Archaeology: making of and practice.

Studies in honor of Mircea Babeş at his 70th anniversary

 Archaeology: making of and practice.
Studies in honor of Mircea Babeş at his 70th anniversary

Edited by Despina Măgureanu, Dragoş Măndescu, Sebastian Matei

Institutul de Arheologie Editura Ordessos

„Vasile Pârvan” Bucureşti Muzeul Judeţean Argeş

Piteşti, 2011
Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a României
OMAGIU. BABEŞ, MIRCEA
Archaeology : making of and practice : studies in honor of
Mircea Babeş at his 70th anniversary / ed.: Despina Măgureanu, Dragoş
Măndescu, Sebastian Matei. - Piteşti : Ordessos, 2011
Bibliogr.
ISBN 978-606-92525-4-3

I. Măgureanu, Despina (ed.)

II. Măndescu, Dragoş (ed.)
III. Matei, Sebastian (ed.)

902(498) Babeş, M.
929 Babeş, M.

Coperta: Andrei Măgureanu, Gabriel Dumitru (Imaginea de pe coperta I: fişă de lucru Mircea Babeş)
Corectura: editorii şi autorii
Tiparul: atelierul tipografic al Editurii Ordessos, Piteşti

ISBN 978-606-92525-4-3

© 2011 Institutul de Arheologie "Vasile Pârvan " Bucureşti şi Editura Ordessos a Muzeului Judeţean Argeş
 SUMAR ● CONTENTS

HONORARIA
Tabula Gratulatoria .........................................................................................................................................9
An archaeologist's lifetime activity in ten pictures .....................................................................................12
Constantin C. PETOLESCU – Savantul Mircea Babeş la 70 de ani (The savant Mircea Babeş at his 70) ......15
MAKING OF
Cristina-Georgeta ALEXANDRESCU – Despre un alt fel de „săpături de salvare”: arhivele arheologiei (On a
different kind of "rescue excavations": the archaeology's archives) ..................................................27
Ioan OPRIȘ – Muzeul Naţional de Antichităţi şi căutătorii de comori (The National Museum of Antiquities
and the treasure hunters) .....................................................................................................................33
Attila LÁSZLÓ – Vasile Pârvan, Getica, Revista „Dacia“ şi arheologia transilvăneană de după Primul
Război Mondial. Două scrisori inedite ale lui Vasile Pârvan către Ferenc László din anul 1925
(Vasile Pârvan, Getica, die Zeitschrift "Dacia" und die siebenbürgische Archäologie nach dem
Ersten Weltkrieg. Zwei an Ferenc László gerichtete Briefe von Vasile Pârvan aus 1925) .................43
Dan DANA – Aurel A. Mureşianu şi „iluzia dacică” (Aurel A. Muresianu et l’«Illusion dace»)...................57
Cătălin I. NICOLAE – Arheologi şi arheologie în emisiunile radioului public (1930-1944) (Archaeologists
and archaeology in the programs of public Romanian radio) ............................................................67
Despina MĂGUREANU – Zimnicea – Fragmentarium ..................................................................................87
OLD EVIDENCES - NEW INTERPRETATIONS
Marija LJUŠTINA – Well defined or taken for granted - the Bronze Age Vatin Culture a century after ..... 103
Laura DIETRICH – Gânduri asupra dimensiunilor sociale ale vaselor de tip kantharos din cultura Noua
(Gedanken über die sozialen Dimensionen der Kantharos-Gefäße der Noua-Kultur) ..................... 115
Oliver DIETRICH – Armorikanische Fremdlinge in Ost - und Südosteuropa? Quellenkritische bemerkungen
zur Verbreitung von Tüllenbeilen des armorikanischen Typs ......................................................... 123
Alexandru VULPE – Agathyrsii în imaginarul lumii antice (The Agathyrses in the imaginary of the ancient
literature) .......................................................................................................................................... 139
Vlad Vintilă ZIRRA – Comentarii referitoare la problema fortificaţiilor cu materiale de construcţie arse din
sud-vestul României (Comments on the issue of fortified settlements with fired construction
materials from southwestern Romania) ............................................................................................ 145
Daniel SPÂNU – Dezbaterea necropolei din secolele II-III de la Poieneşti în istoriografia românească
(Die Forschungsgeschichte der kaiserzeitliche Nekropole von Poieneşti) ....................................... 153
Eugen-Marius CONSTANTINESCU – O posibilă atribuire a colanului cu inscripţie din tezaurul de la
Pietroasa (A possible assignment of the collar with inscription from the Pietroasa treasure) .......... 171
ADORNMENTS & ATTIRE
Alexander MINCHEV – Three Thracian bronze founder’s moulds for small objects (5th-3rd c. BC) in the
collection of Varna Museum of Archaeology .................................................................................. 177
Ion NICULIŢĂ, Aurel ZANOCI, Sergiu MATVEEV, Mihail BĂŢ – Piese de port, podoabă şi de toaletă din
aşezarea traco-getică Saharna Mare (Clothing, adornments and toiletries from Thraco-Getae
settlement of Saharna Mare) ............................................................................................................. 193
Dragoș MĂNDESCU – The Cinderella’s bouquet of Prince of Silver. On the silver of the Thracian scheme
fibulae: a different pattern revealed by the periphery ...................................................................... 205
Aurel RUSTOIU, John Vincent Stanley MEGAW – A foreign flowering in Transylvania: the Vegetal Style
armring from Fântânele - Dealul Popii, jud. Bistriţa-Năsăud, Grave 62 .......................................... 217
Mitja GUŠTIN – Eastern Imports from the end of Late Iron Age at Novo mesto / Slovenia ....................... 239
Virgil MIHAILESCU-BÎRLIBA, Stela CHEPTEA, Ion SANDU, Viorica VASILACHE – Two ancient bracelets
from the fourth century A. D. ........................................................................................................... 255
Florin MOŢEI – Podoabe din argint lucrate în tehnica filigranului descoperite în aria culturii Poieneşti-
Vârteşcoiu (Parures en argent travaillés à la technique des filigrane découverts dans l'espace de la
culture Poieneşti-Vârteşcoiu) ............................................................................................................ 263
FUNERARIA
Magdalena ŞTEFAN – Morphological features of North-Thracian tumuli graves (5th-3rd centuries BC) ..... 271
Tudor ARNĂUT, Rodica URSU NANIU – Vestigiile funerare getice de la Stolniceni (raionul Hânceşti, rep.
Moldova). Stadiul actual al cercetării (The Getic funerary remains from Stolniceni, Hânceşti
County, Republic of Moldova. The current state of research) .......................................................... 281
Dorel BONDOC – Discoveries from the second period of the Iron Age from Sărata, Călăraşi Commune,
Dolj County ...................................................................................................................................... 291
Petar POPOVIC, Aleksandar KAPURAN – La tombe de Mokranje ............................................................... 297
Vasile URSACHI – Un semn sarmatic pe o stelă funerară descoperită la Tansa, judeţul Iaşi (A Sarmatic sign
on a funerary stella discovered at Tansa, Iași County) ..................................................................... 305
CERAMICS
Ion PĂTRAȘCU – Ştampile amforice descoperite în aşezarea getică de la Zimnicea (jud. Teleorman)
(Amphora stamps discovered in Getic settlement at Zimnicea, Teleorman County) ........................ 315
Mariana-Cristina POPESCU – Data on moldmade bowls discovered in the settlements of Brad, Răcătău
(Bacău County) and Poiana (Galaţi County), 2nd-1st century B.C. ................................................... 333
EPIGRAPHICA
Alexandru AVRAM – Marginalien zu griechisch beschrifteten Schleudergeschossen (II) .......................... 345
Florian MATEI-POPESCU – Territorium Bassianae din Dacia Superior (Territorium Bassianae from Dacia
Superior) ........................................................................................................................................... 351
AT THE BORDERLINE
Liviu MARTA, Dan ŞTEFAN – Geophysical survey in the Bronze Age settlement from Medieșu Aurit-
”Ciuncaș”, Satu Mare County ........................................................................................................... 363
Andrei SOFICARU, Răzvan ARGHIR, Erik TRINKAUS – Scheletul uman descoperit în peştera Baltagul (jud.
Bihor) (The human skeleton discovered in Baltagul cave, Bihor County) ....................................... 373
Theodor ISVORANU – Monede din perioada geto-dacică clasică descoperite în Dava de la Cârlomăneşti
(Coins of the classical Dacian period found in the dava of Cârlomăneşti) ...................................... 381

Abrevieri ● Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................... 389

 EASTERN IMPORTS FROM THE END OF LATE IRON AGE
AT NOVO MESTO / SLOVENIA

MITJA GUŠTIN (Piran)

Importuri estice de la sfârşitul celei de-a doua epoci a fierului la Novo mesto / Slovenia.
Rezumat. În necropola de la Novo mesto – Beletov vrt (epoca Latène târzie – perioada romană
timpurie) a fost descoperită placa decorată a unei paftale de centură. Este cea mai vestică prezenţă a
acestui tip de pafta de epocă Latène târzie, altfel caracteristică pentru marginea sudică a Câmpiei
Pannonice, Muntenia, Transilvania şi Moldova. Aceste paftale de centură, relativ uniforme din punct
de vedere tipologic, tehnologic şi al decorului, pot fi împărţite în mai multe grupe pe baza
diferenţierilor dintre aceste caracteristici. Grupele individuale arată anumite conexiuni regionale şi
probabil reflectă producţia unor ateliere locale precum şi o anumită afinitate etnică, deşi în aceeaşi
zonă şi chiar în acelaşi loc pot fi atestate exemplare aparţinând unor grupe diferite. Apariţia lor în afara
arealului predilect de răspândire le defineşte ca importanţi indicatori ai statusului social. Alt element
estic este reprezentat de două ceşti, foarte asemănătoare cu aşa-numitele căţui dacice. Şi în cazul
acestora, Novo mesto este punctul extrem vestic al arealului lor de răspândire. Totuşi, faţă de paftalele
de centură, ceştile sunt piese obişnuite, ordinare, ceea ce ridică şi mai multe întrebări relativ la
prezenţa lor într-un mediu străin.
Cuvinte cheie: Novo mesto, pafta de centură, placă de pafta, căţui dacice, epocă Latène târzie

In the distant year of 1983 prof. Mircea Babeş published a study in Studii şi cercetări de
istorie veche şi arheologie entitled Paftalele Latène târzii din sud-estul Europei about specifically
shaped and richly decorated belt buckles, which have from then on been the subject of numerous
archaeological discussions in Late La Tène heritage (fig. 1). He established the typology and
chronology of this important item of female attire in the 1st century BC and in a Festschrift dedicated
to his jubilee we have an opportunity to again touch upon this popular subject.
By once more presenting inventories of some of the graves from the Beletov vrt necropolis in
Novo mesto (fig. 2) we wish to direct attention to a belt buckle and two Dacian cups directly linked to
the traditions of the Celtic Scordiscan cultural groups at the confluence of the Danube, and especially
the primordial settlement areas in the southern Carpathians with established Dacian populations.

Fig 1. Novo mesto - Beletov vrt, belt plate from grave 180 (Photo RGZM, GUŠTIN 1984, Taf. 50/2).

Archaeology: making of and practice. Studies in honor of Mircea Babeş at his 70th anniversary, Piteşti, 2011, p. 239-254.
240 Mitja Guštin

Fig. 2. Novo mesto - Beletov vrt, inventory from graves 180 (1-4), 143 (5-7) and 71 (8-11).
Scale 1:4 (after KNEZ 1992).
 Eastern imports from the end of Late Iron Age at Novo mesto / Slovenia 241

Among the necropoles precipitating our understanding of prehistoric and Roman settlement in
Novo mesto, the vast Romano-Celtic necropolis Novo mesto–Beletov vrt is especially important for
our discussion 1. According to their simply dug grave pits with customarily placed cremated bone
remains at the bottom and some characteristic pottery grave goods, graves 71, 143 and 180, buried in
relative vicinity in the western part of the necropolis, must be ascribed to the La Tène tradition of
Celtic populations, which is characteristic of Beletov vrt. However, apart from the featured Celtic
inventory, these three graves also contained an exceptional belt buckle of the so-called Illyro-Celtic
type (after M. Babeş), i.e. the Laminci type (fig. 2/1), and two coarse, but characteristically shaped
ceramic Dacian cups (fig. 2/7, 9).
A more precise distribution according to gender and age of the deceased is not on hand, as
anthropological analyses were not conducted for these graves. Judging by the grave goods, grave 71
(fig. 2/8-11) can be determined as a male burial due to a spearhead; grave 180 (fig. 1/1-4) can be
determined as female based on two bronze fibulae; while the third grave, grave 143 (fig. 2/5-7), only
contained pottery and therefore cannot be determined.
Vessels highlighting the undeniably La Tène production in these graves are: a wide bowl and a
high biconical pot (fig. 2/5-6), a globular pot (fig. 2/10) and densely ribbed goblet (fig. 2/4). Part of the
necropolis inventory connected to La Tène traditions, especially Late La Tène production, included
pottery vessels with numerous analogies in graves typically attributed to the period prior to
Romanisation – easily discerned due to the graves being built, and of course the technologically and
form-characteristically new inventories. Moreover, this pottery is also well represented in other
contemporaneous necropoles of the Lt D2 stage in the heartland of the Dolenjska region (e.g. Roje,
Verdun, Mihovo, Šmarjeta) and in settlement layers
(e.g. Stična) in the period just before the onset of
intense Romanisation. It is especially typical of
these so-called Romano-Celtic necropoles that in
some cases characteristic Late La Tène pottery can
also be found in early Imperial period contexts (first
half of the 1st century BC).
For the pottery (fig. 2/5, 6, 10) we can
claim that this is a typical pottery known from the
wider Late La Tène area of the Celtic civilisation of
the time, while the densely ribbed goblet (fig. 2/4) is
a good representative of the youngest form, with
origins in the very beginning of the Lt D1 stage 2.
The presence of goblets is affirmed in graves, as
well as settlement layers in the majority of areas
belonging to the Tauriscan tribal community (fig.
3) 3. Thus, in their characteristic and younger
development form and distribution at the end of the
Late La Tène period goblets represent a distinctly
local type, most likely originating in the area of Fig. 3. Distribution map of Late La Tène
present-day Dolenjska, the homeland of the Celtic goblets (Fig. 2/4): 1 Frauenberg, 2 Kotare-baza,
Latobici tribes. 3 Murska Sobota-Nova tabla, 4 Ormož, 5 Celje,
The production centres of the belt buckle 6 Šempeter, 7 Litija-Sitarjevec, 8 Stična, 9 Roje
(fig. 2/1) and both handled cups (fig. 2/7, 9) on the pri Moravčah, 10 Dole pri Litiji-Špičasti hrib,
other hand, should be sought outside of the 11 Šmarjeta-Strmec, 12 Novo mesto,
Tauriscan areas. 13 Verdun, 14 Mihovo, 15 Zagreb? (after
GUŠTIN 2011, fig. 4).
1
KNEZ 1992.
2
GUŠTIN 1977, 72, Tab. 20.
3
GUŠTIN 2011b. Regarding the distribution of the Taurisci, see GUŠTIN 2011a, fig. 1.
242 Mitja Guštin

Wide, ovally shaped iron belt plates with hinges or a wire clamp and chape for securing onto
the leather belt with a distinct hook for fastening and characteristically decorated bronze sheet-metal
on the front surface, have drawn the attention of Late La Tène Balkan material culture researchers for
over 110 years, due to a publication of 6 such examples from Donji Laminci near Bosanska Gradiška
(henceforth Laminci).
In his detailed report from the Bosnian site Ćiro Truhelka presents the numerous objects from
destroyed grave inventories: spearheads, knives, spurs, fibulae, individual other objects, and 6 well
preserved belt buckles from a group of 10 discovered examples. Therein he hinted at the only other
analogies known to him at the time in distant Ukraine, which he would have in his own words
disregarded, had there not also been for the iron Late La Tène fibulae with a square foot among the
Laminci inventory, which he also thought were characteristic of the southern Russian area, particularly
the area from the Caucasus to the Danube 4.
With a heightened interest in Celtic culture similar belt buckles, which had become known in
the then Yugoslav literature as the Laminci type belt buckles, were discovered and identified also in
the 1950s and 1960s during research of prehistoric Celtic Scordiscan settlements, e.g. Gomolava, the
Celtic necropoles of Rospi Ćuprija and Karaburma in Belgrade5. Similar belt buckles were not only
found in the area between the Sava and the Danube, but also in Sisak (upstream along the Sava) and
further to the north in Novo mesto in the Krka valley 6, in Nyergesújfalu above the bend of the Danube,
and in Törökszentmiklós in the upper course of the river Tisa. The latter sites had incited the first
comprehensive study undertaken by Tibor Kovács, who analysed belt buckles from the area of former
Yugoslavia and Hungary in his article Latènezeitliches Gürtelblech südlicher Herkunft in Ungarn7.
During this time this valuable object of female attire was frequently identified and very similar
or almost identical belt buckles came to light in numerous other archaeological excavations in the
Romanian areas and were generally determined as paftale Latène. Mircea Babeş included this
archaeological material from southern Carpathian areas and the Yugoslav Danube region in a joint
analysis. He classified the belt buckles into type I (with a hinge between the frame and the belt plate
with chape for fastening to the belt) and type II (connecting both parts only with a simple wire clamp);
variant A encompassed those of an oval shape, while variant B were elongated rectangular shaped
ones. Babeş ascribed the eastern Carpathian buckles to the Bastarnian attire, the southern Carpathian
to the Geto-Dacian attire, and the rest from the Sava and Danube areas to the Illyro-Celtic attire.
M. Babeş included 32 sites in his analysis and his distribution map is still valid, with rare
exceptions (finds in Hungary and Slovakia). In a subsequent monograph on the Poieneşti-Lukaševka
culture he meticulously presented the inventories and belt buckles of the so-called Bastarnian group
and divided them further in three types 8.
For the former Yugoslav area two publications are of importance for the understanding of the
Laminci type belt buckles: Relativna kronologija mlajše železne dobe v jugoslovanskem Podonavju /
Die relative Chronologie in jugoslawischen Donauland by Dragan Božič and Die Kelten in
Jugoslawien by Mitja Guštin, where the Laminci type belt buckles were determined among the leading
chronological types of the Scordiscan Celtic communities in the Late La Tène period9.
In her publication Novi nalaz pojasne kopče tipa Laminci iz Siska / Ein neuer
Gürtelschnallenfund vom Typ Laminci aus Sisak, Nives Majnarić-Pandžić analytically compared
Babeş’ study of the Illyro-Celtic buckle type with the Laminci type examples from the area between
Novo mesto and Židovar. She pointed out the intertwining of types I and II and the mixing of variants
of the Babeş classification in southern Pannonia. On the basis of the popularity of these belt buckles in

4
TRUHELKA 1901, 18, 20, sl. 6; 7; HOJNOVSKIJ 1896, 167, t. XIX/854-855 (Mežigorje near Kiev).
5
TODOROVIĆ 1963; TODOROVIĆ 1972.
6
Iron decorative plate, see KNEZ 1977.
7
KOVÁCS 1982.
8
BABEŞ 1983; BABEŞ 1993, 98-102.
9
BOŽIČ 1981, 320, 328, with a precise classification of Scordiscan material culture into stages Belgrade 1 to 3,
with the belt buckles classified into the framework of stage 3. GUŠTIN 1984, 327, 341, t. 50, Beilage 1/92.
 Eastern imports from the end of Late Iron Age at Novo mesto / Slovenia 243

the area of eastern Croatia she hinted at the possibility of recognising Illyro-Pannonian attire. She
excluded a large silver belt buckle from Jarak from the Laminci type group and classified it into an
independent formative group together with examples from Sisak and Breza in Bosnia10.
Belt buckles of this type were popular among authors dealing in Late La Tène material and
frequently published, despite their often poor preservation. Thus, Miodrag Sladić once more presented
examples from the Hungarian-Yugoslav area according to T. Kovács and N. Majnarić-Pandžič in his
publication Pojasna kopča sa lokaliteta Židovar / Die Gürtelschnalle von der Lokalität Židovar and
included also the buckle from grave Orlea in Romania 11; Petar Popović emphasised the entire palette
of belt buckles according to Babeş and the Bastarnian belt buckles of the Jastdorf culture, with the
nearest typological analogy in the geographically distant Holstein type buckles from northern Europe
in his article The Scordisci and Bastarnae 12.
A similar distribution as proposed by M. Sladić was presented by Marija Jovanović in her
article Metalni nakit sa Gomolave – starije gvozdeno doba i latenski period / Metal Jewelry from
Gomolava – Early Iron Age and La-Tène Period. She published two poorly preserved buckles from
research in La Tène settlement layers in Gomolava from 1970, a larger example that came to the
Vojvodjan museum as a gift (in all likelihood from the nearby necropolis in Vukoder near Hrtkovci
village), as well as a well preserved example from 1956, which had often been presented in literature.
M. Jovanović gave an overview of Laminci type buckles after M. Sladić in table 1, and in table 2
presented the supplemented special group of larger (23-30 × 16-27 cm) size buckles from Hrtkovci,
Sisak-Silos, Sisak-Kupa, Jarak, Breza, Laminci, Nyergesújfalu and Törökszentmiklós. Moreover, she
asserted that the majority came from female graves and only rare exceptions from settlement layers 13.
In his monograph Metalurgia bronzului la Daci in the chapter Paftale din fier placate cu tablă
de bronz, Aurel Rustoiu summarised Babeş’ classification into types I and II, renaming them for the
purpose of his bronze material typology into types 6a and 6b. He kept Babeş’ original naming of the
belt buckles groups: Geto-Dacian, Bastarnian and Illyro-Celtic, only renaming the latter into the Illyro-
Scordiscan group. He expanded the Geto-Dacian to 26 sites, including all the Romanian examples of
this kind, as well as the bordering examples from the Serbian sites of Židovar, Ušče Slatinska reka and
Ajmana-Mala vrbica 14.
Cristinel Plantos presented 6 relatively well preserved examples in his discussion Buckle types
and belt fragments from Dacian settlement of Craiva-«Piatra Craivii» (Alba County), thereby
enriching the assortment of decorative motifs on plates 15. He emphasised that in southern Pannonia
these buckles are part of the female attire, while they were supposedly part of male attire in the area of
pre-Roman Dacia 16.
Among the newest publications on this topic is the work of Ivan Drnić, concerning the belt
buckles from southern Pannonia. Entitled Dvije pojasne kopče tipa Lamnici iz Dalja / Two belt buckles
of the Laminci-type from Dalj the publication offers a detailed overview of find site contexts and their
chronological framework for belt buckles from 11 sites between Apatin and Slatinska reka, which he
relates to the Scordiscan area 17.

After a brief overview of research we will focus on and summarise our knowledge of the so-
called Illyro-Celtic (Illyro-Scordiscan, Laminci type), Geto-Dacian and Bastarnian type belt buckles.

10
MAJNARIĆ-PANDŽIĆ 1990.
11
SLADIĆ 1994.
12
POPOVIĆ 1999, 51-53, fig. 4; for Jastdorf culture and characteristic belt buckles cfr. BABEŞ 1983, 213;
BABEŞ 1993, 98-102.
13
JOVANOVIĆ 2010. On attributing the buckles to female attire, see also BOŽIČ 1981, 322, 329, n. 112;
MAJNARIĆ-PANDŽIĆ 1990, 58-59, 65; POPOVIĆ 1999, 93.
14
RUSTOIU 1996, 120-121.
15
PLANTOS 2009, 44-47.
16
PLANTOS 2009, 46-47.
17
DRNIĆ 2009.
244 Mitja Guštin

Fig. 4. Basic forms of discussed Late La Tène belt buckles: 1 Laminci A group (Karaburma, gr. 14),
2-5 Laminci B group (2 Laminci, 3-4 Dalj, 5 Karaburma, gr. 39), 6-7 Jarak group (6 Jarak, 7 Sisak),
8 Nyergesújfalu group (Nyergesújfalu), 9 Craiva group (Sighişoara), 10 Hunedoara/Popeşti group
(Popeşti), 11 Otveržiči, 12 Boroseşti group (Boroseşti). Scale 1:4 (after KOVÁCS 1982, BABEŞ 1983,
MAJNARIĆ-PANDŽIĆ 1990, DRNIĆ 1999).
 Eastern imports from the end of Late Iron Age at Novo mesto / Slovenia 245

In the entire distribution area (fig. 6) this distinct part of the attire is characterised by
elongated and more or less ovally shaped buckles with a moderately longitudinally arched plate
(fig. 4). In the extreme eastern “Bastarnian group” the buckles are smaller and in the shape of an
elongated triangle (fig. 4/11-12), while in the west and north-west they developed towards expressly
wider lens-shaped forms with a conical ending, in the case of Nyergesújfalu the width almost reaching
the length (fig. 4/8).
The buckle chapes are iron with a hook for fastening and a tubular ending for securing it to the
buckle with a hinge (i.e. fig. 4/2) or a wire clamp (i.e. fig. 4/7). A thin bronze sheet metal decorated
with hammering – au repoussée – is attached to the iron chape. Due to their poor preservation and
indistinct publication it is not always possible to say whether the iron chape was wrapped around the
decorative sheet metal, or vice versa, or whether they were enclosed by a specially made bordure. It
seems craftsmen used all three possibilities.
Fastening with a hinge or a wire clamp, which had been the defining element of the Babeş
classification, appears on various forms and relatively evenly in the entire area, sometimes also at the
same site. The hinge demands a metal fitting at the end of the belt, while the wire clamp enables the
buckle to be fitted directly to the belt. This also explains why the belt fitting is rarely found as opposed
to belt buckles.
A wire clamp can be a detail of simplified production or only a consequence of repairs, which
are visible in numerous examples and demonstrate the longevity of their use. Due to their poor
preservation we may assume these cases were frequent, indicating the value of this part of the attire.
The main decorative elements, e.g. garlands along the top and bottom edge of the buckle
plates are surprisingly similar and appear in the entire distribution area. Another frequent decorative
element are hammered circles of various sizes, some more pronounced, arranged individually or in a
set or blossom. The third recognisable decorative element are metopes, separated by narrower or wider
vertical bands. They appear in approximately half the examples, again without connection to any
specific shape or region. Sometimes the lines are missing, but garlands have a similar visual effect.
The construction and the abovementioned decorative elements are common to most belt
buckles regardless of shape, find site or cultural attribution, and are known from a fairly vast culturally
and ethnically diverse area. Their occurrence is concentrated in the area between the river Sava and the
Danube, its confluence with Drava and along the Sava upstream. In the northern part of the Pannonian
plain they are only exceptionally found, while they appear frequently in Transylvania and Wallachia
between the Danube and the southern Carpathians in the area of present-day Moldavia, with individual
examples also appearing in the Ukraine (fig. 6).
Typology. In spite of the abovementioned common characteristics there are also differences
between the buckles, which enable us to discern production centres and local attires for individual
regions. Babeş had already differentiated between Geto-Dacian and Illyro-Celtic belt buckles, while
N. Majnarić-Pandžič pointed out the differences in the latter group. New finds and publications enable
us to supplement this division with a further definition of individual groups, whereby we can more
easily follow the dynamics of the spread of these buckles.
Differences between the groups can be noticed in the form and decoration, although there are
also commonalities between them. However, because these are obviously unique items, which were
produced in different sizes, forms and decorations, there are many intermediary or unique examples
among them.
Babeş’ Illyro-Celtic belt buckles (also Illyro-Scordiscan after Rustoiu, or the Laminci type)
can at present be clearly divided into several larger groups and their versions:
Laminci A group
This is a fairly unified group of expressly oval shaped buckles. These buckles are wide and
conically narrow towards the hook (group A after Babeş and Majnarić Pandžić). The decorative field
is divided into three metopes with wide bands filled with horizontal, oblique or herring-bone lines.
Similarly, the bordure along the edge of the plate is also decorated. The metopes contain garlands
ending in hammered circles, while these can also be found along the longitudinal axis of the plate
246 Mitja Guštin

(fig. 4/1). At least three belt buckles from Laminci belong to this group, a belt buckle from
Novo mesto, belt buckles A2785 and belt bukle from Gomolava, as well as the belt buckle from grave
14 at Karaburma. The somewhat simply decorated belt buckle from Karaburma 110 is also near to this
group. According to its form and size the belt buckle from Folkušová could also belong to this group,
although the decorative plate is not preserved18.
Laminci B group
This group includes narrower shapes. They have a more diverse decoration defining several
versions. These buckles also have their decorative plate divided into 2 or 3 metopes; at the site of
Laminci these are divided with similar bands as the oval examples (fig. 4/2), while they are divided
with more modest bands of parallel vertical lines at other sites. The garlands are generally without
circles and touch the edge. The horizontal longitudinal axis of the buckle is embossed with larger
(Laminci, Dalj P-10474 (fig. 4/4), Kablarovac 19) or smaller studs connected by a straight rib (Sotin,
Karaburma 39 20; fig. 4/5). The buckles from Sotin (grave 1) and Dalj (P-10473) have a hammered
concentric sun-wheel in the middle (fig. 4/3). A third, only partially preserved belt buckle from Sisak21
can probably also be included in this group, as well as buckle G 4119 from Gomolava, and perhaps
also two belt buckles from Craiva, D 4587 22 and Ardeu 23.

Fig. 5. Jarak, set with belt buckle and two fibulae (after GUŠTIN 1984, Taf. 50/1).

Jarak group
A special group of larger belt buckles was determined already by N. Majnarić Pandžić and
later summarised by M. Jovanović based on a grave from Jarak (fig. 5) and a belt buckle from
Sisak-kod Silosa 24. These are larger oval belt buckles with a characteristic smooth surface with a

18
PIETA 2008, fig. X/1.
19
POPOVIĆ 2003, t. 5/12. A smaller fragment form the same number is probably the remnant of a third belt
buckle from this site.
20
Extremely small, perhaps from a child?
21
BURKOWSKY 2004.
22
PLANTOS 2009. pl. II/1.
23
Unpublished, courtesy of I. V. Ferencz.
24
MAJNARIĆ-PANDŽIĆ 1990, 61; JOVANOVIĆ 2010.
 Eastern imports from the end of Late Iron Age at Novo mesto / Slovenia 247

sequence of convex smooth or serrated decorative rivets along the edge and the longitudinal axis
emphasised with a hammered rib. Most of them can be divided into two analogous versions of similar
shape but somewhat different production. The first includes buckles from Jarak and Židovar 25
(fig. 4/6), and the second both larger buckles from Sisak and from Hrtkovci-Vukoder (fig. 4/7), while
the buckle from Breza 26 with a series of convex rivets along the middle is a separate version.
Nyergesújfalu group
A special group is made up of 2 bronze belt buckles from Nyergesújfalu and
Törökszentmiklós in northern Pannonia. They are almost round in shape and exceedingly large, but
with a conical ending and metopes and garlands decoration similar to the Laminci A group. Their
construction is also exceptional: the chape and the decorative plate are made of bronze, while the
decorative bordure is additionally riveted to the buckle in four places (fig. 4/8).
The number of so-called Geto-Dacian belt buckles has greatly increased since Babeş’
publication. Compared to the ones discussed above these are formatively and technologically much
less varied, and because many are also poorly preserved their division is less clear. Nevertheless, some
groups can also be discerned in Transylvania and Wallachia.
Craiva group
Elongated belt buckles with evenly slightly arched longer sides, which get slightly narrower
towards the hook. The edges of the decorative field have variously executed bordures filled with
horizontal and oblique lines, i.e. an S or C pattern. Such a bordure / band can also divide the
decorative field in two. Most of the buckles from Craiva-Piatra Craivii belong to this group, while one
of them has a precise analogy also in Sighişoara (fig. 4/9). It seems that this group also includes the
damaged buckle form Židovar 27.
On the very poorly preserved buckles from Wallachia plain and northern Bulgaria numerous
hammered concentric circles of various sizes appear as a common decorative element on similarly
shaped buckles. This kind of decoration is visible on fragments from Cârlomăneşti, Chirnogi, Popeşti,
Altimir, Zgorigrad 28, and at present from two Transylvanian sites, Bernadea and Simeria.
Hunedoara/Popeşti group
The second identifiable form of belt buckles is regularly narrow and asymmetrically oval with
the highest point of the arch in the final third near the fitting. According to the decorative motifs this
group has two variants. The first is ornamented with narrow garlands divided by horizontal ribs. This
group includes the belt buckle from Hunedoara-Grădina Castelului 31 and an identical analogy from
Ostrovul Şimian. Two other slightly larger belt buckles from Transylvania also have a similar
decoration, Căpâlna and Luncani-Piatra Roşie. The second variant is present in Wallachia (Orlea,
Popeşti, Poiana) and has an extraordinary decoration with metopes with simplified human figures
and/or zigzag lines (fig. 4/10).
Boroseşti group
A group of belt buckles (so-called Bastarnian buckles) with a narrow, distinctly triangular
form of bronze sheet metal and decorated primarily with small studs and minute garlands (fig. 4/12) is
a unique and unified group, although divided by Babeş into three types (variants) on the basis of the
fastening to the belt 29. It is linked to the so-called Poieneşti-Lukaševka cultural group in the area of
present-day Moldavia between the eastern Carpathians and river Dniester (Poieneşti, Boroseşti,
Lukaševka, Dolinyani). The belt buckle from Otveržiči, which is a singular example of such buckles in
the Zarubincy culture 30, must be seen as a link between Geto-Dacian and Bastarnian buckles because
of its distinct shape and decoration (fig. 4/11).

25
JEVTIĆ 2007, 14, fig. 8.
26
PAŠKVALIN 2008, 125, t. 16/3.
27
SLADIĆ 1994, sl. 1.
28
Zgorigrad: TORBOV 2005, Obr. 2; Simeria: Pădureanu 2002-2003, Pl. I-II/a
29
BABEŞ 1993, 98-99, Abb. 26/1-3.
30
BABEŞ 1983, 207, fig. 9/9; BABEŞ 1993, 101.
248 Mitja Guštin

Fig. 6. Distribution map of discussed Late La Tène belt buckles (with number of specimens):
1 Novo mesto-Beletov vrt, 2 Sisak-Kolpa (2x), Sisak-kod silosa, 3 Donji Laminci (10x), 4 Breza,
5 Folkušová, 6 Nyergesújfalu, 7 Törökszentmiklós, 8 Čurug (at least 12x), 9 Dalj (2x),
10 Sotin-Zmajevac (2x), 11 Gradina na Bosutu kod Vašice-Kablarovac (3x), 12 "Syrmia" (vicinity of
Sremska Mitrovica), 13 Jarak, 14 Hrtkovci-Gomolava (3x), Hrtkovci-Vukoder, 15 Beograd-
Karaburma (3x), Beograd-Rospi Ćuprija, 16 Židovar-Orešac (3x), 17 Ram-Lederata, 18 Divici,
19 Ostrovul Şimian, 20 Mala Vrbica-Ajmana, 21 Ušće Slatinske reke, 22 Gruia, 23 Zgorigrad,
24 Altimir, 25 Tarnava, 26 Căciulăteşti, 27 Dobreşti, 28 Orlea, 29 Popeşti (4x), 30 Chirnogi,
31 Vlădiceasca, 32 Piscu Crăsani, 33 Pietroasele-Gruiu Dării, 34 Cârlomăneşti (2x), 35 Grădiştea,
36 Poiana, 37 Cetăţeni, 38 Ocniţa, 39 Luncani-Piatra Roşie, 40 Hunedoara-Grădina Castelului,
41 Simeria, 42 Ardeu, 43 Şura Mică, 44 Bratei, 45 Sighişoara-Wietenberg, 46 Bernadea, 47 Căpâlna,
48 Craiva-Piatra Craivii, 49 Marca, 50 Moigrad, 51 Beclean, 52 Poieneşti (2x), 53 Boroseşti (10x),
54 Lukaševka, 55 Dolinjani, 56 Otveržiči. 57 Apatin? 31. Compiled and expanded after BABEŞ 1983,
RUSTOIU 1996, GUŠTIN 2011.

Based on the presented groups we may safely assume several main workshops and their local
copyists, indicated by the diversity of shapes, sizes and motifs on the individual items, although they
are made up of generally known elements. However, the similarity of certain groups or versions
clearly demonstrates the existence of individual workshops; the diversity of examples at some sites
and the originality of some buckles also clearly indicate the transfer of the general concept and
circulation of the buckles. Differences between the examples in southern Pannonia, Transylvania,
Wallachia or distant Moldavia are visible, but so are the combining common elements.

31
Mentioned by TODOROVIĆ 1968, 62, but JOVANOVIĆ 2010, note 8, writes that there is no proof about the
existance of such a buckle.
 Eastern imports from the end of Late Iron Age at Novo mesto / Slovenia 249

The clearest are the similarities and differences between the western groups. The fundamental
difference between Laminci A and B group buckles is in their shape, which is most visible in the
eponymous site, where the shape of the narrower buckles also commands a different distribution of
decorative elements. Various variants of the Laminci B group are attested with multiple examples at
neighbouring or at least culturally related sites along the Danube (Dalj, Sotin, Kablarovac), and similar
examples can also be found in Transylvania (Craiva, Ardeu). Clearly geographically determined are
also the special groups Jarak along the river Sava and the Pannonian group Nyergesújfalu, both
demonstrating a similar oval shape as the Laminci A buckles.
The Laminci group is in many respects related to the Transylvanian Craiva group. They have a
comparable shape and bordure and some of their plates share the same technological details, i.e. the
dots encompassing the garlands. Fragmented buckles from Židovar and Ram-Lederata 32 probably
show where the border between these two groups can be expected.
The Hunedoara variant connects the Transylvanian and Iron Gates areas, while the decorated
Popeşti variant is evidently characteristic of the Wallachia plain; most belt buckles from this region
have a more rectangular shape. Only in the extreme east does the shape change again, as the
Bastarnian buckles have a triangular plate. It is interesting that also here at least some buckles have the
decoration of garlands and an emphasised longitudinal axis. Because of their supposed chronological
antecedence and because of a lack of any older Geto-Dacian models Babeş concluded that
Geto-Dacian buckles evolved from Bastarnian buckles 33.
***
When examining the distribution of individual forms at sites where two or more buckles are
known, we may also get the answer to the question, how firmly a certain form was rooted and in what
measure did this also reflect the singularity of attire.
In Laminci we are faced with a fair number of belt buckles. Although the iron chape and the
decorative bronze sheet metal for each buckle were individually made, as the published buckles differ
in detail, they nevertheless exhibit distinct stylistic similarities.
In Sisak two buckles belong to the Jarak type, while the third, poorly preserved example can
most likely be determined as a unique example of the Laminci B group.
A further larger group of buckles is known from Hrtkovci - the settlement Gomolava and Vukoder
necropolis. An example of the Jarak group with a strong central rib was found in a destroyed grave,
while two buckles from the settlement belong to the Laminci A group; another buckle without the
decorative sheet metal plate belongs to the Laminci B group according to its size.
Two belt buckles from Sotin-Zmajevac and two from Dalj can be determined as variants of the
Laminci B group characteristic of the region. Something similar can be assumed for the poorly
preserved buckles from the Gradina na Bosutu-Kablarovac site.
From the Belgrade Celtic necropoles we know of 4 examples of differently shaped pieces.
Those from the Karaburma necropolis belong to the Laminci A group (the belt buckle from grave 14)
or its variant (from grave 110), while the one from grave 39 can be connected to a variant of Laminci
B group due to the decoration and despite its small size. An elongated, but also very poorly preserved
buckle from grave 33 of the nearby Rospi Ćuprija necropolis varies strongly from the Laminci group
buckles and indicates foreign, perhaps even Bastarnian provenance.
A large Late La Tène necropolis was discovered at Čurug by Stanko Trifunović. Female
graves entailed at least 12 complete or partly preserved buckles of individual shapes, but
corresponding closely to the Laminci A and B types.
At the Židovar settlement, which authors frequently describe as a border area between the
Dacians and Scordisci, 3 belt buckles of different types were found. One belongs to the Jarak group,
another partially preserved piece is close to the Craiva group, while the third fragment is
indeterminable.

32
STOJIĆ, JACANOVIĆ 2008, 235, t. XCI/11, fig. 129.
33
BABEŞ 1993, 102.
250 Mitja Guštin

From Transylvanian sites with multiple buckles those from Craiva-Piatra Craivii were
published and mostly belong to the Craiva group. Some are very similar to the Laminci B group
buckles or even its variants according to shape or ornament.
Owing to M. Babeş belt buckles from Moldavian sites have been well published and show a
very uniform picture. All the examples discovered at the Boroseşti necropolis belong to the group of
the same name.
As we can see, some sites were more uniform (e.g. Laminci, Craiva, Boroseşti) than others
(e.g. Hrtkovci, Beograd). As expected, belt buckles from different groups were used at larger, more
important settlements, but these are almost always of the same “regional” origin.
Conclusions. M. Babeş and N. Majnarić Pandžić saw common elements of Late La Tène attire
in these buckles, with local variation in the area between the Black Sea, Danube and the Carpathians,
in Transylvania and in southern Pannonia. As far as can be concluded from grave inventories the
discussed belt buckles are part of the female attire in all the areas34. Cristinel Plantos affirms that the
belt buckles are part of female attire in southern Pannonia, but based on the male grave from
Hunedoara-Grădina Castelului assumes that in the area of pre-Roman Dacia the discussed belt buckles
may have belonged to the attire of male military elites 35. However, this is not the only possible
explanation, as these could have been double burials or graves with a symbolic addition of female
goods 36.
The grave inventories – surprising is also the number of belt buckles from settlement layers –
show with a combination of belt buckles and fibulae a somewhat unified female attire for a spiritually
and materially coherent world from south-western Pannonia to the hinterland of the Black Sea. Among
the well documented Late La Tène graves with Laminci type belt buckles are mostly those with richer
inventories, e.g. graves from Laminci, Belgrade and Sotin, where pieces of attire are complemented by
precious imports of Roman vessels.
The same holds true for the Jarak group, where two silver fibulae were found in a grave at
Jarak, which are somewhat larger compared to other similar examples (fig. 5) 37. Both fibulae belong to
the group of precious silver fibulae of a Middle La Tène scheme with a distinctly wide triangular bow
and long spring with between 12 and 20 coils on each side. Grave 110 from Belgrade-Karaburma also
has an identical fibula apart from the buckle 38.
As shown by the inventory from undocumented grave units from Laminci, belt buckles were
often combined with silver objects, e.g. relatively frequently fibulae, torques, and parts of braided wire
of so-called Foxtail shape necklaces, the majority strongly damaged by fire 39. The presence of the
precious silver Foxtail shape necklaces among the Laminci, Sisak and Psarjevo inventories had been
mentioned already by N. Majnarić Pandžić, while their presence wider in the Danubian area and
Transylvania was discussed by Miloš Jevtić 40.
Nevertheless, the Jarak group buckles stand out, influencing the entire attire with their central
role, as they represent the most demanding (and often mended) precious variant of a different size, as

34
See BOŽIČ 1981, 322, 329, n. 112; MAJNARIĆ-PANDŽIĆ 1990, 58-59, 65; JOVANOVIĆ 2010; POPOVIĆ 1999, 93;
DRNIĆ 2009, 306.
35
PLANTOS 2009, 46-47; Complexes C70 and 71 from Hunedoara are explained as rather unusual grave of
Dacian rider: SÎRBU et alii 2007, 195-196, fig. 73-74; SÎRBU, LUCA, ROMAN 2007, 157-158, fig. 2, 7-10. The belt
buckle from Ardeu was also found together with weapons, but the context here is likewise in need of further
interpretation (information courtesy of I. V. Ferencz).
36
In the description of context is mentioned medieval disturbance (SÎRBU, LUCA, ROMAN 2007, 157).
37
A luxury grave with “Dacian attire” also contained a bottom of a casserole and the handle of a simplum
according to J. Brunšmid (MAJNARIĆ-PANDŽIĆ 1990, 58).
38
Literature first referred to these precious, mostly silver fibulae of larger dimensions as astragal variant B
fibulae, later as the Kovin type fibulae, finally settling with the Jarak type designation (MAJNARIĆ-PANDŽIĆ
1990, 59; SLADIĆ 1991; JEVTIĆ 2006, 94-104).
39
TRUHELKA 1901, sl. 5, 31.
40
JEVTIĆ 2006, 116-120, map 5.
 Eastern imports from the end of Late Iron Age at Novo mesto / Slovenia 251

well as different making and decoration. This group of belt buckles can perhaps be recognised as
exceptional export examples, especially valuable gifts for establishing or established diplomatic and
economic connections, or even parts of the attire of a richly ornate bride of politically-dynastic
arranged marriages.
This is especially true for the Jarak site set, but may also be case for grave 33 from Rospi
Ćuprija, where an eastern, Dacian or Bastarnian buckle, which is part of “foreign” female attire in the
Scordiscan area, was found in a male grave with weapons 41. A similarly extremely isolated case is a
buckle from Otveržiči in the very north-east, being similar to the Transylvanian buckles according to
the form, as well as the decoration. The same could hold true for both buckles from northern Pannonia
with clearly recognisable “classical” elements, but an exponentiated shape and size. However, the
unusual production or foreign decoration of the Jarak and Nyergesújfalu buckles can also point to local
production and communities, which could have adopted, produced, and used these buckles according
to their own customs and tastes, but which cannot at present be detected (e.g. due to not being placed
in graves).
The buckles from Folkušová and Novo mesto belonging to the Laminci A group were
discovered in an obviously foreign environment at the edge of the distribution area of these buckles. In
Folkušová and nearby sites other objects (e.g. knives, fibulae) were discovered testifying to contacts
with the Dacians and Scordisci 42.
Based on its decoration the buckle from Novo mesto completely corresponds with the rest of
the Laminci A buckles, but leaves open the question of production site due to one particularity – the
fact that it is the only buckle made entirely from iron. Because this is the only example of its kind at a
relatively vast necropolis (it is not known from any other contemporaneous necropolis in Dolenjska
either), it is clear that this is a foreign element of attire. Based on the distribution of the Laminci A
group buckles we may determine their origin in the lower course of the river Sava 43.
It seems that the buckle's singularity excludes a trade origin. We would rather expect that it
had been a gift or even came together with the wearer of the attire, which would not necessarily be the
person with whom it was buried. The fibulae from the aforementioned grave are usual early 1st century
forms from the area between the Adriatic and the western edge of the Pannonian plain; the goblet, as
mentioned, even a local form. Perhaps the buckle was inherited and only placed in the grave with the
second generation.
The loose Late La Tène dating of the belt plates is not disputed despite their numerosity, as
their chronological determination44 is demanding due to the low number of useful and clearly
determined contexts. In terms of dating, we must deem most relevant graves and settlement layers
from Židovar, Hrtkovci-Gomolava, Craiva, Sigisoara, and Popeşti in Transylvania.
A broad classification of chronologically determinable units with belt plates demonstrates two
typologically linked chronological groups: the older, classical Late La Tène group, and the younger
group, which already partly coincides with the Romanised environment.
For the older group of belt plates (e.g. Beograd, Sotin-Zmajevac, Ajmana, Altimir, 45 Breza
and Laminci) the presence of certain characteristic elements is culturally-chronologically significant:
Jarak type silver fibulae, bronze vessels, i.e. especially pescate type ladles, as well as other fibulae and
object types. The material of this group, is characteristic of the developed LT D stage according to
Central European chronology – belt plate of type Jarak is clearly attested in the Židovar settlement
layers 46 belonging to the third quarter of the 1st century BC in absolute chronology.

41
TODOROVIĆ 1963, Y 55; BOŽIČ 1981, 322.
42
PIETA 2008, fig. 9, 153.
43
At least an indirect connection between Novo mesto and Laminci is also attested by the Podzemelj type fibulae
(BOŽIČ 2001, 180-190, 192, map sl. 25; TRUHELKA 1901, 18-18, sl. 3/4).
44
See DRNIĆ 2009, 313, 314.
45
KULL 2002, Abb. 15/2.
46
JEVTIĆ 2007, Fig. 7-12.
252 Mitja Guštin

The younger group is represented by graves 180 from Novo mesto and Slatinska reka, which
may have belonged to the end of the La Tène period, together with some other belt plates found in
graves in Čurug-Detelina, and pointing to the fact that the traditions of the older generation – the attire
– is preserved also during the time of intense Romanisation.
A wide distribution arch for these belt plates is a consequence of intense cultural and
economical contacts between Dacian and Celtic tribes. The belt buckle as the most obvious detail of
female attire shows especially strong ties between one or two generations of developed Late La Tène
inhabitants of the Danubian plain, Transylvania, and Wallachia, as well as distant Moldavia.
The assumption that the belt buckle came to Novo mesto together with its owner may be
supported by the two cups from the somewhat older graves 71 and 143 (fig. 2/7-9) . These hand-made
cups accompany the traditional Celtic wheel-thrown vessels, and are again a foreign form in the
pottery array from Dolenjska. However, their form is very near to Dacian cups (usually interpreted as
lamps), one of the fundamental forms of Dacian pottery production47. Their distribution area is
especially east of the Danube's confluence with Sava, while the western-most examples of clustered
distribution are known from Gomolava, i.e. and area where the Laminci A group belt buckles were
worn. Whereas it is still reasonable to assume the buckle was brought from abroad, it is hard to
imagine two such simple items being imported and we may thus conclude that the cups were made in
Novo mesto. A tempting thought is that the cups were made by someone coming to Novo mesto from
the east.

In completing this text with a comprehensive overview of the known belt buckles and plates
three decades after the publication by M. Babeş I have received help and wish to thank colleagues
Aurel Rustoiu, Julij Emil Stoyanov, Iosif Ferencz, Stanko Trifunović and especially Andrej Preložnik.
Vesna Pintarič Kocuvan translated the text into English.

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Overview e.g. CRIŞAN 1969; DIZDAR 2001, 90-91.
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254 Mitja Guštin

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 ABREVIERI ● ABBREVIATIONS
(PERIODICE, SERII, COLECŢII ● JOURNALS, SERIES, COLLECTIONS)

AAWW Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Philosophisch-Historische

Klasse, Wien
Academica Academica, Academia Română, Bucureşti
ActaAntPhil Acta Antiqua Philippopolitana. Studia Historica et Philologica, Sofia
ActaArchHung Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Budapest
ActaMM Acta Moldaviae Meridionalis, Muzeul Judeţean "Ştefan cel Mare" Vaslui, Vaslui
ActaMN Acta Musei Napocensis, Muzeul Naţional al Transilvaniei, Cluj-Napoca
ActaTS Acta Terrae Septemcastrensis, Institutul pentru Cercetarea Patrimoniului Cultural
Transilvănean în Context European, Sibiu
AEph ∆Arcaiologikh; ejfhmeriv", Athen
AIIN Anuarul Institutului de Istorie Naţională, Cluj
AIRCRU Annuario. Istituto Romeno di Cultura e Ricerca Umanistica, Venezia
AJA The American Journal of Archaeology, Boston
Aluta Aluta, Anuarul Muzeului Judeţean Covasna, Sfântu Gheorghe
AMSL Archives des Missions Scientifiques et Litteraires, Paris
Anali Anali, Spisanie za Istorija, Clasičeska Kultura i Izkustvoznanie, Sofia
AnB (S. N.) Analele Banatului (S.N.), Seria Arheologie-Istorie, Muzeul Banatului, Timişoara
Angustia Angustia. Revista de Arheologie, Istorie, Etnografie şi Sociologie a Muzeului Naţional
al Carpaţilor Răsăriteni, Sfântu Gheorghe
AnnÉp Année Épigraphique, Paris
L'Anthropologie L'Anthropologie, Paris
AOR Arheologicieski Otkriti I Razkopki, Sofia
Apulum Apulum. Acta Musei Apulensis, Muzeul Unirii, Alba Iulia
AR Archaeological Reports, London
Archeologia Archeologia. Rocznik IHKM, Warszawa
ArchBulg Archaeologia Bulgarica, Sofia
ArchÉrt Archaeologiai Értesítő, Budapest
ArchHung Archaeologia Hungarica, Budapest
ArchKorr Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt, Mainz
ArchNach Archäologisches Nachrichtenblatt, Berlin
ArchPolsk Archeologia Polski, Wroklaw-Warszaw-Krakow
ArchRozhledy Archeologické Rozhledy, Prahe
ArchSR Arkansas Archeological Survey Research, Fayetteville
Argesis Argesis, Studii şi Comunicări, Seria Istorie. Muzeul Judeţean Argeş, Piteşti
ArheologijaSofia Arheologija, Organ na Arheologičeskija Institut i Muzej pri Bălgarskata Akademija na
Naukite, Sofia
ArhKiev Arheologija. Institut Arheologii, Kiev
ArhMold Arheologia Moldovei, Institutul de Arheologie Iaşi
ArhPregled Arheološki Pregled, Beograd
ArhVestnik Arheološki Vestnik, Ljubliana
ArtArh Arta şi Arheologia, Iaşi
ASSPA Annuaire de la Société Suisse de Préhistoire et d’Archéologie, Bale
Athenian Agora The Athenian Agora. Results of Excavation Conducted by The American School of
Classical Studies at Athena, Princeton
AthenMitt Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Athenische Abteilung, Athen-
Berlin
Balcania Balcania. Revue de l' Institut d' Études et Recherches Balkaniques, Bucureşti
Balkan-Archiv Balkan-Archiv, Forsetzung des Jahresberichtes des Instituts für rümanische Sprache,
Leipzig - Köln - Hamburg
Banatica Banatica, Muzeul de Istorie al Judeţului Caraş-Severin, Reşiţa
BAR British Archaeological Reports, Oxford
390 Abrevieri ● Abbreviations

BCH Bulletin de Correspondance Hellenique, Athènes-Paris

BCMI Buletinul Comisiunii Monumentelor Istorice
BerRGK Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission der Deutschen Archäologischen
Instituts, Frankfurt am Main
BJ Bonner Jahrbücher, Bonn
BMJT Buletinul Muzeului Judeţean Teleorman. Seria Arheologie, Alexandria
Bucureştii Bucureştii, Revista Muzeului şi Pinacotecii Municipiului Bucureşti
BullAOM Bulletin of the Ancient Orient Museum, Tokyo
BulMuzNațB Buletinul Muzeului Regional al Basarabiei, Chişinău
CaieteARA Caietele ARA. Revistă de Arhitectură, Restaurare şi Arheologie, Asociaţia ARA,
Bucureşti
CaieteBanat Caiete Banatica, Seria arheologie, Reşiţa
CAMNI Cercetări Arheologice. Muzeul Naţional de Istorie a României, Bucureşti
Carpica Carpica. Revista Complexului Muzeal „Iulian Antonescu”, Bacău
CCDJ Cultură și civilizație la Dunărea de Jos, Muzeul Dunării de Jos, Călăraşi
CercetIstIaşi Cercetări Istorice, Iaşi
CICSA Buletinul Centrului de Istorie Comparată a Societăţilor Antice, Universitatea Bucureşti
CIL Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, Berlin
CN Cercetări Numismatice, Muzeul Naţional de Istorie a României, Bucureşti
ComArchHung Communicationes Archaeologicae Hungariae, Budapest
Crisia Crisia. Muzeul Țării Crișurilor, Oradea
Cugetul Cugetul, Revistă de Istorie şi Ştiinţe Umaniste, Chişinău
Dacia (N.S.) Dacia. Recherches et Découvertes Archéologiques en Roumanie (Nouvelle Série:
Revue d`Archéologie et d`Histoire Ancienne), Institutul de Arheologie „Vasile Pârvan”
Bucureşti
Dacoromania Dacoromania. Buletinul Muzeului Limbei Române, Cluj
Danubius Danubius, Revista Muzeului de Istorie Galaţi, Galaţi
DolgCluj Dolgozatok (Travaux). Dolgozatok az Erdélyi Nemzeti Múzeum Érem - és
Régiségtárából, Kolozsvar (Cluj)
Drobeta Drobeta. Muzeul Regiunii Porţile de Fier, Drobeta-Turnu Severin
EA Eurasia Antiqua, Zeitschrift für Archäologie Eurasiens, Deutsches Archäologisches
Institut Berlin, Mainz
ED Ephemeris Dacoromana. Annuario della Scuola Romena di Roma, Bucureşti - Roma
EJA European Journal of Archaeology, Durham - Cambridge - Prahe
EphemNap Ephemeris Napocensis, Institutul de Arheologie şi Istoria Artei, Cluj-Napoca
Epigraphica Epigraphica. Rivista Italiana di Epigrafia, Faenza - Bologna - Milano
ÉvkDebrecen A Debreceni Déri Múzeum Évkönyve, Debrecen
ÉvkPécs A Janus Pannonius Múzeum Évkönyve, Pécs
FHDR Fontes Historiae Daco-Romaniae - Izvoarele Istoriei României, Bucureşti
Gândirea Revista Gândirea, Cluj-Bucureşti
Germania Germania. Anzieger der Römisch-Germanischen Kommision des Deutschen
Archäologischen Instituts, Frankfurt am Main
GlasnikSAD Glasnik Srpskog Geografiskog Društva, Belgrad
GlasnikSarajevo Glasnik Zemaljskog Muźeja Bosnie i Hercegovine, Arheologija, Sarajevo
GodišnjakSarajevo Godišnjak Akademije Nauka I Umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo
GodMSB Godišnik na Muzeite ot Severna Bălgarija, Varna
HBArch Hambuger Beiträge zur Archäologie, Hamburg
Hesperia Hesperia: Results of Excavation Conducted by The American School of Classical
Studies at Athena, Princeton
Hierasus Hierasus, Anuarul Muzeului Judeţean Botoşani, Botoşani
Histria Histria. Les Resultats des Fouilles, Bucarest
Horos Horos, Athen
IDR Inscripţiile Daciei Romane, Bucureşti
IDRE Inscriptions de la Dacie romaine. Inscriptions externes concernant l'histoire de la Dacie
romaine, ed. C. C. Petolescu, Bucureşti
IG Inscriptiones Graecae, Berlin
 Abrevieri ● Abbreviations 391

ILB Inscriptiones Grecae in Bulgaria reperta, Sofia

ILJug Inscriptiones latinae quae in Jugoslavia repertae et editae sunt, Ljubljana
ILS Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae
IMFAN Izvestia Moldavskogo Filiala AN SSSR, Chişinău
IMS Inscriptions de la Mésie Supérieure, Beograd
ISM Inscripţiile din Scytia Minor, Bucureşti
Istraživanja Istrazivanja. Filozofski Fakultet, Novi Sad
Istros Istros, Muzeul Brăilei, Brăila
IzvestijaSofia Izvestija na Bălgarskija Arheologičeskij Institut, Sofia
IzvestijaŠumen Izvestija, Istoričeski Muzej Šumen, Šumen
IzvestijaVarna Izvestija, Varnensko Arheologičesko Družestvo, Narodnija Muzej Varna, Varna
JahrbRGZM Jahrbuch der Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums, Mainz
JAR Journal of Archaeological Research, Heidelberg - Chichago - New York
JDAI Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Berlin
JÖAI Jahreshefte des Österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes in Wien
JRA Journal of Roman Archaeology, Portsmouth, Rhode Island
Latomus Latomus. Société d'Études Latines de Bruxelles, Bruxelles
LGPN P.M. Fraser, E. Matthews et alii (Hrsg.), A Lexicon of Greek Personal Names, Oxford
MagIst Magazin Istoric, Bucureşti
MAGW Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien
Materiale Materiale şi Cercetări Arheologice, Institutul de Arheologie "Vasile Pârvan", Bucureşti
ME Molecular Ecology, Vancouver - Malden
MemAntiq Memoria Antiquitatis, Complexul Muzeal Judeţean Neamţ, Piatra Neamţ
MemSŞIA Academia Română, Memoriile Secţiei de Ştiinţe Istorice şi Arheologie, Bucureşti
MIF Mitologija, Izkustvo, Folklor, Sofia
MittBaudenkmale Mitteilungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Central-Commission zur Erforschung und
Erhaltung der Baudenkmale, Wien
Mousaios Muosaios, Buletin Ştiinţific al Muzeului Judeţean Buzău, Buzău
MuzNaţ Muzeul Naţional, Muzeul Naţional de Istorie a României, Bucureşti
NDV Nachrichtenblatt für Deutsche Vorzeit, Leipzig
Oltenia Studii şi Comunicări. Seria Arheologie-Istorie, Muzeul Olteniei, Craiova
OpArch Opuscula Archaeologica, Lund
Paideuma Paideuma. Mitteilungen zur Kulturkunde, Frobenius-Institut, J.W. Goethe Universität,
Frankfurt am Main
PamArh Památky Archeologické, Prahe
PAS Prähistorische Archäologie in Südosteuropa, Rahden
PBF Prähistorische Bronzefunde, München
Peuce Peuce, Studii şi Cercetări de Istorie şi Arheologie, Institutul de Cecetări Eco-Muzeale,
Tulcea
Philologica Jassyensia Philologica Jassyensia. Institutul de Filologie Română „A. Philippide” Iaşi
Pontica Pontica, Muzeul de Istorie Naţională şi Arheologie Constanţa
PPS Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, Cambridge
PrzeglArch Przegląd Archeologiczny, Poznan
Pulpudeva Pulpudeva. Semaines Pillippopolitaines de l’Histoire et de Culture Thrace, Plovdiv
PZ Prähistorische Zeitschrift, Leipzig - Berlin
RadVM Rad Vojvođanskih Muzeja, Novi Sad
RDAC Reports of the Department of Antiquities of Cyprus, Nikosia
RE (Pauly-Wissowa) Real-Encyclopädie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft
REG Revue des Études Grecques, Paris
RÉSEE Revue de Études Sud-Est Européenes, Bucureşti
RevChim Revista de Chimie, Bucureşti
RevIstTL Revista de Istorie şi Teorie Literară, Bucureşti
RevMuz Revista Muzeelor, Bucureşti
RIAF Revista pentru Istorie, Arheologie şi Filologie, Bucureşti
RIHM Revue Internationale d’Histoire Militaire
RMI Revista Monumentelor Istorice, Bucureşti
392 Abrevieri ● Abbreviations

RMMM Revue du Monde Musulmans et de la Méditerranée, Aix-en-Provence

RocBiałostok Rocznik Białostocki, Białostok
Saeculum Saeculum, Revistă de Filosofie, Sibiu
Sargetia Sargetia. Acta Musei Devensis, Muzeul Civilizaţiei Dacice şi Romane, Deva
Savaria Savaria. A Vas Megyei Múzeumok Értesitöje, Savari Muzeum, Sombathely
SbornikČačac Sbornik Radova Narodnog Muzeja Čačac
SbornikKruševac Kruševački Sbornik, Kruševac
SCIA–AP Studii şi Cercetări de Istoria Artei. Seria Artă Plastică, Bucureşti
SCIV(A) Studii şi Cercetări de Istorie Veche (şi Arheologie), Institutul de Arheologie „Vasile
Pârvan”, Bucureşti
SCN Studii şi Cercetări de Numismatică, Bucureşti
SEG Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum, Leiden - Boston
SlovArch Slovenská Archeológia, Nitra
SovArh Sovetskaja Arheologija, Moskva
StAntArch Studia Antica et Archaeologica, Iaşi
Starinar (N. S.) Starinar, Organ Srpskog Arheološki Institut, Beograd
StComSatu Mare Satu Mare, Studii şi comunicări, Muzeul Judeţean Maramureş, Satu Mare
StComSfântuGheorghe Studii şi Comunicări (Tanulmányok és Közlemények), Muzeul Sfântu Gheorghe
(Sepsiszentgyörgy)
StComSibiu Muzeul Brukenthal, Studii şi comunicări, Seria Arheologie-Istorie, Sibiu
StMatSuceava Suceava, Studii şi Materiale, Muzeul Bucovinei, Suceava
Stratum Plus Stratum Plus, Sankt Petersburg – Chișinău – Odessa – București
Studia Politica Studia Politica. Romanian Political Science Review, Universitatea Bucureşti
Studii Studii. Revistă de Istorie, Muzeul Naţional de Antichităţi, Bucureşti
StUnivCluj Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai, Seria Historia, Cluj-Napoca
SvodAI Arheologia SSSR. Svod Arheologičeskih Istočnikov, Moskva
Światowit Światowit. Rocznik Katedry Archeologii Pradziejowej i Wczesnosredniowiecznej
Universytetu Warszawskiego, Warszaw
SympThrac Symposia Thracologica, Bucureşti
ŞcBârlad Şcoala Bârlădeană, Bârlad
Thraco-Dacica Thraco-Dacica, Institutul de Tracologie, Bucureşti
TIR Tabula Imperii Romani
TrudyErm Trudy Gosudarstvenogo Ermitaža, St. Petersburg (Leningrad)
Tyche Tyche. Beiträge zur Alten Geschichte, Papyrologie und Epigraphik. Institut für Alte
Geschichte, Universität Wien
Tyragetia Tyragetia. Muzeul Naţional de Arheologie şi Istorie a Moldovei, Chişinău
UPA Universitätsforschungen zur Prähistorischen Archäologie, Bonn
VjesnikZagreb Vjesnik Arheološkog Muzeja u Zagrebu
WiadArch Wiadomości Archeologiczne, Varşovia
Zalmoxis Zalmoxis. Revistă de Studii Religioase, Paris
ZápSlov Západné Slovensko, Vlastivedny Zbornik Muzei Západnoslovenskéhe Kraja, Trnava
ZbornikNMB Zbornik Narodnog Muzeja, Beograd
ZPE Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, Köln