Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
ENGLISH
(From
CHIINU 2001
INTRODUCTIONS IN PHONETICS
Introducere in fonetica
Engleza este o limba germanica si are semne conventionale din
alfabetul latin.
Totusi cu timpul, Engleza s-a transformat dintr-o limba
fonetica, pronutarea careia a devenit o problema reala pentru
straini. Venind in ajutor studentului in pronuntarea corecta a
cuvintelor, mai intai vom descrie sunetele, iar apoi, cuvintele
vor fi descrise in Sistema Internationala de Semne, cunoscuta
deasemenea ca Alfabetul Fonetic. Toate vocalele insotite de /:/
arata lungimea vocalei respective.
Rules of Reading
In limba engleza sunt 26 de litere si 44 de sunete. Aceasta se
explica prin faptul ca vocalele a, e, i, o, u, y se citesc diferit in
pozitii diferite. Tabelul de mai jos va va ajuta sa sistematizati
si sa memorizati citirea lor.
Vocal
Silab
Silab
(se termin
n vocal)
(se termin n
consoan)
[ei]
cake [keik]
plate [pleit]
take [teik]
make [meik]
I/Y
[]
[a:]
bag [bg]
man [m
n]
can [k n]
map [m
p]
car [ka:]
bar [ba:]
part [pa:t]
card [ka:d]
[ :]
he [hi:]
she [i:]
we [wi:]
be [bi:]
egg [eg]
pen [pen]
hen [hen]
lesson [lesn]
her [h:]
Berlin [b :lin]
perfect[p:fikt]
term [t:m]
[ai]
[I]
rose [rouz]
close [klouz]
nose [nouz]
open [oupn]
a + re
[e]
[ou]
[ju:]
[ :]
pig [pig]
bird [ b:d]
sick [sik]
tip [tip]
fix [fiks]
system [sistm]
myth [mi ]
girl [g:l]
[]
many
care [k ]
have [hvi]
hare [h
]
fare [f ]
rare [r ]
[ i ]
here [hi]
mere [mi]
English
seven [sevn]
live [liv]
give [giv]
circle [s:kl]
kirk [k:k](biserica scot)
[ ]
box [boks]
fox [foks]
clock [klok]
cock [kok]
Vocal Excepii
a+r
[i:]
I [ai]
nine [nain]
pine [pain]
my [mai]
fly [flai]
Vocala
[ :]
fork [fo:k]
horse [ho:s]
pork [po:k]
form [fo:m]
[ :]
[]
do [du:]
son [sn]
who [hu:]
two [tu:]
one [wn]
you [ju:]
pupil [pju:pl]
music
[mju:zik]
pure [pju:]
mute [mju:t]
student
[stju:dnt]
cup [kp]
duck [dk]
duster[dst]
plus [pls]
cut [kt]
fur [f:]
turn [t :n]
burn [b:n]
curl [k: l]
purpose
[p:pz]
VOWELS
put [put]
A
[] as ca in limba romana: cas, fat, mam.
a []
- un, o
summer [sm]
- vara
sister
[sist]
- sora
[:] ca aa romanesc
girl
[g:l]
first
[f:st]
purpose [p:ps]
[] ca a/e: bere
man
[mn]
cat
[ct]
flat
[flt]
- fata
- primul/prima
- scop/intentie
- om/barbat
- pisica
- apartament
car
aunt
far
[ka:]
[a:nt]
[fa:]
- automobil
- matusa
- departe
[flau]
[tau]
[sau]
- floare
- turn
- acru
E
[e] ca in l. romana: vers, neg, cred.
pen
lesson
bed
[pen]
[lesn]
[bed]
- stilou
- lectie
- pat
[ei] in triftongi
player
[plei]
prayer
[prei]
layer
[lei]
- jucator/actor
- rugaciune
- strat
- a manca
- a /se/ intalni/ a face cunostinta
- nepoata
door
[do:]
- usa
[oi] ca in l. romana: oi, noi, doi.
toilet
[toilit]
- toaleta, baie/WC
boy
[boi]
- baiat
toy
[toi]
- jucarie
U
[u] ca romaneste: drum, cum, fum.
cook
[cuk]
- a gati/bucatar
book
[buk]
- carte
put
[put]
- a pune
[u:] ca romaneste: vacuum
soon
[su:n]
- curand /indata
noon
[nu:n]
- amiaza
spoon
[spu:n]
- lingura
[u] ca romaneste u si rostite impreuna
poor
[pu]
- biet/sarman/sarac
tour
[tu]
- tur/vizitarea unui oras
hour
[au]
- ora
[ou] [u] ambele sunt rostite in acelas mod ca in l. romana: cus
but, tu.
open
[oupn]
- a deschide
old
[ould]
- vechi/batran
no
[nou]
- nu
CONSONANTS [konsnnts] - descriptions and pronunciations
(descrierea si pronuntarea)
Consonants are divided into two main groups (Consoanele sunt
divizate in doua grupe principale): VOICED [voist] (sonore) b, d, g,
v, z, m, n, n, r, l and UNVOICED [nvoist] (surde) p, t, k, f, O, s, , t
, h; SEMIVOWELS [semivaulz] (semivocale) j, w.
[b] ball
bell
big
[bo:l]
[bel]
[big]
- minge
- clopotel
- mare
[d] dog
dirty
deep
[dog]
[d:ti]
[di:p]
- caine
- murdar
- adanc
[g] goose
gold
good
[gu:s]
[gould]
[gud]
- gasca
- aur
- bun/a/
[v] very
voice
have
[veri]
[vois]
[hv]
- foarte
- voce
- a avea
[z] zip
zoo
does
[zip]
[zu:]
[dz]
- fermoar
- gradina zoologica
- face
[m] money
maybe
must
[mni]
[meibi]
[mst]
- bani
- probabil
- a trebui
[n] nose
night
nice
[nouz]
[nait]
[nais]
- nas
- noapte
- frumos
[l] live
love
light
[liv]
[lv]
[lait]
- a locui
- a iubi
- lumina
[p] party
pillow
pie
[pa:ti]
[pilou]
[pai]
- partid/petrecere
- perna
- placinta
[r] crazy
red
screen
[creizi]
[red]
[skri:n]
- nebun
- rosu
- ecran
[t] time
tea
tall
[taim]
[ti:]
[to:l]
- ori/timp/ora
- ceai
- inalt
[k] cake
kind
cold
[keik]
[kaind]
[kould]
- pragitura
- fel/amabil
- frig
f] fly
fast
feel
[flai]
[fast]
[fi:l]
- a zbura
- repede
- a simti
[s] see
city
son
[si:]
[siti]
[sn]
- a vedea
- oras
- fecior
[h] he
who
husbund
[hi:]
- el
[hu:]
- cine
[hzbnd] - sot
song
bring
[so]
[bri]
- cantec
- a aduce
- multumiri
- gros
- a gandi
Citirea imbinarilor de litere
10
ee
ea
eo
sea [si:]
meal
mean
speech
meat
people [pi:pl]
[mi:l]
[mi:n]
[spi:t]
[mi:t]
[i:]
see
green
feed
teach
meet
[si:]
[gri:n]
[fi:d]
[ti:t]
[mi:t]
ai
ay
[ei]
main
pain
chain
faint
lain
[mein]
[pein]
[tein]
[feint]
[lein]
oa [ou]
coat
coal
soap
boat
float
[kout]
[koul]
[soup]
[bout]
[flout]
clay
say
may
pay
day [dei]
[klei]
[sei]
[mei]
[pei]
ou
[au]
sound
count
south
pound
[]
[saund]
[kaunt]
[sau]
[paund]
young
country
cousin
touch
[jng]
[kntri]
[kzn]
[tt]
oo
11
[u]
book
cook
good
mood
took
[u:]
[buk]
[kuk]
[gud]
[mud]
[tuk]
too
fool
spoon
cool
moon
[tu:]
[fu:l]
[spu:n]
[ku:l]
[mu:n]
ew
[ou]
brown [braun]
crown [kraun]
down [daun]
crowd [kraud]
[ju:] ng
low
crow
yellow
fellow
[lou]
[krou]
[jelou]
[felou]
new [nju:]
few [fju:]
dew [dju:]
chew [tju:]
[]
thank [nk]
bath [ba:]
breath [bre]
12
those [ouz]
clothes [klouz]
teeth [ti:]
cloth [klo]
wh
wa
[w]
when
where
what
which
why
[wo]
was [woz]
wash [wo]
watch [wot]
want [wont]
wander [wond]
[wen]
[w]
[wot]
[wit]
[wai]
wor
[wo:]
[w:]
warm
war
warn
ward
wardrobe
[wo:m]
[wo:]
[wo:n]
[wo:d]
[wo:droub]
world [w:ld]
word [w:d]
worm [w:m]
worse [w:s]
worth [w:]
wr
[r]
wrist
write
wrong
wrinkle
wrap
[rist]
[rait]
[ro]
[rikl]
[rp]
ch
sh
13
[t]
[]
child
[taild]
chill [til]
lunch [l nt]
check [tek]
chief [tif]
shake [eik]
shave [eiv]
shelf [elf]
fish [fi]
wash [wo:]
ture
[t]
picture
structure
mixture
lecture
signature
sure
[]
pikt]
[str kt]
[mikst]
[lekt]
[signit]
pleasure
measure
[ple]
[me]
a + ll [o:l]
a + lk [o:lk]
ask [a:sk]
fast [fa:st]
grass [gra:s]
all
[o:l]
small [smo:l]
talk [to:k]
14
pass [pa:s]
task [ta:sk]
walk [wo:k]
tall [to:l]
ear
[i]
clear
dear
tear
near
hear
air
[]
[kli]
[di]
[ti]
[ni]
[hi]
hair
pair
fair
chair
air
eer
our
[i]
[o:]
beer [bi]
deer [di:]
cheer [ti]
four [fo:]
your [jo:]
qu + vowel
quite
question
quiet
queen
[h]
[p]
[f]
[t]
[e]
[au]
sour
[sau]
flour
[flau]
our
[au]
BUT: hour [au]
i+ ld, nd
[kwait]
[kwestn]
[kwait]
[kwi:n]
kind [kaind]
mild [maild]
bind [baind]
mind [maind]
15
UNIT 1
Articolul nehotarat [Idefinite Article] din l. engleza este a, an,
echivalentul articolului nehotarat din l. romana un, o
[un om, o carte].
Inaintea vocalelor an [n] an animal, an egg, an hour, an
economist, an eye, an agency.
Inaintea consoanelor si sunetelor w si j a [] a lady, a boy, a
table, a European [jurpin], a window, a university.
Intrebuintare:
a). Introduce o notiune noua. Example: There is a new shopping
centre in the city. (In oras exista un nou centru comercial).
b). Inainte de un nume predicativ. Example: He is an artist. (El este
artist). She became a doctor. (A devenit medic).
c). In expresii: as a rule (de regula); for a time (pentru un timp); It is
a pity (E pacat); to be in a hurry (a se grabi).
d). Numai cu substantive la singular si dispare odata cu trecerea
substantivului respectiv la plural. Exemple: a book books, an item
items, a dog dogs, a computer computers.
16
17
the Augustina
the Titanic
h). Nume de ziare si reviste engleze si americane:
the Times, the World, the Breeze
i). Nume de familii la plural:
the Browns, the Smiths.
Articolul hotarat se refera la un obiect sau lucru considerat de a fi
unic: the sun, the moon, the sky, the world, the Lord, the Bible, the
air, the universe etc.
18
You = voi
They = ei, ele
I se scrie intotdeaune cu litera mare.
EXERCISES:
I. Put in a or an (Adaugati a sau an):
1. teacher:
4. worker;
2. English car;
5. farmer;
3. engineer;
6. nurse;
7. book;
8. doctor;
9. chair;
2.
A.
19
20
INTERROGATIVE-NEGATIVE
am I not?
are you not? etc.
is he/she/it?
are we?
are you?
are they?
Verbul to be formeaza negativul adaugand cuvantul not (nt) dupa
verb.
NEGATIVE (Negativ)
I am not (Im) not
You are not (arent)
He/she/it is not (isnt)
We are not (arent)
You are not (arent)
They are not (arent)
Note: 1. You is singular and plural but the verb with you is always
plural, e.g.
Are you a man? (singular)
Are you all students? (plural)
2. Always write a capital letter for I, e.g.
My friends and I are in the garden.
EXERCISES:
I. Put in I, you, he, she, it, we, they:
1. Paul is a worker. is a worker.
2. Jane is a girl. is a girl.
3. Felix is my cat. is my cat.
4. My friend is a teacher. is a teacher.
5. This is an English book. is an English book.
6. Toby is a dog. is a dog.
7. Mary is a manager. is a manager.
8. Tom and Bill are children. are children.
9. The students are in the classroom. are in the classroom.
10. My friend and I are at the window. are at the window.
11. The bag is on the chair. is on the chair.
21
12.
II.
1. He is an economist.
2. You are doctors.
3. She is a good woman.
4. They are here.
5. You are near the window.
6. It is on the desk.
7. Tom is in the classroom.
8. They are at work.
9. It is on the chair.
10. The manager is in the office.
III. Put in the negative (Treceti la forma negativa).
1. They are there.
2. You are at school.
3. I am a good friend.
4. He is a businessman.
5. We are in the classroom.
6. She is a singer.
7. It is hot.
8. You are busy.
9. He is a pilot.
10. It is summer.
22
UNIT 2
The PLURAL OF NOUNS (Pluralul substantivelor)
In limba engleza pluralul substantvelor se formeaza de regula
adaugand litera s, care se citeste [s], [z], sau es, care se citeste [iz]:
[s] - dupa consoane surde:
a book - books
a desk - desks
a map - maps
a cat - cats
[z] - dupa vocale sau consoane sonore:
a pen pens
a girl girls
a dog dogs
a boy boys
[iz] - substantive terminate in literele s, sh, ch, tch, sau x adauga
es:
a match matches
a glass glasses
a church churches
a fox foxes
a peach peaches
a wish wishes
Substantivele terminate in consoana + y schimba la plural y in i si
adauga es:
a lady ladies
a city cities
an agency agencies
Cele terminate in vocala + y adauga numai s:
a day days
a play plays
a ray rays
23
24
Plurale straine:
a nucleus [nju:klis] nucleu (nuclei) [nju:kliai] (nuclei)
a bacterium bacteria
an analysis [nlisis] analyses [nlisi:z]
-
De aproape
De departe
Sing.
This [is]
(acesta/aceasta/acest/aceasta)
that [t]
(acela/aceea/acel/acea)
Plural
these [i:z]
(acestea/acestea/acesti/aceste)
those [ouz]
(aceia/acelea/acei/acele)
Examples:
This is a book. Its here.
These are books. They are there.
That is a picture.
Those are pictures.
This is a pencil.
Is this a pencil ?
Yes, it is.
No, it isnt.
25
PREPOZITII DE LOC.
1.
2.
3.
26
27
EXERCISES:
1. Give the plural of these words:
1. a star. 2. a mountain. 3. a tree. 4. a pound. 5. a knife. 6. a waiter. 7.
a woman. 8. a man. 9. an eye. 10. a wife. 11. an airplane. 12. a box. 13.
a bench. 14. a city. 15. a radio. 16. a tomato. 17. a girl. 18. a brush. 19.
a peach. 20. an address.
2. Put these sentences in the plural (Treceti urmatoarele propozitii
la plural)
Model: This is a book.
That is a map.
These are books.
Those are maps.
1. This is a boy.
2. That is a teacher.
3. This is a window.
4. That is a tree.
5. That is a pencil.
6. This is a desk.
7. That is an armchair.
8. This is a chair.
9. This is a table.
10.That is a bed.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
11.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
29
Answer these questions negatively (with no). Use he, she, it, or
they in the answers:
1. Is this a tree?
2. Are these trees?
3. Is that a book?
4. Are the girls in the office?
5. Is the boy near the door?
6. Are the flowers on the table?
7. Is the door open?
8. Are the books on the shelf?
9. Is the piano in the corner of the room?
10. Is the computer under the desk?
6.
7.
1.
2.
3.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
30
Vocabulary:
picture
tablou, pictura, fotografie, film
door
usa
to close
a inchide
window
fereastra
clock
ceas (de perete)
wall
perete
table
masa
near
langa
boy
baiat
pen
pix
pencil
creion
desk
banca, birou, masa de scris, (ec.) casa
pay at the desk
platiti la casa
box
cutie
thick
gros
thin
subtire
big
mare
nice
placut, dragut
large
mare, larg
31
UNIT 3
The verb to have/ to have got (Present Tense)
Affirmative
I have / have got = eu am
You have / have got = tu ai
He has / has got = el are
She has / has got = ea are
It has /has got = el/ea are (pentru animale, obiecte)
We have /have got = noi avem
You have / have got = voi aveti
They have / have got = ei au
Interrogative
Do I have?
Do you have?
Does he have?
Does she have?
Does it have?
Do we have?
Do you have?
Do they have?
Have I got?
Have you got?
Has he got?
Has she got?
Has it got?
Have we got?
Have you got?
Have they got?
Negative
I dont have
You dont have
He, she, it doesnt have
We dont have
You dont have
They dont have
I havent got
You havent got
He, she, it hasnt got
We havent got
You havent got
They havent got
32
Preposition
to
to
to
to
to
to
him
me
her
us
them
you
E.g. Help me! = (Ajuta-ma). I see him every day. (Il vad pe el in
fiecare zi). Give them these books. (Dati-le lor cartile acestea.).
III. Ordinea obisnuita a cuvintelor in propozitie.
Pozitia subiectului si predicatului
Subiectul este asezat inaintea predicatului:
E.g. Dan has a new car. (Dan are o masina noua).
33
34
NUMERALS
(Cardinal Numerals)
(Ordinal Numerals)
0- nought/zero [no:t] [zirou]
1 one
[wn]
the first
[f:st]
1st
2 two
[tu:]
-- second
[seknd] 2nd
3 three
[ri:]
third
[:d]
3rd
4 four
[fo:]
fourth
[fo:]
4th
5 five
[faiv]
fifth
[fif]
5th
6 six
[siks]
sixth
[sik]
6th
7 seven
[sevn]
seventh
[sevn] 7th
8 eight
[eit]
eighth
[eit]
8th
9 nine
[nain]
ninth
[nain]
9th
10 - ten
[ten]
tenth
[ten]
10th
11- eleven
[ilvn]
eleventh
[ilvn]
11th
12- twelve
[twelv]
twelfth
[twelf] 12th
13- thirteen
[:ti:n]
thirteenth [:ti:n] 13th
14- fourteen
[fo:ti:n]
fourteenth [fo:ti:n] 14th
15- fifteen
[fifti:n]
fifteenth
[fifti:n] 15th
16- sixteen
[siksti:n]
sixteenth
[siksti:n ]16th
17- seventeen [sevnti:n]
seventeenth [sevnti:n]17th
18- eighteen
[eiti:n]
eighteenth [eiti:n] 18th
19- nineteen
[nainti:n]
nineteenth [nainti:n] 19th
20- twenty
[twenti]
twentieth
[twentii] 20th
21- twenty-one [twenti wn] twenty first
21st
30- thirty
[:ti]
thirtieth
[:ti:] 30th
40- forty
[fo:ti]
fortieth
[fo:tii] 40th
50- fifty
[fifti]
fiftieth
[fiftii]
50th
60- sixty
[siksti]
sixtieth
[sikstii] 60th
70- seventy
[seventi]
seventieth [seventii] 70th
80- eighty
[eiti]
eightieth
[eitii]
80th
90- ninety
[nainti]
ninetieth
[naintii] 90th
100-one (a) hundred [h ndrd] hundredth [h ndrd] 100th
101- one (a) hundred and one (the) hundred and first 101st
1000- one (a) thousand [auznd] thousandth [auznd] 1000th
1000000 one (a) million [milin] the millionth [miljn]
1000000th
35
Exercises:
1.
36
1
10
5
6
+ 11 =
+ 1=
+ 5=
+ 3=
4+7=
2+8=
7+1=
6+6=
37
Vocabulary
family
average
husband
wife
parents
father
mother
grandparents
grandfather
grandmother
children
school-children
son
daughter
sister
brother
grandson
granddaughter
uncle
aunt
nephew [nefju:]
niece [ni:s]
cousin
godfather
godmother
bride
familie
medie
sot
sotie
parinti
tata
mama
bunici
bunel
bunica
copii
elevi
fecior
fiica
sora
frate
nepot (de bunic)
nepoata (de bunic)
unchi
matusa
nepot (de unchi)
nepoata (de unchi)
verisor(a)
nas
nasa
mireasa
38
bridegroom
wedding
parents-in-law
subject
to work
to play
summer
farmer
usually
nursery
every
friend
in-laws
mire
cununie
socri
obiect de studiu
a lucra
a se juca
vara
fermier, agricultor
de obicei
cresa
fiecare
prieten
cuscri
39
MEETING PEOPLE
How do you do!
Hello!
Who are you?
I am /My name is
Glad/Nice to meet you!
She is , my wife.
He is , my husband.
Buna ziua
Noroc/Salut!
Cum va numiti?/Cum te numesti?
Sunt/Ma numesc
Sunt incantat de cunostinta!
Ea este , sotia mea.
El este , sotul meu.
40
UNIT 4
1. Modal verbs: can, may, must, need
sunt verbe defectiv-modale, cu urmatoarele caracteristici:
- Nu pot fi conjugate la toate modurile si timpurile. Au o forma
pentru present, iar o parte din ele si pentru trecut.
- Au aceeasi forma la toate persoanele:
I can
We can
You can
You can
He, she, it can They can
Formeaza predicatul numai insotite de alt verb (la infinitiv fara to).
Formeaza interogativul prin inversare:
Can I ?
Can we?
Can you?
Can you?
Can he?
Can they?
Can she?
Can it?
- Formeaza negativul prin adaugarea lui not:
Cannot forma prescurtata cant
Must not
May not
mustnt
may not
41
Must a trebui
You must go home. Tu trebuie sa mergi acasa.
Need forma de present, se foloseste numai in propozitiile
interogative, negative si are sensul de este nevoie, este cazul,
trebuie, este necesar.
You neednt ask him. (Nu e nevoie/nu e cazul sa-l rogi/intrebi).
Need I repeat that? E nevoie/trebuie sa repet asta)
Yes, you must. No, you neednt.
La intrebarile cu need, raspunsul afirmativ se formeaza cu must, iar
cel negativ cu neednt.
42
44
Make sentences:
Model: I can play football. (tennis)
I can play football, but I cant play tennis.
1. I can drink tea. (milk)
2. They can play chess. (rugby)
3. We can read books. (novels)
4. You can clean the blackboard. (the window)
5. She can speak Romanian. (English)
6. He can draw my dining-room. (classroom)
7. He can open the door. (the window)
8. I can write exercise 3. (exercise 5)
45
Exercises:
1. Put in must or mustnt
1. Children run in the street.
2. You do your homework.
3. We learn our lessons.
4. You sit on the table.
5. We read in bed.
6. You eat breakfast in the morning.
7. They answer these questions.
8. He smoke in the office.
2.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
3.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
46
47
4. Kitchen
oven/cooker/stove
fridge
cupboard
sink
vacuum-cleaner
5. Room
wall
floor
ceiling
blinds
6. Entrance hall
peg
clothes
key
wallpaper
7. Bathroom
basin
water-closet
soap
towel
Verbs
to open
to shut/close
to eat
to drink
to sit
to watch
to look (at)
to dry
to wash
to dress
to make-up
to go to bed
to get up
to sleep
to cook
4. Bucatarie
aragaz
frigider
dulap
chiuveta
aspirator
5. Camera
perete
dusumea/podea
tavan
jaluzele
6. Holul de intrare
cuier
imbracaminte
cheie
tapet
7.(Camera de)baie
chiuveta
closet, WC
sapun
prosop
Verbe
a deschide
a inchide
a manca
a bea
a sedea
a privi
a privi (la)
a (se) sterge
a (se) spala
a (se) imbraca
a (se) machia
a merge la culcare
a se scula
a dormi
a gati
48
to come in
to go out/to leave
to live
to put
a intra in
a iesi/a pleca
a locui/a trai
a pune
Text: My Flat
I have a large flat in a new block of flats. There are ten floors in our
house. Our house has all modern conveniences such as: central
heating, electricity, gas, running water, and a telephone. Our flat is
very confortable. There are four rooms in it: a dining room, a bed
room, a bath room and a kitchen. In the bed room we have a bed near
the window and a wardrobe near the door. There is a lamp above the
bed. There is a green carpet on the floor. The walls are white, the
curtains are white, too and the blinds are green. Its a nice bedroom.
The living room is large and light. The walls in this room are yellow.
The ceiling is white and the floor is brown. There is a square table in
the middle of the room. There is a vase of flowers on it. There are two
arm-chairs and a standard-lamp in the corner. We sit down in the armchairs and watch TV. There is also a piano in the room. My sister
plays the piano very well. She loves music. To the right of the piano
there is a writing-table. There are some books on it.
Our dining room is a large room. In the middle of it there is a big
round table and some chairs.
The bedroom is not large. There are two beds, a night table
(commode), a telephone, a wardrobe and a mirror.
The study is large. There is a large writing-table in front of the
window. There are many things in it. There are a sofa and a bookcase
in the corner.
The kitchen is not very large. There is a window and on the sill I have
many flower pots. There are a cupboard, a table, some stools, a sink
and a fridge. In the kitchen we have breakfast, dinner and supper. I like
my flat very much.
49
Dialogue
Ted: Do you have a nice flat, John?
John: Yes, I do. My flat is not large but comfortable.
Ted: How many rooms do you have, John?
John: I have two bedrooms, a dining-room, a kitchen, a bathroom and
a living-room.
Ted: Do you eat in the living-room?
John: No, we dont. My mother cooks in the kitchen and we eat in the
dining-room.
Mary: Is the entrance-hall large?
John: Well, not very large.
Mary: Is the fridge in the dining room or in the kitchen?
John: The fridge and the freezer are in the kitchen near the window.
Ted: Thank you.
50
UNIT 5
The Present Indefinite (Prezent simplu)
The Present Indefinite exprima actiuni obisnuite, repetate nu neaparat
legate de momentul vorbirii, de ex.: She is a very good doctor; They
like to travel. Acest tip de propozitii include adesea informatia despre
anumite capacitati (calitati). He reads very quickly. Tom speaks
French fluently.
Aceasta repetare este indicata prin adverbele de frecventa si imbinari
de cuvinte ca: often deseori, always [olweiz, olwz]-intotdeauna,
mereu, vesnic, usually de obicei, never niciodata, rarely rar,
once a week odata pe saptamana/saptamanal, every day in
fiecare zi, every year in fiecare an, seldom rar.
Exemplu: I never drink milk. Eu niciodata nu beau lapte; He goes to
the theatre twice a month El merge la teatru de doua ori pe luna.
Adverbele de timp nedefinit si frecventa se asaza de regula intre
subiect si predicat.
I always get up early.
They often forget to brush their teeth.
They seldom come to the lessons.
Exceptie: Intre verbul to be si numele predicativ:
Helen is always dressed well. (Helen este intotdeauna bine
imbracata)
Kathy is never late for school.
La interogativ: Do you often go to concerts? (Mergi des la concerte?)
La negativ: I dont always enjoy his plays.
La interogativ-negativ: Dont you ever read detective stories? (Nu
citesti niciodata romane politiste?)
O propozitie englezeasca neputand contine doua negatii, in exemplul
de mai sus never a fost inlocuit cu ever.
51
52
Affirmative
Interrogative
I know
You know
He, she,(it) knows
We know
You know
They know
Do I know?
Do you know?
Does he,she,it know?
Do we know?
Do you know?
Do they know?
Negative
I dont know
You dont know
He, she, it doesnt know
We dont know
You dont know
They dont know
53
[m ndei]
[tju:zdei]
[wenzdei]
[:zdei]
[fraidei]
[stdei]
[sndei]
luni
marti
miercuri
joi
vineri
sambata
duminica
micul dejun
54
Lunch
1. masa de pranz
2. gustarea de pranz
luncheon
dejun
tea
dinner
supper
1. cina
2. supeu
Exercises:
1. Make sentences:
55
gets up
He
She
washes
goes to school
watches TV
plays in the park
goes to bed
2.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
in
the mornig.
the afternoon.
the evening.
at
noon.
night.
eight oclock.
Monday.
Thursday.
Sunday.
on
56
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
5.
57
7.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
58
to want
[wont]
to study [stdi]
only
[ounli]
to rest
[rest]
young
[j]
to go
[gou]
boy
[boi]
girl
[g:l]
factory
[fktori]
to listen [lisn] to
to
[tu:] (prep.)
to discuss [disks]
to return [rit:n]
hard
[ha:d]
after
[a:ft]
questions [kwestnz]
to read
[ri:d]
home
[houm]
newspaper [nju:speip]
university [ju:niv:siti]
a dori, a vrea
a studia
numai
a se odihni
tanar(a)
a merge, a pleca, a se duce
bait
fata
fabrica
a asculta
la, spre, catre
a discuta
a se intoarce
intens
dupa
intrebari
a citi
acasa
ziar
universitate
On Saturday we clean the house and cook breakfast, lunch and dinner
for our family.
On Sundays we rest from work. We walk in the park with our children.
They play and we read some newspapers. We go home at 7 oclock.
The children go to bed at 9 oclock, but we dont. We watch TV and
listen to the radio.
60
UNIT 6
The form of the Possessive/Genitive Case (cazul
posesiv/genitivul in s)
The declension of nouns (Declinarea substantivelor)
Nominativ
(the/a)
Genitiv (of
the/a)
s
Dativ
(to
the/a)
Acuzativ
(the/a)
Vocativ (-)
62
Personal Pronouns
(Pronumele personale)
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
Pronumele Posesive
(Pronumele posesive)
Dependente
my
your
his
her
its
our
your
their
Independente
mine
yours
his
hers
its
ours
yours
theirs
Se traduce in limba romana prin nu-i asa? sau Nu? sau Asai?
Dupa o propozitie afirmativa, intrebarea disjunctiva are forma
interogativ-negativa:
Fred is a student, isnt he?
Mr. Smith has got a car, hasnt he?
63
64
Exercises:
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Vocabulary
capital
old
city
huge
capitala
vechi
oras (mare)
urias, imens
66
bridge
across
river
narrow
pavements
financial
sights
bell
to weigh
residence
queen
cars
buses
tube (underground)
/subway (Am.v)
nice
pod
peste
rau
ingust
trotuar, pavaj
financiar
punct turistic de atractie
clopot
a cantari
residenta
regina
automobile
autobuse
metrou
frumos
TEXT: LONDON
London is the capital of Great Britain. It is a very old city. It is two
thousand years old. London is not only the capital of the country, it is
a huge port.
London is situated on both banks of the Thames. There are 17 bridges
across the river. The population of London is about 9 million people.
London has three parts: the City of London, the West End, the East
End.
The City of London is the oldest part of London. You can see narrow
streets and pavements there. There are many offices, firms and banks
in this part of London. The City of London is the financial centre of
the United Kingdom.
The West End is the centre of London. There are many sights in the
West End. They are, for example, the Houses of Parliament with Big
Ben which is the biggest clock bell in Britain. It weighs 13.5 tons.
The official London residence of the Queen is Buckingham Palace.
There are many museums, libraries and galleries in London. There are
many cars and buses. There is a tube (an underground) in London, too.
It is a nice one.
67
UNIT 7
The Present Participle (Participiul prezent)
The Present Participle, in general, are un sens activ, ex: I see him
painting.
Functii: 1. Impreuna cu verbul auxiliar to be, formeaza aspectul
continuu la diferite timpuri.
2. Are o valoare adjectivala, determinand un substantiv.
Poate fi folosit atat atributiv (ex.: an interesting story = o poveste
interesanta), cat si predicativ
(ex.:The story is interesting = Povestea este interesanta.)
The Present Participle se formeaza cu ajutorul sufixului ing, care se
ataseaza la infinitivul verbului fara partica to: to read reading, to
stay - staying, to take taking, to get getting.
68
Interrogative
Am I reading ?
Are you reading a book ?
Is he reading a book ?
Is she reading a book ?
Are we reading a book ?
Are you reading a book ?
Are they reading a book ?
Negative
I am not (Im) not reading a book
You are not (arent) reading a book
He is not (isnt) reading a book
She is not (isnt) reading a book
We are not (arent) reading a book
You are not (arent) reading a book
They are not (arent) reading a book
The Present Continuous exprima:
a). o actiune, care se petrece in momentul vorbirii:
Ex.: Look! Its raining. (Priveste! Ploua)
b). o actiune, care are loc pentru o perioada limitata de timp in
prezent:
Ex.: What are you reading these days?
Im taking driving lessons. (Iau lectii de conducere auto)
c) - poate avea o valoare de viitor, exprimand o actiune ce va avea
loc conform unui program stabilit inainte, si anume verbele, care
exprima miscarea, ca to go, to come, to leave denota o actiune care
se va efectua in viitorul apropiat:
Ex.: He is coming tomorrow. (El vine miine)
Unele verbe nu se pot folosi la forma continua:
- verbe care exprima o activitate mintala (know, remember, believe,
mean, understand, forget, doubt [daut], agree, appreciate, expect,
assume, feel (=think), realize, recognize)
69
3. Adverbe de loc:
Here (aici), there (acolo), near (aproape), below (dedesubt), down
(jos), up (sus) etc.
They stop here. (Ei sau oprit aici)
4. Adverbe care indica gradul:
Absolutely/completely (complet), incredibly (incredibil
perfectly (perfect), simply (pur si simplu), very (foarte) etc.
Its incredibly boring (E incredibil de plicticos)
I absolutely agree (sunt complet de acord).
de),
Exercises:
1. Make sentences negative and interrogative:
Model: They are reading now.
They arent reading now.
Are they reading now?
1. The sun is shining.
71
72
fat
short
old
dirty
late
bad
black
young
shut
dry
73
74
75
UNIT 8
The Past Simple (Trecutul Simplu)
Verbele limbii engleze la Trecutul Simplu se impart in doua grupe:
regulate si neregulate.
Mare majoritate a verbelor din limba engleza formeaza Trecutul
adaugand terminatia ed:
a)
Terminatia ed se pronunta d.
To open opened [oupnd]
To play played [pleid]
b)
Terminatia ed se pronunta t.
To look looked [lukt]
To ask asked [a:skt]
c)
d)
e)
76
Interrogative
I played tennis
You played tennis
He,she (it) played tennis
You played tennis
We played tennis
They played tennis
Negative
I did not (didnt) play tennis
You did not (didnt) play tennis
He, she, (it) did not (didnt) play tennis
We did not (didnt) play tennis
You did not (didnt) play tennis
They did not (didnt) play tennis
Trecutul Simplu al verbelor neregulate se formeaza prin diferite
procedee:
- schimbarea vocalei de baza: to get got;
- schimbarea consoanei finale to spend - spent;
- schimbarea verbului in intregime: to go went;
- pastrarea formei initiale: to put put;
- pastrarea formei initiale, in rostirea diferita: to read [ri:d]
read [red].
Conjugarea verbului to be la Trecutul Simplu:
77
Afirmative
I, he, she, it was
We, you, they were
Interrogative
Was I, he, she, it?
Were we, you, they?
Negative
I, he, she, it was not(wasnt)
We,you,they were not(werent)
Conjugarea verbului to have la Trecutul Simplu:
Afirmative
I, he, she, it,
You, they had
Interrogative
Did I, he, she, it, we,
you, they have?
Negative
I, he, she, it, we, did not (didnt)
You, they did not (didnt)
Nota: Formele interogativa si negativa ale verbului to have pot de
asemenea fi construite cu ajutorul verbului auxiliar to do (la trecut
did):
Did you have free time yesterday?
A-ti avut timp liber ieri?
She did not (didnt) enjoy this film.
Ei nu i-a placut acest film.
Intrebuintare: Trecutul Simplu exprima o actiune care a avut loc la
un moment dat in trecut iar perioada de timp s-a incheiat.
Verbele la acest timp sunt determinate de adverbe si expresii de timp
ca: yesterday (ieri), last year (anul trecut), last month (luna
trecuta), two hours ago (doua ore in urma), two years ago (doi ani
in urma), in 1999 (in 1999), etc.
Exercises:
1. a). Give the Simple Past Tense form of the following regular
verbs. Transcribe and pronounce them.
to close-closed, to open-opened, to listen-listened, to live-lived, to
receive-received, to shave-shaved, to play-played, to stay-stayd, to
collect-collected, to dictate-dictated, to translate-translated, to startstarted, to help-helped, to like-liked, to look-looked, to pass-passed, to
smoke-smoked, to thank-thanked, to work-worked, to wash-washed, to
watch-watched, to rain-rained, to snow-snowed, to finish-finished.
b) Give the Simple Past Tense form of the following irregular
verb. Transcribe and pronounce them.
to be, to have, to do, to teach, to buy, to pay, to come, to go, to
give, to get, to hear, to leave, to know, to make, to take, to tell, to say,
to see, to put, to read, to write, to wake, to drive, to eat, to drink, to
learn, to forget, to fall, to feel, to fly, to sit, to sleep, to send,to sing.
79
80
81
6. Do you like the girl? The girl is sitting on the sofa and listening to
the music.
7. The manager works at our company. The manager wants to study
German.
8. I want to speak to the woman. I teach her children.
9. Where are the papers? You wanted to show them to me.
10. Whats the name of the book? John is reading it.
11. The woman is my sisters brother-in-law. I always meet the
woman at the university.
9. Translate into English
1. Ei au locuit in Bucuresti doi ani in urma.
2. Va placut cartea lui noua? Nu.
3. Ce fel de reviste ai vrut sa-mi arati seara trecuta?
4. Noi n-am tradus textul acesta saptamana trecuta. Nu, l-am tradus.
5. Noi am luat pranzul la ora doua.
6. Baitul care lucreaza in oficiu are douazeci de ani.
7. Vreau sa vorbesc cu domnisoara care mi-a tiparit raportul
8. Cum se numeste strada unde locuiti?
9. Cursurile, pe care le frecventez, lucreaza seara.
10. Va place domnisoara care priveste tabloul?
82
Vocabulary
all
town
alone
busy
very glad
homework
quickly
by heart
phrase
difficult
well
home
at home
as a matter of fact
toti, toate
orasel
singur
ocupat
foarte bucuros
tema pentru acasa
repede
pe de rost
fraza
greu, dificil
bine
casa, camin
acasa
de fapt
83
UNIT 9
Equivalents of Modal
must
Past
I was able to do it yesterday.
I couldnt do it yesterday.
I wasnt able to do it yesterday.
I couldnt do it yesterday.
Could you do it yesterday?
I had to do it yesterday.
Did I have to do it yesterday?
He was to give a lecture yesterday.
You might go home yesterday.
You were allowed to go home
yesterday.
Were you allowed to go home?
84
Comparative
longer
taller
fewer
dearer
hotter
nicer
drier
lovelier
more beautiful
more dramatic
Superlative
(the) longest
(the) tallest
(the) fewest
(the) dearest
(the) hottest
(the) nicest
(the) driest
(the) loveliest
(the) most beautiful
(the) most dramatic
85
Mod de
Formare
Sintetic
Pozitiv
o silaba: rich (bogat)
doua
silbe
cu
accentul
ultima:polite[plait] (politicos)
Analitic
More
Most
Comparativde
superioritate
(mai decat)
Superlativ
relativ
(cel
mai )
richer (than)
(the) richest
pe politer[plait]
the politest
more important
most important
more interesting
more delighted
most
interesting
most delighted
86
better
(the) best
worse
(the) worst
less
the least
far (indepartat)
87
Exercises:
1. Give the comparative and superlative of the following adjectives
(Dati comparativul si superlativul urmatoarelor adjective):
High, strong, fat, much, fascinating, dry, weak, thin, a little, pretty,
handsome, red, few, cosy, many, beautiful, yellow, bad, ill, mad.
2. Give the comparative and superlative of the following adverbs:
Slowly, fast, hard, beautifully, well, carefully, often, quick, badly,
early.
3.Complete the gaps with as, so, as/so, than, of (Completati spatiile
goale cu as, so, as/so, than, of):
1. Better an egg today a hen tomorrow.
2. Blood is thicker water. (In echivalenta: Sangele apa nu se face)
88
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
89
90
Vocabulary
to decide
to become
writer
because
hardly
to study
subject
relatives
alone
world
to be interested in
future
to agree
to help
even
to teach/taught
language
to want
mistake
a hotari
a deveni
scriitor
fiindca, pentru ca
abea, putin probabil
a studia
subiect
rude
singur
lume, univers
a se interesa in
viitor
a fi de acord
a ajuta
chiar
a invata, a preda
grai, limbaj
a dori
gresala
91
UNIT 10
The Simple Future (Viitorul Simplu)
Modul de formare: Se foloseste infinitivul scurt al verbului de conjugat
precedat de verbul auxiliar will (cateodata shall la pers. I sing. si pl.)
Affirmative
Interrogative
Negative
I shall/will go
You will go
He will go
She will go
It will go
We will go
You will go
They will go
Shall/Will I go?
Will you go?
Will he go?
Will she go?
Will it go?
Will we go?
Will you go?
Will they go?
92
1.
2.
3.
4.
THE IMPERATIVE
Modul de formare:
Infinitivul scurt (fara to) al verbului:
Ex: Cross now! Traverseaza/ti acum!)
Ring me tomorrow! (Suna-ma maine!)
Dont + inf. Scurt (pentru a forma un imperativ negativ)
Ex: Dont cross now! (Nu traversa/ti acum!)
Dont ring me tomorrow!
Lets (let us) + infinitiv. scurt, (pentru persoan I pl.)
Ex: Lets cross! (Sa traversam!/ Hai sa traversam)
Lets ring tomorrow!
Do + forma afirmativa, in unele cazuri:
Ex.: Do take care! (Ai grija!)
Do tell me! (Spune-mi! (Hai te rog, spune-mi!)
pentru a indulci tonul, pentru a suna mai politicos
Ex: Do sit down! (Va rog, lua-ti loc!)
Do come in! (Intra-ti, va rog)
Do help yourself! (Serviti-va, va rog)
Exercises:
1. Transform these sentences into the Simple Future. (Treceti
propozitiile aceste la viitorul simplu)
1. His lecture is very interesting. 2. You like the play. 3. I cant see
you tomorrow. 4. She must study French. 5. They can visit Paris. 6.
Its all right. 7. I must see a doctor. 8. You have to go to the airport.
9. It isnt difficult. 10. Can she bring me a few books?
2. Transform these sentences into disjunctive (tag) questions and
translate them. Give short answers to them. (Transformati
aceste propozitii in intrebari disjunctive si traducetile):
Model: Hell reread the novel next week.
Hell reread the novel next week, wont he? Yes, he will.
1. They will come to see us next week. 2. Youll have some free time
tomorrow. 3. He wont help them. 4. She wont look through the
papers before lunch. 5. Ill go to the lecture next Wednesday. 6. He
93
wont go for a walk in the park next Sunday. 7. Hell help them do
their homework next Tuesday. 8. Iris wont be able to practice this
afternoon.
3. Transform these sentences into the negative. (Transformati
aceste propozitii in negative)
1. I will leave for London next week. 2. I shall have to do the washing
up this morning. 3. We will do our duty. 4. You will come to our
party. 5. He will be back soon. 6. She will go there by bus. 7. They
will stay home next Friday. 8. He will teach English next month.
4.Transform these sentences in interrogative.
1. I shall introduce him to Mr. Brown. 2. We will invite them to my
birthday party tomorrow. 3. You will type this letter next Monday. 4.
She will return from Paris next month. 5. They will stay there long.
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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Vocabulary
mountains
to hear
plenty of
to ski
as much as
overdo/overdid
after
muscular fever
to annoy
terribly
mistake
cautious
to want
to keep an eye on smb./smth.
chalet [lei]
to travel [trvl]
munti
a auzi
o multime
a schia
tot atat de mult
exagera, a intrece masura
mai tarziu, dupa aceea
febra musculara
a enerva, a necaji, a nelinisti
teribil,ingrozitor
greseala
prudent, atent.
a dori, a vrea
a fi cu ochii pe cineva/ceva
cabana
a calatori
95
will be cautious. He will have to ski less the first day if he wants to ski
again the following day. Paul is going to keep an eye on him to see
that he is not going to make the mistake a second time.
As they are going to live in one of the chalets they will have a very
nice weekend. They will go by bus to Sinaya and they will return by
bus too. So they will travel by bus a lot.
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PART II
UNIT 11 (eleven)
Future Continuous /Near Future (Viitorul apropiat)
Acest timp este inexistent in limba romana si, de acea, se va traduce cu
timpul PRESENT insotit de adverbe de timp ca: IMEDIAT, CHIAR
ACUM, INDATA.
El indica faptul ca actiunea ce urmeaza sa se desfasoare in viitor este
foarte apropiata de momentul prezent.
Ex: Hell be coming soon. (Vine foarte curand/Vine imediat)
Afirrmative
I (we) shall be going
He (she, you, they) will be going
Interrogative
Shal I (we) be reading ?
Will he (she, it, you, they) be going ?
Negative
I (we) shall not (shant) be going
He (she, it, you, they) will not (wont) be going
Adverbe de accentuare a ideii de viitor apropiat
Soon
curand
Right now
chiar acum
Immediately imediat
In no time
indata, cat ai clipi din ochi
Intrebuintare:
1. Pentru a reda o actiune care se va afla in proces de desfasurare
intr-un anumit moment de timp in viitor:
The students will be having a seminar tomorrow at 2.
(Studentii vor avea un seminar miine la ora 2.)
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98
99
Jane opened the tin herself. Nobody helped her. (Jane a deschis
singura cutia de conserve. Nimeni nu a ajutat-o)
Nota: Precedat de prepozitia by, pronumele de intarire are
sensul de singur, singura, singuri, singure:
I can do it by myself. (Pot face asta singur)
Observati din exemplele de mai sus, pronumele de intarire se asaza de
regula la sfirsitul propozitiei.
Cand este asezat imediat dupa subiect, accentuarea este si mai
puternica:
I myself will tell him. (Chiar eu personal am sa-I spun)
EXERCISES:
1. Transform these sentences according to the model.
You will be calling her up tomorrow.
Will you be calling her up tomorrow?
1. You will write to him again. 2. Youre going to see your mother
next week. 3. Shes going to take her children to the theatre. 4. Hell
look through the papers. 5. They are going to have tea.
2.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
100
4. You will be having your next English class next week. (when)
5. He will be staying in this hotel two weeks. (where)
4. Open the parentheses and use the verbs in the Future
Continuous.
1. This time tomorrow I (to fly) to London.
2. What you (to do) at 3 oclock on Friday?
3. We (to look forward) to meeting them at the Conference in Paris.
4. We know our friend (to wait for) us at the aerport when we arrive.
5. Who (to drive) the car when you go to the Black Sea?
5. Insert reflexive or emphatic pronoun.
1. I hurt when I tried to jump from the chair. 2. Can he do it or
shall I help him? 3. She cooks all the meals . 4. They made . a
sandwich and left in a hurry. 5. We prepared for the next holidays.
6. We asked what we could do with our cat. 7. She was living by
in a little cottage. 8. Dont be so sure of . 9. She looked at in the
mirror and saw her make-up was not perfect. 10. Help please. 11.
This door is opened by . 12. Miss Brown was talking to .
6. Translate into English
1. Unde vei avea lectie miine la ora 9? 2. Noi vom analiza aceste
probleme impreuna cu grupa noastra. 3. Ei nu vor pleca la teatru chiar
acum. 4. Cine va fregventa lectiile cand voi veti pleca la Londra? 5.
Te vei pregati de examen toata ziua miine? 6. Am de gand sa plec
pentru cateva zile undeva. 7. Nu intentionez sa vin la petrecerea de
diseara. 8. Pe viitor intentionam sa calatorim pretutindeni in tara.
101
102
UNIT 12 (twelve)
The Past Continuous Tense (Trecutul Continuu)
Trecutul Continuu se formeaza cu trecutul verbului auxiliar to be
(was, were) plus Participiul I al verbului de conjugat (-ing). Acest
timp se traduce aproape totdeauna cu imperfectul din limba romana
(faceam, mergea, mancau)
Affirmative
I (he, she, it) was reading
We (you, they) were reading
Interrogative
Was I (he, she, it) reading?
Were we (you, they) reading?
Negative
I (he, she, it) was not reading
We (you, they) were not reading
Trecutul Continuu exprima o actiune care era in desfasurare intr-un
moment in trecut. Timpul desfasurarii actiunii poate fi redat prin:
1. indicarea precisa a orei:
I was reading at 5 oclock yesterday (Ieri la ora 5 citeam).
2. indicarea perioadei de timp, cat a durat actiuna:
They were working in the garden from 9 till 12 oclock
yesterday.
Ieri ei au lucrat in gradina de la 9 pana la 12.
3. indicarea unei alte actiuni exprimate prin Trecutul Simplu:
He was listening to the latest news when we came.
El asculta ultimele stiri cand noi am venit.
While I was working in the garden, I hurt my leg.
In timp ce lucram in gradina mi-am ranit piciorul.
Constructia cu to be going to va suna la trecut astfel:
103
cineva
Something
Somewhere
ceva
undeva
cineva
ceva, orice
undeva, oriunde
Anybody/anyone
oricine
Anything
orice
Anywhere
oriunde
Anybody/anyone can borrow books from the public library.
(Oricine poate imprumuta carti de la biblioteca publica.
Anything is better than rancid butter. (Orice e mai bun decat untul
rancid)
Take me anywhere. (Du-ma oriunde)
In propozitii negative, cu verbul la negativ:
Anybody/anyone
nimeni
Anything
nimic
Anywhere
nicaieri
I dont know anybody/anyone in this town (Nu cunosc pe nimeni in
acest oras)
He cant understand anything. (Nu poate intelege nimic)
I cant find my glasses anywhere. (Nu-mi gasesc nicaieri ochelarii.)
In propozitii negative, cu verbul la afirmativ:
Nobody/no one
nimeni
Nothing
nimic
Nowhere
nicaieri
Nobody/No one could drink this coffee. (Nimeni nu ar putea bea
cafeaua aceasta)
Theres nothing wrong with the TV set.
Sau There isnt anything wrong with the TV set.
(Televizorul nu are nimic)
The children are nowhere. Sau
The children arent anywhere. (Copii nu sunt nicaieri)
None: acest pronume corespunde adjectivului no: nici un, nici o,
deloc, nimic.
She has none, ea nu are nici unul/una.
None of us did it, nici unul/una dintre noi n-a facut-o.
Everybody, everyone, everything, everywhere
105
Everybody/everyone
toti, toata lumea
Everything
tot(ul), toate
Everywhere
peste tot, pretutindeni
Everybody/everyone si everything se acorda cu verbul la singular:
Everybody is at home.
Everything has an end. (Totul are [toate au] un sfarsit.
Exercises
1. Put the verb in parentheses into the Past Continuous Tense:
2. Bill got off the bus while it (go). 2. John (walk) home when he
saw Ann. 3. I came into the room because the boys (make) a lot of
noise. 4. Mike hurt his leg while he (play) football. 5. The car hit the
tree while it (travel) at 60 miles an hour.
2.Open the parentheses and put the verbs in the Present and Past
Continuous Tenses.
1. What John (do) now? He (watch) TV. Theres a hockey match on.
2. What you (do) at eight oclock last night? I (read) a very interesting
article about the Olympic Games in Sydney. 3. John and Bill (play) a
game of chess when I returned home yesterday. 4. What they (talk)
about? They (discuss) the football semi-finals. 5. What your brother
(do) from seven to nine last night? He (play) basketball. He is a very
good basketball player. 6. Who (swim) now? Two swimmers from
France and Great Britain.
3. Put the verb into the correct form, Past Continuous or Past
Simple.
Example: While Tom was cooking (cook) the dinner, the phone rang
(ring).
1. George (fall) off the ladder while he (paint) the ceiling. 2. Last
night I (read) in bed when suddenly I (hear) a scream. 3. (you/watch)
television when I phoned you? 4. Ann (wait) for me when I (arrive). 5.
I (not/drive) very fast when the accident (happen). 6. I (break) a plate
last night. I (do) the washing up when it (slip) out of my hand. 7. Tom
(take) a photograph of me while I (not/look). 8. We (not/go) out
106
107
Ploua tare cand ati coborat din tren. 5. Cand ma plimbam prin park am
vazut un coleg sezand pe-o banca. 6. Vantul sufla usor. 7. Ce incercati
sa investati? 8. Nu stiu nimic. 9. Nimeni nu poate sti tot. 10. Nimic nu
este destul de bun pentru tine. 11. Poti sa-mi dai ceva de mancare?
Ce de exemplu? Orice. 12. Oricine poate vedea aceasta. 13. Este
cineva la usa.
Vocabulary
shop
store
mall
market
goods
food
bread
sweets
pastry
vegetables
fruit
shoes
jewels
clothes
medicine
bill
counter
cash-desk
shop-assistant
magazin
magazin universal
complex de
magazine
cu alei si parcaje
piata de legume
marfuri
alimente/hrana
paine
dulciuri
paste fainoase
legume
fructe
incaltaminte
bijuterii
haine
medicamente
nota de plata
tejghea
casa de plata
vanzator
brutarie
bacanie
patiserie
zarzavagerie
marochinarie
librarie
108
perfumers
tobacconists
barbers
hairdressers
haberdashers
parfumerie
tutungerie
frizerie
coafura
galanterie
ADJECTIVES
fresh
stale
cheap
expensive
large
tight
necessary
useful
useless
proaspat
vechi/ne-proaspat
ieftin
scump/costisitor
mare/larg
stramt
necesar
folositor
nefolositor
VERBS
to shop
to go shopping
a targui
a merge
la cumparaturi
a cumpara
a vinde
a plati
a intreba/a cere
a raspunde
a costa
a ajuta
a avea nevoie
a arata
a dori/a vrea
a place
a ramane fara
to buy
to sell
to pay
to ask
to answer
to cost
to help
to need
to show
to want
to like
to run short of
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110
UNIT 13 (thirteen)
Present Perfect Simple (Prezentul perfect)
Prezentul Perfect se formeaza cu ajutorul verbului auxiliar have
la prezent plus participiul 2 a verbului de conjugat.
Affirmative
I have written
You have written
We have written
They have written
He, she, (it) has written
Interrogative
Have I written?
Have you written?
Have we written?
Have they written?
Has he/she written?
Negative
I
have not (havent) written
You have not (havent) written
We have not (havent) written
They have not (havent) written
He/she has not (hasnt) written
Intrebuintare: Acest timp face legatura intre prezent si trecut.
a). exprima o stare care a inceput in trecut si care se continua. Ex:
Weve been friends for a long time. (Suntem prieteni de mult)
Observati ca propozitia romaneasca echivalenta este la prezent.
Complinirile temporale ce apar in astfel de situatii sunt: for a time (de
un timp), for three weeks (de trei saptamani) etc. sau since last year
(de anul trecut), since you came (de cand ai venit);
for de
She has studied English for five years. (Invata engleza de 5 ani)
111
112
Complementul compus
In limba engleza este foarte raspandita constructia complementul
compus, care contine un substantiv (sau pronume la cazul acuzativ) si
un verb la infinitiv sau participiul I:
I want Tom (him) to come to my party.
Vreau ca Tom (el) sa vina la serata mea.
We know Peter and Susan (them) to be good students.
Stiam ca Petru si Suzana (ei) sunt studenti buni.
Nota: 1). Aceasta constructie se intrebuinteaza dupa verbe de
perceptie, senzatie si activitate mintala, precum: to want (a vrea),
to know (a stie), to like (a place), to see (a vedea), to hear (a auzi),
to consider (a considera), to believe (a crede), etc.
We consider him to be a good doctor.
Consideram ca el este un medic bun.
2). Dupa verbele to see, to hear, to watch in constructia respectiva se
intrebuinteaza sau infinitivul fara to, sau Participiul I:
I saw him get (getting) out of the car.
Am vazut cum el a esit din automobil.
113
Exercises:
Respond to these requests according to the model.
Please help Peter do his homework. (already)
Ive already helped him.
1.
+? 5. Open the brackets and use the proper tenses (Simple Present,
Simple Past, Present Continuous and Present Perfect Tense).
I am (be) a student. I am having (have) an English class now. We have
done (do) just exercise five and now we are answering (answer) the
teachers questions. 2. You have bought (buy) already fruit and
vegetables? Yes, I have. When you ??? (go) shopping? I (go) shopping
after lunch yesterday. 3. He have came (come) just to the office. Its
five minutes to nine. And when he came (come) to the office
yesterday? He came (come) at ten to nine yesterday. 4. Peter (leave)
for school fifteen minutes ago but Ann (not to leave) for college yet. 5.
Peter (not to go) to see his mother yesterday. His elder brother Nick
(go) just to see her. She (be) ill lately.
6. Transform these sentences below in the constructions with
Compound Object
1. I want that you should know English well.
2. Do you remenber that she worked at our plant?
3. They heard how she was speaking on the radio.
4. I saw how she came up to the house.
5. The children like when their mother reads interesting stories to
them
6. We never expected that she would stay there so long.
7. I heard how you said it.
7. Translate into English
1. Nu l-am vazut de loc saptamana aceasta. 2. Am fost in Statele Unite
nu numai odata. 3. Ti-ai baut cafeaua azi, nu-i asa? 4. Nu l-am inteles
niciodata. 5. El a cumparat doua biciclete. 6. Ea a vazut multe filme. 7.
Ai fost in concediu anul acesta? 8. N-am stiut niciodata sa gatesc la fel
de bine ca tine. 9. A si venit? Desi a promis ca vine pana la ora asta, na venit inca. 10. Rareori poti intalni un om ca tine! 11. Ea tocmai si-a
cumparat o rochie noua. 12. Ati fost vreodata la familia Ford? 13. Noi
consideram ca aceasta problema este foarte importanta. 14. Am vazut
cum el a cumparat ceva si a esit din magazin.
115
116
UNIT 14 (fourteen)
Present Perfect Continuous
Continuu)
(Prezentul
Perfect
117
Nota: Dupa cum se poate remarca, din exemplele de mai sus, acest
timp se poate traduce fie prin perfectul compus, fie prin
prezent insotit de un adverb de timp care sa indice continuitatea
actiunii.
Exercises
1. Respond to these sentences according to the models.
a). Have you been staying here long? (for a month)
Ive (I have) been staying here for a month.
1.Have you been learning English long? I have been learning it for a
year and a half. (for a year and a half) 2. Has it been raining long? It
has been raining since early morrning. (since early morning) 3. Has it
been snowing long? (since yesterday) 4. Has he been collecting stamps
long? (for five years)
b). She is teaching at Oxford University.
How long has she been teaching at the university?
1. Peter is waiting for them. 2. They are playing football now. 3. He is
watching a rugby match on TV. 4. Shes reading an article. 5. Vast
masses of cold air are flowing over the land. 6. They are working hard.
2. Put the verbs in brackets in the Present Perfect Continuous or
in the Present Perfect.
119
1. He (to be) very busy lately. 2. I (wait) for you since six oclock in
the afternoon. 3. How long you (to know) Jane? 4. I (not to meet) the
Browns since last year. 5. It (to rain) since early morning. 6. We (to
work) hard for two hours. 7. How long your sister (to teach) at
college? For fifteen years. 8. The north wind (to blow) since early
morning.
3. Put since or for into each gap.
1. We have been waiting here almost an hour. 2. I have been
working here 1999. 3. They have been walking early morning.
4. She has been studying English last September. 5. That man has
been looking at you the last ten minutes. 6. The United States has
been a republic 1776. 7. Paul has been looking for a job the end
of the last month. 8. He has been looking for a job almost a week
now.
4. Insert the English equivalent of the word from the bracket.
1. Where are (ceilalti)? 2. I want book (alta). 3. will say the
same thing (Altii). 4. cups are in the kitchen (Celelalte). 5. Give me
examples (alte). 6. Try door. (cealalta). 7. This orange is sour.
Try (pe cealalta). 8. I dont think I can come day (alta).
5. Complete the gaps with the Reciprocal Pronoun (each other, one
another) or the Reflexive (myself, youself, etc).
1. I dont smoke. 2. She hates . 3. They congratulated . 4.
Tom and Bill were smiling at . 5. They always write to . 6. He
wrote a letter to .
6. Translate into English
1. Lucrez aici de sapte ani. 2. Lucrez aici din 1990. 3. De cat timp
lucrezi aici? 4. Asteptam de o ora si jumatate. 5. El studiaza franceza
de trei ani. 6. Ploua de o saptamana. 7. Ei se iubesc. 8. Ei se vor ajuta
unii pe altii. 9. Se intrebau unii pe altii ce se intamplase. 10. Ori de
cate ori se intalneau isi vorbeau englezeste.
7. Put in the order the following words.
1. speaking, other, to, are, they, each. They are speaking to each other.
2. another, hate, one, they, to hate.
120
3. as, is, cant , we, each, see, other, dark, it, that. We cant see each
other as it is dark that.
4. do, for, each, will, anything, they, other. They will do everything
for each other.
5. were, about, talking, they, one, holiday, to, next, their, another.
121
VOCABULARY
partner
overseas
deal
persuasive
lawyer
advantageous
profit
to bargain
interests
to agree to
concession
to hand
agreement
commitments
round of negotiations
partener, asociat
in strainatate
afacere
persuasiv, convingator
avocat, jurist
avantajos, profitabil, prielnic
profit, beneficiu
a negocia, a face o afacere
interese, avantaje
a fi de acord cu
concesie, cedare
a da, a inmana
acord
depozitii in fata unei comisii; obligatii
runda de negocieri
122
UNIT 15
PAST PERFECT (Perfectul Trecut)
Past Perfect se formeaza cu ajutorul verbului to have la trecutul
simplu (had) si Participiul II al verbului de conjugat.
Affirmative
I (he, she, it, you, they) had worked
Interrogative
Had I (he, she, it, we, you, they) worked ?
Negative
I (he, she, it, we, you, they) had not (hadnt) worked
Past Perfect exprima o actiune sau un eveniment care a avut loc
inaintea unui moment trecut. Acest moment poate fi marcat prin
indicarea timpului precis (by 5 oclock catre ora 5; before 5
oclock inainte de ora 5), sau printr-o alta actiune la Trecutul
Simplu:
She had always lived in Chisinau before she moved to Germany a few
years ago. (Intotdeauna a locuit in Chisinau inainte de a se muta in
Germania acum cativa ani.)
I had just bought the tickets when I realized that my wallet wasnt
there.
(Tocmai cumparasem biletele cand mi-am dat seama ca nu mai aveam
portofelul.)
They had never been there before. (Nu fusese niciodata acolo.(pana
atunci)
He had finished writing the exercises by 5 oclock. (El a terminat de
scris exercitiile catre ora 5.)
Didnt he tell you (that) I had been ill? (Nu ti-am spus ca am fost
(fusesem) bolnav?)
Past Perfect exprima regretul fata de o actiune trecuta:
Ex: I wish I hadnt eaten so much. (As dori sa nu fi mancat atat de
mult./Regret ca am mancat sau:
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124
125
a). Whose poem impressed you most? A cui poem te-a impresionat
cel mai mult?
b). Whose poem did you appreciate most? A cui cuvantare ai
apreciat-o mai mult?
EXERCISES:
1. Supply the most suitable tense (past or past perfect):
1. They (go) home after they (finish) their work. 2. She said that she
already (see) the Pyramids. 3. We (hear) that a fire (break out) in the
neighbouring house. 4. He told me he (catch) a young lion and (shoot)
two others. 5. They (drink) small cups of coffee after they (finish)
dinner. 6. She told her teacher that her mother (help) her with her
homework the previous evening, and (tell) her the words she (not
know). 7. The fire (spread) to the next building before the firemen
(arrive).8. Cyril was very angry and said that he (eat) two flies in his
fruit salad. The waiter asked him why he (eat) them. Cyril said he (be)
short-sighted and already (swallow) them when his friend (tell) him
what he (eat). 9. The little girl (ask) what (happen) to her ice-cream.
10. His mother (worry) a lot about him before she (hear) that he was
safe. 11. He (can not) help thinking that he (see) that face somewhere
before. 12. The politician (declare) that his party always (stand) for
social security.
2. Supply the most suitable tense (Future Simple, Future
Continuous or Future Perfect):
1. I (do) my homework tomorrow. 2. I (do) my homework at six
oclock tomorrow. 3. I (do) my homework by six oclock tomorrow. 4.
When I come home tomorrow, my family (have) supper. 5. When you
come to my place tomorrow, I (read) your book. 6. Tomorrow I
(begin) doing my homework as soon as I come from school. I (do) my
homework from three till six. My father (come) home at seven oclock
tomorrow. I (do) all my homework by the time he comes, and we (go)
for a walk together.7. By next June he (write) his second novel. 8.
Before you go to see them, they (leave) the country. 9. By the end of
the summer he (teach) us to speak English. 10. I hope, when you have
finished this exercise, you (not make) many mistakes in it.
126
VOCABULARY
to raise a ridica, a creste
to look round a privi in jur
account cont
clerk [kla:k] functionar (de birou)
to hold held a tine
pocket buzunar
to doubt [daut] a se indoi (de)
to seem a parea, a da impresia
to lead led a conduce, a duce
safe sigur, convins
safe and sound teafar si nevatamat
to whisper a sopti
to draw out a extrage
to call out a striga (nume), a chema
to own a poseda, a avea
to catch caught a prinde
sock - soseta
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UNIT 16
SEQUENCE OF TENSES Concordanta
(corespondenta) timpurilor
Concordanta timpurilor, adica raportul dintre timpul din propozitia
principala si cel din subordonata, este o problema foarte complexa in
limba engleza, mai ales in comparatie cu romana, unde ea nu se aplica
atat de strict si deci timpurile coincid rareori in cele doua limbi:
He asked me how old I was.
El m-a intrebat ce varsta am.
1). Cand verbul din propozitia principala este la Present
Simple/Continuous, Present Perfect verbul din subordonata poate fi
la orice timp:
Principala Secundara
I know
what he does. Eu stiu ce face el.
I know what he is doing.
Eu stiu ce face el (in acest moment).
I know
what he did.
Eu stiu ce a facut el.
I know
what hes always done. Eu stiu ce a facut el intotdeauna.
I know
what he will do. Eu stiu ce va face el.
2). Cand verbul din propozitia principala este la trecut, verbul din
subordonata este la trecutul simplu sau continuu.
I knew what he did. Eu stiam ce face el.
I knew what he was doing. Eu stiam ce face el (la acel moment).
I knew what he had done. Eu stiam ce a facut/facuse el.
I knew what he would do. Eu stiam ce va face el.
Nota: Totusi, se poate folosi prezentul in subordonata, daca este vorba
despre un adevar imuabil (neschimbator, permanent).
At that time, they didnt know that the sun does not turn round the
earth.
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EXERCISES:
1. Put the following into the Past Tense observing the rules of the
sequence of tenses:
1. My uncle says he has just come back from London. 2. He says he
feels better now. 3. I know that you are ill. 4. We find that she has left
home at eight oclock this morning. 5. He says that he has a good
camera. 6. She says she will come to see us next Sunday. 7. She says
Bill told her a lot of interesting things about his travels in the south. 8.
I hear that he has bought a new car. 9. I suppose that he will send us a
letter. 10. I think that he lives in New York.
2. Use the verbs in brackets in appropriate tenses observing the
rules of the sequence of tenses:
1. We told you that we (leave) town on the following day. 2. She said
she (can) not tell me the right time, her watch (be) wrong. 3. She says
she already (find) the book. 4. I didnt know that you already (receive)
the letter. 5. He has just said that she (not be) at home tomorrow. 6.
Charlie noticed that Mary (cry). 7. I was thinking what a pleasure it
(be) to see my old friend again; I (not see) him since my schooldays. 8.
She has just told me that she (not like) modern music. 9. The boy
didnt know that water (boil) at 100o. 10. He promised that he (bring)
us all necessary books.
3. Put the tenses in brackets into the correct form:
1. I knew that he (is, was) a very clever man. 2. He said he (is staying,
was staying) at the Savoy Hotel. 3. They realized that they (lost, had
lost) their way in the dark. 4. He asked me where I (study, studied). 5.
I thought that I (shall finish, should finish) my work at that time. 6. He
said he (will come, would come) to the station to see me off. 7. I was
sure he (posted, had posted) the letter. 8. I want to know what he (has
bought, had bought) for her birthday. 9. I asked my sister to tell me
what she (has seen, had seen) at the museum. 10. I hope it (will not
change, would not change) for the worse.
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years of age may go into a pub (although many pubs have a childrens
room away from the bar). Fourteen-year-olds may go into a pub but
may not buy or drink alcohol. You must be 18 before you can legally
buy or drink alcohol in a pub.
Wine bars began to appear in large numbers, mainly in the cities,
in the early 1980s. Now we can find them even in smaller towns. As
their names imply, they specialize in selling different types of wine,
although they may also have a limited range of beers and spirits. They
also serve meals, usually of a higher standard than those found in
pubs.
The British wine-producing industry has been expanding rapidly
in recent years. Britain now produces some good quality white wines,
mainly from vineyards in the south-east of England where the climate
is particularly suitable.
VOCABULARY
Real-ale - bere naturala
beer bere
pub carciuma
a pint [paint] pinta (unitate de masura a capacitatii insemnand 0,568
l;
in S.U.A. 0,473 l)
lager - bere germana
bitter amar
stout bere neagra
to store a tine, a pastra (in depozit)
to pressurize a etansa, a presuriza
barrel butoi
keg butoias
to pour [po:] a turna
mainly in special, mai ales
to expand a (se) extinde
vineyard vie, podgorie
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UNIT 17
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH (Vorbirea
directa si indirecta)
Vorbirea directa este redarea intocmai a spuselor cuiva.
He asked me, Do you work this week?
M-a intrebat: - Lucrezi saptamana aceasta?
In limba engleza, dupa verbele (to ask a intreba, to say a spune
etc.) se foloseste virgula si nu doua puncte, iar vorbirea directa este
pusa intre ghilimele:
Vorbirea indirecta reproduce continutul a ceea ce spune cineva intr-o
imprejurare data. Necesita o atentie deosebita respectarii regulilor de
corespondenta a timpurilor.
He asked me if I had worked that week. M-a intrebat daca am lucrat
saptamana aceea.
1) Propozitii enuntiative
Verbul to say din propozitia principala se pastreaza atunci cand nu este
insotit de un complement indirect; sau se inlocuieste prin to tell.
La trecerea de la vorbirea directa la cea indirecta are loc schimbarea
pronumelor, adverbelor determinative, adjectivelor in functie de
inteles, ca si in limba romana, de exemplu:
I poate deveni he sau she;
this- that; today that day- in acea zi;
yesterday the day before in ziua precedenta, cu o zi mai inainte;
tomorrow the next day;
ago in urma; before inainte;
here there etc.
now then
next week (month, year) the following (next) .;
last year the year before;
last month the month before;
Cand verbul din propozitia principala este la present, cel din
subordonata este acelasi ca si la vorbirea directa.
He says, I like working
He says he likes working.
He asks, Can I help you?
He asks if he can help you.
He says, I shall help you
He says he will help you.
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136
137
EXERCISES:
1. Put the following into indirect speech.
1. I said to her, I have something to show you. 2. He said, I am
going away tomorrow. 3. Ive been in London for a month so far I
havent had time to visit the Tower, said Tom. 4. She replied, Ill
come with you as soon as I am ready. 5. Mary said, I usually spend
my holidays in the south. 6. He said, I am going to a rest-home
tomorrow. 7. I said to them, I can give you my uncles address. 8.
He said to me, I want to see you today. 9. The student said, I cant
answer this question. I dont understand it. 10. She said, I didnt go
to the concert yesterday.
2. Put the following into indirect speech.
1. He said, What is happening? 2. Ann asked, Which team has
won? 3. He asked, Who is playing next week? 4. Bill said, How
can I get from the station to the airport? 5. I asked him, Have you
reserved a seat? 6. Can you get coffee on the train? asked my aunt.
7. Peter said, Do you play rugby? 8. Tom asked, Are you working
as well as studying? 9. Did you play for your university team?
asked Bill. 10. Have you seen the library? asked Ann.
3. Put the following into indirect speech.
1. Switch off the TV, she said. 2. She said, Shut the door, Tom. 3.
I warned, Dont go alone. 4. Follow that car, the detective said to
the taxi-driver. 5. I said, Dont argue with your father. 6. The young
man said, Wait for me at the bridge. 7. Dont forget your
sandwiches, said his mother. 8. My father said, Dont say anything
to make her angry.
4. Put the following into direct speech.
1. He said that while crossing the English Channel they had stayed on
deck all day. 2. She said that she was feeling bad that day. 3. Tom
said he would go to see the doctor the next day. 4. He told me he was
ill. 5. I told my sister that she might catch cold. 6. He said he had just
been examined by a good doctor. 7. He said that his health had greatly
improved since then. 8. He asked Ann if she could be ready by ten.
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139
UNIT 18
PASSIVE VOICE (Diateza pasiva)
Diateza exprima o relatie de sens gramatical intre subiect si predicat:
diateza activa (Active Voice) arata ca actiunea este savarsita de
subiectul gramatical, de exemplu:
They write the testpapers.
sunt invitat,-a.
Diateza activa
I invite John.
Il invit pe John.
I invited John.
Eu l-am invitat pe John.
I will invite John.
Eu il voi invita pe John.
I have invited John.
Eu l-am invitat pe John.
I had invited John.
Eu l-am invitat pe John.
Diateza pasiva
John is invited (by me)
John este invitat (de mine)
John was invited (by me)
John a fost invitat de mine.
John will be invited by me.
John va fi invitat de mine.
John has been invited by me.
John a fost invitat de mine.
John had been invited by me.
John a fost/fusese invitat de mine.
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EXERCISES:
1. Put the following sentences into the Passive Voice with a
personal subject:
1. They gave my little sister a ticket too. 2. People will show the
visitors the new buildings. 3. Someone has already paid the
141
142
and suggested that they should go and see the girl whose name was
Ada.
Ada and George Brown loved each other dearly. The girl didnt
want to marry the farmer. She wanted to find George.
Tripp suggested that the writer pay the bill at the hotel where
Ada was staying and buy a railway ticket for Ada to get back home.
He said that it would cost the writer three dollars.
He asked for another dollar for himself. He wanted whisky. He
added that the writer would be able to write a new short story. It would
cost only four dollars.
Ada was really beautiful. She told them all the details. She and
George were in love when the boy was eight and she was five. When
George was nineteen, he left the village and left for New York. He
promised to come back for Ada, but she never saw him again.
On the day George left they cut a cent into two pieces till they
met again.
The two men were very sorry for Ada and advised her to go
home. They saw her to the station and then went home. When they
were going to the bus-stop, Tripp took his cheap watch out of his
pocket and the writer saw half of the cent cut in two. George Brown
and Tripp were one and the same man.
The writer took out a dollar and put it into Tripps hand.
VOCABULARY
famous
acquaintance
to spend/spent/spent
to marry
to suggest
to add
pocket
cheap
vestit
cunostinta
a cheltui, a consuma
a (se) casatori
a propune, a sugera
a adauga
buzunar
ieftin
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UNIT 19
THE INFINITIVE (Infinitivul)
Infinitivul este forma sub care un verb este dat in dictionar. El exprima
notiunea verbului in sensul sau general, forma sa nefiind limitata de
numar sau persoana.
In limba engleza INFINITIVUL se formeaza prin atasarea particulei
to inaintea verbului propriu-zis.
- infinitivul prezent, aspectul simplu, diateza activa:
to read a citi
Id like to read an interesting novel. As vrea sa citesc un roman
interesant.
- infinitivul prezent, aspectul continuu, diateza activa:
to be writing a scrie
Id like to be watching TV. As vrea sa ma uit la televizor.
- infinitivul perfect, aspectul simplu, diateza activa:
to have written a fi scris, sa fi scris
foarte folosit in limba engleza este mai putin cunoscut in limba
romana, - exprima mai mult o optiune irealizabila, sau o actiune
nematerializata.
He liked to have had much money. Isi dorea sa fi avut multi bani.
She seems to have understood the question. Ea pare sa fi inteles
intrebarea.
I didnt like to have met him then. Nu mi-ar fi placut sa-l intalnesc
atunci.
- infinitivul perfect, aspectul continuu, diateza activa:
He seems to have been sleeping all day. El pare sa fi dormit toata
ziua.
- infinitivul prezent, aspectul simplu, diateza pasiva:
to be written a fi scris
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EXERCISES:
1. Insert to where necessary before the infinitives in brackets.
1. He made me (do) it all over again. 2. She can (sing) quite well. 3.
He will be able (swim) very soon. 4. I used (live) in a caravan. 5. I
want (see) the house where our president was born. 6. He made her
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(repeat) the message. 7. May I (use) your phone? 8. You neednt (ask)
for permission; you can (use) it whenever you like. 9. If you want (get)
there before dark you should (start) at once. 10. He wouldnt let my
baby (play) with his gold watch. 11. He made us (wait) for hours. 12.
Id like him (go) to a university but I cant (make) him (go).
2. Combine each of the following pairs of sentences into one
sentence using too/enough with infinitive.
Model: It is very cold. We cant go out.
It is too cold for us to go out.
He is strong. He can carry it.
He is strong enough to carry it.
1. You are very young. You cant have a front-door key. 2. It is very
cold. We cant bathe. 3. I am rather old. I cant wear that kind of hat.
4. The ladder wasnt very long. It didnt reach the window. 5. He
hadnt much money. He couldnt live on it. (Omit it.) 6. He was
furious. He couldnt speak. 7. The fire isnt very hot. He wont boil a
kettle. 8. You are quite thick. You couldnt slip between the bars. 9.
He is very ill. He cant eat anything. 10. Our new car is very wide. It
wont get through those gates. 11. The coffee isnt strong. It wont
keep us awake. 12. He is lazy. He wont get up early.
3. Reword the following sentences using the infinitive.
Model: I was glad when I heard of your success.
I was glad to hear of your success.
1. He was very sorry when he heard of your disappointment. 2. He
hopes that he will know by tomorrow. 3. It seems that it is improbable.
4. Do you understand what you have to do? 5. The candidate did not
expect that he would pass his examination. 6. Mary was told that she
must not dirty the room. 8. That was the first picture that came by
satellite. 9. My friend was delighted when she learned of the arrival of
our baby. 10. We should be sorry if we heard bad reports of him.
4. Translate into Romanian, paying attention to Active Infinitive,
Passive Infinitive and Perfect Infinitive.
148
seriously ill. The doctor told Hilary that nothing could cure the old
lady. Hilary was afraid to remain in the hard world alone. So he chose
a moment when hia aunt was feeling much better than usual and asked her
for details of her will.
The old woman told her nephew that she had made a will when she
was a young girl. She was very religious and left all her money to some
religious people in China. She didnt make any other will.
The next day Hilary found out that when a woman married, an earlier
will lost its value. A new will must be made, the money goes to the nearest
relation. His future was safe.
Hilary badly needed money, he owed a lot to shopkeepers, who
trusted him because his aunt was rich. It was impossible for Hilary to speak
with his aunt about money. She got very bad and got angry when money
was mentioned. One morning she told Hilary that she was going to send for
her lawyer to make a new will. Hilary was afraid that she wanted to leave
all her money to somebody else. So he made a decision. Every night his
aunt took some medicine to make her sleep. Hilary decided to double the
portion. He could put her to sleep forever.
He put some more medicine into the glass. His aunt took the glass
and looked at Hilary. She thanked her nephew and said: If I am alive
tomorrow, I shall change the will in your favour. If I die tonight, you will
get nothing.
She explained to her nephew that she had never been married, so her
first will did not lose its value. Hilary tried to take the glass away but the
old lady raised it and drank.
VOCABULARY
to belong to
to fail
unfortunately
therefore
to be eager to
to earn
to book
passage
to cure
will
to owe
shopkeeper
to trust
a apartine, a tine de
a nu reusi, a da gres, a uita
din nefericire/pacate
de aceea, prin urmare, deci
a fi nerabdator sa
a castiga
a astepta
calatorie pe mare, trecere, cale
a vindeca, a lecui
vointa, testament
a datora, a fi dator
vanzator
a avea incredere
150
to be angry
a fi suparat
UNIT 20
THE GERUND (Gerund-ul)
The Gerund (Gerundul) este reprezentat de gerundul nedefinit si
de gerundul perfect.
Gerundul nedefinit este identic ca forma cu participiul nedefinit,
infinitivul verbului cu ajutorul sufixului ing: to come - coming, to
read reading, to get getting, to try - trying etc.
I like swimming. Imi place sa inot.
Swimming is my hobby. Inotul este pasiunea mea.
- El are valoare de substantiv si poate fi subiect sau complement. Se
traduce in romana printr-un substantiv, o propozitie subordonata sau
un gerunziu:
Cycling is good for your health. Mersul pe bicicleta este bun pentru
sanatate.
I love gardening. Imi place sa gradinaresc.
He ended his speech by thanking everybody for their attention.
Si-a incheiat discursul multumind tuturor pentru atentie.
Gerundul nedefinit este intrebuintat:
- dupa verbe care indica inceputul, continuarea sa sfarsitul unei
actiuni: to start, to begin, to continue, to keep on, to carry on, to
stop, to finish, to give up
He started smoking.
El a inceput sa fumeze.
Go on working.
Continua sa lucrezi.
Stop laughing.
Nu mai rade.
He gave up painting. El a renuntat sa mai picteze.
-
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152
153
Alte exemple:
She stopped smoking. S-a oprit din fumat (A incetat sa mai
fumeze)
She stopped to smoke. S-a oprit (din mers/lucru)ca sa fumeze.
I saw him cross the street. (L-am vazut ca a traversat strada se
stie ca a traversat-o)
I saw him crossing the street (L-am vazut traversand strada
L-am urmarit cum traversa)
EXERCISES:
1. Complete the following sentences by putting the given verbs into
the gerund form:
1.They started (write) the lesson before the teacher came in. 2. I began
(read) a novel yesterday. 3. We dont like (have) to do homework. 4.
Do you mind (speak) to John and (ask) him to help us? 5. We enjoyed
(see) you and (hear) all your news. 6. We thought of (drive) across
France. Were rather tired of (go) by train. 7. It has stopped (rain). I
hate (go) out in the rain. 8. I love (eat) oranges, but I dislike (peel)
them. 9. My uncle has given up (smoke) and now prefers (eat) sweets.
10. I hate (practise) (read) aloud without first (learn) the new words.
11. I suggest (do) more sentences on the gerund next time. 12. I began
(look) for the missing papers a few days ago, but now I must stop (try)
to find them.
2. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form (gerund or
infinitive).
1. I am looking forward to (see) you. 2. He dreads (have) to retire. 3. I
wish (see) the manager. 4. Dont forget (lock) the door before (go) to
bed. 5. I am prepared (wait) here all night if necessary. 6. Would you
mind (show) me how (work) the lift? 7. I am beginning (understand)
what you mean. 8. I regret (inform) you that your application has been
refused. 9. Mrs Jones: I dont allow (smoke) in my living-room. Mrs.
Smith: I dont allow my family (smoke) at all. 10. I tried (persuade)
him (agree) with your proposal. 11. Your windows need (clean);
154
would you like me (do) them for you? 12. Do stop (talk); I am trying
(finish) a letter.
3. Translate into Romanian.
1. I avoided speaking to them about that matter. 2. She denied having
been at home that evening. 3. He enjoyed talking of the pleasures of
travelling. 4. Would you mind coming again in a day or two? 5. He
never agreed to their going on that dangerous voyage. 6. He did not
approve of her drinking so much coffee. 7. All the happiness of my life
depends on your loving me. 8. My friend succeeded in translating this
difficult text. 9. We are looking forward to seeing you again. 10. The
cold weather prevented the girls from going for long walks. 11. She
always complains of feeling ill. 12. Jane thought of leaving London
after Miss Browns marriage.
4. Fill the gaps with the correct prepositions and put the vers from
brackets into the gerand.
1. Jane Eyre was fond (read). 2. They accuse him (have) robbed
the house. 3. She insisted (join) our group. 4. The poor peasant
thanked Robin Hood heartily (have) helped him. 5. We were
prevented (go) to the sea by the bad weather. 6. You have little
chance (improve) the situation. 7. He persisted (try) to solve that
difficult problem. 8. We are tired (say) this so many times. 9. I
dont have any intention (interfere) in your affairs. 10. I insist
(be) told the truth. 11. I object his (borrow) money from you. 12 I
stretched out my hand to prevent her (fall).
5. Translate into English.
1. El prefera sa faca sport decat sa citeasca. 2. Ati terminat de vorbit?
3. Lui ii place sa mearga la teatru. 4. Nu ma deranjeaza ca vii acasa
putin mai tarziu. 5. Nu suport plansul tau. 6. El a hotarat sa invete mai
mult pe viitor. 7. Imi place sa ascult muzica buna. 8. Va deranjeaza
daca las usa deschisa? 9. Am reusit sa iau un bilet. 10. N-a reusit sa-si
ia examenele. 11. De ce insista parintii lor ca el sa mearga la
universitate? 12. Continua sa vorbeasca numai de el insusi. 13. Imi
place sa fumez o tigara si pe urma sa merg la plimbare. 14. Mi-e teama
sa ma gandesc ce i s-ar putea intampla.
155
VOCABULARY
fence
to get acquainted with
expensive
sketch
to seize
to turn out
gard
a face cunostinta cu
scump, costisitor
schita
a apuca, a se folosi de
a se arata, a se dovedi
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UNIT 21
THE CONDITIONALS (Propozitii conditionale)
Propozitia conditionala contine doua parti:
1) principala si 2) secundara, care de obicei, incepe cu if (daca)
If he has time, he will help us. Daca el va avea timp, ne va ajuta.
Propozitiile conditionale sunt de trei tipuri:
1) posibila in viitor; 2) putin probabila in prezent; 3) nereala in
trecut.
Type (1) The Conditional (Propozitii conditionale de tipul I)
Form:
If + Present Simple + will + base form of the verb.
condition
result
If it rains, I will stay at home.
If I dont work hard, I wont learn.
What will you do if you dont find the job?
Use (intrebuintare):
Type (1) The Conditional is used to express a possible condition
and a probable result. (Conditionalul unul este utilizat pentru a
exprima o conditie posibila si un rezultat probabil)
I will post the letter if you like. (Eu voi expedia scrisoarea daca vrei)
Notes:
1. Notice that future tense is not used in a condition.
If you will leave now, you will catch the train. (This is WRONG
e gresit)
If you leave now, you will catch the train. (This is RIGHT e corect)
2. Alternative forms (forme alternative):
a) if can be replaced by unless or in case (daca poate fi inlocuit cu
dacanu sau daca).
158
159
160
Uses (intrebuintare):
All (3) types are impossible ideas, because we know the condition
was not fulfilled, but we like to imagine the result if (Conditional
trecut de tipul 3 exprima o actiune a carei realizare a depins de
indeplinirea unei conditii:
I should/would have come in time if I had not missed the buss. (As
fi venit la timp daca nu as fi pierdut autobusul.)
He would have come if you had called him. but he didnt come!
Why? Because you didnt call him.
Nota: Daca propozitia secundara preceda pe cea principala se
separa prin virgula.
If he calls me up, I shall tell him about it.
Dar: I shall tell him about it if he calls me up.
Uneori propozitia secundara conditionala nu este introdusa prin
if. In asemenea cazuri verbul auxiliar had preceda subiectul:
Had we known about it, we wouldnt have said anything.
Daca am fi stiut despre aceasta, n-am fi spus nimic.
ATENTIE! Dupa when si if cu functie interogativa, se foloseste
viitorul.
- When will you come?
- I dont know if I will come.
Cazul trecutului ipotetic:
Dupa unele verbe (to wish, to imagine ), unele expresii (Its time,
Id rather) sau unele conjunctii (as if: ca si cand, if only: daca
macar), se foloseste trecutul, desi se face aluzie la prezent sau la un
viitor ipotetic.
I wish you came. Imi doresc sa vii.
He acts as if we were married. El se poarta ca si cum am fi casatoriti.
Its time you left. E timpul sa pleci.
Id rather you didnt come. As prefera sa nu vii.
Lets suppose he accepted. Sa presupunem ca el accepta.
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EXERCISES:
1. Read the following sentences and notice carefully the tenses of
the two verbs. Then say what kind of condition each sentence is:
1. They will get wet if it rains. 2. If it rained, I would stay at home. 3.
If you had left earlier, you would have caught the train. 4. If you eat
too much, you will be ill. 5. If I hadnt told him, he would never have
known. 6. Youll catch the train if you take a taxi. 7. If you didnt do
much maths at school, you would find economics difficult. 8. What
162
would you do if you lost your job? 9. I would have been in bad trouble
if Jane hadn't helped me.
2. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses:
1. Ill be very angry if he (make) any more mistakes. 2. What (happen)
if I press this button? 3. If they had waited, they (find) me. 4. I should
be delighted if I (have) such a beautiful fur-coat. 5. If she (not to be) so
absent-minded, she would be a much better student. 6. You would
have understood the rule if you (not to miss) the teachers explanation.
7. If my friend (work) in my office, we would meet every day. 8.The
dish would have been much more tasty if she (be) a better cook. 9. If I
(not know) English, I should not be able to enjoy Byrons poetry. 10.
If you spoke English every day, you (improve) your language skills.
3. Complete the following conditionals:
1. Why wouldnt you do it if
2. He will not come unless
3. I would not have lost my money if
4. If I had been in love with him (her),
5. If I were you,
6. If he wants to see me,
7. Unless you go to France,
8. He wouldnt have begun to learn English if
9. If he arrived late, you
10. If you had got up earlier this morning,
4. Supply a suitable tense of the verbs in brackets:
1. I wish I (know) his name. 2. Its time we all (go) home. 3. Id rather
you (go) now. 4. Its about time you (get) the tea ready. 5. Dont you
wish you (come) earlier? 6. He acts as if he (know) English perfectly.
7. If only he (not eat) so much garlic! 8. If only he (not eat) so much
garlic last night! 9. Id rather you (pay) me now. Suppose he (ask) me
for the money tomorrow! 10. He said he wished he (never see) me.
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164
165
Many stories were spread about chewing gum in the early days.
Some warned it was dangerous. It swallowed, they said, the gum
would make the intestines stick together. And painful death would
follow.
Some Americans use chewing gum in a funny expression to
joke about someones lack of intelligence. They say the person does
not have the mental ability to walk and chew gum at the same time.
VOCABULRY
chewing gum
to swallow
chicle
failure
wax
to warn
painful
guma de mestecat
a inghiti
guma de mestecat
esec, nereusita
ceara
a avertiza
dureros, greu
166
UNIT 22
In aceasta lectie ne vom concentra asupra unui sir de elemente
gramaticale care ar putea crea unele dificultati in procesul folosirii
limbii engleze.
Astfel uneori poate fi intalnita constructia the more the (more,
better, less etc), care in romaneste se traduce prin cu cat cu atat si
adjectivele sau adverbele respective la gradul comparativ:
The more we work, the more we get. Cu cat mai mult lucram, cu
atat mai mult primim.
The easier the text is, the quicker we translate it. Cu cat textul este
mai usor, cu atat mai repede il traducem.
Unele dificultati pot fi intimpinate la traducerea imbinarii to be +
infinitiv. Deseori ea se intrebuinteaza ca echivalent al verbului modal
must, traducandu-se in romaneste prin trebuie sa:
They are to start this project at the end of the month. Ei trebuie sa
inceapa acest proiect la sfarsitul lunii.
In cazul cand verbul to be este urmat de asemenea verbe ca to see,
to observe, to notice, to find, to feel etc, la diateza pasiva, traducerea
in romana se face prin poate fi, sau se poate:
This phenomen is to be observed very often. Fenomenul acesta poate
fi observat foarte des.
In afara de acesta, in imbinarea to be + infinitiv verbul to be poate
indeplini functia de verb copulativ (de legatura) dupa substantive ca:
plan, aim, task, problem etc. si se traduce in romana prin consta
in, este de a.
His aim is to prove that his material is the best. Scopul lui este de a
demonstra ca metoda sa este cea mai buna.
167
CONJUCTIONS (Conjunctiile)
Exista doua feluri de conjunctii: conjunctii coordonatoare, care leaga doi
termeni de acelasi fel; conjunctii subordonatoare, care leaga o propozitie
regenta de o subordonata.
That ca, una din cele mai folosite conjunctii, se omite atunci cand
introduce o propozitie completiva directa.
As si like ca si, de regula, as introduce comparatia intre verbe, like intre
substantive (sau pronume), dar, in engleza americana curenta, se intalneste
adesea like in fata unui verb.
A man like you, un barbat ca tine.
He did as (like) I wanted. El a facut (asa) cum voiam.
168
169
EXERCISES:
1. Translate into Romanian
1. The more we learn English, the better we know it. 2. Our aim is to
know English well. 3. The sooner he comes, the better. 4. You are to
come at nine next time. 5. The seminar is to begin at 3 p.m. 6. She
failed to come on time. 7. Both John and Mary study French. 8. We
must take either English or French this year. 9. Neither Peter nor Paul
participate in the conference. 10. He is not only a good scientist, but
also a good teacher. 11. You must do this job whether you like it or
not. 12. She talked about London as if she had lived there. 13. As soon
as you arrive in Paris, give us a call. 14. As far as I know, this team is
not involved in the Energy Project. 15. John knows French as well as
Mary does. 16. As long as we work here, we shall deal with this
problem. 17. In order to translate the text, use the dictionary. 18. She
plays both tennis and badminton. 19. Thats neither interesting nor
true. 20. I like living both in the country and in the city.
2. Translate into English.
1. Cu cat mai grea e problema, cu atat mai multe eforturi va necesita.
2. Cu cat mai mult invatam, cu atat mai mult stim. 3. Ei trebuie sa
pregateasca materialele pentru seminar. 4. Sarcina noastra e de a
restructura intreprinderile. 5. El n-a reusit sa prezinte proiectul la timp.
6. Vreau ca atat Dvoatra, cat si Dumneaei sa participati la conferinta.
7. Puteti folosi sau metoda mea, sau a dlui Brown. 8. Nici noi nici ei
nu pot solutiona aceasta problema. 9. Ei studiaza nu numai franceza,
dar si engleza. 10. Vorbesc de parca ar fi prieteni de multi ani. 11.
Indata ce termin lectiile, ne ducem acasa. 12. Ne-am intalnit inca in
1980. 13. Atat engleza, cat si franceza sunt obiectele mele preferate la
universitate. 14. Dupa cate stiu, acest actor nu este cunoscut in tara
noastra. 15. Scopul lui este de a imbunatati performanta companiei
sale. 16. Cu cat mai mult citim, cu atat mai mult cunoastem.
170
Word Usage
British
American
catalogue
cancelled
centimetre
centre
cheque
colour
employee
enquiry
favour
fulfil
guarantee
harbour
honour
instalment
kilometre
labelled
labour
licence
litre
metre
milligramme
offence
to practise
programme
skilful
totalling
traveller
catalog
accident
casualty
canceled
autumn
fall
centimeter
ask for a lift
ask for a ride
center
behind
in back of
check
to book a room to make a reservation
color
booking-office ticket-office
employe
motor-car
automobile/car
inquiry
cargo ship
freighter
favor
cashier
bank teller
fulfill
cinema
movie theater
guaranty
chemist
druggist
harbor
chemists
drugstore
honor
coach/bus
bus
installment
engaged
busy
kilometer
filling station
gas station
labeled
ground floor
first floor
lobor
garden
yard
license
to hire
to rent
liter
label
tag
meter
lift
elevator
milligram
lorry
truck
offense
Ltd (Limited)
Inc.(Incorporated)
to practice
luggage
baggage
program
post
mail
skillful
petrol
gas (gasoline)
totaling
pavement
sidewalk
traveler
PLC (private
Inc.(incorporated
limited company)
Co.)
traveling
holiday
vacation
tire
managing director president (business)
unequaled
railway
railroad
travelling
tyre
unequalled
British
171
American
No fixed rules:
dispatch/despatch
realise/realize
utilise/utilize
post code
to put through
spirits
shop
subway
number plate
to ring up
172
zip code
to connect
liquor
store
underpass
licence plate
to call up
Past Simple
Participle II
to be
to bear
to become
to begin
to bleed
to blow
to break
to bring
to build
to burn
to burst
to buy
to catch
to choose
to come
to cost
to cut
to deal
to dig
to do
to draw
to dream
to drink
to drive
to eat
to fall
to feed
to feel
to find
to fly
to forget
to freeze
to get
was/were
bore
became
began
bled
blew
broke
brought
built
burnt
burst
bought
caught
chose
came
cost
cut
dealt
dug
did
drew
dreamt
drank
drove
ate
fell
fed
felt
found
flew
forgot
froze
got
been
born
become
begun
bled
blown
broken
brought
built
burnt
burst
bought
caught
chosen
come
cost
cut
dealt
dug
done
drawn
dreamt
drunk
driven
eaten
fallen
fed
felt
found
flown
forgotten
frozen
got
173
to give
to go
to grow
to hang
to have
to hear
to hide
to hold
to hurt
to keep
to kneel
to know
to lay
to lead
to learn
to leave
to lend
to let
to lie
to light
to lose
to make
to mean
to meet
to pay
to put
to read
to rend
to ride
to ring
to rise
to run
to say
to see
to seek
to sell
to send
gave
went
grew
hung
had
heard
hid
held
hurt
kept
knelt
knew
given
gone
grown
hung
had
heard
hidden
held
hurt
kept
knelt
known
laid
led
learnt
left
lent
let
lain
lit
lost
made
meant
met
paid
put
read [red]
rent
ridden
rung
risen
run
said
seen
sought
sold
sent
laid
led
learnt
left
lent
let
lay
lit
lost
made
meant
met
paid
put
read [red]
rent
rode
rang
rose
ran
said
saw
sought
sold
sent
174
to set
to shake
to shine
to shoot
to show
to shut
to sing
to sit
to sleep
to smell
to speak
to spell
to spend
to steal
to stick
to strike
to swear
to sweep
to swim
to take
to teach
to tell
to think
to throw
to understand
to wake
to wear
to win
to wind
to withdraw
to write
set
shook
shone
shot
showed
shut
sang
sat
slept
smelt
spoke
spelt
spent
stole
stuck
struck
swore
swept
swam
took
taught
told
thought
threw
understood
woke
wore
won
wound
withdrew
wrote
set
shaken
shone
shot
shown
shut
sung
sat
slept
smelt
spoken
spelt
spent
stolen
stuck
struck
sworn
swept
swum
taken
taught
told
thought
thrown
understood
woken
worn
won
wound
withdrawn
written
175
I AM A
ENGLISH.
HURRAY !!!
WINNER, BECAUSE
176
KNOW