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293 - Curs Engleza Drept - Anul II - 2011-2012 - 3233 PDF
293 - Curs Engleza Drept - Anul II - 2011-2012 - 3233 PDF
nvmnt la Distan
Facultatea de Drept
Anul al II-lea
LIMBA ENGLEZ
CUPRINS
Introducere
Unitatea de nvare 1
The United States Constitution
1.1. Introducere
1.2. Obiective
1.3. Rezumat
1.4. Test de evaluare
1.5. Test de autoevaluare
1.6. Tem de control
1.7. Bibliografie specifica
1.8. Rspunsuri la testele de autoevaluare
Unitatea de nvare 2
The Future Forms
2.1. Introducere
2.2. Obiective
2.3. Rezumat
2.4. Test de evaluare
2.5. Test de autoevaluare
2.6. Tem de control
2.7. Bibliografie specifica
2.8. Rspunsuri la testele de autoevaluare
Unitatea de nvare 3
The Constitution as Supreme Law
3.1. Introducere
3.2. Obiective
3.3. Rezumat
3.4. Test de evaluare
3.5. Test de autoevaluare
3.6. Tem de control
3.7. Bibliografie specifica
3.8. Rspunsuri la testele de autoevaluare
Unitatea de nvare 4
The Sequence of Tenses
4.1. Introducere
4.2. Obiective
4.3. Rezumat
4.4. Test de evaluare
4.5. Test de autoevaluare
Unitatea de nvare 9
Offences against Person (I)
9.1. Introducere
9.2. Obiective
9.3. Rezumat
9.4. Test de evaluare
9.5. Test de autoevaluare
9.6. Tem de control
9.7. Bibliografie specifica
9.8. Rspunsuri la testele de autoevaluare
Unitatea de nvare 10
Nominative + Infinitive and its uses
10.1. Introducere
10.2. Obiective
10.3. Rezumat
10.4. Test de evaluare
10.5. Test de autoevaluare
10.6. Tem de control
10.7. Bibliografie specifica
10.8. Rspunsuri la testele de
autoevaluare
Unitatea de nvare 11
Offences against Person (II)
11.1. Introducere
11.2. Obiective
11.3. Rezumat
11.4. Test de evaluare
11.5. Test de autoevaluare
11.6. Tem de control
11.7. Bibliografie specifica
11.8. Rspunsuri la testele de
autoevaluare
Unitatea de nvare 12
Final Grammar Exercises
12.1. Introducere
12.2. Obiective
12.3. Rezumat
12.4. Test de evaluare
12.5. Test de autoevaluare
12.6. Tem de control
12.7. Bibliografie specifica
12.8. Rspunsuri la testele de
autoevaluare
INTRODUCERE
Competenele
generale
Competenele
specifice
1. Cunoatere i nelegere
sistematizarea i fundamentarea noiunilor de gramatic a limbii
engleze;
nsuirea de ctre studeni a cunotinelor necesare pentru redactarea
unui referat, articol etc. pe teme de specialitate,
achiziionarea de ctre studeni a unui numr ct mai mare de
termeni de specialitate;
Pregtirea i
evaluarea
studenilor
(sem. II)
1.1.
Introducere
n aceast unitate de nvare, vei studia cteva date istorice generale
cu privire la Constituia SUA. Totodat, studenii vor afla informaii
privind principiile fundamentale care stau la baza Constituiei SUA.
Obiectivele/competentele unitii de nvare
1.2.
00:30
the executive, the legislative and the judicial. The power is shared in such a way that each
branch has a certain authority over the others, a system called checks and balances.
The executive branch enforces the law, the legislative branch makes the law and the judicial
branch explains the law. The executive branch is represented by the President, the legislative
branch by Congress and the judicial branch by the Supreme Court.
Federal powers listed in the Constitution include the right to collect taxes, declare war and
regulate trade. In addition, the national government had implied powers (those reasonably
suggested by the Constitution). The implied powers enable the government to respond to the
changing needs of the nation.
For example, Congress has no delegated power to print money.
There are some powers that the Constitution does not give to the national government or to
the states. These reserved powers belong to the people or to other states.
State powers include the right to legislate on divorce, marriage and public schools. Powers
reserved for the people include the right to own property and to be tried by a jury.
In some cases, the national and state governments have concurrent powers that is, both
levels of the government may act. The national government has the supreme authority in case
of a conflict.
The Supreme Court has the final authority to explain the Constitution. It can set aside any law
federal, state or local that conflicts with any part of the Constitution.
The first 10 amendments known as the Bill of Rights were proposed on September, 1789, and
ratified on December, 1791. Originally, the amendments applied only to the federal
government. But the 14th Amendment declares that no state can deprive any person of life,
liberty or property without due process of law. The Supreme Court has interpreted those
words to mean that most of the Bill of Rights applies to the states as well.
Corectai greelile din propoziiile de mai jos:
The 27 amendments to the American Constitution are known under the
name of The Bill of Rights.
S ne reamintim
Constituia SUA este legea fundamental a Statelor Unite ale Americii.
Legea suprem a SUA este cadrul legal pentru buna organizare a
Guvernului SUA. Constituia SUA reglementeaz relaiile dintre guvernul
federal i fiecare stat American, precum i dintre guvernul federal i
cetenii americani.
10
1.3.
Rezumat
1.4.
e) dissenting opinion
f) justices
g) binding
h) case law
In the USA the (1) _______ of the Supreme Court deliver ruling also called
(2)_______. They are the opinions of the majority of the court (or the majority
opinions). The Court may also render a minority opinion in the decision of a law
case, in which some justice disagree with the majority opinion and explain why.
This ruling is called a (3) ______.
Some justices may agree with the majority opinion on the legal decision taken,
yet they might want to express diverging points of view on minor issues. This
ruling is called a (4)__________.
Some State Supreme Courts in the United States may deliver (5)_______ on a
point of law, a statute, a treaty etc. These opinions are merely persuasive, they are
not (6) _____.
Practitioners of the law, judges and law teachers have been working (within a
private organisation called the American Law Institute) on a systematic
compilation of (7) _______ in such areas as the Law of Contracts, Torts, Property
etc. The name of this compilation is (8) ________.
11
00:60
1.5.
Tem de autoevaluare:
I. Make sentences of your own using the antonyms of the following words:
limited, silence, true, serious, permanent, relative.
II. Write a paragraph composition using the following:
lawyer, pleading, justice court, to lie, truth, accord, fact, exact, regarding, reality.
1.6.
Tem de control:
12
2.1.
Introducere
n aceast unitate de nvare, studenii vor dobndi noiunile de baz
privind folosirea corect a formelor de viitor n limba englez. Pentru a
nelege aa cum se cuvine diferitele modaliti de exprimare a viitorului
existente n limba englez, studentul trebuie s fie atent la modul n care
vorbitorul privete aciunea pe care o exprim: intenie, planificare,
aranjament, simplu fapt din viitor, predicie sigur/nesigur, ofert spontan
etc.
2.2. Obiectivele/competentele unitii de nvare
Dup studierea acestei uniti, studentul trebuie s fie capabil:
s foloseasc n mod corect formele de viitor existente n englez
s sesizeze diferenele de nuan dintre formele de viitor simplu,
perfect, continuu i perfect continuu
s identifice situaiile de folosire a timpului prezent (simplu i
continuu) pentru exprimarea viitorului, inclusiv n cadrul
subordonatelor de condiie/de timp.
Durata medie de parcurgere acestei uniti de nvare este de 120 de
minute.
CONINUTUL UNITII DE NVARE
There are several ways of expressing the future in English. The forms are listed below and
will be dealt with in order in which they are given.
00:80
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
13
For unpremeditated actions as above, we must use will (contracted to ll). But note that if
after his/her decision the speaker mentions the action again, he/she will not use will, but be
going to or the present continuous.
For example:
Mary could say: Im going to answer these letters tonight. (She hasnt made any
arrangement with anybody);
Paul, similarly, could say: Im selling the car.
3. The PRESENT CONTINUOUS as a future form
a. The present continuous can express a definite arrangement in the near future:
Im taking an exam in September.
Implies that I have entered for it.
Bob and Bill are meeting tonight.
Implies that they have arranged this.
b. But with verbs of movement from one place to another, e.g. arrive, come, drive, fly,
go, leave, start, travel, verbs indicating position, e.g. stay, remain and the verbs do and
have (food or drink), the present continuous tense can be used more widely. It can
express a decision or plan without any definite arrangement.
What are you doing next Saturday?
Possible answers:
Im going to the seaside.
Im not doing anything. Im staying at home.
Im going to write letters.
c. This method of expressing the future cannot be used with verbs which are not
normally used in the continuous tenses. These verbs should be used into future
simple.
Im meeting him tonight but I shall know him tonight.
They are coming tomorrow but they will be here tomorrow.
Well think it over.
14
Interrogative
Shall I work?
Shall we work?
15
Negative interrogative
Will not/wont you work? Etc
Will is used for expressing intention:
I will wait you = I intend to wait you.
Shall is used when there is no intention,
i.e. for actions where the subjects wishes are not involved:
I shall be 25 next week.
We shall know the results next month.
I am sure I shant lose my way.
Shall, used above, is still found in formal English, but is no longer common in conversation.
Instead we normally use Will:
I will be 25 next week.
We will know the results next week.
I am sure I wont lose my way.
Shall, however, is still used in the interrogative, in questions tags, in suggestions, in requests
for orders or instructions:
Lets go, shall we?
Shall we take a taxi?
What shall we do with your mail?
Shall for determination
Sometimes public speakers feel that to express determination they need a heavier word (not
will) and so they say shall:
We shall fight and win.
Shall can be also used in ordinary conversation:
I shall be there, I promise you.
Uses of the future simple
To express the speakers opinion, assumptions, speculations about the future, after
such verbs as assume, be afraid, be/feel sure, believe, doubt, expect, hope, know,
suppose, think, wonder:
Im sure hell come back.
I suppose hell sell the house.
Theyll probably wait for us.
It is used for habitual actions which we assume will take place:
Spring will come again.
People will make plans.
Birds will build nests.
16
Affirmative
I/we will/shall be working
He/she/it/you/they will be working
Interrogative
Shall/will I/we be working?
Negative
I/we will/shall not be working
He/she/it/you/they will not be working
Negative interrogative
Wont he/she/it/they be working? Etc
7. THE FUTURE
CONTINUOUS
PERFECT
AND
THE
FUTURE
PERFECT
TENSE
It is normally used with a time expression beginning with by: by then, by that time, by the
24th.
e.g.
By the end of next month he will have been here for ten years.
By the end of the year Ill have saved 600.
8. THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Form:
2. By the end of the year the court will deliver at least 1,000 judgments.
3. The prosecutor will read the report on this case after he will collect all the
necessary information.
17
S ne reamintim
Pentru a folosi corect formele de viitor n limba englez, vorbitorul trebuie s
rein c, n aceast limb, intenia i planificarea/aranjamentul viitor se
exprim prin forme speciale: to be going to, respectiv prezentul continuu al
verbului de conjugat.
Pe de alt parte, spre deosebire de limba romn, n englez avem i o form
de viitor continuu (future continuous) i o form de viitor perfect continuu
(future perfect continuous).
2.3. Rezumat
n limba englez, viitorul se poate exprima n mai multe moduri, depinznd de
intenia vorbitorului de a comunica un simplu eveniment viitor
(shall/will+short infinitive), o intenie viitoare (to be going to), o aciune din
viitorul apropiat (to be going to+ infinitive, to be to + infinitive), o aciune
viitoare care este parte a unui program oficial (prezentul simplu), un
aranjament viitor/o programare viitoare (prezentul continuu), o aciune
viitoare care se va fi ncheiat nainte de un moment viitor sau de alt aciune
viitoare (shall/will+have+past participle).
2.4. Tem de evaluare:
I. Use the be going to form in the following sentences:
1. You (miss) your train.
2. What you (do) with this room? I (paint) the walls in black and white
stripes.
3. Look at the clouds. It (rain).
4. He (grow) a beard when he leaves school.
5. I have seen the play. Now I (read) the book.
6. I dont like this macaroni. I (not finish) it.
7. We (make) a lot of money out of this.
8. They (try) him for manslaughter when he comes out of hospital.
9. I (stop) here for a moment to get some petrol.
10. Ive lent you my car once. I (not do) it again.
II. Put the verbs in brackets into the present continuous or the future
simple using the present continuous where possible:
1. I am sure that I (recognize) him.
2. They (lay) the foundation next week.
3. He (not write) to you unless you write to him.
4. I (believe) it when I see it.
5. You pay and I (owe) you the money.
6. Ive left the light on. It (matter?)
7. I (have) my car repainted next week.
8. You (understand) when you are older.
9. There (be) a big meeting here tomorrow.
10. If he doesnt work hard he (not pass) his exam.
18
00:40
19
20
3.2.
21
00:30
Congress meets once a year in December and continues in session for several months. It
consists of two houses: the Senate or the Upper House (to which each state elects two
senators for a period of six years) and the House of Representatives or the lower house,
which is composed of representatives elected for a term of two years. The number of
Representatives from each state is in proportion to the population.
A bill introduced into Congress must be passed by both Houses and signed by the President
before it can become law. The President has power to veto undesirable legislation. Bills must
not conflict with the constitution.
The Courts. Federal judges are appointed by the President and finally confirmed by the
Senate. The Supreme Court, which is the highest court, has the power to judge whether a law
passed by the government conforms to the constitution. The constitution does make provision
for the removal of a public official from office, in case of extreme misconduct, by the process
of impeachment.
Article II, Section 4 reads: The President, Vice President and all civil officers of the United
States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery
or other high crimes and misdemeanors. As set forth in the Constitution, the House of
Representatives must bring charges of misconduct by voting a bill of impeachment. The
accused official is then tried in the Senate, with the chief justice of the Supreme Court
presiding at the trial. The next amendments deal with the system of justice.
Corectai greelile din propoziiile de mai jos:
1. In the USA elections for President are held every 5 years and no President
may own office for more than one term.
..
2. The Vice President cannot vote in case of a tie.
..
3. The process of impeachment refers to thr removal from office of a public
prosecutor.
..
S ne reamintim
De mai bine de 200 de ani, Constituia Americii a reprezentat cadrul legal
pentru guvernarea statului i buna organizare i funcionare a instituiilor
acestuia.
Conform prevederilor Constituiei, Statul American este organizat potrivit
principiului separaiei i echilibrului puterilor puterea legislativ, executiv
i judectoreasc.
22
3.3. Rezumat
Din textul inclus n aceast unitate de nvare aflm urmtoarele informaii:
- Preedintelui SUA este numit pentru un mandat de 4 ani
- O persoan aflat n postul de Preedinte al SUA poate avea cel mult dou
mandate
- Puterea politic a Preedintelui SUA este deosebit de mare ntruct eful
Statului este i eful Executivului
- Vicepreedintele SUA este i Preedintele Senatului
- Vicepreedintele SUA este obligat s i exercite dreptul de vot n Senat n
cazul n care exist egalitate de voturi
- proiectele de lege (bills) devin legi dup ce sunt aprobate de cele dou camere
ale Congresului (Senatul i Camera Reprezentanilor) i promulgate de
Preedintele SUA
- Curtea Suprem se exprim asupra constituionalitii/neconstituionalitii
legilor/tratatelor etc.
- orice nalt demnitar poate fi demis din funcie prin procedura de impeachment
dac este gsit vinovat.
3.4. Tem propus pentru evaluare:
I. Answer the following questions:
1. What are the three main branches of government?
2. What does the President represent?
3. Does the President have any political power?
4. How many terms may a President own office?
5. Who chooses presidential candidates?
6. Who takes the place of the President in special situations?
7. Has the Vice President the right to vote in the Senate?
8. What are the houses of the Congress?
9. When can bills become law?
10. Who appoints federal judges?
11. What power has the Supreme Court concerning the President?
12. What power has the Supreme Court concerning a law passed by the
government?
II. Read the following text and then try to translate it without using a
dictionary. After that, look for the unknown words ad write them down:
Things are, of course, very different indeed in the United States. Law and
politics are interwoven in a great many ways. Generally, it is widely recognized
that law and especially constitutional law is in its very essence and nature
highly political. This is the main reason that the appointment of Supreme Court
justices is such a political process, and why Presidents look for judges with
whom they are in basic political agreement. Lawyers swarm all over the
political scene in the United States.
23
00:60
24
4.1.
Introducere
n aceast unitate de nvare, studenii vor dobndi/recapitula noiunile de
baz privind folosirea corect a concordanei timpurilor n limba englez.
Concordana timpurilor este un subiect de o importan fundamental pentru
orice persoan interesat de stpnirea corect a limbii engleze. Dificultatea
acestui subiect rezult din modul diferit n care vorbitorii de romn i cei de
englez coreleaz timpurile propoziiei principale cu timpurile
secundarei/secundarelor pentru a formula enunuri logice i corecte.
Obiectivele/competentele unitii de nvare
4.2.
MAIN CLAUSE
THAT
AFTER
WHEN
I. PRESENT TENSE
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
e.g. The judge thinks
Ive just told her
SUBORDINATE CLAUSE
that
that
25
that
He saw
that
I hoped
that
26
27
00:30
8. He (to tell) me that he always (to have) trouble with his car these days.
9. I (to do) some last-minute shopping before I went to the airport.
10. The letter (to arrive) while I (to have) breakfast.
II. Complete with the appropriate verb:
1. The writer____ a few lines, but we didnt understand a word.
a) reads; b) read; c) is reading; d) reading
2. Tom lent me a book. I ____ a book from Tom.
a) lent; b) borrowed; c) took; d) stole
3. John is in Italy. How long _________ there?
a) is he; b) has he been; c) has he; d) was he
4. He drops in on everyone in the street. He _____ everyone.
a) shouts at; b) calls; c) cries out as; d) visits
5. The thieves wanted to ____ the diamonds.
a) rob; b) steal; c) take from; d) take to
6. I looked for my bag. I ____ it.
a) tried to look after; b) tried to look at; c) tried to find; d) tried to see
7. Our bookcase is kept in the living room. Thats where we ___ it
a) kept; b) have kept; c) are keeping; d) keep
8. I will enjoy my stay here. It will ____me.
a) amuse; b) enjoy; c) laugh at; d) please
9. She ___ out of the window and saw it was raining.
a) looked; b) saw; c) remarked; d) watched
10. No parking means ______
a) dont leave your car here; b) without parking; c) dont stop; d) theres
no room to park here.
4.6. Tem de control:
Translate into English:
1.Eu cred c ea nu se va ntoarce n ar pn la sfritul lunii august.
2. Mi-a spus ieri c a vrut s trimit prinilor si o scrisoare recomandat.
3. Mi-a spus c i-a plcut cartea pe care i-am mprumutat-o i i-o va da i
soului ei ca s-o citeasc.
4. Spune c are de gnd s fac o excursie n Spania dar pentru moment nu are
banii necesari.
5. Directorul ne-a comunicat c nu intenioneaz s anuleze ntrunirea de la
ora dou.
6. A sperat c te va putea vedea astzi dar n-a tiut c vei ntrzia aa de mult
i nu te-a mai putut atepta.
7. Mi-a spus c n-a fost niciodat n China dar acum s-a hotrt s mearg
acolo pentru o lun.
8. Dup ce se va ntoarce de la cursurile de var, sper c va termina i articolul
pentru revist.
9. Nu i-a putut aminti unde i pusese ochelarii.
10. Nu-mi imaginez ce va spune cnd o s-i dau aceste veti neplcute.
11. Ai de gnd s-o atepi pn se ntoarce?
12. Traducerea era deja terminat cnd a venit colegul meu de birou s i-o
duc directorului.
28
29
5.1.Introducere
Dup parcurgerea acestei uniti, vei dobndi noiuni de baz privind sistemul
judiciar american. Studenii gsesc n aceast unitate de nvare informaii cu
caracter general cu privire la instanele de stat i cele federale, precum i cu
privire la statutul judectorilor din SUA. Parcurgnd acest text, studenii de la
facultatea de drept vor recapitula termeni juridici uzuali, folosii n limba
englez pentru a face referire la activitatea judectoreasc. Totodat, studenii
vor fi ncurajai s sesizeze diferenele majore existente ntre sistemul judiciar
romnesc i cel american.
5.2.Obiectivele/competentele unitii de nvare
Dup studierea acestei uniti, studentul trebuie s fie capabil:
s enumere tipurile de instane judectoreti din SUA
s sesizeze diferenele generale existente ntre sistemul judiciar
american i cel romnesc
s foloseasc n mod corect termenii de specialitate studiai n
aceast unitate de nvare.
Durata medie de parcurgere acestei uniti de nvare este de 90 de
minute.
This third branch of the government consists of a system of courts spread throughout the
country, headed by the Supreme Court of the U.S.
From the beginning has evolved the present structure: the Supreme Court, 13 courts of
appeal, 94 district courts and two courts of special jurisdiction.
The Supreme Court is the highest court of the United States and cannot be appealed to any
other court. Congress has the power to fix the number of judges sitting on the Court. The nine
Supreme Court judges, who are appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, can
be removed from the office only by impeachment. There is no requirement that judges be
lawyers, although, in fact, all federal judges and Supreme Court justices have been members
of the bar.
The Supreme Court consists of a chief justice and eight associate justices.
30
The Chief justice is the executive officer of the Court but, in deciding cases, has only one
vote, as do the associate justices.
A significant amount of the work of the Supreme Court consists of determining whether
legislation or executive acts conform to the Constitution.
FEDERAL AND STATE COURTS. There are two kinds of courts in the U.S.
1. Federal courts which are established by the U.S. government. There are some 1.500 federal
court judges who are appointed for life by the President. About one million cases are brought
each year in federal courts. About 80% of these cases are bankruptcy filings and
approximately 10% are minor criminal cases.
2. State Courts are established by a state or by a county or city within the State. There are
almost 30.000 state court judges. The cases individual citizens are most likely to be involved
in include robberies, traffic violations, broken contracts and family disputes. State judges
hold office for ten years and are usually elected, or confirmed in office by election.
TYPES OF FEDERAL COURTS
There are three types of federal courts: District courts, Courts of Appeal, the Supreme Court.
DISTRICT COURTS. Congress has divided the country into 94 federal judicial districts,
each with its own U.S. district court. These are federal courts where cases are tried, witnesses
testify and juries serve.
COURTS OF APPEAL Congress has grouped the districts into 12 regions called circuits,
each with a court of appeals. There is also a federal circuit, which covers the entire county. If
a person loses a trial in district court, that person can appeal the case to the court of appeals to
see if the district court judge applied the law correctly. The courts of appeals also review
cases decided by some federal agencies, such as the National Labor Relation Board.
THE SUPREME COURT in Washington D.C. is the most famous federal court. Cases from
court of appeals in each circuit and from the state supreme courts can be appealed to the
Supreme Court.
FEDERAL COURT CASES
JURISDICTION refers to the kind of cases a court is authorized to hear. Federal
court jurisdiction is limited to the kinds of cases listed in the Constitution (Article III,
Section 2). Federal Courts hear cases involving the Constitution, laws passed by
congress, cases in which the United States is a party, cases involving foreign
diplomats and some special kind of cases, such as incidents at sea and bankruptcy
cases. Federal courts also hear cases that are based on state laws but involve parties
from different states.
CIVIL CASES. A party, in a civil case, can be a person or a corporation, but, in
either situation, a civil involves a claim by one party (the plaintiff) that another party
(the defendant) failed to carry out a legal duty (the duty not to harm others through
carelessness or the duty to honor the terms of a contract). In case the defendant failed
to carry out a legal duty, the court may order the defendant to pay compensation to
the plaintiff to make up for the harm. Most federal court cases are civil cases, such as
31
equal employment claims, claims for benefits, and suits against companies that may
have violated federal antitrust laws.
CRIMINAL CASES. In a criminal case, a party (the defendant) is accused of
committing a crime an action considered to be harmful to society as a whole, not
just to a specific person. Most crimes concern matters that the constitution leaves to
the states. Federal criminal laws, for example, deal with robbing banks, importing
drugs illegally into the country, or using the U.S. mail to swindle consumers.
In our next unit we shall discuss about bringing a case, even if it is civil or
criminal, in federal court.
Corectai greelile din propoziiile de mai jos:
1. The American Supreme Court consists of a chief justice and nine associate
justices.
..
2. The Supreme Court judges, who are appointed by the president and
approved by the Senate, can be removed from the office by an ordinary
procedure.
..
3. Most federal court cases are criminal cases.
...
S ne reamintim
n Statele Unite ale Americii exist o Curte Suprem de Justiie, 13
curi de apel, 94 de curi de district i dou curi cu jurisdicie special.
Curtea Suprem are 9 judectori (Preedintele Curii Supreme i 8
judectori asociai), numii de Preedinte i aprobai de Senat, care nu pot fi
demii din funcie dect prin procedura de impeachment.
Numrul judectorilor din Curtea Suprem de Justiie este stabilit de
Senat.
5.3. Rezumat
Sistemul judiciar din SUA are trei grade de jurisdicie. La baza
acestuia se afl tribunalele de prim instan, urmate de curi de apel i curtea
suprem.
n SUA, numrul judectorilor federali este de 1 500. Acetia sunt
numii de preedinte i aprobai de Senat i se bucur de inamovibilitate (life
tenure). Anual, intanele federale judec aproximativ un milion de cazuri
(majoritatea fiind cazuri de bancrut).
n SUA, numrul judectorilor din tribunalele statale este de 30 000.
Aceti judectori dein un mandat de 10 ani.
Sistemul judiciar federal este structurat pe trei niveluri:
- curile de district (n cadrul crora se judec att cauze civile,
comerciale, administrative, ct i penale),
- curile federale de apel, ale cror hotrri nu pot fi atacate dect la
Curtea Suprem de Justiie a SUA,
- Curtea Suprem de Justiie a SUA (compus din preedinte i 8
judectori asociai).
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33
6. traffic violations
7. broken contracts
8. family disputes
9. to apply the law correctly
10. the plaintiff/ the defendant.
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35
6.1. Introducere
n limba englez putem vorbi despre condiionale de tip 0, de tipul 1, 2 i 3.
Condiionala de tipul 0 mai este cunoscut i sub numele de condiionala
fals, ntruct aceasta nu exprim o condiie de care depinde realizarea
aciunii din principal, ci este mai mult o constatare a unei realiti date. n
schimb, aa cum vom vedea n aceast unitate de nvare, condiionalele de
tipul 1, 2 i 3 exprim condiii reale/imaginare, prezente/viitoare/trecute, de
care depinde realizarea aciunii din propoziia principal.
Dup parcurgerea acestei uniti de nvare, vei dobndi noiuni de baz
privind privind folosirea corect a timpurilor n propoziiile condiionale i
n principalele acestora.
6.2.Obiectivele/competentele unitii de nvare
Dup studierea acestei uniti, studentul trebuie s fie capabil:
s enumere tipurile de condiionale existente n limba englez,
semnalnd diferenele existente ntre englez i romn (insistnd
asupra traducerii lor corecte n romn)
s foloseasc n mod corect timpurile n propoziia principal i n
secundara de condiie
s foloseasc n mod corect formele de condiional mixt.
Durata medie de parcurgere acestei uniti de nvare este de 120 de
minute.
Subordinate clause
If
if
Present Tense
he catches the bus.
dac
va prinde autobuzul.
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00:60
if
dac
TYPE 2
Present Conditional Tense
Would + infinitive
(could, might)
I would tell the police
ti engleza bine.
Past Tense
To be = were
someone tried to blackmail me.
if
A spune la poliie
dac
if
ai ti engleza bine.
I were you.
if
dac
TYPE 3
Past Conditional Tense
Would + have + past participle
I would have gone there
a fi n locul tu.
if
A fi mers acolo
He could have got a job
dac
Ar fi obinut o slujb
dac
ai fi venit cu mine.
he had had a diploma.
if
ar fi avut o diplom.
VI. If only he didnt smoke! (Dac n-ar mai fuma, ar fi foarte bine).
Whether..or
VII.
You must go tomorrow whether you are ready or not (Trebuie s vii mine
chiar dac eti gata sau nu).
If + were and inversion of subject and auxiliary
If I were you, I wouldnt wait a bit (Dac a fi n locul tu, n-a atepta de loc).
Were I Tom, I would refuse (Dac a fi n locul lui Tom, a refuza).
Corectai greelile din propoziiile de mai jos:
1. The driver had not paid this huge fine if he had complied with the traffic
rules.
..
2. The Supreme Court judges would have been removed from office if he has
been found guilty of traffic pending.
..
3. The drug dealer stayed longer in prison unless he had cooperated with the
police.
...
S ne reamintim
n limba englez, exist trei tipuri de subordonate condiionale, la care se
adaug i subordonata condiional de tip 0, care, de fapt, exprim o condiie
fals. Este vorba de situaiile n care vorbitorul exprim un enun pe care l
consider un adevr general valabil: If a policeman notices that you excced the
speed limit, you pay a fine. Condiionala de tip 0 se recunoate uor att dac
inem cont de faptul c ea exprim un adevr general valabil despre o
persoan/societate, ct i de faptul c ea permite substituirea conjunciei
subordonatoare if cu whenever:
If/whenever a policeman notices that you excced the speed limit, you pay a
fine.
Condiionalele de tipul I, II i III pot fi nelese uor dac vorbitorul de limba
romn este atent la faptul c fiecare din aceste condiionale reprezint o
condiie real (prezent/din viitorul apropiat) sau imaginar (din prezent/viitorul
apropiat condiionalul II sau din trecut condiionalul III).
6.3. Rezumat
Condiionalul I exprim o condiie real, prezent/viitoare:
I. If I study, I will pass the exam. (dac studiez, voi trece examenul)
ATENIE LA TIMPURILE FOLOSITE N SECUNDAR I PRINCIPAL!
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4. If she had listened to my directions she (not turn) down the wrong street.
5. If you had told me that he never paid his debts I (not lend) him the money.
6. If he had asked you, you (accept)?
7. I wouldnt have believed it if I (not see) it with my own eyes.
8. If I had realized that the traffic lights were red I (stop).
9. If you (speak) more slowly he might have understood you.
10. She had a headache; otherwise she (come) with us.
6.5. Tem propus pentru autoevaluare:
I. Mixed types
Finish these sentences, taking care to use the correct tenses
1. If he had taken my advice, now he ____________
2. We would send for the doctor if _________
3. If we leave before breakfast, we might _________
4. He would lend it to you if you ___________
5. If you had asked permission, now you _________
6. Her life might be saved if she _____
7. If Tom rings while Im out, would you __________?
8. If she had practiced more, she _______________
9. Unless you study hard, how ______________
10. Id wear a warm coat now if _________.
II. Put the verbs in the brackets in the right tense:
1. If I .. (be) more experienced, I'd help you with this case.
2. If we'd seen the author of the crime, we (testify) now.
3. If we (meet) him tomorrow, we'll talk to him about the new clue we have
in this difficult case.
4. He would have been found guilty if the lawyer (not find) the
discriminating evidence.
5. If you make this statement, you (make) a lot of enemies.
6. If I hadn't studied, I (not have a chance) to pass the exam.
7. I wouldn't go to the university by bus if I (have) a driving license.
8. I (not go) to London unless I get a cheap flight.
9. We'd be stupid if we (inform) him about our secret.
10. The court clerk wouldnt have been able to write down all the words uttered
by the offender if the latter (not be ask) to speak louder and more slowly.
6.6. Tem de control:
Translate into English paying attention to the rules of if-clauses:
1. Nimeni nu va ti niciodat dac acesta este sau nu adevrul.
2. Chiar dac era ora 10 a.m., John dormea nc n ciuda zgomotului din strad.
3. Dac l-a fi vzut n timpul ederii sale aici, ar fi fost o ocazie bun s-i
amintesc de promisiunea pe care a fcut-o cndva.
4. S-a schimbat att de mult n ultimul timp nct nu l-a fi recunoscut dac nu
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41
7.1. Introducere
Dup parcurgerea acestei uniti de nvare, studenii vor dobndi un set de
termeni juridici de baz, cu ajutorul crora acetia vor putea enumera i
descrie participanii la un proces n SUA.
Studenii romni nscrii la facultatea de drept vor remarca faptul c, spre
deosebire de sistemul judiciar din Romnia, n SUA procesele penale (cu
precdere) i civile sunt judecate n prezena juriului, al crui verdict este
hotrtor n ceea ce privete rostirea sentinei de ctre judector.
7.2.Obiectivele/competentele unitii de nvare
Dup studierea acestei uniti, studentul trebuie s fie capabil:
s enumere participanii la proces
s foloseasc n mod corect oral i n scris termenii noi studiai n
acest capitol
s explice atribuiile care i revin judectorului n instana de
judecat
s precizeze rolul i componena juriului n SUA.
Durata medie de parcurgere acestei uniti de nvare este de 120 de
minute.
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00:60
Bankruptcy judges and magistrates judges assist the district judges. They do not have life
tenure, but serve for an appointed term.
Role of judge and jury. If the parties choose a jury trial, the jury must determine the facts
over which parties disagree. If the parties leave it to the judge, the trial is called bench trial.
In either kind of trial, the judge decides what legal standards apply and whether the evidence
is illegal or improper. The judge also conducts the proceedings and sees that the order is
maintained.
THE LAWYERS In criminal cases, the lawyer who prosecutes the claim is the U.S. attorney
(or an assistant). The attorney is selected by the President, with the approval of the Senate.
The judge appoints lawyers to represent criminal defendant who cannot afford to hire a
lawyer.
The parties
Defendants in criminal cases have a constitutional right to be present. Parties in civil cases
may be present if they wish.
The witnesses
Witnesses are individuals who testify under oath about the facts in dispute. They are often
referred to as plaintiffs witnesses or defense witnesses.
In a criminal case, the defendant can be convicted if the jury or judge believes that the
government has proven guilt beyond any reasonable doubt. A jury verdict must be
unanimous.
In civil cases, the jury or the judge decides for the plaintiff if a preponderance of the evidence
shows that the defendant failed to perform a legal duty.
Sentencing
The judge sets a date for sentencing hearing for criminal defendants who plead guilty or are
found guilty.
Before the sentencing hearing, a federal probation officer prepares a report to help the judge
determine the proper sentence.
Corectai greelile din propoziiile de mai jos:
1. Parties in civil cases are bound to be present in court while the case they are
involved in is tried.
..
2. In a bench trial, the verdict is passed by the jury.
.............................
3. In the USA the number of jurors is the same in both civil and criminal
cases.
...
S ne reamintim
n SUA, spre deosebire de ara noastr, la proces iau parte nu doar judectorul,
procurorul, avocatul aprrii, avocatul acuzrii i martorii, ci i juriul (juraii),
43
care sunt prezeni mai ales cnd sunt judecate cauze penale.
n SUA, numrul jurailor variaz n funcie de cauza judecat n instan.
ntr-un proces penal, numrul jurailor este de 12. ntr-un proces civil,
numrul acestora variaz ntre 6 i 12.
7.3. Rezumat
Terminologia juridic din textul inclus n aceast unitate de nvare include, cu
siguran, termeni noi, dificil, uneori, de tradus de studentul romn nscris la
facultatea de drept.
Ne referim n special la urmtorii termeni:
- magistrate judges judectori ai instanelor inferioare (Magistrates Courts)
- district judges judectori ai curilor de district
- federal appellate judges judectori ai curii de apel.
n privina traducerii termenului bankruptcy judge recomandm varianta
judector-sindic. n privina traducerii termenului probation officer
recomandm varianta ofier de probaiune.
Reamintim studenilor s nu confunde terminologia folosit pentru a desemna
prile implicate ntr-un proces civil (plaintiff reclamantul i defendant prtul), respectiv ntr-un proces penal (prosecutor procurorul i defendant acuzatul).
Ne reamintim din anul I faptul c, ntr-un proces de divor, terminologia se
modific: petitioner (reclamantul) i respondent (prtul).
7.4. Tem propus pentru evaluare:
I. Answer the following questions:
1. Is there any right to trial in both civil and criminal cases in the U.S.?
2. How many of the civil and criminal cases never come to trial?
3. How many jurors are there in the jury for criminal and civil cases?
4. What is the task of a judge in a trial?
5. What do they mean by jury trial and bench trial?
6. How are the lawyers called in the U.S.?
7. Who are the witnesses and what do they do?
8. When can a defendant be convicted in a criminal case?
9. What does the jury or the judge decide in a civil case?
10. What does the federal probation officer prepare before sentencing?
II. Find the English words in the article that correspond to the Romanian
words below:
a. a fi eliberat condiionat
b. h.persoane eliberate condiionat
c. reducerea pedepsei
d. nchisoare pe via
e. a ispi o pedeaps
f. j. pedeapsa cu nchisoare
g. pedeaps
h. k. pedeapsa cu moartea
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00:60
i.
j.
k.
l.
m.
45
46
8.1.Introducere
Dup parcurgerea acestei uniti de nvare, studenii vor
recapitula/dobndi cunotinele necesare pentru a folosi corect diateza
pasiv n limba englez. Pentru a evita comiterea greelilor frecvente de
transformare de la diateza activ la cea pasiv, recomandm vorbitorilor de
limba romn s acorde o atenie deosebit aspectului verbal folosit (simplu,
continuu sau perfect).
8.2.Obiectivele/competentele unitii de nvare
Dup studierea acestei uniti, studentul trebuie s fie capabil:
s foloseasc n mod corect diateza pasiv n limba englez,
semnalnd asemnrile i diferenele existente ntre englez i
romn
s identifice formele speciale ale diatezei pasive din limba
englez n funcie de aspectele timpurilor folosite (simplu,
perfect sau continuu).
Durata medie de parcurgere acestei uniti de nvare este de 120 de
minute.
The subject of the active verb becomes the agent of the passive verb.
The agent is very often not mentioned. When it is mentioned it is preceded by BY and placed
at the end of the clause:
E.g. This judgment was delivered by Judge George Smith.
Present Tense Simple:
I am seen
You are seen
He, she is seen etc.
I am being seen
You are being seen
He, she is being seen etc.
I have been seen
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I was seen
You were seen
He, she was seenetc
I shall be seen
You will be seen
He, she will be seen etc.
Future Perfect:
Present Conditional:
I would be seen
You would be seen
He, she would be seen etc
Perfect Conditional:
48
ACTIVE
Prez. simplu
Trecut
simplu
Viitor simplu
PASSIVE
Prez.
continuu
Trecut
continuu
Prezent
49
witness
has
been
perfect
Trecut
perfect
Viitor
perfect
the witness.
We had cross-examined
the witness.
We will have crossexamined the witness.
Condiional
prezent
I
would
sign
this
document
on
one
condition.
I would have signed the
document
on
one
condition.
Condiional
perfect
cross-exmanied.
The witness had been
cross-exmanied.
The witness will have
been cross-exmanied.
This document would be
signed on one condition.
The document would have
been signed by me on one
condition.
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00:60
What generally happens to houses that are unfit to live in? (pull)
They are generally pulled down.
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52
9.1.Introducere
Dup parcurgerea acestei uniti, vei putea enumera i defini cteva dintre cele
mai importante infraciuni ndreptate mpotriva persoanei, aa cum sunt acestea
prevzute de legislaia american n vigoare.
Totodat, unitatea de nvare nr. 9 ncurajeaz studentul s consulte i Codul
Penal Romn tradus n limba englez, pentru a-i nsui ct mai muli termeni
de specialitate i pentru a observa modul diferit n care infraciunile la care se
face referire n unitatea de nvare nr. 9 (definite conform legislaiei americane)
sunt ncadrate de Codul Penal Romn.
9.2.Obiectivele/competenele unitii de nvare
Dup studierea acestei uniti, studentul trebuie s fie capabil:
s enumere cteva dintre cele mai importate infraciuni ndreptate
mpotriva persoanei
s defineasc infraciunile enumerate n aceast unitate de nvare
s dobndeasc un numr important de termeni juridici/expresii
juridice, folosite n traducerea din romn n englez a articolelor
referitoare la infraciunile ndreptate mpotriva persoanei, conform
prevederilor Codului Penal Romn.
Durata medie de parcurgere acestei uniti de nvare este de 120 de
minute.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
HOMICIDE
INFANTICIDE
RAPE AND OTHER SEXUAL OFFENCES
UNNATURAL OFFENCES
INDECENCY
PROSTITUTION
ASSAULTS AND WOUNDINGS
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e. Incest: appears when a man has sexual intercourse with a woman whom he knows to be his
daughter, granddaughter or mother; or when a girl of 16 allows a man she knows to be her
grandfather, father, brother or son to have sexual intercourse. Stepbrothers and sisters are not
blood relations.
(The information in this unit is completed in UNIT XI)
Corectai greelile din propoziiile de mai jos:
1. Infanticide refers to the defilement of a child.
..
2. Manslaughter is similar to first degree murder.
.............................
3. Abortion is permitted in all states and it is now regarded as a religiously and
politically settled matter.
...
S ne reamintim
Aceast unitate de nvare ne ofer cteva informaii cu caracter general
despre o parte din infraciunile ndreptate mpotriva persoanei, aa cum sunt
acestea definite de legea penal american: HOMICIDE, INFANTICIDE,
RAPE AND OTHER SEXUAL OFFENCES, UNNATURAL OFFENCES,
INDECENCY, PROSTITUTION, ASSAULTS AND WOUNDINGS.
9.3. Rezumat
n aceast unitate de nvare, studentul trebuie s i nsueasc n mod corect
terminologia de specialitate n limba englez, pentru a putea defini o cteva
dintre infraciunile ndreptate mpotriva persoanei.
Textul unitii de nvare face referire la urmtoarele infraciuni: HOMICIDE
(omorul), INFANTICIDE (pruncuciderea), RAPE AND OTHER SEXUAL
OFFENCES (violul i alte infraciuni referitoare la viaa sexual),
UNNATURAL
OFFENCES
(perversiuni
sexuale),
INDECENCY
(exhibitionismul, publicarea de materiale obscene), PROSTITUTION
(prostituia), ASSAULTS AND WOUNDINGS (lovirile i rnirile).
9.4. Tem propus pentru evaluare:
I. Answer the following questions:
55
D. shoplifting
E. vandalism
premature expulsion
personal violence
incest
girl under 13
56
infanticide
exterminator
manslaughter
deception
seduction
infanticide
exterminator
deception
personal violence
seduction
manslaughter
premature expulsion
incest
girl under 13
57
9.1.Introducere
Dup parcurgerea acestei uniti, vei putea folosi n mod corect
construciile infinitivale cu acuzativul i nominativul, care sunt extrem de
uzuale n limba englez.
Buna cunoatere a regulilor de folosire a acestor construcii ne ajut
s putem traduce corect n egnelz expresii impersonale (reflexiv-pasive) de
tipul: se tie, se crede, se presupune, se zice, se spune etc.
Totodat, aceast unitate de nvare presupune recapitularea
formelor de infinitiv existente n limba englez, fapt care va ajuta stundentul
s poat efectua corect traduceri cu un grad sporit de dificultate.
9.2.Obiectivele/competenele unitii de nvare
Dup studierea acestei uniti, studentul trebuie s fie capabil:
s foloseasc n corect construciile infinitivale cu nominativul
s identifice situaiile de folosire a acestor construcii n vorbirea
curent (mai ales dup verbe la pasiv)
Durata medie de parcurgere acestei uniti de nvare este de 120 de
minute.
CONINUTUL UNITII DE NVARE
The nominative with the infinitive represents a combination of:
a Noun or Pronoun in the Nominative case + an infinitive
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59
60
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61
62
63
11.1.Introducere
Dup parcurgerea acestei uniti, vei putea enumera i defini cteva
dintre cele mai importante infraciuni ndreptate mpotriva persoanei, aa cum
sunt acestea prevzute de legislaia american n vigoare.
Totodat, unitatea de nvare nr. 9 ncurajeaz studentul s consulte i
Codul Penal Romn tradus n limba englez, pentru a-i nsui ct mai muli
termeni de specialitate i pentru a observa modul diferit n care infraciunile la
care se face referire n unitatea de nvare nr. 9 sunt ncadrate de Codul Penal
Romn.
11.2.Obiectivele/competentele unitii de nvare
Dup studierea acestei uniti, studentul trebuie s fie capabil:
s enumere i s defineasc o parte dintre cele mai frecvente tipuri
de infraciuni comise mpotriva persoanei, aa cum sunt acestea
definite de legea penal american
s enumere i s defineasc o parte dintre cele mai frecvente tipuri
de infraciuni comise mpotriva persoanei, aa cum sunt acestea
definite de Codul Penal Romn.
Durata medie de parcurgere acestei uniti de nvare este de 120 de
minute.
a) Gross indecency appears when a male person commits an act of gross indecency with
another male person. It is punishable of two to five years.
b) Persistently soliciting in a public place for immoral purposes is also an arrestable
offence.
c) Homosexual acts are not offences when they are committed in private, with both
parties consent, and they have attained the age of 21 years. Any homosexual act
committed outside the scope of the above provisions is an offence.
INDECENCY
a) Indecent language or behaviour is gross outrage on public decency and represents a
common law misdemeanour.
b) Indecency with children means committing an act of gross indecency with or towards a
child under 14 years or determining such a child do such an act with him or any other
person.
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65
S ne reamintim
Aceast unitate de nvare ne ofer cteva informaii cu caracter general
despre o parte din infraciunile ndreptate mpotriva persoanei, aa cum sunt
acestea definite de legea penal american: UNNATURAL OFFENCES,
INDECENCY, PROSTITUTION, ASSAULTS AND WOUNDINGS.
11.3. Rezumat
n aceast unitate de nvare, studentul trebuie s i nsueasc n mod corect
terminologia de specialitate n limba englez, pentru a putea defini o cteva
dintre infraciunile ndreptate mpotriva persoanei.
Textul unitii de nvare face referire la urmtoarele infraciuni:
UNNATURAL
OFFENCES
(perversiuni
sexuale),
INDECENCY
(exhibitionismul, limbajul obscen, publicarea de materiale obscene),
PROSTITUTION (prostituia), ASSAULTS AND WOUNDINGS (lovirile i
rnirile).
11.4. Tem propus pentru evaluare:
I. Answer the following questions:
1. When does gross indecency appear?
2. Are homosexual acts arrestable offences?
3. What do you mean by abduction?
4. What is a prostitute?
5. What is the punishment for trading in prostitution?
6. What are intention assaults?
7. What do you mean by justifiable assaults?
8. What kinds of assaults do you know?
9. What types of woundings do you know?
10. Give some examples of assaults and woundings.
II. A crime is any act or omission (of an act) that violates the law and is
punishable by the state. Crimes are considered injurious to society or the
community. They include both felonies (more serious offences like
murder or rape) and misdemeanours (like petty theft or speeding).
A criminal is someone who commits a crime. Below are 12 phrases
using the word criminal. Link each phrase to its definition.
Phrase
1. Court of Criminal
Appeal
2. Criminal contempt
3. Criminal negligence
4. Criminal court
Definition
a. Barrister or solicitor who specialises in felonies
and misdemeanours.
b. A person charged with or convicted of crimes
against humanity.
c. Previous crimes of which an individual has been
convicted.
d. Rules governing the investigation of crimes, the
arrest charging, and trial of accused criminals; and
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5. Criminal law
6. Criminal lawyer
7. Criminal procedure
8. Criminal record
9. Habitual criminal
10. Criminal liability
11. War criminal
Definition of crime
1. A generic term for the killing of another person
2. Any instance in which one party deceives or takes
unfair advantage of another
3. Attempt to use illegal force on another person
4. Attempt to use illegal force on another person in
the absence of consent to sexual relations
5. Attempt to transform illegally acquired money into
apparently legitimate money
6. Driving a vehicle in excess of the permitted limit
7. Leaving ones vehicle in an area or for duration in
contravention of the law
8. Possession of and/or trading illegal substances
9. Taking the property of another without right or
permission
10. The actual use of illegal force on another person
11. The crime of breaking into a private home with
the intention of committing a felony
12. The unlawful killing of a person with intent
13. The unlawful killing of a person without
malicious intent and therefore without premeditation
14. The unlawful taking of anothers property using a
dangerous weapon.
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II. Below are some words and phrases derived from appeal. Link each item to its
definition.
1. to appeal
2. Appellate
3. Appealable
4. Leave to
appeal
5. Appellant
6. Court of
appeal
7. Appellee
8. Appeal bond
Bibliografie specific
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Definition of crime
Attempt to use illegal force on another person
Possession of and/or trading illegal substances
Attempt to transform illegally acquired money into
apparently legitimate money
The actual use of illegal force on another person
A generic term for the killing of another person
The unlawful killing of a person without malicious
intent and therefore without premeditation
Any instance in which one party deceives or takes
unfair advantage of another
The unlawful killing of a person with intent
The unlawful taking of anothers property using a
dangerous weapon
Attempt to use illegal force on another person in the
absence of consent to sexual relations
The crime of breaking into a private home with the
intention of committing a felony
Taking the property of another without right or
permission
Leaving ones vehicle in an area or for duration in
contravention of the law
Driving a vehicle in excess of the permitted limit
II.
1. c.; 2. h; 3. e; 4. a; 5. g; 6. d; 7. b; 8. f.
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00:60
TALK:
SAY:
Say something
Say that
Say a few words about something
He said to me that: ___
He is said to be a good doctor
TELL:
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71
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
Gleanu-Frnoag, Giorgiana,
Merealbe, E.,
Oprescu, Simona,
Powel, R.,
Pucheanu, M, L.,
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