.)
    I rp m.n' b" r d / o a, t o Emi \t. ,Ii l rn rri \)
    t\l :-l m rdx q am inlos a m i d J . l " Il m i l i d .
    I re m"r nbpd s oi. a l, o E' o l v s . tO ru d ;\)
    l l l r-d m aJ us J r iiir L; c r /rrd a i n I d n l ' l l d l l :i :,.
    PATIIflPIUI,
    (THE UST

    s r?5;

    TIiECUT
    tsINTTCI}LE)

    1) formi. - Particirriul 1.IecrrLalerb


    du'se terminaiia -ed la infinitiv:

    or rqulat. se formeazXadnugin- $ 1756


    print?d {: tilil:rit)

    Participiile trecute ale aerbelornercEnlatcse gftesc in lista de la S 1847.


    2) Pronunlarc. - Terminalia -ed se pronunln:
    S 1757
    a) [d] la verbele terminate ln total.i sau ln consoandsanardr (e\cet
    .lnd -d) |
    to
    to
    to
    to
    to

    carry
    xang
    lxalil
    dire
    disoover

    l Ye zi S ! 1, not a 2.

    raued
    nangeo
    trarelled
    dined
    discovered

    I tre!]dl

    &l{
    sutdnl (exccptin(l -1, :
    Dl ffl la rrbele ternin arc in canso&ttn
    to
    to
    io
    t.
    to

    tist
    nas s
    ar
    h; \
    f-"tch

    askcd
    D a s s .d
    f" o p .
    h*':
    lriched

    --

    r,) lldl ln verbelc tefrniDate ill i


    ro add
    io hr nd
    t o t at
    to start

    l?ar8

    ld:sltil
    l l E :stl
    !" .pr .
    L L rl
    tle{tl

    sau l:
    addcd

    I adldl
    i hendrdl
    I lajtldl
    lstd:tIdl

    handed
    ta i l e d
    slarlc.l

    al Cld partiuipjul irPtut a devenii cu aderirat adjdiv, tcrnriratia


    -.d a,dipcri.ului. pcntnr a se Jiosebi de icirrlinalja lerLului, este uneorr
    pro un-tatn[Id] oricare ar li sunetul preccdent:
    an ns.l [ -{d3,d]:nonrn
    my ,,ror.d lbr ].rldl $ire
    "l.herlssdf'blesnll Danoze1"3
    a ..dDDadI lr4brdl iacc
    nr .rooia, t k kldl neans
    . .".sed I k.:srdl nuisanec
    aosscdI dlsldl lersistcncc
    rJ
    r
    a J ' s "
    ao
    ' ' Lr "
    ll i hor ' r
    ' ' ] P"' id lr i
    the Laicd l'ne,kLdl tru lh
    ' ' AAt ' , r ' i d i|I lr p1
    , , "! Pd
    nr lr
    | 1r , 4
    pianad lwlk
    ] s c andal r
    qretch.d L ft\\dl
    ir.aiher,

    Lrrrd a rlna :i

    . J { i' 1. . ; nl

    inl^phuir ' l0r ^

    ctc
    r-rli

    i p i i r " l t 'l p

    l F r r I i n s l 'd

    "a
    .i "o r'ornr--Lrliiq" ' " irl" J " m' i ' ' r' ri I i; i
    r
    '.""',;!,lrJl.
    ',,r
    lle had dlcd I i iLll ,onsidfralh

    h':

    \l\ o .in -ror


    $"r P' ' . , / r "d I l. r 'F b 'r
    rhprp o :r,e h ". .ro ol./ k r . k l h. r l, r ' p iin- .
    '.
    p " o \ ''
    lh s l 5 l"
    k " . l r o ndlJ
    H l'.tl t,Jd
    "lio
    rl..o .
    do !a", , d t J l i ' \ ' s "or "om p r : r n " n o \ '
    r ' ' : t ' or ".
    "lt,* -i'as ; t
    ''
    ;
    l,
    e;
    o
    " ""
    il lor ' r l"
    nl
    llJ\e t.u l oa . /
    ':
    Hd \, J t \o . lo, "d ' t ^v d r ; . p- uf . . - ion
    l:
    oor ' h 'l
    h" r ' l
    Il'.I'
    i.d """d r r q,
    i. r it l

    ,l

    ln ml,d e \ r eDt ional.

    in poez ic . at Llnc i c i n d r i n a

    sari me|l\ll

    o ctY ter-

    ninotir -,ri. ,l,iar si atonaa participiuiuitntrebuintatverbal. tsslcuneori pro


    pr.,nunl"rehltid de obiceiindicatdprintr un accent'gra!':
    nn!t;tJ lr,ll.
    ", ",'i;
    I ilh

    1i69

    lw. nt y t f f nc lv d gr t r . s o n h i s l r c a d r .

    3) ortoErafie.
    precedrinde o sinsurd tucaLiac
    irlr-o consoane
    al lerbele l.ormirate
    (n|aitti tl\tble^?nconsoana
    inainLeatdminalioi l'
    to rre I.f
    Lo de mit to rc gfet -

    tfe'lcrred
    de niitt.,
    fc'grctl.d

    r \ ' . z i t 91. r o tn L
    js i
    r r nili, illli! a .e .a i i p ro ,,ti L i c " i h c \o d n r i s agcd"l ' er.l :rdl ,dal se sl ut' " an

    i ',1 ,,'ll":;i.-'.'],
    ron ,l",or ' , .",
    . ":,

    .t".J-F'

    p"lpli
    ' nli.
    '''
    t" ;, /'t : Ll r r liiai. ." br
    .
    r f l.m '.rllndi.
    i $'. Shakespea.., 'the Ttdgc.l! of ]Iucb.th

    ."

    i-r ii-' , , , r' : 8

    TL

    ll-

    ro e . ,o o r' l

    d t t 'n l " L a l t h o 'd t t a l 8

    t45
    ln celelaltccezur;.con"qoana
    finald nu se dubieazn:
    l,o sert
    t! liang

    sfat"d
    hangrd

    to

    thickcn --

    lo o.der
    io lardod
    thirkctr.1

    o.dd.l
    pnrdo&d

    Erceplia.
    Forshilpcd.

    0bservalic
    C.ui.ntelecanp N t,erminatein ? urmeazAregula de mai susaplicatd numai l.r euvtitrl tin'l:
    |
    r,

    | or5 Llr ip

    I or - q\ iur a,
    . d J ipp",

    "ilpJi,,

    r , . Li, t r ,1 p
    d b u r ',
    ^, "t ,

    Lidnann,r'
    Lo||t,:idDp"d

    DJ -l final este l,otdeaunadublat. oricare ar fi locul accenl,ului:


    ru ,o t
    .o " |ri
    - "gu.)lt".J
    i..riJtpd
    lo | \bl
    1o com rel
    to t.avel

    r i\ "ll^,
    com pelll
    travelled

    t o . on . o to Eimbot
    to a; rul

    cul lrotla.l
    sanibolld
    r; nnth.,

    Er . e p l i c.
    un par{llcldd.
    cJ

    td d r ine - t . A l
    to lilouac - tirouacl.l
    to minic - ninl.kcd
    io trallic
    hauick"l

    d)

    a findl trcraiat d. o consoand se schimbi in -i:


    lo (,r]'
    crLtj
    to carry
    carricd
    lt pr.c.tut de 0 roral.i se menline:
    io llel
    - play..l
    io disobcy disobeJ.t
    eJ - mut final carle inaiitea terninaliei -ed:
    to dance
    drnced
    to ii. - tiet
    to stdlr
    to dle
    d"kd
    -- shi!.1

    4) l'unctii, - Pa.tiripjul tr.cut se intrebuinleaze:


    a/ 1aformareatirrlDrilar ptftcte ate\erb]lor (dupnauriliarul ro U\YE):
    I h uvc secn
    I had seen

    ! 1780

    I s hat t h a l e s c e n l
    I shoutd hale secn

    b) la lonlrarta tunjugdtii Nsirc (it\)n auxitiarul to BE):


    I am s-"en
    ! sh.U le scsn
    I am beinescn
    I ivasseen
    lct nre be seen
    I \ras beis seen
    t) ca adjectie:
    lhc rrouts..JreFard
    long-/o.s,rcDmemories
    s,tdd nissils
    iet piapeLledp]rane
    ^
    Cu funclio de ad.iectir. participiul trecut are si grade de comparalie:
    decided more (lecid-"d most decided
    sh.ken mofc shaken- nost shakn
    (V c ri q i S 8 0 { -3 0 :i , 2 ? i s )
    5) Tr$dncere.
    Participiul trecub se trAducc tD limba
    4) qt participiul ,'.'.?zt atunoi cind are rol de adjectiv:
    ir p, , , r / , , pb{ r ( p " g i r,.r.rr"
    d I " " t ' , d m J nt { u r o 1 ' In ' .,1 ,
    1 l,arncd

    {adjc.l.iv) este pronrntat ['1.:nrdl.

    romAnI:

    .a 1761

    b) u tintpuL9i mod.ultespectiv. atunci cind tri ln compunereatimpurilor perfecte sau a diatezei pasive (impreunn cu auxiliarul ctnd cazul):
    I l,aaes.en ],i (: I am ldzut. il lazni)
    I h Jtl s , n }im ( :

    |\

    il \ iir us Pm )
    Jl
    ''

    \ l/

    l i"

    'l )

    -{ se cornpara:
    lle l,assonclifiI. (-{ im!lirii i0 dc ani.l
    H. is s"'s liitJ. (-\Itrgc!c ir) d{i ani )

    s 1762

    PAETICIPITIL ItrRFENT
    (TfIn rEBr,.ncrr{RrrcrP4)

    l?68

    Participiul perlcct este format din participiuJ


    i) Iormi. Diafezi.
    plezeni a) au:iiliaruluito II,\\'E. urmat (]e pariicipiul trecut al 1'erbuluide
    (onjugat.
    Partiiiipiul perlect are diatezli actil-i ,(i pasil-;:

    1?li{

    2) lnlclcs, lunctii. -- ParLicipiul perrccL expriln:i anteljodtatea unei


    , {i rni .: rr'l';,lin';ti ru,"ri..,,rui ;,.um,r. n!i, l l
    irp. JF pu7, " .
    i'r-a.-rl
    ,ra.nriml':
    r"
    lnrrr':
    r'r "\i;r'i. pJ: rrad,r'^p'r1"F-- "
    tr-un timp perfect trl iDdicativului intr o propozilie temporalii ori cauzaln"
    sau nDrlr-un gcrunzru:

    hrring be.n called lpnsi\)

    tttrins liritlvr) l1er \|otk, she $enl oDl.


    lIr1pd,.. ia l,rnind, Iu:rN!. a iciil. raz Ea a ir,:it deaareu l;i t,ml.d."r lulrd.)
    :l: 'o, ll' I |
    .. h
    , "- . 1 ' l
    ' o lD .f. ., | .o."d
    . ir . p. l
    n b. , I . i. , t , , . , r e4
    Tl,f corch hu.ried to lhe stadirrnr. na'n,g rptu r,ld lhat hc $'as wtrnicd. (I'asitl
    .ri cra r.roie de !1. anLrrorul alrrgi la strdion )
    a.tp,rrdr-is.

    Pdriicipiul per{ectare ivnntainl rle a da o mai n,are eursilitate siilulL,l


    prnr faptul cn iilocuilte o intreaEnpropozilie.
    '
    Llneoli. jn
    1705
    3) lnlocuirca tarti{riliului prrte(f r:ri participiul prczcnt.
    locul parLicipirrluipedert se intrebuinieaztpnrlicipiul prezntpentrLr.r se
    r\pri,n.r o a,iltune cAle a lre,,edat i'nc.liat ocliuner v$bllhri prcdiratl
    :1.rnn,s (: liariis ,rrri*dl at dl oliicp.Nrl.rioli|I. I sl,)rpedio look aLthe waU
    ls.sindd4\'r.incasuzila l,iNn.n'.omrlril sn lrivfsc sartJ de rer.te.l
    ,,rJt;r
    i
    ilnirin d n r
    ,\a jir( t
    iL 'in dn ir

    lra ng c nidc dl t he ii. er t


    r , all. s l i . l o o l , c d t o r | $ r t .
    sala dc c olc ot . . Anii
    r n s . ann li b o . l
    ha ring s aidi goddl, r e. lr ! hI L lhc l o u s c .
    znr a bun: i. ! l. c i. i

    s r76G

    r, \RTItPrUt
    LTrrn llSSIrD

    I .r SI\r

    l,lnTrtrrl,|)

    17t;'7
    1) Timt. --Partiripiul pasiv urlr ilorn tnnpuri: prezeni r"i perfert.
    1?08
    l) l'orm:i. Parliril,iul paslv esle fornral cu ajuLorul partitipiului
    trezent.re".pectjrpedect. nl auxili rului to BIj. urmnt, de fariicipill tr!.ur
    al vrrbrlui dc coiju{atl
    ],cing callcd (pr.zcDtl
    (liird chcna ll

    haring ri..n .allcd ipideru

    Prilr tcmrrnul ,,parlicipiu" st, inyltgc aiLi si gcrundirul, acesta conlundildu.so lormal cu parlicipiul trlzent sau pertecl.atjt le diatczaartirn, cil
    ;i h cea pasird.

    a7
    3) Intrebuinrare. - A se vedea lntrebuintarea DdrtrciDiului o&zenh 1?69
    prs;v la S 1700-1708.s prfli.ipiului p.'fo.t taci\ la g l;C4. isr r serun,ii.
    wului cu lnleles pasiv la 1 1750.
    Participiul trecut, al verbelor tranzitiye are senspasiv cind estintrebuinlat atlL l'erbal, ctt si adjectiral (S 1688).

    s 1770

    CONJUGANEASI]IIPLA,I. UNUI YERR NEGULAT


    TO C,ILL

    l{ CHFt\I-{l

    DI.{'I'I]2,\ P]\SIVA
    {Passrv!vorcE)
    INtI\ITIV

    Prezelnl ( Ptesent)
    to be caued{: a li chcmat)

    (1t?L\'1?1IZl

    Pertect ( Pcrf.ct)
    to have been callcd (: a li lost chenrt)

    I'IIiTIC]PIU ( ]JANTICI PI,E)


    PrczaJr\ ( ptesent)
    being called (:

    Trcut fP.rst_/

    liind chemat)

    cRllcd (:

    MODUL I\rlIC-{TIV

    Pfizan+, ( besent)
    I dD callcd (:

    sint chc al.)

    you are ralled

    Pefii,ct ( P$f.11)

    chematl

    haring bcen calted (= Ijind chciiatl

    ( I ND IC/1TM

    ]IOOD)

    Tre1Art(Pa
    Tense)
    Lrds callcd i- erim (lusei,fui, arn losu
    Jou werc orlled

    lui

    s he l .s .d r. J
    J
    {c are calted
    Jou are callcd
    thX .rre orlled

    1 " ,. , " o
    "j l."
    wo $ere called
    woe oalld
    -vou
    ihey Fere call.d

    Prezent pcrfcct (betent Perfect)


    I
    b .n rdlho ( d , r o " r e 5 m d '
    "v p
    .\ J J .,r" b "-n , 1llF J
    s' @t
    I I/
    l n . ' lhd

    Treout perf0ct (Past Perf.ct)


    I h /d o " p 1 .d l ..J
    .v ,u I' a ,l b " a nrl l l q
    n"r
    s i P,h J l D -!.d l l
    o

    rve hare heer called


    you l,ave }cen called
    they hare been {.rlled

    we hail bccn called


    you had been callcd
    thcy had been odled

    i rJ i rl

    \iitor (Futarc)
    T & o r' oe,
    r'F,l \.\oi
    Le' 'alJei
    ]', . \ h. l
    sl p l { l-bp,1' l"J

    ,u l

    rve sna, bc called


    you will be crlled
    they will be called

    Ii ,n "r . r . '

    lriitor perfect (Fntve Pcrfed)


    I s lr llhav . Lqn. dr lp d l
    - \oi t:ioJ LU $il hdr p b . n , d l h 'l
    h
    I
    . l- ) s ill l' "f . b
    "n,alpJ

    'r sna[ have been ca]led


    \r.
    lou will hare been called
    they will havc bcctr callcd

    r l '. "

    348

    Yiitorul hli de tre0ut


    (ltntwe in th? past)

    Yiitorul lerf(t lati de lreeut


    (Futur( Pilt(t in lhe Pnst)

    r sn,"l.l ne orll.d (: voi ti oheDut)

    I sl,z/d l,a!c b.rn cllld (: roi li l.st


    o h e m a rl
    .!!u *otrI./ |.ve li.etr rall.d
    hcl
    I' Is ,u ' | | ' \' L..,,| .J

    Itd rrolld le called


    nel
    l' , r d
    -r"l '
    Ir l ' , " r
    r. ../,atu t,. f.lllcrl
    ron Nould l]c .iallc.l
    thel \rrxlii bc ialld

    \rf rn,all lr ilf l).rr riilleri


    r.tr *!uld hir. tr.!r cnll.d
    ther Fcnkl lrdlc bcfn orLlled
    \lOlI_L SLITJO\CTIV (St,RJ{t,\t 't IfE

    lornr:r \e(he
    (I llt'?t"tluttit de tlnt)
    I l)! ,iil].d

    'n-

    .h" Ilh

    Fonna
    |rczc\\t (hesent)
    I \vo.e r,rllpd

    rnoderni
    Pttttct (Pcf.ct)
    I l,ad LJeeic.lled

    ( si fi tusl chetuai.)
    tou liad |c.n .allcd
    h")
    sh-" I hrd been crlled

    ,rl

    nt' l

    ir

    Nc l,ad btn called


    aon hrd becn o.lled
    ther hid lePn called

    trol)t,I, co\!I1loN_\r,
    I'rtzt\rt ( Prts.nI)
    I rl,rl.l bc .al]fd l- ai Ii chemrt)

    (co.lDtTlo\.1L

    aoD )

    I sn,rld

    ha\1 boJr 4llcd

    Jon \vonld har. bc.n callfd

    .IP )\n xld

    sre | \roultl bire

    ,t

    'll.d

    rlJ

    Iou rLould l)e .alled


    Nolld rc .alled
    utl

    Persoana a 2u sg.
    bc clllcd 1: liichcnat)

    s 1 771

    .t

    ii losl

    callerl

    IOAD)

    Ptrsoana a 2-a pl.


    lretalled(: lili chenrili)
    OOIJUOAR]]-I P,lSII.tr CONTI-\U,I
    (YeziS 1t9;)
    I'IAINZ-{

    Dethritie, Diatezele snri catcgorii Sranal.icah


    s'17i2 raporturile
    djotre subicct si corDplementul direct.

    liil

    leer

    (-

    \r. J/e,/d ]tarc lu


    called
    ron Nould have becn orlled
    ih,.v {ould huvc leen calLd

    ODLL IIIPD}I_\TIV (1tr?LB4'lIfE

    1ii:|

    ( P.rft,::t)

    |erfrti

    r"on $rntld |e !,rxtul

    hl

    }IOOD)

    vcrbdlc care indirn

    1) Diateza attili (ThL ALtire I'oice).


    Diateza a.l;/.i arali ci subieclul
    prop.rzilici esfe autorrl acliunii rpr;natc dc rerb:
    Cathycalledyeste,darto seero,,.
    2) Diatcza pasini ( t he Passir. l;oic.).
    Diitezalarir, aratd ci subiec
    tul propozjliei (subiectul gramatirdl) u estc autorul aeliunji verbului, ci cn
    El sulern acliunea al cdrci auto. fsle complenr.rtul direft (subicctul logic).
    ctnd vcrbul c tranziLiv:
    The cleciri. mte. ,ros rudd lasl Neek thr i|e usdal man)-

    SIMPI,A.

    DIATEZA

    PASIVA

    Complementul(b! the usuaLm&n). t lr|1r"o|pl,nmt d( dft,r1.Doateii { 177;


    Fxprindr , nd,.'" inJir pen.dbil .i,sului. dar rn generntipse.i'.:n.p..iHI '
    ln limba englezdmodernn:
    Thc tracloN nad ,!en o'drnd&Lt in lhe $irter
    The Io". iso vi. r oF r - r , . r . - a dt t t t . . . ; gt I .

    Diortls.

    3) Diateza reflexird, existDtdin limba romani fmi 5!dt. te in,brdri. se I l7i6


    rrde. / rut !n,Jsptft.lau lh.\ (:JouNth hp .tta-. th;;s tl/l..rp arir Jp
    rara ln li, ,bs -no'"/i ir, i r L,odr^li .on.rd,
    .e in^\i:
    -nt;. r\;zi ;i S Zt-r,,
    '1'd
    0bserea!ie
    Ilumai tfb( le ,.dn.r;lipd.inchrsiv celeprcIrozilionale(S 1319, 1325. 2195). $ 17i?
    pot avea diatezi pasivA.
    Tnrrp moJurile tj tirnturil, tunJulnrii sitnpter pot ar.a Iornre pasivn. S l;78
    .
    Lo fott.t,t.oto 'onttrua \n.t, numAt rr,- t,t.,l .i tF,ttrl ;nJttat; ,ldi. nrc,_m
    Fi ptp'"ntLt.ut rn th.t/,ri por at", ti.rmi. pr..i',. \Fzi ,"1,-tut,t" ta i t;q5/.
    4) Patternul diatczolor estc:
    S l?S0
    : subiectui i r.erbut predicat a0t,i\. (evntual prca)
    la
    diale.a
    .
    .dctirai
    cdat sau urnaL de complenrentulnrdirect) { ionptementul dircct;
    q
    1,
    .
    , b) .su diqrp prs;r./: bdbi- r,rl r-r'but pr,.Ji,."rp..rv {F!, rtusl pre
    mdar
    urn.rr JF !o,,Tl-n,anrut i,,diB.,
    ",-n,,,..t ,o"tt.m,n,,,i u.
    agent.
    Erenple,.
    Diokza o.tirdt T\ro lrofessonh.r\f c.nr-"to {clcomethcir toreisncoleaocs.
    TheI ar s],o*nrg(tol' the risjro|s ihe nijw 1,.li.i.ectrnjc'buildinss.
    Diare.apasied: The visitorsafc sloNr ur. nei! Potttr.imicnnildnigs.
    5) Formarea,tonjugirii l6,sit'c. lreccrca de ta r:onjusarea detn.i la ,_en S l78l
    p".ira sc to"c in moJ,rl
    ,ootJ.t,Ft.tttt
    t rprtului e, riv ,t-rir.
    'rrn,lrrorr
    "l16;../
    rin.a,,ul noflri .li\,i.ubi.l.l
    r"p6r1u; n":r,1.\in. (F!,nru"tl .omnt.m-,
    1
    (ln cazul acuzativ) pfecedat,de prcpozjtia D4; r.rDrl d.tir esteinlocuit ;u aurii,
    liarul ,o B-L, ld ac.lasi.tinp,rt )rod, urmat, de Jnlrticipiut 1rct at I-erbului
    actir:
    ma .r i .,.r \d..r !\d.1. \,r'\
    I tnJi.o!:
    I llL I.".1 Lj.
    r..
    --"'- ut ,,alnt
    I
    't.."
    "
    -,.,,. .,r i, m t...1.
    |
    I
    /'',h
    \' r \
    l t,ai"*.
    l t t f r v . ,'oLet
    ' .-' ' _ .' _ * ''',,
    " ' h. \ q T" . : \ .
    I
    I
    ""
    | .t , et,r
    - - - ' - ' - -. te"r"t

    I \\

    , . h- . bt t . t |h

    .n

    \.r,\
    t du.
    '.
    ( - ..ia.,D tt,

    I r.,.,
    , "- /" _r . ,
    I
    '.
    j ,^ !
    '" |

    J
    I
    t
    )

    T i \t,o tp l .' T ,h a ,/ r.,,t t' .. n" $!. t\, v


    T ' " . \- h ,d .--.." ." ,
    t., th" rn d L pr" ri
    < r- ri l / J /l r L p rn l
    "
    " (r ' rnr r-\,t:\
    | ..ta r b .d u d \t In rh . m n " n: I' bJ ,-. r,a.,

    I v,;,-p,1",

    id.

    t,1

    bta,.ht

    1\

    l,: 'ipii, ,r'


    I +:! ':i::";:ri,":::::l:i: 'j',""b;\

    I,,Clnj,usarea simpli" esie


    ' z(. i' ,ll,tu t bl in dt* !'r
    "h " a 71 ,omp n "n l .l in lir"l.

    obiinuill a vc.Iului. in cortrasr cn ,,corjugr


    'roDjusarca
    , onr p, ' n, r r ' r ldj
    t olr ' , - , l
    ,
    Pr.pu/it J n.,1- udr' , ' . . r . . ' r l' n 1, d. 1.

    $ 1?79

    s50
    I v,.. 1",'t ,t" *,,

    I \' riv
    I sh'd'{ {Md Ihe Fonctor
    { I l,:,:,,'""Ji d, nnpt Son S @ " r d r p s o'linnPr'
    d a d p db y h i a i

    I lit , ot ,e ne .t laL
    I dp tu a;t

    I Thev
    ha, e dueht l h e l o a c h e r b e l o r p n , s n t t ) l l . l \ r l i v l
    "no&ld
    bJ do$. rPd.iv,
    1 Th; t hi. t , hout l ho, ; b. . n.a ; s , t /

    ot p rcte nt
    | .oh,j;ian
    -'
    '
    I
    1
    I Canditiandt petfect

    x , r L' J
    r ' it 1 4 \ p l o 'n F J
    1: h",
    r
    "r ' ur
    | | "haut d b" ". c u"ed il I e \ n l o l , l e d { P i'\. :'r\ r \ '
    f I'd, ha,e cattet i^ a iJactot iI I (had) needcd one. (Activ)
    I, S d.cto! qauld h@c beeD!,n, 10. il hclp had been necessa.y.

    I {pasir)

    | |

    -, .

    Fnc

    li

    c \\a o .L .d

    (\'

    l ,D t

    lPdsivj

    'l rn.l '.


    1 i i i . i i " ' i ''; .'" ;" ;: ":i"; r tl;;' h r P"",' ,

    1(,():l,l
    I s,07,
    '' p*1"
    ' { :Jii:::,i,i,liif;.i;1,;,:,'"
    tI'

    t^ p '-i'

    - , ''

    i.rl;-..
    I thr -ati!
    sdb io "!tr)
    | |
    I Indbn';
    brc:ent

    I -"', I-

    p . , r:, , r d . i.
    { ?:o",i i l ,";"'i ;J '):a o , $
    r l- c l n, ". "11 pr . ' lA' t : . 1
    \ L"t n* 1, . at bd ( bl m r | {t J . i f J
    \( i\l
    | \\'. rfe /'e1,in! hrr.

    1s

    i" b,,,; r";,./ D) L.. ra,:!.

    | l n p r,, rc l p t,h t,p ,.,l l rp' .r\,' i \


    1 rt, .,.i t,tr.n rp ;" L " :.s l.! teo Ly

    n Lt.' si !,
    "
    1789
    6) \'erbul compl6x. - Ctnd verbul act;1'esi,e urmat, de o pariiculd adverb i i l a s au, , 1" o t r e ,p n z i l i "
    l a d i al aza pa.i vi a.FS l ca si n' pu.e
    ' o r,' l i l i o n a ' i r.
    rmet|rar, l:lupa verD I
    cu ptlrticuLd. ad.aerbialdl
    \\e sh.uld nu thn oz first. {Activl
    \he:i aaukl be tial, an tist by us. (Pasiv)
    cu prtpozllLe:
    T hev dB s r ed ti ,s ro v o r. { ]\u ti v l
    \ oi at e t ' . ins _ a /,.. 6 i P * rr
    ' p o ' te , h i m. (\c i i { l
    s he ndl loo& ;/
    fle he,t bun tooked.
    dfto (by hc..) (Pasill
    r'rb " r F t t ; " r t d
    a d t rb i a tn i fu t y ,1 ' o -;7 e :
    I m6i, da awda rtn it. (-{ctivj
    Il mrlst 6e lo,, aQa! Qtrr. lPasi\a
    No one oan rz, zp ;rn hci anr lorger. {Acti!)
    Sh".cn.t beiut ui eilh any lons;r. (Pasi\'t
    1783

    ln limba englezn sint frecvente formele caraclerislico tle pasiv ale unor
    verbe prepozilionale al ciror complemeni lipselte:
    The! eerc ldugh..l at.
    (Rldea huea de ei.)
    .\ t,(i /o s s p ,t /," .
    (S-a l.rimL-dupi un tari.)
    Qt 't r\e b. spole\ k?
    (N n i s e p o a i e a o fb i ? )
    'fh snm couldn'l bc accounted
    fat.
    (Snda n"a lutut li juslilicaul).
    \te lan beins attended1ol
    (Sintcli sovir?l
    I' i

    j.n

    .d 5 y

    tt .4 kt;,

    L ]. ,. " o m L l " r' ,:


    I \_e zi
    S 2!9 3.

    tt,;.r"

    , ,.

    .1 .i p \p .,.i L or l u' ruri -.

    SNPTA,

    D:r\TIZA

    361

    PASIVA

    Lds na& an April lool ol


    (-{m fosr pic{]ii. de I alrdtic.)
    An agrcemcnl aas arttre.t at.
    {s a ajuns la o lnlelesre.)

    7) Vorbul aetiv cu doui complemeDtc. Ctnd un verb actil' are doun S 1?84
    complemente,
    unul direcLqi celdlalt,indirect,completuentul
    directde,-ineaileseori subiectulverbuiui pasiv, conshuctieprelerati ln limba liirard:
    ch" h 4d .d
    'l"n { omp l. ind: r . l t h" pt : 1 I , onol. d: r . 1 . l A c r i \ l
    ' t h. p" t ?
    $ir l , 1, , oaL r / "a , , o. , ! l: : ndi, . , br | " r . {f i " i r
    "rb prt
    \" $ nl //p ,;r,in a rhd - pion l"nr Dl. . r lit \ 4 p, p
    rn' r0t. ,lir.l. \r ivl
    "n.n l t . i n d ; . . ) b \ '. . a t t .
    ,,r p.", L,r.o q I, sJ
    nt t o t hp n ; , r ; r B, dapi6n To
    tP"":,
    l n a"es caz. comp lpm . nlul
    i' r , lir a t r dm ir ". d
    jn limhJ p nglpr d B. t ot nql Do' t r
    ti F. l , nulllil
    1

    strp i|| propo,iLin


    dr t i r r " i i n u t l .

    pasiv6

    In unele cazuri insi. in special ln limba vorbi'ln. adseori si ln stilul folm , cotnplemenlul ind,iect d.e\ina subiectul verbului pasiv, complementul
    ( Retain.d AccuttLtite) (- acuzain re!in;t):
    d;rect rdnlnlnd ca
    ^rarc
    Thcv
    \re.e all $anted s./dbBnipr.
    (Li 's,a acordat-i.utu.or brrse.)
    The children $ere otfercd t.es.
    (coliitor li s a drt Inshetra6).
    I n'as set an inl.ercstingrdsn.
    {Mi sa trasat o sarcin{ interes.rrtiL.l
    You hare been atlotted d sh oI money.
    (Vi s,a alocai.o sume d bani )
    (h { i
    r hd / , r aPJ
    b, r ! j- , 1
    , re.
    .oto.
    (\.' f s uli , d c it dlur . ' r . n'
    'fh F Air '
    s o ns . o o lul l ( nr r , r , ,
    'r L
    i ,e \,,.n .
    ,[- ".
    "LP\
    "t

    g 178;

    ' Principalele verbe active al ciror complemenl, indircct poai,e del,eni


    subiectul verbului pasiv, tn vrenre ce complementul dire.rl estu pestrat ca
    atarc. slnl: d.coril. dlor. tLLIow,
    award. c.Lus..cammduL dcn!/. giue.ran\ leaee,
    offcr, ot(la, paA. p.jnit, protnise.refusc.sau. shot\,)spare. t.ach. tdl .Ic.
    8) \ierbele to bid, to make, to $ee:to $atch, to hear, to feel, to lct, care $ l?SG
    la diateza actiTi .qint urmatc de infhiiivnl inconplci (: firn particula to),
    cer la dialezapasili infinitivul precedatde t., (' 1662-1664).
    9) lomra iDrporsonnli
    din limba rornAnn..se
    spure", ..seIace",,,secrede" S 1;B;
    eio. esle redalArdeseoriin limba englcziiprh acelasirerb la dialezapasi\n.
    subiectul nce-rrLiiaiiind .romplonren
    L.ul in;l;rect al icrhului impersonat sau
    subicclul tropoziliei compleli\-edirecte din linba romAn6:
    f,li s-d orrr,Icfma:
    Ii ." z dar un oimet
    I s-a dcotdal ordinul
    I s u v,s cd snrt aiei
    & e,e sttrdtJilo. sn

    I rar i/roi
    orer ihe iarm.
    dc cconomii.
    I ias stretr a SaliDg! Book.
    l\furcii.:
    He *ds dq\t,tuI thc Orilcr ol Labaur.
    : He rra3 r,L l rrrs here.
    trinite ceroilc. -= Student$r.e /eqzied to scnd iD tl,.ir aplliIi j d .efur si .i!inm. : We q,c/. art.l lo srng.
    oiL{cl) rste (un) savant. : He tr Joi.7 to b! a stiolar.
    ^\i,.?zn?
    \1 r' l
    - (' i) . , rJ d
    Tlt p. \ ' ' p b, J ". 4 t
    .,\
    1 1 ld' " lr
    d ptl,j".ie,
    I x \ a. ' . a
    . ttpa. J|o,or|"
    .\, Ihorl
    I c u f d. sau For dctub ers . nlJ .
    .t o
    La !,t.: lilmrl ro Df , oc 8. a.
    Ttp Rumatri.n pirture
    ' . i: q I r . , p. l. , lJ o, , r - .
    i < . . p o.l. d t o lri\p s
    lh ts Aold m t s dr l 'n

    ,q.ltoconstructiiimpeNonaletrailuse{iu pasirul in limba englezi:


    Lrtu a tti tu da sedtua alinvnlia lui este etooald.
    : h qiU be rcali..d that his i!!.nl.ion 1s omelious.
    \u sc paate nintni bizui pe er.
    Sr,. is n,r ta bc Nlied. upat.
    -

    852

    CiteuLfanne uzualede pasfu:

    I a n ( sa r L du. l t old

    I aus r'., (at the station)


    I .ras errtr to rn.le$tand...
    I (as sn,@z to the door
    -{or arc &anted (dn the DhoneF l , )
    It ts { s au o, as l s ai d ...It ts { s . t u , . s ) r no ? s ns, a u b c L tt,p t...
    To be callal tnr
    The horse is ro 6, lzr.
    Wl\at is to ,e done?

    1788

    (N i s -a spus...)
    (F{ ce l.i se spune.)
    l u r ,ni l sd n,a i d dF l d C d,d.l
    l l l i s r dai a ntcl ege...)
    iAn lost condus'Dlni la usll.
    (U-an lacut si jstrpt.)
    v 6 , b ure .i npl J fl r i t" ton pL. )l
    i 5 e s D unel al ...
    I
    i s e c i e det.i ..t,P ,...ri5on,,D ;d,ndturulLa \pn, si ri di up
    sclsoarea.I
    (Casa este de inchiriat.l
    (ce este de l:lcut?)

    10) \'orbeleto HAI'E, to BE qi to cDT pot ti tnrrebuinlarein uneteforme


    spcialeeu nuanti de pflsiv qi Inlelescauzaliv:
    to H,\Irtr:
    \\ l' . \
    v o. 1 ,,, y o u r s h u " ss rt," d l o r .n c" .
    I r , .' lor
    n'ilr J . d ,, i ^ a . o d d .A ti i u .,rd g ,.i psi --i tuJru." ;trtJrtoti i
    'r
    He /dl his tfouseN ,fasd.
    t$i-a cilcai lantalonii (h croiro.).,
    Shc nad a drcss nat .
    Lqi,a ricut o rochic lla croitoreasi).]
    Thev Ao.1thrir slo\.es.lcond.
    | ) , . au , ur , lldt n i a n u ..;t"(l d s p i l a i u a .r.l
    l'l1 nare rou inoo thai l'am a qua]iliedNorke..
    Tin sa ttiji cI sint munciror ialilicat)_
    Jim nad lis rline /,iia,t d.
    (Arionul pilolat de iin a tost dltumar.t
    Adre the sec.etarvdn,o"n.e you.
    (cer/oerelisecreaa hi si G/ve aDurte l
    T h" gn\ F n' n nl l d .
    to .d d" $ o rt" r. i td t.1 r ,r/j.,l t r\ r r:, Lr.ntfr.
    ' rr
    { S ' d, uln, n. lr u .r" :n ro .tJ ,a .d a Ird rri n .n rr,n,,t.,r..!,,' n, r .n.r' o,i .

    to BE
    Shc wanted hfr dress to be madc nl hone.
    (\roia sn i se lac{ rochir acasi.)
    Tlrrr'
    u"d, md a .1h" to bp Lrculltt. nh$q - to t. q,rot s" t. and p{-t\thng n bp d.4.
    .
    o{ ore rtrp (Fd drn g.
    {At' comandnt sli sc aductl u t.xt. sr1se uanjcze flori ii totul sii lic gata inainte de

    fu GNT
    cd, lhis done quicklyj

    (Da si se laae aclasta repdet)

    I\ ' h" r p do . 1o. x p r \o J r s \o p sa e " d e dr


    lUnde it i ildr g h e n i tet0 rc p a rJ ti l
    Y ou n . s t s pl r 1 F ttd .to r o . r.J < dto
    (Trcbuie sa te ocupi 5i se rcpafe traotorul.)
    c v onr!1 " . a .1 i n -i ,r p s re tn d e p t i ni r6 dp subi prt, , i Je fl l l .i neva,
    . .l r r s + . r "
    ' .ti a D a s i !i obi snui td..i dF compl enrentul
    Sr n r' r r ulpnlJ ilr e l .d i I| .o n s tru
    d i 'p .1. \ , ea. ' u t or m e d p p a s i v b a rra d u c a !u : ..a Ll ar sd-i tacA ., ..a D us oc .i ncva
    s5 .i f. d" r h. t ( e ) [o ;rp [a i r,: \re tf;,.) rn o ,h p n l o.s.n.

    Obserrd!ii
    a) ln caz:..{leacesteade pasi\, inrrogalia si nesaria v erbutlti to EA\E
    S 1789
    ir lrcF cu ojulorul auriliarutui Dr) (( nl0 .l9lJj:
    \\'l'ere /id you lrlc }our drrss made?
    T het dt dnl ha!r tl ' e i i s l o re s c te .,n e d .

    SOPTA.

    DIATEZA

    PASIVA

    35C

    b) \erbul to GET n1ai poate fi utilizat li cA auxiliar al unui pasiv:


    S 1790
    IIe !o, &t/ld durinr the $ar in nn air rajd {: waskillcd).
    'r'.p-bo\s, .,tl.{/,;,o", nc ,rJin I th".ie!Lr I \as Lruenrl.
    T t ci'-.tupt;.t,-;u ai"a-.y smrn't' \/r; shipsr-,hedl.
    lItr,buinla'Fo
    ir lo, rl cux i"rul,ri BE aLlucc,cum e
    "u\ilidrului GEI
    Iir"s., In plempnt mri Llinami .or tF\'ul,ri.
    11) Verhe activo cu yelorro d0 pflsiv. - Unele verbe intranzitive, degi g 1?91
    forini activi, au waloare de pasiv. Ccle mai caracteristice sint ardtate

    ln urmitoarele propozilii:

    Sn ,i l \ 0hy s on . r | . ra n n u l b p d rL e J r.
    ") Hd m. , r ' q; r l w, lh m u s l ;tu { i s e o o d$ h " ;4 /ta n $i l ' r nu,rJrd).
    Your skin /crls smooth {: is smooth s'hen lelt).
    \e l o n s don l ; / o, { . (a n ro l n e :ro ^ fd
    These piuN don't pal casily (: canrot be peeled).
    l l :. a c uT c lr lhil r," ./,ra ' $ l l I
    ;" rl u m e Jr.
    Hi s p opm. r i, ill " lq .l \- s o u n d ;,' l' l..n
    " i s,"h l i u h .o i r i . " " ddt.
    Tlre rottery s//s$eli l: is .asilv soldi.
    T, i i ;. l" dt . inFds r . . rr{ l d r ( r b i h " \i ," n
    " \tAI,.
    His coat had a collar thal lune.l d,oq't l: qas
    iumd dosn).
    The silk is suaranteedt ,rash (- can be \i']lshedl.
    You wlu lird the dressped. $ell (: witl be wom a long tin).
    (Ve z i s i 5 tt8 t)

    $ 1792

    D/ Unele verbe au adcsea \ aloare de pasirla{orma contiDui a ver}ului:


    Th e c ot t as eis hildn ,a l - i s b e i n t b u rl t.
    th ".r . { ier .
    a? bt.;:" I a rp -L " j n J b ,u " ..,.
    i s b i n g d o -n ".
    l Th "rp- ir ol. hi'g / on g
    H n .a m d r o s pp aha r ro . d a trc I trd s b " i n s d ^ n " ).
    u rp a l d, s . oe" r F sup p L mtn i { . a - b ,i n s p -!;rdr.
    Th e book ir r r i, / i, j a :l s l .fn g !.i n te i l .

    ! 1793

    CONJUGABI]ACONTIIUj. A UNUI VDAB REGUL-{T'


    TO tX CAILL\G (A CHEILI)

    DI\TIi]ZA ACTIY,A.
    (ACTIVE VOICE)
    I\!-INITIV
    Prer,ent (PNse
    to be calling {*

    )
    a chen.)

    IIOTJUL INDIC.\TIV

    Prezentr(Present)
    I @a calliDg (: chcn)

    f I]Y,FI,YI?'1r4

    Peficct (Perfect)
    h, have beencuUing(: { li chenat)
    (INDICATIfE

    MOOD)

    Trccnt ( Pdst Tense)


    I @ds canins (: chenam)

    sne I t! calling
    are callins
    "1'ou
    t to ctoss dinst theligh^ : a trare.sa pe rqu Dereglementar.
    /
    g
    'Pentru studiereaacestnitenomeng.amaticat!e?i 1796.1805

    s 1794

    MoRFoLoGIA.VERBUI,

    854

    Trueut Porloct

    Prozelrt Pede't
    ( P&.1 Perfect
    )
    ( Pr.scnt Prfecl )
    chemasem)
    ohemam;
    (:
    calljng
    becn
    am chemarl I had
    t hale becn"allils (: cnantl
    you had }een caxtng
    Joniave be.ncrurng

    ,uuo""n"""ot
    "ni"l
    '*" L"a l*" *'r1e
    cqlrlnC

    I r,""r""" ",rrns
    "nf;"
    *ru"s
    il-"rl"* r*n
    Ie e n c dr r r ng

    \ou had ben


    ihey had bcen caNng

    v ou ha t.
    i n ey n a ! b e enc ar nns

    Viitor Pertoct(Fut rc Perfect)

    \litor (Futte)
    I sluatile cal)irg (: voi chemo)
    you {ill be caLrrng
    sle I {ill be carrrns

    ll" ,ja.irn" *ui"e

    voiIi cl'mat)
    l,iKiiir:#"*"lf ""T'l'l:
    *iu r,"o"r""" *tti's
    "ni"\
    i,-",Lrr n"* r*n c'rine

    Tjili'""s
    {f},*l';""f"T:1"

    lou wjll be calltng


    ihey qill Ie callrng

    Viitorut Perfgottalii-do trecut


    (Fature Perfectln thPFost)

    Viitorut fatS'de hecut


    (Futur( in thePost)
    I s/D!/dbe caring (: loi chemr)
    Jou wouldbe callng
    sle I s!!rd i' car|ns
    le
    *1"
    carl g
    $odd be""tti"e
    vou"L,ia
    ilev Nouldbe carnng

    jjr*f .'le'f;
    lff \"J#i:'|.'{oitichema
    3f;"| *""tun.'"'*" *ui"
    li,.i.,ra la'" u""nc'tLL'g

    ifl"\Tli.'iJ;.';:1"""":iiH'

    MOOD)
    tIoDItL SUBJONCTIV(suBJUNCTII',E

    lormo recho
    dc tLmP
    )
    ( I nd.ependentai
    I be calting (: se cllelnj

    3,i"ir"*'';"

    trorma moillni
    Pcrla
    trcx9nt ( hesent)
    I werc oaring (:

    sa cheml

    ( Peiect)

    li
    t had bee calling (: sl
    Jou l LU dbeencal rrng

    s h" I $er P dLr f i8

    !i', I r',rt r""" "aling


    iil
    ii" r'"0 I'e"n oattlg

    \ou I'cd been caLL'ns


    inFv had bern carlBg

    *" * *t,''*
    iheJ be callilg

    NODUI, coNDTTION-\L GANDUIaNAL

    Prezent' (Present)
    a)
    I st@lld be calling (: a'1chc
    catltng
    be
    vonld
    Xou

    ff" | **ra r" *li"g

    iJ""t"u r"be""r11.g
    cdrrlng
    voLr Nolld
    ihey sonld be ' alr'tg

    MnD)

    Pefiec\ ( Pofecr)

    ri"r'""'"
    "u
    'f
    .l"Ji;il'Tf'r!;
    if
    f
    l""Yf
    I'f" | **ra r'*" t""" ""'ins

    "x'l*'
    ;ft:**":+*:t?tt:

    (IMPERA'IIVE MOOD)
    trIODUL INPERATTV
    lE callins(4 cheamar

    CONJUCIFEA

    36;

    COMINUA

    5 1795

    DIATEZA PASIVA
    (PA SS IVI V O IC D I
    INDIC-\TIY

    IIODUL

    (INDICATIYE

    MOOD)

    Prczout (hesent)
    ( : s in t c h c m rl )
    I d u b e i ngc dlled_
    r o u a rc b ong c aued

    TfiC].tt ( Past Tcnse )


    I (cs being called (: ritn c]'enatl
    Jou \rere being called

    beilc caued
    l,s
    we are iejng called
    vou are beins oaled
    ihey are biis called

    slre I ,ds beins crllcd


    we $'ere beinEcalled
    10u 1ee.cbeinc called
    ihey wue be,tis callid

    slle

    IIODUL

    SUBJONCTIV (SUBJUNCTIVE

    MOAD)

    Prezerrt ( Prc.sent
    )
    I wcre beiry caUed {: si liu chenat)
    fou were beinc called
    ie , sh c, i t wer i beins c c u e d

    wo were bin8 callcd


    you were beirg called
    Urey werc ben'g called

    $ l7s6

    CONJUGAREACONTINU-A.
    l'OBlr)
    (TEE COXTIT[-0US
    OB PBOGRISSIVEI

    ll Formi. - In limba cneleza, spre deosebirede limba romAui, existd $ 1797


    o coniusdrFnumitE,,coolinud: car" eiF to0tpmoJurii" Si limpurilenonjugirii
    a.tiv6 riu excep!iaparlicipiuluir.prerum qi .rLavdtorme dlP.onjugdri;pssi!'e
    cu ajurorul 3u\rlrarulu'lo tiL la
    ({ liqi,. Coniuqareaconlinuas- IorrnPazE
    toa'c limpurii. ai modurile,urmal de puticipiul pr"z'nt al !mbului dP !onjuqal,:

    !o be soins
    I an' soms

    to h3ve been soins


    I nad }cn soing -

    r was gonS
    I should be going, cte.
    I have beer soing
    (vezi tabelul conjugdrii continue la ! 1794)

    2) TrBd coro. In ljmba rom;n6 imperfectul fiind singurul timp care $ 1798
    0re,spp.L ronlinuu. loate plplelrerimpuriSi rroduri alF.oojug;'ii ronrinuc
    pnslez;s" Iraduc.u timp,rrila ,odutilf .onjugariisirrllo. dupi
    "um urmrszi:
    "i '
    Limba rom{lnd
    Limbs englezi
    Canjugarea actiod
    Conj gareauctitd continuii

    '\ ' , n' "1" l" Pro ero csie.lor onu po' dl
    tt..,, " f ,1n4 l.,g-,,
    ttt1
    p"ae^"o:
    i. r { "
    t FIa r '.
    p nA"e.r\1 rod tnd
    1,
    Jnb.
    ,
    ""
    'irl '
    ? rrld- r . r \
    I li t l. a I ns l"7 | , t o L" . r p oS ,, r
    r o d r o c . ' ' , . rsl;,A,liln
    14 r n dld. " l d a l i t"tl
    J . oni, q. ' r , i
    wl / " . us.F sili .lrJi,ai r-srr"Qpd. r

    d oJr46. ltl
    ' rr' ra.trrn/3rn ld:r 1d i '
    de\[i1!urn.e,t4

    Limba englczi
    Canjaguredactied continui

    Limba romentr
    Conjueueudctioii
    Prlcct !mpl r
    IIai mult ea lerle{t

    Viii.or fall de h.cut


    Vrtor pertcct la!.l de rrcrul,

    Subjonctiv- lorma veche

    cun,ritiunrr
    I i;;i#

    {
    J Indicativ lrezent lasiv
    rasi"I { Il$i::11;
    f.."""Ti'
    { Diareza
    I lndicaliv imperl.t pasiv

    ilustrare a se vedea traducerea exmplelor ce urmeazi pind la


    - .(Pentru
    rapilolului.)
    eflrtilul
    1799
    3) Fuorlii. - Conjuqarca.uolinua .orp lnbpbuintatd pFnrru pxprima
    o arliun" tptipohtrd ln dpsfo-luarc lin /urs, sau o starp t;mparcrd pr;st.ntd
    ln mom"niul vorbirii sau lo cursul unFi pFrioadedatc:
    A tia.
    I, atu qtiting t letlrt.
    tD4"L o sc.Noare,)
    Sh " h od 1 "P, l ai, s ir l r or J \ . . h.
    tzd.da lolna\J d; o s6lthini
    )

    Pasi.v,
    The tracio.
    is beinE oeethaaled,.
    {Tracio l .s,e ln re'aizie.)
    A p arlv ni iorp ilr "r s / , r / D. iaa r lr o, h t he ilnl - .
    {Unu i g.u p dp alr J ' n: is " d. r id nr d: . ul. l

    18 0 0

    Tin p u r ile
    de bo:i ale conjugn rii
    c o n t in u e(p re z e n t uhl,e c u t u l
    vjjlorul)
    cxp
    nd
    acliunea
    ln
    desl5qurai.e-la
    mamentdat (prezentrlrecut
    w
    ti
    sau viitor) sau il\lr-o perioadddatn (prezntd,irecuti sau viitoare):
    A C t LA .
    Lookl It ;s ro;ntna.
    luirel Ptaud.)
    S r r ns as I ' nr n in i .o l l a n d , l . I s ," i s ,," /,.s
    n ]-hrourh: noN .
    I S r nJ s 'ul ln S.o 1 :dd 1 ' a ' u m l d -.r? d l a P v B oLt\.t
    Whcn I cane in, llrey kele its,eDtnsto the wea ier lorccast.
    (Clnd am intrat, a!.irdz buletinul meteolologic.)
    S hp x or / li, s p a p p rsrl t d l h ro o o n .
    t lD. | d o. d" jdi h i r' i i h .n d , s d r" l o d rad d p d -a mi rzr_
    He oi b. t.aeellinsla Deva at live tomorro\,.
    t(El) ra ii ln drun apreDeaa mline Ia ora citrci.l
    I thdlt b. rcadias in the \ibrarri lor a iew davs vet.
    (I/ot mai ctt la billioiec{ incd limp de cltyd zile.)

    1 ll!ruu hL p lt6d9l u
    I )
    r i r , or r J u m t r , bar a I d ! d t r . , r
    mdi ! r cii o rai fon da l dp, oloni.^-liid. . Dgl"z i t TheP; ls - n I a t h q s ) \ n
    ia i620 i f.l veche m dLr de aulom nbil

    DFvon. AnctjJ r, / cel


    M r s i , \ c - . '. . , i U A ,

    CONTGAREA

    CONTINUA

    85?

    Pa si p .
    \l e e p l" J ir s c os t s . , r d !r!n s u b s rd n l i rl r.
    /o l ri r4 o F du, pr " 6r b s ra n l ri ti d tr ru ri ,J r,o s r.r
    I n 1,heschoolthe clrirdrs) q'erebeinENalI laak.:tt\ttar .
    (La icoali, colriii e.du blne tne,iili.)

    tr'oartoimportelt :
    A sF,ohs pr r s f i odF tu to t.\l ti n tp p r-.h t rs tc i n ,l;" oti \)Lttpr" ztnt conti nuu
    .
    fl uu rn d i c at lv ul pr z c n t s i mp l u :
    \yldt a./ .)or d,ins th!e:
    Ld
    tr ' r li,g
    a s$ "J' e r .
    l!P id , i Jco ln . tin sfcsr m o Dext,!
    th Ph ks
    u l JPt. u .l

    Cbi"r da.a rimpul prpzpntconsl4 dinrr o r, rio0Ja mai Indetulrard {ca


    ln F\Fmplul,lp lsta). daco rFlprimla momcnLttpr. r,r/ v.rbLl !0 ar Fa forme
    ',.
    prezenh ui conti,nuu.
    "Look at he.l $rhat is sheloing?",'Shets doi,s tap dancingr.,,
    lntrebuinlare a indicativului prezent (vezi S 1806) are cu rorul alte impli,
    . ..
    calx.
    (o.nt.in-u.
    Tinpitr,ile.
    p.rfectc
    erpdme acliuneain desfe_ S 1801
    ,
    fn
    ursur
    dp trnp ontqtadr"|dnuimomen'dat:
    lurar.
    ].pnaad.
    'Jnpt
    a) pnzentnl perfcd exprimi o acliuno sau o stare inceputa in fec.., !i S 180tt
    conlinuAr;pind In lr -.r/ sau pir., intr Jn .r-, Lt 1,it Jp re,| | | in"it poateii
    consroeralcd prcz.nt:
    . hd he" b4 " wrl.tqg o n. ' r dt r , b , or qur t " , $hii. n! $
    (Lu, rp,,/: do dp sru r dp I nut , i L^ m e ja pr oblem l , . . i
    -., In.r.din,rt.)
    H os I nne ldu p ro. 6""f . udn, , c t o- , , s . , i ?
    {D P clnd re a i&pI; Jici ?j
    ( Vez i t i S 145i* 1. t 60)

    .Acliunea sau starcR c)rprinati de vrb poate conthua sau nu in prezeni

    b) Trecutu.lpeiect e-\primd o acliune sau o starc tnueputa tn trecur si q 1803


    .onlir uJl; pini inlr--n momFntlat tr,.tt'. I\t,ti/xt d, un rirrb, .n,r de u; "
    vorb la indicativul trecut,:
    r r ladt . pt b t" i rE t1 o mo u n .,rb fo r i sppl
    Ir: l o rd m "
    rL l ml , ' ipur , a ho. L n r." p ri n mu ,l i d . o .,,tt,m i na,
    She ilcnt lo see a doctor )ecarse she ndd not b,.n /eln,s Neu.
    I(Ea) i consultat un doctor pcntr cI n! s, st,rl?a binc.le"NitaL\avreme.l
    ,

    A , ti u n FA 5du s lr F J F \p ri rj a rJ J F r,j b

    p L " tc , o nri nud. s-u nu. )i dupd

    c)
    perltut arrtJ o actiune sdu o stare care continui pinn lnt.,un
    .Viitortd
    m omFn r o a r et ' r or qr c ar p n ra l p o fl l c d u r' -. s a u n u , d u pJ a.pFd:
    B y l "n nd of lay . I . ld l l /.d r. b .e 1s to .t;,.s
    v o u ,torl si r morrhs.
    rL J i l i rr ul Li m J i. : " fo r l mp l i n i F A e tu o r d-g
    " .i n a l 6 t aI td \o,.1
    In a n o l h ' r lupnt J m ' nu rc r$ p ,fro l t,u ., k p 4 d l l ..i ( rror si \ horrr.
    (Pp srFl 0 de m . nuh \ o r f: ,d :e u r. d . !tn J u mL ta m..
    I rz1 dczctns step
    ldarsl.
    , sau de echiyalcnti
    adverbiali.

    S l8M

    358
    Cottjuqareri(:ontinui
    ! 1806

    .Acliun

    temporarn in desiiiurare lu un mo'nent dat sru intr-o perioadA

    rimDireb3zr

    I
    I

    ror s contirul

    I shall be callitl8

    I am callins

    .{c!iune anterioare ln desf65uraretnt.-o perioade de timp

    --",";----],1

    r r'aorren carrinst shallhrre bee$rauing


    I
    4r foniuqarce
    a 1806
    :i 'oojugdrca 'iirupta' - 1n1'lcsul rcrbului la
    '
    'oulioui
    pJrticul6rilili 'drp il dpo'rb"'" J' lnlpl'3ul lul
    douJ
    3r"
    coniusare.
    "o"nlinui
    Ia coniug.rea sirnpl,i:
    ;
    a ) actiunea sau starea er primat[ de verb estremomenlandsa1f,tcmlJorard
    se alln in rcitinuarc la ur noment dai sau in cursul uner
    Ji ."ii'*^
    perioade de timp.
    '
    ,ll^a".. ctnh acliunea lerbului nu la inlruni acoste element'e,ea va li
    exprimatd prin oniugarea simqld:
    I
    Jl
    ment rt
    I'I

    an Lo din ! Shuk P, D"d. " I n Ens l- r


    , it"
    p" ! , t r "- 1, u. ' t pl' J lpz . : r i
    p ot "l.tmL no . r i! t r i or r . r no ll
    f.dd Shdlesre*e in Inalish
    c
    ; ir l; k ; "p , ' , . n: . nit . r , r t ".
    '"

    \m'

    n mnr'

    'r r "

    N. 1n, .d

    o r 't F f i n a '? n t M '

    nu o r:rbc rn
    -, In mrn,
    s\dke-

    ir tor
    "lub,
    'iri rF
    "c*L,i"i'ii,i,.,"ii':'".nasinir"'.r','narmi:mp
    In englez.ite.)l
    spcarc
    In ex,rmplul hr care s a tntrebuinlat prezentul simplr. ac,Liuneanu se
    i\ acl moment 2r. .rl,r lcrnlrrdrd.
    d.esfd-:aard
    'si
    Alte exelnple:
    l'o DlF rl p $l n 1"Y 1r ' lir r l
    r ' r nl, o"il r f inl
    O":n ltl. d;r'4 c r nl

    netar.)l

    n lnr i t " . J

    lixni'

    r " f 'r J r L U n

    'p L

    go-

    11 3ri is i/-?i f , 3
    f.Ua;ia doa,,k. ldltLuntd cslc ir cuN !i tenpofa l, tnllul liind linital la momcrtdl
    prezent: Urria se poaie trezi odclnd.)J
    \\.e.., . rrlurrr I : Fnc . al t h r ni\ i ". it r .
    r 'r 'u a
    p - I 'r S r l i :
    , P' r r n, dl u r i l l
    i.ni r y d la I niv ' Fr ' l
    l ld dn .
    'u l r u n
    In Prezen t.)l
    Hc ,.rr il!.r lFs f er dav .

    i'-

    li.'.,.,it,, i"ii Gii"iir

    iern'inatnsiiviriiri lntt un donrut t"cut deieminat)l

    Ha ' d r " ' " r l h r" -n p l r' r' l h i rr'


    c l ml ]-a l l' i n ti l n rt { \ri i u n F t 2.zfs l r ' rr' nromentdJt l r!trtl l
    f S " a, - , i
    "
    06
    t"
    p
    i) lr r Pr
    h t li,Pt r hp, p
    i

    {',
    lia"
    .a
    r r . r \ n l r 'g J r r i l l
    ,,^ o ir . ' . n
    J 1, , ' r : ' " o l l r . i
    L o "i"-.
    t
    t
    J
    :
    a
    p
    t..
    (
    lo
    v
    .
    J
    r
    '
    .
    ll. . f
    !,'
    .
    l lh, . ^
    lJ o slarc trslti
    rr ner*ts
    fl.dztc'l! iNolo ilc"tfei {ni: liinindouJ flrnrelf se
    'eterl conl'inuarea
    in l)rezctrt'
    ideea dc coniinuitat. ii Fecizind
    t d;'i.;,iccnruhd
    lihaitr
    'i
    poa te ti
    viito r
    S 130t . )
    agarn'
    \tho
    rvas
    wcll
    I nrct rnY ooulin: he told me he na4 a,..sr, his bror.he..
    i;iiinjt pc ' "; in, l m eu! m i- d 5po, ! il : i i t r ? 3 , r i r h d t 'l e 'a f t e r a r r u m s r n a '
    fL ;;
    rerurn l
    rf r L' . onP. ! ?a\ 4n' o t \ t nt lat r \
    Los. l1.ll'l
    'n 'i 5 l 'r " l u

    coNJuG-{nnA coNTrNv,1

    350

    I mll nry c.dsinr he tdd me bE haa laer nr.stng Ljs bnriher Nho was slill Iar l.om
    [L-anIntllnitpe vIru] men; ni { spnsce"ii trs.tjeu tle citra limp) iratel. care era
    Incd dtprric de { li silnlios. (Aoiii,ne tr.oufi !i ,-"fdrnindr,i.rnicrioara altci acliuni trecuter idea de ca.ti4uitatc este accentLlatil.)l
    I ridll ldd Jou tonionoN.
    lTe eai eedeanline. {Actixne viito{rc.)l
    This fime Lomorro* I shattbe suinc some lricnds.
    lNrine ra ora aceasia'ot 'ededldh sd.ed.t nitte prictcfi. (A!!it,Fr ra li ,, .rB Ia
    dat ajitor.)l
    uD
    'nomcnt
    I tlDuld sa there jf I werc you.
    tM'dj.izd acolo dacl af ii ln locDl tlu. (Timp trclimiiat.)l
    I 6nodd d go;ngthere it I wrc you.
    LAs.fip e d. un lnlF r . olo d 3 .I a i i i n l o c L l l i u . i T i mt l i m,l b l amonrnl ul p.cz eoli 0 c1 ,u ne8
    r n c uls a. nn. l j

    pi Ptrfecliv ti imperfectiv. -.Conjugarea Dglezd..arealadar, spre d- \ 18{}7


    de conjugarea romAnil, doud Bpecre contraii:
    oscbire
    astccttlL Iierfect;t (conjnr:d.ratdn ii.) i
    aspecLulimpertectiv (conjngafta conti.nad
    )1
    I6n!
    I oxistr
    I know,
    I uDde$tstril,
    Elnt,lomreverbale carc exprimi ficcare o singuri noliune //,rl.ti!/rir, ca o clapn
    de pian al c5rei unic sunel poflrti in sine
    clar. holirit, decisiv lncepul,nl
    sfi$iiul.
    si
    '
    ln ronrra.t tns;. / or, sirgl,'s. I an eryin2,I .uo"i,,1.;q: I shottb. sp",n:
    yor. er\primdi",iunp0 rprb,rluiinp rhtt,,t..d uo cr.u: r0'F. l,,np.indp. o
    sing1lrS.o0rddde lo un "rpar la c"l;l.ll oblinp o gp ; in'init, d, 'n-uri
    nuan_tatece se siing ireptat.
    Acestc elccte apa4in numai lormci continue. carc nu sc limil,azi jntot,
    deauna la prezentul ln carc so atlE rorbitoml
    prozenLul actual, real, ln
    eontrasi, cu prezentul eteln. ireal
    ci se poato prelungi nu numfli ln trecut, ci fi lnl.iitor, chiar di.colo deviitor. deoareceexpriirr] si actiuni sau sttui
    fdrd slirsii ce se pierd ln neriunoscut.Forma continui deschide drum lars
    in.erriruiinii. da friu lib.r.p,, ul0jiilor gindirii. r"ti."nrF,.r. ri.,rrilor. rmini
    n atrn.fpr;.olorara,
    lirii. r"n,Frilor.intrriliilor inerprirnabilul|,r
    -- , repa/,1
    Incdrcatd de retinrile sau de inhibi,tiilc i'orbitoruluj, caro pot fi numaj intuite
    ti nu crprimate.
    \o1t aan't gainsa\ray ior good.are yotr? (: I am alrai.l Xou.u.)
    You
    adBotngawaylor goori,s
    wiil you? (: .ngoasacr.scindodatr cL1int.o
    ducff.a liitorului
    -on't
    In loctl n.ezentuluil.
    In F l rrd L r n rt i -. I -o rrh\ n, l goon th" t rrj p:r
    In s-r"l
    ho|| t . ho; ;
    l l -. "i ri , J hr s E nglis l'i r 6 a ,i a s ,u < r\ l .- l l e r' l ' " v , ro .ri rt b rshrg' t tp.
    G { rp anl b" . J o; " e!
    \r. I J o ,r a r' a -p d ' ,r } o .ri ,l .l
    "1'll bc kaitins on ure sea l.lk. Dad (: so hurry)."
    ' Yn .i 1 lb pI ot t ne I , r \ li \L r.i Irn S !,1 !
    .1i .r1nm.bnd hs
    b c h o o l tn S.p r
    j \. r.,,rFt.nrtJ qh,n
    m rdni . '.14 t or pjv .air . t I m v o u r ta ,n ,i d n J l -o \r J n x .,i,, ' .l
    I py o n k g o n p . S t ir up r he lir ;, \rl l ro u . D d d l

    6) lltc caxa0tcristioi
    ale formci eontinu.
    s 1808
    a) Viitarul calocrial.carc in limba rornand este e\prinat prirr indica, $ l80e
    tivul prezelt. estoredat si In limba englezitot prin indical,ivulprezent.1 se
    la forma lui continun( S 1522,1524):
    She ts dtutns h.rc toniono$'.
    f{Ea) tu na$ aici miine senrl.r
    l Vezi extlicare.taeestorte.nr,ri la 13i]i.
    S
    :/o .
    d @d: penhx t , , rl c r,rr
    !l )i n Tall, , l Clld$c ll, . 4 I n l o s re tu L a ' ..

    36{l

    te.rriitofl fdld de treout


    Tot astfel,itdicalitrl hccut contindllinlo-cuieF
    t 1810
    ---post)
    '
    id stilut lrmiliar ($ i523-i524):
    (tt"Lir" ilt rhe
    td'in fo. ihe seaside thc lollowing dav'
    I tol.l him Lds
    li inafc ln ziua urniltoare')
    Ple.
    it-i^
    'l',s "t

    { 1811

    o in'"nb) FormJ cunrinur 'o bp;oin.. L un infinili" .omplel-'\.[imi


    qdu
    tl
    tJzD)i
    at
    tnpd
    titlor
    un
    liA p.ntru viiLor !rii'ot;nt,n'anall
    I on ao; n! Lo $ ," k h J tJ tro m o o r o l l V:i ' of i a' " nl ronal )
    r A n d: es ; nd . a s r" J ;F zs " ri u : d e a c u m l n a rnrpJ
    ' Y ou
    n F rl .d y o u r o a m e \\ i l o r i ntenl i onrl )
    " eieo:
    slui rumclr d tale )
    (voiar
    s,r-o,ne

    $ 1812

    p ' { p ri md $ o a" l i unP hoLdti tddi noi nt" sA u


    c ) V i; lot ut r c n ' i F L ,u m a i n o a te
    (
    15211:
    1
    5
    2
    2
    ."re ir e loc in nod n a tn o l $

    l:y;..',.
    ff;::;li:l;!.;ij,,i'1''':#iic.ill.lil:
    ,\",11;:11:lJ':r:,ll'

    I
    r,"';,.iil'.ii,:iii, penrr .r .Jt. nnrma.d n" 'nr,rnjm

    Whrt rloil rou ,s doi,g tomoro\?


    rL:"ui iii,uirri.r iacl r"i' * idri in nod norDJrrmri4p:l

    \j"i i
    l.i:^l;,ll5ill';;;l:,

    I "."1:l:"
    i,li;"; ll'1,".
    "i.f nt l \ ; n 1't por ar prima.^'ii"r,i I iilo?-rc'

    N otal
    A.tit pr"vnt ttl or !t rttt tt., lt |i I,r" 7

    IijfiT;'i;;'iili:l:il
    i
    "lili"
    i
    l,ui'i
    ll
    J
    li';r
    ::
    #1i"9,;::
    ;;l,:"lJl
    lpf! sdu de
    r" i"r.a, i" \'."m- ( prPz"ntutsinpl' d"pi1dF l" holi'ind un-i
    imDreiuriri

    '

    obiective:

    lil,lir;ii;:l:
    ;:"ii""i;i,"1
    Rli.:,:iil:i'.'.''o':'t
    t
    p'
    pnins
    tPre' ' ' s' rD l " )
    i
    s
    l
    i
    o
    h p ts o , d ,tr 3 r
    T his
    ^
    "!':'i\:i:";:'"*''
    lAst{-sa.n; de ser ciu la birou )

    ifi i'":'":"
    [|];#irliKf:,":s:.lli:"lixii"'H'
    "*1'lf*"i"{iiff
    """"'
    ""
    !
    :
    :;i:it
    1:
    !"
    i
    :i:'^,';i
    i
    t.
    ;
    ;T
    :;"':
    ll;ff
    b1;ii"
    r
    1;1,
    T:lTm:i
    -,,,,d I V i, nr ut rc n L ;n .tu p ' L p i n l r' b rri rrl d r ' i ppr' rru , qa l or' 1ul b ' u mai
    5 hp k/rp s up her , ir

    E t 8fl
    '

    ips J ' a|

    hos "r q n r t U o n J 'v

    t P P a '. t

    tnptu)

    l r' I o i l r"l ' d| - U s ' l ' rL Fr! :


    rn rr lr , . ^n- idpr c li p . d i s frc i i "
    'u
    !r'hn trill votr Nothe' &d 'ontng b see usi
    ,8 Y o u s o ' n '
    ' lnall $e D? s ebi;v
    ti b " ,a n n g ' rti\ ' ' i, , ill r o d r
    S o lons lll b P " a ' n 8 J U " (" o u r'
    1L' ic ! eder e !e L u ri n d .):
    viiiotul
    Toate ace3tc tormule sint' mai pulin abrupte dccit
    d e c i r nai P olib i c o a s e .
    i e rr b i g ri ' r:
    7 l: , r r u Pro P o z i
    $'c'll 0ori rerl ha'd

    \'1n n r . ,r!.

    . / a. ron. p'.

    r' r' : . 1r" r. , ; . r: : .

    simplu si

    , ; . . , r.
    1 , ; " : , ir, " : ' lil.

    lr ;,rti;
    rifuilrIi,lrlli;:ll:;"r;:;"
    ru'"'.'"i,i,i.i:l?"',1,,,11;;;'',:;;;:',li?,".::i:)",,iT
    :;;ji;;il;l;j'; ;rir . .rrir;'
    th srlu t ftn,l in (' nPr r niiliz at c olo. v ial, Pl po' lr
    r ' ' d Lm "D i n l i r o r '
    i' *i"
    i i,"il t.
    ' . ' r n! o

    "l:;';r:l:i'll

    CONJUCARB

    CONTTNUA

    care poate avea:


    fe') tnlelesulunui (,;ltrr pud (,lt:

    80t

    shall).

    tyor, l&./a toarte se os.l

    dat ri-(e") inlelesul r,iitolalDi eolitit' (,tL: s,itt.)|


    lstnten hotdililyreh si tuden toarre scrios.l
    ambiguitalea va dispira daci se utilizea_ziitiitorul continuu, car
    nu are aici
    decll o singuri interpretare: aceead.e a{ttor pur:
    We'll ,e ,o..(izg very tiard.
    .;::!d arp caracter rnumcutan ( g 1344),foma conrinui expdmi
    ^-,, {]. llld
    aclrunr
    sEu stAn rppetdte:
    the t:raat rtF morning.
    ?, i Yd b"l, noddinE.b!
    d rap p,, g t hin$s $r iF

    g l8t4

    I s ns dah. p.

    r.l Cu adrerbp ra: dtrq4s. lor ,r t. "an.tin\ott!..anst,I,ttg.p,ryauolg,


    S -:,8t6
    rLsuolllJ
    rt,.. fnrmi .nntinua.,.\pri,'ld o rrtiur,tssJU o slnr^ ;...; .;
    '
    mereD, care constituie un obicei:
    ""p"id
    you ar" ok,rr
    ,1r.r"u I,ri ,.4..)
    ".otd.nc mn.
    Don t bp /o. ,,pt luttins oL
    rru a mtn b rn " r.u .)
    T\?y aft .ontinurllu atrujls.
    "
    A - l n l ru n a d i l c rrl i r' r He x,as cons,anrtggrrinujns.
    (Era nern ncrnnlu;t ) N o td
    Daci I'erbul nu arc caracter momntan (g 1g14) sau nu

    este deteminat
    de nici-unul din adverbetede la g t81b, nu poateai.ealormd
    conri;;;-;i;J
    exprrDa o acl,tunerepetati sau un obicer,
    Nu se poato spuDe:
    I r nal, . . . ?p l d
    e Sa rrrd ..\a tL rro o n a L r hLrl av
    t p , d. B a tn gto th . In s ti tu tp ,,e t! d o ! .
    "

    Se spune corect, lntrebuinlindu-se forma simpll pentru a s cy;ta


    pleo.

    nTn,:"!1,:u,ii{,1'liJl;
    g;' *" n'*
    l"4f.1,f
    .

    laro {erbntDu
    llr,""lfi':
    I r ea I nr m F r ,o n }o:rtc aveaaspectcontinuu.
    In rrFDUU4r
    i n u p rr-,a

    ,6

    s c ,i uned ..a

    S 1Sf6
    stare dpnu-

    "*'""''i";;n;';u#";';:,;;;;;*l!1,,1:J::'",::1",i':lT'.".i!1Ji-;":,1'"u
    Existd
    insn verbecarenri pot aveaaspectcontimru,sau situatii carc nu

    p F rmi l tn l rFbLint ar ad t or mp l o r c o n l i n u r

    ,o""J)

    U""O"t" nu pot aveaaspcctcontinuueind acliuneator nu estetrece_


    S l8l?
    !@ "'rd m / / ous lr um \ { ea, r o 1"5t .
    lri u.'t.s d (lear trand.

    \\.sr In Eosr ... nicj:


    , ,,"1
    " r. . " ", . . 1 ". ", "i p " " 1 '1 l l ." " :" ^ ;" l ta " ,n ;tron
    ttpjstrr tng a .tcar hard-. pentru , a r, tiuI|acrprlului nu c"ietem/orarA.
    'j
    "-!nJ":" "'

    *zi

    qar.k,Acnnna. al cor'.nr,rure rrsrsr e.ir,,ure


    tuture-as-

    30!
    5e p o a te lns i s pnnei
    T l' e .l r' a ,' ,,s l o rta q s mu o l h l Y .
    H; ; - * i ;i ,e r" n ; i i ,rc * : d ;o ' t ' l r' trfb hi m
    Dc'rl ru . a ut ubel. a .fi trrri s i n ta mp o r{ r' to ' o n l F\tel e raspP ' ti LA
    .
    tioing?" clnd persoanscreia"ii.esie

    "--'rti
    * zj'ie: "where ari uau
    intrebarease aile inir-un lo' ln mod lrecdtor.chrar dac.a.,qeoere
    adresati".ir"l
    dn
    iooiol p""t"usitx (de exemplupcniru studii ln strdinaiai) lit 'lv here

    uou li''":'r'Lntl nc inleresnrnd- Jdre.a "r pFrnranenm'


    "
    2l Pcnlruaceluirrnotivnupol dvFtJ'p'cr 'orrrinuuverbclecarPerprrmA
    E l8l8
    inJ"p'nd"n'P d" ninla
    "'-'iii"itai,'*',,","
    "d" pt-pti; tnn;rt"
    ",,rii,i,".
    ol
    poato
    dP'r
    a'!'ond':
    indiidului. equPrac5ror" nu
    a l i ne l i c i nev r i a t r c v J l b n d r r c r ' t ' l i k e '! o " l o @ '
    t=' a {se)supa'dl'e s4tisfvctc'
    -t;d
    t o oe, F. t o b4@ P b t h i n t t ( t h o t . ) ' t o t F p o s r ' t o
    nt a, o! F
    b) d.L iritatt
    r.tunb?t' ti lo'E4 to s4x''
    ro*'- @ kN*. to inia4 ta a"or, b tuti r'
    14J
    to
    r'qt
    10
    ,ad".std
    t'
    r
    o
    "
    'uiq"i ",
    "i"tt, p e"iep
    tii
    , ' f eel' , 1a h e a \ t o s @ , b s t u t t ' t o s o l \ d ' t '
    s eaz ot ; d! . :
    c)
    t
    !6 io aL IiA; \: a
    ' a r Ps "nbt P
    ' m dJ "r )
    peF
    tetatio.
    au rnsutiri
    c at e
    de. obiec t e
    Ie s at e
    d ) e e,b ete
    1" l'td l: @ contoin)', to '2n:i::- of ' t4
    belons' tu catup *' ; ;;,L"'.
    D. s ' s . t / 1naal u a t ; n t f ) r o / e s n ( r n r r 'J {c '
    ro po s i"* t . r c , i* n. u
    ' oit,ti t'o'"..
    bpead'
    id"p d J
    c dt P t u s us pt "az a
    a tie
    't " n P o r d r ': t o
    """t'"
    "t
    t. b aJ t t
    ,o d" *ita.
    b. : e, , l: r lo^ ll! ! : p: ! ".
    ta p tLa
    4) se ntin e

    , a;"iii.i i""iiiit,'i
    0 t8l'J
    '
    61 8 2 0
    { 189f
    S I8 r 2
    -

    tut e:

    aale ( -

    "
    ,; ;it;":;
    i"l'":',;;i";'",

    t P.efet it to the old one


    I caa't undeitaul what vou are snvtng'
    I see now {hal
    Jou nrear'
    I I r r d ln" dos r J t \ .
    Io IJlh f
    ir on r s ir io |1J ; a_m "h' ir : i
    She aa green eYes: she ts a "witch'
    o 'g s

    N or d
    raler5la pPt'
    v'rbeled" la $ IQ'l0 c-ar^se
    ln eoqleza
    colo.rialumodetod,
    6 t8'.fl
    -"
    de aur'rliirulmodaiC4N:
    ,"ptti i"nlri"ie, sloLde obi.ciprecedate
    l l n l i mD u l u n e i PU m n 6 !il o P rdure):
    ddn yoir t,e the birds?
    {Auzi P5stu e?)
    I .dz src
    the acacias.
    lsimt Darlumul salclmrlor.)
    b"n viu see the lishthouse too?
    (vezi'9i trr ferul?)
    | .on und.rslaod \our d(ticulty'
    (lnlPles dilpma ltr caro te ani )

    Modalul CAN, ca orice auxiliar, nu pdstreaz&calitatea de verb no9ional


    ei nu se traduce aqadar In limba romena ln aceastdsrlual"Ie '
    Construclia aitrnalivd. fd-rdCAN. esLetoLuFilnce preleratauDmrr:
    Dd you tuo. the birds?
    t s7;11th acacias.
    I se the liShthousetoo.
    I lndztsland Your diffioulty.
    AproapFtoate vFrbplemenlionateta S l8l8-1822Por d'"afi t?l!4,:1'
    1824
    S
    '
    i\un, dat atunci sansullor l'xii'al se s"himba' ideeaJe "parmanenlSdrsparind:
    -,p,,'**-,r,-a
    I ua hatins {d'liun" ind'p o'
    1rai"^"
    ""itli;${#
    ",;,,
    nn
    i4'
    oIntd noaslra); I dn iooi
    dented-ee!
    'l3r

    363
    to tlcpclrd(:

    a dcpii.lc tl4 devjne,.aronl,a (le)':

    \ \e h e .lepdx lin\ is au u i /a /r,a l l o n rt,u l n r l h e y ,ats.


    p r ir . ^ r ' r " r L 1 ,.{ i
    4, n l
    t o h a rcpier ( leideea de .p o s e s j u n c "s i d c \i n e d l u d ( . a brtr. a mi ncaei c.):
    To hdre Lea, a rrfn'k. r wliisla:
    \lhrt rili \,ou lar., Sir?
    t o h rr. a I alli, a s $i, i,. a n .!. ,, 1 )rrtI. r s n i o l < ei , l r| 3I. .tc. i uzi ti S 1se7)
    t o mi n d ( : a s upA r a ! a l u a i n s e a m n c i ,c .) d e v ;n e,,a avea gri j d dc" :
    Do rou n;n.l ny smoLirs?
    (Vd'suldld drcii'fum.z?)
    \ever ntnd what Clara sars: no onc nids l,er.
    (Nu lua ln seane ce spunetlarar nineni nu-i de at.ntic.)
    Wl\o is nindinc re childr.n?
    {Cine are erij{ de copii?)

    to leel poate li tntrebuinratpntru a exprimao starc tcmporari:


    He is faling mnch bctter no\r. {Verb noncntan)
    (Se simie mult nai bjne acur,.)
    dar atunci cind sntimntul sau senzatianu sc limitcazi la monentul przent,
    3e poate spune nomar:
    Hr lpic 6 n i n t!rp b l n J o u . r\.rh d urari \,
    ur r nk r e s e z r.J
    T lo r oo m /,ri 6 d a ml . V,rb o u " a ti \ )
    ( S a s jml . .h o d d i a a rr i g rrs ,
    "
    Ho$ do J o u /,,1 s h q ,s ^ n ,b o d y p l s J ou a,ompl i rr" nt?
    t v er D r rF ra v j
    to hoar derine .,a audia'r; ,,a asculta' (lec,tiile etc.):
    T hr y *+ . h o ti F g J u o u rs "o l tmtu r.s.
    ( A Uo' a uu n .u rs .)
    I - uB h ? a ra | h i m l ,;s l p s o r..
    ( ll as . u l l d m s J \i d d l c J ;l :, I.c l i i ,e . )

    to look (: a ardta) (stare temporare):


    \ ar or p I@ h i n 9p o ^ ,1 .r(- p " i k J , p e . ' k,dJ.
    ( A r r li . r m rJ u , Prri p d l i d .)
    dar numai (-

    a semina cu) (stare permaDenti):


    Ycu look like an artjst. Wlro i.e you?
    You aooktike yolr mother.
    tsemeni cu nama ta (la tnllliFrc).ll

    to seo derine: ,,a s lntilni", ,,a vjzita", ,,a conduce", sau se lntrebuinreard
    cn prcpozi,lii ori ddacrbe care ii schimbd tn.telesul:
    "How ts Chfis s.r,in( on?"
    "He's oX., we;re E;lns lim tonight."
    T nF s . t ,* v a tn 6 h n s i C \rs .r In " ,i l ).
    n F rF s a D ..d rn o r..,.l
    |
    Ncins het ra rnr do,r whcn yotr rary.
    (o'tds
    conduccan la uF,l cind ai snn;t.)
    \t ho i s."r',g \lothnr o//.'
    lCn" o
    n J .." I. l d n i Id S" r :l
    My hlsnand ;s r..t4 ro the rickers.
    lsolul neu arc srija de iilete.)
    'ct- ya u a. F I r A " ! ou" n o th p t ;n ,l a v th n t | . to ..!.D,0& /: a s.mtna rh l ri c
    pn\i.le\. ,ou atr IiA. lair tutter. sou lik" nusr And uo'4linc ana paintins.
    tOr (o, t ogr af iaio*d, U S Aj (: h i n .).

    304

    MORFOLOGIA

    _ \/ERBUI'

    exprrma o srars
    to smell (verb tranzit'iv) poate fi inirebuinlat pentru a
    iemporara:
    _ e d a s .4 4 1 .,s
    ru _
    ' n l J l rr' l
    r_
    . [" m i r^ " u r
    d a r s e poal, c s pun e n u m a i :
    r'hesc floivers dDul snel? (\'erb intranzii'i{ dufatir)
    {Florile accsteanr au mrros)
    lincs (Verb duaLiv)
    The nark snel, {sau '"s/ sodetrlvith the scent ol Llre
    itlr;ut e.a Inmifesmat de pa.lumll teno' )

    ! 1825

    \-n '
    ';
    senzorialesirt' tlnnatede ailJec,\ccleasiverbecareseretffi la percep,tiite
    t;tc in loc de adverbe:
    _ l l 'n r
    r 1 'L d )
    'fl.
    "t at "nt .
    mmLp d gdi on r ' 1nr t "t
    'tr-e "rodsl. smPi^ va'datut. I
    d$r ' n
    (
    L Jrrb s $o rl /ais ' \ r "
    L
    "t(vczi ' "oI76e)

    .Jt

    "

    N l ''1

    rPrr

    ii 5
    l"rnpor^a-ri:
    lo ls6lo poalF li lnLrebuinlrr pFnlrd 1 "\primd o siluaLie

    c ookoo;h, ;,s,". s.r,r,rl, l :ll:,..Tf li, l i,i.'"Ti;,verb.mom-nr1n)


    {Euddhe.si gusiososnrInPr!

    dar se poaio sPune numai:


    Thp mFii r' r, o/ g".li". {v"rl drrtlr:r)
    d ir r ' r or
    c , . - nni, . r . s i
    sau doesn'i il'?
    The litre
    'u'drs nr i air?l
    (\ inul c rcrn,
    b"ll r k , t " - d i l "
    Uor 5n l ll'
    ,.
    -1Prr
    r ' ' ul ' l+ er '
    i' l
    \u g

    loalF inrarSi (olu'i rr,luri r"r r' b'l"r " u' "r''" Ii o l8l6 1812.'rr
    ns'bi
    ba'p.srnanrr'5
    rieLu
    uu
    ai Liii. i""ia i:"r'.L,o a\.p1 IripoiI'^n'i
    rd,,;a ,um s-a ardral mdi s r,,, fi" n.nlru a ' <p_inranurnl" suhrrlp s4'sPa
    I r maLmuLtarnrFrprerarr ' sirrl
    .oirirat. poFonald' orbiror'da'i pr'Llndu-3e
    jon'
    ?.
    r" ";1 ,',j., -lo o,rtsider- tjF eio.r" fnarl" rdlinat sublilpcppol oblinp
    i ' r l:
    rl e Y i bilp lF' unosrj^'

    .Ddr si
    ! irii i r ", l - $ , "^
    ' "i;r; i l g ,a "i i ro i tri
    ' ind penirua 9iputeaingadut
    ciiito l limbaenglz6
    ri ln-suFil
    3" fi""t""fr"* *-!i

    el lnsugi asemeneaabaieril
    orl-earth
    Doni, exemplo.Palliser, deschizindbrusc uga' ex-ploziv:'What
    for
    a
    story
    acting
    rvas
    ."" o1u J.tooo*.T to be doing?" - Lady Glencrjra: ''i.
    pxie'a
    comumca
    nu
    procedeu
    stilistrc
    un
    it
    Nici
    loli'gi
    "
    il"Jtv
    '^;^r
    ""4't" tnciniarea
    sceneila care asiilasem noi' .spectatorii' deoit aceste
    orui tiupattl
    iqi p"rmilPau lib"rLdli 'u rpsulil" g'i'nati"slP'
    ""'1"i.'' Pi
    ''T an t,t'tn! you v"rv rrJ'h "t am lotine.vo:l" ,'I ln ,h-:!t'!!.i!,:
    :.
    inLardi"'
    lor.dp
    rigiditatpa
    iil
    fcrpcalF
    forne verbale{ab'r - s ai li zi* inuabil
    a\prrma rnFlprr- sr ruusiusa spareatipsr.lp pFntru a
    iiif. n""."ii"i""ito'
    in.tabilul l4 'ihi's Aba.PAtt'! et" ra'lsu .prinrr o simpla
    li'tLi,l, i
    "'e;;;
    p'i"tic al xnui s"n imFnt abia intirip't sub
    ion.rr',"ti.
    'fem'rul , r'd"ru e' - a nu cvaa urnan'
    "i""*uri,
    am"run:rroa6o_rbelor.sortit
    l sq,ccr: rra.tumal dDtce.
    ,: lcntN cei nenltai!
    !Vc;i se.ialtrl Tv "IuniLia Zd ts.", dula ronanele soriiLoNlui ctgtez Anthnnv
    ? rollor e l18ll- 1s 8 2 1
    r . T l" : s 4boi ,4 tt l \l rr rrp r " l " l o 1 l c . .oman lostbclic alronnn.ic.!1ui Eric
    ilowbray Knjght

    CONJUCABEA

    CONTITNVA

    loho lolma simpldgi forma continui a conjugdrii g 1g26


    _CompsralicoDtrastiyit
    0nglczc.(l ext exemplr'r.arrv.)
    ' . t hoc h i J | a n o . e p a t h i E
    " \\ ' hos ad &ing lhll .d rk "r r in t . r " ! v inj- r oom :
    rn6
    ' ql ] o r l . lronndUp ', on rh p Tr. ' ' . Hot r . ' r y ou - idod t ; t m h a t ; a : i t . ' - We l l . r i e v f 6
    i a'i , 6 1' elimaolrn Firl,\
    s1 I don r r , , : o - po, l t h"i. r , , , , . '. - R i r r r 6 s . u o r " r . n t u
    n. \ ' s d " dll on .dg eo . I z so r ' s ou r or a $. ( lo r , la\ ' '

    FORMA FRECVENTATIVA

    s 182

    (THE FREQUENTTTIVE FORNI)

    I) Iormd. - Forma frecventative are nwnal tlauii tinpwi - vcent si \ t8Z8


    tt?trtt.L\ se .oDqlrui..te .u a;utorul euriliarulL,i\\ tt.L ia pr"znnr 1to61n'
    oer.uanelc)
    si WOUT,Dlr trF.uL iradta parsodn.t.).tr
    "r,F sF;J"uL,a i,lrl_
    rirrl incnmplet al vcrbului de conjuqai:
    /:p. . t
    t rpcrt

    qJI y.: y lu lv i I s ap: hp. s h, . il $r


    I I
    t se ei t}ey qill s c . .
    $ould. e": np. s h. . ;
    I I wo uld . b" e: r or
    t yo u s'olro s pe: ' ' oJ $o. r 0 s

    so . . : $ o s i

    ,"". Jou \itl

    woutd soo rv. \.ut,t

    5Fd.

    2) Futtclii. - Forma frecventatiyd exprimd o sctiune .dr. sc r{,retd q 1829


    sAr "ntt ,oneiluic un ob;"piji e5'. sdeserinqolitd d" ddvprbet"r"t" iji!, :
    often. seldon, teqrLe lU etc.
    3) Tmducere. - ln limba romani, forma frecyentativi se rraduce: S l8A0
    la prezent c\i indicativul prezent,
    la trecut crr imperlectul
    OJ an rcning, I oittl oltcL sbou atongthe riyer.
    (M{ plinb adeseorisarr !o nalul rtutui.)

    whpn [rrF cal i5 dwal|, thp m:cp ji


    ,t,r.
    rl E ' ;.., -) r" n1-1.1
    lc iDd pi6ic Jn u i J -6 d :" o J F .i i j o d .i ( . a u -obi cei
    ghe piA s?endhou$ over hr books.
    {SH ore lnlresi citind.)

    T r e c u t.
    E r c c y S Db d a yJ p l f8 ,o n } i s n e w m o to r b i kp. ,odtd adp ou! i nto rhe
    oubki.ts ot Br.hffpst t- usFd to rido).
    t ln t F . ar n d u mi o i c t, J ;tf s e p l i d b d n ; n oud t, m.,roLcl cre D .i n
    im pr " jr r : m i h B u " rre ? ri u l u i .)
    U' hp1 y ou o s - th e J .ro ,l d s o mp u o e sJ b i n i n d," ., pur i hFatri .dts
    t : r nP y ns Po ro J o rn ,.
    (In tnereie, jucau uDeori tn teatu do amatori )
    No ti L
    Forma lrecventativd este intrebuintatd tn timba scrisir. La trecut. ste I 1881
    tDlocuiti adeseori tn scris, qi tntotdeauna in limba vorb;td. cu verbut dsed ro

    ( s 21rj6).

    :
    ' : c.o ca cveninenlelor sportivc.
    3
    se d;sireaze
    r: Nu vreru sli srozar.
    le stric dishaciir.
    6 : A ,icht ! (exclamalie)Dc acbrdl
    6 : llar oaloi pe nervi.
    I fo "m. f . , \ nld . . 1ld
    6 I s g ): p l . e s % m a i p u i ,, i ,t" bu' nl a,r.
    3 J.t t,b r ' v ) : t ' f f r c 4 I.p
    [\)]ttrl .

    866

    18e2

    CI,ASIFICAREACONJUGARILOR

    sldbS'
    lu limba engleznexisfi lrci conjug;ri - curtjugorce.
    'onlugirea
    inu'canprin
    lorm'le
    rrr"
    in
    deospb''
    'n
    l0r. ii oniu sr' c mi\r;
    '1"
    'tre'ut'
    ri
    rra.u'
    par'iripiul
    .i
    !ului
    Eorm"l^ ptir''ipah alP
    (Th"ll 0l:
    t
    l)iooiug"ti"
    fc3f
    'll't;n
    :
    'aniq'LtiaP
    sdi ' ir'li'Ali'ul lrp'ur si"narrr'F
    rcrbrl,r ca"reao,rlin s'csl"i 'on;u;rri
    s u r i' , r u-id ' a u- / r r a ' n t in jt ' v u
    !i'1 ";'"* i ; pr"
    ;i; i'i;;L
    ";i ",s
    nu originegFrmani'i ori lrJn'pzd:
    i"uarea
    t.rbului rc.p.criv. ' iu'a pna'a s!Fc
    - lcam'
    to larn
    - leam'
    - laid
    to PaY
    - laid
    se face prin
    a, La majoritatea acestor verbe' adiugarea sulixului -d
    1336
    intermdiul literei mute 'e-:

    183t
    '"--

    to call
    ( o PlaY
    to s'op

    callcd
    PlaYPd
    roPped

    - called
    _ PlaJed,
    - roPPPa

    ln g"neredupbco)' inilial surde:"y g:]".tP


    b) Dupauncl" consoanF.
    c 1836
    '
    vocalFr
    raoa'rnll:
    dc srurt8rea
    a devenilt. dPobicciprecedaL
    "urde,sulixul-d
    to
    to
    ro
    to

    $ t83?

    mean
    sleeP
    leav;
    leel

    - slep'
    - ler;
    - lelt

    9l9P'
    lelt
    lcl'

    c, CltevaverbeIa cares-a adeugatsutixul -d sauJ au sulerit qi modificarea1 ocaleiradacinii:


    to seu
    to teu
    lo buY
    to th i D k

    - sold
    - told
    - boughr
    - tl o u a h ,

    sold
    to].l
    bougl t
    rnougrr

    Coniuc aneasl a b b e l e a c L u a l m e n l ' es i n g u ra focrl ' c produr-ti vS N umFroasB


    pnmpsc
    ve rbe t a" r i_au dF!F n i l l o l a l s a u p s r!i a l s l a bp. i ar toal F verbel e-.nor

    numitd tn prezerifrlg ulatd s,'ed, -rd' -ing (\'ezi exemple


    rreii.'"e.
    "lala,
    $ 1835).
    t - La verbelecareapar\in
    s la:rc| ftu Stonq
    2) Conjugar
    f838
    S
    sc IoF
    _
    geimanica
    (
    ."gi-n'
    'oniugotion
    v.ro.
    o.
    a.esler onlugrr
    . , .indicfllivul.trPcut
    psrticiJ'iul,tre'u
    iar.
    rneazad. i,bic.i prin modifi'areivoc;leiinfinjtiuului
    _"|lsau-'2.
    dispdrulinsola unelpveroe:
    prin addugsres
    'are a
    "Jfixului
    to lall
    to d fl w
    io get
    to ;i d k "
    S ls J!
    "

    letl
    d r" w
    - got
    - i L ru c k

    lallen
    - dta$n
    ! gotteor
    - sor (arh ti -amer'
    - s' ru' l l arh r stncken)

    l recut
    3) Cooiugaro s Ei fl A f7 l " Mi x " (l C o nj ul ati an) arc- i ndi cati vul
    rn -n
    l
    rFrur
    i
    ar
    partrci
    prul
    te rm inat 1; ' ed ( ' a r c l ' ri s ti c a ro n j u g d -ri i s labe)

    sau -n (caracteristicaconjugnrii tari):


    - sowd
    - swelled

    swollen

    o d U m i l p s i ru a l i i di D sLri rul _d
    uI ir ut r s .a d .z v o trrt i vocalei
    I' SCu
    rtrddcinrr.
    sau IArd moditicarea
    , d.n. arnaic, atrf. : englezaamerican{.
    -

    307

    $ 18{O

    VERBE REGULA'|E $l VERBE NIIIiEGULITE


    {Ri'GUL\II AND IRREGULAR VEIiBS}

    Slnt consideratersgulato toate Yerbelecare au indicativul trecut gi participiul trecut, terminateiu sulixul -ed. iar nereguleto, toate celelalteverle de
    coojugare 31abi, tare sau mrrti:

    negulale:
    to ask

    asked -

    asked

    to cau

    callcd

    cttlled

    NoeCnlate:
    to learn - lcamt
    - leant
    to draw
    - dreiv - d.awn
    to lay
    - laid
    to fall
    - laid
    - lell
    - lallcn
    to lcck
    sou:lht - sought
    to lccl
    - leli.
    - lelt
    Lo sow
    to got
    - sowed
    - Cot
    - Cot
    Iorme
    p
    rqulatel
    unelc pfutrind aceau
    aralele
    C.lteva verbe neregalate
    Ei
    laqi lnleles, altele cu tnleles deosebii:
    I lerrnt
    - learnt
    o in'rt"t
    to ro!r!
    - learned
    1 tearn.d
    ) t:

    t"'un {ifiif"a : if,,'l"o


    "o*, {L"l8"a_-lliig"u

    (: a varsaun richidJ

    Pentru acesteparticularitili, a se vedea mai jos lista verbelor neregulate


    si observatiile ateiente ($ l8i7 -1819).
    '
    Marea majoritsi. a Frbelor din limba "n;l"za 'inL \"rb" .rCrldteti ! 18ll
    aproapeloale verb*lenou .rPrtot sparlin a."s Pi .JLpgorii.\:ltFl:
    to televise,ro pros.an{dc),to compule,to computo'
    to telesrsph,to {tele)phone,
    rize, to radio,to xerox,etc.
    l: a l rd D l n :l P P ri ' l ra d ro )
    i: a m" rs " c u J L L o mo b J u l .c u l d\rrl l
    l J .u .,o n d .a ' u c d h d c u ol ' rrr)
    r.i
    r .:n " ma l o g fa [d )
    r.a d a o l i n i e d F ro d i n J m i c l )
    i- a o f" tr u " u l o mo D i el tc .. d .i l u,. a l ogri j i l obrl ctrdintea olienteleietc.)
    I d ,,i p p .m" d b i l i ra )
    . d . " J ,b p o " i ,t p ri n e o n d r.l ,r: a i n" l dl a o coD duotdde
    r)errorJ
    a v Jl rori za)(dttni z6,,,P fr! '
    d
    r' ur' p
    e ",nn ,l
    o mpi :J rl rm . Ji xati v petrtru p& el c,)
    l ru
    v '.' ro "fi' ".an ro
    (. i radios'alia)

    to w i F L , s
    ru mo l of , lo ld. i
    ro sre Jm
    lo .rn p m alo*r . nh
    to stre am lina
    ro s.rvi .F
    to e d L er or ool
    lo p i D l i; t "
    l o .,L o m, '
    to x{ay

    Lo, ddj;

    r .d n c' :lP

    I' r ' a r d ' lio )

    .'
    .e D ra u D a .l o r mrre sau o actri l l h rol ul
    ' \..' tr
    lrrnu!atl

    ro st ,r

    PRINCIPALELI' VERBE NEREGULATE


    ln n.p:r.r' liil ' I'r , l ut ir .F Jp.lL varbelAsimplP.precuo $i ci[eva
    .n l,,r; t). db caror forn. pri^cipa.ledilerA ds
    \Ar6p .ont.,t " tb t. I
    i, rn ,"- i tr' .r" in'rs rr , ^"rpunprcdlor.
    c."lpd
    Itu
    rbcle neri:ll.latc tirnpLr\e a se vedea $ 1848.
    Pe"1"
    1Indicativ,,t irccnt si narli,,iDiultrlicut nreslo. tube stnt o/rog,a/iat
    oorfo.m r81t'
    jio, l " l a S r - i . : ipr . \
    p l ' ,:' J L n p h t. u t" p h ' w d -E l ui sel .P N gmnuw l ,anP IA K d,
    tdripd,

    ":na"otoA"rpl,

    l1

    'aF

    t-,o1,

    t. olontzpd.

    t+44.t1.

    $ 1842

    388

    Gna-xR,,r.LrT-LTr

    $ 1843
    Atentie!

    51844

    fal In limba engleLe,archarcilscarara ..perimat', ..inr.cchit' (oa si tn


    limba romnnn), dar tatuti inlrLtrdnlai cu ur,cie sensuri speciale tn
    literstrri sar diilcctal.
    (b) lneret 'rpi'ol rcre, ni
    ,,r,r,-ir:.lar.i"ipiul rrecuLln,rp51E.|;
    "l".io"i
    buint,att rLol- ss\r ..adfat,,nr ! "bol.r',
    aap.t; rLrrrno d".pn ni d p"r rripirrl
    trecut, lntrebuinlat la construira lormlor rrbale compuso (I haie lcari,ed,,
    I shalLhnoeLeerned
    d,c.) in contrast crr participiul trecut lntrebuintat adjectival
    (a laafilcrl man).
    S 1846
    f../ Yerbelc care au doui form verbalo paralele cu acelaii lnteles. la
    trecutul sinplu !i participiul trecut, au o form5;egulati (terminaii cu sufixul
    .pd, Ai 0lta nerp:ulr';. lornrole rpreoulr.Fsinr prFf,raLpin ersl!za briLaDica
    iarcph reculat".ln nnslpzaampri"rri-rvezi B. eiuirk.A Graniar ot ConlempotarA English.3.65). Dic-tionarelesi J.drnaticilt ceie nai cunoscutesi rccente
    nu confirmi lnsh aceastdasertiur,!.

    $ 1847

    TTIIPUIIIIE PIiL\CITJ{I,N AI'X TXRBEIO& NJiRTGUL{III

    Trtcut
    . ,. . .
    lnluo ttu sinplu
    alide

    alodC

    Participlu
    rr".it
    iboder

    asoke {:l.l[i"
    Irs

    lcat

    bseechs

    Ib.o,r.:, bc:nl

    bcga!

    Iesnn

    rent

    bent:

    lbrrg,n, h s3:n,br snll


    Ilend, bcnt, hnrl

    basouglt

    berelt
    lesousht
    betr

    [hrri:Y, br relf, br .elt]


    lbrrsj:u,br sr:t, br'sc:l]
    fbet. b.at.betl

    [ { iD' ec li[ )
    bit
    bled
    blcntr (]it )

    J ll9,""
    r rbrd,b,d.rr,dl
    I ili'ii"ri,tr t fbrd bed brdnl
    tr.nnd,
    bitic!, bit'
    bled
    bleDt{{1i1.)

    i a locui {arh.)i (lit.}


    I a rlmlne, a sta; a
    { conlinua; a attepta;

    r""",1,"'*-k{:l|.:,"}rr
    l l i :, w .z , b i :nl

    lbi;t, bi:t, ni:tnl


    br'sdl;;'#,
    Is'n.

    f bid

    bii.e
    bled
    blcnd

    {ffiii"

    la'lard, c b.ud- orleudl

    beaten
    bn;orrn

    t;:;;'.
    begin

    Imn

    Traincerc

    fba d. baund. baundi


    ibarl, brt, branl
    lbli:d, blcd, nlcdl
    lblend, blnt, blnil

    al i
    l ani i tet

    a suporl a

    1 a iscj ptcca
    I o ri pi hni l al r a
    1 i i r$i ,a !ri {r {tl !nz.)
    I a oroona, a spure,
    { al i .i tr, a ol cd { prcl
    I l J l i ci tE ti .)

    l Pararelcu fo.na ndguhra, existl


    Fi o tormil regulail, dar dilril,I ca Irletes sau
    l n trcb uint t up.t V er i Ob s e r!a i i i_
    6 i 8 1 9 r.
    s I . z i O bs eA ili i 5 1 8 1 9 .
    !I or m a bes dle ;rh i i .i .
    {T im pulf ps p. . l v tu p ri ro rd rF ' !,rL .].tn s l rd i r Lt
    n' rpb,r' nl rLJ.nS r A ..ormarorpgIlal,a fijid ;Jra,Jeiistice ensLrzri lit.iarc.

    36S

    Infinitir

    Trecu"t Parlicip;n
    stmpln

    TradLlcere
    lblcs, blesl, hlesil
    Iblar, bht:, blcunl
    Lbrerk,bronk, brc!!anl
    tlfi:d, r,rd. brodl

    hing
    iuild

    buiit

    Lb d, b t, brttl

    bouSht
    canSlt

    cling

    i desic. a da nastere
    'lf ]i,
    a'se lnnulli

    J chid3
    I chided

    I chidcd
    I chiddens

    J creft
    I (arl.lit.)
    chng

    { creft

    Ib a :s t,l .:s t. i a :s tl
    tlar, bcrt, b.:tl
    tken, kudl
    lko:st. ko:sl. kosu
    iketl kc:r, k.:1.1 rtlardd,
    tijard, urd,
    'ijrd(n)l

    a cudi
    { a.,btrcnii a crlild a

    [rJu:2,
    uauz,,rJouzn]

    .,-. .,, I klelt, Lleftl


    1 " " " I l d d !v , U J U !n1 a (se) despica, a tlia
    lkl!, kl^!, kl^!l
    tklaud, klad, kkedl
    lkrst, kcst, k st]
    [ti:p, ]cpi, heptl

    J ffe$: {lit.
    I afh.l

    tlnt, k^t, kitl

    { dxrst
    I (inrechit)

    r se tifi, a se turjqa
    ldsprecocot) a clnta
    r tfia

    ide., do:st, deadl


    ldirl, delt, delll
    dng

    iiid

    drink

    Iall

    fell

    lisht

    lorght

    llins
    flv"

    lled
    flung

    loryot

    IoL,glt
    Itcd

    d..g,cl
    !q's.
    d u ' , ( lId ' o /.n l

    a sara

    td..:, dru:, dm:nl


    ldri:m, drcmi, dremt
    L L i n o kd
    . 0 k . d rn o kl
    torarv. (lrJU!. rllvnli d $ e l , d $ e n , d \? l tl
    ti:i, ct/eri{suA). i:lnl
    flcl, fel, lr:lrnl
    lli:d, fed, iedl
    llil, lelt. leltl

    a t.asc; a dcsem
    I risa
    .,b9"

    lid r . lJ:I. | :l

    [ti ' n d , fa u n d , ra u n d ]
    lfli:, lled, lledl
    lflrt, flll, fl.lr1
    [lar, nu:, roun]
    lla ilet, fa'git, l. g.tnl
    Lfsserk,lo suk, Ia'sc taDl
    tl.iiz. irouz. 'lmuznl

    d
    n
    a
    a
    a

    l ocl i
    nlnca
    oiidea
    {se) hrtui
    (se)simti

    ,' j d La ..

    . si si
    a nrgi
    a zairli
    a zbura
    a uila
    a grlsi
    a lnsl'cta

    a sp r'ol J

    r Trmo u r es paI ' v ar es l o rn l r' e a l a rd .l n .i ." l ,' l r" b ui n!a; In sr A , t" " ma
    -" rp-p
    {iii(i .rurctBsiic;, FriJalezi
    lit!ide,
    AUlatA
    :!e zi O bs er \ n1i 3184!.
    sP1 'a l L u l. f na r r r . n l d d .r;s r.r o ro -m . rF g a l a td.dard..i r,a i r' .1" . sar
    )i
    h h ebni n ta re .( \ r z i O b& r lat i i 5 1 8 1 ,).
    r to rmx |F s alalii.lnUlnrl i !F v r.n -ri { n l i r L a n c fi s l .i {r a" l :.zinumxil a uni i l ooti
    i in un ,h p \o r" s i i .o rb a irr " , i s rp n ro nunl Jtr,n eenereca.i cei
    m ai pul i n i D nor ' iantai
    t r p r ngu l d l ad ; ob" bir pnt iind. r n m a i ri .a tp a ,l a u ri l o r, n u );a i !rt;B rst;.r:

    8?0

    Intinitir

    P&rticipitr

    go i
    gilt,

    !:ild
    gird
    giv

    glrl'

    I gotienl

    I {m;r
    girt"

    iround
    gro{ n

    h ide
    h ir
    liold

    Tradtcerc

    si IIu

    hiil
    irii
    held

    knit

    hrit

    lax

    laid
    led

    , hiddenr

    I hid

    hit
    held

    c"rr
    iS;:i,isir
    rdlI Jlr. sll

    l A i :d . g d :r. s rJ l

    fhi:v. )taur. hcuvl

    { a l 5 e i r r d t r1
    { a (se) uni a
    I a annca

    hju:lr
    hjo:d,
    rhj:u,

    {;ili""l:j

    rhldnl
    thard, hd,
    h ,t. h n . h ttl
    i h a u l d .l r' l d . l re i d l

    i l e ,d .' l c ,d rd .-l F i d n l

    lay
    lit

    lie
    lighi.

    lit3

    night

    i :v - l e l t. l e L tl
    i l e n d , l e n t, l e n U
    ilet. lct. lell
    i l a r, te r, l e rn l
    lla{, ltt, lrtl
    u:2. lcst, lcstl
    incrk, netd, netdl
    tner, martl
    tmi:n, neni, nentl
    tni:t, met, meil

    tmiu, maud,naunl
    oughi.
    pav
    put

    fH:'d,,T^'r
    p e rd l

    (ought)
    pui

    ioei oeid,

    i,"t

    "***'

    a (se) t,ne
    a retima, a ngnr
    r (sc) Pistlt
    utr

    taJml l cti ,at

    I itrc]1 a, a impo{era

    a l i :d . l c L t.IF l l
    ilrin. lcnl, 1etrtl

    iraii. d,nt,n,ntl
    lelt

    ,,,,

    , . -iI ' -" -" , ^ ;

    1 r" i e,

    'ill,lr
    i S"'u"*," o,*.
    flll:*,,iJIi
    i d ra L n d .a r.u n d .g ta unl l r n,i t' nr
    I li:,r'l . -r,r,.,'
    Hj', Fdl I
    ;H"'i,
    c v 'i
    I
    ihFv , hc d, '",1,"
    '
    I auzl
    ah, J . I ' i: d. 1, : dl

    i k i :t, h T i . tc l rtl
    l n i :1 ,n e J t,n rl tl
    tnrt, nt, ndl

    l.d

    a olrine

    a
    a
    a
    a

    ti.5si, a preca
    da cu Imprumui
    l5sa, a lnchiria
    nce, a. dra culcat

    .l a putea {: a alea
    ' al nsetrIna.al trl el g
    I a (se) lDtllnii a lace

    I cunotnnF
    I c9sl

    lT?ili,'
    a
    l l du

    'ili;;',';il?",,,
    {ii;ii""r
    1'*"'
    I.i:d, rd, redl

    a (seJcrrr

    rVe zi O bs er v alii $ l8 4 c
    s'ti mnul Rs Dec ir rar c s i fn rmArp s d a l ,i .
    r" j s1 |
    . p ;i ;i ; ; i; ; i
    .i r' rr, ri o ro ,ml f" s " rr rr' ddr di reri i a" J
    " ' -i i ti ' r
    ' n{

    .^ ,imLJ
    ,dun'ipo4
    ,are.,drinLn,ri
    s."isd.
    '" '"'l'ilJitr;;)i1lr9.'i"fi.i;ll" l-'"'.:3,.1,"'
    ps t , r . s ii . o ) d' r d . p! lo p r o n u n {r t l i n s ! n r ' a i L r " a
    orlin im o orra oli )r rrr ' n
    ' d rreldl: a. dFuse0 riealiin d, 1, , n' ' d- or it lt pd dz ut r lor . n' r r n a r o r r o g r J l ! d
    n
    '

    '

    a?l

    I finitit'
    rcn d
    ri( I

    Trecut

    Pdrlicipiu
    l.end, rcnt, renll

    . enl
    ridl

    ridr

    ru'rg
    rirc

    rivcd

    Trutlaure

    rirfna

    t.'il, nd, rdl


    rrard- r,rul. ndrl
    i rl o . i e r. ,rl l .'
    farzi rcuzi frznl
    lra^', rdrld,
    "!\'nl

    I d (se) {'pc

    I fcsirins

    pa (nanz.) de
    I r sci
    I .D c!,r sau de cera

    i lsel desriou
    a Ulia cu lonslrlul

    i s i :, s c :, s i rl
    tsi:k, sc:t, sr:tl
    tsel, soutd,seuldl

    sold

    Uc'k, Iuk, Je'kJnl


    II@1,judl

    shall
    shear'
    sneN!

    shos'

    shca.ed

    I {t.hn.)

    tJ,adl
    ljr d, I Pd, J Fdl
    f J an, t iud, I J UnI

    shesed

    fJorn,tcn, Jcnl
    IJU:,JJd, JJd]
    tfu:t, Jct, J.1l

    showed

    ihed,'tred,'Jrcdl
    shrinkr

    sine

    slide
    slina
    slink
    slit

    shrank

    tJrilk, JEtk, F^!kl

    shrorcl

    sltrn'cnr

    sans

    surs.

    slew
    sleDt

    slain
    slept

    ..:

    slung
    { slaDk
    I (ra., a.h.)
    slii

    r slni

    l s l ,d d c n
    slung
    slutrk
    slit

    a scuturai a tredura
    i,rebDi (fi auiliar)

    tjraN, Jrouv, 'IrNnl


    tJ^t. lrt, J^tl

    a rirsa (lacrini e!c.)


    a potcovi, a h,o[]la
    . ararta:a sc vcdca
    r rute l n l ,i i i . u stqi d
    I o i ntra /a sestri nge/
    {( {la apI)i a e,iia, a
    s coar
    n {sel spo!dt; a reria

    lsril, se!l<. s^!kl


    isli:p, slept, sleptl
    tslard, slrd, 'sltdnl
    [slo, sl^!, sl^!]
    lsl!1, slnrk, sl^ukl
    lsl!kl

    a azvirli. a aNnca

    J a (se) cdpa
    [s]rt, slIt, slttl
    lsnel, sDeti, snteltl
    tsnart, smonr, 'smltnl

    spell

    tspi:k, s!3uk, speukanl


    a {se) grnbi
    tspi:d, sped, slcdl
    r orLogralia,a silabisi
    fslel, spclt, speltl

    spill

    tspend,slent, spcDtl
    [s]rl, s!rlt, sprlil

    spilti

    slilis

    1 a petrece (tim!nl)

    ! Paralel cu forma nere$lai{ cxistA !i o forme rgulatl, dat dilcritl ca Jnlclessau


    lnhbuinta.e. {Vczi obseryalii S 184e)
    svezi Obse.val.ii S i849
    t Tjrnlul resrreciiv a. ;i lorma reguh1e

    37S

    Infi itia
    sp'n

    spi!:
    spoil

    TrccuI Partiipiu

    Pronunlare

    Traducere

    lslrn, sp^n, s!?.nl


    tsrr{enl

    j span trar!

    spl!

    a sclipa
    lsplrt. ltr l. si,]rtl

    spoili,

    a (se)si.icai a .{sliia

    tspred, 6]rred,slrcdl
    t (ensl.an.)
    siiv

    -: -

    staxt:{arhl

    sprung

    lsprr!, s!r]r, spr^'rl

    staid:Iarh.)

    x s!i, a Inmhe; a opri

    l s ri :1 ,s ti u l ,' s tJ u i J n l

    a ,6c)lipii a (se)lnligo

    [s|l]]. sta!, si^t]


    lstr!k, stDlk, st^lkl
    Isi^!kl
    l s tru :, s tru :d . s tN :n l
    lsifu , rtrand, 'strrdnl

    | st t r nk lr r l

    G l rrn ., s l l ,l ,, s tr/l ,l
    lstnr. si.r'r. stra,.ll
    lstrarr, str.u!, htr,rnl

    a rnspindi, a presnra
    r mogc cn pat mar!
    I a s!)l ori . a 6el tbi ctc.
    { a racc gPva; a oscoI pcn (!eirol, aur ctc.J

    lswi:p. sweli, srvptl


    [s\rl, sNe]d.'srvollenl
    Lswrmi6Feni, swnml
    l l i l j , trri , t.rtl
    tell

    told
    tl,ougll

    ftrl. truld. l.ul,ll


    t0 r!k , J :t,0 J :tl
    l r)rd ' \' . 0 ra u \.' 0 rrv nl
    '
    I0 ,J U ,0 ru :, u r.u n
    rr"si.l
    l0r'si,oDst,
    rw e rn ,q { ri

    \reI
    will

    a nNata (pe ali.ulJ


    a (sct rnpei a. snsra

    a o ca {ln pioioare)

    i ;;;k r D ]

    twi:v, Nouv, 'w.n!onl


    l w e d ,' l re d rd ,' !" d rd l
    tw,:!, wcpt weprl
    t$et, rvet. fttl
    lwt, srdl
    l\tlrnd, waund, s'aundl
    lrv.:k, rc:t, m:tl
    Irr0, r^!, rall
    irart. ront, rrtnl

    a (se) Frta;

    a dura

    a tllnge

    a ierpuii a inllsura
    a luoai a lorja
    a i.lnge; a stoarce
    a scrie

    ':vp
    , iS ' 8i9
    o azi-dObr
    l " l ,N.
    r , f . m - n. r ; ...ri .\i .
    i , ro rm .i r" g .tJ J.ddo,t,ri ..' atn' " )ps" .u
    _
    l n t f ebu i n ta rp (. V e?i O bnr r ati i q l 8 t9 l
    3Ti n p u l r . s n. " t iv ip. . i -,rn ,,r f" s .ta L i .
    aj v
    lnr . _ F j. lr " :
    r" r l \\,r' ,_ .
    5V.zi 'r$" . i2r03.

    OBSERVATE

    ASLIPEA

    VERBELOIT

    NIREGULAI,E

    E73

    V]IRBELE \ETtE{iU[,ATE COMPUSO

    5 1848

    Cite\a v"rh^ .preruldt- qint i .1" r prin a,t- rq.r.,Jun-r r.retir ta unul
    ,
    "
    orrrrF vrrb.to drnipta,.r pfln.p
    irr ii. ., ,l , m-i s,r . Tr".rrr rt stqrptu.i L,acti,
    i
    plul lor trecut sint rdcnrice cu acctea ale verbelor simplc
    tdto:ite in
    Bxemple de asemeneaverbe sidtl:
    3-

    Ia(k-:

    lo ar'",o,'_us"

    h, br,rDn,'tjr|k.//rer

    ,.d

    :. r h 1 .,t

    rd.o

    .ttj l

    fre-:
    DrGd-:
    loF :

    ra becorn?,bcfaq. bt pi,l.. hei,ld!. beser.terlcaN. be.st,et,,berttitte, betdLe;


    to broad.ds,ar
    ta n tbco - to "b, d. , jc . , r j , , . u , . , .

    irter-:
    mis-:

    rr rntall
    to inter0.drer
    to nis8ir?. misne.,

    9l!:,

    - f
    u. dor.
    trp-:
    siv-:
    sif t -:

    misld3/. misl,zd, mkspclt. Dths/ezd.

    m;rdnc.

    nis

    to arrbi.t, anLdo. olrsro',, out.;.1d, our,,rn, ourttu,


    out,,ea.,.
    to o\,p rb.o r. a \ "b. . 1 of L, j/ .
    o\ r . dr r . , , \ " , . a , a " ,
    B
    ^
    ^trtdna.
    o\ dr , pd. o\ , r g{ , , . n! "r / . 1, 9 . o . r / a o\ a- .t
    ta!, oaerrt4e,
    ovcrsroor, ovost e?, orc.srr.dd,, arermke,
    otetlkra@. olernorh:
    to rcbuild, rt:pd!, *lak?, rebeon {let,n.), r.,,tzll
    to tDb"tut uD L, t d. r , - Lt , t a. u. . , a, un, . . , ,
    .nx.ii. untd.c. untdde. un.
    te ott. .a4 totp . LNa / , 11
    E, un! ; nd:
    t
    ,
    L, u ,d rr,d .
    J - r / . . , , . . t d. . u1a t - t t ,
    nd""xo, ).nd,."t,r. u.derl?ru od r4 . un dp',. nt , T".
    . nd. - . t / .
    k. t: .rd" akp.
    'J.
    hat t . . t . - .
    ', tpb p. .
    r t . ". r
    lo si"u ..,,

    r : ' L:

    . . . . 1, t a. ' .

    O]]SNRTAII'I,1SLrPX-ITIRBXIOR ]YXT,XGULATf,

    S 1849

    Ahide. - Formele nercgulate sint arhaice5si rar intrebuinrate in lite.arur,J


    V.rbul inqJ)i e. " intrabriinlsr numai in ii,nod tiL"rard
    "onLFmpordnJ.
    llTbd \orbrli ltint,h,ontind" to st.p. Lo r"t,jain, to stdu,
    tl n rnloculL.rn_
    t^ t , o p. to Lvott lot

    sdu .u

    / o s ' r a / . t a p, t ' Lt p t ilh,

    to t^t.ta|p.

    _
    lTr!".wake. awskstr.$akonb.-tldt"
    l p). wokr. noki, ookpd esLe
    intrcbuinlr'in limbd vorbitd: oxI+.. owtlhpn.oah"., tn limbd..ri.a.
    ljmba vorlirr.mrrd rL n.'r

    ol. . , p: t ' I g. it r ng t . t F.
    I
    s r ls lo b"
    [ 'lr
    - oLPd ^r t uor
    ld
    l-h
    n
    \
    ""m
    pd
    Lo ox al? r id . i , '" n .
    I
    ,s r "pr o"d
    haf s . ns F ot d u L v .
    {
    "{ ,ijt
    / ", "d
    r, ,ratuD thc dead. I It was a nojsc

    A|ake ql awaken sint prelerate ctnd sensul este figurat:


    tn a*ake to t]trerealitiesot tite
    ,o oean?susDi.ion
    !. dpai? to one,sdanger
    Whar an adftenr,sl
    rverbele simple ca.e iolrll tn compunerca
    verbeto. din accasHlist{ stnr initicare
    zYzi Obsovalii g 18,!9.
    3 Ycrlul este drnaiii.
    existi $i o toimti rcgulaid, ilar di{eriti ca trleles sau
    .
    _aPamlcliu loma nergLjlirt5
    l n t rrlni n t0 fe .lv ez i O ns uv ari i g i 8 4 9 t

    "",

    i 'u ,," i .'o ,r:,'rbin"'


    , i, l, l, lli l i , i l i : j ' ; l . t d ,. .F r:md '

    nun^r p."nqu,i

    At2 t:
    r , ! t . A . ) i t o rm, n .r" a t1 rr,: + 6 ,r' ,. .v r/i ti .rJ \ rb.ror r" r
    c!tare l a
    dct )t. A* d ulic n t r
    t| \"",
    s h i l g 1 rt1 re .
    - al, . n

    8?4

    .1(1,./1.,
    are in gcrefc trelulul rgdat cind este tranzitiv ;i neregulat cind
    lie (ioie.n

    i.n }ecau s - "r o of u hr d dnz f t e, i hid.

    .|eali.n i ttulicn t;nd si fic intrcjruinlatc numai l,rarzilil :


    lle \\as (orrulzned Il' ll,c Dolse.
    llcar are treouful 6orr ,ri doui forme de pa|ticipiu tec\ft: barn \i tur e.
    Eorn (: niscut) este irircbuirl,at cu srrH ldsn, (firn IJy):
    lo bc Dr., (: a sc nari.)
    He \1'xs ,D., i^ l9t6
    IhL i. l,l'r " .th-. / .

    tor"ne (:

    of J i c o, r " gF , nl,

    nnscul) esie intreblinlnt

    cu sensarlir (sau pasiv urmat dc ,/):

    Slc had Dodrehim iwo ch'ldrcn.


    Uc had tNo daughlers ,orne him Dtl his s'ile.
    Bo rn e r nai ar e f i t nt e l e s u l d e ..s u l o rta t. p u rta t, transportat" :
    This cannoi be ,o/ue.
    He Fis ,o.r. on their shoulde$.
    -4i.bo.,d traiLic has develope<IconsiderablX.
    ln limba vorbifi, ,cdr (: a purta) este inlocuit cu lo carrV cind iDsenmne
    e duce in minn / niini / spinare un obiect, care are oarecare greutate. de la

    umbreln, n5nugi, p nrie etc.. pini la clemai ma greutsli(lnzi lncdrcateetc.).


    CI. io bear : a ava 1a suprafale1 a purta etc.: The door ,ore a notice /
    his name. The lctter ,ore her signaLure.She Dearsmy name.
    cu to Near : a prrdo tnbr{cnminte / incnlrnrdnte / mnnusi /
    ,,_Cf. 9i

    Boholdon. Part;cipiu l,recubarhaic al verbului ,o behold,tntrebuinlat


    arum numai ca adjctiv predicativ tn limba literari, cu lnlelesul de ,,lndEtorat, obligat. recunoscdtor(fa!e de ...)":
    I wasbeleldento hin ro. lis kindness.
    Bond. - Vcchiul participiu trcui Deaddnu esteintrebuinlat decit adjectival si numai in expresia on bended,
    knee: (: cu genunchii plecali):
    k ees
    Theslave{as killed because
    he had not ,ezr lis headalld askedon bendcd
    (Sclawla fostucispentN ce nu iqi plccasecapulSinu cemscln genuncliierla.e.)
    Forma participiald contrasi mai noud ests lnsi preferatd 5i adjectival:
    nq(are
    --- -. -

    | (r'Culat) . t.pi lprin modrtP cl. ) numd ron.rFt


    alipii. a priva. a de|osedal
    \rniegulot1(:
    I An accidentbn.aoettl]'im ol his wile.
    I rUn ac.id.nli-a r.rtit.solia.)

    l' t h" b*. o ' " d r o ri p r $ a s In m o u n ,., ' E .


    t (Mrmr, c{reia moalte.t 1i r{pisc fiul, e.a ln dolin.)
    I To bc ,/c/, ol spe0h.ol reason,ol .n's senses,ol one'spossessions
    (\r.
    . n p rJ l . a + i p i ,d ,
    r " :i na. Jri p;erderver.a.l
    n o ro cur ai . l
    ' n i n ri l ,:a
    | 1h" lJ os /,r/l h i m o l " o n s .,o u s n .6 " .
    I (Lovitu.a il llcx slli tiardl cunoriinia.)
    IrariiciDiul ,crrarrd cEte lnirebuintat curent in sensul de ..tndoliat".
    Partici:piul ,lr.t (!i uneoi bereaveti) este lntotdeauna urmai de prepo"i-

    triao/.

    Beseech.- Verb desuet sau litrar, tnlocuit tn Iimba englezd actuald


    prin: to as,lrearnestlyjta implorq lo enteat.

    8?6

    OBSERVATN ASUPR.\

    Be r, - F " r m " l" pc i r c i p " l ^ r" g u l i ' a ,p //p d . Dette.l,slnt inlrrbuinl,ate adeeori tn engleze britanicd.
    J P U 0 P .J ordona,a in"itt, A corrvooa)
    I Lid. , t ut " b i J J a /
    \ . h; r l. L' i, J .L i '
    dli i'
    " ^ l .ri (prel la licirlt/ie)
    \ \ ' . / , . r' r .;, ,1 rr.L .
    (Le-an slns n.aptc buni )
    i was Dtd.Ltr lo dinnrr'
    lAd losi chemai (sru ilvitat) ]a rrasil
    the rtddru Euests
    (uNalirii inviiali erau numeroti )
    ri _
    Ha l' , / f I0 ^ n ' r' ' p '
    jir i
    lI

    npr:

    i' r b .1

    l' n

    l'

    p r'"

    l l ol

    Yerbul esLetntrebrinlut numni in limbajul forrnal sau irL scris. liind lnlir
    cuit in li $a vorlriii plin ta say, to tell, to order'
    To forbkt (: a ilit$zice). comprisclr \qbul lo bid. cste inttebxi[,tai nrsd
    si tr limba vorbiti.
    '
    Bite. - Participiul Lrccut ,il estc intrebuinlai asliizi nunni irr:
    Once &rlten), t$icc shl. lProrcrll

    Bourlden.- Participiut tracut arhaie al verbului lo trr:n.lesto intrebuinlat


    astdzi numar adjectival tr erpresia:
    du t\ I
    'a
    lt t"d
    i. ", l tain P"

    : m ' pi' d , '


    d ' o1- , , ll' ' bl
    o"lJ lu ool J i- r I ' c l' r d ' r

    llroaalcast.- Accst, vrb dre urmiioarele formc:


    broa.)cast.broad.ca:t.broad,cast.fiil;za| astdzi atit tn sensul general de
    iraffdiiuza,
    a rEspindi o ;Lire" eic., clt Di cu sensulde ,,a radiodiiuza"'
    ,,a
    "a
    llite prin radio":
    The nels

    \ts

    ,foadrds, lfonL Nucla.cst.

    : (radio) a radiodifuza, a transmits


    broad&sted.brodtlcosted'
    btoatLcast,
    /uiilizat la lnceDuturile radiofoniei)
    '
    Boucblen.- P"rli ipiu ,rc"uL ffLaic al verbului 1o ,lry. intrebuinla!
    adiectivil ei dialecLalIn onsl"za'mericand Spre .leos"bir"de baught'partt'
    arr nuanla dF..cumpdratla p16valiede duzrna'
    cipiul trecui curent.bouEht?n
    nu lucrat de mltr6 ingdjit".
    C yod. - Pafticipiu trecui arhaic al verbului to cd.te (regnlat) ests
    lntrebuinlai numai adjectival ln stilul poetic:
    Participiut resulai cdrretl esle participiul verbal intrbuintat in mod
    -in liroba scrisd, ctt qi in cea Yorbitl
    cureni atit
    Chido. - Acest verb este lirirebuintat numai tn limba scrisd li este lnloprin verbul lo scold.
    .cuii
    - ln lirnba vorbitd
    Forma regulafi ;hid,ed (ir,dicati'r trecut Si participiu trecut) esie mai
    {rscvni lntreEuin,iate decli cea neregulaH.
    eifrsaa,- Cloeen, padicipiul trecut arharc, este tntrebuinlet numai
    ediectiYal:
    "
    cropeu
    timber'
    a cloeenloot (sauhoof)
    Se folosette lnsd adjectival si forma cleft:
    a .lett Palaie
    a clet stoL
    (cu
    excoplia parLicipiilor trecuto
    Acesi verb este rar i l,rebuin-tat,ast[zi
    ..left-{ doeen) 9i este tnlocuit prin lo slllt (: a despica)

    3?6

    {'lotlc. - Form"1. nFrFgulai-, lp indiceti\ului trp,ut si parli.il iutui


    \aD
    sinr.li'Fran sJu rrhxi.p. .u .\,enlir p0' hipiului ire, ur jnrrc.(lod.t
    Drrrnrdr ,rflleclrvar:
    jron-.ldd {adj.)1
    l\gttL1!clad
    vire.lrd walts
    Narmiy.ldd
    .ltd in glory
    nn iron./a,,(subst.ll
    n r"dht) I
    d,o.r ..
    fosr
    [(.;n't.
    i e\-1,r" nn:ul da .os ,
    l rrrinz. 'pcrrldr)
    '
    Il .o{ m. i \l iltinAs
    Fmson'hptL.
    ll ,o.l.l bplor"li' ,\. in; d II'r
    l'ro$
    a gir.:uri: Ja"pr" .o oir a , inLJ. \;'bvl ,.r, a.r!zi aprudrF
    lr,loldaiu ., r.!'rlJl. Trp,urul +./.5'p,lFrup
    ii intrpbuintdrtn lit;rd,,ria
    Dumai refe tor la chiatul coco_sr
    ui.
    Darc
    J(h20lot ti nprytLot) , indrizni)
    S 2l2i
    ) (t,3ulat) {- s dp"L;d,.c stida. a lrrrruntr)
    La trecut, verbul a.e trei lormc. asczateaici in ordinea frecventei intrebuirr,oriilor: dar,d.r"a m.,i hpcvLnta:/ar"l lirarora;Jrrsr. arhri"; ai lir"rard.
    Dirc. - \'erb rFgulal,l^ limba cnqlpza.are iqdi.arivul t"ccut drr si
    p-rli.ipiul lrp"ul d/r;d In torirnta an,ri.sna a limbii.ogl"ze.
    Drixl.
    ..t" un pirtiripiu 1ra.uLiI|rrpbuiDtaLnumaic.LaJiF"riv
    DtL,nl,pn
    arlib.rliv. dr ,/. fiind parti"ipiu !.rial ti adj..ti' pr.di.1;vl
    H" \as in.r d"r,tp, srarp.hd\rnqdr?,, too nu,.hon Jo ,mpty sloma.h.
    Sh $ae dfuar.with I'appines
    D$ell. - In sensul de ,,a lacni". to d,q'clleste inlocuit tn limba vorbitE
    ptin to lir". Formd requlaladrFrp!, esterrr '.
    Ilec. Fly. - \rrbul to fled este tntrebuintat in limba scrisd.fiind inlocuit
    in limli f orbild yrin ro run nn 1 s"i ta lt 4 l d,ro4 ). ln
    ra t, ro lt u \-=
    -rest
    Flp lnJrabuinlatnum"i lJ infiniriv s"u la indiLrrirul
    i
    prcr"nt. tinturile^
    'gi) liild
    rrp.ure
    lpd. lpd ale v"rbului ro /r..
    I pl;nJ... Prriripiu n"rcgulaLal verbului rFgulat io f.,;r,,
    l Tuqbl
    ^rnrreDurnlar,
    numar a0lec!rvar:
    Theirremarks/ruzgir\ritl rnalicsurprised
    ne.
    Gird. - Formeie nercgulate sint intrebuinlate md rar decit,celercgulate.
    Collon. Par'i.ipiu tr"r'r' bl r"rbului ,, a. irrrebLir,lsl I'Jm1i cJja
    rrflln li.rbs pn-l"zd ii i - r
    ,
    , p"''i"it i,r rrn"ur rr.brl In e :i.ra
    ^,1 urc.' f or ' L
    I e
    - J ui |. n , , . r dP.r ol hp .l
    , . , . . . dJ . . \ r n, . r

    sc gdseite si in cornpurere ca participiu trecut al \erbnki ta foryet (lorEaIIen).


    (iraycn.
    Pdrlieipiu nergulat desuel al verbului regulai lo gar, (: a
    grava, a ciopli). Inirebuint,ai nirrnai in limba literard sau tn poezii:
    ll. ras srd'dn on his menorl.
    0.dr.r irnrges.
    ,.
    t (tarlot) r i cn,,,/Jra,
    u"ng
    1r",. "tnt -u i irni. r dL.,l": a st,inzur-),s,iliJ',rilirr)
    ' d .,
    T . " a - t,.(
    t]h .ir t t^ n e p d .
    ll

    I ian dalt
    lt\.):.| (-

    ,|',.i

    I.i

    lliidal):

    .J

    dr'd

    ,, ,l

    o n ,'

    au i.oz.ldd (snbsl..) (:

    j.

    !n cuirasal.)

    oBsERv^Tr

    a7?

    Hca rc
    . 1 t . . , t iic t. | /t p u to t I r!.r q g , r..rr tr
    a rr.r u m lla; x ar |l, r 7 l r..u ;4 ,t
    ri l I,o ,rj ,t s.n.J.
    Uer bcsom tcorcd Fith sigts.
    th. shjl /-re Ire anct,ur.

    rti .)

    it ; i , , u
    oD ^ ru t. a .i ^ p ti ., J ,ttb .,"
    (pi ,t11. I.m." ,,urbuni :
    .IIp w
    undr, .p . 1.
    r oplr , r ,.. s p r" ,l -o s c b i rF d F /o s d r {= at.i
    L" uf.rasrrtu.r.
    "
    r l. il a 5 D b u. ; ! i. r dobor i . P a rti .i p i ,rl ,ffr I ra , tt..L tr,\.d psl . InJi rJr i ntra_
    b urn l a t d e c t b f or m a nere A u l .U i .,rr:
    n" hdd .,tp r, . J u l ," a a l t I i . \\a y rhrousl I.p torp-.
    r ) r 1 I rra r .n
    l r n p r d rr" )
    /Jcttn. esle si lorma padicipjutui tntrebuinlat adjectivd:
    The toudaiion was made of /.,a ston..
    It was a rough trQz statuu o, a nan.
    .
    l,
    r
    r
    r
    i"
    ipiul.
    Hj d c..
    l j i d .s ta i ,rt,a L ,ri n td t si a..azi , " u o u.narri
    L
    n us n l r.d p .uplo. J n t in, ba' pJ,u
    i t,.,,,rJ
    . H i 4 d .n N i ;i i ui
    rr" ,.rt ob;s,,ui i . ei ue
    '
    l n t r e l ,,i n l "t a, lt ! . r L. l. , ' -i s l j F .rrl J j
    \Yticre havc Xou hidden the key?

    I{neel. - Formr:leresLrlatesintt trebu;riatemairardc.tt ceteneregulate.


    Knit.-Tr-,r
    ul
    It.|.int formete
    t",ti,ipi .l trp"ut n:.utar Ln: *!l
    .
    1."L,lF.lntr"Lr.in'|se 'irr . od
    p.rii,ipiut tF.-l ir., nu *ri cste
    lnrrFb, n'r' d,.lt .irj'"'i\rr "Li:nuir.
    .,u ti:,rr. :
    wiih nnl,(iedl bfoNs

    closelr.7 it scntcnces

    Parlicipiul trccuLAniupde.tF p,rl-rii tr .azut obiectelor tricotate, mai


    tl-. ci||d nu Fsl. in.oli- d- U', .l' tprmi,.Jnr.
    Lade. - Acest verb estc intrebuintrat astezi aproaDeexclusiv ca termen
    llu r la jr" rrcir, J \a.al^r si F trto.-it i|| timbd , ur"n,, , u ,-rbut ,o l;r,
    {rFg,rldl p-n ru .plpldll. d n..Uri.In .rlH'. d" u.-te
    .ornt,us, ,'r de
    "u\in rprcsii consacraie, ca:
    a veu tadentree
    trcalylad?Dtruses(d a r t ddcdLuses)
    a haJJatc4tony (d a r a lorry loodrdritl tray)
    PJcli.ioi .l tr",,rt /r'd n (= in.ir.br i.,,po,drrr) Era o Lr,naranuanta
    y^..":li. $l i dal prf-rdL totn-i tntt.d.r.d;"r"
    lu, rn ."ng li;u-.r sau e
    )ntrFnLular rn xrnhn lrteriri I
    L9 ."....
    L" or n |
    ,
    o P vcn rI a d ] . i. t r \ :
    a leoEd mat

    | ' n tJ .

    j r\" t..t.

    F ru J i rl

    ste participiul trccut

    a teonEd ?..\trl!L!
    tl'." i.aa,d Coursel
    p
    ro
    n
    unli"
    Cl .
    j r, " .1
    c , ij. ' i\ rl u i l .
    torl ptor \.rbJl e
    ,
    ' .t d L \.:.t4 l ,u
    "
    / .arr?r I l r:n di ' lJ : nt i
    f i g l '1 .
    o/
    r pr in ' l A. x ,r.l u ,i n 1 t1 i ' rd i 1t \,rt rj a,ur. bt!sarpa
    "
    r n 'n Io rma F s ulilJ r i . e 0 n " ' ,..u 1 r., ,.
    p pr" fpri nte nerj ondl e.
    " J i .td td
    P ar', rp i u l l c p,Lr r P gulat , " 1 / d .rr- In r L L i n ,d ' r1 i , !Frb,t., j r .i r.tj " , ri u,tr
    a Liglued tamp
    ihe t.g.hcd end of a matoh
    The tirc is t,'glrcd{sa! ttl.

    t?8
    Pa ni\,iul neregulai lir tsle inl,rcbuiu,tat mrrnai vcrbal gi, ca al.arc. tn
    lormele adjectivaicconpuse,!d:
    .u i \" . r' n n J u
    ri A v d .u ol Jn' f. apri ' si /uo
    .l r r nir a' dlp1
    l,)
    "l"
    a
    i
    ru
    i ! t b ci n rFgul ari '
    p ri n " i l o h l e
    f elina i a p rrn" r F r ' . f or n. l.
    S " / r ( n , l ,n r 1 ,, | ^ .l o o r.
    \n

    Ir ,Pd

    r d r ' ,",

    o In P.d ".

    us

    l fclf.
    Pdrri.ipi,l ttqut mott n , "1" rrr arhrisrn in'r' buir !.r ' '''7i
    npirca.irura
    DurnaiadiF'i\.,l,rororitoIlnn"tale."., l' rllaobi"rppcnrru
    ste ncvoi de temperaturi inalte:
    m/idu glas

    mauea ton

    dp-r- J-,li i' poezi".ln lirerat'rra


    Lo torm-re. ,;'npLrilnrrun.fucp
    ',,,
    ir,'r'b,rrnL.rir cpr..Irgrrra
    lonrr.
    dpsP..
    recoluluirl \l\l"a
    "r.,
    urc ,,,1,.n !r.,nnr ol sorg (A C Siiidrurne)
    no7lr4a.suncnts ($'.S. Lardofl
    m/l.n

    pa$ion

    (!.

    tlar|h)

    Participiul trecut regulaL,?slldd estPtolosii la formarea timpuril,} compuse ti adjecl,ival ln c{zul subsLantelorcarc sD topesc ugor:
    The sall had ndt d \'a rhc t r'
    tuerlt sao*
    nelkd bnl.t(r
    teltal

    ice

    rn.ll.d

    wax

    t'.,rti,iniu rrF-'rr Jlr-i, .i Ji'',"l"l al \"rLulJi r.!ular ta


    lro\co.
    p,.o'F( i do!Fdi).jnir"b..i1lir Hd-a ;\dl ;', nc"irl rrr limLajrl juridi, tlronunlat I pn'rnl:
    Not r.oi,,. ( .lipssf l,rt,rle ) ljr.l
    'lhis is a sojfDl.iii(:.lh rm!n

    Qrrit (:
    quittcd).

    lact.

    a pleca, a pirdsi; a 1ncet.,)se co jugi ti regulat,(to qttit. qttited,


    I'F U' ldJ ritalr
    I ri tt"n tp1.tt.\'it:u rerL.J'
    I ";d 'par'i"ip;u "p' .t
    nrs }een ,.dridl.D n.rv tur a lcar'
    -qhc
    H.
    N.s rtl ol l,is old laliLs

    Formelo principale regulate frtddcd,) sint raro.


    liisc (- d se scLrla)nu o lnl,rebuintat (lrcii ln linlba sc sn ,sie inlocuit lrr
    fimbd \olhir' p"in /^ t,/ rp. n enh4 'tt. C.r r' "l^ul 'lp . r1-dri'(rd .prc
    s oare,l',na.r..i "dl. r"irebuinrJr-i ln lr;b 'orbi''
    rodrt3 (adjeotiv

    atributiv)

    cslc lntrebuinlat

    . nds , , , $ ,rL i i p i u r,:u l o rl r" rl u l ui to


    l, , ir ' ! r l l r l ^ r' ,,a rp i ri n ' n u ri l o r,u m n ' i .-.
    tor la alie alinente decit carnea:
    /oa.r Lcff/Dork
    .odsr F.at
    1:
    i- rriptura de iaci/pom)
    {: oirnc lriltl)
    rcdsr.d ipplts
    rcdsredohesl rl-s
    i:
    {-' n'.rc .oaltel
    {: casr.4e triiite)
    Tlic l('l llas been .oasrcd.

    Roast

    nunai

    ftferito.

    t^n ' ) t-tp tt ttP '


    ci
    p
    -' 1,.'
    ' .1.' rral r i ri ptd)
    caiea ]Eijiti'rl

    l sra.ln : hrmirat de sl..lc.


    2t t , " . ot.t I mrn 4 " r "f f , oJ r . , r .
    .l patl:Eht
    ., \ tb
    "ut 5 , . a". nt tt\a, o,Jl l , r l
    .lt \ rsrn i \Jt,5 31 \u t - o. ,
    rip,u"d dF |ld ,
    r ipt , r r '
    liobi, id- r r g \ / , , b i i r h i l r l . i r . . 'i i n
    ,|| sr, ir , . nla; d. i: ; , o
    " t o r ut pil",",.
    eapul mesci) sar1.ie ln nasn icliilc d. lripi,rii din bucata lntrengl de citne aduvi din

    oss.nr. At tr

    479

    ^sLPra

    Ilotten (: putred) iir1. adjocti\':


    rrr'r wood
    roudL f\tit.
    r ror,t solint{
    ( rrtrcte put.edc)
    (: o s!,jiefati rutredd)
    i: lemn putrezit)
    nou.d, (- pn.|rezit). Participiul trecut al verbul,ri regLrlat 1l] rd (: a
    putrezi), are inlr?buinlaro rrerbaln:
    The wood has /Dted as,ay.
    (Lmnu1a luirezt.)
    1n stilul {nmiliar, rollc, esljeintrebuinlai io mod obiEuuit pentru a calilica
    tiiDlele Di lucNril de loarte proasii calitate (: lanentabil. mizerabil, eroazr ; c , a fu ri si t c i, c . ) :
    { .Drrcn!l.I
    forP4

    to leel ror.z

    lveah.

    ,,r.2 bo.oushl
    nt z
    Ro\:
    intrebuinlat pentru fl areta o insulire:
    Salt, -,\djcctiv
    sa/l meat
    sdl, lnilc.

    to \reep salr l,.ar$

    ParLicipirl sahd este i,rlrebuiniat atit adjectival (nunai


    pssir3), cit ti 1'erbal:

    cu tnleles

    s4lkd ne,t (idj.l


    sdl,..dl,utter (rdj.)
    salr.l he.rjns ladj )
    solld pork (adj.)
    Slie hadn t sard ihe neli. (Vc.lal)

    S{y. - Say, pa3l _sila4 sint singurele verbe cara au trecuLut Ei partioipiul
    trprlrt tcrnrinate ln ard. Cel{llaltc lethe, ca plaiJ, t/ay, au lorme regulate tn
    n 1, d (p l o q t . . t o4ot J t pn tr i ' ,,l i 0 i i .' rl rr" u l ;i p arr; i ti ul l r" " ,rl .
    So ri n .'- P " r r r " r pli r" . r n " r-:ru l r, rl ' " rt,.l ' ri to sc\i . i ' ,rrpbui ,,l rl , aLl !
    ca participiu 1'erbal. (,iN ;i ca adjectil..
    lia d s a rn a In ti o n o n n J ' c o a t.
    - s hc

    ShrDen. Pflrtieipiu trecut srhaic al vrbului rsulat li) srarc (:


    forrrra).intrebuinfat isldzi nurnai ca adjeetiv:

    I loolted rt his ?nis!/,aP, hands aid ryondercd.

    ShayeD. Parlicipiu trecrt al verbului regulat ,i' sldt. [ = a (se) rade],


    lntrebuir!ai adiectival:
    smootli s/d'n cl,ccks
    r 0lose
    -Vrar.a l{F^

    .tra{,rd arc tntrebuiniale vcrbalii. adi.ri sqvcs[o 1a compuncrer timpurilo!


    tlp hrd lldr.d

    Shoar.
    Shed(:

    oll iLis moustacrrc.

    Trcculul rioJ". este arhaic. (.\ezi ;iL shom)


    a vnrsa) oste lntrebuinlat pentnt ,.singe",.,lrcrimi':
    To lled Uood

    1. sl..l

    . ! 1 . .i. ,
    r l ' i" i
    t ,,
    ,.:i
    1
    r^rr
    1,
    "ol
    i'
    r d! ,n..
    "t.
    :
    t
    t
    . , i . , I "t..o, ,
    l,
    t, . i,'I'".u i,lr,
    ll
    -t.,
    {a t , rin I.aDce ril: totle .tu N i llr l
    .s lr d,
    t |t \ ' . . I
    l i.0 ,rr'
    "iF D.alo
    j ' rm. l i4al
    ?n. r '
    ni
    cdr.
    "' l
    i r l rd " ,,"-,sit t prr1.i..d it.d,".,.r, , . , ". . . , . , . , "i. . np,

    ir '

    ierrs
    n rr ,,1'
    r"1

    .r.

    t ') . a
    l ', i . , , m " v t t
    .,, n,.,in, a

    l Rttt
    l " . i '- 'r d lB
    I o u |. . p - / , n r , j
    ,r t,,rt1rn,,nL,
    '
    l. or ' l r ; / . r '. '
    '1 r " i " r l a r i ";

    - . |. h

    or^ r"n (,"Ds


    I p n 'a r
    J \ '" 1 r ', " , r , , d r r n u j i
    rr. I,.r....r....,n.!d.

    880
    Este inlocuit cu /., spill penlru alte lichide:
    To sptlr tlc nilk
    Not a d.ol rvn6srilr.
    Nuch jnk has b!!n spil, about the nall.er.

    8au cu lo rorzil lo sI{r peniru ,a virsa" (: a voma):


    io rontt blood
    lo ,.nil smokc
    The volcanos?.rs iis lara.
    Shcdded (: ad{postit), pariicipirl adjectival regulat.
    Sh0n, shewsd,shomr. - Ortografie arhaici pentru s,tooj shotruJ,shoq,n.
    I lintr. n4.lulotl ( a srt;ru i
    5nfn0
    \ 1Eanz.ngutatl ( e lu.lnrirln .p, ci al ln englezaameriean!
    The sun sloro brishfi'.
    He sltnd his snoese":eryday.
    Shon. - Participiu trecut, neregulat al verbuiui to s,{eal,tntrebuintat
    altt $rbJ.,1l si adjenlirel. lorma ree!larr .h or J |iinlt folosirdrareori $i
    aruncr numar (a par crFu rcrDor:
    ,He has !tua,fd {sau ino.a) the sheel.
    a 5,t Ir lanb

    s/Dftr yool

    a sno., crownr

    Cu snsligurat,nu se tntrebui.lrazn deciLforma slrcn (: privat de...,


    deposedatde...) atll verbal, cit 9i adjecLival:

    sn,rz oi strcnglh,ol lower, ol moneX,et'r.


    In tetrnici se tntreluin-teazi numai lorma regulute sl,ca,.d(: fiiat, fop
    lecai):
    The bar \.rs s.,4a.ed
    into .qral lenstls.
    hassl4d/adth; rircis."
    "The pressure

    Participiile trecute sinLshaDA irrtrebuirlat ca participiu verbal


    Shrink.
    qi ca adjectiv predicati\., _sislrarArr. intrebuiniat. ca adjectiv atributir-:
    Tlic coat has sn'eri ni the wrshing.
    Thechild'ssh&,nen{s au sn&L{/ cheelG
    hadlaled.
    Ile looked at the sl.Lnnez cloll,.

    Shrire. - Verb arhaic tnlocuit prin lo conf8s sa.uta absalec.Formele regulate slnt nlai rar intrebuintatc.
    SiDk. ,Srn/r sle uD participiu utilizat, ca verb ;i ca adjctft, iar sanAen
    numar ca a.Llccuv:
    T I J ]i a d s & n l i h e !o a t.
    t&trft in urought, in slee!, iD d.bt, in vice
    a senl,a ls au !Ln.(./ shi!
    srri.a eyes
    a suz,ldn (s au ezil rock
    s&n/rtr cheeks
    r sa,tcz (s au sLznl road
    a sxn/.uwreck
    Smell. -

    regutate.
    Smitc.

    Formclc nereguiate sint mutt, mai des int]ebuin.tate decit, cele

    Ilste arhaic, cu exceplia participiului Lrec.ut s itten q,ith h?r

    Sodde[. Participiu trecut dcsuel,al verbului Io seethe2,


    sod, sod(d,en),
    lntrcbuinlat, adjectival, participiul soddenedal yerbului rcgulat to loddn
    (- a imbiba cu api; a rbrutizn) fiind intrebuinlat ca verb:
    the sliFDd oil her so.td?Dshocs.
    TIe rani hid .rdd.n.d the grouid.
    r a s/@f" .ern : caD tul)s chilus.
    'Verlul rd seerd (: a riobc; a calcdi) cstc asHziregulal.

    Bttt
    SoN. I']arti(ipiul Lr.rut rrqulat este iitrebuin!al rnai rar declt, o.1
    neregurar,.
    I r- d se lrdbir
    | (iri. ne.t.rutot
    i\poio
    7 (tun;. r,;utdt) (- a dr."lFrr)
    They spcd down the strect.
    1ie rydedal(u!) i.heersine(theear,ihe trar|i., clc.).
    liormele
    regulate sint intrebuinlatc ln scris, formele ncreeulate
    Spell.Iiind lnsd preferate atit 1n scris. cit qi, mai ales.tn limba vorbitn.
    SDil.- Parli!iDiL,ltrF.ul sril (: !,.uio.') esl" arhaic. idr iril r recut
    simplu ;i parri ipiu) oor. .i In ;nglezr am"ri,ann.
    Spoil. In sensulde 0 prad". o spolid-.csle numsi r.gular. ln ""1,1"1,"
    Bensuri(,,a stricar a avariar'etc.) poate fi atlt rcgnlat, cit,,si neregulat..tpr;li
    este foma intrebuinlatrd adjectival:
    Stay. - Fornele regulate sint intrcbuintate ca forme verbalc. Parti.ipiLl trp.ur .,old F:le io rFb.inlar In c,,glp/0moJ,In" n',n ii , b.lj- ri\. , u
    "
    jnlplcsul de,,asczat.serios,gra1":
    a s/d

    peNon

    Ca formi verbal{, particjpiul stdid este pedmat.


    Stink. - Termen vulgar, inlocujt. la propriu, cu to s dl nastll (sar b.i..l).
    to hate a bad st11cll.'fotuqiv ulcnla lui protestatarn !i concizia crplozi\.i i,au
    nnrit nrir de circulalie reducindu'i totodati din vulgaital,c.
    csle lnl,rebuinlat,n1airaf dcril
    Stxe\y. Participiul trecut reg.ulats1,"4rr..1
    fol'ra neregulati slrtl,n.
    Stricken. - Padicipiul trecut arhajc al vcrbului Io slr"iAd(: a lori). a.(tizi
    intrebuirlal, nu ai co adj*tiv si in uncle expresii consacrate;
    sri.leD jn lears
    I i mto \ ir . ' u" r r ;

    ranic sr.i.i?n
    i - ..t " i rs d F ! n -u )

    (=. cu muslr{ri de cusetl

    (: n'grozil)

    ,.ttr&./i este pafiicipiul

    uiunders,"z.ft
    1: lovil de trlsnct)
    htrebuinlat
    la lo$rarea

    tinpurjlor

    conluse.

    String. - Participiul regulai rtr"irgd cstc lntrebuiniat, nunai ln cxpresia


    slrinled. i|slrumcnts (: insirumente cu coarde).
    Swoat. Termen vulgar, (: a asuda) intrebuin-tat mai nult ir lorma
    regxlald a yerbului. Dste iniocuit in limbaiul lngrijit prin 10pcrspire2.P drlicipiul trecut, rcgulat streatetl,ate qi tnlelsul de ,,erip1oatat":
    sreardd children

    Participiul trccut sedld, a inlocuit aproapocu totul forma rguSriell.


    lau s(rrlld, care mai este iDtrebliin,tatd numai l]] cnpresia a swelled.hedd,si
    The)-h.rd s,!.lL.dc\lcnscs.
    (Urrllaserl chelttrielile.)
    Se spune lnsd adjectival:
    a s,rorczcheek
    tcaf srrrreu cr.s

    stro?lrzbudgct
    'r
    . sroll., rivef

    1k st' .il :x
    risr;lr,
    r iz s iiJ
    t S e ilr U]dl' mo d sn ".;l^
    i ilur i, , ' r ' i o Ld, r n 4 l n ) p n s c o n r r p r s F l r a o u c .
    "r
    pnstpze
    p"in to pp r.pir p."n'
    t " i,. r o"s p; p t iia\ ) b"n", t t iA L r . , t - H p r , r . p : , p . I \ , e t r
    tn l i mbJ
    liu a iranlpirat nimrr.t
    l E l , t r ans!it ab un dp nl.':No al ing , r , r li; , / '
    t \ u s - d alla_ ilm i

    382

    '"

    partiripiuluitrtrrt
    lr"' ul
    'i
    Thriro. - I orm^lFrFgulalpalp iodi'lrvului

    l'|i' ra
    nLaL
    in'"ebui
    n es'|
    ^
    iii"11::"''ll*1,i,-l$"ll'ii.,ll*lY'^','
    a d j eri vd l:
    ro n n L r'"

    r " . rli. " i i "' p ", ^ i i " .

    " ru 9 i

    ndii beel qaretu i\lo cloth'


    oloselY so'etr labric

    The thread
    dot'n \'ire

    numai adjecii{al .i ln specral


    ParticipiuLLreouiroea esteintrebuinlat
    /'o"papcr
    ,o," {satr poe,apa!c,)
    'eam
    '" "iff":::;""
    r'J al v"rbului*q,ll9t t'i.::l:
    \yod. - p.rtilipiul rrecurnerpsurar
    Fstt'rorosrra
    adjecrivaltorma r/grlari LlpddPd
    *. ri',iirr"i"i"1il i.i;jodar5,
    n ti t 1 'er bal, eit ir ad l e c i rri rl :

    tto
    o"* aaeddrd
    H"'*.iJ";;ilffi"il$""Tii'::T,il:,1T""',ii|!!

    iilii'l'11iis
    ;;i,;
    ;:i;:[.'uiliiiltJiJ"lill':J'l]"il:.'"'"'i:iJ
    -l
    t"i.,lr,l,fff.
    ii,,r,, ,'"*, r, prin sinonimul.
    r,,"'.",,,csrFin gen"rpir,lo,di0
    '*
    '*'
    ,",,)i:',;Jl:'?il'i','i;l
    | ( r :u tu t t -

    a l u ' ro

    (s ' 4 "

    t' nP rdl )

    r,",'n"i',"','t:E;l,l"l'lri:i;;I:';li,Xl;
    \rorL I Pni
    ;"i:il]'"'i;i;;
    a: d Lucra(irusucr'
    t

    P, tifipiul nercsulai

    adjectival:
    {r'rorglil esie in special inirebuin!'at

    inou'counirvr: d
    ii"f",l'ili;'#";J;'fti$t.?i?.ii";"/"rs
    lr;.'iili,,ffii'i$

    "'"r''fr1,"

    SlErl)t

    in hr surpriscilme
    "r,"ng,,'ero!s/i,

    to be .rorsnr u!
    o \e $taryl ' 1
    leath.f, oils. disteltle.

    clTDr',\ 0RSIBYATI ro\DTrcD

    AsuPR't ! I]nB[LoR \Enf, GI]I,'tlE

    il:#'"" "'
    o,,,"LL1lh.,n'u1l"';!{;#',:i,'i'"iJ"#;

    auacela
    siprav

    ,\stfcl:

    i'ii,'ff"i1i''t
    :fnff :'i''"'l
    #"i"1'1$,f
    ill;,Xll,Xi,'
    Se spunc irBn:
    ror. sail pronunqattscl' scdl. l'' su?s scz'

    r,".,1J"!-il;,,.:i),
    H;;
    l::;?#
    p, l; i,
    tru
    :' ' ]r' r:'
    .
    i
    ;l
    -i
    ,,,,,r'
    r"
    ,
    : ' , ": :i.llt Hr lll. ; 1
    . ",,1.1
    .,;;,1 -l','i{!,ii:'::i*f*',"-1,:
    d !'M.' ru:'';u:d
    '.,' \',"'{
    \';fii,;)l,';i"i,1"".';"'"i,oi",

    ,u-':
    l'"'ii
    -'liu:I.1,1.:l::,i','i:i':;.:l':3"i;;
    ca qr rornte
    pronun'tarc
    accea;i
    au
    'o.",
    Jounl

    38t

    DIFER{TE C,\TEGoRII DE VERBE


    (VEliB CLASSITSo. CATXGORIESJ

    s rs50

    I, I'ERBI]I,N AUXII,IAND
    (AUX[L,!.RY YnRBS)

    1) Definilie,- .,\uxiliarulestcun vrb careAiuti la consiruiraformelor 18;l


    Ca auxiliar, verbul igi pierde,total sau pa4ial, con-inutul 'A
    verbalecornpirse.
    noliona].
    ' 2) ,q.uxilidelein gramaticaenglcz5.-{uxiliarelefolositetn granatica S 1652
    nqlezi
    slnt:
    - aJ suxilirrle
    tfitu ra ( primary Auriliaries): to BD, to HAVE, DO, S 1s;3
    I,ET:
    ,J auxiliorefonodale (MoJal Auriliariee): CAN, l{AY, SHALL, WILL, S f85{
    \ I I J ST. O L]G IITTO. \E E D. DA RE , US E D TO.
    3) Auriliarele englezeslnt nDmjte Anomaloustr'initcs f.4&ailiarr ano- $ l8;5

    datori a mri l"q


    sau SoeeialFinils i/'4'utlidr, sp.;ol") dPDarprc,
    ",ale)l
    dp v;tbilo.i e.upra lor. el" qp dFp;-Pdri
    , !ol;rici idrnri." ei influ.rr"i
    "\,rrp
    Inartp prul' de tipul p'pvalen 6l "onjugurii rFlorlalleterb..
    4) Foroele tersonrlc (The Fintte Forns)2 !i formolc impersonals /fif
    S 1856
    rprbolor au\iliarc sinL dupi .,j'r rrrmarz;:
    .\'onFinit Fotns)3
    "1"
    a t 24 to"nc p"r.(,r)a/p(.impl")(finilcs):"r,,.ar,.oirs.o.r.;l'orp,lto.,hoJ,
    d4.,l^c\. dd: t;tt shotl.shoutA\trtll, roul.J' 'on, "aul't\ na't, L.;:t': nast;
    ou:hL lot nee(t.,d.are; used,to;
    ,, 9 forme {mpersonale(simple) (Non-Finites): be, beins. btcn: hat'e.h(*'
    it!, hadl do, doitg' done.
    ;) Cele 24 d forne rerbale anomalc mcnlionate la S 1856 Du sint toate .q 16:,7
    slru intotdeauna aux;liare: to BE poate fi;i copuld ($ 1880) sau verb lcxical
    fll existenlei(: a fi);to hale poate li verb lexical cu sensde.,pospsiure"
    r ,' rrrar srulinflu,r:c s"n,anri",l' .o-rplPnFnrrrldirF.r "1r'il insor...
    r\ 1896r:io r'"Ja,todoh,tnt:.i r'rbpl"riccl ngul ar. ,S 2141.21.t6tl.to!!
    ( r 15.r).
    ".'c "i v. rh l, \i.rl nFrpH,lal
    rr) ..Vcrbc detertivo'pstc ntrmele rpzervaLnumai autiliarc.lor care nu arr $ l85S
    ioate foimele: C,4-N.dOULD; MAY.IIIGH'I
    \ IIUSf i OUGHT to; SH.lI'L,
    SHOULDT WILL. fiOULD; NEEDT; DAREa, USED to.
    Unii gramaticienisconsiderdinsi ca liind auniliare anomale sau speciule
    numai grupul verbelor delective (S 1940).
    Obseroali.i.:
    :rJi"5 nu u irlini'i\
    ll) Au{iliarFlemodal nrr au lormp ihpF''on"l"
    pr'"z"nisru 1erte"'. p"rriripiu prp,/pnrs8u I'rrr' t. ni' i serrrndiv^i ni"i
    -odul
    '
    (2) to BE, to II Ay E, DO. LET, N EED $i DA RE por ti si werbelexicale,
    in oare caz Dot,avaa ri fornele inptrsonale. 1ctca vetb neregr ato, cu modili
    care senraniicd,nccd :i dare ca Yerbe rcgnlate?i
    {3) auxiliarele tra?, }IUST, OUGHI to, USLD to au o singurd forn6,
    indiierent de limp sau de persoand;
    I otu'nal:
    $e7calt.C, anornalil. nereEulst
    r\ ' ozi { It3 8
    n. |r . hpt z l J if - r p1l1 d : r r p , "
    1V .ri
    u os ineu' i lor r nl n 'r l r u
    S l-la -:13 10 rn ?, "s oadl
    acind nu slnt lrrbr lericalP r.qnlat"
    of CanEmp.tuty Lnstish.
    "R. Q\irk. A Cd,ttuar

    r" i!,":oMp.
    l o a l " l r i p F r b o 'n r l _

    :t84

    MoElor,ocrA - IEEBUL

    (ttini."s')'Ernt.indicaroare
    demodJt']mp
    ."r"if)ti:l1Tf"|iu..',Tlill:i:o:ule

    ,,,,';i;,y:'1,':i:.J),""",iJJli;
    ;";;iiitt:rl,i1
    xij?
    i:
    1'tillj'
    :"'"j:,,
    ;.;"::l;::
    r""r'"i'iii,""i'i
    l:i";
    i,i6il?,f
    ;;;;rt-*.
    r aacauc.i

    ifiL""i?:X"

    r i,.i.iii,i*

    #1f"T:1."f",,

    i""lfl,{$,,"

    S 1860

    i;,il,j,-itt_

    . . . ir at I n a y s te e p
    .,.tf, at f
    z"rs ljarc a natj
    ^y," ." a

    8) ,\uriliarcle se oot aiuts si reciproo1alormarea


    timpurilor compuseale
    *r\elor prLncipaLe:
    6,i1th@e beeaenin$
    i{iror pe ccr.corrrnuu)
    -r_r-e
    l Ll r c ar e e s t" . i n to l d F -u n a u rn ,,i L d F
    un i nri ni r i i T srd pe ti nqa H A \ F.
    ,,,,f
    n
    .\\ \ L ( c dr e in 6 .p a s tn c i tu a ri tsc q re i n rn r,ro,,,,," ::; ;' ..!'
    :1?.-.,1- " " ,

    "

    l?L:i
    ;d'J':ttite
    : Ii";:'Lj
    :;ion'
    :l:,i;"li*-# ;*, ;ir l::rt"l"ffori.,';',,'i
    ff
    ;
    dPi rolosi
    !'Pi
    t"
    sins:r" rormp,",1i,$llr
    " '1,":""'.,
    :hf,;';.i
    ji#:
    ?i,:?*,,xtfj
    llli HT.,""ii$t,:"e"
    :*ii"l,!::,'#
    cI Li Jcrst.

    .-

    p rta

    s ubjf t pipr j.

    ,) lorl* n \ilisrc ri
    vcrbc prirx.il,tlc. Toata \erbelo
    :' \ "l . prin,;pat". lusirtnrlu-.i In b.pqr ,iz .o,rlrnutul "ur.ili"rp por tr
    notionat (hi;.at).
    AM ia

    i!:4;!liffi"i:-"
    i.
    1 . 1 . ' , : r""
    '

    ;,'r, *
    ;','-,,.,,,"):
    ,'.i11.:*
    l3"i::"
    S 186:1

    l,:,{f1i-"t"jr#,:;.:"
    ,,/r .,v o u,r .

    ii:'&:il;.i"ls"ffi,l,i,,i",ll'",il
    ;:"":*1,r,**i,"",_i;,.

    10) Funclii. - Verbele auxilj

    ui"'!to"";r"",'"T""il;"i1liff
    i:l,il:l,fiT,iili;,f'3riji:ltH
    ""n"t".i;"""
    dra
    ' ,",i !ti*rl*:lHi:";!i:iliJi";*"fi:l
    &lt;; ttgy;l"pertF
    0", l,i,iffi,",rl,i'J"1liii,,nj,'Ti,^i,ilr,'lliilii,sl?

    u
    ","'l.irY;,,Jl,l'"".ii;i;",iifl*:,,l,ii:;i:gi,:,n
    cl.rrarea lepetirii acestuiari aiuti

    .ili;;l*;;";riii,","r,,"
    **"t""",iia""""""ri,ri,i
    ;J":i.:",i'lf$i";,i
    ll, i'1,, 4."-"ll-,..,t.a"hnt -! t r:n;t"t.
    * ;;,:1":*y""*,*x|".ru
    iI igij;'fi:l;i;itrfTit";iTx,lit"ffi,il1T5;i;;

    .,1c r, maruim.rii rn com*nu,Argria,ioarr


    r*^
    alreciarde
    '""s1
    "'"*'.iff;;1""
    q
    r 910.
    iii
    i'\'
    Ver
    6 191s _
    rVez i { 19r 9.

    385

    d.,/ LET - auxitiar modal: un echivalent al subjonctivului (g 15841590)r imoerativul indirect.


    "/ MAY - aurili0r modJ: un ..hivdl.nL al subioncrivuluilQ l59lr.
    auriiidr modal; un e,bivalpnral sub"ionclnuluii( I5q2l.
    // NIICHT
    g, SIIALL -auxiJiar morlal; \jirorul (fsld dc pr"zentl pers. t. .s. ri
    pl.: viiton,l voliriv (lal6 de prcz"nl/ rosra pprdodndt($ 20791.
    i, SHOULD
    auxiliar modal: viitorul tc'6 d" trp"ut, p"rs. I sc. si
    pl.: viil"rul !oli'i! fbln de rrp.uL,toJl' p"rsoanelnt
    conrlilion"lulrp"rs. I se.
    : .;diliorslrl \ oliriv (roa.. p;rsoanetpj.
    ti nl.,: un e"hi\ "lF,,ral subjon.Ljvuluj
    ;./ \ lLL - au\iliir modil; fiirorul (fld dp prFzc,r),p^r.. J2-r eia 3.a
    sg. 9i pl,; rii'orul roli,iv lfala Ll. I,rDzFnt),Iocrt prrsorn;l.i pr"z"n,ll tor'npi lrenven'.ti\p: ur .chiv"lFn- 0r .ub.ion"tirului(g 2095J.
    j, WOULD modJ: \iirnrul fstd d, rre.u ,DF.q.a 2-d si a
    "ur.i
    liar lHla dp lr".ui
    J-e..q. 5i pl.y; ,iiLorul
    roli'iv
    lLoir" p"r,nunal;)i, ondition;lul
    (pFrs.12-d si a 3 c. sg. si pl.r: ronditionalulvolrriv (.oat- ppr"oanFle);lrF.
    "ulul lormai fr,.v.1tstiva: un e"hi\il"nl al srrbjo, irului !S Ib05 -l6lt).
    llJ .lu\iliirolo ln inl4ogalii, n.salii .i id ri.Du0.uritc iourte.- { 18
    Vezi i IgJe, 2:118,29tJ, 29Jt, 29i" 2qi6
    12) Caraotoristicilevcrbelor auxiliore. -.
    S 16
    a) \.rbpl" d"te"'i\c modalc-.,44.
    l/ll,
    I// \f, sH.tLL, IVtLL
    .r;.OfGH T to - ou a0 la fprs^s,taa 3 a s. u nr.z.rrulL,i.,,/;Jrl .c..urd.rerislr. la.rzui'r'Lror.alorldl p r"rL". in,lusir ro BF., ,u H \\ E, D',
    "i LEf:
    ihinks

    is

    ri l l

    USt, ,o, fiind un trecub,nu are in mod nornal sufirul -s 1a fers. a 3 a sg.
    D/ Cu ex Fpliu auriliac"lorro H \\ F.. \[[U
    .i l \[t] r,,, in .nptpqirua!ii {$ t3i-tr.ni,i un ruriliar
    l^.n,-,/. In .r,;.,in, ,,pr-r,.., Inr."^qr,,utunrl .L\ili-rul,ri LJo ,",.^ r, lF Inlo;u
    tis n"sar;\i .i ra"punsrrl5.ufl ,u "'r
    ips " lici p.ntfu evirar.d rapasrii tur. 3 I.teJ.
    ..b') Intetuealia tuturor auxitiarclrrr se fa,:e prir irvusarea acestora cu
    -'subiectul
    (S 1939);
    L' t .\"-utia prin adoucar".
    ,r,, . . t,rin
    torn,irnn',tit,:^d
    ',aL,JliF
    fuasen'l (: nor) le auxilid/ (g lCig).
    b"'I R6punsut s at prin rFuFriride"rili.,-ul ,r d ir , :r .1u n'J.,riv.

    ( S 2956t.

    c/ ,a accentuat, (Enphati.
    Do) ru poatc l|sofi auriLiareLe madale,.
    poate insd ajuta ia accentuarea lor cind nr sint dclectire nodale. (S 1920):
    ,, ,. quietl
    Hc zltd lla@ anothernus oL treer.
    ,o d, you. besl. this iincl
    Do ler ne go on a llt-drive, to Scoilandl
    Drz'r tcr me keep yort4
    . 1 ) \u ri liar " l. . in' s in g u ra l . l a rb a .1 rF e u l ^ .n p n" doti r ' .antryct, dtcl pl a l" nu n u n r i ln lim bd v o rh i rd ..i s i i n .^ " n ,p o L rr" otr;i al . i rrtnrmal o, unde
    aduc o nuant-i de inl;mitate.
    1\xiliarul DO esteintoidcaunan.mat de nn iDfiniliv. iar
    USDD ronu are intidiiiv.
    :L \r"p l 'l : / a , e, . o" ' ..h l n t
    ,i ro a t.
    xIJ4 ":,"
    p' . ur . i inr i v i o l | rl J c o n h ' a ta : ," i , l l ,i o pi nl n qn :Ji a.,,omobrl
    . .
    de la acroDo.iutde sosireDini ln Scotia.
    4 t)a i 't te t m . k eepy , i1:s a n u ' te re l i tr!
    N u u c a u s t re rel i nr

    38ri

    l|li;

    e) Auriliarele intluenieazn chiar si struclura conte\tului, locul unor cAtegorii de adverbe fj;nd ljxat in lunclie de prezenta sau de absen!a auxiliarelor. (i8 2297 2299)
    t3) l'orn)c tcri !i lormc shbc f.tlrong and 11:tak Fort,.s). - Auxiliarele
    au,si ciracterjsticifonjcpentru c0re sint plasate, impreund_cx altc cite].a
    plrll de vorbirc monosilabich- articolc. plonum. prcpozr!u. conlunc!nr
    adjectiye,substarti{e chiar etc. - inLr o categorio afartc, dupi lorna pe
    care o iau cind sini accntuate sau !u.
    ln conslruclia (patkrn ) Iiu\bli englcze.ac.entul tonic principall rerine
    la inierrale de timp mai mult snu 'rrni pu!;n egale,dird asttl o inprcsi ger*
    raln de scandare-AccFnteleplincipale crd pe cu'intele absolut nccsarein1,,'
    lsuiuj. care ar li, prin analoqic, cuvjntle inlrebuinlate in slilul telegrufiL,
    adicir: substantirelc. adjoctivolo, ycfbclo, ddverbele, numeralele,negalia elc.
    Iccstc pdrli de vorbire i!i pislreazi lorrla lcxicali, ncinlluenlati dcit,
    Cuvintelenonosilrb;cecare pot eventunllipsi. i;i modilicdforma dupr
    eurn sint: &d.rnl aie (stranEforit2
    famn rarc) sar nedccetdate (*etLk forrns
    -- lolma slabi). In \.orbile, afesl,emodiliciri stnt inpusc d necesitata{e
    a se pdsira c1t m:i egali timpii dintre silalele aocenLuate.lntrc carc pot exrsta una suu mai multe silabe neaccentuale,sau nici una. Vocalc.le acestora
    capdti atunci forma neacccntuati, in care elc sint scrd,ate dup[ uzanle acccr
    tal,a (vezi Tabclul C), pornindu-sc dc la un sunet neutru peste care se poale
    ,,.url In-,"
    i1.'-n-n [..r.J. u] .\arl"'efur
    4istdrrd.u ro ul. i'rpr",,n.'
    .i p\a.unsodn". Cu cit ro. irpr n ri r. ri,la. .u .ljl disnar m-i
    "
    in li!ii i
    ' .ulr. q,,np.. .il"b, s. rniar , uvi r. lnrrFgr 1i iniel";' rer Jin
    d0pindeln ullini instant]ide rislunsul l0 .dr. tr s,stcpli,al ci 'pt pan,rn.
    bazai pe accenlelel.onice,il cunolli Ei care poaie fi, in ccl mai fericit caz,"r"r"
    sau"lir", sauintr un cod pe careil recunotti din obiqnuinln poiiunple golLrri-si sau clLevasu
    le, saurLnr,;spunssibillt r;ipoli taceapella agerimerta mintale.
    nete indistinctc. 'murdbled and manqlcd voi'cls and missinE consonanis':'
    bruiate gi de pipa din coJfulgurii
    ,sialunLj ")ou llrro\v up the sponge",
    adicir te dai bdtrt qi abandonezi dDgu}.

    $ lSli(i

    trl r$belulA

    InRBELE AfLuLrARn: FoRttD TIRI iI taoRrID SLADII

    Forme
    artagraficc
    ?re
    re
    bccn
    oould
    dnl
    do
    does
    h.d
    t,a!e

    Forne tari
    ( accenluate
    )
    /;,rm/
    l9:l'
    /rJr:/
    /bi:n/
    /{on/
    /kud/
    /drd/
    /d n :/
    id^zl
    /!r&d/
    ltlezl
    i havi

    /br'/.
    /k.d, Ird/

    /qd,q/ ..
    /h3d, ad, d/

    I E\istd si .u.ate s.dlndala. care nu alarlii insi $rbi(ch,lui aoeslLricatil.ol.


    : \Ir"ilb ln t.,1 r ln a o, l r r r l
    . 1.
    /rr I
    i \umitr ln lon ! t ic d a. t ualA) st i/ o,
    lnis | ' Jli:: 1n' s .
    { Cilai de A.C. Gimson in alt ionrexf
    {or. a.il.. ri.3), lnra ildicarea surei.
    L.
    ,,rp."
    p-onrili
    i, , ir , r ii1 ! nr 'r t d
    o:tti .'t r r : r r "r l. i
    unui.linll
    "it
    ,
    1
    \e.i I1Jr.387. ,1d I
    I nlpr""d
    o \a "d l' .
    "- ! m c l r r aint "a u"i, o. o- n

    38?

    /Iol, Il/
    will
    t5 l ToletulIr-

    N
    Itrltrt.tllr .tlrxJll\lllr

    1'n /o!m/ :r
    '," k*t
    '' ,' ,
    "i

    ,, l \ t
    ',1l ,ll
    't! ,,) l

    {n:

    FoR]tEr,rr AI,IR]IAftIti

    co\TltlsD

    wr*, Fo+/:

    YI]RBILII AUII,IAIiX : IOltrILLD NEG\TIVD CONTR\S|


    ain't lc)nll = an not,are not. is not, hasN\ harcnat; rrecycrt tD SL]A: ronsig rr'"
    ,rl 1 rL .L .t-:i
    .n .\n 8...' .,Jar i nr.n.t,
    , . , 1r al I
    " u l .l
    @ e| t
    ta t:
    lat^1l:oh

    r|
    o nl hr: L
    m t nv
    , r . r , . ,r . , r . . S . o r r , : h d r . t a
    lo"m:LrJrb!n d
    1|| \ 1s"m
    lid. nlr r J . \ i. r . r ! i n \
    rir i.c"r.r.,rr,
    I ro pu Tiliie d , ' t ur : \ . . i , F n- , r ' . - . I j/ r ?r a i n .'tl l
    m" -/ ld .nr
    .o,,o !
    Lr ' t . , , , . , o/
    |J qnt
    n.
    .auldn't lkrnnl.i : atn,t hat
    .tat.n't ltn..nlt : darc nal
    dtdnl /idrdrr: dri otud frl nu c finat/ : did n,,
    ,t,. c r nd_ r nu r indt
    dn" t d rtltt
    d "! @ ,
    tu, t ' 1\rt. JJn.d .n. . ' ; , , 1
    n. . . - do , . o !
    t n.
    du' n n t l\ta:srtl:
    d r Lt
    lnr i. \ t N)
    hddr '' lcrnt.
    h rln"nl, r "at nu " t in. , l
    hoJ , at
    j."/,'
    t' o-a lh atn .
    r l , ln.
    t inJ l
    hos , t L
    . nu" n o t
    i, , p,
    h urn l, I.c , n, i
    r.r
    t t i^.
    ,!n) / rTnti ,zn uln d [ t ] r I c linal/' r: " r . , o/
    p . ' r n"t I t , i lnl. I , u, nl"
    t uor.-t tnq nt
    nun1 i n \ n j t , J
    nl9ttn 1 In,\n nL t :,nt qht r ot
    n,s,D1l mnsnt; m/-sn ciDd tU nu c rinal/:
    d&r 2,,
    I o.k"ir &l. .ln i d a.tr
    '
    - irn o, r p indi, . pr . r n . r uDu, " t r n 1 t , j - . . p 0 - o . , , r i n i l
    . n- rn a:
    p ' p . "J.'
    \, .a ti rtri ,. .5"
    \ \ "... r"
    ' . .n-,
    ' i o \,."ala
    unei
    .i , o
    on.
    n .iu.,rn
    n! :!:\\'
    r e..// ,Lo
    , L o n.
    4 ,n
    n.
    ;..
    $ r r ;i
    r r;;is n t .'
    : \i \\:.
    'ns n , o
    ddr, lrescnt /... rv, prcznl/.
    : Cl. ,r! cu ir's.Vczi 1800.
    !
    \' '

    is.h o..d o,.t rdl r


    . i, , , l1d". r m "l
    dFLnpar 'i . i D j r 0 - / p o
    s d 'r d - 1 t c
    \ o,birp:
    JlF
    F \o,
    birp:HH rsol,sno
    r sol,8 no
    mm
    ".".
    H'H: in r t "' hr / . , r , \ - l"as
    / "as t f l n d e-urmutdc
    c L r m l t J . un
    !ii''lr
    u a I,i
    r , , rti
    r ', , i p
    ,' i-p
    c . ' : tt
    ht
    t
    .
    ,
    b/
    r
    l
    apt om
    sgga
    ay
    lpro
    to
    m"
    ma
    a ()(
    alr
    arr'' rr ih. lt:k,?
    ,;e:: \\i\itl'l ,,a
    ' ppc.
    doc
    d
    o)c..,
    n ,:u
    , ."us
    : uE
    E , rr;e
    : l p ? Wt
    W t,"
    , r i ies tt-:
    t:
    r n,
    t:"
    c .':: ,/ tr' ss8o
    t : ttt t d*
    - . d da.,ta.)
    t rn r c. . r ,rtd .r I .t. \t n,, ih"
    . p- W l. at - . . 1, k , . ?- \ \ h 1 t , . . . t r l a r ( a u m " s F r . /
    1rus

    .l,'fj,:,;Xn-

    13{J7

    /\\ir*,
    uouo l i ti rt, i , t. )rrl
    / / , . a ,f. rd a a r. D ,J + . d r+ /
    : i\ , l, s \. d o A: ,.. ,i ' i ://:
    snr's /l i rzi; n's, /,ts/:
    /xds/,: ttln.r thn:ztl
    'rndr's
    (.(hEn.!t*iv:ii : 0h4.;s i\!..zil :
    ( 1 ' l " h ' | .1 :| - th .| ' ' ..'
    : bar r : / , /o r\'
    ;i e /\i :\'
    t r r ' ! . ti :\ . i i !,. rd rr!.
    : l' od. s h o u td ,n o ,i rd r
    ti :t:..t, J ti .a .
    l 1 ad: h
    'r a: ,
    i: 1
    d . v ,.d
    to i d i .,.a : .t" L.t o .J
    : s i , q h ;[. : J /t /o rti r '
    ne' ihlJli stb'u Ai:rl..
    il'll ltt\l: ee'tt lv:)l:
    lou'tt lj\t)l: tlte!'tt l6ct1t.

    16 ) Tolchl C-

    , " -rI

    -{

    i: "r'lt.-$nF-"

    i' /"" '

    J"!irJ'

    S 1E68

    888
    ndedn! /'nirilnl. ni:tnti rni:dn, rni:tn cind [t] nu c linaU :_?red no'
    cind ttl nu e firal/ : ,&stu no'
    a shtn'i I .rfti'crtn/
    :
    no,
    shau
    shda't ll(],ttl
    /t.el. fl, lo, ir
    JouLln t l'ltr.l,Lrl: shauld tut
    u pt l) t t lju: s n t::t,.' n a t D ru IU n l a l.,n d n u n L" m! d' rc/,-- ur/ i or
    ' ' a. r ' , / $uz nr i tJ :n c n d I n u P I n tl : rd s ' ot
    aeten't l'a:ntl. we.ntl : ae.e nat
    qon't lqaul|, w.un clnd ttl nu e iinal/:
    zo,
    'til
    qoutd not
    |oul.ttt't ltwdnl:
    nP t' l \L4

    I O F \ lj] C O \fl A' E C l PffO1 \t\T l !

    da ldn:|, does ld.Lzl- doD't /d.unt/, d0sn'r/'duzntl


    shdu not llet t\1tl- shan't llcltnrl
    rit rc, /wd nct/- wo!'t /wunl/
    catmot / kBnrt/ - can't /ks:nl./
    mustn't / m^snt/
    nust trot /mr'6t nrt/
    use(d)n'i /'ju:sni/
    (dum1n't / da:snV)

    s 1869

    l7l \ c r bele s c m i d u ri ti a rc -

    \e ? i v e rb F l a rrodal '

    S l 9J3'

    T0 BE (.4. Fl)

    $ 1870

    A. CON*JUGAREASIMPLA"

    s 187r

    (SIMPLE CONJUG,ITION)
    I}IATEZA

    ACIIYTI

    (ACTIVE

    VO]CE)

    INFINITIV rr,{r1xl"rIrt,
    Perlacl ( Petfect)

    Prczet|'t ( Pftsent)
    to be (: a li)

    ro ha\'e ben (- a li lostl

    PARTIC]PIU ( I' ATTTICIPLE 1

    Prczer\t( Present)

    Trocut fPdrlJ

    beins (: liind)

    bccn {: fosi)

    \rn D l L I\D l C Al l V

    (Prcsent)
    P$ze
    I art {: 6inu

    Perlocl ( Petfect)
    havincbcon (: liind, dupi co

    t1 -\D l r4TItE

    MA A D I

    Trcefi ( Po,st T ense)


    qas
    (: eram,lusei,an fost)
    I

    ftl

    l o " , r 'r 'l p b . a : r


    . div pP?"n) qi
    ' r/p , d , D.rh . s 2dDg. i. l
    siDr lorm" a 'Ji,p .
    . s l, in englTa r or ' . m p o r " r 'r n u f . r
    ' nlI or - i

    simprrl
    !g t i'
    JrlrP rJr bllu In srLrrl

    389

    Prezontporlect
    (Pr(snt Perfcct
    )
    I lave been {: atn iosll

    Tlccut Dedoot
    (Past Perfcct)
    I had ben(: rrsesem)
    sle I had bcen

    \iitor

    (Futve)

    Viitor perfect (ltufitre Pcltict )

    I sna[.be (: voi fi]


    n-P
    s ie

    I s/@lll,afe been (: roi fi lostl


    rou n'ill lave ieen

    |
    ...
    I s,r be

    they will Ie

    sne I Fnl harc beer


    {e sna/, }rave b.en
    you mll lalc been
    they wiU have lecn

    Yiitonl fati dc trccut


    (Futwc in' the Pdst)

    \riitorul perlert fn!6 de hecut


    (ltntwe Perfcctln the Past)

    I snotrd be (: roi li)

    I s/d&l.thave been (: voi li fst)


    you lvould have i.en

    n"l

    Ie t
    sh c I would I e

    t' e I $ o u l d h a v e b een

    we rnoLtd hare been


    you would hale been
    they would hale been

    TIoDUL SUBJONC1
    Iv (SUBJaNCTM

    IVOOD
    )
    Forma moderni
    (
    Preze'lt Present)
    Peflecl ( Pttfect)

    Fonnr voche
    (indpendenfide timp)
    I be (: sn rir)

    I wre(: sa liu)

    ht

    hil

    l.

    I had b_ee! (sl li fosi)


    in F I h J d b c c n

    they be
    IIODUL CONDITTONAL QOND]TION AL TIOOD)

    Plezeft ( Present)
    I sirouldls (: as ljl
    you wouldbb
    she I wouldne

    llO Dl L I \ I P E B AT ,\

    Persaonaa 2a
    be{:

    lij)

    sg.

    Pefieel, (Perfect)
    I slouid have necn (- as Ij los0
    voD ilould haYe }4n
    shc l would la\e lreelr
    we sft,zld have iecn
    )ou would have becn
    rh"J woutd have been
    (l l tl Pt ttAl l t E \l O OD l

    Persaana a 2-a pl.


    le (: Iit'i)

    390

    B. (]ONJT]G\RliA CO\TINLTA

    $ 1872

    ( r'llE coN rI\1]OIiS CONJLTCATI0TI)


    Dll'r'nz;t rl(rTILl ( llc t I ri: Mc E)
    IIODLL r\ DIC\'fl\i (I)iDIC.4ILr: TVOOD
    )
    'ltt\tnt (Past Ters")

    fr\\zent ( Prts.nt)
    I a,, }fing

    ( . sinLl

    I nar lic i . r a i .

    r,,, I
    ii

    eradl

    i\1,
    l.^ 0."
    i tJ

    i\Io!lil, ajtBJo\cfiv

    Is ui]J i;:'ic1'! r't: )ta1D)

    Pt.zQAt ( Pr{s.rt)
    I wcre LrPirrl(: sr-rfiul
    I ou r v ef . r ' if g

    I."l
    shc i w.Ie !r uis
    {e lvere lr.!'g
    sc(' beirg
    l[
    |,ltc\'we..4 Dcln].

    C. r,'oRllELE CONrll,\Slt (rezi T(b..t \ ut6i)


    1873
    18?{

    L\ili ' '^l'rrl'li\ 'Ju


    poJr'l \'-u p' rn'il"l
    \prhul /r/
    I'un.lii.
    ur,, Ja urr ;nlir'riL " rl'l'r)'
    nrr
    o,l ,l rtn r'
    '"2
    ','n'r
    '.ind
    1) Ca icrlr lrilr{rilair este vcrb le\iral cu senscnjstenliul:
    a):a
    fi, a clLnl]:
    e
    70 ,4 dr not ro /r., ltiat is tle qu.stion
    {A Ii sau { ru Ii, a.,rrstr e intrfbrrea l
    I urinl<.i.he.oloreI d,,l
    (C ,ri ].l ,d c c i .ri s t.)
    Hc is the Si atfst lot l, l,hatcrrr oas
    {Esreftl iiaj tn,reioct carc a e\isiat '.eodau l
    :
    ll (+ un adverb oli o locufiunc adverbiald sau prepo:'ilionaln)
    sk.
    a
    Lacttl
    aua Lac.a se afla, a se:dst, a
    Thev z'i, rt ho c iu tlic rcDngs

    d fi'

    l, r ". nl , b. . "s ' 1


    He is on the llall.
    (F c. i)arLc din lersoral.)
    Y.uf biho ;s l,he.c, ll- tlre door'
    (Eicioleta la estc rcolo, lirgii xtt.)
    \i | 1L
    T' r d . onJ r dl on , '
    '
    ( I r - m ons l. , alid d J \ ' , 1 l. c r t f l i
    mcctrngl
    $-Icn and $llce ir th
    (Cnrd $i nndc ar. loc tedinia?)

    r Li. , l' . . ! i . s . , r " i l ! 'r l


    n' , n, ,
    '1,, I.u "i, me I onal, "i
    i"pu i / T l l i n . J a r l
    F. lr u1. "J pot r "
    blr '
    nrm"rL J. 0 "Ilru .d.'
    , \\. ;hJ(\!,
    D, r na4.
    t. , uaaLt . t t Pt ol
    _Cnlil"
    rR J s d rl s. D, ! o(
    rgo"rrm-'
    apla l/ / od'

    idl'
    liro'
    l r l o l r 'l r r ' l r )

    '

    39!
    Iith.. rnd mother ,,er. ,to*rsr.,rs.
    ( T a l .r s i rj a mu s . .ra u j o s .r
    ' lhere ; i l i rc g a n te ntu u rd th e trouse.
    lIr jurul crsei sc al]l o grildilr rrumoasrr.)
    The niitk t.q in ihe trrd...
    (Lapt!l! se gisci& n, ce,nlrli.J
    t " i .. D ,., h r^ , t,5 t!.
    (Si.i /esrc/ se uflli ajoi d. o rtrtri ilrragli.)

    .
    c) =..1 I i, a s e duc e , a e e n i :
    H" , : o ..'
    tb " . ' o t: | ..
    r \ i " ,.t rr ,, t,t ..n \.,i
    Has ht) bn, to s.. Gf.r:el
    l:t r.st pc ta (itu.ge?)
    I ndd Dcaza ov* Urc muslun.
    ttuseseDilrin tor mrzcu].r
    A lie lor l)ovcr?
    (uos. la Dov!r?)

    dJ Verbul le:rical to trc poatc avea idlpcraliyul iormat cu DO ernrrric g


    lE?;
    penru acccntu:rrc:
    ,, ,. srnsi etr
    ,rtr,t

    bd s o s ens it iv c ! ,

    ., Ilentru fornele contrs$e l-ezi g 1gii7.


    2) Ca rcrb auxitiar {orrneazir:
    dl (+ l,artiripiLrl prczpltt) conjrqarca conti.nud(E tt-gi):
    T,i.,hi J .. .,1\ ..,.-r.s

    s 1876
    s r8?7

    L li r ' r r b, . . , . p in"" 1 + . r
    J

    r\

    /,,!

    /p"r 4./,dI.i"- o.

    vs.m

    ,. , . , . t , - n d. nr , r l
    I L t! b . , 8
    ' ia , ur , , , . , r ot r .
    i_\r,, s - t , t Ll I nt ine. )

    E./ (+ !articitriul Ltec"L) conjugdrca pastod (g 1781):


    -

    Slj. lrt.llion|d
    askiiA ,, D. mei.
    1.1 tcl.Ionrr rngn(l si rnjii cineu s_o
    de ta grla.)
    H^ , tt tp.n pt d ir h , r o. , ps ds dir r r 'a. . . . r c hr s .
    \r, .' L o ar. J J . " . , . \ r ". , / ' p.
    r o, u
    Trrex {,cre .alt'rt as..r.
    (Snrt Itcca9i, i( lost'otrcrnati )

    tS rid3j,-'I,"*l"ipi,,t

    s 1878

    tuecnr)titnrrurik)p.rfe.r. ale cltorva verbintranziriv g 1879

    iiJ laJ . r . nil. ?l


    I aa doae to the $.rld.

    lJ) Ca rcrb (otrhtrir., facc tegiitura intrc sub;ect !,i numle predicflti!:
    S M i J a s j .g .r.
    lEsle ct'rtireati.l
    ..
    I t J o -r
    " .' " \. h .rn ,
    . r,a
    You r.e eirh rodal
    (-\i lenil. de'renc :ri.l
    I $astAle : cnnrinle,
    iniclcpt, cu l,un 6!m!.
    r sbni'a =. sensiril

    \n r k . ul l b.. -.r.cs5r ..
    ,)

    S 1860

    MoRFo',ocIA_\,.ERBUL

    39!

    To $ ot k i3 lo. bc r onLr n!

    i,r

    i"s"im"a tr m"tt"it

    "
    E c '':i"i
    , otL d b . a s $ n l l i o c o mFa r o b fP
    v i n a i m Pd i s L
    )
    o
    1
    bin"
    il. i, ^ ,
    '"1
    constr\rclii:
    Se atrage atenfia asupra urmitoarelor
    a se s;mtt':
    .r) (+ dnumite adjective):

    1-:i:lfr.,'iijr'l"t*'l*l#*;l:::";'1""''l't'l'"1fii""'i'tli

    a fi-Arerit etcl
    virstl' lormi' culoare' misu
    ,,) (+ substantrve care se reieri la

    ;1"*..,ir
    1.i;,;r,,:

    .1"',],'ii,,"ir,,
    "" I
    L Are d od ize ci d r nr ",r

    etc )

    l"jl;,:.'"'
    )1i,.,"

    )ll-1,r""j}.",,

    "li"r,llllr,i',jl:!;':"''
    i;t.-;1T..',.i?:,i:t'
    ,";"iT',tir.:,""::'".
    ;
    l;;ill.,,X
    " ".""
    :g';.jlx;1;':t'i;i"%'JlJl;lT'li;

    ["J''fi't*:xi;

    ideeade viitor' aratind:


    4) Cd lerb modrl (+infinit'r\ul complet)exprimi
    d, un Ir p r s rnbiirLdn'crior{$ 1526r:

    a ltltl
    i iil

    "

    f,|ii#:"Ji"H"5,'#i"l,l",si"iil?i;'"cir{a'!isahoii'it)

    S 1883

    H;,$:,r'"T:1"i';l."J"llf
    '"i""*,'r
    a'ciiostr
    I (care
    3
    fs
    """i'i,'Jitf
    h::l+'lH"ll;l;.tt,f
    'i'5"1?iT**"
    care nu I

    la un fapt
    Urtr.(Ltde infinLtl')ulperl'ut sc reieri
    cut sdu 'hiar !i irr vDior:

    avui loc ln tre-

    ilixnl',i#:i"':,'lil"i'i&'"i.1lf
    "- .'o^u

    dar ,si (raf):

    )
    l'li l?t"l'li'x;r ru- rn'cnL'Inr'r
    i"'li'i":iJ;'li:"".:

    g 188r

    l,

    oblibali" dalorip ordirr' diepoziri'

    T h. \ ' of t t o f t ^ i ' h th a t J t o n "


    lT r ; bu, t ss ' i.rn ,i n p a c c a s tJrm e o rJ r' r

    :ll:1":l;lj;r Jil,li:]li:'1",$':'":'i';';-li';"
    " .,.'
    ""'i"i"l,i"'?ij'll
    I i",;r"'*-''n'-'i"ar
    i.'"';

    s 1885

    :'ll;il:lfli'll'JlJll ili'ixtil;""""" r
    3,1r
    ;';j, ;l11ru"";
    fi .:iil;r
    "

    cl Dosibilitate:
    lrom ihe ro rd
    'tir,"nousei. D t," fe,.h./drn
    _loscr'
    lr
    rFnge
    1S lorte
    'as:t

    ;^'i "'"
    i
    i'lil;l:
    I
    :lri"ii l?.:ll';::"1;'"i'":ir

    393
    Tl,f tunn.t, x.rc lo b4 id.arl;pd br rrF nuBb.rs on therr b,cts
    .Il"rg alo ,:: ufl d! s i t F d. ir r : t i. a' t idula num e F h d n p " l p a r p
    How @e/coe ,o .r,ss the In'o il the.e was no lridse?
    (Cum lutean Lralersa riul dace nu era pod?)
    Ticleis dr, to &? idd iL the enl. ncc.
    lrlillele se poi oilinc ]a inha.p )
    Thcre is nolhing ro ,., /orc abort il..
    lNn psre ninic dc ld.ut in a0elrsti clcsltune )
    $'hcle is this ..co.d]
    ,c /,rndr
    'o
    (Urde rori. li gnsit a.est
    disc?)

    s 1886

    You arr ro (dft acrls l,lie sardcn to.each l,he entralcc.


    lTrebuie/este ncc.saf se t ve$.zi griidina ca se iiungi ta inr.arc.l
    Shf is Ir Ddpmis..l lor hcr achicremen!.
    (lrcbrie/moite
    sa fie liludrtn pfntn realizare. fi l

    rl in'itabilitatc, so3rle:
    _
    , nrrq rJ" l. . t r i" li I
    r . reno rh ri ra n

    b l

    rrl

    a l i \ r'

    rf arla n od ,ri ,.
    oi.rp rig. . ddr d.
    lo a t i l 1ia1a cfa ma i Jl'F'tid r: ' plr t , n; . )
    Lds trcar ro 3., tle old tnmblerl!$n
    . {Nu ar.an

    si! nrai r.\ad

    J d p r r.r,.cndA nr rd

    . ' i- i: t p ir d r i i- t n '.

    ,o/, m\' ,,-,1{


    1r r.

    \ 'b d . , . - . i

    Inxse ,rsain: il. $as rettticcd bI an llr ro dati

    ni.iiodaG vcclrca c.si rrniatn: luscse tnlocuitii.n

    .'rd.\ nl lon' . d. J $, d, , p r "\ pl


    , ^ ' l, rl."i, ,idp
    .-r.i
    ,'..
    di f oldll
    5i
    l D Lp. J' . r o n.a ol
    '

    nn njoc

    , r ' i l 'm r , r o d d r a .

    5) Eap&sii idioxatice:

    s 1888

    L. - I I bb. n L, D P
    . ,.,a rlp r b o l
    . s rt i e., l.
    r s,'rlrnn astl.ll
    ur.r. ir, tlicre o.c (: este,sint)
    There rill Dedancirg. {Se ra datrsa.)
    Let na rrr (Lrsi!,mifin pacel)
    .t llos ts shr? lilo nai la.e?)
    I $hai t . ( s hc lit e ? l c u m e s l (e a )? l
    Irh.t is to bccone of her? L(lesc (ra) fa.e?l
    \ \ ' r , . eis s h' t o g o ?fL l d e l t} e b u i ;Js i Ls c d i c a ?j
    l: loiyis it iiiat . ..?l c x m s l rc f c i ...? )
    U'.ife lhis lcltcr aDit &,'/ r? ill daI ahotrLitt
    (Sc.ieaceastl sc.isoarcti rn pie,de ioate zira .u eatl
    Wlrnt's ur: (Ce sc n,limDlii?l
    \\'h.t In;? ydr Dcn,? r;r lC; toznli ai n,al Iiio,r?)

    6) Formcic rontras. kzi

    s 1887

    si $ 1867 1868.

    Cuvint'ul la care se alipelte, ca u srfix, forrr a rontrasd a auriliarului


    toB,Prau a ncCatilrice il insolette poate ti. practic 1'orbin,l. oric parle de
    l' o' r' ft. n ds rn i o rrn ah s h o l i d a r a l trL
    T he s L re est &C si o a k i n rl i rl s o n i o u. ri .hl .
    ' Y ou , /fd i i r rn
    l l i , ,\ i r c u ;,l A .ZEy'.e rNu lired.
    ?rer.'s no donlt ali.ul, it I
    ?n"..'rs ihe m{n 1/.2'l. arfaid cl.

    ..,1

    x.

    I Eo.d :
    ,.hregistrar-d' etc
    r,n?-pn i,aii"n rua
    r .srrp "- i. r l. 1 inr . oo . . i\ . . . "\ ' . ", . r ild, au i , : u r n , , n i L w i u l
    r lspnsllJ
    "a pr;"/ol(Q.titi;.
    t 1.
    on".
    . . ,.\.',r.s r r r nt Abx
    fo b . f. ll
    a , pr-"/o Q.t it
    Fc:rnj.r
    i. I nrtr4n rh{E
    spnsldJ"
    l. t2aC1. 21Cor,L,
    u :,nj t4, i ' " r d B , r t , i , tiunll
    '
    nrmeazi predicarnl ln propo?ili{
    dclaralivi!.

    t rn?.paccntue!este adverb dc loc (: acolo) (iata).

    $ r8E9

    81ll
    ltt,s
    r.d: ntlll's yotrru? ( \rhal .,/,,r's J!urs?)
    -\nd r/,ats lhrl r1
    . / ' r , n .L th . o d { l mn r o u l .r
    ,t!lr's Ur. nudla rl vod. lursts t.riht. Oft'r dissins.
    n-ii, sr l.he B,,r in q.;1 ari ivhai'salic?
    tl'l,,.C-. In'nc5? Illr'i sfu {ono61
    1, ' s n o tl i l rg to $ ,i fe n o m c rb o u l . ?
    Cone on: terc'r Hrl.n.
    i. r t t . r L . unD t.l l I: ,' ,j D , i s r' i :.p
    -\ se rcnarca irsl .i tfurrlul rinpln al verbului to r. nu ,rfe lormn contras,-, ei d nu o ncgatia. Nrg.liia orpdtn folna contrasi cir.l u lnso!.etie ttl
    LiILa tatl)itii.
    O t : s er t alii:
    (d) I'n nat llsLe.prfl('rnl.i1 fomri / ai.n t. iE aftn't I ? lonai
    uin't I !
    (S 1 8 63) . dt t l t iiD d c o n s i d u a i d s u b s ta rl d rrd i n ambel e c,rzuri .
    fl, l ornele ncgativc cailrxi. .rL, verbului lo BE al! /ori aspecte para],"1e. Erceptlnd pu*oara I (1 ain al arrin t I ?, adt I )). crio douir sr'ii de
    lorinc

    uzitaL .e 6in | :

    I ain l
    IoI'rt n ot,
    he s, s}e's. il s not
    $ c'r. no t, lh. y le nol,

    $ 1890

    Practic rorbind. difefc la dinke ac$tc douir scdi 01tc ncqlijdbill.


    f.l) it'u ;i its - Belarie rdeseori cnnfuzieinlre aecslcdouarlorntcj proriunlia lor riind ateealiIrts].
    i/r:;l
    is (riorl cuvint? cortrftse:pronume nlrutr,r+ vr}b) .. (rt sar
    ea) eslc; ilr (un singur cuvint,: adjectiv posesiyneutru): (rl) lui. (al) ei.

    t ltsl

    T0 HATD (A r\VE.\)

    s1892

    ,{, CONJUGAIT',{ SI\'TPLA


    (SIMliLn CONJUG.\TIOr")
    IJIATTIZ.{ ACTIT]I (ICTIyL

    L'AICE)

    tN F IN IT tY a /,\7 /-\1 ? 1/rJ)


    Prezam\ ( Pftsent)
    to harc {: r areal

    Partc|\ (Pofat)
    ro lLalf hrd {: r ti avul.i
    Pq.RTtClPtU (PllRTrCrPt

    Pteze t (prescnL)
    harins ( . avind)

    Treeut fI,asr,
    lad (: avu[]

    r"And thal's thal !" (ton cntesorl.l :

    E)

    Perlet:l; (Pofect)
    havi^s had (: avind; dup:i ce a avrr]

    [i cn asill basl.r] s a u $i rstr.i [ot.

    ?a t,t\-/,4a 4t-)o t t
    'r.
    InL il.
    . . , 1: / ; . i,. '14"l.
    \ \ n"L r o " r _ , b . , t . ,
    ..tho -.....( . i. 'ps
    if l r p . . , Ri, ! , r h:
    .
    an _ld fr... == ce es t . ? W - hat it . . . ?' - c e 0? il lr o l c s i c s {n o o u n i L l n a
    : rc?
    ./..,":
    |
    ..u t-o
    nlir"nglFrl
    ! o .,f r . r ' , ' r n ! "onu4lar o . , r . nr - 5 0 5 'r '.
    a num rluj zrit.i trJ.li ln n, if oloqia qn ac J
    iinJ l-.m" dr p"riccl
    lt ' hJ ' - . . . )
    J r . L 'l
    'Wh !".l,p Ean ".
    - , - r lt k ! h^s . . . : t
    {q t 4r!. r(!3 t.
    '1
    lt s ;h,.t
    t nt qp t , L ( o a ' t ol t h. Lt r ] . r n 'J ) .
    -

    i95
    \lOIrrri, I^"DrCAr'I\' (INDICA'r-IrE

    t(ze:tt

    ( Prts,:nt)

    TteLxt ( Plst T ense)


    I l, ad l-

    it

    ll, i]

    l: , r d

    Trccul lorlc{t

    Pr{,zer!l lcrlc.t
    I Prtst'r Pa lin)
    (,

    I h ,,d l .i ,,l i . .r,i s.s.r,)

    a h a\ nt )

    i t,

    \iltar

    Pc[,11)
    fiitor
    Fcrlect (Iuture
    I rL d tl h a \c h:d 1: r(i l i arul l
    J.{ riil lL!r! Irrd

    {lt tur.)

    i sl{rl halc 1- !.i rY!n)


    l ,c
    sh!

    a!c a , . , a v u i , a m a N i )

    rf l .

    lii
    I ,,,.'
    il, I

    I lur{, L Ii

    NOOD)

    i
    'r $ill I'arc

    h .vc l " rl
    shc i
    '1ill
    l l rc y N l l l h r vc l rad

    Tiitoml latil d6 trecut


    (ltuturt: in the Past)
    I stualJ hrv. {.. vai av.a)

    'l'iitorul
    llerlert lc1[ dc frcrltt
    (1'uiutt: P..tfttt in thc Pan)
    I s/,dl Lrre hid {==lci ii {rui)
    I!!

    $r lld havc |a.L

    sh.

    I Nclld bare

    'i.d
    \ v c . \ ioald h a r c n u d
    Jon w.nl.l have nad
    Urer wluld hare had

    I lU OU L SU U J O \.T l \' | \t t;.1 tl(' 1tt

    liorma re&e
    ( I ndcpcndentdde tinp )

    D rl OA D )

    nou a nroalornii
    Perlaf"tr(petfad)
    Prczcnt ( Prcs.tlt)
    I lad had {: sn ii r'!l}

    irj

    i t)

    jn lifJ(ir jrz r nr .
    r " ', 1 'i p . a t r E
    ' rloa , {r,r.
    ' ho' , , , d. / . i1d; 1liv ' r " . . l o r m l d
    J r d..
    @di
    pr' curn -.:,1. t ' h". "i it hot h . t
    r \ ' . h" pp' , , ', F t \ a n a
    p e G o anpd r.d.1
    c a b \ pr' z. i. 5 lnl, i,rrr. bL rnld lc nuour ln . l' , 1 I oPL. c .

    3$6
    CO\D]TIO\.IL

    ]IODUL

    ( CI)ND I T 1Oi{AL ]TAAD)


    Petlect ( P.tf.tt )
    I rl@,1, havc had {: ai 1i arui')

    ltezcnt ( Ptesfftl)
    I .lrald hat (: ri a!.al
    y.u ivonlli ltate

    li. I"",,nn,.",,"0
    ,r I

    nr nin lia ti l
    sht
    j
    il,
    '
    \.e t rall hivc
    rl,u ieod{l have
    tl,"v rrould hirc

    N. r/ro,,l hare had


    {on $rul.l htvc lud
    iheY would lralP had

    ] I O D U L r\IPrlrfATrv (IM]'DRATIrU

    'UACD)
    P.rsoandu2tLJ)1.
    liare {- lLrrr,iL
    loilili )

    P et s oaiat 2as 3
    liav c l= =ir l oolte i l ,e l
    hali t of li! i l)

    CONTJNU.\
    ]J. CONJUGATTE{

    s 1893

    (coNTINUOUS CONJ LtCA'.t'ION )

    nrlrxZ,f. A0TrI.-i.lAaTt rE rotcE)


    I N!-Ili l1'I \i r/r]ia1Jl?1 rt)

    Pertc\.t ( Petect)

    Prezen\ ( Present)

    to hivc been havntg {:

    ll nf liv ing ( , - a ,te a l


    IIIODLL INDICATIV
    Prczetrt ( Prcsent)
    &lr,tihsting (- e! aln)
    you ,gq havins
    !rs,

    I {i atut)

    (INDrCl'L',Ivr:MOAD)
    Ttoc\rt ( Patt Tense)
    I eashavins1: eu avermr

    I LE'havirg

    yotr are hiYing


    lhv rre hav'tg

    Trooutperleot
    ( Past Perfect)

    Prezontperleot
    ( PrcsenlPcrfect)

    I had been haviry

    I haae been haling

    (: etr
    "shlrur.
    yotr hJve
    brPn

    You had }een havnq

    navlng

    I'f" lo^ r.." nu'"t


    tlri

    ri
    .F_
    l.
    we lvc lecn nr v r lg
    ybn h,'vi q{in La!ing
    ih Fl l,[!r gGe , ho! ins

    sh l had )cen hav'ns


    \re had been laving
    You lad leen hutirg
    fher hird }edr haling

    YiitiJrut (rr"rdleJ

    Viitord portoot (Fatrtre perfect)

    I J ldl/ be \ \ in s (:1 o i
    \'ou s|rL ne
    'nav'ng
    she I will bi havirg
    i[ l
    qflrql' sltblJ 6e'l{lttrns
    .{6{*.y6a \iiil}-bd.tftlring
    inev Mll bc having

    'leal

    i stuil havebeenhariry (: voi li avut)


    voDwiU havc beenlravrn8
    sne lwill havebeenhauns
    ii,e ia,

    ru'rc reen rravrne

    y ou will I a l c b e e n h a i n g
    t her s il l I 'a l e b c e n l a a i n g

    807

    'lriitorol t?ithdc trocrt


    (Futule in the Pdst.)
    I snoz?dLrehaying (: voi are.r)
    you wonld be havirg
    she l {'ould bc ha ns
    y'c alodl b-aha\ing
    xou nonld b having
    th-Aywonld bc naring

    Tiitorul lorfoct lllti


    trecut
    (F u l u r, P f\t i l t th,'10P nst)
    I snozll laro bcen harins (- yoi ti avuu
    you would h,rvii ben h:tr'ing
    src

    wonld hare brn halins


    i
    we sloalz, havo bsen havire
    you world hrve reen havj;s
    ih.]. rvould haft lccn h.vins

    ]IODUL SUBJONCTIV (SABJUNCI]YE

    Form:r Yeche
    (tnd.epenlLentd.
    de ti,mp)
    I rc haliDg (: si am)
    ll:u

    Lf havtng

    l'orma moalemi
    pertcat ( p.rfect)
    Ptanol:'t (Present)
    I wer. harjns (: si aml r had becn harins (- s,.Lfi
    yd rrererr., ns

    6 l r e r'd 'i" s
    ib'
    rr\ ins

    i h" i ""r

    sp h ?
    yo n De I r\ ' na
    r h d l b p h r{ rns

    }IOOD)

    ,'r"s

    w L( Fr p he\ ing
    Jrou wd. e hlv ing
    pJ w. . n h1\ inc

    I:u lad

    i l ' " ih

    beenr,"uiog 'outl

    J b " " ", , " r " s

    \. i,;d l."n ,,dv;oa


    \o,r hbd o"p,l havinc
    ih " J r d | . " p i n J . : r i 3

    TIODUL CONDIT]ON]IL (CONDITIONAL MCND)

    Prczar\t ( hescnt)
    I in r/i/ ir_P_ lving(:a i
    vo,, wo!rd De n avlrg

    sne

    wdld be havinc
    i
    we snoedbe havins
    you wouldie having
    aheYwould be havin:A

    Perlect ( Perfed)
    r v F, )

    I s n o rl l I' d !c b eenhavi asl : ds Ii avdtl


    J o u w o u l di a re hoenhvj ;g
    sne

    i o\r | een havi ns


    luodli
    we stould have beenhavjns
    You lvould ha! been ha Ds
    they would lavc been haliis

    C. FORMELECONTR{SD(vezirdDdg 1867)

    Funcfii. - Verbul ,o ,{apepoate fi verb principal, auxiliar sau modal: S 1894


    1) Ca vc.b prinoipal (+ un complement direct) cste werb lexical qi are g 1895

    urmetoareleinlelesuri de bazxl:
    aJ exprimn ideeade posesiunesau de apadenenrd:

    $ 1896

    YoD nara R good name.


    The door ias a lockThey nad I mutual aid lund at thet facto.y.
    ,l este sinonim cu ro pdt sau to ta&., cind se referd la substantivele care g 1897
    ,
    dnume sc m es e, alr m pnLe tc ,:
    \Yill you ldd someb.caklast?
    Do r or P d n o l h p rc u p o I i p n l
    ! t , " " nt t a D n j t;n g s i n - rto n J l ).
    Y ou ox
    ght to I' a ." n d j y o u r In " d c i n ;
    ag^.
    "om" 'in
    I lnlF l . u_ ir- n"n io nr ' . o ! iTr l" indi^d ii
    - an"m h. C L " s t i n a s p m , t r r i . r i \ p r i r po aio I' pp urzar . ii1 . adnt c as t u' . r nit
    ol
    :4 /,n. larrrb rin a l ir lim ba r c r lna in
    a. . r a. a"ur i, t r " b I : " t r a d u s n . i n , o / . o (
    *
    Do
    { n u p n ,o rolr6Jcu a nu m||p pr . dpr r i
    J o' r h} . s x gr "l ( . - , , O b , i n u i l i , a h ) . ? - ) .

    5S8
    \ l \ lb

    " / r t l' r
    \,.t d er i\ . r F

    de s ' rL rra n :r^ l F ' J rn


    ' r" ^ ' ' '
    lor n" T d In u r' r' 4 ' ' -"

    v' rI' ' Ic ' l " II' rt'


    ' " a' i
    /" ' r'
    IS i l l rvi i l o Lot"
    '
    ' " | .u- arunili+liiir:-l1li1,l
    " ntuu.qh
    i l or"

    i;';;,;;:';i;"',.';;;;i;,-irtiiw,'rona''ulatr
    ;lroat'e
    \'erbcrecorespunh
    sinLtradusr!.t11'

    fornre
    acest'e
    crc
    ; ;;i;,:;';;,;;:""
    irr
    cadd)asesc[tda(iolac' riu' n\are)'a sta
    baic
    race
    o
    i""""',"; * iJei" f
    .."
    "
    . r"^ p"t''" e r' e ".piirLr-Ln
    ;;i';;lii; i;;;'tilrj,
    u'r'' a..rnre
    rid'a'
    a^llllibl'"
    ".
    I
    biclrlct"
    iLr
    suu
    frtd
    i,t.*" fi a.;,,, o l;ao)'"ltu""
    pur
    oe sonu"
    un
    rrilge
    automoiilul, a se rade, a funa' a '
    ;;1;;';,1;;'
    a alrli etc
    2) Ca rerb anxiliar
    \ 1899
    d) (+ Palticipiul t)lllrut) lormoazi tinrPurilc Perfeolc:
    $ 1900
    lo laoc crllcd
    I /r.,e onllcd
    I s!ratl i,r'e rilLd

    s lrul

    called
    /td( ii:
    L"i
    .alled
    I slllNtd n('.

    ualled

    d;r ' --"n'


    r" pN ^'n-'iu-:r
    L) r't,1 ur''o' t'o's":J t
    l'r0''
    l;8rl
    d n';t
    r' ir",,'. rn ro r"r r''l'r'ri It"r-:
    ..':r*
    '{
    au:t'
    int'rc
    intercalat
    dircct
    U.rYl 15-'eurlral itnediJl' dr) conrilemcntul
    "*.
    infinrtrv:
    sau
    liar ,si partioipiui trecut
    i tlar .ldanal tnl shoes (Prcz'frt loleltl
    rli-am curliaL icu lDsnmii sheicl( l
    I lnt, dI shoes
    l. .nrllat )
    l\li ad dat gl.nrlo'rcd4ez
    Slic /,a l h ef Nf' t L r ?f ar f ud'
    mina l
    $i u nrhlit
    //arr llre .rke Dtuulli' inl
    sn ri,iD si sc a dr r e t o ull)
    'l lrc al]I)liouts rx"r noring tlirir mcmo'J t'slcd'
    lcandida!rlor li se t.slr ,trcnorta )
    r ' l d"
    lf l\ :
    lt
    r
    ' " o
    '0":;
    ""t
    b g, ; lld r 1r "
    : s " l. !
    ,t
    '
    lalel l&l h.r biogle rr'ln
    ilo inci i ta |uat lr , - ' ! ar a l
    \lc lolc to ldre rtrr hntrds tom to s'c trs

    ii" iii"i,'i',iirt i r.i"t-ii Dostri vnr{srinc rad{ )


    o"' n o I r' r' r' :a n ^' \rfv u tu l
    rr ti r,
    \.:

    ',,

    \\1 ,1 $il\o

    { 1902
    i iil;

    .b r,' J r-\r/" .rn ro " i

    lr il

    i r'

    ' ' f 6:!l ' 1rn]

    16looll' ' o"ds 5t r


    c r ' / o"ll
    E P' J l' r
    ""

    ll) Ca Ysrb moilali


    (:
    n1 1'. int;"iti",'t conptct) este sinonim cu llnrsl

    trebuie):

    llr shofs $ill naoro bd mended


    {Pariolii m.i \rtr tfelui relarrlr'l
    \ \ ,...1 r i // n | r' l ' " l ' 1 ; h ' ' d l ri Lu' l_
    r' rruonra.
    \ rr I i .1 i s tu n a s " .i q L n l
    Yod don't iot' r' ao vet: it is onlX live o'olo'k
    li'u trehic sI pl0oiincl: nu e dccir ora unc' )
    (\:ezi li S 1901,!063)

    A sf cor'P.'rr:

    ci,aiost
    (pcnrru
    'll :i]l'lif;;*o-,,,u".r
    f"T,ilJ'ifiJtl"'i,1'xtil
    ,i[:i1i,i,]"1i
    l,olir;i airl;i).
    j'ii\r'''*'
    i li:ii,'f"',i,i:"1',x::i"^"1'"iiliilt ".da,rcrnari'rir'

    ,dr!," sau sooncr. S 19Ur


    . DJ S rbjonctnUl tr!?pnt bxd urmat do comparaLirele
    rr- ldvprblrlto't,ta",,t).. tu ,,r.r,-,r.r0,,
    pl,r" un infi.irit in.o ,utet.tor_
    neazii construcliile idiomatic{rhad be(tr, h$d soon0r,h;d r&flrer, had as soon
    (. . nai bine, piefer):
    \on hattL.uet d. sonethirgabout il.
    (Uri bitre.i r.oeccrah aceastlprivingaL.)
    I1r0
    .'
    / r ' , . d f' "!h
    tr J,

    ' ' u ' cr /


    lt
    ''
    'r
    'l
    i ,iP,ti ,,o ld 'I,r

    ' ddi i n^

    i^ lh

    "ou,

    W. nd.,
    s.otr ,dtn thc dishncc.
    "s sl1nc ducem pc jos
    (,\m prerern
    liniL acolo.)
    Ct. cu I QouLd.l'dratho s^\\ jbn as soon. (S 1579)

    yerl,ul ,,to hare,' in interogalii


    fi

    cgs,tii.

    I l u r' , lr dF in' F r ^g o ' i " .; n ,J rti H \F rb ,rl l o h o ,,. t,o1 tr,.^r-rr"


    n , r , . r"\rl i , r J l DO . , , n l u " m u rr
    " ' o . -p l o r L Z l n rF :

    "

    $ 1905
    j au

    1) DO zero.* Nr se ldtrebuinteazi auxitiarutD0 (: DO ,era)t


    ,a) clnd verbul II,\VD estelolorjt ca au\iliar ta iormarearirnpuritorter

    HdN. yo| otene,j t\e leftat?


    (Ai deschis sris.area?j
    \\'e hadn't scci itie Dcrvractorl Xcr.
    lrioil !u vrizusen nroi Donairirrto:r.l
    b) ciLtd {ttbrl to ho,veexprimi pose-riuneasar aparienenl,a:
    Ik\'e loe i\ r:i]arctLe?
    (r\i o liga.e?)
    I kr.zl rn)- ldcnds jn i,ouf rosr.
    {\u an trieieni in .raitr] drmtaj..)
    C^ l u \i dl. ll. \ \ ' D p. r. d F o L i .p r i ' ,.o l i ' d F v ,ru - t l dl ,,i rF.i -.
    ni ^-Jul
    , nr r. inu .l no. ionr ' , . r I u
    " ^ tu t d F :, 0 ,," n ' ra i d" -, d" r,,i s" .i J. .. ,u
    "
    r-.1
    -"
    ,
    do " ' n r,l i
    \ n" i: , , i1. pf l r i a /,,,,. \S l 4 ;i ,:
    '
    f / " t o l s o .' ' i J F ."
    1\ o ti q J rJ ,)
    | !"-r. sa'
    i ." .. n J o u - ro $ n .
    ' .t 1
    . \ , a,,, p | c " ,,r
    r,rd ,.t r;rm i .a t ,
    c, clnd verbul ta haae paate fi inlocuit cu l, ,d..
    rl r. tl ,i . . , . r or , , " " , , . 00
    ..,1 .. 1 ,." 5 0 ,$ o rk.ri . t. tortor...,
    rk ,." s .
    q r' J'a " lt . ' L, r , i i' 0J , "lo' ,,r'
    .l v ;j I j r,/i 0 , ra tu.rdto r,.,....tb," t,i .
    f J l ,o da' , 6, r , dnl u l L b o o l . , ttr tb rJ rJ .
    ,
    ,
    (Nu.rveru dnll. catrlir(cli ln lirti!l.een.l (- Nu erau!r!lre oi4i !.chl nr bibtjoteci.)
    2) Se folosegte auxiliarul DO:
    ta
    .--gl oinrt verbul ta haoe arc altA inirebuinl,are decir aceca arirati
    1907
    1909 ti e6te sinonim cu fllle verbe. pierzindu-si asttet inloiesul propdu
    {
    ,,1 the children /dr a nice \rnch? (- to lltl
    H ,l .n a ,o , t la, . h r L. u d t
    o r ,o j o d .
    l o J r.n /,
    \\'i ,l ri
    d, / J U. / r , ' J 1 u r' ,,rl -rh .
    ,o ta L "
    I d .l \th o, p
    . " h r ' o. o -.. t,,q ,I h " r" .
    JUt ho, " | 6N, 1r t , , o J o -' ' r,, , ro . n o J o n ....i ,
    !!;,t
    w rJ d u , I \ ou r r . , \ , ur h .| h o p l d ,tt t,i : ( tu d .l , J Jo.tor tu l ook a.t" r i t
    \\ ." I . t d\ " ) r , o t ooti .t. to s " t ,.r. /o , i n e r r_ .\1 ,-:l
    sn " d ,d ,i ldf ! i, , r bLi,t ,,. ." ,.
    to ..L s o ri ,o .p lo pr...:r r/tdr" .J /" i r
    v ezi $ 1 9 0 1 )
    DL .J'-r 1l$ , J : ln. " / " ao ro b .o I I r' ( \l u .L
    rrtd i 1 i h J t " r o o n . ( , .o b ol t,J" u.

    .\ 1906
    s' t90?

    s 1903

    s 1909

    s 1910
    .s 1911

    {00

    $ 1912

    b) cind \erbnl to hare se referi la o acliunesau o siarepermanenidsau


    olisnuiin:
    Do aou olten L,ra colds?
    , o ilP v us ur ' l \ ftd ' r m u s i " j n i h 4 P \4 n i n t"
    \Ye d,;l nate'enoueli hockeYiD Nnre..
    II thc slror./,6n) ftte lhe booksyou wan1..Jou nav order thcm h posi
    Prin conirast. cind t0 idr se refera numai la o ocazie anumiti.

    lipsa au-

    xiliarului DO ( D,0 ,en) niicn aceastesitua1,ie(S 1906):


    pt ! u
    a"o' r ' r
    I i.a \or."r
    \ o k "4t t Pt t
    Ho \b \c , e ot i t m r s r t , r ig I 01 |. hpT\ . '
    I
    r ' o' nr ' n'o ih' ( al' ng
    \\'n /-

    h u1016rrd

    P i r 'l h "

    " a 'n

    ln enElezaa rericanli. rorb\tl to haee {ormeazi lntotdeauna interoga}ia


    riuro|ul a'rrilirrului Do. 'insura ex'apti',lind ' /ul lr"'drF.1o
    n"gr{ioiu
    9i
    i{.\vE .. ' rnr;"buinLsr' c aurili.r ra lurmcrps 'rrrpurlor p"rr""'" r.^ rrui):
    Do vou idtc a oiqarette?
    \ our lo$n
    I d ;n, ha !" a a\ . _", r 1
    . ld' ""
    ndr ",
    r : dl. '
    llsl ,.,r/,;,

    0"

    r p s i 'l '! i l v

    Acenste tntrebuinlarc s verbului DO s a eri,ins foarte mr t qi in Angha


    contemPorilni

    TO D0 (A FI\CE)

    s 1e13

    Vnbul ll] do poate fi vcrb principal sau auxiliar'


    I'unorii.
    1916
    li C1 \orh nriDcipil | 'r "'lp H 'm l i uln"./b D"r crnul ' ' i";srii
    p lF
    verbelorl, rirrl", tnlo.r I ' Ir'r;i t" rn- DO rurili.r i'olo u-de i'ra'ra
    necesard (aczi eremplele urnntoare):
    d./ : a lace (scnsgeneri4. a indeptini, a realiza a se ocupn cu a ercuial a termmir:

    $ 1914

    . trd . . i uJ:
    Hos ,r' o )n - .. u j ,, t.rr
    \ \ r ., r' -Pto , i ro r.gn o s , \.e J U . I rv.
    (Ce iaci retn? Dqti oculatr)
    \\rhat /oa sht d, ior a lirinC?
    (Ce ocupalic ire?)
    "Nrat /id r.u do reslerday?" "I did mvj^roonr'"
    carntrr'l
    (Ccai lacnt iqi?- Ni.am lilcrt cual'
    hrir YctYou /doeDl don.a
    -vour
    l\tr tc-ai lieptar{t lncil )
    ;
    l o " ti . r,' p ,1 ' .,.' 1
    , $ l l (fcpnl b' r
    I \

    e\e ^

    l lr _ d I \J"

    _n'a1ab

    l '

    "

    l a bL'

    '1 1

    I'll d, mv bcst. lvoi lace tot losililtrl )


    \!l,cn in'Ilomc. do as rh. Rohans do. (Prolerbl

    * t,..

    l Acfst re.b cst,, uuxiliaNl DO. Nunai hlinitinl lo3 iscrjs ai.i cn li1_"'ecuNive)
    i ' 1 \i .l .i l r" o m 4 ,L v rbr' l ui / n' ' ..ons r' .i o\' rl JI'
    1' - r : , . . , , t
    -

    p"'''',"i/i,';i';
    ' ll l;'r.':;""'iii
    l;p.l^''"*,u'-,
    l'll:r
    , ,j" ;,1,3
    i1;l
    H
    u
    r 'l T r d a b n t : " 4 " 4
    dl'
    t
    l
    I
    o
    s
    l'
    r
    t
    'n
    o
    -r
    llste o:r"D,
    'l r \ d
    ' "i
    '
    ":1",':
    ''r'!
    :';,
    :,"1''" :
    /"."; 'iir,l"ol-'llli
    .';,:r
    : ;.:"j;",b'li":"F:
    :;Y;T,'."":;i
    :; ;1,,;;ii;i,,',,
    ;;;.jl:l'r'd
    ;i'-li)'F.j::i;#r,''"lli
    : ; :i l,ij";":;,fl"":;;1"\
    ..e
    I
    d" i xr
    C. I t . S a L

    .1

    p r ./

    n ljir r i

    l' r :i' .

    Id

    '

    "r "\p r !pnNI' a sc coala


    t to ,li one'shan': a se picniiinr, a_siarrnja

    401
    .,

    6) :

    cl :

    a conveni, a {i poirivit,

    a fi de ajuns (ln special la viitor si condilio-

    "lYill I dol" said thc sardener...I'm sure vou win.,'


    (Vh con n? sptlse$eaina.ut.- Stnt siguii cI da.)
    ' I his build: 1s !d t, l o l o r 1 d a v -n u r)e .\.
    A " d\ t i r t diri" r. d , I b rn . p . i rt" u .,., ,
    't\a\ qill da !
    { De ajdr s lr \ st{ c to l ! P o l i tl e c a l s a u d i ml otri r,1:U ersc,e bi rE :)
    l' . u " \ ' " d, ) o u -(,Il ,!ro p .rl y
    1 h .t x .n t do xt i \l
    Ni" i" . t J t, L t" ' r. i .u ..i r- D U r;..q j . 1 m r " gd rptoc)
    a r er m ina ( t n B p e c i a ll a ti mp u ri l e p rfe c te ;i ta parri ci pi ut trecut):
    lYi,cn she nas .lrnd. we,ll Ao to bcd.
    Onc nore sandirich atd I had dane.
    ne.rlore ls at ,are dozd, now! It is gcriilg tai..
    I hdee dane \\lth tanl
    Have soe d,nd $itti me oomtrasses?
    His N.rk loae, hc Nent io see.a liln.
    I:trelln.gnn ii liali dou'. (Pfoverbj

    2) Ca rcrb
    . d, ajul.i.Ia

    :iuxilior

    (+ infinitivul tncompret):
    formi interogative. Degaiive si interogativ-ne,
    -c-or-st.uir^ea
    satire (g 2913. 2920, 2936).

    $ t9t6
    g lgti

    Dl inlo,,ie"te Ln rlr \"rb. p,ntru c\itana r-p-t6rii arpltui!, prnrprl,u \ tCt8


    nu,nir d" unii gr".lr,i"i"ni ..rr.mporlni nngtozit\ CODIi t- t;, LOD/:
    \ \ n ! r lh u,g hl, rr so r l|"1, 16 r , llas 1p, , . .
    ' ' Dr! tou f.a d 1,h i.? "Y4 . I did'
    " \vr,J ' ,-dn I rr.r joi" ir ' he . om oe' iiiun - - Dur r i, . J d, r 4 , d r s, ror. Imt, d r'1,1 he/
    She dj,ln'L Mos.ire mc, dtd she?
    Y oll , 1.,lr'p,II,ro n
    tl , t dr , p,
    .a
    \n v,.
    -Oh.!L:l
    ", I d; , 1:
    \ \plho.ghlh .q,.lo r\.-r-,-.,, . r . s , ut i. 5, t .
    * ba,r ho rttt.

    trd,,tt

    c.,, este tntrcbuintat atunci clnd. pentru a se Ja mai mutta \.ioiciun si S 1919
    crpr4i\irarF slilulu;.." i,\pr""1?a orAin., ohi.nuira d.uvin,etor, d\4b;t Gau eohivalcdtul acestuia)fiind adus la lnceputul propoziliei, iar auxiliarLrl
    DO pus lnaintea subicci,ului.ceer ce dti un ton nai ioimai conrexiutui:
    Novcrdld 1$r suchsjro.tsmnnlikc
    lcnariour:
    WeUd, 1 rememr,,rhim!
    Odly {'hcn lie called ont .lld

    're

    n.tice him.

    d../ accentucazdideea yerbului pe lingd care sE (Enfia.t;c DO).r

    $ 1990

    He do.r looh kindl


    { P ar cint . r de rn . o m b u n .)
    ,, be quiell
    (Tlceli, ra rosl)
    We ra]lv drd ],rv acrv l,ard.
    ' T p r s iE r ; ra a n i .n r" i , ,t tn r-a d " \tr r..,r' . j d,u:ror
    You saX I wasrt thc.e, lri I dtd go!
    {Spui cd nu eram acoto,cu trsl m ail dus, re asigrrt)
    "l l,operou don't nindl" "ilut I d, mind_,,
    (Spo ce nu le sulfu.i!- Ea te il5eti, mn supir{, te asigur.)
    ,r comc iomorrowl
    (Te rog, vino mline negreritl)
    3) Pentru comp ara_tia contras livi intre vrbel e to d,aSi to make .rezi S 2200. S 1921
    I DO este h aoest caz puiernio

    acclntnat.

    10:

    TO LET (A I,,{SA)

    ltrt

    e3 \.||b ptntiiipul sau parlixi

    Frl]lcli', .- 1'crbr,l l, ler esie iltrtbuinlrt


    auriliar.
    1991
    l) Ca rer) prirr{ripnl
    a, : a lii-qa,a permi|e:

    192|

    L ivc and lc , lir f l


    /-|l m. bel (Lasa.'tri ln lrr0!l)
    llc 1 , , t |. . L0gs loos o.
    or r r r l
    -/-., nt halc r c ur r ns $d. t
    -I-rr me krow irl,.n yon $'rnl li) colrel
    we m av s o iI t hc Nf r lht r ' \ r ill 1. , n s
    'l r,r nqr r r i / ; r no . r c in
    1,., sl,r'tn,g dogs licl (r'rovtr]r)
    .r.d bXgo.es Le ltgon{sl {Prorc.li)

    ,j:r

    (sq inchiia:
    I s,aslookin; lor a hd6. r, 1er.(:dc incLirirl)
    It is rYhI tilc horGr has revu

    lll;

    Ll

    ur '.1-.r '. i .,,, froru , ir ''rul abi' ii\ |


    :J r." \o,! au\ilirr,
    IJl uhj^' i!u
    ;"i
    urc'r"
    n'ini'i\-r i,,'onplpr ILf 1'u,|,
    'lF
    "if
    tui persoana I fi a :l :r, trg. qi Pl :1
    l,,l r ! . s ir ' l is t his r ight ' 1
    Do D' t lilo nc i l, r hr Fo s hc k j, ' s t n o w l '
    ///'s hrrrr,l-'l
    I)o i' l lc , nr c . at oh v . u her c agr t ' l
    Ddn ' l lel s s ir r g n. \
    Ze r X b! f qr r l li) Y. ( Uat \ qr ^Lie' l

    S l0.lti

    lranritanilLnrnlri LD t. - To Lll L liild un


    Crzul compl$metrtLrlui
    'erb
    tiv. eito urnat de un plorutne sru sub\iintil-ir cazul|lcuzalil-chi|lrli atund
    cind o1estc aurilirt:
    Le , n. t hn, Ll I s r ' t h. a dii. ! ?
    I-r,' s s ir end. u. I ' olit h, s ir L|c . 1 o u 4 l . n b

    Se atra:loatenljr asupragrc;cliifF wr tr 'le 1 s! I'unc ' cpsr' ^n lrlcrncnt


    fbI ri u"-r'r"r "l ;"ur 'br^ r''':
    n .zrl nurinr i' {',b rrrlr'nl
    '
    in r . . l' aohn:9 .
    Le t nt ' and r r e 8o
    1 "L . 1n. r ! d 1" es Laif c c r f c il
    il a ! r one ls . es pans i} r lc lor t li. od i s s i o r , 1 . 1 j t b t i r s
    ("Le i it 1, . r . ' f s t e
    nt oof . ut l

    1927

    \'erbul lo l,l este urlnal' la diateza acInliiritilul dulir rcr;rul "to lst".
    Livddr ir'finitivul inco,nplet.i]r 1&diiiezr p-rsirn(cljrdinsernlnn p.rrmte')
    'n
    in grn.t,) dc inlinil.ivul complel (1tlil3 l6fit):
    r,1r',.
    (\,ri\
    t.
    1",
    .aath
    t.f

    19rB

    .,..-

    r ,".p .tt..d .\.a \

    i .L.,n

    d.{r

    -\

    Ifornel contrasc.-'Nodalui LET, cin.l c::te au\i]inr, are o singufl lor


    IL, r, F\nri ir,o un rnl' n in "rr'"" 'u r"rbul
    rni:rLcclrJlr: /,1r
    .d
    l,ii..,l /o,'(
    n rm;r-J.,"t" ;,r r. f^r1, or"r' l in 8."d li'iu'i'
    Zc,'s have I strinl lluxiliF)
    r//a " h, P' , o l' r l: r ' 1 ' l ' no"
    r hpr . ! "d- . l, /
    lL| r ' , r
    " Eo
    '

    l'

    D J r n e 'g i . 5 'i n o l '

    1 t-rDiirulori coNi.loe aoosielornc eonsinile .ru LltT ca iiind la modll idlcmtiv.

    I i ,1";t.
    i 'rr,"'"t'i'os;:;i.',1
    .,"'jl,:"..:l' "f;:";'::l;jT,i
    li"l'd",,,i,
    roDo z, i"i "li
    ' 5cr,ul jI .""".'''..i"
    ' r,
    D: ' h r' , + rt : .
    ; " i : ,j,1;,,1.,

    ,i ,:. " r' rr'" ,

    tn'c 'i

    403
    ,,r\,,b
    1 ,, ri , bdj, l oln \ : | .i n
    i .l a " \F ' ,r,:. J " tu r-p ron
    "li
    r r , lui L ET."o n- iJ - r . t e
    u\l o p 1 .,tt. ,.l ri .,F r,' -.n :..r ti
    ,or,t:' ,- L rrl rr
    l o c vi n l :
    Zctr, t- lriml go:
    1,eln I-- tijcul spcak ouIl
    Pentru formclc contraso, vezi Ei S 1867.
    Do a ce e t nat ( E r npha ti c D O)!i r.e rb u l to l e t.
    D O dccentual noate i n
    soti ycrbul ,o lct, lie aiesta verli lexical sau modal:
    Nother, d, l.r us gc }ikins in the mourtajns this lrepk.nd, I|.n ard rrel
    "DitDI. shall rve go surf rjdn,g lodrr?" "Oh, rd, Lr's/"

    q 19!9

    slltt,[. 1tr[1. nt]tY.


    Acesteauriilirre,liind vcrbc dofeclirenodal, slnr tralat la capiLolul
    verbelor deleciiic rnodalc ($ 1930).

    II. I'ERREI,N NEI'trCI'IVI }IODILE


    ( I I O D- \ L DE FEC fM

    -\U Il L l l R rItS

    o . l Ii D tl tOD A LS i r

    \:ERBEI,E }{ODALN PRNARE


    { PItIMIR T IIO D -\L YD IT I]S)

    s 1930
    s r9i1

    CAN. IIAY. }ILTST. OUGIIT. SHALL. WII,L.


    1) Vsr',redelectivc. .^.ccsl,a
    verbe sint numitc defrctiw deoarc|.ctru au
    toatenodurile li linpurilel
    d, urmitoarele verbe au nurnai dauii. lonnrl
    Ptezent (Present)
    m.y

    'lt.cut (Past)
    corld
    mighl

    shall
    srll

    should
    would

    s 1932

    DJ III,ST qi OUGIIT nu au decit o singurn fotme: aceea de pN..nL, it\trcbuin,tatn nerri ii cu rclerite la tecut.

    AtenlLe!
    Toate vcrbcle de{dctivesinr trdz.itire, complemenLullor djrect fii d inliritivul care le urmeazd.
    2) Ycrbo moilale, Verbele modale stnt aslfl nrmit dcoarce au si S 1033
    ltrlllatie tnodald': insolind verbc care nu poL fi decit la
    nrlinitivs, ete
    j oasi un rol aproapeasemindtor cu aceiafll ruxili arelor pro'nodrl
    priu'zise, exprimind
    moCalildlca,ciLEilitnpula *rbului dr:pend.en,
    al.1,l.
    de olo.Cu al becuvint e, in propozlrmc:
    I .a, lperk, you atgli, go, clc.
    verbele dependentespd.r/rii go, neputlnd avca decit formd de infilitiv ln constlucliile cu vffbclo modalo, nu pot reda ideea exp naie tr Inod obilnuit, prjn
    l ii gramaii0r englez,'r
    acestev..b! .r! dinrrit. lrmiri durn nubi: )lt.tlal Delectioe
    yetbs,.Mo.lal.luitiar! r.rr. (ullimul, nume impro!.ir, accsti reliind drci! un 6pect al
    :,ualdr :
    (Diliannral linbii tumdnelitoaN
    se ftie.,:r ra un mod .sfadral'.a1,..
    ..caf-A
    .onremp,rdaeprblirat de -{{radeniirR.I'.R.) Vtzi si S 133t-13n0.
    r\.rl r'
    .i ti \: \" rb' rl modl l 6l u" .61l
    , r , , 1" 1"nu I , r ri u " m.r' d
    ..rD d ? r,r' r
    / p", / . i d r i n l inir i\ ul uI nr lur ..
    {Ve zi { 13! 6.

    !t04

    i(lccnoCrld esteredatnjn exerF


    indicaiiw.condi{ioDal
    sa subionrlir. AoeasLar
    plelc dc mai sus de 1'crbelcdelctive regenie C1)r (i,r(licdliv) qi \{Ii}HI (indicativ trollul,,conditioral sau Rubjonctiv).Irbul defrotiv rcqcnt,sffvclte af*
    dar aa;nd.i tar norlal.: spra crc,nplu. chidr darn acliunea bi fsio roalir si ar
    trebui deci erprimatn pril indicativ. ot cste pus La modul condil.ionelsau lt.
    subjonctiv pertru a se ariia cd acliunea la care sc refernverbul dependentLLI

    l93l

    Pentru funclia modali;i acecatcmporali pe care o tndcpli csri pistrindu-;i totuqi propriul inleles. verbclc module. in conirasl cu aeeleaauxiliere,
    stnt considerate 'ra semiauri.liare.
    f,) Colrjugarea{erbelor ilolctivo modale.

    Trecut, Corditionalli Srbjon{itiv

    Prozont,Yiitor

    I
    Xou
    he. s h e - i t
    rve
    Xou
    thel

    collil
    coul.l
    conld
    conld
    ,jould
    oould

    f,I&y
    'Irecut, Conrlilionnl li Subl{}nciiv

    Preuod

    miSht

    h e , shc, i t

    mi i ht

    Uust
    Prezontl

    Prezont

    0ught
    Prezent
    I

    oughl

    le, sle, it

    ouiht

    ihey

    ouslri

    Shrlt
    Trecut, Conditional!i Subjotrctiv
    I

    r u'

    shall
    6hall

    ,,

    shall

    will
    Prozent
    I

    will

    they

    wiu

    Troeut, Corditional Fi Srbjonctiv


    I

    405

    -Pentru-tinpurile
    1961.
    s:1940,

    compuseah aLrxiliarelordelective modale primare vez!

    Pentru subjonctivul si coldiiionalul auxrtiarelor detectir.e modate, vezi

    s 1581,1620.

    Pentru auniliarclc rnodale secundarevezi S 2069 20?:1.


    4) Oaracteristicilenrriliarclor deleetilo lxodal(.
    Auritiarele delecrive { 193b

    ruJ d l i
    dr l,o"rs d in,rrp rnr . ,
    (t. d
    drd" . JU u .mu tolto t.

    r . / ' . br . . t r t ot |ot r t d. .

    sp.i.tt.

    /,\pzi

    ,8-,:,.

    d, sinL dctcctiro: nu au irfinitivl, pdrtifipii. qeru,,rli\ sau irnpcrrtir.. \ 1996


    i"r douJ dirlr" FtF t,,r 1 si lr,t'tta) nt.'u ri.i tor;r lp t"",.r:
    'l rccut
    Pre.enL
    Prezent
    'l rccut
    0ould
    might
    _

    dav
    must
    ,/

    nu au irrrmil]alia

    la

    6hall *ill
    ougri

    should
    would

    persoana a 3-a singuLar a

    lic maJ
    he c an

    indicatiaului

    ti l9Z7

    it slall
    it x'ill

    c/ nepLrl,indInrno singure prcdi, atul, sint lntotdeauna urmale de un \ 1938


    itIit,i ti, in.rnpl.l tl..H tar. tu.\.fplia
    lui o4ht. rlttpa.0r..infiniriv,r].jtp
    precedaLde p.rircula lr:
    You

    ay si, dolr,.

    Ii ougbt to 0o.ft.

    d) Iormcle )or intercgotir. )i rpgarli,pstni conshuire, oa la auritiarele BD q t9B9


    si HAVE, prin inv.rsdre.uhi"rrului , u moJalul Drpdi"r ului. drci ldra in terrent[a aur;liarul&i ,O ( S ]918):
    Cdn she do it?
    Ma! | ron P in'
    .tnd ll I h ld, \nu a u. u of
    ter?
    Wttt lou tinE n t s r p
    ( . t . oul l, : m :
    OuBh t
    lo ,"L i
    "p

    I .dn'r scc
    soor.
    nh" ndu , ;"vou
    , b, ,s.y.
    You e, , t " l
    be lote. I rna not lic ilo\rn.
    Th. v , r / t , o , N " i l n o $ .
    \ - idCht n o t r o $ J l k L o m p .

    II. AUXILIAN,ELE DETEOTIYD IIODALE


    (MODAL DEFECTM

    AUXILIARIES

    or THn MODALS)

    s rem

    .h_ aceasti categorieintrd uD numxr de auxiliare disparare- deosebite S 1941


    toLsl de rpslul rerbelor din limba pncl"z.i - rarp, 1n d"aursulIndpl,inqdrci'
    9i ,buciumalFilor jslorii. aJ pia,duLlrFprdr din caraclere,rbminind
    asrezi
    unele cu doue forme, alLeleou una sinquri - sau chiar numai cu o fttnturi
    dF lormi - ti rouqindsu supmvieluiasra
    tn mdsurdIn carpru izbutit .a sali.fa.d n"voilpde exprimar"ale odmpnilar." lF intrebuinlau.Pc tru.omptFLa.
    rea Iunc,tiilor dispirute, s a apelat la sinonimelerespective,dindu-li-seistfel
    un cumul d" fuD.lii (v"zi Col LD, I'llCH f). altt al;lorprnprii. cir si In contracl "u CAN, \4\Y, I\4UST,BE lo ssu llA\E TO dln ic"casi nateqodc.
    Rezolvarea ambiguitdfilor astfel create a dat tns[ aoestorfiaqmenie de
    yerbe alLe sensurr cu implicalii foarte subtile. Noilor auxiliare, eminamente
    colo.rialF,li s.du ad;usel Ff..Lp nblinulp prin miiloa."l" socciticerorbirii:
    noditi.Sri sinld.lic" Ei so,nan'ir",abrcvieri,fonnc nootraseesr"ntorisrire
    modalplor, arc.n, inronrli" "i rir.r shr , ,.ptF modsJ-lp fiind mono.ildbicp.
    ' lLotlat la vortad i.fin:t;o, totlr'- b . a", to mau. to 4,sr. /o or4n,. adeseatnr ltriie
    r d a l ' oJ:drrli, s n t tota t p toa db, nlf : c dld , r t ir nd m nr i I nr : n , t i v u t r i .

    it06

    -\

    1042

    (D C A N
    C]]NEIIAI,E
    CONSIDERATII

    1) Fol.mt, - CAN [- a (se) putea]r, avind numdi ddrd forme, face parl.e
    din cntegoria verbelor defeotive.
    Cele doun iorn]e ale verbului sinl,:
    ClN - forma dc ,r:en, (toate persoanele)',inirebuinlnli ,si eu rorerne
    la /ltrrr. (Vczi S 1949)
    COULD - fcrna de rr?.d, ln anunitc litnite, erprinind ;i rinorul fald
    (le fecut, ca d.ilianaLulgi *tbionctioul (l,oate prrsodnclc).
    Aeesto lormc sint npmatc dc infinitivul infomplet (' |nrn puticula lo)3
    ,\I eerl lri Inic.lL depcndentlS 1938, 1933).
    2) lloduile unitersorale ii imperson e. Modalul C,\N. ca orirc au!'
    S l${,1
    liar delectiv modal, nu arc impe.aliv, intiniti\', pariicipii, nici gemndiv.
    3) l'ormclc oompusc,- CAN, neavild infiiitii' $i participii, nu poate
    $ 1916
    avea nici forrne verbale compuse. ,{tii acester, cil fi ntodurilc ilnpcrsonale
    carc ti lipsesc ({ 1!44), sidt lmprumutate de la siionimul situ BE ,\BLE TO
    \"-i |! 19.q,. {t].o.,/,,: }oT lo BE \BLL.,u
    Bli I'\4Rflrr.
    Inlocuirpr o,laluluiC\N frin BE ABLE nu se poate inse face d.cit.
    atunci cind acestedoui verbe sint p(rfect rirozi c, odicii atunci cind C,\\
    irNamni ,,a putea" : a fi. in rtare (1'ezisi S 1949).
    4) Pronuntrare.- CAN se pronunln:
    19.17
    S
    foll:ila taro (vazi $ 1866);
    umnluat lker):
    nc.LcccntLrdt
    Lken. kn, kll : forma slabn (i'czi ra1866).
    CAN, fiind auxiliar, estein mod nottr\al n.a&eduat ln contert, accln'1,
    pc verbul principal:
    tul ciizlnd
    You ca4Lkalrlgo to sleepnow.
    Al1$e .an lionl do i'r to kccl sniling.
    D/ CAN este .Lcccnhmt
    ii mod normal tI1 ur.nitoarle situarii:
    - cird stn singur, neurmat lmedi4t de un inlinitiv:
    c1r_{I kenl is a modalld]]
    "cdn ikanl I'ou tell me xhere slie is?" "O1courscI .4n t kenl."
    introgati\.:
    Shccan't s.old you, ddDI korl she?
    urmai de ngalia not (lolma necontrasi)i

    S 1913

    I .a4@t I kan.il

    tell Io!

    his nante.

    - peniru a exprima un protest, contrastul sau o co.irazicer:


    llc can'tdo afobatics,but you.az t kenl. {cuionul ur.:ndpc co" jn'rl).
    adDrirdtiv (cu tonul cobortnd pe silaba finali):
    You. son.oDI konl .rctl
    cind, liind lnsolit d un advrb de timp neprecis,preia accentul care
    revenea acstuia (vezi S 2298-22119):
    You al$ats.az lrk@nllind thc dsht No.d in a crjsG,.az'r I lto:ntl yoa?
    You ncv.r.aa I'knl l.euI
    r Dc lapt. ac.astl tr.rduccrc, incract{ h ]inib.r romAnlt. nD esi. dc.it o oonldil,e
    iidislr.nsalil.i, deoarecc CtN nu an inlinitiv- Ons(rmija este va]alili pcntru toaie modaS lr45

    J 2i s 3. :
    a . . L 'n .
    lormT.l1ril. D nlq,
    ' r,r'ri
    lr|?ns
    "r r ir i
    . d. iDn' - u' , hr Lk
    n c a r i v , n '. 'n a , . i
    D\vr'-i.o nd k)ttl
    " o 't . 1 ( ) s t 'o t
    slnr d rhirr, ii ini.D Lin x r - in idbd r onr Fm por n n . '- , " , m J , d , a l '. r a l r i t ! , ': l u t 'u " r r '
    iniinil,ivul .ur plct.
    'Cu erciipiia nodalului o,snt ro, c4re esl.eIntuLaledudaun"at dc

    ,'0?

    :)) InlerogR1i!,!i nega,tia. Formele de interogajie ti negalie sint:


    .s 1918
    aidnI /Joulricrsl'.jitlNc/lou/ihcy?
    I/ro!i hcisr,./it^yri/.ronlrrer
    .zn,,r i l^.tl L.eLl:I.rna .onnasn:
    ',atr'rLlto!11'.
    (:
    pul.ea,
    posibilitatea
    ti) Flllltiii.
    C-L\
    a
    a avea
    referindu sc l,r \ 1919
    pr(.?nt s\ tiitor) arc rmntorrde lunc,tii principalc:
    aJ exprinn capt(i!a|.. .onNte !d. priul eft, pu.tinld,[i.nn. intckdualn. I l95O
    dcli de durati (-, a li ctrpabil de ccva, a a\ea l,umoruld etc. t:atdctt:ri.tti..d,
    ter.a. drcptul. caliiicnrile,nijloar:eleetc.): fnogrtiv: d nu putt:o.:e\tr')t1..i\
    ircapacitatc, ncputinti. impo3jbilitateetcl:
    I arntold ]o! orn trne bc.rs.
    l' hrt ron ln.d r
    !: a lgood) s po . , .
    ihc $ill d o Nh at sh. ca, .
    (yin: ir|
    iL itoso.in :) "11lat ada I do lor
    nuda d ? '
    - v . n,
    C.:z aou curv il{i orrhr urr Ure st.N?
    lI-" .da'r lrpnd ilic punr 1u... nof irrargc llc i!se-

    (Cn ce rn pol srr!i?)

    Urrori C-{\- porte reda (in fur.ilie do intenlia vorbilonrlui) Dio ca]'a(itclisticn trecntoare(:,,Iatn de ce sini i sLareoaneniil",,Se intimple un.cri.'):
    Jrrc .d,, Lr. r.rr obliging Nhed si,e chooses.
    | .od.i. a,
    nnlc . lins .
    cfl.cn be re
    Thc crossing Dr!.r Cahis .dn b! r.ry rough al this tim. ol (UI:) year.
    III llat .dn lc llril,ly
    l,ct in lhe snmner.

    ,.) esle sin,rnin ru .,a !ti" (- ft.rn.n ln limba gcrmann):

    H. .?r play lhc ..11oliLc a lir,tuoso.


    His studcnls &n rfd bcoh n, th.netic scripi.
    a j d n r.u s k r t . ?
    To ,i r.a a r s F r k E lglis h a t a l l .
    ( Vc ri i i ro ,l t,j rtI
    5 19e8)
    .) .xrrn\n posit)iiiutl!:. dcci ;i deilarlie, presryan./c (: UAY)4, (negatir:
    i tpasibilitat t)'.
    Idith ca, cornc\rith rcu on tour triD.
    C ,n i t b c t hat y or ' r ! : ,l l .rrtri e e r l .h o ,?
    had no Bcd.lilC rirC on Id lingc. ycstffdaJ.
    She.tr,', Lrum..ried.
    -she uic cost.
    \\'e .d,1 give r!, rr,atcv.r
    Th cv.anL l, a! r . , c o$iz e d h i tn . l h e l i Eh [ss tre o !i .
    "Do; plfrse..d, yox rrescribea pick-ie{p lor poor Minnie? Shc'siccling so dowr'
    - . nd o u l j u st r or l"

    S 1S;r

    ! l9;9

    d) tn limba rodritir C,tN cxpdnn in mod curent, pentru prezent ori S 1953
    viitor, solicifarea sau acordarea nnd pet"risinni (-,. Xl.\\!);
    (negativ: r".lr?:.
    inte iclic), inloc,'ind .rstfel modal|lI'L{Y.
    care pine la al doilca rnzboi mo diai era considcrat, in limbajul cult, singurul accptabil in acasti siiualic:
    Formulele obitruite slnt:
    .' '
    'a n . l r t '
    e ),1 a n . s a L -Y .u r,rj ' ,:
    no\v A gyi 5
    " t h' r
    d oir c l , r r o oL , ' s ! r r . ! t " d J , ',, d l l \ l 1 l " o u " b
    '-l .,r t, o; ; . " . du, , u ,n a .,J .rd
    /.
    !i g J r.,o e J .,.t," i r" r ' .,"
    I . , i Lq n l .I' p,o n' , , ' I . .
    11. . . , e,lsDl, o D roJr" nt
    t
    ^aant
    .t
    ,"'j ,, l
    . |. |no. "a
    tn t ru n co.i " ,,;..
    ,,ste cu ndevi.ai....", ,,itjc lntr {d.!tu...",

    nE r a d| d,
    '
    '
    1rd .l
    dli uno' nam 'r
    dbil,.L.
    'r - 'b '.
    . , \ \ L d l r r 'l
    LA\ - h p.
    extrinlnd admiralie luperlnlirA pcnt orealin

    s; . , arL. t1 dr6 r r...,,b...ut . , r , v t . r , . , , o, : . , c os d"p- r ar , : j"u\ F r b ! , r , - o " - m ,


    onlun d r r r j h ' p . o p l l a u a . t , a l
    fJ p l u r jl
    t rtrd o .r'ol r l'rr'"d, ' dm "_ii, I n) r . \ n. . "
    plr,l
    not or Li' u, u
    a p, apl. . p1 .p " o D l . s
    /, t 4 r, . . ub. l.nl.li\
    tJpu".popo r' :
    "t h . p ; apt esof th"
    l: t on; . ; ele lum iil
    ",'l;/'
    a v \\ I
    po .ib lirJ
    i p/ i $ 1012: ! A\
    r ! r m i5 . n r s 2 0 3 r .

    MOEFOIOGIA

    108

    _ VEEBI'IJ

    CoDI see vou a nonent? {ton neut.u - cel mai frccvcntl


    C oail I s eaaou ,l o rl a mo i l p n . rl o n m3 ' l o l i l h osl
    ,Ua, I s c c v ; J lo r r mo me il : ro n 1 i o i .ra l . to_m1l l
    Yofcaa so;o*l llomuld pntru a marca sllriitnl unei conleNalij cn rn itlerior ca
    vl$tii. rang. i.eatti social[ ctc.)
    De fapt traducerea in limba romAnn ilustreazi aceste nuantc:
    "Caz I smoke?" (= ?o, iu]na?l "You aar."
    "Co,i.t I smoke?" 1 ,4r plka luma?) "You .42."
    ",tta" I snokc?" l: Imi pcnneti sI lumez?) "You .a'."
    Rdspunsul; .,Iou can". acelali la toate irtrobirile, inclusiv ]a ,.llry...l"
    si la,,Could-.?"' este simptolnaiji pentru e'olulia viitoare a rerbului CAN.
    tr{ai edificator este ri.(punsul devenit clasic. l,iios. nu lipsit de urnor, dat
    adcsea la intrebarea'aan I snok.?' i\ apaca Al1tbelicl, atunci ctnd sc tncrca
    sA se stivikasci
    aceastd invazie a verbului CAN. coDsidera sloppy l:
    "You cd,, youlg man. but J.n ndl not."3
    l,ati,enrul ,,CAN-.. M-\Y noi..." esi,elrcir intrcbuiurrat in l1lod curenL pentru a se sublinia o siiualie eontrastivn indicaie d. context
    Dc lapt, evolulia verbului Cr\N, depafie de a ti sirncit limba oglezi'
    ,l u p a , ur ' . ir
    pE r " ' d i n .p l -,\t,s .
    i .'
    o,,.ran1u.tb i l a
    " u ..
    ' Jd' ,sJr
    ;i C
    n j ' i crol i nv^l l
    d :n' nrr.
    \\ . n " t,i ,,,,r
    i n i .l r , iit " uinr r e " rm " r.i .d i h -n :r
    mai
    si XrlAY. mai lornral, 9i
    ,,respectabil".3

    (D C 0 U L D

    ! 1954

    CONSIDEITATII
    GE\]ERALE
    S t955

    1) Pmrunlare.
    Ina slabi:

    COULD esle pronullat lkuttl lorna tare !i [krd] lor

    How could t kudl youl (foari0 rocentuat) (E\clanaii\')


    I:le sas as nioe as .,,1d lk.(ll be.

    S lt56

    2) IntcroErti:rsi negalir. -. ,/, r /r ,u/h


    rpr.
    l "r./i,l\,.ro,r
    l\ , ul, " " n

    i\ .,n r' '


    ,/rd / ]t d l ]
    ','L
    . r t un. ! ii.
    - L U I I D tn fl F F \p ri ' n ' :
    a) tru:dul simplu (PAST SIN'IPLE) al modalului CAN, in nnumile liDi.
    [,'

    $ l lll;

    tr: irqiuse do cclclaltelunetii {le lornoi COULD{:


    \\h:n 1onrg. Ned .otrd slcak Ercnch like a Parisian. (: capacitatc)
    | . , | . a. 1o 5 \" p ,o p d J . { J rl )
    ." ,1 d. , r . t.]..
    \ .
    . , - , . . . .,,/, rrf,J i u !.:!,0 n ,rr
    , 1. \ . , r 1d s l, s , n .,i r_ o o ,i b ;l i l i " rl \' l m.r '
    .n | $ J o l l r. " n" t.. I i ^ po' bri l Jh
    . L " t' " ' " i t
    I . : : ao 1
    "
    -1
    Ii ai d" .u| rl dr
    \
    r!' Ti " rn" .
    i . r . j. \ l" .l n " .i l l .' ,1 rt.' y (n
    I 1 ,rr

    in ,uiL t

    3,
    , l,.,rl , /
    a \'r'zi ! l!/13 .
    ; sni (jip pn'riLat
    \n| ;in
    \.'''.i
    '

    : i nf c liiF0t
    d, . , /"n p dl l, r :G . i

    Lp. L1n' .U p o '

    lskiN sau f.til, ultimn fin,d rro,'ulia


    - i \ ' - i1

    p: t . / , 0, 6. 4, dh

    o' ab'e\../s"-.../s"
    ,i,,. , ,,.::u:;;;j1".,,

    \ p.\.:/

    .ioJtt

    C 'q t . h t , . L - . p

    nor'cgiaDn adoptatiL ti ir
    A . a t o 't a ,

    l a at , t . b l

    mn.t.:b'. ota'. r ibi.ron""r"ib'

    4{0
    D.) CodTd(+ i"finitivul perfeci al verbului dependent) ajutd lalormarea
    trecutului pe ect al verbului lexical:
    Irp d o v qas po- ili\ " \o u a u l tJ" o tl d n t h o \p M t h " t.
    l ,o u i a ha' e @/ d J or , ' rh a r m\s " l t. l p o ;i b l i l a rn n ,rp ari zara,

    cJ poateexprimaaiitarull^t4. de trecutal modaluluiCANI


    T l' " r srid lh e\ ,otld : \ ot uLt r al hplp us m ov F in o n ] r ( n d a \
    opn; t r ",
    Jdu ,a\td lo"t dn' : nne t r h; , 14r t s eaL .

    kpal

    d) ajutd la lorniarca ditorului pcrfect fald de trecut aI vrbului lexical:


    Hc lold mc lrc .auldn't tossi\ly hdre canc the follo$'ingweek..
    e) poale li condili.analal lre.?ezl sau poate ajuta la formarea condilidnalu,di pcfcr, al verbului lerical:
    He coel.t 1= ar lrteD) ra&. more erercise:he's (: has) put on weighi. (Conditiona
    p.ezenl inde!endni) (posibilitaie)

    Tne). couu.cone il thcy sa, Xou. l.lL.r in good l.ime. (Conditiolal tr'reni corelat
    cu subjonci.ilul prczent) (losibililat)
    _ L o n J ,n C a ' l :!E 3 nv l omurro$. C ol oi Li ond
    ra tL J vou I c t m lr f " n \ $
    ' 1 ..
    r F r"r;n d L sp iJ \ r i or , r Dos b r,| ,., r.-r,- D o t:ti .o o .'
    ' ft,p r'a u t d la# awi, t h ,\to 1
    , " ;.I ro u r Irr" r' 1 :m fori h" $.dd:nc.rcond: liond l l r"l .l , or . dl . r s l l In ,;
    u p r " ,:l Io .i b :l l .' 1 " 1r,,." . " r-Jl i :J-'
    l v e z i i S 1 tj t0 )
    f./ poate fi snbjandiauL modtLLttlui LOIILD d\1pi\'. il, s .ppose. inagine. as
    though, I t+,ish etc. ($ 1,580):
    // o n \' lr . ' \ u" . i a . t' d . " , d ;ti r (.: ,r, n .ri \ , . ." r.a,,,1F,' l
    It \o t . oulJ . oian
    a . \a . 'a td ' o n l i r' Lndl o,,/pnl , i dr. \ouf
    nxnte ' ai,-.o
    .d l .\" -k .d Jrl o o,rs-l \" .. sh r.
    su p p u :p\ t v - t d . ulj n .ri \ p " , n r n d r"
    vould vou like to lro?
    rn rr i l h p o , .
    l i \i sl ' Lo U' r '
    ,,,.
    " r " gl ds$.1
    " " )o' to ' i
    l D of irl J)
    i . Ie n l i . c !
    Subjonctivul erglez sc traduc de celc nai nulLe or; in limba rominn prin
    - condilia al; deci identilicorea subjoncl"ivului rrr se poa1,eface conform traduc e i. ci co n lor m f unc liei p e c a re o i n d e p l i n e tte . (\i e zi { r58i )
    g_./inlocuiqte t,'lr.3/t'l&l C:\\ ir stiL l i./tdirctt:
    (La tcl?fon):
    I sondred il xou .oLrt l,ar e all rishl..
    {Ua htrbam dacd mi dz:, |in,,.)
    ,\1il diect "cat rou he.rr mc rll righi?"
    They askcd us jI we tholshi Fe c,dd ftach an ufderstanding.
    r';!.rol
    rrlr'o .'l ,1i,.1 n oi' J pd c aonp. adl
    ,\ " d,
    S t:t dtt".t: "L,o :ou rl'in t \ 1 , d , r o \ an und"r ' dnlin s .

    l r l ! 'r p )

    h) 1L eacltlnalii:
    Ilorr dorlrl shl (CuIna ptrtrt laceaia ceral)
    r I next wek
    lutiL de nonentnl
    {illrl ariicolul holiirit d.) : .,s,'L]rtdninaviitoar'
    zent |t\ cnre se afli'r rorlriionrL:
    lhr brrt s* k
    r m a m o m r 'i u l u i r r " / r
    ,,.d !,,1q' I r d u"m or oar r ' . aJ ' d d. . d, ar p
    1 1 . a r-alld \o .Lilo r.l .r'd r"pu. : n, \ ! , : J "J , l1. : "agndio' ar
    d p a f a r 'i . n ) r l
    ,nd cste sinonim{ cu the la aan\! .vet:i.
    t -ln' , dar tottt.ts t
    - 88.
    Lo, da, . at t : ' , q l: lr lt ,l p r o ; r 1 n r 'r . i
    " m i '. n l o f
    C u r p o r.lj"i l" llu ,iu ;'T.ler,r ' Lne Lundon - . l- BL . - - 8f l, i . 'i t s r u d l " i . r i n g C o r l o r 4 r

    a !a$i,,

    didinuiiv

    Irrhtenc6L:

    Atsnalian(d)).

    {t0

    CA\. COLILD.BD ,{BLD TO

    t9;8

    (sTUDtU CON'r'RAS
    ITV)
    TI}I?UId II CARACTtrRISTICI

    s r9,i9

    C4\"
    l-olna C,\N erprimn:

    19{i0

    1) trrezcrtulmodalLrlui
    C.\N:
    Uard .a, Ddke b.auiilnl li.ie.
    ar.rn she trc]ols to our chb. and rr1 nol, ]ravnls niet her rctl
    L d i b | \' H - , . . \ e- \ n' , . r J l. H do". n r l , , L i r , , l : . . h " .
    \\ J.d
    rj,,
    l. ' L J ' u
    l. , or oJ , lr '5 s , i n g l o l . o u r \ 'i l '
    ' r "la

    1961

    ra r.

    2) T&rut l modalulii ClN, flI,uncj cind C-{N stc urmat de infinitivu}


    pel.fect al vrbului lerical dependent,(Cf. 1957 b). ]\eeastd construciie dii
    ;.icnrui modal noliunca de f.i.al, colorati nr glneie cu eea de nesigJranfi,
    rle irealitate. cdre aparline modatutui rr:genti
    t -iz"

    lJor'|
    ,
    J'

    1\ h " d? ] . ar " bp"n d t , t , J E\ t s .


    h,to.k".tt.,t'
    ti. .l r d J n d br but v . , ir t ". t . , 1 / t

    , n hc.-

    or

    [ln acesteexcmpte, tornele (can)hat'c bccn, (can) haae :'an. (:anhe (harc
    j ',
    for ti fiddJ,! in dord | ,o lu^il
    .n[]niLr: ..." I,uru ii..., .... p,rr,. .tsriq".... 6/ .u "o"
    n) " I tt. ,,
    .r-i ri r^,j1..: ...nu po.l, r- Ir . q i;Jr.... "u ju .ri\Ll
    ' t,
    txisiluranld,
    ind.oiald.l
    '.\ptiminl
    "o,'

    ,r ,i.., 8 "
    i, s , . m p Ln.
    { o. . o, , \ , u t r , i n i . , r r
    t r ! t l; , / , r no; ,
    n..i a.drJ
    \ t d\
    t, p..t. |.tnar ip
    ro,
    lo, Aa.. ! " t ""t d. r , o,
    hpn. dd \ . r in_ . , t ( s r b i , l . l
    tt to r:tuI .1 tt or a nt t I r
    a, . ' t |t 1, .
    ', I.
    'l)
    ! o t th o.,
    A r ' r ll' e p. ' r k , , r . t | l . , r l m r " i b l i
    - , ?us
    /\.t
    n- t ] lt i. bin. n: .
    pr r n p . , . r . r a . J . ,
    [ i $aLi
    "" t...t?.r,"
    1',
    t.o" :

    s 106:l

    COULD ti \|AS/WI.IRL

    AILD

    '1 " i , . a . '

    TO

    Functii
    l9ti3

    1) CoLTLD qi trecntul simtlu. - COL'LD este int.)ttl.:aunaform.. intre,


    buintatn pentrr r.cdateatrecutului si rllu atunci .hd c\prime pcrnisiun.)
    kdeseati) pa:ri'it.itatei oritin(l este ceite nc utrr:ponaoltl ti.mivitar (Scquenceol f tnsts):
    Topsy kn.q she .,,1d do whotevcrsl, likrl. (p.rnistuntl
    Lolld ihil gaurt m{n l. .trr lrttrt {posibijii,ai,ir
    certri exolamatjr)
    hc_v
    told rrc lhey .oau,u1 lir h Lordonbccanscihe cosr01 )irnrgwastao high.
    . _ 'tindirecl
    ijlil
    im!osilrilitate)

    I'Jril

    2r lHpa.iliric dc durntj.
    pr:n
    lnr.u.it p-\F. n rrlrritcr.i -..;1..1ut r.n.t,,tLtttr I \ rS lq.,0r_ LUt LD nu p"ir" p,r,_i"nr",t.sut
    r""-. i t,,
    su;ire decit atxnci cind ea este o ruractcrislit:dtl.) d.irati. e\;I]tni ncinteruptd.
    detit rnxear; si pentru r.zr, timp:
    <
    . , n; . . , o p . r r o t
    (t,p1 I.F
    J. r . ' r nin6 jr s ,
    ot ! o!
    "1 .a"|Jl.
    ' - tdr, r. ,.
    ' il1. . hii(rd rJL t,,.n",rtr oh, r p\ t , , , , t ior ,
    1\ 1. . r - h p , . m , d d o f 1 . h f r $ r n n , r , ; . n , i t "
    rror.. lu- 5 \ e ' - 3nd t , , "ge ,

    I n,,
    !.onuBic ln cazrl oliectiv, lntelninl{t in loNl nonrinativului-a.nrire cireulalie aetunlah Imbajul coloclial. (Vezi S 88r).

    Iortri {te

    4 r1
    :) liE ,tBniil - rcrliz:rrc prirl {}lort. Cind inse verbul se rfrn h o i 196;
    r(rili.ttc i/t.trntt, oliiruln prl;lf un ,/o/1,Ci)ULD estoinlo':uil cu rormalJli
    \LIL.E TO (: a ii in sl:,r.; a rcu'\i; a izbuti), carc mcrcheazi ..a uni dt
    Iicuhdli inrinsr:
    (posilililate)l |.ti.r
    (i.;cD . ds drlc i" ski ( . a f . uiit ) s r , t . , a/ d s k il: a ! ! h i
    wner shc hrrl lrad some coa.hins.'
    uP a, a sla.t
    Innnn sas tolrl she .rrll lri\'! Lhc lase on lhe trble. lni ire
    d thildlcn
    11,, drla to tui th t tc odies ' 3t D t hc 1r llloy 3, oul . I r c a c h o i t l'at
    an d
    'd."
    ( \ er i iii 5 r 9! ! )

    4l T0 \l-!l{,{GI - PL:ntru atrcnt'u:rret dilicultltii eforttihti depus sf S lttli


    t,rtrelnliflorzrirerb|l t0 ]L'rN,\GU (: a r{[fi, d izbuti: n se d.l1(Iirct)in lo
    cul lormoi COLt,l):
    It N.s v.rl
    !r

    diLrlt Dd rrn,ing l,ajd hul Fe iererurelss no,/r{.d

    put tin g li

    ! lo l o t. \ t f a

    to rerch iioni! ii

    olt Lhc dchl oD ilie caf

    w. r lr , Ne Don. s . d t o lt J

    Aceste formr, c.Lre nrrcheazn {, i 1!16?


    5) ts.8 IBLH f0 ii ]IA(AOE T0.
    realiztrc diiicilir.pot fi jrtrchuinlaie la toaic tiinpurile -/r:!r?1. 1r"(.alsr!
    ritlo. - \'I,\NACE chjar jn ro'tlbijratie cu fornrclc oAN ,:! I'OL:I'D (lrczoi
    si r:sDcolir con4i.linr.tN\ rirf.dfr h /iilrtl - situati ir1 crrr pltona.'nrri
    :'can ivLnt:i' uorlribuic l:r ir.rttL,utrrca idei;:
    '\! | . no' . : onl, '
    il
    ,.
    'u l ./h
    l
    ' ,' L l ,' ,p :.n
    cu refornc lr \iltln) tut,tds. a $ocd Nliile Lo .ome

    ;/

    r' l .ro"

    "l

    c-\RAtl 1'ER I STI (l t

    .s 1lJ{;s

    \{rgrtirut COI]LDN'T po.lte li inLr{rbuinlet ca negalic a anbelor tor- )R1109


    1)'COLil-D
    durlalntrebui lareal i in accstcaztrebui.
    siWr\S,UlLIiTOnre
    111toate detuliilc- De piidd. tn erem
    sl
    corespunili
    mulli\ atentie Dcntru ca el
    pun.
    pro'
    roi""ir',
    n"- iFi LOUI D\'l in lu' ul t^rbu
    ,l.
    'r'
    I'
    ul
    Dlu
    1i1
    'r
    '
    '
    Iu) or .o,. irui ^ 'roarF. JaoH'..
    t,r BE.\fiLt: fO (..,u \1 \\\';E
    COULDNT nu irdcplineste condiliiLenecosarc:I hart b.n dlle nu estc
    negatir !i nu exprimi crpacilato caracierislici ti continue
    negttire (S s 10?0
    l.rimrlz COULD poaie li utilizat ln propozi-tiile
    2i 'Lfu)cut
    19691sau intcroqatile ,:hiar tn cazurilc ln cnre WAS ABLE TO cste sinEnr&
    forni afirinarivi posibild (i 196;), cu condilia insi ca ambii ternreni intocuit. !i inlocu;to,; - si se suprapund perfect. ( S 1946)
    l{. clinbell uD to Ure top ol the irec nrt..zld"',5dc [Ic ]ake.
    co,l.l he sec ihe lakc slien ne.lntbid ul io the to! ol tlie lrec?
    Co,rl Jolm hrve a holidal on FridoX lasi.?
    Ile.ouldnl leel hrtty iD tt,e to{n b..ausc he {rs loo lonPly.

    s 1r7r
    p "i n ..pr oN: i! .
    r.!,l F g c o ' i ' e fro p o zi l i e ' a| n ." pi l ; d r' s nE
    rrti v d a ior it r Dr " z pnt p i ,rn c ; p h " l i d F \u tb i rp ' ru .bi ar un i al l F t' rol o
    !,r/,r' . rE 2 C 33' :
    ru . " n. n" q0; i , n d u L n i ,
    T rri i
    w
    d
    '
    ml l Y l o n g ' l i P d
    anr lhi * , I
    "
    1 h " l o lloqll' - d , i I d i d n l l a F J l l ,i g l rl a n d o \t.tn-tA rt
    'thc:i cautrt i'a i G-rjnesalie) sce throush the mist
    -I,,'r"."i
    YerbclorCoLJLD ii DE AtsLE sc supraptrnh acelaii contelt,
    ,.t"-it"
    . (e! ir tr rrt un { em t lu dr rrc s l .g rn
    ! d o "u . . , a I r t r t r , 7 l l : tn o f, r)
    n .rJ b :j , ' " frn
    r " . lb, r . . / l )u b ' r' i ,l i \
    "1 l l Dt. "

    {19

    l9i2

    MonFot,oorA

    - wRBUr.

    A nh .r $ oma r , aut . t s . 4apt u. . pm in. g" p) b p t a u n d .


    1 \ato d,t p-o nu nr n. eat \
    , ou) d r nda- t i. d
    hin.
    HF .o 'rd tle r 14. . r adr , , F1r iv , r ! t m p m , t r e f .
    3, Prcferin li. - Ci, , l t im pul t r
    ir . " In , r , l i u n F " l D r h u t u i F s , i D r e c i
    F
    z-ll p rlnlr u'l o d\ r b dp t it , p t r . . . ut , x"0r
    : d. s t t r do l J . t a s r t , , k . t t o d a q , o e o ,
    ",a.,
    WAS ABt F.TO

    "s

    r rurpra.rorrnp:COULD.',rr".

    -, i",r .; i;..;i-i";:;,_

    ru r. -\ u, i Llp/ at r r F d "b :1 . rn p te o ,...n . 1 ti ,r.ri ,to sdv"


    ",. rbFI, Jp ,i ,rp ,rmur
    ""

    pr.crs:

    Dl1 l rgs a bt 'a it is t


    .
    to.g
    ' nt J on o, h: s m i , . . " - i n r o t . p t t o t t i t o r r . r .
    lr.lur rr F dd ie iFp o nt , d t . r ' popt
    i\ pr \
    r.ja n du . ,rt"'^
    | p, o\ p hi. D, ; . oC. "p' r e $ , . ! n h d . i . . r '. , l r s . t i i n s
    it on I.s.

    . D. l. d,"isle prnterinld.\istd tot,r<isl.Jtp'i. d..n,,tan "ria vorbi orutui


    p-\prinjri.
    tr mar alF. ,lup; dil,rFr ta d. rntplp.
    "ar.,rjs r Inirp.-tp doud
    (Vezi si { 1963-196b1
    l9?A.
    4) ({rt LD in stilul indirp.t. Tnrrrn.pu,"1,,r..; de"tara.ii din sritrrt
    !lirp.,.in.et indirar si inrer.. drn sritutin,tir,.r i",;iat.";,,10.:.uii"
    ""),i
    mo,rrlFtor rplpasi mod;fi,;ri inerFnrFr-g1ltitorcon spord.niFi tin purilor

    ( s 2834 2838).
    CAN din stilul directdevineCOULDin srihi indirecr(;i invers):
    c..".,.
    Shp s d. '..,' y ou , um F w: r h f t J r d , "
    I r n"n d 1
    sh p,si"d n .. i1 | "aut t t8a $it r hp" o t " t ir m e n J i i u r

    (Veziri g r95rs)

    $ 1e74

    0onjugflren modalului C,IN1

    Inlinith

    Iniliefltil

    having bcen able to


    can {an/arelis able to)
    coDrd (was/$ere aue 1o)
    ha!/hlls iecn alle to
    had leer nble to
    /o./

    fall

    de prlzcnt

    10, Iali de trcclr

    J p.s.nr
    t pe./c.r
    J ?rc.n,
    l p -1 ,.

    can// shall/will be allc to


    shan/}ix lave been able to
    corld//should/wouldbo ablc i0
    , o u l d c o ud$,r' Lh
    \ h. ndrr' p to

    Conditiodl :
    could:/iShouldhvould
    bii allc i.o
    coulds/,/should^voul,i
    hale bccn able !o
    cou]dl/r'wasi
    \yere able to

    ' P " , ' lr u r or m l" rp rb n l ^' a rF i r.." b - D o d a tuL i C q\ s-.t folosit sinonirnll snu BE
    ABL E T O ur m it dr :
    s Inlinitivnl
    al verbuhi lcxical dependent.
    ? Inrinitivnl trezeni al verlul,i
    leical deiendnl.
    Frlect

    4lE

    IIIIPUL, \'II'I OR

    s 1976

    lntmtluo$e. - In rortrast eu limba romnnn. in structura limbii ensleze


    lale de nomenlul in care 6eafli
    existn dord alitudini temporale fr.rndanrcnl,ale
    vnrb:lurul: I' falt dr. I.rclpnt p 'l' o pr'l'
    l, l l{ de lrcrul pF de alla.
    .r'ud,r. cp r ,llF. , in br. n.a r,a.'i
    FIF.or.jugdrii
    .\,,
    ',ndn o-la 1or
    -. ' pe doun axc poralclc, pcrlact sinrcl,rice
    logioa.
    sinl constluite
    conlorm unor
    ti
    reguli reunite sub numele d| cor(slantlenla rinpurilor (Stqur:rtcci,/ Tens.sJ. S 1976
    Pentru aprofurdarc, vezi Schemaconjugnrii g 1356.
    .q.cstealirmalii sini ralal,jle numai pentm gramaticr aFa-numitn
    tradilional:i, adi(; s.,cca a stifiiui formdl sau livrcsc rsi snrt modificate
    din te ln te nrai ull h granratica irrfornoli sau rolocvidi arluali.

    'I'IIII'UL \TITOR .i CONDII TONALT


    L
    C\ N ,

    C OU L D , E D AB L E T O

    s 1977
    s 1978

    l) Faln dc momentul prezentin carc se alln vorbitorul, viitorul (: posi- $ 1979


    bjlitate) este exprimat prin:
    al CAN (indicativ prczcnt)
    D, COULD (conditic,nal ppzent independent)
    c,) SHALL/WILL BE ABLE TO
    "Canlcould.{ar come to l,lnch lilh us. 3ay tomonoF?"
    "So ionxl I'crn'l.." "Iiow atrouith day alier?"
    'Ii;hl,
    Ti,ar'll$ lrr In','lrsnlr }o.. "co lons.'
    _ \\.
    R L. . ' r ' or l h f\ l .s l x e l ,a rr,Ia u i d $r sp' rh" r,p" Jr. pl e0sF?"
    - d. f f ; dr J r ' o _ -rr,,.l tttl rt; n i -\" s ,e J ou,hFr l yFb)e '
    - r o u .d,
    rlnaliza

    gxomplelor preoedelte.

    C d modaielc CAN ;i COI-LD rprimn tosiz,iltlal ti se refern la tiiat, S 1980


    deosebireadinLre acestedoui formc verbale este accasica si ln traducerea
    respectivn in linba romeni:
    pot, puteli ctc.) exprim; o acliune sau S 1981
    a) ind.i.catiNul
    Ir.:,r?t (C.!N:
    o stare de lucruri sub forma unei inl,rebdri sau a unei declaralii precisc,ferme,
    b) ,ond;liaratutpt z,ht inJ ! rJFnt tcol LD
    a: tL 'a. a1i purea el..) S 1982
    inrrodu.Fdo,ri n.,nn:pJ;l-'ilar irr',r.iturlir'p.ezir.rc' .JUisi o formula mal
    politicoasd dectt CAN, eventual cu sondarc pentru aflarea pdrerii intrlooutorului. (Vezi exemph S 1953)
    AITCfa nn" d r ; t t ot , ; rl .o n ,!i ' i o n a ] (' ,ti i to r in,rt1
    CAN
    - The Joncses canlcdnl comc to ihc "Peolles Maich nr. Jols" lonoF

    COUI,D

    r.s.$rher .az you hing your proals lor relision? Why .an'r
    you do it saoner? (lo! catgoric, precis)
    Tl.. Jon , s s , o, r d , o_m !. ' nJ olher ^ddy ( , o , d i . i o n a l ) . - I \ l , e n o u l d
    rox b rrru y o! r pr oor s r Dr r r \ r s r oD.
    ro "ld ,, , \ t u da il s ooo: llon r ai Dol l i c o ) i i ' r p r i l - d : n p . l - C o u l d
    Jo u l"l m ; J v n i t i\ ' t . 2- I aul, J l ' dlr p H I n o u l l o m o r i o s a {s o l i .
    .i ar' m . no i' , ud: ii. s onddr p) - 1- 1" I 1 n , ', / . o I s . p \ l u t r o w
    (ton crfesor]cl, blt hc.ould (condilionalj ionro.row, ans iime sou

    r:
    l OK.
    -{l l t ghl.
    ! 5 (live
    pounds) (slanc)

    s 1983

    414

    S 1934

    ., SHALL/WILL ]lli ABLE TO cr.primnun viitor nrai precis.adsea


    mai dcpnrtat de prezent,sugerlndintcrr.cntiaunui lapt internttdisr de care
    Ya dcpindrealizareaacliunii indicatc dc verb:
    $o.k d,n, h1 r 1ri r " .
    I . t r lr : lt U b " rtl . ta ." d u I
    T h \ ' / 1, ' r / 1 b
    I sn; /i,tlll'll be able to se; yon oi Tlcsdux. (snln,lel.si sint .cnpatl tini at!n0i)

    Atcnli(!
    viiLoaft pstein tunrlia ,1. ut)a.;lolt :t n'l l,! tm'
    $ r93.i
    fdJ Ci d posibititateR
    prejurnri, iar daia indicar,e esle desemnati printr un (drerD d timp aiitor,
    S1T,\I-L/NILL BE .\BLE TO estrisinguralorml po$ib n:
    Don't $di-v aboul Jcnlyl \\'her shehis ieln ln Englardlor someLnrc:,shc'll
    &e olle to lass tI! qualiling c\a all righl..
    lni,reb.rinlrrea formei CAN in aceasti sitra,tie ar insemna permisiLtr"'.
    ,J Cird tn context nu exi3l.i nioi o indicatie de viilor, SH,\LL/WILL/ LL
    cste in g.ncm singuraformi preferatd.
    liilorul fali nt ftorrl (l u,,tt tn th Pa\t). A '.sr'' fnr: : p\p'in"
    S l9c7
    t.ttrL'tt:ni,
    n' i rurbi rrrl s arlnl lr.I Inornprr!l. t 'liI /.,,/. CFIFdo.r;
    lormr de viilor se deosebescprin auritiarctc lot: ,iitoral fald d. Fezent Esre
    S 1988 ronstruit cu aurjljarcle SHr\LJ,/LIII,L (doci prozcntul rriliarelor caracteris
    ti.e viitornlui). iar tiitorul f.4A dc trectacu auxiliarelo SIIO ULD/WO LILD (tr{rcutul auxijiarelor respecLive),in toate cazurile.auriliarele fiind urmate de rtfinitilul lerbul.ri principal:

    $ 1936

    I ln o,r I

    |lt r i
    I $ill

    / , o/ / .

    I Lnc N I

    tslould
    I $ o trl d
    l, d .

    ,. d /& l o m p F

    I Ir,

    o nr ppr r ||d r . d " d i n .

    Lpr s' Ji -.

    Aceste c)icmple stnt valabile la l,oaie pcrsoanele.

    5 1989

    COUI,D,TRBCUT SINIPLU.CONDIJIONAI,
    (PREZE\TARECONTNASTIV,i
    PITACTICi)

    Scopul acestui capitol ste sprofu daroa unor date cu caracl,ergeneral,


    rpuse in capitolul precedent,pcntru limurirca dificulti,tilor Ia prima vedere
    ireductibile.
    Cititorui est sfiituit, si nu trcacd la citiraa acestui capitol l6rn a-gi fi insutii incn, tn delali , materialul cuprins ln capitolele S 1940 1988.
    Cea nai dificild problemi p care o lnttmpinn studentul striin este legaii
    $ 1990
    de funclionnlitata plurivalenG a rnodalului COULD, sursa complexitdlii
    ambiguitdl,ilor suNenite atlt de frecvenl ctnd strdinii folosesclimba engleza.
    rCAN sc relere
    ii h viii.or. (S 1949)
    I aa ptFp ..llr alim
    p. lim f . r les r . . , ne"pq' i, . 1' . . d , l r i I s p a m r J
    3 l/:
    . d

    sld/l s.ru pl, l ( r br - v . )


    snlxld sau porid I,rb.Fv.J

    i.d

    -luldp

    n 'r l l .

    COULD e:1,ctlr prillripal uu trccut ingridit tu anunile lilnit'e, nu nu rai 8 1991


    .1. ilt, ul
    ,
    t;.-tat.,t.ar,..,;, .t '
    "" po"lr \l,rin - ei ,iitorul 1.,:da t. t,t. "an.J
    pr:rnt;)t't ,du "\1.i"t,.1,.1,1
    ,r" ,"
    "lti,r t.t - rt" ,i',,1 r",. ,
    "prrri
    respondcnla l.impurilor dar pontru cI ti in sfereleaceslor' scrsuri
    este su
    pu8 un,Jr mmeroase tabuuri Di l.er|felnri conplical,c, care ii dau subtilitnti
    numite in limba englezi!or.r"1on.r,iar in linba romend cu aprorimalir subin-telesuri.sugesl;i. ;nsinuiri. inlllicaiii.
    P'^i.-orii pn:].?i n pl.,.r ir 't ^,i. 1 InrrFbr:in.,r,i rrpcit. r r^||,,i q $!r2
    COI'T.D , , a, u, .tot tt r4ut;r I t'".- t.nt)!. .\nry,ir t "| .,t , r,\; rp . I
    |''|naU-rA,|,'|;'|,u|'|''\|un'rp1ir',;,''t,tlr,''r
    bazd a trecutrrlui simplu.
    W. Stannati Allen. arLtorLrluncia diltre cele m:,i aprecirte lucrnri rrrc
    tice pcntru uzul studcnlilor striinir, meriione:tznnedumeriredsl,xdeitilor
    care,cilind in rnarualr:ciLlonna COULD estctr.cut.ulsau condil.ionrtul
    inodalului CAN, lntrcbuinleazd COTJLD firi discrnnrdnt i tropo'iitii ca: "1
    h,.,.unrr! r' .l
    "aLtlJpa.'ny "rrnrin"'ior. r'r v^'rrd-,o. l.o\,tj ;tt^
    1.,t,,,t ,i.ir m\ r,,.rt, i,,,, It."r ,d,,!.',: t,"u
    '1.'v ird lld,l r;u,,1 r .
    Iormelor corecte: .,1 t\\ts (Lh 1.opass r11rexanindtion Lenreir|s aso.'.._.1rr.rs
    t
    o!,o.ro lr^..,,r..tr\
    . -t v^ oht. to r:i.r, n,\. n,u r, ,,.,
    '.. "i1.,\...
    H.V. r-,,nrr, .,1.,'rgr':-Br I a.,tJ l"r7 ; : /4 /,,,
    r.,r'iir, . ..Jrrr. u.
    'lFr. drJ -l furni,lrpd,1" h^u"a. Tir n,,ir"-p..,rsu.ld..,\./.,,."'p
    (or irdrag.l) tc lrrnirh LI e horrse.''I couldattcndtlLLk:ctu"e'r. f, r.r Lo n lecturc
    iI tholuturo' .J:,,r,-1.. li.o,r r"l.r .sl",rrpi0
    1b.tx.t
    ^$.r.h\^l ,.,
    $,.".b|"1o!.4
    r;.,i... .t r,on,t...tt,.ota tt, t..tt t. ti.",r".-.Lt
    gub,ll di'1'.| :^t .,\'l .u.1 Lor;vh lotrl l.,ur.
    . N. trf..,rr ,1.., r
    Il , pr.J,p t'jvcqt c',nditi0alrl, IL\'. (ieorqa,"ccrier
    "l co ld;Jon,,t: rs \" 1993
    ..,tdn t tn; . ,r
    plrl."r i. r mu,1".r!it.r' sti\- ur -l
    .
    I
    "-r", rri
    "1n.t.,1
    thc tututs (: nu a_s
    puletr). Unlikc "i .ruld do il", ho\Iever. iL mal. rFler to thil
    past aod ean "I triai ta da it buLI failrd." (: Am trceri-at, drr n a'n rcusit
    . Pcntru a rezuma ti cor,r{llcta conslaii Le celor doi autori menlionali S l1)1){
    (a) | coukl dn it (condiiional alirmati\') este o ..nodrsld. atirna_ti(.= al
    ,
    putca s-o lad, nuan!a de zitarc.nesiguraDld
    sau _,modesl,ie,,fiind
    introdusri
    de nad l. candil,i1nal!.i rcfcrindu-se asadarla yiitor, nu l.r l,"r.ai.
    (L) "I $nli dd il'nu poal,ecr.pim0 /r,.r/r/ sinplu afinnartvJ,.it in S lrr;
    \ilt,':'
    p\on01.. i .|pu.r r' lr,isl ,l'f
    ^,r"sr"n.l"n a timDu lnr {\r/i
    indir;;
    ..Sr;lu
    : tzCui.
    -/ ;outd do, - tnt..:ui-qtap/,..
    C\N) /..
    cutnl simtln.din alinnolia "r,d.
    ;t" ( g 200:) qi
    "1 can lo it" cs1,0.'1 nas $lil6 io rlo',;
    tu "I coul.ddo i.t."
    (c) Neg \i^"1 conkln'rd, i," somenline,l:irn rnodificarea
    formoi.t,) am- $ 1098
    bele cazuri urmhtoarc - pe care si le numnn I si 2 , modul si timpul vel
    bul.ri In.a s"hi l'r1lu
    unlurrn.arinlrl^r lu',, li-i p. , vr' n ri' I' n'in-starr
    - ' t "auldn't j" , pn"r- t'l
    .llublld,ep,,li\d. \;|pl
    lt -"',a,t,",1,i',ii'
    , \u c; put".' s u tr"J r"hrindLr-.^lr riitoi .a'r \2t;nd;rc1;,,tt,.ut c:;,t.t,,
    n Lot;r\
    \m lnrer"a +n,J.. lrr n."m rF,r)il). rpiprin.l,r..elx trir.ur. L;n
    ,F\rul. ir d,'i '.rr"rli" !ofuilorului. irJi," ,u1 :io il.dF' t',r.tru rorn.,
    COULD lrr cazulin spetn.
    1W. Stanna.d \1ten. t,ieins Enplish Sttuctur..
    ' H. \'. Cco.ge,707 Jers,ttuiian iablesl,r Sr.rtcLtsol Lnslish Teach1b'an.lAtj'cn..".]

    MORFOI,OGIA

    416

    _ VERBUL

    crx/coulD
    $r

    199?

    lNLoculroRll

    RESPDCTI\iI

    q
    lUodululC\\, avlnd. dups 'um a !;zut mulripl".ei'ubtiJ" utilizari 1i
    pfln'rp cor'
    numardoud lormappnlru a Ie nxprimn'au sugerdF''a lolosrrIn
    Fxpuse
    pini
    arct
    form coosiderallilor
    l''orili 'imilirridinii
    Penrru a.l inla ur. i .i ,mbigui lrl",J rF,-r\in
    l0'nuLi
    I
    poa''" rpcurs' ld "inft
    ;";; ird eo, torr'rl
    f""-i;;'';";.t;,';,
    'iua r- odllrl'lr Jcpmd4aLoJrp
    la
    LD
    s"u
    nimp aln moJ"lFLorC.\\/COl
    "ror
    '
    de mai jos:
    r A \ B E A B LE T O { : a l i rrr s ta t, ' r' u i L l

    i3 )'.')i" '3;l :,i ,:'i i #* l ";:;'l ui p " ' u r! ' - . . r LIi' id J r dp a ' r " " ,
    r'|n' p l
    nA ib9'""1,' .',1,n., r,'r ,'r I n 'i t a 'lF'luru
    Bl I't.,c.E'rzl
    iFj zERo cAN/couLD
    TO
    iGJ DE SUPPOSED
    iH) Imleratiwl

    lolitciii

    i "lFs
    AL.6lF iironin'4. prir lo.rgar.u srrr ub iluir-s prolrit rui.lor
    pnqlD're
    a"plHfijrn'n
    rJu" o mar" hog'liF J; 'ubtilit"ti l 'murind in
    '^nru/rrrn
    ({l gn \BLD

    s 1998
    s 1999

    TO

    lnirabLrinlalea acestui auriliar esLeobligatorie h urmeloarelo cazufr:


    1) la itllocuirea modurllot irl,pefto dle ce tipse* nodaluhi LIAN r\stfel:
    to h rh l r
    l ? / u r
    a l -.' \. b " n a b ' "
    l ikd
    :
    being rble
    L'.:.nt
    nanic iu' l.
    I1 ,e c u t = l e rn rl l .
    I' b \' " 3 b n ' l
    I p*ht
    aorn)
    - lei^g anle
    eaumlitxl lsal -rg
    binnv uscA r i,d dDl, (-- inlirilir'l to do crosswordluzzlcs at liglLtrurg spctd'.
    t , r t int t r " l

    " i;6 rorm")to rr.h hiin in rris\vo'ks rs h'r srear''st


    ii'ii:i',;ii?i| r: e.'ii
    'airs;I,
    2000

    Atenlte

    ConsLructiioa:
    IIe's sor.X not to cdz

    'one

    1'o sce ]'otr

    com'
    sini eronatc, C,A.Nneavind intinitiv care sli ajute la fottnarea timpurilor
    puse (S 19/t4).
    N otd,
    ori par'a) tsD ABLE TO are loarLe rar, sau chiar deloc, forrne continui
    aronllp
    rnr
    "iv. Co;rL.u.lii ra'la,"L"in. ahl. "roIom"
    r,is: I 'on "oltlJb" ar'l o Llaoar"-'slFpl'o
    (b/ Ero.olic.r"Ei"ons
    nasticd.
    2) la formarea Linpurilor conpuse (S 194[i);
    2001
    3) la tnldturarea ambiguiHl,ii creat'euneori de multjplele acccptiuni ale
    $ 2002
    Iormer COULD:

    41,7
    /d) cind titnpul lrecut esteindicat de lrDL,,.rpl.mentile timp prccis{a..
    t t(l.r,t.tto.l.rts d,.). tusl,v 1;..tt;o,t4h.th,n|
    .,t|n;.).at,r 1;, sot ti"n,
    eic.. .,irre ar facc lnirebni]tlarea modalului COULD {.= treeui) pleonastici.
    dcci inutilii:
    Ion eas dbleto hav. a licnio on Friday last.
    ./. in conlraslcu:
    ,lotr..ut/t hiee a ricnic on }riday last {peraisinne).

    2003

    i :t004
    Caultl, exptLml intotdeauna trecutul cind. sensul lui ertc
    prni.siunc.
    frl cind se reieri la o realizarein tfe, ut u0 rczulrat lL !r, i L.rlncit.ti \ 2005
    , un in'rc, al unui .fo' .",r el L'r"i F"rii da plorruri:
    C.\\ : capaeital. contitrua!
    ldrn limite tenporale
    COLLD=_clr.ciirte contnrunin trecrt
    \!'-\S ABLD TO - o .caliza.esau mii nulte, dalorit. unri ( lnrt s,ruuci s.rii d.
    Dxemple:
    IL ilas sleelitrg, bul, I

    aDld to rercli nI o1fi,! in lirrc l,) rurifirg mo:i oI i, i.


    'r,as
    r \6 .
    sp4 rl En F'i6 ', . ' d "o r o. . bt " | . .
    .. In .i t, ,l
    ' /1,
    ' bp J r,t' rh A l,'l J
    . lim
    D.in-L
    1' r l r .
    lt
    I
    t 'l r '
    ^)
    Dn. iig t he da y_ I cou tdr ' t 1ie. t . \ r n jd t lie c r dp " h; l l r , ; r n s e o t t l L . I f l l i d i t ,
    lJtt t &s able to slcep at niglit onl in the o!eD.
    liom Ure vindow ol liis raot^ lr' .auld s.c as Iaf is thc l,Lln,. it.sibiliial.cl lsinlJlil
    dc s c r i cf c I & d eto rt pe rlru.iin gf r c r
    uiui 11, 1. 1
    '

    c/. in contrast:
    Ilewertup on tour.r.ololll,cnloi.l.n(ItastLb to !r

    ihc l.l{.lri thedistan(.

    Notd
    Cind amblevcrbe.(1.\\ fi BE IBLE To. pot ti intr.hunilale in aceea.si\ 9006
    situa_tie.
    in limba rorbiiii lrsl. preferatC--t\. forln,rBTI
    1O, dacd nrr
    estc obtiqal.,ric,
    iiilrl ronsideraldmai forr!rLi si dcri tolositi
    maj mult in linr^IILE
    J:a,<crisd,;i rar in oea 1-orbitd.
    1B)r[AN-{cE 1()
    (: A FEU\SI,A IZ])U7'I )

    $ 9007

    Eslje adeseaintrebuinl,at pentru a redar mai. aft.ntuat si tn mai m Il


    c/..1, aceeagino,tiune cle dificultate tnvi s[ ca qi BD AI]Lll TO:
    \ ip a l :h ouLpdo' r r h" r , ' o tl l o !p ,r J i
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    sc
    o.rqla
    dp.1t ln anumil- lin
    'lrzeazi
    ^r'\
    dependnt:
    verbului
    pete.t
    al
    nfinilirut

    ,r*",,r
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    .
    ,ro

    -"a
    ,{ se obserl'a cA inletcsul asl,tcloblinut este de ir'rdl al verbutui regent ti
    nu de perfc(t, adici nu de anterioritatec
    , Vezi \ ! 010.-:lrl,3.
    s ntult ;lL,
    bar de noa]rl.e

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    i ;,,11'i:

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    "r.

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    D/ M.,\Y + infinitieutpetut erprimr posrbilitare,probabiliratosau pre_


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    "r u. , e, ,

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    rnodalsau ra si.,plu a'xiliar a
    poa$
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    i ilil
    \o one no! smolc $nite Grannic is l,ot

    i'".',iT;:'.1;i"I1:it;:.ll,,,i,,r
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    l r a r p c || td e. . . Ll ir t ^t e c r1 ' r.\f

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    l', ;,,,.i;r sr,, ,o,erpo,


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    3) MlrlflT : cundrtiorral.

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    stat -.asl)et{,

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    , spe0tacol cic.).

    D) I'entm exprimareacorditionalului perfect' IllGllT,


    esicu'rmaide i.nfi;itunt peie(t aI.terb\\Ii depcndent:

    ca 9i X{AY,

    up ro
    b') l.on ndu ha* atked her rvhat sle
    's//ds
    fiur.ot s-o ilrhel,i cc r../deca dc gind si raon.i
    b"l \o\ mieht r4r. dxlftd \cr ithat she qas/ts ul 1t
    f,,it ti rlrzis-o inirlbi ce dddla. de gind si lllci i

    ,A.cestefraze pot exprima simple alirmalii cu plirire Ia acJiuni trcuie


    sau pol conline ln plus.un rldn adrcsai int'erloculorului, mai puternic accenintenliei
    iuiin
    fr'.)'dectt t; (b'), unde aparc numai ca o sugcstie, conform
    vorbiLorului.
    4) Propozilia ipot{:tioi, (the if-clat'*' l. o \'rridrt'i ' srF tontnrr in limba
    2016
    UIGHT sau COUI D' csiP o lroplrzrlrt s'currrlrr3a carr
    enElozisaAlon.li{,ele
    reeentir are verbul Ia modrrJcondilionaL.
    Pniterrul acsli conltruclii este deci urnlnturul:
    ,
    I In pr'1'uritir prin"iprl" 'F:'n"1r: ' ondiL:onalul
    I b, Fn l-'i
    I tr piopb,itia ". ur,drr. r il;/a"*r:
    "ubjonc'ivul
    ambele propozilii sr corstruiesc ct\ condilional\L
    linba romenl
    AtcnILr:
    cind subjoncli{ul englez
    20{7
    $i iu afin situaliei expusemai srts,adici at'tnci
    eirndilio
    alul in linba rcmenn
    cste inrlcpenderrr,,el se lraduce in gcnere cu
    he in lh. Chdr. \T'd gel thc riSh'"diseiockcll ior onr show
    It Jrtt! tuishtlcould
    " -"ioii
    ror oncecomeearlv tomo..ow lt's DnkIs Lnthdrv (snbjon'li! inde'
    -isl,r
    2018
    5) IGHT : \'iitor la,ti d0 trecut flcrr, r. i'r In' Poslr' - lIIGllT poate
    err;rima li viitorul fale de trecut atunci cind acestaesle cerut de un irecul
    plecedent ir cadrul corespondenlcitimpurilor:
    Shcftn'o shenianr returnt'henacfsheltlFl
    ( Stkt tl sc ad P;tca tntoat9 orialnd @ dati )
    lle rdid lie nisl, st lor thc State E$ninratior nr lhc Autrnni:= st i'r putc'aprezenta){peurisiuc i Posibilitalei inturllc)

    UUST IN CO\TRASTCt] NIAI

    s 9019
    S 2050

    1) Imble modaiepol exprima ,presuprinerc'r'drr eie diferil p rin nu anlele


    opuse pe care le aduc acestui conceptl
    in lrente ce yUST
    N{,\Y exprnnn,,presupunere"i sugerirrd
    'rrigtranld'
    flgercaze prahabili tate certdI
    Slrensralll' Iecpslate hotr|s:shendv still be at ier work (?rcsuPnneri\cettd)
    (:
    sr,ch{s a lut oI $orr to set trrrorsh'
    bccause
    '"si''" ii"li)"""" t" t,"ililbelorenliilnishr.
    . lF\ "
    ( r * ! t nu"
    : l,e ,r,.r sl rr b ..r

    S 90il

    ' - u$,

    oc unl{

    '.

    2) lft propoziliilenegative,atit I1A\'it qiUUSl'Pot"\primainttrzicore'


    IIAY aste in.!i foarLe rsr folosit dstari rn atest scni Ll'cul lui a lost I'rai
    ,lllft jo.ftey : ucnrntator de trorran.

    ile dGcnri li r{dio sin t.leliziune

    426
    de modalclo C^\r si IIUST, care si tj aDroaptntotdeaunr tntrobuintate tn
    mod cureni, in rdspunsurile la lntrebdrili und; apare MAY:
    ..

    i.ll-4r/ I r '1..J".|i

    ,,.1 r, . F\ + . , n: .

    ' Uc.. i,t"i.": \rvl.g "a D;, r , d


    nu s n t ).
    tLs r n.n ro o rrrrr J .

    \ . . ) o, ,

    , , / . s au

    D r 's l 4 r J . S h r s s J o t a b a d

    r hp. lpJ . . l/ , r t . . oi^, ng/ . . '\ o . ) o u . r 'n . r . s d u

    (r\')rusr

    $ 2062

    q
    Anpstr erL ln"p tar t".lrrr, r
    ir
    ";or aI \rliJr"lor JpfF.trre modrle.( I940j
    1) l'olm[.
    .\urilian] I,IUSI a'c o siniutu ftrrru. \IUST (: si"ebuj, $ 205e
    trbui), iolosiG la prezent, unrori i ln lrerut sau ltr viitor:
    Sheis siudJinghrrd b.eiLus.siren!.n. iPr.z.nt)
    (Siudiaznscdosp.nr.ruc,i,..aete.l
    You nesl be hrrc Niiliin thc $eeli. (\ iitof)
    ITtebrie (- Na tcbui) sil lii ai{.i i.anrk de sli.'situtslptnmhii.l
    I{e did n ot troublc io studv hardpr thaD l,c n,6,. ITrccuu
    (Nu iti di(da/nu!i,a dal_osl.erealasn strdieze inai mtlr deail b.I&iaid trcbltit.)
    H' l i r . ll, al d lhr pp ,L J " l h ,1 p ,./..,r,
    to .tl ' 4 .p 1si dr,r\i :to" i a' ,t" trecur,
    < li,

    ci

    p, '.

    r;

    zi . ,,

    tr ' t ,t,h L u t.

    .a l,t, d lr m a r .

    I gu.sscdLe ntrr hrre sc.n Ion. (Tr.cul perlccl)s


    tAd lennil ci1{ell ,.rai. s,-rl{ li rnznt.l

    AtenlLc !
    Modahrl lIlrST. n0putird e\pinla (l.cit preznlul, nu poatefi tntrcbuin
    9at 1atrecuL sau1a viiioi decit nurirai aLuncici4d din contexi(verb sau adverb)
    rciese clar ci este rorba de aceste ljmpun:
    .

    Hc (nr i.o llc 1'all \rhoe he Dus, tut up i.rr

    4cd,t!s \ral1-gaze e. lviiio!

    lil,.t,re

    /(a r' r" n ld ll,l" 1". ad; r s ; at i. ! / . ^i. a dr or t p t a 3 s o t u h , , t a . , t n a n n r e ,


    ,.' b-o. t a t t. t l. " pr ' "r lJ lk io n, boLt l r . ic n o v a ': u r '
    d srn.,t sl-mi rorbcas.i despre inovalia lui.J
    fIdli, la pftrccir,

    Ln linryti t.cat. rnodahltr{USl esrejr,trpluinrat il s|F(j iD !t 1ul rn- I Z0;l


    dir., l.1',s r.ullHr dld, jlui lFrmcn., r . l - , u\ ir rr. j I j r ilul /IF r.nr^,lu,F
    ceea ce rostcffo! ori.l si lunai find.ttt. r'orbitorul
    "
    Fau scriitorul.
    2) l'ormc'c roulpusc.{ 20ib
    a, Fornla (le l.eculifi lormclo r.arhalccornpusesint,imprumutatede Ia { 9056
    ,rr t.. HLORT tCLD)
    linunim"l" 1,, ll.\\t.
    unintiniri\ c^mr.t*t:
    I ld./ to go u'o. rT(.iut)
    (A nrbuit si
    dnN rcoio.)
    \ shaLl\.ft b 'n.-L
    !ta !
    h or r e. lViit or l
    L s n. )
    / f a r.ra, iir r,inln^,,ca
    li I had 1r.cn in. I shallt haee ba L ollirrl lo see hin. {CoDdilbnall
    (DacaLat li losl acasai.d /t tehn si I i)rimesc.)

    'lO BE OIJL|GED 70 i'r1.!.uieste verbul I{UST numai tunci cind


    acestaexpdIni orllg.,li., ll,\vE TO atunci cinrl lr{US f erprimd nccesttaresau
    obligalie.

    a' l : . ha d

    {sulijo i.i!ul)

    5 Tjnp i.edri

    trprirDal lr.irtdrn

    inririti!

    lrecut.

    2037

    ,/ Condi_tionalDlmodahlui MtiST ,,ste redat de obicei prin modalele


    OI'L;H I TO b",. SIIOULD (ls ros,r t,F'suanalFj
    (S zo8,) . i;finrrirut r,re,-nl. p^',
    s - -\prima pr.zpn,ul \'-rb,,l',rl, riral..ou plus intini irul per'u
    Iect a1 noesiuia,
    pentru c-rprimareatrecutului:
    \ , r a' 4r t a\ hoLld
    !o , J \ ,o h -r ,c o n l i .:" n d tr,r" z" nl
    \ r t , , iiul \ . 1i \.o rb ,tri .)
    st\e aryht f.ishtuld h^\e )islencdto Jo . {(tondilionutpe.tect)
    (-\. ti ltunnit sn ic isculie.)

    205E

    3) Jnterosrlia fi n{:Batia.

    Foftn.lo de inlerogarie Si de neqarie sint uF

    t t , t - / Y oul, r s l L c ,i l /trc r\o u /th?e r


    / r ' , . h. .
    r $ , J o u /tt;I n .,; n tn + ;,/.
    I mr,sr4'rmiss dy triin, m4r /t
    20;',9
    4) Pro u .larc.
    \'UST se pronuDln: accentuat sau inaintoa unei vooals
    L ,r st l: r s ac . ier t ua t l l n a s t, n rs . rD .t. n s l .
    2 060
    5 ) F undii. , - U U S' I' e n p ri n d :
    u ) net.sitate, datorie, obligayi.cabsolut{i (: a trebui, rrbnia. a fi neoesar):
    ln lj n c i n d l ri fti c u , , 1 .,,p ,, ttr t' tt.
    Ln{sr lieep my word.
    Tod ,,rrr seu [er bccanscshc is il].
    \\i ,rarr'r lcare bel.ii srJint gooC.Iltc l,o e!ffIbodl.
    lr
    | ,1 .
    t.,- ,r II..r
    Cu aleasiri r.,.p!i(i. fi,rm.L n.! i
    *rt i.|krolatiri
    a
    ULlS.l este
    ',.rl,fllui
    u L ro r il \ UE D nat s a rr d a n ' ti d o c s nt N Itl l l ). c de,rsebi rea
    ci i . i l l accst caz,
    rd e e a df nf r os ilale s a u o h l i s a l n ' n u e s te n ]l s ol utn:
    '| r

    / l\

    i/ lIt'Sf

    r lh r . e 1. I
    1 . 7t , . r , J t l\ . '

    f o' r , , r r , / . ^ , , k . " a t , , r ! '


    )
    tr,,,
    tI,,.'
    t,rmJ..lj l

    mnj poale cxprinr \a1robal)ilitate.lrc:tlt)un.rc to .luzie

    Shc rsd I ir
    slf ,,?s, l)c at school.
    Th cI l.lt it o no e t h. y z 16, ljiv c ! . t , n in I h u r r l . .
    tl,,Ls/ l,a \c be er lr idax night w|c n I t ls t s r w t i i n .

    Forna negativn in acast caz esLecdn'tl.unnot.


    l1 shcisnrt.r. sohoolish. ,,arr ire .1.honr..Slit.anl bc anywlrcf.clr_
    L&st harc seenl,im on I'ridarr'.It.on, hnre beenaD).othfr duy.
    .) ULrSf este rerbul cel mai uzitat, pntru n a\yitr\^ a i c. i er.iceri,
    intcrdicli.i si prahibilii ati.ialc.
    You
    lflul lhe doctor ai onae.sli. s l,Ncntakcn ill.
    Yo! 'nG,
    /,rrt nere. oomehcre again.
    Hc sidlrlr mrst nol, ser. lhat shabl)r-seni.el cort ol liis.
    {rhej lialiis rr4, Ir. on berored[k.r'
    t la r i, , s , ius , n .r D a rk n c re .
    d/ I lllS T c B L oi l rL re b u i n ,ta t i n p ro tro z i l i i l e afi rmal i ve sau D egati ve qi
    p e n tru o s c c r pr ina s o l i c i tu d ;rc (i i l d s e d a u s faturi sau se fnc i nvi tal i i pe un
    to n siir uilor :
    T" . 1, . \ ' r , , D q l o ., _ fd tp ' b I \o , , / t ao. tor !,mD Iv nu-l
    \ n. l , \ ' . r , , .
    1 p .. r1 ," :1 ." k ... a ' .-t,' rr t| .,t .," n.t thj i ,.,y4r
    l Lmtr.n.
    I-i re fpool$l, f n J on a ,c l h c re .

    r Yori
    -\uEI), s !145.
    z,{ i.ohtl
    l liE rr .stc lnt..luinlrat d.cil drcn Ntc !.rl,a nomaidc luniirile uni
    z"TlL t:7tu e":":th e' I at . G dt lq! - .
    c c l. t r l s ale r i c d e a r t , , -D
    . oderii dr lr Londra,
    fondai.i (te Sjr Ild rI Tat c ( 181! - 1894J . li1{ nlf opingl e z , a l c f t r u i n r m e l l ! o n , l i L .

    127

    6) Must zoro(nhroriilie). -{cfrsth latl..'| athaicdlco',sti in clipsa,,nui S 20(;1


    yerb ea go. gfl sau alre verbe silnil|
    care sf inlelcg usor din coDientj (ja:
    ae ntbst atruy: \r. ulust go u,\'tltJ.
    7) lIllS'I Nnl]OS : ttebur. tapbat. rrfresie h raro IILST este vcrbut g 206:
    modal deiectiv (: trebunr. i{ ,.rdr (:..neapnrat ) c un adverb.

    trIIsT lt( co\Tllisl

    cti rr,tlB To

    s 9061

    a, Si }Ilimia aceslor doui verbc cxplice intrebuinlarea auriliarrrlui .s 200.t


    IIAVE TO ca inloc itor al verbului \llrSf itr ca^l rrlturorf.)met.)rrobatc
    mre i,i tipsesc a(cstuia'l
    T o f o lo lir.jlcn .l .l, \n J L - o. ll.
    ,rl,-. -r,.1
    ' : t , . nn' l. n \ , r \ r o . g l , \
    \,' r' ,J
    rd !"".,.,
    i; air . r ' , lt
    !\r'J
    r . '.
    lr,,rt n,L t;\
    '
    t, t{-L ,, tn, . t a"ir i. , , t , r , ;
    Di. ] .t,"h..
    . Fc r r . d r r n : t - r T r , , , , r , t " r o : , \ ,
    T . l xt t tha ,pt,h .',".rF,,r
    b, , . , . ,
    l, v , , inom os . \ , i L , p a . \
    i\^ r.,.
    I' lnnr
    J,
    , "4, . . , n / " / , ",Id d Doa, . J i. Lno 'b t,arr,iL
    inl lofl
    " n . r L I n. r ' 1 . Lo r i, r .
    ' taha\ , 4o pa loL f ol.r
    l nr,:r,. '

    D) \{l-tSl rl SH.\LL/\\ILL IT\Vll'lO. - lnLre acestedouir au\iliare S 2005


    qi inlocuitorii ior s-au rrc:,t fu Linpul
    runr era 1i t1orrllat deosebiri se,
    maniice cu nuante toar|e sublile.
    sH \LL Hq\ E tn,tit-r" *nsibit .t I {I prin nu"nL. l_ n_ptd..,r_pp
    carc.o suE'n dzd obligari!ilrrc" on occ.Filsl"J n"liunrr sru ir"rii t- , dr. o
    .
    -

    to ra"k.'lr n ril ro s' l mJ pap"rd, n . ltul.!l,g


    .Lha\ horp
    go r o r r r d r nstc a o lI

    dt _bu'o' l'-s

    I muslqatk all nisht Logei mt worL donc. (O sinrpti de(laralnincc0lorrl.I. cu reterire


    TIcy sill/shali nar. r, ,rg me , new drcssfor N.w Ycar's Eve lwtreitre.Ujcy likc ir
    They {sinllJ) hu-v aze Ine ns sl,o.s . . . (o d.clariiie intoaiile)

    .) Fnfind U \\'E (COT) 'lO


    "ste in gcnere obligarorie cind se relern la
    ost n;u
    u , o: ; , \ ii'
    obi tr" i ,d:
    - . i n .o l r., I u ,, r,{ i ' rn . t,rm0.-n..
    H :r.t-L A ot |
    y
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    !o t . t - ur ) , f

    g 2066

    d) EAt'E (COT) TO ti tt(ts't'.


    Forrneleconstruitecu IIA\D 10 g 2062
    6ugreazdadcscori
    erielnn. in 1'rcmece MUST exprimd obligcit
    -oHisalie
    hrtLlor !rrt.:
    dLn
    l&fleu
    "\l -.'l h. ' nnr r , loll . " r1 " ..IA.\, \,' r' o r,t.r'
    rLh. rtrrdrv.
    '' \o u l d . ; , ou. . . - Lrr .!
    ,r..
    I .r, /, t / ,,, A o" honr.,t t." r" J..
    ' ..,;,,' " $
    n t cnd I . an t pr t i t d l t.
    a p P oin tm,

    ltt.rsT IN coN tAS'l cu NDnD


    Un alt auxiliar foarte util ra tnloru;Loral modaluluiMUS't estc NEnD.
    Acest !'erb, avind doud conjrgnri paralele (g 2146), are ;i doud sensuri care
    diJrn. deci si ron,torteri diferite.
    .
    lnr J

    I /.nat. nx in*. mn,-L


    ,df;u or in granati.a engte,i. ei aulnai o lartui1tnrechitd,rot\ri
    . h u ,r' la' A. r ' hl . , r ' r rj a ' , ri .l , ," l
    .
    '
    I Vezt ii S 1056,
    '1
    'la be th. linLit : a Intrccc rrils!.a. a Ii irsupofiabi].

    5 20ti8

    428
    d) Ca verb lcxicol tegulnt, NFjED insea nii a attea nlroie de, a necc\ita
    si, posedlndtoaie modurile 9i timpurile unui verb regulat. poate e\prima unele
    nurnle care lipsesc modalului MUS'|:
    \ . . ./ r .r. L a I i J n k .o r a "d 1 Y. . . h, , r /
    H, r / i - " / o 1 , . , \ , , r " r \ l i l ' . 'r , r ' \ d r . r . '
    ^
    '
    ,. pd(
    ,1: ,
    |i
    . n] o" ' ld' J o, , , o. , . r " . , '. . i . , ,
    .L r,
    -.
    -1 . In tlu. ". ' ", ""
    g
    or
    nu
    s
    ro
    t
    .
    '
    br
    iFl
    lblisat)
    si
    l:
    .ta,r
    .ln
    t.t.l\pso
    \ ". , . ' l:
    1 1'sg.liii6 rarF. I ndr , L- ul
    ", d F o .
    ..
    l. lr ir ". . ng
    t " r \ " ,i .. 'J " |
    ,.1 .)u,
    mJ Ldrb -f
    nr j lpJ r I . a
    't.rdsnd rlr -

    1,.7u . ..rilior motlal.\EED ir.. r,rrr'ru l' olt:.ot.,: - ' lii.i . ., ^ri.e
    ' ,..
    r'^.1 dFtF.
    d" unalpl^,n,p il",,al,,lulLi t,1,,1,r ro \r'llD \"?i $ 2153r.
    Trcbuie tusn insistat fi aici:r-supra unei lnfticulnrit:i.ti c.ne nu aparl,ine
    deciLnodalului NIIUD si nici unui rllt vrb:
    xfirmatik,
    .\'Ztr, ca rerb mod,al.nu poate fi intrebuhlat in fop.iliil.
    Jegi"p"rc rn 1r"1nzi1iil.ir,roraqs'ir,-i r."\dri\e. I"rrrLr'p.
    " 1r". In pro
    poriLiainlcroqdli!".unJjrm1rns,ir. r'" rrurr.uls u|" Jlirn, 'lir. .o:; ir t'rcn^'/iliil Flia"sllv.. .qrp lnlo.uil , \ll {i.
    ,ri"ri' "". .i.': ll \\ E
    u
    'r'r "u nlo
    'I'O, SHOLJI,D.OUGIIT:
    ",\'dcd you go?" "Ycs. L,usl " (dd Lad7
    Shc needz't conic, bnl 'h! n{sr.

    Esle insi litrcbuintat h propoziliile atirn]rij\e in cafc se alli senlireSRlii car no ant', scarccL!.lntdlU, n.*t. nonc etx.:
    I nevcrnedl.ll lLcrwhrt to (1.. shcis ro cllnrn',t.
    ( \ : c z i ii $ ! t dj j

    g 2068n

    (t') OU0Ilr

    ,{.est rerb laoe parle drn catfgoria auriliarelor detoti\-c modale.


    1) trormn. - OUGUT are o silrgurii lormd. ought (: ar ttcbui), folositd
    la prezent. Pentru a exprina ideea de hecrL. orgrl este lie lrecedat de ul1
    r.erb l{ treculi. fie urmat dc ur infiritil perfect:
    oacrt to kno$'net[e..
    ,qe.rnr
    Sle eas l.oldshedryntb sing.
    Hc o&sn,,, /'acdgotuhomcb)' non.
    2) Intcrognlir lii nega,tin,-- Formcle de inbcrogalih ;i de negatie sint urrniioarele:
    a ,ar l lAol nF s he , L s "/ "r l
    I r". /r.e/she/il/$ P.I lfI ouLltt ,"'

    toutltt'. ' )

    3) In,telcs.- {rugfttexlrimei
    a) obl\ali.( moralil t:tIn co stringcrelsinonin cn shoald'\:

    ar trebui)l:

    Yo\ auehl ta do this qtriclrly.


    \ou rn dd do lhis quicLll.
    1t oasnrrci to be alioned.
    Il r/Du]d not he allowed.
    Hc oustuto halc iotd nie lclo.e.
    HL sno/ld hile tolLl oF n"ior..
    A ue h tL " " ! n l t Ou s h t' i t h .t L o h ' \Fgon" ' rl l o.ol l eJeS n u l d l l p J I' o ' /(h o .l l n l O' d v l ,,! gon u,' o ' ol l ' s '
    j. dn. n.
    pro !r;u n J -.u t:n i ri .f..? ,J ru n Il l ar f.,n I renn J.rr,.b.i .i ti .mai
    '
    Drcv ez nt or/ s . - xLibd mri m u l l i mi rl e .l
    'gO,Sriror, siRerlnd!n slil n).nal. risl. rdfsfr nrloruii, l;!la {orbifr cu siionimul

    499
    ObseraalLc
    o actiunc sau o staro
    Urnat de un iniiiitiv perleci, rerbLtl ol,glt arate ci
    TlIc proofsodsl'/to harc lfen co'r'cleil long r8oh) vobahilitdtc:

    T'il'l J.i',i'i,i, 1""'"* leenhirer-v o1v

    onecositare,ogicn
    sau
    t^ltI'i"JIHb;iJi,TTflil:dii,LH:llivn

    t ' ""; 1 , 1 ; , ,
    i ' l" r" r' n in f i d " s i-rlu '
    ,. .r r r r "l 'uirp\p'i,n, o ohl,clri".m^i l ordl
    r
    r
    n
    l
    0
    a
    "
    , lr 'n' i "i n ri d.
    " or s r iin! 5. " d J

    u, t

    '

    ' ^ r" l ' rz r'

    ' rrr1:

    I l#J ; ; : . : : . , 1 ; : : l ' i : , ' i , i i " i ; , ,n' ,," r in " ,yr u n id r ,.

    o ;t,, { l,i:,'1;J"0,','.3i'
    I l:"0'l
    ,"";;,ll:i":,:i.'l'i:
    "' r''' r" ""
    $
    DXTIICIIYI'
    IIlrBX
    '!],TIJ
    menitc si atragi atenlia:
    Tol deleciive sini ,siurmitoarele-forme verhale
    deseamil

    adj) : Fifi atenliI Bege-ti


    iibnlv,tnf tr'" + ".r1' : prucleni
    't""tL"?Jiill,
    r- pizili-redehotiidebuzunarer)
    n,"oo""o"rsr
    persoana a 2-r'
    \rerbul este intrubuinlat numai la imperativ,

    20{i9

    s 20?0

    s 20?r

    ; -,;
    ;;r*rlr:;i".,liil.*ivl'.'""ir
    Iiil$iFiir:,",,1
    $ 2072

    r,"." '. ; ; ,J r

    - r l ' i " r ul : q u o 'hl

    l u o rh rr" P' timar '

    (VD SHAI,I,

    s 2073
    $ 2074

    suxilisrrl o r' l' h ' t it ' m' d a ler$l9 i0 )' s 90?6


    . \ , a s Lr er b i dfp parledin-calFgoria
    s 20?6
    - r;.but 'rol orc dounrfonno:
    .i. io"ti.

    pprsoan're
    (tonrp
    ii:lir;'l::;li.(::"i';'LiJIii-Ji"ii,io;.""'n
    stnrur'
    - iocrn'l"ode inrcrossli;si dF nceaLin

    ij."ioi*oq"ti^ ri ncgalic
    mdtoarele:

    s 2077

    t'i;,',, r,*,,',
    t
    ;ffiiiill$llii*i,ri1iltfii:

    Prcnuttlidt lezi q 186C. -1R68 - .


    li vprb au\iliar 3au
    C. f*"1t. - S,d/, (l inf;niLivul;n omll'lr PndtF
    '"'"rIlu,"l '*u
    i,iirrri
    "',

    suxiliar fnrn''"/a Yiirnrulnur rt"'ulnt"r moJslr:


    ,)it!(rutL.[,i rp.rqodnr'l sg. ,i pr'r rS I496 ll'01\:
    "i

    $ 2078
    s 20?9

    ;;'""": r';fii-;;:lT'l''i' i-l';,1;^l'i;l';IJ


    li:11";;;"'
    pcrrec'r
    (Yiitor
    L",,l"l"ii19ii*.rlil"lri,ili,["'Ts
    fiiiL"lxl'ffigr

    **ffii1,'miiu*,,,ttl'.yi11r"1,":il;l,,llkiit;kl'il

    430
    L) (,iitoru\ t)olitit' (toate persoanete)($ 1507) (colorat modai):
    I tell yon I siall ,.eai tlie s1ledrccord. (lloiirlrc)
    11i' spirn cI sint liotilrit s;l bal. rccordul de rjlczir'i
    { . s/.1 1 /o,
    ( 0r l'
    r I
    o
    at.)
    lTrebuie s o laoi droi' . i.srun
    g \ r n . i '( d r
    l' . J o
    lJ a, 8, , ^ll
    |
    ilJo .
    're,,',- J n"r ' l- . r .
    p rorrrP
    r ' r ' r ir s ' l- ' r 1i/ - J
    lD".'n .
    ")li
    l' ' o m
    i1. - $^r k
    \u...ltl(a ro,d ,"""Ls
    I l r lu r J l i s" iF'r_Pi : l
    I ' ir '
    u r ' "r
    \1 lAg 'lirF.; .' . ' p' l
    lcgalaL)
    Jure
    in
    1or&'till
    loDli8rlie
    Tlese Nl.s r/n,l ir,
    (Acest ngulunent rilrnE lL rjSoarc pjlll in itrDi. )
    1r ruu look ihrudsl, r\ar boor. aau shalLfnLd Ll)edatr vou wart. (Previziure cerid)
    1 r p J ; n 'r o i p
    l1r ' J
    . \ ' iJ 5,
    L; _1"'
    ,Di J\,_:.i'i
    ""

    c) subj\ndirul (\ 21)')).
    2) Ca verD modal tste inLrehuirlai in limba englezdconlenporane in spe! 2080
    cial sub forrna s/rr"kl (S 21J81)

    $ 2081

    s2082
    ! 9083

    (vn) sH{JULn

    l'un(,tii. -.5'ro ld poate li auxiliar sau Yerb modal


    1) Cd verb auxiiiar forneazii:
    a) ditorul f.1ld.]e lrccut li ditarut P.rletl i4.i {i fec,l (persoana1 sg fi
    pl.) ($ 1502) {necoloraL
    rnodal):
    I kncivI r/@zllsa.him. (Vjitomilaln de irt.rt)
    (itiam cn ll roi vcder.)
    We saiil wc r/@uldnote.drL.n.dbx lilc o'cl.ck (\iitorul le'fect laln de trecut)
    (-\m spuscil ne r. nrtoaruepind la ora oinci.)
    b) ri,itor l ealitir fald dc fc,tlrl (toate persoaneleS 1514) {modal):
    b. ne s ' l H o t l r i r '1
    I lo ld 1'u ,,'r.1"
    1/ , , . . i, ' io- jo' r |J r .
    ..
    (1
    I
    n r ' il ' d r " r r J ; r ' r ; l' n l 'r
    l e n t r u n p g r 'J P n \ r I
    ll.Jn .tu:.
    An n:nlJre)
    h, r l, ad m ) "* r l i l l h d ) t r d r P l a . g h v
    Heth n..n eu n.,r ' r . r ' \
    . ') 1 . \ o t r i 'u r n l J
    (ti d lma,r:'l
    Ld: i . i' u \ ur ' , p, r
    '
    d'
    "'
    r
    , 'r 5 h " J i ' r l d , L \ 'f r o m i i d n '
    \trn \i- to , .1 - . / . . , / ot r . f o- ^ . . \ i , , . l r '
    d
    r 'm a r ) l
    r r r 'r - r '1
    ,J
    11' l d"i15
    I l"
    lsafJg
    ''
    P
    E
    n
    o
    l
    '
    t u n 'n O r J 'n l
    Fui"pa"l' .
    r t i"" / r ' 1.
    ir"* .',"-o
    ' do i
    qJd d 6!0 /,1,i
    '
    \ l'J i e 7 " r l J r I ' t m d r u r '
    \
    u'
    ir
    '
    r
    '
    "' ' i' i
    - ' lp
    ']'r,-"v read the siholastic 1.or sroeid /d lictddd into lbrcc ternrs (Obligaiio iega]li
    jr t.ci trimeslle )
    (Au'citit o[ anul tc.la. vli ii imll4it

    c) condiltonatut
    {persodna1 ss. Ei pl.) ($ 1618-1619):
    I s ho, / / eo \ iil.t.p L , o n l l ' ' l s i re j ^ i r' LC ol n pr' /" n
    \ ' rrz D ' r. L ' L n 1 ,,iJ ' i J , :,, l o, .l l Ju I
    ( \ l- d. du;
    '
    '
    \\,it:shauldh*e sp.ken t\adn't $. leen so s}y {Cond lerrct)
    drn
    ri lost alil.lc timide-)
    daan
    u
    li
    rortit
    irlm

    (S 1583'1593):
    rt) un echiaatcpenta snbian(:tia
    Ii is good ihat iheJ rlio,l.l ft.op it- (ComlleliliL directi)
    (n stcbin esoftic. )
    f:rdli
    ls "ll_r o r '. '! - s
    ll d ;.Jn loo L 1r L r , l. l bl' p. l, LI r ' l
    r r ' { 5d ) inr ld : n in dall
    .\u s. ui J l ' Pd .
    tt i" rte rld t'ub |: J , r ' is r , r , d, nC6 l $r . lo |pl J o. L n o w C o n J i l i o n l : l l
    tDd .a""l'1
    ii puLLi r "|. "lil- il. \ ' iildJ ' \ t r P. l
    t. j sh" ,h o1 ld t , ar 1: . "an r bouL . i- lr or or : Ln e n I n n l c d i d J w o r d l {C \ ! l d m d i r \ )
    l u pbpt n a\ 3ns ' lr ps lur r i b1 - \ ul l p o t o r L l )
    lrJ,li i.i
    '
    wh r/ r,l,rll lo u J t t d I - un \ i' h h; n r r Fr or ii '
    (Dc ,. sl ni re ! ' u] 1, , , , ' it t lec l?)

    431
    " ls 1l{ nic l s onc to C l u j -N a p o .e ?""l l o s s ro u l d I kno$?' , i E \.tamati v)
    (A plecrl I)rniel h Cl',j-Napoca?- D u^de sr"rFiir eu?)
    (\' e ,i i i S 1 5 9 r. l 5 r9 l
    2) Cr auxilixr modirl are toate persoanele .si ufmdtoarele intrebuinlnri:
    , x , (: tr eblt ie, ar t r ob ri ), s i n o n i m c u l ]l ' g tri ,d a rc u l ni tl es mni sl ab. este
    f, l os i rd c."o r i r r . j. l q. , lJ r ..,u s p re r .l
    .l pqr.b; ! re.o.
    r-i . ,i " n n s ti ui p
    i,randare deett o obligatie. Shonkl (.: at' tfebui) este n1ai' .r,i
    ptrlin categoric ca
    s r all (: i re b uie) :
    You s/'dli d, von. dniy. (Obligaiieibsolutl)
    tA1 sl l.i 1l.oi i- lrrniic s{ l.i-ldci) {litorinll
    \o\ shauldd. Iou. dutr-. (Obligltie niorald)
    (,\r trclui siLli laci datoria.l
    'l liey s/@LldDot lazgn s. l,)ud.
    l\ u a . l re b u i s n .l d e a i j t.l c ttc .)
    ,\ll is as it snorld Dc.
    LI ot ,,l e s n ri i n r (: c u n i t..b u i c l .l
    51o " 1 d s - rt
    1 .1 ,!u ,' \F ,., \ n \, r.r .'
    s . - t6 ,." n .." , 1 .,"J n i \ ^ j r ,, | .a m ..-ut \..ro-.,,
    Shat d+ infinit;rul !ft.l
    erpd,nd o obligafie sar o recornandare carc
    n u a fo st i ndeplinit n:
    Sh. ."n,zld narc ralld to hio,.
    (r\r li trebuit/rrebuia s[,i yortcasci!.)

    S 9084
    {' 2085

    g 2086

    fale de o ac- S 208?


    . Shonlni a nelLlic+ infinitituL p.rfcct arate dezaprobarea
    ,trunosd\irsiti in trlrcuti
    'll|e\ shouldn'thaeec.tue so taL.
    (\u a. ti l,reluil sI vini aia de tbznl.l

    D, exprinn

    o pte:iupunere sau o prababilitate:


    TheJ snouid,c in by noF.
    [-{r trebui si iie (ptobabil,ct siirt) acaseaoun.]
    A r e J o u l ^ o k i -g l o r y o u r " o d l .1II i /D ,l / rp i n thp h1l l .
    llli i d u l i h d i n a rrm i ,a D ,lr1 F l n /nl r' u.)

    (YXr) WILL

    s 2088

    Acst vcrb fAceparle din categoriaauxiliarelor deiective modale ( g 1940).


    A. forml.
    Verbul pill are dou[l forrnc:
    S 2089
    0,ill - prezent (toate persoaDele)
    oonld - trecut (toate persoanele)
    B. Intoroge.tiafi ogo,tia.- Formele de interoga.iieti de negalie slnt ur- S 2090
    ''1 1l T' t o! hF s h"' it lL\ " Yo / t t r Pv :
    I jo u/ . - 1e ir / $e r n, h"! r ' t t l o t t r a ; t ) .

    Pronrnlare.- Yczi $ 1866-1E68.


    C. Functii. Itil, porte fi rerb principal,verb auxiliar sauverb modal. g 2091

    s 2092
    s 20e3

    l) Cr rerb priroipol, tt;ll prate fi defectiv sau rcgulat:


    a) retb defectit)(: a voi, a dori, a-i plncaa):
    It shnllbe as you 0tl1.
    (Va li a,iaouni yei !oi.)
    21 s ._)

    I t f h. r)
    ! : , t l r , r d l n t pr r o .,,,r 1 2 .\.t
    s lnl io l n
    n r h a r p d l alr a r ' r .' n ".L "

    .,t t' h ,t) )


    xm .i J.r -

    u oul d{./,,
    trd..r teri o.r1l
    tn sd'r n -l ;l rl pr"i d.

    132
    Conc when you eilll
    Sav drat he ptll, I can't ieliere l,e djd riglii.
    (SrnniL el ce-o vrea, nu lot medc cI a procsdat just )

    209|.

    ) .,r, refllldl. coni Llqatca orice verb regulat Ia toate modurile rimpurile
    .i pcrso"nnl".-qi,rnn"r i Inlir;li\ul on'oi.l .ioJ ""ta cuzul:

    D'J: a

    "' "a '

    It;liins and Nisl,itis afe not urc s.ne.


    (A dori Du e acelrri hcru cu a roi.)
    You mnst rill to gct bcttcr.
    {Trcluic si rrci peni ou sit le taoi binf.J
    lle Nbo
    succcssis hru wrr lo it. {Pro!db)
    (CeIcarc''tlls
    ro'rtie c,, rdevnf.[ sir izblndcasonu ti izluiit pe jumiii0te )
    0, , ) :

    2095

    a lns a l ri n te s l a m e n t:
    He (illedr his cbildrcn cr.rJthit'g he losscsscd.
    (-{ lisai lrir tcsLdintDtcopiilor sai tot ce avea.)

    2) Ca verb auxili:rx:
    a 2 a ;i a 3-a sg. ti p1.)
    a/ Iorme^zi vijtorul fi viilo t pertcct(persoana
    ($ 1496,1501):
    You pill se, ),ir! tomorrolt. (Viil,o.)
    (ll lci vrdca miire.l
    ile eitt hae. teaht ihe ness by then (viiior lerlect)
    (Probalil cI ra li aflat gtirer lini atuci )
    ,J formeazn yjitortrl votitiv (toate persoanele) (S 1507):
    Lui , s , ro l | l ,' .d L re l o n ' g r.r.(I ntrnl i ' I
    ( A m i n l u n l :us ; mi J d c l a l ." a l rr eLi .esrr' l
    .
    Il ihal's whatyou aazr.I'11be therc tononoN (Pernisiune)
    (Dacn {st{ vrei, an sll liu rnlile acolo.)
    I Mn'I ga Lo bcd, I am not sleepy. (Hottuhe)
    (Nu vreau st mn duc la culcart, nu
    e sonltrl
    lYe otll s?eto the luggage,don't (you)worryl (l)romisiun)
    l\ , n ' ' r' i q ' i \ d p b a c d r' . n u l i I " I' ami ,
    :'
    ri l e , o -' . s r.a l " v ;r.)o .J I P .rrsl enl l \
    , E d o l \' ;rs i d i n ,1 s t. o _ i r" i -di .! rr" .l

    d.,)ajuti la construi{ea prezentului lormei lrec.reniaLivc (toate pe}soanale) (S 182?):


    Otr SundavDornires.he aill olten so to the rhil.rD,oDicconcertslilannoniciil
    lr concricle
    lDuninio.t"dimi.e.ii (ei)s ducca.leseori

    3) Ca a,uxilillr modih
    S 2091i
    idcea de ,,perseverenld"ohiar in cazurilc in care noliunra r1e
    2097
    S
    .. a/ pe,stre,azir
    vnior a oNparul:
    {
    I ','r4 /.o p lhi
    n p. opl' s l pp
    ' 4.
    . n, : n 1 l r ' ' L , . d i n n . . , i ' i n d l J m u l o i r m p
    i:
    ra
    ,.
    ir
    lolo
    h uri"
    '
    Yot ail haee
    (l'ersiFti sl faci"cc rr.i. / lnt;rdealn.t 1,-ci ce \'rci.)
    Tl,erc arc nroDle dro :till canc tatc io the llieatrelsint oamprd aare nu lor sa sc lasc de obiceiul de a \'oii ihziu ]a lcat.u )
    $ hr /rll vou r . "\ "f r s / ?a lo $hdl I lLYl
    tDp '"e n r;'il, s , i n I J " ull: n: "odd, ' ". . t ! . 1 )

    I a ,tl

    : un l.eJanent.

    4Ad

    pill au devenit adere.aft zice- $ 2098


    . D) Unele propozi{,;;consLruiLecu verbul
    l ro vq .uill b^ bor s . , C" s i : t , i ' \!1 \i n r b l ,p l i i )
    rl i d "r uill out \ 1" \ t ru l .ri rn a s i rr--1 " p ri n a l i ,]F.op.ri rr,.
    lru th r, 1/ o, r ' ( A dpr ru . s l h s .i l " p ri n .' i l 9 i l a l u m ' o i .
    .\'i i J4 n lr r r ll happ. n. (S " 1 ,,' n ,p l i : \J i c i h .r)
    Qtrolily !'ili tctl in the er!j. (Silmitrfabund incollerie pinl l. !rmi.)
    Dlood etll tell. (Itudenia Du se dzrrinte. Sulcica nu sa.. dcpaiic dc loin cte.J
    (V z i ti S 1 5 1 1 )
    r, este intrebuinlet si la formularea unei invitdl,ii sau a unei cereri poli
    ijooase (persoana a 2'aJ, would acconiulnd si rnai rnult nuanla de politcle:
    l |i /l yo x c om et his $r J ?
    tt:U, you passthe sdgar. llolse?
    (Vd roe, arii sijni dati zal!i{ul?)
    r\r1 i s! r " nit i I ) e r ic i? )
    ,t/on', Jou sit down?
    {Nu vreli sI luali loc?)

    $ 209$

    sau ;i rnai politicos:


    r or ld y ou li n d l J p d s s th " s u e " r?
    ( A li v r . a b. : iIi i , s l rL o " i ma b i l s .i -m iJ ,' ;, Trhl rurl l
    ,./ jn propoziliile conditionele Iiitoare, itir, ste lntrebuinlAt, cu in!,elesul $ 2l0O
    rn i -, ppnlr u a it r t ' o d u .a n .e rp rp (S 2 1 1 6 . 2 7 61):
    ,
    'lp s
    lr vo u l i ll l ld m p v our D rn .I s i L l " " ru rn i l i n I' n m ;n ul s.
    n ;' r \rp: - r ' r . . : im ! r umL l i to " .l . l i .l v o i re s ' i l .l p s { e l o oi nuF )
    lr rh e ,,ll r , , o/all
    r r m v s o ^ . T s h a l lb " a b l " to d o m v shoD ri os.
    n a ' d \J \ oi 6i . ' , \ 1 gii J 4d ; i i u l m" u . l o i !u L " a .4 -;i laJ;umi l l l uri l ..)

    .,/ erprimn probabjlitatea(vezi gi $ 2117):

    l ,o l l por r r
    Ln o tr\h PrA l h a l d r" p t i s .
    / /d. , u i pc d
    " v .,"u r . o, r t , r t"'J. rl)ti n rp fo b a h ict d ;u " t u n d. . .tr stfadl J.(eu.l
    -l
    Ih i . , /l lr r ' . \ or r l, i r.' ri o n , T s u p p o s p ,
    iPr)rabil c{ acrastaesie Gara de Nord.)
    lltil lhal bc tl,c [ons.] Sh(llty liyed in?
    (Islc oa.c acfastr os{ i,, !rrt a ldit ShelleX?l
    Yon (/l/ brre met l,irn.
    (Prolribil ci l-ali crnoscnt.)

    , i unele caz[ri. rr:rhu] flii.


    lo:.rc ,le pr...tt:

    pierzlnd cu totul nuanla dc viiior, are r.a

    S 210r

    $ 2102

    i Aj [n g c l ] t d. ajDS )
    'fh rL rri / , bc enongh.
    1 D d c a juns . )
    Icc,''ll llort. belanse il is ligl,lo tl,an Nlter.
    (Gheatr lldieilc ]r.ntn
    oste rnri uto,t&i d.cit apa.)
    'ii!

    ox) w{}ur,D

    :2103

    verb arixiliar sau verb modal. )s 2104


    I\rn{!ii. - lli,uld loaie f;
    'e.b fri.cipal.
    i) Cn rerb 0rin{ip$l d{rterlti\ {toare pusoanolo) ar ln-telesul de ,,a Yoi". $ 9105
    ,,a dori',,.a-i pla.e (tuivd)' (tfttut. ri i tar fala! dt' trccu!, subjonctic sar condiHr {skc d Dr et u lend l, i a n o \,l , L ' u 1I r,,U a /. (l } to uti
    (vj a cer ul s n- ilop nn rt r' , fo n rrn .d a r r rrr rN l . s ' t i-l dai .)
    Hc sa i d it s houldbe as N c (o ,l d . L T i i l o .l a l d d f trr.u tl
    1!11spuseci ra ii aia nm roii r.i l
    'i'his is tlie tl.rce diere I ooeu spnd a l,oliday. (Sul,j. cond.)
    ilccsir esie loo,l rnllc at !r.a sa pctrcc o lacanie.l

    {
    l ou af3 niseralki. I aoLlda , be you.
    (Eiii rcfcriciii. \ nr,'d sd liu ni locul tl|u )
    It',rlli ii were l.rtret,iSubi. oond.)
    iDe r r r i adev tra i :t
    lrbz&, thai l.hefewere cv$lasting p.acc!1 (Eubj. oond.)
    ( ! e r t li lac e r e tri c )
    Itr,zl.l: now lhe trlt $viIL misis .rzld tdl.
    lheif wc t gf as t o n n y h a i r 3 (S u b j .c o i d .l
    j' . ,
    n- l . ' ' " nd p ro o ,r.y W
    i -. r..tootyo!n;. r bj ..onJ
    \ . t o'
    -L r'
    oL
    . n r., rnr.r.
    L J t e l l :.u rn l r b u'it" -,,tJ
    C p r-"

    S 210E
    ,5 2107

    2) Ca vorb ruxilior (f infinii,ivu ;n


    ^,mplet) formazi:
    a)
    e;itarul
    cl!
    qi
    ditotut
    petcct
    a 2,a 9i
    [t!4
    lald de rrda,(persoana
    .
    -rlecut
    a J-a ss. si pl.) (g 1502):
    Hc pronised he
    dol,t harder this year. (Viiiorul tatA dc irccut)
    ''o&rd ci v.r lucra mai'mult anul acesra:)
    ($ia luat arsajancntul
    Ik \ . ^h
    *out t h a .rg .tt' o mA b J r.p ri ^ .J n .w d n!thr..
    l vi i r.pdrt. trl ti dd l r.f.J
    tu,

    s 9103

    v d r r i Ju n n JU r cr fd d Jd .g .

    p iDt q -

    ,l r.i .

    a.ol o.)

    '

    b) aiitorul tulitie fd,tii.Jetrecat ( toatep ersoanelc)( g 1514)( colorat no dal) :

    I promisedI roltd ra him. ipromisiunc) {Viir.orultall.rc trco.)


    (AIn lrgiduit on voi trimi.)
    \ye said wo ooltd l@re
    the letter |y the iide ho came.(Inrdtie) {Viit. !ert.
    ''fn,,4
    fallt de trec.)
    (/\rr stus crl vo,n ri scris sc.isoa.eapt'!1 ia vcnirea rui.t
    Ile aovldl'! siag it spiLeot our insisronce.{Ilouriret
    {riu a vrtrt si oinle, ou toai.I si,.lruintanoasht.)
    S lt o x r . t d p' dd t " h . \.,1 n w h p n L w i rrp 4 ro .t" rn. tpprn-tl i i .l
    rP r f " i a s i s t u l i e e l d v :u[.r ,1 1 d v o i d r.1s 1 d orm:)
    2
    t
    01,
    T
    or t p im plic r t i i l e a r;rta i e l a g 2 0 ? i r-2 1 0 2 penrru verbul .' i si nt val a6
    .
    Ii l c s i t pnt r u lor m,r w o a l l , trn n s p u s e i n s d l a t rei ut, i ar pcnrru i tustrarea tor
    pof servi acoleasi exemple, cu verbul la trcclt (eould \nioc ale sitl), Astfetl

    .t 2110

    {. s l1 r

    I r.u lltrl,to to ! od, I \ r s n' L 5t eeDv ,( t lot Ar t r c ,


    {\r d n vflr' '1T 1d r . l' . . lc , r : : u
    m i+ r , s om n . )
    rY" nkud ,.r n or r o
    \ v r , . / d s, r i o L h p l u o o d o . . , t 'f o m i " i u n " ,
    be,
    r
    Efy.
    rr-1 n 5| .s 5 l n I , t ib1"or
    5f J e p"nr ! | ' , 1 n^ f o ) r ' . u t 1 n o i d e b j j 1 j . . )
    Wtr"n Jou wFrd r ll y uu, ud. idgo or t wh. t r ev ar I s . i d . , t p r r e v o r p . l J )
    (Cln d.ra iioh lv
    s LdJ iai
    idii din c d"a o. iue d t , r s p u s , r . l
    "J

    c) condiltonalal
    (persoana
    a 2-a.sie 3-a sg. 9i pl.) (S 1618-1619):

    Y ou, o, r d l4p u s w i ' n L h ew o fk i l y o u c o d td .(C ont. prrz.)


    {Ne- aiajut a in m u n c r d a c a a i p u i e i .)
    IL. ?ouLr
    h4p
    l bp e nb ^ \tp| | y o r n d d c o n e h p rp .tcond.perl ,
    ( A r ii ( os t m aili d e d rc ,l rr l i v c n i t a i c i .J
    d,) v\ cond,ilion.tl cu inplicaliiLe ,iitoruld[ aolitia (ioate

    persosnele):

    J_ po zld sdy rh is : y o r 1dv " iTt r uv d


    d gf r dr . dp J t r l r e l y .
    l trpburo si mtturispsc (: rr vrea sI spun acearta) cI ai prog.esat toarie mult in
    ulti, ra y.emo .l
    |
    j , d r ' o t i k , r in dny . r q". t n r " n l i " )
    I hDp
    'o at n l" Bir"sal. lid I I r 1 or , e c dz bit , r t ! . , ,
    {.\yed
    JInd

    i 2ll2

    ce .omp1ra In .onrrlqL in,r.Ldin:dral verbulni a,dnt n?au . ",, a


    rndtcatrv prezenL)ou aceeaa moCaluluireor&l (:a+ vrca- corldiJ.ional)
    "You don'i q4urto." "I @atdit I coutil,buNI can,t.,,
    I Proloziliile

    el

    ice conplciate:

    ,,I q.uld lhaL iL ee.c rfte."

    iProp orilio
    l @rl
    now
    "lipl i. J :
    3 L nsup rlpsAb
    elu r or nLiu. M at ! M . L,

    r L t h"' nt l , .
    Sana.

    "I polid

    that thf..

    43i

    A se compara:
    I /.rU l' 1\ " I , . ' Lrr or I n d d g . 2 l ' .rp l p sr ' .i L tu " un' j i r:or'I.
    . \.l :o l l: r d. ' n' l. i, u \r 'L. r' b .:r ... p
    ,i rr,," .ul r /
    " r r' . , d tl n , r.
    I iro&U hae taid ior l.hc daniage.(Irtentie) (Viitor rolitiv)
    [ -\i j i p l l lil daunc ] e.( : a rc a d l n l ;i ri a s -ol i c )l
    I Ir.i o rl , l' \ r bdp I ' drF
    o u g ," . \' . rt, mo J .l
    l\Il l ) .'r n t r L! ir s 1 li! J i i I
    H! s.orll hato been hcr!. lsimph conililrior{l)
    [ (t]]) a r ii nJ s t . ic i. l
    i V e z i s i g !0 8 6 )
    la
    oorstruirea trecutului lomlei frecvc tfttile (toat persoa,,ele) S Pl13
    /,/ ajut.i

    ( .a1827):

    lhel' !,,zld olto go hikinq.


    i!ilccau adesforj e-\cusii pe ios.)
    f o " n, dn, J ,\" h".l
    , ' o, r . / , nor . op1l o us
    l /, F I n.,id i ri. \d r.J (.a . , . . v oiJ r v o, l, . d$J / . "

    roi.l

    II/r"ld poate ti siorplu auxiliar sau auxiliar modal (: voia).


    3) Ca auxiliar modal (+ infinitivul incomplet):
    iq 2114
    nl JlcaiuietiFrnnsrnr.lii cu ilorl,7. forma de oferti sau (erere poliri, .\ 9u6
    coJsJ pnn e\rlarrrrd:
    I l' or , l \ oJ , a. p lu- i . . D or I , a :
    . \ , J or i o . "i) . d
    ' l". Pd:
    l.l'.uld you nrind postins Lhis tor me?
    , Fr i t e r oA Lun > i D , n" ; , . as t a t d o o \ t J I
    f ". , r d r dnja s a. . . ,

    (Vezi qi g 20ee)
    ,, tntrebuinlat, in propozi_tiilocondilionale cu sensul d ,,a voi,, intro- S 2116
    duce o cerere(S 2100, 2761):
    I-ru- "autJ aeh
    . D a' l

    \rp.rsim.m

    di . z , p"n r u pr J m pn, s . a- puL; r s . i I i d u J

    d r 'd J " " . . r , .

    ._.,(toate pcrsoancle) e\pri|me prababilitated:


    l\Iotlie.w.nt lo workwhenI $'asa babv-I po.&,bc tlirccat the iime.
    illama a ln.etut snluc.cz.cnd er{m mic.Si tot ii avtrteu |Ici ani pe rtrrot.l

    I don'l kD0w who it lozu bclN u tl i u cilc ar puiea li.l


    I thougnt he Qo,ld lia{c }ritten.
    [Am crenlt cit iprobabi]) soisesc.l
    I r"\,rsr' dd I n o. \ or h ro .. _ \,. \,i r u ,//d " r"
    |.
    i . . ! 1 | . tj | , , n . , d. d " , . . t
    l\ i,:,.J,,., 1. . . h. r ' r , , " r,r,i r..
    l la tot ce esle c!lru.[].1

    S 2lI?

    ,,, j no.-

    SHALL (-<rlOlrLD),WILJ, (\\:OLrLDl

    \ 2118

    ,lltc irtxebuir{iri
    1) ln propozi-tiileeonditionalol, slro"ld {h roate Dc$oancle). trddus i,u { 2lIfi
    ..'l ! a ir li .6... . /,/r,pozttrn. h;utpn! al I ubr'or
    iii, sucerindirnprubcni '
    't,,,
    lil,atea in mai na.e misuri dectt subjonctivul verbului
    reipecri\. (.\ 27?1):
    postman
    Ii
    ile
    p.rccl
    s/DLld,rtzs
    I
    fie
    orde.cd
    posi,
    by
    ny
    sister
    worlil let meha!.
    .t
    ar
    _ r D / -lfr,' ofulr';icad 'r,p,rm\J ' o. . t n". J r pt - dm Lor nandr r pr inp o r t a
    a, r a . e sa-mr !rr!rna rmed rar.t

    lfroloziiia

    "nrJme,

    condilionald.stc o slbordonat! care exprimn o eondilie (S 2?i2).

    4.lG
    Y ou l, ad l! t io l a k i th . t)o p ml o s l ,o Ni t to tl c c di i .orj n .,asoh. sl ol rl r, tn
    (Mai |iDc ri hr loezia si i-o areli rfdaeton,lui da.ii s.ar lntimlrla si iic acasiL)
    r' rc
    . \ laulJ ' ^r t , ot p 1 i l ro r,l ,o u l ' l ,n p p , ) o n rrr' .Fi \.n
    i. - '.
    .m i a n " ro r In ,,n :.r' l
    il, a' ' ; . " r " . i; i
    I shall tcll l,in mr nlans lor tlie ho[]a1s si,,/d Llie oc.asiondf,:5?
    1ii voi nnleriiLli r"roiectelemele I)entru ircanliL dac:Ls.af ivi , umva p.ilcjul.)
    ,q. se compara:
    She \ronld let rno kDorvil Ann ddlled.isubi,nx Litul rerldhti .4lll
    LlDal mi-rr de dc ltirc dacn ,\na ar rdii.l
    S hcwolld l{ , 1m D k n o { i l An n s /@ z l d .a 4 {. L n l fobabi l i l rt. acol nl rrrri i l S ul )j or.ti v
    l ( lia) r iar da d c i l i re d mo as .. n rl h p l a .a .\ ri 3i rhi .l

    2120
    2l9l

    2) ln DroDozitiile(onditionile, ron(esivc' relatirc F temporlrlc, sldll,


    irrtrnbui .ai la oet" pcr.o.n"1". rl" id"rr .1" \iilnt PUr rS 236n'.
    3) I Nould like.
    In gramrtica lradilion e. vcrbele Ia lik?.. to ctir':, to
    ptfcr, to bcelud. to ln incliietl, to find it h.1rd.eLc ailatc adeseoriia persoann
    n, pu . u du jilirr rl ,,r,/d ri shoulJ J r^rH
    l ln pl"p"/iiiil- ' " . liLio
    "1.,
    would
    Iikc,'Linutrt otr . I
    rt[pt, I \rauld br:glat], I lo d find it hard to saa
    etc. sinl pleonasmc.Se wa spune deci gramatical cor0ct: 1 siould lthc' I shauld
    .or. | .houtJ pr.f,r. I .1r''u1,1
    b. 2t4d. I l, utlhpd i! hr|t lono'J t
    ,i'u"'i.t
    t'." l nh:;tdt;t' ,1 r"1td y l t er. .i, r in'n bLir: 'ln..i rl
    ln mo.l turent, con"qirucriaaceastapitrunzinrl chiar in corosponden!aoti.rialn
    a unoi edituri ca 'O\ford University Prers'.

    2122

    \'r'lF pIt'ririi
    4/ fomlletirplo rlir0rlo inlroilrr.c pr;n lh t".
    "er
    ,rr'l inln dl .:;//. r'.p' .
    uLjor. :'ui rli.'.hott ,,tshuutd l,'l;a"t"
    ti\ 'ro, d Jut,. {p L,r, , ,re.uqp--0/- . ir'11,r"." . ,rt ra rF/ull ,r'rr'rr",1rLr,r'
    verbului. de ixemnlu dupn cu;iniele io be anions (- a dori foarlo tnoli') io
    (+ thst)
    tlcmand, to d':site,'Io expect,ro intend (intcntion), to oftler e\c
    I an anti.us rhal Lhe ti1hi Inan s/i4ll b. selecl.dior lhe iolj
    li|e d.emanndt that av cilldrcn sftr&rl be \tell looked altc..
    \\'6 . D "' !h a, , o . 4 | o\ r l' r lr l r r r f pl 4I I n, ^, - / u/ / b, . t ' r r ,, r , ^ . l l ' i l F .
    tt t..,a-d ".ltt',,,t , "r
    lt \- i)p a , t ' , n . ' , n^ o . J . , - . 1 , ] n l- i.
    '. 1 "
    , r . / b"t d' it r , \ r l' . 1\ . ll,n ! " o r '
    l .r
    l"Fo rl1n i/ero ./.- / , na
    .
    lJ
    r
    t
    uom
    ".
    hLlda
    t
    o, a, r "r d, ndl
    TnP drin L {1 ,.
    't - '

    l-

    Obserealte
    1n lropoziliilc urrdror.. v"rbFlp to hof' to I o!. /o /f
    inllu.ntarei rczul'arului.se ,oq.lruipc. . I auxiliJrul ,r//.'
    I n r (that)Jou,''ir rone.
    I /ed. {inrt) iL 0'lr rain.
    $'e .'!e, (thal)shc.,tI gel throughlcr cxam.
    /,}. se compara:

    \ ', 5 "

    '.

    rPsu-''rinI

    I e ..,.r L 1l v r ' r - t r n, ' ov i r f ulf il r o' r r n- . J e' .


    lp la lin 5i li Jdpi
    \ 'r 'l '
    rP'di i i . l. r . ' , r , l, t : _ : ull, l l i
    tTa "trr!
    {ngrjamenl.ul.l
    Wc dr?c, (thatl slic ( ill sei llfouqh hcr e\am.
    _' Proba}jl cl ra rc!!' la
    fAo ,;p..r'ntr arc airi nioi o llu-qiln asulr{ rerullaLului.

    2123

    5) Propozitiilcfirnle oonlin uneori fornel r'ubale s/rcaltlsau porld:


    Wc dn'i.lcd the cete eqnally,!o rlar no one rturtldconllain {riohilaleni subj.. len'
    tru ca nidcni sd nu se plingi.)
    Slit nui somellow;rs oir iour t ble so Ddr vou dorld lccl rr.lrome$'hcn xot canc
    oa s., h' snnli o{ l. lire acasircind
    lE,rhiralent subj.- Viil;ul lali dc tr.ctrl) i

    4Zi

    s2124
    s2125

    (\) T0 DrriD

    \ . f h u l ro d a rc a ' " ,| u .;,


    .,j u sdri n1r ,t" t. drtd t,L.
    . f ofi Io . I uDr lii.
    1 ; ilp p e cd re lc ir df t , lin" s i ,. l -l e s t, :
    1 ) rcrL Lar . idil f t gr lal, tra n z i t;v s a u i rtl a n z i l i v : sau:
    'rto u i 't4r . 1
    t . t , r ' , ,, l 4 l ,i t !" rp , \' rl " l o r
    I tnonatL,, t.
    " n | al "
    l) (:j , !F r b lc \ i' . r l r , q rl rt a .e rrr' o i ' . m ,,i .r.,, tu dt dpr I fnr.,a.3 Fara- s 2126
    r,
    .
    ,d i ," i ' , . pr r . ul: . . r rn o r ,z ' i -. .."
    l
    /-. .." tn h u nri .. , i .ri Ji -. . a,tp.
    li'l
    . b 'i \r
    ,o n p' ,.
    o n ..r to o t" I tb.l ttl rl at :
    . . . . , T r u\ o o i i ,
    . r/,rp i' lt r ni r ' . 1 pr ^c l r'
    !,d a t., t^ to,. rJ " .J.
    ,1 " p .ri i , rl i to
    s
    ,/ :,re sufi\nl -s la persoana a 3-a singLrlar indicativ pr.zent
    da's: \ 2 t 9 8
    Shc d,,/cs lo ryalli in tlrc woods bI troseu.
    c/ arc lrecutul reguldt terminat cu sulirul -ed - dared:
    s 2129
    \ olol\ / d" t ( ro )s 1 r' a n r' 1 n _ h . n r' " rJ mr ' x , _ x :n,-f.,zr,l
    T h! \ . o. / n
    o ri " r
    .h t." i d .
    ro." ri t" ,dr..uro..
    -n .,r
    J l .f. par r i, jpiul
    .' ,' ri n rr .u .uri \ul -ed
    ,/ar" d - si $ 9130
    I u r r, F l ! .o mpu. . , . ons t r ui r . ,ru r," n d te rn u l u ri r,,.u i rerL r" l -l " r:
    He hasihad/won'i h{\'e/&,cd i,o alprole ot such lal niociless resolurion.
    eJ formele compuse alc v.rbului lo dal, pot ti urmate atit de intinitivul
    s ttr3l
    complet. cit Si (mai rar) de infinitivul iuconplet:
    Noo^plddpr erJ d -./ tta ) to l t.to ' i ,
    L c u r rttson t,c Jl n.l
    . t k ot l I dt r c ( b ) r1 1 | r ' . a rth .
    qoukln't
    She
    ddrenot ta k e,lft \\.r\.
    Hc , os da, . d r , L trd n r th a s i o rr.
    / , sl e c onjugat c u au r;l i R ru l D O ]a fo u n l e rl e i nterogal i e qi dc ncga!i e:
    Hoi! do Iou ddl. rioi con,. heN?
    ,r ' h!mL. ,l r
    , 1 .,.,u n
    T l" \ dd
    \
    'I,r'i,,/t,r
    q ' ..
    \ \ h . \ d j J I ' " tddo
    ,"
    .. l'

    gl..pdme.sie aun;li:rrul dc lntdr;re D0 li cii tnl.rcuitor penrru evitarea unei $ 2133


    You said hc wonldn t, bu1.lic dtd la.. mii io $'ritc l.liai lertef. lidr't
    He zra..s to swim lo i.he isl.nd. and so d, I_
    I drD'r ztdle to swirn to tl,c ishnd, nor d.es t,e.

    l,c?

    2) Ca verb alefeetir
    model,tranzitir sauintranziriv,areinlelesutmai stab s 91e

    d f t ir Jo rma qd pr s l4d. s i rn rrrr' , : .I


    ,,l r!rn i -. ,.a a \" " .uraj ul . ,,a sp i n" u
    .i t,r, ? :n rn .a d .,!ri .ti .i l F A U \i j i drpl ^r J-l e, ri ve
    /n Fg d lir ; )
    ',, p1d ".

    {r_./are o singnlii lorDi - darc. urrcori ;i dared la trecut, dar atunci se $


    onlport{ ca un delectil.;
    ,, nu are iilinitiv. participii. nici inperativ;
    i
    c,/ nu are su{ixul -s la persoanaa i] a singular indicativ prezenr, indiearirul prezcnt liind asadar:-

    2135

    slB6

    s2137

    tft. she. it .|arc. ddred

    , 1te L l i c
    !
    For
    fart ,Jujixul s lr per.oa,,a a 3,a singular esle pr"c/'rald, penr,ru S 2138
    'Ld
    )
    !a
    con. lzra ci .,i n r r opor r ( r p rn t.ra :0 t1 ,.. n Sd l tto s 6 u i fi ri rp& rrrl r" rfl . si adaHo{' dd.a }-ou cont.adict him?
    FIe l@e not/ddl,1r rnsw."r he.

    438
    frr) Dsrn't este lorma abreviaH a ngativului darc nr, qi poaie fi lntrbuin,tatn pentru a exp ]nfl orice timp: ?r:cnt, trccal san viitorc, l orllla yiustn durst - t.eLutul Fi subionciivul prezent la toate pe}S 21,10
    soaneie este vitat{ in limba engl"zamonerna.c,r rr.iepgiastrlului liriesc
    lirsrnice.unde esteintrebuin!aii tn specidlin propo9i ln vorbir"a pcrsoenelor
    ziliile nasaln F bsu cnrdilionale:
    IIe d&rrtnot conc, bul I did. (Tfccut)
    It sheduru,wriic, shc$ould do it. (Subjoncli!)
    In limba englezx actuala. darsl este inlocuit l. mod curent cu dar. Fau
    dar.d la indicativut trcut gi la subjonctivul prczenr:
    S 2139

    llorv ddl, )ou com. in $hcn I was out? {Treout)


    llou,- liad read nJ school repo . but .l@c/d) not tell Fatl,fr. (Titcui)
    Tht:\, d ate (d) no i s per k lo him . l' f r ec ui)
    11 h c.ld .rl rn sw er . he s ot r ld do ii. { s ubjonc t iv )

    S 2111

    d, rUodilul l.1l?E nu csle conjugat rrr auriliarul DO la lornLclc intragativi 1i regative, ci prin inlersiune in Irn)f.zi!ia intcrogatiyi, sau fu adlugaroa unci negatii in propozilja negitiyar:
    ,d.d she say so?
    Hos daro yoo write sulih rrash'1
    lle .tar.: nati.ta n t oI)eD yotr. lcito.

    $ 2142

    .J cste urmat de infinitivul

    inco11rplet,:

    He dd.. noi so home now.


    \ot! darc sar\ lou rre risht?
    (lDdrdztrettii,r'spDi.i
    aidrcpiate?)

    | 21.13

    f, este repetat in interogaliile confirmalive si ln rlspunsurile scurte:


    "ltc du.nl scnd tliat $irc, da.e l,c?" "Oh lcs. he ldf..;

    S 2111

    e./ este umrat imediat de adverbelcde timp neprecisdlttay.s,nero) somertrres (S 2299) si de adverbele asimilaLe cu a&sLe'. (almast, hatdly' scarcely etc.), ru precedAt de le, cutlr esle cazul celorlalie verbe:
    ch d . - , P/ r , J ll. ' g, ir ' .
    \\'e date.l not afL.n.ross th-" sl..eel nJ oursi]res.
    'lhe! ddr. ha t! bteerne r{' lcar ol Nrking hnn.

    O hs c r e& 1ie
    ndf J t , " ir n :r.;r" p L U i n l . I r, .p e .i i l i 1 prnpozi ri i l ' i nr,r" :a i r,. r.e
    .' rbj " n ;i u r,r.. rr,
    t,rri ." . " oldi; ior sr. .a u .l u u i , ,ri r' ,d :, ri i pr-/' ' rL.i
    .l u sl \ in. pl- , i" e,
    n r,ri n rI g " i i .,: t..u .] t. t. : r. nob.l t. t.. no on. t,. 1 Ir" 1, , ' pu/ ili' . I ir 1 1 r:\,
    r, o i .r" r' ,
    I,..r'
    ' . ri -p n. l - ^ r' ,rrFbl r- .r,

    \,t.,"
    . i r , ' t', " r - f"
    '' 1! 214"'.
    Ncitfur cun.laft ert:.
    A se compnro:

    -- ii l" ^ i' i

    t . r' , r, u l: . (.

    "a,,,/

    She darc r,r t.rke out. Ure b.i[ n) 0,is riin. (Dflfoii! tnod.l)
    i\u h,dlhaFil.e ( - sc tcd) se scoali lnfra !e plo.ia aceasta.l
    Shc drcs n,, darc io take out.lle bo.l nr ihis rain. (T.an7. reguirl)
    ('d are .u.aj!1) si s..ai. r{rca le tlo.ria ac.asta l
    lNu hdrlzreite
    Shc dd.cs me to take o!1. the bo.t. (lr,rnz. rcgulat)
    iMe deslide s''r scol barca.)
    ( lr n ? i {, 'j
    1,1
    -'r dd '.r (ru rd li oul m y lour in l , : "
    ( Ind rl/n"r.
    5. o1lt b. , r . J t " plo. , ix d. p a . l d . )
    '- ni
    (\iczi ti $ ,165)
    'A,pilp
    ld a,n .t

    d.,u ) v . "b . . "ir , im ! - . un,


    I'r'l
    a .il
    ' "' i; h.

    do- "r r
    ' .- ptalabil. t,o,l" (ddr.rb\
    . r e4t l l i . )

    439

    (xr) To NnDD

    $ 2145

    p d^ud
    l r Forme. Fuu.!ii. (.'
    ro lurr, tu n\d
    "oniurtrj o,ralelc: I 2l18
    lo naddcctp !Frb lp,i.dl rrd,,/i,i. r-'lrl r' sru aurili.r dFf".i,v mojat ti ."
    alarP ar.ln'r^buirlJr s.' rn lrul o,i1Il" pozilira., r bi lr ."1" n"va.ire Fau
    2) (la vorb lelical tranzitir regul,rt, ro neel arc lntelesul: ,,a avea nyoie S 2147
    de". ,,a-i trcbui cui!.a ccrt', j,a necesil,d',,,ali necosar'(si prezinti toate oaraceerisj,icile tuturor 1'erbelor regulate:
    a , a re s uf ix ul - s la pe rs o a n a a 3 a s i n g u l a r a i n d i cati vul ui prczent:
    She ,E.ds the help oI l,cr leuow students.
    They med ur jnc,nli{o to study.
    Tle cas. ndcdsljrm handling.
    6) trcculul a.e forma resulati needeil ia Ioate persoanele:
    'l'he lvofk zrd.d qreat care.
    Wc zc.L{t sleup lelorc rnJrthirg clseshc nc dedt o ir c r . lr inded t o d. i t . .

    ., parLicipiul trecrl esie nadf.l, pariicipiul prezent neening.iar partici


    piul perlect haring needed:

    s 2148
    $ 2149

    g 2150

    H.r h,:lp was urgenill nceded.


    Il hid bc-Ar .r mucli nnd..l tessor.
    I'd li,g a do ct. . , r v e s r nL l. r J ohn.
    Harils nided a'\ npcnLior, l,e hid been ote.alcd on in Yienna.

    dJ esle conjugat cu
    DO ia formele interogatird, negatiyi qi S 2151
    -auxiliarul
    eccentuatl (Entphdti? DO)l
    ,, you zedd nc now?
    llc doesn't neal anv ai.mril fnvelopes.
    l hp r d ,J"r 2 ",1 Lo J llo$ m { , : r , . dr d l ^\ .
    H"ialrjl
    dp . "d , , , , , nr 1' , . . J o; s ,
    Hc does ncd a good Lalking to, docsn', he?

    ?J esteurmat,d un substaotiv.de "ehir-alenLuL


    (pronu'np.se g 2169
    ,rccstLria
    aun'lii..ub.lenlrv rFrbalr aud. Intini ,rul ,o.tl-.dpci ..rtorriple,ompi.. alc a.p.lui vFrb cin' ur,nnl^ d, i,hni rul .^atl-':
    I ncc!, rcsl.
    Don'i. vou need l,cr?
    The pocrn ncdddrewriting.
    IIe tuerls ta be lookcd aft.r.
    She heeds ta stutlu.
    WilI hc ndd td so baok?

    3) Ca auxili$ defectiv motlal, NEFjD estc intrebuintat tn spccjal in pro q 216t


    pot!liLI" intarydtir" i n,sat;r'. st- jnrpl"sul r.,a/ inp,rsonoti,;o fi nAdi.-,
    ...1trntr"sar.obtigsrori,r -..J,r.bur-irprF/inru,ara,iari.ti,itav"rb"lofdFtFc_
    al nu dre sul;,rul-s la"pcrsornaa 3'a singulara indicativuluiprezent, ! 216{
    fonl ugar.a 6.esrcr iofrne rlrntrl
    I n-"ed
    we reed
    you treed
    you need
    hc, shc, il neud
    thcy nccd
    He neednof troublc hi seu to come.
    b) tecntal

    , ) xt! d r

    aft iorma neeil la toate persoanele:


    Lold hid he z,ed nol telll a rcbufl.
    r\ll ih{t we n?edsay was "yes" or "no .
    ; nf ; n; t ir p a rl ;.;p i t. n i t tn p " rc ti ,'

    $ 2166
    $ 2166

    440

    s 2157

    d, nu este conjugat cu auxiliarul ,O 1a fornele de interogatie qi negalie:

    s 9168

    Forl]]a negativ[ coDiraseestc needn't.


    l este urmai de infinitituI Lncampletl

    Yotr ntud4', go Xet. d..i Jou?


    r1.cd 10! speak xorv?
    Why ncd slic stay iiomc fo. the holidays?
    He need naLlneeln't siot ton1.
    $'e n...1 norln..dz1 lry lor ii no$.

    'l'..d Jou leare Io. lhe counlry l,odaX?"


    "No. I nedDl." ("Yes. I nust"f
    | \"e dn t t-tt \o t ' o$ hr r , pr $F I . j' o\ pr r hp r p s L l o t o r r . \ p p r i n . n l .
    i P n .,t h ord ld b. hplpdJ in hpr s ud' dr nus .
    \on needt't hdre Lutied so.

    $ 2159
    2160

    f, esie repetat l^ intercCaliil. canfirnntire:


    Shen..d?1giye an imn.lialans\vef,
    sne?
    "cd rdr
    ll'e n.rdn'l tra$late thc whole artiolc. ned

    Cind insn verbul NEED estesinonimcu IIUST qi H,\VE TO' aeesra


    (must)il inlocuiette in propozitia inlerogadve confirmaLivl:
    "I.u

    nccdn't go to the linrary to rcad thri book, nrc, you?" "Oh Jes. I mlsr."

    s 2161

    g, esLe repetat ln rdspunsurilc ncgatiee scnrlcl


    ",\'.e.iJou work ionighi?" "We rcdd,'1."
    ln rispunsurile afirmotit'e sc\\r|e se intrebuinleazi insn trIUSTr
    "-l'ed shelecturetomo(ow?""Yes,shemr6r."
    {Nr se slure "S}rentrd",
    tvezi ri 5 :068 a)l
    h, este urmat imediat de advrrbele de timp nprecjsdl|ays, otlen, neeer
    $ 2162
    (5 2299) ti de adverbele asimilate cu scFstca falirosl. hardltJ, scorrcltJFrc.):
    I n.Pd ha l! Lll lou io$ llc k \ ' I $ds .
    sh , run ) n ,.. I n, 4\ "\ ! lnir elr or . ' ; r in.
    \ v r i' lr n. ( - \ ' p, ir pv oi
    'lo t vp d ha l!\ d\ "

    si s.rii.'

    S 9163

    iJ NEED are ca sinonime verbele to tean, (:


    to be in na(d,of,

    s 21{;l

    It,\Rll 9i Nltljlr
    .rerbe
    Douil
    car se comportn identic

    Nesalie

    |
    |
    I
    I

    I
    \
    J
    \
    J
    I
    I
    \
    |
    1
    I
    I

    a at'ca nevoie), to.gttr.-

    He ddteslne.Is b ca11.,
    Shc aaNd,lncated to Eo.
    Does he darclneed ,i ti^1t?
    Did she dte lnead to tlo l
    He doesn't darclreed rn .x\t.
    He darcn'tlrcedn\
    s\e didn'l datelneed to so.
    Hc daes d@alreed ta Lal,.
    S\e did ddrelneed.to so.
    Hc ldns n- ds lo c all- doAa r h e ?
    s he did^' t . t * elt ueJ t o s , ' . d, d s l r ?
    Hedures/ndstocall and so do., slre.
    Shc do.sn', dufei,ecd ro gn, nor dler l(.

    r Nu se poate spune: "Yes, i n..d."


    , to ca,l nre ii n,lclesll de ..a rizita", .,a [.ccc pe h" e1c.

    cau.

    5 21ti5

    Concluzio
    ru p r) rft1 rn q n| t

    f , , ' 1 ' r' " ' ]i n


    D | R F s i \ f Ll,
    .
    .",i
    ,
    .- r'"." i ,'u"rr" Iiln
    de
    -l.init6J1. - ,",

    l l n' L' 1ta' '

    ro r' ? ' ' rr' ' J m-

    jr c o l o a n a t' a l , a cesl e doLri modal e si ni


    to toaLc sitrafiilc indical''
    ru r:arucli:risiicile acesiofa lsroonJuqarc
    '!.ffbt, t.rical.c rrr /dt. lcoloana ('r.]'

    "" ^Y*^Ti,ill;"
    J',i!l"xlli:Tt^1"il
    {.r11:1.Td.1ri"!::i:11?.(.?J,!,li
    rm' i rL
    r o r , una r. r, e" u- . inelLr Lr pP z frrt e

    :i:,
    I'rlJiilll.;r:i[fiil:
    ifj;1'
    l,
    "
    i,ii*+1
    iil**,,lii
    $'r"

    r1!"-':.tl:.:T:'1.::il:i"l
    ain*"i,"t""r"
    '-*'o'
    i",ltlf',i,i;1{6'lt'
    ";u"'t"
    o,#,",!::,:;;
    o,'u,,:,::
    Jte'ti"l" *"1ino,"r'i,o"
    ;:,1f ;i"$ffi
    '"-t";tiou

    (: a a'-.eai tlrizneala, curajul; a rlesfide)

    ITt",i;;/ffi
    d\ DE D ) :
    D\RE 1
    (uen i:

    maiimpersonal
    sau
    X"Jl"i)i"pr". o"r (DARE),
    -*i

    a in Jr a rnira s'ir''u''Ftil
    ti nevoie,necesar;trebuie)
    ^

    s 21S6

    (xID USnDT0

    2167
    ?O est'ecel mai neregulat dintre S
    1) l'ormi,. - Auxiliarul modal LJ-6D

    l;'
    :i';i''ff;'ii
    :rlii'lt
    l r;,'"
    i:;i:',:,.'
    ::*:'#:l'.
    u* ru;'j;;
    I u*d to s" them very olrcn'
    (li ledeao toartc dcs)

    trtenlLc

    :i::'rl'
    illlijii
    lJ;iiHi
    :l
    "
    lJf;l;,'
    Ifl
    :i;r:i
    i"l
    I
    ;;'x"
    ".",,:i
    jt'"*"'
    i:","ii
    e"":'i,r,'",.T.:''I,Hl'iT;,;"'r";T:li.:
    """rir""i".';."

    t'

    li|:l[:li';"*l;"?J; ;:;i;iu;

    $2r6
    l;iJe-indica'tiv

    o'""'"''
    lrul;nli:;lSll;::;:l;ll'i';;;l?Lli',ii,iilJ:"'*'u
    b"trJTJi'"ri"Jtn;i;;""":r.
    ';i";#:l

    *trii:.'iil":;:il:'1,';'i1r*"'

    in
    :','"''|'
    i?!iir'?
    ;i,.,.a,
    ;;#;;;1.]i
    i[;l$r*;;"-lii:!i
    --ttftG;$.{$.1"11'li

    prezclt al acestui verb


    \^ use(lta leo'n estcto lea'n' in'Iicatimr

    ! 2169

    3) Intelcs. Traduct.re,- Ilodalul U,!,411?O se lraduce. in limba romiai,


    ou imperfecl.ul,uneori (ln functie de coni.ext) cu perlcctul compus:
    lle rs.d 10ship lunch lo go boal.ing.
    l-\d.scorirx nimd la lrlnz ca sii se dtrcnla ean.taj.)ilmlcd.ctl

    A:. , r rrl l ' r !j ,//o


    ' ' . " , ldr , . , . i, n, J ,,u l i
    rc lul , ' . s r r . t a ' o .r' :r-i " p " L t " . ,' .d ; I n .i , l o ,o ) tnt tt .t.
    They Gdd ,o w.rk he.e.
    (Aa luctar aici.) {l'jdlc.t codtns)
    FaUrerzsdalways ,o tcll mc lr,at il a thins js worll doing. it is sorlh doing \fel!lTaLat,t slzna@m{eu ca!,da&i nn lucru ro iiri sI ije In0uL nreriii si fie ledri.linc.)'
    1I'edeol.comrus sad inpe.lect)

    In genere nodalul USED TO arc rrci semniticalii de crre trcbuic se so


    .tinir seana tn traduced:
    :
    r.,u r
    2170
    a. \ lr r ii' , r i
    5
    \. i r ' r' / rn f p r " .,, robi roi ttri ar' r" ,," ri
    "
    "
    l
    i
    u
    e ,,tu l r^ ' h ;ri i I., a ," e .r,.i ua i p. IS I:D l O p-t1.l Ln,n
    ,i n ti "t . t u1. i1 r ^
    ou trFcutul lormei l.eovenlative'. t)e care il jnlocuicDtc in Limba rarbitd (ri.
    chiar in scris d.rcn scriiLorul considern cn foftna frecr'enlativi arc o sonoritate
    prea livrcscn) |
    .\s r cltld. I .s.l ro ./..a,r ol irr all lands. r.- I !!dl d..a', .1 la.oll lands l
    ih coriliiri-" risan la 1n,,, ,(i Jndeu-Lrtat.l 1In,I,.rIc.l)
    \thcr n, the eolnirT. Jou e.r.dro go to le,l re'y eatry. \- obicei)
    I1.l.Ierur.l ro tell nie slod.s l.o Irrt rLc to sl..f. (: aabisnui)
    /' . / . \ t r i, iA i l i u i i (s ri ri c t,.) .o n ti n u e . al enti a fj i D d j rdrcl ,tati i asupra
    S 217r
    trp , u l ului, , u s : u f.,ra u rr i rrd i , .i to r rl c ti u p tl rrrrt. deoarecefS l ?/ TO sugF
    reaz; el insugi liusa de aotxali|al.e a acliunii infi,rili\.ului tlependent:
    \ Lsedu knaa hct.
    (Ne cunoilcam te r/rn'l l
    At Oxlord lic zs.d ro lne in diss 3
    {La Otlord, lccuia cu cliirie 1n orai.)
    Ara i o:!cl !s6d /. Dc a swc.t rihild.
    l^v.r er{ ur .o!il Ilojrttnior ln ,i;L , nrri e .ot,il, lau nx tiai c Iicintrilo.rr. ori ltu
    !i rl r. q, nu m . , i t r im i mi , ,l .s trp ' 0 . -\l i i n !l i i s e rfi cri r,zd, l a un momenl l sru o
    p e ri .d' jJ' ,)
    i, t u'ul. l
    ' lil
    lve?i si in coDrlarll.ie !u lr{utul siDr u ii I)r.4',1tr1pc.i..l 5 lqot)
    $ 21?2

    ?) alnrlia osic indrcptati asupra lreze lului in .onir.ast cu tetuttll. l a


    prezon!a unui adverb de f.inrjr trecut nr lrxLul tnglez, dar necesar in cel ronre'
    l lc r ee\ b. lG r lh a n } e z s d dro .
    (Sc sintc
    aj linc dcslt inatnrc.,
    1 , , ' 9. ar " , ' s . d l l ." y ,d ,o /
    (Lucrurilc nu mai stau oa !e
    'rdne.,./
    'T r . pv r . " , , u br s " rl " r" n l .(,i
    " r.,d l
    ' ..
    1 ,,,4' t' :)
    r E r dt i t oJ r " b' r n , Irrt r' rp rt F -t
    I Sfai adrfsat liuhli silu d. c.ilcirul diplordai
    ti cni d. stat l)Iilip ilomer Stanhr!e,
    Conte d. Clr$tcrlidd. 169, li,-, lL.1t.'s. Dnblioanr in 1ir.', si 18901
    n/i/,,rir tn toatc p$soancle,
    ' ['o.na l.( lverlaiiv]1 ar. h hr u,1 io,\ili{.!l 11Otrl,l)
    1, .
    Ii,
    :l-o.1 ,t..1..
    r 'r t i n l
    f
    sg.:it :
    t! r 5r - . 1.
    " t-,r
    . Lr . i\ ' r
    .' b- ' \
    r . l l J , n a, r r , ,r l . , '
    r , , r - d ^ . / . r n , o i i . " . '.
    -l/a /r'c
    dpnt lr r 1,",r.,s, ,r, Aa r . oni. r ' lr r ' , r nl
    o, ; i' r ur . r , 'i a p , r r '1
    L , r / , r d / A . , 'r \ I 'l n o r ,
    '
    ln colliasl .u ll.db
    r.siej Onn),.iti.s, nnmc dai. rnivcrsitltilor
    k 1 dc oeranitli
    mo, l"rn , .t ,.,"o r pro lt J it- "r \ , t r , . I al . i\ n. : ' . 1 1 t , r \ ,
    fu ljr,tit .1, ' t-ih
    sriellu l l rs d.L tr.. u r ic nt J r ii luf t ni, !

    ln scrir, claLoriti c\cesivei sinpliiicnri gramaticale !i abundc loi c.rn


    <rrucliil,rr idiomaticel - carc se rrreteazirrtit dc binc jocrdlor de cul inhe nLrlt,
    gx5r.'. il"
    u,l' Lrali" l'o"p.'!drF.' idp..^ ia,nhiru . t,arte pn.;"r*1"ri
    i,rrrl :"- rnsa.'\iild u', lr'r"eju"
    6i .lri ,r,or,ti'rd i r.nr;F:
    -riil'r'rl'rr
    aubtil a\nt D inplic!1ii. intoralie. n,nrici{. gesticn,priwiri, umor. earr suge!. ce dau limbii englezecaraclerul tasci'
    eeaziLsensui a;a iutriLelolle/lonf
    puzzl. !.
    nant al unui "'oss,"a
    Spre eremplu, in teitul de niai sus. inlonalia e](damairi.i " L:sd.r"poale
    Fr'
    fi: -i'. i.'
    i.urpriz,'. pr"t'.
    -'u n//'d.'
    \.J,'".,,': '-'i'il lip
    .i
    c
    ..
    ,.n-i
    n"durn"r
    r
    lir.uril
    rr"'trJr.
    lnrmire r 'l i"l. ,'" )
    'rd
    '

    t rl ra d d , d l uJri l bl , drrl rul ui ' oE l Fd "oh. . ' r ! . l. lr lr . n ru n q


    '
    n
    a
    r
    .1
    trccul
    eJle nrantional ill cx(ilanlalie,
    de
    timp
    ,n.c
    lllenial. nu adverbul
    f iild p l e o n a s t ic s i dec i s u p e rl l u u , i n i re b .ti n l ri n u m a i penl rr acrmtul re s,l rL
    e c hiii 6 r'a re ar r opoz iliei - c i a u ri l i a ru l t-S/j , c a re tre bui e tradus i n ronri nette
    c u ad ve rb u l de 1in! t r ec u l . ,i h i .rr d i .i a re s i a l j p s e s t c di II proP ozi l i a l nql czn

    /1)Interogaliali ncga.tia.
    S 2f?3
    a) Intorogati.r.,\rnbelefornrr:.cu sr fdrii auxiliarul DO, sinl irr .ircu- $ 2l?4
    lali, &tit la interogali.,cit qi 1oneg{!if:
    ['-,

    dr

    nt,):.

    I irLSt ] ir l ] r , ll t l{ r . '

    ir'r"l

    . '".; t \ ' , lo;


    / ,'l
    5 \l { 1, . I ' a,
    I r lh
    . \ h. T- . J , J D
    oL, ,
    ,,a tr'r.,.
    tisetl thn. Lo lrc t titr |oll,ise h-rl
    tttl!t^ ..rb."i : r ' , r p . i. , r ' . , - . 1, "
    'lll
    / , d- ':
    r ' , , , "; , r t '
    r ' l. t
    Io sr

    '

    Dlr-:'

    $ 2175

    l,/ Ncgatie.
    I f u rscd Iru:u dl no t k ' nll t hlr q.
    ro. r, -,,,:r"t,;..pL .L,l, pii, / . ' iut . '

    , r Fr i, u

    dr 'r 'r ', t

    \ou
    L jtr:sn il t o , , ill lr , . r '
    Y on d's./d/Dr
    tdrl ,r. lju:? l I o c r ll iher .
    hoe
    T h.fc u s.fllr'r i ju :s nil ir ) r c a t ily
    l. gt
    T her! b ed tiu:,d l ,o ' lo r ' c a dot LJ gelr' lllr
    {a l o t r' l-l\ eft d idr't u sc Lo I) c a c ot t . g. lr er c
    njoj 1. t ". L. p( t / t \ - ?
    sau
    \ri. . l ,"t rrpd rotjJs.u r
    nu"
    r in' ' r
    h'
    .t.'"
    d td li-Jrd-.
    L, r J

    . : i 1 - '. ? l 'l

    C, l o r .

    ndi

    tre,\e1r

    Ou i rk (3. 21) s em nale a z i , l e rn c o tn n i a ri u , s i p rezenl a l ornei .l t,n l scd


    in
    /i d ,
    In r ' r^ A -ri '
    1 o . ' i nri l nF
    ,. . L,,rp , QJ r r , , a' nir r ' r " r ii
    ' i " ul '
    '
    p
    r
    F'
    .
    .
    ri
    '
    t,:r:
    r
    l
    x
    r
    i
    l
    /
    |
    b
    r
    n
    i
    .
    i
    i
    n
    |
    l
    u
    e j'r z;b ri i rn i
    ' rs
    ' 'i
    ^
    ' n5.
    " : J , / i'

    Co cluzic.
    DO. foiosil r.r aLrriliaral aurilian:lui modal t-SliD to. a lofi cr).damnai
    Din:l la al doilearlzboi nroDdialca o rlovdrli do inculturl. Ulterjor.a apnrut
    in:r"n,, i",-: ti,!i,...,..,u.,: t,"",,,.,,.ir,:..Ln.rlior"..tonr'1f...iubsi
    .l sul .
    in "n
    prin "unrrn,i
    r'rr'.
    ' f Ip
    -r ".d,r.r .,.
    "r'
    "r'J 'rJ-a.J',
    steza (colocvia]n)sactuali. precniere llsupra tut,iror celorlalte forme, datoriti
    aliei sale de ri"lpitdir foarl,c c\tinsai.

    !O.

    1Un
    srrxiarirjian cnst(, nlnrnr.r-r 90i; din lcri.nl liDbii -qrglez. cnf idiomilit.
    ::
    dvin te nrcdr.tirtc.
    llo.o s.
    ' 5lalar
    I l. \ r. ; ; .
    r r r , ll'
    Ita l .\t .! o' b- l
    "
    "
    . ri;ii aniori
    ru md m4lion.azA cii tu.mi llsDD TO, ooijlrgari .u nxrilir.ul
    esic.rl. r ,ia li. "i,ri

    S 2176

    444
    ln numeroasecazuri se eviti acest punct nevralgic tnlocuindu-senegalia
    cu adverbul neuer:
    You,, r, ,r.atto 5p'ak Soodt:ngti,h.
    ora,Jr o
    t o b- a r abin o1 t hdt r o, L, o r

    -d.

    thprFl

    LiSED'TO
    (tn lnterogdliaconfirnd.tiedqi cu DO auriliar de acccntuare .ti,,p/rd_
    tic DO)
    \r"d ;d

    u i.

    I . h \ our -

    pJ t \ .

    J , , n- . . . , ") n

    lat.Lota,t.\d.,t;t
    r.t:
    rriere4efdrDl ro be a ca! e on rop or Ihar hirj,is,!'ii;;
    iL."r"i. jiiiJ1r,,.."

    (in fra.a dubld)


    1' , ' r uf r o $r i ' . s n n i E n u l ." .r,.I .o .,J t i ^,.!. 50 di i r I
    ) , u , , + dJ nI In .IrF 1 k5 ' ,ri t,) F . c t' s h ,n o , s p Ltl ,ota.r. aoro:oA t_J.dt." \.
    "oh, usd thercl/ (coloij\-.)did rhrit,,

    ! 217 7

    Ate n lie !
    A nu se confundamodalulUSED 1O I ju:sru]cu:
    , t.:,,'!"1 .:,, narricipirrlrrecui,,isedijl rzrtlale1_erbt,lui
    ro lts. fir iu:zl
    ,l: a IrnrreDurrlaj:
    ,_ .,." Ha\ r of z s edl j u :z d l n y b i ro ? :H o w .l o L o trti Lci t.?,,..Ir.sl j l ri sl ,r.Ikdi tJ,Jt.r
    (-\i nnosit pirut mcu? Cum tli ptacu?_ E trnn. Lanr jntrebuinlar ied
    )
    r ' 1. *. liv ul E " .t t.o l i rt u tn :1 ,. tj ,, ..d to. a fi obisnuit .u: /o g.1
    .D )
    u sPt l r o: d \ p o b l i ' ru r c | :
    ,a i6d r',.do m J
    .\.,,r
    a", m m "r . . t , . r . . , l . . . i h . . \ r , f . " r n [ n r t ; h . .
    ."I
    mlnd
    o1t ' e At "r : , . . I l|, gti s t , r , , . r " , , I L .
    ,.r ou rl su on 8 fl , r / , t . : 1.io\
    dr
    ,
    1r
    ,
    t
    I . ou , 1. . , i"r . .
    .
    \L . ,,, obi.n.i[
    !
    .'\u D. pn i acom o, ll r u
    " . r . / . , _-, i
    am"r.an A.\ici osr jj"r Ai s i. , r . . r . i. , . i, , , , . . , j.
    \o,.r";r.,;i:;;.;,t,..

    s 2178

    5) llronur.tare.- Used(au\itiar rllodal)se pronunln


    ,.,,J i ju:stul,rndqra:in:,,r...u in a in ' " a , , , , , \i u . a lc
    ^ " '" I t ju:stalinainr"sun;: ..'r.o a n e
    She used to go llru..

    asefiJJr't I ju:snt] negativ.


    dl
    lrFrul. $i pJrri!itiu lrn,ur al v"rbutui tpricd, r-gutrr /a
    . -- ,u.:r4rju:i
    "
    xs
    Ltr tu:zl: d jntrebuinl.Jl
    I havc &se.,your llionc i.o iall to Clivc.
    rrscd fju:stl, rux lj:tr:z.l) d.dj.: accusromed3(: obj;nuir):
    He is not &s.dto the noisca l thm-r ot cties. {: obiqnujtcn)

    $ 2l7o

    TII. VDN,BELE NEFLNXIYE


    (Rrr.[n]qvn rljRDSJ

    s 2180 .

    I) Dofitri!ie. Vp,bJp r.flaj{i!e :in, !irbp rran/irivp sau in,r"n/itire


    rb . .ir.r {or-i.d.1iv; s d sddugdtpronLrm-tc.,ftprit A..rda, in ,,u r,.r
    -i
    pFrsosnacu subr..lul.

    r.r"d

    r
    bine triDin.
    : -I ' c nr , u / , t ; , v e z i n a c . i a 5 . r.rr 4
    , o tri ,n " i '
    " ; : ir ; : " , ; 1ll
    " i n ,F b u i n t.,' n " i ni .s rn' ,,,bJ \o.1,,r.,..,!,o,-r

    r,

    liERBEl,l'RElLExlv'

    |rfali |it srbr|trul


    Prolrulr1irell(]Ii\.

    c'ire indel tinelte

    acliunca' sufern

    acestera:
    si {{ecLere
    r.l,,ir,".,l::iijf,,i}ilLll'J,lilii)

    ;:l"l,il
    1""i""1:i'f
    li
    :
    ^\':l
    l,l:lij: ":l "j
    l""' 1j""':.:''.Tl
    l"'ii;';;:i-:;:,,lll
    I
    :illl,.i"i:'i"'i
    .""".,,'
    i ""1;I;:::ii,;i, l',,1r,,:
    ;1j:';;'",jll:'l"l:'l't'''
    :;:,1,'illl:tl
    'n''''.",'n!
    ':li i:":'il':;-"nt""'i''in'
    Llli',.iil;i*l:::j

    j
    :il:
    ),;;;;
    l-*lti"."riiffi
    *i
    1'
    *"::i
    **i**j
    l'*
    :":;::':.
    -

    l":'
    *-i:"lil+i:i'lit*t:ln*".i*
    1"1:''''"
    ";,,ltrii;'"i:ll1

    :,;iill,ill:1,::iii*i,"
    lfjrTiitl",'h"ffli;
    (soeriamrl
    \l'

    jg*lt'"'*;"i"i; ""n**I

    "{"
    unr'li'erbu\-r
    .' r-,,.,"nps,rr).s 2183
    i9]'i"""1iii1"'ii'#lli
    ""ns

    l'
    "4tr"
    jii;,
    ir?il*i$li:-i'*;''*{r"rir':
    I;';I;'.f,H*i
    *ifirri;i;;1r''"'"1.;';r"l"lt:'iil:;i"ii'::i'i:irill

    j i*"';;;;:l;"'""i;i:;"d4i;
    x'fi;1;4;[IiL
    iiil,,,,*"''n
    au',.:
    ,-iil'i:i,h;:,".:lt.,iil'
    l';:
    ; :i,,.*, l-;, j1jiil;
    :'
    ;;r:''

    ":rx
    ii:ri''r
    *fti*fti! : ;llil;,+ll;"'"
    tqi#,
    .
    ;::.;^;
    ,",r1:x'"".
    ,i#1"r,
    i1;,

    '"or
    l'tl"t+$"f#'flX;:^'ii1'n"

    I I't*l*1"'llXl'"l#i::':"#'i'"*J'ilif','ft

    Ed'
    ri'rrrii'onrne'
    G*nati'|ii

    & d&da cu sucoesnlci.


    {: she D,askd ot hrr ruccess.)
    Jd stntrd inDiit_
    ( : ue l. lr us e te s s .)
    l] u r " , \ . " f
    b, s rn u t..i o .h i . ,o p i tu u ,s
    \'

    "p

    ,,.d1

    .4 rl.. 4e r1,1,i r1
    .

    p i n d in \ ,1 .

    lt e, i, . 1; , 7, ,p

    L n rh e to p .)

    .1.,/yerbcle refle\n.e c(,cntird din linlba ro emd


    adice acelca care arata
    , i j n s t A r . d s uLiec t u l u i q e p ,o d u c c o s c h i m b a re
    !o rraduc i n qenerei n l i D ba
    \ F r bn rn ' ri ,n , r\p s a u
    'rrFz1 f r ln
    tri n rr -.1 . ta:to.v. ta b" tun, ,_v to L.
    &d j e c t iv ul r es pec L i v :
    a \ F , t r r gt et ) : h /,' u l i n l r )
    i \ c jr ' gill' eni: h ,d t L rn l r.l
    a sc ,^nrcsi io btush,to ;edde; (itr \
    ,'
    ol
    tr
    af u d " ,

    2185

    a o
    i.

    b /'I"L,r
    rl8lr
    '

    d ..r - .
    L n r o .. \:n i p t.
    t"
    2 .t e "a .. b p t,
    ^ "o n p
    1 . b "a - .
    itle - ^ .1
    b" al

    J..!

    n",;'

    .. g'_I\o

    218ri

    4r
    r p o d q . b p ,.t,- "
    "
    tu .r n d .

    t.,,, b".aF?
    {..t,t,.

    L,,r.J,,t"i -.!4.

    r/ r.erb,Ipreflc\r\" tu fmnumetetn dalir in limba ronlanii siuL foart(]


    ":r1l'j'' in limbJ "nEl,/a iiird in J","r in'rH,riri\p. rrd,.ziri\_.pr.f^_
    l,ii
    zrrrunalP\ru rn\ol'rc de rn Jdtiv:
    . fr lao rlu

    :
    :

    r, na.ft o,csc/f (reflexiv)


    tD ( o.r/ {i!l.rrnzitivl
    . t tenenbu
    \trarzitill
    b lin. ! . t o nnoeit , t r t h h k t t a n z . \
    :- t o
    n\ a k or elp. nnii: oa
    ttan^tir)
    : t o t ouah ot , t o j. . t ot t \ "r L p h n o T L t i o n d l
    t o . o' r t n o1\ . t t r r ""L
    od,i l,i to?,lior ,l

    Pronurnolerefleaiv neaccenLuarin cazd d.atir posesiedin limba romAni


    s. lraduce iD limba eDgteznprintr-un adjeciiv posesiv:
    a-si puDcnrrnuite: ,o put.an .ne" stor.s
    ,' i
    . r j,
    r it
    a'!t

    S187

    ,rl
    $,]!r'.'
    t"
    onr \ h; bJ
    "a!
    s o 'ip 'op
    . 1, "b , 4r " one, s . t ilt \ . \
    o lrril1t . , pr r m bdr
    scoalc piliLria
    ,o take aff oae's hat
    t,iia dcgotul: - ,D cu o e's fiaEu

    l) r.erbelarellexive pasi,c din lirnba romArn se rradue in senereilr linbs


    englezdcu pasiyul sau cd vcrbe inrranritivo ru inlcles pasiv
    iS ljia, 1792):
    -:
    ,\? .o"stria o casl
    PrllvAlia re d"i.,\tde la ora 4.
    .
    Iai,i o stori c.r.e se ..o/r/.
    ase rai.) Caladtl nz s. tn.nide.
    :

    2 laa

    tot t nlt:

    The book hG beet tound.


    A house n?s ,.ir*
    azir.
    lhc sho') ornr aL fotrr o'clock.
    ll,rc is a rloth lhal cr./r .asily.
    Th. lnl ( , t r l

    snzr.

    . :l v ar l- ala F t l" y i \. n ,p fs ,rd l . J r. ti mb d r" r,;' l i s^ trd,t r, i n cFnFrp


    i n l r,,h" pnr l, / ; pr i n r u n p a " i . s ..,r p r;.,rr,,. \ " rl . rri nJ ,.
    ,l i o
    " ubr." t ,r;t
    tr^ n u m pln r , ' , , ' . r ar . ' - i ,. J t..t. o n " .,/,., p ' ..,S o-.,. I' o;
    Ld,.t. I;87J:
    \ ! <1r,. i.i .stF n , jr , s
    II"..
    u o r h, ,
    t or n _ t D. , ) i\
    .1. rdr. .rn',a
    c rir.i.
    l: It uppeare ihrl. he js here.) (pron. nftroi,ifji)

    417
    \u
    i3.:
    ( .

    se r',1. niciodallL?. nclcr .d4 rell ./


    .rcIle ct. a lost lilnal ln Scolia'l'he!t thnlk it rrs lilmcd in ScoLhnd )

    jntranzitive singure sau S 2189


    ft) rerbgle rellexivc rt'ripr.)rr.se traduc cu vcfbe
    (S
    931
    932):
    rnsoliie de prorrumereciproie
    \l. mor' im r"rl'|
    \or'l
    " I Llhu
    ' g' r ' ' ' _ rt 'ir ll
    ,
    t t ' " \Io r,r.'
    I ' r L / w , 8/ . / I Li I
    ld .cn.,rt si se l,Ip?.,t to.rlii ziua
    (- They qzd'./ and u(A' n I? {ll d.r"l
    r ldn-. le si n ;iL.i m'. 'e i, . dr i nr Lr ir r I

    at i G

    't : P t

    :1

    uy ilo;.nJ
    In lrmiliano.shi ,d iarim.n tolii
    i:

    I n on.lrn il"f \rt rll l, r e ot t o@ t t Er ' )

    ,{lle lerbe r0flejrile ilin limba romnnncirora. in limba englez!,le cores S 211)0
    pund verbe iniranzitive sau tlanzil,i\'o:
    . sc ulrnd.
    a sr rrrolia
    a se aieza

    ,
    -i d !,"
    1 .,1 r'
    i sc desrirli
    a sc dd rc
    a sc ioi.si du
    a sc sirdi
    ir se srribi
    a ic jiorrri
    a s! irlornra
    bilia
    a se i
    { se lndepilrt.
    r sc triol.
    i sc n rtilni
    r s. rriil r
    a se oPd
    ! se Dlimtu
    a sc ilinqe
    a s i,"egati
    r s,, ieifaga
    r s-" scnlda
    . se si.Iili
    a s. fenc

    :10 tdlBltatch fie


    =' /o uryla@k, to .otue uP ta

    . .rJ . .
    .
    t.

    :
    '

    Eta

    tl

    r .Jatr .

    to Port, to s.Ptat
    t a 8.
    Lsc of
    to
    "nka
    to think
    : ta hot)! uP, ta nake haste
    .. ta rcs,t;e, i' detemti^e, to .te.idc' 1otu1he uP are's mnl't
    : l. tnqztrd
    bbal
    ta rnorl: as\t!. to learc
    ta L. mt:laken

    '
    .
    :
    :
    -

    to stoP
    to tah' a Qalk
    to .onptain
    10 etlnak. rcad!, to ln Pare
    t. rctie. to 6 nhdras
    la ball@
    to dPologi.e
    ta rettle
    to feu, to tie aflin, e&

    j :l9r
    3) Alte YerbcrellexiYeir limbe onglern. Allo atemp)oJc rerb" r'lle\i*
    P
    lF
    uptr-dp
    rudle.l
    0l'lrnl"
    /,/
    /"
    or"s'f
    sr
    1r, hrnba
    fi.a
    "';l,zi
    tl
    s.ll'Irllr: /" I rst p t,n s 'l) ( a Jurni prpr n ull): ]a o{r'tott' tvttts l
    /'
    loiJ
    id\:
    Jr'
    !
    pt
    la'c
    d
    o\ wn's"11
    t |r. rr'i lt,n, mulr : '
    '1'rr'r
    '
    '
    r1r'I1":
    rd!'u-.p.lr):to t,1 h on':Ptl( a r.1rLi' "rF
    un s'l t,",,,si 1
    '.p
    "
    gurJ e'c.:
    t '1 1 L n '1 1
    t
    lp
    1 . " "lal
    li'rr.ll .'l\
    ', . l' "' r , r '
    ' lJ\ ' rA
    r in I ' dr LFn l! r r r ' - ' r 'r ''
    u n'Da rrt ' l' ! i/ o' I
    I F ItL f'
    lile 11i.1
    Shc ,rod. nfls'lf tll ovolt{lnrF
    i-cirgxril "*a imlohdaii. nin|nrd atit de tiult J
    soLrl
    lle klt l,inntl
    q doim ,
    1
    L s r . "b dF I ' lt
    , n' '
    'a
    she tol/p d h"a4 t 1a /. ", b r ' nur in r lp' r ulllJ
    _ ir Llir ' o, r r "r ' r r J r e?u- l. l' s d b l J e l o a r '
    .A r, ' L:l l:n r '"
    :rtr\ 1,. ,at t .'nrlPn : . 1r ' . lo dei l o\ ' r r hPr r lall " i 'l n r .
    J I ol i " I il": lu lo r
    -,,i, r' 'i il l; . ;J, Jor ' , li J in

    1+8

    s r1r2
    S 2193

    IY. \'DHBNLII OO]IPI,'TI1


    (collPolrtiD l'nRxs)

    1) Ierbcle complcxe cu taitiouli adrcrbial,i,-ln linba englezi e.i.ita .,


    lgrilure strinsi intre unole verbe 9i adverbele' care le llrmazi. asemenea
    ycrbe fiind consideraic. pentru acest moliv, ,c/rc conpLen (5 2208 2210):
    Ue was tircd and sar. zI climbils atrJ tLrl.li...
    \ ! " r c / o. . l ' l o : -ti a n d 6 , o // rt f1 ,J ,.
    , \ P c dl 11, I . . rn I n rr !o r.
    'the curtain per, r! and the lislils rrcn, door.
    IIdr., o,r1 Ii's sti!!e.y.

    S : 1191

    Unc lo v er be c o n s tru i tc c u p a rl i l u l [ a d v erbi n]i pot fi urmate l ,ri od,i ti i


    ,
    sr oc prepozrlu:
    S I p . , t " d, r t rd d v ) ,' t4 p r,,t t,; t \." .
    \ \ p / oo^. J/ , a d r. ro rrre rl : l i i m .,, | .,1 h.!
    T h ! t ao J r a,:'r ' l r.r
    i p ; r, L . l F .. .e k. Ji ..,.| di.
    H
    r . t ' . o /, I rrn-. t r s o rd .
    "
    r
    " t , p aat..;"
    I nt' d,
    L e r,,ro r 1 ,r m a ,"k .
    ls " | - , l'
    i r' i ., tri n r,,/o r ' ,J J \. .- rr,.n .
    , ro p "' r,-i
    j
    " i. uJ , F - t" r ,r .' n d d ,r : ' ,1 . to p u ' u p .r., - h t.-r,
    llr \ . nJ o$l" '
    D d o ..r-n ..r,
    t.,J,3.j ;"
    \l'e ,/.r,.1, {adv.l 04 ,o (rioul prirl ) ilic \ioanda.

    S 2f9;

    2) Tcrb0lo prpozitio alc (prcposi.tional t'erbs).


    O categorie Epnfte
    {rsle formati din unole rerbe atit de strtns unitc (\t prcpozilia co ditio|atii3
    care le urmeaz;i tneil. in anunite situalii (Ia conjugarea lrasivn. spre e\enplu)a.
    prepozi,tia tsi pirde funclia ca etare si face parle integranti din yerb. Chiar
    tr ca pronuniie. prepozi,lia apare ca ur sulir dl verbului:
    !y luggrge had bccn atlcad.A,o Fhco you ardred.
    Tl,e .oom had ben iired tD.
    SIc was ni. 10 l,o,t ar.
    lI likes to bc /trlP@d ro.
    Acesi lcrbc

    sint nunite

    (vezi si g 227E)

    s 2196

    tcrbt TrcpozilionaLe.

    T. TERUE LEluP DRS 0\A LE S tU UrlP E RS 0 Nt L E


    (ITTI?ERS
    ONAL OR UNIPNRSON,TLYERBS)

    $ 2197

    t) \'erbtlle impersonale sau unipersonale au pronumele it ca subioct.


    ( $ 855):
    i, drizzies
    n lglitcDs
    t sleets
    r, Ircczs
    i, rains
    i, snoss
    tl ltails
    t dews
    n thundcN

    'S 2f98

    2) Lnele verbe unipersonalesint, urmate dc un substantiv sau dr: un pro"


    nume personalilr cazulicuzativ sau datil'r care cstc subieciul (in cazul nomrnaiiv dcci) r'erbului personai co.espunzlitorI
    It
    t
    lL
    t:

    ., , ) lo ha\ F hpr l\ al . , , b. i. f
    \ . r b r r 'n F r 5 o ' r r r
    sh an s n
    l'10 rn., pr d. . r m dd t o Ld\ ^1, u"\ , d", l, a;J t J . l L \ ', r i i , p r " u r J t )
    bchues tut klal..) to crptain herseu. (\:erb uiipersonrll
    s/.e (nom.) ousht to e\plain herseu.i {\'c.b pi.sonal)

    rVezi S
    rN.ai ;
    3r''For'
    .\'z
    $

    1 32 5. 12t 8. : i3! 1.
    j_: - - : : - . .
    :r:"ii p ar : . 1" 1t r r biah
    ' S. '
    :,:p rrpnz il: ,
    i. ". ondit io;
    r \ . , , . : . {. :
    1;
    qr
    .
    L t9r

    ::crj

    3) ,Ueseerzs,in.rrirAt. desrieLc.]it. (: illli Iare): ,nt:trrt.tl, |t.,thoulht | zttg


    : irni pnrca) trecut sinlplu, sint 1.erbeunitrersonale.pronutnelenre aflindu-se
    cazul dativ. iar rubiectrllit neliind erprirnai. (\'ezi si i 20t1 2072)
    .ln$ele exe'npleInentionateh (2) ;i {:l) sirt desL,ete.

    rL liDnBD ('1. lt sll {]orFI'\Dii.


    0 alerrlie steciali

    trebuie dati

    nrrn:ilo{rclor

    verbr. care se confundri

    . lr lJ r (i n l r'. nplec , , lal) ( : . r s . i y i . a rf;s ,a ):


    flitr:ui6iances a?,r' $hilh rctrderid r,) pns.n.c itidispcnsiblc.
    I r r?r. (i n 1 r. nor ogr lal) ( : a s c S l x rl i , a :n i i rl i tu ; a fi rs iJl ):
    S l c r.re s lo$ly lr od t ) i j c h a i f.
    i o t xis t t.It:. t it / .iegr
    lnt ) ( : d ri d i .a )
    .
    tle rui*d l\ts hand to l,is tsyes.
    /d r/ r. rn f. (: a as igir a p. r n re v a p ,' i n c ri ,,l i ):
    I d..rl.e you lhat clc.Jl|ing is all riglL.
    1. ' 7 u. ic ur a l ' ri n ' l In n .,,t.l :
    To rBz.e "successol llrf curf I'ox mxst so to Jlrlh.
    t . t e .rc \: a ar igur ' a la o s o ri i D i a terl e i s i $ ri i ri ):
    l\a tFu/.d .rI lin, {g{irst {ll risks.
    1 , borN* (: a lua f r j im p ru mu l ):
    I Ninl to ,orr,.r r norel ironr hinrti t ul
    da (,rl imprumul):
    -. la
    I l(r l,nt hirn a ro{cl.
    io /?o i
    a faco (scrs g,,neric, concfcl)ll
    HoN do you do1- To do nothing
    'lo l o .nc ' s l. s k .
    T o d o d n e ' sh .i ..
    " l ,e n (l m e 50t r l" " \ otn i n g d o ti g l "
    t. t u 1 ,. l : r r a{ ' . a f onl e i ,l .i o n a (s o n s ( o rc rft)l :
    'li ,,a r. . r ik la h! 1, /ad k s s .
    .ttare ho! \'ttita Ll,e snn s!)iDcsl(Prove,D)
    l i 's g o i ns t o r ani $' f ' d b .tt0 r,,d l ., /o r h o m e
    p s e at iept a l a ) fa n d rri l ,d e o f th t: n i n d l :
    to . t : t)t't (
    (.:
    t r nai t fa t
    a af t c pt a) [ t d u i tu d ( o f th t' h o d a l :
    I sl rrl l /r t ed loo lom or ro { , b trl I $ o r' 1 ,i i ri l l )r,ro tr i l rol { r! l rto.
    / ir / 7/ , (.=. a hr s i. ilr s ener e d e o p i i m c j tti rT .
    '|lie.r /Ll belorc the .o iry stofd.
    t( Ilu
    a zbura (.lcstre pasnle. avior etf.: (lig.) a zl'ura. .r tugr repede,
    a sc rcpez i) :
    Tl,. t'ird /er aNay when I went ne{r.
    H,, /&q to LordondeN.:
    It's q e l i i. s da. k : I m u s i /l " .
    lrr //.r' , r I ' r in a r dg .
    l lirlord?trt!.

    oomir{f ti reiedirla

    restie(,l.i!;1nt ldmdn

    d. \oal.

    s 2200

    460
    t o f k)a : a c ur t s r ( d, s p re u a p i ):
    Th e Dan' , bef l. dr inlo th e ts l a c k Se a
    a ir |: ' aI a llP lA ,rn P\a ):l
    lt . l t ; al- h b ' c d u " " I ).a tp /!a ' .rr' h p l a n tu J/' orr' I rl ' -" ' monrl rs
    F \a ). a l ' e d a ru mJ rrti P \l :
    to t e a ch t ! in\ ! ia lpp
    ' rrv l " i s u " L r,g l ' s l (l o r d J ' J t nd\'
    Ou r te ar L r I ' r s l, ' o re

    10
    ea
    '" t -"i

    l:
    i ;""

    ,rl a . a .' a i n rrr' s ' :


    a :p
    to li" ti t,tr.t t ut . lnin I
    l {e a l r aY s iier do\ x s i l | r ru D L l
    \\e \rtr t " r o I r $ner . !\F /" 9 o n l )' .o . i '
    , i! , it l, laid (: a p u n e l a a l s o z ae tr' ):
    to la A (.Ja' 17. . )
    The ]rrn r,rs cgg!.
    \vh o t oid ihF t abt F :
    lo lrse n u :z l ( :
    li. r r l" ):
    I i a n r iin, l m r wa1l" l : I r' " s l rd !' l o .' i l
    < uruL p' e" ' l trn' g)' l ' l :
    r, luu se ,l d: ' 1t ' a, lF 7l*s a , o ,l a d ru n ,u l : a ' l rb r l l n
    l
    i
    s
    l
    '
    l
    :
    ro
    o
    ki "c r 6ir r b. t a lir l d : ,i i s m u ,h
    /l. aoo;dnL'lu:snl sle Preferal.)
    ta rcmember (: a-!i aminti):
    t o rtt i n d \ : a am inr i c rL i r' ):
    . u $ fi ro , p l , !s " rn .;4 1 In .:
    u I d o n t f . t r / , 6" r
    lo re q ts:ul ( : a c ur s c)l
    I i a s;, - i, " ' t r s r u, ol d s n i ,t.
    t o s rl l fsrul ( = , a s am E n a ):
    Thi soiver was lo@tnsl.hc seed
    io ri r'r Is]:l ( ' = a t ai. r t r tPfn n rn l rl ):
    Th e y s l" . d l. : d1t r ' rF ' s rl h l ' g ra r' '

    d i fl i ' rl J

    , o si l (: a s t a ios ) :
    Sh e,,s . , t t , , ; a. n a i l i J i t tl n rtn n z i ti \' )
    . h.

    l,im b:lsrcn

    In p 1 {

    b u \' o n

    lh i n /lld '

    lr ' Jr'z

    {L-.t atezatinlre cei doi bilie1ipe crtrapca)


    ta slon.l(- a sl,ain P;doar):
    'd

    He \;s

    too $'cak ,o shnd atlo

    lLis ilhess.

    to stda l-= r sla. a remirl):


    lhe Lido lloitl
    lie is
    "/orn';'u1
    $itn us ]|le
    Thev sra?rd
    I drin t i\d n. '^ .r'4 .

    b I

    Lp! : n. leJ .

    l, seal (tranziljv) (a aqza)


    Pleaic. bescated!
    Our libnrry sears i.wo hundr.d teaders.
    to speak : E vorbi (in sens l&rg)
    aJ a l_orbi (persoana sau persoane'le cetelalte ascuhind)i
    l],a tcllon) JonessPddntnc(: Aici ' Jolr's)r
    j p d & t o him , he $i l l i e l p l o !
    H o s / ole bt lenglh o n I o o l F ra tro r'

    $1

    ,) a vorbi (: a articula cuvinte):


    He could not sFdl ior laughing.
    She oos spcd/itns hcaihl.ssly.
    They sprai
    English well.

    lo tdlA (: a vorbi)
    dJ a {orbi cu eineva, a conversa:
    We Fer-"di^i,s ol this and that.
    I couldn'tlird lnJone l.o ,arl to.
    DJ a vorbi despre u subiect unui auditoriu:
    He r4l,tddto us o lhe subje.i of the collectiriationoI agricdtrre. (- to speak)
    c) a bt.fi:
    She\rill dllr. whalerer)ou do,
    lo lellL (:

    a spune)

    a) lntatJ auna urm"t dp un "on,pl'm,ntindirat! e\prirnal :du sublnleles:


    HF ald h".l'ildr'n he $as liking lFoo for d \rdlk.
    He,,ld (us,them etc.)the newsol Toly's.lrrival.
    ,, introduce foarte rar un citat.
    lo sd33 (: a spuner a zice)
    a) nu are complement indirect in l'orbira indirectn:
    He satl le wrs . worker.

    D.,lesle verbul cel mai des lntrebuinlat, cu sau lird complementindirecta,


    pentru a introduce cuvintele rostite de crneya:
    H sdid: "I am Nick's brother".
    He sai.l to met"I am Nick's}Iother".
    A se compafa cu:
    He said he was Nick's brother.(Slil indifect)
    He tald m he $as Nick's bro!le.- (Stil indirc,t)
    to srri (:

    a-i sta cuiva bine):


    Sho.tsszi, yort.

    to becone (:

    a-i veni cuiva bine):


    lled br.onds hr.
    You. Itat is YcrJ D.ontns{-

    to fil :

    a. se potrivi, a-i veni cuiva bine (ca mnstrn):


    The coat doesn't /n, it is too tigl!|.
    T hs l " or t i6 r p e rl p fl /t i s rJ ts l rn ri t)
    \ o / t r ir s is n 4 " ..a r.,. ( - Prb r)

    r o t rd rl (:

    a 1T a) :
    I pdz, to taik to you.

    r-{nDete verbe au

    caft nu inire hsd In cad.ul problemeisinonimiei


    ti alte tntrelesnri,

    indi.ccL reslurde la intrebarea ..cni?',


    'ComDlenrcDtul
    sC o mDlr m . nr LlindiF ( 1 l tPb u l u i b .a a p 5 ' p o r;c p d r !d" D r.oozi ti nro.,D rad" osalr ra o- /o o p l4m pnr. l indir - 1 1 \" rb u ru i ro p t.c a rd n u rmpepuzi i i .;l n,l \.,;i n" d' J!
    _ a
    Pa rti c ipid p. c z r r t d .re n i t rd j e c { .i v .

    4i2

    (ragulai) (: a voi, a-9i errcita voinla):


    'rill
    As wc /tll the lnd wc mustL'iI1he means.(Proverb)
    t'ill (principaldefectiv)(: a voj) (S 2093):

    to

    Ile |nal rill noi lrhcD he na), Fhen he etll he shall liale It.J

    tl'rovcrbl

    to rvis,t (: a dori)r
    Ltrl

    I kn$ who shewasl

    i, gon.lcr [ \'^ndr*]
    a) + (tt (: a se nilluna, a se nita de):
    cliDbDg
    I doadd.at vou. courage- this is dangcrous
    .it.
    Tnaf isn't lo be eondered.
    b) (rranz. fdtd prePoilic) (:

    a se intreba):

    ior nin8.
    | ,o,d P. \hJ l hP\ d. . n
    She @nded.i Nl'at his nnme was.

    t, odndff [ Ntrnda*] (:

    a rntnci); (f.,'lt)

    a se indepnrta:

    The! eandqed abont aiml$slt.


    Hc eaatlerc,t /rcn rhc subjecl.

    }.ORNIAREAVERBELOR
    (foRr[AT]oN ol' VDRDS)

    2201

    ln lirnba enelczi. verbele s-au lormat dupb prncedeeJeobi5nuite erpuse


    In caDitolele,on;Jrdl. (Flo'ldlreni4i dc \.nrbirc ln 'ons'inr; 6" 'orr'ral6
    existenla urmdtoarelor catogorii de vorb:
    1) rerbele primare sint, chiar rdddcinile verbelor pro'renite din limbile
    2202
    caro au stat la-baza lericului limbii engleze:
    to PaY'el.c
    to look
    to givc
    to come
    S 2203
    $ 2204

    2) rcrbele tlerivate, formate:


    d) ou ajutorul prIixelor sau sufixekr (alixalie:
    care principalele sini urmitonrele:

    '4ffi:ration), di'\re

    Prelixe:
    sb.r, xs-, silJ, l,e-l. cu-! eru-, i r-! for, er-l, rs:
    1 " . 'l r L 'l '
    / 'a r l
    l L 'f r l n l
    lu,DJu.l. lo o l, s lAr n,lo/ Lr ' t l. og, lo, / r udgP l ! P / r " r '1 r ''4 n l o r r .
    lo/ a"b. ' r . , / ". q' l. l, , , n a \ J
    to" pl,irt r. lo,4 r!arl , lo, a! up.
    l0 rcnew, rc.;

    ouhl, ove.l,

    undor.l, up-r, NithJ:

    l " ' rd?-l ' J'


    ro,rP .l ' anf
    t oo! ldo. lo, / , la s l ,l o 0 4 ,ru n h .r,l o ,ta ..rn
    ' oo' rsl FP l
    rn
    r " , ,d ,fl P p d , i o ,rh o l n ro r' l ro o r . r.,r' d
    to ,,a . " i. i- ai; ,
    " i //dr' ' $ "
    " r' l orJ
    to .vn ns t and, elc . ;
    * : r lntal {lin c!\lni
    rocalc li
    r lnai ea lrti
    este !,on!!1at
    nnei oonsoane.
    ! \.eb 'ed stll do t , , t , t iJ \ . r b, . . , , ,
    t r ''i \ ,
    r r por ilii ln l r L u ; n 1 , " " , r
    ,r.srnl !r,l'\" lr L nr Ln lalr nd r J . "_ ir . lir "br anc l n / i \ 1 h 6

    mili

    inailrlea

    ,l-. rd

    d.-,

    anlonimiee:
    dc-l, dis-, n-, mis-:
    10 deoode. i.o delace, to ddlect, to d.tdm, to ddll{Le to dislike to dtsoNn, to drpci.
    lo u,Lrulror, lo znco!e., io r"do, l.o rzisi,arj. to Dislake- to ni!lNSt. etc.

    sufirc:
    -en: 1o blackc,, lo gtadden,lo heigll.cn.to lcngtl'n, to lesv,. lo \ridn, ei. :
    ny: to clari/y, to e\emtli/g,1.o lrcnchjtv, io mumi,i/r.1o splcchi/y.lo lcri/y. ctc.;
    -ize: to lrulalir,, lo.ochnfyt:, to gener.lt:c, to nionopol;c. el.;
    -ntr, -esc0r-er, -te, 4e, +b: lo ex..o bate.io a.qui.5.e,10 glntdc. to sl)arhl, to
    cl r.\F. lo punisn, etc.
    6l

    prin

    modiricarea

    vocalei rndncinii

    (rpoiorie:

    sirikc

    sing- sorg

    llowel Grad&tion):

    S z)nil

    stroke

    (v e z i s i 5 i s r)
    formhrdu se lerbe
    cJ prin de'ivarc regresivd (BarA-Forndtlon),
    privita
    parte
    ca un sufix:
    eronat
    din curjnte cirora li s'a suprimal, o
    10 bany-sit
    1.oburgle
    to diagnose
    l.o cdil
    to grovel

    to
    to
    to
    to
    to

    bdby sittr
    burglar
    di.ignosis
    edinr
    grovtllirg

    housete.Ir
    hze
    pcddle
    renniis.e
    !am!

    lo dcadlock
    to gan,s.)'
    1o rosedilc
    lo scesatr
    10 sategdard
    1 o s l r.a mn n c

    to
    to
    io
    lo
    to

    scris $ ?9o7

    stosawry
    str.ll'ang
    tiploc
    NaJrrY
    whilcwash

    4) re,Ilele comple\e, iorlnat dintr un verb u.lrat de o particul{, advrb


    la origi e, sau de o prepoziJ.ie.scrise sparaL, dar atciiiuind n tot indisotubil
    ca inleles /a lcricaL ito ):
    a) ftrb + a|t)ctb (particuli
    to }ring rloll
    to call up
    .
    to draw h
    to lade oul
    to gct on

    adverbialii)

    to staxd l)J
    10 lake oil
    lo take aNaJ
    1o lune in
    io ltun out

    b) vt:rb! prcpoziliecandilionatd(".rb prcpo:ilio al) (S 2193)t


    lo
    lo
    to
    lo

    charge $ith
    come bJ
    depend on
    laugh at

    io
    to
    to
    lo

    lislcD io
    liYe il
    look allr
    objcct ro

    S 22{}8

    S 2201)

    ($2193):

    to kcet otl
    1.olisl.enin
    lo rjng olf
    lo scl, otrl,
    l,o size uP

    S 2206

    ltousckeePe.
    )^7Y
    t,eddlal
    renilis{iencc
    \ampi.c

    3) lerbele oomprse, torrnale din doun (rareod maj nlulte) cuviite


    tmpreund sau unite prin cratime:
    10 backli.c
    io iaolspr.e
    10 broadcast
    10 buttonhole
    to .rossexamine

    noi

    10 rcly oi
    to remind oI
    to tdk about
    10 {l,ink ol

    I dr esld de l.pt pL"pozilielttrcbuinlaffi ca prelir. (Vezi l]i8.453, nola 1).

    S 22to

    454
    2gl t

    5) locu-tiuuilo yerbalo, adicd echivalntii rerbali lorrrali din verbe urmata


    de alte pn4i de vorbire, cu care alc,dtuiscun tot indisolubil ca inteles, intreaga
    constru.rlic puttnd li ln gcnere tnlocuitl printr un 1-erb simplu:
    to catch hold oI : to seiz.
    to come to naught : io lail
    to get the betier oI : to deieni, lo oulwii
    l.o hare a joke '= to joke
    to tako a dislikc io : to dislihe
    t o t uk e i o i rs k : to re b u k e .e tc .

    2:ll

    Un fenoDren carac6) Sohimb en categoriei gramotioele (Coneosion).


    'p "j . i. . f oar r F |a' p ;l l d i i l r
    l i ' rb d e n g l " z i . F .l " trp,pri a unei pi rl i dp vorbi ro
    l rn rr o dl' s or iF g r,' n s .i " " l d
    o i " . C .a mdi tr- rpnl a e:l e i ntrpbui o"'
    aceleiali
    forme
    atlt
    ca
    subslanLi\i.
    clt ti ca verb:
    larea

    S Listantirc

    PdtF ale
    tfnpuLuL
    (to) back
    (to ) e y!
    (to) iinscr
    i to l l ,e i d
    ho) strin
    (to) stomacl!

    ( lo
    {tol }adse.
    {to
    (to

    iiol ioi
    (l o ) h o s
    {to) hound

    {to) st'oe
    (to) sisht

    2213

    rto l L o vcoti r
    i to i t' e i toc
    ito) lxnch"

    ALte pdrli de
    vofDLre
    (to) dry
    {to) i tl l e
    {tol lcllo$
    l rol aoubl e
    (tol dowr
    1to) furiher
    ool near
    {to) out
    i toi sh,nshri
    (to) sltush

    Tendinla acastaeste atit de puternici tnctt qi astdzi slnt coniinuu creat


    a,l'hoc Yerbe noi:
    Shep6 los,e$tzson a llane boundfo. SouthAld.a. (- to act as a hostcss)

    I in pnd 6ldr i l o mv l l d l . ( l o q o b v l d x i )
    \Yc dccided,o no,.l tr,'and in; ,, and pu, whcn it \\rs wetr. {: to sLPcpii hotds
    'r
    rnd ntns, and dine at pub3.)
    I askedLer io ma.ry me. Shc .f8n,-no"d.(: to say all dghi,.)
    $:hcn.ver wc meet, \e m1jdeapf.llo*s me paironizingty. (: to keep sn"vnlg"m.y
    d .r. f dlow" . )
    It orr na,odsHe.od.' He out-.olue.lZota.
    "Nay, De, me no buts, oller me no objection!."3
    "Hcre you a.e, Ih. Griltitls", he said io CUde, \tho $as ralher lleased rvith lhis

    up ald ilent awav)


    atvay. (:8ot
    The doclor wunled to help her, but shc up
    Sle ods ,lt.iatasi away. I'I opay o/, then. ^ntl
    {: I'lt co away)
    Don't Jou lt.:ie ne.e
    i .ta u.a Lr\
    id I dda
    dli: at
    Car , : r a . l Bo( . o' . t r : m l p '_ u d n o . . b o i 'r o 'd l l nr'lL l t- p_ r inl. ! d, nl a) uDr i or J l m o, i"i un u r , n s l " z
    Hp; lor , l; ' , 1 l, r P- iar n >i s o 'L l . \ n 'l r o m a r d i .
    "to hp "to r. a lim niz J .
    .b tJr.h
    a lin. J
    J Ld, f it o|. 1 LJ n. h. ir , i t r - i d " n t i t i . a r . d l , . l r u i b F r l ! . 1 . f f
    ' i prr\iznt p ed PJp bJc n lln! r r c i.
    'J.K. Jcromc, Thr , e J I h ; n o Boal
    5W. ShakesDea..Hanlet. !.ince af Denmark.
    a M. T\!a\n. A Colnectitut rdnkee in Lina Arthut's Cou
    :Tr,. Dreisfr. Ar Ank t iun Tt oa. du
    . R. L j"w"llJn . . \ one Bt t t h I ' n; ly Hea' , . \ ' r b , , r t d d , n E
    m - . , u l I 'g l n a t
    'u g e r 'i / 1
    e Seriai TY ,,Iamilia l'aUiser" - ,,Nu-ti dau roie st mi spui pe numel"

    I r,lr

    q 92t4
    Adesea asistim la o lncercarc de dilercniier tnlre substantiv {ureo
    sdjer l i v) si r" r b, I n( c r . ar p. . m a rAAi i p l r o s .b i m b s re d p c..pnr Fau o D ronunti a '
    d ihrild . d ,q i or t ogr alid r " m tn c ;," p r-c i , p l n a l a mo d i l i cari dp to.md di n.a
    In ce mai accentuate.

    Schimbare d.c ac.ant


    (Substantivele _siadjeclivele : accent pe pdma silabd)
    (Verbele: accent pe a doua silabn)
    Subsrdntie
    'ac.ent
    'condDct
    contrast
    d igP s t
    'dislUlnt
    rc.ord
    'il|rnsport

    Adjecxi,

    I erb
    to ac.ent
    io con'duci
    l,o con'trast
    t o d i te s r
    1o distouni
    l.o re liord
    to trans'lort

    S 2215

    V erb

    rabs.nt
    abstract
    .ompound
    'ffcquent
    Fsenr
    'subject
    'suspect

    io ab'sent
    to .b'stmct
    to comrpound
    10 tue guent.
    to pre'senl
    to sub'jecr
    to sus'pect

    Maitficdre de pronunlie- Orlogtafianeschimbatd


    S 2216
    (Consoana
    linale estesurdala substaniivsau adjectiv si sonorela verb)
    Verb

    Subttdntip
    closell'lausl (adj.)
    Erease
    Isri:81
    lerus-"t rerF:31
    u$ tju:sl
    lnt$ [tru:o]

    1 o a b u s etr' b i r:zt

    r.o excuseFks kju:zl

    - to nousc'tmauzl
    - lo mouth lnaudl
    - to rtuse lirfju:zl
    - to u s e tj D :4
    - to betrour lbr'troudl

    M odificar@ ortografiei rcd.d nud.iticarea prondnliei


    (Sonorizarea consoanei find)
    advic?isl
    dc1i.P isi
    choi" e[ \ ]

    b c lhlbo: alr'-r / r / br , 0/
    ,Inll k l, . 0/

    [o advire lzl
    to dfris. izi
    - to choo{ izl

    cau
    nal/
    Ielie/
    grief
    reljet
    shelt
    tliie/
    rroo/

    t , b .' ttLl b p tn t
    j ra /n Ii :0 I n b ,p a /n ? /b i .b /
    r. p ,,l ti :0
    t o, l o r/,p ,,J u u d
    $ -d rtri :0
    slass/glo:s/ ro sh,./slerz/
    3 rd .. tro :6 / l o Sra res re ' //
    r o ../r^ /
    - In l o .P /l u //

    7) Ye ele imi itire. l opc c - On o m ot app; u/ ( s l "


    to babl,le
    10 bans
    to click
    to chailr
    to croak

    to
    lo
    lo
    to
    10
    1o
    to
    to

    s 2s1?

    cal.?
    lial',
    !lier.
    Erieoe
    rlljere
    sheb?
    thietz
    lfor

    to.h.,' ,,! i i o/
    ro l .p/t r' i d
    . F$rdl r.ri ,r/

    Nunarul vorbelor care ilnita surlcLeL {onon,a- q ZgtB


    nrrcl tua:
    l o a rl F
    ' n a rp i n l i m b a
    to ounch
    to s.u!r
    ro souetch
    \o tiz.
    to iic.u!
    ro tfiklc
    to giggle
    to shjsh_
    to ritter
    to gotrI'le
    ro sizzle
    ro whack
    to gurgl
    10 sllDtter
    io yap

    466

    sau, p!ilr

    relluplictrred sunetuiui:
    i o l rg j r8
    to Poon_Poon
    l o F u l l ru l i

    t o , ilip- c lof
    10 llaw hrlv
    r o t L. chiN

    O altd (,ategorie de verbc itnihliLe


    a n u mit e
    ' ni! c it i:

    to tnr(k)'to.{k)
    t!t'r aceaa verbelor care sugereaze

    sau. Prin reduPlicare:


    10 lrnrrJ s( tr(l'. ro sllillX shalll eir'
    d i r s ti l u l u i urt pi l oresc de o m

    Cr ealea r le c uvi n | e n o i i n i ta ti fe

    c enpre-

    .\ horsctluf//Pl doNr ils nos. r I


    . \ t is v ; r r i$ t i " " h irh o n ,h d rt
    " l -l r1 A .h
    ," ,d D L ' ,r ' r' ," r' '
    - t . ij, , ' r r
    "",

    2::19

    i)'n;lc|r" ur'ii prrli dinrr'un


    3J Hedrrrerc.llrt,it n;n! 'i ! 1;pl'In;)
    /rlrlp nodclrF:
    (.n15
    i'r
    in li,,ba -rr:l.z;
    cu\irrl r.lp loFrre lrp'
    "pp,ril i1
    lo I iL
    1. , l' r nr
    l" lhnln

    ' n l"l, n' t


    r o 1t , ' nl
    p^4
    to
    ' 1t

    Lo lcnd
    1,, r',.n q
    l.' sp rrl

    10 tYPc ':

    L i t r 't
    l a '4 'n i n r $ J v r
    lu P/v/o;"rlrr'

    'Yl'\Lnler

    9) Yerbelo telsooDa.te( p.)rtttutnteau lltordJ ar Blends) (S aol) - Ca


    ,f20
    verbe, a,,estecu1'lnto stnt mai rare jn limba cnglezn:
    to
    lo
    lo
    lu
    1o

    2221

    .hor1l {snori r chncklei


    ll t r r ' ( lhllF'
    : ' r r r i'
    PIP ' r . o ur o ( im ir J r nuPr . J ' "' + ,
    ld rr lis e I ' i r i\ r ' lF t d k k v : lion)
    gahmt)i (gallop 'j irilnplil

    10) Yc$cle noi intral,erelatiY rFent in lin'bi "nclPza sint /rjxjdre;


    qulr\'rl r la.pats'ana
    lr.ulul sin'r,lu$i parli.ipiLrllrp,ur rrrn,i"altsitr 'd tr
    qe
    ,' ,- ".sx.,i,;i"""1;t; a. i"'r.r"ra1i" 'i nPs"lic 'an'.rui"'' ' rr.autiliarul Do'
    F.l. si;l r rnr,.Pngulilnr '{lograti," 'arc prrtps' v'rhpr^ reeurdrPl
    to
    to
    1!
    t't
    10

    r.,,1 ,,,,ra dio ( els . r J di"ing. r ddioF. l.


    n ' tb .. mot"r s . nr ol"r r ne m or or ' al
    $ oo tPr l\. t o m olu. ) ,
    l' l, \ise, l.l c \ ls es . if lt s v is lng t "l' \ is . d,
    \rro\, \cro{es. \crox'ngi \cfoxeo:

    i; trti;.-btr.. irri"a, otng-, lo oka-',otrvs. okiling, okaved'


    lvcziti l 181't
    )

    I Curjttele soise.nsiv,

    din aetst..s.rtple.

    m exisid in vo'abdi'ul

    englez consa'far'

    :iiii"*,,il
    jii:{ri':{n:,t1':,i",#,".
    i..;srr',;.
    iilrr,.
    .:Jj"il

    t.,r,,.1,a -; pr'.

    n "ro ; , . ' ;

    r i iady , adj.

    t ' l\ ' LP r b '. _ d 1 ' i \ . s r r b s r a n r r v

    ADI]iNBUL
    I.

    DD|I-\ITIIJ

    II.

    CLASIT'ICAREA .C.DYDREELOR. . . . . . . .
    C l a si fi cs f A
    dJ pr \ lonlt ...........
    L ra s'rr' ir F0upa

    ,159

    ..

    . _. . . .
    -.........

    ,rr4
    :.:2"

    4i9
    159
    460

    4ri4
    a6i

    46!
    468
    469

    lL

    LOCUL ADYXRDNLOR
    Adrerlote mliliotiie
    Ai l vEDe c s r . ilet em id rc rD c ..... ..........
    Ad re tb eled. t in?. . . . . . .

    .lq'.,!"1.q" rimpnPpr-,
    i"

    '

    1, m l' P r n .. ........
    A.l e e tb e le
    de nor l. . . - . - .
    Pl a sa rc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
    ,l d vml dp m od i s r c p r. rd tr rp rb rl ..... ..
    A,rv'.h . , ar p c J r af r F r i z ,a rdx I ta rti .:p i u tf,i u t ., ...
    h l l n e n l a dplas lr iiadri !]m l u i a s rp ratn te l e s n tnai .e s tui a. ... ... .. . ......
    ,7 .l e .rb ek. le |ac , . , . , . . . .
    & o p o zi fi o c u ||lei nult 6 e d re .)e ..-. -.... -...
    Io cu l o l tor c degor lide s d !e r} e ........ .......
    A d\ prbF h n rgiti\p .. .. .
    . \ d\prbrt. rn rn ,tur,tr\p . . . .
    Adlobcle in.'d-qir

    trt3
    2,283
    22aL
    2185

    4i (,
    {r-lr
    1l
    4i 1

    2288
    rr89
    4291

    4il
    471
    4r2

    t!95
    4i )
    !301 423
    1303 4i .j
    lil l0
    2Jt/.
    !318
    2321
    2323
    2329
    t330
    ,331
    i l 3l 2

    4,"'1
    4i i
    4ti
    4itt
    4i6
    4,.j
    i)
    i )4ts

    MonFoI,oGIA_ADVEBI'I.

    t58
    Adverbeld lntlrire

    Partinia adrerbiah. - -..


    e a ""i l O. , " * dP ie. m i n ai n l i n i l i v e
    ln l i n i trlul . u aJ eP r b In l ' _ ' n rrr"

    sd Yorb 6 3pt i* lo. . .

    '
    '

    ....

    EIse ..

    VI I .
    \I I I .

    VOR B IR E .." .....,..


    ADVERB E CU V A LO-{ R EA AL T OR P' { R T I D E
    C ITEV. \ A DV I RDE SP EC IAL E'

    P;1"*. I" t,.,t.f

    T he . .
    ?oo.....

    -...

    "

    . .......

    V? rv M ut h .

    ..'.

    . ...

    '

    lll
    ,L
    2333
    2334 418
    2342 479
    4t9
    2348 419
    2344 480
    2350 481
    2351 4A7
    2352 481
    ,353 481
    2354 481
    2355 482
    2151 483
    2358 483
    2359 483
    2360
    2361
    1?62
    2363
    2?64
    2365
    2366
    2361
    2468
    2369
    2370
    251L
    2314
    : 2371

    483
    483

    485
    485
    484
    485
    485
    486
    447

    .{IIY X R B l IL
    iTIIE,\D\''ERB)

    r. DoFI]{TTTE

    $ 2222

    Adverbul este partei de vorlire carc dtermini sau taracterizeazi un


    ozrb, rn adjectie sau un alt ddlrerD:
    lve'll idea somctnnjsrhis 3ltemoon.(Verb)
    js hishlJ sa,ls/d.rors.(-\di.)
    Her school-repo.t
    He sFaks Englishretl 4?r. (Adv.l
    Loculinnile adjectinle sau adoerbial,:,ptac;un fi altc p:i4i de lorbire cu

    yaloare de adjctiv sau de adl.erb pot, li de asemenea deL.rrtrinaic sir! caracterizate de un adverb:
    She was llteralJ ottt al brcath. (] o{r,iiune tdieoriril;'L)
    e saw me slmost to rn, dool. (Locll.iune adtrbialil)
    0nll ond boy in our clusshad to bc hclpcd or with his wort. (Nunleral (u lrloare
    de ad j .l
    He went stmkht hoae. (Strlst. cu valoarc dt ad\'.)
    Adverbul mai poate deiermina:
    a) n\ substdntie sau un ?ronar?d:
    OIrlY dzz wns abseni. (Subst.)
    "xyen drL, Ijr"tusl" (Pron. posonrl)
    The initiative \ras mGtlX /kb. {l'.on. pcscsirl
    Plietiea.llX er,ryrnd had come. iPror. neholi.itl
    b) nn participi.u sau rn gclrndit:
    She add.cscd them in a lerv rell-crostrwods. lPa . lfeidi.)
    I hare ahvars knowl him ro. a slotr-slealin!. )outh. (Pi . lrezent)
    ,.teir8 dstrgc.ousltis his lavourite lasinlle. (Ge.ntrditl

    c) m inf.nttie:
    Shc w.rnted ro srd., $'ork imDiti8telI.
    'lh 'v
    t o f : n. l r ' t t er ".
    '{p 'rlPd
    I n irer.o uld
    / 4, . c gr s c Pnr llY

    d,) o Iropo.ilie sau o ldrt de prapazilia.


    Prb!5 sn? aill be herc. t,Prcl]oz\\ieJ
    It rolled slmcstun'1d nu faot.{Prrte de fro!ozi1i.- comll dN )

    s 22:3

    N otd.
    Adverbole care nu caraot zeazi lerbc, ci altc pnrli de rorbire (adjeclive. adverle, participii sau substantire S2222, 25E'i i) stnt. numjte ddtcrre
    calificatire.
    II. CL,t SIFICARDA AD\DRBDL0Ii

    Advrbele pot fi ctasificatedupd /drr?d sau dulri inlrl.s.


    ir ?r:l
    in:
    ad- ! 222;j
    1) Clasilictrrc iluoi torme. - Dula formi, adlerhrte ne inpafi,
    lu'r,rt'rni
    d
    rita'F
    primorn
    cd\prl,a,u
    verbe
    (snu "l-,p1,). bJ\p'1,.
    n ":
    adverbiale.

    460
    a) ldt obelc
    lat F

    222 G

    222i

    f i n a r'
    l rs t
    h l rd
    $ Pl l

    sint lormo simPle:


    ir
    ^r'u! t

    I rl
    so

    ( 2249-2254)'
    h ) Atlwrb.ledetit'at' provin rlin diieih pnlli de vorbire .\
    c;rrorri li s-a adlLrgrt un prefix sau nn sult!:
    li.stlV

    ,' { o n n
    ,L,i,rn*r"ds

    2928

    s n ri l i rL8/,
    P..ttscu/

    mai multe pl$i d" Lor


    {') Adverbel cornpusesirt formate ilin doui sdu
    birc iontopite (S 2255):
    i1{'.r1's
    nendlorth
    heroby

    2229

    howclcr
    lndoors
    no\there

    valori de adverb:
    d) I'oculianitc(1ttt'arbial'sint grupc de clrvillte clr

    li,'t
    l:,i;l;;ii
    il"i*:*l;;rrr'":i
    i ii I';{*
    i,;i:rl
    iiii
    i:l;,
    i
    ii
    };.:g:li
    iil,
    i{
    l:.i,l';,;r,r,'ii;li
    ,;r:,i";i
    ;.':
    then. to anil lro, uP rnd do$tr, ctc

    "l,f,l'"'

    "" :::i'"Jii:,,*iii'$;:f;:'t;*"t"*':'"-'i?;iliui"'$1
    At secingthc notice. I
    she srote to ds/r lo.
    11. .^n\e b .ut al tnc
    come flnd sil .lov r,

    $ 9231
    i zz::,
    " --" -

    se-impad in:
    2) Clasifioarcdull inleles'- Dupd inleles' adverbelc
    de tinp ('tdetrhs of I;ine 1, carc'rat{ tirnpul :i'ld
    .::,!-"Jl:"*
    a) adretb(.
    ln'usir" r" s r ' a rP ris p u n dre rn lrc DJ rP
    o
    i"a
    "'i''0 " "''r'
    "Pl".r"1ii";;"'i
    2 ( : ti nd r)

    ., r. 1,,,$,rdrdsoi,, idy.hrr. a,d'|rv,lll.-ii:.,;1."i:"'":l,ll,jl'il.,illiil


    f:,
    soun
    sin"P
    ;i'i;';;'
    "omAim4 sLrr
    l""ll";,,il.il'"'l'li;":"'pll-'i':,1:;'\'".-':

    ' i#:,ii,l*xr"Ll;*"lr"n;t":.*k'";.;nl;,ii'i"Il"l"iilil:
    i"$3sll.'i,it
    i *'itrr "o in a vFar or r$o r" ;
    v. *a,j r"."'io"
    'r''

    '"
    "
    " 'i,,,""
    moJ']l ln 'afp '
    Itt anvrbeJ ntorl(Ad"-b.o[ tl'|nn+)'o axtr arars
    o''
    li 'cr" [t;slunLl la
    Derr.." o .cLiun" "d,r ,n ."." 't'"i; o iLare in"r;irc
    iotrebarealor 2 (: cuml):
    so' somehorv'isurel
    badlv.cerloinh.dflberaiclv,cnsilt' Iast, kindlv' preltilv' slowu'
    r"
    $il'glv'
    ll
    $
    u u
    ','tt.
    't*i
    carc rala lo.ul un J F' se^ptt-rcce o
    c) adecrbetle lac (Ad'ol)s of PIa(),
    $ 22e.1
    ptc si care rtspund la inirenarea
    jnsugjre
    '-"exisil o stare' o
    "
    *ri#"
    ""de
    -"" (de) unde?l:
    rvherc2l==

    A 2233

    l$':',xilTlr,il,:rhl.l,r"";"::"Jiil;.1ixl;.'fir;ii'il'\Li
    'l'lln':Ji':]
    ;':1
    ll'';':':;llll;,ll'""li
    ;il;
    ",I
    .t, "';.;.:';l'lill-':
    ':
    " ',i
    ' ' ' ;,.';'

    r i\ hp

    '

    r o \ n 'r

    F r ':
    ' s o n r $ r 'p r r '

    46t
    d) adterbe de & ra|.sa& d,e scop (Adtrprbs ol C.t^e, R.a\on o, R.\rlr,,
    \ 2985
    . l ri ." u l ' ,.u.;ri
    ' 'F , ' rd l ; .d! 2, ls u s . op u l u n F i d , !i u ri .
    rci.,j " . r.stund ta
    i n t r eba re a 0 ly ? ( : de c e l ):
    Lonscquetrlty.heroe. lor thnt, lor lhat reason,/pu.posc.
    on prrpos., sdi so Ur{r, rhat.
    r s dry, l h e .e lor e.et o. :

    ?) direrse aLte ad,rerbe.


    a!].!etbed,ccanrc-ric(Canc,:ssircAdaerl)s) 1
    ho{'eve. (: totuli), sl.i]l, Iet, et..j

    s 2236

    adrcrb. dc ft.ct'enld sau repelilie (Adtetbs of Fr.:qucnct and Rtlcriian)l


    oncc, t\!ice,_tnree iimes, ctc.; li.st. lof rlt). tirsilJ. secondl}.Uiirdly,lasrly; qain,
    al o n e { -

    onlx). ci( -

    ad\rbc i/ieragatire (Intetrolutirc Adufis).


    now? Nhen? s']rencc? whde? whelcfttr!? \thitheri, shJ?, .rc.

    AdrerDelcde mod s subtmpartin:


    a) adrethcde nlitate (Arlaerbsaf Quali.t!):
    b{dll

    bcautitully. elrelleiUy,

    s 2917

    s g:te

    lairly, thenl.lr, kirdlJ, ntul.y. tprtec X, wcll, etc.;

    b) ad|erbede cantilcle sat gtdd (Adeetbs of Ahrount ar Dc7r.j:) |

    S 2239

    r og' t F", ds , ' , . r r | - ont v , . o . . o l e i , r . e n o r q . . . , n r j \ .


    l.amo 6
    .'.drI.
    . . . . d' a1"1.\'.
    \ rpn atr. 1. , r , . . . r m , r lr , , h, |l, h, r dt v . ; r g p t ; . i . t . t p . s . I ^ a " ]
    c'b
    v /o. .. .
    no ..h. np d"' y . unlI . ! d' lr . t - pt r J
    di. r l d . , 'q l r " .
    r.rther,s,ar. -y . i o ..oo"\l' dl
    pr ed.
    v rJ. v lt. \rhotty.,j".:
    -u "ii.i" ly , oo
    ' r t t - r li.

    d. prcblhitilatcsan de nesdl;e( Adrerbsaf Affir- S 2240


    .,) ,Q*.1".4:. nfitmo_tie,

    'nultnn. PfababllLttt of .\ c[nlton .l I


    y " s . , i nl" at. do utj . $flI'. u odDub. pdh. . "r r , r nr y . r "ut y . v pr i l J p t . . : m a y b p , p 4 r r d \ " n . p .r'up s. pos . r br j. oF' b' br y . r , . : r , dlr . t u , n o . n r r . p l , . : h a d l J ,

    d) ddeerbede precizaxesau tntdxire (Intensire Adrcrbs)1


    J l s o . n" oqialb.

    p\,n ,
    , v id. 1r ly . p\ a, lv . jai r - r o c m a i , . o r t y . p u - r i " L I d r t y .
    "hi1 r l.
    rdJIy. s mtrJ . lur t J . r o^ {
    io) , dt t paJ, a t n o s t , " t , . i

    $ 291r

    e) ad,rerbcfc.tftctiae ( Restrictbe Adfttbs):


    only, b'rt (: onlyl, jusr {: onlx), eic.;

    S 9942

    f) adterbe erplicatiae (Er.pl.anatorltAdrerbs):


    as,namely,$ch as,that is (to say),etc.;

    s 2243

    g) adl erbeexclamatire(nxchmatorll Adcefis):

    s 224.

    horvl ivhail, etc.


    So !'hat:' lvhat does il malter?
    D'na, .en, shrms and sicknesshis rtu.n was d.layed.a
    h ) ad.verbeinlrodactire ( I nxroductar, Adeefis ) 1
    . c o n 6 " q un " .. j ro \p v r" . ' h " rpfof. ,t dD J r r4. .n i ny
    J .. o-J:a g 'y. . oDc ^quenr ' yin

    n y,1 r,a" : : Fr u. i, ) . , nLrn


    ui
    da, "hi. r r . - " / 8 ? " - " d . D r l - / , 's
    '. " t r
    "lr ' .
    P ' s t t t ft, Lh. t sh ? ru s c^ n e '
    p.
    i
    ' s. / 4. .1
    , u , , . t ol,
    r i )i ,,
    "au , $r ,
    ' HJ ] Jn. tr..J lo! Ji, l\ or ' d Di. r ion/ - r _r / 4r r ' '

    $ 2246

    t62

    s 2246
    g 294?
    5 2248

    III. FORM,IREAADYERBELOB
    A. AD\'ERBELE DERIV,\TE
    1) Origine. Adverbeiederivate provin din difcdte pturi de vorbire:
    a)

    dit\ subslantit,el
    atra!

    badi)y
    ddtly

    besid.r
    be,itui

    b) dlr. pnnutu:
    lere
    thiihef

    dicre
    ()

    dn\ atljectit'cI
    betaa
    behind

    cleaAy
    nosrly

    /t"tr)'.
    secantlty

    d,tLl!
    s,z3ty

    61"' 4 l''
    t t ulAP\ t l

    i t1!
    "Pr"o.i
    /
    "
    5
    1.
    'o r

    ldtely
    ne6tl!

    /b.4rard

    di]J n meruIe:

    d)

    iwice
    e) din pfftiipi.it

    ' 'Jnt't.d1!
    ' dPpo' . ll!

    f ) dn). .he adrtbe .


    belare
    lieloLA

    ,{"dverbclc deri{ate se formeazi prin addugarea utnri


    2) llotnaxe.
    ". sau a unur |r./tr.
    sa/rr
    C.lp,nbi mull" cdrprb".lp rrnd )i .ir' vs Je ti-r|p (duil!.
    2260
    Sr ilul -ly .
    S
    '
    lp.Atr,nuntl" l.,t flir.7rs n,l1"" )s. tormaa/ lri ed; rg r-" 'ufiruh,i-/y
    $ 2249

    AtenlLe !
    225f
    Cuvtrtele terminrte ir -14 ru stit intotdeauna ad1'erbe.urrcle fiind 9i adS
    jecl,lri. irL ste,ial atucj cin,l sufi:iul cst adiugai unui substantiv($ ?92):
    a dniLu pllt t
    monthl!
    a rrenly ^ccarnts
    nrgazi.-"
    led.ly !rXm{,ls

    S 2259

    a ftiet'Jly gest e
    a Lcnel! tor\r
    a lituL\t t\int
    a s'tly old nan

    ortografie
    SufixulJ9 cstc Adnugatrrrnjorit;I ii' n' i.irlor iJrd rLi i I nrndifi,dre 3 nnarenriaJiuPd c duu; (dtcsurrLdP , urrnle
    mci }or inilialc. Se eiragc1o "qpecial
    greqii:
    ortogralieie
    de obicci
    a) adjn,:rir.teter;,inot" ,'r -, (r,uenfeplia leulnraliej l. trccetlrte dc o
    ..n. u..1,1

    ,)

    d n. r " iin"l
    td .'red li
    l]nnillei.e
    complctel/
    ljn.lird?y

    dilie ttilcle

    lL, n, ir dt c

    !u..sii.cf.

    lur.ly
    - sincfLjr

    1o ' l pr ec e{ 141,d r o l . o c r l i

    au consoaDa I dLrllrl

    irr' cel de al .loileaflcinrl


    la fornraadverbjaliun I lilrrrlliraiul adject.ivului.
    p r r te dir su fi \u l'lt/:
    fq!rleqdalft/
    '1.
    iiliturs
    Itiiihn,I -

    gfDr,rrl- gendallg
    lpgall!
    Igrl-

    I llajorilnLea a..stor !artic't)ii ar d.\'.ni! adjc.tile

    {ia
    Nodilicxri de ortogralio sulerd urm{toarcle cuvinte:
    S S963
    a) adjectiveletcrminate ln Je precedat de o consoandpierd nceasti terminatie lnaintca sufixului Jy:
    simllc-simlly
    lrobable-probab?3,
    CiDd inse terminatia -le ste precedati de o vocaii, -c mut final se
    menline:

    Ex c c plie : r vh o le
    - drolly.
    terminate
    in -ae pierd !'ocala linald -e lnaintea
    DJ adjectivelc
    suiirului -ly:
    c) adjectivele te.minate ln 'll pierd un I lnaintca suiixului J3r:
    dull -

    duity

    tull -

    lullgr

    d,) cuvintele terminate ln -r, oficare ar fi sunetul prccedent, schimbd pe


    tn
    i inaintea sulixului J3t:
    -g
    day gay -

    dailv
    gail!'

    Er c e pl ;i:
    Au ambeleforme:
    dry - drtly
    shy- shily

    si drsly
    9i shrly

    ?,1Adjeciivele terminate in -ly, ca frien"dly, Io elg, timely, eily eLe.,nn


    pot lorma adverbe p n adXugareasulixului 'ly| din motive fonice', tinlily,
    sa.uIaneIiIEfiind excluse.Ele au deci adverbe fonnaie prin adiugarea unui
    cuvini, aBtrfel:
    iD a friendly way
    at a timely momcnt
    Adjectivele terminate ln 'ly, care formeazd adverbe de timp, pdstreazd
    aceeati forme:
    ..
    Mrerq

    I a dail" DaDer
    p:ap"1
    1a
    -"eit1j

    @r4F

    r He rame doilr.
    1 S,.e lvrcrc r$ico dail!.

    Alto sulixe. Prulixo,- Adverbelemai pot li formate si prin adeugareag 2264


    altor sufixe sau a unor prefixe:
    sdtrolo :
    helitolo:

    .lona
    l\eatllahs
    sidelous
    o"
    dgain
    alooi
    dflame

    .$rdG)
    out@a s
    sestoar.t(s)
    beD,fore
    6?neaih
    Dcyond

    -wyG)
    strajghiaoy
    sideaags
    totaday
    ,omofow
    ,ogeher

    r s" ,rrd p fa..r,ln nn ri


    hi"4dlit ! . x ilit ! . t of a
    I C ombin alia su nchlo lrt d:liind
    dFz as r pabili.

    -ri!o
    lenglholse
    iikeaisd

    pr r h " d b i t r f i 'b r

    "

    {, etc.
    needs
    novadays

    464

    B. ADVDRBELECOMPUSE

    s 2265

    di{rite p{rt'i de vorbie:


    Adverbele pot li formate ti prin compunetedin

    A.1).+ Ade.

    lorUrrlshl.

    Ad.o.+PEP.+Adt.

    IY. CI.'IEGOnII SPf,CIALEDE ADVFR'BD


    $ 2266

    ADVEIIBUI, $I ADJDCTIVELE PREDIC{TI\.E


    nu de un adverb
    Uneleverbeintranzilive slnt'urmale de uD adiectiv !i
    (5 76?-?68, 2517):
    lo
    lo
    ro
    l'
    to

    $ 225?

    / , e/ ' uld |ar d painiul r ou g h s u r r ' 'l ''


    iooi awt ul/ t inP/ ! r ellJ " r "
    s nPll s { Ppir / nas lr / s our / s l r o n g e ( r '
    prc
    c ood/ bFadI if ul/ pp t t ' r r apnr 'g p '
    "od' d b: lt "r / deli"ious / 8oo d 'i/ s/ b
    ouf
    / dq.

    AD\iIIRBD CU,\CEEASI
    ^"' "'*"siiisriNrliiin

    FORMA CA $I

    DJECTI\.ELD S,A.U

    conlsputlzAro'rno

    sau substantivelecoresUnele adverbe au aceeali formi ca !i adiectivele


    Iunz;toare:

    Don't {alk 60 ttut.


    lr wiil go tlt Nith him
    l .a n l sta] l onC ._

    She NFnt ead'Bh, natK


    llis s u r l i 3 l P r Y , e r l d o t r ''

    th; ;dst ol EqlaDd

    Wc weni, not.
    Y.u nnsl n..ds olPY Jour Parenrs'
    Tliey t.areUed e@s,

    4i6

    ! 2258

    ADJECTITECU DOTI,4FOruIE ADVERBIAL]I


    tlnclc djective au doui forme adrerbiale, una identire cu aceeaa adjcctirului, cealaltii forrnain din adjciiv prir adiugarea sufixului -ly:
    -

    }ard. hardly
    lasi, Iastly

    La unele ad\.erbedin aceast; categorie,lntre cele doui fornll] nu existi


    deosebir"J" inl'hs. .i n,,,nsid. lnLr"buinlar.. f^rmd qimpla fiinJ adnreori
    I r.lp'dli.ind inlFl"sLl"sle con r-'. propriu .au ligur.rl.lagr;dul .omparalir
    ciu .upprla'iv,il .r,tinlp)p.ompu\cfi in FxprFs;ilp.unsd,
    rslp sdu i,liom0li.-.
    iar l, r'mr ln -/y lnlorind,,-s.N u',.i eind lnl;lequlcsrpabs'rr, l:
    To..:r //o ,p lo rrrp d oo r {
    lo' r l. dpr oipe' . ( Con. r "l)
    , / o.! Iny rr.irt bu r ./4!.r r t
    r p. ' . lP. ov er l, J
    in. , Con;
    'l'o war.ch crosci!. To go .los'ly"k into
    thc maller. (Abstractl
    jt
    To be ctaseu .oD.erned
    {: indcaproape). llbstrrcl.)

    Slill wntem run dp?. (con.ret) {Prctrh)


    To $'ork de-",D
    into tle nishli. (!'i8lf,:ll
    To drink d..e!. {Irigural)
    U.? tl ! ' on" ^n. l. r . pp l / i rl p r.s l l . I\L s l r" ,.
    T^ g o d eer l! int o t hp n ' J l l e r. (Ab s rra L l )
    .6asi4 said l.han done. {Comrraralir)
    Dasl! .o^e. eas! go. (Idiom{tic) {Provcrll
    Take il cassI lldiomal'c)
    As a a i .& as Dos ible.(Id i o m a ti c )
    i v. sun" rl ^ri \)
    F.n q k; , 1. . 1 lls r hp q d ,c l ,s r | ,d n g o . (C o mp d ra
    Ilonon.s qui.ftlyefollo*ed.
    qut.fr-gro$ing
    qlt.L-selting
    .tuick-acltng
    Alte adverbe din aceeati categorie $nI: dear, d3.tl!; newi nealy; pldin,
    plainhl;
    thin, thinUl; tight, t{ghtlu; tvrong,
    slow, sloela: thick. thi&ly;
    s'rongllt eft.

    Ob s e rea lie
    de tnleles,adClnd tntre celedoui lonne adverbialcnu eristi deosebire
    verbelecalilicative3au in genercforma ierminate ln Jy:
    deeply intereskd, easih/ rn'l.tsloo.t,

    aeatlJ nanied,

    d.ea y bp.loecd, thicQ!

    ctad. eLc.

    La alte advelbe din aceastd categorie,deosebireade tnleles dintre cel S 22;!


    doui forme adverbiala este tnsd atit de mare, tncit unele dinhe ele ajung s[
    erprirna chiar sensuri contra.ii (hald, hardl! ). Formele terminaie ln J3' sint
    rC d c\L c Dliar a, t r " ilori r.i l :rr" . .d ru :r' l rp l ru i n l d r.i d dvrrh d1. tn l i mba .ncl .rJ
    Fsl prdr;l y.
    .". . . mn o rd n b.o nor r d" ' ini 1 ,l p .u ' i rh : \d \." 1 .l Io l o s i rInrol dpJxn:r
    , ln atarnde ca^file aretaic. adlcrbnl qzt.fr/v estelormr eeamai Irecventlnirebnin1aili.
    3 Vczi S ! 289.

    406

    tn gnoralt trebuinlata cu sensligurat sau mai abstract, Si sint mai d{rpnftate,


    ca lnteles, de adjeotitul corespunzitor:
    the TV set dt.d io th," sorke.s'club ( direct).
    'lhey dispached
    'fhc si,hoolis dtfrdlg oplrosite (: eracij.l
    t'n conirs ditull, ( im.djat).r
    ,t Nlytsiie snid it, shc knew she h{il been risht. (- IDdai{ cc)
    l I e 3l$aJ s ! lr - vs /u t (: ' ,,r.1 ).
    H nar ' dm /o fl y (
    " l ,i d l l ._ u " l
    Your work is /otly sood (: d.stnl dc).
    H, ould $or k I ' -d { " o b " r n ,l . d E" .
    H" , o, ld / , " 1, / ro r\ ( b l i . { - o ,).
    The Dlm e $as l l v n ' c n i l l l : s x s l .
    (
    I s . ls , { r B / . / ,n ;c " .
    'nd
    " ,. " ,.
    Jus, here, ih, br Ure door (: chi{r, imediai).
    It is j,sr ihe book I edt (: to.mai).
    Jrsr once, iusl a little {- nuorai).
    To d.aljasls wiih somcbody(: just, drpt).
    He $us jzsdy punished(: pe tuept).
    Ite came,ast {- la u.mal.
    [: . . , t I \ , hc v nio \ d o a !.$ l r-]ru i l t l l a t. s (ro ndl vLhevbnrj hl npw l utn;r' ,14.Ind
    ,i ti n.,: ttnm" i drl .
    l d "//j / h" v i, , . h" asJ, a -tfl s ,1 1 ro " i n e J s y rp rm(
    Il Nas ldrein the altemoon {: thztuJ.
    I have lot se."nher iar'1, (: ln ulrima em).
    Ho \rs irayeuing llslrr (: Ierii lttgaje).
    He has {]waYs treLrtediliings l.snd! {: uior).
    s he. ' ood , . . d" r )e ri .p r-- a D ro d 0 r.I n s a ).{ A d v Jpl o4l
    nh. r d. iy br ok ,.d o s i rh .n s h " a $ u ; { rp rod!" ,. tl dv. dr mod)
    Hp ir ?r , y s . lpv ." ( . o ," ,r. s .tu i n i .. g ro z b vdp...)
    She sinss so rr,ril.v i: drJtsat).
    I s " i' . ig& , lo I n p b o ,ro m ( , U rp p l ,d i ra t).
    You .Judgid.islrlJ (: lideJ.
    He iumed sloll (: brusc).
    They will ne here slDr E (: loarte curi'rd).

    Alte adverbe din aceastd categorie: clean, alaai\ly (to trash clean: a clea.rt'
    Iu "lressed ch;ld.): shtrp. lharply (2o lo"k sharp: tatutnsharp: ta sprdk sharp'
    /d /, t r ue. t r uly (ta s i n g ttu p : tru t! ;to tc [u l ) : w i de, w i dol y (to op.n
    " uJP :
    to traQl *,Atl!; NidLl! kna|n ) eLc.

    !
    Atenlie
    2260
    Se atragp irr spe.ial arenlia Jqutra urmcloarloradverbe.din|"Iecare
    unclc m"nliondr. l; $ 2258
    ad"s"i "ronat Int.l.sc dp in.epatori- dFoa
    rece urele forne ln -1, diferi cu totul ca sensde cele simplei
    ./i"e ,
    /o ;i4"
    hd "d l!
    hishti

    r-:m",l;at ,
    :J
    rt ut o"J
    \- ab ia. d' lar )
    i: toaie)

    I at PI u
    lil"n
    , . ps ant lv
    prette -

    I r"c!nt)
    , -pc^bdbil,
    :,nddld. numridF.ltl
    (:datul
    dp; .oloc,. sirasnic,
    gro?av d)

    sno.,rv(- cu.lnd,ln scu.t tiDP)

    N o td
    Dircctl! es\epronunlat [& rcktll, de r, da|r-, drekl4, formr I drkh]
    nefiind utilizatl cu sensul de tlirect, sraight (: ro4. direci, drept),
    ci in Jnodfeovent cu sensul de at once (-rom. nncdial,)li tncn ti mai
    r"".s
    Lr.r 1l\p"u
    F nLr u dos bir r r d"
    r ' ' o r ll' pd| '
    '\'z:!2
    :6
    It
    pr pr nt . t r . n r dFi. , a d id. n j , J r u 1 '4 i a " l F " r i q r 'r i . 5 '. m i i
    ,.'c",.rp;srFl"
    derilrtal,'r 0a tilel.s.

    46?

    frecLentcu sensulde dr soozas (.: rcn.1^dati. ce).lAstjel, in limba englezd


    \orbiti. semantjcaacestuiadverbesteindical.i si deciinlelegeraci usuratn,
    qi de pronuntarcalui.
    Ob s e r t'a lii
    aJ ln culintele compusese iiirabuinteaze de celemai multe ori forna S 2261
    sjnpla a adverbului:
    a qrick gro\ring ll.tri
    a quick-lo.gol,tenrenrark

    nc$.dis.orerd tenitory

    a lotrd tickinq clork


    a .leaFringilg voice
    a llat-looted loson

    ./a.: ledl

    eleoted.membe.s

    a rewly{cdded

    colpte

    DJ Pentru o mai mar flunln ill stil. tot forma simpll estc lntrcbuinlaln
    adeseori ti pntru gradele de comparalie ale acstor ad!'crbe, chiar atunci cind
    forma gradului pozitiv este terminau in l,:
    i?zsi, snid th.r, done.
    I c.tr't sncak .rv Dralna.
    Th dos barked ioid,r.
    I'c wtnt sl'(d.Yotr r aut.ft-"/lhan Ffcd.
    Couldn't l-ou put rou oase.led.c.r
    lle slotrted ,o&da,.
    \1'c walhed (zi.irs, {or rlr'r.rrl belFern hcre and t},e park.
    flis motor iike came rlo0dsrol all.

    S 2269

    Prin xtcnsiu a, sa tnlrcbuinteazi in lirnba engiezi vorbitd formele dc


    conrparaliv .si superlaliv ale adjectivu)ui rcspectiv cliar gi tn cazul adverbelor
    decit lorrrla in lr:
    Hc *.ites .lrel"r thdn he talls.'

    ADVDRBELE PRONOMINALE
    (PRONOITIfiAL ADVERBS)

    ii6re
    i

    lnLe4gaLit.

    i !lri3

    rtlr.xre
    'li"s!rc

    who?

    1) llefinilie. - ,ldforbele din aceast.igrLrpnsixL numiie ,,pronominale,', S gguj


    '
    deoalece pdr originea. functia qi tnlclesul toi se aseamdndcu pronumele:
    al provin din rdddcinile pronominale h, tlLci wha;
    ,, lin locul unui cuvint (adverb), al unui compiement c cumstanlial
    sau at unei propozilii. ti leagi propozilia subordonate de regentx:
    ile weni abroad (adv.l, iin,r, he Fas scnl. at !n \change stndent.
    Lct's nccl. at 12 r'.lr.l {.onrrl. ciro.). rLhtn ure marn;qdin D.ride is ove..
    IIe ?Lt up kb hand t,prcpozilic). &rs stolping th irallic.

    lvpzi. pentN ilustrarc. .\emrl+le de la


    S 22tJ.
    : Ir.$'. t o$1!r, .1 l]idrior{tt! af adon EntisL
    rlsos,-er arz -cst,3

    1108
    cl ara$ nodul. locul ti limpul in mod rolativ:
    t,1ruindici:nodul in functic de situalia rezLtitatddir conte\L elc.
    here i ther(ca qi pronumele dmonstrativ thir si lhat) aratn locul in raIorL cr persoanacare vorb;te; aceeatilnt.cbuillare o au si adr.erbeJedur:o strative ,iitr./, hcnu. this Ei thdt;
    thither, thence,tthitlEr. trlgttce arati locul in raport cu un ali loc ntcrlir"
    tl,en aratn timpll t {unclie de un rnonent tre(rlt sau \.iitor.
    2) Clnsilie.rxe.- ,{FemeneaproDunlelor, adrerbele pronominale se irl
    part in ur ril"oaftle cateeorii:
    a) adt'trbcdemanstrutu,e
    : irerc. Lhcrc. Llrn. i.his.that. thus.
    $ 2266
    ii 2265

    N atd
    In stilul colocvial, this !i thrt sint adrobo denonstralive atunci cird
    sint urmale de un adjecliv sarrde un adverb care enprini cnntitater:
    rnis {sa u dd,l hish
    ,lts {s au ddr) l... er..
    I know 1,r,; nu,l,. thit he Noa't le tlic.c.
    The Ftrtcr $.as do, higl.

    S 2267
    S 2268
    i! 2269

    b) adretbe reLdtiw: horv. Nhcn, drere


    c) adrerbe inxxogatit.: honl rvhen! whenccl Nhcrcl \\hither? Nhvl
    Asomelleaatllerbalor, iD lunclie de raportul pe cere jl e\prime, adlerb;le
    pronominale 6e impart in Drmdtoarelo calegorii:
    u) odr'rb. d j,r,i,: noN. rLc,.. shcr
    S 22;0
    2271
    b)
    ddftrbp ttp ln!: llclf, ll,ere, 1lhere, bither, thither, \vhiiher, hnce,
    S
    ihence, whence
    c) ad.rcrbcd.c rrcd: horv, thus
    S 2272
    d..) adrtbe de grad sau cdntitute. rhis, rbat.
    $ 22711
    3) Adverbe compusc.- Unele adverbe pronorninale, combinate cu prS 2274
    pozilii sau cu alte adverbe, formazd adl'erbe con)puse:
    hcnalto, hcrcI}, herein,he.eto,he.etolore,hererpon,here.. t4: he.e.tlrout(s),
    r/d.e: ihcfeal,oul(B),
    therenfter.therely, thoclorc, i.hoclrom, l.hucin, lhcrcol,
    thereon.thereio.ihcrcriion.indwillr
    //,"r: *'hereaboutisl,
    whercLX,$he.efore,whrejq whereof,whereon,wbereto
    ,,rd: hercetorth.IenceloMard
    r.iez.e: lhcncelorih, thel]celoN.ard
    ,nn r: h ith"rtn

    5 2275

    PARl'ICULA ADVERBIAL,{
    (TIIE -{DVERBIAL I'r\RTlCLn)

    1) Dcfinitie. - Particulele care lnsotesc ycrrelc crrtrlc.re ( g l?81) srnr.


    de fapt, adverlle.deoareceele detefinjna.
    instrumenrc grnmaticale
    "Ibp. Aceste
    sint numite mai orecis parLiculeadeerbiqle.
    ,{dvcrbclc cari servrisccel mai lrecvert, drept Darticule adwrbiulesint:
    I22?7
    obaut.axo!. b.t"A.d.rr,'n.;n. all. o". o.,t. ,,r t. ,tlt ,tr.
    2r Partirula4drorbisli io ro0lr.r.rrI p.rrlirul; prcpozi!i0rrrld.
    - \."leaii
    S 2278 I
    partjcule pot, avea uncori ti funclie de prepozifiel (S 2195), legind werbul de
    complemcnteloiui;i stabilinrl asl,iel arutrjte relalii, intrc verb gi comple
    Dentele acesLuia.Ele sint iD acest,caz numltc particul prcpozi.tionalc.
    $ 2276

    t Aeav.bu.k out slit nruai adrerbe.


    z V ez i S t 38ril.

    PANTICULA

    ,169

    ADVIRBIAIA

    A se co npar a:
    PteNxilii
    He came inro lne rooni.
    Put You. hat oz the tLrbll
    Ptr[ o n v our ] r al!
    She iookcd l? the slreei.
    I l o o krn r p r . f J ndr c s s .
    Thet $'cnt dotrtrlhc hill.
    Tl i -v $ e t r l / r , , lLr' lLn n r.
    Slie put o// Irr tril'his is o// lhe toitrt.
    Y,:rbele din .,oloana sthgn "qint lerbc conplere oo stnrite cu ldrl;.tr/?
    1o.uadrcbiale; rerheb din dreapta sint urn.Lte dt trepo.ilii cc iitrodu.
    Adt ' t r b.

    liuni
    rrtua:.t1ianal..
    '
    l n'""to,'i" -,in-a. .,,!;nr' I in. "t'. 't7 Jo,r' v// dPrF'mi1dt rb'tr Lt-mind .'- l.,l , r1:-to"a\". ir'. to I",t on. t^ to t t/t. t' .4 ,lo't'. '"
    ""' "lT
    Dol li lllo uil- u dlrF \prl,a :inonirnef/, 'nt r' to ar'r "n 5 t 4d 1' s t"
    iod.st,nd. t" ria natt.). EtF nu l-.1.r v"rbul l' ,u!inr4p urn'J idr. p'rlrr H
    torn.r
    a,"1 . ^ ^r.lru.lip I'r't'^/irinnalir on tur'r hdl ttp 1 t n4t. !
    "u
    d.o$n to dinnff. otl ,f," ril nu arr nici un scns ca aiare A5adar at$te lornle
    sint. ( onsideral,eodtr"rel n .o1".r., di' d'Fafrr ln..d. pr"poliriila i"," u' tp. '1."n. dl 1^.c"
    \rLul ,lc c^mDl.'n" l.lr l,ri l^r,,'ir,d "r P.-il. ' 'on5lru' lrr frFpu/rlr0rdl^
    inl"ll:ibil":;at,l'tt'.roon.r'o,1'"toll.xpth.tr'1.d0$0r'"/r;//.lolttl"po:,'t.
    Prin ,rrrrrrF r.,. F lu'm, ,t^t pr'to)tt'.
    ,\cesiea sint S 2279
    3l 0rdinoa (nrirrtelor in prnlozitic si acceDtfl:rrealor.
    alte Joud crrlFrii ,,rp ' onrrit,ui"l. 'aLrlir"1 Jil'1"nr"lo' 'lirrt" p . i ur'1"
    adr erbialesi ccle Dr"p^zilionale.
    dinri' I'arliculsadLerhiali ii t.'bJ -i 'p 'on lilS in
    L"riru;a
    "l.in.'und. prrti ul" ad\"rhiala. pu'" dr'td \"'b F" p'onunli,
    ,pr.ial In \ orbirr.
    fie a silabrltinal, r Jrcstri,, tia un,ald d o s.rr'lol.//rd l'riir'l"r,ufinlulur
    urmetor. Particula advefii|^tit paatc clecista i la sfiryi.tulpropo.iriei, cu accert
    1r1I final pc rerb:
    oll 'at ht
    The rln takcs
    SrYii..hon rthe light.
    I np lir . ' : s ou.
    A.c you going l.o rdng uP?
    Urhen rvill hc 'be in?

    Parfi.ulaDrcoozitionaliealFit -a dirinsl1g')'d dr \uLstanti lsau p.or"- S 2280


    m,1" o. u"re 1l d"l.rn'iIr. p" c0rpll r4r",dd,si ! ai'epsla a,.P,,udl 'Lia" .lnd
    prapo?iiiaM arls ll slirsirul prol"iiliei contorm rzrnlpi ' ilrrlui roloctial:
    \\'r Jre roins l,one ru 'L,us.
    sl,eLo.-shL
    thut fot /o/rl0 pound"
    't p o ui. \nu ar 4 oo[ , . 9 d, F d br aur J .
    Lpi; n
    \\'o nd rr.ul ti l' r r . l W o \ a' il
    "lDv "
    lJ
    li;
    ng
    l il \ \ ' dl
    060,
    l
    i"n
    dn
    Th
    mJL r'ou
    ( Vez i t i 5 , { ! 5. )

    lo Jnu $dnl him /o"

    llaioritatea Darticulolor adverbiale au aceeaEilorme ca Fi prepoziliile


    'corespunznioarc,cu exceplia urmitoaretor adverbe care nu au ti lorme prepozilionale:
    'e \. !d 'q.
    ,,..,n\,r.{q) .

    ha"t s . r d
    o'
    , . "$4dL- l )

    'rt

    ..Jr

    Llna'ri L,ariiculrl lrlverbiilF S 2981


    4) Alto tategorii ilc parlieulo adrcrbirlc
    repc , idee" \arL..l,ri .ur.it"r' z,'rur ir ""inl fii " -'r f'o pJ'u Il''rrHs '"
    inadsul verbului r0spctiv:
    to l urn rol rd, cl .

    4?0

    MORFOIOCIA

    - AD!'EBBI'L

    Alteori insi, particula adverbiald adaugi verbului o notrune noua, c e


    dilerd adesa de sensul verbului de bazd:
    to come
    to sivo back
    'n

    10 qo away
    ro hnock iul

    Numeroase particule

    advrbiale schimbd cu totul in!,elesul verbului:

    to pui.up
    (a intela)
    lo give out

    $ 2282

    Foade intersarte combinalii se ob,tin cind unele particule rdverbiale


    slnt urmate si de una (chiar qi dc doud) prepozil,ii:
    to lut zp d, a hotel, to giv
    /o.lost, lo get o// u/ a stop. lo qet rfl iktrP(.ts)
    {2 rdrer}e), to ,Ime rcun.l.to on."1wny ! lilp 1\c.1,- ddlFrb + lr.loziln l. to .lrrtrb
    rp on to l\e roor {vr! + adrerb + t prcpozilii)

    $ 22EE

    T. COIIPARATIA ADYERREI,OR
    1) Formi.
    une)e adverbe, in special ad{erbele calitative. au gride
    cle comparalic ca qi adjcctivete. Comiraralia aalverbelor se face tn irodul
    ulmeior:
    aJ adverbele monosilabice, precum Ei advelbul ed,'ly, pdmesc terminaliile 'er la comparatir ;i .sl la superlativ:
    early-

    late- lat.r earlic.- carhes,

    lates,

    1 , 7 adv , r b, l l .rm i n a L . l n -/r. p rF c u m g i rr/dorr. tormFezd comparal i tul


    , u a j, or ul adv er b u l ri z o r,. i s r s u p rd a l i !L l .u ,,ost:
    clverly- more cle_rrly- Inost cl""lerly
    n ,.Pry - mo r' n r. rt - :r.osr rr pr)
    s .Id o n - m o re s e l d o m - most
    " " l ]ori

    Adverbul olrrn are ambeleforme de comparalie:


    -"-., '"

    J ottcncr, olicDPst
    I m or p ot pn, s oqr ot t Pn

    adverle lormeazi comparati\.ul qi superlatirul neregulrl. (,a


    (S 666):
    adjectivele
    corespunzntuare
    fi
    Supcrlatio
    Pa.iti"
    Compd.raliv
    ill '

    riti.!e

    nxpticaliile formetol de corritraralir fi superlaiiv stnt acelea;jca h adjcctive (S 672 ?20).

    4?1

    COMPARATTA

    LrcmPtc:
    'lh ,,i'is rJlu"d his poqr v . t u' P
    l'ou |:I \] mc onp I ' enod( ar i' J r '
    Sh e $ as L i'r i r a\ - \ hen ar o'
    lou r (l.d \va s nos l 5alis la' lonf

    r hdD hpv d i 'l J o F

    ,,, r,,,* Jid.''Fa\':'


    i,:,,1tl;r):;"D;;i:i.ll:..,

    pentru adjec- $ 9284


    ca
    2) Ortogratic. Regllile de ortosrafie slnt acelea,oi ;i
    tive (S 661).
    uneori o propnzilie $ 2935
    3' Uoun romparitilo. Ca'i l1 '"7u1 'djAcri""lor'
    icomDarsri\ rrparnl 'pl"'1orr"fotnFfiindunil'Dlrr'orrJ'rnclrJ
    * 'rrJu'" nrin din '" ;n "e n ri ':
    "onfi".'
    "-i. ,""
    i-".i,
    "r a.
    -"lipI fcl the cold mort a\'l mote
    (Sint ldgtl din ce ln ce mai muli )
    \\'e iikc lis atlilLldefussand less'
    (Atitudinea lui nc !1"' din ce ln ce m

    pulm

    ' se gdsesc
    S 2286
    precedate de adverbul
    Alteori, doua comparative diferite.
    propommprrdri
    r.l
    n
    l
    i
    F'
    '
    r'
    ''e'
    t\
    u
    n
    p ' :n !;rc u l o
    '
    tn diu ,., n ro po: it ' i A pi' iit
    a'i' mr" :

    s" ira.ruc'prin. "u 'it m"i

    ;it;:"i"';;"[;;",1*;1ie

    'u

    nairirzir
    )
    ft';lii'mil".";llilxli:':"x""i1*"'::*'""'"ia
    n'"
    rhidL"rbour
    I F r" r,"

    ,, psrpmdibi...,
    .3i.oi"iri'_,*,
    "'";:;;,jt|PU,1"ii';
    rcu,,,""s'nd,,r"

    prtr"Jdtde aJv"rln un"lo.0zuriun sinquradvFrbin grddulcoorparativ


    r:
    min
    Lt
    a
    moi
    iJiomari'
    1:ii
    fr"r tij,"".r" i^t.l';"1"r
    'u
    d'r- ro,enjoi"l'i"li'li"L:l'Tlr,.u admirabrrd.i
    Hr hddrh"rubvro InP.rivhLrri'
    In drcptul rumrnrr cr
    [(Xl) ridit r rLl]inul-

    h"t t "' t o t i t
    li he N Js no d "L ,ld sh J r npv lik pd him "l' ' h'
    rrmtoFriru drir mari rbir'l

    ib:;l;; ;;;.i ti
    AtenlLe!
    nearer)' greieah frecvntd S 2287
    A se eviia drbia, comporatiu(more nicer, Iess
    la lncptutul studiului limbii engLez
    \1.

    LOCUL N)VEIIBEI,OR

    A"A'DVERBELE

    CALIFICATIVE

    s 2288

    s 228e

    par(i dp !orbire da'll vcrbele.


    Adrprbelo nalilica'ive doprmind allr
    q...,'.-"a".rt" p.'..dn in gencreadjcctiv"t" sdverb'lc p"rri'ipiile
    sau substantivele pe care le oaracierueaza:
    ro

    :h e is , + / P r ll

    \ dj '

    1"?ous I "r Y{Jt' t


    i rrro " 'ir t' i, 'r'; di"!
    - o - lJr t lr ' r rl
    1 ' , ' v { r " r ,' / !? ' A? a -'r
    1 , " i s o .J,

    o ,o u .

    <ub-.

    pc care tl ii 9990
    adverbul anagn, care se pune d'!d cuvtniul
    llrceplie:
    determinH iS 2353, 2683)
    r $'ali. \ltirdan,

    D"n-?ur^.

    472

    s !2$1
    S 221)2

    B. .\DYEUBDLDCARE DETERI'T\,\\'DRBD
    nDyrRBxtxDx TDrp

    Penllu slabilirea loclllui pe oare il oeupe adverblede timp in propozilie


    cste necesarsii le impnrlirD in:
    1) adverbe care dau o idcc ncpri:rrri desple tn:lp (ndyerbe de tnnp
    S il2t3
    ncprecis):
    ihr.ys, ever. n!!o.
    ..
    udes' so o'. elc':

    S 2291

    ell, g.nfrrllL

    n$ral\,

    on.e, ome-

    2) adlelbe care arati lr.ir timpul (adr-erbede timp precis):


    lI

    S 2995
    S 229{i

    l.cqncnl.lJ, oilen, si,ldom, r

    Jesterd ay, lod aJ , lom or f ow. t onigl' t . dt t r igl't , l a 5 1 n i g h r / $ e p l r 'r i r , n t h / y e r r . c t c . ;


    r., \r Jij .r^ .Irs s r ' ^. "t , . : , n t t r m , , . r r : r ' g/ ij, I n o o . , - \ , n i r , L . , , t , ,

    1) ,\dyerbcle dc timp nepre(is sint pucf:


    a) tnuin.a verbului. cind aces[aaro o /rrnd.\i,ntlri. cu excepjia verbuJui
    lo r,e. pe rare il urmeazi:
    \1'?./!n go skrtins ir tl,c winr(,r.
    ThJ',",,n lerrlt the tuy.
    s
    i' n"" i1
    Hu' s.as s,on tircd.

    Er .cep lie :
    Cind verb l /o 6, esLeaccentuatradr.crbulde timp neprecisil precede:
    "Sheis ni. "'She anrags is iri in ll,e elenhgs."
    S 22$7

    b-) dupd prnml. aar;llar (inclusiv sl l-orhutui to BE), cind verbul are o
    rorna compusa:
    un uuxillar:
    Ne sh.ll dr,/ lorgct yon.
    'l huy h.d o/reu aticndcd il'e erening rlisses.
    I hrve rdf.ly bc.n l.o a iirst night.
    \\'e rre dlrarls sec;ng Ureo-

    doltd sdu tet duxtliarc I


    They shall sooa have head aboul lhe neN salellile.
    He has seldon been seeil in our club.
    NJ son {ill,/,.a hrve becn goilg l.o university (lor) a yea..

    S 299 8

    Er t.?lte
    Cind auxiliarul trehnieaccentuot,
    adverbtl de timp i\ prectdd:
    .lou

    S 2299

    say I haven.rc. gilen her a ihonglit,but I ol'rdys lrarelookedafte. her.

    c) d.nrii tn vtrb dtfactia modaL:


    He can 'n...r go io sleeDriil,out lirsi readirgId haii an ho!r.
    Y.u m.)- rraa meethc on Xou.\ay to s.hool.
    OLsetadtii
    \erbul C,\N poate li li precedat de ndverbeledin aceaslacategorierceea
    ce atlage dupn sine acccntuareaidei;:
    I nerer 'coulll reciie aDJthing
    \or1 alqay! 'can r.ell rvhen h is hapll: lrc sings al lhe iop ot his loico.
    Yon ,ra .in ldl $hxt rnal hatpcn ncrt.

    4t3
    soon nu rrrneazd intoldcauna regulile S 2400
    ldverbele noe. Ih.tt. sotnctimes.'
    precednte.ci pot fi puse ii la sft$itul propoziliei {acceni "(]ab).sau. fclltru
    o accntuare nai putrnicn, la inceputul ei:
    l shai1ro,'crtlain thelcsson.
    {Neacccntuatl I Ie i,ncd',s . ones on TL'esdnI.{^!earcPl_
    I shall e\llain the lesson,or- (Slab acccn' tu'rl)
    tre comes on Tuesday roae,iner. (Slrb
    tuil,l
    n'o,!. I sl,aUc-rrrluinth lesson.{Accenluat acccniuut)
    ,tonc,tnes h. |r(ttes 0n

    I /kz kn.w lhc tNth. (Nla..eniuall


    Thi,y Ffre tndn liljng in the .o,trttrI.

    iHlilliil

    '-,'

    (N{!

    d'. rshba.oenil,ar)

    ? lEn I knc{ the l.rtrll,. {\ccsttuat

    putelni.)

    $'c slall r,'z s@ yor asain. i\eaccfnl,ull


    $'eshallsec lou aga 5,,z. (-clabaccu,turl i
    J'oon w sl,all see rod aganr. lr.cN,tu.i
    !!|.ni.)

    2) Advcrbcle do timp precis, precum qi lalr !i tdrly. sint plasale dc obicei :( 2301
    la s|n',situl propozilriei:
    q .
    s l . . " . i, l1lp. l t,f-r 4 ^ -.J,u
    . \ ou , / ir "'
    ta
    "xht
    .
    l'
    ,
    lldr ' l
    /..
    d' r ' 1im / / " j ,
    1
    '.
    t, l s r'
    oitrt.. p. r ''. l . " '"| ,
    l,
    Th"! J r , l.
    | , l .ll r, t h r't.\to t-o r.
    I ie is ler r ing. a; ly I o s . hoo l t o d a ) . 'L

    Cind shi a.centuale. aoeslt ttd\'rbe sc pun la incclutul propozilieir $ 2302


    'Ioddl thc NhcaNal Rnt olf .emarkrblJ $,.11.
    hP will be h!re, I an slf..
    'I.rth.(
    Idk rt li8hr ne N.s slill ha.d at his bools.

    ADTHRBIT-TDII

    S 2:loB

    OII

    $ 2304

    1),\dvcrbele de mod sirt I'use:


    d) durti ,crb:
    lle drank si."v.

    s 2:t05

    I had walked /aJr.


    I kroN slie crn sin9 b.autirnl!.
    b) dupir cotnpknent.

    cild

    verlut

    ar un comthDent

    scurb ir

    cazul :c2306

    I uscd that wo .lerirlut ,y.


    fdilcr h,td litkcd Io het kin ttiJ.
    Cind insl dcrsl tbnplemnt $tc plt.a lu g. ppnLtn evitaren e\-entualclor
    contnzii adverbul este pus inainle satr dupd wrb:
    He.!il4,rly ryal, hed the gamc lrcak corer.
    'l heX hrd t!.irten dd../"dy.

    S 2t07

    rYo l r;

    vix dird ( )sb9-"'):


    \erbul nu trebuiedcspdrlit de conplcnu:ntul
    Ile speaksDnglisl'/l&cnly.
    Hc straks /l?.,/V Eoglisl.
    DespnrLileavelbului de eonplementul direct csie justifitatn atunci ri d
    d.it.d toarte lung;r line prca depflrte dc verb un adlerb care
    "",nn'pi""i"t
    nu il poate precdar($ 2601):
    Thelictionot gltoilla tighleNnad.ap.s.d ro.e./atrd.s..u.,l,zureNizi lnnksp.ssing

    I i-iil.l ol.lXi,.",' u.u'. tso\|,:,,


    atA.1,,,
    t,s.
    ot cit..
    r osit,.n

    s 9t08

    474

    AtenILe!
    2309Ad!erbelcaiitative-(bddlv,bnulifutl!"r'ellLntl'a'flunnl!t''l',intl.!'
    t:ru n'a t' "arp 'lo @l' nr,arT']i:-orr
    n;. t4. \v lt, pt' / lr r|F''br trY t'11 si
    tonp''
    dirrc; rl limba romSnd 'r pun dupn
    'i^"L,r t""r','r de Lo;olP.n'nrul
    ! i Fpun'de i

    [.]i,",i al.:;-i ii,

    fi.r,. '"gt-s -c
    -i n F i l o " " h p r $ o rL J " ' s ' ' " l l

    i sat ba' l l ul '


    p
    P
    '
    r
    L Pduttl uttl l
    r"
    n
    d
    P
    r"
    d
    l
    u
    J
    '
    n
    p
    llp
    Tliel sDeakEnglbh flz'n'Y
    i kiow English re'! tul'
    nrc,'
    I like Youi hous
    'e'Y
    curntd la studenfii ronAni'
    S. l]a e?r.ldurmiLtoarefl vrsone incorct['

    locul acestoradverbeln limba maier$e:

    ""'"1i"li"il"""l"li'ae

    q 2310
    i ;;i;

    S ,ttt

    I lnow t'g Qdll Dnglish


    I lilr F + , Pr ' / r I our no u r . '
    ' f lr
    Eng l i s h
    ) "P' ik l/ P' l/ Y

    2) Advexbele de t\od precaddecrbul:


    dilrtf o
    oazul obiectiv estoltng stru ciod consta
    ,j'"ti
    propoz{,re: "*'pr"-**iin

    ll;'i31'"11,'''".
    ifti:%:.1",".",,"1",'l:,liiff#i,lj';",ili
    sau o construclie i

    cind complementuldirect esLeun in{initiv


    ,rr",OU?

    ijni-

    lo 5l-udJ
    InP hn'l stokfdllv pro ';"J
    ro bn lrerir'
    I Dottidlo;ta ask"d ltin
    '
    Tine\ ce ai;11) kner wiat to do
    You rtnPlY nust 80 nos

    N oI d

    t nplorJvPrb.,l" mod al cerorlu' '"ro in senorJ dlp: l":l "':Y-9:uu


    '"'"
    ' t'i i,*t*tUttt
    ,;li;,:;,^,";:"1i,";!,:;";,,:i:"':'"
    ,) r, i* " ; ; t ', i "iis z z 6 :zr .z n s ' z f v jr'ii J ii' .,,"' ' "' " ' r n " ar ' r r e ' b c
    r
    E 2313

    'lti'i"r,""" iiiii"-"i p;,,,t .tin inp*tnnh frindlnrrebuinlale


    ' drn "'rr-I'irp'
    -;i
    i-: F lc s ' n
    ;;i1 ; ; ' h ia r' lir" i ' rrt d l s
    i n r ,- i,! Ib r .' 'pmn,rr.drro
    "r'-;i;;

    h#a*:'"""l';"";;tilii.::l':tJir6
    c\;Lcit si coteaoiicmodul in cut

    .r-.' r u rr o n i' :' r " i"


    i ,; 'j r i; " i; ; ; i; ; ; . ; i , i , - i ' ' " " - i * r ' i . 1 , .i r ' 1 .r - srA"
    a cc s t c az P e adve rD '

    A se compara:

    ll::fif;"'i',fi'3';1li'i1"',Hl#
    l:l ::l ",1'"iiL:',l"xT;,1':ili,;'
    i'ii::',9i',;i';::""T,il: lfff"Ilil;;r;TJ;"'l"Y'"#'i

    tt t' n'|dtl'1 pr^boLt


    ! 'r\:'
    .\drprl"ln d" n'oJ a/i'a"t trltt l'ordlu
    E 23f.1
    2Jl6J:
    -"
    \erL'rl
    {\"zi
    i
    p'l'""i
    ri
    "
    , o'i,t.s ot-tJ. sttur;t!.,'rr,
    '
    l[e
    lorgot
    loem .
    He dlrDs,

    *u*. " ,'."*''


    ii,liii8lliil"*:"
    ii:"'lt'lrufi,*1";l;1";:li
    I oLir. asree with Yon'
    r inlst .;drlv go no$ . . .
    I lrzlSrbPliete lou are g[r'

    4i;

    Ob s a r en !i i
    7r^.r"
    "i,u""",

    profouiliei: S 2315
    acestc aclvere sini puse la inceputut

    i;l$:;'il,i;":,''""'
    i;xiY;'"j,"lf:ili:

    n
    '"ilill':lt''."""'li';
    llL';';l"li:
    '" '' "'""
    rS 2 u7 2Jl1'

    mod crr" precnd; \*rbul


    -\d"rbrlp dF

    'e"-ur

    ionr''r,r5 i" 2;llti

    i]i.;i:''i;;
    i,li,i;,,'i:;':
    lruii:
    :'i i iJt,f''
    :r"Tl*[i"i*;jll:1""1";;ll'
    dupod't'"tn"l 'n r o d e le
    ' r ,i,.,1i." t.r " 'r

    '' ";, ",';,; ; nr" " *li


    i " "" n,yt"i,Tli"Tji
    o;:li i "''
    i,od,,iz"4
    li,.;1";"tf
    l.;i:
    un subqtrntrvdFterl

    fr a., 'Lr' sugereaza


    ciniul:
    '

    .\..,,,.

    Lp n4 ;lr, o ^ .!tJt . t J , ' i or . r "b' . us ( . c hoir


    "
    $ilt . n o r , , o n r i 1 , o 1 , . , . r , _ .

    l,l'i'.""'^"':'""
    Jl,ll'Jii
    i,.i.'1,,i.,ii:";"Jli.n;ii:
    n

    d ',u:"rr''t\ l" au
    sttt hotnl !t"utllJ i ttu
    l1 'f,ittl carJatLllolPtl.Potn
    ',;^""t
    r-s;t"rJ sr"n'J
    i'd'J
    re;J
    h.op. s"t'I ;nttu'n;
    'p
    , ,, -;;":;",,i,:

    t'a",
    (rd{erherc
    s 2318
    arcstoi,'
    intelesului
    "
    iliif",it rii''ilr'.pi][**0""t d'supra

    i'd ri do timP).
    de r'"it-;"*
    pozit'iap cam o ocupi: S 2:|19
    "
    J-*Jl" i;i schirnbnin!'lesul dupd

    :i: #ij{ li-fi;:r'lT'li\;ii:i*,"i'T'1,""11d:


    lI:ff,ffil:'.F#,-,?i"i'liii"",'liTi"r'r
    l::""
    I ril;;l l;-ll **: :l.-?fii?'j,xJ"'i;19"'l#'il
    1i''l'11;**
    r"r'
    fli ili,'ifl
    "L"'.jff5l,'i"l
    (;,,i,L$;li5li!lii;li_i"Tlh"
    f *""r,is",";,;p
    .,",
    old
    tt is ro n {: Pr ' )
    ll. ri co ld ro ' { ' lot o' DI I

    l: $fiTiilill.\xiilltr
    i"r.;,,*$,;l:#;,r;
    Al .n l Le!

    F ' l F to 1 ' l - i ' l ' orl ' nl ' tu1!" rbul


    t,"','r, . . " et ir J e\.n ru ,' l p l " ' o n fu " i i
    i
    n
    rrd rd c! eJr' ' i ' n4r nrrr" ' u\rr' rp
    Irrd
    nrH i d L p s a ru .rc i'
    . . , L 'J"".i L ,r lui
    l" ir p u l F a d p rF rm rn r:
    ..ri '
    "'l" t bul
    ', .
    (adv de i'i !) crme up t'o ioiln
    rlY aunt wlo had boer ill /"cnl19
    relerl rc'n|ly Trebuie spus sau:
    Nu este clar la care curht se
    up to to\Ln'
    becn ili
    X aunt' \tno nad 'd'?nds
    'ame
    to 1o\rnf'c'n'iv
    irl'l'out' wrrorraa reen iu' cametrP
    n' 1
    h a ttJ t' t's tr" t4 l u' t 1'
    n
    b r 1r ' lir " La f or Li h d i ' to s l
    '
    )rt'
    t
    s'
    r'ebui"
    El'
    Pr''
    rn

    ,,'Lii...l.
    '

    ",i;;^

    0u! '|nur"t

    O*aii, *ri

    1'roi'o'i'h

    4
    l'""rr, op ciL, Positionof Ad@bs'

    'rdn

    ti " r" 7

    \''nt

    | 2320

    4?6
    r)p u t

    it . l t r niu' i (r2 l 1 l i ). ,l a r t- a u .l h d c s Pofi l n eni l pzr col o' vi al J ' on


    qe shot'cd me 1l,c iinesi s.lool I drrosr ev. saw
    linesl school I erd srN'l
    tlenrn: tle stro.rcame aimor, the.tF
    j ,rc
    I r , a1r . l, _ \ tc " ,\h o t. s J t" f i .
    h' j rg
    ( p,n. r i lll ' r tr,r/l y ' r' " (h o rs a .ri n
    ' \r)
    \ \ ' r . t u t l! \a t tn n l l J ) I' a \' J n J l h ' n E o s ry i r' l ' " m ' l pr'
    p
    /y
    ro
    to
    r
    h a rd t!] .rt hrnS sJy l
    , F l" r u: \ !. I' b \ F ,, d /
    it
    ro.
    a
    I ir,-",did
    io\e.
    lpcniru: I did jr ius, lo. a iohe )
    \ \ e n. . . 1/ h o !" ,1 ro rr' 1 ,s L ' ' o l l ' /r
    r . n r | it ,. ti ,t" o " ,r' i a l o .d ' h s ,c h l .i I r'
    I o'7,r Nant to bxv somemilli
    (renliu: I \Yant td luY o,l? sone milk.)

    O ull ! u, I a*t p o l .a i i ,rrme z ' ' u !i n l F l r p.. drP l - ' l ' rerl i ' r;
    cd
    inlel" s ul v l i c c l s f:
    1ia
    onc Nord o,1", and I .n oil
    Iintrllce Io. seasonli(tcls o Y.
    T " n t! u n d - .r /a d .t F l r| P ri P

    ' u ' ^r' di -

    rrDlEftBDr,n Dr Loc

    ! 2321

    Adverbele de loc sint pu'\e tlupiL ucrbul intanziti" \i^ forma lui sinpln
    ori co$pusi) sat d.upd utr'mnpleite t dirctt t)ri indirct:l st:utt:
    He {enl lulor'l he! can't have Sone /or':
    Ne uscd io meet llcm /,e/.
    I was ia]]ling io mol}cr l"4mrairc'

    Cind in,qe l"rrrlrrentul l1rteprPo /ang. in lipsa n ei snlulii nrsi burre'


    ste inlr" \'rb.sicornplornenl:
    mai alesatunci cina adverb{rleslje's.u|t,
    ^.FSta
    5h! t,ad sent n,D. lhe lJooks gilen her by her motho.
    \\c nsed to meel i./c aU ihe girls ii du. class

    No tZr
    Pcntru accettu.arr.,rilvrbelede toc se pun ta incepu'r prcPozilici:

    S 2422

    -ddr,,Ne used to meet dailY.


    -1, l,n. ererlonc is lrapll.

    s 2323
    2824

    PROPOZTITTLE CU I{Al \IULTII AD\'IIIIRL

    a) lntr-o p|opozi!;e cu doui adverbe,unul de 1oc,si allul dc lirr! /r'cir,


    adverbul de lot {ecedd pe cel do timp:
    I rm sonlsra.l (loc),ono./or'(Linilr'
    (l i d D l.
    $ e N n [ L o D el l o c l i a s l t? c ft
    shc $'nt lier soi ,,'tu. n,rne.! (loi, scs,rl'y (1inr!).

    2325

    b./ Cirrd ir$ir adverbul exprinrd nr2recis tinpul. r'1esl. rrr,rdl de ndlorbul
    d e l or :
    Yotr Nill na'er {tjm!) come /Er, (locl r8.ir'
    N e rn e n{ ti tu p )w e n i ,n h t { l 0 c).
    Tlrcy are d/-ass (liml) a,ray lloc).
    I Ve zi q :ila i-93 t 6.
    he !'o; far r.k : {c! or,linei .Drintillr
    '

    in!.F.rlli

    bcat norr.

    ra4 !e ntoari..

    PnoPozr!!LE

    c,) Adverbele le timp precissint puse intotdeauna Ia sfirtitul prcpoziliei, S 2ZZA


    chiar atunci .ilnd sint, iDsoliLedo un alt Adverb de tinp, care jn aeesl caz le
    preced!:
    t n, t " F ,n E,,,,o tu 1-- i\ . . on- t ; t p \ t inp n, pt . , is t ta d o o t r l i , r l i ! " , i ) .
    n t r , } ud- ' ; s ( . :m ! ! r 'i ! ) .
    I s ish o ', h- l ' .,,, rn"/ y { linpr ' pr '
    -\
    - hF .llsn1 - rs ',t $ orl,ind h1 \ t t ny n I ' ' ", is l r "' o r r p , , r " / 'r ( l i m ! p r P f . " )

    r1J Ctnd propozi(ia col\\i\a daud. adverbe de timp precis, cel cu slera S 2327
    noliunii nai mstdnsn il precede pe celelalt:
    Lr|sn"Fr ,'r , ou /o,I lsf'rir':ran.Jl nn.u { (J rdnailHq1l.
    \l p b h l r l , " nr du\ r ' l" o m u n i \' b i ' l

    ,, J !,, l s l F ri rs l rl nbi l r ,Jt !,,. Gf" ri n,,

    Didn'i you scehiD oDrn. :l,n (slc.:lr.sl,insnJrdstzodl (sfd

    ai large)?

    el Cind tropozilia oorljile lr"ri adyerbe (de loc, de mod ti de tilnp precis). S 9328
    acesta sint pusc in ulnritoarea ordire:
    1 ) a d ver bul d loc ; 2 ) d c m o d ; 3 ) d e ti mp .
    - p $ .r I ' ap { lo s l, , . rtql n a .l t1 .! L ' s h t ,t\n t).
    \\.
    ! hp, F\ t at a :I;r,tq l mv ,t)ta -a i l a " l ti n r).
    "l ,"l l - , . 1
    ordinea advcrbelor csic:
    Cind adverbul de timp esj,o n?ra;s,
    1) a d l e rb de t i, , r f : 2) d a 1 o c :3 ) d e m o d .
    \\n , /ru c r i, npJ. lu_n -dl o a i l o ,) s rd tT J n ,o d.
    Tl , sl u d n. - olr , ( inpt " o ,U .' ' tp t, tu ) rtl t:n !]s l ^ .a' J)

    LOCI]L -{LTOII CAfEGOIIII DE ,\DVERBE

    s 2329

    $ 2330

    1) -{dvcrbcloncgstive.-

    a.) Adverbele negalive se supun regulilor adverbelc,rdo rinlp neprcis,


    arlici,precetllr/r6al in forma )ui simpld, dar r.in d.npdto BE, drJpi duxiliare
    6au dP./ctilelfmodale:
    sle ,,4. Niled so that ne .ould neei her l..ili.
    I t , pJ s ' a rP r./ u 1 i l ,. s ra g ..
    I J , , " r k n ,' u
    ro m ,d n L ) rh .s " \ord..
    " r' " sren
    'me yet.
    ThtJ have ,zrdly
    l he childret (ould .(.o/rr,s be at sclroolrow.
    Sh,"may ,e,c. reconsiderhe. decision.
    participiile qi imperativul:
    peredd infinitivul,
    l./ .\drerbul
    \l f u d -n s b. l: d^agativ
    ro
    e
    o
    i r' o r,!1 i n q . l n ti x i l r\
    mp r.,
    .\;.;. b " , , , g, b|" r o, l, . l ,' . j ,6 p ," tF rl J . h p $ rs " i g .rl r pn-urpd P a,r. prp/^n.,
    llis lroposal $as unnel a.ccpicd, tu. dc.liDcd, bul, ls xndlr coDs'deration.{l'art.
    J.rer lrit the .hild otrt or Iour sight! (Iml)eralit)
    Lo0ul acestor adverbc este la tn.e?dlal
    2) ldrerhelc irhodur{ire.
    sar ioarl,e aproape de tnceputul Fopozi,tiei. Cind nu se gdsesc aici, ele sini
    puse Ije dnp.i sabiccl, Iie dupe vtbul ltical,
    d.uailiar s^n dtfrdie:
    | oL. p, j t . , . 4 u t s d o t r , o r ! r "p ,, ? ) , I,ir ,"u r '
    } l" r'p! . . ,
    I r t o o k u p a l r ln ica l r a r ..r .

    \,,r \

    h ,r t

    fof d ,l "gr e".

    Af .avse, fat knorv she I{s nckr rfp.ated hcr mistaLes.


    'rlie bov. l,-c,.,.. ioryot lo lock the door.
    \otr crrre{I me, tlEt.fo.c I t:anP.
    Tl'&e is. tn d,y casd, no news yet.
    ThcX worlil, rl#c/ore, c.iticize the negative asplcis ol Ure crse.
    1 , . r. ot .' ! "fk..tay l l"r a , r t l . r ir h ,

    S 2331

    4?E

    S 233S

    S 23:|3

    3) Adycrbclo inoiderto se despart de restul propoziliei prin virgule qi sint


    puse fie rlapd subiect, tie dupd. rer.b(cind acesta are o lormi sinpli). .ldp.,
    auxilite sa.r defecliae:
    \ie, thercforc,
    rcceptedtheir te.m.
    TlrcFrenchrailvaymcn'sstrike,noferer,caused
    a grentstir.
    Shwas,ar uDy.dra,a hardworkcr.
    Theyhad, aay,as!, collributeda gratdealto th *cces ol the periormance.
    \\ie may, Nnsetten!J, discussthc coniroversynow.
    4) Adyerbolo aleirtdriro se pun ltrgd cuvintele pe care le determiDel
    childrenknoNthis.
    -Orez
    H never
    spokeio me.
    "0a
    Shesuspcis
    ,edzme ol havinsmisundersl.ood
    he!.
    Ii's eQn
    wo.seto lie anoutit.
    tJ"n h ptr Jo. s ou d, ' l b o^' im p.
    ,1Lo lrcd saw il, s au: frcd salv it, alro.
    Th .J .d mr 4/o 4 in t h" m of lr in{ . ! a . . Tt r y , a m . i n t h " m o r n i n C o l . o .
    Sh p a /so , umt'o - n lhp m r s i. lo l} F s one,
    lL Jru uld ,1,; bp lnu\ n Ll, at np s ouL ot t own.
    It is eca.tl,u tite.
    He rle'ays aauies out his dutles er@l|y.

    Obsersdlie
    Adverbul de intnrire fiind un adlerb de nod, atunci cind determind un
    \.erb se conformeazi tn eenere regulii adverbelor de mod.
    5) Particuh advorbialtr. \ierbele conplere (S 2192. 2208, 2629) sint
    $ 2334
    exemple de verbe cu particul{ advarbiald:
    to go by, io kno.k out, to pul on, to rlog ut, to sendaway,lo iakeolf, to workoui,
    $ 2335

    d) Parbicula adverbiald a unui verb complex tranzitiv sti d&Id complementul direct atunci cind acesta este uo pronume personal:
    H, "" ii JoJrh.,t:pur ir ,,.l
    L I I i'l rr ,vh.trn..on,,
    Shedrovethen our.

    $ 2336

    ,) Ctlrd tnsi coinplementul djreet estc o altd I'art. d, ,r/Dr. decit pronumele personal, parlicula adverbirld il poaLcp/r,da 3au !r,ra. larn niri o
    schimbare de inleles:
    Let tz tho clrildrcn!
    LcL lhc childrentDl
    I'll ptrt an my hai.
    I'll pui my hat oz.
    Take o// yoursl
    Taltc yor.s o/fl
    Clearra,ay tliosetnngsl
    Clear iho6eihntgs 4ragl
    Natd

    $ 233?

    "Let th children inl" eLc. esle forrna coa rnai uzitafi. In genere,ch1{i
    particula adverbiali poate fi prepozilia unei construc.tiiprepozirionaleurmatoare sau atunci clnd nu lordeazd lnpreunn cu verbul pe care il insolegle
    un vrb complxr particulaj care ost in acest caz un adverb, se pune la stirtitul propozi.tiei:
    I broughtthe child i i=- ito ih rooml.
    I askedthe visitorser.
    t"To askup" nu csteun !e!b conplei ii deci nu se poate spune:"I asked,r tho

    4?9
    c) Cind, complemenluldie.t $tc lrca lang sar atunci cird este lnsolit $ 2338
    de un atribut lung. particula adrerbiali p.rcrdri complementulr
    lve lookedap l,isnameard addrcs.
    \\:rile dr'rz a lcs'namcs,
    Shcsenlo// thc greetingi,n.ds{ril1.n i}rai morDing.
    dJ Dacn verbui arc do A nmpLemcnte.ordinea lor esie u nEtoerea:
    S 2339
    prepozilia
    vorbul
    de
    to. despnrl,e
    d'.) sau complementul indircct. fnri
    particr;la advrbi;h, complenentul direct l'eirind ln acest iaz dupl pafliHe'll $rile you (conpl.i,dif.l ozr a pres.rirrtio (compl.dir.).
    d"J sau conlplementul direct. pus dup[ particula adverbia]d, preced{
    complenentul indirect. car are forma prepozilionali (S 2618):
    Hc'll write,at a p.esoiltion (cornpt.dt.) lor yox (comtl.indir.).
    , Pntru a se da mai mnltri vioitirrDestilului printr-o construclieexcla- S 2840
    n,alifi.a,r Flum-,1d.i far,lilidri.parli.ula ad\"rbrar6".r"!rjd l- in'"lulul

    proPozitiei:
    e')

    a/p Jou gol


    ,o"n hc went on all foursl
    o// jt camel

    c".) atp climbed ihe cat.!


    ,oan sent babJ on all lou.sl
    o// can. ihc buttonl

    Obseraali.e
    Cind subiectul esie un pronume persoDal,el yecedd \erbi, vezi exem- S 2341
    I,l'le d. la pun ul r' ./i isr,lnd subi..lul .cla o alld parlp dc \nrbire.lo.ul
    lui sp bfla ./rr.t ,qb [\-zi a\e" p]aleda ld pu',' rul / ").,
    Uneori virbul poate chiar ti$si:
    , opz Rith ihe ta iiorsl
    Oer lrith il l

    o// rvith rour booisl

    6) Adye*ele c e al0tormid infinitire. -,\dverbnl


    inlilitivutui:

    std i]l genereinaintt:a E 2312

    I uscd dhays to go and seehef.


    S h e .te c i d e dn .r.r to s n o ke asal r.
    r-.on ought r.arv ti) speak Xnglish in .lass.
    Regula trebuie insi aplicatl cu attnlier deoarce adverbul detemine
    un.ori un alt, cuvint, dcil infinitivul qi lrebuie pur alunci lnaintea cufintului
    deter inai,. r\.resta este tn special cazul Terbului l{, B-g + url farticipiu trec ui sl l u u n adj it iv :
    111 t t t i E n r o ' h o ttq trn " n ' tl o j !J $ n " I' ' n d -\' I ro l , /,/1,,mpl oJ d.
    \ \ ( n" s I n In l . u r.o i l " a l .o fb rd j n L r $ orL.
    lle did not erlcct yor lo bc so ddllrl n(erested nr lris loerrI.

    7) J lirnfirul co edrcrbintcrcallt (Spl'r Infiniti*). - (Vezi $ 1666).


    R n ca P rT U r,,\R n
    \,lr"l ul tr'"da rn spnpr" .,rrirr'rl n- "r'" ,1 !l" Frmind {u'ljp'riv ..1rLrb. pirti"itriu, \"b.!u
    \ubidntj\ ).
    Lrce!!ii:
    o) tn^4L c{" fus dupi n,li.' tir. rdt-rb rau r, rb:
    L) 1u Bl:. oLJttiaFl" :i d l "tir 1, tnodol .inl urma'p d" rnrjorit ' "u
    adYerlrelor;

    $ 931t

    480
    c) adverbcle de lrr: si de Dr.J stau dupe \'erb sau dup:i cornplemintLtL
    direct sau i direot ssrrl ipreeertl sau utmeazninln vcrbui cind cornplenrtnt,ul cste \ing;
    tl'.
    dJ adrerlele i? timp ?r..is (tod.r4, tamorros. qest.irdalt. I1,\t ni:ht,
    (]afla.
    sint Pu3r
    nelxterenine, in the mami !. at ntgl, tc.). precunr ;i ldlr ti
    propozitioi:
    l{ slirDitul
    poale preced;t
    einarticula atlverbialn a wrbelor rcmplNxe rdn:tl;"
    diI' iL rrrmrizi
    srbst'arti\"
    lte
    un
    acesta
    direct
    clnd
    rau uim'a co'nplementul
    pron
    me
    este
    lnlotl0auna cind
    lersonal'

    ,\c(loNTtjARE,\ ArlvERtlEl-oll

    s 2341

    (iafc
    rfePli:1I'rl
    Fn.indu-s. abslriclie de ad\-erbelecaliiicarir-e1
    'iu a(]\ crbel'tr
    ,ndagL,precednintol(teauna cu1.inlul calificat. in!(teiul rrajoiitilji
    o,, a'"u:"';nl verbe este iniluen,tai ile lo'iul ocupat ir lropozilie de udvrrl)
    Srtrirrbrrrr l,^ulrri p" .are il "'ut10 I'r rrr'"1oL'isni rrr rJ'"rb ' ' oir.r .-r',,"'"fo'."'u'"rlel-srir'i'ul lrnp'vitr'i'r'rn'cprrrrrl 'i.r'rr di lnrr"
    |ezlltat 4"'nlrrarrrt idrrc\pt!r'iie
    i,'sL|erbrlr in pozipeprrverlala, aie ca
    de adverb'!.
    Astlel, Penlru artcnturrc:
    r) atlrrb t" J" t;np n pr"'s -'i d a'od. lu'" 'l'i'ruil l ndi nl t]| t Y erbcl of.
    2:|45
    rr". frF l0 ln'FpurrrlproltnrrLr'
    r' I'c innr'r'Pr!uDr"'rurt'r _si si nl .rfcenl u.tte
    n' propozrlre:
    m h I' i ' $ rL n r' ' rrl urnn \d' l el i
    - \ ' , . r I ' aJ 1, " r ' r rp.,i l i z ' m pr',t^ rJ n i n i n l ' " J'r'
    \' l \' J r' rr"
    r,r ' un
    r r " i" " i: " i, , . , " "
    rlirr" di,i stret row wlrt slie sas in for' {Ad' de n'od)
    2346

    lr

    lo -Bl''
    b) (uloefietc .1. timp n?pft.is' carc in mod ob-i|lluit stau dupr-r
    (i
    '
    f'
    I
    l
    l
    r
    D
    ' r' i ' nr-J f' " ' ' "
    ,l "n r , r n aur iliar s n u d rF i ' l p fa ' L i !l ' C \\'
    ir' r' '

    l ;i,,r "' t'r'r.h'tiu'srd" p" a lt'rb t ' ' \ ' rh ' ' rr r' . rrt \ ili' r'
    r i r r r r '" ':
    'nrt
    " Ji-i *.-..lceili
    ""'
    idFFi i - l F n 'r r r r r " i
    ,' lin bii enubz e. l' r r ' r
    ' ar Thoe is ,t.r anY stlt on ihe lallf
    Ther. ,?t r is arl salL on tbe tabl'
    Il $'ds donc as il shonld a?rdqs h'
    Il ltrs donc rs it alrrass 'should !i
    ,.!e. \arilc loet
    tle ..uld
    He ier?r I orld Nd[. ]roetr]
    - un ir g is l\ ouc r ' s l' " $o 'l I ' - ' 'l l '
    'lr \
    5h " r d.' ' f lr r ' 1ing is lh"' r er ' 5l! P" " $ i r r l l 'r 'i p
    'l htJ r.c dllrdgs rn

    Tr "r ,a'' /

    'r' "'
    c) ult'd)tIP dc kr' de tinp !r"1r ctr ' 'F l'uir l' L'r"putrrl lrrul'/itic"
    9:t4?
    primind h felul aoesta nccentrrli
    r\r. lorc (loc).I ahra)sicll litrlier th.'l in rtv olher pLai''
    tp f.

    rlo c'.

    is ill r igl' r '

    r nsr'"rh'r
    i'"pv l'p;"
    ''ii.,,,iiii, , "\"r

    Z/Pr (limP) l r ' ! n F' o h"r nc


    ll' a'
    P../di"ll,ob ,bi; r al

    ro'dm' | lF ' \" or I urrJrria;"


    ll Fioo' r

    ) A , l{ o} ele . {re .a l i l i rI a i tj c c ti v u ,a d v c ' tt', prdi ' i l i i


    c x dpt ie u n c l c rd v ..b c d e tto d (S1 :1131'

    ti sl tJanti vc

    i $ :::s'

    4El

    tott;,ul,tod,, ial :r funa ld irc-l'urul prop"rili"i a'r-rr'ul cizinJ


    :
    pe T"rli' ula. .ePa,p da u m"re \rLoBr' lr \r0r'ru " srrlultrr'
    pLr
    "rni
    rD,'"z t'enl the llrC and o/l $. all slarlcdoz, Yougei nowl
    dt

    'a'l, {id

    s 2348

    do'lt he went.

    Ciod. Dentru accenLuare.adverbul lrece la inccputul propoziJ,ici,adeseori $ 2149


    are loc qi in{rsiura rerbului cru subiectrl:
    .\!r..
    Il,..e
    t,'t .t
    '//,.

    . do hF s P'n r ' J r ning l: 1" r r '


    :t oud ll r bor br dv F ant l dp ' I nr n . d ,
    th" hoi! N"hFd a lttttq gid
    m u- , \ o lp' ar p J nd nor olhet w r s '

    LOC[IL CITOR\iA ADIDIIRE


    1) ,A.lso.-,4lso

    SPECII\LE

    se pune inaintea cuvtitului pc care tl del'ermi a:

    s 23;0
    $ 23nl

    also a teacher.

    He iB
    ;-e"l"i'ri*it"

    a- to includean e\celenceoI desffiptior'"{o Goldsmilh)


    ",iir't
    Eri\le Insd loarl" n,ulrd libprlelP la inlrcbuinlutcns'rslui adterb nu
    numai rn lorbirpd obisnuire,.; 9i lb mArii s.riilori libPrtslt*arc ' rpeazg
    .i"i"-i'"-lig.ltlti.
    1\iezi qi alte idrerbe similare $ 2355.). Se spune in mod
    pr a' r ia' P r l '" r i F n '
    t l sholld n/"o b" a dd ",l r ha h b' m dnolg_' dl
    ...
    Fl ps r '
    on' ' u m ulr i "r p 'r r p n l a l l r u c ' ' d r 'l
    l A r lrpbuis{ nra i d dlu gr n, i
    'rn
    T hev als o en ioved it $h o r am e I at er '
    ( Le; placnt"ii ate lora , at e uu int ir z iai)

    A mb i guitdtt:
    I u l s d is . ov p. pd har hPw a s u n o l d h i -n d o i In i n ^
    p " o n u m c pI | 6 i !u a rnd P s ' o p ' nr'sru l a vFrbuldi ' ovd" d
    ra r., ri p" , r ii. t ' iil"
    (= am descopritde asernenea).]

    2) Elso.- the, adverbsauadjectiv,esiepusln genered'Pli subsl'antiYul'5 2352


    pronumele sau adverbul determinat:
    When the iloor opened,I could seemanI lhings els''
    There {as nothilig ers, w could do
    wlo eir, nas there?
    Whcre .Ise may I go?

    3) Dnough,- tro gt se pune dapd adiect'iv,adverbsau verb:

    -\

    2353

    Tli5 Ln l 3 Eood aous i r aon


    You lr a nol nF, ' r , r , ugn lo hFa' $' li.
    f,uriotr'l\
    "nouAh,
    It is haidlr
    bs k ed et uz 8n

    (Vezi ii $ !683)
    4) Genorslly. - Gnerall, poate fi:.r.,/ adrefb caliticativr 6,/ adlerb de S 2364
    timp nppre(isl../ Fdv"rb de mod. Dupa lunrlia pe rarc o indpnlrreslFsP
    coniormiaza r.gr'lii advcrbclorre!pc.tivp:
    d) .ind cslp ad{rth .0ti[;"oti' ln'Fmna ..in gnncrJ" l= c!rodpc de
    .atre loli ct..) $i pre"e,la(,rtintul pF .rr' ll .crr' l^rrzFaza:
    a writer gc,r.d/rgesleemcd

    48!

    ,) clnd esie ad.ecrbtl.etimp nepr"ecit,irscann[ ,,h general" (: de cc]e


    mai multe ori. de obicei, lnd;obrG) !i este pus jnaintea verbului daci acesta
    are lorme simpld, dupi to B, oii dipl auiiliare sar dfectite:
    Tlr"ys n.mlls,all h re on c,r riJ
    \ \. a t P a L t ? 4 U u tn
    I ,an r";prrltulndFrsr'nd.Do(.D[ncl'.
    ino" mr | .son.(A ."n u
    'G.*,;uu,I
    rc,efd[i slcJking. I h. np$ do xmcntarl'l li]nrs a,e try (nnt!h) appreciatcd. (-{cccnde nod. lnsanne.,in general" (: din punct de 1'cdere
    c) cind,eslead.aerb
    general, ln mod general, ln total, 1n ansambir: opusul expresiei.,in special")
    ii este pus dup.li.rb. dupa cnrnplementuldirecticurt, sau la sflrliiul- propozi!,iei:
    qn. *. ps
    tm .) c a -..a l t! ' ^ | | l nuf,.
    'lh"
    t,,i rl s In " fo th p t -.o n 8 4p' Ll l l J.
    A se compara:
    She helpsgc,.a/ly in lhe housc. (Adv. dr mod)
    (Ajul6 .am 1a toate in ca6e.)
    i h 4 s p u l d /tsL p tl s i n rt . r o u 5 . {\d\. d- m!)
    { D P o L i ' i d j u l d l D .d ' J .)

    $ 2355

    Conform regnlilo. gramaticale, in stilul formal, adrerbul


    5) Only,
    only l.febnj,esd preceadd cuvinl,ul pe care 1l determinn sau sd stea cii naI
    aproape de el. Propozilia ili va schimba deci inllesul dupi pozi-tia ocupatx
    de adjectivul sau adverbul only:
    o nly we lool" d ,l y o u r p d :n .i o g(.- tru m a in o r .ni m" ni Jl ri nP !dl .
    \ e anl" look eda Lv o u . D a i n ti n cI n u rm b ' a t;" s l abl oul l .
    We loo"kcdo,/y at -rour r,rintin? (: ne-amiritat mmai la labloul teu, nt fi la alt.
    \\ c look edit y o n r,rl g r l a i n l .j n gl - l a s i n g u rulti x tai l o!).
    In stilul

    lormal

    sau lil,erar, aocasie reguld este incn rspectatd aciual-

    Engleza antebelici nu cerea insi ca onlg se preceadd neapdrat cuvirltul


    la care se referca. Aceastd libedate persistd 9i astlzi tn limba vorbitd, rttlde

    only este pus 1n genercinainrea verbului principal sau dup.i un subrtantrv


    sau pronume, tn!,elesulpropoziliei fiind aratat prin accentuaracuvintului
    la care se refcrd ,nly:
    $re ozl, lookedrl. rour lainting {: numainoi, nimed altcinela).
    llp ah ly
    ar I ' u' ldinl. ng ( - nd^ f i al i n s l a b l o u l ) .
    lpd
    wp o ,ly lo"o
    olp
    d a ' J our ! uinling ( n . la lab l o r l l l . u i ! J )
    $ n o als loo lrrd bl y our pa: . r ' ng ( nu ; i L gr J \ u r i
    nu r i r adl i 'e \ d ) .
    Wplo ot,d u l )o, "' pJ n' . ngo, l, (

    Conshuctia din limba .rorbiin esie adoptat[ adeseoriqi tn limba scrisd.


    Gramaticianul englez H.W. Fowler considera cd propozilia constNiti cu
    only conform regulilor gramaticale moderne este de cele mai multe ori nnaiurali
    gi pedanfi, qi recomanda rcspectarea ordinii prescrise de gramatica
    modemd numai atunci cind construc,tiadin limba vorbili nu esl,eclari ln
    scds. Se va spune deci. "He anu came a 1{eck ago.)'t "I anLUasked the question from habit."; "The addrcss to bc Ndtten on this side orly." ei,c.
    I Cuvintul oxrg esie aici adjecl.iv.

    LOCU! C1TORVA OVERBE

    SPOCIAL!

    ,\lle exe]rpie:
    p u n " l " , u mri J -:m,ntd d ' rpn di n \nsti a)
    f ^r , d. l a t q ,l n d , .
    T Li.
    r o i .l l rp " - o tr ' l n l i .d ,i " fe .l rl i e toi t.rl " )
    " il
    Il orll I knoy tha $'lio1el.'rtb,
    Il onl, be would comcl
    Il he would onr, comel
    You only sa$' him on.e.
    He a, / r . ailed I' rc t\' i .c .
    I o, l, hr le J l i v c p c n c r
    (v e z i s i S : r1 0 )
    Only poarr fi si adjectiv. cu lnlelesul de ,,singuc, sinqular sau plural. { 2356
    . 1n, j l , l a rmi r , " un s ul^, , n ,i \ ., rr' . p 1 4 n u r.. q i .i atur,,i i n* i rreu eces ui a '
    '.
    (" a

    1 0 7 0 - 10 7 1 ,23 ;5) :

    rny onl3rchil{l
    her onl,/ hope
    He s'as Lhe .nly one missingOnr, she can do tlis.
    The onls l.icnds I had livd in the country.

    Pcntru only, conjuncli,vezi $ 2431,243;, 2448,2L61.


    6) 'Ioo.- Taoarc nrlelesdiferit,dupi pozjLiape carco o(upain DroDo-g 2'67
    '
    zi' i ": d a n ap n r "Jo u n s ljm iv .a'r rn
    i,.erm a , , p c " : " ;! la . n lF u r",tr"rb,
    heur . i n .a a m na . . d" as m .n !d
    lot
    ,l up;

    :
    ..d p a .F ' n .r,o r- i n-J. nJ ti
    substantiY sau pronune:
    H| is r oo v on n ( l : !re .r).
    T her s ook t r o r-ti s t ' t- rre r
    t le ] s y ouag r o o { : d c a ;e m e n e !)
    T ' J . pol" l s l ro o { d F a 5 e " n " 1
    " S r . i" y our s i s ,a .."_ l i n d r ro r.' . - .1 4ro d m ..Fd
    "l like jazz nusic." "Ue r,o. (de ascme,ea): (coloov.)

    rn

    7) Ivoll. - Well precedd adeseaun participiu:


    well,known
    well eamed
    well-done

    \re1l-meaning
    well-pteasing
    !.eltNishing

    VII. ADYEBBNI,D
    CU V-{I,OAR,EA
    ALTORPtrR,TIDE VONBIRE

    $ 2358

    $ 2359

    Multe adverbe au aceeati formi ca qi alte pdrli de vorbire:


    &) d:ide, beck, beyond, inside, autririe etc. slnt..si substantive (S 390);
    b) "noupl'.Iist. ;ns;d".titt'p. ],,u h. ont!. outs;d, r..lJ Ft..stnt si sdjp.tive (S 761 762, 2b83);
    .) olon9.ba. do.w. up at-. s,nr pr"apozilii
    {S 238J,2405,2425 2i2bt.,
    "i
    d) b{aF. o['"t. sl,]^ ar,. qinr ;i conjunnlii(S2383.242q,2411.24,81;
    e_,)lhe cste si articol hotnrit (S 529).

    VNI. CiTNY{ ]IDVENBE SPDCIALE


    COI{PIRATE

    s 2360

    CONTRAS'I'I\T

    1) ,\go. Si cc. -,49o. adverb sau adjectiv, .stp iniotdedunapus ddpd fi 2361
    cuvillJl pe carF il delcr mioa.El 6e rclcrr la un nampnt.rcrut, ip eare il
    consider{m in raport, cu prezentul, pornind dinspre prezent Bpre iecut,:
    \ . mprlo's o!o. tAdv.r
    He cam" r/r;a,;"pls dco.{\dj j

    481
    Sin., adverb, prcpozitie sau conjunclier, se referi la o perio&ddde rin],p
    socotiid pornind din trcout spr prezent:
    We mct her lasl.vear. but havenot seenher sr,.e (idr')
    I l,a\'n r rp ^ n l. ; , iD" \ on' , it .
    { Pqp. ]
    r r lbd {o r l i
    lt rs ll-rF" \L ks s inr lhF nd$ llanl

    Lunl L

    .SiDc,ost loarta adesealnsotit, de adverbul


    "tr!
    de durati:
    ,eel st{z

    wc lirst met wc hire

    care dccenl'u'szi ideea

    bect ih .loscst lriends

    se refereatlt la limp, clt qi Ia spal,iu;i


    2) Before'In tront of. - Befor"e
    {' 2362
    I n s ca m n.,nln
    s
    dr turr.i . ..inair're
    I hadn'l sccn him ,e/orc {Tin'P)
    (Nu I mai v[zusm Pinn alntrci l
    A t t hr J lr n' ling rl a e r.l l ' p rP$ Pr" b " a i . b o l hl ' l o P anrlbphi ndout n" r' r' bodl ' i pdl i ' r)
    . _" r' ' u I' a n i ri l n ' d l d rr ' i ' rrl d I;r' :i n' i i l F c r mol o"
    . Ld dF bJ r ad;

    ln ftont of (loculiuneprcpozilionalii)se rfern la spaliu ;i inseanni


    ,,in Iati":

    Thcre $as { lree ttr trnr o/ th lrouse'


    (Era un Pom in lat{
    )
    ':aset
    pP l i npa
    3) B c s idoq.B c b i d o .- Br.' d s (s ' l v ' rb
    6 236 3
    0rFpuzi l i e) l nsJnrn'
    -'
    i
    trebure
    nu
    plus".
    e\ceptia"
    .'x
    (aceasta)'.
    (aceasia)", ,,tn afard de
    !r
    ,ln
    co n fLr ndat . u 6F si d " (p rc p o /i l i r. c a rp l n ' p a m ni .l l ns6 ..fl l l ]rurr" l
    In the l0rder ihere sas meat and.hecse, and nothing Desids(Adv)
    (ln clmarA cra oa.ne ii brinze, nimio altceaa)
    elsP
    B es id" : lt p1 d n d J ,fk . n o b o d v'si
    ' d ,n " . \P " " pl
    lln at ar i o" f r .d ti d p J i ' k . r" r ' ' n rd i \' n I ni rn' n;I
    Come and sit lcst& mel (P.Pl
    (Vino de stai llngl rninel)
    B d t. p ro n u m n re l a ri t. ' o n j r,n ' l i " ;i pr" pozi l i e' ?arp S i run" " i c
    4) B ui.
    6 236 4
    "
    p s tp ..i n o n i m rt o n t4 . ,Itp t
    abi e. nunrsi dF' i l ):
    .
    inJ
    (
    d p aLlv " r h
    r
    is
    Dzt
    heshcrIle
    (Este studenl Jn lrinul an alia.)
    Had Lr,
    seen herl
    (Numai dc-ai li
    'nzut-ol)
    a sillY girl.
    Sle js nothitlg 62,
    (Nu'i declt o latl Prostula)

    6 Ilireetly.- DirecthJeste adverb de mod sau de tinp.


    Mod:
    dJ : djrect, drept:

    $ 2365

    H-" $enl dtlatl! td, .ckttrl to ihc loiDt

    ,l:

    e xa ct:
    Thc housesas dt.eddl tdr\'ektlrl oplrosit.

    Timp:
    Leave thc larcel thue: I Nitl olcn it dn,c,?v I drekll] coloclial

    In limba vorbit6,directl?l'drekhl poatefi 9i conjunelie(: de indath ce):


    I will ring hin ]rp dt.a,l/ [ drekll] l've linished mv lessons.

    '

    1J;n.. nai areti ln!lesulde.,ileoarece"


    : "Jtn.evouarelroe, nolhiDgelsemattrs"
    _
    { 1097.2404.2428-r4:1,2lr6
    'vlzi sl
    3V"zi
    dp p.onunlidinlrp,l r) ii , / S t2:l- 2160
    dpo.abina

    CITEVA SVIRBE

    SPECIALD

    construclie:
    s 2366
    6) Ha lly... whe ..' - A se obsetva urmitoara
    iarlrs had he linished,oncz his f'lher oane
    nu'lp 'ons'ru Lia ll'dl cau //'dn'
    Hardl,t...cstcunnat dF ad\erLul
    -'"r'
    .e con.tnripsteuncoriln moJ prunar in frazd
    eum
    "-"ii;;;;;*jS 2367
    rlisr no{' are doud interesuri(S l46q): ..
    . ..--cu
    lo'l"ar {'on'lrurr
    a ) = R.luilmcnlr, in "'eFl mom"nl 'his' r' ucl
    pi.,ntul ti .u Pt =ntut PPrPtt):

    F.ri'orme?
    i";if'::*""?iii $.::lli ;"""1'*"1q1'"
    \ve noeciurr

    arlineauri(construit ou trccntul simpl&)l


    I saw rrer ids' hoeste ulmai in S 2368
    8) No sooner... tha . -.\o. soon'r. fiiril un comparativ' onjun'1ia ii"':
    iru
    nI9i
    Jp
    lraza,le,nniun, 1ia 'ndl {'su
    'l'
    'dt"rbul 'ri
    l '1r 'l p P udi an'r { ''
    ' 1 tt a h ' a t l r ' d | |/!'l
    lllIin
    hrJ | 'ldrl"J
    ' h ir
    - \ o " oo, . p f .p""
    a"n':'n
    tr
    rh
    si'n
    i"
    ,"y
    rl"r"ni"g
    'io"
    "
    l]lt
    sr y' slnt adverbe de Linp care se traduo S 2369
    .\tit rltll
    9) Still. Ytt.
    prin Lincn". Deosebireadintre ele este nrmatoara:
    Siill erprimn dlrtatd, conlnnlare:
    \o ,, .r,/l o se rn- 1i \c Ir
    I im srrll hn8rY.
    jncd
    L T .i m d i l mj datorezi, tnl ' l ' en' c )
    loam.)
    lui-e
    yl:t (: inee, pini acum sau pine atunci) se rfri la un momenl:
    6J:

    r\}11],-fi'
    {iil' " " .'
    1,"";
    "
    rrrrrli,,
    rhern$on
    'hFr'

    {'
    lri""ii1';li:'Jl ,1";:
    By rr. im- )-a'r+r

    l,li',t;i,::.""'

    gr a' or n
    lFina cF \' i ilir nq4alur
    A

    se cotttpafa:
    Hd i' , / l lr t P (
    lla h, , . 1 1 q, n" , 4

    onlr r r r d r I
    I D ni :n Pre/ n l

    in'oLF-'reS 237o
    i
    Jr' o"r" 'rn"ori inrreb'rirrLa' d.aLl(ctb^"rrin'
    'ind
    l0r Tbe.
    rl
    /J/r:
    in
    sra'lIl
    un adip,li\ sau un arl\"r'b
    ^mpar8'rr
    ?'ne sooner.rnd belto'

    i"-,i':!i'#i"'i:ffi""d

    it'
    is I h0iIe\rected

    1t) l'here. - Thcre tsrel


    p ro n u r rLcr; I.n l ormd,
    t) n a r t i. uln inir du i to ' l n e i ' \' -' l u s l 6
    p
    t^
    p 0 7 ' 1r' ttnd sttutPtut
    u
    n
    p
    i
    l
    e
    i
    n
    rc
    p
    u
    l
    u
    l
    l d J . o ;l 'si il, r nbuinl16
    ' p rer l i ci u l ' nu s p lr aduc F l n l i m b ro ' rd n i :
    '
    Tnd'a3is an enard bov ai l}e door'
    lliste nn (omisionar la u;'i)
    l " ,F r" 1 _ " l $ o b u l " n s mrbsi ng' n Jnur ' o3l
    1 1 ; 1 :,-. u ,i n a b r,' i l ' r" 1rl

    s 937r
    ei slabn | 2372

    ii ;- "l;li1,:l ):';.: ",;',1';ir. . r'.. A,,",'n.,


    ;i;;;l,,li'J:lil.1i,,'|
    *,
    ll' s,11r
    i' i jj:;";,:ilJJ,
    ^.','
    ""j 1:,i',""'i";,

    onll remuins tor me to hx again.


    (Nu-mi
    "re^. rhmine declt s,'!incerc din nou.)
    I! l.helittle lLonsedrrr lilcd an old lvoman.
    (In olsr1i,"loouia o bttrntil.)
    Tliroush ihe doo.. ,ft,rc ente.ed a litllc bor.
    (Pc usd intre un neiclct )
    7r... shall come an eto.h e'hen man shall conqu{ inlerplanetarv s]race'
    lva reni o poce in aare oBul va ouoeri spaiiile interyianetare:)
    ?lele happensto le docior in thc audiencehall
    'r trn dodor i" s'rlll.)
    (Din intimplrre, exisl{
    (\:e z i i i $ 2 5 0 2 . r5 0 r -1 i 0 i .2 618.)
    b) (r.betb de lac. accentuatr proDunlat ln lorma tare Di tradus tn limba
    ro m' ini pr in, r ec ol o ' !r
    $e lound il rtul,.
    '?zae s sraiiiudc lor youl
    { r , in gis ii . ( o l o .)
    l,\str i r..unoitinli )
    7 l c r. s h c ro m e s l
    l l a ro c e l i re l l

    2:t73

    A nu s e c onfu n d a i :e l e d o u d l o rrn c :
    'Thre's Lnizl xour liag: (-{dr. de ldi)
    { lat i- li s eania a .o l o l i
    't het.'s ln.zl t rLrigon the tanle. (Irarti!rilarn'irodu(tir,',1
    lE s f e o s eanli p c n a s l )
    ?/ k r e [ ' de. ] c o m c sa l i ttl c s i ri i l Ad ' .d . l o c )
    ( lut ii r c olo v en i n d o l e ti tn l )
    tdcl .orcs a lilflc 'giLl. {Pa,i.nxl',.inl.tudd.!.ivil
    (vinc
    "/'c.d o lcl.ita.)
    Thcro poate li intrebuinlrt

    cu ,unlele sensuri in accea-sipropozilie:

    ?,{c.. t deal (adv. de loo), dr.e are I diral nrrticuli inlroduclival woods.
    (-\,iolo siil, r,-tduri.)
    af.l,lc.ol ilaLU.uD iDt.ocn.Liri) Lro dolas ,r.e I d:Jl (ad!. d. loc)
    "7.c doi oiini acolo)
    {Snrt

    s23?4
    s231i'

    12) T oo.
    A d re rb u l l o o rre tfe i i n l e l eruri :
    :,,de
    aJ
    asenenea' si sinonin cu alrr. /oo fi;id

    lnsn nd

    faniiiar:

    lle r , o hld join e .l tl e l o o l b i l l l e u .

    $ 2371i

    ,./ :,.prea", in cire cnz este supus aceloratireguli ca;i adr-erbulpdr3l

    (s 2377):
    ,' )

    es l, ct nt r ob u i n l n t o u u r a d j e c L i r s a u un adrerb:

    St,e is r,, 6,sv to cd'n.. (.u un attj.)


    t t is ba f b r o s o . (.u n r a d !.)

    D",/ inaintea unui participiu trebuie sd fie insoliL de arrci sau de ua


    adverb sirnilar. cn $eatlu, highlu eLc.,
    He $'as ,ro g.edily ailmired not to iake noLice.
    They were ,o t uch atpacialed.
    ( Vez i f i

    S t ao - t 1r l.

    13a7 )

    c, : lnce, pe deasupra:
    He was ve.-racli{e io. an old man, and a sick one,o,.

    ehEvA -{D!xRBx sPrcr^r,D

    48?

    13) Very. lluc.h. fn, I'rso!e!l,esingur nrmai aLLie(ti\rLe


    in cradul q 2377
    p^zirit si .ll pcrlhriv. p""r i, ipiil" rr-.urF in ;, bI:, r"r, ,ril"uti! ;i edv;bFl": L c iq , . . r j/ , i ,,. { A d .. g rd ,t ro ,i :,
    T . r ar " ir p ,.r\ ,L o :-i t^ i .ts . A4 r.a J.Joertdr,vl
    H. gr \ " m e a .,1 1
    to o \. t-l ,f r-,' rl r' r' bu;\,p n
    (\'ttl \.)
    Y ou . j - " k
    l Pd" a.rr.
    '/,

    \o )

    Cu comparativul ;i cu participiilo trectte intrebuinlaic predicativJ very


    este lnsoiit, sau inlocuit de rrdcl sau de un alt rdvcrb care exprimi gradul, ca
    highl!, ttuitc eIc.l
    far, geath,
    She lert frerv, ,.uch betld. t.Camp{I4tir)
    q - .h -n \,' ,,. { CorD ardri vr
    L" a i, n L. h F o r.
    Hi. j i ot I ir / , r ,,o r. " -q
    topdti
    ;j,. rC ,..p a r-ti .r
    ljlo' r ld bF , r , " r/ n .' .r;d .i t.." i i i L r a ,." .,P ,r' rr" ,u, p,.d,a:\l
    ll' s , , s ! P d' l, / : ;to h d . Pd
    r, . p rd :,a ti \,
    T h" v s pf " i. : / " 1 / ,1 " .,r. P a rr. rr" ri r o i o icdL;!,
    H. i' a" 1" ; , - , ,:-." ,.,,. Id rr. rF ,J ti ,u " o ri r.'
    A se com par a:
    HP js r , , ! t , l, t' a tP,l \,\d i .l
    H" r b aur \ ! J. t\,.\t rL ,L ,.1 .ttu 1 d L ) r" r. re. l P rrt,

    rr" , ut . rr.ra
    Ci n d .u b . t ar r i. ul . " u t," rn u m' l " l .
    " a ' . " " F n r" pdr i .i pi Ll
    a . t iunFa vFrbdla , 1, I nil" .l c n , F . /. p d rti , i p i .l -rp i n-orri J" ,,r., .au Jp
    '
    ',
    D" n .i r

    T h" J \
    HF b' nhd
    ll,4 lrol)!j

    p r.o ' l j ).rp ,

    / , P' il,/ 4 t r h o t t.a t,l.


    $ r ri. t,p tyt
    F .4 . .",a !.t

    tr,,.ndkj ol .orm.ni og.


    b!

    ,.i's.

    ln caz contrar, o.rg insotrF.stesingur parti(,ipiu] l,recut,:


    Ilis erpressio, \\as aer! strptise.l.
    Iln lone Fus reru dnnaled1.

    De fapr. mrtrc fdrij,il,jj Intrcb,,inlatoatribuLivau dyerit adjectivesi S g3?8


    slnt .on.id.ral' ,d .,rJr-. \-ripl .,n .i dljF":\d" ,r'rnlod|r:
    .'n . d
    Jt 5' i' \ 4,
    ",o.d. , ". b' . , r ,
    f l rp n s r o, Drpd ! rtrsp l. $ o r d. . Lc . :
    . anilsi.g, oJing, dazzting. irritallng,

    , . J r l. ' r

    ",

    L i.r d r d . t p l . t l d 1 5 . d . r . r 1 5 p d .

    limiting, loitug, .Ili8ing.

    li.irg,rryirg.

    $'oF

    Se va spunedeci:
    i- .

    , \,tj
    atttg ;." p :.n .
    _ it r b .
    to u
    \0 I p o tl
    d \l
    r o \o u ' lPd ,' .,...,
    tta^'".,.',
    o it.;.,j
    I i t , o , t d L , g , p,,.t! a b t;A d | ) o u $ o .td
    r,
    ttd

    .a,t

    lle {rs rely l/.drd l.o scc me. (rdj.l


    I an, pdl9 rt.l. {-\dj.)

    \,

    "r r .

    tr,.

    . l

    In rezumat, cind paiii|ipiul


    trecut ar fun.,tie dc adjectiv, este insolit
    de adverbul
    rhd are f;nclie d verb, l]si'irsoiil
    de aarerbul na'cfr
    3a1t gfealll!. 'ery:
    I Vezi lLW. ForYler,,1. .n.. TcrI.

    ; !'OTFOLOqA

    488

    _ ADVEEEI'I,

    Afrain, abne, alaof, preoum9i alte adjectivo Pur predioativerslnt lnsolite


    $- 9N79
    de adi'erbeleotg murh:
    I an eeN nuh al4id it E rru'
    She wss'eag na;l alou

    rVzi t 763-t64.

    PREPOZITIA
    I
    2382
    2383
    23a4
    2386
    23At
    2390
    2393
    2395
    2396
    2397

    O AT OF

    24t9
    2420
    7421
    2422
    242b
    il4t6
    2421

    p:q
    49t
    491
    492
    492
    492
    493
    494
    494
    494
    495

    507
    507
    504
    5to
    5t0

    PnDPOZtTT-r
    tl lI0 P RIiP [)sIftoN)

    care stabi- 2382


    c.-teparlpr nelleribili de
    l) Drtinitic. PreDL,rilrn
    'orbjre pnii un-i $
    leBteanLmir. r"lalir 1d" pur: ir. | 'f;'". .i". ,t" ; p ' r'.l lnrrF r"r1
    nrooozi!ri.', 1' .i-i np"!r"l nr"l .i l'"r' rr'lpp.ndpn. P"el^zrrr',' in r"
    i'rii'l"ur" nu..' " pl-m.,, dF "-er"r :i u a 'irrri" u p rr'' J'lrnl^ziriF
    d..ll in,f'".nd ' J ,llF !rLi d. 'u.l iI
    l'o/ li
    o r" . ' .\'
    lh" l .'L
    '
    | \ " lL / m\ ' ," i r h n ," . ' ,' l Di ' ' 1
    T l, c ex am i n a l .j c ni s tn l i a e d a )s . (T i m p)

    C,r\i n r!1 , o/ ?, / o : i / r .i n r p & j , /i ri i : F IF H r. l rJp^rul 1i ," ,. /" 1 Fi


    ttr ,i s t uda. , \ . i I ' r, ,/a r' c . .i u i ' .1 t' ,' rl i J " D r" po?:ri -. i l s' | " "
    d es k.
    on mV desk. to th. stud1l. itt fiet d&As. care sint complelnenie.
    sintagniele:
    din
    C u ri n ttle pe c er e le l e a g i l r.p o z i l i a s i n l ,:
    d) cuvirtul de care depinde ti care o praccdi;
    ,) cuvjntul care dcpincle de ea (.untit i g|o],at'\ta englezi,Ihe Conple
    n?nl\'af the pr?p.)silion) li cafe este prer+r,lat de prcpozilie:
    I I e s lok e /o tl i e rtr.
    Verbul slonc esLc cuvintul de care depinde prepozilia lo, iaurn cuvin'
    t ul c a re d e piDde d" " 0.
    Cu rl n l l , d, - r r p, ! J r p r" t /i ri J Ir" ' " i i J I -,,b.ran,i r. un ad;c r:\'
    un verb sau un advirb. iar cuYintul preredat de prepozi,tie st un sublrtantiv
    sau echivalentul afcstuia-

    2l Preoozitic.(,riunctic sarr adTerb. Eristi adcseaconluzie intre $ 238


    D r p D o ; i t i;ion
    , j;nc{ii,.i'.,1'"rt,'., r ar,' m$i In,,ll.u ,i L n " led in d . F ' rFp : r' li
    ile vorbir. au "."FA-ifur".". f"n ru s l^ dFni bi rrFbuip'i 'nslizAmrolul
    lor ln propozitie:
    ,t b. I a4 ' h" doo- . r Pr po/ i. i)
    I md
    !lp n ,l/"/ t e
    ls ' nl
    on m y l, o. iLldJ . C o n J U n " l i r l
    wc have mt Delo/d. (.rtdrerr,)

    Prppoziliaar^ti rrporrul dinlre d"i I' tmc'i ei lrn"i propo/itii .drr nu du


    ae.casiiunc(i. sinra.ri;d (u'r subsr"ntir ii "tribu'ul l'ri. un.JdjFai\' "Ju un
    adverb qi complementul respeciii', un rerb gi complemeniul snu eft ).
    Conjunclia lea-rn doun pnrli de pfoporilie de ac14!ifel, sau doud propozi-tii.
    ,4dperlul determini un singur termen ;i anume: un verb, un adjecliv
    sau un alt adverb':
    \:\:emci her otr,. tutrclr.(l'ri!.)
    \\:e \rent lo tlic lheatredi"nr.1ou].tt ns. (Conj.)
    \1:eleii a short line ai.t. (Ad\'.)
    I aniled eelo.dhcr. (Pre! )
    I-sdida$ord {Cot:i.)
    at mDlo;.
    Shelauehed
    \1:had ncler seennnn Del..e.(Adv.l
    r t anplpn? \ttn !i|an t.li t r nq^/ a
    tC piA i,tvp rbp d ptFrm i
    ". ' r n5
    ti c s au o r, r' h d . lro lozilie li: ! l' ll.

    . om t l! lr "o. ' . n' ! lin


    r"
    . \ al,n t '. l
    b: r . \ : iu, ,

    \ 'e l ' : i S 2 5 3 2 - 2 5 9 3
    asl-ra.ur.opropozL

    409

    MORr.OLOCIA

    PREPOZITIA

    'l'her-"rvrs no one thcre bu, nre. lPfer.)


    The erginc was old D!, s'orking benutiiullJ. (Conj )
    SlrB ivas Dzr an amateur. (.\dv.)
    I had not necn the.c siz.e the sp.ing. (P.ct.r
    I m i s t s o s r,/p J o u rrr s l c e tX .i C i Lj .)
    T h .r h .' v p rp \p r h p ,rd ,,r 1 ,4 stl e. (\d\ )

    2381

    3) l'ormi. - Prepozifiile pot fi simple. derivate. compuse. complexe


    sau loculiuni prepoziliona)e:

    a) prepozilii simple:
    lro,n

    iy

    I
    b) prcpa.ilii d.eri"o.te
    ulong

    dside

    bclote

    c) pr.pozilii conpuse.
    trton

    d) ptepozilii conplexc.
    accordingto
    as to
    alongwith
    beca$eol

    (l.oughout

    iNtead oi
    out ol

    round about
    up to

    c) loculi ni pepozilionule|
    in
    in
    in
    iD
    in

    at the la.k oi
    by means oi
    by the side of
    lor the sake ot
    in front ol

    licu ol
    optosition to
    spite ol
    Ure Ycnt ol
    the middie ol

    f) Fepozilii pres(urtatel
    ashoreIe (- on)l
    o'clock ta' 1: ol)l
    aioot t. { on)l
    dkin t. {: of)l
    four shillinss d ta : onl day
    4 ) DouA pr elo z i l i i .i n r i n l re b u i n rs ro u rp o f l i ryd d" da$i cul i nt atD nri
    2 38 0
    , i n 'l una s ingur d rs rp i n c u l i .i c r l ; p " n i ru d rcdd i dF" r:
    T l, " bus D6s F da n rl I j u m D F t o " /o | ' ,p p l d l orm
    They e\lid"t"d thF rurnilirr' lton undP; th, Nin".
    She shouted /elz dnoug lhe trees.
    ThPcp wPrp hedgpsrouad dbout him.
    The tablcs on tha terrace were close[o each oi.herbut I squeezedttr 6e,aeenthem.
    The coitase looked out oz r, a garden. (Verb complei + 2 p.ep.)
    (Vezi ti 5 1618)
    2385

    238i

    5) Cazulfi lormr euvintuluiprocedatde prepozilio.- Cuvintul precedet


    de prepoziliestd ln cazul acuzativdaodestesubstantil'sau pronume,sau ra
    forma gerundivului daci este verbr:
    L c t u s trl k r, l o u .
    ' ' i l ,I
    She was looking dl ,'.
    You arc iord ,/ sn)gtns.

    231J3

    Unle prepozitii

    contribuie la lormarea altor cazuri

    Astlei, prcpozilia

    of lormeazngeniti'ut prepozilionali5 281).iar prpozifiile,r, for' of, fton


    formeazi cazuldativ prepozilional(S 307.308, pag. 76, nota 2):
    Tlrc cover ot ,nd D,o/i was a seDsauon.{Gcniiir lrepozitional)
    G\ft it to hitu! (Drtiv prcpozilional)
    ni n

    llmc

    c{cltio

    prcpozitiaro. ciDdcste pariicula inlinitivuhi, c.rreesle u.mati dc un

    LOCUL PR'POZITIEI

    403

    Ho broucht L[. L lo$ r . / , ' , r Ut ", / . r Dr lir r { pn. z , li, ' na }


    He t ooklhc ru,1 6a .kr t om nar inJ put il' on hi5 bd. k . L D a l i v p r . p o z j l i o n l l
    Stop that row, I bes of wb! {Dati! p.epozilionai)

    Ciod are a.eastainLrcbuin!arc.Ireporilis !i a IicrduL conliDutulnaliondl $i d davFnir o.imfld psrii ulo.utu[i inlrFbuinlals in loeul te"hilor
    terminatii dispirutc cu Tremea.
    Obserea!ie

    $i in aceaEii situalie, crviniele preccdate de prepozllii - 9i anume $ 2389


    boak, him, Marg, !au, ho - Elr,\ tn cazul acuzativ.
    6) Locul propozitioi.- ln lirnba scrisn, in siitul olicial sau lornal 9i $ 2390
    in Lorbirpdgrdmali.rl "orp.td. pcapazilralr"buil-.d nf...ddA im.diat parl"d
    de rorbire sau lon'rliuneape carp o inlrodu.ea.In rngl.zs dntual:iinsd. , u
    roa,a opozitis purigLilor,tn propoziliilainrerogaliv"sau alributiv. in ' are
    inr"rosdrivsau rdali' ($ ll0q).
    tpporiiic ;ntroau.a un pronu''r. ori
    ^d\prb
    irpiimau sau nu, pr.po,ilia asta puRd
    ln muLl,urpnt lu stirtirul propozi!i"i
    r .ip..tivo. n'r nu;ai in srilul intormsl. "i .i in s'ilul lormal vorbil. uneori
    chiar !i sois:
    The child l,nd,, I lookcd dlr'r w{s i l.iend's.
    'l'henan fdid, I s'ast.llitrs you drolt (: alout whon) has come.
    w; ot't do siihiut (: that without which)
    sart is on;,
    ,/lo is _his}ook Dr ( by $homr_Iwlol is t hi3 / o. (: fo r F h rt)?
    ,rne"e is she /rom (: fron $here,.

    Looul prepoziliei nu poate li dectt la slirlitul


    dupd vrbul acesieia in urmltoarele oazurr:

    propozi{,iei relative sau

    a,J cird insolette pronumelerelativ r,ldl ($ {064, 1078 1079) sau as

    ( s r 0e4) :

    The houso,,lar Ne lookeda,


    This is the samevillagds we rod ,s in JulJ'.

    ,, in propoziiiile ln care protrumele rlativ este subinl,les:


    That is the iactorv sectiontlhrtl you were seni.toThe womatrtwhol I was lookinsfoiis lhe wo.ks manas...
    Uneleprepoziiii condiiionate Etnt attt de strins legate de verbul precedent, $ 2391
    n,\mit rprb prppoi;liunalrS 2lq5'. In.lr nu msi nor li .onsidcrslc.a elpmFnlc
    dF lesdluracare pr*edu ,urintul inrrodus.Jn s'pastdsitudlip,unii gramaticien-i consider{ Cl ele primesc de fapt un caracter adverbial qi sint privite
    ,a parli.ulp rerbule tuqc drpd tetbul nr rare lar .orp o'nun.
    Tinlnd spdmad" p^,,ilids...lnr pritr.Tilii. unii aulori au propuq.in .Azul
    ,1" tala, rntoorir"r nurn"tui,tp ,.nrelnzilip.., u u"ola dp ..pnstpozilic..
    Strtnsa legdturn dintre verbul precedent Si prepozilie apare ln speciat
    la diateza pasivn, prepozilia tiind aqezatdin acest caz la sfirgitul propozitiei
    sau inediat dupn verbul respeciiv(S 1782 1?83):
    llis pfonise is not to bc depenrled o\.
    Thc notior aas aANcd rr]iot.
    Take {wrv the tclcvision seij ann hdE it seen tnl
    He was bcins ndde tnn ol.
    she ({s /dlt.7 sDout .t lol.
    BaI'I larcs r,tag /dad lo.
    t-tnaputt..r.
    ppr r .
    rq,r r i
    ol' , ' , 1", r .
    s d . / . f_!r^Isek l liind Dpn tfu p\ r ur s ii) .
    C olocvirl, tel;rto nll c s le num ii. ' lir ' r o: ' .

    . . r l r . r , , . , n 5 p '1 '

    ..,

    1.

    49{

    23gZ

    MOFOLOCU

    _ PREPOZITIA

    In unele cazuri, prepozilia care apare la sftrtitul propoziliei a rdmas


    a.ll"l dal,oritdfaplului.ir pron0m"l"p.rsonal"rp urrra nu mai ,3lF Fxpri'

    ma l I n lim ba pnole ? d I.o ' l ,a d . p e n l ru a s F c\i l J rapal i ri a:


    Tl'is is a hou6ecomlortableto liae t4 litl.
    lvoe the histodc docurn.nls worrh \tasting time otel liheml?
    She is good to look rr lherl.
    \r!'ereih cllildrcn dillicult to take care,/tiheml?
    I necd somoihjng to look lorward to litl.
    \l a j o ri ' " tn a \erb" l or d;n l i nba pngl FzS
    7 ) P r c poz ilir .o n d i l i o n a L i .
    2 393
    ca.to puL. t; si;g eLc.. poi fi Lrrnate de orice prppozi-tie ccruia de complemeotul
    To lut on th tablc, und'l thc chair, ;D Ure culrboard,otal the ned, tc.
    to sing tz nnglsh, on the siage,,o the public. /o. somebody,tc.
    2A94
    Existi lnsi o categorie numeroasa de verba, adjective li unele Bubstantive etc., urmai,c numai de anumite prepozitii care nu poi li lnlocuite cu altele.
    Astfel de prepozilii conditionate 6lnt:
    gnalitied./o.

    slnpii}J

    ,l itn

    t\ z i fi S tto )

    2395

    8) Propoziliilouzuele:
    abofd
    aboul
    abovc
    altel
    agarnst
    alons{side)
    amidist) .
    . m " nE r s lJ
    lelor-"
    ihind
    below
    beneath

    2396

    lreside(s)
    bet''een
    beyond
    lul (- crc.pr.)
    lry
    conc-Armns
    despite
    q-1r
    d n n n g ..
    .i .c rrL rn g )
    l.om
    in, into
    inside
    minus

    till
    on (- Irom)
    until

    via tlarol
    sinc (- de la. din)

    9) Introbuinlareo prepoziliilor. - lntrebuinlarea prepoziliilor in limba


    englzdeste o chestiune foade dilicile ti subtild. Se zice: "to abound in refined expressions",dar "to abound pil, fishes"; "arnoyd aDoat a mattr",
    "dar at intrusion, n il,t applications, by complaints"; "to arrive iz Pali6"
    (un oraq mare), da. "d, Dover" (o localitat mic{), "dl Richmond (o suburbie
    a Londrei), "astonished at his daring", dar "rg his ded"; "to belong tnlter
    lhe hesdi{.g.i, a buok . d0r'ro .oncboJ)':
    o burrl i^rlh ia,o sons . da
    "to burst ,r1, laughing. inlo tears, ,rill, raqe'; "t^ .omplain irDozls thing",
    dar "o/" sau "agains, a parson, /rr an act"; "to die /,'or, (sau o/J a \vound",
    dar "o/ grief", "Ihrough \eglecl" t "displeaseddt a thing", dar "ti,ill, a person",
    'gled dl the ridings',dar"ofthe lact"; "object afdinstthe appointment".dar
    '1o llis $-^rJs ; 't^ talk oboui sau d/ a per.on . !l"r -on s bubj,.l . ar"f d
    matter"; "il, Lhe tircumstances" (reierindu-se numai la situatie) ;i trndcr
    th circunstflnces" (referimlu-se la un lufiu lndeplinit); "to compare one
    thing or person lo anothr" (pentru o simple afirmRre a asemdnerii), ,,(';lh
    another" (pertru a face o comparatie mai ample, stabilind asemeneri li, ln
    mecirl. deosebiri).

    INTREBCINTARE^

    PREPOZTTIILOE

    496

    De cele mai rmrltc od. tntrebuintarea prepozitiilor in linrba englezn nu


    corespundeintrebuinldrii pe care o au in limba ronarrE.
    40) Excmplificare, - Existi verire, ca ta get Io :o, La looh etc., al .6tot
    inleles este complei schimbal de prepoziliile snu nari,iouleleadverbiale care
    le unneaz[.
    (Peotru o trattlre contrastivi. ln acelasitimp mai cornplete;i mai metodici a chestiunii, ln paginile ufndtoare se va arita atlt tnlelesul adverbialj
    cit fi cel prepozilional al cuyintelor citate. Ercrrplclo fnrn menliune speciall
    conl,in prepozilii.)1
    To get:

    $ 23e?

    s 2398

    to ge,into the houseI: a intra ir crsn lcu dili.nllal..)l

    to g4r into tlie l,.ain {.. a sc ur.a in iren)


    to a., in a word {adv.) (: a qunc. a nrtrodu.e un ouvjnt)
    1o set orl the grass (- a ple.a de te iirbii)
    10 s,, olI a traitrla bns (: a colori din tren/ruiobuz)
    to se, or a hoNc t: a desciileca)
    ro ?e, oll easily (adr.) t: a sdpa uqor ttirtr o litualic oiiici)l
    l o B"/ on r r " lldr lor - ( J , o b o ri p p . I, n )
    to !./ oD $" ' l u: pt h " r (J J \.1 ( . ,e l n trl e c l r: nf t nD ,cutrdl
    ro ;a ot r r dJ \ . ) in- dn .i ,' .r;
    " -i m' tg " b i ,rF -d u rb .,, d !!Jtud nl Fo5l uj taerc.l
    How are lon g.uiiLg ott l:ce mri faci? cum ili llergc?)
    l o rp oul ol ll' r ou " . .a i j d i n .d .1
    Ll Jl ..,u ri ol ,nl ' I
    ,,IJ
    i o i d our ol il, " r ' in I d
    d i n r"
    ' o b ode
    n necaz,din incurceluri)
    to gc, out ol trouble {: a scilpa
    tro sdi orcr a diilicttlty {.- a invinge o dificultate)
    1 ,,r", o, c r a r a5k ( a d " .) ( a s l .r-i o p m a J . ' l Frl i ni o sl r,rnl l
    ro sa or { ! . r r pr . " " L .i ri r" v e l i d n r' o ru " p _ i /A , '
    ro se r ot . r r n : ll, ' " . s { J
    In .In l l o ri l
    " p !l u d d
    l o sp r r ound J pr ohi b i l ro aI
    o i n l n ro i l i .l
    to i 'd r oud a p" r *o t i .o" n \i n g d rd .,n e \; p nn abi l d.l
    (o s.r ll, r ouc h ls u- t . "
    rD ,n J { l u i ru l i i )j
    ' l aJ ,e
    ro ;"r t br out b i, n
    r" u l i s j rd D c n ,
    t'
    , r,i l l l
    .re " e
    1 o s.r t hr ouE h oi a' r b
    G J !.) L a
    l ri r td r l ampnr,a ti \otdr (dFspreuo
    '

    l o g .r lbr dugl r im e I a -? i rre .p l ,mp u ,


    10 set to bnsiness{- a se apuca de t.eab{l
    to set tosether (persons,thinssl (ad!.) l: a lse) aduna, a (se) sl.ringe {persoane,
    lucNri)l
    to sp r up ( a. 1r " " . " ) I a i r u r d d s e :tl ;r, (lnl r.un .opac d..)l
    to Rlnp ( adv . l l: d s P v rra )
    to s, uD on a stool (adv.) (: a se mca pc un scaun)
    to ger up a plal (ady.l {= a pune ln scenl o p'es[)

    To go:
    r.d p d . d .
    l o A, ahoul oa" no rk ( i
    " ( 1 3 F r" ra
    - l,
    ' rp d h i )
    ro 8 o r r u f dr s o,
    '
    ' u ru r.F ra
    to so ItI (adv. ti p.p.) t: a l.ece {pe llngl)l ' rn i r c)
    to Eo down {of a ship) {adv.) (- a sc scullnda)
    io so dom soneiliing (: r coborl)
    to so in ( ) d\ . ) , iDt o (: a i n t.a l
    l o so it r 1, , .s o, n" r \ ; n c(a d v . r a i d ru .a ,1 " u n l u r,fFti ,
    to g o or l ( dds ) { : a Pl c L a ,a s . l i n d e l
    1 p i rd i (s ,.n d p L )l
    l o so olt r r - . s r J | F..)_
    I l l! "rbp le )i nrp no Tiliip dF p i^ . onlinL1r " o' nt n' r m " i
    " { m D i f r r J r i , E 'e n u " o u i .
    z e a zl , nestiu ne i. ceia .e ar I i : m . os r l, : l lr . . r lf ul
    x . : e. r e i l x r r t r i

    $ 2399

    MORIOLOCIA-FFEFOZTTIA

    496

    c oniinua)
    10 so otr lad v.) { : 3
    i; i; ;; l;i".i i; r ninPr eFn( - a s ' s pt opir d" I r a n i . J m '" s F p e I t a n i )
    lo so o ut {'J\.' ( 0. iFFi: 3 5a s lr ngp)
    to eo oui oI l: a reSr)
    ro Ao ou i o l rJ'h, on I a 3" d"m odd)
    a ! , z ir J . 0 "r dr inJ {o c d 5 J '" ) l
    ro Eo o r0r (a h ods Fer . ) t
    ro to orcr a s!" ah ( d r pf d"a. i r PpFr r n 'u v r n r 4 p l
    ,o so ore r {d d\ ) 10 |P Fr Pm y ( a r r P' a a I n a m l
    r o eo ltro trlb d Dr r ' i ' a- ) i I naPr , l, ni / dd i r Jl t o l u l l
    d r,.
    t r " r a , a 's u r o . d ( o *t e m o n i e
    i; ?; ih;;;-"r iu' c ; ; nonv ' . er " )
    r \ "; ula o bD' dlir
    to ;o lh.o ulh d pi ' " (
    lo g! urd er rJd '
    I d r s ' uluadd u. dP' 5dP d l , .
    ! i\ \ 6 t
    a s " ! o t \ r i u v r d / t t s 'u r v a l
    r o s, $ilt,1 e-.
    to in ritb ou t {: , ' ! e lils i dF)

    S 2400

    otc l

    To look:
    lo looft ot {: a prili)
    (: i s uita lm jd.; a ciltnina situalia' a se mai sindi lnajnt'
    io i"'r,
    dc a d ecide ) 'lo'ut -i
    lo rooi slter somcnody {: a ]rrivi tn urma cDila, duln cineva; a lns'iji de, a avea
    (rii.L
    dr finerJ)
    _
    to /,oA lor (: r c iulal
    to rooi h (;dv.) (: a iace o ririle scurtl, a lrecc pe ]a)
    a , r y m r i)
    a . \ i- r nt .
    lo /oo i in ld I
    a. : i r : di I o, h: i ( d " p e o ' a " l ' F l ' )
    ro /,o l o tl (2 look Fl' . i
    to loo L o ! ( a . on\ r ' 1er a)
    to ?ool on iadv.) (: a asista la)
    to aoot out (adv.l I: ! ti atcnt. a nrga de saml)
    F pr iv i lpF l d r e d s r r n p l ' l
    ro lo ,{ o ul o t ,J s , ndo$ "1. . I

    0 rizira (o casr'tc ):
    i; ;;;i ;;;" a: a nesurape irievacu prilirea,a exon'ina;

    to /,,ft llrou sh . J lr ir i 0. , Pf lnl


    a
    gt iJ a d; 3 n8! ii dP. 3 s u l t a r 'g }p 8 : 3 s ' b : 2 1 'rp P
    . I.o /,Dl to {. a u\ Pa
    'r n e \ a :
    I
    rne
    va
    l
    aD
    eta
    rr
    -"'--l,ir,il
    .ri (adv.) (: a privi ln sus, a'ti ridica ochii de ]re o carlc etc i a ceula'
    io'tool up (a $'ord, an address) ('rdv') t:
    in cartea de lelelon eic.)l
    lo loon trlon (: i considera)

    s 24.01

    a crura (un cnrint ln diclionar' o ad}.sa

    PREPOZITII $I AD\ERBE OTIONI\{E UZUAT,E

    ,{l arate stareape loc (S 2403,2424).


    Io arata direclia(\ 2423).
    . 4 ll' 2 4 1 2 t
    /, a r sla slsfFasru mis.drerintr-uolo. r$ 2 4 0 9 2
    - -.
    /r ,. a r - li Ji'p.!id dinalsrdinaunlrusdu lra n ' t n rm" re{aS 2 4 1 0 -2 4 1 1 )
    $ 2402

    ABOLTT
    Ile lalsh.d rt'ort il.
    She ](rkcd ltout ler.
    (Sa uit ar hj' r r . )
    Ilob has snoken: Nc1l. e,la, ilort /o!?
    {tsob a vorlit. Xi }ine, tu ce laci?)
    Come tomorrow rlrout this lincl
    (Vino niine can pe lr ora asta.)
    They rowcd rl,out ttu lo^e.

    He ilts .bont ro sp.dft.


    lEra pc luncrul da a vo.bj.)
    Hare you any moDct slout You?
    He had about 2,000 books. (Adv.l
    {nvea v.eo 2 000 de ce4i.)
    It .aDe sDort in rhis waY... (Adv l
    {S-a lDilnllal. astlel...)
    'l hev took Lltrta dou slout. (Ad' l
    (F e i " !u de sedni [ i ]retnal i l ., Ltennnl

    PREPozltrr 5r svEREE

    497

    s 2'1oB

    At'
    tl:
    Vcfte si adicctiteurmatede prepozilio
    ro sdzerosrurcbr'rorrdr'ro rnoira
    d"rislrr"d
    .urpri"'d.
    . ^ ",-', :".:.
    rLlartr.tol'
    -io
    t
    hro$' o $onoPr
    at'o
    "
    it'""t'o s'
    l: i;T;r: il'i;i11"1;i;i;i
    at:
    Localinni &tuerbialecu prepozilia
    not all' rl lrascni'ri arr
    st once,st the sametime'onest a timc
    't
    "r,"Ji, "ri"",,
    et puy
    a loss' si l'he iop nt the centrc'
    sl night, rt sea, st war, rt

    E x e m Ple :
    \r'. do,,Pd st Y..1"
    la fnrt l
    lN; ;ni;!Ijt
    3
    ' l. . -, : : " ,::-:"
    in a s na' k s r a s na"h b ' t
    -p

    ljJlilLSii;";';r"'t'

    l
    snstaietmpreunA

    u" b "1 rubso

    I leei m F 3t rh e s'dlro nr
    (la. ma dc la ga reil

    I rln st 4 losr whai to do


    (Nu ilin .e sa lac.)
    She is good !l .h'r booLs
    Therc is a house3t ,ti" Dd'A
    lXsle o casein slate l

    BtrT
    \

    s 2{04

    conj )
    erceqlia ipre!
    '
    o"'
    but
    ros'
    sas
    He
    lEro nennltim!l)

    d,",","it';"".""
    u.t r"' t ''"rt'ri r."
    Io s)''rl{^1"":,
    i a l u ro ru rtr'
    LI r r u/ dr ' : n _ a r
    I . anr or b u t s rn g l o r j o ] { u o n r' r
    ( l\ u lot s ;i n u t l n i d e n u ' u rrEl

    2) :

    unai

    ( adv ):

    {l""iT,: lfJ"Jii''";"rwo,r s{wbutotu


    3l :

    rdre sn nrt (pron relati{ negativ)


    rl'er ;l n" .n' rur kno$: o l'" dihnrprnpn''

    4) : ddr (conj).
    You askcdrne io comc'but I conldn'1"
    BI

    $ 2405

    (precedncomplemenlul.deagent)
    It sas $ritten W nv '{rrt''
    (comptcmcnf instrutnertal):
    2) (cu un partioipiu prczent)
    I'r'r I
    5nr won g^'d m:'rlrs bt 'rcllirp I r"
    r"r i "i|i,,r nor" b InF I I' rrn
    'rr'
    I t r s dat r E1) :.le

    I e\trr\r'L m \ s Flf
    , ,
    Sl' nnr n0
    Lu i rrn ' .a r t i' r t ar P
    '

    ilii.lr"Il;)illxi'rcchrlr')o'ddrica!
    *,{""qiFr}i+i,*'sllill*"1iif

    MORFOLOGIA

    493

    PRIPOZTTTA

    3) : lirydl
    l\e Eatbr tle fire.
    Thcr'siood bx /kr thrdughher mistodune.
    4) : dnpd,
    \1trat time is iL hI 1/ob eatch?
    I couldlcll nho he is Dx r/d fti.'lls he hns.
    ir
    "r/ ( u ru.1 d. In '.L"il:
    I am lallcr i.hanhe br a /oort
    To buY llour h! thcpauu1.1
    To die lrJ tEnlg| - a sc slinrtc(: a nuri) cu nrc-"t!ll.
    6) :?e la (aproxi'nali)(compl. circ. de tinp):
    I shall bc ba.h bI nine,tl,a^.
    7) : ca. pe. trtn (cu denumid care se releri Ia mijloace de locomolie
    Ia
    nediul prin care se c6litorette):
    ;i
    to travel {of go)ty trair, bI car,[r ]ard, bJ sea,ItI air, etc
    a) - pe linSd.l
    She aent lty me $'ilhout a looL.

    9) : pe acola (aiv.).
    Sle rr.n, hY liumnins {n air.
    [I i: prin ntropiere).
    Thencx'sriidium\taJsor,w|erc
    ',dr
    l0) idiotuatic.
    How did vou .oe iJ this money?
    (Cun ai ajuns sn ai banii aceitia?)
    Or p Dt oa. I ney g o ' u p d D dl " ft l h e L a l l .
    (l nul . ll unul s .a u r.u l a t ri d L p d r;s .r .d l r I
    I lived by rylert
    (Triiam sinsur.)
    ol r ll lhp r . r r ' qsp s, a s rfo r l h " p a rr o t Op h F l ,rs h" $ 1sLr /,- rLp moJ tou.Ii ng.
    Dinlr a lodlp d { ri l F l e d i s ' ri d u i l " In i o l L l O hl i " i . Fa ! to5l cu mul r cea mD i
    T o! ioDs nt J . '
    '

    $ 910ri

    roR
    Verbeurmatede prepaziliafor:

    to ask, to blame, to care, to compensate,io e{chan8e.to leave, to lona, to


    look, io scnd, to set out, to siart, to ,ait.

    1) : pentru, del
    Write this lor turt ,truI
    I'll ,D&rle yon lo. some b.ad.
    It?tots that thitrs lor!
    The exhibils are lor rtld.
    Tortoise*hell is h.d for maki4g combs.
    Thc World Council tor Pddsc.

    2) : d,attuprepozitional:
    Uary sent this book fo. nc.
    d r o d s u re d l ri rl l " rp
    ' loot . paund ii ' //L -u n i rrr,
    ze Dt lndun inlpr F slivre s op e n i ru .rtri o rr.

    v" zi g I3!i ' , roruri pre-

    PREPozqrI tr -{DvrEBx o

    400

    3) : ld (dstina!i):
    He l.t lor ./dsil/ this mornins.
    {c lli.Jt lr raii a s t . lz , d, m iir ' pat a. )
    Ate !o! llt Buchorcst!
    {Mergli la Bucrregti?)

    refe tor la tinry i distanld(: de sau netradus):


    He \sas iD lh.re lor atrout ,ro nodrs.
    Slte had becn lrcpadng Lo eran lor /er7rs.
    I }Jvpr'. .q n Jorr lor 4 /,,g ':trllor o1ps.
    Eo r pt le( ar uu d, s!.o ' l d r' l
    5 r' r l r' .

    -)) : in ciudu, cu toutc ac.sleaj lolati (introduce un compl. circ. colcesiv):


    She wrs a good childr, lor aU her lit e nichs.
    Io. al, rhd,. he should hrre addrcssed}inscll io nc.
    ror a,l yor sdy, ve ieel snreth-Are$ill be an improvenent in llris conducl.
    de, din c(Mza (introduc un compl. circ. de cauzd):
    She sa5 repling ro. jog
    Thc Litlle g!l Louldn'l see Io. rEes,
    \Ve couldn'r go io slccp lor laqnizs.
    He cnn't sleeplor ,i? nois, of ihc rain on ll,e rvindows.

    6) :

    dr' pt. .o fiind I


    I look lim tor o drc,o..
    He was conter tud tE a thief.

    i I

    8) dupe o tnterJ
    crlie:
    {zr.d/, Ior rhe holidays I
    Splendi.l lor yn!
    On, lo. a slass ol ilt1er!
    9) cn Dn compaxatit,i
    "Do you fel anv ,tu ,.ref lor his mcdicjne?"
    "Oh no. I am tu ao.ra lor it."
    It was a.harye ror lftd &e|lo lsa|r ne ao*L

    l0l + substantie(san prcnutne)+ infinitio (ac. cu inf. $ 1674).:


    Th P r p$as no t oj l o t An n to p l o u \.th fi is impossjbleiot het r' so'rh.ie.
    It Fas quite plain IE eleryotu to see.
    It js (not) lor hin ro de.ide.
    Ior n?r Dot to aor.t hard now, beloreihe e{ams,s'outd be a mistake.
    r l) , t l o r ( : dac { n ar l i i a a n -a r fi Io s t):
    ]}ut tor n,. {saunereil lol lor her)Be shotrldhaye prelerred tle seasid12) :

    (cit)

    desprel
    tor
    ntn, h chos. to becomea stulrt man (: cascador).
    -4s
    ,.1 tor r / r dl,$" ll ' a l k a b o u l i l ,d r" .,
    You may see ior youroeil{: siDgrr).
    For mysetf,tor ms ptt (: lni.ucit m'-i]r.ivestcl.

    13 i(l i o ma ti c
    I
    lor insianc
    lor ihis purpose
    e'ord tor
    ''ord
    I :

    trn copil

    dlninla.

    : cuvinl cu cuYint)

    MONFOLOGIA

    500

    _ PREPOZTTh

    FRO}I

    s 2407

    Vobe gi ad.jectitcurmatc de prepozilia fiom:


    to Inu, to guard'
    to ileter:to ilie (lrom a wound),to diUe.r,to dividc,to escape'
    to part,.to pr;vent,t; proteci,to.ecove.,to sulfer;freel'om'
    Enemple.
    1) (provnienle): de la:
    I soLa letler hom ntm.
    Tl; \'ind blcw hom rtu ,tcs,.
    : din:
    ilom
    I am talkins
    ".Feriezaa.
    the jug
    SherDr.sd-waterhon
    : d.apd.:
    lrom the natureol his occupahon
    Hc vas callcdJaok.olall-trades

    s 2108

    2) fron... to (: de 1a... la)'g:


    Ile walkedlrom the doorto the rindo\t.
    They counledtrom oneto lillY
    3) : inlpotrteai
    The veil ,rck.r.l I'er lrod ihe sun

    ThpJ q"r; ra/" trem inqui5i':vF p,$"6_bJ

    4) timp I
    Enn that titue sh slolPed writitrg

    I'rom hod oD $'e will do oLlt besL to catch up with the othe|s.

    s 2{}9

    IN
    L) - in, I a; c u :
    Tho.e is sine ln my 8lass.
    She liYes h BrcharestTheY a.riYed in Bucharesl4lle ;as dressedln a pai. ol t.ousemand a shirl
    2) (cu obicte de studiu) : de:
    a lessonir Etrglish,ir malhemalics,etc.
    a lecturer h PhYsics
    3) : J a ( o un i i ' e rs i b a te e tc .):
    a professorol Englishin the Uriversily oi Leeds:

    (,npdr)l
    li: ,Ti:l-#r,:."1":iii^"1tf;lffl
    ocrrale
    ;"fi'"T:ltshai.ra,iirace
    3 1F,i .i I ri:lJ .

    I )#. u',,1i1'u;,",,'
    Lrd,d,rl,Ansr,a
    ."'i'd ur\ ori,hi r JJ kJ,4,.n \\ pJ Ridins

    L ni!r;s;lrr: r oid. ' 1 ir ls ^: r J ia a' "gor " r p d D a 'A 'l


    r rcdb "; Aurt-\:! , , s o
    . . / / r "r ,
    r r r - ir ' 4i
    d 'o l d g . o n r p J r d r r v r e 'b n l p . c u p r c
    ',
    rtr vpsqrero
    alrtxl i4
    ri-L(r -r'ir.'1r idL dd "l : n. J f dm il) apdnnJ . dpun4r "dli
    <r r d n d ; L o n d r d'or ln, lrr a s L p c o n r u m a '
    I ni\ "r",.1 ,d ir u \l, , t d. C- n, br idg . I ( inr \ l J l"; "
    'u
    nisri. si aonst.riie din pintri.
    ' , re

    PRIPOZITII

    60r

    9T ADVERBE O

    4l idionatic:

    )
    1""
    tf i;'.'!"lfe mTeii"T:1""1
    ) ,
    i tr r im er ( : r a"1't
    (i-'i"L1llit"r
    liil'lii*
    ll tilli
    he ev ening(= ' s e a ra r' ,
    ln
    l o t he s t r eei l: P e s tra o rr
    ln tle skv i: l'' +rl

    il li,'l'"$llEl;,:'lffi;i x'i''

    "'
    it l['.#illt,:'"lYi";i];,rl*:'

    1i""'"'
    ; ":::"i1""i::
    ll
    i*;'ll,'''::l*r
    r
    I
    \dL
    in
    srr'l
    l"
    l'
    rr'"-il,i^
    rr'*"t
    '

    Sh e F itr. tE rr as r ) iAdv l

    s 2{10

    Illro
    l'crbc urmarede Pr'lotilid inlol
    to tu'n
    make ro pour, io s!a!e. to translate.
    to change,10 ililide to impo't' to
    conc'et)z:
    Fdril prepot;liet Lo e|\ter (sens

    ii."l,lil,lfijii"'1",)'"ri"mi,,,"'r"
    ll'.'"llil,,Iii""""loTlli'i'*
    "*"'

    s 2'll

    tN. lNTo

    i["**.'*
    11,;"i::,i'xl:ul":"11'1"".,*'i",T:"'J,,'x'"li$
    '",".*.
    1"";i;;ilifl:"9lil

    f1?;T'i"':'l;'il,:,J,':;",:''"

    gf"',li;n:"-'&\T.'itl i;:i:,'"iH!!",#:'a"^",,,.

    *' if:'fiii'."1il"%'rtr
    T[i,[#if,ir-'t':iliu'"
    T he h ou se qd s ln 5r g' I . . '

    rT;;*'
    ffll'],fi"*,:T

    i,;-ii'i,1"'111,.'jr'-''
    s t11?

    IN. OUT
    ra d v )'
    0 u l {d dt . ) eql. c nnr r a rrrrl .l u i .i n
    l n ro '
    l
    u
    r
    P
    s
    t
    e
    c
    ont
    r
    arru
    l
    o
    t
    t)u t

    ;ll)-'!J"illi'i'"';"'l'L'' -u ' 'o'


    :,i'J,"iili";",,l"i"Tii
    ill;,;'il,'"''""'""'
    .'""#'
    :flT'"i^'1,*il""
    -

    ,;." ," A"


    ',r.. *
    "

    o/ rln? - i sosi mrlt


    t'ne - li\ la ora hotirriinl ro Dai' I/?'tv
    d

    :
    '"t '1"1,:"$,*:niA ,u s:l;^d-b:,1.r:.
    i.;,:^i,:;:;,:i.i:';:L:i.r
    ei
    i*o ren4'n'e'r

    -*"yr22!;ili{',itii\

    inro6'!;r's iu'o

    502

    !REPozrTI^

    trronfoL{)ciA

    o!'

    2,113

    lerbe, adjutitc .fi snbslantiw unnalc de prepozilia olr


    ro I
    iible.i

    d r 'oi'a .i
    . o co n. is lr , l, ' dip. oI lg, or ", nJ , r o - p " d l t . l o b u i p a . o l r r "
    u"- ir 'u . . , 'd p l 'p n d n l . n i l i r i o
    k. b r;"1 r, lo \ iar n' , apiL' : . , ir px l,
    'u " 'p
    tossessed ol; in sFar.h ol, !tc.

    l) geniti! prepa:iliona| (9 2E1):


    Tne door ol r.hcnod sas ajar.
    She is llle $iic ol ( do.rol.

    2) ld dale (precedn numele lunilor):


    Tb,e rqi.h ol Septetubet.
    On the first ot ,ne non,ft.
    3) - din par te a (d u p l a d j o c ti v e ):
    It was v.ry itzl ol her 1o com.
    I lnw. f , , , ol h i m!
    4r
    dp t dup a a d j , c .i v " r:
    to ic proud ol lond ol guill.y ol, tircd ol, alraid orJ eto
    de elemente componnte, sau referi5) : de, m (cu nume de materii'
    1a
    etc.):
    toare
    con-tinut,
    '
    0ihello had a .apc ol gold on.
    It sas a box ot car.lboord.
    It all came down like a house ol
    '4.dr.
    clve ne t rtp or @ffee!
    I le, ey esu. i /,l l o I i c a B .
    His glasswas f"rl ol sheny.

    6):tn

    (dupnii uri acadmice):

    Bachclor ol Aris.'
    Na6ie. ol Science..
    Doctor ol i[edicitreI hJ d r n opt url u n ' rl o l k l l tg ' :m n y mi n d .
    He Ras a m an o l s ' rrz . (a i tu i i )
    - r , s / ?ddot s upp fr, th p t h i d n ,g h l e a .7
    8) : de la (provenientd):
    I }orowed a few shillings oI /,tn"Ol all chemisk." 1:,,La toale famaciil".1

    9) - dintrc,
    He }ocame one of l,? re6rul'f erening srLddnrs.
    l'he tallest of d ,o"s is mv son.
    the, nr atl qonen, io bchire ir such a rvryl

    1/. .o,6,sr or a corsla dini ,o .onsis,in = a corsi,r b.


    3 Vezi { 2a196.
    - c " t o. ' t
    r: o ra l a s g si nsl .
    r' o
    r l-ezi si q" p'
    ir(2!
    I t.,{- til'ru uriviNitar ccl,iralcnt c! Zi.czltd, tz /iLerc(: Racltetorof Atts)
    6M . S c . ( l[ as t e t.fSc i e i c e )a l d o i ]e a q ra d trn i vcN i tarl duri l ?.s.,i nA ryl i a.este
    larn cohirtdeni in arte tliri. D. ii1t. llai. Daotor Littafim) : Dottot af Luctatute,(orcs'
    Dundr mai d-"$abn titlulrd de ,ocrz, din celelalh inri.
    '
    t h' Lht ; dmi a,i .
    at /p r| n /m .s .i .o m p ' ro a d i n p ' )r;.u_n" .ra;. 1.r' 1r,.7i .dul ' ir'arI'
    ne
    .,n dhm i id, I nlod"
    l d m d t' d ,: a d n l In j tru -n4 mA -' orrsr' r' ni n ' ahrp
    '
    d
    d
    e.
    iinA
    s
    i
    de
    c
    e
    a
    i
    .
    ti

    PREPoZTT! Fr svERB!

    50,

    70) pcntrr accentnarel


    ?rd rnr.col &r went bJ bus.
    tome

    aa, aU ot !/ou!

    11) idionaticl
    What lias bcconie ol l.rl
    Ile .d,p ol agel hsl. rltitli.
    S]rc is ol no a..olz',
    Tlie noise stoDDed dll ol a sdl&n.
    Il \'as oi nD t,?,r,
    \\'hat do you_do ol d.\u :tala
    'li,c .al cemr ot nr.//.

    s 2{14

    OTF
    I) dcpdttart (ddr.):
    IL is a lang 0a! olI.
    The rilligc js tt\. rLiles .r\1.
    2) despdtlirel
    He c/, olt d sample. (-{dY.i
    She to.e olt the rase. (-{dr.l.
    The leaves /dit olI the tfees
    ?'dfteolt your hatl {Adr.l
    She tool. oll her coat. {r.d! )
    Here is rour orange- tahc
    on ihe peell (Adv.)

    lle putte'1.olt his loots. {Idr.)


    lou nustn't. Lo^ oll tour book.
    I sro,i the mrtr oll. (Adv.)
    I ftno./i.dhim oIl his chair.
    ,t0i,.I oII rhc lishi.l. {r\dv.)
    ?'L.n oit tlie waaer. ttie radio, the
    T v l (Ad r.)

    3) :

    aic i ):
    a (Nl, y ( : de
    o l t tn c r .rn I (tda.)
    The lhief nadd otl. (-\dv.)
    lPlec.rrli In gorM tuaF.)
    o{otul a luslt.)
    T | o k n " " o i li " d ol l J " l ' i ' L" n (\df)
    Ap o tf: O t l $; lr l^u { \ d r )
    rl l :L l r.i ,' ,u n pui .)
    r Pl , "a Ll" di. i E di. I r l" ." r"
    lI! son .dptcd ot sere.al ldzes. {-\dv.)
    ([iul meu a luaL mai mu]te Pen'ii l

    4) diecrsel
    Iz@e ofl talkitrgl (-q.dv.)
    (Taci, nu mai aorbi l)
    Th p q u n $ould nol s o od d n d l h a h d ,e fa n a w a .r'(A { \'
    {Puic; nu s luat loa ei Lelurera fugit.l
    !!e play is oll. (Ad{.)
    It-re san u 3e oat loac a .i
    To be
    lAdv.)
    dare de nlnd.)
    {A fi cu'.J]'orl.

    oN.uPoN
    PreDoziti&
    on p"tc sinor'imacu prppoziliutron'prin .arc pos'p fi lnlo.uil d
    in anroine ioate acccDtiiie6aip.Al.s.r"a uneia sau 6 cPlcil;llc esta diclate
    ,1. eirfoni""au de uzenia. upon tiindforma maj rara. lnrrPbuin!alamoi alps
    ln limba scrisd9i tn anunrit. .onsrru.Liiidiomati'p. In 'arP FstFlorma 'onsacratd qi de neinlocuit:
    uloo.mv word!
    dnce ur;or a tilne-.. (: a tost odati . )
    Prpoziria upon este compus{ din p (in sus) qi on (pe):
    out lor i.hvaseon the she[Shegot trPona stoolandraohed
    1 a am of agc : a deveni mnjo.(a).
    ,Ve zi p a g. 505, not a 1 .

    5 241;

    noR.olocrA

    604
    I'trfu

    PRtFozITr^

    nr ttttt: d. Pr(P,rrtlt1 ortl

    to q cr. oidl ,

    lo i_

    n l rr' r' nutr' l

    '

    t ol| \ p. ' o n " p \ a i | : . U ( i i ' : ' | ' , | | j } ' ' | ' i' | o n 5 o n "| ""l' ' '

    ul ns,'

    on his suocAtsilo oarN otr lrdv ) a h{dc


    H os 11 1o | 8q l i .. o n s l l o ' t e l ' ' h r I \d \ 1
    \V l' al is A t inq on i n l rrP ? 1 \' 1 \ I

    t ) : pe :
    There afe atplls oz Ure Lairlt.
    Lie do\rD ,, lhe sdial

    2) : (a se tmbrnca)ro:
    Shc !2, on her sto.kinss. sho.s.

    .Pzll on ]'our soilts: (-\dv.i

    (gi-a lus ciorapij, prntolii, lil,'Lria rlc l


    She tled on hr dress.(^dr'l
    (Di a Incercat rocl'ia )
    oL his bell.. (idv )
    lte buckl.ed.
    i$i. a ln. heiat c o rd o n u l .)

    Shts iad a r.d l.och on. (-\dv )


    f^vea (!e ei) o rochie roiie.l
    tlrc Fore flbber solcd sneakers on tur
    i(Itr) lurt.r lenisj ir !i.ioarP.l

    The l.rce nds nd icaYes


    ( hm nl nn ale I Nnz . l

    3) Ld d.ale.
    l r nll! t nir d' lav ll F r" i i u rn d l n l o \..
    , \ lr ' iJ / i " iu' rn ^ i . l d o r1 :
    i was lolr on t l i e tl l h o l S e p l .e mlr '
    s " p te -l " i 6 t
    i lr - " i, - *s iJ t ilt
    o n : r \ av m or n i n s
    ' I nl_. c i. in, in " ' i . l e n d ,
    .

    I a 'r

    l | Ir" r' a horrdrJ on l r' 5ddl


    r\l J r l i n | 5" ' "
    ' /;r '
    I l c l t tl re tow rr oD mv farl P r' s-i rri {a' '
    { \m r l rasi i orri dl l asosi P at' ttl di nr!)
    o o i ' rorm\ n' erI
    i i nl " u odrrp L
    ' rLnoasrl
    0 n nr\ bi rl h l dJ
    l a /"r''

    o f r zi

    In'i

    '

    P na' prol

    on Uut daY
    (: In z i u a { c e e a )

    0 hs er adlie
    S lr F d" ^. pbif " ' 1 " l i " ' rb o ro m;n d u n d F srrb' rJrrri !pl - ' ' *
    i " " " ' " ' :'
    rn
    Dl rl i ilp z il. i nu s i n l i n q F n F r" p r^ ' P4 J l e ' l F pr-| ozr(' r ' i nd 6rau stnLrur'
    a
    a
    z
    d
    i rr no' l rl urmi l orr:
    pr F fn T ;l i i l a ' . i n rr;b rri n
    .i 'n b "
    " ngl. z r
    3t. ' -:
    l
    d
    ,P
    n
    a
    '
    a
    trE
    i
    n
    ila
    Prrl /
    o xi a
    ' l, lt J-a miJ/ '
    la cr'ma iul zile i
    ln amurs

    .\ 94tB

    in ' t P olLt t aoa


    ! nuheoe
    ne
    :n t day br ah
    :
    nAhtatl
    ^I

    r t ar

    rrr

    "r a u l

    ro!!ii

    \ {t r
    = in riP
    n r r r n g " trqr lLr '1 r r s n r '

    subsLantiYe
    Preodatede un atribut, aceleagi
    frimesc insi prcpoztltaon:
    on o /t8

    mordng

    on a s,a?'v nj.sLt
    on the nigh[ oI Tuesd.J, the {st ol JulJ

    on o sLnnr-cYoun8

    I vlzi
    $ :q ilt.
    a
    r, rre,ail asatnst
    oror : a jlling.i
    " to preiuil on - a corviige; /o //.'dll
    f.zista .
    d ,; "PlJ
    lot
    t) t,a :t
    soa t Pbat t
    nIro
    l n l " o l n 'r n '; l r _
    .L orrl rnh nt n, , / i r o1r lpdr i lir nodr oa"na: jlr '1 1 '/ r i
    no, pt, o" riru. " 1 "; llaou" l' J ln , r n' bn Fnll 7 r i l r , p \ P o t t r : o '" d n ! o r " n a r n t n E '

    l,lminiror)
    """ "i1ffi.,+fii-'il';"" r'!crc$rde..cnr',sts"am.
    duri aprin.rerca

    PREPOZITII

    ;05

    9I ADVEREE

    (nu se iraduce':
    4) + un Cerunziu sau a/r sxDstanlit
    rlr' no is P I jum pPd oul ol b' d
    on t'o rrr
    n,oieI;' 's ' 1m" 'o lis\"
    i;";,1-''i"h";it,rn
    5) :

    asupra' despre:
    tle sroke oo rl' sL'J'roI \ork'ng somen

    6) .a tinnare:
    {'o utrt lr"ol

    oo! Xftl

    on! (Adv ).

    \rv )
    il,,i, .i!ii""a on rhrr Pds:age:
    '
    L,.r on

    i{

    \u lr

    $or l:

    ( \ d\

    7) erprimn o at:lianetn cursr"

    T h e Dlir rs 6till oo' ( Ad\ _ )


    oo' ( AdL)
    11 ,. L is}ls
    i,. i,." i- "rIn r h" ilinit r g t oom { Ad! r\d\')
    i'"'i,,i, i,"- t" tit' In d] bPJroom
    . s ,r/.1{ o D t}c lig l' t l ( AdL )

    8\ idiamatic:
    nn h,o t ,

    d m" r g",

    pi' ior l

    lo wall

    'u
    t';,i.;.'1il'+;.
    l
    l';"1'"",lT,l
    i*'' c6aarLh
    li ir:ll

    i l T i r,

    $ ; i "l ^ ' i l . [ . h

    d o rrd ,'p d 'par dr r addr um uLui'

    ili'lXllj':'"'"' i" d"bambru


    31
    on t h. ' , ' nr r ar J (: d rm p o rr' v rl
    ":'li:"' il"inl,",1u,
    :iltl:,;il..
    ;l l;:llil,
    ah
    "rr'i.jhr \\4t ' \
    '

    dr'!r indn'Pr'

    '"",,,

    s 241?

    OUI
    {lrDvERF)

    t) Mother('as out'' ".

    l]!am3 n r tra a rrsN l


    r nlpr ' lf
    I u, rl otr( sh pn | .d $ I ' inr

    r oom '

    )
    ie-"i'i"ii-, i";i r',. tlzur irrrnndIn oddiP
    II\ buok is out: it 'd'4 out yest'r'l 'v
    (L a rl c a nF a d r pr r ut re Di

    s ..
    2) L a n e s6" d, . t ud out in a l r d i fc .ti r,n
    ro " " ' ri rF ri i r" l
    Ju
    s
    e
    ,
    l;
    ldr
    r
    i i ;;i ;': ; ;
    'n
    ' 1 n ' i ri
    3)' Blo, oui ilie
    'andle!"
    (Stingc lumlnareal)
    lishtrl
    Pr, out the
    (Slinge hrmjnal) _
    "
    The lishts ,efe our'(L rm ir ' ile er au s t r G Fi
    ? ,rr odl t he lig} f s l .
    ? ,fn out t he S r s lt r cr

    -r.^",,,'"r...'',r,,'".,1ri':l'lt."tl,ll,,.i{ril:;,,J"i,f:'it,:'.."(:
    t he I is h tl

    Th e liE l' 1s
    'fl

    " tt ) in"","'.r,'., . , " r ueis o{ t " { E i n o ' a 5 )c n :" s h e i s o ' n t' '
    t"at )"
    t
    si g !1{1 $i { 2'116.
    ",i

    i E l l ccal e E pl ecaGdi n

    MOBFOLOCIA _ PFNPOZITIA

    SOIi

    nu, out this senien.ci


    (Sierse cu snma a.casiir irazill
    C.oss out thai linel
    (Taie rindd acel.l)
    llv coat is dor" out.
    { Hant anli- e u z a ti .)
    I am iol, otrt.
    ( S lnt epui z a i .)
    4) fi'.i|e otr tlis dictaliorl
    {T.ansoie aceasie dictare!)
    I can't nale out 1l,is $'ord.
    (Nu pot deslufifn!01.'sca.rcsl cnvnt.,
    .Spanout!
    t\iorbeFte {cu !oce) larell
    ( B agr ide se a ml l F i i r1 e trt])

    our o}'

    S 9{18
    1i - (afard) din.

    He rtlrl otrl ol tE loes.lletrls .te dug ott or the eatlh.


    IIis violin has got out ol lune

    2) : de' dtn:
    She agrccdto it out ol ntad,dss
    3)

    -'

    dintre:
    I .hosc i{o piolu.csont ot r'rdnrv.
    ol llli

    S 2119

    Verbs urnai de prepozi-tia!i particula ailverbiali ove|:


    bloNoter,gile orcr (- giv. upl. took orer,eic
    T , r " . df f J g! s .,q 6 1 ..,r'o rp r n ! r' n ro " m . (. \dI I
    ( T r a' ur a .i s l u l r' ' l i l " i rrl u l l I
    ' "1
    I hail Do more ritien.e: I s4t. orer waiting io. her. (-Adv)
    (Nu am maj rvut .ebdarer am renunlat sl o ai alrepl-)
    /ro& orer your lesson againl
    ( Relc z i' t i lec l i a l )
    l) .

    dP o' ' t pt t). o .u P t.r. P s t


    The ceilirg is orQr n! haul
    IIe jDmPed orcr ,nd ldln

    tsecutoren'sseF.trlns oYc. his contempofadcsNas establishedonlJ bX p!j: :


    2) :

    m at nn l t d e ' ? 6 r, (o c i fre ):
    Th old woDan lras ore. s'dnr?
    There were orer ,(, lizad.ddleople in the lall'

    3) :

    ternti al:
    The ,lav tus oter. ('\dv.l
    lly prtiace wiiir her tr orer. (-q.dv.)

    4) :

    inr:oact, incolo:
    Won't 10ll corrc orcr 10 sec ihe Bi.az dam? {Adv )
    Hrnd ii orer to thal. manl Oru lhfuc (."idv)

    PREPozrTnFr ADVERUE
    onor

    60i

    s 2190

    TEBOUGH
    Lhe look4d tltrorgh lsau oft ol) th. ^iular.
    (Prn,i !e iercasrrtl.)
    ,lljcy tr.ivelted thtoxitt the ..uL:rt/!ine.
    (Cilelori.a la 1rr'!.)
    l,o trarel lhrougLtu air
    (- a cn]{lori IE o{l-aa {eruhi.)
    I eol ,..,i 1 ! l l ro u s h n ,1 \ ,
    ^
    ([1i rn terminat uqo. lucrul.)
    Hc . dd d l r,e b o o k tl tl o u s l r.(Ad v .r
    (Citi ca.t.a de la incetut llnir la sliriit. )
    He carne,,, throuRl wjtl ihc rain. (-{dr.)
    {A lenit ud dc llo.ie linil la piclc.)
    I an throngl s'ith ii. (Adv.)
    (-{m sri.iil 0u ace{sta.)
    I am throdgh with Xou. (-{dr.l
    (-{n lern'inat cu tjnf.)

    f
    I
    I
    t

    {cro$
    {: pestel
    throuql
    (- prin)

    TIIROUCE, AUB,OSS
    qdD,
    Hc
    scros t|e ro,rd to th! housc oDpositc.
    ,, so ocros (adv.) {- a imveNr)
    ThcJ rowed s.ross /ll. la^? ald walkcd throush tl,e /,8s,.
    (adr.) {: r t.rvers,1 rlsliDdi

    5 2{21

    TO'
    s 9122
    yerlre ti (djectiee urnnl.. de prcpa.itrcLto|
    to adupt,to agr!c'.to.ttach. to belond, l.olind. io c.irpare!.l.o.omert,to conto gd, to hrst{, to list,n. lo objcct.to pal alr.eDlion,
    trast. io orrespood,to fasl.etr.
    pr . 1, ,
    l n p ,, i . lu !, t.r. ro r,.,n il . l.
    r.l.r ' or . I
    $r' l n dd.qu' l .b \rr.
    i, all, .

    i"bl

    . i- l

    r,r.Jk, ro i,, o lurn, to


    .p,lro,.Drp
    ior

    E z e m ple :
    1) :la (direclie.cu verbede mi;eare):
    \fe drove to 1oNn.
    Tl,cy b.ought iL to l.he larn.
    2) fn n ...

    to (:

    de la ... 1 a )3 :
    s h, r i d l , I I..tu r. tro tu ,, \p , to rrhl I Ii mD t
    l' , s ' ro h u l d r' i
    r' 5 l ro D In J - l ' ,.,.p l o \uure.
    (Dbtstllll

    3) daril prepozilional:
    Giv ii. to Ken.'
    A slal.uc was .aiscd to rft, mmofyol the loel.

    4) :c"

    (dupn un adjectiv):
    Be ttnd to her!
    He ts o?e, to everybod]'.

    l ve 7 i si { : 101.
    " io aei"i ro a thins, wi,l a person.
    'tobetongro - aalarlinej to belong ttr: aface parte din ("th lile lh wire lel o D s 'd i - ). ($ 23lijl.
    r l czi 6 t 396
    5 cu ... p . bld, o nlqLur . k a d i .F \e .,o l l ^ l L e a .o /' t" o o t.o/\al i ousi nt" rl retd i onr
    .\Fzi Fi q 2408
    1 r.a lkenl didinutiv mascnlin de la ,tzn.,n t kenrol.

    s 2423

    PRlPozlTD

    MoBlorocr^-

    608

    -r) : sye. (lupij (precedn un substantrv):

    I nab l " l o

    Lil. ' r - s a'


    T o 4 s , . p/ r ' '
    ShF lans lo , . r ' ' r ' lo' ! "

    'n 'q e r

    him

    ins,r,'',\. p. 'ur' iooL


    ii-i" i,,;i t.i- i. ,' i,ishry
    6) : drrrit ( uzicn ft ):
    TheY dan'l

    to l/F nrst'

    'i

    the or'hesl'a

    ?r ltrati ld:rli,r (jndiiind d;rectial:


    t r et ald

    ip: t o

    , t " , ' ^r ot Engl 'q d

    8:) idioi atici


    Sne wis tuen.hcn to tn -sit'
    1A Iost u dili Pin e lr Pr c lel
    l{e $as bn.nt to //Pnrn
    {A n ,urit d in P.i c ina u6ur r lor l
    It Nas to uo otd,,.
    (\ ascrail lu nitnnr')
    Bdb r crieJ itse lL lo . / c PP
    (Co p,ld t!l d t'lin s pin; r ador n' r t l

    She QoAdto a n$ lil.


    Sc dtiette lr o vial.i nour'J
    ^
    S h J l l I tul ,r 1,,n to \ome sorrP l
    i i .a l c s rrvF6lc! P ul i ni sxpsrl
    I l.old i,er to ncr t{ai
    (i-an spus iD laie )
    ?aa io one shc {ill come.
    (rle prind .i !. !qu.)

    Fiird prP'pozLltel
    ,, kl, soneboilX a sio.Y,

    ar Iudt'rnd'h io I pr" i^n'


    li ii"i;,i,i,oi,::"11.,r'rd"
    rpl
    to bl

    Hrp.ri dltfod.li,q

    s 2421

    Inaintea subsianiivului honre,prepozigiato


    io

    P.,le

    u cste c-tprrnaia:
    lome

    Lt se menline tnsi:
    ul'

    s 2426
    l) :

    (in) susl

    .
    sii,:.:L:li'
    #,ir ;:ifi,'nu,,,
    l l e ro \c d u l ' ,n ? .n l
    Iri .rPrn "

    h'|

    0 ' P/" " ' ]_

    )
    .o/, upto o , ri,,!cs1Ldv

    i,lj,i#

    l"a- ." In' ' rN d "iri"s (\'rL'


    ir,, i",i'a'lHilifi;"'"'"'
    E. lilc d u!"phls Fir s lAr lv I
    s,"

    t i4d dI lr r

    gld' s { \ ' l\ ' r

    2) erprimd aProPicrel
    ( A d \ '1
    I * ollPd r t t lo lP boolir c of l' "
    n l r d l 'p l 1 'r !
    Tl" ( "_J ' ; t " ut ' or h"m r in

    3J :

    ciilre oru." &pitald, ll LrersLtatcl


    I I n' go ng nP o r c ' ' a ( \ ' l\ I
    r ^, o".
    \ ^". :*, " , , !
    Shp s . nL r p
    "

    In s.!..mb,f..\J\,

    "Jpl'r"l',,u""'',',
    :!'Jl.lr"""i'.i

    up
    ,, *," p,'pozirip
    ; r',i':.,j;i:l"uiTilli::
    'Ji:;f":' :;,ii"",';!,);'':"li,i?1"'

    s t oqe
    arl..) srdrs, u p lth e) hilt . t P ( t het

    PREPozrTrl ir 3\DvtRB!

    toc

    a) + s,dl) - (.tnosciitor, verya\ bin. prcrdtit,


    IIe is r'.ll up in English.(-\d! )
    -r) : ter/ninat, canpleL totul, dc tatl
    is rP! (\dv I
    Timei5 up!EaerYlhing
    s ' rr'i
    Tulul
    a li dl: F: ora d ln , |id' Pl

    lord
    '
    '
    'l h e sanc , s w! {\ v )
    e d dA' olFr i' lol . l
    r\u ;ai " nin:^ .le'a .ul.
    '
    u p, I','u l up. ir ' r ool r l( \ ' l\
    l o d r' r , hup. lo
    'l
    i jFr lgp' lr 1
    lJ ilr . ' r r l"lul
    L r bardlrrl

    1 r r 'r r n 'l

    6) ,erbe+ up:
    t o get n p , tu st andt r l' .t o jr m l r u p (\' 1 I! I
    ( : a sc s,u l a . i s ! ddr e I n l rl ro ' re . a
    '
    ro ,e I till lule (-{dv )
    (: a s1a lin'u roalte.r)
    to ?i.n rp som.thing (Ad\'.)
    (: a ridica ceva cil2ut)
    I ad'. u o n ! li, k c t . ( \ d! l
    { ,^; d a t b i l it ul . und! , t or r rl rril
    t o et,. u I l o r los r ( \ dv . )
    a
    s oa n s ' rr
    1: r rcn xn t ' la n
    irn obi.ct. soroi.indul Pierdul )

    Pa, t x D r ou r t l , i i g " l ( \ , 1 1 )
    { lm pa' i, ' t , ii ! . 1 ) n e d r f i l e !
    s a D I'aceli vli baaaielc.)
    io ro,r u! plidl.s (Adv.)
    l.. a dezridl.ina lrlanle)
    t u dig up. ut o l r n P e a r l h r \ d v )
    { , , at t s d i r I 'i L 'r i n t s i n i r 'd l
    l: .
    io s,t up tbe iirc {-\d! )
    lo r"dl uP lAdv.)
    1: a vortri llai tari,

    7) .4 sc compara.
    I .2, mv turser.
    (u'an 1"diatia descl )
    He cl, ut the meai intu snall rieces. l.{.lv )
    (A leiar loatd carEa in bucitele mn:i )
    I /iaad thc jt's
    {An u'nPlut .aDa )
    I /lt c d uD m v s t . , ss {. td !.)
    1 \i i an, Li, ot li, Lpa h d fu ll ' ,n a s n s)
    Horses/.ed on g.ass.
    lcaii se nr{ncs.i ctr iarbil l
    I an ftl uD $ith so nuch light ntusic (\dv )
    (Snrt situl de atita muzic{ uioa )
    Wc use coal io heat lhe rooms(Intreluinlem oirbunj pentro a lncnlzi odeile.)
    the coat in the cellar will be soon 6d uP, {]\dv )
    -{11
    (To1icirirnnii din pivnill vor Ii ln cudnd lsminrl,i.)
    I ate nread and lntter lo. heaktast.
    (-{n mhoat tline cu uni de dimineala )
    I ard uD the b.cad on the table {Adv )
    {-\rn nincat ioatn piin.a dc pe DasA.)
    8) Dircftel
    J \ qr i/
    rFsl"Fliv I not ning I
    d p r o p d ) / \ 'r v l .
    Js
    irl' ro n p. ' , ! l . a""d
    ilule o r 4 n r m 'L l \ o Y i
    "p. 8(I
    u D u 'n m p n"a. | - Lx ' 'JlL'
    d adr ' "
    H " b turp t,, ,t I'a sL r $hpr l|dn, dr i bi" , r '' r r l \ 'l \ )
    I' p l'a"6.p 1 \.\'n
    "r , , . 18/
    ,
    /
    t
    r
    p,
    \ Jv . )
    , m "F" ld ur m . i
    | r b rcu ch t n p r,r- Fai ,
    '
    I rook a Dieoe oI clialk and \t.otc (: . lua)
    1 r ipu", lp r \ ' lr . ) .
    t r oo i uu rn cin { I
    a 'o l " 'r a i l \ 'l v '
    lic ma n; d InlslJk. , . 1= h" , oo' l, in' up ir J ' lJ (
    ' (:
    J relinel
    I shqnt li., her Llrnq
    )
    d. u"r inF
    T hp ru ,,l is lFp, up L' J pillaE I
    ' Ad\
    - .
    5hp ,Ppr ur' ,'tpe i, dn os I a I ' ; r r . J
    bhp .,tr
    !h.,o a,
    Lhr,ra"

    610

    MORTOLOCIA

    PRIPOZITIT

    rIP. D 0 w :l

    S 2426
    Ilo$n este oontruriul llri [p:
    Go un! lAdYI Uuslai,sr.

    He \.;n rp .l,e h i L UP' r llr .


    un ih' riIPr
    to go n ! l! L.n dn n ( Aih. J
    an xD triin (: care nielge stle c.tilali)
    (A dj.)
    Stand nD! (-\dr.)
    r. so u !
    h P, u dis a lJ _ { ' nr I - "
    -lo
    so du. lJ !n .41 5i b . , r lF\ a. ' i . l' . lpn' ;
    (
    lun. { ic dc
    cua n.il e
    a, ein(cpe

    Go dorn! (-\dv.) Do{n$tairs.r


    It rolled dom thc hill. Do{nhill.:
    I g o dom to cl l Lal j . (A dr.)
    d d urn trJi ,r (: , arc IIcar; dj n c.pi i rl ))
    Sit dosn! (-{dv.l
    L . s . dom (hom rl ' e uni vf* t)1 (JLj \
    : r par,l siuni v.| sj tated;, rermi ni
    ' rni wsitaiea; a lleca ln vacanli (in fun.9ic
    1o &e rdn, ilorn (- a Ii ermatdculatl

    Ile t.irlkd. rtt at thc sky. l!.dv.)


    Tale up your pencilsl (A'rr.l
    1i. / ' uD th. bo okl {Adr . l

    $ 2197

    iIe loorcd ilom ar hb [eel.. (-{dY.)


    Take ilosn what I sayl (-\dL. l
    ? L r i t dosn on youf d.sl tLl \dt.l

    wrrH
    AdjecLiye. substAntiye !i 1'erb0 urnate de prepozitia \r;th:
    lo. om ndr ' ' . lo. o o p F p , l u o n i " .
    to L. '. l L .'rrr ls il[ . - im ' , r .
    ; pu
    Lopy.
    .o\ ir, vJi d,o .: ou r o||ll. r ol, J r r . .
    ,, 1,
    up. r o " +o n i . " . r o L 5
    to sun ou nd . to to tc : a gI J ' , . oic er npd, Lant Hi, id e n t i c a l , p l r J s F d , \ i r i i , i i r r l . 5 . \ n o n J _
    nons, Fcarl riUr: irei stlh llood. pe.spiration, tears; s] nipathy {i1h:

    (: Jealiln dc ffis)
    i: ralid d ;paini)
    'lhe dog Da.ftd with jol.
    (Ciinclc ldirir de bu(lrie.l

    (: roru de NsiniL)
    $ild {ith harpiness
    (: neltn dt ie.icitur

    'lhe laie rvas s'.er with Ure sceni ot acacia.


    l'tsea cra iDmiresmntil de tarlu,nul sdl.inilor I
    The decision licr/.cs/s sitl him-

    (u hoft4te.)
    It is tooi,.g nitl .ain.
    (Pioui .u gileata.)
    colin is sraving siih fatler.
    {Colh sti la tata.)
    Hc hrs ,.e' nlth us llor) ten rears.
    lEste la noi de zecea;i.)
    She is r seoreiarym r a firm ol lawXr!.
    (EBiesefreiara la o lim[ de ayoca-ti.)
    I lelt a messagelttth ihc porter.
    (-{n lnsat rorbd/un lrilct la tortar.)
    Lt l s t r r t p, l o q p o ' d d r' & I' i . fri " r' n " a r' n $ pnl l om4
    !l
    a.o" .I' uP :)' pl .:,'
    t L, , l" s ; euF . ra rrf l " p rr" n i Iu \ru n u l u o
    tlit]J all ht cherfulness. sI. is a child at times dillicrlt to lar '? sith.
    (Cn toatl reseliaii. .ste un copil rieori 8ru do snfotrt )
    r lez i Das .50 o . n o tn L
    r l. ! , o; " f u" t . , . L n t.u s p d o s tr./,J " .. d u $ n r,.r.dosD ,1..
    !r." rl du.,, i , !r.fozilie: dosn f,n?) .i,ats,-dorn /d?., hi , tro\^ (1h.) ttuse.
    : V ez i E t 1t 2 - ,3 9 6 .
    l j .tl : rr,.l e r l : .rs n s i n a t.
    u l n ar
    , , , , / .i.; '-, tdc
    s' ,ililler
    : r se d e o s e b i d ;ra n u fi d c ;rc o rd o i i di l l etorni :nnul i deacordcu)
    6 part
    a thilg, /ron a person.
    s,n/, a pe.son,a/ a thrtrg.
    'angr-r-tn

    tl1

    CONJUNCTIA
    !

    .. .. .. ... .
    DPI |ni 1 i .....
    "
    Folmd ...... . . . . .
    EuocliP )i .lasifi.are
    aoajunct iile @odondtoMc
    Co^jurcliib
    6aL locuti\nile suboldonatoarc
    A l L e p;rli de lorb ife iu va loar F d. . onjun4r ip

    . ..
    Conjun cl i aa, dv F r lu)r i pr pp o /i l i d ........
    .i n C '
    Cuvintele
    Cuv
    jnte l ed
    e lpgdt
    lpsdturd
    ur du.
    u.inalp
    inarpd
    p ..to
    de
    dp
    .tomr
    m J iin
    n .ine

    Locul conjunctriei
    CON'ANCTII
    TiU. U\til
    T hdt . . , .. .

    2129
    2433
    2434
    24tr0
    2151
    2451
    2458
    2459

    !q
    513
    5!3
    5r3
    514
    514
    515
    516
    516
    516

    2462
    2463
    2464
    2465
    2466

    516
    516
    517
    517
    517
    511

    242A

    SPECIALD

    CONJUNCTIA
    (THE CONJUNCTION)

    1) Dotitrifie,- Conjuoclialeagadoun cuvi4te sau sintagne, cu aceeali S 2428


    Iunctipsinta"thd.saudoudpropoziliidinlr.ofrazd.Con;un.!iila
    sinl inr ar aFather a'd molher are at home. lDoud cuyinte)
    T o bp or nor ro b " , th a t i s rh e q u a s ri o ntD
    . o uai ,n dqm" r
    S hpc am p, al c o u l d n o l s p om e . { D o u I o r6 o o zi ti i .
    I s houldb" ha p p y i / I c o u l d o D i ys p p kE n g l i sl irv" l l . (D ou, propo/i l i i l
    C o n j u n n f ia nu poalc u n i d e .i t p ro p o z i L i i rs re a u o l cs6l ura dF i dei i ' ,' re
    ,
    er e. L \u se poat e s punel
    Father b at home dad I learn Englisli-

    2) Fo.m5.- Conjuncliile pot, fi:


    a) s;mple (Sinple)l

    S 2129

    alter, ad, as, bui., lse,il, till, wlicn, while, why, etc_
    I hearrnd,you arc well again.
    \ Y e c am Pear l r s i r" ro u rs L p d u s .o .
    T o k noq , lP ; ro k p + s i tp D ri s . g i r[.

    L) compwe(Compoann)din doua sau mai multe pIrli de Yorbirescrise S 2430


    however,notwitbstanding,othNvise,unle$,
    Shecannot siag in the choi. re.a&seshe hl]s no voice ro speakoi.
    He was there, ,na,/ofeh could rc.ount, Io! om benefia,thc procedingsat ihe
    No one could stand he., dlrn &gli she vas quiie pretl.y.
    c.) corelative .(Correlatiw), IormaLe din. doul conjunclii, inire care sini S 2431
    .
    r n t rodu sa p ropolr r ir 3au p a rrr c l e p ro l o z l l tc :
    if
    .,.,. . . . , , . . . . . . . . . .tl i e n
    ei th e r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...o r
    boI . h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . d d
    ne i th e r. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...n o r
    not only , . . . . . . . .
    .btrt also
    w h e th r - . . . . . . . . . . ....o r
    His lctter was ,"r,,, alfectionate an?, kird.
    fh e oper d ii nol . , inlpr F6' in" a5 i' i s $ .
    Vo so ; r . hd ne lr lL t ndn I r f l' . . j

    ruDc.

    . d) l,oculiunircnjun4ional" (ConjunctionalPl,'dr.r./, formate dnr dife, g 2432


    rit e p; r l L d F vor b ir e "o
    . mbina" c,r .onju'r.tiisau , u
    p a rir J F \ o rb irF .
    "1,"
    lnireaga expresieavind yaloare dc r-onjunclie:
    rcr us say

    on that accounL
    that is why
    I was i11,,nd, ts .rn, I came lal.r.
    She laugheddr rno4sl,she didn,r care.

    3) Futrctieti clasilicare.- Dupa funclia lor, conjuncliilepot ti coordo- S 2433

    nat/lare

    sau subordonatoar.

    coNruNcTr^

    MoRloroc

    514

    caotdano.toat(
    d.)Co j nncliile
    t ut'jun t ut t ra
    l^u pt rli 'l' !rup"/ili'
    I
    ;r
    aatdipot:n.
    la"ot.lu'ot'
    '",
    r.
    .0u
    ,o
    r"t" '
    ri
    r'iLrr
    J
    rd
    dn,r
    . u d"Fl".i r^l -i
    ''"
    ' n.
    Conjunctiilecoordonatoarepot li:
    ' , ,,"!i',,'
    tt vp ,].',tr ',t t t'n tta'ir 1.
    24Xi
    o t iupuiot,t,
    '
    "nJ
    se adaugi o alta:

    2434

    {'

    oro . la . r... t ur lli. ",

    , {
    ,lr

    r 'l
    , . r 'o l - '
    l '" n
    nLl
    o-,
    d
    v

    l hol'
    I

    but too . etc.


    I Eol, nD od Nrlked .I1
    ll; did not tro$, nenld' riotrl{l l,e gn.ss the rels!tr ol orrf atLil.tdr'

    2'136

    b) .1dt.fta1in ('Tdteftutit!:). cind expdtnn un contrasl:


    l)ui, b rrt ltien . $hdc as , \ L} ilc , c t c
    \trrv is intellisent ,el lazY.
    onc ol the strtli;s $is oI miirtle rlicre{r the orlj.r \trs i $'od iarjjng

    2+37

    ..) di*j nclirt: (Disiuncti.v), .ind tsalrirtrn o dlernatiri:


    o.. clsp, o. elsc, olhdrise, eitl)r'' or ct.i
    Itun home .t ortc. clse Jon Nill lre lale
    EinLi lr\.\et o/ mol,lio Nill b. lfrc iomo.rotr

    2438

    d) condusirc (1u.1tit't.), ti:ld e\prini

    o coneluzte:

    hence,sor. so lhen:j thcn!. ihe.elorc. Ior llal, rcaso! on ll|at


    .lcordinglr, .onsequentl-v,
    accoxrt, rhrl, is \rhr. etc.
    I lorsot to reiurn thc mrsrzinc nare hs displ.asure
    Yo! afe nol rcad]': rh?" t'otr a.en t coDnn8?
    rrn" ; ' l - l i r,rrl
    s p rt" - l a " xl l i ' " r' rp b n rm a )..rn .l
    24Jg
    ' t , " r Dt i. , ' t ir p tf
    . _. h"' a. r ' . n' " 1 \
    ur t
    d ro.'rp i
    as |-.un .
    iJ "l' l' 1.
    iibid D'". IIu,sdr."d' , s , l' . ' I
    etc.
    arumcr .rdicl).
    ":.4,
    D". at p I r , ' r I l" 8pl a d- Fr p .
    I do rk n .'rr
    r'r" n"
    oi) or ' "
    I t ouuJ \o ll I'd\.lo gr \ ,

    i5

    l " 'L

    'r ''\ 'm n l "


    roc1\
    ''

    o I 'L l 'L

    f o r r r 'i l l

    g)t-.onjanctiiL
    ile
    I u I' n r d o tt u I o a r '
    1o(a!i
    sau
    "or
    r:onjunctiins
    Phr.Ees
    ar
    Subor&ndting
    ) lag'l propozilitl
    lSuii,l;,ot,
    subordonatl de rcgnta ei'.
    Conjunctjile si toculiunile subordonatoaresini I
    a) tlc tinp (of 'l itle), cir,A iniroduc propoziliilc tenporalc:
    S 2441
    A 2440
    '

    al r. r1 r ' .rl'. d5, lPlo- d, J ; r . l\ " r "\ "r '


    | 1' 'n |.|i|nl.:|''h "|'mp as lo. g' ' oi. "oo' ' 1. |L'
    {Penirtl exenllc, rczi S :r71i)

    S 2149

    'r''"

    rll

    rlr' !llr'

    \lPn

    \ ' r ' \ r ''

    b) tte toc (af Pl.rce.).cind introduc propoziliilc circunrntanliale dc lLr':

    rvhetrcc,{lierc, Nhe.erc., whiihe., as lar ds .[.


    {Pertru .acmple, lezi I 2t2:)
    t:\l,al iltroduc Uopoziliilo
    c) de nod (af Ma nt),
    S 2443
    et..
    as, as il, rs though, so lar as,
    (Pentr{ exemPle, rezi s 2tt4)

    ":
    .
    .

    A.l\erb c cl lunr Li- l'


    :d
    5, rF ao r riu l t . ; .
    !::, - rtd,L ' . , t ( , 1: nli[ l
    pr olo/
    P.nrr . ,1 ,

    Lr '
    "r
    1
    li. i

    modale;

    . n i" oo. J ' r ' .l o - a $ i r 1


    n":
    lt , l , lr r : n1
    ' 11
    i Jrr!nr
    r lir ' . l
    r . 1. i
    .tnrsi"
    ||"ginr
    - , r b. , ' donJ

    d) dc c.tuzd (ot Ca$c), clrcl introduc propozitiile cauzal:


    so. rccanse.
    f.r. norv(Lh.rl.seing(th.tl. since,ctc.

    $ 21,14

    ( Pf ni. u f ac dplc , r c z i S t t 30l

    e) de scap (af purpo$t.), cini introduc propozitiile finale:


    h orderlhat.lor lca.,lest,so as.so tha[,.ic.

    S 2,145

    l Pent N e\ em ' nc . v c z i $ I t r ll)

    (af Conpa.rrtun),ctnd ini,mducpropozi.tiilecomparative: S 244G


    f) contparattuc
    lhin . rs if. is .. .s not s o/ r s . r s , et c .
    (l'{tru
    e\ em ple, Yez i S : 7ll- 2t ! 9)

    c) "Mi:;t't
    (il)ll,outh.

    (of Conu'ssi.on),cind introduc propoziliilc concesive:

    eler ir. ho{cler

    mtrrh (s rx \dl),

    S 2.147

    n' spile ol (l.lie ract Lhafl. trol.wiihstlllldnrs

    lPenf , e\ em ple, v ez i $ : 17J 5)

    h) condilionttc (Canditiondt), cind introdue prc,poziliile condilionale: g 2448


    aslonEas.ii. ii on1J.on (o ir.ionil.hitl. p(r'nld ith{tt, ]]|oliding.sn!!oss.sulposing.
    (PenLncrclrple.veri S ztit

    ,:53)

    i) ,:onrccutit'c(of ncsatt), cind introduo tfot,ozili;le coisecrtive:

    S 2{{9

    (so...) tha l. su lJ,... l. hal


    (P dI t r ! ex Dnr de, Yf z i $ lt : lt l

    j) retatiae(ReLatik). cird intmduo proroziliile relatirer


    (p,o|u tu t.ld tie) r har . $hi. h. \ r ho, ls
    (ddjectie rctdtie ) w)ros.
    (ddeetbe ikun\: ) {s, when. whee, \ri,J
    (P ent i, . r enlle, r c z i S : lt lr a

    S 2{50

    2ttl)

    k) subiedift (S&lie.t (:Lr.ns. Conj ndlu\).


    cin(l inl,roduc propoziliile S 24;1
    subi.'rtivci
    ihrt (= , il
    lPcntrucr.rnplc.vei t !til'ji
    I) .ot .dir. (Obj(t
    oomtletive directe:

    Ctau:c Corjundion\).

    cind idtroduc propoziliile ! 2152

    l h a l ( - c i)
    1ltatrtr e\emple. rezi $ 'ri09l
    tiile

    tn) atibutirc (Affibutioc Claute Conjuntians).


    a tri b u t iv e:
    th al ( . i1)
    { P e n l e \e m p l e .re z i 5 rt0 8 )

    cind iniloduc

    propozi-

    $ 2463

    4) Alte pi.fi de vorbire cu v:rloare de conjun(tie. - Printre conjuncliile $ 2454


    subordonatoare se atli _siunele pnr!,i de vorbire (pronume, adjctive sau
    adverbe) cu valoare de conjunotie. Acesta sint:
    a, adjectivri ;i pronumele inl,erogativerelative:
    S 2456
    thri,

    whifh. xho. \rliose. whom. {hat


    (P.nl.u c\cmple. rezi 5 !700, 2t(0)

    616

    2456

    MORiOLOCIA _ CONJUNCTIA

    ,J toaie adverbele interogatiwerelative:


    as. how, sleD, lhere, x'l'Y
    (Pentm exmlle, aezi S 2?4r)

    dintre acest
    5) l-onirlnctia,odeerbtrl|i prepozitia.- Pentru deosebirea
    p64i dP Yorbire.\'ezi $ 2383
    pnrli de
    6) Curintele il logi,tur[ rtmato ilo 'Iorma ln -i[g"l. - Acesk
    2458
    vorbiie se situeaze,ca funclie, tntre conjunc-tii !i FePozilii:
    2461

    ait.r, bto.c, (erer) since (- de cind, I till. unti1, s'hen, whilc' etc'
    si,?P;ng lod-ay, I $'ent lor a walk in the park
    '\iler
    Belorc soi,a or,, I rrng Jou !P
    I dpf id d r d. 3 d s l ti l c ,d n i ,s { o r } o u

    s2459

    7) Loc ooniuc,tiei.
    treluie puse lntre cuviniele
    $i'localiunile coninnclionale
    s ziCO pe i) C.onjuncgii
    care le unesc":
    Go ozd talk to he.!
    (Du-lc ti_i lorleilcl)
    i sa$ F,cd as Pl/ ds AIc.
    r L' m \ az ur I i l p . l ' r" d ' l r )i p

    \l q u

    l. d r d.,/ ds { lel, 5J \ Fr c d
    ,t,rt u . "r, ; i \ 14, u I - J m \ ' z J r f " f f ' d1
    l o 'n ''
    lP / , ldr I nps on. s J n' pd J r n p 'o _ o n r
    Tn.mo llhr.,,
    \ro: Ji a5; I
    l'
    dna
    oi
    v
    oi
    a
    r
    iul
    I
    in,ms
    r
    a \r
    "'.
    "r '
    ilFsun
    ..
    Th d molh ef$ dn. r . l . ldn. lo nn' . hnn Fl"r t h o r
    , i,,t
    v , n\ lolnJ d' as . 'r l
    lin"d "a si \ rni r' rrur e' )
    J r lr J m ulr
    ,ii""ii"';,"t
    "d

    2401

    b) Coniu ti.it. L.)relati'1.. ,\mbii t'rne i tr-ebuie atezali


    culinr.l"r lar" a,r ar.isi tLn.Lh sd', tun'li; simildre:
    't
    a $p- inl"l r gPr r l. r dr gilr J ' d d 'a r s o ! P h t 'i ''
    '\'na ta
    ,t or lJ i1r , ll: - i. n bur s i r "^ s r u d e n '" o l I 'i I s i 's
    iri;i'
    "","
    $-e hclpcd 0,ri 1o bring ihem u! ond advised then (I t'oIect

    lnarntea

    t l ''o t " . 't )


    r'
    /r
    "f( '
    )

    ii; ;;d-l"ip;,i G t.i& then ip a,d adv'sedrhem (c o I e c t)

    CONJUNCTII SP!]CI,\I,E
    9462

    1) Like. '{s - Acestedoue cuvinte nu Eepot lnlocui reciproo ..


    lnLrenol;unisau obiecLas
    li*p. idia(li! qi prpporilie,araraasFmd,aica
    li urmat dp un verD:
    poalc
    nu
    ifiire
    di[Pri'".
    exprim"r.prin ttdrud
    Si
    She is ltke IPr noda
    {Adj.)
    I tFet like Yo , ( t ' r el, )
    l]e Norked llk e ndd ( L' t c l)

    i n rrp a' ti uni sau sl arj e\pri ml F T' nn


    - J s . . uniun. l i .. d ra l i s s c mrn 0 r' ' a
    !P rD :
    ..'1 r " , t 1 . . ' - . d" .r. rrro l d e a u n u u rms l S In u neap;rel rmpdral l dc un
    L. l r s I d, / \tl r^ d " l u d e n l (c o n -)
    ll. r ehor ' , ds s :f n p rp F J r,.i l d . tc o n j .)

    ve7ipj,np,",.d.ra
    s2i28lF:l ; jj:l:,:;i;^fii;i,il']ax'"i'J;1";j'"'"Tl""ar.

    2t i4. 2454
    3 Sens qramal,jral (S 2l
    . " l" " i. ii; - ii: i"
    t." " " .p a p ri .r c o n j u n " i i lor corei bti \P6

    os

    CONJUNCTIr

    SPECIAT,D

    5I?

    2463
    2r ll. Whftb0r. ,/f cslp lnLrebuinlsLin1'-o nroporiliP 'ondilionsli' s
    cp
    o
    arrprnaprcsupunc
    uI''lP
    r lnlr-o propozilieinlFrogali\a ind;rerlSt
    ,vrpl,f,
    tivi:
    murts \F shdllbp nradpa Yor'ntPion"p"'
    -rl he obrrin'sooJ
    ts vh.thnhp wasan ai'p'lol {ot nor"
    V.ii aianL
    ',it
    conjunclici
    Adesori tnse conjurclia i/ este lnt'rbuintatd qi ln locul
    '
    lnlrc e."dr'
    .i"",t J"ud conjunc{iirru exisr; ditcrFnLdF lnlF s 24M
    t) Till. fniil'

    depufonia
    5ideuzanla'
    "it' dicto'i
    "'l'itott'
    pxprimald
    psre
    2465
    rn
    gFnerFnu
    'inrrrnsi 'ub- s
    4l Thet.- ConiuncLict/lo/

    r".. iJr*il,i'iG'." ,""i" i"

    lDtplpa.a..u dposebircln limb" vorbil;:

    \ ou old m P /i d r r,Pw e h p l P
    I r hinl l/ n ' l h rs a g rF a l s rn B e f

    negatire$ 2466
    :,r tro1...0or/or' lnlr'o trd/d "ompus6din dorrapropoziiii
    rlnd
    p6{rrc
    lrrs6
    Uneori
    ror'
    de ohi'pi n"golia
    .""",1;;i;.'', J;;, conr.ine
    ln
    pti ma parl e per< i sl 6 si
    n pqa l i !c (i nl s . ur lP s r . d p .r. ro * a .o " rrg -a 1 i ed i n
    o
    r:
    c
    c
    o
    n
    l
    ,rn
    .l
    ra
    s
    i
    lolos
    F
    s
    l
    e
    cei d o -a doua,
    He dos no, speak. nor docshe read trjnglish
    t did r,, sce o. hear alYone-

    as" m;n;l ocr' '


    l n mo r l obir nuil ln s s - ' o r" l d l i a . d p fa L c l n l rF " orj un l i i
    p
    o
    z
    ri
    ra
    e
    l
    a nrb e l e n egr t iv s uu s m b c l e
    re iiher ( lat r noi ) n o r

    rve zi $ 1026.

    IN TE It J I.i 0l I _.1
    fr Hc 1\TlltJECTto\)

    l l l l 'l i 'r ir io.


    t . t ir . : ..ri .,4 ......\.t,
    ., i , : I rr\. ..
    ,,
    ri .rri l
    nr. ,
    !i n ur r L, , r ; , . J , l- . ,1
    - r i r r, . t . . , t . " i ' o J , -,,r ,r.r.rr.,t ,.,r ,,.
    t ul pro p o z jlir i.
    In l e rj cc lia ( jle lll' nl d 1 .r (l c ,) !i rs u l n s a u d r n ,nrnut !rrt.rl ri ri i .
    2 ) Fo rlni.
    I ' lt er jc r ' 1 i n Io :rtt l i :
    a / u n s f uqi. t ( s u r n a i
    u l tl ' ) (i a l r e -\p fi rn l -rsfrri nr| | re. sel z!!i i el tr..
    r d] ' es c az l uf e i a l tr l )r' rs o a n e( i u n i n d ctrj r. on ra]ur fr(j .:
    , \ hl O lr lO Lh l l \)trt tl rl l L i e | t l tfi g h l
    \ hs J I lt r llr ) : i l l s tL t tti t) l ri t. rd L rrI
    1 ,, u ,,u1 s au nlai I nu l l i i fl 1 -i n tc l o l (,l n a ro | c e ) c a re j rni i .:rstneto s r zsl )
    m ot e
    -!u nelele c ar c i, , s i ,l e s c u i rl t' a c re ti z l l )l o q i . ,c l rusea. ri i ut. ftui eri i ul
    et c. ), sl .ri g nlul anim alelo r s a rr z s (i n ro te d ;, n r.i i l ,t i ,l | ' ,,I]i uri to,I

    llc nl I h lLa l \\h e w l 1 ,[.{ ]


    I nnr { v o\ I ll,u l l l i a o N l rn rT z tC r.L o o l
    n& gl B ooml (l l i rl t ti J t' t d o rg t l h l i !t tr|

    s 2167

    9{tis
    2ltill

    s 2170

    \\' tri rl

    c/ o a l ln t ar t e de lo rb i re c a | c . t,i c rz i n d u ,ti
    teri cr[i . a pasl rnl
    ' a l oafta
    num H i n \d l, ' J ' p alr , r i\
    S ,I' .1
    r,,l ' . rr^ n u m -t-.
    \, rl i t , rt., i r,r-rrri \ | si
    '.
    ' r,
    r d vp ,b ,l , l , r r eh' ||r ! : ' r ., i 1 r,rt,,ri
    i . .i ,1 , ,h i ,,r rr" r,i rp ra,...r,r.,r. rni
    nume e.k. .:r(l.a\uti.t'r (l::xt:l.rwtoru tunt/$. protlouns. art.jari.e.l,. rcrhi or
    ,

    ,\ 2t7l

    r _or s ens f l1\ h a l t G o o d t T .o b rd t f.n .1 ,l Ii .t !or sl rani cl


    ! ! t ll W f ll. \ . 1 1 . \re tl t \tf]] l n d g o o d t In i te cdt\\l rrl
    O o. d- br l l{ . r\rrl l l
    l,) o tr upoz ili f u ea ra c te r c x fl a m a ti r. j n g e n c re eti pri ci ,i
    Loof t het ul I s a r! \!:h rt { s h .rl e t'
    \ lhat a pilr ' 1 \1 i ,l r. I rP v e rl

    $ 2172

    UDele intrrjuctii sint steriiicc nnui lio,ba.i ercld'rrl.iv. emol,r{ si on S 2173


    atare sint. lolosiLein sp0cialdc tirnri:
    Oli, de rrl Oh dr ir l
    Dcar rFl lrfrr Nl
    Oh b ol,llcrl
    o h myl

    nt . t , u, \ . n, t : . ,
    I nt . . , .r
    t i Ll{ l
    '
    "l
    it o/ ' , n I : : 18t ,1' g i, : . .
    -t

    'ltttnrn1 ,,:J., 1 11 ,1, hon. '


    I ll f . l,,ln,.

    A trah .,.1

    ,-t m,,r.\i,..n,.",.Jr,.

    S INTAXA
    (SYNTAX)

    sr\T,rxa PIl0PozrTrDt
    (oNsIDriRiTII QtaN]]li,ir,ri
    Deln'ilia pmpo,ilnii
    P,,'r,.zi 1, rt r . , , n, , ' . ' l; .
    Clasiri,..realtupoziliito. dtri}i
    Pro p o z ilr rr [ unt i, nr \ r .
    Pro lrroz
    o z ili,
    iliJ
    ,ont
    oDtirdti\i\, r, r.
    i 'fo p oT iil jit P r agat i r,l

    !41i
    4418
    2I).J
    ,1tS0
    :1481
    2482

    P r' pu/ilid dn l'it.rrivd

    l ro p o . iii, ' ir " p. r , , r r \| .


    Pro p oz ir i.P' \ ll r nil \ . i

    3n
    i7)
    3a'
    7t
    ilt
    3!)

    PiriTILr,i PROP0ZTTIII
    co NstD Dlt lT I I

    f il. jN ttItIL l t

    r'foto ri!lll,,f LI ! J ( nr

    II

    P-IR TIL] ! t ' lt 1\ Clp\ r , l l


    Su l ri co lul . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    .',!8
    rJrJ.

    ... .........
    -\l ,rj t,i to p o z r T Il ..r. . .. . .. ..
    ................

    P. ! . ! dec d e exp imjre .


    inD!,cr, ( !mpu s.
    S ulP . l d rbl!
    qrbh,rl! "ar.
    (' , 1:,.t .'t,ri,
    ...
    sri' ir| ll
    ]n fn,lo r v.rb l! L. n. lr r edjf { t ir . . .

    ......

    .. .

    C azrl su bin trliri


    Predicsftrl .....
    \1 , . , r i ,
    \.rt.
    r r t r . . ' . , i"i. Jit r \ , .
    :, -u Jr"a pr'.rr'' Jtu
    P t edi.alu l fttb(l
    V olL' i

    t, -'Ji,ilr\,

    ..

    ,49rj
    i t497

    r_,!9

    .ti0u

    5it9
    i29
    530
    5il0
    530
    iStl
    :r3l
    531
    531

    : t : ) {r v

    533

    .. ,
    ...
    ... .. ..

    rlJ0/,

    ..

    ..

    5t8
    i18

    2,r!ll
    ]]499
    2i00
    ,,rl

    .. . ..

    P t edicatu l na nin nl
    lerbcle
    'ro!n hii!.
    l)red nrtir
    ^umclc
    Delitritic

    :/tsa
    ,481i

    .... .. ..

    .. .. ... .. .. ... .
    ... .. .. ..
    ........
    ...

    :,rl
    -il:
    :lii3
    :it{
    jrt:]
    25!0

    2521

    533
    i33
    53J
    J33
    334
    534
    535
    435

    :r5!3

    Prulicate

    i,..r,
    . ,,h , . . . , , .
    "'
    p Frrr? irL .r b r b. , i t ut . . . .
    .
    pf4 ,tr..rrrv
    --r ' , im p' i. n, ! nt r n in, n, , ior i, , t . .
    o[ R^rh

    Ir.liniti,.

    l' rued"r

    dc p rF.iro dr,

    Di rl cza v er bulni det erD i n a l ...


    . .. ...........
    C,'Fsp o ndenliin r im b i ro rn j n ,l .

    .. ....

    ,52{i
    ,524

    252n
    '27X0
    2531
    1532
    !l'33
    253{
    2535

    i31
    :t37
    737
    538
    i,38
    538
    539
    539
    ,39
    539

    S1NTAXA

    624

    PEOPOZITTEI

    s
    Aco.il'd predirstuldi cu subierlul
    Subiectecu 1'erbul atlt la singula., .it i la piu.al
    Su b h 'l p . u v . r lul nr lm a il . l i trg u l d r
    Su b ,P.l " . r v " f bul ! um d i l d p )u ,d l
    Su l i Pcl " . om ! u, " . . . .
    I I L P A| .i TIL E S I I CU\ D\ r t n
    A tri i Ju l r l.. . .
    ..
    DFti n i l i "
    Pro ,e ,l P. d. \ pt m r .

    lrs

    25i''
    t5t!
    2554
    2i b"
    2i 66

    540
    540
    543
    5l i
    54i

    2582
    2583
    2584

    ti48
    548
    5!8

    r\L Ii T R O P O Z IT IE L ...

    ,586
    ,1Bi

    Dlinitic
    Ac.rd . .. ..
    Condtruciii apozi!ionale
    CoDplcmrDlu i
    f o npl npntu l n ;".,t..
    D l, n' li" r' d ra.lPrisli i . .
    P.ocF dpd d F\rriT.'rP.

    L o . u t In nr u! , , / ili, .
    co 'n D-epnenr
    inlc r n . . . .. .
    Cotnpte
    Lornplpm
    b , n l ui
    Co mi h m " n ul dir a r " l i n u '
    l'rp "b p, u ooLl or nplpm 4pn d i rr.l
    .. .. .. ..
    '
    Yefbc cu doui'!complernenic:di.ect qi indireci... .
    |o'4Pt?n,

    '.tut
    D" t inil: " . i .Jra. Fri.li.:.
    P. or.da
    J" P\p "i .ldfl .
    Forml | ,D Flu inld rF.. .
    V erb , d d nu , .o op lFn pnip.
    Con.plpm "tr u l rp linu '
    pP po:; t;onal
    Conpl.wr,,l

    .. ..

    .. .

    Definitie......
    Intrelnintare

    instrumentul. . . . . . . . .

    1588
    2589
    2590

    5' r9
    .']19
    550
    550

    t591
    ti ;94
    2595
    ,)a91
    2598
    2599
    260:l

    551
    551
    551
    551
    i sr
    551
    551

    ,605
    2618
    1606
    2601
    ,60!
    26t0
    2618
    2620
    1611
    2622
    ,623
    2626
    2626
    ,618
    2629
    2631
    2632
    ,63t
    2634
    2635
    2636

    55ir
    551
    558
    553
    553
    553
    5i 5
    556
    i 56
    556
    556
    551
    551
    558
    558
    558
    559
    559
    559
    559

    26t t
    2645
    x646
    2647
    26{8
    t650
    2651
    2652
    2654
    2656
    2657
    2658

    561
    561
    562
    562
    562
    562
    563
    563
    563
    564
    566

    5!6

    lmur shllulului
    L
    L o .u l o t r t but ulutonj" .ttro t.....
    \d j ..ri ql ar r ibur al l ro n u m e l u :....
    Ad i " ri ql dlr ' bur r l 6 u b q l rrl i ru l u i ...
    Pa i tu o r l . . . . . . . .
    SubsLd;tial Lu mdi multc calL:Ldtiv!
    Td b d .. . .
    Cduri sPP"ial"
    IL
    l ku l at . t bauluis ubs t a \ti ru t .. .....
    I I L In -i a ot but uluipt ur o d i n o l . ..... ..
    I y . L o cu l d t . ibut uluie. pli m a tp ri n a l l e p d tl i .L e e a tb i rc ....................
    Lmd .omploDortului
    Co mDlpm F ntdir
    ul a t
    Co mi l em eor ulindir pd .. ..
    Verb cu doud complementerdir&i si n'di.eci... ..
    Irootrl oomllome ulut circunlt8ntlol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    _L
    2665
    26ri6
    2667
    2668
    i l 6?0
    2615
    2616
    ,680
    2684
    26A7
    2688

    q.!:
    568
    568
    568
    568
    569
    5t0
    570
    511
    5J1
    572
    512

    2691
    2594
    2606
    2692

    512
    572
    572
    572

    2694

    572

    srNT-{xA

    Pri0 Pozr ?r Er

    (SYN'I"{XOF THE SII{PI-E SENTENCE)

    CONSIDERATIIGENERAI,E

    ..1.

    1) Detini[iapropozitiei. Propozitiu
    (Ttu Sentence,
    TheSimpleSentence)
    | 2174
    o. o' nllni,

    arp in .ar .

    i\ Fl;
    un ' ins u. t , pt b la u n m o d p r a l i n o t i \
    d) tle 6Dtks h a lacio.r'.
    /./ \\' /, o/ n"\ F- D l b; ' or ' .
    ..) I .annot go none no$.
    d) Da
    Eant Lo l.akc !a!t in the debric?
    ./,\ite r "!o\dn' ir s , iht s v , e"r
    l. { J bs d.

    rS2-,11r:

    Se atrage ai,enlia asupra faptului cfi i'rbele ,net (in ernplul lJr, go (in
    xemplul c). $ant i tuhe (in eremplul d), sau dizizs (in exenplul c) nu sint,
    rerbe la noduri predicatilc: primul eslieun participiu. urmdLoareletrei sint
    inlinitive. iar ultimul esl,rn gerundi.!-.Ca atarq afeste forme verbale, singure,
    nu pot lorma propozilii.
    2) Propozitir noninali.
    In u elc l.opozilii. werbul poate lilsi:
    DarkncssQnict \o ,novnent,no soltnd.no light anywhere.
    llrlc.t bless.dsiillncss
    i\'zl i1 5 t8ta)
    '1, fla{ifi. rcd
    I'rot','riliil,'rdupa inrclo., D'rp. Inrplpr.prupurili- podlF li: .n'r,liari{i.
    in
    i\;. d,rhilali!d. i ,f-rolirn 1.iF\'larnb^t"ali\i.
    'ro s
    1i{e.
    a) Propozi.linenunli.lti('d (The Declurati()eSentence) conline enunlarea
    unui fapt, o declara,tieetc.:
    I dusr gel.np no\'. (Pozil.ir,'\ll
    Dick did not comcycslc.dal. {\egutivit)
    (TheOptdtitc S.ntencJexprimi o urare sau o do. b) Propo.ilid optatird

    S 2475

    g 24?6
    S 2477

    S 2478

    1l{}' yon have ! lons and latpX lilel (l,oziii!n)


    li onll lh-" In'e $?{ih.r

    didn'i l)reak j'6t rowl lNegal.ila)

    c) prcpazili.aintarogatiad(The Interngatiee S.nrenre, conline o lntrebare: g 2479


    $'here did vou wo.k belore?il'ozilirll)
    Doestr'lshc trnderBtrrdwhut I sall? lNesativd)
    d) Prapazi.l;ad.ubil.atiir (The Dnbitatirc Sentence)exprimd o indoiald: g 2480
    I mny see ihem today. (Pozil,iv{)
    Prhapsthe t.ah is '[ in yet. {N;salirl)
    t) Prapozilia. inperatied ('l'he Imperuti'e
    o ru g l mrn t e! un s lat e tc .:
    Go home no\r ! lPozilivil)
    Don r b. . . : l i i ..1 l (\" g J ri \' .

    Sentcnce) exprim{

    un ordin,

    g 2481

    SnrenceJ
    exprimd o stare S 2482
    f) Pnpozilia ewlamatiod,(The Ex.clamatoru

    Afctivi:

    T h- n" wly b u i l t .rh o o l .h u u ."$ a s s u ,h a totrr bui .di nA :rP ourr\i r


    Nor . $ba n l rh a r k i n I o l h p r: \e g d ri vdl '
    I Paritie:

    .a!e nu coniiDe o negaliei oonhl.iul negati lui. Vezi !ag. 20r, nota !.

    628

    q 2483

    SIIITAXA PROFOZIT1EI

    P.(RTTLE
    PIToPozITIEI
    (P,{IITSOF THE SDNTENCE)
    I. CONSIDERATTIGDNRRNI,E

    poate
    prou)zitiiloralupdEtxuotnli.- Ca sltucturi. propozi,tia
    Clasiticarca
    S 2,184
    d..'altati1.
    ti si t?ld sd.|'
    'rdddr $as singirg. lPropozitriesinpli.)
    It is , ol[- lPronoziLicsimD];!l
    Il ihr purk tnd;tr a smJll boi \vas lusl.ily singing a litllc songto his Inol.he. (I'.o'
    poziti. dezYolfatal
    ' lt is too cold lor a lons walL this morning {Propozitiedezroltau)
    d 2fEs

    1, P r or oz iii a s i rrp l n ( l h ? S i n p l

    S ,Pi Fr" " r.onsu

    numai d;ndoudp6r!i .

    nunitc pniil, pin"ipdlt al propo;iliei.Accsteasint, subiectul6i predicatul.

    S 2186
    at Subittul I fhp Subi'rt) pllp lu'lFa de prolozilip catP arata 'ino s5"
    ori .. dtld'in;rarpi pxprimatl prin predicalulverbal,su cui
    virseste
    "c'iunFa
    lnsu.irpd.'i cara.lerj.ti,-r crprinald prin numFlcprcd;.aliv
    isi rrrihui"
    Subiectul ooaic fi'af1ai Drin tntrcberile rrt2 (: cine?)sBU{t}a/ (: ce?) :nuodtse inirini"a predicaiului.
    ln .rernplele de Je S 2484, cuaintele "Tddy" Fi "It" sint subiectelepropoziliilor simple rcspclivc.
    t 2487
    t)) Pt.di"otdl lThp Ptd;"ot,) pslc parlcr dp ptopoziLiPcarp "lribure
    "
    subio,tului o acliunp,o st"r. sau o ln.usirn.Predi.aLulpoale fi afJaLprin lntrebirile re /ace2. ceeste?san curn rsre.l subicctul. ln exernplplede la $ 2484'
    cuvintele "rlas singing" qi "is cold' sjnt predj.atple propo;i,tiilor simplc resPectire.
    2) troDozilia dezroltati /?,te Camplex Scntence
    i' 2188
    ) conlinc, pe lingd supropozilici.
    Acesiea slnt dlriDrrul
    piirlil.
    s,.
    nddre
    pr;dic;t.
    ale
    biect si
    I
    conrpLemenluL.
    tL
    dezaaltate.
    principale
    ale prapoziliei
    a) Pd.rlile
    S 2489
    propozitia dezqenere
    in
    ln
    acetali
    structurd
    Subieolut si Dredical,ulau
    voltatd ca si in iropozitia simpl,-(vezi S 2484). tn exernplele de propozilii
    dezvoltatc de mai sus (S 2484) 9r anume:
    ln rh^ park'odsJa smdllbor hJ. lDslit "ingnga liltl" sorgro l'is moth'r'
    ll is loo .old lor a lons q,rk lhis norning
    cuyintle "boJ" $i "It" slnt subiecte,iar "was singing" 9i "is cold" sini predi-

    { 2490
    Numerosi autori eneleziconsidcr';Insd drept subiect Ei predicot ni$te for"
    me nrai com'plexe,numite snbied de:t'olLut,reipecriv predirat dPzualtat,Epre
    deosebjrede-subiectul prop u-zis !i predical,ul propriu-zig expuse mai sus
    '
    Struciura acestor [orme esle urmaioarea:
    a'r.ubicc tul delrolil /7rP ronpl 't Subjc't).onsld din subip'lul
    8 24$l
    pripri;ziq lThe Subj-t l h' Sinpl. SibjP t. alltat mai sus t$ 2489) rm'
    Dreunl cu atrrbuiele 6ale.
    '
    ln nrimul exerolu do propoziLi.d.z!ollaH r;Lou1$ 2489),bubiF'rul J-zvoltrt e;te formal din "uvirit"l. -a sm,ll bov,sprFdeosebirPdcsubipcLulpropriu'zis. care constedin sulstantjYul"bov". ln aI doilcr pxmplud' lropo;itie dczvoltaG citat ($ 2489), subicctul este simplu, "It";
    J nt'ot Itt" t alfl i Pt di1t"J 'upir,dF rol ro:lul
    a i PPd; a11'1
    {2492
    "
    propo,iii"i. adi.6 lor .".d .n n,r F ltssrbic.rut insori' d" p\;n'uul'lc lui stri

    ;t0

    buter. Pre(ljcatul de^'oliat esi,eformat din predicatui prctytitt-is llhe Pred:. rt . TJ,. .\;tup!. P" di o,t ) l\ 248r.1,rrIpr"r,nj..r i\pnru.,t"t" l.ri Lo,1rte
    1.r,'" r,li,^,t. lnJir,, L prppozilinndl., ir.rLm.ranliotr.
    T rrimul pr-n,plrr d" prnp^/ilia dFz\,trHtd (\ zidlrr, r,:,,ti,, r,l rlez
    !^lr"l ,.1' i '"p
    k od"! sa. lusrilJ ringir..J ti,rtn.,r,: .ri..o,Lr'.
    r1.r tl,u.,li- d" pFdi,"rul I,rop'i'rzi' -si
    -in;inc .
    ln r lorl., , ;' r.'pl.L, S 21-Jr. 1,r^di,i,rl orT.nttst ,.t-.i. ro. , || rol
    1lonc'$ k ll,;" mornirg . .prn d, osrhired. p|.di,arul pro,, iu.zi. . .otd'
    '
    b) Pdrlilc
    secundare
    ale propoztliei
    de.rottate.
    S 21gJ
    li ) ltib|!
    $tp p.irte.r dc p'onozilie carc califica sau det.,njri n un sub- g 249.1
    slarrrr sau un ecnrvalenial aatsslur..
    ln lrima propozitic d"z\oltr'n l$ 2,1d0,.odjc.,i!,t, .r,r . trrr'"
    I'is
    airIctriouio. -snrall ralilirind ruh.r"ntirui -bn\". .ti||la rr.rfi,,nl
    :i
    subs anri\ul -song, icr -hL' d.l.rnrinind "ub"tentivul -muther. Chi"r .i
    .,rti,olFl..th. !i ..a- slnt.onsid"rs'e 0tributp,pFoLruca d"
    p,jm;l
    sub.rsnrivul prrk' iar a) doiloo- o dat{i subsianti'ul .bov"r^ind
    .i 0rtJ d. t.
    sLtslanti!ul -.ong'.
    In a doua propozilic der\ollare .ita'd (g 2189), edicnlivul -tonq .i
    drti.olul nFlolajll -a sjnr alributplp substantivului\\alL . i"r ,_Jie,,Litr;l
    demonstrativ "this" este atributul substantivului,,morninE'.b') /-on.ptpn"ntulcsre pdrtea dp propoziLip.rr" derpirninaurr \erb rla g 249i
    un moo preorcalrvsau n.prpdr.atrv).un ruJp.lr\ cau un dvFrb.
    ln prima prnpoTiliadFzvolralo.itrra (g 248C1,
    .L\intFl" -in tb. ps'k .
    "lod,y . lustily'. -a l illle song si -lo bis mothpr" sint complnmprrrp.
    ln r
    doua nroto?ili",lFz\dlr"r, ,d 2480, .roo ,.t, ,omp'F1,nr;t d,tja,ti\utui
    "cold',_ iar "for a long Nalk" si ,,this morning,' contlnrcnre.tepr;dicatului
    "is colrl".

    [. P-LRTILE
    PlirN0rpAr,n
    ALE pn0pozrTrEr
    tPRr]atP{LPAnTSoF TEI StYrt {t-E,
    SUBIECTUI,
    { T H ]' SU BJ EC T )

    s 2{96
    s 2497

    . 1) Prorjeileedo oxprimare. - Subiectul este exprimat,pri tr-un subst,an { 2498


    tiv Bau pdntr-un echiralent al acestuia:
    a) substantiv:
    That s;rt is very dilignt.
    toys gcn.allyshor great aptiirde lor rcchnics.
    D, un pronune:
    &B came vcstddav.
    8,, Iuho, l' t i\ r s qdr i' . in8, he, ol1.
    , 'i p s e .
    l{fto is t hr i n' ax 1
    Th man,1.
    came skiing witl, us is a tellon Fortcr.

    c.,,un adjectiv:
    The ,linl hale slarp enrs.
    dJ un numeral:
    Ipo onh camc.
    The /tr, slopped lclore

    the doo..

    1 P F DIrr d prd lii v-.i H. E. Palnr r , A Ct on. , nat r p' , . ,


    E,;/,"/,. Carb,,d(p. r928.
    4
    \. s Yorl,, t"i6. $ 4t. i1--5b.
    5 1 51. 456. 4 /ii -i0 4. ji C. f . ut . . r t di lt Cnnr r ".

    sINrAs

    5t0

    PRoPozITM

    e) un Semndiv (Gerurul,) sar, u substantiv vcrbal:


    ,Snoltnsis considred
    hardfnl. (Gerundiv)
    The .cdlt1ss of ,nodcm toetry w

    e lrell alt.ndcd. (Slbsl

    vcfbal)

    /) un participiu trecut:
    Thc /dlieD corcred the ball.tcticld.

    g./ un infiniiii':
    /o
    i1 . ot d $a.
    - 8, ,, . . 1i o r r ', 1 , " . 'l 'h
    "d. / ,
    t o r un at a! t ^ot n r ' s P ' iL' l i l y ) ^ o s J r 'l i _

    t)

    orice alt cuvint, intrebuin,tai ra subsiantiv:


    "Ur" is lhe contrrrv ol "do02"
    "li"r n.ans "first ,t:tss"."crccllcnl."

    l, o construclie cu un iDfiniliv sau un gerundiv:


    Hotv bat to d.epit tli nN ttle is tho mNin obieci oI pri,srnl dry $'.ilr'$ In otrr
    'irudLrJ
    ,tlbq ins buttts the sighrs af thc cit! \s nct job.
    IIis haoing .nol,iatcd nt aur iorh has mcurt much lo us.

    :t99

    ,i
    ul''
    Dnur -r,t
    ..:)subiorf romt,t|. taol'r"unJ ..',hj ').
    'r''n,rll"
    ul
    tivF(qa,'prhr rlF r.'"r,-.r"ir1 uni'e 1.ln and..): t11 t..ot,t'.l.rmei/,
    subicct compus:
    Johi atul Ired a.c nr.y lricnds
    Ihusics, chenitttJ, arit\netic' as s'.tl as ttu Yaclicat dPtliatians
    arc bcing taught at ihis institute.
    To be at not ro b. is llamlei's problem,

    2500

    afthe:e scEn.cs.

    3) Subieet dut,lu (Double Subject). - In stilul poetic. dome ul l,ututur


    licenlelor, se jntilneqte uneori o lormn de subicrii numite r,?]i..r dablx Aeosta
    consie in repetarei. sub lors,i pronominali, a unui subn,ci substantival
    Ind lnis adi.larstu li'ed sith no otherthought
    Thrn io love and be loved bT me
    But ozr io'd i, was sLronger bi lar than the love
    Oi lhose wlio wcre older ihan t!.
    Se alrd !^ in qDF. ial alFnliJ r s t r r f d d. F : c i f o n ', c a t e F ' e '^ r 's i d 4 r ''r 1
    s o e r c q F r l d l n 'r 'n r d
    in.o '".r,r in lro za s : r ' is : r s au v or or . o. s i. dr a, jp l 1 r i r n " . l ,

    2501

    la inceputul studiului limbii engleze.


    4) Subiootgrem$tieal (sou tormdl) !i subieotlogic (Gtumnatical or !.orr ul
    .ruhjat and Loti"ot Subj";tt. . Un"l. propuriLii or!rn doa, FUbic'rP.
    d,i subi..lul ptumtti"ol .ax fornot, .ar" cqtH ubr,.lul protr^zrlr.ri unq
    d"rat din pun' lul d. vrdetF "l ron.'ru' li, i c'a fari, dlF Fr:
    D.) subiectui logic, adevdratul subieot al propoziliei:
    ,o di,r nerc'
    It b dangerous
    ["It" este subiectui gramatical sau forma], iar "to dive horo" este subictul logic.l
    (Vezi ti 5 86a)

    25nZ

    5) Subieoteliptic. Snre deosebirede limba ronand, unde subiectul este


    adeseorisublnlelcs,in limba cndlpzd6ubrF.r,rlnu I'nd,c lipsi din ntopo/i!iP.
    Aoeastekndinle estollL dp putprni.din.il. In un"lp ' onq"u.{ii in ' dte su
    '/!lp r\rlLu d,.a lJ a. , "0li"! . lpinl". bLr Dlar
    u?a mdi in dlle 'alir 'd_"ar or dur . in{ i"lot ldlloy di. r pn
    '8.A.

    Poe, Annabel I2e.

    r,al,norir"cfJZi" Ld o"igin"
    'o o
    m i l i s o ^ i . l r ( " l o r r d o n z " d ' J s i g 'l

    PARTITE

    PRINCIPALI

    ALE

    I'ROPOZITIII.

    SDNECTIL

    ;IJI

    biectul.ste.nut at de la locul lui, s a recurs la o particuln iniroductivi penrru


    , i.uplini lip"6 l1 in,"D,,rulproporrliei.ln a.cer.,,,.,t. d Jiuns td,,rr1,,,,,ra.
    rJ .orlqlru,li-i rh t, L' (th p dr. t t\ rxzrritp in ..r.. .ubi".r,rl s- .fr., ,lup,i
    lerbul predicat (ri 2505).
    E\isi.n insri unelesituatii xceplionJlcin ,raresLjbiertutirtsre
    subllrt{.les.\ 2i0lt
    ur" fl , hrer impr,rn;,u \Frbul
    '..lrcrir:
    .lJ i. propozitinrare fonline u imperativ (Irersoa,raa Z-r) (N lti2;);
    Go homel
    spe.ktouderl
    ,/ in unele expres;iconcisedin care lipsesrepronurnelerr (S it6.J):
    I {lll w. it c 10 her dj ( ir ) / odr s .
    You x.e lanif ftaL lit is) rluat
    Shc stawd thfre ldrser ,ion tllt wa,t nera*atu
    H. nccdtr,r {orrv aa titl d\u.as his .:tufu "
    Srak io |iln rs soar os (ir is) /o.$rd..

    ...),ilrl ,luui pI, li,drn ,,,,i'o


    t,'in.onJun,.!iit" u d. bu!. t,,;th..... n,,r
    .ar 1th,r...arA,r d,plasrs,,bia,t. a."sta
    n.liin,l rFn.tar in a dnus prupo/ili_:
    $e wrnl. in orl (wfl sai dowr.
    H" kr' o L d b r' F ,loo . l, "r hpr , t r j1
    o1, r i, l
    \1, . \ i.
    .i" ,los n , . - , s r t t s h, l , at t r , , , d o , u r .
    Whencver ""itl,p
    I call,. you rte .nher pra.risn,s Jou. ridnr o/ {totr {re) going ro.

    d/ in limba vorbirA (S 848. 2825):


    llupe t', s'" vox \,,oI L: / l' npe t o I
    \"v r "\-. h- rd Jh ,'
    / n"L"r \ , n
    1r , )
    S eer 1- Io z se e? )
    ] \ cf von sl Don l bro i! t hc \ or 1t . i: . 4 don t k now. . . l

    fi) suj,iedDttormI,'rrorhale naFcili0atire.-. SubiecIpoi avcd nu nu \ 2i0l


    r,,r' \Frbpl. lJ ur ,,.J tr-,lirrri!.. i.i Lametr,-rt. te r,-pr4ica,ir"., urrr,.r,.
    infinitirul sau partiripiul:
    P', isubie.l- non I workcd hard r, ."r Itrt treztnL) .osts.
    /,..
    .'lh i i t
    l, sra,llll

    n, t

    /,,,.Ilr.,

    't..ri.!,rl
    , , , , ,, . n,.,"t,0 "0
    I sa$ ft.r s,bif.l-u ,.)1

    , . I ' r , 1, \ 1.
    g, i/ , 9, 1,

    a ho, " . . a;
    Lt ! / . _ ! l r o r L e t v r
    u, ", r ,
    or
    "..t.:ntoSr.
    .r.t,r I
    Vr "r
    ,".1-r i dn,l \,p..
    om

    1par t . p. c z c nt ) .

    7) Thcre3 is. - ln unele cazuri, jn carc subiecrut se afln ctuDe rerb. Dro
    I o: / iti a rPspAli\ d " jlp intro ,l u .s d e " 1 p .' " ;u ;' n p i ^ ni l . th,r..i , U t,.r. i r" 1
    p srp l q i rr ) . s F c i" et lF . .- J II;1 . i n ,
    \" rb u l ,u D F nu a.LF rop,rtxri !.
    "r
    ?tu e is n n'odtan at tre u0o..
    ?kfe oe ihre novelsthere, on thc shetf.
    f-\ $ o m an ! i - r hr pp n u v e l c -s i n l s u b i F (ta -i . ri-are stn' pr,,Ji " arc.i mpl. . -l h crc ( , . 1' , dpr p. ed6 ! p rb u l r
    p d rr i , u l ; i n tro , tui .ti !;, i ar:at l hp door. ,
    " .tc
    'lhpre (d dr pr b) _" i- o' , th n s h c l l .i ' )t c u m p tp m F rt" ci r" umstdnti dl p ,t" toc.l
    I
    S i !.rL ul ,," po dr l,! s : . lin d, . ds lJ , on. t r u. lia: - . . / o , a p .
    . ' \ . F sl su lF.l Jl iorm" i r "r balp n"pr c di. dr if ", ir dr pline s L ; j n propozilielun0tia de
    .o rn p lmnL d ir..t
    3 Pdfli,-ula in rodurliv.l r/.."" a iusl lu originp adrFrbut
    dp tor ,r!"F. , ar- Di.rardL-sl
    In r csurd4 dp mon .t.dt \ .a ." n"um par t , or gani ) din c or , s tr u . ti s / r p . p i r C a i l n r F , D o a o

    I:1l.iljllll

    impr"unl'uar\erb,rrd/munsrruriv,.ri?,p\i
    t@ft:-rharcisnonneltea

    S 250;
    "

    SINTA).A

    638

    PROPOZIIIEI

    ps':,
    r:,'',:!.,lil,';
    \.fa.,.,
    "on,!Lru.ri^
    l: "l':: :""Ji"t"l11,.'i;;::";
    ,;:,i,.,i;,:;i:::,:!t:i:t:,1,i,""!f"!'[i;^ii]r"a",ri;',i.
    "n.dup'rorb:
    in ho
    ''''n 're
    if;; ,2'"1"i;r :i'i'",:
    't'ii"l:Lo'.rrm
    d'
    P
    '
    m P s h. l
    i;:.,;;' ; ' . ;

    'o

    "

    '" '""'"'
    #tilr;Tr"'",
    ff#f*4j{.ii
    *"
    Jli''i'?
    ll*;'* :r'll;Tll"'lltll"

    il; " " "'-

    Alenlie!
    construcliile:
    Se fflce adcseori confuzie i tre

    $ 2506
    { 2607

    dl tEre ts $i
    ' -B
    b) thqe ue lr tteli arc'

    j:i:j'{'r.ruriirii
    r,x"l"lii";e
    fil:rr,:i,jl:r
    0"":
    ililii,:l;:'rl"i;"=

    d"oarp'Frmr
    l.i In"pp,rr'rlunpi pronoziliL
    folrna verbali.,,sint":

    ti;iit{{ii"Tffl1"}$;'*::'"lr.s"i'i.'1":';"1ili'
    inJint' a \ " ' b u l" ir" ' in l-' " : ' : ! ' ll: : f "
    d^ ma'|
    'us

    rllr*ilr,ilit{il:#::iir
    :*:l"i"i"r;i,"liili;:;;r
    :#;i:ili:l
    jltli:;"ill;:i':it';"11'l:'
    li;;lii:.,iff'
    :lr*,:i*1.:j
    :'lt;""i'i"",iiar:l
    iril;:,,:
    rlilrtiir
    ilii:,ffTil
    i;a;4;
    sa,,con'
    qs'g
    7"sabir"'r'l
    x"'n
    ;;;i
    i!'h"K'il;;l
    '/
    illi"T";ii'T"!Ti.f
    i r ' or ir n u l'xemplu

    a;^ iiniba cngl"'; va fi thero aro:

    n" ''
    g'Ai""f
    $ltf.i,
    fJik""dn#""
    il|ilJii'l*:'?),';Ti
    txxiti$$tl'f"ili'i"iii?hiil
    g"ti"Jf"
    -' """.,

    "'i.'r;"r*

    ri
    iJ:.il:i:iJil
    ffi:i.r"J;:;f.,,"'il'iilii',T
    ffTl,lrl"*:i:lllii:m:lil
    tfiiili
    unur
    subiciul
    este
    cind

    *""tr'
    ! lt,ilJtil"{l}ff:{'
    .,";**n'ffii
    ffi
    '
    "
    *lr".p;i'-,:*:1;"'l
    i";i
    8,
    ,roa
    n:l *T|l'""jl:'":
    s"'"1
    ll,:i,',1.'.'l"l,l
    3iix"lili*i:";;l#"fiff'{$i?lbi'r';;;;; ;;;;iv'
    serunorv':

    ii.nr;i:r
    i"1l61i
    i*:SHii#r'l\"j1,
    "'"-"'-''
    t":'e
    *
    ;':'1" "u';;lif'r J;'" "'"""'" " "^''
    i
    ix,:',';"';;:,j;;
    I V ez i li 5 1 i :ri

    PARTILI

    PFINCIPALE

    AiE

    PRODOZITIEI.

    PMDIC^TUI]

    PREDIC{fUL
    { T IIE PIIU D IC AT E )

    25Og
    "n

    l) Uoduri prodieative. l{od[ri deprealicative.- I]lodurile personale S !;10


    ( S 133?-1338) shL predicatil'e, adicd pot,torna singurepredicarutunei propozi,tii. X{oduriie impcrsonale (g 1339) stnt ,repredicarivc, adice nu por forlja
    lredicatul unei propoziiiiSint predicatil'e urmitoarle nod[rl: indicaiivu], subjo]rctillut, condilionalul si imperativul; stnt nepredicaiive infinitii'ul Ei participiul.
    l) Ycrbc predicati{e. lrerbc nepredicatire,
    Ntl orice verb la un S 2bl1
    ll}od pred;oati1' (adicd pcr.(orlal) poate forrna singur predicatul unei
    propozil.ii. Din acest puncL de r.edere.verbele se inpnlt 1 predicative si
    a/ sint, Iredicatirc (Vetbs of Conpl.ctePred,ication)verbele care, fiind
    la un mod p$sonal, poh lormar lmpreund cu subicctui lor (cind sint intranzi
    tive), sau tmpreuni ou subieiui Si complementul ior direct, (cind si 1, Lrarzitive), o propozilie cu tntels deplin:
    Tlie li.d st"ss. (\.erl nLtr{nziLiv)
    Shc tr r.adr,g { novcl. {\rerb trarzitivl
    /J) sinL neprodiftitire (l/erhs af Incanpht. prdicatian) vcrbcte care.
    dcsi la un mod persoral. nu pot form{ nnpreuni cu $ubicctul lor (sau
    imprcune cu subictul !i complomentul lof direot) o propozilie cr hrr,etes
    tleplin:
    liis lello\L ]ro.kcrs l.,rcd very hclplul.
    TlLc a.t,icle.(,1ltlg[ among ltLe g.eat conposds.
    Unii autori consider; verbe nepredicative si verbele tranzitive, acesbea
    aviild nevoi de un complement pentru a forma predicatul cu inleles deplin.
    (\:ezi fi S 15t:])

    3) Struotue proilicatului.- Dupi structure, predicatetese impart tn s 2512


    donii clasemari: predicateverbale.sipredicatenonritale.
    PREDICATUI, TIJRBAI
    (lEE

    VERBAT

    TTREDiCATE)

    Predicatul verbal consti dintr-un verb predicativ, care poate st,a singur
    sau poate Ii tnsotit de complementelesale (dirct, indirect, prepozilional, circumstanrial)i
    Lions .oa. (verb predicali! sinsur)
    Ebn't 6l\e .ome? (Verb predicativsingrr)
    \on m@t not dft,ft @tnr. (Ve!b + .omlrl. dil.)
    I spoke to th, naaagef. werb + conll. indi.. prpozitional)
    I\e qB teddins ne @ ,c,rcl. (Veb + compl. indir. .1,compl. dir.J
    . .l,ena fo.watdal the parcct to hd r.r .r. {Verb + compl. dir. + compl. indir. p.eWe a,.ieed ysteddv. fidlr + com!1. circ. de l.inp)
    'lhey sing bedutifutly- (Yerb,1- cornpl. cnc. de mod)
    Our team .re phlne in lyales. (Vr.b.t- comll. cit(j. d-a loc)

    $ 2513

    r'34

    SINTAXA

    PROPOZITIEI

    PRI]DI(I,ITUI. \O]IINAL

    2614

    (I'HE NOITJNAT TNEDIf AI})

    Predicalulnominalconsis dintr-u 1'erb rprdjcativ. l1 mii lerb copu'


    lativ sau copuln.;i un
    VerbolcrrPulrtirc
    U'ink(in!) l't:tbs. Copnklli'c Ietbs at Capulusl

    S 2;15

    rr ru'"1 '"rr p0rLi"l "r'li ulrrl


    \-rnul'apul"ri\ p.l.,rn\-rh'drr prptrrrr'lrr
    ,'., roI:rl. r'u i'.'' e l,'m'a p'Fdr.arul rrn"i lr"l"/i:ii J"ir 'u aJUlorrrlur'ul
    pr"'ti"'ii' na ",,' , 1,"!a r- ir,orar' iri 'rrnrarp rcrl ul 'opul"tir
    ",,n'"
    nu
    rsliid sniEstotator'ci are lumai lurclia de verb de leg'i"urninlre subiFct
    '
    "i
    ' numlc urecliratr\
    in srarintjc" engLezasler'rnoliunii de rnljcat linrtl mai largd decil' tn
    gramati;a romann. qi numirul verbelor copulati|e este or mulL mar mare'
    \"tiel. Dol s'rrr dr"pl ',rbP upLldritF:
    , u ac"dstafun(lie 5i sinolirrele
    a ) to b6 - verbul cdl nai intre6rLin!aL
    llri: to'fa/l (flat. i1l, a prey. avictir, etc-).to hhld (rlonf, tasl. good guihless'
    Lrue.eif.r. /u r' rh"lnl-" ru$, Fr,., /" "rrl'' ti'i"nJj gou'J :ur' c" l /'
    valuable.etc.). /., fonA (high' hrt'
    fleht useless.
    ,/"u' r.,,rre.t.lalsc.D;ic"]"ts..
    it, .1,in r,"r (Nruh,l, .rr'1, /o s,/ (quict lisht. etc). 10rror. 10srond{al(mf b)solneborl{.coueeted, last. f;n. etc.). elri.;
    bl h, tretomecu .ilo|rr,'el" )rit to $m. (slLort irue etc ), lo gcl (angrv,
    dr\' nral ' r' \'
    , ,4 ro ha'l r
    ,lark, huns . ru..\. rhirFl!.
    -'' .
    'zr'
    l
    l
    "
    \'
    t
    tn
    tn
    l r\. ri ' l ' hurl P l .' .)
    , l ' 1 . l h ra
    "Fd,tr
    /,r ./ 4. , , dir l
    !.
    'a
    i e r' ) tr h ttr nrl (i rnP \pl endr' r, d rrnF IP xo\'
    l a rn ( pale. r ed. s o !r, J e l"loon\r,
    e rc. ) , er c .
    u i : !r l o on tL' h' )l ' 1 tu k' ep (an) l l i ne ti l '
    . / r u c unt llr u c ru s rrL o n rrrrelre
    (s
    .)b e r.ts l .r n' l i ng.,l rue. e' !t ). 10.s14,(I' nt so
    t,ti
    ,ttn
    1 r' r ghinj. s , , h' r . tt.:.t. r.)
    b e r . t r ir e. et c . l. o tc :
    jnlchnt'
    d) t{) seem (u silonjmele lui: ta dt/:ar' lo loolt ltlilti"ult lirro ill
    r'
    j
    .
    t
    '
    to
    o
    u
    r'
    :
    i
    r,
    r : ' i" ll.
    ). 'a
    \1 " :'
    ' r'
    -n J
    '
    d " l i ' . ' i i l ri utt :l l ' ' .' ) a'
    . / r lil' r il! r e rb o : " -n tl " \" ' '
    \' dcad-.' Js\' r'" pen'
    r1 r: r( biaut if ul. c l .v e r, a l l e \t)o rt. r n i n n \. ' t' ) tofi l \" i {
    i
    r'
    es
    eui
    l
    tl
    "
    ss
    t
    h
    .)p
    p'
    n
    10
    l
    ol
    J
    e
    1
    .'
    l
    '
    l
    e
    d o r r r r s f ai' : , ir l s o o d fo d i ti r)n .
    )
    te rm . el. e. ) . t a l ,.a tt o l l . e I(

    ,illi

    It.n.lL.!
    To be. cind estcrefb prhcipal (: a e{ist'a,a se alla' a se gdsi a alea lor
    clN ) (S 1874).poah rofini s/rgrzrpredjfatul .,rbal:
    1' r "
    r ' , '\ t
    L' prrd \"rbill
    \ ' "1"
    h ar D?n
    - r/dd . r ' r "i
    'rr 'd
    l '" .
    i"
    pr
    k
    '1
    .
    i;
    t
    ,
    '
    dl
    f
    o
    m
    p l ''n
    .,'l P
    - F ' r "u
    'r"
    ''r
    l p _ - n \ " r b r 'l
    r 'rt lr L F " '
    ior
    nr
    '
    .
    .
    r
    '
    "
    rIll
    I
    I
    o
    4
    ' r " "r - p
    a ', /
    l l d " r 4 " " o r I 'o r n p r r r '
    .'
    ' ttt
    . p" d \ ' t ldl
    'd l r '
    't.'1
    , ii ,
    I rd,,
    ur.pl. _. d. ri,npl
    . - " r , , , ! r e' i \ "- t a )
    "J t
    ', '.
    ,"r Lut ui t , D"
    , pr uar ' e r odl- \ . r b e l r " l u l a l i \ e
    lor li si tcrbc
    \.'",-r'""
    p
    u
    l
    I i , r m a 'r n ! ''r r F
    i
    n
    s
    i
    s
    c
    p
    s
    l
    er
    P.
    u
    ir
    l.
    lFqUr
    "l'
    inr
    bat
    t , r ,r.rL'.'F.
    s.
    ' z
    '
    p re ' l i
    l.'
    1" ,
    '''l.
    In-\

    i 'r . , ir ' : ' . . '

    \ , , hs l .

    a ti re:
    l d i " a 1 ' " t fi
    Sn.h mannersdo not ,.@ru a yotrng grrr'
    Iherything srus very iasl in th jrngle.
    ,a 10. hou.s.
    Thc noise
    'terr
    " , s l ,.o I S p l up.
    tl v Ip a d ,,'
    l l ; r' o " ru n ri n s i d c t" r J n d fasrer'

    PART]LE PRINCIPA!!

    PROPOZITIEI. PR!:DTCATU!

    Ii3'

    ^LE

    // citer.d verb. intranzitive in special rele care e\Drimd na.r:eDtii\ 951?


    serrzorialn d"si lr",li, rtiv, i'r mo,l ubi;nuit, sin unp^ri jniotrr. ,t" un;,1 '
    je, lir. condiJ"rit in a.Fql , o,/ nume pr.diuariv dFnar",.c,aljturi d. semnrli
    ,alirr"rb,rlui fp.pF,liv. op oulr;n1"1"!r.
    unul din f \ prbplptor,,,tob",onp:"tl
    'tttc be.t fc.ts act! ha t {: is ha.d when lcu).
    That stcak smelrssood (: se-"nsgood when smclt).
    Uis descdltioD of a sr.aglitt\r saunls too soodt. be ia. (: ycms too good tI
    lou n d o I i t l.
    'rhe wine tr thrt casL rdsressoe. l: is sou rvhen rasrcd).
    A b.ceze DrooJ.o,, (: is coot as il. blo{sr.
    Thr ink tu nr ballpir lrt.s D&c (- is btue wLcn it dripst.
    'lhc sun srin.r /rr (- is hot F.hen iL shiresl.

    ltr.

    -{ se compara:
    Sh e lelt r , nr ny t N n n r p ra l .l
    Sh e lelt nX [ n, r ( . o d ]p l .d n .l l o s e e i l i t l v a s a ll ri sl i t.
    Thc lila. snrells sni.,r lNume Dul l
    H c s dlls l/ 7af lonc l r i (i o ri rrl . l i f.l
    'l'liis sXrup tusi,s z{s4/. 1\unie
    tf!d.l
    IIe $1r) txsles .:r.rlthi.ng \.oa\pl dif I iircs ol .verJthing. iprorerbr
    0 h :creali;
    a l V er bele c opulal ,i v eti v e rb e l e .N i mi l a te c u l e si nt rorstrui l ,e cu torma \ t;18
    -.
    adj.ctinlir
    ti nu adverbiah. a L,nui cuvint:
    The {ir sndls sueet iN:*.etla).
    tr" 1. . ' 5r ' t l
    J j n tr ,l v .) (\q $ r_ :.
    Tl 'c \at pr r J n oln \n u ,o 1 ,1 1 !\
    Thc sind bleri hat lntr hottv\.
    Hfr lftaih canii .lur ati hcat! t,tr de ! and hmoilu).
    ,./ Verbul copulatir esre archl,at cu sabn.ctul lui ;i nLr cu
    predicativ:
    ?lkir greahsi trco.:clpdtiah at lhis rnomcni, is thei. cra s.
    The Last ol tn .arcs
    hc. plans for th. liolidajs.
    ',ar ol thlr !tugranrme q,as Lhetions.
    ?re most interestingtd.r
    I h r I' - s t i' n , { r I ' p ,,,1 -r,l. ;. h D ," n n a l
    Ttt"4. - "
    r t I n\ . i. n ,;r.
    n " rrr. i o n n d p .rp 4 I Ld\,. n.ro,.

    nunetc

    g i519

    Numelc prealicrtil
    S Zj20
    (Cornplnu:n| pred,icateComplemcnt,Predicati.oeComplenentor Prcdicatieer)
    ,

    1) Dcfinitic.

    psLepartea de propozitiecarc,trnpre- ZSfl


    Numple.predicd_ti\
    S
    prc4r.arUl unpr propozrt :

    The rifl. ,as (dod pt..l,.) out of onlt (rrumepred.).


    $.ho ts (mod rrr..d],o;dftd r/k fl,o (;ume ired.i?
    Numele predicatil poate sta pe llnge un verb copulativ la un mod nopre-

    re (mod neprcd.i d 8.ddadr"(nume r.ed.) was one of r. .eqllirement.s.


    (mod nepred.),i/ d (nunc pred.), she went lo }ed.
    tetng
    "o
    2) Pmoodee il6 expdmare. * Numele predicai,iv poate fi un substanti.v,, \ 2S,,
    un adjectiv sau un advcrb (ori un echivalent al aoestora), lmpreund cu determinantele respeciive:
    1ID accstcaz, '?.cdiratir." esteszDsrnnrtr nu adjeoiir ca ln ,,predicariveComplc
    9i

    SINTAX^ lRoPozrTrxr

    6t6

    lIc is a s.l,l0
    She cdlled tne /D /.i.,d

    D) utt
    Il is t inv .
    r "Fl1L , o I
    !V' o. iJ . r
    'h
    Sh," tud.d otrt to be eorlebadu ,,|cft:tLl3

    ndjeeiir:
    He had g.own ord.
    I ldud

    it /&ll-

    She loolis ,acrlY


    He $as /oLrd in tnc line'
    It is gctting la,e.
    $i lound BillY tz.
    11,nust Io da"
    sau adverb interogaiiv:
    Who is it !
    f/ia, were thel?
    l1o, i.. You iodaYl/Ior oid ls ronr son?
    n a w n u c h 1 i th i s t{ P e .c c o rd er?

    /J un pronun

    Notd

    -lv/r'r' sas J"nnyl el"


    ln oron.zi'iile: l1 ,,, is Iour birlhJdj
    (
    lo
    d sp arlal bdrPrD'rP1ln?r
    d.a!'.4
    t'rb
    pre,li ar;l i; r" tiind
    lrin"ipol
    lin
    p
    rpspe'rrr dF roc sr nr
    dr
    q/,,r"
    it.umsldnliJlo
    rornplcr
    rrnr,e
    si.nl
    li
    nume preorcailYe.
    f,, un infinitiv:
    His g.eatcstllcasurc js ratz''
    'o
    She stands to ,tt'
    ThcY ap!ar

    to unde\tatut-

    n.,l uo se'ur,divsau un Parti'iPiu:


    llis hobbJis lh''os'apiias Cerundivl
    i{ "z"nl l
    :h F q Pn l .n st4 st4 g . { Pa {
    rour Lh'' L lorl6 I allPr tPdrl tr"'ur l
    i) o construc,tiecu iDfidtivut sau cu gerundivul:

    a,e{
    fnl','l:i,1fi"'i 'l:'l;,1'n);,e thF,;Eht
    jJ o loculiunesau o construclieprepozilionald:
    Ds tu's'lf'
    She
    I lclt''as
    him ou, oi so/,s.
    JnilY had sro;n inta a fine sfl'

    2523
    - "-"

    pp
    3l faz. -\umcl" pr"di'uliv F'i in a"elali 'rz cu subie'tul
    "l ''arui
    pnatPfilncszulnomiorlitsruobie'.*ai".t it-iormcazi suti'"rul respplliv
    ' v, deri rruor"lepr"di.aliv se poatp sfla in do'd srtualu 9r anume: poarcrl
    obf'cctie'
    i"ki
    irrai"otiu siDieciip sau n;me predicatta

    PART]LE

    PRINCPATE

    A'E

    PROPOZITIEI.

    FTDICATT

    637

    (Subjecti.|e
    subiectio
    ConplementE 2521
    a) N unele
    r)reclicalie
    san Sihiectit,c l,rcdi6xte). - Numele predicativ care lormeazi predic;tut llnpreunA cu un werb neprcdicativ intranziti.aaclie sau lrdn:iliti /dsit se relere
    ia subiectul verbLrlui 9i ca atare stn in cazd nominati\':
    Il. (subicci.)
    is 1/ner lnumelred. sulriocliv).
    l o a ,"ubi" ( r look r ) o a d p " l ^ u n " p r" d . r,b i p | \).
    l s n d i pn { " ubF " l h" t u t tp \^ u a p i re J . .u b i " r rv :
    Th" p;en \6ubi"1 t
    /, su r i" , I is s . lr ins d " i rn rn P p Pd . s u b i P " l i v ).
    //" .j u hi. , . r s p; m s , 1; /" n u n p p r;d . s u b i ,l l \J .
    / l "u b i " ' ) r " I l, ns . 4 L n u m ep r.d .
    " u b pi "rp
    d ;\l
    d :
    r,[a rdt . ubi" r ] l. p r /d l l ;x (n u m"
    ' b i 'm"
    rli v).pred.s Lbi eri v .
    ctu tse t . r bipr t) , , on5 i drl d l t" , o u r ti " .t @ ,k 4 ,[u

    Notd
    Numelepredicativraportatlauns,rbiectcareseafl[incazulgenilitpoate$ 2626
    stft jn nominstiv ln func[ie de contexh:
    n'.e.]'s(subiect)is tlE b*t tr.tk (numepred. subieciiv).
    ue q'ascerlainoI t,s (snbiect)beinssne/freP
    {numepred.subiectivJ.
    Iln primul .x.mplu.6ubirclul F.rp numri ap0rent tn .szul q"niriv. d
    fiind-dp ispr .onsrilLrildin .ubFrsnrivul-sork f -Frcd s wort j. .are sra
    tn
    ln al doilea "remplu gnrundivul being . arinJ rJrJ"terul
    "omina[iv.
    unui substanliv, estelnsolit ln mod normal de un adjctii'posesivl
    prcal,Icarit,
    (Ol'jettire PrPd;catPsau $ 2526
    obi.ctiv
    b) Numele
    \uralp prndi'a iu , arc Iormeozapredira ul ln'
    Ot'iFt;rp aont)l,n"ni)3.
    pri'un.,u urr vo"b n;preJi".,ti\ to;z,ti\) 3F .-lera lsun.ompl;morr ' 0,. srd
    in caztl obiectit'asi ca atare se ala in acelafi caz cu acesta:
    I lound,1,, "orr'l dir I iU nurF r'r"''j.oLi.,riLl.
    rle suo.osed
    ;r ,,.;mo,-du., ar,d ,.um Dr"d.obP,rir).
    rs r da ine nun" pral. oLi.',i\').
    \yF th;L nt t". .oniDl.Dr.Do/,ii,;dlr
    n' \ hp h;U? n ."o 1;t ni) * od, t nun" r ' f Fl oiin' r : \ l l
    C ouldn t vou makp r' ,( um Dl. , l t . : t " op' , nu. n pnd o b i . " l i r r . '
    lo bp n; ; , nr nr pr d o l r i " . l i r
    I lhoug ni //,i"4
    o Fp l d' .

    N otd
    Gndiwl trrcdicalir poate ii nnmp predicativ attt, subieciiv, cii Ei obiecti{, $ 952?
    ,
    poar- n f.ri a'lr l1 .JL,i" rul \''rbului prpJi.ar. , it ci ld un
    - "llF cuvinrc"p
    complcmcntin cazul obiectiv:
    q ,, s ior " ( n. 1r ' pr "l
    r r bi"' i\ ) .
    I t " plou ,.b.rrt
    . uLi'
    I /" i, oi7 l"ulre ct \tr,o t B. t p aan- ir - ,
    ' i\ , .
    t
    t
    e
    ..r,L
    laon lllkpu ld
    r,!mn l. J r .
    J ' onr J b. t t . t, L . e ':
    ",
    n.
    ",
    p,
    iap,
    i! - . l | t n t
    ,
    .
    or
    npl.
    ,
    l"
    ll. b"l" \ - i'r".o.
    r

    nrm"pralu!qlir.
    ii\.
    r4d oLi^

    4) \umle Dr0dicatiy$ suhiectul, Deoscbiradjntrc numele predicativ $ 2628


    si suhiect este nneori greu de ticut. deoarecenulncle predicativ p.rate fi tot
    atit d. binc subict.iar subiectulrlune predicaLiv:
    Zrr lsubic.,l.)
    it ,ntr deatetttt."d (mme Pred.)
    de@at ftiend lsubiect) is Drc (m!re lled I
    , , |_
    l| . t onlu-:.1 ,
    uL " r . ot
    t ', d . .
    "paLo1
    L n, 1r ' n'J . .
    i. . t ' "o' . t . t
    T " b "tr". t" /"Lpr

    ,v!

    1 "ar is zE'. lof,trl htrcltritrlal.i cn.cti in sliiu] coloclial, colstihinil o a}rlare de


    i n . l 'r l , o r.. 11 ii: : i
    i: r "s t ", adr I n'
    ^rlr*r' rn'd li.dr."1n
    '1 ,
    mai u.
    " \ " r' r n-to -ia ctr ;i .,.r q
    r... i r',,a
    - ubold
    ' .r=.
    di . i . .
    n r L " L . . 'd " 6 ,,a^ ..a...rn r . . ; , r
    j'
    ,r.,'.,:"
    '
    "
    l . l, \ ' ' 11. 5
    / r " , r 'l l J
    I
    " $ '"
    o ' .' .. r\ . jirirn .r'
    lpJr.i
    ( i Cnr ne. , l , a n . , C ] I 'l l r , o ! . t r ' e t c
    U ri n r tollioasr.i,sa .larlin f"tlo . iCLliSlilt l
    |

    638

    srNlAxA PRoFozrTrEr

    Pcntru a0esi,moliv s obi;Duieqtesi se considcresari.fl partpa . :'


    zitie care preceddverbul copulativ, ,i nnne preni.cdtirp&rl.a di !: :
    care il urmeazi.
    25rg
    5) \ur ele predi&rtivfi (omlleme tul (jreunstintial. {-rrr !' :
    S
    predicati\-poarc li ronlundal ru compl|mentulcirrunrstantirl:
    Vitikr \as silLingdr /,rLi. iNuDretrcd.l
    nu r li singurnkjca.ci. in aceastirsilualn'. l\.erbul {//s sitti??g
    niln cu rrbul "to be". cnci \:ickv nu ..stetajos". .,i,. .i la ,nrs. .
    .{tadar lotiuliiunea
    "at t lc" esle indispensabilit{ritru rcdarf! inl-:..
    dcci indepline;lefunotia (ie nume predicativ.verlul ,!ls sillrr,: r -'
    fazul dr fnfn predicativ.l
    Vifli.f rva s sitLi' g ar t hc r ar ll

    it jor ipl. . ir i. t i e l d i . l

    L\:efbul't\,dssitti,rq" (: stnleajos) poatc lorma aici ritrqlrr 1, ,


    ,.Undestntoa.r",.La masi". "-{t the table' esteprir rrniarc
    'ronUl"
    .rdrl;J JF lu..l
    'r
    sr\c rs n t h."Le oD an- v s uhjc . , l.l. onuhing. l, ildf . n . l \ u n e

    t)ttl j

    IVerbu] "1o be" ncriind aici trcrlicativ. cnci intFlerulpri(ln al!1,,: :


    ,,afr', ci,,a cunoasle"(: 'rto be at home")."at honc' cstr n,,me]rfeil, .
    ''to be" r'crb topulativ.l
    Shc is ahvajs at h.rLe i\ Ifu, fvcnnll]. icompl

    rirr

    rle lur

    lVerbul "to be" (: a se alla. a se gdsi) poah. h acfst,:az. sii ; :: -:


    si,rsur predi(,alul."At home" este acum conplementcirr,rnstantial .dporecernspundela lntrobarea..unde se Snse$teeal"l

    s 25:10
    5 ,5:tr

    P&trDIC,ITD Of RIISUI,T

    1) I)lidlie,
    Numele de Prdi.al ol Rsalr esie dat fornplil]i!::
    arati consecinleleacliunii i.Erbului determinat de ea. complinire carr :,
    sidcrnoe face parie din predicaiuldzvoltatl:
    The weU /.dd srld dry.,
    llnrii^a nu avea api pcnl.! cI r..dsc.J
    Th vrii,ing desk aas bnlea orttt\(Bifou l d iost s ! a. t de l, ot i. )
    Thc trilor ,zs
    ronr iackct too ti8ht.
    (Ja ,l,ela 1 r e ste',d,id
    pr c a; t r im i{ lc nt r u c i a$a a l i o , l o o o i l o N l . )
    \l'e'll ,rc. li.r con'e ho.r,
    lEa rre si( \'ini ai.i lentru ra o ro,tr rdnce noi.l

    S 9632

    2) Procedcealecxprimaro.- Ata num;tul h.d,irut. of llrsull t:te ;'.'


    nlat pr;rtr-un subsl,anti\'.
    al rcesioral.r;l
    un adjcctil.(sauun echivalent,
    rerb. un intinitiv. un participiu eLc.
    rl-A Nas appoinled mdnaset ol tlle works. (Subst.)
    She 8r!-a thetn to Jou: l,hal, makes then yoQ.s nos. lPfoD.)
    \\il1 \,rr. rlF,'n F. boi. | , . gi. . A/ . Adj. )
    \\
    e,rr",;d ,, ur t r . d, J s r r : / / . - .
    . \ r L. ;
    ,-'" I,u. r'r e , , \ ' . o, lliJ r lr ' ul. i, ' l\ "r bi, ' 1. 1
    | .,..;,t r'" , i" dr 4q.
    t . , ". ut , u, D r , r "l. u/ ir i, , n . t "
    IIe plr.ed lhe documents iu #e,o/;.
    ilu,ir!tunt adlerbialir)
    r Vczi
    5 24 90 ,249i1.
    ,Cuvinlpre titrerite o! rimflpre

    ddire sint ?rc|iar'

    af ttadt.

    He was obli g td ,o l l s ,e r. (In l i n i l .i v )


    'rhrt sei him rhtnnt,g (l'aft. prtzcnl)
    I d, , r ' t t " ,, h p L p t, ,,o .;,,g r,i . | .n ti \
    \\-' ll I'a\.

    l..

    n .i\^

    a tt4 Jp .l

    ,,,

    1.

    .l

    'ul

    3l A.urd.
    7h, PrrLliurt u/ n,'r/i poal,elj raportat la subicct(,tarj.']- g 2533
    tir, Pt..litot, at H ,',ltJ.r\r 1, un rnmplemen' di'r.' lOl.t, 1t.. f.,tJt"qt. ot
    ,rytsnn,e had gurn stir.r isulic.liv)

    'Ihe sJEnket soon ran drX. (Subic.ii!)


    ntr /nif {Iite.
    (Obie.lill
    -\g-" hrd h,med
    Thc h-"rdr,,he drove /'pr lndtic, (Obiectiv)

    4) Dinteza rerb lui detcrminat, Yerbul determinat de un Pr.di.,?rc S 2;31


    al n..',lt puJ|p ti ."ri\. pr.i\ s,,,rr"fl":rir:
    You had better ol.r llie door trid..
    lvhr!, malr,r hfr so l!t.?
    Tnis coar Fill n.ct yon N[m.

    \\'e rioullh't l.i,trdt. mor r'omloftablf.


    W hv oas m v r a n . r y s . r h o e a
    IIr;ds dri'L'out orlis nhrd br l.hc noisc

    rcrb reftcxra:
    \o\'tt ntatn ILLE.U hmrs.
    rJetr..r 1!t riim slee! hnnftt
    Ioh^ ate I'in64[ Bitk.

    shotrting cn.luragome^t
    Botrer.

    to olr

    foolbdll.rs.

    :,r I orc.Irond0nlu
    iI lixrLa roru:lni. lr crd.rd i' d r^-',ir., ..mnlFIIan ,( 2535
    l,rl . ir' ,rn,sl a ,l i J l ' nrr.e'.rit "resprr'J, ir oir.' dr. maiurd. ' s id.p. d?.rui
    '
    I,raLi&I( af n.s,l/.
    ru deoscbirc, ci srera noliunii legate de termenul englez
    esle mult mai largi. deoarecenumele de Prrll.dr., o/ fiesdl esie dat unor pnru
    de propozili cu funclii sintactice loarl diferite. -\stlel, dupn cum reiese 9i
    din exemplele citate pinn aicj. Prellicatc of Result poate fi ln gramatioa ro
    rnini nurn predicativ.cornplenet, dircct, complementcir0umstan!ialdc
    loc. {le mod etc., {,ireumsianlial consocuti{. !i, tmpreune cu verbul deierminat
    poate fi tradus cu un rerb Lranzitivsau inl.ranzitivetc.:
    He m{dc her nls eil., l\trme pred.)
    I ll .sk hinr ,o mD?.1ibmr,1.
    .lir.)
    \1''eLookher noru. lcontpl..i.c. dc lo.)
    Tl,. rl,u lr r- hdd L n p 0r ' d bt up Cont p t . . i r . 4 " 1 , o d )
    H $o r"i, l h im . "ll r a, l at h t r bor ' ib i) ln $. l C o n , p j . o n - , r i i \ l
    she sor the roon rcdav l
    a ptetlelii. (\'erb tr{nz )
    Ila,o ol his co al o/ / ( : a s c oal. ) . ( v c . I lr an z . )
    {on arc atot itls rlt,Df
    r.d thn'nc. i: a sltlbi). (\r..b intr.)

    Pri!rDl0-{rr -{PPoslrlYn
    Lnele \ethe pr&li1tit c au o tomplinire nnm\1"i,Pledicat. Appositi.tr lrt\
    substantiv, un adjct;v. o locuiiune prepozilionald etc., adesori precedate
    de conjunclia ds. aldturati ca apozilie verbului predicat. Aces| Predicatc
    Aryositia. a"at!,. in frincipal, stara in car se afld. s-a aflat. sau se ra afla
    subiectul in monenlul implinirii actiunii vefbului:
    He }as a jol as sord,urShc tliei aL okl tuoman.
    sa.ah camc in hapl! and e.pectant,
    slrc was gontg to be eligagell as Luts. to a si.k.hiLlHc $'as )orn ,i,h d s,7'.r tpon iL hI Muth.,

    t {;uvirtcl-" liliiritc cu cnra,ile.. aldinc siDt !/dt.d,es o/ nsrlr


    , : sortil sl 1ie bogat.

    s 2536

    SINTAXA IROPOZ4IEI

    S URI I I e I UL
    \CORDIl l'RLDIC\tl LUI C l cr
    P JE C TI
    \\D
    \'
    tl
    '
    B
    1
    '
    f
    \O A EI:l l E \1

    6 25 3 ?

    tn limba englcziYerbulpreRegulAgeuorali'-- Ca,9iin linba ronnnn'


    { 2638
    ' -"'
    aicat,"',"oid; ',' subipclulin n'rmir si parqour't:

    ?f,:';:i"%""ih1:{":-"':i;ll

    ro'si'l'rd tl:: t"../i",1:


    ' t r" s"
    \umarul .ub.tan'irulur' u r"l d" s'bi
    ru' Inrrna
    ensl"/a F\i rd

    irr limb0
    dp la;r;;;,' ; ;bt"s. dPosrp'F
    pr') d-r'u int'l;d"
    a"'.ioqrf-, 1p "7i" 'd'l

    'ubstsrtrwc
    phrral in\prq-subsrarrrrvP
    ,si

    :;irx,:liklItr;l{[i'
    :kir;.lilrr
    i;i"]:"";'::::',,,
    ",,
    r",";"H"1"t"
    nL,,,,ri
    \"'bu,
    :lii;l:::"iil..,"ii"'i,i;;'',
    ;i
    "
    ri ""ri",i;;"
    i"..",. "'"s",'jJ
    i,;".:iil:l,illi"i.l"u"'ill"l;.
    "' u"l'.

    Verbul Preriicat se va acord


    ln!FlPsul8'es ur3'
    S 2539

    tit $ la pllrlal
    Srbiecte cr Ycrl'ul atit ltr singular'
    loL';tr' prrtu "1" ) {S,l1l r,
    I I S,rb"lnn'i\Fl' 'olcclrtc l"/// 'r''

    j.rl;:s"iil":"':l:l
    ;
    ll:
    Iili"ll
    l;'r"i"il'r,11
    il
    tru
    "tru
    ctts iia pr urar tr: , , , " " ! :
    pru' " " ' : : , i l ' i i . ; l : l "l.ll:1 1r r .in g u r r r .,ir
    1 ir .

    4l Ct t er a s u b s ta n tL l ,p/r fn i r

    ral {se"'s fdr'P?sci')


    r nulronr,rol.dsau proveienla regionali
    'ot]o
    's aro
    5) SubstrnlNclecaru
    ($ 1?J)nu*"""t"'n
    rl'!s'Jd'-?'rilh.,l'er'r'($
    de Pluralr/iu
    cu tnJel'-s
    'lr'il'
    hcad
    trost'
    ldlr' srcrc' lelttt' lahe
    oo"i' i''i"'
    1230-1233); brace.caaprc'
    ti',1,1';"
    l. ittion er(:' cind-si't',nuncralc' Llesineterminate
    ,1. llnus(tn(t,
    u,to'"
    ',s,

    .,i1i..,rit:,#il,,i':)rj
    s-'" ,".""t,
    ji,,;"r,r
    ;"*,:'1
    )

    ii"t

    ln

    rha

    p
    a n ' J " -rn5$' FJ r
    ' 1rr

    ( o'$nn' " ' \' r ' "

    a tn tttta '

    ttaP tP

    a26{fblC,rtint"l"a'tpldua'ltvs:pa'r'Jar';d1-i.nulfaisineuhrn,'"for'
    'inL'"u10t rrritP I'o'lr'l''
    m:. (in'l sir,l numpr''l- "|| '"'Buf f"'1ru'"ft 'ind

    ""'
    ;;;;r;;;';;;'n'
    ;lrii;,ri:fj,i'iii'1,:lill"l"
    Ir'| nc
    sr4;r'"'n ;1r?
    : ";'"
    : Ji',fl',.i:
    ?'":l'"1i",

    r
    ft:',,r,1i;:'J.#.dji;"'fJ'i'l,lo"

    q 2542
    -

    7) fracfiilc.
    l l dF t - r n: ir i:

    pe care
    all' - rracliile au rcrbul trcorclatcr substanti'rul
    E,tr ' r" td ' ' l " ' l l j

    liE;;iJ':;l'i"lt a','"'
    Li'i"l'"J'f'
    ''' '
    'n
    T$o lt ir ds oi t \ t s llat Pt
    ""

    ;fr'e.

    r"r,*"

    *a l.C

    llandlord' te'vdav

    Jenteaush SprhenEngtish

    6{l

    ACORDIJL DREDTCATULOT C

    rVoid
    fie chiar inlerior mrmirului
    r
    Penlru ori.e numir csre dP.pege unitatea'prccedd(in lntregrme)suD'

    ..a"i:,'..i"'."1.;"i"*a pluraluldb.anuneralul
    I Paiil oro onit s h!'ll

    lof it
    'dt

    Se spune lnsd:
    I Paiil ore idL snil s btll for it
    verbul la singular sau la plural:
    8) Numter. - Acest substaniiv are
    o t la sinrutrucind are lnlelcsdc 6insulsr:
    '

    T;

    ot Norl*s

    S 2543

    is on thP inc'essP

    ; "lJTil'::;":i'f"i:;i":lil:'
    i;*;::1"1.1""
    ;lf.?fl
    ,,,rerbul
    este la stngrlar'l
    si ^l#:"1**ul';ir
    plrrrnl:
    '

    l,
    il '"'

    ^"nbe,

    ptu,ol cinrl are ln{eles 'le


    rr" join"dlI'r"aJins club'
    *'t''
    ^"-t* "t

    jl,l',r.ij
    ;:ilrlifill;i
    ,
    Sn'i:l*"*f
    "lil;';'11
    s'.1
    nohotddt
    : 1i;;il;:;.i";;;";d,r Jearri.orur
    ''"".""'.'"","1,1''":tl;i*

    ..".:ilxislii'i;iliiF*l'ilrui:ltl'tni"i".:i"i:
    no$tc lnsemna:
    t 'utIosin|utotl
    '" tl i""^ tfu*n 1 ' numar superiorLl' vot lrl thr
    bl'
    "' '-;;,."';;j.;t;;
    rri i"nt ior rhc prssins^I
    ""' "'
    idecada cn'cpi 'nsi mrrlti cel' mai mullo Ifari
    I)t lstns "on.r"t)

    j.
    n".ilip,i*':." p"i"t'r| t"il - oe' t tovturat:

    '''"'

    J'il::i1'
    ;1j"llii:,#'"119'i',1";1"
    +,lHi],i{"i'

    ;:*;irjtUl,l ";;i;;T"',1'T.'
    :Ji'::i''i]lHl!
    [lrs"
    ..,":*
    oI\o'kmPn'
    te sruoul sau melnbrll aceslura':

    '"""

    ih.;,;ill:":.:l"lt"#",;ldll"

    r", ho'. 'o'sL'!s

    alf';l,1il",llJ;';1"'
    l''J'':"f
    ,,,,,i%;;tllli#ny'l;";.i;l:'if,
    '-"_'_-'

    n..r ol the tD?{' /os bcen d'mo)ishpd

    illt"nio
    il.,';",rJ?lx'
    ),.ii,,l,pxt
    ".

    **""'
    h";:'1""'"::l;'rr"'i'#i'"lll;'
    il ll:'#:l"ffi""
    ii,:r":'Chi"ilr
    I
    d.or.
    Asfe,t
    (s.a
    uasood,
    I I) .rsfost
    i"":1,]fi1"'ll';:i.,'Ji';
    l:":#"i
    !.,:,li "tu
    j,i;"1.i1;";iilli*
    i"":('"i*,'";Zilii;ii.i^,"T1', j::;l'ii't;"t
    4ff?',:.:.,L.f"i':1,'";'fi,"t'il
    ofEogr,s,,
    ;:l;;#,;lltF s,udr
    "
    i?;:li;x'";';i';.'lify",ifi:.fit;{;',-;.:;'
    Fo$lc.' rP .t,.'l'Itajo'il'J"'

    b42
    S P ; +?

    12) Uor e t ha n . Io s t.
    A o e s l e c u v i n te pot avea l erbul l d si gul ar saLr
    Ia Plur al:
    o) r o, in. ut or . rr.1 ,I p r,, J a u fri .l i " s a , r
    un,,ri r| ,Jr.
    1u a' Fl " r,.
    tl e pr ular :
    Ur)rth{n r,,rc rnr,soI l,hc glass(a! hroke^.
    Tr i. , . . I nu"F h, t . . P, - , ah i a r I
    Uo. L ul . l, t r r o t i, , r s , ia, m l d . {" d
    ] I os t ol lhc . dr gr nds los l . l s e r

    b.) Ia pluraL.ciNl sint urnratcdc un flural:


    llo ' "
    \1 ,.:

    S 2;rS

    S 2519

    o P' n o
    ld x
    d ,? !,n
    a .,
    !r'r .i.

    tld,

    n.tded

    l ^.r

    t3) Heaps. I Lot. t,ots. Plenty.


    prinele trci fiind
    -{cesle cuviite
    intn,bunrlaienumai in linba volbitn. cu lrtclcsul de.,o multine" -. au |.rbul la.ringalarcind sint urmate dc ur riuvir)icu ,<ens
    de $ingular,,siverbrl la
    p/rudl cind sint urrnate de un curint (,u sensde plura]. Atit, la singular, cil ;r
    la plural iubsta tivol. determinanlsint precedAtede prepoziliaof:
    Th(c tr hcaps ol tood in llre Urder.
    Hfaps and li.als ol .ntldcl net. or t.he

    Tl]ot ir lots r0 ldc ir this lo(tr.


    Lots ot p.arl. .o,a. herc elery dn).

    1 l. ol p"/ p" ia
    , , lns , "
    T h r',.
    T here o r. { lot ol /r lngs I c an do.

    t h"r , r ' t l r 'l \


    o ,o,,7Inthr..
    Tlc ^l r . ', r / 1 . - r r p g " i n A t o t h .

    'p r . i d .

    i,i) Therc is/arc. Ilcrc is/are. Accste loculiuni. cind sint urmat de
    doud sau nai multe oufinte legato prin /ind, so a{,odii dc obicei cu priinal
    .urlnl din enumerati:
    ( boule. a tlal. atrd |ao glisses on lhe trblc.
    '11\'r'^
    'fh eft.d ,rn,n s onl\ d neLn aDd ihr c e t om al , o . s i n t h c l a r d e r .
    ll..
    ;1 b .t! . , r ' l
    r or r t , r . t r ' - !
    t- r u. a -ot. dnd i r - r ; r l 01 m J l. 5k
    Hctr tN the ftt\te5 and lhe ras..
    (ltnd irsn

    sLrbstantivelc

    din enumeratie

    fl)nsiituio

    rri tLnsatnhLu, st Lot,|

    nandd pluralul vcrbului, ehiar cind enuneratia incepe cu un singular:


    Ttict. ttot a tall." anrt hLo .nzts on ihe porih.r
    Hec o/e his rcat drd pants.
    Th{c o.. n. ,ed. no marr.csr, Do rill,(J.

    S 2550
    S 255r

    15) Pronum0l0 intemg[tiv-relativet.


    a) Ptantlnttte
    int erogatire.
    - Pro,,umeleeha. tlhi:h |, trhat
    pot avea.ierbul atit la sinsula.,cit ;i la plural.
    I i trcbiri. trho aste de obioi ronstruit, cu ring&/arl/:
    "IlD is comirsto sle us today?""1he Smilhs.
    Il'io d{r rt the p.ttJ?
    Raroori.daf din celn ce mai treclenl in specid in limba lorbitn. intilnim
    forma
    de plaral:
    ;i
    "l/lo sir on lhc branchcs?"3
    It'no ar. {t tlie l{}le?
    Ccinsiruclia cu \,erbul la plural dupd pronunele tl,,bo{!sto insn in generc
    irodu'
    elitafi. tie intrebuinlindu-se o altn construclie cu acelali jnleles, Iie
    I P c nlr r alle d c l a l i i ,v e z i H .\\:. F o { l e r-,r. .i / ., " \!db.r" , :
    : IlntN allc delalii. veri lL\\:. !owler, ;r. .n._ "\u!rber"i "\\'lal.."
    3 W. Iiipdran, Fin Dislish Boak.

    cindu sc un cuvint cart!si juslifife intrebuinlareapluralulu;.fie folosindu!e


    sirqularull
    WhaL .lo 1lou s.. on the lranuhesT
    rltt.a F" .h P aPL . ' t t t r I . l I :
    ll'r, ,r ar l,lie iable?

    Dcsjgnr tns;i c:ij h oazuril aseDnnntoarecolui urmitor. pluralul este


    sirgurul r[rlnir farc poale fi inlrebuintai. dcoareceF,qt.r
    cerui de substantiIflb

    a '. tttrl n. nan ar i t h( gi. l wilir her ?

    Pronunele rvhirh 1i {hat au rr:rhul acordat in numir cu substantivul sau


    prolumele pe care il lnhcuiesc:
    You \Lantrour.oatr wlii{h is.r.,
    \tln h a.. rlDs,Fho \yrrl lo takc pa.l nt ihc rrr'1
    \\ h rt .,n.r iller t he t it le?
    \\ h al ord ron . r c ?s r nJlor ' lehar ins r s r ou do ?
    dnt JEep.',
    "Whuf zf. ir th. ftlds?" "Caqs. h'i4

    l. rclatia-..
    _ .h) Pron.utne .-,,,d
    .\i rbul prupozjri.i,llirirF F\r. ir,r., S !552
    .t41:n
    \: t..t
    ,,t ,.n1,...1
    r tdtrI
    ,,,,? I.runumptU,
    "ur.,it
    S hc is r/,. g il sh o ,4 s sia. iir g al, lhe s eas idelilla $lle.. $ e s t d r i o r . s u n m e r r a

    The *gettLl.E whltl aretabr gro$n ontlie la.n hare alreadr becn lrlantcd.
    I'.asanr !,otn.n i. llvir Su,lag .lorr.s, \rhi.hr is one ol the iinrsl slghls. Nerc sl,andIt is slc wlo .,nc.s licre cvcrv \rck.
    Slic !s one ol rlp sr:rls thrt lar? had niano lcssons.
    i! the omisaions jn ui xork.
    fVhat nak r. it srrprisin{
    T r,e do(rlorsrc..Dn icld a dleL on, ndr s . . , , t o t hon ju s l . i r i a b l es r , u d s .

    '16)Prolumel nehotiirite.

    S 2553

    d / Pr',' lu- ndF at l t i v a t p u t a \" a \p rb u l l a .i ' r !,,l d" .H U l a rl urA l . i rl


    t, n. i p d c i nt plac rI lc - r r rg ' rl a ru ri J " p l u r" l I." , n r" i l A ,r i r, trara.,a' i por rr" r
    terbui acordat cu detrrnina tul lor:
    -:lll oI iL 0?s rotl,en.
    -:1ll{re agrlcd tliar lh. plaX
    ,!omeoI lllc lqe.
    s!oill,.
    qrfe ladcd.
    J.ne ol thc flrrrls "ar
    tftrpnL
    b) EIrabodu,
    sonebodu. sam?on., a.ubodv.
    n o anc \\rzi $ 1144. 11/1 9 1 1 ,-,0 ).

    muonc.

    nohod!,

    Suliccte cu vrl)ul numai la siDgr Ar

    $ 255+

    1) Eithsr. either3,each ollej elery, evcry onot, many a au verbul la sin- E g5lt5
    gular chiar dacn fae parie dintr-un subiecl oompus:
    llithu ol 111\tbrbids ;- Iine and he{lthv.
    J.tllul.1
    lhe t . J s r c loz gs t o hin.
    E.th one trl rha [oJs is llirg
    a krl.e.
    E.,erV mar is there on the lrwn.
    1-\ntcricd.nlrl
    dLn . cstc l .egnl grxp de rxiyintc lrf.ccdut: "Il,!6ot
    lrorunnlii
    n o d c n in iL.i. Sun da i.loth r s . "
    r \i. rbr, .J.r
    j, , . n. "u- r i , {r . r
    ,, n "o. n"l , , / , o,
    t,ri
    'nso!..
    "1t :
    ' lblI nr
    d .i li'r . ll.\\. 1, , $1"r . op . d. . \ "r t hr - . , j.
    r \
    ,
    ,
    ,
    i
    . ,n iu
    lr , r lll J 'i . r
    v. "
    \ . , l) l") .
    " r t s i 'i j , . u i , J \ i n r .
    ?r,.'dJ.,.9
    ,,ri.r^ " 1 . m , . ' "?,
    m "nl oI J nar s s s ? 1 : , . r u . . i : , L i n r F , n s i n .

    544

    SINT^XA

    PROPOZITIEI

    I n- ! . '
    at h " m i 1 b ,J r' v
    rlfa,r a poet nar sung the digniil oi work.
    / . r t | , , y " nd l p .s g i t ro : , ri r :n 1 ,. ri . | 1 ..
    F.."e, llosr..
    tr ' .
    L ld d - o l g a "s !a!
    " \p r !

    S 9566

    ".p t!

    .\Jrp

    ol Jpri nJ.

    2) Suhstantirele cu lormi de plural li inlslcs ilo singular:


    tr) t1 s. npxs. sh0nb|.s. sumnansii ,rip.Par"dis(S l?8):
    ,, num"le dp ttiinlr si obip.t' dp stulJiut"rminatp 1n .i.\ (ortrcnatttt's
    dthlpt,"..pl"rtrar;.s.math.nat;$. phon.t;.setc.)(s IJ0 .. 124);
    .l numele de jrcnr; cu lormd de pLural (drazgrts. ftlrelins tc.) ( S 130d,

    r23)|

    $ 2557

    dJ doui nufle de ,oli cu forml de plual (mea-rles,narqs) ( S 130 ,, 120).


    3) Substantiyglo cu form[ de plursl care fac parte dintr-un grap consi
    derat. ca un tot, ori lormlnd all nume sau un lirln tle carte, aJ:,erbrlla.singular:
    ' llDe . t uU; , s , a
    v e d ," a rJ i r p " i r..
    1\to cups of ,ed ts not enough for me.
    Ihc Warc of th. Rosests ihe st ggle bctweenthe housesol Lancasterand York.
    Tohanlin{'s"Oe' laur,iczlo& ,tr;ds" ts a lavoudle oI Alan'!.
    Tx.saniev's",4 gaata s ,tl.t n s" n s won wo.ld-wide lame.
    \ at d
    Numele de cnrli care cuprind cuvinte ca: Iales. Sto es, Sketchcs, Nates
    etc. pot fi construite qi cu verbul ia plural:
    Tr.geniev's "A Huio's
    ,S.(?,cne,"
    nore $'on world-wide fanc.
    t . . , - bs " I " r . t" o r s l r rk .s p .a -r. p d i r p h J,ant rel dng.
    < . ' k , . f - . , ' \o 1 r.t.
    o t. i tr\o u ri l F b o o ! oi npb.
    L)fukpns
    s "-\meri.an ,\otds" u/c amoDgthe ne\v relriDlsalr,au.cr's"Canlcrtrufy ?o,es" a.d delighl,ful.

    S zji5il

    4) l{umeraleleFi numolede mtrsuricu formi d0 plural. - Unele numeralc |i rrurnedc mnsu cu iorm[ dc plural slnt privite ca un lo, ti au terbul
    h singular:
    ' |\ \ t . om n. ' r' \ l ' rp F i r ro n
    '
    i.ive porrtds tr'l.oo nuch lor tnis.
    ?'riJ lasl lcw days al1 bJ tuysU nds been lery lonely.
    \ most intercstnrgt$'o monUB /,as pa$ed.
    'Ilirre ,rdr still iFo hours ielore the sho$ll ts a good letr miles io the next. yirlage.
    :1, ag.c.atrlc tl'rcc hours rasses quickly.
    Do givf ns an,r/Ef ten mjnrtesl
    (l i e z l ti 5 2 i 5 t, 5 4 t, 9 5 61

    S 2;59

    :) It is - un pl{r&rl. - Pronomele il inhebuinl,at ca subict care anuni[


    qi icccniueazi nutn] prdicativ. fiind rrn sinqular, are verbul la singrlar
    ch i a r at unc i c inr l ru m e l e p rc d i c a ti !' c s tc u n l Lural :
    ,Ifs ihc rilinas t
    -1ris nry.n/ldl.r who look arter m-" Nhen I r,n ill.
    1r t! isenf,y ltllatl.tas lo t|e nexl l,oN!.
    I lr as ll\ e h. L d a l F U ra i l ,h c y $ c rc \a i i i n g l of,
    11 nas ltathet dk] rlt,n.f stro wore dnsing ih. letl.
    lr lfdr )or all who werlr there belore tlie othos.
    (\:e z i ti S 8 6 1 . ! !)

    S 2560

    6) )Ioro thsn orc.


    l,ocrliunea rrore tllun one. deqi cLr iDieles dc plural,
    rre verbul la singular prin atraclie, on avind inleles dc singular:
    Ol his !u!ils, marethat one has tnitrenut a terhni, il .r.ec..
    Ltate rhatrane comninefas isorkin8 thai dil.

    646

    Subiocteou yorbul numai la plural

    $ 2561

    cu lormi de singular$i tn.telesd6 plursl,


    1) Substantiyelc
    S 2562
    zl/ FolA (: lune, persoanc,familie)( $ 148)gi prople(:lume. persoane'
    rarnilic)($ 149).
    b) Fish.Fruit. Cind acestesubstlnlil'e cu lormi de singular au inleleg
    cu pluralul(S 162.147):
    de plural(: peEti.lructe).elc se construiesc
    ..1..the /isn f.esh?
    Thc / n a,e/dsrccn.
    c, Subsl,anLivpleconnan, faat. hote, s?.il (: artilerie, infanterit, cavalede. marind), deqi cu formi dc singular, se construicsccu pluralul deoarece
    ou sens(colctiv)de plural (g 147. 110)
    2) Adjectivelc li participiile derenite substantire colectiv cu sensdeplu- S 2563
    ral ldrd schimbareaiornei au verbul la Tlural { g 750):
    Thc tngltsn nacaa speciulsenseol humour.
    Th-" missii|A Qez I$.
    'L'henartl o,/e p.csenl, in g.cai Drnbc|s.

    3) Nonc. Cind pronurnelenehotirit zrne se referi la un subsbantivcu S 2564


    tnleles de singular. el are verbul la singular:
    "Is thereanr salrlelt h the srll (iclhr?""\o, therets ,ore."
    ol thosewomenrar ,n, ore hc rvaslooking1or.
    Nonc bn1"Ihe btaoestnal des.,er llie Damc ol hoo.
    ^',ne
    Cind insi pronumele rrrne se referi la un substantiv cu sens de plural.
    In limba "ngl"rj mod"r16sp lindc "J \arbul a,or,ls. .u pronumplpnd,??sd
    lie lo plurel. hrdr dd.5 .iag.,lirul ar fi mai logi":
    Ir'.neoI thc Doyrd/here.
    Thereaetetutu ol mv ffl.rzs nresent.
    itiere ara non,ugly, so adong LhctuL thereate tune old.."
    ",rk amorythe ra.ltcs
    (Goldsmith)
    4) Onoor Tr{0. - Loculinnea,nar'tod(: vrodoi)are intotdeaunaver- $ 2565
    bul la plttral:
    O^l! ana ar tqo of ihe mn a.e against the p.oposal'lhete arc ane ot tro ihings we sLould lik. io iuy.

    Axenlie!
    Loculiunea d-i- substantiv + or lpo are adesori verbul la si .g&lar:
    1qard or xrc is sulticirnl to conrincchi .

    Subiectecompuse

    $ 9666

    1) Subioetourito p n "and".
    $ 256?
    a) Doud snbstdntirccu forlrii de .lingrzllirunite pdn conjuncliaand au $ 2668
    verbul la plural:
    Both
    ind -ft"tcn
    ndrdexceeded
    the nork normpd l.actor.
    7heha!
    "tmandgirl Nerewail,ingl,oc.ossl,hcst.cct.
    b) Doutt 'u]^tunlir cu forma dc slagulor. unitc prin conjuncria dnd. re- S 2569
    liinla e1i ls sc"lali lu rL. sJu s r\r do strin. unite .a r'1f"rind.rse lr ,, +'
    "-.i
    _telcs1ncit,sugereaznun singur obiect. au verbul la singalar
    Th-" {dl known nusician ant pairtet has lc|.
    Brad ahn bt et i \|llar I p.elet lor tea.

    sNaaxA

    646

    lRoPozlTrEr

    acealipersoanaDsc[-arlcuvintele "musician"ti "painter" sereferdls r"fereau


    dcosts
    lt pcrsosne
    s"
    substantite
    i; io"l .ep't"i, 'ei' doua
    ti"al,i
    the pant"er hote
    and
    musician
    ^"
    wett-knovn
    piur"l:
    "lnc
    ;#9i ;;;i;;i;
    leIt."l
    prin canjnclia"and"
    verbalecoardonate
    i) Gerawl'itete
    $i substantLu.ele
    E 26?0
    -"'25ti9):
    2567
    {$
    reglli
    aceiorali
    '
    *"
    O p r u n d i r ')
    "ootornr"r"a
    Asan ine a ad fltit iI E a"e ldugh' in r L"el"m - nr a'v s 'r @ '
    Jii';;;,',ii, oir\p odp'b ts tini'\"d /sub'r' v"rbJr"l
    "
    onateprin conjnnclia " an(t" auinsd verbui ta singllar:
    11) I nfinitia elecoord
    oui'
    ?o si, up lata' fdd tiU all hou's,andsd'ul at six /'qswom hio
    ii?)"iaiii

    S 26?1
    E 2672

    "

    '"'

    , ) Sub.tontiut.u famn d" s'ngutt pt*"dd! Je do|a ""'T"il'll:.d--dnd


    Drincorrjun"Lir '
    ur'

    i,",;",'.ii"'i"1;;ri;. i;';;buinLai;'"aJi"'ri'"o"t"r"
    Do a t e aeea v er Du l :
    q L F J e ri n g ul ar
    F ) l^ ' t neuta r. d d ' i i d " p a '
    e''') la plural' ilace ideea este de plur :

    ;il";"!?
    itfiill"-'e)
    T\f ij";';l'?j:J
    i $ XXt
    ."''r
    i;l9.'dlil'l
    1"?";'f
    ttl lH",Tils#i"lTi"i,*',ili
    i,; :lll';'t?
    -a r" d

    d
    l \o ti un Fc dF plurrl c'ro Indi'"ja prin r " p " la r" d0 rri" o lu lu i: ru p ^" n
    A re
    r6r"itrinv
    ma
    '
    h
    in
    a
    .
    S
    u
    b
    s
    '
    '
    r'
    ri\
    .
    u
    l
    , ' " Ui j ,ll"""':i :':,,1"'",i';,'="n6'1
    i" o lu luni rb o l; riL" rp ir' ^ i i ptt' lo p tu"o l.tn p'i"1ulr rnplurlin pririr raa rt!n
    al doilaaexempluppnrnr
    iar
    singular'
    Lle
    sins
    ."li''t."tiv cu
    i.5ti"""'i"i
    'ar
    prodnro
    amhiguitar'enefiin'l dar
    ""
    pi';;lutui "mu"t'nrcr'
    lFi.t'iJl"li'ui""
    lrp irrx l\ i c e (c rrll
    d
    F
    ;
    d
    s
    in
    i
    rnrrlrp
    do doue'aud* n ai
    i - . " .."
    '"i1 ,
    tnit' pr;n conjun"lia
    rra"dd suLiP4aP
    { 25?a
    l ) .tn t rerbut
    -11.'l,t::,1'J-"t
    ; ir' p a la ruint I o rrl
    a rr"a d " s -'
    c l l bsr xnli!p .'p ta qrngrlsr.o 'n't"1'u;||''"'' lo
    "
    pi"."r"i'i, tii specii in propozit'iileinterogatile:

    *{ "-:'}n#l'if
    ',i';l-*" * *
    ii:i:1fi""1'"i::
    foafte mult uziiat:

    PlurattLl esLelnsd de asemenea


    Hd'ea'e You' baga d umbrella'
    {Vezi!i S !5/'e)

    p n conjunclia or
    2) lrouli Eubiectaltrlrairro' - Doui subiecie unite
    t 25?4
    -"''
    noi
    aptaP'ot1i
    cet
    eu
    subiprlul
    ,',
    "
    ""'t"i".".Jar
    ,otts or toD is coming
    tnao or her szsr'rsoretroe'
    in ihere?
    ''s he or his sisters
    e' inc larenh or the sonto comc?
    Notd
    alternative' ci simple
    Locuriunile onot loo !I a /r'oldor tQanu sint subiecte

    6 25?6
    i;;;;
    -

    o*i unui :rlt capitol ( $ 2565).


    oi"""-l li
    nor"' "p""t'i"
    it Ifool ."rri""t" legetoprin "eithor"' or"' "noither"'
    la tr'nsalar'
    tot
    este
    verbul
    la
    s;ngular'
    slnt
    o,) Ctna amlel" s"lieote

    R'J'|i:lll"r,l;"."'ji#^*?91':.';'litthaeffateuthe'icar'

    ACORDUL PRE TCATULUI

    61?

    . i/ O"a un subiectcstela-pllrralSicelalaltla sineular.sul'iactulcu tormA S2527


    <leplursl 3epuneInaloteaverbulut,caresFa.orducu,ll
    Dithpr6hpof th" otherci.ts i.y' d.cid/d to swopexoFriences.
    Npilh.r Lout nor ny DoysdE .bildrpnIn kindprgarti,n.
    gb?8
    , . c) Clnd subictele nu rcprezintd aceeati persoand,verbut se acorde cu g
    suoredulcel mar aDfoDral:
    I : i hpr y ou nf M i k p 6 a r q ' r' i c o o ft rh p n ri ...
    N" it 1,r
    n o r @ l a rs .a r:F d o i l rh " n ri z" .
    ^lB r k
    Este preterabil insd sd se repete verbul:
    lii hpr y ou ldJ . r' r p ri r' , o r,tr. D o r" t,s i r .
    Npilho. Dor l A a s rh F n ri z p .n o r /,.,r s p

    4) Suhiocteleurmoto do constNotiiintroilusopri cuyintel:


    $ 2579
    as kpll as, besdes,in uldttion to. likc, hkpa'ise,b:"thtt a'ith. ,vith, ond
    nol-.x""lt. but\: ct\F\, cl liaj.6ul,or. no?ess
    lt{n au v"ibul ocordeL
    tn numar
    ct primulsuh,.r. acest-,onstruclii
    tiind.de fspt. incidFnte:
    ti persosna
    P_dd,as eel as Hdcn, 6 rv.lt u? in chemjst'y.
    yo !, a s s p. as hf , @" l i rr ra re
    " s i n rn " ' s .
    lvo od Lesidcsthpm pos in the iields
    , add i ri o nto ro v fl o y e E . ,y a ,s p n l to D rnl ,nL.
    , 6 0 0 &of poc m sin
    l ra ri l r.lr k p n" r par enrsi.s .s p n
    , d i n gh p r h o i .ta y si n th " mol rntai ns.
    ?oly, togetlDr with his friends, i; having Englilh lessons.
    Datr wilh his brotheN le lelt to. thc coirnt.i.
    ,{l l b u l he t s d u him , a re Ere .' rw a l k " b
    .4gn,s,but not he. sisters,@aeto be }lamcd.
    ft? ndtugcr, no lcs than the clerks, ori@s at the office prompt to !h mirute.
    Esre l ns d pr elc r abil s A s r re p p ta v c rb u l tn u n ,l p cazuD i ,i ar l n al tel e se se
    tr eacd ]tn g e v er b s ubiec lu l c u c a rp a c e s L ae s te a c o rdatl
    You r., a lirjl-rote swimmpr.and so ir hp
    Th . mot her/ @ oul, an d s o ,e re rh p . h i l d F n .
    Du /4! lPlr tor the ro ntry, and so lua his brcthers.
    Maud eas lo be b,amFd,but hpr sist.rs do. oo!.
    In addilion lo my floseB, a r@l o/p@tu ,a! spnr to llarrhi
    L i ke _ h cndr
    r nls ; Cf ac ! i r s p F n d i n h
    8 rr h o ti d ryi n th m ountai ns.
    ,-ro rs I'aBng Engbjh l.sorc tosplhor Lvithhis friFnds.
    Dd, nar lctt tor th' @untrr $il.h his brorhF.5.
    ),rolB lhaD thc clerk3,th. nonag.. aii*s ar thc otfire prompt to rhe minule.

    ,.

    leBstoprin "not ooly...bul.,,' au verbulBcordatcu su- $ 2680


    .5),Do.uIsuhiocto

    olec\Dl tel mal aDfoDLal:


    Nol onlv I, bDi In?lP,.ntr /tirfte ir r,sl I to helDrou.
    Not only h". but his/.i.ids /./,6 dpcrdF-d
    to rak. i.;ft in rh., ompetiLions
    tor rhe bdd*0.
    Este ins[ preferabil sd se repete verbul:
    No l .o n l y I dir l il r i8ht to h p l py o u , h u t s o &s s In . rndchnr
    . . . Nol.only h. n's iccidcd to tJk; parr in rbe comp?truoc lor th' badgp,bur 5o t4e,
    his tuiends.

    6) Cdculolosritmetico.- ln calculeleariimeticese tntrebuinleaz{attt s 2681


    (lt Eipluralrl.limbarnodprne
    ..ingularul.
    c!lnd rpndinlasprepluratacotounde
    rxisld oltprDstivd.
    sproexempluIn nrimFledou" cxcmpleJe rnaijos:
    Tro and two is lsa u e,) tour_
    Ten tines touuiakds (s au nai.,

    forry.

    5tE

    SINTAXA

    PROPOZITIET

    Eighl ts lwice fou..


    Two lrom si\ ldacstour.
    Tlree ts containd in six lwice.
    Ten diYided iy live ts two.
    How much ir selen times fen?
    Wlal, aP twice three?

    III. P,{.NTILE SECI]NDABDALD PROPOZITIEI


    (sBcoNrllBY PrrTs oF rEE sf,NrxNCE)

    s 2582

    ATRIBUTUL
    (THEATTRIBUTD)
    Delinitie. Alrjbxtul qt" parteade propozitiecaredetermini un subS 2683
    sranlw sau un suDslrtulal tur,
    Pmeoileodo.oxpdmax6. ,{tibutul este erprimat p ntr-un adjectiy
    S 2584
    sau printFun echivalental acestura:
    a J un a d jecliv calificslit:
    There \1asa line pajntins on Ute wallI have met the torclt.itchild.

    bJ un adjectiv pronominal:
    This is m3' molhd.
    XaerJ woman has i.r oru worl.
    dJ un articol:
    T h " rp $ i !" ,n ,..rp s F s h o rt.y.
    t Lan ne rhs ..un .ehin,l lfu i.
    ' -ls

    dJ un nuneral:

    He has necn away /trd days.


    I LL the
    aat h t r
    'nr"d
    eJ un gerundiv sau url parlicipiu:
    lle wrntd some
    natoials. (Goundir)
    T " ,ft,ry ,a g b ' rrl',ridns
    6 l o r' r,p u he s - P ' " . 0" r' !i
    T r fu U " i ;d n " , ,1 ,1 ,
    i l P ;rr r," u
    -,,i
    un
    substantiv
    cu
    valoare
    adjectivalil:
    /)
    A mcss meeting was callciL.
    That's hoy the ,rztns class.sstartcd.
    gJ un substantiv in cazul gDiti\.:
    Our cozuty's outlul. ol l.ract.rs h.3 grown to a great ertent.
    The doo. ,/ n. o//t.e was opcn.

    /rJ un iniinitiv:
    She l'as the last pcNon l, ldr'c.
    llare Jou noiliing /o sd3 lor Jolnell?

    i) un adverb:
    I
    v illJ g" r k l" i- m j I , i" , p l " P .
    ' lhF" m . ' n n. J r daol h". l. n
    d\ardrd

    iL, St-L ].rir.

    j)

    o apozitiel
    J,a.s'sPhoneticDictionarJwas broughtou[ in thc SovicL
    ot Professor
    -\n cdition
    UDionsometime ego.
    "Popev., ft?
    1I'opele

    Sailattuun,"r ir a lell-knoFr

    ltpp^tl

    (:cu

    ochil Inllucalil.

    liln

    chari.ler.

    PAF'TID

    SECUNDARD

    ArI

    FEOPOZTTIEI,

    ATRIBITUIJ

    649

    A) o loculiune prpozilionald sau adverbiald:


    i! the srudy_
    lhe Nom on ,n?.igl,.eae
    This is atr out-of.tt
    ptace.'

    I) o construcl,ie
    cu paticipiul prezent(: o propozi.tierelativ[ eliptici
    $ 1712):
    Th" Airl lsho isl ktu"IirE ot thp doot i, Dtptr\.
    T hpr ; . lr i q" . d s \th a t a " ;) s N " i n E.,p ti -h a ;

    mJ o propoziliesau o lrazi consideratd


    ca un tot unit,ar:

    qh" dld h. " s . r\ i n t h o p p tp a -tu .L u| | ,t!.


    .0,.h a .nrh.ron $rpsl!,n_sis-nrural.
    He rookdronnd fiih a nlc,t,am ana-aren't-you-Etad
    to+eemesofi ot air..
    Not d.

    Un substantiv poate avea mai multe atribute:


    sow l,rohen ald lnn\fire lay in onc .orner.
    ]ls liltle Jow yeaLold, gi.1 ii v-"ry naughry.
    APOZITIA
    (TfE

    PPOSITIOX)

    s 2686
    $ 2586

    1) Dotirritie. - Apozilia este atributul substantivall care se ieferd la s 258?


    a..eagifiinla s'u lu.ru cn;i subslantiruldetprmiast.
    ..Inl'e apo/i1i" ii qubsranlivuld"rerrindt n,r pr,icl6dF obirpi un raport
    plp stau np r, lali plan numci lo.ul lic.aruiaii dcrFr;ina
    ,la subur'lonarF:
    r"i
    '
    .alir.lFa de dFlFrnrincls;u deLerminanr':.
    ln.dzul apoziLi"i.delF'minatulprp."d dF obi"Fidpterminantul,ilF.i al
    doih" .ubstsnlir (qau F.bivdl.nlul ;"".ruie) rcpr.Tintdin cFnFrFaDoTitia.
    2, elarifi.are. \Dolilis podlF ti simpla s;u d"rvoltAi.
    s 2688
    (Th"IlosaAppo.itionJ paroal,sLuitddino) Aro.i!id
    siF,pla
    l FLn s,rbsenriv (.au Joua)..lrin. l.gnl , a inlFlF.dF .ubstdnti\ul dptcrminat
    s; n"a!ln,l pl insugini"i un,l"'prn.inan:
    Graham G/.,,
    Conrade Jac,tsoa
    Urdc
    Miss Kellu
    'sun
    - J n . Fr I n. t a( a"r .
    l^ol D d i i p l l a a . s
    Ddd.l, b'.81.!.
    :t Lrdrue
    OtiJi".
    a kttua .@dtr" "
    rr,. nnn" ol .ac,utl
    th tliver ?toDls
    ure cturslegs Inn.
    num t . s ir
    lhe advob ,drd.
    Ihe cit! of lbndbL'

    b ) Ap o z i. lia
    d. e .e a l ta ti i
    l l h e L o o s e Ap posi t;on) consti di nrr-un
    s , rL.l e n l i \ i F ur ir de ar r i b u rp l a l u i . s i F S l . d a f0 p t ;, hi val " n' i crr o l rnpori ljp rp l a tj l 6 ex plic at ilr o l i p tj .u I
    Rarnes,(wlrois) di nd.nine tuon forcndn. \as otir jlsr bccn appoiniedto his job.
    Ir.utn,, ls'ho is) ,zr /oD,e. eer. ls an old nar row.
    B,r"n ( ho { , . t t " lan o h E 4 ti rh ,o n o ,.t:. to d u l th p].th." ,tturJ. tor-ghttor l \p
    .
    rI' !"in,a l
    d"t rmindrit.
    t{inlFun "u b6ldnr it f du "n ". liv al"nt dl . , p s u i a j . . .
    ,lnd acFstpJ Fristr
    rFsIrP,lilr
    , Gtahatica linbii tunane, Itdihra Academiei R.P.R.. vot. II, 2r3.
    .E \ F npld o
    ap ozriri,ar d. lnm adp\ . pr . ndl. / / , , , , , , bub"t r ,i r u r
    !,,an fl daterni n ; Ls 2i8:).
    .Construclie numitl
    ..genitiv alozitiv" i$ ,r8).

    660

    ! 2689

    STNTAXA PROPOZ]TIEI

    3) Acord,a) Gcn. Numd.r.- ,\pozilia se acorddin gen ti numercu rufiDLul d.terJuae anaouda (subieotren pl.), ny st,re.s (apoziliefen. pl.), havc nol reached
    I/; (subieorpl.l, nomdnians(,pozilie pi.), have sreatly dcvelopcdour indust.y.
    b) da:. - Spre d,:osebire de Eramati(,a ronani. unde apozilia cste intotde;una in cazil nonrinativ. unii gramaticieni eqiezi considiri ce apozilia
    se aoordi ln caz cu subsleriivul determinatl. Astfel:
    A dhint s \ , bq n o m .r.\' p l .a " J r , ,t: .. ..) .1" r" ' r J \" r,.l on . T ' f q.,.
    T F lolln6 r . nd \{ ,I b o ! L -' .." S n ,/; p d ' D L n. p o. n; .. . 1," ;t at o" o' o!:st
    t"o""i"L
    ilT"lt ,n,, ."" t ri. rohnso' tt\c butch{'s iui,ozitirEdlitir)'.
    l s c ntm v . o, . l .J n ' ' . n d i r.d a .l //4 ( o /i L" l ' l ) rr p ' .
    i 1 ' ,i _ r" to ,l r ' n r' " .5aa ddl . !r" l " , i ondl m!
    l. n
    t i- r , ' r ' " ta l .t| a l p t
    .o d ,in lJ Doz .J r 5a u L l d L .D re x o T l l i o ri l l i
    rnrL"/1i l d;d Jt' o/ ,i 1..rt.
    p r. d " . J
    ,- |
    /m ? l I
    ld' ihpr un \ '
    ^
    \ . - r s ld inlF " p ' ^ ..n o l 6 u i -q L Ftr," a n ri " l :n.' da 1o-i .d .i d^ un.-'
    ve n ! 6. . \ poz i! i" . r!t' r//e rrr' d o p ro D o /i :i a rp l rri ' d .l i ol i .,i . nu poJl .. d d" ' i L
    l n .a, ' ul nom ina' i\ :i i l i n h d c ' g l F z i . i n mod ,u l otul at..pl i onal . 11 , ," r1
    senitiv. Ace8t lucru se vede clar dac5, rclutnd eremplele de mai sus. se comple-

    ieazi propozilia relativn cu ptulile carc lipscsc:

    nlir . lJ J . \ ho"
    m v , , us , , . , r o / i l ' " n n ,n .) . l l ' p , r ' " 1
    Isra .ld aIo np l.
    . , ol. indi"
    pPnoI lionl l . J . . d u d d r . p _ " p o / i l i o 4 'l
    . nho-r
    ls"nr ll' J,r F o/ / d
    -

    ! 2690

    frrlh ;ioDi!.,d $,n"/ , + r

    ' om r

    d. . d. . . ' t l, i"l, \ J . . l J r S e \ h i

    pbuild:n!

    tlottti6

    4) CorNtmctriiapozitionalo,- Pnn extensie, gramatioa englezdlolose;le


    e\DresiA..inapnziriolrri...-ri paolru alrp par'lid proporiri"'au 'bi!r
    'lprrru
    or;pozilii. f i."".td Frprp"ie,cu!lor,rl ..apozitG-"ra Inlelp.ul dP ,,r"pofl
    iinia'ri" tn'r" "on"rru".ri, da obi.ei .on.F Urivp. .ar- ru s6.')i t,n"'i' 'l
    stau in acelaqiraport cu alte elemente din propozitie sau dh {razi. r doua
    consiruciie determintnd $i completind pe prima"':
    IIc sarc us hisp.otuise(conpl.dir.) ta r"d {inlinitiv ln alozilia .odplementrhl
    /r .ubi" ' g.' 1J
    rs kindot hio bpta'ineIiL. ,idr lc.nsrruli j'ru d:!alr.
    "llui irl.
    subiertlouo rn doozitia
    /r r.ibi"'
    c'o r , :' " $ls u,uJl lor hin to spp4d l.: holidol|. hiq; E \ cn!
    inf . nil,{ile . sub i", lo. r h n ipor iliJ 5uLip. r ului s "a m a r r '1 1 i / i n l r o l u c l r v ) .
    t i' ipi ! ' ho' s h" niJ n i s " e d . u . h o ' a P D o t t " : '! r . o
    Sh tho rsh tr,or f r
    dir-_d la Jp o/,liJ . om p. em . 1' ulu d; r F"l ir inlr oi l r 'l i r l .

    li"
    rti!8

    { Vez i t i $ 864- 866, pag. 178 , n o t a 1 , S t 8 r 6 )

    1 .W. Forvlerard F.G. Fowrcr, The Eing'sEnqlisn, J.c. Fdnald. llnglith Ctan'
    Sinplified elc.
    l r' 1
    " ln. n. r . s " m n u l q q i :\u 1 ,, /s r.p d l a u a " n ndi l ddpoerri e,deol -. - _' o
    rmi n d' :_dl Jo:n.on hpr,rt"
    cr ac " a) l. J or nr a?' u n ro i ru .,b J ' i ri i u l d p l
    S j
    2 5 3 1,V ez i s i allc t x e n rl e l J ! l t2 -!5 3 .
    .r.
    ,-u.. ptru:td-d,u,:
    u tu ,i n d i F .t n .F ooTtti onatps
    " Caz J I- Dor i ie i r;mo .;..
    " li J " u /.rrl \ d r" a p o z i L i l F ;i ' ;o ,,: i ,l " .aaa,o" dd:,.u.ontl mnrrl
    0 F,l r , . l podr
    i Jf.i p. F poz ili" . s ar ,l -ri \u l d d .a c o n p l " m" n lrl P\rpl uar i mpr.-nb.L prel o?i l ' d \' /i " rl "
    exemple la $ 333.
    avezi allc cxcmDlc la 5 311.
    6 ?hE A tu{ icdn'C.ua!!e' Dictionary. "-\ptr sition".
    Mt

    P-4RTIL!

    SECI'NDARE

    AI-E PEOPOZITIEI'

    COMPIFMENTUI'

    ! 2691
    CoMPLETTIDNTUL
    rorn- S 2692
    Termioologre.Partosdepropozili'numiLeinsramali'aromind,
    pe'tru
    comprcmrnanelcza
    Obiat.
    a'o"aa"oumili1n;rainrha
    or.*""i:
    ","
    li '4d'"r"'idlponlrucomplemanrur
    'rrcumi"i ii.""r,'i"ai*"t
    9i prepo/iLionsl
    Etan-iial.
    AlenlLet
    O"nu.'i""u

    2698
    Camplenent din gramatica engleza nu inseamn ''comple_ $
    pr"dicatir""'
    ;au

    ..orrrl"prFdi.sriv.",,,: ,,, ll,nrr",orrrJna.


    "i

    .romplinirc

    DrBX*
    -L. COUPLIIIrUA'rUL
    oB'tEqr)
    (TnE DrnDcr

    'u*

    $
    0aractedsti:l:"9:l,ili,ff*X\,fi::t"."i"T,1;"1:t*'0,:1:
    Derinilie-qi
    "tt
    . r) .j
    '
    difec,
    .F,,,
    ;.r.,,"o,np,.
    B:1ii; :li"::fl" ll":f i:;,i:'r:;.;i,i,
    " p; c"'ut
    r"uzati' ei raspunde $ 2696
    p."p-i1i'
    Comflcmpnlul,i'." nu a.'
    "'a'n
    u
    l 'F r:
    la tnrrebire:,xhon'2 \ " p".rnP )
    'rrl.
    r'a
    had
    Uale You
    J"t?.
    |

    "J\'/F

    Y' "l"r diY r r r ' r ' 5lr ' r '

    ,,.,"", ,,i'l"lt;1,;j,",'J,i.-iilnl
    ;;:i,.,'il
    ",'
    Thcv rvanted to go io a shoN
    ilX".li*#"jHii""ii"ii

    to rrerishtjryrortheirrishts'
    rvirrica

    de maijus' S 969?
    2) Iroceilee il6 exprimoro. - Dupa cum sevededin exemplele
    ssrt
    prrnrr'un
    srrb'rcrtiv
    e.tprinrt nrinrr-un
    ."-n"r".;.i"i
    'li*'' p"a'" tr
    inlinili\'
    num'rdl
    rit
    rpr"nun" aoj '
    "ubstantirrl
    're'ruii
    "r
    ".,f,ii,"r""'
    et'o
    l'recut
    i
    serundiv sau participiu
    2698
    "---ii r""a"i*.
    Conplementul ciirect din gr^mtica,englezatorcsp-urd^e$

    ; :; li"#)J;il i:i
    i;,;""i:i:' : ";; pi'
    t:Tl;"ti""
    I :ii'"*'ll'$i",i'J0,,
    il""#;^T.1
    o'

    ""i,o.'n
    ",'*;;=':,i:Xl,'
    ;.ir"iflTi:"!,"!ii,Ti;
    ""a""
    io r e rro o 'h . t o r es tnt bl' t o r' | s i s t,tn s i t(e t6
    lin b a ro mA n a :
    din
    doii'
    r r' de i qi azuLui
    i

    i nr li
    " " . " r . ' " - "'r r "l I saiv ntn (Ac )

    {,-am vlzut ) (Ac )

    (i'ii;lou,,nr
    i:fr;
    : to.,t
    i(';'iii;T"Til.iii1'"
    I\''
    be, om , .
    Ai'i
    v o, .
    Culld r". nPaL t ; li 5 r lp lr nF I Dr r ' l
    \' l
    Hrs rns r dr ' un r I l"a5 Y, r
    iudr ' l
    ui n lid plr ' r ' r
    tlrd prn ' ul

    pe $ 2699
    ,1, l.o.ul i0 propozili'. - Con pl"merldl rlire'r *.pune daprrterbul
    Fprron
    :
    et
    1n
    mnd
    de'ir
    c"'" ii J"r"."i"a 'i',f i'"r' nL, po.'" ii JespctLit
    spor'
    on
    the
    Hc made(verr) nts s/.'cn (comlt dir')
    lntrc complementul direct' !i verb pot interveni:
    a i un comirlemcniirrdir(i:

    $ 2600

    ,:
    J";:"lii;;i ';;;l'; l';';':"-!jl;.';:"il odii
    )",""',11

    [""1:,1-:w1."1:vtr:."jlffi:ii'fi1'",;i:*iiil'"'il3i'$'i:3]

    65'
    ! 2601

    STNTAXA PROPOZITIEI

    D,) un complemnt prepozilional sau circrmstAnlial. ori "a Predicatc of


    Result". atunci ctnd complemenLul direct este lung sau dctcrmirat.le un atribui ori de o propozilie relativd. sau cind consfi dintr-un infiniiir-:

    . . I know lrc srorr {vp.b) tu o{lone.in hk altice \compl.indir. prcp.l a postca.di.om!I.


    o rr.l n n a r . w \ r o. o s o r 3 rr
    (a r ru l
    " _ g (Predical.c
    I p"t down (yerb)ou,tu idDl
    of ltesultl th. box (compl.dir.) tikan lrom rhe
    boy {atribui).
    $ e spole aboui tlrnijltg trerbl i4 lneedl.Jenicompl. ci.c. dc locl ihc ilowcN (conipld i f..whhhhadbp" n t.n d ,d i n t.p ;r.p n t,^ u s p s r' ro x E ntrdri nt I p" or,o/.ti .r" tJti .
    T lle ld. or y *J . h " i n S r-^ b i th b r,o t ' n t :r' ) ,nt, ti aD ot
    " ro. " o l ' l
    ci r.d pnol, S iils r ' om' r-d ,r.
    o l ,,, h ,r r" n i l , i r' u' .
    He kissed(aerbl eitl catdtips lcomr)].nBtrumental) his son's cheeks[comrL.di..lH" daidr d t e" ^ b i , h : h " o ra t h .ti s ,o mt, ,i r' .,." l o, rom l rp .or;,,1 Jr,
    _
    ,{ceasti intercalare a unor pdrli de propozii,,ie. cliar loartc lungi. FStc ne
    cesari ln special pentrlr cvitarca e\-entualelor ,ronfuzii:
    \ v c " . . " t , lpJ \ , rb l r;rn l l p B* a t" ,ttk d .,tp , n 1 t.t .-.4p .,.,1tl , In\i d.r,n ,,i r,rnl
    d i r., s pD l, v 11" I . u b l b n ,n F o i rs " .. :i b u r.
    A s t ' ; r n" in: h, t a \F ;' " rb .mp .r.i rh ' " ..t.-.t;.,,.. 1
    tal 4,;.1,.4J. h.h!nt tn,.
    yo a r8i. l" odpl. ' ir d .. 1 .' , . r' ru p u /l r rp l rl i \1 r. I F |
    ' " onpl . ' .' " j x- br' ;' hl
    '
    ,y rne m c s s c ng. (r d i ,rb u t).
    Dac[ complementul circumstanlial, cu subordonata lui, uu ar ii lost irf
    tercalat intre verbul predicat qi complemeDtul direct al acestuia, iraz,"le rle mai
    sus ar li avut cu tot l slt sens:
    We acceptedthe jDvilatn,n sent bX the lublishirg house@ih ttt. greatestfuasut..
    LI d" m o d d " rp rm:n i n a .;.1 J / v p rbrl srr./
    {C o m
    phm en
    _He
    '
    gaye me thF lettu just broushi
    by the messenger
    ;ith dn..prcssioi.f jo! shich
    node hih loak leatr !ouu;r. (ComlLleneiiul ds mod-determini aici vobui ?,irsL.)
    S 2602

    .,,1 pariiculelc

    sd\prbjok

    ($ 2208.2275-2281):

    care intrd in compunerea verbelor

    conplexe

    He knockedae, (adv.Jthe ashes(@m!1.dir.) f.om his pip.


    Rins &p (adv.)the telephone
    exch.rngc
    {com!I.di..).
    S 2603

    5) Complementulintern (Th( aolnate Obiett ar .tt ru\atirp ).


    ti,relp Yer
    be intranzitiee oot avea un comDlernentdilcct dir a(eeasirtdacirra tu r.erbul
    (uneori dintr-o rndncind diferitl), .nmlLpmcnt , a* r"i,eU j,lppr \.rbuLnl.
    Aceast[ parte de propozilie csto numili ,,complement intern" (Calndtc object ar Aca$atirc). iar verbul respeciiv este consideratin acest caz 1'erl lranI dreaned

    a lo\e1.t

    dftdnt.

    Shc /orsl, a hard Itlr.


    Thet' lt'ed a long aDd irappy til..
    Delir sans a linr sozs.
    Ther sneArd a terrib6 sn/l oi burnl oil.
    tsaly snir.t her sweeiesisntle.
    It was .dtut,s rvith bi8 {tro?.r.
    This is a mcmorial to the soldiers]tho dtal a glorious.led,/,.
    She alwars goeshcr own ('dr.
    Hp
    I i s h i ' e 1 l o l i n s /,4 /: b o " i n , r I
    r nc"Ja-. , , 2 a s $ rrr rd .P
    (\iezi si S 13261

    $ 2604

    6) Complomertuldimot relirut ( Retaine.lDirect Ohject). \-ezi S 1?84


    - 1 7 85 ,26 2 0 .

    7) Ycrbe 0u aloui complementoilirecte. - oltei'a verbe pot. evea doun g 2606


    cotrpiemente dir.te. ceac; constituie o dificultate pentru sddeniii romen| datoritd laptului ci. in lirnba romAni. unul din acestedoud complementeest
    adeFeoriindirect. Asupra acestorverbe gramaticienii nu cad de acord; se coDsiderd insn in genere ci urmitoarele verbe aparlin aceeteicategorii: to anstter. ta enteat. to enu!, to fargi"e. la hear. 10requcst,Ia saee.to strike, ta teachr
    (compl.dir.)
    Wc an*verrdtldm (cod!I. dir.Ji"rDs ./&es,trnr
    fae lconpl. indir.) -am rilruns la multetntr.irt (co nl. indir.).]
    H" n ri d r " l I ' om ll. J i ..) J o u " s u ," " .r I U mp l d i r.)
    , t, (' o ,npl. indi. . ) ov i d i d " r" q /l (.o mp l .d " )
    \\" r,, A , \ c J r , , l, unt ' | .
    h p r " .J a ,. s ,o n ' D Lo i r. .
    / ,,,,p ir ui" t - - r ni, r ' ' ' ri r/o d ,.. ,,,n ,1 ,1 ..1 r' a .p a li prq \' onpl . di r.l
    Shc tauslit ne lconpl. dir.) &e dtfure, (comtl. dir.).
    I(E.r) n lco'nll. dir.) a llviLtraralldl-adl (.ompl. dir.).1

    8) Yerbecu doui (onplemerte .,dire(t !i indircct,,. Vezi g 2618.


    a. couPl,rrritcrLll, rNDrrincT
    (THE T\DINECT OBJNCTJ

    s 26ffi

    l) Delinitic -si caracterisliri. - Complementul jrdirect este pari.ea de g 2607


    propozifie esupra cireia serisfringe in mod indircct acliunca vorbului, in sensul cn aceasinaoiiure i s adreseazdsau esto lndepliritl penlru el.
    uonplenentul indirect std in caz\tl datie si rnspunde la intrebnrile /to, S 2608
    n'han? lor nhotn? ol trhonr? to whal) a1(,.l: '::Llilpcitru cirle?de ]a cine? pentru ce?). El porl,e drLcrnrina verbe tranTjtive sau ii)tra zitive. subsbanLive,
    adjecft-e (sau e,chivalenlelerespecliil'e)ti intcrjcclii:
    \\d, sJt r&, \in dr
    \d h
    l,
    J o o. r
    r l in, . "
    '
    \\ l' r' ,l
    n
    /.,/ t olbr r r ' r C, ' r ' r r ' 1. , - pr ; no/ i r o n 'l
    '
    , .; | .., , rh Jlp rJ n 5 10$:
    t on, . . r , t r io nn", i u o p t i n o i . p r . p o r 'i o r d l
    H
    m"lo C
    .^ o $
    , / r ?r , r . pt os r s ineur $. 4, m ll
    Ini,r Dr,uoz t,onJr
    r ..,\- b ur!'
    .,./ d,,;.; , iir lo' , , Cor nf l. in. r ' . p- t . r ' r i u 1
    ,
    .dl,fl," l i, Lb. . ic l, i , l lhr ir jr r . d. Com p . i n , i " . l , . p n / t i . , n . ,
    Tlr ,,., r ,., ;,
    l^o
    i,
    H
    al- \- ,o';" lo.r.r r ot r r .
    r l. I n r r r r , . Do r ti o n l
    H/ r,, to itt; Iolld rrs. i. m pl. I n lii. p. "p" , t r u i I

    2) Pro0cdeod(j clp m$rc.


    Dupe cum se vedc dir encrnplelcde mai sus, S 2609
    complenentul indirect poate fi exprjmat, printr-un substanl,ir sau prinir un
    echivalert, al acestuia (pronunre. adje{rti1' substenlival,, numeral, partjcipiu
    becut substanti]'at ctc.).
    3) tr'orml lri ? trelui rare. - ConrplemenLulindirect arc do rt fonne in $ 2610
    limba erglczi:
    dJ complcmcntul indircct f;rn prepozilie;
    .il complemntul indircci prepozilional (constrLrit cu prepozilia to, rafcorr Jafl otr san ol ).
    a) Fornafd.rn prapo:itir esteceamfli lrecventi Sisetntrobuinle azeatunci g 2611
    cind complmentul se afln imediat dupn vcrb:
    Shc s.tvcJad he. tea a mornedtaso.
    I r.ili sendnin a sir.
    l a t F. h) bt ) i inlir r lr a' n' in1, 1o , . 1
    ,omDlamenl, d,p.&.
    ,,rln\.1 (J'.\
    'x\' rbul
    lr pxpm p lp,, r.e nl"lp t ir , 5r it p , u r Uir F r Dr "z int d c or n D l . m . n u t i n d r r p c l . i f f r r l o
    tiperik cu liiere cmsive.trvlnaul dele|minat de ;omtlementui indircct resp.ctlv.

    SNTAXA

    PROPOZITIEI

    Clteva verbe nu au declt complementul indiect


    cele nai obisnuite se Afli:

    lird prepozilier. Printrc

    to do a fa;our / an horou / a service,e[c.; to tlaysomejrodytaise/ iai., otc.I to reach;


    to sav e:lo s por " \ pn s /l b l o u r/m o n " y /r.o u L l p .F' ,
    Do Ja@ a favour. wiu vou?
    Reaohze &,a tliat vai, pleasel
    This has savedtifu nccdlessexpease.
    Can you spare/k. a lcw momonls?
    261 2

    b) F or na pr ' p o ti 1 ;o n ,t7 l a c o m p l .m.n tu l ui i ndi rec'


    " s' e InLrcbui ntstd:
    D' . ) c inll . om p l " m " n tu l i n d i rp .l d F ta rm ina un substsnti s, un a.l j c" ti v

    sau un pronume(S 324-326, 330, 332)i


    D"J cind nu existd complementdireci in proporilie:
    Wiu vou sDesk,o Lec, now?
    on h;r holidaysshe niote ro md every day.

    b"'J cind complemenbul


    indircct se afle la hcepuiul propozitiei;
    L D'nny Fvpryone spedls kindly.
    To uhonaid th;y dppi! | ,IYto did lhcy apply lo?)
    ror n'B arn a rnP praaft.

    D""J cind cornplementul


    indirect esteprecedatde cel direct:
    I sprl n (roDpl. dir.) ft ./ nr. {.onpl. indir. pcppozilional)al, on.o.
    M or \ er br o r gh l h F q u i d e b o o Lk ' o o p l . d i r.) /o .;r L;ompi .i ndi r. prp.).

    Exc"pti .
    2613

    indirect pronominalprecedatde complementuldirect i,


    _Complementul
    poate avea ti forma fdrd prepozi-tre:
    Don' twor r J abo u tJ o u cl e rl -b o o k l T h p ys ;U g i v ?tl V ,u w bFnI h.y aJpthroughw i l .hi t
    He insistson having his micrcgr;overc;rd baok:8iv-ei,lin
    Iy hat is in the hall: go and ietch n ne, pleasel

    2614

    aadhav donewjrh ill

    0""'.) ln cazul unor verbe care sint urmate intotdeauna de comDlementti inil]nett prepozilional, oricare ar li i"cul acestuja. Pr;ntrc ccle mai oiisnuite
    ve rb. J in ac F a. t d .a rp g o ri p -p a l l d o rn i o a rcl e:

    to communi.ate

    to leave

    l,o yield
    \yon't rou exDl{n' ,o nlr how rou did it?
    I iriroduced t;
    au ihe hie;ds I hrd.
    posLt "oa
    \Vill
    ,nerallirntns /Drs. the lettr I lert nn my desk?
    T hc y-vou
    s aid, o nc : " C o meh o .l "
    we s ug. . F s l"Ido l ;n J n a \vI b d n s l i n i n p l J ,, q.
    T r an6l. ' r "/ o" , , r,n l l .,rl n l " ro ,' l ' 1 v
    rd.
    -,. I
    !lu:

    r Form,, nrFlozilin ll, r ' r l"llilnilJ . u' olu


    a{ . " D \ i o l u r r n
    r ju, aor ", l1. r ; d/ .
    'o pld j i tiik on s on t ao! ' \

    tcsle

    narrii.nr,

    pipnF

    PABTILX SECUNDME

    AI,E PROPOZITIEI. COMPLIMXNTUL

    556

    Complenentulindirect este Intotdeaunaprecedar,


    ateprepozi!,ie
    clnd nu 6 2816
    fsrc.in:olir d un .ornplpn,entdrrerr {rcri in sp"ciutrerbei. to tisien,to seem'
    qr aIelts j Drrare., drF nu ru .omptFnrentdjrF.t).
    Complernentulindirect al urmitoarelor rerbi esre agezatde obicei du?d
    ! g13
    complcmenluldilld:
    '
    a..ange
    to finbh
    to saJ..
    'o
    to suggBt
    H, s_lll dfrarSe rli,Br rrompt. dir.) /ar-_r@!{coDpt. indir.l.
    r_l_on
    r you ocs(r'DpJour rrp {.ompr. dlt.) l.' !J {fompt. indir )?
    \ h o su i dr , v ey our no ,o ' .D o ,r, o mp l .d i r.t /o r y o u .(conpl i.ndb.l ?
    I fiDish.d hpr ?sdy {codpt. di I lo;h4 (compl.i!dir.t.
    $ o n I y od I nt f odur ey o u . D m ,,,k(c
    r o m p ld i r.) ro tu . h omD t.i rdi r.l ?
    \h n 4 v er . aidd { dd h o ml t. d rr.r ro ,ti h ,c o mp t.i rd h .).'
    \1 h o b u S gps r Ft his
    d dn s { " . r.o o p t. d i r . ,o !o ! to D p l . i ndi r.)?
    Cind tnsi complcmetrtul d ect este lung ori este determinat, ale un etribut, Q !g1?
    3 au d e o .p r op- oz it ieat r ibu l ,rv d . c o mp l e m p n L u li n d i rp rr i l prccedd (!ezi g erem_ '
    p r , r p d e ra S 2bt 4. unF lc v c rb e d rn e .e l g ru p f6 c l n d p arte
    ti di nl re cel e enume_
    tat e l a $ 2 616) :

    ,"

    I fi n i shed/ of t ur
    i n J i r., th e
    bytherFachertatl i bul ).
    ' ( om pt .lidien c s rd y tro m p l .d i r.)- gi v,n

    ,n"sn {,ompr.'dir.)
    rcoopr.-i;di,.)
    ruu $pr;rtl,rs

    "lL:;l,r""l?fiifl$i,
    s.rgS"'t,
    d /o lou "ornpl.itrdir.lrft,a,r,a {iomtt.dir.t Jougdreus rpropozilie
    ^. ,.R; 9
    (yeui ,i ! 31e_i26)

    4) Vorl, cu doud eomplemente: diect $i ind.;rect.- \rbele hanzitiv q !6lg


    ou adeseorr
    dorJ cornplcmFnl.. nul dirF.' gi.plBlalrindirc.t:
    I htrL iin {.ompl.indh ) my na.ti,rost rromDt.dir.).
    /.ompl.di.t to lis bN p onn:ish l;ompt.indir.p..pozitionst)
    Johos(nL.@.d
    to
    a,,l Complementul indirect este pus imediai dupd verb:
    I'll lpllJrl.n{compl.
    iodi..tthnr'ud rcomDl.
    dt.t.
    \\'oDt JoJ keppru rcoDpt.
    iDdir.,aon?oni(compldir.)?
    ,.6/ Complementul itrdirect este precedet de complementul dircct tn uF
    maloarle cazurr:
    D', cind complementul direct este pmnume penonal:
    Oiv"n trompl.dir.\ {/o./6in r.ompl.in,lir.Drelozitionatr.
    jDdir.prppozitional).
    w(
    "pnt r/.rn rroD,rt.dir J toah trierd.s\turi.pt.
    ,

    l':,) fl"d
    Tlfv

    --..

    .omplemanlul indirpft tprepoziljonat)esrp lung sau tDsotjr,

    6enr /pddjag.ods
    djr.) lo , thrir /.cids lrompt. indif. prppozitiotra .
    hls f'lr' l.ompr 'rompt.
    'rtt.) r. tne ncw rtzdtttunt lcompt indir. prepozilloDrilj pre_

    1.. ".:.3

    b"' ) penlru accintuareacomplementuluiindirect:


    I setrrthe rord {compl.dir.l to hin t^ot to wt) tto,npt. indir. pfQozilionst).
    b .ous hrt lF s p/ %p. rs l c o m p t.d i rr/o rtu { n o r/o rh v si ,k.j .r;mpi
    i D di r.pfpo_

    550

    $ 2619

    SINTA).A PNOPOZITIII

    Printre vcrbele cel mai des tnsolite rte doui complemente,direct qi indi_
    recir se aflii urmdtoarele:

    s:61lxl
    2620

    5) Comllement:ul ftlir:'ut ( Retdi.nei jt)jt..t). -, Cit\tl un Yerb acLir cu


    dou:i complemcnte(direct si indircct) estc rrirn"rtormati11verb pdsrv.s| pot
    przcnladoun situal.ii:
    a, sau {omplameDtu}
    indireci darine subiect..co,nplemenrutdirecr, riminind cu areea,Ni
    luncfie !i riind nunriL in ae.si caz ,t ltetaincrt Diect Ot)j.:ct
    (complement direct relirui) :
    A li\. i,"/,rui",
    o.lar,.omot.i.r.i.,,t,"r/a,,.,npt.dr..
    Dd.i\

    .u bi ,

    $. ,

    old l, " ' - r . h t x . r . ; . d D : - . t O b j . d ) .

    ,) sau cornplemeirtul direct devine subiect. complementul indirccr reminlnd cu aceeasi functic si fiind numir tn acest caz A detuined In(tirectObjp,ct
    (cornplement,indirect relinut) :
    Aa li\r / ,u biF t
    tra s-\ //rs.Dl i '

    br one, r i, , om pt . lt t ol h . , . o l p t .
    in,lir !rppn/il,ondt .
    ( r . ! , oL4h
    / r o) / F lEt a; r y d l t u t n r t o h ! f t ) l b y
    |.Le).
    ( Vez i ii

    $ 2621

    g t i84_17 8 j )

    C. COYPI,NMENTUL PRXPOZITIONAIT
    (TEtr FNEPOSITIONAI,

    S 2692

    OBJE(IT)

    1) Detinili,
    Conplementut propozitional este complementut Drece_
    dat d prepozilie ciud rispundc la o tntrebare care cuprinde prepozilia respec_
    lirJ I tronumel. .vl,op.t tho,
    I ld. e1A n f e . )

    t h - o L p h th e p o p i.

    ,,

    .,,"

    $J6

    goh.l o, e".,-orh,t
    "

    t r. h-u lh
    lha t d d - . : r . r
    waat al.r n g )d1 ,a th 4uEh )

    r , , , r , . , r , a . . , i " , n E , *J ;
    x d. hi" s o 1 _ a , o d , / t /

    . 'i o . , . | " , ,

    7,[?/ s,F
    .-orp an :
    . l t . , J t t r i, . a r . .
    t B t! wh am wrp rh"y d1o1' p r ' "d? . . ,
    ta" , . wko \e^ r 't,e r
    o^ paniln DJ . - l

    \ 1p s r "
    tlln
    ^.f uou.
    t ol , ho a s
    f \i.:ri!nar
    !. r" (F tllkinE o/."./

    ."/,...

    l.l.to

    Shc was a kind wile rD ttn.


    /?o pti.n was shc a kind sile?_
    cota.e. Who was s},c a kind wite b?)

    S 2623

    2) Complementul prelozitional lii complomontul circumstantial. ComDle_


    menLul prepoziljonal (prepasilionalObject) nu trebuie confundat cu comole_
    mertul circumstanlial exprimat printr-o ln,u!iune prepozi,tionala pr;po{
    sitionaL Ad?erbial). Deosebirea djntre aceste dour - comptemente consri
    ln faptul cd circumstantialul aratd circumstanla de mod, iimp, loc. cauza
    e1c., lo care se petrece o acliune (S 2634), deui flispunde la tntrebdrile
    puse lentru aflarea complementelor cjrcumstantiale. A;este Intreb{ri, sprc
    dosebirede cele aritate la g 2622 (pentru comptementut prepozigionall,
    constau, ln cazul complmentujui cbcumstantial, dintr_un adyerb sau

    PARTIIN

    SECUNDANE ALE PEOPOZTTIEI'

    COMP'-EMENTI'T'

    637

    flh)r! etc (cum? cindl unde?


    !
    o loculiune adverbiali l''rv2 Qhe 'vhtre2

    y;)f ',l,lj*l'\i{"f"'ii,i:iii';i1
    ::j;'lll'i};:"1:"1'i'l"llu.'",
    "un't

    dc nodl
    ir" .""' i.u,i,iq 'a't g'*' ra* (coorlt oiic
    lalkingrl
    Ic
    ras
    faao,v
    4 o ' r -pp'r ' o /r 'do

    tl "l ,;: ; " : l: ; ; i, :

    p""j"
    'h.'^'

    l ; ; , , 1 i , j - " , 1 i : .r o

    .,,- "i i,.",''


    "
    {Co m' dr r d + aJ wr t l' ) rn ' ' a e n ' /

    J Con'o 'r'

    'Frinr'

    Ate n l !.1

    i **
    prpl,rtf1l1::H;;:T;i?l;::ll
    constru.ti.
    li,::""i';"J;l'"S::1
    -{eceafi

    :t:ii,i"i
    i!,:::
    i:.1';';ll
    :,;:l':
    ;:t;iii;!,i
    ii;il,lilltrulii'.;,1;;
    L n i rrn s rc t
    d". Itrn .u tm s r P ln f unc t i F ' L F

    tfr' '5,1116'
    TheY dincd
    'tnn
    D " a t" l i I
    1 " n ;t.h .th '
    ' o , lti l l n p s pr A t oz ili^'
    .5 " 1 ,i tI'

    ft;i]i11,{Tfl:
    i;":ii:,1:.'
    rlli::i;""T';,ii;*1
    l,"fi,tni,Il"tl
    ,'itht
    )
    ,,undr au luat
    rn daci intPrscaza
    /,r comnl"rn"n' rir' um'l r4!rdl dp
    ro""a; 1..tt'i,"t' did t'hpy LlrnFL-l
    ln acelagimod' tn Propozr,Lra:
    H" is an th' -Da:l t WorlFr

    *"';T::#il;:1i"11'$i:,;i:":?"i:'":";:I"nlili",'J'*.,sa
    r'
    '"'; ii{:J;l:;;:l,,n,o" f ,//,'r'ishe(,vnrlins':r

    in'iran.
    s262
    ;;" i:msl*i:r?i'ist'1"!"'"s*xiii!e
    ;'iTl'#Iii:
    '"ii
    l.n#5it".r$i*'i"l;11[]ft:hi1-l:il{i;'.:,,
    Tfllil'##i#
    :'*"'
    !*'1"]Sl'

    "''
    iruiii;r'r;uil"il"';'',"''o'"''''"'

    262ti
    este oonsirlerai fdtd prcpoxi'ltie \
    4) Caz. - ComplemenhL. .pr:!o.ziti3na1
    cazul ecuzatrr\ 3 or''
    ii ca atare sta in

    2627
    nalrrralui nu poale fi 'omplempntlre- 5
    ComolcmcnluldirFft prin lnc59t

    il':""rlij'h:i1""'i'x:1'
    "oTi")i:i
    r":
    l'
    g:trl.$'#iilff
    I
    ij;:r;1,u,r,",.'
    ($ 2594.13194.1325)
    (hainidelloare imlgrmeabilizatecu cauciuc)
    Iuoc fdto.e. abrerialic) : Ddc&;n,ostr

    srNrAx_\ PBoPozrrlrr

    668

    2628

    cu douf prepozifii'
    5) Complemonte
    I
    d doadPrepozrtr

    sint introduse
    Unelecomplemente

    I look th look ftr'n o/lrhe sheu


    Io o L ;i o u l o " ro l l ' l i p l d s
    o, , i
    " l, r ' ng_. o o n i
    A Se COmpAra:

    jJ;il'"]1 ","
    J,3'i
    l'
    iJ'l;'
    l"h'J'"l':
    Tii{
    i.:;i
    il
    lix'"i%;"Yi:l
    "-" "'
    "-"'
    pr.por'
    IonJl
    T ; . " v s pnr on , ;' i , D ;i " " ,rn . \\ e r! .o mp l 'r
    ' ul pl
    .',,,' 0.'o'
    *'1''9T1'
    TlIill:lli:i f"'ffr\i'."*jl"l':.1:ii'i',]li,
    -- ",

    (vezi qi S 2386J
    Con'
    6) Verbele compleie cu particuli rcrbal5' ile origine o'herbraltrl' -preporr2629
    ---complement
    coDsidemt
    nu
    este
    part'icull
    otemeirtul pu. imediat dupi
    pdrri' Jld ed\erbialdnu r'rc jn a'rsr caz
    iiiiJ.,i
    'i,i,pt".*, a;rp i. d"oarec"
    ram fer'e inlegraniadin vorb ri cara lransrorl, p,irl"lil;",'ii,"
    "ar" lrdtrzrrrv:
    "'t'.rb
    m; u; verb intranritiv lntr-unul
    Ee sefi, il ke ktLet af inttudu'tion
    r o o b u 'v a r r h "
    y ' , . c s , / o' be' d 156' he
    iih "i;, ;Tr;;i; ; ?. ; ;
    'i m " '
    'l v a s

    Salon"-slnt cornplemn" h.letter ol introduction" qi "secing lhat Jear'sci


    adverbe care rac parte
    sint"prepoilll,
    t" di"";;;.;;;'*;
    "in'r si 'lorfr"nu
    organicd din verbele "Beni tn" ti "put o//"'
    A se compara cu:

    :,;:.'.'li : }.1.-i,,:";: j'".'i'lli:i .r"-i".d."*r


    i;i':'' l.T':"'""t:;l
    ofltuY
    Shc Put mc
    ?laz
    f(Dat n-a oonvinssi .cmtn! ra uotccrul mcu l
    pr" pozi l i onah
    l- / , a l' lr P r " \; -o l / m v p l a n ' i n ' " o mpl " rent"

    in

    qi

    ''rf
    lifi,lii;:::" ";'p;;l:xlu'p*po'i
    ,6s0 ''"i11,:".:ffii"1:'otl"li::l'i;
    inherentto a beginnitg
    dtn
    {llthc
    ur
    He nul.
    'lifft'zlli's
    rne gdrd"
    Thd roo; looks out on
    S h e l o o } e d a b o u t fa t h s th tl d ren
    $:e wert on lo ,r" ,..t irem on the rgcnda

    pl -\^ ' on
    l- P ut r r D . -l o o k n ' ti ' ,' k )o k a b ^ u t ;i w" nr on bl nr vorb" ' ^r
    qr
    -i
    b
    oui
    .
    sr
    r'
    i
    .
    "
    on
    -'
    |
    1
    ,,
    -^
    u
    '
    r"
    s
    1
    '
    ,
    ur i" *f , t"
    "r" ' i- " " r
    res p ' r iv b n 1 \ 1 .s-t'o' omnrpmnnrFrP
    ii
    t g : l. io r l: "

    tdi"tri ^.
    prepoziliilc $irL
    z lexl" "iir"m.
    ""i # " ,1 1"i[":t" "-irhF
    l'iri.".iri
    "onstrr,iie.u
    i:fo.1. ..to.l.
    ";;.4

    ri

    r'"pp"rr\

    (Veziii S 2208J
    prepo?i7) Terbole propozitionale.- Unii gramaticienj3,considerird cn
    { 2631
    " ---- tlu co',raitio.tateta"e pa"ue integranti -rlin verbul de care depinde (S 1325)'
    ila o astfel deprepozilic ca pe un complement
    i'" *i"".i, *-pl"-""t"Iprecedai
    p"
    conptenarLtdirect De exemplu:
    prepozilional,
    "n
    "i "n
    to Iook &lter the childah
    Ilall is too old
    ' t' ;- l a l :ne" :
    t^ N h n t
    r i rri s u tU
    ' n " b odl r
    ' , t/" .
    \\" rtll.d orcr
    '! '

    1V z i S : r r 0 8 -2 2 0 9 .
    t v ez i s i q t 3 S3
    I Ct. Cr'rmi, cr. dt., S 63 B l ftc

    PARTII-E

    AI'E PUOPOZTIIET'

    SECIJNDIiE

    COMPLEMENTUL

    560

    ,"^:fr.Y":1:;)";',in;""\8"::J";::Tl":#f::i"'T'1
    ','i"#[1;
    :::l;r;r:ii^"3#'Jx
    :"t1.:,i];-ii,::;:lli:13";i:'ll
    "ovpr 'l
    icgat. prin preporiliil" -afrar'. r'spF'lrv "al !r
    2632
    do rgoot fi itrqlrumentsl(ThP A(l!"rbiolof Aqen'yond $
    8t ComDlomoolul

    Iru;",u;i* s,::ff:;rl:I;;iulfi;;i*; :i:'sl*',lx;;l


    i:

    a" cin"ti sat bt xhat n "4rs2I = 'u c'?):

    * "r"'
    :;:li;ll{-iJ#'ri,,'""*p'
    ""'-j#"1
    Tl:;l;,"Ji'llf
    +',:
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    D. colfPlxlrrlNTul ouicuMsrANTIAl
    (TEE ADYERBIAI,.

    t'EE

    ADYESBIAI]

    I(ODIIIEN

    S 2liBt

    OB ADJ!rNC'.)

    de S 2634
    estpadea secuDdarn
    cLrcumsl'anlial
    1) Dotinilie.- Complcmentul
    orooozit.iccarPdptcrmindun tqb. xn atlJP'ttraanx^ onoero- .
    - rn
    arala
    cir'umql'anlLal
    st verbului.complcmenLul
    Cs cleterminant
    'e

    eL.1
    se
    r',p,.i-l';
    ili r"".ti'p.mod
    3i:ilfi:l:i::[:f,i";i"fftr":tJ
    "ilJi,,
    tdo tnsu;ire:
    p,ezi,,
    ",:;,*:
    :'*ii;rml"n:,"I3li;;l;i

    umse

    il:#"1;{ir*fisihi+$fr""iiti*4sln'
    ii;L;:iliirr;;;.

    rcomir'I i... dp mod'- adi).

    .na
    prep.zit
    h:';r';*] une
    l,Ftir"Ttiif:i;i['*ciu*''""$
    '

    qi o Intreagd propoziLie:
    Complemeniul"ircumslanlialpoate dctermina
    He cameto seeus simllt ,euse hafeh like it'

    - comp]:ffi:tlrT:*:lXlil:ltJ:li".,til1:i
    doeiprimars.
    2) Pro0odee

    $ **

    i, "-"""""',,.,i.
    il;;i:i i"l"ri",
    i,l:;;:ile,['l;'"lJi:l'J
    ::'T:.1
    r
    o u!' ur " P' r ' Fr bir t
    o
    a
    bsor
    ur
    a'
    1i'
    , i ,; ; i ; ii " i fr,. o
    . : ; ;r l , i ' ;

    sau prepozilionah ek :
    Tl,cv rorked nad (Ad!erb)

    " o n 'r''u

    shc $ cn t ntn ' LSnb"t ar liv )


    : dr ' r nr iv n . Dr ePr
    t ;. ; r m l
    H: ;.'i;
    1A' x z dt r \ . ' ' lv r ' r Dr ar l
    I n n aL lth ?
    ''n !

    '";

    hrv'in in!i'a:oncon5'-u'(r':nri'
    *" mus'|
    "Ziiu,oifrii'!",;,rii')Ii::^-"

    ""'"")jrr;;,1,t;;;!;i::!,[.:f.'l;
    L""t:l.]il,;:i"'ri;il,ll':ill", -. ". ,.
    :+.I'i";'.,1
    l' """ ""'''
    l; 1,,'"":
    i;:i:'l',?l'i*: l*:,',,1,,11;'

    sp'exemllu
    s,atiitoar-"'
    desine
    o constnclie
    cste
    "nomina'
    .,*, i,X""iitlii'j"f11i,-*ti

    SINTA)iA PFOPOZITI'I

    3) l'tasifirarp'- Dupd nlur, impr'juririi p' 'arts n arnid' cornPlpmentul circumstantislPoate fi:
    a) complement c cumstanlial de loc
    6l comnt.m.n' nir.um'tJnlial d" lin'tr
    ..7 compl"ment cir.umsla"lisl d' nod si
    'ompJrdliv
    d) conplement circumsianlial de cauzi
    el comptement circumstanl,ial de scop/{inal
    prsupuner
    /j cornplenent circumstan-tialde condilie sau
    SJ complement circumstan-tialconcesiv
    loc (The Ad'ver
    tircunstanlial
    a)Compl.menlttl
    S 263?
    'le
    "
    liunF.sau pun"trrl
    pPlr'."
    o
    0
    lu.ul
    sF
    6
    ur'd.
    rd
    bial of Pla- oid .tto""."n,t
    la inlrpbdrilP:
    Fliri
    El
    rrn'i
    dru
    lin
    ira
    a'
    d. ol."are.djrprli"
    liuni
    'd"pund" Lrnd":)l
    'i
    rrrrJp'pind
    d'
    in'olro
    unJp
    ,rint lront
    'rh"r..'t'"t l'or'',

    q 2636

    He \-as in the Nhn

    ii"v

    *" g"l'g n lISgo;oaia

    \h . i ln
    / . oa / o' a? J ". J "I J ) . on l' "
    \V could $a1k ds /o/ ds r/r srdrtoz

    2638
    S
    -

    pi1"
    ' Jrerr

    (Thc Ad'
    r)e tinp.
    enIlLl circunstrlnlial
    b) ConPlc
    o star
    sau
    exist'i
    petrece
    o
    acliu-ne
    vtbiai of ?t,n;) arafi tnnpul in carc sc
    (for
    lone!
    *hen2
    hae
    till
    ?
    since
    t|hcn?
    l:
    )
    El rdspunde la lntrebnrile ahe
    tinlp?)r
    pc
    cindl
    cti
    clndl de clnd! pinn cind?
    H a,ri\'fd v..",,rddl
    Thcv ]i{Y becn here itz. Mou'aY
    $r: lvorled dll ldr. ol nlsn,
    The n'euns was adjouined ta tle fattan'nry 'h!
    He {as hee ttt) a lottLisht
    lhey hare co c to Bndarcst /_o' d Pecr'

    $2639

    (te nod (The tldocth'


    circunstanlial
    c)CanpIcnenIttt
    ln r I a n ! i a.l d I (de
    i
    c
    d
    intrii
    ciruia
    n
    cnteqoria
    ial of lt,tnnei).
    fi ' '
    (The Adterlial af Ctt'?palrron),araLnnodul tntare
    *oa)
    corop'oratio
    rlispunde ls
    arc ]oc o -(larc sau apare o tnsutire
    o
    acliune.
    se iniepfine9te
    'ftoo
    ^El
    ? hor*'tnuchl hotl' nan! times? (: cunr? cit? dc cite ori/):
    intrb i;ile :
    Shcw.s smilingnd?ltlY
    [ : l' . 1' l: 1 or Ct 3] i: t n a r .
    H,
    '1 on"r' pdL.
    t
    "" ' pal uni. jL"al &, t t ' 1: ' o , h : " 't h
    \1e lhanked Lim t./v mdr.
    I non! t in'
    Th i . 1m "

    2040
    S
    -

    tle ca.uzd (The Adl ci.t(umstanlial


    d) C onpte ment
    El rnspundela instirj
    sau
    a
    unei
    cerbiai ol CanieJ arati cauzi unei acliuni
    (:
    din ce cauzil):
    ircbarea for? trhat cause?
    Shc conld hardlY sPcak /'f t'dls
    $re $.c sl.ift ,td @ll.
    I said noi.hing baause of soz

    S 264f

    i'
    de .sro7.sou
    cir, unstant,ia.l
    c) Compl.?'mentltl
    .f
    purpose)
    srarr'
    sau
    ar
    un^eL
    actrunr
    scopul
    uner
    arari
    of
    nal (I'hc Adeerbial
    El r;spund. la lnlrobu'e- n,d/ lor; far lhdt purpasP:'t= 1n 'e scopi)l
    He $1ol./o/ taru'
    I am hcle to lorl ro voz.
    o g6"ai^p..ssiol, Ie wasotr his bestbhaliour'
    ii'6,iii to
    ^"t"

    S'unt
    o'
    cLtcunslanlia'f ) C a np ten e n tul
    : 9 ' , " 1arati
    : ' " . . : -1
    :
    condr'
    Suppasition)
    or
    ('1'1rc
    A'lt'efi;rtl ol ConAiion
    u"p", o'",
    o,
    "
    u'trr" ll l ra ' lu n d pl" irrlrrb' r" '
    "'!
    it ", "* . . " . ' u "'r r "t'"o d 'liun"'au.nr'l^ '
    a n w h o l rcn dilion) ( :

    I u c e I o n ' b r' e i ):

    :"
    :'::;;"r,II;f:::::#::;;'
    'J:TJ:i:"lllJliilY:?:
    I{/rl ttri, I shall gei Urerein time

    !r11.*":".:U t*"1::"]:::l:
    de condiliese recunoaqte
    Circumstan!,ialul
    citater]rarsusca exnr
    Propoziliile
    if
    conjunclia
    de
    itt"a"sn
    .'
    "i."""ritl"
    Dle poL fi inlocuitensiiet:
    m! fanct s PetnBs'onI cannor go anlwhcre if I don't ask
    bu @tcunBtances
    not.'omPette't
    is
    ste
    ;f
    rat"""
    ir'"
    ttne
    ""r*-.'.irit
    m
    1f ! atu tucku' I sha11get thcre

    n'""
    n,.a,. :l::,1' 1.1i,'"r,."'
    ! ) c.onpt. n:'nrsti
    ,,''ju
    .tlfi
    ::'
    l"i"'
    un oDrrcr :# :

    vrrbrulol Conn:sion)
    inlrebare&:
    lcrbului prcdicat El rnspundela
    *"i',""""'"c!iunii
    irni"atJ"
    'iia'"p,u"
    in ciuda cirer persoane
    ,f *hd Petsa (at ':iatnstdncc)? [:
    (sau tInPrejurii):'l:
    lhe cold '
    ilr s!i'e o/ dv tile wl'o Nas alfiid ol

    I Nmr to ihe ioe-hockc"rdrt''h

    lij ";i."
    'I
    ':2i.";:""!,:?,:1,;::.
    ; r r ' : t o n o " ' i ' rg d l '
    ! t *1,
    Th a u r t t
    Wl ,.-' - h

    t""t'

    r" l F l l r

    \;

    '

    -"

    "

    r'^ coNrLli{nrrn
    x. Ar,'tr 0EnsTl[']il Bril'xJiITO_lA'll
    cat S 26+4
    Ca jii in granatica romenn la
    1) Atto catcgorii de comptemntc'
    l
    n'
    pe"
    r' I
    p l ' i i i i ' " l ' o r h d " Jg0 " ubi mprtLi ri
    nt ' ifJ l 1 ' '
    go.i i t-,1 -" , m pt
    o t " l' 1 "
    " i ."un'l'nr idlJ" m'd r'rr'u
    "^ t o

    " o . n t .."n ' utul


    ar i".r" '"rrirni "
    1". " "
    ' ] . i"i".
    eic':
    raloare
    sreutaie,
    : hr \a s so od ot t t boat

    to

    'opl

    "xp rin ' " :


    " ' : l" l: :
    er"r1''u: era ' r'd ima nru n ' r' ' rrn ri'

    l" t p d1ip '

    r'
    utr'|",. -:,"i,
    ii;,I;i;:.,:i,l;;:;,-llTJ;*l:I"Ji
    (G'ad)"
    dds"s
    ih" ;on had sone-up
    i;;

    ;;;;;;"

    Di n ''4o
    n rL'F

    '
    'r:
    :
    ;;;r,jr
    ;,'l:ij;
    i,i,j
    '
    .t"r;:
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    "l
    "Y;:

    T lr: o l a ! "

    ."d

    "'
    u r . l t"o

    sl' a ' P I tlP

    v d r" a - \0
    ;""";;: : ; ' pr " , " - " it . " s o rr' , d a rr /o a ra "

    ,*,,:;}l"ri;.1,;;llJ;ti'l'i,r'Tf":l;1,i"il,11,:l;"::l;:ljl
    hu"':
    rS :621
    rn , . r .

    pns r a?id c p o l "' o m p l " m ' o re!rn r t' -p o /: l i onal e

    demod
    rrurui
    ; Ii:"*fn1,-,"*'
    +;"::l'(#i'1T,fi;1i1frl:;lT,0,"{ircu'st*tri

    6{i9

    2645

    SINTA!<A

    PROPOZ4'IET

    2) Complemenhrlcomp.|.s(The Componn'lAdaerbial)' mentul poate fi dublu sau multiplu:

    Uneori comple-

    S hJ ll s P pu r l t " ' F ' trrP l C o n o l c h d F l o" 1


    ne { as lur nir s /d s ," 'ra n d /e ? r' rc o m p l ' i rc d e mod'
    a,L;v, a*ouog or n"t oeeA?(Conlpl circ de tin!)
    irno
    "oni"g
    O D i el ./ -" C ompl Fmenl ul conr3) Com ple$on h rl ro mp l a x (7 h ' ' o mp l " r
    264G
    i ormal c Ll rn
    n l .x es t donum ir" a d e rE d p ' i l i v s g ra ma ti ' i Foi r constnrrti i i or

    iomplementuldirect sau prepozilional,lmpreune-cu:


    In ronsrruclrrlP
    -a'u:
    d./ infinirivul participiulDrazpntsau eerundivul
    r$t716-1720)pani'ipiucu
    a"uzaiiv
    sau
    tOz'lr
    l" l*i"ri"iri" tq t66l
    ".
    English lo }'er'
    exp led n" l,o
    Ir{ lPachPr
    '
    'dit
    \1.e hesfd n"r 'rop t thP gar"
    I cd 5"effPd @frtas in hi" slndy Can I re l v o n n i s b P i " ge a c l vto d a J / You don;t mind nv stuking, do You?

    DJ nurnelepredicaiiv obiectiv (S 2526):


    We consiileredniz d t"v intar$ting olil tu41'
    Do !o\ li'UeWb nilk hot?

    o/ Resal ( S 2530):
    c) Prcd.icale
    sdu'ePat cleal'
    I washd
    thz li'l tighr'
    He c],sed 'tu

    $ 2647

    Ni PBOPOZ4M(TOPICA)
    Iv. ORDINEACUYINTDLOR
    (0EDXR Ol woRDs)

    unde ordinea
    1) F,oguld gener: i. - Spre tleosebire de limba romdnd'
    cu usu'
    plas'i'6
    desprinzindu-sa
    lD1FlFsul
    .utintelor lo Dtupoziliecstc fodrtc
    pnglcza
    cte o
    limba
    ln
    limbii
    ari""itu' r"i-a"r flexionareale
    ..carp
    "i"t" cnaliri"a', ordinea
    Alp foarjp rigids raporlurilFsinla'ticF
    limid
    'u\inlFlor
    fiina;dicate ln mare mlsuri de locul acestora'
    ai"i*
    d,:
    """i"t"
    RcquLa!'enerala.' ere 'rebui" In genFrFrFqp4 artj lrev''l' "" l':!il-' In
    2619
    -"
    currnrcror
    OrdinFo
    d"spa\itP
    tPtol"prin tnt"tPssn'u liP
    ,""r,.ii"
    "rir"
    F.je de' i, in linii nari. urm;loarFs:
    oruoozirip
    "";-t'";;i;,;
    '
    ." arriburcle1ui r0rriburul adj"'rivals pracedindui atribuurmlndu-l);
    tul
    -il
    '"' substantivala
    prcedat tle complementul de timp neprccis ti urmai
    predi.i?/,
    ,iio"l
    dp con'll"mpnLulindire t ii d" cd dirF'ti
    drrunstan!;ol"{de loc dF mod, dc lr'np precrsi'
    .l LomttpntPnt,tP

    2648

    , \r. cnnsr,ind
    and.'r \ 35iri*u"'1
    o", .,0"'_
    tnDd an4rrt.d : lim}l ln cared ,1i;l;i;"',1",*"t;,l"lL,ij";-"","u-l.

    '
    jill"n"ll,,r,tii;;i"i*1;'"'i1?"';Tiil
    sr,l';:ll,:ii;ux.r:,
    ,^,,,,i.1i:;?!'nf;:,i:,"',"i
    L;:ii""';"j;j;
    *0i""'.

    ;.ill;'"'","[]ilir.'iiLit.r*ri,"r
    prppo'/ir'on
    "" '?il"il,';"#$^flJI"l:"'";ii:''i"J;il';iiliiil" *-, sFniliv

    ORDINEA CUVINTELOR TN PROIOZIT]'

    ;6iI

    Orice schimbare care inter ne jn aceasti ordjne modificn rflporturil'


    .i' la. i.- ii. Llpci.si lnlel"sul l,oDo/iri"i
    2) Atcentuare. - Icceniuara unei pirli de propozigiese lace ln gerere rR21i5{}
    obiqnuitt'
    Irjn schimbarea locului ocupat de ea in mod
    3) Iiitm, - Riimul specitic limbii engleze.prin intluenla pe care o are S 26;''l
    jrr nare misuln 3i ordinea acstora
    asupra accentunrii cuvinielor, delermini
    iD propozi-tie.
    -ASL{"I,
    cum st'epronume}e personal- tindc sn
    cu nt mai scurt
    ".
    ocupe un loc rnai spre ceniml propoziliei. in vrcme ce elemenlelenrai lungj
    tind sn l;e aDez''tespre sfirlitul
    - substantivul sau un grup dc cuvinte
    e'tpiac
    a
    p'
    hilibrarpa
    propu?:!iei. nrru
    Shc put on l'

    OIf @ gol

    .o4,

    "Comehere", le said"Comellcr", saic tha man'


    4) Orilinea (urintclor. - In rletaliu, ordinea cuvintelor in pro|otilid S 2652
    en nliadd estc,in gcnere urmdtoarea3:
    accentuat; ,J aiributll adjcct'ivai (inclusiv subsiarta;
    "o,"pt"-ent"t
    tivul ;djci,ivat 9i substaniivul tn cazul genitiv saron); c, subiectul;d, atrtbutul substantiial (apozilia !i atributul tn cazul genitiv prepozilional);
    ,/ ompl"m'nrul ,'" limp n"pr''is'"au 4' nud:// lFrbul nf"oi r:!/conpl"n.niul in.1;r." riarr pr-pozr,i"r: ft/ onpl"rn"r rul Jirp r: ti nurI lc
    predicativ; j) Predicate ol Result; t/ complcmeniul indireol' prepozitional;
    de loc;
    i7 alte complementeprepozi,tionale;tz/ complemcniul cirournstan,Lidl
    circurnstan,iial
    complementul
    de
    mod;
    oJ
    nJ complementul circumstanlial
    de tinp ltluratel; p) compiementul circunst'an,iial dc t'imp precis'
    (VeziS 261!l
    b propozilia intoogati'rti ;\ierrbe o modilicsre nunai in pozilin subicc S 9663
    tului, care sto inYeNat cu verbul predicat, ordinca celorlaltu perli de propcl
    zilie rdmtnind aceali ca mai sus ,\stlel. in general' oflli]]ea orr\.intelor ln
    r,roDozjtiainLeroq.rti\deqteurmitoarra
    unFori
    d./ curinrul inr.,oe,tiv: lr rurilia'ul 'uu '' rbul 1'rirr'ipal 'o
    '":i
    (aqezete
    in
    ta hat(:; c) airjbutul adjecti.al; dl subiectul cu ai'ributele sale
    ordinea aretatl rnai sus); c) complementul circumstanliai de timp neprecis:
    sau parl'icipiul verbului princi'
    // verbul la un nrod nepredicativ (infinitivul
    (inrn
    prepozilie)
    etc (ln continuare, vezi mai
    pal);gl complerncntulinclirect
    sus orilinea cuvintelor ln propozilia enunliative )

    tjil;..
    iilr:'i,"'it""iX'"?",

    L' \rj'oktrrora'
    spnche,LeipLts,1e31r
    de,neuenstischen

    o.n,'",'',rnoo,i..ui,.'!d,p/iT
    "'il'!'{;,1tn"::l::"e;-fllii:;ri"l';,':'1,llL',1,'
    i ',' :F dp'd s,0\"r r r , |, d,a'
    '' -ii: " 11 ": ""1 ; f ' 0 "" " L ''.1 o o
    Jl
    ''- " ,,'-,'. ^',r
    ls 2295-r300).

    564

    SINTAI'.A

    PROPOZITIEI

    ORDMEA TIIYINII]L OR,

    { 2654

    PtloPoztTI_{
    Coool- !if. do
    rir; rcDimh
    ;d d. tod

    t)

    (sl

    .Pronu@d0"hE" sts rioi odnpl.n$ dilei

    'l

    iilidlivuhi,,to

    t*t.

    OBDINNA CUTINT]ILOB

    ! 2655

    PROPOZITI.\

    ONDINIJA CUVNAEOII

    TN PROPOZIXAE

    lN tll,oPozTrD
    NNUNTIATIVA

    Fi;i''

    '6"

    (ir0

    to dn tnr'ak, I'hitut)
    Ndtim l..ne' tldi,

    (conr' $'ci'tn)
    I

    IN PROPOZITN
    INTEROGATIVi
    aomll itrdn.d

    tonortur lcLa dc iinpl?

    tddl

    (&iribut) hdat

    tiN

    do

    in ts (strihut)!lii.s (!tc dclo0


    mi! hhibur) ndning (.ir' d3

    **'rYsk !6' a' k DrcMdr'


    l3:*31:I"*rt::rr,i'3ii*li}"iii#iilxl1i::"Ti1''t

    SNTAXA

    560

    IROPOZIT]EI

    $ 2656

    A. I,OCL]L SUBIDCTULUI $I AI, PRLDIC.\TI-LUI

    $
    ' 265?

    1) Suhiect+ predictt. - In mod norrnal. sul'icclr'l precede verbul predioat in urmetoarele situatii:
    al tn propoziliile alirmaiire Si ngatire:
    dr" lsubiect)@ateoliifs (predic.t)in l.hcp{rk
    Neilho st.te(subiect)scored(!redi.al.)a soal.

    l, j
    w h i l, ' ,
    c/
    2j
    2658

    t n Dr onnzi ri i l " i n ra ro q a i i t. ' a rF i n ., I rrr rrn .u\rnl i n crogs i t fni d


    ho, n u h . t,o .vi " o n 1 ' r' ) i ' , n u , ni rd' i v rS r028):
    ' 1, 0i,
    t L Dr opoz i t;i l " ;n t.1 n s r' i re i n d i rp , l F \S 23o1. 2951).
    pre rd; subi i .l ul i n urmi
    .u l ' i e fl . :\ e rb u l p re d i .l
    P r c iiic dl

    a, tn propoziliile intcrogative (cu exceptia celor de la g 2657b lqi2657c):


    t/ar tve rb Dr"' li"dt t 5l. r bubi"' , on ' lF ' r _r 1 . " :
    I ' oLd ! l' oi : v l u d " S a l
    ,,d {a u\l iirj h? \ "ubr t

    DJ in propozi-tiilecare conlin o urflre sau o exclamalie:


    d "i p' : v m olalJ
    L!!cdr!
    9"u ( s ! hi", ' 1; p
    \ "r b p|di al) | ' , , d"s
    rlo ,v sho :l s.a - d

    I n i n r i v ' l o ! n l o v i l : r u r d r 'r
    'u l i 'r r : l E r 'l a m r l r )

    jntroductivx lltoe ({ 2505c) cind rerbut rste prcedat de particula


    2508):
    Th p". is tp tL)

    oD / n; a6 "ub: ", r i1 $ldl ju!'a r '


    r s ub' "1 lo b J i n ' l r 4 l o r p n
    \ "t b)
    ' at h: . g

    'o n 'd t r '

    pa' i"u]"
    ln D^oonri'iil"d. lipul: -ln rhF gsrd,n Irhp'rl s"r" llo*"r'
    ;
    idiom'li
    Hcr^
    In'a
    n'
    Ert,ri,"ar".
    injro lu''ri!u t,&/P "drp "ubinl"l.asi.
    lungd:
    propozllie
    atributivn
    o
    de
    estc
    uinat
    rind
    subiectul
    d/
    HLrF-o

    r b r | | p F n - lb

    rom

    n l"xl

    P' l

    *h a ka.1d4 Ldba'.E o"i

    "odenat

    rdti a'

    r.bul i " '


    t,t,h " Lo; : ns ot r,.t" a - -.o r" . tl n p .,/i l i
    thatI" nt P [a'
    ''
    o t' ' ..ttp" " tJv
    o .. l ' " ' t t tu r' 1 ttb i '
    i' ii; ; iit m "
    '
    ,rilcs (protozilie atribuiili).
    ., in propozil,iilc condilionale jn carc conjuuclia if este omise (S 278;):
    l r l robl /m
    ll/ f r \ , 1, s,p r' .1 i .' r ' F r" , s l ' \\o u J .l \
    / / , / 1! \ it ii"
    ' .l i r' l rv \m i bdtu' d.l ' $otr" i I' ar-i ol d rr' rnprp
    \Las a semmar looay.
    rdrui subi " ' t
    / / I n pr opo/i l ;i ' F .rr- .o rl i n u I i m D " rl i v reeJl i v al
    ' "
    (d
    1
    6
    3
    6
    )l
    t\p r ln, s L as t ii co l o ,ri a l )
    , ! . , lal\ ' lidt, w u D u b i l ' t d k P 1 fi n ri v sdv ' (' rd l o l i l l
    , or ' t dl\ l' 1r , ,a u " tb t" c t. b c l n .e In n rl i \ .u' \ d l " r' gl
    mai ' U l t rpl hT ' Li l ' rl ui '
    pF n tru a s . rJ s o m a i n ra re v i ' ; ' i unp
    - / ' lr ' d.
    -' i
    aJu' p l di ,.P p& /// propozF
    l u b rp d p l a l o " ' rll .r:i
    up o /i l i " .i n
    ' 1. ;
    "l l r pirnblin;
    li
    ndu- " " n !tl ' l a ..p n l u d rF i l o rl
    liei.
    Lucku is the man \!ho has such a wilel
    ,iui;@crc the ao s ov r.acher addrcsscdto us
    J . f und dor 1 4 th a l e f rJ o r' cl u r' d l i m
    h o d h " ;? u ' $ h n h F u rn " d o ou" si dF
    t ] . |lu
    - r , ' et
    t Itoa dnd off E! stutedr
    thi
    Doo"-6.nt
    r n 'i 'n d '! b i " 'l '" I u m x i i l
    r o"pl i( S2191, ' r s ubi"' r 'l 6 '
    '.1 \'rsa ron \'rLuLi
    p d r l r u l r a d \ ' r b 'J n r \ ' r b
    . n a. "s l ; dz or { iin d. u\ inr Pl' r 'r r n o :
    ,ut +," uo irt'
    in v ' s a r P a L - r r 'r t p r U r r . n u s p p r o o u 'P
    ln s,a s ub: p lul ' s lF un ! r or
    ,
    "1. Clnd -liu
    ' r m p.
    r !PrD
    .;dr"r!'
    n .a ruvinl"lor f iilJ . . a nor m all pJ r l" uld v" r b n l , _ L ! u b r q

    ORDIN'A

    647

    11{ PROPOZTTIE

    CUIANTELOR

    g;'lI' iJY,!,,!:':
    :'"):f
    ":'Ht'"iiTl!
    :"'f".'f
    iYsJTf
    "f"';#i':::;#lf:":,ii;1"::r'i:I':
    ObseroarLL

    cazuri $ 2659
    a'leseori.ln.aoeste
    s' I Auxiliarul de htarire DO esie.tntrebuinlai

    *"
    J1"1#[tJ"f";:*"'
    r,*';'Hr"-""J","ii"T
    f;"r;ii:i'il-";.if,^il.ti[l
    wi"
    brins
    c.'m's
    m;i:;.hin,he
    iilf#:i:iftijfi{i"'#*i1}':""*rri
    "oo"twu ,r, tu ftno@his shortoqnings
    a' to bed /t! dtd in th end'

    s'*'n
    Jii;"'Tl'.xl:i:1"ix
    l?i;'#::;
    l:":lt'l:i:n""i#Ti'#
    ,;1$i1J"f
    "".'fl
    li invcrsal'cu vcrbrrl:
    p"ir"-A!-*p'u"a
    *^"'
    tff:"",iil
    ilY.{:"#i''

    ffi:"':,jH.1#'t*,
    ffit#.*:rlili:"".

    inversareasubiec- 5 266r
    i.I In vortrireadireol'd'unile ritmul frazeicereaileseori
    tului .iu verbul de declarotie3:
    "\e6 . sdid tu ''lor

    who hdvP
    th ough l v e n' v er 5o"n it . I k t r os o 'h P r s

    ,a"a"",,-t p',nv'
    xr"}i ":"!.q,,*a
    ::i*,;;,i;'{fl",lill., :l1llr",r,l1'
    ao!lh."

    r.Pli?It

    th" Brc'e"

    :$t'",-::x;"It,;i"
    ff'Yffi'*" * "v

    ' ' N o. no',,o s

    li. r'll,

    ot r all s Lds

    EtcepILe

    se poslF ld'e ctDd verbul de S 2662


    Inv"rsarpaPrcdi.ilului 'u subiectulnu
    'drcldrstreeste rntr o fo'm6 compusa:
    _\ e" . n? /.ad s4 rd, _ lor r hous h l v - pnPv pr s P"n it '

    a"s: ;'P or rh" o\?t hndP!4li*d


    'rii", l i+v
    "i'rrl'ri
    cumulat'ive($ 2954):
    i) tn declara-tiile

    s 2663

    'The cnildrctrrc lunetv " "S9 ifl, r"'


    we mu5t qo no{, dd so mr4r Jotr4 -

    ;ll;*":l;-""l;'i:l'".\il'f,11,3"j',"''"
    F:xt.nlLel
    Ct d subieciul celor dofd- propozitji- dfimdti\

    esle

    fiinle sau S 2664

    'acaqi
    c:
    n ru a' pr odu'
    su b i e ctu

    , . , r, 'I l'i"' i ".i ' i , ; ^ ; *" '" .t'" t'i i


    - man

    '1 ,.,.. 1' , *- , 1y ' t , . '


    .' :d ..' h "
    * l t j s S . t t ing Llar k - _ ts " rr
    rr'

    So n ' .i 5 ' a:dIh" ti rl

    il,i,liT,]ji,i;:"iill{'1'.'i-"'1',#i.''
    i):Jp'[irlffi
    ::;tllly",1ll;
    ;m$l:"-i"
    nD rorPs'

    E' rpr' r, drrpsiurpa ':" din ar'"rdor'r'Lnrir'"


    '''" Tii)''11:l'.r*t
    EnstistL
    in
    B;ainst
    Ph'@ti.

    5S8

    SINTAXA PROPOZITIEI

    s 2665

    B. LOCUL AI RIBUTULUI

    $ 2666

    r. toclil, ATRrBUlfiLUr ADJDCTTI'aL

    $ 9667

    l) Adj_eotivul
    atribut al prorumelui, In limba englez6,adjectivuteste

    px . pp! r d pr onr m Flor p p r s o n r l e :


    nraca t drrd T'ron um e. i u
    T|ere $ds soruboda sii.l
    rheri.
    H. $iir r,r4li"i
    \ . ir y ut r n/ .
    Did onuthn! .r.iiia!
    LiDDenr"
    t h o! ;4 1-b ;h^ ' "d
    d bJ r . F: r . I I. r r .
    liir
    "i'

    Etceplie
    Lucktt lou !
    Shelookcdsoluriousthat jt wasrselessfor/or n Losayanytningin Iny dience
    2668 _ . 2) Adjectirul etiribut al sdrBtantirutui. - ln limba englezd, spre deose
    bire de limba romenn. adjectivul prerdd substanti.rul pe iare il ialificn:
    l.hc nt.. girl
    a /t vcning
    tf.ry ctrildrcn
    Exceplii

    s 96ii9

    Adjectivul esle pus dryri substantivul calitirat:


    dl in u ele titulatud;
    Al a mJ 6p ,ad l
    Co!.r^ot Genqal
    Licutcnanl,-C,a..dl
    l\l^jnt (i?ncptl
    r','\im.'slF.r,' , e/ , I
    -qoricil.oPc,rfai
    SecreiarJ-G,,.ral
    Er\tay Erttua inaty

    ,./ h

    \ l nis t t I l. , ; D. ' ", , i a " r J


    NotaN Pu &7t;
    Prsirlint !r.i
    htit opporc\l
    hat p; ; ' unpt be
    Lni,A]!r etunt
    Pael Laurcate
    cousin-Rcmdar

    cileva denumid gi expresii consacraLe:

    th adjeotivc t-pl

    li$t person stz(ald.


    third rrerson ,lald?
    "Captajtrs Coa;d!.o"s"
    '
    "Paiadise 2,s,"
    Asil ,Vtn,r
    tJt6a Mdiot \sa\ Minat.)
    Jon s m.nar \sa\\ malat )
    \ tudjot \nnz.)
    B ninat (ntz.l
    C ftat lnt\z.)

    c/ ponl,ru a scoate in rlief adjectivul:

    ttom rimes imncmotial

    thc onlJ rcmedy posiirle


    ihe best inlcry.talion prorull,.

    The.e are momcnis lzfo.sr,dDle.


    ''Ilo q NFll lh r' y aqr r c j ov er t hins s
    li qas llatted pire and sinDtc.''Tl,ose rnuskei'eds ot lnUicity, .lc'p

    tlJ cind adjectivut este o porecle:


    Peterthe C.cd,
    Charlesthe fdi,
    Ilan urc ?/.iDtc
    r Ve . o r:mir .0 . v dr i pnm ar l: \ ar s al v ar l. p l . @ q t a - g e n h .
    'R. Ardinaton, Death 7I a Herc.

    ORDINE^ CUVINTELOR IN PROPOZITIE

    560

    . d, clnd adjeciivul cste forllllrt cu prcIjxnl d- (dftane. aftai(t, n!dt)e.


    o.l'd\t. ntirp. a:t" t,. utoA
    ..j (S ;.rll:
    "
    \\ i h prp s a!u / . " 1' p. hil, l iool. d oL
    Tlf s. d n ,:r ' / r or d
    . ' "dh Lr d , hp
    ln ihc sctling srtri I saw a in|e;shar a Fnrdorr.

    /./ cind adjeci,irul este nume predicatil'. in care caz cste Dus rtupi verb
    iau dupi complementnl direet. daci acelJla existii:
    The crop ,16 1t,,.
    They (oiNnl,red thc DIar dull.
    '
    PaiiL ttu tabl ati;!
    ,qh. ,nad. rn, dr.ss ho k 1!.
    I la\t\d tre chit tn:n asLe?."
    . n!
    irrd ed jntiru 'i
    ')
    lir ". , r p J " r u
    t r . un. ' r h. la
    trn
    !rn
    n / n. ] r c t ) :
    l i lrl n en\ rnr..
    t'.
    Tlic roon, \Yis Len leert hish
    \\, !,k r L iI r . , it t ! uo, d. : I . t .
    rLP ro tumn s \ \ c le. . nt ur t Px Dld
    The.! .rme to l.hc neettlg rpo thouehn stunc.

    ,..

    ,,

    n".,rd

    irl cind adjctivxl are un complcment:


    i teachef /'trd r, alt
    a m.n qo h! af th. nane
    a lnpil drri,us tt' harl Dqtkh
    a voran fnt b ktutt at
    ;L house ld.sd.,o,s,
    to h.ld scrodt fahities

    i, cind atribulul st o locutiune adjcctivflli:


    'rh-"wonan iu d.f. is our sm,etrl.
    Ask the nan r n, l',sn.
    3) Participiul. $ 9620
    d) Participiul precedn substantivul cind are r.aloare adjecrivaln, dar it g 96?1
    urmeazn clnd cste verb. adici atunci cind sc referd la acliunea insd;i:
    tooli away lhe .rytrs balX. lAdjectiv)
    T1i$!mtn. .fytng. told me hr. sl.o.y. 1vrb
    Slc wo.e a z',Lsd cxn.Bsion. r,\dicctivl
    T he oowd. ona.".d by the m.nkeys. i{u;hed llelishi.edty. {verb)

    D, Participiul urmazd suhstantivul in citsl'a expresii consacraLes,


    unde S 26?2
    pnstrcazA incd. in mare rnisuri. caractcrul 6{u verbal:
    on Lhe .\iy atpainted
    on ihc nighl /bll,( /,g

    pus dupri substantiv.La gi adeseaadjeerirul in aceeasi\ 26?3


    c, Pari.icipiuL
    l.oziri'. ".r" , lrivalpn ,u u p-opnzrlicel..riva:
    If

    n lnrmo "n n. ! . ", r . . nnllai, t


    ,,,\!ss,n,i
    , r , l i r . 's 1 , . 1
    too .o". p4t . "Lanl r o. 7, "/ , / , . r nr ' 1"
    {t , r , t , r , u 5 t o n , u r n t r "
    li n g , L nd w on dc.lul...).
    lle told m. alont lrre sr cne /,v.lr'd
    in his b.ok (: {.Iioh ras dc!.rttred h his bookt.
    "ar p ri

    1a
    Nn.4i! t:tn.
    /Dr : nrisuri ,le luisine (desliinlaln) : \t ii.l.es
    a , Ja. t
    , . 9t . 1 n ,
    4+ rd
    I
    ae ldFs r inr dt "
    'r
    Llrul-ld/i
    '
    "i
    rr, i 5,,
    , r "J J ", ir r . ' r .
    Dd{ r iu. l I r m ", r / j . L , L J L '\ u t , . r n a , , . n .
    . r ',
    brat:
    , . t , . "t..t. p,-ifir'
    t uor r e5dr t l
    t , iF, - J da. J . . \ . m J , l . . . " " r o J r . 5 p u n . - - i
    tol,l rdlth'.
    .^ Lhe folla,inr iiv-|t ctr

    28 , 7 4

    0bscr a a lte
    \ sF o b .ar \a d plasrr'sparli'ipiuluidu p a s u b s ld n lit -( 2 6 ; 22 6 1 3 \

    po/rtrp/zbbLr).
    sar\'srF ede.a si dsozarpJhdj" li\ului propriu-zisin acFpH,qi
    .alili'arivutui.
    seori li s.oat*tp.r ln reriar 6
    Cir'l n srroslarriv rr" nai
    4, !ub.laDlirul cu nr4i uull6 ralili'sli\e.
    9G?;
    .nulta .dlil;.ari\o. rdi ,rirul ."1 n,ai lFgat.
    io{'lF' ''' suL'srrri! 'td
    'a
    'acesiuia.
    celelalte indcpariindu-se treptat. dupa gradul
    inediah tndinlda
    .ub'lar"ivuluj
    r.ieapropi"r, al inl,lp'ul'ri l^r 'l' inrFlP,jul
    p"r'ru Ll.rFrminJn.b
    ordinii rn "ar" adja riv"le pra'.di uhsrHnri!ul Hli
    ii"-l nu Fxi.ld r.culi .b"olul". dF ',r.d ,rrn6rorL,l 'l'el n'r po0r' 'la oe 'r
    sugestii.
    Sub.tdntir cu urai lllulie cnlilicatiTo
    s 26?6

    ra..r*"r

    l'*e'' 1r';s-

    r"*r,. "lffliL

    :liil-,
    '

    ili"

    p .- ' ,1" rrn sul r


    - " onbi na
    G t J r r F la, l ' lo ,,u rl i -J l F .ri \p .b r"
    " ' r' i t
    \n
    L' " l ul
    g'
    rrpr'
    c
    n
    s
    l
    p
    z
    l
    i
    n
    i
    n
    i
    "
    d,l
    r"
    dri
    l
    i
    -,D
    a
    In
    |T a; lr F . v' n r.
    liile,'r.
    d e m ai s us :
    I1r. Smitn is a /znn?/,nr man.
    The housc itas.r l;;sd ,U bnilditg
    T hes e ar f io* /,,, a u tu rn r.ta rs
    ! \ . a" r ' r \ ' 1i
    r! ,i d rr,r,. $ e d l l ' ' r'
    / L s \Pr:d D,i n ;
    T h s E . 1 , " t ,o l r i r
    -,
    lrock on.
    She had a nd( D/ue.ntn,.
    lhe.e s'as a btachrnatblef'epla.e in IIc parlour'
    Ja.k B tr bald-healetlil,rd old man now
    a4srP d por pr' rda
    267 7
    Clnd ur . ub ra rr' i r a rp m i m u l r' r" l i l i " rri v"
    ' drr
    u rm ' r uhs t ant iv u l , .d u u n ' s l i l i ' a l i v p o d l F prF' aLl o subs Jnl i !ul cpl Ful l
    urmlndul, ln {unc.tie de intenlia scriitorului:
    d. / . h" is J , , ; p . 4 p ' . a n d o a 6 i " s w o rd n
    san: Dl She is a woman nt.d, .leer atd qnusias.
    ' t" r' 1 n .t a tu d Ptg
    sa u : . , S lr r
    d./ lrlo

    l ' . 5 ' i ' . fr 1

    i L

    d l\6 ' l' ild r 4 n

    ;, !

    and hol P l

    ,ai

    r l nd

    Le'pi ttrr?'r

    0bsefaaltLe
    .Adi'.rir"l" pl".a " d'rp" 'ub'lanriv inr "'hi'J"n " "u o f opoz'lre
    26?8
    relariv; "liDri.i'?.i1r pnTiLii rot ^nrtibui" l, "' or'"rp. lor in 'plr"t'
    2U79
    Ctnd diur."u *i, tj""rrv"s""fla. ciin{el-s. rn 0 Plr:iereddFefropicre
    de substantivul caliiicat, cel mai scurt sAu maj srmpl si; de nlrr'er mor
    depart, iar cel mai lung sau mai complicat stn lingii substantiv:
    r n \ 1, . r ! 6k 1
    T|er. $ trs , br i{ ll
    Th sl','t {i doav h ll i o ' n r r ^i f : t p 4! r 't i 1 F t l
    J . ' 5 ol e' lu dt t on Pat t t uL q L : 'a t a n 4 f 4 ! q 'o t .
    lh ", a l1 d-d
    trj:'...awo
    an al& X hi. e. . ler + aad nnr B i n g "
    a-r : "... a nicc rroman. .vho i clero antL dtuu-.ihk"
    i) : "..j:tittron q,ao LrLrc ks1i. and hrlly, nai.! and Lntesbdinal "

    ORDINEA CUVINTI!'-OF TN PFOPOZITIE

    6?l

    5) Cazuri speciele.r,gu,ir ad!FrbplorJ- limp $ t6q0


    a./ Adja ri!plF all si bolh se .onformoaza

    form; si n' pl 5).


    naprc"i q . a d if d s lnL f u. p trr;// a v p rb u l u i ,,1 d
    "
    Aat dapd to be, tLuxiliare i defectitel
    Thc tonrists all .ltnbd up to lx" peak.
    .
    We both atte\ded.llic end'of-tenn ceremonial
    ' t 1F v o- nt p " o c i . .n i rtr r. o -\.
    \ t \ : it t 5 . ! *P b o th k -" 1 o n c h ,,t r.
    Ttic kids, ndd d,l seer llLe ncw pnlpel sho$'.
    \\e nalj both i.in lhe .hildren round the Wt't4. Tree no$.
    Cind subiectLd estc un:ubstantiv,

    adjectiwele all fi rcllr pot sd il gi pre-

    A lL. b k ids l \a d s e e nth e n e $ ' p u p p e is h o i v.


    All (tha) Luti'ts .,hnbed up lo urc pcak.
    lia \ F ! E : t " r tr n o n
    ' l ro p :

    A se obserr a I ntrcbuin,tarea prepoziliei o/ p entru a(entu ilre :


    :nd
    H r ll, ns , o ' l h " | " l i J a J i fi l l .4 o t h 't
    All af hrn na.l tanr nonr.
    Be nt\.et. boh al !au!
    Batl; at tbeseross;riintes must bc considered.

    $ 2681

    ,/ Pros6nt.Acest adjcctiv 1si schimbi in9elesuldupn locul pe care il S 2682


    ocupnin propozilie:
    lve ivere6howno!e. lhc ]Dsii|ni-"]y tNo ol the ?r.s.n, rrzd.dr (: sl.udenjiiacinali).
    All the sradc,tsrresen, (: sirdentii przenli)go in lo. sports.
    ., Enough. ,{ce""t adjectiv prccedi sau urmeazd substantivul:
    $ t68t
    .xpeienceenoLgt)lor ihc iask tnt.usted to
    He hasn'i gof ,,ozsl crteience (s
    ^n
    Thrc isn't cn,agn .rt,e (s at trine enough)to gotound,Xoushould buy sono no.c.
    (v e z i i i $ 2 3 5 3 )

    SU3STINIIYAL
    [. LOCUI,,tTTiIBUTUI,UI
    1) Urmitoarele alribrte Fecedd subsiantivul determinat:
    a./ substantivL adjecli!'at i

    s 2684
    s s686

    a Qoodlire (: ua ioc de lcmtrcl


    / t / e wood ( : l e m n c d c l o c l
    a gla$ Je { . un ochi de,stioul
    {n rv.-glass t: un monoclul
    lll

    substartivul in cflzul genitiv saxol:


    i, ' r r io, nr . r s o u l p u l o l n " ' .n i n rr .. g a 'i : J { .dd' l j .
    . t t dp. t n o -rd h 1 \ rrd p oL o u * d i n a n tr bui l di n;.
    T

    2) Urrnitoarle aLl!.b.ote rmeazd substantivul determinat:


    d , rp oz ilia;
    Unole Jdnn l.lL carly todrl.
    Jones.o,r ncd apptenticc.is a joll)-' tharacld.
    Itead tuom -\ct Oac, Itcene Ttro, parag.aph ntrnber rhue.
    Dl substantivul in cazul genitiv prepoziiional:
    The witrdo$' o/ tur roon wrs .losed.
    He rvas a{arded the Order o/ Zaro&..
    I &td : tulti: r/F ltdr
    puitimea
    -

    s 2686

    5?2

    SINTAS

    PEOPOZIT1 T

    III. IOCUL ATRIBUIULUI PRONO]TINAI,

    2687

    Atributul pronominal, liind un adjectiv, este pus ln limba englezdindintca


    substantivului determinat:
    m! lrle
    oa. imp.cssion
    ,/.is (sau ,1d,, lesson
    the tdncr lsau the lara./ No.dB

    s!.1, phrases
    .!omdsilvr
    ahdt jo|
    trhich d,ay

    { 9688

    IY. IOCUL ATNIBUTT,'L{JI I]X?IIIIAT

    S 2689

    1) Urmdtoarele atribute preced; substantivul determinat:


    a_/ articolul:

    PIIN ALTE PIRTI

    DX IOITBIBD

    She recciv.d a micro-gfoovcrecord as d p.esent.


    Ale s..ll serrioe stores }'ere open otr Sundays.
    ,, numeralul adjectivat:
    IIe linishd nis Nork in /i@ da15.
    This was the s.ondday-nurserxlnilt in tle village.
    Hare )ou a doLDrdbcdmom vacanl?
    $ S690

    2) Construcliile echivalente cu o propozi,ti relatii'e atributivE


    substantivul determinat:
    T l' a, bu\ l\ \ , , o ' .1 ,&" , i . r tr,z e { i , n e " .
    ( $ho spoke)was the ohairmnn.
    Tl,c li.si nan ,o
    T ' pi. lur 5 | l ta'"cal
    t a ^ | i , th :. e rl l " t! a tr a l l t " rrrdi s.
    l oi r k , , ok o l J n .\o n ' "r o u i -," ,i ,7 ,rg u p idr l bsr ni g' r.

    2691

    unna-d

    C. LOCUL CO}IPLEI{ENTUI,UI

    1) Complcmcntol dircct. Vezi $ 891. 2599 2602, 261E 2619.


    2) Complenentul indirect.
    Vezi \ 891. 2618-2619.
    2692
    3) Yerb cu doui tromplcmente:direct !i indircct.
    Cjnd un verb are
    doui co plenenle. unul djrect !i celelalt indirect. oricar din acestecomple
    mentepoateli pus inainteaceluilnlt( q 2618-2619.314--318):
    aJ cind complenentul dircct prcccdi conplemenlul i lircct. acesta
    are forrna prepoziliorialnI
    Ig "\ru ?"
    I ro .gtt

    . tl
    ,',
    lI ) , , laur t aq , - 1t ,
    r r l r r , '" " t o , r l : o n . ,
    d Ll2t , , ' , it l. lir . ) / , " r , , d ( . , . , "1 , j ', i " . l . , e l ' / . i u a d l .

    lJ cirrd cornplerrrentulindilecl. precedi complenenlul direcl.. prepozilia


    cslo omisi:
    I ga\e nE ha! (fon, . i,dir.) r-,.(,i/ iconpt. dir ).
    I aouEht
    niniron,fl. indir.ld' s;r.rrl 1.;rrl. ,lb.l
    9693

    Cind unul din cele doun complemertc cstc ur Zr.)rr,,/. pcrvnoL. )ootl
    snu estc ,r?cdialdupi \*h,
    Ee srioe.d/kr l(rttl. indir I L,/ rary l(nrl. dir I.
    Wrcsho\rcdn 1.,omtl.,lii.l tu thephalosraphct
    i(odpl. indi..).
    Cind nmind!un conplenentelesint pronume persona)e,complementul
    direct, il preccdil de obicci pc ccl indircct:
    \Ye shos.dt (con!1.dn.) ar,i lt (com!].iidn.).

    s 2694

    D. I-OCUJ,CONIPJ,EI'IE\TUT,LII
    {lIRCUIISTA\.''f
    I\L
    Penlr locul complementelor
    erprimate prin Adrerbe.vezi S 2288-

    SINT.A.XA[R,.{ZEI
    CONSIDERATII GDNEIiAI,E
    D
    r)e
    "[n
    nm
    i ia
    lr afndz
    az crri
    R ,n
    .,Jror
    o rl u'lu'
    d"d"
    ^' oor d^nirp s i d F s5 rb o " d u n rr.
    p ' oor d^nirp
    Et pm pr,t a

    IL

    ..... .

    lrJzdl

    C L ACI f I I ! T , t \
    P RO POZ IT IIIOB 5 I BOR D N N V II: ]-B I\ A \\LO
    C rI CU P A RT I LT L' E \OR BrR t ... ..
    .. ...
    fto p o zill&luD8t t ir ol d
    ...... _ .. ........ ... .. ....
    I'ro p o z if t u& diec t ir ald
    ...... .. _.. ... ...... _..
    Pro l o z it ii s ir ior bis b
    _ .. ... ........ _.... .....
    Pro p o / ili' I m por dl, r
    ...
    ..
    ..
    l 'ru l o z . ll, lr ut u dnl i a ' , d r ' u
    l 'ro p o z iiiac ir nm s t J n l i d l ad . m ,rd .Pro l o z rl i a
    .
    rro Po/ ' lr . ir 1r ' / dt 3
    Pr, t,o?ir. r I nllJ : d , d e s .u t,
    ... ... ..
    fsp ,/:r ia, u. D+ ul \ i
    ....
    rro p o z , t r a. oD. c . \ 1
    ..
    .
    rro ro. I , l of l. r r r na r\.r
    ..
    .. ... .. ..
    Pr^ o^7il, dpr pr i,dlird
    .. .. .. ..
    Pro J'or iliin' nJ il onJ l .:
    .... .. .........

    !r1

    26!5
    t6sri
    2:0r

    515
    1JL
    :,:5
    i _5

    ::04
    2705
    2Jrt
    ,r4
    .t112:2t

    576
    516
    Sj,
    s78
    i :8
    5: )

    ,l /\
    2710
    2731
    ,273t
    2ti ' ,
    2-\0
    2-12
    2:4t
    21i 2
    ri tl

    57o
    i 80
    5sO
    S or
    5,rl
    58:
    i 8r
    i 83
    uo4
    53t
    584
    5aL
    585
    58d
    587

    Structure

    Cuvhl.ele introduclive ale tro l o z i !n ri , o n d i l i o u l r


    l L 'n u ri le l, r t k buinlat c

    Cbzu" st p' i l!
    . otd ri r,ar_ >r p rop o/ i
    . ..
    , , "r , . .
    " s.ulnr
    ondilin' . l in pr opo/ t i1 L 'r 'n ,i o d l , . .
    s rD . Jon .li\rl , | . 'loJ. F d'
    I llF " . u- .rh_ oo , i\ rlJ , in Dr ooor ' r id f ondir onald . . . : . . .
    T i t' rl ir I., d ,,.n
    on. l. i. . . .
    O " d,r"a l,"op o,il lo.
    . ..
    . ... ..
    P .ou, z li ,ur'!io nJl;
    ind. ! n r . I '
    l. \ ' ai, 1 .a in tru,'o l li , ondi. t nndl
    .. ..
    P "ol ozil .,
    "or lil nd l' "liplh

    2i 56

    .. ... .

    -\lt F:,l

    on\l"u |i ,,,|||i,L ' ,


    ....
    T rd/J u nd 'liolb lb d pl \ ' , r i. ,
    ll' , pn/ i .' d lir'o nd ri : i r , r q" ' |. . np' , ". t . .
    r' ropo/r rd 1 .Idrl or'.'r; + r p' opLZ r ' . or . . ( l

    tl r .

    CL-{SIl'lC\RE-\ PROPOZITIILOP"
    PRI\ ,^;\-ILOCIE
    -cljBOItDONATE
    au |AIITILE PrioPozITtEL.............
    f.oo, / ,lir .ub i-, lvb
    n -rr"\,
    lropn' a
    lrcpa/ i) a at l,'i\:...
    P " opo? il r 'o !1 ...1 "
    'i

    I\'.

    Pru l 'u / it i, ' ,ir or m J r nli i l r


    l 'ro !o z li' I , r . poz ilion a l e
    STRUCTURA FR.{ZD]
    Protoziliu ind.pcnd.nl.,t
    Ira za { r odr ler i
    . . ..

    . .. .. .
    .....
    J

    ,t5rJ
    2764
    2768
    t776
    ,,.i 1
    t,.81
    2JA E
    !7S 6
    21A1
    2188
    !i 90
    l i 91
    2794
    2793

    :795
    2:.
    :8^l
    8oi

    t81t
    t813
    ,819
    282t,
    ,8rt
    ,8r8
    ir8.r9

    5llll
    588
    5S9
    589
    5ll9
    590
    i!0
    ;90
    590
    5 'J l
    5,J1
    51lt
    5!'
    i92
    59li

    5!4

    5!5
    i 96
    i !6
    5!6

    ,7 4

    !:L
    597
    9831
    283'
    2A34
    1836
    t83t
    2838

    CORESP NNDD\ T\ T I M PU R IL OIi


    F.su 1 1 . . . .
    ..... .
    Ke tn ra
    Re g u l aI I I

    2846
    2A41
    2848
    284!
    t850
    2858
    t8t3
    2876
    2877

    A ' li.n r s,mu lr.nP qd u . on5p . i, .


    A , .." 1 nt,.-io drll dlleil . . .

    ,\c1 j uneiiloar c

    . . _ ....-...

    ni'ii,i,ri'i ri.,jri-iri"
    ,
    "'r"'c*.,t
    Condilional\tl

    1'L

    STILULDI RDCT DI IN D IR EC T
    Definilie
    ....
    Tra n slo. m ar eas lilulu i d i re c tIn s l i l i n d i re .l .... . ..
    Ca.uri speciale
    P.orozitia nlte.oEaiiYn
    '
    "
    ..
    . ...
    P.o ;o z iiia ex c la; at i \-n
    .
    . . .
    ... ... .. ..
    rre i u t ir r nat de t' .r e z n l
    . sl kn rwiu . . . . . . . . .
    -...
    ,'
    verbclc defecl.ivemodale
    ..
    ..
    No d ul im per aiiv
    r'rsi no- "
    ' -'
    . '
    . .
    '
    sd xs it elt . . .
    ...................
    Vo ;a iiac t e . . . . . . . ....
    .
    ..
    .....
    No l iuneade v iit or

    YII.

    t39r
    ,894
    2895
    28e6
    !9011
    2905
    2906
    2907
    2108
    2909
    29tl

    IN TER O G A T I A$I NE GA T IA
    In h o d u c r e . .
    Io l e ro s r lia. . .
    l, \ p mo d d l ,!i 3 u \:1 i .._ 48r"E Il \v C . DO. Ll rT.....
    Ne se l iB . . . . . .
    \ crb( e lPri.dlp
    Verbele to BD, to H]IVE, DO, LET ii dcnttivele
    Altp ptabkw L [" aaP1rrPe't:P
    Cuvint ele de ne ga lio . . . - . . . . . . . .

    modale

    Du}la negalic
    Senrinegaliile

    nesrtirn
    Introg8tir

    i n to ro g a ti re
    s .o ncgtti rc . . .. ....
    I n.""oC1 'a Fro "i ..

    1878
    :879
    2885

    2913
    2914
    t918
    2920
    29t1
    2923
    2!!8
    !930
    29J3
    2936
    ,937
    :938
    2943
    29tr1
    1949
    t95t
    195!
    !953

    59S
    5-a,q
    593
    600
    600
    600
    li00
    601
    601
    602
    60!
    60i
    603
    604
    608
    608

    610
    610
    6tl
    611
    612
    61:l
    611
    614
    {j l {
    614
    6l t
    61t
    6tj
    61rl
    615
    616
    61{t
    61ri
    61:
    611
    61i
    618
    6t.q
    618
    619
    620
    620

    610
    620
    621
    6tl
    622
    6l l
    6.1.1

    !!i11

    n6.!

    ' nsul -

    di

    :t955
    2956

    62tr

    SINTAXA

    TNAZEI

    (SYNTAX OF THD SENTENCE)

    I. CONSIDON,ATII GENERALE
    1) Dotinilia frazoi. - Fftza (The Sentence)PslPo i rbinar. de propozifii S 26$5
    care exprime o gindire cornpletx int._un toi unil.er.
    d / I n o ddc d and 6m i h d a t h F r'
    6 j 'l b o s , h" r . F s " " r o t l i m p to ri s oo n Fd i J b ' o r' $ ' d $ho \a n; ur of
    onnressus will b sweDi likc leaYes."r
    ''
    ;l !.rom his bedtdon, whi.h was on the lirstlloor, he co .t not seeRhat the childrn
    did in ihe garden whcn Urey weDt out to plaX.

    dc suhoralonaro (Coonlination dnd JaD2) Raportul ale coordorarc


    'si poi it:
    ordination). - Propozi.tiile din frazi
    a) &ordonate (Caa nn&), cind. apart;Iiid acel'ia;i categorii, se afld
    in rapori de egalitate intre lei
    b) suba onate (S bardi.nate)unle altora. cind nu fac parte diti aceea;i
    categone.
    -Atit
    coordonarea,clt fj subordonarease lac formal fic prin ir'.,laI'rn'e
    ( I udap.)sitiou,
    )1, adica prin alnturarea propoziliilor firi introducerea unui
    co.rini de lgnture, iie cu ajuiorul unui cu.ointnre Ie utft;te.
    CuvinteL de legnturi poL fi: conjuncliile coordonaloarsau subordonatoare, locutiunile conjunclionale. pronlrmele sau adjeci.ivelc;rterogaLilo ori
    relativ, !i adverbelerelative sau adverbele cu Yalonre de conjunclie:

    S 2696
    S 2697
    S 269i1
    S 2699
    $ 2700

    J - \ r t ' r r r ef d
    |.on qu a"dd
    I LJnp. II'\.
    . lux at uor \tp alt likFJ hin : F q r " . . L .
    T L v m e r oa d ia lkp d r ' ll dr . . r Cor i. ' uo, do! , lo, ' r "l
    Hc A tol r su,o he p so r . m im . b- , / , F ho had J lr p. ' lJ s . ' n i r . ( C o " _ u l o " . l o n t o o r " l
    SIe asked-me @/,, ine man was (P.on inte.oglliY)
    Tnev told me Ure storY tnar I had forgolten. (Pron rellliv)
    $.e ;ondered ,rnosd nlDer had be,,n read. (Adi. interog.tirl
    I don't know on'.e tire-sed.tary has Sone to (^dv. relaiill

    Coordonarease poate face atlt intre propoziliile principale. cll' ;i int're


    de acelaqilel care rlcpind de aceeati regenti':.
    suborLtonaLele
    3) El0mel1tel6frezei' - Llementcle djn care sc compunefittza se numesc: S 27{)l
    al propozilii principale
    6l prcpozitii secundare.
    pst' lropuziijs $ 27oz
    a) Propozilia principatd (The principol ar lloin fl.lusP)
    JFplrn
    nu
    un
    in:'
    E"
    rerbul
    di"
    lra,,.
    nna'c'\cJ'su
    prrn"ip"l
    crre ronline
    subor(lonatn
    unei S 2703
    CLrmdl est
    b) Propozilia secund.ard(The SuboftU'nate
    secun
    propo;iiii ;umiid rcgrnld, carc Poatefi principala -qauo altn lropozilit
    iarl. Da indepiinesuelunc,tia unei pi,rli de propozilie a rcgentei saLrinire
    ge,stctntelesul acesteiaori al unei fir,ti de propozilie din r,'geitii:
    llc stoke sloNll shcn hjs s!ee,h \as bfoddcist
    1Ch. Dicliflls, Thc Cltin$

    ,vczr s 1103.

    (Three Chrishat

    't\n$ )

    5?0
    u InL" l -s dFpl i n: ' ' l ' ' n
    . paA - : t " tl ' r' p d rp p ru p o z i ti d o ri r" i p" l "
    l' H
    t' tr p ro p o ? i i i d " u b u rJondl i , u l uncl r' dp omprc'
    , " / , , r os br c a d t" t
    n rs
    | . ir ' ur r " r at lii l l c l i m p s l r" e F n r" i l
    me ."p
    \Vc did not ask jl he was { good spori r
    p .' p p ru p o z i l i u f i n i p " l " . al ..F i i nl " l c' rrphu;c i nU rLlV p did n, . t o' 1 '
    nrrr' ' a l
    r d| F rP
    Ei l J. br , oor dons r e ' I r' x r o o o 4 ' p ^ ri .
    ^ ' urnl trerrtd
    Fin(ling l.hat he had loryotten to iakc his .!ai he retu.ned home to lcich rt
    t' " h' l ' l l ot!l !" !.t'
    ' H F t t ' n" dl' . n
    1 0 t' t,i !t' tu ;n !
    ' ho'
    " ' ' p ri r" i prrr:
    L d t:.1, i' n, at F - r ! U o o td o n i d ' rrro l d F ,n ' n l l " mP nr di ra' | ' l \crbrrl Lr/' ' r' l ' n-'

    din principaln.l

    $ 270+

    PRIN
    PB0P0ZITIIL0RSUI}0RD0N-{TD
    IL CLTISIFIC,{RE-{
    DE I OR,BIRE
    A\A',OOIE CUP.tr.NTILE

    lr' ,rr"n.rri . "nr-l'za.lr-lozitiil"'rrLn'ln-"t- 'i' | "uri ' dupi prtt-a


    torbir.
    a .5rpi tu;, lip ; r;dcfrineF.. \s li I .rF '- irrpirl in:
    dc
    ( 1\aun C Lautcs
    propozitii
    subst.lntieale
    ,\.
    ) - subordonalclecare tndepli
    nesc fu-nclia unui substantiv;
    l4jPa;41 rbas"s) B. nraoatit,i odi,a'Jut" l 1di 1',
    .uborJo;dr;lF ;dr" ind"rli1e." lirnrlio unui adjectir:
    C. proDozitii ddt'erbiaLc(Attkrh Clausessau Adt''ibiLl Cl|utes) - snb
    or.donatile - cari: indeplincsc lunctia unui adverb.

    ! ,705

    $ 2706

    \. PHOPrrZll l.\ sl IJST.\\'l l\ALA


    (TI{E NOUN CLAUSE)
    SuborilonaLacare indepiineqte func!,ia unui substantiv poat fi:
    l) subiectulunui verb din regentd (propozi,tiesubictive):
    Whataoudo is no .oncemoi mineIthoLeier sae s,gs is $i6e
    Thot lau shtuld soll so A surltisrng

    regentn (propozilie

    s 270?

    2) name pr(.(licd]tit) li propozilia


    He is ,noi / shan neeetbe
    She made me Qnar 1 an.

    5 2708

    :
    3) apozilic(ptopozitreatributivn apozilionald)

    5 2709

    4) complenentdtrc., (propozilie completil'd dircln):

    predicativn);

    as rn agreerlle sLlrl)r]sc
    The nN5 ,nar ne eas aoode.d the State P"ize(are
    ln. " rvu s d L"n' r , l t dn: h r s il|E ! hr d und ' @ o dt u ' J o t "
    bP dr '
    I Jo n l lhin k : l lil"lr / lal A"
    ' t l1

    I r.old hin frndrl I aantad to do m! latt


    H. W]* ahal I hdd sdil

    { 2710

    5j cot plement prePozitional (propozilie ptcpozilio aln):


    He thousht ol shat his f4Loe'aatke$ hdd toltJ hitu
    They listned to shat I hdtl b eU

    1L tt a (saod) s!",:

    a nr!.legc de gluna: a li trtr lnr oamara'l

    cr,,{srFrcaE a PlroPozrTlrl-oR

    $ 27rr

    B. PROPOZUIAADJECTIYAL'{
    (TilE ADJECTIVEcl'\rjsn

    oF ADJEcI'Ivru' cl,-{usE)

    detprmini prin
    Subordon"La.are arp \Jlo rpr unrri adiecri\" 'i 'are
    tun lia d" a'ribul si este
    rndPplinpsr"
    r,rmdr. un subslsnlrvsd'r u1 pr^r'!n'r'
    o propozi,tie atibatiad (\ 2a0i)
    Ea ste introdusd Prtnir_un:
    ( that not)l;
    dt q)ho' tphom'tkhich' trhat' as'
    ii
    'a'
    ""i"]"f '"t
    "*"**
    rclativ
    bl ;drectil
    fulase):
    ad;etb r.rariv (r'h n nt'"t" 'Nhut'
    ";
    n p"opo'i,i" relati.vdLdeterminariadl'
    /""IJ"rilin
    "aj""ti"Ae "tt"
    A t enlie !
    cu alte subordonate:
    Propozi,tia adjectivala este adeseori 'onfundati
    suhsttrntir&li''- L]nelepropolit'ii S 2712
    d ) ProDozitieralioctiYaldsar propt'zilio

    ",b-iJ"i;;i.";t
    The

    ii""""r""a"'' "u o"opo'iLiir'


    "JjF'riLarp:

    pronise

    at /'a'l remetuLetedsa late was now useless

    'io'

    csrc prot'ozitiradjecti!rla

    deter-

    o
    so l1lc'
    'sre
    l'Ihar tre haiLremcnLbcreiL
    elte hgar, prin pronumclreLanv
    care
    de
    prornise',
    'the
    substantivul
    minn"
    that.)
    Thc ttonise

    her holes
    that thcv Mre gathq to /'erp n . relived

    l"t:#l-iii;:";#:l"lt':#':n""'.*^;;
    :f:"fi,-$:x,,T
    ."".*J
    prin conjunclia lhat l
    N old

    i:-1ffi":\il*""-l'":lililL:
    '""""l"J;"!f
    '^"#':"x1ii:T'l'J
    ","i""#lf :li':?iilJ'irfi
    :;:i
    ::;'::"":
    ::':";i:'''
    fr.'l;::l;"

    i";ji;"1*l*;:

    psr" o lropozilh 'ubrrdnlivilS'


    adverbiali'- ln frazele care S 2?13
    ",,1""a"."'^
    D) Propozitioailiectirati 8&u propozitio

    {-inri"i tx,''"
    in:fi
    t}il'.*:''';l::rrlff!
    iires,,i.".1,ri,.rF..ur.i'"
    propozi,

    ^1"'J:#[l;il. J,]"*::"':l;l.;X;

    osropu,
    ara
    i'#,;i"",""""
    lll"illlli;Jill"i,l;"J.
    i;11,;:,;':llllll
    adverpecindpropozilia
    """"#:$;tttti'ff1:Silatd estenunaide'erninari,ii'
    h;ali e.te ex?IicalLed
    l Ve z i g 2t 40- r 741
    ']'e z i 5 2t 42
    encreze
    3f - Gradaue ilnbri

    878

    ! 2714

    SIICTAJ<A FNAZET

    C. PROPOZITI,'\ ADVERBIALA
    {THE ADVERB CLAUSE OR ADVERBIAL CL-{USE)

    2?16

    Propoziria adverbiald este o suhorJonati carc tndeplinest funciia de


    adverb. Ea "orespundFprot^7iLi"ir;r r,tlstontiat"
    din ;ramalira ron.inj.
    propoziliile
    2?16
    adverbele,
    adverbiale
    se
    lmpart
    ln urmitoarele cate..Ca 3i
    gorD pnncrpare:
    1) propozilia temporald
    2) propozi,tia circumstantiali de loc
    3) propozilia circumstan,tiale de mod sau comparativi
    4) propozitia cauzal{
    5) propoziria finald sau de scop
    6) propozilia consecutifi
    7) propozi,tia concsivd
    8) propozilia relativ[
    9) propozilia condilionali
    271?
    l) Propozilinlemponld ( lhc Adr,rbiol .lou.? af linral rispunde la
    lntrpbdrilc ,ri"r? sin".,rhcnl ltll ||l4n? (lat) hae IonE?ct.. ( ;i',dt d"
    .indl p;narlnd i .;r ri-p:' pFnlru.lt timplj. Ea esteintrodusn1n p,"',"rpprin.
    oltff. bqaft. as. dinc g. an,,.
    till. until. qh"n. tahnptpr.,rh;t",;h;tr,,
    'in.".
    now (that), dr (sau so) Iong a.s,
    as soan as, hardly... ehen, scaftelE...ahen,
    no sooner...than eLc.
    d, I shal] go ic the licin*s ohzt I haee finishzd qo*.
    H shall not come herc ahile I an aqau.
    As tahg as gou aant to qoli, yon $.on't feet uselcss_
    ,.) I should latk to hin ds 5oon as I sar ntft, if I w.e you.
    c) Ilanlh/ had. h. cohe hrtue rtuz he was recalled.
    Ih.t! hdJ : o-ptu Jtn;.h"d d* sire *hen rhe eu srs arrived_
    hod l':pattu h t,:n /fi;" / rp;ret:Fd my $ords.
    fio
    "aon"r

    0bseraalit
    dsupra
    eremplclor
    2?18
    aJ Ctnd verbul din regenti este lfl /iitor, verbul propozjtiei tcmporate
    eslel; indiolirul pr"zpnlp;nlru acliunilesau st6rilpsi;ullanp, saula pr". nfin perfect.cind.acliunea sau starea din subordonata este anterioar.i ac.leia
    or4 regenna.
    (Veziti g t850 2853,t860-986r)
    2719
    D) Crnd vcrbul din rcJent.ip.teld .ondilionot,vcrbul propoziri.i Fmro"al" cslp ld 'ubjon"tir.rV.zr ri S 28 18)
    2720
    c) E ard.lyg\ scarcelgslrit \rrir,aLede when; no sorzer, fiind un comparah v,
    t
    este umat de lDdn.
    scarce?ysau na soont se afl; la lnceputul propozitioi tempoClnd.hd.rd.LlJ,
    rale, vprbul ps.e inver.al 'u .ubi""lul.
    ln acesttip de trazl lexemplificat la punctul fnl], subordonai,acuprinde
    ambii membri si loculiLrnii:
    pdncilal{)
    he was recalled(prorroziiie
    Il@dly had he comehomeelea (subordonatd
    temporah)
    the suestsarrived (propo,ilieprincilali)
    They had s.a/.cly linishcddressingrii?z lsubordonaH
    temloral,'i)
    I resrel.ted
    m"1.
    words{prolozifieprincitald)
    No so,El nad I sloke! to ljm daa lsubordonautemlorald)

    CIJASIITCAREA PN'OPOZITILOR

    6?l

    A tcnIie !
    A se compara:
    (Trnlrotclr).S272f
    a')'|'heddre4hddtuthehadtalkciltomeaLouthisintcrestintootball

    t h p d o h . ; s heb. s 4nt a .tu" ;9 . s h " F a l i z rd i l n J ' rh e I t^hri on for qhi h rh" I' a I
    a vocation. iTemDoralir)
    h t'l n .la\ ' t on a hi h ),' n d d 4 a $ rs h s l d :l d r r h " ' ummFr.am! (A l ri bu' i \ l l
    ( uh? nt s h "b " | a " l " .tu ' i ' I \a s 1 l u rn r_g p i nr i n l rpr l i f" rA tri '
    ../1 .md m a
    butivd)

    fl n e renplul d^ la p u n ' l u l //' .r' ' u b n rd o n a l " l " rdi punJ l a Inl rabrrea
    d" l a pun' tul 1' b' J. subwr"p2 si .i nt . Dr in ur c \ s i e , tc mt' n rd l p l r.t' c m p l u l
    o r lt on d ta d " t " c hina s uh. ra n ' i v ;l -l h o d s y g i e { te adj ocl i val 6 (rtri buri vd).
    or inri o a l a iiir ' d: - T he dr t w u s h i . l " ' i a r l b F s ' rmmpr .smp ' Tn .xempl ul
    ;. L, p u n "rLl / - t , . ubor i l o n a ta c .ri q i .u l i L .re n u r"i re dcrormi na' rrbstanri r u l - L h " mo , r n' r t ' s i es Led d j c .ti ! s l a (d l ri b u ti \ d ). p ri n" i pal a ti i nd -tl ' n moment
    was a turning point in her )ife".l

    2) lroDozitie cioumstar,tiali da loe (Tlrc Adeerbi&l Clause of Place) $ 2722


    undcl iolotro:' plnd
    resound' la tnit'birilp '" r" hna lar2 ham 'rl"'P'(:
    unjc.' d. unde11.Fla est" ir,lrodusdprin .rvint"l" h t'. ,h"nrc. shithff'
    elc. :
    aheraeer,wheresaeger
    I crn t takc vox shie I'ot^ eoing
    r comc a.rois him ,.ha.."r thqp ;s a ,a"..4.

    ,4 tenli

    e!

    lylpre nu introduce mrmai propozilii ciroumstanliale de loc, ci Si pro- $ 2723


    pozilii substantivale, adjectirale qi principale:
    Whire he ao .As i! d Dl"J s anl pld. r ' Pr onu/ ili. s ub5 l a n l i v 'l . t s u L i ' l : v . i
    tu fik is t Pr opoz i' t ' " s ulJ anliv dll ' om l ' p l i v d d i r e ' l l l
    T cll me
    'ln lt "r
    / k l; ' ps . Pr opoz ile d d j e . r i v r l l l r i b _ u r i v i
    | ,3ntrp,nrmb
    h e pt at p
    ' tina& s au a f t f ud!
    (vropozrlr pnnflparJl
    \V p $pD\ lo lrrF th .alr.,
    'h

    de mod. Prolozilia romlrralivd. (fhP 5272t


    3r ProDozitiarirrumbl^sn!ialA
    Adv,tbial atdr;s"of lllann"r or ahnrr''i.ar) r""pund" la in'rpbErilal?o4r']
    ctt,l de cit ori?)
    hotr much2 ha* nana 2 hou,many tifies? eti. (:ium?
    contine al doilaa termen al $ 2?26
    conpatatiad
    a) ProDozitia
    r,".i .;mparai;i stafitilp d. rpgFnra.f esr" introdusdprin "uvint"l" as as tf
    as thonpl than, t/l + un comparativ, so far asi ss--.as etc.l
    As it eas eith ,ttn, so it tns $ilh her'
    Slro sniled as if shz betelod'r enjosine heser
    They looked aL ne @ thoush the! hdi
    Thev daDced \ettet thdl ther saas
    aIh; less she heaB abaut t, thd bettef it is

    ,./ ConjunctiathDll esteprecedat.rde un oomparativ carese afld lnregentd. S 2?26


    (\''zj pcnuliimul exemplude maj 6us)
    Conjunc,tiaas poate fi precedat{ ln regente de cuvintele dsi sa, $acl, sau
    Snp is ,s clpver or r/'e n lf.t'y
    ll, is n ot i,/d s im Dor t r nl as ! u! / 1, , r .
    ."fu "
    lh.l" $ ss.r./. ldu; ' r l"r as / , "; had nen 1
    She spokc in the s;md quict wsy ar si" hdd al\,aus dane
    I j,r

    cu.p nt n li 1bd "n; lpr , . , , r l, i . . i J ' " J a s n j o - v : n g1 . 6 . 1 1 . t o r n d


    "D une
    n:"4
    " o I . . dr,r.r'
    r' -lsuo sra nd ard
    ch id,
    ld"a'
    "' d1'
    - "n",
    ' , r . ( v 4iqli
    . d:ri' i r i c J o s u p o 'r l F
    r ' t' r inlrluaa
    .o rc.t1
    . )adi.
    t t n""t
    d
    rorln
    1.
    A"d
    maricdl
    -jl

    680
    2727

    p r op ozi I i a . on p 0r t Ii I d
    Llips a
    rtrb u l u i
    c)
    in
    \ ' pr bul din pr o p o z i l i a s p .u n d a r6 .d r;.o n ;r i l ui p
    al doi l pr t" rmnn al un.i
    comparalii poate adeseori lipsi:
    Hp is m or F s ,n " ro u s /n d ,
    " n r:s
    Itjs larenls ire as old a, nind-t;.e].
    I don l s r ' eal,a s s o o ,l En s l t o s d o trJ o ,.
    T Ley dr t m or " :n i c .l ' g " n l -,,ta ni h i v a r' l f
    . a,er,,i.
    Alec is lceling bcllo iodal ,,,aDlhe l'aslr -."
    tos,

    ln unele cazuri. etipsa verbului poate crea ambiguiidti, care trebuie


    tdeturate prin repelarea hri, lD special in scris, unde lipsesc mijloacele
    o ra l c dc lam ur ir p c i n :d ,,u l u i : a r, a n 1 . i n ro n al i F, pl us g" sLi .6 eLc.
    272A
    P r opoz iLia. om p d .s ri \d e l i p t;" 6 F s l F , e a m" i ti pcre-nraformA de compa.
    He is more jrduslrious than lou latel.
    '
    q .ll
    Thev

    Dlav

    aq

    !P

    r ' ,| ;wr

    II i"'h:" .jarhrldn ^
    no",.060.
    h..un L ominsoul.
    -ir "J'lo;
    Ahe &oner lit isl,-,r,
    Ae'ertit jsl:
    rh. natu t\|a arc1,&e henie;L\r tsi.
    \-prbul din propoT;!i,ompflra1i\aplifti"n nu poatF,ns; lipsi de.it tn
    caTulclnd pslt lo rr, bsu "lnd arit ln rFgpnta,l' ti ln subordonalE
    se afl; a,clasi lerb.
    (Veziii ! 882-883)
    prora:t!t
    i ronporoti!".
    2129
    d) Jnlo.u;rro
    Propozitis
    .ompirali\d inlrodusdpri; coniun.tis ,rdn po,le ti uncori inlo.uild nrintr.u
    conalruclipcu infrnitirul. ca:. estp pr"ierald , a Iiind m6r scurlal
    lo u "o uld n'l do b"ll"r lhbn l"d' - lr " d on"j n,, \ \ '
    lnsn i/wd 1"// h"r alon nlq
    Thre was notling the child disliked mofu than ,r:ra, ar. l,nme br l,mscu 1: thair
    qhea he ndyed ai lome by hinsell).

    2?30

    4) Propozi,ttacauzali ( The Ade.rbial Clauseof Causear Resson) fispnl;ld"


    1a tntreber {tru (=, Ior vhai reason)l /rom ehat &tuse2 (: de ce? din ce
    cauzd?).Ea e.(teintrodusd prin as. because.
    sincer. wherea.*,;n that, nat tha1,
    for the rco-.onthat an the Ero nd that, cansideringthat, sccingthat9l
    I didr'i go to the bon' n e btaa* I wastied.
    r;,e nu "
    atts 1, o, "not h, . n: u, e". t uL 4"r . I s n a l l 0 . , i s t .
    .o ns:dp i;nsi thdt t . p r c \ p|dA s , / ,
    r.n hF teFl $Fltr
    - ir , , - noLr

    2731

    5r tropozitifl linale rau dc {ol tTLF tlt rbiat atauceof Pdrpa'p) rt).
    punde la intrebnrile tty (: $hai forJ? for what purpose? (: in ce scop;r).
    Da esteintrodusi de that1,so lhat, tn aftLefthat, Iest,for feor el,c.:
    I gor.up early rnd,Tl na!/ be in tihe for schaalSh. l ll al on"p ro that .lb nitzh! k,"p h.t ot pan m" .
    T l, " \ ill3g" m $ o u l d nl Ip r. s i d rl $ i l n o u ' i gni ,l " ,tor teor

    ' " " ha" t' l ea

    l a.t ;r tl ,p

    r ln a" " as ' a pr o p o z i ti l i !5 F 5 rFa l | ! rb u p rd,d,. cl l si s b:' .1 .1.


    : P . . i5lii r pc oma n dpr l i p " l tp rb ,l u i n u m n i1 r .n.i ,j i d rr" srd 5- rl l d rn a,r' ai
    ' mo
    9i mod n, ambetep.opozilii. ln limba curent{ lnsl aceasinrecomandarenx e6trcspecta6
    t5 8 831,
    $to leatu alone a lisa In pace.
    : In stilul olicial si ju.idic.
    . "on.;d*in6. rpi?6 ttut .. ,t"t lil|'d r'..
    ? lrar : .i si.

    CI]ASTFICAREA PROPOZITIILOR

    68I

    Verbul.dinpropoziliafinelCestIn gcnere
    la modutsubjonctiv( { l5?5). { UZ8S
    ^ue r-erc
    marmurieorr.tn8d.
    o con6tructic
    cu inliniti,tl cslcprcfaraldpropozi_'
    dg mar multd concizie
    lrFrrrnare,deoanece
    stilului:
    I gel up early ,o D. ir tims lor sohool.
    Sl'e left ot once ro /r4dphcr appoinrmcnr.
    w, wFrent' l.t to start witlout a guid". nat b e.t lort tn rh. tao.t.

    (The AduerbtolClauseof R"sultor Conspruti4 \ ZTgl


    ,. 6) PmpoziliscoDcoculivd
    C{daje,/
    ralA,con3cclnla
    sAurezultatul
    actiuniidin regentd.
    Eo esteintrodu6dpftn uw, so nar, lso'.-.)tkat,(suchL...)
    that,but:
    Nrvpr a scck sop6 by ,[zr sh. h.sn t @M ,o s.c ur.
    A r fasf.mo rnin Se omo .60r iat u. naa dbk t t 6nt ineow h u r n . u .
    rnc rclfnS wds so, good /ur i! *.nt to sa th. ,ta! d.anl
    Hr! mcmofy sas su.ht ,hat h. rcn.nbtud a ldce 6ni si-|.
    , oov.r prs rh+ Univr|sity Librdry ,urr rnanb..
    tha old lib.aian

    Atenlie!
    ... ,So,.fiind adverb, dptrmind un a,ljrcrir sau un ad,,ert tin rcgFnti; such, $ Z?g4
    runo aolecnv, oclermtno un.1rA9tdnlrrdrn resenti.
    ,- ?) Propozitis eoocesirl (Thc,tde.rbiat (lau'se ol Contessionor (oncusite E 2?16
    Clarrp', sratd lmprcjursFa car. nu o izbuliLsA tmpipdi.ea.!iuneasau sLarca
    drn regentC.Aceasldpropozilieestc o sc.undardiitrodusn prin: /d, )/lrouqi,
    atbet\ as4.but,.ven tf. ev.n thou.h. fot all. in spi. of. if.'ho,|Plpr. ihoe;t,
    qnttneaef.
    wnate9ef Qtt. I
    'rhnugl.sla is nt f,i.hd ol hind. I hnvr r hrsh !t'sR.d rlr h"f rtn,li,ati\r
    Itddsotu dd she
    Ies DpoDhlikc her. ,lnili.niivl
    fl l I o .n. on t hF O 'i.
    . N. T.ro n r i ri rl , l o u ? r,4 r/ / d o l ed aU,i xht. \tnol fati \r
    Fo t a l l ! ! nus ou, ) s hd l td o s I i i n k ri l . rl n d i L e
    ^ .t
    ri v i
    sh , .o uldn r bF eeltts h,/ ri e
    rS u tj i o n .i i v l
    Hoaa?, bk! ha no! b.. h; JrssJs
    ' ' ,.drin,ts
    .
    time for . n, s hook Sul,ion,tir r.
    | $ o D I apologl. , .r ' ha te e r y o r
    In d :c a ,:v srbron..ti v
    s
    o
    !.
    I h Jr, k no$n hc f r or y" rs . b u t"n4.t,a te h o fti e rd s .

    Propozi[iaconcesivtr
    nu esteintrodusdIntotdeaun&de o conjuncliesau S 2?36
    , un
    o
    DronumecomDus:
    Sh ;tu ght Lc plait . b|r .h w rs l i k e ,l !v c \k v b o d v .
    L"t my
    Ftarepvet,o v n8rdrs&I,.I slol dli,Jyd be a kind mo,h. r ro rl,, ,..
    'aas

    exprimaideeucon_ S Z?32
    . Inversareaverbului cu subiectulpoate de asemeDa
    R . th o to" r it ho! . - h o w e a " rU r,r'm.,v l c l . L rn r g o ; ng.tn,rngon S , .,J
    J. S u!jonc ti v !rczc nt c u r dlc r ir c l a v i i to rl
    Aa n r,pr e l& J .
    i s a s o ri s l o t m e !" ry
    v prpi " nl l
    " o..rn J n s l ,car.. tii ubron.ri
    Bu n a "t s l, pnit h! -' hF
    B tr, r'" o u l d r b -sth e rc i n i i m
    rS .. b,on" l i ! -i :i ;

    O b s e rr a ti e
    Yerbul Inl.rcbuinlstln propozil,iaconcosivd
    estcla modul i.ndicatiolctnd.& 27Bg
    sc rFlerdla o srtualrF.reald,
    (pre?enr.
    sa! la m-odul
    suDjon"li/
    formareebesau c o n s r r u , l Dr Bcusr o u id.n0gorrmzthP
    )
    ctndconlin"
    imp lic B ! ia d e p ro b lF n -s t i. ,

    * r""'6"""
    ;"1i;"*."*r;,;,,"
    ffix*l*i,"::i:hm,f(i:|i:lit:l!y
    - ";

    3 d,Pn : dsi {6til tormat).


    I Prcpozilia conc.sivr care contin. @
    {: detij nu InceD..cu acp.bt.iconrunctie.,i
    cu un substaDuv,un adr.ltv, ur verb sau un ndvtrt,
    5Slil lorbal (conline subjoncl.ivut cu LE.t).
    .c:o ri cu b,
    or ic t t+ s u b j o n c ti v u ltc t. n o ra 4 d . m ri E us).
    TYe zi _r ie. t em plele
    la- . 1 2 ? 3 5 .

    6E!

    ireal sau o presupunere.ln limba romdnd indicativul se traduce prin indicativ,


    iar subjonitivuJ9i .onstructiileru should,
    si nay (n4ht) se trarlucru nondiLionalul.PrezFnLasubionclivuluidd slilului un ton formal, litprar. dPsuct
    chiar. atunci ctnd subionctivul nu are forma moderni sau nu e inlocuit cu
    indicativul:
    Thotrghsl, ld'.f6 capc.icnce,
    she is very competent.(Indicativ)
    {Dr'i li lrrs"rrc a\ pPr ir nl' , ps lF t oJ r lp ' oTp"lp n r I r .
    A" h p ,v"i so 6lp"n ho Ls y ouf t u1h"". ( Subj. I o r m d v . r ' ) ( r o r n i . l i r ', d r I
    , bu
    tori, r, d . /r d" . pv pf , pr p r d al
    )
    hvcn lhough the hotBo
    on fire, he $'ou]d sleep ihfoush it all. {Subj. prezent)
    '/./,
    .
    '
    s
    J
    .
    a
    .
    n
    r
    / aa lo.
    el
    i dr d$l4n' d . )
    lChia r d a'a
    v
    Yo u musr L lo yo ur r as k pv pn lnough y or . hon d t . d i l h . i t l .
    ubjon
    (T.ebuie si-!i indeplinc$ti sarcina chiar dac{ a' ti s,t It sd pdr.t'S g.ea.)
    \Yhaicvcr you tudy (s au ntst) say. he irn'r .isht. (Subjonctiv)
    Orice at sratu (s au @tp&,ea sp,ner, tru are dreplale.

    2?35

    Elipsa in propozi!iaconrc.irii. eind propozil;a non."sivd arc acelali


    subic"t cu p-Xen1n,
    subi.ctulsi predi,alul ei pol lipsi:
    ,Bn lhc wasl ct;pplel,, he was leading a u3etui lite.
    unlikel! lit aete), the thins happetred.
    Eo@eret
    "n
    The weafher was pleasani.,laenl if Lit aasl cotd.

    2?40

    5 2741

    i nl rodus6 de un pronume.
    8) lr opoz ilia rc l a ti v d (T h e R e l o ti ,' e rh u * 1
    " sl a
    u D adjec t iv s au u n a d v p rb re l a l i \i . o rp ri m L sdu bubi n{el .

    Cuvintele care introduo propozilia relativd slnt:


    prununp r,latirc - wbo, \vbom, wbicb, \\lLal, lLdL. a.i
    adj,tti,,p relatir, - wbo"F. \bhh. wbal;
    . ad.vefie relative-'$hen, rvhere, why.
    There soes lhc nat Nho is one ot ow ablest .oaches.
    I can'tan$ler
    lor a child lda, sau whoml I hdtdly knoa.
    i" laaou. .
    Hp ha s a n rm " t h|lt
    She did .rio, (: that shich) she coulrl h heb.
    Yo! may takc such sleps 6 you ttlink fit.
    Thal was tho honse ehose t naIt had, baen Stutatuin Nhr h) / r nr ; ll, I had r o l t p d p i n b e d .
    L asr yp d.. a kr I
    Tn Jt io .n;r , /r . . , . i' r $hiih. "' , ! r d- , id, o i s t P ; \ d d a p
    TrJl ,{ u ,{" ,- t : " r . a, on lo- |9hic ht he auk t a t d r r ; n d I n i n " p r i n S .

    Pronunele, adjectivul qi adverbul relativ lac parte din propozilia rlativd:


    pi"tuf?
    4 ' we p r o o qr . ll hdJ t h4 d, lot ! l, a had b* n. ho : e r I o , t h " l . \ J i f s p o t : n
    '
    ,; f1 .;,,or
    t' hon) r lou l@ , ". n p" , s \ "r \ g a o d i n l h - l " a d i n g p d r l

    lln arnbele exemple, "the actor", aniecedentul pronumelui lelativ, fac


    oar l;.lin proDo/iti" nri-cipdli, in,rrp psre,omtla'nFotdirFcl (pxpmpluldl
    suhordo
    iau subiectrexemilul 6r. PionL,m"l.rel"Liv fa' e paruedin pronoziLia
    nar a! in .arF estpquLio t invomllul al .,, .omilcmnrr dire' I ip\Pmplul ,r'l
    ProDozilidrFla irD pont" ll da,rn,no!ltit ;au ' ryl;"ot;ft1.
    2?12
    Pfoiozitia dclermindlirAI th. n.\t,rtir" Rplotifpatou:c) .sle numiLa
    asrhLDcnlrJ.u..dplarn,irl]-.'nra FdFnluleau.idcn'iti'ln.lu-l; cu altp.uvintc
    ea servestepentr[ a deosebi.dc alte obiecte! similarc, obiectu] denumit d
    antecede;t. Fiind absolut necesar; tn!lesului, nu poate lipsi din frazn qi'
    ca atare, nu este dcspi4iti prin virgull de rest:
    Tl\e docLorthatlou rahs up in thematning\as cometo seeyou.
    She has seet the land rlrrc

    Il.oo o/i i!J,,,;, r / ;


    r" slrin sA,;1 "1 ":'l' o "lqpd

    otahlc-ttc.s btossotu.

    p r o p o z i : r p" _ L i . , i 'd . d 'o 1 r " 'o


    ' 1" uni d u l o r i
    numild d"r..iprrril
    n r lui. . t r t t lpoula"r plia! Nd P 6 l i u n e o r i

    : Sen sg ran atic al: at it lii, , le, c il9i luc . ur i ( $ , ) .

    PROPOZITIILOR

    CLASTFICAREA

    563

    *.ltll.'S.I";ii]j,l"l';
    propozitia
    der*minati)1.*,:
    r",,""i ,:.pricr-| ri4l

    ;;;' '," cs'i'indispensaL'd


    ,",.,1""",,ox11111"",Tl1,1"i1'"111;,3r:l'ri*;;,"
    r*"j.'::tlUl'"'"1ii"il.'J#
    lll),*iiiri","iqina*.avind
    ;-*;.:::Ii:il:ll:
    in
    il;",ir,.i ",i"" "ru""'"'a"n''t
    ::;i:l::xl ::l:l',;:ljl,'jl'li'l';::t''*

    ; ;;'^fi''"'Tl'llr
    ;ri,l;l::r"rurr:t;';
    liru:it*:-:Oi
    My r{ile, rno ts catuingL'@tar'

    $ill }c lleascd to scc Jou

    ro sr? i/on' coordoprincipali: -llv \fift tt'ill be pleasea


    ""*-tl"
    is c('ning
    "utu"lo-on'"ono,'1'" relatiYe p ncipul6' coordonsfi cu A: eho
    il-

    '" '
    t n**U

    a delichtful week'
    urrough Proguc' *ha e I s1ent

    a
    t spen'i
    \'{hp'r'
    lii:,:'#Ti'i"'"T"'1"9:i:i"'?r.';'
    i - i:lli:ili:
    a't;:iia *",t (= snd thPreI sprnt )'

    s""
    *##**rm"xtlltxllilTfifi"ilT.il,$::i;iiilf:T
    .,.
    ji:1:"i:ilii]*:$,:",r,T"ri."ri:H
    ;lt,'liintl*'"l
    i:,rs"nu
    i
    dcnl$. ln rare caz inlrodrr'e o f'ropoz

    i":;':;t",';f*'
    )l""il,i-,,i1',,qi1"",1;l':::

    li;:i:"il'i'i
    :lil;;;r"ixi::"i:'i;l1;;:;1'
    iffiT.Hlu:",
    ",""1f;;.r;il*i
    ioordonatecu antccdpnrur'1.
    S 2?46
    relat'ivl podte ".

    *r
    a'ltv
    jI
    j!ii:
    j5
    ;"1;,:lllli;'#,1,1$*;'"f,
    ;;f
    !
    .,,| #rulf
    :
    r$
    2;ll):
    (atrjbutivdr' 'lt" i"'"'tin"ri'i
    diilli,'al()t
    Propozilia

    -lr:

    b)

    "rn'r

    2?47
    ^--,-ote rplativ \

    iSiii

    $;*?*r,*i*.'rt
    ,.".,f1.i##*..-fu
    .\ 2760

    :
    d ) odrcrbiala (circumsrantialb)

    ,!9ili?'l**'.,0"'n
    i"\;;,; k';;",::".i'11::;
    I lliSl'i"",11'Ti
    "'"T."I
    cu litere ctrrsive

    scrise
    Iri"P":;:iJ;;;i":
    a^"nnt atribulive ln ldJ propozitiilerclrtiro
    cauzaanliuniidin principalr. i8r a doua

    "h'
    scoprrlei.l

    ;"i." "'Jrt'i

    e adjectiv

    srNrAxA

    684

    2751

    FEAZET

    L, li-nbd Fnqlezd,sprc dposFbirpdp limba romAn;. ptopozilia relalivt


    -rlepailadccuvlnlul pF.sre ll dctermind.dafd accasl; dcsDoatp.ls unFofi
    qi puncluaueeslc caaadP(bd4irc nu duF ls inlcrprelericronalelcf. $ tl08)
    vatd:
    ''They met som"P@Plalt?t they had got insiile'p'ld said they had beenthero
    lor
    th.e e qu ide rs oI nn hour ' '
    '
    Ar @ BoPv n r iddv or r l"t ' m i 'v o
    il"o "iVrrr1 aflFd
    lon! been attdched.
    ' ,c.
    ttezd had come ahotu I had. knaqn as a bog

    tlosdtd

    la

    'h o m h e i o i

    (Penf.u alte detalii asupra propozi,tieirelaiive \ezt Pronumcle rclattee'

    s 1037).

    or rondi'
    condilionali ll h' AdrPrb;otrlausP af
    !l ProDoziliA
    'ondilior
    ttanoll tor;ptliataronJrliad, dcarFirnd'llioired"pitrdFa4iuncadrnr'Lcnr6
    Propozilia(o-d;lionaldrespundclo ln'rFbdrpAD thot "(lst! l: in cp'dzi)'
    Yerbul dil propozilia condilionale poate fi la modul indicaiiv sau sutr27tr3

    27b2

    ol in praryzilitl @ndiliondld
    I ndi.,:atit)
    hing" go sionj

    1
    nu oJ t - ,
    !, 4t .
    ' J on
    , , O . ' "i|, "r ".
    \o ( | .y" .
    1N\ @ : o J ot :
    '
    r
    "
    Unlcs ltau slaP taughrnS' 1ta^

    S ubjont:|irul. in prapozili.a candi[ionald


    I s houlds t r .i s l u d )i n g i l r re rc !.u
    I t t ou hod o .o " . \o u s o ' rl d u n d r. J n r -Loyr'
    | $ o u ' d J rp -o r.e L' , d sJrk
    t io, i t t " " , b*" e ;:,d !
    n - n !@ i l .!o uhddr' ' 14'
    I , lon. ! no\ fl ," l J a -L
    f P ent r u det a l i i v e z i i n c o n ti n u a re F tan

    s 2754

    condi l i an& Id ($2754-2704)l

    rriaza c0N0rTIol-11,,(
    (TEn CONDI'rIONiI SEr-rnNcD]

    l, slru.lurd. - l-rJ,H '"ndili'rrdln in tormr "i "rmpld "sta o lrozh


    .oj pl"xa 1. carF , orr.lr J;r, J",d pat i:
    aJ o propozifie rdgnldcon-tinindun Yerb legat de o condilie;
    A, o p.opot'ti" uha art t '"r" "\t"imd 'orrdilir 'lo a 'brar ;nJFllinire
    depinrJeri'ali)or"e c,liur,rr din r'-'^rr''. Acpaird "ubordorrai e lP Iunrrra
    prapoztlie condtlionu.Ld(\ 2752).
    2l I'uviolelpirrlrodu,{ire aln pr,1'oziti0icordi!ioualc ^- Propo/ilrA ' 3F
    2?66
    ,onlinA.ondiliaF.l. In "oJu'' prin ur''J oar'l' 'u\rnl :r/ '|1ont!'tr 'ar"'
    on iarulition (thdt), prorided (s ar prct'}iding) (thal), s'l?pdse,s au rupposlns
    (that), unless,dr long ds. so lang u.s,aheth.r.. orercl

    2?;5

    { r do l r ou ' bv j
    t iu
    It u ou to t
    . . i' o r t d 6 ' v " t 'l r n d p p i ' "
    i t i,t,t
    hod r " r jr .
    "h"
    In .a!. lou shoutd stur ms, \-ou'll {ind me ai lioNe'
    p"o. , i, . p". . N' J t t : a r t h 1 . h . ; . b o . L b u n ; t e .
    I il j"l l.tu c , , . . . , , , a
    ie I . d, t r . , i. ll l'
    . lr r ' lr 'l
    ,o
    u
    -;
    , ' 1^" t h t ; P ! n a v : " P . L t t h " "
    r * . , , , n : r nd
    i"' .
    1,.:,'ii";;'-"|p i.
    . ' - uP o a t u k o J 1 t t t t n
    ' o
    h, 3o
    a"u r a ' 'aL"
    \oim,r
    'o n.
    ! l4 h"r t P, o4 t " s
    \\" i"nr .o .1, ,

    I J.It. JeMn.. Tht.e )Ien iL a B.ot


    o $i, i8u rep ri n c i p a u 1 $ t8 2 t)
    '3Cu
    70 adm' : r recunoa'ie.

    FRAZA COND'TIONIA

    L r'"o ri or op' z iL; , r o n d i l i o n " l a ru rq rp i n l ro J u ci d- .rri n' " 1"


    mci .u ., i p' , t ; r ' . 0 ; i f" r a r-n ' i p ^ ,1 ' o z i i i n ' , o n di l i oni l -l

    {,

    arltate $ 2757

    lnd p ton
    il v o, , d"n
    x , p I ' , n \ di"n g
    crl ll
    D att h,t t,;' to::4 a
    I il ipd l. ' o o,'],'n a i pf ln . ilni r n lia o, 1 ' n d a pr i n i l d u
    c jd vouu h a\.
    o' . lJ . ot na t . . a u P d o t t h p L a 4 . t u " 't
    ' o> aJ ar
    d r" ptn
    pr r n 'u n . u r r r r 'o t r 'J
    l: n
    I s. n on-hJ. 1 ol Jlpl
    Pl; , uu"dondl;

    $ 2?58

    3) Modurile intrebuirtate. Nlodurile verbelor intreluinlatc in

    -fraza
    indi dt;'rl. lnpa.tti ul '.nl;t,onolut '.i subjaul; ,l InttP'
    condilio,..1;
    "rt:
    b,rintar"sx,"iror modr,rid,pind. dF '.'1 'arul r.il 'ru ir.al al r"'ir ii Ier
    bului.
    lntre rnodurile ;i tinpurite verbc)or predicat din cele doun pr.,pozilii
    exista de obicei concordanli.
    Clnd werbut din propozilia condilionald $ 2759
    reald
    a) Acliunea
    .du
    nod-rilF int'pbuinldlFin g'rPr' "rnl.
    cliur"
    ,
    ftotu
    crorira o
    t'robob;to,
    ea _"ijn limbr mmnn\. indiiti,)ut il cubordor.ari.; ; oti,,tear tnp totirul
    tn regentE.
    Cu excetrli.Lriitorului. care de obicei nu se ioloseqie in propozi.tia (subordonatn) condi-tionali, Yerbul predicat. atit in regenti cit !i in subordonati'
    poate ii lfl orice tjmp cerut d ln.tets:
    p"", Fr l
    h. . .1 t t.,,. hd 4 r I b. I i r t "e/ "nr
    PrpT nl
    - 'r r l
    \ \ hd - d . \ o \
    rr'r'
    np, ' t,4 ..o
    " ' """J i
    ' r r s o "li, , .
    \ l01
    l '" / " r '
    , 11 t o. ' t 1l
    io
    r
    .
    I / , n;iim
    '
    o,
    \
    r
    '
    r
    n' h rn.)" ,
    / , o; lo\ i. , '
    jouid ,..,",
    b"r r ' ' his h
    '' l - " Z l n i l 4 t f d r r
    "l,
    '
    p t 'z " n l
    /a
    n' ' r {T , '
    dl
    4. h' t t r\' . 1i.t1t ""..t p ar t
    '
    "'
    . ur )
    .. ,,,:", / d, lo. ' o".
    r a,
    Tr qu
    i
    I tjk
    / P : r r I lr "
    \ r 'l o " )
    , r l1 . Fr ' ,
    lr 5l!- /-Ap d vo u o
    . . i,
    "lvlil
    mpPrdlir
    lor m " r P r 'r n l
    lr, ox{ , .o .'in(F1.t1 rd.ctonr lo. lhi.
    i,np",dliv'
    i. u! nor ' r T, .. '
    It i"
    r
    h pip y.sl r d1i, , ns
    "d
    I' J Jr
    nos
    l r - 'L
    ] n l{ ui' dlr y
    lt tt ho do t [;'.t'h"d rr ' , r bing ir
    !"1
    -\.
    jotz
    us in the dining{oon
    II'Joan li;dn't lzzclrd bclor youf arrival, snc *ta probably
    non. (lre.uij lerlect + vinor)
    tr
    )t
    rl
    I

    ri a.liunpu 1Frd" n J i ( uc . onr in lm p l i r a ! i a


    \ pro. p. loirp "rcn plnle
    ;
    or.id
    "mtl
    .
    i
    pr
    in
    f
    o'
    '
    r
    a
    p
    o
    r
    L
    0
    l
    S
    laplLr
    l

    es'
    "
    r
    .
    ola
    bului
    ' a ?larF dp nlpF
    "r

    locutor sau de o alti persoani:

    ll " pn joJ.
    in u h o". i l. ' d ion ' ds p"opl" or J o d s a J l
    "o , n ,m ' 1r s
    I l you ldv. rd
    I ou s ay J . . .
    It ie d.idn'r &eiee my lctter {as J.rne saysJ .

    NoId
    Viilorul lepuitnd li intrcbuintat tntr o propozitie s,rburilonata (S 2850), $ 2?60
    nrooozitiorondiLionrlar 'r poal- 'online rrr iiitor: a":' imp Pql- rpdal lrin
    'pre).n rl ir'liratirrrlu; ."u
    lrin orezentult,'le" rS 2852 2F:Jr:
    I vou r,-{ 1,"- 1. \otr ( ill or ' r o1l lop. '
    rD : \ ' -l".d
    bn. \ ' ll q el lre p"ir" ir s hp l, i d' s { p/ "d ' r l lh! q. "" l i o l s s " l b J t h r \ a m n F E
    {J m i o l l o r i l
    lod lnr r ' i - r i l " l , r '
    t t r ' , t uas
    t\ a ob f lri. t{"m: . rl. ir o
    '
    'l
    | 10 cotueaut top
    ta cotuea't (at the) ta? (of the tAt of sucds'ful catutidat.s) l:
    reuti primul/triD'a la conors).

    680

    E 2761

    srNTA:.A FRAZET

    Pr.pozitiile,cunditjonale construite cu verbul Fi nu constituie de lapt


    -_...
    xr
    ',ptu la reg,rta dF mai sus, dat fiind cd pjll nu este aici auxitiarul viito"
    rutur. cr ara int.tosulsau d" \Frb moddl ,,Dvul .
    I.bh i'l b- JrJ., lu' il J or . v t l. or "t ,
    nr rtr \or n .e "u t r os . J , of d. d , "1 , o; s d m 1 m , l i L . z . )
    qt r y a li pt on9n". r o. \ v i
    , .1r 1,," broJd"J5i.onrerr.
    !! you rll o nrJ
    ; r ' r i s t li oL! . t r . v , . i auli , oo. . r t u l r d d i , , d i , r a r t . J

    S 2 ?62

    i r" d 1 d .C i n d t-rb u l di n.vbordonrrj


    Fxpri md u
    .h ) A r ! iLn,
    r.l ru n p, . a/ 4. d^ i i .ru :n ,h i tu i .d
    n ,r,r,1 i , modu,i j F i ntrpbui nl arei tn,crn* _
    l n n o lut l1 " A gqnt i .i s d L j o n d i tu t i n s u L u rd o n std. astfpt:
    .on. j. t lona|.ph I n t trp g p n ' 5 \ _ s u b i a n 4 i r prpz" rr (subordonata)
    .onot t onat p r l ./ r' .g a n ' 5 ) _ s u b j a n a tu p" r/." 1
    L.ubordonJri )
    @auld@epr at onoeit you ire, what iL was alt abouL. (Cond.
    !.e2. + subj.
    ^-.,_ \Yo\t
    You.oozi, haocauepted,at once iI you ndd t@/u ivhat ii was all about. (Cond,
    p&f.- + srlj. !e.t.)

    r\ se conrpara contrastiv:
    , ahe, ! i . ot r p jf ro u a s k tre r.i A .ti u n e re a l e l
    c - h"r ould Nhp i r J o r d s k " d h e " .
    l A,, u n F j maci nar.l J
    s hz eodt d hdr d .,@ i i J o u h a d a s k " d h a r. t\. i :un. Ler" dti zdrr)

    flrrdi, o'ivut p{prirJ o d.,iuno fpdlr. .ubjon,.riruLpr.zenL o acliune


    PIrrpald. 5ublon.lr\.ulpFrlpcro o.riuno F .ali.otti.1
    Atenli
    e!
    2?63
    $
    _ .Indicaiivui trpcut )i subjonctivul prezent, avlait aceeaqiformel. dar
    ,nllesurr drlentc, nu trcbuip conlundate lntre ele. ln Eenere.lormfl verbald
    drrLsubordona';Fsleindi""tn d. mooul larbutui din regcnro:
    ll
    "h
    rDJ,a
    Il
    'h "
    tDac^

    sd ;J
    ij
    6 . t i! . llod: , a r \ r ". . r .
    in.ti.dti\ lr"ru|
    .
    'lJ
    "s. d
    d sp l."od,"d,
    .\,liurF reJlbj
    / ar dit r L! , . nlip. ,
    sd ;d .., n nouk t L" r s t ip. S' , bj. pr "z
    .ond o.p/.,
    ' n. i. . q , l i u n o
    a. sp ut
    i"jj.rr
    - , s r a. d. t d D n- . ' r

    fSubordonata i,online in anbe]e cazuri acecasilormn. dar nu si acelasi


    mod. trimul"dz \-rbul fiinJ lr tnJt.ot:rt,ttr,-u',in,i dnital tc \rriorriir;l
    prc:pnt.
    'n I ."|.4tl Jil"r'. na.i. irr Iun, rie dp n,ud,r.jntrrbLrinrattn"r-:pnt.i,
    ir?rimul caz regentaiiind colstrujld cir jnilicativul,in at doiLLa,.ucu;ditiol

    S 2761
    $ 2?65

    Uazuri spcci:rle
    .Con,ordanrr r-odurilor ti rimpuritnr Jin trazs nondilionald(S 2762),
    dF r rFqp..ra,dtn rnJjur'raea ,
    +
    "zurjtor. DU m, nrinF in un,.tabiruttii sp"_
    , d , Subjoniir.ivuluipi'fp.i djn subordonatnii corcspundeuneod condiiio,
    ndlul p/..rnl jn regent6..mri atcs arunci clnd este insolit, de un adverb cu sens
    up prez.nr. rr'. not.
    rt,..i
    -tt11.dt p.,t"nt
    It i ftddn'l r,s, nv \ratch,I sho,tld.now hd,e one.
    He @out.t,be !\ei il I hdd\,t aske.I him not ro comet

    5 l?66

    t.Jrr , o.Jitiun,li p4r F\pri .,b o onliun. r..r/r in rFqenra


    . . 6r rrrlqLborJ
    -1" Jinor,.'rii.
    rrpdl.tin
    d!,i poLfi ld indi"dtrvtn retp ta si ta subionrrlv in
    -cr
    subordonati. r\cesta este tn special cazul subionctive-lor cdnstruiie'cu auxir Cu ex c er ! . iav ! .L ru l u ir, r, (g
    1 5 5 3 ).

    IBAZA

    CONDITIONA'-A

    i87

    liarele *,aalrl (cind erprimn roinla. inren!,ia1)si rloxld cind exprimd o p.esupunere ori o irnprobalilital.e accentuati sau cind cBte sino;im cu i.erbtrl
    ought2:
    I pauT 10 talk io t-ou ii rou
    .dll toDro.ro{'.
    ',oald
    He .an visil tlie nrusennr if h-"
    no ltl, like to.
    ll sl' " to tld
    n tl ,^ -- . hr . , ; i/ / , "/ / . gla | . s "" h " l
    I l \ , r r/,'1 r .o I'o m, no$. \ r |\ aa\ ' t , oL . q . a

    ") \,lbele .lin fr0ra ,undiliunal; t^r -j\primd n ,,ti,Lne ir,otu (prin Q 2?62
    . |l,iilion.li in r'npnrJ ci o ..!iune r'old rprir,
    i'rdi , ti\/ In .ubordon;tbr "
    l,,liuldl:tpta

    so I,y,r. ' J . plt 1 . or ! " if J ou. r J

    J ou d r . n , ' , o m i n c .

    1) fo0di!ir,|lilul )i propozi!iasulrordonaH. Spru d"u."biro dF tin,La Q 27n8


    d. unJa moJul "undilionalr. p Inrreb"ir,ls trrr ;n rFu,nta..rt si in
    'o',,;
    subordonaia unei lrnze condilionate. in ljmba cnslezn condilidiralul nu doate
    l inlrFb-i'r,"1 .le.l, .- ,olul , \.pp,r^rHr In .;bordnne.J car. prprina o
    .nndilrc. j;
    ",1^ lnlo, uil. dupi .r.m d \ "?ut n,"i ,u. ( S 2?b2),tttin "rtbi"ni,*
    a,erte fiir.l modul ..rp expril,d liu,iirpel"..\. fe, in.ubordon"ia:
    ",
    condilionalul prezenl este inlocuit plin tubjonctiaul preznt
    "and;i^n4tutJ,.tt.,t p.,a irtu.,,i pri,,tbtonai,,ut p.il"r
    Pentru acclasimotiv, unelepropozitiir"lati\c core srEereaz;u condjtje E 2?69
    eu rnrLul la .ubjon.ii\ $i nd la ,ondirion"l:
    l_mdg:n -b ing lld .psld, l ir ' J book t ^dt r . ,
    jl
    Inhip."
    o. J r t Fia!
    I

    ir : $ p r " r I . i r d - r j t a l
    l' . lu b r . p d 'o . f t

    0 r s c r r ali.i
    {,J Propozil,iilesubordonateconditionnlei.olstruite Lu shautdsi would, \ 2?i0

    d up;

    un

    ur npar ; .

    n, r .o rs ' i l u i ts ts x .c p l i i l i ," 0 5 ra r,gul E l

    Should

    S 2Z?l

    a') Il ro\t shauldmeet liirn ($hich k higlly inlrobabkr, teu him ro come home
    , d I , n hpF r s h i , h I r" rr { u " h J o u b o n a (" p ldJfr. I w i dbkh .l o te
    Il .h .
    S/.o /1"n
    7y ou lind ir Dp." s s 8 ryl o i a l l n r. J s h o rl d (.dJ i t.dh nnF.
    lJl o /a . inlr - br iinr al a i ri l s l p rs o a n r a 2 -a s i r J.d Intr o pronori l i " subo r don a l S .o ndi! iondl5. pe tp s " b j a n tttru t r. rb u l u i s l ,a// oi suqer16z66 sj 1r61;"
    fodr l F D Ul i n pr obabila s d u o p rc s u p u n !' , i n p ro b a b i l " p" nti u
    (
    dal ri
    ' i i .or
    s-arlntlmplas4...)($ 2119).1

    a") It yot sttoutd(: ousht)not sit up so late, why do yon rto t?

    S 2772

    _fJ'ftould,sinonim aici cu ongrt (: ar trebui s a u trbuie) este subjoncrivul


    verbuhi modal s,4all(js 2085).1

    would
    I .r ould b" c . a
    i t .\, x ' o ,U " \p o u n I l o u - t: r, q- :1 ,,D ar.,rtF,
    "'l
    \ l i f r auno*I or d," .' 'ri. 1,.i
    rn i r .,r
    ,.,-l p rl J r.l i
    :,o. ,n tul i i r,.rfF 1r,tor
    II yon ooLrd jusi. ster inio lhis ofiiceI
    IlDace aji eoi.) re ros sI intrali o clite In acesi birou.l
    iI s|e pozll only lave st.rled iD, hcr.o]d \rould iave sot bel,icr,
    iDaca a/ /i rot, nudai se nu iusl din case,.Ie{ta i-ar ii rfrrcui.)
    r \i rzi
    : 77: i,
    , vczi S
    { 2085.
    I .= daca dr
    ftrd nc lacn o \)2i11,... (inltubabititate aceentu.riiL).
    r
    daee l|.6?ie si l. dnci acnnl ac61. ... l: auht).
    -

    $ s??3

    SINTA:<A

    588

    FBAZEI

    ,i;iT]:
    :lil"lllji,Ti[i""ffi
    i",hl""tl'i
    |:'ft
    ,".*'1""""Ti:,,oJx!";';T;:f
    tg"9i'^",","J"'r
    (:
    voi)
    q'
    e
    rnodat
    ca
    auriliar
    p"
    acesta

    "u-iili"i".rl i"l"""." "re


    drept tonna d" politcleprin Fxcelenln(5 2r Lt
    "o*iaerati
    "i."ii""ii"
    2 1 1 6) .1
    un caz
    ai') Propozilia c"ndilionald conshuiti cu viiLorul consiituie
    s 2??{
    a n a l ,qlS 21 0 0 .2t61)
    tl:
    independen
    airecti poaieaYeaun condit'ional
    ;) !"""pJii'
    I 2n6
    ""-pr"ti"e
    I musiinquie if it edtdn't
    i"nltJ$i|'a,tl
    "ebetterronnil,?,

    il" t" r."""tvp*'.iti"s.


    i1:,",i*:l"T':,'l?'i,,ir"ii;"?
    prin(ilrli
    (u
    rondjlionrlltr propozilia

    S'rb5/ Sulrjoo.livut rslorrsdc


    E 2;76
    p
    ro
    puin
    lro
    d
    t
    '
    o
    ird
    ilio
    n
    rl
    ti
    "
    i o r ' " ,i'u l p.'1"un aoriinrr"buinrc''u 'oto'r'
    ;itrie principaln:
    ee l ri s' l ' e' a

    " o rl l | 0 rhi
    ,;",:,"';:'i".13;*:'*
    ",jr;!a
    ;"HI"liT";"'-'
    i'i,
    ''RT
    ll1,.:l*,'
    " 1 ' Jl l

    ' , t ' 1, 1

    ..n

    rn " p , , ' i i, , a ,

    ,-"

    -s h o ' rl J ,l b '

    s o " o l ,' b p I r n u r b e 8 i i " n

    '

    ln propozi!ia
    0) lnlclesulbul,jotrclirului
    E 2777
    .loldil:']o"l'd' - -.,..^^
    propozi:is
    pr"
    ."n/,ir,
    i'r,l
    o7 Suijon"
    'undiLioDdrn
    ",lP|"lTi
    i zzzs
    r ($ ?$ll'"'l:."*
    l5 i4 -1 r5 7 ):
    rdU i'u in pre re rrlo ri riiro-.
    rcorrTDrrd
    o d rd r er m a g r n arr.

    s 27?0
    62
    780
    ''""
    "

    j"?:""j*.f"ti:"#L")
    i/"#,fi
    "3-Ji'f,t,viiliJ$i"J1"
    in trecui (S 1561):
    D) Subjoncti!'ultcr/e.t exprime o actiune nerealizatd
    hp qor'd i3v" $'1
    Hs l? srt /o. th? tatotshP
    Da .d rr Ii .dr J : da, ld bLr "s ar I r ob\ ' nu' o

    {sls42, e s re lrrlrp b u in l0 rs ln p ro p o z ' t rB


    .) Fo ']|l,,t
    ') P,' a subjonclivului
    oticial in slilul rterar
    r'.olui;i''iai". ziarisri"pailamentar'
    "o"alLio""ir'i"

    i:trJ'sif,T'
    ;,"i:":"'iif
    :ij",";.:*jH'i::';;1,::*'?sTt'jiu,i
    It it bd so, lct then do lhei' Iest t'o win vou aplrolal

    ?) Timpul in lleza,conililion i'$ 2?81


    ret')ntd Condilio n a lupl r z e n ts e ' re f e rila o
    a) Pr a p .) z LlLa
    ?""8 2
    { 2
    "
    sru rjtoare, condilionarurpeffect ra o eclrn'e
    "
    :;i*HT:"::lll,t**.

    :r;i:':i,,
    i:ilk'n,*{i1it l;i r.hr;l!1i"ii}";;;

    S 2783

    oiit.Lulndu-sc na rtemllu,vcrbul
    ;l'o
    Lt Propu
    'ubordor
    rimpullnpropoz;{issub'rdonart:
    a'rtFl
    rt
    ur
    /or"t-rco.'ral.suL'lon"
    "rPrimd

    r ,hn,.,.,
    :;;,i"i'.i
    ,,,,,,
    i',ii,:lfir.r,:ii'*;*1"i,,
    l i i:li,:ji:t;
    im a' i' r ' ) obi'' ri ParJoir "a
    p ri ,:
    :,1
    [ ' i ' : : ; i :rl ;;.,',:
    -" " .'" l ;:' r \;.' \f
    .,,t,
    :jl":)"),:"i",'I",":11,,:;i;;",,....,ot ,h Fry,sh/'nr,aa, .\nd'

    (gr556-,ij5.1).
    i ili"lJ#lli'.,fi;,i11;"'

    FRAZA CONDITIONALA

    eiitonrt
    e i o ri m4t r ' " io:
    '

    I
    J
    I
    t

    689

    L4d
    Gulj. prczoDi.)(limba scdsi ti vorbitd)
    tI 06 (irdicati! tr.ul) {lim}a vorbiin)lr
    I . rto ,/db . Al , ttJ )a to d tr o rs o a nl .l l l i i D bas fsl si vorbi l l l
    /p ,r,b . r' r-u n t ;:n ti n i ri vi ri i nbrs.nsl si vorb,l r,
    t /p
    'o

    t h r ". h L I
    f-,,
    lin:ii,i", p.r", 1I rad bpt'ubj. p.r"t) (l'mld s.ri,5.: vorlirl)

    Obsett'atie
    Intrebuinlarea timpurilor 5i modurilor tn propozilia condilionald difere $ 2784
    ln iinba englczn de [mba ronani ln urmitoarele cazud:
    Limba rom$Dl
    eiitot petfect: dac{ loi li lost
    cond. iiett
    dnall.
    li
    ^i fi losl
    .oNJ. peicct. dicl ar

    Limba englczfi
    : indi. . pf t z e n t : i f r o r . ( 5 2 7 5 9 )
    : Fte:pht t'afe.t it t rlaue r,r. ($ 2760)
    : , ut , j. pr e2 n t : i i I / . . c ( $ 2 t 6 2 )
    tubj. p*fect. il I ndd Deeu (S 2761)
    -

    8t 0rdin0a ptoloziliilor.* ln irsza ' ondijionala. prnpozilia rFgFnl, S 2785


    ci. Cind rpgpnLdpre,'d;. a,edsta liind
    posle prFcedqauurmi Subordonala
    .F1cdoud propozi!rinu se de.part prin rirgulu.
    ordinoanormalaa pre"FdpnlFi.
    Clnd, inse, pentru accentuare,suboldonat,aestedeplasati astlel ca sd preceadx
    a rgenta, se despa-rtede aceastaprintr-o virgnh:
    You {ouldn't meether il you telt now.
    ll you leti, ,tov, you rvouldn'tmeet her.
    9) Propoziti8 conilitiodald inalepenilentE.
    - Oricare dintre cele doud pro- S 2786
    pozilii.are clcdtuiF..lrora.ondilionoldpoateti lntrFbuinlata..i iodependent:
    Principala:
    He @uld like io see"Hamlet".
    Would-JonmituI otcning the windo\r?
    I qould hare doneanytling ior you.
    S ubordonata(exprinind o dorinln):
    If I @rtd only ski aEainl
    Il Gco Poli,i'only n;a. youl
    Il he lod only D&Dherel
    10) Inyersiunen in propozitie 0ondilionsll.
    Conjunc,tia i/ poate lipsi $ 278?
    din propozilia.o1driionJ5. in.arp rr/ ;d"pJ dp.ondilional ps e r.datd prin
    inr.isri-o ordirii .uvin elor. subi." ul rFnind d,,pi vFrb {, ind a"Fst3e.G la
    un iimp simplu) sau dupi auxiliar:

    Aceasti inversiune se poale face numai atunci clnd propozilia introdusd


    de conjunc\,ia t/ ooDline ulul dintre verbele ta be, ta h&e, muld sar shaukL
    In lipsa acestorverbe 6elnt.ebui leaze auxiliartl dLC.'
    This wouldhalc no inlortance r./. ir not that he kneivihe regulations.
    d ip r "^
    llo$ fin n l}r la nd . dp .
    { i to srite, \vunl, l"ou
    J oD ans \ c r ?

    , r a s pdir 6 i. i o r l h " f i r - t ( i n " l

    L h l i tr! r c ir c s ! ljnr r r i l ,rt (S fi 5 0 _ rs 5 ? 1 .


    , , io ' . \ l u i ../p .u -L b i .l .l .s r' r,rJ l nl i mbJvofbi .1,i 1r' n\4rs.r" c
    'In \rr' dli!
    indicatimhd
    {S 1i56) nu rsie h|tbuinfutil.
    'ras

    6S0

    { 2 78 8

    Had t heua l, . n l .l h .v c o n l d c a m n o u i ,
    -god in i known Engiish ir-"11,rheJ would have been able to read Shaw in the
    - Caua she com. Niih us, wouid you takc ho on our e(uAion?
    t t . out dwa , nn " 8 ." o rs h m, p l rb s r te t m r know ut on.e.
    nid / k nos f , " n ' ' . | .o rl d r' .d rl ' s p o e m
    1 1t P r oDoz ilia c o n d i l i o n & l a c l i D l i (n .
    Di ! D rouozi l i a condi l i onol l i I-

    rrodr,s-,l.,on-'i""1i.7f'.r"lip.i
    v.rbul ,d"", al.sia.si" ro 6".i ri ,ubi*rut
    (dacn se refern la regenti: sau este acelrqi ca 9i In rcgenta). Sp objine asticl o
    construclie clipticA:
    I shouldlike to har Urepi.tu.e tl til ill po$ir,,.
    Th.y -a y p\!rj ling: ' d l, ; g r : i/ t hn' .
    o. l r . ' d o n , n a d T F n o w .
    Do ca e.vtl,ine v or c dn. , / li i. l , e. , $, "/ .

    -./ Iir. pr;vediu;M,stu;-'r,'rn"

    s 278C

    iamera niislit ie exchansed


    tor a better nake.

    In propozi,tiaDegati\.6chiar conju cria ;/ poatofi lnlocuiti peniru a se

    da mni multd concizie lrazei:


    But fot lou l:it iL hadn't leen lor you), I should hav""neen lost.
    llithout lv fathzt (: il il, hadn't beenlor her father) she would nevd have sat fo.
    all her eaams in llre iDlDmn.
    iJndss (: il it ts n.1.) canfi.tuedby lractic., lhcorJ is laluetess.
    l21 4b if .
    C r q i .o n j u n .l i a 4 l o " u ri unFa a-s i / nere " ubi on" ri rr,l si
    S 2790
    s'p bt obr p lr alus i n l i rrb a rn rn ri n a c u ,o n di l i onal ul . P ropozi l i a rpsp" cl i !i
    esle lnEE comparatiii ($ 2724) qi nu condilionflle:
    TIey look as jl they nad toothache.
    if rou pef? mis1.essol the house.
    Yo! iehrve
    She ale as it 'rs
    she fid not /rd a meal lor severaldays.

    $ 2791

    13) Alto conshuctjiconilitionalo, Condi_tia


    mai poate fi exprimati in
    lirnba englezi ,(i prin umitoarele constructii:
    tt lo u
    Da cI
    It you
    (DacI

    n lo) s pF hiD. lF hin lo r i n g m p u p


    "h 'ulJ lh lpp
    s 1r 14 t . m t l1 s I I v az i. s t / t r 14i 31 Ti l d p l u n " z " l )
    @e.to ,ec l,i,r, icll hin to ring mc upl
    ar Ii 6[l vezi, splne-j s{-mi telefonezel)

    Aceste constrlrclii sugereazeo situatie mult mai pu,tin probabild dectt


    subjonctivul.
    14) l'Iaza conililion:rlf dezvoltatf. Oricare dintre cele doua pir,ti ale
    S 2?92
    rnei {raze condilionale ($ 2755) poate avea ti alte subordonatel, sau lntreaga
    frazd condilionald poate Ii lngiobate lntro fraze dubln'sau multiplds:
    If t hdd the morelJ\\h1c\ I lost yesterdayas I $'as going to s.:llool,I couldbuy
    Ihe 'oo ' I n "e d. ( I r ' , / i . om t ' px t dp/ \ nll ' )
    '
    Hod he bained Ntler he iirn ca'rD to tsucharest, hE @uld tue haae bee| iL farm
    af i so rc ir fu , th " hanpi. , l; r . lFez J J uudl
    She iriid to mini,nize roui drllpvement, nut I knon jlou coulrl,D'thaee obtainetl,youl
    dtstee, when \an wer-A {i collegei if lou hattL'l wothed ha , rat\ I do aplreciate yolrr
    eitod. {r'rrzi1 multitli)
    n! *I[

    S 2?93

    t5) Pr,'t'ozitiacotrditionalf$i propozitiatromporal{. Acestedoui prodr.a selin; s e a ns . 1 ' rI n o ds u p p rt i. irl.


    n u rn 6 i
    t o r i jii p o rti un pori,ontundorp
    de cuvintele care le introduc:
    My litr.rcgirr didn't mind bcitrgr.pdmandcd ro lons ds no aneelseoas prctcat. I,Con
    dilioDald)
    Nothing can be done about it. so ,ong as she lives. (Tem!o.ali)
    r f or m iaJ ln s .o " ,4 ,,, i -,z t., T p l p rr .r u
    ($ 2827.
    " :1S r,r tri -ri pdl "
    : Cu duua nr in c i o a l eL o l rd o n a rel ( 2 8 2 8 ).
    ! C. l" is du nd i m u l p i n ' i p rl ;o o rd .;l a .
    { $ t82r,

    ERAZ^ CONDITION&A

    591

    ll vau .o -" tu v, yo u r nis h m Fp hir .


    Condi. ion d t E r
    ll h" n t h"t. he sutl"rrd a-oDF. oI shyn.,.. i/ n? JiJa ,. hp wds eor-v hp hJdn l
    seer lLrr. TcrnoofalJl

    l6) Propozilia oondilionald!i propoziiia ron.psivii.- // nu in,roduce g 279{


    nurnii propozi'iacondi lionaldsdu tF1!orrl5. .i ti pe Fd con.esiva:
    I l h" h od lt tl" b"au ty , s t p was s o k ind ihdr
    pr r one l i t ! . d h " r . r c o n c p s i \ r l
    E v. . yoo . $ a 5 i1 a Srpp m Fnrqi t r hpf ar lv 1n, . . m"v. nr
    . ' tot i l h a i o s t o & u n ! ,
    "hp
    proved verr ablc. (Concesivi)

    III.

    CLASTIICARE.{ PN,OPOZITIII,ON,SUBOR,DONATE
    PN,IN
    ANALOGIE CU PiBTI.E PBOPOZITIEI

    s 2795

    O altd clasificare a propoziliilor subordonatp re drept crjrerju funtlia \ 2?96


    pc.rp s.FrlFr o lndeplineFctnlrarJ. cor.spun.6loarctuict,ieipr;rlitorpto- poztliei irDlr o propozitie. Exist{ astfel:
    1) propozitia subiecl,ivd
    2) propozi,tia prcdicativd
    3) propozitia atributivi
    4) prcpozitia cornpletivd directX
    5) prcpozilia circumstanliqli
    6) propozilia prepozirionale
    qubordonslp.p la.F cu aiutorul
    RccunoaElFreo
    "rr' L"rului propoziliilor
    .eloraqil',lrabsri lolo-itF 1s sllsr.- p
    proporiliei.
    'r(ilor
    1) Pmpoziria subieciiyl fzr Subject Clause)
    S ZIST
    a) Ptopozitia s,rbiectiva estc o propozirie substantioald(S 2705,2706) S g?98
    care jndpplineslplunctia dp subrcaai prodi,atutui dirr propoziiiaprin"ipal6.
    drn .arp cauzi scpasladrn urm5. fdrd pr'm0. nu arp lnlplpsdpplin:
    ,rhd shethauEht
    af it c..tremainsa mystery.
    Ho@ he d,id. it is a sc.rct.

    Propoziliiles'riqp.u liLers cursirp qlnl propozitijsubipctive:-remains


    a mysrprt . -is a qe.ret slnL propozjtiiDrin,ipd; .a;c nu au tnletpsdeplin.
    b.,/ Propozitia subiective esheinto.lt ed prin:
    S 2?99
    conjunolii (i/, that, ahethel, whether...or)
    pronume.;i adjeetire relative si compuse (qh.), d'hich, ohd.t, (!,)hoerer,
    ,
    adverbc cu valoare de conjunclie (ho,t\',when, s'lLte, whlJ):
    lvl,ah 4 h " ta s / ip. r o" @ r p"o, ' , 1 im m lr "nr '.
    Y'hi h po rt l.p "n", ld ?id4 nJ s nor daidpd.
    tvhu h" ha d b. har "d : r s u"h a * o! o. . dm " I r i r r i . d t i n s q u " r y .

    .e alla dupn \ctbul din rFqrnra, pslp Q 2800


    ", CinLtpropurilid subin,tiva
    "a
    in rodusdde pfonumih il. suLiF.rulformrl t r"spn,"i, tn ap"iiqia,uru;a
    s.
    gnsttet.Propozi,tiasubiectivl este consideratdin acest.caz adevdratul subieci
    (subicctul lagic) al principalei, It f;ind sul)i.ccrtl8r'analical (sau torr!rd),.
    {r is imp o-:l,lr 40' t L "t iuld ho- l' . ! t h- p
    /, is v"rJ ln poido
    h " ! ^d hor " / at l. J a ,
    h. di.ln
    'a l
    rr LvJs lmDitrrlrl
    ;[ -]!rh
    t ,anrc.
    r P , o, ru !rr,li.Jr, a a ,".
    . . r , v , , i ! : " : . i9|) .
    'ri -r
    I l1tr "u u"li,,
    l'J "u bi , I r lJ i u"' . . J , , gia, na, ir d. . r e/ i I : i n t , 8 c 4 .

    699

    SINIAXA

    FRAZDI

    ,qceasl.econstruclie este folositd tn limba englezi actuali rnai mult dcit


    .er de la puncrul 10./.rnal alesir lnnbar.orbitii. Asl,{el,Irazelecitatelapunotul
    (bJ .rnr InrilnirF mdi drs sub formd:
    1t troved imm3te.ial qhethet he eds th* ot tot.
    pot t h. : hauld t lo!
    1 ,\?5 n oL dq id' d
    I. b ..dm' ,\. i n r ar"hi.
    i g ht r e- ) , hu h. lod t . h o \ . . t i n s a h a ! a ! .

    S 2801
    S 2802

    2) Propozitiapredicativf fz,te Camplement


    or Prcd.icatiee
    CIa se).d.) Propoziriapredicativdeste o propoziliesabstantbaldsa\1alljectirali
    c.rrAindspljnestetunL\i^ de numeFedt aril1 al verbului din regenti. Velbul
    rccpnlFipsle un !Frb.opJldliv,,arD. in,praina fu prufo/ilia p'-di,rLi\;.
    alcntuieqte prcdicatul subiecl,ului din principali:
    T\ar is 9hat hc
    'ai].
    It sq{cd
    r/d, the
    titt
    ban^s qqe nood.d.
    It loolled as t/ slk ha.In1 bat tho. at alt.

    js", "it seemed","it, looked". Nici una


    lPropoziliilc principalc sint: "that
    dirrtre principale
    deplin. Propozi,tiilepredicative stnt: "what ha
    said". "that ihe river banks \.!ereflooded", "as if shehadn't been there ai all."]
    D./ Propozilia predicatifi esre inttod.usaiptin:
    ! 2803
    conjunclii fds. as if. i[, that, trhether)
    pro ulne ti adjeci,iverelative cu valoare de coDjunclii (oho, ,"hich. ,rhat)
    adrerbe cu valoare de conjuncrii (hotr. who\ ',vh.rc.,.vhA)l

    Ii looks dr i/ the! eeE tteepiae.


    parerts shaukl Lc.
    $'e coNidered Lhe.i
    'rhat
    The monent I like best
    is altet I so ta bedat nishl oilh dn interestinE
    bookto rcoA.
    Triat is /lv 1 rceo ca aa hin.
    c ) DL, ] ; n4; o l n tt, p to p o rtti ,l p s u L tp .ti r. t; .pl prpdt.ati ep fi i nd un.ori
    S 2 8( 1 4
    diiilild, ba obilnuic;tc sa se considero propozilie subiectivn subordonata caro
    precedi verbul copulativ. iar propozifie predicativ5 propozitia care tl urmeaze:
    1 ! haLI lik p . , boI n p r s u b i ,,:\d :c I' o r ,h p j :n !l " orpJi cdri var.
    p .' m ;t o g " r
    " { s . t, u n i F-t di cubi r' ti va' i s shb s1" sJy.
    .T har , h. npv p"
    l p re o' c uov a, .
    l"How she sings". '\hat she says" pot, fi tot fltit de bine propozitii subiective dacd se inverceaze ordinea propoziliilor in frazi:
    Hos'she sinEs(subiectivl) is what I like aboul her lDrcdicaliynl
    What shc sa-yslsnlie.iiva) is rhat she never dreaned oI geiting such a rice ilat
    (predicativi4.l

    (cr. s ,528)
    3) Propozili$atributiyi 1f,t ltLributlec Clause).$ 2806
    a/ Propoziliaatibutivi l depline.ste
    lunolia de d,rir a pe lingn un subS 2806
    stsntiv sau un ptonum, din propoziliaregentn.Cuvtntul determinaide prop o Ti lia alr ibul; ! a .a te n u m i t o n tp p .l p n tu t p i :
    Xyerv toudst qhn catu last qeei Du[ uD at thal holcl.
    The icws tnd, h. has su.h an tnt;esrinZ intuaation spread like wildtire.

    l"Every iourist" si "thenews" slnt antecedentelepropoziliilor atributive


    respeetive scrise cu litere cursivel.
    b.,) Existn dotr[ categorii de propozilii atribuiiye:
    $ 2807
    ptopoTitiilcddl rti&L. .Jr" s;nt prupozilii arribulivF rel.rtive:
    pronozjline substatnivdlc,cdre sint, propozitii atributive apozitionale,
    ..
    adrca apozrln.
    Penrn propozi\iile atibatiae ad,jcctiaale,*zi g 27LL,2740.
    r Pe niru n lmFle pr edic l[ ir . v c z i { 2521,
    ' Pcntru !e.b xl J o na v . v f z i S' 2s li.

    crasMcsE^

    6S3

    PRoPozrTlloR

    Prapozifiile atributiocsnbstanlieale\slnt apozilii'9pe lingd un substantiv S 2E08


    eau pe llngd un eehivalent al ac$tuia:
    v ou"
    . t on -h t I d:d : t t n n^, on. a"n- ' l
    |
    ' rn,
    L b ou \. " ar ir dpd lu P. l l. 1, " nan i h a r " L i k n n l t t i r : t !
    ' !.t,r,.
    on elanrla to ecetlone

    ! 4

    Pro fu /: ir l J r ' ibut iv " -p ^ z i ri " n u l e i r' l i n l ro l L s i n e' nerol ori r ' u!i nt n r' . \' h p th t rL tt F t..:
    t , t " !,o .,, tl, o' . i. n.
    Her lrcounf ol ha| the Wiater lrce Part! hatl Saaeo// s''rs roy lunnv'
    ,t./,{,
    I d 4 0 /ir u $ d s llin ' sJ
    tn l
    th P!
    o rJpJ r|'P
    "' d to 8 a a 1 tttr
    h'
    e ' I h a tJ ltt t Nt
    I' PIJ P
    "/;
    le m L t'
    \o "id
    rl.di"'a
    T : r, , i l . m
    Po ,a ""r :e lo
    h i' a o b p ;tL is ' l a r '
    r
    t
    I
    n
    h
    q
    T
    "
    " t , r l":e
    d, \\

    i\ i, sr
    '' r"

    h"tdl l

    l ')

    s 2809
    4r ProouziriaromDlolirndirocln lThPOI'i rlou''). o, I'r'"o"zirir n'i,plpiira direrta are lun, liu de fomolF-"-rl direct al S 2R1{J
    u',r,r . h ri rrn . "d pcr'onrt au imp"r"o'J:
    3
    I don't Lnos xho np aaa /d
    L{od lrEon l)
    T'pv sd nr"d t o iee " h' |h", lt - os t h"r " o" d / . ( \ l o 'r 'r n p P r d 'n a r ''
    .tr"" t ' n' erybg L hat th"t "'e a hoPpu auPle '\IoJ imtpt>ondl

    I I Pri,uozrtia ,rompletivd dirccG esle introdusd prini


    . ii l,l. tl it |
    ftt. nhah!)
    ". iu.

    p ru n u l , l
    pnal I
    r'l rp rl -

    ir ' l

    p. li\ -

    , r r ' l^dn

    rl ri / i /l a
    ' r- rrl o o r, d " ' u n :u

    d"

    \t" n

    o ,,j ' ,n .!i i (t," t

    rh^

    S 28lt
    ' vhar' J' L' n'

    r h r ' Jht):

    llp $o rl4fp l : [ ; t ' o t . "P


    ! lat t ' ir ' ] a t 'o k l o t n P
    : h" I ' al t o "r J
    I d ln Jl Ln s
    - hathoe th. thin| eas rlDne
    Tlipl' .oiildr't |clr
    ile'aski,d
    m slan I had ..tLP
    I don't undustand phy slE llocsn'l dgrc onh him

    "-oet

    N atd
    cutnpttri\ djle(te. conjunclia l/ldt este in $ 2812
    Cihd introducp l,ropLrzi!iiioccial
    \n .rilur rd, ili0r:
    rr
    /r, "r- r., \prir,alj.
    I hored ffiarl he qauld ee mc
    Thci $'re c;r nccd lthdtl sheQns rryht
    Acesta este inrieosebicuzul dupn verbele; to belieee'to hear' to rnagme:
    n,t"r'to'itt tu."".tasurrpo."t4thi'tl ku.nd.rst0nd'
    r"tnii.iop,,'r,.,o""n
    Coniui !is that ru .sl' r'i.iodn. r'\pnmsli dL,pat atsh t d ratnPr'
    ,i ;' /',/" \lo.uriuni Lrmale d" ut' srrLjor,'ri\)l
    t.J
    'nan:.
    I / ; - , 1 , h" r I I' a d n o ' b p " n u u l o l ' i .d .r l ' c.:usL ' ^s
    t a .a tu " ' n n l r I rl l " d o l F rn rvspl l
    !'J
    h t .' oi"inr e \ a tl \p :l d , ;d p h o l o s .d p h i nsB dbv
    ct l ks t t t ut indt p4. p ro p o /i l i s .a rF " o n l i n F " o m u rri.Jraacsl ao.ompl cl i \r
    d ire cu i s'rb or d" n ' . r v " r b -l u i ,l - d a l d rd l i P :i p o ' " Ii l n' o' Li rd s1u nu dc' urrSlre siid 5h? +o 5,ting hone - - \\ ir dnrD
    \o'r nau v tta.P @ trtP
    ,rl p.

    (S

    prliils

    "ho'h3.1

    l;Fn

    p u n islPd /

    tB'
    -t4

    Nt'ot

    'r4

    had JanP o'J

    rho

    t?'

    th?

    I P.olozititt slbsl{nlilala cste sr}or.torata carelndPlrlineqte


    tunc!ia unui subslaDti!
    ",ol)""u"
    , i ;-\;

    LlLriiiiia apozitiFi, !pzi S t!87


    pl . . " , . i i r' I p ' r' r" : L n J ' d

    i rt p -..o /:!i j " ' oml l pl j \" " dg' t!r'

    S 9\l J

    694
    lExempLnl I: comunicarearprodusi este o compleiivd direote.
    Eremplnl II: cornunicareareprodusi consta din trei propozitii complet;ve directe qi o aiributivn.l
    2814
    In stilul diteu, propozilia care conline comunicarea este o principali
    coordonatd cu propozifia care con.tine vcrbul de declaralie:
    'ro ul h "r". $ h! dor ' v ou s o ak uDl . Dou e D n , o o z : i i i c " o r d o t r a l e i u \ t d D u , p . l
    _l d on r r,,,s r iim , .
    ""in. $"f ", 1, - , n t t ao n . " ' . , T , , : p r o p o z r , ; D r i , i r , 'l ;
    ,oorJo na
    p r'm"h do ua jL\ ldpu"r ) i d r pir aoof , r o , , . J . r p n
    L , l ; i n . ', 't u n l i d d ? d ".

    Atenlie
    281;

    A nu se faoe confuzie iDtre propoziliile complctive directe in stilul indircot 9i propoziliile incidente sau ddiugate la sfirlitul unei traze, fdri legituri
    sintactice cu restul lrazei:
    I know you havc a soD.
    t0 proloziiie principald+ o comllclivi di.ecti.l
    Yor have a son,I krow.
    independnt{
    cu trim..]
    [P.otozitrie
    + o prolozilieadnryain,Ii.a legiluresintaci.ice
    "Thcsc,I bclieve,rve.ehis aciuil words."
    "I belive"(incident{,
    l"Thcscwerc his acl.ualwords"(p.opozijieindepetuiniil)r
    IlrI legilturi sintacticecu !.ina).1

    2816

    cl, Propoziliile completive direcle sint uneori anunial,e de pronumele


    "i, i'rtroductiv" (prcpdrdtar! or Introdn:tarlt "It") cu luncj,ie de,,complement
    protizoriu" (Pro,,isionrtObi{!) tSSCi SaG, I'ol'oziLidco,npletivadrr.cra
    liind .. tFl ln apozilia pronun,cJui
    n (S 2-,90/:
    \ve don't thjnk if likcly ,ia, hc was da a.ta".
    They i'iU scc to it fi lou get Uou. d,ue,
    You mny rery otft nM qe shal.l take patt in the spotts,lEtuanst tian-

    281?

    5) Ptopozilia circumstantiali (Th. )dttb;dl. ClduscJ.- Aceastn propozilie este o subordonatd odre iDdeplinetie funcria de oon|lement circutrrslan-

    (Po!t.u detalii, Yezig 2634)


    9818
    6) Propozilie prepozilion&li (The hepositionaL Clause).
    Prop.,zilia
    subordona6 introdusd de o prepozilie are roiul unui complnnt prepozilio

    nal ( s 2622).
    l']ropozitiile prepozilionale apar,tin urmdtodrelor categorii:
    I dido l look L t .v h .,t.h "l ,rd 6 /u rJ i , ,C o mtl " ri { ,1t," " rr.zi :i ^l " ' r.r
    J rd s ttr v h o a e v a rt" d ro ar
    ho ns:ri rv. (comol -l i vJ
    ' ni
    i ",r," " , f r h; v . " ^ ^v ' r l ri o n
    Tne boy lou ooe tatkntg to (- to
    om you wcre talknrg) is my son. (Aidbuljri
    ritative)
    She has no idea ot hos t do t. (Al.rilrutili alozilioDah).

    $ 2sr9
    S 2820

    IY. STRUCTURA
    FR_{ZDr
    Inhoducerc ti termirologie, - Pentru cunoalterea aceslei chestiuni, este
    necesari ldmurirea terminologiei engleze,care. prin analogi.t ej cu termenn
    gramatica)i romAnr$ti, asomnnntorica lorrnd dar cu irlelos difcrii, poate induce ln oro.1rope e.i eo dorescse sLudiezeacestcnpitol sinLaxei.

    ETRUCTURA

    FRAZEI

    616

    Phrasenu lnseam il,,Irazdr', ci,,loculiune", ,jsin1,agme".


    ,,grup de cuvint" g 2821
    (carelu ouprirrdeun verb la un mod personal):
    lor mixing cocllails

    N-u se poate aplica numele de "phrase" propoziJiei eliptice care conline


    un verb subhlelas ($ 846, 1131,2825 etc.)
    lhe l,lain or Pri cipal S 2822
    Clrrusose numeElepropozitia ca element alfrazci
    Clausdfiind propozilia principali, iar t/rc .9.crnd.ar!or Subsidiarll Clausapro'
    pozit:ia secundar:isau subordonati. Cuvtntul claaseinlrebuin!at singur, Inrn
    calificativ, inse;t]llni,,propozi!;e secundard".
    Senloncccslo numeledat atil propoziiiejjn,tependcnte
    (adicr tropoziliei $ 2823
    .arc n. la, t1'r- lin r u l'r?;,. .ir ;j treTciIn- si. Ir, lurr,lipdp !n'ura rra"l
    z' i. g'a-.,ri.. FnFlpzd.,r' oa.'r urrne'oar"a,losil i"are:
    lj l.heSinItL. Scntence,pe care o voln numi ln limba rornenn,,propozi,tia
    independenie";
    2) the Compler Snrarc.cireia li vom da numele de ,,fraza complexi";
    3) theDoubLe(or Conpound.)S entunce,
    pe ia.reo vom numi .,lraza dubld" ;
    4) Ilrc M ulLi,pleJerrdncd,cireia ii vom spune ,,Iraza multiplh".
    (Prcpazilitr independ,enld)cupriide un stng r g 28t{
    . lr Thc Simplc Seolexcc
    y Pr"Dl r

    n n m ol

    I ' r ! dr c a l rv l
    I smt?ddat hr.
    JolD and L,ar to a showresterdrr.
    He dtll ,uy pa!.r and a bno.l

    Uneori verbul ii chiar subiecl.ul stnl subtn,telescr


    $ 9895
    Hap?y N.a ycdt I
    "\lho's fhis lor?" "rvr."
    JanglishspotuL.
    "$'ait..ssl" "C.ntns l"
    ,9taLdiLEtaam rnly. ll-a .incnLr.
    ore fares,?tear ? (C.Dduciornltn
    "AL!
    te a l .ru cl. c . l
    a u to b u z )
    "I kno{ somes.hiskX.Put raL tiglLtir to
    "May I spcakto Gcorg!?" ".tpedl
    tn s." i l ' r t elelon)
    i i n .."
    ComplotaLe, accsto propozi,tii e l i p ti c e a r fi :
    I s,i:h lau a H.Ur)' N-{L Year.
    EnAlish ts sr)oken,,r,.
    I orn cornng.
    ?n.E ts llanding roo onlX.
    Ae nkte an!
    larcs to pav, if sou
    'nara
    1t Qtll pul loD dght in no time.
    Li n L r pnglpz bv nr bil d c ^ n .rb l n s p " c i a l d i n d " , r,.1.a propoTi l i i pl i fti , F,
    1 r chr. t" p e n' iu r J t idit at F r -i \ i o i i u n ; p D ." r' .^ d u u sri l uj ui .-l 11" oconver
    salie caracterjstici,, in care nu xistn nici o singnri propozilie complein li
    n ici u n ve r b la un m od p e $ o n a l :
    .,you l,"a!i4C?'.
    "About noon."
    "In whose car?"
    " J o h n h ."
    "Wel], nice trip.,,
    "Thanks. See Iou ne{
    r r;tu | l , ar r d I , s Lbcul: .

    q u r" " ri b i i I l , .

    wek."

    l u n f" l d sl i l or .. J,dl d
    , H. Shetter,dioft Crh /o EffectieeEulish, \;e\\ york, 1955,lag. 15.

    mdl a

    696
    2826

    Propozilia independenti poate cuprinde si verbe la moduri Depredicative,


    sau pirri de propozilie dezvoltate:
    "The rank and lile sanl ro esrarltsnsocialism,zrtlt:tns for rhis pu.losc alt the
    dcmocratic mcaDsand possibiiitispoa by tle p.evious siru$1c ol the pcople."l

    2827
    2) The ComploxSertencofFraza canpLed) eslefraza compusddintr-o
    ptopoztlicp .ncipaldsi una sau mai multe subordonaie;
    "cv"ry Pad y C on' p. "D ag ndd r "\ p116 lhJ l r h e d e m a n d f o r s o , i . '1 , m . l , g h t i n g
    soriJl
    6trin S- u p eldr J nFw hoo l1' . dn- J d r i . p . '
    "m,

    lPrcpazilia pincipald: "Dvery Party Conferancaagenda rei'cals"


    Prapatili& subord,anatd;"that, the demand for socialism,lighting socialtm, Bpringsup exer ane\l' frorn the rank and file",. (Propozit,ie completivd
    direotn determinlnd verbul "rcveals"l.
    . From his desk,whichwrs raisedon a dai$,hc couldseewhat everysl.udentdld
    in his scal wheD tle le.ture

    'as

    on.

    lPropazilia principaldr "From his desL he crdlt see"


    .PropozilitlesubordontLte.
    "Nhich fas r.risedon a d ais" (propozilie atributivd
    determinind substantivul "desk"): "whaL every shrdent drd in his seat" (propozirie substantivali completivl dirccti, determinind yerlul ,,see"); "when
    ihe lesson ds on" (propozilie circumstan-tiali de timp determintnd yerbul
    "did..].
    2828
    3) Tho Doublo or Compouril Sentence flrd:a d.ubld) e6te lftza cl doud
    propoziliiprineipatc.oordonsle.
    CnordonrreJEcpoale ta"a prin juxLspunere
    sau prjD'r o .onjunc!in: , opulsii\d frrd. not. nat ontg...but. dtso.n.ith"r...
    ar, noy, theb etc.), disjunotivd (or, else,otherwise,eitheL.. ort, adyersatiyd
    (but, howet'cr,neeertheles\ stiLL !eL)t ca.uzalF\(for ) sa[ co.dclnsi'{F^(accord,in|ly,
    so, then, therefore)'.
    He now had his desree,the futu.c opend}efo.e him- (JurtapunoreJ
    we sat down aad ;aited. (Copulatiie)
    Yo1 nu.l c^ no( u" r.,u bp.Jr". Irisjr1, i\',
    1 \. ,..,1 1,t I Jr lf onlir .
    / , , \ ou + ' r p , . .
    I \,t\"-s,rir.1
    D 'n - g' r
    /o' I m o , inl ' . r r J ou. r ^dL r . 'l . 1
    I'n grilling hutrg.J, !o you'I] hare to ft,ed nio nols. (Conclusill)

    Ambclc propozilii principale dintr'o frazi dubli pot, aves subo.donate


    \\]rn l! nnd.fsl.n,l mv meining, John ]irked
    nP Y PrtlLo ujh i o l it h im s c li.

    ai me atrd lrtrghed. as if [c had

    l Jnhn winl-!l , t n' .i 'LF' lAUgh.d-F'n trolozrlii prin.iprl- 'oordonar-, u ajulorul, oniun,li"i.opulrrit -H | ; -\\'har h^ur.d.r.roodm\ m"sning" ste o propozi,tiecircumstan,tialdde iimp determinind vcrbclc "idnked
    qi "laughed" din principale; "as if he had neyer thought ot it himself"
    cste o propozilie circumstantiale de mod determintnd vrble "\a'inkd" qr
    "laughed" din principale.l
    S 2829

    4) The Multiplc Sortcn(c (ltrun nuLtipld) este iraza cu trei sau mdi mallt
    propoztlii pri.ncipal.e coordonate, care pot avea ficcarc subordonai,ele iorl
    a)
    lett,

    He li.ril cod. irto ihc Lcin.c hall and was lookitrSfo. his sif., lul shehad aheady
    I Labaul ,Vanthlu, prll 1951.
    2 thc tunA ann litu : mNele.

    507
    lFrazi cu t/i propozi,tii principale legate prin conjuncl,iile
    A. B. C. -

    "Hc had come ilto the leciu.c lLall";


    "(he) s'as looLins lor liis Fiic";
    "she h.rd alrerdy lelt".l

    'rnd

    fi Dat:

    b)
    Thc dal I mct her, sl$ \rantld to book scais lor "lting Lear", and was going r.o Uic
    rh-J l r ' los--:f
    l. ' J ldh
    sl,".o uld sF J , J . L,
    o o. iid s r a d r o a 'o r '" r r . $ l : . h
    . i r dlit oi mi e k.ro giri t h "\ "r in".
    nJ \ h. l w"" s L l p o s d t o b t h - b ! , o f r t r d
    s ^ " n, l rillidnl d " ,h" altp c I ' dd ! "pr . s J dl

    lFraz:i cu t; propozilii pdnoipale coordonate _sicinci propozitii subordo\. - Ptupaziie ltin ipaldr "slie raantcdio book scals ior Iting Lcar",
    .t') l)tur.iie
    erba.donati: "Thc day I rncl. )ier"- ipropozilie circunsi-anliatddc
    tinp, ca re d ct er m ini ler bll' \v u l e d " ' d i n
    trj rc i p a l a r\).
    ti. , I'Npoziie ptituipaLi: !'ishe)rvas gontfrto the tleatre to s-Ae"(coo.donail cu
    !.jncitala A prin conjnn.!ia "and"l.
    .o L i l ;p l i l i
    . ) trclo- ! t ,
    ".
    tro o.rl d bub.l l n i \,' 1.1,u rul
    r '' a
    l Lt' :' .: " o .
    J " . o p l " , , . di. , r" ubaal r a
    . n L n ,i " Ir..l u ..lp ' uml ' .pl i vr di ,p.rd).
    C. - Propotitie ptincipdld: "I asknl her to come jnstead to a coftert" (coo.donali cD p ncipalleA ii B. ii lcgaG de B lrin conillnctir "nut").
    . ) Pmpor i! : ,s ulo" do-on : " | 9 h i I' J { " ." r i o l r n - rJ . s:vi r.gl rrdl Fvpni nq l D rnno
    ?i''. a .l r.| i vj | J . . |r U|d" " r ibu | a | .u | rd n | | v U ' ' '
    .") Ptuporiie szrodoaad: "$'hich was snlposcd to lc thc bDSi ol the season"
    { Dro o o ai i l l dit ut iv alil.( u r o l n p ' rtri } -( .' - s u b r r-ti v u l L i " - cotrcFrt. num ti orooozi ti F
    aLf ib JL i ;1 ,.o ; r d" nJ lr . ! - u l o rd o n J ra. p ri n .o rru n ,l i J ' 4,. r' /
    ." ) Pt ot o, it i" s db. nl aa' td : " b tl )i d n a " l l ' l d r" " rd dh" " nsoti r" { pro!o?ti P
    Jdv p rl Jl .i "x r o- dF . onpl" m " n ,i r,rmb l 1 n 1 ,l .o n .5 i r. o .mi i prol ro/:l i p,on.p" i \' i .
    sxbo.don:tJ r'ropozitiei spcundare.".1

    AN.{LrZA I'RAZEI

    S 2830

    Pentru a se analiza o frazE. se procdeazi in modul urmitor:


    a) se sulliniazii ftrbeLcdh ltali car sjntla modurilolredioati'e;fiecare verb la un mod predicatil. aparl,inind une; proprziirii. numirul verbelor
    subliniate wa indica numnrul propozi,liilor;
    b) se d.cspartprcpozilitlc diD carc fac parre verbrle subliniate;
    d/ se glsesc propoziliilc de sho stiulorre .si se inl,itulcazd prolorilii
    printpol" rnu tr"Lui. uilol ru u
    propozitiipriI iprl, nu cu inln.. J"plin
    'l
    in reg-. in'plp.ul lor'i:.ind {rrza "upri d.rnar'n -lr"pro.
    ii""
    "i,t'o"ao""ra"
    pozilii
    ptinciodlF..e1r. i rlporl,rl J;nrrF"l'
    'ld '.lr'r lpqdlForir .ux apu
    nere (aliturare imediain) sau cu ajutonrl tlnci conjunclii coordonatoare;
    d) se cerceteazi De ri , suba onatele$i sc raporteazd liecare dintre ele
    la cui'intul din regenia rcspcctivi pc care-ll del,ermirii se stabilcqte astfel
    functia pe care o indepliiresc si deci caraclerul ti denumirea lor: propozilii
    substantival, adjectivale sau adverbiale. cu rol de subiect, nume predicativ.
    arribul, "ompt.n., l, Ji,a L i^d;rp.r slr lr"r.nzilinnut.. ir,.u.n.inl!.t rprupo
    ,,i1i-.ubi".ri\d.fndi,dri!,' ar'ibu'ir/. ^n,pl ri\" J:n"r.,. ind;r",r1s..J Dr"
    pozjtjonald. circumstanl,iau de timp, de nod, de loc tc.); se arate modul ln
    t P n, p,.i.i1
    to,) d "'"p in" I n d. t dji r r . p . . v "r t , t p
    c " l . l all" doud p -in.ip dlr ro or dona . . nr I nd.

    $a, -.,:19- !:

    a.L o

    on

    69E

    care 3e laoe snbordonareafaid de rsnid sau coordonareaintre subordonate


    prin juxtapunere sau prin cuvin6 de legeturd; se indicd natura acstora
    - dacd stnt adjective relative sau interogative, adverbe rclative sau conjunclii etc.; se aratd caracteml restrictiv sau explicativl al acestorpronune,
    adjective sau adverbe etc.
    nu.narul,gin"rura prolnzitiilor.pre,Lrmsi hlul lrazpi
    . "/ lc,ara'6

    N\trUP LI}'ICA B , D
    S 28Sf

    t. rBA2-Lco;rptDx,l
    (TIIE COMrI,EX

    SENTtrNCD}

    SI analizim unn6torul exemplu:


    Il I !m lreeneai Fridey, l an go wiih you to that frlndol youlsx'hoselibrary

    Analiza acesteifraze se va face ln modul arbtat mai sus, astfel:


    aJ Yerhelela un moil prealioetiv: am. can, trant - trei terbe la un mod
    prcr]i,atir. rlcci hei propoz;liiin lr azd.

    ,) Propozitriile:
    (1) If t an f4e turt ltidalt,
    \2) I .aa co with loe b that fuiend of vouts
    \3) qhose lib.dty I so mwh aant 10 see.

    cl Prolozilia prineip:rli :
    I can sa eith

    sou to that ftiena

    al lJouts

    d/ Propozitriilesutuordonato
    :
    l!) tf t qi tr4 nprt FtiJdn, lprcpozilie adverbiiu conditionale,itrtrodusedc conj 'n .l id i/ li da ' r m il l n d !" " i i J l u l r, B,
    p " j D " i !r' r)
    ' l ro
    l:) *hrs. I ibro" lt t so n uchu o r, rorde (!.opori!ie adjectival4al.ributivn,detc.minird
    srbstantj\ul tie,l .li,r ,,fin iprlir. dF oarr csl.cteCal4 prin adjeotivril relaiiv resrrictiv

    e.,/Fraza cuprinde o propozilie principalx cu alou{,subordonate.Este


    deci o lrazd coEplexi.

    $ 2832

    2. TEAZA DTIBIJ.tr.
    {TIIE DO[itsNE OE COMPOUND SBNTENCA)

    Se wa analiza acum urmdtorul exemplu:


    How.v."Iilrl" sucl,;n $" ldd rtrarsummpr.
    welovpdthn lin\ (ubin!v Lhelake-

    and l"tl ir on ly $h "n ouf holr dJ y . um

    r o al "nd.

    d) Vorbolels uD moil proili(ali\: hu1. loftd. lpft..c,?pun rnridpredicativ.dpci p$iru propozilii tn lr0ra.

    :
    ,) Propozitriile
    (r) Eoqera lit e suBhnE e. hdd
    12) ee loeed, the tinv cdbia bu the
    $l o s @hen ou

    h4tda!

    catu 10

    r V ez i p9. 58r , n o ta 1 , g 2 7 4 2 -rt4 3 .

    oatru \erbe la

    5S9

    c, Propozi,tiiloPrilrtipale !
    cu B)i
    n. -- qe laoed the tiny cabin h! ,le ldic (coordonatl
    copulativl
    A
    cu
    lrin
    B. - (ee) teft,
    lcoordoliain
    'oniunclia

    dndl'

    .1,/ ProPozi,tiilesuboralon:rtoi

    sT;iil%il":*:",iJ,ili5li":$T""
    1#*f,iil;:x'li,$i'
    ,.,.".1;t
    xitr1l6,'"Tlk'
    d t onlu n aF holida!"a,nPto on 'nd tlropoziLi"dverbidlstemporld
    verbul
    r ii J.r"rminlnd
    -h,
    i",.Ja"*""ii"-"a""*[,i'.;-';1";*,1"
    "onjuniri",ufr
    B)
    ldr
    ' din orincipula
    respecrp.ina" doun propo/i1ii prin ipule u subordoDalFlc
    , f""r"
    tive. Este prin uimare o frazi dubli'

    $ 28tt

    3. IBAZA 'nULl'IPLi
    (TBE

    iTUI,TIPI,tr SEJTENCU)

    Se va anatiza exemplul urmnto!:


    \ t rp| P v.r $p we i'l lhp o aoJ ols . b; ng lold \ "

    $pr ' t o l k l o r i s l r ' N l r c m 'd x s n d

    ilu;i l5':; i:i'l":1#'.";"'"s;::l,i:;1"


    :i.]'"r;*:F;*."1;li:i:;lJ"n,:l
    r|'rn'ed
    d/ Vorhotclaun lnodlrcdiralir: nl'/ 'v te 'v'l'on"d sang'
    'oulil'
    rra/a
    rn
    pr'4
    propozrlrr
    opt
    d"ci
    vcrbo.
    - opl
    had ,one upon.
    D) Propozifiile :
    lt) lYh"t.r.r 'ft e.nt'
    izt tt," o"o"onLs, beinq bA, *ctconed b'
    \3) ttttoL) ae Qoe fotkto'^t''
    14\ (theu) sons,

    I o-'":
    \z;lr,':"':;k!;rd,'i':;;:i'l' iI ;.:i"'
    13\!*i:l ,tr'Y-:

    ',:i::

    or o" disca'ery'
    aeat,h
    ro,,heun xpected

    c.) PropoziliilePdrcipnle:
    as (principaldcoordonati cu B
    i. - ii ir"*"", biing told,Qetcotned
    si C);
    "'i.
    legau de C p n
    ''
    - ftn"r ) sang(principaldcoorilonatecu A Pi C' 9i
    copulativ{ dnd.);
    aonjunclia
    - 'C.
    cu
    (prinriprlacoordonat6
    l,n":r) danc"dsufi int r'stinr fatk dan"es
    a'?J)'
    ptin
    -\ 9i B. 9i legoldd. ts
    'onjunclia
    :
    d I ProDoziiiilesrboralooatc
    w' ''rni (propoziti"adv"rbraldde l^c iDrrodu'aprin ad1:,'ii,,",r,
    cr'z:
    ,*t'1i"Pi",i,
    !i ilFrermini;di"rbul 'r'l'on'r'l din
    - Ipropozili"'ompl"liva dirF'ti introdusd
    O ' 1 1that),t' ,,'er"folklorists
    v'rbul 6'ing
    """'1i,j""iiJ
    r"iFasirsi dFr-rr"inind
    ir','ii,ri'
    o'i"
    "',1"'i""'ji",.'
    iol.rl din A1;
    I Accstl snborilonrh dete.nii I ln acslaii timp;i te'bulLl

    dit' lrinoipala B' coordo-

    600
    d"' ) that ee could.hurdly reca\],alLthe material (propozilie adverbiald co socutivi, introduse prin eonjunclia subordonatoarelial ;i determintud verbul
    dancd. ,Jin C)r;
    d,"" ) (Ihat) ee had conc rpoz fpropozi,tieadjectjvald at butive. subor'
    donatd prin juxtapunre (pronumelc rclativ restrictiv t/rd, fiind subin,teles)
    ti determinlnd subsia tivul na,rertal din d"'l;
    d""' ) secingthal ee $ere taa f.o far the unexpected
    M&Ith of our discatery
    (propozilic adverbialh cauzald, introdusn de loculiunea conjunolionaln sub
    ordonatoares.cing l,tat ;i dererminind prcdilatlrl couLrlrcco dil d,"').
    ,, Fraza este formati din trei propozilii principale coordonate !i cinci
    propozilii subordonate.Este prin urmare o lr:rzi multipli.

    v. coREsPo\DE.\T_{
    Tr}lPUnILoR

    s:t3{

    [sDquDNcr]oF TENSDS)

    In limba englezd. timpul vrbului din subodonatd este, l genereritr


    strtisd dependenli de timpul verbului din regentn. Aceaste dependenti, nu.
    m itd ,,corespondent
    a timpurilor" fseqadnceof fenses), a fost reglmentatd
    de reguli rigide la origine, astfel:
    9836
    lioguh I.
    Ct d rrbul din propozilia regent; cste la lre:rn, sau la
    pre.entulp.erfectjverbul din subordoDati.poa.letila oriLetimp (prez t, trecui,
    sau vrlor]i
    I saethat you a/, a good girl.
    We ea', to know what vou .ttd then.
    I think I shdU,ate a hilida:r'next ye}.
    I |a'e toldyN Ll\aLli. eds holdinga prolessorshit
    in ihe UDivcrsiiyof Leeds.
    .\\e.haeei\st leotntthat shats (sau,as, in her oUiceand 'ill sedgoa as soor as
    sne rs o$enaaged,

    2635

    s 2817

    BpgulaU.
    Lind \"rbul djqpropoziliar.gFnrdFslFlo Jinrr. \arbul di',
    sllbordo.ll i pu e fi la or; t,nt,tf,fi J /tt,r tS 28-0 2e-7r'
    Sl!. ott ..s il wc rzntsn he.
    1 sloll kU her nhai ne ftzrd dane |,sa1r
    d.id).

    rrentru excp.tiile la aceasti reguln vezi $ 2859-2E72.


    Leguli III.
    Ciod vrbul din propozilia regenta ste la 1r.r i. sau a,'6
    S 2838
    jn lcgaturi ienporali cu el,
    fornd de trecut, vrbul din subordondtt, daca stt
    trbuic si Aibir |ot larmd .le trecutl
    I @aratu4
    thetn while thev ene Dbrins chtss.
    Lli rv.ibedm lcu privire;) pe oind"j";," $ah.l
    I th4uahtvou nod told hPt sha ,ou ia"/.
    lCr t J ; Dh' t J i oi s p u sc e$ ti .)
    31 ut , t ?' s k odt l n t r' .F d ,Eft'L d r!,o rn n d n J e dl or l p r," :/p.
    dara t n, l g " .a -a .rz k o s r i i rru rr..l ppl r-upi rri u.J
    Ll
    $- a@ld t hem s h c @
    b e (h e r' .
    t(Noi) re,on s"&s .,{ (ea) ra /i acoro.l
    I prtmised I poLld tume it I knete lot neded nc
    \Ti an filsiuu cn eoi eeni drcil ,oi fd c{ at ncvoic dc minr.)
    I dnided I @uld t! 1.oseeyou befo.e I q enr o my holidry.
    t{nu) dn nod.r, ca voi incc.cas{ tc vid inainte d a pleca/ si1llectn vacanll.]

    ,ur, :ftT,n

    t.o-tti"

    B, coordo,,eierminiin aceh$timp qi verburMnsdin principala

    CORESPONDDNTA

    In p o rta

    TIMPURILOR

    f01

    r!

    al Prin termenul ,,formd de tre..it" sP intplcse in acest 'Bz nu numoi indi- $ 9839
    ( "t if ; l
    r'".u ' s i t r p. ut ul p F rfp c l { ,u l o rmF l P d ' a ' p tsci con rnuu ' orpspunal l p ' u\rnra
    /r" ,r. ati nd' u
    br i. . r ir np;" u tr| o d ' r[a rn ' d ' fc
    /a odrF,.
    'i r i
    s
    u
    b
    jon'
    l
    rtul
    fd
    L
    i
    d
    c
    '
    ra
    L
    ,'
    .
    l rczpni i r ' ono t t r ittd ru t la t r " . r / . c d v i i l n ru l
    ditionalul prezent. inlelendcnt dc i leles:

    ,./ I nu .c uiltr .
    ..6', "c.l' n nlrui riml
    ternlfnuhi,.trecut".
    tixccpt,ii

    ld

    l' rr,'rrrul pnrtF'. c'lp un adje Liv care inseamnl S 98{'0


    p-.rFnl tr'.ur slu !ri'or - ii ' d
    RecnIa

    I I I

    17l Cird propozilia suborrlonatiintroduceun fapt lndeobite cunoscut $ 281r


    sfiirliiic sau unirirsd vrnabit. verbul ei est p s lalrezent salt rlllar:
    He rcodin the paler that ne{ t.ecstateso., consiatrlltarleadlg otr thf m'l ol lhe
    tt'otl'tiv,,."th! lrce ol ihe eirr'lr'
    ,otatl"r tlc rton,icerfrg-!ustil in stiicnce.\iall
    "44gc
    I l,.rr ihai a l.iend ii nced ,s a l.ie .l indtcd
    e-i ndepend-r' t J" $ 2812
    i ], L rn , l. i' ! r np / i' ;d " rrL o r' l a t.rd . ti l rp l " ' ;r-ni i c'
    sl u rd
    r : mp u l a .l i u nii dinr . e" nt a v ,rb u l :u b o rd o n a r' i p o a l c Ir pusl apr' r' /
    riitor I
    I dillr't sct on wiih her bccrusesle istr't I'r.ljable.
    o a d d lr lJ
    5nc @ l d h p

    lrdl

    h 4 r ld lr ' r

    ' ltd J'


    'om<
    I trrel x"r:o mu,h har r/olii-vp_/..8"rh"r.

    .) Propozilia aiributiva arc verbul la oricc li ? cerut' de inleles:


    san ind |ha li lior lr iP. I
    t11\"lL
    I / o , " jloq. t la.lslu//a '\aJs.rma l, p. bA, F
    I naod alwars /ornd jn he. caample

    S 2843

    hef hlon
    m J l o r o 'F
    J han bPP'ht t n' bi
    Prlorllpsiimulu'
    ld' a. ng, , ; L l l o

    prin 4r' rllr' o' S 2qtl


    d/ Inlro Dropo/iLi.romnara ira l"gr a d' prin'ipclu
    pru'
    lrrLci"s:
    ,
    da
    pus
    l"
    or;'
    riarp
    po"t,fi
    n'r h os, o. t "il d.i.r"rbul
    Shelo'ddher sisiermorcthrn sbclots o. /tll eve'lo'?tne
    si" 1","a 1". si"t"r * .uch as shelo',s or Pill everloecme
    e) Clnd fraza condi,tionalderprimi o si/udlie rrdld rtit rFrbul,din"r'- $ 9845
    ir"rp 4ru'uo nlpr's IJra
    s-nra. "itsir"ldin suborJonat"por tipus" Id otrLP
    A'i'rputilor'
    ree"rlil,d."o';'pond'nl"
    1."ri"..-"'od"
    (Pentru exemple vczi S 2750).
    proFace excoptie tilloral, care' in genere.nu poatt Ii intrcbuinlat inlr'o
    pozifie subordonatn (S 2850-2857)
    CAZUIiI SPNCIALtr
    1) Stilul nsratiY. - ln stilui narativ, toate ac,tiu ile care se dcshtoarE $ 2818
    simulian sau consecutivslnt la acelaqitimp gramatical
    a) I'oate acliunile Prezente:
    Shen,r'.stl\c e$ibitjon room{nd .'.tt?s'10$eher apprtoiationi tle book{hich

    She toDned
    rouDd, sa,e_q.!n,who o,r sirtirg iX rhc tjre, ,r2,Dp an.I spft, io her.
    c) Taatc acliuniLe riitoare:
    I s/'dllgo ro Bnohmsr, /,g;srd.as a sru.tent,dr,ndleciues anil g.r a d.gree.

    S 2847

    E rceplie: Fleribilirarea
    limbii,v. prczenrdupi trecur,S 2841 2B45,
    .2) Actiunj simultanesau ro[secuti\0 in heeut._ In Iinrba enelezn.a,:

    ..
    , , i : : ::1 i,

    \ru n i r e. pF r . r , c ulp b rmu l l " rr..

    .n n .F .. ti \ i n lr_" ut stot pxpri ma,. toa.c

    nri n
    .prF,roosab,rn
    dF rirbs rom d n i.u n d " .rn o c a a ri iru a li" ,

    i rci u r ul alr F r neaz ac u l rp z e n tu L :


    ".,::a
    !' I h,, liim I roruhiln ron ,a, i]L
    \then
    ictnd I ath ,nitnit i-an spusct es,t iotnald.)
    I /i,rr you a".e lrere
    (stian ci esti aici.)
    I dsizd hcf nnt shc sdtd Ia.tin (a, astecn.
    l\m intnbot_o d.u mi-a stus ct\ MafiA aadrne.)

    $ 2846

    3) 0 actiunc arterioari attera se xpuma:


    a) p.rrnpt uentulpertcr, dacnverhuldjn propozilia regenrdsreta prczenr

    -- u l a lnLor :
    Ea

    I sa Lhar she has Kn .


    I sndi,g, to Lhethearre and In

    tiie lertormancetdJ already r.gtuz.

    b) pti[ trecutul perfect, daci verbul djn regenti este la indicatil.ul trecur:
    $, d- , u. 1\ ' er , t' " , .rt ,1 t.1 ,i -e ,.
    Il:hen I .ane h.me, src na.JbedLtundins lot an ho\tt.
    Tot u$i. c ind . \ i .t; J n u ; s a u - ,:r,u t.F ,. !i uni
    _.
    1ut anp, i ntFri orrFr,r,.,l
    clrrnl.trrclte.
    nulner lflmnl \.efb esLe la trecutul " ipedeci,
    celelalte liinrl la
    rn d t.ar r r ut t r eLut :
    qt
    ,h .r n ,/. t/. / i n | ." r, p,ool nHr.a Jns" r.
    ' , , da1l Lot . In p
    8\e
    betieeed
    shehadsc.n hid rrainins in.c_st,pn hp
    Fi:",teiiir," p""";",, r,","
    _
    d n rl r, , . j" r . 8 n, , r t - \:n r.f ..!o rt,,o m p " i ,.o n . "*""t
    .'1 \ rl nr a t r ] 0" d , -r" re to o l i n g i r. p ri .rs propori ti " , -srs sL pr" d.at.-.,
    a c o i ! r r ' . . i n r d o ,r .. .-s r l i tn tr-b u i n rr t r" ,utul nerfc.l p_ntru con.i oc-

    r " n r u l,

    sirn,rtran"
    crrF t " " rf ri; " r" p rin i; ,
    ',c,!;u,,ilt r tn .' n r, d a .rr .t,a r,F i 1 ' " . , i dn
    " i; i; , , _.a
    sntpri ^ri i i t.. si on,rr,.
    "
    r
    (inp rna prupozitia)
    ..eidr;t,rser;t
    supnrali,inainre
    de a venir; r,i;titiee""
    rc.r |' t F r eq. t

    .e ar tr tob, .'n. non.F,,.)ii /in d ,1.Ii (tr^pozjtip) .,.t tu.FsatJ p,AteJt


    Fr
    "..
    .a rua.apirr. tr.o t.-r'(r. sporr, itnr d. idrno inajnt_
    d. s ri t". tn ;tni,.l
    ) .nnn,,iitatutptP., rrprp-,ri! . i;torutp,t*t fdLd.tptr /r//., ;nd o d._
    .
    l,uro \',rnarF Fcta,,r.riuun. .n,.i nun^n dhL \iiror r\ei g l50t r501,
    2853,2E56).
    S 284$

    4) 0 oc,liuneriitoare fa,ri de at1,ase exprimnl:


    a) prin t'iitor, cinrt.ierbul d;r regente este la prezcnr:
    I t,a?. | .],olt ..". \'au as-tn
    She nrc(.s sh. ,r'i rd,e io aitend

    ,c graduation tesi.iljty tomorrow.

    1 ln propoz'liileseoundare
    h oa.eloare ii jnircluiniat vjjrorul (g28I0.rs5!

    2sr:).

    608

    CORESPONDENTA'TTMPURII,OR

    b) p.jln aiitor l fald de trecut cind verbul din regenti este la trecuti
    We urLdtslood they would ting ns uP.

    it'" ni tn""sntrni **a

    r, ruquir?,loattendth' festi'llv on the tollo{ins dav'

    2850
    5) Yiitorul in prcpozitio suborilonatd.- Spre deosebi'ede limba romani' 5
    pY.pprii
    joc'.
    paot"
    trbut nu
    ardta P ndi
    :n atucaa. unFlP
    ln limba AnclFz6,
    p ar li 'impul 3aun odul
    i'nr
    or
    suLorJona'd.
    propozitie
    viitor
    lnrr
    o
    oueolornij ic
    ilin rpgen'ti:\iiror. impFrJliv..ondiLion'l ' l'
    Verbul din subordonati se afli:

    s 285
    viitoare talir d0 pmzont:
    -A.criunca
    2859
    a) \E indicatiaal?,'e:cr, (tradus crt aiitorul ir limba ronenn) pentru $
    se
    in
    oare
    a exprimao ao,iiunei'iitoare in raport cu momentul pr"e:ent
    I shall never ioryet hcr as long as I ltee'
    ,
    lNl1 o voi uita clt ,ot
    'Ir,t
    Fi n s mp up whent le lla Y.d s
    lTeliloneazemi clnd sPua r./n',d prcsar
    l:kp ro b"p hin

    I s ho! ld

    iri iiii"i:l'io,r"'

    it h d @ 4 e i n e st

    - w4 in nd\"rod-"I
    .dd r Jn"' sip

    -,pai
    (tra;lus cu tiilot[l dnlerior3ln limba romini) ctnd $ 2863
    ptfect
    prezentat
    Ia
    b)
    regentd:
    rcliuiea .riltoa"e ilin subordonaii este anterioare aceleia din
    | - ,dll m ak" mv rrp orl q h"n I hn* "onP: ' t "d nv | ' b cord ur l o " i ' $ o r l '
    ! i r " P ; 'u ) r J 'r d r p d d e
    r i t t 4' a; aat
    it oi i;;o Fr;mrJr dupl , ". m i
    Let m. krn w Js soo n a s v ou d, P & P; ' d ar ans { "r '
    p"init s\u t';P";'i)

    ii",j,iit:"'. t^i,ia * ';; ti


    I should

    ir-'

    ";i

    till st'. &ds / ir nlr Pd hPr ' n'

    -Jv
    pi'ii.;
    f i-tr".ninot

    ;slun' l

    al

    slu 'a '+ninot md'a-

    Aeliuno Yiitoarefa16 do trocut:

    s 286

    priru a ex- S 2866


    a) la. indicatiaul fc.rt (tradus ou 'iitor!'l ln limba romene)
    prima o ac.tiune viitoare ln rapod cu un trmp recdt:
    (p.jncipala)w sfto"id!cd'him (resenta)8s soon as he c'me to ille
    \\e undarstoott
    (sllbordonala){
    Instil.ute
    r"pt"""i"., \t eotueerlealnilatt ce ea 'dz; la Insiitut l
    fn"pi
    "rt with llre w.ong ad esshtd bcel detaitad('egenla) until an inquifv F33
    The tit-"r
    Dsde lsubordoData)
    tn'lrasdcinevade ea )
    -"-"
    oiod se
    ri;"J'i*J"* iii,a-"a seit{ rusesereli'utit rinn
    'o
    nexi lime I c!'Ic'I {sublhe
    ncw
    sonata
    {rescnta)
    i pas eaingto ask him to Plav his
    ""
    da J \i ;roJrp " i nd roi
    ,n r''". de S ind s il c o g s l mi ' :n L e n o ' l u i s onJl l

    pn,ru
    nd1''.
    :i;*,f'l?i;i'it;:l;ti!?,'l;,."' ru n'p- dp,upoli,"-".

    * ..c'Ji;t.l:T$,lir"'"iiii
    l!,"i*ilI";:,."rjtyf"r"l;t,i|il;"1";
    lit,i:ll,i:
    l n I triL ! iit orulL n.la . tovint eL l- r plnl' e c u lt ler
    o o nf orm' otespo nd en lr' tr m put ' r or '

    604

    28;6

    b) lA tnutul pptfpctttftdlJ' tu !;ttaru| un',r;or1tn lLmbaromdoi) ctnd


    c.liunpa \iiloare din propoziliasubordonataesLpanrcrioareacliunii din
    'F
    genia er:
    A nr n ppdllr in " i p a l d rrh e Io d l J g o : to i h e p i .turas{ fFgenta)uhetr
    shphsd doD ehpr
    n o mewor rls
    { ubor d o o a ta l .
    (Ana sperac{ sd rd dzdala cincmatogralcltrd iii d fi tsnitut reclrte.l
    I taeo lprincipala)they aoutd cane in, Fege ta) if theJ hsd seer rny lisht on lsun{9tiam cI @, tnr.@dacd lmi ,o. /t rd.z,lumiDa ap.insd.)

    9857

    Urmetorultabel comparativ,refritorla intrbuintaraviitorului tn propozilis subordonatar


    prezanrind
    unul dinrr" rspe"t"ele
    uplirarii prin"ipiului
    , a rp .i a la br zaconslri.!icifrdzFienslerFr
    'rp b u i;s lu d ia tin l. s o rJ r; s " b "
    "u
    ma din Fig. 2 ,S t356).unde6ro5tpfin"lpius" atldp\pu".
    Tsbel
    Viitorul ln p&pozitie subordotrati.

    2868

    (dupx t/, Itll, unril, when,as longasj as soonas ete.)

    a, Indicativ pretent (: liilor)


    a, indicativ trecut {: viilor 1a!{ dc 1rc.ui)
    Is,{"@ I.ea mkr lorgcr hu as lonS
    I ln# I @zld nerer fo.get her as lorg as
    (ttiu cA nn rai putcd s o uit cit loi
    lfti.rn cii nu loi lutea s'o uit citroitrti..)
    t.ni.)
    6, prezetrtlorlcet l: viitor !-lc.,l.)
    ,, tiecut.terlect (: liito. pcd.ct lati .le

    s 285e

    I t.tl yan I qi\ so onlj. \l,er I hsro

    I lod you I qrrld so only $]lcn I hsd scen

    (lii s;un ca,oi rl4.d numri duDdce tc


    roi ri inzut.)

    duD Jcete
    tT i o n squs\ l rai pl ,La
    ro i li rezxt.,
    ^\)mni

    Er cep lii
    \riiton tali de prezcnt
    a) Ptopozi|itlcatnpletbd.
    d.btctdpo^1eaveaverbul ;i la viitor:
    Io u I ll m r ou r ldllA, 3 lo lr . o, a n . r t .
    llm i s t r ui c li l , Pi dr . . li on. r d. J
    I c\lccl that Jou sialla do vour dlrt!.
    l{9ieli do la voi sr1r'r frccii datoria.)
    I $onder il shc
    nara Ur.. ninutei$ readr.
    (xi Int.eb daciL'rtll
    va alca tfocesul-vcih1 sat;.)
    Slie doesn'i kDorv wh0n she sill bd back.
    l(Ea) Du ilie cind se va lntoarce.l

    lVFzi
    l4-i o \ , n, r Lar Pqr ec iiv I
    rviirofuSl tr. d. r r r . . p, r i"ii t nr , bult ir
    in J . . F f , sd ! r o p o T i l i s . c u n d d a p q
    ci ca esle o compl-"tili dircct{ (S 286r).
    _l . aoli qo ) . r il. l
    sVrzi 5 2 8s'i 7qe
    di""c
    | \,7i S tl2:
    . - $a s r . l/ io ou" d. , .'v . 1 s r i t I d
    - r '.
    s Ve zi 5 te0 t-290r .

    r,

    CORISPONDENTA

    606

    TTMPURII,OR

    u
    "*
    1".Yw2riy,#"t::":"";;
    iiifliii"':?j
    ,",,?,ltr1";;:lli'fi['ll'*i,hf

    1
    '".':'dil:x'i:*
    g.,"'i:"
    :":::,;"^""'"""'
    f
    **ii,li*li"rl$=ii:
    "'d:tlliniTf
    *,.""-*^
    fi
    :h:il;\
    ii:f"'r*".t$,
    :i:"'ll
    'ff:jffifr:":;r:lt#;'L
    '."'"iiiiffill;"":"*:,r"?l':ff
    ffflliitr#Jlfr"l:ilift

    "'"'';;;"fiii{
    #'lr;;
    j',"',"{"ffi
    4fffi;1i9ffi
    i# i[irlrir"""'*';:i'f
    r,*iirtfrhtF,'1,"ffi
    l"f*lrijlr,ur
    "u t^nt
    t;1.;"Ti"""if:"li:',,1;
    dioaccastd.'stcsoriasi?
    In proporiliilo
    :"1;"iil;

    ' itx: :g;:if


    r"sxr,H{illffi
    tr;T,iit.tlt
    ",,nn*
    "1."'"n*,,,,
    .fiiif#*l;ififlrf'f;$r*;**,,,,''1,,,*t,c'm
    Durilc ratate la 5 z6ru-z6oJ:

    tr,:h?;?,
    )tr::"$.i:ilire'"E
    ill*,rli:.;::1"ru"::

    :
    ;qf-$".#f"1i'i#
    '-'t**$i*1l*il}j",*fffi
    '"'"ied:"''"*
    i!'1i"":1il'lii'!"ri5ii'f*l-i'""'
    lrl"'t"""';ilH""T,f
    lui al doiLoa:

    ;"lil;iii"iql;
    iiit,'"ili-)
    tlu"""1'1,};;";i*3
    :n*.:*lli;

    ,r*i,:'i";":lllllll"x,lfii*'il

    ihu,"i; :xi

    des2{t6
    rorma
    ctnddcdtuie'te

    ostnearr')
    accasu
    {il"Ht!}"Zoi'i}!"li"o''id{i
    f ;'il1lf"gi,in'J};1"',";

    * *.^* ,
    : llilui:^3"i;\lili[;
    :,il"l:'i;'""

    i;""nr**ii;;tx*:t,q,,.,,,."rTrr"f
    :',T''*'
    ;"",,",#il-l"Jilrffi
    "I
    J,li'"$113"'"'
    r
    ; lr;,''i
    : ;:#,:;"
    1L'"2i
    "

    1:1tiir'ri'I:.T'slf;{*:*T;ii*ll$lii.'J;511,1..rffi
    rvezi

    28{' nola I

    600

    2863

    Yiitorullord do treout

    Iceleaqi exceplii sini valabile qi tn cazul viitorului fa,td de trecut, cu


    rezervelel[cute la S 2867 2872.
    2864
    a) Ptopozt\:.acompletivl directe $i pnopozitia relativd pot avea verbul
    gi la viitorul fa![ de tracut:
    dirctl)
    You told e voelhoulilrso 10the.ancot.(Comrrletiai
    (Ui-aislus ca dt rd l' d,.t la conccft.)
    I a\ t , 4. t ^t ( t t a t) ro d s b o rl d ?d o v o 1 , /,,J contt" i \ i J rp,.t.1
    , \ t , plaI n d. la v o ; s d ' / /J ,4 ; d a o ri a .)
    I wonderpdt/stu would, [^va the minues rcdd!. (Comp].inaidireol;-r)
    (U4lnrrelam dacit (a) ,a aecapmcesul-vrbalglta.)
    She didn'l loow onaz sndBhotrld(sauwoulds)hc 6ddl..(ComplcUvndi.ect{l
    l{Ea) nu $tia clnd s? ed tndpota.l
    H. wis ' r lr ol p J ' s o / r/,,, r, s o u l d d o ,, /4 " r /nn. " . tR 4l ' :\.1 dr,i bur' \1
    llE l) ir er n . u i u l d p !" n :" ' l p i o I g l l u ri .J t- l ul i n " ' ,p n ru,i r. p" pri _.' I
    I had callcd thc poftcr
    no'rln tae to tle lusgase-|Relativii final:-r)
    ',nautma sd.se ocupede bnsrjc.)
    (chemasenham.rld, care
    Shesaid snerould rclu.n ihc booksivhichshc had read and ont.n should,l"n bo lott
    to othe.rcdde6. (Rclalive lina]{)
    (Da a spuscA va restitri ceriile te oarele'a citit ii crc eat li apt,ilmptunutule altor
    citii.ori.l
    We {ssured thcn we Mnld subnlt for discussidnNl,alcvd protosrl l&tr drFrtj
    Nhonldrnrhe{. {ItelaLiv{ atribuiivn)
    t{Noi) i.an asisurai cn von puneIn disoriie oriceprop'rnelene vor raceerpc.iii lor.l
    S865

    D./ Propoziliilc cotul.ilion&Le,concuioe $ temporale pot avea verbul


    viitorul fati de lrecut:

    ti la

    I iold you I Nould let Jou know at orce ii /,r $houldieone ta theofficeLh. next dd!
    lConditionaH)
    tTi am spusca tc loi anullaiftdiat decillin co. c,i et !a veni r doua zi la bi.ou.l
    We dccidedihai eeeu;/ sn' slouldsgot a /dtl,f. ndfft, sheshouldn'Lbc scold|d. (Con
    cesi!e)
    lNoi am hotirii, chiar da.i nu !a ollinc noi{ dc lrccdc, sl nu lie m'lslrala.)
    I
    T Fr
    lo s a i l rl ,r"
    rn ?o n , v B h o u l d"
    B l op..Teml ,orJ
    ' d . pl r.o l o p rn i".'-r;l
    e \,rs l I n i rs o ,r 1'
    d dj,
    ( r oi. u" dnr
    H. . nJ o"
    h , m n 4 i o ..d y I t," r. ,rr.t,' ]?' to u td, D . 3ctrr/o" . (T.mtor,l .t
    "p
    v o .l " i mi " d ' !d " 1.
    lr lilr s e l, " r . r f . + l s L .da .o l o !' r' ' .
    28tt6

    cJ Cind verbul .'oaLJ are lnlelesul de.,r voi" sR11cind alcdiuictte ,,forma
    ae politele-. el poaie ti intrebuinlaf c.r t.ns rle riitrr in propozifi; condi,tio'
    Il a l i ( $ 2773) :
    | } .rl rJ i n i trh d 1 4 ,l /-4 1
    I lhuu: lI . loud ,n
    me.
    \ l. dr ' r qr ndi
    m, \o i J r,p s u i .u l " .' F 1 1 1.' ,.ti a,r,dp" " n p.,
    -r
    i said I shouldTbc gratel\] il yo\ eoultl .onc.
    cn
    voi
    Ii recr{osrftot nactteeliaeedanabilirar,asi vcnili.)
    spus
    lAn
    lV c z i 5 2896 :8 !7 .
    : V c z i S r jir .
    3V ez i q 2901 -:9 0 2 .
    a t/i,d/r, .a.e di aici idce.tde viitor pu. icl- $ :319), ronte li nrlocuit,pril simplili'
    crft. ou Q ould( g ! e 0 1 1
    t V ez i s i S 281 9 .
    6V c z i \ 2099 2 1 0 0 .
    ' r / , r . / . p\ t r r nr n d a r' i d rd d
    l
    " o l / 1" ' J,p' Il rgA
    !r
    ' al o,.:l
    . . " p/ ro rn r.i rn
    ($ ri 0: t-t6.
    \ rri r" .. " i 1 ," .1'ij.l o r!r.to
    i o ."d o. \ r r of ,

    CORESPONDN''A

    f I!|P('RII-OR

    607

    Obseraalic
    Nurndrul propozi.tiilor In care poate aptua viitorul fald de trcut esle S 286?
    Ioarfe mulf redusprin laplul .e forma dp viiuor pur conslruit6au shtud h
    toate DersoanelcDoate fi conlundala cu:
    aj un echivalent al subjonctivului;
    ,) ought+ infinitiv.
    Penlru acestmotii'. in cazurile de ambiglitate, 6e folosescalte construclii
    care sd ldmuraascdintelesul. duDd cum se va Yedealn continuore.
    ln unele dintre exemplcle citaLe la ! 2864-2865, forma de viitor construitl (u slanld la torte persoanelear putea fi gii
    a, un echivalent al subjonctivului cuvaloare decondilional.caresdaccen- S 2868
    tueze ideead improhalilitaie ( S 160{):
    propoal
    \Vc asn.edthemlhatve rvouldsubmitfor discusion
    whatever
    theirexpdts
    (\-oii-amasiguratcAvom l)uncIn disculieoricelropunerea. /t sd/acdexlcrlii lor.)
    I lold rou I rvo!].llet you ln.w at oncoiI hesnolrdconeto the oflicethe nextday.
    {Tj.ad spns.n te roi annnlaincdial docl el & fl sil eiud a doxazi la nirou.)
    Wedecided
    thal ereniI shcsioulds,! a lailurenarl. shelhonldn'tbes.olitcd.
    (Noirm lrotl.ft 5nnu fic nust.ili chiardaces'r. inttn?lasd au obli^dtorl ile rteTIcv wante.lLowait therctlntil the snow.lozld s/oD.
    tvoilu s{ afl.ptc icolo llni ce (ar fi) sd.s@ n\ts;'alca.)
    IIe madeup lis mindto slay theft nntil he sn /i.l /a ytr, to.liEl) sehonri snsteaacolopiniice faf /i/ d re ,.@td dupnl.l
    Pentru aoestmoiiv, ln cnzurile de Ambiguiiete de acestfel este prlerabil S 2869
    ca s/mrl.t sn fje jnlocuit, la prrsoana a 2-a 9i a 3'a, cu rvou?dclnd verbul principal are tnleles dc r,iitor pur:
    \li issufldrhem$p souldsubdirtor disussion
    whatprprn.oDosal
    lhpircxp.rts
    @uU nah - ori," nropur.r,vor Ia"',. t!iil,,r pu.)
    J f .ld lou I s1,u ld i J ouk nowr l or leif lF@ ildNh. t o
    th" olli.. lh. nextdaJ
    I ddaA rd re ni, lvi,t or pnr )
    \l c dp.id"d lhal e\pn iI sh" @ouldsa d luilurp mark. shp shouldD l bp .coldpd (- d@,t

    nr m obtin.r- {viitor pu.)


    . They rvantedto wail tlere unlil the sno* rozld rro? (: phe ce se d .!"J. {Viitor
    IIc nade np tris mind to star there nntil he ,orld Id sentlor \: p|-I.nce * @ bituitc
    d!pi ol). {\riilo,i r,trr)

    lnlocuirean,rmelorde la $ 2864-2865 (conslruitecu sftoaldJpdn sd,- S 28?0


    janctioulcn lubarc iLe@niLiltanall
    de propoziliilorrespeciivenuan![ de conditional'z:
    $re assurdll,rm $e Noxld subnii. Ior di$usion shateyer proposalthei. erperts
    (l.um asisuat .A am rnnc In discutieoriceprolun.e d. /a.c expe4ii lor.)
    I told vou I would lel.vou ktrorvat oncciI he.dn, to the otficethe neat d{v.
    lTj'adspus oi tri-ai d; imediai dc sl.ircdrcd cl /. dii a doua zi la birou.)\fc decidedtlat eveDil6he so, a lailuru mark, sheEhouldn'tbc scolded.
    (= . . . chiar dnce nu o. orltre o nofi de tre@rc,Gl nu lie rnuslrata.)
    Th e y $ anlP d t o ws il ' h rrr n n ri l l h e s n o $ s t p ffd .
    l: - . . llnd cc 4. srd nrnsoarFiI
    lle ma{teu! }is mitrd to stny therc urtil he i'c. (s 0 u ds, ssnt lor.
    (: . .. pinl c e r - d , . tn tr. d n !6 e l .)
    t 1568.

    5 rr62, 211) ' - 2 1 8 0 .

    A se compara:
    qo u k Ll c t l o t k n o s i t h e s o u l d c oD o.(V i j Lorvoti ti v ri i tor puf sau
    r
    .... I . lold y ou I
    ll : . . t e @t a a u n tad e rr o d m i r { s s u@ @ F sd,i ^d) sau l .ondi l i onstulF subJo n 'I' v - c ondr ! ' onall ) . . . .te .a t a a L n p d 0 r{ d ro i r !a ui nd.rl
    I told you I @zld t r you kaow ir hc .tould como. (Viito! volitiv + un cchivalenr al
    subJonctrwrurac^pntutodimllobabilitatea) \- . . . tp ,oi anu^14dac.a4, lLsdsind.)
    I. rold yox I sould let you kn * jt ha cM6. (Condiliondtvoliriv + subjonctiv cu la.
    .
    roarc uo conorlfotraf(: . . - k,ai a,unta dace 4f Eni. )

    b) : ought+ infinitie ll 2085)l

    2871

    You l.old ma yot! shbuld Eo to lhp cobcert.


    {Mi.ai sp'rs cd e rrrli se l. duci ta .oD@rr.J
    She said she would rcturn rhe booksshe hd read and which snoatdthcn 66 lrur to
    other rcadeN.
    (Ea) a[']s.a va .csl.itui ctul ile pe.ire tp cittseg ca!.,o' t .buir e\ tir apoitnptun.
    tdk altor citir.ri l
    2a72

    .l n ac eas la; it u a l i e , s ,f.rrl l dp u ti n d a v e a Si tntetcsul de,,ar trebui .., ,,tre.


    -Dure
    (srnonrm cu ollgll,rj este prelerabil sd fie lnlocuit la persoana a 2_a Ei a
    3 -a rt would at unc i c l n d v e rb u l p ri n c i p a t e x p ri md i dcea de vi i tor pur:
    You l,old me you @dd ao to the con@fr.
    {Mi-ai spus..1 ,. ,pi du.t Id ron, e"t.)
    She said she woutd .eturn the book! she had .ead and which @o&ldth6n ,, td4, to
    olhe! reade6.
    .... t lE a) a s pus . J iva rp s h tu i.J 4 i h p " (a rc l , c i rk e$ caF @ ' /i apoitdpfznsrat auo.

    $ 2873
    S 2874

    6) Coodiiionelul.
    a.,/Pentiu intrebuinlareacondilionaluluiin fraza conditionaldcare exprimd o sirarlip ireaLi vczi \ 2762-2769.
    h) Condilionalulindry?rddr. Yerbul subordonatei
    S 2875
    unei rcpentecareconsepuneta o formdde trecut (i;dicativ tmoui,
    !ine un-condilionalindependeDt
    vltor tafa de trecul,etc.):
    | @udn't

    kno@ \|hich ol thm a6 hcrc.

    (Nu6 rrt caredint.eei

    aici.)
    "sr,
    coovincinc.
    alt ..rd, cAsaadconvingeror.)
    (ry tou thint t\p! oH Elk.l?, -t taLun't sdu th.y t.r..'.
    I sh4LU think it slad.d

    t( rczLcA EInttat"ntdti? - Nu a.erp&n. .A .lnr l


    ll_oJ ou r,rd. J ou {,rld rat\Ft I didn\ lpt t. a ou's. ?
    ( v r pi
    " d s p, i t la t p Q f..a s a n u d d r.; s o r6 ? r
    Shesaid she @!ld 6e the tght educrCor(.olook aJterthe chiuren shcn they.@

    to

    l(Ea) a spusc{ @ /i educatoareaindicatr pentru copii atunci olnd @ rufs.la gcoatd.l

    28?6

    7) Stilol dirart $r indiroct.- Regulilcdp mai susse apticegi la rransfor


    msreasliluluidireettn stil indirect:
    /Da.i ShJ said: -1 an boff! | ha'd
    boLsit Lho watch {rh.tl I rtzlt &.d.'
    rr4zr./ rDe sord snc eas sorrJ she [4d
    ^or trot ,ozair the watch trhat) sho @4A rrd.
    (Vzi ii | 2901_2902)

    2a?7

    8) Cotrcltrzie.
    - ConjugareaenglezddesldEurlndu-se
    Dedoud axe Daralele
    (!i lJ5ti. I359),a seobservaperfcctul
    paBlolismtntreutilizarea
    indic;tivutui
    pre:rura reda.rea
    rnrimpldl'torprezeDte
    ti lntrebuintaloaindicatir,uluiteru! la
    :got-rso:.
    'V"rl
    rV ez i gI
    2896,28 9 8 .
    | \'ezi ( 2t7:r

    ir

    "i'"ri1'.

    lXlli;'ilf,'h"iii##;;t.:;'*"t

    uncchivurent
    lcnt'ucubjon'ti

    601

    CORESPONDI.\TATIMPURILOR

    rpdsr.d ijrll rnplirilor 1re.ur". aarb"le limfuti Jr,'n1ri dl. dvir4 d."lrqi rol
    ppn,ru monenlFdifFri'" si rllind
    ln ac"l"ati rapor'uli ipml. dl. 'u .el-'-sor-ipccli!a CnrF"p,nd"n\r limpu-iior
    \'a
    lall" lim0uri lramdli' al" dio grupJ
    lJi6l. in grrr.r u,ilizinJ.ri". pentru
    ridcci urrrarirain.'h"nadin-lri:.2(S
    rclal0r., jnllr.plnrilor.o' ,lizul^ in 1r.z"nL. Limpu"il dir qruf. Dr"T"rtului
    t.olo.,na,lin. inear,irr p"niru c"lslimalnti'nplArilorto..,lil..1;lr,lr.",rl .impu rl" dir lrupr rr"urului (coloJrJ lin dr^apt61.irr'r" n"l".lou ' grul" eri'
    i nd o,l"rnarceii. nFtd :i. ln pri^cipiu.ni"i un rrIorL l.mt"rdl. de.i ni.i oncord:rnla (cu coiectivui pi cardil aduc rcgulite dela$ 28J6 2837,2E41 2845):

    Trecut

    Prezont

    I tah) !o\ I shoult statt rtaining olll $hcn


    s p rm g .a n ,.
    (ti Jpnn .i roi t ocle aui..cnadclrtul (Ti'z,r sr6 cn,oi ird.r4 otrtfcnamentur
    Dudri clnd .d rent rrimivara.)
    r.ni prinr'Llara).
    rumai cind
    '(
    Slic r{td slrc o&ldL, go on h.r h.liday
    SIe .\"s she foz'r go on her holiday }.tore
    Iclorc shr ldd !.eu rou.
    in vacanfddcclt dupn f,4 slas cii nu r@ p/..4 in lacanln decil
    iStunr cn nu
    'o.pleco
    nnli ce te ea fi !a.ut. )
    He ts sufc lhat his Diotute.whcDit is tin- IIe dG sufe ihai. his rJictr(, wlien it "'ds
    he I's ,..,
    tr/rd. ./,all D/ttg him the success
    finhhad, shaLI'Jb''ts t\ln rhc srrcesslrc lQd
    DdDLoltlns lo$rrr(l to.
    /i'sre aiErrrci rabloullri. c rd edfi tetnindt, fEr.r sisur Ci talro\rl hi. .inlca fi tetnnoa
    ii ra adlcd succesul!e care il drkdr,6 cu ti ra adu.esuccesnlte ca.e il asrepk,(s au
    ll olra?d, tu Derlbddc.l
    lvlienever 1 .oll on her, she is oor.kias, \Vhenevef1 .altul or her. shc rds (ornlns,
    {nd sars I rnd re a sreat arljst 1vl,cnI s, rnd ,s.d to say I snddd 6a a s.eal artist
    oldef. I lldll then rert mr reward ii I lare Nhcn I sor oldc.. I rnould then .'uI mr
    r.\\'ard il I ld,
    as hird as sle di.,.
    rmll,al is ltd
    as she do,s.
    -..l?,du.eart lx ea o Enrcdm
    lori de olLeori me d4. la e.ro s,t.sar.lncrin(l {Ori dc cilc ori ,td
    hrerlld si nni srlacd ci rlt tt nn Darc
    ! im , ,rd n . ca r oi / i un m nr et(tu r.,n d !!i
    i r : z ri ra r. l mi u; i. r r r ld ai u n c i ri s p l a ta p i fl !r L rn l
    !r. nr.rc. l mi ,.i ' al or"
    i . ;d,L.i
    /?' .,r rol i l rl
    nace eai Ji luctdl tol al.lt ile scrios cum i trn .i r.1 " p' Dl rLa
    ' ., l ,
    d o s c ri o s .u n l ,afa er.l
    LeJl lou I sial, srd', lfaitiirg onlJ whn

    ,tlte \emple tipice de corespoldenta l,impurilor:


    "I di.rr't lno,' \'ou !e/. here.""Ol coufecLtds."
    f,,N'd/re,iut cir.tt ajci'.- .,lifcftc ci s,nr."/
    He rioegnt0i thc rcspoisibilitythat aolld .Ie'rl'e on |irr *'hin lic 4,r..tl upo his
    t(!l) ses,ndiln ristunne.cacarcli rd /et.ai cu.l tu l,.d i,t Unnir tronasr sucjnii.l
    "Sometimes slie eorrial, (indicati{ trccut - drocut i:ioric) ior fear the
    book (lrnld Dlort (viitorul pasiv lati de trecul) and sh d (: \,rorld) nver
    &c al'lc ({iiiorul fatd de trocut) to rad il agair. She iad onoe sldr/.d (trecui
    r'Frle"r - anl, rioriril"l .opying lhe bnok. Sh" r,rr / (in'li 1li\ l|.' ur ire, r'istori"t r4 o\n i buL;listbdJlir an'l -tLol"J'y'./-/,,\rrF.ul f rJ.ir enterioritate) llre copying traulC dD (\li.Lor.Jllald de trecut) it. llut she ,iuri
    li/", tlrp.rr p"rta,l - aal.rioril.rlal i rrp... lro\in-) lh"l wl|Fr -lr" :. .,
    (inJi !lirlrF uLinlo.rl rir'ntului tetr,l" t-ru rn- rl,urlonJrbrul'.,h JoaU
    l},rrli (viitorul fald d treout) hard aud buy evcry sinsle book lhat slc lilic.i
    (indicativ trecut in Iocul viitorului fati de trecuL in subordonatd).'r
    ra nni ,etca s.o .ttedsdd
    illneo.i sc ft,tn,'tr de teaml c{ se e@.,iid.t cartea si c.I
    "a o cafte a ci ii
    ciL.
    voia atlt tle mttlt;ii a,rri
    niciodar{. lnc0Duse odat{ sn o epi*'r.rese
    ,t o . a , a",piti
    .
    r)i ,a rpa rr:a lor in. , 1, . , r ' "r , , . , dp. . . juI n, ' r ' : . . T , n n
    'r '. r i : 'l r d . d

    1 ts0 i tl S m it h, l' 1r . .

    G tu n Ei n l ttu n Il s n .

    610

    yI. SILUL DmnCT


    $I INDIIiECT

    s 28?8

    {DIBECT AI'D rNDInXm s?Ytx)

    $ 2879 ,
    5 2880

    Definilie.- Curintele attei persoanepot Ii reprodusealevorbitor in


    "1)
    a, Iie subtor,]]&unui citai,,intocmaicum au fosLrostite:

    Tfe rittle loJ said:..t'ddcrne@ toryets


    a !tuxtitc.',
    $ 266f , , ?,/.lip sub foLmr uneilropozitii subodonatcalirectunui verb cn: lo,.r9,
    10teu. ru tppah, 1,)obsert)c,
    to r.tnark,.to dr-gue,to naintai , to
    ta dccla;c,
    t.Dst'ut, onnurn..p.
    I. in,tatn.,tu o4..nult."rft,.
    ^rsert.
    to
    to
    r.'n,it.
    rLt,,nanJ,
    0.r
    t4
    ,toro tn\tru.t tv
    -.
    th d|r,tt.
    a\h. Ia d.n,ond.10in.t..;t . ta.t".tli- ro q,_,tiun,
    tn o,,
    strcr. lo lhink etc.
    Tiie litflc IJoyidd ru, /,rsfdthn n&o foryatFa\t totscts)a ptumise.
    Reproducoreacurintelor cuir.a 1 forma iniliaU se numette stil dic.J
    S 2889
    sdu rorLire dirctd. Trarspuncr alorlrrr.r o propozilie suborrtonaiiise mrmcsle
    snt trdrr,.t 6Nu t'rLtre tn.ttr, t.i.
    2883
    Ve.lul care introdrce citatul (S 28St) sc nume,srel,erDde decturalip
    $
    S 288+ . In sft1 l dll., r. cu\.jrt, L. rpprodusesl r inclepcndenrcr:teverbut de ricclar01r..,tn s,/ft/,lttdtt\t1nsA..,u\Irtctp pruJu.c J.pi..ziril d, rprLul
    "arp l"
    InrroflLria.virb||t .au \FrbFtn,rtr r.t,i ',p,onfurmpd-ar"gulilor,of,.!o1Jrn_
    lei tjmpurilor.
    2) .Iransformaxea Etilului dircct ln stit irdtucct sc face in morlul urmltor :
    $ 2885
    ghilimelcltdi.par -iiFjnr.oJu"e,onj,n, l:r adl.,r,"",re;,1;:;o;l ;;mb,
    ,^
    suurDIFrPasd.
    ln ql .rrDt in tt.rba rnrbttS.
    I r "onrt.. nod-.i.. .i rF't.,i\p.Tr,,um;i adj_rrirntcpos".r,,
    , frpn"T"r"
    p c,r tormptn.ore.pLr/Jt!dr, Jp
    -.
    FrnrrnrorLr
    f,rro-,c t. a 2-a ssJ;ij-a, i|l
    Iunclie d tnlcles.
    Cazul I. - Cind velbul do declaralie ffrc la rrrLzLnt.tinroul r.erbctor trrn
    S 2886
    Irazele rcproduse rimine ncselimbal. i.ot neschi'Irlare ra-i" ,i .rJt""li""r"
    oemonstratrvc sau advcrbele din lraz:i:
    (p;,.) tte ..,J o mj si. , ": -l
    ( t t.d i.) Itp
    '<lls n r r it ! r r r J t l. p d, , , . o i i L r
    fDt. ) Tr p lil rJr in . , j j - / , / , / / r r o$. g, , t o,
    LiDboo^ to rpdd I,.r, ...
    ttn tltr.) tttn tbtr t J ni, r r . lh, |,
    r i/ / no$gi. pnr p
    hk look .o reJd t11 .

    S 2887

    CazullL - Cind yerbul de derlarftlie rst ld frcxr, timpurite verbetor din


    lrrznle :ppro.tusp,i, I tnlu"uir. cu rurn.t. norp.ptrnzar;;i; ;t" i;;;;r',i,,,.
    Astfel:
    ati lsat

    is) caltins

    ha,e lsan has) .attE.I


    h or e ls du has ) b ,e nc o i rr!
    ltdrl .aUln

    1 \ ' ez i

    t : 5 t s lt

    M!.

    delino
    dcvine
    deriDe
    devinc
    x{mltrc
    delne
    dcrrne

    lns calkd s at calte.L


    eas cauin!
    |cte .alli;s
    had, .albA had tccn .aUinq
    Ldd cutt.d
    shauld sar eould
    a'aukl s ar shaukl

    .revrne

    ha.l to s xr muxl

    STI'U!

    DIREC'I

    9I ST]LUI]

    611

    NDGI'CA

    care xpriml
    Acliecli)elcdemottslrari/dli ad'erEek
    a'nnrrat'd \srhl 60lnlncuir't :
    "r "i'Ji. "".. "".r^

    dpr''lierca slnt lnlocuite S 9888

    hetu

    ...\

    llEt

    cu

    thle

    Ezenple:

    'ii,i.]i''i ","!.;iI'i| liilx"-lilii;"' ,'"

    ll;i'#,1T'; '
    ;li,l lr ::;ll:':;ll;;I;i{,:J1,:"ij

    l,iir1"i,l,"'ill;ii';,';'i'Tix^
    'v nt'-"; 't"o' "
    l?,;;;i'i'"',.j"li,iil"il;'

    ajci se men'tin losi dacn tnteToate demonstratitelc li adverboleardltte


    tesrlllor esie ncelelifald dc ltcze Ll
    r " r i' t : I r r ' r ' lo'
    / D l. ,ln lhe on nd tri l'c l n' s li
    "

    ["rclodiy-

    ro,,a,.
    l:i . a',",n
    iill'li:i:"il:.:l;;;1,;i.i#l'Iil:il'r

    1n.,/'In " hdr'0'


    I;ry;Il;;:;:,ru',;"'.ii:11;"':;;li':jj,re.r.r',.r

    1nd'co'r'i'*' *' jo11"li:'


    '"*"Iiau. r H sdidrh"vld Itr s-r LprthcdntDeroro

    ;riJ"lff
    i:Ti##?ll;:'il'""#"T:illlit*ltt tt,t't,,i'ti;,

    *"' citaturui
    ei$288e
    ."",*t:"lr*;lii:';: ?ililx'Ji:$IttTl*',:1,;lli:
    ;jli'Ilil':i'T:;'"
    iiJir,.:ili;'j';'ff
    1,%rl
    li'""'":"

    illJ ;U::1.lllr:*.r"x-i:l;s;i'l"'l'"'"';,.
    estela liitor' iimp uriteverbelorrX- 5 2890
    CnzulI . - Cind verbul dedeclartlie
    l
    neschimbate
    t\ll
    '",alJf,vtt"*'i;;;;'1|3;:f
    i"Bx,1llliittr;":lrJrii;ifl,lT"
    CAZL]BI SINOIALU

    ji:q":i:'#}i1li""
    e"""?""",Tlxii1',?'{r":,riflii,li[if
    i}i}:};;}
    es
    iar v6rlul ro say, care o rniroducelr
    ro
    omrrc:
    or0
    i0
    i.1nt to knar. \u\ilidrul

    "

    l:'lJl.';':'.
    ;il';{:'l'ti't"d"lri""i
    Tf":xrJiiTi#ill"":lJ#"iii
    [,?[d
    'ihlii:!,::,Y"';#,#tixs1"l:"1'""'.i:ii:;.

    612
    2892

    Cind nroFozilid intcrogativ6 Jncpe cu un pronume, adjectiv sau ad1'erb


    i n r^rogar i! . a. ps ls b p mp n l i n e l n " ti l u l i n d i r' .r, conj !n, l i ,, //.eu th.tl ' ff n,mflifiind inircbuinlafi:
    lrtr., I said to ml*ell: "It4., are tlie childre ?"
    (Indi.) I wontletedehcrc lle .hildren Nre.
    / Dt ) \ \ - , s did :" l l ' 1 o (rn ) l i l Io .ra l .
    l o .' r . nJl ,-.1
    ( I nd: ' ) \ \ - , inq .i r" J t1 o (r,)J o u h d d l a l k d l o J r l l nai .1,.
    artl.1 Sh-"sr to lhe little girl:''Itlnl lorm rre you in?"
    r//ndir.) She Natried lo kno\r (Iar torrn lh litue gi.l iras in.
    (\' e z i i i $ t6 5 3 . 1 0 !6)

    O bse r r a lic
    2893

    ln stilul dircct, rerbul propoziliti inicrogali\"eprecedi sulieotul. ca in


    o r i "" pr "p u zili,ir tprosrli!r. l. : lul in'lirprt: n s d .n ro p u z ilia. u b u rJ o n a lc
    ) e m Aifi i ndi ',l.,ogali!t. st'1\..tttJ
    tr'. rn, rr rr. r\ ; z i s i S 2 l5 li
    9894
    2) Propozititoxclamatirtr. CiDdpropoziliareprodusiesteexslamativi
    r-erbrrlde declaraJic
    cstcinlocuitcu urr altul (arc sircupfin(lirln,tclosulindicat.
    de exclan\&tie:
    / r t . , S he. . d i dl o i l rc m r" J /)l e i d I L .i ' s g o l Dr a $al kl "
    (tntli.) With dn ea.lamatj,no/./'r, sh. asfted to so lof n Falk $iih lheni.
    On. ) ''llhat a nice roonl" she exclrimed.
    1/1,dt., She dd,rtr.d lry nn,erooli.

    2896

    3) Tre(ut urlllat aleprezcnt. - Cind comr.icarca idcuti tn stilul dircl


    conline un lflpi indeoblle cunoscul,,Sliinlific. u r.ersalvalabil. sau constituind un obicei ori o caractedstird a subiel]tului (S 2841). indicalil'ul prezeDL
    din"n,nuni,1r, .. l1l.' !inp ir rril,,l ia,'ir.. . t.' ,,u 1.cc"Lrarc.,itl"ii '1.ral.r
    bilitr ie in I'rezerL:
    frir./ Theloclurersaid:"Thc eleotrlniclfain ncacrn{/trs nistakes."
    brainnoverrnad.nristaks.
    f/dil.) Th! lecturersa:dilie electronic
    lFormn uiilizald in specialin limba englezi lilerflri. dacd \..em sd reproducenr intocmAi gindul vorbitoruhri Xn acel nomcnl.l
    (Ldn.l He sa ihc clccl.ronic
    }rain nerer,ltler injsiahes.
    [Formn intrebuinlatri iIl special ln limba rofbitn, accertuind ralabi]itatca faptului i pra.cnt.f

    9896

    4) Sholl. Will.
    Conform regulilor gramalicale sidcte. ln propozi,tijle
    care redau, ln stilul indirect. cuvintl sau glndul cuiva, se intrebuinleazi,
    indifcrcnr de |crsoana la carc se rafcft, ausiL{arul folosil dc aularul twintdar
    ln stilul dirert. Timpul reqrecliv se conformeazi hsi regulilor corcsponden!e
    timpurilor.

    Stil irdirect

    Stil direct

    s 9897

    V iitor

    ShesaJs: "l .nd.rlnot l,car lfon ny 6on lor


    I said: "1 sl"lllrlaytle

    ]r'ana aDd yo! Ftll

    Ha thoughlr "I rLdll ask her to mnrrJ me."


    Sh csaid:" T ot , t U lc l i rc d ."
    H c sai( l: " S l, c ( t / r ha \c g o n el o n rc ."

    par
    nol hcar lrour i'cr s.r rd.
    ShesaX! she
    'noll
    I.said I ..n eld llal llc piano xnd yau 4,o&l,r
    lle tl,otrglt hc sl@Lldrsk ],cf Io maur' 1,im
    She lold me I (orld be tt&I.
    lle said lhc fllrld nave goDelromo.

    01c
    StiI direcl,

    Stil indiroct
    V iitor

    I said to hcr: "l a?,'i. iorglt to wrjtc."


    S hes a i d :"Il X ouqill ir el! c ,Ie i l rl e l l y o rl
    lhc lairy talr iou want r. heaf."
    He s, o: l-ou inau hcar lron nie ,elore
    lorlg."
    Tlrcy said: "-sl?.V,all br rniardfdl"
    C a n tl
    He said: "l rolld

    fo

    ir Jo! si.rl,

    ast

    I trl e r
    Ile asked nlt': ".$all I sl.ak l0 her?"
    I askd: "ll'or'r Jou have a dri k \itli

    $ 2898

    aolitit
    I promisedher I eo&ldn't forget to $'rite.
    She told me that jI I strard helD her. she
    ten mc lhe fairy iale I iranted to
    ^,Lld
    lIc said I riould hearlrom him llor long.
    Tl'fy sai.l s| s/DLld bc rcwardcd.

    s 2899

    lional
    I]c 6aid h rorld

    come

    o g a ti a

    S 9fi 00

    II.i :rskedme jl he slartd sFak 10 hrrI askrd rhrm jf ih.y (ortlnl hale a drink

    TendinlRactuali de simplificare;rt.n iuc tnsi qi aici, ca si la inlrebuill- g 2901


    tarea au\iliarcJor si(ll si rill in l l.fribiri (g 1831). lla nu aduce modjficiri
    ln , arul r iit"rulci \^liri\, Lnd, Lrtiliz"r".,auriliorelors/,o/rsi il/1, , \pu.d
    n.i in-inr " r'l rr" r'5'rlilor gr. n,..ll.rl, .lri.l. t$ 18!6J.,.rp ron'orrrrl
    "u
    tcndin_telelimbji actrale. In cazul viilolului pur insi, auriliarcle acestuiasint
    Inlr.bu|l:b. r. rilul In.ir,.r In modul oLignuil idi,i srdl/ la pFrsoanal.
    diillJ p,r!'Jnr.'2-a.i,,3-u
    indihr"nr ,1. c"\i liarul inr', buirrlJr1n srilul di',.r. .\srhl. t.-n'ru ., rclui p.,rnplnledc mai sus. irr li-nbo pnelpzaa,
    lxal.i. in "qpecialin linrba ro1,lld. se irlrobuinteari in mod curent urriitoarele

    Stil dirert

    Stil indirect
    i'iiror

    pttr

    /slnll Ja persoanaI, r'ill Ia persoaraa 2 a gi a 3 a)


    Sl,e sa]sr "l sla, noi. liear lron Dry son
    I s . ,l : "I rftollpld\ l! F iJ n oa rl l \' o x r' /l
    b inA ."
    lle lhought: "I sloli asl h.r l.o lra.,'J nc."
    Shc said: "You n i?l be tir.d."
    Hc said: "Shc rUl luvo gore homc."
    They ihongl,i: "\\-c rlalJ soonI. gojng on
    a t ou r o i i r s lc r lion. "

    Slle s3Xsslie

    not her. Irom hr son lor


    'rill
    l.srid I srodd play ihc tiano and hc ao&&l
    lle thotrghl hc oodd ast )icr to ma.ry lrinr.
    Shc told nc I snoLd h lired.
    tlc said slic Qo&ldhave gone home.
    T|cv l,l,ouchttirel r'o,lJ boln ne uoinq o!
    l o rr o l i n sr..ti on.
    '

    V iito/
    rolitL,
    Lsnouta loaie ]rt$oan.lcrid,i?lla toalc pcNoaDel.z)
    Shall i slilul dirrct rimine.rinll in stilul indirect.
    Il-ill hr slihrl direct rimine o ill ln stilul indirect.
    Se ra l,i ri insn "qeflrnade regulile {le corespondntda timpurilor.
    Exemplele de la $ 2898 renin, deci, neschimbate.
    l Ye zj S 15i- r 7- t 503 ,1 5 1 4 - 1 i ,l I
    s V.zi $ 1507,li1r l- -1 5 1 3 ,

    s 200:

    srNTAxAFFAzxr

    e14
    S 2903

    Construofiile rezultate din dorint a de simpLilicarc au insA dezavantajul


    de a fi uneori alrtriguc ai, pentru acest trotivr .qlnt condamnate de puri$til
    fD".JT."j.r:'.\\"Jr?r''v,.tu
    "t,Ln.\. -rnp r,,1
    (In l.t.)

    lt er -" \ I n"J / on t h. \ " t , r ' r

    1. \

    llyill tntrebuiltst ir roes[ caz potrie sugera un .riitor volitiv: ,,nu por
    sr rc lrLnzur arum'.1
    flzdtl, Tliei' saythey slaa'l hrre lutr.h no\t.
    fFolosirea auriliarului sroll clarificn situalia: acum se inrelege ci est6
    vorba de un riitor pur.l
    Tot aslfel:
    fDtl.) She s:113: "I rldii rol htar hoLn rtrr *nr "
    f/,.di;.J Shc s;ys she ,pili llot heaf lrom lrr. s0n.

    fly;? nrl, Inlr .buin'ul in J."it "]- npl,r r1 l, ul t,",n"i rld'l rr, impu"ri
    de rcsulile gr-,nctj,5le strictp,po,lte avea qi aici inleiesulvo)itiv: ,,nu-orea
    sE m"i aib . \ . i ,l 1., li,il "i'.1
    '
    2001
    5) Yerl,{ik' dcfootivemodf,lo.- \-cfbuh delective trodalc sc corto.meaz5
    S
    acelorasi reguli de mai sus:
    Stil dtect
    He said: "Yon .d,
    like, "

    cone I'ith

    Stil indircct
    mc ii lou

    SIe thonglri: "IIc Da, be right."


    I sridr "You nds, work il vou want to Eotrn
    to (1,h0)uniraNitv."
    I snid: "You ,/sr do you. homework-"
    I said: "She oa6h to know."

    Ho seid I .o&U conlf \ritl

    lLin iI I lilted.

    Shc thou3ht he algr, lc .jgLt.


    I sa he na-"r irofh il lj. $,anhd lo so uD
    i o (l h e J uni ve.si ty.
    I srid hc rrlsr / ras ro do his homeivo.k.
    I srid shc oa3nrto know.

    \'erbelc ruusrs)Lought rjmjn nes.hinbate la tfanspun0reain stitul indirect,


    "lulna
    pra/, n, -Frrrnd ad^s.nrj:r I, n tu 1.. l.,
    '1
    290;
    lllodrl
    6)
    iqrpor,rti{. - tr'lodulimperRtiv de\.ine ialiniti' in stiiul indiroct,
    S
    iar verbul de declaralic esle jnlocuit cr un aliul care sd erprimc un ordin, o
    rugiminte. un slat:
    (t)i.) fie said i.o \ts, "Co and rci'[.,ae
    ]ra.k againl',
    (Indir. ) She at.tcted t\s to sD and ncvs r, ,,ac bt.L asain.
    /Dir.) Helcn soid to ne: "CotN a1], haee an i.cl"
    (L1d.it.) trele bked,|ineit d n to haee an icc with I'r.
    (D:t.) T r' ""r oid I u|"|:
    Da1 t a" \ '
    t a\ ' . t b d . , - t i " . \
    j . . r / t 'n I
    ' ln! -. t T"d, I o t i. pd l q no' t o t D ! - . l, , r r , a, 1 " " r o /
    d.i

    Fn.

    7) ycs.sino sinh inlocuite cu r.erbe de atil.m e (t.) accept,to agree,to ts$2906


    se tt to dns',peri thc 0,ffirnoliae etc.). respccliv de negare (o denA,to refuse,
    to rcjeet. Lo ans^,t in the ne1atioeeLc.).
    "Ics, woa.eco'ning."
    fu,.) The\-sd/d:
    (r|.t;.)'ti..f asreett
    t6 con .
    frt.l We sztl: "llo, wc havcno! leen lhcre."
    (Iad.it.) \ye deri.ctl h^\,iug boen rhfic.

    $ 9907

    8) Sny.sitoll. - Cindverbulros.ry,careintroducecitatulr areun complemcnt indirecl. el steinlocuit cu lo tcll:


    (Dit.) ;\1t: srid t nc: "I want ro\, to sins Ior me."
    (Inti.)
    st\t' toLt tue ihal. slrc rvinte.l me 6 shs 10. lier.
    i\ , r bl
    n, " , ) o ,o l ." ,.d ,t.rt v ..,.i 5 rrrj o n " ti v-rr...ure.d nrpa,.Jui ndi " J.
    ti ve l ' f p. c nr " . \ C Cr a { ' ,
    at Bil.
    " p ..,r, 5

    STEUL DIRICT

    FI STITI'-

    016

    ]NDBICT

    lri'rd:i" rt"(' 3int S 2908


    9) l'ocntirelc t.i)l.aiti l -I',rtks anIt Ceftle 'n", ".nA
    jJ" J I p li\;:
    i
    .
    .
    \
    i
    rP
    Itd"u
    |
    i
    |
    |
    n
    l
    o
    u
    ril,
    a-",.1, ,n.: ....1'F"r::
    |
    " "
    t L,

    dn

    ..il

    rl.",

    \ 'l i

    ' a, a\ . . 1", ' ls ho\ y ur r


    r', olr'r-"dr^sho\ 'r'n"'p)'li
    ,i..:,:'
    (Di ) "L.at trer. J.ht," saidl 'rl.n't uPsei'hc'1"
    ((tJ nol' lo ufscr nfr'
    a/,ri;.,r I {:ilrii Io)rr. d r;.r.tttt

    nt in pr."lo/ili sc"ur Irra S 2909


    vttti p
    lur \'rli!,nox ,ld \iir ,'f '. f:
    rr!r//'1?rtrr'3
    J
    |
    r-1..r'.
    }-,1)ei{{
    ',,'lur
    'r "'' p'r' 'n!r'd
    ":'r
    i.rhut,lir' .l".lrr ii" .'te li tr .u!:
    Iy @ ' rh o mF'
    tl r, tH- dr l. - l l ' " " l ' m \' n
    1 !l P n L rr) r' P ' nonP
    o u r' l , ' \' rl l ) ' " r' i
    ,1 d i r \ t " I
    l ba p
    i
    u
    d
    n
    $
    r!
    l r '
    ,,r,.., r ' ' . l
    r' u 'rJ ,' r' i d' rJ
    o ,u ro shrl
    r'
    "
    iii
    ;i
    '. "
    ":)'
    'l re b u i r ai' , J r l: . r ' nnt o n l i e n l s l c i a 1 i rrtre t' u i r' l a i i pru' ruru' l or de porsui rri r S 2910
    l l o r,frrz i i .P c " tru J.' " \rl
    i ; l-j r \i xe rI r r . - . m d, r r ,' l " ." u ri I
    ' ^ ' r-i . sp

    i;i " : " i, . ; ; . u n .. , "' ; ' . ,,t'.'.r -ru p ,o n u n 'r,


    ori rai srrbsl,rrtiv li

    rlritot

    ln parantczn:

    ' r ar ir , ir ' 1"1^u1.

    i t mct {
    /D;.I J ol, n: iajdr" La n )e .. In I b r0 l l c r w c l i t l ' o th e Isl c ol Man.1\there
    loi."
    I
    likc
    n
    e
    tL.ni
    mi
    s
    lrirnd ol
    rr' 1" 01l l an'
    r!" \' o u ' )i d | E b to tPrrd d h " n l o
    It
    t Jv r
    $ o m / .,k ,J i tu r.,./,. o/.d- Jn.Li sauj
    r" ' lId, rl
    ' ' l { ' h r| a d b " n l u
    " h. *;;l,,l
    ,r,,t.
    \l " r' tn" rrl d
    |l l'"
    ll , r ' r pr ' \r " ]
    , , at . , ' . . -l i j ^ l ,t ' r L ,d J l o r. r/c ,,,,)
    lr, t r
    -_ , , r
    n n I Jrng. i rda"
    . i r oh r ' .: -r:_ \o ' r' ' r" h ' l p )
    o 1 ' \' 5
    IL ,r.t:
    U
    ' LJn
    r
    o
    hr\F
    i
    ;
    ,
    n
    .r
    "
    i;
    :
    i
    1
    1
    '
    1
    ' /rr
    tT''i ; ) "
    "i
    /rif.I t'r.d srnl io hio: "J h.rd Lrcl.Lr.go honn:"
    iZ"a;l'.; r"."rt lnl,l lit" tt,at he a!'red) hrd bcti.erqo home'

    TII. INTENOGIT]I $I NEOATII

    $ 291r

    I\IRODUCERE
    (Peniro un sluiliu eonrpltt al accstui capitc,l a se consulla,'Indicelc alfabctic", pagina62il).
    Peniru forrnarea inlerogalii sal rr'g 1iti, \'tlbele se tmpad ln trci cdte $ 2Qt2
    gorni
    .\. l'erDr le.rir?lc, ru fu.clie dc vcrhe prircipalc, carc alciiuisc marea
    majoritate r lcrl-relorlimbii cngleze
    B, I t"p .t, not . r'urni. li !"rbe '1,''i 'l- t 71'" 4roL otau' ut Sp ;tl
    .'rt outiti'tt' 'l [ 't,
    ]""1t1".
    FiLit.s-). '
    -t"
    put""
    (IO
    BD, TO H'\!E''l O DO li TO
    cal,egoria
    rcrbe
    dirr
    ,l
    C.
    -'\
    Ll-I) tuirciic,rrcaz;
    i c^ autLliat'.
    2,1 llnul u""t e il categoria 1l (t)\RD ;i NEED) au 9i funclie de /erDe
    prlncllaI. f!!uLat..
    1 Isl eof M dnI x lt . !

    ^"'lijiiiil"il"-r"

    d a i l ,!tra d i tri re i n s u l d e b ri l a n i ceh Marcr Irtan' tei (l i l i tal u

    18ii.
    s .r!iro,

    tt0

    INTEROGA'fIA

    s 2913

    {THIt INTDRRO{l-\TtVE FOIiM)

    {i 2914

    A. Vo ole loxiclile. - Aceste 1.rfbe forlreazi interogalia cu trjuLorul


    lormelor auxiliarului DO, urmate de ilfinitivuL inconplei al verbLrlui de
    conjugat.
    29f6
    Ordinea cuvintelor tn prolozilic este urrniloareri tlo (tLor:ssar d.id,)t
    S
    sLrbie.L
    + inlinirivul {fJrd'/o, al vprburu,JF .onj',gr :
    Jack /sddi his score.

    You o,rt lo a footbailmatcli.


    My sistcrstoid Jatanese.

    ,o Lo'! lv.iie a sorata?


    ,o.; Ja.k rcid his s.otu?

    Dtd ti,ey go to a loolball malcl?


    Did lou. sistc. st.ak Jrp{nese?

    Formele intrebuintate sint: do (]a indioativul prezent, toate pcfsoanele


    cu excepliateNoanei a3-a sg.),drcr (la i dicativul prezenl,persornea 3-a
    sg.) sau dA (Ja indicativul tre.uL lort periornele).i infinii,ii.uLincoarplet
    2916
    tn toatc cazuriLp.Numa; rux;LiarrrlDO se ionjugir, l.mbul la infinitiv r,lni;ind
    $
    neschimbat:
    Do I c al?

    Do I &, m.y l,aif row?


    Does shc d, Lcf iasks d.!ii.r'?
    Did theX d,) thci. roon Lt'cfls.lfcs?

    Pentru intrebuin!arenarrxiliaruhi DO dupn pronu cle fi adjectivele


    interogative,vezi $ 1028-1029.
    { 99f7
    ln siilul poetic se intrebuinreazn incn uroori ior;na veche de intero?atie
    oblinuta prin inversarea verbului cu subiectul, firi interventia auxiliarulur
    DO, procedeucare aduccin plus o nole subtili desuelil
    "Uadam,howlind ?oz tl s !lal?"r
    ",tdp vo, nX lo.d?":

    "['hc.c died sne2"s


    "\vl\tt fcdr you! ThnlI yi! tii; i lion"s d.n?":
    "For il she be not lor me.
    lv ha i .a r. 1 ro r s h o m s h e b tl " !
    "-d,ds all ou. noDth-long lo!. ir t|isi"5

    ( 2918

    B. si C. luxilia&le defettiromoilalcDia xiliaroloBDJHAYE, DO, LDT.


    - La formainterogativi, acesteverbere inle,'sed.;.lr surierlrrllor dupi cum
    urmeaz5:
    B, AuriLtd.rcIc

    dcfectie?

    Pot[tir

    I lerog&tie

    I .aa come Nilh .l-'on.


    Io! tuust !trt it down.
    [le arsn, to have known.
    lYe sldll spnk to her.
    .\'lc 9o,id nave listened.
    I see ,ieg ldru comc i!.
    :Y.

    - w

    ll, , l- + " . '

    mod.ale

    Ca, / coNi Nitlr trtr?


    Misht h. ialir.x ;l?
    ,ltrst yotr !'rl, ii d0wn?.
    Ouaht Nheto harc knoND?
    .lld, (,e sp{k [o hlt?
    I''ozld sie h|lr lisldted?
    Iios ddld ,oa oome ini

    . H .a n t4 ..tl ,i n " a t It.4 n a , t.

    5 l )r{4 IF JI'.

    I Geo.ge t\riUie., Ifha! carc I!


    5 R. Elidscs. I Wiu Not Ilt 'rh.c Go.
    6 S"u "Np.d
    Wr p' , ' il doqnl
    l"ln l
    sit onim cu NDltD.J \ ' ez i S 2t 6n.

    Dul ll L s T

    " \ l f i n '. 1 , , p . p 'i L 'r r . liind d@i

    61?

    IN:TEROC^TIA II NECAII^

    C.

    'luritirnclt

    ltlt

    s 29re

    H.tl L:, DO, I'81'


    Be
    I nlercgalia

    Po.itLr

    : fl,.'#,niil.il;'il'1t'io,y,

    i,'j:.1:.:",T;.",""
    i,'r gone," rora **l
    "

    ,,,*,l"i"i i#L,,"i:"i"i,iJ,;""
    """.",o
    tor'
    Autiiar

    At(nli

    J n'"ddr/
    ,lflii.ri:-,-.1i."

    ror ,?, s,r.n , n.JJr.


    r !

    DARE
    s2,25iii,T'li,i,,'],;l,[:'i,;4:T1'ni'1'*,,,
    ,^,.8tft#riiiil
    2145 215:J

    2134.NiiLD s

    $ 2920

    NtG,\'rIA
    (T l l E \" D (;-\T M

    F 0 l tN )

    $
    ns&liA
    rormcaz;
    relioare
    r vcrbrre
    "nt
    rt
    ccrlal,,*,#,ffi,]fitl":1,1";""ifi
    urrrrir
    std inr''liar
    'ubi',11i

    'lrrp.i
    'ste
    ,
    a"".,;,""
    -",
    ::.li;,;;i't,t;iiiii,t"i"
    ;S;';,:f
    ill,t;1,|t.',lll'*
    i ii:;".::,,:,!;;,\:i':i,':i:";X
    1;1;r,.j;l;,rl.
    {i:;:i:l!";!:i'i:;,fr:'il,!"J"iilk':y
    I do no'li&'t' n'ir.a sorata'

    I srlrd r sonatr.

    n:,iff';1,"';ll,*;."

    2$22
    de negalj. aleituiiii fdre interven{'iaauxiliarului DO' se S
    fo.^.
    rn srilu) Pr"tic:
    rn,;"*lt"
    mentine
    '
    _f hos '
    ill' lh ' r '
    'J s r . ok \ at . I t r o t at
    '
    "{'lio tlou alt I l'nat

    l br ' ot h ' ? 0 r t h y n r m '

    ^ot"r

    It ,unr..s zo, $10 I 's'


    "l'.il n", cur lasi""r
    cl ' nu " i nl
    i ' ;' Loi
    Cn .,tr uc liil, 1" n^ c I P rp ' ! n " t k o /' n o ' /
    pro0ori
    ti i " uhtn
    unoi
    r'
    1
    '
    rrl
    i
    n
    rl
    Ll
    ,r,r
    er ce o ri i .,iI r ' or ' , z r r ii . l i n ' ;.. i ' l , fb ,.l
    :
    1,
    ,
    I
    u
    '
    ;s
    o
    t
    th
    i
    '
    l
    i
    n
    t
    l t'
    1. lcs, : | '
    ''

    "'- rf. V"r,',i" 1,,BE: ro H.ttF. Uo. I t:|]:i doforli\ol'Inodcle'


    . ! ?1':3
    .i ,t'irrlitrlc mo,lat;.' Pt' foziriil' ' are 'on\in retbtrl $ 29!r
    rmt,rrt
    ra
    BE
    -,
    dupi
    i " r , f + al:",,",;1 ., i'1" i-'ii' ,,,ri'i\' Jr". - in " o ' I u " " n ^ g a lid
    l : c r rr tl

    to BD
    N qatio

    T he1 r.r. ltofla n'Jr'


    H e ir g orri.lo r I \tr lk .
    ]ou (.r {rr.n i n r dr i

    I an nr t al ho m e ,
    'flov ,u.., r,,h,?.cu 'r Itomanian
    ll. i, / , t is , i g o i r 's t o r u l v a l k - .
    1, r u. / , , . , ot r " e . . n / g r v r l ' a m e d a r

    1 \:.z i S 191t .

    : 1 1 ;;,r l '.,i I ;i

    i ,' .\".',",ur \ o rr' A rrH, rin Lord n " ra r' F i


    r.dndn.;n"
    ',,

    I J - p- nl' t li
    . '' '
    D l n . l ir t oii, it t :r,l r- r '
    i1\
    j,.,. .t'F1r" tl
    t : ' r1":
    '
    I D t nan
    '
    6 (i G BJ.on. I o.r"s'

    ; i{"iitt"ji';11i rl." r NB.ruof ira&c,h.

    61E

    s 2e25

    l
    b. ) V " t lt
    J l
    I .an oornc\riil Xou.

    '1it

    He ,ugn, tu have ktrown.


    We snutl speak to hd.
    She ,,orld harc lisl-cncd.

    2926
    2927

    t.

    Jo1'

    I c unt ut t c I n 't . o , n c {i l l t y o r I t e m iJ t n . ! r a t i l h t a t n o t \ P i l
    1n! t ! t nu s t r 't i u i i t L l o N n r ,

    Hc orsn, ,,&rtn,a', to havcknosn.


    \\( shdtl aotlthan't spcak io her.
    S\?. tquld tutl(ouldn'l harc llstered.

    2) Yerllul ,,to IIA'['D" are un regi,n specia] (S 190; 1912).


    3) Locul rregn:,tiei.
    - Nega,tiase pune tlupi primul aux;liar, d
    rnodurilor inpersonale:
    Ho ,rozldnot havelelt.i{ork undonehadhe not ldt 1U.

    inaintea

    Noll 4 rl 4 s s " 4 4h p ' r" r,I h | { p d r' rr' . bp. i l l d\dv.


    { ol/r' o " ,;s y o u n ;n .l d l n r.^ ' l i / -r' o.\., af;.' ri \p.
    bccn liitle kno\rn.
    Nerfi ,"odd.as, bclore, Uic nclodji had
    I wanlcd you nere. r, rr'ln rgain.
    ALTE,PROBI,NUD RNIIRITO.IRII

    2928

    T,,I.NTGTTIL

    t) Crri t6le do nsgtrlie. - Cea mai irecveDli negafie cstr adverbul nol.
    Cind dupd verb se aile un substaniiv, adverbul negaliv ,rl estc ufmat de
    adjectiv;] nehotirit, any, oinil este cazul. sau este lniocirit cLradjecrivut negariv
    n0 l: n'I anlJ) '
    \1'e har"
    children (sau D, d,y uhildrfrl.
    1'herearc '@
    no llowc.s on rour dcsk ls a u nol a4! floivDrs).

    Iltc regdlii siill net'er,no rn.t noln, notliltg na,xhere,QitlLotLI, eitlrcr...


    no\ nal, ... nar .1c.
    Atc

    lic !
    ln protozi,tiile cirp conljn te nogalii dccil adverbul rlr, nu se folosetto
    S 9929
    rrl).ilirLulnU ld cons'uir"a lorm.i n-r ir- x vprbuiui rrrJi"'rl
    She {aats m ncou.agemenlLo sLatrdup .r'rd rtiilc.
    I adld. soo he. nowadays.
    Nobad.rlnootu ol th.\t,\^rne evef rto.k.d in our ofiioe.
    We head @,it4s lrom thcm to. l.wo dal's.
    The DaBsbook
    \./asnrolB.d to bo lound.
    H lelt lho party drlo&r srXing adyihing i,o anyonc.

    S 2930

    ,q.ceastiregulese aplicdti in cazulsemingaliilor( $ 2933)


    2) Dublo negario.
    de limba ronAni. in limba englezinu 6epoateintreo) SDredeosebire

    b u l n Lu dF " il o s t n g u rn n a 0 !1 " l ' l l r o p ro l o rrlrF npnsrr! r' urI u aasra .au7a


    adverbul not este omis o de clte ori in frazi er.isti o eltl negalie, fie aceasta
    adjeciiv, prolurne sau adverbl lerbul r[mlnlnd in forma sa afumaiivd:
    You do no, knorv anylhing about chenistry.
    There has bccn no tr.rin si ce the 2.30.
    I shall dre. beh.rr" like this aeain.
    H did zo, find anylody in.
    H" l l rn d a o b a .tJ.d r n o ^ w ) tn .
    d v \i n .i h Pf.
    S , " /.e .a
    i d zone. " i
    had
    Childrd I " a
    Many peoplecan rern". sing uo. dancc.
    ' :an 't r"d tut l npdn' t joj ir ' lo\ v n . t d uD' i . n l v F r b . l 4 , . r . p l r , f l , d n d n " " " s l
    tai.ea, ste siDonim cu zerii Fi cind lni.cbafca cs1,ofordulatl oa la pag. 016, nota 6).

    IMEEOGATIA

    ST NECATIA

    019

    293f
    Construcliilccu mai multe rgalii rcprezintain gpncreo lormi d{rexpri- S
    sus
    urrni'0-relr
    lrr
    de n'oi
    lrnlo
    n,arFin'ullJ. \r' ", p ru,u rr,mp1'lc
    qi d- q
    inc,pitorrrinirrr'plFrrprc'uu'rno
    inroreLLe.
    ulrl:/al, '.-""i
    -den!ii
    r;d.l .un.rr.. l., r,'1"'irr .lin l:rrba tumlri:
    You don', tno\r norl'Agal[rll cllcmistrX.fl"ora",
    (Nu itji njr,ic djD .hinie )
    t lr 2t j
    llr ' a\ t )
    l n r" k J , n : ' r '
    T t rr r d.,
    230)
    m il,s' r'i u1 r r pndupir r ' r Lld
    r\u
    (Incarcct.)
    \n
    l\d
    aobodlJ
    He did, nat
    {Nu a gisil le nincni acasai.)
    5l p tA cf s,ln tuth ig k hht t - ( t nor et t )
    f llr. , ) ni(i ,", a m LLin , n ' r odf ir nr m r c IUu^\ D a r' ,a' 'tr,j/". . it A t a, ) an " t l@ 141)
    n' r oiddqp/ pl
    r"r ' l' r 1l
    rr''i'
    r\ l' i. l

    D] Cuvintete r.iI&u'... nor..rtrl


    lmpreuni in a,rtealcrPropoz{re:
    , .. , ,, .r.f \i F ,u

    ll

    nor stnt nega.tiicorelativecarepol apfuea $ 2939

    , hiJ . . n. ( ( ar c . ,

    n' ns-l" rr'rdl


    -i,,it.,,''.,-.''
    .l S.nrir.grliito. Propozilillcc"rn ronlin ' u\.in F cu .inlel's otr^'um S 29llll
    npsaLi\. ..' adi'; i\'la 4/,/- ii I'v (iIrIe'p'larc !l'drrr'^rur npnnrnrrld''
    it i o
    Ll. ii;; , ,r''it. a.lr-rl,"l" t'ori"1';'or'el't; sau ronsrru'iin
    s"'nerturPF"rro
    sr
    nFgsrr\'i
    ""iir"
    ln
    lorrna
    I
    a\pa
    \erbul
    p,
    toni ttn' ';n, . n
    esl;,.szlrl'. ,rj aoi^.i\\,1 onf tr cu formFlP,ompu:' irF 0.turur3:
    Ile lirr& hew hcF 1o t.lk t. anlane'do anvthingexcilingor 8o d"gal'einlercsting'
    lcatect )
    $ a r L 5 o 'v 'l 'P 'P U r d i d
    '
    /" p at,l , n ouf boc r J ing_l' ou. e. $r ' os p n ' 'o r
    ' i. , *"'t,
    li
    i"tt i t' i r r s , s r no i r nr ' : r F s J nd r ' oFd l
    i
    r
    - "
    " ^ , , ni
    I ;i.L1 ndpdy ltnos' {h^r ta sal (Incortl)
    llr ttirln 2 i.tu. c. sr s lr r n ) I , drllv l^ e w $lo l to s J Y { t or d,
    I can t l' lD /,r la ue l $ha1 | s pP hF' l' : nd t I n or P I l
    112 lot sJ ,2 rr4 ind v , r l Lollnr l ) . .
    t r of t t )
    | " r, . j ' I d,rg ,g $l' nr I s " t ' " hll
    fln'olt"/
    Thfv s.n', s.o/.elrl lisic! to lou to!
    d.,,. de lile arnd l/N; ror rs{lh
    lhey \rill s.,,.../l lisl.n 1.olor no\" {Lol'cll
    r/nolet)
    n) L any noF
    ' t h.,
    dr ' ,
    otu 'a I : r ' Pl
    r ' ' r r - - ul I
    lr
    r'Ir r ' ' '
    lI r' ttltnt
    l/ r '
    /l
    ."I- J s . \ ' ul
    It:.. t,! ;! n p
    i nnlr r . l
    c u lir r bi r om Sni:
    -, ,, ml dr., ir,
    (frcj
    nPgrrr4
    nin.ni
    irl
    t\
    \rtir
    iciad.ad
    li
    ,\o or. elcr cI]lrc (0 ffsati!)
    P" r I n " " d r i : l
    /
    ,
    1 ,,.u, n' t "":
    "J . ' , iU
    g
    !'J Yl
    n
    n;
    ,
    an,
    l'
    n.
    \
    r.
    ,,
    \\'
    ;'\'
    \

    cor !i ne qi i n $ 2934
    d l l n r r lc c az ur i. 1 n l u n c i i .i d e i n l ' l ts o l ro p' zi 1i F poate
    dp\rne
    l
    al
    '
    srrl
    o'
    esr^r!
    i
    r"
    u
    d
    rr
    r^
    g
    .l
    i
    r'.i
    u,
    lim b a "r^ ., r a
    " l u fi
    , . r, o zi ,i ')!' n' l' ! |nJ u|inJ o| e ' ,-" 1 a ' ' " ' | c U .U n c | rl | .| 3
    t uare .r sc n. ulur n! P J l11 d l l H rn u ru ri
    r Il " I' L :l l a \" rn u sn'
    , L " r'
    , r . , 1. r "
    ll.
    r A r arrsdasom
    ,,.
    o r' -| .r'_i na'
    1 ,".:, "
    ' r'
    '
    \\d
    l
    i
    d
    r.,r'
    '
    "
    in
    !
    vasc
    .nr
    lloNcr
    aL
    ierst
    )
    oI lhJJ'ear tlac was
    .Contririul

    ncsaiilubi.

    srMAxa FRAZEI

    0?0

    You must4 r ,D, hrve him heretor tlie llolnlrls. (: You dusl r:.hinl.y have him here
    Ior ihe holidaJs.)
    I car! swea. zofud, l.ook it.l
    '[d
    he eic|lime{i, Aivins uJ tu o{Ltnpleol tli. emlhalic usf ol llie eSiti{e: ',\nd
    d ,.l i " o, F r o r / { " . " , ;n ^ b i ' \ n o m o r "
    "l
    p
    _,
    1
    2
    935
    B
    \
    is t d t ot u g i o fo c m d rl e d u b l u re g a b i vj foarte frecventi i n l i nba enS
    glezai. .d.e este ecbivsleni5 cu o afirmali, li arume o constrrctiie in car
    negalia esl,eunrati de un adjectiv sau adverb fornlal ru un prefin Degativ:
    lt ia t ot ; t upa.t.h tp i r i rp r;.' L ,l ' ,r" 8
    l , " " hv ,,i .j h' .,1
    P . r |r r ( ir . r ' 1 .' r.,,o ,,@ ' r{ .r
    ( /r.,ru i ..u rrnoL) i 1 rl , ,,,.,' .J,
    H' . al r ^t u" * t.o 1 ,tb L ( q ri . . J ,o ,,,L i " )d -:r" o (u o b ' .
    5 2936

    3 ) V er bd " t o d o " . - Ve rb u l to .to e s l e a l i t, auxi l i ar, ci t;i verb pri nci pal .
    ,\;adar, la fo|rna intelogatii'd gi la ceA negativii! verbul pdncipal lo do cste
    din grupa I
    conjugat cu ajutorul auriliarului ll0, (a oricare vc.b ldncital

    { s 2 e 2 1 )':

    ,, (1 r(i 1 ." " t d,l rr\" :n' l


    ,' ,1 \vi k.
    t..
    " ,i 1 ,,-,sh' .7o r," ;,r.,r,' l 1," , ' m.'
    ,rl (inrilinr) I'e do lprii.ilxll l,is lsks?

    I / , n, { ! ir .
    - h. d; lr ' ' r o o n
    Hri dll liis tnslis.

    s 9987

    INTEROGATIANEGATIYA
    (THD IN-TORROG,\TtVD
    NOGATM !'ORiI)

    Ir propoziliilc irterogativ negative. negal,iasc punc inaintcu s bicctulai


    ciDd acestaesLeun substantir.,insd drpd srrriec,cind aceslaost un proDume:

    is@,ic{c,
    trryra
    { l::#,jt;i"1,i/:i.?1fi:.,
    ron,rasno,sonehomc {ill:i:'/jffili.Ti'i,$?:,11iTil..,
    Darry
    does
    no,slcakyer.
    Bobandrancana.,
    cone
    "*"

    { B:::;,,",fiiil:'"Jl},{:i:lX,*"
    { 3:ii'#fl;1/3"'i;'il"{":k;i ''

    \Yhy should i.,/s[oulda'r ta']/ kno$?


    \Yhy should si? n dslouldn! snd ktu(?

    \ 20c8

    SOITI].ANI. NO. NONN

    1) neg t g0nera.li.- In linii generale,se intrebuinl,eaze:


    S 2939

    a) sor/Le\:

    niqte, ceva) tn Propozi,tiile afirmati!'e:


    ol teaching.
    lle haslotu experience

    5 29{0 . _ ,) a.n!)l: fiqLq ceva), sinonin ct tor}c, ln propozitiile carc conlin o


    rnierogar,resau o presupunre:
    H:.vevur loujh! daa tnsh .rFUnrol v: .In ru:,1i.)
    l w uJ;iv tou ,n".,P-.u".r'l
    tf I Lid d,? r;sh.i,r,
    , l" a. s t 4< c rp tu c e l " d .u . n " g rti : s . g .i s a s.,n I,mpo,i .' id c.ri t" .
    . c r . s i . , r DO .," .d n ru d r(Ii m p trl ' . O O,,
    ri l l i 1 :rc" " asi6i ' ur1' F.
    .isi n" u ...i mbarF tn pori l i a ncgdl i Fi
    ll r pbui4la- a tn " m " to f.o n ." .,.F' trrl - "dou"D".
    '
    dnnl
    _ oronumelestrbicot.
    iFoma Iungeneconliraslll/Do,sil aor spcak? ,, thcy tu, read?l nu este obijnuiti.

    NTMOCAT1A

    ....,r) *tyy.

    , lrlr rre n e g { u! e I

    9T NECATIA

    0!l

    ro (: ni(i un. niciot,none(: niciunul,niciuna)ln propo- g 2gl1


    I havcnl zny s6[ers.
    I havo ao sisters.
    Siste.s, I have nrnc_

    An y, I n dlar d de lole l s u l p e c a re i l a re c a s i n o n i m al l ui soi nei n propozi - g p![2


    _,
    J re cd re co nlr n o r nt af o g n l ta . o p rF q u p u n e ras s L l o n cqal i r. mai trre un l ntel es
    e l sd u p ro p r iu_. { : or ic o. o ri c a rc ). C u a c p a s t.i a .c a p l csre i ntrcbui n!at
    ;i i D
    { uopo zl l rl re 3nr m uf i1el
    .1,, apprenticecorld do l[is.
    (oricc uccnic ur putea faco aceasta.)
    Give mc a4, oI rtrc noyelson thni sh.lt.
    {Di-mi oricare di romancl0de pc raflul {cela.)
    I t ight aay iul tl o r h a v " ,l rv p d l h i s s tn l u c .
    Lu ii put il o ri .i rr s a rl p ro r6 i s .u tp t.rpa c " ri rd stnrui c?i

    2) SoneDody.Somsone..Somthill9.
    Somowhcre.
    - ,\semeneecuvintelor S gllt
    somq anuj no se comporl,[!i lormelelor compuse.
    stnt lntrebuin- | 2St4
    _ a,l Cuvintele. sonebodlt,someonqsomethin$sonctehere
    gate
    in propozil,iileafirmativei
    Sohcb.dlbo@tut knocked at thc door.
    He brouqht me roedina new.
    | 6haUftnd it smtun tuq 291;
    6J Cuvintefe a^gbocL!. anyonp. anVthing. aauwherc siot Intrebuintab
    0lll, l n .p ro poz iliileint . r oga ti v e . d u p d o n e g a i i e tn c c te n6geti ve, cl t Fi l n pro- -

    IOzrIre carecon9rno presupunere:

    Did a^lbodslonlDM tnffk at thc doof?


    He didD t )rins mc onurtirr ncw.
    Itrou can tind ir d.yat?4,;etrd it {tol Be ar once.
    No td

    lntocmaica 9i adjectivulary (: orice,oricare)( ! 2942),pronumeleneho- { 294{t


    lEdfe.ompusecu acpsLcuvlnt au intelesullor propr;u:on\lbodu
    si anvonc(: oricinel,anythingl: orice).anyohcre(: oriunde).Cu iceasta acciptie
    slnt Intrcbuin!ate
    gi in propozitiileafirmative:
    A.nvbod!lanwrecot td.h,reotor"totd the consequ.nces
    ot Jou. .arslec$ess.
    nno u oo anvrn.zr lor vou.
    we can takir pitk d,ir-n
    you tiko.
    ',

    ln propo- $ 29{?
    ...,3) Formelenobody,noono,nothing,lowhoro,stntlntrebuinla0e
    zrlue negslrYe:
    Yob.dylno on knock.d al th. door.
    Ilc b.ou{ht me ar.t;E nrw.
    t s halt f ind it ," q h p ." ,' t rm a tri i d .

    O b s e r aa lie
    Ctnd cuvintele some,someboilv,someonc,somethinp,sottei,hete ae sfl{ la 2948
    Inceputulunei propozi9ii,negalia nu sc formoazdd;c[ cu antonjmFle]or r soruDode

    {colooviatl; sro@

    (mai lo.nat).

    622
    (naL,nond, nobud
    noxh'rP). .n d"-a doua lormA d. n, sa'
    1. na anp.hath:nP.
    jio, .on"lrLri.i r! not oti!1 n. puri d li intflbuir lsl":
    No ncjghbourscame.
    Jbnd neighbouN canie.
    ,tond of tle neighbourscamc.
    -ivon. ol the neighl'ourscamc.
    IoDodrlro on, knockcda[ thc door.
    .9ruDod?/s.r1.onc
    knockdal. ure doo..
    .Yotlt s wis missing.
    soma,liis was missing.
    (Pcntrr detulji .srtlra Jntreldnliirii aceslor clrlanle, vezj 5 1176-1105)

    $ 2949

    ALTT] FORI'ID DE PROPOZITII AFIRITATIVE, INTEROGATIVE


    SAU NIiGATIVD

    ngguli gnerdi. - l.a bazatuiuror formelor de la acestcapitol std rcgula


    g.nprald b pallprn"hri "ons'ru liilor in'pr^gdli\c qi n"ga iIe:
    l. rc BE. b H,4VL, DO si deh, tivele no.lrla sinl r+elsl..
    lL celelalte velbe sint t iocuite, clnd este cazul, cu auxiliarul DO le.
    acelasi timD si mod.
    DLt 't und Tndtr' t Qd'stion)2951
    t Iufe;oe,ilir diro.ln !i indirftli tlh
    - (Vp/i g 10z6-102;. 26s3. 2655. 2891-289J)
    Se atrage in mod spccial atn,tiaasupra ordinii cuvintelor, care, ln irltrogalia indirccti, nu estei *tsald. ca tn irtcroga-tia direct;:

    2950

    \Ire do 'i knorv sho th^c nen dre lti n\ \ho arc thesenen).
    TnF\'dq ri- d d; din' \ . r l pr or c s ' - t t n Lot t h o d r o t ! d o b . J i o 0 s .

    r o',.1; hor ,;u L r ,",r ;t ri, ,,,. ,..


    Tcll me whdi ln!t/ aan;ts

    2si'2

    aDd low old ,l'ds o.e.

    2J Intcrogllli,!ronliru ri\[ ( t]'p .ap[;rnotiuo nu'riiorJr. - IntFrognltJ


    m5suri
    coDJjrmali\j islp o lo^r,lr irrcrogilivJ rare rorespundpin oHrcusrp
    urmaioalpi ronslru.'ii din limba romir,a:
    Conllr
    r "J Fhl" J lr . ia . i d r a . "
    - TI F Pos J J is J our ", i 5 i - l ; , l

    Ea consth dintr-o lraze cu dou6 propozitii: prima propozitie este o crnsta'


    ta,'eJlt doua o intreb&re.
    estinlotdeaunaln conlrasi cu lntrbarea:cinal
    a) Constat4red
    e albmatiyi. lntlcbarae negativi, ,qiinvers,clnd constatareae
    consLaLarra
    negativd, tntrebarea e afilmativi:
    You hale a son. ioe.n', /oll
    \o u h r\" n " s " n , h a ,, -Jaa:
    Slie is in, lsD', srcl
    She isr'l io, ts sn"/

    b) Intrebarr:a
    eslo alcituiti numai din verbul predicat,subict
    (un pronume)Si o negaiie ctnil o cazul.
    subiectuluidin
    Subiectuleste intoLdetrunaun pronwne orespunzdtor
    prima propozilie:
    fliu r sirl is a beauty, isn't sndl
    ,aniei wasn't ill, was /./
    Lu. .ldss didn't couect noughsorop iron, did t?
    L is still .ai ine. isr't t,l
    l\an! af the eo;keB go to evcnitrgclassfs,don't ,idyl

    I I{o adj. Fi ,r/@pron.slnt lo.nllc nlgativeale ouvlrtuluisona{adj.Fi ]r.on.nchoHrlt).

    t qc ps t i0 dr nr o n o z :l iidn l F ro q rl i tr." ,r )i
    l :pu-:.p L" m,azr. podrl i D umpdi tP e s l i ,-r p .l " I n ,"'lrn
    Fr"p l "7 i sQdat.:onp nl u i nl rog!l i aconrj tp l ^ di' " c > i ; ulor i. F i ra rL rJ
    lirmativd.

    INTNITOCATIA FI NECATIA

    Esceplie
    propozi!,ii:

    6S8

    I particula introductivi\t)tere,(are se mcntine in ambele

    7rl. arc tro lasi dowr-rrainsin rtrc momilL3,


    are /4/, I
    Predicatrulcorcspundevrbului din prima propozi!,ie,si anumo:
    4) \ "rbrlr tu BC. ta ll llL,DO6id-[,air,t.modrr,li
    DrimaDroDoziria
    B F p.la ir J mJi
    lnb.-brr-: i.,liniriv,rlsdu parlicit,iu'
    ""rtutuiprin.tp.t
    rimin insi nexprimate:
    'n
    Sl.ve ts a physician,
    i.Jfr tr|?
    r. 1 o t .t l y i i g ,
    (" , ,.i r i 4, d" ..' r j
    L" n
    Y , ir ' /, 'rr . ." i ." t ..- h rt-" , /i r.p \ o.i
    ' l- ! ' J t
    l ' s d .i n ;.0 o o k . ro 4 ,i ,: .
    , k n ^ \ ,.a .,n t Il
    Y.u. t{DilJ d/ru,t strit fo. r"atr, Ia th.rX?

    \;'L ,1 , , / ' aJ dr , u , rp .-.In j p r:,


    rd i ,i .' ,t.t,.
    b ) t'."| . ldl. " \ . r bF s in trl ^ , u i r; . r ru \i ti .r-rt n J ti .Lntut
    " i ti mout
    '
    pectiv fdo sar dodr la in.licalivul prezent, .ttd ]a indicativul tre;ut):
    Yoll,'rlra a ]rook. d,'r'i vor?
    Dan ."r,z/is !n3ti;h. d..si't he?
    Thcy ffar to a strow,dtdn,t rh.X?

    res_

    (ct. s r911)
    (7I, nlt.r.ri at
    _ :r fnlorocnliarelori'll
    Qttp.tiar)t .o-jti rtintr.o propo- { 29Sl
    zrrrcjn Frogdlrvj.ora nr utr'dprE dp ldpt r.]qtun., t;ind nurn,i excta11ativd'
    (rrJdusi.L...\;.1'...\d"vur,tt
    t. \rp". I lropoziti" dr" o nucnrd rtectiv;
    p"orrrrn..r
    r., rprimr d bu"uri.. n"rr.rlL,r,rir:.lurprrnd"co..,m"ni;.ar"
    "1c.,
    ln ru-nctLe
    oe rrlrona,Iln,geslL.Jerc,
    jr
    TnrFb1r".rr,In"i,d e,tp drirm,ti! ts, I prupozirispr"c.JDnt,rc arirmrtivi. fi negatii'A dace protozi,tia preccdentne netaiivn: is liere.""ls Ie? I raa glad.,,(Buctrric)
    "Jack
    _jhotL'nr''r.
    Lrhls $onr"rr.,",/.a;." iurlrn|.ro. \m"1in.rro,
    ''Youl oo! v,.r 1i . "Do L P.r..r...,rL|rd r")
    "H Jr '1jknowdrr . -rs. Otr.h"do".1r.rii .tt"." l\" irt.umi+.\m"trirtacFr
    t r ^, h D .t tto u / 1 tr,-r,,sD ,,l i ti fo s l
    "I caltedat Tomt today." 'D,,1 3,oar I rhought yoritwo had lalren out.,'(surpdz!)

    , .4) Deelaratiaeumulaliri' (The C rnnlati?e,tcaterce,consti diatr-o frazd g 29b4


    binr u1;tatrin c u v in L a tfed n d J s o (+
    , A l i r ma lic:,r l! Ju ,ri nronoriLri

    ver Du r l ]l vP r \ i1, c u s ! r Dr o rtu l j)


    d ) I a a r n i' l' m " , . r 1l s a ;. .i
    -,i " J .
    Harry rds an iDtereslingbook, anll s6 llo'id
    ,/d/ (: ii ei).
    n nt s o lof f . " ' So a h r
    L
    )
    "'h
    e
    t
    .,,,,,r.
    .,rvu ,,, r " . . r oudf r dn. r .-..)o /i .1 rr"
    -- /r.. ( 5 r J d .k ).
    Ob se r t alie

    C"l - doui pr opur ilii p r tr l r,tr-b ,ri r,l " ra d " a .p c dsi pFr.odod. i n a" Fst caz
    l iind u 'ri l e p r inc anjunr lix a ,/
    t,ri .y c m p l ,.l F d " l d p i n ;rut
    i /a/l ,.au stri rost it a L l ".Jo ud p- r r o. , r e dil " ri ra . ru n i u 1 ' , i r u rr i n " i i i ;d .run, i ;i pri matd Iv" zi

    remplelede la punctul fDll.

    {Vezi ii t663_jt604)

    4 c-aaaatoJ.cp"L"n
    c4t,sr, cdnLridg".I,28.gi85,onumpEre

    1!:9 IIEl:1l
    4 |- onw4tdnee
    auPgh.n.

    'O l.az{ comrrusl din douil ?ropozitii prirctlarel S 2B2B).

    624
    (+ verbul in.l'ersat
    \egatia: cele doun propoz;tii slltt ulite prin nor" "r
    cu subierftul):
    Tliey o. not nr, nor ir stu {: Irirri '{)
    TheJ don't know !r.' nor do 1 iheDr ['- nici cu p' ei l$u e])lIL h; loesn't come $c ior't cone eithe' lTi'trll schinbal)
    nici roi l
    nL
    iDaiil el d. ,tt
    'on 'etrt
    ! ! " t v o' r / ln rrtrn ' n rh o " t
    \r : t oi . ; ' r l; f , a i r" ' 4 tn u l s l ' ru r " 1 / o m ' nn I on
    u ;.v h n ti rr S ntP nr" ) ' onstd Ji rrl r-o
    l / f r 0r f ar dlis d i ' j n t' rti \n 1 -f' "
    { 2 965
    "l ,"r"tlr r bli' , ' , ieLj' r r l
    1 ' ro p o /i :ri l i i r' J u n i r;n ri n c nnj un' l i i l ' ' urel ati \F(i /Ir"
    EiUIer sle is lo Llrmc or You-@e'
    Ilither rou .4r do il or Jdu
    '
    'dtr dads
    Dither )_ouslea^ now oL NfJ

    q 2956
    tj) Itnq,unsulscurt (Il' Ji'o/l Answet)'- ln nod obilSuit'adverbul
    "- - '
    l P " rern r'F buinlar
    ' ingurin,r 1:pul:l- :::r r:
    s J u r e g" ri ttP
    t s.n o N
    " t l" 'n o."'^i
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