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Cuprins:
1.1. Definiţie
1.2. Clasificare
1.3. Numărul substantivelor
1.4. Genul substantivelor
1.5. Cazul substantivelor
1.6. Exercitii
1.1. Definitie
Substantivul:
- Denumeste obiecte in sens foarte larg, adică fiinţe, lucruri, fenomene ( man,
chair, snow, walk, wisdom);
Substantivele din limba engleză pot fi clasificate din mai multe puncte de vedere:
• Army
• Assembly
• Audience
• Class
• Club
• Committee
• Company
• Crew
• Crowd
• Family
• Government
• Jury
• Party
• Press
• Public
• Regiment
• Troop
• Flight ( of birds, insects, planes)
• Flock ( of sheep)
• Herd ( of cattle)
• Pack ( of wolves)
• Poultry, shoal (of fish)
• Swarm ( of bees)
Pronuntia:
iii. In abrevieri:
Kilos ( kilogrammes)
Photos ( photographs)
Pros ( professionals)
iv. La unele substantive straine:
Concertos
Dynamos
Pianos
Solos
Sopranos
Tangos
Tobaccos
v. Adauga –es la substantive ca:
Echoes
Heroes
Mosquitoes
Negroes
Potatoes
Tomatoes
vi. Au doua forme de plural:
Banjos – banjoes
Buffalos - buffaloes
Cargos – cargoes
Mementos – mementoes
Mottos – mottoes
Volcanos – volcanoes
Zero – zeroes etc.
d) Substantivele terminate in –y precedat de conasoana transforma y
in I si adauga –es: city – cities; factory – factories
Exceptii:
o Dupa vocale: boy- boys; play – plays;
o In substantive proprii : the Kennedys;
o In substantive comune: stand-bys;
Adeseori insa aceste substantive isi pastreaza forma de plural, fie cand el
are numai forma de plural, fie cand este folosit cu sens de plural:
A customs officer
The game mistress
A goods train
A sweets vendor
- a) consoana surda [θ], [f] sau [s] in care se termina substantivul se transforma
in perechea ei sonora la unlee substantive
- b) vocala sau diftongul final se schimba in alta vocala sau diftong ( mutation)
- c) trei substantive adauga desinent en ( cu sau fara mutatie vocalica)
- d) unele substantive numarabile au aceeasi forma la singular si plural ( primesc
desinenta zero- plural zero)
- e) plural straine (Foreign Plurals)
a) consoana surda [θ], [f] sau [s] in care se termina substantivul se transforma
in perechea ei sonora la unlee substantive
-th ths
- bath – baths
- mouth – mouths
- path – paths
- youth - youths
-f(e) vez
- calf- calves
- elf- elves
- half –halves
- knife- knives
- leaf- leaves
- life- lives
- loaf- loaves
- self- selves
- shelf- shelves
- thief- thieves
- wife- wives
- wolf- wolves
berth- berths
earth- earths
length- lengths
cloth- cloths
death- deaths
faith- faiths
oath- oaths
truth- truths
belief- beliefs
chief- chiefs
cliff- cliffs
proof- proofs
roof- roofs
safe- safes
dwarf- dwarfs sau dwarves
handkerchief- handkerchiefs sau handkerchieves
hoof- hoofs sau hooves
scarf – scarfs sau scarves
wharf – wharfs sau wharves
b) vocala sau diftongul final se schimba in alta vocala sau diftong ( mutation)
o man- men
o woman- women
o foot- feet
o goose- geese
o tooth- teeth
o mouse- mice
o ox- oxen
o child- children
o brother- brethren
• barracks = baraca
• headquarters =sediu
• means = mijloc
• series = serie
• species = specie
• works = uzina
ex:
This is an army barracks.
These are the army barracks.
The bus, trolleybus and the underground are modern
means of transport.
Carp- carp
Deer- deer
Game-game
Grouse- grouse
Sheep- sheep
Pike- pike
Plaice- plaice
Salmon- salmon
Trout- trout
Exista mai multe desinente de plural de origine straina care sunt folosite in
limba engleza, mai ales in limabjul stiintific.
Singular Plural
Terminatia Exemple Terminatia Exemple
-us Bonus -uses Bonuses
Campus Campuses
Chorus Choruses
circus Circuses
ignoramus Ignoramuses
-a Arena -as Arenas
Dilemma Dilemmas
Diploma Diplomas
Drama Dramas
Encyclopedia Encyclopedias
Era Eras
-um Album -ums Albums
Geranium Geraniums
Gymnasium Gymnasiums
museum Museums
-on Demon -ons Demons
Electron Electrons
Lexicon Lexicons
-o Soprano -os Sopranos
3) Alte substantive de origine straina au doua forme de plural ( cel regulat in –s sic
el strain, imprumutat):
Singular Plural
Terminatia Exemple Terminatia Exemple
-us Cactus -uses Cactuses Cacti
Genius -i Geniuses (oameni Genii (spirite,
Syllabus de geniu) duhuri)
Terminus Syllabuses Syllabi
Terminuses Termini
-a Antenna -as Antennas Antennae
Formula -ae Formulas Formulae
Vertebra Vertebras Vertebrae
-um Aquarium -ums Aquariums Aquaria
Curriculum -a Curriculums Curricula
Medium Mediums Media
Sanatorium Sanatoriums Sanatoria
Symposium Symposiums Symposia
6) In limba engleza, fac parte din clasa substantivelor invariabile la singular unele
substantive care sunt numarabile sau invariabile la plural in limba romana:
Advice
Business
Furniture
Homework
Income
Information
Knowledge
Luggage
Merchandise
Money
Nonsense
Produce ( produse natural, agricole)
Progress
advice
cleanliness
homework
information
justice
knowledge
nonsense
etc.
1) Substantivul news:
Here is the 9 o’clock news. Acestea sunt sterile de la ora 9.
2) Nume de boli:
measles = pojar
mumps = oreion
rickets = rahitism
De asemenea si:
athletics
ethics
gymnastics
politics
Substantive abstracte:
a word of abuse
a fit of passion
an attack of fever
a bit of interest an amount of interest
b) Alte substantive folosite numai la plural (pluralia tantum), terminate de regula in –s:
He lives on the outskirts of the town.
Locuieste la periferia orasului.
Exemplu Traducere
Unele substantive fac parte din clasa pluralia tantum doar in limba engleza, in limba
romana ele fiind substantive variabile sau invariabile la singular:
Exemplu Traducere
Archives Arhiva
Ashes Cenusa
Brains Intellect
Contents Continut
Customs Vama
(coffee) dregs Zat de cafea
Goods Marfa
Grounds Parc in jurul unei constructii
Holidays Vacanta
Minutes Process-verbal
Atentie: Exista unele substantive care au doua forme, cu intelesuri diferite: o forma
invariabila la singular si o forma invariabila la plural:
Substantive invariabile
1) Lexical;
2) Morfologic;
1) La unele substantive nume de persoane genul este marcat lexical, prin cuvinte
diferite:
brother – sister
earl – countess
father – mother
gentleman – lady
king – queen
lad- lass
lord – lady
man – woman
monk – nun
nephew – niece
uncle – aunt
- -ess:
actor – actress
count – countess
duke – duchess
god – goddess
heir – heiress
host – hostess
master – mistress
negro – negress
prince – princess
waiter – waitress
- -ine:
hero – heroine
- Cu ajutorul pronumelor: The teacher asked the pupil a few more questions as
she wanted to give him a better mark.
- Cu ajutorul unor cuvinte la care genul este marcat lexical, ca boy, male, female:
o Boy-friend – girl-friend
o Male-student – female-student
o Policeman – policewoman
o Chairman – chiarwoman
La unele dintre aceste animale, distinctia de sex masculin – feminin, este marcata
formal, situatie in care substantivele sunt inlocuite de pronumele HE sau SHE : The mare
whinnied when she saw her master. (Iapa a nechezat cand si-a vazut stapanul).
Marca genului poate fi realizeata:
a) Lexical:
i. horse: stallion – mare
ii. ox : bull – cow
iii. sheep: ram – ewe
iv. pig: boar – sow
v. deer: stag – hind
Sunt feminine:
a) Substantivele care sugereaza o caracteristica feminine, un character bland,
afectuos, cele care indica fertilitatea: affection, devotion, faith, hope, justice;
b) Substantive care denumesc trasaturi negative de character: ambition, folly,
jealousy, revenge, vanity;
c) Substantive abstracte ca: fortune, liberty, mercy, nature, peace, science.
Exemple:
c) Apozitie: sau parte a unei apozitii: Charles, a friend of mine, will help you to do it.
Cazul acuzativ este cazul complementului direct. El nu este marcat prin desinente
in engleza moderna. De aceea, el este identificat cu ajuorul topicii.
a) Daca exista numai un complement in propozitie, acesta este, in majoritatea
cazurilor, un complement direct in cazul acuzativ si este asezat imediat dupa verbul
tranzitiv.: Shut the door, please.
b) Daca in propozitie exista doua complemente, unul este in cazul acuzativ, iar celalalt
este tot in cazul acuzativ sau in cazul dativ, in functie de verbele dupa care
urmeaza: I asked him (Ac) a question (Ac). I lent her (D) my umbrella (Ac).
In timp ce verbe ca: deny, give, hand, lend, pay, read, tell, throw, write, wish
sunt urmate de un complement indirect in cazul dativ si un complement direct in cazul
acuzativ.
Can you lend me this book ?
She told the children an interesting story.
I wish you a good journey.
Exista insa un numar de verbe urmate in mod obligatoriu de cazul dativ + prepozitia
to:
- address
- announce
- communicate
- describe
- explain
- introduce: I introduced him to my friend.
- mention
- relate
- repeat.
Nota: Prepozitia “for”se omite cand substantivul in cazul dativ este asezat inaintea
acuzativului: She made her daughter a new dress.
In limba engleza, cazul genitive este marcat de regula de desinenta –s, precedata
de un apostrof. De aceea genitivul cu ‘s se mai numeste genitivul in’s sau genitivul
sintetic.
Nota:
1) La numele proprii terminate in –s se poate intilni si genitivul cu’s: Dickens’s
novels. Tendinta in limba engleza contemporana favorizeaza scrierea fara –s
dar pronuntarea cu [iz], ca si in cazul scrierii cu –s;
2) La unele nume proprii care nu se termina in –s se observa tendinta de
disparitie a apostrofului si uneori a substantivului determinat: Earls Court;
Harrods; St. Davids, St. Albans.
Cazuri speciale
a) Grupurile de cuvinte si titulaturile compuse au marca genitivului adaugata
la ultimul cuvant: a year and a half’s delay; my sister-in-law’s job; the day
before’s paper; Henry the VIII’s court;
b) Doua substantive legate prin and care reprezinta posesorii aceluiasi
obiect adauga marca genitivului la ultimul cuvant: Tom and Mary’s
parents;
c) Daca obiectul nu apartine amandorura, marca genitivului o primeste
fiecare substantive in parte: Tom’s and Mary;s friends;
d) Apozitia primeste de obicei semnul genitivuluila ultimul cuvant;
Have you met my brother Jimmy’s son ?
Constructia cu OF
1.6. Exercitii