xXzX³Á0«Èn³zÁÄXXn«0¨È nX!

XXx…n(…à
ÈzXà0«³XÁÁ0(0³ÁÁ(0x0(X!Xz¹XI«x!X0
‫ٻ‬zX!…n0Á0³Á0xXÄzÈ‫ٽ‬

Ion BAHNAREL
JǝƺȒȸǕǝƺ…³Á«…I0Ä
Elena CIOBANU
Ovidiu TAFUNI
!ƑɎƑǼǣȇƏ!«…XÁ…«È
Aliona TIHON
Aliona SERBULENCO
Olga CERNELEV
zƏɎƏǼǣƏ Xà…n
Radu RUSU

IGIENA
J0z0«n
!ǝǣɈǣȇƑɖَ‫דדבד‬
 



Ion BAHNAREL, Gheorghe OSTROFEŢ, Elena CIOBANU, Ovidiu TAFUNI,
Cătălina CROITORU, Aliona TIHON, Aliona SERBULENCO,
Olga CERNELEV, Natalia BIVOL, Radu RUSU








6XEUHGDF‫܊‬LDSURIHVRUXOXLXQLYHUVLWDU
Ion Bahnarel











 Aprobat la Consiliul de Management al Calității al Universității de Stat
de Medicină și Farmacie „Nicolae Testemițanu”, nr. 4 din 05.07.2021

Autori:

Referenți:

Machetare: editura Garomont-Studio

Tehnoredactare: Roșca Cristina
Pre-press: tipografia Garomont Studio

Editura: Garomont-Studio, SRL

str. Ion Creangă, 39. Tel.: 067 228 277
e-mail: garomont_print@promovare.md

Tipografia: SC Garomont Studio, SRL

str. Alba Iulia, 75. Tel.: 076 706 287
e-mail: garomont@promovare.md, garomont_print@promovare.md

DESCRIEREA CIP A CAMEREI NAȚIONALE A CĂRȚII DIN REPUBLICA MOLDOVA

Igiena generală : Manual : (pentru studenţii Facultăţii Medicină) / Ion Bahnarel,
Gheorghe Ostrofeţ, Elena Ciobanu [et al.] ; sub redacția: Ion Bahnarel ; Ministerul Sănătă-
ţii al Republicii Moldova, Universitatea de Stat de Medicină și Farmacie "Nicolae Testemi-
Bibliogr.: p. 417-419 (60 tit.). – 350 ex.
ISBN 978-9975-162-35-7.
CZU 613/614(075.8)
I-38

© CEP Medicina, 2022

© Bahnarel Ion, 2022




 ,QWURGXFHUHvQLJLHQăIon Bahnarel, Gheorghe Ostrofeț 
 0HWRGHGHFHUFHWDUH3ULQFLSLLOHQRUPăULLLJLHQLFH([SHUWL]DLJLHQLFă 
Ion Bahnarel, Gheorghe Ostrofeț


 ,JLHQDDHUXOXL1R‫܊‬LXQLGHYUHPHGHFOLPă‫܈‬LGHPLFURFOLPDW 
,PSRUWDQ‫܊‬DLJLHQLFăDIDFWRULORUIL]LFLDLDHUXOXLCătălina Croitoru
 )DFWRULLFKLPLFLDLPHGLXOXLDHULDQ‫܈‬LLQIOXHQ‫܊‬DORUDVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXL 
Cătălina Croitoru
 ÌQFăO]LUHDJOREDOă‫܈‬LHIHFWHOHDVXSUDSRSXOD‫܊‬LHLCătălina Croitoru 
 %D]HOHVDQLWDURLJLHQLFHDOHvQFăSHULORUCătălina Croitoru 
 3ROXDUHDDHUXOXLLQWHULRUOvidiu Tafuni 
 ,JLHQDDSHLOvidiu Tafuni, Gheorghe Ostrofeț, Olga Cernelev 
 3DWRORJLDKLGULFăQHLQIHF‫܊‬LRDVăElena Ciobanu, Natalia Bivol 
 ,JLHQDVROXOXL1RĠLXQLJHQHUDOH,PSRUWDQĠDLJLHQLFăElena Ciobanu, 
Gheorghe Ostrofeț
 6DOXEUL]DUHDFHQWUHORUSRSXODWHGheorghe Ostrofeț, Elena Ciobanu 


 ,JLHQDDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHL‫܈‬LQXWUL‫܊‬LD$OLPHQWD‫܊‬LDUD‫܊‬LRQDOă&RQVXPXOGHHQHUJLH 
YDORDUHDHQHUJHWLFăDUD‫܊‬LHLDOLPHQWDUHAliona Tihon, Aliona Serbulenco
 &RPSRQHQ‫܊‬DFDOLWDWLYăDUD‫܊‬LHLDOLPHQWDUH3ULQFLSDOHOHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HQXWULWLYH 
WLSXULOH‫܈‬LUROXOORUAliona Tihon, Ovidiu Tafuni
 9LWDPLQHOH $SRUW DOLPHQWDU DEVRUE‫܊‬LH UROXUL FDUHQĠH Aliona Tihon, 
Ovidiu Tafuni
 (OHPHQWHPLQHUDOHOlga Cernelev, Ovidiu Tafuni 
 *UXSHOHSULQFLSDOHGHSURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUH&DUDFWHULVWLFD 
,PSRUWDQ‫܊‬DLJLHQLFăOlga Cernelev, Ovidiu Tafuni
 3DWRORJLL‫܈‬LLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LLDOLPHQWDUHCătălina Croitoru, 
Gheorghe Ostrofeț
 $OLPHQWD‫܊‬LDSHUVRDQHORUGHYkUVWDDWUHLDCătălina Croitoru 
 $OLPHQWD‫܊‬LDSHWLPSGHFDQLFXOăCătălina Croitoru 
 %D]HOHQXWUL‫܊‬LHL‫܈‬LGLHWHWLFLLOvidiu Tafuni, Radu Rusu, Olga Cernelev) 
 3URGXVHDOLPHQWDUHFDIDFWRUGHSURWHF‫܊‬LHvQSURILOD[LDXQRUPDODGLL 
3URPRYDUHDDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHLVăQăWRDVHAliona Tihon, Ovidiu Tafuni
 6XSOLPHQWHOHDOLPHQWDUHRadu Rusu, Ovidiu Tafuni 
 $GLWLYLLDOLPHQWDULAliona Tihon, Ovidiu Tafuni 


 ,JLHQDPXQFLL,JLHQDRFXSD‫܊‬LRQDOăAliona Serbulenco, 
Aliona Tihon) 
 )L]LRORJLDPXQFLL2ERVHDODAliona SerbulencoAliona Tihon 
 1R[HSURIHVLRQDOH%ROLSURIHVLRQDOHAliona Serbulenco 
Aliona Tihon
 ,JLHQDPXQFLLvQDJULFXOWXUăElena Ciobanu 
 ,JLHQDXWLOL]ăULLSURGXVHORUGHX]ILWRVDQLWDU‫܈‬LDIHUWLOL]DQ‫܊‬LORU 
Elena Ciobanu
 6WUHVXORFXSD‫܊‬LRQDOAliona Serbulenco 

 ,JLHQDFRSLLORU‫܈‬LWLQHULORUFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXO‫܈‬LVDUFLQLOH&UH‫܈‬WHUHD‫܈‬LGH]YRO 

WDUHDIDFWRULLFDUHLQIOXHQ‫܊‬HD]ăVăQăWDWHDFRSLLORUCătălina Croitoru
 'H]YROWDUHDIL]LFă‫܈‬LVWDUHDGHVăQăWDWHDFRSLLORU‫܈‬LDWLQHULORU 
Cătălina Croitoru
 5HJLPXO]LOHL‫܈‬LFRQGL‫܊‬LLOHGHUHDOL]DUHDSURFHVXOXLLQVWUXFWLYHGXFDWLY 
DOFRSLLORU‫܈‬LWLQHULORUCătălina Croitoru
 3ULQFLSLLOH LJLHQLFH GH SURLHFWDUH ‫܈‬L SODQLILFDUH D LQVWLWX‫܊‬LLORU SHQWUX 
FRSLL‫܈‬LWLQHUHWOlga Cernelev, Ovidiu Tafuni


 &HULQ‫܊‬HLJLHQLFRVDQLWDUH‫܈‬LGHVWUXFWXUăIXQF‫܊‬LRQDOăDVSLWDOHORU 
Elena Ciobanu
 5HJLPXOVDQLWDURLJLHQLFvQVSLWDOH3URILOD[LDLQIHF‫܊‬LLORUQRVRFRPLDOH 
Elena Ciobanu, Aliona Serbulenco
 ,JLHQDPXQFLLPHGLFLORUGHGLIHULWHVSHFLDOLWă‫܊‬LElena Ciobanu 


Ion Bahnarel
 
Aliona Serbulenco


Aliona Serbulenco


Aliona Serbulenco

 












































 






aa ± DPLQRDFL]L
ADS ±DF‫܊‬LXQHGLQDPLFăVSHFLILFă
AET ±DSRUWHQHUJHWLFWRWDO
AGM ±DFL]LJUD‫܈‬LPRQRQHVDWXUD‫܊‬L
AGPN ±DFL]LJUD‫܈‬LSROLQHVDWXUD‫܊‬L
AGS ±DFL]LJUD‫܈‬LVDWXUD‫܊‬L
ADN ±DFLGGH]R[LULERQXFOHLF
ARN ±DFLGULERQXFOHLF
CEP ±FRHILFLHQWGHHILFLHQ‫܊‬ăSUDFWLFă
CUD ±FRHILFLHQWGHXWLOL]DUHGLJHVWLYă
DHA ±DFLGGRFRVDKH[DHQRLF
EPA ±DFLGHLFRVDSHQWDHQRLF
g ±JUDP
HDL ±JUXSGHOLSRSURWHLQH
IG ±LQGLFHJOLFHPLF
kcal ±NLORFDORULH
kg ±NLORJUDPH
kJ ±NLORMRXOL
LA ±OLSLGHGHRULJLQHDQLPDOă
LDL ±FROHVWHUROOLSRSURWHLQă
LV ±OLSLGHGHRULJLQHYHJHWDOă
MB ±PHWDEROLVPED]DO
NAF ±QLYHOGHDFWLYLWDWHIL]LFă
OMS ±2UJDQL]D‫܊‬LD0RQGLDOăD6ăQăWă‫܊‬LL
PA ±SURWHLQHGHRULJLQHDQLPDOă
PDCAAS ±SURWHLQGLJHVWLELOLW\FRUUHFWHGDPLQRDFLGVFRUH
RET ±UD‫܊‬LHHQHUJHWLFăWRWDOă
VB ±YDORDUHELRORJLFă
 „Sănătatea nu este totul, dar fără sănătate totul este nimic”
(Schopenhauer)

2PXOGLQFHOHPDLYHFKLWLPSXULVDVWUăGXLWQXGRDUVă‫܈‬LDVLJXUHH[LV
WHQ‫܊‬DGDU‫܈‬LVăHYLWHVDXVăDWHQXH]HVXIHULQĠHOHSURYRFDWHGHXQPHGLXSOLQGH
SHULFROHúLGHIDFWRULDJUHVLYL6HFROHGHDUkQGXORPHQLUHDDIRVWDPHQLQ‫܊‬DWăGH
EROLWUDQVPLVLELOHXQHOHIRDUWHJUDYHÌQXOWLPHOHGHFHQLLDOHVHFDO;;OHDJUD
‫܊‬LHSURJUHVHORUvQGRPHQLXOPHGLFLQHLSUHYHQWLYHLQFOXVLYDLJLHQHLúLDHSLGH
PLRORJLHLDPHOLRUăULLFRQGL‫܊‬LLORUGHWUDLúLGHPXQFăDOHSRSXOD‫܊‬LHLFUHúWHULLQL
YHOXOXLFXOWXUDOHGXFDWLYFRQ‫܈‬WLHQWL]ăULLUROXOXLLPHQVDOPăVXULORUGHSUHYHQ‫܊‬LH
PXOWHEROLLQIHF‫܊‬LRDVHDXIRVWOLFKLGDWHVDXVXQWSHFDOHGHGLVSDULĠLHÌQSRILGD
VXFFHVHORUUHSXUWDWHODVIkU‫܈‬LWXOGHFHQLXOXLDOGRLOHDDOVHFDO;;,OHDRPHQLUHD
VDFRQIUXQWDWFXRSDQGHPLHFDUHDDIHFWDW]HFLGHPLOLRDQHGHRDPHQL‫܈‬LDUăSXV
PLOLRDQHODQLYHOPRQGLDO
&XYkQWXO igienă GHULYă GH OD Hygeia FDUH vQ PLWRORJLD JUHDFă HUD ]HLĠD
VăQăWăĠLLXQDGLQWUHILLFHOHOXL$VNOHSLRV(VFXODSODURPDQL]HXOYLQGHFăWRU
DOEROLORUúLVLPERODOPHGLFLQHL
‫܇‬WLLQ‫܊‬DLJLHQDHVWHXQDGLQWUHFHOHPDLYHFKLUDPXULDOHPHGLFLQHLDOFăUHL
VFRSGLQWRWGHDXQDDIRVWSUHYHQLUHDvPEROQăYLULORUúLSăVWUDUHDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLRDPHQL
ORUVSUHGHRVHELUHGHUDPXULOHFOLQLFHFDUHDXFDRELHFWSULQFLSDOVWXGLXOEROLLD
SURFHVHORUSDWRORJLFHvQVFRSXOYLQGHFăULLEROQDYLORU,JLHQDSRDWHILGHILQLWăFD
‫܈‬WLLQĠDVăQăWăĠLLSRSXODĠLHLDSăVWUăULLúLIRUWLILFăULLVăQăWăĠLLRDPHQLORUDFROHF
WLYLWă‫܊‬LORUXPDQHúLGHDFHHDHVWHGLVFLSOLQDGHED]ăDPHGLFLQHLSUHYHQWLYH
Obiectul de studiu DOLJLHQHLHVWHFHUFHWDUHDIDFWRULORUGLQPHGLXOQDWXUDO
RFXSD‫܊‬LRQDOKDELWXDOVRFLDOGHLQVWUXLUHGHUHFUHHUHúLDDFĠLXQLLORUDVXSUDVă
QăWăĠLLRDPHQLORU,JLHQDFD‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬ăHODERUHD]ăQRUPHúLOHJLVDQLWDUHPăVXULGH
DVDQDUHúLGHSURILOD[LHFDUHVăIXQGDPHQWH]HXQPHGLXLJLHQLFGHWUDL
Capitolul *

Scopurile LJLHQHLVXQW
● SăVWUDUHDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLúLSHUIHF‫܊‬LRQDUHDHLODQLYHOXOLQGLYLGXOXLúLDOFROHF
WLYLWă‫܊‬LLXPDQH
● DPSOLILFDUHDUH]LVWHQ‫܊‬HLRUJDQLVPXOXL
● SUHOXQJLUHDGXUDWHLPHGLLDYLH‫܊‬LL
● SUHOXQJLUHDGXUDWHLELRORJLFHDFWLYHDYLH‫܊‬LL
Obiectivul principal DOLJLHQHLHVWHVăQăWDWHD8QPDUHHQGRFULQRORJ1
3HQGHGHVFRSHUHDXUPăWRDUHOHSDWUXDUPRQLLvQWUXQRUJDQLVPVăQăWRVÄVăQă
WDWHDHVWHDUPRQLDIXQFĠLXQLORUDúDFXPIUXPXVHĠHDHVWHDUPRQLDIRUPHORUFRU
SXOXLDúDFXPDGHYăUDWDEXQăWDWHHVWHDUPRQLDVHQWLPHQWHORUHWLFHúLDGHYăUDWD
vQ‫܊‬HOHSFLXQHHVWHDUPRQLDLQWHOHFWXOXL´
ÌQPRGWUDGLĠLRQDORDPHQLLDXGHILQLWVăQăWDWHDvQGLIHULWHPRGXUL2SHU
VRDQăGHFRQGXFHUHFXVWUXFWXUăDWOHWLFăYDVSXQHFăVăQăWDWHDvQVHDPQăSUDFWL
FDUHDFXUHJXODULWDWHDXQXLFRPSOH[GHH[HUFLĠLLúLDVLJXUDUHDXQRUPHVHSUHJă
WLWHFXDWHQĠLHSHQWUXPHQĠLQHUHDXQHLJUHXWăĠLQRUPDOHúLDXQHLFRQGLĠLLIL]LFH
EXQH8QPHGLFYDFRQVLGHUDVăQăWDWHDFDDEVHQĠDEROLL8QSVLKRORJYDDUJX
PHQWDFăVăQăWDWHDVHUH]XPăODFDSDFLWDWHDGHDVROXĠLRQDSUREOHPHOHHPRĠLR
QDOHúLWUDXPHOH
2UJDQL]DĠLD0RQGLDOăD6ăQăWăĠLLGHILQHúWHVăQăWDWHDFDRÄVWDUHGHELQH
FRPSOHWăGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHIL]LFSVLKLFúLVRFLDOúLQXGRDUDEVHQĠDEROLLVDX
LQILUPLWăĠLL´$FHDVWăIRUPXOăUHOHYăIDSWXOFăVăQăWDWHDSRSXODĠLHLHVWHGHWHUPL
QDWăGHRJDPăODUJăGHIDFWRULHFRQRPLFLVRFLDOLDPELHQWDOLHUHGLWDULFDUDF
WHULVWLFLLQGLYLGXDOHLQFOXVLYVWLOXOGHYLDĠăDOILHFăUXLLQGLYLG$VWIHOVăQăWDWHD
SUHVXSXQHFDFRQGLĠLLLQGLVSHQVDELOHVHFXULWDWHDHFRQRPLFăúLVRFLDOăUHODĠLLOH
LQWHUSHUVRQDOHúLVRFLDOHDUPRQLRDVHXQPHGLXVLJXUúLVăQăWRVGHPXQFăúLGH
WUDLFDOLWDWHDDGHFYDWăDDSHLSRWDELOHDDHUXOXLúLDVROXOXLDOLPHQWDUHVXILFLHQWă
úLUDĠLRQDOăFRPSOHWDWHFXXQVWLOGHYLDĠăVăQăWRVúLDFFHVODVHUYLFLLGHVăQăWDWH
GH FDOLWDWH 5HFHQW 206 D YHQLW FX R VWUDWHJLH H[WUHP GH LPSRUWDQWă Ä2QH
+HDOWK´FDUHSUHVXSXQHDFWLYLWăĠLFRQMXJDWHúLHILFLHQWHLQWHUVHFWRULDOHSHQWUXVă
QăWDWHDVRFLHWăĠLL
6ăQăWDWHDHVWHDFHOSURFHVvQFDUHWRDWHDVSHFWHOHGLQYLDĠDXQHLSHUVRDQH
OXFUHD]ăODRODOWăvQWUXQPRGLQWHJUDW1LFLXQDVSHFWDOYLHĠLLQXIXQFĠLRQHD]ăvQ
PRG L]RODW RUJDQLVPXO PLQWHD VSLULWXO IDPLOLD FRPXQLWDWHD ĠDUD ORFXO GH
PXQFă HGXFDĠLD úL FRQYLQJHULOH VXQW WRDWH LQWHUUHODĠLRQDWH 0RGXO SULQ FDUH
DFHVWH DVSHFWH LQWHUDFĠLRQHD]ă FRQWULEXLH OD vPERJăĠLUHD YLHĠLL XQHL SHUVRDQH
FHHDFHDMXWăODGHWHUPLQDUHDFDUDFWHUXOXLGHXQLFLWDWHúLDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLDFHVWHLD
([LVWă‫܈‬LDOWHGHILQL‫܊‬LLDOHVăQăWă‫܊‬LLDSDU‫܊‬LQkQGPDULORUvQDLQWD‫܈‬LDLQHDPX
ULORU‫܈‬LDLWLPSXULORU
HippocrateÄ6ăQăWDWHDHVWHRFRPRDUăSHFDUHSX‫܊‬LQL‫܈‬WLXVăRSUH‫܊‬XLDVFă
GH‫܈‬L DSURDSHWR‫܊‬LVHQDVFFXHD$OLPHQWD‫܊‬LDUD‫܊‬LRQDOăFRQVWLWXLH
FHOPDLEXQPHGLFDPHQW1LFLRGDWăQXPDPULGLFDWVăWXOGHOD
PDVăWRWGHDXQDDPPDLOăVDWXQJRO´
Buddha Ä)LHFDUHRPHVWHDXWRUXOSURSULHLVDOHVăQăWă‫܊‬LVDXEROL´
 SenecaÄ6ăv‫܊‬LGRUH‫܈‬WLVăILLVăQăWRVHVWHRSDUWHGLQVăQăWDWH´
Aristotel Ä6ăQăWDWHDHVWHFDOLWDWHDFHDPDLPHULWRULHDFRUSXOXL´
George Bernard ShawÄ'ăXQXLRPVăQăWDWH‫܈‬LXQVFRSGHXUPăULW‫܈‬LQX
VHYDRSULRFOLSăVăVHvQWUHEHGDFăHVWHIHULFLWVDXQX´
Cilibi Moise±Ä3DWUXOXFUXULVXQWVFXPSHSHOXPHPLQWHDEDQLLVăQăWDWHD
‫܈‬LQRURFXOGDUODFHIRORVFăHOHQXVHJăVHVFGHYkQ]DUH´
Ralph Waldo Emerson±Ä3ULPDERJă‫܊‬LHHVWHVăQăWDWHD´
Francis Bacon±Ä8QRUJDQLVPVăQăWRVHVWHFDPHUDGHRDVSH‫܊‬LDVXIOHWXOXL
XQRUJDQLVPEROQDYRvQFKLVRDUH´
Alexander Pope±Ä6ăQăWDWHDFRQVWăvQSDFHDFXWHPSHUDPHQWXO´
Victor MartinÄ6ăQăWDWHVăILHFăPLQWHDYLQHSHSDUFXUV´
Teodor DumeÄ6ăQăWDWHDHVWHFHOPDLEXQDOLDWSHQWUXREăWUkQH‫܊‬HIHULFLWă´
Mihai CucereavîiÄ2PXOVăQăWRVOHYUHDSHWRDWHGDUFkQGVHvPEROQă
YH‫܈‬WHGRUH‫܈‬WHQXPDLVăQăWDWH´
George Enescu±Ä6ăDLFRQ‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬DVăQăWRDVă‫܈‬LYHLILVăQăWRVWUXSH‫܈‬WH´
Carrie Latet±Ä'DFăQXDLJULMăGHWLQHQHJOLJHQ‫܊‬DYDOXDDFHDVWăUHVSRQ
VDELOLWDWH´
Mihail MataringaÄ2DPHQLLv‫܈‬LGRUHVFvQSULPXOUkQGVăQăWDWHGDUDF‫܊‬L
RQHD]ăFD‫܈‬LFkQGDUYUHDVăVFDSHGHHDFkWPDLUHSHGH´
6ăQăWDWHDHVWHUH]XOWDQWDLQWHUDFĠLXQLLSHUPDQHQWHGLQWUHRPúLPHGLXDLQWH
UDFĠLXQLLIDFWRULORUHUHGLWDULGHPHGLXúLFRPSRUWDPHQWDOL'HDFHHDvQPHQĠLQHUHD
úLvQSURPRYDUHDVăQăWăĠLLFDúLvQDSDULĠLDEROLLLQWHUYLQPDLPXOĠLIDFWRULJHQHWLFL
GLQPHGLXODPELDQWúLFRPSRUWDPHQWDOLUHJLPXOGHYLD‫܊‬ăUHJLPXODOLPHQWDULJLHQD
ORFXLQĠHLLJLHQDPXQFLLIXPDWXODOFRROLVPXOVHGHQWDULVPXOHWF
Profilaxia, XQDOWRELHFWLYHVHQĠLDODOLJLHQHLFXSULQGHQRĠLXQLOHWHRUHWLFH
úLFHOHSUDFWLFHFDUHFRQWULEXLHODSăVWUDUHDODSURPRYDUHDúLODIRUWLILFDUHDVăQă
WăĠLLRDPHQLORUúLODSUHYHQLUHDEROLORU3ăVWUDUHDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLúLOXSWDFRQWUDEROLORU
VHvQVFULXSULQWUHFHOHPDLYHFKLSUHRFXSăULDOHRPXOXL0ăVXULOHSURILODFWLFHSUL
PDUHDXFDVFRSSăVWUDUHDVăQăWăĠLLúLSUHYHQLUHDvPEROQăYLULORURDPHQLORUVăQă
WRúLvQVSHFLDOvQFROHFWLYLWăĠLDSURYL]LRQDUHDFXDSăGHFDOLWDWHDVLJXUDUHDFX
DOLPHQWH LQRIHQVLYH FUHDUHD FRQGLĠLLORU RSWLPH GH ORFXLW VDOXEULWDWHD ORFDOL
WăĠLORUDVLJXUDUHDFRQGLĠLLORULJLHQLFHGHPXQFăGH]YROWDUHDGHSULQGHULORULJLH
QLFHFRUHFWHHWF
*ULMDIDĠăGHVăQăWDWHDSRSXODĠLHLUHSUH]LQWăXQRELHFWLYGHRLPSRUWDQĠă
SULPRUGLDOăvQSROLWLFDRULFăUXLVWDWGHRDUHFHVăQăWDWHDFRQVWLWXLHYDORDUHDFHD
PDL GH SUHĠ úL FRPSRQHQWD LQGLVSHQVDELOă D GH]YROWăULL GXUDELOH úL SURVSHUăULL
VRFLDOH$PHOLRUDUHDúLIRUWLILFDUHDSDUDPHWULORUGHVăQăWDWHDSRSXODĠLHLSRWIL
UHDOL]DWHGRDUSULQLQWHUPHGLXOLQWHUYHQĠLLORUPXOWLGLVFLSOLQDUHúLLQWHUVHFWRULDOH
QHFHVDUă ILLQG LPSOLFDUHD WXWXURU VHFWRDUHORU VRFLDOH DOH FăURU SROLWLFL úL SUR
JUDPHDXLPSDFWDVXSUDVăQăWăĠLLSXEOLFH
$VLJXUDUHDVHFXULWăĠLLVRFLDOHHFRQRPLFHHFRORJLFHDOLPHQWDUHúLSURPR
YDUHD XQXLPRG VăQăWRVGHYLDĠăDXFRQWXUDW R QRXăYL]LXQHSULYLQGSURWHF‫܊‬LD
Capitolul *

IRUWLILFDUHDVăQăWăĠLLúLUHGXFHUHDGLVFUHSDQĠHORUvQWHUPHQLGHVăQăWDWHGLQWUHGL
IHULWHFDWHJRULLGHSRSXODĠLH$FHDVWDSUHVXSXQHFUHDUHDFHORUPDLEXQHFRQGLĠLL
SUHOLPLQDUHSHQWUXVăQăWDWHSULQGLPLQXDUHDIDFWRULORUGHULVFúLUHDOL]DUHDDFĠLX
QLORUGHSUHYHQLUHDEROLORUSHQWUXLQGLYLGúLFRPXQLWDWH
ÌQ5HSXEOLFD0ROGRYDVăQăWDWHDHVWHSULRULWL]DWăSULQVWLSXODUHDvQ&RQVWL
WXĠLHDJDUDQĠLHLGUHSWXOXLILHFăUXLFHWăĠHDQODXQPHGLXVăQăWRVGHPXQFăúLGH
WUDL SURWHMDW vPSRWULYD ULVFXULORUúLFRQVWUkQJHULORUGH RUGLQ VRFLDO HFRQRPLF
HFRORJLFúLWHKQRORJLF([LVWăXQFDGUXOHJLVODWLYvQGRPHQLXOVăQăWăĠLLSXEOLFH
SURPRYăULLVăQăWăĠLLSUHYHQLULL úLSURILOD[LHLEROLORU FH DERUGHD]ăSURYRFăULOH
PDMRUHDIHUHQWHVăQăWăĠLLvQFRQWH[WXOHYROXĠLLORUGHPRJUDILFHúLGHPHGLXDSUR
IXQGăULLGHFDODMHORUVRFLRHFRQRPLFHUHVXUVHORUOLPLWDWHGH]YROWăULLWHKQRORJLFH
úL QHFHVLWăĠLORU FUHVFkQGH DOH SRSXODĠLHL3ROLWLFD QDĠLRQDOă GH VăQăWDWH /HJHD
SULYLQGVăQăWDWHDSXEOLFăD[DWăSHWUHLSLORQLDLVăQăWăĠLL3UHYHQĠLH3URPRYDUH
úL3URWHFĠLH6WUDWHJLDQDĠLRQDOăGHFRQWURODEROLORUQHWUDQVPLVLELOHSURJUDPH
QDĠLRQDOHGHSURPRYDUHDPRGXOXLVăQăWRVGHYLDĠăGHFRQWURODOWXWXQXOXLúLDO
DOFRROXOXLHWF
6DUFLQDVLVWHPXOXLGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFăHVWHGHDVDWLVIDFHLQWHUHVXOVRFLH
WăĠLLSHQWUXUHVSHFWDUHDXQRUFRQGLĠLLúLUHJXOLFDUHVăDVLJXUHXQPRGVăQăWRVGH
YLDĠăSULQHYDOXDUHDúLPRQLWRUL]DUHDVăQăWăĠLLFRPXQLWăĠLORUúLDSRSXODĠLHLSULQ
LGHQWLILFDUHDSUREOHPHORUúLSULRULWăĠLORUVăQăWăĠLLHODERUDUHDSROLWLFLORUSXEOLFH
SHQWUXUH]ROYDUHDSUREOHPHORUGHVăQăWDWHORFDOHúLQDĠLRQDOHDVLJXUDUHDHFKLWăĠLL
SULQDFFHVLELOLWDWHDSRSXODĠLHLODRDVLVWHQĠăFDOLWDWLYăúLFRVWHILFLHQWăLQFOX]kQG
SURPRYDUHDVăQăWăĠLLúLDVHUYLFLLORUGHSUHYHQLUHDEROLORU0DLVXQWUH]HUYHOD
UHDOL]DUHDDFHVWRUDFWLYLWăĠLL
0XOWHĠăULGLQOXPHDXGHPRQVWUDWFăVLVWHPHOHGHVăQăWDWHvQDOWHILFLHQWH
FRQWULEXLHODGH]YROWDUHDHFRQRPLFăúLODEXQăVWDUHDĠăULLúLQXVHUH]XPăGRDUOD
DVLVWHQĠăPHGLFDOăLQFOX]kQGSUHYHQLUHDEROLORUSURPRYDUHDVăQăWăĠLLúLDHIRU
WXULORUGLUHFĠLRQDWHLQIOXHQĠăULLDOWRUVHFWRDUHvQDERUGDUHDDVSHFWHORUDIHUHQWHVă
QăWăĠLLvQSROLWLFLOHDFHVWRUD
6ăQăWDWHDSXEOLFăPRGHUQăQXSRDWHILFRQFHSXWăIăUăHFKLSHPXOWLGLVFL
SOLQDUHGHVSHFLDOLúWLvQVăQăWDWHDSXEOLFăPHGLFLGHIDPLOLHHSLGHPLRORJLER
WDQLúWLQXUVHPHGLFLPLFURELRORJLRILĠHULDLVăQăWăĠLLPHGLXOXLDPELDQWVWRPD
WRORJLLJLHQLúWLGLHWRORJLúLQXWULĠLRQLúWLPHGLFLYHWHULQDULLQJLQHULúLMXULúWLDL
VăQăWăĠLLSXEOLFHVRFLRORJLFRODERUDWRULGHGH]YROWDUHUHJLRQDOăRILĠHULGHFR
PXQLFDUHúLDO‫܊‬LVSHFLDOL‫܈‬WLGLQDJULFXOWXUă]RRWHKQLHWHKQRORJLH‫܈‬LGLQGLYHUVH
DOWH GRPHQLL LQFOXVLY GLQDOLPHQWDĠLD SXEOLFă úL SURFHVDUHD LQGXVWULDOă VSHFL
DOLúWLvQVDOXEUL]DUHDOLPHQWDUHFXDSăHWF
%ROLOH QHWUDQVPLVLELOH SUHFXP FHOH FDUGLRYDVFXODUH FDQFHUXO GLDEHWXO
DYDQVHD]ăFXSDúLUDSL]LvQĠăULOHvQFXUVGHGH]YROWDUHRFXSkQGSR]LĠLDGRPL
QDQWăvQSRYDUDJOREDOăDEROLORU$OLPHQWDĠLDQHVăQăWRDVăFRQVXPXOH[FHVLYGH
HQHUJLHVXSUDJUHXWDWHDúLREH]LWDWHDVXQWSULQWUHGHWHUPLQDQWHOHSULQFLSDOHDOH
DFHVWRUD5HSXEOLFD0ROGRYDFDúLDOWHĠăULGLQ(XURSDGH(VWVHFRQIUXQWăFX
DIHFĠLXQLGHWHUPLQDWHGHGHILFLWXOGHPLFURQXWULPHQWHúLLQVXILFLHQ‫܊‬DFURQLFăGH
HQHUJLHFHLPDLH[SXúLULVFXOXLILLQGIHPHLOHúLFRSLLLÌQVFRSXOSUHYHQLULLDFHV
WRUDIHF‫܊‬LXQLvQ5HSXEOLFD0ROGRYDVXQWDGRSWDUHúLLPSOHPHQWDWHSROLWLFLSX
EOLFHvQGRPHQLXOSURPRYăULLVăQăWăĠLLQXWULĠLRQDOHúLUHGXFHULLLPSDFWXOXLGHIL
FLHQĠHORUQXWULĠLRQDOH3ULQWUHDFHVWHDVHQXPăUă6WUDWHJLDQDĠLRQDOăGHSUHYHQLUH
úLGHFRQWURODEROLORUQHWUDQVPLVLELOHSUHYHGHULOHJLVODWLYHUHIHULWRUODUHGXFHUHD
DFFHVLELOLWăĠLLSURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUHQHVăQăWRDVHSHQWUXHOHYLúLSUHúFRODULSUR
JUDPHOHQDĠLRQDOHGHHOLPLQDUHDGHILFLHQĠHLGHLRGúLGHUHGXFHUHDDIHFĠLXQLORU
GHWHUPLQDWHGHGHILFLHQĠDGHILHUúLGHDFLGIROLF
8QULVFFUHVFkQGSHQWUXVăQăWDWHDSXEOLFăSUH]LQWăVHGHQWDULVPXOFDUHGXFH
ODPXOWLSOHDIHF‫܊‬LXQL'HDFHHDPL‫܈‬FDUHDVXERULFHIRUPăILWQHVVXOvQRWXOH[HU
FL‫܊‬LLOHIL]LFHWUHEXLHVăGHYLQăRQHFHVLWDWHDWXWXURUFRPXQLWă‫܊‬LORU‫܈‬LDILHFăUXL
LQGLYLG



6RFLHWDWHDPRGHUQăFDUDFWHUL]DWăSULQWUXQvQDOWJUDGGHGH]YROWDUHHFRQR
PLFă‫܈‬LWHKQLFăGDU‫܈‬LSULQFUL]HHFRQRPLFH‫܈‬LVRFLDOHDSURGXVLPSRUWDQWHPX
WD‫܊‬LL ‫܈‬L vQ SUDFWLFD ‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬HORU PHGLFDOH SRQGHUHD PHGLFLQHL SUHYHQWLYH ILLQG vQ
FUH‫܈‬WHUH FRQWLQXă 2SLQLLOH VXQW XQDQLPH Fă PHGLFLQD QX UHSUH]LQWă QXPDL XQ
FXPXO VLVWHPLF RUJDQL]DW GH FXQR‫܈‬WLQ‫܊‬H FDUH VH DGUHVHD]ă RPXOXL EROQDY
$FHDVWDDUHUHVSRQVDELOLWă‫܊‬L‫܈‬LDWULEX‫܊‬LLQRLDWkWID‫܊‬ăGHRPXOVăQăWRVFkW‫܈‬LID‫܊‬ă
GHVRFLHWDWHvQDQVDPEOX3UHVWD‫܊‬LLOHPHGLFDOHDGUHVDWHRPXOXLVăQăWRVVXQWVWUD
WHJLLGHSUHYHQ‫܊‬LHSURILOD[LHGHvQJULMLUHSULPDUă‫܈‬LVHFXQGDUă
6ăQăWDWHDHVWHUH]XOWDWXOLQWHUDFĠLXQLLGLQWUHRPúLIDFWRULLGHPHGLXFDUH
SRDWHGXFHODRDGDSWDUHGLQWUHRPúLPHGLXOvQFRQMXUăWRU6ăQăWDWHDFDúLERDOD
HVWH GHWHUPLQDWă GH R VHULH GH IDFWRUL GHQXPLĠL IDFWRUL HWLRORJLFL DL VăQăWăĠLL
$GLFăSXWHPYRUELQXGRDUGHRHWLRORJLHDEROLORUFL‫܈‬LGHHWLRORJLDVăQăWă‫܊‬LL
)DFWRULLFDUHDFĠLRQHD]ăDVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXLSRWILH[WHUQLH[RJHQLúLLQWHUQL
HQGRJHQL)DFWRULLQWHUQLVXQWIDFWRULLJHQHWLFLFRQVWLWX‫܊‬LRQDOLFDUHGHWHUPLQă
DIHF‫܊‬LXQLOHJHQHWLFH
)DFWRUL H[WHUQL QXPL‫܊‬L ‫܈‬L IDFWRUL HFRORJLFL VXQW IDFWRULL GH PHGLX FDUH
DFĠLRQHD]ăDVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXL$FH‫܈‬WLDSRWILJUXSDĠLvQfizici±WHPSHUDWXUD
XPLGLWDWHDDHUXOXLSUHVLXQHDDWPRVIHULFăYLWH]DDHUXOXL]JRPRWXOYLEUD‫܊‬LDUD
GLD‫܊‬LLOHLRQL]DQWHUDGLD‫܊‬LLOHQHLRQL]DQWHFkPSXULOHHOHFWURPDJQHWLFHHWFchimici
±GLIHULWHHOHPHQWHVDXVXEVWDQĠHFKLPLFHH[LVWHQWHvQQDWXUăRULVLQWHWL]DWHGH
RPbiologiciEDFWHULLOHYLUXVXULOHSUHRQLLKHOPLQĠLLSDUD]L‫܊‬LLHWFVRFLDOL
UH]XOWDWXODFĠLXQLLRPXOXLDVXSUDPHGLXOXLVDXDOLQWHUUHODĠLLORUGLQWUHRDPHQLFHO
PDLHVHQ‫܊‬LDOILLQGVWUHVXO
Capitolul *

,QGLIHUHQWGHRULJLQHDúLIHOXOORUIDFWRULLPHGLXOXLSRWILvPSăUĠLĠLvQGRXă
FODVHIDFWRULVDQRJHQLúLIDFWRULSDWRJHQLFactorii sanogeniDXRDFĠLXQHEHQH
ILFăDVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXLFRQWULEXLQGODPHQĠLQHUHDúLODIRUWLILFDUHDVăQăWăĠLL
Factorii patogeniH[HUFLWăRDFĠLXQHQHIDYRUDELOăDVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXLDOWHUkQG
VWDUHDGHVăQăWDWH&XQRDúWHUHDIDFWRULORUVDQRJHQLDUHLPSRUWDQĠăGHRVHELWăvQ
PHQĠLQHUHDúLvQDPHOLRUDUHDVăQăWăĠLLLDUDFHORUSDWRJHQLRIHUăSRVLELOLWDWHDGH
DLvQOăWXUDVDXGHDOHOLPLWDDF‫܊‬LXQHDDVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXL
3UH]HQĠDIDFWRULORUSDWRJHQLúLLQIOXHQĠDORUDVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXLQXvQWRW
GHDXQD GXF OD DSDULĠLD SDWRORJLHL vQ PRPHQWXO DFĠLXQLL 'HVHRUL DIHFĠLXQHD VH
PDQLIHVWăGXSăR SHULRDGăvQGHOXQJDWăGH DFĠLXQH D DFHVWRUD 6H FRQVLGHUăFă
IDFWRULLSDWRJHQLUHVSHFWLYLUHSUH]LQWăD‫܈‬DQXPL‫܊‬LLIDFWRULGHULVFVDXIDFWRULFD
SDELOLGHDSURGXFHvPEROQăYLUHD
ÌQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHJUDGXOGHLQIOXHQĠăDVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXLfactorii de riscDX
IRVWFODVLILFD‫܊‬LvQXUPăWRDUHOHJUXSH
 0RGXO GH YLDĠă QHVăQăWRV IXPDWXO DOLPHQWDĠLD LQFRUHFWă IRORVLUHD
GURJXULORU DOFRROLVPXO DEX]XO GH PHGLFDPHQWH PRGXO GH YLDĠă VH
GHQWDUHWF
 )DFWRULLELRORJLFLIDFWRULLHUHGLWDULSUHGLVSXQHUHDSHUVRQDOă
 0HGLXODPELDQWQHIDYRUDELOFRQGLĠLLOHFOLPDWHULFHQHIDYRUDELOHSROX
DUHDLQWHQVăDDHUXOXLVFKLPEăULEUXúWHDOHFRQGLĠLLORUFOLPDWHULFHH[
SXQHUHDH[FHVLYăODUD]HOHVRODUH
 )DFWRULOHJDĠLGHDVLVWHQĠDPHGLFDOăLQFRPSHWHQĠDSURIHVLRQDOăPDOD
GLLOHOHJDWHGHDFWXOPHGLFDODVLVWHQĠDPHGLFDOăWkU]LH
&XQRDúWHUHD úLGHWHUPLQDUHD IDFWRULORUGHULVF FRQVWLWXLH SRDWH FHDPDL
YDORURDVăFRQWULEXĠLHODPHQĠLQHUHDúLODSURPRYDUHDVăQăWăĠLL
,QIOXHQĠDIDFWRULORUGHPHGLXDVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXLXPDQSRDWHILGLYHUVăúL
GHSLQGHGHJUDGXOGHQRFLYLWDWHúLGHGXUDWDGHDFĠLXQH)DFWRUXOQRFLYDOPHGL
XOXLH[WHUQHVWHDFHODFDUHVHDIOăvQWURFDQWLWDWHLPSURSULHPHGLXOXLGDWDFĠLR
QkQGvQWLPSúLH[HUFLWkQGRDFĠLXQHQHIDYRUDELOăDVXSUDVăQăWăĠLLGLVSR]LĠLHLúL
FDSDFLWăĠLLGHPXQFăDRPXOXL'HH[HPSOXDFĠLXQHDXQHLÄFDQWLWăĠLPDULGHVXE
VWDQĠăWR[LFăSăWUXQVăvQRUJDQLVPvQWUXQWLPSVFXUWGXFHODRLQWR[LFDĠLHDFXWă
LDUDFĠLXQHDvQGHOXQJDWăDXQRUGR]HUHODWLYPLFLGHVXEVWDQĠăWR[LFăSURYRDFăR
LQWR[LFDĠLHFURQLFă´
$FĠLXQHD PHGLXOXL H[WHUQDVXSUD RUJDQLVPXOXL HVWH H[HUFLWDWă vQ GLIHULWH
IRUPHVXEVWDQĠăHQHUJLHELRWHHWF0HGLXOH[WHUQHVWHXQVLVWHPGHRELHFWHúL
GHIHQRPHQHQDWXUDOHúLDQWURSRJHQHFDUHvQFRQMRDUăSHUPDQHQWRPXO'LYL]DUHD
PHGLXOXLH[WHUQvQIDFWRULQDWXUDOLúLDQWURSRJHQLHVWHFRQYHQĠLRQDOăGHRDUHFH
DFĠLXQHDORUVHDIOăvQWRWGHDXQDvQWURFRUHODĠLHVWUkQVă'HH[HPSOXFRQGLĠLLOH
FOLPDWHULFH vQ PDUH PăVXUă GHWHUPLQă FRQGLĠLLOH GH LQVRODĠLH DOH vQFăSHULORU
GLFWHD]ă DUKLWHFWXUD ORFDOLWăĠLORU ÌQDFHODúLWLPS LQIOXHQĠDDQWURSRJHQăDVXSUD
PHGLXOXLH[WHUQSULQSROXDUHDDHUXOXLDWPRVIHULFSURYRDFăVFKLPEDUHDFOLPDWX
OXLPLFúRUDUHDLQWHQVLWăĠLLUDGLDĠLHLVRODUH'HVWXOGHSURQXQĠDWăvQHSRFDLQGXV
WULDOL]ăULLDFHDVWăLQIOXHQĠăVDPDQLIHVWDWSUHJQDQWúLvQFRQGLĠLLOHUHYROXĠLHLWHK
QLFRúWLLQĠLILFH
3kQăODLQGXVWULDOL]DUHFDQWLWDWHDIDFWRULORUQRFLYLúLDSROXDQĠLORUHUDOLPL
WDWăILLQGFRQVWLWXLWă GLQVXEVWDQĠHGHRULJLQH RUJDQLFă ÌQWUXFkWDXWRSXULILFDUHD
ELRVIHUHLHUDVXILFLHQWăQXVHDWHVWDDFXPXODUHDXQRUFDQWLWăĠLPDULGHVXEVWDQĠH
WR[LFHÌQHSRFDUHYROXĠLHLWHKQLFRúWLLQĠLILFHVLWXDĠLDVDVFKLPEDWEUXVFÌQSUH
]HQWELRVIHUDHVWHSROXDWăLQWHQVFXGLYHUVHVXEVWDQĠHWR[LFH3URFHVHOHGHDXWRSX
ULILFDUHGLQPHGLXOH[WHUQQXSRWFRPSHQVDDIOX[XOGHQR[H‫܈‬LFDXUPDUHFUH‫܈‬WH
SHULFROXOGHUHJOăULLHFKLOLEUXOXLHFRORJLF8QDGLQWUHSUREOHPHOHPDMRUHDOHFRQ
WHPSRUDQHLWă‫܊‬LLHVWHHODERUDUHDPăVXULORUGHSURWHF‫܊‬LHDELRVIHUHLGHSROXDQ‫܊‬L
)DFWRULLQRFLYLVHIRUPHD]ăvQPHGLXOH[WHUQILHSHFDOHDSăWUXQGHULLQH
PLMORFLWHDVXEVWDQĠHLGHODVXUVDJHQHUDWRDUHILHFDUH]XOWDWDOWUDQVIRUPăULORU
PXOWLSOH DOH SROXDQĠLORU vQ ELRVIHUă 6XUVHOH RELúQXLWH GH SROXDUH VXQW GLIHULWH
SURFHVHWHKQRORJLFHvQXUPDFăURUDvQDHUvQVROvQDSăDMXQJGHúHXULOLFKLGH
VROLGHúLJD]RDVH
0LJUDUHDVXEVWDQĠHORUWR[LFHvQGLYHUVHRELHFWHDOHPHGLXOXLGXFHODUăV
SkQGLUHDSROXDQ‫܊‬LORUvQPHGLXOH[WHUQ0XOWHVXEVWDQĠHSRWILGHSR]LWDWHXQWLPS
vQGHOXQJDWvQXQXOGLQRELHFWHOHGLQPHGLXOH[WHUQúLODRDFXPXODUHvQGHOXQJDWă
FRQFHQWUDĠLDORUYDFUHúWH'HDFHHDODHYDOXDUHDJUDGXOXLGHSROXDUHDDQXPLWRU
RELHFWHDOHPHGLXOXLH[WHUQYRUILOXDWHvQFRQVLGHUDUHSDUWLFXODULWăĠLOHGHGHSR
]LWDUHúLGHSROXDUHODPLJUDUHDVXEVWDQĠHORUQRFLYHGLQWUXQRELHFWvQDOWXO'H
H[HPSOXXQHOHGHúHXULUDGLRDFWLYHQLPHULQGvQUH]HUYRDUHOHGHDSăVHGL]ROYă
LDUvQELRSODQFWRQDOJHúLDQLPDOHDFYDWLFHDUHORFDFXPXODUHDLQWHQVLYăDDFHVWRU
VXEVWDQĠHUDGLRDFWLYH'UHSWXUPDUHGHúLFRQFHQWUDĠLDVXEVWDQĠHORUUDGLRDFWLYH
vQDSDUH]HUYRUXOXLQXGHSăúHúWHOLPLWHOHDGPLVLELOHvQRUJDQLVPHOHYHJHWDOHúL
DQLPDOHHDYDILFRQVLGHUDELOă‫܈‬LH[DPLQDUHDGRDUDSUREHORUGHDSăQXYDUHIOHFWD
PLJUDĠLDUHDOăDVXEVWDQĠHORUUDGLRDFWLYHvQUH]HUYRUXOGHDSăúLFDUDFWHULVWLFDLJL
HQLFăFRPSOHWă
$JHQĠLLQRFLYLSăWUXQGvQRUJDQLVPSHFăLGLYHUVHSULQLQVSLUDĠLHVDXSULQ
WUDFWXOJDVWURLQWHVWLQDOFXDSDVDXFXSURGXVHOHDOLPHQWDUHSULQSLHOH‫܈‬LSULQPX
FRDVH$QXPLĠLIDFWRULDLPHGLXOXLH[WHUQGHH[HPSOXFHLIL]LFLOXPLQD]JRPR
WXO YLEUDĠLD LQIOXHQĠHD]ă RUJDQLVPXO SULQ DQDOL]DWRUL YL]XDODXGLWLY HWF $OĠL
IDFWRULIL]LFLFXPDUILUDGLDĠLLOHLRQL]DQWHQXVXQWSHUFHSXWHGHFăWUHRUJDQHOHGH
VLPĠúLDFĠLRQHD]ăVLPXOWDQDVXSUDWXWXURURUJDQHORUúLVLVWHPHORURUJDQLVPXOXL
&ăLOHGHSHQHWUDUHDDJHQĠLORUQRFLYLGHWHUPLQăORFDOL]DUHDGLIHULWăDDFĠLX
QLLORUvQRUJDQLVPSDUWLFXODULWăĠLOHPDQLIHVWăULORUFOLQLFHFDUHDSDUFDUH]XOWDWDO
DFHVWHLDFĠLXQL
ÌQXOWLPXOWLPSWRWPDLIUHFYHQWDSDUFRQGLĠLLSHQWUXSăWUXQGHUHDVLPXOWDQă
DXQXLDúLDFHOXLD‫܈‬LDJHQWQRFLYSHFăLGLIHULWHUHVSLUDWRULHWUDFWXOJDVWURLQWHVWL
QDOúLSULQSLHOHÌQDOWHFD]XULDVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXLSRWDFĠLRQDvQDFHODúLWLPS
IDFWRULQRFLYLGLIHULĠLGXSăQDWXUDORU'HH[HPSOXHVWHSRVLELOăDFĠLXQHDVLPXO
Capitolul *

WDQăDXQRUVXEVWDQĠHWR[LFHD]JRPRWXOXLúLDFRQGLĠLLORUPLFURFOLPDWLFHQHID
YRUDELOH$QXPHRDVWIHOGHDFĠLXQHFRPELQDWăPL[WăDIDFWRULORUQRFLYLVHvQ
WkOQHúWHFHOPDLIUHFYHQW
,JLHQDVWXGLD]ăLQIOXHQĠDIDFWRULORUQRFLYLDVXSUDVWăULLVăQăWăĠLLSRSXODĠLHL
GLQORFDOLWăĠLOHXUEDQHúLUXUDOHFROHFWLYHORUGHPXQFăFRSLLORUúLDGROHVFHQĠLORU
PLOLWDULORUHWF'LQSXQFWGHYHGHUHDOVWăULLVăQăWăĠLLDFHVWHFROHFWLYHVXQWQHR
PRJHQH3RSXODĠLDHVWHQHRPRJHQăGXSăYkUVWăúLJHQVWDUHDGHVăQăWDWHFDSDFL
WDWHDGHPXQFăHWF2SDUWLFXODULWDWHDFROHFWLYHORUGHSURGXFHUHHVWHSHULFROXOSR
WHQĠLDODOVFăGHULLUH]LVWHQĠHLRUJDQLVPXOXLODIDFWRULLGăXQăWRULDLPHGLXOXLH[WHUQ
&ROHFWLYHOHúFRODUHDXSDUWLFXODULWăĠLOHORUGHWHUPLQDWHGHIDSWXOFăFRSLLLúLDGR
OHVFHQĠLLFUHVFúLVHGH]YROWăFLUFXPVWDQĠHFHH[HUFLWăRDQXPLWăLQIOXHQĠăDVXSUD
VăQăWăĠLLORU0LOLWDULLVXQWRDPHQLVăQăWRúLvQVSHFLDOEăUEDĠLGHYkUVWăDFWLYă
$FĠLXQHD IDFWRULORU QRFLYL DL PHGLXOXL H[WHUQ DVXSUD RUJDQLVPXOXL HVWH
DSUHFLDWăGXSă
● GDXQDDGXVăVăQăWăĠLLRPXOXLFDUHVHSRDWHPDQLIHVWDSULQLQWR[LFDĠLL
vQIRUPHDFXWHVXEDFXWHVDXFURQLFH
● PRGLILFăULJHQHWLFHEROLVDQJYLQHHWF
● vQUăXWăĠLUHDFRQGLĠLLORUVDQLWDUHGHWUDLúLGHDFWLYLWDWHDSRSXODĠLHL$V
WIHOSROXDUHDDWPRVIHUHLDUHGUHSWFRQVHFLQĠăVFăGHUHDLQWHQVLWăĠLLUD
GLDĠLLORU XOWUDYLROHWH SLHLUHD IORUHL vQUăXWăĠLUHD FRQGLĠLLORU FOLPDWLFH
7UHEXLHDPLQWLWăGDXQDHFRQRPLFăúLHVWHWLFăDGXVăVRFLHWăĠLLSULQLP
SXULILFDUHDELRVIHUHL
3ULQXUPDUHODHYDOXDUHDLJLHQLFăDPHGLXOXLH[WHUQVHH[DPLQHD]ăXQVSHFWUX
ODUJGHSUREOHPH
● SDUWLFXODULWăĠLOHIDFWRULORUQRFLYLRULJLQHDPRGXOGHDFĠLXQHDORU
● FRQGLĠLLOHGHSăWUXQGHUHDIDFWRULORUQRFLYLvQPHGLXODPELDQWúLLQWH
UDFĠLXQHDORUFXELRVIHUD
● FăLOHGHSHQHWUDUHDIDFWRULORUQRFLYLvQRUJDQLVPXORPXOXL
● SDUWLFXODULWăĠLOHFROHFWLYLWăĠLORUDIODWHVXEDFĠLXQHDIDFWRULORUQRFLYL
● HIHFWHOHDFĠLXQLLIDFWRULORUQRFLYLLQIOXHQĠDDVXSUDVăQăWăĠLLRDPHQLORU
DVXSUDGLYHUVHORUDVSHFWHDOHVRFLHWăĠLL
6FRSXOLJLHQHLJHQHUDOHHVWHvQVXúLUHDPHWRGHORUGHFHUFHWDUHXWLOL]DWHvQ
SUDFWLFDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLSXEOLFH0HWRGHOHGHFHUFHWDUHvQLJLHQăSRWILGLYL]DWHvQGRXă
JUXSH0HWRGHGHFHUFHWDUHDIDFWRULORUPHGLXOXLH[WHUQ‫܈‬L0HWRGHGHFHU
FHWDUH D UHDFĠLHL RUJDQLVPXOXL ,D DFĠLXQHD IDFWRULORU PHGLXOXL H[WHUQ )LHFDUH
QRXăHWDSăvQGH]YROWDUHDLJLHQHLvQVHDPQăPRGLILFDUHDúLH[WLQGHUHDPHWRGHORU
GHFHUFHWDUH
3ULPDHWDSăDGH]YROWăULLLJLHQHLVHFDUDFWHUL]HD]ăSULQXWLOL]DUHDSUHGRPL
QDQWăDPHWRGHLGHDYL]DUHGHVFULHUHREVHUYDĠLHVDQLWDUăúLDPHWRGHORURUJD
QROHSWLFH,JLHQDWUHEXLDVăGHDRDSUHFLHUHVDQLWDUăDVWăULLORFXLQĠHORUDHUXOXL
SURGXVHORU DOLPHQWDUH ÌQDFHVW VFRS VH HIHFWXDX DYL]ăUL GHVFULHUL REVHUYDĠLL
VDQLWDURWRSRJUDILFHDOHORFDOLWăĠLORUORFXLQĠHORUVXUVHORUGHDSăSHQWUXDGHSLVWD
VXUVHOHGHSROXDUHFDUDFWHUXOUăVSkQGLULLÄSROXDQĠLORU´
 ÌQSHULRDGD GH VWDELOLUH D LJLHQHL FDúWLLQĠăREVHUYDĠLDHUD XQLFDPHWRGă
FDUHGHDOWIHOQXúLDSLHUGXWDFWXDOLWDWHD3ULQDFHDVWăPHWRGăVHSRDWHGHWHU
PLQDVWDUHDJHQHUDOăDRELHFWXOXLVHSRWWUDVDYROXPXOúLFDUDFWHUXOLQYHVWLJDĠLL
ORUGHODERUDWRUQHFHVDUH7RWXúLSHQWUXRHYDOXDUHDPSOăFDOLWDWLYăúLFDQWLWDWLYă
DIDFWRULORUPHGLXOXLDPELDQWPHWRGDGHREVHUYDĠLHQXHVXILFLHQWăGHDFHHDVH
DSOLFăúLPHWRGHIL]LFHFKLPLFHGHODERUDWRULQYHVWLJDĠLLEDFWHULRORJLFHWR[L
FRORJLFHFOLQLFHVWDWLVWLFHHWF
3ULQPHWRGHIL]LFHVHDSUHFLD]ăFRQGLĠLLOHPLFURFOLPDWLFHGLQvQFăSHULSD
UDPHWULL]JRPRWXOXLYLEUDĠLHLUDGLDĠLHLFDORULFHUDGLD‫܊‬LLORULRQL]DQWH‫܈‬LQHLRQL
]DQWHHWF
0HWRGHOHFKLPLFHVXQWXWLOL]DWHODGHWHUPLQDUHDSROXDQĠLORUGLQPHGLXODH
ULDQFDOLWă‫܊‬LLDSHLYDORULLQXWULWLYHDDOLPHQWHORUHWF$VWIHOvQSUDFWLFDVDQLWDUă
DIRVWLPSOHPHQWDWăH[SHUWL]DVDQLWDUăFDPHWRGăGHDSUHFLHUHFRPSOH[ăDGLIH
ULWRUSURSULHWăĠLDOHPHGLXOXL
,QYHVWLJDĠLLOHLJLHQLFHVXQWFRPSOHWDWHFXQRLPHWRGHIL]LFRFKLPLFHúLUD
GLRORJLFHIRDUWHVHQVLELOHúLH[DFWHÌQXQHOHFD]XULVHDSOLFăPHWRGHH[SUHVGH
VWXGLHUH0HWRGHDFWXDOHVXQWFURPDWRVSHFWURPHWULDFURPDWRJUDIvDJD]HORUDE
VRUEĠLDDWRPLFăSRODURJUDILDVSHFWURIRWRPHWULDHWF&XDMXWRUXODFHVWRUPHWRGH
VHLGHQWLILFăúLVHGHWHUPLQăFDQWLWDWLYGLIHULWHVXEVWDQĠHFKLPLFHGLQDHUGLQDSă
GLQVROGLQVXEVWUDWXULELRORJLFHúLDOWHPHGLL
0HWRGHOH EDFWHULRORJLFH VXQW XWLOL]DWH SHQWUX GHWHUPLQDUHD JUDGXOXL GH
FRQWDPLQDUHFXDJHQĠLSDWRJHQLDDHUXOXLDDSHLDVROXOXLDSURGXVHORUDOLPHQ
WDUHHWF
&XDMXWRUXOPHWRGHORUH[SHULPHQWDOHWR[LFRORJLFHúLELRORJLFHvQVSHFLDO
SHDQLPDOHGHODERUDWRUVHGHWHUPLQăLQIOXHQĠDGLYHUúLORUFRPSXúLFKLPLFLDVX
SUDRUJDQLVPXOXLVHVWDELOHVFFRQFHQWUDĠLLOHPD[LPDGPLVLELOH&0$vQDSăvQ
DHUvQVRO
)RORVLQGPHWRGHOHFOLQLFHVHSRWGHWHUPLQDPRGLILFăULOHFHVHSURGXFvQ
RUJDQLVPvQXUPDDFĠLXQLLIDFWRULORUGHPHGLX$FHVWHPRGLILFăULSRWILGHSLVWDWH
vQWLPSXOH[DPHQHORUPHGLFDOHúLDOREVHUYDĠLLORUvQFOLQLFL
ÌQ DQLL  DL VHFDO;;OHDVDGH]YROWDWGLUHFĠLDGHQRUPDUHLJLHQLFă D
FRQFHQWUDĠLHLIDFWRULORUQRFLYLDLPHGLXOXL1RUPDUHDLJLHQLFăWUHEXLHVăDVLJXUH
XQQLYHODOIDFWRULORUQRFLYLvQOLPLWHOHLQRIHQVLYHSHQWUXVăQăWDWHDúLSHQWUXYLDĠD
DFWLYăDSRSXODĠLHL1RUPDWLYXOLJLHQLFSUHYHGHGLDSD]RQXOVWULFWGHWHUPLQDWDO
IDFWRUXOXLPHGLXOXLH[WHUQFDUHDFĠLRQHD]ăvQPRGRSWLPVDXHVWHFHOSXĠLQLQR
IHQVLYSHQWUXDFWLYLWDWHDúLVăQăWDWHDSHUVRDQHLSRSXODĠLHLúLJHQHUDĠLLORUYLLWRDUH
3DUDPHWULLIDFWRULORUQRUPDĠLWUHEXLHVăDVLJXUHPHQĠLQHUHDVăQăWăĠLLODRDFĠLXQH
GHGXUDWăvQGHOXQJDWăVăQXJHQHUH]HvQRUJDQLVPPRGLILFăULSDWRORJLFHQLFLvQ
SHULRDGDDSURSLDWăDFĠLXQHWR[LFăDOHUJLFăQLFLvQFHOHPDLWkU]LLSHULRDGHWH
UDWRJHQăHPEULRWURSăFDQFHULJHQăPXWDJHQă
7HRULDQRUPăULLIDFWRULORUH[WHUQLFHLQIOXHQĠHD]ăRUJDQLVPXOXPDQHVWH
ED]DWăSHXUPăWRDUHOHSULQFLSLL
Capitolul *

Principiul indicaţiilor medicale primare /D QRUPDUHD SDUDPHWULORU PD

[LPLGHDFĠLXQHDIDFWRULORUQRFLYLDPELHQWDOLVHYRUOXDvQFRQVLGHUDUHQX
PDLSDUWLFXODULWăĠLOHGHLQIOXHQĠăDIDFWRUXOXLDVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXLXPDQúL
DFRQGLĠLLORUGHPHGLX3ULQFLSLXOGDWSUHYHGHDQWLFLSDUHDFHUFHWăULORUúWL
LQĠLILFHSHQWUXVWDELOLUHDQRUPDWLYHORUDSDULĠLHLúLDSOLFăULLIDFWRULORUQRLvQ
SUDFWLFă
Principiul de diferenţiere a reacţiilor biologiceÌQIXQFĠLHGHUHDFĠLLOHRU
JDQLVPXOXLODDFĠLXQHDXQXLDQXPLWIDFWRUFKLPLFVHSRWGHWHUPLQDXUPă
WRULLSDUDPHWULGHUHDFĠLLELRORJLFHPRUWDOLWDWHPRUELGLWDWHPDQLIHVWăULIL
]LRORJLFHúLELRFKLPLFHDOHSDWRORJLHLFDX]DWHGHDFHVWIDFWRUPRGLILFăUL
vQRUJDQLVPGHQDWXUăQHFXQRVFXWăDFXPXODUHDSROXDQWXOXLFKLPLFvQRU
JDQHúLvQĠHVXWXUL5HDFĠLLOHELRORJLFHODLQIOXHQĠDIDFWRULORUSROILUHSUH
]HQWDWH vQ IRUPă GH SLUDPLGă (fig.  1.2.1. DFĠLXQHDPD[LPă D IDFWRUXOXL
PRUWDOLWDWHDFRUHVSXQGHUHDFĠLLORUPLQLPHYkUIXOSLUDPLGHLLDUDFĠLXQHD
PLQLPăDFXPXODUHDSROXDQWXOXLvQĠHVXWXULUHDFĠLLORUPD[LPHED]DSLUD
PLGHL


1
2
3
4
5




2DVWIHOGHUHSDUWL]DUHDUHDFĠLLORUELRORJLFHODXQXOúLDFHODúLIDFWRUDUHPDL
PXOWHFDX]HSHGHRSDUWHLQWHQVLWDWHDGHDFĠLXQHDIDFWRUXOXLUHVSHFWLYJUDGXO
GHWR[LFLWDWHYLUXOHQĠăPRGLILFăULOHLQWHQVLWăĠLLGHDFĠLXQHDFFHOHUăULLDFHVWHL
LQWHQVLWăĠLGXUDWDGHDFĠLXQHLDUSHGHDOWăSDUWHVWDUHDRUJDQLVPXOXLJUDGXOGH
UH]LVWHQĠăODQR[ă
*UDGXOGHUH]LVWHQĠăDRUJDQLVPXOXLIDĠăGHQR[ăHVWHXQLQGLFHUHODWLYFH
SRDWHGHSLQGHGHSDUWLFXODULWăĠLOHHUHGLWDUHGHYkUVWăGHJHQGHVWDUHDIL]LROR
JLFăvQWLPSXODFĠLXQLLIDFWRUXOXLQRFLYGHUHDFWLYLWDWHDRUJDQLVPXOXLGHPRUEL
GLWDWHDDQWHULRDUăHWF'HDFHHDODDFĠLXQHDQR[HORUH[WHULRDUHXQHOHSHUVRDQHVH
vPEROQăYHVFDOWHOHQXGDUQRUPDWLYHOHLJLHQLFHVHVWDELOHVFOXkQGXVHvQFRQVL
GHUDUHUHDFĠLLOHELRORJLFHDOHJUXSXULORUFHOHPDLYXOQHUDELOHFRSLLSHUVRDQHvQ
HWDWH3ULQXUPDUHQRUPDWLYHOHLJLHQLFHVHVWDELOHVFSHQWUXJUXSXULOHGHSRSX
ODĠLHPDLVHQVLELOHLDUDFĠLXQHDIDFWRULORUWUHEXLHVăILHPDLMRDVăGHFkWUHDFĠLLOH
SURWHFWRULLGHDGDSWDUHDOHDFHVWRUJUXSXUL
Principiul de specificare a obiectivelor de protecţie sanitară0HGLLOHQD
WXUDOHDHUXODSDVROXOSURGXVHOHDOLPHQWDUHSRVHGăDQXPLWHSDUWLFXOD
ULWăĠLIL]LFRFKLPLFHGHVWXOGHYDULDWHúLGHVFKLPEăWRDUHFHHDFHIDFHFD
DFĠLXQHDORUDVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXLVăILHGLIHULWă'HDFHHDQRUPDWLYHLJLH
QLFHVHVWDELOHVFSHQWUXILHFDUHRELHFWLYDSDUWHSHQWUXDHUXO]RQHORUGHSUR
GXFHUHúLSHQWUXFHODWPRVIHULFSHQWUXDSDSRWDELOăúLFHDGLQVXUVHSHQWUX
SURGXVHOHDOLPHQWDUHHWFÌQIXQFĠLHGHPHGLXGHRULJLQHDIDFWRULORUQR
FLYLVHSUHFL]HD]ăFRQFHQWUDĠLLOHFDQWLWăĠLOHúLQLYHOHOHPD[LPDGPLVLELOH
SHQWUXVXEVWDQĠHFKLPLFHIDFWRULIL]LFL
Principiul de evidenţiere a tuturor acţiunilor nefavorabile posibile)LH
FDUHIDFWRUDOPHGLXOXLSRDWHDYHDRDQXPLWăLQIOXHQĠăDVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXL
XPDQ 0HWRGRORJLD GH QRUPDUH LJLHQLFă SUHYHGH DQXPLWH JUDGDĠLL DOH
DFĠLXQLLQRFLYHYDORULOHFăURUDWUHEXLHVăILHYHULILFDWHH[SHULPHQWDO,QGL
FLLDFĠLXQLORUQHIDYRUDELOHVXQWSUH]HQWDĠLvQtabelul 1.2.1.
3HQWUXILHFDUHPHGLXVXSXVH[SHULPHQWXOXLVHGHWHUPLQăXQVHWGHLQGLFL
QRFLYLFDUHXUPHD]ăDILQRUPD‫܊‬L$VWIHOODQRUPDUHDXQHLVXEVWDQĠHWR[LFHvQ
DSHOHGHVXSUDIDĠăVHYRUGHWHUPLQDLQGLFLLRUJDQROHSWLFLVDQLWDURWR[LFRORJLFL
VDQLWDULVDXGHDFĠLXQHWDUGLYăSHQWUXDHUXODWPRVIHULF±LQGLFLLRUJDQROHSWLFL
VDQLWDULPHQDMHULVDQLWDURWR[LFRORJLFLVSHFLILFLVDXGHDFĠLXQHWDUGLYăSHQWUX
VROLQGLFLVDQLWDULRUJDQROHSWLFLGHILWRFXPXODUHVDQLWDURWR[LFRORJLFLHWF
,QYHVWLJDĠLLOHGHODERUDWRUWUHEXLHRUJDQL]DWHDVWIHOFDSHQWUXILHFDUHLQGLFH
QRFLYVăILHGHWHUPLQDWăFRQFHQWUDĠLDPLQLPăGHDFĠLXQH'LQWRDWHFRQFHQWUDĠLL
GR]HGHDFĠLXQHVHDOHJHFHDPDLPLFăFHSUH]LQWăOLPLWDPLQLPăGHFLDFHD
YDORDUHFDUHVHYDOXDGUHSWQRUPDWLYSHQWUXVXEVWDQĠDIDFWRUXOFHUFHWDWă


Acţiunea nocivă Indicele nocivităţii

Modificările aspectului exterior, mirosului, gustului, culorii, formei Organoleptici
Acţiunea iritantă asupra mucoaselor căilor respiratorii, conjunctivei Reflectorii
Modificări ale populaţiei de bacterii saprofite ale speciilor, ale acti- Indice sanitar
vităţii lor
Modificări ale climei în localităţi, ale transparenţei atmosferei, ale Sanitar-menajer
florei, ale condiţiilor de trai
Sporirea nivelului de migraţie în mediile adiacente până la nivele pe- Migraţional- acvatic
riculoase Aero - migraţional
Acţiunea resorbtivă asupra organismului uman Sanitar-toxicologic
Capitolul *

Acumularea substanţei în produse alimentare vegetale Fitocumulativ

Acţiunea în limite mai mici decât concentraţiile toxice cronice - aler- Specific
gică, gonadotoxică, teratogenă, embriotoxică
Acţiunea mutagenă şi cancerigenă Consecinţe tardive

Principiul acţiunii-limităVHED]HD]ăSHXQDGLQWUHOHJLOHIXQGDPHQWDOHDOH
GLDOHFWLFLL±XQLWDWHDúLLQWHUUHODĠLLOHPRGLILFăULORUFDQWLWDWHFDOLWDWH6HDUH
vQYHGHUHDGDSWDUHDRUJDQLVPXOXLODDFĠLXQHDIDFWRULORUQRFLYLPHWDEROL
]DUHDQHXWUDOL]DUHDúLHOLPLQDUHDVXEVWDQĠHORUWR[LFHUHSDUDUHDUHJHQHUD
UHDĠHVXWXULORUGDUSkQăODRDQXPLWăOLPLWăGHDFĠLXQHGXSăFDUHXUPHD]ă
XQGH]HFKLOLEUXDOSURFHVHORUDGDSWLYH$FHVWGH]HFKLOLEUXDSDUHODGHSăúL
UHD&0$FHVHPDQLIHVWăSULQWUDQVIRUPDUHDUHDFĠLLORUIL]LRORJLFHvQPR
GLILFăULSDWRORJLFH
3ULQFLSLXOGHDFĠLXQHOLPLWăSRDWHILFRQVLGHUDWIXQGDPHQWXOvQQRUPDUHD
LJLHQLFăGHRDUHFHDUHODED]ăUHDFĠLLOHRUJDQLVPXOXLODDF‫܊‬LXQHDQR[HORU‫܈‬LPRGL
ILFăULOHFDQWLWDWLYH2ULFkWGHQHVHPQLILFDWLYHDUILLQLĠLDODFHVWHVFKLPEăULSkQă
ODXUPăSURGXFPRGLILFăULFDOLWDWLYHSURFHVHOHGHDGDSWDUHúLGHFRPSHQVDUHGH
FXUJSULQUHJHQHUDUHDúLUHFXSHUDUHDSHUPDQHQWăDVWUXFWXULORUELRORJLFHGR]HOH
QLYHOHOHGHDFĠLXQHOLPLWăFRQGLĠLRQHD]ăHYROXĠLDPRGLILFăULORUFDQWLWDWLYHDWHQX
DWHvQPRGLILFăUL FDOLWDWLYHYăGLWHúLDFHDVWăOLPLWă SRDWHILGHWHUPLQDWă $FHVW
SULQFLSLXSHUPLWHvQĠHOHJHUHDFRUHODĠLHLRUJDQLVPXPDQ±PHGLXDPELDQWSHQWUX
DSXWHDVWDELOLQLYHOXOPD[LPDGPLVLELOGHLQIOXHQĠăDVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXLXPDQ
Principiul dependenţei efect – concentraţie (doză) – timpDIRVWGH]YăOXLW
SH ED]DDUJXPHQWăULL FDOFXOHORU PDWHPDWLFH DOH IHQRPHQHORU FDX]DWH GH
IDFWRULLvQDFĠLXQHvQIXQFĠLHGHGR]DORUúLGHGXUDWDGHDFĠLXQH(IHFWHOH
DFXWHFHDSDUGHRELFHLVSRQWDQGHSLQGGHFRQFHQWUDĠLLOHIDFWRULORUGH
DFĠLXQHDFHVWHDILLQGH[SULPDWHvQFXUEHFRQFHQWUDĠLH±HIHFW(IHFWHOHFUR
QLFH vQ FDUH DSDU PDQLIHVWăUL GH DFXPXOăUL PDWHULDOH VDX IXQFĠLRQDOH
GHSLQGQXQXPDLGHFRQFHQWUDĠLLGDUúLGHGXUDWDGHDFĠLXQHDIDFWRULORU
QRFLYL$FHVWHHIHFWHVHH[SULPăSULQFXUEHFRQFHQWUDĠLHWLPS
3ULQHYDOXDUHDPDWHPDWLFăDHIHFWHORUDFXWHúLFURQLFHDOHIDFWRULORUGHPH
GLXVHSRWGHWHUPLQDLQGLFLLGHQRUPDUHFRHILFLHQWXOGHUH]HUYăFRHILFLHQWXOGH
DFXPXODUHFRQFHQWUDĠLLOH±OLPLWăDOHHIHFWHORUDFXWHúLFURQLFHJUDGXOGHSHUL
FXOR]LWDWHDQR[HLHWF
Principiul experimentului de laboratorVHED]HD]ăSHVWDELOLUHDOLPLWHLGH
DFĠLXQHQRFLYăDIDFWRULORUvQFRQGLĠLLGHODERUDWRU$VWIHOH[SHULPHQWHOH
IăFXWHvQFRQGLĠLLVWDQGDUGHFRPSDUDELOHFXFHOHQDWXUDOHFUHHD]ăSUHPLVH
SHQWUXPHWRGHXQLILFDWHFHSRWILXWLOL]DWHvQGLIHULWHODERUDWRDUHGDUSRWGD
UH]XOWDWHDQDORJH'HH[HPSOXLQIOXHQĠDVXEVWDQĠHORUFKLPLFHQRFLYHDVX
SUDDSHLGLQED]LQHGHVFKLVHSRDWHILVWXGLDWăvQDFYDULLFHLPLWăSURFHVHOH
GHDXWRHSXUDUHGLQED]LQHOHQDWXUDOHODWHPSHUDWXUDGHƒ&
 Principiul de agravitaţieUH]XOWăGLQSULQFLSLLOHSUHFHGHQWH$FHVWSULQFLSLX
GHVFLQGHGLQFRQVWDWDUHDFăvQFRQGLĠLLGHODERUDWRUHVWHGHVWXOGHGLILFLOGH
DPRGHODWRDWHSURFHVHOHWRDWHIHQRPHQHOHGLQPHGLXOQDWXUDO'HDFHHDvQ
FRQGLĠLLGHODERUDWRUVHPRGHOHD]ăQXPDLIDFWRULLFHDUSXWHDDYHDLQIOXHQĠă
PD[LPăDVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXLXPDQ([SHULPHQWXOVHPRGHOHD]ăDVWIHOvQFkW
IDFWRULLDOHúLVăPDQLIHVWHDFĠLXQHDORUPD[LPă'HH[HPSOXSHQWUXVWDELOL
UHDLQGLFHOXLDHURPLJUDĠLRQDODOXQXLDQXPLWFRPSXVFKLPLFGLQVROVHH[SH
ULPHQWHD]ăFXIDFWRULLFHDXFRQWULEXĠLHPD[LPăODPLJUDUHDDFHVWXLDGLQVRO
vQDHUVHLDVROQLVLSRVFXXPLGLWDWHDGHWHPSHUDWXUDGHƒ&úLGH
ƒ&DIODUHDFRPSXVXOXLFKLPLFODVXSUDIDĠDVROXOXLHWF
Principiul relativităţii CMA1LFLXQQRUPDWLYLJLHQLFQXSRDWHILFRQVLGH
UDWGUHSWXQLWDWHDEVROXWăÌQFD]XULOHFkQGVHDSOLFăPHWRGHGHLQYHVWLJDĠLH
PDLSUHFLVHPDLVHQVLELOHVHSRWREĠLQHQRLGDWHGHVSUHDFĠLXQHDIDFWRUXOXL
QRUPDWODQLYHOHPDLUHGXVHGHFkWFHOHVWDELOLWHDQWHULRU$FHVWIDSWGLFWHD]ă
QHFHVLWDWHDGHDUHYHGHDQRUPDWLYXOLJLHQLFúLGHDUHGXFH$VWIHODIRVW
UHYă]XWă&0$D''7GLQVROGHODSkQăODPJNJDĠLQHEGHOD
SkQăODPJNJúD
Principiul de garanţie
Principiul de diferenţiere a CMA
Principiul complex
3HQWUXSURWHF‫܊‬LDRPXOXLGHDF‫܊‬LXQHDIDFWRULORUQRFLYLDIRVWHODERUDWăFRQ
FHSĠLDGHFRQFHQWUDĠLHPD[LPDGPLVLELOă&0$&0$GHSROXDQĠLUHSUH]LQWăFRQ
FHQWUDĠLDGHWHUPLQDWăSULQPHWRGHPRGHUQHFDUHQXH[HUFLWăHIHFWHGLUHFWH VDX
LQGLUHFWHDVXSUDVWăULLGHVăQăWDWHQXSURGXFHVHQ]DĠLLVXELHFWLYHúLQXDIHFWHD]ă
FDSDFLWDWHDGHPXQFăDRPXOXL&0$VHVWDELOHVFGXSăFULWHULLIL]LRORJLFH‫܈‬LVH
GHWHUPLQăH[SHULPHQWDOSHDQLPDOHGHODERUDWRU'HFHOHPDLPXOWHRULVHVWDELOHVF
&0$SHQWUXGRLVDXPDLPXOĠLSROXDQĠLFDUHSRWH[HUFLWDDFĠLXQLPDLLQWHQVH
&0$VHSRDWHH[SULPDvQPDLPXOWHIRUPH
● FRQFHQWUDĠLDPD[LPăPRPHQWDQăFHDPDLPDUHFRQFHQWUDĠLHSHUPLVă
SHLQWHUYDOVFXUWPLQ
● FRQFHQWUDĠLDPHGLH]LOQLFăYDORDUHDPHGLHDFRQFHQWUDĠLHLSROXDQWXOXL
WLPSGHPLQLPXPSUREH
● FRQFHQWUDĠLLPHGLHDQXDOH±PHGLDSHOXQL
● FRQFHQWUDĠLL GH DYHUWL]DUH DODUPă  DFHVWH FRQFHQWUDĠLL DWUDJ DWHQĠLD
SRSXODĠLHLvQFRQGLĠLLGHSROXăULH[FHVLYHDVXSUDXQRUULVFXULLPHGLDWH
JUDYHFHLPSXQOXDUHDXQRUPăVXULGHXUJHQĠă
$UVHQDOXOFHUFHWăULORULJLHQLFHVDvPERJă‫܊‬LWFXPHWRGDH[SHULPHQWXOXLSH
DQLPDOHGHODERUDWRUSHQWUXDSUHFLHUHDUHDFĠLHLRUJDQLVPXOXLODDFĠLXQHDIDFWRUL
ORUQRFLYL$VWIHOLJLHQLúWLLDXVWXGLDWIXQFĠLDVLVWHPXOXLQHUYRVFHQWUDOXWLOL]kQG
SHODUJPHWRGHKLVWRORJLFHúLKLVWRFKLPLFH$SOLFkQGFHOHPDLGLYHUVHPHWRGHGH
VWXGLHUHDUHDFĠLLORURUJDQLVPXOXLODDFĠLXQHDIDFWRULORUQRFLYLHVWHQHFHVDUăSDU
WLFLSDUHDODFHUFHWăULOHLJLHQLFH‫܈‬LDDOWRUVSHFLDOLúWLIL]LFLHQLFKLPLúWLIL]LRORJL
Capitolul *

SDWRPRUIRORJLFOLQLFLHQLHWF$VWIHODGHYHQLWSRVLELOăGHWHUPLQDUHDPXOWRUFRQ
FHQWUDĠLLPD[LPDGPLVLELOHDVXEVWDQĠHORUQRFLYHvQDSăvQDHUvQSURGXVHDOL
PHQWDUH$XIRVWHODERUDWHPDLPXOWHUHJXOLVDQLWDUHúLUHFRPDQGăULGHDVDQDUHD
PHGLXOXLDFRQGLĠLLORUGHPXQFăúLGHWUDLDOHSRSXODĠLHL
ÌQOHJăWXUăFXXWLOL]DUHDDFWLYăDH[SHULPHQWHORUSHDQLPDOHDDSăUDWQHFH
VLWDWHDIRORVLULLDQDOL]HLVWDWLVWLFHSHQWUXFRQVWDWDUHDYHULGLFLWăĠLLUH]XOWDWHORUH[
SHULPHQWDOH $VWă]L DQDOL]D VWDWLVWLFăD UH]XOWDWHORU H[SHULPHQWDOH D GHYHQLW R
SDUWHREOLJDWRULHDFHUFHWăULORULJLHQLFH
ÌQDQLLDVHFDO;;OHDSROXDUHDSURJUHVLYăDPHGLXOXLDPELDQWFDXU
PDUHDGH]YROWăULLSURJUHVLYHDLQGXVWULHLDLPSXVVWXGLHUHDDFĠLXQLLFRPELQDWH
DIDFWRULORUQRFLYLFDUHDFFHGvQRUJDQLVPSHFăLGLIHULWHSUHFXPúLFRQVHFLQĠHOH
DFĠLXQLLDVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXLDGLIHULWRUIDFWRULGHLQWHQVLWDWHMRDVăÌQDFHVWVFRS
VHXWLOL]HD]ăPHWRGHFDUHSHUPLWHOXFLGDUHDHIHFWHORUHPEULRWURSúLPXWDJHQDOH
IDFWRULORUQRFLYL
/XFLD$OH[DSURIGUDQDOL]kQGPHWRGHOHGHFHUFHWDUHvQLJLHQăOHVLVWH
PDWL]HD]ăvQPDLPXOWHJUXSH
A. Metode de observaţie sanitară. 0HWRGHOHRUJDQROHSWLFHVHED]HD]ăSH
VHQVLELOLWDWHDRUJDQHORUGHVLPĠDGLIHULWRUDQDOL]DWRUL&XDFHVWHPHWRGHVHSRW
GLIHUHQĠLDYDORULIRDUWHPLFLDOHXQRUHOHPHQWHSROXDQWHGLQIDFWRULLGHPHGLX
$FHVWHGHWHUPLQăULQXVXQWH[DFWHGHRDUHFHGHSLQGGHDFXLWDWHDVHQ]RULDOăDFHU
FHWăWRULORU
B. Metode de laborator
● PHWRGHOHIL]LFHGHFHUFHWDUHIRORVHVFDSDUDWHFHIXQF‫܊‬LRQHD]ăSHED]D
XQRU IHQRPHQH IL]LFH GH H[HPSOX GHWHUPLQDUHD PLúFăULL DHUXOXL D
SUHVLXQLLDWPRVIHULFHDWHPSHUDWXULLDXPLGLWăĠLLDHUXOXLHWF
● PHWRGHOHFKLPLFHVXQWED]DWHSHIHQRPHQHFKLPLFHGHSUHFLSLWDUHQH
XWUDOL]DUHHWFFXFDUHVHGHWHUPLQăFRPSRQHQĠDFKLPLFăDRELHFWHORU
GHPHGLX
● PHWRGHOHELRORJLFHUHSUH]LQWăFHUFHWăULPLFURELRORJLFH YLUXVRORJLFH
SDUD]LWRORJLFHHWF
● PHWRGHOHIL]LRORJLFH VHIRORVHVFODFHUFHWDUHDPDQLIHVWăULORUIXQFĠLR
QDOHDOHGLIHULWRURUJDQHVLVWHPHFDUăVSXQVODPRGLILFăULOHPHGLXOXL
$XRLPSRUWDQĠăPDUHGHRDUHFHSUHFL]HD]ăVXEUDSRUWIXQFĠLRQDOOL
PLWHOH GLQWUH QRUPDOúLSDWRORJLFúL GDXSRVLELOLWDWH RULHQWDWLYăGH D
UHJODDFĠLXQHDIDFWRULORUQRFLYLDLPHGLXOXL
C. Metodele clinice şi de laboratorVHXWLOL]HD]ăSHQWUXDSUHFLHUHDGHUH
JOăULORUFHVHSURGXFvQRUJDQLVPVXEDFĠLXQHDIDFWRULORUQRFLYLDLPHGLXOXL
D. Metodele epidemiologiceVHIRORVHVFODFHUFHWDUHDIHQRPHQHORUPRU
ELGHFXFDUDFWHUGHPDVăFXVFRSXOGHDLQGLFDPLMORDFHOHGHFRPEDWHUHúLGH
SURILOD[LH
E. Metodele statisticeVHDSOLFăODVWXGLHUHDVWUXFWXULLúLGLQDPLFLLVWăULLGH
VăQăWDWHDSRSXODĠLHL/DED]ăDXVLVWHPDWL]DUHDúLDQDOL]DUH]XOWDWHORUGLYHUVHORU
GHWHUPLQăULSHQWUXDFăSăWDXQHOHPăULPLWLSLFHSHQWUXLQGLFLLFHUFHWDĠL3HQWUXR
DSURSLHUHPD[LPă GH LQWHUSUHWDUHD IHQRPHQHORU GH PDVă GHVHRUL VXQW IRORVLWH
PHWRGHVWDWLVWLFHPDWHPDWLFH
F. Metodele experimentaleVXQWODUJIRORVLWHSHQWUXVWDELOLUHDQRUPHORU
VDQLWDUHSULYLQG&0$ DOHDQXPLWRUHOHPHQWHGLQIDFWRULLGHPHGLX
0HWRGHOHQHFHVDUHvQVWXGLHUHDIDFWRULORUGHPHGLXSRWILDOHVHvQIXQFĠLH
GHVFRSXOúLGHQDWXUDFHUFHWăULORUÌQSUH]HQWVHDSOLFăWRWPDLIUHFYHQWPHWRGH
QRLGHSUHFL]LHvQDOWă
2GH]YROWDUHLPSRUWDQWăDFXQRVFXWinspecţia sanitaro-preventivăFRQWUR
OXOQRUPDWLYHORUúLUHJXOLORULJLHQLFHODSURLHFWDUHDúLODFRQVWUXLUHDGLIHULWRUREL
HFWLYHODGDUHDORUvQH[SORDWDUH2IXQFĠLHDLQVSHFĠLHLVDQLWDURSUHYHQWLYHHVWH
úLFRQWUROXOWXWXURUDUWLFROHORUSURGXVHvQVIHUDLQGXVWULDOăFDOLWDWHDFăURUDSRDWH
LQIOXHQĠDVăQăWDWHDRPXOXLGHH[HPSOXFRQWUROXOFRQVWUXFĠLHLPDúLQLORUvQYH
GHUHDDSUHFLHULLLJLHQLFHD]JRPRWXOXLDPSODVăULLVHFXULWăĠLLvQWLPSXOIXQFĠLR
QăULLHWFFRQWUROXO FRPSRQHQĠHLFKLPLFH D XQRUSURGXVH DOLPHQWDUH QRLVXE
VWDQĠHORUDGLĠLRQDOHFDUHVHDGDXJăvQDOLPHQWHFXXQDQXPLWVFRSFRQWUROXOPD
WHULDOHORU VLQWHWLFHvQWUHEXLQĠDWHODDPEDODUHDDOLPHQWHORUWXWXURU VXEVWDQĠHORU
vQJUăúăPLQWHORUQRLXWLOL]DWHvQDJULFXOWXUăHWF
Inspecţia sanitară curentăVHHIHFWXHD]ăVLVWHPDWLF‫܈‬LDUHFDVFRSFRQWUROXO
VWăULLVDQLWDUHDRELHFWLYHORUvQIXQFĠLXQHÌQFD]GHvQFăOFDUHDUHJXOLORUúLDQRU
PDWLYHORU VDQLWDUH PHGLFLL GH OD $JHQ‫܊‬LD 1D‫܊‬LRQDOă SHQWUX 6ăQăWDWH 3XEOLFă
$163DXGUHSWXOVăDSOLFHFRQWUDYHQLHQĠLORUPăVXULGHUHVSRQVDELOLWDWHDGPL
QLVWUDWLYăVDXSHQDOăFRQIRUPOHJLVODĠLHL/XFUăWRULLGHOD$163DXGHDVHPH
QHDGUHSWXOVăLQWHU]LFăIXQFĠLRQDUHDRELHFWLYXOXLFDQWLQăvQWUHSULQGHUHLQGXV
WULDOăvQFD]GDFăDFHVWDQXUHVSHFWăFRQGLĠLLOHLJLHQLFHúLSURFHVXOGHH[SORDWDUH
SUH]LQWăSHULFROSHQWUXVăQăWDWHDSHUVRQDOXOXL
3HUVRDQHOHUHVSRQVDELOHGLQFDGUXO$163VXQWDQJDMDWHvQVWXGLHUHDVWăULL
VăQăWăĠLL SRSXODĠLHL vQ UHDOL]DUHD PăVXULORU SURILODFWLFH vQ OXFUXO GH HGXFDĠLH
SHQWUXVăQăWDWHÌQDFHVWVFRSVXQWDQWUHQDĠL‫܈‬LPHGLFLGHSURILOFXUDWLY

Capitolul **





,JLHQDDHUXOXLVWXGLD]ăOHJLOHLQIOXHQ‫܊‬HLDHUXOXLDWPRVIHULFDVXSUDVăQăWă‫܊‬LL
‫܈‬LGH]YROWăPăVXULSHQWUXSăVWUDUHD‫܈‬LFRQVROLGDUHDDFHVWHLD,JLHQDDHUXOXLHVWH
LPSRUWDQWăSHQWUXPHGLFLGHRDUHFHGLQVăQăWDWHDSRSXOD‫܊‬LHLGHSLQGHGH
VWDUHDPHGLXOXL0HGLFXOGHIDPLOLHSHGLDWUXOPHGLFXOJHQHUDOLVWWUHEXLHVăFX
QRDVFăEROLOHFDX]DWHGHIDFWRULLIL]LFLFKLPLFLELRORJLFL‫܈‬DDLDHUXOXL0HGLFXO
QXYDSXWHDVăvQ‫܊‬HOHDJăFRUHFWVWDUHDSDFLHQWXOXL‫܈‬LVăSUHVFULHXQWUDWDPHQWDGHF
YDWIăUăDVHIDPLOLDUL]DPLQX‫܊‬LRVFXFRQGL‫܊‬LLOHKDELWXDOHDOHSDFLHQWXOXLFXVWDUHD
DHUXOXLDWPRVIHULFDDSHL‫܈‬LDVROXOXL$WXQFLFkQGGHWHUPLQăHWLRORJLDEROLLPH
GLFXOWUHEXLHVăDFRUGHDWHQ‫܊‬LHIDFWRULORUGHPHGLX‫܈‬LVXUVHORUGHSROXDUH‫܈‬LVăUH
FRPDQGHSDFLHQ‫܊‬LORUPăVXULGHSăVWUDUH‫܈‬LGHIRUWLILFDUHDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLGHSUHYHQLUHD
EROLORUOHJDWHGHIDFWRULLGHPHGLX‫܈‬LGHvPEXQăWă‫܊‬LUHDFDOLWă‫܊‬LLPHGLXOXLGHWUDL
8QHOHEROLVXQWFRQVLGHUDWHOHJDWHGHPHGLXDFFLGHQWXOYDVFXODUFHUHEUDO
GHSUHVLDGHLDUQăVLQGURPXO0LQDPDWD‫܈‬D%ROLOHJUDYHOHJDWHGHPHGLXSRW
GXFHODGHFHV3ROXDUHDPHGLXOXLLQIOXHQ‫܊‬HD]ăXQLLLQGLFDWRULDLGH]YROWăULLIL]LFH
DFRSLLORU‫܈‬LDDGROHVFHQ‫܊‬LORUSUHFXPFUH‫܈‬WHUHDvQvQăO‫܊‬LPHDGăXJDUHDvQJUHXWDWH
6SHUDQ‫܊‬D GH YLD‫܊‬ă D RPXOXL GHSLQGH GLUHFW GH FDOLWDWHD PHGLXOXL 0RUWDOLWDWHD
FUH‫܈‬WHVHPQLILFDWLYFkQGSROXDUHDPHGLXOXLFDSăWăDPSORDUH‫܈‬LVFDGHFkQGFRQ
GL‫܊‬LLOHGHYLD‫܊‬ăVHvPEXQăWă‫܊‬HVF2UJDQLVPXOXPDQILLQGXQVLVWHPGHVFKLVDX
WRUHJODELOQHFHVLWăXQIOX[SHUPDQHQWGHPDWHULHSULPăGHHQHUJLH‫܈‬LGHLQIRU
PD‫܊‬LH‫܈‬LGHDFHHDHVWHFRPSOHWGHSHQGHQWGHPHGLXOvQFRQMXUăWRU
Metode de cercetare în igiena aerului
● REVHUYDUHD ‫܈‬L H[DPLQDUHD LJLHQLFă FD PHWRGă SULQFLSDOă vQ DFWLYLWDWHD
SUDFWLFă
 ● LQVWUXPHQWDOHGHODERUDWRUFDUHIRORVHVFXQ‫܈‬LUGHPHWRGHIL]LFHFKLPLFH
IL]LRORJLFH ELRFKLPLFH LPXQRORJLFH PLFURELRORJLFH ‫܈‬L DOWH PHWRGH GH
VWXGLXDRUJDQLVPXOXLXPDQ‫܈‬LDRELHFWHORUGHPHGLX
● H[SHULPHQWDOHXWLOL]DWHvQFHUFHWăULOH‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬LILFHHIHFWXDWHvQFRQGL‫܊‬LLGHOD
ERUDWRU‫܈‬LGHWHUHQ

Caracteristica igienică a mediului ambiant și a aerului atmosferic 

0HGLXODPELDQW(fig. 2.1.1.HVWHRFRPELQD‫܊‬LHGHHOHPHQWHQDWXUDOH‫܈‬LVR
FLDODQWURSLFHFXFDUHRPXOHVWHOHJDWQHvQWUHUXSWLQVHSDUDELO‫܈‬LFDUHDXXQLP
SDFWDVXSUDOXLGHDOXQJXOYLH‫܊‬LLILLQGRFRQGL‫܊‬LHH[WHUQăVDXXQPRGGHH[LV
WHQ‫܊‬ă0HGLXOQDWXUDOVXQWSăGXULOHPXQ‫܊‬LLRFHDQHOHPăULOHUkXULOHPOD‫܈‬WLQLOH
‫܈‬LDOWHELRJHRFHQR]HQDWXUDOH0HGLXODQWURSLFSUHYDOHD]ăvQRUD‫܈‬H‫܈‬LvQDOWHFHQR]H
XUEDQH]RQHOHUXUDOH‫܈‬LDJURFHQR]H2PXOHVWHVWUkQVOHJDWGHPHGLXOKDELWXDO±
PHGLXOFDUHvOvQFRQMRDUăRFRPELQD‫܊‬LHGHRELHFWHGHIHQRPHQH‫܈‬LGHIDFWRULFDUH
GHWHUPLQăFRQGL‫܊‬LLOHGHYLD‫܊‬ă


$HUXODWPRVIHULFIRUPHD]ăPHGLXOELRJHRFHQR]HORUQDWXUDOHORFXULORUGHUH
FUHHUHvQPDVăDSRSXOD‫܊‬LHL‫܈‬LPHGLXOLQWHUQDOORFXLQ‫܊‬HL$HUXOHVWHQHFHVDUvQSULPXO
UkQGSHQWUXUHVSLUDĠLH(OLQWHUDFĠLRQHD]ăSHUPDQHQWFXRUJDQLVPXOSDUWLFLSăODR
VHULHGHSURFHVHIL]LRORJLFHGLQRUJDQLVPILLQGIRORVLW‫܈‬LFDPLMORFGHFăOLUH)ăUă
DHUHVWHLPSRVLELOăPHQĠLQHUHDYLHĠLLFKLDU‫܈‬LSHRSHULRDGăVFXUWăGHWLPS
Capitolul **

$FĠLXQHDDHUXOXLDVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXLSRDWHILQXQXPDLSR]LWLYăFLúLQHJD
WLYăvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHVWDUHDPHGLXOXLDHULDQ2ULFHGHYLHUHvQVWDUHDOXLSRDWHLQIOXHQĠD
GLUHFWVDXLQGLUHFWIXQFĠLLOHRUJDQLVPXOXLGHUHJOkQGXLKRPHRVWD]D5D]HOHLQIUDUR
‫܈‬LL‫܈‬LXOWUDYLROHWHVXQWXWLOL]DWHSHQWUXWUDWDUHDSURFHVHORULQIODPDWRULLWHPSHUDWXULOH
VFă]XWHVHDSOLFăvQSUDFWLFDFKLUXUJLFDOăSUHVLXQHDDWPRVIHULFăULGLFDWă±vQWUDWD
PHQWXOEROLORULQWHUQH‫܈‬LQHUYRDVHLRQLLX‫܈‬RUL±vQWUDWDPHQWXOKLSHUWHQVLXQLLDUWHUL
DOHDVWPXOXLEURQ‫܈‬LFDQHPLHL
,PSRUWDQ‫܊‬D LJLHQLFă DDHUXOXLDWPRVIHULFFRQVWă vQHIHFWXOSR]LWLY DVXSUD
VăQăWă‫܊‬LL‫܈‬LvQHIHFWXOQRFLYDOSROXDQ‫܊‬LORU‫܈‬LDOIDFWRULORUFDUHGHSă‫܈‬HVFQLYHOXO
RSWLPFXLQGXFHUHDEROLORUGHPHGLX)DFWRULLIL]LFLDWPRVIHULFLGHWHUPLQăFD
UDFWHULVWLFLOHFOLPDWLFHDOHGLIHULWRU]RQHJHRJUDILFH3ULQDHUVHUHDOL]HD]ăDSRUWXO
GHR[LJHQHOHPHQWYLWDORUJDQLVPXOXLúLDUHORFvQGHSăUWDUHDELR[LGXOXLGHFDU
ERQPHWDEROLWDODUGHULLLQWHUQH6WUDWXULOHGHDHUDXUROGHWHUPRSURWHFĠLHSHQWUX
JOREXOSăPkQWHVF3ULQSURSULHWăĠLOHIL]LFHDHUXOLQIOXHQĠHD]ăSURFHVHOHGHWHU
PRUHJODUHDOH RUJDQLVPXOXL$HUXOSRVHGă RFRQGXFWLELOLWDWH WHUPLFă UHGXVăúL
DIOkQGXVHvQSRULLPDWHULDOHORUGHFRQVWUXFĠLHvPEUăFăPLQWHLDUHUROGHWHUPRL
]RODWRUSHQWUXRUJDQLVP$HUXOHVWHUH]HUYRUGHVXEVWDQĠHFKLPLFHWR[LFHGHRUL
JLQH WHKQRJHQă FDUH SRW DYHD DFĠLXQH GLUHFWă VDX LQGLUHFWă DVXSUD VăQăWăĠLL úL
FRQGLĠLLORUVDQLWDUHGHYLDĠăGHJHUPHQLSDWRJHQLúLGHIDFWRUGHWUDQVPLWHUHD
EROLORULQIHFĠLRDVHXQDGLQWUHVXUVHOHGHSROXDUHDVROXOXLFXVXEVWDQĠHFKLPLFH
úLWR[LFHÌQDFHOD‫܈‬LWLPSDHUXOHVWHXQPHGLXQDWXUDOvQFDUHDXORFSURFHVHOHGH
DXWRSXULILFDUHGHSDUWLFXOHOHGHSUDIGHYDSRULGHJD]HGHJHUPHQLSDWRJHQL

Atmosfera Pământului 
$WPRVIHUDHVWHDPHVWHFXOGHJD]HúLGHYDSRULGHDSăFHVHPHQĠLQHFDXQ
vQYHOLúvQMXUXOSăPkQWXOXL‫܈‬LVHURWH‫܈‬WHvPSUHXQăFXHO(DWUHFHvQVSD‫܊‬LXOLQWHU
SODQHWDUWUHSWDWIăUăRVXSUDIDĠăGHVHSDUDĠLHELQHGHILQLWăSRUQLQGGHODRDOWL
WXGLQHGHNPGHODVXSUDID‫܊‬D3ăPkQWXOXL/LPLWDDWPRVIHUHL‫܈‬LVSD‫܊‬LXOXL
FRVPLFHVWHWUDVDWăGHDOXQJXOOLQLHL.DUPDQVLWXDWăODRDOWLWXGLQHGHNP
SHVWHFDUH]ERUXULOHDHULHQHVXQWSUDFWLFLPSRVLELOH6WDUHDDWPRVIHUHLGHWHUPLQă
UHJLPXOWHUPLFDOVXSUDIH‫܊‬HLSăPkQWXOXL‫܈‬LFOLPDLDUVWUDWXOGHR]RQSURWHMHD]ă
WRDWHYLH‫܊‬XLWRDUHOHGHUDGLD‫܊‬LLOHXOWUDYLROHWH$WPRVIHUDVHUYH‫܈‬WHFDUH]HUYRUQD
WXUDOSHQWUXSURGXVHOHPHWDEROLFHJD]RDVHDOHRUJDQLVPHORUYLLHPLVLLOHLQGXV
WULDOH‫܈‬LHFRQRPLFH
'LQSXQFWGHYHGHUHIL]LFRFKLPLFDWPRVIHUDDUHRVWUXFWXUăQHRPRJHQă
FHHDFHDSHUPLVvPSăUĠLUHDHLvQPDLPXOWHVWUDWXULWURSRVIHUDVWUDWRVIHUDPH
]RVIHUDWHUPRVIHUD‫܈‬LH[RVIHUD
TroposferaGLQJUtropos±VHWUDQVIRUPăVHVFKLPEă‫܈‬LsferăHVWHSDUWHD
LQIHULRDUăDVWUDWXOXLGHDHULQIOXHQ‫܊‬DWGHSURFHVHOHFHDXORFSHSăPkQW$F‫܊‬LR
QHD]ă SUHSRQGHUHQW DVXSUD RUJDQLVPXOXL SULQ WHPSHUDWXUă FH VFDGH RGDWă FX
vQăO‫܊‬LPHDÌQWURSRVIHUăH[LVWăRPL‫܈‬FDUHFRQVWDQWăDPDVHORUGHDHUvQGLYHUVH
GLUHF‫܊‬LLSHYHUWLFDOăSHRUL]RQWDOăYkUWHMXUL&HDPDLPDUHSDUWHDYDSRULORUGH
DSă VXQW FRQFHQWUD‫܊‬L vQ WURSRVIHUă DLFL IRUPkQGXVH QRULLFHD‫܊‬D SUHFLSLWD‫܊‬LLOH
7RDWH SURFHVHOHFHDXORFSHSăPkQWVH UHIOHFWă DVXSUD VWăULLWURSRVIHUHL'H
DFHHDvQWURSRVIHUăVXQWSUH]HQ‫܊‬LFRQVWDQWGLIHUL‫܊‬LSROXDQ‫܊‬LSUDIXOIXQLQJLQHD
JD]HOHPLFURRUJDQLVPHOHGLYHUVHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HWR[LFHHWF
StratosferaGLQODWstratum±VWUDW‫܈‬LsferăHVWHVWUDWXODWPRVIHUHLvQWUH
WURSRVIHUă‫܈‬LPH]RVIHUăVHvQWLQGHGHODSkQăODNP6HFDUDFWHUL
]HD]ăSULQXPLGLWDWHH[WUHPGHVFă]XWăLDUODOLPLWDFXVWUDWXOLQIHULRUDUHRWHP
SHUDWXUăGHDSUR[LPDWLYƒ&7HPSHUDWXUDFUH‫܈‬WHRGDWăFXvQăO‫܊‬LPHDODOLPLWD
VXSHULRDUăDVWUDWXOXLFUHVFkQGSkQăODƒ&ÌQVWUDWRVIHUăVXELQIOXHQ‫܊‬DUD
GLD‫܊‬LLORUFRVPLFH‫܈‬LDUDGLD‫܊‬LLORUVRODUHGHXQGHVFXUWHPROHFXOHOHGHR[LJHQVH
LRQL]HD]ăIRUPkQGR]RQXO$SUR[LPDWLYGLQFDQWLWDWHDWRWDOăGHR]RQHVWH
ORFDOL]DWăvQVWUDWXOGHODSkQăODNP&HOHPDLLPSRUWDQWHSDUWLFXODULWă‫܊‬L
DOHVWUDWRVIHUHLVXQWFXUHQ‫܊‬LLGHDHUFDUHDXSUHGRPLQDQWRGLUHF‫܊‬LHRUL]RQWDOă
SUHFXP‫܈‬LUDUHILHUHDVHPQLILFDWLYăDDHUXOXL'LQFDX]DUDUHILHULLSDUWLFXOHOHFH
SROXHD]ăVWUDWRVIHUDQXVHUH‫܊‬LQDLFLPXOWWLPSGHSODVkQGXVHODGLVWDQ‫܊‬HIRDUWH
PDULGHDVXSUDVXSUDIH‫܊‬HLSăPkQWXOXL
MezosferaVHH[WLQGHODRDOWLWXGLQHGHDSUR[LPDWLYNP&DQWLWDWHDGHR]RQ
GLQPH]RVIHUăVFDGHWHPSHUDWXUDHVWHvQVFăGHUHYDORDUHDPHGLHILLQGGHDSUR[L
PDWLYƒɋ
Termosfera VHDIOă GHDVXSUDPH]RVIHUHLODRDOWLWXGLQHGHNPÌQ
DFHVWVWUDWJD]HOHDWPRVIHULFHGLVRFLD]ăvQSDUWLFXOHLQGLYLGXDOHvQFăUFDWHHOHF
WULF±LRQL7HPSHUDWXUDDHUXOXLFUH‫܈‬WHRGDWăFXvQăO‫܊‬LPHD‫܈‬LODHFXDWRUFRQVWLWXLH
ƒɋGHDVXSUD3ROXOXL1RUG±SkQăODƒɋ
Exosfera DUHFDPDFHHD‫܈‬L GHQVLWDWHDFD‫܈‬LRFHDQXOFRVPLFIăUăDHU
'XSăILHFDUHVWUDWDWPRVIHULFXUPHD]ăXQXOLQWHUPHGLDUWURSRVIHUDHVWHGHV
SăU‫܊‬LWăGHVWUDWRVIHUăSULQtropopauzăVWUDWRVIHUDGHPH]RVIHUăSULQstratopauză
PH]RVIHUDGHWHUPRVIHUăSULQmezopauzăWHUPRVIHUDGHH[RVIHUăSULQtermopauză
'XSăPH]RSDX]ăXUPHD]ălinia KarmanFDUHHVWHODDOWLWXGLQHNPGHDVXSUD
QLYHOXOXLPăULLFRQYHQ‫܊‬LRQDODFFHSWDWăFDOLPLWDvQWUHDWPRVIHUă‫܈‬LVSD‫܊‬LXOFRVPLF
'LQPHGLXODPELDQWDVXSUDRPXOXLLQIOXHQ‫܊‬HD]ăIDFWRULQDWXUDOLIL]LFLWHP
SHUDWXUDXPLGLWDWHDPL‫܈‬FDUHDDHUXOXLSUHVLXQHDDWPRVIHULFăXQGHOHHOHFWURPDJQH
WLFH UDGLRDFWLYLWDWHD UDGLD‫܊‬LD VRODUă FKLPLFL D]RW R[LJHQ GLR[LG GH FDUERQ
SXOEHUHIXP‫܈‬LELRORJLFLSROHQ‫܈‬LVSRULYHJHWDOLEDFWHULLVDSURILWHPXFHJDL‫܈‬LGURM
GLLSUHFXP‫܈‬LUDGLD‫܊‬LDVRODUăFDUHLQIOXHQ‫܊‬HD]ăRUJDQLVPXOSULQDHUXODWPRVIHULF

Proprietățile fizice ale aerului

Temperatura aerului$HUXODWPRVIHULFHVWHvQFăO]LWGDWRULWăFăOGXULLSUL
PLWHGHOD6RDUH7HPSHUDWXUDDHUXOXLGHSLQGHGHODWLWXGLQHDJHRJUDILFă6WUDWXULOH
GHDHUvQFăO]LWHGHODVXSUDID‫܊‬DSăPkQWXOXLVHULGLFăvQVXV‫܈‬LWUHSWDWVHUăFHVFvQ
PHGLHFXƒ&ODILHFDUHPGHvQăO‫܊‬LPH
2UJDQLVPXOXPDQSRDWHDVLJXUDSURFHVXOGHWHUPRUHJODUHSHQWUXYDORULDOH
WHPSHUDWXULLDHUXOXLFXSULQVHvQWUHƒ&‫܈‬Lƒ&VXEFRQWUROXOVLVWHPXOXLQHU
YRV‫܈‬LDOKRUPRQLORU7HPSHUDWXUDRSWLPăDPHGLXOXLGHH[LVWHQ‫܊‬ăSHQWUXRPHVWH
FHDODFDUHSURFHVHOHPHWDEROLFHVHGHVIă‫܈‬RDUăFXSLHUGHULPLQLPHGHHQHUJLH‫܈‬L
Capitolul **

FRUHVSXQGHSXQFWXOXLGHQHXWUDOLWDWHWHUPLFăVLWXDWvQXUPăWRDUHOHOLPLWH
● ƒ&SHQWUXRPXOvQUHSDXVWRWDO‫܈‬LGH]EUăFDW
● ƒ&SHQWUXRPXOFDUHGHVIă‫܈‬RDUăRDFWLYLWDWHX‫܈‬RDUă‫܈‬LHVWHX‫܈‬RU
vPEUăFDW
● ƒ&SHQWUXRPXOFDUHGHVIă‫܈‬RDUăRDFWLYLWDWHLQWHQVă
7HPSHUDWXUDDHUXOXLHVWHSHUFHSXWăFDILLQGRSWLPăGLIHULWvQGLIHULWHFRQ
GL‫܊‬LLFOLPDWLFHvQFOLPDUHFH±ƒ&vQFOLPăWHPSHUDWă±ƒ&vQ
FOLPăFDOGă±ƒ&
,PSRUWDQĠDLJLHQLFăDWHPSHUDWXULLDHUXOXLFRQVWăvQLQIOXHQĠDHLDVXSUDSUR
FHVHORUGHWHUPRUHJODUHDRUJDQLVPXOXL6XELQIOXHQ‫܊‬DWHPSHUDWXULLDSDUGLIHULWH
VFKLPEăUL IL]LRORJLFH vQ PXOWH VLVWHPH DOH RUJDQLVPXOXL 7HPSHUDWXUD DHUXOXL
DIHFWHD]ăGLUHFWVFKLPEXOGHFăOGXUăDOXQHLSHUVRDQH/DWHPSHUDWXULGHƒ&
VFDGX‫܈‬RUSURFHVHOHR[LGDWLYHGLQRUJDQLVPGDUPDLWkU]LXSRWFUH‫܈‬WH&HGDUHD
GHFăOGXUăGHSH VXSUDID‫܊‬DSLHOLLFUH‫܈‬WH GDUSRVLELOLWă‫܊‬LOHGHWHUPRUHJODUH VXQW
OLPLWDWH‫܈‬LSRDWHDSăUHDVXSUDvQFăO]LUHDvQVR‫܊‬LWăGHWDKLFDUGLHWDKLSQHHKLSRWHQ
VLXQHDUWHULDOăPL‫܈‬FăULQHFRRUGRQDWH5HVSLUD‫܊‬LDVHDFFHOHUHD]ă‫܈‬LGHYLQHVXSHUIL
FLDOă9HQWLOD‫܊‬LDSXOPRQDUăLQL‫܊‬LDOFUH‫܈‬WHDSRLUăPkQHQHVFKLPEDWă0DLIUHFYHQW
VXSUDvQFăO]LUHDVHvQUHJLVWUHD]ăGDFăHVWHGLILFLOăFHGDUHDGHFăOGXUăSULQHYDSR
UDUH GLQ FDX]D XPLGLWă‫܊‬LL ULGLFDWH /D WHPSHUDWXUL GH SHVWH  ƒ& DSDUH ‫܈‬RFXO
WHUPLFFXFUH‫܈‬WHUHDWHPSHUDWXULLFRUSXOXLSkQăODƒ&GXUHULGHFDSYăUVă
WXULKLSRWHQVLXQHUHVSLUD‫܊‬LHUDSLGăSLHUGHUHDFXQR‫܈‬WLQ‫܊‬HLFRQYXOVLL
/DWHPSHUDWXULDOHDHUXOXLGHSHVWHƒ&VDXVXEƒ&HVWH
SRVLELOăvQFăOFDUHDHFKLOLEUXOXLWHUPLFDORUJDQLVPXOXLFHHDFHGXFHODGHUHJOD
UHDVWăULLGHELQHODVFăGHUHDFDSDFLWă‫܊‬LLGHOXFUX([SXQHUHDSUHOXQJLWăODFRQ
GL‫܊‬LLQHIDYRUDELOHGHWHPSHUDWXUăSRDWHGXFHODDQXPLWHEROLÌQFăO]LUHDPHGLXOXL
SkQăODWHPSHUDWXUDFULWLFăVXSHULRDUăHVWHvQVR‫܊‬LWăGHDGDSWDUHDRUJDQLVPXOXLOD
FDOGSULQWHUPRUHJODUHSUHGRPLQDQWIL]LFăUHVSHFWLYFUH‫܈‬WHUHDWHUPROL]HLSULQ
UDGLD‫܊‬LHFRQYHF‫܊‬LHFRQGXFWLELOLWDWHSkQăODWHPSHUDWXUDDHUXOXLGHƒ&‫܈‬L
HYDSRUDUHvQWUH‫܈‬Lƒ&
6XE DF‫܊‬LXQHDWHPSHUDWXULLFUH‫܈‬WHYDVFXODUL]DUHDOD QLYHOXO SLHOLL ‫܈‬L‫܊‬HVXWXOXL
VXEFXWDQDWSHFRQWXOH[SDQVLXQLLVLVWHPXOXLFDSLODU)UHFYHQ‫܊‬DFDUGLDFăFUH‫܈‬WHFDXU
PDUHDLULWăULLWHUPRUHFHSWRULORUFUH‫܈‬WHULLWHPSHUDWXULLVkQJHOXL‫܈‬LIRUPăULLGHSUR
GXVHPHWDEROLFH/DDF‫܊‬LXQHDWHPSHUDWXULORUULGLFDWHVFDGHWHQVLXQHDDUWHULDOăFUHVF
YkVFR]LWDWHDVkQJHOXL‫܈‬LFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOGHKHPRJORELQă‫܈‬LGHJOREXOHUR‫܈‬LL'LQSDUWHD
VLVWHPXOXLQHUYRVFHQWUDOHIHFWXOWHPSHUDWXULORUULGLFDWHVHPDQLIHVWăSULQWURVOăELUH
DDWHQ‫܊‬LHLRvQFHWLQLUHDUHDF‫܊‬LLORUPRWRULL‫܈‬LRVFăGHUHDFRRUGRQăULLPL‫܈‬FăULORU
3LHUGHULOH GH FăOGXUă VXQW SRVLELOH SULQ YDVRGLODWDUH SHULIHULFă DFFHOHUDUHD
UHVSLUD‫܊‬LHLWUDQVSLUD‫܊‬LH‫܈‬LVXQWLQIOXHQ‫܊‬DWHGHFXUHQ‫܊‬LLGHDHUGHXPLGLWDWHDDHUXOXL‫܈‬L
GHUDGLD‫܊‬LDFDORULFă/DWHPSHUDWXULULGLFDWHDOHDHUXOXLVFDGHSURGXFHUHDGHFăOGXUă
RDPHQLLSUH]HQWkQGDQRUH[LHDSDWLHLQHU‫܊‬LHVFăGHUHDVHFUH‫܊‬LHLKRUPRQXOXL76+
Umiditatea, vQFăUFDUHD DHUXOXL FX YDSRUL GH DSă FX SLFăWXUL GH DSă FX
FULVWDOHGHJKHD‫܊‬ăVHGDWRUHD]ăHYDSRUăULLDSHORUGHVXSUDID‫܊‬ăVXEDF‫܊‬LXQHDUDGL
D‫܊‬LHLVRODUHHYDSRUăULLDSHLGLQVWUDWXULOHVXSHUILFLDOHDOHVROXOXLvQXUPDDFWLYL
Wă‫܊‬LLSODQWHORUSURFHVHORUIL]LRORJLFHXPDQH‫܈‬LDQLPDOHSURFHVHORUWHKQRORJLFH
8PLGLWDWHDHVWHLPSRUWDQWăGHRDUHFHLQIOXHQ‫܊‬HD]ăVFKLPEXOGHFăOGXUăFXPH
GLXO(DHVWHVXSXVăIOXFWXD‫܊‬LLORU]LOQLFHvQUDSRUWFXWHPSHUDWXUDDHUXOXLFXFkW
WHPSHUDWXUDDHUXOXLHVWHPDLPDUHFXDWkWHVWHQHYRLHGHPDLPXO‫܊‬LYDSRULSHQWUX
VDWXUD‫܊‬LDVDFRPSOHWă
$VHPHQHDWHPSHUDWXULLXPLGLWDWHDDHUXOXLH[HUFLWăDF‫܊‬LXQHDVXSUDSURFH
VHORUGHWHUPRUHJODUH‫܈‬LUHVSHFWLYDIHFWHD]ăRUJDQLVPXOXPDQ$F‫܊‬LXQHDQHID
YRUDELOăDXPLGLWă‫܊‬LL DHUXOXLVH PDQLIHVWă SULQ VXSUDvQFăO]LUHDRUJDQLVPXOXL OD
WHPSHUDWXUD DHUXOXL GH SHVWH  ƒ& ‫܈‬L OD VXSUDUăFLUH OD WHPSHUDWXUL VFă]XWH
$WXQFLFkQGSHUVRDQHOHVXQWH[SXVHODXPLGLWDWHUHODWLYăVXEHSLWHOLXOFL
OLDWPXFRDVHOHQDVXOXLIDULQJHOXLJXULLRFKLORUVHXVXFăFHHDFHvQJUHXQHD]ă
UHVSLUD‫܊‬LDvQJKL‫܊‬LUHD ‫܈‬L vQUăXWă‫܊‬H‫܈‬WHYHGHUHD 8PLGLWDWHD UHODWLYă VFă]XWă GHWHU
PLQăXVFăFLXQHDWHJXPHQWHORUDSDUL‫܊‬LDILVXULORU‫܈‬LVkQJHUăULORUDFFHQWXDUHDVHQ
]D‫܊‬LHL GH VHWH 8PLGLWDWHD UHODWLYă GH SHVWH   GXFH OD vQFHWDUHD HYDSRUăULL
WUDQVSLUD‫܊‬LHL OD KLSHUWHUPLH ‫܈‬LOD VFăGHUHD UH]LVWHQ‫܊‬HL RUJDQLVPXOXL ODWXEHUFX
OR]ăODUHXPDWLVP‫܈‬LODUăFHOL8PLGLWDWHDUHODWLYăFUHVFXWăDFFHQWXHD]ăHIHFWHOH
QHJDWLYHDOHWHPSHUDWXULORUH[WUHPHKLSHUWHUPLHSULQvPSLHGLFDUHDSLHUGHULORU
GHFăOGXUăSULQHYDSRUDUHvQFRQGL‫܊‬LLGHWHPSHUDWXUăFUHVFXWăVDXKLSRWHUPLH
SULQIDYRUL]DUHDSLHUGHULORUGHFăOGXUăvQFRQGL‫܊‬LLGHWHPSHUDWXUăVFă]XWă
(SLGHPLLOHGHJULSă‫܈‬LGHVFDUODWLQăVXQWPDLIUHFYHQWHFkQGXPLGLWDWHDDH
UXOXLHVWHVFă]XWăvQDVRFLHUHFXRWHPSHUDWXUăVFă]XWă$JHQ‫܊‬LLHWLRORJLFLYLUXVXO
JULSDO ‫܈‬LVWUHSWRFRFXO‰KHPROLWLF VXQWVHQVLELOLOD YDORULFUHVFXWHGHXPLGLWDWH
%URQ‫܈‬LWHOHDFXWH‫܈‬LDFXWL]ăULOHvQEURQ‫܈‬LWHOHFURQLFHDSDUPDLGHVFkQGXPLGLWDWHD
DHUXOXLHVWHFUHVFXWă‫܈‬LWHPSHUDWXUDVFă]XWă&UL]HOHGHDVWPEURQ‫܈‬LFVHSURGXFPDL
UDUFkQGXPLGLWDWHDDHUXOXLHVWHFUHVFXWă'DFăXPLGLWDWHDFUHVFXWăVHDVRFLD]ăFX
SROXDUHDDHUXOXLFUL]HOHGHDVWP VHSURGXFPDLGHV )UHFYHQ‫܊‬DKHPRSWL]LLORUOD
SDFLHQ‫܊‬LLWXEHUFXOR‫܈‬LHVWHFUHVFXWăvQFRQGL‫܊‬LLGHXPLGLWDWHFUHVFXWă‫܈‬LWHPSHUDWXUă
VFă]XWă$SDUL‫܊‬LDEROLORUUHXPDWLVPDOHHVWHIDYRUL]DWăGHXPLGLWDWHFUHVFXWă‫܈‬LGH
WHPSHUDWXUDVFă]XWăvQvQFăSHULXPHGH‫܈‬LFXLJUDVLH
ÌQFRQGL‫܊‬LLOHGHILFLWXOXLGHXPLGLWDWHDDHUXOXLFHGDUHDGHFăOGXUăYDDYHD
ORFPDLLQWHQVSULQWUDQVSLUD‫܊‬LH8PLGLWDWHDRSWLPăSHQWUXRPHVWHGHOD
vQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHWHPSHUDWXUDDHUXOXL
Mișcarea aerului'LIHUHQ‫܊‬DGHWHPSHUDWXUă‫܈‬LGHSUHVLXQHGHWHUPLQăPL‫܈‬
FDUHDPDVHORUGHDHU0L‫܈‬FDUHDDHUXOXLVHFDUDFWHUL]HD]ăSULQGLUHF‫܊‬LH‫܈‬LYLWH]ă
'LUHF‫܊‬LDFXUHQĠLORUGHDHUHVWHGHWHUPLQDWăGHSDUWHDFDUGLQDOăDOXPLLGHXQGH
EDWHYkQWXOLDUYLWH]DGH GLVWDQ‫܊‬DSDUFXUVăGHPDVDGH DHUSHXQLWDWHGHWLPS
PV'LUHF‫܊‬LDYkQWXOXLSUHGRPLQDQWvQWURDQXPLWă]RQăWUHEXLHOXDWăvQFRQVL
GHUDUHDWXQFLFkQGVHSODQLILFă]RQHOHSRSXODWHDPSODVDUHDFOăGLULORUUH]LGHQ‫܊‬L
DOHVSLWDOHORU‫܈‬LLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLORUSHQWUXFRSLLSHXQDQXPLWWHULWRULX
)LHFăUHL]RQHvLHVWHFDUDFWHULVWLFăRUHJXODULWDWHDQXPLWăDUHSHWăULLYkQWX
OXL SUHSRQGHUHQW vQWUR GLUHF‫܊‬LH 3HQWUX D GHWHUPLQD GLUHF‫܊‬LD SUHGRPLQDQWă D
Capitolul **

YkQWXOXLSHXQDQXPLWWHULWRULXVHFRQVWUXLH‫܈‬WHroza vântului±UHSUH]HQWDUHDJUD
ILFăDQXPăUXOXLGHUHSHWăULDOHYkQWXOXLvQWRDWHSăU‫܊‬LOHFDUGLQDOHDOHOXPLLRE
VHUYDWHvQWUR]RQăGDWăSHSDUFXUVXODQXOXL&RQVWUXF‫܊‬LDUR]HLYkQWXOXLFRQWULEXLH
ODVHOHFWDUHDFRUHFWăDORFXOXLGHDPSODVDUHDXQXLRELHFWLYVSLWDOIDUPDFLHPD
JD]LQJUăGLQL‫܊‬ă‫܈‬FRDOăX]LQăHWF
0L‫܈‬FDUHDDHUXOXLHVWHXQIDFWRUPHWHRURORJLFFDUHvQFRPELQD‫܊‬LHFXWHP
SHUDWXUD‫܈‬LFXXPLGLWDWHDDIHFWHD]ăVFKLPEXOGHFăOGXUăDOSHUVRDQHORU9LWH]D
PDUHGHPL‫܈‬FDUHDDHUXOXLFRQWULEXLHODFUH‫܈‬WHUHDEUXVFăDFHGăULLGHFăOGXUăSULQ
FRQYHF‫܊‬LH‫܈‬LODHYDSRUDUHDWUDQVSLUD‫܊‬LHLÌQ]LOHOHWRULGHYkQWXODUHHIHFWEHQHILF
DVXSUD RUJDQLVPXOXL GHRDUHFH vO SURWHMHD]ă GH VXSUDvQFăO]LUH /D WHPSHUDWXUL
VFă]XWH‫܈‬LXPLGLWDWHvQDOWăPL‫܈‬FDUHDDHUXOXLFRQWULEXLHODKLSRWHUPLH
6HPQLILFD‫܊‬LDLJLHQLFăDPL‫܈‬FăULLDHUXOXLFRQVWăvQFRQWULEX‫܊‬LDODYHQWLOD‫܊‬LD
VWUă]LORUFXU‫܊‬LORU‫܈‬LODFUH‫܈‬WHUHDYHQWLOD‫܊‬LHLQDWXUDOHDvQFăSHULORUODvQGHSăUWDUHD
‫܈‬LODDXWRSXULILFDUHDSROXDQ‫܊‬LORUFDUHSăWUXQGvQPHGLXODPELDQW
/LSVDYLWH]HLYkQWXOXLUHGXFHSLHUGHUHDGHFăOGXUăSULQFRQYHF‫܊‬LHSULQHYD
SRUDUHDWUDQVSLUD‫܊‬LHL‫܈‬LFDXUPDUHGXFHODKLSHUWHUPLH/DRYLWH]ăDYkQWXOXLGH
PVWUDQVIHUXOGHFăOGXUăFUH‫܈‬WHGHSDWUXRULVHGH]YROWăKLSRWHUPLHLDUYkQ
WXOGHSHVWHPVDJUDYHD]ăEXQăVWDUHDGHUHJOHD]ăULWPXOUHVSLUD‫܊‬LHLVSRUH‫܈‬WH
HIRUWXOvQWLPSXOPXQFLL‫܈‬LPL‫܈‬FăULL
Presiunea atmosfericăUHSUH]LQWăIRU‫܊‬DGHDSăVDUHH[HUFLWDWăGHDHUDVX
SUDFRUSXULORUGHODVXSUDID‫܊‬DVROXOXL2PXOQXSHUFHSHDF‫܊‬LXQHDSUHVLXQLLDWPRV
IHULFHGHRDUHFHHDHVWHHFKLOLEUDWăGHRSUHVLXQHLQWHUQă3UHVLXQHDDWPRVIHULFă
QRUPDOăODQLYHOXOPăULLVHFRQVLGHUăGHPP+J
3HVXSUDID‫܊‬D3ăPkQWXOXLIOXFWXD‫܊‬LLOHGHSUHVLXQHDWPRVIHULFăVXQWDVRFLDWHFX
FRQGL‫܊‬LLOHPHWHRURORJLFH‫܈‬LQXGHSă‫܈‬HVFPP+JvQWLPSXO]LOHL([LVWăFRQGL‫܊‬LL
VSHFLDOHGHYLD‫܊‬ă‫܈‬LGHDFWLYLWDWHDRPXOXLvQFDUHVHvQWkOQHVFIOXFWXD‫܊‬LLVHPQLILFDWLYH
DOHSUHVLXQLLDWPRVIHULFHDWkWVSUHPLF‫܈‬RUDUHDFkW‫܈‬LVSUHPăULUHDDFHVWHLD
(IHFWXOSUHVLXQLLDWPRVIHULFHVFă]XWHDVXSUDFRUSXOXLXPDQSRDWHILREVHU
YDW vQ UkQGXO SLOR‫܊‬LORU vQ ]ERUXULOH OD PDUH DOWLWXGLQH DOSLQL‫܈‬WLORU ‫܈‬L WXUL‫܈‬WLORU
DWXQFLFkQGXUFăODDOWLWXGLQLPDUL‫܈‬LODSHUVRDQHOHFDUHOXFUHD]ăvQORFXULPXQ
WRDVHODvQăO‫܊‬LPLPDUL$FHVWHFRQGL‫܊‬LLSRWGHWHUPLQDGH]YROWDUHDEROLLGHDOWLWX
GLQH 3ULQFLSDOXO IDFWRU HWLRORJLF DO EROLL GH DOWLWXGLQH HVWH VFăGHUHD SUHVLXQLL
SDU‫܊‬LDOHDR[LJHQXOXLvQDHUXOLQKDODWSHPăVXUăFHVHULGLFăODvQăO‫܊‬LPH
/DVFăGHUHDSUHVLXQLLDWPRVIHULFHSkQăODPP+JJD]HOHGLQLQ
WHVWLQ VH GLODWă SURYRFkQG EDORQDUH vQVR‫܊‬LWă GH GXUHUL VXE IRUPă GH FUDPSH
ULGLFDUHDGLDIUDJPHLVFăGHUHDFDSDFLWă‫܊‬LLSXOPRQDUHIODWXOHQ‫܊‬ăODDOWLWXGLQHFX
GH]YROWDUHDDHURHPEROLHLvQVR‫܊‬LWăGHSUXULWODQLYHOXO‫܊‬HVXWXULORU‫܈‬LGHGXUHULDU
WLFXODUH/DR SUHVLXQHDWPRVIHULFăGH RUL VXE YDORDUHDRSWLPăVXUYLQH
SLHUGHUHD FXQR‫܈‬WLQ‫܊‬HL ILHUEHUHD OLFKLGXOXL LQWHUVWL‫܊‬LDO GH]YROWDUHD HPIL]HPXOXL
GHDOWLWXGLQH‫܈‬LGHFHVXO
/DRVFăGHUHEUXVFăDSUHVLXQLLDWPRVIHULFHVHSRDWHGH]YROWDVLQGURPXOGH
GHFRPSUHVLXQH$FHVWIHQRPHQSUH]LQWăSHULFROSHQWUXVăQăWDWHDRPXOXLGHRD
UHFHJD]HOHGL]ROYDWHvQVkQJHWUHFEUXVFvQVWDUHJD]RDVă%XOHOHGHJD]HIRUPDWH
REWXUHD]ăYDVHOHPLFLJHQHUkQGVHQ]D‫܊‬LHGHGXUHUHvQPX‫܈‬FKLDUWLFXOD‫܊‬LLRDVH
8Q SHULFRO PDMRU vO FRQVWLWXLH REWXUDUHDYDVHORU PDUL SURYRFkQG HPEROLD JD
]RDVăFDWHVHSRDWHVROGDFXGHFHV
3UHVLXQHDDWPRVIHULFăULGLFDWăHVWHSULQFLSDOXOIDFWRUvQGH]YROWDUHDEROLL
GHFKHVRQvQWkOQLWăODVFDIDQGULODPXQFLWRULLDQWUHQD‫܊‬LvQFRQVWUXF‫܊‬LDWXQHOXULORU
VXEDFYDWLFHPHWURXOXL$FWLYLWDWHDvQFKHVRQVHHIHFWXHD]ăvQWUHLHWDSHFRERUkUHD
ODDGkQFLPHVHSRDWHGH]YROWDVLQGURPXOGHFRPSUHVLXQHQDUFR]DKLSHUEDULFă
EH‫܊‬LDDGkQFXULORUOXFUXOSURSULX]LVULGLFDUHDODVXSUDID‫܊‬ăVHSRDWHGH]YROWDVLQ
GURPXOGHGHFRPSUHVLXQH6LQGURPXOGHFRPSUHVLXQHHYROXHD]ăvQGRXăID]HGH
H[FLWD‫܊‬LH‫܈‬LGHLQKLEL‫܊‬LHÌQWLPSXOID]HLGHH[FLWD‫܊‬LHDSDUHHXIRULHKLSHUUHIOHFWLYL
WDWHQHOLQL‫܈‬WHDJLWD‫܊‬LHLDUvQFHDGHLQKLEL‫܊‬LHDGLQDPLHVRPQROHQ‫܊‬ăEUDGLFDUGLH
EUDGLSQHHKLSRUHIOHFWLYLWDWHSkQăODVIkU‫܈‬LWOHWDO
&UH‫܈‬WHUHDEUXVFăDSUHVLXQLLDWPRVIHULFHFKLDU‫܈‬LFXPP+JSRDWHGXFH
ODUXSHUHDWLPSDQXOXLLDUFUH‫܈‬WHUHDFXPP+J‫܈‬LPDLPXOW±ODEDURWUDXPă
JUDYăDXUHFKLLDFDYLWă‫܊‬LORUQD]DOH‫܈‬LDDOWRURUJDQH
ÌQWLPSXOOXFUXOXLSURSULX]LVFkQGSHUVRDQHOHVHDIOăVXELQIOXHQ‫܊‬DSUHVL
XQLL DWPRVIHULFH ULGLFDWH VH REVHUYă WXOEXUăUL IXQF‫܊‬LRQDOH X‫܈‬RDUH EUDGLFDUGLH
EUDGLSQHHVFăGHUHDWHQVLXQLLDUWHULDOHVLVWROLFHPD[LPH‫܈‬LFUH‫܈‬WHUHDWHQVLXQLL
DUWHULDOHGLDVWROLFHPLQLPHUHGXFHUHDVHQ]D‫܊‬LLORUWDFWLOHVOăELUHDDX]XOXL&RQ
FRPLWHQWSRDWHFUH‫܈‬WHSHULVWDOWLVPXOLQWHVWLQDOFRDJXODELOLWDWHDVkQJHOXLVHUHGXFH
FDQWLWDWHDGHKHPRJORELQă‫܈‬LGHHULWURFLWH$FHDVWăID]ăVHH[SOLFăSULQVDWXUD‫܊‬LD
VkQJHOXL‫܈‬LD‫܊‬HVXWXULORUFXJD]HGL]ROYDWHvQVSHFLDOFXD]RW3URFHVXOFRQWLQXă
SkQăFkQGVHVWDELOH‫܈‬WHHFKLOLEUXOGLQWUHSUHVLXQHDJD]HORUGLQRUJDQLVP‫܈‬LPHGLXO
DPELDQW
/DULGLFDUHDSHUVRDQHORUGHODDGkQFLPHVHREVHUYăIHQRPHQXOLQYHUVHOLEH
UDUHDGHVDWXUDUHDVkQJHOXL‫܈‬L‫܊‬HVXWXULORUGHJD]H'DFăULGLFDUHDHVWHRUJDQL]DWă
FRUHFW D]RWXO GL]ROYDW WUHFH vQVWDUHJD]RDVă ‫܈‬LVHGHJDMă WUHSWDW SULQSOăPkQL
POGHD]RWvQPLQ/DULGLFDUHDEUXVFăD]RWXOQXUHX‫܈‬H‫܈‬WHVăVHGHJDMH‫܈‬L
UăPkQHvQYDVH‫܈‬LvQ‫܊‬HVXWXULVXEIRUPăGHEXOH%XOHOHVHDFXPXOHD]ăFXSUHSRQ
GHUHQ‫܊‬ăvQ‫܊‬HVXWXOQHUYRV‫܈‬LFHODGLSRVVXEFXWDQDW'HDLFLD]RWXOSăWUXQGHvQFLUFX
LWXOVDQJYLQ‫܈‬LSRDWHFDX]DHPEROLDJD]RDVăERDODGHFKHVRQ(PEROLDJD]RDVăD
YDVHORUVDQJYLQHGLQVLVWHPXOQHUYRVFHQWUDOVHPDQLIHVWăSULQYHUWLMXULFHIDOHHGH
UHJOăULDOHYRUELULLFRRUGRQăULLPL‫܈‬FăULORUFRQYXOVLLÌQVLWXD‫܊‬LLOHJUDYHSRWDSăUHD
SDUH]HDOHPHPEUHORUGHUHJOăULGHXULQDUHDIHFWDUHDSOăPkQLORULQLPLLRFKLORU
3URSULHWă‫܊‬LOHHOHFWULFHDOHDWPRVIHUHLVXQWLRQL]DUHDDHUXOXLFkPSXOHOHF
WULFFkPSXOPDJQHWLFDO3ăPkQWXOXLGHVFăUFăULOHHOHFWULFHHWF
Ionizarea aeruluiUHSUH]LQWăIRUPDUHDSDUWLFXOHORUvQFăUFDWHHOHFWULF$HUXO
VHLRQL]HD]ăVXELQIOXHQ‫܊‬DUDGLD‫܊‬LLORULRQL]DQWHSDUWLFXOHOHĮȕUDGLD‫܊‬LDܵGLQVRO
GLQDSăGLQDHUUDGRQWRURQHWFUDGLD‫܊‬LLORU;FRVPLFHGHVFăUFăULORUHOHFWULFH
vQDWPRVIHUăvQSURFHVXOLQGXVWULDO±vQWLPSXOvQFăO]LULLSXOYHUL]ăULL]GURELULL
HWF
Capitolul **

&DXUPDUHDLRQL]ăULLVHGHVSULQGHXQHOHFWURQGHODXQDWRPQHXWUXFDUH
VHXQH‫܈‬WHFXXQDOWDWRPQHXWUXIRUPkQGXQLRQQHJDWLY3DUWHDUăPDVăDDWRPX
OXLIRUPHD]ăXQLRQvQFăUFDWSR]LWLY6WDUHDGHLRQL]DUHDDHUXOXLVHFDUDFWHUL]HD]ă
SULQFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LDLRQLORUGHILHFDUHWLSvQPOGHDHUÌQDWPRVIHUDWHUHVWUăWUR
SRVIHUăQXPăUXOLRQLORUSR]LWLYLHVWHGHRELFHLPDLPDUHGHFkWDOLRQLORUQH
JDWLYL,RQLLFDUHH[LVWăVLQJXULVDXXQL‫܊‬LODPROHFXOHQHXWUHGHR[LJHQR]RQD]RW
‫܈‬LR[L]LLOXLVHQXPHVFioni ușori$FH‫܈‬WLLRQLSRWDWD‫܈‬DSDUWLFXOHGHSUDIVXVSHQ
GDWHIXPPLFURRUJDQLVPHWUDQVIRUPkQGXVHvQioni grei
5HJLPXO GH LRQL]DUH DDHUXOXLHVWHGHWHUPLQDWGH UDSRUWXOLRQLORU JUHLOD
QXPăUXOGHLRQLX‫܈‬RUL‫܈‬LUDSRUWXOGLQWUHQXPăUXOGHLRQLSR]LWLYL‫܈‬LQXPăUXOGH
LRQL QHJDWLYLFH UHSUH]LQWăcoeficientul de unipolaritate &XFkWDHUXO HVWHPDL
SROXDWFXDWkWHVWHPDLPDUHDFHVWFRHILFLHQWÌQDHUXO]RQHORUVWD‫܊‬LXQLORUEDO
QHDUHFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOGHLRQLX‫܈‬RULHVWHGHPLLvQFPvQDHUXORUD‫܈‬HORULQGXV
WULDOH±VDXPDLSX‫܊‬LQ1XPăUXOGHLRQLX‫܈‬RULVFDGHRGDWăFXvQUăXWă‫܊‬LUHD
FRQGL‫܊‬LLORUPLFURFOLPDWLFH‫܈‬LDUHORFFUH‫܈‬WHUHDFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOXLGHGLR[LGGHFDUERQ
vQVSD‫܊‬LLOHvQFKLVH
0HFDQLVPXOIL]LRORJLFGHDF‫܊‬LXQHDDHUXOXLLRQL]DWVHH[SOLFăSULQVFKLPEXO
HOHFWULFvQ‫܊‬HVXWXOSXOPRQDU‫܈‬LUHDF‫܊‬LLOHQHXURUHIOH[HFDUHDSDUFDUăVSXQVODLUL
WDUHDFXDHURLRQLDUHFHSWRULORUGLQSLHOH‫܈‬LDPXFRDVHORUWUDFWXOXLUHVSLUDWRU6XE
LQIOXHQ‫܊‬DFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LLORUPDULGHLRQLQHJDWLYLSkQăODPLOLRQvQFPVHRE
VHUYăVFKLPEăULIDYRUDELOHvQPHWDEROLVPXOJD]HORU‫܈‬LPLQHUDOHORUVHVWLPXOHD]ă
SURFHVHOHPHWDEROLFH‫܈‬LVHDFFHOHUHD]ăYLQGHFDUHDUăQLORU,RQLLQHJDWLYLDXDF‫܊‬L
XQHWRQLILDQWăDVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXLVWLPXOHD]ăPHWDEROLVPXO‫܈‬LDFWLYLWDWHDVLVWH
PXOXL QHUYRV FHQWUDO $FHDVWă DF‫܊‬LXQH HVWH XWLOL]DWă SHQWUX DHURLRQRWHUDSLH vQ
DVWPEURQ‫܈‬LFEROLOHDOHUJLFH&kQGSDFLHQWXOFDUHLQKDOHD]ăDHUFXUDWFXXQQX
PăUGHLRQLX‫܈‬RULGHFPDUHORFRFUH‫܈‬WHUHDQXPăUXOXLGHJOREXOHUR‫܈‬LL
VHvPEXQăWă‫܊‬H‫܈‬WHYHQWLOD‫܊‬LDSXOPRQDUăVHQRUPDOL]HD]ăWHQVLXQHDDUWHULDOă‫܈‬LSUR
FHVHOHGHR[LGRUHGXFHUH
$HURLRQLL SR]LWLYL GLPSRWULYă DX XQ HIHFW GH LQKLEL‫܊‬LH GHSUHVLY DVXSUD
SHUVRDQHLSURYRFkQGVRPQROHQ‫܊‬ăULGLFDUHDWHQVLXQLLDUWHULDOH‫܈‬LUHVSHFWLYUH
GXFHUHDSHUIRUPDQ‫܊‬HORU‫܈‬LFDSDFLWă‫܊‬LLGHPXQFă
$HURLRQL]DUHDFXLRQLX‫܈‬RULQHJDWLYLDUHDSOLFD‫܊‬LLSURILODFWLFHODPXQFLWRULLFX
ULVFUHVSLUDWRUSHQWUXSUHYHQLUHDWURPERHPEROLHLODVSRUWLYLSHQWUXDPHOLRUDUHD
SHUIRUPDQ‫܊‬HORUILLQGIRORVLWăSHQWUXSXULILFDUHDDHUXOXLvQvQFăSHULLQGXVWULDOH
‫܈‬LUH]LGHQ‫܊‬LDOHvQWUDQVSRUWHWF‫܈‬LWHUDSHXWLFHvQEROLUHVSLUDWRULLFDUGLRYDVFX
ODUHQHXURSVLKLFHGLJHVWLYHHQGRFULQH
(IHFWXOQHIDYRUDELODODHURLRQLORUJUHLSR]LWLYLHVWHOHJDWGHSROXDUHDDHUXOXL
‫܈‬LDIHFWHD]ăvQVSHFLDOVLVWHPXOUHVSLUDWRUSURYRFkQGVFăGHUHDFDSDFLWă‫܊‬LLSXOPR
QDUHSkQăODUHGXFHUHDIUHFYHQ‫܊‬HLPL‫܈‬FăULORUFLOLORU‫܈‬LDHIHFWXOXLGHEDULHUă
LULWDUHDPXFRDVHLUHVSLUDWRULLGLVSQHHFHIDOHHRERVHDOăFUL]HGHDVWPEURQ‫܈‬LFDJUD
YDUHDWXEHUFXOR]HLSXOPRQDUH
 &UH‫܈‬WHUHDLQWHQVLWă‫܊‬LLcâmpului electricSHUWXUEăVWDUHDGHELQH‫܈‬LSURFH
VHOHHOHFWURIL]LRORJLFHGLQFRUSXOXPDQ0RGLILFăULUDSLGHDOHcâmpului magne-
tic±IXUWXQLOHPDJQHWLFHGHWHUPLQăFUH‫܈‬WHUHDSURFHVHORUGHLQKLEDUHDVLVWHPX
OXL QHUYRV FHQWUDO FUH‫܈‬WHUHD IUHFYHQ‫܊‬HL GH H[DFHUEDUH D EROLORU QHXURSVLKLFH
GHWHULRUDUHDVWăULLGHELQH‫܈‬LVFăGHUHDFDSDFLWă‫܊‬LLGHPXQFă&XWRDWHDFHVWHDWUH
EXLHPHQ‫܊‬LRQDWFăHIHFWXOELRORJLFDODHURLRQLORUQXDIRVWvQFăHOXFLGDW
,UDGLHUHDVXPDUăDRUJDQLVPXOXLXPDQGLQFRQWXOUDGLRDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LLQDWXUDOHYD
ULD]ăvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHFRQGL‫܊‬LLOHFOLPDWLFH‫܈‬LFHOHQDWXUDOHGHFDQWLWDWHDGHUDGLRL]RWRSL
vQVROvQURFL
ÌQDIDUăGHUDGLRDFWLYLWDWHDQDWXUDOăUDGLRDFWLYLWDWHDDHUXOXLSRDWHILFRQ
GL‫܊‬LRQDWă‫܈‬LGHDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LOHDQWURSRJHQHFXPDUILH[SOR]LLOHQXFOHDUHDSOLFDUHD
VXEVWDQ‫܊‬HORUUDGLRDFWLYHvQHFRQRPLDQD‫܊‬LRQDOă
Radiația solarăHVWHXQIOX[LQWHJUDOGHXQGHHOHFWURPDJQHWLFHFXGLIHULWH
OXQJLPLGHXQGă‫܈‬LUHSUH]LQWăRVXUVăXQLFăGHHQHUJLHGHFăOGXUă‫܈‬LGHOXPLQă
/XPLQDHVWHXQLPSRUWDQWH[FLWDQWSHQWUXVFRDU‫܊‬DFHUHEUDOăDFWLYL]kQGQXQXPDL
IXQFĠLDYL]XDOăGDUúLDFHORUODOĠLDQDOL]DWRUL5DGLD‫܊‬LDVRODUăH[HUFLWăDF‫܊‬LXQHEL
RORJLFă SXWHUQLFă VWLPXOHD]ă PHWDEROLVPXO WRQXVXO JHQHUDO DO RUJDQLVPXOXL
DPHOLRUHD]ăVWDUHDJHQHUDOăFDSDFLWDWHDGHPXQFă
'LQSXQFWGHYHGHUHLJLHQLFRLPSRUWDQ‫܊‬ăGHRVHELWăSUH]LQWăSDUWHDRSWLFăD
VSHFWUXOXL VRODU LQFOX]kQG XQGHOH LQIUDUR‫܈‬LL  QP XQGHOH OXPLQRDVH
QP‫܈‬LXQGHOHXOWUDYLROHWHQP/DVXSUDID‫܊‬D3ăPkQWXOXLUD]HOH
LQIUDUR‫܈‬LLFRQVWLWXLHYL]LELOH±XOWUDYLROHWH±
/DRLQWHQVLWDWHFUHVFXWăUDGLD‫܊‬LLOHLQIUDUR‫܈‬LLSRWGXFHODHULWHPFXWDQDWFD
WDUDFWă/DDF‫܊‬LXQHDGLUHFWăDUD]HORUVRODUHDVXSUDFDSXOXLGHVFRSHULWVHGH]YROWă
‫܈‬RFXOWHUPLFPDQLIHVWDWSULQDPH‫܊‬HOLGXUHULGHFDSVHYHUHJUHD‫܊‬ă‫܈‬LSXSLOHGLODWDWH
'DFăQXHVWHDFRUGDWSULPXODMXWRUYLFWLPDv‫܈‬LSLHUGHFXQR‫܈‬WLQ‫܊‬DSXOVXOVHDFFHOH
UHD]ăDSDUHGLVSQHHDÌQFD]XULOHVHYHUHVHLQVWDOHD]ăFRPDFRQYXOVLLOHKDOXFLQD
‫܊‬LLOHFUH‫܈‬WHWHPSHUDWXUDFRUSXOXLSkQăODƒ&HVWHSRVLELOăPRDUWHDVXELWă
,QWHQVLWDWHDUDGLD‫܊‬LLORUOXPLQRDVHGHSLQGHGHJUDGXOGHSROXDUHDDHUXOXLFX
SXOEHUL6XELQIOXHQ‫܊‬DUDGLD‫܊‬LLORUVRODUHOXPLQRDVHVHIRUPHD]ăULWPXOQLFWHPHUDO
5DGLD‫܊‬LDOXPLQRDVăVWLPXOHD]ăSURFHVHOHPHWDEROLFHGLQRUJDQLVPLQIOXHQ‫܊‬HD]ă
VWDUHDSVLKRIL]LRORJLFăDRPXOXL,QVXILFLHQ‫܊‬DUDGLD‫܊‬LLORUOXPLQRDVHGXFHODSHU
WXUEDUHDULWPXULORUFLUFDGLHQHODWXOEXUăULVH]RQLHUHDIHFWLYHLDUH[FHVXOSRDWH
SURYRFDUHWLQLWă
$F‫܊‬LXQHDUDGLD‫܊‬LLORUXOWUDYLROHWHGLQGLDSD]RQXO$VHPDQLIHVWăSULQSLJPHQ
WDUHDSLHOLLGLQGLDSD]RQXO%±VLQWH]DYLWDPLQHL'GLQGLDSD]RQXO&±DF‫܊‬LXQH
EDFWHULFLGă$F‫܊‬LXQHDEDFWHULFLGăDUD]HORUGLQGLDSD]RQXO&VHDSOLFăODGH]LQ
IHF‫܊‬LDDHUXOXLvQVăOLOHGHRSHUD‫܊‬LHGLQEORFXULOHDVHSWLFHGLQIDUPDFLLODGH]LQ
IHF‫܊‬LDDSHLSURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUHPHGLFDPHQWHORUHWF
ÌQ FD]XO H[SXQHULL OD UD]H XOWUDYLROHWH LQWHQVH VH SRDWH GH]YROWD UHDFĠLH
LQIODPDWRULHODQLYHOXOSLHOLLIHEUăFHIDOHHIRWRRIWDOPLHGHUPDWLWăWXPRULPD
OLJQH/DLQVXILFLHQ‫܊‬DUDGLD‫܊‬LLORUXOWUDYLROHWHVFDGHWRQXVXO‫܈‬LUH]LVWHQ‫܊‬DRUJDQLV
Capitolul **

PXOXLVHPLFúRUHD]ăSRVLELOLWăĠLOHGHDGDSWDUHVFDGHIXQFĠLDGHUHJHQHUDUHD‫܊‬H
VXWXULORUVHGH]YROWăGHILFLHQ‫܊‬DGHYLWDPLQD'FDUHODFRSLLGXFHODUDKLWLVPLDU
ODDGXO‫܊‬LODRVWHRSRUR]ă

Noţiunile de vreme, de climă și de microclimat 

7HPSHUDWXUD DHUXOXL XPLGLWDWHD SUHVLXQHD DWPRVIHULFă YkQWXO QRULL ‫܈‬L
SUHFLSLWD‫܊‬LLOHSDUWLFLSăODIRUPDUHDvremii±VWDUHDDWPRVIHUHLvQWUXQORFDQXPLW
ODXQPRPHQWGDW$OWHHOHPHQWHPHWHRURORJLFHFHFDUDFWHUL]HD]ăYUHPHDVXQW
LQWHUYDOXOGHYL]LELOLWDWHFHD‫܊‬DIXUWXQLOHGXUDWD]LOHLOXPLQăWHPSHUDWXUD‫܈‬LVWD
UHDVROXOXLDOWLWXGLQHD‫܈‬LVWDUHDDFRSHULULLFX]ăSDGă9UHPHDVHFDUDFWHUL]HD]ă
SULQLQVWDELOLWDWHvQWLPSGHFLYUHPHDVHSRDWHPRGLILFD‫܈‬LGHFkWHYDRULvQGH
FXUVXO]LOHL$FHDVWDSRDWHILVHQLQăVDXSDU‫܊‬LDOQRURDVăIăUăSUHFLSLWD‫܊‬LLvQQRUDWă
YUHPHFXvQVHQLQăULFXSUHFLSLWD‫܊‬LLGHVFXUWăGXUDWăFXSORLWRUHQ‫܊‬LDOH
$EVROXW IDYRUDELOă SHQWUX RDPHQL HVWH YUHPHD VHQLQă IăUă VFKLPEăUL DOH
WHPSHUDWXULL‫܈‬LSUHVLXQLLDWPRVIHULFHFDUDFWHULVWLFăDQWLFLFORDQHORU(IHFWIDYRUDELO
GHDQWUHQDPHQWDVXSUDRPXOXLvODUHYUHPHDvQQRUDWăFXvQVHQLQăULPLFLPRGLILFăUL
GHWHPSHUDWXUă‫܈‬LRX‫܈‬RDUăPRGLILFDUHDSUHVLXQLLDVRFLDWHFXRVWDUHLQVWDELOăD
DHUXOXL 1HFRQIRUWDELOă QHIDYRUDELOăHVWHYUHPHDSRVRPRUkWăFX VFKLPEăULDF
FHQWXDWHDOHSUHVLXQLLDWPRVIHULFHVFăGHULSXWHUQLFHGHWHPSHUDWXUăvQQRUDWăFD
X]DWăGHUăFLUHDDHUXOXL‫܈‬LFUH‫܈‬WHUHDXPLGLWă‫܊‬LL([WUHPGHQHIDYRUDELOăVDXSXWHUQLF
QHFRQIRUWDELOăHVWHYUHPHDWLSLFăFLFORDQHORUFXGLIHUHQ‫܊‬HPDULGHWHPSHUDWXUă‫܈‬L
GHSUHVLXQHDWPRVIHULFăYkQWSXWHUQLFYLVFRO
0DMRULWDWHDRDPHQLORUVăQăWR‫܈‬LQXVXQWVHQVLELOLODVFKLPEăULOHPHWHRUROR
JLFH+LSHUVHQVLELOLWDWHODIOXFWXD‫܊‬LLOHPHWHRURORJLFHVDXVHQVLELOLWDWHPHWHRUROR
JLFă SRVHGă SHUVRDQHOH vQ YkUVWă SDFLHQ‫܊‬LL FX KLSHUWHQVLXQH DUWHULDOă FX EROL
FRURQDULHQH‫܈‬LFXWXEHUFXOR]ăÌQWLPSXODQWLFLFORDQHORURGDWăFXFUH‫܈‬WHUHDSUHVL
XQLLDWPRVIHULFHFUH‫܈‬WHSUHVLXQHDDUWHULDOăODSDFLHQ‫܊‬LLKLSRWHQVLYL‫܈‬LVFDGHODFHL
KLSHUWHQVLYL/DVFăGHUHDSUHVLXQLLDWPRVIHULFHvQWLPSXOFLFORQXOXLVHREVHUYăIH
QRPHQXORSXV/DSHUVRDQHOHVăQăWRDVHFXQRUPRWRQLHvQWLPSXOFLFORDQHORU‫܈‬L
DQWLFLFORDQHORUVHSRDWHVFKLPEDGRDUWHQVLXQHDDUWHULDOăVLVWROLFăVDXGLDVWROLFă
7RWDOLWDWHDIDFWRULORUIL]LFLDWPRVIHULFLWHPSHUDWXUDXPLGLWDWHDYLWH]DGH
PL‫܈‬FDUHDDHUXOXLSUHVLXQHDDWPRVIHULFăúLWHOXULFLUHOLHIYHJHWDĠLHVXSUDIHĠH
GHDSăFkPSHOHFWURPDJQHWLFHWFFDUDFWHULVWLFLSHQWUXRDQXPLWăUHJLXQHFH
FRQGLĠLRQHD]ăVSDĠLXOYLWDODORUJDQLVPHORUSHRSHULRDGăvQGHOXQJDWăGHWLPSVH
QXPH‫܈‬WHclimă&OLPDVHFDUDFWHUL]HD]ăSULQVWDELOLWDWHvQWLPSFHHDFHSUHVX
SXQHFăPRGLILFăULOHFOLPHLDXORUvQSHULRDGHOXQJLGHWLPS)DFWRULGRPLQDQĠL
DLFOLPHLVXQWFHLIL]LFLFDUHYDULD]ăFRQWLQXXúLGDXQDúWHUHIHQRPHQHORUPHWH
RURORJLFHGLQWURSRVIHUă
&OLPD DUH LPSDFW JUDY DVXSUD VWăULL GH ELQH D RPXOXL PDL DOHV YLWH]D
VFKLPEăULORUPHWHRURORJLFH2GDWăFXVFKLPEDUHDDFFHQWXDWăDYUHPLLSHUIRU
PDQ‫܊‬HOHIL]LFH‫܈‬LPHQWDOH VFDG EROLOHVHDJUDYHD]ăLDU QXPăUXO GHHURUL ‫܈‬L GH
DFFLGHQWHFUH‫܈‬WH
 2SHUVRDQăHVWHDIHFWDWăGHYUHPHDvQDQVDPEOXSUHFXP‫܈‬LGHFRPSRQHQ
WHOHHLFHGHSă‫܈‬HVFYDORULOHRSWLPHÌQSUDFWLFDPHGLFDOăVHIRORVH‫܈‬WHFODVLILFDUHD
FOLPDWXOXLvQEOkQG‫܈‬LH[FLWDQW
Clima indiferentăEOkQGăHVWHXQFOLPDWFDOGFXIOXFWXD‫܊‬LLPLFLDOHWHP
SHUDWXULL‫܈‬LDOHDOWRUIDFWRULPHWHRURORJLFLvQLQWHUYDOHOHGHWLPSOXQDUH]LOQLFH‫܈‬L
DQXDOH $FHDVWăFOLPă VROLFLWă PLQLPPHFDQLVPHOHIL]LRORJLFHGHDGDSWDUHDOH
RUJDQLVPXOXLXPDQ%OkQGăHVWHFOLPDIRUHVWLHUăFHDGHFRDVWă
Clima excitantă VHFDUDFWHUL]HD]ăSULQ IOXFWXD‫܊‬LLGLXUQH‫܈‬LVH]RQLHUHVHPQL
ILFDWLYHDOHIDFWRULORUPHWHRURORJLFLFHVROLFLWăPD[LPPHFDQLVPHOHGHDGDSWDUH
DOHRUJDQLVPXOXL([FLWDQWăHVWHFOLPDUHFHD1RUGXOXLFOLPDDOSLQăFOLPDFDOGă
DGH‫܈‬HUWXULORU‫܈‬LDVWHSHORU
6WXGLHUHDHIHFWHORUFOLPHL‫܈‬LYUHPLLDVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXLSHUVRDQHORUERO
QDYHHVWHGHRVHELWGHLPSRUWDQWăSHQWUXXWLOL]DUHDODPD[LPDHIHFWHORUEHQHILFH
DOHDFHVWHLD‫܈‬LSUHYHQLUHDVDXUHGXFHUHDLPSDFWXOXLQHJDWLY
ÌQXOWLPHOHGHFHQLLDOHVHFDO;;OHDDXDSăUXWUDPXULVSHFLDOHDOH‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬HL
PHGLFDOHSUHFXPJHRJUDILDPHGLFDOăELRFOLPDWRORJLDELRPHWHRURORJLDKHOLR
ELRORJLDEDOQHRORJLD‫܈‬DFDUHFRQWULEXLHHILFLHQWODSUHYHQLUHD‫܈‬LODWUDWDPHQWXO
EROLORUFDUGLRYDVFXODUHQHUYRDVHLQIHF‫܊‬LRDVHHWF
MicroclimatulDPELDQ‫܊‬DWHUPLFăXQFRPSOH[GHIDFWRULIL]LFLDLPHGLX
OXLDHULDQFHLQIOXHQ‫܊‬HD]ăVWDUHDWHUPLFăDRUJDQLVPXOXLHVWHFDUDFWHULVWLFXQXL
VSDĠLXOLPLWDW3DUDPHWULLIDFWRULLFHIRUPHD]ă‫܈‬LFDUDFWHUL]HD]ăPLFURFOLPDWXO
VXQWWHPSHUDWXUDDHUXOXLXPLGLWDWHDUHODWLYăYLWH]DGHPL‫܈‬FDUHDDHUXOXLWHP
SHUDWXUDRELHFWHORU‫܈‬LVXSUDIH‫܊‬HORU
0DLIUHFYHQWRPXOHVWHDIHFWDWGHIDFWRULLGHPHGLXvQFRPSOH[,QIOXHQ‫܊‬D
FRPELQDWăDIDFWRULORUGHPHGLXHVWHUHDOL]DWăVXEIRUPăGHefect combinatLQ
IOXHQ‫܊‬D PDL PXOWRU IDFWRUL GH DFHHD‫܈‬L QDWXUă asociat LQIOXHQ‫܊‬D IDFWRULORU GH
QDWXUăGLIHULWă‫܈‬Lefecte complexeLQIOXHQ‫܊‬DXQXLIDFWRUvQPRGXULGLIHULWH&D
UH]XOWDWDOLQWHUDF‫܊‬LXQLLvQWUHHLXQLLIDFWRULSRWVSRULVDXVOăELHIHFWXODOWRUDVH
SRWDGăXJDVDXUăPkQLQGLIHUHQ‫܊‬L
7HPSHUDWXUDULGLFDWăDDHUXOXLFXXPLGLWDWHVFă]XWăHVWHPDLX‫܈‬RUWROHUDWă
GHFkWFXXPLGLWDWHULGLFDWă2GDWăFXFUH‫܈‬WHUHDXPLGLWă‫܊‬LLDHUXOXLSLHUGHUHDGH
FăOGXUăVFDGH6DWXUD‫܊‬LDDHUXOXLFXYDSRULGHDSăODWHPSHUDWXULVFă]XWHFRQWUL
EXLHODKLSRWHUPLDRUJDQLVPXOXL
(IHFWXOFRPELQDWDOWHPSHUDWXULLULGLFDWHFXXPLGLWDWHDUHODWLYăULGLFDWă‫܈‬L
OLSVDPL‫܈‬FăULLDHUXOXLGXFHODKLSHUWHUPLH‫܈‬L‫܈‬RFVRODULDUDWHPSHUDWXULLQHJDWLYH
FX XPLGLWDWHD ULGLFDWă ‫܈‬L YkQW SXWHUQLF ±OD KLSRWHUPLH 6XSUDUăFLUHD HVWH GHMD
SRVLELOăODƒ&SHYUHPHXPHGă‫܈‬LFXYkQW
6HGHRVHEHVFWUHLWLSXULGHPLFURFOLPDWRSWLPGHVXSUDvQFăO]LUHFDOG‫܈‬L
GHVXSUDUăFLUHUHFH0LFURFOLPDWXORSWLPHVWHXQXOIDYRUDELOSHQWUXRUJDQLVPXO
XPDQLDUPLFURFOLPDWHOHGHVXSUDvQFăO]LUHúLGHVXSUDUăFLUH±QHIDYRUDELOH
Microclimatul optimVHFDUDFWHUL]HD]ăSULQHFKLOLEUXWHUPLFúLvQFDGUDUHDIDFWR
ULORU PLFURFOLPDWXOXL vQ OLPLWHOH YDORULORU QRUPDWLYH ÌQ DFHVWH FRQGLĠLL
SURFHVHOH GHWHUPRUHJODUHDOH RUJDQLVPXOXLVH DIOăvQ VWDUH GHHFKLOLEUX
Capitolul **

VWDUHDWHUPLFăHVWHFRQIRUWDELOăFDSDFLWDWHDGHPXQFăúLUH]LVWHQĠDODIDF
WRULQRFLYL±VSRULWH6ROLFLWDUHDPLQLPăDPHFDQLVPXOXLGHWHUPRUHJODUH
vQPLFURFOLPDWRSWLPVHGDWRUHD]ăIDSWXOXLFăFRQIRUWXOWHUPLFHVWHDVLJXUDW
SULQUHDFĠLLIL]LRORJLFHIăUăVXSUDVROLFLWăULIXQFĠLRQDOHÌQPLFURFOLPDWQH
IDYRUDELOSURFHVHOHGHWHUPRUHJODUHDOHRUJDQLVPXOXLVXQWVXSUDVROLFLWDWH
DSDUVHQ]DĠLLWHUPLFHQHSOăFXWHGHVXSUDvQFăO]LUHVDXIULJVHvQUăXWăĠHVF
IXQFĠLLOHDQDOL]DWRULORUúLDOHUHIOH[HORUFRQGLĠLRQDWHVFDGHUH]LVWHQ‫܊‬DIDĠă
GHDJHQĠLLFKLPLFLúLFRQWDJLRúL
Microclimatul caldGHVXSUDvQFăO]LUHVHFDUDFWHUL]HD]ăSULQUDGLDĠLHSR]LWLYă
WHPSHUDWXUDúLXPLGLWDWHDDHUXOXLFUHVFXWHLDUYLWH]DGHPLúFDUHDDHUXOXL
VFă]XWă 5HDFĠLD RUJDQLVPXOXL VH PDQLIHVWă SULQ VFăGHUHD WHUPRJHQH]HL
GLPLQXDUHDPHWDEROLVPXOXLED]DOYDVRGLODWDĠLHSHULIHULFăWUDQVSLUDĠLHSX
WHUQLFăFDUHSRWGXFHODKLSHUWHUPLH'LQFDX]DWUDQVSLUD‫܊‬LHLDEXQGHQWHDUH
ORFRGHUHJODUHVHPQLILFDWLYăDPHWDEROLVPXOXLKLGULFÌPSUHXQăFXDSD
GLQRUJDQLVPVHHOLPLQDRFDQWLWDWHPDUHGHVăUXULvQSULQFLSDOGHVRGLX
GHSRWDVLX‫܈‬LGHFDOFLX‫܈‬LGHYLWDPLQHKLGURVROXELOHÌQFRQVHFLQĠăVkQJHOH
VHvQJURD‫܈‬ăFUHVFYkVFR]LWDWHDFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOGHKHPRJORELQă‫܈‬LQXPăUXOGH
JOREXOHUR‫܈‬LL7HPSHUDWXUDULGLFDWăGXFHODUHGLVWULEXLUHDVkQJHOXLGHODRU
JDQHOHLQWHUQHFăWUHSLHOH$VWIHOGHWXOEXUăULDIHFWHD]ăDFWLYLWDWHDVLVWHPX
OXL FDUGLRYDVFXODU vQUHJLVWUkQGXVH FUH‫܈‬WHUHD UHIOH[ă D SXOVXOXL SkQă OD
EăWăLSHPLQXWGHELWXOXLFDUGLDFVFăGHUHDIUHFYHQ‫܊‬HLUHVSL
UD‫܊‬LHL2GDWăFXGHEXWXOVXSUDvQFăO]LULLVHREVHUYă RFUH‫܈‬WHUH D WHQVLXQLL
DUWHULDOHPD[LPH‫܈‬LRVFăGHUHDFHOHLPLQLPHÌQOHJăWXUăFXH[SXQHUHDOD
FăOGXUăLQWHQVăvQVLVWHPXOQHUYRVFHQWUDOVHLQWHQVLILFăSURFHVHOHLQKLEL
WRULLVFăGHUHDUH]LVWHQ‫܊‬HLUHIOH[HORUFRQGL‫܊‬LRQDWHGHWHULRUDUHDFRRUGRQăULL
PL‫܈‬FăULORUDWHQ‫܊‬LHLHWF
ÌQmicroclimatul receGHVXSUDUăFLUHUDGLDĠLD‫܈‬LWHPSHUDWXUDDHUXOXLVXQWVFă]XWH
LDUXPLGLWDWHDúLYLWH]DGHPLúFDUHDDHUXOXLFUHVFXWH7HPSHUDWXULOHDHUXOXL
DWkWSR]LWLYHFkW‫܈‬LQHJDWLYHGHSăúHVFVHPQLILFDWLYOLPLWHOHLQIHULRDUHDOH]R
QHLGHFRQIRUWSURYRFkQGVHQ]D‫܊‬LHWHUPLFăQHFRQIRUWDELOă‫܈‬LVWUHVDOSURFH
VHORU GH WHUPRUHJODUH PDQLIHVWDW SULQ VSRULUHD WHUPRJHQH]HL DFFHOHUDUHD
PHWDEROLVPXOXL ED]DO VSRULUHD YROXPXOXL VkQJHOXL FLUFXODQW 2UJDQLVPXO
XPDQUHDF‫܊‬LRQHD]ăODVXSUDUăFLUH‫܈‬LSULQYDVRFRQVWULFĠLHSHULIHULFăFRQWUDFĠLL
PXVFXODUHúLWUHPXUăWXULXQHRULKLSRWHUPLH
$FĠLXQLOHPLFURFOLPDWXOXLQHIDYRUDELODVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXLXPDQSRWILSUHYHQLWH
SULQPăVXULGHSUHYHQ‫܊‬LH
● UHJOHPHQWDUHDúWLLQĠLILFDUJXPHQWDWăDPLFURFOLPDWXOXLSHQWUXGLIHULWH
vQFăSHUL'HH[HPSOXSHQWUXvQFăSHULOHKDELWXDOHvQSHULRDGDUHFHD
DQXOXLVXQWVWDELOLWHXUPăWRDUHOHQRUPHGHPLFURFOLPDWWHPSHUDWXUDDH
UXOXLGHOD R&SkQăOD R&XPLGLWDWHDUHODWLYăRSWLPă±
DGPLVă±YLWH]DGHPLúFDUHDDHUXOXL±PV
WHPSHUDWXUDSHUHĠLORU±“R&vQFRPSDUDĠLHFXFHDDDHUXOXL
 ● DFĠLXQHDVXSUDPHGLXOXLDPELDQWSHQWUXDDVLJXUDXQPLFURFOLPDWRSWLP
VDXFHOSXĠLQLQRIHQVLYSHQWUXRUJDQLVP6HYDDVLJXUDIXQFĠLRQDUHDFR
UHFWăDVLVWHPHORUGHYHQWLODĠLHGHvQFăO]LUHGHFRQGLĠLRQDUHDDHUXOXL
GHSURWHFĠLHDQWLVRODUăVHYRUOLFKLGDVDXDWHQXDULVFXOGHVXSUDvQFăO
]LUHVDXGHVXSUDUăFLUH
● PăVXULGHDGDSWDUHDOHJHUHDvPEUăFăPLQWHLSRWULYLWHFăOLUHDUHVSHF
WDUHDUHJLPXOXLUDĠLRQDOGHPXQFăúLGHRGLKQăDOLPHQWDĠLHUDĠLRQDOăúL
DSURYL]LRQDUHFXDSăSRWDELOă
● PăVXULPHGLFRSURILODFWLFHH[DPLQăULOHPHGLFDOHSUHYHQWLYHODDQJD
MDUHDvQFkPSXOPXQFLLúLFHOHSHULRGLFHvQWLPSXOPXQFLLFXVFRSXO
GHDGHSLVWDGHUHJOăULDOHVăQăWăĠLLPăVXULGHHGXFDĠLHDXQXLVWLOVăQă
WRVGHYLDĠă
2PXOWUHFkQGvQWURUHJLXQHFOLPDWLFăQRXăVFKLPEkQGORFXOGHPXQFăFX
DOWHFRQGLĠLLGHPLFURFOLPDWWUHEXLHVăVHDGDSWH]HVăVHDFOLPDWL]H]HODQRLOH
FRQGLĠLLAclimatizareaHVWHXQSURFHVELRORJLF‫܈‬LVRFLDOGHDGDSWDUHDFWLYăDRU
JDQLVPXOXLODQRLOHFRQGL‫܊‬LLFOLPDWLFH2UJDQLVPXOXPDQGLVSXQHGHPHFDQLVPH
GHDGDSWDUHODFRQGL‫܊‬LLOHIL]LFHDOHPHGLXOXLDPELDQW8QDVWIHOGHPHFDQLVPHVWH
WHUPRUHJODUHD±XQVHWGHSURFHVHIL]LRORJLFHFDUHDVLJXUăWHPSHUDWXUDFRUSRUDOă
FRQVWDQWă7HUPRUHJODUHDVHUHDOL]HD]ăSULQVFKLPEDUHDLQWHQVLWă‫܊‬LLSURGXFHULLGH
FăOGXUăWHUPRJHQH]D‫܈‬LDSURFHVHORUGHFHGDUHDFăOGXULLWHUPROL]D‫܈‬LvQSUL
PXOUkQGSULQFHGDUHDFăOGXULLODQLYHOGHSLHOHHYDSRUDUHDWUDQVSLUD‫܊‬LHL
$FOLPDWL]DUHDODRFOLPăUHFHHVWHvQVR‫܊‬LWăGHLQWHQVLILFDUHDPHWDEROLVPX
OXL SURGXF‫܊‬LHL GH FăOGXUă FUH‫܈‬WHUHD YROXPXOXL GH VkQJH FLUFXODQW VFăGHUHD
FRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOXLGHYLWDPLQH&'JUXSHL%LDUODRFOLPDFDOGă±EUDGLFDUGLHKLSR
WHQVLXQH KLSRWHUPLH ‫܈‬L VFăGHUHD LQWHQVLWă‫܊‬LL PHWDEROLVPXOXL $GDSWDUHD OD R
FOLPăFDOGăHVWHPDLGLILFLOăGHFkWODXQDUHFH
ÌQSURFHVXO GHDFOLPDWL]DUH XQ UROLPSRUWDQW DXFRQGL‫܊‬LLOH IDYRUDELOH GH
PXQFă‫܈‬LGHWUDLDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LDVăQăWRDVăvPEUăFăPLQWHD‫܈‬LvQFăO‫܊‬ăPLQWHFRUHVSXQ
]ăWRDUHLJLHQDSHUVRQDOăFăOLUHDH[HUFL‫܊‬LLOHIL]LFH$FOLPDWL]DUHDQXDUHORFGDFă
vQSURFHVXOGHDGDSWDUHVHREVHUYăPHWHRQHYUR]ăQHYUDOJLHFHIDOJLHH[DFHUED
UHDEROLORUFURQLFH
3HQWUXDvQĠHOHJHFXPPLFURFOLPDWXOLQIOXHQĠHD]ăPHWDEROLVPXOWHUPLFWUH
EXLHVăFXQRD‫܈‬WHPFăLOHGHFHGDUHDFăOGXULLWHUPROL]ă
● termoliza prin radiaţieGHSLQGHGHLQWHQVLWDWHDUDGLDĠLHLVRODUHGHWHPSHUD
WXUDVROXOXL‫܈‬LDSHUHĠLORUvQFăSHULLúLQXHVWHLQIOXHQĠDWăGHWHPSHUD
WXUDGHXPLGLWDWHDúLGHYLWH]DGHPLúFDUHDDHUXOXL&HGDUHDGHFăOGXUă
FăWUHRELHFWHOHúLVXSUDIHĠHOHGLQMXUFRQVWLWXLHGLQWRWDOXOFăO
GXULLSLHUGXWHúLHVWHGLUHFWGHSHQGHQWăGHWHPSHUDWXUDDFHVWRUD
x termoliza prin conductibilitate DUH ORF OD FRQWDFW FX RELHFWHOH PDL UHFL ±
SHUHĠLSRGHDúLSRDWHFRQVWLWXLFLUFDGLQWRWDOXOFăOGXULLSLHUGXWH
/DFUHúWHUHDXPLGLWăĠLLDHUXOXLFUHúWHúLWHUPROL]DSULQFRQGXFWLELOLWDWH
● termoliza prin convecţieFRQVWLWXLHGHJDMDUHDFăOGXULLGHSHVXSUDIDĠDFRUSXOXL
vQDHUÌQPRGRELúQXLWVHGHJDMăGLQWRWDOXOFăOGXULLSLHUGXWH
Capitolul **

$FHVWWLSGHWHUPROL]ăHVWHGLUHFWGHSHQGHQWGHIDFWRULLIL]LFLDLPHGLXOXL
FXFkWWHPSHUDWXUDDHUXOXLHVWHPDLPLFăXPLGLWDWHDúLYLWH]DFXUHQĠLORU
PDLPDUHFXDWkWWHUPROL]DSULQFRQYHFĠLHHVWHPDLPDUH'DFăWHPSHUD
WXUDDHUXOXLFUHúWHWHUPROL]DVFDGHLDUODR&VHvQWUHUXSH
● termoliza prin evaporareVHUHDOL]HD]ăSULQHYDSRUDUHDDSHLGHSHVXSUDIDĠD
SLHOLLPXFRDVHORU&HGDUHDGHFăOGXUăFRQVWLWXLHGLQWRWDOXO
FăOGXULLSLHUGXWHvQPRGRELúQXLW/DWHPSHUDWXUDFDPHUHLSURFHVXOGH
FHGDUHDFăOGXULLDUHORULQYL]LELOLQVHQVLELO±SULQUHVSLUDĠLH/DWHP
SHUDWXUDDHUXOXLGHƒ&vQFHSHIRUPDYL]LELOăGHWUDQVSLUDĠLH/D
RXPLGLWDWHUHODWLYăDDHUXOXLPLFăúLRYLWH]DGHPLúFDUHDDHUXOXLPDUH
HYDSRUDUHDFUHúWH
/DFUHúWHUHDWHPSHUDWXULLDHUXOXLRELHFWHORUvQFRQMXUăWRDUHVFDGHWHUPR
OL]DSULQUDGLDĠLHúLFRQYHFĠLHúLFUHúWHWHUPROL]DSULQHYDSRUDUH2GDWăFXVSRUL
UHDYLWH]HLFXUHQĠLORUGHDHUFUHúWHúLWHUPROL]DSULQFRQYHFĠLHúLHYDSRUDUH




3URSULHWă‫܊‬LOHFKLPLFHDOHDHUXOXLVXQWGHWHUPLQDWHGHFRPSR]L‫܊‬LDQRUPDOăD
JD]HORUGLQDHU‫܈‬LGHLPSXULWă‫܊‬LOHJD]RDVHGăXQăWRDUH3ULQFRPSR]L‫܊‬LDFKLPLFăDHUXO
DWPRVIHULFFXUDWHVWHXQDPHVWHFGHJD]HR[LJHQELR[LGGHFDUERQ
D]RW‫܈‬LPDLPXOWHJD]HLQHUWHDUJRQKHOLXNULSWRQ[HQRQWRURQ
UDGRQR]RQÌQWUXFkWHVWHXQDPHVWHFIL]LF‫܈‬LQXXQFRPSXVFKLPLFODULGLFDUHD
FKLDU‫܈‬LOD]HFLGHNLORPHWULSURFHQWXODFHVWRUJD]HSUDFWLFQXVHPRGLILFă/DvQăO
‫܊‬LPLIRDUWHPDULFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LD‫܈‬LSUHVLXQHDSDU‫܊‬LDOăDWXWXURUJD]HORUVFDGHFDXUPDUH
DVFăGHULLGHQVLWă‫܊‬LLDWPRVIHUHL3ULQDFWXOGHUHVSLUD‫܊‬LHFRPSR]L‫܊‬LDFKLPLFăDDHUXOXL
VHPRGLILFăvQDHUXOH[SLUDWFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LDGHR[LJHQFRERDUăSkQăODLDUD
ELR[LGXOXLGHFDUERQFUH‫܈‬WHGHFLUFDGHRULSkQăOD
&HOPDLLPSRUWDQWFRPSRQHQWDODHUXOXLHVWHoxigenul.ÌQRUJDQLVPXORPX
OXLR[LJHQXOVHFRQ‫܊‬LQHvQVkQJHvQVWDUHOHJDWăVXEIRUPăGHR[LKHPRJORELQă
WUDQVSRUWDWăGHHULWURFLWHFăWUHFHOXOHOHFRUSXOXL7UHFHUHDR[LJHQXOXLGLQDHUXO
DOYHRODUvQVkQJHVHGDWRUHD]ăGLIHUHQ‫܊‬HLGHSUHVLXQHSDU‫܊‬LDOăvQDHUXODOYHRODU‫܈‬L
vQVkQJHOHYHQRV3ăWUXQGHUHDR[LJHQXOXLGLQVkQJHOHDUWHULDOvQOLFKLGXOLQWHUVWL
‫܊‬LDO‫܈‬LDSRLvQFHOXOHDUHORFGXSăDFHOD‫܈‬LSULQFLSLXÌQVWDUHGHUHSDXVRSHUVRDQă
FRQVXPăDSUR[LPDWLYOGHR[LJHQSHRUăLDUvQWLPSXOPXQFLLIL]LFHSkQă
ODOK
&RUSXOXPDQHVWHIRDUWHVHQVLELOODOLSVDGHR[LJHQ6FăGHUHDFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LHL
R[LJHQXOXLHVWHELQHWROHUDWăSkQăODFkQGVHDSURSLHGHFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LD
DHUXOXLDOYHRODU$EVHQ‫܊‬DXQHLYHQWLOD‫܊‬LLHILFLHQWHDJORPHUD‫܊‬LDGLQVSD‫܊‬LLvQFKLVH
VDXSURFHVXOGHDUGHUHDFRPEXVWLELOXOXLLQFOXVLYDJD]XOXLSRWGXFHODRVFăGHUH
VHPQLILFDWLYăDFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LHLGHR[LJHQvQDHU/DFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LDPDLPLFăGH
LQWUăvQIXQF‫܊‬LXQHPHFDQLVPHOHFODVLFHGHFRPSHQVDUHFUH‫܈‬WHIUHFYHQ‫܊‬DFDUGLDFă
YROXPXOYHQWLOD‫܊‬LHLSXOPRQDUHQXPăUXOGHHULWURFLWHGLQVkQJHOHSHULIHULF6Fă
GHUHDvQFRQWLQXDUHDFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LHLGHR[LJHQGHSă‫܈‬H‫܈‬WHFDSDFLWDWHDGHFRPSHQ
VDUHIL]LRORJLFăDSDUHKLSR[LDFXPDQLIHVWăULLQL‫܊‬LDOFHUHEUDOHHXIRULHWXOEXUăUL
VHQ]RULDOHWXOEXUăULGHFRRUGRQDUHQHXURPRWRULH‫܈‬LGHRULHQWDUHWHPSRURVSD‫܊‬LDOă
GXSă FDUH XUPHD]ă GH]HFKLOLEUXO DFLGRED]LF SULQ KLSHUYHQWLOD‫܊‬LH UHVSLUD‫܊‬LH
&KH\QH6WRNHVFRQYXOVLL&RQFHQWUD‫܊‬LDR[LJHQXOXLvQDHUGHHVWHLQFRP
SDWLELOăFXYLD‫܊‬D
/DSHUVRDQHOHVăQăWRDVHLQVXILFLHQ‫܊‬DGHR[LJHQSRDWHILREVHUYDWăvQWLP
SXO]ERUXULORUERDOăGHDOWLWXGLQH‫܈‬LODXUFDUHDvQPXQ‫܊‬LUăXOGHPXQWHvQFHSkQG
FXRDOWLWXGLQHGHDSUR[LPDWLYNP/DRDOWLWXGLQHGHDSUR[LPDWLYNPSUH
VLXQHDSDU‫܊‬LDOăDR[LJHQXOXLHVWHDWkWGHMRDVăvQFkWSHUVRDQHOHQHDQWUHQDWHQX
SRWVXSUDYLH‫܊‬XLIăUăXWLOL]DUHDGLVSR]LWLYHORUFXR[LJHQ
5ăXOGHPXQWHVHPDQLIHVWăSULQRERVHDOăWDKLSQHH‫܈‬LFKLDUGLVSQHHWDKL
FDUGLH FHIDOHH YHUWLM VRPQROHQ‫܊‬ă FLDQR]ă vQ VSHFLDO D H[WUHPLWă‫܊‬LORU QDV
XUHFKLHSLVWD[LVKHPRSWL]LLvQFD]XULJUDYHOLSRWLPLL‫܈‬LFKLDUGHFHV3HUVRDQHOH
FDUHORFXLHVFvQ]RQHPXQWRDVHODPDULDOWLWXGLQLPXQ‫܊‬LL+LPDODLD$Q]LL&RU
GLOLHULSUH]LQWăPRGLILFăULIXQF‫܊‬LRQDOHDGDSWLYHFXFDUDFWHUSHUPDQHQWWRUDFH
FXDVSHFWJOREXORVSHQWUXFUH‫܈‬WHUHDYROXPXOXLUHVSLUDWRUKLSHUWURILDYHQWULFXOX
OXLFDUGLDFVWkQJFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LHPăULWăGHHULWURFLWH
2FUH‫܈‬WHUHDFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LHLGHR[LJHQSkQăODODSUHVLXQHDQRUPDOă
HVWHX‫܈‬RUWROHUDWă&UH‫܈‬WHUHDGR]DWăDSUHVLXQLLSDU‫܊‬LDOHDR[LJHQXOXLVHDSOLFăvQ
VFRSXULWHUDSHXWLFH/DFUH‫܈‬WHUHDSUHVLXQLLSkQăODN3DDWPDSDUOH]LXQL
DOH‫܊‬HVXWXOXLSXOPRQDUORFDO‫܈‬LWXOEXUăULIXQF‫܊‬LRQDOHDOHVLVWHPXOXLQHUYRVFHQWUDO
7RWRGDWăDUHORF‫܈‬LRDVLPLODUHPDLFRPSOHWăDR[LJHQXOXLGHFăWUH‫܊‬HVXWXULGDFă
DFHVWDVHLQVSLUăvQFRQGL‫܊‬LLGHEDURFDPHUăFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LDGHR[LJHQGH
‫܈‬LSUHVLXQHDGHN3DDWP
2[LJHQXOSXUDUHHIHFWWR[LFÌQH[SHULPHQWHOHSHDQLPDOHVDREVHUYDWFă
DWXQFLFkQGDQLPDOHOHUHVSLUDXR[LJHQSXUGXSăRUHVHvQUHJLVWUDDWHOHFWD]LD
SOăPkQLORU GXSă  RUH ± vQFăOFDUHD SHUPHDELOLWă‫܊‬LL FDSLODUHORU GLQ SOăPkQL
GXSăGHRUH±IHQRPHQHOHHGHPXOXLSXOPRQDU
6FăGHUHDFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LHLGHR[LJHQvQDHUHVWHFRPSOHWDWăGLQFRQWXOUH]HU
YHORUPDULGLQDWPRVIHUă‫܈‬LDDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LLILWRSODQFWRQXOXLRFHDQHORU‫܈‬LDSODQWHORU
WHUHVWUH)OX[XULOHWXUEXOHQWHFRQWLQXHDOHPDVHORUGHDHUQLYHOHD]ăFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOGH
R[LJHQvQWURSRVIHUăÌQVSD‫܊‬LLOHUH]LGHQ‫܊‬LDOHFOăGLULOHSXEOLFHFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LDR[L
JHQXOXLUăPkQHSUDFWLFQHVFKLPEDWăGDWRULWăGLIX]LXQLLX‫܈‬RDUHDDHUXOXLSULQSRULL
PDWHULDOHORU GH FRQVWUXF‫܊‬LH SULQ ILVXULOH JHDPXULORU HWF ÌQ vQFăSHULOH vQFKLVH
HUPHWLFDGăSRVWXULVXEPDULQHHWFFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LDGHR[LJHQSRDWHILUHGXVăVHP
QLILFDWLY2GDWăFXFUH‫܈‬WHUHDWHPSHUDWXULLDHUXOXLSkQăODƒ&FUH‫܈‬WHUHDXPL
GLWă‫܊‬LLSUHVLXQHDSDU‫܊‬LDOăDR[LJHQXOXLVFDGHFHHDFHSRDWHDYHDXQHIHFWQHJDWLY
DVXSUDSDFLHQ‫܊‬LORUFXKLSR[LH
Capitolul **

Bioxidul de carbonvQQDWXUăHVWHvQVWDUHOLEHUă‫܈‬LOHJDWăÌQQDWXUăFRQWLQXX
DXORFSURFHVHGHIRUPDUH‫܈‬LGHDEVRUE‫܊‬LHDELR[LGXOXLGHFDUERQ3kQăODGLQ
ELR[LGXOGHFDUERQHVWHGL]ROYDWvQDSDPăULORU‫܈‬LRFHDQHORUUHVWXOHVWHOHJDWGH
OXPHDDQLPDOă‫܈‬LYHJHWDOă%LR[LGXOGHFDUERQGL]ROYDWvQDSDPăULORU‫܈‬LRFHDQH
ORU HVWH vQ HFKLOLEUX GLQDPLF FX ELR[LGXO GH FDUERQ GLQ DHU VH GL]ROYă vQ DSă
RGDWă FX FUH‫܈‬WHUHD SUHVLXQLL SDU‫܊‬LDOH vQ DHU ‫܈‬L HVWH HOLEHUDW vQ DWPRVIHUă DWXQFL
FkQGSUHVLXQHDSDU‫܊‬LDOăVFDGH%LR[LGXOGHFDUERQHVWHHOLEHUDWvQDWPRVIHUăFD
XUPDUH D UHVSLUD‫܊‬LHL RDPHQLORU SODQWHORU ‫܈‬L DQLPDOHORU SURFHVHORU QDWXUDOH GH
IHUPHQWD‫܊‬LH‫܈‬LGHR[LGDUHDVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HORURUJDQLFHSURFHVHORUDUWLILFLDOH‫܈‬LQDWX
UDOHGHDUGHUHHWF2SHUVRDQăHOLPLQăvQPHGLHOGHELR[LGGHFDUERQSHRUă
&RQFRPLWHQWFXSURFHVXOGHIRUPDUHDELR[LGXOXLGHFDUERQDUHORF‫܈‬LDEVRUE‫܊‬LD
OXLDFWLYăGHSODQWHvQWLPSXOIRWRVLQWH]HLWUHFHUHDFDUERQD‫܊‬LORUvQELFDUERQD‫܊‬LvQ
DSDPăULORU‫܈‬LRFHDQHORUVSăODUHDGLQDHUvQWLPSXOSUHFLSLWD‫܊‬LLORU
,PSRUWDQ‫܊‬DIL]LRORJLFăDELR[LGXOXLGHFDUERQHVWHFHDGHH[FLWDQWDOFHQ
WUXOXLUHVSLUDWRU3UHVLXQHDSDU‫܊‬LDOăDELR[LGXOXLGHFDUERQvQVkQJHHVWHDVLJXUDWă
SULQUHJODUHDHFKLOLEUXOXLDFLGRED]LFÌQRUJDQLVPELR[LGXOGHFDUERQVHDIOăvQ
VWDUHOHJDWăVXEIRUPăGHELFDUERQDWGHVRGLXvQSODVPă‫܈‬LvQHULWURFLWHÌQWLPSXO
LQVSLUăULL FRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LLORU PDUL GH ELR[LG GH FDUERQ VH GHUHJOHD]ă SURFHVHOH GH
R[LGRUHGXFHUH$FXPXODUHDELR[LGXOXLGHFDUERQvQVkQJH‫܈‬LvQ‫܊‬HVXWXULGXFHOD
DQR[LHWLVXODUă&XFkWHVWHPDLPDUHFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LDGHELR[LGGHFDUERQvQDHUXO
LQVSLUDWFXDWkWPDLSX‫܊‬LQSRDWHILHOLEHUDWGHRUJDQLVPÌQvQFăSHULOHFXYHQWLOD‫܊‬LH
LQVXILFLHQWăDJORPHUDWHFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LDDFHVWXLJD]DMXQJHODVDXPDLPXOWÌQ
DVWIHOGHFRQGL‫܊‬LLVHvQUăXWă‫܊‬H‫܈‬WHVWDUHDGHELQHDSDUHVRPQROHQ‫܊‬D2GDWăFXFUH‫܈‬
WHUHDFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LHLGHELR[LGGHFDUERQvQDHUXOLQVSLUDWSkQăODVHREVHUYă
VLPSWRPHGHLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LHDSDUHGLVSQHHFHIDOHHVFDGHFDSDFLWDWHDGHPXQFă/D
FRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LDGHVHDWHVWăKLSHUHPLDIH‫܊‬HLVHQ]D‫܊‬LHGHFRQVWULF‫܊‬LHWRUDFLFă
XQHOHWXOEXUăULVHQ]RULDOHSDOSLWD‫܊‬LLFDUGLDFHVXSUDH[FLWD‫܊‬LHRX‫܈‬RDUăFUH‫܈‬WHUHD
WHQVLXQLLDUWHULDOHOD±FHIDOHHYHUWLMJUHD‫܊‬ăYRPăDGLQDPLHVRPQROHQ‫܊‬ă
OD±OLSRWHPLHLDUODRFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LHGHSHVWHVHSURGXFHSDUDOL]LD
FHQWUXOXLUHVSLUDWRUFXPRDUWHDVXELWăSULQVWRSUHVSLUDWRU
&RQFHQWUD‫܊‬LDGHELR[LGGHFDUERQFRQVWLWXLHLQGLFDWRUVDQLWDUGHYLFLHUHD
DHUXOXLvQFăSHULORUDGLFăDFHVWLQGLFDWRUSHUPLWHHYDOXDUHDSXULWă‫܊‬LLDHUXOXLGLQ
FOăGLULOHUH]LGHQ‫܊‬LDOH‫܈‬LSXEOLFH$FXPXODUHDVHPQLILFDWLYăDDFHVWXLFRPSXVvQ
DHUXOVSD‫܊‬LLORUvQFKLVHPDLPDUHGHvQvQFăSHULOHKDELWXDOHRFXSD‫܊‬LRQDOH
SXEOLFH‫܈‬LPDLPDUHGHvQvQFăSHULOHLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLORUPHGLFRVDQLWDUHSXEOLFH
LQGLFăYLFLHUHDDHUXOXL$FHVWHYDORULVXQWOXDWHFDYDORULFDOFXODWHODGHWHUPLQD
UHDHILFLHQ‫܊‬HLYHQWLOD‫܊‬LHL
Azotul HVWH FRPSRQHQWXOSUHGRPLQDQWDODWPRVIHUHLUHYHQLQGXL
)LLQG XQ JD] LQHUW QX LD SDUWH OD SURFHVHOH PHWDEROLFH DOH RUJDQLVPHORU YLL
VHUYLQGFDGLOXDQWDOR[LJHQXOXLGHRDUHFHYLD‫܊‬DvQR[LJHQSXUHVWHLPSRVLELOă
$]RWXOGLQDHUHVWHDEVRUELWGHXQHOHEDFWHULLGLQVROSUHFXP‫܈‬LGHDOJHOHYHU]L
DOEDVWUHFDUHvOWUDQVIRUPăvQDPRQLDF6XELQIOXHQ‫܊‬DGHVFăUFăULORUHOHFWULFHD]R
WXO GLQ DHU VH WUDQVIRUPă vQ R[L]L FDUH VSăOD‫܊‬L GLQ DWPRVIHUă SULQ SUHFLSLWD‫܊‬LL
vPERJă‫܊‬HVFVROXOFXVăUXULDOHDFLGXOXLD]RWLF±QLWUD‫܊‬L3ODQWHOHDEVRUEDPRQLDFXO
‫܈‬LQLWUD‫܊‬LLGLQVROSHQWUXDVLQWHWL]DSURWHLQH.&RPSX‫܈‬LLRUJDQLFLD]RWD‫܊‬LVHvQWRUF
vQVROSULQLQWHUPHGLXOGHMHF‫܊‬LLORUDQLPDOHORU‫܈‬LSULQGHVFRPSXQHUHDRUJDQLVPH
ORUPRDUWH%DFWHULLOHGHQLWULILFDWRDUHGLQVROWUDQVIRUPăD]RWXOGLQQLWUD‫܊‬LvQFDQ
WLWă‫܊‬LPLFLGHD]RWJD]RVHOLEHUDWvQDSRLvQDWPRVIHUă‫܈‬LFLUFXLWXOVHUHSHWă6D
FRQVWDWDWFăGHD]RWGLQDHUXODWPRVIHULFHVWHDVLPLODWGHRUJDQLVPHOHYLL‫܈‬L
GRDUHVWHDVRFLDWFDXUPDUHDSURFHVHORUIL]LFHGLQQDWXUă3ULQXUPDUHFHD
PDLPDUHSDUWHDD]RWXOXLOHJDWHVWHGHRULJLQHELRJHQă&RQFRPLWHQWFXDVLPL
ODUHDD]RWXOXLDUHORF‫܈‬LHOLPLQDUHDOXLvQDWPRVIHUă
3URSULHWă‫܊‬LOHDGYHUVHDOHD]RWXOXLVXQWPDLPDQLIHVWHvQFRQGL‫܊‬LLGHSUHVLXQH
ULGLFDWăDVRFLDWHFXHIHFWXOQDUFRWLF‫܈‬LSDUWLFLSDUHDODGH]YROWDUHDEROLLGHFKHVRQ
YH]LDF‫܊‬LXQHDSUHVLXQLLDWPRVIHULFHULGLFDWHvQFDSLWROXOIgiena aerului. Noțiuni de
vreme, de climă și de microclimat. Importanța igienică a factorilor fizici ai aerului
Argonul, neonul, heliul, kriptonul, toronul, xenonul, radonulVXQWJD]HLQHUWH
GLQFRPSRQHQ‫܊‬DDHUXOXLFDUHQXDXQLFLRVHPQLILFD‫܊‬LHIL]LRORJLFă(IHFWHOHORUSHUL
FXORDVHDVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXL‫܊‬LQGHUDGLRDFWLYLWDWHDORUUDGRQXO‫܈‬LWRURQXOÌQFRQ
GL‫܊‬LLQDWXUDOHDFHVWHJD]HGHWHUPLQăUDGLRDFWLYLWDWHDQDWXUDOăDDWPRVIHUHL
&RQ‫܊‬LQXWXOGHozonvQWURSRVIHUăHVWHGHPJPLDUvQVWUDWRVIHUă
GH]HFL‫܈‬LGHVXWHGHRULPDLPDUHFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LDFHDPDLvQDOWăILLQGODDOWLWXGLQL
GHNPvQD‫܈‬DQXPLWXOstrat de ozonFDUHSURWHMHD]ăELRVIHUDGHUDGLD‫܊‬LLOH
XOWUDYLROHWH GXUH DOH 6RDUHOXL 2]RQXO HVWH XQ SURGXV LQWHUPHGLDU DO UHDF‫܊‬LLORU
IRWRFKLPLFHvQWURDWPRVIHUăSROXDWăGHR[L]LLD]RWXOXL‫܈‬LFDDJHQWR[LGDQWSX
WHUQLFSRDWHGXFHODIRUPDUHDFRPSX‫܈‬LORUIRDUWHWR[LFL&RQFHQWUD‫܊‬LDFUHVFXWăGH
R]RQvQDHUXORUD‫܈‬HORULQGLFăXQQLYHOSHULFXORVGHSROXDUH




ÌQFăO]LUHDJOREDOăHVWHXQIHQRPHQFHUWúLUHFXQRVFXWGHRDPHQLLGHúWLLQĠă
$FHVWIHQRPHQJHQHUHD]ăPDULSUHMXGLFLLPDWHULDOHvQFHOHPDLGLIHULWHGRPHQLLDOH
YLHĠLLVRFLDOHGHWHUPLQkQGIHQRPHQHFHSDUDVFKLPEDLUHYHUVLELOID‫܊‬ăOXPLLúLLP
SOLFLWFRQGLĠLLOHJHQHUDOHGHYLDĠă,QFRQWHVWDELOQHvQGUHSWăPFăWUHRFUH‫܈‬WHUHFRQWL
QXăDWHPSHUDWXULORU‫܈‬LYHULOHYRUGHYHQLGLQFHvQFHPDLWRULGH$VWIHOODPLMORFXO
VHFROXOXLFăOGXULOHH[FHVLYHYRUUHSUH]HQWDQRUPDSHQWUX]RQDHXURSHDQăÌQFăO]LUHD
FOLPHLSDUHDILPXOWPDLDYDQVDWăGHFkWFUHGHP‫܈‬LHVWHPXOWPDLSHULFXORDVăGHFkW
VHVSXQH±SHQWUXRPSHQWUXVăQăWDWH‫܈‬LSHQWUXFDOLWDWHDYLH‫܊‬LLVDOH
(IHFWHOHFHOHPDLODUJPHGLDWL]DWHDOHvQFăO]LULLJOREDOHVXQW
● ULGLFDUHDOHQWăGDUFRQVWDQWăDQLYHOXOXLPăULL
● PăULUHDIUHFYHQĠHLH[WUHPHORUFOLPDWLFH
● WRSLUHDSURJUHVLYăDJKHĠDULORUúLDFDORWHLJODFLDUH
● H[WLQFĠLDQXPHURDVHORUVSHFLL
Capitolul **

● LQIOXHQĠDUHDVHPQLILFDWLYăDVăQăWăĠLLRDPHQLORUúLDDQLPDOHORU
)HQRPHQXOvQFăO]LULLJOREDOHJHQHUHD]ăGLVSXWHDSULQVHvQMXUXOH[SOLFăULL
FDX]HORU DFHVWXLD 2SLQLD GRPLQDQWă DSDUĠLQH &RPLWHWXOXL ,QWHUJXYHUQDPHQWDO
SHQWUX6FKLPEăUL&OLPDWLFHDO218,3&&FDUHVXVĠLQHFăvQFăO]LUHDJOREDOă
HVWHFRQVHFLQ‫܊‬DFUHúWHULLFRQFHQWUDĠLHLJD]HORU FX HIHFW GH VHUă GHSURYHQLHQĠă
DQWURSLFăGLQDGRXDMXPăWDWHDVHFDO;;OHD
'DWRULWăSURFHVHORUQDWXUDOHFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LDGHELR[LGGHFDUERQvQDHUXODW
PRVIHULFVHPHQ‫܊‬LQHPXOWăYUHPHQHVFKLPEDWăYH]LFDSLWROXOFactorii chimici
ai mediului aerian și influența lor asupra organismuluiÌQVăvQXOWLPXOWLPS
VHFRQVWDWăRX‫܈‬RDUăFUH‫܈‬WHUHDFDQWLWă‫܊‬LLGHELR[LGGHFDUERQvQDHUXODWPRVIHULF
GHWHUPLQDWăGHQLYHOXOFUHVFXWDOSURFHVHORUGHDUGHUHFDUHGHSă‫܈‬HVFFDSDFLWă‫܊‬LOH
SODQWHORUGHDOXWLOL]DGDU‫܈‬LGHUHGXFHUHDGUDVWLFăD]RQHORUYHU]LGHSHVXSUDID‫܊‬D
WHUHVWUă'DFăIHQRPHQXOQXYDILVWRSDWQHSXWHPD‫܈‬WHSWDODDSDUL‫܊‬LDXQRUIHQR
PHQHQHIDYRUDELOHFXPDUILFUH‫܈‬WHUHDFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LHLGHELR[LGGHFDUERQvQDW
PRVIHUă‫܈‬LUHVSHFWLYPHQ‫܊‬LQHUHDXQHLFDQWLWă‫܊‬LPDLPDULGHFăOGXUăODVXSUDID‫܊‬D
VROXOXLvPSLHGLFkQGUăFLUHDOXL
ÌQXOWLPXOVHFROWHPSHUDWXULOHDUFWLFHDXFUHVFXWGHGRXăRULPDLPXOWGHFkW
vQ VHFROXO DQWHULRUvQ WLPS FHFRQFHQWUDĠLDDWPRVIHULFăGH ELR[LGGH FDUERQ D
FUHVFXWGHOD GHSDUWLFXOH ODXQPLOLRQFkWHUDvQ SHULRDGDSUHLQGXVWULDOă
SkQăODGHSDUWLFXOHODXQPLOLRQvQ6SHFLDOLúWLLDILUPăFăSHVWHGRXă
GHFHQLLSHWLPSXOYHULLDUFWLFHJKHDĠDGHODSROLVHYDWRSLFRPSOHWFHHDFHYD
FRQVWLWXLXQWHVWGXUGHVXSUDYLHĠXLUHSHQWUXQXPHURDVHVSHFLLSRODUH
8QHOHSUHYL]LXQLLQGLFăRFUHúWHUHDWHPSHUDWXULLJOREDOHFXFLUFDƒ&
SkQă vQ DQXO FHHD FHDU HFKLYDODFXXQ DGHYăUDWúRFFDORULF GHRSRWULYă
SHQWUXPHGLXúLSHQWUXRDPHQL3ULQFRQVHFLQĠHOHVDOHXQDVHPHQHDIHQRPHQYD
SXQHVXEVHPQXOvQWUHEăULLvQVăúLFDSDFLWDWHDRPXOXLVRFLHWăĠLLúLDHFRVLVWHPH
ORUGHDVHDGDSWD
6FKLPEăULOHFHDXORFODQLYHOXOFOLPHLúLDOHFRVLVWHPHORUSXQvQSHULFRO
IXQGDPHQWHOHVăQăWăĠLLXPDQHDFFHVXOODUHVXUVHDOLPHQWDUHDGHFYDWHDHUFXUDW
DSăSRWDELOăúLORFXLQĠHVLJXUHúLUHSUH]LQWăvQSUH]HQWFHDPDLPDUHSURYRFDUH
DVHFDO;;,OHDvQFHHDFHSULYHúWHVăQăWDWHDSXEOLFă
=LOHOHWRULGHVXQWRDGHYăUDWăSURYRFDUHSHQWUXSRSXOD‫܊‬LH([SXQHUHDSUH
OXQJLWăODWHPSHUDWXULULGLFDWHGXFHODvQFăOFDUHDHFKLOLEUXOXLKLGURVDOLQ‫܈‬LDED
ODQ‫܊‬HL YLWDPLQLFH OD DSDULĠLD KLSHUWHUPLHL $FHVWH PRGLILFăUL VXQW GHRVHELW GH
FDUDFWHULVWLFH OD HIHFWXDUHD PXQFLL IL]LFH vQVR‫܊‬LWă GH WUDQVSLUD‫܊‬LH/D R PXQFă
IL]LFăJUHDvQFRQGL‫܊‬LLGHWHPSHUDWXULULGLFDWHVHSRWHOLEHUDSkQăODOGHWUDQ
VSLUD‫܊‬LHLDUFXHDSkQăODJGHFORUXUăGHVRGLXSkQăODGLQYLWDPLQHOH
VROXELOHvQDSăÌQDFHVWH FRQGL‫܊‬LLVH GHUHJOHD]ăHFKLOLEUXOKLGURVDOLQ ‫܈‬LVHSRW
GH]YROWDFRQYXOVLL([SXQHUHDSUHOXQJLWăODWHPSHUDWXULULGLFDWHGXFHODKLSHU
WHUPLH ÌQ IRUPD X‫܈‬RDUă GH KLSHUWHUPLH SULQFLSDOXO VLPSWRP HVWH FUH‫܈‬WHUHD
WHPSHUDWXULLFRUSXOXLSkQăODƒ&‫܈‬LPDLPXOWvQVR‫܊‬LWăGHvQUR‫܈‬LUHDIH‫܊‬HLWUDQ
VSLUD‫܊‬LHVOăELFLXQHDPH‫܊‬HOLJUHD‫܊‬ă‫܈‬LYRPă
 &ăOGXUDLQWHQVăVXSUDVROLFLWăWRWFRUSXOFDUHWUHEXLHVăGHSXQăHIRUWVXSOL
PHQWDUFRQVLGHUDELOSHQWUXD‫܈‬LUHJODWHPSHUDWXUDFDVăIDFăID‫܊‬ăPHGLXOXLvQ
FDUHVHDIOă&DXUPDUHFUH‫܈‬WHJUDGXOGHWUDQVSLUDĠLHUHJODUHDWHPSHUDWXULLSLHOLL
‫܈‬LDRUJDQHORUYLWDOHVHPăUH‫܈‬WH GHELWXOFDUGLDF VFDGH WHQVLXQHDDUWHULDOă VH
GLODWăYDVHOHVDQJYLQH7RDWHDFHVWHDVXQWSURYRFăULFKLDU‫܈‬LSHQWUXXQFRUSVă
QăWRV LDU SHQWUX SHUVRDQHOH VOăELWH SUH]LQWă XQ SHULFRO UHDO SXWkQG VXUYHQL
DPHĠHOLVHQ]DĠLHGHOHúLQSDOSLWDĠLLGXUHULGHFDSúLFKLDUGHFHVXO
8QDOWSHULFROPDMRUHVWHdeshidratarea FH VHSRDWHPDQLIHVWDEUXVFSHWLPS
GHFDQLFXOă$WXQFLFkQGWHPSHUDWXULOHVXQWIRDUWHULGLFDWHGLQRUJDQLVPVHHOL
PLQăSULQWUDQVSLUDĠLHDSD‫܈‬LVăUXULOHPLQHUDOH$FHVWHDWUHEXLHvQORFXLWHFRQVWDQW
SULQWUXQDSRUWFRUHVSXQ]ăWRUGHOLFKLGHÌQFD]FRQWUDUVHSRDWHDMXQJHODSLHUGHUHD
HFKLOLEUXOXLJkQGLUHvQFH‫܊‬R‫܈‬DWăJUH‫܊‬XULIHEUă‫܈‬LVWăULGHOHúLQ(VWHIRDUWHLPSRUWDQW
VăQXVHD‫܈‬WHSWHVHQ]D‫܊‬LDGHVHWHGHRDUHFHDWXQFLFRUSXOGHMDVXIHUă6HUHFRPDQGă
FRQVXPXO]LOQLFGHFkWPDLPXOWHIUXFWHúLOHJXPHSURDVSHWH]HPRDVHFXPDUIL
SHSHQHOHJDOEHQ]HPRV‫܈‬LYHUGHKDUEX]FDVWUDYHĠLLURúLLOH‫܈‬LFLWULFHOH
3HWLPS GHFDQLFXOă VHSRWDJUDYDDQXPLWHSDWRORJLL H[LVWHQWH FX DSDUL‫܊‬LD
GXUHULORUvQSLHSWVHQ]D‫܊‬LHLGHOLSVăGHDHUSDOSLWD‫܊‬LLORUDPH‫܊‬HOLORUVDXDOH‫܈‬LQXOXL
9DULD‫܊‬LLOHGHWHPSHUDWXUăPRGLILFăYDORULOHWHQVLXQLLDUWHULDOHFXVFăGHUHD
DFHVWHLDSHWLPSGHFDQLFXOăFDXUPDUHDYDVRGLODWD‫܊‬LHLPDLDOHVvQFD]XOSHUVRD
QHORUYkUVWQLFH3HUVRDQHOHFXDIHF‫܊‬LXQLFDUGLDFHVXQWH[SXVHXQRUULVFXULFUHV
FXWHGHDFFLGHQWHYDVFXODUHFKLDU‫܈‬LLQIDUFWPLRFDUGLF3RWULYLWXQXLVWXGLXUHFHQW
DO 8QLYHUVLWă‫܊‬LL GLQ +DZDLL ULVFXOFD R SHUVRDQă GLQ WUHL Vă VXSRUWH XQ YDO GH
ÄFăOGXUăPRUWDOă´LDUUHVWXOVăFRQWUDFWH]HRULVăGHFHGH]HGHRERDOăJHQHUDWă
GHFăOGXUăDVSRULWvQPRGFRQVWDQWGXSă$VWă]LFLUFDGLQSRSXOD‫܊‬LD
PRQGLDOăHVWHVXSXVăXQXLDVHPHQHDULVFWLPSGHFHOSX‫܊‬LQGH]LOHSHDQLDU
SURSRU‫܊‬LDDUSXWHDWUHFHGHvQDQXO&LIUDHVWHvQJULMRUăWRDUHvQWUXFkW
UăPkQHYDODELOăFKLDUGDFăHPLVLLOHGHJD]HFXHIHFWGHVHUăVDUUHGXFHFRQVLGH
UDELO'DFăULWPXODFWXDOVHYDPHQ‫܊‬LQHUDWDYDDWLQJH
([SXQHUHDFRUHFWă‫܈‬LGHVFXUWăGXUDWăSRDWHDPHOLRUDVLPSWRPHOHDUWULWHLúL
DVWPXOXLEURQúLFSUHYHQLUDKLWLVPXOODFRSLL([SXQHUHDSUHOXQJLWăODVRDUHGH
Să‫܈‬H‫܈‬WHEHQHILFLLOH
ÌQWLPSXOYHULLFUH‫܈‬WHULVFXOGHintoxicații alimentareFDXUPDUHDIDSWXOXL
FăGH]YROWDUHDDJHQ‫܊‬LORUSDWRJHQLFUH‫܈‬WHH[SRQHQ‫܊‬LDOODWHPSHUDWXULFHGHSă‫܈‬HVF
 ƒ& 3HQWUX HYLWDUHD LQWR[LFD‫܊‬LLORU DOLPHQWDUH VH UHFRPDQGă FD SRSXOD‫܊‬LD Vă
DFRUGHRPDLPDUHDWHQ‫܊‬LHPRGXOXLvQFDUHVXQWSăVWUDWHVDXSUHSDUDWHDOLPHQWHOH
‫܈‬LORFXULOHGHXQGHDFHVWHDVXQWFXPSăUDWH
([SXQHUHDODVRDUHXPLGLWDWHDIRORVLUHD OR‫܊‬LXQLORU IRWRSURWHFWRDUH FDUH
DXvQFRPSR]L‫܊‬LHGLYHUVHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFKLPLFHLPXQLWDWHDVFă]XWă‫܈‬LOLSVDXQHLH[
IROLHULFRQVWDQWHD SLHOLLIDYRUL]HD]ăPLFR]HOHHUXS‫܊‬LLOHFXWDQDWHDOHUJLLOHVDX
DIHFWDUHDSRULORUSLHOLLÌQVFRSSURILODFWLFVHUHFRPDQGăFRQVXPDUHDDOLPHQWHORU
ERJDWHvQDQWLR[LGDQ‫܊‬L$ILQHOH‫܈‬LWRDWHIUXFWHOHGHSăGXUHSHSHQHOHYHUGHUR‫܈‬L
LOH SUXQHOH DX XQ FRQ‫܊‬LQXW GH DQWLR[LGDQ‫܊‬L IRDUWHPDUH FH DMXWă OD SUHYHQLUHD
FDQFHUHORU‫܈‬LDOHUJLLORUVDXEROLORUGHSLHOH
Capitolul **

MigrenaSUH]HQWăODXQHOHSHUVRDQHSHWRWSDUFXUVXODQXOXLvQWLPSXOYHULLVH
DFXWL]HD]ăFDX]kQGXQGLVFRQIRUWIRDUWHSXWHUQLFvQVR‫܊‬LWGHJUHD‫܊‬ăVHQVLELOLWDWHOD
OXPLQăODVXQHWHODPLURVXULWUDQVSLUD‫܊‬LHDEXQGHQWăHWF&RUSXOHOLPLQă‫܈‬LXQHOH
PLQHUDOH‫܈‬LYLWDPLQHSULQWUHFDUH‫܈‬LVRGLXFHHDFHSRDWHLQVWDODPLJUHQD0LJUHQHOH
SRWILGLPLQXDWHXQHRULFKLDUWUDWDWHFXUHPHGLLQDWXULVWH&RQVXPXOGHDSă‫܈‬LGH
DOLPHQWHDOFDOLQHIUXFWH‫܈‬LOHJXPHSURDVSHWHVHSRDWHFRPSOHWDFXFHDLGHPX‫܈‬H‫܊‬HO
GHJăOEHQHOHGHJKLPELUGHVDUHUR]GH+LPDOD\DvQFRPELQDĠLHFXVXFGHOăPkLH
GHUXEDUEDSODQWăPHGLFLQDOăúLFXOLQDUăHIHFWXOWHUDSHXWLFVHGDWRUHD]ăDFLGXOXL
R[DOLFFDUHODPXO‫܊‬LSURYRDFăDUWULWH
9UHPHDFDOGăFRQGL‫܊‬LLOHGHPXQFăvQWUXQPHGLXILHUELQWHFRQVXPXOUHGXV
GHDSăSRWFUH‫܈‬WHULVFXOGHVXSUDvQFăO]LUHDFRUSXOXLFXQRVFXWăVXEGHQXPLUHDGH
stres termicÌQDFHVWFD]RUJDQLVPXOQXVHSRDWHUăFLVLQJXUFHHDFHSURGXFHPDL
PXOWH SUREOHPHGHVăQăWDWHOH]LXQLDOH RUJDQHORU LQWHUQH FUDPSHGH FăOGXUă
HUXS‫܊‬LLFXWDQDWHDFQHHDPH‫܊‬HOL‫܈‬LJUH‫܊‬XUL‫܈‬RFWHUPLFCrampele de căldurăVH
PDQLIHVWăODQLYHOXOEUDĠHORUSLFLRDUHORUDEGRPHQXOXLúLDSDUvQDFWLYLWăĠLIL]LFH
JUHOHúLODXQFRQVXPLQVXILFLHQWGHOLFKLGH&DSULPDMXWRUHVWHUHSDXVXOODXP
EUăFRQVXPDUHDDSHLFXvQJKL‫܊‬LWXULPLFLúLVDXVXFXULGHIUXFWHSURDVSHWHDGPL
QLVWUDUHDVăUXULORUPLQHUDOHÌQFD]XOvQFDUHVLPSWRPXOGXUHD]ăPDLPXOWGHR
RUăHVWHQHFHVDUăDGUHVDUHDODPHGLF
$IODUHDSUHDPXOWWLPSVXEUD]HOHGLUHFWHDOHVRDUHOXLFXFDSXOGHVFRSHULW
VH SRDWHVROGDFXinsolaţie PDQLIHVWDWăSULQGXUHULGHFDSSXWHUQLFHVRPQROHQĠă
JUHDĠăDPH‫܊‬HOLSLHUGHUHDHFKLOLEUXOXLPROHúHDOăIHEUăIULVRDQHFRQYXOVLLDUVXUL
DOHSLHOLL$IHF‫܊‬LXQHDHVWHvQWH‫܊‬LWăGLQLQWHULRUGHOLSVDKLGUDWăULL‫܈‬LGHFRQVXPXOLQVX
ILFLHQWGHDOLPHQWHDOFDOLQHFXXQFRQ‫܊‬LQXWPDUHGHDSă3HUVRDQDDIHFWDWăWUHEXLH
GXVăODXPEUăvQWUXQORFDHULVLW‫܈‬LLVHDSOLFăFRPSUHVHUăFRURDVHVHXGăFRUSXOFX
DSăúLVHEHDXOLFKLGHFXvQJKLĠLWXULPLFLFKLDUGDFăOLSVH‫܈‬WHVHQ]DĠLDGHVHWH
ÌQFD]XOLQFDSDFLWă‫܊‬LL RUJDQLVPXOXLGHDúL PHQĠLQHWHPSHUDWXUD QRUPDOă
GHSă‫܈‬LQG FKLDU R& VXUYLQH şocul hipertermic SLHOHD GHYLQH IRDUWH FDOGă
URúLHúLXVFDWăDSDUGXUHULGHFDSYLROHQWHVHQ]DĠLDOLSVHLGHDHUSDOSLWDĠLLSHU
VRDQDSLHUGHHFKLOLEUXOOH‫܈‬LQăúLXQHRULDUHFRQYXOVLLÌQDVWIHOGHVLWXD‫܊‬LLVHLP
SXQHVROLFLWDUHDVHUYLFLXOXLPHGLFDOGHXUJHQĠăÌQWUHWLPSSHUVRDQHLWUHEXLHVăL
VHVFDGăWHPSHUDWXUDSULQYHQWLODĠLHúLGXúXULFXDSăODWHPSHUDWXUDFDPHUHL
/DGHSă‫܈‬LUHDWHPSHUDWXULLFULWLFHVXSHULRDUHVHGHUHJOHD]ăSURFHVHOHGHWHU
PRUHJODUH‫܈‬LVHGH]YROWăstresul termic la cald
3URILOD[LDVWUHVXOXLWHUPLFSUHYHGH
● DFOLPDWL]DUHODWHPSHUDWXULFUHVFXWH
● KLGUDWDUHFXDSăFDUERJD]DWăFORUXUDWăSHVWHQHYRLOHVXELHFWLYH
● vPEUăFăPLQWHHFKLSDPHQWGHSURWHF‫܊‬LH
● DOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHRSWLPă
● HYLWDUHDRERVHOLLSDX]HVFXUWH‫܈‬LIUHFYHQWH
● HYLWDUHDFRQVXPXOXLGHDOFRRODIXPDWXOXL
 ÌQFD]XULJUDYHVXSUDvQFăO]LUHDDUHORFVXEIRUPăGHDFFLGHQWYDVFXODUFH
UHEUDOFUH‫܈‬WHUHDWHPSHUDWXULLFRUSXOXLODƒ&VFăGHUHDWHQVLXQLLDUWHULDOHSLHUGH
UHDFXQR‫܈‬WLQ‫܊‬HLFUDPSHPXVFXODUH‫܈‬LUHVSLUD‫܊‬LHIUHFYHQWă‫܈‬LVXSHUILFLDOă
/DWHPSHUDWXULDOHDHUXOXLGHODƒ&SkQăODƒ&HVWHSRVLELOăVXSUDUăFLUHD
VDXhipotermiaFXVFăGHUHDWHPSHUDWXULLFRUSXOXLSkQăODƒ&VOăELUHDVHQVLELOL
Wă‫܊‬LLODGXUHUHDGLQDPLH‫܈‬LVRPQROHQ‫܊‬ă/DWHPSHUDWXULPDLVFă]XWHSRWDSăUHDGHJH
UăWXULSHID‫܊‬ăSHPHPEUHSkQăODGHFHV5ăFLUHDSLFLRDUHORUHVWHvQVR‫܊‬LWăGHRVFăGHUH
DUH]LVWHQ‫܊‬HLRUJDQLVPXOXL‫܈‬LGHFUH‫܈‬WHUHDIUHFYHQ‫܊‬HLEROLORUGHUăFHDOă
5ăFLUHDPHGLXOXLODYDORULPDLPDULGHWHPSHUDWXUDFULWLFăLQIHULRDUăHVWH
vQVR‫܊‬LWă GH DGDSWDUHD RUJDQLVPXOXL OD IULJ SULQ WHUPRUHJODUH SUHGRPLQDQW FKL
PLFă UHVSHFWLY FUH‫܈‬WHUHDWHUPRJHQH]HLSULQJHQHUDUHD IULVRDQHORU DFWLYLWDWHD
YROXQWDUăFUHVFXWăIRDPHFUH‫܈‬WHUHDVHFUH‫܊‬LHLKRUPRQXOXL76+6HPLF‫܈‬RUHD]ă
SLHUGHULOHGHFăOGXUăSULQYDVRFRQVWULF‫܊‬LHFXWDQDWă'DFăHVWHGHSă‫܈‬LWăWHPSHUD
WXUD FULWLFă LQIHULRDUă DSDUH stresul termic la rece, PDL IUHFYHQW GHFkW VWUHVXO
WHUPLFODFDOG3URILOD[LDVWUHVXOXLODUHFHVHED]HD]ăSHLJLHQDFRUHFWăDvPEUă
FăPLQWHL‫܈‬LDvQFăO‫܊‬ăPLQWHLFDUHUHDOL]HD]ăXQPLFURFOLPDWYHVWLPHQWDUHILFLHQWvQ
PHQ‫܊‬LQHUHDFRQVWDQWăDWHPSHUDWXULLFRUSXOXL
6XELQIOXHQ‫܊‬DWHPSHUDWXULORUVFă]XWHVFDGHWHPSHUDWXUDSLHOLLvQDFHOD‫܈‬L
WLPSVHvQUHJLVWUHD]ăvQUăXWă‫܊‬LUHDVHQVLELOLWă‫܊‬LLWDFWLOHVFăGHUHDFDSDFLWă‫܊‬LLGHFRQ
WUDF‫܊‬LHDPX‫܈‬FKLORU6HPRGLILFăVWDUHDIXQF‫܊‬LRQDOăDVLVWHPXOXLQHUYRVFHQWUDO
PDQLIHVWDWăSULQVOăELUHDVHQVLELOLWă‫܊‬LLODGXUHUHDGLQDPLHVRPQROHQ‫܊‬ă6FăGHUHD
WHPSHUDWXULLDQXPLWRUSăU‫܊‬LDOHFRUSXOXLGXFHODGXUHUH
9DULD‫܊‬LLOHEUX‫܈‬WHDOHWHPSHUDWXULORUSRWDJUDYDHYROX‫܊‬LDXQRUDIHF‫܊‬LXQL
● FUL]HGHDVWPEURQ‫܈‬LF
● UHFLGLYHDOHXOFHUXOXLJDVWULFQHYUDOJLLORUQHYULWHORUDIHF‫܊‬LXQLORUUHQDOH
● H[DFHUEăULDOHEROLORUUHXPDWLFH
● HSLGHPLLGHJULSă‫܈‬LSHWLPSGHYDUă
● GHFODQ‫܈‬DUHDHQGDUWHULWHLREOLWHUDQWH
● DFFLGHQWHYDVFXODUHFHUHEUDOH
● WURPER]ăFRURQDULDQă
● LQIDUFWPLRFDUGLF


Caracteristica și importanța igienică a iluminării încăperilor
)DFWRUXOOXPLQRVvQVR‫܊‬H‫܈‬WHRPXOGHDOXQJXOYLH‫܊‬LL‫܈‬LDUHXQHIHFWELRORJLF
GHRVHELWMXFkQGXQUROSULPRUGLDOvQUHJODUHDFHORUPDLLPSRUWDQWHIXQF‫܊‬LLYLWDOH
DOHRUJDQLVPXOXL/XPLQDDUHXQHIHFWWRQLFJHQHUDODVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXLÌQFRQ
GL‫܊‬LLOHLOXPLQăULLLQVXILFLHQWHDSDUHRERVHDODRFKLORUVLVWHPXOXLQHUYRVFHQWUDO
VFDGSHUIRUPDQ‫܊‬HOHLQWHOHFWXDOH‫܈‬LIL]LFHVHGH]YROWăXQHOHEROLvQVSHFLDOVFDGH
Capitolul **

DFXLWDWHD YL]XDOă VH SRDWH GH]YROWD PLRSLD 'DU úL XQ LOXPLQDW H[FHVLY SRDWH
SURGXFHRVHULHGHIHQRPHQHQHJDWLYHFDIRWRIRELDOăFULPDUHDGXUHULvQRFKL
RERVHDOăYL]XDOăPLRSLHHWF
&DUDFWHULVWLFLDOHOXPLQLLVXQWFRPSR]LĠLDVSHFWUDOăLQWHQVLWDWHDLOXPLQD
UHDSXWHUHDQLWLWDWHDXQLIRUPLWDWHDLOXPLQăULL

Compoziţia specială a luminii

5*DERYLFLúLFRDXWPHQĠLRQHD]ăFăFHDPDLPDUHSURGXFWLYLWDWHúLFHO
PDLPLFJUDGGHRERVHDOăVHvQUHJLVWUHD]ăDWXQFLFkQGvQFăSHUHDDUHLOXPLQDUHGH
]LVWDQGDUG'UHSWVWDQGDUGDOLOXPLQăULLVHLDVSHFWUXOOXPLQLLGLIX]HDFHUXOXL
DGLFăDOXPLQLLFDUHSăWUXQGHvQvQFăSHUHSULQJHDPXUL/DOXPLQDGH]LFXORULOH
VHSHUFHSPDLELQH
Compoziţia spectrală a luminiiLQFOXVLYDFHOHLUHIUDFWDWHGHSHUHĠLDUH
RLQIOXHQ‫܊‬ăSVLKRIL]LRORJLFă$VWIHOFXORDUHDURúLHSRUWRFDOLHJDOEHQăVHDVRFL
D]ăFXVRDUHOHúLGăVHQ]DĠLHGHFăOGXUă&XORDUHDURúLHH[FLWăFHDJDOEHQăWRQL
]HD]ăULGLFăGLVSR]LĠLDúLFDSDFLWDWHDGHPXQFă&XORULOHDOEDVWUăúLYLROHWăSDUD
ILUHFL3HUHĠLLvQFăSHULORUGHSURGXFĠLHILHUELQĠLYRSVLĠLvQDOEDVWUXGDXVHQ]DĠLD
GHUăFRDUH&XORDUHDDOEDVWUăGHVFKLVăDUHRDFĠLXQHFDOPDQWăFXORDUHDDOEDVWUă
vQFKLVăúLYLROHWă±RDFĠLXQHGHSULPDQWăFHDYHUGHVHFRQVLGHUăQHXWUăGHRDUHFH
VHDVRFLD]ăFXYHUGHDĠD&XORDUHDYHUGHDSHUHĠLORUPDúLQLORUEăQFLORUúFRODUH
LQIOXHQĠHD]ăSR]LWLYDVXSUDFDSDFLWăĠLLGHPXQFăúLDVXSUDIXQFĠLHLRUJDQXOXLYL
]XDO9RSVLUHDSHUHĠLORUúLDWDYDQXOXLvQFXORDUHDDOEăVHFRQVLGHUăSR]LWLYăGLQ
SXQFWGHYHGHUHLJLHQLFGHRDUHFHDFHDVWăFXORDUHUHIOHFWăPDLELQHOXPLQDFRH
ILFLHQWXOGHUHIUDFĠLH 'DU FXORDUHD DOEă SURYRDFăRVHQ]DĠLH GH IULJ
IăFkQGvQFăSHULOHQHFRQIRUWDELOH'HDFHHDSHUHĠLLVDORDQHORUGLQVSLWDOVHUHFR
PDQGăVăILHYRSVLĠLvQYHUGHGHVFKLVJDOEHQGHVFKLV1XDQ‫܊‬HOHGHVFKLVHDOHFX
ORULORUDXXQFRHILFLHQWGHUHIUDF‫܊‬LHPDLPDUHvQGHPQkQGODGHVWLQGHUH‫܈‬LRGLKQă
LDUFHOHvQFKLVHSURGXFVWăULGHQHUYR]LWDWHRERVHDOă
Intensitatea luminiiHVWHUHSUH]HQWDWăGHIOX[XOGHOXPLQă±HQHUJLDFHSUR
YRDFăVHQ]DĠLDGHOXPLQă8QLWDWHGHPăVXUăDIOX[XOXLGHOXPLQăHVWHOXPHQXOOP
IluminareaHVWHGHQVLWDWHDIOX[XOXLOXPLQRVFDUHFDGHSHRVXSUDIDĠăLOX
PLQDWă8QLWDWHDGHLOXPLQDUHHVWHOX[XOO[
Puterea de lumină UHSUH]LQWăGHQVLWDWHDIOX[XOXLOXPLQRVvQVSDĠLXvQWUR
DQXPLWăGLUHFĠLHXQLWDWHDGHPăVXUăHVWHFDQGHODFG
/D FDUDFWHUL]DUHD IOX[XOXL OXPLQRV HVWH IRORVLWă úL QRĠLXQHD GH nititate
FGPFDUHDUDWăYDORDUHDIOX[XOXLOXPLQRVGHODRVXSUDIDĠăLOXPLQDWăvQGLUHFĠLD
RFKLORU2DQXPLWăQLWLWDWHDFRUSXULORULOXPLQDWHHVWHQHFHVDUăSHQWUXSHUFHSHUHD
YL]XDOă 2 QLWLWDWH SURQXQĠDWă DúDQXPLWD VWUăOXFLUH DFĠLRQHD]ă QHJDWLY DVXSUD
RFKLORUvQJUHXQkQGYHGHUHD
,OXPLQDUHDvQFăSHULORUVHFRQVLGHUăUD‫܊‬LRQDOăGDFăFRUHVSXQGHXUPăWRDUH
ORUFHULQ‫܊‬HYDORDUHDRSWLPăDLOXPLQăULLSHVXSUDIH‫܊‬HOHvQFRQMXUăWRDUHLOXPLQD
UHDXQLIRUPăvQWLPS‫܈‬LvQVSD‫܊‬LXOLPLWDUHDVWUăOXFLULLGLUHFWH‫܈‬LUHIOHFWDWHHYLWDUHD
XPEUHORULQWHQVLILFDUHDFRQWUDVWXOXLGLQWUHGHWDOLX‫܈‬LIXQGDOFUH‫܈‬WHUHDOXPLQR]L
Wă‫܊‬LL ‫܈‬L FRQWUDVWXOXL FXORULORU GLIHUHQ‫܊‬LHUHD FRUHFWă D FXORULORU ‫܈‬L D QXDQ‫܊‬HORU
DFWLYLWDWHDELRORJLFăRSWLPăDIOX[XOXLGHOXPLQăVLJXUDQ‫܊‬D‫܈‬LILDELOLWDWHDLOXPL
QăULLVSHFWUXOLOXPLQăULLDUWLILFLDOHIRDUWHDSURSLDWGHFHODOLOXPLQăULLQDWXUDOH
,OXPLQDUHDQDWXUDOăDUHRVHPQLILFD‫܊‬LHLJLHQLFă‫܈‬LIL]LRORJLFăPDUH%XQăV
WDUHDJHQHUDOăSURGXFWLYLWDWHDPXQFLL‫܈‬LFDOLWDWHDPXQFLLvQFRQGL‫܊‬LLOHLOXPLQăULL
QDWXUDOHVXQWPDLPDULGHFkWvQDOHFHOHLDUWLILFLDOH'LQSXQFWGHYHGHUHLJLHQLF
LOXPLQDUHD QDWXUDOă HVWH UHFRPDQGDWă GDWRULWă SUH]HQ‫܊‬HL UDGLDĠLHL XOWUDYLROHWH
DFHVWHDDXRDFĠLXQHEDFWHULFLGăDVXSUDIORUHLEDFWHULHQHGLQDHUXOvQFăSHULORUúL
GHSHVXSUDIHĠHOHGHOXFUXúLUDGLDĠLHLFDORULFHLDUQD'HDFHHDVHUHFRPDQGă
FDvQFăSHULOHGHORFXLWVăSULPHDVFăOXPLQăVRODUăGLUHFWăPLQLPXPRUHSH
]LvQ]LXDFHDPDLVFXUWăDDQXOXLVROVWLĠLXGHLDUQă
,OXPLQDUHDQDWXUDOăDvQFăSHULORUHVWHFUHDWăGHOXPLQDVRODUăGLUHFWăGLIX]ă
‫܈‬LUHIOHFWDWăGHODRELHFWHOHGLQMXU$FHDVWDSRDWHILODWHUDOăGHVXV‫܈‬LFRPELQDWă
,OXPLQDUHD ODWHUDOă HVWH DVLJXUDWă SULQ GHVFKLGHUL GH OXPLQă vQ SHUH‫܊‬LL H[WHULRUL
JHDPXULLOXPLQDUHDGHVXV±SULQGHVFKLGHULvQDFRSHUL‫܈‬LDULOXPLQDUHDFRPEL
QDWăSHUPLWHSUH]HQ‫܊‬DGHVFKLGHULORUGHOXPLQăvQSHUH‫܊‬LLH[WHULRUL‫܈‬LvQWDYDQ
0DUJLQHDVXSHULRDUăDIHUHVWUHLDUWUHEXLVăVHDSURSLHGHWDYDQFP
GHRDUHFHDFHDVWDFRQWULEXLHODRSHQHWUDUHPDLSURIXQGăDOXPLQLLvQFDPHUă/ă
‫܊‬LPHDVSD‫܊‬LLORUGLQWUHIHUHVWUHQXWUHEXLHVăILHPDLPDUHGHFkWROă‫܊‬LPH‫܈‬LMXPăWDWH
DIHUHVWUHLVXSUDID‫܊‬DFHUFHYHOHORU±QXPDLPXOWGHGLQVXSUDID‫܊‬DWRWDOăD
IHUHVWUHL6WLFODWUHEXLHVăILHQHWHGăWUDQVSDUHQWă‫܈‬LSăVWUDWăFXUDWăJHDPXULOH
GLQVWLFOăRQGXODWă‫܈‬LPXUGDUHUH‫܊‬LQSkQăODGLQOXPLQăSHUGHOHOHDEVRUE
SkQăODFHOHGLQ‫܊‬HVăWXULDOEHGHQVH±SkQăODGUDSHULLOHJUHOH±
SkQăOD6WLFOHOHREL‫܈‬QXLWHDSURDSHFăQXWUDQVPLWUD]HOHXOWUDYLROHWHLDU
FHOHVSHFLDOHOHWUDQVPLWSHFHOHFXROXQJLPHGHXQGăGHODQP‫܈‬LPDLPXOW
FHHDFHFUH‫܈‬WHHIHFWXOELRORJLFDOOXPLQLLFDUHSăWUXQGHvQFDPHUă
,OXPLQDUHDvQFăSHULORU HVWH DIHFWDWă ‫܈‬L GH JUDGXO GH FXUă‫܊‬HQLH DO JHPXULORU
)HUHVWUHOHPXUGDUHFXJHDPXULGXEOHUHGXFOXPLQDQDWXUDOăSkQăODFHOH
SUăIXLWHvQJKH‫܊‬DWH±SkQăOD$JORPHUDUHDvQFăSHULORUFXPRELOLHUUHGXFHGUD
PDWLFLOXPLQDUHDQDWXUDOăDVSD‫܊‬LXOXL,OXPLQDUHDVSD‫܊‬LLORUHVWHDIHFWDWă‫܈‬LGHFXORDUHD
SHUH‫܊‬LORU‫܈‬LDWDYDQXOXL
● DOEăUHIOHFWăSkQăODGLQOXPLQDQDWXUDOă
● JDOEHQGHVFKLVUHIOHFWăSkQăODGLQOXPLQDQDWXUDOă
● DOEDVWUăUHIOHFWăSkQăODGLQOXPLQDQDWXUDOă
● EHMFDIHQLXUHIOHFWăSkQăODGLQOXPLQDQDWXUDOă
3HQWUXHYDOXDUHDLOXPLQăULLQDWXUDOHvQvQFăSHULVHIRORVHVFPHWRGHWHKQLFH
‫܈‬L JHRPHWULFH 3ULQ PHWRGD WHKQLFăXWLOL]kQG OX[PHWUXOSRDWHIL GHWHUPLQDWă
LQWHQVLWDWHDOXPLQLLQDWXUDOHFRHILFLHQWXOGHLOXPLQDUHQDWXUDOă&,1JUDGXOGH
UH‫܊‬LQHUHDOXPLQLLGHFăWUHVWLFOHFRHILFLHQWXOGHUHIOH[LHDOIRQGXOXLXQLIRUPLWD
WHDLOXPLQăULLXWLOL]kQGOX[PHWUXO
Coeficientul de iluminare naturală&,1HVWHUDSRUWXOSURFHQWXDOGLQWUHJUDGXOGH
LOXPLQDUHDOXQXLSXQFWDIODWvQLQWHULRUXOvQFăSHULLúLJUDGXOGHLOXPLQDUHDO
Capitolul **

XQXLSXQFWDIODWvQH[WHULRUXOFOăGLULLDPSODVDWSHDFHHDúLRUL]RQWDOă0ăUL
PHD&,1VHQRUPHD]ăvQIXQFĠLHGHGHVWLQDĠLDvQFăSHULLúLGHFDUDFWHUXOOX
FUXOXLvQGHSOLQLW9DORDUHD&,1QXGHSLQGHGHWLPSXO]LOHLúLGHDOĠLIDFWRUL
FDUHGHWHUPLQăLOXPLQDUHDQDWXUDOăvQvQFăSHULGHRDUHFHLOXPLQDUHDQDWXUDOă
vQGLIHULWHSXQFWHDOHvQFăSHULLGHSLQGHGHGHSăUWDUHDORUGHODIHUHVWUHÌQ
vQFăSHULOHGHORFXLW&,1YDILGHFHOSXĠLQvQvQFăSHULOHXQGHVHHIHF
WXHD]ăRPXQFăYL]XDOăGHRSUHFL]LHPLMORFLH±GHSUHFL]LHvQDOWă±
GHSUHFL]LHGHRVHELWă±vQvQFăSHULOHDX[LOLDUH±
Gradul de absorbţie a luminii de către sticleVHGHWHUPLQăSULQOLSLUHDIRWRHOHPHQ
WXOXLFRQVHFXWLYGHVXSUDIHĠHOHLQWHULRDUHúLH[WHULRDUHDOHVWLFOHLVDXDOHVWL
FOHORUDVWIHOvQFkWVXSUDIDĠDVHQVLELOăODOXPLQăVăILHvQGUHSWDWăvQDIDUă
'XSăGLIHUHQĠDGHLOXPLQDUHVHFDOFXOHD]ăFRHILFLHQWXOvQSURFHQWH&RQIRUP
QRUPHORULJLHQLFHJHDPXULOHFXXQUkQG GHVWLFOăUHĠLQSkQăODGLQ
OXPLQăLDUFHOHFXGRXăUkQGXUL±
&RHILFLHQWXOGHOXPLQR]LWDWHXQJKLXOGHLQFLGHQ‫܊‬ă‫܈‬LGHGHVFKLGHUHFRHIL
FLHQWXOGHDGkQFLPHVHGHWHUPLQăSULQPHWRGDJHRPHWULFă
Coeficientul de luminozitate&/HVWHUDSRUWXOVXSUDIHĠHLYLWUDWHDIHUHVWUHORUOD
VXSUDIDĠDSRGHOHLGLQvQFăSHUHDGDWă$FHVWFRHILFLHQWVHH[SULPăvQIRUPă
GHIUDFĠLHVLPSOăvQFDUHQXPăUăWRUXOHVWHRXQLWDWHLDUQXPLWRUXO±QXPăUXO
FDUHDUDWăFHSDUWHGLQVXSUDIDĠDSRGHOHLRFXSăVXSUDIDĠDFXJHDPXULDvQFă
SHULLÌQFDPHUHOHGHORFXLWDFHVWUDSRUWHVWHGHFHOSX‫܊‬LQ±vQXQLWă
‫܊‬LOHGHvQJULMLUHDFRSLLORUvQVDORDQHOHVSLWDOLFH‫܈‬WLvQFDELQHWHOHPHGLFLORU
vQVăOLOHGHSURFHGXULGHVWHULOL]DUH±vQVăOLOHGHVWXGLLvQVăOLOHGH
RSHUDĠLLGHSDQVDPHQWHvQODERUDWRDUHXQGHVXQWQHFHVDUHFHOHPDLEXQH
FRQGL‫܊‬LLSHQWUXOXFUXOYL]XDO±±
Unghiul de incidenţăDUDWăXQJKLXOFăGHULLOXPLQLLSHVXSUDIDĠDRUL]RQWDOăDORFXOXL
GHOXFUX&XFkWDFHVWDHVWHPDLPDUHFXDWkWPDLELQHHVWHLOXPLQDWORFXOGH
OXFUX8QJKLXOGHLQFLGHQĠăHVWHXQXQJKLLPDJLQDUIRUPDWGLQGRXăGUHSWH
FDUHSRUQHVFGHODSXQFWXOFHUFHWDWXQD±RUL]RQWDOăSHUSHQGLFXODUăSHSOD
QXOED]DODOIHUHVWUHLLDUDGRXDREOLFăVSUHPDUJLQHDVXSHULRDUăDIHUHVWUHL
0ăULPHDXQJKLXOXLGHSLQGHGHvQăOĠLPHDIHUHVWUHLúLGHORFXOGHGHWHUPLQDUH
&XFkWXOWLPXOHVWHPDLGHSDUWHGHIHUHDVWUăFXDWkWHVWHPDLPLFXQJKLXOGH
LQFLGHQĠăúLFXDWkWPDLPLFăLOXPLQDUHDORFXOXLGHOXFUX
Unghiul de deschidere FDUDFWHUL]HD]ă PăULPHD VHFWRUXOXL EROĠLL OXPLQD FăUHLD
FDGH SH ORFXO GH OXFUX úL QHPLMORFLW OXPLQHD]ă VXSUDIDĠD GH OXFUX $FHVW
XQJKLHVWHIRUPDWGLQGRXăGUHSWHLPDJLQDUHFDUHSOHDFăGLQSXQFWXOFHUFHWDW
GHH[PDVDGHOXFUXRGUHDSWăPHUJHVSUHPDUJLQHDVXSHULRDUăDIHUHVWUHL
LDUDGRXDVSUHSXQFWXOFHOPDLvQDOWDOREVWDFROXOXLGLQIDĠDIHUHVWUHLFOăGLUH
FRSDF$FHVWDHVWHXQJKLXOVXEFDUHGHODORFXOGHPXQFăVHYHGHFHUXO
OLEHU&XFkWHVWHPDLPDUHVHFWRUXOEROĠLLFHUHúWLFDUHVHYHGHGHODORFXOGH
OXFUXFXDWkWHVWHPDLPDUHXQJKLXOGHGHVFKLGHUHúLFXDWkWPDLEXQăLOXPL
QDUHD2LPSRUWDQĠăGHRVHELWăFDSăWăGHWHUPLQDUHDXQJKLXOXLGHGHVFKLGHUHOD
XPEULUHDIHUHVWUHORUGHFăWUHFOăGLULOHRSXVH
 9DORDUHDQRUPDWăDXQJKLXOXLGHLQFLGHQ‫܊‬ăHVWHQXPDLPLFGHƒLDUXQJKLXO
GHGHVFKLGHUHFDUHDUDWăLOXPLQDUHDGDWRUDWăSRU‫܊‬LXQLLFHUXOXLYL]LELOăGHODORFXOGH
PXQFăDUWUHEXLVăILHGHFHOSX‫܊‬LQƒ0ăULPHDDFHVWRUXQJKLXULHVWHPDLPDUHvQ
ORFXULOHPDLDSURSLDWHGHIHUHDVWUăLDUXQJKLXOGHGHVFKLGHUH±ODHWDMHOHVXSHULRDUH
Coeficientul de adâncime al încăperiivQvQFăSHULOHFXLOXPLQDUHDXQLODWHUDOăUH
SUH]LQWăGLVWDQĠDGHODSHUHWHOHFXIHUHVWUHSkQăODFHOPDLvQGHSăUWDWSXQFW
DOSHUHWHOXLRSXV$GkQFLPHDFDPHUHLQXWUHEXLHVăGHSăúHDVFăPDLPXOWGH
RULGLVWDQĠDGHODPDUJLQHDGHVXVDIHUHVWUHLSkQăODSRGHD3HQWUXGHWHU
PLQDUHDFRHILFLHQWXOXLGHDGkQFLUHVHFDOFXOHD]ăUDSRUWXOGLQWUHGLVWDQĠDGH
ODSHUHWHOHH[WHULRUSkQăODFHOPDLvQGHSăUWDWSXQFWDOvQFăSHULLDGkQFLPHD
‫܈‬LvQăOĠLPHDGHODSRGHDSkQăODPDUJLQHDVXSHULRDUăDIHUHVWUHL
Coeficientul de reflexie al fonduluiHVWHIRORVLWSHQWUXDSUHFLHUHDLOXPLQăULLQD
WXUDOHODORFXOGHPXQFă)RQGVHQXPHúWHVXSUDIDĠDDOăWXUDWăGLUHFWODREL
HFWXOGHGLVWLQFĠLHSHFDUHDFHVWDVHH[DPLQHD]ă&XFkWPDLSXĠLQGLIHUă
FRHILFLHQWXOGHUHIOH[LHDOVXSUDIHĠHLGHRELHFWXOGHOXFUXFXDWkWPDLQHID
YRUDELOHVXQWFRQGLĠLLOHGHOXFUXDOHDQDOL]DWRUXOXLYL]XDO)RQGXOVHFRQVL
GHUăGHVFKLVFkQGFRHILFLHQWXOGHUHIOH[LHDOVXSUDIHĠHLHVWHPDLPDUHGH
PHGLX±GHODSkQăODvQWXQHFDW±PDLPLFGH3HQWUXHYD
OXDUHDLOXPLQăULLOX[PHWUXOVHSODVHD]ăSHVXSUDIDĠDFHUFHWDWăúLVHHIHFWX
HD]ăPăVXUDUHD'XSăDFHDVWDIRWRHOHPHQWXOOX[PHWUXOXLVHvQWRDUFHvQGL
UHFĠLDVXSUDIHĠHLVHvQGHSăUWHD]ăFXFPúLLDUăúLVHHIHFWXHD]ăPăVXUDUHD
Coeficientul de neuniformitateUHSUH]LQWăUDSRUWXOGLQWUHLOXPLQDUHDPDLPDUHúL
FHDPDLPLFăvQDFHODúLSODQÌQED]DYDORULORUDFHVWXLLQGLFHSXWHPDSUHFLD
XQLIRUPLWDWHDLOXPLQăULLVXSUDIHĠHLGHOXFUX2LOXPLQDUHQHXQLIRUPăDORFX
OXLGHOXFUXúLDVXSUDIHĠHLDOăWXUDWHSURYRDFăRERVLUHDPXúFKLORUDFRPRGDQĠL
úLGHFLRRERVLUHYL]XDOăSUHFRFH&RHILFLHQWXOGHQHXQLIRUPLWDWHDOVXSUD
IHĠHLSODQHSHSDUFXUVXODPWUHEXLHVăILHGHFHOPXOWSHSDUFXUVXO
DPQXPDLPDUHGHDGLFăLOXPLQDUHDvQWUXQSXQFWSRDWHVăGLIHUHGH
LOXPLQDUHDGLQFHOăODOWSXQFWvQSULPXOFD]QXPDLPXOWGHRULLDUvQDO
GRLOHDQXPDLPXOWGHRUL
Iluminarea artificială VH XWLOL]HD]ă SHQWUX D FRPSHQVD LQVXILFLHQ‫܊‬D LOXPLQăULL
QDWXUDOHvQvQFăSHUL$FHDVWDSRDWHILJHQHUDOăORFDOă‫܈‬LFRPELQDWăÌQilu-
minarea artificială generală OăPSLOH VXQW DPSODVDWHvQ]RQD VXSHULRDUă D
vQFăSHULL XQLIRUP GLVWULEX‫܊‬LD IOX[XOXL OXPLQRV IăUă D ‫܊‬LQH FRQW GH ORFD‫܊‬LD
LQVWDOD‫܊‬LLORUVDXvQUDSRUWFXORFD‫܊‬LDHFKLSDPHQWXOXL±LOXPLQDWJHQHUDOORFD
OL]DWGLVWULEX‫܊‬LDIOX[XOXLOXPLQRV‫܊‬LQkQGFRQWGHORFD‫܊‬LDVWD‫܊‬LLORUGHOXFUX
Iluminarea artificială localăHVWHFUHDWăGHOăPSLOHFDUHFRQFHQWUHD]ăIOX[XO
GHOXPLQăGLUHFWODORFXOGHPXQFăÌQiluminarea artificială combinatăVH
FRPELQăLOXPLQDUHDJHQHUDOă‫܈‬LFHDORFDOă
,OXPLQDUHD DUWLILFLDOă HVWH DVLJXUDWă GH OăPSL LQFDQGHVFHQWH VDX IOXRUHV
FHQWHOXPLQLVFHQWHLămpile incandescenteVXQWFDUDFWHUL]DWHSULQWUXQVSHFWUX
GHUDGLD‫܊‬LLGLIHULWGHOXPLQD]LOHLFXXQFRQ‫܊‬LQXWPDLPLFGHUDGLD‫܊‬LLDOEDVWUH‫܈‬L
YLROHWH‫܈‬LXQFRQ‫܊‬LQXWPDLPDUHGHUR‫܈‬X‫܈‬LGHJDOEHQ6WUăOXFLUHDHVWHPDLPDUH
Capitolul **

GHFkWYDORDUHDDGPLVăSHQWUXRFKLDUHHIHFWWHUPLFvQDOW$FHVWHOăPSLDXOXPL
QR]LWDWHVHPQLILFDWLYăGHDFHHDWUHEXLHXWLOL]DWHFRUSXULGHLOXPLQDWGHSURWHF‫܊‬LH
Corpurile de iluminatvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHQDWXUDORU‫܈‬LGLVWULEX‫܊‬LDIOX[XOXLGHOXPLQă
VHvPSDUWvQFRUSXULFDUHUHGDXOXPLQDGLUHFWGLQIOX[HVWHRULHQWDW
vQMRVGLIX]GLVWULEX‫܊‬LHXQLIRUPăDIOX[XOXL‫܈‬LUHIOHFWDWGLQIOX
[XOOXPLQRVHVWHRULHQWDWVSUHRVXSUDID‫܊‬ă±WDYDQSHUHWH0DLGHVVXQW
XWLOL]DWHcorpuri de iluminat care transmit direct lumina(OHLOXPLQHD]ă
ELQHVXSUDIH‫܊‬HOHGHOXFUXGDUGDXXPEUHDVFX‫܊‬LWH)LODPHQWHOHVWUăOXFLWRDUH
DOHOăPSLLDXXQHIHFWVWUăOXFLWRUFDUHSURYRDFăRERVHDODRFKLORUDIHFWHD]ă
QHJDWLYVLVWHPXOQHUYRVUH]XOWkQGRFDSDFLWDWHGHPXQFăUHGXVă
Corpurile de iluminat care redau lumina reflectatăVXQWFHOHPDLLJLHQLFHGHRD
UHFHRIHUăRLOXPLQDUHXQLIRUPăPRDOHSOăFXWăYL]XDOGDUGH]DYDQWDMRDVH
HFRQRPLF QHFHVLWkQG R FUH‫܈‬WHUH VHPQLILFDWLYă D FRQVXPXOXL GH HQHUJLH
SHQWUXDRE‫܊‬LQHRSURGXF‫܊‬LHFRUHVSXQ]ăWRDUHGHOXPLQă
&RUHVSXQGFHULQ‫܊‬HORULJLHQLFH‫܈‬LHFRQRPLFHcorpurile de iluminat care redau lumina
difuz.(OHRIHUăSURWHF‫܊‬LDRFKLORUvPSRWULYDOXPLQLLVWUăOXFLWRDUH‫܈‬LLOXPLQDUH
XQLIRUPă&RUSXULOHGHLOXPLQDWFDUHWUDQVPLWOXPLQDGLIX]‫܈‬LUHIOHFWDWSRWIL
XWLOL]DWHFXFRQGL‫܊‬LDFDWDYDQXO‫܈‬LSHUH‫܊‬LLVăDLEăRUHIUDF‫܊‬LHGHFHOSX‫܊‬LQ
Lămpile fluorescenteVXQWPDLHFRQRPHGDWRULWăSURGXF‫܊‬LHLPDLPDULGHOXPLQă
FXUDGLD‫܊‬LLWHUPLFHUHGXVH‫܈‬LRGXUDWăGHYLD‫܊‬ăPDLOXQJăvQFRPSDUD‫܊‬LHFX
OăPSLOHLQFDQGHVFHQWH'H]DYDQWDMHDOHDFHVWRUOăPSLVXQWSXOVDUHDIOX[X
OXLGHOXPLQăFHHDFHGXFHODHIHFWVWURERVFRSLFDWXQFLFkQGPL‫܈‬FDUHD‫܈‬L
URWLUHDSăU‫܊‬LORUPHFDQLVPHORUVXQWSHUFHSXWHFDVWD‫܊‬LRQDUHÌQFD]XOLOXPL
QăULLVODEHOăPSLOHIOXRUHVFHQWHGDXXQHIHFWGHDPXUJVHPLvQWXQHULF
$SUHFLHUHDLOXPLQăULLDUWLILFLDOHVHH[HFXWăSULQPHWRGDWHKQLFă‫܈‬LGHFDO
FXO3ULQPHWRGDWHKQLFăVHGHWHUPLQăLQWHQVLWDWHDLOXPLQăULLDUWLILFLDOHXQLIRU
PLWDWHDOXPLQLLDUWLILFLDOH‫܈‬LFRHILFLHQWXOGHUHIOH[LHDIRQGXOXLLDUSULQPHWRGD
GHFDOFXOFRHILFLHQWXOÄH´PHWRGDÄ:DWW´
6ROLFLWDUHDLQWHQVăDDFWLYLWăĠLLYL]XDOHFDUDFWHULVWLFăSHQWUXXQúLUGHSUR
IHVLLHVWHGHWHUPLQDWăGHVSHFLILFXOPXQFLLHIHFWXDWHúLGHLOXPLQDUHDORFXOXLGH
OXFUXÌQVFRSXODSUHFLHULLLQIOXHQĠHLFRQGLĠLLORUGHLOXPLQDUHDVXSUDYă]XOXLWUH
EXLH GHWHUPLQDWH DFXLWDWHD YL]XDOă FDSDFLWDWHD GH D GLVWLQJH RELHFWHOH PLFL
VHQVLELOLWDWHDGHFRQWUDVWFDSDFLWDWHDGHDGHRVHELOXPLQR]LWăĠLGLIHULWHYLWH]D
GHSHUFHSĠLHYL]XDOăGXUDWDGHWLPSQHFHVDUăSHQWUXDGLVWLQJHRELHFWHOHGHOX
FUXVWDELOLWDWHDFODUYL]LXQLLFDSDFLWDWHDRFKLORUGHDGHRVHELWLPSvQGHOXQJDW
SURILOXORELHFWHORUPLFLYL]LELOLWDWHDRELHFWHORUFDSDFLWDWHDRFKLORUGHDGHRVHEL
FODURELHFWHOHSHUIRUPDQĠDRSWLFăYLWH]D PD[LPăFXFDUHDQDOL]DWRUXO YL]XDO
WUDQVPLWH LQIRUPDĠLD VROLFLWDUHD FRQYHUJHQĠHL VROLFLWDUHD DFRPRGDĠLHL IUHF
YHQĠDFULWLFăGHIX]LXQHDLPDJLQLORURSWLFHSHULRDGDGHODWHQĠăYL]XDOăWLPSXO
GHFODUYL]LXQHUDQGDPHQWXODQDOL]DWRUXOXLYL]XDOHWF
&HUFHWDUHD DFHVWRU SDUDPHWUL OD OXFUăWRUL X‫܈‬XUHD]ă DSUHFLHUHD LOXPLQăULL
H[LVWHQWHúLFăXWDUHDPHWRGHORUGHRSWLPL]DUHDDFHVWXLD)LHFDUHFHUFHWDUHvQFHSH
FXDGDSWDUHDFHORUH[DPLQDĠLODLOXPLQDUH
 Caracteristica și importanța igienică a ventilației încăperilor 
Schimbul de aerYHQWLOD‫܊‬LDFRUHFWRUJDQL]DWHVWHXQXOGLQWUHSULQFLSDOHOH
FRQGL‫܊‬LLSHQWUXFRPEDWHUHDSROXăULLDHUXOXLGLQLQWHULRU9HQWLOD‫܊‬LDVLVWHPDWLFăD
vQFăSHULORUDVLJXUăvQGHSăUWDUHDvQWLPSXWLODH[FHVXOXLGHFăOGXUăGHXPLGLWDWH
‫܈‬LGHLPSXULWă‫܊‬LJD]RDVHGăXQăWRDUHFDUHVHDFXPXOHD]ăvQDHUFDXUPDUHD‫܈‬HGHULL
RDPHQLORU‫܈‬LDGLIHULWRUSURFHVHUHDOL]DWHvQHOH&DXUPDUHDPRGLILFăULORUFRP
SR]L‫܊‬LHLFKLPLFH‫܈‬LEDFWHULHQHDSURSULHWă‫܊‬LORUIL]LFH‫܈‬LDDOWRUSURSULHWă‫܊‬LDHUXO
vQFăSHULORUVODEYHQWLODWHVDXQHYHQWLODWHSRDWHDYHDXQHIHFWQRFLYDVXSUDVăQă
Wă‫܊‬LLSURYRFkQGVDXDJUDYkQGHYROX‫܊‬LDEROLORUUHVSLUDWRULLFDUGLRYDVFXODUHUH
QDOHHWF6DVWDELOLWFăLQKDODUHDSUHOXQJLWăDXQXLDVWIHOGHDHUvQFRPELQD‫܊‬LHFX
UHJLPXOWHUPLFFXXPLGLWDWHD‫܈‬LSURSULHWă‫܊‬LOHDHURLRQLFHDIHFWHD]ăvQPRGVHP
QLILFDWLY VLVWHPXO QHUYRV ‫܈‬L EXQăVWDUHD JHQHUDOă D SHUVRDQHORU GXUHUL GH FDS
SLHUGHUHDSRIWHLGHPkQFDUHVFăGHUHDSHUIRUPDQ‫܊‬HLHWFÌQSUHYHQLUHDLQIHF‫܊‬LLORU
DHULHQHVFKLPEXOGHDHUHVWHPDLHILFLHQWGHFkWXWLOL]DUHDPLMORDFHORUIL]LFH‫܈‬L
FKLPLFHGHGH]LQIHFWDUHDDHUXOXL([WUHPGHLPSRUWDQWHVWHVFKLPEXODFWLYGH
DHUvQSUHYHQLUHDXPH]HOLL
6FKLPEXOGHDHUDGLFăvQORFXLUHDDHUXOXLSROXDWFXDHUFXUDWVHUHDOL]HD]ă
IRORVLQGGLIHULWHVLVWHPH‫܈‬LGLVSR]LWLYH&RQIRUPSULQFLSLXOXLGHIXUQL]DUHDDH
UXOXLvQFDPHUăGXSăPRGXOGHIRUPDUHDSUHVLXQLLSHQWUXGHSODVDUHDDHUXOXL
VHGLVWLQJVLVWHPHGHYHQWLOD‫܊‬LHQDWXUDOH‫܈‬LDUWLILFLDOH
ÌQsistemele de ventilație naturalăPL‫܈‬FDUHDDHUXOXLVHGDWRUHD]ăIRU‫܊‬HORU
PRWULFHSUHFXPGLIHUHQ‫܊‬DGHWHPSHUDWXUăDDHUXOXLGLQLQWHULRUXO‫܈‬LGLQH[WHULRUXO
vQFăSHULL GLIHUHQ‫܊‬D GH SUHVLXQH ‫܈‬L SUHVLXQHD YkQWXOXL $FHVWH VLVWHPH LQFOXG
DLQILOWUDUHDEDHUDUHDFDHULVLUHD
InfiltrareaHVWHXQVFKLPEGHDHUQDWXUDOQHRUJDQL]DWGDWRUDWGLIHUHQ‫܊‬HLGHWHPSH
UDWXUăvQWUHDHUXOLQWHULRU‫܈‬LH[WHULRUSUHFXP‫܈‬LUH]LVWHQ‫܊‬HLYkQWXOXL9kQWXO
FUHHD]ăRSUHVLXQHVXSOLPHQWDUăDGLFăSUHVHD]ăDHUvQvQFăSHUHLDUGLQSDU
WHDRSXVăDFOăGLULLGDWRULWăUDUHILHULLDHUXOXLDHUXOHVWHDVSLUDWGLQFDPHUă
SULQSRULLPDWHULDOHORUGHFRQVWUXF‫܊‬LHSULQGLVFRQWLQXLWă‫܊‬L‫܈‬LJROXULvQSHUH‫܊‬LL
H[WHULRUL
AerisireaHVWHXQVFKLPEQDWXUDOGHDHUVHPLRUJDQL]DWSULQIHUHVWUHIHUHVWUH‫܈‬L
X‫܈‬L‫܈‬LX‫܈‬L'H]DYDQWDMXODHULVLULORUSULQREHUOLKWFRQVWăvQQHFHVLWDWHDYHQ
WLOD‫܊‬LHL GHOXQJă GXUDWă ‫܈‬L IRUPDUHD IOX[XOXL GH DHU UHFH 2 DGDSWDUHPDL
SHUIHFWăHVWHJHDPXOFDUHVHGHVFKLGHVSUHLQWHULRUVXEXQXQJKLGHƒ
ID‫܊‬ăGHVXSUDID‫܊‬DIHUHVWUHLGHVFKLGHUHDILLQGvQGUHSWDWăvQSDUWHDVXSHULRDUă
DDFHVWHLD$VWIHODHUXOUHFHGHDIDUăVHULGLFăVXV‫܈‬LVHDPHVWHFăFXDHUXO
FDOGDOvQFăSHULL$FHVWOXFUXUHGXFHSRVLELOLWDWHDUăFLULLRDPHQLORU‫܈‬LSHU
PLWHPHQ‫܊‬LQHUHDPDLvQGHOXQJDWăDJHDPXOXLGHVFKLV
AerareaHVWHXQ VFKLPE GHDHUQDWXUDORUJDQL]DWvQFDUHDHUXOHVWHIXUQL]DWSULQ
FDQDOHVSHFLDOHGHDHUDUHDPSODVDWHGHVHRULVXEJHDPXULvQDSURSLHUHDFD
ORULIHUHORUvQFăO]LULLFHQWUDOH$HUXOFDUHWUHFHVXEFDORULIHUHVHvQFăO]H‫܈‬WH
‫܈‬LLQWUăvQvQFăSHUH3HQWUXLH‫܈‬LUHDDHUXOXLVHHFKLSHD]ăFRQGXFWHVSHFLDOHGH
Capitolul **

HYDFXDUHvQSHUH‫܊‬LLLQWHUQLWHUPLQDWHSHDFRSHUL‫܈‬XOFDVHLFXGHIOHFWRDUHFDUH
vPEXQăWă‫܊‬HVFHYDFXDUHDDHUXOXLGDWRULWăSXWHULLYkQWXOXL
Ventilația artificialăLQFOXGHXQVHWGHPLMORDFHWHKQLFHFDUHDVLJXUăVFKLPEXOGH
DHUvQvQFăSHUL6HIRORVH‫܈‬WHvQFD]XULOHFkQGYHQWLOD‫܊‬LDQDWXUDOăQXDVLJXUăXQ
VFKLPEGHDHUHILFLHQWVDXFkQGDFHDVWDQXHVWHSRVLELOăGLQDQXPLWHPRWLYH
9HQWLODĠLDDUWLILFLDOăDvQFăSHULORUWUHEXLHVăFRUHVSXQGăDQXPLWRUFHULQ‫܊‬HLJL
HQLFHVăDVLJXUHLDUQDvPSUHXQăFXvQFăO]LUHDFRQGL‫܊‬LLGHFRQIRUWvQvQFăSHUH
VăQXLQWURGXFăGLQH[WHULRUDHUSROXDWVăQXPRGLILFHEUXVFSURSULHWă‫܊‬LOHIL
]LFHDOHDHUXOXLVăQXSURGXFă]JRPRWWUHSLGD‫܊‬LLVDXDOWHDF‫܊‬LXQLQRFLYHOHJDWH
GHIXQF‫܊‬LRQDUHDLQVWDOD‫܊‬LHLVăIXQF‫܊‬LRQH]HSHWRWSDUFXUVXODQXOXLLQGLIHUHQW
GHFRQGL‫܊‬LLOHH[WHULRDUH'XSăSULQFLSLXOGHGHELWDUHGHDF‫܊‬LXQHDDHUXOXLVH
GHRVHEH‫܈‬WHYHQWLOD‫܊‬LDSULQUHIXODUHDVSLUD‫܊‬LH‫܈‬LUHIXODUHDVSLUD‫܊‬LH
0HFDQLVPXOGHDF‫܊‬LXQHDOventilației de refulareFRQVWăvQGHELWDUHDIRU‫܊‬DWă
DDHUXOXLFXUDWSULQLQVWDOD‫܊‬LLVSHFLDODPHQDMDWH$VWIHOVHFUHHD]ăRSUHVLXQH
FUHVFXWăSR]LWLYăGDWRULWăFăUHLDDHUXOGLQvQFăSHULOHDOăWXUDWHQXSăWUXQGHvQ
vQFăSHUHDUHVSHFWLYă&RQIRUPOHJLORUIL]LFLLDHUXOGLQvQFăSHUHWLQGHVă‫܈‬LHJD
OH]HSUHVLXQHDFXDHUXOGLQH[WHULRUDVWIHODHUXOSROXDWLHVHGLQvQFăSHUHSHFăL
QDWXUDOH vQ WLPSXO GHVFKLGHULL X‫܈‬LORU SULQ SRULL PDWHULDOHORU GH FRQVWUXF‫܊‬LH
$HUXOLH‫܈‬LWGLQDFHDVWăvQFăSHUHVHSRDWHLQILOWUDvQvQFăSHULOHDOăWXUDWHFHHDFH
FRQWULEXLHODSROXDUHDORU
0HFDQLVPXOGHDF‫܊‬LXQHDOventilației de aspirațieUHSHWăSURFHVXOLQYHUV
UHDOL]kQGXVH HOLPLQDUHD DHUXOXL SROXDW SULQ LQVWDOD‫܊‬LL VSHFLDO DPHQDMDWH ÌQ
DFHVWFD]VHFUHHD]ăRSUHVLXQHVFă]XWăQHJDWLYă'LQFDX]DSUHVLXQLLMRDVHvQ
vQFăSHUHDYHQWLODWăDHUXOWLQ]kQGVă‫܈‬LHJDOH]HSUHVLXQHDSăWUXQGHvQvQFăSHUH
SHFăLQDWXUDOHvQWLPSXOGHVFKLGHULLX‫܈‬LORUSULQSRULLPDWHULDOHORUGHFRQVWUXF
‫܊‬LH2DVWIHOGHYHQWLOD‫܊‬LHHVWHUHFRPDQGDWăvQvQFăSHULOHSROXDWHGHJD]HQRFLYH
SUDIVDXYDSRULGHDSă
/Dventilația de refulare-aspirație,DHUXODWPRVIHULFHVWHLQWURGXV‫܈‬LH[WUDV
SULQLQVWDOD‫܊‬LLVSHFLDODPHQDMDWH‫܈‬LDVWIHOQXVHPRGLILFăSUHVLXQHDDHUXOXLvQvQ
FăSHUH$HUXODWPRVIHULFHVWHFXUă‫܊‬DWvQFăO]LW‫܈‬LDSRLGHELWDWvQ]RQDVXSHULRDUă
DvQFăSHULLLDUSULQDOWHFRQGXFWHGHYHQWLOD‫܊‬LHVLWXDWHvQ]RQDLQIHULRDUăDHUXO
SROXDWHVWHHOLPLQDWDIDUă
ÌQIXQF‫܊‬LHGH]RQDGHDF‫܊‬LXQHYHQWLOD‫܊‬LDDUWLILFLDOăSRDWHILJHQHUDOăORFDOă
‫܈‬LPL[WăVentilația generalăRIHUăVFKLPEGHDHUvQvQWUHDJDvQFăSHUHYHQWLODWă
FUHkQGFRQGL‫܊‬LLRSWLPHDGPLVHvQWRDWăvQFăSHUHD
Ventilația locală prin aspirațieDVLJXUăDVSLUD‫܊‬LDDHUXOXLSROXDWODORFXOGHIRU
PDUHFXVFRSXOGHDSUHvQWkPSLQDUăVSkQGLUHDSROXDQ‫܊‬LORUvQvQWUHDJDvQFăSHUHÌQ
DFHVWVFRSVHXWLOL]HD]ăQL‫܈‬HGHYHQWLOD‫܊‬LHXPEUHOHGHDVSLUD‫܊‬LHLQVWDODĠLLGHDVSLUDĠLH
ODORFXOGHPXQFă
Ventilația locală de refulareGLOXHD]ăDHUXOODORFXOGHPXQFăSHQWUXvQOăWXUD
UHDVXUSOXVXOXLGHFăOGXUăGHYDSRULGHJD]HGHSUDI6HXWLOL]HD]ăGX‫܈‬XULOHGHDHU
RD]HOHDHULHQHSHUGHOHOHGHDHU
În ventilația mixtă, VFKLPEXOJHQHUDOGHDHUHVWHFRPELQDWFXYHQWLOD‫܊‬LDORFDOă
 Ventilația de securitate VHDSOLFă vQWLPSXODFFLGHQWHORUFkQGVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HOH
QRFLYHYLQSHULRGLFvQFDQWLWă‫܊‬LVHPQLILFDWLYH&DH[HPSOXSRDWHVHUYLYHQWLOD‫܊‬LD
vQLQVWDOD‫܊‬LLOHGHFORULQDUHDVLVWHPHORUGHDOLPHQWDUHFXDSă

Evaluarea eficacității funcționării sistemelor de ventilație

ÌQDFHVWVFRSVHDSOLFăGRXăPHWRGHGHFDOFXO‫܈‬LGHODERUDWRU
Metoda de laborator SUHVXSXQH GHWHUPLQDUHDFRQFHQWUDĠLHL GH ELR[LG GH
FDUERQLQGLFDWRUXOGHYLFLHUHDDHUXOXL3HQWUXRYHQWLOD‫܊‬LHHILFLHQWăDFHVWLQGLFD
WRUQXWUHEXLHVăGHSăúHDVFăQLYHOXODGPLV
3HQWUX metoda de calculVHGHWHUPLQăGRLLQGLFLYROXPXOGHYHQWLODĠLH‫܈‬L
PXOWLSOXOVFKLPEXOXLGHDHU7UHEXLHGLIHUHQĠLDWHPăULPLOHnecesare úLrealeDOH
DFHVWRUGRLLQGLFL
Volumul necesar de ventilaţieHVWHFDQWLWDWHDGHDHUFXUDWFDUHWUHEXLHGHELWDWă
vQvQFăSHUHSHQWUXSHUVRDQăvQRUă0ăULPHDYROXPXOXLQHFHVDUGHDHUGHSLQGHGH
QXPăUXOGHSHUVRDQHGLQvQFăSHUHGHFDSDFLWDWHDvQFăSHULL‫܈‬LGHWLSXOOXFUăULORUHIHF
WXDWH0XOWLSOXOQHFHVDUGHDHULQGLFăGHFkWHRULWLPSGHRRUăDHUXOGLQvQFăSHUH
WUHEXLHVFKLPEDWFDELR[LGXOGHFDUERQVăQXGHSăúHDVFăQLYHOXODGPLV
Volumul real de ventilațieHVWHYROXPXOGHDHUGLQH[WHULRUvQPGHELWDW
vQvQFăSHUHWLPSGHRUăSHQWUXSHUVRDQăLDUPXOWLSOXOUHDOLQGLFăGHFkWHRUL
DHUXOVHVFKLPEăvQvQFăSHUHWLPSGHRRUă
3HQWUXDDILUPDFăYHQWLOD‫܊‬LDHVWHHILFLHQWăYDORULOHUHDOHDOHLQGLFLORUWUH
EXLHVăILHHJDOHVDXVăGHSă‫܈‬HDVFăYDORULOHQHFHVDUHÌQIDĠDLQGLFHOXLPXOWLSOXOXL
VFKLPEXOXLGHDHUVHSXQHVHPQXOSOXVFHHDFHLQGLFăVFKLPEXOGHDHUSULQ
UHIXODUHVDX±VFKLPEXOGHDHUSULQDVSLUDĠLH'HH[HPSOXGDFăHVWHLQGLFDW
FăPXOWLSOXOVFKLPEXOXLGHDHUHVWHHJDOFXDFHDVWDvQVHDPQăFăvQvQFă
SHUHvQ GHFXUV GH R RUă VH GHELWHD]ă RFDQWLWDWH GXEOă GH DHU úL VH H[WUDJH R
FDQWLWDWHWULSOăIDĠăGHYROXPXOvQFăSHULL

Caracteristica și importanța igienică a încălzirii încăperilor

ÌQ YHGHUHD UHDOL]ăULL FRQGL‫܊‬LLORU FRQIRUWDELOH GH PLFURFOLPDW vQ DQXPLWH
SHULRDGHDOHDQXOXLHVWHQHFHVDUăvQFăO]LUHDvQFăSHULORUÌQFăO]LUHDDUHFDVFRSGH
DPHQ‫܊‬LQHSDUDPHWULLPLFURFOLPDWLFLvQOLPLWHOHQRUPHORULJLHQLFHSHQWUXUHJOD
UHDSLHUGHULORUGHFăOGXUăGHFăWUHRUJDQLVP
6LVWHPHOHGHvQFăO]LUHWUHEXLHVăUHVSHFWHXUPăWRDUHOHFHULQ‫܊‬H
● VăFUHH]HFRQGL‫܊‬LLRSWLPHDOHDPELDQ‫܊‬HLWHUPLFH
● VăvQFăO]HDVFăXQLIRUPDHUXOGLQvQFăSHUH)OXFWXD‫܊‬LLOHWHPSHUDWXULLvQ
WLPSXO]LOHLQXWUHEXLHVăGHSă‫܈‬HDVFăƒ&SHQWUXVLVWHPXOFHQWUDO‫܈‬L
ƒ&SHQWUXVLVWHPXOORFDO'LIHUHQ‫܊‬DGHWHPSHUDWXUăDDHUXOXLSHYHU
WLFDOăHVWHSHUPLVăvQOLPLWHOHGHƒɋSHPHWUXGHvQăO‫܊‬LPHSHRUL
]RQWDOă±GHODSHUHWHOHH[WHULRUFăWUHFHORSXVLQWHULRU±SkQăODƒɋ
'LIHUHQ‫܊‬DDGPLVăGLQWUHWHPSHUDWXUDDHUXOXL‫܈‬LVXSUDID‫܊‬DLQWHULRDUăDSH
UH‫܊‬LORUH[WHULRULHVWHGHƒ&
Capitolul **

● VăSRDWăILFRQWURODWHGLULMDWHDXWRPDWFHQWUDOVDXLQGLYLGXDOJUDGXOGH
vQFăO]LUH
● WHPSHUDWXUDPHGLHDGLVSR]LWLYHORUGHvQFăO]LUHQXWUHEXLHVăGHSă‫܈‬HDVFă
ƒ&SHQWUXDHYLWDDUGHUHDSUDIXOXL‫܈‬LDYRSVHOHLGHSHFDORULIHU
● VăQXFRQVWLWXLHRVXUVăGHSROXDUHDDHUXOXLGLQLQWHULRUSULQSURGXVHOH
DUGHULLLQFRPSOHWHDFRPEXVWLELOXOXL
● VăILHVLPSOHFRPRGHvQH[SORDWDUHVăILHDQWLLQFHQGLDUHVăOXFUH]HvQ
OLQL‫܈‬WH
● VăFRUHVSXQGăFHULQ‫܊‬HORUHVWHWLFH
ÌQFăO]LUHDvQFăSHULORUVHSRDWHUHDOL]DSULQGRXăVLVWHPHORFDOă‫܈‬LFHQWUDOă
Sistemul de încălzire locală JHQHUHD]ă‫܈‬LXWLOL]HD]ăFăOGXUDvQWURvQFăSHUH
6HUHDOL]HD]ăFXXWLOL]DUHDVREHORU‫܈‬HPLQHHORU$FHVWVLVWHPGHvQFăO]LUHSUH]LQWă
XUPăWRDUHOHGH]DYDQWDMHRFXSăVSD‫܊‬LX‫܈‬LUHGXFHYROXPXOvQFăSHULLWHPSHUDWXUD
DHUXOXLHVWHQHXQLIRUPăvQWLPSXO]LOHLSUH]HQ‫܊‬DUDGLD‫܊‬LLORUQHJDWLYHvQvQFăSHUHD
vQFăO]LWăGHODSHUH‫܊‬LLH[WHULRUL‫܈‬LIHUHVWUHWHPSHUDWXUăUHODWLYULGLFDWăvQDQX
PLWH]RQHDOHVXSUDIH‫܊‬HLvQFăO]LWHVREHvQFăO]LWRDUHHOHFWULFHHWFFDUHGHWHU
PLQă DUGHUHD SUDIXOXL ‫܈‬LGHWHULRUHD]ăFRPSR]L‫܊‬LDDHUXOXL GLQLQWHULRUSROXDUHD
vQFăSHULLGDFăHVWHvQFăO]LWăFXOHPQWXUEăVDXFăUEXQHFXFRPEXVWLELOFHQX‫܈‬ă
IXPHWFSHULFROGHLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LLFXPRQR[LGGHFDUERQGLILFXOWă‫܊‬LGHGHVHUYLUHvQ
UHJODUHDFHGăULLGHFăOGXUăGHSHVXSUDIH‫܊‬HOHvQFăO]LWHSHULFROGHLQFHQGLL
ÌQsistemele centrale de încălzireDJHQWXOWHUPLFDSăDEXULDHUHVWHvQ
FăO]LWvQDIDUDvQFăSHULORUvQFăO]LWHDSRLHVWHIXUQL]DWSULQFRQGXFWHODGLVSR]LWL
YHOHGHvQFăO]LUHVDXSULQFDQDOHGLUHFWvQvQFăSHUH
(OHPHQWHOHSULQFLSDOHDOHVLVWHPHORUGHvQFăO]LUHFHQWUDOăVXQW
● JHQHUDWRUXOGHFăOGXUă
● FRQGXFWHOHGHFăOGXUăFXDJHQWXOWHUPLF
● GLVSR]LWLYHOHGHvQFăO]LUH
6LVWHPHOHFHQWUDOHGHvQFăO]LUHDXRVHULHGHDYDQWDMHVHPQLILFDWLYHDVLJXUDUHD
XQXLUHJLPWHUPLFXQLIRUPOLSVDSROXăULLFXSURGXVHGHDUGHUH‫܈‬LFXFRPEXVWLELO
GLULMDUHDVLJXUăWHPSHUDWXUăXQLIRUPăDDHUXOXLSHSDUFXUVXO]LOHLFRVWPDLPLF
8QDVSHFWLPSRUWDQWDOVLVWHPXOXLGHvQFăO]LUHFHQWUDOHVWHGLVSR]LWLYXOGH
vQFăO]LW&HOPDLIUHFYHQWVHXWLOL]HD]ăFDORULIHUXOFDUHvQFăO]H‫܈‬WHvQFăSHUHDDWkW
SULQUDGLD‫܊‬LHFkW‫܈‬LSULQFRQYHF‫܊‬LH
&HOHPDLXWLOL]DWHVXQWVLVWHPHOHFHQWUDOHGHvQFăO]LUHFXDSăvQWUXFkWvQ
GHSOLQHVF WRDWH FHULQ‫܊‬HOH LJLHQLFH 7HPSHUDWXUD DJHQWXOXL WHUPLF DSHL FDUH
FLUFXOăvQDFHVWHVLVWHPHQXGHSă‫܈‬H‫܈‬WHYDORDUHDUHJOHPHQWDWăGHQRUPHOHGHFRQ
VWUXF‫܊‬LH$VWIHOVHHYLWăVXSUDvQFăO]LUHDVXSUDIH‫܊‬HLGLVSR]LWLYHORUGHvQFăO]LUH
3ULQWUH GH]DYDQWDMHOH DFHVWXL VLVWHP GH vQFăO]LUH VH QXPăUă LPSRVLELOLWDWHD
FDOFXOăULLFRVWXOXLFăOGXULLSHQWUXRvQFăSHUHSRVLELOLWDWHDvQJKH‫܊‬ăULLDSHLvQFRQGXFWH
vQWLPSXOGHIHF‫܊‬LXQLLVLVWHPXOXLVFXUJHULGHDSăvQORFXOFRQH[LXQLORUFRQGXFWHORU
Încălzirea cu aburiSX‫܊‬LQVHGHRVHEH‫܈‬WHGHvQFăO]LUHDFXDSăGDUHVWHLQIHUL
RDUăGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHLJLHQLFGHRDUHFHDEXULLFDUHFLUFXOăvQVLVWHPvQFăO]HVF
FDORULIHUHOHSkQăODƒ&FHHDFHGXFHODVXSUDvQFăO]LUHDDHUXOXLGLQvQFăSHUL
DUGHUHD SUDIXOXL 3RVLELOLWDWHD GHUHJODUHFHQWUDOă ‫܈‬LORFDOă vQ FD]XO vQFăO]LULL FX
DEXULHVWHH[FOXVă$FHVWWLSGHvQFăO]LUHHVWHSHUPLVQXPDLvQvQFăSHULPDULGHV
WLQDWHDIOăULLWHPSRUDUHDSHUVRDQHORU
Încălzirea cu aerFRQVWăvQvQFăO]LUHDDHUXOXLH[WHULRUILOWUDW SkQă OD 
ƒ&vQFDPHUHOHVLWXDWHvQVXEVROXOFOăGLULLGHXQGHSULQFDQDOHGLQLQWHULRUXO
SHUH‫܊‬LORUDMXQJHODGHVFKLGHULOHGLQSDUWHDVXSHULRDUăDSHUH‫܊‬LORUvQFăSHULL$HUXO
HVWHvQFăO]LWFDDJHQWWHUPLF'H]DYDQWDMHOHDFHVWXLVLVWHPVXQWUD]DPLFăGHDF
‫܊‬LXQHWHPSHUDWXUDULGLFDWăDDHUXOXLGHELWDWPRELOLWDWHDvQDOWă‫܈‬LXPLGLWDWHDVFă
]XWăDDHUXOXLGLPHQVLXQLOHVHPQLILFDWLYHDOHFRQGXFWHORU‫܈‬LSRVLELOLWDWHDFRQWD
PLQăULL FX SUDID DHUXOXL GHELWDW &X WRDWH QHDMXQVXULOH vQFăO]LUHD FX DHU HVWH
HFRQRPăQXQHFHVLWăFRQGXFWH‫܈‬LGLVSR]LWLYHGHvQFăO]LUHSHUPLWHFRPELQDUHD
vQFăO]LULLFXYHQWLOD‫܊‬LD‫܈‬LHVWHX‫܈‬RUGHXWLOL]DW(VWHLQGLFDWăSHQWUXvQFăSHULOHFX
XPLGLWDWHULGLFDWă
Încălzirea prin panouri radiante,DPSODVDWHvQSHUH‫܊‬LSRGHDWDYDQVHED
]HD]ăSHWUDQVIHUXOGHFăOGXUăGHSHVXSUDIH‫܊‬HvQFDUHH[LVWăFRQGXFWHVSLUDODWH
SULQFDUHFLUFXOăDJHQWXOWHUPLFDSăVDXDEXUÌQFăO]LUHDUDGLDQWăRIHUăvQFăO]L
UHDXQLIRUPăDDHUXOXLGLQLQWHULRUFUHHD]ăRVHQ]D‫܊‬LHFRQIRUWDELOăODWHPSHUDWXUL
PDLVFă]XWH'LQFDX]DFRPSOH[LWă‫܊‬LLvQWUH‫܊‬LQHULLDFHVWHVLVWHPHGHvQFăO]LUHQX
VXQWXWLOL]DWHSHVFDUăODUJă
'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUHLJLHQLFFăOGXUD UDGLDQWăDUH XQ HIHFWPDLIDYRUDELO
DVXSUDFRUSXOXLXPDQÌQFD]XOVLVWHPHORUGHvQFăO]LUHvQFDUHSUHGRPLQăFHGD
UHDGHFăOGXUăSULQUDGLD‫܊‬LLVHUHGXFUDGLD‫܊‬LLOHQHJDWLYHGHODVXSUDIH‫܊‬HOHSHUH‫܊‬LL
H[WHULRDUHFHHDFHIDFHSRVLELOăDVLJXUDUHDFRQGL‫܊‬LLORUFRQIRUWDELOHODWHPSHUDWXUL
PDLVFă]XWHDOHDHUXOXLÌQSOXVGLVSR]LWLYHOHGHvQFăO]LUHFXvQFăO]LUHUDGLDQWă
DXRWHPSHUDWXUăDVXSUDIH‫܊‬HLUHODWLYPRGHUDWăƒ&FHHDFHHVWHH[WUHP
GHLPSRUWDQWSHQWUXDSUHYHQLGLVFRQIRUWXOWHUPLFDVRFLDWFXWHPSHUDWXUDFUHVFXWă
DVXSUDIH‫܊‬HORUvQFRQMXUăWRDUHÌQFăO]LUHDUDGLDQWăRIHUăRWHPSHUDWXUăXQLIRUPă
vQvQFăSHUHDWkWSHYHUWLFDOăFkW‫܈‬LSHRUL]RQWDOăHVWHDYDQWDMRDVăGLQSXQFWGH
YHGHUHWHKQLFRHFRQRPLF
Izolația termicăDHFKLSDPHQWHORUGHvQFăO]LUH‫܈‬LGHYHQWLOD‫܊‬LHDFRQGXFWH
ORUVLVWHPHORULQWHUQHGHDVLJXUDUHFXFăOGXUăDFR‫܈‬XULORUGHIXPWUHEXLHSUHYă
]XWăSHQWUXSUHYHQLUHDDUVXULORUDVLJXUDUHDSLHUGHULORUGHFăOGXUăPDLSX‫܊‬LQGHFkW
DFFHSWDELOHHOLPLQDUHDFRQGHQVDWXOXLGHXPLGLWDWHSUHYHQLUHDvQJKH‫܊‬ăULLDJHQ
WXOXLWHUPLFvQFRQGXFWHOHDPSODVDWHvQvQFăSHULQHvQFăO]LWHVDXvQvQFăSHULUăFLWH
DUWLILFLDO
ÌQ SUH]HQW SHQWUX vQFăO]LUHDvQFăSHULORU VHPDL XWLOL]HD]ăvQFăO]LUHD SULQ
HQHUJLHHOHFWULFă8QVLVWHPLQWURGXVUHFHQW‫܈‬LFDUHVHSDUHDILGHYLLWRUHVWHUH
SUH]HQWDWGHvQFăO]LUHDVRODUăFDUHIXQF‫܊‬LRQHD]ăSHED]DvQPDJD]LQăULLFăOGXULL
VRODUH‫܈‬LvQFăO]LUHDXOWHULRDUăDvQFăSHULORU




Capitolul **


0HGLXODHULDQGLQvQFăSHULSRDWHILSROXDWvQXUPDSăWUXQGHULLVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HORU
UH]XOWDWHGLQSURFHVHOHGHFRPEXVWLHDFRPSX‫܈‬LORURUJDQLFLYRODWLOLDUDGRQXOXL
DFRQWDPLQDQ‫܊‬LORUELRORJLFLHWF

Poluarea încăperilor cu substanțe chimice

3ROXDUHDvQFăSHULORU DUHORFvQXUPDHPLVLHLvQDHUXOvQFăSHULORUDXQRUVXE
VWDQ‫܊‬HSHULFXORDVHSHQWUXVăQăWDWHODXQQLYHOFDUHGHSă‫܈‬H‫܈‬WHFDSDFLWDWHDQDWXUDOăGH
WDPSRQDUHDDHUXOXLPHGLXOXLvQFKLVVDXSRVLELOLWDWHDPL‫܈‬FăULORUDHUXOXLGHDOHGLOXD
6XEVWDQ‫܊‬HOHSUH]HQWHvQDHUSULQQDWXUDORUFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LDVDXWLSXOGHDF‫܊‬LXQHSRW
DIHFWDVăQăWDWHDJHQHUDGLVFRQIRUW‫܈‬LVDXDOWHUDPHGLXOGHWUDL

Clasificarea poluanților în funcție de efectul lor:

● 3ROXDQ‫܊‬LLULWDQ‫܊‬LJD]HLULWDQWHSO2, NO2, Cl2, NH3VXEVWDQ‫܊‬HR[LGDQWH
VXVSHQVLLCl, Fl HWF
● 3ROXDQ‫܊‬LDVIL[LDQ‫܊‬LCO, CO2, H2SHWF
● 3ROXDQ‫܊‬LWR[LFLPb, Cd, Hg, Mn, pesticide organoclorurate, organo-
fosforice, nitrați, fluoUHWFVXQWHOLPLQDWHGHSODQWHOHGHFDPHUă
● 3ROXDQ‫܊‬LDOHUJL]DQ‫܊‬Lpolen, fungii, praf de casă etc.
● 3ROXDQ‫܊‬L FDQFHULJHQL RUJDQLFL hidrocarburi policiclice aromatice,
benzen, benzo-α-piren, amine aromatice, clorura de vinil, naftalina
etc.; DQRUJDQLFL: azbest, As, Cr hexavalent, Ni etc.
● 3ROXDQ‫܊‬LILEUR]DQ‫܊‬L: hidroxid de siliciu, azbest, beriliu etc.

Caracteristica factorilor de mediu care contribuie la poluarea aerului

din încăperi
3ULQWUH SROXDQ‫܊‬LL DHUXOXL GLQ vQFăSHUL VH QXPăUă ‫܈‬L FRPSX‫܈‬LL UH]XOWD‫܊‬L vQ
XUPDSURFHVHORUGHFRPEXVWLHDUGHUH
fumul de țigarăIXPDWXOSDVLYFHLQFOXGHLQKDODUHDDPLLGHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬H
SDUWLFXOHFRPSX‫܈‬LvQVWDUHGHDHURVROL6HGLVWLQJGRXăFRPSRQHQWHGLIHULWHIX
PXOGH‫܊‬LJDUăFDUHVHGHJDMăODWHUDOSULQDUGHUHDPRFQLWăD‫܊‬LJăULLODWHPSHUDWXUL
GHƒ&‫܈‬LFRORDQDSULQFLSDOăGHIXPFHOFDUHHVWHH[KDODWGHIXPăWRUL
3ULQWUHFRPSX‫܈‬LLGHVvQWkOQL‫܊‬LvQIXPXOGH‫܊‬LJDUăVHQXPăUăKLGURFDUEXULOHSROLFL
FOLFHDURPDWLFHEHQ]RSLUHQEHQ]HQDUVHQFDGPLXHWF
ÌQSUH]HQWHIHFWHOHIXPDWXOXLDVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXLVHFODVLILFăvQ
 non cancerigeneHIHFWXOLULWDQWODQLYHOXOPXFRDVHLWUDKHREURQ‫܈‬LFH)X
PDWXOHVWHXQIDFWRUGHULVFvQSURGXFHUHDEURQ‫܈‬LWHLFURQLFH
 cardiovasculareVXUVDGHPRQR[LGGHFDUERQ‫܈‬LFDUER[L+E6HDFFHQWX
HD]ăOLSVDGHR[LJHQÌQJUR‫܈‬DUHDSHUH‫܊‬LORUYDVHORUFRURQDUHDOHLQLPLL
 ‫܈‬LDSDUL‫܊‬LDVSDVPXOXLFRURQDULDQFDXUPDUHDDF‫܊‬LXQLLFRPSRQHQWHORU
IXPXOXLDVXSUDUHFHSWRULORUDOIDDGUHQHUJLFL
 riscurile asupra copiilorRIUHFYHQ‫܊‬ăFUHVFXWăDLQIHF‫܊‬LLORURWLFHODFRSLLL
GLQIDPLOLLGHIXPăWRULvQWLPSSRWDSăUHDGLIHULWHDIHF‫܊‬LXQLFDUGLDFH
LQFOXVLYDIHFWDUHDFRUGXOXLODQLYHOGHYDOYH
3HQWUXGHWHUPLQDUHDJUDGXOXLGHH[SXQHUHVXQWXWLOL]D‫܊‬LDQXPL‫܊‬LPDUNHUL
6HGR]HD]ăQLFRWLQDPHWDEROLWXODFHVWHLD FRWLQLQD 1LFRWLQD DUH RSHULRDGă GH
vQMXPăWă‫܊‬LUHGHRUH‫܈‬LHVWHXQPDUNHUGHH[SXQHUHGHVFXUWăGXUDWă&RWLQLQD
DUHRSHULRDGăGHvQMXPăWă‫܊‬LUHGHRUH‫܈‬LVHFRQVLGHUăPDUNHUGHH[SXQHUHvQ
GHOXQJDWă$FH‫܈‬WLFRPSX‫܈‬LWUDYHUVHD]ăEDULHUDSODFHQWDUă‫܈‬LVHSXQvQHYLGHQ‫܊‬ăOD
IăWVHWUDQVPLWFXODSWHOHPDWHUQ‫܈‬LFDXUPDUHVHQDVFFRSLLKLSRWURILFLFXULVF
FUHVFXWGHLQIHF‫܊‬LLvQSULPHOHOXQLGHYLD‫܊‬ăÌQXUPDIXPDWXOXLSRWDSăUHDXUPă
WRDUHOHHIHFWHOHFDQFHULJHQHULVFXOGHFDQFHUDOHVLQXVXULORUQD]DOHXQULVFPDL
PDUHGHFDQFHUSXOPRQDUGHWLSDGHQRFDUFLQRPULVFGHFDQFHUVWRPDFDOHWFÌQ
FXSOXULOHDOFăWXLWHGLQQHIXPăWRDUHFăVăWRULWHFXIXPăWRULULVFXODSDUL‫܊‬LHLFDQFH
UXOXLGHVkQHUDPDLFUHVFXWFXGHFkWODIHPHLOHFăVăWRULWHFXQHIXPăWRUL 
- monoxidul de carbonCO) HVWHXQDOWSROXDQWDOVSD‫܊‬LLORUvQFKLVHFRQ
‫܊‬LQXWvQIXPXOGH‫܊‬LJDUă‫܈‬LQXQXPDL(VWHXQSROXDQWFXRDJUHVLYLWDWH
PDUHXQHRULFXULVFOHWDOLQGXFkQGHIHFWHDFXWHGHLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LHÌQFDQ
WLWă‫܊‬LPDULSRDWHILSURGXVQXPDLODDUGHUHDLQFRPSOHWăDXQRUFDQWLWă‫܊‬L
FRQVLGHUDELOHGHFRPEXVWLELO)LLQGXQJD]IăUăSURSULHWă‫܊‬LRUJDQROHS
WLFHQXSRDWHILVHVL]DW([SXQHUHDVXELHF‫܊‬LORUXPDQLODDFHVWSROXDQW
HVWHSRVLELOăvQFD]XOSURFHVHORUGHFRPEXVWLHDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWă2ULFH
SURFHVGHDUGHUHDUHGRXăHWDSHGDFăDSRUWXOGHR[LJHQHVWHVXILFLHQW
UHDF‫܊‬LDGHDUGHUHWUHFHODID]DDGRXDFHDFRPSOHWăFXSURGXFHUHDGH
&2YDSRULGHDSă‫܈‬LUDQGDPHQWHQHUJHWLF'DFăDSRUWXOGHR[LJHQQX
HVWHVXILFLHQWUHDF‫܊‬LDGHDUGHUHQXWUHFHODID]DDGRXD‫܈‬LDYHPRDUGHUH
LQFRPSOHWăvQFDUHVHGHJDMăvQSULQFLSDO&2
3ULQFLSDODVXUVăGHSROXDUHDDHUXOXLLQWHULRUFXPRQR[LGGHFDUERQRUH
SUH]LQWăVLVWHPHOHGHvQFăO]LUHORFDOăVDXPLFURFHQWUDOHOHWHUPLFHLDUDDHUXOXL
H[WHULRUWUDILFXOUXWLHUJD]HOHGHH‫܈‬DSDPHQW6HFRQVLGHUăFăGLQFRQ
FHQWUD‫܊‬LDPRQR[LGXOXLGHFDUERQSURYLQHGLQJD]HOHGHH‫܈‬DSDPHQWDSRLXUPHD]ă
VXUVHOHLQGXVWULDOHVLVWHPHOHGHSUHJăWLUHDKUDQHLED]DWHSHDUGHUHGHFRPEXV
WLELO±IODFăUDOLEHUăGHODDUDJD]IXPDWXO
0RQR[LGXOGHFDUERQDF‫܊‬LRQHD]ăDVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXLXPDQFRPELQkQGX
VHFXFDUER[LKHPRJORELQDFDUHDUHDILQLWDWHGHGHRULPDLPDUHFRPSDUDWLY
FX 2 3ULQ VFăGHUHD SUHVLXQLL SDU‫܊‬LDOHDPRQR[LGXOXL GH FDUERQFD XUPDUH D
vQWUHUXSHULL H[SXQHULL DFHVWD HVWH SXV vQ OLEHUWDWH ‫܈‬L HOLPLQDW FXDHUXO H[SLUDW
3HULRDGDGHvQMXPDWă‫܊‬LUHDPRQR[LGXOXLGHFDUERQYDULD]ăvQWUHRUHvQIXQF‫܊‬LH
GHYHQWLOD‫܊‬LDSXOPRQDUă 0RQR[LGXOGHFDUERQDUHRDILQLWDWHFUHVFXWă ‫܈‬LSHQWUX
PLRJORELQăGHRULPDLPDUHFRPSDUDWLYFX2‫܈‬LLQKLEăFLWRFURPR[LGD]D
6DVWDELOLWRUHOD‫܊‬LHvQWUHFDUER[LKHPRJORELQă‫܈‬L&2‫܈‬LUDSRUWXOGLQWUHFDUER[LKH
PRJORELQă‫܈‬LR[LKHPRJORELQă
Capitolul **

5LVFXOH[SXQHULLODPRQR[LGGHFDUERQSRDWHILmaximEROQDYLLFXFDU
GLRSDWLHLVFKHPLFăFDUHSRWIDFHFUL]HGHDQJRULQIDUFWGHPLRFDUGODFRQFHQ
WUD‫܊‬LLGHGHFDUER[LKHPRJORELQămareEROQDYLLFURQLFLFXEROLDOH
DSDUDWXOXLUHVSLUDWRU
$XIRVWVWDELOLWH‫܈‬LJUXSXULOHSRSXOD‫܊‬LRQDOHFXH[SXQHUHPDUHODPRQR[LG
GHFDUERQPXQFLWRULLGLQPHGLXLQGXVWULDO‫܈‬RIHULLPHFDQLFLLDXWRDJHQ‫܊‬LLGHFLU
FXOD‫܊‬LHFDVQLFLLFRSLLLEROQDYLLFDUHVWDXvQORFXLQ‫܊‬ăPDLPXOWGHGLQWLPSXO
WRWDOGHRUH
,QWR[LFD‫܊‬LDDFXWăFXPRQR[LGGHFDUERQDSDUHvQVSD‫܊‬LLvQFKLVHQHYHQWL
ODWHXQGHH[LVWăRVXUVăGHSROXDUH&HOHPDLPXOWHFD]XULVHSURGXFvQORFXLQ‫܊‬ă
GLQFDX]DVXUVHORUORFDOHGHvQFăO]LUH‫܈‬LvQJDUDMHFDXUPDUHDIXQF‫܊‬LRQăULLPR
WRUXOXLFXDUGHUHLQWHUQă
)RUPD GH LQWR[LFD‫܊‬LH HVWH GHWHUPLQDWă GH QLYHOXO FRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LHL GH &2
3ULPHOHVHPQHGHLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LHDSDUODYDORULDOHFDUER[LKHPRJORELQHLGHFX
GH]YROWDUHDFHIDOHHLVRPQROHQ‫܊‬HLGH]RULHQWăULLVSD‫܊‬LRWHPSRUDOHWDKLFDUGLHLOLSVHL
GH2FRUHFWDWăSULQFUH‫܈‬WHUHDIUHFYHQ‫܊‬HLFDUGLDFHVHQ]D‫܊‬LDGHFRQVWULF‫܊‬LHWRUDFLFă
/DFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LLDOHFDUER[LKHPRJORELQHLvQWUHDSDUVHPQHHYLGHQWHGHLQ
WR[LFD‫܊‬LHFXYRPHVHQ]D‫܊‬LHGHDUVXULvQHSLJDVWUXGLVSQHHWXOEXUăULFDUGLRUHVSLUD
WRULLFRQYXOVLLFRPăLDUODFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LLvQMXUGHVHvQUHJLVWUHD]ă‫܈‬LFD]XUL
OHWDOH,QWHUYHQ‫܊‬LDvQDFHVWHFD]XULXUPăUH‫܈‬WHvQWUHUXSHUHDH[SXQHULLOD&2REXQă
YHQWLOD‫܊‬LHR[LJHQRWHUDSLHKLSHUEDUăODIRUPHOHFRPDWRDVH
6HFKHOHOHSRVWLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LHDFXWăSRWILVLPSWRPHQHXURSVLKLFHFDUGLDFHFD
XUPDUHDKLSR[LHLQHXURQLORU‫܈‬LPLRFDUGXOXL/DQLYHOGHPLRFDUG‫܈‬LGHQHXURQVH
DWLQJHUDSLGRFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LHFUHVFXWăGHFDUER[LKHPRJORELQăODH[SXQHUHFRPSD
UDWLYFXFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LDDFHVWHLDODQLYHOSHULIHULF'HFLHIHFWHOHLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LHLFXPR
QR[LGXOGHFDUERQVXQWJHQHUDWHGHKLSR[LDGHWUDQVSRUW
(IHFWHOHFDUHDSDUODFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LLDOHFDUER[LKHPRJORELQHLVXEDX
IRVWXUPăULWHSHSHUVRDQHVăQăWRDVHH[SXVH/DFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LLDOHFDUER[LKHPRJOR
ELQHLGHVFDGHFDSDFLWDWHDGHHIRUWODWLQHULLFXFDUGLRSDWLHLVFKHPLFă
LQIDUFW/DFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LLvQWUHVFDGHFDSDFLWDWHDGHHIRUWODVSRUWLYLLGH
SHUIRUPDQ‫܊‬ăODYDORULSHVWHVFDGHUDQGDPHQWXOLQWHOHFWXDOODFRQFHQ
WUD‫܊‬LLGHDSDUWXOEXUăULOHSUHPHUJăWRDUHLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LHLWXOEXUăULVHQ]RULDOH
VFăGHUHDDFXLWă‫܊‬LLYL]XDOHFDSDFLWă‫܊‬LLGHHIHFWXDUHDXQRUIXQF‫܊‬LLFRPSOH[HGH[
WHULWDWHPDQXDOă6FDGHSXOVXOVkQJHOXLVHDOWHUHD]ăVLVWHPXOILEULQROLWLFFUH‫܈‬WH
ULVFXODFFLGHQWHORUYDVFXODUHPLRFDUGLFH‫܈‬LFHUHEUDOH
/DLQWR[LFDUHDFX&2VHvQWkOQHVF‫܈‬LHIHFWHFURQLFH([SXQHUHDvQGHOXQ
JDWăODPRQR[LGGHFDUERQGHWHUPLQăULVFGHDWHURVFOHUR]ăVLQGURPXO6KLQVKX
LDUGDFăYDORDUHDGHFDUER[LKHPRJORELQăDMXQJHODDSDUHRERVHDOăFHIDOHH
GXUHULPXVFXODUHWXOEXUăULYDVFXODUHFDUHDXODED]ăXQVLQGURPGHPLRFDUGLWă
JHQHUDOL]DWăFXDIHFWDUHYDOYXODUă
ÌQDHUXOGLQvQFăSHULVHSRWvQWkOQL‫܈‬LDOWHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFHSRWSURYRFDLQWR[L
FD‫܊‬LLDFXWH‫܈‬LFURQLFHFXPDUILFLDQXULOHDFLGXOFLDQKLGULFKLGURJHQXOVXOIXUDW
‫܈‬D6HvQWkOQHVF‫܈‬LSROXDQ‫܊‬LLULWDQ‫܊‬LFXPDUILSDUWLFXOHOH UHVSLUDWRULL FH FRQ‫܊‬LQ
R[L]LGHD]RW‫܈‬LGHVXOI
 Poluanții biologici ai aerului interior 
ÌQPRGQDWXUDODHUXOFRQ‫܊‬LQHJHUPHQLFDUHQXVXQWDXWRKWRQLSURSULLSUR
YHQLHQ‫܊‬DORUILLQGGHSHVROYHJHWD‫܊‬LHVXSUDID‫܊‬DDSHORU*HUPHQLLFHVHGH]YROWă
ODWHPSHUDWXULPDLVFă]XWHGHFkWFHDDFRUSXOXLXPDQVXQWGHVHPQD‫܊‬LFDSVLKUR
ILOLFULRILOL*HUPHQLLVDSURIL‫܊‬LIXQJLLOH‫܈‬LDFWLQRPLFHWHOHODSHUVRDQHFXVXVFHS
WLELOLWDWHFUHVFXWăSRWGHWHUPLQDPDQLIHVWăULGHWLSDOHUJLF6XSOLPHQWDUVHJăVHVF
‫܈‬LJHUPHQLGHSURYHQLHQ‫܊‬ăXPDQăVDXDQLPDOă±JHUPHQLPH]RILOLDFăURUWHP
SHUDWXUăRSWLPăGHGH]YROWDUHHVWHGHƒ&JUDGH$FH‫܈‬WLJHUPHQLVXQWVDSURIL‫܊‬L
FRQGL‫܊‬LRQDWSDWRJHQLLDUFkQGUH]LVWHQ‫܊‬DRUJDQLVPXOXLVFDGHDSDUHERDOD
3RWILSUH]HQ‫܊‬L‫܈‬LJHUPHQLFDUHVHGH]YROWăODWHPSHUDWXULGHƒ&FXP
DUILFHLWHUPRILOLIXQJLLOH‫܈‬LDFWLQRPLFHWHOH
8QXOGLQWUHFHOHPDLIDYRUDELOHPHGLLGHGH]YROWDUHDJHUPHQLORUHVWHFHOGH
ORFXLWXQGHVHSURGXFGLIHULWHGHVFRPSXQHUL‫܈‬LVHGHJDMăFăOGXUăVXQWSUH]HQWH
PDWHULDOHWH[WLOHWDSL‫܊‬HULLFRYRDUHPRFKHWHKkUWLHFDUWRQIORULRUQDPHQWDOHSă
PkQWXPHGvQJKLYHFHVLVWHPHGHYHQWLOD‫܊‬LHDUWLILFLDOăÌQDFHVWHFLUFXPVWDQ‫܊‬HVH
FUHHD]ăFRQGL‫܊‬LLRSWLPHSHQWUXGH]YROWDUHDJHUPHQLORUvQvQFăSHULYDORULFUHVFXWH
GHWHPSHUDWXUă‫܈‬LGHXPLGLWDWHIRUPDUHDFRQGHQVDWXOXL3HUVRDQHOHFDUHv‫܈‬LSHWUHF
GLQWLPSvQORFXLQWăVXQWH[SXVHXQXLULVFFUHVFXWGHDILDIHFWD‫܊‬LGHGLIHULWH
PDODGLLUHVSLUDWRULL
ÌQ WLPSXO YLH‫܊‬LL VXQWHP H[SX‫܈‬LOD DHUXO SROXDW GLQ GLIHULWH VSD‫܊‬LLvQFKLVH
DHUXORFXSD‫܊‬LRQDOLQGXVWULDODHUXORFXSD‫܊‬LRQDOQRQLQGXVWULDODHUXOQRQRFXSD‫܊‬LR
QDOORFXLQ‫܊‬HVSD‫܊‬LLSXEOLFHPLMORDFHGHWUDQVSRUW
*HUPHQLLGLQDHUXOLQWHULRUSRWILWUDQVPL‫܈‬LSULQLQWHUPHGLXO
● picăturilor FlugenODH[WHULRUDXvQYHOL‫܈‬GHDSă6XQWJUHOHVHVHGLPHQ
WHD]ăX‫܈‬RUSHVXSUDIH‫܊‬HRELHFWHODPGHVXUVDGHHOLPLQDUH
● nuclei de picătură: UH]XOWăvQXUPDSLHUGHULLGHFăWUHSLFăWXULDvQYHOL‫܈‬XOXLGH
DSăÌQFăUFăWXUDGHJHUPHQLHVWHPDLPLFDGLQIRUPHDXFRQ‫܊‬LQXW
EDFWHULDQ6HGHSODVHD]ăODGLVWDQ‫܊‬HPDULID‫܊‬ăGHVXUVDGHHOLPLQDUH
● praful bacterianJHUPHQLFDUHVHGHSXQSHVXSUDIH‫܊‬H‫܈‬LSHSDUWLFXOHOHVH
GLPHQWDWH&RQ‫܊‬LQXWXOEDFWHULDQ HVWHPDLPLFGHRDUHFHQXWRDWHSDU
WLFXOHOHDXRFRPSRQHQWăRUJDQLFă
3UH]HQ‫܊‬D JHUPHQLORU HVWH FRQGL‫܊‬LRQDWă GH VXSRUWXO ELRORJLF %ROLOH DHUR
JHQHVXQWGHWHUPLQDWHGHSUH]HQ‫܊‬DQXFOHLORUGHSLFăWXUL‫܈‬LDSUDIXOXLEDFWHULDQ
3LFăWXULOH)OXJHQVXQWLQFOXVHvQPHFDQLVPHOHGHWUDQVPLWHUHDEROLORUUHVSLUDWR
ULLSULQFRQWDFWGLUHFW‫܈‬LSHFDOHDHURJHQă
([LVWăEROLFDUHvQPRGQDWXUDODXRDOWăFDOHGHWUDQVPLWHUHGDUDFFLGHQWDO
FXRIUHFYHQ‫܊‬ăIRDUWHPLFăVHSRWWUDQVPLWH‫܈‬LSHFDOHDHURJHQă&DH[HPSOXSRW
VHUYLVXSUDLQIHF‫܊‬LLOHSOăJLORU‫܈‬LDUVXULORUIUHFYHQWvQWkOQLWHvQPHGLXVSLWDOLFHVF
EROLOHLQWUDVSLWDOLFH‫܈‬WLEROLOHJDWHGHDFWXOPHGLFDOLQIHF‫܊‬LLGHWHUPLQDWHGHFRQ
GL‫܊‬LL LJLHQLFRVDQLWDUH SUHFDUH ÌQ XQHOH LQIHF‫܊‬LL SUHFXP SVLWDFR]D RUQLWR]D
VXUVDGHJHUPHQLRUHSUH]LQWăSDSDJDOLL‫܈‬LSHUX‫܈‬LL)LLQGLQIHFWDWHDFHVWHSăVăUL
IDF IHEUă FHHD FH IDYRUL]HD]ă GH]YROWDUHD DFDULHQLORU FDUH VXQW WHUPRILOL 'H
Capitolul **

H[HPSOXDermatophagoides farinaeLQWUăvQFRPSRQHQ‫܊‬DSUDIXOXLRUJDQLFGLQ
ORFXLQ‫܊‬H‫܈‬LUHSUH]LQWăVXUVDSULQFLSDOăvQSURGXFHUHDDVWPXOXLEURQ‫܈‬LF
ÌQDHUXOLQWHULRUVHJăVHVFvQWURFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LHIRDUWHPDUHDOHUJHQLUHVSLUD
WRULFXFRPSRQHQWăRUJDQLFăGHSURYHQLHQ‫܊‬ăYHJHWDOăSROHQSXISHQHILEUHGH
OkQăWH[WLOHHWF
8QDOWSROXDQWHVWHLegionella pneumophilaJHUPHQWHUPRILOIUHFYHQWvQ
WkOQLWvQPHGLXOGHORFXLWXQGHH[LVWăVLVWHPHGHFRQGL‫܊‬LRQDUHDDHUXOXL‫܈‬LFDUH
SURYRDFăERDODlegioneloza. (VWHXQJHUPHQFRQGL‫܊‬LRQDWSDWRJHQRSRUWXQLVW6H
GH]YROWăODWHPSHUDWXULGHƒ&vQDSăVDXvQDHUXOH[WUHPGHXPHGÌQDHU
HVWHSUH]HQWVXEIRUPăGHDHURVROL$IRVWSXVvQHYLGHQ‫܊‬ăODGX‫܈‬XULOHGLQEăLFX
LQVWDOD‫܊‬LLIRDUWHYHFKL‫܈‬LQHIRORVLWHvQVLVWHPXOGHFRQGL‫܊‬LRQDUHDDHUXOXLGDU‫܈‬LvQ
PHGLXOVSLWDOLFHVFXQGHH[LVWăDSDUDWDMvQFDUHVHIRORVHVFDHURVROLLLegioneloza
LQGXFHPDQLIHVWăULUHVSLUDWRULLQHVSHFLILFHFHIDOHHDVWHQLHGXUHULPXVFXODUHHWF
3RDWHILSUH]HQW‫܈‬LXQVLQGURPIHEULOIăUăPDQLIHVWăULODQLYHOUHVSLUDWRUIHEUDGH
3RQWLDF/DIXPăWRULSRDWHGDPDQLIHVWăULUHVSLUDWRULLIRDUWHJUDYH

Noţiuni generale
8QXOGLQWUHIDFWRULLGHPHGLXFXPXOWLSOHHIHFWHDWkWSR]LWLYHFkWúLQHJDWLYH
SHQWUXVăQăWDWHDSRSXODĠLHLHVWHFHOKLGULF$SDSUH]LQWăPHGLXOIăUăDOWHUQDWLYăvQ
FDUHGHFXUJWRDWHSURFHVHOHYLWDOHGLQRUJDQLVPXOXPDQ'HDFHHDGHVWDUHDIL]LFR
FKLPLFăúLELRORJLFăDDSHLGHSLQGHH[LVWHQĠDúLVLJXUDQĠDVRFLHWăĠLLXPDQH
2UJDQL]DĠLD0RQGLDOăD6ăQăWăĠLL%LURXO5HJLRQDO(XURSHDQDDGRSWDWvQ
6WUDWHJLD6ăQăWăĠLLSHQWUX7RĠLUHFXQRVFkQGGHSHQGHQĠDVăQăWăĠLLXPDQH
GHRJDPăYDULDWăGHIDFWRULGHPHGLXúLDGHILQLWVIHUDGHDFĠLXQHSULRULWDUăDVX
SUDPHGLXOXLúLVăQăWăĠLLSULQIRUPXODUHDDRSWĠLQWHDOHVăQăWăĠLLvQUHODĠLHFXPH
GLXOUHDFWXDOL]DWHvQ8QDGLQWUHDFHVWHĠLQWHQUVHUHIHUăODFDOLWDWHD
DSHLÄ7RDWăSRSXODĠLDWUHEXLHVăDLEăDFFHVODFDQWLWăĠLVDWLVIăFăWRDUHGHDSăSR
WDELOăLDUSROXDUHDVXUVHORUVXEWHUDQHGHDSăúLDED]LQHORUGHVXSUDIDĠăVăQX
PDLUHSUH]LQWHXQSHULFROSHQWUXVăQăWDWH´
1HFHVLWDWHD DVLJXUăULL DSHL SRWDELOH GH FDOLWDWHFD XQXO GLQWUH IDFWRULL GH
SULPă LPSRUWDQĠă FH SRDWH LQIOXHQĠD VăQăWDWHD HVWH VWLSXODWă úL vQ 'HFODUDĠLD
$VDPEOHHLGLQPDLÄ6ăQăWDWHSHQWUXWRĠLvQVHFROXO;;,´3ULQXUPDUH
DVLJXUDUHD SRSXODĠLHL FXDSăSRWDELOăGHFDOLWDWHEXQă úL vQ FDQWLWăĠLVXILFLHQWH
WUHEXLHVăSUH]LQWHXQDGLQWUHSULRULWăĠLOHSROLWLFLLúLDFĠLXQLOHVWDWXOXLSHQWUXVă
QăWDWHvQUHODĠLHFXPHGLXOILLQGRPăVXUăHILFLHQWăvQSURILOD[LDPDODGLLORULQ
IHFĠLRDVHWUDQVPLVLELOHúLQHWUDQVPLVLELOHLQIOXHQĠDWHGHFDOLWDWHDDSHLSRWDELOH
 ÌQXOWLPLLDQLSUREOHPDDSHLSRWDELOHVLJXUHDGHYHQLWXQIDFWRUHVHQĠLDO
SHQWUXVHFXULWDWHDQDĠLRQDOăvQGRPHQLXOVăQăWăĠLLSXEOLFH&RQIRUPGDWHORUSX
EOLFDWHGH5RZH$PDLSXĠLQGHGLQUHVXUVHOHDFYDWLFHDOHSODQHWHL
VXQWGLVSRQLELOHSHQWUXFRQVXPXOXPDQFLUFDPLOLDUGHGHRDPHQLQXDXDFFHV
ODVXUVDGHDSăSRWDELOăVLJXUă
2ILFLXOSHQWUXSXEOLFDĠLLDOH&RPXQLWăĠLL(XURSHQHDHVWLPDWFăvQVSDĠLXO8QL
XQLL(XURSHQHFLUFDGLQFDQWLWDWHDDSHORUGXOFLVXQWVXSXVHXQXLULVFVSRULWGH
SROXDUHLDUVXUVHOHGHDSHVXEWHUDQHDFRSHUăGRDUGLQWRWDOXODSHLQHFHVDUH
$FWXDOLWDWHDSUREOHPHLHVWHFRQILUPDWăGHDVHPHQHDSULQSULRULWăĠLOHSROL
WLFLORU vQDLQWDWHOD QLYHOPRQGLDOúL QDĠLRQDO $VWIHO SHULRDGD  PDUWLH ±
PDUWLHDIRVWGHFODUDWăGHFăWUH2UJDQL]DĠLD1DĠLXQLORU8QLWHGHFDGDGH
DFĠLXQHÄ$SăSHQWUX9LDĠă´
ÌPEXQăWăĠLUHDDFFHVXOXLODVXUVHOHVLJXUHGHDSăSRWDELOăHVWHXQXOGLQWUH
RELHFWLYHOHSULQFLSDOHDOH3URWRFROXOXLSULYLQG$SDúL6ăQăWDWHDDOH&RQYHQĠLHL
GLQSULYLQGSURWHFĠLDúLXWLOL]DUHDFXUVXULORUGHDSăWUDQVIURQWDOLHUăúLDOD
FXULORULQWHUQDĠLRQDOH5HSXEOLFD0ROGRYDDVHPQDWDFHVW3URWRFROODPDUWLH
úLODUDWLILFDWSULQ/HJHDQU±;9,GLQLXOLH&RQIRUPDFHVWHL
OHJL0LQLVWHUXO6ăQăWăĠLLvQFRPXQFX0LQLVWHUXO(FRORJLHLúL5HVXUVHORU1DWX
UDOHDXIRVWGHVHPQDWHFDDXWRULWăĠLQDĠLRQDOHSHQWUXSXQHUHDvQDSOLFDUHD3URWRFR
OXOXLSULYLQG$SDúL6ăQăWDWHD5HSXEOLFD0ROGRYDHVWHDDĠDUăFDUHDUDWLILFDW
DFHVW3URWRFROIXQF‫܊‬LRQDOGLQDXJXVW
'RFXPHQWHOHGHSROLWLFLDGRSWDWHFXPDUIL3ROLWLFD1DĠLRQDOăGH6ăQăWDWH
D 5HSXEOLFLL 0ROGRYD DSUREDWă SULQ +RWăUkUHD *XYHUQXOXL 50 QU  GLQ
úL6WUDWHJLDGHDSURYL]LRQDUHFXDSăSRWDELOăúLGHFDQDOL]DUHDORFD
OLWăĠLORU5HSXEOLFLL0ROGRYDDSUREDWăSULQ+RWăUkUHD*XYHUQXOXL50QUGLQ
SUHYăGQHFHVLWDWHDDVLJXUăULLDFFHVXOXLWXWXURUvQVSHFLDODOSRSX
ODĠLHLUXUDOHODVXUVHVLJXUHúLFDOLWDWLYHGHDSăSRWDELOă)ULSWXOHDFúD
$SURYL]LRQDUHDFXDSăSRWDELOăDORFDOLWăĠLORUUHSUH]LQWăXQDGLQWUHSUREOH
PHOHGHPDUHLPSRUWDQĠăSHQWUXGH]YROWDUHDORUHFRQRPLFRVRFLDOăúLFXOWXUDO
VDQLWDUă ÌQ SUH]HQW GH]YROWDUHD FHQWUHORU SRSXODWH úL LQGXVWULDOH GH]YROWDUHD
DJULFXOWXULLúLWUDQVSRUWXOXLPHFDQL]DWQHFHVLWăFDQWLWăĠLWRWPDLPDULGHDSă9R
OXPHHQRUPHGHDSăVXQWFRQVXPDWHGHLQGXVWULHvQVSHFLDOGHLQGXVWULDHQHUJH
WLFăPHWDOXUJLFăFKLPLFăHWFSHQWUXVDWLVIDFHUHDFHULQĠHORUGHSURGXFĠLHúLSHQWUX
DFRSHULUHDQHFHVLWăĠLORUGHDSăSRWDELOăDOHPXQFLWRULORUFkWúLSHQWUXvPEXQăWăĠL
UHDFRQGLĠLLORUGHPXQFă
&DQWLWDWHDGHDSăIRORVLWăSHQWUXQHYRLLQGXVWULDOHGHSLQGHGHIHOXOLQGXV
WULHLGHSURFHVXOWHKQRORJLFGHQLYHOXOSURGXFĠLHLGHSRVLELOLWăĠLOHGHUHFLUFXODUH
úLGHVWRFDUHHWFÌQJHQHUDOFDQWLWăĠLOHGHDSăXWLOL]DWHSHQWUXDVHPHQHDQHYRL
VXQWIRDUWHPDULHFKLYDOkQGXQHRULFXQHYRLOHXQRUFROHFWLYLWăĠLXPDQHGH]HFL
úLGHVXWHGHPLLGHORFXLWRUL/DXQHOHvQWUHSULQGHULSHQWUXDREĠLQHRWRQăGH
SURGXVILQLWVHFRQVXPăWRQHGHDSă(tab. 2.6.1.
Capitolul **


&DQWLWăĠLPDULGHDSăVHFRQVXPăvQLQGXVWULDGHSUHOXFUDUHDFHOXOR]HLúLvQ
FHDSHWUROLHUă&HDPDLPDUHFDQWLWDWHGHDSăHVWHFRQVXPDWăvQDJULFXOWXUă3HQWUX
LULJDUHVHFRQVXPăGLQFDQWLWDWHDWRWDOăGHDSăFUHúWHUHDXQHLWRQHGHJUkX
QHFHVLWkQGWGHDSă
1HYRLOH]RRWHKQLFHvQDSăFXSULQGDSDIRORVLWăODKUDQDDQLPDOHORUODFX
UăĠHQLDDFHVWRUDODVDOXEULWDWHDDGăSRVWXULORUúLJUDMGXULORUHWF$FHVWHFDQWLWăĠL
GHDSăVXQWIRDUWHPDULúLGHSLQGGHVSHFLDDQLPDOHORUGHQXPăUXO‫܈‬LYkUVWDDFHV
WRUDGHJUDGXOGHGRWDUHDIHUPHORUHWF'HH[HPSOXDGăSDWXOYLWHORUPDULFRU
QXWH‫܈‬LVSăODWXOJUDMGXOXLXQGHVHDGăSRVWHVFQHFHVLWăODSă]L
$SD HVWH XQD GLQ FHOH PDLLPSRUWDQWHHOHPHQWH DOH PHGLXOXL DPELDQWúL
SUH]LQWăFHOPDLVLPSOXúLUăVSkQGLWFRPSXVDOKLGURJHQXOXLúLDOR[LJHQXOXLvQ
QDWXUă(DVHvQWkOQHúWHSUHWXWLQGHQLvQQDWXUăVRODHUSODQWHDQLPDOHHWF$SD
VWăODED]DYLHĠLL'LQFHLNPGHDSăGHSHJOREQXPDL
NPVXQWDSăGXOFHGLQFDUHMXPăWDWHHVWHFRQFHQWUDWăvQJKHĠDULVDXvQ
DSHGHDGkQFLPH(tab. 2.6.2.&HDPDLPDUHSDUWHDDSHLVHJăVHúWHvQ
QDWXUăVXEIRUPăGHDSăVăUDWăLQWHQVPLQHUDOL]DWăvQPăULúLvQRFHDQH
&UHúWHUHDSHUPDQHQWăDFRQVXPXULORUGHDSăDULGLFDWvQIDĠDVDYDQ‫܊‬LORUXQD
GLQWUHSUREOHPHOHFHOHPDLGLILFLOH±FXQRDúWHUHDUH]HUYHORUGHDSăDOHRPHQLULL
$VWă]LVHFRQVLGHUăFăDSDQXHVWHQHOLPLWDWăúLFDRULFHEXQPDWHULDODUHDQX
PLWHOLPLWH6WXGLLOHHIHFWXDWHDXDUăWDWvQVăFăUH]HUYHOHGHDSăDOHRPHQLULLGHúL
HSXL]DELOHVXQWvQFăGHSDUWHGHDGHYHQLLQVXILFLHQWH&XUHJUHWDSDXWLOL]DWăvQ
DQXPLWHVFRSXULVHvQFDUFăGHLPSXULWăĠLGHYLQHSROXDWăúLSROXHD]ăODUkQGXO
HLUHVXUVHOHQDWXUDOHGHJUDGkQGXOH'HDFHHDSULQFLSDODJULMăDQRDVWUăDWXWX
URUGDUvQSULPXOUkQGDVSHFLDOLúWLORUDOăWXULGHJăVLUHDGHQRLUHVXUVHHVWHSUR
WHFĠLDDSHORUQDWXUDOH
 Circuitul apei în natură
ÌQQDWXUăDSDVHJăVHúWHvQWUXQFLUFXLWFRQWLQXX6XELQIOXHQĠDFăOGXULLVR
ODUH R SDUWH GLQDSD GH OD VXSUDIDĠDPăULORU úL RFHDQHORU IOXYLLORU úL UkXULORU
ODFXULORUúLEăOĠLORUVHHYDSRUăWUHFkQGvQDWPRVIHUăVXEIRUPăGHYDSRUL±DSă
DWPRVIHULFă(fig.2.6.1



'HODVXSUDIDĠDYHJHWDĠLHLFDúLGHODVXSUDIDĠDSăPkQWXOXLXPHGVHHYD
SRUăvQDWPRVIHUăFDQWLWăĠLLPSRUWDQWHGHDSă$FHúWLYDSRULFRQVWLWXLHXPLGLWDWHD
DWPRVIHUHLúLDOFăWXLHVFQRULLFDUHFLUFXOăVDXVXQWSXUWDĠLGHFXUHQĠLLGHDHUSkQă
DMXQJvQ]RQHFXWHPSHUDWXULPDLVFă]XWHXQGHVHFRQGHQVHD]ăúLFDGODVXSUDIDĠD
SăPkQWXOXLVXEIRUPăGHSUHFLSLWDĠLLDWPRVIHULFHSORDLH]ăSDGăODSRYLĠă
$MXQJkQGSHVROSUHFLSLWDĠLLOHSRWOXDXQDGLQXUPăWRDUHOHFăL
● GDFăVROXOHVWHSHUPHDELOHOHVHLQILOWUHD]ăvQLQWHULRUXOOXLSkQăFkQG
vQWkOQHVFXQVWUDWLPSHUPHDELOGHDVXSUDFăUXLDVHFROHFWHD]ăIRUPkQG
apele subterane
● FkQGVROXOHVWHLPSHUPHDELODSHOHGHSUHFLSLWDĠLLVHVFXUJSHVXSUDIDĠD
OXLDOLPHQWkQGúLIRUPkQGDSHOHFXUJăWRDUHIOXYLLOHUkXULOHSkUDLHOH
GDFăWHUHQXOHVWHvQFOLQDWÌQFD]FăWHUHQXOSHFDUHVHVFXUJHDSDQXDUH
JUDGGHvQFOLQDUHHOHVHSRWFXPXODIRUPkQGDSHOHVWăWăWRDUHGHVX
SUDID‫܊‬ăODFXULEăOĠLPODúWLQL
Capitolul **

$SHOHFXUJăWRDUHúLFHOHGHVWD‫܊‬LRQDUHFXPXODWHSHVXSUDID‫܊‬DVROXOXLIRU
PHD]ăapele de suprafaţă
$SHOHVXEWHUDQHVXQWvQSHUPDQHQWăPL‫܈‬FDUHÌQUDSRUWFXVHQVXOvQFOLQăULL
FDQDOHORULPSHUPHDELOHGLQVWUDWXULOHWHUHVWUHHOHFXUJDMXQJkQGLDUăúLODVXSUD
IDĠDVROXOXLVXEIRUPăGHL]YRDUH,]YRDUHOHvPSUHXQăFXDSHOHGHSUHFLSLWDĠLL
FDUHQXVDXLQILOWUDWvQVROGDXQDúWHUHUkXULORUúLIOXYLLORU$FHVWHDODUkQGXO
ORUVHYDUVăvQPăULúLvQRFHDQHGHODVXSUDIDĠDFăURUDSULQHYDSRUDUHDSDUH
YLQHvQDWPRVIHUăUHOXkQGFLFOXODSHLvQQDWXUă

Importanţa fiziologică a apei 

$SDHVWHXQXOGLQWUHFHOHPDLQHFHVDUHHOHPHQWHDOHYLHĠLLFRQVWLWXLQGPH
GLXO vQ FDUH VH GHVIăúRDUăWRDWH SURFHVHOH YLWDOH $VWIHO SDUWLFLSDUHD DSHL HVWH
LQGLVSHQVDELOăvQSURFHVHOHGHDEVRUEĠLHGHGLIX]LXQHúLGHH[FUHĠLHvQPHQĠLQH
UHD HFKLOLEUXOXL DFLGRED]LF vQWHUPRUHJODUHvQPHWDEROLVPXOLQWHUPHGLDUHWF
)ăUăDSăWRDWHSURFHVHOHPHWDEROLFHDUGHYHQLLPSRVLELOHGHDFHHDVHDILUPăQX
IăUăWHPHLFăRPXOFDGHDOWIHOWRDWHYLHĠXLWRDUHOHWUăLHúWHvQDSăVDXHVWHSHU
PDQHQWVFăOGDWGHDSă3HGHDOWăSDUWHFDIDFWRUSULQFLSDODOPHGLXOXLDPELDQW
DSDGHWHUPLQăvQPDUHPăVXUăVăQăWDWHDúLFRQGLĠLLOHVDQLWDUHDOHSRSXODĠLHL'H
DFHHDSUREOHPDLJLHQHLDSHLYL]HD]ăLQWHUHVHOHSRSXODĠLHLvQvQWUHJLPH
'XSă*U)ULSWXOHDFDSDHVWHVXUVăGHYLDĠăHOHPHQWXOSULQFLSDODO
ELRVIHUHL IăUă GH FDUH H[LVWHQĠD QDWXULL RUJDQLFH HVWH LPSRVLELOă 8QGH H[LVWă
YLDĠă QXPDLGHFkW H[LVWă úL DSă vQ RULFHIRUPă 1LFL XQ SURFHV GH LPSRUWDQĠă
YLWDOăQXGHFXUJHIăUăDSă1LFLRFHOXOăDFRUSXOXLQXSRDWHH[LVWDIăUăDSă
,PSRUWDQĠDIL]LRORJLFăDDSHL
● VROYHQWXQLYHUVDODOVXEVWDQĠHORUVROLGHOLFKLGHúLJD]RDVH
● PHGLXOvQFDUHGHFXUJWRDWHUHDFĠLLOHFKLPLFHúLIL]LFRFKLPLFHFDUHDX
ORFvQQDWXUăúLvQRUJDQLVP
● SDUWLFLSăODSURFHVXOGHWHUPRUHJODUH
● PHQĠLQHVWUXFWXUDQRUPDOăúLYLDELOLWDWHDWXWXURUĠHVXWXULORURUJDQLVPXOXL
● WUDQVSRUWăvQRUJDQLVPPDWHULDOHOHSODVWLFHúLHQHUJHWLFH
● FRPSRQHQWXOSULQFLSDODOVHFUHĠLLORUúLH[FUHĠLLORUGLQRUJDQLVP
● SDUWLFLSăODDVLPLODUHDVXEVWDQĠHORUQXWULWLYHúLODSURFHVHOHPHWDEROLFH
$SDUHSUH]LQWăXQXOGLQWUHFRPSRQHQĠLLGHED]ăDLRUJDQLVPXOXL&XFkW
RUJDQLVPXOHVWHPDLWkQăUFXDWkWFRQĠLQXWXOOXLvQDSăHVWHPDLPDUH$VWIHO
HPEULRQXOXPDQODROXQăFRQĠLQHDSăODOXQLQRXQăVFXĠLL±
LDUDGXOWXO±ÌQRUJDQH‫܈‬LvQĠHVXWXULFRQĠLQXWXOGHDSăGHDVHPHQHDHVWHGLIHULW
PDL VăUDFH vQ DSă VXQW ‫܊‬HVXWXULOH DGLSRV ‫܈‬L RVRV   LDU FHOH PDL ERJDWH
OLFKLGHOHELRORJLFHSODVPDVDQJYLQă±(tab.2.6.3.






6FăGHUHDFDQWLWăĠLLGHDSăGLQRUJDQLVPVHQXPHúWHdeshidratareÌQPRG
RELúQXLWDSDVHJăVHúWHvQRUJDQLVPvQWUXQHFKLOLEUXVWDELOSLHUGHULOHúLDSRUWXO
GHDSăVXQWHFKLYDOHQWH6FăGHUHDFDQWLWăĠLLGHDSăGLQRUJDQLVPSURYRDFăVHQ
]DĠLDGHVHWHVHFRQVLGHUăFăDFHDVWăVHQ]DĠLHDSDUHFkQGUHGXFHUHDFDQWLWăĠLLGH
DSăDWLQJHGLQJUHXWDWHDFRUSXOXL$GROSK/DDSDULĠLDúLODOLFKLGDUHD
VHWHLXQUROLPSRUWDQWDXWHUPLQDĠLLOHQHUYRDVHGLQWUDFWXOGLJHVWLYIDFWRUXOUH
IOHFWRUúLPRGLILFăULOHGLQFRPSR]LĠLDFKLPLFăúLVWDUHDIL]LFRFKLPLFăDVkQJHOXL
IDFWRUXOKXPRUDO$FHVWHPHFDQLVPHSHUPLWSRWROLUHDVHWHLSULQFOăWLUHDJXULL
GHVFXUWăGXUDWăúLSULQEăXWXODSHLSHXQWLPSvQGHOXQJDW
$SD VH SLHUGH vQ SHUPDQHQĠă GLQ RUJDQLVP vQ VSHFLDO SH FDOH UHQDOă FX
XULQDFPSH]LúLSULQWUDQVSLUDĠLHFPvQPHGLHÌQFD
]XULSDWRORJLFHSRWDSăUHDGHVKLGUDWăULvQXUPDDFFHVHORUIUHFYHQWHGHGLDUHHD
YRPLWăULORUVDXDKHPRUDJLLORU2GHVKLGUDWDUHQHvQVHPQDWăSRDWHSURYRFDGHUH
JOăULVHPQLILFDWLYHvQVWDUHDVăQăWăĠLLRUJDQLVPXOXL/DSLHUGHUHDDGLQDSD
FRUSXOXLVHREVHUYăRQHOLQLúWHEUXVFăVOăELFLXQHWUHPRUXOH[WUHPLWăĠLORUÌQH[
SHULPHQWHOHSHDQLPDOHVDFRQVWDWDWFăSLHUGHUHDDGHDSăGHWHUPLQăGH
FHVXO$FHDVWDVHH[SOLFăSULQIDSWXOFăSURFHVHOHGLJHVWLYHVLQWH]DVXEVWDQĠHLYLL
GLQRUJDQLVPúLWRDWHUHDFĠLLOHPHWDEROLVPXOXLDXORFQXPDLvQSUH]HQĠDDSHL$SD
SLHUGXWăGLQRUJDQLVPvQPRGIL]LRORJLFVDXSDWRORJLFHVWHvQORFXLWăSULQDSDGH
EăXWVDXFHDFRQĠLQXWăvQDOLPHQWH'XSăLQJHUDUHDSDSăWUXQGHvQVWRPDFXQGH
DUHORFDEVRUEĠLDPD[LPăÌQFD]XOFkQGLQJHVWLDGHSăúHúWHQHFHVLWăĠLOHvQDSăVH
PăUHúWHH[FUHĠLDDFHVWHLDSULQULQLFKL'HFLIXQFĠLRQHD]ăFRQWLQXXHFKLOLEUXvQWUH
LQJHVWLDúLH[FUHĠLDGHDSă
2PXOSRDWHVXSRUWDOLSVDGHDSăGRDUXQWLPSIRDUWHVFXUW&DQWLWDWHDGH
DSăGHFDUHDUHQHYRLHXQRUJDQLVPSH]LHVWHGHOLWUL$FHDVWăFDQWLWDWH
HVWHDVLJXUDWăDVWIHOOLWULSULQDSăFDDWDUHOLWULILLQGDFRSHULWăGH
DSDGLQFRPSR]LĠLDGLIHULWRUDOLPHQWHWDEOLWULVHIRUPHD]ăvQRUJD
QLVPvQXUPDGLIHULWRUSURFHVHGHR[LGDUHDVXEVWDQĠHORUQXWULWLYH



Capitolul **


Importanţa igienică a apei. Normativele consumului de apă
$SD HVWH QHFHVDUă SHQWUX PHQĠLQHUHD FXUăĠHQLHL FRUSRUDOH SHQWUX VSăODW
OSH]LGXúLJLHQLFO0DULFDQWLWăĠLGHDSăFRQVXPăEăLOHSXEOLFH
OVăSWODRSHUVRDQă
6WDUHDVDQLWDUăDLQVWLWXĠLLORUFXUDWLYSURILODFWLFHVHDIOăvQGHSHQGHQĠăGH
FDQWLWDWHDGHDSăFRQVXPDWă$OLPHQWD‫܊‬LDUDĠLRQDOăFHQWUDOL]DWăFXDSăHVWHRFRQ
GLĠLHLPSRUWDQWăvQSURILOD[LDLQIHFĠLLORULQWUDVSLWDOLFHúWL
$SDSRWDELOăHVWHQHFHVDUăODFUHDUHDUHJLPXOXLVDQLWDUWHKQLFODvQWUHSULQ
GHULOHLQGXVWULHLDOLPHQWDUHúLDOHDOLPHQWDĠLHLSXEOLFH
$SDHVWHQHFHVDUă‫܈‬LSHQWUXSUHSDUDUHDSURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUHúLVSăODWXOYHVH
OHLO]LSHQWUXRSHUVRDQăSHQWUXvQWUHĠLQHUHDFXUăĠHQLHLvQORFXLQĠHúLvQORFD
OXULSXEOLFHSHQWUXvQOăWXUDUHDGHMHFĠLLORUODIRORVLUHDLQVWDODĠLLORUGHFDQDOL]DUH
&DQWLWăĠLPDULGHDSăVHFRQVXPăODHIHFWXDUHDOXFUăULORUGHDVDQDUHúLGH
FXOWXUăIL]LFăED]LQHOHGHvQRWHWFÌQRUDúHVHFRQVXPăPXOWăDSăGLQDSHGXFW
ODVWURSLWXOVWUă]LORUúLXGDWXOVSDĠLLORUYHU]LvQDFHVWVFRSILHFDUHORFXLWRUFRQ
VXPă]LOQLFvQPHGLHFkWHOGHDSă
ÌQORFDOLWăĠLOHXQGHSRSXODĠLDFRQVXPăDSăGHODFLúPHOHQRUPDWLYHOHSH
]LSHQWUXRSHUVRDQăFRQVWLWXLHO
&DQWLWDWHDGH DSăQHFHVDUăSHQWUXRSHUVRDQă vQ  RUH GHSLQGHGHFRQ
GLĠLLOHFOLPDWHULFHDOHORFDOLWăĠLLGHQLYHOXOGHFXOWXUăDOSRSXODĠLHLGHJUDGXOGH
DPHQDMDUHDRUDúHORUúLDIRQGXOXLORFDWLYúLGHDOWHFRQGLĠLLORFDOHvQFRQIRUPLWDWH
FXFHULQĠHOHÄ5HJXODPHQWXOXLLJLHQLFQUGLQRFWRPEULH$úD
GDUQHYRLOHGHDSăDOHXQHLORFDOLWăĠLGHSLQGGHJUDGXOGHGH]YROWDUHGHLQGXVWULD
ORFDOLWăĠLLILLQGPXOWPDLPDULvQRUDúHOHFXJUDGGHGH]YROWDUHPDLvQDOWVDXvQ
FHOHLQGXVWULDOH
 &RQVXPXOGHDSăYDULD]ă‫܈‬LGHODXQDQRWLPSODDOWXOILLQGPDLPDUHYDUD
GHFkWLDUQDúLSHSDUFXUVXO]LOHL(tab.2.6.5.


Rolul patogen al apei
'LQWRWGHDXQDDSDDIRVWFRQVLGHUDWăXQXOGLQWUHSULQFLSDOLLYHFWRULvQSUR
FHVXOGHWUDQVPLWHUHDEROLORUFRQWDJLRDVHÌQFăvQVHFDO;,;OHDLQIHFĠLLOHLQ
WHVWLQDOHWUDQVPLVHSULQLQWHUPHGLXODSHLKROHUDWLIRVXODEGRPLQDOSDUDWLIRVX
ULOH GL]HQWHULD EDFWHULDQă úL DPLELFă HQWHULWHOH DFXWH FRQWDJLRDVH SUH]HQWDX
SHQWUX RDPHQL XUJLL HSLGHPLFH FX PLL GH YLHĠL RPHQHúWL $JHQĠLL SDWRJHQL DL
DFHVWRUEROLQLPHUHVFvQDSăFXH[FUHĠLLOHXPDQHúLDSHOHUH]LGXDOHGHX]FDVQLF
ÌQWUXFkWRDPHQLLVăQăWRúLSRWILSXUWăWRULGHPLFURELDSHOHUH]LGXDOHSHUPDQHQW
FRQĠLQDJHQĠLSDWRJHQLFKLDUúLvQSHULRDGDGHFDOPHSLGHPLRORJLF
'HRVHELWGHLQIHFWDWHVXQWDSHOHUH]LGXDOHDOHVSLWDOHORU,QIHFWDUHDDSHLDUH
ORFúLvQSURFHVXOQDYLJDĠLHLGLQFDX]DODQVăULLúLSROXăULLPDOXULORUFXUH]LGXXUL
úLGHúHXULGHSHXUPDVFăOGDWXOXLVSăODWXOXLUXIHORUvQED]LQHOHGHDSăSăWUXQGH
ULLPXUGăULLORUGLQJURSLOHGHJXQRLúLFORVHWHvQIkQWkQLXWLOL]ăULLFăOGăULORUPXU
GDUHHWF([SHULPHQWDOVDVWDELOLWFăDJHQĠLLSDWRJHQLDLEROLORULQWHVWLQDOHSRW
UH]LVWDvQDSDED]LQHORUGHVFKLVHúLvQIkQWkQLSkQăODFkWHYDOXQLGHúLPDMRULWDWHD
SLHUvQGHFXUVGHGRXăVăSWăPkQL(tab.2.6.6.).
Capitolul **

$JHQ‫܊‬LLELRORJLFLGHQDWXUăHFRVRFLRORJLFăDXDSăUXWvQXUPDQRLORUUHODĠLL
DOHRPXOXLFXPHGLXODPELDQWúLDQXPH
● GH]YROWDUHDUHODĠLLORUHFRQRPLFHVRFLDOHFXOWXUDOHWXULVWLFHFDUHDXFD
LPSDFWLQWHQVLILFDUHDFLUFXODĠLHLXPDQHSHSODQPRQGLDO
● LQWHQVLILFDUHD FRPHUĠXOXL LQWHUQDĠLRQDOFXSURGXVHDOLPHQWDUHPLMORF
SRVLELOGHWUDQVPLWHUHDXQRUDJHQĠLELRORJLFL
● GH]YROWDUHDFRPSOH[HORU]RRWHKQLFH
● SROXDUHD FKLPLFă D DSHL FDUH PRGLILFă FDUDFWHUHOH GH UH]LVWHQĠă DOH
DJHQĠLORUELRORJLFLvQPHGLX
● WHUDSLDFXDQWLELRWLFH
7RDWHDFHVWHSURFHVHDXIDYRUL]DWLPSRUWXO‫܈‬LGLVWULEXĠLDDJHQĠLORUELRORJLFL
FDUHSRWFRQWDPLQDWRDWHVXUVHOHGHDSă
±VWUDWXULOHVXEWHUDQH
±DSHOHGHVXSUDIDĠăFXUJăWRDUHVDXVWăWăWRDUH
±LQVWDODĠLLOHGHDSURYL]LRQDUHFXDSă
±VLVWHPHOHGHGLVWULEXLUHDDSHL
3HQWUX DSDULĠLD XQHLPDODGLLKLGULFH VXQWQHFHVDUHWUHLFRQGLĠLL H[LVWHQĠD
XQXLHOLPLQDWRUGHJHUPHQL YLDELOLWDWHD vQ DSăD JHUPHQLORUSDWRJHQL XQWLPS
VXILFLHQWSHQWUXSURGXFHUHDEROLLúLH[LVWHQĠDXQHLSRSXODĠLLUHFHSWLYH
)RUPHOHGHPDQLIHVWDUHDEROLORULQIHFĠLRDVHWUDQVPLVHSULQDSăGHSLQGGH
● QXPăUXOGHvPEROQăYLUL
● WLSXOúLPRGXOGHDSDULĠLH
● DJHQĠLLSDWRJHQLHWF
6HFXQRVFWUHLIRUPHSULQFLSDOHGHPDQLIHVWDUHDEROLORULQIHFĠLRDVHHSLGH
PLDHQGHPLD‫܈‬LIRUPDVSRUDGLFă
&HDPDLIUHFYHQWăIRUPă GHPDQLIHVWDUHD EROLORUFRQWDJLRDVH GHQDWXUă
KLGULFă HVWH epidemia (SLGHPLLOH KLGULFH SUH]LQWă R VHULH GH FDUDFWHULVWLFL SH
ED]DFăURUDVHSRDWHSXQHGLDJQRVWLFXOúLDSOLFDPăVXULOHGHFRPEDWHUH
Principalele caracteristici ale epidemiilorKLGULFHVXQW
● VSHFLILFXOH[SOR]LYVDXDIHFWDUHDXQXLPDUHQXPăUGHSHUVRDQHvQWUXQ
WLPSUHODWLYVFXUW
● DIHFWDUHDSHUVRDQHORUUHFHSWLYHFDUHFRQVXPăDSăFRQWDPLQDWăLQGLIH
UHQWGHJHQYkUVWăSURIHVLHHWF
● PDQLIHVWDUHDHSLGHPLHLSHDULDGHDOLPHQWDUHFXDSăGLQDFHHDúLVXUVă
FRQGXFWăL]YRUIkQWkQă
● DSDULĠLDHSLGHPLHLvQRULFHDQRWLPSvQ]RQDQRDVWUăFOLPDWHULFăvQVSH
FLDO vQ DQRWLPSXO UHFH FD XUPDUH D VXSUDYLHĠXLULL PDL vQGHOXQJDWH D
JHUPHQLORUSDWRJHQLvQDSăODWHPSHUDWXUăVFă]XWăúLUHGXFHULLDQWDJR
QLVPXOXLPLFURELDQ
● vQFHWDUHDHSLGHPLHLGDWRULWăPăVXULORUOXDWHODIHOGHEUXVFFXPDvQ
FHSXWPDLUăPkQHXQQXPăUPLFGHFD]XULvQSHULRDGDGHLQFXEDĠLHVDX
FDUHVHWUDQVPLWSULQFRQWDFW
 ● vQDIDUDDFHVWRUFDUDFWHULVWLFLSULQFLSDOHSUH]HQWHvQRULFHHSLGHPLHKL
GULFăH[LVWă‫܈‬LFDUDFWHULVWLFLVHFXQGDUHFDUHXQHRULSRWOLSVLGDUDWXQFL
FkQGVXQWSUH]HQWHFRQILUPăGLDJQRVWLFXOGHHSLGHPLHKLGULFă
Caracteristici secundare ale epidemiilorKLGULFHVXQW
● DQWLFLSDUHDHSLGHPLHLGHXQQXPăUPDUHGHEROLGLJHVWLYHVXEIRUPăGH
JDVWURHQWHULWHVDXGLDUHHXQHRULJUDYHPDLDOHVODFRSLLúLODSRSXODĠLD
VHQVLELOăFRQYDOHVFHQĠLEăWUkQLHWF&HOPDLIUHFYHQWVXQWJHQHUDWH
GHJHUPHQLFRQYHQĠLRQDOSDWRJHQLFDUHvQVRĠHVFSROXDUHDDSHL
● H[LVWHQĠDXQRUGHIHFĠLXQLDSURDSHWRWGHDXQDSUH]HQWHDOHVLVWHPXOXL
GHDOLPHQWDUHFXDSăFDUHSRWGHWHUPLQăSROXDUHDDSHLúLvQFRQVHFLQĠă
L]EXFQLUHDHSLGHPLHL'HVHRULSROXDUHDDSHLVHSURGXFHODGLVWDQĠăGH
ORFXOXQGHL]EXFQHúWHHSLGHPLDPDLDOHVvQFD]XOUkXULORUFDUHVHUYHVF
GUHSWVXUVHGHDOLPHQWDUHFXDSăDSRSXODĠLHL
● OLSVDGHFHOHPDLPXOWHRULDJHUPHQLORUvQDSăvQPRPHQWXOGHFODQúă
ULLHSLGHPLHLvQXUPDGLVWUXJHULLORUGHFăWUHFRQGLĠLLOHQHIDYRUDELOHGH
PHGLXvQWLPSXOQHFHVDUSHULRDGHLGHLQFXEDĠLHDEROLLÌQDFHVWFD]QX
WUHEXLHLQILUPDWUROXODSHLvQGHFODQúDUHDEROL'HPXOWHRULDJHQWXOSD
WRJHQHVWHGHSLVWDWvQPkO
2DOWăIRUPăGHPDQLIHVWDUHDEROLORULQIHFĠLRDVHWUDQVPLVHSULQDSăHVWH
endemia – QXPăUUHGXVGHFD]XULGHvPEROQăYLUHGDUFDUHVHJăVHVFSHUPDQHQW
vQWURDQXPLWă]RQDVDXORFDOLWDWH(QGHPLLOHKLGULFHVHvQWkOQHVFPDLIUHFYHQWvQ
]RQHOHvQFDUHQLYHOXOGH LJLHQăHVWH QHVDWLVIăFăWRUDFRORXQGHSRSXODĠLD FRQ
VXPăDSăGHVXSUDIDĠăGLUHFWGLQUkXULVDXODFXULIăUăRSUHDODELOăWUDWDUH
%ROLOHKLGULFHLQIHFĠLRDVHVHvQWkOQHVF‫܈‬LVXEforma sporadicăVDXGHcazuri
izolate6HvQWkOQHVFvQDQXPLWHEROLPDLSXĠLQFDUDFWHULVWLFHWUDQVPLWHULLSULQDSă
GDUXQHRULSRWDSăUHDúLvQEROLvQFDUHDSDHVWHUHFXQRVFXWăFDRFDOHGHWUDQVPL
WHUHDvPEROQăYLULORU60ăQHVFX
ÌQIXQFĠLHGHIDFWRULLHWLRORJLFLEROLOHLQIHFĠLRDVHWUDQVPLVHSULQDSăVHSRW
FODVLILFDvQEDFWHULR]HYLUR]HúLSDUD]LWR]H
'XSăVWDWLVWLFLOH206DVWă]LvQOXPHVXWHGHPLOLRDQHGHRDPHQLGXFOLSVă
GHDSăSRWDELOă$QXDOSULQEROLWUDQVPLVLELOHSHFDOHDDSHLVXQWDIHFWD‫܊‬LFLUFD
PLOLRDQHGHRDPHQL
6ăQăWDWHDRPXOXLúLDFROHFWLYLWăĠLORUSRDWHILSHULFOLWDWăFkQGDSD
● QXHVWHODGLVSR]LĠLHvQFDQWLWDWHVXILFLHQWă
● FRQĠLQHJHUPHQLSDWRJHQLWUDQVPLVLELOLSHFDOHDDSHL
● FRQĠLQHVXEVWDQĠHFKLPLFHQRFLYHVDXWR[LFH
● SRVHGăSURSULHWăĠLRUJDQROHSWLFHQHIDYRUDELOH
/LSVDXQHLFDQWLWăĠLVXILFLHQWHGHDSăSRWDELOăFUHHD]ăSHULFROXOGHDVHXWL
OL]DvQDFHVWVFRSRDSăQHFRUHVSXQ]ăWRDUHGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHFDOLWDWLYúLGHFL
GăXQăWRDUH SHQWUX VăQăWDWH ,QVXILFLHQĠD GH DSă QX VDWLVIDFH QHYRLOH GH LJLHQă
FRUSRUDOăGHVSăODUHDSURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUHQXDVLJXUăDSDQHFHVDUăVSăOăULL
OHQMHULHLúLDLQVWDODĠLLORUGLQORFXLQĠăHWFÌQDFHVWHFRQGLĠLLGHYLQHUHDOăDSDULĠLD
GHEROLDOHWHJXPHQWHORUSDUD]LWR]HORUDIHFĠLXQLORUWUDQVPLVLELOHúLDFHORUODOWH
Capitolul **

EROLFXPHFDQLVPGHWUDQVPLVLHIHFDORUDO'HDFHHDHVWHGHRVHELWGHLPSRUWDQW
FDDSDVăILHODGLVSR]LĠLDSRSXODĠLHLvQWURFDQWLWDWHVXILFLHQWă
8QDJHQWSDWRJHQWUDQVPLVLELOSHFDOHDDSHL SRDWHSăWUXQGHvQ DSă ILHOD
QLYHOXOVXUVHLúLUHVSHFWLYLQVWDODĠLHLGHFDSWDUHDDFHVWHLDILHSHWUDVHXOLQVWDODĠLHL
GHODFDSWDUHSkQăODFRQVXPDWRUÌQFD]XOIRORVLULLVXUVHORUGHDSăGHVXSUDIDĠă
SUHOXFUDUHDúLGH]LQIHFĠLDQHFRUHVSXQ]ăWRDUHGHDVHPHQHDSRDWHGXFHODFRQWDPL
QDUHDDSHL'DFăSăWUXQGHUHDJHUPHQXOXLDUHORFQXPDLvQWUXQDGLQWUHFRQGXFWHOH
UHĠHOHLGHGLVWULEXĠLH HSLGHPLDYD DSăUHD GRDU vQ WHULWRULXO DOLPHQWDW GH DFHDVWă
FRQGXFWă'DFăSăWUXQGHUHDJHUPHQXOXLDUHORFODQLYHOXOUH]HUYRDUHORUGHvQPD
JD]LQDUH RULODQLYHOXOFDSWăULLDSHLGLQVXUVăHSLGHPLDDUSXWHDDIHFWDvQWUHDJD
ORFDOLWDWH'HDFHHDFRQIRUPFHULQĠHORULJLHQLFHODDSHGXFWHHVWHREOLJDWRUGHD
DSOLFD úLGHDUHVSHFWDVLVWHPXOGHPăVXULGHSURWHFĠLHD ED]LQHORUGHDSăGHD
HIHFWXDFRQWUROXOGHODERUDWRUDOFDQWLWăĠLLDSHLGHDGH]LQIHFWDDSDHWF

Boli microbiene transmise prin intermediul apei

'XSă *U )ULSWXOHDF úD  DSD FRQVWLWXLH XQ HOHPHQW LPSRUWDQW vQ
WUDQVPLWHUHDEROLORULQIHFĠLRDVHEDFWHULHQHLQFOXVLYYLEULRQLORUJHQHUkQGHSL
GHPLLGHQDWXUăKLGULFă'LQWUHFHOHWUHLIHOXULGHDSă±PHWHRULFăGHVXSUDIDĠăúL
GHDGkQFLPH±DSDGHVXSUDIDĠăSUH]LQWăSRWHQĠLDOXOFHOPDLPDUHGHFRQWDPL
QDUHDYkQGúLXQUROHSLGHPLRORJLFVWUDWHJLF
)DFWRUHWLRORJLFSRWILXQúLUGHEDFWHULLYLEULRQLSDWRJHQHúLFRQGLĠLRQDW
SDWRJHQHFDUHVHSăVWUHD]ăúLVHPXOWLSOLFăvQDSă(tab.2.6.7.
)DFWRULLSULQFLSDOLGHWUDQVPLWHUHDDJHQĠLORUSDWRJHQLSHFDOHKLGULFăVXQW
DSHOHGLQVXUVHOHORFDOHIkQWkQLL]YRDUHDSDGLQDSHGXFWDSHOHGHVXSUDIDĠă
ODFXULLD]XULUkXULúLIRDUWHUDUDSHOHvPEXWHOLDWHVDXEăXWXULOHUăFRULWRDUH

Bolile diareice acute%'$VXQWFHOHPDLUăVSkQGLWHDIHFĠLXQLKLGULFHPL
FURELHQH'HDOXQJXOVHFROHORUDFHVWHDVXQWRDPHQLQ‫܊‬DUHSHQWUXSRSXODĠLHSUR
YRFkQG HSLGHPLL JUDYH úL FXUPkQG PLL GH YLHĠL RPHQHúWL 'DWHOH SXEOLFDWH GH
2UJDQL]DĠLD0RQGLDOăD6ăQăWăĠLLLQIRUPHD]ăFăFRQVXPXODSHLFRQWDPLQDWHPL
FURELDQFDX]HD]ă vQXQHOHUHJLXQLGLQ$IULFDúL GLQ$PHULFD &HQWUDOă SkQă OD
GLQEROLOHGLDUHLFHDFXWH/DVFDUăJOREDOăVLWXDĠLDHSLGHPLFăFXSULYLUH
ODEROLGLDUHLFHDFXWH%'$HVWHvQJULMRUăWRDUH$FHVWHEROLFRQWLQXăVăILHFDX]D
SULQFLSDOăDPRUELGLWăĠLLúL PRUWDOLWăĠLLFRSLLORUvQ ĠăULOH vQ FXUV GHGH]YROWDUH
$QXDOvQOXPHQXPăUXOGHHSLVRDGHGHGLDUHHODFRSLLvQYkUVWăGHSkQăODDQL
DWLQJHPLOLDUGúLFDX]HD]ăPLOLRDQHGHGHFHVH
%ROLOHGLDUHLFHDFXWHSUH]LQWăRSUREOHPăPDMRUăGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFăDWkW
SULQIUHFYHQĠDvQDOWăDPRUELGLWăĠLLFkWúLSULQPDQLIHVWăULOHFOLQLFHJUDYH6HSRW
PDQLIHVWDSULQIHEUăSkQăOD R&GXUHULDEGRPLQDOHJUHĠXULYRPăVFDXQOL
FKLGFXIUHFYHQĠDSkQăODGHRULSH]LXQHRULFXVWULXULGHVkQJHPXFXV
VOăELFLXQLJHQHUDOHFHIDOHHHWF/DXQLLEROQDYLPDLDOHVODFRSLLLGHSkQăODDQ
ERDODVHSRDWHDJUDYDFXVHSWLFHPLHGHVKLGUDWDUHVHYHUăúLUHVSHFWLYúRFXOWR
[LFRLQIHFĠLRV
ÌQ 5HSXEOLFD 0ROGRYD %'$ RFXSă ORFXO  GXSă LQIHFĠLLOH UHVSLUDWRULL
DFXWHúLSDUD]LWR]HvQVWUXFWXUDPRUELGLWăĠLLFDX]DWHGHEROLLQIHFĠLRDVHÌQ
DFRQWLQXDWFUHúWHUHDPRUELGLWăĠLLSULQ%'$FXRWHQGLQĠăPRGHUDWăGHPDMRUDUH
1LYHOXOPRUELGLWăĠLLVXPDUHVDPDMRUDWDSUR[LPDWLYGHGRXăRULvQvQFRP
SDUDĠLHFXFkQGDIRVWvQUHJLVWUDWFHOPDLPLFQLYHODOPRUELGLWăĠLL±
FD]XULODPLLSRSXOD‫܊‬LH
Febra tifoidă şi paratifoidă.
$JHQWXOSDWRJHQDOIHEUHLWLIRLGHS. typhi úLDOIHEUHLSDUDWLIRLGHS. para-
typhi VXQWYLDELOLvQDSăWLPSGHPDLPXOWHVăSWăPkQL'XSă/9*URPDúHYVNL
EDFLOXO WLILF úL SDUDWLILF vúL SăVWUHD]ăYLDELOLWDWHD]LOHvQ DSHOH FXUJăWRDUH
FHHDFHDUHFKLYDODFXNPSDUFXUúLFXRYLWH]ăPHGLHGHPVHF]LOHvQ
DSDGHSURIXQ]LPHSkQăODSDWUXVăSWăPkQLvQDSHOHVWăWăWRDUHSkQăODFkWHYD
OXQL vQ QăPROXO IkQWkQLORU úL LD]XULORU LDU vQ DSHOH GH FDQDO GXUDWD GH VXSUD
YLHĠXLUHDUILGH]LOHÌQJKHDĠăEDFLOXOWLILFVXSUDYLHĠXLHúWHOXQLGH]LOH
vQDSHOHPLQHUDOHFLUFDFLQFL]LOHLDUvQDSDGHPDUH]LOH'XSă30LOHYVNL
YLDELOLWDWHDEDFLOXOXLWLILFvQDSDGLQDSHGXFWHVWHGH]LOHvQDSDGLQUkX±
vQDSDGLQIkQWkQL±]LOH
Capitolul **

&DOHDKLGULFăHVWHSULQFLSDOăvQWUDQVPLWHUHDEROLORULQWHVWLQDOHvQJHQHUDO
úLDIHEUHLWLIRLGHvQVSHFLDO6HDSUHFLD]ăFăSkQăODGLQWRWDOXOFD]XULORUGH
IHEUăWLIRLGăGLQWUXQWHULWRULXSRWILGHRULJLQHKLGULFă3ULQIRORVLUHDDSHLFRQWD
PLQDWHvQVFRSXULPHQDMHUHVSăODWXOYHVHOHLOHJXPHORUUXIHORUHWFSULQVSăODW
SULQ IRORVLUHD JKHĠLL QDWXUDOH VDX SUHSDUDWHGLQWUR DSăFRQWDPLQDWă XWLOL]DWă vQ
vQWUHSULQGHULOHSHQWUXSUHSDUDUHDúLFRQVHUYDUHDSURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUHGHDVHPH
QHDVHSRWWUDQVPLVHLQIHFĠLLWLIRSDUDWLILFH
&DUDFWHULVWLFLOHXQHLHSLGHPLLGHIHEUăWLIRLGăVXQWDSDULĠLDH[SOR]LYăúLGX
UDWDPDLPDUHvQFRPSDUDĠLHFXHSLGHPLLOHWUDQVPLVHSULQDOLPHQWH(YROXĠLDHVWH
FLFOLFă VHPQH GH LQWR[LFDĠLH EDFWHULHPLHIHEUăYDULDWă úLvQGHOXQJDWăHUXSĠLL
FXWDQDWHDIHFWDUHDWUDFWXOXLGLJHVWLYúLDDOWRUVLVWHPHDOHRUJDQLVPXOXLXPDQ
)HEUHOHSDUDWLILFH$úL%DXDFHODúLPHFDQLVPGHLQIHFWDUHWDEORXFOLQLFúLSD
WRJHQLHvQVăVHGHRVHEHVFGHIHEUDWLIRLGăGXSăHWLRORJLH
5 *DERYLFL  D GHVFULV HSLGHPLD GH WLIRV DEGRPLQDO GLQ  GLQ
RUDúXO5RVWRYSH'RQ &DX]D DFHVWHL HSLGHPLLDIRVW SăWUXQGHUHD DFFLGHQWDOă D
DSHORU GH FDQDOL]DUH vQ DSHGXFW'XSă RSHULRDGă GH LQFXEDĠLH VFXUWă DXDSăUXW
FD]XULGHHQWHULWHLQIHFĠLRDVHDFXWHDSRLDIRVWGHSLVWDWWLIRVXODEGRPLQDOFDUHvQ
GHFXUVGHROXQăDIRVWGLDJQRVWLFDWODSHVWHGHSHUVRDQH'XSăOLFKLGDUHD
GHIHFWXOXLvQVLVWHPXOGHFDQDOL]DUHúLGH]LQIHFWDUHDDSHGXFWXOXLQXPăUXOGHvP
EROQăYLULGHWLIRVDEGRPLQDODVFă]XWFRQVLGHUDELOGHúLXQWLPSVDXPDLVHPQDODW
vPEROQăYLULVSRUDGLFHGDUQXGHFDUDFWHUDFYDWLF
(SLGHPLLDOHLQIHFĠLLORULQWHVWLQDOHSRWDSăUHDFkQGRDPHQLLIRORVHVFvQFD
OLWDWHGHDSăSRWDELOăDSDGLQED]LQHOHGHVFKLVHVDXGLQIkQWkQLQHDPHQDMDWH
3HQWUXSUHYHQLUHDIHEUHLWLIRLGHRPDUHvQVHPQăWDWHDUHVDOXEUL]DUHDVXUVHORU
GHDOLPHQWDUHFXDSăSRWDELOăDWkWDFHORUFHQWUDOL]DWHDSHGXFWHORUFkWúLDIkQ
WkQLORU&XDFHODúLVFRSVHLDXPăVXULGHVDOXEUL]DUHDVXUVHORUGHSROXDUHDDSHL
ODWULQHORUJURSLORUúLSODWIRUPHORUGHJXQRLúLGHHSXUDUHDDSHORUSROXDWHGHOD
VSLWDOHOHGHEROLLQIHFĠLRDVH8QUROGHRVHELWUHYLQHúLRUJDQL]ăULLDOLPHQWăULLFX
DSăFXUDWăDORFDOXULORUDJORPHUDWHJăULDHURSRUWXULúFROLFDVHGHFXOWXUăWDEHUH
GHRGLKQăFDVHGHRGLKQăVWDGLRDQHHWF
Dizenteria.
$JHQĠLLSDWRJHQLDLGL]HQWHULHLVXEGHQXPLUHDGHShigela,VXQWSXĠLQLUH]LV
WHQĠLvQPHGLX%DFLOXOGL]HQWHULFDUHRYLDELOLWDWHUHGXVăvQDSDGHFRQGXFWăvQDSD
GHUkXVXSUDYLHĠXLHúWH]LOHvQDSDGHIkQWkQă±SkQăOD]LOHLDUvQDSDILDUWă
úLFRQWDPLQDWăXOWHULRUGHFLvQDEVHQĠDIORUHLPLFURELHQHFXUHQWH±SkQăODGRXă
VăSWăPkQL (D.T. Boldyrev). 'XSă 3 0LOHYVNL YLDELOLWDWHD DJHQWXOXL GL]HQWHULHL
HVWHGH]LOHvQDSDGHDSHGXFW]LOHvQDSDGHUkXShigella flexneri úL
Sonne VXSUDYLHĠXLHVFvQDSDILDUWăúLFRQWDPLQDWăXOWHULRUOXQL6SHFLLOHGHshi-
gele FDUHFLUFXOăPDLIUHFYHQWvQSUH]HQWShigella flexneriVHSRWPHQĠLQHYLDELOH
WLPSPDLvQGHOXQJDWvQDSăPDLDOHVODWHPSHUDWXULVFă]XWHFkQGIORUDVDSURILWă
FRQFXUHQWăHVWHvQPDUHSDUWHLQKLEDWăÌQUDSRUWFXSDUWLFXODULWăĠLOHFDOLWDWLYHDOH
DSHL±WHPSHUDWXUDJUDGXOGHDHUDĠLHúLLQVRODĠLH±úLFXXQLLIDFWRULELRORJLFLSUH
]HQĠDEDFWHULRIDJLORUVSHFLILFLHWFVKLJHOHOHWUăLHVFvQDSă]LOH
 (SLGHPLLOHKLGULFHGHGL]HQWHULHFDúLFHOHGHIHEUăWLIRLGăSRWILFDX]DWH
GHFRQVXPXOGHDSă GH VXSUDIDĠă QHWUDWDWă VDXLQVXILFLHQWWUDWDWă GHIRORVLUHD
DSHLGLQUHFLSLHQWHvQFDUHDSDVDWUDQVSRUWDWRULPHQĠLQXWvQFRQGLĠLLQHFRUHV
SXQ]ăWRDUHHWFÌQWUXFkWDSHOHFXUJăWRDUHVXQWIRORVLWHVLVWHPDWLFDWkWSHQWUXvQ
GHSăUWDUHDDSHORUUH]LGXDOHFkW‫܈‬LSHQWUXDSURYL]LRQDUHDFXDSăGHEăXWvQFD]XO
GHYHUVăULORUGHDSHUH]LGXDOHLQVXILFLHQWWUDWDWHúLGH]LQIHFWDWHODIHOúLvQFD]XO
SUHOXFUăULLQHVDWLVIăFăWRDUHDDSHORUGHVXSUDIDĠăvQVFRSSRWDELOSRWDSăUHDIR
FDUHHSLGHPLFHGHIHEUăWLIRLGăúLGHGL]HQWHULHGHDOXQJXODFHVWRUFXUVXULGHDSă
VDXvQFHQWUHOHSRSXODWHDSURYL]LRQDWHGHLQVWDODĠLLOHUHVSHFWLYH
&RQIRUP GDWHORU SXEOLFDWH GH *2EUHMD 1 2SRSRO úL FRDXW  vQ
XUPD LQXQGDĠLLORU DEXQGHQWH GLQ DXJXVW  vQ XQHOH UDLRDQH DOH 5HSXEOLFLL
0ROGRYD &LPLúOLD +kQFHúWL 6WUăúHQL 7HOHQHúWL WLPS GH FLQFL VăSWăPkQL D
FUHVFXWLQFLGHQĠDVDOPRQHOR]HORUGL]HQWHULHLLQIHFĠLLORUDFXWHQHGHWHUPLQDWHHWF
'HH[HPSOXvQRUăúHOXO6WUăúHQLDDYXWORFRHUXSĠLHGHGL]HQWHULHúLGHLQIHFĠLL
LQWHVWLQDOHDFXWHGLDUHHFXIDFWRUKLGULFGHFRQWDPLQDUH&RQIRUPUH]XOWDWHORU
LQYHVWLJDĠLLORU HSLGHPLRORJLFH FRQWDPLQăULOH VDX SURGXV FX DSD SRWDELOă GLQ
DSHGXFWúLGLQIkQWkQLOHSROXDWHvQWLPSXOLQXQGDĠLLORU*U)ULSWXOHDF
ÌQSURILOD[LDGL]HQWHULHLDUHPDUHLPSRUWDQĠăGHSLVWDUHDSUHFRFHDEROQDYL
ORUL]RODUHDúLWUDWDUHDORUODWLPSHIHFWXDUHDPăVXULORUGHGH]LQIHFĠLHFRQWUROXO
FRQWDFĠLORUOD EDFWHULLOH GL]HQWHULFH 2 LPSRUWDQĠă GHRVHELWă DUH ‫܈‬L UHVSHFWDUHD
UHJXOLORUGHLJLHQăSHUVRQDOăvQWUHEXLQĠDUHDDSHLILHUWHDIUXFWHORUúLDOHJXPHORU
PLQXĠLRVVSăODWHvQWUHĠLQHUHDLJLHQLFăDORFDOXULORUVXSUDYHJKHUHDVDQLWDUăDVXU
VHORUDFYDWLFHúLDvQWUHSULQGHULORUDOLPHQWDUHLQGLIHUHQWGHIRUPDGHSURSULHWDWH
Holera.
'XSă*U)ULSWXOHDFúL‫܈‬DKROHUDXQDGLQWUHEROLOHGLDUHLFHDFXWHFX
PDQLIHVWDUHSDQGHPLFăSRDWHILSURYRFDWăGHPDLPXOWHWLSXULGHYLEULRQLDVLDWLF
(O7RUQRQ2'XUDWDGHVXSUDYLH‫܊‬XLUHDYLEULRQXOXLKROHULFvQDIDUDRUJDQLV
PXOXLYDULD]ăvQIXQFĠLHGHFDUDFWHULVWLFLOHPHGLXOXLDPELDQWvQDSăUH]LVWăSkQă
ODWUHLVăSWăPkQLvQSHúWLLPROXúWHOHúLFUXVWDFHHOHVFRDVHGLQDSă±]LOHLDUvQ
FRQGLĠLLOHGHUHIULJHUDUH±VăSWăPkQLÌQDSăGHPDUHWUăLH‫܈‬WH]LOH
)RUPDFODVLFăDEROLLVHFDUDFWHUL]HD]ăSULQGHEXWDFXWFXDIHFWDUHDWUDFWX
OXL JDVWURLQWHVWLQDO GHUHJODUHD PHWDEROLVPXOXL KLGURVDOLQ úL SURWHLF WR[LFR]ă
JUDYăFXWHQGLQĠăGHH[WLQGHSkQăODHSLGHPLLúLSDQGHPLLOHWDOLWDWHVSRULWăúL
PHFDQLVPGHWUDQVPLWHUHIHFDORUDO+ROHUDSURGXVăGHYLEULRQXOEl TorVHPD
QLIHVWăSULQIRUPHGHJUDYLWDWHPDLPLFă
5ăVSkQGLUHDKROHUHLvQOXPHGDWHD]ăGLQFkQGDGHEXWDWSULPDSDQ
GHPLHXUPDWăGHDOWHFLQFLSkQăvQúLGHXOWLPDFHDGHDDSURYRFDWă
GHYLEULRQXO(O7RUUăVSkQGLWúLvQ]LOHOHQRDVWUH3ULPHOH‫܈‬DVHSDQGHPLLGHKR
OHUăDXIRVWSURYRFDWHGHYLEULRQXODVLDWLFÌQSDQGHPLDDDDIRVWLPSOLFDWăúL
5HSXEOLFD0ROGRYDvQSHULRDGDFkQGVDXvQUHJLVWUDWSDWUXFD]XULvQ
±QRXăFD]XULLDUvQ±FLQFLVROGkQGXVHFXGHFHVÌQXOWLPLL
DQLVDXvQUHJLVWUDWHSLGHPLLQRLGHKROHUăFXIRUPHFOLQLFHPDLJUDYHúLOHWDOLWDWH
Capitolul **

PDLVSRULWăSkQăODSURYRFDWHGHRQRXăVSHFLHGHYLEULRQQRQ2FDUH

GXSăSăUHULOHXQRUVDYDQĠLSRDWHILvQFHSXWXOSDQGHPLHLDDGHKROHUă
ÌQWUXFkWDUHQHFHVLWăĠLPRGHVWHvQVXEVWDQĠHQXWULWLYHYLEULRQXOKROHULFHVWH
ELQHDGDSWDWODFRQGLĠLLOHGHYLDĠăGLQDSHOHGHVXSUDIDĠă9LDELOLWDWHDDFHVWXLDvQ
ED]LQHOHDFYDWLFHQDWXUDOHYDULD]ăGHODFkWHYD]LOHSkQăODFkWHYDOXQL$SDGHEăXW
FRQWDPLQDWăFXYLEULRQKROHULFSUH]LQWăXQDGLQWUHFăLOHHVHQĠLDOHGHWUDQVPLWHUHD
EROLL/LSVDLQVWDODĠLLORUVDQLWDUHPDLDOHVLQVXILFLHQĠDGHDSăSRWDELOăúLSHQWUXDOWH
QHYRLFRQVWLWXLHIDFWRUXOGHSURSDJDUHDEROLLÌQXOWLPLLDQLKROHUDFODVLFăSUR
YRFDWăGHYLEULRQXOKROHULFVibrio choleraeDUHJUHVDWIRDUWHPXOWFKLDU‫܈‬LvQUH
JLXQLOHHQGHPLFHÌQVFKLPEKROHUD(O7RUVHvQWkOQHúWHWRWPDLIUHFYHQW
ÌQWUHFXWHSLGHPLLOHGHKROHUăSUH]HQWDXDGHYăUDWHFDODPLWăĠLVRFLDOHSULQ
QXPăUXOPDUHGHvPEROQăYLULúLGHFHVH+DPEXUJ3HWHUVEXUJ&D
XUPDUHDPăVXULORUOXDWH]RQDGHUăVSkQGLUHDKROHUHLVDUHGXVPXOWUăPkQkQG
FDQWRQDWăQXPDLvQDQXPLWHĠăULvQFDUHFRQGLĠLLOHVDQLWDUHVXQWSUHFDUH3HULRGLF
ERDODGHFODQúHD]ăHSLGHPLLúLvQ]RQHUHFXQRVFXWHFDLQGHPQH$VHPHQHDVLWXDĠLL
DXIRVWvQUHJLVWUDWHvQPDLPXOWHĠăULDOHOXPLL7XUFLD,WDOLD3RUWXJDOLDúD
3HOkQJăFDOLWDWHDEDFWHULRORJLFăGHILFLWDUăDDSHORUGHEăXWXQUROGHRVHELW
GHLPSRUWDQWvQLQFLGHQĠDVSRULWăDKROHUHLDUH‫܈‬LFDQWLWDWHDLQVXILFLHQWăGHDSă
SRWDELOă$SDGLQIkQWkQăGLQPHGLXOUXUDOIRORVLWăvQPDUHDPDMRULWDWHDFD]XUL
ORUvQFDOLWDWHGHDSăSRWDELOăHVWHDGHVHRULLQVXILFLHQWăFDQWLWDWLYúLQHFRUHVSXQ
]ăWRDUHvQDVSHFWFDOLWDWLYÌQFHQWUHOHXUEDQHVHVHPQDOHD]ăIUHFYHQWFD]XULFkQG
DSDGLVWULEXLWăSRSXODĠLHLQHFRUHVSXQ]ăWRDUHQRUPHORUEDFWHULRORJLFHGHFDOLWDWH
DJHQHUDWH[SOR]LLHSLGHPLFHGHEROLLQIHFĠLRDVHLQFOXVLYGHKROHUă
3URILOD[LDKROHUHLSUHYHGHvQSULPXOUkQGSUHYHQLUHDDGXFHULLYLEULRQLORU
KROHUHLSHWHULWRULXOĠăULL2DWHQ‫܊‬LHGHRVHELWăVHYDDFRUGDSURWHFĠLHLVDQLWDUHDVXU
VHORUGHDSăSRWDELOăFRQWUROXOXLVLVWHPDWLFDOFDOLWăĠLLDSHLGLQUkXULGLQODFXUL
GLQED]LQHOHDFYDWLFHDDSHORUUH]LGXDOHGHODIDEULFLOHGHODFWDWHGHSHúWHGHOD
EăL‫܈‬LVSăOăWRULLVXSUDYHJKHULLVDQLWDUHDSLHĠHORUDvQWUHSULQGHULORUDOLPHQWDUHGH
DOLPHQWDĠLHSXEOLFăúLDFHORUSULYDWHVHUYLFLLORUFRPXQDOHKRWHOXULIUL]HULLHWF
GH]LQIHFWăULL UH]LGXXULORU úLFRPEDWHULLPXúWHORU 3UH]LQWăLPSRUWDQ‫܊‬ă OLFKLGDUHD
JXQRLúWLORUQHDXWRUL]DWHGHSLVWDUHDSUHFRFHDSDFLHQĠLORUFXGLYHUVHGLVIXQFĠLLLQ
WHVWLQDOHúLL]RODUHDORUvQVSLWDOHOHUHVSHFWLYH
Enterocolitele VXQWWXOEXUăULJDVWURLQWHVWLQDOHLQIHF‫܊‬LRDVHFXXQGHEXWGHV
WXOGHDJUHVLYSULQFUDPSHLQWHVWLQDOHYRPă‫܈‬LVFDXQHPRL3RWILSURYRFDWHGH
EDFWHULLGHYLUXVXULGHFLXSHUFL‫܈‬LGHSDUD]L‫܊‬LLQWHVWLQDOL 3ULQWUHDJHQ‫܊‬LLFDX]DOL
DLHQWHURFROLWHORUVHQXPăUăE.coli úLGLYHUVHOHWXOSLQLGHFROLSDWRJHQHYLDELOH
vQDSăXQWLPSvQGHOXQJDW 7XOSLQLOHGH HQWHURFRFFXVSRWFDX]DvQVSLWDOHOHúL
LQVWLWXĠLLOH SHQWUX FRSLL HSLGHPLLGH HQWHULWHPDOLJQHvQGHRVHELOD VXJDUL FDUH
SUH]LQWăXQHRULROHWDOLWDWHPDUH$OĠLJHUPHQLSUHFXPenterococul și proteusul,
SRWSURGXFHvPEROQăYLULvQDQXPLWHFRQGLĠLL$SDFHFRQĠLQHXQQXPăUPDUHGH
JHUPHQLEDQDOL R FDQWLWDWH FUHVFXWăGHVXEVWDQĠH RUJDQLFHVDXGHVXEVWDQĠHvQ
VXVSHQVLHSUHFXPúLDSHOHvQFDUHVDXGH]YROWDWDOJHFDSDELOHGHDVHFUHWDVXE
VWDQĠHWR[LFHSRWDYHDUHSHUFXVLXQLDVXSUDWXEXOXLGLJHVWLYIUDJLODOFRSLOXOXLúL
VăGHWHUPLQHWXOEXUăULJDVWURLQWHVWLQDOH
Leptospiroza icterohemoragică
3ULQDSăVH SRWWUDQVPLWHXQúLUGH ]RRQR]HSULQWUH FDUH OHSWRVSLUR]HOH
WXODUHPLD EUXFHOR]DúL IHEUD 4&RQWDPLQDUHD DSHORU GHVXSUDIDĠă VH SURGXFH
SULQGHMHFĠLLOHúLXULQDUR]ăWRDUHORUHOLPLQDWRDUHGHOHSWRVSLUHVDXSULQFDGDYUHOH
DFHVWRUDSULQGHYHUVDUHDUH]LGXXULORUQHHSXUDWHGHODFUHVFăWRULLOHGHDQLPDOHúL
vQGHRVHELDFHORUGHSRUFLDPSODVDWHvQDSURSLHUHDUkXULORUSULQDGăSDUHDDQLPD
OHORUEROQDYHHWF'HDLFLSHULFROGHLQIHFWDUHFXOHSURVSLUHSUH]LQWăDSDGLQED]L
QHOHGHVFKLVH LD]XUL FDQDOH GH LULJDUH GDFăHVWH IRORVLWă SHQWUX EăXW VFăOGDW
VSăODWXOUXIHORUGHRDUHFHOHSWRVSLUHOHSăWUXQGvQRUJDQLVPSULQPXFRDVHSLHOH
/HSWRVSLUHOHVXQWSXĠLQUH]LVWHQWHvQPHGLXODPELDQWÌQDSDGHVXSUDIDĠă
WUăLHVFGHODFkWHYD]LOHSkQăODGRXăVăSWăPkQLvQIXQFĠLHGHFRPSR]LĠLDFKL
PLFăS+XOúLWHPSHUDWXUDDSHLPLFURIORUDDQWDJRQLVWăHWFÌQDSHOHSXĠLQDGkQFL
úL FX XQ FXUV OHQWFX S+DOFDOLQúLRWHPSHUDWXUă GH FLUFD R& OHSWRVSLUHOH
UăPkQYLDELOHXQWLPSPDLvQGHOXQJDWÌQDSDGHUkXUH]LVWăOXQLúLFKLDUSkQă
ODFLQFLOXQL390\OO\NRVNL ÌQQăPRODUSXWHD VXSUDYLHĠXL SHVWH GH ]LOH
,97HUVNLQ
2PXOVHFRQWDPLQHD]ăILHFRQVXPkQGDSăGHUHĠHDGHIkQWkQăVDXDSăGH
VXSUDIDĠăQHWUDWDWăFHFRQĠLQHOHSWRVSLUHILHPDLIUHFYHQWIăFkQGEDLHvQDSHGH
VXSUDIDĠăLQIHFWDWHFDXUPDUHDIDSWXOXLFăDFHVWHDSRWSăWUXQGHWUDQVFXWDQDW
)RUPHOHGH PDQLIHVWDUH DEROLLSRW ILVSRUDGLFH HQGHPLFH úLHSLGHPLFH
6DXGHVFULVHSLGHPLLKLGULFHvQXUPDIRORVLULLDSHLGHVXSUDIDĠăVDXFRQVXPXOXL
GHDSăGHIkQWkQăFRQWDPLQDWăFXOHSWRVSLUH3HQWUXOLFKLGDUHDIRFDUXOXLUROXO
SULQFLSDOvOMRDFăvQWUHUXSHUHDIRORVLULLDSHLFRQWDPLQDWH
Bruceloza.
$JHQWXO HWLRORJLFDOEUXFHOR]HLVXQWVSHFLLOHGHEDFWHULL GLQ JHQXOBrucela.
6XQW GHVFULVH FD]XUL GH EUXFHOR]ă WUDQVPLVă SULQ DSD GLQ IkQWkQL FRQWDPLQDWH
QHDPHQDMDWHvQFDUHDXSăWUXQVDSHOHGHSHWHULWRULLOHIHUPHORUGHDQLPDOH7RDWH
VSHFLLOHGHEUXFHOHSRWVăúLSăVWUH]HYLDELOLWDWHDvQDSăWLPSGH]LOH)..UR
WRY6LPSWRPXOFOLQLFSULQFLSDOODDQLPDOHOHEROQDYHGHEUXFHOR]ăFDGHDOWIHOúL
OD FHOH EROQDYH GH OHSWRVSLUR]ă HVWH DYRUWXO 2GDWă FX HOLPLQDUHD DYRUWRQLORU D
PHPEUDQHORUúLDOLFKLGHORUIHWDOHVHHOLPLQăvQPHGLXúLFDQWLWăĠLHQRUPHGHEUXFHOH
úLGHOHSWRVSLUH*XQRLXOGHJUDMGDVWIHOFRQWDPLQDWGDFăQXHVWHvQPRGFRUHVSXQ
]ăWRUGHSR]LWDWúLWUDWDWRULGDFăHVWHGHSXVvQDSURSLHUHDVXUVHORUGHDSăSRDWHGXFH
ODFRQWDPLQDUHDDFHVWRUDÌQDFHVWHSHULRDGHSHUVRQDOXOGHvQJULMLUHDDQLPDOHORUúL
WHKQLFLHQLLYHWHULQDULFDUHDFRUGăDVLVWHQĠăREVWHWULFDOăDQLPDOHORUVXQWH[SXúLSH
ULFROXOXLFRQWDPLQăULL&HOPDLGHVVHvQWkOQHVFFD]XULVSRUDGLFH
Tularemia.
$JHQWXOSDWRJHQDOWXODUHPLHLFr. tularensis, SUH]LQWăRUH]LVWHQĠăUHPDU
FDELOăvQPHGLXOH[WHUQÌQDSăvúLSRDWHSăVWUDYLDELOLWDWHDSkQăODOXQLLDUvQ
VROvQIXQFĠLHGHQDWXUDúLGHSURSULHWăĠLOHDFHVWXLDS+WHPSHUDWXUăXPLGLWDWH
Capitolul **

HWF GH OD  ]LOH SkQă OD  OXQL ÌPEROQăYLULOH GH WXODUHPLH VXQW FDX]DWH GH
FRQVXPXOGHDSăFRQWDPLQDWăGHXULQDGHGHMHFĠLLOHUR]ăWRDUHORUVDXFDGDYUHOH
ORUÌQWLPSXOYHULLvPEROQăYLULOHVXQWFDX]DWHGHVFăOGDWXOvQDSHFRQWDPLQDWH
&D úL OHSWRVSLUHOH EDFLOXO WXODUHPLHL SRDWH WUDYHUVD WHJXPHQWHOH úL PXFRDVHOH
PXFRDVDFRQMXQFWLYDOăFKLDUGDFăHOHVXQWLQWDFWH
1XPHURDVHOHIRFDUHGHWXODUHPLHVHvQUHJLVWUHD]ăSHULRGLFvQDQXPLWHFR
OHFWLYLWăĠLGLQDSURSLHUHDXQRUUkXULGHúHV&HUFHWkQGFRQGLĠLLOHGHSHUVLVWHQĠăúL
GHFLUFXODĠLHDOHDJHQWXOXLSDWRJHQvQDFHVWHDSHVDL]RODWEDFLOXOWXODUHPLHLGLQ
SODQWH DFYDWLFH GLQ PROXúWH HWF FHHD FH GRYHGHúWH PXOWLSOHOH SRVLELOLWăĠL GH
WUDQVPLWHUHDDFHVWHLDIHFĠLXQLSULQDSă5DUSURGXFHHSLGHPLLPDLIUHFYHQWDSDU
FD]XULVSRUDGLFH
ÌQWLPSXOHSL]RRWLLORUGHWXODUHPLHDXIRVWvQUHJLVWUDWHúLHSLGHPLLSULQWUH
RDPHQLGLQFDX]DLQIHFWăULLúLDSRLDIRORVLULLDSHLGLQIkQWkQLSkUDLHVDXLD]XUL
Tuberculoza.
)RUPDLQWHVWLQDOăDWXEHUFXOR]HLSRDWHILWUDQVPLVăúLSHFDOHDDSHLvQVSH
FLDOSULQLQWHUPHGLXODSHORUGHVXSUDIDĠăvQFDUHVDXGHYHUVDWDSHUH]LGXDOHSUR
YHQLQGGHODVDQDWRULLVDXVSLWDOHGHWXEHUFXOR]ăÌQDSHOHUH]LGXDOHDOHVDQDWRULLORU
GHWXEHUFXOR]ăFDúLvQDSHOHGHVXSUDIDĠăvQDYDOGHGHYHUVDUHDDSHORUUH]LGXDOH
DIRVWGHSLVWDWEDFLOXOWXEHUFXOR]HL±Mycobacterium tuberculosis EDFLOXO.RFK
2 LQFLGHQĠă PDLFUHVFXWă DWXEHUFXOR]HL LQWHVWLQDOHOD RP úL OD DQLPDOH D IRVW
VHPQDODWăvQ FROHFWLYLWăĠLOH ULYHUDQHFXUVXULORUGHDSă vQFDUH DX IRVWHYDFXDWH
DSHOHUH]LGXDOHSURYHQLWHGHODVSLWDOHOHGHWXEHUFXOR]ă9LDELOLWDWHDvQDSăDba-
cilului Koch HVWHGHSkQăODGH]LOHDFHVWDILLQGGHRVHELWGHUH]LVWHQWúL
IDĠăGHGH]LQIHFWDQĠLLRELúQXLĠLDLDSHL

Boli virale transmise pe cale hidrică

0DODGLLOHYLUDOHFXWUDQVPLWHUHKLGULFăVXQWEROLOHLQIHFĠLRDVHDFXWHFDX]DWH
GHYLUXVXULOHLQWHVWLQDOH&OLQLFDFHVWHDVHPDQLIHVWăIRDUWHSROLPRUIFXVLPS
WRPHGHLQWR[LFDĠLHJHQHUDOăúLDIHFWDUHDVLVWHPXOXLGLJHVWLYUHVSLUDWRUúLQHUYRV
FHQWUDO 3HQWUX VLVWHPXOGH VXSUDYHJKHUHVXQWPDLUHOHYDQWHKHSDWLWD YLUDOă$
SROLRPLHOLWDLQIHFĠLDURWDYLUDOă0DODGLLOHSURYRFDWHSRWHYDOXDEHQLJQVDXSRW
GXFHODVIkUúLWOHWDO$FHVWHPDODGLLDIHFWHD]ăSUHSRQGHUHQWFRSLLL
ÌQHSLGHPLRORJLDFRPSOH[ăDYLUXVXULORUFDIDFWRUGHWUDQVPLWHUHHVWHLQ
FULPLQDWă úLDSD IDSW FRQILUPDW GH SUH]HQĠDvQ DSăXQHRUL D PLOLRDQH GH GR]H
YLUXOHQWH/XFLD$OH[D7LPSXOGHVXSUDYLH‫܊‬XLUHDYLUXVXULORUvQDSăHVWH
GHGH]LOHPXOWHILLQGUH]LVWHQWHúLODGR]HOHGHFORUXWLOL]DWHFXUHQWvQ
GH]LQIHFĠLDDSHL$VWIHORDSăSRWDELOăGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHEDFWHULRORJLFSRDWH
WUDQVPLWHRDIHFĠLXQHYLUDOă
6XUVHOH GH DSă SRW ILFRQWDPLQDWHFX QXPHURDVHYLUXVXUL GH SURYHQLHQĠă
XPDQă2PXOHOLPLQăSULQGHMHFĠLLPDLPXOWGHGHYLUXVXULGLIHULWHSHUPD
QHQWDSăUkQGQRLWLSXULGLQWUHFDUHPXOWHQHFHVLWkQGVWXGLL
6XUVHOHGHDSăDXJUDGHGLIHULWHGHSROXDUH$SHOHGHSURIXQ]LPHVXQWFHO
PDLELQHSURWHMDWHGHSROXDUHDYLUDOă&RQWDPLQDUHDDSHORUIUHDWLFHVDXGHPLFă
SURIXQ]LPHHVWHSRVLELOăSULQLQILOWUăULGHODVXSUDIDĠDVROXOXLODWULQHVDXGHSR
]LWHGHJXQRDLH&HOHPDLSROXDWHVXQWDSHOHGHVXSUDIDĠăvQFDUHVHGHYHUVHD]ă
DSHOHX]DWHIHFDORLGPHQDMHUHúLFDUHWUDQVSRUWăWXOSLQLOHYLUDOHGHODEROQDYLOD
SXUWăWRUL GH DJHQĠL SDWRJHQL ÌQ LQVWDODĠLLOH GH DSURYL]LRQDUH FX DSă SROXDUHD
SRDWHLQWHUYHQLODVXUVHOHPLFLGHDOLPHQWDUHFXDSăQHWUDWDWăSUHFXPúLODQLYHOXO
GLIHULWRUYHULJLDOHLQVWDODĠLLORUFHQWUDOHGHSR]LWDUHGLVWULEXĠLH
)RUPHOHGHPDQLIHVWDUHDvPEROQăYLULORUSRWILVSRUDGLFHVDXHSLGHPLFH
'LDJQRVWLFXOGHHSLGHPLHYLUDOăKLGULFăSUH]LQWăQXPHURDVHGLILFXOWăĠLÌPEROQă
YLULOHSURGXVHDXPDQLIHVWăULSROLIRUPHGLJHVWLYHUHVSLUDWRULLQHUYRDVHFXWDQDWH
HWFúLYDULDWHVXEDVSHFWXOJUDYLWăĠLLIRUPHPHGLLúLIRDUWHJUDYH0HWRGHOHH[LV
WHQWHQXSHUPLWL]RODUHDLPHGLDWăDYLUXVXOXLGLQDSăFDUHDUFRQILUPDGLDJQRVWLFXO
GHHSLGHPLHKLGULFăúLQLFLHYLGHQĠLHUHDWXWXURUYLUXVXULORUFLUFXODWH
7HRUHWLFRULFHWLSGHYLUXVSDWRJHQSHQWUXRPVHSRDWHWUDQVPLWHSULQDSă
SUDFWLF VXQW GHLPSRUWDQĠă VDQLWDUă UHFXQRVFXWă WLSXULOH GHSLVWDWH FX IUHFYHQĠă
PDUHvQDSăúLFRQILUPDWHFDDJHQĠLHWLRORJLFLvQvPEROQăYLULOHXPDQH
6XQW GHVFULVH HSLGHPLL YLURWLFH FX FDUDFWHU DFYDWLF KHSDWLWHLQIHFĠLRDVH
SROLRPLHOLWHDGHQRYLUR]H&HOHPDLPDULHSLGHPLLYLURWLFHDXIRVWSURYRFDWHGHKH
SDWLWHOH LQIHFĠLRDVH ‫܈‬L DX IRVW vQUHJLVWUDWH vQ 68$ )UDQĠD ,WDOLD 6XHGLD úD
9LVZDQDWKDQDGHVFULVRHSLGHPLHGHKHSDWLWăLQIHFĠLRDVăGHOD'HOKL,QGLDFDUHD
GXUDWGLQGHFHPEULHSkQăvQLDQXDULHÌQDFHVWUăVWLPSDXIRVWGLDJQRVWL
FD‫܊‬LFXKHSDWLWăLFWHULFăGHRDPHQLFXKHSDWLWăODWHQWă±FLUFD(SLGH
PLDDIRVWFDX]DWăGHSăWUXQGHUHDDFFLGHQWDOăDDSHORUGHFDQDOL]DUHvQDSHGXFW
Hepatita virală A HVWH XQD GLQ PDODGLLOH YLUDOH WUDQVPLVH SULQ DSă
*U)ULSWXOHDF6XUVDGHLQIHFĠLHRUHSUH]LQWăEROQDYLLGHKHSDWLWăYLUDOă
$DQLFWHULFLúLDVLPSWRPDWLFL(OLPLQDUHDYLUXVXOXLFXPDWHULLOHIHFDOHvQFHSHvQ
D GRXD MXPăWDWH D SHULRDGHL GH LQFXEDĠLH FDUH FRQVWLWXLH  GH ]LOH PHGLD
GH]LOHLDUSHULRDGDFHDPDLFRQWDJLRDVăDEROLLHVWHvQXOWLPHOH]LOH
GHLQFXEDĠLHúLvQSHULRDGDSUHLFWHULFăDEROLL9LUHPLDHVWHGHVFXUWăGXUDWăúLQX
DUHLPSRUWDQĠăHSLGHPLRORJLFă
3DUWLFXODULWDWHDVSHFLILFăSHQWUXKHSDWLWDYLUDOă$FRQVWăvQUăVSkQGLUHD HL
VH]RQLHUăSUHSRQGHUHQWWRDPQDLDUQD6SRULUHDPRUELGLWăĠLLDUHORFvQOXQLOHLXOLH
DXJXVWFXDSRJHXOvQRFWRPEULHQRLHPEULHúLUHGXFHUHDFRQVHFXWLYăvQSULPDMX
PăWDWHDDQXOXLXUPăWRU
'LQPXOWLSOHOHIOXLGHIL]LRORJLFHDOHRUJDQLVPXOXLSULPXOORFvQFRQĠLQXWXO
GH YLUXVXUL vO RFXSă PDWHULLOH IHFDOH DOHRPXOXLEROQDYVDX SUDFWLFVăQăWRV GDU
LQIHFWDW/DVIkU‫܈‬LWXOSHULRDGHLGHLQFXEDĠLHSURGURPăúLvQSULPHOH]LOHDOHSHUL
RDGHLLFWHULFHJGHIHFDOHFRQĠLQHSkQăODúLPDLPXOĠLYLULRQL9LUXVXOSRDWH
ILGHSLVWDWúLvQVHFUH‫܊‬LLOHQD]RIDULQJLHQHúLYDJLQDOHFDUHQXDXRLPSRUWDQĠăVHP
QLILFDWLYăvQUăVSkQGLUHDHSLGHPLFă
0HFDQLVPXO GH WUDQVPLWHUH D KHSDWLWHL YLUDOH $ PDL IUHFYHQW HVWH IHFDO
RUDO,QIHFWDUHDRPXOXLDUHORFSULQFRQVXPXOGHDSăúLGHDOLPHQWHFRQWDPLQDWH
'R]DLQIHFWDQWăFRQVWLWXLHSDUWLFXOHYLUDOH*UXSHOHGHULVFSHQWUXLQ
IHFWDUHVXQWFROHFWLYHOHRUJDQL]DWHJUăGLQLĠHúFROLXQLWăĠLPLOLWDUH
Capitolul **

&ăLOHGHWUDQVPLWHUHDDFHVWHLLQIHFĠLLVXQWPkLQLOHPXUGDUHSURGXVHOHDOL
PHQWDUHDSDSRWDELOăúLED]LQHOHDFYDWLFHXWLODMXOGHX]FDVQLFPXúWHOHVLQDQ
WURSH XQHOH ELRWH PDULWLPH VWULGLL PLGLL VFRLFL FUHYH‫܊‬L HWF FRQWDPLQDWH FX
9+$YLUXVXOKHSDWLF
PoliomielitaGHDVHPHQHDVHWUDQVPLWHSULQDSă(VWHRERDOăYLUDOăDFXWă
FDUDFWHUL]DWăSULQDIHFWDUHDVLVWHPXOXLQHUYRVFHQWUDOSUHSRQGHUHQWDVXEVWDQĠHL
FHQXúLLDPăGXYHLVSLQăULLúLLQIODPDUHDPXFRDVHLLQWHVWLQXOXLúLQD]RIDULQJHOXL
$JHQWXOFDX]DODOSROLRPLHOLWHLHVWHVSHFLDPoliovirus hominis GLQJUXSXO
Picornaviridae, JHQXO Enterovirus(VWHIRDUWHUH]LVWHQWvQ PHGLXODPELDQWvQ
DSăVHSăVWUHD]ăSkQăODGH]LOHvQH[FUHPHQWHSkQăODOXQL5H]LVWăELQH
ODvQJKHĠDUHúLODXVFDUH1XVHGLVWUXJHODDFĠLXQHDVXFXOXLJDVWULFúLDQWLELRWLFH
ORU 6H FXOWLYă SHFXOWXUL GH FHOXOHPDQLIHVWkQG HIHFW FLWRSDWLF6H GLVWUXJH OD
ILHUEHUHODDFĠLXQHDUD]HORUXOWUDYLROHWHúLDXQRUSUHSDUDWHGH]LQIHFWDQWH
6XUVDGHLQIHFĠLHvQFD]XOSROLRPLHOLWHLHVWHRPXOEROQDY'HRELFHLVH
vPEROQăYHVFFRSLLLFXYkUVWDGHSkQăODDQLSkQăODYkUVWDGHDQL
0RUELGLWDWHDVSRUHúWHvQOXQLOHGHYDUăWRDPQă0HFDQLVPXOGHWUDQVPLWHUHHVWH
IHFDORUDO(VWHSRVLELOăúLWUDQVPLWHUHDDHURJHQă3HULRDGDGHLQFXEDĠLHDSROLR
PLHOLWHLHVWHUHODWLYVFXUWă±]LOHYDULD]ăvQWUHGH]LOH
ÌQXOWLPLLDQLGDWRULWăXQRUHIRUWXULFRQVLGHUDELOHvQPDMRULWDWHDĠăULORUHX
URSHQHLQFOXVLYvQ5HSXEOLFD0ROGRYDSROLRPLHOLWDHVWHHUDGLFDWăÌQDFHVWVFRS
DIRVWUHDOL]DWFXVXFFHV3URJUDPXO1DĠLRQDOGH,PXQL]ăULúL3URJUDPXO1DĠLRQDO
GHOLFKLGDUHDSROLRPLHOLWHLÌQDQXO5HSXEOLFD0ROGRYDDREĠLQXWVWDWXWXO
206GHĠDUăOLEHUăGHSROLRPLHOLWă
Infecţia rotavirală JDVWURHQWHULWD URWDYLUDOă UHSUH]LQWă R LQIHFĠLH YLUDOă
DFXWăFXDIHFWDUHDSUHSRQGHUHQWăDVXJDULORUúLDFRSLLORUPLFLWUDQVPLVăSULQ
DSă6HFDUDFWHUL]HD]ăSULQVLPSWRPHGHLQWR[LFDĠLHJHQHUDOăDIHFWDUHDVLVWHPX
OXLGLJHVWLYúLGHVKLGUDWDUH$JHQWXOFDX]DODOLQIHFĠLHLURWDYLUDOHHVWHYLUXVXOGLQ
IDPLOLD Reoviridae, JHQXO Rotavirus 9LUXVXOHVWHUH]LVWHQW vQPHGLXO DPELDQW
,QIHFWDUHDDUHORFSHFDOHIHFDORUDOăSULQDOLPHQWHúLDSăFRQWDPLQDWHFRQWDFW
GLUHFWMXFăULLHWF3HULRDGDGHLQFXEDĠLHGXUHD]ăRUH±]LOHPHGLX]LOH
(YROXĠLDSURFHVXOXLHSLGHPLFVHFDUDFWHUL]HD]ăSULQVH]RQDOLWDWHFXPRUELGLWDWH
VSRULWăvQOXQLOHGHLDUQă

Boli parazitare transmise pe calea apei

ÌQDIDUăGHLQIHFĠLLEDFWHULHQHDSDSRDWHWUDQVPLWHúLKHOPLQWR]H&XDSDvQ
RUJDQLVPXOXPDQSRWQLPHULFKLVWXULOHGHODPEOLLRXăOHGHDVFDULGHúLGHWULFRFH
IDOLODUYHOHGHDQFKLORVWRPHFLUFDULLOHIDVFLROHLKHSDWLFHPLFURILODULLGHULúWăEROL
UăVSkQGLWHvQ$IULFD,QGLDHWF$FHVWHEROLSDUD]LWDUHVHWUDQVPLWSULQLQWHUPHGLXO
DSHLLQIHFWDWHGLQED]LQHOHPLFLSHQWUXEăXWVSăODWXOUXIHORUVDXVFăOGDW
3DUD]LWR]HOHVXQWDIHFĠLXQLIRDUWHUăVSkQGLWHSHJORESURYRFkQGLPSRUWDQWH
SUHMXGLFLLVăQăWăĠLLSXEOLFH0HFDQLVPHOHGHWUDQVPLWHUHVXQWPXOWLSOHvQIXQFĠLH
GHSDUWLFXODULWăĠLOHELRORJLFHDOHILHFăUXLSDUD]LW$SDSRDWHDYHDUROXULGLIHULWHvQ
WUDQVPLWHUHDSDUD]LWR]HORUSDVLYGH YHKLFXODUHDSDUD]LWXOXLvQWUH VXUVăúLQRXD
JD]GăVDXPHGLXGHGH]YROWDUHREOLJDWRULXDOSDUD]LWXOXLDOFăUXLFLFOXSDUD]LWDU
FRQVWLWXLHPHGLXORSWLPGHGH]YROWDUHDXQRUYHFWRULDLGLYHU‫܈‬LORUSDUD]LĠL3DUD]L
WDUHDRUJDQLVPXOXLXPDQSURGXFHVWDUHDGHERDOăFXQRVFXWăVXEGHQXPLUHDJHQH
UDOăGHparazitoză%RDODVHSRDWHPDQLIHVWDVSRUDGLFHQGHPLFúLXQHRULHSLGHPLF

Boli determinate de protozoare

3ULQLQWHUPHGLXOFKLVWXULORULQIHFĠLRDVHHOLPLQDWHvQPHGLXOH[WHUQGHERO
QDYVDXSXUWăWRURPXOVăQăWRVVHSRDWHvPEROQăYLFXDSDVDXFXDOLPHQWHOHLQ
IHVWDWHFXDFHVWHFKLVWXUL%ROLOHFDUHVHSRWFRQWUDFWDDVWIHOVXQW
D Amibiaza ± DJHQWXO HWLRORJLF Entamoeba dysenteriae VDX E. histolytica.
$PLELD]DVDXGL]HQWHULDDPLELDOăHVWHFHDPDLUăVSkQGLWăSDUD]LWR]ă
GHQDWXUăKLGULFă(OLPLQDWRUXOSDUD]LWXOXLvQPHGLXOH[WHUQHVWHRPXO
EROQDYGDUúLXQHOHDQLPDOHGRPHVWLFHFkLQHOHSRUFXOúLVăOEDWLFH
úRERODQXO &HUFHWăUL HIHFWXDWH vQ ĠăULOH FDOGH DX DUăWDW Fă QXPăUXO
SRSXODĠLHL SXUWăWRDUH GH SDUD]LĠL DPLELHQL HVWH IRDUWHPDUH DMXQJkQG
SkQăODGLQWRWDOXOSRSXODĠLHL3DUD]LWXOVHHOLPLQăvQPHGLXOH[WHUQ
VXEIRUPăGHFKLVWDFăUXLUH]LVWHQĠăvQDSăSRDWHDMXQJHODGH
]LOH7HPSHUDWXUDDSHLDUHXQPDUHUROvQVXSUDYLHĠXLUHDSDUD]LWXOXLFX
FkWDSDHVWHPDLUHFHFXDWkWUH]LVWHQĠDVDHVWHPDLPDUH
,QIHVWDUHDRPXOXLVHSURGXFHSULQFRQVXPXODSHLSROXDWHGDUúLSULQDOLPHQWH
vQVSHFLDOIUXFWHúL]DU]DYDWXULFRQVXPDWHFUXGHVSăODWHVDXLULJDWHFXDSăLQIHVWDWă
E Giardioza ODPEOLD]D ± DJHQWXO HWLRORJLF Giardia intestinalis 3DUD]LWXO
HVWHHOLPLQDWGHRPXOEROQDYVDXSXUWăWRUVXEIRUPăGHFKLVWUH]LVWHQW
ODIDFWRULLPHGLXOXLH[WHULRUvQDSăVXSUDYLHĠXLQGFkWHYDOXQLÌPERO
QăYLUHDVHSURGXFHPDLDOHVSULQLQJHVWLDDSHLLQIHFWDWHPDLUDUSULQ
DOLPHQWHÌQSUH]HQWUăVSkQGLUHDJLDUGLHLHVWHPDLPDUHGHFkWDDPL
ELD]HLúLVHFDQWRQHD]ăFXGHFHVHODFRSLL
F Balantidoza VDX GL]HQWHULD EDODQWLGLDQă ± DJHQWXO SDWRJHQ Balantidium
coli6HWUDQVPLWHGHODRPXOEROQDYSULQDSDGHEDLHGHX]SHUVRQDO
VDXGHODSHUVRDQăODSHUVRDQă
GTrihomoniazaHVWHRSDUD]LWR]ăvQDFăUHLWUDQVPLWHUHDSDMRDFăXQUROGHRVHELW
GHLPSRUWDQWDOăWXULGHFRQWDFWXOGLUHFWVH[XDOLQWHUXPDQ%RDODHVWH
GHWHUPLQDWăGHXQ IODJHODW Trichomonas vaginalis IRDUWH SXĠLQ UH]LV
WHQWvQPHGLXOH[WHUQXQGHSLHUHvQFkWHYDRUHÌQDSDFDOGăSHVWHƒ&
UH]LVWHQĠDVDHVWHPDLPDUHGHDFHHDWUDQVPLWHUHDVHUHDOL]HD]ăFXSUH
SRQGHUHQĠăvQED]LQHOHGHvQRWvQFDUHVHJăVHVFFRQFRPLWHQWSHUVRDQH
EROQDYHúLSHUVRDQHVăQăWRDVHWUDQVPLWHUHDHVWHIDYRUL]DWăúLGHIRORVL
UHDvQFRPXQDXQRURELHFWHGHWRDOHWăSHUVRQDOăvPEUăFăPLQWH

Boli determinate de cestode(PEULRIRULLLQJHUDĠLFXDSDVDXFXDOLPHQ

WHOHFRQWDPLQDWHVDXGHSHPkLQLSRWGXFHODvPEROQăYLULcisticercoză±DJHQW
HWLRORJLFCysticercus bovis;echinococoză±DJHQWHWLRORJLFEchinococcus gra-
nulosus.
Capitolul **

Boli determinate de trematode3ULQFRQVXPXOGHDSăVDXFXXQHOHYHJH

WDOHDFYDWLFHFDUHFRQĠLQFHUFDULDLXQRUSDUD]LĠLHOLPLQDĠLvQPHGLXGHRPXOERO
QDYVHSRWFRQWUDFWD
a. fascioloza hepaticăVDXGLVWRPDWR]D±SDUD]LWR]ăFDUHIDFHSDUWHGLQ
FDWHJRULDFHORUvQFDUHDSDDUHURODFWLY0DLIUHFYHQWHVWHSURYRFDWă
GHFasciola hepatica VDX Distomum hepaticum,FDUHVHFDQWRQHD]ăOD
QLYHOXO ILFDWXOXL 3DUD]LWXOHVWH HOLPLQDW GLQ RUJDQLVP VXE IRUPă GH
RXă FDUH DMXQVH vQ PHGLXO H[WHULRU vúL FRQWLQXă GH]YROWDUHD vQ DSă
SkQăODXQVWDGLXLQWHUPHGLDUPLULDFLGXPFDUHDUHQHYRLHGHRJD]Gă
DFYDWLFăJDVWURSRGvQFRUSXOFăUHLDVHGH]YROWăSkQăODVWDGLXOLQIHV
WDQWFHUFDU(OLEHUDWvQDSăFHUFDUXOSRDWHLQIHVWDRUJDQLVPXOXPDQ
b. fascioloza intestinalăVDXdistomatoza intestinală±SDUD]LWR]ăFXHYR
OXĠLHDVHPăQăWRDUHFXIDVFLROR]DKHSDWLFăGDUFXRDOWăJD]GăRPR
OXVFăGHDSăGXOFHúLVHORFDOL]HD]ăODQLYHOXOLQWHVWLQXOXL
c. bilharzioza intestinală VDX schistosomiaza intestinală – DJHQWXOSDWR
JHQ Schistosoma mansoni;
d. bilharzioza vezicală VDX schistosomiaza vezicală – DJHQWXO SDWRJHQ
Schistosoma haematobium;
e. bilharzioza arteriovenoasă VDX bilharzioza – DJHQWXOSDWRJHQ Schisto-
soma japonicum;
f. schistosomiaza VDX bilharzioza – SDUD]LWR]ă FX HYROXĠLHKLGULFăUăV
SkQGLWăvQ]RQHOHWURSLFDOHXQGHDIHFWHD]ăXQPDUHQXPăUGHSHUVRDQH
SHVWHGHPLOLRDQH)RUPDXPDQăDSDUD]LWXOXLFXQRDúWHWUHLVSH
FLL(Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma japonicum úL Schistosoma ha-
ematobium); SULPHOH GRXă DXORFDOL]ăUL GLJHVWLYH LDU FHD GHDWUHLD
JHQLWRXULQDUă3ăWUXQGHvQRUJDQLVPSULQWHJXPHQWHFXSULOHMXOvPEă
LHULORUVDXWUHFHULLSULQDSăFXSLFLRDUHOHJRDOH&UH‫܈‬WHUHDQXPăUXOXL
GHODFXULGHDFXPXODUHSHQWUXVDWLVIDFHUHDQHFHVLWă‫܊‬LORUFUHVFkQGHvQ
DSăDOHLQGXVWULHLúLDOHDJULFXOWXULLDXGXVvQĠăULOHSHFDOHGHGH]YRO
WDUHODFUHúWHUHDSRSXODĠLHLGHPROXúWHSULQFLSDOHOHJD]GHLQWHUPHGLDUH
DOHVFKLVWRVRPHORUúLvQFRQVHFLQĠă ODFUHúWHUHDLQFLGHQĠHLVFKLVWRVR
PLD]HL

Boli determinate de nematode,QWURGXFHUHDvQRUJDQLVPXORPXOXLVăQăWRV

FXDOLPHQWHOHVDXFXDSDPDLUDURULGHSHPkLQLOHPXUGDUHDRXăORUHPEULRQDWH
VDXDODUYHORUHOLPLQDWHGHRPXOEROQDYSRDWHGXFHODFRQWUDFWDUHDXUPăWRDUHORU
EROL
a) ascaridoza±DJHQWXOSDWRJHQAscaris lumbricoides;
b) tricocefaloză±DJHQWXOSDWRJHQTrichocephalus hominis;
c) enterobioza±DJHQWXOSDWRJHQEnterobius vermicularis;
d) strongiloidoza±DJHQWXOSDWRJHQStrongyloides stercoralis;
e) anchilostomiaza±DJHQWXOSDWRJHQAncylostoma duodenala.
 8OWLPHOHGRXăDIHFĠLXQLGHúLSRWILSURGXVHúLSULQLQJHVWLDGHDSăFRQWDPL
QDWăGHUHJXOăVXQWFDX]DWHGHSăWUXQGHUHDSULQWHJXPHQWHDODUYHORUILOLIRUPHDOH
SDUD]LWXOXL

Normarea calităţii apei potabile. Importanța calității apei 

'XSăFXPPHQĠLRQHD]ă*U)ULSWXOHDFFUHúWHUHDUDSLGăDSRSXODĠLHL
GHSH7HUUDQHFHVLWăĠLOHPDULGHDSăSHQWUXLQGXVWULHDJULFXOWXUăVHUYLFLLOHFR
PXQDOHDXJHQHUDWFUL]HDFYDWLFHWRWDOHPDQLIHVWDWHSULQGHILFLWXODSHORUSRWDELOH
úLSULQSROXDUHDLQWHQVLYăDDFHVWRUD&RQIRUPUH]XOWDWHORUXQHLDQDOL]HJOREDOH
DSUR[LPDWLYGLQSRSXODĠLDGHSHJOREWUăLHúWHvQ]RQHvQFDUHDOLPHQWDĠLDFX
DSăSRWDELOăQXHVWHVLJXUă
5H]HUYHOHGHDSăSRWDELOăVFDGLDUFRQVXPXOHLFUHúWHvQSHUPDQHQĠă$F
WXDOPHQWHGHILFLWXOGHDSăSRWDELOăHVWHXQXOGLQWUHIDFWRULLSULQFLSDOLFHUHĠLQ
GH]YROWDUHDVRFLDOHFRQRPLFăDPDLPXOWRUĠăUL3UDFWLFQXHVWHQLFLRĠDUăFDUH
QXVDUFRQIUXQWDFXSUREOHPHOHFHĠLQGHFDQWLWDWHDúLGHFDOLWDWHDDSHORUGXOFLúL
DOHDSHORUSRWDELOH
/HJHDSULYLQGFDOLWDWHDDSHLSRWDELOH1U/3WUDQVSXQH'LUHFWLYD
&(D&RQVLOLXOXLGLQQRLHPEULHSULYLQGFDOLWDWHDDSHLGHVWLQDWHFRQ
VXPXOXLXPDQSXEOLFDWăvQ-XUQDOXO2ILFLDODO&RPXQLWă‫܊‬LORU(XURSHQH/GLQ
GHFHPEULH‫܈‬LWUDQVSXQHSDU‫܊‬LDO'LUHFWLYD(XUDWRPD&RQVLOLXOXL
GLQRFWRPEULHGHVWDELOLUHDXQRUFHULQ‫܊‬HGHSURWHF‫܊‬LHDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLSRSXOD
‫܊‬LHL vQ FHHD FH SULYH‫܈‬WH VXEVWDQ‫܊‬HOH UDGLRDFWLYH GLQ DSD GHVWLQDWă FRQVXPXOXL
XPDQSXEOLFDWăvQ-XUQDOXO2ILFLDODO8QLXQLL(XURSHQH/GLQQRLHPEULH
/HJHDSULYLQGFDOLWDWHDDSHLSRWDELOH1U/3VWDELOH‫܈‬WHFDGUXOOHJDO
SULYLQG FDOLWDWHD DSHL SRWDELOHSUHFXP ‫܈‬L PăVXULOH GLQSDUWHDDXWRULWă‫܊‬LORUUHV
SRQVDELOHSHQWUXDVLJXUDUHDFRQIRUPLWă‫܊‬LLFDOLWă‫܊‬LLDSHLSRWDELOH6FRSXOOHJLLFRQ
VWăvQDVLJXUDUHDGXUDELOăDFRQIRUPLWă‫܊‬LLFDOLWă‫܊‬LLDSHLSRWDELOHSULQFUHDUHDXQXL
FDGUXOHJDOIOH[LELO‫܈‬LWUDQVSDUHQWSUHFXP‫܈‬LSULQSURPRYDUHDXQXLPDQDJHPHQW
DGHFYDWDOULVFXULORU7RWRGDWăDUHFDRELHFWLYSURWHF‫܊‬LDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLXPDQHvPSRWULYD
HIHFWHORUQHIDVWHDOHFRQWDPLQăULLDSHLSRWDELOHSULQDVLJXUDUHDLQRIHQVLYLWă‫܊‬LL‫܈‬L
SXULWă‫܊‬LLDFHVWHLD

Extras din Legea privind calitatea apei potabile Nr. LP182/2019.

ÌQFDSLWROXODOSUH]HQWHL/HJL$UWLFROXO
6XQWGHVFULVHFRQGL‫܊‬LLOHGHFDOLWDWHDDSHLSRWDELOHFXPDUIL
 $SDSRWDELOăWUHEXLHVăILHVDQRJHQă‫܈‬LFXUDWăvQGHSOLQLQGXUPăWRDUHOHFRQGL‫܊‬LL
DVăILHOLSVLWăGHPLFURRUJDQLVPHSDUD]L‫܊‬LVDXVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFDUHSULQQXPăU
VDXFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LHFRQVWLWXLHXQSHULFROSRWHQ‫܊‬LDOSHQWUXVăQăWDWHDXPDQă
EVăvQWUXQHDVFăFHULQ‫܊‬HOHPLQLPHSUHYă]XWHvQWDEHOHOH$%‫܈‬L
GLQDQH[ă
FVăFRUHVSXQGăFHULQ‫܊‬HORUSUHYă]XWHODDUW±‫܈‬L
Capitolul **

 0ăVXULOHGHDSOLFDUHDSUH]HQWHLOHJLQXWUHEXLHVăFRQGXFăGLUHFWVDXLQGLUHFW
ODGHWHULRUDUHDFDOLWă‫܊‬LLDSHLSRWDELOHFDUHVăDIHFWH]HVăQăWDWHDXPDQăRULOD
FUH‫܈‬WHUHDJUDGXOXLGHSROXDUHDDSHORUXWLOL]DWHSHQWUXRE‫܊‬LQHUHDDSHLSRWDELOH
$UWLFROXO&DOLWDWHDDSHLSRWDELOH
 &DOLWDWHDDSHLSRWDELOHLQFOXVLYDDSHLFDOGHWUHEXLHVăFRUHVSXQGăYDORULORU
VWDELOLWHSHQWUXSDUDPHWULLSUHYă]X‫܊‬LvQDQH[ă9DORULOHSDUDPHWULORULQGLFD
WRULSUHYă]X‫܊‬LvQWDEHOXOGLQDQH[ăVXQWVWDELOLWHvQVFRSXOHYDOXăULLFDOLWă‫܊‬LL
DSHLSRWDELOHvQSURJUDPHOHGHPRQLWRUL]DUH‫܈‬LDOvQGHSOLQLULLREOLJD‫܊‬LLORUSUH
Yă]XWHGHSUH]HQWDOHJH
 *XYHUQXODSUREăYDORULSHQWUXSDUDPHWULLVXSOLPHQWDULFDUHQXVXQWLQFOX‫܈‬LvQ
DQH[ăvQFD]XULOHvQFDUHRLPSXQPăVXULOHGHSURWHF‫܊‬LHDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLSXEOLFH9D
ORULOHDSUREDWHWUHEXLHVăUHVSHFWHFRQGL‫܊‬LLOHSUHYă]XWHODDUWDOLQOLWD
$UWLFROXO3XQFWXOGHFRQIRUPLWDWH
 &DOLWDWHDDSHLSRWDELOHHVWHFRQIRUPăGDFăYDORULOHVWDELOLWHSHQWUXSDUDPHWULL
GHFDOLWDWHFRUHVSXQGFHORUSUHYă]XWHvQDQH[ăvQXUPăWRDUHOHSXQFWHGHSUHOH
YDUHDSUREHORU
DODURELQHWXOFRQVXPDWRUXOXLvQSXQFWXOGHLQWUDUHvQFOăGLUH‫܈‬LODFL‫܈‬
PHOHOHVWUDGDOHvQFD]XODSHLSRWDELOHIXUQL]DWHSULQUH‫܊‬HDXDGHGLV
WULEX‫܊‬LH
EvQSXQFWXOGHFXUJHUHDDSHLGLQUH]HUYRUFLVWHUQăvQFD]XODSHLSR
WDELOHIXUQL]DWHvQDFHVWPRG
FvQSXQFWXOvQFDUHDSDVHvPEXWHOLD]ăvQVWLFOHVDXDOWHUHFLSLHQWHGHV
WLQDWHFRPHUFLDOL]ăULLvQFD]XODSHLSRWDELOHvPEXWHOLDWH
GvQSXQFWXOGLQFDUHDSDHVWHSUHOXDWăvQSURFHVXOGHSURGXFHUHODvQ
WUHSULQGHULOHDOLPHQWDUH
 'DFăvQVLWXD‫܊‬LDSUHYă]XWăODDOLQOLWDVHFRQVWDWăFăYDORULOHSDUDPH
WULORUQXVHvQFDGUHD]ăvQYDORULOHVWDELOLWHvQDQH[ăGLQFDX]DVLVWHPXOXLFDVQLF
GHGLVWULEX‫܊‬LHVDXDPRGXOXLGHvQWUH‫܊‬LQHUHDDFHVWXLDVHFRQVLGHUăFăDXIRVW
vQGHSOLQLWHREOLJD‫܊‬LLOHFHUHYLQSURGXFăWRUXOXLGHDSăSRWDELOăUHVSHFWLYRSH
UDWRUXOXLFXH[FHS‫܊‬LDVLWXD‫܊‬LHLvQFDUHDSDHVWHIXUQL]DWăGLUHFWFRQVXPDWRUXOXL
LDUSURGXFăWRUXOUHVSHFWLYRSHUDWRUXOHVWHUHVSRQVDELO‫܈‬LGHvQWUH‫܊‬LQHUHDUH‫܊‬H
OHORULQWHULRDUH
 ÌQFD]XOFRQVWDWăULLVLWXD‫܊‬LHLSUHYă]XWHODDOLQ
DRSHUDWRULLQRWLILFăDXWRULWă‫܊‬LOHDGPLQLVWUD‫܊‬LHLSXEOLFHORFDOH‫܈‬LVDXSUR
SULHWDULLGHVSUHPăVXULOHDGHFYDWHGHUHPHGLHUH‫܈‬LvQWUH‫܊‬LQHUHDUH‫܊‬HOHL
VDXGHVSUHWHKQLFLOHDGHFYDWHGHWUDWDUHFHWUHEXLHDSOLFDWHSHQWUXD
UHGXFHVDXDHOLPLQDULVFXOGHQHFRQIRUPDUHODSDUDPHWULLGHFDOLWDWH
DLDSHLSRWDELOHLQIRUPkQGVLPXOWDQ$JHQ‫܊‬LD1D‫܊‬LRQDOăSHQWUX6ăQă
WDWH3XEOLFă
E $JHQ‫܊‬LD 1D‫܊‬LRQDOă SHQWUX 6ăQăWDWH 3XEOLFă QRWLILFă FRQVXPDWRULL
YL]D‫܊‬LGHVSUHPăVXULOHVXSOLPHQWDUHFHWUHEXLHDGRSWDWHSHQWUXSUH
YHQLUHDvPEROQăYLULORUGDFăDFHVWHDVHLPSXQ
&DSLWROXO,,,6835$9(*+(5(‫܇‬,021,725,=$5(
$UWLFROXO&RQWUROXOFDOLWă‫܊‬LLDSHLSRWDELOH
 0RQLWRUL]DUHDFDOLWă‫܊‬LLDSHLSRWDELOHVHDVLJXUăGHFăWUHSURGXFăWRURSHUDWRU
‫܈‬LDXWRULWă‫܊‬LSXEOLFHGXSăFXPXUPHD]ă
DSURGXFăWRULLGHDSăSRWDELOă‫܈‬LRSHUDWRULLDVLJXUăPRQLWRUL]DUHDRSH
UD‫܊‬LRQDOăFRQIRUPDUHDODSDUDPHWULLGHFDOLWDWH‫܈‬LILQDQ‫܊‬DUHDPRQLWR
UL]ăULLGHDXGLW‫܈‬LGHFRQWURODOFDOLWă‫܊‬LLDSHLSRWDELOH
E$JHQ‫܊‬LD1D‫܊‬LRQDOăSHQWUX6ăQăWDWH3XEOLFăLQFOXVLYSULQVXEGLYL]LX
QLOHVDOHWHULWRULDOHDVLJXUăPRQLWRUL]DUHDGHDXGLWDFDOLWă‫܊‬LLDSHLSR
WDELOHODRULFHHWDSăGHSURGXFHUHDDSHLH[WUDJHUHWUDWDUHvQPDJD
]LQDUHGLVWULEXLUH‫܈‬LDFDOLWă‫܊‬LLVXUVHORUGHDSăGHVWLQDWHvPEXWHOLHULL
SUHFXP‫܈‬LDFDOLWă‫܊‬LLDSHORUSRWDELOHvPEXWHOLDWHvQDLQWHGHSODVDUHD
ORUSHSLD‫܊‬ăFXVFRSXOGHDYHULILFDFRQIRUPLWDWHDDSHLFDUHXUPHD]ă
DILGLVWULEXLWăFRQVXPDWRUXOXLFXFHULQ‫܊‬HOHGHFDOLWDWH‫܈‬LGHDSUHYHQL
ULVFXULOHSHQWUXVăQăWDWHDSXEOLFă
F $JHQ‫܊‬LD 1D‫܊‬LRQDOă SULYLQG 6LJXUDQ‫܊‬D $OLPHQWHORU DVLJXUă VXSUDYH
JKHUHDFDOLWă‫܊‬LLDSHLSRWDELOHXWLOL]DWHGHvQWUHSULQGHULOHDOLPHQWDUH‫܈‬L
VXSUDYHJKHUHDSHSLD‫܊‬ăDDSHLSRWDELOHvPEXWHOLDWH
 0LQLVWHUXO6ăQăWă‫܊‬LL0XQFLL‫܈‬L3URWHF‫܊‬LHL6RFLDOHYDOXDWRDWHPăVXULOHvQVFRSXO
DVLJXUăULLFDSDFLWă‫܊‬LORUGHODERUDWRU‫܈‬LDFDOLILFăULLSHUVRQDOXOXL$JHQ‫܊‬LHL1D‫܊‬LR
QDOHSHQWUX6ăQăWDWH3XEOLFăSHQWUXUHDOL]DUHDPRQLWRUL]ăULLGHDXGLWDFDOLWă‫܊‬LL
DSHLSRWDELOHvQYHGHUHDSUHYHQLULLULVFXULORUSHQWUXVăQăWDWHDSXEOLFă
 3URGXFăWRULLGHDSăSRWDELOăVDXRSHUDWRULLSULQVLVWHPSXEOLFRULLQGLYLGXDO
SULQvPEXWHOLHUHvQVWLFOHVDXvQDOWHUHFLSLHQWHSHQWUXLQGXVWULDDOLPHQWDUăYRU
DVLJXUDPRQLWRUL]DUHDRSHUD‫܊‬LRQDOăGHFRQWURODODSHLSRWDELOHFRQIRUPXQXL
SURJUDPFDUHYDFXSULQGHFRQWUROXOHILFLHQ‫܊‬HLWHKQRORJLHLGHWUDWDUHvQGHRVHEL
DGH]LQIHF‫܊‬LHL‫܈‬LFRQWUROXOFDOLWă‫܊‬LLDSHLSRWDELOHSURGXVH‫܈‬LIXUQL]DWH
3URFHGXULOHSHQWUXPRQLWRUL]DUHDSUHYă]XWăODDOLQVHVWDELOHVFvQFRQ
IRUPLWDWHFX5HJXODPHQWXOVDQLWDUSULYLQGVXSUDYHJKHUHD‫܈‬LPRQLWRUL]DUHD
FDOLWă‫܊‬LL DSHL SRWDELOH LDU SURJUDPXO GH PRQLWRUL]DUH VH DSUREă GH FăWUH
$JHQ‫܊‬LD1D‫܊‬LRQDOăSHQWUX6ăQăWDWH3XEOLFă
 /DERUDWRDUHOHFDUHHIHFWXHD]ăvQFHUFăULDOHFDOLWă‫܊‬LLDSHLSRWDELOHLQGLIHUHQW
GHWLSXOGHSURSULHWDWH‫܈‬LIRUPDGHRUJDQL]DUHMXULGLFăYRUUHVSHFWDVSHFLIL
FD‫܊‬LLOHUHIHULWRDUHODPHWRGDGHDQDOL]ăDSDUDPHWULORUVWDELOL‫܊‬LFRQIRUP5H
JXODPHQWXOXL VDQLWDU SULYLQG VXSUDYHJKHUHD ‫܈‬L PRQLWRUL]DUHD FDOLWă‫܊‬LL DSHL
SRWDELOH$JHQ‫܊‬LD1D‫܊‬LRQDOăSHQWUX6ăQăWDWH3XEOLFăSODVHD]ăDQXDOSHSD
JLQDZHERILFLDOăOLVWDODERUDWRDUHORUFDUHHIHFWXHD]ăvQFHUFăULDOHFDOLWă‫܊‬LL
DSHLSRWDELOH
 3HQWUXHYDOXDUHDFDOLWă‫܊‬LLDSHLSRWDELOHVHSRWXWLOL]D‫܈‬LDOWHPHWRGHGHDQDOL]ă
DSUREDWHGHRUJDQLVPXOQD‫܊‬LRQDOGHVWDQGDUGL]DUH/DERUDWRDUHOHFDUHUHFXUJ
ODPHWRGHDOWHUQDWLYHSUH]LQWăWRDWHLQIRUPD‫܊‬LLOHGHYDOLGDUHDDFHVWRUD
 $JHQ‫܊‬LD1D‫܊‬LRQDOăSHQWUX6ăQăWDWH3XEOLFăHVWHvQGUHSWVăGHFLGăHIHFWXDUHD
XQHLPRQLWRUL]ăULVXSOLPHQWDUHGDFăH[LVWăGRYH]LFHDWHVWăSUH]HQ‫܊‬DvQDSă
Capitolul **

DXQRUVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HVDXPLFURRUJDQLVPHFDUHQXDXIRVWVWDELOLWHFDSDUDPHWUL
FRQIRUPWDEHOXOXLGLQDQH[ă‫܈‬LFDUHFRQVWLWXLHXQSRWHQ‫܊‬LDOSHULFROSHQWUX
VăQăWDWHDXPDQă0RQLWRUL]DUHDVXSOLPHQWDUăVHUHDOL]HD]ăLQGLYLGXDOSHQ
WUXILHFDUHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬ăVDXPLFURRUJDQLVPvQFDX]ă
$UWLFROXO3URFHGXULGHDQDOL]ăDFDOLWă‫܊‬LLDSHLSRWDELOH
6XUVHOHFHDVLJXUăDSDSRWDELOăvQPHGLXOUXUDO±IkQWkQLOHSX‫܊‬XULOHGHDGkQ
FLPHPLFă‫܈‬LFDSWăULOHGHDSă±VHYHULILFăGHFăWUHVXEGLYL]LXQLOHWHULWRULDOH
DOH$JHQ‫܊‬LHL1D‫܊‬LRQDOHSHQWUX6ăQăWDWH3XEOLFăODVROLFLWDUHDDXWRULWă‫܊‬LLSX
EOLFHORFDOHVDXDGH‫܊‬LQăWRUXOXLVXUVHLGHDSăODXQLQWHUYDOGHDQLODSDUD
PHWULLFKLPLFL‫܈‬LDQXDOODFHLPLFURELRORJLFLSULQSUHOHYDUHDSUREHORUGH
DSă‫܈‬LDQDOL]HGHODERUDWRU
 6WDUHDGHDSăSRWDELOăVDXDSăQHSRWDELOăFRQVWDWDWăvQED]DDQDOL]HORUGH
FăWUHXQODERUDWRUDELOLWDWVHFRQVHPQHD]ăSHRSOăFX‫܊‬ăDSOLFDWăODYHGHUHSH
VXUVDGHDSăVDXvQYHFLQăWDWHDHL
 ÌQFD]XOvQFDUHDQDOL]HOHGHODERUDWRUDUDWăFăDSDQXvQGHSOLQH‫܈‬WHFRQGL‫܊‬LLOH
GHSRWDELOLWDWHVHLQWHU]LFHXWLOL]DUHDDFHVWHLDSHQWUXFRQVXPXOXPDQDODQL
PDOHORU‫܈‬LSHQWUXLULJD‫܊‬LL
 'H‫܊‬LQăWRULLVXUVHORUGHDSă‫܈‬LRSHUDWRULLUH‫܊‬HOHORUGHDOLPHQWDUHFXDSăDVL
JXUăDFFHVXORUJDQHORUGHFRQWUROODVXUVHOHGHDSă‫܈‬LODUH‫܊‬HOHOHGHDOLPHQWDUH
SHQWUXSUHOHYDUHDGHSUREH‫܈‬LSURWHMDUHDDFHVWRUDvPSRWULYDFRQWDPLQăULORU
GHRULFHIHO
 &RVWXULOHGHSUHOHYDUH‫܈‬LDQDOL]ăDSUREHORUGHDSăSUHOHYDWHVHVXSRUWăGH
FăWUHGH‫܊‬LQăWRUXOVXUVHLGHDSăUHVSHFWLYRSHUDWRUXOUH‫܊‬HOHLGHDOLPHQWDUHFX
DSăFRQIRUPOLVWHL‫܈‬LWDULIHORUSHQWUXVHUYLFLLOHFRQWUDFRVWSUHVWDWHvQVIHUD
VăQăWă‫܊‬LLSXEOLFHSHQWUXSHUVRDQHOHIL]LFH‫܈‬LMXULGLFHDSUREDWHGH*XYHUQ
$UWLFROXO5HPHGLHUHDFD]XULORUGHQHFRQIRUPLWDWHDFDOLWă‫܊‬LLDSHLSRWDELOH
 1HvQFDGUDUHDvQYDORULOHVWDELOLWHSHQWUXSDUDPHWULLSUHYă]X‫܊‬LvQWDEHOXO
GLQDQH[ăHVWHDQDOL]DWăvQWHUPHQGHGHRUHGLQPRPHQWXOGHSLVWăULLIDS
WXOXLGHQHvQFDGUDUHGHFăWUH$JHQ‫܊‬LD1D‫܊‬LRQDOăSHQWUX6ăQăWDWH3XEOLFăSUH
FXP‫܈‬LGHFăWUHSURGXFăWRULLRSHUDWRULL‫܈‬LFRQVXPDWRULLLPSOLFD‫܊‬LvQVFRSXO
LGHQWLILFăULLFDX]HL
 'DFăGXSăWRDWHPăVXULOHOXDWHSHQWUXvQGHSOLQLUHDFRQGL‫܊‬LLORUVSHFLILFDWHOD
DUWDOLQDSDSRWDELOăQXvQWUXQH‫܈‬WHYDORULOHVWDELOLWHSHQWUXSDUDPHWULL
SUHYă]X‫܊‬LvQDQH[ăVHDSOLFăGLVSR]L‫܊‬LLOHDUWDOLQLDU$JHQ‫܊‬LD1D‫܊‬LRQDOă
SHQWUX6ăQăWDWH3XEOLFăGLVSXQHvQWUHSULQGHUHDPăVXULORUGHXUJHQ‫܊‬ăQHFHVDUH
SHQWUX UHVWDELOLUHDFDOLWă‫܊‬LLDSHL 6H GăSULRULWDWHDF‫܊‬LXQLORUFRUHFWLYHSHQWUX
SDUDPHWULLDFăURUGHSă‫܈‬LUHUHSUH]LQWăXQSHULFROSHQWUXVăQăWDWHDXPDQă
 $JHQ‫܊‬LD1D‫܊‬LRQDOăSHQWUX6ăQăWDWH3XEOLFăGLVSXQHLQWHU]LFHUHDVDXUHVWULF
‫܊‬LRQDUHDXWLOL]ăULLDSHLGDFăVDXvQUHJLVWUDWQHFRQIRUPLWă‫܊‬LID‫܊‬ăGHYDORULOH
DGPLVHDOHSDUDPHWULORU‫܈‬LGDFăDSDFRQVWLWXLHXQSHULFROSHQWUXVăQăWDWHD
 XPDQăYHULILFkQGGDFăDXIRVWOXDWHWRDWHPăVXULOHSHQWUXSURWHMDUHDVăQă
Wă‫܊‬LLXPDQHÌQDVWIHOGHFD]XULFRQVXPDWRULLVXQWLQIRUPD‫܊‬LLPHGLDW‫܈‬LSUL
PHVFWRDWHUHFRPDQGăULOHFHVHLPSXQ
 $JHQ‫܊‬LD1D‫܊‬LRQDOăSHQWUX6ăQăWDWH3XEOLFăvPSUHXQăFXDXWRULWă‫܊‬LOHSXEOLFH
ORFDOHGHFLGHILHLQWHU]LFHUHDILHUHVWULF‫܊‬LRQDUHDXWLOL]ăULLDSHLvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGH
ULVFXULOHSHQWUXVăQăWDWHDSRSXOD‫܊‬LHLJHQHUDWHGHvQWUHUXSHUHDDOLPHQWăULLFX
DSăSRWDELOăVDXGHUHVWULF‫܊‬LLOHODXWLOL]DUHDDFHVWHLD
 ÌQFD]XOQHFRQIRUPLWă‫܊‬LLFXYDORULOHSDUDPHWULORUVDXFXVSHFLILFD‫܊‬LLOHSUHYă
]XWHvQWDEHOXOGLQDQH[ă$JHQ‫܊‬LD1D‫܊‬LRQDOăSHQWUX6ăQăWDWH3XEOLFăDQD
OL]HD]ă GDFă DFHDVWă QHFRQIRUPLWDWH UHSUH]LQWă XQ ULVF SHQWUX VăQăWDWHD
XPDQă‫܈‬LGLVSXQHOXDUHDPăVXULORUSHQWUXUHVWDELOLUHDFDOLWă‫܊‬LLDSHLvQVFRSXO
SURWHMăULLVăQăWă‫܊‬LLXPDQH
 ÌQRULFHVLWXD‫܊‬LHvQFDUHVXQWOXDWHPăVXULGHUHPHGLHUH$JHQ‫܊‬LD1D‫܊‬LRQDOă
SHQWUX6ăQăWDWH3XEOLFăDVLJXUăLQIRUPDUHDFRQVXPDWRULORU

Anexă - Parametrii de calitate ai apei potabile.

 3DUDPHWULLGHFDOLWDWHDLDSHLSRWDELOH3DUDPHWULLGHFDOLWDWHVXQWPLFUREL
RORJLFLFKLPLFL‫܈‬LLQGLFDWRUL
 9DORULOHFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LLORUPD[LPHDGPLVHSHQWUXSDUDPHWULLGHFDOLWDWHDL
DSHLSRWDELOHVXQWFHOHSUHYă]XWHvQWDEHOHOH$%‫܈‬L




     
Capitolul **
Capitolul **



Capitolul **


$SDQDWXUDOăFRQ‫܊‬LQHHOHPHQWHUHJăVLWH‫܈‬LvQRUJDQLVPXOXPDQXQGHvQGH
SOLQHVFUROXULELRORJLFHLPSRUWDQWHPRWLYSHQWUXFDUHVHQXPHVFELRHOHPHQWH2
SDUWHGLQWUHELRHOHPHQWHVXQWSUH]HQWHvQFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LLUHODWLYPDULvQPHGLX‫܈‬LvQ
RUJDQLVPXOXPDQILLQGQXPLWHPDFURHOHPHQWH%LRHOHPHQWHOHFRQ‫܊‬LQXWHvQPH
GLXDSăDHUVRODOLPHQWH‫܈‬LvQRUJDQLVPXOXPDQvQFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LLPLFLVXQWQX
PLWHmicroelemente
&DQWLWDWHDELRHOHPHQWHORUGLQRUJDQLVPXOXPDQHVWHGLUHFWSURSRU‫܊‬LRQDOăFX
SUH]HQ‫܊‬DORUvQVROvQDSăvQSODQWHHWF$SDSRWDELOăDFRSHUăGRDUGLQ
QHFHVDUXOGLXUQvQELRHOHPHQWHSUHFXPLRGILHU]LQFPDJQH]LXPROLEGHQFREDOW
LDUSHQWUXIOXRU‫܈‬LVWURQ‫܊‬LXDSDHVWHVXUVDSULQFLSDOă&DUHQ‫܊‬DVDXVXUSOXVXOGHELR
HOHPHQWHvQDSă‫܈‬LvQSURGXVHOHDOLPHQWDUHSRDWHGXFHODGHUHJOăULIXQF‫܊‬LRQDOH‫܈‬L
VWăULSDWRORJLFHDOHRUJDQLVPXOXL
5ăVSkQGLUHD PLFURHOHPHQWHORUSHSăPkQWHVWH QHXQLIRUPă GHDFHHD FD
UHQ‫܊‬DVDXH[FHVXOORUvQDSăvQVROvQSODQWHHVWHFDUDFWHULVWLFăSHQWUXDQXPLWH
]RQHJHRJUDILFH$FHVWH]RQHVXQWQXPLWHprovincii biogeochimiceLDUEROLOH±
endemii biogeochimice&HOH PDLUăVSkQGLWHHQGHPLL ELRJHRFKLPLFH VXQW FHOH
SURYRFDWHGHFDUHQ‫܊‬DVDXH[FHVXOGHIOXRUGHLRGGHVWURQ‫܊‬LX‫܈‬LGHFREDOW
8QHOH GLQWUH ELRHOHPHQWH SUHFXP VHOHQLXO ‫܈‬LIOXRUXO VXQWPLFURHOHPHQWH
HVHQ‫܊‬LDOHSHQWUXRUJDQLVPXOXPDQ$SRUWXOORUvQRUJDQLVPXOXPDQWUHEXLHVăILH
RSWLPDOvQFD]FRQWUDUVHFUHHD]ăFRQGL‫܊‬LLGHDSDUL‫܊‬LHDKLSRVDXKLSHUPLFURHOH
PHQWR]HL$OWHHOHPHQWHFKLPLFHGHRULJLQHQDWXUDOăEHULOLXDUVHQSOXPEQLWUD‫܊‬L
VWURQ‫܊‬LXQXVXQWHVHQ‫܊‬LDOHSHQWUXRUJDQLVPXOXPDQLDUH[FHVXOORUSRDWHGXFHOD
LQWR[LFD‫܊‬LLODDSDUL‫܊‬LDEROLORUHQGHPLFH
&RQ‫܊‬LQXWXOPDUHGHVăUXULvQDSDSRWDELOăvQGHRVHELDVXOIDWXOXLGHPDJ
QH]LXGDXDSHLXQJXVWDPDUÌQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHGXULWDWHDSDLQIOXHQ‫܊‬HD]ăVWDUHDGH
VăQăWDWHDRDPHQLORU7UHFHUHDEUXVFăGHODDSDPRDOHODFHDGXUă‫܈‬LLQYHUVSRDWH
SURYRFDGLVSHSVLLSUH]HQ‫܊‬DvQH[FHVDVXOIDWXOXLGHPDJQH]LX/DSRSXOD‫܊‬LDGLQ
]RQHOHFXFOLPăFDOGăDSDGXUăGXFHODvQUăXWă‫܊‬LUHDVWăULLSDFLHQ‫܊‬LORUFXOLWLD]ă
ELOLDUăÌQHWLRORJLDXUROLWLD]HLXQUROLPSRUWDQWvOMRDFăJUDGXOGHGXULWDWHDODSHL
SRWDELOH $VWIHO ERDOD HVWH UăVSkQGLWă vQ DQXPLWH ]RQH QXPLWH ]RQH SLHWURDVH
HQGHPLFHDSDSRWDELOăDLFLILLQGGXUă
6ăUXULOHGLQDSDGXUăGHUHJOHD]ăDEVRUE‫܊‬LDOLSLGHORUFDUH]XOWDWDOVDSRQLIL
FăULLORU‫܈‬LIRUPăULLvQLQWHVWLQDVăSXQXULORULQVROXELOHGH&D‫܈‬LGH0JÌQDFHVW
FD]RUJDQLVPXOXPDQQXDVLPLOHD]ăVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HHVHQ‫܊‬LDOHDFL]LJUD‫܈‬LSROLQHVDWX
UD‫܊‬LYLWDPLQHOLSRVROXELOHXQHOHPLFURHOHPHQWH
ÌQ]RQHOHVăUDFHvQLRGDSDGXUăVSRUH‫܈‬WHULVFXODSDUL‫܊‬LHLJX‫܈‬LLHQGHPLFH
$SD GXUă IDFLOLWHD]ă DSDUL‫܊‬LD GHUPDWLWHORU 0HFDQLVPXO DFHVWXL IHQRPHQ
FRQVWăvQVDSRQLILFDUHDOLSLGHORUFXIRUPDUHDvQDSăDVăSXQXULORULQVROXELOHGH&D
‫܈‬LGH0JFDUHDXDF‫܊‬LXQHLULWDQWăDVXSUDSLHOLL3HGHDOWăSDUWHQLFLDSDPRDOHQX
HVWH EHQHILFă RUJDQLVPXOXL XPDQ GLQ FDX]D UHGXFHULL DSRUWXOXL GH FDOFLX 'H
DFHHDIRORVLUHDXQHLDSHPRLVăUDFHvQFDOFLXSRDWHGXFHODFDUHQ‫܊‬DOXLvQRUJD
QLVPXOXPDQ/DSHUVRDQHOHGLQ]RQHOHFXDSăPRDOHSHVPDO‫܊‬XOGHQWDUDSDUSHWH
SXUSXULLFDUH]XOWDWDOGHFDOFLILHULLGHQWLQHL
%RDOD8URYERDOD.DVKLQ%HFNFDUHDIHFWHD]ăRDVHOH‫܈‬LDUWLFXOD‫܊‬LLOHFD
UDFWHULVWLFăXQRU]RQHHQGHPLFHGLQ6LEHULDGLQ&KLQDGLQ7LEHW‫܈‬LGLQ&RUHHD
HVWHRSROLKLSHUPLFURHOHPHQWR]ăGHILHUGHPDQJDQGH]LQFGHIOXRUGHSOXPE
‫܈‬LGHDUJLQWFHDSDUHvQ]RQHOHFXXQFRQ‫܊‬LQXWUHGXVGHFDOFLXvQDSDSRWDELOă‫܈‬L
FXXQH[FHVGHVWURQ‫܊‬LX
%ROLOHFDUGLRYDVFXODUHVXQWSOXULHWLRORJLFHFXLQWHUYHQ‫܊‬LDXQRUIDFWRULH[R
JHQLFRQVLGHUD‫܊‬LGHSULQGHULQHLJLHQLFHDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LDQHUD‫܊‬LRQDOăVHGHQWDULVPXOIX
PDWXOH[FHVLYVXSUDVROLFLWDUHDQHUYRDVă‫܈‬LDIDFWRUXOXLGHPHGLXKLGULF)DFWRUXO
KLGULFUHSUH]HQWDWSULQGXULWDWHDDSHLGHWHUPLQDWăvQSULPXOUkQGGHVăUXULOHGH&D
Capitolul **

‫܈‬LGH0JDIRVWXUPăULWvQQXPHURDVHVWXGLLHSLGHPLRORJLFHvQFRUHOD‫܊‬LHFXPRU
WDOLWDWHDSULQEROLFDUGLRYDVFXODUH-DSRQLD68$&DQDGD6XHGLD8QJDULD5R
PkQLD‫܈‬D$VWIHOVDGHPRQVWUDWFăvQ]RQHvQFDUHFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LDVăUXULORUGHFDO
FLX‫܈‬LGHPDJQH]LXvQDSăHVWHFUHVFXWăSUHYDOHQ‫܊‬DDFHVWRUDIHF‫܊‬LXQLHVWHPDLPLFă
‫܊‬ăULOHGLQVXGXO(XURSHLXQGHVFRDU‫܊‬DWHUHVWUăDUHRULJLQHFDUVWLFă
(VWHFXQRVFXWUROXOFDOFLXOXLvQH[FLWDELOLWDWHDQHXURPXVFXODUăvQVFăGHUHD
FDOFHPLHLIUDF‫܊‬LXQHDLRQLFăGHWHUPLQkQGVSDVPRILOLHWHWDQLHFXDULWPLLFDUGLDFH
‫܈‬LPRGLILFăULDOHHOHFWURFDUGLRJUDPHLGHUHSRODUL]DUH0DJQH]LXOVHPDQLIHVWăFD
DFWLYDWRUHQ]LPDWLFLQWHUYHQLQGvQPHWDEROLVPXOOLSLGHORU‫܈‬LGHSULPkQGH[FLWDEL
OLWDWHDQHXURPXVFXODUă
8QHOHHOHPHQWHPLQHUDOHPDQLIHVWăRDF‫܊‬LXQHGHSURWHF‫܊‬LHDPLRFDUGXOXLDQ
WLDWHURVFOHURWLFă‫܈‬LLQWHUYLQvQIXQF‫܊‬LRQDOLWDWHDPLRFDUGXOXL&HUFHWăULOHHIHFWXDWHvQ
GLIHULWH‫܊‬ăULvQFDGUXOXQXL SURJUDPGH VWXGLXLQWHUQD‫܊‬LRQDOODQVDW GH2UJDQL]D‫܊‬LD
0RQGLDOăD6ăQăWă‫܊‬LLDXSHUPLVFRQWXUDUHDHOHPHQWHORUFXUROIDYRUDELODVXSUDDSD
UDWXOXLFDUGLRYDVFXODUCr, Zn, Mn, Va‫܈‬LQHIDYRUDELOCu, Cd, Co, Na
0LFURHOHPHQWHOHFXUROSURWHFWRUODQLYHOFDUGLRYDVFXODUVXQW
● =LQFXODUHHIHFWKLSRWHQVRUGHWHUPLQDWGHUDSRUWXOCd/Zn
● &URPXOLQWHUYLQHvQPHWDEROLVPXOJOXFLGLF‫܈‬LOLSLGLFDYkQGDVWIHOXQ
URO LPSRUWDQW vQ SUHYHQLUHD DWHURVFOHUR]HL 6WXGLL HSLGHPLRORJLFH OD
SHUVRDQHFXDIHF‫܊‬LXQLFDUGLRYDVFXODUHDXHYLGHQ‫܊‬LDWYDORULVFă]XWHFD
UHQ‫܊‬ăGHFURPvQRUJDQLVP
● 0DQJDQXOHVWH XQ DFWLYDWRUHQ]LPDWLFFX HIHFW KLSRFROHVWHUROHPLDQW
H[HUFLWkQGXQUROLPSRUWDQW‫܈‬LvQWUDQVSRUWXOR[LJHQXOXL(VWHXWLOL]DW
DOăWXULGHQLFKHOvQGLDJQRVWLFXOVWăULORUGHLQIDUFWGHPLRFDUGUHFHQW
SUH]HQWkQGYDORULFUHVFXWH
● 9DQDGLXOHVWHLPSOLFDWvQWUDQVSRUWXOR[LJHQXOXL‫܈‬LvPSUHXQăFXPDQ
JDQXO‫܈‬L]LQFXOHVWHDQWLKLSR[LF
0LFURHOHPHQWHFXUROQHIDYRUDELODVXSUDDSDUDWXOXLFDUGLRYDVFXODUVXQW
● &DGPLXOvQH[FHVSULQPHFDQLVPHQ]LPDWLFVWLPXOHD]ăPHWDEROLVPXO
FROHVWHUROXOXLIDYRUL]kQGGHSXQHUHDYDVFXODUăDSOăFLORUGHDWHURPFX
LQGXFHUHDDWHURVFOHUR]HL‫܈‬LDKLSHUWHQVLXQLLDUWHULDOH
● &REDOWXOHVWHXQHOHPHQWFKLPLFFXDF‫܊‬LXQHFDWDOLWLFăPDUHFRQVWLWXHQW
DOYLWDPLQHL%ÌQFDQWLWă‫܊‬LPDULSRDWHDYHDHIHFWHODQLYHOFDUGLRYDVFX
ODU (VWH GHVFULVă R FDUGLRSDWLH D PDULORU FRQVXPDWRUL GH EHUH SULQ
DGDRVGHFREDOWFDVWDELOL]DWRUDOVSXPHL
● &XSUXOHVWHXQHOHPHQWFXUHDFWLYLWDWHFKLPLFăUHGXVăFRQVWLWXHQWHQ]L
PDWLFLPSRUWDQWFHIDYRUL]HD]ăDEVRUE‫܊‬LDILHUXOXLÌQFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LLPDULvQ
RUJDQLVPDUHHIHFWHDWHURPDWRJHQH
● 6RGLXOvQH[FHVDUHGHDVHPHQHDXQUROLPSRUWDQWvQKLSHUWHQVLXQHD
DUWHULDOăFDXUPDUHDUHWHQ‫܊‬LHLKLGULFH7RWX‫܈‬LUHGXFHUHDFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOXLVR
GLXOXLvQRUJDQLVPDUHXUPăULODQLYHOFDUGLRYDVFXODUILLQGvQVR‫܊‬LWăGH
VFăGHUHDFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOXLLRQLORUGHFDOFLX‫܈‬LGHVHPQHGHFRODSVSHULIHULF
 ÌQFD]XOPXOWRUHOHPHQWHFKLPLFHFHSăWUXQGvQRUJDQLVPXOXPDQSHGLIH
ULWHFăLLQIOXHQ‫܊‬DDVXSUDVWăULLGHVăQăWDWHGHSLQGHvQSULPXOUkQGGHFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LH
GDU‫܈‬LGHDO‫܊‬LIDFWRUL&DUDFWHULVWLFDPDMRUăDVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HORUPLQHUDOHHVWHQLYHOXOGL
IHULWGHDFWLYLWDWHELRORJLFăvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LHDF‫܊‬LXQHJUDGDWă&DQWLWă‫܊‬L
PLFL VXQW QHFHVDUH SHQWUX FUH‫܈‬WHUHD ‫܈‬LGH]YROWDUHD RSWLPă QLYHOXULOHPDLPDUL
DVLJXUăGHSR]LWDUHDORULDUFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LLOHH[FHVLYHVXQWWR[LFH
FluorulQRUPDPJOHVWHFHOPDLUăVSkQGLW‫܈‬LPDLDFWLYHOHPHQWGLQ
JUXSXOKDORJHQLORU6HvQWkOQHVFWHULWRULLJHRJUDILFHERJDWHvQIOXRU]ăFăPLQWH
vQJUă‫܈‬ăPLQWHPLQHUDOHYXOFDQLVWLQ‫܈‬LVDXDFWLYL(VWHXQLPSRUWDQWHOHPHQWELR
JHQSDUWLFLSkQGODPHWDEROLVPXOVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HORUPLQHUDOHGLQRUJDQLVPODIRUPD
UHDRDVHORU‫܈‬LGLQ‫܊‬LORU
$SDSRWDELOăHVWHVXUVDGHED]ăGHIOXRUSHQWUXRUJDQLVPXORPXOXL$OL
PHQWHOHVXQWvQJHQHUDOVăUDFHvQIOXRUFXPLFLH[FHS‫܊‬LLSURGXVHPDULQHSH‫܈‬WL
FUXVWDFHHVFRLFLIUXQ]HOHGHFHDL
)OXRUXODUHHIHFWFDULRSURWHFWRUvQVSHFLDOSULQIRUPDUHDIOXRUDSDWLWHLODQLYH
OXOVPDO‫܊‬XOXLGHQWDUFDUHVFDGHVROXELOLWDWHDVPDO‫܊‬XOXLvQPHGLXODFLGGLQFDYLWDWHD
EXFDOă‫܈‬LIDYRUL]HD]ăUHPLQHUDOL]DUHDOH]LXQLORUFDULRDVHLQFLSLHQWHDOHVPDO‫܊‬XOXL
&RQ‫܊‬LQXWXOvQH[FHVGHIOXRUvQDSDSRWDELOăSURYRDFăIOXRUR]DHQGHPLFă
FHDIHFWHD]ăSRSXOD‫܊‬LDGLQ]RQHOHHQGHPLFHFXXQFRQ‫܊‬LQXWGHIOXRUFHGHSă‫܈‬H‫܈‬WH
PJO6HPQHOHSUHFRFHDOHIOXRUR]HLHQGHPLFHVXQWDSDUL‫܊‬LDSHVPDO‫܊‬XOGLQ
‫܊‬LORUDSHWHORUDOEVLGHILLFRORUDWHDSRLvQPDUR(VWHDIHFWDWăGHQWLQDGLQ‫܊‬LLGHYLQ
IUDJLOL‫܈‬LX‫܈‬RUVHGLVWUXJ$IHFWDUHDGLQ‫܊‬LORUDUHORFODRFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LHDIOXRUXOXL
PDLPDUHGHPJOSXUWkQGGHQXPLUHDGHIOXRUR]ăGHQWDUă
/DFUH‫܈‬WHUHDDSRUWXOXLGHIOXRUSHVWHPJOvQDSDSRWDELOăDSDUHRVWHR
IOXRUR]DFDUHDUHRID]ăDVLPSWRPDWLFăFUH‫܈‬WHUHDRSDFLWă‫܊‬LLRDVHORUID‫܊‬ăGHUD]HOH
;IăUăPDQLIHVWăULFOLQLFH/DFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LLSHVWHPJOVHLQVWDOHD]ăRVWHRIOX
RUR]DVLPSWRPDWLFăRVWHRSRUR]ăH[RVWR]HLQFXUEDUHDRDVHORU‫܈‬LIUDFWXULVSRQ
WDQH&RQFRPLWHQWDSDUFDOFLILFăULODQLYHOXOOLJDPHQWHORU‫܈‬LFKLDUODQLYHOXOXQRU
RUJDQH/DFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LLSHVWHPJOVHLQVWDOHD]ăRVWHRIOXRUR]DDQFKLOR]DQWă
GHVFULVăGRDUODDQLPDOHFDUHPRUSULQFD‫܈‬H[LH
&RQFHQWUD‫܊‬LDUHGXVăDIOXRUXOXLvQDSDSRWDELOăPJOGXFHODGLV
WUXJHUHDVPDO‫܊‬XOXLGHQWDUGLQ‫܊‬LLGHYLQIUDJLOL‫܈‬LVXQWDIHFWD‫܊‬LGHFDULDGHQWDUă
IodulQRUPD—JHVWHXQKDORJHQLPSRUWDQWÌQRUJDQLVPXOXPDQ
SDUWLFLSăODGLYHUVHSURFHVHELRFKLPLFHR[LGDWLYHHWF&RQFHQWUD‫܊‬LDFHDPDLPDUH
GHLRGvQRUJDQLVPVHDIOăvQWLURLGă‫܈‬LvQPX‫܈‬FKL,RGXOHVWHUăVSkQGLWSUHWXWLQGHQL
vQQDWXUăVXEIRUPăGHVăUXULGHVRGLXGHSRWDVLXGHFDOFLX‫܈‬LGHPDJQH]LX3ULQ
FLSDODVXUVăGHLRGRUHSUH]LQWăDOLPHQWHOHDSDDVLJXUkQGGRDUGLQQHYRLOH
]LOQLFHDOHRUJDQLVPXOXLÌQSURYLQFLLOHELRJHRFKLPLFHFXLQVXILFLHQ‫܊‬ăGHLRGLQ
FOXVLY5HSXEOLFD0ROGRYDSRSXOD‫܊‬LDVXIHUăGHJX‫܈‬DHQGHPLFăKLSRIXQF‫܊‬LDWLURL
GHLFXPăULUHDFRPSHQVDWRULHDDFHVWHLD
,RGXOFRQWULEXLHODVLQWH]DKRUPRQLORUWLURLGLHQLWULLRGWLURQLQD7‫܈‬LWLUR
[LQD75HJODUHDVHFUH‫܊‬LHLGHKRUPRQLWLURLGLHQLVHIDFHSULQLPSXOVXULH[R
JHQHGHRULJLQHFRUWLFDOăVDXHQGRJHQă$FH‫܈‬WLDVWLPXOHD]ăVHFUH‫܊‬LDKLSRWDODPLFă
Capitolul **

GH75+thyrotropin releasing hormoneFDUHHVWHSUHOXDWGHFLUFXOD‫܊‬LDSRUWDOă

‫܈‬L WUDQVSRUWDW vQ DGHQRKLSRIL]ă XQGH VWLPXOHD]ă VHFUH‫܊‬LD GH 76+ WLUHRVWLPX
OLQD76+XOODQLYHOWLURLGLDQDFWLYHD]ăSRPSDGHLRG‫܈‬LKRUPRQRVLQWH]D'DFă
QLYHOXOKRUPRQLORUvQVkQJHHVWHVFă]XWFUH‫܈‬WHHOLEHUDUHDGH75+‫܈‬LGH76+FDUH
VWLPXOHD]ăWLURLGDFXFUH‫܈‬WHUHDVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HLFRORLGDOHFHHDFHGXFHODPăULUHDvQ
YROXPDJODQGHL$SDUL‫܊‬LDJX‫܈‬LLHVWHFRUHODWăFXRFDUHQ‫܊‬ăDEVROXWăDLRGXOXLvQDSă
VXEJO([LVWăVLWXD‫܊‬LLvQFDUHFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LDLRGXOXLvQDSăHVWHSHVWHJO‫܈‬L
WRWX‫܈‬LDSDUFD]XULGHERDOăFDUHQ‫܊‬DUHODWLYăGHLRGGHWHUPLQDWăGHIDFWRULH[
WULQVHFLVDXELRORJLFL+RUPRQRVLQWH]DHVWHLQIOXHQ‫܊‬DWăGHXUPăWRULLIDFWRULSUH
]HQ‫܊‬DvQH[FHVDVăUXULORUGHFDOFLXVFDGHDEVRUE‫܊‬LDLQWHVWLQDOăDLRGXOXLSUH]HQ‫܊‬D
vQH[FHVDIOXRUXOXLFUH‫܈‬WHHOLPLQDUHDXULQDUăGHLRGPDQJDQXOvQH[FHVLQKLEă
KRUPRQRVLQWH]DFRQVXPXOvQFDQWLWă‫܊‬LPDULGHFRQRSLGăGHYDU]ăGHQDSLFDUH
FRQ‫܊‬LQJOLFR]L]LDFWLYHD]ăHQ]LPDWLFHOLEHUDUHDGHWLRFLDQD‫܊‬LvPSLHGLFkQGDVWIHO
DFXPXODUHDLRGXOXLvQWLURLGă
&DUHQ‫܊‬DUHODWLYăGHLRGSRDWHDYHDODED]ă‫܈‬LIDFWRULHQGRJHQLELRORJLFL
vQVR‫܊‬L‫܊‬LGHRQHYRLHFUHVFXWăGHLRGvQRUJDQLVPSXEHUWDWHJUDYLGLWDWHGHUHJOăUL
HQGRFULQH *X‫܈‬D VDX GLVWURILD HQGHPLFă WLUHRSDWă VH PDQLIHVWă SULQ VFăGHUHD
PHWDEROLVPXOXLED]DODGHELWXOXLFLUFXODWRUDDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LLQHXURSVLKLFHKLSRJR
QDGLVPWXOEXUăULWURILFHHWF/DIăWFDUHQ‫܊‬DGHLRGJHQHUDWăGHXQDSRUWLQVXIL
FLHQW GH LRG OD PDPă GHWHUPLQă LQFLGHQ‫܊‬ă FUHVFXWă D PRUWDOLWă‫܊‬LL QHRQDWDOH
DYRUWXULVSRQWDQHPDOIRUPD‫܊‬LLFRQJHQLWDOHJUHXWDWHPLFăODQD‫܈‬WHUHFUHWLQLVP
FX OH]LXQL QHXURORJLFH GHILFLWPHQWDO VXUGRPXWLWDWH VWUDELVP KLSRWLURLGLVP
MXYHQLOFXGH]YROWDUHPHQWDOă‫܈‬LIL]LFăGHILFLWDUH
1HFHVLWDWHDLQWURGXFHULLSURILOD[LHLFXLRGVHVWDELOH‫܈‬WHSULQH[DPLQăULFOL
QLFH 0ăVXULOH VSHFLILFH GH SURILOD[LH vPSRWULYD JXVHL HQGHPLFH VXQW LRGDUHD
SURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUHVDUHDGHEXFăWăULHDSDSkLQHDXOHLXOYHJHWDOHWFVDX
DGPLQLVWUDUHDSDVWLOHORUFXLRG
Nitriții QRUPDPJOLQIOXHQ‫܊‬HD]ăIHUPHQ‫܊‬LLFDUHDVLJXUăUHVSLUD‫܊‬LDWLVX
ODUăUH]LVWHQ‫܊‬DKHPRJORELQHLKHPDWRSRLH]DLPXQRSRLH]DIXQF‫܊‬LDJODQGHORUFXVH
FUH‫܊‬LHLQWHUQă+LSR[LDWLVXODUăVHPDQLIHVWăPDLIUHFYHQWODSHUVRDQHOHWLQHUH
NitrațiQRUPDPJOÌQDSHOHVXEWHUDQH‫܈‬LGHVXSUDID‫܊‬ăSRDWHDSăUHDR
FRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LHFUHVFXWăGHQLWUD‫܊‬LFDXUPDUHDXWLOL]ăULLIHUWLOL]DQ‫܊‬LORUD]RWR‫܈‬LvQDJUL
FXOWXUăDSROXăULLVROXOXLFXUH]LGXXULRUJDQLFHQDWXUDOH‫܈‬LDUWLILFLDOH([FHVXOGH
QLWUD‫܊‬LvQDSDSRWDELOăLQIOXHQ‫܊‬HD]ăQHJDWLYVWDUHDGHVăQăWDWHDSRSXOD‫܊‬LHL7R[L
FLWDWHDORUSRDWHILHQGRJHQăFDUH]XOWDWDOWUDQVIRUPăULLORUGHPLFURRUJDQLVPHOH
GLQLQWHVWLQXOJURVvQQLWUL‫܊‬LFDUHDMXQJkQGvQVkQJHLQDFWLYHD]ăKHPRJORELQD
LQGXFkQGKLSR[LH1LWUD‫܊‬LL SRWLQWHUDF‫܊‬LRQD GLUHFWFX KHPRJORELQDFX IRUPDUHD
PHWKHPRJORELQHL$VWIHOKHPRJORELQDGHYLQHEORFDWă‫܈‬LSLHUGHFDSDFLWDWHDGHD
WUDQVSRUWDR[LJHQXOVSUH‫܊‬HVXWXUL
1LWUL‫܊‬LLSRWWUDYHUVDSODFHQWDIRUPkQGPHWKHPRJORELQDIHWDOă,QWR[LFD‫܊‬LDFX
QLWUL‫܊‬LDQRXQăVFX‫܊‬LORUDVXJDULORU‫܈‬LDFRSLLORUPLFLHVWHIDYRUL]DWăGHPDLPXO‫܊‬L
IDFWRULGHULVF
 ● GHILFLWHQ]LPDWLFHULWURFLWDUvQPHWKHPRJORELQUHGXFWD]HFDUHFRQYHU
WHVFPHWKHPRJORELQDODKHPRJORELQă
● SUH]HQ‫܊‬DKHPRJORELQHLGHWLSIHWDOFDUHVHR[LGHD]ăPXOWPDLX‫܈‬RUvQ
SUH]HQ‫܊‬DQLWUL‫܊‬LORU
● DOLPHQWD‫܊‬LD VXJDUXOXLSRDWH UHSUH]HQWD RDOWă VXUVăGH QLWUD‫܊‬LUăGăFL
QRDVHOH FRQFHQWUHD]ăQLWUD‫܊‬LLGLQ VROSURGXVHOH ODFWDWH SUH]LQWă JHU
PHQLUHGXFăWRULB.subtilis
● DFLGLWDWHDJDVWULFăUHGXVă
● QHYRLOHIL]LRORJLFHGHDSăDOHVXJDUXOXLSHNJFRUSVXQWPXOWPDLPDUL
GHFkWODDGXOW
● WXOEXUăULOHJDVWURLQWHVWLQDOHFDUHIDYRUL]HD]ăDVFHQVLXQHDIORUHLLQWHV
WLQDOHUHGXFăWRDUHODVXJDULVXQWPXOWPDLIUHFYHQWH
● IRFDUHLQIHF‫܊‬LRDVHH[WUDLQWHVWLQDOH25/GHQWDUHSDURWLGLWHHWFGH
WHUPLQăRvQVăPkQ‫܊‬DUHGHVFHQGHQWăLQWHVWLQDOăFXIORUăUHGXFăWRDUH
0HWKHPRJORELQHPLDFXQRVFXWăvQOLWHUDWXUDGHVSHFLDOLWDWHFDÄEOXHEDE\
V\QGURPH´VHPDQLIHVWăSULQGHVKLGUDWDUH‫܈‬LFLDQR]ăvQSUH]HQ‫܊‬DXQHLSUHVLXQL
QRUPDOHDR[LJHQXOXLSXOPRQDUFXVkQJHFLRFRODWLXFDUHQXGHYLQHUR]SULQH[
SXQHUHODR[LJHQ6LPSWRPHDGL‫܊‬LRQDOHVXQWEUDGLSQHHDDQ[LHWDWHDSDOSLWD‫܊‬LLOH
‫܈‬LFRQIX]LDSHPăVXUăFHQLYHOXOGHPHWKHPRJORELQăFUH‫܈‬WH3UH‫܈‬FRODULL‫܈‬LHOHYLL
FODVHORUSULPDUHFDUHFRQVXPăDSăSROXDWăFXQLWUD‫܊‬LDXRGH]YROWDUHELRORJLFă
WDUGLYăRVXSULPDUHDLPXQLWă‫܊‬LLRPRUELGLWDWHJHQHUDOăvQDOWăIUHFYHQWHLQIHF‫܊‬LL
YLURWLFHVWăULLQIODPDWRULLDQHPLLIHULSULYHDQRPDOLLFRQJHQLWDOHHWF
8QFRQ‫܊‬LQXWvQDOWGHQLWUD‫܊‬LvQDSDSRWDELOăGXFHOD
● PHWKHPRJORELQHPLHFDUDFWHULVWLFăFRSLLORUVXJDULDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LDUWLILFLDO
‫܈‬LDSHUVRDQHORUYkUVWQLFH
● IRUPDUHDQLWUR]DPLQHORU‫܈‬LQLWUR]DPLGHORUFXDF‫܊‬LXQHPXWDJHQă‫܈‬LFDQFH
ULJHQă
3URILOD[LD LQWR[LFD‫܊‬LHL QRXQăVFX‫܊‬LORU ‫܈‬L VXJDULORU FX QLWUD‫܊‬L VH UH]XPă OD
VFăGHUHDDSRUWXOXLDFHVWRUD vQ RUJDQLVPSULQGHWHUPLQDUHD FRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LHL ORU vQ
DSDGHIkQWkQăIRORVLWăvQVFRSSRWDELOGHJUDYLGHUHFRPDQGDUHDDOWRUVXUVHGH
DSăFXFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LLVXEPJOQLWUD‫܊‬LSHQWUXDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LDQRXQăVFXWXOXL‫܈‬LVX
JDUXOXLDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LDQDWXUDOăDVXJDUXOXLvQSULPHOHOXQLSHQWUXDHYLWDDSRUWXO
DOLPHQWDUGHQLWUD‫܊‬L3URWHF‫܊‬LDVXUVHORUGHDSăIUHDWLFăSULQIRORVLUHDUD‫܊‬LRQDOăD
vQJUă‫܈‬ăPLQWHORUSHED]ăGHD]RWSULQFLSDODVXUVăGHSROXDUHDDSHLFXQLWUD‫܊‬L
Cloruri QRUPDPJO,RQXOGHFORUFHOPDLUăVSkQGLWDQLRQvQRUJDQLVPXO
XPDQDUHXQUROLPSRUWDQW vQDVLJXUDUHDSUHVLXQLL RVPRWLFHD OLFKLGXOXL
LQWHUFHOXODU‫܈‬LvQPHQ‫܊‬LQHUHDEDODQ‫܊‬HLKLGURHOHFWUROLWLFH&ORUXULOHGDXDSHL
SRWDELOHJXVWVăUDWFHHDFHvQUăXWă‫܊‬H‫܈‬WHVHPQLILFDWLYSURSULHWă‫܊‬LOHHLRUJD
QROHSWLFH&DQWLWă‫܊‬LVSRULWHGHFORUXULvQDSăLQIOXHQ‫܊‬HD]ăQHIDYRUDELODVX
SUDVHFUH‫܊‬LHLJDVWULFHVFDGGLXUH]DFUHVFWHQVLXQHDDUWHULDOă
SulfațiQRUPDPJO&DQWLWă‫܊‬LOHVSRULWHGHVXOID‫܊‬LvQDSDSRWDELOăLQIOXHQ‫܊‬HD]ă
SURSULHWă‫܊‬LOHRUJDQROHSWLFHDOHDFHVWHLDDFHDVWDFăSăWkQGXQJXVWDPDU6XO
ID‫܊‬LLvQFDQWLWă‫܊‬LGHJVDXVXOIDWXOGHPDJQH]LXvQFDQWLWDWHGHPJO
Capitolul **

DXHIHFWOD[DWLY&XWLPSXORUJDQLVPXOXPDQVHDGDSWHD]ăODYDORULFUHVFXWH
DOHVXOID‫܊‬LORU‫܈‬LQXPDLSUH]LQWăDFX]H&DQWLWă‫܊‬LOHVSRULWHGHVXOID‫܊‬LvQDSD
SRWDELOăGXFODGHUHJODUHDPHWDEROLVPXOXLKLGURVDOLQGLVSHSVLH
FierulQRUPDPJO&RQFHQWUD‫܊‬LLVSRULWH GHILHU vQDSDSRWDELOăPRGLILFă
FDOLWă‫܊‬LOHHLRUJDQROHSWLFH'LQSXQFWGHYHGHUHIL]LRORJLF‫܈‬LWR[LFRORJLFR
DVWIHOGHDSăQXSUH]LQWăSHULFROGHRDUHFHQHFHVDUXOvQILHUDORUJDQLVPXO
XPDQYDULD]ăvQWUHPJ)RORVLUHDDSHLSRWDELOHFXXQFRQ‫܊‬LQXWPDUH
GHILHUVSRUH‫܈‬WHULVFXODSDUL‫܊‬LHLKHPRVLGHUR]HLILFDWXOXL‫܈‬LWHJXPHQWHORU
ManganulQRUPDPJOHVWHXQELRPLFURHOHPHQWFXXQQHFHVDU]LOQLFSHQ
WUXXQDGXOWGHPJ&DQWLWă‫܊‬LOHVSRULWHGHPDQJDQvQRUJDQLVPXOXPDQ
EORFKHD]ă IHUPHQ‫܊‬LL FDUH SDUWLFLSă ODWUDQVIRUPDUHD LRGXOXL DQRUJDQLF vQ
RUJDQLFXOWHULRUDIRUPHLELRORJLFHLQDFWLYHGLLRGWLURQLQăvQIRUPDDFWLYă
±KRUPRQXOWLUR[LQD6XUSOXVXOGHPDQJDQGLQRUJDQLVPLQKLEăIXQF‫܊‬LDWL
URLGHLPDLDOHVvQFDUHQ‫܊‬DGHLRG$SRUWXOVFă]XWGHPDQJDQvQRUJDQLVP
IDYRUL]HD]ăGHSR]LWDUHDJUăVLPLORUODQLYHOXOILFDWXOXLPDQJDQXODYkQGXQ
UROOLSRWURSPDLDOHVODXQDSRUWFRUHVSXQ]ăWRUGHFROLQă0DQJDQXOPDL
DUH‫܈‬LUROKLSRFROHVWHUROHPLDQWSUHYHQLQGVDXDWHQXkQGPRGLILFăULOHYDV
FXODUHDWHURVFOHURWLFHFRQWULEXLHODR[LJHQDUHDWLVXODUăLQFOXVLYODQLYHOXO
PLRFDUGXOXL 6D FRQVWDWDW Fă QLYHOXO GH PDQJDQ GLQ RUJDQLVP FUH‫܈‬WH vQ
SODVPă‫܈‬LvQXULQăGXSăLQIDUFWPLRFDUGLF
CuprulQRUPDPJOHVWHFRQVLGHUDWXQHOHPHQWSX‫܊‬LQWR[LF(OLQWUăvQFRPSR
QHQ‫܊‬DPXOWRUVLVWHPHGHIHUPHQ‫܊‬LSDUWLFLSăODUHVSLUD‫܊‬LDWLVXODUăKHPDWRSR
LH]ăRVWHRJHQH]ă)LLQGXQFRPSRQHQWDOPDLPXOWRUHQ]LPHFDWDOD]DSH
UR[LGD]DFLWRFURPR[LGD]DLQWHUYLQHvQ IRUPDUHD ‫܈‬L VWDELOL]DUHD ‫܊‬HVXWXOXL
FRQMXQFWLYWUDQVIRUPkQGSOăFLOHJUDVHvQSOăFLILEURDVH/DEROQDYLLFXLQ
IDUFWPLRFDUGLF VDXFRQVWDWDWFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LLULGLFDWH GHFXSUX VHULF&XSUXO
SDUWLFLSăODGHSR]LWDUHDILHUXOXLvQILFDWSHQWUXVLQWH]DKHPRJORELQHLFHHDFH
VWLPXOHD]ă IXQF‫܊‬LDKHPDWRSRLHWLFăDPăGXYHLRVRDVH'DFă vQRUJDQLVPXO
XPDQHVWHGHILFLWGHFXSUXVHSRDWHGH]YROWDDQHPLDPLFURFLWDUăKLSRFUR
PLFă&RQFHQWUD‫܊‬LLOHGHFXSUXFDUHDXDF‫܊‬LXQHDVXSUDSURSULHWă‫܊‬LORURUJDQR
OHSWLFHDOHDSHLQXDXLQIOXHQ‫܊‬ăQHJDWLYăDVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXLXPDQ
ZinculQRUPDPJOHVWHXQELRPLFURHOHPHQWFDUHLQWUăvQFRPSRQHQ‫܊‬DDSHVWH
GHPHWDORIHUPHQ‫܊‬LSDUWLFLSăODVLQWH]DDFL]LORUQXFOHLFL‫܈‬LDSURWHLQH
ORUODVWDELOL]DUHDVWUXFWXULL$'1XOXL‫܈‬L$51XOXLODGHSR]LWDUHDLQVXOL
QHLvQFHOXOHOHSDQFUHDWLFHODKHPDWRSRLH]ă‫܈‬LODLPXQLWDWHODFDOFLILHUH‫܈‬L
RVWHRJHQH]ă OD UHSDUDUH ‫܈‬L UHVWDELOLUH &DUHQ‫܊‬D H[RJHQă GH ]LQF GXFH OD
DQHPLHVHYHUăILHURGHILFLWDUăFXKHSDWRVSOHQRPHJDOLHUHWHQ‫܊‬LHvQGH]YRO
WDUHDVH[XDOăQDQLVPERDOD3UDVDGDFDUDFWHULVWLFăSHQWUX,UDQ‫܈‬L(JLSW
QD‫܈‬WHUL SUHPDWXUH KHPRUDJLL DWRQLFH PDOIRUPD‫܊‬LL vQQăVFXWH &RPSX‫܈‬LL
]LQFXOXLVXQWFRQVLGHUD‫܊‬LSX‫܊‬LQWR[LFL
MolibdenulQXVHQRUPHD]ă&DQWLWă‫܊‬LVSRULWHGHPROLEGHQvQDSDSRWDELOăVHvQWkO
QHVFvQ$UPHQLD&OLQLFERDODVHPDQLIHVWăSULQWURFUL]ăGHDUWULWăFDX]DWăGH
 KLSHUDFWLYLWDWHD[DQWLQR[LGD]HLLQWHQVLILFDUHDPHWDEROLVPXOXLSXULQLFIRUPD
UHDvQH[FHVDDFLGXOXLXULFGHSXQHUHDVăUXULORUDFLGXOXLXULFvQDUWLFXOD‫܊‬LL$F
FHVXOHVWHvQVR‫܊‬LWGHIHEUăGXUHULHGHPDODUWLFXOD‫܊‬LLORU8OWHULRUVHLQVWDOHD]ă
RVWHRDUWULWăXUROLWLD]ăDWHURVFOHUR]ăKLSHUWHQVLXQHDQHPLHOHXFRSHQLHGH
UHJODUHDIXQF‫܊‬LRQDOăDILFDWXOXL$SDUHÄJXWDGHPROLEGHQ´
Seleniul QRUPD—JO&RQ‫܊‬LQXWXOGHVHOHQLXvQDSDSRWDELOăYDULD]ăvQOLPLWH
PDULvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGH]RQDJHRJUDILFă)LLQGXQHOHPHQWQHFHVDURUJDQLVPXOXL
VHOHQLXOIDFHSDUWHGLQFRPSRQHQ‫܊‬DHQ]LPHLJOXWDWLRQSHUR[LGD]D‫܈‬LDDOWRU
SURWHLQH%RDOD.HVKDQKLSRPLFURHOHPHQWR]ăHVWHFDUDFWHULVWLFăSHQWUX
UHJLXQLGLQ&KLQDGLQ(JLSWGLQ(OYH‫܊‬LD6HPDQLIHVWăSULQFDUGLRSDWLHHQ
GHPLFăMXYHQLOăDWHURVFOHUR]ăERDOăKLSHUWRQLFăERDOăLVFKHPLFăHQGRFUL
QRSDWLH3UH]LQWăIDFWRUGHULVFvQDSDUL‫܊‬LDWXPRULORUPDOLJQHDOHVWRPDFXOXL
LQWHVWLQXOXL JODQGHORU PDPDUH SOăPkQLORU 6HOHQR]D KLSHUPLFURHOHPHQ
WR]ăFDUDFWHULVWLFăXQRUUHJLXQLGLQ68$‫܈‬LGLQ 9HQH]XHOD VHPDQLIHVWă
SULQGHUPDWLWăDUWUDOJLLFDULHGHQWDUăDSDWLH
Borul QRUPDPJO(QWHULWDERULFăH[FHVXOGHERUHVWHFDUDFWHULVWLFăXQRU
]RQH GLQ 6LEHULD 6H PDQLIHVWă SULQ HQWHULWă GLDUHH VOăELFLXQL JHQHUDOH
GHUHJODUHDPHWDEROLVPXOXLJOXFLGHORU‫܈‬LSURWHLQHORU
Siliciul QX VH QRUPHD]ă 6XUSOXVXO GH VLOLFLX IDYRUL]HD]ă DSDUL‫܊‬LD QHIURSDWLHL
HQGHPLFHFDUDFWHULVWLFHXQRU]RQHEDOFDQLFH6HPDQLIHVWăSULQQHIURSDWLH
FDQFHUXURJHQLWDO&DUHQ‫܊‬DGHVLOLFLXvQFHWLQH‫܈‬WHYLQGHFDUHDUăQLORU‫܈‬LSUR
GXFHVFăGHUHDGHQVLWă‫܊‬LLRDVHORUDVWIHOFUHVFkQGULVFXOGHIUDFWXULRVRDVH
ArsenulQRUPD—JO,QWR[LFD‫܊‬LDFXDUVHQHVWHFXQRVFXWăGHPXOWWLPS&RQ
FHQWUD‫܊‬LLOHPDULGHDUVHQvQDSHOHQDWXUDOHSURYLQGLQVROÌQDQXPLWHUHJLXQL
GH SH JORE FRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LDDUVHQXOXLHVWHIRDUWH PDUH3ROXDUHDFXDUVHQ D
DSHORUVHUHDOL]HD]ăDWkWSULQLQGXVWULHFkW‫܈‬LSULQDJULFXOWXUăSHVWLFLGH
$UVHQXOVHDEVRDUEHUHSHGHSULQWXEXOGLJHVWLY‫܈‬LWRWDWkWGHUHSHGHVHHOL
PLQăSULQXULQăÌQRUJDQLVPVHFRQFHQWUHD]ăvQILFDWvQULQLFKLvQSOăPkQL
‫܈‬LvQVSOLQăRPDUHFDQWLWDWHVHGHSR]LWHD]ăvQSLHOHvQSăU‫܈‬LvQXQJKLL
&DQWLWă‫܊‬LOHVSRULWHGHDUVHQGXFODGHUHJODUHDUHVSLUD‫܊‬LHLWLVXODUH‫܈‬LDGLYL]L
XQLLFHOXOHORUÌQVWDGLXOLQL‫܊‬LDODOLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LHLVHDWHVWăSLHUGHUHDSRIWHLGH
PkQFDUHJUH‫܊‬XULYRPăDOWHUQDUHDGLDUHLLFXFRQVWLSD‫܊‬LHPLF‫܈‬RUDUHDPDVHL
FRUSRUDOHFăGHUHDSăUXOXLIUDJLOLWDWHDXQJKLLORUKLSHUFKHUDWR]ăFHIDOHH
VFăGHUHDFDSDFLWă‫܊‬LLGHPXQFăHWF8OWHULRUVHLQVWDOHD]ăQHYULWHSDUDOL]LL
GHUHJODUHD YHGHULL &HO PDL VSHFLILF ‫܈‬L SUHFRFH VLPSWRP HVWH vQJUR‫܈‬DUHD
VWUDWXOXLFRUQRVDOSDOPHORU‫܈‬LDOSLFLRDUHORUÌQFD]XOLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LHLFURQLFH
FXDUVHQDFHVWDVHDFXPXOHD]ăvQSăU
&RQIRUPGDWHORU2UJDQL]D‫܊‬LHL0RQGLDOHD6ăQăWă‫܊‬LLFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LDGHDUVHQ
vQDSăGHPJOVSRUH‫܈‬WHULVFXODSDUL‫܊‬LHLFDQFHUXOXLGHSLHOHFX=RQHHQ
GHPLFHXQGHFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LDDUVHQXOXLvQIDFWRULLGHPHGLXHVWHPDUHIHQRPHQHOH
GHPHODQR]ăGHKLSHUFKHUDWR]ăDSDUFXRIUHFYHQ‫܊‬ăPDUH7DLZDQ&KLOHXQGH
FRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LLOHGHDUVHQvQDSăVXQWIRDUWHPDUL
Capitolul **

Plumbul QRUPD—JO3URYHQLHQ‫܊‬DSOXPEXOXLvQDSăSRDWHILUH]XOWDWXOSROX

ăULLFXUH]LGXXULLQGXVWULDOHFHFRQ‫܊‬LQSOXPEVDXSăWUXQGHULLvQDSăDSOXP
EXOXL GLQ FRQGXFWH $EVRUE‫܊‬LD SOXPEXOXL GLQ DSă HVWH PDL PLFă GHFkW D
FHOXLGLQDHUGDUFXFkWFDQWLWDWHDGHSOXPEHVWHPDLUHGXVăFXDWkWSURSRU
‫܊‬LDDEVRUELWăHVWHPDLPDUH3OXPEXODEVRUELWODQLYHOXOLQWHVWLQXOXLVXE
‫܊‬LUHDMXQJHvQILFDWXQGHHVWHVXSXVGHWR[LILHULLPRWLYSHQWUXFDUHQXVH
GHVFULXIHQRPHQHGHLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LHDFXWăFXSOXPESHFDOHDDSHLGHFkWvQFD
]XULH[FHS‫܊‬LRQDOH 6XQW FXQRVFXWHFD]XULGHLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LHFX SOXPE VDWXU
QLVPvQXUPDXWLOL]ăULLDSHLSRWDELOHGLQUH‫܊‬HDXDGHDSHGXFW,QWR[LFD‫܊‬LD
FURQLFăFXSOXPEVHGH]YROWăOHQW‫܈‬LVHPDQLIHVWăSULQVOăELFLXQLJHQHUDOH
FHIDOHHYHUWLMXULJXVWQHSOăFXWvQJXUăDIHFWDUHDGLQ‫܊‬LORUSLHUGHUHDSRIWHL
GHPkQFDUHVOăELUHDRUJDQLVPXOXLWUHPXUDOPHPEUHORUGXUHULvQDEGR
PHQ DQHPLH SDUH]H SDUDOL]LL GHUHJODUHD KHPDWRSRLH]HL HQFHIDORSDWLH
DQRUH[LH3OXPEXODUHFDSDFLWDWHDGHDSHQHWUDEDULHUDSODFHQWDUăLQIOXHQ
‫܊‬kQGGH]YROWDUHDIăWXOXLvQUHJLVWUkQGXVHHIHFWHWDUGLYHSUHFXPGHUHJOăUL
SVLKLFH‫܈‬LUHWDUGPLQWDO
Beriliul QXVHQRUPHD]ă&RQFHQWUD‫܊‬LDGHEHULOLXvQDSHOHQDWXUDOHHVWHIRDUWH
PLFă‫܈‬LQXGHSă‫܈‬H‫܈‬WHPJO'R]HOHGHPJOGHEHULOLXLQIOX
HQ‫܊‬HD]ăSURSULHWă‫܊‬LOHRUJDQROHSWLFHDOHDSHLLQKLEăHULWURSRLH]DDFWLYLWDWHD
IRVIDWD]HLSURYRDFăGHUHJOăULYDVFXODUH‫܈‬LGLVWURILFHDOHRUJDQHORULQWHUQH
DOHWXEXOXLGLJHVWLY &RQIRUP GDWHORU 2UJDQL]D‫܊‬LHL0RQGLDOHD 6ăQăWă‫܊‬LL
EHULOLXOHVWHFRQVLGHUDWXQIDFWRUSRWHQ‫܊‬LDOFDQFHULJHQ
Stronțiul QXVHQRUPHD]ăUHSUH]LQWăYHULJDFHQWUDOăvQLQVWDODUHDEROLLGH8URY
.DVKLQ%HFN$IRVWHYLGHQ‫܊‬LDWăOHJăWXUDGLQWUHH[FHVXOGHVWURQ‫܊‬LXvQDSD
SRWDELOă‫܈‬LGH]YROWDUHDEROLL6WURQ‫܊‬LXOHVWHDVLPLODWGHRUJDQLVPPDLUHSHGH
GHFkWFDOFLXOGDU‫܈‬LVHHOLPLQăGLQRUJDQLVPPDLX‫܈‬RUGHFkWDFHVWDIDSWFH
GXFH OD GHPLQHUDOL]DUHD RDVHORU DFHVWHD GHYLQ IUDJLOH VH LQVWDOHD]ă RV
WHRDUWUR]D /D FRSLLL FDUH IRORVHVF DSD SRWDELOă FX FRQ‫܊‬LQXW FUHVFXW GH
VWURQ‫܊‬LXDXIRVWGHSLVWDWHGHUHJOăULDOHGH]YROWăULL‫܊‬HVXWXOXLRVRVPDQLIHV
WDWHSULQUH‫܊‬LQHUHDGH]YROWăULLGLQ‫܊‬LORUvQWkU]LHUHDRVLILFăULLIRQWDQHOHLvQ
UăXWă‫܊‬LUHDGH]YROWăULLPRUIRIXQF‫܊‬LRQDOH
MercurulQRUPD—JO3URYHQLHQ‫܊‬DPHUFXUXOXLSRDWHILQDWXUDOăGLQVROvQ
DQXPLWH]RQHGHH[SORDWDUHDPHUFXUXOXLGDUFHOPDLIUHFYHQWDMXQJHvQ
DSăFDXUPDUHDSROXăULLLQGXVWULDOH‫܈‬LDJULFROHFRPSX‫܈‬LRUJDQRPHUFXULDOL
XWLOL]D‫܊‬L OD FRPEDWHUHD GăXQăWRULORU 0HUFXUXO VH SRDWH JăVL vQ DSă VXE
IRUPăGHPHUFXUPHWDOLFVDXVăUXULPHUFXULDOHRUJDQLFH‫܈‬LDQRUJDQLFH$E
VRUE‫܊‬LDPHUFXUXOXLGLQDSăHVWHUHODWLYPLFă(OVHFXPXOHD]ăvQRUJDQLVP
PDLDOHVvQULQLFKL‫܈‬LvQILFDW0HUFXUXOWUDYHUVHD]ăSODFHQWD‫܈‬LWUHFHGHOD
PDPăODIăWFXHIHFWHWHUDWRJHQH(OLPLQDUHDPHUFXUXOXLVHIDFHSULQXULQă
GDU ‫܈‬L SULQ SLHOH SăU XQJKLL ,QWR[LFD‫܊‬LD FX PHUFXU SUH]LQWă R VHULH GH
VHPQHFDFHIDOHHYHUWLMHLQVRPQLHRERVHDOăWXOEXUăULYL]XDOHODFDUHVH
DGDXJăRX‫܈‬RDUăDQHPLH&XWLPSXODSDUWXOEXUăULJUDYHPDLDOHVUHQDOH
FXSROLXULHD]RWHPLHHWF2PDQLIHVWDUHIRDUWHLPSRUWDQWăHVWHSURGXVăOD
 IHPHLSULQDF‫܊‬LXQHDPHUFXUXOXLDVXSUDSURGXVXOXLGHFRQFHS‫܊‬LHFXDSDUL‫܊‬LD
GHPDOIRUPD‫܊‬LLFRQJHQLWDOH&HDPDLLPSRUWDQWăLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LHFXPHUFXUvQ
PDVăGHVFULVăvQOLWHUDWXUăHVWHLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LDGHOD0LQDPDWD-DSRQLDSUR
GXVăFDXUPDUHDSROXăULLDSHLGHPDUHFXUH]LGXXULLQGXVWULDOHFDUHFRQ‫܊‬L
QHDXVăUXULGHPHUFXU'LQWUHDFHVWHDGLQXUPăPHWLOPHUFXUXOHVWHFHDPDL
SHULFXORDVă
CadmiulQXVHQRUPHD]ă3ULPDLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LHvQPDVăFXFDGPLXGHVFULVăvQOL
WHUDWXUDGHVSHFLDOLWDWHDDYXWORFvQ-DSRQLDvQ‫܈‬LDIRVWFXQRVFXWă
VXEGHQXPLUHDGHPDODGLD,WDL,WDL&DGPLXOSRDWHDMXQJHvQDSăFDXUPDUH
DSROXăULORULQGXVWULDOHPDVHSODVWLFHDOLDMHPHWDOLFHEDWHULLGHDFXPXOD
WRUWXEXULGHWHOHYL]LXQHSLOHDWRPLFHHWFVDXDJULFROHIXQJLFLGHFD‫܈‬L
GLQ XQHOH FRQGXFWH ‫܈‬L YDVH GH EXFăWăULH FRQIHF‫܊‬LRQDWH GLQ PDVH SODVWLFH
FDUHFRQ‫܊‬LQFDGPLX&RQFHQWUD‫܊‬LDFDGPLXOXLvQDSăHVWHIRDUWHPLFăFDGH
DOWIHO‫܈‬LDEVRUE‫܊‬LDFDUHQ‫܊‬DGHFDOFLX‫܈‬LGHSURWHLQHPăUH‫܈‬WHDEVRUE‫܊‬LDFDG
PLXOXL&HDPDLPDUHSDUWHHVWHHOLPLQDWăFXPDVHOHIHFDOHIăUăDILDEVRU
ELWă‫܈‬LGRDURPLFăSDUWHFXXULQD
&DGPLXOHVWHXQSROXDQWFXPXODWLY/DQD‫܈‬WHUHFDQWLWDWHDGHFDGPLXGLQ
RUJDQLVPHVWHSUDFWLFQXOăFHHDFHGRYHGH‫܈‬WHFăQXHVWHXQHOHPHQWLQGLVSHQVDELO
RUJDQLVPXOXL&RQFHQWUD‫܊‬LDFUH‫܈‬WHFXYkUVWD‫܈‬LDWLQJHXQPD[LPXPvQMXUXOYkUVWHL
GHGHDQL&DGPLXOVHGHSR]LWHD]ăvQULQLFKLSHVWHILFDWFRUGFUHLHU
WHVWLFXOHSLHOH‫܈‬LJOREXOHOHUR‫܈‬LL$F‫܊‬LXQHDFDGPLXOXLDVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXLHVWH
PXOWLSOăDF‫܊‬LRQHD]ăDVXSUDILFDWXOXLLQDFWLYkQGDQXPLWHHQ]LPHFXUROvQPHWD
EROLVPXO KLGUD‫܊‬LORU GH FDUERQ DVXSUD VLVWHPXOXL IRUPDWRU GH JOREXOH UR‫܈‬LL FX
SURGXFHUHDGHDQHPLHGDUPDLDOHVDVXSUDULQLFKLORUFXFUH‫܈‬WHUHDHOLPLQăULLGH
FDOFLX‫܈‬LGHSURWHLQH&DXUPDUHDSDUIUHFYHQWIUDFWXULVSRQWDQHPDLDOHVODIH
PHLPXOWLSDUH8QLLDXWRULDFRUGăFDGPLXOXLXQUROLPSRUWDQWvQSURGXFHUHDKL
SHUWHQVLXQLL
Aluminiul QRUPD—JO'H‫܈‬LDOXPLQLXOHVWHXQHOHPHQWIRDUWHUăVSkQGLWvQ
QDWXUă VHPQLILFD‫܊‬LD VD ELRORJLFăHVWH UHGXVă 6H FRQ‫܊‬LQH vQ DSD SRWDELOă
VXSXVăOLPSH]LULLSULQFRDJXODUHDFXFRPSX‫܈‬LL DOXPLQLXOXL GHUHJXOă FX
VXOIDWXOGHDOXPLQLX8QHOH VWXGLLHSLGHPLRORJLFH DXDUăWDWFăDOXPLQLXO
GLQDSDSRWDELOăSRDWHDYHDDF‫܊‬LXQHQRFLYăDVXSUDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLSRSXOD‫܊‬LHLÌQ
WUXFkWH[LVWăULVFXOXQRUGHSă‫܈‬LULDOHFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LHLSRDWHDYHDORFXQDSRUW
FUHVFXWGHDOXPLQLXvQRUJDQLVPFHVHFXPXOHD]ăODQLYHOXOVLVWHPXOXLRVRV
YLVFHUHORU‫܈‬LVLVWHPXOXLQHUYRVÌQDQXOVDGHVFULVXQVLQGURPGHGH
PHQ‫܊‬ăODSDFLHQ‫܊‬LLGLDOL]D‫܊‬LGLQFDX]DDOXPLQLXOXLGLQDSDIRORVLWăODSUHSD
UDUHDIOXLGXOXLGLDOL]DW8QLLDXWRULFRUHOHD]ăFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LLOHPDULGHDOXPLQLX
GLQFUHLHUFXERDOD$O]KHLPHUGHPHQ‫܊‬ăSUHVHQLOă8QVWXGLXHSLGHPLRORJLF
HIHFWXDWvQ1RUYHJLDDDVRFLDWUDWDFUHVFXWăDGHFHVHORUSULQGHPHQ‫܊‬ăFX
FRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LDDOXPLQLXOXLGLQDSăGHQVLWDWHDSRSXOD‫܊‬LHL‫܈‬LDO‫܊‬LIDFWRULVRFLR
HFRQRPLFL
Cromul QXVHQRUPHD]ăVHJăVH‫܈‬WHVXEIRUPăELYDOHQWăWULYDOHQWă‫܈‬LKH[DYDOHQWă
&URPXOWULYDOHQWDUHUROELRORJLFILLQGFRIDFWRULQVXOLQLFIDYRUL]kQGIL[DUHD
Capitolul **

LQVXOLQHLSHUHFHSWRUL3ăWUXQGHLQRUJDQLVPSULQLQWHUPHGLXODOLPHQWHORU‫܈‬L
DSHLSROXDWăLQGXVWULDO&HDPDLPDUHWR[LFLWDWHRDUHFURPXOWHWUD‫܈‬LKH[DYD
OHQWDF‫܊‬LRQkQGDVXSUDRUJDQHORUIRUPDWRDUHGHJOREXOHSURYRFkQGFDQFHUXO
SXOPRQDUWXOEXUăULODQLYHOXOILFDWXOXLULQLFKLORUPDQLIHVWăULDOHUJLFHDOHSL
HOLLSHUIRUDUHDVHSWXOXLQD]DOSUHFXP‫܈‬LWXOEXUăULUHVSLUDWRULLFURQLFHGHWLS
REVWUXFWLY
CianuriQRUPD—JO±FLDQXULWRWDOH—JO±FLDQXULOLEHUH,QWR[LFD‫܊‬LDFX
FLDQXULHVWHXQDGLQWUHFHOHPDLJUDYH‫܈‬LFRQVWăvQEORFDUHDHQ]LPHORUR[L
GDWLYHFXGHRVHELUHODQLYHOUHVSLUDWRU&DXUPDUHDSDUIHQRPHQHGHDVIL[LH
FXFHIDOHHYHUWLMGLVSQHHWDKLFDUGLHDJLWD‫܊‬LHFRQYXOVLL &HOHPDLH[SXVH
RUJDQHVXQWFUHLHUXOFRUGXO‫܈‬LSOăPkQLL&LDQXULOHDMXQJvQDSăH[FOXVLYFD
XUPDUHDSROXăULLLQGXVWULDOH

Profilaxiaîn patologia hidrică neinfecțioasă

(OHPHQWHOHPLQHUDOHLDXSDUWHDFWLYăvQPDMRULWDWHDSURFHVHORUPHWDEROLFH
KHPDWRSRLH]ăODIRUPDUHDLPXQLWă‫܊‬LLODVLQWH]DXQRUHQ]LPH‫܈‬LKRUPRQLODFUH‫܈‬
WHUHD‫܈‬LODGH]YROWDUHDRUJDQLVPXOXLHWF'HDFHHDHVWHIRDUWHLPSRUWDQWDFXQRD‫܈‬WH
SURSULHWă‫܊‬LOHFKLPLFHDOHDSHLLQGLFLLFăUHLDQHFHVLWăPRQLWRUL]DUHLJLHQLFă
● DSDSRWDELOăWUHEXLHVăUHVSHFWHFRQGL‫܊‬LLOHFKLPLFHGHFDOLWDWH
● SURWHF‫܊‬LDVDQLWDUăDVXUVHORU‫܈‬LDLQVWDOD‫܊‬LLORUGHDSURYL]LRQDUHFXDSă
SRWDELOăFRQWUDSROXăULLFKLPLFH
● WUDWDUHDFRUHFWăDDSHLvQYHGHUHDSRWDELOL]ăULLFXUHJOHPHQWDUHDSUH
FLVăDFDOLWă‫܊‬LLVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HORUGH]LQIHFWDQWH
● SUHYHQLUHDFRUR]LXQLLvQUH‫܊‬HDXDGHDSă




6ROXO UHSUH]LQWă SRU‫܊‬LXQHDVXSHUILFLDOă‫܈‬LIHUWLOă D VFRDU‫܊‬HLSăPkQWXOXL vQ
FDUHDXORFSURFHVHELRORJLFH)RUPDUHDVROXOXLHVWHXQSURFHVIRDUWHOHQWPXO
WLVHFXODUED]DWSHIHQRPHQHIL]LFHFKLPLFH‫܈‬LELRORJLFHFXSDUWLFLSDUHDDSHLD
DWPRVIHUHLDIDFWRULORUPHWHRFOLPDWLFL‫܈‬LDRUJDQLVPHORUYLLYHJHWDOH‫܈‬LDQLPDOH
'LQSXQFWGHYHGHUHLJLHQLFVROXOHVWHPHGLXOvQFDUHDXORFSURFHVHOHGH
WUDQVIRUPDUHDHQHUJLHLVRODUH(OUHSUH]LQWăDFHOHOHPHQWDOELRVIHUHLSăPkQWXOXL
FDUHSDUWLFLSăODIRUPDUHDFRPSR]L‫܊‬LHLFKLPLFHDSURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUHDSHLSRWD
ELOH‫܈‬LSDU‫܊‬LDODDHUXOXLDWPRVIHULF,QWHUHVXOSUREOHPHLLJLHQLFHDVROXOXLHVWHOH
JDWă GH SDUWHD VXSHUILFLDOă D VFRDUĠHL WHUHVWUH vQ FDUH DX ORF QXPHURDVH SURFHVH
FKLPLFHúLELRORJLFH6SHFLDOL‫܈‬WLLvQPHGLFLQăFRQVLGHUăVROXOXQHOHPHQWGHPHGLX
DORPXOXLFDUHvLLQIOXHQĠHD]ăVăQăWDWHD,JLHQDVROXOXLVHRFXSăGHUHODĠLLOHGLQWUH
VRODSD VRODHUVRODOLPHQWH VROHSLGHPLRORJLDLQIHF‫܊‬LRDVăFDUH FDXWă VăVWDEL
OHDVFăFRUHOD‫܊‬LLOHGLUHFWHvQWUHFDOLWDWHDVROXOXLúLVWDUHDGHVăQăWDWHDSRSXOD‫܊‬LHL
6ROXO UHSUH]LQWă XQ IDFWRU DO PHGLXOXL FX LPSRUWDQĠă YLWDOă úL FRPSOH[ă
DVXSUDVăQăWăĠLLSRSXODĠLHLSULQLQWHUDFĠLXQHDSHUPDQHQWăFXFHLODOĠLIDFWRULELR
ORJLFLDSăDHUDOLPHQWH(VWHGRYHGLWIDSWXOFăVROXOSROXDWSRDWHDYHDDF‫܊‬LXQH
WR[LFăDOHUJLFăFDQFHULJHQăPXWDJHQăHWFDVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXLXPDQ(YDOXD
UHDVDQLWDURLJLHQLFăDVROXOXLVHIDFHvQ]RQHOHvQFDUHHVWHSRVLELOFRQWDFWXOÄRP
VRO´0DLIUHFYHQWVHFHUFHWHD]ăXUPăWRDUHOH]RQHORFXULOHGHMRDFăúLGHDFWLYL
WăĠLSHQWUXFRSLLWHULWRULXOSODMHORUúLvQMXUXOúWUDQGXULORUORFXULOHGHUHFUHDĠLHúL
GHRGLKQăWHUHQXULOHGHVSRUWWHUHQXULOHGLQMXUXOVXUVHORUGHDSăSURWHMDWHVDX
QHSURWHMDWHWHUHQXULOHvQFDUHRPXOYLQHvQFRQWDFWFXVROXOvQSURFHVXOPXQFLL
VHUHFLXSHUFăULLHWF

Proprietăţile fizice ale solului

,PSRUWDQ‫܊‬DLJLHQLFăDVROXOXLGHSLQGHGHVWUXFWXUDPHFDQLFăVWUXFWXUDJUD
QXORPHWULFă GHWHUPLQDWăGH WLSXO GHURFăFDUHD SDUWLFLSDW OD IRUPDUHD VDÌQ
FRPSRQHQ‫܊‬DILHFăUXLWLSGHVROVHGLVWLQJHSDUWHDRUJDQLFă‫܈‬LPLQHUDOă&RQIRUP
VWUXFWXULLPHFDQLFHVROXULOHVHvPSDUWvQVWUXFWXUDOHFXSUHGRPLQDUHDVWUXFWXUL
ORUPDUL‫܈‬LQHVWUXFWXUDOHFXSUHGRPLQDUHDVWUXFWXULORUPLFL6WUXFWXUDPHFDQLFă
GHWHUPLQăSURSULHWă‫܊‬LOHIL]LFHDOHVROXOXLLPSRUWDQWHGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHLJLHQLF
GHQVLWDWHD‫܈‬LGHQVLWDWHDDSDUHQWăSRUR]LWDWHDSHUPHDELOLWDWHDVROXOXLSHQWUXDHU
SHQWUXDSăFDSLODULWDWHDVHOHFWLYLWDWHDILOWUDUHDWHPSHUDWXUDVROXOXL
6ROXOHVWHXQFRUSQDWXUDOFRQVWLWXLWGLQPDWHULDOUHODWLYDIkQDWUH]XOWDWvQ
XUPDDQXPHURDVHSURFHVHSHGRJHQHWLFH3DUWLFXOHOHFHDOFăWXLHVFPDWHULDPL
QHUDOăVROLGăDVROXOXLVHJăVHVFvQWURDúH]DUHPDLFRPSDFWăVDXPDLOD[ăDVWIHO
FăvQWUHSDUWLFXOHUăPkQJROXULGHGLIHULWHGLPHQVLXQL$FHVWPRGGHDúH]DUHVH
SRDWHUHGDSULQLQGLFDWRULLGHQVLWDWHDSDUHQWă‫܈‬LSRUR]LWDWH
Densitatea și densitatea aparentă
DensitateaVROXOXL'UHSUH]LQWăPDVDXQLWăĠLLGHYROXPúLVHH[SULPDvQ
JFPÌQJHQHUDORUL]RQWXULOHVXSHULRDUHDOHVROXULORUPLQHUDOHDXRGHQVLWDWHGH
JFPLDURUL]RQWXULOHLQIHULRDUHGHJFP6ROXULOHFXFDQ
WLWă‫܊‬LVSRULWHGHPDWHULHRUJDQLFăDXRGHQVLWDWHPDLPLFăFHSRDWHFRERUvSkQă
ODJFP
Densitatea aparentă'$UHSUH]LQWăUDSRUWXOGLQWUHPDVDúLYROXPXOXQXL
FRUSOLPLWDWODVXSUDIDĠDH[WHULRDUăDGLFăLQFOXVLYYROXPXOSRULORU3HQWUXGHWHU
PLQDUHDGHQVLWă‫܊‬LLDSDUHQWHVHUHFROWHD]ăRSUREDGHVROvQD‫܈‬H]DUHQHPRGLILFDWă
'HQVLWDWHDDSDUHQWăGHSLQGHvQPDUHPăVXUăGHFRQĠLQXWXOGHPDWHULHRUJDQLFă
DOVROXOXLGHFRPSR]LĠLDPLQHUDORJLFăGHJUDGXOGHVWUXFWXUDUHVDXGHFHOGHFRP
SDFWDUHSHFDUHvOSUH]LQWăVROXO'HQVLWDWHDDSDUHQWăLQIOXHQĠHD]ăPXOWHGLQWUHvQ
VX‫܈‬LULOHIL]LFHDOHVROXOXLSUHFXPFDSDFLWDWHDGHUHĠLQHUHDDSHLSRUR]LWDWHDDHUD‫܊‬LD
SHUPHDELOLWDWHDVDXUH]LVWHQĠDPHFDQLFăODSăWUXQGHUHDUăGăFLQLORUSODQWHORUVDXD
XQHOWHORUODHIHFWXDUHDOXFUăULORUDJULFROH3HQWUXSULQFLSDOHOHVROXULDJULFROHGHQ
VLWDWHDDSDUHQWăSHSULPLLFPYDULD]ăvQWUHJFPúLJFP
Capitolul **

PorozitateaVROXOXLFRQVWLWXLHYROXPXOWRWDODOVSD‫܊‬LLORUXPSOXWHFXDHUDSă
VDXRFXSDWHGHRUJDQLVPHYLL6ROXOHVWHDOFăWXLWGLQSDUWLFXOHVROLGHGHGLIHULWH
GLPHQVLXQLúLIRUPăQXPLWHJUDQXOHúLVSDĠLLOLEHUHvQWUHHOH±SRUL&XFkWSDU
WLFXOHOHVXQWPDL PDULFX DWkWYROXPXOWRWDO DO SRULORUHVWHPDLPLF$úH]DUHD
QHUHJXODWăVDXOLSVDGHXQLIRUPLWDWHDJUDQXOHORUPLF‫܈‬RUHD]ăSRUR]LWDWHD3RUR
]LWDWHDWRWDOăVHH[SULPăvQSURFHQWHGLQXQLWDWHDGHYROXP9DORULOHSRUR]LWă‫܊‬LL
WRWDOHVHJăVHVFvQUHOD‫܊‬LHGLUHFWăFXFHOHDOHGHQVLWă‫܊‬LLDSDUHQWHILLQGIRDUWHPDUL
ODVROXULOHFXXQFRQ‫܊‬LQXWULGLFDWGHPDWHULHRUJDQLFăVROXULOHWXUERDVH‫܈‬LVROXULOH
RUJDQRPLQHUDOHFD‫܈‬LODFHOHHYROXDWHSHPDWHULDOHYXOFDQLFHDPRUIH'HFLvQ
IXQFĠLHGHXQLIRUPLWDWHDúLDúH]DUHDJUDQXOHORUSRUR]LWDWHDSRDWHILPDLPDUHVDX
PDLPLFă3RUR]LWDWHDVROXOXLLQIOXHQĠHD]ăFDSDFLWDWHDGHILOWUDUHSHUPHDELOLWDWHD
SHQWUX DSă VWDUHD GH LPELEL‫܊‬LH FDSLODULWDWHD 3RUR]LWDWHD VROXOXL QLVLSRV HVWH
HJDOăFXLDUDFHOXLGHWXQGUăFX3RUR]LWDWHDVROXOXLGHHVWH
IDYRUDELOăSHQWUXSURFHVHOHGHDXWRSXULILFDUHGHLPSXULWăĠLELRORJLFHúLFKLPLFH
Permeabilitatea pentru aerHVWHSURSULHWDWHDVROXOXLGHDILVWUăEăWXWGHDHU
$FHDVWDGHSLQGHGHPăULPHDSRULORU±GHJUDQXORPHWULH'HDLFLVROXULOHIRUPDWH
GLQSDUWLFXOHPDULFDSLHWUL‫܈‬XOúLQLVLSXOVXQWIRDUWHSHUPHDELOHSHQWUXDHUGHúL
SRUR]LWDWHDORUHVWHPLFă3ăWUXQGHUHDDHUXOXLvQVRODUHRPDUHLPSRUWDQĠăLJLH
QLFăvQWUXFkWWRDWHSURFHVHOHGHR[LGDUHFXSDUWLFLSDUHDEDFWHULLORUDHUREHVXQW
SRVLELOHQXPDLvQSUH]HQĠDXQHLFDQWLWăĠLVXILFLHQWHGHR[LJHQ&XFkWFDQWLWDWHD
GHDHUHVWHPDLPDUHFXDWkWSURFHVHOHELRORJLFHGLQVROVXQWPDLDFWLYHúLFXDWkW
VDOXEULWDWHDOXLHVWHPDLPDUH&DQWLWDWHDGHDHUGLQVROPDLGHSLQGHúLGHSUHVL
XQHDDWPRVIHULFăúLGHFDQWLWDWHDúLGHPLúFDUHDDSHLVXEWHUDQH$HUXOGLQVRO
FXQRVFXWVXEGHQXPLUHDGHDHUWHOXULFDUHXQUROLPSRUWDQWvQGHVFRPSXQHUHD
VXEVWDQĠHORUSROXDQWHFDUHSăWUXQGvQVRO&kQGDHUXOWHOXULFDUHPDLPXOWR[LJHQ
SURFHVHOHDHUREHGHFXUJPDLLQWHQVDVLJXUkQGGHVFRPSXQHUHDSROXDQ‫܊‬LORUSkQă
ODSURGXVHILQDOH'DFăFDQWLWDWHDGHR[LJHQHVWHPLFăVHLQFOXGSURFHVHGHGHV
FRPSXQHUHDQDHUREăFDUHQXDVLJXUăGHJUDGDUHDGHILQLWLYăDSROXDQĠLORUGLQVRO
Permeabilitatea pentru apăHVWHFDSDFLWDWHD VROXOXL GH DDEVRUEL úLGHD
SHUPLWH WUHFHUHD DSHL YHQLWH GH OD VXSUDIDĠă $FHVW SURFHV HVWH GHWHUPLQDW GH
JUDQXORPHWULHúLGHSRUR]LWDWHFkWúLGHFRPSR]LĠLDFKLPLFăDVROXOXLúLGHYROX
PXOWRWDODOJUDQXOHORU
Compoziţia şi structura soluluiGHWHUPLQăFRPSRUWDUHDDSHLvQVRO
Higroscopicitatea HVWH FDSDFLWDWHDVROXOXLGHDUHĠLQHDSD,QILOWUkQGXVHvQVRO
DSDGLQDWPRVIHUăHVWHUHĠLQXWăGHHOvQWURDQXPLWăFDQWLWDWH6ROXOPDFURJUDQXODU
SLHWUL‫܈‬XOQLVLSXOUHĠLQHVODEDSDFHDPDLPDUHSDUWHVFXUJkQGXVHvQVWUDWXODFYLIHU
6ROXOPLFURJUDQXODUDUJLODUHĠLQHRFDQWLWDWHPDUHGHXPH]HDOăDVHPHQHDVROHVWH
GHRELFHLXPHGUHFHúLVHvQPOă‫܈‬WLQH‫܈‬WHXúRUGHYHQLQGLQVDOXEUX
ÌQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHKLJURVFRSLFLWDWHVHGLVWLQJGRXăWLSXULGHVROsoluri permea-
bileVWUăEăWXWHXúRUGHDSăúLsoluri slab permeabileFDUHvQPRGRELúQXLWUHĠLQ
DSDúLVXQWVWUăEăWXWHJUHXGHDSă6XEDFHVWDVSHFWVROXODUHPDUHLPSRUWDQĠăvQ
SURWHFĠLDDSHLVXEWHUDQH$VWIHOFHOHSHUPHDELOHQXDVLJXUăDFHDVWăSURWHFĠLHSH
FkQGFHOHVODESHUPHDELOHUHSUH]LQWăXQEXQVWUDWGHSURWHFĠLHSHQWUXDSHOHGH
SURIXQ]LPH6WUDWXULOHGHVROvQFDUHDUHORFIRUPDUHDDSHORUGHVRODXIRVWQX
PLWHzonele lui Hoffmann
Capilaritatea solului UHSUH]LQWă FDSDFLWDWHD DFHVWXLD GH D ULGLFD DSD GLQ
VWUDWXULOHLQIHULRDUHSULQFDSLODUHvQFHOHVXSHULRDUH&DSLODULWDWHDHVWHRSURSUL
HWDWHIL]LFăDVROXOXLFDUHGHSLQGHGHVWUXFWXUDOXLPHFDQLFăúLVHJăVHúWHvQUDSRUW
LQYHUV SURSRUĠLRQDOFXSHUPHDELOLWDWHDFX FkWVROXO HVWH PDL SHUPHDELOSHQWUX
DSăFXDWkWDUHRFDSLODULWDWHPDLPLFă&DSLODULWDWHDGHSLQGHvQSULPXOUkQGGH
YROXPXOVXPDUDOSRULORUSRUR]LWDWH'DFăVROXODUHRSRUR]LWDWHPLFăWLPSXO
GHULGLFDUHDDSHLHVWHVFXUWúLQLYHOXOGHULGLFDUHHVWHPLFLDUGDFăSRUR]LWDWHD
VROXOXLHVWHPDUHDUJLODDWXQFLQLYHOXOGHULGLFDUHHVWHvQGHOXQJDWúLvQăOĠLPHD
GHULGLFDUHPDUH
&DSLODULWDWHD VROXOXL DUH LPSRUWDQĠă LJLHQLFă vQ FRQVWUXFĠLL &DSLODULWDWHD
PDUHDVROXOXLSHUPLWHULGLFDUHDDSHLVXEWHUDQHSULQSRULLDFHVWXLDDSRLWUHFHvQ
SRULLPDWHULDOHORUGHFRQVWUXFĠLHúLSRDWHILFDX]DXPLGLWăĠLLvQFOăGLUL$FHVWIH
QRPHQHVWHQHLJLHQLFDWkWSULQLQIOXHQ‫܊‬DSHFDUHRH[HUFLWăDVXSUDFOăGLULLFkWúL
DVXSUDORFDWDULORUDXSHUPDQHQWRVHQ]DĠLHGHIULJSUH]LQWăRUH]LVWHQĠăVFă]XWă
IDĠăGHXQHOHDIHFĠLXQLPDLDOHVPLFURELHQH$VHPHQHDVROXULQXVXQWUHFRPDQ
GDWHSHQWUXFRQVWUXFĠLL
'LQSXQFWGHYHGHUHLJLHQLFFHOHPDLEXQHVROXULVXQWFHOHPDFURJUDQXODUH
QLVLSRDVHXúRUSHUPHDELOHSHQWUXDHUúLFDUHQXUHĠLQDSD6ROXOPLFURJUDQXODU
DUJLORVHVWHQHSULHOQLFúLSRDWHUHĠLQHDSD
&XQRDúWHUHDSURSULHWăĠLORUVROXOXLHVWHQHFHVDUăODDOHJHUHDWHUHQXOXLSHQWUX
FRQVWUXFĠLLODDPHQDMDUHDFkPSXULORUGHLULJDUHHWF3HQWUXFRQVWUXFĠLDEORFXULORU
ORFDWLYHVHYDDOHJHXQWHUHQFXXQVROPDFURJUDQXODUFXUDWFXREXQăSHUPHDELOL
WDWHSHQWUXDHUúLDSăKLJURVFRSLFLWDWHúLFDSLODULWDWH
Selectivitatea ILOWUDUHHVWHFDSDFLWDWHDVROXOXLGHDUH‫܊‬LQHvQSRULLVăLGLIHULWH
LPSXULWă‫܊‬LFDUHvOVWUăEDWDFHVWHDILLQGSXUWDWHGHDHU‫܈‬LPDLDOHVGHDSă6HOHFWLYL
WDWHDDUHODED]ăIHQRPHQXOGHDEVRUE‫܊‬LHVDXGHUH‫܊‬LQHUHDLPSXULWă‫܊‬LORUGHFăWUHJUD
QXOHOHGHVRO6ROXULOHJUHXSHUPHDELOHDXXQJUDGPDUHGHVHOHFWLYLWDWH,PSXULWă‫܊‬LOH
UH‫܊‬LQXWHVXQWvQSULPXOUkQGFHOHvQVXVSHQVLHLQFOXVLYPLFURRUJDQLVPHOH,PSRU
WDQ‫܊‬DVDQLWDURLJLHQLFăDVHOHFWLYLWă‫܊‬LLFRQVWăvQIDSWXOFăSURWHMHD]ăDSHOHVXEWHUDQH
Temperatura soluluiLQIOXHQ‫܊‬HD]ăWHPSHUDWXUDDHUXOXLGLQWURSRVIHUăUHJL
PXOWHUPLFvQvQFăSHULOHGHODSDUWHU7HPSHUDWXUDVROXOXLODVXSUDIDĠăGHSLQGH
GHUDGLDĠLDVRODUăGHWHPSHUDWXUDDHUXOXLvQFRQMXUăWRUúLGHSURFHVHOHELRFKLPLFH
GLQVRO)LLQGFRQGXFăWRUUăXGHFăOGXUăRVFLODĠLLOHGLXUQHVXQWPLFLúLVHvQUHJLV
WUHD]ăFKLDUODRDGkQFLPHGHMXPăWDWHGHPHWUXLDUFHOHVH]RQLHUHSkQăODPD[L
PXPP3kQăODDGkQFLPHDGHPWHPSHUDWXUDVROXOXLHVWHUHODWLYFRQVWDQWă
FXYDULDĠLLUHJLRQDOHvQWUHƒ&/DDGkQFLPHPDLPDUHGHPWHPSHUDWXUD
VROXOXLFUHúWHFXFkWHƒ&SHQWUXILHFDUHP
Conductibilitatea termică a soluluiHVWHGHWHUPLQDWăGHVWUXFWXUDVDPHFD
QLFăGHFRPSR]LĠLDFKLPLFăGHJUDGXOGHXPLGLWDWH6ROXULOHFXJUDQXOHPLFLúL
XPHGHVHvQFăO]HVFJUHXGDUúLVHUăFHVFJUHXHOHvQPDJD]LQkQGFăOGXUD6ROXULOH
Capitolul **

FXJUDQXOHPDULDXRFRQGXFWLELOLWDWHWHUPLFăPDUHVHvQFăO]HVFUHSHGHGDUúLSLHUG
XúRUFăOGXUDvQPDJD]LQDWă
Culoarea solului GHDVHPHQHDDUHXQUROLPSRUWDQWvQSăVWUDUHDFăOGXULL
6ROXULOHGHVFKLVHODFXORDUHQLVLSXOUHIOHFWăRPDUHFDQWLWDWHGHUDGLDĠLLVRODUH
SHFkQGFHOHvQFKLVHODFXORDUHFHUQR]LRPXOUHĠLQUDGLDĠLLOHFDORULFHúLVXQWPXOW
PDLIDYRUDELOHGH]YROWăULLFXOWXULORUDJULFROH

Compoziţia chimică a solului

&RPSR]LĠLDFKLPLFăDVROXOXLHVWHIRDUWHYDULDWăúLFXSULQGHDSURDSHWRDWH
VXEVWDQĠHOHFKLPLFHPLQHUDOH‫܈‬LRUJDQLFHFXQRVFXWH6ROXOVHJăVHúWHvQLQWHUGH
SHQGHQĠăUHFLSURFăFXDWPRVIHUDKLGURVIHUDúLELRVIHUD(OHPHQWHOHFKLPLFHWUHF
GLQVROvQDHUvQDSăúLvQYHJHWDĠLH6XEVWDQĠHOHRUJDQLFHSURYLQGLQUHVWXULYHJH
WDOH ‫܈‬L DQLPDOH GHMHF‫܊‬LL FDGDYUH XPDQH úL DQLPDOH SROXDQĠL LQGXVWULDOL 3ULQ
SURFHVHELRFKLPLFHVXEVWDQĠHOHRUJDQLFHVXQWPLQHUDOL]DWHLDUFRPSXúLLKXPLFL
PLQHUDOLUH]XOWD‫܊‬LVXQWIRORVLĠLGHFăWUHSODQWH
6XEVWDQĠHOH PLQHUDOH VXQW DFXPXODWH vQ VROXO XQRU ORFDOLWăĠL vQ FDQWLWăĠL
PDUL VXWH GH PJNJ VRO PDFURHOHPHQWH GH H[HPSOX VLOLFLXO FDOFLXO ILHUXO
PDJQH]LXOSRWDVLXOHWF$OWHOHVXQWSUH]HQWHvQFRQFHQWUDĠLLPDLPLFLGHUHJXOă
PJNJVROPLFURHOHPHQWHFXPVXQWLRGXOIOXRUXOEURPXOFREDOWXOPDQJDQXO
FXSUXOPROLEGHQXOFURPXOHWF,PSRUWDQĠDVXEVWDQĠHORUPLQHUDOHGLQVROGHSLQGH
GHLQWHUUHOD‫܊‬LLOHGLQWUHVROúLIDFWRULLGHPHGLX2PDUHSDUWHGLQVXEVWDQĠHOHPL
QHUDOHGLQVROWUHFvQDSăúLvQSODQWHFDUHODUkQGXOORUVHUYHVFGUHSWKUDQăSHQWUX
DQLPDOH$SDDOLPHQWHOHYHJHWDOHúLDQLPDOHDVLJXUăRUJDQLVPXORPXOXLFXFDQ
WLWDWHDQHFHVDUăGHVXEVWDQĠHPLQHUDOH
ÌQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHFRPSR]L‫܊‬LDPLFURHOHPHQWHORUVHGLVWLQJWUHLWLSXULGHVROXUL
FXFRPSRQHQ‫܊‬DRSWLPăGHPLFURHOHPHQWHFXFDUHQ‫܊‬ă‫܈‬LFXH[FHVGHPLFURHOH
PHQWH7HULWRULLOHFXRFRPSR]L‫܊‬LDRSWLPăvQH[FHVVDXvQFDUHQ‫܊‬ăGHPLFURHOH
PHQWHVXQWQXPLWHprovincii biogeochimice.
Solurile sărace în elemente mineraleQXYRUDVLJXUDQHFHVLWă‫܊‬LOHRUJDQLV
PXOXLRPXOXLvQDFHVWHHOHPHQWH‫܈‬LFDXUPDUHYRUDSăUHDGHUHJOăULIL]LRORJLFH
LDUvQXQHOHFD]XULPDODGLLVSHFLILFH6WXGLLQGDFHDVWăUHODĠLHXQLLFHUFHWăWRULDX
vQWRFPLWKăUĠLDOHFRQĠLQXWXOXLPLQHUDODOVROXOXLGLQDQXPLWH]RQHúLDXVXSUDSXV
DFHVWRUKăUĠLFXSDWRORJLDGRPLQDQWăDSRSXODĠLHLGLQDFHVWH]RQH$VWIHOVDVWD
ELOLWFăDQXPLWHFDUHQĠHVDXH[FHVHGHHOHPHQWHPLQHUDOHGLQVROSURYRDFăSDWR
ORJLDJHRJUDILFăDSRSXODĠLHLUHVSHFWLYH
ÌQXUPDFHUFHWăULORUHFRORJLFHúLHSLGHPLRORJLFHHIHFWXDWHvQWHULWRULLJHRJUD
ILFHVDDMXQVODQRĠLXQHDGHendemie biogeochimicăGHRDUHFHHOHVHJăVHVFvQVWDUH
SHUPDQHQWăHQGHPLFăvQ]RQDVWXGLDWăúLVXQWFRQVHFLQĠDLQWHUUHODĠLHLVRODSăIORUă
IDXQăRPDXQRUHOHPHQWHFKLPLFHDOFăURUUROIL]LRORJLFVDXSDWRORJLFHVWHPDL
PXOWVDXPDLSXĠLQFXQRVFXWJXúDHQGHPLFăFDULDGHQWDUăúD
Solurile bogate în substanţe mineraleJHQHUHD]ăVXUSOXVXOORUvQRUJDQLVPXO
RPXOXLFHHDFHGXFHODDIHFĠLXQLQHIDYRUDELOHGHH[HPSOXIOXRUR]DHQGHPLFăGLQ
]RQHOHFXH[FHVGHIOXRUvQVRO
 6XQWFXQRVFXWHSURYLQFLLFXH[FHVGHIOXRUIOXRUR]DHQGHPLFăFDUDFWHULV
WLFăUHJLXQLORUGLQVXGHVWXO8FUDLQHL5HSXEOLFD0ROGRYD&KLQD,QGLDHWFFX
FDUHQ‫܊‬ăvQIOXRUFDULDGHQWDUăFXFDUHQ‫܊‬ăvQLRGJX‫܈‬DHQGHPLFăERDOD%DVH
GRZFXVXUSOXVGHERUHQWHULWHERULFH([LVWăWHULWRULLQDWXUDOHvQFDUHVHvQUH
JLVWUHD]ăXQFRPSOH[GHVLPSWRPHSUHFXPERDOD8URYERDOD.DVKLQ%HFNVDX
FRQGURRVWHRGLVWURILH±ERDOăFDX]DWăGHSHUWXUEDUHDHFKLOLEUXOXLGLQWUHVWURQ‫܊‬LX
‫܈‬LFDOFLX6XQWvQUHJLVWUDWHSURYLQFLLFXFRQ‫܊‬LQXWFUHVFXWGHPROLEGHQFDUHGXFH
ODDSDUL‫܊‬LDPROLEGLQR]HLVDXSRGDJUHLHQGHPLFHERDOăFDUDFWHULVWLFăSHQWUXSR
SXOD‫܊‬LD GLQ $UPHQLD ÌQ WHULWRULLOH XQGH VH vQUHJLVWUHD]ă FDQWLWă‫܊‬L VSRULWH GH
SOXPEvQVROSRSXOD‫܊‬LDVXIHUăGHGHUHJOăULDOHVLVWHPXOXLQHUYRVFHQWUDOÌQWHUL
WRULLOHFXFDQWLWă‫܊‬LVSRULWHGHVHOHQLXvQVROODSRSXOD‫܊‬LHVHvQUHJLVWUHD]ăDIHF‫܊‬LXQL
DOHWUDFWXOXLJDVWURLQWHVWLQDO‫܈‬LDOHILFDWXOXL8QDOWH[HPSOXHVWHQHIULWDHQGHPLFă
VDXQHIULWDEDOFDQLFă SUH]HQWăvQ ]RQD GH JUDQL‫܊‬ă GLQWUH 5RPkQLD %XOJDULD‫܈‬L
6HUELDFDX]DWăGHFRPSR]L‫܊‬LDFKLPLFăDVROXOXLvQVăSkQăvQSUH]HQWQXDXIRVW
SUHFL]DWHHOHPHQWHOHLQFULPLQDWH
Provinciile biogeochimice artificialeDSDUvQ]RQHOHDGLDFHQWHRELHFWLYHORU
LQGXVWULDOH‫܈‬LRUD‫܈‬HORUPDULFDXUPDUHDFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOXLFUHVFXWvQVRODXQRUVXE
VWDQ‫܊‬H FKLPLFH 'H H[HPSOXvQ SUHDMPD X]LQHLGH DOXPLQLX9ROKRY )HGHUD‫܊‬LD
5XVăvQVRODXIRVWGHSLVWDWHFDQWLWă‫܊‬LFUHVFXWHGHIOXRU‫܈‬LGHDOWHPLFURHOHPHQWH
2DOWăSURYLQFLHDUWLILFLDOăHVWHRUD‫܈‬XO6DQNW3HWHUVEXUJXQGHVHvQUHJLVWUHD]ăFDQ
WLWă‫܊‬LVSRULWHGHSOXPEGHPHUFXUHWF2SUREOHPăDSDUWHRUHSUH]LQWăDFXPXODUHD
vQVRODQLWUD‫܊‬LORU±UH]XOWDWDOXWLOL]ăULLvQJUă‫܈‬ăPLQWHORUPLQHUDOH‫܈‬LPLJUăULLDFHV
WRUDvQDSHOHVXEWHUDQH‫܈‬LGHVXSUDID‫܊‬ă
6ROXOHVWHFRQVLGHUDWUH]HUYRUGHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFKLPLFHFDUHPLJUHD]ăvQDSă
vQDHUvQDOLPHQWHYHJHWDOHÌQOHJăWXUăFXDSOLFDUHDVXEVWDQĠHORUFKLPLFHvQDJUL
FXOWXUă DX DSăUXW IDFWRUL QRL FH PRGLILFă HYLGHQW FRPSRQHQĠD úL SURSULHWăĠLOH
VROXOXLÌQFRUSRUDUHDvQVRODXQRUPDULFDQWLWăĠLGHvQJUăúăPLQWHPLQHUDOHSHV
WLFLGHUH]LGXXULLQGXVWULDOHJHQHUHD]ăIRUPDUHDXQRUUHJLXQLJHRFKLPLFHDUWLIL
FLDOHFXSURSULHWăĠLúLFRPSRQHQWăGHJUDGDWăDVROXOXL/DRSROXDUHLQWHQVăúL
vQGHOXQJDWă vQ VRO VH SRW DFXPXOD VXEVWDQĠH QRFLYH SHQWUX VăQăWDWH PHUFXU
SOXPEIOXRUUDGLRQXFOL]LHWF
6WXGLLOHHIHFWXDWHFRQILUPăDFĠLXQHDQRFLYăDVROXOXLSROXDWDVXSUDOXPLL
YHJHWDOHúLDQLPDOH$FĠLXQHDQRFLYăSRDWHILWUDQVPLVăSULQODQ‫܊‬XULOHQXWULWLYH
WUHFkQGGLQVROvQSODQWHDSRLvQDQLPDOHSURGXVHOHFăURUDVXQWFRQVXPDWHGH
RP0RGLILFăULOHPHWDEROLVPXOXLvQUHJLXQLOHJHRFKLPLFHDXLPSDFWDVXSUDUHDF
WLYLWă‫܊‬LLRUJDQLVPXOXLVFDGUH]LVWHQ‫܊‬D‫܈‬LVSRUHVFSURFHVHOHGHvPEăWUkQLUH2DOWă
LSRWH]ăDUILFăPRUELGLWDWHDVSRULWăSULQFDQFHUJDVWULFDUHORFvQORFDOLWă‫܊‬LOHFX
FDUHQ‫܊‬ăGHPDQJDQGHERUGHPDJQH]LXGHFREDOWGHFXSUX‫܈‬LGHLRGvQVRO
3HQWUXSURILOD[LDHQGHPLLORUJHRFKLPLFHSRWILvQWUHSULQVHXUPăWRDUHOHPă
VXUL LQWURGXFHUHDHOHPHQWHORU GHFDUHQĠăvQVRO vQ QXWUHĠXULOHSHQWUXDQLPDOH
LPSRUWDUHDSURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUHGLQDOWHUHJLXQLDGăXJDUHDLRGXOXLvQVDUHDGH
EXFăWăULHvQSkLQHvQDSăIRORVLUHDDSHLPLQHUDOHIOXRUL]DUHDDSHL
Capitolul **

Proprietăţi biologice ale solului

&DQWLWDWHDPLFURRUJDQLVPHORU vQVROHVWH IRDUWH YDULDELOăGHODXQ ORF OD
DOWXO ÌQ VROXULOH QHOXFUDWH vQGHSăUWDWH GH FROHFWLYLWă‫܊‬LOH XPDQH QXPăUXO ORU
DWLQJHVXWHGHPLLJVROLDUvQVROXULOHFXOWLYDWHLULJDWHFXDSHUH]LGXDOHúLvPER
Jă‫܊‬LWHFXvQJUăúăPLQWHODFkWHYDPLOLDUGHJVRO3ăWUXQGHUHDPLFURRUJDQLVPHORU
vQVROVHUHDOL]HD]ăSULQLQWHUPHGLXODSHLWUDQVSRUWDWăGHODVXSUDIDĠăvQSURIXQ
]LPH'DWRULWăFDSDFLWăĠLLGHILOWUDUHDVROXOXLSHPăVXUăFHDSDFRERDUăQXPăUXO
ORUVFDGH/DRDGkQFLPHGHGRLPHWULVROXULOHRPRJHQHFXSRULPLFLVXQWOLSVLWH
GHPLFURRUJDQLVPH
0LFURRUJDQLVPHOH GLQ VRO IRUPHD]ă GRXă FDWHJRULL GH IORUă IORUD SURSULH
VROXOXLDXWRKWRQăQXPLWăflora telurică‫܈‬LIORUDGHSURYHQLHQ‫܊‬ăXPDQăúLDQLPDOă
QXPLWăflora supraadăugatăGHLPSXULILFDUHFlora teluricăHVWHDGDSWDWăODFRQ
GLĠLLOHGHYLDĠăVSHFLILFHSRVHGăXQHFKLSDPHQWHQ]LPDWLFFDUHOHSHUPLWHIRORVLUHD
XQXLVXEVWUDWQXWULWLYKHWHURJHQRUJDQLFVDXDQRUJDQLFUH]LVWăODYDULDĠLLOHIDFWR
ULORUIL]LFL±WHPSHUDWXUăúLXPLGLWDWHÌQIORUDWHOXULFăSUHYDOHD]ăDFWLQRPLFHWHOH
EDFWHULLOHFLXSHUFLOHDOJHOHSURWR]RDUHOH3ULQFLSDOXOURODOIORUHLWHOXULFH
HVWHWUDQVIRUPDUHDFRPSXúLORURUJDQLFLvQFRPSXúLKXPLFLSURFHVGHFLVLYvQDX
WRSXULILFDUHDúLIHUWLOL]DUHDVROXOXL
Flora supraadăugatăDMXQJHvQVROvQXUPDSROXăULLDFHVWXLDFXGHMHF‫܊‬LLOH
úLDOWHVHFUHĠLLFXFDGDYUHOHRDPHQLORUúLDQLPDOHORUFXUHVWXULOHGHSODQWH

Poluarea solului
3ROXDUHDVROXOXLHVWHFRQVHFLQĠDXQRURELFHLXULQHLJLHQLFHVDXSUDFWLFLQHFR
UHVSXQ]ăWRDUHFRQVWkQGvQvQGHSăUWDUHDúLvQGHSR]LWDUHDQHLJLHQLFăDUH]LGXXULORU
OLFKLGHúLVROLGHDOH FROHFWLYLWă‫܊‬LORUXPDQHGHMHF‫܊‬LLORU úLFDGDYUHORUGH DQLPDOH
GH‫܈‬HXULORULQGXVWULDOHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HORUFKLPLFHIRORVLWHvQDJULFXOWXUă
6ROXOSRDWHILpoluat directSULQGHYHUVăULGHGH‫܈‬HXULSHWHUHQXULXUEDQH
VDXUXUDOHVDXGLQvQJUă‫܈‬ăPLQWHúLSHVWLFLGHDUXQFDWHSHWHUHQXULOHDJULFROH‫܈‬L
indirectSULQDSDSORLORUFRQWDPLQDWHFXDJHQ‫܊‬LSROXDQ‫܊‬LÄVSăOD‫܊‬L´GLQDWPRVIHUD
FRQWDPLQDWăWUDQVSRUWXODJHQ‫܊‬LORUSROXDQ‫܊‬LGHFăWUHYkQWGHSHXQORFSHDOWXO
LQILOWUDUHDSULQVRODDSHORUFRQWDPLQDWHHWF
3ROXDUHDVROXULORU SUH]LQWăGRXăDVSHFWH LPSRUWDQWH igienic ‫܊‬LQkQGFRQW
GHVăQăWDWHDSRSXOD‫܊‬LHL‫܈‬Leconomic±GHSLVWDUHDHYDOXDUHD‫܈‬LGHSROXDUHDVROX
ULORUSUHVXSXQFRVWXULFRQVLGHUDELOH
5HLH‫܈‬LQGGLQSULQFLSDOHOHHOHPHQWHSROXDQWHPLFURRUJDQLVPHOHSDWRJHQH
SDUD]LĠLLLQWHVWLQDOLGLYHUVHVXEVWDQĠHRUJDQLFHFKLPLFHúLUDGLRDFWLYHSROXDUHD
VROXOXLVHSRDWHGLYL]DvQGRXăFDWHJRULLSROXDUHELRORJLFăúLSROXDUHFKLPLFă
Poluarea biologică a solului.
3ROXDQ‫܊‬LELRORJLFLDLVROXOXLVXQWPLFURRUJDQLVPHOHúLKHOPLQĠLLFDUHDMXQJSH
VROFXGLIHULWHUH]LGXXULRUJDQLFHGHMHF‫܊‬LLGHSXVHGLUHFWSHVROLULJăULFXDSHIHFD
ORLGPHQDMHUHLQVXILFLHQWSUHOXFUDWH0LFURRUJDQLVPHSDWRJHQHGHSURYHQLHQ‫܊‬ăLQ
WHVWLQDOăXPDQăFDUHFRQWDPLQHD]ăPDLIUHFYHQWVROXOVXQWEDFLOXOWLILFúLSDUDWLILF
EDFLOLLGL]HQWHULFLYLEULRQXOKROHULFYLUXVXULOHSROLRPLHOLWLFHYLUXVXOKHSDWLWHLúLQX
PHURDVHPLFURRUJDQLVPHFRQGL‫܊‬LRQDWSDWRJHQHVWUHSWRFRFLLVWDILORFRFLLProteus,
E.coli HWF6ROXOSRDWHILSROXDW‫܈‬LFXJHRKHOPLQ‫܊‬LPDLDOHVvQORFDOLWăĠLOHFXFRQGLĠLL
GHVDOXEULWDWHGHIHFWXRDVHvQVSHFLDOvQPHGLXOUXUDO2DOWăJUXSăGHPLFURRUJD
QLVPHSDWRJHQHSURYLQGLQLQWHVWLQHOHDQLPDOHORUEDFLOXOWHWDQLFEDFLOXODQWUD[XOXL
EDFLOXOERWXOLQLFFORVWULGLLOHúD
7LPSXOGHVXSUDYLH‫܊‬XLUHDSROXDQ‫܊‬LORUELRORJLFLvQVROGHSLQGHGHVSHFLH
GHFDOLWăĠLOHVROXOXLúLGHFRQGLĠLLOHPHWHRFOLPDWLFH'HUHJXOăIRUPHOHYHJHWDWLYH
DOHDJHQĠLORUSDWRJHQLDLIHEUHLWLIRLGHGL]HQWHULHLWXODUHPLHLSROLRPLHOLWHLOHS
WRVSLUHORUVXSUDYLH‫܊‬XLHVFvQVROGHODFkWHYDRUHSkQăODFkWHYDOXQL(tab.2.8.1.
DJHQĠL SDWRJHQL VSRURJHQL EDFLOLL WHWDQRVXOXL DQWUD[XOXL JDQJUHQHL JD]RDVH
FkĠLYDDQLRXăOHJHRKHOPLQĠLORUDQLSUHOXQJLQGX‫܈‬LSHULRDGDLQIHVWDQWă9L
DELOLWDWHDSROXDQ‫܊‬LORUELRORJLFLHVWHPDLPDUHvQVROXULOHXPHGHúLvQVH]RQXOFDOG
3ULQVROXOSROXDWVHSRWWUDQVPLWHDVWIHOGHEROLLQWHVWLQDOHFDIHEUDWLIRLGă
IHEUHOHSDUDWLIRLGHGL]HQWHULDEDFWHULDQăúLDPLELD]DKROHUDODPEOLD]DOHSWRV
SLUR]D EUXFHOR]D WXODUHPLD DQWUD[XO WXEHUFXOR]D KHOPLQWLD]HOH DVFDULGR]D
WULFRFHIDOR]D GLILORERWULR]D RSLVWRUFR]D KHSDWLWD HSLGHPLFă HQWHURYLUR]HOH
SUHFXPúLXQHOHDGHQRYLUR]H7UDQVPLWHUHDDFHVWRUDVHSRDWHIDFHSULQFRQWDFWXO
GLUHFWFXVROXO‫܈‬LLQGLUHFWFXDSDFDUHVSDOăVROXOVDXFXDOLPHQWHOHFRQVXPDWH
GXSăFHDXYHQLWvQFRQWDFWFXVROXOLQIHFWDWFXRELHFWHOHFRQWDPLQDWHGHSHVRO


,PSRUWDQĠDSROXDQ‫܊‬LORUELRORJLFLDLVROXOXLvQSURGXFHUHDGLUHFWăDvPERO
QăYLULORUHVWHUHGXVă'HFHOHPDLPXOWHRULDFHVWHEROLDSDUVSRUDGLF6HFXQRVF
úLHSLGHPLLvQFDUHGDFăQXVHDSOLFăPăVXULGHGH]LQIHFĠLHDVROXOXLSRWGXUD
PXOWăYUHPH5ROXOHSLGHPLRORJLFDOVROXOXLvQWUDQVPLWHUHDEROLORULQIHFĠLRDVH
PLFURELHQHYLURWLFHúLSDUD]LWDUHHVWHFXDWkWPDLPDUHFXFkWSROXDUHDFXGHMHFĠLL
XPDQHúLDQLPDOHHVWHPDLDEXQGHQWă
Poluarea chimică a solului HVWHSURGXVăSULQUH]LGXXULPHQDMHUH]RRWHK
QLFH LQGXVWULDOH UDGLRDFWLYH úL SULQ VXEVWDQĠH FKLPLFH IHUWLOL]DQ‫܊‬L SHVWLFLGH
Capitolul **

DSOLFDWH SH ODUJ vQ DJULFXOWXUă 5H]LGXXULOH PHQDMHUH úL ]RRWHKQLFH FD SDUWH D
UH]LGXXULORULQGXVWULDOHSURYHQLWHPDLDOHVGHODvQWUHSULQGHULDOLPHQWDUHSURGXF
RSROXDUHRUJDQLFăSXWHUQLFăGHRDUHFHDXXQFRQĠLQXWRUJDQLFFUHVFXW5H]LGXX
ULOH RUJDQLFH DMXQVH SH VROVXQWUHĠLQXWHvQ VWUDWXO VXSHUILFLDOFXR JURVLPH GH
 FP$FHVWHDSHUVLVWăXQWLPSOLPLWDW GDWRULWă FDSDFLWăĠLLVROXOXL GHD OH
GHJUDGDFXSDUWLFLSDUHDPLFURRUJDQLVPHORUWHOXULFHSURFHVQXPLWDXWRSXULILFDUH
úLFLFOXOXLQDWXUDODOXQRUHOHPHQWHFKLPLFHD]RWXOXLFDUERQXOXLIRVIRUXOXLVXO
IXOXL$FHVWHHOHPHQWHFKLPLFHWUHFGLQVROvQSODQWHúLDQLPDOHUHVSHFWLYRP
SHQWUXDUHYHQLVXEIRUPăRUJDQLFăvQVROúLDUHOXDFLFOXO
Autopurificarea HVWHFDSDFLWDWHDVROXOXLGHDPLQHUDOL]DVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HOHRUJD
QLFHWUDQVIRUPkQGXOHvQVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HDQRUJDQLFHDSăELR[LGGHFDUERQVăUXULPL
QHUDOH‫܈‬LKXPXVLQRIHQVLYHGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHVDQLWDUDJHQ‫܊‬LLSDWRJHQLILLQG
DQLKLOD‫܊‬L‫܈‬LDVLPLODELOHGHFăWUHSODQWH'DWRULWăFDSDFLWă‫܊‬LLGHDXWRSXULILFDUHGH
‫܈‬HXULOHvQFDQWLWă‫܊‬LPDULVXQWQHXWUDOL]DWHvQVRO
$XWRSXULILFDUHDVROXOXLHVWHXQSURFHVIRDUWHFRPSOH[FHGHSLQGHGHVWUXF
WXUD GH FRPSR]LĠLDFKLPLFă GH SURSULHWăĠLOH IL]LFH GH IORUD PLFURELDQă úL GH
IDXQDDFHVWXLDÌQGHVIă‫܈‬XUDUHDDFHVWXLSURFHVVHGLVWLQJGRXăHWDSHmineraliza-
rea úLnitrificarea
Mineralizarea VXEVWDQĠHORURUJDQLFHSRDWHGHFXUJHvQFRQGLĠLLDHUREHvQ
SUH]HQĠD R[LJHQXOXL úL DQDHUREH vQ OLSVD R[LJHQXOXL 0LQHUDOL]DUHD DHUREă
VSHFLILFăSHQWUXVROXULOHSHUPHDELOHSHQWUXDHUDUHORFFXSUHGRPLQDUHDR[LGă
ULORUFDUHGHWHUPLQăRGHVFRPSXQHUHFRPSOHWăDVXEVWUDWXOXL$‫܈‬DGDUDFHVWWLS
GHPLQHUDOL]DUHDVLJXUăSXULILFDUHDVROXOXL0LQHUDOL]DUHDDQDHUREăFDUDFWHULVWLFă
VROXULORUSXĠLQSHUPHDELOHSHQWUXDHULQWHQVSROXDWHGHFXUJHFXSUHGRPLQDUHDKL
GUROL]HLúLUHGXFHULLSROXDQ‫܊‬LORUGLQFDUHUH]XOWăFRPSXúLLQWHUPHGLDULSHUVLVWHQ‫܊‬L
'HFL PLQHUDOL]DUHD DQDHUREă HVWH R FDOH GH LPSXULILFDUH D VROXOXL 3URFHVHOH
DQDHUREHODFDUHSDUWLFLSăPLFURRUJDQLVPHOHGHSXWUHIDFĠLHúLGHIHUPHQWD‫܊‬LHD
VXEVWDQĠHORU RUJDQLFH VXQW vQVRĠLWH GH IRUPDUHD GH JD]H IHWLGH FDUH SROXHD]ă
DWPRVIHUD'HDFHHDODQHXWUDOL]DUHDGHúHXULORUWUHEXLHFUHDWHFRQGLĠLLSHQWUXPL
QHUDOL]DUHDDHUREăDHUDUHDVROXOXLHYLWDUHDVXSUDvQFăUFăULLVROXOXLFXGHúHXUL
0LQHUDOL]DUHDDHUREă‫܈‬LDQDHUREăSRWGHFXUJHFRQFRPLWHQWVDXVHSRWVXF
FHGD FD XUPDUHD IDSWXOXL FăSULQWUHPLFURRUJDQLVPHOHWHOXULFHVHvQWkOQHVFDWkW
VWULFWDHURELFkW‫܈‬LVWULFWDQDHURELGDUPDMRULWDWHDVXQWDHURELúLIDFXOWDWLYDQDHUREL
Nitrificarea, UHDOL]DWăQXPDLvQFRQGLĠLLDHUREHFXSDUWLFLSDUHDEDFWHULLORU
VSRURJHQHQLWULILFDQWHVSHFLILFHUH]LGăvQR[LGDUHDVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HORUGHODHWDSDGH
PLQHUDOL]DUH‫܈‬LWUDQVIRUPDUHDORUvQVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFKLPLFHFRPSOH[H±VăUXULPLQH
UDOH$VWIHODPRQLDFXOVHWUDQVIRUPăvQDFLGD]RWLFúLQLWUDĠL1LWUDĠLLFRQVWLWXLH
SURGXVXOILQDODOGHVFRPSXQHULLVXEVWDQĠHORUSURWHLFHúLVXQWIRORVL‫܊‬LGHSODQWH
SHQWUX VLQWH]D FRPSX‫܈‬LORU RUJDQLFL /D R[LGDUHD KLGURJHQXOXL VXOIXUDW VH IRU
PHD]ăDFLGVXOIXULFúLVXOIDĠLDDFLGXOXLFDUERQLF±FDUERQDĠLDIRVIRUXOXL±DFLG
IRVIRULFúLIRVIDĠL
6XEVWDQĠHOHRUJDQLFHvQIXQFĠLHGHFRPSR]L‫܊‬LDORUFKLPLFăXUPHD]ăFLFOXUL
GLIHUHQ‫܊‬LDWHGHGHVFRPSXQHUH$VWIHOSURWHLQHOHVXQWGHVFRPSXVHvQSULPDHWDSă
vQ SROLSHSWLGH DSRL vQ DPLQRDFL]L úLvQ ILQDO vQ DPRQLDF ÌQ D GRXD HWDSă VH
SURGXFHPLQHUDOL]DUHDDPRQLDFXOXLFXIRUPDUHDGHQLWULĠLDSRLGHQLWUDĠL/LSL
GHOHVXQWGHVFRPSXVHvQWURSULPăID]ăvQJOLFHULQăúLDFL]LJUDúLÌQXUPăWRDUHD
ID]ăJOLFHULQDYDILGHJUDGDWăvQDSăúLELR[LGGHFDUERQLDUDFL]LLJUDúLVHDFX
PXOHD]ăvQVROILHFDDWDUHILHVXEIRUPăGHFRPSXúLLQWHUPHGLDULGHJUDGkQGX
VHvQULWPOHQW*OXFLGHOHVHGHVFRPSXQvQSULPăID]ăSkQăODJOXFR]ăLDUvQFHD
GHDGRXDSkQăODELR[LGGHFDUERQúLDSăÌQSURFHVXOGHVFRPSXQHULLDSDURVHULH
GHFRPSXúLLQWHUPHGLDUL
$]RWXOSRDWHILSUHOXDWvQVROVXEIRUPăGHD]RWRUJDQLFQHFHVDUFUHúWHULL
SODQWHORU$FHVWDHVWHSDUWHFRPSRQHQWăDKXPXVXOXLIRUPDWvQXUPDSURFHVXOXL
QDWXUDOGHKXPLILFDUHDPDWHULHLRUJDQLFH+XPXVXOHVWHXQSURGXVVSHFLDOFDUH
VHGHVFRPSXQHvQFHWúLFHGHD]ăSODQWHORUVXEVWDQĠHQXWULWLYHQHFHVDUH(OQXDUH
PLURVQHSOăFXWúLQXFRQĠLQHPLFURRUJDQLVPHSDWRJHQHvQDIDUăGHFHOHVSRUX
ODWH6XEVWDQĠHOHIHUWLOL]DQWHSHED]ăGHD]RWVHUHJăVHVFvQVROXULOHWUDWDWHVXE
IRUPăGHQLWUDĠL$FH‫܈‬WLDPLJUkQGvQVWUDWXULOHGHDSăVXEWHUDQăVXQWDEVRUEL‫܊‬L
GHSODQWHOHUăGăFLQRDVHFXOWLYDWH$VWIHODSDúLSODQWHOHGHSHWHULWRULLOHERJDWH
vQQLWUDĠLYRUFRQVWLWXLVXUVDGHQLWUDĠLSHQWUXRUJDQLVPXOXPDQ1LWUDĠLLSURGXF
LQWR[LFDĠLLPHWKHPRJORELQHPLHFHDIHFWHD]ăFRSLLLPDLDOHVGHYkUVWăIUDJHGă
DOLPHQWDĠLDUWLILFLDO([LVWăRVWUkQVăFRUHODĠLHvQWUHLQWHQVLWDWHDSROXăULLVROXOXL
FXQLWUDĠLúLFRQFHQWUDĠLDDFHVWRUDvQDSăúLvQDOLPHQWH
3HPăVXUDDXWRSXULILFăULLVROXOXLGHVXEVWDQĠHRUJDQLFHVFDGHQXPăUXOWR
WDOGHPLFURELúLvQVSHFLDOGHPLFURELSDWRJHQLQHVSRUXODĠL/DDFHDVWDFRQWULEXLH
EDFWHULRIDJLL‫܈‬LDQWLELRWLFHOHGLQVRODQWDJRQLVPXOPLFURRUJDQLVPHORUOXPLQDVR
ODUăXVFDUHDVROXOXLHWFÌQSURFHVXOGHDXWRSXULILFDUHVHGLVWUXJ‫܈‬LRXăOHGHKHO
PLQ‫܊‬LÌQVăFDSDFLWDWHDVROXOXLGHDVHDXWRSXULILFDQXHVWHQHOLPLWDWă'DFăVROXO
IUHFYHQWHVWHSROXDWFXGH‫܈‬HXULvQFDQWLWă‫܊‬LPDULDWXQFLFDSDFLWDWHDVROXOXLGHDXWR
SXULILFDUHVFDGH‫܈‬LSUHGRPLQăSURFHVHOHGHSXWUHIDF‫܊‬LH‫܈‬LGHIHUPHQWD‫܊‬LHDXWRSXUL
ILFDUHDOLPLWkQGXVHODHWDSDGHPLQHUDOL]DUH

Indicatori de poluare chimică a solului

,QGLFDWRULLdirecţiGHSROXDUHFKLPLFăDVROXOXLVXQWVXEVWDQĠHOHFKLPLFHFX
DFĠLXQHQRFLYăWR[LFă&RQFHQWUDĠLDPD[LPăDGPLVLELOă&0$GHSLQGHGHLQ
WHUUHODĠLLOHVROXOXLFXDSDFXDHUXOFXYHJHWDĠLD&0$GLQVROVHVWDELOHúWHvQDúD
IHOvQFkW&0$GLQDHUGLQDSăGLQYHJHWDĠLHVăVHvQFDGUH]HvQOLPLWHOHDGPLVH
,QGLFDWRULL indirecţi GH SROXDUH FKLPLFă VXQW UHSUH]HQWDĠL GH VXEVWDQĠHOH
FKLPLFHQRFLYH‫܈‬LLQGLFăRSROXDUHGXEOăFKLPLFăúLELRORJLFă&HOPDLIUHFYHQW
XWLOL]DWLQGLFDWRUHVWHazotul organicteluric±IRUPDFHDPDLDYDQVDWăGHGHJUD
GDUHDVXEVWDQĠHORURUJDQLFHSROXDQWHVXEDFĠLXQHDRUJDQLVPHORUGLQVRO
8QXOGLQWUHVHPQHOHSULQFLSDOHDOHJUDGXOXLGHSROXDUHDVROXOXLHVWHcifra
sanitară a soluluiVDXindicele lui HlebnicovUDSRUWXOGLQWUHD]RWXORUJDQLFWHOX
ULFúLD]RWXORUJDQLFWRWDOGLQVRO'HRDUHFHQXWRWD]RWXOWRWDOGLQVROWUHFHvQD]RW
WHOXULFUDSRUWXOHVWHWRWGHDXQDVXEXQLWDU&XFkWUDSRUWXOHVWHPDLDSURSLDWGH
Capitolul **

XQLWDWHFXDWkWVROXOHVWHPDLVDOXEUXVXE±VROSROXDWvQWUHúL±
SROXDUHPHGLHvQWUH±SROXDUHUHGXVăSHVWH±VROFXUDWQHSROXDW
Indicatorii sanitaro-entomologici UHSUH]LQWăQXPăUXOSXSHORUúLODUYHORULQVHFWHORU
Indicatori algologicivQVROXOFXUDWSUHGRPLQăDOJHGHFXORDUHJDOEHQYHU]XLH
LDUvQFHOSROXDWDOJHURúLLúLYHU]LDOEDVWUH
Indicatorii radiologiciQLYHOXOUDGLDĠLHLODVROúLFRQĠLQXWXOHOHPHQWHORUUDGLRDF
WLYHvQVRO
Indicatori biochimiciSHQWUXVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFKLPLFH‫܈‬LPLFURHOHPHQWHODQRUPDUHD
FRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LHLPD[LP DGPLVLELOăSHQWUXVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HOHFKLPLFHGLQVRO VH
DFFHSWăQLYHOXOFDUHvQFD]XOPLJUăULLVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HORUFKLPLFHGLQVROvQ
YHJHWD‫܊‬LH DSHVXEWHUDQHDHUXODWPRVIHULFQX YRUGHSă‫܈‬LFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LD
PD[LPăDGPLVLELOăSHQWUXDFHVWHPHGLL

Protecția sanitară a soluluiHVWHXQFRPSOH[GHPăVXULRUJDQL]D‫܊‬LRQDOH

OHJLVODWLYHWHKQRORJLFHLJLHQLFH‫܈‬L‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬LILFHVDQLWDUHVDQLWDURWHKQLFHGHSOD
QLILFDUHWRSRJUDILFHDJURWHKQLFHFDUHDXPHQLUHDGHDOLPLWDDFFHVXOvQVROD
SROXDQ‫܊‬LORUGHGLYHUVăQDWXUăPHFDQLFLFKLPLFLELRORJLFLODFDQWLWă‫܊‬LFDUHQX
SHUWXUEăSURFHVHOHGHDXWRSXULILFDUHDVROXOXLQXGXFODDFXPXODUHDvQSODQWHD
VXEVWDQ‫܊‬HORUQRFLYHvQFDQWLWă‫܊‬LSHULFXORDVHSHQWUXVăQăWDWHDRDPHQLORU‫܈‬LDDQL
PDOHORUQXSURYRDFăSROXDUHDDHUXOXLDDSHORUGHVXSUDID‫܊‬ă‫܈‬LVXEWHUDQHSUHFXP
‫܈‬LQXUHVWULF‫܊‬LRQHD]ăXWLOL]DUHDVROXOXLvQDJULFXOWXUă6FRSXOSURWHF‫܊‬LHLVDQLWDUHD
VROXOXLFRQVWăvQ PHQ‫܊‬LQHUHDFDOLWă‫܊‬LLVROXOXL SULQ H[FOXGHUHDOXL GLQ ODQ‫܊‬XO GH
WUDQVPLWHUHDEROLORULQIHF‫܊‬LRDVHSHQWUXRDPHQL‫܈‬LDQLPDOHGLUHFWVDXLQGLUHFWVRO
±SODQWH±RPVROSODQWHDQLPDO±RPVRO±DHUXODWPRVIHULF±RPVRODSD
RPHWFLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LLDFXWHVDXFURQLFHFXSRVLELOHFRQVHFLQ‫܊‬HSHWHUPHQOXQJ
0ăVXULOHGHSURWHF‫܊‬LHVDQLWDUăDVROXOXLSRWILvPSăU‫܊‬LWHvQ
OHJLVODWLYHRUJDQL]D‫܊‬LRQDOH‫܈‬LDGPLQLVWUDWLYH
WHKQRORJLFHvQGUHSWDWHVSUHFUHDUHDQRLORUVFKHPHWHKQRORJLFHGHSURGX
FHUHIăUăGH‫܈‬HXULVDXFDQWLWă‫܊‬LUHGXVHGHGH‫܈‬HXULUHGXFHUHDODPLQLPXPD
JHQHUăULLGHGH‫܈‬HXUL‫܈‬LGHDVHPHQHDSHUIHF‫܊‬LRQDUHDWHKQRORJLHLGHWUDWDUH
DGH‫܈‬HXULORU
VDQLWDURWHKQLFHSUHVXSXQFROHFWDUHDHOLPLQDUHDGHFRQWDPLQDUHD‫܈‬LXWLOL
]DUHDGH‫܈‬HXULORUFDUHSROXHD]ăVROXOHSXUDUHDVDQLWDUăD]RQHORUSRSXODWH
GHSODQLILFDUHFHSUHYăGFRUHFWLWXGLQHDDOHJHULLWHUHQXULORUSHQWUXFRQVWUXF
‫܊‬LDVWD‫܊‬LHLGHHSXUDUHDDSHORUUH]LGXDOHDUJXPHQWDUHD‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬LILFă‫܈‬LUHVSHFWD
UHD]RQHORUGHSURWHF‫܊‬LHVDQLWDUă=36vQWUHVWD‫܊‬LDGHWUDWDUHDDSHORUUH]LGX
DOH‫܈‬LFHQWUHOHSRSXODWHHGLILFLLORFDWLYHGHPHQLUHVRFLDOă‫܈‬LSXQFWHOHGH
FDSWDUHDDSHLVHOHFWDUHDVFKHPHORUGHPL‫܈‬FDUHDWUDQVSRUWXOXLVSHFLDO
‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬LILFHYL]HD]ăHODERUDUHDQRUPDWLYHORULJLHQLFHSHQWUXHYDOXDUHDVWăULLVD
QLWDUHDVROXOXLvQFD]XOSăWUXQGHULLSROXDQ‫܊‬LORURUJDQLFLELRORJLFLYLUXVXUL
EDFWHULLSURWR]RDUHRXăGHKHOPLQ‫܊‬L‫܈‬LFKLPLFLSHVWLFLGHPHWDOHJUHOHHWF



'HúHXUL VXQW FRQVLGHUDWH WRDWH VXEVWDQĠHOH VROLGH úL OLFKLGH SURYHQLWH vQ
XUPD YLHĠLL úL DFWLYLWăĠLL RDPHQLORU vQORFDOLWăĠLOH SRSXODWH úLFDUH QX PDL VXQW
QHFHVDUHHFRQRPLHLDFHVWRUDFRQVWLWXLHXQEDODVWúLWUHEXLHvQGHSăUWDWHFDLQXWLOH
úLGăXQăWRDUHVăQăWăĠLLÌQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHVWDUHDORUIL]LFăVHFODVLILFăvQGHúHXULVROLGH
úLGHúHXULOLFKLGH'LQdeşeurile solideIDFSDUWHJXQRLXOGHFDVăGHVWUDGăGHúHX
ULOHúLUHVWXULOHGHODEXFăWăULHEăOHJDUXOUH]LGXXULOHLQGXVWULDOHFHOHGHODDED
WRDUHFDGDYUHOHGHDQLPDOHúDDeșeuri lichideVXQWH[FUHPHQWHOHUHVWXULOHGHOD
SUHJăWLUHDEXFDWHORUDSDGXSăVSăODWXOFRUSXOXLUXIHORUSRGHOHORUDSHOHGHVFXU
JHUHGHODEăLúLvQWUHSULQGHULOHLQGXVWULDOHVFXUJHULOHGHSXQHULORUDWPRVIHULFH

Deşeuri solide
1RFLYLWDWHDGH‫܈‬HXULORUVROLGHGHSLQGHGHFDUDFWHULVWLFLOHORUIL]LFHFKLPLFH
úLELRORJLFHvQXQHOHFRQGLĠLLDFHVWHDSROXHD]ăPHGLXODPELDQW'HVFRPSXQHUHD
VXEVWDQĠHORURUJDQLFHIHUPHQWDWLYăúLSXULILDQWăGXFHODSROXDUHDDHUXOXLFXJD]H
UăXPLURVLWRDUHVDXFXFRPSX‫܈‬LFKLPLFLWR[LFL6ROXOSULPXOYDDYHDGHVXIHULW
GLQ FDX]D DFHVWRU LPSXULILFăUL LDU LQGLUHFW YRU IL SROXDWH DSD DOLPHQWHOH
0HQĠLQHUHDvQVWDUHFXUDWăDORFXLQĠHORUGHYLQHGLILFLOă
ÌQDIDUăGH LPSRUWDQĠDLJLHQLFă GHúHXULOHVROLGH DX ‫܈‬L URO HSLGHPLRORJLF
ILLQGRFDOHGHWUDQVPLWHUHDEROLORUPLFURELHQHúLYLURWLFHFDXUPDUHDIDSWXOXL
FăFRPSR]LĠLDORUFKLPLFăERJDWăvQVXEVWDQĠHRUJDQLFHSHUPLWHVXSUDYLHĠXLUHD
DJHQ‫܊‬LORUSDWRJHQLDLDFHVWRUEROLWLPSGHVWXOGHvQGHOXQJDW$FHVWHGHúHXULDVLJXUă
‫܈‬LUăVSkQGLUHDLQIHVWăULLSDUD]LWRORJLFHDSRSXODĠLHLvQVSHFLDODJHRKHOPLQWHD]HORU
5HGXFHUHDLQFLGHQ‫܊‬HLDFHVWRUDYDILSRVLELOăQXPDLGXSăFUHDUHDGHSULQGHULORULJL
HQLFHODSRSXODĠLH
'HúHXULOHVROLGHVXQWIRFDUHGHGH]YROWDUHDLQVHFWHORUvQVSHFLDODPXúWHORU
±IDFWRULGHUăVSkQGLUHDEROLORUWUDQVPLVLELOHÌQWUXFkWFRQVWLWXLHFHOPDLSULHOQLF
PHGLXSHQWUXvQPXOĠLUHDPXúWHORULQGLFDWRUXOGHDSUHFLHUHDFRQGLĠLLORULJLHQLFR
VDQLWDUHvQFDUHVXQWSăVWUDWHVDXSUHOXFUDWHGHúHXULOHVROLGHvOFRQVWLWXLHPXVFD
/DWUDQVPLWHUHDQXPHURDVHORUEROLFRQWDJLRDVH FRQWULEXLH‫܈‬L UR]ăWRDUHOH
FDUHJăVHVFXQVXEVWUDWSULHOQLFGHQLWULĠLHvQGHúHXULOHVROLGH
1XPDL R FROHFWDUH SHUPDQHQWă D GHúHXULORU VROLGH úL R WUDWDUH OD WLPS D
DFHVWRUDYDSXWHDFRQWULEXLODGLPLQXDUHDUROXOXLORUHSLGHPLRORJLF

Tipurile de deşeuri solide.

'H‫܈‬HXULOH VROLGHFXSULQGUHVWXULOHVROLGHSURYHQLWH GLQDFWLYLWDWHD XPDQă
GLQORFXLQĠHFăPLQHFDQWLQHúFROLLQVWLWXĠLLSXEOLFHVWUă]LSLHĠHDFWLYLWăĠLFR
PHUFLDOHúLLQGXVWULDOH$FHVWHDVXQWLQVROXELOHvQDSăSDUĠLDOVDXWRWDOUHFXSHUD
Capitolul **

ELOHúLFXSRWHQĠLDOULVFSHQWUXVăQăWDWHğLQkQGFRQWGHSDUWLFXODULWăĠLOHGHFRP
SR]LĠLHGRPLQDQWHúLGHSURYHQLHQĠDORUGHúHXULOHVROLGHVHSRWJUXSDvQPHQDMHUH
GHVWUDGăLQGXVWULDOHDJUR]RRWHKQLFH‫܈‬LVSHFLDOH
Deşeuri menajere. &DQWLWDWHDúLFDOLWDWHDGHúHXULORUPHQDMHUHGLIHUăGHOD
RĠDUăODDOWDúLGHSLQGHGHRPXOWLWXGLQHGHIDFWRUL]RQDJHRJUDILFăFOLPDJUD
GXOGHVDWLVIDFHUHDQHYRLORUDOLPHQWDUHDOHSRSXODĠLHLVLVWHPHOHGHvQFăO]LUHHWF
&DUDFWHULVWLFLOHFDQWLWDWLYHDOHJXQRLXOXLPHQDMHUYDULD]ăvQWUHNJ
SHQWUX ILHFDUH ORFXLWRUK ‫܈‬L GHSLQG GH PăULPHD RUDúXOXL 'H H[HPSOX vQ
)UDQĠDvQRUDúHOHPDULFXSHVWHGHORFXLWRULFDQWLWDWHDGHJXQRLPHQDMHU
HVWHGHNJORFXLWRU]LvQRUDúHOHFXSRSXODĠLHvQWUHúL±
NJLDUvQFRPXQLWăĠLOHPLFLVXEORFXLWRUL±NJ
&DOLWDWLYGHúHXULOHPHQDMHUHDXFRPSR]LĠLHGLIHULWăUHVWXULDOLPHQWDUHKkU
WLH DPEDODMH OHPQ FHQXúă VWLFOă PDWHULDOH SODVWLFH ĠHVăWXUL JXQRL GH FRQ
VWUXFĠLHVROHWF6HDWHVWăRFUHúWHUHFRQWLQXăDGHúHXULORUFHOXOR]LFHKkUWLHFDUWRQ
úLGHPDWHULDOHSODVWLFH
Deşeurile de stradăFXSULQGWRDWHUHVWXULOHGLQSLHĠHGLQSDUFXULGHSHVWUă]L
&DQWLWDWLYYDULD]ăvQWUHNJORFXLWRUDQ&DOLWDWLYVHDSURSLHGHFRPSR]L‫܊‬LD
GHúHXULORUPHQDMHUH
Deşeurile industrialeSURYLQGLQLQGXVWULDFKLPLFăPHWDOXUJLFăIDUPDFH
XWLFăDOLPHQWDUă‫܈‬D‫܈‬LSRWFRQĠLQHVXEVWDQĠHFKLPLFHWR[LFHFDUHFRQVWLWXLHULV
FXUL SHQWUX VăQăWDWH GLUHFW SULQFRQWDFWXO QHPLMORFLW DO RPXOXLFkW úLLQGLUHFW
SULQDSHVXEWHUDQHVDXGHVXSUDIDĠăSULQDOLPHQWHYHJHWDOHúLDQLPDOHLPSXULIL
FDWH
Deşeurile agrozootehniceGHVFLQGGHODFUHúWHUHDDQLPDOHORUúLVHvQWkOQHVF
GHUHJXOăvQPHGLXOUXUDO$FHVWHGHúHXULVXQWFRPSOH[HILLQGFRPSXVHGLQPDWH
ULDOXOX]DWFDDúWHUQXWUHVWXULGHIXUDMHúLGHMHFĠLLOHDQLPDOHORU$QXDOFDQWLWDWHD
DFHVWRUGHúHXULHVWHGHFFDWRQHSHQWUXXQDQLPDOPDUHúLGHWRQHSHQWUX
DQLPDOXOPLF'HúHXULOHDJUR]RRWHKQLFHSUH]LQWăXQJXQRLIRDUWHERJDWvQVXE
VWDQĠHRUJDQLFHFHHDFHIDFHFDHOHVăILHXWLOL]DWHFDvQJUăúăPkQW
'HúHXULOHPHQDMHUHúLDJUR]RRWHKQLFHGLQLQGXVWULDDOLPHQWDUăFRQ‫܊‬LQVXE
VWDQĠHRUJDQLFHR[LGDELOHFDUHDOFăWXLHVFVXEVWUDWXOQXWULWLYSHQWUXPLFURRUJD
QLVPHSUHFXP‫܈‬LSHQWUXLQVHFWHúLUR]ăWRDUH
Deşeurile speciale FXSULQG GHúHXULOH SHULFXORDVH SHQWUX FROHFWLYLWăĠLOH
XPDQHGHúHXULOHSURYHQLWHGHODVSLWDOHFXGHRVHELUHGHODFHOHGHEROLLQIHFĠL
RDVHFRQWDPLQDWHLQWHQVFXPLFURRUJDQLVPHSDWRJHQH0LFURRUJDQLVPHOHSDWR
JHQHDXRUH]LVWHQ‫܊‬ăFUHVFXWăvQGHúHXULDSUHFLDWăvQPHGLHODGH]LOHSHQWUX
VWUHSWRFRFL VWDILORFRFL EDFLOXOGLIWHULFFROLOHSWRVSLUH EUXFHOH  ]LOH SHQWUX
VDOPRQHOH]LOHSHQWUXVKLJHOH]LOHSHQWUXEDFLOXOWXEHUFXORV]LOH
SHQWUXYLEULRQXOKROHULFDQLGH]LOHSHQWUXEDFLOXOWHWDQLFOXQLGH]LOHSHQWUXEDFL
OXOERWXOLQLFDQLSHQWUXEDFLOXOFăUEXQRV]LOHSHQWUXYLUXVXOKHSDWLWHL
SROLRPLHOLWHL
 Nocivitatea deșeurilor solide.
5H]LGXXULOHVROLGHGHSR]LWDWHúLQHXWUDOL]DWHLQFRUHFWH[HUFLWăHIHFWQHJD
WLYGLUHFWDVXSUDSRSXODĠLHLFkWúLLQGLUHFWSULQFRQWDPLQDUHDWXWXURUIDFWRULORU
GHPHGLX
(IHFWHQHJDWLYHDOHGH‫܈‬HXULORUVROLGH
● 3ROXDUHD VROXOXL SH VXSUDIDĠD GHSR]LWDWă )UHFYHQW DFHVWHD VXQW vP
SUăúWLDWHSHGLVWDQĠHPDULGHFăWUHFXUHQĠLLGHDHUVDXGHDQLPDOH
● 3ROXDUHDED]LQHORUGHDSăQDWXUDOH3ULQVSăODUHDGHFăWUHDSHOHGHSUH
FLSLWDĠLLUH]LGXXULOHDMXQJvQDSHOHGHVXSUDIDĠăODFXULLD]XULHWFFX
DWkWPDLPXOWFXFkWGHSR]LWHOHVXQWPDLDSURDSHGHPDOXULOHDFHVWRUD
● 3ROXDUHDSăWXULORUGHDSăVXEWHUDQăSULQLQILOWUDUHDDSHORUGHSUHFLSL
WDĠLLFDUHDXDQWUHQDWLPSXULWăĠLOHGLQGHSR]LWHOHGHUH]LGXXUL,QILOWUDUHD
UH]LGXXULORUvQVROFRQWDPLQHD]ăDSDIkQWkQLORUúLL]YRDUHORUDOLPHQWDWH
GHVWUDWXULOHIUHDWLFH
● ,PSXULILFDUHDDHUXOXLSULQSURGXúLLJD]RúLUH]XOWDĠLGLQGHVFRPSXQHUHD
GH‫܈‬HXULORUPDLDOHVvQVH]RQXOFDOG
● )DYRUL]DUHDvQPXOĠLULLPXúWHORUúLDDOWRULQVHFWHFDUHODUkQGXOORUVXQW
YHFWRULDLQXPHURDVHPLFURRUJDQLVPHSDWRJHQH
● )DYRUL]DUHDvQPXOĠLULLUR]ăWRDUHORUúRDUHFLúRERODQLLSXUWăWRULQDWX
UDOLGHEDFLOWXODUHPLFúLGHGLIHULWHWLSXULGHOHSWRVSLUHFXFDUHFRQWD
PLQHD]ăDWkWUH]LGXXULOHFkWúLVROXO
● $VLJXUăFXVXEVWUDWQXWULWLYQXPHURúLJHUPHQLSDWRJHQLúLSDUD]LĠLVWDIL
ORFRFLVWUHSWRFRFLKHPROLWLFLVDOPRQHOHVKLJHOHEDFWHULLFROLIRUPHHWF
● ,QIOXHQĠHD]ăQHIDYRUDELORPXOGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHSVLKLF
3HQWUXH[FOXGHUHDVDXFHOSX‫܊‬LQUHGXFHUHDHIHFWHORUQHJDWLYHDOHGH‫܈‬HXULORU
HVWHQHFHVDUăFROHFWDUHDvQGHSăUWDUHDúLQHXWUDOL]DUHDFRUHFWăDDFHVWRUD
Colectarea deşeurilor solide.
&ROHFWDUHDGHúHXULORUVHUHIHUăODDGXQDUHDORUvQGLIHULWHUHFLSLHQWHFRúXUL
GHJXQRLFRQWDLQHUH&ROHFWDUHDODORFXOGHSURGXFHUHWUHEXLHIăFXWăvQFRQGLĠLL
FDUHVăDVLJXUHL]RODUHDVăvPSLHGLFHDFFHVXOLQVHFWHORUúLHPDQDUHDGHPLURVXUL
ÌQDFHVWVFRSVHIRORVHVFFRQWDLQHUHGHPDUHFDSDFLWDWHDPSODVDWHODGLVWDQĠăGH
PGHORFXLQĠHSHSODWIRUPHVSHFLDODPHQDMDWH(OHWUHEXLHVăILHGLQPDWHULDO
QHSRURVUH]LVWHQWPHFDQLFúLFKLPLFXúRUGXUDELOLQVRQRUIăUăFROĠXUL(YDFX
DUHDFRQWDLQHUHORUWUHEXLHVăH[FOXGăFRQWDFWXOJXQRLRPúLUăVSkQGLUHDJXQRLX
OXLvQWLPSXOvQFăUFăULL
ÌQEORFXULOHFXPXOWHHWDMHGHúHXULOHVXQWFROHFWDWHGHODQLYHOXOILHFăUXLHWDM
SULQFRQGXFWHYHUWLFDOH‫܈‬LGHSR]LWDWHvQvQFăSHULVSHFLDODPHQDMDWHVLWXDWHODSDUWHU
VDXVXEVROGHXQGHWUHEXLHVăILHvQGHSăUWDWH]LOQLFvQDLQWHGHvQFHSHUHDSURFHVHORU
GHGHVFRPSXQHUH
3HQWUXDSHUPLWHUHFLFODUHDFROHFWDUHDGHúHXULORUFDUHFRQĠLQPDWHULDOHOHUHIR
ORVLELOHKkUWLHVWLFOăPDVăSODVWLFăVHIDFHVHSDUDWvQUHFLSLHQWHGHFXORULGLIHULWH
3HUHFLSLHQWHH[LVWăHWLFKHWHFDUHSUHFL]HD]ăH[DFWFHIHOGHGHúHXULVHSRWSXQH
Capitolul **

Transportul deşeurilor solide.

ÌQGHSăUWDUHDGHúHXULORUVROLGHFROHFWDWHHVWHHIHFWXDWăGHFăWUHVHUYLFLLVSH
FLDOL]DWHFXDMXWRUXODXWRVSHFLDOHORUHFKLSDWHFXVLVWHPHGHEDVFXODUHDFRQWDL
QHUHORUúLFXLQVWDODĠLH GHFRPSDFWDUH(YDFXDUHD GHúHXULORUVROLGHGHODORFXO
FROHFWăULLWUHEXLHVăILHIăFXWăODLQWHUYDOHFkWPDLDSURSLDWHFHOPXOW]LOHYDUD
úL]LOHLDUQDvQDLQWHGHvQFHSHUHDSURFHVHORUGHGHVFRPSXQHUH
Tratarea deşeurilor solide.
3ULQWUDWDUHGHúHXULOHVROLGHWUHEXLHWUDQVIRUPDWHvQFRPSRQHQWHLQRIHQ
VLYHGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHHSLGHPLRORJLF0HWRGHOHGHQHXWUDOL]DUHDUH]LGXXULORU
VROLGHQRFLYHWUHEXLHVăFRUHVSXQGăXUPăWRDUHORUFHULQĠHSULQFLSDOH
● VăHYLWHFRQWDPLQDUHDFXDJHQĠLFKLPLFLúLELRORJLFLDPHGLXOXL
● VăQXSHUPLWăvQPXO‫܊‬LUHDLQVHFWHORUúLUR]ăWRDUHORU
● SURGXVHOHUH]XOWDWHWUHEXLHVăILHLQRIHQVLYHHSLGHPLRORJLF
● VăILHUDSLGH
● UH]LGXXULOHUăPDVHGXSăQHXWUDOL]DUHVăSRDWăILXWLOL]DWHHFRQRPLF
Depozitarea controlată a deșeurilor solide.
ÌQ IXQFĠLH GH WLSXO GHúHXULORU GHSR]LWHOH VH FODVLILFă vQ GHSR]LWH SHQWUX
GHúHXULSHULFXORDVHGHúHXULQHSHULFXORDVHPDWHULDOHLQHUWHúLXQVLQJXUIHOGH
GHúHXULÌQSUH]HQWGHSR]LWDUHDvQUDPSHGHJXQRLSUHVXSXQHODVIkUúLWvQFKLGHUHD
GHSR]LWXOXLSULQDFRSHULUHDFXSăPkQWúLHVWHRSUDFWLFăFXUHQWăvQPXOWHUHJLXQL
$VWIHOGHUDPSHVHRUJDQL]HD]ăvQFDULHUHvQFDUHH[SORDWDUHDVDvQFKHLDWVDXvQ
PLQHDEDQGRQDWH2UDPSăGHJXQRLUHDOL]DWăúLH[SORDWDWăFRUHFWVDWLVIDFHFULWHUL
LOHHFRORJLFHGHHOLPLQDUHDGHúHXULORU
Compostarea deşeurilor solide.
7UDWDUHD GHúHXULORU SULQ PHWRGD GH FRPSRVWDUH XWLOL]HD]ă FDSDFLWDWHD GH
DXWRSXULILFDUHDVROXOXLGDUFXGLULMDUHDSURFHVXOXLGHPLQHUDOL]DUHGHFăWUHRP
&HOPDLGHVGHúHXULOHVXQWIRORVLWHFDvQJUăúăPLQWHSHQWUXRJRDUH'DUGDFăvQ
VROVHvQWURGXFGHúHXULSURDVSHWHFDUHQXVXQWQHXWUDOL]DWHH[LVWăSHULFROXOGH
LQIHFWDUHDOHJXPHORUFUHVFXWHSHDFHVWHVHFWRDUH$FHDVWDFRQGLĠLRQHD]ăGH]LQ
IHFWDUHDREOLJDWRULHDUH]LGXXULORUvQDLQWDWHGHDILIRORVLWHFDvQJUăúăPkQW
3HQWUXGH]LQIHFWDUHDGH‫܈‬HXULORUVROLGHVHDSOLFăPHWRGHELRWHUPLFHED]DWHSH
FDSDFLWDWHDDFHVWRUGHúHXULGHDVHDXWRvQFăO]LvQXUPDDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LLEDFWHULLORUWHU
PRILOHGLQPDVDORU'LQPHWRGHOHELRWHUPLFHIDFSDUWHFRPSRVWDUHDúLGH]LQIHF
WDUHDJXQRLXOXLSHSODWIRUPHSHUIHFĠLRQDWHGHGHSR]LWDUHDJXQRLXO&RPSRVWDUHD
vQWUXQH‫܈‬WHSURFHVHOHELRFKLPLFHGHVWDELOL]DUHDJXQRDLHORUvQFDUHEDFWHULLOHúL
DOWHPLFURRUJDQLVPHH[LVWHQWHGHRELFHLvQSăPkQWWUDQVIRUPăRPDUHSDUWHD
PDWHULLORU RUJDQLFH QHVWDELOH GLQ GH‫܈‬HXUL vQ KXPXV DGLFă vQWUXQ DPHVWHF GH
FRPSXúLRUJDQLFLVWDELOL

Deșeurile lichide
ÌQGHSăUWDUHDLJLHQLFăDDSHORUX]DWHFRQVWLWXLHXQDGLQWUHFHOHPDLLPSRU
WDQWHSUREOHPHFDUHFRQGLĠLRQHD]ăVWDUHDGHVăQăWDWHDSRSXOD‫܊‬LHL$SDGLVWULEX
LWăvQWURORFDOLWDWHSRSXODWăGXSăFHDIRVWIRORVLWăvQGLYHUVHVFRSXULLQGXVWUL
DOHVSăODUHD VWUă]LORUHWFúL GXSăFH ODQLYHOXOIRORVLULLVDSROXDWFX GLIHULWH
LPSXULWăĠLPLFURRUJDQLVPHHWFHVWHHYDFXDWăVXEGHQXPLUHDGHDSăX]DWăVDX
DSă UH]LGXDOă 3ULQ ape uzate VH vQĠHOHJDSHOH FDUHDX FRQVWLWXLW RELHFWXO XQHL
IRORVLQĠH XPDQH úLúLDX VFKLPEDWFDOLWăĠLOHvQ IXQFĠLHGHXWLOL]DUHúLSUH]LQWă
ULVFXULSHQWUXVăQăWDWH
'H]YROWDUHDWRWPDLLQWHQVăDORFDOLWăĠLORUSRSXODWHDLQGXVWULHLúLDWUDQ
VSRUWXULORU PRGHUQL]DUHD DJULFXOWXULL úL FUHúWHUHD FXOWXULL SRSXODĠLHL UHFODPă
FDQWLWăĠLWRWPDLFUHVFXWHGHDSăGHWHUPLQkQGFDXUPDUHYROXPHGLQFHvQFH
PDLPDULGHDSHX]DWHFXRFRPSR]LĠLHFKLPLFăYDULDWăÌQOLSVDXQHLWUDWăULúL
vQGHSăUWăUL FRUHVSXQ]ăWRDUH GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH LJLHQLF D DSHORU X]DWH VH SRW
SURGXFH JUDYH LPSXULILFăUL úL FRQWDPLQăUL DOH HOHPHQWHORU PHGLXOXL DPELDQW
DSHLVROXOXLDHUXOXLSURGXVHORUDJURDOLPHQWDUHHWF
1LYHOXOGHVăQăWDWHúLGHVDOXEULWDWHDORULFăUHLORFDOLWăĠLXPDQHJUDGXOHLGH
FRQIRUWFXDOWHFXYLQWHFDOLWDWHDYLHĠLLXPDQHGHSLQGvQWURPăVXUăWRWPDLPDUHGH
PRGXOFXPVXQWUH]ROYDWHSUREOHPHOHGHSULPRUGLDOăLPSRUWDQĠăDSURYL]LRQDUHDFX
DSăSRWDELOăúLHYDFXDUHDUH]LGXXULORUOLFKLGH
Categorii de ape uzate.
8WLOL]kQGGUHSWFULWHULLGHFODVLILFDUHSURYHQLHQĠDúLFDUDFWHULVWLFLOHPDMRUHGH
FRPSHWHQĠăGLVWLQJHPXUPăWRDUHOHFDWHJRULLGHDSHX]DWHPHQDMHUHLQGXVWULDOH]R
RWHKQLFHVSHFLDOH‫܈‬LPHWHRULFH
Ape uzate menajere. $SHOHX]DWHXUEDQHQXPLWHXQHRULúLDSHX]DWHXUEDQHVDX
DSHFRPXQDOHVXQWDSHPHQDMHUHVDXXQDPHVWHFGHDSHPHQDMHUHFXDSH
X]DWHLQGXVWULDOH(OHSURYLQGLQJRVSRGăULLGLQVHUYLFLLGLQPHWDEROLVPXO
XPDQúLGLQDFWLYLWăĠLOHPHQDMHUH0DLVXQWQXPLWH‫܈‬LDSHIHFDORLGPHQDMHUH
vQWUXFkWUH]XOWăGLQIRORVLUHDDSHLSRWDELOHvQLQVWLWXĠLLúLvQORFXLQĠHODEăL
EXFăWăULLVSăOăWRULL:&XULSHQWUXDQWUHQDUHDGHMHF‫܊‬LLORUvQWUHĠLQHUHDOR
FXLQĠHORUHWF$FHVWHUH]LGXXULOLFKLGHSUH]LQWăXQSHULFROGHRVHELWSHQWUX
VăQăWDWHDSRSXODĠLHLÌQDLQWHGHDILHYDFXDWHVDXXWLOL]DWHHOHWUHEXLHVX
SXVHFROHFWăULLWUDQVSRUWăULLúLHSXUăULL
&DQWLWDWHDGHDSăX]DWăIRUPDWăvQWUXQFHQWUXSRSXODWYDULD]ăGHVWXOGHPXOW
vQIXQFĠLHGHQXPHURúLIDFWRULÌQDQXPLWHFRQGLĠLLGHWHUPLQDWHGHFOLPăGHQLYHOXO
GHWUDLGHRELFHLXULVHSRWDSUR[LPDFDQWLWăĠLOHPHGLLGHDSăX]DWăIRUPDWăvQWUR
XQLWDWHGHWLPSGHDVHPHQHDVHYRUSUHYHGHDFDQWLWăĠLVH]RQLHUHPD[LPHúLPHGLL
8QFULWHULXGHDSUHFLHUHDFDQWLWăĠLORUJOREDOHGHDSHX]DWHPHQDMHUHHVWHFRQVXPXO
GHDSăFDUHYDULD]ă]LOQLFVăSWăPkQDOúLVH]RQLHU
ÌQGHFXUVGHGHRUHFDQWLWDWHDGHDSHX]DWHPHQDMHUHYDULD]ăvQUDSRUW
FXDFWLYLWDWHDSRSXODĠLHL$FHDVWDFUHúWHvQFXUVXOGLPLQHĠLL‫܈‬LVFDGHvQSULPHOH
RUHGXSăDPLD]ăFUHúWHGLQQRXGXSăDPLD]ăDSRLVFDGHWUHSWDWDWLQJkQGFăWUH
RUHOHGLPLQHDĠDYDORDUHDPLQLPă&XQRDúWHUHDDFHVWRUYDULD‫܊‬LLDOHYROXPXOXL
GHDSăSHUPLWHGLPHQVLRQDUHDFRUHFWăDFRQGXFWHORU
Capitolul **

$SHOHX]DWHPHQDMHUHFRQĠLQLPSXULWăĠLGHQDWXUăRUJDQLFăúLPLFURRUJDQLVPH
,PSXULWăĠLOHRUJDQLFHSURYLQGLQDFWLYLWăĠLOHFDVQLFHúLSULQGHMHF‫܊‬LL'LQELRGHJUDGD
UHDORUUH]XOWăDPRQLDFKLGURJHQVXOIXUDWHWF0LFURRUJDQLVPHOHLQFOXVLYFHOHSD
WRJHQHPLFURELYLUXVXULIXQJLúLSDUD]LĠLLQWHVWLQDOLSURYLQGLQGHMHF‫܊‬LLOHXPDQH‫܈‬L
GHSHVXSUDIDĠDFRUSXOXLvQXUPDVSăOăULL3DUD]LĠLLLQWHVWLQDOLúLRXăOHORUVHJăVHVF
SHUPDQHQWúLvQFDQWLWăĠLPDULvQDSHOHX]DWHvQWUXFkWKHOPLQWLD]HOHvQSRSXODĠLHVXQW
GHVWXOGHUăVSkQGLWH
ÌQSUH]HQWSRSXOD‫܊‬LDIRORVH‫܈‬WHvQFDQWLWăĠLPDULGLIHULWHVXEVWDQĠHFKLPLFHSHV
WLFLGHGHWHUJHQĠLGH]LQIHFWDQ‫܊‬LHWFFDUHDMXQJvQDSHOHX]DWHPHQDMHUHIDSWFDUH
ULGLFăSUREOHPHGHSXULILFDUHDORUODVWDĠLLOHGHHSXUDUH
Apele uzate industriale. $SDGXSăFHDIRVWXWLOL]DWăODHIHFWXDUHDGLYHUVHORUDF
WLYLWă‫܊‬LLQGXVWULDOHv‫܈‬LPRGLILFăSURSULHWăĠLOHIL]LFHúLVHLPSXULILFăFXVXE
VWDQĠHFKLPLFHFRQĠLQXWHvQPDWHULLOHSULPHFXUHDFWLYLVDXFXFRPSXúL
DSăUXĠLVDXIRORVLĠLvQSURFHVXOWHKQRORJLFRULODILQHOHODQĠXOXLLQGXVWULDO
&DUDFWHULVWLFDDSHORUX]DWHLQGXVWULDOHGHSLQGHGHFRQĠLQXWXOORUvQ
x substanţe nocive sau toxice.3URYLQvQSULQFLSDOGLQLQGXVWULDFKL
PLFă‫܈‬LDOLPHQWDUăVXEIRUPăGHVXEVWDQĠHRUJDQLFH‫܈‬LDQRUJDQLFHFX
SRWHQĠLDOWR[LF6XEVWDQĠHOHWR[LFHGăXQHD]ăIORUHLúLIDXQHLDFYDWLFH
SUHFXPúLSRSXOD‫܊‬LHLFDUHIRORVH‫܈‬WHDSDUHVSHFWLYă
● substanţe în suspensie5H]XOWăGLQSURFHVXOGHIDEULFDUHDVRGHLODIOR
WDĠLDPLQHUHXULORU6HSRWGHSXQHvQDSHOHFXUJăWRDUHPRGLILFkQGDOELDúL
FXUVXODSHL‫܈‬LSHDSDUDWXOEUDQKLDODOSHúWLORUSURYRFkQGDVIL[LHUHDORU
3ULQUHGXFHUHDWUDQVSDUHQĠHLDSHLGLPLQXHD]ăVDXVWRSHD]ăSURFHVXOGH
IRWRVLQWH]ăDOSODQWHORUDFYDWLFH
● substanţe organice oxidabile, QRFLYHSULQFRQVXPXOFUHVFXWGHR[L
JHQ QHFHVDU SHQWUX R[LGDUHD ORU LQGXVWULD DOLPHQWDUă DQWLELRWLFH
HWF$SHOHX]DWHFXXQFRQĠLQXWPDUHGHVXEVWDQĠHRUJDQLFHGHYHU
VDWHvQED]LQHOHFXDSăVDXSHVROGXFODPLFúRUDUHDVDXODGLVSDULĠLD
R[LJHQXOXL úL UHVSHFWLY OD vQORFXLUHD SURFHVHORU DHUREH SULQ FHOH
DQDHUREH
● substanţe cu densitate mai mică decât cea a apei VXEVWDQĠHSOXWL
WRDUHXOHLXULJUăVLPLSHWUROHWF$FHVWHVXEVWDQĠHSOXWHVFSHVX
SUDIDĠDDSHLVXEIRUPăGHSHOLFXOHLPSHUPHDELOHSHQWUXDHUvPSLH
GLFkQGDHUDUHDDSHLPLFúRUkQGFRQFHQWUDĠLDGHR[LJHQúLFUHkQGFRQ
GLĠLLGHIDYRUDELOHSURFHVHORUIL]LRORJLFHDOHRUJDQLVPHORU1LPHULQG
SHVRODFHVWHVXEVWDQĠHREWXUHD]ăSRULLvPSLHGLFkQGSURFHVXOGHDH
UDUHDVROXOXL
● germeni patogeni. $SHOHX]DWHGHODvQWUHSULQGHULOHGHSUHOXFUDUHD
SURGXVHORU DQLPDOH DEDWRDUH LQGXVWULD OkQLL SLHOLL WăEăFăULL HWF
SRWFRQĠLQHJHUPHQLSDWRJHQLSUHFXPOHSWRVSLUHEUXFHOHDQWUD[HWF
5LWPXOGHSURGXFHUHDDSHORUX]DWHLQGXVWULDOHYDULD]ăIRDUWHPXOWvQUDSRUW
FXFHODOSURFHVXOXLGHSURGXFĠLH(OSRDWHILUHODWLYFRQVWDQWLQWHUPLWHQWvQMHWXUL
RULSHULRGLFvQFD]XOvQWUHSULQGHULORUFDUHOXFUHD]ăVH]RQLHUIDEULFLOHGH]DKăU
 Ape uzate zootehnice. 6HIRUPHD]ăvQORFXULOHGHvQWUHĠLQHUHúLGHFUHúWHUHD
DQLPDOHORU&DQWLWDWHDúLULWPXOHOLPLQăULLORUGHSLQGGHQXPăUXODQLPD
OHORUGHVSHFLD‫܈‬LGHDOLPHQWDĠLDORUHWF&HDPDLPDUHFDQWLWDWHGHDSH
X]DWHVXQWHOLPLQDWHGHODvQWUHĠLQHUHDSRUFLQHORU$FHVWWLSGHDSHX]DWH
FRQĠLQDFHOHDúL HOHPHQWH FDúLDSHOHX]DWHPHQDMHUH GDU SROXDUHD ORU
HVWHPXOWPDLLQWHQVăLDUFDQWLWDWHDGHPLFURRUJDQLVPHPDLPDUH
Ape uzate speciale. &XSULQG DSHOH X]DWH GLQ VSLWDOHOH GH EROL FRQWDJLRDVH
XPDQHúLYHWHULQDUH‫܈‬LFRQĠLQFDQWLWăĠLPDULGHPHGLFDPHQWHHOLPLQDWH
GHEROQDYLUHDFWLYLFKLPLFLXWLOL]DĠLvQODERUDWRDUHOHVSLWDOXOXLGHWHU
JHQĠLDQWLELRWLFHHWF$FHVWHDSHVXQWERJDWHvQPLFURRUJDQLVPHúLVXE
VWDQĠHRUJDQLFHXúRUELRGHJUDGDELOH‫܈‬LQHFHVLWăRQHXWUDOL]DUHVSHFLDOă
Ape meteorice. 3URYLQGLQSUHFLSLWDĠLLOHSORDLHWRSLUHD]ăSH]LORUFă]XWHSH
WHULWRULXOORFDOLWăĠLL9ROXPXOORUYDULD]ăPXOWvQGLIHULWHUHJLXQL2SDUWH
GLQDSDPHWHRULFăSăWUXQGHvQVRORSDUWHVHHYDSRUHD]ăLDUUHVWXOVH
VFXUJHúLHVWHHYDFXDWăSULQVLVWHPXOGHFDQDOL]DUH&RPSR]LĠLDDSHORU
PHWHRULFHYDULD]ăvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHJUDGXOGHSROXDUHDVXSUDIHĠHLVROXOXL
'HUHJXOăFRQĠLQVXEVWDQĠHPLQHUDOHvQVXVSHQVLHúLRFDQWLWDWHUHGXVă
GH VXEVWDQĠH RUJDQLFH úLPLFURRUJDQLVPH ÌQWUXFkW VXQW HYDFXDWH SULQ
UHĠHOHOHGHFDQDOL]DUHWUHEXLHFXQRVFXWăFDQWLWDWHDORUSHQWUXDFDOFXOD
GLPHQVLXQHDFRQGXFWHORUGHFDQDOL]DUH
Evacuarea deșeurilor lichide prin folosirea sistemelor de canalizare
5HĠHDXD GH LQVWDODĠLL WHKQLFRVDQLWDUH SHQWUX UHFHSĠLRQDUHD HYDFXDUHD úL
GH]LQIHFWDUHDDSHORUX]DWHDOFăWXLHVFVLVWHPXOGHFDQDOL]DUHGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUH
LJLHQLFFHOPDLSHUIHFWVLVWHPGHHSXUDUHDFHQWUHORUSRSXODWH5HĠHDXDGHFDQD
OL]DUHHVWHDOFăWXLWăGLQĠHYLFRQGXFWHXQLWHFRQVHFXWLYúLDUDQMDWHvQLQWHULRUXO
DSDUWDPHQWHORUFDVHORUGHDOXQJXOVWUă]LORU3ULQLQWHUPHGLXOORUDSHOHUH]LGX
DOHVXQWFRQGXVHVSUHLQVWDODĠLLOHGHHSXUDUH'XSăSXULILFDUHúLGH]LQIHFWDUHGH
‫܈‬HXULOHOLFKLGHVXQWODQVDWHvQED]LQHQDWXUDOH±UkXULODFXULVDXPăUL
3URWHFĠLDVDQLWDUăDED]LQHORUGHDSăHVWHRSUREOHPăGHVWDWLPSRUWDQWă
5HJXOLOHRFURWLULLDSHORUGHVXSUDIDĠăGHSROXDUHFXDSHX]DWHFHURvQGHSOLQLUH
VWULFWăDPăVXULORUFDUHDUH[FOXGHQHFHVLWDWHDGHYHUVăULLORUvQED]LQHOHDFYDWLFH
$FHVWHPăVXULSUHYăGUDĠLRQDOL]DUHDSURFHVHORUWHKQRORJLFHFDUHDUSHUPLWHIR
ORVLUHD UHSHWDWă D DSHORU X]DWHGXSăHSXUDUHXWLOL]DUHDORUSHQWUX LULJDUHúLFD
vQJUăúăPkQWSUHĠLRV
Capitolul ***


$OLPHQWD‫܊‬LDHVWHQHFHVDUăSHQWUXDWLQJHUHDRELHFWLYHORUYLWDOHFDUHQXvQ
VHDPQăGRDUVXSUDYLH‫܊‬XLUHDFL‫܈‬LUHDOL]DUHDFHORUPDLLPSRUWDQWHSURLHFWHSHUVR
QDOH‫܈‬LDFFHVXOODRYLD‫܊‬ăIHULFLWă
'LQYUHPXULDQWLFHRDPHQLLFXQRúWHDXLPSRUWDQĠDHQRUPăDDOLPHQWDĠLHL
SHQWUXVăQăWDWH&HDPDLYHFKHFRQFHSĠLHHPSLULFăGHVSUHDOLPHQWDĠLHFDIDFWRU
LPSRUWDQWSHQWUXVăQăWDWHúLFDPLMORFWHUDSHXWLFvQYLQGHFDUHDEROLORUHVWHFHDD
OXL+LSRFUDWHGLQ.RVvQ+UFDUHDVFULVvQSULPHOHVDOHFăUĠLGHVSUH
UHJLPXODOLPHQWDUDORPXOXLVăQăWRVúLDOFHOXLEROQDYÌQFRQFHSĠLDOXL+LSRFUDWH
DOLPHQWDĠLDLQIOXHQĠHD]ăDWkWYLDĠDRPXOXLEROQDYFkWúLSHDFHOXLVăQăWRVÄ6XQW
FRQYLQV Fă RULFH PHGLFFDUH VWXGLD]ă QDWXUD XPDQă WUHEXLH Vă FDXWHFX JULMă
UDSRUWXULOHH[LVWHQWHvQWUHRP±DOLPHQWúLEăXWXULOHIRORVLWHúLFHLQIOXHQĠăH[HU
FLWă DFHVWHD DVXSUD OXL´ +LSRFUDWH ± Ä'H O¶DQFLHQQH PpGHFLQH´ ÌQ OXFUDUHD
Ä'HVSUHUHJLP´+LSRFUDWHGHILQHúWHGHIDSWUDĠLDGHvQWUHĠLQHUHFDUHvQHSRFD
QRDVWUă HVWH UHGDWă FX DMXWRUXO FDORULLORU DWXQFL FkQG VSXQH Ä'DFă UHXúLP Vă
JăVLPSHQWUXILHFDUHRPHFKLOLEUXOGLQWUHDOLPHQWDĠLHúLH[HUFLĠLLOHIL]LFHDVWIHO
vQFkWVăQXILHQLFLPDLPXOWQLFLPDLSXĠLQDPUHXúLWVăGHVFRSHULPPLMORFXOGH
vQWUHĠLQHUHDVăQăWăĠLL´ÌQFăGHSHDWXQFLFRQVXPXOQHDGHFYDWGHSULQFLSLLQXWUL
WLYHHUDFRQVLGHUDWIDFWRUGHULVFSHQWUXVăQăWDWHDXPDQă$FHODúLSULQFLSLXGH
FXPSăWDUHvQDOLPHQWDĠLHDIRVWSURPRYDWúLGH6RFUDWHvHQILORVRI
GLQ *UHFLD DQWLFă /XL vL DSDUĠLQH H[SUHVLD SURYHUELDOă Ä2PXO PăQkQFă FD Vă
WUăLDVFăGDUQXWUăLHúWHFDVăPăQkQFH´
 &XQXPHOHOXL*DOHQ5RPDVHFDO,,OHDHQHVWHDVRFLDWăSULPDWHRULH
FDUHDOXDWQDúWHUHvQ$QWLFKLWDWH&RQIRUPDFHVWHLWHRULLDOLPHQWDĠLDRUJDQLVPX
OXLVHHIHFWXHD]ăSULQVkQJHFDUHODUkQGXOVăXVHIRUPHD]ăGLQVXEVWDQĠHQXWUL
WLYHvQXUPDXQXLSURFHVGHRULJLQHQHFXQRVFXWăDVHPăQăWRUFXIHUPHQWDUHDÌQ
ILFDWVkQJHOHVHFXUă‫܊‬ăDSRLVHIRORVHúWHSHQWUXDOLPHQWDUHDRUJDQHORUúLĠHVXWX
ULORU8WLOL]kQGWHUPLQRORJLDPRGHUQăVHSRDWHVSXQHFăLQLĠLDOGLJHVWLDHUDFRQ
VLGHUDWăFDSURFHVGHWUDQVIRUPDUHDVXEVWDQĠHORUQXWULWLYHvQDOWHVXEVWDQĠHFDUH
FRQVWLWXLH VXUVă GH HQHUJLH úL FRPSRQHQWH GH FRQVWUXFĠLH DOH RUJDQLVPXOXL ÌQ
ED]DDFHVWHLWHRULLDXIRVWHODERUDWHPXOWLSOHGLHWHSHQWUXIDFLOLWDUHDWUDQVIRUPăULL
DOLPHQWHORUvQVkQJHúLDVLJXUDUHDXQHLFDOLWăĠLPDLVXSHULRDUHDDFHVWXLD*DOHQ
HVWHDXWRUXOXQRUUHJLPXULDOLPHQWDUHSUHVFULVHvQFD]GHEROLWHUFLXOGHFHUHDOH
FXODSWHSHQWUXUHIDFHUHDVkQJHOXLODSWHOHGHFDSUăVDXGHPăJăULĠăvQIWL]LHUH
JLPXOIăUăVDUHvQVWăULOHSOHWRULFHHWF
7HRULDDOLPHQWDĠLHLHFKLOLEUDWHDDSăUXWRGDWăFXH[SHULPHQWHOHFODVLFHvQ
GRPHQLXOGLJHVWLHLùLDXDGXVDSRUWXOODSHUIHF‫܊‬LRQDUHDDFHVWHLWHRULL+ùHUPDQ
$$3RFURYVNLL0$6DPVRQRY&63HWURYVNLL
HWF$FHDVWăWHRULHFODVLFăFDUHQXúLDSLHUGXWVHPQLILFDĠLDQLFLDVWă]LD
MXFDWXQUROLPSRUWDQWvQUHGXFHUHDLQFLGHQĠHLPXOWRUPDODGLLJHQHUDWHGHDOLPHQ
WDĠLDLQFRUHFWăFRQWULEXLQGODSURJUHVXOPDLPXOWRUúWLLQĠHúLWHKQRORJLL/DED]D
DFHVWHLWHRULLDIRVWSXVăYL]LXQHDGHVSUHKUDQDLGHDOăDOLPHQWDĠLDRSWLPDOHFKL
OLEUDWăúLUHJLPXODOLPHQWDU
7HRULDFODVLFăDDOLPHQWDĠLHLHFKLOLEUDWHSRDWHILUHGXVăODFkWHYDSRVWXODWH
IXQGDPHQWDOH
● KUDQDHVWHDOFăWXLWăGLQFkWHYDFRPSRQHQWHGLIHULWHGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUH
DLPSRUWDQĠHLIL]LRORJLFHQXWULPHQWHúLILEUHDOLPHQWDUHFDUHSRWILHOL
PLQDWH
● YDORDUHDSURGXVXOXLDOLPHQWDUHVWHGHWHUPLQDWăGHFRQĠLQXWXOúLGHFRUDSRUWXO
vQHODODPLQRDFL]LORUDFL]LORUJUDúLYLWDPLQHORUXQRUVăUXULPLQHUDOH
● KUDQDHVWHXWLOL]DWăGHVLQHVWăWăWRUGHFăWUHRUJDQLVP
● DOLPHQWDĠLDPHQĠLQHFRPSRQHQĠDPROHFXODUăDRUJDQLVPXOXLvQDQXPLĠLSD
UDPHWULIL]LRORJLFGHWHUPLQDĠLUHVWLWXLQGFKHOWXLHOLOHHQHUJHWLFHúLSODVWLFH
● KUDQDGHYLQHLGHDOăFkQGHVWHDGPLQLVWUDWăFRUHFWvQWLPSúLFRPSRQHQĠă
$FHDVWăWHRULHDFRQVWLWXLWXQSDVvQDLQWHvQDOLPHQWDĠLDúWLLQĠLILFDUJXPHQWDWă
2DOLPHQWDĠLHFRUHFWăGHYLQHRFRQGLĠLHHVHQĠLDOăDH[LVWHQĠHLXPDQHDVL
JXUkQGVWDUHDGHVăQăWDWHHQHUJLDúLYLDĠDÌQFRQGLĠLLOHvQFDUHPHGLXOGHYLDĠă
HVWHvQWURSHUPDQHQWăVFKLPEDUHFKHLDVXFFHVXOXLvQDOLPHQWDĠLHDUILDGDSWDUHD
GLHWHORUODQRLVLWXDĠLLúLvQORFXLUHDRELFHLXULORUYHFKLFXDOWHOHQRL3UREOHPDIXQ
GDPHQWDOăvQGRPHQLXODOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHLRPXOXLHVWHGHDUHDOL]DSHED]H‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬LILFH
XQHFKLOLEUXvQWUHFHHDFHPHWDEROL]HD]ăVDXSLHUGHRUJDQLVPXO‫܈‬LFHHDFHSUL
PH‫܈‬WHGLQH[WHULRUSULQSURGXVHDOLPHQWDUH
&XOWXUDDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHLHVWHvQVWUkQVăOHJăWXUăFXHYROX‫܊‬LDVRFLHWă‫܊‬LLXPDQH
2PXODSDUFXUVWLPSGHPLOHQLLRFDOHOXQJăGHODKUDQDVLPSOăYHJHWDOăSkQăOD
RDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHYDULDWă‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬LILFvQWHPHLDWă$OLPHQWD‫܊‬LDMRDFăXQUROLPSRUWDQWvQ
Capitolul ***

YLD‫܊‬DWXWXURURDPHQLORU)LHFDUHSHUVRDQăv‫܈‬LDOHJHKUDQDFDXUPDUHDXQRULQIOX
HQ‫܊‬HFRPSOH[HSHFDUHOHH[HUFLWăIDFWRULLJHQHWLFLELRORJLFLVRFLRHFRQRPLFL
FXOWXUDOLSVLKRVRFLDOL‫܈‬LHPR‫܊‬LRQDOL0RGXOvQFDUHQHKUăQLPSRDWHDYHDFRQVH
FLQ‫܊‬HSR]LWLYHGDU‫܈‬LQHJDWLYHDVXSUDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHDOLPHQWHOHSHFDUH
OHFRQVXPăPILHFDUHGLQWUHQRL
7HUPHQXOKUDQăDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LH‫܈‬LQXWUL‫܊‬LHQXVXQWVLQRQLPHHranaHVWHVXUVD
GH HQHUJLHFDUHQHDVLJXUă VXSUDYLH‫܊‬XLUHDAlimentele VXQWSURGXVHOHSHFDUHOH
FRQVXPăPDOFăWXLWHGLQGLIHULWHPDWHULLYHJHWDOHVDXDQLPDOHNutrimenteleVXQW
SDUWHDDOLPHQWHORUPHWDEROL]DWăGHRUJDQLVP‫܈‬LXWLOL]DWăGHFHOXOH$OLPHQWHOHUH
SUH]LQWăSULQFLSDOăVXUVăGHQXWULPHQWHDEVROXWQHFHVDUHYLH‫܊‬LL$WkWFDQWLWDWHDFkW
‫܈‬LFDOLWDWHDQXWULPHQWHORUGLQDOLPHQWHQHGHWHUPLQăVăQăWDWHDÌQSRILGDDQXPLWRU
FHULQ‫܊‬HGLHWHWLFH‫܈‬LDVWLOXOXLGHYLD‫܊‬ăDOHVRDPHQLLVXQWRPQLYRULFHHDFHvQVHDPQă
FăSHQWUXRQXWUL‫܊‬LHRSWLPăWUHEXLHVăFRQVXPHDWkWKUDQăYHJHWDOăFkW‫܈‬LDQLPDOă

Alimentația și alimentele 
Alimentația HVWHSURFHVXOSULQFDUHRUJDQLVPXOXPDQSUHLDGLQPHGLXOvQ
FRQMXUăWRUSULQLQWHUPHGLXODOLPHQWHORUVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HQXWULWLYHSHFDUHOHWUDQVIRUPă
SHQWUXD‫܈‬LDVLJXUDGHVIă‫܈‬XUDUHDQRUPDOăDSURFHVHORUPHWDEROLFH$OLPHQWD‫܊‬LD‫܈‬L
HIHFWHOHVDOHPHWDEROLFHLQIOXHQ‫܊‬HD]ăSURIXQGHYROX‫܊‬LD‫܈‬LVWDUHDGHVăQăWDWHDRU
JDQLVPXOXLXPDQ
Aliment sau produs alimentar HVWH RULFHSURGXVVDXVXEVWDQĠăLQGLIHUHQW
GDFăHVWHSUHOXFUDWăSDUĠLDOSUHOXFUDWăVDXQHSUHOXFUDWăGHVWLQDWăVDXSUHYă]XWă
SHQWUXDILLQJHUDWăGHRDPHQL
6HLQFOXGEăXWXULOHJXPDGHPHVWHFDWúLRULFHVXEVWDQĠăLQFOXVLYDSDvQFRU
SRUDWăvQPRGLQWHQĠLRQDWvQDOLPHQWHvQWLPSXOSURGXFHULLSUHSDUăULLVDXWUDWăULLORU
1XVHLQFOXGKUDQDSHQWUXDQLPDOHDQLPDOHOHYLLvQDIDUDFD]XOXLvQFDUH
DFHVWHDVXQWGHVWLQDWHDILSURFHVDWHvQYHGHUHDSXQHULLSHSLDĠăDSURGXVHORUGHVWL
QDWHFRQVXPXOXLXPDQSODQWHOHvQDLQWHDUHFROWăULLSURGXVHOHPHGLFLQDOHSURGX
VHOHFRVPHWLFHWXWXQXOúLSURGXVHOHGLQWXWXQVXEVWDQĠHOHQDUFRWLFHúLSVLKRWURSH
UH]LGXXULOHúLFRQWDPLQDQĠLL
'LQSXQFWGHYHGHUHmedicalQXWUL‫܊‬LRQDO
● alimentul UHSUH]LQWăRULFHVXEVWDQĠăSHFDUHRUJDQLVPXORSRDWHSUHOXD
úLDVLPLODúLLSHUPLWHVXSUDYLHĠXLUHDúLFUHúWHUHD$OLPHQWXOHVWHSXUWă
WRUXOQXWULPHQWHORU
● alimente funcționaleVXQWDOLPHQWHOHFDUHFRQ‫܊‬LQFRPSX‫܈‬LELRORJLFLDF
WLYL‫܈‬LFDUHSUH]LQWăHIHFWHIL]LRORJLFHGHSURPRYDUHDVWăULLGHVăQăWDWH
‫܈‬LVDXHIHFWHGHUHGXFHUHDULVFXOXLGHEROLFURQLFH)XQFĠLRQDOSRDWH
ILXQDOLPHQWQDWXUDOVDXXQDOLPHQWFDUHDIRVWPRGLILFDWSULQDGăXJD
UHDXQRUFRPSRQHQWHvQORFXLUHDXQXLFRPSRQHQWVDXPRGLILFDUHDELR
GLVSRQLELOLWă‫܊‬LL
([HPSOH GH DOLPHQWH IXQFĠLRQDOH QDWXUDOH DOLPHQWHOH FDUH FRQĠLQ DFL]L
JUDúLSROLQHVDWXUD‫܊‬LRPHJDvQJUăVLPLGHSH‫܈‬WHVDXRXăGHODJăLQLKUăQLWHFX
QXWUH‫܊‬XULvPERJă‫܊‬LWH ILEUH DOLPHQWDUHFHUHDOHLQWHJUDOH RYă] RU]YLWDPLQH
PLQHUDOHEURFFROLILWRVWHUROLVRLDDOLPHQWHFXDGDRV GH VXEVWDQĠH ELRORJLF
DFWLYHFXPDUILDQWLR[LGDQĠLLH[FDURWHQRL]LLGLQPRUFRYLOHJXPHYHU]LUR‫܈‬LL
úLSURELRWLFHOHLactobacillus±vQLDXUW‫܈‬LDOWHODFWDWH

Nutriția și nutrimentele
Nutriția ODWnutrițioVHGHILQH‫܈‬WHFDWRWDOLWDWHDSURFHVHORUIL]LRORJLFHSULQ
FDUHRUJDQLVPHOHv‫܈‬LSURFXUăKUDQDQXWULPHQWHOHQHFHVDUăFUH‫܈‬WHULLGH]YROWăULL
RE‫܊‬LQHULLHQHUJLHLSHQWUXGHVIă‫܈‬XUDUHDSURFHVHORUYLWDOHUHIDFHUHD‫܊‬HVXWXULORUHWF
1XWUL‫܊‬LDDUHRLPSRUWDQ‫܊‬ăGHRVHELWăvQPHQ‫܊‬LQHUHDVWăULLGHVăQăWDWHvQGH]YROWDUHD
DUPRQLRDVăDRUJDQLVPXOXLXPDQvQSUHYHQLUHDXQRUEROLLDUWHUDSLDPHGLFDOăQX
WUL‫܊‬LRQDOăHVWHSDUWHLPSRUWDQWăvQYLQGHFDUHDGLIHULWRUEROL&XOWXUDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLHVWH
GHQHFRQFHSXWIăUăQXWUL‫܊‬LHWRWD‫܈‬DFXPQXWUL‫܊‬LDFDRFRPSRQHQWăHVHQ‫܊‬LDOăDVWL
OXOXLGHYLD‫܊‬ăRSWLPHVWHGHQHFRQFHSXWIăUăRDFWLYLWDWHIL]LFăFHOSX‫܊‬LQPRGHUDWă
7HUPHQXO QXWUL‫܊‬LH D FXQRVFXW QXPHURDVH DERUGăUL GLQ SHUVSHFWLYD PDL
PXOWRUGRPHQLL
● QXWUL‫܊‬LD±‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬ăPHGLFDOăvQFDUHELRORJLDFKLPLD‫܈‬LIL]LFDMXFDXXQURO
LPSRUWDQW
● QXWUL‫܊‬LD±‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬ăVRFLDOăVDXFRPSRUWDPHQWDOăFDUHVHFRQFHQWUHD]ăDVXSUD
RELFHLXULORUDOLPHQWDUH‫܈‬LDIDFWRULORUFDUHLQIOXHQ‫܊‬HD]ăDOHUJLLOHDOLPHQWDUH
● QXWUL‫܊‬LDDIRVWDERUGDWă‫܈‬LGLQWURSHUVSHFWLYăJOREDOăOXkQGvQFRQVLGH
UDUHIDFWRULLFDUHLQIOXHQ‫܊‬HD]ăSURGXF‫܊‬LD‫܈‬LGLVWULEX‫܊‬LDGHDOLPHQWHODQL
YHOPRQGLDO
Nutrimentele UHSUH]LQWă DQVDPEOXOFRPSX‫܈‬LORU RUJDQLFL ‫܈‬L PLQHUDOL LQGLV
SHQVDELOLSHQWUXIXQFĠLRQDOLWDWHDRUJDQLVPXOXLVXSRUWXOFUHúWHULLSHQWUXvQWUHĠLQH
UHD úL UHSDUDUHD RUJDQLVPXOXL 1XWULPHQWH VXQW SURWHLQHOH JOXFLGHOH OLSLGHOH
YLWDPLQHOH‫܈‬D
Clasificarea nutrimentelor
 'XSăIXQF‫܊‬LDvQRUJDQLVP
● GHHODERUDUHDHQHUJLHL
● nutrimente energeticePDFURQXWULPHQWHQXWULPHQWHQHFHVDUHvQFDQ
WLWă‫܊‬LUHODWLYPDULSURWHLQHOHJOXFLGHOHOLSLGHOH
● nutrimente neenergeticeDSDILEUHOHDOLPHQWDUHPLFURQXWULPHQWHOHQX
WULPHQWHQHFHVDUHvQFDQWLWă‫܊‬LUHODWLYPLFLYLWDPLQHOH‫܈‬LVăUXULOHPLQHUDOH
● GH FRQVWLWX‫܊‬LH ‫܈‬L GH vQWUH‫܊‬LQHUH WLVXODUă SURWHLQHOH OLSLGHOH VăUXULOH
PLQHUDOH&D3
● GH UHJODUH D PHWDEROLVPXOXL YLWDPLQHOH FRIDFWRUL HQ]LPDWLFL DPL
QRDFL]LLHVHQ‫܊‬LDOLDFL]LLJUD‫܈‬LHVHQ‫܊‬LDOLVăUXULOHPLQHUDOH1D.&D3
0J6)H=Q,&X&R&U0Q90R1L3EHWF
● FXIXQF‫܊‬LHPHFDQLFăDVXSUDSHULVWDOWLVPXOXLLQWHVWLQDOILEUHOHDOLPHQ
WDUHFHOXOR]ăKHPLFHOXOR]ă
 'XSăFDSDFLWDWHDRUJDQLVPXOXLGHDOHVLQWHWL]DHVHQ‫܊‬LDOLVHPLHVHQ‫܊‬LDOL‫܈‬LQH
HVHQ‫܊‬LDOL(tab.3.1.1.

Capitolul ***

‫ޤ‬ ‫ޤ‬

‫ޤ‬
‫ޤ‬
‫ޤ‬
‫ޤ‬

‫ޤ‬
‫ޤ‬ ‫ޤ‬

‫ޤ‬

‫ޤ‬ ‫ޤ‬

Alimentația – factor de sanogeneză. Obiectivele alimentației fiziologice 

$OLPHQWD‫܊‬LDIL]LRORJLFăWUHEXLHVăvQGHSOLQHDVFăXUPăWRDUHOHWUHLFRQGL‫܊‬LL
 6ăDVLJXUHRFUH‫܈‬WHUH‫܈‬LRGH]YROWDUHFRUHVSXQ]ăWRDUHÌQDFHVWVHQVXQ
UROPDMRUvODUHDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LDGLQSULPLLDQLGHYLD‫܊‬ă2DOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHLQVX
ILFLHQWăODRYkUVWăIUDJHGăvQVHDPQăRGH]YROWDUHIL]LFăQHFRUHVSXQ]ă
WRDUHLDURDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHH[FHVLYăSRDWHGHWHUPLQDRPXOWLSOLFDUHH[DJH
UDWăDFHOXOHORUDGLSRDVHUHDOL]kQGREH]LWDWHDODFRSLOVDXJHUPHQHOH
REH]LWă‫܊‬LLDGXOWXOXL
 6ăDVLJXUHRDFWLYLWDWHIL]LFă‫܈‬LLQWHOHFWXDOăQRUPDOă2DOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHLQ
VXILFLHQWăVFDGHUDQGDPHQWXOIL]LF‫܈‬LLQWHOHFWXDO
 6ăDVLJXUHRVWDUHGHVăQăWDWHEXQă2DOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHUD‫܊‬LRQDOăWUHEXLHVă
HYLWHGH]HFKLOLEUHOHQXWUL‫܊‬LRQDOHPDMRUHREH]LWDWHDGLVOLSLGHPLLOHDYL
WDPLQR]HOHGDU‫܈‬LSHFHOHPLQRUHDYLWDPLQR]HOHIUXVWHFRORQXOLULWD
ELOGLYHUWLFXOR]DLQWHVWLQDOăHWF
Igiena alimentației
,JLHQDDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHLHVWHRUDPXUăD‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬HLLJLHQLFHFDUHHODERUHD]ăED]HOH
QRUPDWLYHORUDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHLUD‫܊‬LRQDOH‫܈‬LVăQăWRDVH
Obiective principale ale igienei alimentației
● FXQRD‫܈‬WHUHD‫܈‬LSXQHUHDvQYDORDUHDHIHFWHORUIDYRUDELOHDOHDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHL
DVXSUDVăQăWă‫܊‬LL
● GLPLQXDUHDVDXvQGHSăUWDUHDULVFXOXLFDSURGXVHOHDOLPHQWDUHVăGHYLQă
IDFWRULGăXQăWRULSHQWUXFRQVXPDWRUL
,JLHQDDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHLIDFHOHJăWXUDvQWUHRP‫܈‬LDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHSHWUHLFDL
● legătura biologicăVWXGLD]ăSUHYHQLUHDvPEROQăYLULORUSULQWURDOLPHQ
WD‫܊‬LHQHFRUHVSXQ]ăWRDUHGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHFDOLWDWLY
● legătura medicalăXUPăUH‫܈‬WHSUHYHQLUHDvPEROQăYLULORUSULQFRQVXPXOGH
DOLPHQWHLQVDOXEUHFRQWDPLQDWHFXPLFURRUJDQLVPHFKLPLFVDXDOWHUDWH
 ● legătura afectivăVDXSVLKRVHQ]RULDOăXUPăUH‫܈‬WHSUHYHQLUHDvPEROQăYL
ULORUSULQSUH]HQWDUHDQHFRUHVSXQ]ăWRDUHDXQXLDOLPHQWVDXSUHSDUDW
Postulatele alimentației adecvate
 1XWULĠLDPHQĠLQHFRPSRQHQĠDPROHFXODUăúLFRPSHQVHD]ăFKHOWXLHOLOH
HQHUJHWLFH úL SODVWLFH SHQWUX PHWDEROLVPXO ED]DO SHQWUX GH]YROWDUHD
RUJDQLVPXOXLúLSHQWUXDFWLYLWDWHDGHILHFDUH]LDRPXOXLSRVWXODWFR
PXQDPEHORUWHRULL
 1XWULĠLDQRUPDOăHVWHGHWHUPLQDWăQXQXPDLGHXQVLQJXUIOX[GHQXWUL
PHQWHGLQWUDFWXOJDVWURLQWHVWLQDOvQPHGLXOLQWHUQDORUJDQLVPXOXLGDU
GHFkWHYDIOX[XULGHQXWULPHQWHúLIDFWRULGHUHJODUHFDUHDXLPSRUWDQĠă
YLWDOă
 &RPSRQHQWHQHFHVDUHDOHQXWULĠLHLVXQWQXQXPDLQXWULPHQWHOHGDUúL
ILEUHOHDOLPHQWDUH
 'LQSXQFWGHYHGHUHDOPHWDEROLVPXOXLúLvQVSHFLDODODOLPHQWDĠLHL
RUJDQLVPXOFDUHDVLPLOHD]ăVHSUH]LQWăFDVLVWHPLQWHJUDW
 ([LVWă HQGRHFRORJLD RUJDQLVPXOXLJD]Gă FUHDWă GH PLFURIORUD LQWHVWL
QDOăFX FDUH RJDQLVPXOJD]GăHVWHvQUHODĠLL VLPELRQWHFRPSOLFDWHúL
PHGLXOLQWHVWLQDO
 (FKLOLEUXOQXWULPHQWHORUvQRUJDQLVPHVWHPHQĠLQXWvQXUPDHOLEHUăULL
ORUGLQDOLPHQWHOHGH]LQWHJUDWHSULQGLJHVWLDGLQFDYLWDWHDLQWHVWLQDOă
GLJHVWLDODVXSUDIDĠDPHPEUDQHLvQXQHOHFD]XULGLJHVWLDLQWHUFHOXODUă
QXWULPHQWH SULPDUH FkW úL SULQ VLQWH]D QRLORU VXEVWDQĠH LQFOXVLY
HVHQĠLDOHGHFăWUHPLFURIORUDLQWHVWLQDOăQXWULPHQWHVHFXQGDUH
Sarcinile igienei alimentației:
● GHDFHUFHWDFRPSRQHQ‫܊‬DFKLPLFă‫܈‬LYDORDUHDQXWULWLYăDSURGXVHORUDOL
PHQWDUH‫܈‬LGHDVWDELOLQRUPHOHDOLPHQWDUHFDQWLWDWLY‫܈‬LFDOLWDWLY
● GHDDQDOL]DUHJLPXODOLPHQWDU‫܈‬LVSHFLILFXODOLPHQWDUDOGLIHULWRUFRQ
WLQJHQWHGHSRSXOD‫܊‬LH
● GHDDQDOL]DLQVXILFLHQ‫܊‬DDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHLGHDDQDOL]DWUDGL‫܊‬LLOHQD‫܊‬LRQDOH‫܈‬L
SDUWLFXODULWă‫܊‬LOHFOLPDWRJHRJUDILFH
● GHDDQDOL]DFDX]HOHLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LLORUDOLPHQWDUH
● GHDVWXGLDSUREOHPHOHOHJDWHGHSURWHF‫܊‬LDVDQLWDUăDSURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUH
● GHDHODERUDPăVXULGHSURILOD[LHDLQVXILFLHQ‫܊‬HLGHYLWDPLQHvQRUJDQLVP
● GHDVWDELOLLQGLFLVDQLWDUREDFWHULRORJLFL‫܈‬LVDQLWDURFKLPLFL
● GHDFRQWULEXLODGHWHUPLQDUHDQRUPHORUVDQLWDUHGHSURLHFWDUHDvQWUH
SULQGHULORUDOLPHQWDUH‫܈‬LGHDVWDELOLUHJLPXOORUGHIXQF‫܊‬LRQDUH
● GHDHODERUDOXFUăULSULYLQGHGXFD‫܊‬LDVDQLWDUă
Principiile alimentației raționale:
● DOLPHQWD‫܊‬LDWUHEXLHVăILHVXILFLHQWăFDQWLWDWLYDGLFăVăDVLJXUHFDQWLWD
WHDQHFHVDUăGHHQHUJLHSULQUHVSHFWDUHDFRQGL‫܊‬LLORUVDQLWDUHvQWLPSXO
WUDQVSRUWăULLSăVWUăULL‫܈‬LSUHSDUăULLFXOLQDUHDSURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUH
● SUHYHQLUHDQRFLYL]ăULLDOLPHQWHORU‫܈‬LHYLWDUHDFRQVXPXOXLDOLPHQWDULQ
VDOXEUX
Capitolul ***

● DVLJXUDUHD XQHL FDOLWă‫܊‬L DGHYăUDWH SURGXVXOXL DGLFă Vă FRQ‫܊‬LQă WRDWH

VXEVWDQ‫܊‬HOHQXWULWLYHSURWHLQHOLSLGHJOXFLGHYLWDPLQHVăUXULPLQH
UDOHvQFDQWLWă‫܊‬LELQHHFKLOLEUDWH‫܈‬LVăVHUHVSHFWHRSURSRU‫܊‬LHMXVWăD
DOLPHQWHORU‫܈‬LDVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HORUQXWULWLYH
● UHVSHFWDUHD UHJLPXOXL DOLPHQWDU DOLPHQWD‫܊‬LD OD DQXPLWH LQWHUYDOH GH
WLPSVWULFWUHVSHFWDWă
● DVLJXUDUHDXQHLEXQHVWăULGHQXWUL‫܊‬LHVăVHDVLJXUHIRORVLUHDPD[LPăD
VXEVWDQ‫܊‬HORUQXWULWLYHSULQSUHSDUDUHDFXOLQDUăDDOLPHQWHORU
● DVLJXUDUHDYDULHWă‫܊‬LLEXFDWHORU
● GHSOLQDGLJHVWLHDDOLPHQWHORU
● FRUHVSXQGHUHD SURSULHWă‫܊‬LORU RUJDQROHSWLFH DOH SURGXVHORU DOLPHQWDUH
GHSULQGHULORUFRQVXPDWRUXOXL
● UHVSHFWDUHDPRGHUD‫܊‬LHLDGLFăVăQXFRQ‫܊‬LQăXQH[FHV]DKăUVDUHJUăVLPL
Regulile unei alimentații sănătoase 
Alimentația trebuie să fie corespunzătoare calitativDGLFăVăFXSULQGăVXE
VWDQ‫܊‬HOHQXWULWLYHQHFHVDUHFUH‫܈‬WHULLGH]YROWăULL‫܈‬LGHVIă‫܈‬XUăULLDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LLRPXOXL
SURWHLQHJOXFLGHOLSLGHDSăVăUXULPLQHUDOH‫܈‬LYLWDPLQHvQDQXPLWHSHULRDGH
GHYkUVWă‫܈‬LFRQGL‫܊‬LLGHYLD‫܊‬ă
Alimentele trebuie să corespundă din punct de vedere cantitativDGLFăVă
VHDVLJXUHFDQWLWă‫܊‬LOHGHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬ăFHUXWHSHQWUXDDFRSHULFKHOWXLHOLOHHQHUJHWLFH
DOHRUJDQLVPXOXL‫܈‬LSHQWUXFRQVWUXLUHDFHOXOHORU‫܈‬L‫܊‬HVXWXULORUX]DWHVDXDIODWHvQ
FXUVGHFUH‫܈‬WHUH$OLPHQWHOHGHILFLWDUHSULQH[FHVXOORUWXOEXUăJUDYGH]YROWDUHD
VFDGUH]LVWHQ‫܊‬DODvPEROQăYLUL‫܈‬LFDSDFLWDWHDGHPXQFă
Alimentele trebuie luate la ore regulate. )XQF‫܊‬LRQDUHD RUJDQXOXL GLJHVWLY
GXSăSHULRDGHOHGHDFWLYLWDWHQHFHVLWăSHULRDGHGHRGLKQă'HDLFLUHJXODFDPLFXO
GHMXQSUkQ]XO‫܈‬LFLQDVăILHOXDWHODDQXPLWHLQWHUYDOHGHWLPSRUH‫܈‬LWRWGHDXQD
ODDFHOHD‫܈‬LRUHREL‫܈‬QXLQGvQIHOXODFHVWDRUJDQHOHGLJHVWLYHVăOXFUH]HULWPLF‫܈‬LFX
HILFLHQ‫܊‬ăPD[LPă
Alimentele trebuie să fie echilibrateSURWHLQHOH‫܈‬LJUăVLPLOHWUHEXLHVăVH
DIOHvQSURSRU‫܊‬LLDSUR[LPDWLY HJDOHÌQVăXQRUD OHSODF GXOFLXULOH ‫܈‬L IăLQRDVHOH
DO‫܊‬LLSUHIHUăFDUQHD‫܈‬LJUăVLPLOHXQLLFRSLLVHREL‫܈‬QXLHVFVăFRQVXPHPDULFDQWLWă‫܊‬L
GHODSWH‫܈‬LUHIX]ăSUHSDUDWHOHGLQFDUQH‫܈‬LOHJXPHOH$FHDVWăDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHXQLODWHUDOă
SURGXFHWXOEXUăULVHULRDVHvQFUH‫܈‬WHUHD‫܈‬LGH]YROWDUHDRUJDQLVPXOXLH[FHVXOGHJOX
FLGHGXFHODWXOEXUăULGHGH]YROWDUHDVLVWHPXOXLRVRV‫܈‬LPXVFXODULDUFDUHQ‫܊‬DORU
VOăEH‫܈‬WHFDSDFLWDWHDIXQF‫܊‬LRQDOăDRUJDQLVPXOXL'HDLFLUHJXODXUPăWRDUHDOL
PHQWD‫܊‬LDWUHEXLHVDILHFkWPDLYDULDWăDVLJXUkQGWRDWHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HOHQXWULWLYHvQ
SURSRU‫܊‬LDQHFHVDUă
Hrana trebuie să fie proaspătă și corect preparatăSHQWUXDQHIHULGHvP
EROQăYLUL‫܈‬LSHQWUXDQXVHSLHUGHYLWDPLQHOH‫܈‬LVăUXULOHPLQHUDOH6H‫܈‬WLHFăSULQ
ILHUEHUHvQGHOXQJDWăXQHOHYLWDPLQHVHGLVWUXJLDUDGDRVXOGHIUXFWH‫܈‬LOHJXPH
SURDVSHWHSRDWHVXSOLQLDFHVWGHILFLW
 Hrana trebuie să fie gustoasă și frumos servităSHQWUXDvQWUH‫܊‬LQHSRIWDGH
PkQFDUH&kQGRUJDQHOHWXEXOXLGLJHVWLYVXQWSUHJăWLWHSHQWUXQRLSURFHVHGLJHV
WLYH‫܈‬LFkQGRUJDQHOHDXQHYRLHGHQRLVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HSODVWLFHVDXHQHUJHWLFHVLP‫܊‬LP
DFHDVWDVXEIRUPăGHVHQ]D‫܊‬LLGHIRDPH‫܈‬LVHWH(OHDSDU‫܈‬LVHPHQ‫܊‬LQvQFRQGL‫܊‬LL
vQFDUHDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LDVHIDFHODRUHUHJXODWHHVWHHFKLOLEUDWă‫܈‬LYDULDWă3UHSDUDUHD
FXOLQDUăFRUHFWă‫܈‬LDGDRVXOGHDURPH‫܈‬LGHFRQGLPHQWHvQSURSRU‫܊‬LDDGPLVăOH
GDXJXVW‫܈‬LPLURVSOăFXW$VSHFWXOIHOXOGHSUH]HQWDUHDDOLPHQWHORUDWPRVIHUD
FDOPă‫܈‬LFDOGăODPDVăHWFFRQWULEXLHODRVHFUH‫܊‬LHQRUPDOăGHVXFXULGLJHVWLYH
3RIWDGHPkQFDUHVHSLHUGHSULQWURDOLPHQWDUHXQLODWHUDOă‫܈‬LSULQOXDUHDPHVHLOD
RUHQHUHJXODWH2FXSD‫܊‬LLOH]LOQLFHSUHDLQWHQVHFkQGRPXOXLWăVăPăQkQFHVDX
VWăvQID‫܊‬DIDUIXULHLFXPkQFDUHDYkQGJkQGXOvQDOWăSDUWHGHDVHPHQHDSRWGXFH
ODSLHUGHUHDDSHWLWXOXL‫܈‬LGHFLODVOăELUHDRUJDQLVPXOXL3RIWDGHPkQFDUHHVWH
VFă]XWăVDXFKLDUDEVHQWăvQVWăULGHERDOăODHPR‫܊‬LLSXWHUQLFH
Hrana trebuie să fie sățioasă.6HQ]D‫܊‬LDGHIRDPHGLVSDUHGXSăFHDPFRQ
VXPDWFDQWLWDWHDGHDOLPHQWHQHFHVDUHLQVWDOkQGXVHVHQ]D‫܊‬LDGHVDWXUDUHGHVD
‫܊‬LHWDWHFDUH‫܊‬LQHPDLPXOWVDXPDLSX‫܊‬LQvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHQDWXUDDOLPHQWHORU8QHOH
DOLPHQWHGHH[HPSOXODSWHOH‫܈‬LSURGXVHOHODFWDWHWUHFUHSHGHSULQVWRPDF‫܈‬LLQ
WHVWLQH&DUQHD‫܈‬LRXăOHUăPkQPDLPXOWWLPSvQWUDFWXOGLJHVWLYRUHLDUJUăVL
PLOH‫܈‬LPDLPXOW6SXQHPFăODSWHOHHVWHPDLSX‫܊‬LQVă‫܊‬LRVGHFkWFDUQHD‫܈‬LJUăVLPLOH
DGLFăFRQVXPkQGQXPDLODSWHDUWUHEXLVăOXăPPDLPXOWHPHVHSH]LGHFkWGDFă
QHDPDOLPHQWD‫܈‬LFXDOWHSURGXVH

Consumul de energie. Valoarea energetică a rației alimentare 

9LDĠDSUHVXSXQHXQFRQVXPSHUPDQHQWGHHQHUJLHSHQWUX
● VLQWH]DGHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HSHQWUXFUH‫܈‬WHUHD‫܈‬LGH]YROWDUHDRUJDQLVPXOXL
● DFWLYLWDWHDPX‫܈‬FKLORUUHVSLUDWRULL‫܈‬LDLQLPLL
● FRQWUDF‫܊‬LLOHYROXQWDUH‫܈‬LLQYROXQWDUHDOHPXVFXODWXULLVWULDWH‫܈‬LQHWHGH
● DFWLYLWDWHDGHVHFUH‫܊‬LH‫܈‬LGHH[FUH‫܊‬LH
● PHQ‫܊‬LQHUHDWHPSHUDWXULLFRQVWDQWHDFRUSXOXL
● UHSDUDUHDX]XULORU
5D‫܊‬LDHQHUJHWLFă]LOQLFă QHFHVDUXOHQHUJHWLFD XQHL SHUVRDQHUHSUH]LQWă
FDQWLWDWHDGHHQHUJLHQHFHVDUăSHQWUXFRPSHQVDUHDFKHOWXLHOLORUHQHUJHWLFH‫܈‬LDVL
JXUDUHDXQHLWDOLL‫܈‬LDXQHLFRPSR]L‫܊‬LLFRUSRUDOHFRPSDWLELOHFXPHQ‫܊‬LQHUHDXQHL
VăQăWă‫܊‬LRSWLPH‫܈‬LDXQHLDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LIL]LFHDGHFYDWHFRQWH[WXOXLHFRQRPLF‫܈‬LVRFLDO
Unități de măsură a energiei
$WkWDSRUWXOFkW‫܈‬LFRQVXPXOGHHQHUJLHDXDFHOHD‫܈‬LXQLWă‫܊‬LGHPăVXUă
● kilocaloria kcal) ±XQLWDWHDWUDGL‫܊‬LRQDOăGHPăVXUă5HSUH]LQWăFDQWL
WDWHDGHFăOGXUăQHFHVDUăSHQWUXFUH‫܈‬WHUHDWHPSHUDWXULLXQXLOLWUXGHDSă
GHODƒ&SkQăODƒ&
● kilojouli (kJ) ±XQLWDWHDLQWHUQD‫܊‬LRQDOăGHPăVXUă5HSUH]LQWăFDQWLWD
WHDGHHQHUJLHFKHOWXLWăSHQWUXGHSODVDUHDXQHLPDVHGHXQNLORJUDPSH
GLVWDQ‫܊‬DGHXQPHWUXFXRIRU‫܊‬ăGHXQ1HZWRQ

Capitolul ***

(FKLYDOHQ‫܊‬DGLQWUHFHOHXQLWă‫܊‬LGHPăVXUă
N- NFDO
NFDO N-

Furnizorii energetici ai organismului 

7RDWHDOLPHQWHOHIXUQL]HD]ăHQHUJLHSULQFRPSRQHQ‫܊‬LLORUHQHUJHWLFL±PD
FURQXWULPHQWHOH SURWHLQH OLSLGH JOXFLGH tab. 3.1.2. &HOHODOWH QXWULPHQWH
DSDILEUHOHDOLPHQWDUH‫܈‬LPLFURQXWULPHQWHOH±YLWDPLQHOHPLQHUDOHOHQXIXUQL
]HD]ăHQHUJLHSULQPHWDEROL]DUHvQRUJDQLVP
8QHOHSURGXVHDOLPHQWDUHDGXFÄFDORULLJRDOH´GHRDUHFHSUH]LQWăRGHQVL
WDWH HQHUJHWLFă FUHVFXWă GDU R GHQVLWDWH QXWUL‫܊‬LRQDOă VFă]XWă ([HPSOH GH DOL
PHQWHERJDWHvQFDORULLGDUVăUDFHVDXFKLDUOLSVLWHGHDOWHQXWULPHQWHLPSRUWDQWH
SHQWUXRUJDQLVPSURWHLQHVăUXULPLQHUDOHYLWDPLQHVXQWGXOFLXULOHUDILQDWHDO
FRROXO$OFRROXOFKLDUGDFăIXUQL]HD]ăHQHUJLHNFDOJVDXN-Jnu este
nutriment SHQWUXFDQXVWLPXOHD]ăFUH‫܈‬WHUHD‫܈‬LGH]YROWDUHD

Densitatea nutrițională versus densitatea energetică

● 'HQVLWDWHDQXWUL‫܊‬LRQDOăDXQXLDOLPHQWUHSUH]LQWăFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXODFHVWXLDvQ
PLFURQXWULPHQWHHVHQ‫܊‬LDOHSHQWUXRUJDQLVPUDSRUWDWODFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOHQHU
JHWLF 1X OD JUHXWDWHD VDX YROXPXO DOLPHQWXOXL ([ PJ YLWDPLQD
%NFDO
● 'HQVLWDWHDHQHUJHWLFăDXQXLDOLPHQWFRUHVSXQGHFDQWLWă‫܊‬LLGHHQHUJLH
DGXVăGHDOLPHQWSHXQLWDWHDGHJUHXWDWHVDXGHYROXPDDFHVWXLD([
NFDOJSURGXVVDXNFDOPODOLPHQW

Componentele cheltuielilor energetice

1HFHVDUXOHQHUJHWLFYDULD]ăGHODXQLQGLYLGODDOWXO‫܈‬LGHODR]LODDOWD(O
GHSLQGHGHGLIHUL‫܊‬LIDFWRULLQWHUQL‫܈‬LH[WHUQL‫܈‬LVHFRPSXQHvQSULQFLSDOGLQ
● FKHOWXLHOLHQHUJHWLFHED]DOHPHWDEROLVPXOED]DOfig. 3.1.1
● FKHOWXLHOL HQHUJHWLFH H[WUDED]DOH FKHOWXLHOL DGL‫܊‬LRQDOH GH HQHUJLH ‫܈‬L
FKHOWXLHOLHQHUJHWLFHIL]LRORJLFHSDUWLFXODUH
 


&KLDUvQFRQGL‫܊‬LLOHUHSDXVXOXLDEVROXWRUJDQLVPXOFRQVXPăHQHUJLHGHRD
UHFHUHDF‫܊‬LLOHPHWDEROLFHFRQWLQXăVăVHGHVIă‫܈‬RDUH$FHVWHFKHOWXLHOLPLQLPHGH
HQHUJLHFHUHSUH]LQWăHQHUJLDQHFHVDUăIXQF‫܊‬LLORUYLWDOHDOHRUJDQLVPXOXLUHVSLUD
‫܊‬LH FLUFXOD‫܊‬LD VDQJYLQă VLQWH]D XQRUFRPSX‫܈‬LRUJDQLFL PHQ‫܊‬LQHUHDWHPSHUDWXULL
FRUSXOXLIXQF‫܊‬LRQDUHDILFDWXOXLULQLFKLORUFUHLHUXOXLvQFRQGL‫܊‬LLVWDQGDUGL]DWHUH
SDXVFRPSOHWWHPSHUDWXUăDPELHQWDOăFRUHVSXQ]ăWRDUH]RQHLGHQHXWUDOLWDWHWHU
PLFăDGLFăGHƒ&UHSUH]LQWăPHWDEROLVPXOED]DO

Metabolismul bazal GLQJUmetabole - schimbareUHSUH]LQWăWRWDOLWDWHD

WUDQVIRUPăULORUFKLPLFH‫܈‬LELRFKLPLFHFDUHDXORFvQRUJDQLVPODQLYHOFHOXODU
‫܈‬LLPSOLFăGRXăSURFHVH
● AnabolismulGLQJUanabolea construia ridica±PDWHULLOHQXWULWLYHLQ
WURGXVHvQRUJDQLVPVXQWWUDQVIRUPDWHvQVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HSURSULLVSHFLILFHDFHVWXLD
DVLPLOD‫܊‬LH
● Catabolismul GLQJUkatabollo ±a desface±SURFHVXOGHWUDQVIRUPDUH
DXQRUVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFRPSOH[HVSHFLILFHRUJDQLVPXOXLvQDOWHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HPDL
VLPSOH‫܈‬LQHVSHFLILFHSHFDUHRUJDQLVPXOOHHOLPLQăGH]DVLPLOD‫܊‬LH
&KHOWXLHOLOH ED]DOH GH HQHUJLH VDX PHWDEROLVPXO ED]DO 0% UHSUH]LQWă
GLQ5(7UD‫܊‬LDHQHUJHWLFăWRWDOăDXQHLSHUVRDQHvQWUR]L
0%VHH[SULPăvQNFDON-RUăVDXNFDON-NJFRUS
Factorii de variabilitate ai MB:
● vârsta -0%VFDGHFXYkUVWD
‫ ޤ‬DQL0%HVWHGHNFDONJK
‫ ޤ‬DGROHVFHQĠL0%HVWHGHNFDONJK
‫ ޤ‬WLQHULODEăLHĠL0%HVWHGHNFDONJKLDUODIHWHGHNFDONJK
‫ ޤ‬DGXOĠL
ƒ ODDQL0%VFDGHFXODILHFDUHGHFDGă
Capitolul ***

ƒ ODDQL0%VFDGHFXODILHFDUHGHFDGă
ƒ !DQL0%VFDGHFXODILHFDUHGHFDGă
● sexul -0%HVWHPDLVFă]XWODIHPHLFXFDXUPDUHDFRPSR]L‫܊‬LHL
FRUSRUDOHGLIHULWHDDFHVWRUD‫܊‬HVXWQHDGLSRVPHWDEROLFDFWLYFXFLUFD
PDLSX‫܊‬LQFRPSDUDWLYFXEăUED‫܊‬LL
● compoziția corporală -0%HVWHGLUHFWSURSRU‫܊‬LRQDOFX‫܊‬HVXWXOQHDGLSRV
PDVDPXVFXODUă±PDVDPHWDEROLFDFWLYă
● greutatea corporală - 0% HVWH GLUHFW SURSRU‫܊‬LRQDO FX JUHXWDWH PDL
H[DFWFXSURSRU‫܊‬LDGH‫܊‬HVXWQHDGLSRV0%HVWHPDLFUHVFXWODSHUVRDQHOH
FXJUHXWDWHFRUSRUDOăPDLPDUH
● talia - 0%HVWHPDLFUHVFXWODSHUVRDQHOHvQDOWH
● evoluţia circadiană - 0%HVWHPD[LPODRUD
● temperatura aerului atmosferic -0%FUH‫܈‬WHvQFRQGL‫܊‬LLGHIULJVDXFăO
GXUăH[WUHPăVWUHVWHUPLF
● factorii psihologici -HPRĠLLOHVWUHVXODGUHQDOLQDFUHVF0%
● factorii fiziologici -0%VFDGHvQWLPSXOVRPQXOXLFUH‫܈‬WHvQVDUFLQăFX
úLvQDOăSWDUHFX
● factorii patologici -EROLOHHQGRFULQHKLSHUWLURLGLVPXOFUH‫܈‬WH0%KLSR
WLURLGLVPXO VFDGH 0% EROLOH IHEULOH FUHVF 0% UHIDFHUHD WLVXODUă
H[FUH‫܈‬WHUHD0%vQFD]XODUVXULORUH[WLQVH
● regimul alimentar -VXEDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHSUHOXQJLWăGHWHUPLQăVFăGHUHD0%
PHFDQLVPGHDGDSWDUHSHQWUXVXSUDYLH‫܊‬XLUHLDURVXSUDDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHGH
WHUPLQăRFUH‫܈‬WHUHD0%
● activitatea fizică -0%HVWHGLUHFWSURSRU‫܊‬LRQDOFXDFWLYLWDWHDIL]LFă2
DFWLYLWDWHIL]LFăLQWHQVăGHFkWHYDRULSHVăSWăPkQăGHWHUPLQăFUH‫܈‬WH
UHD0%FRQVHFXWLYăFUH‫܈‬WHULLPDVHLPXVFXODUH
● diferite substanțeSVLKRVWLPXODQWHOHFDIHLQăQLFRWLQăFUHVF0%VH
GDWLYHOH‫܈‬LKLSQRWLFHOHVFDG0%

Cheltuieli adiționale de energie fig. 3.1.2

Cheltuieli energetice legate de activitatea fizică (activitatea musculară)
$FHDVWăIRUPăDFKHOWXLHOLORUHQHUJHWLFHUHSUH]LQWăDGRXDFRPSRQHQWăFD
LPSRUWDQ‫܊‬ăGXSă0%GLQ5(7. (VWHFRPSRQHQWDFHDPDLYDULDELOăD
5(7SHQWUXFăGHSLQGHGHFRPSRUWDPHQWXOVXELHFWXOXLPRGXOVăXGHYLD‫܊‬ăDF
WLYLWDWHDSURIHVLRQDOă
,QWHQVLWDWHDDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LLIL]LFHVHH[SULPăSULQ1$)QLYHOXOGHDFWLYLWDWHIL
]LFă±YDORDUHDPHGLHDFKHOWXLHOLORUHQHUJHWLFHDIHUHQWHWXWXURUDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LORUGLQ
RUH
)LHFDUH DFWLYLWDWH SURIHVLRQDOă VDX H[WUDSURIHVLRQDOă VH FDUDFWHUL]HD]ă
SULQWUXQPXOWLSOXDO0%LQGLFHFDUHH[SULPăFKHOWXLDODHQHUJHWLFăPHGLHDIH
UHQWăXQHLDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LUDSRUWDWăOD0%
  

 ¾


 



 








Cheltuielile legate de activitatea fizică sunt reprezentate de: 

● Cheltuieli energetice pentru activitatea profesională ±PHVHULLOHVXQWFOD
VLILFDWHvQSDWUXFDWHJRULLvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHHIRUWXOIL]LFSUHVWDWFXYDORULPHGLL
VSHFLILFHDOHPXOWLSOXOXL0%SHQWUXILHFDUHFDWHJRULH(tab.3.1.3.
● Cheltuieli energetice pentru activitatea extraprofesională ± FKHOWXLHOLOH
HQHUJHWLFHDIHUHQWH XQRU DFWLYLWă‫܊‬L IDFXOWDWLYH RFXSD‫܊‬LLFDVQLFHDFWLYLWă‫܊‬L
VRFLDOH‫܈‬LGHvQJULMLUHDVăQăWă‫܊‬LL
● Cheltuieli energetice pentru timpul neacoperit de activități – vQSHULRDGD
GHYHJKH FKHOWXLDOD SHQWUXUHVWXO RUHORUSkQă OD  K GHVSUH FDUHQXVH
‫܈‬WLHQXVHSRDWHSUHFL]DWLSXODFWLYLWă‫܊‬LLDOWHOHGHFkWFHOHSURIHVLRQDOH‫܈‬LH[
WUDSURIHVLRQDOHFXQRVFXWHH[DFWODFDUHVHDGDXJăXQHOHDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LFDVQLFH
GHLQWHQVLWDWHPLFă‫܈‬L‫܈‬RPHULLVHFXDQWLILFăSULQPXOWLSOXO
Capitolul ***

Cheltuieli energetice legate de actul alimentar (ADS)

'LJHVWLD‫܈‬LXWLOL]DUHDDOLPHQWHORUUHSUH]LQWăDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LFDUHFRQVXPăHQHU
JLH$FHDVWăFKHOWXLDOăHQHUJHWLFăHVWHHVWLPDWăvQWURUD‫܊‬LHPL[WăDGLFăvQFDUH
VHFRQVXPăWRDWHSULQFLSLLOHQXWULWLYHSURWHLQHJOXFLGHOLSLGHODFLUFDGLQ
5(7UD‫܊‬LDHQHUJHWLFăWRWDOă
$'6DF‫܊‬LXQHDGLQDPLFăVSHFLILFăDDOLPHQWHORUUHSUH]LQWăFDQWLWDWHDGH
HQHUJLHFRQVXPDWăSURSRU‫܊‬LRQDOFXGLJHVWLDDEVRUE‫܊‬LD‫܈‬LXWLOL]DUHDQXWULPHQWHORU
GLQDOLPHQWH$'6GHQXPLWă‫܈‬LWHUPRJHQH]ăSRVWSUDQGLDOăSRDWHILFODVLILFDWă
vQGRXăVXEFDWHJRULL
 7HUPRJHQH]DREOLJDWRULH±FRVWXOHIRUWXOXLGLJHVWLYGLJHVWLH‫܈‬LDEVRU
E‫܊‬LH‫܈‬LDFHOXLGHGHSR]LWDUHDQXWULPHQWHORU
 7HUPRJHQH]DIDFXOWDWLYăVDXDGDSWLYă±HQHUJLDXWLOL]DWăSHQWUXDUGHUHD
FDORULLORUvQH[FHVVXEIRUPăGHFăOGXUă(VWHRFUH‫܈‬WHUHDPHWDEROLVPX
OXLVWLPXODWGHLQJHVWLDGHDOLPHQWH$FHDVWăIRUPăGHWHUPRJHQH]ăGH
QXPLWă‫܈‬LUHJODWRDUHSHUPLWHRUJDQLVPXOXLVăVHDGDSWH]HODXQQLYHOGH
VXSUDVDXVXEDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LH

Factori de variație a ADS

● cantitatea alimentelor ingerate$'6HVWHSURSRU‫܊‬LRQDOFXFDQWLWDWHD
GDU‫܈‬LFXFDOLWDWHDQXWUL‫܊‬LRQDOăDDOLPHQWHORU
● ora ingestiei$'6HVWHPDLFUHVFXWăGLPLQHD‫܊‬DPXOWPDLVFă]XWăQRDSWHD
● natura și utilizarea nutrimentelorFDUDFWHULVWLFăILHFăUHLFDWHJRULLGH
QXWULPHQWH$'6ILLQGPDLFUHVFXWăSHQWUXSURWHLQHFRPSDUDWLYFXOL
SLGHOH‫܈‬LJOXFLGHOH
$VWIHOHIHFWXOWHUPLFDOPDFURQXWULPHQWHORUH[SULPDWvQSURFHQWHGLQFRQ
‫܊‬LQXWXOVăXFDORULFHVWH GH SHQWUXSURWHLQH  SHQWUXJOXFLGH‫܈‬L
SHQWUXOLSLGH3RUQLQGGHODDFHVWHYDORUL‫܈‬LGHODSURSRU‫܊‬LDPDFURQXWUL
PHQWHORUvQWURGLHWăPL[WăFDUHFRQ‫܊‬LQHWRDWHPDFURQXWULPHQWHOHYDORDUHDPH
GLHD$'6HVWHGH

Cheltuieli de termoreglare
5HSUH]LQWăFKHOWXLHOLOHHQHUJHWLFHSHQWUXPHQ‫܊‬LQHUHDFRQVWDQWăDWHPSHUD
WXULLLQWHUQHDFRUSXOXLODXQQLYHOGHž&SULQPHFDQLVPXOGHWHUPRUH
JODUH7HUPRUHJODUHDUHSUH]LQWăDQVDPEOXOPHFDQLVPHORUFDUHDVLJXUăHFKLOLEUXO
vQWUHSURGXFHUHDGHFăOGXUăWHUPRJHQH]ă‫܈‬LSLHUGHUHDGHFăOGXUăWHUPROL]ă
FRQVHFXWLYHVFăGHULLVDXFUH‫܈‬WHULLWHPSHUDWXULLDHUXOXLDWPRVIHULFID‫܊‬ăGH]RQDGH
QHXWUDOLWDWHWHUPLFă
ÌQ]RQDGHQHXWUDOLWDWHWHUPLFăž&RUJDQLVPXOQXFRQVXPăHQHUJLH
SHQWUXDSăVWUDFRQVWDQWăWHPSHUDWXUDLQWHUQă'LPSRWULYăDWXQFLFkQGWHPSHUD
WXUDH[WHULRDUăGLIHUăGHWHPSHUDWXUD]RQHLGHQHXWUDOLWDWHWHUPLFăPHQ‫܊‬LQHUHD
WHPSHUDWXULLLQWHUQHLPSOLFăRFKHOWXLDOăGHHQHUJLHVXSOLPHQWDUăQHFHVDUăDVL
JXUăULLFRQWUDF‫܊‬LHLPXVFXODUHOXSWDvPSRWULYDIULJXOXLVDXHYDSRUăULLDSHLGHOD
VXSUDID‫܊‬DFRUSXOXLOXSWDvPSRWULYDFăOGXULL
 3HQWUXRPXOPRGHUQFKHOWXLHOLOHOHJDWHGHWHUPRUHJODUHVXQWQHVHPQLILFD
WLYHGHRDUHFHDFHVWDSHWUHFHSHVWHGLQWLPSXO]LOQLFvQVSD‫܊‬LLvQFKLVHFDVă
ORFGHPXQFăPLMORDFHGHWUDQVSRUWvQFDUHWHPSHUDWXUDHVWHIRDUWHDSURSLDWă
GH]RQDGHQHXWUDOLWDWHWHUPLFă

Evaluarea cheltuielilor energetice zilnice

(YDOXDUHDFKHOWXLHOLORUHQHUJHWLFH]LOQLFHVHED]HD]ăSHXWLOL]DUHDXQRUPH
WRGHFDORULPHWULFHVDXQHFDORULPHWULFH
Metode calorimetrice
● FDORULPHWULH GLUHFWă ± ED]DWă SH SULQFLSLXO HJDOLWă‫܊‬LL GLQWUH SURGXF‫܊‬LD ‫܈‬L
SLHUGHUHDGHHQHUJLH
● FDORULPHWULHLQGLUHFWăED]DWăSHSULQFLSLXOFăHQHUJLDXWLOL]DWăGHRUJD
QLVPHVWHSURGXVăGHR[LGDUHDPDFURQXWULPHQWHORUSURWHLQHJOXFLGH
OLSLGH‫܈‬LDDOFRROXOXL
Metodele necalorimetricePDLIUHFYHQWXWLOL]DWăvQSUDFWLFDPHGLFDOă
● PHWRGDIDFWRULDOă±PHWRGăHVWLPDWLYăSHED]DXQRUIRUPXOHGHFDOFXOD
PHWDEROLVPXOXLED]DOSUHFXP‫܈‬LSHvQUHJLVWUDUHDFkWPDLSUHFLVăDWLSX
OXL‫܈‬LDGXUDWHLDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LORUIL]LFH]LOQLFHDXQHLSHUVRDQH‫܈‬LDXQRUVLWXD‫܊‬LL
DGL‫܊‬LRQDOHVDXIL]LRORJLFHGHFRQVXPVXSOLPHQWDU




1XWUL‫܊‬LDUHSUH]LQWăFHDPDLLPSRUWDQWăSDUWHDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLRUJDQLVPXOXLXPDQ
(DDVLJXUăQHYRLOHHQHUJHWLFHDOHRUJDQLVPXOXLXPDQFXDMXWRUXOSULQFLSLLORUQX
WULWLYHQHFHVDUHFUH‫܈‬WHULL‫܈‬LGH]YROWăULLDUPRQLRDVH‫܊‬LQkQGFRQWGHDQXPLWHSDUWL
FXODULWă‫܊‬LLQGLYLGXDOHFXPDUILYkUVWDJHQXOJUDGXOGHDFWLYLWDWHIL]LFăFRQGL‫܊‬LLOH
GHPHGLXSUH]HQ‫܊‬DVWăULLGHVăQăWDWHVDXGHERDOă
*UDGXOvQFDUHVXQWVDWLVIăFXWHQHYRLOHQXWULWLYH‫܈‬LIL]LRORJLFHDOHRUJDQLV
PXOXLUHSUH]LQWăstarea de nutriție$WXQFLFkQGDSRUWXOQXWULWLYHVWHvQHFKLOLEUX
FXQHFHVDUXORUJDQLVPXOXLYRUELPGHRstare de nutriție optimă&kQGDSRUWXO
QXWULWLYQXHVWHvQFRQFRUGDQ‫܊‬ăFXQHFHVDUXORUJDQLVPXOXLSRWLQWHUYHQLDQXPLWH
VWăULSDWRORJLFHLQGXVHDWkWGHGHILFLWXOFkW‫܈‬LGHH[FHVXOQXWUL‫܊‬LRQDO
Rația alimentarăUHSUH]LQWăFDQWLWDWHDIDFWRULORUQXWULWLYLH[SULPDWăvQXQLWă‫܊‬L
GHPăVXUăJUDPFDORULHXQLWDWHLQWHUQD‫܊‬LRQDOăFDUHDFRSHUăQHFHVDUXOHQHUJHWLF
SHQWUXGHRUHFRQVLGHUDWăDGHFYDWăSHQWUXDFRSHULUHDQHYRLORURUJDQLVPXOXL
Normele de alimentație fiziologicăVXQWGLIHULWHGHODLQGLYLGODLQGLYLGGH
ODSRSXOD‫܊‬LHODSRSXOD‫܊‬LHvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHRELFHLXULDOLPHQWDUHWUDGL‫܊‬LLHWQLHUHOLJLH
Capitolul ***

VLWXD‫܊‬LHVRFLRHFRQRPLFăJUDGXOGHFXOWXUăvQFHHDFHSULYH‫܈‬WHRDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHFR
UHFWăHFKLOLEUDWă1XWULPHQWHOHGHED]ăDOHXQHLDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LLHFKLOLEUDWHVXQWSUR
WHLQHOHJOXFLGHOHOLSLGHOHYLWDPLQHOHPLQHUDOHOH‫܈‬LDSD
ÌQDOFăWXLUHDXQHLUD‫܊‬LLDOLPHQWDUHVHXUPăUHVFGRXăRELHFWLYHLPSRUWDQWH
● VWDELOLUHDQHYRLORUQXWULWLYHDOHRUJDQLVPXOXL
● VWDELOLUHDPRGDOLWă‫܊‬LLvQFDUHVHSRDWHUHDOL]DDFRSHULUHDDFHVWRUQHYRL
SULQDOLPHQWHFDUHVăDVLJXUHDSRUWXOGHFDORULL‫܈‬LGHIDFWRULQXWULWLYL
FRUHVSXQ]ăWRUFXVWDUHDLQGLYLGXOXL
Nevoile nutritiveDOHRUJDQLVPXOXLVHSRWvPSăU‫܊‬LvQ
● HQHUJHWLFHFDORULFH
● SODVWLFHvQIDFWRULQXWULWLYL
7RDWHSURFHVHOHYLWDOHVHUHDOL]HD]ăFXFKHOWXLHOLGHHQHUJLHGHDFHHDRU
JDQLVPXOYDFăXWDWRWGHDXQDVăVDWLVIDFăvQSULPXOUkQGQHYRLOHHQHUJHWLFH(QHU
JLD HVWH IXUQL]DWă RUJDQLVPXOXL GH FăWUH SULQFLSDOHOH QXWULPHQWH FDORULJHQH
JOXFLGHOHOLSLGHOH‫܈‬LSURWHLQHOH

Proteinele 
3URWHLQHOH VXQW XQ FRQVWLWXHQW SULQFLSDO DO FHOXOHORU FRUSXOXL DOFăWXLQG
DSUR[LPDWLYGLQJUHXWDWHDFRUSXOXLXQXLDGXOWDGLFăNJGHSURWHLQH
GLQPDVDXQXLDGXOWFXRJUHXWDWHDFRUSXOXLGHGHNJ'LQSXQFWGHYHGHUH
FDQWLWDWLYFHDPDLPDUHSDUWHDSURWHLQHORUGLQFRUSVHJăVHVFvQPDVDPXVFXODUă
XQGHLQWHUDF‫܊‬LXQLOHFRPSOH[HDOHPLRILEUHORUUHDOL]HD]ăFRQWUDF‫܊‬LDPX‫܈‬FKLORULQL
PLLDPX‫܈‬FKLORUUHVSLUDWRULDPX‫܈‬FKLORURUJDQHORULQWHUQHSUHFXP‫܈‬LDPX‫܈‬FKLORU
VFKHOHWLFLFDUHFRQWULEXLHODUHDOL]DUHDIXQF‫܊‬LHLORFRPRWRULL
3URWHLQHOHVXQWIRUPDWHGLQDSUR[LPDWLYGHDPLQRDFL]LGLQFDUHDSURDSH
MXPăWDWH VXQW QHHVHQ‫܊‬LDOL GHRDUHFH SRW IL VLQWHWL]D‫܊‬L vQ RUJDQLVP GLQ DO‫܊‬L DPL
QRDFL]L(tab. 3.2.1$O‫܊‬LRSWDPLQRDFL]LVXQWHVHQ‫܊‬LDOL‫܈‬LWUHEXLHDGX‫܈‬LvQRUJD
QLVPSULQDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHGHRDUHFHFRUSXOXPDQQXvLSRDWHVLQWHWL]D
 3URWHLQHOHVHFODVLILFăvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHYDORDUHDORUELRORJLFăGHWHUPLQDWăGH
FRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOGHDPLQRDFL]LHVHQ‫܊‬LDOL3URWHLQHOHDQLPDOHDXRYDORDUHELRORJLFăPDL
PDUHGHFkWFHOHYHJHWDOH2ULFHSURWHLQăIăUăXQXOGLQWUHDPLQRDFL]LLHVHQ‫܊‬LDOL
LQFRPSOHWăDUHRYDORDUHELRORJLFăVFă]XWă
3URWHLQHOHDXXUPăWRDUHOHroluri în organismul uman
● plastic VWUXFWXUDOLQWUăvQVWUXFWXUDWXWXURUFHOXOHORU3URWHLQHOHUHSUH
]LQWăDSUR[LPDWLYGLQJUHXWDWHDWRWDOăFRUSRUDOăODQRUPRSRQGH
UDOL/DSHUVRDQHOHQRUPRSRQGHUDOHHOHUHSUH]LQWăDOGRLOHDFRPSRQHQWDO
RUJDQLVPXOXLGXSăDSăODEăUED‫܊‬L‫܈‬LDOWUHLOHDGXSăDSă‫܈‬LOLSLGHODIHPHL
tab. 3.2.2

● funcțional:
‫ ޤ‬LQWUăvQFRPSR]LĠLDXQRUIRUPDĠLXQLELRORJLFHLPSRUWDQWHúLIRDUWHDF
WLYHHQ]LPHKRUPRQLSURWHLQHÄFăUăXúL´H[KHPRJORELQD
‫ޤ‬FRQWULEXLHODUHJODUHDHFKLOLEUXOXLKLGURRVPRWLF
‫ޤ‬UROGHWDPSRQGHUHJODUHDHFKLOLEUXOXLDFLGRED]LF
‫ޤ‬PHQĠLQHUHDQHXWUDOLWăĠLLVkQJHOXL
‫ޤ‬OHDJăFDWLRQLL
‫ޤ‬VXUVăGHD]RWSHQWUXRUJDQLVP
‫ޤ‬WUDQVIRUPăHQHUJLDFKLPLFăvQDF‫܊‬LXQHPHFDQLFăPLR]LQă
‫ޤ‬LQWHUYLQHvQDSăUDUHDRUJDQLVPXOXLSULQHODERUDUHDDQWLFRUSLORUFDUăV
SXQVODDJUHVLXQHDDJHQĠLORULQIHFĠLRúL
‫ ޤ‬FUHúWH UH]LVWHQĠD RUJDQLVPXOXL OD QR[H SROXDQĠL DGLWLYL DOLPHQWDUL
SURGXVHIDUPDFHXWLFHSULQVSRULUHDWURILFLWăĠLLORFDOHúLUHGXFHUHDVDX
QHXWUDOL]DUHDWR[LFLWăĠLL
● energetic:JSURWHLQHIXUQL]HD]ăSULQPHWDEROL]DUHNFDO
Evaluarea calităţii nutriționale a proteinelor
9DORDUHDQXWUL‫܊‬LRQDOăDXQHLSURWHLQHUHSUH]LQWăHILFLHQ‫܊‬DFXFDUHDFHDVWDVD
WLVIDFHQHYRLDGHD]RW‫܈‬LGHDPLQRDFL]LDRUJDQLVPXOXL&DOLWDWHDQXWUL‫܊‬LRQDOăDXQHL
SURWHLQHGHSLQGHGHGLJHVWLELOLWDWH‫܈‬LGHDSWLWXGLQHDGHDILXWLOL]DWăSHQWUXVLQWH]H
VHHYDOXHD]ăSULQLQWHUPHGLXOLQGLFDWRULORUFKLPLFLELRORJLFL‫܈‬LFRPELQD‫܊‬L
a. Indicatori chimici:
±Scorul aminoacidic±SURFHQWXODPLQRDFL]LORUvQSURWHLQDWHVWFRPSDUDWLY
FXRSURWHLQăGHUHIHULQĠă&DSURWHLQăGHUHIHULQ‫܊‬ăVHXWLOL]HD]ăFHOHGLQRXFRQ
Capitolul ***

VLGHUDWHDUHSUH]HQWDFHOPDLHFKLOLEUDWDSRUWGHDPLQRDFL]LGLQWUHSURWHLQHOHDOL
PHQWDUHVDXRSURWHLQDWHRUHWLFăSURSXVăGH206SURWHLQăLSRWHWLFăLQH[LVWHQWă
vQDOLPHQWH3URWHLQHOHFXXQVFRUDODPLQRDFL]LORUHVHQĠLDOLGH!VXQWSUR
WHLQHYDORURDVHQXWUL‫܊‬LRQDO(OHVWHPDUHODSURWHLQHOHGHRULJLQHDQLPDOă‫܈‬LPDL
UHGXVODFHOHGHRULJLQHYHJHWDOă
● Aminoacizii esenţialiFDUHSULQOLSVDORUSDUĠLDOăVDXWRWDOăDIHFWHD]ăYD
ORDUHDELRORJLFăDXQHLSURWHLQHVHQXPHVFDPLQRDFL]LDDÄOLPLWDQĠL´
&HLRSWDPLQRDFL]LHVHQ‫܊‬LDOLWUHEXLHVăILHSUH]HQ‫܊‬LVLPXOWDQ‫܈‬LvQSURSRU‫܊‬LL
EDODQVDWHSHQWUXDSHUPLWHDVLPLODUHDSURWHLQHORUGLQFDUHIDFSDUWH&KLDU
GDFă‫܈‬DSWHDPLQRDFL]LHVHQ‫܊‬LDOLVXQWSUH]HQ‫܊‬LvQFDQWLWă‫܊‬LRSWLPHVDXFKLDU
VXSHULRDUHQHFHVLWă‫܊‬LORULDUDORSWXOHDHVWHSUH]HQWODXQQLYHOLQIHULRUQH
YRLORUDFHVWDYDOLPLWDDVLPLODUHDJOREDOăDSURWHLQHL‫܈‬LYDDQXODSDU‫܊‬LDO
SUH]HQ‫܊‬DFHORUODO‫܊‬LDPLQRDFL]LHVHQ‫܊‬LDOL$PLQRDFL]LOLPLWDQ‫܊‬LOL]LQDGLQ
FHUHDOHPHWLRQLQDGLQOHJXPLQRDVH
b. Indicatorii biologici 
● &(3FRHILFLHQWXOGHHILFLHQĠăSURWHLFăHVWHUHSUH]HQWDWGHVSRUXOvQ
JUHXWDWHH[SULPDWvQJUDPHFDUHUH]XOWăSHJUDPXOGHSURWHLQăLQJH
UDWă$FHVWDDIRVWWHVWDWSHúRERODQLvQFUHúWHUH/DRP&(3HVWHLP
SRUWDQWvQSHULRDGDGHGH]YROWDUHIL]LFăDFRSLOXOXL$FHVWLQGLFDWRU
HVWHPDLPDUHODSURWHLQHOHGHRULJLQHDQLPDOăODRXHVWHGHJJUH
XWDWHJSURWHLQăLQJHUDWăSHVWHJJUHXWDWHJSURWHLQăSHQWUXSURWHL
QHOHGLQODSWHJJUHXWDWHJSURWHLQăODFHOHGLQFDUQHFRPSDUDWLY
FXFHOHYHJHWDOHDSUR[LPDWLYJJUHXWDWHJSURWHLQăODFHOHGLQVRLD
JJUHXWDWHJSURWHLQăODFHOHGLQFHUHDOH
● 9%YDORDUHDELRORJLFăHVWHXWLOăDWkWvQSHULRDGDGHFUHúWHUHDFRSLOXOXL
FkWúLSHQWUXDGXOW(VWHXQLQGLFDWRUFRPELQDWDOGLJHVWLELOLWăĠLLúLXWLOL]ăULL
SURWHLQHORU
9% 1UHWLQXW1DEV‘”„‹–ൈͳͲͲ
/DSURWHLQHOHDQLPDOH9%FRQVWLWXLHSHVWHLDUODFHOHYHJHWDOHHVWH
FXPXOWPDLPLF
c. Indicatori combinați 
1XWUL‫܊‬LRQDO SURWHLQHOH VH FODVLILFă vQ IXQF‫܊‬LH GH FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH ELRFKLPLFH
FRPSR]L‫܊‬LDvQDPLQRDFL]LSUHFXP‫܈‬LSUH]HQ‫܊‬DDPLQRDFL]LORUOLPLWDQ‫܊‬L‫܈‬LDHIHFWHORU
DVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXLXPDQvQ
1. Proteine completeFXYDORDUHQXWUL‫܊‬LRQDOăPDUH
%LRFKLPLFFRQ‫܊‬LQWR‫܊‬LDPLQRDFL]LLHVHQ‫܊‬LDOLvQSURSRU‫܊‬LLRSWLPHFUH‫܈‬WHULL‫܈‬L
GH]YROWăULL
(IHFWHODFRSLO±DVLJXUăFUH‫܈‬WHUHD‫܈‬LGH]YROWDUHD
ODDGXOW±PHQ‫܊‬LQHFKLOLEUXOD]RWDW
([HPSOHGHDOLPHQWHDOLPHQWHOHGHRULJLQHDQLPDOăRXăODSWH‫܈‬LSUHSD
UDWHFDUQH‫܈‬LSH‫܈‬WH


 2. Proteine parțial completeFXYDORDUHQXWUL‫܊‬LRQDOăPHGLH
%LRFKLPLFFRQ‫܊‬LQWR‫܊‬LDPLQRDFL]LLHVHQ‫܊‬LDOLGDUVXQWvQFDQWLWă‫܊‬LLQVXILFL
HQWHDPLQRDFL]LOLPLWDQ‫܊‬L
(IHFWHODFRSLO±DVLJXUăFUH‫܈‬WHUHD‫܈‬LGH]YROWDUHDGDUQXPDLvQFDQWLWă‫܊‬L
PDLPDUL
ODDGXOW±PHQ‫܊‬LQHFKLOLEUXOD]RWDW
([HPSOHGHDOLPHQWHDOLPHQWHOHGHRULJLQHYHJHWDOă±VRLDFHUHDOLHUHH[
FHS‫܊‬LHSRUXPEXOOHJXPLQRDVHXVFDWHOHJXPH‫܈‬LIUXFWH
3. Proteine incompleteFXYDORDUHQXWUL‫܊‬LRQDOăPLFă
%LRFKLPLFOLSVLWHGHXQXOVDXPDLPXO‫܊‬LDPLQRDFL]LHVHQĠLDOLLDUDPLQRDFL
]LLSUH]HQĠLVHJăVHVFvQFDQWLWăĠLQHFRUHVSXQ]ăWRDUH
(IHFWHvQRULFHFDQWLWDWHQXSRWDVLJXUDQLFLGH]YROWDUHDRUJDQLVPXOXLWk
QăUQLFLHFKLOLEUXOD]RWDWODDGXOW
([HPSOHGHDOLPHQWHSRUXPEXOFRQ‫܊‬LQHRSURWHLQă±]HLQD±GHILFLWDUăvQ
WULSWRIDQPH]HOXULOHERJDWHvQHODVWLQăFRODJHQ‫܈‬LUHWLFXOLQă
Sursele principale de proteine
a.Alimente de origine animală
● *UXSD,ODSWH‫܈‬LSUHSDUDWH±ODSWHOHFRQ‫܊‬LQHJSURWHLQHvQWLPSFH
EUkQ]HWXULOHJSURWHLQH
● *UXSDD,,DFDUQHSH‫܈‬WH‫܈‬LSUHSDUDWHFRQ‫܊‬LQvQPHGLHJSURWHLQH
● *UXSDD,,,DRXăERJDWHvQSURWHLQHYDORURDVHQXWUL‫܊‬LRQDOJSURWHLQH
$FHVWHDVXQWDOLPHQWHERJDWHvQSURWHLQHFRPSOHWH
b.Alimente de origine vegetală
● *UXSDD,9DOHJXPH‫܈‬LIUXFWH±FDQWLWDWHVFă]XWăvQJHQHUDOJSUR
WHLQHH[FHS‫܊‬LHPD]ăUHDFDUHFRQ‫܊‬LQHJXVWXURLXOFXJ‫܈‬LQXFLOH
J
● *UXSDD9DFHUHDOLHUHJ‫܈‬LOHJXPLQRDVHXVFDWHJ
SHQWUXPDMRULWDWHDJSHQWUXVRLD
$FHVWHDVXQWDOLPHQWHERJDWHvQSURWHLQHSDU‫܊‬LDOFRPSOHWHFXYDORDUHQX
WUL‫܊‬LRQDOăPHGLH([FHS‫܊‬LHHVWHSRUXPEXOFDUHFRQ‫܊‬LQHSURWHLQHLQFRPSOHWHFX
YDORDUHQXWUL‫܊‬LRQDOăPLFă
Rația zilnică de proteine
● Cerințe cantitative
● GLQ5(7RUHUD‫܊‬LDHQHUJHWLFăWRWDOă]LOQLFă
● JSURWHLQHNJFRUS]L±vQPHGLHODDGXOW
1HFHVDUXOFDQWLWDWLYGHSURWHLQHvQRUJDQLVPGHSLQGHGHYkUVWă, GHJHQ‫܈‬L
GHLQWHQVLWDWHDDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LLIL]LFH$VWIHOODYkUVWHPLFLFRSLLLDXQHYRLHGHRFDQ
WLWDWHPDLPDUHGHSURWHLQHFRPSDUDWLYFXDGXO‫܊‬LL
206UHFRPDQGăFDDSRUWPLQLP]LOQLFGHSURWHLQHXUPăWRDUHOHFDQWLWă‫܊‬L
● FRSLLJNJFRUS]LvQSULPHOHOXQL
● FRSLLJNJFRUS]LGHODOXQL
● DGXO‫܊‬LvQWUHJNJFRUS]L
Capitolul ***

● SHQWUXSHUVRDQHOHIRDUWHDFWLYHIL]LFVHUHFRPDQGDJNJFRUS]LOD

EăUED‫܊‬L‫܈‬LJNJFRUS]LODIHPHL
● Cerințe calitativeODDGXOWSURWHLQHOHGHRULJLQHDQLPDOăWUHEXLHVăUH
SUH]LQWHFHOSX‫܊‬LQGLQWRWDOXOSURWHLQHORURUH/DFRSLOSURWH
LQHOHGHRULJLQHDQLPDOăWUHEXLHVăUHSUH]LQWHPLQLPXPGLQWRWD
OXO]LOQLFGHSURWHLQH
Efectele consumului neadecvat de proteine
$SRUWXOQHDGHFYDWGHSURWHLQHVHUHIHUăDWkWODGHILFLWXOFkW‫܈‬LODH[FHVXO
ORUvQUD‫܊‬LDDOLPHQWDUă
● LQVXILFLHQ‫܊‬D±FkQGUDĠLDDOLPHQWDUăHVWHGHILFLWDUăvQSURWHLQHRUJDQLV
PHOHvQFUHúWHUHVXIHUăLPHGLDW6HLQVWDOHD]ăPDOQXWULĠLDSURWHLFăFHVH
PDQLIHVWăSULQD‫܈‬DWXOEXUăULFDKwashiorkorul UD‫܊‬LHFDORULFăVXILFLHQWă
GDUGHILFLWDUăvQSURWHLQHFDUHDIHFWHD]ăPDLIUHFYHQWFRSLLLGHDQL
HYROXHD]ă FX HGHPH GHJUDGDUH PXVFXODUă GHSLJPHQWDUHD SăUXOXL ‫܈‬L
GHILFLWLPXQLWDUÌQFD]XOGHILFLHQ‫܊‬HLJOREDOHHQHUJHWLFHSULQWR‫܊‬LFRP
SRQHQ‫܊‬LLVăLLQFOXVLYSURWHLQHVHLQVWDOHD]ăPDUDVPXOPDLIUHFYHQW
vQSULPXODQGHYLD‫܊‬ă/DDGXO‫܊‬LGHILFLWXOGHSURWHLQHDIHFWHD]ăvQVSH
FLDOVLVWHPXOLPXQLWDUUHIDFHUHDWLVXODUăFLFDWUL]DUHGLILFLOăVDXvQWkU
]LDWăVFăGHUHDPDVHLPXVFXODUH‫܈‬LRVRDVH
● H[FHVXO – FRQVXPXOH[FHVLYGHSURWHLQHQXRIHUăEHQHILFLL‫܈‬LSRDWHSUH
]HQWDULVFXULSHQWUXVăQăWDWH
D SHUWXUEăPHWDEROLVPXOD]RWXOXLFHHDFHGXFHODDFXPXOăULGHDFLG
XULFvQDUWLFXODĠLLJXWă
E SUHGLVSXQHODSLHUGHUHDXULQDUăGHFDOFLX
F IDYRUL]HD]ăDSDUL‫܊‬LDFDOFXOLORUUHQDOLOLWLD]ăXULFă
G DSDUL‫܊‬LDRVWHRSRUR]HLDSDUL‫܊‬LDXQRUFDQFHUHvQVSHFLDOUHQDOGHFR
ORQPDLDOHVGDFăVXQWDVRFLDWHFXFRQVXPFUHVFXWGHJUăVLPL‫܈‬L
VFă]XWGHILEUHYHJHWDOH

Lipidele 
/LSLGHOHQXPLWH‫܈‬LJUăVLPLIDFSDUWHGLQFODVDPDFURQXWULPHQWHORUvPSUH
XQăFXSURWHLQHOH‫܈‬LJOXFLGHOH/LSLGHOHDOFăWXLHVFFDWHJRULDGHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HRUJD
QLFHQDWXUDOH‫܈‬LHWHURJHQHGHVFULHXQVLVWHPIRUPDWGLQPDLPXOWHHOHPHQWHGH
QDWXUăGLIHULWăFDVWUXFWXUă‫܈‬LSURSULHWă‫܊‬LIL]LFRFKLPLFH
'HQXPLUHDGHOLSLGHSURYLQHGLQJUliposJUDVJUăVLPH7HUPHQXOHVWHXWL
OL]DWGLQDQXOGHQXPLULOHPDLYHFKLDOHDFHVWHLFODVHHUDXFHOHGHPDWHULLJUDVH
OLSRLGHOLSRLQH‫܈‬LOLSR]H/LSLGHOHVXQWHVWHULDLDFL]LORUJUD‫܈‬LFXGLIHUL‫܊‬LDOFRROL
/LSLGHOHUHSUH]LQWăRSURSRU‫܊‬LHLPSRUWDQWăGLQJUHXWDWHDFRUSXOXLFXGLIH
UHQ‫܊‬HVHPQLILFDWLYHvQWUHJHQXULDSUR[LPDWLYODEăUED‫܊‬LDGLFăNJGHOLSLGH
GLQPDVDXQXLEăUEDWFXRJUHXWDWHDFRUSXOXLGHGHNJUHVSHFWLYODIHPHL
DGLFăNJGHOLSLGHGLQPDVDXQHLIHPHLFXRJUHXWDWHDFRUSXOXLGHGHNJ
 /LSLGHOHFRQVWLWXLHRLPSRUWDQWăVXUVăHQHUJHWLFăDRUJDQLVPXOXL/DDUGH
UHDDJGHOLSLGHVHGHJDMăNFDO'XSăRULJLQHJUăVLPLOHVHvPSDUWvQYHJHWDOH
‫܈‬LDQLPDOH/DWHPSHUDWXUDREL‫܈‬QXLWăFHOHERJDWHvQDFL]LJUD‫܈‬LVDWXUD‫܊‬LVXQWVR
OLGHLDUFHOHvQFDUHSUHYDOHD]ăDFL]LLQHVDWXUD‫܊‬LVXQWOLFKLGH‫܈‬LVHQXPHVFXOHLXUL
Rolul lipidelor în organism
5ROXOHVHQ‫܊‬LDODOOLSLGHORUvQRUJDQLVPDIRVWGHPRQVWUDWGHFăWUH+HUEHUW
0(YDQV‫܈‬L*HRUJH2VZDOG%XUUvQ$FH‫܈‬WLDDXGHPRQVWUDWFăSUH]HQ‫܊‬DvQ
DOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHDDQXPLWRUVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HOLSLGLFHHUDDEVROXWQHFHVDUăSHQWUXFUH‫܈‬WHUHD‫܈‬L
UHSURGXFHUHDDQLPDOHORUGHODERUDWRU3HQWUXUHPHGLHUHDGHILFLHQ‫܊‬HORUREVHUYDWH
QXHUDVXILFLHQWăDGPLQLVWUDUHDGHYLWDPLQHOLSRVROXELOH$'VDX(0DLWkU
]LXDFHVWHJUăVLPLVSHFLDOHDXIRVWGHQXPLWHGHFăWUH%XUU‫܈‬LVR‫܊‬LDVD0LOGUHG
DFL]LJUD‫܈‬LHVHQ‫܊‬LDOL
5ROXULOHOLSLGHORUvQRUJDQLVPVXQWQXPHURDVH‫܈‬LGLYHUVH
● VXUVăFRQFHQWUDWăGHHQHUJLHDYkQGRSXWHUHFDORULFăVHPQLILFDWLYVX
SHULRDUăJOXFLGHORU‫܈‬LSURWHLQHORU3ULQPHWDEROL]DUHDXQXLJUDPGHOL
SLGHVHGHJDMăFFDNLORFDORULLMRXOLFHHDFHvQVHDPQăPDLPXOW
GHFkW GXEOXO HQHUJLHL RE‫܊‬LQXWHOD PHWDEROL]DUHD DFHOHLD‫܈‬LFDQWLWă‫܊‬L GH
SURWHLQH‫܈‬LGHJOXFLGH$SUR[LPDWLYGLQHQHUJLDQHFHVDUăFRQWUDF
‫܊‬LHLPX‫܈‬FKLORUVFKHOHWLFL‫܈‬LDPLRFDUGXOXLHVWHDVLJXUDWăSULQPHWDEROL
]DUHDDFL]LORUJUD‫܈‬L
● FRPSRQHQWDOPHPEUDQHORUFHOXODUH/LSLGHOHUHSUH]LQWăDOGRLOHDFRP
SRQHQWDORUJDQLVPXOXLGXSăDSăODIHPHLDOWUHLOHDGXSăDSăúLSURWH
LQHODEăUED‫܊‬L
● SURFHVHOHGHWHUPROL]ăLQKLEăSURFHVXO
● FRPSRUWDPHQWXODOLPHQWDUHVWHLQIOXHQ‫܊‬DWGHJUăVLPLOHGLQDOLPHQWHOH
LQJHUDWHSULQIRUPDUHDSHUFHS‫܊‬LHLGHLQWHQVLWDWHDJXVWXOXL‫܈‬LDSHUVLV
WHQ‫܊‬HLVHQ]D‫܊‬LHLGHVD‫܊‬LHWDWH
● IXQF‫܊‬LDWXEXOXLGLJHVWLYGLPLQXHD]ăVHFUH‫܊‬LDGH+&O
● LQIOXHQ‫܊‬HD]ăDVLPLODUHDVăUXULORUPLQHUDOHSUHFXPFDOFLXO‫܈‬LPDJQH]LXO
● SULQLQWHUPHGLXOIRVIROLSLGHORUDUHHIHFWDVXSUDVLVWHPXOXLQHUYRVFHQWUDO
● SURWHMHD]ăYLVFHUHOHRUJDQHOHLQWHUQH‫܈‬LURWXQMHVFIRUPHOHFRUSXOXL
● SDUWLFLSăODGH]YROWDUHDUHWLQHL
● FRQWULEXLHODWUDQVSRUWXO‫܈‬LDVLPLODUHDYLWDPLQHORUOLSRVROXELOH$'(.
● IRUPHD]ăDSDHQGRJHQăFDUHFUH‫܈‬WHUH]LVWHQ‫܊‬DRUJDQLVPXOXLODVWDUHD
GHVHWH
● VXQWSUHFXUVRULHVHQ‫܊‬LDOLDLSURVWDJODQGLQHORU‫܈‬LDLKRUPRQLORU
$FL]LLJUD‫܈‬LSROLQHVDWXUD‫܊‬LDXUROvQ
● SURFHVHOHGHR[LGDUHDDFL]LORUJUD‫܈‬LVDWXUD‫܊‬L
● FUHVFHODVWLFLWDWHDYDVHORUVDQJYLQH‫܈‬LUH]LVWHQ‫܊‬DORUID‫܊‬ăGHFROHVWHURO
● IDYRUL]HD]ăSURFHVHOHGHUHJHQHUDUHDSLHOLL
● LQWUăvQFRPSRQHQ‫܊‬DPHPEUDQHORU‫܈‬LFLWRSODVPHLFHOXOHORU
Capitolul ***

Principalele grupe de lipide și rolul lor în nutriție

'LQSXQFWGHYHGHUHELRFKLPLFOLSLGHOHVHFODVLILFăvQ
● Lipide complexeFRQ‫܊‬LQDFL]LJUD‫܈‬Ltrigliceride (DFLOJOLFHUROL±IDPL
OLDFHDPDLQXPHURDVăIRVIRJOLFHULGHIRVIROLSLGH±OHFLWLQDVILQJROL
SLGH±VHFRQ‫܊‬LQvQFUHLHUFHUXUL±vQSLHOHIUXQ]HFRDMDIUXFWHORU
● Lipide simpleQXFRQ‫܊‬LQDFL]LJUD‫܈‬Lterpene (monoWHUSHQHOHOLPRQHQ
PHQWRO ‫܈‬L WHUSHQHOH VXSHULRDUH ± FDURWHQRL]LL úL YLWDPLQHOH $ ( .
VWHURL]LVWHUROLL±ILWRVWHUROLL]RRVWHUROLLKRUPRQLVWHURL]LYLWDPLQD'
úL'SURVWDJODQGLQH
ÌQDOLPHQWHOLSLGHOHVHJăVHVFvQVSHFLDOVXEIRUPăGHWULJOLFHULGHDFLOJOLFH
UROL±FFDUHVWXOGHVXQWVXEIRUPăGHIRVIROLSLGHOHFLWLQDUHSUH]HQWDQWXO
SULQFLSDO‫܈‬LVWHUROLFHOPDLELQHFXQRVFXWILLQGFROHVWHUROXO7ULJOLFHULGHOHDFLOJOL
FHUROLODPHWDEROL]DUHDORUvQRUJDQLVPIRUPHD]ăDFL]LJUD‫܈‬L‫܈‬LJOLFHURO
Clasificarea acizilor graşiFXUROvQQXWUL‫܊‬LH
5ROXOQXWUL‫܊‬LRQDODODFL]LORUJUD‫܈‬LvQRUJDQLVPSUHFXP‫܈‬LHIHFWHOHFRQVXPXOXL
DFHVWRUDDVXSUDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLVXQWGLIHULWHvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHJUDGXOGHVDWXUDUHDODFHVWRUD
DFL]LJUDúLVDWXUDĠL$*6±IăUăGXEOHOHJăWXULPRQRQHVDWXUDĠL$*0±FXRGXEOă
OHJăWXUă‫܈‬LSROLQHVDWXUDĠL$*31±FXGRXăVDXPDLPXOWHOHJăWXULGXEOH
a. Acizi graşi saturaţi (AGS) 
([HPSOHGHDFL]LJUD‫܈‬LVDWXUD‫܊‬LFXODQ‫܊‬VFXUWDFLGXOEXWLULFPHGLXDFLGXO
ODXULFFDSULFVDXFXODQ‫܊‬OXQJDFLGXOPLULVWLFVWHDULFSDOPLWLF
(IHFWHDVXSUDVăQăWă‫܊‬LL
● EHQHILFH
● FRQVWLWXHQ‫܊‬LDLWULJOLFHULGHORUGHUH]HUYăDJOLFHURIRVIROLSLGHORU‫܈‬LDVILQ
JROLSLGHORUSDUWLFLSăODVWUXFWXUDUHDPHPEUDQHORUFHOXODUHDPLHOLQHL
±DFLGXO SDOPLWLF ‫܈‬LVWHDULF‫܈‬LGHFL ODGH]YROWDUHD FUHLHUXOXLODFRSLL
HWFDVLJXUăRSDUWHGLQDSRUWXOHQHUJHWLFDORUJDQLVPXOXL
● DFLGXOEXWLULFH[HUFLWăXQUROSURWHFWRUSHQWUXFDQFHUXOFRORUHFWDO
'DWRULWăDFHVWRUUROXUL$*6QXWUHEXLHH[FOX‫܈‬LGLQDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LD]LOQLFăGDU
FRQVXPXOORUVHYDOLPLWDODGLQ$(7DSRUWXOHQHUJHWLFWRWDO
● QHJDWLYH
● $*6FRQVXPD‫܊‬LvQH[FHVUHSUH]LQWăXQIDFWRUGHULVFSHQWUXIRUPDUHD
SOăFLORUDWHURPDWRDVH‫܈‬LLQVWDODUHDEROLORUFDUGLRYDVFXODUH(LFUHVFFR
OHVWHUROXO‫܈‬L/'/HVWHOLSRSURWHLQDFDUHFRQĠLQHFHDPDLPDUHFDQWLWDWH
GHFROHVWHURO GLQFROHVWHUROXO VHULFWRWDO FROHVWHUROXOGLQ
VkQJH$FLGXOPLULVWLFHVWHFRQVLGHUDWFHOPDLDWHURJHQúLWURPERJHQLF
$FLGXOVWHDULF‫܈‬LSDOPLWLFSUH]LQWăGHDVHPHQHDXQHIHFWWURPERJHQLF
6XUVHDOLPHQWDUHGH$*6VHJăVHVFvQWRDWHDOLPHQWHOHJUDVHGDUvQFDQWL
Wă‫܊‬LPDLPDULvQXQHOHDOLPHQWHGHRULJLQHDQLPDOăSUHFXPODSWHOHDFLGPLULVWLF
XQWXODFLGEXWLULFVPkQWkQDRXăOHPH]HOXULOHFDUQHDvQVSHFLDOÄUR‫܈‬LH´DFLG
VWHDULF±SRUFYLWăRDLHGDU‫܈‬LvQGLIHULWHJUăVLPLGHRULJLQHYHJHWDOăvQXOHLXO
GHSDOPLHU‫܈‬LGHQXFăGHFRFRVDFLGODXULF‫܈‬LSDOPLWLF
 b. Acizi graşi mononesaturaţi (AGMN)
'XSăFRQILJXUD‫܊‬LHDFL]LLJUD‫܈‬LQHVDWXUD‫܊‬LVHJăVHVFvQ
● IRUPDFLV±vQJUăVLPLOHQDWXUDOHGHRULJLQHDQLPDOă‫܈‬LYHJHWDOă
● IRUPDWUDQV±SURYLQGLQWUHLVXUVHSULQFLSDOH
● WUDQVIRUPDUHDEDFWHULDQăDDFL]LORUJUD‫܈‬LQHVDWXUD‫܊‬LvQVWRPDFXOUX
PHJăWRDUHORUÌQPRGQDWXUDOVXQWSUH]HQWHvQSURGXVHOHGLQODSWH
‫܈‬LGLQFDUQHGDUvQFDQWLWă‫܊‬LIRDUWHPLFLFDUHQXVXQWQRFLYHSHQWUX
RUJDQLVP
● KLGURJHQDUHDJUăVLPLORUYHJHWDOHRE‫܊‬LQHUHDPDUJDULQHL VDX vQGH
SăUWDUHDPLURVXULORUXOHLXULORUYHJHWDOHQHVDWXUDWHGHH[XOHLGH
SH‫܈‬WH6HSRWJăVL‫܈‬LvQXQHOHXOHLXULUDILQDWHGDUvQFDQWLWă‫܊‬LUHGXVH
● SUăMLUHDVDXvQFăO]LUHDJUăVLPLORUFKLDUODWHPSHUDWXULMRDVH
([HPSOHGH$*01DFLGXOSDOPLWROHLFDFLGXOROHLFIRUPDFLVDFLGXO
HODLGLFIRUPDWUDQVDDFLGXOXLROHLF
(IHFWHDVXSUDVăQăWă‫܊‬LL
● EHQHILFH  IRUPD FLV DFLG ROHLF DUH HIHFW IDYRUDELO DVXSUD SURILOXOXL
OLSLGLF VDQJYLQ VFDGH FROHVWHUROHPLD VFDGH /'/ FROHVWHUROXO FUH‫܈‬WH
+'/FROHVWHUROXOVDQJYLQ
● QHJDWLYHIRUPDWUDQVDFLGHODLGLFDUHHIHFWQHIDYRUDELODVXSUDSURILOXOXL
OLSLGLFVDQJYLQFUH‫܈‬WHFROHVWHUROHPLD‫܈‬LD/'/FROHVWHUROXOXLVDQJYLQ
6XUVHDOLPHQWDUH$*01VHJăVHVFvQFDUQHDUR‫܈‬LHODSWH‫܈‬LSURGXVHODFWDWH
IUXFWHROHDJLQRDVHQXFLPăVOLQHDYRFDGR
c. Acizii graşi polinesaturaţi (AGPN) 
([HPSOHVHULDQVDXRPHJD(ȦDFLGXOOLQROHLF‫܈‬LDUDKLGRQLF‫܈‬LVHULD
QVDXRPHJDȦDFLGXOOLQROHQLFDFLGXOHLFRVDSHQWDHQRLF(3$DFLGXO
GRFRVDKH[DHQRLF'+$
(IHFWHDVXSUDVăQăWă‫܊‬LL
● DFLGXOOLQROHLF±DFLGJUDVHVHQĠLDOFXUROFULWLFvQPHPEUDQDFHOXODUă
FRQIHULQGSURWHFĠLHILHFăUHLFHOXOHÌQRUJDQLVPVHSRDWHFRQYHUWLvQDFLG
DUDKLGRQLF
● DFLGXODUDKLGRQLFSDUWLFLSăvQVLQWH]DWURPER[DQLORUSURVWDFLFOLQHORU
úLOHXFRWULHQHORU
● DFLGXOOLQROHQLFQXWULPHQWHVHQĠLDOFDUHLQWUăvQFRPSR]LĠLDFUHLHUXOXL
D UHWLQHL 'LQ HO vQ ĠHVXWXULOH SHúWHOXL VH IRUPHD]ă DFLGXO HLFRVDSHQ
WDHQRLF(3$‫܈‬LDFLGXOGRFRVDKH[DHQRLF'+$IDFWRULSURWHFWRULDL
EROLORUFRURQDULHQH
Surse alimentare
● 2PHJD
- DFLGXOOLQROHLFVHJăVHúWHGLQDEXQGHQĠăvQXOHLXULOHYHJHWDOHGHIORDUHD
VRDUHOXLVkPEXULGHVWUXJXULSRUXPEVHPLQĠHQXFLFDUQHGHSRUF‫܈‬L
SDVăUH&DUHQ‫܊‬DDFHVWXLDSRDWHDSăUHDvQDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LDSDUHQWHUDOă
DFLGXODUDKLGRQLFHVWHDGXVvQRUJDQLVPvQFDQWLWăĠLPLFLFXJUăVLPLOH
DQLPDOH
Capitolul ***

● 2PHJD±
DFLGXOOLQROHQLFIUXFWHROHDJLQRDVHQXFLPLJGDOHXOHLXULGHUDSL‫܊‬ă
GHQXFLGHVRLDGLQJHUPHQLGHJUkXFDUQHDGHFDEDOLQH
-(3$‫܈‬L'+$SH‫܈‬WHJUDVVDUGLQHKHULQJPDFURXVRPRQWRQ‫܈‬LIUXFWH
GHPDUHGDU‫܈‬LvQJUăVLPLGHRULJLQHYHJHWDOăXOHLGHVRLDGHUDSL‫܊‬ăGH
LQVDXVHPLQ‫܊‬HGHLQ‫܈‬LGHFkQHSă

Lecitina
(VWHSULQFLSDOXOUHSUH]HQWDWDOIRVIRJOLFHULGHORUVLQWHWL]DWăODQLYHOXOILFD
WXOXLvQFDQWLWDWHVXILFLHQWăQHYRLORURUJDQLVPXOXL
RolurivQRUJDQLVP
● VHJăVHúWHvQVWUXFWXUDWXWXURUFHOXOHORUSDUWLFLSkQGvQVWUXFWXUDPHPEUD
QHLFHOXODUHFăUHLDvLFRQIHUăYLVFRHODVWLFLWDWH
● FRPSRQHQWHVHQ‫܊‬LDODOVLVWHPXOXLQHUYRVDOELOHLvQFDUHHPXOVLRQHD]ă
JUăVLPLOHSUH]HQWHvQGXRGHQ
● SDUWLFLSăDOăWXULGHSURWHLQHvQXQHOHVLVWHPHHQ]LPDWLFH
● VHLPSOLFăvQWUDQVSRUWXOFROHVWHUROXOXL‫܈‬LDOJUăVLPLORUvQVkQJHUROIDYR
UDELOvQPHWDEROLVPXOOLSLGHORUDOFROHVWHUROXOXLGHWHUPLQkQGVFăGHUHD
FRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOXLDFHVWXLDvQVkQJH
● IDYRUL]HD]ăDEVRUE‫܊‬LDYLWDPLQHORU$‫܈‬L'‫܈‬LXWLOL]DUHDYLWDPLQHL(‫܈‬L.
3ULQFLSDOHOHVXUVHDOLPHQWDUHGHOHFLWLQăVXQWJăOEHQXúXOGHRXVRLDXOHLXO
GHIORDUHDVRDUHOXL. &DQWLWă‫܊‬LPDLPLFLVHJăVHVFvQILFDWGURMGLH‫܈‬LDUDKLGH

Colesterolul 
&ROHVWHUROXOSULQFLSDOXOUHSUH]HQWDQWDOVWHULGHORUVHVLQWHWL]HD]ăvQILFDW
vQSURSRUĠLHGHFFDGLQFROHVWHURODSRUWXODOLPHQWDUILLQGGH±
FFD6LQWH]DFROHVWHUROXOXLvQILFDWHVWHLQIOXHQĠDWăGHQDWXUDOLSLGHORU
DOLPHQWDUH $*6 IDYRUL]HD]ă VLQWH]D HQGRJHQă vQ WLPS FH $*31 IUkQHD]ă
DFHDVWăVLQWH]ăDYkQGHIHFWKLSRFROHVWHUROHPLDQW
&ROHVWHUROXOHVWHSUH]HQWQXPDLvQDOLPHQWHGHRULJLQHDQLPDOă
Efectele colesterolului asupra sănătății:
a) benefice:
● LQWUăvQVWUXFWXUDPHPEUDQHORUFHOXODUHFRQIHULQGXOHVWDELOLWDWH3DUWL
FLSăODVWUXFWXUDFHORUPDLPXOWH‫܊‬HVXWXULvQVSHFLDOvQILFDWFUHLHUPă
GXYDRVRDVă
● SUHFXUVRUDOXQRUVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HLPSRUWDQWHGLQRUJDQLVPKRUPRQLVWHURL]L
FRUWL]RODOGRVWHURQ‫܈‬LVH[XDOLSURJHVWHURQHVWURJHQWHVWRVWHURQYL
WDPLQD'FROHFDOFLIHURODFL]LELOLDUL
● LQWHUYLQHvQFHOXOăvQSURFHVHOHGHRVPR]ăúLGHGLIX]LXQH
● IDYRUL]HD]ăUHĠLQHUHDDSHLvQĠHVXWXODGLSRV
● IDFLOLWHD]ăPHWDEROL]DUHDXQRUWR[LQH
 b. negative:
x vQH[FHVIDYRUL]HD]ăDIHFWDUHDYDVHORUVDQJYLQH‫܈‬LLQVWDODUHDXQRUEROL
FDUGLRYDVFXODUHLQIDUFWXOPLRFDUGLFDFFLGHQWXOFHUHEUDODUWHULWDPHP
EUHORULQIHULRDUH
Surse alimentare de colesterol. ([LVWă GRXă FDWHJRULL GH DOLPHQWH FX
HIHFWHGLVWLQFWHDVXSUDVWăULLGHVăQăWDWHvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHDVRFLHUHDFROHVWHUROXOXLFX
$*6VDX$*31fig. 3.2.1


È



Surse alimentare de lipide

a.Alimente de origine animală:
● *UXSD,ODSWH‫܈‬LSUHSDUDWHODSWHOHLQWHJUDODGXFHJOLSLGHPO
EUkQ]HWXULOHJOLSLGHPO
● *UXSDD,,DFDUQHSH‫܈‬WHSUHSDUDWHFRQ‫܊‬LQXWGLIHULWvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHSUH
SDUDWJOLSLGH
● *UXSDD,,,DRXăJOLSLGHJRXQXPDLvQJăOEHQX‫܈‬
● *UXSDD9,,DJUăVLPLDQLPDOHVPkQWkQD‫܈‬LIUL‫܈‬FDFRQ‫܊‬LQOLSLGH
XQWXOJOLSLGHXQWXUDGHSRUF±JOLSLGH
$FHVWHDOLPHQWHVXQWERJDWHvQWULJOLFHULGHFXXQFRQ‫܊‬LQXWFUHVFXWGHDFL]L
JUD‫܈‬LVDWXUD‫܊‬LH[FHS‫܊‬LHIDFSH‫܈‬WHOHIUXFWHOHGHPDUH‫܈‬LFDUQHDDOEăGDU‫܈‬LvQFR
OHVWHURO
b.Alimente de origine vegetală:
● *UXSDD,9DOHJXPH‫܈‬LIUXFWHVăUDFHvQOLSLGHH[FHSĠLHQXFLOHFXJ
OLSLGH
● *UXSDD9DFHUHDOLHUH‫܈‬LOHJXPLQRDVHVăUDFHvQOLSLGHFRQ‫܊‬LQJ
OLSLGHH[FHSĠLHVRLD±JOLSLGH
● *UXSDD9,,DJUăVLPLYHJHWDOHUHSUH]HQWkQGVXUVDGHED]ăXOHLXULOH
±JOLSLGHPDUJDULQD±JOLSLGHXQWJOLSLGH
Capitolul ***

$FHVWH DOLPHQWH VXQW ERJDWH vQ WULJOLFHULGH FX FDQWLWă‫܊‬L VHPQLILFDWLYH GH
$*01‫܈‬L$*31
c.Alte surse:
● *UXSDD9,DGXOFLXULFLRFRODWDKDOYDXDPL[WXULOHSUăMLWXULWRUWXUL
VXQWERJDWHvQOLSLGHSURYHQLWHGLQVHPLQ‫܊‬HOHROHDJLQRDVHFFDJ
OLSLGH

Rația zilnică de lipide

● &HULQ‫܊‬HFDQWLWDWLYHGLQUD‫܊‬LDHQHUJHWLFăWRWDOă]LOQLFă5(7
JOLSLGHNJFRUS]L
● &HULQ‫܊‬HFDOLWDWLYH
● /LSLGHOHGHRULJLQHDQLPDOăDUILELQHVăUHSUH]LQWHFHOPXOWGLQ
WRWDOXOOLSLGHORUFRQVXPDWHvQRUHDVWIHOvQFkW
● /$/9 vQFDUH/$OLSLGHOHGHRULJLQHDQLPDOăLDU/9OLSL
GHOHGHRULJLQHYHJHWDOă
● $*31RPHJDRPHJD”
● &ROHVWHUROXODOLPHQWDUPJ]L
Efectele consumului neadecvat de lipide
Carențele lipidiceVXQWUDUHvQJHQHUDODSDUvQFD]XOUHJLPXULORUUHVWULFWLYH
,QIOXHQ‫܊‬HD]ăQHJDWLYVWUXFWXUDPHPEUDQHORUFHOXODUHWUDQVSRUWXOYLWDPLQHORUOL
SRVROXELOH‫܈‬LVLQWH]DKRUPRQDOă
Excesul de lipideHVWHPXOWPDLIUHFYHQWGHFkWFDUHQ‫܊‬D‫܈‬LHVWHUHVSRQVDELO
GHDSDUL‫܊‬LDREH]LWă‫܊‬LLEROLORUFDUGLRYDVFXODUHKLSHUWHQVLXQHDUWHULDOăDWHURVFOH
UR]ă‫܈‬LDGLVOLSLGHPLLORUKLSHUWULJOLFHULGHPLHKLSHUFROHVWHUROHPLH

Glucidele 
6HPDLQXPHVFFDUERKLGUD‫܊‬LVDXKLGUD‫܊‬LGHFDUERQQXPHSURSXVvQGH
FăWUH&DUO6FKPLGWFKLPLVWGHRULJLQHJHUPDQăGLQWHULWRULLOHEDOWLFHDOHLPSHUL
XOXLUXV(ODFRQVWDWDWFăJOXFLGHOHVXQWVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HRUJDQLFHFRPSXVHGLQFDUERQ
KLGURJHQ‫܈‬LR[LJHQ‫܈‬LDSXVvQHYLGHQ‫܊‬ăSUH]HQ‫܊‬DÄ]DKăUXOXLªJOXFR]HLvQVkQJH
*OXFLGHOHVXQWFDWDORJDWHFDPDFURQXWULPHQWHDOăWXULGHOLSLGH‫܈‬LGHSURWHLQH
&DUERKLGUD‫܊‬LLVXQWGHILQL‫܊‬LFDSROLKLGUR[LDOGHKLGHVDXSROLKLGUR[LFHWRQHUH
GXFăWRDUH8QLLVDYDQ‫܊‬LvL GHVFULXFDVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFDUH SULQLQWHUPHGLXOKLGUROL]HL
HOLEHUHD]ă SROLKLGUR[LDOGHKLGH VDX SROLKLGUR[LFHWRQH ÌQ JHQHUDO JOXFLGHOH VXQW
VXEVWDQ‫܊‬HIRUPDWHGRDUGLQFDUERQKLGURJHQ‫܈‬LR[LJHQ
*OXFLGHOHVXQWVXUVDSULQFLSDOăGHHQHUJLHSHQWUXRUJDQLVPUHSUH]HQWkQGvQ
‫܊‬ăULOHGH]YROWDWHGLQUD‫܊‬LDFDORULFă]LOQLFăLDUvQ‫܊‬ăULOHVXEGH]YROWDWH±
Rolurile glucidelor în organism
● 5ROHQHUJHWLF±VXUVDPDMRUă]LOQLFăGHHQHUJLHODJGHJOXFLGHPHWD
EROL]DWvQRUJDQLVPVHIXUQL]HD]ăNFDO
● 5ROGHFUX‫܊‬DUHDSURWHLQHORUvPSLHGLFăGHJUDGDUHDR[LGDWLYăDSURWHLQH
ORUPXVFXODUHHIHFWIRDUWHLPSRUWDQWvQXQHOHEROLGHULQLFKLGHILFDWvQ
 LQWHUYHQĠLLFKLUXUJLFDOH‫܈‬LDOLSLGHORUvPSLHGLFăPRELOL]DUHDH[FHVLYăD
OLSLGHORUIHQRPHQFDUHDUGXFHODFHWR]ă&kQGOLSVHVFJOXFLGHOHGLQ
GLHWăDPLQRDFL]LLúLOLSLGHOHVHSRWFRQYHUWLvQJOXFR]ăSHQWUXDKUăQL
FUHLHUXOúLVLVWHPXOQHUYRVFHQWUDO
● &RQVXPDWHvQH[FHVGHWHUPLQăVLQWH]DGHOLSLGH‫܈‬LWH]DXUL]DUHDHQHUJLHL
● &RPSRQHQWHDOHXQRUVXEVWDQĠHGLQRUJDQLVPKHSDULQDĠHVXWXOQHUYRV
KRUPRQLLHQ]LPHOHDFLGXOJOXFXURQLFDFLGXOKLDOXURQLFHWF
● &UHVFUH]LVWHQĠDIDĠăGHDJHQĠLLWR[LFL±JOLFRJHQXOKHSDWLFSRDWHDQLKLOD
XQHOH VXEVWDQĠH *OXFXURQRFRQMXJDUHD HVWH XQ H[HPSOX GH DSăUDUH D
RUJDQLVPXOXLvPSRWULYDWR[LFHORUHQGRJHQHúLH[RJHQH
● 5LER]DVHUYHúWHODVLQWH]D$'1XOXLúL$51XOXL
● 6XUVăGHILEUHDOLPHQWDUHFXUROQXWUL‫܊‬LRQDOIRDUWHLPSRUWDQW
● 5ROVWUXFWXUDOÌQRUJDQLVPVHFRQ‫܊‬LQ FLUFD JGH JOLFRJHQúL
JOXFR]ăGLQFDUHJVXEIRUPăGHJOXFR]ăvQIOXLGHUHVWXO
vQPXúFKL‫܈‬LvQILFDWVXEIRUPăGHJOLFRJHQ
Principalele tipuri de glucide din alimente
ÌQDOLPHQWHVHJăVHVFXUPăWRDUHOHFDWHJRULLGHJOXFLGHPRQR]DKDULGHGL]DKD
ULGH‫܈‬LSROL]DKDULGH

MonozaharideleQXPLWH‫܈‬LR]HVXQWFHOHPDLVLPSOHJOXFLGH3ULQFLSDOHOH
PRQR]DKDULGHGLQDOLPHQWHVXQWSHQWR]HOHULER]ă‫܈‬LGH]R[LULER]ă‫܈‬LKH
[R]HOHJOXFR]ăIUXFWR]ă‫܈‬LJDODFWR]ă
PentozeleDXSXĠLQăLPSRUWDQĠăFDVXUVăHQHUJHWLFă6XQWUHSUH]HQWDWHGH
ULER]ăúLGHGH]R[LULER]ăFDUHLQWUăvQVWUXFWXUDDFL]LORUQXFOHLFL
HexozeleVXQWFHOHPDLUăVSkQGLWHPRQR]DKDULGHGLQDOLPHQWH‫܈‬LVXQWUH
SUH]HQWDWHvQSULQFLSDOGH
● glucoza, FHOPDLUăVSkQGLWJOXFLGvQDOLPHQWHVHUYHúWHODIRUPDUHD
SROL]DKDULGHORU(VWHXQLFDVXUVăHQHUJHWLFăSHQWUXFUHLHUQHUYLLSHULIH
ULFLKHPDWLLPHGXODUDUHQDOăÌQRUJDQLVPXOXPDQVHHYLGHQĠLD]ăWUHL
SRVLELOH FăL GH XWLOL]DUH D JOXFR]HL FD VXUVă GH HQHUJLH VWRFDWă VXE
IRUPăGHJOLFRJHQGHSR]LWHKHSDWLFHúLPXVFXODUH‫܈‬LFRQYHUWLWăvQJUă
VLPL(VWHSUH]HQWăvQFDQWLWăĠLPLFLvQIUXFWHvQOHJXPHvQPLHUH
● fructoza HVWH PRQR]DKDULGXO SUH]HQW vQ IUXFWH úL vQ PLHUH 6H DE
VRDUEHOHQWGDUVHXWLOL]HD]ăUDSLGDUHXQLQGLFHJOLFHPLFPDLVFă]XW
GHFkWDO]DKăUXOXL0HWDEROL]DUHDDFHVWHLDDUHORFODQLYHOXOILFDWXOXL
‫܈‬LQXHVWHGHSHQGHQWăGHLQVXOLQă)UXFWR]DDUHRPDUHSXWHUHGHvQ
GXOFLUH ILLQG XQXO GLQ FHO PDL GXOFH JOXFLG (VWH SULQFLSDOD VXUVă
HQHUJHWLFăDVSHUPDWR]RL]LORU
● galactozaQXVHJăVHúWHOLEHUăvQDOLPHQWHLQWUkQGvQFRPSR]LĠLDODF
WR]HLGLQODSWH/DQLYHOXOILFDWXOXLHVWHFRQYHUWLWăvQJOXFR]ăúLDSRL
HQ]LPDWLFvQJOLFRJHQ
Capitolul ***

Dizaharidele
● zaharozaJOXFR]ăIUXFWR]ăvQ]DKăURE‫܊‬LQXWGLQWUHVWLDGH]DKăU
‫܈‬LGLQVIHFODGH]DKăUIUXFWHOHJXPHPLHUH
● lactoza (glucoză + galactoză): vQODSWH(VWHPDLSX‫܊‬LQVROXELOăGHFkW
DOWHJOXFLGHPXOWPDLSX‫܊‬LQGXOFHGHFkW]DKDUR]D)HUPHQWDUHDODF
WR]HLODSWHGHULYDWHODFWDWHDPHOLRUHD]ăGH]YROWDUHDXQHLIORUHEDF
WHULHQHIDYRUDELOH
● maltoza (glucoză + glucoză): vQ FHUHDOH RU] JHUPLQDWH XQHOH
IUXFWHEHUHIăLQXULWUDWDWHWHUPLF

Polizaharidele
● SROL]DKDULGHOHGHUH]HUYăGHSR]LWVXQWIRUPHGHVWRFDUHDHQHUJLHL
DPLGRQvQYHJHWDOHFHUHDOLHUHOHJXPLQRDVHXVFDWHOHJXPHWXEHU
FXOLUăGăFLQRDVHJOLFRJHQHFKLYDOHQWXODQLPDODODPLGRQXOXLSUH
]HQWvQILFDWúLvQPXúFKLÌQFDQWLWDWHPLFăVHJăVH‫܈‬WHvQDOLPHQWHOH
GHRULJLQHDQLPDOăILFDWIUXFWHGHPDUH
● SROL]DKDULGH VWUXFWXUDOH ILEUH DOLPHQWDUH FHOXOR]D KHPLFHOXOR]D
SHFWLQHOHJXPHOHPXFLODJLLOHOLJQLQDQXHVWHJOXFLGVHJăVHVF
vQVSHFLDOvQOHJXPHIUXFWHFHUHDOLHUH‫܈‬LOHJXPLQRDVHXVFDWH
Aprecierea nutrițională a glucidelor
Indicele glicemic,*SURSXVvQGHGU7KRPDV:ROHYHU‫܈‬LGHGU'DYLG
-HQNLQVGHOD8QLYHUVLWDWHDGLQ7RURQWRUHSUH]LQWăRPăVXUăFDUHDUDWăFkWGHUHSHGH
XQDOLPHQWFDUHFRQ‫܊‬LQHVDXGHJGHFDUERKLGUD‫܊‬LFUH‫܈‬WHQLYHOXOJOXFR]HLvQ
VkQJH'HRDUHFHXQHOHDOLPHQWHDXGHRELFHLXQFRQ‫܊‬LQXWVFă]XWGHFDUERKLGUD‫܊‬L
FHUFHWăWRULLGHOD+DUYDUGDXSURSXVQR‫܊‬LXQHDGHvQFăUFăWXUăJOLFHPLFăVDXÄJO\FH
PLFORDG´*/FDUHLDvQFRQVLGHUDUHFDQWLWDWHDGHFDUERKLGUD‫܊‬LGLQWURDQXPLWăSRU
‫܊‬LHXQDQXPLWDOLPHQW‫܈‬LDVWIHORIHUăRPăVXUăWRDUHPDLIRORVLWRDUH
,QGLFHOHJOLFHPLFHVWH‫܈‬LXQFULWHULXGHFODVLILFDUHDDOLPHQWHORUJOXFLGLFHSH
ED]DHIHFWXOXLDFHVWRUDDVXSUDJOLFHPLHLSHSDUFXUVXOSULPHORURUHGXSăLQJHVWLH
(OHVWHXWLOSHQWUXDSUHFLHUHDSXWHULLKLSHUJOLFHPLDQWHDXQXLDOLPHQWvQUDSRUWFX
XQJOXFLGGHUHIHULQ‫܊‬ăJOXFR]D,* SHUPL‫܊‬kQGFRPSDUDUHDDOLPHQWHORU
,QGLFHOHJOLFHPLFDODOLPHQWHORUGLIHUăvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGH
● QDWXUDJOXFLGHORUH[GLIHUHQĠHOHvQWUHPRQR]DKDULGHGL]DKDULGH‫܈‬LSR
OL]DKDULGH'L]DKDULGHOHDXLQGLFHJOLFHPLFPDLPLFGDFăDXvQFRP
SR]LĠLDORUIUXFWR]ăVODEDEVRUELWăODQLYHOLQWHVWLQDOSULQWUDQVSRUWSD
VLY'HH[HPSOX]DKDUR]DDUHXQ,* QXPDLGLQIUXFWR]ă
VHWUDQVIRUPăvQJOXFR]ăPDOWR]DJOXFR]ăJOXFR]ă,* ODF
WR]DJOXFR]ăJDODFWR]ă,* (IHFWXOKLSHUJOLFHPLDQWPDLVFă]XW
DOODFWR]HLVHH[SOLFăSULQKLGUROL]DOHQWăDFRQVWLWXHQĠLORUVăL
● VWDUHDIL]LFăDDOLPHQWHORUVROLGHVDXOLFKLGH±DFHOD‫܈‬LDOLPHQWSRDWHDYHD
XQ,*GLIHULWvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHFHOHGRXăIRUPHPăUXOIUXFW,* ID‫܊‬ăGH
VXFXOGHPHUHFDUHDUH,* 
 ● PRGXO GH SUHSDUDUH H[ FDUWRILL SUHSDUD‫܊‬L VXE IRUPă GH IXOJL DX ,*
PDUHILHUĠLVDXFRSĠLvQFRDMăDX,*PDLVFă]XW
● vQSUH]HQĠDDOWRUQXWULPHQWH
 JOXFLGHFDUWRILSURWHLQH±FUH‫܈‬WH,*
 JOXFLGHFDUWRILOLSLGH±VFDGH,*
 JOXFLGHILEUHDOLPHQWDUH±VFDGH,*,*PăUSLXUHGHPHUH

Surse alimentare de glucide

1. Alimentele de origine animală
● *UXSD,ODSWHúLGHULYDWHODFWDWHODFWR]DUHSUH]LQWăVLQJXUDH[FHSĠLH
PDMRUă ODSWHOH LQWHJUDO FRQ‫܊‬LQH  J JOXFLGHPO LDXUWXO J 
EUkQ]DGHYDFăJOWHOHPHDXDúLFDúFDYDOXULOHGRDU
● *UXSDD,,DFDUQHSH‫܈‬WHSUHSDUDWHQHVHPQLILFDWLYJOLFRJHQXODSDUH
vQFDQWLWăĠLUHODWLYPLFLvQLQLPăJJOXFLGHúLILFDW±J
2. Alimentele de origine vegetalăUHSUH]LQWăVXUVHOHSULQFLSDOHGHJOXFLGH
● *UXSD D ,9D OHJXPH ‫܈‬L IUXFWH  J JOXFLGH J  EDQDQHOH ±
IRDUWHERJDWH
● *UXSDD9DFHUHDOLHUH‫܈‬LOHJXPLQRDVHFHUHDOHOHVXQWIRDUWHERJDWHvQ
JOXFLGHJvQSkLQHJvQRUH]$FHVWHDOLPHQWHVXQWERJDWH
vQPRQRGL‫܈‬LSROL]DKDULGHvQVSHFLDODPLGRQ‫܈‬LILEUHDOLPHQWDUH
3. Alte surse alimentare
● *UXSDD9,DGXOFLXULVRUWLPHQWHDOLPHQWDUHYDULDWHFXXQFRQĠLQXW
JOXFLGLFvQWUH‫܈‬L]DKăUERPERDQHHWF
● *UXSD D 9,,,D EăXWXUL FDQWLWăĠL YDULDELOH vQ EăXWXULOH QHDOFRROLFH
FHDLFDIHDVXFXULúLDOFRROLFH
1XVXQWVXUVHGHJOXFLGHJUXSDD,,,DRXăXUPHGHJOXFLGH‫܈‬LJUXSDD9,,D
JUăVLPL±OLSVHVF
Rația zilnică de glucide
● &HULQ‫܊‬H FDQWLWDWLYH   GLQ 5(7 RUH UD‫܊‬LD HQHUJHWLFă WRWDOă
]LOQLFăJJOXFLGHNJFRUS]L
● &HULQ‫܊‬HFDOLWDWLYH
‫ ޤ‬JOXFLGHOHUDILQDWHJUXSDD9,D±GXOFLXULGLQ5(7]L
‫ ޤ‬ILEUHDOLPHQWDUHJ]LODDGXOWIăUăDVHGHSă‫܈‬LJ]L
Consumul neadecvat de glucide și riscurile pentru sănătate
Carența glucidică DSDUHvQJHQHUDOvQFD]GHUHJLPDOLPHQWDUUHVWULFWLY
8QDVWIHOGHFRQVXPSRDWHGHWHUPLQDRhipoglicemieVFăGHUHDDQRUPDOăDJOXFR]HL
VDQJYLQHFDUHHVWHXQVLPSWRPúLQXRERDOă&DUHQ‫܊‬DGHJOXFLGHQHGLJHUDELOHILEUH
YHJHWDOHVXEJ]LIDYRUL]HD]ăLQVWDODUHDXQRUEROLPHWDEROLFH‫܈‬LGHFRORQ
Excesul de glucidePXOWPDLIUHFYHQWGHFkWFDUHQ‫܊‬DSRDWH
D SURPRYDúLPHQĠLQHREH]LWDWHD
E FDX]DúLDJUDYDGLDEHWXO]DKDUDW
F IDYRUL]DLQVWDODUHDFDULLORUGHQWDUH
Capitolul ***

G FUH‫܈‬WHULVFXOEROLORUFDUGLRYDVFXODUHDUILODRULJLQHDDFFLGHQWHORUFH
UHEURYDVFXODUHúLDEROLLDUWHUHLFRURQDUH
H GHWHUPLQDGH]HFKLOLEUXOWLDPLQRJOXFLGLF
I H[FHVXOGHJOXFLGHQHUDILQDWHILEUHDOLPHQWDUHSHVWHJ]LIDYRUL
]HD]ăGLVFRQIRUWXODEGRPLQDOREVWUXF‫܊‬LDLQWHVWLQDOă‫܈‬LFDUHQ‫܊‬HPLQH
UDOH)H&D=Q
,QWROHUDQĠDODODFWR]ă HVWHSUH]HQWăvQSURSRUĠLLPDULODSRSXODĠLDGLQ]RQD
PHGLWHUDQHDQăJUHFLDIULFDQLHWFúLGLQ]RQDDVLDWLFă

Fibrele alimentare
)LEUHOHDOLPHQWDUHVXQWRFDWHJRULHGHFDUERKLGUD‫܊‬LSURYHQL‫܊‬LGLQDOLPHQWHOH
GHRULJLQHYHJHWDOăIUXFWHOHJXPHFHUHDOHLQWHJUDOH$FH‫܈‬WLFDUERKLGUD‫܊‬LQXSRW
ILDWDFD‫܊‬L‫܈‬LGLJHUD‫܊‬LGHHQ]LPHOHGLQWXEXOGLJHVWLY(OHDMXWăODVWLPXODUHDGLJHV
WLHL OD UHGXFHUHD QLYHOXOXL GHFROHVWHURO vQ VkQJH OD SUHYHQLUHD FDQFHUXOXL GH
FRORQ‫܈‬LODFRQWURODUHDJOLFHPLHL)LEUHOHDOLPHQWDUHVXQWSHSRVWGHEDODVWFDUH
VHHOLPLQăRGDWăFXFHOHODOWHUH]LGXXULUH]XOWDWHGLQSURFHVXOGHGLJHVWLH‫܈‬LGH
IHUPHQWD‫܊‬LHLQWHVWLQDOă
)LEUHOHYHJHWDOHVHvPSDUWvQGRXăPDULFDWHJRULLVROXELOH‫܈‬LLQVROXELOH
● Fibrele insolubileFHOXOR]D‫܈‬LOLJQLQDDXRSXWHUHPDUHGHDEVRUE‫܊‬LH‫܈‬L
VHXPIOăFDXQEXUHWHGXSăFHDMXQJvQLQWHVWLQ/HUHYLQHXQUROLPSRUWDQW
vQFRQVWLWXLUHDEROXOXLIHFDO‫܈‬LvQUHJODUHDGLJHVWLHL
● Fibrele solubileSHFWLQD‫܈‬LKHPLFHOXOR]DQXDMXWăDWkWGHPXOWODWUHFHUHD
DOLPHQWHORUSULQLQWHVWLQFLSUHYLQVDXUHGXFDEVRUE‫܊‬LDXQRUVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HvQ
WRUHQWXOVDQJYLQUH‫܊‬LQLQWUDUHDJOXFR]HLvQVkQJHIDSWLPSRUWDQWSHQWUXGL
DEHWLFL‫܈‬LUHGXFQLYHOXOGHFROHVWHURO&kQGVHGL]ROYăvQDSăDFHVWWLSGH
ILEUHIRUPHD]ăRVXEVWDQ‫܊‬ăJHODWLQRDVă)LEUHOHVROXELOHVHJăVHVFvQFDQWL
Wă‫܊‬LPDULvQRYă]PD]ăUHIDVROHPHUHFLWULFHPRUFRYLRU]‫܈‬LvQVHPLQ‫܊‬HOH
GHPsyllium
Clasificarea fibrelor alimentare
&ODVLILFDUHDSURSXVăGH6FKQHHPDQQvPSDUWHILEUHOHDOLPHQWDUHvQSDWUX
FDWHJRULL
● SROLJOXFLGHVWUXFWXUDOHDVRFLDWHSHUHWHOXLFHOXODUYHJHWDOFHOXOR]DúLSR
OLJOXFLGHOHQHFHOXOR]LFH
● FRPSRQHQWHVWUXFWXUDOHGHQDWXUăQHJOXFLGLFăOLJQLQD
● SROLJOXFLGHOHFDUHQXDSDUĠLQSHUHWHOXLFHOXODUJXPHOHúLPXFLODJLLOH
● ILEUHOHDOLPHQWDUHQHFRQYHQĠLRQDOHFDUHUHSUH]LQWăXQDQVDPEOXHWHURJHQ
GHFRPSXúLFXPDUILFRPSXúLIHQROLFLJOLFRSURWHLQHFRPSXúLDLUHDFĠLHL
0DLOODUGDPLGRQXOUH]LVWHQWSROLJOXFLGHEDFWHULHQH
,QWURGXFHUHDDFHVWHLXOWLPHFDWHJRULLGHILEUHDOLPHQWDUHVHMXVWLILFăVXEDVSHFW
IL]LRORJLFGHRDUHFHFRPSXúLLVXQWVODEKLGUROL]DĠLGHFăWUHHQ]LPHOHGLJHVWLYHILLQG
WRWRGDWăVWUkQVOHJDĠLGHPDWULFHDVWUXFWXUDOăDILEUHORUFRQYHQĠLRQDOH
 Efecte fibrelor alimentare asupra sănătății:
● Benefice
 $GLĠLRQHD]ăDSDFUHVFYROXPXOEROXOXLDOLPHQWDU‫܈‬LVFKLPEăFRQVLVWHQ‫܊‬D
IHFDOHORUVWLPXOHD]ăFRQWUDF‫܊‬LLOHLQWHVWLQDOHHIHFWOD[DWLY$XHIHFWID
YRUDELOSHQWUXIXQF‫܊‬LLOHDSDUDWXOXLGLJHVWLY‫܈‬LSUHYLQEROLOHOXLSULQXUPă
WRDUHOHDF‫܊‬LXQL
D VWLPXOHD]ăFUH‫܈‬WHUHD‫܈‬LDFWLYLWDWHDIORUHLLQWHVWLQDOHEHQHILFH
E IDYRUL]HD]ăIHUPHQWD‫܊‬LDGLQFRORQ
F SUHYLQ‫܈‬LWUDWHD]ăFRQVWLSD‫܊‬LD
G SUHYLQGLYHUWLFXOR]HOH
H HIHFWHSRVLELOHGHSUHYHQLUHDFDQFHUXOXLGHFRORQ
 3URPRYHD]ă VHQ]DĠLDGHSOHQLWXGLQH ‫܈‬LOLPLWHD]ă DVWIHO ULVFXOGHVXSUD
SRQGHUH‫܈‬LREH]LWDWH
 ,QIOXHQ‫܊‬HD]ăFLFOXOHQWHURKHSDWLFDOFROHVWHUROXOXLVFDGHFROHVWHUROHPLD
‫܈‬LUDSRUWXO/'/+'/FROHVWHUROOHDJăVWHUROLLúLvLHOLPLQăSULQIHFDOH
 ,QIOXHQ‫܊‬HD]ă GLJHVWLD úL DEVRUEĠLD JOXFLGHORU UDILQDWH VFDGH JOLFHPLD
‫܈‬LVDXLQVXOLQHPLDSRVWSUDQGLDOă
● Negative
CarențaGHILEUHJILEUH]LIDYRUL]HD]ăDSDUL‫܊‬LDXQRUEROL
‫ ޤ‬PHWDEROLFHREH]LWDWHGLDEHW]DKDUDWFDUGLRSDWLHLVFKHPLFăOLWLD]ăELOLDUă
‫ ޤ‬GHFRORQFRQVWLSD‫܊‬LHKHPRURL]LFDQFHUGHFRORQ
Excesul GHILEUH!JILEUH]LIDYRUL]HD]ă
● GLVFRQIRUWXODEGRPLQDOEDORQDUHIODWXOHQ‫܊‬ăFUDPSHDEGRPLQDOH
● REVWUXFĠLLLQWHVWLQDOH
● OHDJăVăUXULPLQHUDOH‫܈‬LOHHOLPLQăGLQRUJDQLVPRGDWăFXPDWHULLOHIH
FDOHFXPDUIL=Q&D)H0J3HWHUPHQOXQJSRWGHWHUPLQDFDUHQ‫܊‬H
Rația zilnică de fibre alimentare
$XWRULWDWHDHXURSHDQăGHVHFXULWDWHDOLPHQWDUă, UHFRPDQGăRUD‫܊‬LH]LOQLFăGHIL
EUHDOLPHQWDUH
 ODDGXO‫܊‬LJILEUH]L
 YkUVWDvQDQLJODFRSLLH[SHQWUXXQFRSLOGHDQLUD‫܊‬LDUHFRPDQ
GDWăHVWHGH JILEUH]L
'LQ FDX]DHIHFWHORU VHFXQGDUH DOHFRQVXPXOXLH[FHVLY VH UHFRPDQGăFD
DSRUWXO]LOQLFGHILEUHVăQXGHSă‫܈‬HDVFăJILEUH]L
Surse alimentare de fibre
$OLPHQWHOHERJDWHvQILEUHGHRULJLQHYHJHWDOăJUXSHOH,9úL9
● *UXSDD,9DOHJXPH‫܈‬LIUXFWHVXQWERJDWHvQILEUHDOLPHQWDUHDWkWOHJX
PHOH FUXGH VDX ILHUWH FkW ‫܈‬L IUXFWHOH LQWHJUDOH FUXGH FRDMD VkPEXULL úL
PHPEUDQHOHVXQWERJDWHvQILEUH
● *UXSDD9DFHUHDOLHUH‫܈‬LOHJXPLQRDVHFHUHDOLHUHFXJUDGGHH[WUDFĠLHPDUH
H[IăLQDQHDJUăSkLQHDRUH]XOSDVWHOHPăPăOLJDH[SDQGDWHGHFHUHDOH‫܈‬L
OHJXPLQRDVHOHXVFDWHGDUGR]HOHPDULSURGXFGLVFRQIRUWDEGRPLQDO
● *UXSHOH,,,,,,GHRULJLQHDQLPDOăúL9,úL9,,QXFRQĠLQILEUH
Capitolul ***

Rolul vitaminelor în organismul uman

9LWDPLQHOH‫܈‬LUROXOORUDXIRVWPLQLPDOL]DWHVHFROH([SHULPHQWHOHSHPRGHOH
DQLPDOHHIHFWXDWHODvQFHSXWXOVHFDO;;OHDDXDUăWDWFăDQLPDOHOHKUăQLWHFXDOL
PHQWHvQDOWSXULILFDWHSURWHLQHJOXFLGHOLSLGH‫܈‬LVăUXULPLQHUDOHQXVHGH]YROWDX
FRUHVSXQ]ăWRU
9LWDPLQHOHVXQWQXWULPHQWHHVHQ‫܊‬LDOHFXUROvQPHQ‫܊‬LQHUHDEDULHUHLGHDSă
UDUHODQLYHOXOPXFRDVHORU‫܈‬LFUH‫܈‬WHUHDUH]LVWHQ‫܊‬HLODLQIHF‫܊‬LLPHWDEROLVPXOSURWHL
QHORU JOXFLGHORU OLSLGHORU ‫܈‬L PLQHUDOHORU VLQWH]D XQRU VWUXFWXUL LQGLVSHQVDELOH
DFL]LQXFOHLFL‫܈‬LQXFOHRSURWHLQHGLQPROHFXODGH$'1HQ]LPHIDFWRULGHFRDJX
ODUHSURFHVHOHGHR[LGDUHHIHFWDQWLR[LGDQW‫܈‬LDWHURJHQH]ăHIHFWDQWLDWHURJHQ
9LWDPLQHOHVXQWVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFKLPLFHFRPSOH[HFDUHFXFkWHYDH[FHS‫܊‬LLQX
SRWILVLQWHWL]DWHGHFăWUHDFHVWD(OHVHJăVHVFvQPDMRULWDWHDDOLPHQWHORUGHSUR
YHQLHQ‫܊‬ăQDWXUDOă‫܈‬LVXQWDEVROXWQHFHVDUHSHQWUXFUH‫܈‬WHUHDPHQ‫܊‬LQHUHDYLWDOLWă‫܊‬LL
‫܈‬LEXQăVWDUHDJHQHUDOăDRUJDQLVPXOXLXPDQ(OHQXVXQWGLVWUXVHvQSURFHVXOGL
JHVWLYILLQGDEVRUELWHFDDWDUH'HDFHHDWRDWHYLWDPLQHOHVXQWHILFLHQWHODDGPL
QLVWUDUHSHFDOHRUDOăÌQWURRDUHFDUHPăVXUăYLWDPLQHOHSRWILVWRFDWHvQRUJD
QLVPGHH[HPSOXYLWDPLQHOHOLSRVROXELOHVXQWVWRFDWHvQILFDW‫܈‬L‫܊‬HVXWXOVXEFX
WDQDWvQWLPSFHYLWDPLQD&HVWHGHSR]LWDWăvQFRUWH[XOVXSUDUHQDO
'H‫܈‬LPXOWHGLQWUHYLWDPLQHVXQWQHFHVDUHvQFDQWLWă‫܊‬LIRDUWHPLFLHOHMRDFă
XQUROIRDUWHLPSRUWDQWvQFHOHPDLPXOWHUHDF‫܊‬LLFKLPLFHGLQRUJDQLVP3ULQXU
PDUHQHYRLDWRWDOă]LOQLFăHVWHGHRELFHLIRDUWHPLFă1HFHVDUXO]LOQLFDOXQHL
YLWDPLQHSHQWUXRSHUVRDQăYDULD]ăvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHUDWDPHWDEROLVPXOXLRUJDQLVPX
OXL$VWIHOSHUVRDQHOHFDUHHIHFWXHD]ăPXQFLJUHOHIHPHLOHvQVăUFLQDWHVDXFHOH
FDUHDOăSWHD]ăFRSLLLvQFUH‫܈‬WHUHDXQHYRLHGHRFDQWLWDWHPDLPDUHGHYLWDPLQH
ÌQJHQHUDOXQRPv‫܈‬LSRDWHVDWLVIDFHQHYRLDvQYLWDPLQHGLQGLHWHHFKLOLEUDWH

Istoricul descoperirii vitaminelor.

'HQXPLUHDGHÄYLWDPLQă´DIRVWXWLOL]DWăSHQWUXSULPDGDWăvQGHFăWUH
.)XQNFDUHGHQXPH‫܈‬WHDVWIHOH[WUDFWXORE‫܊‬LQXWGLQWăUk‫܊‬HOHGHRUH]IRORVLWOD
WUDWDUHDSăVăULORUEROQDYHGHSROLQHYULWă. 1XPHOHDGHYHQLWUHSHGHVLQRQLPFX
ÄIDFWRULLDFFHVRUL´DLOXL+RSNLQVLDUSkQăFkQGVDGHPRQVWUDWFăQXWRDWHYLWD
PLQHOHVXQWDPLQHFXYkQWXOHUDGHMDSRSXODUÌQ-DFN&HFLO'UXPPRQGD
SURSXVFDÄH´XOILQDOVăFDGăSHQWUXDVHGH]DFFHQWXDOHJăWXUDFXÄDPLQHOH´
● ÌQ&ROOXPúL'DYLVL]ROHD]ăGLQXQHOHH[WUDFWHOLSLGLFHDúDQXPL
WXO ÄIDFWRU GH FUHúWHUH OLSRVROXELO´ FDUH vQ  HVWH QXPLW GH FăWUH
'RUWPXQGYLWDPLQD$(JLSWHQLLDQWLFLYLQGHFDXSDFLHQ‫܊‬LLFXRUELUHGH
 QRDSWHFXILFDW$FXPHVWHFXQRVFXWFăDFHDVWăERDOăHVWHFDX]DWăGH
GHILFLHQ‫܊‬DGHYLWDPLQD$
● ÌQFKLUXUJXOVFR‫܊‬LDQ-DPHV/LQGDGHVFRSHULWFăFLWULFHOH‫܈‬LSUHSD
UDWHOHGLQHOHSUHYLQVFRUEXWXORERDOăOHWDOăFDUDFWHUL]DWăSULQYLQGH
FăULOHQWHVkQJHUăULDOHJLQJLLORU‫܈‬LGXUHULDFXWH
● ÌQ/LQGDSXEOLFDWTratat asupra scorbutului.
● ÌQFKLUXUJXOUXV1LNRODL/XQLQDKUăQLW‫܈‬RDUHFLFXXQDPHVWHFDU
WLILFLDOGLQWR‫܊‬LFRQVWLWXHQ‫܊‬LLODSWHOXLFXQRVFX‫܊‬LODPRPHQWXOUHVSHFWLY
DGLFăSURWHLQHJUăVLPLFDUERKLGUD‫܊‬L‫܈‬LVăUXUL$FH‫܈‬WLDDXPXULWvQWLPS
FH‫܈‬RDUHFLLKUăQL‫܊‬LFXODSWHQDWXUDOVDXGH]YROWDWQRUPDOÌQED]DUH]XO
WDWHORURE‫܊‬LQXWH1LNRODL/XQLQDDMXQVODFRQFOX]LDFăÄXQDOLPHQWQDWXUDO
FDODSWHOHWUHEXLHVăFRQ‫܊‬LQăSHOkQJăLQJUHGLHQWHOHSULQFLSDOHFXQRVFXWH
PLFLFDQWLWă‫܊‬LGHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HQHFXQRVFXWHHVHQ‫܊‬LDOHYLH‫܊‬LL´
● ÌQ:LOOLDP)OHWFKHUDGHVFRSHULWFăFRQVXPDUHDRUH]XOXLQHGH
FRUWLFDWvQORFXOFHOXLGHFRUWLFDWSUHYLQHERDODEHULEHUL
● ÌQ)UHGHULFN+RSNLQVDVWDELOLWFăDOLPHQWHOHFRQ‫܊‬LQÄIDFWRULDF
FHVRUL´SHOkQJăSURWHLQHFDUERKLGUD‫܊‬LJUăVLPLHWFDEVROXWQHFHVDUL
FRUSXOXLXPDQ
● /DvQFHSXWXODQLORURDPHQLLGH‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬ăDXL]RODW‫܈‬LLGHQWLILFDWXQ
QXPăUPDUHGHYLWDPLQH
● 3kQăvQDXIRVWGHVFRSHULWHPDMRULWDWHDYLWDPLQHORUFXQRVFXWHDVWă]L

Clasificarea vitaminelor
'H]YROWDUHDDPSOăDFHUFHWăULORUvQGRPHQLXOYLWDPLQHORUFRQFUHWL]DWăvQ
L]RODUHDVWDELOLUHDVWUXFWXULLFKLPLFHúLDSURSULHWăĠLORUIL]LFRFKLPLFHDXQXLQX
PăUWRWPDLPDUHGHYLWDPLQHDLPSXVQHFHVLWDWHDXQHLFODVLILFăULFRUHVSXQ]ă
WRDUHDDFHVWRUDSHFULWHULLúWLLQĠLILFH8QXOGLQWUHDFHVWHFULWHULLHVWHVROXELOLWDWHD
YLWDPLQHORUvQOLSLGHvQVROYHQĠLRUJDQLFLúLUHVSHFWLYvQDSăúLvQVROYHQĠLSRODUL
6ROXELOLWDWHD YLWDPLQHORU FRUHOHD]ă úL FX DOWH FDUDFWHULVWLFL IL]LRORJLFH $VWIHO
FHOHOLSRVROXELOHVHDEVRUEGLQWUDFWXOGLJHVWLYSULQPHFDQLVPHGHDEVRUEĠLHDVH
PăQăWRDUHOLSLGHORULDUFHOHKLGURVROXELOHSULQPHFDQLVPHFRPSOHWGLIHULWH
&ODVLILFDUHDYLWDPLQHORUvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHPHFDQLVPXOGHDF‫܊‬LXQHQXDIRVWGHILQL
WLYDWă0XOWHYLWDPLQHIXQF‫܊‬LRQHD]ăFDDWDUHVDXGXSăRSUHDODELOăELRWUDQVIRUPDUH
IRUPkQGFRHQ]LPHDOHXQRUHQ]LPHVSHFLILFHWRDWHYLWDPLQHOH%ELRWLQDYLWDPLQHOH
$‫܈‬L.$OWHOHDF‫܊‬LRQHD]ăSHFăLDVHPăQăWRDUHKRUPRQLORU'‫܈‬L$8QHOHYLWDPL
QHOH&‫܈‬L(IXQF‫܊‬LRQHD]ăFDVLVWHPHDQWLR[LGDQWHID‫܊‬ăGHSHUR[L]LLQRFLYL9LWDPL
QHOH$UHWLQROXODFLGXOUHWLQRLFDXPRGDOLWă‫܊‬LSDUWLFXODUHGHDF‫܊‬LXQH
ÌQSUH]HQWHVWHIRORVLWăFODVLILFDUHDYLWDPLQHORUvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHVROXELOLWDWHDORU
vQOLSLGH‫܈‬LvQDSă
Vitaminele liposolubile VXQWVROXELOHvQOLSLGHJUăVLPLúLVROYHQĠLRUJDQLFL0D
MRULWDWHDVXQWWHUPRVWDELOHVWDELOHvQPHGLXDFLGúLDOFDOLQ3RWILGHSR]LWDWH
vQDQXPLWHRUJDQHGHXQGHVXQWXWLOL]DWHDWXQFLFkQGRUJDQLVPXORFHUH'LQ
DFHDVWăJUXSăIDFSDUWH
Capitolul ***

● 9LWDPLQD$VDXDQWL[HURIWDOPLFă
● 9LWDPLQD'VDXDQWLUDKLWLFă
● 9LWDPLQD(VDXWRFRIHUROXO
● 9LWDPLQD.VDXDQWLKHPRUDJLFă
Vitaminele hidrosolubileVXQWVROXELOHvQDSăúLVROYHQĠLSRODULÌQPDUHDORUPD
MRULWDWHVXQWWHUPRODELOHVWDELOHvQPHGLXDFLGúLLQVWDELOHvQPHGLXDOFDOLQ
1XSRWILGHSR]LWDWHvQRUJDQLVP'LQDFHDVWăJUXSăIDFSDUWH
● 9LWDPLQD%DQHXULQDVDXWLDPLQD
● 9LWDPLQD%VDXULERIODYLQD
● 9LWDPLQD%33VDXQLDFLQD
● 9LWDPLQD%VDXDFLGXOSDQWRWHQLF
● 9LWDPLQD%VDXSLULGR[LQDDGHUPLQD
● 9LWDPLQD%VDXELRWLQD
● 9LWDPLQD%VDXDFLGIROLF
● 9LWDPLQD%FREDODPLQDVDXIDFWRUXODQWLDQHPLF
● 9LWDPLQD&VDXDQWLVFRUEXWLFD
Vitamine non-umane. 0DMRULWDWHDPDPLIHUHORUDXQHYRLHFXXQHOHH[FHS‫܊‬LLGH
DFHOHD‫܈‬LYLWDPLQHFD‫܈‬LRDPHQLL2H[FHS‫܊‬LHLPSRUWDQWăHVWHYLWDPLQD'SHFDUH
PDMRULWDWHDPDPLIHUHORURSRWVLQWHWL]D8QHOHEDFWHULLDXQHYRLHGHDGHQLQă
4XLQRQDSLUURORTXLQROLQD344FDUHVHJăVH‫܈‬WHvQLDXUWDIRVWGHVFRSHULWăFD
YLWDPLQăSHQWUX‫܈‬RDUHFLvQ3LVLFLOHGRPHVWLFHDXQHYRLHGHWDXULQăFDUH
SHQWUXHOHHVWHRYLWDPLQăGDUQX‫܈‬LSHQWUXRDPHQLSHQWUXFăRSRWVLQWHWL]D
Pseudovitamine
 9LWDPLQD)HVWHWHUPHQXOFDUHGHVHPQDODvQFHSXWDFL]LLJUD‫܈‬LHVHQ‫܊‬LDOL
SHFDUHRPXOQXLSRDWHVLQWHWL]D8OWHULRUDFH‫܈‬WLDDXIRVWH[FOX‫܈‬LGLQFDWH
JRULD YLWDPLQHORU $FL]LL JUD‫܈‬L VXQW R FRPSRQHQWă PDMRUă D JUăVLPLORU
FDUHFD‫܈‬LDSDVXQWQHFHVDUHRUJDQLVPXOXLvQFDQWLWă‫܊‬LPDUL‫܈‬LGHFLQXFDG
VXELQFLGHQ‫܊‬DGHILQL‫܊‬LHLYLWDPLQHORUQHFHVDUHvQFDQWLWă‫܊‬LPLFL
 +HUEDOL‫܈‬WLL‫܈‬LQDWXURSD‫܊‬LLDXQXPLWGLIHULWHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFKLPLFHWHUDSHX
WLFHÄYLWDPLQHÄGH‫܈‬LQXVXQWSULQWUH FDUH YLWDPLQD 7 YLWDPLQD8‫܈‬L
YLWDPLQD;
 8QHOHDXWRULWă‫܊‬LvQGRPHQLXVSXQFăXELTXLQRQDQXPLWă‫܈‬LFRHQ]LPD4
HVWHRYLWDPLQă$FHDVWDHVWHSURGXVăGHRUJDQLVPvQFDQWLWă‫܊‬LPLFLFD‫܈‬L
YLWDPLQD'
 9LWDPLQD%DFLGSDQJDPLFVXEVWDQ‫܊‬ăvQUXGLWăFXGLPHWLOJOLFLQDQX
PLWăJUH‫܈‬LWYLWDPLQD%XQHRUL%
 7R[LQHOH/DHWULOH‫܈‬LDPLJGDOLQDVXQWQXPLWHXQHRULYLWDPLQD%$FL
GXOSDQJDPLF‫܈‬L/DHWULOHDXIRVWGHVHPQDWHYLWDPLQHGH(UQVW7.UHEV
FRQWUDU RSLQLHL FRPXQLWă‫܊‬LLPHGLFDOH 3URSULHWDWHD DWULEXLWăYLWDPLQHL
%GHDFRPEDWHFDQFHUXODIRVWQHJDWăGHPXOWHH[SHULPHQWH$FHDVWD
SURGXFHGUHSWPHWDEROLWDFLGFLDQKLGULFFDUHSRDWHSURYRFDPRDUWHD
 )ODYRQRL]LLVXQWQXPL‫܊‬LXQHRUL‫܈‬LYLWDPLQD3
  )DFWRULL GHFUH‫܈‬WHUHDLDQLPDOHORUDX IRVWGHVHPQD‫܊‬L YLWDPLQH DFLGXO
SDUDDPLQREHQ]RLF3$%$IDFWRUXOFHVWLPXOHD]ăFUH‫܈‬WHUHDSHQHORU
ODSăVăUL YLWDPLQD%IRODFLQDYH]LDFLG IROLF DFLGXOSWHULOKHS
WDJOXWDPLF±IDFWRUGHFUH‫܈‬WHUHDOSăVăULORUYLWDPLQD%VDXYLWDPLQD
%FFRQMXJDWă‫܈‬LDFLGXORURWLFFXUROGHYLWDPLQD%SHQWUX‫܈‬RERODQL
 0DL PXOWH VXEVWDQ‫܊‬H HUDX SURPRYDWH FD YLWDPLQH FRPSOH[H % ILLQG
QXPLWHYLWDPLQH%vQOLWHUDWXUDYHFKHSULQWUHFDUH%DGHQLQă‫܈‬L%
DFLGDGHQLOLFÌQSUH]HQWQXPDLVXQWUHFXQRVFXWHFDYLWDPLQH
 8QLLPHGLFLDXHWLFKHWDWQHPRWLYDWFDYLWDPLQHXQHOHDQDOJH]LFH‫܈‬LDQWL
ELRWLFH
3ULQFLSDOHOHIXQF‫܊‬LLDOHYLWDPLQHORUvQRUJDQLVPVXUVHOHFDUHQ‫܊‬HOHYLWDPL
QLFHVXQWSUH]HQWDWHvQWDEHOXO
Capitolul ***
Capitolul ***


Necesarul zilnic de vitamine
ÌQXOWLPLLDQLWRWPDLPXOWHFHUFHWăWRULVDXSUHRFXSDWFXVWDELOLUHDFDQWL
WăĠLORUGHYLWDPLQHSHFDUHWUHEXLHVăOHFRQVXPHILHFDUHSHUVRDQăvQSDUWHFRSL
OXOúLDGROHVFHQWXODGXOĠLLIHPHLDSHGXUDWDVDUFLQLLVDXvQSHULRDGDGHODFWDĠLH
HWFSHQWUXDúLPHQĠLQH RVWDUH RSWLPă GHVăQăWDWH 5H]XOWDWHOHDFHVWRU VWXGLL
VXQWSUH]HQWDWHvQtabelul 3.3.2
2ULFDUHGLQWUHYLWDPLQHVHSRDWHFDUDFWHUL]DPDLPXOWVDXPDLSXĠLQIUHF
YHQW SULQ DSDULĠLD GHILFLHQĠHORU GDFă DSRUWXO DOLPHQWDU HVWH LQVXILFLHQW VDX DE
VRUEĠLDLQWHVWLQDOăHVWHGHIHFWXRDVă0DLSXĠLQFXQRVFXWHVWHIDSWXOFăúLFRQVXPXO
H[FHVLYGHYLWDPLQHSRDWHGHWHUPLQDHIHFWHWR[LFHPDLDOHVvQFD]XOYLWDPLQHORU
OLSRVROXELOHFDUHVHGHSR]LWHD]ăvQILFDWúLvQĠHVXWXODGLSRV9LWDPLQHOHKLGUR
VROXELOHQXVHDFXPXOHD]ăvQRUJDQLVPHYHQWXDOXOVXUSOXVILLQGHOLPLQDWSHFDOH
GLJHVWLYăúLUHQDOă

 Utilizarea vitaminelor în medicină
0HULWXOOXL)XQNHVWHGHDILGHVFRSHULWSULPDYLWDPLQăvQUHDOLWDWHXQDPHV
WHF úL GHD ILDMXQVODFRQFOX]LDFăÄEROLOHGHWLSXO´ÄEHULEHUL´ úL ÄVFRUEXW´DX
RULJLQHDQXvQLQIHFĠLLVDXLQWR[LFDĠLLFLvQOLSVDXQRUVXEVWDQĠHQHFXQRVFXWHGLQ
DOLPHQWDĠLH úL FDUH vQ FDQWLWăĠL IRDUWH PLFL VXQW QHDSăUDW QHFHVDUH VăQăWăĠLL úL
YLHĠLL´
ÌQFD]XOvQFDUHQHFHVLWăĠLOHYLWDPLQLFHQXVXQWDVLJXUDWHVHLQVWDOHD]ăR
FDUHQĠăJUDGDWăSURJUHVLYăFDUHHYROXHD]ăGHODIRUPHXúRDUHSUHFDUHQĠăSkQă
ODIRUPHJUDYHFKLDUPRUWDOH'HúLGLVFXWDELOăQRĠLXQHDGHSUHFDUHQĠăHVWHGH
PDUHLQWHUHVGHRDUHFHHVWHPDLDSURSLDWăGHVWDUHDQRUPDOăGHFkWGHFHDSDWROR
JLFăÌQWUHDFHVWHIRUPHDSURDSHQHREVHUYDELOHúLIRUPHOHJUDYHGHQXPLWHDYL
WDPLQR]HH[LVWăR]RQăODUJăGHVWăULGHKLSRYLWDPLQR]ă$FHVWHIRUPHVXQWPDL
XúRDUHvQPDUHPăVXUăUHYHUVLELOHúLVHFDUDFWHUL]HD]ăSULQPDQLIHVWăULFOLQLFH
úLELRFKLPLFHFDUDFWHULVWLFH
'XSăFDX]HOHFDUHOHSURGXFKLSRúLDYLWDPLQR]HOHVHvPSDUWvQGRXăFD
WHJRULLfig. 3.3.1
1. PrimareFDUHQĠHOHGHWHUPLQDWHGH
● OLSVD UHDOă D YLWDPLQHORU GLQDOLPHQWH DOLPHQWDĠLH GHILFLWDUă VXEQX
WULĠLHVDXFDXUPDUHDGLVWUXJHULLORUGLQDOLPHQWH
● WXOEXUăULGHDEVRUEĠLH
● DOWHUDUHDIORUHLPLFURELHQHLQWHVWLQDOHDFHDVWDILLQGRVXUVăGHYLWDPLQH
FDUHDVLJXUăRFRWăLPSRUWDQWăGLQQHFHVLWăĠLOHRUJDQLVPXOXL
● LPSRVLELOLWDWHDWUDQVIRUPăULLSURYLWDPLQHORUvQYLWDPLQHHWF

Capitolul ***

CARENȚA

Precarența Hipovitaminoza Avitaminoza Latența clinică

Formă ușoară Forme ușoare, în Forme grave,
Noțiunea se apropie mare măsură reversibile chiar mortale
mai mult de starea Se recunosc prin
normală decât manifestări clinice
de cea patologică și biochimice
Cauzele care le produc

primare
Lipsa reală a vitaminei din alimentație;
Tuburări de absorbție;
Alterarea florei microbiene intestinale;
Imposibilitatea transformării
provitaminelor în vitamine
secundare
Existența unei stări patologice;
Existența în alimente a unor antivitamine;
Afectare funcțională a organismului și
implicit a unor organe cu rol
în biosinteza vitaminelor

Excesul - Hipevitaminoza

Formă ușoară, Formă severă,

reversibilă intoxicație cu vitamine

2. SecundareFDUHQĠHGHWHUPLQDWHGH
● H[LVWHQĠDvQDQXPLWHVWăULIL]LRORJLFHVSHFLDOHVDXSDWRORJLFHDXQRU
QHFHVLWăĠLFUHVFXWHGHYLWDPLQHÌQDFHVWHFD]XULXQDSRUWFDUHSHQWUX
SHUVRDQHVăQăWRDVHHVWHFRQVLGHUDWQRUPDOQXDVLJXUăQHFHVDUXORUJD
QLVPXOXLSHQWUXYLWDPLQDUHVSHFWLYă
● SUH]HQĠDvQDOLPHQWHDXQRUYLWDPLQHQDWXUDOH
● DGPLQLVWUDUHDXQRUPHGLFDPHQWHFDUHDQWDJRQL]HD]ăFXYLWDPLQHOH
● DIHFWDUHDXQRURUJDQHLPSOLFDWHvQPHWDEROL]DUHDYLWDPLQHORUHWF
6SUHGHRVHELUHGHPRGHOHOHH[SHULPHQWDOHvQFDUHVWDUHDFDUHQĠLDOăLQGXVă
ODDQLPDOHHVWHWLSLFăSHQWUXYLWDPLQDUHVSHFWLYăvQFOLQLFăvQGH]HFKLOLEUHDOL
PHQWDUHvQLQIHFĠLLvQFXUVXODGPLQLVWUăULLXQRUPHGLFDPHQWHHWFDSDUFDUHQĠH
FRPSOH[HQXPLWHpolicarenţe.)RDUWHGHVVHvQWkOQHVFúLVWăULGHODWHQĠăFOLQLFă
vQFDUHVHPQHOHFDUHQĠHLDSDUvQPRPHQWXOvQFDUHRUJDQLVPXOHVWHVOăELWGLQDOWH
PRWLYHÌQDFHVWFD]VWăULOHSUHFDUHQĠLDOHVXQWGLIHULWHGHSLQGGHDQWHFHGHQWHOH
LQGLYLGXOXLúLGHÄLQGLYLGXDOLWDWHDELRFKLPLFă´DSHUVRDQHLvQFDX]ă
$GHVHD PDQLIHVWDUHD XQHL KLSRYLWDPLQR]H VDX DYLWDPLQR]H PDVFKHD]ăDOWH
VWăUL FDUHQĠLDOH 'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH FOLQLF SUHFL]DUHD HVWH LPSRUWDQWă GHRDUHFH
KLSRúLVDXDYLWDPLQR]HOHVXQWFHOPDLDGHVHDPDQLIHVWăULSROLFDUHQĠLDOH$FHVWDV
SHFWOHGLIHUHQĠLD]ăGHFDUHQĠHOHSURYRFDWHH[SHULPHQWDO
HipervitaminozeleDSDUvQXUPDXQXLH[FHVGHYLWDPLQHVDXDLPSRVLELOLWăĠLL
RUJDQLVPXOXLGHDXWLOL]DUHVXUVHOHGLVSRQLELOH&HOPDLGHVDSDUFDXUPDUHDH[FH
VXOXLDOLPHQWDUGDUúLDFRQVXPăULLXQRUDOLPHQWHVDXSUHSDUDWHERJDWHvQYLWDPLQH
VDXSURYLWDPLQHVDXGXSăRWHUDSLHLQWHQVLYăúLDEX]LYăFXYLWDPLQH'HVHRULH[FH
VXOXQHLVLQJXUHYLWDPLQHDUHHIHFWHúLDVXSUDPHWDEROL]ăULLDOWRUYLWDPLQH
ÌQ IXQFĠLH GH JUDYLWDWHD PDQLIHVWăULORU SURGXVH KLSHUYLWDPLQR]HOH SRW IL
FODVLILFDWHvQXúRDUHGDFăPDQLIHVWăULOHVXQWUHYHUVLELOHúLVHYHUHDWXQFLFkQG
VHUHDOL]HD]ăLQWR[LFDĠLLJUDYHFXRRDUHFDUHYLWDPLQă

Recomandări pentru a asigura cantitatea maximă de vitamine

din alimente 
&RQ‫܊‬LQXWXOGHYLWDPLQHvQDOLPHQWHGHSLQGHGHPXO‫܊‬LIDFWRULGLQWUHFDUHFHL
PDLLPSRUWDQ‫܊‬LVXQWSURVSH‫܊‬LPHDORU‫܈‬LVWDUHDvQFDUHVXQWFRQVXPDWHFUXGHFRQ
VHUYDWHJăWLWH(VWHLPSRUWDQWVă‫܈‬WLPFRQGL‫܊‬LLOHFDUHQHDMXWăVăEHQHILFLHPGH
FDQWLWDWHDPD[LPăGHYLWDPLQHGLQDOLPHQWHGHRDUHFHHVWHGHSUHIHUDWVăQHOXăP
YLWDPLQHOHvQPRGQDWXUDO‫܈‬LPDLSX‫܊‬LQGLQVXSOLPHQWHÌQDFHVWFRQWH[WVHSURSXQ
XUPăWRDUHOHUHFRPDQGăUL
● VDODWHOHGHFUXGLWă‫܊‬LWUHEXLHFRQVXPDWHLPHGLDWFHVXQWSUHSDUDWHSHQWUX
FăIUXFWHOH‫܈‬LOHJXPHOHOăVDWHvQDHUOLEHUSLHUGPXOWHYLWDPLQH
● IRORVL‫܊‬LXQFX‫܊‬LWELQHDVFX‫܊‬LWFkQGWăLD‫܊‬LVDXFXUă‫܊‬D‫܊‬LOHJXPHOHSURDVSHWH
ILLQGFăYLWDPLQHOH$‫܈‬L&VHSLHUGFkQGVXQWGLVWUXVH‫܊‬HVXWXULOHYHJHWDOH
● GDFăQXYH‫܊‬LFRQVXPDIUXFWHOH‫܈‬LOHJXPHOHvQXUPăWRDUHOH]LOHDWXQFL
FXPSăUD‫܊‬LXQHOHFRQJHODWHFDUHSăVWUHD]ăPXOWPDLPXOWHYLWDPLQHOH
GHFkWYHJHWDOHOHSURDVSHWHSăVWUDWHRVăSWăPkQăvQIULJLGHU
● IUXQ]HOHH[WHULRDUHDOHVDODWHLGH‫܈‬LPDLWDUL‫܈‬LPDLDVSUHGHFkWFHOHGLQ
LQWHULRUVXQWPDLERJDWHvQFDOFLXILHU‫܈‬LYLWDPLQH
● HYLWD‫܊‬LVăGH]JKH‫܊‬D‫܊‬LOHJXPHOH‫܈‬LIUXFWHOHFRQJHODWHvQDLQWHGHDOHJăWL
SODVD‫܊‬LOHvQDSăILHUELQWH‫܈‬LJăWL‫܊‬LOH
● IUXQ]HOHGHEURFFROLDXXQFRQĠLQXWPDLPDUHGHYLWDPLQHGHFkWLQIOR
UHVFHQ‫܊‬DRULWXOSLQD
● RUH]XOEUXQHVWHPDLERJDWvQYLWDPLQHGHFkWFHODOE
● WRDWHDOLPHQWHOHFRQJHODWHVXQWSUHIHUDELOHFHORUFRQVHUYDWH
● JăWLWXOvQYDVHGHFXSUXSRDWHGLVWUXJHYLWDPLQD&DFLGXOIROLF‫܈‬LYLWDPLQD
(
● R‫܊‬HOXOLQR[LGDELOLQR[XOVWLFOD‫܈‬LHPDLOXOVXQWFHOHPDLEXQHPDWHULDOH
SHQWUXYDVHOHGHJăWLWGHRDUHFHSHUPLWUH‫܊‬LQHUHDQXWULPHQWHORUvQWLPSXO
JăWLWXOXLYDVHOHGHILHUQHSRWIXUQL]DRFDQWLWDWHVXSOLPHQWDUăGLQDFHVW
PLQHUDOGDUQHOLSVH‫܈‬WHvQDFHOD‫܈‬LWLPSGHREXQăSDUWHGLQYLWDPLQD&
● UHGXFHUHDWLPSXOXLGHSUHOXFUDUHWHUPLFăDDOLPHQWHORU‫܈‬LXWLOL]DUHDXQRU
FDQWLWă‫܊‬LFkWPDLPLFLGHDSăSHQWUXILHUWDVLJXUăRSăVWUDUHPDLEXQăD
YLWDPLQHORUGDU‫܈‬LDDOWRUQXWULPHQWH
● ODSWHOHDPEDODWvQUHFLSLHQWHGHVWLFOăULVFăVăSLDUGăGLQFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOGH
ULERIODYLQăGHYLWDPLQH$‫܈‬L'DFHVWIDSWSRDWHILLPSLHGLFDWGDFăVH
SăVWUHD]ăIHULWGHOXPLQă
● SkLQHDH[SXVăODOXPLQăv‫܈‬LSLHUGHGLQFDOLWă‫܊‬LOHQXWULWLYH
Capitolul ***

● SURGXVHOHFRDSWHELQHFXFUXVWăFURFDQWăGHDVXSUDvQFKLVăODFXORDUH
FRQ‫܊‬LQPDLSX‫܊‬LQăWLDPLQăGHFkWFHOHODOWH
● FDUWRILLILHU‫܊‬LVDXFRS‫܊‬LvQFRDMăv‫܈‬LSăVWUHD]ăGXSăJăWLUHYLWDPLQHOHPDL
ELQHGHFkWFHLFXUă‫܊‬D‫܊‬LvQDLQWHGHDLJăWL
● IRORVL‫܊‬LDSăILDUWăSHQWUXDSUHSDUDOHJXPHOHVDXSHQWUXDJăWLRVXSă
● GDFăYUH‫܊‬LVăSăVWUD‫܊‬LYLWDPLQD&‫܈‬LWLDPLQDvQWLPSXOSUHSDUăULLEXFDWH
ORUHYLWD‫܊‬LXWLOL]DUHDELFDUERQDWXOXLGHVRGLX
● SXQH‫܊‬LOHJXPHOH‫܈‬LIUXFWHOHvQIULJLGHULPHGLDWGXSăFHOHD‫܊‬LDGXVGHOD
SLD‫܊‬ăPDJD]LQ
● OHJXPHOH‫܈‬LIUXFWHOHVWURSLWHFXXQMHWILQGHDSăSHQWUXDOHPHQ‫܊‬LQHSURV
SH‫܊‬LPHDSăVWUHD]ăGHGRXăRULPDLPXOWăYLWDPLQD&GHFkWFHOHQHVWURSLWH


6ăUXULOHPLQHUDOHVHFODVLILFăvQPDFURPLQHUDOHHOHPHQWHOHSHQWUXFDUHQHFH
VDUXO]LOQLFGHSăúHúWHPJ]LúLPLFURPLQHUDOHHOHPHQWHOHFXXQQHFHVDU]LOQLF
VXEPJ]L0LQHUDOHOHPDMRUHH[LVWăvQFRUSúLvQSURGXVHOHDOLPHQWDUHPDLDOHV
VXEIRUPăLRQLFăSR]LWLYăVRGLXSRWDVLXFDOFLXVDXQHJDWLYăFORUVXOIDĠLIRVIDĠL
GDUúLvQFRPSR]LĠLDGLYHUVHORUPROHFXOHRUJDQLFHúLFRQWULEXLHFXODPDVD
DQRUJDQLFăVROLGăDFRUSXOXLXPDQUHVWXOILLQGFRQVWLWXLWGLQPLFURPLQHUDOH

Macroelementele 
Calciul HVWHFHOPDLUăVSkQGLWHOHPHQWGLQFRUSXOXPDQ 2UJDQLVPXOXPDQFRQ
‫܊‬LQHFLUFDJGHFDOFLXLDUDSUR[LPDWLYGLQDFHDVWăFDQWLWDWHVH
DIOăvQVLVWHPXORVRV$EVRUE‫܊‬LDFDOFLXOXLGLQSURGXVHOHDOLPHQWDUHDUHORF
vQLQWHVWLQXOVXE‫܊‬LUHvQSUH]HQ‫܊‬DYLWDPLQHORU'DSURWHLQHORUDDFLGXOXLFL
WULF‫܈‬LDODFWR]HL
Funcțiile FDOFLXOXLLQWUăvQFRPSRQHQ‫܊‬D‫܊‬HVXWXOXLRVRVQRUPDOL]HD]ăSUR
FHVHOHGHR[LGDUHODQLYHOXOVLVWHPXOXLQHUYRV‫܈‬LGHFRQWUDF‫܊‬LHDPX‫܈‬FKLORUDFWL
YHD]ă XQLLIHUPHQ‫܊‬L‫܈‬LKRUPRQLSDUWLFLSă ODSURFHVXO GH FRDJXODUHD VkQJHOXL
FRQWULEXLHODPHWDEROL]DUHDILHUXOXLvPSLHGLFăWUHFHUHDUDSLGăDOLFKLGXOXLSODV
PDWLFvQVSD‫܊‬LXOH[WUDFHOXODUDYkQGHIHFWEHQHILFvQSURFHVHOHLQIODPDWRULLSR
VHGăDF‫܊‬LXQHGHVHQVLELOL]DQWăPLF‫܈‬RUHD]ăDPSORDUHDSURFHVHORUDOHUJLFHHWF
DeficitulGHFDOFLXDSDUHODLQVXILFLHQ‫܊‬DOXLvQSURGXVHOHDOLPHQWDUHPDO
QXWUL‫܊‬LH H[FOXGHUHD SURGXVHORU ODFWDWH GLQ DOLPHQWD‫܊‬LH vQ FD] GH WUDQVSLUD‫܊‬LH
DEXQGHQWăODIHPHLOHJUDYLGH‫܈‬LODFHOHFDUHDOăSWHD]ă3URFHVXOGHDEVRUE‫܊‬LH‫܈‬L
GHXWLOL]DUHDFDOFLXOXLHVWHvQJUHXQDWGHDFLGXOILWLQLFSUH]HQWvQFHUHDOHXQLL
IRVID‫܊‬LDFL]LLJUD‫܈‬L‫܈‬LDFLGXOR[DOLF$FHVWHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HWUDQVIRUPăFDOFLXOvQFRP
SX‫܈‬L LQGLVROXELOL 'H DVHPHQHD VXUSOXVXO GH JUăVLPL vQ UD‫܊‬LD DOLPHQWDUă GHUH
JOHD]ăDEVRUE‫܊‬LDFDOFLXOXLGHRDUHFHDFL]LLJUD‫܈‬LIRUPHD]ăFRPSX‫܈‬LLQGLVROXELOL
FXFDOFLXODFHVWDHOLPLQkQGXVHvQFDQWLWă‫܊‬LPDULFXPDVHOHIHFDOH
&DUHQ‫܊‬DGHFDOFLXVHSRDWHPDQLIHVWD SULQ VWăUL GHLQVRPQLHLUDVFLELOLWDWH
SDOSLWD‫܊‬LLFROLFLDEGRPLQDOHXQHRULYLROHQWHEDORQăULQHMXVWLILFDWHGLILFXOWă‫܊‬LOD
vQJKL‫܊‬LUHD DOLPHQWHORU VHQ]D‫܊‬LL GH DPRU‫܊‬HOL DOH PkLQLORU FUL]H GH WUDQVSLUD‫܊‬LH
LQH[SOLFDELOH VWăUL GHSUHVLYH FHIDOHH FRQWUDF‫܊‬LL PXVFXODUH VSRQWDQH OD GLYHUVH
JUXSHPXVFXODUHPkLQLSLFLRDUHWUXQFKLID‫܊‬ăIXUQLFăWXULvQPHPEUHVHQ]D‫܊‬LH
GHOLSVăGHDHUQHPRWLYDWăVWăULPHODQFROLFHGHUHJOăULDOHFLFOXOXLPHQVWUXDOUă
ULUHDSHULRDGHLSLHUGHULORUKHPRUDJLFHWXOEXUăULGHGLQDPLFăVH[XDOăWXOEXUăULGH
FRQFHQWUDUHHWF
HipercalcemiaSRDWHFDX]DSLHUGHUHDSRIWHLGHPkQFDUHVHWHJUHD‫܊‬ăYRPă
VOăELFLXQHFRQYXOVLLHWF'HDVHPHQHDHVWHSRVLELOăGHSXQHUHDFDOFLXOXLvQRUJD
QHOHLQWHUQHPX‫܈‬FKL‫܈‬LYDVH
Surse alimentare de calciuODSWHOH‫܈‬LSURGXVHOHODFWDWHJăOEHQX‫܈‬XOGHRXSH‫܈‬
WHOHVDUGLQHVRPRQHWFVRLDIDVROHDYHUGH‫܈‬LXVFDWăPD]ăUHDFRQRSLGDEURFFROL
PRUFRYL‫܊‬HOLQăYDU]ăQDSLQXFLVHPLQ‫܊‬HGHIORDUHDVRDUHOXLPHUHSHUHVWUXJXUL
FRDFă]HHWF

FosforulHVWHDOGRLOHDPLQHUDOFDUăVSkQGLUHvQRUJDQLVPGXSăFDOFLXÌQRUJDQLV
PXOXQHLSHUVRDQHGHJUHXWDWHPHGLHH[LVWăDSUR[LPDWLYJGLQDFHVW
PLQHUDOFHHDFHUHSUH]LQWăDSUR[LPDWLYGLQJUHXWDWHDFRUSRUDOă&D‫܈‬L
vQFD]XOFDOFLXOXLFHDPDLPDUHSDUWHGLQIRVIRUXOGLQRUJDQLVP
VHDIOăvQRDVH‫܈‬LvQGLQ‫܊‬L5DSRUWXOFDOFLXIRVIRUvQRDVHHVWHDSUR[LPDWLY
vQ‫܊‬HVXWXULOHPRLSURSRU‫܊‬LDIRVIRUXOXLILLQGPXOWPDLPDUH$EVRUE‫܊‬LDUHDOă
GHSR]LWDUHD‫܈‬LHOLPLQDUHDIRVIRUXOXLGHSLQGGHPHFDQLVPXOFDUHLPSOLFăYL
WDPLQD'‫܈‬LKRUPRQXOSDUDWLURLGLDQ3UHFXPFDOFLXOIRVIRUXOH[LVWăvQUHOD‫܊‬LL
FRPSOH[HGHVFKLPEGLQWUHRDVHVkQJH‫܈‬L‫܊‬HVXWXULOHPRLDOHRUJDQLVPXOXL
FuncțiileIRVIRUXOXLFUH‫܈‬WHUHD‫܈‬LPHQ‫܊‬LQHUHDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLRDVHORUSURGXFHUHD
GHFRODJHQQHFHVDUSHQWUXRDVHDUWLFXOD‫܊‬LLWHQGRDQHOLJDPHQWHHWFSURGXFHUHD
GHOHFLWLQăFDUHFRQWULEXLHODIDEULFDUHDELOHLHWF
DeficitulGHIRVIRUSRDWHVăDSDUăGLQFDX]DXQXLUHJLPDOLPHQWDUGH]HFKL
OLEUDWDPDODEVRUE‫܊‬LHLGLJHVWLYHVDXDOXăULLH[FHVLYHGHPHGLFDPHQWHDQWLDFLGH
+LSRIRVIRUHPLD VDX QLYHOXO VFă]XW GH IRVIRU vQ VHUXO VDQJYLQ VH vQWkOQH‫܈‬WH vQ
XQHOHEROLLQWHVWLQDOHSUHFXPERDODFHOLDFăFDUHvPSLHGLFăDEVRUE‫܊‬LDDFHVWXLPL
QHUDO5DKLWLVPXO‫܈‬LRVWHRPDODFLDVXQWDIHF‫܊‬LXQLFDX]DWHGHGH]HFKLOLEUXOGLQWUH
QLYHOXOGHFDOFLX‫܈‬LFHOGHIRVIRU'HDVHPHQHDFRQVXPXOH[FHVLYGHDOFRROSHR
SHULRDGăvQGHOXQJDWăGHWLPSSRDWHGXFHODJROLUHDUH]HUYHORUGHIRVIRUvQRUJD
QLVP/LSVDGHIRVIRUVHPDQLIHVWăSULQGLPLQXDUHDGHQVLWă‫܊‬LLRVRDVHVOăELFLXQH
RERVHDOăDQ[LHWDWHLULWDELOLWDWHHWF
SurplusulGHIRVIRUSRDWHILFRQVHFLQ‫܊‬DXQXLUHJLPVăUDFvQFDOFLX‫܈‬LvQIRV
IRUFDUHSURYRDFăRKLSRFDOFHPLHVHYHUă+LSHUIRVIDWHPLDHVWHGHWHUPLQDWăGH
EROLSUHFXPLQVXILFLHQ‫܊‬DUHQDOă‫܈‬LKLSRSDUDWLURLGLVPXOSULQDFXPXODUHH[FHVLYă
Capitolul ***

GHIRVIDWvQVHUGHWHUPLQkQGWHWDQLHSULQDOWHUDUHDEDODQ‫܊‬HLVHULFHFDOFLXIRVIRU
8QHIHFWFOLQLFVLPLODUVHFRQVWDWăODFRSLLLDOLPHQWDĠLDUWLILFLDOSULQXWLOL]DUHD
IRUPXOHORUGHODSWHERJDWHvQIRVIRU
Surse alimentare GHIRVIRUSURGXVHODFWDWHFDUQH‫܈‬LSH‫܈‬WHQXFLWRIXOHJXPL
QRDVHFHUHDOHOHHWF

MagneziulSRVHGăDF‫܊‬LXQHDQWLVSDVWLFăYDVRGLODWDWRDUHPăUH‫܈‬WHSHULVWDOWLVPXO
LQWHVWLQDOHOLPLQDUHDELOHL‫܈‬LDFROHVWHUROXOXLSULQLQWHVWLQ
FuncțiilePDJQH]LXOXLHFKLOLEUHD]ăVLVWHPXOQHUYRV‫܈‬LvQWUHJXOVLVWHPPXV
FXODU‫܈‬LSHUPLWHWUDQVPLWHUHDQRUPDOăDLPSXOVXULORUvQWUHILEUHOHQHUYRDVHFDWDOL
]DWRULPSRUWDQWSHQWUXPDMRULWDWHDHQ]LPHORUVLVWHPLFHLQKLEăDJUHJDUHDH[FHVLYă
DWURPERFLWHORUILLQGXQHOHPHQWGHSURWHF‫܊‬LHFRQWUDWURPER]HLDF‫܊‬LRQHD]ăSUH
YHQWLY vPSRWULYD LQIDUFWXOXL FDUGLDF UHGXFH FDQWLWDWHD GH JUăVLPH GLQ VkQJH
SUHYLQHWXOEXUăULOHGHULWPFDUGLDF‫܈‬LvQWăUH‫܈‬WHPXVFXODWXUDLQLPLLSUHYLQHIRU
PDUHDGHSLHWUHODULQLFKLUHGXFHWR[LFLWDWHDXQRUVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HGLQILFDW‫܈‬LDFFHOH
UHD]ăUHJHQHUDUHDILFDWXOXLDUHHIHFWEHQHILFDVXSUDSDQFUHDVXOXL‫܈‬LVHFUH‫܊‬LHLGH
VXFXULSDQFUHDWLFHHWF
DeficitulGHPDJQH]LXVHvQWkOQH‫܈‬WHODSHUVRDQHOHFDUHXUPHD]ăWUDWDPHQWH
FX GLXUHWLFH úL FX PHGLFDPHQWH vPSRWULYD FDQFHUXOXL SHUVRDQHOH FH VXIHUă GH
GLDEHW]DKDUDWúLFDUHQXUHXúHVFVăvOĠLQăVXEFRQWUROFRQVXPDWRULLGHEăXWXUL
DOFRROLFHSHUVRDQHOHFHVXIHUăGHFDUHQĠăGHFDOFLXVDXGHSRWDVLXLDUVXSOLPHQ
WDUHDFDQWLWăĠLLGHPDJQH]LXSRDWHFRUHFWDFDUHQĠHOHUHVSHFWLYHYkUVWQLFLL
,QVXILFLHQ‫܊‬DDFHVWXLPDFURHOHPHQWGHWHUPLQăXUPăWRDUHOHVLPSWRPHQHXUR
ORJLFHDSDWLDGHSUHVLDGLILFXOWă‫܊‬LGHFRQFHQWUDUHWXOEXUăULGHPHPRULHFRQIX]LD
KDOXFLQD‫܊‬LLOH SDUDQRLD HWF QHXURPXVFXODUH IDVFLFXOD‫܊‬LL PXVFXODUH WUHPRU
VSDVPHDWD[LHQLVWDJPXVHWFJDVWURLQWHVWLQDOHVFăGHUHDSRIWHLGHPkQFDUHGX
UHULGHVWRPDFGLDUHHVDXFRQVWLSD‫܊‬LHHWFFDUGLRYDVFXODUHWDKLFDUGLHVXSUDYHQ
WULFXODUăH[WUDVLVWROăYHQWULFXODUă
SurplusulGHPDJQH]LXHVWHFDUDFWHUL]DWSULQJUHĠXULYăUVăWXULKLSRWHQVLXQH
EUDGLFDUGLHUHWHQĠLHXULQDUăDSDUDSRLPRGLILFăULHOHFWURFDUGLRJUDILFHFRQIX]LH
GHSULPDUHDVLVWHPXOXLQHUYRVFHQWUDOGLPLQXDUHDUHIOH[HORURVWHRWHQGLQRDVHHWF
3HUVRDQHOHFDUHVXIHUăGHDIHFĠLXQLDOHULQLFKLORUVHSRWLQWR[LFDPXOWPDLUHSHGH
FDXUPDUHDH[FUHĠLHLGHILFLHQWHDPDJQH]LXOXLvQH[FHV6XUSOXVXOGHPDJQH]LX
SRDWH Vă DSDUă OD PXQFLWRULL GLQ WRSLWRULL FDUH LQKDOHD]ă VDX LQJHUă SXOEHUL FH
FRQĠLQQLYHOXULWR[LFHGHPDJQH]LX
Surse alimentareGHPDJQH]LXFUXSHGHRYă]OHJXPHYHU]LVSDQDFYDU]ă
YHUGHHWFQXFL‫܈‬LVHPLQ‫܊‬HSH‫܈‬WHJUDVPDFURXVRPRQHWFIUXFWHOHGHDYRFDGR
IUXFWHXVFDWHLHUEXULDURPDWLFHXVFDWHFRULDQGUXPăUDUEXVXLRFHWF

Sodiul LPSRUWDQWvQPHQ‫܊‬LQHUHDIXQF‫܊‬LRQDOLWă‫܊‬LLFRUHVSXQ]ăWRDUHDRUJDQLVPXOXL
HVWHXQFRQVWLWXHQWGHED]ăDOSODVPHLVDQJYLQHLDUGLQWRWDOXOVăXVH
DIOăvQOLFKLGHOHH[WUDFHOXODUH3ULQSUH]HQ‫܊‬DVDvQFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LHPDUHvQVLV
 WHPXOFLUFXODWRUVRGLXOLQIOXHQ‫܊‬HD]ăWHQVLXQHD‫܈‬LDUHURODQWLFRDJXODQWÌP
SUHXQăFXXQDOWHOHFWUROLWLPSRUWDQW±SRWDVLXOVRGLXOLQWHUYLQHvQPHQ‫܊‬L
QHUHDYDORULORUQRUPDOHDOHS+XOXLVDQJYLQ3ULQWUHDOWHHIHFWHEHQHILFH
DOHVRGLXOXLVHQXPăUă‫܈‬LLQWHUYHQ‫܊‬LDVDvQSURFHVXOGHPHWDEROL]DUHDQX
WULPHQWHORUFXHOLEHUDUHGHHQHUJLHSHQWUXGHVIă‫܈‬XUDUHDFRUHFWăDDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LL
RUJDQLVPXOXLSUHFXP‫܈‬LUHDOL]DUHDXQHLVXSUDIH‫܊‬HSURWHFWRDUHSHQWUXPX
FRDVDJDVWULFăvPSLHGLFkQGDVWIHOHURGDUHDDFHVWHLDSULQDF‫܊‬LXQHDVXFXULORU
GLJHVWLYHDFLGHFXDSDUL‫܊‬LDXOWHULRDUăDXOFHUXOXLJDVWULF
FuncțiileVRGLXOXLFRQWULEXLHODUHJODUHDGLVWULEXĠLHLDSHLvQGLIHULWHOHFRP
SDUWLPHQWHDOHFRUSXOXLvPSUHXQăFXSRWDVLXOGHWHUPLQăVLQWH]DDFLGXOXLFORU
KLGULFvQVWRPDFQRUPDOL]HD]ăHFKLOLEUXOLRQLF‫܈‬LDFLGRED]LFvQIOXLGHOHFRUSX
OXLSDUWLFLSăODWUDQVPLWHUHDLPSXOVXOXLQHUYRV‫܈‬LDFRQWUDF‫܊‬LHLPXVFXODUHHVWH
LPSOLFDWvQH[FLWDELOLWDWHDQHXURPXVFXODUăFUHúWHUH]LVWHQĠDODHIRUWIL]LFúLSVL
KLFSăVWUHD]ăFDOFLXOvQIRUPăDFWLYăDFHVWDILLQGLQGLVSHQVDELOSHQWUXFDRUJDQLV
PXO Vă IDFă IDĠă VROLFLWăULORU PHGLXOXLH[WHUQ HVWH HVHQĠLDO SHQWUXIXQFĠLRQDUHD
FRUHVSXQ]ăWRDUHDFHOXOHORUQHUYRDVHFRQWULEXLHODWUDQVSRUWXOVXEVWDQĠHORUQX
WULWLYHSULQPHPEUDQDFHOXODUă
DeficitulGHVRGLXVDXKLSRQDWUHPLDDSDUHFkQGRUJDQLVPXOSLHUGHvQH[FHV
DFHVWHOHFWUROLWSULQXULQăVDXWUDQVSLUD‫܊‬LHPDLUDUSULQPDWHULLIHFDOH$VWIHOGH
VLWXD‫܊‬LLSRWVăDSDUăYDUDVDXGXSăGHVIă‫܈‬XUDUHDXQHLDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LIL]LFHIRDUWHLQWHQVH
vQFD]XOvQFDUH SHUVRDQDQX VHKLGUDWHD]ă FRUHVSXQ]ăWRU 3LHUGHULOHPDVLYH GH
VRGLXFXFRQVHFLQ‫܊‬HJUDYHDVXSUDHFKLOLEUXOXLPHGLXOXLLQWHUQDSDUSULQYRPă
DGHVHDLQFRHUFLELOăGLDUHHWUDQVSLUD‫܊‬LHDEXQGHQWăVDXSULQXWLOL]DUHDLUD‫܊‬LRQDOă
DGLXUHWLFHORUÌQKLSRQDWULHPLHPRGHUDWăDSDUHVOăELFLXQHJHQHUDOăVRPQROHQ‫܊‬ă
LQDSHWHQ‫܊‬ă+LSRQDWULHPLDSURQXQ‫܊‬DWăVHPDQLIHVWăSULQYRPăGLDUHHKLSRWRQLH
WDKLFDUGLHSLHUGHUHDFXQR‫܈‬WLQ‫܊‬HLFRQYXOVLLD]RWHPLH
Excesul GHVRGLXVHPDQLIHVWăSULQOHWDUJLHLULWDELOLWDWHFUH‫܈‬WHUHDWHQVLXQLL
DUWHULDOHÌQFD]XOSHUVRDQHORUFXSDWRORJLHSUHH[LVWHQWăFXPDUILLQVXILFLHQ‫܊‬DFDU
GLDFă FRQJHVWLYă QHIURSDWLL FLUR]ă FUH‫܈‬WHUHD QLYHOXOXL GH VRGLX SRDWH GXFH OD
GHFRPSHQVăULWUDGXVHSULQLQVWDODUHDHGHPHORU‫܈‬LvQJHQHUDOSULQDJUDYDUHDVLPS
WRPDWRORJLHL3DFLHQ‫܊‬LLFXDVWIHOGHSUREOHPHPHGLFDOHWUHEXLHVăILHIRDUWHDWHQ‫܊‬L
vQFHHDFHSULYH‫܈‬WHFRQVXPXOSURGXVHORUERJDWHvQVRGLX‫܈‬LVăFRQVXOWHPHGLFXOvQ
YHGHUHDvQWRFPLULLXQXLUHJLPDOLPHQWDUKLSRVRGDWDGDSWDWRUJDQLVPXOXLORU
Surse alimentare3ULQFLSDODVXUVăDOLPHQWDUăHVWHVDUHD2UJDQL]D‫܊‬LD0RQ
GLDOăD6ăQăWă‫܊‬LLUHFRPDQGăXQDSRUWGHFLUFDJVDUH]L

PotasiulHVWHLQGLVSHQVDELOLQWHJUăULLD]RWXOXLvQVWUXFWXUDSURWHLQHORU‫܈‬LDFWLYHD]ă
XQHOHHQ]LPHLPSRUWDQWHGLQPHWDEROLVPXOOLSLGHORUúLDOSURWHLQHORUILLQG
DVWIHOHVHQĠLDOSHQWUXFUHúWHUH3RWDVLXOUHJOHD]ăDFWLYLWDWHDQHXURPXVFXODUă
‫܈‬LIDYRUL]HD]ăR[LJHQDUHDFUHLHUXOXLDOăWXULGHIRVIRUHWF$FHVWDHVWHLP
SOLFDWvQVLQWH]DXQRUKRUPRQLLQVXOLQDJOXFDJRQXOKRUPRQXOGHFUHúWHUH
DGUHQDOLQDúLQRUDGUHQDOLQD
Capitolul ***

DeficitulGHSRWDVLXSRDWHILFDX]DWGHIRORVLUHDvQGHOXQJDWăDGLXUHWLFHORU
‫܈‬LDKRUPRQLORUVXSUDUHQDOHORUGHYRPăGHGLDUHHGHWUDQVSLUD‫܊‬LDDEXQGHQWă6H
PDQLIHVWă SULQ KLSRJOLFHPLH LULWDELOLWDWH KLSHUH[FLWDELOLWDWH QHXURPXVFXODUă
FUDPSHPXVFXODUHSDOSLWDĠLLDULWPLLFDUGLDFHSkQăODILEULODĠLHYHQWULFXODUăFDUH
SRWGXFHFKLDUODPRDUWHDSHUVRDQHLVHWHLQWHQVăúLHOLPLQDUHDXQHLFDQWLWăĠLPDUL
GHXULQăDSDWLHVWDUHFRQIX]LRQDOăSkQăODFRPăHWF'DFăDOLPHQWDĠLDFRQĠLQH
PDLPXOWHSURGXVHGHRULJLQHDQLPDOăFRQVXPXOGHSRWDVLXVFDGHODMXPăWDWH
SurplusulGHSRWDVLXKLSHUNDOLHPLDSRDWHILSURYRFDWGHKLSRIXQF‫܊‬LDVX
SUDUHQDOHORULQVXILFLHQ‫܊‬DUHQDOă‫܈‬LVHSRDWHPDQLIHVWDSULQVFăGHUHDFDSDFLWăĠLLGH
UHDFĠLHODVWLPXOLDQHUYLORUúLDPXúFKLORUDWkWSHPXúFKLLVFKHOHWLFLFkWúLSHFHL
QHWH]L VDX SHFHOFDUGLDFVOăELFLXQH PXVFXODUă SkQă ODSDUDOL]LH KLSRWHQVLXQH
DUWHULDOăSDOSLWDĠLLPRGLILFăULFDUDFWHULVWLFHDOHHOHFWURFDUGLRJUDPHLFXVFăGHUHD
IUHFYHQĠHLFDUGLDFHSkQăODULVFXOGHRSULUHDLQLPLLvQGLDVWROăEDORQDUHFRQVWL
SDĠLHDVWHQLHFRQIX]LHPHQWDOăGLPLQXDUHDVDXFKLDUGLVSDULĠLDUHIOH[HORUHWF
Surse alimentareGHSRWDVLXOHJXPHURúLLFDUWRILIDVROHDOEăSăVWăLERDEH
GHFHUHDOHVRLDVHPLQĠHOHGHIORDUHDVRDUHOXLIUXFWHPHUHEDQDQHSRUWRFDOH
DQDQDVJUDSHIUXLWVWUXJXULSUXQHXVFDWHFDLVHDOWHOHGURMGLHGHEHUHFLRFRODWă
FLXSHUFLQXFLHWF

ClorulFRQWULEXLHODQRUPDOL]DUHDPHWDEROLVPXOXLKLGULF‫܈‬LODIRUPDUHDDFLGXOXL
FORUKLGULFGHFăWUHJODQGHOHVWRPDFXOXL&ORUXOVHHOLPLQăSULQSLHOHRGDWă
FXWUDQVSLUD‫܊‬LD‫܈‬LFXXULQD
FuncțiileFORUXOXLFRQWULEXLHODIRUPDUHDRDVHORUGLQ‫܊‬LORU‫܈‬LWHQGRDQHORUDUH
UROvQUHJODUHDSUHVLXQLLRVPRWLFHDEDODQ‫܊‬HLKLGULFH‫܈‬LDHFKLOLEUXOXLDFLGRED]LFLD
SDUWHODIRUPDUHDDFLGXOXLFORUKLGULFFXUROLPSRUWDQWvQGLJHVWLHSRVHGăDF‫܊‬LXQH
GHSXUDWLYăDVXSUDILFDWXOXLDMXWăODVFăGHUHDJOLFHPLHLODUHGXFHUHDFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LHLGH
XUHH‫܈‬LGHDFLGXULFGLQVkQJHSUHFXP‫܈‬LDQLYHOXOXLGHFROHVWHUROHWF
DeficitulGHFORUVDXKLSRFORUHPLDUH‫܊‬LQHOLFKLGXOvQ‫܊‬HVXWXULVHGH]YROWă
UDU6LPSWRPHDOH KLSRFORUHPLHLVXQWVRPQROHQ‫܊‬DDQRUH[LDVOăELFLXQHDJHQH
UDOăYRPDWDKLFDUGLDKLSRWRQLDFRQYXOVLLOHSLHUGHUHDFXQR‫܈‬WLQ‫܊‬HLHWF/DFRSLLL
KUăQLĠLFXIRUPXOHGHODSWHGHILFLWDUHvQFORUFDUHQĠDDFHVWXLDVHPDQLIHVWăSULQ
SLHUGHUHDDSHWLWXOXLLQVXILFLHQĠăGHFUHúWHUHKLSRWRQLHPXVFXODUăOHWDUJLHúLDO
FDOR]ăPHWDEROLFăVHYHUăFXKLSRNDOLHPLHVHFXQGDUă
SurplusulGHFORUSRDWHGXFHODFUHúWHUHDWHQVLXQLLDUWHULDOHKLSHUDFLGLWDWH
JDVWULFăGLVWUXJHUHDPLFURIORUHLLQWHVWLQDOHúLULVFFUHVFXWGHDIHFĠLXQLUHQDOHVDX
DOHJODQGHLWLURLGHHWF
Surse alimentareGHFORUVDUHDDOLPHQWDUăSHúWHOHJXPHHWF
SulfulHVWHXQPLQHUDOLPSRUWDQWvQGH]YROWDUHDFDUWLODMHORUWHQGRDQHORUúLOLJD
PHQWHORU'HDVHPHQHDFRPSXúLLSHED]ăGHVXOIVXQWDQWLFRDJXODQĠLQD
WXUDOL VFDG QLYHOXO GHFROHVWHUROGLQ VkQJH vQWăUHVFVLVWHPXO LPXQLWDUúL
JUăEHVFSURFHVXOGHHOLPLQDUHDWR[LQHORUGLQILFDW
FuncțiileVXOIXOXLSDUWLFLSăODSURGXFHUHDHQHUJLHLODFRDJXODUHDVkQJHOXL
ODVLQWH]DFRODJHQXOXL‫܈‬LDHQ]LPHORUHWF
 DeficitulGHVXOIHVWHGHVWXOGHUDU3HUVRDQHOHYHJHWDULHQHVXQWSUHGLVSXVH
VăGH]YROWHDFHDVWăSUREOHPăGLQFDX]DOLSVHLSURGXVHORUGHRULJLQHDQLPDOăvQ
UHJLPXODOLPHQWDU6LPSWRPHOHvQFD]XOFDUHQĠHLGHVXOISRWLQFOXGHVHQ]DĠLLGH
RERVHDOăúLGLPLQXDUHDPDVHLPXVFXODUHHWF
Surplusul VH SRDWH PDQLIHVWDSULQDPHĠHOLJUHĠXUL YRPăGLDUHH FRQVWL
SDĠLHHWF
Surse alimentareGHVXOIFDUQHDRXăOHODSWHOH‫܈‬LSURGXVHOHODFWDWHPD]ă
UHDIDVROHDFHDSDXVWXURLXOVSDQDFXOJHUPHQLGHJUkXVSDUDQJKHOHWF

Microelementele
FierulUHSUH]LQWăXQPLQHUDOSUH]HQWvQWRDWHFHOXOHOHFRUSXOXL$FHVWPLFURHOH
PHQWHVWHSUH]HQWvQRUJDQLVPVXEGRXăIRUPHFLUFXODQWă‫܈‬LGHGHSR]LWFkQG
HVWHvQFRUSRUDWvQSURWHLQHOHIHULWLQD‫܈‬LKHPRVLGHULQD3ULQUHDOL]DUHDGHSR
]LWHORURUJDQLVPXOSUHYLQHHYHQWXDOHOHGH]HFKLOLEUHFHSRWVăDSDUăDFXW
FuncțiileILHUXOXLSDUWLFLSăODIRUPDUHDJOREXOHORUUR‫܈‬LLODWUDQVSRUWXOR[L
JHQXOXL OD IRUWLILFDUHD VLVWHPXOXL LPXQLWDU DVLJXUă UH]LVWHQ‫܊‬D IL]LFă WRQXVXO
PXVFXODUHWF
DeficitulGHILHUGXFHODDSDUL‫܊‬LDDQHPLHLIHULSULYHPDQLIHVWDWăSULQDVWHQLH
IL]LFăPDUFDWăGLVSQHHFHIDOHHLULWDELOLWDWHDPH‫܊‬HOLVDXSLHUGHUHSRQGHUDOăSUH
FXP‫܈‬LSULQVFăGHUHDUH]LVWHQ‫܊‬HLODGLYHUVHDJUHVLXQL3HUVRDQHOHFXULVFFUHVFXW
GHDGH]YROWDFDUHQ‫܊‬HGHILHUVXQWIHPHLOHvQSHULRDGDPHQVWUXDOăIHPHLOHvQVăU
FLQDWHVDXDIODWHvQSHULRDGDGHDOăSWDWODVkQ6XQWH[SX‫܈‬LGH]YROWăULLGHILFLWXOXL
‫܈‬LSDFLHQ‫܊‬LLFXKHPRUDJLLLQWHVWLQDOH‫܈‬LGLJHVWLYHXOFHUHUR]LXQLVkQJHUkQGHEROL
LQIODPDWRULLLQWHVWLQDOHGRQDWRULLGHVkQJHSDFLHQ‫܊‬LLFXSDWRORJLHGLJHVWLYăFDUH
VFDGHFDSDFLWDWHDGHDEVRUE‫܊‬LHUH]HF‫܊‬LHJDVWULFăWUDWDPHQWDQWLDFLGYHJHWDULHQLL
‫܈‬LDWOH‫܊‬LLGHSHUIRUPDQ‫܊‬ă
SurplusulGHILHUKLSHUVLGHUHPLDGHFDX]ăDOLPHQWDUăSULQFRQVXPvQH[
FHVGHSURGXVHERJDWHvQILHUHVWHIRDUWHUDU7RWX‫܈‬LDFHDVWăVLWXD‫܊‬LHSRDWHDSăUHD
vQFD]XOFRSLLORUGDFăVHDEX]HD]ăGHVXSOLPHQWHQXWULWLYHVDXGHPHGLFDPHQWH
FHFRQ‫܊‬LQPXOWILHU$SDUL‫܊‬LDKLSHUVLGHUHPLHLHVWHPDLIUHFYHQWvQWkOQLWăvQFD]XO
SDFLHQ‫܊‬LORUFXKHPRFURPDWR]ăERDODJHQHWLFăvQFDUHRUJDQLVPXOQXHVWHFDSDELO
VăUHJOH]HDEVRUE‫܊‬LDILHUXOXLFDUHVHPDQLIHVWăVXEGLIHULWHVHPQH‫܈‬LVLPSWRPH
JUHD‫܊‬ă‫܈‬LYăUVăWXULGXUHULDEGRPLQDOHGLIX]HGLDUHHKHPDWHPH]ăKLSRWHQVLXQH
DFLGR]ăPHWDEROLFăFLWROL]ăKHSDWLFăPDQLIHVWDWăSULQWXOEXUăULGHFRDJXODUHKL
SRJOLFHPLHKLSHUELOLUXELQHPLH
Surse alimentareGHILHUSH‫܈‬WHVRPRQWRQJăOEHQX‫܈‬GHRXOHJXPHIUXFWH
XVFDWHIDVROHDXVFDWăOLQWHDFHUHDOHLQWHJUDOHSkLQHDQHDJUă)LHUXOGLQSURGXVHOH
YHJHWDOH IUXFWH OHJXPH FHUHDOH VH DEVRDUEH PDL JUHX vQVă RUJDQLVPXO SRDWH
DYHDPXOWLSOHEHQHILFLLFDXUPDUHDFRQVXPXOXLDFHVWRUSURGXVHDSRUWFUHVFXWGH
YLWDPLQHDQWLR[LGDQ‫܊‬LPLQHUDOH‫܈‬LILEUHSUHFXPDUILIUXFWHGHVKLGUDWDWHSUXQH
VWDILGHFDLVHOHJXPHIDVROHXVFDWăVRLHOLQWHPD]ăUHXVFDWăVHPLQ‫܊‬HDOXQH
QXFLVXVDQOHJXPHYHU]LEURFFROLVSDQDFQDSLVDODWăYHUGHSUD]FHUHDOHLQ
WHJUDOHRUH]EUXQWăUk‫܊‬HRYă]JUkXHWF
Capitolul ***

IodulHVWHXQROLJRHOHPHQWSUH]HQWvQRUJDQLVPvQFDQWLWă‫܊‬LPLFLvQVăHVHQ‫܊‬LDOSHQWUX
IXQF‫܊‬LRQDUHDQRUPDOăDJODQGHLWLURLGH2UJDQLVPXOXPDQFRQ‫܊‬LQHDSUR[LPD
WLYPJGHLRGGLQWUHFDUHPJVXQWGHSR]LWDWHvQWLURLGăVWUXFWXUDFH
SUH]LQWăRDILQLWDWHGHRVHELWăSHQWUXDFHVWHHOHPHQW
Funcțiile LRGXOXL SDUWLFLSă OD VLQWH]D KRUPRQLORU WLURLGLHQL WULLRGRWLUR
QLQDWHWUDLRGRWLURQLQDVDXWLUR[LQDFHDSDUSULQFXSODUHDDFHVWXLROLJRHOHPHQW
FXWLUR]LQDDUHURODQWLDWHURVFOHURWLFDQWLWR[LF‫܈‬LDQWLVHQHVFHQWSULQSURPRYDUHD
IXQF‫܊‬LLORUFHOXODUHHWF
DeficitulGHLRGDSDUHvQ]RQHOHFXVROXULVăUDFHvQDFHVWPLQHUDOVDXvQSR
SXOD‫܊‬LLOHFDUHQXFRQVXPăVDUHLRGDWăGHORFVDXvQFDQWLWă‫܊‬LPLQLPHFHQXIDFID‫܊‬ă
QHFHVDUXOXL]LOQLF'LQFDX]DFDUHQ‫܊‬HLGHLRGDXORFPRGLILFăULODQLYHOXOWLURLGHL
FDUHv‫܈‬LLQWHQVLILFăDFWLYLWDWHDvQVFRSXOFRPSHQVăULLGHILFLWXOXLGHKRUPRQL$VWIHO
DSDUHJX‫܈‬DHQGHPLFăPăULUHDQDWRPLFăDJODQGHLvQVR‫܊‬LWăGHRKLSRIXQF‫܊‬LH
SurplusulGHLRGDSDUHGHVWXOGHUDU‫܈‬LGHRELFHLQLYHOXOFUHVFXWDOLRGXOXL
GHWHUPLQăRUHGXFHUHDIXQF‫܊‬LHLWLURLGLHQH
Surse alimentareGHLRGIUXFWHGHPDUH‫܈‬LDOWHSURGXVHPDULQHELEDQHJUD
ILQFUHYH‫܊‬LDOJHPDULQHSURGXVHYHJHWDOHFXOWLYDWHSHVROXULERJDWHvQLRG&DQ
WLWă‫܊‬LVXILFLHQWHVXQW‫܈‬LvQSURGXVHOHODFWDWH‫܈‬LRXăPDLDOHVGDFăDQLPDOHOHVXQW
KUăQLWHFXIXUDMHERJDWHvQLRG

FluorulUHSUH]LQWăXQPLFURHOHPHQWSUH]HQWvQRUJDQLVPXOXPDQH[FOXVLYvQWHQ
GRDQHvQRDVH‫܈‬LvQGLQ‫܊‬LVXEIRUPăGHIORUXUDWGHFDOFLXVDXGHIOXRURDSDWLWă
DeficitulGHIOXRUVHSRDWHPDQLIHVWDFOLQLFSULQFUH‫܈‬WHUHDIUHFYHQ‫܊‬HLFDULLORU
‫܈‬LVFăGHUHDUH]LVWHQ‫܊‬HLRDVHORU)OXRUXO QX DUH HIHFWFDULRJHQFDDWDUH FL HIHFW
FDULRSUHYHQWLYSULQFUH‫܈‬WHUHDUH]LVWHQ‫܊‬HLGLQ‫܊‬LORUODDJUHVLXQLH[WHUQHSUHYLQHDF
‫܊‬LXQHDQRFLYăDDOWRUIDFWRULDVXSUDVPDO‫܊‬XOXLGHQWDU(IHFWXOFDULRSURWHFWRUVH
GDWRUHD]ăIOXRURDSDWLWHLGDU‫܈‬LDF‫܊‬LXQLLVDOHEDFWHULFLGHIOXRUXOGLVWUXJHEDFWHUL
LOHFHVHIRUPHD]ăvQFDYLWDWHDEXFDOăFDUH]XOWDWDOGHJUDGăULLHQ]LPDWLFH‫܈‬LIHU
PHQWăULL UHVWXULORU DOLPHQWDUH 3HQWUX DVLJXUDUHD DFHVWRU HIHFWH EHQHILFH VH
UHFRPDQGăIOXRUL]DUHDDSHL
Surplusul GH IOXRU DSDUH GHVWXO GH UDU vQVă DUH PDQLIHVWăUL LPSRUWDQWH
$IHF‫܊‬LXQHDVHQXPH‫܈‬WHfluoroză‫܈‬LHVWHFDX]DWăGHXQH[FHVGHIOXRUvQDSDSRWD
ELOăVDXGHFRQVXPXOH[DJHUDWGHVXSOLPHQWHQXWULWLYHFXXQERJDWFRQ‫܊‬LQXWvQ
IOXRU3ULPHOHPDQLIHVWăULVXQWODQLYHOXOGLQ‫܊‬LORUFDUHYRUFăSăWDXQDVSHFWSăWDW
SULQDSDUL‫܊‬LDXQRUSHWHDOEJăOEXLSHVXSUDID‫܊‬DVPDO‫܊‬XOXL‫܈‬LYRUGHYHQLIULDELOL
/D FRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LL H[DJHUDWH GLQ‫܊‬LL SRW GHYHQL FKLDU PDURQLL ‫܈‬L DSDU FRPSOLFD‫܊‬LL
RVRDVHGHWLSXO RVWHRVFOHUR]HL‫܈‬LRVWHRSRUR]HLH[FUHVFHQ‫܊‬HRVRDVHH[RVWR]H
FDOFLILFăULOLJDPHQWDUHFXDIHFWDUHDIXQF‫܊‬LHL‫܈‬LPRELOLWă‫܊‬LLGDU‫܈‬LFUH‫܈‬WHUHDIULD
ELOLWă‫܊‬LLRVRDVH3ULQWUHDOWHHIHFWHQRFLYHVHQXPăUă‫܈‬LDIHFWDUHDPHWDEROLVPXOXL
JOXFLGLF‫܈‬LOLSLGLFVDXDFXPXODUHDVDvQULQLFKLFRUGYDVHJODQGHHQGRFULQH‫܈‬L
VLVWHPQHUYRVGXFkQGODDSDUL‫܊‬LDXQRUOH]LXQLJUDYH
Surse alimentareGHIOXRUSH‫܈‬WHRFHDQLF‫܈‬LDOWHSURGXVHPDULQHIUXQ]HOH‫܈‬L
PXJXULLDUERUHOXLGHFHDLODSWHOHJăOEHQX‫܈‬XOGHRXDSDSRWDELOă
Cuprul SUH]HQWvQILFDWvQYH]LFDELOLDUăvQSOăPkQL‫܈‬LvQLQLPăHVWHHVHQ‫܊‬LDO
SHQWUXDEVRUE‫܊‬LD‫܈‬LPHWDEROL]DUHDILHUXOXLGDU‫܈‬LSHQWUXSUHYHQLUHDDUWULWHL
DEROLORUFDUGLRYDVFXODUHHWF
FuncțiileFXSUXOXLDMXWăODIRUPDUHDRDVHORUKHPRJORELQHL‫܈‬LJOREXOHORUUR
‫܈‬LL vPSUHXQă FX ]LQFXO‫܈‬L YLWDPLQD &DF‫܊‬LRQHD]ăDVXSUD HODVWLQHLR LPSRUWDQWă
SURWHLQăGLQSLHOHHVWHLPSOLFDWvQSURFHVXOUHVSLUD‫܊‬LHLSURGXFHULLGHHQHUJLHvQ
DFXLWDWHDJXVWDWLYăHWF
Deficitul GHFXSUXVHPDQLIHVWăSULQWXOEXUăULGHFUH‫܈‬WHUH‫܈‬LGHGH]YROWDUH
$OWHSRVLELOHVHPQHVXQWRVWHRSRUR]DGLDUHHDRVWDUHGHVOăELFLXQHJHQHUDOă
XOFHUD‫܊‬LLDOHSLHOLLGHUHJOăULDOHUHVSLUD‫܊‬LHLVDXFUH‫܈‬WHUHDQLYHOXOXLJUăVLPLORUvQ
VkQJH&RQVXPXOXQRUFDQWLWă‫܊‬LPDULGHIUXFWR]ă]DKăUXOGLQIUXFWHSRDWHFUH‫܈‬WH
GHILFLHQ‫܊‬DGHFXSUX
SurplusulGHFXSUXSRDWHFDX]DGHSUHVLLLULWDELOLWDWHQHUYR]LWDWHJUHD‫܊‬ă‫܈‬L
YRPăGDU‫܈‬LGXUHULODvQFKHLHWXUL‫܈‬LvQPX‫܈‬FKLGLVWUXJHUHD‫܊‬HVXWXULORURFKLORUSULQ
R[LGDUH3HUVRDQHOHFXSUREOHPHGHYHGHUHWUHEXLHVăILHDWHQWHODHFKLOLEUDUHD
FDQWLWă‫܊‬LORUGHFXSUXFXILHUXO]LQFXO‫܈‬LFDOFLXO
Surse alimentareGH FXSUXROHDJLQRDVHVHPLQ‫܊‬HGHIORDUHDVRDUHOXL VH
PLQ‫܊‬HGHVXVDQOHJXPHFXIUXQ]HYHU]LVWDILGHHWF

Zincul HVWHXQHOHPHQWFXQXPHURDVHEHQHILFLLWHUDSHXWLFH
Funcțiile]LQFXOXLSDUWLFLSăODQRUPDOL]DUHDFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOXLGHKHPRJORELQă
‫܈‬LDSURFHVHORUGHUHJHQHUDUHD‫܊‬HVXWXULORUSRVHGăDF‫܊‬LXQHOLSRWURSăDPHOLRUHD]ă
VWDUHDLPXQRORJLFăDRUJDQLVPXOXLLQWUăvQFRPSRQHQ‫܊‬DLQVXOLQHL‫܈‬LPăUH‫܈‬WHDF
‫܊‬LXQHDHLKLSRJOLFHPLFăSDUWLFLSăODFUH‫܈‬WHUHDQRUPDOăGH]YROWDUHD‫܈‬LPDWXUL]D
UHDVH[XDOăHWF
DeficitulGH]LQFVHPDQLIHVWăSULQDORSHFLHGHUPDWLWHvQ]RQDQDVXOXL‫܈‬LD
EX]HORUWXOEXUăULGHFRPSRUWDPHQWOLSVDYHGHULLSHWLPSXOQRS‫܊‬LLKLSRJHX]LH
UHGXFHUHDSHUFHS‫܊‬LHLJXVWDWLYH‫܈‬LKLSRVPLHSLHUGHUHDSDU‫܊‬LDOăDFDSDFLWă‫܊‬LLGHD
SHUFHSHXQXOVDXPDLPXOWHPLURVXULvQWkU]LHUHDPDWXUL]ăULLKLSRJRQDGLVP‫܈‬LKL
SRVSHUPLH&DUHQ‫܊‬DGH]LQFHVWHvQWkOQLWă‫܈‬LvQFD]XOXQRUDIHF‫܊‬LXQLSUHFXPDOFRROLV
PXOGHJHQHUHVFHQ‫܊‬DPDFXODUăGLDEHW]DKDUDWWXPRULPDOLJQH‫܈‬LEROLDOHILFDWXOXL‫܈‬L
DOHULQLFKLORU'HILFLWXOGH]LQFHVWHFHOPDLGHVvQWkOQLWODSHUVRDQHOHFDUHVXIHUăGH
VLQGURPGHPDODEVRUE‫܊‬LHERDOD&URKQFROLWHGLDUHHSUHOXQJLWăHWF'HDVHPHQHD
HVWHvQWkOQLWODSHUVRDQHOHvQHWDWH‫܈‬LODIHPHLOHDIODWHvQSHULRDGDGHSUHPHQRSDX]ă
1LYHOXOVFă]XWGH]LQFSRDWHILFDX]DWGHVWUHVVHSVLVGLDUHHVDUFLQăLQIDUFWXOGH
PLRFDUGKLSRDOEXPLQHPLHPDUNHUGHPDOQXWUL‫܊‬LHSURWHLFă
Surse alimentareGH]LQFFDUQHSH‫܈‬WHILFDWRXăEUkQ]HWXULQXFLFHUHDOH
FLXSHUFLHWF

ManganulVHJăVH‫܈‬WHvQILFDW ULQLFKL SDQFUHDVSOăPkQL JODQGH VXSUDUHQDOH

FUHLHU‫܈‬LRDVH‫܈‬LHVWHXWLOL]DWODPHWDEROL]DUHDFDUERKLGUD‫܊‬LORU‫܈‬LODFRQVROLGD
UHD‫܊‬HVXWXULORU‫܈‬LRDVHORU$VHPHQLLRGXOXLPDQJDQXOHVWHXWLOL]DWODIRUPD
UHDWLUR[LQHLvQJODQGDWLURLGă'HDVHPHQHDLQIOXHQ‫܊‬HD]ăUHJODUHDQLYHOXOXL
Capitolul ***

GH]DKăUGLQVkQJHÌQSULPDID]ăDF‫܊‬LRQHD]ăFD‫܈‬LFRHQ]LPăFDUHIDFLOLWHD]ă
QXPHURDVHSURFHVHPHWDEROLFHGLQRUJDQLVP(VWHLPSOLFDWvQIRUPDUHDRD
VHORUSDUWLFLSăODIRUPDUHD‫܊‬HVXWXULORUGHOHJăWXUăHVWHLPSOLFDWvQIXQF‫܊‬LLOH
KRUPRQLORUVH[XDOLvQDEVRUE‫܊‬LDFDOFLXOXLvQIXQF‫܊‬LLOHVLVWHPXOXLLPXQLWDU
vQPHWDEROL]DUHDJUăVLPLL‫܈‬LDFDUERKLGUD‫܊‬LORU
DeficitulGHPDQJDQVHvQWkOQH‫܈‬WHIRDUWHUDU‫܈‬LGXFHODFRQIX]LHFRQYXOVLL
LULWDELOLWDWHSLHUGHUHDPHPRULHLGHWHULRUDUHDSDQFUHDVXOXLWUDQVSLUD‫܊‬LHLQWHQVă
PăFLQDUHDGLQ‫܊‬LORUHWF
Surse alimentareGHPDQJDQFHUHDOHOHOHJXPLQRDVHOHFHDLXODYRFDGRQXFL
DOXQH ‫܈‬LVHPLQ‫܊‬HDOJHFHUHDOHLQWHJUDOHHWF$FHVWPLQHUDOVH JăVH‫܈‬WH‫܈‬LvQDILQH
JăOEHQX‫܈‬OHJXPHPD]ăUHDQDQDV‫܈‬L]DU]DYDW,HUEXULOHFHFRQ‫܊‬LQPDQJDQVXQWOX
FHUQDUăGăFLQDGHEUXVWXUHLDUEDPk‫܊‬HLPX‫܈‬H‫܊‬HOXOSăSăGLDVLOXUXOVHPLQ‫܊‬HOHGH
IHQLFXO JLQVHQJ KDPHLXO SăWUXQMHOXOPHQWD ]PHXUDPăFH‫܈‬HOHLQXOVăOEDWLF
FRDGD‫܈‬RULFHOXOXLVWHYLDJDOEHQăHWF

Cobaltul HVHQ‫܊‬LDOSHQWUXIXQF‫܊‬LDWXWXURUFHOXOHORUvQVSHFLDODPăGXYHLRVRDVH
DVLVWHPXOXLQHUYRV‫܈‬LGLJHVWLYSDUWLFLSăODPDWXUDUHDHULWURFLWHORU‫܈‬LODVLQ
WH]DLQVXOLQHLVWLPXOHD]ăKHPDWRSRLH]D‫܈‬LSURFHVHOHGHFUH‫܈‬WHUH
CarențaGHFREDOWVHPDQLIHVWăSULQRERVHDOăPHPRULHVODEăSLHUGHUHD
SRIWHLGHPkQFDUHDQHPLHGHSUHVLHHWF
Surplusul GHFREDOW&HOHPDLLPSRUWDQWHHIHFWHVXQWVFăGHUHDIHUWLOLWăĠLL
EăUEDĠLORUúLDIHFĠLXQLDOHPXúFKLXOXLFDUGLDF
Surse alimentareGHFREDOWYLVFHUHOHILFDWULQLFKLVSOLQDFDUQHDGHYLWă
ODSWHOHEUkQ]DSH‫܈‬WHOHVWULGLLOHVFRLFLOHFUHYHĠLLKRPDULLFDUQHDODSWHOHRXăOH
HWF6HJăVHúWHvQFDQWLWăĠLIRDUWHPLFLvQOHJXPHúLvQIUXFWH

Nichelul VWLPXOHD]ăIXQF‫܊‬LDSDQFUHDVXOXL‫܈‬LVHUHFRPDQGăvQGLDEHW]DKDUDWSDU
WLFLSăvQSURFHVHOHGHUHFXSHUDUHDRUJDQLVPXOXL‫܈‬LGHKHPDWRSRLH]ă
FuncțiileQLFKHOXOXLLQWHUYLQHvQSURFHVXOGHUHJODUHDJOLFHPLHLSULQVWL
PXODUHDIXQFĠLLORUILFDWXOXLúLSDQFUHDVXOXLúLSULQVWLPXODUHDDEVRUEĠLHLGHJOXFR]ă
ODQLYHOFHOXODULQWHUYLQHvQPHWDEROLVPXOOLSLGHORUúLIDYRUL]HD]ăGLJHVWLDDPLGR
QXOXLDFWLYkQGDQXPLWHHQ]LPHSUH]HQWHvQVDOLYăúLvQSDQFUHDVUHGXFHWHQVLXQHD
DUWHULDOă úL FRPEDWH VWăULOH GH QHUYR]LWDWH IDFLOLWHD]ă DEVRUEĠLD ILHUXOXL VWDELOL
]HD]ăVWUXFWXUDODQĠXOXL$'1úLDMXWăODPHQĠLQHUHDVWUXFWXULLĠHVXWXULORUHWF
CarenţaQLFKHOXOXLGXFHODDQHPLHLDUGDFăVHJăVHúWHvQexcesSRDWHJHQHUD
LQIDUFWPLRFDUGLF
Surse alimentareGHQLFKHOPRUFRYYDU]ăVSDQDFIDVROHFHDSăUR‫܈‬LLVWUX
JXULHWF

StronţiulSDUWLFLSăODSURFHVHOHGHRVLILFDUHILLQGXQXOGLQWUHHOHPHQWHOHFXHIL
FDFLWDWHFUHVFXWăvQSUHYHQLUHD‫܈‬LvQWUDWDPHQWXORVWHRSRUR]HLvQUHGXFHUHD
 ULVFXOXLGHIUDFWXULYHUWHEUDOH‫܈‬LGH‫܈‬ROGHWF&RQ‫܊‬LQXWXOGHVWURQ‫܊‬LXvQRUJD
QLVPFUH‫܈‬WHFXYkUVWD‫܈‬LGHSLQGHGHDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHÌQFD]XOXQHLUD‫܊‬LLDOLPHQ
WDUHVăUDFHvQFDOFLXVWURQ‫܊‬LXOVHUH‫܊‬LQHvQRUJDQLVP
ExcesulGHVWURQ‫܊‬LXGHUHJOHD]ăSURFHVXOGHRVLILFDUH‫܈‬LSURYRDFăUDKLWLVPXO
GHVWURQ‫܊‬LX6SUHGHRVHELUHGHUDKLWLVPXOREL‫܈‬QXLWDFHDVWăERDOăQXVHWUDWHD]ă
FXYLWDPLQD'FLFXUD‫܊‬LDDOLPHQWDUăERJDWăvQFDOFLX‫܈‬LIRVIRU

Seleniul UHGXFH ULVFXO DSDULĠLHL FDQFHUXOXL EROLORU FDUGLRYDVFXODUH SUHFXP ‫܈‬L

FDQWLWDWHDGHPHUFXUGLQRUJDQLVP 2UJDQLVPXO XPDQ XWLOL]HD]ă VHOHQLXO
SHQWUX D SURGXFH VHOHQRSURWHLQH FRPSXúL FX SXWHUQLF FDUDFWHU DQWLR[L
GDQW&DUDFWHUXODQWLR[LGDQWDOVHOHQRSURWHLQHORUDMXWăRUJDQLVPXOVăSUH
YLQăHIHFWHOHUDGLFDOLORUOLEHUL
DeficitulGHVHOHQLXHVWHGHVWXOGHUDUILLQGvQUHJLVWUDWvQSUH]HQWvQ‫܊‬ăULOH
VODEGH]YROWDWHúLFXVROXULFXFRQFHQWUDĠLLPLFLGHVHOHQLX/LSVDDFHVWXLPLQHUDO
GXFHODGH]YROWDUHDEROLORUGHLQLPăDKLSHUWLURLGLVPXOXLDUHWDUGXOXLSVLKLFúL
ODVOăELUHDVLVWHPXOXLLPXQLWDU$IHFĠLXQLOHJUDYHDOHVLVWHPXOXLGLJHVWLYSRWVă
VFDGăDEVRUEĠLDVHOHQLXOXLÌQJHQHUDODFHVWHDIHFĠLXQLvPSLHGLFăDEVRUEĠLDDOWRU
QXWULPHQWHúLHVWHQHYRLHGHPRQLWRUL]DUHúLWUDWDPHQWÌQFD]XOFDUHQĠHLGHLRG
OLSVDVHOHQLXOXLSRDWHDJUDYDVLWXDĠLDSDFLHQWXOXLSULQDIHFWDUHDIXQFĠLLORUWLURLGHL
ÌQ DFHVW FD] XQ DSRUW ULGLFDW GH VHOHQLX SRDWH SURWHMD RUJDQLVPXO GH DQXPLWH
HIHFWHDOHFDUHQĠHLGHLRG
SurplusulGHVHOHQLXSRDWHGXFHODDIHFĠLXQHDQXPLWăselenoză PDQLIHVWDWă
SULQSUREOHPHDOHVLVWHPXOXLGLJHVWLYFăGHUHDSăUXOXLRERVHDOăLULWDELOLWDWHúL
DIHFĠLXQLDOHVLVWHPXOXLQHUYRV,QWR[LFDUHDFXVHOHQLXHVWHIRDUWHUDUăúLGHREL
FHLHVWHSURGXVăGHDFFLGHQWHLQGXVWULDOH
Surse alimentareGHVHOHQLXVRLHOLQWHIDVROHXVWXURLVHPLQĠHGHIORDUHD
VRDUHOXLGHLQFDMXFăWLQăFHUHDOHSHúWHRXăHWF




$OLPHQWHOHvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHSURYHQLHQĠDúLYDORDUHDORUQXWULWLYăDXIRVWUH
SDUWL]DWHvQXUPăWRDUHOHJUXSHSURGXVHFHUHDOLHUHODSWHúLSURGXVHODFWDWHFDUQH
SHúWHúLGHULYDWHOHORURXăOHJXPHúLIUXFWH

Produse cerealiere.
&HUHDOHOHJUkXRYă]RUH]VHFDUăRU]PHLSRUXPEUHSUH]LQWăSULQFLSD
OHOHFRPSRQHQWHDOHGLHWHL‫܈‬LLPSRUWDQWHVXUVHQXWULWLYHSROL]DKDULGHGLJHUDELOH
DPLGRQSROL]DKDULGHQHGLJHUDELOHILEUHDOLPHQWDUHPLQHUDOHvQVSHFLDOILHU
Capitolul ***

úLIRVIRUYLWDPLQHGLQFRPSOH[XO%vQVSHFLDOWLDPLQDúLDFLGXOQLFRWLQLFYL

WDPLQD ( ‫܈‬L SURWHLQH $YkQG XQFRQĠLQXW GH SURWHLQH GH FLUFD   úL ILLQG
FRQVXPDWHvQFDQWLWăĠLLPSRUWDQWHUHSUH]LQWăVXUVDFHDPDLLPSRUWDQWăGHSURWH
LQHYHJHWDOHGLQUDĠLDDOLPHQWDUă
9DORDUHDQXWULWLYăDSURWHLQHORUGLQFHUHDOHHVWHPDLVFă]XWăGHFkWDFHORU
GLQSURGXVHOHGHRULJLQHDQLPDOăGHRDUHFHFHUHDOHOHDXXQFRHILFLHQWGHDEVRUEĠLH
PDLVFă]XWúLRVWUXFWXUăDPLQRDFLGLFăGH]HFKLOLEUDWă3URWHLQHOHGLQFHUHDOHFRQĠLQ
SXĠLQăOL]LQăPHWLRQLQă úLDOĠLDPLQRDFL]L HVHQĠLDOL 3URWHLQHOHGLQ SRUXPEDXR
YDORDUHQXWULWLYăúLPDLVFă]XWăILLQGVăUDFHúLvQWULSWRIDQSUH]HQWkQGXQGH]HFKL
OLEUXvQWUHOHXFLQăúLL]ROHXFLQăRFDQWLWDWHIRDUWHPLFăGHYLWDPLQD33XWLOL]DWăGH
RUJDQLVP'LQDFHDVWăFDX]ăSRUXPEXODUHRDFĠLXQHSHODJURJHQă
'HúLFHUHDOHOHVXQWDOLPHQWHGHED]ăHOHWUHEXLHFRPELQDWHFXDOWHDOLPHQWH
GHRULJLQHYHJHWDOăVDXDQLPDOăFDUHVăOHFRPSOHWH]HYDORDUHDQXWULWLYă

Laptele și produsele lactate.

/DSWHOHSHQWUXFRQVXPXOXPDQSURYLQHGHODGLIHULWHVSHFLLGHPDPLIHUH
(VWHXQOLFKLGDOEJăOEXLFXJXVWúLPLURV VSHFLILF'LQ SXQFWGH YHGHUH IL]LF
ODSWHOHUHSUH]LQWăRVROXĠLHDSRDVăvQFDUHVXQWGL]ROYDWHVăUXULPLQHUDOHVROXELOH
FHPHQĠLQvQVXVSHQVLHJOREXOHGHJUăVLPHVXEVWDQĠHSURWHLFHúLVăUXULPLQHUDOH
LQVROXELOH$UHS+XOFXSULQVvQWUHúLGHQVLWDWHDvQIXQFĠLH
GHFRPSR]LĠLHúLDQXPHvQODSWHOHGHJUHVDWHDFUHúWHLDUvQODSWHOHGLOXDWVFDGH
3ULQFLSDOHOHQXWULPHQWHDOHODSWHOXLGHYDFăVXQWSURWHLQHOHFD]HLQDúLODFWDOEX
PLQDFDUERKLGUDĠLLVXEIRUPDODFWR]HLJUăVLPLOHvQWURIRUPăHPXOVLILDQWăFDO
FLXOúLIRVIRUXOvQIRUPHUDSLGDEVRUEDELOHYLWDPLQD$‫܈‬LFHOHGLQFRPSOH[XO%
vQVSHFLDOULERIODYLQD
9DORDUHDQXWULWLYăDODSWHOXLGHSLQGHGHSUH]HQĠDvQFRPSR]LĠLH
DXQRUSURWHLQHFXYDORDUHELRORJLFăPDUHFDUHFRQĠLQWRĠLDPLQRDFL]LLHVHQĠLDOL
vQ SURSRUĠLL RSWLPH FXFDSDFLWDWHSURWHLQRJHQHWLFă VXVFHSWLELOHVă SURPRYH]H
FUHúWHUHDRUJDQLVPHORUWLQHUHúLVăPHQĠLQăXQELODQĠD]RWDWHFKLOLEUDWODDGXOW
3URWHLQHOHODSWHOXLDXFDSDFLWDWHDGHDPăULYDORDUHDELRORJLFăDXQRUSURWHLQHGH
FDOLWDWHLQIHULRDUăFHOHGHRULJLQHYHJHWDOăGLQOHJXPLQRDVHXVFDWHVDXFHUHDOH
vQFD]XODVRFLHULLORUvQUDĠLH
/LSLGHOHODSWHOXLVXQWUHSUH]HQWDWHGHWULJOLFHULGHFDUHDOFăWXLHVFGLQ
WRWDOXOOLSLGHORUIRVIROLSLGHFDUHVHJăVHVFvQFDQWLWDWHUHGXVăGDU
FDUHDXXQUROLPSRUWDQWvQIRUPDUHDJOREXOHORUGHJUăVLPHIăFkQGOHJăWXUDvQWUH
ID]DJUDVăúLFHDDSRDVăDOHODSWHOXL‫܈‬LVWHULGHUHSUH]HQWDWHPDLDOHVGHFROHVWHURO
úLGHOHFLWLQă/DSWHOHSDVWHXUL]DWSURGXVODIDEULFLOHGHODSWHúLGHVWLQDWSHQWUXFRQ
VXPSRDWHILGHPDLPXOWHIHOXULFXFRQĠLQXWXOGHJUăVLPH
YLWDPLQL]DWFXYLWDPLQD&GHJUHVDWHWF/DSWHOHVXSXVXQXLWUDWDPHQWWHU
PLFvQGHOXQJDWYDDYHDRQXDQĠăFUHPLDUODSWHOHGHJUHVDWRQXDQĠăDOEăVWUXLH
Produsele lactate acideDXRGHRVHELWăLPSRUWDQĠăvQDOLPHQWDĠLH9DORDUHD
ORUQXWULWLYăHVWHDVHPăQăWRDUHFXFHDDODSWHOXLLDUIDFWRULLQXWULWLYLVXQWDVLPLODĠL
PDLXúRU‫܈‬LVHREĠLQvQXUPDIHUPHQWDĠLHLODFWLFHSXUHGHWHUPLQDWăGHEDFWHULLOH
DIODWHvQODSWHVDXLQWURGXVHVXEIRUPăGHFXOWXULVHOHFĠLRQDWHVDXSULQIHUPHQWDĠLH
PL[Wă DOFRROLFă úL ODFWLFă3URSULHWăĠLOHFXUDWLYHDOHDFHVWRUSURGXVHVH H[SOLFă
SULQIDSWXOFăDXFDOLWăĠLJXVWDWLYHSOăFXWHVHGLJHUăXúRUDWHQXHD]ăSURFHVHOHGH
SXWUHIDFĠLHvQLQWHVWLQHÌQDIDUăGHDFHDVWDEDFWHULDDFLGRODFWLFăSURGXFHDQWLELR
WLFHFDUHDFĠLRQHD]ăDVXSUDDJHQĠLORUSDWRJHQL3URGXVHOHODFWDWHVXQWUHFRPDQGDWH
SHUVRDQHORUFXDQDFLGLWDWHVDXFăURUDOHOLSVHúWHODFWD]D$FHVWHSURGXVHFRQVWLWXLH
XQDOLPHQWLGHDOúLSHQWUXRDPHQLLVăQăWRúLúLSHQWUXFHLEROQDYLGHJDVWULWăKLSR
VDXDQDFLGăEROLKHSDWLFHFDUGLRYDVFXODUHUHQDOHREH]LWDWH
Laptele acru VH REĠLQH SULQ IHUPHQWDĠLD VSRQWDQă D ODSWHOXL VXE DFĠLXQHD
EDFWHULLORUODFWLFHGLQFRPSR]LĠLDVDLDUODSWHOHDFLGRILOGLQODSWHSDVWHXUL]DWVDX
VWHULOL]DWSHQWUXɚLGLVWUXJHPLFURIORUDvQVăPkQĠDWFXRFXOWXUăSXUăGHLacto-
bacillus acidophilus
Iaurtul VHSUHSDUăGLQODSWHVWHULOL]DWUăFLWODƒúLvQVăPkQĠDWFXIHUPHQĠL
ODFWLFLFDUHDVLJXUăWUDQVIRUPDUHDSURWHLQHORUvQVXEVWDQĠHPDLVLPSOHDOEXPR]H
SHSWRQHXúRUDVLPLODELOH
Chefirul HVWH SURGXVXO IHUPHQWDĠLHL PL[WH  ODFWLFă úL DOFRROLFă &RQĠLQH
DOFRROúLDFLGODFWLF$UHRGLJHVWLELOLWDWHFUHVFXWăGDUGXUDWDGH
SăVWUDUHHVWHVFă]XWă
SmântânaHVWHFODVLILFDWăvQIXQFĠLHGHFRQĠLQXWXOGHJUăVLPHGH
  úL   6PkQWkQă HVWH GH RFRQVLVWHQĠăRPRJHQă OXFLRDVă SRWULYLW GH
GHQVăSXĠLQYkVFRDVăIăUăDJORPHUăULPDULGHJUăVLPHVDXVXEVWDQĠHSURWHLFH
L]RODW VH SHUPLW EXOH GHDHU úL R JUDQXOR]LWDWH QHvQVHPQDWă *XVWXO úL PLURVXO
VPkQWkQLLVXQWVSHFLILFHIHUPHQWDĠLHLDFLGRODFWLFHSOăFXWHVODEDFULúRUFXDURPă
VSHFLILFăSHQWUXSURGXVXOSDVWHXUL]DWQXVHDGPLWJXVWúLPLURVVWUăLQHGRDUDELD
SHUFHSXWHGHKUDQăDDQLPDOHORU
BrânzeturileDVLJXUăXQDSRUWGHVXEVWDQĠHD]RWRDVHGHSDWUXRULPDLPDUH
GHFkWODSWHOHÌQXUPDDFWLYLWăĠLLHQ]LPDWLFHDPLFURRUJDQLVPHORURSDUWHDSUR
WHLQHORU FRPSOH[H FD]HLQD HVWH GHVFRPSXVă vQ SROLSHSWLGH úL FKLDU vQ DPL
QRDFL]LIDYRUL]kQGDVLPLODUHDORULQWHJUDOăúLPDLUDSLGă%UkQ]HWXULOHvQVSHFLDO
FHOHJUDVHFRQVWLWXLHRVXUVăLPSRUWDQWăGHYLWDPLQH%$úL'

Carnea, peștele și derivatele lor.

&DUQHDUHSUH]LQWăXQDGLQWUHFHOHPDLLPSRUWDQWHVXUVHSURWHLFH3URWHLQHOH
GLQFDUQHDXRvQDOWăYDORDUHQXWULWLYăGDWRULWăIDSWXOXLFăDXXQFRHILFLHQWGH
DEVRUEĠLHULGLFDWúLFRQĠLQWRĠLDPLQRDFL]LLHVHQĠLDOL$FHDVWDGHWHUPLQă
EXQDORUXWLOL]DUHGHFăWUHRUJDQLVPFRQWULEXLQGWRWRGDWăODHFKLOLEUDUHDVWUXFWX
ULLDPLQRDFLGHDvQWUHJLLUDĠLLDOLPHQWDUH6ăUXULOHPLQHUDOHVHJăVHVFvQWURSUR
SRUĠLHYDULDELOăILLQGUHSUH]HQWDWHvQSULQFLSDOGHILHU)LHUXOFRQĠLQXWvQFDUQH
vQVSHFLDOvQFDUQHDURúLHDUHRELRGLVSRQLELOLWDWHPDLPDUHGHFkWFHOGLQYHJH
WDOH &DUQHD HVWH VăUDFă vQ FDOFLX úLERJDWăvQIRVIRU &RQĠLQXWXO vQVRGLX HVWH
YDULDELOvQIXQFĠLHGHVSHFLHFDQWLWăĠLPDLPDULILLQGSUH]HQWHvQYLVFHUH9LWD
PLQHOHVXQWSUH]HQWHvQFDUQHvQSURSRUĠLLLPSRUWDQWHvQVSHFLDOFHOHGLQJUXSXO
Capitolul ***

%%%33%DFLGIROLFDFLGSDQWRWHQLFFLDQFREDODPLQă9LWDPLQHOHOL
SRVROXELOHVHJăVHVFPDLDOHVvQIUDFĠLXQHDOLSLGLFăDFăUQLL$URPDFDUDFWHULVWLFă
FăUQLLVHGDWRUHD]ăSUH]HQĠHLVXEVWDQĠHORURUJDQLFHQHSURWHLFH9DORDUHDQXWUL
WLYăDDFHVWRUDHVWHQHJOLMDELOăGDUDXUROXOGHDVWLPXODDSHWLWXOúLGHDGHFODQúD
VHFUHĠLDVXFXULORU GLJHVWLYH)LFDWXOFUHLHUXO ULQLFKLXOLQLPD PRPLĠHOH DXXQ
FRQĠLQXWFUHVFXWGHFROHVWHURO'HDVHPHQHDvQILFDWULQLFKLVDXLQLPăVHJăVHVF
FDQWLWăĠLFRQVLGHUDELOHGHULERIODYLQăWLDPLQăDFLGQLFRWLQLFúLILHU3HOkQJăR
FDQWLWDWHLPSRUWDQWăGHILHUILFDWXODUHXQFRQĠLQXWFUHVFXWvQYLWDPLQD$
Carnea de peşteHVWHFRPSDUDELOăFXFDUQHDFHORUODOWHDQLPDOHvQFHHDFH
SULYHúWHFRPSR]LĠLD(VWHPDLXúRUGHGLJHUDWGHFkWFDUQHDGHODPDPLIHUHúLSă
VăULGHRDUHFHQXFRQĠLQHĠHVXWFRODJHQILEURV(VWHRVXUVăLPSRUWDQWăGHSURWHLQH
FXRYDORDUHELRORJLFăvQDOWăFRQĠLQkQGWRĠLDPLQRDFL]LLHVHQĠLDOL*UăVLPHDHVWH
GLVWULEXLWăvQPXVFXODWXUDSHúWHOXLVDXHVWHORFDOL]DWăvQILFDWFRQIHULQGXLDFHV
WXLDIUăJH]LPHÌQIXQFĠLHGHFRQĠLQXWXOvQJUăVLPHGHRVHELPVSHFLLGHSHúWHVODE
FRGúDOăXELEDQPHUOXFLXVúLJUDVKHULQJPDFURXVDUGLQHVRPRQVRPQ
&DUDFWHULVWLFăHVWHSURSRUĠLDPDUHGHDFL]LJUDúLSROLQHVDWXUDĠLúLvQVSHFLDOȦ
6SHFLLOHGHSHúWHJUDVVXQWERJDWHvQYLWDPLQHOH$úL'‫܈‬LFRQĠLQXWXOvQYLWDPLQH
GLQ JUXSXO % HVWH XQXO VHPQLILFDWLY 9LWDPLQD &VHJăVHúWHGRDUvQILFDWXO GH
SHúWHúLvQFDUQHDGHVRPRQÌQFHHDFHSULYHúWHFRQĠLQXWXOvQPLQHUDOHVRGLXOúL
FDOFLXOVXQWYDULDELOHvQIXQFĠLHGHVSHFLHLDUFRQĠLQXWXOvQIRVIRUHVWHH[WUHPGH
LPSRUWDQWILLQGvQPHGLHGHPJJ)LHUXOHVWHSUH]HQWODXQQLYHOLQIHULRU
FHOXLGLQFDUQHDPDPLIHUHORUúLSăVăULORU
&DUQHDSHúWHOXLDUHXQFRQĠLQXWVFă]XWvQJUăVLPLúLRFDQWLWDWHPDUHGHDSă
FRPSDUDWLYFXFHOHODOWHVSHFLLDYkQGDVWIHORYDORDUHHQHUJHWLFăUHODWLYVFă]XWă
6XEVWLWXLUHDFăUQLLFXSHúWHOHvQDOLPHQWDĠLHUHSUH]LQWăRPHWRGăEXQăGHDUHGXFH
DSRUWXOGHJUăVLPLVDWXUDWHúLGHDVXSOLPHQWDDSRUWXOGHDFL]LJUDúLȦ
Crustaceele UDFXO KRPDUXO FUHYH‫܊‬LL VXQW ERJDWH vQ VXEVWDQĠH SURWHLFH úL
FRQĠLQRFDQWLWDWHUHGXVăGHOLSLGH&RQĠLQXWXOvQVăUXULPLQHUDOHHVWHUHODWLYERJDW
vQVSHFLDOvQFDOFLXúLPDJQH]LXÌQFHHDFHSULYHúWHFRQĠLQXWXOvQYLWDPLQHWUHEXLH
PHQĠLRQDWăSUH]HQĠDYLWDPLQHL$vQFDUQHDGHFUDEúLDYLWDPLQHORUGLQJUXSXO%vQ
FDUQHDFUXVWDFHHORUvQJHQHUDO
&DUQHDDOEăHVWHSUHIHUDELOăFHOHLURúLLFDUQHDVODEă±FHOHLJUDVHLDUSHúWHOH
HVWHLQGLFDWFDúLDOLPHQWLPSRUWDQWvQGLHWăGDWRULWăFRQĠLQXWXOXLvQDFL]LJUDúLȦ

OuăleFRQVWLWXLHXQSURGXVGHED]ăvQDOLPHQWDĠLH$OEXúXOHVWHRVROXĠLH
GHDOEXPLQHDOFăURUUHSUH]HQWDQWSULQFLSDOHVWHRYRDOEXPLQD3URWHLQHOHGLQDO
EXúDXRYDORDUHELRORJLFăvQDOWăúLFRQĠLQWRĠLDPLQRDFL]LLHVHQĠLDOLQHFHVDULRU
JDQLVPXOXL vQ VSHFLDO FDQWLWăĠLFUHVFXWH GH WLUR]LQă WULSWRIDQúL OL]LQă DWkW GH
ELQHSURSRUĠLRQDĠLvQFkWRXODGHYHQLWUHIHULQĠDVWDQGDUGSHQWUXFRPSDUDUHDFDOL
WăĠLLSURWHLQHORUGLQDOWHDOLPHQWH$OEXúXOQXFRQĠLQHJUăVLPLúLFROHVWHURO
3ULQFLSDODSURWHLQăDJăOEHQXúXOXLHVWHRYRYLWHOLQD'HDVHPHQHDJăOEH
QXúXOHVWHRVXUVăLPSRUWDQWăGHIRVIROLSLGHH[WUHPGHQHFHVDUHvQDOLPHQWDĠLH
PDLDOHVvQFD]XOFRSLLORUúLDOJUDYLGHORU6SUHGHRVHELUHGHDOEXúJăOEHQXúXO
HVWHERJDWvQYLWDPLQHKLGURVROXELOHvQVSHFLDOFRPSOH[XO%úLOLSRVROXELOHYL
WDPLQHOH$'(úL.&XH[FHSĠLDULERIODYLQHLFDUHHVWHGLVWULEXLWăXQLIRUPvQ
PDVDRXOXLWRDWHFHOHODOWHYLWDPLQHVHJăVHVFvQJăOEHQXú2XOQXFRQĠLQHYLWD
PLQD&vQVFKLPEDLFLVXQWFRQFHQWUDWHVXEVWDQĠHOHPLQHUDOHIRVIRUFDOFLXúL
ILHU'DWRULWăFRQĠLQXWXOXLFUHVFXWGHJUăVLPLHPXOVLRQDWHJăOEHQXúXODUHRLP
SRUWDQWă DFĠLXQH FROHFLVWRNLQHWLFă SH GH DOWă SDUWH SUH]HQĠD FROHVWHUROXOXL vQ
FDQWLWDWH VHPQLILFDWLYă LPSXQH OLPLWDUHD FRQVXPXOXL OD FRURQDULHQL GLVOLSLGH
PLFLVDXODSDFLHQĠLLFXOLWLD]ăELOLDUă2XOFUXGQXWUHEXLHVăILHFRQVXPDWFD
DWDUHGHRDUHFHHVWHIUHFYHQWFRQWDPLQDWPLFURELRORJLF

Fructele şi legumeleDXRODUJăUăVSkQGLUHvQDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LDRPXOXL0DUHD
ORUYDORDUHQXWULWLYăVHGDWRUHD]ăYLWDPLQHORUúLDEXQGHQĠHLGHHOHPHQWHPLQHUDOH
úLJOXFLGH
Legumele‫܈‬LzarzavaturileIXUQL]HD]ăRFDQWLWDWHFRQVLGHUDELOăGHILEUHDOL
PHQWDUHPLFURQXWULPHQWHSRWDVLXFDOFLXYLWDPLQD&YLWDPLQD%FDURWHQRL]L
YLWDPLQD(IRODĠLFkWúLDOWHSURGXVHFXIXQFĠLLDQWLR[LGDQWH'HDVHPHQHDOHJX
PHOHúLYHJHWDOHOHFRQĠLQFDQWLWăĠLLPSRUWDQWHGHFDURWHQRL]LúLDJHQĠLILWRSURWHFWRUL
VXEVWDQĠHFXUROGHSUHYHQĠLHDQHRSOD]LLORUEROLORUFDUGLRYDVFXODUHVDXSLHUGHULL
YHGHULLOHJDWăGHYkUVWă8QHOHOHJXPHFRQĠLQSURWHLQHIDVROHDIDVHROLQDPD]ă
UHDOHJXPHOLQDúL VRLDJOLFLQD/HJXPHOH VXQWVăUDFH vQ JUăVLPL úL OLSVLWH GH
FROHVWHURODXXQFRQĠLQXWFUHVFXWGHDSă
/HJXPHOHYHU]LFRQĠLQFDQWLWăĠLYDULDWHGHYLWDPLQD&FRQWULEXLHODDSRUWXO
GHDFLGIROLFGHILHUúLGHFDOFLX&RQĠLQXWXOvQPLQHUDOHDOOHJXPHORUYDULD]ăvQ
IXQFĠLHGHFRQĠLQXWXOORUvQVROXOSHFDUHFUHVF0D]ăUHDIDVROHDúLOLQWHDFRQĠLQ
FHDPDLPDUHFDQWLWDWHGHFDUERKLGUDĠLúLGHSURWHLQHGLQWUHWRDWHOHJXPHOH'H
DVHPHQHDFRQĠLQFDQWLWăĠLFRQVLGHUDELOHGHILHUúLGHYLWDPLQHGLQJUXSXO%vQ
VSHFLDOWLDPLQăILLQGDVWIHOIRDUWHLPSRUWDQWHvQGLHWDYHJHWDULDQă)DVROHDYHUGH
úLPD]ăUHDUHSUH]LQWăVXUVHLPSRUWDQWHGHYLWDPLQD&6RLDHVWHERJDWăvQL]RIOD
YRQHFRPSXúLVLPLODULVWUXFWXUDOúLIXQFĠLRQDOFXHVWURJHQLL,]RIODYRQHOHDXXQ
HIHFWIDYRUDELODVXSUDQLYHOXOXLFROHVWHUROXOXLWRWDOúL/'/FROHVWHUROXOXL
Fructele VHFDUDFWHUL]HD]ăGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHQXWULWLYSULQWUXQFRQĠLQXW
ERJDWvQDSăJOXFLGHFXPROHFXOăPLFăFHOXOR]ăVăUXULPLQHUDOHYLWDPLQHúL
GLYHUVH DURPH *OXFLGHOH VH JăVHVF vQ SURSRUĠLH LPSRUWDQWă ILLQG XQXO GLQWUH
FRPSRQHQWHOHFHOHPDLLPSRUWDQWH6XQWSUH]HQWHVXEIRUPăGH]DKDUXULVLPSOH
JOXFR]ăIUXFWR]ă]DKDUR]ăLDUSROL]DKDULGHVXQWUHSUH]HQWDWHGHDPLGRQvQ
FDQWLWDWHPDLPDUHvQSHULRDGDGHSUHPDWXUDUHXOWHULRUFDQWLWDWHDGLPLQXkQGX
VHFHOXOR]ăVXEIRUPăGHKHPLFHOXOR]HJXPHúLVXEVWDQĠHSHFWLFHvQSURSRUĠLL
YDULDELOHvQGLIHULWHIUXFWH
3URWHLQHOHVXQWvQJHQHUDOVăUDFUHSUH]HQWDWHvQIUXFWH/LSLGHOHVXQWFRPFHQ
WUDWHvQVkPEXULúLVHPLQĠH‫܈‬LVXQWXWLOL]DWHXQHRULSHQWUXSURGXFHUHDGHXOHLXULDUD
KLGHPăVOLQHPLJGDOH1XFLOHDOXQHOHPLJGDOHOHDUDKLGHOHúLILVWLFXOVXQWERJDWH
vQDFL]LJUDúLQHVDWXUDĠLúLVăUDFHvQDFL]LJUDúLVDWXUDĠLDYkQGHIHFWGHVFăGHUHDFR
OHVWHUROXOXL&RQVXPXOORUWUHEXLHvQVăOLPLWDWGLQFDX]DDSRUWXOXLFDORULFULGLFDW
Capitolul ***

9LWDPLQHOH vQ VSHFLDO FHOH KLGURVROXELOH VXQW ELQH UHSUH]HQWDWH )UXFWHOH DX XQ
FRQĠLQXWFUHVFXWvQSRWDVLXúLVFă]XWvQVRGLXEDQDQHSUXQHSLHUVLFLFDLVHXVFDWH
'HúLVXQWVXUVHVăUDFHvQYLWDPLQHGLQFRPSOH[XO%FXH[FHSĠLDIRODĠLORUFRQĠLQXĠL
vQVSHFLDOvQIUXQ]HOHYHU]LDXRLPSRUWDQĠăGHRVHELWăGDWRULWăDSRUWXOXLFRQVLGHUD
ELOGHYLWDPLQD&&LWULFHOHSRUWRFDOHOHVDXJUDSHIUXLWXOFDúLIUXFWHSUHFXPFRDFă
]HOHIUDJLLFăSúXQLOH]PHXUDPHUHOHNLZLVWDILGHOHQHJUHDXXQFRQĠLQXWFUHVFXW
GHYLWDPLQD&3LHUVLFLOHFDLVHOHúLSUXQHOHVXQWERJDWHvQEHWDFDURWHQ8QHOHIUXFWH
FRQĠLQFDQWLWăĠLFRQVLGHUDELOHGHILHUvQVSHFLDOFHOHXVFDWH*UDGXOGHDEVRUEĠLHDO
ILHUXOXLFRQĠLQXWGHDFHVWHDQXHVWHFXQRVFXWFXSUHFL]LH&DúLOHJXPHOHIUXFWHOHDX
VWUXFWXUăFHOXOR]LFăLDUFRQĠLQXWXOvQDSăHVWHUHODWLYFUHVFXWDSUR[LPDWLYvQ
FDVWUDYH‫܊‬LvQPHUHvQSRUWRFDOH
Sucul de fructeIDFHSDUWHGLQDFHODúLJUXSGHDOLPHQWHvQVăFRQĠLQHRFDQ
WLWDWHPXOWPDLPLFăGHILEUHFRPSDUDWLYFXIUXFWXOvQWUHJ
)UXFWHOHúLOHJXPHOHUHSUH]LQWăVLQJXUDVXUVăGHYLWDPLQD&GLQGLHWăGDU
FDUHSRDWHILFXXúXULQĠăGLVWUXVODSUHSDUDUHDWHUPLFăDDFHVWRUD

Patologiile alimentare, QXPLWH‫܈‬LEROLGHQXWUL‫܊‬LHVXQWGHWHUPLQDWHGHGRXă

FDX]HLPSRUWDQWH
, 1HUHVSHFWDUHDFHULQĠHORULJLHQLFHODDOFăWXLUHDUDĠLHLDOLPHQWDUH'LQFDX]D
OLSVHLLQVXILFLHQĠHLH[FHVXOXLVDXGH]HFKLOLEUXOXLXQRUVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HQXWULWLYH
vQ UDĠLD DOLPHQWDUă vQ RUJDQLVP SRW DSăUHD WXOEXUăUL SURIXQGH DYLWDPL
QR]HKLSRYLWDPLQR]HUDKLWLVPSHODJUăREH]LWDWHDWHURVFOHUR]ăHWFFDUH
VăGXFăODvPEROQăYLUL
,,1HUHVSHFWDUHDFHULQĠHORULJLHQLFRVDQLWDUHvQFLUFXLWXODOLPHQWHORUvQWLPSXO
SUHOXFUăULLSăVWUăULLúLWUDQVSRUWăULLSURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUHODvQWUHSULQGHULOH
GHDOLPHQWDĠLHSXEOLFăVDXvQFRQGLĠLLGHIDPLOLHÌQDFHVWFD]VHSRWGH]
YROWDLQWR[LFDĠLLDOLPHQWDUHEROLFRQWDJLRDVHVDXKHOPLQWR]H3ROXDUHDSUR
GXVHORU DJULFROH SURYRDFă LQWR[LFDĠLL FURQLFH XQHRUL LQWR[LFDĠLL DFXWH OD
SRSXODĠLDFDUHIRORVHúWHDFHVWHSURGXVH
/D SURSXQHUHD 2UJDQL]DĠLHL 0RQGLDOH D 6ăQăWăĠLL ‫܈‬L D &RPLWHWXOXL )$2
Foodand Agriculture OrganizationDXIRVWVWDELOLWHSDWUXIRUPHGHDOLPHQWDĠLH
LQFRUHFWăSDWRORJLLDOLPHQWDUH
● VXEQXWUL‫܊‬LD
● VXSUDDOLPHQWDĠLD
● DOLPHQWDĠLDFDOLWDWLYQHDGHFYDWă
● DOLPHQWDĠLDQHHFKLOLEUDWă
 Subnutriția GHQXWUL‫܊‬LD VDX DOLPHQWDĠLD LQVXILFLHQWă GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH
FDQWLWDWLYHVWHRVWDUHSDWRORJLFăGHWHUPLQDWăGHRGLVSRQLELOLWDWHUHGXVă
GHVXEVWDQĠHQXWULWLYHvQVSHFLDOGHVFăGHUHDDSRUWXOXLSURWHLFFXDSDULĠLD
GHPRGLILFăULPRUIRIXQFĠLRQDOHvQRUJDQHOHúLĠHVXWXULOHGHLPSRUWDQĠăYL
WDOă ÌQ FD] GH VXEDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LH DOLPHQWHOH LQJHUDWH QX VDWLVIDF FDQWLWDWHD
DGHFYDWăGHHQHUJLHRUJDQLVPXOILLQGQHYRLWVăRHOLEHUH]HGLQSURSULLOH
ĠHVXWXULGHH[HPSOXGLQJUăVLPHDGHUH]HUYăGLQĠHVXWXOPXVFXODUGLQ
SDUHQFKLPHWF&DXUPDUHSRDWHDYHDORFvQFHWLQLUHDULWPXOXLGHFUHúWHUH
ODFRSLLVFăGHUHDvQJUHXWDWHUHGXFHUHDPHWDEROLVPXOXLUHGXFHUHDYROX
PXOXLPDVHLPXVFXODUHFDúH[LHKLSR‫܈‬LDYLWDPLQR]HVFăGHUHDFDSDFLWă‫܊‬LL
GHPXQFăGLPLQXDUHDUH]LVWHQĠHLRUJDQLVPXOXLODDJUHVLXQLOHPLFURELHQH
ODVXEVWDQĠHOHWR[LFHúLDOWHQRFLYLWăĠLGHPHGLX
3HUWXUEăULOHPHQ‫܊‬LRQDWHSRWILvQVR‫܊‬LWHGHGLIHULWHPDQLIHVWăULFDRERVHDOă
FHIDOHHDVWHQLHGLDUHHYRPăLQVXILFLHQĠHHQ]LPDWLFHGXUHULJDVWULFHKHSDWLWH
úLSDQFUHDWLWHFURQLFHHWF
ÌQIXQF‫܊‬LH GHHWLRORJLH VXEQXWULĠLDSRDWHIL SULPDUă‫܈‬LVHFXQGDUă )RUPD
primarăVHH[SOLFăSULQFRQVXPXOLQVXILFLHQWGHDOLPHQWHLDUFHDsecundarăSULQ
WXOEXUăULGHLQJHVWLHGLJHVWLHVDXPHWDEROL]DUH'LQDFHVWSXQFWGHYHGHUHGHR
VHELPXUPăWRDUHOHIRUPHHWLRORJLFHGHVXEQXWULĠLH
● GHILFLWHQHUJRSURWHLFKLSRWURILHGLVWURILHQXWUL‫܊‬LRQDOăPDUDVPQXWUL‫܊‬LR
QDONZDVKLRUNRU
● KLSR‫܈‬LDYLWDPLQR]H[HURIWDOPLHKHPHUDORSLHVFRUEXWEHULEHULSHODJUă
DULERIODYLQR]DQHPLHUDKLWLVPRVWHRPDODFLDJX‫܈‬ăHQGHPLFăHWF
● GHILFLHQ‫܊‬ăGHPLQHUDOHDQHPLHIHULSULYăJX‫܈‬ăHQGHPLFăKLSRVHOHQR]ăFD
ULHGHQWDUăHWF
● LQVXILFLHQ‫܊‬ăGHDFL]LJUD‫܈‬LHVHQ‫܊‬LDOLSROLQHVDWXUD‫܊‬L
● WLSXULGHVXEQXWUL‫܊‬LHQHLGHQWLILFDWHFXLQVXILFLHQ‫܊‬ăGHILEUHDOLPHQWDUHXQLL
DPLQRDFL]LHWF
Deficitul energo-proteicHVWHXQFRPSOH[GHDIHF‫܊‬LXQLSDWRORJLFHFDX]DWHGH
OLSVDGHSURWHLQH‫܈‬LGHHQHUJLHvQUD‫܊‬LDDOLPHQWDUă'HRELFHLHVWHDVRFLDWFXLQIHF‫܊‬LL
FRQFRPLWHQWH
Hipotrofia HVWHRWXOEXUDUHFURQLFăGHDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHFDUHDSDUHvQWLPSXOvQIR
PHWăULL‫܈‬LVHFDUDFWHUL]HD]ăSULQGLIHULWHJUDGHGHSLHUGHUHvQJUHXWDWH'HUHJXOă
GHKLSRWURILHVXIHUăFRSLLLPLFLÌQKLSRWURILDGHJUDGXO,JUHXWDWHDFRUSRUDOăHVWH
UHGXVăFXvQFRPSDUD‫܊‬LHFXFHDQRUPDOăGHJUDGXO,,±FXGH
JUDGXO,,,±FXGHJUDGXO,9±FXVDXPDLPXOW
Distrofia nutriționalăHVWHFDUDFWHUL]DWăSULQHSXL]DUHJHQHUDOăRWXOEXUDUHD
WXWXURUWLSXULORUGHPHWDEROLVPGHJHQHUDUHD‫܊‬HVXWXULORU‫܈‬LRUJDQHORUFXGHUHJODUHD
IXQF‫܊‬LLORUORUÌQVWDGLXO,DOGLVWURILHLQXWUL‫܊‬LRQDOHVHvQUHJLVWUHD]ăFUH‫܈‬WHUHDSRIWHLGH
PkQFDUHVHWHGRULQ‫܊‬DXQXLFRQVXPFUHVFXWGHVDUHvQVWDGLXO,,±vQUăXWă‫܊‬LUHDVWăULL
JHQHUDOHVOăELFLXQHPXVFXODUăGL]DELOLWDWHHGHPHKLSRSURWHLFHODSLFLRDUHFUH‫܈‬WH
UHDSRIWHLGHPkQFDUH‫܈‬LVHWHLPRGLILFăULGLVWURILFHvQFHSăWRDUHDOHGLIHULWRURUJDQH
PRGLILFăULSVLKLFH6WDGLXO,,,VHFDUDFWHUL]HD]ăSULQFD‫܈‬H[LHGLVSDUL‫܊‬LDFRPSOHWăD
Capitolul ***

JUăVLPLLVXEFXWDQDWHDWURILHPXVFXODUăVOăELFLXQHVHYHUăDSDWLHPRGLILFăULPDU
FDWHDOHSVLKLFXOXLSDUHVWH]LHLQVXILFLHQ‫܊‬ăFDUGLDFă‫܈‬LKHSDWLFăDQHPLH
Marasmul nutriționalVHFDUDFWHUL]HD]ăSULQWUXQJUDGVHYHUGHHSXL]DUH
)RUPDWLPSXULHDSDUHODFRSLLLGLQSULPXODQGHYLD‫܊‬ă‫܈‬LHVWHDVRFLDWăFXLQVXIL
FLHQ‫܊‬DODSWHOXLPDWHUQ)RUPDWDUGLYăVHGH]YROWăPDLGHVGHODDQLGHYLD‫܊‬ă‫܈‬L
HVWHUH]XOWDWXOvQIRPHWăULLFURQLFH3DFLHQ‫܊‬LLSUH]LQWăvQWkU]LHUHvQGH]YROWDUHDIL
]LFăVFăGHUHvQJUHXWDWHPDLPDUHGHDWURILHPXVFXODUăID‫܊‬ăULGDWăGHSLJ
PHQWDUHDSăUXOXLFKHOLH$VSHFWXOJHQHUDOFDUDFWHULVWLFPHPEUHVXE‫܊‬LUL‫܈‬LFDSXO
QHSURSRU‫܊‬LRQDO GH PDUH ID‫܊‬D vQFUH‫܊‬LWă FRQ‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬D OLPSHGH HPR‫܊‬LLOH H[SULPDWH
SRIWDGHPkQFDUHSăVWUDWă
Alimentaţia săracăSHRSHULRDGăOXQJăGHWLPSvQSURWHLQHGHFDOLWDWHFX
H[FHV GH JOXFLGH LQIHF‫܊‬LL FRQFRPLWHQWH FDX]H SVLKRORJLFH VRFLDOH SRDWH FDX]D
ERDODNZDVKLRUNRU%RDODVHFDUDFWHUL]HD]ăSULQHGHPHKLSRWURILHPXVFXODUăGL
DUHH PRGLILFăUL DOH SLHOLL LQIHFĠLL FXWDQDWH GH]YROWDUH IL]LFă vQWkU]LDWă DSDWLH
KHSDWRPHJDOLHFXLQILOWUDĠLHJUDVăVSOHQRPHJDOLHKLSRSURWHLQHPLHDQHPLH6XE
QXWULĠLDSURWHLFăSRDWH OăVDXUPHúLvQGH]YROWDUHDPLQWDOăvQFDSDFLWDWHDGH D
vQYăĠD3URILOD[LDHLSUHVXSXQHRDOLPHQWDĠLHFXSURGXVHERJDWHvQSURWHLQHGH
FDOLWDWH
AvitaminozeleúLhipovitaminozeleSRWDSăUHDQXQXPDLGLQFDX]DLQVXILFL
HQĠHLYLWDPLQHORUGLQUDĠLDDOLPHQWDUăFLúLDDEVRUEĠLHLLQVXILFLHQWHDXWLOL]ăULL
GHIHFWXRDVHúLDGLVWUXJHULLORUvQRUJDQLVP$VHPHQHDWXOEXUăULSRWDYHDORFvQ
FD]XOEROLORUJDVWURLQWHVWLQDOHKHSDWLFHPHWDEROLFHHWFDeficitul de vitamineVH
SRDWHGH]YROWDFDXUPDUHDXWLOL]ăULLVSRULWHDYLWDPLQHORUGHFăWUHRUJDQLVPVXE
LQIOXHQ‫܊‬D FRQGL‫܊‬LLORUH[WUHPHGHPHGLXGHFUH‫܈‬WHUHDDFFHOHUDWăGHVDUFLQă GH
DOăSWDUH‫܈‬LGHDOWHVWăULIL]LRORJLFHHipovitaminozeleFRQVWLWXLHRLPSRUWDQWăSUR
EOHPăGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFăvQ vQWUHDJD OXPHDIHFWkQGvQDQXPLWHSHULRDGHDOH
DQXOXL PDLDOHV SULPăYDUD XQ FRQWLQJHQW LPSRUWDQW GH SRSXODĠLH 3HQWUX PDL
PXOWHGHWDOLLGHVSUHEROLOHSURYRFDWHGHKLSR‫܈‬LDYLWDPLQR]HGHVSUHLQVXILFLHQ‫܊‬D
VăUXULORUPLQHUDOHYH]LFDSLWROHOHUHVSHFWLYH
ÌQdeficiența acizilor grași polinesaturațiVFDGHLQWHQVLWDWHDFUH‫܈‬WHULL‫܈‬LUH
]LVWHQ‫܊‬DODIDFWRULLQHIDYRUDELOLGHPHGLXLDUIXQF‫܊‬LDGHUHSURGXFHUHHVWHLQKLEDWă
,QVXILFLHQ‫܊‬DORUVHREVHUYăvQDWHURVFOHUR]ăHF]HPHODFRSLLILFDWJUDVXOFHUJDV
WULF‫܈‬LXOFHUGXRGHQDO
Deficitul de fibre alimentareGHWHUPLQăGLYHUWLFXOR]HDOHFRORQXOXLVLQGUR
PXOGHFRORQLULWDELOKHPRURL]L‫܈‬LFRQVWLSD‫܊‬LHFDQFHUGHFRORQHWF
 SupraalimentațiaKLSHUDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LDUHSUH]LQWăFRQVXPXODOLPHQWHORUvQWUR
FDQWLWDWHPDLPDUHGHFkWFHDQHFHVDUă6HSRDWHGHVIă‫܈‬XUDVXEGRXăIRUPH
DEVROXWăDEX]XULDOLPHQWDUH‫܈‬LUHODWLYăFKHOWXLHOLGHHQHUJLHUHGXVH'H
VHRULDFHHD‫܈‬LSHUVRDQăDUHDPEHOHIRUPHGHKLSHUDOLPHQWDĠLH&RQVXPXO
H[FHVLYGHDOLPHQWHHVWHIDYRUL]DWGHvQVXúLULOHVHQ]RULDOHDWUăJăWRDUHDOH
EXFDWHORUXQHOHSHUVRDQHVHVLPWFDOPDWHGHRPDVăFRSLRDVăGHVHRULSHU
VRDQHOHVWUHVDWHVLPWQHFHVLWDWHDGHFRQVXPURQ‫܊‬ăLWSHUPDQHQWGHDOLPHQWH
 5HGXFHUHDFKHOWXLHOLORUGHHQHUJLHHVWHGHWHUPLQDWăvQSULPXOUkQGGHYLDĠD
VHGHQWDUăGHPHFDQL]DUHDúLGHDXWRPDWL]DUHDSURFHVHORUGHPXQFă
6XSUDDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LDSRDWHDYHDXUPăWRDUHOHIRUPHHWLRORJLFH
● VXUSOXVHQHUJHWLFREH]LWDWHDOLPHQWDUă
● H[FHVGHSURWHLQH
● H[FHVGHOLSLGH
● H[FHVGHJOXFLGH
● H[FHVGHDFL]LJUD‫܈‬LHVHQ‫܊‬LDOLSROLQHVDWXUD‫܊‬LGLVOLSLGHPLL
● VXUSOXVGHYLWDPLQHKLSHUYLWDPLQR]HOH$'KLSHUYLWDPLQR]HOHQHVSH
FLILFDWH&%HWF
● VXUSOXVGHPLQHUDOHIOXRUR]ăVHOHQR]ăKHPRVLGHUR]ăHWF
2SHUVRDQăVHFRQVLGHUăQRUPRSRQGHUDOăGDFăJUHXWDWHDHLHVWHGH“
IDĠăGHPDVDLGHDOWHRUHWLFă0,7'DFăPDVDFRUSRUDOăUHDOăGHSă‫܈‬H‫܈‬WHPDVD
LGHDOăWHRUHWLFăFXVHFRQVLGHUăVXSUDSRQGHUDOăGDFăGHSă‫܈‬H‫܈‬WH0,7
FX±REH]LWDWHPRGHUDWăúLFX±REH]LWDWHLPSRUWDQWă
ObezitateaHVWHRSDWRORJLHPXOWLIDFWRULDOăSHQWUXGH]YROWDUHDHLvPSUH
XQăFXVXSUDDOLPHQWDUHDHVWHQHFHVDUăRFRPELQD‫܊‬LHGHIDFWRULHUHGLWDULLQDFWL
YLWDWHIL]LFăVWUHVRELFHLXULQRFLYH
Excesul de proteineGLQRUJDQLVPGXFHODFUH‫܈‬WHUHDvQFăUFăWXULLSHILFDW‫܈‬L
SHULQLFKL‫܈‬LODKLSHUWURILDORUODQHYUR]ăODVFăGHUHDUH]LVWHQ‫܊‬HLODVWUHVODLQ
GLJHVWLHODGH]YROWDUHDDWHURVFOHUR]HL‫܈‬LODWXOEXUăULPHWDEROLFHDOHYLWDPLQHORU
&XXWLOL]DUHDH[FHVLYăGHSURWHLQHFUHVFSURFHVHOHGHSXWUHIDF‫܊‬LHvQLQWHVWLQGLV
SHSVLHSXWUHIDFWLYăULVFXOGHDGH]YROWDJXWDXUROLWLD]D
Excesul de lipideYHJHWDOHGHWHUPLQăvQWkU]LHUHDFUH‫܈‬WHULLGLDUHHVFăGHUHD
VSHUDQ‫܊‬HLGHYLD‫܊‬ăLQILOWUDUHKHSDWLFăJUDVăGLDWH]ăH[VXGDWLYăDWURILHWHVWLFXODUă
*UăVLPLOH VXSUDvQFăO]LWH VXQW vPERJă‫܊‬LWH FXHSR[L]L FHWRQH ‫܈‬LDFL]LKLGUR[LOLFL
FDUHSRWSURYRFDEROLDOHWUDFWXOXLJDVWURLQWHVWLQDOLQFOXVLYEROLRQFRORJLFH
Excesul de glucideGXFHODFRQYHUVLXQHDORUvQOLSLGHODFUH‫܈‬WHUHDFROHVWHUR
OXOXLGLQVkQJHDUHHIHFWQHJDWLYDVXSUDPLFURIORUHLLQWHVWLQDOHEHQHILFH8WLOL]DUH
XQLFăDXQHLFDQWLWă‫܊‬LVHPQLILFDWLYHGH]DKăUGXFHODKLSHUJOLFHPLH‫܈‬LODFUH‫܈‬WHUHD
SURGXF‫܊‬LHLGHLQVXOLQă 2GDWăFXFUH‫܈‬WHUHD FDQWLWă‫܊‬LL ‫܈‬LIUHFYHQ‫܊‬HLFRQVXPXOXLGH
]DKDUR]ăVHDVRFLD]ăGH]YROWDUHDFDULLORU2LPSRUWDQ‫܊‬ăGHRVHELWăvQDSDUL‫܊‬LDFDULLORU
DUHIRUPDUHDSOăFLORUGHQWDUHFDUHFRQWULEXLHODUH‫܊‬LQHUHD]DKăUXOXLSHVXSUDID‫܊‬DGLQ
‫܊‬LORU‫܈‬LODIRUPDUHDGHDFL]LFDXUPDUHDDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LLYLWDOHDPLFURRUJDQLVPHORU3HQWUX
PDLPXOWHGHWDOLLGHVSUHEROLOHSURYRFDWHGHKLSHUYLWDPLQR]H‫܈‬LVXUSOXVXOGHVăUXUL
PLQHUDOHYH]LFDSLWROHOHUHVSHFWLYH
 Alimentaţia calitativ neadecvatăLQFOXGHSDWRORJLLFDX]DWHGHFDUHQĠDVDX
GHOLSVDWRWDOăDXQRUVDXDPDLPXOWRUVXEVWDQĠHQXWULWLYH
Alimentaţia neechilibratăvQWUXQH‫܈‬WHSDWRORJLLOHFDX]DWHGHGLVEDODQĠDVXE
VWDQĠHORUQXWULWLYHvQUDĠLDDOLPHQWDUăúLVDXUHJLPDOLPHQWDULQFRUHFW
Capitolul ***

Intoxicaţiile alimentare
,QWR[LFDĠLLOHDOLPHQWDUHUHSUH]LQWăPDODGLLDFXWHIRDUWHUDUFURQLFHDSăUXWH
vQXUPDFRQVXPăULLDOLPHQWHORUFRQWDPLQDWHPDVLYFXPLFURRUJDQLVPHGHRDQX
PLWăVSHFLHVDXLPSXULILFDWHFXVXEVWDQĠHWR[LFHSHQWUXRUJDQLVPGHRULJLQHPL
FURELDQăVDXQHPLFURELDQă3RWHYROXDVXEIRUPăGHFD]XULVSRUDGLFHDIHFĠLXQL
GHIDPLOLHúLGHJUXSVDXVXEIRUPăGHL]EXFQLULvQPDVă
Clasificarea intoxicațiilor alimentare
ÌQIXQFĠLHGHHWLRORJLHLQWR[LFDĠLLOHDOLPHQWDUHVHvPSDUWvQWUHLJUXSH
, Intoxicații alimentare microbiene
 WR[LLQIHFĠLLSURYRFDWHGHEDFLOLLcoli, proteus, perfringens, cereus ş.a.
 WR[LFR]HDOLPHQWDUH
D EDFWHULRWR[LFR]HFDX]DWHGHWR[LQHOHVWDILORFRFLORUVDXDOHEDFLOXOXL
ERWXOLQLF
E PLFRWR[LFR]HSURYRFDWHGHWR[LQHOHFLXSHUFLORUPLFURVFRSLFHGLQJH
QXULOHAspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, Claviceps purpurea ş.a
 LQWR[LFDĠLLPL[WHFRPELQDUHDWR[LFR]HORUFXWR[LLQIHF‫܊‬LLOHGHH[Baci-
lul cereus + stafilococul sau proteusul + stafilococul
,, Intoxicații alimentare nemicrobiene
 LQWR[LFD‫܊‬LLFXSURGXVHWR[LFHGHSURYHQLHQ‫܊‬ăYHJHWDOăVDXDQLPDOă
DGHRULJLQHYHJHWDOă
● SODQWHRWUăYLWRDUHGHH[mătrăguna, măselăriţa, cucuta etF
● VHPLQĠHDOHEXUXLHQLORUXQRUFXOWXULFHUHDOLHUHtrichodesma, heli-
otrop ş.a.
● FLXSHUFL RWUăYLWRDUH GH H[ciuperca-albă, buretele-pestriţ ş.a
FRQĠLQ WR[LQHOH Dmanitina, falina, faloidina, muscarina, acid
helvelic
EGHRULJLQHDQLPDOă
● ĠHVXWXUL DOH XQRU DQLPDOH YHQLQRDVH GH H[ XQHOH VSHFLL GH
SHúWL±marinka, întâlnită în Asia Mijlocie)
● VXESURGXVHGHH[glandele cu secreţie internă
 LQWR[LFD‫܊‬LLFXSURGXVHWR[LFHvQDQXPLWHFRQGL‫܊‬LLGHSURYHQLHQ‫܊‬ăYHJHWDOă
VDXDQLPDOă
DGHRULJLQHYHJHWDOă
● FLXSHUFLFRQGLĠLRQDWFRPHVWLELOHamanita-faloidică, buretele-iute,
zbârciogul-grasFDUHQDXIRVWVXSXVHXQHLSUHOXFUăULFXOLQDUHFR
UHVSXQ]ăWRDUHFRQĠLQWR[LQHOH±amanitina, falina, faloidina, mus-
carina, acid helvelic
● VkPEXULLXQRUVSHFLLGHIUXFWHFDLVHSLHUVLFLYLúLQHFRQVXPD‫܊‬L
vQFDQWLWă‫܊‬LPDULFRQĠLQWR[LQD amigdalinD
● IUXFWHOHQXFLOHXQRUVSHFLLGHSODQWHULFLQIDJPLJGDOH
● FDUWRILvQFROĠLĠL‫܈‬LVDXvQYHU]L‫܊‬LFRQĠLQWR[LQD solanina
 ● IăLQăGLQERDEHGHIDVROHFUXGHGDFăQXHVWHVXILFLHQWSUHJăWLWă
WHUPLFFRQĠLQWR[LQD fazina
EGHRULJLQHDQLPDOă
● ILFDWúLLFUHDOHXQRUVSHFLLGHSHúWLştiucă, scrumbievQSHULRDGD
GHSXQHULLLFUHORU
● PLHUHGHDOELQHSURGXVăGLQQHFWDUXOXQRUSODQWHRWUăYLWRDUHvQ
DQLLVHFHWR‫܈‬L
 LQWR[LFDĠLLFXUH]LGXXULGHVXEVWDQĠHFKLPLFH
● SHVWLFLGH
● VăUXULDOHPHWDOHORUJUHOHúLDUVHQ
● DGMXYDQĠLDOLPHQWDULLQWURGXúLvQFDQWLWăĠLQHSHUPLVH
● VXEVWDQĠHFDUHQLPHUHVFvQSURGXVHOHDOLPHQWDUHGLQPHGLXGHSH
YHVHOăDPEDODMXWLODMLQYHQWDU
● QLWUL‫܊‬L
III. Intoxicații alimentare cu etiologie necunoscută:
● PLRJORELQXULDDOLPHQWDUăSDUR[LVPDOăWR[LFă
● XQHOHVSHFLLGHSHúWLGLQODFXULvQXQLLDQL
● FDUQHGHSUHSHOL‫܊‬ă
● KDUEX]

Intoxicaţiile alimentare microbiene

'LQ WRDWH LQWR[LFDĠLL DOLPHQWDUH FHOH PDL UăVSkQGLWH VXQW FHOH PLFURELHQH
6XQWSURYRFDWHGHDJHQĠLSDWRJHQLFDUHDXSURSULHWDWHDGHDVHvQPXOĠL
IRDUWHUHSHGHvQSURGXVHOHDOLPHQWDUHXúRUDOWHUDELOH'HFHOHPDLPXOWHRULSURSUL
HWăĠLOHRUJDQROHSWLFHDVSHFWXOJXVWXOúLPLURVXODOHSURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUHQXVH
VFKLPEăGHúLFRQĠLQRPXOĠLPHGHPLFURRUJDQLVPHVDXRFDQWLWDWHPDUHGHWR[LQH
DOHDFHVWRUDDGHVHDXQHOHúLDOWHOH
,QWR[LFDĠLLOHDOLPHQWDUHPLFURELHQHVXQWFRQGLĠLRQDWHGH
● JUDGXOGHFRQWDPLQDUHDSURGXVXOXLDOLPHQWDUFXEDFWHULLYLLVDXFXWR[LQH
● VSHFLDúLJUDGXOGHYLUXOHQĠăDPLFURRUJDQLVPHORUVDXDWXOSLQLORUORU
● SDUWLFXODULWăĠLOHIL]LFHDOHDOLPHQWXOXL
● JUDGXOGHUH]LVWHQĠăDRUJDQLVPXOXLIDĠăGHJHUPHQL
7R[LLQIHFĠLLOHDOLPHQWDUHEDFWHULHQHVXQWDIHFĠLXQLDFXWHFDUHDSDUODFRQ
VXPDUHDSURGXVHORUFHFRQĠLQIRUPDYHJHWDWLYăDXQXLDJHQWFDX]DOVSHFLILFWR[LQD
SRDWHILSUH]HQWăVDXSRDWHOLSVLGLQSURGXVvQFDQWLWă‫܊‬LPDULPLFURRU
JDQLVPHODJVDXODPOGHSURGXV
7R[LLQIHFĠLLOHEDFWHULHQHSRWILSURYRFDWHGH
● JHUPHQLSRWHQĠLDOLSDWRJHQLProteus mirabilis şi vulgaris, serovarian-
tele enteropatogene ale Escherichia coli, Bacilul cereus, serovarianta
A Clostridium perfringens, serovariantele liquefaciens şi zymogenes
ale Streptococcus faecalis, Vibrio Parahaemolyticus
● JHUPHQLVWXGLDĠLLQVXILFLHQWCitrobacter, Hafnia, Klebsiella, Edwardsi-
ella, Yersinia, Aeromonas, Pseudomonas ş.a.
Capitolul ***

7R[LLQIHF‫܊‬LLOHDOLPHQWDUHEDFWHULHQHVHFDUDFWHUL]HD]ăSULQGHEXWDFXWGXSă
FRQVXPXODOLPHQWHORUSUHJăWLWHFXDQXPLWHvQFăOFăULVDQLWDUHSHUVRQDOVDXDFKL]L
‫܊‬LRQDWH‫܈‬LvQFHWDUHDUDSLGăGXSăvQWUHUXSHUHDFRQVXPXOXLVDXUHWUDJHULLGLQYkQ]DUH
DDOLPHQWHORUFRQWDPLQDWHFXPLFURRUJDQLVPH3HULRDGDGHLQFXED‫܊‬LHSHQWUXWR[L
LQIHF‫܊‬LLOHDOLPHQWDUHEDFWHULHQHHVWHGHGHRUH'DFăSURGXVXOFRQWDPLQDWHVWH
YkQGXWSULQWURUH‫܊‬HDFRPHUFLDOăVDXRUH‫܊‬HDGHDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHSXEOLFăvQFDQWLWă‫܊‬LPDUL
DWXQFLLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LDYDDYHDFDUDFWHUGHL]EXFQLUHvQPDVă/DFRQVXPDUHDDOLPHQWH
ORUSHULFXORDVHvQIDPLOLHVDXLQGLYLGXDODSDULQWR[LFD‫܊‬LLVSRUDGLFH

Toxiinfecții provocate de alimente contaminate cu bacterii din genul

Escherichia coli
7R[LLQIHFĠLLOHSURYRFDWHGHE. coliDXORFDWXQFLFkQGXQHOHWLSXULDOHEDFL
OXOXLvQDQXPLWHFRQGLĠLLFDSăWăSURSULHWăĠLSDWRJHQHúLSURYRDFăLQWR[LFDĠLHDOL
PHQWDUă E. coli SRSXOHD]ăSHUPDQHQWLQWHVWLQHOHRPXOXLGHODQDúWHUHSkQăOD
PRDUWH3UH]HQĠDDFHVWHLEDFWHULLSHPkLQLSHRELHFWHOHvQFRQMXUăWRDUHYHVHOă
úHUYHWXOGHEXFăWăULHHVWHRGRYDGăDQHJOLMHQĠHLVDQLWDUH
3ULQFLSDODVXUVăGHE. coli HQWHURSDWRJHQăHVWHSHUVRDQDEROQDYăVDXSXU
WăWRUXOGHEDFWHULL3RUWDMXOGHEDFWHULLvQUkQGXODGXO‫܊‬LORUYDULD]ăGHODSkQă
ODSULQWUHFRSLL±GHODSkQăOD
&HDPDLIUHFYHQWăFDX]ăDFROLWR[LLQIHF‫܊‬LLORUVXQWFDUQHDSUHSDUDWăSH‫܈‬
WHOHOHJXPHOHSURGXVHOHFXOLQDUHXWLOL]DWHvQDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHIăUăWUDWDPHQWWHUPLF
VDXIăUăWUDWDPHQWWHUPLFUHSHWDW3ăVWUDUHDEXFDWHORU‫܈‬LDSURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUH
OD WHPSHUDWXUL ULGLFDWH FRQWULEXLH OD vQPXO‫܊‬LUHD EDFWHULLORU &ROLWR[LFRLQIHF‫܊‬LLOH
DSDUvQRULFHWLPSDODQXOXLGDUPDLGHVvQSHULRDGDFDOGăFkQGVHFUHHD]ăFRQ
GL‫܊‬LLPDLIDYRUDELOHSHQWUXPXOWLSOLFDUHDEDFWHULLORUvQDOLPHQWH
3HULRDGDGHLQFXED‫܊‬LHDFROLWR[LFRLQIHF‫܊‬LHLHVWHvQWUH‫܈‬LRUHGDUSRDWHIL
‫܈‬LSkQăODRUH‫܈‬LGHSLQGHGHQXPăUXOGHDJHQ‫܊‬LSDWRJHQLYLLSăWUXQ‫܈‬LvQ
RUJDQLVPGHSDWRJHQLWDWHDORUGHVWDUHDWUDFWXOXLJDVWURLQWHVWLQDODOSDFLHQWXOXL
GHJUDGXOGHVXVFHSWLELOLWDWHODLQIHF‫܊‬LH
%RDODvQFHSHDFXWFXIULVRDQHGXUHULDFXWHvQDEGRPHQXQHRULVXEIRUPă
GHFUDPSHVOăELFLXQHDPH‫܊‬HOLGLDUHHJUHD‫܊‬ă‫܈‬LYăUVăWXULODXQLLSDFLHQ‫܊‬L7HPSH
UDWXUDODPDMRULWDWHDSDFLHQ‫܊‬LORUUăPkQHQRUPDOăVDXFUH‫܈‬WHX‫܈‬RUSkQăODVXEIH
EULOă&OLQLFFROLWR[LFRLQIHF‫܊‬LDVHPDQLIHVWăDSURDSHvQWRWGHDXQDSULQVLPSWRPH
GHHQWHULWăDFXWăSHWHUPHQVFXUWJDVWURHQWHULWăVDXHQWHURFROLWă&D]XULOHIăUăGH
UHJOăULGHVFDXQVXQWUDUH'HUHJXOăWR[LFRLQIHF‫܊‬LLOHDOLPHQWDUHGHHWLRORJLHFR
OLEDFWHULDQăGHFXUJUHODWLYX‫܈‬RUGXUDWDEROLLILLQGGH]LOH
3HQWUXVWDELOLUHDGLDJQRVWLFXOXLLQYHVWLJD‫܊‬LLORUEDFWHULRORJLFHVXQWVXSXVH
SURGXVXOVXVSHFWDWIHFDOHOHSDFLHQ‫܊‬LORUPDVHOHYRPLWLYHODYDMXOJDVWULF'HSLV
WDUHDXQXLQXPăUPDUHGHE. coliHQWHURSDWRJHQăGHDFHOD‫܈‬LWLSvQWRDWHVXEVWUD
WXULOHLQYHVWLJDWHFUH‫܈‬WHvQPRGVHPQLILFDWLYSUHFL]LDGLDJQRVWLFXOXLvQVSHFLDO
GDFăVHJăVHVFEDFLOLHQWHURSDWRJHQL ODXQQXPăUVHPQLILFDWLYGHYLFWLPH
,QYHVWLJD‫܊‬LLORUEDFWHULRORJLFHVXQWVXSXVH‫܈‬LODYDMHOHGHSHHFKLSDPHQWHGH
SHLQYHQWDUGHSHPkLQLOH‫܈‬LvPEUăFăPLQWHDSHUVRQDOXOXLGHSHLQVWDOD‫܊‬LLOHDOLPHQ
WDUHSHFDUHVDIăFXWDOLPHQWXOVXVSHFWDW3UHFL]LDQHFRQGL‫܊‬LRQDWăDGLDJQRVWLFXOXL
GHWR[LLQIHF‫܊‬LHDOLPHQWDUăVHVWDELOH‫܈‬WHRGDWăFXGHWHFWDUHDE. coli enteropatogenă
vQVkQJHOHSDFLHQ‫܊‬LORU5HDF‫܊‬LDGHDJOXWLQDUHHVWHGHPDUHDMXWRUvQUHFXQRD‫܈‬WHUHD
LQIHF‫܊‬LLORUHQWHURFROLWLFHDOLPHQWDUH5HDF‫܊‬LDGHDJOXWLQDUHWUHEXLHHIHFWXDWăvQGL
QDPLFăFHHDFHSHUPLWHGHWHFWDUHDODvQFHSXWDXQHLFUH‫܈‬WHUL‫܈‬LDSRLDXQHLVFăGHUL
DWLWUHORUGHDQWLFRUSLODDFHLD‫܈‬LSDFLHQ‫܊‬L
Profilaxia colitoxiinfecțieiSUHVXSXQHWUDWDPHQWXOODWLPSDOOXFUăWRULORUGHOD
RELHFWLYHOHDOLPHQWDUHDSDFLHQ‫܊‬LORUFXFROHFLVWLWăFROLEDFWHULDQăSLHOL‫܊‬ăSDUDSURF
WLWă(VWHIRDUWHLPSRUWDQWVăVHLGHQWLILFHSXUWăWRULLGHE. coli enteropatogenă vQWLPS
XWLOSULQWUHOXFUăWRULLRELHFWLYHORUDOLPHQWDUH‫܈‬LWUDWDUHDORUÌQXQLWă‫܊‬LOHGHFDWHULQJ
WUHEXLHUHVSHFWDWHQRUPHOHVDQLWDUHGHSUHSDUDUHDSURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUH‫܈‬LDEXFD
WHORUFDUHQXVXQWVXSXVHXQXLWUDWDPHQWWHUPLFUHSHWDWMHOHXULVDODWHGHFDUQHOH
JXPHSH‫܈‬WH‫܈‬LDOWHIHOXULGHPkQFDUH
'HSR]LWDUHDODUHFHDSURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUH‫܈‬LDEXFDWHORUJDWDSUHSDUDWH
SăVWUDUHDVHSDUDWăGHPDWHULLOHSULPH‫܈‬LVHPLIDEULFDWHUHVSHFWDUHDVWULFWăDWHUPH
QHORUGHYkQ]DUHDSURGXVHORUWUDQVSRUWDUHDSURGXVHORUvQWUXQWUDQVSRUWVSHFLDO
SUHOXFUDUHDDWHQWă ‫܈‬LGH]LQIHFWDUHDLQYHQWDUXOXL‫܈‬LDHFKLSDPHQWHORU UHVSHFWDUHD
VWULFWăDUHJXOLORUGHXWLOL]DUHDLQYHQWDUXOXLLQGXVWULDO‫܈‬LGHX]FDVQLF D LJLHQHL
SHUVRQDOH‫܈‬LLQGXVWULDOHSHUPLWHSUHYHQLUHDWR[LLQIHF‫܊‬LLORUQXQXPDLGHQDWXUăFR
OLEDFWHULDQăFL‫܈‬LDDOWRUWR[LLQIHF‫܊‬LLDOLPHQWDUHPLFURELHQH

Toxiinfecții provocate de alimente contaminate cu bacterii din genul

Proteus
*HQXOProteusUHXQH‫܈‬WHFLQFLVSHFLLFDUHGLIHUăSULQSURSULHWă‫܊‬LOHORUELR
FKLPLFHGRXăGLQFDUHSURYRDFăWR[LLQIHF‫܊‬LLDOLPHQWDUH±Pr. vulgaris ‫܈‬L Pr. mi-
rabilis.
7HPSHUDWXUDRSWLPăSHQWUXGH]YROWDUHDDFHVWRUEDFWHULLHVWHFXSULQVăvQWUH
ƒ&ProteusulSRDWHFUH‫܈‬WHODYDORULH[WUHPHDOHS+XOXLGHODOD
HVWHUH]LVWHQWODXVFDUHODFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LLPDULGHFORUXUăGHVRGLXPRDUHQXPDL
GXSăDIODUHDWLPSGHGHRUHvQPHGLLFXXQFRQ‫܊‬LQXWULGLFDWGHFORUXUăGHVRGLX
ProteusulDUHXQHIHFWDQWDJRQLVWSURQXQ‫܊‬DWDVXSUDPLFURIORUHLLQWHV
WLQDOHVFKLPEkQGDFWLYLWDWHDYLWDOă‫܈‬LUHOD‫܊‬LLOHFDQWLWDWLYHGLQWUHPLFUREL
%DFWHULLOHGLQDFHVWJHQVXQWUăVSkQGLWHSHODUJvQPHGLXvQVSHFLDOvQOR
FXULOHXQGHH[LVWăRDPHQLDQLPDOH‫܈‬LVXEVWUDWXULSXWUHGH3UH]HQ‫܊‬DDFHVWRUEDF
WHULLvQPHGLXHVWHVWUkQVOHJDWăGHSUH]HQ‫܊‬DIHFDOHORUXPDQH‫܈‬LDQLPDOHSUHFXP
‫܈‬LDUHVWXULORU GH PDWHULHRUJDQLFă GHRULJLQH DQLPDOă &XOWXULOH GH Proteus OD
SDFLHQ‫܊‬LLFXHQWHURFROLWăDFXWăFROLWăFURQLFăGLVSHSVLH‫܈‬LDOWHDIHF‫܊‬LXQLLQWHVWL
QDOHVXQWGHRULPDLIUHFYHQWHGHFkWGLQIHFDOHOHSHUVRDQHORUVăQăWRDVH
'HUkQGFXSHUVRDQHOHEROQDYHVXUVăGHLQIHF‫܊‬LHSRWIL‫܈‬LFHOHSXUWăWRDUH
GHEDFWHULLFDUHHOLPLQăWXOSLQLSDWRJHQHGHProteusFXIHFDOHOH5ROXOSXUWăWRUL
ORUGHEDFWHULLvQLQIHF‫܊‬LDSURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUHFUH‫܈‬WHVHPQLILFDWLYGDFăDFHVWHD
Capitolul ***

OXFUHD]ăODvQWUHSULQGHULDOLPHQWDUH‫܈‬LSDUWLFLSăODJăWLW3RUWDMXOGHProteusFRQ
VWLWXLHFLUFDLDUvQJUXSHOHGHIDYRUL]DWHGHSRSXOD‫܊‬LH±
,QWR[LFDĠLLOHSURYRFDWHGHProteusVXQWGHVFXUWăGXUDWă±]LOH,QYHQ
WDUXOGLQEXFăWăULHSRDWHVHUYLUHSHWDWGUHSWVXUVăGHLQIHFĠLHSHQWUXSURGXVH3H
ULRDGDGHLQFXED‫܊‬LHYDULD]ăGHODRUHSkQăODGHRUHXQHRULVFXUWkQGXVH
OD  RUH VDX SUHOXQJLQGXVH OD  GH RUH %RDOD vQFHSH DFXW FX VLPSWRPH GH
JDVWURHQWHULWă VOăELFLXQH JHQHUDOă JUHD‫܊‬ă ‫܈‬L DSRL YăUVăWXUL GXUHUL WăLHWRDUH vQ
DEGRPHQGLDUHHIHEUă
ÌQFHOHPDLPXOWHFD]XULWR[LFRLQIHF‫܊‬LLOHFXProteus DXRHYROX‫܊‬LHX‫܈‬RDUă
FXXQUH]XOWDWIDYRUDELOÌQIRUPHOHPRGHUDWHDOHEROLLWHPSHUDWXUDFUH‫܈‬WHSkQă
ODƒ&‫܈‬LPDLVXVDSDUGXUHULDEGRPLQDOHYăUVăWXULOHVXQWPDLVHYHUHGHFkWvQ
IRUPHOHX‫܈‬RDUHDOHEROLLVFDXQHOLFKLGHIUHFYHQWHDGHVHDGHSkQăODRULSH]L
XQHRULFXDPHVWHFGHPXFXV‫܈‬LGHVkQJH/LPEDXVFDWăDFRSHULWăFXGHSR]LWDOE
DEGRPHQXOEDORQDWÌQIRUPHOHVHYHUHDOHEROLLGXUHUHDDEGRPLQDOăHVWHORFDOL
]DWăPDLGHVvQUHJLXQHDHSLJDVWULFă‫܈‬LSRDUWăFDUDFWHUWăLHWRU
Măsuri de profilaxie a toxiinfecţiilor DOLPHQWDUHSURYRFDWHGHProteusVXQW
UHVSHFWDUHDXQXLUHJLPVDQLWDUVWULFWvQEXFăWăULHSURWHMDUHDSURGXVHORUDOLPHQ
WDUHGHLQIHFWDUHFXProteus SULQUHVSHFWDUHDFXVWULFWH‫܊‬HDUHJXOLORUWHKQRORJLFH
ODSUHSDUDUHDEXFDWHORUPHQ‫܊‬LQHUHDFRQVWDQWăDUHJLPXOXLVDQLWDUDOLQVWDOD‫܊‬LLORU
DOLPHQWDUHSăVWUDUHDFRUHFWăDSURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUHXúRUDOWHUDELOHODWHPSHUD
WXULMRDVHUHVSHFWDUHDWHUPHQHORUSHQWUXYkQ]DUHDSURGXVHORU‫܈‬LDEXFDWHORUJDWD
SUHSDUDWHUHVSHFWDUHDFRQGL‫܊‬LLORUGHWUDQVSRUW
3HQWUXDSUHYHQLWR[LLQIHF‫܊‬LLOHSURYRFDWHGH ProteusWUHEXLHDFRUGDWăDWHQ
‫܊‬LHGHWHFWăULL‫܈‬LWUDWDPHQWXOXLODWLPSDOXFUăWRULORUGHODRELHFWLYHOHDOLPHQWDUH‫܈‬L
FXDOWHDIHF‫܊‬LXQLDFXWHDOHWUDFWXOXLJDVWURLQWHVWLQDO(VWHIRDUWHLPSRUWDQWăLGHQ
WLILFDUHDSXUWăWRULORUGHVHURWLSXULSDWRJHQHGHProteusSULQWUHSHUVRDQHOHFDUH
OXFUHD]ăODRELHFWLYHOH DOLPHQWDUHvQ WLPSXWLO (VWH LPSRUWDQWă VXSUDYHJKHUHD
VDQLWDUYHWHULQDUăDDQLPDOHORUSHQWUXLGHQWLILFDUHDFHORUEROQDYH

Toxiinfecții provocate de alimente contaminate cu

Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium perfringensHVWHRFDX]ăIUHFYHQWăDWR[LLQIHF‫܊‬LLORUDOLPHQWDUH
7R[LQHOHIRUPDWHGHDFHDVWăEDFWHULHVXQWGHPDLPXOWHWLSXUL$%&'(
7R[LLQIHFĠLLOHDOLPHQWDUHVXQWSURYRFDWHPDLGHVGHEDFLOLLGHWLSXO$‫܈‬LPDLUDU
GHWLSXO')RUPHOHYHJHWDWLYHDOHCl. perfringensVXQWUH]LVWHQWHODWHPSHUDWXUL
ULGLFDWHDFL]LED]HR[LJHQGH]LQIHFWDQ‫܊‬LFRQYHQ‫܊‬LRQDOLDQWLELRWLFH
Cl. perfringensHVWHUăVSkQGLWSHODUJvQQDWXUă‫܈‬LVHJăVHVFSHVWHWRWVRO
SUDIDSDUkXULORU‫܈‬LODFXULORUH[FUHPHQWHOHRDPHQLORUDQLPDOHORU0HGLXOGHYL
D‫܊‬ăDODFHVWRUDJHQ‫܊‬LSDWRJHQLHVWHLQWHVWLQXODQLPDOHORUHUELYRUH‫܈‬LDORDPHQLORU
ODGLQSHUVRDQHOHVăQăWRDVHÌQLQWHVWLQHOHDQLPDOHORU‫܈‬LRDPHQLORUVHDIOă
vQIRUPDYHJHWDWLYăLDUvQVRO±GHVSRUL
 3URGXVHOHDOLPHQWDUHVXQWFRQWDPLQDWHIRDUWHGHVFXCl. perfringens. $VWIHO
vQFDUQHVHvQWkOQHúWHvQILHFDUHDFLQFHDSUREăvQSHúWH±vQILHFDUHDúDSWHDvQOH
JXPH±vQILHFDUHDWUHLD$WkWFRQWDPLQDUHDSURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUHPDLDOHVDFăUQLL
FXCl. perfringensFkWúLvQPXOĠLUHDUDSLGăDXORFvQWLPSXOSăVWUăULLSURGXVHORU
0HGLXO DFLG UHĠLQHFUHúWHUHD EDFLOXOXL úLIRUPDUHD WR[LQHL OXL 'H DFHHD
vQPXOĠLUHDEDFLOXOXLSUDFWLFHVWHLPSRVLELOăvQURúLLúLvQDOWHOHJXPH7R[LLQIHFĠLL
DOLPHQWDUHGXSăFRQVXPXOEXFDWHORUSUHJăWLWHGLQOHJXPHVHvQWkOQHVFUDUGHúL
Cl. perfringensPDLIUHFYHQWHVWHGHSLVWDWvQOHJXPH)RDUWHSHULFXORDVHVXQWVD
ODWHOHGLQFDUQHúLGLQOHJXPHGHRDUHFHEDFLOLLVHDIOăFHOPDLGHVvQOHJXPHLDU
FDUQHDSUH]LQWăXQPHGLXIRDUWHIDYRUDELOSHQWUXGH]YROWDUHDORU/DSUHOXFUDUHD
WHUPLFăDSURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUHCl. perfringensSLHUHLDU VSRULL UăPkQ 'DFă
SURGXVHOHSUHOXFUDWHWHUPLFVHSăVWUHD]ăODWHPSHUDWXUDFDPHUHLVSRULLVHGH]YROWă
WUDQVIRUPkQGXVHvQIRUPDYHJHWDWLYăDPLFUREXOXL'HDFHHDWRDWHEXFDWHOHFDUH
VHSUHJăWHVFGLQWLPSúLVHSăVWUHD]ăFkWHYD]LOHvQDLQWHGHDILFRQVXPDWHQXPDL
GHFkWWUHEXLHVXSXVHXQHLQRLSUHOXFUăULWHUPLFH%XFDWHOHFRQWDPLQDWHFXCl. per-
fringens QXVHGHRVHEHVFGHEXFDWHOHFRQWDPLQDWHFXDOWHEDFWHULLQLFLSULQPLURV
QLFLSULQJXVW/DSULPDYHGHUHSDUDILEXQHSHQWUXFRQVXP
7R[LLQIHF‫܊‬LLOHFDX]DWHGHCl. perfringens GHWLS$FHOPDLGHVDSDUFXVLPS
WRPHGHJDVWURHQWHULWăLDUFHOHJHQHUDWHGHWLSXO%VHFDUDFWHUL]HD]ăSULQSURFHVH
LQIODPDWRULLDFXWH‫܈‬LQHFURWLFHvQLQWHVWLQHYROX‫܊‬LHVHYHUăFXGHFHVHIUHFYHQWH3H
ULRDGDGHLQFXED‫܊‬LHYDULD]ăvQWUH‫܈‬LGHRUH'HEXWXOEROLLHVWHDFXWFXVOăEL
FLXQHGXUHULSDUR[LVWLFHSXWHUQLFHvQDEGRPHQGLDUHHJUHD‫܊‬ăODXQLLSDFLHQ‫܊‬LFX
YRPă ‫܈‬L IULVRDQH $OăWXUL GH JDVWURHQWHULWă VLPSWRPHOHLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LHL JHQHUDOH VH
GH]YROWă WUHSWDW VOăELFLXQH FHIDOHH DPH‫܊‬HOL WDKLFDUGLH KLSRWHQVLXQH DUWHULDOă
'XUDWDEROLLHVWHGHODRUHSkQăOD]LOHLDUODSDFLHQ‫܊‬LLFXIRUPHVHYHUHSkQă
ODVDXFKLDU]LOH/DSDFLHQ‫܊‬LLFXIRUPHVHYHUHFDXUPDUHDGHVKLGUDWăULL‫܈‬L
DSLHUGHULLVHPQLILFDWLYHGHVDUHVHREVHUYăRVFăGHUHEUXVFăDWHQVLXQLLDUWHULDOH
FRODSVFUH‫܈‬WHUHDIUHFYHQ‫܊‬HLFDUGLDFHVFăGHUHDGLXUH]HLFRQYXOVLL
Prevenirea toxiinfecțiiloralimentare cauzate deCl. perfringensFRQVWăvQ
H[FOXGHUHDSăWUXQGHULLDJHQWXOXLSDWRJHQSHDOLPHQWHVDXSHEXFDWHOHSUHSDUDWH
1XVHSHUPLWHFRQWDPLQDUHDFăUQLLFXFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOLQWHVWLQDOODWăLHUHDFDUFDVHORU
GHDQLPDOHGHRDUHFHSRDWHGXFHODFRQWDPLQDUHDFăUQLLFXCl. perfringenVFDUH
VHJăVHVFvQFDQWLWă‫܊‬LVHPQLILFDWLYHvQLQWHVWLQHOHDQLPDOHORU'LQFDX]DUăVSkQ
GLULLODUJLDCl. perfringensvQPHGLXvQVSHFLDOvQVROXQORFLPSRUWDQWvQSUH
YHQLUHDWR[LLQIHF‫܊‬LHLvODUHH[FOXGHUHDSROXăULLSURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUHFXSDUWLFXOH
GHVROSUHFXP‫܈‬LFXUă‫܊‬DUHDPLQX‫܊‬LRDVăDOHJXPHORUDPDWHULHLSULPH‫܈‬LDVHPLID
EULFDWHORUGHSDUWLFXOHGHVRO3HQWUXDSUHYHQLWR[LLQIHF‫܊‬LLOHFXSURGXVHOHODFWDWH
GHUkQGFXUHVSHFWDUHDVWULFWăDUHJLPXOXLVDQLWDUODIHUPHOH‫܈‬LODIDEULFLOHGHODSWH
HVWHQHFHVDUăLGHQWLILFDUHDSXUWăWRULORUGHWXOSLQLGHCl. perfringens SULQWUHPXO
JăWRDUH‫܈‬LSHUVRQDOXODQJDMDWvQLQGXVWULDSURGXFăWRDUHGHODSWH
Capitolul ***

Toxiinfecții provocate de alimente contaminate cu Bacillus cereus 

Bacillus cereusVHDIOăSHUPDQHQWvQVROúLQLPHUHúWHXúRUSHWRDWHRELHFWHOH
FDUHQHvQFRQMRDUă6HSRDWHPXOWLSOLFDSHRPDUHYDULHWDWHGHSURGXVHGHRULJLQH
YHJHWDOă‫܈‬LDQLPDOăIăUăDPRGLILFDSURSULHWă‫܊‬LOHORURUJDQROHSWLFH&HOHPDLFRQ
WDPLQDWHVXQWFDUQHDWRFDWăPH]HOXULOHSURGXVHOHODFWDWH‫܈‬LFRQVHUYHOH/DRWHP
SHUDWXUăGHƒ&EDFWHULLOHQXVHvQPXO‫܊‬HVFRUHSURGXFHUHLQWHQVăDWHVWkQGXVH
ODƒ&‫܈‬LPDLDOHVOD±ƒ&S+XORSWLPGHPXOWLSOLFDUHHVWHGHƒ&
ÌQODSWHOHFUXGSURGXVHOHDFLGRODFWLFHEUkQ]ăGHYDFLEDFLOXOQXVHvQPXO‫܊‬H‫܈‬WH
3HULRDGDGHLQFXED‫܊‬LHDWR[LLQIHF‫܊‬LHLFXB. cereusGXUHD]ăvQWUH‫܈‬LRUH
%RDOD vQFHSHDFXWFXGXUHULDEGRPLQDOHSXWHUQLFHJUHD‫܊‬ă GLDUHH 6FDXQXOHVWH
OLFKLGDSRVFXPXOWPXFXVGHSkQăODGHRULSH]L7HPSHUDWXUDHVWHQRU
PDOăVDXVXEIHEULOă9RPDHVWHUDUHRULREVHUYDWă'XUDWDEROLL±SkQăOD]LOH
'LDJQRVWLFXOWR[LLQIHFĠLHLFXB. cereus VHIDFHSHED]DWDEORXOXLFOLQLFUH
]XOWDWHORUFHUFHWăULLVDQLWDURHSLGHPLRORJLFHDFD]XOXLúLDFRPSDUăULLUH]XOWDWHORU
DQDOL]HORU EDFWHULRORJLFH DOH SURGXVHORU DOLPHQWDUH VXVSHFWH úL DOH HOLPLQăULORU
RPXOXL XULQHL PDVHORU IHFDOH PDVHORU YRPLWLYH úL D VkQJHOXL KHPRFXOWXUD
UHDFĠLDGHDJOXWLQDUH&RQILUPDUHDGLDJQRVWLFXOXLFOLQLFDOWR[LLQIHF‫܊‬LLORUSURYR
FDWHGHB. cereusVHIDFHSULQLQYHVWLJD‫܊‬LLEDFWHULRORJLFH'LDJQRVWLFXOHVWHFRQVL
GHUDWFRQILUPDWGDFăvQDEVHQ‫܊‬DXQHLDOWHIORUHSDWRJHQHVDXFRQGL‫܊‬LRQDWSDWRJHQH
VHL]ROHD]ăB. cereusGLQSURGXVXODOLPHQWDUvQFDQWLWDWHGHJ‫܈‬LPDLPXOW
GLQ IHFDOH J ‫܈‬L PDL PXOW GLQ PDVH YRPLWLYH ‫܈‬L DSD GH VSăODUH JDVWULFă
PO‫܈‬LPDLPXOW'DFăHVWHLPSRVLELOGHLQYHVWLJDWSURGXVHOHL]RODUHDSDUD
OHOăD%. cereusvQPDVHOHIHFDOHvQPDVHOHYRPLWLYHVDXvQDSDGHVSăODUHJDV
WULFăDUHRYDORDUHGLDJQRVWLFă/DIHO‫܈‬LGHWHFWDUHDDFHVWXLPLFURRUJDQLVPQXPDL
vQPDWHULLOHIHFDOHvQSHULRDGDDFXWăDWR[LLQIHF‫܊‬LHL‫܈‬LGLVSDUL‫܊‬LDvQSHULRDGDGH
UHFXSHUDUH2DQXPLWăYDORDUHGLDJQRVWLFăDUH‫܈‬LUHDF‫܊‬LDGHDJOXWLQDUHDVHUXOXL
FDUHWUHEXLHGHWHUPLQDWăvQGLQDPLFă
ÌQprevenirea toxiinfecțiilor cauzate deB. cereus DXRLPSRUWDQ‫܊‬ăGHRVHELWă
PăVXULOHGHFRQWURO DFDOLWă‫܊‬LLSURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUHGHGHSR]LWDUHFRUHVSXQ]ă
WRDUHGHWUDQVSRUWGHWUDWDUHWHUPLFăDGHFYDWăGHLPSOHPHQWDUHFRUHVSXQ]ăWRDUH
‫܈‬LGHFRQWURODLPSOHPHQWăULLQRUPHORUGHLJLHQăSHUVRQDOăGHFăWUHDQJDMD‫܊‬LLvQWUH
SULQGHULORUDOLPHQWDUH‫܈‬LDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHLSXEOLFH6HYDDWUDJHDWHQ‫܊‬LHODVWHULOL]DUHD
FRQGLPHQWHORUDUGHLIUXQ]HGHGDILQDGăXJDWHODWRFăWXUDSHQWUXPH]HOXUL3kU
MRDOHOH‫܈‬LEăWXWHOHGLQFDUQHWRFDWăWUHEXLHVăILHSUăMLWHvQJUăVLPLvQFăO]LWHSkQăOD
WHPSHUDWXUDGHILHUEHUHWLPSGHFHOSX‫܊‬LQGHPLQXWH‫܈‬LDSRL‫܊‬LQXWHvQFXSWRUOD
ƒ&WLPSGHGHPLQXWH&DQWLWDWHDGHB. cereus GLQDOLPHQWHOHFUXGH
QXWUHEXLHVăGHSă‫܈‬HDVFăGHFHOXOHPLFURELHQHGHJ
7UHEXLHUHVSHFWD‫܊‬LWHUPHQLL‫܈‬LFRQGL‫܊‬LLOHGHSăVWUDUHDPkQFăUXULORUFDOGHvQ
GHSDUWDPHQWXOGHGLVWULEXLUHDXQHLXQLWă‫܊‬LGHDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHSXEOLFă±SăVWUDUHDvQ
PDUPLWHDEXFDWHORUGLQFDUQHQXPDLPXOWGHRUHODRDQXPLWăWHPSHUDWXUă
SHQWUXEXFDWHOHGHIHOXOvQWkLQXPDLPLFLGHƒ&‫܈‬LSHQWUXIHOXULOHGRL±QXPDL
PLFLGHƒ&SHQWUXEXFDWHOHGLQOHJXPH±QXPDLPXOWGHRUă
 Toxiinfecții provocate de alimente contaminate cu enterococi
(streptococi)
(QWHURFRFLLVXQWIRDUWHUH]LVWHQ‫܊‬LvQPHGLXVXSRUWkQGWHPSHUDWXULGHOD
SkQăODƒ&‫܈‬LXQFRQ‫܊‬LQXWGHFORUXUăGHVRGLXvQSURGXVHOHDOLPHQWDUHGH
/DXQS+UH]LVWăvQFăO]LUHDSkQăODƒ&WLPSGHPLQXWHLDUODƒ&PRU
vQPLQXWH5H]LVWăODXVFDUHWROHUHD]ăWHPSHUDWXULOHVFă]XWHSHQWUXROXQJă
SHULRDGăGHWLPSDXRKDORILOLFLWDWHDFFHQWXDWăvQPXO‫܊‬LQGXVHvQPHGLLFXFRQ‫܊‬L
QXWGHFORUXUăGHVRGLXSkQăODFUHVFvQPHGLLFXXQLQWHUYDOPDUHGHS+±
GHODSkQăOD
$JHQ‫܊‬LLFDX]DOLDLWR[LLQIHF‫܊‬LLORUVXQWGRDUWXOSLQLOHenterocociceFXSUR
SULHWă‫܊‬LHQWHURWR[LFH(QWHURFRFLLFDUHSUH]HQWDQ‫܊‬LDLPLFURIORUHLQRUPDOHDLQ
WHVWLQHORURDPHQLORU ‫܈‬LDQLPDOHORUFXVkQJH FDOGQLPHUHVFvQFDQWLWă‫܊‬L PDUL vQ
PHGLXVRODHUDSăSODQWH‫܈‬LSURGXVHDOLPHQWDUH6XUVDFRQWDPLQăULLVXQWRDPH
QLL‫܈‬L DQLPDOHOH FXVkQJHFDOGLDU vQvQWUHSULQGHULOHDOLPHQWDUH± EROQDYLL VDX
SXUWăWRULLGHEDFWHULLGLQUkQGXODQJDMD‫܊‬LORU
$OLPHQWHOHSRWILFRQWDPLQDWHFXHQWHURFRFLFDXUPDUHDFRQWDFWăULLDFHV
WRUDFXFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOLQWHVWLQDOSUHFXP‫܈‬LSHFDOHDHULDQăÌQPH]HOXULEXFDWHJDWD
‫܈‬LDOLPHQWHFRQYHQDELOHRE‫܊‬LQXWHGLQPDJD]LQHOHDOLPHQWDUH‫܈‬LSDWLVHULLHQWHUR
FRFLLVHGHSLVWHD]ăvQGLQFD]XUL3UH]HQ‫܊‬DDFHVWRUPLFURRUJDQLVPHHVWHPDL
GHVREVHUYDWăvQMHOHXUL‫܈‬LGLYHUVHVDODWH
(QWHURFRFLLVHvQPXO‫܊‬HVFUDSLG‫܈‬LLQWHQVvQWURPDUHYDULHWDWHGHDOLPHQWH
ODWHPSHUDWXUDFDPHUHL‫܈‬LDWLQJFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LDPD[LPăvQSULPD]L
0DQLIHVWăULOHFOLQLFHDOHWR[LLQIHF‫܊‬LLORUFDX]DWHGHHQWHURFRFLQXVXQWWLSLFH
'XUDWDSHULRDGHLGHLQFXED‫܊‬LHHVWHGHRUH&HOPDLGHVERDODGXUHD]ăGHOD
FkWHYDRUHSkQăODR]LUDUHRULSkQăOD]LOH3DFLHQ‫܊‬LLDFX]ăJUHD‫܊‬ăYRPăGXUHUL
DEGRPLQDOHGLDUHH
ÌQGLDJQRVWLFDUHDWR[LLQIHF‫܊‬LLORUFDX]DWHGHHQWHURFRFLVXQWHIHFWXDWHLQYHV
WLJD‫܊‬LLEDFWHULRORJLFHDOHIHFDOHORUYăUVăWXULORUVSăOăWXULORUJDVWULFH‫܈‬LUH]LGXXUL
ORU DOLPHQWDUH SHQWUX LGHQWLILFDUHD PLFURIORUHL DFRUGkQG DWHQ‫܊‬LH FRQWDPLQăULL
FDQWLWDWLYH‫܈‬LSHLVDMXOXLVSHFLLORUGHHQWHURFRFL$SDUWHQHQ‫܊‬DVHURORJLFăODJUXSXO
'VHGHWHUPLQăSULQUHDF‫܊‬LDGHSUHFLSLWDUHFXDQWLVHUXULGHLHSXUH
Prevenirea toxiinfecțiilor alimentare de etiologie enterococicăHVWHDFHHD‫܈‬L
FD‫܈‬LODDOWHWR[LLQIHF‫܊‬LLDOLPHQWDUH‫܈‬LVHUH]XPăODUHVSHFWDUHDFHULQ‫܊‬HORUGHGHSR
]LWDUHGHWUDQVSRUWDUHGHYkQ]DUH‫܈‬LGHSUHSDUDUHDSURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUH‫܈‬LDEX
FDWHORU UHVSHFWkQGUHJXOLOHGHLJLHQă SHUVRQDOă GH FăWUH SHUVRQDOXO RELHFWLYHORU
DOLPHQWDUH‫܈‬LGHFDWHULQJ

Toxiinfecții provocate de alimente contaminate cu bacterii din genul

Yersinia
Y. entercoliticaVHJăVH‫܈‬WHDGHVHDvQDSDGHVSăODUHDOHJXPHORUUHFLSLHQ
WHORUUDIWXULORUGLQGHSR]LWHOHGHOHJXPHEROXULORUGHSăVWUDUHDODSWHOXLÌQUăV
SkQGLUHD\HUVLQLR]HLVXQWLQFULPLQDWHDWkWDQLPDOHOHGRPHVWLFHSRUFLRLERYLQH
Capitolul ***

SLVLFLFkLQLFkW‫܈‬LFHOHVăOEDWLFHUR]ăWRDUHSăVăUL3ULQFLSDOLLIDFWRULGHWUDQ

VPLWHUHDDJHQWXOXLSDWRJHQVXQWFDUQHDODSWHOHSURGXVHOHRE‫܊‬LQXWHSULQSUHOX
FUDUHDORUSUHFXP‫܈‬LOHJXPHOHFUXGHÌQODSWHOHFROHFWDWGHODIHUPHOHGHODSWH
Y. enterocolitica HVWHvQWkOQLWăUDUSUREDELOGDWRULWăDF‫܊‬LXQLLVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HORUEDFWHUL
FLGHGLQODSWHOHSURDVSăWPXOVÌQODSWHOHGHODSXQFWHOHGHFROHFWDUHSURFHQWXO
GHHOLEHUDUHDDJHQWXOXLSDWRJHQHVWHGH
$QXPLWHWXOSLQLGHY. enterocoliticaVXQWFDSDELOHVăSURGXFăHQWHURWR[LQH
UH]LVWHQWHODIDFWRULIL]LFL‫܈‬LFKLPLFL'HH[HPSOXRHQWHURWR[LQăSURGXVăGHR
WXOSLQă GH Y. enterocolitica,D UH]LVWDW OD vQFăO]LUH SkQăOD  ƒ& WLPS GH 
PLQXWHODSăVWUDUHDvQIULJLGHUODƒ&WLPSGHOXQL‫܈‬LODS+XOPHGLXOXLGHOD
SkQăOD2SURSULHWDWHH[WUHPGHLPSRUWDQWăD<enterocoliticaHVWHFDSDFL
WDWHDQXQXPDLGHDVXSUDYLH‫܊‬XLFL‫܈‬LGHDVHPXOWLSOLFDODWHPSHUDWXULVFă]XWHvQ
VSHFLDOODIULJLGHU7HPSHUDWXUDFHDPDLIDYRUDELOăSHQWUXFUH‫܈‬WHUHDDFHVWXLPL
FURRUJDQLVPHVWHGHƒ&ODƒ&FUH‫܈‬WHUHDVHRSUH‫܈‬WH
6XUVDGHFRQWDPLQDUHDSURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUHFXY. enterocoliticaVXQWSHU
VRDQHOHERYLQHOHSRUFLL‫܈‬LDQLPDOHGRPHVWLFHFX\HUVLQLR]ă
3HULRDGDGHLQFXED‫܊‬LHGXUHD]ăGHODFkWHYDRUHSkQăOD]LOH&HOHPDL
SHUVLVWHQWHVLPSWRPHVXQWOH]LXQHDWUDFWXOXLJDVWURLQWHVWLQDOVXEIRUPăGHJDV
WURHQWHURFROLWăDSHQGLFLWăDFXWă'HVHRUL\HUVLQLR]DVHPDQLIHVWăSULQDIHFWDUHD
ILFDWXOXLSLHOLLJDQJOLRQLORUOLPIDWLFLFHUYLFDOLSROLDUWULWă6HPDLvQUHJLVWUHD]ă
GXUHULGHFDSIULVRDQHWUDQVSLUD‫܊‬LHGXUHULPXVFXODUH‫܈‬LDUWLFXODUHJUHD‫܊‬ăYRPă
IHEUăUHDF‫܊‬LDGHVHGLPHQWDUHDHULWURFLWHORUDFFHOHUDWăPPK
6XQWDIHFWDWHSHUVRDQHGHWRDWHYkUVWHOHDWkWEăUED‫܊‬LFkW‫܈‬LIHPHLPDLIUHF
YHQWVXQWEROQDYLFRSLLLLQFOXVLYvQSULPXODQGHYLD‫܊‬ăDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LQXGRDUDUWLIL
FLDOGDU‫܈‬LSULQDOăSWDUHODVkQ
7R[LLQIHF‫܊‬LDODRDPHQLDSDUHSHWRWSDUFXUVXODQXOXLFXRFUH‫܈‬WHUHVH]RQL
HUă vQ SHULRDGD WRDPQăLDUQă 3ULQWUH PRGDOLWă‫܊‬LOH GH UăVSkQGLUH D \HUVLQLR]HL
PDMRULWDWHDFHUFHWăWRULORUVXEOLQLD]ăLPSRUWDQ‫܊‬DDOLPHQWHORU
ÌQGLDJQRVWLFDUHDWR[LLQIHF‫܊‬LHLDOLPHQWDUHFDX]DWHGHYersiniaVHSUDFWLFă
LQYHVWLJD‫܊‬LLEDFWHULRORJLFHDOHPDVHORUIHFDOHYRPLWLYHDSHLGHVSăODUHJDVWULFă
‫܈‬LUH]LGXXULORUDOLPHQWDUHODSUH]HQ‫܊‬DEDFWHULHL
ProfilaxiaHVWHODIHOFD‫܈‬LvQWR[LLQIHF‫܊‬LLOHSURYRFDWHGHSURGXVHOHDOLPHQ
WDUHFRQWDPLQDWHFX E. coli VDX Proteus. 

Toxicozele alimentare bacterieneEDFWHULRWR[LFR]HOHVHPDQLIHVWăSULQWUR

VWDUHPRUELGăFDUHDSDUHvQXUPDFRQVXPXOXLSURGXVHORUFHFRQĠLQWR[LQHOHXQXL
DJHQWSDWRJHQVSHFLILFEDFLOXOERWXOLQLFVWDILORFRFXODXULXÌQVXúLDJHQWXOSDWRJHQ
SRDWHOLSVLVDXVHDIOăvQFDQWLWăĠLPLFL'LQWUHWR[LFR]HOHDOLPHQWDUHEDFWHULHQHFHO
PDLGHVVHvQWkOQHVFERWXOLVPXOúLWR[LFR]DDOLPHQWDUăVWDILORFRFLFă
BotulismulHVWHFHDPDLVHYHUăWR[LFR]ăDOLPHQWDUăvQVR‫܊‬LWăGHRPRUWDOL
WDWHULGLFDWă'HQXPLUHDGHERWXOLVPSURYLQHGHODFXYkQWXOODWLQbotulus – FkU
QD‫܊‬LGHRDUHFHvQWUHFXWGHEXWXOEROLLIUHFYHQWHUDOHJDWGHFRQVXPXOGHFkUQD‫܊‬L
%RWXOLVPXOHVWHSURYRFDWGHClostridium botulinumXQPLFURRUJDQLVPLPRELO
DQDHUREJUDPSR]LWLYFDUHSURGXFHRH[RWR[LQăVSHFLILFăFHDPDLSXWHUQLFăGLQ
WUHRWUăYXULOHRUJDQLFH'R]DOHWDOăSHQWUXRILLQ‫܊‬ăXPDQăHVWHGHQXPDLPJ
GHWR[LQăXVFDWă0XOWHDQLPDOHVXQWVHQVLELOHODWR[LQDERWXOLQLFă)LLQGUH]LVWHQWă
ODIDFWRULLIL]LFL‫܈‬LFKLPLFLWR[LQDHVWHGLVWUXVăGXSăPLQXWHGHILHUEHUH
LDUODRFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LHULGLFDWăGHFORUXUăGHVRGLXHVWHLQDFWLYDWă1XHVWHGLVWUXVă
GHHQ]LPHOHGLJHVWLYH7R[LQDERWXOLQLFăIRUPDWăvQSURGXVXODOLPHQWDUVHSăV
WUHD]ăWLPSvQGHOXQJDWGDUVHLQDFWLYHD]ăUHODWLYXúRUODvQFăO]LUHODƒɋ±vQ
GHFXUVGHPLQODƒ&±PLQ
Cl. botulinumIRUPHD]ăVSRULUH]LVWHQĠLODIDFWRULLIL]LFLúLFKLPLFLQXSRW
ILGLVWUXúLSULQILHUEHUHODWHPSHUDWXUDGHƒ&WLPSGHRUHLDUODWHPSHUD
WXUDGHƒ&±vQPLQXWH&HDPDLHILFLHQWăPHWRGăGHQLPLFLUHDVSRULORU
HVWHDXWRFODYDUHDODWHPSHUDWXUDGHƒ&ÌQFRQGLĠLLDQDHUREHODWHPSHUDWXUL
PDLPDULGHƒ&vQSURGXVHOHDOLPHQWDUHVSRULLVHWUDQVIRUPăvQIRUPHYHJH
WDWLYHúLSURGXFH[RWR[LQă
&XVSRULVDXIRUPHYHJHWDWLYHDOHEDFLOXOXLERWXOLQLFSRWILFRQWDPLQDWHWRDWH
SURGXVHOHDOLPHQWDUHGHRULJLQHDJULFROăVDXLQGXVWULDOăFDUQHDDIXPDWăPH]HOXULOH
FRQVHUYHOHGLQFDUQHGLQSHúWHúLGLQOHJXPH([WUHPGHSHULFXORDVHVXQWFRQVHUYHOH
SUHSDUDWHvQFRQGLĠLLFDVQLFHFLXSHUFLIUXFWHOHJXPHFDUHVHVWHULOL]HD]ăGHREL
FHLvQERUFDQHWLPSGHFHOPXOWPLQFHHDFHQXHVXILFLHQW
Cl. botulinumWUăLH‫܈‬WHvQLQWHVWLQHOHDQLPDOHORUKRPHRWHUPHSRUFLORUúRER
ODQLORUúDúLDOHSHúWLORU&XH[FUHPHQWHOHDFHVWRUDDMXQJvQDSăúLvQVROÌQVRO
VSRULLVHSRWSăVWUDPXOĠLDQLPHQĠLQkQGXúLYLUXOHQĠDÌQEXFDWHVSRULLQLPHUHVF
SULQLQWHUPHGLXORPXOXLVDXGLQDQLPDOHOHVDFULILFDWHvQWLPSXOSUHOXFUăULLORUCl.
botulinumLQIHFWHD]ăFDUQHDGHSHúWHWUHFkQGGLQLQWHVWLQHvQPXúFKLvQFD]GDFă
VHvQWkU]LHFXUă‫܊‬DUHDSHúWHOXL
%RWXOLVPXOVHSRDWHGHFODQúDúLODvQFăOFDUHDWHKQRORJLHLGHSUHSDUDUHúLGH
SăVWUDUHDXQRUSURGXVHDOLPHQWDUH2GDWăFXSURGXVHOHDOLPHQWDUHvQRUJDQLV
PXORPXOXLSRWQLPHULIRUPHYHJHWDWLYHVSRULúLVDXH[RWR[LQHDOHEDFLOXOXLER
WXOLQLFÌQRUJDQLVPVSRULLWUHFvQIRUPHYHJHWDWLYHFDUHHOLPLQăWR[LQH
3URGXVHOHDOLPHQWDUHFDUHFDX]HD]ăLQWR[LFDĠLDERWXOLQLFăSRWDYHDJXVW
DPăUXL XQHRUL R RUJDQROHSWLFă LPSHFDELOă&RQVXPDUHDFRQVHUYHORUFDX]HD]ă
FHOHPDLJUDYHLQWR[LFDĠLLDOLPHQWDUHvQUHSXEOLFăXQGHFRQVHUYDUHDvQFRQGLĠLL
FDVQLFHHVWHIRDUWHUăVSkQGLWă%RUFDQHOHúLFXWLLOHGHFRQVHUYHFRQWDPLQDWHFX
Cl. botulinum VHERPEHD]ăvQXUPDIRUPăULLJD]HORUvQVăDVSHFWXOJXVWXOúLPL
URVXOSURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUHQXWUH]HVFVXVSLFLXQLÌQXQHOHFD]XULQXWRDWHSHUVRD
QHOHFDUHDXIRORVLWDFHODúLSURGXVDOLPHQWDUVHvPEROQăYHVFGHRDUHFHH[RWR[LQD
SRDWHOLSVLvQXQHOHSRUĠLLDOHSURGXVXOXL
6HFXQRVFWUHLYDULDQWHGHERWXOLVPDDOLPHQWDU±EGHSODJăFLQ
IDQWLO7DEORXOFOLQLFDOERWXOLVPXOXLVHGHRVHEHúWHHVHQĠLDOGHFHODODOWRULQWR[L
FDĠLL3HSULPSODQDSDUVHPQHOHGHDIHFWDUHDVLVWHPXOXLQHUYRVYHJHWDWLYGHFăWUH
WR[LQDERWXOLQLFăXUPDWHGHVHPQHDOHDIHFWăULLVLVWHPXOXLGLJHVWLYúLDDOWRUVLVWHPH
3HULRDGDGHLQFXEDĠLHHVWHGHGHRUH‫܈‬LSRDWHGXUDFKLDUSkQăOD]LOH
Capitolul ***

vQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHGR]DWR[LQHLFDUHDQLPHULWvQRUJDQLVPFXFkWGR]DHVWHPDLPDUHFX
DWkWSHULRDGDGHLQFXEDĠLHHVWHPDLVFXUWă
Sindroamele de bază:RIWDOPRSOHJLF úLEXOEDU ÌQSULPXOUkQGVHFRQVWDWă
DIHFWDUHDEXOEXOXLUDKLGLDQEROQDYLLDFX]kQGVOăELUHDYHGHULLÄFHDĠăSHRFKL´
GLVSDUL‫܊‬LDUHDFĠLHLSXSLOHLODOXPLQăGLODWDUHD SXSLOHORUVDXDQL]RFRULHRSXSLOă
PDLPDUHFDFHDODOWăGHUHJODUHDDFRPRGăULLYHGHULLGLSORSLDVWUDELVPXOSWR]D
SDOSHEUDOă$SRLVHGHUHJOHD]ăDFWXOGHGHJOXWL‫܊‬LHDUWLFXODUHDYRUELULLYRFHDGH
YHQLQG UăJXúLWă HVWH SRVLELOă SDUDOL]LD SDODWXOXL PRDOH GLQ FDX]D SDUDOL]LHL
PXúFKLORUIDULQJLHQLÌQVWDGLXOLQLĠLDOSXOVXOHVWHUDUDSRLVHDFFHOHUHD]ăSURJUH
VHD]ă VOăELFLXQHDJHQHUDOă7HPSHUDWXUDFRUSRUDOă QXFRUHVSXQGH SXOVXOXLHVWH
QRUPDOăRULFKLDUPDLMRDVăGHFkWFHDQRUPDOăUDUSRDWHILVXEIHEULOă
Simptomele intoxicației generale VOăELFLXQL GXUHUL GHFDS LQGLVSR]LĠLH
GHUHJODUHDVRPQXOXLVSDVPHDWRQLHPXVFXODUăGXUHULvQHSLJDVWUXGXUHULDEGR
PLQDOH0DQLIHVWăULOHGLVSHSVLFHVHREVHUYăQXPDLODRSDUWHGLQEROQDYLúLQX
VXQWFDUDFWHULVWLFHSHQWUXDVHPHQHDLQWR[LFDĠLLvQSHULRDGDLQLĠLDOăERDODSRDWH
ILvQVRĠLWăGHYRPăúLGHGLDUHHPDLWkU]LXGLQFDX]DSDUH]HLLQWHVWLQDOHDSDUH
FRQVWLSDĠLDPHWHRULVPXOÌQFD]XULGHLQWR[LFDĠLHJUDYăDVWHQLDVHLQWHQVLILFă
VHFRQVWDWăGHUHJODUHDUHVSLUDĠLHLFDUHGHYLQHVXSHUILFLDOăDULWPLFă'HDFHHD
RUJDQLVPXO vúL UHYLQHWUHSWDW DSUR[LPDWLY vQOXQL $WXQFLFkQG ERWXOLVPXO
HYROXHD]ăXúRUWRDWHVLPSWRPHOHVXQWH[SULPDWHVODEOLSVHVFSDUDOL]LLOH
,GHQWLILFDUHDSDFLHQ‫܊‬LORUFXERWXOLVPVHED]HD]ăSHFDUDFWHULVWLFLOHSURFHVXOXL
HSLGHPLFVLPSWRPHOHFOLQLFHUH]XOWDWHOHDQDOL]HORUGHODERUDWRUDDOLPHQWHORU‫܈‬LD
VXEVWUDWXULORUELRORJLFHGHODSDFLHQ‫܊‬LVkQJHPDVHYRPLWLYHODYDMJDVWULFPDVHIH
FDOHSUHFXP‫܈‬LH[DPLQDUHDDQDWRPRSDWRORJLFă/DH[DPHQXOGHODERUDWRUVHGHWHU
PLQăSUH]HQ‫܊‬DDJHQWXOXL‫܈‬LDWR[LQHLERWXOLQLFH3HQWUXDGHWHFWDWR[LQDERWXOLQLFăVH
HIHFWXHD]ăSUREDELRORJLFăSH‫܈‬RDUHFLDOEL0DLIUHFYHQWHVWHXWLOL]DWWHVWXOGHQHX
WUDOL]DUHDRWUăYLLSH‫܈‬RDUHFLLDOELGHRDUHFHHVWHPDLVHQVLELO‫܈‬LPDLVSHFLILF
Profilaxia botulismului./DSUHJăWLUHDFRQVHUYHORUvQFRQGLĠLLFDVQLFHWUH
EXLHIRORVLWHGRDUOHJXPHúLIUXFWHvQWUHJLúLSURDVSHWH&LXSHUFLOHOHJXPHOHIUXF
WHOHúLSRPXúRDUHOHWUHEXLHDOHVHELQHúLVSăODWHPLQXĠLRVVXEXQMHWGHDSă6HYRU
IRORVLPHWRGHGHFRQVHUYDUHFDUHDVLJXUăRSăVWUDUHPDLEXQăDGLFăFHOHFDUHSUH
YăGIRORVLUHDDFL]LORURUJDQLFLVăULLGHEXFăWăULH]DKăUXOXLúLVHYRUUHVSHFWDVWULFW
WHUPHQHOHGHVWHULOL]DUH1XVHUHFRPDQGăFRQVHUYDUHDvQFRQGLĠLLFDVQLFHDFăUQLL
DSHúWHOXLúLQLFLDOHJXPHORUFXDFLGLWDWHVFă]XWăPD]ăUHYHUGHIDVROHGHRDUHFH
QHDYkQGPLMORDFHOHQHFHVDUHQXVHSRDWHREĠLQHGH]LQIHFWDUHDFRPSOHWăDDFHVWRU
SURGXVH5HVSHFWDUHDVWULFWăDUHJXOLORUVDQLWDUHODSUHJăWLUHDFRQVHUYHORUJDUDQ
WHD]ăFDOLWDWHDORUúLSUHYLQHvPEROQăYLUHD
(FD]XOGHDPLQWLWRGDWăvQSOXVFăQXVSRUXOERWXOLQLFHVWHSHULFXORVSHQWUX
RPFLWR[LQDHOLPLQDWăvQSURGXVHOHDOLPHQWDUHGHEDFLOLLFHVHGH]YROWăGLQVSRUL
6SUHELQHOHRPXOXLWR[LQDERWXOLQLFăVHGLVWUXJHODILHUEHUHDSURGXVXOXLDOLPHQ
WDUWLPSGHPLQXWH$VWIHOGDFăDSDUEăQXLHOLvQSULYLQĠDFDOLWăĠLLSURGXVHORU
FRQVHUYDWHvQDLQWHGHDOHFRQVXPDHVWHELQHVăILHILHUWHVDXSUăMLWHÌQDLQWHGH
DGHVFKLGHRFRQVHUYăDFHDVWDWUHEXLHH[DPLQDWăPLQX‫܊‬LRVSHQWUXDILFRQYLQ‫܈‬L
FăDIRVWELQHHUPHWL]DWăFăQXHVWHERPEDWăFăFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOQX‫܈‬LDXVFKLPEDW
FXORDUHDúLPLURVXO FDUDFWHULVWLFHSURGXVHORU UHVSHFWLYH 6HLQWHU]LFHFDWHJRULF
FRQVXPDUHDSURGXVHORUGLQFRQVHUYHOHFXFDSDFHOHERPEDWH
ÌQFD]XOvQFDUHRSHUVRDQăHVWHVXVSHFWDWăFăVDvPEROQăYLWGHERWXOLVP
SkQăODVRVLUHDPHGLFXOXLVHUHFRPDQGăVăLVHIDFăGHXUJHQĠăRVSăODUHJDVWULFă
FXRMXPăWDWHGHOLWUXGHDSăFDOGăSHQWUXDSURYRFDYRPD5ăPăúLĠHOHSURGXVX
OXLEăQXLWúLPDVHOHYRPLWLYHVHYRUSăVWUDSkQăODYHQLUHDPHGLFXOXLHOHSXWkQG
IDFLOLWDVWDELOLUHDFDX]HLLQWR[LFDĠLHLDOLPHQWDUH

Toxicoza alimentară stafilococicăHVWHXQDGLQWUHFHOHPDLUăVSkQGLWHLQ

WR[LFDĠLLDOLPHQWDUH$JHQWXOFDX]DOStaphylococcus aureus, HOLPLQăvQSURGX
VHOH DOLPHQWDUH R VXEVWDQĠă IRDUWHWR[LFă±HQWHURWR[LQă FXDFĠLXQH KHPROLWLFă
SURQXQĠDWăFDUHSURYRDFăWR[LFR]DDOLPHQWDUă(QWHURWR[LQDHVWHHOLPLQDWăQX
PDLODWHPSHUDWXULIDYRUDELOHQXPDLMRDVHGHƒ&ÌQFRQGLĠLLGHIULJLGHU
ƒ&DFHVWHPLFURRUJDQLVPHQXVHvQPXOĠHVFúLQXHOLPLQăHQWHURWR[LQăFDUH
VH GLVWUXJH QXPDL OD ILHUEHUH WLPSGH RUH'HRDUHFHODSUHJăWLUHDXQRU
EXFDWHSHULRDGDSUHOXFUăULLWHUPLFHHVWHPXOWPDLPLFăDFHVWHDSRWFDX]DLQWR
[LFDĠLLÌQWUXFkWvQPXO‫܊‬LUHDVWDILORFRFLORUDUHORFDWkWvQPHGLLOHERJDWHvQJOXFLGH
FkW‫܈‬LvQSURWHLQHRULFHIHOGHPkQFDUHSRDWHSURYRFDWR[LFR]DVWDILORFRFLFăDOL
PHQWDUă GDU vQ VSHFLDO SURGXVHOHODFWDWH ODSWHEUkQ]ă vQJKH‫܊‬DWă SUăMLWXUL FX
FUHPă6WDILORFRFLLVHGH]YROWăELQHSHSURGXVHOHFDUHFRQ‫܊‬LQGHFORUXUă
GH VRGLX ‫܈‬L R FRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LH VHPQLILFDWLYăGH ]DKăU/D XQFRQ‫܊‬LQXW GH ]DKăU vQ
SURGXVPDLPDUHGHvQPXO‫܊‬LUHDVWDILORFRFXOXLVHRSUH‫܈‬WH
/DSWHOHSUH]LQWăXQPHGLXGHRVHELWGHSULHOQLFSHQWUXvQPXOĠLUHDVWDILORFR
FLORUGHRDUHFHFRQĠLQHSURWHLQHOLSLGHJOXFLGHúLDOWHVXEVWDQĠHQXWULWLYHÌQFRQ
GLĠLLIDYRUDELOHGHWHPSHUDWXUăƒ&GHODREDFWHULHvQGHFXUVGHRUH
VHYRUSURGXFHvQODSWHFkWHYDPLOLRDQHGHQRLFHOXOHPLFURELHQHÌQSURGXVHOH
ODFWDWHDFLGHHQWHURWR[LQDQXVHDFXPXOHD]ăGHRDUHFHDFLGXOODFWLFLQKLEăvQ
PXO‫܊‬LUHDVWDILORFRFLORUÌQEUkQ]HWXULOHWLQHUHvQVăPkQ‫܊‬DWHPDVLYFXVWDILORFRFL
HQWHURWR[LQDHVWHGHWHFWDWăvQDFLQFHD]LDPDWXUL]ăULLDFHVWRUDODWHPSHUDWXUD
FDPHUHL0RDUWHDVWDILORFRFLORUvQEUkQ]ăDUHORFvQDD]LGHGHSR]LWDUHHQ
WHURWR[LQDSăVWUkQGXVHvQFă]LOH
0HGLXOQXWULWLYSHQWUXvQPXO‫܊‬LUHDVWDILORFRFLORU‫܈‬LSURGXFHUHDHQWHURWR[LQHL
VXQWSURGXVHOHGHFRIHWăULHFXFUHPăILDUWăXQGHFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LDGH]DKăUHVWHVXE
SUăMLWXULSURGXVHGHSDWLVHULH/DRWHPSHUDWXUăGHƒ&vQFUHPHOHILHUWH
HQWHUR[LQDVHIRUPHD]ăvQWURRUă'DFăFUHPDHVWHSăVWUDWăODIULJLGHUHQWHURWR
[LQDQXVHDFXPXOHD]ă&RQFHQWUDĠLDPDUHGH]DKăUvQSURGXVHOHGHSDWLVHULHQX
SHUPLWHvQPXOĠLUHDúLGH]YROWDUHDPLFURELORUFKLDUúLDVWDILORFRFLORUH[FHSĠLHIă
FkQGSURGXVHOHFXFUHPă'HRELFHLFRQFHQWUDĠLDGH]DKăUvQFUHPăHVWHUHGXVă
GHDFHHDDFHVWSURGXVGHFRIHWăULHSRDWHFDX]DLQWR[LFDĠLLFXVWDILORFRFL
6XUVDGHLQIHFWDUHDSURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUHFXVWDILORFRFLSDWRJHQLVXQWRD
PHQLL‫܈‬LDQLPDOHOH6WDILORFRFLLVXQWIRDUWHUăVSkQGLĠLvQPHGLXOvQFRQMXUăWRUIL
LQGSUH]HQ‫܊‬LúLSHVXSUDIDĠDFRUSXOXLQRVWUXúLvQLQWHVWLQ&LUFDRMXPăWDWHGLQ
Capitolul ***

RDPHQLLVăQăWRúLVXQWSXUWăWRULGHVWDILORFRFLSDWRJHQLÌQWLPSXOYRUELULLWXVHL
VDXGHSHPkLQLOHQHVSăODWHPLFURELLQLPHUHVFXúRUvQEXFDWH3XUWăWRULIDFXOWD
WLYLVXQWDQLPDOHOHEROQDYHGHPDVWLWăYDFLOHFDSUHOH
/DSURGXVHOHSUHJăWLWHLQGXVWULDOVXUVDGHVWDILORFRFLHVWHSHUVRQDOXOGHOD
vQWUHSULQGHULOHDOLPHQWDUHEXFăWDULLFRIHWDULLPXOJăWRDUHOHFXSURFHVHLQIOD
PDWRULLSXUXOHQWHGHHWLRORJLHVWDILORFRFLFăDQJLQăIXUXQFXOSDQDUL‫܊‬LXSOăJLSX
UXOHQWHOH]LXQLHF]HPDWRDVHHWF
0DQLIHVWăULOH LQWR[LFDĠLLORUDOLPHQWDUH SURYRFDWH GHWR[LQHOHVWDILORFRFLORU
DSDUGHRELFHLGXSăRUHUDU±SHVWHRUHXQHRUL±SHVWHPLQGLQPRPHQWXO
FRQVXPăULLSURGXVXOXLFRQWDPLQDW
6LQGURPXOGHED]ăDOLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LHLFXVWDILORFRFLHVWHJDVWURHQWHULWD6LPS
WRPHOHSULQFLSDOHVXQWJUHDĠDYRPDXQHRULFXVkQJHVDXPXFXVGXUHULOHDFXWH
vQUHJLXQHDVWRPDFXOXLLQVXILFLHQĠDFDUGLRYDVFXODUăGLQEROQDYLDFX]ă
GLDUHHGXUHULGHFDSDPHĠHOLWUDQVSLUDĠLHUHFHSLHOHDSDOLGăFKLDUFHQXúLHEX
]HOHSDOLGHYLQHWH6HSRWvQUHJLVWUDVLPSWRPHSURQXQĠDWHGHJDVWULWăFUHúWHUHD
QHvQVHPQDWăúLLQWHUPLWHQWăDWHPSHUDWXULL6HYHULWDWHDEROLLGHSLQGHGHFDQWLWD
WHDGHHQWHURWR[LQăSăWUXQVăvQRUJDQLVPGHVHQVLELOLWDWHDLQGLYLGXDOăGHYkUVWD
YLFWLPHORU&RSLLL‫܈‬LYkUVWQLFLLVHvPEROQăYHVFPDLGHV‫܈‬LVXSRUWăPDLJUHXWR[L
FR]HOHVWDILORFRFLFH
Profilaxia toxicozelor stafilocociceLQFOXGHFRQWUROXOVLVWHPDWLFDVWăULLVă
QăWăĠLLSHUVRDQHORUFDUHDFWLYHD]ăvQvQWUHSULQGHULOHGHDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHSXEOLFăvQYH
GHUHDGHSLVWăULL‫܈‬LWUDWăULLODWLPSDSXUWăWRULORUGHVWDILORFRFLPHQ‫܊‬LQHUHDRUGLQLL
VDQLWDUHODORFXULOHGHPXQFăUHVSHFWDUHDUHJXOLORUGHLJLHQăSHUVRQDOă‫܈‬LLQGXVWULDOă
3HUVRDQHOHFDUHVXIHUăGHSLRGHUPLHDQJLQăQXVHDGPLWODOXFUXSkQăOD
vQVăQăWRúLUHDFRPSOHWă0kLQLOHSHUVRDQHORUFDUHSUHJăWHVFFUHPHSHQWUXSDWL
VHULH WUHEXLH LQVSHFWDWH ]LOQLF OD SUH]HQĠD GH SLRGHUPLL /D IHUPHOH GH ODSWH
PDUIăVHHIHFWXHD]ăVLVWHPDWLFXQFRQWUROVDQLWDUYHWHULQDULDUPDVWLWDODYDFLVH
WUDWHD]ă OD WLPS 3HQWUX SUHvQWkPSLQDUHD LQWR[LFD‫܊‬LLORU VWDILORFRFLFH VH YD UHV
SHFWDFXUăĠHQLDODWRDWHHWDSHOHGHSUHOXFUDUHDEXFDWHORU
Micotoxicozele.ÌQXUPDDFWLYLWăĠLL YLWDOHDFLXSHUFLORU PLFURVFRSLFHDUH
ORFDFXPXODUHDXQRUFDQWLWăĠLPDULGHVXEVWDQĠHWR[LFH±PLFRWR[LQHFDUH‫܈‬LSUR
YRDFăPLFRWR[LFR]HOH3HULFROXOPLFRWR[LQHORUFRQVWăvQIDSWXOFăFLXSHUFLOHPL
FURVFRSLFHFDUHOHSURGXFVXQWIRDUWHUăVSkQGLWHvQQDWXUă‫܈‬LvQDQXPLWHFRQGL‫܊‬LL
SRWGHWHULRUDIXUDMHOH‫܈‬LSURGXVHOHDOLPHQWDUH
6WUDWXODOELFLRVFHDSDUHSHSkLQHDSăVWUDWăFkWHYD]LOHvQWURSXQJăGHSR
OLHWLOHQăSHGXOFHĠXULOHFDUHFRQĠLQSXĠLQ]DKăUúLQXVXQWILHUWHVXILFLHQWWLPSHVWH
IRUPDW GLQ FLXSHUFL PLFURVFRSLFH 'HVHRUL DFHVWHD VH GH]YROWă SH OHJXPH SH
IUXFWHúLSHDOWHSURGXVHDOLPHQWDUH7UHSWDWVWUDWXOFDSăWăRFXORDUHYHU]XLHRUL
FDIHQLHXQHRULQHDJUăFDXUPDUHDIDSWXOXLFăSURGXVHOHVXQWDWDFDWHGHGLIHULWH
WXOSLQLGHFLXSHUFLPLFURVFRSLFH(Penicillium, Aspergillus8QHOHSHUVRDQHFRQ
VXPăSURGXVHOHDWDFDWHGHFLXSHUFLPRWLYkQGFăDFHVWHDSURGXFDQWLELRWLFHÌQWU
DGHYăU XQHOH FLXSHUFL VLQWHWL]HD]ă DQWLELRWLFH vQVă QX WRDWH XQHOH VXQW WR[LFH
SHQWUXRUJDQLVP&LXSHUFLOHPLFURVFRSLFHSDUD]LWHD]ăSHGLIHULWHSODQWHvQVSHFLDO
SHFHUHDOH0DLIUHFYHQWGH]YROWDUHDFLXSHUFLORUúLSURGXFHUHDWR[LQHORUVHvQUH
JLVWUHD]ăvQQXFLOHGH DUDKLGH IăLQD GH DUDKLGH JUkX RYă] IăLQD GH SRUXPE
ODSWHRXăFHDLERDEHGHFDIHD
'LQWUHPLFRWR[LFR]HOHSURYRFDWHGHWR[LQHOHFLXSHUFLORUPLFURVFRSLFHIDF
SDUWHHrgotismul, fuzariotoxicozele şi aflotoxicoza.0LFRWR[LFR]HOHVHGHRVHEHVF
GHLQWR[LFDĠLLOHDOLPHQWDUHSULQPDQLIHVWăULOHFOLQLFH
Aflatoxicoza.ÌQFD]GHSăVWUDUHLQFRUHFWăDSURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUHGHRUL
JLQHYHJHWDOăIăLQLLGHDUDKLGHRUH]XOXLIăLQLLúLFUXSHORUGLQDOWHJUDPLQHHvQ
HOHVHSRDWHGH]YROWDPLFHOLXOPLFURVFRSLFDOFLXSHUFLORUGLQIDPLOLDAspergillus
(Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus)XQHOHGLQHOHSURGXFkQGDIODWR[LQH
$FHVWHDVHJăVHVFvQJUkXSRUXPERU]RUH]VRLDPD]ăUHIUXFWHFXFRDMăOHP
QRDVăIDVROHERDEHGHFDFDR‫܈‬LFDIHDVHPLQ‫܊‬HGHEXPEDFSH‫܈‬WHDIXPDW‫܈‬LXVFDW
HWF‫܈‬LvQSURGXVHOHGH RULJLQH DQLPDOă±ODSWHRXă ‫܊‬HVXWXULOHDQLPDOHORU GLQ
JRVSRGăULLOHVăWH‫܈‬WLKUăQLWHFXDOLPHQWHFRQWDPLQDWHFXDIODWR[LQH$IODWR[LQHOH
DXRWR[LFLWDWHPDUHSURSULHWăĠLFDQFHULJHQH
$IODWR[LQHOHVXQWRWUăYXULFXHIHFWHKHSDWRWURSH‫܈‬LKHSDWRWR[LFHSURQXQ‫܊‬DWH
ÌQRUJDQLVPSURYRDFăFRDJXODUHDH[WLQVă‫܈‬LQHFUR]DJUDVăDFHOXOHORUKHSDWLFHSkQă
ODQHFUR]DPDVLYăD‫܊‬HVXWXOXLKHSDWLFWXPRULDOH VWRPDFXOXL LQWHVWLQXOXL JURV
ULQLFKLORUSOăPkQLORU
Ergotismul DSDUHvQXUPDIRORVLULLvQDOLPHQWDĠLHDSURGXVHORUDWDFDWHGH
FLXSHUFDFRUQXOVHFăULL(Claviceps purpurea$FHDVWDVHGH]YROWăSHVSLFHOHGH
VHFDUăPDLUDUSHFHOHGHJUkXRU]RYă]úLSUH]LQWăXQFRUQLúRUWDUHvQFRYRLDW
GHFXORDUHvQFKLVăFXOXQJLPHDGHFPúLJURVLPHDGHPP6XEVWDQĠHOH
WR[LFHVXQWDOFDORL]L IRDUWH UH]LVWHQĠL ODvQFăO]LUHFDUHvúLSăVWUHD]ăWR[LFLWDWHD
FKLDUúLvQSkLQHDFRDSWăHUJRWLQDHUJRWDPLQDHUJRWR[LQDHWF%RDODDUHIRUPă
VXEDFXWă3HULRDGDSURGURPDOăVHFDUDFWHUL]HD]ăSULQVOăELFLXQHPDQLIHVWăULGLV
SHSWLFH,QWR[LFDĠLDGHFXUJHFXDIHFĠLXQLDOHVLVWHPXOXLQHUYRVFRQYXOVLLVXE
IRUPăJDQJUHQRDVă VDXPL[Wă)RUPD FRQYXOVLYăVHPDQLIHVWăSULQGHUHJODUHD
WUDFWXOXLJDVWURLQWHVWLQDOúLDVLVWHPXOXLQHUYRVJUHĠXULYRPăGXUHULvQDEGRPHQ
SLHUGHUHDVHQVLELOLWă‫܊‬LLGHJHWHORUDPHĠHOLFRQYXOVLLDOHPXúFKLORUVRPQROHQĠăÌQ
FD]XULJUDYHVHREVHUYăGHUHJOăULDOHVLVWHPXOXLQHUYRVFHQWUDO3RWDSăUHDúLGHUH
JOăULDOHVLVWHPXOXLYDVFXODUFHGXFODVXEDOLPHQWDUHDPHPEUHORULQIHULRDUHLDUvQ
FD]XULJUDYHVHGH]YROWăQHFUR]DÌQSUH]HQWHUJRWLVPXOFDLQWR[LFDĠLHDOLPHQWDUă
QXVHvQUHJLVWUHD]ăGDWRULWăDJURWHKQLFLLvQDLQWDWHVHOHFĠLHLVHPLQĠHORUSHQWUXVH
PăQDW&RQFHQWUDĠLDPD[LPDGPLVăDFRUQXOXLVHFăULLvQIăLQăHVWHGH
FuzariozaVDXfuzariotoxicozaHVWHLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LDFXSURGXVHDOLPHQWDUHSUH
SDUDWHGLQFHUHDOHDWDFDWHGHPXFHJDLXULGLQJHQXOFuzarium.2IX]DULRWR[LFR]ă
HVWHaleichia alimentară toxicăQXPLWă‫܈‬LLQWR[LFDĠLDFXÄSkLQHEHDWă³FDX]DWă
GHSkLQHDFRQWDPLQDWăGHFLXSHUFLGLQJHQXOFusarium F.graminearum, F. spo-
rotrichioides ș.a.&LXSHUFLOHDIHFWHD]ăFHUHDOHOHvQWLPSXOSHULRDGHLGHFUH‫܈‬WHUH
vQVQRSLL‫܈‬LvQUXORXULOHGHSHFkPSSUHFXP‫܈‬LvQVSD‫܊‬LLOHGHGHSR]LWDUHDFHUHD
OHORUvQWLPSXOXPH]LULL‫܈‬LPRGHOăULLEREXOXL
Capitolul ***

7R[LQD DFHVWRU FLXSHUFL DMXQJkQG vQ VkQJH GHUHJOHD]ă KHPDWRSRLH]D

PLFúRUHD]ăUH]LVWHQ‫܊‬D LPXQRELRORJLFăDRUJDQLVPXOXL7DEORXOFOLQLFVHPDQL
IHVWăSULQJDVWURHQWHULWăúLDIHFWDUHDVLVWHPXOXLQHUYRVFHQWUDODVHPăQăWRDUHFX
HEULHWDWHD3ULPHOHVHPQHDOHEROLLVXQWREVHUYDWHvQFkWHYDRUHGXSăFRQVXPXO
SkLQLLSUHJăWLWHGLQDVWIHOGHERDEH±LQGLVSR]L‫܊‬LHDUVXUăvQJXUăGXUHUHODvQJKL
‫܊‬LUHPDLUDUJUHD‫܊‬ăYăUVăWXUL/DFRQVXPXOXQHLFDQWLWă‫܊‬LPLFLGHDVWIHOGHSkLQH
DSDUHRH[FLWD‫܊‬LHEUXVFăSHUVRDQDUkGHQHFRQWURODWGDQVHD]ăFkQWăPHUJHFOă
WLQkQGXVHVHPQHOHWUHFvQGHSUHVLH‫܈‬LvQHSXL]DUH/DFRQVXPXOVLVWHPDWLFSH
WHUPHQOXQJ D ÄSkLQLL EHWH´VHGH]YROWă DQHPLHWXOEXUăULPLQWDOH VHYHUH‫܈‬L VH
SLHUGHFDSDFLWDWHDGHPXQFă
,QWR[LFDĠLDVHFDUDFWHUL]HD]ăSULQDIHFWDUHDVLVWHPXOXLQHUYRVFHQWUDOúLD
FHOXLKHPDWRSRLHWLFXOWHULRUVHGH]YROWăDOHLFKLD$QDOL]DVkQJHOXLDUDWăRDQHPLH
SURJUHVLYăOHXFRSHQLHFXOLPIRFLWR]ăUHODWLYă$FHDVWăID]ăDEROLLVHQXPHúWHOH
XFRSHQLFă8OWHULRUDSDUHID]DGHDQJLQăKHPRUDJLFăPDQLIHVWDWăSULQWURDQJLQă
QHFURWLFăWHPSHUDWXUăvQDOWăúLGLDWH]ăKHPRUDJLFă'DFăQXVHDFRUGăDMXWRUXO
PHGLFDOXUJHQWLQWR[LFDĠLDSRDWHGXFHODGHFHV
Profilaxia micotoxicozelorODRPúLODDQLPDOHVHUH]XPăODUHVSHFWDUHD
UHJXOLORUGHSăVWUDUHDSURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUHFHUHDOHORUúLIXUDMHORUSHQWUXDQL
PDOH SUHOXFUDUHDFRUHVSXQ]ăWRDUHDFHUHDOHORUFRQWUROXOULJXURV ‫܈‬LSHUPDQHQW
GHFăWUHVHUYLFLXO UHVSHFWLY0ăVXUăLPSRUWDQWăGHSURILOD[LHDIX]DULR]HL HVWH
HIHFWXDUHDPăVXULORUDJURWHKQLFHvQYHGHUHDSURWHFĠLHLVHPăQăWXULORUGHSROXDUH
FXFLXSHUFLGLQJHQXOFusarium.&DPăVXUăGHSUHYHQLUHDDOHXFKLHLDOLPHQWDUH
WR[LFHHVWHHYLWDUHDLHUQăULLSHFkPSDFHUHDOHORUXWLOL]DWHSHQWUXKUDQDDQLPDOH
ORUUHVSHFWDUHDVWULFWăDQRUPHORUGHSăVWUDUHDFHUHDOHORUSUHYHQLUHDXPLGLILFă
ULL‫܈‬LDPXFHJDLXOXLvQGHSR]LWHOHGHFHUHDOH&HUHDOHOHWR[LFHVHYRUXWLOL]DGRDU
vQVFRSWHKQLF

Intoxicaţiile alimentare nemicrobiene

,QWR[LFDĠLLOHDOLPHQWDUHQHPLFURELHQHVHDWHVWăPDLUDUGHFkWFHOHPLFUREL
HQHFRQVWLWXLQGGRDUGLQQXPăUXOWRWDODOLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LLORUDOLPHQWDUH

Intoxicații alimentare cu produse toxice 

Intoxicaţiile cu ciuperci. &LXSHUFLOH VXQWXQSURGXV DOLPHQWDU SUHĠLRV D
FăURUYDORDUHDDOLPHQWDUăGHSLQGHGHVXEVWDQĠHOHFKLPLFHSHFDUHOHFRQĠLQDFL]L
RUJDQLFLSURWHLQHIHUPHQĠLYLWDPLQHHWFÌQVăXQHOHFLXSHUFLSUHFXPDPDQLWD
IDORLGLFă Amanita phalloides buretele-viperei), SăOăULDúDUSHOXL ]EkUFLRJXO
JUDVSRSHQFKLXO úDSURYRDFăLQWR[LFDĠLLJUDYHXQHRULFXVIkUúLWOHWDO&HDPDL
WR[LFăHVWHamanita-faloidică3ULPHOHPDQLIHVWăULGHLQWR[LFDĠLHDSDUFHOSXĠLQ
SHVWHRUHúLFHOPXOWSHVWHGHRUHGXSăFRQVXPDUHDFLXSHUFLL/DvQFHSXW
DIHFWDWXODUHGXUHULvQEXUWăGLDUHHIUHFYHQWăúLLQWHQVăYRPăLQWHUPLWHQWă,QWR
[LFDĠLDHYROXHD]ăIRDUWHJUDY
ÌQSăGXULOHXPHGHHVWHUăVSkQGLWăRDOWăFLXSHUFăRWUăYLWRDUHpălăria-şarpe-
luiQXPLWă‫܈‬Lamanita-de-muscă RUL buretele veninos&kWHYDPLOLJUDPHPJ
FRQ‫܊‬LQXWHvQFLXSHUFLGHWR[LQăDDFHVWHLFLXSHUFLVXQWVXILFLHQWHSHQWUXR
LQWR[LFDĠLHDFXWă6SUHGHRVHELUHGHPDQLIHVWăULOHFOLQLFHDOHLQWR[LFDĠLLORUFXDOWH
VSHFLLGHFLXSHUFLvQFD]XOSăOăULHLúDUSHOXLSHULRDGDGLQPRPHQWXOFRQVXPăULL
SkQăODDSDULĠLDSULPHORUVLPSWRPHDOHLQWR[LFDĠLHLHVWHIRDUWHVFXUWăRMXPăWDWH
GHRUăGRXăRUH0DQLIHVWăULOHLQWR[LFDĠLHLvQFHSFXRWUDQVSLUDĠLHSXWHUQLFăOă
FULPDUHúLVDOLYDĠLH$SRLVHDVRFLD]ăJUHDĠDYRPDúLGLDUHHD$IHFWDWXOHVWHH[
FLWDWDUHKDOXFLQDĠLL'DFăQXLVHDFRUGăDMXWRUGHXUJHQĠăvúLSLHUGHFXQRúWLQĠD
úLLQWUăvQFRPă
&LXSHUFDPXOWFăXWDWăGHFRQVXPDWRULHVWHzbârciogul3HOkQJă]EkUFLR
JXORELúQXLWVHvQWkOQH‫܈‬WHúLzbârciogul-grasFDUHQXHVWHFRPHVWLELOLGHRDUHFH
FRQĠLQHRVXEVWDQĠăWR[LFăSXWHUQLFă±DFLGKHOYHOLFÌQDOLPHQWDĠLH]EkUFLRJLL
JUD‫܈‬LSRWILIRORVLĠLFXFRQGLĠLDVăILHILHUĠLvQDSăFHOSXĠLQGHPLQXWHÌQ
WLPSXOILHUEHULLDFLGXOKHOYHOLFVHGL]ROYăvQDSăGHDFHHDDSDWUHEXLHDUXQFDWă
LDUFLXSHUFLOHFOăWLWHFXDSăILDUWăGHFkWHYDRUL1XPDLGXSăDFHDVWDFLXSHUFLOH
SRWILSUăMLWHVDXvQăEXúLWHÌQFD]GHQHUHVSHFWDUHDDFHVWRUUHJXOLVXQWSRVLELOH
LQWR[LFDĠLL 1LPHULQG vQ RUJDQLVP DFLGXO KHOYHOLF GLVWUXJH HULWURFLWHOH KHPR
OL]ă DWDFă ILFDWXO ULQLFKLL LQLPD SDQFUHDVXO 3ULPHOH VHPQH DOH LQWR[LFDĠLHL
DSDUSHVWHRUHGXSăFRQVXPDUHFXRVHQ]DĠLHQHSOăFXWăDSRLDPHĠHOLVOăEL
FLXQHJUHDĠăXUPDWăGHYRPH±ODvQFHSXWFXFRQĠLQXWDOLPHQWDUGLQVWRPDFDSRL
FXPXFXVúLFXVkQJH'DFăDIHFWDWXOXLLVHDFRUGăDMXWRUPHGLFDOODWLPSVHP
QHOHLQWR[LFDĠLHLGLVSDUSHVWHFkWHYD]LOH
PopenchiulJKHEHOHFUHúWHSHFLRWXULSXWUHGHPDLDOHVWRDPQD‫܈‬LSRDWH
ILFRQVXPDWvQVWDUHSURDVSăWăVDXFRQVHUYDWă'DUWUHEXLHVăILPIRDUWHDWHQĠL
SHQWUXFăH[LVWăúLSRSHQFKLIDOúLQHFRPHVWLELOLFDUHFUHVFSHFLRWXULvQVăQXQX
PDLWRDPQDFLúLGLQDGRXDMXPăWDWHDOXQLLPDLSkQăWRDPQDWkU]LX3RSHQFKLL
IDO‫܈‬LDXRSăOăULHQHWHGăODvQFHSXWJOREXORDVăDSRLFRQYH[ăSODQăGHFXORDUH
JDOEHQăODFHQWUXPDLvQWXQHFDWă&XWLPSXOFXORDUHD SRSHQFKLORU IDOúLGHYLQH
JDOEHQăEUXQăYHU]XLH0LH]XOHVWHJDOEHQJXVWXODPDUúLPLURVXOQHSOăFXW6SUH
GHRVHELUHGHSRSHQFKLLDGHYăUDĠLSVHXGRSRSHQFKLORUOHOLSVHúWHLQHOXOGHSHSL
FLRU)LLQGFRQVXPDĠLSRSHQFKLLIDOúLSURYRDFă RLQWR[LFDĠLHDFXWăFDUHGHúLVH
WHUPLQăFXvQVăQăWRúLUHGHUHJOHD]ăJUDYVWDUHDVăQăWăĠLLSHQWUXFkWHYD]LOH
ReţinețiLQWR[LFDĠLLOHFXFLXSHUFLHYROXHD]ăGHRVHELWGHJUDYPDLDOHVOD
FRSLL OD SHUVRDQHOH vQ YkUVWă úL OD FHL FDUH DX VXSRUWDW UHFHQW R ERDOă JUDYă
$FHúWLDGLQXUPăWUHEXLHVăH[FOXGăFLXSHUFLOHGLQDOLPHQWDĠLH&LXSHUFLOHILLQG
XQSURGXVDOLPHQWDUDOWHUDELOWUHEXLHSUHOXFUDWHODWLPSúLFRUHFW
Intoxicaţiile cu plante otrăvitoare.2WUăYLWRDUHVXQWFRQVLGHUDWHSODQWHOH
FDUHVLQWHWL]HD]ăúLDFXPXOHD]ăVXEVWDQĠHWR[LFHSHQWUXRPúLDQLPDOHDOFDORL]L
JOLFR]LGHVDSRQLGHúD6HvQWkOQHVFSODQWHRWUăYLWRDUHSURSULX]LVHWR[LFLWDWHD
FăURUDDSDUHvQSURFHVXOGH]YROWăULLúLHVWHFDUDFWHULVWLFăSHQWUXWRĠLUHSUH]HQWDQĠLL
VSHFLHLGDWHúLSODQWHFRQYHQĠLRQDORWUăYLWRDUHWR[LFLWDWHDFăURUDQXHVWHVSHFLILFă
SHQWUXVSHFLDUHVSHFWLYă*UDGXOGHWR[LFLWDWHDOSODQWHORURWUăYLWRDUHGHSLQGHGH
YkUVWDID]DGHGH]YROWDUHFRQGLĠLLOHGHFUHúWHUH‫܈‬LSDUWLFXODULWăĠLOHLQGLYLGXDOH
Capitolul ***

,QWR[LFDĠLLOHFXSODQWHVHFRQVWDWăvQFHDPDLPDUHSDUWHODFRSLLFDUHIăUă
VăúLGHDVHDPDGHFRQVHFLQĠHPăQkQFăUăGăFLQLúLIUXFWHGXOFLGHSODQWHRWUăYL
WRDUH/DDGXOĠLVHvQWkOQHVFPDLUDUDFH‫܈‬WLDGRDUGLQJUHúHDOăFRQIXQGăSODQWHOH
RWUăYLWRDUHFXSăWUXQMHOXOPăFULúXOúLFXDOWHYHUGHĠXUL
ÌQ5HSXEOLFD0ROGRYDFUHVFXQQXPăUPDUHGHSODQWHRWUăYLWRDUHPăVH
OăULĠDPăWUăJXQDFXFXWDGHDSăFXFXWDPDUHOăVQLFLRUXOúD
Măselăriţa (dumitriţă, clocotici, măsălar-nebun, nebunăriţăHVWHRSODQWă
HUEDFHHELDQXDOă&UHúWHSUHWXWLQGHQLvQJUăGLQLvQFkPSSHPDUJLQHDGUXPX
ULORU)UXQ]HOHGHPăVHODULĠăVHDVHDPăQăFXFHOHDOHPăFULúXOXLLDUVHPLQĠHOHFX
ILULúRDUHOHGHPDFÌQWUHDJDSODQWăFRQĠLQHDOFDORL]LWR[LFLKLRVFLDPLQăDWUR
SLQă VFRSRODPLQă ÌQ PHGLFLQă VH IRORVHVF QXPDL IUXQ]HOH GH PăVHOăULĠă GLQ
FDUHVHREĠLQUHPHGLLFXDFĠLXQHVSDVPROLWLFăúLDQDOJH]LFă3ULPHOHPDQLIHVWăUL
DOHLQWR[LFDĠLHLFXPăVHODUL‫܊‬ăVXQWGXUHULOHGHFDSEăWăLOHLQLPLLGHVHUHVSLUDĠLD
DQHYRLRDVăH[FLWDUHDPLúFăULOHEUXúWHXQHRULQHUYRDVHDODUPDUHDXVFăFLXQHD
vQJXUăUăJXúHDOD7RDWHDFHVWHVHPQHDSDUDSUR[LPDWLYSHVWHRRUăGXSăFRQVX
PDUHDGLIHULWRUSăUĠLDOHDFHVWHLSODQWH
Macul-de-grădină (mac bun, somnişorHVWHRVSHFLHFXQXPHURDVHYDULH
WăĠLúLVHFXOWLYăFDSODQWăDOLPHQWDUăPHGLFLQDOăúLGHFRUDWLYă&DSVXOHOHYHU]L
FRQĠLQFRGHLQăSDSDYHULQăúLDOĠLDOFDORL]LWR[LFL6HLQWHU]LFHFDWHJRULFFRQVX
PDUHDVHPLQĠHORUYHU]LDOHDFHVWHLSODQWHGHRDUHFHSRWSURYRFDLQWR[LFDĠLLJUDYH
Mătrăguna beladonna, cireaşa-lupuluiHVWH R SODQWă XWLOL]DWăvQ PHGL
FLQăGHRDUHFHWRDWHSăUĠLOHHLFRQĠLQDOFDORL]LDWURSLQă KLRVFLQDPLQăVFRSROD
PLQD0HGLFDPHQWHOHSUHSDUDWHGLQPăWUăJXQăVXQWIRORVLWHvQXOFHUVWRPDFDOúL
GXRGHQDOQHYUDOJLLúD'DFăDIRVWFRQVXPDWăGLQJUHúHDOăDFHDVWăSODQWăSUR
YRDFăLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LLFXXUPăWRDUHOHPDQLIHVWăULVRPQROHQĠăKDOXFLQDĠLLSXSLOHPă
ULWHÌQFD]XULJUDYHSRDWHVXUYHQLPRDUWHD
DalaculHVWHRSODQWăODFDUHWRDWHSăUĠLOHVXQWRWUăYLWRDUHvQVăRDPHQLLVH
LQWR[LFăFHOPDLGHVFXIUXFWHOHHL6HPQHOHLQWR[LFDĠLHLDSDUEUXVFúLVHPDQLIHVWă
SULQDPHĠHOLGXUHULGHFDSJUHDĠăYRPăGLDUHH
Cucuta-de-apă FUHúWH SULQ EăOĠL SH PDOXULOH UkXULORU úDQĠXULORU 7RDWH
SăUĠLOHSODQWHLFRQĠLQWR[LQHvQVăFHDPDLPDUHFDQWLWDWHHVWHFRQFHQWUDWăvQUL
]RP0DQLIHVWăULOHLQWR[LFDĠLHLDSDUEUXVFEROQDYXOvúLSLHUGHFXQRúWLQĠDDSDU
VSXPăODJXUăFRQYXOVLLLDUvQFD]XULJUDYH±SDUDOL]LDFHQWUXOXLUHVSLUDWRU,Q
WR[LFDĠLDDSDUHEUXVFúLHVWHvQVRĠLWăGHDPHĠHOLGXUHULGHFDSSLHOHDvúLSLHUGH
VHQVLELOLWDWHDSRDWHDSăUHDDVIL[LD
)UXFWHOHlăsnicioruluiSURYRDFăLQWR[LFDĠLLJUDYHPDQLIHVWDWHSULQGLVSQHHWD
KLFDUGLHGLDUHH
Pentru profilaxia intoxicațiilor cu plante otrăvitoareHVWHQHFHVDUăRUJD
QL]DUHDFRQYRUELULORUFXDGXOĠLLúLFXFRSLLLSHQWUXDOLVHH[SOLFDSHULFROXOSH
FDUHvOSUH]LQWăFKLDUúLJXVWDUHDIUXFWHORUúLUăGăFLQLORUSODQWHORUVăOEDWLFH&R
SLLORUOLVHH[SOLFăúLOLVHDUDWăFHIHOGHSODQWHRWUăYLWRDUHFUHVFvQORFDOLWDWHD
GDWăSHXQGHVHvQWkOQHVFPDLGHVúD7HUHQXULOHLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLORUSHQWUXFRSLL‫܈‬LOR
FXULOHSHUPDQHQWHGHSOLPEăULQXWUHEXLHVăFRQ‫܊‬LQăSODQWHRWUăYLWRDUH$FHVWD
YRUILVăSDWH‫܈‬LH[WUDVHGLQVROFXWRWFXUăGăFLQă‫܈‬LDSRLGLVWUXVH

Intoxicații alimentare cu produse toxice în anumite condiții

$FHVWWLSGHLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LLDOLPHQWDUHVHvQWkOQHVFIRDUWHUDU'LQDFHVWJUXS
IDFSDUWHRWUăYLUHDFXSURGXVHYHJHWDOHfazina GLQIDVROHamigdalinaGLQIUXFWH
FXVkPEXUHWDUHsolaninaGLQFDUWRIL‫܈‬LGHRULJLQHDQLPDOă‫܊‬HVXWXOSH‫܈‬WLORUPL
GLLPLHUHDGHDOELQH
&RQ‫܊‬LQXWvQDOWGHamigdalinăVHFRQ‫܊‬LQHvQVkPEXULLGHFDLVH‫܈‬LGHSLHUVLFL
ÌQWLPSXOKLGUROL]HLvQWUDFWXOGLJHVWLYDPLJGDOLQDVHGHVFRPSXQHFXIRUPDUHDGH
DFLGFLDQKLGULF,QWR[LFD‫܊‬LDVHPDQLIHVWăFXGXUHULGHFDS‫܈‬LJUHD‫܊‬ăÌQFD]XULVHYHUH
SRDWH DSăUHD FLDQR]DFRQYXOVLLOH SLHUGHUHDFXQR‫܈‬WLQ‫܊‬HL&RSLLL FDUH DX PkQFDW
YUHRGHDVWIHOGHVkPEXULSHVWHRUHSHULRDGăQHFHVDUăSHQWUXIRUPDUHD
DFLGXOXLFLDQKLGULFVLPWVOăELFLXQHGXUHULGHFDSDPHĠHOLJUHDĠă'HVHRULLQWR
[LFDĠLDVHOLPLWHD]ăODDFHVWHVLPSWRPH'DFăVHFRQVXPăRFDQWLWDWHPDLPDUHGH
VkPEXULVWDUHDGHYLQHJUDYăúLVHPDQLIHVWăSULQYRPăúLSLHUGHUHDFXQRúWLQĠHL
,QWR[LFD‫܊‬LDFXDPLJGDOLQăHVWHSRVLELOă‫܈‬LSULQFRQVXPXO‫܈‬URWXOXLUăPDVvQ
SURFHVXOGHH[WUDJHUHDXOHLXOXLGLQSLHUVLFL‫܈‬LFDLVHVDXDVkPEXULORUvQFDQWLWă‫܊‬L
PDUL&RQVXPXOJHPXOXLGLQDFHVWHIUXFWHQXHVWHSHULFXORVGHRDUHFHHQ]LPDv‫܈‬L
SLHUGHDFWLYLWDWHDvQWLPSXOILHUEHULL‫܈‬LQXVHIRUPHD]ăDFLGFLDQKLGULF1XHVWH
SHUPLVăYkQ]DUHDVkPEXULORUGHFDLVH‫܈‬LGHSLHUVLFLDFH‫܈‬WLDILLQGXWLOL]D‫܊‬LQXPDL
SHQWUXRE‫܊‬LQHUHDXOHLXOXL
8QHRULSRWDYHDORFLQWR[LFDĠLLvQXUPDIRORVLULLvQDOLPHQWDĠLHDFDUWRILORU
SăVWUDĠLLQFRUHFWFDUHvQFROĠHVFúLFDSăWăRFXORDUHYHU]XLHúLXQJXVWDPDUÌQ
DFHVWHFD]XULvQWXEHUFXOLúLPDLDOHVvQFROĠLVHDFXPXOHD]ăVXEVWDQĠDWR[LFă
solanina $IHFĠLXQHD DSDUH SHVWHFkWHYDRUH GXSă FRQVXPDUHD FDUWRIXOXL úL VH
PDQLIHVWăSULQJDVWURHQWHULWăYRPăGLVIXQF‫܊‬LHLQWHVWLQDOăGXUHULGHFDS3HVWH
]LOHEROQDYXOVHvQVăQăWRúHúWH
,QWR[LFD‫܊‬LD FX VRODQLQD GLQ FDUWRIL HVWH UDUă GHRDUHFH vQ FHD PDL PDUH
SDUWHDFHDVWDHVWHHOLPLQDWăvQWLPSXOFXUă‫܊‬ăULLFDUWRILORU&RQ‫܊‬LQXWXOGHVRODQLQă
FUH‫܈‬WHEUXVFvQWLPSXOJHUPLQăULL‫܈‬LvQYHU]LULLFDUWRILORU6RODQLQDHVWHWR[LFăFkQG
QLPHUH‫܈‬WHvQ FRUSXOXPDQ vQ FDQWLWă‫܊‬LGHVWXOGH PDUL GR]DXQLFăGH VXEVWDQ‫܊‬ă
PXOWPDLPDUH GH  PJ LDUGR]HOHPLFL DXSURSULHWă‫܊‬LWHUDSHXWLFH IRDUWH
SURQXQ‫܊‬DWH,QWR[LFD‫܊‬LDVHYHUăFXVRODQLQăHVWHSRVLELOăODRGR]ăGHPJ
DGLFăGDFăPăQkQFLXQNLORJUDPGHFDUWRILvQYHU]L‫܊‬LWRWFXFRDMD
&DUWRIL vQYHU]L‫܊‬L WUHEXLH FXUăĠDĠL FX JULMăGH FROĠL úL GH FRDMă vQOăWXUkQG
FRPSOHWVWUDWXOGHFXORDUHYHUGH$SDvQFDUHDXILHUWDVHPHQHDFDUWRILWUHEXLH
QXPDLGHFkWVFXUVăGHRDUHFHvQHDUăPkQHVRODQLQDXúRUVROXELOăvQDSă&kQG
FDUWRIXOVHSXQHODILHUWFXFRDMăWRDWăVRODQLQDUăPkQHvQWXEHUFXO'UHSWPăVXUă
SULQFLSDOăGHSURILOD[LHD LQWR[LFD‫܊‬LHLFXVRODQLQăHVWH FRQVLGHUDWă LQWHU]LFHUHD
IRORVLULLFDUWRIXOXLvQFROĠLWvQDOLPHQWDĠLH3HQWUXDHYLWDvQYHU]LUHDFDUWRILLVHYRU
SăVWUDvQWURvQFăSHUHvQWXQHFRDVă
Capitolul ***

Intoxicația prin țesuturi de pește,QWROHUDQ‫܊‬DDVRFLDWăFRQVXPXOXLGHFD

YLDUVDXGHODS‫܊‬LDLXQRUVSHFLLGHSH‫܈‬WLHVWHFXQRVFXWăGHPXOWWLPS&XRLQRIHQ
VLYLWDWHWRWDOăD‫܊‬HVXWXOXLPXVFXODUFRQVXPXOGHFDYLDU‫܈‬LGHODS‫܊‬LGXFHODRWUăYLUH
vQVR‫܊‬LWăGHJDVWURHQWHULWăDFXWăFDUHXQHRULDUHRHYROX‫܊‬LHGHWLSKROHUă&DYLDUXO
ODS‫܊‬LL ‫܈‬L ILFDWXO GHYLQWR[LFLvQWLPSXO VH]RQXOXL GH UHSURGXFHUH D SH‫܈‬WHOXL ‫܈‬LOD
VFKLPEDUHDSODQFWRQXOXLIRORVLWFDKUDQă3URSULHWă‫܊‬LOHRWUăYLWRDUHvQWLPSXODQX
PLWRUSHULRDGHGHUHSURGXFHUHSRWILvQUHJLVWUDWH‫܈‬LOD‫܈‬WLXFăELEDQPDFURX
Intoxicația cu moluștePLGLLVHvQUHJLVWUHD]ăUDU0LGLLOHGREkQGHVFSUR
SULHWă‫܊‬L WR[LFH QXPDL SH WLPS GH YDUă FkQG PLFURRUJDQLVPHOH XQLFHOXODUH DOH
SODQFWRQXOXL dinoflagelate FX FDUH VH KUăQHVF PLGLLOH VH UHSURGXF vQ PDVă
2WUDYDFRQ‫܊‬LQXWăvQDFHVWHSURWR]RDUHHVWHIRDUWHSXWHUQLFă‫܈‬LFXHIHFWQHXURWR[LF
%ROQDYLLODvQFHSXWDFX]ăVOăELFLXQHJHQHUDOăJUHD‫܊‬ăDPH‫܊‬HOLDSRLDPRU‫܊‬LUHDIH‫܊‬HL
DEX]HORUDOLPELLUHVSLUD‫܊‬LHvQJUHXLDWă SDUH]H3XSLOHOH VXQWGLODWDWHEROQDYLL
PDQLIHVWă DQ[LHWDWH VHQWLPHQW GH WHDPă DJRQL]DQWă 5HFXSHUDUHD HVWH WDUGLYă
6DXvQUHJLVWUDW‫܈‬LGHFHVHGLQFDX]DSDUDOL]LHLFHQWUXOXLUHVSLUDWRU3UHYHQLUHDmiti-
lismuluiLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LHLFXPLGLLGDFăvQKDELWDWHOHPROX‫܈‬WHORUHVWHGHWHFWDWăUHSUR
GXFHUHDvQPDVăDGLQRIODJHODWHORUFRORUDUHDvQUR‫܈‬XDDSHLPăULL‫܈‬LOXPLQLVFHQ‫܊‬ă
GHQRDSWHWUHEXLHRSULWăLPHGLDWUHFROWDUHDPLGLLORU
Intoxicația cu miere de albineVHvQWkOQH‫܈‬WHODFROHFWDUHDQHFWDUXOXLGHSH
SODQWHRWUăYLWRDUHFXPDUILPăVHOăUL‫܊‬DURGRGHQGURQXOD]DOHHD,QWR[LFDWLLOHVH
FDUDFWHUL]HD]ăSULQWURYDULHWDWHGHVLPSWRPH3HQWUXDSUHYHQLDVWIHOGHLQWR[L
FD‫܊‬LLVHUHFRPDQGăFDSULVDFDVăILHDPSODVDWăvQORFXULIăUăSODQWHRWUăYLWRDUH

Intoxicaţiile generate de consumul produselor de panificaţieVXQWSURYR

FDWHGHVHPLQĠHOHXQRUEXUXLHQLneghinaFDUHGDXSkLQLLXQJXVWDPăUXL%XUX
LHQLOHLQYDGHD]ă ODQXULOH GH VHFDUăGHJUkXGH RU] ‫܈‬L GHDOWHFXOWXULFHUHDOLHUH
ÌQWUXFkWPDWXUL]DUHDVHPLQ‫܊‬HORUEXUXLHQLORUDGHVHDDUHORFvQDFHOD‫܈‬LWLPSFXDFH
UHDOHORUODUHFROWDUHDDFHVWRUDVHDPHVWHFă6XEVWDQ‫܊‬HOHWR[LFHGLQEXUXLHQLILLQG
UH]LVWHQWHODWUDWDPHQWXOWHUPLFQXVHGHVFRPSXQODFRDFHUHDSkLQLLXQHOHGLQWUHHOH
GDXSkLQLLXQJXVWDPDU7DEORXOFOLQLFDOXQRUDVWIHOGHLQWR[LFDĠLLHVWHIRDUWHYDULDW
FHHDFHIDFHGLILFLOGLDJQRVWLFXO
2WR[LQăSHULFXORDVăfazinaVHFRQĠLQHvQIDVROHOHFUXGHGDUFDUHVHGLV
WUXJHvQWLPSXOSUHOXFUăULLWHUPLFH'HRDUHFHIDVROHOHVXQWIRORVLWHQXPDLGXSă
SUHOXFUDUHDWHUPLFăintoxicaţiile cu fazinăVHvQWkPSOăUDUODIRORVLUHDvQDOL
PHQWDĠLHDIăLQLLGHIDVROHSUHOXFUDWăWHUPLFLQVXILFLHQW0DQLIHVWăULOHLQWR[LFDĠLHL
FXID]LQăVXQWDVHPăQăWRDUHFXFHOHDOHJDVWURHQWHULWHL3HQWUXDHYLWDDVWIHOGH
LQWR[LFDĠLLWUHEXLHUHVSHFWDWSURFHVXOWHKQRORJLFGHSUHJăWLUHDIDLQLLGHIDVROH
FDUHQXVHYLQGHvQUHĠHDXDFRPHUFLDOă

Intoxicații cu reziduuri de substanţe chimice

6XEVWDQĠHOHFKLPLFHIRORVLWHODFRPEDWHUHDGăXQăWRULORUúLEROLORUSODQWHORU
VHQXPHVFpesticideÌQSUH]HQWVXQWIRORVLĠLSHODUJFRPSXúLLRUJDQLFLDLPHUFXUX
OXLgranozanul, mercuranulFORUXOXL(hexacloranul, heptaclorul ş.aFRPSXúLL
RUJDQRIRVIRULFLclorofosul, metafosul, carbofosul, fosfamida ş.a.GHULYDĠLLDFL
GXOXLFDUEDPLFsevinul ş.aDFL]LORUWLRúLGLWLRFDUEDPLFzinebul
7UDWDUHDLQFRUHFWăDFXOWXULORUDJULFROHFXSHVWLFLGHQHUHVSHFWDUHDWHUPHQHORU
GHWUDWDUHDQRUPHORUQXPăUXOXLSURFHGXULORUúDGXFHODLPSXULILFDUHDSURGXVHORU
DOLPHQWDUHIDSWGHRVHELWGHSHULFXORVGHRDUHFHDFHVWHSURGXVHQLPHUHVFúLvQKUDQD
FRSLLORU RDPHQLORU vQ YkUVWă EROQDYLORU FDUH VXQW H[WUHP GH VHQVLELOL OD VXE
VWDQĠHOHFKLPLFHWR[LFH
1XWRĠLRDPHQLLVXQWODIHOGHVHQVLELOLODVXEVWDQĠHOHWR[LFHODXQLLVHPQHOH
LQWR[LFDĠLHLSRWDSăUHDLPHGLDWODDOĠLL±WUHSWDWvQWLPSFHDOĠLLvQJHQHUHQXUHDFĠLR
QHD]ăODHOH
$FĠLXQHD QHIDVWă D FKLPLFDOHORU DVXSUD RUJDQLVPXOXL GHSLQGH vQ SULPXO
UkQGGHFDQWLWDWHDGHVXEVWDQĠăSăWUXQVăvQRUJDQLVP'DFăvQWURSHULRDGăVFXUWă
vQRUJDQLVPSăWUXQGHRFDQWLWDWHPDUHGHVXEVWDQĠăWR[LFăDWXQFLDUHORFRLQWR[L
FDĠLHDFXWăPDQLIHVWDWăSULQWURHYROXĠLHUDSLGăDEROLL
3ULPHOHVLPSWRPHGHLQWR[LFDĠLHGHSLQGvQPDUHPăVXUăGHFăLOHGHSă
WUXQGHUH D VXEVWDQĠHL WR[LFH 'DFă DFHVWHD DMXQJ vQ RUJDQLVP SH FDOH EXFDOă
VLPSWRPHOHSULQFLSDOHVXQWGHRELFHLJUHDĠDYRPDúLGLDUHHD0DQLIHVWăULOHXO
WHULRDUH DOH LQWR[LFDĠLHL DFXWH VXQW GHWHUPLQDWH GH FRPSR]LĠLD FKLPLFă D VXE
VWDQĠHLGHWLSXOSHVWLFLGHORU
3HQWUXLQWR[LFDĠLLOHVXEDFXWHFHDSDUWUHSWDWvQXUPDSăWUXQGHULLvQGHOXQ
JDWHvQRUJDQLVPDXQRUFDQWLWăĠLPLFLGHVXEVWDQĠHWR[LFHDXRPDUHLPSRUWDQĠă
XUPăWRDUHOHSURSULHWăĠLDOHFKLPLFDOHORUFDSDFLWDWHDGHDVHFXPXODvQRUJDQLVP
SURSULHWDWHFXPXODWLYăJUDGXOGHSăVWUDUHvQRELHFWHOHGLQPHGLXOH[WHUQYLWH]D
GHHOLPLQDUHGLQRUJDQLVPSUHFXPúLJUDGXOGHWR[LFLWDWH
$FĠLXQHDvQGHOXQJDWăDVXEVWDQĠHORUFKLPLFHWR[LFHGXFHODVSRULUHDPRU
ELGLWăĠLLJHQHUDOHDGLFăODFUHúWHUHDQXPăUXOXLGHvPEROQăYLULFHQXĠLQGLUHFWGH
DFĠLXQHDXQHLDQXPLWHVXEVWDQĠHFKLPLFH'LQDFHVWJUXSIDFSDUWHGLIHULWHEROL
DOHRUJDQHORUGLJHVWLYHULQLFKLORUFăLORUUHVSLUDWRULLSLRGHUPLWHOHHWF
Compuşii organici ai clorului, IRORVL‫܊‬LvQDJULFXOWXUăSHQWUXFRPEDWHUHD
GăXQăWRULORU VXQW IRDUWH UH]LVWHQĠL OD DFĠLXQHD IDFWRULORUPHGLXOXL vQFRQMXUăWRU
XQLLVHSăVWUHD]ăvQVROúLPDLPXOĠLDQL6HFXPXOHD]ăvQSURGXVHOHGH
RULJLQHYHJHWDOăúLDQLPDOă0XO‫܊‬LGLQWUHHLVHDFXPXOHD]ăvQIUXFWHúLvQOHJXPH
WLPSGHFkWHYDOXQLGXSăFH DXIRVWDSOLFDWH3UHOXFUDUHDWHUPLFăD SURGXVHORU
DOLPHQWDUHRE‫܊‬LQXWHGLQDFHVWHSODQWHQXDFĠLRQHD]ăVLPĠLWRUDVXSUDFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOXL
‫܈‬LSURSULHWă‫܊‬LORUVXEVWDQĠHORUFORURUJDQLFH$FHVWHDVHGL]ROYăXúRUvQJUăVLPLúL
vQVROYHQĠLRUJDQLFLGHDFHHDVHGHSXQvQĠHVXWXODGLSRVÌQSHULRDGDGHVOăELUHD
RUJDQLVPXOXLSUHSDUDWHOHGLQDFHDVWăJUXSăVXQWFDSDELOHVăWUHDFăvQVkQJHúL
VăúLLQWHQVLILFHDFĠLXQHDWR[LFă1LPHULQGvQRUJDQLVPHLSRWILHOLPLQDĠLúLSULQ
JODQGHOHPDPDUHIDSWFHSUH]LQWăXQSHULFROPDUHSHQWUXFRSLLLVXJDUL
&RPSXúLLRUJDQLFLDLFORUXOXLDFĠLRQHD]ăvQVSHFLDODVXSUDVLVWHPXOXLQHU
YRVFHQWUDOúLDILFDWXOXL6HFRQVWDWăXQHOHGHUHJOăULODQLYHOXOJODQGHORUHQGR
FULQHVLVWHPXOXLFDUGLRYDVFXODUULQLFKLORUVkQJHOXL
Capitolul ***

,QWR[LFDĠLLOHDFXWHFXFRPSX‫܈‬LFORURUJDQLFLVHPDQLIHVWăSULQJUHĠXULYRPă
GXUHULvQDEGRPHQDFFHOHUDUHDSXOVXOXLVOăELFLXQHúLGXUHULvQPXúFKLLPHPEUH
ORULQIHULRDUH6LPSWRPHOHLQWR[LFDĠLLORUFURQLFHVXQWSLHUGHUHDSRIWHLGHPkQ
FDUHLQVRPQLDGXUHULOHGHFDSVOăELFLXQHDvQPXúFKLúD
Compuşii organici ai fosforuluiDXFăSăWDWRDSOLFDUHODUJăvQDJULFXOWXUă
SHQWUXFRPEDWHUHDGăXQăWRULORUFXOWXULORUGHFkPSLQVHFWHORUFăSXúHORUúD
/DLQWR[LFDĠLDDFXWăFXDFHVWHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HDSDUJUHĠXULYRPăGXUHULGHFDS
DPHĠHOLVWDUHGHGHSUHVLXQHGHVFXUWăGXUDWăSUHFXPúLVDOLYDĠLHDEXQGHQWăFRQ
YXOVLL6XQWFDUDFWHULVWLFHHOLPLQDUHDGHPXFXVúLGHOLFKLGVSXPRVGLQQDVúLGLQ
JXUăVFDXQXOOLFKLG$SDUXQHOHVFKLPEăULLúLvQIXQFĠLRQDUHDFăLORUUHVSLUDWRULL
WXVHDúD
Preparatele cu mercur VXQW IRDUWH WR[LFH ‫܈‬L VH IRORVHVF SHQWUX WUDWDUHD
VHPLQĠHORU&HDPDLODUJăDSOLFDUHRDUHgranozanul. )DSWXOFăDXSURSULHWăĠLFX
PXODWLYHSURQXQĠDWHVHH[SOLFăSULQHOLPLQDUHDIRDUWHvQFHDWăGLQRUJDQLVP‫܈‬LLQFL
GHQ‫܊‬DPDLPDUHDLQWR[LFDĠLLORUFURQLFHFXDFHVWHSUHSDUDWHID‫܊‬ăGHIRUPHOHDFXWH
,QWR[LFDĠLD DFXWă VH FDUDFWHUL]HD]ă SULQ JXVW PHWDOLF vQ JXUă GXUHUL GH FDS
JUHĠXULVDOLYDĠLHDEXQGHQWăGXUHULvQDEGRPHQYRPăÌQXQHOHFD]XULVHREVHUYă
GLDUHHFXPXFXVúLFXVkQJH8OWHULRUDSDUWXOEXUăULHYLGHQWHDOHVLVWHPXOXLQHU
YRVPHUVQHVLJXUWUHPXUXOH[WUHPLWăĠLORUSDUDOL]LLGHVHRULIHEUăDIHFWDUHDUL
QLFKLORUVFDGHVDXGLVSDUHFXWRWXOHPLVLDGHXULQă
ÌQFD]GHLQWR[LFDĠLHFURQLFăFXPHUFXUEROQDYXORERVHúWHUHSHGHDUHGXUHUL
GHFDSWXOEXUăULGHVRPQVDOLYDĠLHDEXQGHQWăJUHĠXULYRPăGXUHULvQDEGRPHQ
GLDUHHDSDUWXOEXUăULSVLKLFHVOăELUHDPHPRULHLWUHPXUXOPkLQLORUEX]HORUOLP
ELLEROQDYXODUHXQPHUVQHVLJXUVHGHUHJOHD]ăIXQFĠLDULQLFKLORU
3HQWUXSURILOD[LDLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LLORUFXPHUFXUVHLQWHU]LFHFDWHJRULFFDFHUHD
OHOH WUDWDWH FX VXEVWDQĠH WR[LFH FH FRQ‫܊‬LQ PHUFXU Vă ILH IRORVLWH vQ VFRSXUL
DOLPHQWDUH FD KUDQăSHQWUXYLWH úLSăVăUL6HLQWHU]LFH IRORVLUHD ORUvQVFRSXUL
DOLPHQWDUHFKLDUúLGXSăFHYRUILVSăODWHDHULVLWHúLXVFDWH(VWHVWULFWLQWHU]LVă
IRORVLUHDDFHVWRUSUHSDUDWHSHQWUXWUDWDUHDDQLPDOHORUúLSăVăULORU
0HUFXUXOQLPHULQGvQRUJDQLVPDUHSURSULHWDWHDGHDVHDFXPXODvQILFDW
ULQLFKLFUHLHUúLvQDOWHRUJDQH/XkQGvQFRQVLGHUDUHIDSWXOFăvQSULPHOH]LOHúL
VăSWăPkQLGHDIODUHvQRUJDQLVPQXSURYRDFăPDQLIHVWăULFOLQLFHGHLQWR[LFDĠLH
SURFHVXOSDWRORJLFSRDWHUăPkQHQHREVHUYDWvQVăLPSXULILFDUHDODSWHOXLFăUQLL
RXăORUDUHORFGHMD3UHOXFUDUHDWHKQRORJLFăúLWHUPLFăDSURGXVHORULPSXULILFDWH
FXPHUFXUQXOLFKLGHD]ăSHULFROXOWR[LFDODFHVWXLD

Intoxicaţii cu substanţe chimice care migrează din vasele în care sunt

păstrate.
0DMRULWDWHDSURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUHFRQĠLQFRPSXúLRUJDQLFL9HQLQGvQFRQ
WDFW FX YDVHOH GLQ PHWDO vQ FDUH VH SUHSDUă EXFDWHOH DFH‫܈‬WHD IRUPHD]ă VăUXUL
XQHOHDYkQGDFĠLXQHWR[LFăDVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXL$VWIHOGDFăvQYDVHGHFXSUXVDX
GHILHU]LQFDWVHSăVWUHD]ăPXUăWXULPDULQDWHGXOFHĠXULEUkQ]ăGHRDLHRSDUWHGLQ
VăUXULOHDFHVWRUPHWDOHWUHFvQDOLPHQWHSURYRFkQGLQWR[LFDĠLL&HOHPDLLJLHQLFH
YDVHSHQWUXSăVWUDUHDSURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUHVXQWGLQVWLFOăúLFHOHHPDLODWH
3UH]LQWăSHULFROúLSURGXVHOHDOLPHQWDUHSăVWUDWHvQYDVHGLQPDVăSODVWLFă
QHGHVWLQDWHDFHVWXLVFRSPDLDOHVGDFăvQHOHVDXSăVWUDWVXEVWDQĠHFKLPLFHWR
[LFH3HILHFDUHYDVGLQPDVăSODVWLFăHVWHLQGLFDWăGHVWLQDĠLDOXL'DFăSăVWUDUHD
SURGXVHORU DOLPHQWDUH HVWH FRQWUDLQGLFDWă vQVHDPQă Fă PDVD SODVWLFă FRQĠLQH
DQXPLWHVXEVWDQĠHFKLPLFHFDUHSRWWUHFHvQSURGXVXOSăVWUDWúLVFKLPEDSURSULH
WăĠLOHRUJDQROHSWLFHDOHDFHVWXLDRULVXQWWR[LFHSHQWUXRP
Intoxicaţiile alimentare cu plumbsaturnismVXQWDVRFLDWHvQSULQFLSDO
FXXWLOL]DUHDYDVHORUGLQDUJLOăFRQIHF‫܊‬LRQDWHvQFRQGL‫܊‬LLQHLQGXVWULDOHRELHFWH
GHDUWL]DQDW‫܈‬LDFRSHULWHFXJOD]XUăFHFRQ‫܊‬LQHSOXPEGHSOXPEFDUH
FXX‫܈‬XULQ‫܊‬ăFHGHD]ăSOXPEXOvQSURGXVH
3OXPEXO SăWUXQ]kQG vQ FRUSXO XPDQ vQ FDQWLWă‫܊‬L PLFLVH GHSR]LWHD]ăvQ
RDVHFDSDELOHVăOUH‫܊‬LQăSHQWUXRSHULRDGăOXQJăGHWLPS‫܈‬LvQFDQWLWă‫܊‬LPDULÌQ
WLPSFHHVWHGHSR]LWDWvQRDVHSOXPEXOHVWHLQRIHQVLYÌQDQXPLWHFRQGL‫܊‬LLGH
H[RERVHDOăIRDPHEROLLQIHF‫܊‬LRDVHVăUXULOHGHSOXPEWUHFGLQRDVHvQIOX[XO
VDQJXLQFXFDUHDMXQJkQGODWRDWHRUJDQHOH‫܈‬LSURGXFHIHFWHWR[LFH,QWR[LFD‫܊‬LD
FURQLFăFXSOXPEVHGH]YROWăOHQW6WDUHDGHVăQăWDWHDSHUVRDQHLUăPkQHVDWLVIă
FăWRDUHSHQWUXRSHULRDGăOXQJăGHWLPS$SRLDSDUVOăELFLXQHDJHQHUDOăDPH‫܊‬HOL
FHIDOHHWUHPXUDOPHPEUHORUSLHUGHUHDSRIWHLGHPkQFDUHVFăGHUHvQJUHXWDWHÌQ
ID]HOHXOWHULRDUHSHJLQJLLOHSHUVRDQHORUDIHFWDWHVHREVHUYăÄERUGXUăGHSOXPE´
JULDOEDVWUăFDUHDSDUHVXELQIOXHQ‫܊‬DVXOILWXOXLGHSOXPE'HVWXOGHWLPSXULXDSDU
FROLFL‫܈‬LFRQVWLSD‫܊‬LD6HREVHUYăPDQLIHVWăULDQHPLFHJUDYH
3HQWUXDSUHYHQLLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LLOHFXSOXPERELHFWHOHFRQIHF‫܊‬LRQDWHGLQDUJLOă
WUHEXLHVăFRQ‫܊‬LQăRFDQWLWDWHPLQLPăGHSOXPEvQJOD]XUă9DVHOHJOD]X
UDWHQXWUHEXLHVăFHGH]HSOXPEXOvQVROX‫܊‬LDGHDFLGDFHWLFGHSULQILHUEHUH
vQEROXOGHWHVWDUHWLPSGHGHPLQXWHÌQSUH]HQWVHDGPLWHIDEULFDUHDYDVHORU
GHOXWVPăOĠXLWHFXJOD]XUăIULWDWăFDUHVHREĠLQHSHFDOHLQGXVWULDOă‫܈‬LFRQĠLQHR
FDQWLWDWHPLFăGHSOXPE
)LHFDUHJRVSRGLQăDUHODEXFăWăULHúLesenţă de oţet'HVHRULHVWHGDWXLWăULL
IDSWXOFăDFHDVWăVXEVWDQĠăDWkWGHRELúQXLWăHVWHRRWUDYăIRDUWHSXWHUQLFă'DFă
GLQQHDWHQ‫܊‬LHRPXOYDEHDHVHQĠăGHRĠHWVHYDDOHJHFXDUVXULJUDYHDOHFDYLWăĠLL
EXFDOHHVRIDJXOXLúLVWRPDFXOXL'HDFHHDVWLFODFXHVHQĠăVHYDSăVWUDvQWUXQ
ORFLQDFFHVLELOFRSLLORU
Sărurile de zinc‫܈‬Lde cupruVSUHGHRVHELUHGHFHOHGHSOXPESURYRDFăGRDU
LQWR[LFD‫܊‬LLDFXWHODXWLOL]DUHDYDVHORUGLQFXSUX‫܈‬LGLQ]LQF6ăUXULOHDFHVWRUPHWDOH
DXXQHIHFWLULWDQW‫܈‬LFDXWHUL]DWDVXSUDPXFRDVHLVWRPDFXOXLDVWIHOvQFkWQXH[HUFLWă
XQHIHFWJHQHUDOSURQXQ‫܊‬DWDVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXL6LPSWRPHOHLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LHLDFXWHFX
VăUXULGHFXSUX‫܈‬LGH]LQFDSDUODRUHGXSăPDVă/DFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LLPDULDOHDFHV
WRUVăUXULvQDOLPHQWHGXSăFkWHYDPLQXWHODSHUVRDQHOHDIHFWDWHDSDUYăUVăWXUL
GXUHULVXEIRUPăGHFROLFLvQDEGRPHQODFDUHVHDOăWXUăGLDUHHD3HUVRDQHOHDIHF
WDWHUHVLPWJXVWPHWDOLFvQJXUă5HFXSHUDUHDDUHORFvQGHFXUVGHR]LGXSăvQGH
SăUWDUHDVăUXULORUGHFXSUX‫܈‬LGH]LQFFXPDVHOHIHFDOH‫܈‬LYRPLWLYH
Capitolul ***

Intoxicaţia cu alcool etilic&DSURGXVLQLĠLDOSHQWUXREĠLQHUHDDOFRROXOXL

HWLOLFVXQWIRORVLWHFHUHDOHOHFDUWRILLVIHFODVWUXJXULLúD6XFXOGHVWUXJXULGH
SRPXúRDUHGHIUXFWHODFDOGvQFHSHVăIHUPHQWH]H&LXSHUFLOHGHIHUPHQWD‫܊‬LHGLQ
VXF VH vQPXOĠHVF UHSHGH ‫܈‬LvQ SURFHVXODFWLYLWăĠLLYLWDOH WUDQVIRUPă]DKăUXO GLQ
VXEVWDQĠHOH]DKDURDVHvQDOFRROHWLOLF%ăXWXULOHDOFRROLFHWDULREĠLQXWHvQFRQGL‫܊‬LL
FDVQLFHFRQĠLQPXOWHLPSXULWăĠLGăXQăWRDUHvQSULPXOUkQGuleiul de fuzel
,QWR[LFDĠLDFXDOFRROHWLOLFFRQVWLWXLHDSDUHvQXUPDFRQVXPXOXLXQHLFDQWL
WăĠLPDULGHDOFRROVDXGHVXURJDWHGHEăXWXULDOFRROLFH&LUFDGLQDOFRROXO
SăWUXQVvQRUJDQLVPHVWHDVLPLODWUHVWXOILLQGHOLPLQDWFXXULQDFXDHUXOH[SLUDW
FXODSWHOHPDPHLúD0HWDEROLWXOLPHGLDWDODOFRROXOXLHVWHDFHWDOGHKLGDIRUPDWă
vQILFDW$FHDVWăVXEVWDQĠăHVWHIRDUWHWR[LFăGHRULPDLWR[LFăGHFkWDOFR
ROXO úL SUDFWLF DWDFă WRDWH RUJDQHOH 8Q FRQVXP vQGHOXQJDW GH DOFRRO GXFH OD
DFXPXODUHDDFHWDOGHKLGHLvQRUJDQLVP
$OFRROXOSURYRDFăWXOEXUăULVRPDWLFHVSHFLILFHIDYRUL]kQGDSDULĠLDPDODGL
LORUDWkWSULQVOăELUHDUH]LVWHQĠHLRUJDQLVPXOXLFkWúLSULQDFĠLXQHDDVXSUDYHULJLORU
OXLVODEH$IHFĠLXQLVRPDWLFHVHFRQVWDWăODILHFDUHDOSDWUXOHDEROQDYGHDOFRROLVP
,QWR[LFDĠLD PRGHUDWă VH FDUDFWHUL]HD]ă SULQ XQHOH PRGLILFăUL SVLKLFH
FUHúWHUHDWHQVLXQLLDUWHULDOHDFFHOHUDUHDSXOVXOXLJUHĠXULDPHĠHOLYRPă,QWR[L
FDĠLDJUDYăHVWHVHPQDODWăGHGHUHJODUHDPDLSURQXQĠDWăDIXQF‫܊‬LLORUVLVWHPXOXL
QHUYRVFHQWUDOFRPăUăFLUHDSLHOLLFDUHGHYLQHOLSLFLRDVăúLKLSHUHPLDWăWHPSH
UDWXUăVFă]XWăDFRUSXOXLYRPăúD2PDQLIHVWDUHFXQRVFXWăDDOFRROLVPXOXLHVWH
VWDUHDGHHEULHWDWH0DQLIHVWăULOHXQHLHEULHWăĠLXúRDUHVXQWEXQDGLVSR]LĠLHH[FL
WDUHDSVLKLFăQXSUHDPDUHGHSăQDUHDDFFHOHUDWăDJkQGXULORUDPLQWLULOHSOăFXWH
JkQGLUHSXĠLQORJLFăXQHOHWXOEXUăULvQYRUELUHúLvQPLúFăUL3HQWUXHEULHWDWHDPH
GLHHFDUDFWHULVWLFăVFăGHUHDEUXVFăDDWHQĠLHL3HUVRDQDGHYLQHGLVWUDWăDJUHVLYă
FXJHWă KDRWLF PL‫܈‬FăULOH GHYLQ QHFRRUGRQDWH PHUVXO ± vPSOHWLFLW (EULHWDWHD
JUDYă VH PDQLIHVWă SULQ YRUELUH vQFkOFLWă GH]RULHQWDUH vQ WLPS úL vQ VSDĠLX
PLúFăULQHFRRUGRQDWH)DĠDSHUVRDQHLvQVWDUHGHHEULHWDWHGHYLQHSDOLGăVDXVH
vQURúHúWHGLQJXUăvLFXUJHVDOLYă,QWR[LFDĠLDJUDYăFXDOFRROVHFDUDFWHUL]HD]ă
SULQWUREXLPăFHDOăFUHVFkQGă$IHFWDWXOQXVHĠLQHSHSLFLRDUHQXSRDWHDFĠLRQD
OLEHUúLQXSRDWHYRUEL2UJDQLVPXOUHVSLQJH EăXWXULOH VSLUWRDVH FăFLRPXOVH
VLPWHUăXYRPLWăDUHDPHĠHOL&XUkQGGXSăFRQVXPDUHDUHSHWDWăDEăXWXULORU
DOFRROLFHvQRUJDQLVPDSDUHRUH]LVWHQĠăODDOFRRO
2PXOFDUHDFRQVXPDWRFDQWLWDWHPDUHGHEăXWXULVSLUWRDVHúLQXHVWHERO
QDYGHDOFRROLVPDGRXD]LDUHGXUHULGHFDSHVWHLQGLVSXVVLPWHJUHDĠăQDUH
SRIWăGHPkQFDUHIDSWFHLQGLFăRLQWR[LFDĠLHDFXWăFXDOFRRO
)LLQGFRQVXPDWGHVDOFRROXODFĠLRQHD]ăSDWRORJLFDVXSUDWXWXURURUJDQHORU
LQWHUQHúLIXQFĠLLORUYLWDOH0DLvQWkLDWDFăDSDUDWXOFDUGLRYDVFXODUILFDWXOWUDFWXO
GLJHVWLY3HUVRDQHOHFDUHFRQVXPăFDQWLWăĠLPDULGHDOFRROúLHIHFWXHD]ăXQHOH
HIRUWXULIL]LFHVXQWH[SX‫܈‬LDSRSOH[LLORUKHPRUDJLLvQFUHLHUúLKHPRUDJLLORUvQ
PXúFKLXOFDUGLDF
,QWR[LFDĠLDFXDOFRRODIHFWHD]ăúLDSDUDWXOXLUHVSLUDWRUvQXUPDDFĠLXQLLWR[LFH
DDOFRROXOXLúLDSURGXVHORUGHGHVFRPSXQHUHHOLPLQDWHSULQFăLOHUHVSLUDWRULL6H
vQUHJLVWUHD]ăGLODWDUHDFDSLODUHORUúLYHQHORUPLFLXUPDWăGHKHPRUDJLLvQSDUHQ
FKLPXOSXOPRQDUPXFRDVDEURQKLLORUSOHXUDYLVFHUDOă,QWR[LFDĠLDvQGHOXQJDWăFX
DOFRROFRQWULEXLHODVFăGHUHDUHDFĠLHLLPXQRORJLFHJHQHUDOHDRUJDQLVPXOXLúLDUH
]LVWHQĠHLSXOPRQDUHORFDOH
$FĠLXQHDQHJDWLYăD DOFRROXOXL DVXSUDXUPDúLORU HVWHFXQRVFXWă vQFă GLQ
WLPSXUL VWUăYHFKL ÌQWLPSXO GH]YROWăULL LQWUDXWHULQHD IăWXOXL DOFRROXO GXFH OD
DSDULĠLDDQRPDOLLORUFRQJHQLWDOHDOHDQXPLWRURUJDQHÌQIDPLOLLOHvQFDUHSăULQĠLL
IDFDEX]GHDOFRROVHQDVFFRSLLSUHPDWXULVDXPRUĠL&KLDUGDFăFRSLOXOVDQăV
FXWYLXvQPDMRULWDWHDFD]XULORUHVWHVODEGH]YROWDWIL]LFLDUPDLWkU]LXUăPkQHvQ
XUPă‫܈‬LGH]YROWDUHDPLQWDOă'DFăDOFRROXODMXQJHvQRUJDQLVPXOSUXQFXOXLvP
SUHXQăFXODSWHOHPDPHLDSDUWXOEXUăULQHUYRDVHDOHRUJDQHORUGLJHVWLYHPDL
DOHVDOHILFDWXOXLDOHVLVWHPXOXLFDUGLRYDVFXODU‫܈‬LUHVSLUDWRUHWF8QHRULXUPkQG
VIDWXOFHORUÄFXH[SHULHQĠă´PDPHOHFRQVXPăYLQVDXEHUHSHQWUXDDYHDPDL
PXOW ODSWH $FHDVWD GXFH OD LQWR[LFDĠLD DOFRROLFă D SUXQFXOXL FDUH SRDWHDYHD
DFFHVHGHFRQWUDFĠLLPXVFXODUHVSDVWLFHLDUvQXQHOHFD]XULFKLDUúLDGHYăUDWHDF
FHVHGHHSLOHSVLHÌQIDPLOLLOHDOFRROLFLORUVHQDVFGHFLQFLRULPDLPXOĠLFRSLL
EROQDYLGHFkWvQIDPLOLLOHXQGHQXVHFRQVXPăEăXWXULVSLUWRDVH/DH[DPLQDUHD
DGHFRSLLFXGHUHJOăULPLQWDOHVDFRQVWDWDWFăDSURDSHDYHDXWDWă
DOFRROLF±PDPăDOFRROLFă±DPELLSăULQĠLDOFRROLFL

Intoxicații alimentare cu nitriți

0HWKHPRJORELQHPLDDOLPHQWDUăFURQLFăFXQLWUD‫܊‬L‫܈‬LQLWUL‫܊‬LSRDWHDSăUHDFD
UH]XOWDWDOFRQVXPXOXLPH]HOXULORU‫܈‬LSURGXVHORUDIXPDWHSUHFXP‫܈‬LDDOLPHQWHORU
YHJHWDOHFDUHFRQ‫܊‬LQFDQWLWă‫܊‬LPDULGHQLWUD‫܊‬LQLWUL‫܊‬L‫܈‬LQLWUR]DPLQHVIHFOăFDUWRIL
PRUFRYLQDSLULGLFKLFRQRSLGăVDODWăYHUGH‫܈‬DÌQSURGXVHOHYHJHWDOHDFHVWHD
SURYLQGLQD]RWPLQHUDO‫܈‬LGLQvQJUă‫܈‬ăPLQWHD]RWDWH
ÌQPH]HOXULSURGXVHDIXPDWHEUkQ]HWXUL‫܈‬LvQDOWHSURGXVHQLWUD‫܊‬LL‫܈‬LQLWUL‫܊‬LL
VXQWXWLOL]D‫܊‬LFDDGLWLYLDOLPHQWDUL1LWUR]DPLQHOHSURGXVXOUHDF‫܊‬LHLGLQWUHDPL
QHOHVHFXQGDUH‫܈‬LQLWUL‫܊‬LDXSURSULHWă‫܊‬LFDQFHULJHQH1LWUL‫܊‬LLSăWUXQ‫܈‬LvQRUJDQLVP
LQWHUDF‫܊‬LRQHD]ă FX KHPRJORELQD GLQ VkQJH FX IRUPDUH PHWKHPRJORELQHL FDUH
LQDFWLYHD]ăR[LKHPRJORELQD,QDFWLYDUHDXQHLSăU‫܊‬LLQWDFWHDKHPRJORELQHLHVWH
REVHUYDWăFKLDU‫܈‬LvQFD]XOPHWKHPRJORELQHPLHLQHVHPQLILFDWLYH‫܈‬LHVWHDVRFLDWă
FXVFăGHUHDDSRUWXOXLGHR[LJHQFăWUH‫܊‬HVXWXUL‫܈‬LFXHIHFWQHJDWLYDVXSUDVăQăWă‫܊‬LL
3HQWUXprevenirea intoxicațiilorcu nitrițiWUHEXLHVă VH ‫܊‬LQă FRQWvQ PRG
VWULFW‫܈‬LVăVHUHVSHFWHUHJXOLOHGHGHSR]LWDUH‫܈‬LGHHOLEHUDUHDQLWUL‫܊‬LORUvQvQWUH
SULQGHULOHXQGHVXQWXWLOL]DWH(VWHQHFHVDUXQFRQWUROULJXURVDVXSUDSURFHVXOXL
WHKQRORJLFGHIDEULFDUHDPH]HOXULORU‫܈‬LVWDQGDUGL]DUHDVWULFWăDFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOXLGH
QLWUL‫܊‬LGLQHOH1LWUL‫܊‬LLODIDEULFDUHDGHPH]HOXULWUHEXLHXWLOL]D‫܊‬LVXEIRUPăGHVR
OX‫܊‬LLSUHJăWLWHvQODERUDWRU&RQ‫܊‬LQXWXOGHQLWUL‫܊‬LGLQVDODPXULOHDIXPDWH‫܈‬LVHPLD
IXPDWHQXWUHEXLHVăGHSă‫܈‬HDVFăPJvQPH]HOXULOHILHUWHFkUQD‫܊‬L±QXPDL
PXOWGHPJODPJGHSURGXV
Capitolul ***

Profilaxia intoxicaţiilor alimentare nemicrobiene

3HQWUXDSUHYHQLLQWR[LFDĠLLOHFXFLXSHUFLDXIRVWHODERUDWHUHJXOLVDQLWDUHvQ
FDUH VXQW GHVFULVH FLXSHUFLOH FRPHVWLELOH úL QHFRPHVWLELOH/D SLDĠă HVWH DGPLVă
YkQ]DUHDGRDUDFLXSHUFLORUVRUWDWHvQVWDUHFUXGăXVFDWăVDXPDULQDWăGHRDQX
PLWă VSHFLH úL QX DPHVWHFDWH (VWH LQWHU]LVă YkQ]DUHD FLXSHUFLORU ILHUWH VDX Iă
UkPLĠDWHDVDODWHORUGHFLXSHUFLúLDDOWRUSURGXVHSUHSDUDWHGLQFLXSHUFLGHIRUPDWH
3HUVRDQHOHFDUHOXFUHD]ăFXSHVWLFLGHOHWUHEXLHVăILHLQVWUXLWHUHIHULWRUOD
SURSULHWăĠLOHFKLPLFDOHORUIRORVLWHúLFXPăVXULOHGHSURWHFĠLHvQSURFHVXOXWLOL]ăULL
ORUÌQVăXQHOHOXFUăULSUHFXPWUDWDUHDORWXULORULQGLYLGXDOHDDQLPDOHORUGRPHV
WLFHúLDORFXLQĠHLQXVXQWHIHFWXDWHGHVSHFLDOLúWL3HUVRDQHOHFDUHvQGHSOLQHVF
DFHVWH OXFUăUL QX FXQRVF JUDGXOGHWR[LFLWDWHDO SHVWLFLGHORUIRORVLWH GXUDWDúL
IUHFYHQĠDDSOLFăULLPăVXULOHGHVHFXULWDWHúDGHDFHHDHYDHYLWDIRORVLUHDORU
GHFăWUHSHUVRDQHOHSDUWLFXODUH
1XVHDGPLWHWUDQVSRUWDUHDFKLPLFDOHORUvQJHQĠLVDFR‫܈‬HúLvQDOWHUHFLSL
HQWHGHVWLQDWHSHQWUXWUDQVSRUWDUHDSURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUH3ăVWUDUHDVXEVWDQĠHORU
FKLPLFHWR[LFHIăUăDPEDODMvQORFXULRFD]LRQDOHSRDWHFDX]DFRQIXQGDUHDORU
FX XQHOH SURGXVH DOLPHQWDUH XOHL IDLQă úD IRORVLUHD JUHúLWă D FăURUD SRDWH
SURYRFDLQWR[LFDĠLL3ăVWUDUHDSHVWLFLGHORUvQILROHVDXVWLFOXĠHvQFDUHDXIRVWPH
GLFDPHQWHXOHLYHJHWDOúDGHDVHPHQHDSRDWHGXFHODXQHOHFD]XULWUDJLFH&KL
PLFDOHOHWUHEXLHSăVWUDWHvQGXODSXULVSHFLDOHFDUHVHvQFXLHúLVXQWLQDFFHVLELOH
FRSLLORU$PEDODMXOWUHEXLHVăILHGXUDELOVăVHvQFKLGăHUPHWLFVăDLEăRHWLFKHWă
SHFDUHVăILHLQGLFDWHGHQXPLUHDVXEVWDQĠHLFRQFHQWUDĠLDúLDOWHGDWHQHFHVDUH
3HORWXULOHLQGLYLGXDOHJRVSRGDULLVăGHVFvQWUHSRPLOHJXPHYHUGHĠXULGL
IHULWHSRPXúRDUH&XOHVXOURDGHLGHSHDFHVWHVHFWRDUHSRDWHFRLQFLGHFXVWURSLWXO
SRPLORUFXVXEVWDQĠHWR[LFHFRQWUDEROLORUúLGăXQăWRULORU3HQWUXDSURWHMDOHJX
PHOHGHLPSXULILFDUHDFXSHVWLFLGHORWXULOHFXOHJXPHSRPXúRDUHúDVHDFRSHUă
FXRSHOLFXOăGHSROLHWLOHQă'XSăFHOXFUăULOHGHWUDWDUHDXOXDWVIkUúLWSHOLFXODVH
VFRDWHGDUQXPDLGHYUHPHGHFkWSHVWHRUHGHRDUHFHVROXĠLDPDLFRQWLQXă
VăSLFXUHGHSHSRPL'XSăDFHVWHOXFUăULORWXULOHFXOHJXPHWUHEXLHVWURSLWHGH
RULFXDSăSRWDELOă
ÌQFXOWXULOHYHJHWDOHUăPăúLĠHOHGHSHVWLFLGHVHSăVWUHD]ăWLPSvQGHOXQJDW
GHDFHHDWUDWDUHDSRPLORUWUHEXLHvQFKHLDWăFXFHOSXĠLQGH]LOHvQDLQWHGH
VWUkQVXOURDGHL1XVHDGPLWHWUDWDUHDFXSHVWLFLGHDFHSHLFăSúXQLORUIDVROHORU
PD]ăULLPRUFRYXOXLSăWUXQMHOXOXLPăUDUXOXLúD
3URGXVHOHDOLPHQWDUHLPSXULILFDWHvQWkPSOăWRUFXSHVWLFLGHVXQWVWUkQVHúL
QLPLFLWH GHRDUHFH SUH]LQWă SHULFRO SHQWUX VăQăWDWH JHQHUkQG LQWR[LFDĠLLORU
JUDYHPDLDOHVODFRSLL

Intoxicații alimentare de etiologie necunoscută

'LQDFHDVWăJUXSăIDFSDUWHboala Juks-SartlandPLRJORELQXULDDOLPHQWDUă
SDUR[LVPDOWR[LFă ERDOD *DII,QWR[LFD‫܊‬LD HVWHFDX]DWă GHFRQVXPXOGH SH‫܈‬WH
‫܈‬WLXFăELEDQ‫܈‬DOăX7R[LQDVHFRQFHQWUHD]ăvQJUăVLPHDGHSH‫܈‬WHHVWHVWDELOă
WHUPLF‫܈‬LQXVHGLVWUXJHODvQFăO]LUHWLPSGHRRUăODƒ&3RVLELOFDSH‫܈‬WHOH
‫܊‬HVXWXULOHDFHVWXLDVăFDSHWHSURSULHWă‫܊‬LWR[LFHGLQFDX]DFRQVXPXOXLGHVHPLQ‫܊‬H
‫܈‬LGHLQIORUHVFHQ‫܊‬HDOHSODQWHLRWUăYLWRDUHGaleopsisFDUHFUHVWHSHPDOXULOHED
]LQHORUGHDSă
%RDODVHPDQLIHVWăFXDFFHVHEUX‫܈‬WHGHGXUHULPXVFXODUHDFXWHDWkWGHVH
YHUHvQFkWSDFLHQWXOSLHUGHFRPSOHWPRELOLWDWHD'XUDWDDFFHVXOXLHVWHGH]LOH
1XPăUXOFUL]HORUSRDWHDMXQJHOD8ULQDDUHRFXORDUHEUXQPDURQLHGLQFD
X]DIXQF‫܊‬LHLUHQDOHDIHFWDWH‫܈‬LDPLRJORELQXULHL0RDUWHDvQWLPSXOXQXLDWDFSRDWH
DSăUHD SULQ RSULUHD UHVSLUD‫܊‬LHL GHRDUHFHPX‫܈‬FKLL GLDIUDJPHL ‫܈‬L FHL LQWHUFRVWDOL
VXQWDIHFWD‫܊‬L%RDODGHFXUJHFXWHPSHUDWXUăFRUSRUDOăQRUPDOă

Examinarea sanitaro-epidemiologică a intoxicaţiilor alimentare

'DFăGXSăSDUWLFXODULWăĠLERDODVHDVHDPăQăFXLQWR[LFDĠLDDOLPHQWDUăPH
GLFXOHVWHREOLJDW
 6ăDFRUGHDMXWRUXOPHGLFDOXUJHQWvQFD]GHQHFHVLWDWHVăLQWHUQH]HEROQDYXO
vQVWD‫܊‬LRQDU
 6ăIDFăFHUFHWăULOHSUHDODELOHDOHFD]XOXLFXVFRSXOGHDGHWHUPLQDFDX]HOH
EROLL GH D OXDPăVXULOH QHFHVDUHSHQWUXSURILOD[LD UăVSkQGLULLVDXUHSHWăULL
LQWR[LFDĠLHLDOLPHQWDUHGHH[HPSOXVXVWUDJHUHDSURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUHDOWH
UDWHGLQIRORVLUH
 6ă LQIRUPH]H FHQWUXO GH VăQăWDWH SXEOLFă GHVSUH FD]XO GH LQWR[LFDĠLH SULQ
WHOHIRQúLVăH[SHGLH]HvQúWLLQĠDUHDXUJHQWăLQGLFkQG
ORFDOLWDWHD
GDWD
ORFXOXQLWDWHDDOLPHQWDUăXQGHVDvQWkPSODWFD]XO
QXPăUXOGHYLFWLPHLQFOXVLYVSLWDOL]DWH
WDEORXOFOLQLFDOEROLL
QXPăUXOGHFD]XULOHWDOHGDFăVXQW
SURGXVXODOLPHQWDUVXVSHFWúLFDX]HOHFDUHDXGXVODLQWR[LFDĠLDDOLPHQ
WDUă
PăVXULOHOXDWH
VHPQăWXUDúLIXQFĠLDGHĠLQXWă
&HQWUHOHGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFăGXSăUHFHS‫܊‬LRQDUHDLQIRUPDĠLHLGHVSUHFD]X
ULOHGHLQWR[LFDĠLHDOLPHQWDUăLPHGLDWWULPLWvQIRFDUXQPHGLFVSHFLDOLVWvQLJLHQD
DOLPHQWDUă
ÌQSURFHVXOH[DPLQăULLEROQDYLORUVHLDXSUREHSHQWUXDQDOL]HGHODERUDWRUDOH
PDVHORUYRPLWLYHIHFDOHORU±FkWHPOVSăOăWXULORUJDVWULFHPO
XULQHLPOVkQJHSHQWUXvQVăPkQĠDUHPO3HQWUXDQDOL]HVHURORJLFH
VkQJHOHVHLDvQSULPDDúDSWHDúLDFLQFLVSUH]HFHD]LGHODDSDULĠLDEROLL




Capitolul ***


ÌPEăWUkQLUHDHVWHSURFHVXOQDWXUDOvQYLD‫܊‬DRULFăUHLSHUVRDQHED]DWSHDFX
PXODUHDOHQWăDPRGLILFăULORUOHJDWHGHYkUVWăPDQLIHVWDWHODWRDWHQLYHOXULOHFRU
SXOXLLQFOXVLYDVLVWHPXOXLGLJHVWLY2UJDQHOHVHVFKLPEăRGDWăFXYkUVWDDVWIHO
HVWHLPSRUWDQWVăVHIDFăGLIHUHQ‫܊‬DvQWUHVFKLPEăULOHIL]LRORJLFHJHQHUDWHGHYkU
VWă‫܈‬LFHOHLQGXVHGHEROLL%RDOD‫܈‬LDIHFWDUHDIXQF‫܊‬LHLQXVXQWHYHQLPHQWHLQHYL
WDELOHDOHvPEăWUkQLULL&XWRDWHDFHVWHDH[LVWăDQXPLWHPRGLILFăULVLVWHPLFHFDUH
DSDUFDSDUWHFRPSRQHQWăDvQDLQWăULLvQYkUVWă)DFWRULSUHFXPJHQHWLFDEROLOH
VWDUHDVRFLRHFRQRPLFă‫܈‬LVWLOXOGHYLD‫܊‬ăGHWHUPLQăFXPYDSURJUHVDvPEăWUkQLUHD
ILHFăUHLSHUVRDQH
&RQIRUP206SHUVRDQHOHFXYkUVWDGHSkQăODGHDQLVHFRQVLGHUăWL
QHUHvQWUH‫܈‬LDQL±DGXO‫܊‬LDQL±SHUVRDQHFXYkUVWăvQDLQWDWă
DQL±ORQJHYLYLSHUVRDQHVHQLOH
$OLPHQWD‫܊‬LDSHUVRDQHORUGHYkUVWăvQDLQWDWăHVWHRSUREOHPăLPSRUWDQWă‫܈‬L
XUJHQWăODHWDSDDFWXDOăGHRDUHFHSRDWHSUHYHQLvPEăWUkQLUHDWLPSXULHSULQUHV
SHFWDUHDFHULQ‫܊‬HORULJLHQLFHFXUHIHULUHODFDQWLWDWHD‫܈‬LODFRPSR]L‫܊‬LDDOLPHQWHORU
FRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOGHFDORULL‫܈‬LUHJLPXODOLPHQWDU
1XWUL‫܊‬LDSHUVRDQHORUvQYkUVWăSRDWHLQFOXGHWUHLWLSXULGHVHUYLFLLSUHYHQWLYH
● SUHYHQLUHDSULPDUă±DFFHQWXOVHSXQHSHQXWUL‫܊‬LHFXVFRSXOSURPRYăULL
VăQăWă‫܊‬LL ‫܈‬L SUHYHQLULLEROLORU (VWH LPSRUWDQWă vPELQDUHDDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHL
VăQăWRDVHFXDFWLYLWDWHDIL]LFă
● SUHYHQLUHDVHFXQGDUă±LPSOLFăUHGXFHUHDULVFXOXL‫܈‬LvQFHWLQLUHDSURJUH
VăULLEROLORUFURQLFHOHJDWHGHQXWUL‫܊‬LHSHQWUXDPHQ‫܊‬LQHIXQF‫܊‬LRQDOLWDWHD
‫܈‬LFDOLWDWHDYLH‫܊‬LL
● SUHYHQLUHDWHU‫܊‬LDUă±PDQDJHPHQWXOvQJULMLULLDFHVWRUSHUVRDQHLPSOLFă
DGHVHDSUREOHPHGHPHVWHFDW‫܈‬LDSHWLW‫܈‬LOLPLWăULIXQF‫܊‬LRQDOH
Boli asociate vârstei și în relație cu alimentația 
/DSHUVRDQHOHFXYkUVWDvQDLQWDWăVFDGHPDVDPXVFXODUăGHQVLWDWHDRDVH
ORUFDQWLWDWHDGHDSăGLQ‫܊‬HVXWXULLDUFDQWLWDWHDGH‫܊‬HVXWDGLSRVFUHúWH2GDWăFX
vQDLQWDUHDvQYkUVWăVFDGHHILFLHQ‫܊‬DIXQF‫܊‬LRQăULLVLVWHPXOXLGLJHVWLYDUHORFX]XUD
GDQWXULLHGHQWD‫܊‬LDDOWHUDUHDJXVWXOXL‫܈‬LDVHQ]D‫܊‬LHLGHVHWH&KLDUGDFăVWDUHDGH
VăQăWDWHHVWHEXQăODYkUVWQLFLVHFRQVWDWăRvQFHWLQLUHDJROLULLJDVWULFHFRUHODWă
FXGLPLQXDUHDVHFUHĠLHLGHDFLGJDVWULFSHUFHSWLELOăvQVSHFLDOGXSăGHDQL
1XWUL‫܊‬LDSHUVRDQHORUFXYkUVWDvQDLQWDWăSRDWHILFRPSURPLVăGHVăQăWDWHD
RUDOăSUHFDUă
3LHUGHUHD GLQ‫܊‬LORU XWLOL]DUHD SURWH]HORU ‫܈‬L [HURVWRPLD JXUD XVFDWă SRW
GXFHODGLILFXOWă‫܊‬L GHPHVWHFDUH‫܈‬LGHvQJKL‫܊‬LUH%ROLOH‫܈‬L DIHF‫܊‬LXQLOHRUDOHVXQW
IUHFYHQWHODSHUVRDQHOHFDUHDXFUHVFXWvQ]RQHFXFRQ‫܊‬LQXWVFă]XWGHIOXRUvQDSă
'H‫܈‬LPXO‫܊‬LGLQWUHDGXO‫܊‬LLGHGHDQL‫܈‬LPDLPXOWQXPDLDXGLQ‫܊‬LQDWXUDOLSLHUGH
UHDGLQ‫܊‬LORUQXIDFHSDUWHGLQvPEăWUkQLUHDQRUPDOă3HUVRDQHOHFXSUREOHPHRUDOH
SUHIHUăDGHVHDDOLPHQWHOHPRL‫܈‬LX‫܈‬RUPDVWLFDELOHHYLWkQGXQHOHSURGXVHDOLPHQ
WDUHGHQVHSUHFXPFHUHDOHOHLQWHJUDOHIUXFWHOH‫܈‬LOHJXPHOHSURDVSHWHFDUQHD
3HSDUFXUVXOvPEăWUkQLULLVHREVHUYăRvQWkU]LHUHDVHFUHĠLHLSRVWSUDQGLDOH
GHLQVXOLQăúLRUH]LVWHQĠăSHULIHULFăODDFHDVWD'HDVHPHQHDH[LVWăRDQRPDOLH
DWUDQVSRUWRULORUPXVFXODULGHJOXFR]ă*/87UHVSRQVDELOLGHXQDSRUWPDL
PLFDODFHVWHLDODQLYHOPXVFXODUúLGHXQVWRFDMPDLUHGXVVXEIRUPăGHJOLFRJHQ
2GDWăFXvQDLQWDUHDvQYkUVWăFUHúWHQLYHOXOFROHVWHUROXOXLWRWDORFUHúWHUH
GHPPROSHGHFDGăúLVHFRQVWDWăGLPLQXDUHD+'/FROHVWHUROXOXLPRGLIL
FăULDVRFLDWHFXFUHúWHUHDPDVHLDGLSRDVHDEGRPLQDOH
6XEVWDQĠHOHQXWULWLYHSURWHLQHOLSLGHJOXFLGHFRQVXPDWHvQFDQWLWăĠLVSR
ULWHFUHVFPRUWDOLWDWHDYXOQHUDELOLWDWHDIXQFĠLHLFRJQLWLYHúLDVWăULLIL]LFHDVWD
WXVXOXLPHQWDOVăQăWăĠLLRVRDVHúLFDUGLRYDVFXODUHúLDUăVSXQVXOLPXQ
3HUVRDQHOHvQYkUVWăVXQWSXĠLQRPRJHQHvQSULYLQĠDUăVSXQVXULORULPXQH
vQFRPSDUDĠLHFXWLQHULL)DFWRULLSVLKRORJLFLvQVSHFLDOSRWDYHDXQHIHFWLPSRU
WDQWDVXSUDLPXQRFRPSHWHQĠHL
%ROLOHGHJHQHUDWLYHFXPDUILEROLOHFDUGLRYDVFXODUH‫܈‬LFHUHEURYDVFXODUH
GLDEHWXO RVWHRSRUR]D ‫܈‬L FDQFHUXO FDUH VXQW SULQWUH FHOH PDL IUHFYHQWH EROL FH
DIHFWHD]ăSHUVRDQHOHvQYkUVWăVXQWvQUHOD‫܊‬LHGLUHFWăFXDOLPHQWDĠLDúLVWLOXOGH
YLDĠăDOLQGLYLGXOXL)DFWRULLGHULVFDWHURJHQFXPDUILFUH‫܈‬WHUHDWHQVLXQLLDUWHUL
DOHDOLSLGHORUGLQVkQJH‫܈‬LDLQWROHUDQ‫܊‬HLODJOXFR]ăWRDWHDIHFWDWHVHPQLILFDWLY
GHIDFWRULLDOLPHQWDULMRDFăXQUROLPSRUWDQWvQGH]YROWDUHDEROLLFRURQDULHQH
/DSHUVRDQHOHFXYkUVWăvQDLQWDWăDXORFPRGLILFăULDOHFRPSR]LĠLHLRUJD
QLVPXOXLVFăGHUHDPDVHLPXVFXODUHGHQVLWăĠLLRDVHORUFDQWLWăĠLLGHDSăFUHúWH
UHDPDVHLJUDVH
6WXGLLOHúWLLQĠLILFHDVRFLD]ăDOLPHQWDĠLDQHHFKLOLEUDWăFXFDQFHUXOGHFRORQ
GHSDQFUHDV‫܈‬LGHSURVWDWă
$OWHPRGLILFăULVHPQLILFDWLYHOHJDWHGHYkUVWă LQFOXGSLHUGHUHDIXQF‫܊‬LHL
FRJQLWLYH‫܈‬LGHWHULRUDUHDYHGHULL
0XOWHGLQWUHEROLOHFURQLFHFXRIUHFYHQĠăFUHVFXWăODSHUVRDQHOHFXYkUVWă
vQDLQWDWăERDOD$O]KHLPHULQVXILFLHQĠDFDUGLDFăFRQJHVWLYăVXQWFDUDFWHUL]DWH
SULQWURSLHUGHUHPDUFDWăvQJUHXWDWHFDúH[LH&HUFHWăULOHDUDWăFăDSUR[LPDWLY
GLQWUHSDFLHQĠLLFXERDOD3DUNLQVRQVFDGvQJUHXWDWHSHSDUFXUVXOEROLLGDU
HWLRORJLDDFHVWHLDQXHVWHFODUă%ROQDYLLFXLQVXILFLHQĠăFDUGLDFăFRQJHVWLYăvQ
PRGIUHFYHQWSUH]LQWăRVFăGHUHvQJUHXWDWHFDUHGXFHODDWURILHFDUGLDFăúLDSRL
ODGHFRPSHQVDUHFUHVFkQGPRUWDOLWDWHDSULQDFHDVWăERDOă
&XPSRDWHILSUHOXQJLWăYLD‫܊‬D‫܈‬LFXPVHSRDWHHYLWDEăWUkQH‫܊‬HDSUHPDWXUă
VXQWGRXăvQWUHEăULODFDUHRDPHQLLQXDXvQFHWDWVăFDXWHUăVSXQVÌQFăGLQFHOH
PDL YHFKL WLPSXUL RPXO DFăXWDW IăUă VXFFHV XQ HOL[LU DO WLQHUH‫܊‬LL ÌQ SUH]HQW
FRQWLQXăFăXWăULOH‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬LILFHDOHPRGDOLWă‫܊‬LORU‫܈‬LPHWRGHORUGHSUHYHQLUHDvPEă
WUkQLULL‫܈‬LDSUHOXQJLULLYLH‫܊‬LL3RWULYLWXQRUVDYDQ‫܊‬LRSHUVRDQăDUWUHEXLVăWUăLDVFă
FHOSX‫܊‬LQGHDQL
/RQJHYLWDWHDvQVLQHDUHVHQVDWXQFLFkQGVXQWSăVWUDWHVăQăWDWHDYLWDOLWDWHD
‫܈‬LSRVLELOLWDWHDXQHLDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LFUHDWLYH3ULQXUPDUHVDUFLQDSULQFLSDOăHVWHGHD
Capitolul ***

SUHYHQL vPEăWUkQLUHD SUHPDWXUă‫܈‬LGHDGLPLQXDVHQLOLWDWHD GXUHULL 2FRQGL‫܊‬LH

LQGLVSHQVDELOăSHQWUXORQJHYLWDWHSHQWUXPHQ‫܊‬LQHUHDVăQăWă‫܊‬LL‫܈‬LDFDSDFLWă‫܊‬LLGH
PXQFăDYLWDOLWă‫܊‬LLHVWHQXWUL‫܊‬LDDGHFYDWăXQXOGLQWUHSULQFLSDOLLIDFWRULGHPHGLX
FXDF‫܊‬LXQHFRQVWDQWă‫܈‬LFXXQHIHFWEHQHILFIRDUWHVHPQLILFDWLYDVXSUDVWăULLRUJD
QLVPXOXLvQWLPSXOvPEăWUkQLULL8QLLVDYDQ‫܊‬LFRQVLGHUăFăQXWUL‫܊‬LDHVWHVLQJXUD
SRVLELOLWDWH FDUH SRDWH PăUL VSHUDQ‫܊‬DGHYLD‫܊‬ăFXÌQVăDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LDQX
SRDWHDYHDQLFLXQHIHFWGDFăQXVHUHVSHFWăUHJLPXOLJLHQLFDOPXQFLLRGLKQD‫܈‬L
VRPQXOQXVHUHQXQ‫܊‬ăODIXPDWODFRQVXPXOGHDOFRRO
5HVWUXFWXUDUHDVHPQLILFDWLYăOHJDWăGHYkUVWăDSDUHDSUR[LPDWLYODYkUVWD
GHGHDQL$QXPHODDFHDVWăYkUVWăDFWLYLWDWHDJODQGHORUHQGRFULQHVHVFKLPEă
VHPQLILFDWLYvQFHWLQHVFSURFHVHOHR[LGDWLYHvQRUJDQH‫܈‬LvQ‫܊‬HVXWXUL‫܈‬LUHVSHFWLY
VHUHGXFHQHYRLDGHKUDQăSHQWUXDFRSHULUHDFKHOWXLHOLORURUJDQLVPXOXL6FKLP
EăULOHGHODDFHDVWăYkUVWDVXQWFRQGL‫܊‬LRQDWH‫܈‬LGHFRQGL‫܊‬LLOHGHYLD‫܊‬ăGHQDWXUD
PXQFLLGHEROLOHVXSRUWDWH
6FRSXOPHQ‫܊‬LQHULLEăWUkQH‫܊‬LLVăQăWRDVHHVWHvQWkU]LHUHDGHFOLQXOXLUH]LVWHQ
‫܊‬HLFRUSXOXLHVWHQHFHVDUGHDDVLJXUDREăWUkQH‫܊‬HVăQăWRDVăQXDWXQFLFkQGVD
LQVWDODWGHMDFLDWXQFLFkQGDELDvQFHSH'HDFHHDODYkUVWDGHGHDQLHVWH
QHFHVDUVăVHvQFHDSăFXDWHQ‫܊‬LHSXQHUHDvQDSOLFDUHDPăVXULORUSUHYHQWLYHLQ
FOXVLYFRQVWUXF‫܊‬LDFRUHFWăDUD‫܊‬LHLDOLPHQWDUH/DDFHDVWăYkUVWăGHVHRULvQFHSVă
VHPDQLIHVWHWUHLSUHFXUVRULSULQFLSDOLDLvPEăWUkQLULLOHJDWHGHQXWUL‫܊‬LH
FXUVXOJUH‫܈‬LWDOSURFHVHORUPHWDEROLFHvQRUJDQLVP
DSDUL‫܊‬LDWXOEXUăULORUFDUGLRYDVFXODUH
GHUHJOăULvQIXQF‫܊‬LRQDUHDVLVWHPXOXLGLJHVWLY
3HUWXUEDUHDSURFHVHORUPHWDEROLFHVHPDQLIHVWăSULQH[FHVGHJUHXWDWHvQ
SRILGDUHVSHFWăULLDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHLREL‫܈‬QXLWH‫܈‬LDGLIHULWRUDIHF‫܊‬LXQLDOHDUWLFXOD‫܊‬LLORU
VXEIRUPăGHFUDPSH‫܈‬LGXUHUL$WHQ‫܊‬LDSULQFLSDOăWUHEXLHDFRUGDWăWHQGLQ‫܊‬HLGH
VXSUDSRQGHUDELOLWDWHFDUHSRDWHGH]YROWDREH]LWDWHDFDUHvQVHDPQăvPEăWUkQLUH
GHRDUHFHFXH[FHVXOvQJUHXWDWHFUH‫܈‬WHvQFăUFăWXUDSHLQLPăvQFHWLQHVFSURFHVHOH
R[LGDWLYHGLQRUJDQLVPVFDGHUH]LVWHQ‫܊‬DODEROLLQIHF‫܊‬LRDVH8QSURYHUEHQJOH]
VSXQHÄ&XFkWHVWHPDLODWăWDOLDFXDWkWHVWHPDLVFXUWăYLD‫܊‬D´
0DMRULWDWHDSHUVRDQHORUFXYkUVWăvQDLQWDWăDXFHULQ‫܊‬HQXWUL‫܊‬LRQDOHVSHFLDOH
GHRDUHFH vPEăWUkQLUHD DIHFWHD]ă DEVRUE‫܊‬LD XWLOL]DUHD ‫܈‬L H[FUH‫܊‬LD QXWULPHQWHORU
5DĠLDúLUHJLPXODOLPHQWDUDODFHVWRUSHUVRDQHLQIOXHQĠHD]ăDWkWGLUHFWFkWúLLQGL
UHFWVWDUHDGHVăQăWDWH
3HUVRDQHOHFXYkUVWăvQDLQWDWăDXXUPăWRDUHOHSDUWLFXODULWăĠLDOHPHWDEROLV
PXOXL
● GlucidicvQWkU]LHVHFUHĠLDSRVWSUDQGLDOăGHLQVXOLQăFUHúWHUH]LVWHQĠDSHULIHULFă
ODLQVXOLQăVHSLHUGHYkUIXOLQVXOLQLFODvQFăUFDUHDFXJOXFR]ăYkUIXOVH
FXQGDU LQVXOLQLF HVWH vQWkU]LDW VH PRGLILFă WUDQVSRUWXO PXVFXODU GH JOX
FR]ăUH]XOWkQGRVFăGHUHDFDSWăULLJOXFR]HLvQPXúFKLúLDVWRFXULORUGH
JOLFRJHQ0RGLILFăULOHHQXPHUDWHVXQWPDLIUHFYHQWHODSHUVRDQHOHFXREH
]LWDWHDEGRPLQDOăGHFkWODFHOHQRUPRSRQGHUDOH
● LipidicRGDWăFXvQDLQWDUHDvQYkUVWăFUHúWHQLYHOXOFROHVWHUROXOXLWRWDORFUHúWHUH
GHPPROOGHFDGăúLVFDGH+'/FROHVWHUROXOFUHúWHPDVDJUăVLPLLDE
GRPLQDOHVFDGHIXQFĠLDįúLįGHVDWXUD]HORUODVXELHFĠLLGHSHVWHDQL
FHHDFHGXFHODRVFăGHUHDPHWDEROL]ăULLOLSLGHORUGHRULJLQHYHJHWDOă
● Proteic:VFDGHDQDEROLVPXOSURWHLFSRVWSUDQGLDOVFDGHYkUIXOVHULFDODPLQRDFL
]LORUVHGLPLQXHD]ăVWLPXODUHDDQDEROLVPXOXLPXVFXODUSURWHLF$FHVWDQD
EROLVPSRDWHILFUHVFXWFXRUDĠLHSURWHLFăPDLPDUH&DWDEROLVPXOSURWHLF
QRFWXUQSRDWHILPLFúRUDWGLPLQXkQGFRQĠLQXWXOvQSURWHLQHDOPHVHLGHVHDUă
● Energetic:QXHVWHIRDUWHPRGLILFDW(QHUJLDQHFHVDUăDOLPHQWăULLQXHVWHPRGL
ILFDWăFHDQHFHVDUăHIRUWXOXLIL]LFVXIHUăvQVăRFUHúWHUHPLQLPăFXDSUR
[LPDWLYODGHDQLPDLPXOWGHFkWODGHDQL3HUVRDQHOHFXYkUVWă
vQDLQWDWăVXQWSUHGLVSXúLODPDOQXWULĠLHSHQWUXFăDFHODúLHIRUWQHFHVLWăPDL
PXOWăHQHUJLHLDUDSRUWXODOLPHQWDUVFDGHSULQGLPLQXDUHDDSHWLWXOXLJXV
WXOXLúLPLURVXOXL

/DSDUWLFXODULWă‫܊‬LOHDQDWRPRIL]LRORJLFHDOHSHUVRDQHORUFXYkUVWăvQDLQWDWăVHUHIHUă
● VFăGHUHDIXQF‫܊‬LHLPRWRULL‫܈‬LH[FUHWRULLDVWRPDFXOXL$VWIHOGHVFKLPEăUL
VXQWWLSLFHSHQWUXGLQWUHSHUVRDQHOHSHVWHGHDQL
● DFLGLWDWHDVXFXOXLJDVWULF‫܈‬LFDSDFLWDWHDVDGHGLJHVWLHVXQWUHGXVHFHHD
FHGHWHUPLQăGH]YROWDUHDPLFURIORUHLGHSXWUHIDF‫܊‬LHvQLQWHVWLQFDUHDIHF
WHD]ăQHJDWLYSURFHVXOGHGLJHVWLH
● UHGXFHUHDGHRULDUDWHLGHDEVRUE‫܊‬LHDQXWULPHQWHORUGLQLQWHVWLQXO
VXE‫܊‬LUHFHHDFHDIHFWHD]ăDEVRUE‫܊‬LDJUăVLPLORU‫܈‬LJOXFLGHORU
● PRGLILFăULvQSDQFUHDVvQJODQGHOHVDOLYDUH‫܈‬LvQILFDWODQLYHOXOVLVWH
PXOXLFDUGLRYDVFXODU
3URFHVXOGHvPEăWUkQLUHSRDWHILDFFHOHUDWVDXvQFHWLQLWDSOLFkQGRDOLPHQ
WD‫܊‬LHFRUHVSXQ]ăWRDUH/DED]DQXWUL‫܊‬LHLSHQWUXSHUVRDQHOHFXYkUVWăvQDLQWDWăVWDX
XUPăWRDUHOHSULQFLSLLHVHQ‫܊‬LDOH
● FRQIRUPLWDWHD DSRUWXOXL FDORULF GLQ DOLPHQWH FX FDQWLWDWHD GH HQHUJLH
FKHOWXLWăvQWLPSXO]LOHL
● PHQ‫܊‬LQHUHDHFKLOLEUXOXLVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HORUQXWULWLYH
● UHVSHFWDUHDUHJLPXOXLDOLPHQWDU

Valoarea calorică a rației alimentară pentru persoanele de înaintată

5D‫܊‬LDDOLPHQWDUăFRQVWăGLQSDWUXSăU‫܊‬LYDORDUHDFDORULFăSDUWHDFDQWLWD
WLYăFRPSR]L‫܊‬LDFKLPLFăSURSULHWă‫܊‬LOHIL]LFH‫܈‬LUHJLPXODOLPHQWDU
$SRUWXOFDORULF]LOQLFUHFRPDQGDWIHPHLORUFXYkUVWăvQDLQWDWăHVWHGHFLUFD
NFDODEăUED‫܊‬LORU±NFDOvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHQL
YHOXOGHDFWLYLWDWHIL]LFă3HQWUXSHUVRDQHOHFDUHGXFXQVWLOGHYLD‫܊‬ăDFWLYFRQ
‫܊‬LQXWXOFDORULFDODOLPHQWHORUSRDWHILFUHVFXW
'LPLQXDUHDDSRUWXOXLGHFDORULLDGLFăPDOQXWUL‫܊‬LHGXFHODVFăGHUHDPDVHL
PXVFXODUH VFKHOHWLFH LDU GLQ DFHDVWăFDX]ă VFDGH SHUIRUPDQ‫܊‬DXPDQăVHGH]
YROWă LPXQRGHILFLHQ‫܊‬D DSDU SURFHVH GLVWURILFH ‫܈‬L vPEăWUkQLUHD RUJDQLVPXOXL
Capitolul ***

$SRUWXOH[FHVLYGHFDORULLGHDVHPHQHDDUHFRQVHFLQ‫܊‬HQHJDWLYHGHSXQHUHDGH
JUăVLPLVXEFXWDQDWHFUH‫܈‬WHUHDJUHXWă‫܊‬LLFRUSRUDOHSkQăODREH]LWDWHDVWIHOSUR
JUHVkQGSURFHVHOHGHvPEăWUkQLUH
3HQWUXPHQ‫܊‬LQHUHDXQXLPRGVăQăWRVGHYLD‫܊‬ăYDORDUHDHQHUJHWLFăWUHEXLH
VăFRQVWLWXLHNFDONJGHPDVăFRUSRUDOă*UXSHGHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HQXWULWLYHSHFDUH
WUHEXLHVăOHFRQVXPHSHUVRDQHOHFXYkUVWăvQDLQWDWăQXVHGHRVHEHVFGHFHOHDOH
DGXO‫܊‬LORU‫܈‬LVXQWXUPăWRDUHOHSURWHLQHJUăVLPLJOXFLGHYLWDPLQHVăUXULPLQH
UDOH‫܈‬LDSă
ProteineleDXRLPSRUWDQ‫܊‬ăH[FHS‫܊‬LRQDOăvQYLD‫܊‬DRUJDQLVPXOXLRFXSkQGRSR
]L‫܊‬LHFHQWUDOăvQPHWDEROLVP(OHVXQWSULQFLSDOXOPDWHULDOSODVWLFGLQFDUH
VXQW DOFăWXLWH WRDWH RUJDQHOH FRUSXOXL KRUPRQLL VXFXULOH JDVWULFH HQ]L
PHOHHWF3URWHLQHORUOHUHYLQGLQJUHXWDWHDXQHLSHUVRDQH3URWHLQHOH
QHXWUDOL]HD]ăRWUăYXULOH‫܈‬LWR[LQHOHFDUHSăWUXQGvQRUJDQLVP'HILFLWXOGH
SURWHLQHGLQGLHWă GXFHODRVHQVLELOLWDWHFUHVFXWăDRUJDQLVPXOXL ODEROL
LQIHF‫܊‬LRDVHUHGXFHKHPDWRSRLH]DSHUWXUEăDFWLYLWDWHDVLVWHPXOXLQHUYRV‫܈‬L
DJODQGHORUHQGRFULQH
/DSHUVRDQHOHvQYkUVWăUH]HUYHOHGHSURWHLQHVXQWQHJOLMDELOHGHRDUHFHQX
VXQWELQHDEVRUELWH'HDFHHDSHUVRDQHOHFXYkUVWăvQDLQWDWăWUHEXLHVăFUHDVFă
FRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOGHSURWHLQHGLQDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LH5D‫܊‬LDDOLPHQWDUă]LOQLFăDUWUHEXLVăFRQ
‫܊‬LQăDSUR[LPDWLY J GHSURWHLQHJ OD NJ GHPDVă FRUSRUDOă
GDFăVHHIHFWXHD]ăPXQFăIL]LFăFDQWLWDWHDDUWUHEXLFUHVFXWăvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHVHYH
ULWDWHDPXQFLLSkQăODJ
'HRVHELWă GH LPSRUWDQWăHVWH FRPSR]L‫܊‬LD FDOLWDWLYă D SURWHLQHORU 3HQWUX
SHUVRDQHOHFXYkUVWăvQDLQWDWăFHOHPDLEXQHVXUVHGHSURWHLQHVXQWSH‫܈‬WHOHIUXF
WHOHGHPDUHGHRDUHFHVXQWPDLELQHDEVRUELWH‫܈‬LPDLXWLOH3H‫܈‬WHOH‫܈‬LIUXFWHOHGH
PDUHVXQWUHFRPDQGDWH]LOQLFILHUWHVDXSUHSDUDWHODDEXUL&DUQHDWUHEXLHFRQ
VXPDWăGHFHOPXOWRULSHVăSWăPkQăLDUVXSHOHSHEXOLRQGHFDUQHGRDURGDWă
SHVăSWăPkQă6XQWLQGLFDWHRXăSHVăSWăPkQăGHSUHIHULQ‫܊‬ăILHUWHPRLFD
RPOHWăVDXFDDGDRVODIHOXULGHPkQFDUH
3URGXVHOHODFWDWHQXVXQWOLPLWDWHvQVSHFLDOFHOHFXFRQ‫܊‬LQXWVFă]XWGHJUă
VLPL =LOQLF VH SRW IL FRQVXPDFkWH J GH EUkQ]D GH YDFLFkWH  J GH
FD‫܈‬FDYDOXULX‫܈‬RDUH‫܈‬LQHVăUDWH6HDUDvQDLQWHGHFXOFDUHVXQWUHFRPDQGDWHSUR
GXVHOHODFWDWHIHUPHQWDWH±FKHILUXOLDXUWXO
3HQWUXSHUVRDQHOHYkUVWQLFHVXQWIRDUWHXWLOHSURWHLQHOHYHJHWDOHGLQFHUHDOH
OHJXPLQRDVH'LQWUHFHUHDOHKUL‫܈‬FD‫܈‬LRYă]XOVXQWFHOHPDLXWLOHÌQFD]XOXQHLWR
OHUDQ‫܊‬HEXQHVXQWLQFOXVHvQPHQLXWHUFLXOGHRU]‫܈‬LGHPHL3UHIHUDELOGHOLPLWDW
FRQVXPXOGHRUH]GLQFDX]DHIHFWXOXLVăXGHIL[DUH3HUVRDQHOHvQYkUVWăSRWFRQ
VXPD]LOQLFSkQăODJGHSkLQHGLQIăLQăLQWHJUDOăVDXGLQVHFDUă
2SURSULHWDWHIRDUWHLPSRUWDQWăDSURWHLQHORUHVWHYLWH]DGHGLJHVWLH‫܈‬LGHDE
VRUE‫܊‬LH'XSăYLWH]DGHGLJHVWLHSURWHLQHOHDOLPHQWDUHIRUPHD]ăXUPăWRUXO‫܈‬LUSH‫܈‬WH
ODSWHFDUQHSkLQHSURWHLQHGLQFHUHDOH8QHOHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFRQ‫܊‬LQXWHvQPD]ăUHIDVROH
‫܈‬LVRLDSRWSHUWXUEDGLJHVWLDSURWHLQHORUUHGXFkQGDFWLYLWDWHDGLJHVWLYăDHQ]LPHORU
5DSRUWXORSWLPvQWUHSURWHLQHOHDQLPDOH‫܈‬LYHJHWDOHWUHEXLHVăILHGH
 6XEVWDQ‫܊‬HOHH[WUDFWLYHGLQFDUQHGLQSH‫܈‬WH‫܈‬LGLQFLXSHUFLQXVXQWELQHYHQLWH
vQUD‫܊‬LDSHUVRDQHORUFXYkUVWăvQDLQWDWă3ULQXUPDUHQXWUHEXLHFRQVXPDWH]LOQLF
EXOLRQXULOHGHFDUQH‫܈‬LGHSH‫܈‬WHvQVFKLPEVHUHFRPDQGăFRQVXPXOFăUQLL‫܈‬LSH‫܈‬WH
OXLILHUWH6XEVWDQ‫܊‬HOHH[WUDFWLYHvQUăXWă‫܊‬HVFPHWDEROLVPXOGXFODDFXPXODUHDDFL
GXOXLXULFvQVkQJHLQGXFkQGGH]YROWDUHDJXWHL$FHVWHPRPHQWHWUHEXLHUHIOHFWDWH
vQPHQLX‫܈‬LvQSURFHVDUHDFXOLQDUă
LipideleDXXQUROPDUHvQRUJDQLVPXOXPDQILLQGXQPDWHULDOHQHUJHWLFYDORURV
(OH VXQW QHFHVDUH ‫܈‬L SHQWUX DVLPLODUHD DQXPLWRU VăUXUL PLQHUDOH YLWDPLQH
DPHOLRUDUHDDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LLJODQGHLWLURLGHDFFHOHUDUHDSURFHVHORUR[LGDWLYHGLQRU
JDQLVP‫܈‬LvPEXQăWă‫܊‬LUHDJXVWXOXLDOLPHQWHORU&XWRDWHDFHVWHDFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOORU
vQUD‫܊‬LDSHUVRDQHORUvQYkUVWăWUHEXLHOLPLWDWvQGHRVHELDJUăVLPLLGHSRUF
/LPLWDFDQWLWă‫܊‬LLGHOLSLGHHVWHGHJDSUR[LPDWLYJSHNJGHJUHX
WDWHFRUSRUDOăLDUSHQWUXSHUVRDQHOHGHSHVWHGHDQL±JDSUR[LPDWLY
JSHNJGHJUHXWDWHFRUSRUDOă/LSLGHOHYHJHWDOHWUHEXLHVăFRQVWLWXLH
8OHLXOWUHEXLHVăILHQHUDILQDW‫܈‬LSURDVSăW±VHDGDXJăODVDODWHFHUHDOHIăUăDIDFH
DEX]&KLDUGDFăOLSLGHOHGHRULJLQHDQLPDOăDFWLYHD]ăPHWDEROL]DUHDFROHVWHUROX
OXLQXWUHEXLHH[DJHUDWHGHRDUHFHH[FHVXOORUGXFHODFUH‫܈‬WHUHDFROHVWHUROXOXLGLQ
VkQJH‫܈‬LDFRDJXODELOLWă‫܊‬LLVkQJHOXL6XQWVXILFLHQWHOLSLGHOHFRQ‫܊‬LQXWHvQRXă‫܈‬LvQ
SURGXVHOHODFWDWH
8QWXOGH‫܈‬LFRQ‫܊‬LQHFROHVWHURODUHSURSULHWă‫܊‬LEHQHILFHVSHFLDOHGHRDUHFH
FRQ‫܊‬LQHYLWDPLQHOH$‫܈‬L'‫܈‬LHVWHDEVRUELWFXX‫܈‬XULQ‫܊‬ăGHRUJDQLVPFHHDFHvO
IDFHLQGLVSHQVDELOvQDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LDSHUVRDQHORUFXYkUVWăvQDLQWDWăPD[LPRWDUWLQă
SH]L0DLDUH‫܈‬LJXVWEXQ‫܈‬LUH]LVWăODWUDWDPHQWXOWHUPLF
GlucideleVXQWSULQFLSDODVXUVăGHHQHUJLHDRUJDQLVPXOXLXPDQ&DQWLWDWHD
ORUvQUD‫܊‬LDDOLPHQWDUăDXQHLSHUVRDQHvQYkUVWăWUHEXLHVăFRUHVSXQGăFRQ
VXPXOXL HQHUJHWLF LQFOXVLY vQ IXQF‫܊‬LH GH QDWXUD DFWLYLWă‫܊‬LORU UHDOL]DWH GH
WHPSHUDWXUDPHGLXOXLDPELDQWGHSUH]HQ‫܊‬DVLWXD‫܊‬LLORUVWUHVDQWH5DSRUWXOUH
FRPDQGDWGLQWUHJOXFLGH‫܈‬LSURWHLQHHVWHGHFHOPXOWSkQăODJDGLFă
FDQWLWDWHDWRWDOăGHJOXFLGHGLQUD‫܊‬LDDOLPHQWDUăWUHEXLHVăILHGHJ
/DDFHDVWăYkUVWăIXQF‫܊‬LDSDQFUHDVXOXLFDUHMRDFăXQUROH[WUHPGHLPSRU
WDQWvQDEVRUE‫܊‬LDJOXFLGHORUHVWHUHGXVLDUFRQVXPXOH[FHVLYGHJOXFLGHSRDWH
GXFHODGH]YROWDUHDGLDEHWXOXL*OXFLGHOHvQH[FHVVXQWSULQFLSDODFDX]ăGHIRU
PDUH‫܈‬LGHGHSXQHUHDJUăVLPLORUvQRUJDQLVPLDUH[FHVXOGHJUHXWDWHODUkQGXO
VăXDIHFWHD]ăVăQăWDWHD‫܈‬LORQJHYLWDWHD6SHUDQ‫܊‬DGHYLD‫܊‬ăDSHUVRDQHORUVXSUD
SRQGHUDOHHVWHFXDQLPDLPLFăGHFkWDFHORUQRUPRSRQGHUDOH$SRUWXOFUHVFXW
GHJOXFLGH‫܈‬LvQVSHFLDOX‫܈‬RUGLJHUDELOHFXPDUIL]DKăUXOPLHUHD‫܈‬LSURGXVHOH
GLQDFHVWHDSRWGXFHODWXOEXUăULvQIXQF‫܊‬LRQDUHDVLVWHPXOXLQHUYRV$VWIHOHVWH
ELQHYHQLWVăVHOLPLWH]HJOXFLGHOHGLQFRQWXO]DKDUXULORUVLPSOH‫܈‬LDGXOFLXULORU
SUHIHUDELOHILLQGFHOHGLQOHJXPHIUXFWH‫܈‬LFHUHDOH
)LEUHOHYHJHWDOHVXQWJOXFLGHQHGLJHUDELOHFDUHQXWUHEXLHVăOLSVHDVFăGLQ
UD‫܊‬LDDOLPHQWDUăDSHUVRDQHORUFXYkUVWăvQDLQWDWăvQWUXFkWSUDFWLFQXVXQWDEVRU
ELWHGHRUJDQLVP(OHIRUPHD]ăPDVHOHIHFDOHvPEXQăWă‫܊‬HVFPLFURIORUDLQWHVWLQDOă
GLVWUXJkQG EDFWHULLOH GH SXWUHIDF‫܊‬LH FUHVF PRWLOLWDWHD LQWHVWLQDOă ‫܈‬L SURPRYHD]ă
Capitolul ***

H[FUH‫܊‬LD GH FROHVWHURO /LSVD GH ILEUH GXFH OD FRQVWLSD‫܊‬LH REVWUXF‫܊‬LH LQWHVWLQDOă
)LEUHOHLQKLEăGH]YROWDUHDREH]LWă‫܊‬LLGHRDUHFH GDWRULWăYROXPXOXLVHPQLILFDWLY
FRQWULEXLHODVDWXUD‫܊‬LDPDLUDSLGă‫܈‬LUHGXFHFDQWLWDWHDGHDOLPHQWHFRQVXPDWH3ULQ
XUPDUHGLHWHOHWUHEXLHVăFRQ‫܊‬LQăFHOSX‫܊‬LQJGHILEUHFHOXOR]ă‫܈‬LDOWHSROL]D
KDULGH QHGLJHUDELOH 6XUVH GH ILEUH VXQW SURGXVHOH YHJHWDOH vQ SULQFLSDO OHJX
PHOHIUXFWHOHWăUk‫܊‬HOHKUL‫܈‬FD‫܈‬LRYă]XO
2DOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHFRPSOH[ERJDWăvQIUXFWHSURDVSHWHDVLJXUăRUJDQLVPXOFX
YLWDPLQH'DUFKLDU‫܈‬LYDUD‫܈‬LWRDPQDFkQGDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LDHVWHERJDWăvQOHJXPH
YHUGH‫܊‬XUL‫܈‬LIUXFWHHVWHQHFHVDUăVXSOLPHQWDUHDUD‫܊‬LHLDOLPHQWDUHDSHUVRDQHORUvQ
YkUVWăFXpreparate vitaminice
1HYRLDGHelemente minerale‫܈‬LapăQXVHVFKLPEăVHPQLILFDWLYODEăWUk
QH‫܊‬H$WHQ‫܊‬LHGHRVHELWăWUHEXLHDFRUGDWăXQRUDGLQWUHHOHPHQWHOHPLQHUDOHFXSUX
ILHUFREDOW]LQFPDQJDQ$SRUWXOGHVDUHWUHEXLHOLPLWDWODJ‫܈‬LFHOGH]DKăUOD
JSH]L([FHVLYGHVDUHHVWHvQGHWULPHQWXOIXQF‫܊‬LRQăULLLQLPLLILFDWXOXLULQL
FKLORU‫܈‬LVLVWHPXOXLQHUYRV&XSUXOILHUXO‫܈‬LFREDOWXODVLJXUăPHQ‫܊‬LQHUHDDGDSWDEL
OLWă‫܊‬LLRUJDQLVPXOXLODHIHFWHOHPHGLXOXLDPELDQW‫܈‬LSDUWLFLSăODIRUPDUHDVkQJHOXL
]LQFXOFRQWULEXLHODPHWDEROLVPXOQRUPDODOOLSLGHORU
5HJLPXODOLPHQWDUDOSHUVRDQHORUFXYkUVWăvQDLQWDWăQXVHGHRVHEH‫܈‬WHGH
FHODOSHUVRDQHORUDGXOWH,QGLIHUHQWGHDFWLYLWă‫܊‬L‫܈‬LGHVWLOXOGHYLD‫܊‬ăSHUVRDQHOH
FXYkUVWăvQDLQWDWăWUHEXLHVă VHUYHDVFăWUHL PHVHSULQFLSDOH SH]L‫܈‬L XQDGRXă
JXVWăULSHQWUXDGLVWULEXLFRUHFWDSRUWXOGHVXEVWDQĠHQXWULWLYHSHSDUFXUVXO]LOHL
‫܈‬LDUHJODJOLFHPLD$FHVWOXFUXHVWHLPSRUWDQWGHRDUHFHRGDWăFXvQDLQWDUHDvQ
YkUVWăGLJHVWLDGHFXUJHPDLOHQW3HQWUXDIDFLOLWDGLJHVWLDLQWHUYDOXOvQWUHPHVH
WUHEXLHVăILHGHRUH
Micul dejun.3HQWUXDSUHYHQLKLSRJOLFHPLDGLPLQHD‫܊‬DSHUVRDQHOHFXYkU
VWăvQDLQWDWăWUHEXLHVăVHUYHDVFăPLFXOGHMXQODPDLSX‫܊‬LQGHRUHGXSăFLQă
(SUHIHUDELOGHVHUYLWREăXWXUăXQSDKDUGHODSWHVDXGHFHDLúLXQSURGXVGLQ
FHUHDOHSkLQHELVFXLWHWFXQSURGXVODFWDWODSWHLDXUWEUkQ]ăHWF‫܈‬LXQIUXFW
VDXXQVXFGHIUXFWH
Masa de prânzDGHVHDHVWHPDVDSULQFLSDOăD]LOHL‫܈‬LDUWUHEXLVHUYLWăWUD
GL‫܊‬LRQDO DSHULWLY  IHOXO SULQFLSDO  SUHIHUDELO EUkQ]ă  GHVHUW $FHDVWă PDVă
WUHEXLHVăFRQĠLQăSURWHLQHFDUQHSH‫܈‬WHVDXRXă
Gustările. 6H SRW VHUYL XQD VDX GRXă DOLPHQWH GLQ XUPăWRDUHOH JUXSH
IUXFWHSkLQHVDXELVFXL‫܊‬LSURGXVHODFWDWHFXREăXWXUăFDOGăVDXUHFHODSWHFHDL
LDXUWFKHILU
/D cinăHVWHSUHIHUDELOăRVXSăXúRDUăEUkQ]ăGHYDFLFXPLHUHGHDOELQH
úLXQSDKDUGHFHDLGLQSODQWHFDOG(VWHLPSRUWDQWVăVHFRQVXPHODFLQăSURGXVH
GLQ FHUHDOH SDVWHJUkXHWFFDUHYRU UHvQFăUFDRUJDQLVPXO FX JOXFLGHOH FRP
SOH[HSHQWUXQRDSWH‫܈‬LYRUSHUPLWHXQVRPQPDLEXQ&LQDWUHEXLHVHUYLWăFX
RUHvQDLQWHGHVRPQ/DQHFHVLWDWHVHPDLSRDWHVHUYLRJXVWDUHvQDLQWHGHDPHUJH
ODFXOFDUH
5HFRPDQGăULOHSHQWUXaportul mediu zilnic de lichideODDGXO‫܊‬LQXVHPR
GLILFăRGDWăFXvQDLQWDUHDvQYkUVWD‫܈‬LFRQVWLWXLHvQPHGLHPOSH]LVDX
POODNJGHPDVăFRUSRUDOăSH]LFHHDFHFRQVWLWXLHQRUPDIL]LRORJLFă
2DQXPLWăFDQWLWDWHVHIRUPHD]ăRUJDQLVPDSUR[LPDWLYGLQQHFHVDUXO]LOQLF
GHDSăDORUJDQLVPXOXLHVWHFRQ‫܊‬LQXWvQDOLPHQWHUHVWXOFHDUFRQVWLWXLFLUFDO
WUHEXLHFRQVXPDWVXEIRUPăGHEăXWXULGLYHUVHDSăVXFFRPSRWGHFRFWGHPă
FH‫܈‬FHDLFXOăPkLHVDXODSWH/LPLWDUHDOLFKLGHORUODSHUVRDQHOHFXYkUVWăvQDLQ
WDWă VH HIHFWXHD]ă QXPDL OD LQGLFD‫܊‬LLOH PHGLFXOXL (VWH DUJXPHQWDWă HYLWDUHD
FHDLXOWDUH‫܈‬LDFDIHOHLVDXOLPLWDUHDODRFHD‫܈‬FăSH]L'DUQXHQHFHVDUQLFLGH
OLPLWDWGRULWRULLGHDVHUYLSX‫܊‬LQăFDIHDVDXFHDLWDUHvQDFHVWFD]FDIHDXDSRDWH
ILGHFLFRDUHVDXFXODSWHFHDLXO±FXOăPkLHVDXFXODSWH2GDWăFXYkUVWDRUJD
QLVPXOXPDQSLHUGHDELOLWDWHDGHDVLP‫܊‬LVHWHDFHHDFHGXFHODVFăGHUHDDSRUWXOXL
GH OLFKLGH ‫܈‬L OD GHVKLGUDWDUH3HQWUXD HYLWDGHVKLGUDWDUHDHVWHQHFHVDU GH EăXW
FDQWLWă‫܊‬LPLFLGHOLFKLGHODDQXPLWHLQWHUYDOHGHWLPS&RQVXPXOXQHLFDQWLWă‫܊‬L
PDULGHOLFKLGvQWURSUL]ăLPSOLFăRSRYDUăPDUHDVXSUDLQLPLL




3HQWUXRYLDĠăVăQăWRDVăHVWHIRDUWHLPSRUWDQWVăVHDFRSHUHFHULQĠHOHRUJD
QLVPXOXLvQWRĠLDPLQRDFL]LLHVHQĠLDOLGLQFDUHVHVLQWHWL]HD]ăWRDWHSURWHLQHOHGLQ
FRUSXOXPDQÌQFD]GHVWUHVWHUPLFvQFRQGLĠLLOHPHWHRURORJLFHDFWXDOHRUJDQLV
PXORPXOXLHVWHH[SXVVFKLPEăULORUEUXúWHGHODR]LODDOWDDOHWHPSHUDWXULLPH
GLXOXLDPELDQWvQOXQLRPXOVXSRUWăGLIHUHQĠHGHWHPSHUDWXUăPDLPDULGHR&
FHHDFHvQVHDPQăXQVWUHVHQRUP$GRSWDUHDXQHLGLHWHSXUYHJHWDULHQHFDUHVă
DGXFăWRĠLDPLQRDFL]LLLQGLVSHQVDELOLvQOLPLWHRSWLPHHVWHDSURDSHLPSRVLELOă
3HWLPSGHFDQLFXOăSHQWUXDUHGXFHWHPSHUDWXUDFRUSXOXLSRWILFRQVX
PDWHDQXPLWHSURGXVHDOLPHQWDUH
● SHSHQHOHYHUGH KDUEX]XO ‫܈‬L SHSHQHOHJDOEHQ ]HPRVXO VXQW IUXFWH
ERJDWHvQDSă‫܈‬LIRDUWHHILFLHQWHvQUHGXFHUHDFăOGXULLFRUSXOXL‫܈‬LPHQ
‫܊‬LQHUHDRUJDQLVPXOXLKLGUDWDWÌQWLPSXOYHULLDFHVWHSURGXVHQXWUHEXLH
VăOLSVHDVFăGLQUD‫܊‬LDDOLPHQWDUă
● FDVWUDYHWHOHHVWHOHJXPDGHYDUăIRDUWHERJDWăvQDSă‫܈‬LHILFLHQWăvQ
IXUQL]DUHDXQXLHIHFWGHUăFLUHDRUJDQLVPXOXL8QFDVWUDYHWHFRQVXPDW
]LOQLFDMXWăODUHGXFHUHDFăOGXULLFRUSXOXLvQPRGQDWXUDO
● ULGLFKHDvQDIDUDIDSWXOXLFăHVWHERJDWăvQDSăHVWHRVXUVăERJDWăvQ
YLWDPLQD&XQEXQDQWLR[LGDQWFDUHSRDWHUHGXFHWHPSHUDWXUDFRUSXOXL
5LGLFKLOHDXGHDVHPHQHDSURSULHWă‫܊‬LDQWLLQIODPDWRULLFDUHVXQWGHVWXO
GHHILFLHQWHSHQWUXFRPEDWHUHDVWUHVXOXLWHUPLF
● PHQWD GH DVHPHQHD RIHUă HIHFW GH UăFLUH RUJDQLVPXOXL 8Q VXF GLQ
IUXFWHODFDUHVHDGDXJăFkWHYDIUXQ]HGHPHQWăYDILSHUIHFWSHQWUX
UHGXFHUHDWHPSHUDWXULLFRUSRUDOH
Capitolul ***

&RQVXPXOVHPLQ‫܊‬HORUGHVXVDQJ]LSHWLPSGHFDQLFXOăUHSUH]LQWă

XQDGLQWUHSULQFLSDOHOHFăLGHDWDFSHQWUXUHGXFHUHDFăOGXULLFRUSXOXLFRQWULEXLQG
‫܈‬LODFUH‫܈‬WHUHDQLYHOXOXLYLWDPLQHL'6HPLQĠHOHGHIHQLFXOSRWILIRORVLWHvQDLQWH
GH FXOFDUH DGăXJkQG R MXPăWDWH GHOLQJXUL‫܊‬ăOD XQ SDKDU GH DSă $FHVWHD YRU
X‫܈‬XUD DGRUPLUHD ‫܈‬L YRU DVLJXUD XQ VRPQOLQL‫܈‬WLW vQWLPSXO QRS‫܊‬LORU FăOGXURDVH
$SDGHQXFăGHFRFRVHVWHXQUHPHGLXHILFLHQWGHFRPEDWHUHDGHVKLGUDWăULL8Q
SDKDUGHVXFGHURGLHFRQVXPDW]LOQLFSRDWHSăVWUDWHPSHUDWXUDRSWLPăDFRUSXOXL
SHvQWUHDJDGXUDWăD]LOHL8QSXPQGHVHPLQ‫܊‬HGHPDFFXXQSDKDUGHDSăvQDLQWH
GHDPHUJHODFXOFDUHUHJOHD]ă‫܈‬LLQGXFVRPQXOPHQ‫܊‬LQkQGWHPSHUDWXUDFRUSXOXL
vQOLPLWHOHQRUPDOH/LFKLGHOHUHFLFXPDUILODSWHOHVDXVXFXOGHOăPkLHSRWIL
IRDUWHHILFLHQWHvQUHGXFHUHDFăOGXULLFRUSXOXL8QSDKDUGHODSWHUHFHFXROLQ
JXULĠăGHPLHUHHVWHXQGHOLFLX‫܈‬LPHQ‫܊‬LQHFRUSXOvQIRUPăvQ]LOHOHWRULGH
&ăOGXUDHVWHJUHXGHVXSRUWDWRULFXPGDUH[LVWăPHWRGHSULQFDUHSXWHP
FRQWUDFDUDHIHFWHOHHLDVXSUDFRUSXOXL&HDPDLHILFLHQWă‫܈‬LPDLFRPRGăFDOHHVWH
FRQWUROXODOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHL8QHOHDOLPHQWHSRWvPSLHGLFDEXQDIXQF‫܊‬LRQDUHDWUDFWXOXL
GLJHVWLY‫܈‬LvQFRQVHFLQ‫܊‬ăLQGXFRVWDUHGHFăOGXUă‫܈‬LGHDJLWD‫܊‬LHVXSOLPHQWDUă
ÌQOLVWDDOLPHQWHORUUHFRPDQGDWHSHWLPSGHFDQLFXOăSHSULPXOORFVHDIOă
OHJXPHOH‫܈‬LIUXFWHOHGHVH]RQ9DUDWUHEXLHVăVHFRQVXPHFkWPDLPXOWHDOLPHQWH
vQVWDUHFUXGă3ULQXUPDUHvQPHQLXO]LOQLFWUHEXLHVă‫܈‬LIDFăORFvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGH
DSDUL‫܊‬LDORUXUPăWRDUHOHSURGXVH
● IUXFWHFLUH‫܈‬HFăS‫܈‬XQLYL‫܈‬LQH]PHXUăSLHUVLFLQHFWDULQHFDLVHPXUH
DILQHSHSHQLJDOEHQLSHSHQLYHU]LSUXQHPHUHSHUHVWUXJXUL
● OHJXPHOHFUXGHVDXVXEIRUPăGHVDODWăFXVRVXULSHED]ăGHXOHLGH
PăVOLQHGHOăPkLH‫܈‬LGHVDUHGHPDUHQHLRGDWăVDXJăWLWHODDEXUvQPkQ
FăUXULX‫܈‬RDUHRULFLRUEHUHFLGHYDUăVDODWăYHUGHFDVWUDYH‫܊‬LUR‫܈‬LLDUGHL
GRYOHFHLYLQHWHFHDSăYHUGHYDU]ăFRQRSLGăIDVROHYHUGHPD]ăUH
● SH‫܈‬WHOHvQVR‫܊‬LWGHOHJXPHHFKLOLEUHD]ăvQPRGVăQăWRVUD‫܊‬LDDOLPHQWDUă
GHYDUă
● SHQWUXVDODWHSRWILIRORVLWHXOHLXULOHYHJHWDOHQHUDILQDWH
● DOWHDOLPHQWHRUH]LQWHJUDOEDVPDWLFXEREOXQJLDXUWXULVLPSOHLQWH
JUDOHJUăVLPH‫܈‬LEUkQ]HWXULVSHFLILFHDQRWLPSXOXLFDOGIRDUWH
SX‫܊‬LQVăUDWHFD‫܈‬XUGăHWF
6HUHFRPDQGăHYLWDUHDXUPăWRDUHORUDOLPHQWH
● FDUQHDJUDVăODJUăWDU‫܈‬LRULFHSUHSDUDWHGLQFDUQHSUHFXPFkUQD‫܊‬LLPLWL
WHLLVDODPXULOHHWF
● PkQFăUXULOHJUDVHFXVRV
● PkQFăUXULOH‫܈‬LFLRUEHOHILHUELQ‫܊‬LFXFDUQHJUDVă‫܈‬LVDXFXVPkQWkQă
● SUHSDUDWHOHSUăMLWH‫܈‬LSDQH
● VDODWHOHFXPDLRQH]ăVDXVPkQWkQă
● WRUWXULOHSUăMLWXULOHFXFUHPă
● EUkQ]HWXULOHVăUDWHJUDVH
 ● vQJKH‫܊‬DWDvQH[FHV‫܈‬LRULFHEăXWXUăIRDUWHUHFHQXIDFHPGHFkWVăQH
VXSXQHPRUJDQLVPXOXQXLVWUHVVXSOLPHQWDU±HIHFWXOHVWHGHIDSWFRQ
WUDUGHVXSUDvQFăO]LUH
● DOLPHQWHOHKLSHUFDORULFHSRWDFFHQWXDVHQ]D‫܊‬LDGHFDOGGHVXIRFDUHRU
JDQLVPXOHVWHVXSXVXQHLPXQFLVXSOLPHQWDUHGDWăGHWHPSHUDWXUDULGL
FDWă&RUSXOXPDQFkQGHVWHvQFăO]LWHVWHDVHPHQHDXQHLFDPHUHvQ
FDUHVXQWR&GDUDPPDLDGăXJDQL‫܈‬WHOHPQHSHIRF
3HWLPSGHFDQLFXOăQXVHUHFRPDQGăFRQVXPXOGHFDIHDGHRDUHFH
● DIHFWHD]ăFDOLWDWHDVRPQXOXL
● LQIOXHQ‫܊‬HD]ăDFWLYLWDWHDFDUGLRYDVFXODUăSULQFUH‫܈‬WHUHDWHQVLXQLLDUWHULDOH
DFFHOHUDUHD SXOVXOXLSRDWH SURYRFD ‫܈‬LH[WUDVLVWROă &UH‫܈‬WHUHDWHQVLXQLL
DUWHULDOHHVWHVXELWă‫܈‬LGXUHD]ăGRDUvQPRPHQWXOFkQGVHFRQVXPăFD
IHDXDDSRL VFDGH $VWIHOIOXFWXD‫܊‬LLOHFUHVF ULVFXO GHDWDFFHUHEUDO VDX
LQIDUFW
● GHVKLGUDWHD]ă RUJDQLVPXO GHRDUHFH VWLPXOHD]ă HOLPLQDUHD OLFKLGHORU
GLQ RUJDQLVP ILLQG XQ GLXUHWLF SXWHUQLF ,QGLIHUHQW Fă DFHVW OXFUX VH
SURGXFH SULQ WUDQVSLUD‫܊‬LHVDXXULQă SRDWH SURYRFDGHVKLGUDWDUH 3UR
EOHPD HVWH Fă FX OLFKLGHOHVHHOLPLQă‫܈‬LVăUXULOH PLQHUDOHLPSRUWDQWH
ILHUFDOFLXPDJQH]LX
● DIHFWHD]ăSLHOHDGHVKLGUDWkQGR‫܈‬LXVFkQGRDVWIHOIDYRUL]HD]ăDSDUL
‫܊‬LHLULGXULORU
● DIHFWHD]ă VWDUHD GH VSLULW &DIHDXD ‫܈‬L FăOGXUD QX VXQW R FRPELQD‫܊‬LH
EXQă&DIHDXDVWLPXOHD]ăVHFUH‫܊‬LDDGUHQDOLQHL‫܈‬LDFRUWL]ROXOXLKRUPR
QLLVWUHVXOXLFDUHSURYRDFăDQ[LHWDWH‫܈‬LSRIWăGHGXOFH
3HWLPSGHYDUăHVWHIRDUWHLPSRUWDQWXQGH‫܈‬LFXPVXQWSăVWUDWHDOLPHQWHOH
3URGXVHOHDOLPHQWDUHWUHEXLHSURFXUDWHQXPDLGLQORFXULVDXVSD‫܊‬LLvQUHJLVWUDWH
VDX DXWRUL]DWH XQGH VH DVLJXUă GHSR]LWDUHD ‫܈‬L PDQLSXODUHDDFHVWRUD vQ FRQGL‫܊‬LL
FRUHVSXQ]ăWRDUHGHWHPSHUDWXUă‫܈‬LGHLJLHQă3URGXVHOHODFWDWHSURGXVHOHGHFR
IHWăULH‫܈‬LRXăOHVHYRUDFKL]L‫܊‬LRQDGRDUGHODSURGXFăWRULELQHFXQRVFX‫܊‬LGHRDUHFH
HLJDUDQWHD]ăFDOLWDWHDSURGXVHORU
1XWUL‫܊‬LDFRUHFWăvQWLPSXOYHULLQXHVWHGRDURUDĠLHDOLPHQWDUăVSHFLDOăGH
YDUăFL‫܈‬LRDERUGDUH FRUHFWă DRUJDQL]ăULLDFHVWHLD(VWHLPSRUWDQWă VWXGLHUHD
DPEDODMXOXL‫܈‬LDFRUGDUHDDWHQ‫܊‬LHLSHULRDGHLGHYDODELOLWDWH
1XWUHEXLHWUHFXWăFXYHGHUHDSUHSDUDUHD‫܈‬LGHSR]LWDUHDDGHFYDWăDDOLPHQ
WHORU&DUQHDRXăOH‫܈‬LSH‫܈‬WHOHYDUDWUHEXLHSăVWUDWHúLVXSXVHXQXLWUDWDPHQWWHU
PLFDWHQW$OLPHQWHOHJăWLWHQXWUHEXLHSăVWUDWHIRDUWHPXOWWLPSFKLDUGDFăVWDX
vQIULJLGHUILLQGFRQVXPDWHODVFXUWWLPSGXSăFHDXIRVWSUHSDUDWHWHUPLF
$OLPHQWHOHQHSUHSDUDWHDXXQUHJLPGHSăVWUDUHPDLVSHFLDOILLQGFăGDFă
DXVWDWSHFăOGXUăWLPSGHFkWHYDRUHGHYLQXQPHGLXH[FHOHQWSHQWUXUHSURGX
FHUHDEDFWHULLORU$OLPHQWHOHQHSUHOXFUDWHFDUHQHFHVLWăSăVWUDUHODUHFHWUHEXLH
SăVWUDWH OD PD[LPXP  R&LDURXăOH±OD  R&vQVSD‫܊‬LL IULJRULILFH‫܈‬LvQORFXUL
VSHFLDODPHQDMDWH(tab.3.8.1.

Capitolul ***

jos

ÌQSHULRDGDGHFDQLFXOăWHQWD‫܊‬LDGHDSăVWUDDEVROXWWRDWHDOLPHQWHOHvQIUL
JLGHUHVWHIRDUWHPDUHDFHDVWDQXHVWHvQGUHSWă‫܊‬LWă'HH[HPSOXFDIHDXDWUHEXLH
SăVWUDWăvQORFXVFDW‫܈‬LQXQHDSăUDWODUHFHSkLQHDVHUHFRPDQGăVăILHSăVWUDWăOD
UHFHvQ]LOHOHWRULGHSHQWUXDLSUHOXQJLGXUDWDYDODELOLWă‫܊‬LLGXUDWDGHFRQVXP
6HSRDWHSăVWUD‫܈‬LvQWUXQORFXVFDWUăFRURVvQWURSXQJă
7HPSHUDWXUDGHSăVWUDUHDSURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUHHVWHXQXOGLQWUHIDFWRULL
IRDUWH SHOkQJăS+FRQ‫܊‬LQXWXO GH DSăGH R[LJHQ HWF FDUHDF‫܊‬LRQHD]ă DVXSUD
FUH‫܈‬WHULLPLFURRUJDQLVPHORU)LHFDUHVSHFLHGHPLFURRUJDQLVPHFDUHSRWSROXD
SURGXVHOHDOLPHQWDUHDUHROLPLWăSUHIHUHQ‫܊‬LDOăDWHPSHUDWXULLODFDUHGH]YROWD
UHD HVWH RSWLPDOă 7HPSHUDWXUD vQ DIDUD DFHVWRU OLPLWH GHUHJOHD]ă VDX LQKLEă
FUH‫܈‬WHUHDPLFURRUJDQLVPHORU&HDPDLIDYRUDELOăWHPSHUDWXUăSHQWUXGH]YROWDUHD
PDMRULWă‫܊‬LLPLFURRUJDQLVPHORUHVWHvQWUH‫܈‬LR&(tab.3.8.2.


ÌQ DIDUD IULJLGHUXOXL EXFDWHOH úL SURGXVHOH DOLPHQWDUH SRW IL SăVWUDWH XQ
WLPSOLPLWDW3UHSDUDWHOHGLQFDUQHSRWILSăVWUDWHGRDURRUăGLQPRPHQWXOvQFDUH
DXIRVWJăWLWH'XSă FHDX IRVWVFRDVHGLQIULJLGHUPH]HOXULOHUH]LVWăFHOPXOW
GRXă RUHvQDIDUD IULJLGHUXOXL LDU ODFWDWHOHIHUPHQWDWHSUHFXPLDXUWXO FKHILUXO úL
ODSWHOHFRYăVLWDXWHUPHQOLPLWăRUH%UkQ]DúLVPkQWkQDWUHEXLHLPHGLDWGXSăFH
DXIRVWVFRDVHGLQIULJLGHU(VWHPXOWPDLVLPSOXFXIUXFWHOHúLOHJXPHOHGDUúLDFHV
WHDvúLSăVWUHD]ăSURVSHĠLPHDVXER&&kWSULYH‫܈‬WHPkQFDUHDGHWLSIDVWIRRGSHQ
WUXFăvQHDVHDGDXJăPXOWăVDUHHVWHIRDUWHELQHPDULQDWăHVWHVXSXVăWUDWDPHQWXOXL
WHUPLFFDUHSUDFWLFGLVWUXJHEDFWHULLOHSDUHDILLQRIHQVLYăGDUúLHDQXSRDWHILSăV
WUDWăODQHVIkUúLW2GDWăFHHJăWLWăWUHEXLHFRQVXPDWăvQPD[LPRRUD

Hidratarea corectă pe timp de caniculă

ÌQWLPSXOYDOXULORUGHFăOGXUăHVWHLQGLFDWGHDFRQVXPDFkWHPO
GHOLFKLGHODILHFDUHGHPLQXWH&HDPDLEXQăHVWHDSDSODWăODWHPSHUDWXUD
DPELHQWDOăEăXWăFXvQJKL‫܊‬LWXULPLFL6XQWUHFRPDQGDWH‫܈‬LFHDLXULOHFDOGH
3HQWUXSRWROLUHDVHWHLVXQWUHFRPDQGDWHXUPăWRDUHOHEăXWXULDSăROLJRPLQH
UDOăQDWXUDOăDSăPLQHUDOăSUHIHUDELOSODWăGDUVHSHUPLWHúLFHDFDUERJD]RDVă
FHDLXULOHGLQLHUEXULVDXYHUGHSUHIHUDELOFDOGHGHRDUHFHSRWROHVFELQHVHWHDEăX
WXULDFLGRODFWLFHFXXQFRQĠLQXWPLFGHJUăVLPLFYDVXOSUHJăWLWSULQIHUPHQWDĠLH
FRPSRWXULEăXWXULGLQIUXFWHDFUH‫܈‬LDFUHGXOFLLDSăFXSXĠLQăVXFGHOăPkLHDSă
vQFDUHVHDGăXJăPHQWăFXHIHFWUăFRULWRU‫܈‬LEXVXLRFFXHIHFWWRQLILDQW
6SHFLDOLúWLLQXUHFRPDQGăVăVHEHDFDIHDGLQFDX]DHIRUWXOXLSHFDUHvO
H[HUFLWăDVXSUDVLVWHPXOXLFDUGLRYDVFXODUVXFXULvPEXWHOLDWHEăXWXULvQGXOFLWH
FDUERJD]RDVHFDUHGLQFDX]DFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOXLULGLFDWGH]DKăUSURYRDFă‫܈‬LPDLPDUH
VHWHFHDLQHJUXEHUHFRFNWDLOXULFXFRQĠLQXWUHGXVGHDOFRROEăXWXULDOFRROLFH
D‫܈‬D]LVDEHUHFXOăPkLHVDXEăXWXULOHWLSFLGUXGHRDUHFHFUHVFWUDQVSLUD‫܊‬LDFUH
HD]ăRSRYDUăVXSOLPHQWDUăDVXSUDLQLPLL‫܈‬LULQLFKLORUGHMDVXSUDvQFăUFDWHPă
UHVFWHQVLXQHDDUWHULDOăODSHUVRDQHOHSUHGLVSXVHODKLSHUWHQVLXQH



Apariția și dezvoltarea nutriției și dieteticii

1XWUL‫܊‬LD‫܈‬LGLHWHWLFDDXHYROXDWvQFHSkQGFX+LSRFUDWH‫܈‬LSkQăvQ]LOHOHQRDVWUH
ÌQDQXOv+U+LSRFUDWHQXPLW‫܈‬LÄSăULQWHOHPHGLFLQHL´OHDVSXVGLVFLSROLORU
VăLÄ$OLPHQWXOWăXVăILHPHGLFDPHQWXOWăXLDUPHGLFDPHQWXOWăXVăILHDOLPHQWXO
WăX´‫܈‬LFăÄ8QRPvQ‫܊‬HOHSWDUWUHEXLVăFRQVLGHUHVăQăWDWHDFDSHFHDPDLPDUHEL
QHFXYkQWDUH´ÌQG+ULOXVWUăSHUVRQDOLWDWHDWXWXURUWLPSXULORU/HRQDUGRGD
9LQFLDVRFLDSURFHVXOGHPHWDEROL]DUHGLQFRUSFXDUGHUHDXQHLOXPkQăUL
ÌQ-DPHV/LQGPHGLFvQ%ULWLVK1DY\DIăFXWSULPXOH[SHULPHQW‫܈‬WL
LQ‫܊‬LILFvQGRPHQLXOQXWUL‫܊‬LHLÌQDFHOHWLPSXULPDULQDULLIăFHDXH[SHGL‫܊‬LLSHGLVWDQ‫܊‬H
OXQJLFDUHSXWHDXVăGXUH]HDQLGH]LOH‫܈‬LVHvPEROQăYHDXGHVGHVFRUEXW'HRDUHFH
FăOăWRULLOHGXUDXIRDUWHPXOWWLPSSURYL]LLOHHUDXDOFăWXLWHvQSULQFLSDOGLQFDUQH
XVFDWă‫܈‬LGLQSkLQHPDLSX‫܊‬LQGLQIUXFWH‫܈‬LOHJXPHSURDVSHWHFDUHVHDOWHUDXUHSHGH
/LQG D IăFXW XQ H[SHULPHQW vPSăU‫܊‬LQG PDULQDULL vQ WUHL JUXSH PDULQDULORU GLQ
SULPDJUXSăGLHWDOHDIRVWVXSOLPHQWDWăFXDSăGHPDUHODFHLGLQWUDGRXD±FX
R‫܊‬HWLDUGLQDWUHLD±FXOăPkL5H]XOWDWHDXDUăWDWFăPDULQDULLFDUHDXSULPLWOăPkL
Capitolul ***

QXDXPDLGH]YROWDWVFRUEXW'HRDUHFHYLWDPLQD&DIRVWGHVFRSHULWăGXSă
/LQGQXDYHDGHXQGHVă‫܈‬WLHFăDFHDVWDHVWHXQQXWULPHQWYLWDO
ÌQ$QWRLQH/DYRLVLHUQXPLW‫܈‬LÄWDWăOQXWUL‫܊‬LHL‫܈‬LDOFKLPLHL´DGHVFULV
SURFHVXOFRPELQăULLvQRUJDQLVPDDOLPHQWHORU‫܈‬LR[LJHQXOUH]XOWDWXOILLQGUHSUH
]HQWDWGHFăOGXUă‫܈‬LGHDSăÌQDQXOVDGHVFRSHULWFăDOLPHQWHOHVXQWFRP
SXVHGLQSDWUXHOHPHQWHSULPDUHFDUERQQLWURJHQKLGURJHQ‫܈‬LR[LJHQ‫܈‬LVDX
HODERUDWPHWRGHSHQWUXGHWHUPLQDUHDFDQWLWă‫܊‬LLDFHVWRUHOHPHQWH
-XVWXV/LHELJGLQ*HUPDQLDXQSLRQLHUvQVWXGLXOFUH‫܈‬WHULLSODQWHORUDIRVW
SULPXOFDUHvQDGHVFLIUDWVWUXFWXUDFDUERKLGUD‫܊‬LORUJUăVLPLORU‫܈‬LSURWHLQH
ORU GHPRQVWUkQG Fă SURWHLQHOH VXQW IRUPDWH GLQ DPLQRDFL]L OLSLGHOH GLQ DFL]L
JUD‫܈‬LLDUFDUERKLGUD‫܊‬LLGLQ]DKDUXUL
&HUFHWăWRUXO&KULVWLDQ(LMNPDQRULJLQDUGLQ'DQHPDUFDvQWLPSFHOXFUD
FXSRSXOD‫܊‬LD QDWLYă GLQ-DYDvQDREVHUYDWFăDFH‫܈‬WLDGH]YROWDXRERDOă
QXPLWă ÄEHULEHUL´ PDQLIHVWDWă SULQ SUREOHPH FDUGLRYDVFXODUH ‫܈‬L SDUDOL]LH ÌQ
XUPDREVHUYD‫܊‬LLORUDVXSUDJăLQLORUDFRQVWDWDWFăILLQGKUăQLWHFXRUH]DOEGH]
YROWDX DFHHD‫܈‬L ERDOă 'DFă OL VH GăGHD RUH] EUXQ QHSURFHVDW HUDX VăQăWRDVH
&KULVWLDDQ(LMNPDQDGHFLVVăKUăQHDVFăSDFLHQ‫܊‬LLFXRUH]EUXQGHVFRSHULQGFă
DFHVWWLSGHDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHYLQGHFăERDODEHULEHUL0DLWkU]LXQXWUL‫܊‬LRQL‫܈‬WLLDXGHV
FRSHULWFăvQYHOL‫܈‬XOEREXOXLGHRUH]FRQ‫܊‬LQHYLWDPLQD%,FXQRVFXWă‫܈‬LVXEGHQX
PLUHDGHWLDPLQă
(90F&ROOXPvQvQWLPSFHOXFUDSHQWUX'HSDUWDPHQWXOGH$JULFXO
WXUăDO8QLYHUVLWă‫܊‬LLGLQ:LVFRQVLQDGH]YROWDWRDERUGDUHFDUHDGHVFKLVFDOHDFăWUH
GHVFRSHULUHDQXWULPHQWHORU([SHULPHQWkQGSH‫܈‬RERODQLDREVHUYDWFăFHLKUăQL‫܊‬LFX
XQWHUDXPDLVăQăWR‫܈‬LGHFkWFHLKUăQL‫܊‬LFXXQWXUăXQWXOFRQ‫܊‬LQkQGYLWDPLQD$
ÌQGRFWRUXO&DVPLU)XQNDSURSXVWHUPHQXOGHÄYLWDPLQă´FDIDFWRUYLWDO
vQGLHWDRPXOXL(ODVFULVGHVSUHDFHVWHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HÄQHLGHQWLILFDWH´SUH]HQWHvQDOL
PHQWHDOFăURUFRQVXPSRDWHSUHYHQLDSDUL‫܊‬LDVFRUEXWXOXLSHODJUHL‫܈‬LEHULEHUL
'LQ‫܈‬LSkQăvQSUH]HQWDIRVWFRQILUPDWUROXOQXWULPHQWHORUHVHQ‫܊‬LDOHFD
SDUWHDSURFHVHORUGLQRUJDQLVP'HH[HPSOXDGHYHQLWHOXFLGDWUROXOYLWDPLQHORU
‫܈‬LPLQHUDOHORUFDSăU‫܊‬LFRPSRQHQWHDOHHQ]LPHORU‫܈‬LKRUPRQLORUFDUHDMXWăRUJDQLV
PXOVăIXQF‫܊‬LRQH]H
ÌQ/LQXV3DXOLQJGH‫܊‬LQăWRUXO3UHPLXOXL1REHOSHQWUXFKLPLHDSUR
SXVWHUPHQXOGHÄQXWUL‫܊‬LHRUWRPROHFXODUă´&RQIRUPRSLQLHLVDOHRIHULQGRUJD
QLVPXOXLPROHFXOHOHSRWULYLWHvQFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LDFRUHFWăQXWULPHQWHOHSRWILIRORVLWH
GHRUJDQLVP SHQWUXR VăQăWDWHPDLEXQă‫܈‬LSHQWUX ORQJHYLWDWH&HUFHWăULOHGLQ
SHULRDGDFRQGXVHGH3DXOLQJ‫܈‬LFROHJLLVăLDXDUăWDWFăRGR]ăPDUH
GHYLWDPLQD&LQWUDYHQRVSRDWHVSRULUDWDGHVXSUDYLH‫܊‬XLUH‫܈‬LvPEXQăWă‫܊‬LFDOLWă‫܊‬LL
YLH‫܊‬LLSDFLHQ‫܊‬LORUFXFDQFHUWHUPLQDO
/DvQFHSXWXOVHFDO;;OHDDXIRVWGHVFRSHULWHPDMRULWDWHDYLWDPLQHORUGXSă
FHDDSăUXW‫܈‬LFRQFHSWXOGHÄVXSOLPHQWDOLPHQWDU´3ULPHOHFRPSULPDWHGHYLWDPLQH
DSăUXWHSHSLD‫܊‬ăvQDQLLDXGDWQD‫܈‬WHUHLQGXVWULHLGHSURGXVHUHFRPDQGDWHSHQ
WUXVăQăWDWHÌQRFWRPEULHDIRVWDSUREDWXQGRFXPHQWQRUPDWLYSHQWUXVăQăWDWH
‫܈‬LHGXFD‫܊‬LHSULYLQGVXSOLPHQWHOH‫܈‬LSURGXVHOHGLHWHWLFH$FHVWGRFXPHQWQRUPDWLY
VWDELOH‫܈‬WHFXH[DFWLWDWHFHVHSRDWHPHQ‫܊‬LRQDSHDPEDODMXOVXSOLPHQWHORUDOLPHQWDUH
‫܈‬LQXPDLFXDFRUGXOFood And Drug Administration)'$
ÌQ6WDWHOH8QLWHDOH$PHULFLLvQGXSă3ULPXO5ă]ERL0RQGLDOSHQ
WUXDvPEXQăWă‫܊‬L‫܈‬LDPRQLWRUL]DVWDUHDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLSRSXOD‫܊‬LHLPublic Health Service
D LQWURGXV vQ SHUVRQDOXO VSLWDOHORU DWkWvQ VHFWRUXO SXEOLF FkW ‫܈‬L vQ FHO SULYDW
GLHWHWLFLHQL‫܈‬LQXWUL‫܊‬LRQL‫܈‬WL
0,3HY]QHUvQDFRQGXVHODERUDUHDGLHWHORUWHUDSHXWLFHSULQFLSDOH
XWLOL]DWHvQVSLWDOH‫܈‬LDVWă]LFRQVLGHUDWHXQHOHGLQWUHFHOHPDLVWUXFWXUDWH‫܈‬LX‫܈‬RU
GHDSOLFDWvQSUDFWLFDPHGLFDOă$FHVWHGLHWHDQWLLQIODPDWRULLúLKLSRVHQVLELOL]DQWH
VXQWLQFOXVHvQWHUDSLDFRPELQDWăQXQXPDLDEROLORUVLVWHPXOXLGLJHVWLYGDU‫܈‬L
vQDWHURVFOHUR]ăKLSHUWHQVLXQHUHXPDWLVPWXEHUFXOR]ăEROLGHULQLFKLúLWXOEX
UăULPHWDEROLFHvQWRWDOODQXPăULQFOX]kQG‫܈‬LGLHWD
ÌQMDSRQH]XO<RVKLQRUL2VXPLDSULPLW3UHPLXO1REHOSHQWUXIL]LR
ORJLDRPXOXL‫܈‬LPHGLFLQăSHQWUXVWXGLXOPHFDQLVPHORUDXWRIDJLHL

Importanța nutriției și dieteticii

3URGXFWLYLWDWHDPXQFLL‫܈‬LSRWHQ‫܊‬LDOXOHFRQRPLFDOVWDWXOXLGHSLQGGHSUR
WHF‫܊‬LD‫܈‬LFRQVROLGDUHDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLSXEOLFH3ULQFLSDODUH]HUYăDORQJHYLWă‫܊‬LLHVWHXQVWLO
GHYLD‫܊‬ăVăQăWRV2DPHQLLGH‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬ăFUHGFăVăQăWDWHDGHSLQGHGHFDOLWDWHDDVLVWHQ
‫܊‬HLPHGLFDOHvQGLQFD]XULLDUUHVWXOGHVXQWSHFRQWXOPRGXOXL‫܈‬LVWLOXOXL
VăQăWRVGHYLD‫܊‬ă,33DYORYVSXQHDÄ2SHUVRDQăSRDWHWUăLSkQăODGHDQL
3ULQQHSăVDUHDQRDVWUăWXOEXUDUHDQRDVWUăWUDWDPHQWXOQRVWUXXUkWDVXSUDSURSULX
OXLFRUSUHGXFHPDFHDVWăSHULRDGăQRUPDOăODRFLIUăPXOWPDLPLFă´
1XWUL‫܊‬LDDUHXQXOGLQFHOHPDLLPSRUWDQWHUROXULvQFDGUXOSUDFWLFăULLVWLOXOXL
VăQăWRVGHYLD‫܊‬ă‫܈‬LHVWHXQXOGLQWUHSULQFLSDOHOHPLMORDFHGHPHQ‫܊‬LQHUHDYLH‫܊‬LLFUH‫܈‬
WHULLGH]YROWăULLVăQăWă‫܊‬LL‫܈‬LFDSDFLWă‫܊‬LLRSWLPHGHOXFUXDXQHLSHUVRDQH6XQWFX
QRVFXWHPDLPXOWHPRGHOHQXWUL‫܊‬LRQDOHFXPDUILDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LDUD‫܊‬LRQDOăGLHWHWLFă
FXUDWLYSURILODFWLFăHWF
Nutriția raționalăHFKLOLEUDWăDVLJXUăSURFHVHOHGHFUH‫܈‬WHUHVWDUHDIL]LRORJLFă
QRUPDOă‫܈‬LDFWLYLWDWHDWXWXURUVLVWHPHORUIXQF‫܊‬LRQDOHDOHFRUSXOXLXPDQ2
DVWIHOGHQXWUL‫܊‬LHHVWHRFRQGL‫܊‬LHLQGLVSHQVDELOăSHQWUXRVăQăWDWHEXQăXQ
QLYHOULGLFDWGHHILFLHQ‫܊‬ă‫܈‬LRVSHUDQ‫܊‬ăGHYLD‫܊‬ăPD[LPă(VHQ‫܊‬DXQHLGLHWH
HFKLOLEUDWHHVWHGHDRIHULRUJDQLVPXOXLFDQWLWDWHDRSWLPăGHHQHUJLH‫܈‬LGH
QXWULPHQWH
Nutriția curativ-profilacticăHVWHFRPSXVăGLQUD‫܊‬LLGHDOLPHQWHVSHFLDOVHOHFWDWH
SHQWUXSUHYHQLUHDWXOEXUăULORURUJDQLVPXOXLFDX]DWHGHH[SXQHUHDODIDFWR
ULL SURIHVLRQDOLQRFLYLFHSRWIL SUH]HQ‫܊‬LvQPHGLXORFXSD‫܊‬LRQDO3RDWHIL
DSOLFDWă‫܈‬LvQVLWXD‫܊‬LLH[FHS‫܊‬LRQDOHSHQWUXVDOYDWRULYLFWLPH‫܈‬LSRSXOD‫܊‬LHvQ
JHQHUDO$FHVWWLSGHQXWUL‫܊‬LHRFXSăXQORFLPSRUWDQWvQFRPSOH[XOPăVXUL
ORUGHPHQ‫܊‬LQHUHDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLGHSUHYHQLUHDEROLORU‫܈‬LGHSURWHF‫܊‬LHDRPXOXL
GH DF‫܊‬LXQHD IDFWRULORU QRFLYL GLQPHGLXORFXSD‫܊‬LRQDO ‫܈‬L D FHORU GLQ ]RQD
VLWXD‫܊‬LLORUH[FHS‫܊‬LRQDOH
Capitolul ***

Terapia nutriționalăQXPLWă‫܈‬LQXWUL‫܊‬LHFOLQLFăVDXDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHGLHWHWLFăVHDSOLFă
vQVLVWHPXOPHGLFDOFDPHWRGăQRQPHGLFDPHQWRDVăvQFRWHUDSLDGLIHULWRU
PDODGLL5D‫܊‬LLOHDOLPHQWDUHVXQWVSHFLDOHODERUDWH‫܈‬LDGDSWDWHSHQWUXGLIHULWH
PDODGLLGHUHJXOăDFXWHVDXFURQLFHGDUSRWIL‫܈‬LLQGLYLGXDOL]DWHSHUSDFL
HQWÌQFRPSDUD‫܊‬LHFXQXWUL‫܊‬LDUD‫܊‬LRQDOăHFKLOLEUDWă‫܈‬LQXWUL‫܊‬LDFXUDWLYSUR
ILODFWLFăDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LDGLHWHWLFăHVWHPDLIUHFYHQWSUHVFULVăGHFăWUHPHGLFL
DWkWvQFDGUXODVLVWHQ‫܊‬HLPHGLFDOHSULPDUHFkW‫܈‬LDFHOHLVSLWDOLFH‫܈‬WL
1XWUL‫܊‬LDSHQWUXRSHUVRDQăEROQDYăHVWHGHRLPSRUWDQ‫܊‬ăGHRVHELWă$OL
PHQWHOHGHVWLQDWHSHQWUXSHUVRDQHOHFXGLIHULWHEROLVHQXPHVFdietetice$OLPHQ
WD‫܊‬LDGLHWHWLFăvQXQHOHEROLSRDWHILSULQFLSDOXOUHPHGLXvQDOWHOHXQPLMORFGH
SUHYHQLUH D H[DFHUEăULORU ‫܈‬L D UHFLGLYHORU EROLL WUHFHUHD DFHVWHLD GH OD R VWDUH
DFXWăODXQDFURQLFă$FHVWWLSGHDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHHVWH‫܈‬LRFRQGL‫܊‬LHSUHDODELOăSHQWUX
FUH‫܈‬WHUHD UH]LVWHQ‫܊‬HL FRQVROLGDUHD DSăUăULL XQXL RUJDQLVP VOăELW ‫܈‬L FRQVROLGDUHD
HIHFWXOXLWHUDSHXWLFUHDOL]DW3ULQXUPDUHvQWLPSXOWUDWDPHQWXOXLSDFLHQWXOXLLVH
SUHVFULXDOLPHQWHGLHWHWLFH
DieteticaHVWHWHRULD‫܈‬LSUDFWLFDQXWUL‫܊‬LHLXQHLSHUVRDQHEROQDYHED]DWăSH
SULQFLSLLOHIL]LRORJLFHDOHGLJHVWLHLELRFKLPLHLQXWULPHQWHORULJLHQHLUHJLPXOXL
DOLPHQWDUVLJXUDQ‫܊‬HLDOLPHQWHORUWHKQRORJLHLSURGXFHULL‫܈‬LSUHSDUăULLDOLPHQWH
ORUWHUDSLHL‫܈‬LDOWRUGLVFLSOLQHFOLQLFHDOHPHGLFLQHL'LHWRWHUDSLDHVWHRPHWRGă
GHWUDWDPHQWFXQXWUL‫܊‬LDGLQSURGXVHVSHFLDOVHOHFWDWH‫܈‬LSUHSDUDWHFDUHSHUPLWH
VDWLVIDFHUHDQHYRLORUIL]LRORJLFHDOHRUJDQLVPXOXLvQQXWULPHQWH‫܈‬LUHJOHD]ăSUR
FHVHOHPHWDEROLFHSHUWXUEDWHODRSHUVRDQăEROQDYă$OLPHQWHOHGLHWHWLFHSRWIL
LQFOXVHvQWUXQSODQQXWUL‫܊‬LRQDOLQGLYLGXDOL]DWSHUSDFLHQWOXkQGvQFRQVLGHUDUH
PDQLIHVWăULOHFOLQLFH‫܈‬LID]DSURFHVXOXLSDWRORJLFQRUPHOH‫܈‬LQHFHVLWă‫܊‬LOHIL]LROR
JLFHvQQXWULPHQWH‫܈‬LHQHUJLH$OLPHQWD‫܊‬LDGLHWHWLFăSRDWHILRUJDQL]DWăvQXQLWă‫܊‬LOH
GHDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHSXEOLFăvQXQLWă‫܊‬LOHGHFDWHULQJEXFăWăULLOHGLQVSLWDOH‫܈‬LVWD‫܊‬LXQL
EDOQHDUH

Repere de bază în alimentația dietetică. Necesitățile fiziologice

ale persoanelor bolnave în nutrimente și energie
ÌQSUH]HQWWHUDSLDGLHWHWLFăVHED]HD]ăSHWHRULDQXWUL‫܊‬LHLHFKLOLEUDWHDFăUHL
H[SUHVLHVXQWQRUPHOHIL]LRORJLFHGHQXWUL‫܊‬LHSHQWUXGLIHULWHJUXSXULDOHSRSXOD
‫܊‬LHLÌQGLHWHWLFăVHIDFDMXVWăULODSURSRU‫܊‬LLOHIL]LRORJLFHDOHQXWULPHQWHORUFDUH
FRUHVSXQGFDSDFLWă‫܊‬LORUGHSDWRJHQH]ăHYROX‫܊‬LDFOLQLFăVWDGLXOEROLL‫܈‬LWXOEXUă
ULOHPHWDEROLFH$FHVWHDMXVWăULSRWJHQHUDRVFKLPEDUHDHFKLOLEUXOXLQXWUL‫܊‬LRQDO
GLQGLHWDUHFRPDQGDWăSHUVRDQHORUVăQăWRDVH'HH[HPSOXXWLOL]DUHDGLIHUHQ‫܊‬LDWă
DGLIHULWRUFDQWLWă‫܊‬LGHVDUHGHPDVăvQGLHWăHVWHHVHQ‫܊‬LDOăSHQWUXRE‫܊‬LQHUHDXQXL
HIHFWWHUDSHXWLFvQVSHFLDOvQEROLOHvQFDUHvQFăOFDUHDHFKLOLEUXOXLLRQLFMRDFăXQ
UROLPSRUWDQWvQSDWRJHQH]DORU'HFLUHVWULF‫܊‬LRQDUHDVăULLGHPDVăvQGLHWDSDFL
HQ‫܊‬LORUFXKLSHUWHQVLXQHDUWHULDOăHVHQ‫܊‬LDOăGXFHODXQHFKLOLEUXDOVWăULLSHUWXUEDWH
DSULQFLSDOHORUSURFHVHQHUYRDVHODRVFăGHUHDWHQVLXQLLDUWHULDOH‫܈‬LODRVFăGHUH
VDX DPHOLRUDUH D vQWUHJXOXL VLQGURP FOLQLF VWDGLXO GH KLSHUWHQVLXQH ,,,$ vQ
IXQF‫܊‬LHGHJUDGXOGLVIXQF‫܊‬LHLUHQDOH
 0LF‫܈‬RUDUHDFDQWLWă‫܊‬LORUGHSURWHLQHvQDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LDGLHWHWLFăDUHOLPLWHOHVDOH
GHRDUHFHGLHWDWUHEXLHVăIXUQL]H]HFHOSX‫܊‬LQFHULQ‫܊‬DIL]LRORJLFă]LOQLFăPLQLPă
SHQWUXWR‫܊‬LDPLQRDFL]LLHVHQ‫܊‬LDOLSHQWUXDSUHYHQLDSDUL‫܊‬LDGHILFLWXOGHSURWHLQHvQ
RUJDQLVP'LHWDPDLDUHFDRELHFWLYVăIXUQL]H]HQHFHVDUXOIL]LRORJLFGHYLWDPLQH
‫܈‬LGHPLQHUDOHGHDFL]LJUD‫܈‬LHVHQ‫܊‬LDOL
8QDGLQSUREOHPHOHDFWXDOHvQGLHWHWLFăHVWHHODERUDUHDXQRUVWDQGDUGHSHQ
WUXGHWHUPLQDUHDFDQWLWă‫܊‬LL RSWLPHGHFDUERKLGUD‫܊‬L‫܈‬LGH JUăVLPL vQ WUDWDPHQWXO
REH]LWă‫܊‬LLFDUDFWHUL]DWăSULQWXOEXUăULPHWDEROLFH‫܈‬LHQ]LPDWLFHSURIXQGH‫܈‬LPDL
DOHVGHUHJODUHDPHWDEROLVPXOXLJUăVLPLORU6HSURSXQHOLPLWDUHDYDORULLHQHU
JHWLFHDGLHWHLSULQUHGXFHUHDSURSRU‫܊‬LHLGHJUăVLPL‫܈‬LGHFDUERKLGUD‫܊‬L8QPRGHO
GLHWHWLFPDLQRX‫܊‬LQkQGFRQWGHSDWRJHQH]DEROLLUHVSHFWăFXVWULFWH‫܊‬HSULQFLSLXO
XQHLGLHWHHFKLOLEUDWHvQFHHDFHSULYH‫܈‬WHSULQFLSDOHOHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HQXWULWLYH‫܈‬LYDORD
UHDHQHUJHWLFă'LHWDLQFOXGHSURGXVHFXYDORDUHELRORJLFăULGLFDWăLDUXWLOL]DUHD
SURGXVHORU UDILQDWH HVWH OLPLWDWă (IHFWXO WHUDSHXWLF DO DFHVWHL GLHWH HVWH DWLQV
DWXQFLFkQGODSDFLHQ‫܊‬LLFDUHVXIHUăGHREH]LWDWHVHDFWLYHD]ăVLVWHPXOHQ]LPDWLF

Legile biochimice și fiziologice ale asimilării alimentelor la

persoanele sănătoase și la cele bolnave 
ÌQQXWUL‫܊‬LDPHGLFDOăHVWHLPSRUWDQWVăILHDVLJXUDWăOHJăWXUDGLQWUHQDWXUD
DOLPHQWHORUFRPSR]L‫܊‬LDORUFKLPLFă‫܈‬LFDSDFLWDWHDRUJDQLVPXOXLEROQDYGHDOHDVL
PLOD$FHVWOXFUXVHUHDOL]HD]ăSULQLQGLFDUHDLQWHQ‫܊‬LRQDWăDXQHLDQXPLWHFDQWLWă‫܊‬L
GHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HVHOHFWDUHDSURGXVHORU‫܈‬LPHWRGHORUGHSUHOXFUDUHFXOLQDUăDDFHVWRUD
HYLGHQ‫܊‬LHUHDFDUDFWHULVWLFLORUPHWDEROLVPXOXLVWDELOLUHDVWăULLRUJDQHORU‫܈‬LVLVWHPH
ORUXQHLSHUVRDQHEROQDYH‫܈‬LDO‫܊‬LIDFWRULFDUHDIHFWHD]ăDEVRUE‫܊‬LDDOLPHQWHORU
ÌQGLHWHWLFăHVWHLPSRUWDQWăFRQIRUPLWDWHDGHSOLQăDFRPSR]L‫܊‬LHLFKLPLFHD
GLHWHLFXVWDUHDVLVWHPHORUHQ]LPDWLFHDOHRUJDQLVPXOXLUHVSRQVDELOHGHDVLPLODUHD
DOLPHQWHORU
&RQFHSWXOGHQXWUL‫܊‬LHHFKLOLEUDWăGHWHUPLQăSURSRU‫܊‬LLOHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HORULQGLYL
GXDOHGLQUD‫܊‬LLOHDOLPHQWDUHUHIOHFWăFDQWLWDWHDGHUHDF‫܊‬LLPHWDEROLFHFDUHFDUDF
WHUL]HD]ă SURFHVHOH FKLPLFH FDUH VWDX ODED]DDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LL YLWDOHD RUJDQLVPXOXL
8QDGLQWUHFHOHPDLJHQHUDOHUHJXODULWă‫܊‬LELRORJLFHFDUHGHWHUPLQăSURFHVHOHGH
DVLPLODUHDDOLPHQWHORUvQWRDWHHWDSHOHGH]YROWăULLHYROXWLYHGHODRUJDQLVPHXQL
FHOXODUHODRDPHQLHVWHUHJXODVHWXULOHGHHQ]LPHDOHXQXLRUJDQLVPFRUHVSXQG
VWUXFWXULORUFKLPLFHDOHDOLPHQWHORULDUvQFăOFDUHDDFHVWHLFRUHVSRQGHQ‫܊‬HHVWHFD
X]DPXOWRUEROLÌQFăOFDUHDÄUHJXOLLFRQIRUPLWă‫܊‬LL´ODRULFHQLYHOGHDVLPLODUHDDOL
PHQWHORUGXFHODGHUHJOăULVHPQLILFDWLYHDOHVWăULLIL]LRORJLFHDRUJDQLVPXOXL
$SDUL‫܊‬LDXQHLGHUHJOăULvQDQVDPEOXOHQ]LPDWLFDOFRUSXOXLSRDWHVFKLPED
GUDPDWLF FRPSOH[HOH IDFWRULORU QXWUL‫܊‬LRQDOL LQGLVSHQVDELOL ‫܈‬L FDUDFWHULVWLFL XQHL
DQXPLWHVSHFLLELRORJLFH$VWIHOOLSVDVDXGHILFLWXOHQ]LPHLFDUHDVLJXUăvQRUJD
QLVPPHWDEROLVPXODPLQRDFLGXOXLIHQLODODQLQDWUDQVIHUăDFHVWDPLQRDFLGGLQWUXQ
FRPSOH[GHQHvQORFXLWvQWUXQFRPSXVH[WUHPGHWR[LFSHQWUXRUJDQLVPGHWHUPL
QkQGDVWIHORvQWkU]LHUHDFFHQWXDWăvQGH]YROWDUHDIL]LFă‫܈‬LSURYRFkQGRLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LH
VHYHUăDFRSLOXOXL
Capitolul ***

)HUPHQWRSDWLLOHHUHGLWDUHFDUDFWHUL]DWHSULQLQWROHUDQ‫܊‬ăODXQHOHPRQR]D
KDULGHJDODFWR]ă‫܈‬LIUXFWR]ăVXQWEROLJUDYHDGHVHDGXFkQGODPRDUWHDQRX
QăVFX‫܊‬LORU$FHVWHEROLSRWILDWULEXLWHWR[LFR]HLHQGRJHQHFDX]DWHGHFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LL
DQRUPDOGHPDULGHPHWDEROL‫܊‬LIL]LRORJLFLFRPXQL3DWRJHQH]DDFHVWRUDIHF‫܊‬LXQL
HVWHJHQHUDWăGHGLVWRUVLRQăULDOHLQIRUPD‫܊‬LHLJHQHWLFHGLQ‫܊‬HVXWXULOHFRUSXOXL‫܈‬L
XQDGLQWUHHQ]LPHOHYLWDOHQXHVWHSURGXVă&DUH]XOWDWRUJDQLVPXOSLHUGHÄFKHLOH
HQ]LPDWLFH´DOHDVLPLOăULLVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HLDOLPHQWDUH6LQJXUDPHWRGăMXVWLILFDWăSD
WRJHQHWLFGHWUDWDUHDDFHVWRUSDFLHQ‫܊‬LHVWHWHUDSLDGLHWHWLFă'HFLGHILFLHQ‫܊‬DHQ
]LPHL SHSWLGD]D FDUH GHVFRPSXQH JOXWHQXO GLQ JUkX VHFDUă RU] RYă] ERDOD
FHOLDFă GXFHOD H[FOXGHUHD GLQ DOLPHQWD‫܊‬LH D WXWXURU SURGXVHORU FHUHDOLHUHFH
FRQ‫܊‬LQJOXWHQ
/DSHUVRDQHOHFHVXIHUăGHEROLDOHVLVWHPXOXLGLJHVWLYVLQWH]DPXOWRUHQ
]LPHGLJHVWLYHVHSRDWHGLVWRUVLRQD2DVLPLODUHPDLFRPSOHWăDDOLPHQWHORUvQ
DFHVWHFD]XULVHUHDOL]HD]ăSULQVHOHFWDUHDSURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUH‫܈‬LDPHWRGHORU
GHSUHOXFUDUHFXOLQDUăDDFHVWRUDÌQGLHWăVHLQFOXGIHOXULGHPkQFDUHGLQSURGXVH
WRFDWH‫܈‬LSLXUHXULVXUVHGHSURWHLQHX‫܈‬RUGLJHUDELOHJUăVLPL‫܈‬LFDUERKLGUD‫܊‬L
ÌQSURFHVXOHYROX‫܊‬LHLOXPLLYLLVWUXFWXUDQXWULPHQWHORUDGHWHUPLQDWvQPDUH
PăVXUăDWkWVWUXFWXUDVLVWHPHORUHQ]LPDWLFHFkW‫܈‬LGLUHF‫܊‬LDSURFHVHORUPHWDEROLFH
vQ‫܊‬HVXWXULOHILHFăUHLVSHFLLÌQWLPSSHQWUXXQ‫܈‬LUGHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HDPLQRDFL]LFDUER
KLGUD‫܊‬LYLWDPLQHHWFRUJDQLVPXOQXPDLVLQWHWL]DHQ]LPHOHQHFHVDUHSHQWUXSUR
FHVDUHDORU$FHVWHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HIXUQL]DWHUHJXODWFXDOLPHQWHOHDXIRVWXWLOL]DWHFD
HOHPHQWHVWUXFWXUDOHJDWDIăFXWHvQGLIHULWHSURFHVHELRVLQWHWLFH3LHUGHUHDFDSD
FLWă‫܊‬LLGHVLQWH]ăDXQRUHQ]LPHDWUDQVIRUPDWDFHVWHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HvQIDFWRULQXWUL‫܊‬LRQDOL
GHQHvQORFXLWHVHQ‫܊‬LDOL/LVWDIDFWRULORUQXWUL‫܊‬LRQDOLLQGLVSHQVDELOLGLIHUăVHPQLIL
FDWLYGHODVSHFLHODVSHFLH‫܈‬LHVWHvQGHSOLQăFRQIRUPLWDWHFXFDUDFWHULVWLFLOHSUR
FHVHORUPHWDEROLFHSHQWUXILHFDUHGLQWUHHOH
3UH]HQ‫܊‬DDFLGXOXLDVFRUELFvQDOLPHQWHQXHVWHQHFHVDUăSHQWUXPDMRULWDWHD
DQLPDOHORUGHRDUHFHELRVLQWH]DDFHVWXLDvQ‫܊‬HVXWXULOHORUHVWHGHVWXOGHLQWHQVă
ÌQFXUVXOGH]YROWăULLRQWRJHQHWLFHXPDQHOLVWDDPLQRDFL]LORUHVHQ‫܊‬LDOLHVWHRDUH
FXPvQJXVWDWăFHHDFHDSDUHQWFRUHVSXQGHPDWXUL]ăULLVLVWHPHORUHQ]LPDWLFHGLQ
‫܊‬HVXWXULOHFRUSXOXL'HH[HPSOXDPLQRDFLGXOKLVWLGLQDLQGLVSHQVDELOSHQWUXFR
SLLLPLFLv‫܈‬LSLHUGHXOWHULRULQGLVSHQVDELOLWDWHDRGDWăFXIRUPDUHDXQRUVLVWHPH
HQ]LPDWLFHPDLDFWLYHFDUHDVLJXUăVLQWH]DKLVWLGLQHL
6LVWHPHOHHQ]LPDWLFHVXQWDGDSWDWHDFHORUVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HQXWULWLYHSHFDUHDOLPHQ
WHOHOHFRQ‫܊‬LQSHQWUXRDQXPLWăVSHFLHELRORJLFă$FHVWHUDSRUWXULGHQXWULPHQWH
VXQWFRQVDFUDWHFDIRUPXOHQXWUL‫܊‬LRQDOHHFKLOLEUDWHWLSLFHVSHFLLORULQGLYLGXDOH&X
DOWHFXYLQWHIRUPXOHOHQXWUL‫܊‬LRQDOHHFKLOLEUDWHVXQWRH[SUHVLHDWLSXULORUGHPHWD
EROLVP‫܈‬LDVLVWHPHORUHQ]LPDWLFHFDUHVWDXODED]DORUUH]XOWDWXOXQHLDGDSWăULSH
WHUPHQOXQJDILLQ‫܊‬HORUYLLODDOLPHQWHOHSHFDUHOHDXJăVLWvQ]RQDORUGHH[LVWHQ‫܊‬ă
'HH[HPSOXDEVRUE‫܊‬LDFDOFLXOXLGLQLQWHVWLQVHDJUDYHD]ăODXQH[FHVGHJUăVLPL
GHIRVIRUGHPDJQH]LXGHDFLGR[DOLFvQDOLPHQWH3ULQXUPDUHvQEROLOHvQFDUH
HVWHQHFHVDUăRFUH‫܈‬WHUHDDSRUWXOXLGHFDOFLXXQHFKLOLEUXvQGLHWDDFHVWXLHOHPHQW
FXDOWHQXWULPHQWHFDUHDIHFWHD]ăDEVRUE‫܊‬LDDFHVWXLDHVWHGHRLPSRUWDQ‫܊‬ăGHRVH
ELWă 1HYRLD RUJDQLVPXOXL vQ WLDPLQă HVWH GLUHFW SURSRU‫܊‬LRQDOă FX FRQVXPXO GH
HQHUJLH‫܈‬LvQWURDQXPLWăPăVXUăHVWHDVRFLDWăFXRFUH‫܈‬WHUHDSURSRU‫܊‬LHLGHFDUER
KLGUD‫܊‬LGLQGLHWă$FHVWOXFUXVHGDWRUHD]ăIDSWXOXLFăIXQF‫܊‬LDWLDPLQHLHVWHDVRFLDWă
FXELRVLQWH]DVLVWHPHORUHQ]LPDWLFH LPSOLFDWHvQ GHFDUER[LODUHDFHWRDFL]LORU 2
UHOD‫܊‬LHVLPLODUăHVWHSRVLELOă‫܈‬LSHQWUXDFLGXOOLSRLF
1HYRLDGHYLWDPLQD%FUH‫܈‬WHVHPQLILFDWLYRGDWăFXFUH‫܈‬WHUHDFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOXL
GHSURWHLQHDQLPDOHGLQGLHWăDVRFLDWăFXIXQF‫܊‬LLOHGHFRHQ]LPăDOHDFHVWHLYLWD
PLQH ÌQ DFHOD‫܈‬L WLPS QHFHVDUXO GH YLWDPLQD % VFDGH vQ IXQF‫܊‬LH GH FUH‫܈‬WHUHD
FRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOXLDOLPHQWDUGHFROLQăGHDFLGSDQWRWHQLFGHELRWLQă‫܈‬LGHDFL]LJUD‫܈‬L
SROLQHVDWXUD‫܊‬L,QWHUGHSHQGHQ‫܊‬DGLQWUHFDQWLWDWHDGHYLWDPLQDFRQVXPDWăSHGHR
SDUWH‫܈‬LFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOGHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HQXWULWLYHGHED]ăGLQGLHWăSHGHDOWăSDUWHHVWH
HYLGHQW GHWHUPLQDWă GH IXQF‫܊‬LD ELRFDWDOLWLFă D YLWDPLQHORU QHFHVLWDWHD SHQWUX
FDUH vQWUR RDUHFDUH PăVXUă FDUDFWHUL]HD]ăJUDGXO GH GHWHULRUDUHD VLVWHPHORU
HQ]LPDWLFH$FHOD‫܈‬LOXFUXVHDSOLFăXQXLQXPăUGHROLJRHOHPHQWH$VWIHOSULQFL
SLXOQXWUL‫܊‬LHLHFKLOLEUDWHQXSRDWHILGHWHUPLQDWGHXQJUXSUHVWUkQVGHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬H
RULFkWGHLPSRUWDQWHDUILDFHVWHDSHQWUXRUJDQLVPFHHDFHQXVHUHVSHFWăvQFD
GUXOSUDFWLFăULLROLJRGLHWHORU
ÌQHYDOXDUHDXQHLGLHWHHFKLOLEUDWHVDXGH]HFKLOLEUDWHHVWHQHFHVDUVăVHVWX
GLH]HvQWUHJXOFRPSOH[GHIDFWRULQXWUL‫܊‬LRQDOLGHQHvQORFXLWOXkQGvQFRQVLGHUDUH
LQWHUGHSHQGHQ‫܊‬HOH FRUHODWLYH H[LVWHQWHLQGLYLGXDOL]DUHDQXWUL‫܊‬LHL SH ED]D GDWHORU
VRPDWRPHWULFHvQăO‫܊‬LPHJUHXWDWHFRUSRUDOăHWF‫܈‬LUH]XOWDWHOHXQHLH[DPLQăULPH
WDEROLFHODXQDQXPLWSDFLHQW'HH[HPSOXvQGLHWDDQWLDWHURVFOHURWLFăFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXO
GHJUăVLPLGHFDUERKLGUD‫܊‬LX‫܈‬RUGLJHUDELOLFROHVWHUROXOHVWHGHWHUPLQDWvQIXQF‫܊‬LH
GHFDUDFWHULVWLFLOHWLSXULOHWXOEXUăULORUPHWDEROLFHODXQDQXPLWSDFLHQWFXDWH
URVFOHUR]ă
6WLPXODUHDSURFHVHORUUHJHQHUDWLYHvQRUJDQH‫܈‬LvQ‫܊‬HVXWXULSULQVHOHFWDUHD
QXWULPHQWHORU QHFHVDUL vQ VSHFLDO DPLQRDFL]L YLWDPLQH ROLJRHOHPHQWH DFL]L
JUD‫܈‬LHVHQ‫܊‬LDOL'HFLvQFD]GHERDOăKHSDWLFăGLHWDVHvPERJă‫܊‬H‫܈‬WHFXVXEVWDQ‫܊‬H
OLSRWURSHFDUHQRUPDOL]HD]ăPHWDEROLVPXOJUăVLPLORUGLQILFDWvLvPEXQăWă‫܊‬HVF
IXQF‫܊‬LD SURWHLQH ERJDWH vQ PHWLRQLQă YLWDPLQH % % FROLQă OHFLWLQă HWF
FRPSHQVHD]ăQXWULPHQWHOHSLHUGXWHGHFRUSXOSDFLHQWXOXL'HH[HPSOXODSHU
VRDQHOHFHVXIHUăGHDQHPLHvQVSHFLDOGXSăSLHUGHUHDGHVkQJHGLHWDDUWUHEXL
VăFRQ‫܊‬LQăHOHPHQWHKHPDWRSRLHWLFHILHUFXSUXHWFYLWDPLQH‫܈‬LSURWHLQHFRP
SOH[HGHRULJLQHDQLPDOă3HQWUXSDFLHQ‫܊‬LLFHVXIHUăGHFRPEXVWLLERDODUHQDOă
FURQLFăvQVWDGLLOHGHGHFRPSHQVDUHGLDOL]D‫܊‬LHVWHQHFHVDUVăVHVXSOLQHDVFă
SLHUGHULOHVHPQLILFDWLYHGHSURWHLQHÌQREH]LWDWHVHUHFRPDQGăPHVHIUHFYHQWH
FXXQFRQVXPUHGXVGHHQHUJLHÌQFROHFLVWLWDFURQLFăDSRUWXOIUDF‫܊‬LRQDW‫܈‬LIUHF
YHQWGHDOLPHQWHGHRULSH]LDMXWăODvPEXQăWă‫܊‬LUHDVHFUH‫܊‬LHLELOHLÌQDFHVWH
FD]XULGLHWDFRQVWLWXLHRLQWHUYHQ‫܊‬LHFDUHDUHFDVFRSGHDSURGXFHRVFKLPEDUH
GLUHF‫܊‬LRQDWăDSURFHVHORUELRFKLPLFH‫܈‬LIL]LRORJLFHGLQRUJDQLVPSHQWUXDIDYRUL]D
VDXLQGXFHHIHFWXOGHWUDWDPHQWvQWURSDWRORJLHRDUHFDUH
Capitolul ***

Efectele locale și generale ale alimentelor asupra organismului

3ULQDF‫܊‬LXQHDORFDOăDOLPHQWHOHDIHFWHD]ăVLP‫܊‬XULOHYHGHUHDPLURVXOJXV
WXOLDUSULQDF‫܊‬LXQHDGLUHFWăRUJDQHOHWUDFWXOXLJDVWURLQWHVWLQDO$VSHFWXODWUDFWLY
DOPkQFăUXULORUGLHWHWLFHvPEXQăWă‫܊‬LUHDJXVWXOXL‫܈‬LDURPHLDFHVWRUDFXDMXWRUXO
FRQGLPHQWHORUDGPLVHHVWHGHRLPSRUWDQ‫܊‬ăGHRVHELWăvQGLHWHOHVWULFWHFXUHV
WULF‫܊‬LHDXQRUSURGXVHFDVDUHDGHPDVă‫܈‬LSUHYDODUHDIHOXULORUGHPkQFDUHILHUWH
$OLPHQWHOHFRQVXPDWHSRWSURGXFHHIHFWHPHFDQLFHFKLPLFH‫܈‬LGHWHPSHUDWXUă
DVXSUD RUJDQHORU GLJHVWLYH VFKLPEkQGXOH VHPQLILFDWLY IXQF‫܊‬LLOH VHFUHWRULL ‫܈‬L
PRWRULL$F‫܊‬LXQHDPHFDQLFăDDOLPHQWHORUHVWHGHWHUPLQDWăGHYROXPXOGHFRQ
VLVWHQ‫܊‬DGHJUDGXOGHPăFLQDUHGHQDWXUDWUDWDPHQWXOXLWHUPLFGHFRPSR]L‫܊‬LD
FDOLWDWLYăSUH]HQ‫܊‬DILEUHORUD‫܊‬HVXWXOXLFRQMXQFWLYHWF,ULWDQ‫܊‬LLFKLPLFLDOLPHQ
WDULVXQWXOHLXULOHHVHQ‫܊‬LDOHDFL]LLRUJDQLFLVăUXULOHPLQHUDOHHWF
(IHFWXOPHFDQLF‫܈‬LFKLPLFDOXQRUDOLPHQWH‫܈‬LIHOXULGHPkQFDUHSRDWHIL
DWkWSXWHUQLFFDUQHSUăMLWăDOLPHQWHDIXPDWHFkW‫܈‬LVODEDEXU‫܈‬LSUHSDUDWHILHUWH
GLQFDUQHWRFDWăVDXOHJXPHWRFDWH(IHFWXOGHWHPSHUDWXUăWHUPLFDODOLPHQ
WHORUDUHORFDWXQFLFkQGLQWUăvQFRQWDFWFXPXFRDVHOHFDYLWă‫܊‬LLEXFDOHHVRIDJXOXL
‫܈‬LVWRPDFXOXL9DVHOHFXWHPSHUDWXULDSURSLDWHGHWHPSHUDWXUDFRUSXOXLXPDQDX
XQHIHFWPLQLP
(IHFWXOJHQHUDODODOLPHQWHORUHVWHGHWHUPLQDWGHRPRGLILFDUHDFRPSR]L
‫܊‬LHLVkQJHOXLvQWLPSXOSURFHVXOXLGHGLJHVWLHDDOLPHQWHORU‫܈‬LGHDEVRUE‫܊‬LHDQX
WULPHQWHORUFHHDFHGXFHODPRGLILFăULDOHVWăULLIXQF‫܊‬LRQDOHDVLVWHPHORUQHUYRV
‫܈‬LHQGRFULQ‫܈‬LDSRLDWXWXURURUJDQHORU‫܈‬LVLVWHPHORUFRUSXOXL1DWXUD‫܈‬LLQWHQVL
WDWHDDFHVWRUHIHFWHGHSLQGGHFRPSR]L‫܊‬LDDOLPHQWHORU‫܈‬LGHSUHOXFUDUHDORUFXOL
QDUă'HFLYLWH]DGHGLJHVWLH‫܈‬LGHDEVRUE‫܊‬LHDFDUERKLGUD‫܊‬LORUFRQVXPD‫܊‬LYDIL
GHWHUPLQDWăGHSURSULHWă‫܊‬LOHFKLPLFHDPLGRQ]DKDUR]ăODFWR]ăIUXFWR]ă‫܈‬LGH
WLSXOSURFHVăULLDOLPHQWHORU&HOPDLLPSRUWDQW‫܈‬LGXUDELOHIHFWJHQHUDODODOLPHQ
WHORUHVWHLQIOXHQ‫܊‬DUHDPHWDEROLVPXOXLvQWRDWHFHOXOHOH‫܊‬HVXWXULOH‫܈‬LRUJDQHOHFHHD
FHGXFHODPRGLILFăULDOHVWăULLORUIXQF‫܊‬LRQDOH‫܈‬LPRUIRORJLFH(IHFWXOJHQHUDODO
DOLPHQWHORUDIHFWHD]ăUHDFWLYLWDWHDLPXQRELRORJLFăDRUJDQLVPXOXLvQVSHFLDOIH
QRPHQXODOHUJLLORUvQWURVHULHGHEROL'HH[HPSOXOLPLWDUHDFDUERKLGUD‫܊‬LORUX‫܈‬RU
GLJHUDELOLSRDWHUHGXFHDOHUJLLOH'LHWHOHFXXQFRQ‫܊‬LQXWOLPLWDWGHSURWHLQH‫܈‬LFXR
VFăGHUHDFDQWLWă‫܊‬LLGHFDUERKLGUD‫܊‬LDXXQHIHFWEHQHILFDVXSUDSURSULHWă‫܊‬LORULPX
QRELRORJLFHDOHRUJDQLVPXOXLvQXQHOHIRUPHGHUHXPDWLVP‫܈‬LvQEROLOHYLUDOHUHVSL
UDWRULL

Utilizarea metodelor dietoterapeutice protective, a zilelor

de descărcare și de contrast
5H]HUYDUHDHVWHXWLOL]DWăvQFD]GHLULWD‫܊‬LHVDXGHH‫܈‬HFIXQF‫܊‬LRQDODOXQXL
RUJDQVDXVLVWHPÌQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHJUDYLWDWHDEROLLDFHDVWDvQVHDPQăXQJUDGGLIHULW
GHUHVWULF‫܊‬LHvQGLHWDVWLPXOLORUFKLPLFLPHFDQLFLVDXGHWHPSHUDWXUă&HDPDL
X‫܈‬RDUăFDOHHVWHGHDDVLJXUDRHFRQRPLHWHUPLFăDVWRPDFXOXL6HUHFRPDQGăFD
PHVHOHGLHWHWLFHVăILHHOLEHUDWHPRGHUDWGHFDOGHVDXUHFL3ULPXOIHOGHPkQFDUH
WUHEXLHVăDLEăRWHPSHUDWXUăGHƒ&DOGRLOHDƒ&‫܈‬LEXFDWHOHUHFLQX
PDLPLFLGHƒ&&RQVXPXOGHvQJKH‫܊‬DWăHVWHH[FOXV
3URWHF‫܊‬LDPHFDQLFăDRUJDQHORUGLJHVWLYHHVWHUHJOHPHQWDWăGHRVFăGHUHD
YROXPXOXLXQLFGHDOLPHQWHGHJUDGXOGHPăFLQDUHDODFHVWXLDGHRPRGLILFDUH
DFRQVLVWHQ‫܊‬HLVDOHGHQDWXUDWUDWDPHQWXOXLWHUPLF‫܈‬LGHXQFRQ‫܊‬LQXWPDLPDUHVDX
PDLPLFGHILEUHGLHWHWLFHGLQDFHVWDÌQVFRSXOSURWHF‫܊‬LHLPHFDQLFHSkLQHDQHD
JUăOHJXPHOH‫܈‬LIUXFWHOHFUXGHFHUHDOHOHIULDELOHDOLPHQWHOHSUăMLWHVXQWH[FOXVH
GLQGLHWă0kQFDUHDHVWHSUHSDUDWăvQIRUPăGHSLXUHXULVDXWRFDWăPăUXQWWRDWH
WLSXULOHGHSUăMLUHVXQWH[FOXVHGLQPHWRGHOHGHWUDWDPHQWWHUPLF
3URWHF‫܊‬LDFKLPLFăSRDWHILUHDOL]DWăSULQHOLPLQDUHDVDXSULQUHGXFHUHDFRQ
‫܊‬LQXWXOXLDQXPLWRUVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HGLQSURGXVHOHFDUHLULWăFKHPRUHFHSWRULL‫܊‬HVXWXULORU
XPDQH )LFDWXO ULQLFKLL SDQFUHDVXO LQLPD ‫܈‬L SDU‫܊‬LDO FUHLHUXO VXQW GHRVHELW GH
VHQVLELOLODDVWIHOGHLULWDQ‫܊‬L$FHVWHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HSRWSURYRFDRH[DFHUEDUHDEROLL
H[LVWHQWH‫܈‬LSRWDYHDXQHIHFWQHJDWLYDVXSUDRUJDQHORULQWHUQHDOHXQHLSHUVRDQH
VOăELWHGHERDOă'HFLSHQWUXDQXPLWHEROLVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HOHFXXQHIHFWVHFUHWRUFUHV
FXWVXQWH[FOXVHGLQGLHWH3ULQWUHDFHVWHDVHQXPăUăXOHLXULOHFHDSDXVWXURLXO
ULGLFKHDQDSLLKUHDQXOPX‫܈‬WDUXOSLSHUXO‫܈‬DÌQGHUHJOăULOHPHWDEROLVPXOXLPLQH
UDOED]HOHSXULQLFHFRQ‫܊‬LQXWHvQEXOLRQXULFRQFHQWUDWHVXQWH[FOXVHGLQGLHWH3UH
]HQ‫܊‬DPHODQRLGLQHORUDSURGXVHORUGHSLUROL]ăDSURWHLQHORU‫܈‬LDFDUERKLGUD‫܊‬LORU
SUHFXP‫܈‬LDDFUROHLQHL‫܈‬LDSURGXVHORUGHR[LGDUHDJUăVLPLORUFDUHVHDFXPXOHD]ă
vQDOLPHQWHOHSUăMLWHQXHVWHELQHYHQLWă3URGXVHOHGHvQFăO]LUHXVFDWăDDPLGRQX
OXLDF‫܊‬LRQHD]ăLULWDQWSULQXUPDUHSHQWUXVRVXULVHIRORVH‫܈‬WHIULSWXUDGHIăLQăX‫܈‬RU
XVFDWăIăUăJUăVLPL'HDVHPHQHDVHUHFRPDQGăOLPLWDUHDFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOXLDOLPHQWHORU
ERJDWHvQFROHVWHUROSURGXVHVHFXQGDUHXQWJUăVLPLWRSLWHGHRULJLQHDQLPDOă‫܈‬L
FUH‫܈‬WHUHD FDQWLWă‫܊‬LLGH VXEVWDQ‫܊‬HOLSRWURSH OHFLWLQăFROLQăPHWLRQLQă GLQ GLHWă
FDUH FRQWULEXLH OD QRUPDOL]DUHD PHWDEROLVPXOXL FROHVWHUROXOXL $FHVWHD LQFOXG
EUkQ]DGHYDFLFXFRQ‫܊‬LQXWVFă]XWGHJUăVLPLFDUQHDGHYLWăSH‫܈‬WHOH‫܈‬LXQWXO3UR
GXVHOHDIXPDWHFRQVHUYHOHvQFDUHVHXWLOL]HD]ăDQWLVHSWLFHR‫܊‬HWFRQGLPHQWHEă
XWXULOHDOFRROLFHFHDLXOWDUHFDIHDXDFDFDRVXQWFRPSOHWH[FOXVHGLQGLHWă
ÌQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHJUDYLWDWHDEROLLSURWHF‫܊‬LDvQVHDPQăXQJUDGGLIHULWGHUHVWULF
‫܊‬LHvQGLHWDLULWDQ‫܊‬LORUFKLPLFLPHFDQLFLVDXWHUPLFL(VWHSRVLELOFDDOLPHQWHOH
SURWHFWRDUHVăILHGLYHUVLILFDWH‫܈‬LGLIHUHQ‫܊‬LDWHvQFRQIRUPLWDWHFXPDODGLDVXSRU
WDWăGHSDFLHQW'HH[HPSOXvQJDVWULWDFURQLFăFXLQVXILFLHQ‫܊‬ăVHFUHWRULHSRDWH
ILLQGLFDWăRGLHWăSURWHFWRDUHGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHPHFDQLF‫܈‬LWHUPLFFXH[FOX
GHUHDXQRUVWLPXOHQWHFKLPLFHDOHVHFUH‫܊‬LHLJDVWULFH
ÌQDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LDGLHWHWLFăvQJHQHUDO‫܈‬LPDLDOHVvQFD]XOGLHWHORUSURWHFWRDUH
HVWHQHFHVDUGH‫܊‬LQXWFRQWQXQXPDLGHJUDYLWDWHDEROLLFL‫܈‬LGHGXUDWDGLHWHL(VWH
QHFHVDUVăVHHYLWHUHFRPDQGDUHDJUăELWăDGLHWHORUVWULFWH‫܈‬LLQGLFDUHDGHOXQJă
GXUDWăDDFHVWRUD GHRDUHFHHOH SRWDYHDXQHIHFWQHJDWLY ‫܈‬LFKLDUSRW SURYRFD
FRPSOLFD‫܊‬LL 'H H[HPSOX OD R H[FOXGHUH SUHOXQJLWă D VăULL GH PDVă GLQ GLHWă
SRDWHDSăUHDRDIHF‫܊‬LXQHGXUHURDVăGLQOLSVDGHVRGLX‫܈‬LGHFORUGLQRUJDQLVPR
GLHWăvQGHOXQJDWăFDUHLQKLEăGLDUHHDSRDWHGXFHODFRQVWLSD‫܊‬LH3ULQXUPDUHSUR
WHF‫܊‬LDHVWHFRPELQDWăFXDQWUHQDPHQWXOWXEXOXLGLJHVWLY‫܈‬LDRUJDQLVPXOXLLQWHJUDO
Capitolul ***

SULQH[WLQGHUHDWUHSWDWăDGLHWHORUVWULFWHvQGHWULPHQWXOXQRUIHOXULGHPkQFDUH‫܈‬L
SURGXVHQRL$VWIHOGHÄH[HUFL‫܊‬LL´DOHDSDUDWXOXLGLJHVWLY‫܈‬LDOHPHWDEROLVPXOXLvQ
UDSRUWFXvQFăUFăWXUDFUHVFXWăGHDOLPHQWHSHUPLWHGLHWHWLFLDQXOXLVăHIHFWXH]H‫܈‬L
FRQWUROXO VWăULL SDFLHQWXOXL vQ FDGUXO WHUDSLHL GLHWHWLFH 'H H[HPSOX vQ FD] GH
H[DFHUEDUHDEROLLXOFHUXOXLSHSWLFHVWHSUHVFULVăRGLHWăSURWHFWRDUHFKLPLFă‫܈‬L
PHFDQLFăQUÌQFD]XOXQXLHIHFWFOLQLFSDFLHQWXOHVWHWUDQVIHUDWODRGLHWăÄQH
SURFHVDWă´QUIăUăSURWHF‫܊‬LHPHFDQLFă'DFăH[LVWăRDQXPLWăvQUăXWă‫܊‬LUHD
VWăULLSDFLHQWXOXLLVHSUHVFULHWHPSRUDUGLHWDYHFKH$FHVWVLVWHPGHÄ]LJ]DJXUL´
PăUH‫܈‬WHFDSDFLWă‫܊‬LOHDGDSWDWLYHDOHRUJDQHORUGLJHVWLYH‫܈‬LDOHvQWUHJXOXLRUJDQLVP
3HIXQGDOXOGLHWHORUSULQFLSDOHXQHRULVHIRORVHVFzile de contrastGLIHULWH
GHH[HPSOXFXLQFOXGHUHDvQGLHWăDVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HORULQWHU]LVHDQWHULRUILEUHVDUHGH
PDVă HWF 8QHRUL Ä]LOHOH GH vQFăUFDUH´ VH vQORFXLHVF FX zile de descărcare
GLUHF‫܊‬LRQDWHvQVHQVRSXVZilele de încărcare QX QXPDL FăVWLPXOHD]ă VDFDGDW
IXQF‫܊‬LDFLVHUYHVF‫܈‬LFDWHVWSHQWUXUH]LVWHQ‫܊‬DIXQF‫܊‬LRQDOăÌQFD]XOXQHLHYROX‫܊‬LL
EXQHDFHVWHDSRWILFRQWLQXDWH‫܊‬LQkQGFRQWGHHIHFWXOSVLKRORJLFFRQVROLGDUHD
vQFUHGHULLSDFLHQWXOXLvQvPEXQăWă‫܊‬LUHDVWăULL
6FRSXO]LOHORUGHSRVWHVWHGHDIDFLOLWDSHVFXUWIXQF‫܊‬LLOHRUJDQHORU‫܈‬LVLVWH
PHORUGHDIDFLOLWDHOLPLQDUHDSURGXVHORUPHWDEROLFHGLQRUJDQLVPFXFRQVXPD
UHDIUXFWHORUOHJXPHORUODFWDWHORUvQGLHWHOHSHQWUXEROLDOHULQLFKLORUILFDWXOXL
VLVWHPXOXLFDUGLRYDVFXODUHWF'LHWHOHGHSRVWVXQWGHPDUHLPSRUWDQ‫܊‬ăvQWUDWD
PHQWXOREH]LWă‫܊‬LLPostul completHVWHXWLOL]DWSHQWUXRSHULRDGăVFXUWăGHWLPSvQ
XQHOHDIHF‫܊‬LXQLDFXWHGHJHQXOSURFHVHORULQIODPDWRULLDFXWHDOHRUJDQHORUFDYL
Wă‫܊‬LLDEGRPLQDOHvQXQHOHLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LLDVWPFDUGLDF3RVWXOFRPSOHW‫܈‬LSUHOXQJLW
HVWHUDUIRORVLWFDWUDWDPHQW

Compoziția chimică a alimentelor și prelucrarea lor culinară.

Caracteristicile tradițiilor alimentare locale și individuale
8QHOHGLHWHLDXvQFRQVLGHUDUHFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOGHQXWULPHQWH‫܈‬LQXSURFHVDUHD
FXOLQDUăFUH‫܈‬WHUHDVDXVFăGHUHDSURWHLQHORUJUăVLPLORUFDUERKLGUD‫܊‬LORUFORUXULL
GHVRGLXHWFÌQDOWHGLHWHJăWLWXOHVWHGHRLPSRUWDQ‫܊‬ăFDUGLQDOăRIHULQGPkQ
FăULLFDOLWă‫܊‬LQRLLQFOXVLYXQHOHPRGLILFăULDOHFRPSR]L‫܊‬LHLFKLPLFHGHH[HPSOX
vQGHSăUWDUHD H[WUDFWLYHORU GXSă JăWLUHD FăUQLL &HOH PDL PXOWH GLHWH FRPELQă
DFHVWHRS‫܊‬LXQL$UWUHEXLVXEOLQLDWăLPSRUWDQ‫܊‬DXWLOLWă‫܊‬LLIL]LRORJLFHDGLHWHORUSH
WHUPHQOXQJDOFăUHLHIHFWWHUDSHXWLFDUWUHEXLVăVHED]H]HSHVHOHFWDUHDFRUHFWă
DSURGXVHORU‫܈‬LDSUHOXFUăULLORUFXOLQDUH
'LHWHOHFXPRGLILFăULVHPQLILFDWLYHvQFRPSDUD‫܊‬LHFXQRUPHOHIL]LRORJLFH
DOHQXWULPHQWHORUDUWUHEXLXWLOL]DWHSHQWUXRSHULRDGăVFXUWăGHWLPSvQEROLOH
DFXWH‫܈‬LvQH[DFHUEDUHDEROLORUFURQLFHvQVSHFLDOvQVSLWDOHÌQXQHOHEROLDVLPL
ODUHDHVWHDIHFWDWăVDXDSDUHDWXQFLFkQGVHXWLOL]HD]ăPDLPXOWHQXWULPHQWH*ă
WLWXOGXFHXQHRULODRVFăGHUHVHPQLILFDWLYăDYDORULLQXWUL‫܊‬LRQDOHDDOLPHQWHORU
ÌQDFHVWHFD]XULVHLPSXQHvPERJă‫܊‬LUHDGLHWHORUFXDQXPLWHQXWULPHQWHFHOPDL
DGHVHDSURWHLQHYLWDPLQHVăUXULPLQHUDOHvQFRUHVSXQGHUHFXQLYHOXOQRUPHORU
IL]LRORJLFHÌQDFHVWVFRSODDOHJHUHDSURGXVHORUVHLDXvQFRQVLGHUDUHWR‫܊‬LLQGL
FDWRULLDOLPHQWHORU‫܈‬LYDORULOHORUQXGRDUFDQWLWDWHDGHQXWULPHQWH$VWIHOFRQ
‫܊‬LQXWXOGHILHUGLQFHUHDOHOHJXPLQRDVH‫܈‬LRXăHVWHDFHOD‫܈‬LFD‫܈‬LvQPXOWHSURGXVH
GLQFDUQHGDUILHUXOHVWHDEVRUELWELQHGLQSURGXVHOHGHRULJLQHDQLPDOă
/DSUHVFULHUHDGLHWHLWUHEXLHVăVH‫܊‬LQăFRQWGHFRQGL‫܊‬LLOHFOLPDWLFHGHWUD
GL‫܊‬LLOHORFDOH‫܈‬LQD‫܊‬LRQDOHvQQXWUL‫܊‬LHGHRELFHLXULOHLQRIHQVLYHSHUVRQDOHVDXGH
LQWROHUDQ‫܊‬D OD DQXPLWH WLSXUL GH DOLPHQWH GH VWDUHD DSDUDWXOXL GH PHVWHFDW GH
SDUWLFXODULWă‫܊‬LOHPXQFLL‫܈‬LYLH‫܊‬LLGHRSRUWXQLWă‫܊‬LOHPDWHULDOHSHQWUXXWLOL]DUHDXQRU
SURGXVHDOLPHQWDUH
'LHWDHVWHLPSRVLELOăIăUăSDUWLFLSDUHDDFWLYăDSDFLHQWXOXLODvQGHSOLQLUHD
SUHVFULS‫܊‬LLORUGLHWHWLFHIăUăFUHGLQ‫܊‬DVDvQYDORDUHDGLHWHL‫܈‬LIăUăUHVSHFWDUHDUH
]RQDELOăDDFHVWHLD3HQWUXDVLJXUDUHDDFHVWRUFRQGL‫܊‬LLVXQWQHFHVDUHH[SOLFDUHD
FRQVWDQWăDUROXOXLQXWUL‫܊‬LHLvQWUXQDQXPLWFRPSOH[GHPăVXULWHUDSHXWLFHHOD
ERUDUHDUHFRPDQGăULORUSULYLQGFRPSR]L‫܊‬LDGLHWHORU‫܈‬LPHWRGHOHGHSURFHVDUHFX
OLQDUă$WXQFLFkQGVHLDXvQFRQVLGHUDUHGRULQ‫܊‬HOHSDFLHQWXOXLLVHYDH[SOLFDFă
JXVWXULOH‫܈‬LGRULQ‫܊‬HOHVDOHODPRPHQWQXVXQWFHOHPDLLPSRUWDQWHvQFRQVWUXF‫܊‬LD
QXWUL‫܊‬LHLPHGLFDOH
1XWUL‫܊‬LRQL‫܈‬WLL‫܈‬LGLHWHWLFLHQLLIRORVLQGFXQR‫܈‬WLQ‫܊‬HOHvQQXWUL‫܊‬LH‫܈‬LvQGLHWHWLFă
VXQWLPSOLFD‫܊‬LvQWUDWDPHQWXO‫܈‬LSUHYHQLUHDEROLORUvQWRFPLUHDXQHLGLHWHSHQWUX
QXWUL‫܊‬LHWHUDSHXWLFăPDLGHVvQVSLWDOHVDXvQDOWHLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLPHGLFDOH8QQXPăU
PDUHGHQXWUL‫܊‬LRQL‫܈‬WLSUDFWLFDQ‫܊‬LDFWLYHD]ăvQLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLOHPHGLFDOH‫܈‬LVDQLWDUHvQ
FHQWUHOHPHGLFDOH‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬LILFH‫܈‬LGHFHUFHWDUH8QQXPăUWRWPDLPDUHGHQXWUL‫܊‬LR
QL‫܈‬WLDFWLYHD]ăvQLQGXVWULDDOLPHQWDUă‫܈‬LDEăXWXULORUvQDIDFHULMXUQDOLVPQXWUL
‫܊‬LHVSRUWLYăSURJUDPHGHVăQăWDWHFRUSRUDWLYă‫܈‬LDOWHGRPHQLLFDUHDQWHULRUQX
HUDXWLSLFHSHQWUXDFWLYLWDWHDXQXLQXWUL‫܊‬LRQLVW

Alimentaţia dietetică în Republica Moldova

ÌQ5HSXEOLFD0ROGRYDVHXWLOL]HD]ăVLVWHPXOQXPHULFGHÄGLHWHVWDQGDUG´
DSUREDWHGH0LQLVWHUXO6ăQăWăĠLLSULQRUGLQXOQUGLQ$FHVWHGL
HWHGLIHUăSULQYDORDUHDQXWULWLYăHQHUJHWLFăúLWHKQRORJLDSUHSDUăULLEXFDWHORUvQ
IXQFĠLHGHIRUPDJUDYLWDWHDúLFRPSOLFDĠLLOHEROLL$FHVWHGLHWHODQXPăU‫܈‬L
FRPSOHWDWHFXGLHWDÄ´VXQWUHFRPDQGDWHvQXUPăWRDUHOHDIHF‫܊‬LXQL
● 'LHWD1UGXSăRSHUDĠLLSHRUJDQHOHGLJHVWLYH6WDUHDGHFRQúWLLQĠăREQX
ELODWă
● 'LHWD1U±JDVWULWăXOFHUVWRPDFDOGXRGHQDOvQSHULRDGDGHvQVăQăWRúLUHWUD
XPDPD[LORIDFLDOăRSHUDĠLLODFDYLWDWHDEXFDOăvQSHULRDGDGHvQVăQăWRúLUH
● 'LHWD1UDJDVWULWDDFXWăXOFHUJDVWULFGXRGHQDOID]DDFXWăvQSULPHOH
]LOH$FXWL]DUHDJDVWULWHLFURQLFHDGRXD]LGXSăDPLJGDOHFWRPLH
● 'LHWD1UJDVWULWDFURQLFăDQDFLGăvQSHULRDGDGHDFXWL]DUHQHSURQXQĠDWăúL
vQSHULRDGDFURQLFăGHvQVăQăWRúLUH(QWHULWHFROLWHvQSHULRDGDGHvQVăQăWRúLUH
● 'LHWD1UEROLFURQLFHDOHLQWHVWLQXOXLFXFRQVWLSDĠLH
● 'LHWD1UEROLDFXWHúLDFXWL]DUHDSURQXQĠDWăDEROLORULQWHVWLQDOHFURQLFHFX
GLDUHH
Capitolul ***

● 'LHWD1UKHSDWLWHúLFROHVFLVWLWHvQSHULRDGDGHvQVăQăWRúLUH
● 'LHWD1UDKHSDWLWHúLFROHFLVWLWHDFXWH$FXWL]DUHDKHSDWLWHORUFURQLFH
+HSDWLWHúLFROHFLVWLWHFRUQLFH
● 'LHWD1UESDQFUHDWLWDDFXWă$FXWL]DUHDSDQFUHDWLWHLFURQLFH
● 'LHWD1UJXWDXUROLWLD]ăFXIRUPDUHDFDOFXOLORUGLQVăUXULOHDFLGXOXLXULF
● 'LHWD1UQHIULWDDFXWă1HIULWDFURQLFăFXLQVXILFLHQ‫܊‬ăUHQDOă$FXWL]DUHD
QHIULWHLFURQLFH1HIULWDDFXWăvQSHULRDGDvQVăQăWRúLULL
● 'LHWD1U±REH]LWDWH
● 'LHWD1UGLDEHW]DKDUDW
● 'LHWD 1U   EROLOH VLVWHPXOXL FDUGLRYDVFXODU FX LQVXILFLHQĠD FLUFXODĠLHL
VDQJYLQHJU,,,
● 'LHWD1UWXEHUFXOR]DSXOPRQDUăRVRDVăDJDQJOLRQLORUOLPIDWLFLOLJD
PHQWHORU vQ SHULRDGD GH DFXWL]DUH PRGHUDWă PDVD FRUSXOXL ILLQG VFă]XWă
LVWRYLUHDRUJDQLVPXOXLGXSăEROLLQIHFĠLRDVHvQGHOXQJDWHRSHUDĠLLWUDXPă
● 'LHWD1UPDODGLLDOHVLVWHPXOXLQHUYRVFHQWUDO
● 'LHWD1UPDODGLLLQIHFĠLRDVHDFXWH
● 'LHWD1UQHIUROLWLD]ăFXUHDFĠLDDOFDOLQăDXULQHLúLFDOFXOLGLQIRVIRUúL
GLQFDOFLXIRVIDWXULH
● 'LHWD1UPDVăJHQHUDOăFkQGQXVXQWQHFHVDUHGLHWHFXUDWLYHVSHFLDOH
úLIăUăGHUHJOăULDOHVLVWHPXOXLGLJHVWLY
'LHWHOHVHFRPELQăvQFLQFLJUXSHGHGLHWHVWDQGDUG
 Dietele de bază standardFXSULQGQXPHUHOHYHUVLXQHQHSDVDWă
YHUVLXQHQHSDVDWă
 Versiuni de diete cu cruţare mecanică şi chimicăDEYHUVLXQH
SDVDWăEYDSYHUVLXQHD,
 Versiuni de diete cu cantitate sporită de proteineKLSHUSURWHLFă±QUD
QUSD,,DYHUVLXQHQUYQUEQUEQUUHJLPXO,UHJLPXO,,
 Versiuni de diete cu cantitatea scăzută de proteineKLSRSURWHLFăDEJ
 Versiuni de diete cu valoarea energetică redusăGLHWDKLSRFDORULFă
RD
ÌQDIDUăGHGLHWHOHGHED]ăúLGHYHUVLXQLOHORUSRWILXWLOL]DWHGLHWHVSHFLDOH
FKLUXUJLFDOHGLHWHGHGHVFăUFDUHGLQSURGXVHOHFDUHVXQWVXUVHGHSURWHLQHGH
OLSLGH GH JOXFLGHGLHWH VSHFLDOH GLQSURGXVHERJDWH vQ SRWDVLXvQ PDJQH]LX
GLHWHSHED]DSURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUHFXGHVWLQDĠLHVSHFLDOăSHQWUXDOLPHQWDĠLHSULQ
VRQGăGLHWHIRORVLWHvQWUDWDPHQWXOLQIDUFWXOXLPLRFDUGLFHWF
1XPăUXOGHGLHWHvQVSLWDOHVHVWDELOHúWHvQIXQFĠLHGHSURILOXOúLGHFDSDFL
WDWHDLQVWLWX‫܊‬LHLPHGLFRVDQLWDUH‫܈‬LVHvPSDUWvQSDWUXJUXSH
 3HQWUXLQVWLWXĠLLPHGLFRVDQLWDUHGHSURILOJHQHUDOFXFDSDFLWDWHDPDLPDUH
GHSDWXUL±VHUHFRPDQGăLPSOHPHQWDUHDOLVWHLLQWHJUDOHDGLHWHORUVWDQ
GDUGúLYHUVLXQLOHDFHVWRUD
 3HQWUXLQVWLWXĠLLPHGLFRVDQLWDUHGHSURILOJHQHUDOFXQXPăUXOGHSDWXULGH
ODSLQăOD±VHUHFRPDQGăIRORVLUHDGLHWHORUGHED]ă
úLYHUVLXQLOHDFHVWRUD
  3HQWUXLQVWLWXĠLLPHGLFRVDQLWDUHGHSURILOJHQHUDOFXQXPăUXOGHSDWXULGH
SkQăOD±VHUHFRPDQGăXWLOL]DUHDGLHWHORUHQXPHUDWHvQVXESXQFWXOEDO
SUH]HQWXOXLSXQFWILLQGSRVLELOăXQLILFDUHDGLHWHORUQUúLQUúL
DYkQGXVHLQYHGHUHFăYDORDUHDQXWULWLYăVRUWLPHQWXOGHSURGXVHDOLPHQ
WDUHúLWHKQRORJLDSUHSDUăULLEXFDWHORUGLHWHWLFHVXQWLGHQWLFH
 3HQWUXLQVWLWXĠLLPHGLFRVDQLWDUHVSHFLDOL]DWHPRQRSURILO±VHUHFRPDQGă
GLHWDDGHFYDWăSURILOXOXLUHVSHFWLYFXYHUVLXQLOHHLXWLOL]kQGODQHFHVLWDWH
úLXQDGLQFHOHODOWHGLHWHGHED]ă
&HULQĠHOHGHLJLHQăSULYLQGRUJDQL]DUHDDOLPHQWDĠLHLGLHWHWLFHvQFRQGLĠLLGHVWDĠLR
QDU‫܈‬LSăUĠLOHFRPSRQHQWHDOHRUJDQL]ăULLDOLPHQWDĠLHLGLHWHWLFHVXQWXUPăWRDUHOH
Întrebările clinice
 DSULQFLSLLOHDOLPHQWDĠLHLGLHWHWLFH
 EVLVWHPXOGHSUHVFULHUHDGLHWHORU
 FUHJLPXODOLPHQWDU
 GQRUPHOHGHDOLPHQWDĠLHDSDFLHQĠLORU
. Întrebările sanitaro-tehnologice în blocul alimentar
DVLVWHPHGHFRQVWUXFĠLHDEORFXULORUDOLPHQWDUH
EWUDQVSRUWDUHDSURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUHúLEXFDWHORUGLHWHWLFH
FGRWDUHDFXXWLODMLQYHQWDUHWF
GUHVSHFWDUHDFHULQĠHORUGHLJLHQă
Întrebările tehnice ale managementului alimentaţiei dietetice
DHYLGHQĠDSUHVFULHULORUPHGLFLORU
EGHSR]LWDUHDSăVWUDUHDúLHOLEHUDUHDDOLPHQWHORUGHODGHSR]LW
FRUJDQL]DUHDSURFHVXOXLWHKQRORJLFGHSUHSDUDUHDEXFDWHORUGLHWHWLFH
GGLVWULEXLUHDEXFDWHORUGLHWHWLFHvQEORFXODOLPHQWDUSHQWUXVHFĠLLOHVSL
WDOLFHúWL
HRUJDQL]DUHDSURFHVXOXLUHVSHFWLYvQVHFĠLLOHVSLWDOLFHúWL
3HQWUXHYLGHQĠDDFWLYLWăĠLLVHUYLFLXOXLGLHWHWLFvQLQVWLWXĠLLOHPHGLFRVDQLWDUH
VHDSOLFăIRUPXODUHDSUREDWHSULQ2UGLQXO0LQLVWHUXOXL6ăQăWăĠLLQUGLQ
LXOLH  Ä3ULYLQG DPHOLRUDUHD DOLPHQWDĠLHL SDFLHQĠLORU vQ LQVWLWXĠLLOHPHGLFR
VDQLWDUHVSLWDOLFHúWL´FRQIRUPOLVWHLGXSăFXPXUPHD]ă
● )RUPXODUXOQUGLHW±,QIRUPDĠLHGHVSUHSUH]HQĠDSDFLHQĠLORUODDOL
PHQWDĠLHODRUDD]LOHLFXUHQWHvQVHFĠLH
● )RUPXODUXOQUGLHW±,QIRUPDĠLHJHQHUDOăGHVSUHSUH]HQĠDSDFLHQĠLORU
ODRUDD]LOHLFXUHQWHvQLQVWLWXĠLH
● )RUPXODUXOQUGLHW±/LVWDSURGXVHORUODSDFKHW
● )RUPXODUXOQUGLHW±0HQLXOPRGHOSH]LOH
● )RUPXODUXOQUGLHW±0HQLXOGHUHSDUWLĠLH
● )RUPXODUXOQUGLHW±0HQLXOFHUHUH
● )RUPXODUXOQUGLHW±)LúDWHKQRORJLFă
● )RUPXODUXOQUGLHW±/LVWDGHHOLEHUDUHDEXFDWHORUJDWDGHODEORFXO
DOLPHQWDUvQVHFĠLL
Capitolul ***

● )RUPXODUXOQUGLHW±,QIRUPDĠLHGHVSUHSUH]HQĠDSDFLHQĠLORUODDOL
PHQWDĠLHGXSăRUDD]LOHLSUHFHGHQWHSkQăODRUDD]LOHLFXUHQWH
FRUHFĠLH
● )RUPXODUXOQUGLHW±,QIRUPDĠLHGHVSUHSUH]HQĠDSDFLHQĠLORUODDOLPHQ
WDĠLDSHVSLWDOGXSăRUDD]LOHLWUHFXWHSkQăODD]LOHLFXUHQWHFR
UHFĠLHWRWDOă
● )RUPXODUXOQUGLHW±&RUHFĠLDFDQWLWăĠLLSURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUH
● )RUPXODUXOQUGLHW±$OLPHQWDĠLDLQGLYLGXDOăVDXVXSOLPHQWDUă
● )RUPXODUXOQUGLHW±5HJLVWUXOHYLGHQĠHLFDOLWăĠLLEXFDWHORUGHJXVWDUH
● )RUPXODUXOQUGLHW±/LVWDGHGLVWULEXLUHDSURGXVHORUODSDFKHWúLD
EXFDWHORUvQVHFĠLH
● )RUPXODUXOQUGLHW±5HJLVWUXOGHSURGXFHUH
● )RUPXODUXO QU GLHW± 5HJLVWUXO FDOLWăĠLL SURGXVHORU DOLPHQWDUH UH
FHSĠLRQDWHODGHSR]LWXOLQVWLWXĠLHLPHGLFRVDQLWDUH
● )RUPXODUXOQUGLHW±5HJLVWUXOH[DPHQXOXLPHGLFDODOSHUVRQDOXOXL
EORFXOXLDOLPHQWDU
● )RUPXODUXOQUGLHW±5HJLVWUXOGHVăQăWDWHDDQJDMDĠLORUEORFXOXLDOL
PHQWDU


8QDGLQWUHFHOHPDLLPSRUWDQWHDPHQLQ‫܊‬ăULDVXSUDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLODHWDSDDFWXDOă
VXQWEROLOHFURQLFH±EROLOHGHLQLPăDFFLGHQWHOHYDVFXODUHFHUHEUDOHFDQFHUXO
GLDEHWXO ]DKDUDW REH]LWDWHD ([LVWă GRYH]L ‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬LILFH LQFRQWHVWDELOH Fă R PDUH
SDUWHGLQWUHDFHVWHEROLSRWILSUHYHQLWHVDXDSDUL‫܊‬LDORUSRDWHILvQWkU]LDWăSULQ
FkWHYDPRGLILFăULDOHVWLOXOXLGHYLD‫܊‬ăFRQVWkQGvQHVHQ‫܊‬ăvQDGRSWDUHDXQHLDOL
PHQWD‫܊‬LLVăQăWRDVHHFKLOLEUDWăFXVXILFLHQWHIUXFWH‫܈‬LOHJXPHFXSX‫܊‬LQHGXOFLXUL
JUăVLPL VDUH ‫܈‬L DOLPHQWHVXSHUSURFHVDWH‫܈‬L vQFUH‫܈‬WHUHD QLYHOXOXLGHDFWLYLWDWH
IL]LFă&RPSRUWDPHQWHOHSULYLQGDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LD‫܈‬LDFWLYLWDWHDIL]LFăWUHEXLHFXOWLYDWH
SULQHGXFD‫܊‬LHFkWPDLGHWLPSXULX
6ăQăWDWHDRUJDQLVPXOXLvQVHDPQă‫܈‬LRDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHHFKLOLEUDWăFDQWLWDWLY‫܈‬L
FDOLWDWLYGDUIRDUWHGLYHUVăFDVXUVH7RWFHHVWHHFKLOLEUDWGLYHUVLILFDWQXSUHD
PXOWFDQWLWDWLYGLQILHFDUHDOLPHQWQHSRDWHDVLJXUDRVăQăWDWHEXQă$OLPHQWDĠLD
HVWHXQIDFWRUGHWHUPLQDQWSHQWUXVăQăWDWHDXPDQăÌQXOWLPHOHGHFHQLLDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LD
VăQăWRDVăFDXQFRPSRQHQWSULRULWDUDOXQXLVWLOGH YLD‫܊‬ă VăQăWRVSUHFXP ‫܈‬LFD
PLMORFGHSUHYHQLUHDXQRUEROLFRUQLFHDGHYHQLWRSUHRFXSDUHLPSRUWDQWăSHQWUX
VSHFLDOL‫܈‬WLGLQvQWUHDJDOXPH)DFWRULLGHULVFDOLPHQWDULDSRUWXOH[FHVLYGHVDUH
GH]DKăUGHJUăVLPL‫܈‬LGHHQHUJLHLQGXFODGH]YROWDUHDIDFWRULORUGHULVFPHWDEROLFL
WHQVLXQHDDUWHULDOă FUHVFXWă QLYHOXO FUHVFXW GH FROHVWHURO GHJOXFR]ăvQ VkQJH
VXSUDSRQGHUDOLWDWHD‫܈‬LREH]LWDWHDÌQ5HSXEOLFD0ROGRYDIDFWRULLGHULVFDOLPHQ
WDULDXFHDPDLPDUHFRQWULEX‫܊‬LHODSRYDUDJOREDOăDEROLL
,PSDFWXODOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHLGH]HFKLOLEUDWHDVXSUDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLHVWHWRWPDLYL]LELO2
DOLPHQWD‫܊‬LH FRUHFWă vQVHDPQă XQ RUJDQLVP VăQăWRV $OLPHQWD‫܊‬LD VăQăWRDVă ‫܈‬L
FRPEDWHUHDVHGHQWDULVPXOXLUHSUH]LQWăIDFWRULHVHQ‫܊‬LDOLvQPHQ‫܊‬LQHUHDXQHLVWăUL
JHQHUDOHGHEXQăVWDUHDRUJDQLVPXOXL‫܈‬LvQHYLWDUHDXQXLQXPăUPDUHGHDIHF‫܊‬LXQL
6WLOXOGHYLD‫܊‬ăQHVăQăWRVWUDGXV‫܈‬LSULQGH]HFKLOLEUHDOLPHQWDUHFRQWULEXLHODLQ
VWDODUHDXQRUDIHF‫܊‬LXQLVDXvQVR‫܊‬H‫܈‬WHPDMRULWDWHDEROLORUFURQLFHQHWUDQVPLVLELOH
SULQWUHFDUHGLDEHWXODIHF‫܊‬LXQLOHFDUGLRYDVFXODUH‫܈‬LFKLDUFDQFHUXO

Factorii de risc pentru sănătate 

ÌQHSRFDDFWXDOăRVHULHGHFXFHULULúWLLQĠLILFHDXFRQWULEXLWODvPEXQăWăĠLUHD
FDOLWăĠLLYLHĠLL6WLOXOPRGHUQGHYLDĠăVHDVRFLD]ă‫܈‬LFXRVHULHGHGHSULQGHULFDUH
SRWDYHDXQLPSDFWQHJDWLYDVXSUDVWăULLGHVăQăWDWHSULQWUHFDUHH[FHVXODOLPHQ
WDUFRQVXPXOXQRUDOLPHQWHQHVăQăWRDVHYLDĠDVHGHQWDUăIXPDWXOFRQVXPXOGH
DOFRRO3HQWUXIRDUWHPXO‫܊‬LRDPHQLDOLPHQWDĠLDUHSUH]LQWăRSUHRFXSDUHFHQWUDOăD
YLHĠLLFRWLGLHQH&RQVXPXOvQH[FHVHVWHIDYRUL]DWGHUHFODPHOHDJUHVLYHGLQPHGLD
úLGHPHQWDOLWDWHDFRQIRUPFăUHLDXQHYHQLPHQWVRFLDOUHXúLWLPSOLFăúLRRIHUWă
FXOLQDUăJHQHURDVă
$GRSWDUHDXQXLUHJLPDOLPHQWDUVăQăWRVDVLJXUăRKUDQăFRPSOHWăSHQWUX
PHQĠLQHUHDHQHUJLHLRUJDQLVPXOXLIăUăVăGXFăODDQHPLHUHDWUXSXOXLúLDPLQĠLL
'HDFHHDUHFRPDQGăPWXWXURUFDUHGRUHVFVăDLEăXQVWLOGHYLDĠăVăQăWRVVăUH
QXQĠHODDOLPHQWHOHGHWLSIDVWIRRGODSUHSDUDWHOHERJDWHvQJUăVLPLODFRQVXPXO
H[FHVLYGHFDIHDúLGHDOFRROVăSUHIHUHFHHDFHQDWXUDQHRIHUăFXJHQHUR]LWDWH
IUXFWHúLOHJXPHSURDVSHWHVXFXULQDWXUDOHODFWDWHúLDOLPHQWHSUHSDUDWHWHUPLFvQWU
XQWLPSFkWPDLVFXUWDVWIHOvQFkWSURGXVXOILQDOVăQXSLDUGăSURSULHWăĠLOHEHQHILFH
YLWDPLQHVăUXULPLQHUDOH*ULMDSHQWUXVăQăWDWHLPSOLFăvQ‫܊‬HOHJHUHDIDFWRULORUGH
ULVFSHQWUXDSDUL‫܊‬LDGLIHULWRUEROL)DFWRULLGHULVFSHQWUXVăQăWDWHVXQWHYHQLPHQWH
GLQYLD‫܊‬DGH]LFX]LFDUHFUHVFSUREDELOLWDWHDGHDQHvPEROQăYLGHRDQXPLWăERDOă
8QLLIDFWRULGHULVFQXSRWILFRQWUROD‫܊‬LVDUSXWHDVăYăILQăVFXWFXHLVDXVăILIRVW
H[SX‫܈‬LODHLIăUăYLQDGXPQHDYRDVWUă
'LQWUHIDFWRULLGHULVFSHQWUXVăQăWDWHSHFDUHQXvLSXWH‫܊‬LFRQWURODVHQXPăUă
● SUH]HQ‫܊‬DXQXLLVWRULFIDPLOLDOSHQWUXRDQXPLWăERDOă
● JHQXO
● YkUVWD
$OLPHQWDĠLDQHVăQăWRDVăHVWHXQXOGLQFHLSDWUXIDFWRULGHULVFFRPSRUWD
PHQWDOLPRGLILFDELOLDOăWXULGHIXPDWFRQVXPXOGHDOFRRO‫܈‬LLQDFWLYLWDWHDIL]LFă
FDUHFRQWULEXLHODDSDULĠLDPDMRULWăĠLLEROLORUFURQLFHLPSRUWDQWH
)DFWRULLGHULVFSHFDUHvLSXWH‫܊‬LFRQWURODLQFOXG
● DOLPHQWD‫܊‬LD
● DFWLYLWDWHDIL]LFă
Capitolul ***

● IXPDWXO
● FRQVXPXOGHDOFRRO
3H ED]D XQRU VWXGLL VD HVWLPDW Fă PXOWH GHFHVH DU SXWHD IL HYLWDWH SULQ
VFKLPEDUHDDGRDUWUHLFRPSRUWDPHQWH
● IXPDWXOUHQXQ‫܊‬DUHDODIXPDW
● GLHWDDGRSWDUHDXQHLDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LLVăQăWRDVHGHH[HPSOXPkQFD‫܊‬LPDL
PXOWHIUXFWHOHJXPH‫܈‬LPDLSX‫܊‬LQăFDUQHUR‫܈‬LH
● DFWLYLWDWHDIL]LFăHOLPLQDUHDVHGHQWDULVPXOXL
3XWH‫܊‬LDYHDXQVLQJXUIDFWRUGHULVFSHQWUXRERDOăVDXPDLPXO‫܊‬L&XFkW
DYH‫܊‬L PDLPXOL IDFWRUL GH ULVF SHQWUX VăQăWDWHFX DWkW PDL SUREDELO HVWH Vă Yă
vPEROQăYL‫܊‬L2GLHWăVăQăWRDVăGHDOXQJXOYLH‫܊‬LLUHSUH]LQWăXQDOLDWSXWHUQLFvQ
OXSWDFXPDLPXOWHDIHF‫܊‬LXQLÌQVăFUH‫܈‬WHUHDSURGXF‫܊‬LHLPkQFăULLSURFHVDWHXUED
QL]DUHDUDSLGă‫܈‬LVFKLPEDUHDVWLOXULORUGHYLD‫܊‬ăDXGXVLQHYLWDELOODPRGLILFDUHD
RELFHLXULORUDOLPHQWDUHFRUHFWHSRWULYLW2UJDQL]D‫܊‬LHL0RQGLDOHD6ăQăWă‫܊‬LL5D
SRDUWHOH DUDWă Fă SRSXOD‫܊‬LD FRQVXPăDOLPHQWH ERJDWH vQ FDORULL JUăVLPL]DKăU
VDXVRGLXvQVFKLPEIUXFWHOHOHJXPHOH‫܈‬LILEUHOHVXQWFRQVXPDWHvQFDQWLWă‫܊‬LPDL
PLFLGHFkWDUWUHEXL
%ROLOHQHWUDQVPLVLELOHSUHFXPFHOHFDUGLRYDVFXODUHGLDEHWXO]DKDUDWVDXREH
]LWDWHDVXQWSUREOHPHPDMRUHGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFăLDUQXPăUXOFD]XULORUXUPHD]ăVă
FUHDVFăvQXUPăWRULLDQL'H‫܈‬LvQPRGFODVLFVXQWFRQVLGHUDWHEROLDOHDGXOWXOXLSUH
YDOHQ‫܊‬DORUDFUHVFXW‫܈‬LvQUkQGXOFRSLLORUREH]LWDWHDODFRSLODWLQJkQGFRWHDODUPDQWH
'LHWHOHQHVăQăWRDVH‫܈‬LOLSVDDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LLIL]LFHVXQWIDFWRULGHULVFFHSRWIL
SUHYHQL‫܊‬LvQVăSURJUDPHOHGHSUHYHQ‫܊‬LHDGHFYDWHWUHEXLHVă‫܊‬LQăFRQWDWkWGHLQ
GLYLGFkW‫܈‬LGHFRQWH[WXOvQFDUHDFHVWDVHDIOă0ăVXULOHFDUHSUHYLQEROLOHQH
WUDQVPLVLELOHH[FHVXOGHJUHXWDWH‫܈‬LREH]LWDWHDWUHEXLHVăLQWHUYLQăDWkWDVXSUD
FRPSRUWDPHQWHORUDOLPHQWDUHFkW‫܈‬LDDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LLIL]LFH6HLPSXQHLPSOLFDUHDLQ
GLYLGXOXL DOăWXUL GH IDPLOLH GH ‫܈‬FRDOă VDX ORF GHPXQFă ]RQă GH UH‫܈‬HGLQ‫܊‬ă ‫܈‬L
FRPXQLWDWHDGLQFDUHIDFHSDUWHvPSUHXQăFXLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLOHVDQLWDUH

Recomandări pentru o alimentație corectă și sănătoasă 
&kQGYRUELPGHVSUHDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHVăQăWRDVăDXWRPDWQHJkQGLPODSULQFLSLL
FRPSOH[HIRDUWHJUHXGHUHVSHFWDW8LWăPFăvQYLD‫܊‬ăDUWUHEXLVăVLPSOLILFăP
OXFUXULOH Vă DWLQJHP PRGHUD‫܊‬LD vQ WRW ‫܈‬LQ WRDWH ([DFW DVWD DP IăFXW DLFL DP
VLQWHWL]DWFkWHYDLGHLH[WUHPGHLPSRUWDQWHFDUHDUWUHEXLVăILHIXQGDPHQWXORUL
FăUHLDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LL
 =DKăUXOWUHEXLHFRQVXPDWFkWPDLUDU‫܈‬LvQFDQWLWă‫܊‬LFkWPDLPLFLGXSăFXP
XUPHD]ă
● EăXWXULOHFX]DKăUDOHJkQGFDSULQFLSDOHOLFKLGHDSD‫܈‬LODSWHOH௘VXFXULOH
QDWXUDOHGHIUXFWHIăUăDGDRVGH]DKăU‫܈‬LFRQVHUYDQ‫܊‬LSRWILFRQVXPDWH
GHSUHIHULQ‫܊‬ăODPHVH&HOPXOWLGHDODUILGLQWRWDOXOGH
HQHUJLHVăILHDFRSHULWGH]DKDUXULOLEHUH±DGLFăDSUR[LPDWLYJvQ
FD]XOXQHLSHUVRDQHFXRJUHXWDWHQRUPDOăFDUHFRQVXPăGHFD
ORULLSH]L0DMRULWDWHD]DKDUXULORUOLEHUHVXQWDGăXJDWHvQPkQFDUH‫܈‬L
 vQ GLIHULWH EăXWXUL vQ XUPD SURFHVăULL GDU SRW IL JăVLWH ‫܈‬L QDWXUDO vQ
PLHUHGLIHULWHVLURSXULVXFXULGHIUXFWH
● GXOFLXULOH‫܈‬LJXVWăULOHWUHEXLHOLPLWDWHDWXQFLFkQGDXXQFRQ‫܊‬LQXWPDUH
GHFDORULL‫܈‬LPLFGHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HQXWULWLYH‫܈‬LDWXQFLFkQGLQWHUIHUHD]ăFX
ULWPXOIL]LRORJLFGHDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LH௘]DKăUXOvQSOXVID‫܊‬ăGHFDOLWă‫܊‬LOHQXWUL
‫܊‬LRQDOHPLQLPHFDX]HD]ăFDULL௘
● VDUHD௘OLPLWDUHDFRQVXPXOXLGHVDUHVHIDFHSULQDOHJHUHDDOLPHQWHORU
PDLSX‫܊‬LQVăUDWHODJXVW‫܈‬LSULQHYLWDUHDDGăXJăULLXQRUFDQWLWă‫܊‬LPDULGH
VDUHODJăWLWVDXvQWLPSXOFRQVXPXOXLGHDOLPHQWH
 ÌQORFXLWRULLGH]DKăUQXUHSUH]LQWăDOWHUQDWLYHSHUIHFWH‫܈‬LWUHEXLHVXSX‫܈‬LOH
JLLPRGHUD‫܊‬LHL
 &KHLDvQDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LDVăQăWRDVăVWăvQPRGHUD‫܊‬LH
 2DOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHRSWLPăvQVHDPQăOHJXPHIUXFWHVHPLQ‫܊‬HFDUQHDOEăSH‫܈‬WH
SX‫܊‬LQăFDUQHUR‫܈‬LHODFWDWHEUkQ]HWXULRXăGXSăFXPXUPHD]ă
● *UXSD  FHUHDOH SURGXVH GLQ FHUHDOH úL FDUWRIL  =LOQLF  IHOLL GH
SkLQHFLUFDGHJSRUĠLHRUH]VDXSDVWHFUXGHFLUFDJ
ILHUWHJVDXSRUĠLHFDUWRILFLUFDJ PLMORFLL
● *UXSD D ,,DOHJXPH úL OHJXPLQRDVH =LOQLF PLQLP  SRUĠLH OHJXPH
FLUFDJúLSRUĠLHVDODWăFLUFDGHJ
● *UXSD D ,,,D IUXFWH =LOQLF PLQLP  EXFăĠL VDX  SRUĠLL IUXFWH
FLUFDJ
● *UXSDD,9DEăXWXUL=LOQLFOOOLFKLGDSăFHDLFDIHDVXFXULGH
IUXFWHGLOXDWHVXFXULGHOHJXPH
● *UXSDD9DODSWHúLSURGXVHODFWDWH=LOQLFODSWHGHJUHVDWúLIHOLL
GHEUkQ]ăDFkWHGHJ
● *UXSDD9,DSHúWHFDUQHúLRXă6ăSWăPkQDOSRUĠLLSHúWHRFHDQLF
DFkWHJPD[LPRULSHVăSWăPkQăSRUĠLHFDUQHPD[J
úLPH]HOXULVăSWăPkQDOGRDURXă
● *UXSDD9,,DJUăVLPLúLXOHLXULXQWPDUJDULQăYHJHWDOăVDXXOHLYHJH
WDO=LOQLFPD[LPJJUăVLPHSHQWUXJăWLWVDXSHQWUXvQWLQVSHSkLQH
GHH[OLQJXULXQWVDXPDUJDULQăúLOLQJXUăXOHLYHJHWDOVXSHULRU
 9HUGH‫܊‬XULOHGHWLSXOVDODWHLVSDQDFXOXLSăWUXQMHOXOXLYHU]HLVXQWERJDWHvQ
FRPSX‫܈‬LFDUHSRWSURPRYDVăQăWDWHDPLQWDOă
 2SRU‫܊‬LHGHFDUQHvQVHDPQăFkWRSDOPăLQFOXVLYvQJURVLPHGDUIăUăGHJHWH
 &DUQHDVHYDFRPELQDFXOHJXPHVDXVDODWHGHYHUGH‫܊‬XUL
 2VDODWăGHYHUGH‫܊‬XULFKLDUGDFăSDUHYROXPLQRDVăFRQ‫܊‬LQHSX‫܊‬LQHFDORULL
2FXSkQGPDLPXOWORFvQVWRPDFJHQHUHD]ăVD‫܊‬LHWDWH‫܈‬LVWLPXOHD]ăVHFUH‫܊‬LD
XQRUKRUPRQLEHQHILFL
 *UăVLPLOHDQLPDOHvQH[FHVSRWFDX]DFUH‫܈‬WHULDOHQLYHOXULORUGHOLSLGHVHULFH
‫܈‬LGHFROHVWHUROFXSRWHQ‫܊‬LDOGHDWHURVFOHUR]ă1XVHYRUHYLWDFLVHYRUFRQ
VXPDvQFDQWLWă‫܊‬LFkWPDLPLFL
 ([FHVXOGHJUăVLPLYHJHWDOHSRDWHDYHDHIHFWHQHJDWLYH6HUHFRPDQGăPR
GHUD‫܊‬LH‫܈‬LDLFL
Capitolul ***

 6HPLQ‫܊‬HOHDOXQHILVWLFFDMXPLJGDOHHWFVXQWIRDUWHERJDWHvQFDORULL‫܈‬LQX

VHUHFRPDQGăPDLPXOWGHGHJUDPHSH]L3XWH‫܊‬LFRQVXPDPLJ
GDOHODRJXVWDUHvQWUHPHVHOHSULQFLSDOH
 &DIHDXDDUHHIHFWHSR]LWLYHPXOWLSOH‫܈‬LSRDWHILFRQVXPDWăvQSULPDSDUWHD
]LOHL1XVHUHFRPDQGăPDLPXOWGHPJGHFRIHLQăSH]L
 %ăXWXULOHFDUERJD]RDVHGLQFRPHU‫܊‬VXQWSOLQHGH]DKDUXULVDXvQGXOFLWRULDUWLIL
FLDOLFDUHFUHVFULVFXOGHGLDEHW‫܈‬LEROLFDUGLRYDVFXODUH6HYRUFRQVXPDGHSRIWă
vQUDUHRFD]LL
 6XFXULOHGHIUXFWHSRWILERPEHFDORULFH‫܈‬LDUWUHEXLHYLWDWH6HVWRUFSRU
WRFDOHSHQWUXXQSDKDUGHVXF
 9LQXOUR‫܈‬XDUHHIHFWHEHQHILFHDVXSUDVăQăWă‫܊‬LL‫܈‬LSRDWHILFRQVXPDWGDUQX
PDLPXOWGHPODOFRROSH]L
 2ULFHPDVăWUHEXLHVăVHVXSXQăEXQXOXLVLP‫܊‬FXDOLPHQWHvQFDQWLWDWHPLFă
‫܈‬LYRLHEXQăvQFDQWLWDWHPDUH
 1XH[LVWăVXFXULVDXSUHSDUDWHFDUHGHWR[LILFăRUJDQLVPXOH[LVWăRUJDQHDEL
OLWDWHSHQWUXD‫܈‬DFHYD'HWR[LILHUHDHVWHRPDQLSXODUH
 $OLPHQWHOHWUHEXLHVăILHFkWPDLSX‫܊‬LQSURFHVDWHWHUPLFIL]LFFKLPLF
 &RQVXPXOPDUHGHFDUQHUR‫܈‬LHFUH‫܈‬WHULVFXOGHDSDUL‫܊‬LHDXQRUIRUPHGHFDQ
FHUvQGHRVHELGHFRORQVDXGHVWRPDF&DUQHDGHSRUFRDLHEHUEHFVHYD
FRQVXPDUDU
 3H‫܈‬WHOHRFHDQLFVRPRQWRQKHULQJHVWHERJDWvQYLWDPLQHOLSRVROXELOHSUR
WHLQHDFL]LJUD‫܈‬LRPHJD6HUHFRPDQGăSRU‫܊‬LLSHVăSWăPkQăvQSULQFLSDO
FHORFHDQLFGDURULFHSH‫܈‬WHHPDLVăQăWRVGHFkWDOWHWLSXULGHFDUQH
 /DFWDWHOH‫܈‬LEUkQ]HWXULOHvQWăUHVFRDVHOH‫܈‬LQDUWUHEXLVăOLSVHDVFăGLQDOLPHQ
WD‫܊‬LDIHPHLORUWUHFXWHGHPHQRSDX]ăFkQGRDVHOHvQFHSVăVHGHPLQHUDOL]H]H
6WDWXOODVRDUH‫܈‬LODQHYRLHVXEVWLWX‫܊‬LDFXYLWDPLQD'DMXWăODPHQ‫܊‬LQHUHDVă
QăWă‫܊‬LLRDVHORU
 %UkQ]HWXULOHVXQWJXVWRDVHGDUFRQVXPXOvQFDQWLWă‫܊‬LPDULvQVHDPQăPXOWH
FDORULL$WHQ‫܊‬LH‫܈‬LODVRGLXEUkQ]DHVWHGHUHJXOăVăUDWă‫܈‬LVRGLXOvQH[FHV
SRDWHIDFHUHWHQ‫܊‬LHVDOLQăSXWkQGFUH‫܈‬WHLQFOXVLYWHQVLXQHDDUWHULDOă
 )UXFWHOHVXQWERJDWHvQ]DKDUXUL‫܈‬LFHUDWHQ‫܊‬LHvQSOXVID‫܊‬ăGHOHJXPH6HYRU
PkQFDvQSULPDSDUWHD]LOHLvQFDQWLWă‫܊‬LPRGHUDWH
 &HDPDLEXQăGLHWăHVWHFHDPHGLWHUDQHDQăvQFDUHVHFRQVXPăSH‫܈‬WHEUkQ
]HWXULXOHLGHPăVOLQHPXOWHOHJXPH
 &LQDYDFRQ‫܊‬LQHDOLPHQWHX‫܈‬RUGHGLJHUDW6HYDHYLWDDOFRROXOVHDUDSHQWUX
FăWXOEXUăVRPQXO

Factorii de risc pentru sănătate

6ăQăWDWHD‫܈‬LVWDUHDGHELQHVXQWLQIOXHQ‫܊‬DWHGHQXPHUR‫܈‬LIDFWRUL&HHDFH
PkQFăPVWDUHDQRDVWUăIL]LFă‫܈‬LSVLKLFăFRQVXPXOXQRUVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HSUHGLVSR]L‫܊‬LD
JHQHWLFă ± QH LQIOXHQ‫܊‬HD]ă VWDUHD SUH]HQWă VDX YLLWRDUH GH VăQăWDWH &RQIRUP
206PDLPXOWGHRWUHLPHGLQWUHGHFHVHOHODQLYHOJOREDOSRWILDWULEXLWHXQXL
QXPăUUHVWUkQVGHIDFWRULGHULVF
 8Qfactor de riscHVWHRFDUDFWHULVWLFăRERDOăVDXXQFRPSRUWDPHQWFDUH
FUH‫܈‬WHSUHGLVSR]L‫܊‬LDSHQWUXDSDUL‫܊‬LDXQRUEROLVDXSUREOHPHGHVăQăWDWH3UHGLV
SR]L‫܊‬LDHVWHGHDOWIHOXQFXPXODOPDLPXOWRUIDFWRULGHULVF‫܈‬LSUHYHGHULVFXO
SHQWUXRDQXPLWăERDOă
%ROLOHFRPSOH[HQXDXRVLQJXUăFDX]ăFLUHSUH]LQWăLQWHUDF‫܊‬LXQHDGLQWUH
PDLPXO‫܊‬LIDFWRULGHULVFILHJHQHWLFLGHPHGLXFRPSRUWDPHQWDOLHWF&KLDUGDFă
HVWHSUH]HQWXQVLQJXUIDFWRUGHULVFDFHVWDQLFLRGDWăQXDF‫܊‬LRQHD]ăVLQJXULFL
DVRFLDWFXDOWHSUREOHPHVDXIDFWRULGHULVFJUXSD‫܊‬L'HRELFHLFRH[LVWă‫܈‬LLQWHUDF
‫܊‬LRQHD]ăFXDO‫܊‬LL
)DFWRULLGHULVFSRWILJUXSD‫܊‬LvQXUPăWRDUHOHFDWHJRULL
A. Factori comportamentali
$QXPLWH RELFHLXUL QHJDWLYH FRQWULEXLH VHPQLILFDWLY OD GH]YROWDUHD XQRU
DIHF‫܊‬LXQL$FHVWHDSRWDYHDXQLPSDFWPDMRUDVXSUDXQRUSUREOHPHGHVăQăWDWH
)DFWRULLFRPSRUWDPHQWDOLVHUHIHUăODDF‫܊‬LXQLSHFDUHXQLQGLYLGOHIDFHYROXQWDU
‫܈‬LSRWILHOLPLQD‫܊‬LVDXUHGX‫܈‬LSULQPRGLILFăUL‫܈‬LVFKLPEăULDOHVWLOXOXLGHYLD‫܊‬ăVDX
FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL
Factorii de risc comportamental vizează:
● LQGLFHOHGHPDVăFRUSRUDOă
● JUHXWDWHD
● QLYHOXOGHDFWLYLWDWHIL]LFăHIHFWXDWăVHGHQWDULVPXO
● RELFHLXULOHDOLPHQWDUHFRQVXPXOGHIUXFWH‫܈‬LGHOHJXPHFRQVXPXOGH
FHUHDOHFDUQHDOLPHQWHSURFHVDWHODFWDWHUHVSHFWDUHDFHORUWUHLPHVH
DOH]LOHL
● FRQVXPXOGHDOFRRO
● IXPDWXOLQFOXVLYIXPDWXOSDVLY
● SUHYDOHQ‫܊‬DLQIHF‫܊‬LLORUFXWUDQVPLWHUHVH[XDOă
● LQYHVWLJD‫܊‬LLPHGLFDOH‫܈‬LUHVSHFWDUHDSURJUDPHORUQD‫܊‬LRQDOHGHYDFFLQDUH
PRQLWRUL]DUHDWHQVLXQLLDUWHULDOHFROHVWHUROXOXLVFUHHQLQJXULSHQWUX
FDQFHUXO FHUYLFDO FDQFHUXO FRORUHFWDO FDQFHUXO PDPDU FDQFHUXO GH
SURVWDWăHWF
● UHVSHFWDUHDUHJXOLORUGHLJLHQăVSăODUHDPkLQLORUUHJXOLOHGHLJLHQăDOL
PHQWDUă
● H[SXQHUHDSUHOXQJLWăODVRDUHIăUăSURWHF‫܊‬LHDGHFYDWă
● VăQăWDWHDGHQWDUă
● VLJXUDQ‫܊‬DvQWUDILF
● PDQDJHPHQWXOVWUHVXOXL
● LJLHQDVRPQXOXLHWF
B. Factori fiziologici
6XQWIDFWRULGHULVFELRORJLFLHQGRJHQLFHSRWILFRQWUROD‫܊‬L‫܈‬LvQVWUkQVă
OHJăWXUăFXIDFWRULLFRPSRUWDPHQWDOL'LQFDWHJRULDDFHVWRUDIDFSDUWHJUHXWDWHD
FRUSRUDOăH[FHVLYăKLSHUWHQVLXQHDKLSHUFROHVWHUROHPLDJOLFHPLDFUHVFXWăSD
UDPHWULELRFKLPLFLIL]LRORJLFLHWF3RWILLQIOXHQ‫܊‬D‫܊‬LGHRFRPELQD‫܊‬LHGHJHQHWLFă
VWLOGHYLD‫܊‬ăHWF
Capitolul ***

C. Factori psihosociali
)DFWRULL SVLKRVRFLDOL LQFOXG UHOD‫܊‬LLOH ‫܈‬L VDWLVIDF‫܊‬LD GH OD ORFXO GH PXQFă
DSDUWHQHQ‫܊‬DODRFRPXQLWDWHFDOLWDWHDUHOD‫܊‬LLORUVWUHVXOVXSRUWXOSVLKRORJLFUH
OD‫܊‬LLOHFXFHLGLQMXUPDQDJHPHQWXOWLPSXOXLHWF
D. Factori demografici
6XQWFDUDFWHULVWLFLVRFLRHFRQRPLFHDOHSRSXOD‫܊‬LHLH[SULPDWHVWDWLVWLFFHLQ
FOXGYkUVWDJHQXOQLYHOXOGHHGXFD‫܊‬LHQLYHOXOGHYHQLWVWDWXVXOPDULWDORFXSD
‫܊‬LDUHOLJLDHWF
E. Factori de mediu
ÌQJOREHD]ăRYDULHWDWHGHIDFWRULVRFLDOLHFRQRPLFLFXOWXUDOLVDXSROLWLFL
SUHFXP‫܈‬LIL]LFLFKLPLFLVDXELRORJLFL3ULQWUHDFH‫܈‬WLDVHUHJăVHVFSROXDUHDDHUX
OXLOLSVDLJLHQHLPHGLXOXL‫܈‬LDDSHLOLSVDLJLHQHLSHUVRQDOHKD]DUGHFKLPLFHVDX
QDWXUDOH DFFLGHQWăUL VFKLPEăUL JOREDOH GH FOLPă UDGLD‫܊‬LL VLWXD‫܊‬LL GH XUJHQ‫܊‬ă
FRPSX‫܈‬LFKLPLFLGLVUXSWRULHQGRFULQLHWF
F. Factori genetici
&RSLLLSăULQ‫܊‬LL‫܈‬LEXQLFLLSUH]LQWăVLPLODULWă‫܊‬LvQFHHDFHSULYH‫܈‬WHXQHOHSUR
EOHPHGHVăQăWDWH'DFăRDQXPLWăDIHF‫܊‬LXQHVHWUDQVPLWHvQIDPLOLHSRWH[LVWD
IDFWRULvQUăGăFLQD‫܊‬LFDUHFUHVFULVFXO$FH‫܈‬WLIDFWRULVXQWWUDQVPL‫܈‬LvQIDPLOLHSULQ
LQWHUPHGLXOJHQHORU0XOWHEROLUHIOHFWăLQWHUDF‫܊‬LXQHDGLQWUHJHQHOHLQGLYLGXDOH
‫܈‬LIDFWRULLGHPHGLX
2DIHF‫܊‬LXQHDUHPDLPXO‫܊‬LIDFWRULGHULVFDVRFLD‫܊‬LPRGLILFDELOLVDXQHPRGLIL
FDELOL )DFWRULL GH ULVF PHGLFDOFUHVF SUHGLVSR]L‫܊‬LDXQHL SHUVRDQH GH DGH]YROWD R
ERDOăVDXRSUREOHPăGHVăQăWDWH0XOWHEROLVXQWFDX]DWHGHIDFWRULGHULVFPXOWLSOL
LDUXQLLIDFWRULGHULVFLQGLYLGXDOLSRWLQWHUDF‫܊‬LRQDvQLPSDFWXOORUFXDOWHULVFXUL
3ULQFLSDOLLIDFWRULGHULVFVXQWKLSHUWHQVLXQHDIXPDWXOJOLFHPLDFUHVFXWă
VHGHQWDULVPXO ‫܈‬L VXSUDSRQGHUDOLWDWHDREH]LWDWHD UHVSRQVDELOH SHQWUX XQ QXPăU
ULGLFDWGHEROLFURQLFHFDFHOHFDUGLRYDVFXODUHVDXFDQFHUXO
$O‫܊‬LIDFWRULGHULVFVXQWPDOQXWUL‫܊‬LDUHOD‫܊‬LLOHVH[XDOHQHSURWHMDWHFRQVXPXO
GHDOFRRODSDLQIHVWDWăOLSVDLJLHQHLDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LDGHILFLWDUăOLSVDDOăSWăULLODVkQ
SROXDUHDDHUXOXLULVFXULOHRFXSD‫܊‬LRQDOHGHILFLWXOGHYLWDPLQHHWF
&XQRD‫܈‬WHUHDIDFWRULORUGHULVFHVWHLPSRUWDQWăSHQWUXGH]YROWDUHDFODUă‫܈‬L
HILFLHQWăGHVWUDWHJLLSHQWUXvPEXQăWă‫܊‬LUHDVăQăWă‫܊‬LL‫܈‬LUHGXFHUHDLQFLGHQ‫܊‬HLEROLORU
ODQLYHOJOREDO(VWHLPSRUWDQWăFXQRD‫܈‬WHUHDIDFWRULORUGHULVFODFDUHHVWHH[SXVă
RSHUVRDQăLGHQWLILFDUHDSHUVRDQHORUFXULVFULGLFDWSHQWUXDQXPLWHEROL‫܈‬LSUHYH
QLUHDVDXUHGXFHUHDDFHVWRUULVFXUL

Promovarea alimentației sănătoase 

3URPRYDUHDDOLPHQWDĠLHLVăQăWRDVHFDSDUWHGLQWUXQVWLOGHYLDĠăVăQăWRV
UHSUH]LQWăRSULRULWDWHSHQWUXSRSXOD‫܊‬LH8QXOGLQWUHVWkOSLLIXQGDPHQWDOLDLXQHL
FRQVWUXF‫܊‬LLFRUSRUDOHVăQăWRDVHRUHSUH]LQWă DOLPHQWD‫܊‬LD )LHFDUHv‫܈‬L SRDWH JăVL
HFKLOLEUXODWkWWLPSFkWDUHRDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHVăQăWRDVă3HQWUXDILVăQăWRVILHFDUHDU
WUHEXL Vă IDFă WRW SRVLELOXOSHQWUXD DYHDR DOLPHQWD‫܊‬LH FkWPDL DGHFYDWă'H‫܈‬L
SHQWUXXQLLDFHVWDVSHFWSDUHOLSVLWGHLPSRUWDQ‫܊‬ăSURGXVHOH‫܈‬LDOLPHQWHOHFRQVX
PDWHSRWDYHDHIHFWHGHVWXOGHJUDYHDVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXL1XWRDWHDOLPHQWHOH
FRQ‫܊‬LQQXWULPHQWHOHQHFHVDUHSHQWUXDPHQ‫܊‬LQHXQHFKLOLEUXDOLPHQWDUFRUHVSXQ
]ăWRUXQHRULILLQGQHFHVDUăDGPLQLVWUDUHDXQRUVXSOLPHQWH$WXQFLFkQGRUJDQLV
PXOSULPH‫܈‬WHKUDQăQHVăQăWRDVăVWDUHDIL]LFăYDILDIHFWDWă
3HQWUXDVLJXUDUHDFUH‫܈‬WHULLQLYHOXOXLGHFXQRúWLQĠHDOSRSXODĠLHLvQGRPHQLXO
SURPRYăULLDOLPHQWDĠLHLVăQăWRDVHUHFRPDQGăPXUPăWRDUHOHGLUHFĠLLGHDFĠLXQH
 0kQFD‫܊‬LJUăVLPLPDLSX‫܊‬LQVDWXUDWH&XPSăUD‫܊‬LFDUQHIăUăJUăVLPHHOLPL
QD‫܊‬LJUăVLPHDYL]LELOăGLQFDUQH‫܈‬LSLHOHDSXLXOXLPkQFD‫܊‬LPDLSX‫܊‬LQHSUR
GXVHGHSDWLVHULH‫܈‬LFRIHWăULH
 )RORVL‫܊‬LXOHLXULYHJHWDOHSHQWUXJăWLWLDUSHQWUXVDQGYL‫܈‬XUL±XQW
 0kQFD‫܊‬LFHOSX‫܊‬LQSRU‫܊‬LLGHIUXFWHIUXFWHGHSăGXUH‫܈‬LOHJXPHSH]L
 $OHJH‫܊‬LSURGXVHFRDSWHGLQFDUQHLQWHJUDOă
 8WLOL]D‫܊‬LPDLSX‫܊‬LQ]DKăUGDUQXH[FOXGH‫܊‬LGXOFLXULOHGLQDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LH
 (YLWD‫܊‬LFRQVXPXOH[FHVLYGHDOLPHQWHVăUDWH‫܈‬LUHGXFH‫܊‬LFDQWLWDWHDGHVDUH
GLQDOLPHQWH
 ÌQFHUFD‫܊‬LVăFRQVXPD‫܊‬LPDLPXOWOLFKLGSH]L
 &RQVXPD‫܊‬LSURGXVHDOFRROLFHvQFDQWLWă‫܊‬LPRGHUDWH
 0RQLWRUL]D‫܊‬LJUHXWDWHDvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHLQGLFHOHGHPDVăFRUSRUDOă,0&
FDUHHVWHX‫܈‬RUGHFDOFXODW
IMC = M/h2,
XQGH0PDVDFRUSRUDOăvQNLORJUDPHKvQăO‫܊‬LPHDvQPHWUL
,0&‫ޒ‬NJPDGăXJD‫܊‬LFkWHYDNLORJUDPH
,0&NJPPDVDFRUSRUDOăQRUPDOă
,0&NJPVOăEL‫܊‬LFkWHYDNLORJUDPH
,0&‫ޓ‬NJPHVWHQHFHVDUăRGLHWăKLSRFDORULFă‫܈‬LFUH‫܈‬WHUHDDFWL
YLWă‫܊‬LLIL]LFH
 (ODERUDUHD XQHL VWUDWHJLL GH PDUNHWLQJ úL FRPXQLFDUH vQ GRPHQLXO DOL
PHQWDĠLHLVăQăWRDVHFDUHVăSUHYDGăUHGXFHUHDFRQVXPXOXLGHVDUH]DKăU
úL JUăVLPL SURPRYDUHDFRQVXPXOXL GH IUXFWH GHOHJXPH úL GH FHUHDOH
LQWHJUDOHSURPRYDUHDPHGLXOXLDOLPHQWDUVăQăWRV
 &UHDUHDXQHLSDJLQLZHESULYLQGQXWULĠLDúLVăQăWDWHDQXWULĠLRQDOăúLDVL
JXUDUHDIXQFĠLRQăULLGXUDELOHDDFHVWHLD
 (ODERUDUHDXQHLEURúXULGHVWLQDWHSRSXODĠLHLɫɚUHVăH[SOLFHHWLFKHWDUHD
QXWULĠLRQDOă
 (ODERUDUHDvQFRODERUDUHFXUHĠHOHOHGHVXSHUPDUNHWXULúLSODVDUHDvQVX
SHUPDUNHWXULDSRVWHUHORUFDUHSURPRYHD]ăFRQVXPXOGHIUXFWHúLGHOH
JXPHvQFRQWH[WXOGLHWHLHFKLOLEUDWH
 (ODERUDUHDXQXLVSRWSXEOLFLWDUFDUHSURPRYHD]ăDOLPHQWDĠLDVăQăWRDVăúL
SODVDUHDDFHVWXLDODSRVWXULOHGHWHOHYL]LXQHFXFHDPDLPDUHDFRSHULUH


Capitolul ***


'HODvQFHSXWXOFLYLOL]D‫܊‬LHLXPDQHGLHWDDIRVWvQPDUHSDUWHGLQDOLPHQWH
YHJHWDOHFDUHSRWILDGXQDWHFXX‫܈‬XULQ‫܊‬ă‫܈‬LIUXFWHGHPDUH1LPHQLQX‫܈‬WLDGHVSUH
YLWDPLQH PLQHUDOH SURWHLQH FDUERKLGUD‫܊‬L JUăVLPL ‫܈‬L UROXO ORU vQ DOLPHQWD‫܊‬LD
XPDQă'HVFRSHULUHDUROXOXLYLWDPLQHORUDIRVWRUHDOL]DUH‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬LILFăPDMRUăvQ
vQ‫܊‬HOHJHUHDDVRFLD‫܊‬LHLQXWUL‫܊‬LHLVăQăWă‫܊‬LL‫܈‬LEROLORU3kQăvQDQLLVDX
IăFXWSURJUHVHVHPQLILFDWLYHvQGHVFRSHULUHDYLWDPLQHORUH[YLWDPLQD&VLQWHWL
]DWăvQ‫܈‬LFRPHUFLDOL]DWăFDVXSOLPHQWDOLPHQWDU
3HSODQPRQGLDOVXSOLPHQWHOHDOLPHQWDUHVXQWGHQXPLWHGLIHULWGHDXWRUL
Wă‫܊‬LOHGLQVăQăWDWHÄVXSOLPHQWHSHQWUXVăQăWDWH´ÄVXSOLPHQWHDOLPHQWDUH´ÄQX
WUDFHXWLFH´ÄDOLPHQWHIXQF‫܊‬LRQDOHSHQWUXVăQăWDWH´ÄEăXWXULIXQF‫܊‬LRQDOHSHQWUX
VăQăWDWH´ÄDOLPHQWHGHVWLQDWHFRQVXPXOXLVSHFLDO´HWF'HFLVXSOLPHQWHOHDOL
PHQWDUHVHGHILQHVFFDILLQGSURGXVHDOLPHQWDUHFRPSXVHGLQVXEVWDQĠHQXWULWLYH
SURWHLQH OLSLGH JOXFLGH YLWDPLQH HOHPHQWH PLQHUDOH DPLQRDFL]L HVHQĠLDOL
úLVDX SUHSDUDWH VXEIRUPăGHWDEOHWHFDSVXOHHWFFDUHDX vQ FRPSRQHQĠD ORU
PDFURúLPLFURQXWULPHQWHúLVDXDOWHVXEVWDQĠHFRPHVWLELOHúLVXQWFRQVXPDWHvQ
FDQWLWăĠLGHILQLWHVXSOLPHQWDUODUDĠLDDOLPHQWDUăRELúQXLWă
(VWHLPSRUWDQWGHPHQ‫܊‬LRQDWIDSWXOFăVXSOLPHQWHOHDOLPHQWDUHQXVXQWPHGL
FDPHQWH‫܈‬LHOHQXSRWILLQGLFDWHvQVFRSXULWHUDSHXWLFHGHSUHYHQ‫܊‬LHVDXGHGLDJQRVWLF
Nutrimente VXQWYLWDPLQHOH‫܈‬LPLQHUDOHOH
Substanţe cu scop nutriţionalVDXfiziologicVXQWVXEVWDQĠHFKLPLFGHILQLWH
FDUHSRVHGăSURSULHWăĠLQXWULĠLRQDOHVDXIL]LRORJLFHFXH[FHSĠLDQXWULPHQWHORUúL
DVXEVWDQĠHORUFDUHSRVHGăH[FOXVLYSURSULHWăĠLIDUPDFRORJLFH
Plante şi preparate din plante±LQJUHGLHQWHFRPSXVHGLQYHJHWDOHVDXL]R
ODWHGLQDFHVWHDFXH[FHSĠLDQXWULPHQWHORUúLDVXEVWDQĠHORUFXVFRSQXWULĠLRQDO
VDXIL]LRORJLF VXVGHILQLWHFDUHSRVHGăSURSULHWăĠL QXWULĠLRQDOH VDX IL]LRORJLFH
FXH[FHSĠLDSODQWHORUúLDSUHSDUDWHORUGLQSODQWHFDUHSRVHGăSURSULHWăĠLIDUPD
FRORJLFHúLVXQWGHVWLQDWHXQRUVFRSXULH[FOXVLYWHUDSHXWLFH
Doza zilnică recomandată de nutrimente'=5±FDQWLWDWHD]LOQLFăGHQX
WULPHQWHXWLOL]DWăFDYDORDUHGHUHIHULQĠăFRPXQăSHQWUXH[SULPDUHDSURFHQWDMX
OXLGHYLWDPLQHúLGHPLQHUDOHvezi capitolul 3.3
Porţie zilnică de consum±FDQWLWDWHDGHVXSOLPHQWDOLPHQWDUUHFRPDQGDWă
GHSURGXFăWRUSHQWUXFRQVXPXO]LOQLF
Aport de referinţă pentru nutrimente± DSRUWXO ]LOQLFvQ QXWULPHQWHFDUH
FRUHVSXQGHQHFHVLWăĠLORUPDMRULWăĠLLDEVROXWHGHLQGLYL]LDSDUHQWVăQăWRúLGLQWU
XQDQXPLWJUXSGHSRSXODĠLHVSHFLILFGXSăYkUVWăJHQLQWHQVLWDWHDPXQFLLVWD
UHDIL]LRORJLFă
 Clasificarea suplimentelor alimentareVHIDFHvQED]DPDLPXOWRUFULWHULL
GXSăFXPXUPHD]ă
$3HED]Dsubstanţelor caracteristiceQXWULPHQWHOHHVHQĠLDOHFRQ‫܊‬LQXWH
● PLFURQXWULPHQWHYLWDPLQHPLQHUDOH
● PDFURQXWULPHQWHDPLQRDFL]LDFL]LJUD‫܈‬LJOXFLGHOHVLPSOH
● SODQWH‫܈‬LSUHSDUDWHGLQSODQWHILWRFKLPLFDOH
● FRPELQD‫܊‬LLDOHLQJUHGLHQWHORUHQXPHUDWHPDLVXV
%ÌQUDSRUWFXformele de prezentare
● WDEOHWH
● FDSVXOH
● GUDMHXUL
● SXOEHUL
● OLFKLGHHWF
&ÌQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHgrupele de consumatori
● DGXO‫܊‬L
● EăUED‫܊‬L
● IHPHLJUDYLGHFDUHDOăSWHD]ăHWF
● FRSLL
● DGROHVFHQĠL
● VSRUWLYL
● YHJDQL‫܈‬LYHJHWDULHQL
● SHUVRDQHFXGL]DELOLWă‫܊‬LHWF
'3HED]Dcondițiilor de sănătate‫܈‬Lindicațiilor spre utilizare: 
● VXSOLPHQWHDQWLvPEăWUkQLUH
● VXSOLPHQWHSHQWUXDUWULWă‫܈‬LDUWUR]ă
● VXSOLPHQWHSHQWUXRVWHRSRUR]ăúLRVWHRDUWULWă
● VXSOLPHQWHSHQWUXDOHUJLL
● VXSOLPHQWHSHQWUXDVWP
● VXSOLPHQWHSHQWUXDWHURVFOHUR]ăúLFROHVWHUROULGLFDW
● VXSOLPHQWHSHQWUXUHGXFHUHDGXUHULL
● VXSOLPHQWHSHQWUXUăFHOL‫܈‬LJULSă
● VXSOLPHQWHSHQWUXGHSUHVLHúLVWUHV
● VXSOLPHQWHSHQWUXGLDEHW
● VXSOLPHQWHSHQWUXLQLPă
● VXSOLPHQWHSHQWUXPHPRULH
● VXSOLPHQWHSHQWUXVOăELW
● VXSOLPHQWHSHQWUXVRPQHWF
0DMRULWDWHDRDPHQLORUVXQWVXILFLHQWGHFRQ‫܈‬WLHQ‫܊‬LGHIDSWXOFăDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LD
MRDFăXQUROLPSRUWDQWvQVăQăWDWHvQVăvQWUHEDUHDIXQGDPHQWDOăDFWXDOăHVWHGDFă
GLHWDFRQYHQ‫܊‬LRQDOăHFKLOLEUDWă‫܈‬LIăUăVXSOLPHQWH DOLPHQWDUHDU SXWHDDFRSHUL
WRDWHQHFHVLWă‫܊‬LOHRUJDQLVPXOXLXPDQSHQWUXXQVWLOGHYLD‫܊‬ăVăQăWRV
1XWUL‫܊‬LRQL‫܈‬WLL‫܈‬LVSHFLDOL‫܈‬WLLGLQVăQăWDWHDXVXV‫܊‬LQXWDQLGH]LOHLSRWH]DFăRD
PHQLLSRWRE‫܊‬LQHFHOHPDLLPSRUWDQWHQHFHVLWă‫܊‬LDOLPHQWDUHGHFDUHRUJDQLVPXOORU
Capitolul ***

DUHQHYRLHvQILHFDUH]LGLQWURGLHWăFRQYHQ‫܊‬LRQDOăHFKLOLEUDWă‫܈‬LUHJXODWă]LOQLFă
2GLHWăVăQăWRDVăHVWHXQDFDUHIDYRUL]HD]ăDOLPHQWHOHSURDVSHWHÄDGHYăUDWH´
FDUHDXVXV‫܊‬LQXWRDPHQLLGHDOXQJXOPLOHQLLORU$OLPHQWHOHLQWHJUDOHIXUQL]HD]ă
YLWDPLQHOH PLQHUDOHOH SURWHLQHOH FDUERKLGUD‫܊‬LL JUăVLPLOH ‫܈‬L ILEUHOH QHFHVDUH
HVHQ‫܊‬LDOHSHQWUXRVăQăWDWHGHSOLQă6SUHGHRVHELUHGHDFHVWHDDOLPHQWHOHSUHSDUDWH
vQFRPHU‫܈܊‬LFHOHUDSLGHVXQWDGHVHDOLSVLWHGHQXWULPHQWH‫܈‬LFRQ‫܊‬LQFDQWLWă‫܊‬LQHRU
GRQDWHGH]DKăUGHVDUHGHJUăVLPLVDWXUDWH‫܈‬LGHWUDQVJUăVLPLDVRFLDWHFXFUH‫܈‬
WHUHDULVFXOXLGHGH]YROWDUHDPDODGLLORU2GLHWăHFKLOLEUDWăHVWHXQDPHVWHFGH
DOLPHQWHGLQGLIHULWHJUXSHDOLPHQWDUHOHJXPHOHJXPLQRDVHIUXFWHERDEHDOL
PHQWHSURWHLFHFDUQH‫܈‬LODFWDWH
2DPHQLLGH‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬ă‫܈‬LVSHFLDOL‫܈‬WLLGLQVăQăWDWHVXQWGHSăUHUHFăVXSOLPHQWHOH
DOLPHQWDUHSRWILvQDQXPLWHFRQGL‫܊‬LLEHQHILFHVăQăWă‫܊‬LLXPDQHGDUQXDUWUHEXL
VăvQORFXLDVFăPHVHOH]LOQLFHFRPSOHWH‫܈‬LHFKLOLEUDWHDOHDOLPHQWHORUÌQXOWLPHOH
GHFHQLLPHGLFLLIDUPDFL‫܈‬WLL‫܈‬LQXWUL‫܊‬LRQL‫܈‬WLLLQIRUPHD]ăFRQVXPDWRULLFăH[LVWăR
PXO‫܊‬LPHGHLQIRUPD‫܊‬LLJUH‫܈‬LWHSHSLD‫܊‬DJOREDOăDVXSOLPHQWHORU0XOWHGLQWUHHOH
FKLDU‫܈‬LvQ‫܊‬ăULOHGH]YROWDWHDXUHX‫܈‬LWVăRFROHDVFăWHVWHOHGHVLJXUDQ‫܊‬ăGHHWLFKH
WDUH‫܈‬LUHJOHPHQWăULOHGHVăQăWDWH2DPHQLLGH‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬ăGLQ68$‫܈‬LGLQ(XURSDGH
9HVWVSHFLDOL]D‫܊‬LvQQXWUL‫܊‬LHDXH[DPLQDWGRYH]LOHHIHFWHORUVXSOLPHQWHORUDOL
PHQWDUH‫܈‬LDXDMXQVODFRQFOX]LDFăDFHVWHDQXVXQWVXILFLHQWHÄSHQWUX´VDXÄFRQ
WUD´UHFRPDQGăULLORUvQSUHYHQLUHDEROLORUFURQLFH
5H]XOWDWHOHXQRUVWXGLLDXDUăWDWFăXQ‫܈‬LUGHVXSOLPHQWHDOLPHQWDUHSRWDYHD
FKLDU‫܈‬LHIHFWHQHJDWLYHDVXSUDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLVDXvQSUHYHQLUHDEROLORUDOWHOHQHDYkQG
QLFLXQHIHFW$XWRSUHVFULHUHDVXSOLPHQWHORUDOLPHQWDUHDUWUHEXLHYLWDWă‫܈‬LSDFLHQ
‫܊‬LLSHUVRDQHOHvQYkUVWăIHPHLOHvQVăUFLQDWHWLQHULL‫܈‬LSHUVRDQHOHFXGL]DELOLWă‫܊‬LDU
WUHEXL VăILHLQIRUPD‫܊‬L‫܈‬L VIăWXL‫܊‬LGHPHGLFLL GHIDPLOLHVDXGHIDUPDFL‫܈‬WL SHQWUX
FRQGL‫܊‬LLOHGHVXSOLPHQWDUHGLHWHWLFă
2UJDQL]D‫܊‬LD0RQGLDOăD6ăQăWă‫܊‬LLIDFHXUPăWRDUHOHUHFRPDQGăULSHQWUXR
GLHWăHFKLOLEUDWă‫܈‬LVăQăWRDVă
● D FRQVXPDDSUR[LPDWLY DFHHD‫܈‬L FDQWLWDWHGH FDORULL SH FDUH RUJDQLVPXO R
IRORVH‫܈‬WH
● RJUHXWDWHVăQăWRDVăHVWHXQHFKLOLEUXvQWUHHQHUJLDFRQVXPDWă‫܈‬LHQHUJLDFDUH
HVWHÄDUVă´
● DOLPLWDDSRUWXOGHJUăVLPL‫܈‬LDSUHIHUDJUăVLPLOHQHVDWXUDWHvQVFKLPEXOJUăVL
PLORUVDWXUDWH‫܈‬LDFHORUWUDQV
● DFUH‫܈‬WHFRQVXPXOGHDOLPHQWHYHJHWDOHvQVSHFLDOIUXFWHOHJXPHOHJXPLQRDVH
FHUHDOHLQWHJUDOH‫܈‬LQXFLGHH[OLPLWDUHDDSRUWXOXLGH]DKăUVDUHVRGLXGLQWRDWH
VXUVHOH
● DDYHDRGLHWăFXPLFURQXWULPHQWHHVHQ‫܊‬LDOHFXPDUILYLWDPLQHOH‫܈‬LDQXPLWH
PLQHUDOH
 
$GLWLYLLDOLPHQWDULDXIRVWIRORVL‫܊‬LODSUHSDUDUHD‫܈‬LODSăVWUDUHDDOLPHQWHORU
vQFăGLQFHOHPDLYHFKLWLPSXULÌQVăvQXOWLPXOVHFRORGDWăFXGH]YROWDUHDIăUă
SUHFHGHQWDLQGXVWULHLDOLPHQWDUHDXFăSăWDWXQUROSULPRUGLDOvQSURFHVDUHDDOL
PHQWHORU'DWRULWăFHUHULLIRDUWHPDULGHSURGXVHDOLPHQWDUHSUHOXFUDWHDFUHVFXW
‫܈‬LFHUHUHDGHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFDUHVăIDFLOLWH]HSUHOXFUDUHDPDWHULHLSULPHFRQVHUYDUHD
SHRSHULRDGăPDLPDUHGHWLPSDSURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUHHWF'LQDFHDVWăFDX]ă
VXEVWDQ‫܊‬HOHQDWXUDOHIRORVLWHSkQăDWXQFLDXIRVWvQORFXLWHFXVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HVLQWHWLFH
PDLX‫܈‬RUGHSURGXV‫܈‬LGHFLPDLLHIWLQH
$GLWLYLL DOLPHQWDUL QRWD‫܊‬L FX OLWHUD ( ± FD XUPDUH D DOLQLHULL OD QRUPHOH
8QLXQLL(XURSHQH±VXQWFRQ‫܊‬LQX‫܊‬LvQPDMRULWDWHDSURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUH8WLOLWD
WHDFRQVWăvQPHQ‫܊‬LQHUHDFDOLWă‫܊‬LL‫܈‬LVLJXUDQ‫܊‬HLSURGXVHORURSHULRDGăPDLPDUHGH
WLPSPHQ‫܊‬LQHUHDVDXvPEXQăWă‫܊‬LUHDJXVWXOXLDVLJXUDUHDFRQWUROXOXLDFLGLWă‫܊‬LL‫܈‬L
DOFDOLQLWă‫܊‬LLPHQ‫܊‬LQHUHDFRQVLVWHQ‫܊‬HLDURPHLVDXFXORULLSURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUH
3RWULYLWDUWGLQ1RUPDSULYLQGDGLWLYLLDOLPHQWDULGHVWLQD‫܊‬LXWLOL]ăULLvQ
SURGXVHOHDOLPHQWDUHSHQWUXFRQVXPXPDQDGLWLYDOLPHQWDUHVWHRULFHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬ă
FDUHvQPRGQRUPDOQXHVWHFRQVXPDWăFDDOLPHQWFDDWDUH‫܈‬LFDUHQXHVWHXWLOL
]DWăFDLQJUHGLHQWDOLPHQWDUFDUDFWHULVWLFDYkQGVDXQXYDORDUHQXWULWLYăSULQD
FăUHL DGăXJDUH LQWHQ‫܊‬LRQDWă OD SURGXVHOH DOLPHQWDUH vQ VFRSXUL WHKQRORJLFH SH
SDUFXUVXO SURFHVXOXL GH IDEULFDUH SUHOXFUDUH SUHSDUDUH WUDWDPHQW DPEDODUH
WUDQVSRUWVDXGHSR]LWDUHDXQRUDVHPHQHDSURGXVHDOLPHQWDUHGHYLQHVDXSRDWH
GHYHQLHDvQVă‫܈‬LVDXSULQGHULYD‫܊‬LLVăLGLUHFWVDXLQGLUHFWRFRPSRQHQWăDDFHVWRU
SURGXVHDOLPHQWDUH
$GLWLYLLDOLPHQWDULSRWILFODVLILFD‫܊‬LDYkQGvQYHGHUHPDLPXOWHFULWHULL
ÌQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHscopul XUPăULW‫܈‬LefectulDVXSUDSURGXVXOXL
Daditivi organoleptizanți
● FRORUDQ‫܊‬L
● GHFRORUDQ‫܊‬L
● DPHOLRUDQ‫܊‬LGHFXORDUH
● DURPDWL]DQ‫܊‬L‫܈‬LSRWHQ‫܊‬LDWRULGHDURPH
● DPHOLRUDQ‫܊‬LGHJXVW
● HGXOFRUDQ‫܊‬L
● HPXOJDWRUL
● JHOLILDQ‫܊‬L
● DFLGXODQ‫܊‬L
Eaditivi conservanți
● DQWLR[LGDQ‫܊‬L
● QHXWUDOL]DQ‫܊‬L
● DQWLVHSWLFH
Capitolul ***

● DQWLELRWLFH
● DO‫܊‬LDGLWLYLGLQDFHDVWăIDPLOLH
Faditivi nutriționaliQXPL‫܊‬L‫܈‬LtonifianțiVXQWVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HGLQFDWHJRULDQXWUL
PHQWHORUFDUHVHDGDXJăvQSURGXVHOHDOLPHQWDUHvQVFRSXOFUH‫܈‬WHULLYDORULL
QXWULWLYH
● DPLQRDFL]L
● SURWHLQH
● VăUXULPLQHUDOH
● YLWDPLQH
ÌQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHacțiune
D conservantiDOLPHQWDULDVLJXUăSUHOXQJLUHDGXUDWHLGHSăVWUDUH‫܈‬LVWDELOLWă
‫܊‬LLSURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUHGDWRULWăDF‫܊‬LXQLLEDFWHULRVWDWLFH
● DFLGXOEHQ]RLF
● VăUXULOH GH SRWDVLX . GH FDOFLX &D ‫܈‬L GH VRGLX 1D DOH DFLGXOXL
EHQ]RLF
● DFLGXODVFRUELF
● VăUXULOH GH SRWDVLX . GH FDOFLX &D ‫܈‬L GH VRGLX 1D DOH DFLGXOXL
DVFRUELF
● DFLGXOSURSLRQLF
● VăUXULOH GH SRWDVLX . GH FDOFLX &D ‫܈‬L GH VRGLX 1D DOH DFLGXOXL
SURSLRQLF
● QLWUD‫܊‬LLGHVRGLX1D‫܈‬LGHSRWDVLX.
E antioxidanții DOLPHQWDULVXQWVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFDUHDVLJXUăVWDELOLWDWHDJUăVLPLORU
‫܈‬LSURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUHFHFRQ‫܊‬LQJUăVLPLFXH[FHS‫܊‬LDXQWXOXLODFDUHQX
VHDGPLWHIRORVLUHDORU$F‫܊‬LXQHDDQWLR[LGDQWăVHED]HD]ăSHFDSDFLWDWHD
VSRULWăDDFHVWRUDGHDOHJDR[LJHQXOFRPSDUDWLYFXJOLFHULGHOHDFL]LLJUD‫܈‬L
QHVDWXUD‫܊‬LFDUHOHDJăPDLJUHXVHPăUH‫܈‬WHSHULRDGDGHLQGXF‫܊‬LHDUkQFH]L
ULL&HLPDLIRORVL‫܊‬LDQWLR[LGDQ‫܊‬LVXQW
● WRFRIHUROXODOID
● VXEVWDQ‫܊‬HGHVLQWH]ă
● JDODWXOGHSURSLO
● JDODWXOGHRFWDO
● JDODWXOGHGXRGHFLO
$QXPLWHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFKLPLFHPăUHVFHIHFWXODQWLR[LGDQWDODFHVWRUVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HVXE
VWDQ‫܊‬HVLQHUJHWLFH
● DFLGXOFLWULF
● DFLGXODVFRUELF
● DOWHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HGLQDFHDVWăFDWHJRULH
(IHFWXOVLQHUJHWLFVHGDWRUHD]ăEORFăULLPHWDOHORUFHIDYRUL]HD]ăUkQFH]LUHDJUă
VLPLORU
F aromatizanții DOLPHQWDULVXQWVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HQDWXUDOHVDXVLQWHWLFHIRDUWHYDULDWH
XWLOL]DWH SHQWUX SRWHQ‫܊‬DUHDDURPHL‫܈‬L JXVWXOXL SURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUHFDUH
QXFRQ‫܊‬LQVDXFRQ‫܊‬LQDURPHvQFDQWLWă‫܊‬LLQVXILFLHQWH
 G amelioratorii DOLPHQWDUL VXQW VXEVWDQ‫܊‬H FKLPLFH QDWXUDOH VDX VLQWHWLFH
XWLOL]DWHSHQWUXPRGHODUHDDQXPLWRUSURSULHWă‫܊‬LDOHSURGXVHORU‫܈‬LSRWILRU
JDQROHSWL]DQ‫܊‬L
● DPHOLRUDWRULGHJXVW
● UHYHODWRULGHJXVW
● DPHOLRUDWRULGHWH[WXUă
● HPXOJDWRUL
● DPHOLRUDWRULGHFRQVLVWHQ‫܊‬ă
● DPHOLRUDWRULGHFXORDUH
3RWULYLWXQHLDOWH RSLQLLVHIDFHGLVWLQF‫܊‬LD vQWUHXUPăWRDUHOHWLSXUL GHDGLWLYLvQ
IXQF‫܊‬LHGHFULWHULXODF‫܊‬LXQLL
● FRQVHUYDQ‫܊‬LDOLPHQWDUL
● DQWLR[LGDQ‫܊‬LDOLPHQWDUL
● DURPDWL]DQ‫܊‬LDOLPHQWDUL
● DPHOLRUDWRULDOLPHQWDUL
● FRORUDQ‫܊‬LDOLPHQWDUL
$GLWLYLLDOLPHQWDULconform normelorVHFODVLILFăvQXUPăWRDUHOHFDWHJRULL
a. coloranți(±(RULFHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFDUHUHGDXVDXLQWHQVLILFăFXORDUHD
SURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUH‫܈‬LSRWILFRQ‫܈‬WLWXHQ‫܊‬LQDWXUDOLDLSURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUH
‫܈‬LVDXDOWHVXUVHQDWXUDOHFDUHvQPRGQRUPDOQXVXQWFRQVXPD‫܊‬LFDDOLPHQWH
‫܈‬LQXVXQWXWLOL]D‫܊‬LFDLQJUHGLHQWHFDUDFWHULVWLFHvQDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHFRORUDQ‫܊‬LLVXQW
SUHSDUDWHOHRE‫܊‬LQXWHGLQSURGXVHOHDOLPHQWDUH‫܈‬LDOWHPDWHULDOHQDWXUDOHRE‫܊‬L
QXWHSULQH[WUDF‫܊‬LHIL]LFă‫܈‬LVDXFKLPLFăFRQGXFkQGODRH[WUDF‫܊‬LHVHOHFWLYăD
SLJPHQ‫܊‬LORUvQUDSRUWFXFRQVWLWXHQ‫܊‬LLQXWULWLYLVDXDURPDWLFL
b. conservanți(±(VXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFDUHSUHOXQJHVFGXUDWDGHFRQVHUYDUH
DSURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUHSURWHMkQGXOHvPSRWULYDDOWHUăULLFDX]DWHGHPLFUR
RUJDQLVPH
c. antioxidanți((VXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFDUHSUHOXQJHVFGXUDWDGHFRQVHUYDUH
D SURGXVHORU DOLPHQWDUH SURWHMkQGXOH vPSRWULYD DOWHUăULL FDX]DWH GH R[L
GDUHFXPDUILUkQFH]LUHDJUăVLPLORU‫܈‬LPRGLILFDUHDFXORULL
d. emulgatori (±(VXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFDUHSHUPLWIRUPDUHDVDXPHQ‫܊‬LQHUHD
XQXLDPHVWHFRPRJHQGHGRXăVDXPDLPXOWHID]HQHPLVFLELOHFXPDUILXOH
LXO‫܈‬LDSDGLQSURGXVHOHDOLPHQWDUH
e. săruri de topire(±(VXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFDUHGLVSHUVHD]ăSURWHLQHOHGLQ
EUkQ]HWXUL‫܈‬LGLVWULEXLHDVWIHORPRJHQJUăVLPLOH‫܈‬LDOWHFRPSRQHQWH
f. agenți de îngroșare(±(VXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFDUHFUHVFYkVFR]LWDWHDXQXL
SURGXVDOLPHQWDU
g. gelifianți(±(VXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFDUHFRQIHUăSURGXVXOXLDOLPHQWDUFRQ
VLVWHQ‫܊‬DSULQIRUPDUHDXQXLJHO
h. stabilizatori(±(VXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFDUHSHUPLWPHQ‫܊‬LQHUHDVWăULLIL]LFR
FKLPLFHDXQXLSURGXVDOLPHQWDUVWDELOL]DWRULLFRQ‫܊‬LQVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFDUHSHUPLW
Capitolul ***

PHQ‫܊‬LQHUHDXQHLGLVSHUVLLRPRJHQHDGRXăVDXPDLPXOWHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HQHPLV
FLELOH vQWUXQ SURGXV DOLPHQWDUFDUH VWDELOL]HD]ăFRQVHUYD VDXLQWHQVLILFă
FXORDUHDH[LVWHQWăDXQXLSURGXVDOLPHQWDU
i. stimulatori de arome(±(
j. acidifianți(±(VXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFDUHPăUHVFDFLGLWDWHDXQXLSURGXVDOL
PHQWDU‫܈‬LVDXvLFRQIHUăXQJXVWDFUX
k. corectori de aciditate(±(VXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFDUHPRGLILFăVDXOLPLWHD]ă
DFLGLWDWHDVDXDOFDOLQLWDWHDXQXLSURGXVDOLPHQWDU
l. antiaglomeranți(±(VXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFDUHUHGXFWHQGLQ‫܊‬DGHDJORPH
UDUHDSDUWLFXOHORUGLQWUXQSURGXVDOLPHQWDU
m. amidon modificat(±(VXEVWDQ‫܊‬DRE‫܊‬LQXWăFXDMXWRUXOXQXLD
VDX PDL PXOWRU WUDWDPHQWH FKLPLFH DOH DPLGRQXOXL DOLPHQWDU FDUH D IRVW
VXSXVăXQXLWUDWDPHQWIL]LFVDXHQ]LPDWLF‫܈‬LFDUHSRDWHILIOXLGLILFDWăSULQ
WUDWDPHQWDFLGVDXDOFDOLQVDXGHDOELUH
n. indulcitori (±(
o. agenți de afânare ( ±( VXEVWDQ‫܊‬H VDXFRPELQD‫܊‬LLGH VXEVWDQ‫܊‬H
FDUHHOLEHUHD]ăJD]H‫܈‬LPăUHVFDVWIHOYROXPXODOXDWXOXL
p. antispumanți (±(VXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFDUHSUHYLQVDXOLPLWHD]ăIRUPDUHD
VSXPHL
q. agenți de glazurare(±(VXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFDUHDSOLFDWHSHVXSUDID‫܊‬D
SURGXVXOXLDOLPHQWDUvLFRQIHUăXQDVSHFWVWUăOXFLWRUVDXvLDVLJXUăXQVWUDW
SURWHFWRU
r. amelioratori de făină((VXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFDUHDGăXJDWHODIăLQăVDX
DOXDWvLvPEXQăWă‫܊‬H‫܈‬WHFDOLWă‫܊‬LOHSDQLILFDELOH;
s. agenți de întărire(±(VXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFDUHSHUPLWIRUPDUHDVDXPHQ
‫܊‬LQHUHDIHUPăVDXFURFDQWăD‫܊‬HVXWXULORUIUXFWHORUVDXOHJXPHORUVDXFDUHvQ
FRQWDFWFXJHOLILDQ‫܊‬LLIRUPHD]ăVDXvQWăUHVFXQJHO
t. agenți de umezire(±(VXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFDUHSUHYLQXVFDUHDSURGX
VHORU DOLPHQWDUH FRPSHQVkQG HIHFWXO XQHL XPLGLWă‫܊‬L DWPRVIHULFH VFă]XWH
VDXIDYRUL]HD]ăGL]ROYDUHDXQXLSUDIvQWUXQPHGLXDSRV;
u. agenți de sechestrareGHEORFDUH(±(VXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFDUHIRUPHD]ă
FRPSOH[HFKLPLFHFXLRQLPHWDOLFL;
v. enzime(±(
w. agenți de încărcare
x. gaz propulsor‫܈‬Lgaz de ambalare(±(SULQJD]HSURSXOVRDUHVH
vQ‫܊‬HOHJJD]HDOWHOHGHFkWDHUXOFDUHDXFDHIHFWH[SXO]DUHDXQXLSURGXVDOL
PHQWDUGLQUHFLSLHQWLDUSULQJD]HGHDPEDODUHJD]HDOWHOHGHFkWDHUXOFDUH
VXQWLQWURGXVHvQWUXQUHFLSLHQWvQDLQWHSHSDUFXUVXOVDXGXSăLQWURGXFHUHD
SURGXVXOXLDOLPHQWDUvQUHFLSLHQW
 Sursele de aditivi alimentari
$GLWLYLLDOLPHQWDULPDLUDUVXQWVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HH[WUDVHGLQPDWHULLSULPHQDWX
UDOHGHFHOHPDLPXOWHRULILLQGGHVLQWH]ă3ULQWUHDGLWLYLL‫܈‬LDURPDWL]DQ‫܊‬LLDOL
PHQWDUL VXQW DWkW VXEVWDQ‫܊‬H QDWXUDOH FkW ‫܈‬L VLQWHWLFH &RPLWHWXO GH H[SHU‫܊‬L
)$2206SURSXQHFODVLILFDUHDVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HORUGHDURPăvQXUPăWRDUHOHJUXSH
● VLQWHWLFHFDUHQXVHJăVHVFvQQDWXUă
● QDWXUDOH
● FRQGLPHQWH
● SODQWHFRQGLPHQWDUH‫܈‬LVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HGHULYDWHGLQDFHVWHD
● VXEVWDQ‫܊‬HGHDURPăRE‫܊‬LQXWHGLQPDWHULLSULPHQDWXUDOH
● VXEVWDQ‫܊‬HVLQWHWLFHHFKLYDOHQWH
$URPHOHQDWXUDOHSURYLQGLQGLYHUVHPDWHULLSULPHSXWkQGXVHUHFXSHUDvQ
WLPSXOSURFHVHORUWHKQRORJLFH([LVWă‫܈‬LVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFHSRWILIRORVLWHSULQvQFDSVX
ODUH$URPDWL]DQ‫܊‬LLVLQWHWLFLVXQWDGPL‫܈‬LQXPDLSHQWUXDURPDWL]DUHDSURGXVHORU
]DKDURDVH GH SDWLVHULH vQJKH‫܊‬DWHL FLRFRODWHL PDUJDULQHL EăXWXULORU DOFRROLFH
GLVWLODWH‫܈‬LDOWRUSURGXVHFRQIRUPQRUPHORUvQYLJRDUH
&RORUDUHDSURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUHVHSRDWHUHDOL]DSULQWUHLPRGDOLWă‫܊‬L
● IRORVLUHDGHPDWHULLSULPHFRORUDWHOHJXPH‫܈‬LIUXFWHFRORUDWHVDXVX
FXULOHORUJăOEHQX‫܈‬GHRXFDFDRFDIHDHWF
● XWLOL]DUHDGHFRORUDQ‫܊‬LQDWXUDOLH[WUD‫܈‬LGLQDOLPHQWHFDURWHQRL]L[DQ
WRILOHUR‫܈‬XGHVIHFOăSLJPHQ‫܊‬LDQWRFLDQLFLHWF
● DGăXJDUHDGHFRORUDQ‫܊‬LVLQWHWL]D‫܊‬LGLQPDWHULLSULPHQHDOLPHQWDUH

Aditivii alimentari periculoși pentru sănătate

Ä%ROLOHGHFDUHVXIHUăRPXOFDXUPDUHDDúD]LVHLFLYLOL]DĠLLLDXQDúWHUHPDL
DOHVSULQLQWHUPHGLXODOLPHQWDĠLHLJUHúLWHúLSRWILYLQGHFDWHQXPDLSHFDOHDXQHL
DOLPHQWDĠLLFRUHFWH´'U+35XVFK
ÌQ YLDĠD GH ]L FX ]L DOLPHQWHOH WR[LFH DX GHYHQLW DWkW GH ÄILUHúWL³ vQFkW
DSURDSHQLPHQLQXPDLVHVL]HD]ăSHULFROXOSHFDUHHOHvOUHSUH]LQWăvQPRGUHDO
0DMRULWDWHDDOLPHQWHORUGLQFRPHUĠFRQĠLQDGLWLYLDFăURUPHQLUHHVWHGHDFRQ
VHUYDGHDGDFXORDUHIRUPăGHDVSXPDvQJURúDúLPDLDOHVGHDGDDURPăvQ
PRGDUWLILFLDOIăFkQGDVWIHOSURGXVXODWUăJăWRUSHQWUXFOLHQĠLúLYDODELOWLPSvQ
GHOXQJDW XQHRUL DSURDSH QHOLPLWDW ,PSDFWXO XQRU (XUL DVXSUD RUJDQLVPXOXL
SRDWHILGHVWXOGHQHJDWLYGHRDUHFHHOHQXVXQWUHFXQRVFXWHúLDFFHSWDWHGHFăWUH
DFHVWD&RQVXPXOvQGHOXQJDWGHSURGXVHDOLPHQWDUHDGLWLYDWHVLQWHWLFSURGXFHvQ
RUJDQLVPXOXPDQXQDGHYăUDWERPEDUGDPHQWFKLPLFDVXSUDRUJDQHORULQWHUQH
FRPSURPLĠkQGúLGLVWUXJkQGVLVWHPXOLPXQLWDU

Capitolul *V

Noţiuni generale și definiții

0XQFDHVWHRDFWLYLWDWHDRPXOXLLQWHOHFWXDOăVDXIL]LFăFRQFHQWUDWăDVX
SUDXQXLDQXPLWVFRSGHRELFHLFUHDUHDGHEXQXULPDWHULDOH0XQFDHVWHRFRQ
GL‫܊‬LHGHH[LVWHQ‫܊‬ăDRDPHQLORULQGLIHUHQWGHRUkQGXLUHDVRFLDOă(VWHRQHFHVLWDWH
QDWXUDOă YH‫܈‬QLFă )ăUăPXQFă DU ILIRVWLPSRVLELOă vQVă‫܈‬LYLD‫܊‬DRPXOXL 0XQFD
HVWHXQXOGLQFHLPDLLPSRUWDQĠLIDFWRULGHVDQRJHQH]ăGHJHQHUDUHúLPHQĠLQHUH
DVăQăWăĠLLODXQQLYHOFDOLWDWLYVXSHULRU$FHDVWăDILUPDĠLHHVWHYDODELOăvQPă
VXUDvQFDUHVHUHVSHFWăFRQGLĠLDFăPXQFDFDUHVHGHVIăúRDUăHVWHIL]LRORJLFă
LJLHQLFă HUJRQRPLFă FRUHVSXQ]ăWRDUH GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH SVLKRVRFLDO 'HFL
SHQWUX PHGLFLQă QRĠLXQHD GH PXQFă vQVHDPQă vQWkL GH WRDWH FRQGLĠLLOH GH
PXQFăVWXGLHUHDFăURUDSUHVXSXQHVWXGLHUHDUHODĠLHLGLQWUHVăQăWDWHDDQJDMDWXOXL
‫܈‬LFRQGLĠLLOHGHPXQFă
'HRVHELPGRXăWLSXULGHUHOD‫܊‬LLGLQWUHVăQăWDWHDDQJDMDWXOXL‫܈‬LFRQGL‫܊‬LLOHGH
PXQFăDFHDVWDSRDWHILRUHODĠLHIL]LRORJLFăVDXRUHODĠLHSDWRORJLFă
D 5HODĠLD IL]LRORJLFăGLQWUHVăQăWDWHDDQJDMDWXOXL ‫܈‬LFRQGLĠLLOH GHPXQFă
SUHVXSXQHRFRQFRUGDQĠăvQWUHSDUWLFXODULWăĠLOHDQDWRPLFHIL]LRORJLFHúL
VWDUHDGHVăQăWDWHDDQJDMDWXOXLFXSDUWLFXODULWăĠLOHFRQGLĠLLORUGHPXQFă
E 5HODĠLD SDWRORJLFă GLQWUHVăQăWDWHDDQJDMDWXOXL ‫܈‬L FRQGLĠLLOH GHPXQFă
SUHVXSXQH FăXQHOH FRQGLĠLLGHPXQFăSRWGHYHQL IDFWRULHWLRORJLFL DL
EROLORUSURIHVLRQDOHDLDFFLGHQWHORUGHPXQFăFDIDFWRULSULQFLSDOLID
YRUL]DQĠLVDXDJUDYDQĠL).
Munca profesionalăHVWHRFDWHJRULHGHPXQFăFDUHVHH[HFXWăvQFDGUXO
SURIHVLHLH[HUFLWDWHvQFRQGL‫܊‬LLOH‫܈‬LPLMORDFHOHREL‫܈‬QXLWHGHSURGXF‫܊‬LHÌQDQVDP
EOXvQIXQFĠLHGHHIRUWXOGHSXVVHGHRVHEHúWHPXQFDIL]LFăúLPXQFDLQWHOHFWXDOă
ÌQXOWLPXOWLPSPDMRULWDWHDVDYDQĠLORUFRQVLGHUăFăPXQFDQXSRDWHILGLYL]DWă
FDWHJRULFvQFHOHGRXăJUXSHGHRDUHFHRULFHPXQFăIL]LFăLQFOXGHúLXQFRPSR
QHQWLQWHOHFWXDOLDUFHDLQWHOHFWXDOăHVWHvQVRĠLWăGHXQHOHPLúFăULGHPHQĠLQHUHD
SR]LĠLHLFRUSXOXLHWF
Locul de muncăSRVWXOGHPXQFăHVWHFHOPDLPLFFRPSDUWLPHQWSURGXF
WLYGLQVWUXFWXUDRUJDQL]DWRULFăDXQHLXQLWăĠLHFRQRPLFHFDUHUHSUH]LQWăR]RQă
GHOLPLWDWăvQ VSDĠLXvQ IXQFĠLHGHVDUFLQD GHPXQFăvQ]HVWUDWăFXPLMORDFH GH
PXQFăXWLODMHXQHOWHPLMORDFHGHWUDQVSRUWPRELOLHUHWFúLRELHFWHDOHPXQFLL
QHFHVDUHPDWHULLSULPHPDWHULDOHVHPLIDEULFDWHHWFRUJDQL]DWvQYHGHUHDUHD
OL]ăULLXQHLRSHUDĠLLOXFUăULVDXSHQWUXvQGHSOLQLUHDXQHLIXQFĠLLGHFăWUHXQXOVDX
PDLPXOĠLH[HFXWDQĠLFXSUHJăWLUHúLGHSULQGHULQHFHVDUHvQFRQGLĠLLWHKQLFHRU
JDQL]DWRULFHúLGHSURWHFĠLHDPXQFLLSUHFL]DWH
ÌQSUDFWLFDFRWLGLDQăVHPDLXWLOL]HD]ăQR‫܊‬LXQHDGHloc de muncă permanent
±ORFXOvQFDUHDQJDMDWXOVHDIOăPDLPXOWGHGLQ]LXDGHPXQFăVDXPDL
PXOWGHRUHvQFRQWLQXX'DFăOXFUăULOHVHIDFvQPDLPXOWHORFXULWRDWHVHYRU
FRQVLGHUDORFGHPXQFăSHUPDQHQW
Locul ocupaționalHVWHVSD‫܊‬LXOvQFDUHRDPHQLLv‫܈‬LHIHFWXHD]ăPXQFDSURIH
VLRQDOă(OVHFDUDFWHUL]HD]ăSULQFRQGL‫܊‬LLOHVDOHGHPHGLX‫܈‬LSULQVROLFLWăUL
Profesia FRQVWLWXLH PRGDOLWDWHDFRQFUHWă GH YDORULILFDUH DH[LVWHQĠHLXPDQH
LQGLYLGXDOHVWUXFWXUDWăvQPDUHSDUWHSHED]DXQHLSUHJăWLULSURIHVLRQDOHVWXGLL
FXQRúWLQĠHDELOLWă‫܊‬LúLGHSULQGHUL3URIHVLLOHGLIHUăSULQSDUWLFXODULWăĠLFHULQĠHELROR
JLFHDSWLWXGLQLIL]LFHIL]LRORJLFHSVLKLFHGHSHUFHSĠLHLQWHOHFWXDOHGHSHUVRQDOL
WDWH VRFLRSURIHVLRQDOH FDOLILFDUH UHFDOLILFDUH SHUVSHFWLYH RSHUDĠLL GH PXQFă
SULPDUHúLVHFXQGDUHPRGXOGHRUJDQL]DUHDPXQFLLXWLODMHIRORVLWHDPELDQĠDIL]LFă
ULVFXULOHSRWHQĠLDOHPăVXULREOLJDWRULLSHQWUXDVLJXUDUHDSURWHFĠLHLPXQFLL
Capacitatea de muncăUHSUH]LQWăWRWDOLWDWHDSRVLELOLWă‫܊‬LORUPRUIRORJLFH‫܈‬L
IXQF‫܊‬LRQDOH DOH LQGLYLGXOXL GH D HIHFWXD SURFHVXO GH PXQFă WLPS vQGHOXQJDW
PHQ‫܊‬LQkQG LQWHQVLWDWHD ‫܈‬L FDOLWDWHD PXQFLL DGLFă FRQVWLWXLH VWDUHD SVLKLFă
HPRĠLRQDOăúLIL]LRORJLFăDRUJDQLVPXOXLFDUHvLSHUPLWHRPXOXLVăHIHFWXH]HFD
OLWDWLYXQDQXPLWYROXPGHOXFUXvQWUXQDQXPLWWLPS
ÌQDFWLYLWDWHDSURIHVLRQDOăRULFHPXQFLWRUDQJDMDWVDODULDWDUHQHYRLHGH
condiţii de muncă±WRWDOLWDWHDIDFWRULORUGHPHGLXRFXSDĠLRQDOúLDSURFHVXOXLGH
PXQFăFHSRWLQIOXHQĠDFDSDFLWDWHDGHPXQFăúLVăQăWDWHDDQJDMDWXOXL&RQGLĠLLOH
GHPXQFăVXQWFDUDFWHUL]DWHGHSDWUXWLSXULGHIDFWRUL
D Factori fiziologici GHWHUPLQD‫܊‬L GH UHDOL]DUHD VDUFLQLORU SURIHVLRQDOH úL GH
PRGXO GHRUJDQL]DUHDUHDOL]ăULLDFHVWRU VDUFLQLLQWHQVLWDWHDPXQFLL
PXVFXOR±RVWHR±DUWLFXODUH LQWHQVLWDWHD PXQFLL QHXUR±SVLKR±VHQ]RUL
DOHSR]LĠLDvQWLPSXOPXQFLLGXUDWDPXQFLL]LOQLFVăSWăPkQDOUHJL
PXO GH PXQFă VXFFHVLXQHD SHULRDGHORU GH PXQFă úL GH UHSDXV vQ
FXUVXOFHORURUHGHPXQFăHIRUWXULVWDWLFHPLúFăULUHSHWLWLYHPXQFD
vQVFKLPEXULDOWHUQDWHPXQFDPRQRWRQăPXQFDDXWRPDWL]DWăHWF
E Factori igieniciOHJDĠLGHPHGLXOGHPXQFăfactori fizici ai mediului de
muncăWHPSHUDWXUDDHUXOXLXPLGLWDWHDDHUXOXLFXUHQĠLGHDHU]JR
Capitolul *V

PRWYLEUDĠLLPHFDQLFHUDGLDĠLLHOHFWURPDJQHWLFHQHLRQL]DQWHúLLRQL
]DQWH HWF factori chimici ± DJHQĠL FKLPLFL WR[LFH SURIHVLRQDOH
factori fizico–chimici SXOEHUL SURIHVLRQDOH factori biologici PL
FURELYLUXVXULSDUD]LĠL
F Factori ergonomiciFDUHGHSLQGGHUHODĠLDRP±PDúLQăExempleWUDFWRULVW±
WUDFWRUVWUXQJDUVWUXQJPHGLFXOVWRPDWRORJ±DSDUDWGHQWDUHWF
G Factori psihosociali VXQW IDFWRULL FDUH GHSLQG GH UHODĠLLOH SVLKRVRFLDOH
GLQWU±XQFROHFWLYGHPXQFăUHODĠLDúHIVXEDOWHUQUHODĠLDGLQWUHPHP
EULLXQHLHFKLSHGHPXQFăúLGHDVHPHQHDGHXQHOHSDUWLFXODULWăĠL
SVLKLFHLQGLYLGXDOHFRPSRUWDPHQWSHUVRQDOLWDWHHWF
&kQGYRUELPGHVSUHFRQGLĠLLGHPXQFăRSWLPHSUHVXSXQHPFRQGLĠLLOHOD
ORFXOGHPXQFăFDUHDVLJXUăPHQĠLQHUHDEXQHLFDSDFLWăĠLGHPXQFăCondiţiile de
muncă inofensiveVXQWFRQGLĠLLOHGHPXQFăvQFDUHIDFWRULLSURIHVLRQDOLQRFLYLúL
SHULFXORúLVXQWH[FOXúLVDXQLYHOXULOHDFHVWRUDQXGHSăúHVFQRUPDWLYHOHVWDELOLWH
Condiţiile de muncă nociveUHSUH]LQWăFRQGLĠLLOHGHPXQFăvQFDUHVXQWSUH]HQĠL
DQXPLĠLIDFWRULQRFLYLFHSRWDYHDDFĠLXQHQHIDYRUDELOăDVXSUDDQJDMDWXOXLúLVDX
DVXSUDXUPDúLORUDFHVWXLD
Factori ocupaţionali nociviQR[HOHVXQWIDFWRULLGHPHGLXVDXDLSURFHVX
OXLGHPXQFăFDUHvQDQXPLWHFRQGLĠLLGHLQWHQVLWDWHGXUDWăSRWSHULFOLWDVăQă
WDWHDSRWFDX]DEROLSURIHVLRQDOHSRWUHGXFHFDSDFLWDWHDGHPXQFăWHPSRUDUVDX
GHOXQJăGXUDWăSRWVSRULLQFLGHQĠDPRUELGLWăĠLLSURIHVLRQDOHDPRUELGLWă‫܊‬LLJH
QHUDOHVDXLQIHFĠLRDVHSRWDYHDLPSDFWDVXSUDVăQăWăĠLLXUPDúLORU

Componentele, scopul și sarcinile igienei muncii 

,JLHQDPXQFLLv‫܈‬LDUHvQFHSXWXULOHGLQFHOHPDLYHFKLWLPSXULÌQFăvQDQXO
v+U+LSRFUDWHSăULQWHOHPHGLFLQHLYRUEH‫܈‬WHGHDF‫܊‬LXQHDQRFLYăDSUDIXOXL
GHPLQăDVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXL3ăULQWHOHLJLHQHLPXQFLLHVWHFRQVLGHUDW%HUQDU
GLQR 5DPD]]LQL  DXWRUXO OXFUăULL Ä'H PRUELV DUWLILFXP GLDWULED´
Ä%ROLDOH‫܈‬FROLLDUWL‫܈‬WLORU´.
'H]YROWDUHDLJLHQHLPXQFLLFDUDPXUăLQGHSHQGHQWăDLJLHQHLDIRVWIXQGD
PHQWDWăGHSULPXOSURIHVRUGHLJLHQăDO8QLYHUVLWă‫܊‬LLGLQ0RVFRYD))(ULVPDQ
7UDWDWXOVăXÄ,JLHQDSURIHVLRQDOăDPXQFLLIL]LFH‫܈‬LLQWHOHFWXDOH´SX
EOLFDWvQHVWHRDGHYăUDWăHQFLFORSHGLHDFXQR‫܈‬WLQ‫܊‬HORUGHLJLHQăDPXQFLL
GLQDFHDYUHPH
&DGLVFLSOLQăDPHGLFLQHLSUHYHQWLYHLJLHQDPXQFLLFRQVWăGLQGRXăSăU‫܊‬L
 Bazele generale ale igienei munciiVWXGLD]ăOHJLWă‫܊‬LOHLQIOXHQ‫܊‬HLXQRUIDF
WRULDLPHGLXOXLRFXSD‫܊‬LRQDO‫܈‬LDLSURFHVXOXLGHPXQFăDVXSUDRUJDQLV
PXOXLHODERUHD]ăPăVXUL‫܈‬LPHWRGHGHSUHYHQLUHDLQIOXHQ‫܊‬HLORUQHJDWLYH
‫܈‬LLQFOXGHPDLPXOWHFRPSDUWLPHQWHSULQFLSDOHIL]LRORJLDPXQFLLFRQ
GL‫܊‬LLGHPLFURFOLPDWSUHVLXQHDDWPRVIHULFăLOXPLQDWYHQWLOD‫܊‬LHHWF
 Igiena muncii în diferite domenii ale economiei naționaleVWXGLD]ăDF‫܊‬LX
QHDFRPSOH[ăDFRQGL‫܊‬LLORUGHPXQFăDVXSUDVWăULLGHVăQăWDWH‫܈‬LFDSDFLWă‫܊‬LL
GHPXQFăDRDPHQLORUvQGLYHUVHGRPHQLLGHDFWLYLWDWH(DFXSULQGHLJLHQD
 PXQFLLvQLQGXVWULHvQDJULFXOWXUăLJLHQDPXQFLLLQWHOHFWXDOHLJLHQDPXQ
FLLSHUVRDQHORUFXGL]DELOLWă‫܊‬LKDQGLFDSDWHDYkUVWQLFLORUHWF
Scopul generalDOLJLHQHLPXQFLLHVWHSURILOD[LDLQIOXHQ‫܊‬HLQHJDWLYHDIDFWRULORU
QHIDYRUDELOLGHSURGXF‫܊‬LHDVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXLPHQ‫܊‬LQHUHDFDSDFLWă‫܊‬LLPD[LPHGH
PXQFăSHSDUFXUVXOvQWUHJXOXLSURFHVGHPXQFă‫܈‬LDSURGXFWLYLWă‫܊‬LLPXQFLL
6XEDVSHFWJHQHULFLJLHQDPXQFLLVWXGLD]ăFRQGL‫܊‬LLOHSURFHVXOXLWHKQRORJLF
FXHYLGHQ‫܊‬LHUHDHYHQWXDOHORUQR[HSURIHVLRQDOHFHSRWDF‫܊‬LRQDDVXSUDPXQFLWRULORU
ODORFXOGHPXQFăPRGLILFăULOHIL]LRORJLFHFHDXORFvQRUJDQLVPvQSURFHVXOGH
PXQFăRUJDQL]DUHDSURFHVXOXLGHPXQFăGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHDOLQIOXHQ‫܊‬HLOXL
DVXSUDFDSDFLWă‫܊‬LLGHPXQFăVWDUHDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLPXQFLWRULORUvQVFRSXOGHSLVWăULL
vPEROQăYLULORUvQVWDGLLFkWPDLSUHFRFHSUHYHQLUHDvPEROQăYLULORUSURIHVLRQDOH
‫܈‬LDDFFLGHQWHORUVWDUHD‫܈‬LHILFDFLWDWHDGLVSR]LWLYHORUVDQLWDURWHKQLFHPLMORDFH
ORULQGLYLGXDOHGHSURWHF‫܊‬LHFOLPDWXOSVLKRORJLFvQFROHFWLYLWă‫܊‬LOHGHPXQFă‫܈‬D
,JLHQDPXQFLL XUPăUH‫܈‬WHPDLPXOWHsarcini Vă SURPRYH]H ‫܈‬L VăPHQ‫܊‬LQă
JUDGXO PD[LP GH EXQăVWDUH IL]LFă PHQWDOă ‫܈‬L VRFLDOă D PXQFLWRULORU GLQ WRDWH
SURIHVLLOHVăSUHYLQăDSDUL‫܊‬LDGHYLHULORUGHODVWDUHDRSWLPăGHVăQăWDWHDPXQFL
WRULORUGLQFDX]DFRQGL‫܊‬LLORUQHIDYRUDELOHGHPXQFăVăSURWHMH]HPXQFLWRULLvQ
H[HUFLWDUHD SURIHVLHL vPSRWULYD DJHQ‫܊‬LORU QRFLYL SHQWUX VăQăWDWH Vă LGHQWLILFH
PRGLILFăULOHIL]LRORJLFHFDUH DXORFvQSURFHVXOGHPXQFăSUHFXP ‫܈‬L DJHQ‫܊‬LL
QRFLYLGLQ]RQHOHGHSURGXF‫܊‬LHSHQWUXHOLPLQDUHDDFHVWRUDDVLJXUkQGFRQGL‫܊‬LLOH
QHFHVDUH FD HIRUWXULOH IL]LFH ‫܈‬L PHQWDOH LPSXVH PXQFLWRULORU Vă FRUHVSXQGă
VWUXFWXULORUORUDQDWRPLFHIL]LRORJLFH‫܈‬LVWăULLSVLKRORJLFHSHQWUXDSUHvQWkPSLQD
WUDXPDWLVPXOGHSURGXF‫܊‬LHODORFXOGHPXQFă
5HLH‫܈‬LQGGLQ VDUFLQLOHVDOH SULQFLSDOH LJLHQDPXQFLL HODERUHD]ă FHULQ‫܊‬H ‫܈‬L
QRUPDWLYHLJLHQLFHFDED]ăDOHJLWă‫܊‬LORUGHDVDQDUHDFRQGL‫܊‬LLORUGHPXQFăHODER
UHD]ăPăVXULSHQWUXRUJDQL]DUHDUD‫܊‬LRQDOăDUHJLPXOXLGHPXQFă‫܈‬LGHRGLKQăSH
FDUHOHSURPRYHD]ăSHQWUXLPSOHPHQWDUHvQSUDFWLFDFRWLGLDQăDSOLFăvQvQWUHSULQ
GHULSURJUDPH VDQLWDUH FDUH VăDFRSHUHWRDWH DVSHFWHOH VăQăWă‫܊‬LL HODERUHD]ă ‫܈‬L
DSOLFăUHJXOLVDQLWDUHSHQWUXDPHQDMDUHD‫܈‬LvQWUH‫܊‬LQHUHDvQWUHSULQGHULORULQGXVWULDOH

Metodele de cercetare a igienei muncii 

0HWRGHOHGHVWXGLXDSOLFDWHvQLJLHQDPXQFLLVHvPSDUWvQGRXăFODVH
,Metode de studiereFHUFHWDUHDIDFWRULORUGHPHGLX
PHWRGDGHVFULHULLVDQLWDUHGHREVHUYDĠLHVDXDYL]DUHDVDQLWDUă
PHWRGHRUJDQROHSWLFH
PHWRGHGHODERUDWRU
DIL]LFH
EFKLPLFH
FELRORJLFH
PLFURELRORJLFH
YLUXVRORJLFH
SDUD]LWRORJLFH

Capitolul *V

,,Metode de investigaţie a reacţiilor de răspuns ale organismuluiODDFĠLXQHD

IDFWRULORUGHPHGLX
IL]LRORJLFH
FKLPLFH
HSLGHPLRORJLFH
VWDWLVWLFH 
H[SHULPHQWDOHSHQWUXVWDELOLUHDFRQFHQWUDĠLLORUPD[LPDODGPLVLELOH
Metoda avizării igienice GH REVHUYDĠLH UHSUH]LQWă XQD GLQWUH FHOH PDL
YHFKLPHWRGHGHFHUFHWDUHLJLHQLFă3ULPHOHREVHUYDĠLLLJLHQLFHVHIDFXWLOL]kQG
PHWRGDDYL]ăULLLJLHQLFHGXSăFDUHVHUHFXUJHODPHWRGHGHFHUFHWDUHLQVWUXPHQ
WDOă D PHGLXOXL DPELDQW úL OD PHWRGH FH vQUHJLVWUHD]ă UHDFĠLD RUJDQLVPXOXL OD
DFĠLXQHDPHGLXOXLH[WHUQ$YDQWDMHOHGHED]ăDOHDFHVWHLPHWRGHVXQWDFFHVLELOL
WDWHDúLVLPSOLWDWHD&KLDUúLvQSUH]HQW FkQG VHSUDFWLFăFHUFHWăULLQVWUXPHQWDOH
FRPSOLFDWHPHWRGDDYL]ăULLLJLHQLFHRFXSăXQORFLPSRUWDQWvQDUVHQDOXOPLMORD
FHORUGHFHUFHWDUHLJLHQLFă$YL]DUHDLJLHQLFăDRELHFWLYXOXLUHSUH]LQWăRFHUFHWDUH
FRPSOH[ă FDUH LQFOXGH XQ úLU GH GHWHUPLQăUL XQHRUL GHWHUPLQăUL LQVWUXPHQWDOH
FRPSOLFDWHXWLOL]kQGPHWRGHFHGHWHUPLQăUHDFĠLDRUJDQLVPXOXLODDFĠLXQHDRELHF
WXOXLFHUFHWDWÌQED]DXQHLDVHPHQHDFHUFHWăULLJLHQLFHFRPSOH[HVHHODERUHD]ă
UHFRPDQGăULLJLHQLFH
6DUFLQDPHWRGHLGHDYL]DUHLJLHQLFăHVWHDSUHFLHUHDVWăULLVDQLWDUHDXQXL
DQXPLWRELHFWLYLJLHQLFGXSăVHPQHOHH[WHUQHVDXSURSULHWăĠLOHRELHFWXOXLFDUH
GLUHFWVDXLQGLUHFWSRWDIHFWDVăQăWDWHDRPXOXL(YLGHQĠLLQGSDUWLFXODULWăĠLOHPH
WRGHLGHDYL]DUHLJLHQLFăSRDWHILLGHQWLILFDWăDFĠLXQHDQHIDYRUDELOăDXQRUIDFWRUL
GLQPHGLXOH[WHUQDVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXL
ÌQFD]XODYL]ăULLLJLHQLFHDRELHFWXOXLGHVHRULVHLDXvQFRQVLGHUDUHSOkQ
JHULOHSHUVRDQHORUFDUHDXFRQWDFWFXRELHFWXOVWXGLDWGHRDUHFHGDWHOHVXELHFWLYH
LQGLFăSRVLELOLWDWHDDFĠLXQLLRELHFWXOXLDVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXLILLQGLQGLFDWRUXOGH
ED]ăvQHIHFWXDUHDLQYHVWLJDĠLLORULQVWUXPHQWDOHúLFOLQLFHGHWDOLDWH3HQWUXUHDOL
]DUHDDFHVWHLVDUFLQLvQFKHVWLRQDUVHLQFOXGvQWUHEăULFXYDULDQWHGHUăVSXQVXUL
SRVLELOH$YL]ăULLLJLHQLFHVXQWVXSXVHWRDWHRELHFWHOHPHGLXOXLH[WHUQVXUVHOHGH
DSăORFXULOHGHPXQFă úLGHRGLKQăDOHDQJDMD‫܊‬LORULQVWLWXĠLLOHGHvQYăĠăPkQWúL
FHOHPHGLFDOHHWFFRQGLĠLLOHGHYLDĠăúLGHPXQFăDOHSRSXODĠLHL
/DDSUHFLHUHDLJLHQLFăDvQWUHSULQGHULORULQGXVWULDOHRGHRVHELWăLPSRUWDQĠă
DUHDYL]DUHDLJLHQLFăDSURFHVXOXLWHKQRORJLFFDUHDUHGUHSWVFRSHYLGHQĠLHUHDVXU
VHORUGHVXEVWDQĠHWR[LFHGHSUDISDUWLFXODULWăĠLOHGLVWULEXLULLORUvQWLPSFRQGLĠLLOH
GHDFĠLXQHDVXSUDPXQFLWRULORUúLDDOWRUWR[LFHLQGXVWULDOHÌQLQVWLWXĠLLOHPHGLFR
VDQLWDUHVHĠLQHFRQWGHWRDWHSDUWLFXODULWăĠLOHRUJDQL]ăULLPHGLXOXLLQWHUQFHFUHHD]ă
FRQGLĠLLRSWLPHvQWUDWDUHDSDFLHQĠLORUSUHYHQLUHDLQIHFĠLLORULQWUDVSLWDOLFHúWLúLFRQ
GLĠLLIDYRUDELOHSHQWUXDFWLYLWDWHDSURIHVLRQDOăDSHUVRQDOXOXLPHGLFDO
Metodele organolepticeGHSLQGGHDFXLWDWHDRUJDQHORUGHVLP‫܊‬DOHFHUFHWăWR
ULORUFDUHQHGDXSUHFLVGDWHGHVSUHVWDUHDRELHFWHORUGDUQX‫܈‬LFDQWLWDWHDDFHVWRUD
 ÌQLJLHQDPXQFLLVXQWXWLOL]DWHSHODUJmetodele de laboratorIL]LFHGHWHUPL
QDUHDWHPSHUDWXULLXPLGLWă‫܊‬LLHWFFKLPLFHGHWHUPLQDUHDFRPSRQHQ‫܊‬HLVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HORU
FKLPLFHELRORJLFHFHUFHWăULOHPLFURELRORJLFHYLUXVRORJLFHSDUD]LWRORJLFHHWF
Metoda fiziologicăSXQHvQHYLGHQ‫܊‬ăUHDFWLYLWDWHDRUJDQLVPXOXLID‫܊‬ăGHFRQGL
‫܊‬LLOHGHPXQFă6HIRORVH‫܈‬WHODGHWHUPLQDUHDPDQLIHVWăULORUIXQF‫܊‬LRQDOHDOH
RUJDQLVPXOXLFDUăVSXQVODPRGLILFăULOHPHGLXOXL
Metodele clinice‫܈‬Lde laboratorVXQWXWLOL]DWHSHQWUXDSUHFLHUHDGHUHJOăULORUFH
VHSURGXFvQRUJDQLVPVXEDF‫܊‬LXQHDIDFWRULORUQRFLYLDGLFăSHQWUXGLDJQRV
WLFXOEROLORU
Metoda epidemiologicăVHDSOLFăODFHUFHWDUHDIHQRPHQHORUPRUELGHFXFDUDF
WHUGHPDVăFXVFRSXOGHDLQGLFDPLMORDFHOHGHFRPEDWHUH‫܈‬LGHSURILOD[LH
DPDODGLLORU
Metodele statisticeVHIRORVHVFODVWXGLHUHDVWUXFWXULL‫܈‬LVWDGLLORUGLQDPLFHDOH
VăQăWă‫܊‬LL SRSXOD‫܊‬LHL VDX DOH XQXL JUXS GH PXQFLWRUL GLQWUR RUJDQL]D‫܊‬LH
$FHVWHPHWRGHFRQWULEXLHODVWDELOLUHDUHOD‫܊‬LLORUGLQWUHFRQGL‫܊‬LLOHGHPXQFă
‫܈‬LPRUELGLWDWHDJHQHUDOă‫܈‬LSURIHVLRQDOă
Metodele experimentaleVXQWvQWUHEXLQ‫܊‬DWHSHQWUXVWDELOLUHDQRUPHORUVDQLWDUH
‫܈‬LPDLDOHVDFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LLORUPD[LPDGPLVLELOHDOHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HORU1RUPDUHD
LJLHQLFăWUHEXLHVăDVLJXUHXQQLYHODOIDFWRULORUQRFLYLvQOLPLWHOHLQRIHQ
VLYHSHQWUXRUJDQLVPLDUFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LDPD[LPDGPLVLELOă&0$GHSROX
DQ‫܊‬LUHSUH]LQWăDFHDFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LHGHWHUPLQDWăSULQPHWRGHPRGHUQHFDUH
QXH[HUFLWăHIHFWHGLUHFWHVDXLQGLUHFWHDVXSUDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLQXSURGXFHVHQ]D‫܊‬LL
VXELHFWLYH‫܈‬LQXDIHFWHD]ăFDSDFLWDWHDGHPXQFăDRPXOXL
3HQWUXFHUFHWDUHDFRQGLĠLLORUGHPXQFăDOHXQHLLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLvQWUHSULQGHULLvQ
PHWRGRORJLDGHFHUFHWDUHVHLQFOXGGDWHOHGHLGHQWLILFDUHDLQVWLWX‫܊‬LHLvQWUHSULQGHULL
vQFDX]ăRELHFWXOGHDFWLYLWDWHSURFHVXOWHKQRORJLFVHFĠLLOHDWHOLHUHOHSHQWUXFHU
FHWDUHVDODULDĠLLFRQIRUPSURIHVLXQLORUVH[XOXLYkUVWHLVHVWXGLD]ăUHJLPXOGH
PXQFăGXUDWD]LOHLGHPXQFăVFKLPEXULDOWHUQDQWHSURJUDPGHQRDSWHSDX]H
RUH VXSOLPHQWDUH SODQXO JHQHUDO DPSODVDUH vQ WHULWRULX  H[WHULRU LQWHULRU
DSURYL]LRQDUHDFXDSăSRWDELOăDSăLQGXVWULDOăvQGHSăUWDUHDQHXWUDOL]DUHDUH]L
GXXULORUVHVSHFLILFăSUH]HQ‫܊‬DvQFăSHULORUDX[LOLDUHVRFLDOVDQLWDUHVHVWXGLD]ă
DVLVWHQĠDPHGLFDOăLQFOXVLYSULPDMXWRUDFRUGDWăDQJDMD‫܊‬LORUVHHVWLPHD]ăULV
FXULOHSURIHVLRQDOHJUXSXULOHH[SXVH‫܈‬LSUREOHPHOHGHVăQăWDWHvQPXQFăFDUDF
WHULVWLFHDQJDMD‫܊‬LORULQVWLWX‫܊‬LHLvQWUHSULQGHULLUHVSHFWLYHFXSURSXQHULSHUWLQHQWH
GHUH]ROYDUHVDXUHPHGLHUH
3HQWUXFHUFHWDUHDFRQGLĠLLORUGHPXQFăDOHXQHLVHF‫܊‬LLGLQLQVWLWX‫܊‬LHvQWUHSULQ
GHUHvQPHWRGRORJLDGHFHUFHWDUHVHLQFOXGGDWHOHGHLGHQWLILFDUHDVHF‫܊‬LHLUHVSHF
WLYHDPSODVDUHDHLvQvQWUHSULQGHUHLQVWLWX‫܊‬LHVH VSHFLILFăRELHFWXO GHDFWLYLWDWH
VDODULDĠLLSURIHVLXQLVH[YkUVWăVHGHVFULHSURFHVXOWHKQRORJLFRUJDQL]DUHDX
WRPDWL]DUH PHFDQL]DUH PDWHULL SULPH LQWHUPHGLDUHDFFLGHQWDOH SURGXV ILQLW
HWDQúHLWDWHYHQWLODĠLHvQFăO]LUHLOXPLQDWFXEDMúLVXSUDIDĠăUDSRUWDWHODQXPăUGH
PXQFLWRULQR[HSRVLELOHVHVWXGLD]ăUHJLPXOGHPXQFăGXUDWD]LOHLGHPXQFă
Capitolul *V

VFKLPEXULGHQRDSWHSDX]HRUHVXSOLPHQWDUHVHHQXPHUăvQFăSHULOHDX[LOLDUHVR
FLDOVDQLWDUHDSăUH]LGLLVHVWXGLD]ăULVFXULOHSURIHVLRQDOHVXUVHLQWHQVLWDWHFDQ
WLWDWHJUXSXULH[SXVHVHVSHFLILFăFDUHDQXPHQXPăUXODFHVWRUDVHHVWLPHD]ă
PăVXULOHGHFRPEDWHUHúLDSUHFLHUHDHILFLHQĠHLDFHVWRUDVHLGHQWLILFăSUREOHPHOH
GHVăQăWDWHvQPXQFă‫܈‬LVHSURSXQPăVXULGHULJRDUHSHQWUXUH]ROYDUH

Securitatea și sănătatea la locul de muncă. 

6HFXULWDWHD‫܈‬LVăQăWDWHDvQPXQFăUHSUH]LQWăXQDQVDPEOXGHDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LGHRU
GLQVRFLDOHFRQRPLFRUJDQL]DWRULFWHKQLFWHKQRORJLFLJLHQLF‫܈‬LSURILODFWLFFXUD
WLYDYkQGFDVFRSFUHDUHD‫܈‬LDVLJXUDUHDFHORUPDLEXQHFRQGL‫܊‬LLSHQWUXRPXQFă
vQDOWSURGXFWLYăDSăUDUHDYLH‫܊‬LLVăQăWă‫܊‬LLLQWHJULWă‫܊‬LLIL]LFH‫܈‬LSVLKLFHDOXFUăWRULORU
2UJDQL]DĠLD,QWHUQDĠLRQDOăD0XQFLL2,0HVWLPHD]ăFăDQXDOSHVWH
PLOLRDQH GH OXFUăWRUL VXIHUă DFFLGHQWH XUPDWH GH LQFDSDFLWDWH WHPSRUDUă GH
PXQFăúLVHSURGXFDSUR[LPDWLYPLOLRDQHGHFD]XULGHvPEROQăYLULSURIHVL
RQDOHÌQILHFDUH]LVHvQUHJLVWUHD]ăGHFHVHFDXUPDUHDDFFLGHQWHORUGH
PXQFăúLDEROLORUSURIHVLRQDOHLDUDSUR[LPDWLYOXFUăWRULVXQWWUDXPDĠL
]LOQLFODORFXOGHPXQFă
8QPHGLXGHOXFUXVăQăWRVúLPDLLPSRUWDQWVLJXUDIRVWvQWRWGHDXQDDWkW
XQIDFWRUGHFDUHGHSLQGHFDOLWDWHDYLHĠLLILHFăUHLSHUVRDQHFkWúLRSUHRFXSDUH
SHQWUX RULFH VRFLHWDWH GH]YROWDWă $FFLGHQWHOH PRUWDOH VDX JUDYH OD ORFXO GH
PXQFăQXDIHFWHD]ăGRDUYLFWLPHOHFLDXXQLPSDFWPDMRUúLDVXSUDIDPLOLLORUúL
DQJDMDWRULORU&HDPDLLPSRUWDQWăUHVXUVăDXQHLvQWUHSULQGHULRFRQVWLWXLHIRUĠD
GHPXQFă3HQWUXRULFHDFWLYLWDWHLQGLIHUHQWGHGLPHQVLXQHDDFHVWHLDVFRSXOIL
QDOWUHEXLHVăILHSUHYHQLUHDDFFLGHQWHORUúLDvPEROQăYLULORUFDSDUWHLQWHJUDQWă
DXQHLDERUGăULPDQDJHULDOHHILFLHQWHvQPăVXUăVăHYLWHFRVWXULOHPDULJHQHUDWH
GHDFFLGHQWHúLGHvPEROQăYLUL‫܈‬LVăDVLJXUHvPEXQăWă‫܊‬LUHDSURGXFWLYLWăĠLLPXQFLL
3URFHVHGHSURGXF‫܊‬LHVDXOXFUăULFDUHVăQXILHvQVR‫܊‬LWHGHDQXPL‫܊‬LIDFWRUL
GHULVFSURIHVLRQDOQXH[LVWă&RQGL‫܊‬LLOHUHDOHGHPXQFăVXQWFDUDFWHUL]DWHGH
UHJXOăGHSUH]HQ‫܊‬DDQXPLWRUIDFWRULGHULVFFDUHSUH]LQWăSHULFROGHDFFLGHQWDUH
VDXGHvPEROQăYLUHDOXFUăWRULORU6DUFLQDIXQGDPHQWDOăDDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LORUGHVHFXUL
WDWH ‫܈‬L VăQăWDWH ODORFXO GH PXQFăHVWHGHD UHGXFHODPLQLPXPSUREDELOLWDWHD
DIHFWăULLVDXvPEROQăYLULLOXFUăWRULORU‫܈‬LFRQFRPLWHQWFUHDUHDFRQIRUWXOXLvQDF
WLYLWDWHDGHPXQFă
&RQGL‫܊‬LRQDOIDFWRULLULVFXULOHGHSURGXF‫܊‬LHSRWILGLYL]D‫܊‬LvQGRXăJUXSH
D Factori de producție periculoși±IDFWRULLFDUHDF‫܊‬LRQkQGDVXSUDOXFUăWRUX
OXLvQDQXPLWHFRQGL‫܊‬LLSURYRDFăWUDXPăVDXvQUăXWă‫܊‬LUHDEUXVFăDVWăULLGH
VăQăWDWH ([HPSOHSăU‫܊‬LOHFRQGXFăWRDUHGHFXUHQWHOHFWULFDOHXWLODMXOXL
QHL]RODWH GHVFKLVH SRVLELOLWDWHD FăGHULLGHOD vQăO‫܊‬LPHD XQRU RELHFWH
GHWDOLLVDXDOXFUăWRUXOXLSUH]HQ‫܊‬DUHFLSLHQWHORUVXESUHVLXQHVDXFXVXE
VWDQ‫܊‬HGăXQăWRDUHHWF
E Factori de producție nocivi±IDFWRULLGHSURGXF‫܊‬LHFDUHDF‫܊‬LRQkQGDVX
SUDOXFUăWRUXOXLvQDQXPLWHFRQGL‫܊‬LLSURYRDFăvPEROQăYLUHVDXVFăGH
UHDFDSDFLWă‫܊‬LLGHPXQFă([HPSOHSUH]HQ‫܊‬DvQDHUXO]RQHLGHPXQFăD
 LPSXULWă‫܊‬LORUQRFLYHVXEIRUPăGHJD]HYDSRULSUDIXULFRQGL‫܊‬LLPHWHR
URORJLFHQHIDYRUDELOHUDGLD‫܊‬LLWHUPLFHYLEUD‫܊‬LL]JRPRWLOXPLQDUHLQVX
ILFLHQWăFkPSXULHOHFWURPDJQHWLFHUDGLD‫܊‬LLLRQL]DQWHVDXGHDOWăQDWXUă
OXFUXOIL]LFJUHX‫܈‬LLQWHQVLYSUH]HQ‫܊‬DPLFURRUJDQLVPHORUVDXLQVHFWHORU
GăXQăWRDUHHWF
3RWULYLWOHJLVOD‫܊‬LHLQD‫܊‬LRQDOHvQYLJRDUH&RGXOPXQFLLDSUREDWSULQ/HJHD
QU;9GLQ/HJHDQU;9GLQFXSULYLUHOD,Q
VSHFWRUDWXOGH6WDWDO0XQFLL/HJHDQU;,9GLQDVLJXUăULLSHQ
WUXDFFLGHQWHGHPXQFăúLEROLSURIHVLRQDOH/HJHDQU;9,GLQLXOLH
VHFXULWăĠLLúLVăQăWăĠLLvQPXQFă/HJHDQUGLQSULYLQGFRQWUROXO
GHVWDWDVXSUDDFWLYLWăĠLLGHvQWUHSULQ]ăWRU/HJHDQUGLQFXSULYLUH
ODPLQLPXOGHH[LVWHQĠă‫܈‬D DQJDMDWRUXO HVWHREOLJDWVă DVLJXUH VHFXULWDWHD ‫܈‬L
VăQăWDWHDOXFUăWRULORUVăLDPăVXULOHQHFHVDUHSHQWUXDVLJXUDUHDVHFXULWă‫܊‬LL‫܈‬LVă
QăWă‫܊‬LLODORFXOGHPXQFăSHED]DXQRUSULQFLSLLJHQHUDOHGHSUHYHQLUHHYLWDUHD
ULVFXULORU HYDOXDUHD ULVFXULORU FDUH QX SRW IL HYLWDWH FRPEDWHUHD ULVFXULORU OD
VXUVăDGDSWDUHDPXQFLLODRPDGDSWDUHDODSURJUHVXOWHKQLFGH]YROWDUHDXQHL
SROLWLFLGHSUHYHQLUHFDUHVăLQFOXGăWHKQRORJLLOHRUJDQL]DUHDPXQFLLFRQGL‫܊‬LLOH
GHPXQFăUHOD‫܊‬LLOHVRFLDOH‫܈‬LLQIOXHQ‫܊‬DIDFWRULORUGLQPHGLXOGHPXQFă
3UHYHGHULOH OHJDOH DFRSHUăWRDWHVIHUHOHGHDFWLYLWDWHDWkWSXEOLFHFkW‫܈‬L
SULYDWHGDU‫܈‬LGRPHQLXODVLJXUăULORUVRFLDOHHJDOLWă‫܊‬LLGH‫܈‬DQVHGLQWUHIHPHL‫܈‬L
EăUED‫܊‬L IDF UHIHULUL VSHFLILFHOHJDWH GH DQXPLWH FDWHJRULL GH VDODULD‫܊‬L FX QHYRL
VSHFLDOHVDXODSHULRDGDGHPDWHUQLWDWH‫܈‬LUDWLILFăWRWRGDWăFRQYHQ‫܊‬LLOHDGRSWDWH
GHDOXQJXOWLPSXOXLGH2UJDQL]D‫܊‬LD,QWHUQD‫܊‬LRQDOăD0XQFLL2,0
3URWHF‫܊‬LDPXQFLLVDXQRUPHOHGHVHFXULWDWH‫܈‬LVăQăWDWHvQPXQFăVHUHIHUă
ODWRWDOLWDWHDPăVXULORUPHQLWHVăSUHYLQă‫܈‬LVăFRQWUROH]HULVFXULOHGHYăWăPDUH
‫܈‬L GH vPEROQăYLUH D VDODULD‫܊‬LORU FD R FRQVHFLQ‫܊‬ă D DFWLYLWă‫܊‬LL ORU SURIHVLRQDOH
$FHVWVLVWHPGHUHJXOL‫܈‬LGHDF‫܊‬LXQLSUHVXSXQHLQIRUPDUHDFRQVXOWDUHDLQVWUXLUHD
‫܈‬LSURWHMDUHDDQJDMD‫܊‬LORU‫܈‬LDUHSUH]HQWDQ‫܊‬LORUDFHVWRUDSUHFXP‫܈‬LYHULILFDUHDDSOL
FăULLFRUHFWHDQRUPHORUVWDELOLWHSRWULYLWOHJLORUvQYLJRDUH(VWHREOLJD‫܊‬LDRULFă
UXLDQJDMDWRUVăDVLJXUHVDODULD‫܊‬LORUXQPHGLXVLJXUGHOXFUXLDUDFH‫܈‬WLDGLQXUPă
WUHEXLHVăUHVSHFWHODUkQGXOORUUHJXOLOHLPSXVH2ULFHDEDWHUHGHODSUHYHGHULOH
OHJDOHHVWHVDQF‫܊‬LRQDWăFRQIRUPOHJLL
5HVSHFWDUHD QRUPHORU GH SURWHF‫܊‬LH D PXQFLL HVWH HVHQ‫܊‬LDOă GHRDUHFH SRW
SUHYHQLVLWXD‫܊‬LLFRPSOLFDWH‫܈‬LH[WUHPGHQHSOăFXWHSHQWUXDQJDMDWRUGDU‫܈‬LSHQWUX
VDODULDW$SOLFDUHDSUHYHGHULORUOHJLVODWLYHvQSUDFWLFDGHPXQFăDMXWăODHYLWDUHD
ULVFXULORU SURIHVLRQDOH ‫܈‬L ODHYDOXDUHD DFHORUD FDUH QX SRW IL HYLWDWH SUHVXSXQ
LGHQWLILFDUHD‫܈‬LFRPEDWHUHDFDX]HORUFDUHGXFODDSDUL‫܊‬LDDQXPLWRUULVFXULODORFXO
GHPXQFăODFUHDUHDXQRUFRQGL‫܊‬LLGHPXQFăDGDSWDWHQHYRLORURDPHQLORUSURLHF
WDUHDORFXULORUGHPXQFăDOHJHUHDHFKLSDPHQWXOXLWHKQLFHODERUDUHDPHWRGHORUGH
PXQFăSHQWUXHYLWDUHDDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LORUPRQRWRQH‫܈‬LDFHORUGHVIă‫܈‬XUDWHvQWURFDGHQ‫܊‬ă
SUHGHWHUPLQDWă‫܈‬LFDUHDUSXWHDDYHDHIHFWHQRFLYHDVXSUDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLSUHVXSXQUH
JkQGLUHDFRQFHSWXOXLGHSHULFRO±DWXQFLFkQGPXQFDvQVLQHHVWHSHULFXORDVă‫܈‬LQX
VHSRWHYLWDVLWXD‫܊‬LLOHULVFDQWHVHJăVHVFVROX‫܊‬LLSHQWUXvQORFXLUHDSHULFROHORUFXQRQ
Capitolul *V

SHULFROHVDXSHULFROH PDL PLFL REOLJă OD GH]YROWDUHD XQRU SROLWLFL GH SUHYHQLUH
FXSULQ]ăWRDUH‫܈‬LFRHUHQWHvQFHHDFHSULYH‫܈‬WHJUDGXOGHWHKQRORJL]DUHRUJDQL]DUHD
PXQFLLDFRQGL‫܊‬LLORUGHGHVIă‫܈‬XUDUHDDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LLFRQVWUXLUHDUHOD‫܊‬LLORUVRFLDOH‫܈‬L
LQIOXHQ‫܊‬DIDFWRULORUGHPHGLXSULRULWL]HD]ăPăVXULOHGHSURWHF‫܊‬LHFROHFWLYăID‫܊‬ă
GHFHOHLQGLYLGXDOHSUHYăGLQVWUXF‫܊‬LXQLFODUHSHQWUXDQJDMD‫܊‬LDVWIHOvQFkWVăQX
H[LVWHYUHRFRQIX]LHvQDSOLFDUHDORUSURWHMHD]ăFDWHJRULLOHGHVDODULD‫܊‬LH[SXVHOD
ULVFXULGHDFFLGHQWDUH‫܈‬LGHvPEROQăYLUHPDLPXOWGHFkWUHVWXODQJDMD‫܊‬LORUREOLJă
DWkWVDODULDWXOFkW‫܈‬LDQJDMDWRUXOVăVHDGDSWH]HSHUPDQHQWODSURJUHVXOWHKQLF
/HJLVOD‫܊‬LD vQ YLJRDUH SUHYHGH GRXă PDUL WLSXUL GH QRUPH GH SURWHF‫܊‬LH D
PXQFLLJHQHUDOH‫܈‬LVSHFLILFH

Normele generale de protecție a munciiUHIHULWRDUHODVHFXULWDWHD‫܈‬LOD

VăQăWDWHDODORFXOGHPXQFăUHSUH]LQWăFDGUXOJHQHUDOSHQWUXHODERUDUHDQRUPH
ORUVSHFLILFH‫܈‬LDLQVWUXF‫܊‬LXQLORUSURSULLvQFDGUXOILHFăUHLFRPSDQLLvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGH
GRPHQLXOvQFDUHDFWLYHD]ă(OHVHDSOLFăvQWRDWHVHFWRDUHOHGHDFWLYLWDWHSXEOLFH
‫܈‬LSULYDWHLQGXVWULHDJULFXOWXUăFRPHU‫܊‬DGPLQLVWUD‫܊‬LHVHUYLFLLHGXFD‫܊‬LHFXOWXUă
‫܈‬LD‫܈‬DPDLGHSDUWH3UHYHGHULOHVXQWYDODELOHSHQWUXWRDWHSHUVRDQHOHIL]LFHMXUL
GLFHFDUH GHVIă‫܈‬RDUă DFWLYLWă‫܊‬LSXEOLFHQXFDVQLFHDWkWFDDQJDMDWRUFkW ‫܈‬L vQ
FDOLWDWHGHVDODULDWXFHQLFHOHYLVWXGHQ‫܊‬LUH]LGHQ‫܊‬LvQSHULRDGDHIHFWXăULLSUDF
WLFLLSURIHVLRQDOH
ÌQFD]XODFWLYLWă‫܊‬LORUFDUHIRORVHVFVXUVHGHUDGLD‫܊‬LLQXFOHDUH‫܈‬LFDUHSUHVXSXQ
DF‫܊‬LXQLVSHFLILFHGHSUHYHQLUH‫܈‬LVWLQJHUHDLQFHQGLLORUH[LVWăVHSDUDWGHQRUPHOH
JHQHUDOHGHSURWHF‫܊‬LHDPXQFLL1RUPHOHGHUDGLRSURWHF‫܊‬LH‫܈‬L1RUPHOHJHQHUDOHGH
SUHYHQLUH‫܈‬LGHVWLQJHUHDLQFHQGLLORU
1RUPHOHJHQHUDOHVHUHYL]XLHVFSHULRGLF‫܈‬LVHPRGLILFăRULGHFkWHRULHVWH
FD]XOvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHPRGLILFăULOHOHJLVODWLYHFDUHDSDUSHSDUFXUVFDXUPDUHDSUR
JUHVXOXLWHKQLF

Normele specifice de protecție a muncii VHDSOLFăODQLYHOQD‫܊‬LRQDO‫܈‬LVXQW

HPLVHGH0LQLVWHUXO0XQFLL‫܈‬L3URWHF‫܊‬LHL6RFLDOHFDUHVWDELOH‫܈‬WHUHJXOLFRQ‫܊‬LQX
WXOORUWHUPHQHOH‫܈‬LPHWRGRORJLDGHHODERUDUHÌQDWULEX‫܊‬LLOHREOLJDWRULLDOHDQJD
MDWRUXOXLLQWUăHODERUDUHDGHLQVWUXF‫܊‬LXQLSURSULLGHVHFXULWDWHFXVFRSXOGHWDOLHULL
‫܈‬LSHUVRQDOL]ăULLSUHYHGHULORUGLQQRUPHOHJHQHUDOH‫܈‬LVSHFLILFHGLQVWDQGDUGH‫܈‬L
GLQDOWHUHJOHPHQWăULGLQGRPHQLXvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHSDUWLFXODULWă‫܊‬LOHSURFHVHORUGH
PXQFă7RDWH QRUPHOH VSHFLILFHVWDQGDUGHOH LQVWUXF‫܊‬LXQLOH SDUWLFXODUL]DWH WUH
EXLHUHYL]XLWHSHULRGLFFDVăILHvQFRQFRUGDQ‫܊‬ăFXPRGLILFăULOHOHJLVODWLYH‫܈‬LFX
SURJUHVXOWHKQLF
1RUPHOHJHQHUDOH‫܈‬LVSHFLILFHGHVHFXULWDWH‫܈‬LGHVăQăWDWHODORFXOGHPXQFă
SUHVXSXQDQXPLWHGUHSWXUL‫܈‬LREOLJD‫܊‬LLFDUHvLYL]HD]ăGHRSRWULYăSHDQJDMDWRUL‫܈‬L
SHVDODULD‫܊‬L(VWHIRDUWHLPSRUWDQWFDILHFDUHSDUWHFDUHDVHPQDWFRQWUDFWXOLQGL
YLGXDOGHPXQFăSHQWUXVWDELOLUHDUHOD‫܊‬LLORUMXULGLFHGLQWUHDQJDMDWRU‫܈‬LVDODULD‫܊‬L
VăFXQRDVFăDFHVWHDWULEX‫܊‬LL‫܈‬LGUHSWXULSHQWUXFăvQFăOFDUHDQRUPHORUGHSURWHF‫܊‬LH
DPXQFLLDWUDJHGXSăVLQHVDQF‫܊‬LXQLSRWULYLWOHJLL
 (VWHREOLJDWRULXFDDQJDMDWRUXOLQGLIHUHQWGHVSUHFHGRPHQLXGHDFWLYLWDWH
HVWHYRUEDVăRIHUHILHFăUXLVDODULDWFRQGL‫܊‬LLGHPXQFăvQVLJXUDQ‫܊‬ă‫܈‬LFDUHQXvL
SXQVăQăWDWHDvQSHULFRO$QJDMDWRUXOWUHEXLHVăVHDVLJXUHFăWR‫܊‬LDQJDMD‫܊‬LLVăLVXQW
LQVWUXL‫܊‬LVXILFLHQWGHGHV‫܈‬LFRUHFWvQVSHFLDOVXEIRUPDLQIRUPD‫܊‬LLORU‫܈‬LLQVWUXF‫܊‬LX
QLORUGHOXFUXVSHFLILFHSRVWXOXLRFXSDW ,QVWUXLUHDSHQWUXSURWHF‫܊‬LDPXQFLLHVWH
REOLJDWRULHvQXUPăWRDUHOHVLWXD‫܊‬LL
x ODDQJDMDUH
x ODVFKLPEDUHDORFXOXLGHPXQFăVDXvQFD]XOXQXLWUDQVIHU
x ODLQWURGXFHUHDXQRUQRLHFKLSDPHQWHGHOXFUXVDXGDFăFHOH[LVWHQWHVWH
PRGLILFDW
x ODLQWURGXFHUHDRULFăUHLQRLSURFHGXULVDXWHKQRORJLL
x ODH[HFXWDUHDXQRUOXFUăULVSHFLDOH
,QVWUXLUHDDQJDMD‫܊‬LORUSHQWUXSURWHF‫܊‬LDPXQFLLHVWHDGDSWDWăHYROX‫܊‬LHLULVFXUL
ORUVDXDSDUL‫܊‬LHLGHULVFXULQRL‫܈‬LVHGHVIă‫܈‬RDUăSHULRGLFRULGHFkWHRULHVWHQHFHVDU
,QVWUXLUHDQXVHUHDOL]HD]ăSHFKHOWXLDODVDODULDWXOXL‫܈‬LQLFLDUHSUH]HQWDQ‫܊‬LORUVDOD
ULD‫܊‬LORUVLQGLFDWXOXLGDUVHHIHFWXHD]ăvQWLPSXOSURJUDPXOXLGHOXFUXvQLQWHULR
UXOILUPHLXQGHDFWLYHD]ăVDODULDWXOVDXvQDIDUDHL
,QVWUXFWDMXOUHDOL]DWGHVSHFLDOL‫܈‬WLvQVHFXULWDWHHVWHFRQVHPQDWvQIL‫܈‬DLQ
GLYLGXDOăGHLQVWUXFWDM‫܈‬LSUHVXSXQHWUHLID]H
D LQVWUXFWDMXOLQWURGXFWLYJHQHUDO±VHIDFHLQGLYLGXDOVDXvQJUXSXULGH
FHOPXOWGHSHUVRDQH‫܈‬LHVWHIăFXWGHFăWUHSHUVRDQDGHVHPQDWăGH
DQJDMDWRU
E LQVWUXFWDMXOODORFXOGHPXQFă±VHIDFHvQSHULRDGDGHSUREă‫܈‬LHVWH
RUJDQL]DWGH‫܈‬HIXOGLUHFWDOGHSDUWDPHQWXOXLvQFDUHXUPHD]ăVăVH
GHVIă‫܈‬RDUHDFWLYLWDWHDSUHVXSXQHH[HUFL‫܊‬LLSUDFWLFHSULYLQGXWLOL]DUHD
HFKLSDPHQWXOXL LQGLYLGXDO GH SURWHF‫܊‬LHD PLMORDFHORU GH DODUPDUH
LQWHUYHQ‫܊‬LHHYDFXDUH‫܈‬LGHSULPDMXWRUDGPLWHUHDODORFXOGHPXQFă
QX SRDWH IL IăFXWă GHFkWvQPRPHQWXOvQFDUHQRXODQJDMDW GHPRQ
VWUHD]ăFă‫܈‬LDvQVX‫܈‬LWFXQR‫܈‬WLQ‫܊‬HOHUHIHULWRDUHODSURWHF‫܊‬LDPXQFLL
F LQVWUXFWDMXOSHULRGLF±VHIDFHvQWUHJXOXLSHUVRQDOSHED]DXQHLWHPD
WLFLSăVWUDWăODSHUVRDQDFDUHHIHFWXHD]ăLQVWUXLUHD‫܈‬LHVWHRUJDQL]DW
GH‫܈‬HIXOXQXLORFGHPXQFăDUHFDVFRSDSURIXQGDUHDQRUPHORUGHSUR
WHF‫܊‬LH DPXQFLLHVWHFRPSOHWDW REOLJDWRULXGHGHPRQVWUD‫܊‬LL SUDFWLFH
LQWHUYDOXOGLQWUHGRXăLQVWUXFWDMHSHULRGLFHHVWHVWDELOLWSULQLQVWUXF‫܊‬L
XQLSURSULLSUHYă]XWHLQFOXVLYvQUHJXODPHQWXOLQWHUQGHDFWLYLWDWHD
LQVWLWX‫܊‬LHLGDUQXYDILPDLPDUHGH‫܈‬DVHOXQLSHQWUXSHUVRQDOXOWHK
QLFRDGPLQLVWUDWLYLQWHUYDOXOvQWUHGRXăLQVWUXFWDMHHVWHGHFHOPXOWXQ
DQ
ÌQFDGUXOILHFăUHLFRPSDQLLVDXLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLHVWHVWDELOLWăRVWUXFWXUăRUJDQL
]DWRULFă SHQWUX DFWLYLWă‫܊‬LOH GH SURWHF‫܊‬LH D PXQFLL ‫܊‬LQkQGXVHFRQW GH YROXPXO
DFWLYLWă‫܊‬LORUGHVIă‫܈‬XUDWHGHH[HPSOXQXPăUXOGHDQJDMD‫܊‬LYROXPXOGHSURGXF
‫܊‬LHULVFXULOHGHDFFLGHQWDUH‫܈‬QGHvPEROQăYLUHSURIHVLRQDOăPRGXOGHRUJDQL]DUH
Capitolul *V

WHULWRULDOăDDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LL6WUXFWXUDRUJDQL]DWRULFăGLIHUăGHODILUPăODILUPăGDFă
QXPăUXOGHDQJDMD‫܊‬LHVWHGHSHVWH±VHRUJDQL]HD]ăXQFRPSDUWLPHQWGHSURWHF
‫܊‬LHDPXQFLLRXQLWDWHFDUHHVWHvQVXERUGLQHDGLUHFWăDDQJDMDWRUXOXL3HUVRQDOXO
FXDWULEX‫܊‬LLvQGRPHQLXOSURWHF‫܊‬LHLPXQFLLWUHEXLHVăXUPH]HFXUVXULGHIRUPDUH‫܈‬X
GHSHUIHF‫܊‬LRQDUHvQGRPHQLX'DFăQXPăUXOGHDQJDMD‫܊‬LHVWHVXELQFOXVLYVH
GHVHPQHD]ăGHRELFHLXQVSHFLDOLVWvQVHFXULWDWHD‫܈‬HVăQăWDWHDvQPXQFăLDUGDFă
QXPăUXOGHDQJDMD‫܊‬LHVWHVXEDQJDMDWRUXOSRDWHRUJDQL]DVLQJXUDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LOHGH
SURWHF‫܊‬LHDPXQFLLGDFăDUHFRPSHWHQ‫܊‬HvQGRPHQLX
3HUVRDQHOHFXIXQF‫܊‬LHGHUăVSXQGHUHDQJDMDWRULLDQJDMD‫܊‬LLFDUHVHIDFYL
QRYDWHGHvQFăOFDUHDSUHYHGHULORUOHJLVODWLYHFH‫܊‬LQGHVHFXULWDWHD‫܈‬LVăQăWDWHDOD
ORFXOGHPXQFă‫܈‬LDDOWRUDFWHQRUPDWLYHGHUHIHULQ‫܊‬ăSRDUWăUăVSXQGHUHGLVFLSOL
QDUăDGPLQLVWUDWLYăPDWHULDOă‫܈‬LSHQDOăvQPRGXOVWDELOLWGHOHJLVOD‫܊‬LD5HSXEOLFLL
0ROGRYD

Măsurile de profilaxie în protecția muncii 

$FWLYLWă‫܊‬LOHvQPDWHULHGHSURWHF‫܊‬LHDPXQFLLVXQWJUXSDWHvQWUHLGRPHQLL
● SURPRYDUHD‫܈‬LPHQ‫܊‬LQHUHDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLPXQFLWRULORU‫܈‬LDDSWLWXGLQLLORUGH
PXQFă
● DPHOLRUDUHDFRQGL‫܊‬LLORU ‫܈‬LDPHGLXOXLGHPXQFă vQ YHGHUHDDVLJXUăULL
VăQăWă‫܊‬LL‫܈‬LVHFXULWă‫܊‬LLvQPXQFă
● LPSOHPHQWDUHDXQXLVLVWHPGHPDQDJHPHQWDOVăQăWă‫܊‬LL‫܈‬LDOVHFXULWă‫܊‬LL
vQPXQFăSHQWUXHILFLHQWL]DUHD‫܈‬LFRQWUROXODFWLYLWă‫܊‬LORUGLQGRPHQLXO
VăQăWă‫܊‬LLRFXSD‫܊‬LRQDOHvQEHQHILFLXODQJDMD‫܊‬LORU‫܈‬LDORUJDQL]D‫܊‬LHL
3HQWUX D DVLJXUD XQPDQDJHPHQWHILFLHQW DODFWLYLWă‫܊‬LORU GH SURWHF‫܊‬LHD PXQFLL
WUHEXLHvQGHSOLQLWHXUPăWRDUHOHPăVXUL
1. Măsuri organizatorice generaleVXEVWLWXLUHDWHKQRORJLLORUVDXPDWHULDOHORU
QRFLYHFXDOWHOHPDLSXĠLQULVFDQWHVDXLQRIHQVLYHJUXSDUHDúLVDXL]RODUHD
vQVSDĠLXVDXvQWLPSDXQXLSURFHVWHKQRORJLFVDXDXQHLRSHUDĠLLL]RODUHD
VHFĠLLORUVDXDWHOLHUHORUJHQHUDWRDUHGHQR[HSUHFXPúLDVXUVHORUFHOHSURGXF
SHQWUXDUHGXFHQXPăUXOSHUVRDQHORUH[SXVHvQFăGLQID]DGHSURLHFWDUHPR
GLILFDUHDXQXLSURFHVWHKQRORJLFSHQWUXDPLQLPDOL]DFRQWDFWXOPXQFLWRULORU
FXQRFLYLWăĠLOHUHGXFHUHDH[SXQHULLODHQHUJLHUDGLDQWăSULQEOLQGDMHFUDQDUH
VSRULUHDGLVWDQĠHLGLQWUHPXQFLWRULúLVXUVăOLPLWDUHDWLPSXOXLGHH[SXQHUH
YHQWLODĠLH ORFDOă SULQ H[KDXVWRDUH vPSLHGLFDUHD vPSUăúWLHULL SROXDQĠLORU
HYHQWXDOFRPELQDWăFXYHQWLODĠLHJHQHUDOăFXGLOXDUHDXWRPDWL]DUHDSURFH
VHORUGHPXQFăDSOLFDUHDVLPXOWDQăDPDLPXOWRUPLMORDFHGHFRPEDWHUHúL
FRQWUROXOVLVWHPDWLFDOHILFLHQĠHLPLMORDFHORUDSOLFDWHRUJDQL]DUHDIL]LRORJLFă
DPXQFLLGXUDWăLQWHQVLWDWHUHJLPSR]LĠLHGHOXFUXSDX]HFRQIRUWWHUPLF
OXPLQRVúLVRQRUSURLHFWDUHDHUJRQRPLFăDPDúLQLORUúLXQHOWHORUDVLJXUDUHD
RUGLQLLúLFXUăĠHQLHLHOLPLQDUHDFRUHFWăDGHúHXULORUDVLJXUDUHDFXLQVWDODĠLL
VDQLWDUHDGHFYDWHLJLHQDDSHLSRWDELOHúLDDOLPHQWDĠLHL‫܈‬D
2. Măsuri medico-sanitare:
D 5HFXQRDúWHUHD ULVFXOXL SURIHVLRQDO GHWHUPLQDUHD QR[HORU OD ORFXO GH
PXQFăHIHFWXDUHDVWXGLLORUHSLGHPLRORJLFHSHJUXSHGHSURIHVLXQLVDX
ORFGHPXQFăWHVWDUHîn vivoúLîn vitro
E 6HOHFWDUHDPHGLFDOăDIRUĠHLGHPXQFăGHVWLQDWăVăOXFUH]HvQPHGLXO
FXQRFLYLWăĠLH[DPHQPHGLFDOODDQJDMDUHDvQPXQFăH[DPHQHPHGL
FDOHSHULRGLFH
F 0RQLWRUL]DUHDVWăULLGHVăQăWDWHDJUXSXULORUGHPXQFLWRULH[SXúLULVFX
OXLGXSăvQFDGUDUHDvQPXQFă
3. Măsuri medico-socialeSURJUDPGHPXQFăUHGXVUHGXFHUHDSURJUHVLYăD
RUHORUGHPXQFăODFHLFHOXFUHD]ăvQPHGLXFXQR[HDFRUGDUHGLIHUHQĠLDWă
GHFRQFHGLLGHRGLKQăPDLOXQJLH[SXúLORUODULVFXULDOLPHQWDĠLDVXSOL
PHQWDUă  ÄGH SURWHFĠLH´ DVLJXUDWă JUDWXLW úL REOLJDWRULX OD ORFXULOH GH
PXQFăFHDXFRQGLĠLLJUHOHYăWăPăWRDUH‫܈‬D



Noțiuni generale despre fiziologia muncii 

)L]LRORJLDPXQFLLHVWHFRPSDUWLPHQWXOPHGLFLQHLRFXSDĠLRQDOHFDUHVWXGL
D]ăPRGLILFăULOHVWăULLIXQFĠLRQDOHDRUJDQLVPXOXLXPDQVXELQIOXHQĠDDFWLYLWăĠLL
GHSURGXFHUHUHDF‫܊‬LLOHDGDSWLYHDOHRUJDQLVPXOXLODGLIHULWHSURFHVHGHPXQFă
vQUDSRUWFXGLYHU‫܈‬LIDFWRULVSHFLILFLDLORFXOXLGHPXQFăHODERUHD]ăPHWRGHIL
]LRORJLFDUJXPHQWDWHGHRUJDQL]DUHDSURFHVXOXLGHPXQFăFHFRQWULEXLHODSUH
YHQLUHDRERVHOLLúLODPHQĠLQHUHDXQXLQLYHOvQDOWGHFDSDFLWDWHGHPXQFă
6FRSXO SH FDUHO XUPăUH‫܈‬WH IL]LRORJLD PXQFLL HVWH VWXGLHUHDFXQRD‫܈‬WHUHD
PRGLILFăULORUIXQF‫܊‬LRQDOHDOHRUJDQLVPXOXLvQWLPSXOPXQFLLGHWHUPLQDUHDOLPL
WHORUGHDGDSWDUHDOHRUJDQLVPXOXLODGLIHULWHWLSXULGHPXQFă‫܈‬LUHVSHFWLYHOD
ERUDUHDPăVXULORUQHFHVDUHSHQWUXFUHDUHDFRQGL‫܊‬LLORURSWLPHvQWLPSXOPXQFLL
ÌQIXQFĠLHGHFRQGLĠLLOHGHPXQFăúLGHHIRUWXOGHSXVSHQWUXUHDOL]DUHDHL
vQRUJDQLVPXOXPDQDSDUPRGLILFăULDOHIXQFĠLLORUIL]LRORJLFHDOHRUJDQHORUúLDOH
VLVWHPHORUFDUHSRWILPDLPXOWVDXPDLSXĠLQH[SULPDWH$FHVWHPRGLILFăULVXQW
VWXGLDWHGHIL]LRORJLDúLGHSVLKRORJLDPXQFLLLDUODQHFHVLWDWHVXQWVROLFLWDWH
DOWHUDPXULúWLLQĠLILFHSUHFXPSVLKRORJLDVRFLDOăúLJHQHULFăHUJRQRPLFăHVWH
WLFăWHKQLFăSVLKRLJLHQDHWF
Obiectivele fiziologiei munciiLQFOXGXQFHUFODUJGHFRPSRQHQWHVWXGLHUHD
OHJLWăĠLORUIL]LRORJLFHDOHPXQFLLIL]LFHúLLQWHOHFWXDOHFHUFHWDUHDPHFDQLVPHORU
IL]LRORJLFHFDUHGHWHUPLQăGLQDPLFDFDSDFLWăĠLLGHPXQFăDRPXOXLvQFRQGLĠLLOH
FRQWHPSRUDQHGHSURGXFHUHHYDOXDUHDPXQFLLGXSăJUDGXOGHVROLFLWDUHIL]LFăúL
QHXURSVLKLFăHODERUDUHDED]HORUIL]LRORJLFHDOHRUJDQL]ăULLUDĠLRQDOHDPXQFLL
Capitolul *V

LQFOX]kQGRSWLPL]DUHDPLúFăULORUSR]LĠLLORUGHPXQFăRUJDQL]DUHDORFXULORUGH
PXQFăULWPXOGHPXQFăHODERUDUHDUHJLPXULORUUDĠLRQDOHGHPXQFăúLGHRGLKQă
&XQRDúWHUHDDFHVWRURELHFWLYHHVWHH[WUHPGHLPSRUWDQWăSHQWUXWRĠLPHGL
FLL SHQWUX D FRQúWLHQWL]D FRQVHFLQĠHOH SUHSDWRORJLFH úL SDWRORJLFH SRVLELOH DOH
WXWXURUDQJDMDĠLORUGDUúLDOXFUăWRULORUPHGLFDOL
'LQSXQFWGHYHGHUHELRORJLFPXQFDHVWHRIXQFĠLHDRUJDQLVPXOXLFDUDFWH
UL]DWăSULQWURDQXPLWăYDORDUHIL]LRORJLFă3HQWUXUHDOL]ăULOHHILFLHQWHDOHRELHFWL
YHORUGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFăHVWHIRDUWHLPSRUWDQWGHDFXQRDúWHED]HOHIL]LRORJLFHDOH
PXQFLLFDUDFWHUXOPRGLILFăULORUIL]LRORJLFHDOHRUJDQLVPXOXLXPDQFHHDFHGHWHU
PLQăQHFHVLWDWHDFODVLILFăULLGLYHUVHORUDFWLYLWăĠL

Clasificarea fiziologică a activităţilor de muncă 

0XOWLWXGLQHD IRUPHORU DFWLYLWăĠLORU GH PXQFă VH FODVLILFă GH RELFHL vQ
PXQFL IL]LFH úL PXQFL LQWHOHFWXDOH $FHDVWă FODVLILFDUH HVWH XQD FRQGLĠLRQDOă
GHRDUHFHvQFRQGL‫܊‬LLDFWXDOHPXQFăIL]LFDSXUăVHvQWkOQH‫܈‬WHUDU'HDFHHDvQSUH
]HQWHVWHUHFXQRVFXWăXUPăWRDUHDFODVLILFDUHIL]LRORJLFăDDFWLYLWăĠLORUGHPXQFă
 0XQFăFXHIRUWIL]LFFRQVLGHUDELO
 0XQFăPHFDQL]DWă
 0XQFăDXWRPDWL]DWăVDXVHPLDXWRPDWL]DWă
 0XQFăGHJUXS
 0XQFăFXWHOHFRPDQGă
 0XQFăLQWHOHFWXDOă

Fiziologia muncii intelectuale

,JLHQDPXQFLLLQWHOHFWXDOHHVWHRUDPXUăDLJLHQHLPXQFLLFDUHVWXGLD]ăSDU
WLFXODULWă‫܊‬LOHDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LLLQWHOHFWXDOHDF‫܊‬LXQHDHLDVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXLHODERUHD]ă
PăVXULGHRFURWLUHDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLúLGHVSRULUHDSURGXFWLYLWă‫܊‬LLPXQFLL
ÌQ FRQGL‫܊‬LLOH SURJUHVXOXL WHKQLFR‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬LILF YROXPXO GH LQIRUPD‫܊‬LH FUH‫܈‬WH
SHUPDQHQWÌQVX‫܈‬LUHDDFHVWHLLQIRUPD‫܊‬LLúLGH]YROWDUHDLGHLORUQRLFHURFRQVLGH
UDELOăLQWHQVLILFDUHDDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LLLQWHOHFWXDOH0XQFDLQWHOHFWXDOăFXSULQGHGLYHUVH
JHQXULGHDFWLYLWDWHvQFDUHSUHGRPLQăSDUWLFLSDUHDVLVWHPXOXLQHUYRVFHQWUDO6D
FRQVWDWDWFăPXQFDLQWHOHFWXDOăLQFOXGHSDUĠLDOúLXQFRPSRQHQWDOPXQFLLIL]LFH
PHQĠLQHUHDFRUSXOXLvQWURSR]LĠLHDQXPLWăPL‫܈‬FăULYROXQWDUHúLLQYROXQWDUH0H
FDQL]DUHDúLDXWRPDWL]DUHDSURFHVHORUGHSURGXFĠLHFRQGL‫܊‬LRQHD]ăVFKLPEăULFRQ
VLGHUDELOHvQFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOPXQFLLÌQDFHVWIHOGHYLQLPSRUWDQWHYDULHWă‫܊‬LOHGHPXQFă
LQWHOHFWXDOăDRSHUDWRULORUúLDSHUVRQDOXOXLGHFRQGXFHUH&RQWUROXOSURFHVXOXLGH
SURGXFĠLHQHFHVLWăRFDOLILFDUHvQDOWăDPXQFLWRULORU
ÌQWLPSXOPXQFLLLQWHOHFWXDOHDXORFPRGLILFăULDOHPHWDEROLVPXOXLSXOVXOXL
GHYLQHPDLUDUWHQVLXQLLDUWHULDOHSRDWHVăFUHDVFăUHVSLUD‫܊‬LHLVHLQWHQVLILFă
0XQFDLQWHOHFWXDOăLQWHQVăúLLUDĠLRQDORUJDQL]DWăSRDWHILXUPDWăGHRERVHDOăúLGH
VXUPHQDM'HDFHHDHDWUHEXLHvQFHSXWă]LOQLFODDFHLD‫܈‬LRUăRIHULQGWRWRGDWăRU
JDQLVPXOXLRSHULRDGăGHLQFOXGHUHWUHSWDWăvQOXFUX1XPDLGXSăDFHDVWăSHULRDGă
FDSDFLWDWHDGHPXQFăDMXQJHODYDORDUHDHLPD[LPă
 (VWHGHRVHELWGHLPSRUWDQWăSODQLILFDUHDPXQFLL3UREOHPHOHFRPSOLFDWHVH
UH]ROYăODvQFHSXWXO]LOHLGHPXQFă3HSDUFXUVXO]LOHLGHPXQFăvQDIDUăGHSD
X]DSHQWUXPDVDGHSUkQ]VHUHFRPDQGăSDX]HGHPLQSHQWUXJLPQDVWLFD
GHSURGXFĠLH‫܈‬D(VWHQHFHVDUă‫܈‬LRGLKQDDFWLYăDWkWGXSă]LXDGHPXQFăFkWúL
vQ]LOHOHGHRGLKQăúLvQWLPSXOFRQFHGLXOXL8QUROLPSRUWDQWVHDFRUGăH[HUFL‫܊‬L
LORUIL]LFHVSRUWXOXLPXQFLLIL]LFHvQJRVSRGăULHSUDFWLFkQGWRWRGDWăúLDVWIHO
GHIRUPHGHRGLKQăFDYL]LRQDUHDILOPHORUIUHFYHQWDUHDWHDWUHORUDXGLHUHDPX
]LFLLOHFWXUDDUWLVWLFăGDQVXULOHDOWHKREE\XULHWF
3DUDOHOFXUHJLPXOUDĠLRQDOGHPXQFăúLGHRGLKQăSHQWUXRUJDQL]DUHDPXQ
FLLLQWHOHFWXDOHDXRPDUHLPSRUWDQĠăúLFRQGL‫܊‬LLOHGHOXFUX,OXPLQDUHDLQVXILFL
HQWă]JRPRWXODHUXOLPSXULILFDWFRQWULEXLHODRERVHDOăúLFKLDUODVXUPHQDM'LQ
DFHVWHFRQVLGHUHQWHFDPHUHOHGHOXFUXWUHEXLHVăILHVSD‫܊‬LRDVHDPHQDMDWHFXJXVW
úLDHULVLWHVLVWHPDWLF/RFXOGHPXQFăWUHEXLHVăILHFRQIRUWDELO‫܈‬LFRPRGVFDXQXO
FX VSHWHD]ă úL VSULMLQ SHQWUX EUD‫ ܊‬SHPDVă VH YD PHQĠLQH SHUPDQHQW R RUGLQH
H[HPSODUăWRDWHRELHFWHOHQHFHVDUHSHQWUXOXFUXVHYRUDUDQMDvQD‫܈‬DIHOFDVăILH
PHUHXODvQGHPkQă
5DQGDPHQWXOPXQFLLYDILPDLPDUHGDFăYDH[LVWDRDWPRVIHUăSVLKROR
JLFăELQHYRLWRDUHúLIDYRUDELOăDWkWvQFROHFWLYFkWúLvQIDPLOLH
&DSDFLWDWHDGHPXQFăHVWHLQIOXHQ‫܊‬DWăQHJDWLYGHFRQVXPXOEăXWXULORUDOFR
ROLFHúLDEX]XOVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HORUWRQL]DQWHFHDLWDUHFDIHDFDUHSHRSHULRDGăVFXUWă
SRWDYHDXQHIHFWSR]LWLYGDUvQVFXUWWLPSVXUYLQRERVHDODLQVRPQLDQHUYR]LWDWHD
VFăGHUHDDWHQĠLHL
0XQFDLQWHOHFWXDOăHVWHFDUDFWHULVWLFăSHQWUXPHGLFLvQYă‫܊‬ăWRULVFULLWRUL
DUWLúWLSLFWRULVDYDQ‫܊‬LúDGDUVHvQWkOQH‫܈‬WHúLvQSURGXFĠLHFRQVWUXFWRULLQJLQHUL
WHKQLFLHQLGLVSHFHULRSHUDWRULHWF$FHDVWăIRUPăGHPXQFăVHH[SULPăSULQ
QHFHVLWDWHDGHDSUHOXFUDXQYROXP IRDUWHPDUH GHLQIRUPDĠLHFXPRELOL]DUHD
PHPRULHLDWHQĠLHLúLSULQVWăULOHVWUHVDQWHIUHFYHQWH(IRUWXOIL]LFGHUHJXOăHVWH
QHvQVHPQDWúLFRQVWLWXLH 0-NFDOvQRUH 3HQWUXPXQFD
LQWHOHFWXDOăHVWHFDUDFWHULVWLFăKLSRFKLQH]LDDGLFăVFăGHUHDIRDUWHPDUHDDFWLYLWăĠLL
PRWRULLFHHDFHFRQWULEXLHODvQUăXWăĠLUHDUHDFWLYLWăĠLLRUJDQLVPXOXLúLFUHúWHUHDvQ
FRUGăULORUHPRĠLRQDOH+LSRFKLQH]LDHVWHXQIDFWRUQHIDYRUDELOGHSURGXFHUHúLSUH
]LQWăRFDX]ăDSDWRORJLHLVLVWHPXOXLFLUFXODWRU

Fiziologia muncii fizice 

0XQFDIL]LFăSUHVXSXQHGHVIă‫܈‬XUDUHDXQHLDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LIL]LFHvQGUHSWDWăVSUH
XQDQXPLWVFRSHVWHRDFWLYLWDWHSULQFDUHRPXOPRGLILFă‫܈‬LDGDSWHD]ăOXFUXULOH
GLQQDWXUăSHQWUXVDWLVIDFHUHDQHFHVLWă‫܊‬LORUVDOH
0XQFDFXHIRUWIL]LFVHFDUDFWHUL]HD]ăSULQVROLFLWDUHDSUHSRQGHUHQWăDDSDUD
WXOXLORFRPRWRUSULQFKHOWXLHOLFRQVLGHUDELOHGHHQHUJLH0-NFDO
úLPDLPXOWvQRUH(IRUWXOIL]LFFRQVWăvQDFWLYLWDWHDPXVFXODUăED]DWăSHWUDQ
VIRUPDUHDHQHUJLHLFKLPLFHvQHQHUJLHPHFDQLFăH[SULPDWăSULQFRQWUDFĠLLOHPXV
FXODUH
Capitolul *V

0XQFDIL]LFăGH]YROWăVLVWHPXOPXVFXODUVWLPXOkQGSURFHVHOHPHWDEROLFH
'DUPXQFDIL]LFăDUH‫܈‬LXQúLUGHLQIOXHQĠHQHJDWLYHLQHILFLHQ‫܊‬ăVRFLDOăGLQFDX]D
SURGXFWLYLWăĠLLPLFLQHFHVLWDWHGHHIRUWXULPDMRUDWHúLGHSHULRDGHvQGHOXQJDWHGH
RGLKQă0XQFDIL]LFăFRQWLQXăVăGHĠLQăXQUROLPSRUWDQWvQXQHOHUDPXULVODEPH
FDQL]DWHFRQVWUXFĠLLDJULFXOWXUăVHFWRUXOIRUHVWLHUGREkQGLUHDPLQHUHXULORU3UR
JUHVXOWHKQLFRúWLLQĠLILFPDQLIHVWDWSULQPHFDQL]DUHDúLDXWRPDWL]DUHDSURFHVHORU
GHPXQFăúLWUHFHUHDODWHKQRORJLLQRLFRQWULEXLHODVFăGHUHDHIRUWXOXLIL]LFúLVSR
ULUHDHIRUWXULORUVHQ]RULDOHúLQHXURSVLKLFH
'HRVHELPXUPăWRDUHOHIRUPHGHPXQFăIL]LFă
D Formele mecanizate de muncă fizicăDXSDUWLFXODULWăĠLH[SULPDWHSULQPR
GLILFDUHDFDUDFWHUXOXLHIRUWXULORUPXVFXODUHúLFRPSOLFDUHDSURJUDPXOXLGH
DFWLYLWăĠL&KHOWXLHOLOHGHHQHUJLHVXQWPDLPLFLGHFkWODHIRUWXOIL]LFúLFRQ
VWLWXLH  0-  NFDOvQ RUH 3HQWUXDFHDVWă IRUPă GH
PXQFăVXQWFDUDFWHULVWLFHvQFRUGDUHDVHQVLELOLWăĠLLDXGLWLYHúLYL]XDOH3UR
IHVLLOHIRUPHORUPHFDQL]DWHGHPXQFăQHFHVLWăGHUHJXOăFXQRúWLQĠHúLGH
SULQGHUL PRWRULL VSHFLDOH ÌQ FRQGLĠLLOH WHKQRORJLLORU PHFDQL]DWH DUH ORF
PLFúRUDUHDDFWLYLWăĠLLPXVFXODUHvQOXFUXVXQWLPSOLFDĠLPXúFKLLPLFLDLVHF
WRDUHORUGLVWDOHDOHPHPEUHORUFDUHWUHEXLHVăDVLJXUHYLWH]HPDULúLSUHFL]LD
PLúFăULORUQHFHVDUHSHQWUXFRQGXFHUHDPHFDQLVPHORU0XOWLWXGLQHDPLúFă
ULORULGHQWLFHORFDOHúLPăUXQWHFRQGLĠLRQHD]ăPRQRWRQLDPXQFLL
E Formele semiautomatizate de muncă FRQVWDX vQ H[FOXGHUHD RPXOXL GLQ
SURFHVXOQHPLMORFLWGHSUHOXFUDUHDRELHFWHORUGHPXQFăFDUHvQWRWDOLWDWH
VHvQGHSOLQHúWHGHPHFDQLVPHOHGHPXQFă6DUFLQDRPXOXLVHOLPLWHD]ăOD
vQGHSOLQLUHD RSHUD‫܊‬LXQLORU VLPSOH GH GHVHUYLUH D VWUXQJXOXL DDVLJXUD FX
PDWHULDOHSHQWUXSUHOXFUDUHDLQFOXGHvQOXFUXPHFDQLVPXODVFRDWHGHWD
OLLOHSUHOXFUDWH0XQFDHVWHFXHIRUWIL]LFPLFPRQRWRQăFXXQULWPvQDOW
úLIRDUWHPLFFRPSRQHQWFUHDWRU
F Formele automatizate de muncăVXQWvQGHSOLQLWHGHRSHUDWRULLFDUHVXQWLQ
FOX‫܈‬LvQVLVWHPXOGHFRQGXFHUHFDXQHOHPHQWQHFHVDUDOSURFHVXOXLWHKQRORJLF
'LQSXQFWGHYHGHUHIL]LRORJLFVHGLVWLQJGRXăIRUPHGHFRQGXFHUHFXSURFHVXO
WHKQRORJLF ÌQWUXQ FD] SDQRXO GH FRPDQGă QHFHVLWă DFĠLXQL IUHFYHQWH DOH
RPXOXLvQDOWFD]DFĠLXQLPDLUDUHÌQSULPXOFD]DWHQĠLDSHUPDQHQWăDDQJD
MDWXOXLVHPDQLIHVWăSULQPLúFăULPXOWLSOHVDXDFWLYLWăĠLORFRPRWRULLvQDOGRL
OHD±RSHUDWRUXOVHDIOăvQDúWHSWDUHDDFWLYLWăĠLLFXSXĠLQHUHDFĠLL
G Formele de grup de muncăVXQWGHH[HPSOXFHOHGHODFRQYHLHUFDUHFRQ
VWDXvQvPSăUĠLUHDSURFHVXOXLWHKQRORJLFvQRSHUDĠLLFXULWPXOGLFWDWGHWHU
PLQDWFXRVXFFHVLYLWDWHREOLJDWRULHDRSHUDĠLLORUSUH]HQWDUHDDXWRPDWL]DWă
DGHWDOLLORUODILHFDUHORFGHOXFUXSULQLQWHUPHGLXOFRQYHLHUXOXL&HDPDL
SURQXQĠDWăSDUWLFXODULWDWHQHJDWLYăDDFHVWHLIRUPHGHPXQFăHVWHPRQRWR
QLDFDUHFRQWULEXLHODRERVHDODDQWLFLSDWăúLLVWRYLUHDQHUYRDVăUDSLGăÌQ
DFHVWHFRQGL‫܊‬LLDWHQĠLDPXQFLWRUXOXLVFDGHVHPLFúRUHD]ăYLWH]DUHDFĠLLORU
PRWRULLODH[FLWDQĠLLDXGLWLYLúLYL]XDOLIRDUWHUHSHGHDSDUHRERVHDODúLFKLDU
VXUPHQDMXO
2DOWăFODVLILFDUHvPSDUWHPXQFDvQGLQDPLFă‫܈‬LVWDWLFă
MuncaWUDYDOLXdinamicăvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHFULWHULXOHIHFWXOXLXWLOGLQSXQF
WXOGHYHGHUHDOIL]LFLL‫܈‬LDFWLYLWDWHDPXVFXODUăWUDYDOLXOPXVFXODUSRDWHILGH
GRXăIHOXUL
D Muncă dinamică pozitivăPRWRUVXELQIOXHQĠDFRQWUDFĠLHLPXVFXODUHDUH
ORFGHSODVDUHDXQXLRELHFWVDXDFRUSXOXL([HPSOHULGLFDUHDXQHLJUH
XWăĠLvPSLQJHUHDXQHLYDJRQHWHXUFDUHDSHRVFDUăHWF
E Muncă dinamică negativăUH]LVWHQWVXELQIOXHQĠDFRQWUDFĠLHLPXVFXODUH
DUHORFUH]LVWHQĠDIDĠăGHXQFRUSFHVHGHSODVHD]ăVXELPSXOVXOXQHL
IRUĠHH[WHULRDUH([HPSOHFRERUkUHDXQHLVFăULVXVĠLQHUHDXQHLJUHX
WăĠLvQFăGHUH
3HQWUXmunca staticăHVWHFDUDFWHULVWLFFUHDUHDGHFăWUHFRQWUDFĠLDPXVFX
ODUăDHFKLOLEUXOXLvQWUHIRUĠDFDUHWLQGHVăVHGHSODVH]HúLHQHUJLDSHFDUHRGH]
YROWă PXúFKLXO ÌQ DFHDVWă VLWXDĠLH QX H[LVWă GHSODVDUH vQ VSDĠLX ([HPSOH
PHQĠLQHUHDFRUSXOXLvQSR]LĠLHRUWRVWDWLFăPHQĠLQHUHDXQHLJUHXWăĠLODDFHODúLQL
YHOPHQĠLQHUHDFRUSXOXLvQSR]LĠLHúH]kQGăHWF
ÌQDFWLYLWăĠLOHSURIHVLRQDOHVHvQWkOQHúWHSUHGRPLQDQWRDVRFLHUHDPXQFLL
GLQDPLFHúLDPXQFLLVWDWLFHFXSUHGRPLQDQĠDXQHLDVDXDDOWHLDvQGLIHULWHID]H
DOHSURFHVXOXLGHPXQFăSHQWUXJUXSHOHPXVFXODUHVROLFLWDWH([HPSOHPHUVXO
FXRJUHXWDWHvQWURPkQăPHPEUHOHLQIHULRDUHUHDOL]HD]ăRPXQFăGLQDPLFăLDU
PXúFKLLPHPEUXOXLVXSHULRUFDUHVXVĠLQHJUHXWDWHDXQJHDPDQWDQH[HUFLWăR
PXQFăVWDWLFă
0XQFD VWDWLFăHVWHPDLRERVLWRDUHGHFkWPXQFD GLQDPLFăGHúL QHFHVLWă XQ
FRQVXPGHR[LJHQGHRULPDLPLF2ERVHDODvQPXQFDVWDWLFăHVWHDGHVHDvQVRĠLWă
GHIHQRPHQHGXUHURDVHODQLYHOXOPXúFKLXOXLFRPSDUDWLYFXPXQFDGLQDPLFă
'HFL SH FkW HVWH SRVLELO VH UHFRPDQGă HOLPLQDUHD FRPSRQHQWHORU GH
PXQFăVWDWLFăDOHGLIHULWRUJUXSHPXVFXODUHFHUHDOL]HD]ăSR]LĠLDGHPXQFăVDX
JHVWXDOLWDWHDSURIHVLRQDOă
0HFDQLVPXOSULQFDUHRPXQFăVWDWLFăHVWHPDLRERVLWRDUHGHFkWPXQFD
GLQDPLFăODFHQWULLQHUYRúLGLQVFRDUĠDFHUHEUDOăDMXQJXQQXPăUPDUHGHLPSXO
VXUL GH OD SURSULRUHFHSWRULL PXúFKLORU úL WHQGRDQHORU vQ DFHODúLORF SH VFRDUĠD
FHUHEUDOăvQDFHLDúLFHQWULúLDVWIHOVHPHQĠLQHRVWDUHGHH[FLWDĠLHFRQWLQXăD
DFHVWRUFHQWULúLGHGXUDWăPDUH
3HQWUXPXQFDVWDWLFăHVWHFDUDFWHULVWLFIDSWXOFăQHFHVLWăXQFRQVXPGHR[L
JHQPDLPLFGHFkWPXQFDGLQDPLFă&DQWLWDWHDPD[LPăGHR[LJHQFRQVXPDWă
vQWLPSXOXQHLPXQFLVWDWLFHQXGHSăúHúWHOPLQVSUHGHRVHELUHGHPXQFDGL
QDPLFăXQGHFRQVXPXOPD[LPGHR[LJHQDMXQJHODOPLQ
'LQDPLFDFRQVXPXOXLGHR[LJHQvQWLPSXOPXQFLLVWDWLFHHVWHGLIHULWăGH
VFKHPDFODVLFăDGLQDPLFLLFRQVXPXOXLGHR[LJHQGLQPXQFDGLQDPLFă:
● ID]DGHGHEXWHVWHDFHHDúLFDvQPXQFDGLQDPLFă
● ID]DGHÄVWHDG\±VWDWH´HFKLOLEUXVWDELOHVWHDFHHDúLFDODPXQFDGLQD
PLFăGDUODQLYHOPDLVFă]XW
Capitolul *V

● ID]D GH UHFXSHUDUH UHIDFHUH VH GHRVHEHúWH FRQVXPXO GH R[LJHQ QX
vQFHSHVăVFDGăWUHSWDWGXSăvQFHWDUHDHIRUWXOXLVWDWLF/DvQFHSXWXOID
]HL GH UHIDFHUHFRQVXPXOGHR[LJHQFUH‫܈‬WH R SHULRDGăDQXPLWăDSRL
vQFHSH Vă VFDGă WUHSWDW SkQă OD YDORDUHD GH UHSDXV )HQRPHQXO GH
FUHúWHUHDFRQVXPXOXLGHR[LJHQLPHGLDWGXSăvQFHWDUHDHIRUWXOXLVWDWLF
HVWHFXQRVFXWFDIHQRPHQXO/LQKDUG

Modificările fiziologice ale diferitor aparate, sisteme şi funcţii

ale organismului în timpul muncii
Sarcinile fiziologice ale aparatului cardiovascular VXQWDGXFHUHDR[LJHQX
OXL2QHFHVDUODQLYHOXOVLVWHPXOXLPXVFXODUVROLFLWDWGHHIRUWXOSURIHVLRQDO‫܈‬L
vQGHSăUWDUHDDQXPLWRUFDWDEROLĠLIRUPD‫܊‬LvQH[FHVODQLYHOXOPXúFKLORUVROLFLWDĠL
GHHIRUWXOSURIHVLRQDODFLGODFWLF
Modificările adaptive DOH DSDUDWXOXL FDUGLRYDVFXODU FDUH VH SURGXF vQ
WLPSXOPXQFLLVXQWFUHúWHUHDGHELWXOXLFDUGLDFGHODFLUFDOPLQvQUHSDXVOD
OPLQODHIRUWXOPD[LPDOGHFLGHFLUFDRULODWLQHULLDGXOĠLQHDQWUHQDĠLOD
DGXOĠLL DQWUHQDĠL OD HIRUWXO IL]LF SURIHVLRQDO SRDWH FUHúWH PDL PXOW GH  RUL
FUHúWHUHDGHELWXOXLVLVWROLFGHODPOODPOFUHúWHUHDIUHFYHQĠHL
FDUGLDFHODFHLDQWUHQDĠLODHIRUWXOSURIHVLRQDOIUHFYHQĠDFDUGLDFăGHUHSDXVHVWH
PDLPLFăúLFUHúWHUHDVHIDFHSURSRUĠLRQDOFXLQWHQVLWDWHDHIRUWXOXLIUHFYHQWDPD
[LPăGHSLQGHGHVH[‫܈‬LGHYkUVWăILLQGGHSkQăODEăWăLPLQODEăUED‫܊‬LLGH
DQLGHEăWăLPLQODEăUED‫܊‬LLGHGHDQLODIHPHLYDORULOHvQUHJLVWUDWH
FRQVWLWXLQGLQGLFDWRULPDLPLFLFUHúWHUHDWHQVLXQLLDUWHULDOHVLVWROLFH0[WHQVL
XQHDGLDVWROLFă0QFUHúWHPDLSXĠLQVDXQXVHPRGLILFăúLvQFRQVHFLQĠăFUHúWH
WHQVLXQHD GLIHUHQĠLDOă FUHúWHUHD WHQVLXQLL GLIHUHQĠLDOH LQGLFă FUHúWHUHD GHELWXOXL
VLVWROLFHOHPHQWIDYRUDELOGHDGDSWDUHFUHúWHUHDWHQVLXQLLDUWHULDOHSXOPRQDUHVLV
WROLFHvQUHSDXVPP+JWHQVLXQHDVLVWROLFăSXOPRQDUăPP+JWHQVLXQHD
GLDVWROLFăSXOPRQDUăFUHúWHUHDFDSLODUHORUGLQPXúFKLSULQPăULUHDQXPăUXOXLORU
GHODODFPúLSULQPăULUHDGLDPHWUXOXLYDVRGLODWDĠLHDUHORFUHGLV
WULEXLUHDGHELWXOXLVDQJYLQ
● FUHúWHvQPXúFKLPLRFDUGWHJXPHQWH
● VFDGHvQULQLFKLVXSUDID‫܊‬DVSODQKQLFăQHUYLLVLPSDWLFLFDUHLQHUYHD]ă
YLVFHUHOHDEGRPLQDOH
● VHPHQĠLQHFRQVWDQWSHVXSUDID‫܊‬DFHUHEUDOă
,PSRUWDQĠDSUDFWLFăDFXQRDúWHULLPRGLILFăULORUDSDUDWXOXLFDUGLRYDVFXODU
D XUPăULUHDDGDSWăULLODORFXOGHPXQFăDQRLORUvQFDGUDĠLVDXUHYHQLĠLGXSăFRQ
FHGLLGHERDOă
E DSUHFLHUHDLQWHQVLWăĠLLHIRUWXOXLIL]LF
F DSUHFLHUHDPLFURFOLPDWXOXLSURIHVLRQDOSULQSUREHIXQFĠLRQDOHFDUGLRYDV
FXODUH
G LQYHVWLJDUHDVLVWHPXOXLQHUYRVYHJHWDWLYSULQSUREHIXQFĠLRQDOHFDUGLRYDV
FXODUH
 H RELHFWLYL]DUHDVWăULLGHRERVHDOăVFăGHUHDWHQVLXQLLDUWHULDOHVLVWROLFHODVIkUúL
WXOVFKLPEXOXL
I DWHQĠLDDVXSUDVWăULLIXQFĠLRQDOHUHQDOHúLKHSDWLFHvQVSHFLDOODPXQFLWRULLFH
YRUOXFUDvQFRQGLĠLLGHHIRUWIL]LFLQWHQVúLVDXGHOXQJăGXUDWăFXH[SXQHUHOD
PLFURFOLPDWFDOGRUJDQHFHSUH]LQWăRLULJDĠLHPDLPLFăvQDFHVWHFRQGLĠLL

Sarcinile fiziologice ale aparatului respiratorVXQWDGXFHUHDR[LJHQXOXL

2 QHFHVDU OD QLYHOXOVLVWHPXOXLPXVFXODU VROLFLWDW GH HIRUWXO SURIHVLRQDO‫܈‬L
HOLPLQDUHDGLR[LGXOXLGHFDUERQ&2IRUPDWvQH[FHVODQLYHOXOPXúFKLORU
Modificările adaptive DOHDSDUDWXOXLUHVSLUDWRULQWHUYHQLWHvQWLPSXOPXQFLL‫܊‬LQ
GHFUHúWHUHDGHELWXOXLUHVSLUDWRUGHODFLUFDOPLQXWvQUHSDXVODOPLQXW
PD[LPXPOPLQ/DDGXOĠLLDQWUHQDĠLODHIRUWXOIL]LFSURIHVLRQDOFUHúWHUHD
GHELWXOXLUHVSLUDWRUHVWHSURSRUĠLRQDOăFXLQWHQVLWDWHDHIRUWXOXL&UHúWHUHDVFKLP
EXULORUUHVSLUDWRULLFRQVXPXOPD[LPGHR[LJHQSRDWHILGHOPLQXWGH2
,PSRUWDQĠDSUDFWLFă DFXQRDúWHULLDFHVWRUPRGLILFăULGLQSDUWHDDSDUDWXOXL
UHVSLUDWRU
D DSUHFLHUHD LQWHQVLWăĠLL HIRUWXOXL IL]LF GHELW UHVSLUDWRU GH HIRUW OPLQ [
 NFDOPLQ
E vQOăWXUDUHDSR]LĠLLORU YLFLRDVHDOHFRUSXOXLvQWLPSXO PXQFLL FDUH vQJUHX
QHD]ăUHVSLUDĠLD
F IDYRUL]DUHDPXQFLLULWPLFHFDUHUHDOL]HD]ăREXQăDGDSWDUH
G DSUHFLHUHDVWăULLGHRERVHDOăPLúFăULUHVSLUDWRULLIUHFYHQWHúLVXSHUILFLDOH 

Sarcina fiziologică a sângeluiSHQWUXRUJDQLVPXOXPDQHVWHDGXFHUHD2

QHFHVDUODQLYHOXOVLVWHPXOXLPXVFXODUVROLFLWDWGHHIRUWXOSURIHVLRQDOvQGHSăU
WDUHD&2úLDDQXPLWRUFDWDEROLĠLIRUPD‫܊‬LvQH[FHVODQLYHOXOPXúFKLORUVROLFLWDĠL
GHHIRUWXOIL]LF‫܈‬LWUDQVSRUWXOGHFRPEXVWLELOQHFHVDUFRQWUDFĠLHLPXVFXODUHJOL
FRJHQJOXFR]ăHWF
ÌQWLPSXOPXQFLLvQVkQJHOHXPDQDXORFmodificări adaptive
D FUH‫܈‬WHQXPăUXOGHHULWURFLWHúLFDQWLWDWHDGHKHPRJORELQă
E FUHúWHKHPDWRFULWXO
F FUH‫܈‬WHQXPăUXOGHOHXFRFLWH
G DXORFPRGLILFăULDOHJOLFHPLHLvQIXQFĠLHGHLQWHQVLWDWHDHIRUWXOXL
H VHvQUHJLVWUHD]ăPRGLILFăULDOHDFLGXOXLODFWLFvQIXQFĠLHGHLQWHQVLWDWHD
HIRUWXOXL
I DXORFPRGLILFăULDOHFXUEHLGHGLVRFLHUHDKHPRJORELQHL+E2
J PRGLILFăULDOHS+XOXLVDQJYLQ
Modificările adaptiveDOHDSDUDWXOXLGLJHVWLYVXQWvQIXQFĠLHGHLQWHQVLWDWHDHIRU
WXOXLIL]LFúLFRQGLĠLLOHGHPLFURFOLPDW
D vQHIRUWXULOHGHLQWHQVLWDWHPLFăVDXPHGLHIXQFĠLLOHGLJHVWLYHVXQWXúRU
FUHVFXWHVDXQXVHPRGLILFă
E vQHIRUWXULOHGHPDUHLQWHQVLWDWHVDXPXQFLOHvQPLFURFOLPDWFDOGDUHORF
LQKLELĠLDIXQFĠLLORUGLJHVWLYH
Capitolul *V

Sarcinile fiziologice principale ale sistemului nervos centralVXQWFRRU

GRQDUHDFRQGXFHUHDúLFRQWUROXOGLULMDUHDDFWLYLWăĠLLWXWXURUIXQFĠLLORURUJDQLVPX
OXLvQWLPSXODFWLYLWăĠLLSURIHVLRQDOHIL]LFHILLQGLQIOXHQĠDWGHVSHFLILFXODFWLYLWă‫܊‬LL
SURIHVLRQDOH
ÌQWLPSXOPXQFLLVHPRQLWRUL]HD]ăXUPăWRULLLQGLFLDLPRGLILFăULORUIL]LR
ORJLFHDOHVLVWHPXOXLQHUYRVFHQWUDO
● SHULRDGDODWHQWăDUHDF‫܊‬LHLYLGHRPRWRULLPV
● SHULRDGDODWHQWăDUHDF‫܊‬LHLDFXVWLFRPRWRULLPV
● PHPRULDRSHUDWLYă
● FRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LDDWHQ‫܊‬LHLWLPSXOV
● SURFHQWXOGHFRUHFWLWXGLQH
Modificările VLVWHPXOXLQHUYRVFHQWUDOvQWLPSXOPXQFLLVXQWvQIXQFĠLHGHLQWHQ
VLWDWHDPXQFLLúLGHFDUDFWHUXOPXQFLL
D PXQFLOHGHLQWHQVLWDWHPLFăúLPHGLHVWLPXOHD]ăDFWLYLWDWHDVFRDUĠHLFH
UHEUDOH
E PXQFLOHGHLQWHQVLWDWHPDUHúLVDXSUHOXQJLWHDFFHQWXHD]ăSURFHVHOHGH
LQKLELĠLHGLQVFRDUĠDFHUHEUDOăVFDGH[FLWDELOLWDWHDVFRDUĠHLWXOEXUăDF
WLYLWDWHDUHIOH[FRQGLĠLRQDWă
F PXQFLOHGHLQWHQVLWDWHPLFăVDXPHGLHGDUFXFDUDFWHUGHPDUHvQFRUGDUH
DDWHQĠLHLFXQHFHVLWDWHDH[HFXWăULLSUHFLVHDPLúFăULORUúLFXFRUHODĠLLSUH
FLVHúLILQHDOHDQDOL]DWRULORUGXFSUHSRQGHUHQWODVWăULGHLQKLELĠLHWXO
EXUăPRELOLWDWHDQRUPDOăDVFRDUĠHLFRUWLFDOH
3HQWUXSUDFWLFDFRWLGLDQăFXQRD‫܈‬WHUHDDFHVWRUPRGLILFăULDXRLPSRUWDQĠă
PDMRUăILLQGFăH[SOLFăQXPăUXOFUHVFXWGHDFFLGHQWHGHPXQFăúLVFăGHUHDFDOLWăĠLL
úLFDQWLWăĠLLSURGXFĠLHLH[SOLFăUHEXWXULOHvQPXQFLOHFDUHGHWHUPLQăRSUHGRPL
QDUHDSURFHVHORUGHLQKLELĠLHSUHFXP‫܈‬LGHQRWăQHFHVLWDWHDVFăGHULLHIRUWXOXLOD
OLPLWHQRUPDOH
Modificările anumitor analizatorivQWLPSXOPXQFLLVXQWvQIXQFĠLHGHLQWHQVLWDWHD
PXQFLL
D PXQFLOHGHLQWHQVLWDWHPLFăVDXPHGLHFUHúWHVHQVLELOLWDWHDYL]XDOăDX
GLWLYăHWF
E PXQFLOHGHLQWHQVLWDWHPDUHúLVDXSUHOXQJLWăVFDGHVHQVLELOLWDWHDYL]X
DOăDXGLWLYăVHQ]RULDOăHWF
,PSRUWDQĠDSUDFWLFăH[SOLFăQXPăUXOFUHVFXWGHDFFLGHQWHGHPXQFăVFă
GHUHDFDOLWăĠLLúLQHFHVLWDWHDUHGXFHULLLQWHQVLWăĠLLHIRUWXOXLODOLPLWHQRUPDOH

Oboseala
2ERVHDODHVWHXQIHQRPHQIL]LRORJLFFRPSOH[‫܈‬LWUDQ]LWRULXFDUHDSDUHFD
RFRQVHFLQ‫܊‬ăDHIRUWXOXLIL]LF‫܈‬LSVLKLFGHSXVvQDQXPLWLQWHUYDOFXRDQXPLWă
LQWHQVLWDWH2ERVHDODIL]LRORJLFă‫܈‬LFOLQLFăVHPDQLIHVWăRELHFWLYFXGLPLQXDUHD
IXQF‫܊‬LRQDOăDRUJDQLVPXOXL‫܈‬LVXELHFWLYSULQVHQ]D‫܊‬LLFDUDFWHULVWLFH
 2ERVHDODHVWHRVWDUHIL]LRORJLFăUHYHUVLELOăFDUHGLVSDUHGXSăXQUHSDXV
QRUPDOFXGLVSDUL‫܊‬LDFRQFRPLWHQWăDVLPSWRPHORUVXELHFWLYH‫܈‬LRELHFWLYHFXUH
YHQLUHDODQRUPDODFDSDFLWă‫܊‬LLGHHIRUWIL]LF‫܈‬LSVLKLF

Semnele oboselii
D Semnele subiectiveVFăGHUHDGRULQ‫܊‬HLGHDGHSXQHRPXQFăIL]LFăVDXLQWH
OHFWXDOăVHQ]D‫܊‬LHGHDSDWLHLQGLYLGXOVHVLPWHJUHRL‫܈‬LOHQWVRPQRURV
E Semnele obiectiveVFăGHUHDFDSDFLWă‫܊‬LLGHHIRUWIL]LF‫܈‬LSVLKLFVLPSWRPH
OHJDWHGHDSDUDWXOFDUGLRYDVFXODUGXUHULPXVFXODUHSUHOXQJLUHDWLPSX
OXLGHODWHQ‫܊‬ăDUHDF‫܊‬LHLPRWULFHGLPLQXDUHDDWHQ‫܊‬LHLVFăGHUHDIXQF‫܊‬LLORU
GHFRRUGRQDUHDPL‫܈‬FăULORUHWF
)L]LRORJLF‫܈‬LFOLQLFGHRVHELPGLIHULWHIRUPHDOHRERVHOLL
● Oboseala generalăHVWHVWDUHDRUJDQLVPXOXLFDUHDSDUHODVIkU‫܈‬LWXOGHSXQHULL
XQXLHIRUWIL]LF‫܈‬LVDXSVLKLFFXVLPSWRPHVXELHFWLYH‫܈‬LRELHFWLYHFD
UDFWHULVWLFH‫܈‬LFXGRULQ‫܊‬DLQGLYLGXOXLGHUHSDXV
● Oboseala acutăSRDWHDSăUHDGXSăXQHIRUWIL]LFVDXSVLKLFLQWHQVPDLUDUvQ
LQGXVWULH‫܈‬LPDLIUHFYHQWvQDFWLYLWDWHDVSRUWLYă
● Oboseala cronicăFOLQLFă VXUPHQDMQXHVWHXQ IHQRPHQ IL]LRORJLF ‫܈‬LQX
GLVSDUH GXSă XQ UHSDXVQRUPDO (DHVWH UH]XOWDWXO RERVHOLORU]LOQLFH
UHSHWDWHvQXUPDVXSUDVROLFLWăULLFURQLFHDRUJDQLVPXOXLVDXGLQFDX]D
UHSDXVXOXLLQVXILFLHQW]LOQLFWLPSvQGHOXQJDW
6LPSWRPHOHRERVHOLLFURQLFHVXQWH[FLWDELOLWDWHSVLKLFăFUHVFXWăVFKLPEăUL
vQFRPSRUWDPHQWvQVSHFLDOID‫܊‬ăGHFROHJLLGHPXQFăOLSVDSRIWHLGHPkQFDUH
VDXLQYHUV±SRIWăFUHVFXWăWHQGLQ‫܊‬DODGHSUHVLXQHFHIDOHHDPH‫܊‬HOLLQVRPQLL‫܈‬D
ÌQJHQHUDOVXQWSUH]HQWHVHPQHFXFDUDFWHUGHGLVWRQLHQHXURYHJHWDWLYăRELHFWLY
PDQLIHVWDWHSULQODELOLWDWHIXQF‫܊‬LRQDOăFDUGLRYDVFXODUă
&OLQLFRERVHDODSRDWHILPXVFXODUăFDUGLRYDVFXODUă‫܈‬LQHXURSVLKLFă
● Forma musculară±DFWLYLWDWHDSURIHVLRQDOăIL]LFăQXPDLSRDWHILFRQWLQXDWă
SHQWUXFăPXQFLWRUXOQXPDLGLVSXQHGHVROLFLWDUHDSURIHVLRQDOă6FDGH
FDSDFLWDWHD FRQWUDFWLOă PXVFXODUă SHQWUX UHGXFHUHD UDWHL GH VLQWH]ă
)HQRPHQXOSRDWHVăDSDUă‫܈‬LvQFDGUXOXQRUFRQWUDF‫܊‬LLPXVFXODUHVWDWLFH
VSHFLILFHXQHLIRUPHPRGHUQHGHDFWLYLWDWH
● Forma vizuală±VXSUDVROLFLWDUHDIXQF‫܊‬LHLYL]XDOHVHSRDWHLQVWDODODQLYHOXO
FHQWUDO VROLFLWDUH FRQWLQXă UHWLQLDQ SULQ DOHUWDUHD VHQVLELOLWă‫܊‬LL OD
VWUăOXFLUHPXVFXODUDIHFWDUHDPX‫܈‬FKLORUH[WULQVHFLFLOLDUL‫܈‬LOHYDWRUL
DLSOHRDSHORU
● Forma auditivă±vQH[SXQHUHDSURIHVLRQDOăODQLYHOHDFXVWLFHFHGHSă‫܈‬HVFOL
PLWDPD[LPDGPLVLELOă/0$SRDWHGXFHODSLHUGHUHDGHDX]WHPSRUDUă
● Forma kinestezică±ODVXSUDVROLFLWDUHDUHFHSWRULORUWHQGRDQHORU‫܈‬LDUWLFXOD
‫܊‬LLORUFRQVHFLQ‫܊‬DGLVIXQF‫܊‬LLORUDSăUXWHvQPRWRQHXURQLFXWUDGXFHUHREL
HFWLYă‫܈‬LDIHFWDUHDSUD[LLORUPL‫܈‬FăULVWUXFWXUDOHSHQWUXVFRSXULSUHFLVH
Capitolul *V

● Forma mentalăSVLKLFăQHUYRDVă±ODVWLPXODUHDXQRUVWUXFWXULvQWDODPX

VXOPHGLDQ‫܈‬LvQSăU‫܊‬LOHLQIHULRDUHDOHWUXQFKLXOXLFHUHEUDO,UDGLHUHDLQ
KLEL‫܊‬LHLvQ]RQHOHFRUWLFDOHvQFDUHVXQWORFDOL]DWHIXQF‫܊‬LLOHFRQ‫܈‬WLHQWH
FHDIHFWHD]ăDFWLYLWDWHDHOHFWULFă‫܈‬LFRPSRUWDPHQWXOvQFDUHRUJDQLVPXO
WLQGHVSUHRGLKQă

Profilaxia oboseliiVHUH]XPăODHOLPLQDUHDIDFWRULORUSURIHVLRQDOLHWLROR
JLFL FDUH SURYRDFă DSDUL‫܊‬LD RERVHOLL DGDSWDUHD WUHSWDWă D SHUVRDQHORU OD QRLOH
ORFXULGHPXQFăUHVSHFWDUHDXQXLULWPGHPXQFăDGHFYDWGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUH
IL]LRORJLF FX LQFOXGHUHD SDX]HORU MXVWH DWkWvQ FHHD FH SULYH‫܈‬WH GXUDWD FkW ‫܈‬L
SODVDUHDORUvQFDGUXOWLPSXOXLDFWLYGHPXQFăDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHUD‫܊‬LRQDOăDVLJXUDUHD
FRQGL‫܊‬LLORUVRFLDOHRSWLPHORFGHWUDLFD]DUHODQHFHVLWDWHDVLJXUDUHFXWUDQ
VSRUWOD‫܈‬LGHODORFXOGHPXQFă‫܈‬D



Noxe profesionale
1R[HOH SURIHVLRQDOH VXQW IDFWRULDL FRQGLĠLLORUGH PXQFăFHLQIOXHQĠHD]ă
QHJDWLYVWDUHDGHVăQăWDWHDSHUVRDQHORUH[SXVHIDYRUL]kQGVDXGHWHUPLQkQGVWD
UHDGHERDOăúLVDXVFăGHUHDFDSDFLWăĠLLGHPXQFă1RĠLXQHDGHQR[ăQXVHDGUH
VHD]ăPXQFLLFDDWDUHFLPRGXOXLQHFRUHVSXQ]ăWRUGHRUJDQL]DUHDPXQFLLIDFWRUL
HUJRQRPLFLúLFRQGLĠLLORULPSURSULLDOHGHVIăúXUăULLDFHVWHLD'XSăFULWHULXODSDU
WHQHQĠHL OD IDFWRULL FRPSRQHQĠL DL RUJDQL]ăULL PXQFLL ‫܈‬L OD FRQGLĠLLOH GH PXQFă
QR[HOHSURIHVLRQDOHVHFODVLILFăvQDFHOHLD‫܈‬LFDWHJRULLFDúLIDFWRULLGHKD]DUG
1R[HOHSURIHVLRQDOHVHFDUDFWHUL]HD]ăSULQGLYHUVLWDWHúLVSHFLILFLWDWH'LYHU
VLWDWHDORUHVWHPDUFDWăGHYDULHWDWHDH[FHSĠLRQDOăRULJLQHDúLSUROLIHUDUHDH[SOR
]LYăFDUHIDFDGHVHDLPSRVLELOăFHUFHWDUHDWR[LFRORJLFăvQDLQWHGHDILLQWURGXVH
vQSURFHVHOHWHKQRORJLFH
ÌQFHSULYHúWHVSHFLILFLWDWHDXQHOHQR[HDSDUĠLQvQH[FOXVLYLWDWHDPELDQĠHL
PXQFLLFRPSXúLGHEHULOLXVXOIXUDGHFDUERQFDUERQLOLPHWDOLFLHWFDOWHOHSRWIL
SUH]HQWHúLvQPHGLXOQDWXUDOVDXKDELWXDOILHvQFRQFHQWUDĠLLVDXLQWHQVLWăĠLLQRIHQ
VLYHILHFăDWLQJVDXFKLDUGHSăúHVFSUDJXOXQRUGHWHUPLQăULSDWRORJLFH$FHDVWă
ODWXUăDH[SXQHULLHVWHH[HPSOLILFDELOăFXQR[HFRPXQHSUHFXPSOXPEXO]JRPR
WXOVWUDGDOVDXPRQR[LGXOGHFDUERQ
1R[HOHGHQXPLWH‫܈‬LDJHQ‫܊‬LQRFLYLUHSUH]LQWăRULFHIDFWRUFKLPLFIL]LFVDX
ELRORJLF SUH]HQW vQ PHGLXO SURIHVLRQDO QXPLW ‫܈‬L PHGLX GH PXQFă VDX PHGLXO
RFXSD‫܊‬LRQDO‫܈‬LFDUHSRDWHFRQVWLWXLXQSHULFROSHQWUXVăQăWDWHDDQJDMD‫܊‬LORU0D
MRULWDWHDQR[HORUUHSUH]LQWăDPHVWHFXULFRPSOH[HJHQHUDWHvQXUPăWRDUHOHWLSXUL
GHSURFHVHGHPXQFă
 ‡ WHUPLFHVXGXUăFRPEXVWLDFăUEXQHOXLOHPQXOXLFRFVXOXLSLUROL]DPD
VHORUSODVWLFHFDXFLXFXOXLHWF
‡ PHFDQLFH SUHOXFUDUHD PHFDQLFă D R‫܊‬HOXULORU PDWHULDOHORU UHIUDFWDUH
PDWHULDOHORUFRPSR]LWHPLQHULWXODFWLYLWă‫܊‬LGHL]ROD‫܊‬LHSUHOXFUDUHDPH
FDQLFăDPDWHULDOHORUWH[WLOHHWF
‡ HOHFWURFKLPLFHDFRSHULULPHWDOLFH
‡ FKLPLFHVLQWH]DFRPSX‫܈‬LORURUJDQLFL‫܈‬LDQRUJDQLFLYRSVHOHORUSROLPH
ULORUFRPEXVWLELOLORUFRQVHUYDUHDOHPQXOXLSLHOLLHWF
0HGLXORFXSDĠLRQDOvQFDUHDUHORFDFWLYLWDWHDRPXOXL VHFDUDFWHUL]HD]ă
SULQ FRPSOH[XO GH IDFWRUL PLFURFOLPDWLFL IL]LFRFKLPLFL VSHFLILFL $FH‫܈‬WLDVH
PDLQXPHVFfactori nociviVDXfactori periculoşiFDUHSRWLQIOXHQĠDQHJDWLYVă
QăWDWHDDQJDMDĠLORU
‡ 3HULFXOR‫܈‬LVXQWIDFWRULLFDUHvQDQXPLWHFRQGL‫܊‬LLSRWSURYRFDGHUHJOăUL
DFXWHDOHVăQăWă‫܊‬LL‫܈‬LPRDUWHDRUJDQLVPXOXL
‡ 1RFLYLVXQWIDFWRULLFDUHH[HUFLWăLQIOXHQ‫܊‬ăQHJDWLYăDVXSUDFDSDFLWă‫܊‬LLGH
PXQFăVDXSURYRDFăEROLSURIHVLRQDOH‫܈‬LDOWHFRQVHFLQ‫܊‬HQHIDYRUDELOH

Clasificarea factorilor nocivi și periculoși ai mediului de muncă:

Psihofiziologici:
● 6XSUDHIRUWXULOHIL]LFHVWDWLFHúLGLQDPLFHDOHDSDUDWXOXLORFRPRWRUUL
GLFDUHDúLFăUDWXOJUHXWăĠLORUSR]LĠLDLQFRPRGăDFRUSXOXLDSăVDUHDvQ
GHOXQJDWăDVXSUDSLHOLLDUWLFXODĠLLORUPXúFKLORURDVHORU
● 0XQFD QHPHFDQL]DWă OXFUăUL GH vQFăUFDUH GHVFăUFDUH UHSDUDĠLH
PXQFDPLQHULORUFURLWRUHVHORU
● +LSRGLQDPLDPXQFDLQWHOHFWXDOăVDYDQĠLLSHGDJRJLLFRQWDELOLL
● 6XSUDHIRUWXULOHIL]LRORJLFHDOHRUJDQHORUVLVWHPHORUFLUFXODWRUUHVSLUD
WRUFRDUGHORUYRFDOHOXFUăULOHJUHOHvQGLIHULWHUDPXULLQGXVWULDOHPX
]LFDQĠLLODLQVWUXPHQWHGHVXIODWIDQIDUăFkQWăUH‫܊‬LLVWLFODULLOHFWRULL
WHOHIRQL‫܈‬WLLOXFUăWRULLVHUYLFLXOXLGHLQIRUPDĠLH
● 6XSUDHIRUWXULOHSVLKRHPRĠLRQDOHSVLKLFHHPRĠLRQDOHVXSUDHIRUWXODQD
OL]DWRULORUPRQRWRQLD0XQFDRSHUDWRULORUGLVSHFHULORUúRIHULORUOXFUXO
ODFRQYHLHUH
● )L]LFL]JRPRWYLEUD‫܊‬LLLOXPLQDWUDGLD‫܊‬LLHWF
● &KLPLFLJD]HDEXULOLFKLGHDHURVROLHWF
● %LRORJLFL±PLFUR‫܈‬LPDFURRUJDQLVPHDQWLELRWLFHKRUPRQLHWF
● 3HULFROXOWUDXPHORUGHSURGXFHUHSUH]HQ‫܊‬DPHFDQLVPHORUvQPL‫܈‬FDUH
HOHPHQWHPRELOHQHSURWHMDWHWHQVLXQLvQDOWHvQUH‫܊‬HOHOHHOHFWULFHHWF
● (UJRQRPLFL
Factorii etiologici secundariIDYRUL]DQĠLDSDUĠLQILHLQGLYLGXOXLJHQHWLFL
VDXGREkQGLĠLILHVIHUHLSURIHVLRQDOHDVRFLDĠLDJHQWXOXLHWLRORJLFGHED]ă(LSDU
WLFLSăvQFRQWH[WXOJHQHUDOHWLRORJLFH[SOLFkQGSDUWLFXODUL]DUHDSDWRORJLHLDIHF
WDUHSUHIHUHQĠLDOăVDXUH]LVWHQĠăODvPEROQăYLUHHYROXĠLDPDLOHQWăVDXPDLDOHUWă
IRUPHXúRDUHVDXJUDYHLQHJDOLWDWHDUăVSXQVXOXLSRVWWHUDSHXWLFHWF
Capitolul *V

8QHOHRELFHLXULDOLPHQWDUHDOFRROLVPXOWDEDJLVPXOQLYHOXOHGXFDĠLRQDO‫܈‬LGH
LJLHQăLQGLYLGXDOăVFă]XWHVHDVRFLD]ăPR]DLFXOXLGHIDFWRULRFXSDĠLRQDOLIDYRUL]kQG
LQVWDODUHDEROLLVDXLQWR[LFDĠLHLSURIHVLRQDOH2VHULHGHDIHF‫܊‬LXQLKHSDWLFHUHQDOH
QHXURSVLKLFH EURQKRSXOPRQDUH PXVFXORRVWHRDUWLFXODUH QHVHVL]DWH OD FRQWUROXO
PHGLFDOSHQWUXDQJDMDUHUHSUH]LQWăFRQGLĠLLHWLRORJLFHIDYRUL]DQWHSHQWUXvPEROQă
YLULOHSURIHVLRQDOHGXSăFXPHOHVHSRWDJUDYDVXELQIOXHQĠDQR[HORUSURIHVLRQDOH

Factorii de risc de accidentări şi de îmbolnăviri profesionale 

)DFWRULLGHULVFGHDFFLGHQWăULúLGHvPEROQăYLULSURIHVLRQDOHVXQWIDFWRUL
SURSULL HOHPHQWHORU VLVWHPXOXL GH PXQFă vQVXúLUL VWăUL SURFHVH IHQRPHQH
FRPSRUWDPHQWHFH SRW SURYRFDvQDQXPLWHFRQGLĠLLDFFLGHQWHGHPXQFăVDX
EROLSURIHVLRQDOH&ODVLILFDUHDDFHVWRUDLPSOLFăFXQRDúWHUHDHOHPHQWHORUSURFH
VXOXLGHPXQFăúLLQWHUDFĠLXQHDORU
Procesul de muncă±VXFFHVLXQHDvQWLPSúLvQVSDĠLXDDFWLYLWăĠLORUH[HFXWDQ
WXOXLúLPLMORDFHORUGHSURGXFĠLHvQVLVWHPXOGHPXQFă
Sistemul de muncă±DFĠLXQLOHSHFDUHWUHEXLHVăOHHIHFWXH]HH[HFXWDQWXOSULQ
LQWHUPHGLXOPLMORDFHORUGHSURGXFĠLHSHQWUXUHDOL]DUHDVFRSXOXLVLV
WHPXOXLGHPXQFăúLDFRQGLĠLLORULPSXVHGHUHDOL]DUHDDFHVWRUD
Executantul ±OXFUăWRUXOLPSOLFDWQHPLMORFLWvQUHDOL]DUHDVDUFLQLLGHPXQFă
Mijloacele de producţie±WRWDOLWDWHDPLMORDFHORUGHSURGXFĠLHúLDRELHFWHORU
PXQFLLPDWHULLOHSULPHSHFDUHOXFUăWRULLOHIRORVHVFvQSURFHVXOGH
SURGXFĠLH
Mediul de muncă±WRWDOLWDWHDFRQGLĠLLORUIL]LFHFKLPLFHELRORJLFHúLSVLKR
ORJLFHvQFDUHH[HFXWDQWXOvúLGHVIăúRDUăDFWLYLWDWHD

Clasificarea factorilor de risc de accidentare şi de îmbolnăviri

profesionale:
● )DFWRULGHULVFSURSULLH[HFXWDQWXOXLVHUHJăVHVFLPSOLFDĠLvQJHQH]DWX
WXURUFHORUODOĠLIDFWRULGHULVFGHRDUHFHRPXOHVWHHODERUDWRUXOúLWRWR
GDWăFHOFDUHYHULILFăúLSRDWHLQWHUYHQLLDVXSUDFHORUODOWHHOHPHQWHDOH
VLVWHPXOXLGHPXQFă
● )DFWRULLGHULVFSURSULLVDUFLQLLGHPXQFăFDUHVHPDQLIHVWăVXEGRXă
IRUPH
● &RQĠLQXWVDXVWUXFWXUăQHFRUHVSXQ]ăWRDUHDVDUFLQLLGHPXQFăvQUDSRUW
FXVFRSXOVLVWHPXOXLGHPXQFăFHDUHODED]ăRLQVXILFLHQWăFXQRDúWHUH
DWHKQRORJLLORUúLPHWRGHORUGHPXQFă
● 6XEVXSUDGLPHQVLRQDUHDFHULQĠHORULPSXVHH[HFXWDQWXOXLFDUHSURYLQH
GLQQHOXDUHDvQFRQVLGHUDUHDSRVLELOLWăĠLORUIL]LFHúLSVLKLFHDOHRPXOXL
● )DFWRULLGHULVFSURSULLPLMORDFHORUGHSURGXFĠLH
D )L]LFLULVFPHFDQLFULVFWHUPLFULVFHOHFWULF
E &KLPLFLDFL]LVXEVWDQĠHWR[LFHVXEVWDQĠHLQIODPDELOHVXEVWDQĠH
H[SOR]LYH
F %LRORJLFLPLFURRUJDQLVPH
 ● )DFWRULLGHULVFSURSULLPHGLXOXLGHPXQFăVXEIRUPăGHGHSăúLULDOH
QLYHOXOXLVDXLQWHQVLWăĠLLIXQFĠLRQDOHDSDUDPHWULORUGHPHGLXVSHFLILFL
SUHFXPúLGHDSDULĠLLDOHXQRUFRQGLĠLLGHPXQFăLQDGHFYDWH
&ODVLILFDUHDQR[HORUSURIHVLRQDOHVHIDFHvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHFULWHULXODSDUWHQHQ‫܊‬HLOD
XQXOGLQFHLSDWUXIDFWRULDLFRQGL‫܊‬LHLGHPXQFă
D )DFWRULQHIL]LRORJLFL$FHVWHQR[HSURIHVLRQDOH‫܊‬LQGHHIHFWXDUHDXQRUVDUFLQL
SURIHVLRQDOHvQPRGQHIL]LRORJLF‫܈‬LGHRUJDQL]DUHQHIL]LRORJLFăDPXQFLL
● LQWHQVLWDWHPDUHDHIRUWXOXLSUHGRPLQDQWPXVFXORRVWHRDUWLFXODUVDXD
HIRUWXOXLQHXURSVLKRVHQ]RULDO
● GXUDWDH[DJHUDWăDPXQFLL±SHVWHGXUDWDQRUPDOăD]LOHLGHPXQFă
● ULWPGHPXQFăQHFRUHVSXQ]ăWRU
● UHJLPGHPXQFăQHFRUHVSXQ]ăWRU±UDSRUWXOGLQWUHSHULRDGHOHGHPXQFă
‫܈‬LFHOHGHUHSDXVQHFRUHVSXQ]ăWRDUHIL]LRORJLF
● HIRUWVWDWLFSUHOXQJLWDODQXPLWRUJUXSHPXVFXODUH
● DOWHUQDQ‫܊‬D QHFRUHVSXQ]ăWRDUH GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH IL]LRORJLF SHQWUX
DQXPLWHSHUVRDQHDFHORUWUHLVFKLPEXULGHPXQFă
● SR]L‫܊‬LLvQPXQFăYLFLRDVHIRU‫܊‬DWH‫܈‬LSUHOXQJLWH
● PXQFDPRQRWRQăFXVXEVROLFLWăULHWF
E )DFWRUL QHLJLHQLFL$FHVWHQR[HSURIHVLRQDOHDSDUvQFRQGL‫܊‬LLOHQHLJLHQLFHDOH
PHGLXOXLGHPXQFă
● DJHQ‫܊‬L IL]LFLWHPSHUDWXUăULGLFDWăVDXVFă]XWăUDGLD‫܊‬LLHOHFWURPDJQH
WLFH FX HQHUJLH PDUH ‫܈‬L H[SXQHUH SUHOXQJLWă PLFURXQGH LQIUDUR‫܈‬LL
YL]LELOHXOWUDYLROHWHODVHULRQL]DQWH]JRPRWSHVWHOLPLWDDGPLVăYL
EUD‫܊‬LLPHFDQLFHSHVWHOLPLWDDGPLVăHWF
● DJHQ‫܊‬LFKLPLFLWRDWHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HOHFKLPLFHGLQSURFHVHOHWHKQRORJLFHSRW
GHYHQLWR[LFHSURIHVLRQDOHDJHQ‫܊‬LFKLPLFSULQFUH‫܈‬WHUHDFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LHL
ORUvQORFXULOHGHPXQFăSHVWHOLPLWHOHDGPLVHSOXPEPHUFXUWROXHQ
DFHWRQăHWF
● DJHQ‫܊‬LIL]LFRFKLPLFLWRDWHSXOEHULOHGHODORFXULOHGHPXQFăGHQDWXUă
RUJDQLFăYHJHWDOăVDXDQLPDOăPLQHUDOăVDXPHWDOLFăFDUHGHYLQSH
ULFXORDVHSULQFUH‫܈‬WHUHDFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LLORUORUSHVWHOLPLWHOHDGPLVH‫܈‬LSRW
DF‫܊‬LRQDSULQSURSULHWă‫܊‬LOHORUIL]LFH‫܈‬LVDXSULQSURSULHWă‫܊‬LOHORUFKLPLFH
● DJHQ‫܊‬L ELRORJLFL PLFUREL YLUXVXUL SDUD]L‫܊‬L HWF SUH]HQ‫܊‬L OD ORFXO GH
PXQFăEUXFHOHOHSWRVSLUHYLUXVXOKHSDWLWHL%HWF
F )DFWRULQHHUJRQRPLFL$FHVWHQR[HSURIHVLRQDOHUH]XOWăGLQUHOD‫܊‬LDQHFRUHV
SXQ]ăWRDUHRPPD‫܈‬LQă5HOD‫܊‬LDGLQWUHDQJDMDW‫܈‬LPD‫܈‬LQDFXFDUHOXFUHD]ăVDX
SHFDUHRVXSUDYHJKHD]ăSRDWHGHWHUPLQD
● HIRUWXULLQWHQVHFKLDU‫܈‬LGHVFXUWăGXUDWă
● VXSUDVROLFLWăULGHDWHQ‫܊‬LHWLPSvQGHOXQJDW
● VXSUDVROLFLWăULDOHDQDOL]DWRUXOXLYL]XDOWLPSvQGHOXQJDW
● VDXSRDWHJHQHUDDSDUL‫܊‬LDXQRUIDFWRULGHPHGLXQRFLYL]JRPRWYLEUD‫܊‬LL
PHFDQLFHWR[LFHHWF
Capitolul *V

G )DFWRUL SVLKRVRFLDOL QHFRUHVSXQ]ăWRUL $FHVWH QR[H SURIHVLRQDOH DXOD ED]ă

UHOD‫܊‬LLOHQHFRUHVSXQ]ăWRDUHSVLKRVRFLDOHGLQWUXQFROHFWLYGHPXQFă
● UHOD‫܊‬LDQHFRUHVSXQ]ăWRDUHGLQWUHXQFRQGXFăWRU‫܈‬HIGHHFKLSă‫܈‬HIGH
VHF‫܊‬LHHWF‫܈‬LVXERUGRQD‫܊‬LLVăL
● UHOD‫܊‬LLQHFRUHVSXQ]ăWRDUHvQWUHPHPEULLDFHOHLD‫܈‬LHFKLSHFROHFWLY
● OLSVDPRWLYD‫܊‬LHLvQPXQFă
● OLSVDXQHLVDWLVIDF‫܊‬LLPRUDOHVDXPDWHULDOH
● H[LVWHQ‫܊‬DXQHLLQHFKLWă‫܊‬LODORFXOGHPXQFă
3ULQXUPDUHIDFWRULLGHULVFFDUHSRWSURYRFDEROLOHSURIHVLRQDOHVXQWQX
PHURúLXQLLGLQWUHHLVXQWELQHFXQRVFXĠLúLVWXGLDĠLGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHDODFĠLX
QLLDVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXLDOĠLLDSDURGDWăFXGH]YROWDUHDXQRUQRLWHKQRORJLL

Măsuri generale pentru combaterea noxelor profesionale

 &RPEDWHUHDULVFXOXLGHVXSUDvQFăO]LUHSURGXFHUHDXQHLPLúFăULDDHUX
OXLFXFHOSXĠLQPVGXúXULGHDHUHFUDQHSURWHFWRDUHVDXSHUGHOH
GHDSă L]RODUHD]RQHLGHOXFUX vQ MXUXOPXQFLWRUXOXLSULQFUHDUHD GH
VSDĠLLDFOLPDWL]DWHORFXULVSHFLDOHSHQWUXUHSDXVvQSDX]HPLMORDFHLQ
GLYLGXDOHLQVWDODĠLLVSHFLDOHDVLJXUDUHDSRVLELOLWăĠLORUXQXLFRQVXPGH
DSăvQFDQWLWăĠLVXILFLHQWH
 &RPEDWHUHDFăOGXULLH[FHVLYHQRUPDOL]DUHDXPLGLWăĠLLvQOăWXUDUHDIX
PXOXL‫܈‬LDYDSRULORUWR[LFLDVXEVWDQĠHORUXUkWPLURVLWRDUHLQVWDODĠLDGH
YHQWLODUHDDHUXOXLPLFúRUDUHDJUDGXOXLGHLPSXULILFDUHDDHUXOXLLQ
VWDODĠLLVSHFLDOHKRWHQLúHGHDVSLUDĠLHPăVXULOHYL]kQGJUDGXOVFă]XW
GHLPSXULILFDUHDDHUXOXLVHLDXLQFOXVLYODQLYHOXOORFDOLWăĠLL]RQHLVX
SULPDUHDVDXUHGXFHUHDODPLQLPXPDVXUVHORUSURGXFăWRDUHGHIDFWRUL
QRFLYL LQVWDODĠLL VSHFLDOH GH GHVSUăIXLUH OD FRQFDVRDUH PDOD[RDUH
IRORVLUHDPLMORDFHORUPHFDQL]DWHVDXSQHXPDWLFHGHWUDQVSRUWDOXQRU
SXOEHULWR[LFHFDUHVHPDQLSXOHD]ăvQYUDF PRG GHGHSR]LWDUH‫܈‬L GH
WUDQVSRUWvQJUăPH]LQHRUGRQDWH‫܈‬LIăUăDPEDODMDOXQRUPDWHULDOHVXE
IRUPăGHSXOEHUHJUDQXOHVDXEXFă‫܊‬L
 5HDOL]DUHD XQXL LOXPLQDW LJLHQLF SH FkW SRVLELO OXPLQă QDWXUDOă GL
UHFWăLOXPLQDWXODUWLILFLDOVXILFLHQWúLXQLIRUPHOLPLQDUHDULVFXOXLGH
RUELUHSULQOXPLQăGLUHFWăVDXSULQOXPLQăUHIOHFWDWă
 &RPEDWHUHD]JRPRWXOXLL]RODUHDvQFăSHULORU]JRPRWRDVHGLQSXQFWGH
YHGHUHDODPSODVăULLúLDOPDWHULDOHORUVSHFLDOHXWLOL]DWHvQFRQVWUXFĠLD
ORUPLMORDFHWHKQLFHVSHFLDOHLQGLYLGXDOHH[DQWLIRDQHFăSWXúLUHD
SHUHĠLORUFXPDWHULDOHDEVRUEDQWHGH]JRPRWH
 $WHQXDUHDYLEUDĠLLORU VHUHFRPDQGăFD XWLODMHOHFDUH SURGXF YLEUDĠLL
SXWHUQLFHVăILHLQVWDODWHODSDUWHUVDXODVXEVRODPRUWL]RDUHHODVWLFH
VSHFLDOHúD
 Noțiune de boli profesionale 
%ROLOHSURIHVLRQDOHVXQWDIHFĠLXQLDOHRUJDQLVPXOXLGREkQGLWHFDXUPDUHD
SDUWLFLSăULLODUHDOL]DUHDXQXLSURFHVGHPXQFă&RQIRUPGHILQLĠLHLGDWHGH2UJD
QL]DĠLD0RQGLDOăD6ăQăWăĠLL206ÄEROLOHSURIHVLRQDOHFRQVWLWXLHDIHFĠLXQLDL
FăURUDJHQĠLHWLRORJLFLVSHFLILFLVXQWSUH]HQĠLODORFXOGHPXQFăDVRFLDĠLFXDQX
PLWHSURFHVHLQGXVWULDOHVDXFXH[HUFLWDUHDXQRUSURIHVLXQL´
1RĠLXQHDGHERDOăSURIHVLRQDOăLPSOLFăH[LVWHQĠDXQXLUDSRUWGHFDX]DOLWDWH
vQWUHIDFWRULLGHULVFH[LVWHQĠLvQSURFHVXOGHPXQFăúLHIHFWXODFHVWRUDPDWHULD
OL]DWvQDSDULĠLDEROLL1XPăUXOúLQDWXUDIDFWRULORUGHULVFOXDĠLvQFRQVLGHUDUHFD
JHQHUDWRULGHEROLSURIHVLRQDOHGLIHUăGHODRĠDUăODDOWDúLLPSOLFLWúLvQFDGUDUHD
MXULGLFăDPDODGLLORU
3ULQERDOăSURIHVLRQDOăVHvQĠHOHJHDIHFĠLXQHDFHVHSURGXFHFDXUPDUHD
H[HUFLWăULLXQHLPHVHULLVDXSURIHVLLFDX]DWăGHIDFWRULQRFLYLIL]LFLFKLPLFLVDX
ELRORJLFLFDUDFWHULVWLFLORFXOXLGHPXQFăSUHFXPúLGHVXSUDVROLFLWDUHDGLIHUL
WHORURUJDQHVDXVLVWHPHDOHRUJDQLVPXOXLvQSURFHVXO GH PXQFă3HQWUXFD R
DIHFĠLXQHVăILHFDOLILFDWăFDERDOăSURIHVLRQDOăWUHEXLHFDDFHDVWDVăvQWUXQHDVFă
WUHLFRQGLĠLL
● 6ăUHLDVăOHJăWXUDFDX]ăHIHFWGLQH[HUFLWDUHDXQHLPHVHULLVDXSURIHVLL
● 6ăILHSURYRFDWăGHIDFWRULGHULVFIL]LFLFKLPLFLELRORJLFLFDUDFWHULV
WLFLORFXOXLGHPXQFăVDXGHVXSUDVROLFLWăUL
● $FĠLXQHD IDFWRULORU GH ULVF DVXSUD RUJDQLVPXOXL VDX VXSUDVROLFLWDUHD
DFHVWXLDVăILHGHOXQJăGXUDWă
3URFHVXOSDWRORJLFGHFXUJHOHQWúLDIHFWHD]ăILHVWDUHDJHQHUDOăDRUJDQLV
PXOXLILHDQXPLWHRUJDQHVDXVLVWHPHÌQPXOWHFD]XULDFĠLXQHDHVWHUHYHUVLELOă
SULQVFRDWHUHDEROQDYXOXLGLQPHGLXOQRFLYúLDSOLFDUHDXQXLWUDWDPHQWDGHFYDW
&DXUPDUHFRQVHFLQ‫܊‬HOHEROLLVHDWHQXHD]ăVDXGLVSDUFRPSOHW
3HQWUXFDRQR[ăGLQPHGLXOGHPXQFăVăILHUHFXQRVFXWăFDIDFWRUHWLRORJLF
DO XQHL EROL SURIHVLRQDOH WUHEXLH Vă H[LVWH GRYDGD XQHL UHODĠLL FDQWLWDWLYH vQWUH
GR]DQR[HLUHVSHFWLYHDEVRUELWăGHRUJDQLVPúLHIHFWXOSURGXVDVXSUDDFHVWXLD
5HODĠLDGR]ăHIHFWDIRVWVWDELOLWăSHQWUXXQQXPăUPDUHGHIDFWRULGHULVFLPSX
QkQGXVHOLPLWHPD[LPHDGPLVH/0$
%ROLOHOHJDWHGHSURIHVLHVXQWDIHF‫܊‬LXQLFXGHWHUPLQDUHPXOWLIDFWRULDOăvQ
FDUHPHGLXO‫܈‬LFRQGL‫܊‬LLOHGHPXQFăDXRSRQGHUHLPSRUWDQWăUHSUH]HQWDWLYăvQWUH
IDFWRULLHWLRORJLFL/HJăWXUDFDX]DOăGLQWUHIDFWRUXOGHULVFIDFWRULLHWLRORJLFLID
YRUL]DQ‫܊‬LSRDWHILGLUHFWăVDXLQGLUHFWăvQWUXQSURFHQWPDLPLFGDUFDUHVăGH
Să‫܈‬HDVFă/LVWDDFHVWRUDHVWHSUH]HQWDWăvQWDEHOXO







Capitolul *V

Clasificarea bolilor profesionale 

D ÌQIXQFĠLHGHnatura factorului de riscFDUHOHDJHQHUDW
● ,QWR[LFDĠLLJHQHUDWHGHLQKDODUHGHLQJHUDUHVDXGHFRQWDFWXOHSLGHUPHLFX
VXEVWDQĠHWR[LFH
● 3QHXPRFRQLR]HSURYRFDWHGHLQKDODUHDSXOEHULORUQHWR[LFH
● %ROLSULQH[SXQHUHODHQHUJLHUDGLDQWă
● %ROLSULQH[SXQHUHODWHPSHUDWXULvQDOWHVDXVFă]XWH
● %ROLSULQH[SXQHUHOD]JRPRWúLYLEUDĠLL
● %ROLSULQH[SXQHUHODSUHVLXQHDWPRVIHULFăULGLFDWăVDXVFă]XWă
● $OHUJLLSURIHVLRQDOH
● 'HUPDWR]HSURIHVLRQDOH
● &DQFHUSURIHVLRQDO
● %ROLLQIHFĠLRDVHúLSDUD]LWDUH
● %ROLSULQVXSUDVROLFLWDUH
● $OWHEROLFDUHQXLQWUăvQFDWHJRULLOHDQWHULRDUH

E ÌQUDSRUWFXtimpul de expunereODDFĠLXQHDIDFWRUXOXLGHULVF
● LQWR[LFDĠLLDFXWHVHFHUFHWHD]ăDWkWFDERDOăSURIHVLRQDOăFkWúLFDDFFLGHQW
GHPXQFăJHQHUDWHGHRH[SXQHUHGHVFXUWăGXUDWăODDFĠLXQHDIDFWRUXOXL
GHULVFGDUODGR]HPDUL
 ● LQWR[LFDĠLL FURQLFH VHFHUFHWHD]ă FD EROLSURIHVLRQDOH SURYRFDWH GH UH
JXOăGHGR]HUHODWLYPLFLGDUFDUHDFĠLRQHD]ăWLPSvQGHOXQJDWDVXSUDRU
JDQLVPXOXL

Intoxicaţii acute
(IHFWXOWR[LFSRDWHILLQVWDQWDQHXVDXLPHGLDW
● Efect toxic instantaneu: VH PDQLIHVWă GXSă VDX vQ WLPSXO XQHL H[SXQHUL
IRDUWH VFXUWH GH OD FkWHYD VHFXQGH OD  PLQXWH SULQ HIHFWH DFXWH
IXQFĠLRQDOHúLVDXOH]LRQDUHFDUHSRWDQWUHQDvQVSHFLDOSLHUGHUHDFX
QRúWLQĠHLFRPăVDXXQVWRSFDUGLRUHVSLUDWRU$FLGXOFLDQKLGULFKLGUR
JHQXOVXOIXUDWKLGURJHQXODUVHQLF‫܈‬LKLGURJHQXOIRVIRUDWSUH]LQWăDFHVWH
FDUDFWHULVWLFLGHLQWR[LFDĠLHIXOJHUăWRDUH
● Efect toxic imediat DSDUH GXSă R H[SXQHUH GH VFXUWă GXUDWă SULQ LULWDUH
DFXWă D PXFRDVHORU UHVSLUDWRULL VDX D SLHOLL QDUFR]ă FDUH LQFXPEă R
LQDSWLWXGLQHIXQFĠLRQDOăDIHFWDUHFHOXODUăLUHYHUVLELOă
([HPSOH GH LQWR[LFDĠLL DFXWH FHUFHWDWH FD úL DFFLGHQWH DUVXUL DOHUJLL
DIHFĠLXQLUHVSLUDWRULLGLJHVWLYHRFXODUHHWF
AlergiileVXQWUHDF‫܊‬LLH[DJHUDWHDOHRUJDQLVPXOXLFDXUPDUHDLQWUăULLvQFRQ
WDFWFXDQXPLWHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HGLQPHGLXOvQFRQMXUăWRU6LVWHPXOLPXQLWDUDOSHUVRDQH
ORUSUHGLVSXVHODDOHUJLLWUDWHD]ăDFHVWHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFDILLQGVWUăLQH‫܈‬LGHFODQ‫܈‬HD]ă
XQUăVSXQVLPXQ$FHVWHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HVHQXPHVFalergeni ‫܈‬LVXQWGHIDSWLQRIHQVLYH
DMXQJkQGvQRUJDQLVPSULQinhalare, ingerareVDXprin contactul cu pielea. 
&HLPDLIUHFYHQ‫܊‬LDOHUJHQLVXQWSROHQXOXQRUSODQWHDFDULHQLLGHSUDIVH
JăVHVFSHVWHWRWvQOHQMHULDGHSDWvQFRYRDUHSHPRELOăSHSLHOHDQRDVWUă±DVWIHO
SUDFWLF]LOQLFRPXODUHFRQWDFWFXHL'H‫܈‬LDFDULHQLLGHSUDIQHDMXWăGHRDUHFHVH
KUăQHVFFXFHOXOHOHPRDUWHDOHFRUSXOXLWRWRGDWăvQDQXPLWHFRQGL‫܊‬LLSRWSURYRFD
DOHUJLLVSRULLPXFHJDLXOXLSURWHLQHOHGLQFRUSXODQLPDOHORUGLQSLHOHDSăUXO
VDOLYD‫܈‬LXULQDXQRUDQLPDOHSLVLFLVDXVRO]LLGHSH‫܈‬WLYHQLQXODOELQHORU
/DWH[XOHVWHXQDOHUJHQFDUHSRDWHJHQHUDUHDF‫܊‬LLDOHUJLFHODQLYHOXOSLHOLLvQ
XUPDFRQWDFWXOXLFXDFHVWDVDX DPXFRDVHORUQăULOHQDVXOXLFDYLWDWHDEXFDOă
$OHUJLLOHvQFD]XOODWH[XOXLDSDUODFRQWDFWXOFXRELHFWHOHFDUHOFRQ‫܊‬LQPăQX‫܈‬L
EUă‫܊‬ăULSUH]HUYDWLYHHWF
&DDOHUJHQL PDLVHUYHVFSURWHLQHOH XQRUDOLPHQWHRXăOHODSWHOHDUDKL
GHOHFUXVWDFHHOHVRLDJUkXO‫܈‬DDQXPLWHPHWDOHQLFKHO±SUH]HQWvQDFFHVRULL
‫܈‬LELMXWHULLFXUHOHFHDVXULEUă‫܊‬DUHFREDOW±SUH]HQWvQFăUăPLGăFLPHQWVWLFOă
$VWIHODOHUJLDHVWHRUHDF‫܊‬LHDQRUPDOăGLVSURSRU‫܊‬LRQDOăH[DJHUDWă‫܈‬LH[FH
VLYăDVLVWHPXOXLLPXQLWDUDOXQXLRUJDQLVPID‫܊‬ăGHDQWLJHQHH[RJHQHELQHWROH
UDWHGHVXELHF‫܊‬LLQRUPDOL

Tipurile de alergii 
ÌQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬DFDUHFDX]HD]ăUHDF‫܊‬LD‫܈‬LGHVLPSWRPHVHGLVWLQJPDL
PXOWHWLSXULGHDOHUJLL
Capitolul *V

● DOHUJLD DOLPHQWDUă  SURYRFDWă GH VXEVWDQ‫܊‬HOH GLQ DQXPLWH DOLPHQWH

RXăODSWHIUXFWHGHPDUHQXFLHWF
● DOHUJLDODPHGLFDPHQWHUHDF‫܊‬LDRUJDQLVPXOXLODDQXPLWHSURGXVHIDU
PDFHXWLFHFXPDUILSHQLFLOLQD
● DOHUJLDODYHQLQXOLQVHFWHORUUHDF‫܊‬LHODPX‫܈‬FăWXUDGHLQVHFWăDOELQă
VDXYLHVSHGDFăSHUVRDQDHVWHDOHUJLFăODYHQLQXODFHVWHLD
● DOHUJLDGHFRQWDFWUHDF‫܊‬LHODFRQWDFWXOGLQWUHSLHOHPXFRDVH‫܈‬LXQDOHU
JHQ FXPDU IL SăUXO GHDQLPDOHVDXODWH[XO 'RDU DOHUJLDGHFRQWDFW
SRDWHILvQDQXPLWHFRQGL‫܊‬LLDWULEXLWăODEROLOHSURIHVLRQDOH
&OLQLFDOHUJLLOHVHSRWPDQLIHVWDODQLYHOXOGLIHULWRURUJDQH‫܈‬LVLVWHPHvQ
IXQF‫܊‬LHGHFDX]H‫܈‬LGH]RQDFDUHDLQWUDWvQFRQWDFWFXDOHUJHQXO(VWHLPSRUWDQW
GH‫܈‬WLXWFăVLPSWRPHOHVXQWUHVLP‫܊‬LWHGRDUFkWWLPSDOHUJHQXOVHDIOăvQRUJDQLVP
LDUWLSXODFHVWRUDHVWHvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHWLSXOGHDOHUJLH‫܈‬LQXGHDOHUJHQSimptomele
generaleVHSRWPDQLIHVWDODQLYHOXOvQWUHJXOXLFRUSGDFăVXEVWDQ‫܊‬DFDUHDSURYRFDW
DOHUJLDDMXQJHvQVkQJHÌQDFHDVWăVLWXD‫܊‬LHULWPXOFDUGLDFGHYLQHPDLDFFHOHUDWLDU
WHQVLXQHDDUWHULDOăPDLVFă]XWăSimptomele localeDSDUGHRELFHLvQ]RQDXQGH
DOHUJHQXODLQWUDWvQFRQWDFWFXRUJDQLVPXO
/D QLYHOXOmucoaselor tractului respirator FHOH PDLIUHFYHQWH VLPSWRPH
DOHDOHUJLLORUVXQWULQLWDDOHUJLFăVWUăQXWQDVvQIXQGDWPkQFăULPLDOHQDVXOXL
GLILFXOWă‫܊‬LvQUHVSLUD‫܊‬LHGHUPDWLWDDWRSLFăHUXS‫܊‬LLFXWDQDWHXUWLFDULLDSDUL‫܊‬LDGH
SUXULW PkQFăULPH LULWD‫܊‬LL ‫܈‬L DVWPXO DOHUJLF LQIODPDUHD PXFRDVHL EURQKLFH
SURGXFHUHD XQHL FDQWLWă‫܊‬L PDL PDUL GH PXFXV ‫܈‬L EORFDUHD FăLORU UHVSLUDWRULL
6LPSWRPHOHVSHFLILFHVXQWWXVHDUHVSLUD‫܊‬LDFXGLILFXOWDWHVHQ]D‫܊‬LDGHVXIRFDUH
/DQLYHOXOmucoasei ochilorDOHUJLLOHSRWGHWHUPLQDLQIODPDUHDvQUR‫܈‬LUHD
VDXOăFULPDUHDDFHVWRUD
‫܇‬LDOWHSăU‫܊‬LDOHFRUSXOXLVHSRWWXPHILDvQFD]GHDOHUJLHID‫܊‬DJkWXOEX]HOH
OLPED/DQLYHOXOWUDFWXOXLJDVWURLQWHVWLQDODOHUJLLOHSRWJHQHUDYRPăVDXGLDUHH
$OHUJLLOHVHGH]YROWăvQHWDSH
Prima etapăHVWHVHQVLELOL]DUHDúLFRUHVSXQGHFXRUHDFĠLHLQGLYLGXDOăFX
UăVSXQVXOODRDQXPLWăVXEVWDQĠăGHH[HPSOXDOHUJLLFXWDQDWHGHUPDWLWHOHDV
WPXO $SDUDOHUJLLOD GHWHUJHQĠLODFRDIRUSHUVXOIDWXOSRDWHSURYRFD DVWP OD
FLPHQWODFDXFLXFODL]RFLDQDĠLLGLQYRSVHOH‫܈‬LSROLXUHWDQLLSRWSURYRFDDFFLGHQWH
UHVSLUDWRULL
$doua etapăFRUHVSXQGHGHFODQúăULLDOHUJLHLGHH[HPSOXSHHWLFKHWDSUR
GXVHORUFRVPHWLFHHVWHLQGLFDWFăVXQWKLSRDOHUJHQLFHFHHDFHvQVHDPQăFăULVFXO
HVWHUHGXVODPD[LPXPGDUWRWXúLQXHJDUDQWDW
5LVFXOFDRSHUVRDQăVăGHYLQăDOHUJLFăODRVXEVWDQĠăFDUHDSDUHvQPHGLXO
GH PXQFă FUHúWH vQ FD]XO XQHL H[SXQHUL GH OXQJă GXUDWă VDX D XQRU H[SXQHUL
UHSHWDWH3ULQWUHVXEVWDQĠHOHFKLPLFHFDUHSURYRDFăDOHUJLLDOHFăLORUUHVSLUDWRULL
VHQXPăUăDFULODĠLLWUDWDPHQWXOVWRPDWRORJLFLQGXVWULDGHPDVHSODVWLFHDPLGHOH
YRSVHOHGHSăUGLL]RFLDQDĠLLODFXULDGH]LYLFRORIRQLXOOLSLUHúLDQKLGULGHOH
DFHWLFHYRSVHOHSXOEHUHLQGXVWULDHOHFWURQLFă8QHOHSODQWHIăLQDODWH[XOúLDQL
PDOHOHFXEODQăSRWGHDVHPHQHDFDX]DDOHUJLLUHVSLUDWRULL
 8QWLSDSDUWHGHDOHUJLHSXOPRQDUăDOYHROLWăVDXUHDFĠLHSXOPRQDUăDOHUJLFă
DSDUHODH[SXQHUHDODPLFURRUJDQLVPHOHGLQSDLHGLQVHPLQĠHGLQIkQPXFHJăLW
HWFÌQXUPDH[SXQHULLODFURPQLFKHODFULODWUăúLQLHSR[LGLFHúLDQXPLWHSODQWH
VHSRWSURGXFHHF]HPHODQLYHOXOPkLQLORU0XQFLOHFDUHLPSOLFăFRQWDFWXOPkLQL
ORUFXGLIHULWHXOHLXULVDXFRQWDFWXOSUHOXQJLWFXDSDSRWILFDX]DHF]HPHORU

Intoxicaţii cronice (boli profesionale) 

'H UHJXOă HIHFWHOH DGHVHD QHVSHFLILFH WR[LFXOXL DSDU ODPDL PXOWH ]LOH
OXQLFKLDUDQLGXSăH[SXQHUH([SXQHUHDWUHFHGHFHOHPDLPXOWHRULQHREVHU
YDWăPDLDOHVGDFăSURGXVXOQXDUHPLURVVDXHIHFWLULWDQW3ULQXUPDUHHIHFWXO
WR[LFSHWHUPHQOXQJVHPDQLIHVWăGXSăH[SXQHULSUHOXQJLWHUHSHWDWHWLPSGH
PDLPXOWHVăSWăPkQLFKLDUDQLSULQDSDULĠLDFDQFHUXOXLHIHFWHORUWR[LFHDVXSUD
IXQFĠLHLGHUHSURGXFHUHDIHFĠLXQLORUVLVWHPXOXLQHUYRVUHDFĠLLORUGHKLSHUVHQVL
ELOLWDWHvQWkU]LDWă3HULRDGDOXQJăGHODWHQĠăDEROLLGHDQLGHH[SXQHUHOD
QR[HOHUHVSHFWLYHXQHRULFKLDUPDLPXOWIDFHSHGHRSDUWHFDSHUVRDQHOHvQ
FDX]ă Vă QXFRQúWLHQWL]H]HLPHGLDWSHULFROXOLDUSH GH DOWă SDUWH GHFODQ‫܈‬DUHD
EROLLDUHORFGXSăSHQVLRQDUHúLvQOLSVDXQHLHYLGHQ‫܊‬HFODUHERDODQXPDLHVWH
DQDOL]DWăFDDQWHFHGHQWSURIHVLRQDO
&DQFHUXOFXQRVFXWVXEGHQXPLUHD‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬LILFăGHWXPRDUHPDOLJQăVDXQHR
SODVPPDOLJQHVWHXQJUXSGHEROLFHLPSOLFăGH]YROWDUHDDQRUPDOăDFHOXOHORU
FX SRWHQ‫܊‬LDO GH D LQYDGD VDX D VH UăVSkQGL vQDOWH SăU‫܊‬LDOH FRUSXOXL 1X WRDWH
WXPRULOH VXQW FDQFHURDVH 7XPRULOH EHQLJQH QX VH UăVSkQGHVF OD DOWH RUJDQH
&DQFHUXO SURIHVLRQDO UHSUH]LQWă LQGXFHUHD GH FăWUH XQHOH VXEVWDQ‫܊‬H FKLPLFH
DJHQ‫܊‬LIL]LFLVDXELRORJLFLDXQRUFDQFHUHREVHUYDWHvQPRGREL‫܈‬QXLWvQSRSXOD‫܊‬LH
‫܈‬LVDXLQGXFHUHDGHFăWUHDFH‫܈‬WLDDXQXLQXPăUPDLPDUHGHQHRSOD]LLGHFkWVXQW
vQWkOQLWHvQSRSXOD‫܊‬LHGH‫܈‬LPHFDQLVPHOHGHSURGXFHUHSRWILIXQGDPHQWDOGLIHULWH
$JHQ‫܊‬LLFDQFHULJHQLSURIHVLRQDOL
● $JHQ‫܊‬LIL]LFL‫܈‬LFKLPLFLODFDUHOXFUăWRUXOHVWHH[SXVvQFRQGL‫܊‬LLREL‫܈‬
QXLWH GH OXFUX FDSDELOL VD SURYRDFH DSDUL‫܊‬LD XQHL QHRSOD]LL VDX Vă
FUHDVFăQXPăUXODFHVWRUD
● $JHQ‫܊‬LELRORJLFL
&ODVLILFDUHDGXSăVWDUHDGHDJUHJDUHSXOEHULYDSRULJD]HDHURVROLOLFKLGH
&ODVLILFDUHDSURSXVăGH:HLVEHUJ
● &XDF‫܊‬LXQHGLUHFWăQLWUR]DPLQHJD]PXVWDU
● 3URFDUFLQRJHQLDPLQHDURPDWLFHKLGURFDUEXULDURPDWLFH
● &RFDUFLQRJHQLJXGURDQHXOHLXULPLQHUDOH
&ULWHULXODJUHVLYLWă‫܊‬LL‫܈‬LFHUWLWXGLQLLHIHFWXOXL
● 5LVFXULUHFXQRVFXWHDJHQ‫܊‬LLGHQWLILFD‫܊‬LDPHVWHFXUL‫܈‬LJUXSHGHFDU
FLQRJHQLRSHUD‫܊‬LLLQGXVWULDOHFDUFLQRJHQH
● 5LVFXULSRWHQ‫܊‬LDOHFDUFLQRJHQLVXVSHF‫܊‬L‫܈‬LFDUFLQRJHQLH[SHULPHQWDOL
([LVWăSHVWHWLSXULGHFDQFHUFDUHDIHFWHD]ăFRUSXOXPDQ&HOPDLIUHF
YHQWFDQFHUSURIHVLRQDOHVWHFHOSXOPRQDUSURYRFDWGHD]EHVW1XSUH]LQWă
PDQLIHVWăULFOLQLFHGLIHULWHID‫܊‬ăGHDOWHFDX]HGHFDQFHUSXOPRQDUWXVHGXUHUH
Capitolul *V

WRUDFLFăKHPRSWL]LHSQHXPRQLLUHFXUHQWH3DFLHQWDVLPSWRPDWLF5DGLRORJLF
LPDJLQLVXSUDSXVHFDUHSRWIDFHOHJăWXUDFXD]EHVWXO&HDPDLEXQăPHWRGăGH
GHVFRSHULUHDWXPRULLODPXQFLWRULLH[SX‫܈‬LODD]EHVWHVWHFRQWUROXOPHGLFDOSHULRGLF
DQXDOFLWRORJLDVSXWHL$UVHQXOEHULOLXOQLFKHOXOFDGPLXO±SURYRDFăIRUPHGH
FDQFHUSXOPRQDU‫܈‬LQD]DO
ÌQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHmodul de acţiune a factorului de riscDVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXLH[LVWă
● %ROLFXDFĠLXQHJHQHUDOăFDUHDIHFWHD]ăvQWUHJXORUJDQLVP
● %ROLFXDFĠLXQHORFDOăFDUHLQWHUHVHD]ăRSDUWHDRUJDQLVPXOXLXQVLV
WHPVDXXQRUJDQ

Consecinţele sociale şi economice ale accidentelor de muncă şi

ale bolilor profesionale 
$FFLGHQWHOH GHPXQFă úLEROLOHSURIHVLRQDOHDIHFWHD]ă QHJDWLYWRDWHHOH
PHQWHOHVLVWHPXOXLGHPXQFăH[HFXWDQWXOVDUFLQDGHPXQFăPLMORDFHOHGHSUR
GXFĠLHúLPHGLXOGHPXQFă
D Consecinţe asupra executantului ÌQ FRQWH[WXO SURFHVXOXL GH PXQFă
RPXOSRDWHILFRQVLGHUDWvQGRXăLSRVWD]HGHILLQĠăXPDQăúLGHH[H
FXWDQWDOXQHLVDUFLQLGHPXQFă)LHFăUHLDvLVXQWDVRFLDWHRVHULHGH
YDORULúLGHFDUDFWHULVWLFLVSHFLILFHYLDĠDVăQăWDWHDLQWHJULWDWHDDQD
WRPRIXQFĠLRQDOăFDSDFLWDWHDFUHDWLYăDIHFWLYăUHVSHFWLYFDSDFLWDWHD
GHPXQFăDSWLWXGLQLOHúLFXQRúWLQĠHOH
$FFLGHQWHOHGHPXQFăúLEROLOHSURIHVLRQDOHDXUHSHUFXVLXQLDVXSUDDPEHORU
FDWHJRULLGHYDORULFRQVHFLQĠHOHPDQLIHVWkQGXVHvQPXOWLSOHSODQXULSVLKRIL]LROR
JLF±GXUHUHVWUHVLQFDSDFLWDWHGHPXQFăLQYDOLGLWDWHHWFHFRQRPLF±GLPLQXDUHD
SURGXFWLYLWăĠLLPXQFLLLQGLYLGXDOHILQDQFLDU±GLPLQXDUHDYHQLWXULORUFKHOWXLHOLORU
SHQWUXDVLVWHQĠăPHGLFDOă
E Consecinţe asupra sarcinii de muncă. &RQVHFLQĠDGLUHFWăRFRQVWLWXLHQH
vQGHSOLQLUHDVDUFLQLLGHPXQFăVDXQHvQGHSOLQLUHDHLODWLPSPDLDOHVvQ
FD]XODFFLGHQWHORUGHPXQFăSUHFXPúLvQGHSOLQLUHDQHFRUHVSXQ]ăWRDUH
vQXQHOHFD]XULGHEROLSURIHVLRQDOHGDFăQXVHDMXQJHODLQFDSDFLWDWH
WHPSRUDUăGHPXQFă
F Consecinţe asupra mijloacelor de producţie. ÌQ XUPD DFFLGHQWHORU GH
PXQFăvQPRGGHRVHELWVHSRWSURGXFHGHWHULRUăULVDXGLVWUXJHULDWkW
DOHPLMORDFHORUGHPXQFăGDUúLDOHRELHFWHORUPXQFLLvQFD]XOH[SOR
]LLORULQFHQGLLORUSURLHFWDUHDGHFRUSXULFDUHDJUHVHD]ăQXQXPDLYLF
WLPDFLúLXWLODMHOHGLQMXU
G Consecinţe asupra mediului de muncă. $PEHOHFDWHJRULLGHPHGLXIL]LF
úL VRFLDO GH PXQFă SRW IL DIHFWDWH GH SURGXFHUHD DFFLGHQWHORU GH
PXQFăúLDSDULĠLDEROLORUSURIHVLRQDOHGDUvQPRGGHRVHELWFHOVRFLDO
&RQVHFLQĠHDVXSUDPHGLXOXLVRFLDODXDFFLGHQWHOHúLEROLOHSURIHVLRQDOH
FRQFUHWL]DWHPDLDOHVVXEIRUPDVWUHVXOXLVXSRUWDWGHFHLDIODĠLODORFXUL
GHPXQFăDSURSLDWHGHFHODOYLFWLPHLFXWRDWHPDQLIHVWăULOHVSHFLILFH
 8QDOWFULWHULXGHFODVLILFDUH±QLYHOXOODFDUHVHSURGXF±vPSDUWHFRQVH
FLQĠHOHDFFLGHQWHORUGHPXQFăúLEROLOHSURIHVLRQDOHvQ
● FRQVHFLQĠHODQLYHOXOLQGLYLGXOXL
● al victimei ±VXIHULQĠăIL]LFăúLSVLKLFăFDXUPDUHDDJUHVLXQLLVXSRUWDWH
DLQFDSDFLWăĠLLWHPSRUDUHVDXSHUPDQHQWHGHPXQFăDSLHUGHULLvQFUHGH
ULL vQ FDSDFLWDWHD GH D UHDFĠLRQD FRUHVSXQ]ăWRU OD VDUFLQLOH GH PXQFă
GLPLQXDUHDYHQLWXULORUH[SLHUGHULGHVDODULXFKHOWXLHOLOHJDWHGHvQ
JULMLUHDPHGLFDOăHWF
● al celor apropiaţi victimei±GXUHUHVXIHULQĠăVWUHVSVLKLFGLPLQXDUHD
YHQLWXULORUIDPLOLDOHHWF
● FRQVHFLQĠHODQLYHOPLFURHFRQRPLFDJHQWHFRQRPLF
● pierderi de producţie±GHWHULRUăULVDXGLVWUXJHULGHPLMORDFHIL[HFKHO
WXLHOL GH UHLQYHVWLUH vQ IRUĠD GH PXQFă XWLODMH GHWHULRUDUHD PHGLXOXL
VRFLDOGHPXQFăHWF
● FRQVHFLQĠHODQLYHOXOVRFLHWăĠLLPDFURHFRQRPLF
● cheltuieli de asigurări socialeGHDVLVWHQĠăPHGLFDOă GLPLQXDUHDSR
WHQĠLDOXOXLFUHDWRUJHQHUDOHWF
3HQWUXDREĠLQHRJUXSDUHDFRQVHFLQĠHORUXWLOăvQVWDELOLUHDORFXOXLVHFXULWăĠLL
úL VăQăWăĠLL vQ PXQFă SULQWUHFHOHODOWH DFWLYLWăĠL VRFLDOH VHSRDWH XWLOL]DFULWHULXO
ÄQDWXULL´ORUFRQIRUPFăUXLDVHGHRVHEHVF
● consecinţele socialeVDXH[WUDHFRQRPLFHFDUHUH]XOWăGLQDIHFWDUHDYD
ORULORUFDUDFWHULVWLFHLSRVWD]HLGHILLQĠăXPDQăDH[HFXWDQWXOXLHOHVXQW
QHFXDQWLILFDELOHúLQXSRWILH[SULPDWHFDQWLWDWLY±GXUHUHDVXIHULQĠDIL
]LFăúLSVLKLFăGLPLQXDUHDFUHDWLYLWăĠLLJHQHUDOHDVRFLHWăĠLL
● consecinţe economice DSDU DWkW GLQ DIHFWDUHD YDORULORU FDUDFWHULVWLFH
LSRVWD]HLGHH[HFXWDQWDRPXOXLFkWúLGLQDIHFWDUHDFHORUODOWHHOHPHQWH
DOHVLVWHPXOXLGHPXQFă

Cercetarea, declararea şi evidenţa bolilor profesionale 

%ROLOHSURIHVLRQDOHFDúLVXVSLFLXQLOHGHEROLSURIHVLRQDOHWUHEXLHVHPQD
ODWHREOLJDWRULXGHFăWUHWRĠLPHGLFLLFDUHGHSLVWHD]ăDVWIHOGHvPEROQăYLULvQWLP
SXORULFăUHLSUHVWDĠLLPHGLFDOHFRQWURDOHPHGLFDOHODDQJDMDUHSHULRGLFHHWF
&HUFHWDUHDFDX]HORUvPEROQăYLULORUSURIHVLRQDOHvQYHGHUHDFRQILUPăULLVDXLQ
ILUPăULLORUSUHFXPúLVWDELOLUHDGHPăVXULSHQWUXSUHYHQLUHDDOWRUvPEROQăYLULVH
IDFGHFăWUHVSHFLDOLúWLLDXWRULWăĠLORUGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFăWHULWRULDOHvQFRODERUDUH
FXLQVSHFWRULLGLQLQVSHFWRUDWHOHWHULWRULDOHGHPXQFă
ÌQFXUVXOFHUFHWăULLVHXUPăUHVFODIDĠDORFXOXLFDX]HOHvPEROQăYLULLúLPR
GDOLWăĠLOHGHvQOăWXUDUH6HVWDELOHVFQR[HOHH[LVWHQWHUROXOXQRUIDFWRULGHSHQ
GHQĠLGHRUJDQL]DUHDSURGXFĠLHLLQWHQVLWDWHDHIRUWXULORUULWPXOGHPXQFăOLSVD
SDX]HORUHWF1R[DVDXQR[HOHFRQVLGHUDWHDILDJHQĠLHWLRORJLFLDLEROLORUSUR
IHVLRQDOHWUHEXLHGHVFULVăFkWPDLH[DFWLDUGDFăH[LVWăDQDOL]HWR[LFRORJLFHVH
PHQĠLRQHD]ăYDORULOHvQUHJLVWUDWH
Capitolul *V

ÌQFHUFHWDUHVHSRUQHúWHGHODDQDOL]DSURFHVXOXLGHPXQFăSHQWUXDVHSX
WHDGHSLVWDFXFkWPDLPXOWăSUHFL]LHPRPHQWXOúLVLWXDĠLLOHSHULFXORDVHFDUHDUIL
SXWXWLQWHUYHQLvQJHQH]DEROLL&RQFOX]LLOHFHUFHWăULLFD]XULORUGHvPEROQăYLULSUR
IHVLRQDOHVHFRQVHPQHD]ăvQWUXQSURFHVYHUEDOvQFDUHVHPHQĠLRQHD]ăIDFWRULL
GHWHUPLQDQĠLFRQGLĠLLOHFDUHDXIDYRUL]DWDSDULĠLDEROLORUúLPăVXULOHFHVHLPSXQ
SHQWUXSUHYHQLUHDXQRUVLWXDĠLLVLPLODUHUHVSRQVDELOLWDWHDSHQWUXGHFODQúDUHDEROLL
UHVSHFWLYH3URFHVXOYHUEDOGHFHUFHWDUHDFD]XOXLGHERDOăSURIHVLRQDOăVHvQPk
QHD]ăDQJDMDWRUXOXLPHGLFXOXLFDUHDVHPQDODWvPEROQăYLUHDSHQWUXHYLGHQĠDvP
EROQăYLULORUSURIHVLRQDOHúLSHQWUXDXUPăULUHDOL]DUHDPăVXULORUSUHVFULVH

Măsuri de profilaxie a îmbolnăvirilor profesionale 

 Măsuri tehnico-organizatorice
6XQWUHSUH]HQWDWHvQWURRUGLQHGHSULRULWăĠLOHJDWHGHHILFLHQĠăPD[LPă
● (OLPLQDUHDQR[HLSURIHVLRQDOHGLQSURFHVXOWHKQRORJLFSULQvQORFXLUHD
VXEVWDQĠHORUQRFLYHVDXDWHKQRORJLLORUQRFLYHFXDOWHOHPDLSXĠLQQRFLYH
VDXLQRIHQVLYH
● ,]RODUHDDSDUDWXULLJHQHUDWRDUHGHQR[HDXWRPDWL]DUHFDELQHVSHFLDOH
WHUPRL]RODUH
● ÌPSLHGLFDUHDSăWUXQGHULLQR[HLvQDHUXOORFXULORUGHPXQFăHUPHWL]DUH
SURFHGHHXPHGHSHQWUXSXOEHULYHQWLODĠLHORFDOă
● 'LPLQXDUHDFRQFHQWUDĠLLORUQR[HORUH[LVWHQWHODORFXULOHGHPXQFăVXE
&0$VDX/0$YHQWLODĠLHJHQHUDOăIRQRDEVRUEĠLH
● ÌPSLHGLFDUHDDFĠLXQLLQR[HLDVXSUDOXFUăWRULORUVDXGLPLQXDUHDDFHVWHL
DFĠLXQL SULQ UHGXFHUHD HIRUWXOXL IL]LF VXSUDVROLFLWăULORU IL]LFH úL QHX
URSVLKLFH UHGXFHUHD GXUDWHL ]LOHL GH PXQFă IRORVLUHDHFKLSDPHQWXOXL
LQGLYLGXDOGHSURWHFĠLHHWF
● $VLJXUDUHDDOLPHQWDĠLHLGHSURWHFĠLHúLFRQVXPDUHDDFHVWHLDvQXQLWDWH
● (IHFWXDUHD FRUHFWă D LQVWUXFWDMXOXL SHQWUX VHFXULWDWHD úL VăQăWDWHD vQ
PXQFă
 Măsuri medicale
● 5HFXQRDúWHUHDULVFXOXLSURIHVLRQDOODORFXULOHGHPXQFăSULQVWXGLXODWHQW
DOSURFHVXOXLWHKQRORJLFúLDOFRQGLĠLLORUGHPXQFăHIHFWXDUHDGHGHWHUPL
QăULGHQR[HVWXGLLHSLGHPLRORJLFH
● (IHFWXDUHDFRUHVSXQ]ăWRDUHDH[DPHQXOXLPHGLFDOODDQJDMDUHúLDFHOXLSH
ULRGLFH[DPHQHFOLQLFHúLGHODERUDWRUvQIXQFĠLHGHWLSXOQR[HORUSURIHVL
RQDOHúLLQWHQVLWDWHDORUFDUHRULHQWHD]ăúLSHULRGLFLWDWHDH[DPLQăULORU
● (GXFDĠLDVDQLWDUăD
● FDGUHORUGHFRQGXFHUHWHKQLFăúLDGPLQLVWUDWLYă
● vQVFRSXOUHDOL]ăULLGHFăWUHDFHúWLDDPăVXULORUWHKQLFRRUJDQL]DWRULFH
DPLQWLWHvQFRQGLĠLLGHHILFLHQĠăPD[LPă
● SHUVRQDOXOXLPXQFLWRU
● vQYHGHUHDUHVSHFWăULLUHJXOLORUGHLJLHQăLQGLYLGXDOă
● SXUWDUHDFRUHFWăDHFKLSDPHQWXOXLLQGLYLGXDOGHSURWHFĠLH
 ● DFRUGDUHDSULPXOXLDMXWRU
● FXQRDúWHUHDúLUHFXQRDúWHUHDSULPHORUVLPSWRPHGHLQWR[LFDĠLHDFXWăúLFUR
QLFăSURIHVLRQDOă
● SUH]HQWDUHDODH[DPHQHOHPHGLFDOH




$JULFXOWXUDHVWHXQDGLQWUHFHOHPDLYHFKLUDPXULDOHDFWLYLWăĠLLJRVSRGă
UHúWL(DvúLLDvQFHSXWXOvQFăGLQ$QWLFKLWDWHFkQGRPXODvQFHSXWSUHOXFUDUHD
SăPkQWXOXLFXFHOHPDLSULPLWLYHXQHOWHúLDGRPHVWLFLWSULPHOHVSHFLLGHDQL
PDOH3HSDUFXUVXOVHFROHORUDJULFXOWXUDVDSHUIHFĠLRQDW2GDWăFXVFKLPEDUHD
YL]LXQLORULQIRUPDĠLRQDOHVDVFKLPEDWFDUDFWHUXOúLWLSXOPXQFLLDJULFROH$JUL
FXOWXUDLQFOXGHPDLPXOWH UDPXULOHJXPLFXOWXUD SRPLFXOWXUD YLWLFXOWXUD HWF
LQFOXVLYvQ]RRWHKQLHFUH‫܈‬WHUHDERYLQHORURYLQHORUSRUFLQHORUSăVăULORUDYLFXO
WXUăDSH‫܈‬WHOXLSLVFLFXOWXUăHWF3HQWUX5HSXEOLFD0ROGRYDHVWHFDUDFWHULVWLFă
GH]YROWDUHD ODUJă D DJULFXOWXULL VSHFLDOL]DWH ,QWHJUDUHD LQWHUJRVSRGăUHDVFă úL
VSHFLDOL]DUHD JRVSRGăULLORU DX GDW SRVLELOLWDWHD GH D LQGXVWULDOL]D SURFHVHOH GH
PXQFăSULQIRORVLUHDPDúLQLORUPRGHUQH
,JLHQDPXQFLLvQDJULFXOWXUăFDGLVFLSOLQăSUH]LQWăXQFRPSDUWLPHQWGHVLQH
VWăWăWRUFHVWXGLD]ăDFĠLXQHDIDFWRULORUGHPHGLXúLDPHGLXOXLGHSURGXFHUHDVXSUD
RUJDQLVPXOXLHODERUHD]ăPăVXULGHDPHOLRUDUHDFRQGLĠLLORUGHPXQFă QHFHVDUH
SHQWUXPHQĠLQHUHDúLIRUWLILFDUHDVăQăWăĠLLOXFUăWRULORUVWDELOHúWHSHQWUXRUJDQLVP
QLYHOXULOHLQRIHQVLYHúLDGPLVLELOHDOHVXEVWDQĠHORUWR[LFHGLQPHGLXOGHSURGXFHUH
ÌQDQXPLWHVLWXD‫܊‬LLPXQFDvQDJULFXOWXUăSUH]LQWăXQHOHSDUWLFXODULWă‫܊‬LID‫܊‬ă
GHPXQFDGLQLQGXVWULH
 FDUDFWHUXOVH]RQLHUDOSULQFLSDOHORUSURFHVHGHPXQFăFDUHGHVHRULQHFHVLWă
XUJHQĠDHIHFWXăULLORUSUHOXQJLUHD]LOHLGHPXQFă
 vQGHSOLQLUHDOXFUXOXLFDUHJXOăvQDHUOLEHUGHVHRULvQFRQGLĠLLPHWHRURORJLFH
QHIDYRUDELOHFDUHSRWFDX]DVXSUDvQFăO]LUHDVDXVXSUDUăFLUHDRUJDQLVPXOXL
 HIRUWIL]LFVSRULWYDULDELOLWDWHDSURFHVHORUWHKQRORJLFHvQGHSOLQLWHGHXQD
úLDFHHDúLSHUVRDQă
 GLVWDQ‫܊‬DPDUHGHODORFXOGHPXQFăúLGHODFHOGHWUDL
 IRORVLUHDSHVWLFLGHORUSHQWUXFRPEDWHUHDLQVHFWHORUúLDEROLORUSODQWHORUD
vQJUă‫܈‬ăPLQWHORUPLQHUDOH
 SUH]HQĠDIDFWRUXOXLELRORJLFFDUHSRDWHGXFHODDSDULĠLD]RRDQWURSRQR]HORU
$FHVWHSDUWLFXODULWă‫܊‬LVWDXODED]DHODERUăULLUHFRPDQGăULORUSHQWUXUD‫܊‬LR
QDOL]DUHDUHJLPXOXLGHPXQFă‫܈‬LGHRGLKQăRUJDQL]DUHD‫܈‬LDFRUGDUHDDVLVWHQ‫܊‬HL
PHGLFDOHH[DPHQHORUPHGLFDOHSUHYHQWLYH‫܈‬LSHULRGLFHGLDJQRVWLFDUHD EROLORU
SURIHVLRQDOHVXSUDYHJKHUHDFRQGL‫܊‬LLORUGHPXQFăSURPRYDUHDVăQăWă‫܊‬LL‫܈‬LSURIL
OD[LDPDODGLLORU
Capitolul *V

0HFDQL]DUHD‫܈‬LFKLPL]DUHDLQWHQVăDDJULFXOWXULLDSDUL‫܊‬LDQRLORUWHKQLFLDJUL
FROHSHUIRUPDQWHDXPRGLILFDWUDGLFDOFRQGL‫܊‬LLOHGHPXQFă‫܈‬LDFUHVFXWUDQGDPHQWXO
PXQFLL $FHVWHDYDQWDMHDX GXV ODDSDUL‫܊‬LDGHQRLSUREOHPHGH LJLHQăDPXQFLL
DJULFROH(tab.4.4.1.

● ●
●
●
● ●
● ●
●
● ●

● ●
●
●
● ●
●
●

0XQFDvQJRVSRGăULDVăWHDVFăSRDWHILGLYL]DWăvQDJULFXOWXUăYLWLFXOWXUă
OHJXPLFXOWXUăSRPLFXOWXUăúD]RRWHKQLHFUH‫܈‬WHUHDERYLQHORUSRUFLQHORUFD
SULQHORURYLFXOWXUDRYLQHDYLFXOWXUDSăVăULGRPHVWLFHFUH‫܈‬WHUHDFDEDOLQHORU
‫܈‬LFXQLFXOWXUDFUH‫܈‬WHUHDLHSXULORUGHUDVăSUHOXFUDUHDSULPDUăDSURGXVHORUGH
RULJLQHYHJHWDOăúLDQLPDOă

Caracteristica condițiilor de muncă ale muncitorilor din sectorul

agricol 
&RQGLĠLLOHGHPXQFăvQDJULFXOWXUăGHSLQGGHRUJDQL]DUHDOXFUXOXLWHKQROR
JLDSUHOXFUăULLFXOWXULORUQLYHOXOPHFDQL]ăULLXWLODMHOHWHKQLFHIRORVLWHFRPSOH[L
WDWHD‫܈‬LPXOWLWXGLQHDGHRSHUD‫܊‬LLWHKQRORJLFHHWF&RPSOH[LWDWHDPXQFLLDJULFROH
HVWHGHWHUPLQDWăGHQXPăUXOHWDSHORUSUHFXPDUDWXOERURQLWXOVHPăQDWXOSODQWD
UHD UăVDGXOXL SUă‫܈‬LWXO LULJDUHD SOLYLWXOWUDWDUHD FX SHVWLFLGH UHFROWDUHD URDGHL
VRUWDUHD SURGXF‫܊‬LHL DJULFROH WUDQVSRUWDUHD vQPDJD]LQDUHD HWF 8QHOH GLQ DFHVWH
SURFHVHWHKQRORJLFHVXQWPHFDQL]DWHDOWHOHVHHIHFWXHD]ăvQFăPDQXDOvQFRQGL‫܊‬LL
VSHFLILFHGHPXQFă‫܈‬LvQFRQGL‫܊‬LLPHWHRURORJLFHQHIDYRUDELOHYDULD‫܊‬LLPDULGHWHP
SHUDWXUăXPLGLWDWH‫܈‬LYLWH]DFXUHQ‫܊‬LORUGHDHU
&DWHJRULDGHED]ăDOXFUăWRULORUGLQDJULFXOWXUăRSUH]LQWăPHFDQL]DWRULL
FDUHvQGHSOLQHVFXUPăWRDUHOHWLSXULGHDFWLYLWăĠLDUDWXOVăGLWXOUHFROWDUHDúDÌQ
WLPSXO PXQFLL PHFDQL]DWRULL VXQW VXSXúL DFĠLXQLL QHIDYRUDELOH D PDL PXOWRU
IDFWRULQRFLYLSUHFXPPLFURFOLPDGLQFDELQăSR]LĠLDLQFRPRGăDFRUSXOXLvQ
FRUGDUHDDWHQĠLHLKLSRGLQDPLDULVFXOWUDXPHORUÌQFRPSDUDĠLHFXPXQFDPDQX
DOăDSDUIDFWRULVSHFLILFLQHIDYRUDELOLFD]JRPRWXOYLEUDĠLDJD]HOHGHHúDSDPHQW
SUDIXOHWF$FHVWHDFWLYLWăĠLVXQWHIHFWXDWHvQDHUOLEHULDUGUHSWORFGHOXFUXDO
PHFDQL]DWRULORUVHUYHVFFDELQHOHPDúLQLORU3HUIHFĠLRQDUHDWHKQLFLLDJULFROHQH
FHVLWăUHVSHFWDUHDFDSDFLWăĠLORUSVLKRIL]LRORJLFHúLDQWURSRPHWULFHDOHOXFUăWRUL
ORU6HYRUUHVSHFWDFHULQĠHOHGHSURWHFĠLHIDĠăGHWHPSHUDWXULOHvQDOWHúLMRDVH
SXOEHUL]JRPRWYLEUDĠLHúLVXEVWDQĠHWR[LFH

Evaluarea igienică a condiţiilor de muncă ale mecanizatorilor 

7HPSHUDWXUDDHUXOXLvQFDELQHSRDWHGHSăúLQLYHOXORSWLPDOFXžɋvQ
FRPSDUDĠLH FXWHPSHUDWXUD H[WHULRDUă úL SRDWHDWLQJH žɋ vQ LQWHULRU SH
WLPSGHYDUăLDUSULPăYDUDGHYUHPHúLWRDPQDWkU]LXFkQGWHPSHUDWXUDDHUXOXL
DWPRVIHULFHVWHMRDVăvQFDELQHOHWUDFWRDUHORUúLDOWRUPDúLQLDJULFROHWHPSHUDWXUD
PHGLHDDHUXOXLHVWHGHž&0HFDQL]DWRUXOHVWHVXSXVDFĠLXQLLWHPSHUDWX
ULORUMRDVHXPLGLWăĠLLvQDOWHFXUHQĠLORUPDULGHDHUFHHDFHSRDWHSURYRFDUăFHOL
úL GHJHUăWXUL ÌQ SHULRDGD FDOGă D DQXOXL PHFDQL]DWRULL VXQW H[SXúL LQIOXHQĠHL
WHPSHUDWXULLvQDOWHDDHUXOXLUD]HORUVRODUHúLUD]HORULQIUDURúLLGHODSHUHĠLLvQ
FăO]LĠLDLFDELQHL/XFUXO vQGHOXQJDWODVRDUH VHSRDWH VROGD FXVXSUDvQFăO]LUHD
RUJDQLVPXOXLVDXLQVRODĠLH
'LQ FDX]D WHPSHUDWXULORU vQDOWH OXFUXO VH HIHFWXHD]ă FX JHDPXULOH GHV
FKLVHFHHDFHGXFHODSROXDUHDDHUXOXL]RQHLGHOXFUXDPHFDQL]DWRUXOXLFXSXO
EHUL3XOEHULOHvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHWLSXOVROXOXLSRWFRQĠLQHGHODSkQăODGH
ELR[LGGHVLOLFLXOLEHU
'HJDMăULOHJD]RDVHVXQWUHSUH]HQWDWHGHJD]HOHGHHúDSDPHQWFDUHFRQĠLQ
R[LG GH FDUERQ KLGURFDUEXUL DOGHKLGH R[L]L GH D]RW úL VH HPDQă vQ FDQWLWăĠL
GHSHQGHQWHGHVWDUHDúLGHFDSDFLWDWHDPRWRUXOXLGHYLWH]DPDúLQLLHWF&RQFHQ
WUDĠLDJD]HORUGHHúDSDPHQWGHSLQGHGHJUDGXOGHHUPHWL]DUHDFDELQHLGHGLUHFĠLD
úLYLWH]DGHPLúFDUHDFXUHQĠLORUGHDHUFDOLWDWHDGHVHUYLULLWHKQLFHúLDUHSDUDĠLHL
PDúLQLL FRPSRQHQĠD FRPEXVWLELOXOXL YLWH]D GHSODVăULL PDúLQLL &RQFHQWUD‫܊‬LD
R[LGXOXLGHFDUERQSRDWHDMXQJHODPJP&0$PJPLDUDELR[LGX
OXLGHFDUERQSkQăODPJP&0$UHFDOFXODWODFDUERQPJP,Q
VSLUDĠLDvQGHOXQJDWăDDHUXOXLSROXDWFXJD]HSURYRDFăFHIDOHHRERVHDOăVFăGH
UHDFDSDFLWăĠLLGHPXQFă&RQFHQWUDĠLLOHPDULGHR[LGGHFDUERQSURYRDFăLQWR[L
FDĠLHJUDYă'DFăRUJDQLVPXOHVWHVXSXVVLVWHPDWLFLQIOXHQĠHLXQRUFRQFHQWUDĠLL
PLFLGHR[LGGHFDUERQSRDWHDYHDORFLQWR[LFDĠLDFURQLFăPDQLIHVWDWăSULQFH
IDOHHGHUHJODUHDVRPQXOXLPRGLILFăULvQVkQJHHWF
=JRPRWXOODORFXOGHOXFUXDOPHFDQL]DWRUXOXLGHSLQGHGHFDUDFWHUXOOXFUX
OXLDJULFROGHXPLGLWDWHDúLGHGHQVLWDWHDVROXOXL&HOHPDLvQDOWHQLYHOXULVXQW
vQUHJLVWUDWHvQWLPSXODUDWXOXLLDUPDLVFă]XWHvQWLPSXOOXFUăULORUGHWUDQVSRUWDUH
GHWUHLHUDWÌQWLPSXOOXFUXOXLPHFDQL]DWRULORU]JRPRWXOSRDWHDWLQJHG%
=JRPRWXOLQIOXHQĠHD]ăQHIDYRUDELODVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXLPHFDQL]DWRULORU,PSDF
WXO VSHFLILF YL]HD]ă RUJDQXO DXGLWLY LDU FHO QHVSHFLILF DOWH VLVWHPH úL RUJDQH
'DFă ]JRPRWXO LQIOXHQĠHD]ă XQ WLPS vQGHOXQJDW OD PHFDQL]DWRUL VH REVHUYă
Capitolul *V

PLFúRUDUHDDWHQĠLHLVSRULUHDH[FLWDELOLWăĠLLDSDULĠLDFHIDOHHLPRGLILFDUHDWHQVLX
QLL DUWHULDOH VFăGHUHDFDSDFLWăĠLLúLSURGXFWLYLWăĠLL PXQFLLFUHúWHUHDWUDXPDWLV
PXOXLGHUHJODUHDVRPQXOXL'HVHRULDXORFGHUHJOăULDOHVLVWHPHORUQHUYRV‫܈‬LFLU
FXODWRUWUDFWXOXLGLJHVWLYHWF$FĠLXQHDvQGHOXQJDWăúLSHUPDQHQWăD]JRPRWXOXL
FXRLQWHQVLWDWHGHG%DIHFWHD]ăDQDOL]DWRUXODXGLWLYvQUHJLVWUkQGXVHVHQ
]DĠLLVXELHFWLYHQHSOăFXWHYkMkLWXULvQXUHFKLVWDUHGHDVXU]LUHúLVXUGLWDWHSUR
IHVLRQDOăVFăGHUHDSDUĠLDOăLDUXQHRULFRPSOHWăDDX]XOXL
9LEUDĠLDDWLQJHQLYHOXULvQDOWHFHVHWUDQVPLWSULQLQWHUPHGLXOVFDXQXOXL
PDQLYHOHLúLSkUJKLLORUGHFRPDQGă$GHVHDDFHDVWDDUHFDUDFWHUDSHULRGLFFX
]GUXQFLQăWXUL FDUH GHSăúHVF YDORULOH QRUPDWH GH  RUL LDU DPSOLWXGLQHD
SRDWHGHYLDGHODIUDFĠLXQLGHPLOLPHWULSkQăODFk‫܊‬LYDFHQWLPHWUL$VXSUDPHFD
QL]DWRUXOXLLQIOXHQĠHD]ăYLEUDĠLDJHQHUDOăGHODPRWRUURĠLúLYLEUDĠLDORFDOăGH
ODHOHPHQWHOHGHFRQGXFHUH,QWHQVLWDWHDYLEUDĠLHLGHSLQGHGHUHOLHIXOWHUHQXOXL
GH YLWH]D PDúLQLORU GH SDUWLFXODULWăĠLOH FRQVWUXFWLYH DOHVFDXQXOXL GHFDOLWDWHD
DPRUWL]RDUHORU 9LEUDĠLD H[HUFLWă DF‫܊‬LXQH GăXQăWRDUH DVXSUD RUJDQLVPXOXL /D
WUDFWRULúWLLFXRYHFKLPHPDUHGHPXQFăVXQWPDLIUHFYHQWHJDVWURSWR]HOHDWR
QLFHJDVWULWHOHKLSHUDFLGHGHUHJOăULOHFRORDQHLYHUWHEUDOHUDGLFXOLWHOH$FĠLXQHD
vQGHOXQJDWăDYLEUDĠLHLFRQWULEXLHODGHUHJODUHDXQRUSURFHVHIL]LRORJLFHúLXQHRUL
SRDWHSURYRFDERDODGHYLEUDĠLH9LEUDĠLDORFDOăLQIOXHQĠHD]ăSUHSRQGHUHQWPkL
QLOHPHFDQL]DWRULORUFRQGLĠLRQkQGGHUHJOăULYDVFXODUHDQJLRQHYUR]HPDQLIHV
WDWHSULQGXUHULPDLDOHVQRDSWHDVHQ]DĠLHGHDPRUĠHDOăúLIXUQLFăWXULvQPkLQL
SDOLGLWDWHDGHJHWHORU9LEUDĠLDJHQHUDOăSURYRDFăGHUHJOăULDOHIXQFĠLHLVLVWHPXOXL
YHVWLEXODUFHIDOHHDPHĠHOLGHUHJOăULDOHFRRUGRQăULLPLúFăULORUúLDHFKLOLEUXOXL
FRUSXOXLWUDQVSLUDĠLHDEXQGHQWăHWF
1LYHOXO]JRPRWXOXLúLDYLEUDĠLHLFRQFHQWUDĠLDSXOEHULORUúLDVXEVWDQĠHORU
WR[LFHGLQDHUVHYDPăULGLUHFWSURSRU‫܊‬LRQDOFXWHUPHQXOGHH[SORDWDUHDWHKQLFLL
DJULFROH
%ROLOH SURIHVLRQDOH OD PXQFLWRULL GLQ VHFWRUXO DJULFRO VXQW GLDJQRVWLFDWH
PDLIUHFYHQWvQFRPSDUD‫܊‬LHFXDOWHUDPXULDOHHFRQRPLHLQD‫܊‬LRQDOH
%ROLOHSURIHVLRQDOHvPSUHXQăFXWUDXPDWLVPHOHODORFXOGHPXQFă‫܈‬LFRQ
GLĠLLOHGHPXQFăQHVDWLVIăFăWRDUHFDX]HD]ăGDXQHDWkWSURGXFHULLFkW‫܈‬LVăQăWăĠLL
PXQFLWRULORU3RWULYLWH[SHUĠLORU2UJDQL]DĠLHL,QWHUQDĠLRQDOHD0XQFLLSLHUGHULOH
HFRQRPLFHFDX]DWHGHDFFLGHQWHOH‫܈‬LEROLOHSURIHVLRQDOHVXQWIRDUWHSURQXQĠDWH
vQ ĠăULOH LQGXVWULDOL]DWH UHSUH]HQWkQG  GLQ SURGXVXO LQWHUQ EUXW &X WRDWH
DFHVWHDFHOHPDLJUDYHSLHUGHULVXQWFHOHXPDQH±LQFDSDFLWDWHDGHPXQFăvQUă
XWăĠLUHDFDOLWăĠLLYLHĠLLPRDUWHDSUHPDWXUă3ULQWUHEROLOHFXLQFDSDFLWDWHWHPSR
UDUăGHPXQFăSHSULPHOHORFXULVHSODVHD]ăEROLOHUHVSLUDWRULLWUDXPHOHEROLOH
VLVWHPXOXLQHUYRVSHULIHULF$FĠLXQHDFRPSOH[XOXLGHIDFWRULRFXSDĠLRQDOLQHID
YRUDELOLDVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXLPHFDQL]DWRULORUFDX]HD]ăvQFRUGDUHDIXQFĠLRQDOăD
PHFDQLVPHORUGHDGDSWDUHLDUvQXQHOHFD]XUL±GHUHJODUHDORUFHHDFHVHPDQL
IHVWăSULQDSDULĠLDSDWRORJLLORUXQRURUJDQH‫܈‬LVLVWHPHDOHRUJDQLVPXOXL%ROLOH
OHJDWHGHSURIHVLHDXSURYHQLHQ‫܊‬ăPXOWLIDFWRULDOă‫܈‬LSRWILJUXSDWHvQ
 ● EROLFRQGL‫܊‬LRQDWHGHIDFWRULLIL]LFLUDGLFXOLWHORPEDUHPLDOJLLPLR]LWHSR
OLQHYULWHERDODGHYLEUD‫܊‬LHVXUGLWDWHDDFXVWLFăHWF
● EROLSURYRFDWHGHLQIOXHQ‫܊‬DSXOEHULORUEURQ‫܈‬LWDFURQLFăDVWPEURQ‫܈‬LFHWF
● EROLGHWHUPLQDWHGHLQIOXHQ‫܊‬DVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HORUFKLPLFHLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LHFURQLFăFX
SOXPELQWR[LFD‫܊‬LHFXPRQR[LGGHFDUERQHWF
● EROLGHWHUPLQDWHGHLQIOXHQ‫܊‬DIDFWRULORUELRORJLFLSROLQR]HDVWPEURQ‫܈‬LFHWF
● GHUPDWLWHSURIHVLRQDOHGHUPDWLWHDOHUJLFHXUWLFDULDIRWRGHUPDWR]HHWF
/DPHFDQL]DWRULDXIRVWGLDJQRVWLFDWHGLIHULWHFRPELQDĠLLGHEROLSURIHVLR
QDOH&HOPDLIUHFYHQWGLDJQRVWLFGHERDOăSURIHVLRQDOăDIRVWRVWHRFRQGUR]DFR
ORDQHLYHUWHEUDOHPDLUDUDIRVWVWDELOLWGLDJQRVWLFXOGHHQFHIDORSDWLHRVWHRDUWULWD
SROLQHXURSDWLH KHSDWLWă WR[LFă QHYULWă FRKOHDUă OXPEDJR UDGLFXOLWă ORPERVD
FUDOăQHYULWDQHUYXOXLDXGLWLYERDOăGHYLEUDĠLHEURQúLWăFURQLFăHWF
6DUFLQDSULRULWDUăHVWHGH]YROWDUHD‫܈‬LDSOLFDUHDXQXLFRPSOH[GHPăVXULVD
QLWDURLJLHQLFHPHGLFRSURILODFWLFH‫܈‬LRUJDQL]DWRULFH6FRSXODFHVWRUPăVXULHVWH
GHDPHQĠLQHIRUĠDGHPXQFăvQPHGLXOUXUDOvQVSHFLDODPHFDQL]DWRULLSUHOXQJLUHD
SHULRDGHLDFWLYHGHPXQFăvPEXQăWăĠLUHDFRQGLĠLLORUGHPXQFă‫܈‬LGHYLDĠă$FHVWH
RELHFWLYHSRWILUHDOL]DWHSULQHIHFWXDUHDXQXL‫܈‬LUGHPăVXULOHGHDPHOLRUDUHDFRQ
GLĠLLORUGHPXQFăvQDJULFXOWXUă
● XWLOL]DUHDQRLORUSHVWLFLGHPDLSXĠLQWR[LFHúLDDOWRUVXEVWDQĠHFKLPLFH
● SHUIHFĠLRQDUHDXWLODMXOXLDJULFRO
● GLPLQXDUHD]JRPRWXOXLSkQăODQLYHOXODGPLVLELO
● GLPLQXDUHDQLYHOXOXLYLEUDĠLHL
● GLPLQXDUHDFRQĠLQXWXOXLGHSXOEHULvQ]RQDGHUHVSLUDĠLH

Caracteristica condițiilor de muncă ale muncitorilor din sectorul

zootehnic
)HUPHOHGHERYLQHVXQWSULQFLSDODUDPXUăDVHFWRUXOXL]RRWHKQLF&UH‫܈‬WHUHD
ERYLQHORUUHSUH]LQWăRFRQWULEX‫܊‬LHPDMRUăODHFRQRPLD‫܈‬LODLQGXVWULDDOLPHQWDUă
QD‫܊‬LRQDOă$QLPDOHOHSRWILFUHVFXWHvQOLEHUWDWHVDXvQVSD‫܊‬LLvQFKLVH&RPSOH[HOH
]RRWHKQLFHVHFDUDFWHUL]HD]ăSULQFRQGLĠLLVSHFLILFHGHPXQFă$LFLPDUHDWHQĠLH
WUHEXLHDFRUGDWăLJLHQHLPXQFLLPXOJăWRDUHORURSHUDWRULPXQFDFăURUDFHUHXQ
HIRUWIL]LFGHVWXOGHPDUHGHSXVODWUDQVSRUWDUHDQXWUHĠXOXLKUăQLUHDDGDSWDUHDúL
PXOVXOYLWHORU/DFRPSOH[HOH]RRWHKQLFHQRLSURFHVHOHJUHOHGHPXQFăVXQWPH
FDQL]DWHLDUXQHOHFKLDUDXWRPDWL]DWH0XOVXOPHFDQL]DWGLVWULEXLUHDPHFDQL]DWă
DIXUDMHORUDGăSDUHDYLWHORUvQPRGDXWRPDWL]DWHYDFXDUHDEDOHJDUXOXLGLQvQFă
SHULFXWUDQVSRUWRDUHOHvQFăUFDUHDúLWUDQVSRUWDUHDOXLPHFDQL]DWăWRDWHDFHVWHD
DXFRQWULEXLWODX‫܈‬XUDUHDOXFUXOXLFUHVFăWRULORUGHDQLPDOHODFUHúWHUHDSURGXFWL
YLWăĠLLPXQFLLÌQSRILGDVXFFHVHORUvQUHJLVWUDWHXQHOHSURFHVHWHKQRORJLFH±SUH
JăWLUHDYLWHORUSHQWUXPXOVvQJULMLUHDDQLPDOHORU±FHUHIRUWXULIL]LFHPDUL
ÌQFD]XOfermelor miciVDXVHFWRUXOXLLQGLYLGXDO GHFUH‫܈‬WHUH DYLWHORUPDUL
FRUQXWHPXOVXOHVWHPDQXDO/DPXOVXOPDQXDOHVWHDQWUHQDWLQWHQVDSDUDWXOPXV
FXODUFHHDFHSURYRDFăRERVHDOăXQHRULFRQWUDFWDUHDGHJHWHORUQHYUDOJLLFRQYXO
Capitolul *V

VLLúD6WDUHDVăQăWăĠLLPXOJăWRDUHORUSRDWHVXIHULúLGLQFDX]DFRQGLĠLLORUQHIDYR
UDELOHGLQvQFăSHULGLIHUHQĠăPDUHGHWHPSHUDWXUăYLWH]DFXUHQ‫܊‬LORUGHDHUXPLGL
WDWHVSRULWăúDÌQFD]XOYHQWLODĠLHLLQVXILFLHQWHvQJUDMGXULVHDFXPXOHD]ăELR[LG
GH FDUERQ DPRQLDF KLGURJHQ VXOIXUDW ‫܈‬D $FHVWH JD]H SURYRDFă GXUHUL GH FDS
JUHĠXULDPHĠHOLOăFULPDUHULQLWăEROLFURQLFHDOHFăLORUUHVSLUDWRULL0XOJăWRDUHOHVH
SRW PROLSVL GH OD YDFL GHERDODYLURWLFăDSLHOLLQXPLWăQRGXOLLPXOJăWRDUHORU´
3HQWUXDvPEXQăWăĠLFRQGLĠLLOHGHPXQFăDOHPXOJăWRDUHORUHVWHQHFHVDUvQSULPXO
UkQG PHFDQL]DUHD PXOVXOXL DGăSDWXOXL YLWHORU WUDQVSRUWăULL QXWUHĠXOXL FXUăĠLULL
VSăOăULLDQLPDOHORU2GHRVHELWăDWHQĠLHWUHEXLHDFRUGDWăVWăULLVDQLWDUHDJUDMGXULORU
(YDOXDUHDLJLHQLFăDFRQGLĠLLORUGHPXQFăvQ]RRWHKQLHHYLGHQĠLD]ăDFĠLXQHD
XUPăWRULORUIDFWRUL
● WHPSHUDWXUDvQSHULRDGDUHFHDDQXOXLYDULD]ăGHODSkQăODžɋLDUvQ
SHULRDGDFDOGăDDQXOXLSRDWHDMXQJHSkQăODžɋ
● XPLGLWDWHDDHUXOXLvQSHULRDGDUHFHDDQXOXLYDULD]ăGHODSkQăOD
● HIRUWIL]LFVSRULWIHUPHOHGHYLWHVHFDUDFWHUL]HD]ăSULQFRQGLĠLLGHPXQFă
VSHFLILFHXQXOGLQSURFHVHOHFHOHPDLJUHOHHVWHPXOVXOPDQXDODOYDFLORU
● vQFRUGDUHDVWDWLFăDPXúFKLORUVSDWHOXLODRSR]LĠLHIRUĠDWăDFRUSXOXL‫܈‬H]kQGă
● SXOEHULOHFRQĠLQPLFURRUJDQLVPHVDSURILWHúLFRQGLĠLRQDWSDWRJHQH±Pro-
teus vulgaris, Colibacille, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyoge-
nesPXFHJDLXUL*UDGXOGHLPSXULILFDUHPLFURELDQăGHSLQGHGHFRQGLĠLLOH
GH vQWUHĠLQHUH D DQLPDOHORU DQRWLPS JUDGXO GH vQWUHĠLQHUH D vQFăSHULORU
SULQFLSDOHúLDX[LOLDUHGH]LQIHFWDUHDvQFăSHULORU1XPăUXOGHPLFURRUJD
QLVPHvQWUXQPHWUXFXEGHDHUSRDWHDWLQJHVXWHGHPLLLDUQXPăUXOVSR
ULORU±FkWHYDPLL
0LURVXOVSHFLILFQHSOăFXWHVWHFRQGLĠLRQDWGHSUH]HQĠDvQDHUDPHUFDSWDQXOXL
LQGROXOXL VFDWROXOXL DPLQHORU DOGHKLGHORU FHWRQHORU DPRQLDFXOXL KLGURJHQXOXL
VXOIXUDWúLDOWRUVXEVWDQĠH&RQFHQWUDĠLDDPRQLDFXOXLSRDWHDWLQJHPJPLDU
FRQĠLQXWXOELR[LGXOXLGHFDUERQ
&HOHPDLIUHFYHQWHEROLFXLQFDSDFLWDWHWHPSRUDUăGHPXQFăvQ]RRWHKQLHVXQW
EROLOHVLVWHPHORUUHVSLUDWRUFDUGLRYDVFXODUQHUYRVSHULIHULFQHYUDOJLLQHXURPLR
]LWHSROLQHXURSDWLLDSDUDWXOXLORFRPRWRUPDODGLLDOHPkLQLORUUDGLFXOLWăORPER
VDFUDODGHSLHOHúLDOHĠHVXWXOXLVXEFXWDQDWJLQHFRORJLFH
3HQWUXPXQFLWRULLGLQ]RRWHKQLHVXQWFDUDFWHULVWLFHXUPăWRDUHOHEROLSURIH
VLRQDOHQHXURPLR]LWHDQJLRQHXUR]HSHULIHULFHWHQGRYDJLQLWHSHULDUWULWHUDGL
FXOLWăORPERVDFUDOăQHYUDOJLLHWF
0XQFLWRULL VHFWRUXOXL]RRWHKQLF SRWFRQWUDFWDGLYHUVHPDODGLLFRQWDJLRDVH
GHODDQLPDOH$FHVWHPDODGLLVHUHIHUăODFDWHJRULDEROLORUSURIHVLRQDOHGHHWLROR
JLHLQIHF‫܊‬LRDVăIHEUăDIWRDVăWXODUHPLHERDOD5RVHQEDFKEUXFHOR]ăDQWUD[KHO
PLQWR]HDVFDULGR]HWULFKLQHOR]HúDPLFR]HDFWLQRPLFR]HVSRURWULFR]HúD
Fabricile avicoleSUH]LQWăvQWUHSULQGHULGHWLSLQGXVWULDO)DFWRULLLQGXVWULDOL
GHED]ăSUH]HQĠLvQSURFHVXOGHOXFUXVXQWFRQGLĠLLOHPHWHRURORJLFHQHIDYRUDELOH
WHPSHUDWXUDDHUXOXLvQSHULRDGDUHFHDDQXOXLSRDWHDWLQJHžɋLDUXPLGLWDWHD
UHODWLYăSROXDUHDDHUXOXLFXDPRQLDFPJPKLGURJHQVXOIXUDW
PJP ELR[LG GH FDUERQ SXOEHUL]JRPRWSkQăOD  G%
LPSXULILFDUHDDHUXOXLFXEDFWHULLVWUHSWRFRFLVWDILORFRFLFROLEDFLOLHWF‫܈‬LIXQJL
Aspergillus, Penicillium, Mucor, CandidaHWF$HUXOGLQvQFăSHULHVWHSROXDW
‫܈‬L FX GLIHULWH VXEVWDQ‫܊‬H ELRORJLF DFWLYH SUHSRQGHUHQW FX SUHSDUDWHOH VLQWH]HL
PLFURELRORJLFHYDFFLQXULDQWLELRWLFHYLWDPLQHIHUPHQ‫܊‬LDGLWLYLDQWLVWUHVSUH
SDUDWHPHGLFDPHQWRDVHHWF
ÌQDYLFXOWXUăVWUXFWXUDPRUELGLWăĠLLHVWHFDUDFWHUL]DWăSULQEROLDOHVLVWHPX
OXLUHVSLUDWRUEROLGHSLHOHWUDXPDWLVPHEROLDOHVLVWHPXOXLQHUYRVSHULIHULFSR
OLQHYULWHYHJHWDWLYHUDGLFXOLWăORPERVDFUDOăHWFPDODGLLDOHUJLFH&RQWDFWXO
SURIHVLRQDO FX SăVăULOH SRDWH GXFH OD DSDULĠLD ]RRDQWURSRQR]HORU EUXFHOR]ă
WXEHUFXOR]ăWR[RSODVPR]ăRUQLWR]ăHWF

Măsurile de ameliorare a sănătății lucrătorilor și a condiţiilor

de muncă în agricultură
$WXQFLFkQGHVWHYRUEDGHVSUHVăQăWDWH‫܈‬LVHFXULWDWHDFFHQWXOHVWHSODVDW
PDL GHJUDEă SH VHFXULWDWH LDU ULVFXULOH SHQWUX VăQăWDWH VXQW DGHVHD QHJOLMDWH
$FHDVWăDERUGDUHHVWHGHWHUPLQDWăGHIDSWXOFăOLSVDPăVXULORUGHSUHYHQLUHvQ
PDWHULHGHVHFXULWDWHSRDWHGXFHODDFFLGHQWHFDUHSURYRDFăUăQLUHDLPHGLDWăVDX
GHFHVXOSHUVRDQHORULPSOLFDWHvQWLPSFHSUREOHPHOHGHVăQăWDWH VHDPSOLILFă
WUHSWDW‫܈‬LSRWVăQXILHHYLGHQWHvQVWDGLXOLQFLSLHQW3UREOHPHOHGHVăQăWDWHFDX
]DWHGHDFWLYLWDWHDSURIHVLRQDOăDUWUHEXLVăILHUHFXQRVFXWHFDDFFLGHQWHFXSUR
JUHVLHOHQWăFDUHDXDGHVHDFRQVHFLQ‫܊‬HODIHOGHJUDYHXQHRULFKLDUPDLJUDYH
GHFkWPXOWHDFFLGHQWHIUHFYHQWH

Monitorizarea stării de sănătateDOXFUăWRULORUWUHEXLHVăILHUHJOHPHQWDWă

$FHDVWD vQVHDPQă Fă OXFUăWRULLWUHEXLHVă HIHFWXH]H R YL]LWă PHGLFDOă SHULRGLFă
SHQWUXDILFRQVXOWD‫܊‬LGHXQPHGLF6FRSXODFHVWHLDF‫܊‬LXQLHVWHGHDVWDELOLGDFăDFWL
YLWă‫܊‬LOHSURIHVLRQDOHSURYRDFăVDXDJUDYHD]ăSUREOHPHOHGHVăQăWDWHDOHOXFUăWRUXOXL
/XFUăWRUXOHVWHH[DPLQDWSHQWUXDLGHQWLILFDSRWHQ‫܊‬LDOHOHHIHFWHDVXSUDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLGH
WHUPLQDWHGHPXQFDSHFDUHDFHVWDWUHEXLHVăRSUHVWH]H3ULQPRQLWRUL]DUHDVWăULLGH
VăQăWDWHVHPDLVWDELOH‫܈‬WHGDFăXQOXFUăWRUHVWHDSWVăHIHFWXH]HDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LOHDWULEXLWH
'HH[HPSOXXQOXFUăWRUFDUHVXIHUăGHDVWPQXDUWUHEXLVăPDQLSXOH]HIkQVDX
IXUDMHSHQWUXDQLPDOHLDUXQOXFUăWRUFXDIHF‫܊‬LXQLFDUGLRYDVFXODUHVDXFXGHILFLHQ‫܊‬H
YL]XDOHJUDYHQXDUWUHEXLVăILHDQJDMDWFD‫܈‬RIHU
0RQLWRUL]DUHDVWăULLGHVăQăWDWHWUHEXLHVăILHSURDFWLYă$FHDVWDFRQWULEXLH
ODLGHQWLILFDUHDSUREOHPHORUGHVăQăWDWHOHJDWHGHDFWLYLWDWHDSURIHVLRQDOăvQDLQWH
FDDFHVWHDVăLSURYRDFHOXFUăWRUXOXLSUHMXGLFLLLPSRUWDQWH7RDWHSUREOHPHOHGH
VăQăWDWHOHJDWHGHPXQFDSUHVWDWăDUWUHEXLVăILHSUH]HQWDWHLPHGLDWXQXLPHGLF
‫܈‬LDUWUHEXLVăVHLDPăVXULDGHFYDWH

([DPHQXOXLPHGLFDOVXQWVXSXúL
● PHFDQL]DWRULL WUDFWRULúWLL FRQGXFăWRULL DXWR OXFUăWRULL DWHOLHUHORU GH
UHSDUDĠLL
Capitolul *V

● ]RRWHKQLFLHQLLPXOJăWRDUHOHDYLFXOWRULLúD
● OXFUăWRULLSURGXFHULLQXWUHĠXULORU
● OXFUăWRULLRFXSDĠLFXFXOWLYDUHDúLSUHOXFUDUHDFXOWXULORUWHKQLFH
● OXFUăWRULL FRPSOH[HORU DJURFKLPLFH VXSXúL DFĠLXQLL SHVWLFLGHORU vQ
JUăúăPLQWHORUPLQHUDOHúLDOWRUIDFWRULQRFLYL
8QDGLQWUHPăVXULOHSULQFLSDOHGHFRPEDWHUHDWUDXPDWLVPHORUHVWHUHVSHFWD
UHDWHKQLFLLVHFXULWă‫܊‬LLvQWLPSXOFRQGXFHULLWHKQLFLL‫܈‬LXWLODMHORUDJULFROHUHSDUD‫܊‬LDOD
WLPS‫܈‬LFDOLWDWLYăDPD‫܈‬LQLORUDJULFROHvQOăWXUDUHDGHIHFWHORUHWF3HQWUXDSUHYHQL
WUDXPDWLVPHOHvQDJULFXOWXUăHVWHIRORVLWăVHPQDOL]DUHD(OHPHQWHOHGHVHPQDOL]DUH
H[LVWăSHQWUXDIXUQL]DLQIRUPD‫܊‬LLGHVSUHORFXOGHPXQFăSHQWUXDDYHUWL]DRDPHQLL
GHVSUHVLWXD‫܊‬LLOHSHULFXORDVHSHQWUXDLPSXQHDQXPLWHDF‫܊‬LXQLVDXDLQWHU]LFHDQXPLWH
DF‫܊‬LXQL$FHVWHDQXWUHEXLH IRORVLWH FD XQLFPLMORF GH FRQWURODO ULVFXULORU ‫܈‬L QX
WUHEXLHLJQRUDWHDWXQFLFkQGVXQWDIL‫܈‬DWH
3HQWUXDHYLWDWUDXPDWLVPHOHvQVHFWRUXO]RRWHKQLFWUHEXLHVăVHFXQRDVFă
ELQHDQLPDOHOH‫܈‬LVăVHOXFUH]HFXDWHQ‫܊‬LHvQSUHDMPDORUGHRDUHFHPDMRULWDWHD
WUDXPDWLVPHORUVXQWFDX]DWHGHDQLPDOHOHDJLWDWH
ÌQVFRSXOameliorării condițiilor de muncă în sectorul agricolVHYRU
UHVSHFWDXUPăWRDUHOHFRQGL‫܊‬LL
DVLJXUDUHD DJULFXOWRULORU FX vQFăSHUL VDQLWDUH úL VRFLDOH vQ FRQGLĠLLOH GH
FkPSVHUHODIHUPHOHGHYLWHúLDYLFROHHWFvQVFRSXOFUHăULLFRQGLĠLLORU
SHQWUXSURWHFĠLDvQFD]GHFRQGL‫܊‬LLPHWHRURORJLFHQHIDYRUDELOHSHQWUXD
OXDPDVDvQWLPSXOSDX]HORUDVHRGLKQLHWFDFHVWHvQFăSHULSRWILPRELOH
vQXQHOHFD]XUL
SHQWUXHIHFWXDUHDOXFUăULORUODGLVWDQĠHPDULGHODORFXOGHWUDLPXQFLWRULL
YRUILDVLJXUDĠLFXWUDQVSRUW
ODOXFUăULOHJUHOHFXFKHOWXLHOLGHHQHUJLHPDLPDULGHNFDOPLQQXVH
DGPLWIHPHLOHJUDYLGHPDPHOHFHDOăSWHD]ăFRSLLLDGROHVFHQ‫܊‬LLSkQăOD
DQLODULGLFDUHDFăUDUHDvQFăUFDUHDúLGHVFăUFDUHDJUHXWăĠLORUWUHEXLH
UHVSHFWDWHQRUPDWLYHOHH[LVWHQWH
DJULFXOWRULLWUHEXLHDVLJXUD‫܊‬LFXSUkQ]XULFDOGHXWLOL]kQGvQDFHVWVFRSEX
FăWăULLPRELOHvQFăSHULVWDĠLRQDUHGHFkPSHWF
SHQWUX SUHYHQLUHD úRFXOXL VRODU VDX WHUPLF vQ SHULRDGD FDOGă D DQXOXL
DJULFXOWRULORUOLVHUHFRPDQGăVăSRDUWHSăOăULLVDXFKLSLXULFXERUXULODWH
VHYRUDVLJXUDSDX]HPDULODSUkQ]úLRGLKQDODXPEUă
DVLJXUDUHDFXWUXVHIDUPDFHXWLFHHVWHREOLJDWRULHvQvQFăSHULOHGHFkPS
vQFDELQHOHWUDFWRDUHORUFRPELQHORU
DJULFXOWRULLWUHEXLHDVLJXUDĠLvQSHUPDQHQĠăFXDSăSRWDELOă
XWLODUHDvQFăSHULORUGLQ]RRWHKQLHFXVLVWHPHHIHFWLYHGHYHQWLODUHFHDVL
JXUăDVSLUDUHDDHUXOXLGLQ]RQHOHLQIHULRDUHDOHvQFăSHULORU
FXUă‫܊‬HQLDXPHGăVLVWHPDWLFăúLGH]LQIHFWDUHDvQFăSHULORU
DVLJXUDUHDOXFUăWRULORUFXvPEUăFăPLQWHVSHFLDOăvQFăOĠăPLQWHúLDOWHPLM
ORDFHLQGLYLGXDOHGHSURWHFĠLH
SHQWUX RSHUDWRULL PXOVXOXLDXWRPDWVHUHFRPDQGă XQ UHJLP GH OXFUX vQ
 GRXăVFKLPEXULUDĠLRQDOGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHIL]LRORJLF
SHQWUXRSHUDWRULLPXOVXOXLPDQXDOVHUHFRPDQGăIRORVLUHDVFDXQHORUFX
VSHWHD]ăPRELOă
JLPQDVWLFDGHFRUHFĠLHDGHJHWHORUDXWRPDVDMXOEăLOHFăOGXĠHSHQWUXPkLQL
UHVSHFWDUHDUHJXOLORUGHLJLHQăSHUVRQDOă
GRWDUHDvQFăSHULORUVDQLWDUHFXDSăFDOGăúLUHFHDSXQFWXOXLVDQLWDUFX
EDLHD:&XULORUFXODYRDU




ÌQVHFWRUXODJULFROVHXWLOL]HD]ăRPDUHYDULHWDWHGHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFKLPLFHSHV
WLFLGHSURGXVHGHX]ILWRVDQLWDU‫܈‬LIHUWLOL]DQ‫܊‬LDJHQ‫܊‬LGH]LQIHFWDQ‫܊‬LDQWLELRWLFH
‫܈‬LSURGXVHKRUPRQDOH&HOHPDLXWLOL]DWHVXQWSHVWLFLGHOHGHH[HPSOXLQVHFWL
FLGHIXQJLFLGHLHUELFLGHHWF‫܈‬LIHUWLOL]DQ‫܊‬LLVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HXWLOL]DWHSHQWUXRE‫܊‬LQHUHD
XQRUUHFROWHPDLPDULÌQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHPHWRGDGHDSOLFDUHGHH[HPSOXVWURSLUH
vPSUă‫܈‬WLHUHHWF‫܈‬LGHFDQWLWă‫܊‬LOHXWLOL]DWHVXQWSRVLELOHGLIHULWHFăLGHH[SXQHUHD
PXQFLWRULORUGHH[HPSOXLQKDODUHLQJHVWLHSăWUXQGHUHSULQSLHOHVDXSULQRFKL
)LHFDUH WLS GHH[SXQHUH ‫܈‬L GH VXEVWDQ‫܊‬ăFKLPLFăLPSOLFă ULVFXULGLIHULWHSHQWUX
XWLOL]DWRU)RORVLUHDODVFDUăPRQGLDOăDGLIHULWRUJUXSHGHSHVWLFLGHGXFHODFRQ
WDPLQDUHvQFUXFL‫܈‬DWă‫܈‬LODH[SXQHUHLQWHQ‫܊‬LRQDWăVDXQHLQWHQ‫܊‬LRQDWăDSURDSHWR‫܊‬L
RDPHQLLILLQGvQPRGLQHYLWDELOH[SX‫܈‬L
&RQIRUP&RGXOXLGHSURFHGXUă)$2Food And Agriculture Organisation
ÄSHVWLFLGHOH VXQW VXEVWDQ‫܊‬H VDXFRPSX‫܈‬L FDUHVXQW GHVWLQDWH SHQWUXD UHVSLQJH
GLVWUXJHVDXFRPEDWHGăXQăWRULLLQFOXVLYYHFWRULLPDODGLLORULQIHF‫܊‬LRDVHSHQWUX
RP‫܈‬LDQLPDOH‫܈‬LGHDVHPHQHDVSHFLLOHLQGH]LUDELOHGHSODQWH‫܈‬LDQLPDOH´
&ODVLILFDUHDSHVWLFLGHORUVHIDFHGXSăPDLPXOWHFULWHULLGHVWLQD‫܊‬LHRULJLQH
DF‫܊‬LXQHDDQWLGăXQăWRDUHIRUPDIL]LFăGHSUH]HQWDUHVWUXFWXUDFKLPLFăHWF
ÌQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHdestinație tab. 4.5.1SHVWLFLGHOHVHFODVLILFăvQXUPăWRDUHOHJUXSH

Capitolul *V


ÌQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHcompoziția chimicăGHRVHELPSHVWLFLGHIRVIRURUJDQLFHFORURU
JDQLFHFRPSXúLLDFLGXOXLFDUERQLFFRPSXúLLDFL]LORUWLRúLGLWLRFDUEDPLFFRPSXúLL
DFLGXOXLFORUIHQROLFFRPSXúLLXUHHLFRPSXúLGLSLULGLOLFLDFL]LLDOLIDWLFLJDORLGDOLFL
FRPSXúLGLQLWURIHQROLFLFRPSXúLDLFXPDULQXOXLDOFDORL]LFRPSXúLDLPHUFXUXOXL
SUHSDUDWHFHFRQ‫܊‬LQFXSUXDUVHQLXSLUHWURLGHVLQWHWLFHDQWLELRWLFHLQVHFWLFLGHLQ
VHFWLFLGHKRUPRQDOHFHFRQWUROHD]ăFUH‫܈‬WHUHD‫܈‬LGH]YROWDUHDLQVHFWHORU
8WLOL]DUHDSHVWLFLGHORUSHVXSUDIH‫܊‬HH[WLQVHIDYRUL]HD]ăFLUFXOD‫܊‬LDORUvQEL
RVIHUă3HVWLFLGHOHFDUHSROXHD]ăLQWHQVPHGLXODPELDQWLQWHU]LVHvQFăvQDQLL
DLVHFDO;;OHDVXQW''7GLFKORURGLSKHQ\OWULFKORURHWKDQHDOGULQXOKHSWD
FORUXOKH[DFORUFLFORKH[DQXO8QHOHSHVWLFLGHDXFDSDFLWDWHGHFXPXODUHvQODQ‫܊‬X
ULOHWURILFHKLGURDOLPHQWDUH‫܈‬LSăWUXQGQXQXPDLvQRUJDQLVPXOOXFUăWRULORUFDUH
FRQWDFWHD]ăSURIHVLRQDOFXSHVWLFLGHOHGDUDIHFWHD]ă‫܈‬LVăQăWDWHDvQWUHJLLSRSXOD‫܊‬LL
SULQLQWHUPHGLXO DOLPHQWHORU DSHLDHUXOXL 8WLOL]DUHD SHVWLFLGHORUHVWHSHULFX
ORDVăSHQWUXVăQăWDWHDSRSXOD‫܊‬LHL‫܈‬LDPHGLXOXLDPELDQWGHRDUHFHSRWSURYRFDLQ
WR[LFD‫܊‬LLDOWHUDFDOLWDWHDSURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUHvQUăXWă‫܊‬LPHGLXOXLGHWUDLDORPXOXL
SULQGHUHJODUHDSURFHVHORUHFRORJLFHPRGLILFăJHQRIRQGXO
&RQIRUP6RFLHWă‫܊‬LL)UDQFH]HGH6ăQăWDWH3XEOLFăÄ3HULFROXOHVWHFDSDFLWDWHD
GH D SURGXFH XQHIHFW VDQLWDU LQGH]LUDELO 3HULFROXO SRDWH VFKLPED DVSHFWXO VDX
PRUIRORJLDXQXLRUJDQSRDWHFDX]DRPDOIRUPD‫܊‬LHIHWDOăRPDODGLHWUDQ]LWRULHVDX
GHILQLWLYăLQYDOLGLWDWHVDXLQFDSDFLWDWHGHFHV´
*UDGXOGHSHULFRODOXQHLVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HVDXSHVWLFLGHVWHH[SULPDWSULQWR[LFLWDWHD
VDLQWULQVHFă3HULFROXOHVWHGHWHUPLQDWSULQdoza letală'/ÌQWR[LFRORJLH
'/HVWHFDQWLWDWHDGHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬ăQHFHVDUăSHQWUXDRPRUvGLQWURSRSXOD‫܊‬LH
GH‫܈‬RERODQLWHVWD‫܊‬LvQFRQGL‫܊‬LLGHODERUDWRU‫܈‬LVHH[SULPăvQPJGHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬ăSH
NLORFRUSJUHXWDWHDFRUSRUDOăDDQLPDOHORUYLL'/HVWHFXQRVFXWă‫܈‬LHVWHLQ
GLFDWăvQ&ODVLILFDUHDSHVWLFLGHORUD2UJDQL]D‫܊‬LHL0RQGLDOHD6ăQăWă‫܊‬LL206
([HPSOXGHSHULFROSRDWHILWR[LFLWDWHDSHQWUXRUJDQLVPDIHFWDUHDWHJXPHQWHORU
Yă]XOXL3HULFROXOSRDWHILHYLWDWSULQWURJHVWLRQDUHFRUHVSXQ]ăWRDUHDSHVWLFLGH
ORU
2UJDQL]D‫܊‬LD0RQGLDOăD6ăQăWă‫܊‬LLFODVLILFăSHVWLFLGHOHvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGH
Dgradul de pericol
● FODVD,FHOHPDLSHULFXORDVHFDUHODUkQGXOORUVHvPSDUWvQFODVD,DVXE
VWDQĠHGHRVHELWGHSHULFXORDVHúLFODVD,EVXEVWDQĠHvQDOWSHULFXORDVH
● FODVDD,,DJUDGGHSHULFROPRGHUDWSHQWUXRUJDQLVP
● FODVDD,,,DJUDGGHSHULFROGLPLQXDW
 3HVWLFLGHOHVHFDUDFWHUL]HD]ăSULQWR[LFLWDWHULGLFDWăSHQWUXEROL‫܈‬LGăXQă
WRULRDQXPLWăGXUDWăGHDF‫܊‬LXQHUHPDQHQ‫܊‬ă‫܈‬LDSOLFDUHVLPSOă)RDUWHPXOWHGLQ
WUHHOHVXQWWR[LFH‫܈‬LFKLDUPRUWDOHSHQWUXRP‫܈‬LDQLPDOH
Etoxicitate
● VWUXFWXUDFKLPLFă
● SURSULHWă‫܊‬LOHIL]LFRFKLPLFH
● GXUDWDDF‫܊‬LXQLL
● FăLOHGHSăWUXQGHUHvQRUJDQLVP
c gradul de toxicitate
● FX DF‫܊‬LXQH H[WUHP GH WR[LFă GR]D OHWDOă PHGLH SHQWUX DQLPDOHOH GH
ODERUDWRUHVWHPDLPLFăGHPJODɤJGHJUHXWDWHFRUSRUDOă
● FXDF‫܊‬LXQHSXWHUQLFWR[LFăGR]DOHWDOăPHGLHFRQVWLWXLHGHODSkQăOD
PJɤJ
● FXDF‫܊‬LXQHPRGHUDWWR[LFăGR]DOHWDOăPHGLHFRQVWLWXLHGHODSkQă
ODPJɤJ
● FXDF‫܊‬LXQHWR[LFăUHGXVăGR]DOHWDOăPHGLHGHSă‫܈‬H‫܈‬WHPJɤJ
‫܉‬LQkQGFRQWGHWR[LFLWDWHDFURQLFăDSHVWLFLGHORUFDUH]XOWDWDOvQVXPăULLvQ
WLPSDHIHFWHORUXQRUGR]HPLFLUHSHWDWHSULQUHJOHPHQWăULVSHFLILFHDXIRVWVWD
ELOLWHlimitele maxime admisibile/0$GHUH]LGXXULvQSURGXVHOHDJURDOLPHQ
WDUH/LPLWHOHPD[LPHDGPLVHH[SULPDWHvQSăU‫܊‬LSHPLOLRQSSPVDXPLOLJUDPH
PJGHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬ăDFWLYăNJGHSURGXVDOLPHQWDUUHSUH]LQWăFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LLOHOLSVLWH
GHQRFLYLWDWH‫܈‬LSULQDFHDVWDRPăVXUăGHSURILOD[LH
3HVWLFLGHOHVHSUH]LQWăVXEIRUPăGHOLFKLGHPXOVLHSDVWHJUDQXOHSXO
EHULFRQFHQWUDWHHPXOVLRQDELOHÌQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHPRGDOLWDWHDGHXWLOL]DUHDVXEVWDQ
‫܊‬HORUILWRVDQLWDUHSHVWLFLGHJUDGXOGHWR[LFLWDWH‫܈‬LDF‫܊‬LXQHDDVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXL
OXFUăWRUXOXLHVWHGLIHULW9RODWLOLWDWHDXQHLVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HHVWHPDLPDUHFXFkWULVFXO
GHLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LHHVWHPDLPDUHGHRDUHFHDEVRUE‫܊‬LDSHFDOHSXOPRQDUăGHSLQGHGH
YRODWLOLWDWHDWR[LFXOXLvQFDX]ă5HIHULWRUODVROXELOLWDWHDWR[LFXOXLGHDOXQJXO
WLPSXOXLVDGHPRQVWUDWFăFHOPDLELQHVHDEVRUEPROHFXOHOHFXXQFRHILFLHQW
PHGLXGHUHSDUWL‫܊‬LHOLFKLGDSă‫܊‬LQkQGFRQWGHIDSWXOFăPROHFXOHOHVXQWKLGURVR
OXELOH‫܈‬LOLSRVROXELOH
Ggradul de volatilitate
● VXEVWDQ‫܊‬HIRDUWHSHULFXORDVHFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LDGHVDWXUD‫܊‬LHHVWHPDLPDUHVDX
HJDOăFXFHDWR[LFă
● SHULFXORDVHFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LDGHVDWXUD‫܊‬LHHVWHPDLPDUHGHFkWFHDSUDJDOă
● VODESHULFXORDVHFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LDGHVDWXUD‫܊‬LHQXDUHDF‫܊‬LXQHSUDJDOă
ÌQDSUHFLHUHDLJLHQLFăDSHVWLFLGHORUWUHEXLHVăVHDFRUGHDWHQ‫܊‬LHJUDGXOXL
ORUGHSHUVLVWHQ‫܊‬ăvQFRQGL‫܊‬LL QDWXUDOH SDUWLFXODULWă‫܊‬LORU GHFXPXODUHvQ GLYHUVH
PHGLL‫܈‬LSHULRDGHORUGHUHWHQ‫܊‬LHvQDFHVWHPHGLL
e) gradul de cumulare
● VXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFXRFDSDFLWDWHGHVXSUDFXPXODUHFRHILFLHQWXOGHFXPXODUH
PDLPLFGH
● FXPXODUHSURQXQ‫܊‬DWăFRHILFLHQWXOGHFXPXODUH
Capitolul *V

● FXPXODUHPRGHUDWăFRHILFLHQWXOGHFXPXODUH
● FXPXODUHVODESURQXQ‫܊‬DWăFRHILFLHQWXOGHFXPXODUHPDLPDUHGH
Lstabilitate
● VXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFXRVWDELOLWDWHvQDOWăWLPSXOGHGHVFRPSXQHUHvQVXEVWDQ‫܊‬H
QHWR[LFHPDLPXOWGHDQL
● VWDELOHWLPSXOGHGHVFRPSXQHUHDQL
● PRGHUDWVWDELOHWLPSXOGHGHVFRPSXQHUHOXQL
● VODEVWDELOHWLPSXOGHGHVFRPSXQHUHROXQă
&RQWDFWXOSHWHUPHQOXQJFXSHVWLFLGHOHSRDWHVăSHUWXUEHIXQF‫܊‬LDGLIHULWRU
DSDUDWH‫܈‬LVLVWHPHDOHRUJDQLVPXOXLXPDQVLVWHPXOQHUYRVHQGRFULQLPXQUH
SURGXFWLYDSDUDWHOHUHQDOFDUGLRYDVFXODU‫܈‬LFHOUHVSLUDWRU([LVWăPXOWHGRYH]LFX
SULYLUHODDVRFLHUHDvQWUHH[SXQHUHDODSHVWLFLGH‫܈‬LLQFLGHQ‫܊‬DEROLORUFURQLFHXPDQH
LQFOXVLYDFDQFHUXOXLEROLORU3DUNLQVRQ‫܈‬L$O]KHLPHUVFOHUR]HLPXOWLSOHGLDEHWX
OXLDIHF‫܊‬LXQLORUFDUGLRYDVFXODUHUHQDOH‫܈‬LDIHQRPHQXOXLGHvPEăWUkQLUHvQJHQHUDO
6WXGLLOHGLQXOWLPLLDQLVDXD[DWSHPHFDQLVPXODSDUL‫܊‬LHLIHQRPHQHORUJHQHUDWHGH
WR[LFLWDWHDFRPSX‫܈‬LORU‫܈‬LDXYL]DWHIHFWHOHDFHVWRUDDVXSUDSURFHVXOXLGHFUH‫܈‬WHUH
IHWDOăDWkWODRPFkW‫܈‬LODDQLPDOHOHGHODERUDWRU
(YDOXDUHDULVFXOXLDVXSUDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLXPDQHSUHVXSXQHHVWLPDUHDQDWXULL‫܈‬L
SUREDELOLWă‫܊‬LLHIHFWHORUDGYHUVHDVXSUDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLODRDPHQLLFDUHSRWILH[SX‫܈‬LOD
VXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFKLPLFHvQPHGLLFRQWDPLQDWHvQSUH]HQWVDXvQYLLWRU‫܈‬LLQFOXGHSDWUX
HWDSHVXFFHVLYHLGHQWLILFDUHDSHULFROXOXLHYDOXDUHDUHOD‫܊‬LHLGR]ăUăVSXQVHYD
OXDUHDH[SXQHULL‫܈‬LFDUDFWHUL]DUHDULVFXOXL2ULFHHYDOXDUHGHULVFWUHEXLHVă‫܊‬LQă
FRQW GH IDSWXOFă HIHFWHOH YDULD]ăGHODR SHUVRDQă OD DOWD ‫܈‬LSHQWUX D MXVWLILFD
DFHDVWăYDULDELOLWDWHIDFWRULLGHLQFHUWLWXGLQHVXQWSDUWHGLQHYDOXDUHDULVFXOXL
ÌQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHIDEULFDUHDUHFHQWăVDXYHFKHDSHVWLFLGHORUHOHSUH]LQWăULVF
GLIHULWvQGHRVHELGLQFDX]DVWăULLDPEDODMXOXLVDXDPHWRGHLGHSăVWUDUH5LVFXO
HVWHOHJDWGHH[SR]L‫܊‬LDSRWHQ‫܊‬LDOăODSHULFROXOXQXLSHVWLFLGVDXGHSUREDELOLWDWHD
SURGXFHULLDFHVWXLSHULFRO ‫܈‬LGH UH]XOWDWXO DFHVWHLH[SR]L‫܊‬LL H[ GLYHUVHDF‫܊‬LXQL
HIHFWXDWHLQFRUHFWGHSR]LWDUHD‫܈‬LSăVWUDUHDLQFRUHFWăD SHVWLFLGHORU5LVFXOHVWH
OHJDW GH H[SR]L‫܊‬LD OD XQ SURGXV SH FkQG SHULFROXO HVWH GHWHUPLQDW GH QDWXUD
SURGXVXOXL GDFă FRQ‫܊‬LQH VXEVWDQ‫܊‬H DFWLYH 'H H[HPSOX LQJHVWLD DFFLGHQWDOă D
VXEVWDQ‫܊‬HORUFKLPLFHHWLFKHWDWHJUH‫܈‬LWSRDWHSURYRFDRWUăYLUHJUDYă,QKDODUHDPD
WHULDOXOXLVWURSLWSRDWHLQGXFHVLWXD‫܊‬LLVLPLODUH,QKDODUHDSHWHUPHQOXQJDVXEVWDQ
‫܊‬HORUFKLPLFHvQVSHFLDOSHVWLFLGHVHSRDWHVROGDFXEROLUHVSLUDWRULLJUDYHLQFOXVLY
FDQFHU&RQWDFWXOVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HORUFKLPLFHFXSLHOHDSRDWHILRDOWăFDOHGHH[SXQHUH
vQVSHFLDOvQ]RQHOHFXFOLPăFDOGăXQGHOXFUăWRULLSRWHYLWDSXUWDUHDvPEUăFăPLQ
WHLGHSURWHF‫܊‬LHÌQDFHVWHFD]XULVXQWSRVLELOHEROLGHSLHOHFKLDUFDQFHU
$F‫܊‬LXQHDVHOHFWLYăDSHVWLFLGHORUHVWHUH]XOWDWXODILQLWă‫܊‬LLID‫܊‬ăGHDQXPLWH
RUJDQH‫܈‬L‫܊‬HVXWXULGHWHUPLQkQGPRGLILFăULFDOLWDWLYH‫܈‬LFDQWLWDWLYHDOHSURFHVHORU
ELRFKLPLFH‫܈‬LIL]LRORJLFHGLQHOH3HVWLFLGHOHSRWSăWUXQGHvQRUJDQLVPSHFDOH
UHVSLUDWRULHSULQSLHOHSULQWUDFWXOJDVWURLQWHVWLQDOSULQPXFRDVHLDUHOLPLQDWH
SULQXULQăPDVHOHIHFDOHDHUXOH[SLUDWODSWHOHPDWHUQ
 &ăLOHGHSăWUXQGHUHvQRUJDQLVP‫܈‬LFLUFXODUHDSHVWLFLGHORUvQPHGLXODPEL
DQWGHSLQGGHPRGDOLWă‫܊‬LOH‫܈‬LGHPHWRGHOHSUHOXFUăULLFKLPLFHGHIRUPHOHSUHSD
UDWLYHHWF(IHFWXOWR[LFDOSHVWLFLGHORUSRDWHGHFODQ‫܈‬DLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LLDFXWH‫܈‬LFURQLFH
vQWLPSXOSUHSDUăULLWUDQVSRUWăULLXWLOL]ăULLLQFOXVLYvQFRQGL‫܊‬LLFDVQLFH&HOPDL
IUHFYHQWvQLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LLOHFXSHVWLFLGHHVWHDIHFWDWVLVWHPXOQHUYRVLDUJUDYLWDWHD
LQWR[LFD‫܊‬LHL GHSLQGH GH VWDUHD VLVWHPHORU FDUGLRYDVFXODU ‫܈‬L UHVSLUDWRU $SDUL‫܊‬LD
VLQGURPXOXL KHSDWRUHQDO HVWH FRQVHFLQ‫܊‬DDF‫܊‬LXQLL SHVWLFLGHORU DVXSUD SDUHQFKL
PXOXLILFDWXOXL‫܈‬LULQLFKLORUXOWLPLLILLQGDQWUHQD‫܊‬LvQSURFHVXOGHPHWDEROL]DUH
GHWR[LILHUH‫܈‬LH[FUH‫܊‬LH7DEORXOFOLQLFDOLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LLORUFURQLFHFXSHVWLFLGHHVWH
FRPSXVGLQPDLPXOWHVLQGURDPHQHVSHFLILFH‫܈‬LPRQRWLSLFH
$F‫܊‬LXQHDSHVWLFLGHORUDVXSUDLPXQRJHQH]HLFXGH]YROWDUHDVWăULORULPXQR
GHILFLWDUHSRDWHGXFHODFD]XULFkQGLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LDFURQLFăVHPDQLIHVWăFDRPDOD
GLHFURQLFăQHVSHFLILFăFXVWăULDXWRLPXQH
,QWR[LFD‫܊‬LLOHFURQLFHFXSHVWLFLGHLQGXF KHSDWLWH JDVWULWHEURQ‫܈‬LWHSROLQH
YULWHHWF3HVWLFLGHOHSRWSURYRFDPDODGLLDOHUJLFHXUWLFDULHGHUPDWLWă WR[LGHUPLH
DVWPEURQúLFHWF‫܈‬LRVHQVLELOLWDWHSROLYDOHQWăODWHQWăID‫܊‬ăGHDOHUJHQLGHGLYHUVă
JHQH]ă'H]YROWDUHDUHDF‫܊‬LLORUDOHUJLFHVFKLPEăWDEORXOFOLQLFDOLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LHLFURQLFH
IDFHPDLGLILFLOGLDJQRVWLFXO
,QWR[LFD‫܊‬LLOHVHSRWPDQLIHVWD‫܈‬LQHVSHFLILFVFăGHUHDUHDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LLLPXQRELR
ORJLFH GHUHJODUHD IXQF‫܊‬LLORU UHJODWRULL ‫܈‬L D SURFHVHORU PHWDEROLFH &D UH]XOWDW
FUH‫܈‬WHVHQVLELOLWDWHDRUJDQLVPXOXLID‫܊‬ăGHLQIHF‫܊‬LLVWUHVVXSUDUăFLUHQR[HSURIHVL
RQDOHHWFÌQXUPDDF‫܊‬LXQLLSHVWLFLGHORUDVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXLFUH‫܈‬WHIUHFYHQ‫܊‬DSDWR
ORJLLORUVLVWHPHORUFDUGLRYDVFXODUQHUYRVKHSDWRELOLDUKHPDWRSRLHWLFUHVSLUDWRU
0DMRULWDWHDpesticidelor fosfororganiceSRVHGăRWR[LFLWDWHPHGLHVXQWSX
‫܊‬LQ SHUVLVWHQWH vQ PHGLXO vQFRQMXUăWRU SăWUXQG vQ RUJDQLVP SULQ WHJXPHQWH
LQWDFWHIăUăDSURYRFDUHDF‫܊‬LLORFDOH/DED]DPHFDQLVPXOXLGHWR[LFLWDWHDSHV
WLFLGHORUIRVIRURUJDQLFHVWăVXSULPDUHDIHUPHQWXOXLFROLQHVWHUD]DFDUH]XOWDWvQ
VkQJH‫܈‬L‫܊‬HVXWXULVHGHSR]LWHD]ăDFHWLOFROLQDvQFDQWLWă‫܊‬LPDULFHHDFHSRDWHGXFH
ODLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LLFROLQHUJLFH6XSULPDUHDFROLQHVWHUD]HLODOXFUăWRULFX‫܈‬LPDL
PXOWvQFRPSDUD‫܊‬LHFXQLYHOXOLQL‫܊‬LDOVHUYH‫܈‬WHFDFULWHULXGHWUDQVIHUDUHWHPSR
UDUăDOXFUăWRUXOXLODDOWORFGHPXQFăÌQFD]XOLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LHLFURQLFHVHVFKLPEă
WDEORXOVDQJYLQOHXFRFLWR]ăJUDQXOD‫܊‬LHWR[LFăDQHXWURILOHORUVFKLPEDUHDIRU
PXOHLOHXFRFLWDUHFXGHYLHUHvQVWkQJD(OHFWURFDUGLRJUDPDDWHVWăGHUHJOăULDOH
ULWPXOXLFDUGLDFFRQGXFWLELOLWă‫܊‬LL6HvQUHJLVWUDWHVFKLPEăUL‫܈‬LGLQSDUWHDHQFHID
ORJUDPHL6OăEHVFIXQF‫܊‬LLOHGHGHWR[LILHUHDOHILFDWXOXL/DSăWUXQGHUHDSHVWLFLGH
ORUIRVIRURUJDQLFHvQRUJDQLVPVHYDDGPLQLVWUDVXEFXWDQDWVDXLQWUDPXVFXODUPO
VROX‫܊‬LHVXOIDWGHDWURSLQăGHODRLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LHGHJUDYLWDWHPHGLH±POLDU
ODRLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LHJUDYă±POLQWUDYHQRV
&RQWDFWXOvQGHOXQJDWFXDFHVWWLSGHSHVWLFLGHSURYRDFăLQWR[LFDĠLLFURQLFH
PDQLIHVWDWHFOLQLFSULQFHIDOHHYHUWLMXULVHQ]D‫܊‬LHGHJUHXWDWHvQFDSGHFRPSUL
PDUHDWLPSDQHORUVOăELUHDPHPRULHLIDWLJDELOLWDWHGHUHJOăULDOHVRPQXOXLGLV
SDUL‫܊‬LDSRIWHLGHPkQFDUHGH]RULHQWDUHvQVSD‫܊‬LX,QYHVWLJD‫܊‬LLOHQHXURORJLFHDWHVWă
GHUHJOăULYDVRYHJHWDWLYHvQXQHOHFD]XULQLVWDJPXVWUHPRUXOGHJHWHORUVFăGHUHD
Capitolul *V

UHIOH[HORURFXODUHHWF8QHOHSRWFDX]DQHYULWHSDUH]HSDUDOL]LL,QGLFHOHVSHFLILF
vQFD]XOLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LHLFXSHVWLFLGHIRVIRURUJDQLFHHVWHVXSULPDUHDDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LLFROLQHV
WHUD]HL vQ VkQJH Pesticidele clororganice VXQW FDUDFWHUL]DWH SULQWUR WR[LFLWDWH
PHGLH‫܈‬LSULQWURSURSULHWDWHFXPXODWLYăH[SULPDWă'LQFDX]DSURSULHWă‫܊‬LORUOLSR
WURSH DFHVWH SHVWLFLGH FHO PDL IUHFYHQW VHFXPXOHD]ă vQ ILFDW ULQLFKLPLRFDUG
'HVHRULLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LLOHFXSHVWLFLGHFORURUJDQLFHSRDUWăFDUDFWHUFURQLFÌQXUPDDF
WLYLWă‫܊‬LLSURIHVLRQDOHFXSHVWLFLGHFORURUJDQLFHVXQWGHSLVWDWHVFKLPEăULSDWRORJLFH
GLQ SDUWHD HQFHIDORJUDPHL FX GH]YROWDUHD SROLQHYULWHORU HQFHIDORQHXULWHORU FX
DIHFWDUHDVLVWHPXOXLQHUYRVYHJHWDWLY3HUVRDQHOHFDUHOXFUHD]ăFXKH[DFORUFLFOR
KH[DQSROLFORUSLQHQKH[DFORUEXWDGLHQăGLFORUHWDQDFX]ăFHIDOHHVOăELFLXQLYHUWL
MXULSDUHVWH]LLDOHPHPEUHORUGHUHJOăULQHXURFLUFXODWRULLGHUHJOăULGHVHQVLELOLWDWH
$F‫܊‬LXQLOHFURQLFHDOHSHVWLFLGHORUFORURUJDQLFHGXFODGHUHJOăULDOHIXQF‫܊‬LLORUILFDWX
OXL‫܈‬LULQLFKLORU'HUHJOăULOHGLQSDUWHDVLVWHPXOXLFDUGLRYDVFXODUVXQWFDUDFWHUL]DWH
SULQGLVSQHHWDKLFDUGLH VHQ]D‫܊‬LH GHGXUHUH ‫܈‬LJUHXWDWHvQUHJLXQHDFRUGXOXLHWF
6XQWSRVLELOHDQHPLLOHXFRFLWR]HVDXOHXFRSHQLLWURPERFLWRSHQLL
Compușii acidului carbaminicDXDF‫܊‬LXQHDQWLFROLQHVWHUD]LFă SURQXQ‫܊‬DWă
/DDF‫܊‬LXQHDDFHVWRUFRPSX‫܈‬L DVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXLVH REVHUYăIRUPDUHD PHWKH
PRJORELQHL,QWR[LFD‫܊‬LLOHDFXWă‫܈‬LFURQLFăVHFDUDFWHUL]HD]ăSULQVWDUHGHQHOLQL‫܈‬WH
KLSHUVDOLYDĠLHGLVSQHHFXGH]YROWDUHDVLPSWRPHORUDOHUJLFH
Pesticidele mercurorganiceDXRWR[LFLWDWHvQDOWă‫܈‬LDF‫܊‬LXQHGLUHFWăDVXSUD
DFWLYLWă‫܊‬LLIHUPHQ‫܊‬LORU6XQWFDUDFWHUL]DWHSULQVWDELOLWDWHvQDOWăvQPHGLXOvQFRQ
MXUăWRUFDSDFLWDWHGHELRFRQFHQWUDUH,QWR[LFD‫܊‬LDDFXWăVHFDUDFWHUL]HD]ăSULQHQ
FHIDORSDWLL3HUVRDQHOHFDUHOXFUHD]ăFXDFH‫܈‬WLFRPSX‫܈‬LvQXUPDSURSULHWă‫܊‬LORU
FXPXODWLYH DOH DFHVWRUD GHVHRUL DX LQWR[LFD‫܊‬LL FURQLFH PDLIHVWDWH FOLQLF SULQ
VOăELFLXQLIDWLJDELOLWDWH VRPQROHQ‫܊‬ăJXVW PHWDOLFFHIDOHHVOăELUHDPHPRULHL
SLHUGHUHvQJUHXWDWHHWF6HREVHUYă‫܈‬LGHUHJOăULGLVWURILFHDOHPLRFDUGXOXLXQHRUL
GHUHJOăULSVLKLFH‫܈‬LVWăULSDWRORJLFHSUHFXPJLQJLYLWăVWRPDWLWă3HVWLFLGHOHPHU
FXURUJDQLFHDXDF‫܊‬LXQHJRQDGRWR[LFăHPEULRWR[LFă0HUFXUXOVHHOLPLQăOHQWGLQ
RUJDQLVPFXXULQDFXPDVHOHIHFDOHFXODSWHOHPDWHUQÌQFD]XOLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LHLVH
UHFRPDQGăDGPLQLVWUDUHDDQWLGRĠLORUXQLWLROVXFFLPHU
Piretroidele sintetice VHFDUDFWHUL]HD]ă SULQWUR WR[LFLWDWHPHGLH ‫܈‬L SX‫܊‬LQ
SURQXQ‫܊‬DWăDF‫܊‬LXQHWR[LFăDVXSUDVLVWHPXOXLQHUYRVFHQWUDO‫܈‬LSHULIHULF3URSULH
Wă‫܊‬LOHFXPXODWLYHvQPHGLXODPELDQWVXQWVODEH[SULPDWH/DIRORVLUHDORUSUDFWLFă
QXDXIRVWVHPQDODWHHIHFWHWR[LFHDVXSUDRDPHQLORUFXH[FHS‫܊‬LDDF‫܊‬LXQLLLULWDQWH
DVXSUDSLHOLL‫܈‬LPXFRDVHORU
Erbicidele, RJUXSăYDVWăGHSUHSDUDWHSHQWUXSURWHF‫܊‬LDSODQWHORUVHFDUDF
WHUL]HD]ă SULQ VXSULPDUHD SURFHVHORU GH R[LGDUH GHUHJODUHD IXQF‫܊‬LHL VLVWHPXOXL
QHUYRVDIHFWDUHDILFDWXOXLJODQGHLWLURLGH‫܈‬LDOWRUJODQGHHQGRFULQHÌQFD]XOLQWR
[LFD‫܊‬LHLVHREVHUYăFHIDOHHYHUWLMXULKLSHUVDOLYDĠLHIDWLJDELOLWDWHLULWDUHDPXFRD
VHORUFăLORUUHVSLUDWRULLVXSHULRDUHRFKLORU6HSRWGH]YROWDGHUHJOăULDOHVLVWHPXOXL
ROIDFWLY‫܈‬LJXVWDWLY$FHVWHSUHSDUDWHSRWDYHD‫܈‬LDF‫܊‬LXQLDOHUJLFHSURQXQ‫܊‬DWH
,QWR[LFD‫܊‬LLOHFXbipiridii*UDPR[RQH5HJORQH±HUELFLGHVXQWIRDUWHSH
ULFXORDVHFDXUPDUHDWR[LFLWă‫܊‬LLIRDUWHULGLFDWHPDLDOHV*UDPR[RQH3HULFROXO
FHOPDLJUDYvOSUH]LQWăLQKDODUHDDFHVWXLDVROGDWăFXHGHPHSXOPRQDUHIDWDOH‫܈‬L
vQSUH]HQW3HQWUXHYLWDUHDLQKDOăULLELSLULGLXOXLVHLPSXQFkWHYDPăVXULDHYL
WDUHD VWURSLULL FX SLFăWXUL ILQH VXE  E HYLWDUHD VWURSLULL SH YUHPH FX YkQW
PPFIRORVLUHDPă‫܈‬WLORUGHWLIRQ
7R[LFLWDWHDGHUPLFăvQFD]XODFHVWXLHUELFLGHVWHPXOWPDLUHGXVăSURGXVXO
QXWUDYHUVHD]ăGHRELFHLSLHOHD&RQWDFWXOFXSURGXVXOFRQFHQWUDWSURYRDFăSH
SLHOH VDX SH RFKL R GXUHUH VXSăUăWRDUHFDUH VH YLQGHFă UHODWLY UHSHGH 3HQWUX
HYLWDUHDDFHVWRUHIHFWHVHUHFRPDQGăPDQHYUDUHDSURGXVXOXLFRQFHQWUDWQXPDL
FX RFKHODUL ‫܈‬L FX PkQX‫܈‬L GH SURWHF‫܊‬LH 3LHOHDFDUH YLQH vQ FRQWDFWFX MHWXO GH
HUELFLGVHYDVSăODPLQX‫܊‬LRVFXDSă‫܈‬LVăSXQ,QJHVWLDHUELFLGHORUELSLULGLOLFHHVWH
SHULFXORDVăGH‫܈‬LUHVRUE‫܊‬LDLQWHVWLQDOăHVWHVODEă'DFăVXUYLQHWRWX‫܈‬LRLQJHUDUH
DFFLGHQWDOăPăVXULOHFHOHPDLVLJXUHVXQWDGPLQLVWUDUHDGHFăUEXQHDFWLYVDXEHQ
WRQLWăFDUHIL[HD]ăHUELFLGXOQHSHUPL‫܊‬kQGWUHFHUHDOXLvQVkQJHDFFLGHQWDWXOILLQG
VXSXVXQXLWUDWDPHQWPHGLFDOGHXUJHQ‫܊‬ăFRQVWkQGvQVSăOăWXULJDVWULFHDGPLQLV
WUDUHDGHDUJLQLQH‫܈‬LRGLKQă6HYDHIHFWXDSHULRGLF]LOHUDGLRVFRSLHSXOPR
QDUă‫܈‬LODSULPHOHVHPQHGHHGHPVHYDDGPLQLVWUDPHGLFDPHQWD‫܊‬LDQHFHVDUă
,QWR[LFD‫܊‬LLOH FX fenolii substituiți VXEVWDQ‫܊‬H XWLOL]DWH FD HUELFLGH VXQW
IRDUWHSHULFXORDVHGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHDOWR[LFLWă‫܊‬LLDFXWH‫܈‬LFURQLFHDOLQJHVWLHL
‫܈‬LDOLQKDOăULL'HRVHELWGH SHULFXORDVăHVWHFDSDFLWDWHD ORUGH D SăWUXQGHSULQ
SLHOH3URGXVXOVHGHVFRPSXQHIRDUWHJUHXvQRUJDQLVPXORPXOXLGHXQGH‫܈‬LSH
ULFROXOLQWR[LFDWLHLFXPXODWLYHGLVSDUHGLQVkQJHOHRPXOXLLQWR[LFDWDELDGXSă
GH]LOH7HPSHUDWXUDRPXOXLLQWR[LFDWFUH‫܈‬WHSkQăOD°&GHDFHHDWHPSHUD
WXUDULGLFDWăDPHGLXOXLDPELDQWIDFHFDLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LDVăHYROXH]HIRDUWHQHIDYRUDELO
6LPSWRPHOHLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LHLVXQWRERVHDOăVHWHSXWHUQLFăWUDQVSLUD‫܊‬LHvQUR‫܈‬LUHDIH‫܊‬HL
WDKLFDUGLHGLVSQHHVWDUHGHQHOLQL‫܈‬WHFUH‫܈‬WHUHDWHPSHUDWXULLFRUSXOXLJUHD‫܊‬ăYR
PLVPHQWH FROLFL LQWHVWLQDOH GLDUHH FRODSV HGHP FLDQR]ă ROLJXULH KHPDWXULH
6WDUHDGHQHOLQL‫܈‬WHVHWUDQVIRUPăvQVSDVPHDSRLvQGHOLU6XUYLQHFRPDLDUPDL
DSRLPRDUWHDÌQFD]XULOHFODVLFHSLHOHDFRQMXQFWLYLWHOH‫܈‬LSăUXOVHSRWFRORUDvQ
JDOEHQ
3HVWLFLGHOHWUHEXLHVăUăVSXQGăDQXPLWRUH[LJHQ‫܊‬HLJLHQLFH
 ÌQDJULFXOWXUăGHUHJXOăVHYRUXWLOL]DSHVWLFLGHFXRWR[LFLWDWHPLFă
 1XVHDGPLWHXWLOL]DUHDVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HORUVWDELOHDFăURUWLPSGHGHVFRPSX
QHUHGHSă‫܈‬H‫܈‬WHSHULRDGDGHGRLDQL
 1XVHUHFRPDQGăXWLOL]DUHDSHVWLFLGHORUFXSURSULHWă‫܊‬LFXPXODWLYHSUR
QXQ‫܊‬DWH
 1XVHDGPLWHXWLOL]DUHDVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HORUFXSURSULHWă‫܊‬LFDQFHULJHQHPXWD
JHQHHPEULRWR[LFH‫܈‬LDOHUJLFH
3HVWLFLGHOHSUH]LQWăSHULFROSHQWUXVăQăWDWHDRPXOXL‫܈‬LPHGLXODPELDQWGH
DFHHDWUHEXLHXWLOL]DWHFXSUHFDX‫܊‬LHGHSR]LWDWHODGLVWDQ‫܊‬ăGH]RQHOHSRSXODWH
LQVWLWX‫܊‬LLOHGHvQYă‫܊‬ăPkQWWHUHQXULOHGHMRDFăDFRSLLORUSLH‫܊‬HOHSXEOLFH‫܈‬LDOLPHQ
WDUHED]LQHOHDFYDWLFH‫܈‬L]RQHOHIUHFYHQWLQXQGDELOHVXUVHOHGHDSăSRWDELOăÌQ
FD]GHLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LLVDXFRQWDFWFXSHVWLFLGHOHSHUVRDQDWUHEXLHWUDQVSRUWDWăODFHQ
WUXOGHVăQăWDWH1XHVWHLQGLFDWăDXWRPHGLFD‫܊‬LD3URWHF‫܊‬LDSRSXOD‫܊‬LHLFRQWUDHIHF
WHORUQHIDVWHSURYRFDWHGHSHVWLFLGHSRDWHILHIHFWXDWăSULQGLYHUVHPLMORDFHGH
Capitolul *V

LQIRUPDUH‫܈‬LGHVHQVLELOL]DUHIRORVLUHDHFKLSDPHQWXOXLGHSURWHF‫܊‬LHLQGLYLGXDOă
XWLOL]DUHDVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HORUDOWHUQDWLYHvQORFGHSHVWLFLGH
3HQWUX profilaxia intoxicațiilor neprofesionale DOH SRSXOD‫܊‬LHL GLQ ]RQHOH
DGLDFHQWHVHYRUvQWUHSULQGHXUPăWRDUHOHDF‫܊‬LXQL
● QXVHYRUGHSR]LWD‫܈‬LSăVWUDFDQWLWă‫܊‬LPDULGHSHVWLFLGHLQWHU]LVH‫܈‬LQHX
WLOL]DELOH
● VHYRUUHVSHFWDFRQGL‫܊‬LLOHGHSăVWUDUH
● VHYDPRQLWRUL]DVWDUHDDPEDODMXOXL
● VHYDLQWHU]LFHDFFHVXOOLEHU
● VHYDPRQLWRUL]D‫܈‬LVHYDUHGXFHULVFXOGHPLJUDUHDSHVWLFLGHORUGLQOR
FXULOHGHGHSR]LWDUHvQPHGLXODPELDQW
● GHSR]LWHOH XQGH VXQW SăVWUDWH SHVWLFLGHOH VH YRU DPSODVD QX PDL
DSURDSHGHPGHOD]RQHOHSRSXODWH
0ăVXULOHGHprofilaxie a intoxicațiilor profesionaleLQFOXGOLPLWDUHDFRQWDFWXOXL
FXSHVWLFLGHOHODWRDWHHWDSHOHGHOXFUXFDUHVXQWUHJOHPHQWDWH‫܈‬LSUHYăG
● H[FOXGHUHDPLJUăULLSHVWLFLGHORUvQPHGLXODPELDQW
● vQFăSHULOHGHOXFUX‫܈‬LWHUHQXOGHSR]LWXOXLVHYRUXWLODFRQIRUPLQVWUXF‫܊‬L
XQLORUvQYLJRDUH
● WUDQVSRUWDUHDSHVWLFLGHORUVHYDHIHFWXDQXPDLFXWUDQVSRUWVSHFLDOFDUH
SHULRGLFVHGH]LQWR[LFă8WLODMXOQXWUHEXLHVăILHGHWHULRUDW‫܈‬LVăILHPDU
FDWFRUHVSXQ]ăWRU
● FXSHVWLFLGHOHSRWOXFUDQXPDLSHUVRDQHOHLQVWUXLWH‫܈‬LFHOHFDUHDXWUHFXW
H[DPHQXOPHGLFDO1XVHYRUDQJDMDSHUVRDQHVXEDQLIHPHLOHJUD
YLGHIHPHLOHFDUHDOăSWHD]ă
● UHVSHFWDUHDVWULFWăDUHJXOLORUGHLJLHQăSHUVRQDOăODORFXOGHOXFUXQXVH
YDOXDPDVDvQDLQWHGHPDVăKDLQHOHVSHFLDOHVHYRUVFRDWHVHYRUVSăOD
PkLQLOH‫܈‬LID‫܊‬DVHYDFOăWLJXUD
● IRORVLUHDPLMORDFHORUGHSURWHF‫܊‬LHLQGLYLGXDOăvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HOH
WR[LFHXWLOL]DWHOXFUXOHIHFWXDWDQRWLPS
● PLMORDFHOHGHSURWHF‫܊‬LHLQGLYLGXDOăVHYRUSăVWUDvQGXODSXULOHGLQvQFăSHULOH
DX[LOLDUHVHYRUFXUă‫܊‬DVSăOD‫܈‬LGH]LQWR[LFDUHJXODWVHYRUVFKLPEDILOWUHOH
UHVSLUDWRDUHORU‫܈‬LILOWUHOHGHJD]
● IL[DUHDWHUPHQLORURSWLPLSHQWUXSUHOXFUDUHDFXOWXULORUDJULFROHODUHV
SHFWDUHDFăURUDSHVWLFLGHOHVHYRUGHVFRPSXQHvQSURGXVHOHDJULFROH

Caracteristica sanitaro-igienică a condițiilor de muncă la păstrarea

și la utilizarea pesticidelor
3HVWLFLGHOHVHDSOLFăGHUHJXOăvQDHUOLEHULDUSăVWUDUHD‫܈‬LDPEDODUHDORU
VHHIHFWXHD]ăvQvQFăSHULVSHFLDOH,QGLIHUHQWGHPRGDOLWDWHDOXFUXOXLFXSHVWLFL
GHOHvQ]RQDGHOXFUXVHYDSăVWUDRFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LHDDFHVWRUDVWULFWGHWHUPLQDWă
)DFWRULLQHIDYRUDELOLvQWLPSXOOXFUXOXLPXQFLWRULORUFXSHVWLFLGHOHVXQW
● RUJDQL]DUHDLQFRUHFWăDOXFUXOXLSRVLELOLWDWHDSăWUXQGHULLVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HORU
WR[LFHvQ]RQDGHOXFUX
 ● FRQGL‫܊‬LLOHPHWHRURORJLFHVXSUDvQFăO]LUHDRUJDQLVPXOXL
● SXOEHULOHGHVRO‫܈‬LGHDOWăQDWXUă
● XWLOL]DUHDLQFRUHFWăDWHKQLFLLGHVWURSLUH
0ăVXULOH GH SURWHF‫܊‬LH D PXQFLWRULORU SUHYăG DPHOLRUDUHD FRQGL‫܊‬LLORU GH
PXQFă‫܈‬LH[FOXGHUHDLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LLORUDFXWH‫܈‬LVXEDFXWHHWF'DFăHVWHSRVLELOVXE
VWDQ‫܊‬HOHSHULFXORDVHYRUILvQORFXLWHFXDOWHOHPDLSX‫܊‬LQSHULFXORDVHÌQWUXFkWHVWH
LPSRVLELOVăVHvQORFXLDVFăWRDWHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HOHFKLPLFHGLQDJULFXOWXUăWUHEXLHVă
VHDSOLFHPăVXULDGHFYDWHGHSURWHF‫܊‬LH8QDGLQWUHFHOHPDLLPSRUWDQWHSUHFDX‫܊‬LL
HVWHXWLOL]DUHDVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HORUFKLPLFHvQFDQWLWă‫܊‬LOH‫܈‬LIRUPDSUHVFULVHGHH[HPSOX
VROX‫܊‬LHSUDIHWF'HDFHHDvQDLQWHGHXWLOL]DUHDXQHLVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFKLPLFHWUHEXLH
FLWLWăHWLFKHWD'HSR]LWDUHDWUHEXLHIăFXWăFRQIRUPLQVWUXF‫܊‬LXQLORUSURGXFăWRUX
OXL(FKLSDPHQWXOLQGLYLGXDOGHSURWHF‫܊‬LHSHQWUXXWLOL]DUHDVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HORUFKLPLFH
vQVSHFLDOSHVWLFLGHLQFOXGHHFKLSDPHQWGHSURWHF‫܊‬LHUHVSLUDWRULHRFKHODULvPEUă
FăPLQWHPăQX‫܈‬L‫܈‬LvQFăO‫܊‬ăPLQWHÌQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHPHWRGDGHDSOLFDUHWUHEXLHXWLOL]DWH
WLSXULOHSRWULYLWHGHGLVSR]LWLYHGHSURWHF‫܊‬LHUHVSLUDWRULHGHH[HPSOXGLVSR]LWLYH
DXWRQRPHGLVSR]LWLYHFXILOWUHGHJD]HWF
‫܉‬LQkQGFRQWGHSHUVSHFWLYHOHGH]YROWăULLDJULFXOWXULLGHDF‫܊‬LXQHDGLIHULWRU
IDFWRULGHUROXOPHGLXOXLGHSURGXFHUHvQDSDUL‫܊‬LDSURFHVHORUSDWRORJLFHPHGLFLL
LJLHQL‫܈‬WL‫܈‬LFOLQLFLHQLVHYRUSUHRFXSDGH
● FRQWUROXOVDQLWDUSUHYHQWLYúLFXUHQWDOFRQVWUXF‫܊‬LHL‫܈‬LH[SORDWăULLRELHFWLYH
ORUGHRUGLQLQGXVWULDOODVDWHDOFRQVWUXF‫܊‬LHL‫܈‬LH[SORDWăULLXWLODMXOXL‫܈‬LWHK
QLFLLDJULFROH
● VSRULUHDHILFDFLWă‫܊‬LLPăVXULORUGHSURILOD[LHDDF‫܊‬LXQLLQRFLYHDSHVWLFLGHORU
‫܈‬LDDOWRUVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFKLPLFHDVXSUDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLOXFUăWRULORU‫܈‬LSRSXOD‫܊‬LHL
● VWXGLHUHDVLVWHPDWLFăDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLOXFUăWRULORUGLQVHFWRUXODJULFROVWDELOLUHD
LQWHUUHOD‫܊‬LLORUGLQWUHFRQGL‫܊‬LLOHGHWUDL‫܈‬LGHPXQFă



Amploarea problemei
ÌQ XOWLPHOH GHFHQLL JOREDOL]DUHD ‫܈‬L SURJUHVXO WHKQRORJLF DX WUDQVIRUPDW
XQLYHUVXOPXQFLLLQWURGXFkQGQRLIRUPHGHRUJDQL]DUHDPXQFLLQRLUHOD‫܊‬LLGH
PXQFă‫܈‬LIRUPHGHDQJDMDUHFHHDFHDGXVODFUH‫܈‬WHUHDVWUHVXOXLSURIHVLRQDO‫܈‬LD
WXOEXUăULORUDVRFLDWH*OREDOL]DUHDDFUHDWQRLRSRUWXQLWă‫܊‬LLPSRUWDQWHSHQWUXGH]
YROWDUHDHFRQRPLFăGDUDJHQHUDW‫܈‬LSHULFROXOXQRUSURFHVHFRPSHWLWLYHODQLYHO
PRQGLDOH[HUFLWkQGSUHVLXQHDVXSUDFRQGL‫܊‬LLORUGHPXQFă‫܈‬LDUHVSHFWăULLGUHSWXUL
ORUIXQGDPHQWDOHÌQSUH]HQWIRUPHOHGHDQJDMDUHDXFăSăWDWRPDLPDUHIOH[LELOL
WDWHvQSURFHVXOGHPXQFăPDLPXOWHFRQWUDFWHGHPXQFăFXIUDF‫܊‬LXQHGHQRUPă
PXQFăWHPSRUDUă‫܈‬LPXQFăLQGHSHQGHQWă$FHVWHSUDFWLFLSRWGXFHODFUH‫܈‬WHULDOH
Capitolul *V

FHULQ‫܊‬HORUPXQFLL‫܈‬LDOHQHVLJXUDQ‫܊‬HLORFXOXLGHPXQFăODRVFăGHUHDQLYHOXOXLGH
FRQWURODOPXQFLL‫܈‬LFUH‫܈‬WHUHDULVFXOXLGHGLVSRQLELOL]ăULDOHOXFUăWRULORU
3URJUHVXOWHKQRORJLF‫܈‬LDSDUL‫܊‬LDLQWHUQHWXOXLDXDGXVPXOWHVFKLPEăUL‫܈‬LLQR
YD‫܊‬LLvQSURFHVHOHGHPXQFăIăFkQGPXOWPDLJUHXGHLGHQWLILFDWJUDQL‫܊‬HOHGLQWUH
PXQFă‫܈‬LYLD‫܊‬DSHUVRQDOă/XFUăWRULLDUSXWHDFRQVLGHUDFăVWkQGFRQHFWD‫܊‬LPDLPXOW
WLPSODLQWHUQHW‫܈‬LUăVSXQ]kQGUDSLGGDXGRYDGăGHSHUIRUPDQ‫܊‬ăFRQWLQXkQGSUDF
WLFVăOXFUH]H‫܈‬LGHDFDVă‫܈‬LvQDIDUDRUHORUGHSURJUDP,QFRPSDWLELOLWDWHDGLQWUH
UROXULOHGHODPXQFă‫܈‬LGLQIDPLOLHFDUHSURYRDFăFRQIOLFWHGHPXQFăFDX]DWHGH
FRPSRUWDPHQWWLPS‫܈‬LWHQVLXQHSRWIDFHGLILFLOVDXLPSRVLELOGHvQGHSOLQLWUROXULOH
vQIDPLOLH‫܈‬LYLFHYHUVD
5HFHQWDFUL]ă‫܈‬LUHFHVLXQHHFRQRPLFăPRQGLDOăDXGXVODFUH‫܈‬WHUHD‫܈‬RPD
MXOXLVăUăFLHL‫܈‬LH[FOX]LXQLLVRFLDOH0XOWHvQWUHSULQGHULDXIRVWQHYRLWHVă‫܈‬LUH
GXFăDFWLYLWDWHDHFRQRPLFăSHQWUXDUăPkQHFRPSHWLWLYHFXXQLPSXOVvQSURFHVXO
GHUHVWUXFWXUDUHUHGXFHUHGHSHUVRQDOIX]LXQHH[WHUQDOL]DUH‫܈‬LVXEFRQWUDFWDUH‫܈‬L
GLVSRQLELOL]ăUL PDVLYH 3URFHVHOH GH UHVWUXFWXUDUH VH H[WLQG GLQFROR GH HIHFWHOH
FRQFHGLHULORU 6FKLPEăULOH RUJDQL]D‫܊‬LRQDOH SURYRDFă LQFHUWLWXGLQH ‫܈‬L DQWDJR
QLVPHLDUOXFUăWRULLFDUHVXSUDYLH‫܊‬XLHVFUHGXFHULORUGHSHUVRQDOSRWDYHDVHQWL
PHQWHGHYLQRYă‫܊‬LHID‫܊‬ăGHFROHJLLGLVSRQLELOL]D‫܊‬LÌQDIDUăGHWHDPDGHDSLHUGH
ORFXOGHPXQFăOXFUăWRULLWUHEXLHVăDFFHSWH‫܈‬LRSRUWXQLWă‫܊‬LUHGXVHGHDYDQVDUH
0DLPXOWGHDWkWFHLFDUHDXUăPDVDQJDMD‫܊‬LSRWILREOLJD‫܊‬LVăILHPDLIOH[LELOL‫܈‬L
VăHIHFWXH]HVDUFLQLQRLFRQIUXQWkQGXVHFXFUH‫܈‬WHULDOHYROXPXOXLGHPXQFă‫܈‬L
RUHVXSOLPHQWDUHFXOLSVDFRQWUROXOXL‫܈‬LDPELJXLWDWHDUROXOXL
0XQFDHVWHHVHQ‫܊‬LDOăSHQWUXVăQăWDWHDXPDQăvQPăVXUDvQFDUHRDPHQLL
SUHIHUăFRQGL‫܊‬LLGHPXQFăQHFRUHVSXQ]ăWRDUHvQORFGH‫܈‬RPDM0XQFDQXQXPDL
FăRIHUăUHVXUVHILQDQFLDUHGDUFRQWULEXLH‫܈‬LODIXQF‫܊‬LLOHSVLKRORJLFHGHED]ăFXP
DUILRUJDQL]DUHDWLPSXOXLFRQWDFWHVRFLDOH‫܈‬LLGHQWLWDWHDSHUVRQDOă
‫܇‬RPDMXO HVWH OHJDW GH VFăGHUHD VDWLVIDF‫܊‬LHL YLH‫܊‬LL VWLJPDWL]DUHD VRFLDOă
SLHUGHUHDUHVSHFWXOXLGHVLQH‫܈‬LDFRQWDFWHORUVRFLDOHFXFRQVHFLQ‫܊‬HQHJDWLYHDVX
SUDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLSVLKLFH‫܇‬RPDMXOLPSXQHLQGLYL]LLVă‫܈‬LDVXPHUROXULQRL‫܈‬LGLILFLOH
VăVHFRQIUXQWHFXQHVLJXUDQ‫܊‬ă‫܈‬LLPSUHYL]LELO‫܈‬LVăIDFăID‫܊‬ăVHQWLPHQWHORUGH
SLHUGHUHDFRQWUROXOXL‫܈‬LDLGHQWLWă‫܊‬LL‫܇‬RPDMXOHVWHGHDVHPHQHDDVRFLDWFXXQ
ULVFFUHVFXWGHIRORVLUHDGURJXULORUFXWXOEXUăULFDX]DWHGHFRQVXPXOGHDOFRRO
GLHWăQHVăQăWRDVăOLSVăGHDFWLYLWDWHIL]LFă‫܈‬LVRPQLQVXILFLHQWFXWXOEXUăULGH
VăQăWDWHSVLKLFăFXPDUILGHSUHVLD‫܈‬LVXLFLGXO
,PSDFWXOULVFXULORUSVLKRVRFLDOH‫܈‬LD VWUHVXOXL SURIHVLRQDODVXSUDVăQăWă‫܊‬LL
VHFXULWă‫܊‬LL‫܈‬LVWăULLGHELQHDOXFUăWRULORU‫܈‬LDSHUIRUPDQ‫܊‬HLRUJDQL]D‫܊‬LRQDOHQXPDL
WUH]H‫܈‬WHvQGRLHOL&HUFHWăULOHLQGLFăvQPRGFODUFăUHOD‫܊‬LDGLQWUHVWUHVXOSURIHVLR
QDO ‫܈‬L WXOEXUăULOH GH VăQăWDWH SVLKLFăHVWH FRPSDWLELOă 5LWPXO FRWLGLDQ GH OXFUX
VROLFLWăXQSOXVGHFRQVXPQHUYRVSUHFXP‫܈‬LHIRUWXULVXSOLPHQWDUHGHDGDSWDUHD
RDPHQLORUODFRQGL‫܊‬LLOHVFKLPEăWRDUHDOHYLH‫܊‬LLORU8QDGLQWUHFRQVHFLQ‫܊‬HOHDFHVWXL
ULWP GH YLD‫܊‬ă HVWH VWUHVXO RFXSD‫܊‬LRQDO SURIHVLRQDO FD ‫܈‬L FRQVHFLQ‫܊‬ă D VLWXD‫܊‬LLORU
FRQIOLFWXDOHvQPHGLXOGHPXQFă
 6SHFLILFSHQWUXVRFLHWDWHDFRQWHPSRUDQăHVWHRFUH‫܈‬WHUHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬LDOăDQLYH
OXOXLGHVWUHV‫܈‬LDSRQGHULLUHDF‫܊‬LLORUODFHHDFHvQOLWHUDWXUDGHVSHFLDOLWDWHDSULPLW
QXPLUHDGHÄVWUHVRUL´,QYHVWLJDUHDVWUHVXOXLRFXSD‫܊‬LRQDODIRVWLQWHQVvQFXUDMDWă
vQSUH]HQWH[LVWkQGRUHFXQRD‫܈‬WHUHXQDQLPă‫܈‬LGRYH]LFRQFOXGHQWHDUHOD‫܊‬LHLGLQWUH
VWUHVRULLPXQFLL‫܈‬LFRQVHFLQ‫܊‬HDFHVWRUDODQLYHOXOVăQăWă‫܊‬LLIL]LFH‫܈‬LPHQWDOH

Stresul: definirea conceptului 

'HILQL‫܊‬LDVWUHVXOXL‫܈‬LWHUPLQRORJLDXWLOL]DWăvQHYDOXDUHDULVFXULORU‫܈‬LSHUL
FROHORUSVLKRVRFLDOHVDXVFKLPEDWGHDOXQJXODQLORU7HUPHQXOGHÄVWUHV³DIRVW
IRORVLWSHQWUXSULPDGDWăGH+DQV6HO\HvQFDUHDVWXGLDWVWUHVXOSULQIXQF
‫܊‬LLOHFUHLHUXOXLÌQWHUPHQLELRORJLFLHODGHILQLWVWUHVXOFDÄUăVSXQVQHVSHFLILFDO
RUJDQLVPXOXLODRULFHFHULQ‫܊‬ăGHVFKLPEDUH³LDUÄVWUHVRULL³FDHYHQLPHQWHFDUH
GHFODQ‫܈‬HD]ăXQUăVSXQVIL]LRORJLF‫܈‬LSVLKRORJLFvQRUJDQLVPFXVFRSXOGHDGLV
WLQJHVWLPXOXOGHUăVSXQVÌQDFHVWFRQWH[WXQVWUHVRUSRDWHILXQDJHQWELRORJLF
IDFWRUGHPHGLXVWLPXOH[WHUQVDXXQHYHQLPHQW
6WUHVXO SRDWH GHILQL R FRQGL‫܊‬LH QHJDWLYă VDX SR]LWLYă FH UăVSXQGH OD XQ
VWUHVRU‫܈‬LSRDWHDYHDXQLPSDFWDVXSUDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLIL]LFHVDXSVLKLFH‫܈‬LDVWăULLGH
ELQHDXQHLSHUVRDQH6WUHVXOSRDWHILDFXWVDXFURQLFvQUDSRUWFXGXUDWDWLPSXOXL
GHDF‫܊‬LXQHDVWUHVRUXOXLULORU
'LF‫܊‬LRQDUXOH[SOLFDWLYDOOLPELLURPkQHGHILQH‫܈‬WHVWUHVXOFDILLQGÄQXPHGDW
RULFăUXL IDFWRU VDX DQVDPEOX GH IDFWRUL GHPHGLX FDUH SURYRDFă RUJDQLVPXOXL
XPDQRUHDF‫܊‬LHDQRUPDOăHIHFWQHIDYRUDELOSURGXVDVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXLXPDQGH
IDFWRUXOGHPHGLX
Oxford English DictionaryH[SOLFăHWLPRORJLDFXYkQWXOXLÄVWUHV´FDSURYH
QLQGGLQDEUHYLHUHDFXYkQWXOXLÄGLVWUHV´IRORVLWvQHQJOH]DPHGLHYDOăFXvQĠHOH
VXO GH GLILFXOWDWH QHFD] GXUHUH SURYRFDWH GH IDFWRUL H[WHULRUL RUJDQLVPXOXL
6IHUDQRĠLXQLLVHOăUJHúWHvQVHFDO;,;OHDVWUHVXOGHVHPQkQGSUHVLXQLúLLQIOX
HQĠHFHVHH[HUFLWăGLQH[WHULRUDVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXL
&RQIRUP QR‫܊‬LXQLL FRQWHPSRUDQH VWUHVXO GHILQH‫܈‬WH VWDUHD ELRORJLFă GH
DOHUWăFDUHPRELOL]HD]ăFRUSXOSHQWUXDUăVSXQGHVDXDULSRVWDODVROLFLWăULVDX
DPHQLQ‫܊‬ăULSURYRFDWHGHVWUHVRUL6WUHVXODSDUHvQRULFHVLWXD‫܊‬LHvQFDUHVWDUHDGH
HFKLOLEUXVDXLQWHJULWDWHDIL]LFă‫܈‬LVDXSVLKLFăDRUJDQLVPXOXLHVWHDPHQLQ‫܊‬DWăGH
IDFWRULLQWHUQL‫܈‬LH[WHUQL‫܈‬LIDWăGHFDUHLQGLYLGXOQXGLVSXQHGHVROX‫܊‬LLWLSSHQWUX
DUHGXFHVDXDHOLPLQDDPHQLQ‫܊‬DUHD
6WUHVXO RFXSD‫܊‬LRQDO HVWH XQD GLQWUH PXOWLSOHOH SUREOHPH FX FDUH VH FRQ
IUXQWăVRFLHWDWHDPRGHUQăILLQGJHQHUDWGHYLD‫܊‬DSURIHVLRQDOăGHPHGLXOPXQFLL
FXFRQVHFLQ‫܊‬HOHQHPLMORFLWHDVXSUDDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LLSURIHVLRQDOHGDU‫܈‬LDVXSUDVăQăWă‫܊‬LL
FHORUFDUHSUHVWHD]ăPXQFDUHVSHFWLYă
6WUHVXORFXSD‫܊‬LRQDOSURIHVLRQDOHVWHGHWHUPLQDWGHRUJDQL]DUHDPXQFLLGH
SURLHFWDUHDPXQFLL‫܈‬LGHUHOD‫܊‬LLOHGHPXQFă‫܈‬LVHLQVWDOHD]ăDWXQFLFkQGFHULQ‫܊‬HOH
SRVWXOXLQXVHSRWULYHVFVDXGHSă‫܈‬HVFFDSDFLWă‫܊‬LOHUHVXUVHOHVDXQHYRLOHOXFUăWRUX
OXLVDXDWXQFLFkQGFXQR‫܈‬WLQ‫܊‬HOHVDXDELOLWă‫܊‬LOHXQXLOXFUăWRUVDXDOHXQXLJUXSQX
VHSRWULYHVFFXD‫܈‬WHSWăULOHFXOWXULLRUJDQL]D‫܊‬LRQDOHDOHXQHLvQWUHSULQGHUL
Capitolul *V

'LVWLQJHPXUPăWRDUHOHFDWHJRULLGHefecte potențiale ale stresului

● efecte subiectiveDQ[LHWDWHDJUHVLXQHDSDWLHSOLFWLVHDOăGHSUHVLHRERVHDOă
LQGLVSR]L‫܊‬LHVFăGHUHDvQFUHGHULLvQVLQHQHUYR]LWDWHVHQWLPHQWXOGHVLQ
JXUăWDWH
● efecte comportamentaleSUHGLVSR]L‫܊‬LHVSUHDFFLGHQWHDOFRROLVPDEX]GHFDIHD
LH‫܈‬LULHPR‫܊‬LRQDOHWHQGLQ‫܊‬DGHDPkQFD‫܈‬LVDXDIXPDH[FHVLYFRPSRUWD
PHQWLPSXOVLYQHUYRV
● efecte cognitiveVFăGHUHDDELOLWD‫܊‬LLGHDDGRSWDGHFL]LLUD‫܊‬LRQDOHFRQFHQWUDUH
VODEăVFăGHUHDDWHQ‫܊‬LHLKLSHUVHQVLELOLWDWHODFULWLFăEORFDMHPHQWDOH
● efecte fiziologiceFUH‫܈‬WHUHDJOLFHPLHLSXOVXOXLWHQVLXQLLDUWHULDOHXVFăFLXQHD
JXULLWUDQVSLUD‫܊‬LLUHFLGLODWDUHDSXSLOHORUYDOXULGHFăOGXUD‫܈‬LGHIULJ
● efecte organizaționale DEVHQWHLVP GHPLVLL SURGXFWLYLWDWH VFă]XWă L]RODUH
LQVDWLVIDF‫܊‬LHvQPXQFăUHGXFHUHDUHVSRQVDELOLWă‫܊‬LL‫܈‬LDORLDOLWă‫܊‬LLID‫܊‬ăGH
RUJDQL]D‫܊‬LDvQFDUHPXQFH‫܈‬WHGHPLVLL

Cauzele apariției stresului ocupațional 

&RPSHWL‫܊‬LDHFRQRPLFăGXUăvQFDUHHVWHDQJUHQDWăYLD‫܊‬DVRFLDOăSUH]HQWă
HVWHFRQVLGHUDWăFDXQXOGLQWUHVHPQHOHVDXUHDF‫܊‬LLOHJHQHUDWRDUHDFHHDFHDLQWUDW
vQOLPEDMXOFRWLGLDQVXEGHQXPLUHDGHVWUHVSURIHVLRQDOVDXVWUHVRFXSD‫܊‬LRQDO
6LPSWRPHOHVWUHVXOXLRFXSD‫܊‬LRQDOVXQWX‫܈‬RUGHHYLGHQ‫܊‬LDW‫܈‬LGHREVHUYDWHO
PDQLIHVWkQGXVHSULQFRPSRUWDPHQWHSUHFXPvQWkPSLQDUHDGLQSDUWHDDQJDMD‫܊‬L
ORUDXQRUGLILFXOWă‫܊‬LvQDGDSWDUHDODVFKLPEăULOHLPSXVHGHSRVWXOGHPXQFăRFX
SDWVFăGHUHDGUDPDWLFăDSURGXFWLYLWă‫܊‬LLPXQFLL6HPDQLIHVWăRGXEOăDF‫܊‬LXQH
ODQLYHOXOSHUVRDQHLFDUHUHFHSWHD]ăVLWXD‫܊‬LDVWUHVDQWă‫܈‬LODQLYHOXORUJDQL]D‫܊‬LHL
DVXSUDFăUHLDVHUăVIUkQJHH[LVWHQ‫܊‬DXQXLFOLPDWVWUHVDQW
$JHQ‫܊‬LLVWUHVRULFDUHDF‫܊‬LRQHD]ăDVXSUDLQGLYLGXOXLSURGXF X]XUDVRPD
WRSVLKLFăDDFHVWXLDFRUHODWăFXPDULGLILFXOWă‫܊‬LGHDGDSWDUH3HQWUXDVHDSăUDGH
LQYD]LD DFHVWRU DJUHVRUL ‫܈‬L SHQWUX D‫܈‬L VWDELOL KRPHRVWD]D RUJDQLVPXO IDFH XQ
HIRUWGHDGDSWDUH±UHDF‫܊‬LDODVWUHV
Reacţia la stresDUHRGLQDPLFăFHFRQVWăGLQWUHLHWDSHID]H
D etapa de tensiuneDQ[LHWDWHVDXID]DGHDODUPăHVWHJHQHUDWăGHDWPRV
IHUD SVLKRHPRĠLRQDOă WHQVLRQDWă FURQLFă PHGLXO GHVWDELOL]DQW UHV
SRQVDELOLWDWHDFUHVFXWăGLILFXOWăĠLOHGHFRPXQLFDUHLQWHUSHUVRQDOăÌQ
DFHDVWăID]ăDUHORFPRELOL]DUHDLQL‫܊‬LDOăODFRQWDFWXOFXDJHQWXOQRFLY
&UHLHUXOHPLWHXQPHVDMELRFKLPLFVSUHWRDWHDSDUDWHOH‫܈‬LVLVWHPHOH
FRUSXOXLFUHVFULWPXOUHVSLUD‫܊‬LHLWHQVLXQHDDUWHULDOăSXSLODVHGLODWă
PX‫܈‬FKLLVHvQFRUGHD]ă3UDFWLFDUHORFGHWHFWDUHDDJHQWXOXLVWUHVRUGH
FăWUHRUJDQLVP‫܈‬LSUHJăWLUHDGHDLIDFHID‫܊‬ă
E etapa de rezistenţăDGLFăGHRSXQHUHVDXID]DGHUH]LVWHQWDSHUVRDQDvQ
FHDUFăFX UH]XOWDWHPDLEXQHVDX PDL SXĠLQ EXQHVă VH SURWHMH]H GH
LPSUHVLLOH QHSOăFXWH (VWH ID]D vQ FDUH DF‫܊‬LRQHD]ă PHFDQLVPHOH GH
DGDSWDUHPHQLWHVăUHGXFăHIHFWXOQRFLYDOVWUHVXOXL,QGLYLGXOVHRSXQH
 VHOXSWăFXVWUHVXOJODQGHOHFXVHFUH‫܊‬LHLQWHUQăVHUHvQFDUFăFXHQHUJLH
VkQJHOHv‫܈‬LUHFDSăWăIOXLGLWDWHDSRVWXUDPHUVXOUHGHYLQQRUPDOH
F etapaID]Dde epuizare±FRQVXPDUHDUHVXUVHORUSVLKLFHVFăGHUHDWRQX
VXOXL SVLKLF FDUH]XOWDWDO LQHILFLHQĠHLUH]LVWHQĠHL RSXVH GHHSXL]DUH
DJHQWXOVWUHVRUQXDIRVWQHXWUDOL]DW5HVXUVHOHRUJDQLVPXOXLVXQWHSX
L]DWHGHOXSWDvPSRWULYDVWUHVXOXL2UJDQLVPXOVHX]HD]ăvPEăWUkQH‫܈‬WH
SUHPDWXUVLVWHPXOFHOXSWăFXVWUHVXOHVWHWRWDOGHSă‫܈‬LW‫܈‬LvQYLQV
$FHVWHWUHLHWDSHDOHUHDF‫܊‬LLODDJHQ‫܊‬LLVWUHVRULGXSă6HO\HFRQVWLWXLHVLQ
GURPXOJHQHUDOGHDGDSWDUHVLQGURPGHRDUHFHPDQLIHVWăULOHOXLVXQWFRRUGRQDWH
‫܈‬LGHSHQGHQWHXQHOHGHDOWHOHJHQHUDOSHQWUXFDQXHVWHSURGXVGHFkWGHDJHQ‫܊‬L
FDUHDXHIHFWHJHQHUDOL]DWHDVXSUDGLYHUVHORUSăU‫܊‬LDOHRUJDQLVPXOXLDGDSWDUH
SHQWUXFăVWLPXOHD]ă‫܈‬LDMXWăODDFKL]L‫܊‬LD‫܈‬LODPHQ‫܊‬LQHUHDVWDGLXOXLGHUH]LVWHQ‫܊‬ă
$FWLYLWDWHDVLQGURPXOXLJHQHUDOGHDGDSWDUHVXSXQHRUJDQLVPXOODVROLFL
WăULIRDUWHPDUL&XFkWDFHVWVLQGURPHVWHPDLIUHFYHQWUHDFWLYDWFXFkWUHDFWL
YDUHDHVWHGHPDLOXQJăGXUDWăFXDWkWHIHFWHOHYRUILPDLQHIDYRUDELOH6HO\H
FRPSDUDFHOHWUHLID]HVXFFHVLYHDOHVLQGURPXOXLJHQHUDOGHDGDSWDUHFXVXFFHVL
XQHDFHORUWUHLPDULHWDSHDOHH[LVWHQ‫܊‬HLXPDQHFRSLOăULDvQFDUHUH]LVWHQWDHVWH
VFă]XWăPDWXULWDWHDFkQGRUJDQLVPXOHVWHDGDSWDW‫܈‬LUH]LVWHQ‫܊‬DHVWHLQWHQVă‫܈‬L
EăWUkQH‫܊‬HDFkQGDGDSWDUHDVFDGHQHvQWUHUXSWVXUYLQHHSXL]DUHD‫܈‬LPRDUWHD
/DORFXOGHPXQFăVWUHVXODSDUHFDXUPDUHDXQRUUHVXUVHSVLKLFHLQVXILFL
HQWHSHQWUXDIDFH ID‫܊‬ăVROLFLWăULORU‫܈‬LH[LJHQ‫܊‬HORUSURIHVLRQDOH 8QHRUL VWUHVXO
SURIHVLRQDOHVWHFRQVLGHUDWFDILLQGEHQHILFSHQWUXSHUIRUPDQ‫܊‬HOHDQJDMD‫܊‬LORUÌQ
DVHPHQHDVLWXD‫܊‬LLQHUHIHULPODÄHXVWUHV´FDUHPRWLYHD]ă‫܈‬LPRELOL]HD]ăUHVXUVHOH
LQGLYLGXDOHÌQFD]FRQWUDUFkQGHIHFWHOHVWUHVXOXLVHUăVIUkQJQHJDWLYDVXSUDVăQă
Wă‫܊‬LLSHUVRDQHLYRUELPGHÄGLVWUHV´ÌQWLPSFHFRQIOLFWHOHFRQVWUXFWLYHVXQWPRWL
YDQWH‫܈‬LJHQHUDWRDUHGHLGHLIDYRUDELOHvQQRLULL‫܈‬LVFKLPEăULLFRQIOLFWHOHGLVWUXFWLYH
GXFODRULVLSăGHHQHUJLHGHWLPS‫܈‬LGHEDQL
Ä(XVWUHVXO´GHVHPQHD]ăQLYHOXOXQHLVWLPXOăULSVLKRHQGRFULQHPRGHUDWH
RSWLPHFDUHPHQ‫܊‬LQHHFKLOLEUXO‫܈‬LWRQXVXOIL]LF‫܈‬LSVLKLFDOSHUVRDQHLVWDUHDGH
VăQăWDWH‫܈‬LLQGXFHRDGDSWDUHSR]LWLYăODPHGLX(VWHLQGLVSHQVDELOSHQWUXYLD‫܊‬ă
‫܈‬LSHQWUXPHQ‫܊‬LQHUHDIXQF‫܊‬LLORUPHQWDOH‫܈‬LIL]LFHQHFHVDUHGHVIă‫܈‬XUăULLDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LL
XPDQH'HFLHVWHVWUHVXOÄEXQDJUHDELOFXYDORDUHFXUDWLYăSHQWUXSHUVRDQă
PRWLYkQG ‫܈‬L PRELOL]kQG UHVXUVHOH LQGLYLGXDOH QHFHVDUH vQ PRWLYD‫܊‬LH FUH‫܈‬WHUH
GH]YROWDUH‫܈‬LVFKLPEDUH
Ä'LVWUHVXO´UHSUH]LQWăVWUHVXOFHGHSă‫܈‬H‫܈‬WHRLQWHQVLWDWHFULWLFăSURYRFDWGH
VXSUDvQFăUFăULVXSUDVWLPXOăULLQWHQVH‫܈‬LSUHOXQJLWHFDUHGHSă‫܈‬HVFUHVXUVHOHIL]L
RORJLFH‫܈‬LSVLKRORJLFHSHUVRQDOHUH]XOWkQGVFăGHUHDSHUIRUPDQ‫܊‬HLLQVDWLVIDF‫܊‬LH
HWF'HFLHVWHVWUHVXOÄUăX´GH]DJUHDELOSHQWUXLQGLYLG
/DED]DDSDUL‫܊‬LHLVWUHVXOXLRUJDQL]D‫܊‬LRQDOVHDIOăFDUDFWHULVWLFLOHRUJDQL]D
‫܊‬LRQDOH GH H[HPSOX GLPHQVLXQHD RUJDQL]D‫܊‬LHL VWUXFWXUD LHUDUKLFă GHVFULHUHD
SRVWXULORUHWFFDUHSRWGXFHODVWUHVRULSUHFXPFRQIOLFWXOGHURODPELJXLWDWHD
GHURO‫܈‬LvQFăUFăWXUDPXQFLL
Capitolul *V

Conflictul de rolVHUHIHUăODGLIHUHQ‫܊‬HOHFDUHDSDUvQWUHLQGLYLG‫܈‬LDOWHSHU
VRDQHGLQFDGUXOXQXLJUXSGHPXQFăvQFRQGL‫܊‬LLOHvQFDUHDFH‫܈‬WLDQXvPSăUWă‫܈‬HVF
DFHOHD‫܈‬LD‫܈‬WHSWăULFXSULYLUHODURO$FHVWFRQIOLFWHVWHGHILQLWFDFRQWUDGLF‫܊‬LHJHQH
UDWăGHVROLFLWăULOHGLIHULWHDGUHVDWHLQGLYLGXOXL‫܈‬LODFDUHHOILHFăQXGRUH‫܈‬WHvQWU
DGHYăUVăUăVSXQGăILHFRQVLGHUăFăUHVSHFWLYDVROLFLWDUHQXFRUHVSXQGHVDUFLQLORU
VDOH&RQIOLFWXOGHUROJHQHUHD]ăWUăLULDIHFWLYHQHJDWLYHWHQVLXQH‫܈‬LFHOPDLGHV
VLPSWRPHIL]LFH3RDWHGHVFLQGH‫܈‬LFRQIOLFWXOvQWUHVROLFLWăULOHJHQHUDWHGHGLIHULWHOH
UROXULGH‫܊‬LQXWHGHDFHOD‫܈‬LLQGLYLG$VWIHOGHFRQIOLFWHVXQWFHOPDLGHVUDSRUWDWHvQ
RFXSD‫܊‬LL GLQ PHGLXO PLOLWDU SROL‫܊‬LHPHGLFLQăHGXFD‫܊‬LH XQGHFRPSDUWLPHQWDUHD
WLPSXOXLvQWUHPXQFă‫܈‬LIDPLOLHQXSRDWHILUHDOL]DWăFXX‫܈‬XULQ‫܊‬ă
Ambiguitatea rolului SUHFL]HD]ăOLSVDRULLQVXILFLHQ‫܊‬DLQIRUPD‫܊‬LLORUFODUH
‫܈‬LRSRUWXQHVROLFLWDWHGHUH]ROYDUHDFRUHFWăDVDUFLQLORU,QGLYLGXOFRQIUXQWDWFX
DPELJXLWDWHDUROXOXLQXFXQRD‫܈‬WHH[DFWRELHFWLYHOH‫܈‬LVDUFLQLOHFHLUHYLQSHUIRUPDQ
‫܊‬HOHD‫܈‬WHSWDWHGHRUJDQL]D‫܊‬LHFULWHULLOHGHFRQWUROHYDOXDUH‫܈‬LPRWLYDUH,QWHQVLWDWHD
VWUHVXOXLJHQHUDWGHDPELJXLWDWHDUROXOXLHVWHvQVWUkQVăUHOD‫܊‬LHFXFDSDFLWDWHDGHD
WROHUDvQJHQHUDODPELJXLWDWHDGLIHULWăGHODXQLQGLYLGODDOWXO
Încărcătura munciivQFăUFDUHDGHUROHVWHRYDULDQWăDFRQIOLFWXOXLGHUROvQ
FDUHFRQIOLFWXOHVWHH[SHULPHQWDWFDRQHFHVLWDWHGHDFRPSURPLWHFDQWLWDWHDRUDUXO
VDXFDOLWDWHDPXQFLL'HH[HPSOXPXQFDvQVFKLPEXULDUHRSXWHUQLFăLQIOXHQ‫܊‬ăDVX
SUDSHUVRDQHORUFDUHRUHDOL]HD]ă$QJDMD‫܊‬LLFDUHOXFUHD]ăvQVFKLPEXULDXRVHULH
GHSUREOHPHIL]LRORJLFH‫܈‬LGHDGDSWDUHVRFLDOă'HRDUHFHPXQFDvQVFKLPEXULvQWUH
UXSHFLFOXOGHKUăQLUHVRPQ‫܈‬LPXQFăDQJDMD‫܊‬LLVHPQDOHD]ăVRPQLQVXILFLHQWRER
VHDOăLULWDELOLWDWHSUREOHPHGHDGDSWDUH‫܈‬LSLHUGHUHDDSHWLWXOXL
$FH‫܈‬WLVWUHVRULODUkQGXOORUSRWGXFHODUHDF‫܊‬LLGHVWUHVFHVHUHIHUăODUăV
SXQVXULOHDIHFWLYHIL]LRORJLFHVDXFRPSRUWDPHQWDOHDOHLQGLYLGXOXLGHH[HPSOX
VDWLVIDF‫܊‬LH vQ PXQFă VFă]XWă KLSHUWHQVLXQHDEVHQWHLVP ÌQ ILQDOUHDF‫܊‬LLOH SRW
JHQHUDDWkWWXOEXUăULIL]LFHEROLFDUGLRYDVFXODUHWXOEXUăULGLJHVWLYHFkW‫܈‬LSVL
KRORJLFHGHSUHVLH(fig. 4.6.1.

Caracteristici individuale
ale angajatului

Caracteristici Stresori Tulburări

Reacții
organizaționale psihologici fizice și psihice

Relații interpersonale


 ÌQGRPHQLXOVWUHVXOXLRFXSD‫܊‬LRQDOVWLPXOLLFXSRWHQ‫܊‬LDOGHJHQHUDUHDVWUH
VXOXLvQFDGUXOXQHLRUJDQL]D‫܊‬LLSRWILFDWHJRUL]D‫܊‬LvQSDWUXPDULFODVHFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXO
PXQFLLFRQGL‫܊‬LLOHGHPXQFăFRQGL‫܊‬LLOHGHDQJDMDUH‫܈‬LUH‫܊‬HDXDVRFLDOăODORFXOGH
PXQFătab. 4.6.1


5HOD‫܊‬LLOHGLQWUHVăQăWDWHDIL]LFă‫܈‬LSRVWXULOHGHPXQFăVXQWFDUDFWHUL]DWHSULQ
UHSHWLWLYLWDWHFUHVFXWăPRQRWRQLH‫܈‬LYLJLOHQ‫܊‬ăVXV‫܊‬LQXWăSURJUDPvQVFKLPEXULÌQ
FD]XOvQFDUHVWUHVXODIHFWHD]ăDQJDMD‫܊‬LLGLQWURRUJDQL]D‫܊‬LHSRWDSăUHDPDLPXOWH
VLPSWRPHQHJDWLYHFHOHPDLLPSRUWDQWHILLQGSDVLYLWDWHDGLQSDUWHDDQJDMD‫܊‬LORU
HYLWDUHDUHVSRQVDELOLWă‫܊‬LORU‫܈‬LVDUFLQLORUULJLGLWDWHvQYL]LXQHDSDUL‫܊‬LDFRQIOLFWHORU
LQWHUSHUVRQDOH‫܈‬LSUREOHPHORUGHFRPXQLFDUHVFăGHUHDPRWLYD‫܊‬LHL‫܈‬LVDWLVIDF‫܊‬LHLvQ
PXQFăUH]LVWHQ‫܊‬HOHODVFKLPEDUHVFăGHUHDSURGXFWLYLWă‫܊‬LL‫܈‬LHILFLHQ‫܊‬HLvQPXQFă
VFăGHUHDFDOLWă‫܊‬LL‫܈‬LLQWHUHVXOXLHWF$FHVWHFRQVHFLQ‫܊‬HQHJDWLYHvQSODQRUJDQL]D‫܊‬L
RQDOWLQGVăDSDUăvQFRQGL‫܊‬LLOHvQFDUHH[LVWăPDLPXOWHVXUVHJHQHUDWRDUHGHVWUHV
GHRDUHFHRGDWăFXvQPXO‫܊‬LUHDDFHVWRUDVFDG‫܈‬DQVHOHFDLQGLYLGXOVăIDFăID‫܊‬ăWXWXURU
SURYRFăULORUVDXDPHQLQ‫܊‬ăULORUH[LVWHQWHLQVWDOkQGXVHVLWXD‫܊‬LDGHGLVWUHV



Capitolul *V

Impactul stresului asupra sănătății, securității și stării de bine

a lucrătorilor
,PSDFWXOVWUHVXOXLDVXSUDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLSRDWHYDULDvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHUăVSXQVXOLQGL
YLGXDO'HDOWăSDUWHQLYHOXULOHULGLFDWHGHVWUHVSRWFRQWULEXLODGH]YROWDUHDXQRU
GHILFLHQ‫܊‬HOHJDWHGHVăQăWDWHLQFOXVLY
D WXOEXUăULSVLKLFHHSXL]DUHDQ[LHWDWH‫܈‬LGHSUHVLH
E GHILFLHQ‫܊‬HIL]LFHEROLFDUGLRYDVFXODUH‫܈‬LDIHF‫܊‬LXQLPXVFXORVFKHOHWDOH
F WXOEXUăULFRPSRUWDPHQWDOHDEX]GHDOFRROIXPDWXOVHGHQWDULVPXOGURJX
ULOHHWF
2 DWHQ‫܊‬LH WRW PDL PDUHHVWHDFRUGDWă LPSDFWXOXL FRPSRUWDPHQWHORUGHYLDWH
DVRFLDWHFXPDUILDEX]XOGHDOFRRO‫܈‬LGHGURJXULIXPDWXOGLHWDQHVăQăWRDVăLQ
VRPQLDSUHFXP‫܈‬LOHJăWXUDORUFXFUH‫܈‬WHUHDLQFLGHQ‫܊‬HLDFFLGHQWHORUGHPXQFă‫܈‬LD
EROLORUQHWUDQVPLVLELOH%176WUHVXOSURIHVLRQDOSRDWHFUH‫܈‬WHSUREDELOLWDWHDVFăGH
ULLDWHQ‫܊‬LHLGHPRPHQWIDYRUL]DDSDUL‫܊‬LDHURULORUGHMXGHFDWăVDXH‫܈‬HFXOXLvQGHVIă‫܈‬X
UDUHDXQRUDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LQRUPDOH
&RQGL‫܊‬LLOHGHPXQFăVWUHVDQWHSRWDYHDXQLPSDFWDVXSUDVWăULLGHELQHD
OXFUăWRULORUFRQWULEXLQGGLUHFWODXQFRPSRUWDPHQWGăXQăWRUPRGXOXLGHYLD‫܊‬ă
FDUHDUSXWHDVSRULULVFXULOHSHQWUXVăQăWDWH9ROXPXOPDUHGHPXQFă‫܈‬LFHULQ‫܊‬HOH
PDULDOHSRVWXOXLODWLWXGLQHDGHFL]LRQDOăVFă]XWăDVFXQGHUHDXQHLFDOLILFăULSUH
FDUH OLSVD XQXL VSULMLQ RUJDQL]D‫܊‬LRQDO FRQIOLFWHOH FX FRQGXFăWRULL ORFXOXL GH
PXQFă‫܈‬LFXFROHJLLVDXPXQFDH[WUHPGHPRQRWRQăVSRUHVFULVFXOGHYăWăPDUH
vQWUXQDFFLGHQWGHPXQFă
3UREOHPHOHGHVăQăWDWHSVLKLFăvQVSHFLDOHSXL]DUHDLQIOXHQ‫܊‬HD]ăQHJDWLY
SURFHGXULOHGHOXFUXvQFRQGL‫܊‬LLGHVHFXULWDWHFUHVFkQGSUREDELOLWDWHDXQXLDFFL
GHQWGHPXQFă
5LVFXULOH SVLKRVRFLDOHFXPDU ILQHVLJXUDQ‫܊‬D ORFXOXLGHPXQFăFRQWURO
UHGXVFHULQ‫܊‬HPDULGH]HFKLOLEUXHIRUWUHFRPSHQVăOLSVDGHVDWLVIDF‫܊‬LHDPXQFLL
‫܈‬LVWUHVXOSURIHVLRQDOVXQWDVRFLDWHFXXQULVFFRPSRUWDPHQWDODIHFWkQGVăQăWD
WHDLQFOXVLYFRQVXPXOH[FHVLYGHDOFRROH[FHVXOGHJUHXWDWHH[HUFL‫܊‬LLOHIL]LFH
VODEHFDIUHFYHQ‫܊‬ăIXPDWXOH[FHVLY‫܈‬LWXOEXUăULOHGHVRPQ,PSDFWXOXQRUDVWIHO
GHPRGHOHFRPSRUWDPHQWDOHQHVăQăWRDVHHVWHHYLGHQWvQWUXFkWvQILHFDUHDQvQ
MXU GH ‫܈‬DVH PLOLRDQHGH GHFHVH VXQWFDX]DWHGHWXWXQ ‫܈‬LSHVWHWUHL PLOLRDQH GH
FRQVXPXOGHDOFRRO0DLPXOWGHFkWDWkWDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LDGH]HFKLOLEUDWă‫܈‬LDFWLYLWDWHD
IL]LFăLQVXILFLHQWăVXQWSULQFLSDOHOHFDX]HDOHREH]LWă‫܊‬LL‫܈‬LIDFWRULLFKHLHGHULVF
SHQWUXEROLOHQHWUDQVPLVLELOH %17FXPDU ILEROLOH FDUGLRYDVFXODUH %&9
FDQFHUXO‫܈‬LGLDEHWXO
%RDODFDUGLRYDVFXODUăHVWHSULPDFDX]ăGHGHFHVODQLYHOJOREDOLDUULVFXULOH
VXQWFXFHOSX‫܊‬LQPDLPDULvQUkQGXOFHORUFDUHVXIHUăGHVWUHVSURIHVLRQDOvQ
FRPSDUD‫܊‬LHFXFHLFDUHQXDXVWUHVODPXQFă2UJDQL]DUHDWLPSXOXLGHPXQFăLQ
FOXVLYRUHOHVXSOLPHQWDUH‫܈‬LPXQFDvQVFKLPEXULGHDVHPHQHDVXQWDVRFLDWHFXR
LQFLGHQ‫܊‬ăFUHVFXWăD%&9
$IHF‫܊‬LXQLORUPXVFXORVFKHOHWLFH$06FHOHPDLFRPXQHFDX]HDOHGXUHULL
VHYHUH SH WHUPHQ OXQJ ‫܈‬L DOHGL]DELOLWă‫܊‬LL IL]LFHDIHFWHD]ă VXWH GHPLOLRDQH GH
RDPHQLGLQvQWUHDJDOXPH'H]HFKLOLEUXOHIRUWUHFRPSHQVă‫܈‬LGLILFXOWă‫܊‬LOHGHFR
PXQLFDUH FX FROHJLL‫܈‬L FRQGXFăWRULLORFXULORUGH PXQFă SUHFXP‫܈‬L YLROHQ‫܊‬D OD
ORFXOGHPXQFăvQVSHFLDOKăU‫܊‬XLUHDDJUHVLXQHD‫܈‬LLQWLPLGDUHDVDXGRYHGLWDIL
DVRFLDWHFX$06
3ULQXUPDUHUHGXFHUHDIDFWRULORUOHJD‫܊‬LGHPXQFăDVRFLD‫܊‬LFXPRGXULGH
YLD‫܊‬ăQHVăQăWRDVH‫܈‬LFX%17FRQWULEXLHODVWDUHDJHQHUDOăGHVăQăWDWH‫܈‬LVWDUHD
GHELQHDSRSXOD‫܊‬LHL
(SXL]DUHDHVWHRVWDUHGHHSXL]DUHIL]LFăHPR‫܊‬LRQDOă‫܈‬LSVLKLFăUH]XOWDWă
GLQLPSOLFDUHDSHWHUPHQOXQJvQVLWXD‫܊‬LLGHPXQFăFXVROLFLWDUHHPR‫܊‬LRQDOă(SX
L]DUHDHVWHvQSULQFLSDOUH]XOWDWXOXUPăWRULORUIDFWRULSVLKRVRFLDOLYROXPPDUHGH
PXQFăVDXLPSRVLELOGHJHVWLRQDWVROLFLWăULFDQWLWDWLYH‫܈‬LHPR‫܊‬LRQDOHDPELJXLWD
WHDUROXOXLVFKLPEăULOHRUJDQL]D‫܊‬LRQDOHQLYHOUHGXVGHVDWLVIDF‫܊‬LHDPXQFLL‫܈‬LGH
UHDOL]DUHSHUVRQDOăGH]HFKLOLEUXGLQWUHYLD‫܊‬DSURIHVLRQDOă‫܈‬LFHDSHUVRQDOăSX‫܊‬LQH
UHOD‫܊‬LLLQWHUSHUVRQDOH‫܈‬LVSULMLQVODEvQPXQFăYLROHQ‫܊‬DODORFXOGHPXQFăLQFOXVLY
KăU‫܊‬XLUHD‫܈‬LDJUHVLXQHD(SXL]DUHDSRDWHDSăUHDDWXQFLFkQGH[LVWăRGHFRQHFWDUH
vQWUHRUJDQL]D‫܊‬LH‫܈‬LLQGLYLGFXSULYLUHODSULQFLSDOHOHGRPHQLLDOHYLH‫܊‬LLSURIHVLRQDOH
YDORULFRUHFWLWXGLQHFRPXQLWDWHUHFRPSHQVăFRQWURO‫܈‬LVDUFLQăGHPXQFă
,QFLGHQ‫܊‬DHSXL]ăULL‫܈‬LUHFXQRD‫܈‬WHUHDVDDXFUHVFXWFRQVLGHUDELOvQXOWLPLLDQL
1XPHURDVHVWXGLLHIHFWXDWHvQPDLPXOWH‫܊‬ăULDXLGHQWLILFDWVWUHVXOFDFHDPDLLP
SRUWDQWăGLQWUHFDX]HOHHSXL]ăULLLDUVH[XOIHPLQLQDIRVWDVRFLDWFXFUH‫܈‬WHUHDULV
FXOXLGHHSXL]DUH)HQRPHQXOSRDWHILH[SOLFDWSULQIDSWXOFăIDFWRULLSVLKRVRFLDOL
OHJD‫܊‬LGHHSXL]DUH‫܈‬LGHVWUHVSURIHVLRQDOYL]HD]ăPDLIUHFYHQ‫܊‬LIHPHLOHGHH[HP
SOXUROXOGXEOXSHFDUHDFHVWHDWUHEXLHVăOvQGHSOLQHDVFăDFDVă‫܈‬LODPXQFăUROX
ULOHGHJHQDOHVRFLHWă‫܊‬LL‫܈‬LLQIOXHQ‫܊‬DD‫܈‬WHSWăULORUVRFLDOHULVFXOGHKăU‫܊‬XLUHVH[XDOă
ODPXQFă‫܈‬LYLROHQ‫܊‬DGRPHVWLFăGLVFULPLQDUHDGHJHQUHIOHFWDWăvQVDODULLPDLPLFL
‫܈‬LFHULQ‫܊‬HPDLPDULODORFXOGHPXQFă
Sindromul burnoutSRDWHILGHVFULVFDXQUăVSXQVSUHOXQJLWODH[SXQHUHD
FURQLFăODULVFXULSVLKRVRFLDOHLQWHUSHUVRQDOH‫܈‬LHPR‫܊‬LRQDOHODORFXOGHPXQFă0D
QLIHVWDUHDDFHVWXLDGHSLQGHGHIDFWRULRUJDQL]DĠLRQDOLSURIHVLRQDOLúLSHUVRQDOL
D factori organizaţionali±VDUFLQDvQDOWăGHOXFUXLQVXILFLHQĠDWLPSXOXLSHQ
WUXvQGHSOLQLUHDOXFUXOXLLPSRVLELOLWDWHDGHDFRQWURODVLWXDĠLDGHOX
FUX‫܈‬LGHDLQIOXHQĠDOXDUHDGHFL]LLORULPSRUWDQWHFHULQĠHOHDPELJXH
HFKLYRFHIDĠăGHPXQFăUHPXQHUDUHDLQVXILFLHQWăDPXQFLLOLSVDVDX
LQVXILFLHQĠDVXVĠLQHULLVRFLDOHGLQSDUWHDFROHJLORUVDXDFRQGXFHULL
ULVFXOSHUPDQHQWGHVDQFĠLXQLPXVWUDUHFRQFHGLHUHXUPăULUHvQMX
GHFDWăDFWLYLWDWHDXQLIRUPăPRQRWRQăúLIăUăSHUVSHFWLYăRUJDQL
]DUHDLUDĠLRQDOăDPXQFLLúLDORFXOXLGHPXQFăWHPSHUDWXULH[WUHPH
]JRPRWIXPDWXOSDVLYLQVRPQLDHWFOLSVD]LOHORUGHRGLKQăFRQ
FHGLLORUOLSVDLQWHUHVHORUvQDIDUDVHUYLFLXOXL
E factori profesionali±GHWHUPLQD‫܊‬LGHSURIHVLLODFDUHvQVăúLPXQFDREOLJăOD
DFRUGDUHDDMXWRUXOXLRDPHQLORUPHGLFLLDVLVWHQWHOHPHGLFDOHDVLV
WHQĠLLVRFLDOLSVLKRORJLLvQYăĠăWRULLSUHRĠLL3HUVRDQHOHFXIXQFĠLL
Capitolul *V

vQDOWHGHFRQGXFHUHVXQWPDLSUHGLVSXVHODGH]YROWDUHDVLQGURPXOXL
GHDUGHUHSURIHVLRQDOăGLQPRWLYXOUHVSRQVDELOLWăĠLLFUHVFXWH
F factori ce țin de trăsăturile personalităţii±DQ[LHWDWHWUăVăWXUăDXWRDSUHFLHUHD
VFă]XWă WHQGLQ‫܊‬D GH DXWRSHGHSVLUH ODELOLWDWHD HPRĠLRQDOă SURQXQĠDWă
ORFXVFRQWUROXOH[WHUQvQYLDĠăVHED]HD]ăSHvQWkPSOăULQRURFVDXSH
UHDOL]ăULOHDOWRUSHUVRDQHSDVLYLFDUHHYLWăVWUDWHJLLOHGHLHúLUHGLQVL
WXDĠLLOHFRPSOH[HVWUXFWXUăULJLGăDSHUVRQDOLWăĠLL
6LPSWRPHOHFOLQLFHDOHsindromului arderii profesionaleVXQWFRQYHQĠLRQDOGL
YL]DWHvQWUHLJUXSHIL]LFRSVLKLFHVRFLDOSVLKRORJLFHúLGHFRPSRUWDPHQW
D Simptome fizico-psihice RERVHDOă SHUPDQHQWă SUH]HQWă QX GRDU VSUH
VHDUă FL úL GLPLQHDĠD LPHGLDW GXSă VRPQ VHQ]DĠLD GH HSXL]DUH
HPRĠLRQDOăúLIL]LFăOLSVDUHDFĠLHLGHFXULR]LWDWHODIDFWRUXOGHQRX
WDWHVDXDUHDFĠLHLGHIULFăODRVLWXDĠLHSHULFXORDVăDVWHQL]DUHDJHQH
UDOăVOăELFLXQHUHGXFHUHDDFWLYLWăĠLLúLHQHUJLHLFHIDOHHSHUVLVWHQWă
GXUHUL GH VSDWH WHQVLXQH PXVFXODUă WXOEXUăUL JDVWURLQWHVWLQDOH
JUHDĠăVLPSWRPXOVWRPDFXOXLúLFRORQXOXLLULWDWGLDUHHFRQVWLSDĠLH
HWFWXOEXUăULFDUGLRYDVFXODUHWDKLFDUGLHDULWPLHGLVWRQLLDFXWL
]DUHD DIHFĠLXQLORU FURQLFH DVWPXO EURQ‫܈‬LF GHUPDWLWHOH SVRULD]LVXO
úDWXOEXUăULOHGHVRPQDGRUPLUHDUDSLGăúLWUH]LUHDSUHFRFHvQFH
SkQG GH OD  GLPLQHDĠD VDX GLPSRWULYă LQFDSDFLWDWHD GH D DGRUPL
VHDUD vQDLQWH GH  QRDSWHD úL WUH]LUHD ÄJUHD´ GLPLQHDĠD SHQWUX D
PHUJHODVHUYLFLXSLHUGHUHDVDXFUHúWHUHDEUXVFăvQJUHXWDWHVHQ]DĠLH
GHPROHúHDOăSHUPDQHQWăVRPQROHQWăvQWLPSXO]LOHLWXOEXUDUHDPH
PRULHLúLDWHQĠLHLSUHFL]LDLQVXILFLHQWăGH]RUJDQL]DUHD
b. Simptome psihosociale VHQ]DĠLL úL UHDFĠLL QHSOăFXWH LQGLIHUHQĠD SOLFWL
VHDOD SDVLYLWDWHD GHSUHVLD LUDVFLELOLWDWHD FUHVFXWă OD HYHQLPHQWH
QHvQVHPQDWHPăUXQWHLH‫܈‬LULQHUYRDVHGHVHH[SOR]LLGHPkQLHQHPR
WLYDWăVDXUHIX]GHFRPXQLFDUHÄLQWUDUHvQVLQH´UHWUăLUHDSHUPDQHQWă
DHPRĠLLORUQHJDWLYHSHQWUXFDUHQXH[LVWăPRWLYHvQVLWXDĠLDGDWăVHQ
WLPHQWXOGHYLQRYăĠLHQHvQFUHGHUHVXSăUDUHVXVSLFLXQHUXúLQHVWLQ
JKHUHDOăQHUăEGDUHVHQWLPHQWXOFăÄFHYDQXPHUJHFXPWUHEXLH´
KLSHUUHVSRQVEDLOLWDWHSHQWUXSDFLHQĠLúLVHQ]DĠLDSHUPDQHQWăGHIULFă
FăÄFHYDQXYDUHXúL´VDXSHUVRDQDÄQXYDIDFHIDĠă´vQGHVLUHDFRQ
IOLFWHORUvQIDPLOLH
F Simptome de comportamentVHQ]DĠLDFăPXQFDGHYLQHWRWPDLJUHDúLPDL
JUHDúLHVWHWRWPDLJUHXGHvQGHSOLQLWYHQLUHDGHYUHPHODVHUYLFLXúL
SOHFDUHDWkU]LXVDXGLQFRQWUDYHQLUHDWkU]LXODVHUYLFLXúLSOHFDUHD
GHYUHPHOXDUHDOXFUXOXLODGRPLFLOLXGDUQXHVWHvQWRWGHDXQDvQGH
SOLQLWLQFDSDFLWDWHDGHDOXDKRWăUkULUHGXFHUHDHQWX]LDVPXOXLIDĠă
GHPXQFăLQGLIHUHQĠDIDĠăGHUH]XOWDWHOHDFWLYLWăĠLLSURSULLQHvQGH
SOLQLUHD VDUFLQLORU SULQFLSDOH úL ÄEORFDUHD´ OD GHWDOLL PăUXQWH GLV
WDQĠDUHD GH SDFLHQĠL úLWHQGLQĠD VSUH GLVWDQĠDUH GHFROHJL FUHúWHUHD
 VWăULLFULWLFHQHDGHFYDWHDEX]XOGHDOFRROFUHúWHUHDEUXVFăDQXPă
UXOXLGHĠLJăULIXPDWHSH]LFRQVXPXOVXEVWDQĠHORUSVLKRDFWLYHWUDQ
FKLOL]DQWHSVLKRVWLPXODQWHHWF
/Dprima etapăDDUGHULLSURIHVLRQDOHVHREVHUYăLQGLFLLPRGHUDĠLGHVFXUWă
GXUDWăúLvQWkPSOăWRULDLDFHVWXLSURFHV7RĠLLQGLFLLúLVLPSWRPHOHVHPDQLIHVWă
vQIRUPăXúRDUăSULQJULMDIDĠăGHVLQHGHH[HPSOXSULQRUJDQL]DUHDPDLPXOWRU
SDX]HvQOXFUX
/Detapa a douaVHREVHUYăUHGXFHUHDLQWHUHVXOXLIDĠăGHPXQFăVFDGHQH
FHVLWDWHDGHFRPXQLFDUHLQFOXVLYúLDFDVăFXSULHWHQLLFkQGÄQXGRUHúWLVăYH]L´
SHQLPHQLPDLDOHVSHFHLFXFDUHVSHFLDOLVWXOFRPXQLFăvQOHJăWXUăFXDFWLYLWDWHD
VDHOHYLSDFLHQĠLFOLHQĠLÄMRLDGHMDDSDUHVHQ]DĠLDFăHYLQHUL´ÄVăSWăPkQD
GXUHD]ăODQHVIkU‫܈‬LW´DSDWLDWUHFHVSUHVIkU‫܈‬LWXOVăSWăPkQLLWUHSWDWDUHORFPDQL
IHVWDUHDVLPSWRPHORUVRPDWLFHVWDELOHOLSVDIRUĠHLHQHUJLHLPDLDOHVVSUH]LOHOH
GHRGLKQăDSDUGXUHULGHFDSVHDUDÄVRPQIăUăYLVH´UăFHOLIUHFYHQWHLUDVFLEL
OLWDWHDFUHVFXWăRPXOvúLSLHUGHFRQWUROXOUDSLGGHúLDQWHULRUQXHUDDúD
6WDGLXOal treilea ²DUGHUHD SURSULX]LVăD SHUVRQDOLWăĠLLFkQGLQGLFLLúL
VLPSWRPHOH GHYLQFURQLFH3HQWUXVWDGLXO GDWHVWH FDUDFWHULVWLFă OLSVDWRWDOă GH
LQWHUHVIDĠăGHOXFUXúLIDĠăGHYLDĠăvQJHQHUDOLQGLIHUHQĠDHPRĠLRQDOăVHQ]DĠLD
GHOLSVăSHUPDQHQWăGHIRUĠH6HREVHUYăGHDVHPHQHDGLVIXQFĠLDFRJQLWLYăWXO
EXUDUHDPHPRULHLúLDWHQĠLHLHVWHWXOEXUDWVRPQXODSDUGLILFXOWăĠLGHDGRUPLUH
FXWUH]LUHGHYUHPHVHIRUPHD]ăVFKLPEăULGHSHUVRQDOLWDWH
'HSUHVLDYLQHDGHVHDvQVR‫܊‬LWăGHVLPSWRPHGHDQ[LHWDWHFDUHHVWHRHPR‫܊‬LH
FDUDFWHUL]DWăSULQVHQWLPHQWHGHWHQVLXQHJULML‫܈‬LPRGLILFăULIL]LFHFXPDUILFUH‫܈‬
WHUHDWHQVLXQLLDUWHULDOH3HUVRDQHOHFXWXOEXUăULGHDQ[LHWDWHDXGHRELFHLJkQ
GXULVDXSUHRFXSăULGHUDQMDQWHUHFXUHQWH‫܈‬LSRWSUH]HQWDVLPSWRPHIL]LFHSUHFXP
WUDQVSLUD‫܊‬LLWUHPXUăWXULDPH‫܊‬HOLVDXEăWăLUDSLGHDOHLQLPLL
'LQWUR SHUVSHFWLYăJOREDOăGHSUHVLDHVWHFDX]D SULQFLSDOă D PRUWDOLWă‫܊‬LL
SUHPDWXUH‫܈‬LDPXOWRUDQLDIHFWD‫܊‬LGHWXOEXUăUL5LVFXOGHGHSUHVLHHVWHGHSDWUX
RUL PDL PDUH vQ UkQGXO OXFUăWRULORUFDUH VH FRQIUXQWă FX VWUHV SURIHVLRQDO 8Q
QXPăUPDUHGHVWXGLLDLGHQWLILFDWFăVăQăWDWHDSVLKLFăSUHFDUă‫܈‬LGHSUHVLDVXQW
DVRFLDWHFXYROXPXOGHPXQFăLQFOX]kQGRUHVXSOLPHQWDUHGHPXQFă‫܈‬LVROLFLWăUL
PDULIL]LFHSVLKLFHVDXHPR‫܊‬LRQDOHODWLWXGLQHGHFL]LRQDOăPLFăVSULMLQUHGXV
GH]HFKLOLEUXHIRUWUHFRPSHQVăQHVLJXUDQ‫܊‬DORFXOXLGHPXQFă‫܈‬LUHVWUXFWXUDUHRU
JDQL]D‫܊‬LRQDOăSUHFXP‫܈‬LDO‫܊‬LIDFWRULGH]HFKLOLEUXFRPSURPLVvQWUHYLD‫܊‬DSURIHVL
RQDOă‫܈‬LFHDSHUVRQDOăLQVDWLVIDFĠLDPXQFLLFRQIOLFWXOGHURO‫܈‬LDPELJXLWDWHDUR
OXOXLUHOD‫܊‬LRQDUHVODEăODPXQFăSUHDPXOWăLPSOLFDUHVDODULLPLFLFRQFHQWUDUH
SHGH]YROWDUHDFDULHUHL‫܈‬D
&RQIRUPVWDWLVWLFLORU206 vQILHFDUH DQ SHVWH   GH RDPHQL PRU
SULQVLQXFLGHUHGLQWUHFDUHSHVWHVXQWSHUVRDQHDSWHGHPXQFăGLQ‫܊‬ăULFX
YHQLWXULPLFL‫܈‬LPHGLL
Capitolul *V

Impactul stresului profesional asupra productivității și

costurilor economice
,PSDFWXOVWUHVXOXLSURIHVLRQDODVXSUDSURGXFWLYLWă‫܊‬LLPXQFLL‫܈‬LvQWUHJLLHFR
QRPLLHVWHVHPQLILFDWLY6WUHVXOSURIHVLRQDOSRDWHDIHFWDVHYHUQLYHOXULOHGHUHD
OL]DUHJHQHUDOăDOHOXFUăWRULORUvQWUXQPRGQHJDWLYvQFHHDFHSULYH‫܈‬WHHILFLHQ‫܊‬D
‫܈‬LDFXUDWH‫܊‬HDGHDVHPHQHDSURGXFWLYLWDWHDFRPSHWLWLYLWDWHD‫܈‬LLPDJLQHDSXEOLFă
DvQWUHSULQGHULL'HH[HPSOXSHOkQJăLPSDFWXODVXSUDVăQăWă‫܊‬LL‫܈‬LVWăULLGHELQH
DOXFUăWRULORUXQPHGLXGHPXQFăFXIDFWRULSVLKRVRFLDOLVODELFDUHFRQWULEXLHOD
VWUHVXO SURIHVLRQDO SRDWH GXFH OD FUH‫܈‬WHUHD DEVHQWHLVPXOXL ‫܈‬L SUH]HQWHLVPXOXL
SUHFXP‫܈‬LODVFăGHUHDPRWLYD‫܊‬LHLVDWLVIDF‫܊‬LHL‫܈‬LLPSOLFăULLvPSUHXQăFXRFUH‫܈‬WHUH
DIOXFWXD‫܊‬LHLGHSHUVRQDO‫܈‬LDLQWHQ‫܊‬LHLGHDSOHFD7RDWHFHOHHQXPHUDWHSRWDYHD
XQLPSDFWQHJDWLYvQFHHDFHSULYH‫܈‬WHFRVWXULOHXPDQHVRFLDOH‫܈‬LILQDQFLDUH
AbsenteismulHVWHDVRFLDWFXVWUHVXOSURIHVLRQDO‫܈‬LFXD‫܈‬DSHULFROHSVLKRVR
FLDOHSUHFXPYROXPXOGHPXQFăFRQWUROXOPXQFLLFRQIOLFWXOGHUROGH]HFKLOL
EUXOHIRUWUHFRPSHQVăFDOLWDWHDFRQGXFHULLPXQFDvQVFKLPEXULSURJUHVXOOLPL
WDWvQFDULHUă‫܈‬LUHOD‫܊‬LLOHVRFLDOHODPXQFăLQFOXVLYVSULMLQVRFLDOVFă]XW‫܈‬LYLROHQ‫܊‬D
ODPXQFăDJUHVLXQH‫܈‬LGLVFULPLQDUH
PrezenteismulLQGLFăFRQFOX]LLVLPLODUHVXEOLQLLQGFăRFUH‫܈‬WHUHDVWUHVXOXL
SURIHVLRQDOHVWHDVRFLDWăFXRFUH‫܈‬WHUHDSUH]HQWHLVPXOXLFKLDUPDLPDUHGHFkWD
DEVHQWHLVPXOXL 3ROLWLFLOH RUJDQL]D‫܊‬LRQDOH SULYLQG VDODUL]DUHD FRQFHGLXO GH
ERDOăFRQWUROXOSUH]HQ‫܊‬HLUHGXFHUHDGHSHUVRQDO‫܈‬LSHUPDQHQ‫܊‬DDQJDMăULLSUHFXP
‫܈‬LGHVFULHUHDVDUFLQLLGHPXQFăFXPDUILFHULQ‫܊‬HOHPXQFLLPDUMDGHDMXVWDUH
IDFLOLWDUHDvQORFXLULL‫܈‬LPXQFDvQHFKLSăVXQWIDFWRULFDUHIDYRUL]HD]ăSUH]HQWH
LVPXO$OWHSHULFROHSVLKRVRFLDOHFDUHDQWLFLSHD]ăSUH]HQWHLVPXOVXQWSUHVLXQHD
WLPSXOXLUHVXUVHLQVXILFLHQWH‫܈‬LVLWXD‫܊‬LLILQDQFLDUHSHUVRQDOHQHIDYRUDELOHÌQFHOH
GLQXUPăSUH]HQWHLVPXOSRDWHGXFHvQWLPSODHSXL]DUH
'HDOXQJXODQLORUvQOLWHUDWXUDGHVSHFLDOLWDWHVDDFRUGDWRPDUHDWHQ‫܊‬LH
riscurilor psihosocialeOHJDWHGHUH]XOWDWHOHRUJDQL]D‫܊‬LRQDOHFXPDUILQLYHOXO
GHVDWLVIDF‫܊‬LHDPXQFLLPRWLYDUHDLPSOLFDUHD‫܈‬LLQWHQ‫܊‬LDGHDSăUăVLSRVWXOvQWUX
FkWVXQWFRQVLGHUD‫܊‬LLQGLFDWRULDLSHUIRUPDQ‫܊‬HLLQGLYLGXDOH‫܈‬LRUJDQL]D‫܊‬LRQDOH
Satisfacția munciiSRDWHILXQIDFWRULPSRUWDQWFDUHLQIOXHQ‫܊‬HD]ăVăQăWDWHDVWD
UHDGHELQH‫܈‬LSHUIRUPDQ‫܊‬DOXFUăWRULORU6DWLVIDF‫܊‬LDSURIHVLRQDOăHVWHDIHFWDWăGHXU
PăWRDUHOHSHULFROHSVLKRVRFLDOHPXOWHRUHVXSOLPHQWDUHFHULQ‫܊‬HDOHPXQFLLOLSVD
RSRUWXQLWă‫܊‬LORUGHDYDQVDUHvQFDULHUă‫܈‬LSURPRYDUHUHOD‫܊‬LLSUHFDUHODPXQFăVROLFL
WDUHHPR‫܊‬LRQDOăHSXL]DUHFRQIOLFWPXQFăIDPLOLH‫܈‬LH[SXQHUHODDJUHVLXQH‫܈‬LKăU‫܊‬X
LUH6WUHVXOSURIHVLRQDO‫܈‬LLQVDWLVIDF‫܊‬LDPXQFLLDXGHDVHPHQHDXQLPSDFWQHJDWLY
DVXSUDPRWLYăULL‫܈‬LLPSOLFăULLOXFUăWRULORUFUHVFkQGLQWHQ‫܊‬LDGHDSăUăVLSRVWXO
&RVWXULOHGLUHFWH‫܈‬LLQGLUHFWHDIHUHQWHDELDvQFHSVăILHFXDQWLILFDWH&XWRDWH
DFHVWHDXQHOH‫܊‬ăULGH]YROWDWHHYDOXHD]ăLPSDFWXOHFRQRPLFDOVWUHVXOXLSURIHVLR
QDODVRFLDWFXWLSXULGHFRPSRUWDPHQW‫܈‬LGHWXOEXUăULSVLKLFH'HH[HPSOXvQ(X
URSDFRVWXOHVWLPDWDOGHSUHVLHLOHJDWăGHPXQFăHVWHGHPLOLDUGH¼DQFDUH
LQFOXGHFRVWXULOHDQJDMDWRULORUOHJDWHGHDEVHQWHLVP‫܈‬LSUH]HQWHLVPPLOLDUGH
¼SLHUGHULvQSURGXFWLYLWDWHPLOLDUGH¼FRVWXULOHGHDVLVWHQ‫܊‬ăPHGLFDOă
PLOLDUGH¼‫܈‬LFRVWXULGHEXQăVWDUHVRFLDOăVXEIRUPDXQRUSOă‫܊‬LGHLQGHPQL]D‫܊‬LLGH
LQYDOLGLWDWHPLOLDUGH¼ÌQ&DQDGDvQDVDHVWLPDWFăSUREOHPHOHGH
VăQăWDWHSVLKLFăFRVWăDQJDMDWRULLDSUR[LPDWLYPLOLDUGH&$DQXDO

„Arderea” în organizaţii şi instituţii medicale 

6LPSWRPDWLFDDUGHULLSURIHVLRQDOHVHSRDWHPDQLIHVWDQXQXPDLODDQJDMDĠLL
LQGLYLGXDOLÌQOLWHUDWXUăVXQWGDWHGHVSUHDUGHUHDSURIHVLRQDOăDRUJDQL]DĠLLORU
/D PDMRULWDWHD DQJDMDĠLORU LQVWLWXĠLHL GDWH DUH ORF HSXL]DUHD LQWHUQă IL]LFă VDX
HPRĠLRQDOăFXDFHOHDúLVLPSWRPHúLFXDFHOHDúLIRUPHGHFRPSRUWDPHQW3URED
ELOLWDWHDXQXLDVWIHOGHIHQRPHQHVWHPDLPDUHvQVHFĠLLOHúLGHSDUWDPHQWHOHFX
QLYHOvQDOWGHVWUHVSUHFXPVHFĠLLOHGHWHUDSLHLQWHQVLYăGHWUDQVSODQWDUHGHDU
VXULRQFRORJLFHúLSVLKLDWULFH
6LPSWRPHOHDUGHULLSURIHVLRQDOHDRUJDQL]DĠLLORUVHFDUDFWHUL]HD]ăSULQXU
PăWRULLLQGLFL
D )OXFWXDĠLDQHDGHFYDWGHPDUHDSHUVRQDOXOXLGHODúLPDLPXOW
SHDQDGLFăvQWLPSXODQXOXLVXQWFRQFHGLDĠLSUDFWLFWRĠLDQJDMDĠLLLDU
XQLLOXFUHD]ăPDLSXĠLQGHXQDQ
E 0RWLYDĠLDUHGXVăSHQWUXPXQFăSDX]HOHSUHDGHVHGHIXPDWVDXGHFHDL
PDLPXOWGHGLQYROXPXOWRWDODOWLPSXOXLGHOXFUX
F 'HSHQGHQĠD SURIHVLRQDOă D SHUVRQDOXOXL GH FRQGXFHUH PDQLIHVWDWă
SULQWURDWLWXGLQHFULWLFăFUHVFXWăúLQHDGHFYDWăIDĠăGHFRQGXFHUHVDX
SULQVHQWLPHQWXOGHQHSXWLQĠăIăUăDMXWRUXODFWLYGLQSDUWHDFRQGXFHULL
G ,QVXILFLHQĠDGHFRODERUDUHQDWXUDSUHDFRQIOLFWXDOăDSHUVRQDOXOXLúLDW
PRVIHUDJUHDvQLQVWLWXĠLH
H &UHúWHUHDVHQWLPHQWXOXLGHQHPXOĠXPLUHGHPXQFă
I 0DQLIHVWDUHDQHJDWLYLVPXOXLUHIHULWRUODUROXOVDXIXQFĠLDVHFĠLHL

Managementul stresului ocupațional 

0DQDJHPHQWXOVWUHVXOXLSRDWHILDERUGDWGLQGRXDSHUVSHFWLYHRUJDQL]D‫܊‬L
RQDOă‫܈‬LLQGLYLGXDOă
D Abordarea organizațională în managementul stresului
'HFODQ‫܈‬DUHDXQXLDVWIHOGHGHPHUVHVWHFRQGL‫܊‬LRQDWăGHFXQRD‫܈‬WHUHDQLYH
OXOXLVWUHVXOXL‫܈‬LDFDX]HORUFDUHOGHWHUPLQăÌQSULQFLSDORUJDQL]D‫܊‬LDWUHEXLHVă
FHUFHWH]HFHOHGRXăFDX]HPDMRUHFRQIOLFWXO‫܈‬LDPELJXLWDWHDUROXOXLVăUHOHYH
QLYHOXOGHWROHUDQ‫܊‬ăDOILHFăUXLLQGLYLGVDXQLYHOXORSWLPDOVWUHVXOXL 3HQWUX D
VWDELOLQLYHOXORSWLPGHvQFăUFDUH‫܈‬LGHWROHUDQ‫܊‬ăODVWUHVHVWHQHFHVDUFDSHUVRQDOXO
RUJDQL]D‫܊‬LHL
● VăFXQRDVFăSHUIHFWFHULQ‫܊‬HOHSRVWXOXL
● VăFXQRDVFăSHUIRUPDQ‫܊‬HOHD‫܈‬WHSWDWHGLQSDUWHDORU
● VDILHvQFUHGLQ‫܊‬D‫܊‬LFăSRWUHDOL]DDFHVWHSHUIRUPDQ‫܊‬H
$WXQFLFkQGVHFRQVWDWăVXSUDVDXVXEvQFăUFDUHDVHLPSXQHGHFODQ‫܈‬DUHD
UăVSXQVXOXLGHDGDSWDUHGLQSDUWHDPDQDJHPHQWXOXL$FHDVWăUHDF‫܊‬LHYL]HD]ăvQ
Capitolul *V

SULQFLSDOUHGHILQLUHDUROXOXLSHUVRDQHLVDXDSHUVRDQHORUDIHFWDWHGHVWUHVUH

GLVWULEXLUHD VDUFLQLORU vQ FD]XO VXSUDvQFăUFăULL LPSOHPHQWDUHD XQRU SURFHGXUL
VSHFLILFHGLIHULWRUFD]XUL
$ERUGDUHDRUJDQL]D‫܊‬LRQDOăSRDWHILH[WLQVăSkQăODHODERUDUHDSURJUDPHORU
PDQDJHULDOHDQWLVWUHV$FHVWHSURJUDPHSRWIL
● D[DWHSHSUREOHPHOHVSHFLILFH‫܈‬LDFXWHFXFDUHVHFRQIUXQWăRUJDQL]D‫܊‬LD
DOFRROLVPUHGLVWULEXLUHDSRVWXULORUFRQVLOLHUHvQGRPHQLXOFDULHUHL
● FXFDUDFWHUJHQHUDOSURPRYDWHGHHFKLSHGHSURLHFWGLQRUJDQL]D‫܊‬LHVDX
GHFHQWUHVSHFLDOL]DWHSURJUDPSHQWUXVăQăWDWHDHPR‫܊‬LRQDOăSURJUDP
GHHYDOXDUHDVăQăWă‫܊‬LL
b. Abordarea individuală în managementul stresului
$FHVWWLSGHUHGXFHUHVDXGHDQLKLODUHDVWUHVXOXLSXQHDFFHQWSHFXQRD‫܈‬WH
UHD‫܈‬LSHvQ‫܊‬HOHJHUHDVWăULLGHVWUHVDVWIHOvQFkWDWLWXGLQHDLQGLYLGXOXLVăVHPRGL
ILFHGLQXQDIDWDOLVWă‫܈‬LSHVLPLVWăvQXQDFRQ‫܈‬WLHQWă‫܈‬LSR]LWLYă
&XQRD‫܈‬WHUHDFHUHvQ‫܊‬HOHJHUHDFDX]HLVWUHVXOXLPDLGHJUDEăGHFkWWUDWDUHD
VLPSWRPHORUFRQIUXQWDUHDVLWXD‫܊‬LHLSHUFHSXWHFXUHDOLWDWHDFRQ‫܈‬WLHQWL]DUHDSRVL
ELOLWă‫܊‬LL GH VFKLPEDUH DF‫܊‬LXQHD vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH FX GRULQ‫܊‬D 3ULQ FXQRD‫܈‬WHUH VH
XUPăUH‫܈‬WHRE‫܊‬LQHUHDÄGLVWDQ‫܊‬HLUD‫܊‬LRQDOH´ID‫܊‬ăGHIDFWRULLGHVWUHVQHFHVDUăFRQVWUX
LULLXQRUFRPSRUWDPHQWHDGHFYDWH8QDVWIHOGHPRGHOGHFXQRD‫܈‬WHUH‫܈‬LDQDOL]ăFHUH
FD LQGLYLGXO OD FHD PDL PLFă VHQ]D‫܊‬LH GH VWUHV Vă‫܈‬L SXQă R VHULH GH vQWUHEăUL
FHJkQGXULvPL WUHF DFXPSULQPLQWH" 'H FHDP DFHVWH JkQGXUL WRFPDL DFXP"
*kQGXULOHPHOHVXQWMXVWLILFDWH"&DUHVXQWFRQVHFLQ‫܊‬HOHLPHGLDWH±SR]LWLYHVDX
QHJDWLYH"
ÌQ DIDUD FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL GH FXQRD‫܈‬WHUH VSHFLDOL‫܈‬WLL PDL UHFRPDQGă
H[HUFL‫܊‬LLIL]LFHWHKQLFLGHUHOD[DUH‫܈‬LGHPHGLWD‫܊‬LHXPRUXOHWF

Profilaxia stresului profesional 

$QJDMDWRUXOWUHEXLHVDFXQRDVFă‫܈‬LVăQXQHJOLMH]HIDSWXOFăRDPHQLLVXQW
FHDPDLLPSRUWDQWăUHVXUVăDXQHLRUJDQL]D‫܊‬LL5HOD‫܊‬LLOHGLQWUHDFH‫܈‬WLDSRWFOăGL
VDXGăUkPDLQWHUHVHOHRUJDQL]D‫܊‬LHL3HQWUXFRQGXFHUHDXQHLRUJDQL]D‫܊‬LLHVWHYLWDO
VăDFRUGHDWHQ‫܊‬LDFXYHQLWăUROXULORUGHJUXSDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LLvQJUXS‫܈‬LVDXGH]YROWăULL
VSLULWXOXLGHHFKLSă
$QJDMDWRUXOWUHEXLHVăVHRFXSHGHVWDUHDGHVăQăWDWHDVDODULD‫܊‬LORUSOHFkQG
GHODGHILQL‫܊‬LDGDWăGH206FRQIRUPFăUHLDVWDUHDGHVăQăWDWHUHSUH]LQWăVWDUHD
GHELQHELRORJLFSVLKLFVLVRFLDO3ULQDF‫܊‬LXQLOH‫܈‬LDWLWXGLQLOHORUDQJDMDWRULLWUH
EXLHVăvQFXUDMH]HPHPEULLHFKLSHLVăGHYLQăPDLLPSOLFD‫܊‬LvQUHDOL]DUHDRELHFWL
YHORURUJDQL]D‫܊‬LHLVăDSUHFLH]HFRUHVSXQ]ăWRUUHX‫܈‬LWD‫܈‬LXWLOLWDWHDPXQFLLORUVă
IDFă PDL GHV VFKLPE GH LGHL SHQWUX SHUIHF‫܊‬LRQDUHD SURFHGXULORU ,QWHUHVHOH
WUHEXLHVDILHFRPXQHFXQRD‫܈‬WHUHDLQWHUSHUVRQDOăGHDVHPHQHD&RQGXFăWRUXO
WUHEXLHVăFXQRDVFăFROHJLLGHPXQFDVDODULD‫܊‬LLVăvPSăUWă‫܈‬HDVFăH[SHULHQ‫܊‬DVD
VăLDMXWHODQHYRLHVăLvQ‫܊‬HOHDJăHWF7RDWHDFHVWHDVXQWHVHQ‫܊‬LDOHvQFRQVWUXLUHD
XQHLDWPRVIHUHGHJDMDWHGHOXFUXvQFRQVWUXLUHDXQRUUHOD‫܊‬LLVROLGHFDUHVDGXFă
ODSHUIRUPDQ‫܊‬ă
 ÌQVFRSXOFUH‫܈‬WHULLVDWLVIDF‫܊‬LHLVDODULD‫܊‬LORUvQPXQFă‫܈‬LSHQWUXFRPEDWHUHD
VWUHVXOXLODORFXOGHPXQFDVXQWHILFLHQWH‫܈‬LXUPăWRDUHOHPăVXUL
 3ODQLILFDUHDWLPSXOXL: SULRULWL]DUHDRELHFWLYHORU, H[FOXGHUHDVXSUDvQFăUFă
ULLSRVWXOXLGHPXQFăVDUFLQLELQHGHILQLWH‫܈‬LWHUPHQLUH]RQDELOLGHH[HFX
WDUHHFKLOLEUDUHDPXQFLLFXUHOD[DUHDYDULHWDWHDVDUFLQLORU
 &RPXQLFDUHDHILFLHQWă: WUDQVSDUHQ‫܊‬DvQDFWLYLWDWHVDUFLQLFODUHvQFXUDMDUHD
VDODULD‫܊‬LORUGLQSDUWHDDQJDMDWRUXOXLPRWLYDUHDHWF
 5HOD‫܊‬LLOHLHUDUKLFH:FRQ‫܈‬WLHQWL]DUHD‫܈‬LVXERUGRQDUHDLHUDUKLHLFLQHFRPDQGă
‫܈‬LFXLLQVWUXF‫܊‬LXQLFODUHIHHGEDFNFRPSURPLV
 &RQGL‫܊‬LLVDWLVIăFăWRDUHGHPXQFă: GRWDUHDORFXOXLGHPXQFăFXHFKLSDPHQW
PRELOLHULQVWUXPHQWDUDSDUDWDMXWLODMGHFDOFXOHWF
 3HUVRQDOL]DUHDVSD‫܊‬LXOXL: DQJDMD‫܊‬LLWUHEXLHVăEHQHILFLH]HGHVSD‫܊‬LLGHOLPL
WDWHGHOXFUXVHSDUHXULPDVăGHOXFUXELURX
 (YDOXDUHD‫܈‬LDXWRHYDOXDUHDPXQFLL: SHQWUXVSRULUHDSHUIRUPDQ‫܊‬HLDQJDMD‫܊‬LORU
VHIDFHYDOXăULOHSHULRGLFHFXGLVFX‫܊‬LLFRQVWUXFWLYHFXVFRSGHDvPEXQăWă‫܊‬L
VLWXD‫܊‬LDGHDLGHQWLILFDREVWDFROHOHvQUHDOL]DUHDVDUFLQLORUVDXGHPRWLYDUH
 2UJDQL]DUHDSHULRGLFăDGLIHULWRUPăVXULFXOWXUDOVSRUWLYHvQDIDUDRUHORU
GHPXQFă























Capitolul V


,JLHQDFRSLLORUúLWLQHULORUHVWHúWLLQĠDGHVSUHRFURWLUHDúLIRUWLILFDUHDVăQăWăĠLL
JHQHUDĠLHLWLQHUHRUDPXUăDPHGLFLQHLSUHYHQWLYHFDUHGH]YROWă‫܈‬LIXQGDPHQWHD]ă
VWDQGDUGHOHSHQWUXXQPHGLXGHYLD‫܊‬ăLJLHQLFDORUJDQLVPXOXLvQFUH‫܈‬WHUH
ScopulLJLHQHLFRSLLORUúLWLQHULORUHVWHGHDQRUPDOL]DIDFWRULLGHPHGLXvQ
LQVWLWX‫܊‬LLOHGHvQYă‫܊‬ăPkQW‫܈‬LHGXFD‫܊‬LH
(DVWXGLD]ăLQIOXHQĠDIDFWRULORUPHGLXOXLH[WHUQDVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXLFRSL
OXOXLHODERUHD]ăPăVXULOHQHFHVDUHSHQWUXFUHDUHDFRQGL‫܊‬LLORURSWLPHGHGH]YRO
WDUHPXOWLODWHUDOă D RUJDQLVPXOXL LQ FUHúWHUH 2UJDQLVPXO GH YkUVWă IUDJHGă VH
DFRPRGHD]ăJUHXODIDFWRULLPHGLXOXLDPELDQWGDFăHLGHYLD]ăGHFHLRSWLPL&X
YkUVWDPHFDQLVPXOGHDGDSWDUHVHSHUIHFĠLRQHD]ăRUJDQLVPXOGHYLQHPDLUH]LV
WHQW5HLH‫܈‬LQGGLQDFHVWHSDUWLFXODULWăĠLELRORJLFHFRQGLĠLLOHLJLHQLFHGHFUHúWHUH
úLGHHGXFDĠLHDFRSLLORUWUHEXLHVăVHVFKLPEHFRQIRUPSHULRDGHORUGHYkUVWă
3ULQFLSDOHOHsarciniDOHLJLHQHLFRSLLORU‫܈‬LWLQHULORU
x VWXGLXOLQIOXHQ‫܊‬HLIDFWRULORUQDWXUDOL‫܈‬LDUWLILFLDOLJHQHUD‫܊‬LGHDFWLYLWă
‫܊‬LOHXPDQHSUHFXP‫܈‬LDFRQGL‫܊‬LLORUGHPXQFă‫܈‬LGHYLD‫܊‬ăDVXSUDGH]
YROWăULL‫܈‬LVăQăWă‫܊‬LLXQXLRUJDQLVPvQFUH‫܈‬WHUH
x HODERUDUHDDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LORU‫܈‬LQRUPHORUPHQLWHVăSURWHMH]H‫܈‬LVăFRQVROL
GH]HVăQăWDWHDFRSLLORU‫܈‬LWLQHULORU
,JLHQD FRSLLORU úL WLQHULORU vúL DUH SDUWLFXODULWăĠLOH VDOH 1RUPDWLYHOH GLQ
DFHVWGRPHQLXDOLJLHQHLWUHEXLHVăDVLJXUHFRQGLĠLLRSWLPHSHQWUXLQWHUUHODĠLLOH
RUJDQLVPPHGLXH[WHUQúLVăFRQWULEXLHODGH]YROWDUHDFDSDFLWăĠLORUIXQFĠLRQDOH
DOHRUJDQLVPXOXL6ăQăWDWHDRPXOXLDGXOWGHSLQGHvQPDUHPăVXUăGHVăQăWDWHD
SHFDUHDDYXWRvQFRSLOăULH6SRULUHDORQJHYLWăĠLLSRSXODĠLHLvQVHFROXOQRVWUX
HVWHFRQGLĠLRQDWăvQPDUHPăVXUăGHVFăGHUHDPRUELGLWăĠLLúLPRUWDOLWăĠLLLQIDQ
WLOH&XQRVFkQGSDUWLFXODULWăĠLOHVăQăWăĠLLFRSLLORUVHSRDWHWUDJHFRQFOX]LDGHV
SUHVăQăWDWHDSRSXOD‫܊‬LHLvQJHQHUH
)LLQGR‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬ăFRPSOH[ăLJLHQDFRSLLORU‫܈‬LWLQHULORUHVWHDVRFLDWăFXPXOWH
DOWH‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬HvQSULPXOUkQGFXUDPXULOHLJLHQHLLJLHQDDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHLPXQFLLFR
PXQDOăHWFÌQWUXFVWXGLD]ăWRDWHGRPHQLLOHGHYLDĠăúLGHDFWLYLWDWHDOHFRSLOX
OXLXWLOL]HD]ăPHWRGHOHúLFXQRúWLQĠHOHGLQDOWHGRPHQLLDOHLJLHQHLVWDWLVWLFLLVD
QLWDUHPRUIRORJLHLIL]LRORJLHLPLFURELRORJLHLHSLGHPLRORJLHLELRFKLPLHLSH
GLDWULHLSVLKRORJLHLFRSLOXOXLSHGDJRJLHLDUKLWHFWXULLWHKQLFLLVDQLWDUH
ÌQRULFHVWDWH[LVWăXQVLVWHPGHHGXFD‫܊‬LH‫܈‬LGHFUH‫܈‬WHUHDFRSLLORU‫܈‬LDWLQH
ULORUSHQWUXFDUHVHFUHHD]ăRUH‫܊‬HDGHLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLGHvQYă‫܊‬ăPkQW$FWLYLWă‫܊‬LOHORU
QHFHVLWăUHJOHPHQWăULLJLHQLFH‫܈‬LDVLVWHQ‫܊‬ăPHGLFDOăGHRDUHFHODILHFDUHHWDSăGH
GH]YROWDUHFRSLLLSUH]LQWăSDUWLFXODULWă‫܊‬LPRUIRORJLFH‫܈‬LIXQF‫܊‬LRQDOHDOHRUJDQLV
PXOXLFDUHQXQXPDLFDQWLWDWLYFL‫܈‬LFDOLWDWLYvLGLVWLQJGHXQDGXOW
,JLHQDFRSLLORU‫܈‬LWLQHULORUFD‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬ăVWXGLD]ăXUPăWRDUHOHSUREOHPHPRQL
WRUL]DUHDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLFRSLLORUvQFROHFWLYHRUJDQL]DWHLJLHQDDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LORUUHFUHHUHD
FRSLLORU ‫܈‬L WLQHULORU LJLHQD FRQVWUXF‫܊‬LLORU ‫܈‬L HFKLSDPHQWHORU LQVWLWX‫܊‬LLORU SHQWUX
FRSLLLJLHQDDOLPHQWDUăSHQWUXFRSLL‫܈‬LDGROHVFHQ‫܊‬LLJLHQDDGROHVFHQWXOXLFDUH
OXFUHD]ăIRUPDUHDXQXLVWLOGHYLD‫܊‬ăVăQăWRVHGXFD‫܊‬LDLJLHQLFă
&UH‫܈‬WHUHD‫܈‬LGH]YROWDUHDFRSLLORUHVWHH[SXVăIDFWRULORUGHULVFPHGLFRVR
FLDO ELRORJLFL ‫܈‬L GH PHGLX *UXSXO IDFWRULORU PHGLFRVRFLDOL LQFOXGHFDOLWDWHD
QHVDWLVIăFăWRDUHDDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHLFUH‫܈‬WHUHDSUHYDOHQ‫܊‬HLRELFHLXULORUSURDVWH‫܈‬LDIRU
PHORU GH FRPSRUWDPHQW DVRFLDOH FUH‫܈‬WHUHD QXPăUXOXL GH SHUVRDQH FX EROL FX
WUDQVPLWHUHVH[XDOăPRUELGLWDWHJLQHFRORJLFăULGLFDWăODIHWHFUH‫܈‬WHUHDQXPăUX
OXLGH PDPHWLQHUH XQ QLYHO QHVDWLVIăFăWRU GH EXQăVWDUHVDQLWDUă ‫܈‬LLJLHQLFă D
LQVWLWX‫܊‬LLORU GHvQYă‫܊‬ăPkQW ‫܈‬L DO HGXFD‫܊‬LHL vQ IDPLOLH VWDQGDUGH QHFDOLWDWLYH DOH
vQJULMLULORUPHGLFDOH3ULQWUHIDFWRULLELRORJLFLFHLPDLDODUPDQ‫܊‬LVXQWVWDUHDGH
VăQăWDWHQHVDWLVIăFăWRDUHDSăULQ‫܊‬LORUvQVSHFLDODIHPHLORUSUHFXP‫܈‬LFUH‫܈‬WHUHD
QXPăUXOXLGHQRXQăVFX‫܊‬LFXSDWRORJLH)DFWRULLFDUHvQUăXWă‫܊‬HVFFDOLWDWHDPHGL
XOXLDSDU‫܊‬LQJUXSXOXLIDFWRULORUGHPHGLX
([LVWăGHDVHPHQHDIDFWRULGHPHGLXSR]LWLYLVDXIDFWRULGHSURWHF‫܊‬LHFDUH
DXXQHIHFWEHQHILFDVXSUDFUH‫܈‬WHULL‫܈‬LGH]YROWăULLFRSLLORUEXQăVWDUHPDWHULDOă
VXILFLHQWăSHQWUX FUH‫܈‬WHUH‫܈‬LGH]YROWDUHLQFOXVLYFRQGL‫܊‬LLEXQH GHKDELWDW GUD
JRVWHVXV‫܊‬LQHUHSVLKRORJLFă‫܈‬LUHVSHFWSHQWUXFRSLOXQVHWGHPăVXULGHSURWHF‫܊‬LH
VXSUDYHJKHUHDGLVFUHWăDDGXO‫܊‬LORULQVWUXLUHDFRPSRUWDPHQWXOXLVLJXUPHWRGH
ORUGHSULPDMXWRU‫܈‬LDXWRDMXWRUVWLPXODUHDGH]YROWăULLIL]LRORJLFHHIRUWPHQWDO
‫܈‬LIL]LFvQVLVWHPXOLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLORUGHvQYă‫܊‬ăPkQW‫܈‬LHGXFD‫܊‬LHIDPLOLDOă
3HQWUXDDWLQJHEXQăVWDUHDVDQLWDUă‫܈‬LHSLGHPLRORJLFăDFRSLLORU‫܈‬LDWLQHUL
ORUPHGLFLLWUHEXLHVăFXQRDVFăPHWRGHOHGHVWXGLX‫܈‬LGHDQDOL]ăDUH]XOWDWHORU
FHUFHWăULORUDVXSUDIDFWRULORUGHPHGLXFDUHDIHFWHD]ăVăQăWDWHDVăSRDWăRSHUD
FXLQGLFDWRULPHGLFDOL‫܈‬LGHPRJUDILFLFXGDWHGHVSUHGH]YROWDUHDIL]LFăPRUEL
Capitolul V

GLWDWHVăGLVWULEXLHFRSLLLSHJUXSHGHVăQăWDWHVăFXQRDVFăSDUWLFXODULWă‫܊‬LOHQX
WUL‫܊‬LHLFRSLLORUUXWLQD]LOQLFăDDFHVWRUDRUJDQL]DUHDSURFHVHORUHGXFD‫܊‬LRQDOH‫܈‬L
GHPXQFăHGXFD‫܊‬LDIL]LFăvQLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLOHSHQWUXFRSLL
ÌQ FDWHJRULD FRSLLORU ‫܈‬L WLQHULORU VH LQFOXG SHUVRDQHOH FX YkUVWD FXSULQVă
vQWUH‫܈‬LDQL&RSLOăULDHVWHSHULRDGDRSWLPăDRQWRJHQH]HLSHQWUXDFWLYLWDWHD
SUHYHQWLYăFXRE‫܊‬LQHUHDUH]XOWDWHORUEXQH
&UH‫܈‬WHUHD‫܈‬LGH]YROWDUHDVXQWVWUkQVOHJDWHvQWUHHOH‫܈‬LDPEHOHFRQWLQXăGLQ
PRPHQWXOFRQFHS‫܊‬LHLSkQăDMXQJHDGXOWGDUVXQWvQPRGHVHQ‫܊‬LDOGRXăSURFHVH
GHRVHELWH Creșterea HVWH PăULUHD GLPHQVLXQLORU ORQJLWXGLQDOH WUDQVYHUVDOH ‫܈‬L
YROXPHWULFHDOHFRUSXOXLLDUvQSURFHVXOdezvoltării VFKLPEăULOHFDQWLWDWLYHHYR
OXkQG WUHSWDW VH WUDQVIRUPă vQ PRGLILFăUL FDOLWDWLYH IRUPDUHD QRLORU FHOXOH
IXQFĠLL'LQFDX]DSURFHVHORUGHFUH‫܈‬WHUH‫܈‬LGHGH]YROWDUHWHQVLRQDWH‫܈‬LLQFRP
SOHWHFRUSXOFRSLOXOXLDUHSODVWLFLWDWHULGLFDWă‫܈‬LHVWHPDLYXOQHUDELOODDF‫܊‬LXQHD
PLQLPăDIDFWRULORUGHPHGLXQHIDYRUDELOLFDUHUHGXFFDSDFLWDWHDGHvQYă‫܊‬DUH
SRW SURYRFD WXOEXUăUL GH VăQăWDWH ‫܈‬L EROL 7XOEXUăULOH GH DOLPHQWD‫܊‬LH SROXDUHD
PHGLXOXLGHIHFWHOHvQHGXFD‫܊‬LHFUHVFULVFXOGHEROLvQYLD‫܊‬DXOWHULRDUăDFRSLLORU
GHUHGXFHUHDFDSDFLWă‫܊‬LLGHPXQFă‫܈‬LGHDSDUL‫܊‬LHDGLIHULWRUSUREOHPHGHYLD‫܊‬ă
&UH‫܈‬WHUHD‫܈‬LGH]YROWDUHDGHWHUPLQăVSHFLILFLWDWHDLJLHQHLFRSLLORU‫܈‬LWLQHUL
ORUGHDFHHDVHQXPH‫܈‬WHLJLHQăOHJDWăGHYkUVWă
5H]XOWDWHOHFHUFHWăULORUGLQGRPHQLXOPRUIRORJLHLúLIL]LRORJLHLGHQRWăFă
SURFHVHOHGHFUHúWHUHúLGHGH]YROWDUHQXVHGHVIăúRDUăvQPRGDQDUKLFvQWkPSOă
WRULGHQWLFúLXQLIRUPFLvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHSULQFLSDOHOHSHULRDGHGHYkUVWăDOHYLH‫܊‬LL
FRSLLORU‫܈‬LWLQHULORUFDUDFWHUL]DWHSULQSDUWLFXODULWă‫܊‬LPRUIRIXQF‫܊‬LRQDOH/DED]D
SHULRGL]ăULLVWăGLYL]DUHDFRSLLORUvQSHULRDGH1RĠLXQHDGHSHULRDGă GHYkUVWă
SUHVXSXQHDFHOLQWHUYDOGHWLPSvQOLPLWHOHFăUXLDDWkWSURFHVHOHGHFUHúWHUHúLGH
GLIHUHQĠLHUHFkWúLSDUWLFXODULWăĠLOHIL]LRORJLFHVXQWLGHQWLFHLDUUHDFĠLDGHUăVSXQV
ODH[FLWDQĠLHVWHPDLPXOWVDXPDLSXĠLQHFKLYDOHQWă
/DGHWHUPLQDUHDúLFODVLILFDUHDFRPSOH[ăDHWDSHORUGHGH]YROWDUHWUHEXLH
VăVHĠLQăFRQWGHIDSWXOFăFRSLOXOHVWHRILLQĠăVRFLDOăPHQLWăVăVHvQFDGUH]HvQ
FROHFWLYLWDWHGHFLVăVHDLEăvQYHGHUHSDUWLFXODULWăĠLOHVRPDWRIXQFĠLRQDOHPRGXO
GHvQFDGUDUHvQFROHFWLYHVLWXDĠLDvQUDSRUWFXSURFHVXOHGXFDWLY
'LQDFHVWSXQFWGHYHGHUHVXQWVWDELOLWHXUPăWRDUHOHHWDSHGHGH]YROWDUH
SHULRGL]DUHDGRSWDWăvQSHGDJRJLHúLPHGLFLQDSUDFWLFă
● HWDSDDQWLSUH‫܈‬FRODUăDQL
● HWDSDSUHúFRODUăDQL
● HWDSDúFRODUăDQLDQL
úFRODUPLFDQL
úFRODUPHGLXDQL
úFRODUPDUHDGROHVFHQWDQL
 Caracteristicile morfofuncționale ale organismului copiilor și
tinerilor de vârstă școlară
7RDWHPăVXULOHLJLHQLFHFDUHYL]HD]ăvPEXQăWă‫܊‬LUHDFRQGL‫܊‬LLORUGHYLD‫܊‬ăDOH
FRSLLORU‫܈‬LDOHWLQHULORUWUHEXLHHIHFWXDWHGLIHUHQ‫܊‬LDO‫܊‬LQkQGFRQWGHFDUDFWHULVWL
FLOHPRUIRORJLFH‫܈‬LIXQF‫܊‬LRQDOHOHJDWHGHYkUVWăDOHRUJDQLVPXOXLvQFUH‫܈‬WHUH
/DYkUVWDșcolarului mic,GXULWDWHDRVRDVăHVWHLQVXILFLHQWăGLQFDX]DSUH
GRPLQDQ‫܊‬HLVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HORURUJDQLFHDVXSUDFHORUPLQHUDOHFDOFLXIRVIRUPDJQH
]LX$FHVWOXFUXQHFHVLWăRPRQLWRUL]DUHFRQVWDQWăDSRVWXULLFRUHFWHvQWLPSXO
FLWLULL‫܈‬LVFULHULLSHQWUXDHYLWDDSDUL‫܊‬LDGHIRUPăULORUFRORDQHLYHUWHEUDOH
ÌQPRGQRUPDOFRORDQDYHUWHEUDOăDUHWUHLFXUEXULIL]LRORJLFHvQSODQVDJL
WDOFHUYLFDOăWRUDFLFă‫܈‬LORPEDUăFDUHvQGHSOLQHVFIXQF‫܊‬LDGHDPRUWL]DUHvQWLP
SXOPHUVXOXLDOHUJăULL‫܈‬LDOWRUPL‫܈‬FăUL$GkQFLPHDFXUEHORUFHUYLFDOH‫܈‬LORPEDUH
HVWHGHFPvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHOXQJLPHDFRORDQHLYHUWHEUDOH3RVWXUDFRSLOXOXLGH
SLQGHGHIRUPDFRORDQHLYHUWHEUDOHGHXQLIRUPLWDWHDGH]YROWăULL‫܈‬LWRQXVXOPXV
FXODUGHFDUDFWHULVWLFLOHYkUVWHL‫܈‬LGHRELFHLXUL
PosturaHVWHSR]L‫܊‬LDQDWXUDOăREL‫܈‬QXLWăDXQHLSHUVRDQHvQSLFLRDUHFkQG
FRUSXO‫܈‬LFDSXOVXQW‫܊‬LQXWHGUHSWHIăUăWHQVLXQHPXVFXODUăDFWLYă7RDWHWLSXULOH
GHSRVWXUăVXQWvPSăU‫܊‬LWHvQPRGFRQYHQ‫܊‬LRQDOvQGRXăJUXSH
WLSXUL GH SRVWXUă vQ FDUH FXUEXULOH VDJLWDOH FHUYLFDOH ‫܈‬L ORPEDUH VXQW
HJDOHVDXGLIHUăFXFHOPXOWFPQRUPDOăvQGUHSWDWă‫܈‬LFLIRWLFă
WLSXULGHSRVWXUăvQFDUHGLIHUHQ‫܊‬DGLQWUHFXUEXULOHVDJLWDOăFHUYLFDOă‫܈‬L
ORPEDUăGHSă‫܈‬H‫܈‬WHFPORUGRWLFăvQFOLQDWă
/DYkUVWDșcolarului micVLVWHPXOPXVFXODUvQFHSHGHDVHPHQHDVăVHGH]
YROWHLQWHQVGDULQHJDOPX‫܈‬FKLLPDULDLVSDWHOXL‫܈‬LDLWUXQFKLXOXLVHGH]YROWăPDL
UHSHGHGHFkWPX‫܈‬FKLLPLFLLQFOXVLYFHLDLPkLQLORUFHHDFHIDFHGLILFLOăHIHFWXD
UHD PL‫܈‬FăULORU ILQH ‫܈‬L SUHFLVH (VWH FDUDFWHULVWLFă LQVWDELOLWDWHD SURFHVHORU QHU
YRDVHSURFHVHOHGHH[FLWD‫܊‬LHSUHYDOHD]ăDVXSUDFHORUGHLQKLEL‫܊‬LHFHHDFHH[SOLFă
VFăGHUHDUHODWLYUDSLGăDDWHQ‫܊‬LHL‫܈‬LDSDUL‫܊‬LDRERVHOLLDWkWvQWLPSXOPXQFLLLQWH
OHFWXDOHFkW‫܈‬LDFHOHLIL]LFH
/DYkUVWDșcolarului mediuVWUXFWXUD‫܊‬HVXWXOXLRVRVHVWHDSUR[LPDWLYDFHHD‫܈‬L
FDODDGXO‫܊‬LGDURVLILFDUHDFRORDQHLYHUWHEUDOHQXHVWHvQFăFRPSOHWăH[LVWkQGSH
ULFROXOFXUEXULLDFHVWHLDvQWLPSXOvQFRUGăULLSUHOXQJLWH‫܈‬LDOSRVWXULLLQFRUHFWHvQ
EDQFă6HUHPDUFăFRQFUH‫܈‬WHUHDLQFRPSOHWăDSăU‫܊‬LORUVHSDUDWHDOHVFKHOHWXOXLvQ
VSHFLDOSHOYLVXOFDUHSRDWHSURYRFDGHSODVDUHDRDVHORUSHOYLQHODVăULWXULFXFRQ
FUH‫܈‬WHUHLQFRUHFWăvQYLLWRULDUODIHWHVHYDPDQLIHVWDQHJDWLYPDLWkU]LXvQWLPSXO
QD‫܈‬WHULL3ULQXUPDUHODDFHDVWăYkUVWăDFWLYLWDWHDIL]LFăH[FHVLYăHVWHLQDFFHSWD
ELOăGH‫܈‬LVXQWQHFHVDUHDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LPRGHUDWHSHQWUXvQWăULUHD‫܊‬HVXWXOXLRVRV‫܈‬LFR
UHFWDUHDWXOEXUăULORUSRVWXUDOHHPHUJHQWH
6LVWHPXOPXVFXODUVHFDUDFWHUL]HD]ăSULQWURFUH‫܈‬WHUHDFFHOHUDWăDPX‫܈‬FKL
ORU‫܈‬L DIRU‫܊‬HL PXVFXODUH vQVSHFLDOODEăLH‫܊‬L&UH‫܈‬WHFDSDFLWDWHD SHQWUXPXQFD
IL]LFăSUHOXQJLWăVHvPEXQăWă‫܊‬H‫܈‬WHFRRUGRQDUHDPL‫܈‬FăULORU&XWRDWHDFHVWHDVDU
FLQLOHVWDWLFHGHIRU‫܊‬ăVXQWVXSRUWDWHPDLUăXGHFkWPL‫܈‬FăULOHUDSLGHGLQDPLFH
Capitolul V

$FHDVWăYkUVWăFRLQFLGHFXGHEXWXOSXEHUWă‫܊‬LL‫܈‬LSULQXUPDUHH[LVWăPDL
DOHVODvQFHSXWH[FLWDELOLWDWH‫܈‬LLQVWDELOLWDWHFUHVFXWHDOHVLVWHPXOXLQHUYRV
/D YkUVWD școlarului mare IRUPDUHD VLVWHPXOXL RVRV ‫܈‬L PXVFXODU HVWH
DSURDSH FRPSOHWă 6H REVHUYă FUH‫܈‬WHUHD LQWHQVă D OXQJLPLL FRUSXOXL VSRUH‫܈‬WH
VHPQLILFDWLYJUHXWDWHDFRUSRUDOă‫܈‬LFUH‫܈‬WHIRU‫܊‬DPXVFXODUă0X‫܈‬FKLLPLFLVHGH]
YROWă LQWHQV VH vPEXQăWă‫܊‬H‫܈‬WH SUHFL]LD ‫܈‬L FRRUGRQDUHD PL‫܈‬FăULORU )LQDOL]HD]ă
SURFHVXOPDWXUL]ăULLVH[XDOH ,QGLFDWRULLGH]YROWăULL IL]LFHVH DSURSLHGH FHL DL
DGXOWXOXLGH]YROWDUHDIXQF‫܊‬LRQDOăDFUHLHUXOXLDWLQJHRSHUIHF‫܊‬LXQHVHPQLILFDWLYă
GHYLQSRVLELOHIRUPHPDLVXEWLOH‫܈‬LFRPSOH[HDOHDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LLDQDOLWLFH‫܈‬LVLQWHWLFH
DOHFUHLHUXOXLLDUSURFHVHOHGHLQKLEL‫܊‬LHVHLQWHQVLILFă

Legitățile creșterii și dezvoltării 

/HJLWăĠLOHFUHúWHULLúLGH]YROWăULLUHSUH]LQWăED]DWHRUHWLFăDQRUPăULLLJLH
QLFHDIDFWRULORUPHGLXOXLDPELDQWSHQWUXFRSLLúLWLQHUL&XQRDúWHUHDORUSHUPLWH
PHGLFXOXLVăvQĠHOHDJăúLVăH[SOLFHDFWLYLWDWHDRUJDQHORUúLVLVWHPHORUGHRUJDQH
SRVLELOLWăĠLOHGHIXQFĠLRQDUHDOHRUJDQLVPXOXLFRSLOXOXLFDXQWRWvQWUHJvQGLIHULWH
SHULRDGHGHYkUVWăúLFDXQWRWvQWUHJFXPHGLX
/DHWDSDPDWXUL]ăULLFUHúWHUHDúLGH]YROWDUHDRUJDQLVPXOXLGHFXUJvQFR
UHVSXQGHUHFXOHJLWăĠLOHRELHFWLYHH[LVWHQWH
● QHXQLIRUPLWDWHDULWPXOXLGHFUHúWHUHúLGHGH]YROWDUHFXFkWFRSLOXOHVWH
PDLPLFFXDWkWPDLLQWHQVGHFXUJSURFHVHOHGHFUHúWHUHúLGHGH]YRO
WDUH
● QHXQLIRUPLWDWHD FUHúWHULL úL GH]YROWăULL RUJDQHORU úL VLVWHPHORU GH RU
JDQH
● FUHúWHUHDPRUIRIXQFĠLRQDOăGLIHUăvQUDSRUWFXJHQXO
● VLJXUDQĠDELRORJLFăDVLVWHPHORUIXQFĠLRQDOHúLDRUJDQLVPXOXLvQLQWH
JULWDWH
● SURFHVHOHGHFUHúWHUHúLGHGH]YROWDUHVXQWGHWHUPLQDWHGHIDFWRULLHUH
GLWDUL‫܈‬LGHIDFWRULLGHPHGLX
● DFFHOHUDUHDULWPXOXLGHFUHúWHUHúLGHGH]YROWDUH
/DHYDOXDUHDGH]YROWăULLIL]LFHDFRSLLORUvQFRQIRUPLWDWHFXVWDQGDUGHOH
H[LVWHQWHVHYD‫܊‬LQHFRQWGHDFFHOHUDUHD‫܈‬LGHvQWkU]LHUHDvQGH]YROWDUH
ÌQXOWLPLLGHDQLvQPXOWH‫܊‬ăULDOHOXPLLVDDWHVWDWRDFFHOHUDUHD
FUH‫܈‬WHULL‫܈‬LDGH]YROWăULLFRSLLORUvQFRPSDUD‫܊‬LHFXJHQHUD‫܊‬LLOHFDUHOHDXSUHFHGDW
)HQRPHQXO D GHYHQLW YL]LELO GXSăLQWURGXFHUHD PăVXUăWRULORUDQWURSRPHWULFH vQ
SUDFWLFDH[DPLQăULLFRSLLORU'DWHOH‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬LILFHDUDWăFăDFFHOHUD‫܊‬LDVHPDQLIHVWăvQWU
XQJUDGVDXDOWXOvQWRDWHSHULRDGHOHGHFUH‫܈‬WHUHvQFHSkQGFXFUH‫܈‬WHUHDLQWUDXWHULQă
ÌQOLWHUDWXUD‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬LILFăVXQWPHQ‫܊‬LRQDWHDSURDSHGHVHPQHGHDFFHOHUDUH3UH]LQWă
LQWHUHVIDSWXOFăSURFHVHOHGHDFFHOHUDUHODFRSLLLGHWRDWHQD‫܊‬LRQDOLWă‫܊‬LOH‫܈‬LvQGLIH
ULWH‫܊‬ăULVXQWDSUR[LPDWLYDFHOHD‫܈‬L
3ULQFLSDOHOHVHPQHGHDFFHOHUD‫܊‬LH
● OXQJLPHDFRUSXOXLQRXQăVFX‫܊‬LORUDFUHVFXWFXFPX‫܈‬RUDFUHVFXW‫܈‬L
JUHXWDWHDFRUSRUDOă
 ● GXEODUHDJUHXWă‫܊‬LLEHEHOX‫܈‬XOXLFDUHvQPRGQRUPDODUHORFSkQăODDFLQ
FHDD‫܈‬DVHDOXQăDFWXDOPHQWHVHREVHUYăFXROXQăPDLGHYUHPH
● GLQ‫܊‬LLGHODSWHVXQWvQORFXL‫܊‬LFXFHLSHUPDQHQ‫܊‬LvQPHGLHFXXQDQPDLGH
YUHPH
● DGROHVFHQ‫܊‬LLGHFLQFLVSUH]HFHDQLDXGHYHQLWPDLvQDO‫܊‬LGHFkWFROHJLLORU
FDUHDXWUăLWDFXPGHDQLFXFP‫܈‬LDXFk‫܈‬WLJDWNJvQJUHXWDWH
FRUSRUDOă
● SURFHVHOHGHRVLILFDUHvQFHSFXDQLPDLGHYUHPHGHDFHHDFUH‫܈‬WHUHD
OXQJLPLLFRUSXOXLVHRSUH‫܈‬WHODRYkUVWăPDLWLPSXULHODIHWHODYkUVWDGH
DQLODEăLH‫܊‬LDQLID‫܊‬ăGHGHDQLDFXPGHDQL
&DX]HOH SURFHVXOXL GH DFFHOHUDĠLH SRW IL H[SOLFDWH vQ ED]D XUPăWRDUHORU WHRULL
ɘɉɅɢɫɢɰɢɧ
● teoria fizico-chimică
+HOLRJHQăLQIOXHQ‫܊‬DUDGLD‫܊‬LHLVRODUH‫܈‬LFRVPLFH
7HRULDPDJQHWLFăúLDXQGHORUUDGLRLQIOXHQĠDRVFLOD‫܊‬LLORUHOHFWURPDJ
QHWLFH
 5DGLDĠLDFRVPLFă
&RQFHQWUDĠLDVSRULWăGHELR[LGGHFDUERQFRQGLĠLRQDWăGHSURJUHVHOHLQ
GXVWULHL
● teoria influenţei factorilor condiţiilor de viaţă
7HRULDDOLPHQWDUăDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHEXQăYLWDPLQL]DWă
 7HRULDQXWULWLYă
,QIRUPDUHDVSRULWă
● teoria genetică
 0RGLILFăULELRORJLFHFLFOLFH
(WHURJHQLWDWHDDPHVWHFXOSRSXODĠLHL
● teoria complexului de factori ai condiţiilor de viaţă
,QIOXHQĠDXUEDQL]ăULL
 ,QIOXHQĠDFRPSOH[XOGHIDFWRULVRFLRELRORJLFL
ÌQ‫܊‬ăULOHGH]YROWDWHSURFHVHOHGHDFFHOHUDUHDXvQFHSXWPDLGHYUHPH‫܈‬LDFXP
vQFHWLQHVF 2DPHQLL GH ‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬ă SUH]LF Fă DFFHOHUDUHD VH YD WHPSHUD vQ XUPăWRULL
GHDQL

Factori care influențează sănătatea generației tinere 

&RSLLLvQWURPăVXUăPDLPDUHGHFkWDGXO‫܊‬LLVXQWVXVFHSWLELOLODLQIOXHQ‫܊‬D
GLIHULWRUIDFWRULGHPHGLXGLQWUHFDUHPXO‫܊‬LDUWUHEXLFRQVLGHUD‫܊‬LFDIDFWRULGHULVF
SHQWUXGH]YROWDUHDXQRUPRGLILFăULORUQHIDYRUDELOHvQRUJDQLVP6WDUHDGHVăQă
WDWHDFRSLLORUHVWHLQIOXHQ‫܊‬DWăGHXUPăWRULLIDFWRULPDMRULVăQăWDWHD‫܈‬LYkUVWDSă
ULQ‫܊‬LORUODPRPHQWXOQD‫܈‬WHULLFRSLOXOXLFRPSOLFD‫܊‬LLOHVDUFLQLL‫܈‬LQD‫܈‬WHULLIDFWRULL
VRFLDOL KUDQă FRQGL‫܊‬LLGH YLD‫܊‬ă VWLOGHYLD‫܊‬ă YHQLWIDPLOLDOQLYHOGHHGXFD‫܊‬LH
SDUHQWDOăFOLPDWSVLKRORJLFvQIDPLOLHIDFWRULLHSLGHPLRORJLFLIDFWRULLHFROR
JLFLIDFWRULLSURFHVXOXLHGXFD‫܊‬LRQDO
Capitolul V

Sănătatea și vârsta părințilorMRDFăXQUROHVHQ‫܊‬LDOvQIRUPDUHDXQHLJHQHUD‫܊‬LL

VăQăWRDVH3UH]HQ‫܊‬DRELFHLXULORUSURDVWHDEROLORUFURQLFH‫܈‬LDXQRUEROLLQIHF‫܊‬LRDVH
ODSăULQ‫܊‬LDIHFWHD]ăvQPRGQHJDWLYGH]YROWDUHDIăWXOXLvQWLPSXOFRQFHS‫܊‬LHL‫܈‬LGH]
YROWăULLLQWUDXWHULQHSURYRFkQGEROLHUHGLWDUHSUHFXPGDOWRQLVPXOKHPRILOLDPDO
IRUPD‫܊‬LLOHGLIRUPLWă‫܊‬LOHHWFFDUHSRWULYLW206UHSUH]LQWăGLQSDWRORJLD
FRSLOăULHL
/DYkUVWDGHSkQăODDQFHLPDLLPSRUWDQ‫܊‬Lfactori socialiSHQWUXVăQăWDWHD
FRSLLORUVXQWFDUDFWHUXOIDPLOLHL‫܈‬LHGXFD‫܊‬LDSăULQ‫܊‬LORU/DYkUVWDGHDQLLP
SRUWDQ‫܊‬DDFHVWRUIDFWRULUăPkQHVHPQLILFDWLYăGDUFUH‫܈‬WHUROXOFRQGL‫܊‬LLORUGHYLD‫܊‬ă
‫܈‬LYHQLWXOIDPLOLHLSUH]HQ‫܊‬DDQLPDOHORUvQFDVăDGXO‫܊‬LLIXPăWRUL‫܈‬LIUHFYHQWDUHD
XQHLLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLGHvQYă‫܊‬ăPkQWSUH‫܈‬FRODU/DYkUVWDGHDQLFHOHPDLLPSRUWDQWH
VXQWFRQGL‫܊‬LLOHGHKDELWDWYHQLWXULOHIDPLOLHLSUH]HQ‫܊‬DDQLPDOHORU‫܈‬LIXPDWXOUX
GHORUvQFDVă
Factorii biologiciSULQFLSDOLvQWRDWHJUXSHOHGHYkUVWăDOHFRSLLORUVXQWER
OLOHPDPHLvQWLPSXOVDUFLQLL‫܈‬LFRPSOLFD‫܊‬LLOHVDUFLQLL‫܈‬LQD‫܈‬WHULL
Nutriția,FDIDFWRUFDUHIRUPHD]ăVăQăWDWHDSRSXOD‫܊‬LHLDGHYHQLWIRDUWHLPSRU
WDQWăvQXOWLPXOWLPSÌQIDPLOLLOHFXEXQăVWDUHPDWHULDOăvQDOWăH[LVWăDGHVHDFRSLL
FXWXOEXUăULDOHPHWDEROLVPXOXLJUăVLPLORULDUvQIDPLOLLOHFXYHQLWXULPLFLDFUHVFXW
EUXVFQXPăUXOFRSLLORU‫܈‬LWLQHULORUFXVWDWXWQXWUL‫܊‬LRQDOUHGXVGLQFDX]DGHILFLHQ‫܊‬HORU
GHSURWHLQHvQVSHFLDOGHRULJLQHDQLPDOăYLWDPLQH‫܈‬LGHILFLWHQHUJHWLFvQDOLPHQWD
‫܊‬LH'HILFLWXOGHYLWDPLQHVHUHIHUăvQSULPXOUkQGODYLWDPLQHOH&$(‫܈‬LEHWD
FDURWHQ FDUH IRUPHD]ă ED]D VLVWHPXOXL GH DSăUDUH DQWLR[LGDQWă DO RUJDQLVPXOXL
([LVWăGHILFLHQ‫܊‬ăGHFDOFLX‫܈‬LGHILHUGLQFDX]DDSRUWXOXLLQVXILFLHQWGHODSWHSURGXVH
ODFWDWH‫܈‬LFDUQHFDVXUVăSULQFLSDOăGHILHU'HILFLWXOROLJRHOHPHQWHORUFXSUXVHOH
QLX]LQFLRGIOXRUDGHYHQLWRSUREOHPăPDMRUăÌQXQHOHFD]XULSURGXVHOHQXSRW
ILFRQVLGHUDWHLJLHQLFHILLQGFRQWDPLQDWHFXPLFURRUJDQLVPH‫܈‬LQXPHURDVH[HQREL
RWLFHSOXPEPHUFXUFDGPLXQLWUL‫܊‬LQLWUD‫܊‬LQLWUR]DPLQHSHVWLFLGH‫܈‬LDQWLELRWLFH
6DFRQVWDWDWFăGLQVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HOHVWUăLQHSăWUXQGvQRUJDQLVPFXDOLPHQWHOH
)DFWRULLepidemiologiciDXXQLPSDFWQHJDWLYSXWHUQLFDVXSUDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLFR
SLLORU,QIHF‫܊‬LLOHGLQFRSLOăULHUHSUH]LQWăDSUR[LPDWLYGLQWRWDOXOPRUELGLWă
‫܊‬LLLQIDQWLOH&RQVHFLQ‫܊‬DLJQRUăULLDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LLGHYDFFLQDUHvQPDLPXOWH‫܊‬ăULDIRVW
UHDSDUL‫܊‬LDODPLMORFXODQLORUDLVHFDO;;OHDXQRULQIHF‫܊‬LLQHJOLMDWHSUHFXP
GLIWHULDSROLRPLHOLWD‫܈‬LUXMHROD6XELQIOXHQ‫܊‬DIDFWRULORUHQGHPLFLSRSXOD‫܊‬LDGH]
YROWăJX‫܈‬ăHQGHPLFăXUROLWLD]ăIOXRUR]ăFDULLGHQWDUHUDKLWLVPGHVWURQ‫܊‬LX‫܈‬LGH
PROLEGHQ‫܈‬D'H]YROWDUHDDFHVWRU‫܈‬LDDOWRUEROLHVWHIDFLOLWDWăGHSUH]HQ‫܊‬DSUR
YLQFLLORUELRJHRFKLPLFHFUHDWHDUWLILFLDOGHDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LOHXPDQHLQGXVWULDOHDOFă
URULPSDFWDVXSUDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLSRSXOD‫܊‬LHLQHFHVLWăFHUFHWăUL‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬LILFHVXSOLPHQWDUH
0RUELGLWDWHDFRSLLORU‫܈‬LWLQHULORUHVWHLQIOXHQ‫܊‬DWăGHfactori naturali‫܈‬Lcli-
matici$VWIHOUăFHOLOHIUHFYHQWHVXQWDVRFLDWHFXXQFOLPDWUHFHLDUFXXQFOLPDW
FDOG±LQIHF‫܊‬LLSDUD]LWDUH‫܈‬LEDFWHULHQHEROLGHSLHOH‫܈‬LGHUHJOăULDOHWHUPRUHJOăULL
$QLLGH‫܈‬FRDOăGHODSkQăODDQLSRWDIHFWDVWDUHDGHVăQăWDWHD
‫܈‬FRODULORUVXELQIOXHQ‫܊‬Dfactorilor nefavorabili în procesul educațional,OXPLQD
UHDQDWXUDOă‫܈‬LDUWLILFLDOăLUD‫܊‬LRQDOăUHSDUWL]DUHDQHFRUHVSXQ]ăWRDUHDFRSLLORUvQ
FODVăPLMORDFHOHGLGDFWLFHLUD‫܊‬LRQDOHvQFăOFDUHDUHJXOLORU GHFLWLUH SRW GXFH OD
PLRSLH1XPăUXOFRSLLORUPLRSLFUH‫܈‬WHvQFODVHOHGHDEVROYLUH0RELOLHUXO‫܈‬FRODU
DUDQMDWQHFRUHVSXQ]ăWRU‫܈‬LD‫܈‬H]DUHDLQFRUHFWăSR]L‫܊‬LDDHOHYXOXLvQEDQFăGXFOD
GHUHJODUHD SRVWXULL ± FLIR]ă ‫܈‬L VFROLR]ă 1HUHVSHFWDUHD UHJLPXOXL GH VWXGLX OD
‫܈‬FRDOă ‫܈‬L DFDVă SRDWH SURYRFD VLPSWRPHGH VXSUDVROLFLWDUH FDUH GDFă QX VXQW
HOLPLQDWHvQWLPSXWLOSRWGXFHODVFKLPEăULSDWRORJLFHJUDYHvQRUJDQLVP
ÌQFRSLOăULHDUHORFGH]YROWDUHD‫܈‬LvPEXQăWă‫܊‬LUHDVLVWHPXOXLLPXQLWDU&R
PXQLFDUHDVWUkQVăvQJUXSXULOHGHFRSLLXQGHSRWH[LVWDEROQDYLLQIHF‫܊‬LR‫܈‬LFRQ
WULEXLHOD GH]YROWDUHD LQIHF‫܊‬LLORU HSLGHPLFH DOH FRSLLORU UXMHROă YDULFHOă WXVH
FRQYXOVLYăVFDUODWLQăGLIWHULHUXEHROăHWF
Mijloacele didactice tehniceWRWPDLXWLOL]DWHvQLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLOHGHvQYă‫܊‬ăPkQW
PRGHUQHLQFOXVLYvQ‫܈‬FROL‫܈‬LvQJUăGLQL‫܊‬HRIHUăRPDLEXQăSHUFHS‫܊‬LHDPDWHULD
OXOXLHGXFD‫܊‬LRQDO VSRULQGDWHQ‫܊‬LD‫܈‬L LQWHUHVXO SHQWUX PDWHULDOXO VWXGLDW $FHVWH
PLMORDFH LQFOXG SURLHFWRDUH WHOHYL]RDUH ‫܈‬L vQUHJLVWUDWRDUH YLGHR FDOFXODWRDUH
SHUVRQDOH HWF 8WLOL]DUHD PLMORDFHORU GLGDFWLFH WHKQLFH FX WHUPLQDOH GH DIL‫܈‬DUH
YLGHRQHFHVLWăUHJOHPHQWDUHDWLPSXOXLQHvQWUHUXSWGHXWLOL]DUHvQSURFHVXOHGXFD
‫܊‬LRQDOGLQFDX]DHIHFWXOXLORUQHJDWLYDVXSUDVWăULLGHSHUIRUPDQ‫܊‬ăYL]XDOă‫܈‬LJH
QHUDOăDRUJDQLVPXOXLFRSLLORU‫܈‬LWLQHULORUVXELQIOXHQ‫܊‬DvQFRUGăULLVWDWLFHSUHOXQ
JLWH‫܈‬LDRERVHOLLRFKLORU
([SXQHUHDODcâmpuri electrostatice‫܈‬LHOHFWURPDJQHWLFHGHODFRPSXWHUH
GHWHUPLQăPRGLILFăULDGYHUVHDOHVLVWHPHORULPXQLWDUQHUYRV‫܈‬LFDUGLRYDVFXODU
‫܈‬LSRWULYLWXQRUVDYDQ‫܊‬LFUHHD]ăULVFGHHF]HPHDWXQFLFkQGVHOXFUHD]ăRUH
VDXPDLPXOWSH]L&DX]DFRQVWăvQFDSDFLWDWHDDFHVWRUFkPSXULGHDFUH‫܈‬WHFRQ
FHQWUD‫܊‬LDGHLRQLSR]LWLYLvQ]RQDGHOXFUXFDUHDWUDJSDUWLFXOHOHGHSUDI‫܈‬LFDX
]HD]ăDOHUJL]DUHDRUJDQLVPXOXL&kPSXULOHHOHFWURPDJQHWLFHvPSLHGLFăDSDUL‫܊‬LD
GHQRLUHIOH[HFRQGL‫܊‬LRQDWH‫܈‬LDIHFWHD]ăSURFHVXOGHPHPRUDUH&kPSXOHOHFWULF
DOWHUQDWLYDIHFWHD]ăPHWDEROLVPXOPLQHUDOHORUVHVFKLPEăEUXVFFRPSR]L‫܊‬LDXUL
QHL‫܈‬LQHFHVDUXORUJDQLVPXOXLvQXQHOHVăUXULPLQHUDOH6SRUH‫܈‬WHHOLPLQDUHDFDO
FLXOXL‫܈‬LEUXVFHVWHUH‫܊‬LQXWIRVIRUXOFHHDFHVHH[SOLFăILHSULQDFWLYDUHDIXQF‫܊‬LHL
JODQGHORUVXSUDUHQDOHDOHFăURUKRUPRQLUHJOHD]ăPHWDEROLVPXOPLQHUDOILHSULQ
LQIOXHQ‫܊‬DGLUHFWăDUDGLD‫܊‬LHLHOHFWURPDJQHWLFHDVXSUDFDQDOHORULRQLFHDOHPHP
EUDQHORUFHOXODUH
&RPSXWHUHOHDIHFWHD]ăVLVWHPXOQHUYRVFHQWUDODOFRSLLORU6HPQDOHOHULW
PLFHGHSHPRQLWRUSRWILFDX]DVWăULLQHIDYRUDELOHDRUJDQLVPXOXLÌQFD]XOOX
FUXOXL SUHOXQJLW ODFRPSXWHU XQLL‫܈‬FRODULDX WXOEXUăUL SVLKRORJLFHLULWDELOLWDWH
WXOEXUăULGHVRPQOLSVDGRULQ‫܊‬HLGHDvQFHSHDFWLYLWDWHDODFRPSXWHUSUHFXP‫܈‬L
VFăGHUHD FDSDFLWă‫܊‬LL GH PXQFă VFKLPEăUL vQ VWDUHD IXQF‫܊‬LRQDOă D FRUSXOXL VXE
IRUPă GH QHUHFXQRD‫܈‬WHUH D FXORULORU FHIDOHH ‫܈‬L VWăUL GHSUHVLYH $FWLYLWDWHD OD
FRPSXWHUDUHORFvQWURSR]L‫܊‬LHGHOXFUXIRU‫܊‬DWăFDXUPDUHVHFUHHD]ăRVDUFLQă
FUHVFXWăDVXSUDPX‫܈‬FKLORUVDFULVSLQR‫܈‬LGXUHUHvQ]RQHOHFHUYLFDOă‫܈‬LWRUDFLFăD
FRORDQHL YHUWHEUDOH (IHFWXDUHD XQXL QXPăU PDUH GH PL‫܈‬FăUL PLFL FX PkLQLOH
DYkQGRDFWLYLWDWHJHQHUDOăUHGXVă‫܈‬LSR]L‫܊‬LDQHFRUHVSXQ]ăWRDUHDPkLQLORUvQWLP
SXOOXFUXOXLSRDWHSURYRFDEROLDOHQHUYLORUSHULIHULFLPX‫܈‬FKLORU‫܈‬LWHQGRDQHORU
Capitolul V

VXEIRUPăGHWHQRVLQRYLWăDPkLQLORUvQFKHLHWXULLPkLQLL‫܈‬LDXPHULORUVWUDQJX
ODUHDQHUYXOXLPHGLDODOPkLQLORU
3UDFWLFDDGHPRQVWUDWFăFRPSXWHUHOHDXXQHIHFWQHJDWLY‫܈‬LDVXSUDVWăULL
VDQLWDUHDDHUXOXL‫܈‬LDPLFURFOLPDWXOXLGLQFDELQHWHOHGHLQIRUPDWLFă‫܈‬LWHKQLFăGH
FDOFXOGLQLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLOHGHvQYă‫܊‬ăPkQWÌQDFHVWHFDELQHWHWHPSHUDWXUDDHUXOXLGH
Să‫܈‬H‫܈‬WH QRUPHOH LJLHQLFH  ƒ& vQ WRDWH DQRWLPSXULOH DQXOXL FRQVWLWXLQG
ƒ&LDUXPLGLWDWHDUHODWLYăHVWHVXEYDORULOHQRUPHLFRQVWLWXLQG
FLUFDÌQDVWIHOGHDHUXVFDWFUH‫܈‬WHQXPăUXOGHPLFURSDUWLFXOHFXRVDUFLQă
HOHFWURVWDWLFăSR]LWLYăvQDOWăFDSDELOHVăDGVRDUEăSDUWLFXOHOHGHSUDI‫܈‬LVăSUR
YRDFHEROLDOHUJLFH




'H]YROWDUHDIL]LFăUHSUH]LQWăWRWDOLWDWHDSURSULHWă‫܊‬LORUPRUIRORJLFH‫܈‬LIXQF
‫܊‬LRQDOHDOHRUJDQLVPXOXLFDUHFDUDFWHUL]HD]ăSURFHVXOGHFUH‫܈‬WHUH‫܈‬LGHGH]YROWDUH
DDFHVWXLD,QGLFDWRULLGH]YROWăULLIL]LFHDFRSLLORU‫܈‬LDDGROHVFHQ‫܊‬LORUUHIOHFWăQL
YHOXOGHEXQăVWDUHDORDPHQLORU‫܈‬LVHQXPHVFindici antropometrici'LQDPLFD
DFHVWRULQGLFLFDUDFWHUL]HD]ăHILFLHQ‫܊‬DDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LORUVDQLWDUHLJLHQLFH‫܈‬LUHFUHDWLYH
GHVIă‫܈‬XUDWHvQLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLOHSHQWUXFRSLL'H]YROWDUHDIL]LFăHVWHXQFULWHULXRELHFWLY
DOVWăULLGHVăQăWDWHDFRSLLORU‫܈‬LDDGROHVFHQ‫܊‬LORUUHIOHFWkQGUH]HUYHOHGHIRU‫܊‬ă
IL]LFăUH]LVWHQ‫܊‬ă‫܈‬LFDSDFLWDWHDRUJDQLVPXOXL
2PHWRGăXQLILFDWăSHQWUXVWXGLHUHDGH]YROWăULLIL]LFHHVWHantropometria
&HUFHWăULOH VH HIHFWXHD]ă GLPLQHD‫܊‬DSHVWRPDFXOJRO SH SHUVRDQD GH]EUăFDWă
$QWURSRPHWULDSHUPLWHVWXGLHUHDDWUHLJUXSHGHLQGLFDWRULDLGH]YROWăULLIL]LFH
● somatometricivQăO‫܊‬LPHDvQSLFLRDUH‫܈‬LD‫܈‬H]DWJUHXWDWHDFRUSRUDOăFLU
FXPIHULQ‫܊‬DWRUDFHOXLFDSXOXLWDOLHL‫܈‬LDOWRUSăU‫܊‬LDOHFRUSXOXL
● somatoscopici VWDUHDDSDUDWXOXLORFRPRWRUGHSXQHULOHGHJUăVLPLGH]YRO
WDUHDGLQ‫܊‬LORUSHUPDQHQ‫܊‬LWLSXOFRUSXOXLJUDGXOGHSXEHUWDWH*UDGXOGH
GH]YROWDUHD‫܊‬HVXWXULORUJUDVPXVFXODURVRVHVWHHYDOXDWSULQWUXQVLVWHP
GHHYDOXDUHGLQWUHLSXQFWHVODEPHGLXSURQXQ‫܊‬DW
● fiziometriciPL‫܈‬FăULOHFXWLHLWRUDFLFHFDSDFLWDWHDYLWDOăDSOăPkQLORUGLQD
PRPHWULDPkLQLORUIRU‫܊‬DVWDWLFăWHQVLXQHDDUWHULDOăULWPXOFDUGLDF

Metode de apreciere a dezvoltării fizice a copiilor şi adolescenţilor

PHWRGDGHYLHULLGHODVLJPăFXUHSUH]HQWDUHDJUDILFăDSURILOXOXLGH]YROWăULLIL]LFH
● PHWRGDWDEHOHORUGHUHJUHVLXQHVFăULLGHUHJUHVLXQH
● PHWRGDFRPSOH[ăGHDSUHFLHUH
● PHWRGDWDEHOHORUFHQWLOLFHVFăULLGHFHQWLOH
 5H]XOWDWHOHVWXGLHULLGH]YROWăULLIL]LFHDFRSLLORUSRWILXWLOL]DWHODDSUHFLH
UHDQLYHOXOXLPHGLXGHGH]YROWDUHDJUXSHORUGHFRSLLvQIXQFĠLHGHYkUVWăúL
GHJHQSHSODQWHULWRULDOGH]YROWăULLIL]LFHLQGLYLGXDOH
3HQWUXDFDUDFWHUL]DGH]YROWDUHDLQGLYLGXDOăVXQWXWLOL]DWHYkUVWDFRQIRUP
SD‫܈‬DSRUWXOXLVDXYkUVWDFDOHQGDULVWLFă‫܈‬LYkUVWDELRORJLFăVârsta conform pașa-
portului HVWH QXPăUXO GH DQL SHFDUHR SHUVRDQăD WUăLWRGH OD QD‫܈‬WHUHvârsta
biologicăHVWHQLYHOXOGH]YROWăULLUHDOL]DWHDVWUXFWXULORUPRUIRORJLFH‫܈‬LIXQF‫܊‬LR
QDOHDOHRUJDQLVPXOXL&RSLLLFXDFHHD‫܈‬LYkUVWăFDOHQGDULVWLFăGLIHUăvQFHHDFH
SULYH‫܈‬WHQLYHOXOGHGH]YROWDUHPRUIRORJLFă‫܈‬LIXQF‫܊‬LRQDOăÌQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHJUDGXOGH
PDWXUDUHELRORJLFăVHSRWGLVWLQJHWUHLJUXSHGHFRSLLGDFăYkUVWDELRORJLFăUă
PkQHvQXUPDGHFHDFDOHQGDULVWLFHVHSRWULYH‫܈‬WHFXDFHDVWDVDXHVWHPDLPDUH
9kUVWDELRORJLFăDFRSLLORUHVWHGHWHUPLQDWăGXSăXQVHWGHFULWHULLPRUIRORJLFH
OXQJLPHD‫܈‬LJUHXWDWHDFRUSXOXLVSRUXODQXDOvQOXQJLPHD‫܈‬LvQJUHXWDWHDFRUSXOXL
QXPăUXOGHGLQ‫܊‬LGHODSWH‫܈‬LSHUPDQHQ‫܊‬LRUGLQHDHUXS‫܊‬LHLDFHVWRUDÄYkUVWDGHQ
WDUă´JUDGXOGHGH]YROWDUHDFDUDFWHULVWLFLORUVH[XDOHVHFXQGDUH
'LQ PRWLYH PHGLFDOH SRDWH IL XWLOL]DW VWXGLXO JUDGXOXL GH GLIHUHQ‫܊‬LHUH D
VFKHOHWXOXLÄYkUVWDRVRDVă´FDUHPDLSUHFLVGHFkWDO‫܊‬LLQGLFDWRULFDUDFWHUL]HD]ă
PDWXUL]DUHDELRORJLFăDRUJDQLVPXOXL3HQWUXDGHWHUPLQDYkUVWDELRORJLFăILH
FDUHFULWHULXDUWUHEXLHYDOXDWDSRLUH]XPkQGUH]XOWDWHOHHOHYXODUWUHEXLUHSDU
WL]DWvQXQDGLQFHOHWUHLJUXSH
1LYHOXOGH]YROWăULLIL]LFHHVWHGHWHUPLQDWSULQFRPSDUDUHDLQGLFDWRULORULQ
GLYLGXDOLFXLQGLFDWRULLPHGLLGHGH]YROWDUHIL]LFăSHQWUXRDQXPLWăYkUVWă‫܈‬LJHQ

Starea de sănătate a copiilor

9LD‫܊‬DvQWRDWHPDQLIHVWăULOHVDOHQD‫܈‬WHUHVăQăWDWHERDOăPRDUWHHVWHXQ
IHQRPHQELRVRFLDOFRPSOH[ÌQWRDWH‫܊‬ăULOHOXPLLVHHIHFWXHD]ăRPRQLWRUL]DUHSH
WHUPHQOXQJDIHUWLOLWă‫܊‬LLPRUWDOLWă‫܊‬LL‫܈‬LQXPăUXOXLGHSRSXOD‫܊‬LHSHED]DLQGLFDWR
ULORUGHPRJUDILFLFDUHFDUDFWHUL]HD]ăUHSURGXFHUHDSRSXOD‫܊‬LHL‫܈‬LEXQăVWDUHDHFR
ORJLFă‫܈‬LLJLHQLFăD‫܊‬ăULL0RQLWRUL]DUHDLQGLFDWRULORUGHVăQăWDWHDXQXLRUJDQLVP
vQFUH‫܈‬WHUHHVWHRSDUWHLPSRUWDQWăDPRQLWRUL]ăULLJOREDOHLDUGLQDPLFDLQGLFDWR
ULORUGHVăQăWDWHDFRSLLORU‫܈‬LDWLQHULORUHVWHQHFHVDUăSHQWUXGH]YROWDUHD‫܈‬LLP
SOHPHQWDUHDPăVXULORUSUHYHQWLYH‫܈‬LWHUDSHXWLFH6FRSXOPRQLWRUL]ăULLHVWHGHD
JHVWLRQDVăQăWDWHDSRSXOD‫܊‬LHLQD‫܈‬WHUHDFRSLLORUVăQăWR‫܈‬LUHGXFHUHDPRUELGLWă‫܊‬LL
‫܈‬LPRUWDOLWă‫܊‬LL‫܈‬LH[WLQGHUHDORQJHYLWă‫܊‬LLDFWLYH
ÌQIXQFĠLHGHPRGXOGHVWXGLHUHDVWăULLVăQăWăĠLL±LQGLYLGXDOVDXDFROHFWL
YHORUGHFRSLL±LQGLFDWRULLVWăULLGHVăQăWDWHSRWILGLIHULĠL

Indicii de apreciere a stării de sănătate a colectivelor de copii

● 'HPRJUDILFLQDWDOLWDWHDOHWDOLWDWHDGXUDWDPHGLHDYLHĠLLVSRUXOQDWXUDO
● 0RUELGLWDWHDJHQHUDOăLQIHFĠLRDVăFURQLFăFXSLHUGHUHDWHPSRUDUăD
FDSDFLWăĠLLGHPXQFă
● 'H]YROWDUHDIL]LFă
● ,QYDOLGLWDWHD
Capitolul V

(YDOXDUHDFRPSOH[ăDVWăULLGHVăQăWDWHVHHIHFWXHD]ăFRQIRUPXQXLVHWGH
FULWHULLFDUHVWDXODED]DLQFOXGHULLFRSLLORUvQJUXSHOHGHVăQăWDWH
● SUH]HQĠDVDXDEVHQĠDEROLORUFURQLFH
● QLYHOXOGHGH]YROWDUHIL]LFăúLQHXURSVLKLFăDRUJDQLVPXOXL
● QLYHOXOGHIXQFĠLRQDUHDSULQFLSDOHORUVLVWHPHDOHRUJDQLVPXOXL
● JUDGXOGHUH]LVWHQĠăDORUJDQLVPXOXL
● VWXGLHUHDPRUELGLWăĠLLFXUHQWH
3UH]HQ‫܊‬DVDXDEVHQ‫܊‬DEROLORUHVWHGHWHUPLQDWăvQWLPSXOH[DPLQăULORUPH
GLFDOHVLVWHPDWLFHSURJUDPDWHFXSDUWLFLSDUHDPHGLFLORUVSHFLDOL‫܈‬WLRIWDOPRORJ
RWRULQRODULQJRORJ QHXURSDWRORJ VWRPDWRORJ UHXPDWRORJ HWF 6WDUHD IXQF‫܊‬LR
QDOăDRUJDQHORU‫܈‬LDVLVWHPHORUHVWHGHWHFWDWăSULQPHWRGHFOLQLFHFDUHXWLOL]HD]ă
DFRORXQGHHVWHQHFHVDUWHVWHIXQF‫܊‬LRQDOH*UDGXOGHUH]LVWHQ‫܊‬ăDRUJDQLVPXOXL
HVWHHYDOXDWGXSăQXPăUXOGHEROLDFXWHLQFOXVLYH[DFHUEăULDOHEROLORUFURQLFH
GLQDQXOSUHFHGHQW$GHVHDEROQDYLVXQWFRQVLGHUD‫܊‬LFRSLLLFDUHDXIRVWEROQDYL
GHRULVDXPDLPXOWvQWLPSXODQXOXL
2FDUDFWHULVWLFăFDOLWDWLYăDVWăULLGHVăQăWDWHDFRSLLORUHVWHGLVWULEX‫܊‬LDORUvQ
JUXSHGHVăQăWDWHvQUDSRUWFXVHPQHOHGHILQLWRULLGHVăQăWDWHDEVHQ‫܊‬ăvQPRPHQWXO
H[DPLQăULLDRULFăUHLEROLGH]YROWDUHDIL]LFă‫܈‬LPHQWDOăDUPRQLRDVă‫܈‬LDGHFYDWăYkU
VWHLQLYHOQRUPDODOIXQF‫܊‬LLORUIL]LRORJLFHDEVHQ‫܊‬DSUHGLVSR]L‫܊‬LHLODEROL
'LVWULEX‫܊‬LDFRSLLORUvQJUXSHGHVăQăWDWHHVWHQHFHVDUăSHQWUXHYDOXDUHDXQL
PRPHQWDQăDVWăULLGHVăQăWDWHDFROHFWLYXOXLGHFRSLLDHILFDFLWă‫܊‬LLWUDWDPHQWXOXL
‫܈‬LDDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LLSURILODFWLFHDLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLORUSHQWUXFRSLL‫܈‬LDPHGLFLORUSHQWUXDJăVL
‫܈‬LDFRPSDUDHIHFWXOIDFWRULORUGHULVFSHQWUXVăQăWDWHDFROHFWLYăDFRSLLORUSUH
FXP‫܈‬LSHQWUXDGHWHUPLQDQHFHVLWDWHDXQXLSHUVRQDOPHGLFDOFDOLILFDW*UXSDGH
VăQăWDWHHVWHVWDELOLWăDQXDOSHQWUXILHFDUHFRSLO
ÌQ ED]D UH]XOWDWHORUH[DPLQăULORU PHGLFDOH FRSLLL VXQW vPSăU‫܊‬L‫܊‬L vQ FLQFL
JUXSHGHVăQăWDWH
Grupa I±FRSLLVăQăWR‫܈‬LFDUHVHGH]YROWăQRUPDOQXSUH]LQWăDQRPDOLLIXQF
‫܊‬LRQDOH/DFRSLLLGLQDFHVWJUXSOLSVHVFEROLOHFURQLFHQXVHvPERO
QăYHVF VDX UDUHRUL VH vPEROQăYHVF DFXW SH SDUFXUVXO DQXOXL ‫܈‬L DX
GH]YROWDUHIL]LFă‫܈‬LQHXURSVLKLFăQRUPDOăDGHFYDWăYkUVWHL
Grupa a II-a±FRSLLVăQăWR‫܈‬LFXUH]LVWHQ‫܊‬DRUJDQLVPXOXLUHGXVăFXDEDWHUL
IXQF‫܊‬LRQDOHVDXPRUIRORJLFHPLQRUH$FH‫܈‬WLFRSLLSHSDUFXUVXODQX
OXLQXVXIHUăGHEROLFURQLFHGDUVHvPEROQăYHVFDGHVHDGHRUL
VDXPDLPXOW SH DQ SHQWUXRSHULRDGăvQGHOXQJDWă GHWLPSPDL
PXOWGHGH]LOHSHQWUXRERDOăFXIRUPHDFXWH
Grupa a III-a±FRSLLEROQDYLFXEROLFURQLFHVDXFXSDWRORJLHFRQJHQLWDOă
vQVWDUHGHFRPSHQVDUHFXH[DFHUEăULUDUHDOHXQHLEROLFURQLFH‫܈‬L
FDUHGHFXUJX‫܈‬RUQXSURYRDFăDIHFWDUHDSURQXQ‫܊‬DWăDVWăULLJHQH
UDOHDRUJDQLVPXOXL
Grupa a IV-a±FRSLLEROQDYLFXEROLFURQLFHVDXFXPDOIRUPD‫܊‬LLFRQJHQL
WDOHvQVWDUHGHVXEFRPSHQVDUHFXVWDUHJHQHUDOăDIHFWDWăGXSăR
 H[DFHUEDUHDEROLLFURQLFHFXRSHULRDGăSUHOXQJLWăGHFRQYDOHV
FHQ‫܊‬ăGXSăEROLLQWHUFXUHQWHDFXWH
Grupa a V-a±FRSLLEROQDYLFXEROLFURQLFHVHYHUHvQVWDUHGHGHFRPSHQ
VDUH‫܈‬LFXFDSDFLWă‫܊‬LIXQF‫܊‬LRQDOHVHPQLILFDWLYUHGXVHDOHFRUSXOXL 
'LVWULEX‫܊‬LDFRSLLORUSHJUXSHGHVăQăWDWHHVWHGHWHUPLQDWăGHUDSRUWXOGLQWUH
QXPăUXOGHSHUVRDQHFDUHVHLQFOXGvQWURDQXPLWăJUXSăGHVăQăWDWH‫܈‬LQXPăUXO
WRWDOGHFRSLLH[DPLQD‫܊‬LH[SULPDWvQSURFHQWH
&RSLLL‫܈‬LDGROHVFHQ‫܊‬LLGLQGLIHULWHJUXSHGHVăQăWDWHDXQHYRLHGHRDERUGDUH
GLIHUHQ‫܊‬LDWăDWXQFLFkQGVHHODERUHD]ăVHWXULGHPăVXULGHvPEXQăWă‫܊‬LUHDVWăULLGH
VăQăWDWH3HQWUXFRSLLLGLQSULPDJUXSăGHVăQăWDWHDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LOHHGXFD‫܊‬LRQDOHGH
PXQFă‫܈‬LVSRUWLYHQXQHFHVLWăUHVWULF‫܊‬LL0HGLFXOHIHFWXHD]ăH[DPHQXOPHGLFDO
SODQLILFDWLQGLFkQGPăVXULJHQHUDOHGHIRUWLILFDUHDVăQăWă‫܊‬LL
&RSLLL‫܈‬LDGROHVFHQ‫܊‬LLGLQDGRXDJUXSăGHVăQăWDWHUHSUH]LQWăXQJUXSGH
ULVF‫܈‬LQHFHVLWăRDWHQ‫܊‬LHPDLPDUHGLQSDUWHDPHGLFLORU(LDXQHYRLHGHXQVHWGH
PăVXULGHvPEXQăWă‫܊‬LUHDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLFDUHYL]HD]ăFUH‫܈‬WHUHDUH]LVWHQ‫܊‬HLRUJDQLVPXOXL
SULQPLMORDFHQHVSHFLILFHLQFOXVLYDFWLYLWDWHIL]LFăRSWLPăFăOLUHFXIDFWRULQD
WXUDOL VRDUHDSă DHUXQUHJLP]LOQLFUD‫܊‬LRQDO‫܈‬LR IRUWLILFDUH VXSOLPHQWDUă D
UD‫܊‬LHLDOLPHQWDUH7HUPHQLLH[DPLQăULORUPHGLFDOHUHSHWDWHVXQWLQGLYLGXDOLOX
kQGvQFRQVLGHUDUHGLUHF‫܊‬LDDEDWHULORUvQVWDUHDGHVăQăWDWH‫܈‬LJUDGXOGHUH]LVWHQ‫܊‬ă
DORUJDQLVPXOXL
&RSLLL‫܈‬LDGROHVFHQ‫܊‬LLGLQFHOHODOWHJUXSHGHVăQăWDWHVXQWVXEVXSUD
YHJKHUH GLVSHQVDUă GH FăWUH PHGLFLL GH GLIHULWH VSHFLDOLWă‫܊‬L SULPLQG vQJULMLULOH
PHGLFDOH‫܈‬LSUHYHQWLYHQHFHVDUHvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHWLSXOGHSDWRORJLH‫܈‬LGHJUDGXOSUR
FHVXOXLFRPSHQVDWÌQLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLOHSHQWUXDVWIHOGHFRSLLDUWUHEXLVăILHDVLJXUDWXQ
UHJLPDO]LOHLPDLOHMHURGXUDWăSUHOXQJLWăGHRGLKQă‫܈‬LVRPQGHQRDSWHROLPLWDUH
DYROXPXOXL‫܈‬LDLQWHQVLWă‫܊‬LLDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LLIL]LFH
0RQLWRUL]DUHDVWăULLGHVăQăWDWHDFRSLLORUHVWHHIHFWXDWăGHLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLOHPH
GLFRVDQLWDUH SXEOLFH ÌQ SROLFOLQLFL VH UHDOL]HD]ă QX GRDU DFWLYLWă‫܊‬L WHUDSHXWLFH
RIHULQGDVLVWHQ‫܊‬ăPHGLFDOăEROQDYLORUFL‫܈‬LH[DPLQăULPHGLFDOHDSURIXQGDWHDOHWX
WXURUFRSLLORU‫܈‬LWLQHULORU
6FRSXULOH‫܈‬LVDUFLQLOHH[DPLQăULORUPHGLFDOHSHULRGLFHDOHFRSLLORU
● GHILQLUHDJUXSHLGHVăQăWDWH
● HYDOXDUHDGH]YROWăULLIL]LFH
● GHWHUPLQDUHDJUXSHLGHHGXFD‫܊‬LHIL]LFă
([DPHQHOHPHGLFDOHSHULRGLFHFXLPSOLFDUHDPHGLFLORUVSHFLDOL‫܈‬WLRIWDOPRORJL
RWRULQRODULQJRORJLIWL]LDWULUHXPDWRORJLVWRPDWRORJLHWFSHUPLWLGHQWLILFDUHD
● PDQLIHVWăULORUWLPSXULLDOHEROLORU
● WXOEXUăULORUIXQF‫܊‬LRQDOH
● GHYLHULORUvQVWDUHDGHVăQăWDWH
/DHYDOXDUHDVWăULLGHVăQăWDWHDFRSLLORUGLQLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLOHSHQWUXFRSLL‫܈‬LD
DGROHVFHQ‫܊‬LORUPHGLFLLWUHEXLHVăXWLOL]H]HXUPăWRULLLQGLFDWRUL
● QLYHOXOGHPRUELGLWDWHJHQHUDOă‫܈‬LLQIHF‫܊‬LRDVă
Capitolul V

● LQGLFHOHGHVăQăWDWHSURFHQWXOFRSLLORUFDUHVXQWEROQDYLSHWHUPHQ
OXQJ‫܈‬LIUHFYHQW
● SUHYDOHQ‫܊‬D‫܈‬LVWUXFWXUDEROLORUFURQLFH
● FRWDFRSLLORUFXGH]YROWDUHIL]LFăQRUPDOă
● GLVWULEX‫܊‬LDSHJUXSHGHVăQăWDWH

Grupe de educație fizică

2SUREOHPăJUDYăDVRFLHWă‫܊‬LLPRGHUQHFDUHDIHFWHD]ăQHJDWLYVWDUHDGHVă
QăWDWHHVWHKLSRGLQDPLDFRQGL‫܊‬LRQDWăGHVFăGHUHDDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LORUIL]LFHvQVSHFLDOvQ
WLPSXOOLEHU'RDUGLQWUHFRSLLIDFHGXFD‫܊‬LDIL]LFăvQFRPSDUD‫܊‬LHFX
DFXPGHDQL'HDFHHDHGXFD‫܊‬LDIL]LFăRUJDQL]DWăFRUHVSXQ]ăWRUDJHQHUD‫܊‬LHL
WLQHUHHVWHRSULRULWDWHvQWUXQVLVWHPIXQGDPHQWDW‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬LILFSHPăVXULGHvPEXQă
Wă‫܊‬LUHDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLSHQWUXDFHVWFRQWLQJHQWGHSRSXOD‫܊‬LHFRQWULEXLQGODGH]YROWDUHD
DUPRQLRDVăDFRUSXOXL‫܈‬LDFDSDFLWă‫܊‬LLVRFLDOH
ÌQSURFHVXODFWLYLWă‫܊‬LLRSHUVRDQăLQFOXVLYXQFRSLOHIHFWXHD]ăRYDULHWDWH
GHPL‫܈‬FăULFDUHDOFăWXLHVFQHYRLDVDELRORJLFăQDWXUDOăQXPLWăkinesofilie5HJL
PXOPRWRULFRSWLPvQSURFHVXOHGXFDWLYDOFRSLLORU‫܈‬LDOWLQHULORUQXQXPDLFăMRDFă
XQUROSULQFLSDOvQFRQVROLGDUHDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLORU‫܈‬LvQSUHYHQLUHDEROLORUFURQLFHQHVSH
FLILFH$FWLYLWDWHDIL]LFăGR]DWăvQFRQIRUPLWDWHFXFDSDFLWă‫܊‬LOHGHYkUVWăDOHHOHYLORU
DFWLYHD]ăIXQF‫܊‬LLOHVLVWHPHORUFDUGLRYDVFXODU‫܈‬LUHVSLUDWRUvPEXQăWă‫܊‬LQGSURFHVHOH
PHWDEROLFHGLQFRUS‫܈‬LLQIOXHQ‫܊‬kQGSR]LWLYSHUIRUPDQ‫܊‬DPXQFLLLQWHOHFWXDOH
(GXFD‫܊‬LDIL]LFăDHOHYLORUGLQ‫܈‬FROLOHGHFXOWXUăJHQHUDOăHVWHRUJDQL]DWăvQFRQ
IRUPLWDWHFXSURJUDPDGHHGXFD‫܊‬LHIL]LFă‫܈‬LSURJUDPDRUHORUFXHOHYLLFDUHGLQPR
WLYHGHVăQăWDWHDXIRVWSODVD‫܊‬LvQWURJUXSăPHGLFDOăVSHFLDOăÌQWLPSXOVăSWăPkQLL
DFDGHPLFHDUWUHEXLRIHULWHGRXăOHF‫܊‬LLGHFXOWXUăIL]LFăFXRGXUDWăGHGHPLQXWH
H[HUFL‫܊‬LL]LOQLFHGHGLPLQHD‫܊‬ăSDX]HGHFXOWXUăIL]LFăvQFODVăMRFXULvQDHUOLEHUvQ
SDX]HRRUă]LOQLFăGHDQWUHQDPHQWIL]LFvQJUXSDGH]LSUHOXQJLWă(VWHEHQHILFă
RUJDQL]DUHDvQDIDUDRUHORUDHYHQLPHQWHORUVSRUWLYHÄ=LXDVSRUWLYXOXL´Ä=LXDVă
QăWă‫܊‬LL´HWFVHF‫܊‬LLORUVSRUWLYH&RQ‫܊‬LQXWXOOHF‫܊‬LLORUGHHGXFD‫܊‬LHIL]LFăHVWHGHWHUPLQDW
GHSURJUDPDVHSDUDWăSHQWUXHOHYLLGLQFODVHOH‫܈‬LLDUvQFODVHOH
DFHVWHDDUWUHEXLVăILHGLIHUHQ‫܊‬LDWHvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHJHQ
3HED]DUH]XOWDWHORUH[DPLQăULORUPHGLFDOHDQXDOHHOHYLLVXQWvPSăU‫܊‬L‫܊‬LvQ
WUHLJUXSHGHHGXFD‫܊‬LHIL]LFă
● grupa de bază±FRSLLL VăQăWR‫܈‬L‫܈‬LFXDEDWHULPRUIRORJLFH ‫܈‬L IXQF‫܊‬LRQDOH
PLQRUHVXILFLHQWSUHJăWL‫܊‬LIL]LF$FH‫܈‬WLFRSLLGHVIă‫܈‬RDUăFXUVXULREOL
JDWRULLVXEIRUPăGHOHF‫܊‬LLGHHGXFD‫܊‬LHIL]LFăFRQIRUPFXUULFXOXPXOXL
VXV‫܊‬LQQRUPDWLYHOHGHFRQWURO‫܈‬LSDUWLFLSăODDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LGHFXOWXUăIL]LFă
‫܈‬LUHFUHHUH'HVIă‫܈‬RDUăDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LVXSOLPHQWDUHDQWUHQDPHQWUHJXODW
vQVHF‫܊‬LLVSRUWLYHSDUWLFLSăODFRPSHWL‫܊‬LLGHGLIHULWHQLYHOHH[FXUVLL‫܈‬L
DFWLYLWă‫܊‬LVSRUWLYHvQDIDUDRUHORU
● grupa pregătitoare±FRSLLFXDEDWHULQHvQVHPQDWHvQVWDUHDGHVăQăWDWH‫܈‬L
LQVXILFLHQWSUHJăWL‫܊‬LIL]LF&RSLLLGLQDFHDVWăJUXSăWUHEXLHVăSDUWL
FLSHODOHF‫܊‬LLGHHGXFD‫܊‬LHIL]LFăvQFRQIRUPLWDWHFXFXUULFXOXPXOGDU
 FXFRQGL‫܊‬LDvQVX‫܈‬LULLWUHSWDWHDFRPSHWHQ‫܊‬HORU‫܈‬LDDELOLWă‫܊‬LORUPRWRULL
6HH[FOXGH[HUFL‫܊‬LLOHFDUHLPSXQHIRUWVSRULWGLQSDUWHDRUJDQLVPXOXL
(LVXV‫܊‬LQXQHOHQRUPDWLYHGHFRQWURO‫܈‬LSDUWLFLSăODDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LGHFXO
WXUăIL]LFă‫܈‬LGHUHFUHHUHVHSRWvQVFULHvQVHF‫܊‬LLJHQHUDOHGHDQWUHQD
PHQWIL]LFODUHFRPDQGDUHDPHGLFXOXLSRWSDUWLFLSDODH[FXUVLL‫܈‬LOD
DFWLYLWă‫܊‬LVSRUWLYHFXFRQWUROPHGLFDODYROXPXOXLGHDFWLYLWDWHIL]LFă
● grupa specială±FRSLL FXDEDWHULVHPQLILFDWLYHGHVăQăWDWH SHUPDQHQWH
VDXWHPSRUDUH/DOHF‫܊‬LLOHGHHGXFD‫܊‬LHIL]LFăFRSLLLGLQDFHDVWăJUXSă
VXQWLQFOX‫܈‬LvQWUXQSURJUDPVSHFLDOFDUHLDvQFRQVLGHUDUHFDUDFWHUXO
‫܈‬LVHYHULWDWHDEROLORUSRWSDUWLFLSDODDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LGHHGXFD‫܊‬LHIL]LFă‫܈‬LUH
FUHHUH/HVXQWUHFRPDQGDWHSOLPEăULMRFXULvQDHUOLEHUGLYHUWLVPHQW
VSRUWLY‫܈‬LPXQFăVRFLDOXWLOăFXUHVSHFWDUHDUHJXOLORUGHDXWRFRQWURO
3RW HIHFWXD LQGLYLGXDO H[HUFL‫܊‬LL IL]LFH OD UHFRPDQGDUHD PHGLFXOXL
$FH‫܈‬WLFRSLLQHFHVLWăFRQWUROPHGLFDODYROXPXOXL]LOQLFGHHIRUWIL]LF
‫܈‬LDGLQDPLFLLVWăULLGHVăQăWDWH
&RSLLLGLQJUXSHOHSULQFLSDOă‫܈‬LSUHJăWLWRDUHVHDQWUHQHD]ăvPSUHXQăQX
PDLFăSHQWUXFHLGLQJUXSDSUHJăWLWRDUHDFWLYLWDWHD‫܈‬LYROXPXOGHVDUFLQLYRUIL
UHGXVHDOHUJDUHDLQWHQVLYăYDILvQORFXLWăFXPHUVXOSHMRV‫܈‬LMRJJLQJX‫܈‬RUQX
PăUXO GH UHSHWăUL DOH H[HUFL‫܊‬LLORU VH YD UHGXFH LDU SHUIRUPDQ‫܊‬D H[HUFL‫܊‬LLORU GH
IRU‫܊‬ăVHYDOLPLWD3HQWUXJUXSDVSHFLDOăOHF‫܊‬LLOHVHRUJDQL]HD]ăvQDIDUDSURJUD
PHL GH vQYă‫܊‬ăPkQW FRQIRUP XQHL SURJUDPH VSHFLDOH GH DQWUHQDPHQW 'XSă
VXSRUWDUHDEROLLFRSLLLWUHEXLHVFXWL‫܊‬LWHPSRUDUGHOHF‫܊‬LLOHGHHGXFD‫܊‬LHIL]LFă




/HF‫܊‬LDHVWHSULQFLSDODXQLWDWHVWUXFWXUDOăDPXQFLLHGXFD‫܊‬LRQDOHvQLQVWLWX‫܊‬L
LOHGHvQYă‫܊‬ăPkQW6WDUHDIXQF‫܊‬LRQDOăD‫܈‬FRODULORUvQSURFHVXOGHvQYă‫܊‬DUHGHSLQGH
GH QLYHOXO UD‫܊‬LRQDOLWă‫܊‬LL LJLHQLFHDOHF‫܊‬LHLGHRDUHFH DMXWă ODPHQ‫܊‬LQHUHDSHUIRU
PDQ‫܊‬HLPHQWDOHODXQQLYHOULGLFDW‫܈‬LODSUHYHQLUHDRERVHOLLSUHPDWXUH
)XQGDPHQWDUHDIL]LRORJLFă‫܈‬LLJLHQLFăDRUJDQL]ăULLSURFHVXOXLHGXFD‫܊‬LRQDO
OD‫܈‬FRDOăVHED]HD]ăSHSULQFLSLLOHELRULWPRORJLHL%LRULWPXULOH]LOQLFHFLUFDGL
HQHVăSWăPkQDOH‫܈‬LDQXDOHDOHIXQF‫܊‬LLORUVLVWHPXOXLQHUYRVFHQWUDOFDUHGHWHU
PLQăvQSULPXOUkQGHILFLHQ‫܊‬DDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LLPHQWDOHDXIRVWLGHQWLILFDWH‫܈‬LVXILFLHQW
VWXGLDWH/DFRSLL ‫܈‬LDGROHVFHQ‫܊‬LELRULWPXULOH VHDIOăvQ VWDGLXO GHIRUPDUHLDU
ULWPXULOHGHYLD‫܊‬ăFRQGL‫܊‬LRQDWHVRFLDOMRDFăXQUROLPSRUWDQWvQIRUPDUHDORU
'LQSXQFWGHYHGHUHDOELRULWPRORJLHLRUJDQL]DUHDRSWLPăDOHF‫܊‬LLORUvQWUR
VLQJXUăWXUăHVWHRSWLPăDWXQFLFkQGVDUFLQDPHQWDOăSULQFLSDOăFDGHvQRUHOHGH
GLPLQHD‫܊‬ă3HQWUXPDMRULWDWHDHOHYLORUDFHDVWDHVWHSHULRDGDFkQGVLVWHPXOQHUYRV
Capitolul V

FHQWUDOIXQF‫܊‬LRQHD]ăvQYROXPGHSOLQLDUFDSDFLWDWHDGHPXQFăHVWHULGLFDWăJD
UDQWkQGVXFFHVvQvQYă‫܊‬DUH
5HJLPXOGHOXFUXDOXQHLLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLGHvQYă‫܊‬ăPkQWHVWHGHWHUPLQDWGHSURJUD
PXOGHvQYă‫܊‬ăPkQWGHFRUHFWLWXGLQHDFăUHLDGHSLQGHSHUIRUPDQ‫܊‬D]LOQLFă‫܈‬LVăSWă
PkQDOăDHOHYLORU/DDOFăWXLUHDDFHVWXLD VH‫܊‬LQHFRQWGHFXUVXOFXUEHL]LOQLFH‫܈‬L
VăSWăPkQDOHDSHUIRUPDQ‫܊‬HLPHQWDOHDHOHYLORUÌQWLPSXO]LOHLSULQFLSDOHOHGLVFL
SOLQHGLILFLOHQRLSUH]HQWDUHDPDWHULDOXOXLQRXOXFUăULOHGHFRQWURODUWUHEXLHIHF
WXDWHODOHF‫܊‬LDDDDDvQPLMORFXOVăSWăPkQLL‫܈‬FRODUHFkQGFXUEDFDSDFLWă‫܊‬LL
GHOXFUXDFRUSXOXLHVWHPD[LPă'LVFLSOLQHOHFDUHQHFHVLWăPXOWWLPSQXWUHEXLH
JUXSDWHvQDFHHD‫܈‬L]LDSURJUDPXOXL‫܈‬FRODU
/DHYDOXDUHDFRQIRUPLWă‫܊‬LLSDUDPHWULORUSURJUDPXOXL‫܈‬FRODUFHULQ‫܊‬HORULJL
HQLFHDWHQ‫܊‬LDVHYDFRQFHQWUDDVXSUDXUPăWRDUHORUFDUDFWHULVWLFLOHF‫܊‬LLOHDUWUHEXL
VăvQFHDSăQXPDLGHYUHPHGHRUDOHF‫܊‬LD]HURHVWHLQWHU]LVăWLPSXORSWLP
SHQWUXvQFHSHUHDOHF‫܊‬LLORUvQSULPDWXUăHVWHvQDGRXDWXUăOHF‫܊‬LLOHSRW
vQFHSHQXPDLWkU]LXGHRUDSHVWHGHPLQXWHGXSăWHUPLQDUHDSULPHL
WXUH‫܈‬LDHULVLUHDORFDOXOXLWLPSGHGHPLQXWH
ÌQLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLOHGHvQYă‫܊‬ăPkQWFDUHOXFUHD]ăvQGRXăVFKLPEXULHOHYLLFODVH
ORU,DD9D‫܈‬LFODVHOHDEVROYHQWHWUHEXLHVăvQYH‫܊‬HvQSULPDWXUă
3HQWUXHOHYLLGLQvQYă‫܊‬ăPkQWXOSULPDUGXUDWDUHFRPDQGDWăDOHF‫܊‬LLORUHVWH
GHGHPLQXWHSHQWUXFHOHODOWHFODVH±GHPLQXWH3DX]HOHPLFLGXUHD]ă
PLQXWHFHOHPDULPLQXWHÌQDOGRLOHDWULPHVWUXVHUHFRPDQGăOHF‫܊‬LL
GHGHPLQXWHvQWULPHVWUHOH‫܈‬L±FkWHOHF‫܊‬LLGHGHPLQXWH
$GRXDSHULRDGăGHFUH‫܈‬WHUHDSHUIRUPDQ‫܊‬HLPHQWDOHvQWLPSXO]LOHLHVWHvQ
LQWHUYDOXORUHORU±FHOPDL EXQPRPHQWSHQWUXSUHJăWLUHDWHPHORUSHQWUX
DFDVă3HQWUXSUHJăWLUHDWHPHORUHOHYXOXLLVHYDDVLJXUDXQORFFRQIRUWDELO‫܈‬LELQH
LOXPLQDWVHYRUHOLPLQDWR‫܊‬LIDFWRULLFDUHSRWGLVWUDJHDWHQ‫܊‬LDHOHYLORU79UDGLR
FRQYHUVD‫܊‬LL]JRPRWRDVH'XSăGHPLQXWHHVWHQHFHVDUăRVFXUWăSDX]ăLDUGXSă
RFXSD‫܊‬LLPDLOXQJLRUHFUHHUHvQDHUOLEHU([SXQHUHDODDHUHVWHRFRPSRQHQWăREOL
JDWRULHDUHJLPXOXL]LOHLXQXL‫܈‬FRODURUHSHQWUXHOHYLLPDLPLFL‫܈‬LRUHSHQWUX
HOHYLLPDLPDUL
(VWHUHFRPDQGDELOFDWLPSXOOLEHUVăILHGXSăSUHJăWLUHDWHPHORUÌQVWUXFWXUD
WLPSXOXLOLEHUSUHYDOHD]ăYL]LRQDUHDSURJUDPHORU‫܈‬LYLGHRFOLSXULORUDGHVHDLQFRQ
WURODELOă'HDFHHDVHUHJOHPHQWHD]ăGXUDWDPD[LPăDYL]LRQăULL79QXPDLPXOW
GHRUăSHQWUXHOHYLPDLPLFL‫܈‬LQXPDLPXOWGHRUHSHQWUXHOHYLPDLPDULGH
RULSHVăSWăPkQă
2FXSD‫܊‬LLOHvQFHUFXUL‫܈‬LDMXWDUHDSăULQ‫܊‬LORUDUWUHEXLVăILHSURSRU‫܊‬LRQDOHFX
FDSDFLWă‫܊‬LOHGHYkUVWăLQWHUHVHOHLQGLYLGXDOHSHUIRUPDQ‫܊‬DDFDGHPLFă‫܈‬LVWDUHDGH
VăQăWDWH DFRSLLORU1XHVWH UHFRPDQGDWăSDUWLFLSDUHD XQXLFRSLOODPDLPXOWGH
GRXăFHUFXULÌQWLPSXOOLEHUFRSLLLDUWUHEXLVăRIHUHDMXWRUIDPLOLHLFXUă‫܊‬HQLHvQ
RGDLHVSăODUHDYHVHOHLvQJULMLUHDSODQWHORU‫܈‬LDQLPDOHORUGHFRPSDQLH
2FRPSRQHQWăLPSRUWDQWăDUHJLPXOXL]LOQLFHVWHVRPQXOGHQRDSWHFXR
GXUDWă VXILFLHQWă FHO SX‫܊‬LQ  RUH SH ]L (OHYLL GLQ FLFOXO SULPDU WUHEXLH Vă
GRDUPă‫܈‬L]LXD$FWLYLWDWHDPHQWDOăLQWHQVăvQWLPSXOH[DPHQHORU‫܈‬LIL]LFăvQ
WLPSXOVSRUWXOXL‫܈‬LvQDOFRPSHWL‫܊‬LLORUvQSHULRDGDGHWRDPQăSULPăYDUăFUH‫܈‬WH
QHYRLDGHVRPQDFRSLOXOXLFXRUH8QFRSLOFXXQVLVWHPQHUYRVVOăELWDUH
QHYRLHGHRGXUDWăPDLPDUHGHVRPQ
1HUHVSHFWDUHD UHJLPXOXL ]LOHL VSHFLILF YkUVWHL GLVFUHSDQ‫܊‬D GLQWUH VDUFLQD
PHQWDOă‫܈‬LFDUDFWHULVWLFLOHLQGLYLGXDOHDOHFRSLOXOXLRUJDQL]DUHDQHFRUHVSXQ]ă
WRDUHDDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LORUGXFODGHVLQFURQR]ă‫܈‬LVXSUDVROLFLWDUH

Adaptarea copiilor la școală 

$GPLWHUHDFRSLLORUOD‫܈‬FRDOăHVWHvQVR‫܊‬LWăGHRVFKLPEDUHSURQXQ‫܊‬DWăDVWH
UHRWLSXOXLGLQDPLF‫܈‬LDFRQGL‫܊‬LLORUGHYLD‫܊‬ăVWDELOLWHDQWHULRUGHFXQRD‫܈‬WHUHDGH
QRLFRSLL‫܈‬LDGXO‫܊‬L$FHVWHVFKLPEăULQHFHVLWăPRELOL]DUHDPHFDQLVPHORUDGDSWLYH
FDUHODFRSLLWRFPDLVHIRUPHD]ăÌQSURFHVXOGHDGDSWDUHVRFLDOăvQWURLQVWLWX‫܊‬LH
GH vQYă‫܊‬ăPkQW PDMRULWDWHD FRSLLORU H[SHULPHQWHD]ă PRGLILFăUL vQ DFWLYLWDWHD
PXOWRURUJDQH‫܈‬LVLVWHPHvQSULPXOUkQGDVLVWHPXOXLQHUYRVFHQWUDO([FLWDELOL
WDWHDFHOXOHORUFRUWLFDOHFUH‫܈‬WHLQWHUDF‫܊‬LXQHDGLQWUHSULPXO‫܈‬LDOGRLOHDVLVWHPGH
VHPQDOL]DUHVHGHUHJOHD]ăVHPRGLILFăVHFUH‫܊‬LDKRUPRQLORUFRUWH[XOXLVXSUDUHQDO
DSDU‫܈‬LDOWHPDQLIHVWăULDOHvQFRUGăULLDGDSWLYH/DPDLPXOWGHMXPăWDWHGLQWUHHOH
YLLGLQFODVD,VHPRGLILFăUHDF‫܊‬LLOHHPR‫܊‬LRQDOH‫܈‬LFRPSRUWDPHQWDOH'HVWXOGHGHV
DSDUDJLWD‫܊‬LLPRWRULLFUHVFXWHPRELOLWDWHH[FHVLYăVDXGLPSRWULYăOHWDUJLHGLVWUD
JHUH‫܈‬LGLILFXOWă‫܊‬LGHFRQFHQWUDUHGLVWUDJHULIUHFYHQWHvQWLPSXOOHF‫܊‬LLORU‫܈‬LRERVHDOă
VSRULWă/DXQLLFRSLLVHGHUHJOHD]ăVRPQXO‫܈‬LDSHWLWXOUH]LVWHQ‫܊‬DJHQHUDOăVFDGH
'DFăSHGDJRJLL‫܈‬LSăULQ‫܊‬LLUHVSHFWăvQPRGVLVWHPDWLFUHJLPXOFUHHD]ăXQ
PHGLXFDOP‫܈‬LSULHWHQRVvQVDODGHFODVă‫܈‬LvQIDPLOLHRIHUăFRQGL‫܊‬LLSHQWUXRUH
VRPQRGLKQDFRSLOXOXLDWXQFLEXQăVWDUHDPHQWDOă‫܈‬LIL]LFăDFRSLLORUHVWHVWDEL
OL]DWă
ÌQSHULRDGDWULPHVWUHORU‫܈‬LDOHDQXOXL‫܈‬FRODUFRPSRUWDPHQWXOPDMRULWă‫܊‬LL
FRSLLORUVHQRUPDOL]HD]ă/DXQLLFRSLLUHDF‫܊‬LLOHQHYURWLFHPRGHUDWSURQXQ‫܊‬DWHGX
UHD]ăPDLPXOWWLPS ‫܈‬L VXQWvQVR‫܊‬LWHGHDVWHQL]DUHVHYHUăIUHFYHQ‫܊‬ăPDLPDUHD
WXOEXUăULORUVRPDWRYHJHWDWLYHVHGH]YROWăVLQGURPXOKLSHUGLQDPLFDSDUPL‫܈‬FăUL
REVHVLYH‫܈‬LGLYHUVHWHPHUL&RUHF‫܊‬LDVLVWHPLFăPHGLFDOă‫܈‬LSVLKRORJRSHGDJRJLFă
FRQWULEXLHODDGDSWDUHDPDLUDSLGăDFRSLLORUOD‫܈‬FRDOă&DXUPDUHDUHVWUXFWXUăULL
IXQF‫܊‬LLORURUJDQHORU‫܈‬LVLVWHPHORUVHUHVWDELOH‫܈‬WHQLYHOXOGHKRPHRVWD]ăWLSLFSHQWUX
FRSLOFHHDFHvLDVLJXUăH[LVWHQ‫܊‬DRSWLPăvQQRXOPHGLXPLFURVRFLDO
'LVSRQLELOLWDWHDFRSLLORUGHDPHUJHOD‫܈‬FRDOăvQFHSHVăILHGLDJQRVWLFDWă
FXXQDQvQDLQWHGH‫܈‬FRDOăvQWLPSXOH[DPHQXOXLPHGLFDODSURIXQGDWSHQWUXD
LGHQWLILFDWXOEXUăULOHGHVăQăWDWH‫܈‬LEROLOHQHYRLD‫܈‬LYROXPXOSRVLELOHORUUHFXSH
UăUL‫܈‬LWUDWDPHQWHDOHFRSLLORU*UDGXOGHSUHJăWLUHHVWHGHWHUPLQDWGHRFRPELQD
‫܊‬LHGHFULWHULLPHGLFDOHSVLKRORJLFH‫܈‬LSHGDJRJLFH
Pregătit pentru școală HVWHFRSLOXOD FăUXL YkUVWă ELRORJLFăFRUHVSXQGHVDX
GHSă‫܈‬H‫܈‬WHYkUVWDFDOHQGDULVWLFăQXVXSRUWăEROLFURQLFHVDXGHOXQJăGX
UDWăQXSUH]LQWăX‫܈‬RDUHDEDWHULIXQF‫܊‬LRQDOHvQVăQăWDWHDQHXURSVLKLFă
HIHFWXHD]ăWHVWXO.HUQ,UDVHNFXQRWDÄPDWXU´ÄPDWXUDUHD$´VHvP
EROQăYH‫܈‬WHRFD]LRQDOQXPDLPXOWGHRULSHDQ(YDOXDUHDFRPSOH[ă
Capitolul V

LQFOXGHFRSLOXOvQJUXSHOHGHVăQăWDWH,‫܈‬L,,&RSLOXOVWăSkQH‫܈‬WHFXVXFFHV
SURJUDPD GH JUăGLQL‫܊‬ă 1LYHOXO GH GH]YROWDUH LQWHOHFWXDOă FRUHVSXQGH
YkUVWHL
Pregătit condiționat pentru școalăHVWHFRSLOXODFăUXLYkUVWăELRORJLFăUăPkQH
vQXUPDYkUVWHLFDOHQGDULVWLFHVDXFDUHDUHRERDOăFURQLFăvQVWDGLXOGH
UHPLVLHVWDELOăUH]LVWHQ‫܊‬DRUJDQLVPXOXLHVWHUHGXVă'LQSDUWHDVIHUHLQH
XURSVLKLFHSRWH[LVWDGLYHUVHGLVIXQF‫܊‬LLvQ VWDGLXO GH FRPSHQVDUHVDX
vQWkU]LHUHPLQWDOăX‫܈‬RDUă&RSLOXOHIHFWXHD]ăXQWHVWSVLKRPRWRUFXQRWD
ÄPDWXUDUHD%´VHLQFOXGHvQJUXSDGHVăQăWDWH,,‫܈‬L,,,VWăSkQH‫܈‬WHVDWLV
IăFăWRU SURJUDPD GH JUăGLQL‫܊‬ă DUH LQGLFDWRUL UHGX‫܈‬L GH GH]YROWDUH D
IXQF‫܊‬LLORULQWHOHFWXDOH
Nu este pregătit pentru învățare FRSLOXO FDUH GXSă VWDUHD GH VăQăWDWH HVWH
DWULEXLWODJUXSDD,9DVDXDUHPRUELGLWDWHULGLFDWăEROQDYGHVDXPDL
PXOWH RUL SH DQvQWkU]LHUHPLQWDOăGH]YROWDUHD JkQGLULLDWHQ‫܊‬LHL‫܈‬L D
DOWRU IXQF‫܊‬LL SVLKRPRWRUL ‫܈‬L FDUDFWHULVWLFL SHGDJRJLFH QHVDWLVIăFăWRDUH
SHQWUXVWăSkQLUHDSURJUDPHLGHJUăGLQL‫܊‬ă
ÌQ OLVWD FULWHULLORU PHGLFDOH SHQWUX GLVSRQLELOLWDWHD ÄIXQF‫܊‬LLORU SULRULWDUH
‫܈‬FRODUH´XQHOHGLQWUHFHOHPDLLPSRUWDQWHVXQWQLYHOXOGHRVLILFDUHDRDVHORUvQ
FKHLHWXULLPkLQLLGH]YROWDUHDDELOLWă‫܊‬LORUPRWRULLILQHDOHPkLQLORU‫܈‬LDIXQF‫܊‬LLORU
PLQWDOH VWUkQV OHJDWH ÌQ FHUFHWDUHD LJLHQLFă HVWH XWLOL]DW SH VFDUă ODUJă WHVWXO
.HUQ,UDVHN
'LDJQRVWLFXOSUHJăWLULLSHQWUX‫܈‬FRDOăGXSăXQVHWGHFULWHULLDMXWăODRSWLPL
]DUHDUHFUXWăULLHOHYLORUvQFODVHOHSULPDUHDOHJHUHDRS‫܊‬LXQLLXQHLLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLSHQWUX
ILHFDUHFRSLO‫܈‬LRDERUGDUHGLIHUHQ‫܊‬LDWăDSURFHVXOXLGHSUHGDUHvQYă‫܊‬DUHGHRVHELW
GHLPSRUWDQWFkQGYkUVWDGHLQWUDUHOD‫܈‬FRDOăHVWHUHGXVă

Cerințe igienice față de mobilierul școlar 

ÌQFRUGDUHDVWDWLFăHVWHRSDUWHVHPQLILFDWLYăDVDUFLQLL‫܈‬FRODUHJHQHUDOHDFR
SLLORU$SDUHFDUH]XOWDWDOSR]L‫܊‬LHLIRU‫܊‬DWH‫܈‬LQHPL‫܈‬FDWHDFRUSXOXLSHWRWSDUFXUVXO
OHF‫܊‬LHLÌQFRUGDUHDVWDWLFă SRDWHILUHGXVăSULQ PHQ‫܊‬LQHUHDHOHYLORUvQSRVWXUD GH
OXFUXFRUHFWăFHHDFHQHFHVLWăVHOHFWDUHDPRELOLHUXOXLDGHFYDW0RELOLHUXOUD‫܊‬LRQDO
GLQLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLOHGHvQYă‫܊‬ăPkQWWUHEXLHVăSURWHMH]HVăQăWDWHDHOHYLORU‫܈‬LVăVSRUHDVFă
HILFDFLWDWHDSURFHVHORUHGXFD‫܊‬LRQDOH‫܈‬LSHGDJRJLFH0RELOLHUXOSHQWUXFRSLLFDUH
vQGHSOLQH‫܈‬WHFHULQ‫܊‬HOHLJLHQLFHFRQWULEXLHODGH]YROWDUHDIL]LFăDUPRQLRDVăDFR
SLLORUODIRUPDUHDXQHLSRVWXULFRUHFWHODFRQVHUYDUHDSHWHUPHQOXQJDFDSDFL
Wă‫܊‬LLGHPXQFăODSUHYHQLUHDGHILFLHQ‫܊‬HORUGHYHGHUH‫܈‬LDWXOEXUăULORUODQLYHOXO
VLVWHPXOXLPXVFXORVFKHOHWDO
3ULQFLSDOHOH WLSXUL GH PRELOLHU ‫܈‬FRODU LQFOXG PHVH VFDXQH EăQFL WDEOă
PHVHGHODERUDWRUXWLODMHHWF0RELOLHUXOWUHEXLHVăILHDFFHVLELOSHQWUXFXUă‫܊‬DUH
VăDLEăRVXSUDID‫܊‬ăQHWHGăFXPDUJLQLURWXQMLWHLDUGHVLJQXOORUVăH[FOXGăSRVL
ELOLWDWHDUăQLULLFRSLLORUvQWLPSXOOHF‫܊‬LLORU‫܈‬LUHFUHD‫܊‬LLORU3URLHFWDUHDH[WHULRDUăD
PRELOLHUXOXLWUHEXLHVăILHDWUDFWLYăLDUFRQVWUXF‫܊‬LDSXWHUQLFăVWDELOăVLPSOă‫܈‬L
GHvQFUHGHUH
 3ULQFLSDOXOLQGLFDWRUXWLOL]DWvQVHOHFWDUHDPRELOLHUXOXLHVWHvQăO‫܊‬LPHDHOH
YLORUDVWIHOFHULQ‫܊‬DLJLHQLFăSULQFLSDOăSHQWUXPHQ‫܊‬LQHUHDSRVWXULLUD‫܊‬LRQDOHIL]L
RORJLFHHVWHFRUHVSXQGHUHDGLPHQVLXQLLPRELOLHUXOXLFXvQăO‫܊‬LPHD‫܈‬LSURSRU‫܊‬LLOH
FRUSXOXLFRSLOXOXLDGLFăFXGDWHOHDQWURSRPHWULFHDOHFRSLLORUFDUHDXRGH]YRO
WDUHIL]LFăQRUPDOă1HSRWULYLUHDPRELOLHUXOXLFXvQăO‫܊‬LPHDFRSLLORUQHSRWULYLUHD
vQWUHPDVă‫܈‬LVFDXQSRDWHGXFHODvQFRUGDUHDQHXQLIRUPă‫܈‬LRERVHDODGLIHULWHORU
JUXSHGHPX‫܈‬FKL$SDUHDVLPHWULDPXVFXODUăXQDGLQWUHFDX]HOHGLIHULWRUWLSXUL
GHWXOEXUăULGHSRVWXUă6FDXQHOHQHFRUHVSXQ]ăWRDUHGHWHUPLQăRERVHDODPDLUD
SLGăDHOHYLORUVFăGHUHDDWHQ‫܊‬LHL‫܈‬LSHUIRUPDQ‫܊‬HL1HUHVSHFWDUHDGLVWDQ‫܊‬HLRSWLPH
GLQWUHFDUWH‫܈‬LRFKLFRQWULEXLHODGH]YROWDUHDPLRSLHL
3URFHVXOHGXFD‫܊‬LRQDOHVWHDVRFLDWFXvQFRUGDUHPHQWDOă‫܈‬LIL]LFă/HF‫܊‬LLOHOD
XQELURXODRPDVăGHGHVHQODXQVWUXQJGHOXFUXVXQWDVRFLDWHFXRDQXPLWă
SR]L‫܊‬LHDFRUSXOXLvQSULQFLSDOVWDWLFăFDUHSURYRDFăWHQVLXQHvQPX‫܈‬FKLLVSDWH
OXLJkWXOXLDEGRPHQXOXLPHPEUHORU
3R]L‫܊‬LLOHFXRX‫܈‬RDUăvQFOLQDUHDFDSXOXLVXQWPDLEHQHILFHvQFHHDFHSUL
YH‫܈‬WHVWDWLFD‫܈‬LELRPHFDQLFDGLQFDX]DIOXFWXD‫܊‬LHLPDLVODEHDFHQWUXOXLGHJUHXWDWH
ÌQWLPSXOvQFOLQăULORUPDULVHLPSOLFăPX‫܈‬FKLLVXSOLPHQWDULSXOVXOVHDFFHOHUHD]ă
VFDGHDPSOLWXGLQHDUHVSLUD‫܊‬LHLHVWHSRVLELOăDIHFWDUHDYHGHULLvQIOX[XOVDQJYLQ
DOSLFLRDUHORU‫܈‬LSHOYLVXOXLPLFDSDUHFRQJHVWLDLDUGLVFXULOHLQWHUYHUWHEUDOHVXQW
FRPSULPDWH
&DUDFWHULVWLFLOH GH YkUVWă DOH SR]L‫܊‬LHL ‫܈‬H]kQGH VXQW DVRFLDWH FX SDUDPHWULL
DQDWRPRIL]LRORJLFLDLFRUSXOXL&RQVWUXF‫܊‬LDPDLSX‫܊‬LQSHUIHFWăDDSDUDWXOXLQHX
URPXVFXODUODYkUVWD‫܈‬FROLLSULPDUHH[SOLFăGLILFXOWă‫܊‬LOHvQGHSă‫܈‬LUHDVDUFLQLORUVWD
WLFHFKLDU‫܈‬LODRSR]L‫܊‬LHPDLYHUWLFDOăDFRUSXOXL$‫܈‬H]DUHDHOHYXOXLvQEDQFăHVWH
FRQVLGHUDWăUD‫܊‬LRQDOăGDFăGLVWDQ‫܊‬DGHODRFKLLHOHYXOXLSkQăODPDVăHVWHvQPHGLH
GHFP2ELHFWHOHvQFDX]ăDUWUHEXLVăILHODRGLVWDQ‫܊‬ăGHOXQJLPHDDQWHEUD‫܊‬XOXL
‫܈‬LDPkLQLLFXGHJHWHOHvQWLQVH
3ULQFLSDOHOHGLPHQVLXQLDOHEăQFLL‫܈‬FRODUHPHVHLGHOXFUXVXQWGLVWDQ‫܊‬D‫܈‬L
GLIHUHQ‫܊‬DDistanțaHVWHGLVWDQ‫܊‬DSHRUL]RQWDOăvQWUHPDUJLQHDGLQID‫܊‬ăDPHVHL‫܈‬L
PDUJLQHDGLQVSDWHDVFDXQXOXLLDUdiferența GLVWDQ‫܊‬DSHYHUWLFDOăGHODVSDWHOH
PHVHLSkQăODVFDXQ$FHDVWDHVWHHJDOăFXGLIHUHQ‫܊‬DGHvQăO‫܊‬LPHDVFDXQXOXL‫܈‬LD
FRWXOXLEUD‫܊‬XOXLFRERUkWOLEHUFXDGăXJDUHDGHFPFHHDFHRIHUăXQUDSRUW
IDYRUDELODOXQJKLXOXLGHvQFOLQDUHDOFRUSXOXL'LVWDQ‫܊‬DRSWLPăDEăQFLL‫܈‬FRODUH
HVWHFHDQHJDWLYăDGLFăVFDXQXOWUHFHSHVWHPDUJLQHDPHVHLFXFP([LVWă
DOWHWLSXULGHGLVWDQ‫܊‬ă±]HUR‫܈‬LSR]LWLYăDistanța zeroHVWHFRQVLGHUDWăDFFHSWD
ELOăLDUdistanța pozitivăQHGRULWăGHRDUHFHvQDFHVWFD]HOHYXOHVWHREOLJDWVăVH
DSOHFHvQDLQWH‫܈‬LVăvQGRDLHFRUSXOFHHDFHGXFHODFXUEDUHDFRORDQHLYHUWHEUDOH
FLIR]ă'LVWDQ‫܊‬DSR]LWLYăIDFHLPSRVLELOăXWLOL]DUHDVSăWDUXOXLVFDXQXOXLFDVX
SRUWFHHDFHGXFHODGH]YROWDUHDPDLUDSLGăDRERVHOLL
%ăQFLOHPHVHOH‫܈‬LVFDXQHOHWUHEXLHDUDQMDWHvQFODVăvQJUXSXULFHOHPDL
PLFL±PDLDSURDSHGHWDEOăPDUL±PDLGHSDUWHSHQWUXFRSLLLFXDFXLWDWHYL]XDOă
‫܈‬LDX]UHGXVHPHVHOHLQGLIHUHQWGHPăULPHDORUVXQWD‫܈‬H]DWHvQID‫܊‬ă&RSLLLD
Capitolul V

FăURUDFXLWDWHYL]XDOăDIRVWFRUHFWDWăSRWVWDvQRULFHUkQG(OHYLLFXEROLUHXPD
WLFH‫܈‬LFDUHVXIHUăDGHVHDGH EROLLQIODPDWRULLDFXWHDPLJGDOLWă LQIHF‫܊‬LL YLUDOH
UHVSLUDWRULLDFXWHHWFDUWUHEXLD‫܈‬H]D‫܊‬LPDLGHSDUWHGHIHUHVWUH'HFHOSX‫܊‬LQRUL
SHSDUFXUVXODQXOXL‫܈‬FRODUHOHYLLFDUHVWDXvQUkQGXULOH‫܈‬LVXQWVFKLPED‫܊‬L
FXORFXULOHIăUăDvQFăOFDFRUHVSXQGHUHDPRELOLHUXOXLFXvQăO‫܊‬LPHDHOHYLORU
ÌQ VăOLOH GH FODVă FX FRQILJXUD‫܊‬LH ORQJLWXGLQDOă EăQFLOH VDX PHVHOH VXQW
LQVWDODWHSHUkQGXULGHDOXQJXOSHUHWHOXLH[WHULRUOXPLQRV'LVWDQ‫܊‬DGLQWUHSH
UHWHOH H[WHULRU DO FDPHUHL ‫܈‬L SULPXO UkQG GH EăQFL PHVH DU WUHEXL Vă ILH GH
POă‫܊‬LPHDFXORDUHORUGLQWUHUkQGXUL±PGLVWDQ‫܊‬DGLQWUHSHUHWHOH
LQWHULRU‫܈‬LDOWUHLOHDUkQGGHEăQFL±P‫܈‬LGHODSHUHWHOHGLQVSDWHSkQăODEăQFL
±P'LVWDQ‫܊‬DGHODWDEOăSkQăODSULPHOHEăQFL‫܈‬FRODUHHVWHGHP
‫܈‬LQXPDLPXOWGHPSkQăODXOWLPDEDQFăFHDPDLPDUHvQGHSăUWDUHDORFXOXL
HOHYXOXLGHIHUHVWUHQXWUHEXLHVăGHSă‫܈‬HDVFăP
ÌQVăOLOHGHFODVăFXRFRQILJXUD‫܊‬LHSăWUDWă‫܈‬LWUDQVYHUVDOăPRELOLHUXOHVWH
DUDQMDWvQUkQGXUL&XDFHVWDUDQMDPHQWGLVWDQ‫܊‬DGHODWDEOăDSULPHORUEăQFLDU
WUHEXL Vă ILH GHFHO SX‫܊‬LQ  P GH ODIHUHVWUH SkQă OD SULPXO UkQG GHEăQFL ±
POă‫܊‬LPHDSDVDMXOXLGLQWUHUkQGXUL±PGHODXOWLPHOHEăQFLLPHVH
SkQăODGXODSXULOHVLWXDWHGHDOXQJXOSHUHWHOXLGLQVSDWH±P
*UXSXULOHGHPRELOLHUDXPDUFDMHGLQIDEULFăGHVHPQDUHDQXPHULFă‫܈‬LGH
VHPQDUHDFRUHVSXQ]ăWRDUHSULQFXORUL$FHVWPDUFDMVHDSOLFăSHSDUWHDLQIHULRDUă
DVXSUDIH‫܊‬HLPHVHL‫܈‬LDVFDXQXOXL1XPăUXOPHVHLVDXVFDXQXOXLHVWHvQQXPăUă
WRULDUvQăO‫܊‬LPHDFRSLLORUHVWHvQQXPLWRUXOIUDF‫܊‬LHLGHH[HPSOX0DU
FDMXO VXSOLPHQWDU SULQ FXORUL VH DSOLFă VXE IRUPD XQXL FHUF FX GLDPHWUXO GH
PPSHVXSUDIH‫܊‬HOHODWHUDOHDOHPHVHL‫܈‬LDOHVFDXQXOXL

Cerințe igienice față de manualele școlare 

2ULFHSHUVRDQăLQFOXVLYFRSLLLSULPHVFFHDPDLPDUHSDUWHDLQIRUPD‫܊‬LLORU
vQSURFHVXOGHFLWLUHGH‫܈‬LDXDSăUXWQRLPRGDOLWă‫܊‬L‫܈‬LPLMORDFHGHLQIRUPDUH‫܈‬LGH
DVLPLODUHDFXQR‫܈‬WLQ‫܊‬HORU/D‫܈‬FRDOă‫܈‬LDFDVăOHFWXUDUăPkQHSULQFLSDOXOWLSGH
DFWLYLWDWHGHvQYă‫܊‬DUHLQIOXHQ‫܊‬kQGQLYHOHOHGHvQFRUGDUHPHQWDOăYL]XDOă‫܈‬LVWD
WLFăSUHFXP‫܈‬LSRVLELOLWDWHDGHDGH]YROWDPLRSLHGHDFHHDWUHEXLHUHJOHPHQWDWă
GXUDWDPRGXO‫܈‬LFRQGL‫܊‬LLOHGHFLWLUH
Condiții optime de citire
● GLPHQVLXQHDPRELOLHUXOXLWUHEXLHVăFRUHVSXQGăLQGLFDWRULORUGHYkUVWă
‫܈‬LGHvQăO‫܊‬LPHDLFRSLLORU
● XWLOL]DUHDXQXLVXSRUWSHQWUXFDUWHODXQXQJKLGHƒID‫܊‬ăGHRUL]RQWDOă
● LOXPLQDUHDVXILFLHQWăDVXSUDIH‫܊‬HLGHOXFUXFXOăPSLIOXRUHVFHQWH±QX
PDLSX‫܊‬LQGHO[
&DUWHDFDRWRWDOLWDWHGHFDUDFWHUH‫܈‬LGHOLWHUHWLSăULWHHVWHXQLULWDQWYL]XDO
‫܈‬LSULQXUPDUHSULQFLSDOHOHFHULQ‫܊‬HSHQWUXGHVLJQXOH[WHUQDOXQHLFăU‫܊‬LVXQWYL
]LELOLWDWHD ‫܈‬L OL]LELOLWDWHD WH[WXOXL vQ‫܊‬HOHVH FD SURGXFWLYLWDWH PD[LPă vQ WLPSXO
PXQFLLSUHOXQJLWHDRUJDQXOXLYL]XDOFXvQFRUGDUH‫܈‬LRERVHDOăPLQLPă/L]LELOL
WDWHDWH[WXOXLHVWHGHWHUPLQDWăGHGLPHQVLXQHD‫܈‬LGHGHVLJQXOIRQWXOXLGHOXQJL
PHDUkQGXOXLGHVSD‫܊‬LHUHDUkQGXULORU‫܈‬LDOLWHUHORUGHGLPHQVLXQHDPDUJLQLORU‫܈‬L
GHvQFOLQDUHDVHWXOXL+kUWLDPDQXDOHORUWUHEXLHVăRIHUHREXQăYL]LELOLWDWHDWH[
WXOXLWLSăULWVăFRQWULEXLHODRVWDUHVDQLWDUăVDWLVIăFăWRDUHDFăU‫܊‬LLDGLFăVăILH
VLJXUGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHHSLGHPLRORJLF7H[WXOLPSULPDWDOPDQXDOHORUWUHEXLH
VăILHFODUQHJUXLQWHQV‫܈‬LXQLIRUP
3HQWUXWLWOXULGHVHPQDUHDHOHPHQWHORUVWUXFWXUDOHDOHPDQXDOXOXLFRQFOX
]LL‫܈‬LUHJXOLHYLGHQ‫܊‬LHUHDFXYLQWHORULQGLYLGXDOHSRWILXWLOL]DWHHOHPHQWHGHIRU
PXOHYRSVHOHDOEDVWUH‫܈‬LUR‫܈‬LLIRQWQHJUXSHRSODFăvQJDOEHQSRUWRFDOLX
YHUGHGHVFKLV‫܈‬LDOEDVWUXGHVFKLV
/HJDUHDPDQXDOHORU WUHEXLH Vă ILH GXUDELOă GLQ PDWHULDOH PLQLP H[SXVH
FRQWDPLQăULLLQFOXVLYVLQWHWLFH*UHXWDWHDPDQXDOHORUSHQWUXR]LGH‫܈‬FRDOăIăUă
JUHXWDWHDUXFVDFXOXLVDXDVHUYLHWHL‫܈‬LDPDWHULDOHORUGHVFULVQXWUHEXLHVăGHSă
‫܈‬HDVFăQRUPHOHDGPLVHSHQWUXWUDQVSRUWDUHDJUHXWă‫܊‬LORUODRGLVWDQ‫܊‬ăGHSkQăOD
NPGHFăWUHHOHYLFODVHOHD±NJD±NJD±NJ
D±NJ




(GXFD‫܊‬LD GH FDOLWDWH UHSUH]LQWă XQXO GLQ FHOH  2ELHFWLYH *OREDOH DOH
$JHQGHLGH'H]YROWDUH'XUDELOă±2ELHFWLYXO(GXFD‫܊‬LHGHFDOLWDWHSR
WULYLWFăUHLDDERUGDUHDLQIUDVWUXFWXULLHGXFDĠLRQDOHSULQSULVPDDFFHVLELOLWăĠLLúL
FRUHVSXQGHULL SDUWLFXODULWăĠLORU FRSLLORU ‫܈‬L WLQHULORU LQGLIHUHQW GH YDULD‫܊‬LLOH vQ
IXQFĠLHGHJHQGHVWDUHDVăQăWăĠLLGHPHGLXOGHUHúHGLQĠăHWFHVWHFUXFLDOă'RDU
vQDFHVWHFRQGL‫܊‬LLYRUILUHVSHFWDWHGUHSWXULOHFRSLOXOXLVWLSXODWHvQ&RQYHQ‫܊‬LD,Q
WHUQD‫܊‬LRQDOăGLQ
3URLHFWDUHDSODQLILFDUHD‫܈‬LFRQVWUXF‫܊‬LDvQFRUHVSXQGHUHFXFHULQ‫܊‬HOHLJLH
QLFH SRDWH FRQWULEXL VLP‫܊‬LWRUOD VSRULUHDQLYHOXOXL GH VLJXUDQ‫܊‬ă ‫܈‬L GH LQFOX]LXQH
‫܈‬FRODUăODUHGXFHUHDQLYHOXOXLGHvPEROQăYLUHSULQEROLWUDQVPLVLELOHLQIHF‫܊‬LRDVH
DFFLGHQWH‫܈‬LWUDXPDWLVPHODVSRULUHDQLYHOXOXLGHDFFHVLELOLWDWHSULQFUH‫܈‬WHUHDQL
YHOXOXLGHLQWHUHV‫܈‬LGHDWUDF‫܊‬LHID‫܊‬ăGHVWXGLLODvPEXQăWă‫܊‬LUHDSHUIRUPDQ‫܊‬HL‫܈‬FR
ODUHODVSRULUHDUDWHLGHDEVROYLUHODUHGXFHUHDDEVHQWHLVPXOXL‫܈‬FRODUODFUHDUHD
XQXLVHQWLPHQWGHFRPXQLWDWH‫܈‬LGHDUPRQLHHWF
,QVWLWX‫܊‬LLOHGHvQYă‫܊‬ăPkQWVXQWLQGLVSHQVDELOHvQSURFHVXOGHFUH‫܈‬WHUH‫܈‬LGH
GH]YROWDUH IL]LFRSVLKRVRFLDOă DFRSLLORU ‫܈‬L D WLQHULORU 3ULQ XUPDUH SHUFHS‫܊‬LD
ID‫܊‬ăGHFXOWXUD‫܈‬LGHPHGLXODPELDQWQHFHVLWăRSURHPLQHQ‫܊‬ă‫܊‬LQkQGFRQWGHSULQ
FLSLLOHGHSURLHFWDUHGHSODQLILFDUH‫܈‬LGHFRQVWUXF‫܊‬LHDLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLORUGHvQYă‫܊‬ăPkQW
Capitolul V

$FHVWIDSWSRDWHFRQWULEXLODIRUPDUHD‫܈‬LODIRUWLILFDUHDVHQWLPHQWXOXLGHLGHQWL
WDWHSUHFXP‫܈‬LODSURPRYDUHDDSDUWHQHQ‫܊‬HLODJUXS
3RVLELOLWă‫܊‬LOHGHSURLHFWDUH‫܈‬LGHSODQLILFDUHDLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLORUSULHWHQRDVHFRSL
LORU‫܈‬LWLQHULORUYDULD]ăvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGH‫܊‬DUă‫܈‬LGHDULDJHRJUDILFă$VWIHOVHSXQH
DFFHQWXOSHXWLOL]DUHDPDWHULDOHORUGHFRQVWUXF‫܊‬LHORFDOH‫܈‬LSHDELOLWă‫܊‬LOHDUWL]DQDOH
DOHORFXLWRULORUXQHLFRPXQLWă‫܊‬LIăUăDWUHFHFXYHGHUHDVWDQGDUGHOHWHKQLFHSHQ
WUXHGLILFDUHDLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLORUGHvQYă‫܊‬ăPkQW
/D VWDELOLUHDSULQFLSLLORUGHSURLHFWDUHGH SODQLILFDUH ‫܈‬L GHFRQVWUXF‫܊‬LH D
LQVWLWX‫܊‬LLORUSHQWUXFRSLL‫܈‬LWLQHUHWHVWHQHFHVDUVăVH‫܊‬LQăFRQWGHHOHPHQWHOHGH
ED]ăVLJXUDQ‫܊‬D‫܈‬LVăQăWDWHD$FHVWHHOHPHQWHWUHEXLHDERUGDWHDGHFYDWSHQWUXFD
LQVWLWX‫܊‬LDGHvQYă‫܊‬ăPkQWVăRIHUHXQPHGLXGHLQVWUXLUHDUPRQLRV‫܈‬LFRUHVSXQ]ăWRU
FHULQ‫܊‬HORULJLHQLFH

Cerințe igienice față de terenul instituțiilor pentru copii și tineret 

,QVWLWX‫܊‬LDGHvQYă‫܊‬ăPkQWVHDPSODVHD]ăSHXQVHFWRUSURSULXGLVWDQĠDWGH
PDJLVWUDOHúLGHvQWUHSULQGHUL'LVWDQĠDGHODFOăGLUHSkQăODVWUDGăWUHEXLHVăILH
GHPLQLPPvQORFDOLWăĠLOHUXUDOHSRDWHILPLFúRUDWăSkQăODP'LVWDQĠD
GHODIHUHVWUHOHvQFăSHULORUGHLQVWUXLUHúLSkQăODFOăGLULOHGLQYHFLQăWDWHWUHEXLH
VăILHGHPLQLPvQăOĠLPLDOHFOăGLULLGHYL]DYLÌQPHGLXOUXUDOFDVHOHLQGLYL
GXDOHvQFăSHULOHSHQWUXDQLPDOHHGLILFLLOHVRFLDOHVHYRUDPSODVDODPLQLPXP
PGHODFOăGLUHDúFROLL
7RDWHGUXPXULOHFăLOHGHFLUFXODĠLHWUHEXLHVăILHSDYDWH6HFWRUXOLQVWLWX
‫܊‬LHLWUHEXLHVăDLEăOXPLQăDUWLILFLDOă1LYHOXODSHLVXEWHUDQHWUHEXLHVăILHODP
PDLMRVGHIXQGDPHQWXOFOăGLULL6ROXOWUHEXLHVăILHXVFDW
6HLQWHU]LFHIRORVLUHDFOăGLULORUúLDWHULWRULXOXLLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLORUSHQWUXFRSLL‫܈‬L
WLQHUHWvQDOWHVFRSXULvQWUHSULQGHULGHSURGXFHUHRILFLLGHSR]LWHHWF
3HWHUHQXOLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLORUSHQWUXFRSLL‫܈‬LWLQHUHWYRUILDPSODVDWHXUPăWRDUHOH
]RQHVSRUWLYăGHRGLKQăORWH[SHULPHQWDOúLGHJRVSRGăULH
Zona sportivăQXWUHEXLHVăVHDIOHGLQSDUWHDIHUHVWUHORUFODVHORU6HYDDPSODVD
OD  P GH OD FDVHOH GH ORFXLW ‫܈‬L VH YD vQJUăGL FX XQ JDUG GH  P
vQăOĠLPHÌQYHOL‫܈‬XOVHFWRDUHORUVSRUWLYHSRDWHILGLQLDUEăGLQOHPQVDX
GLQFDXFLXFLDUWHUHQXOVSRUWLYFRPELQDWSRDWHILDVIDOWDW6HYDDVLJXUD
QLYHODUHDSHUPDQHQWăDVHFWRDUHORUVSRUWLYHSHQWUXDH[FOXGHWUDXPD
WLVPXO
Zona de odihnăHVWHGHVWLQDWăSHQWUXRUJDQL]DUHDMRFXULORUúLDRGLKQHL7HUH
QXO GH MRF WUHEXLH Vă ILH DPHQDMDW FX HFKLSDPHQW ‫܈‬L XWLODM GHVWLQDW
MRFXULORUVSRUWLYH
Zona de gospodărieVHYDDPSODVDvQYHFLQăWDWHDEORFXOXLDOLPHQWDU9DDYHD
WHUHQSDYDWúLLQWUDUHVHSDUDWă/ă]LOHGHJXQRLSRWILPHWDOLFHVDXGLQ
EHWRQFXFDSDFHúLSODVDWHQXPDLSHWHUHQSDYDWDVIDOWDWvQ]RQDGH
JRVSRGăULHODFHOSX‫܊‬LQPGHODEORFXOLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLORU
Zona verdeDVHFWRUXOXLYDFRQVWLWXL1XVHSHUPLWHSODQWDUHDSRPLORUúL
DUEXúWLORUvQĠHSăWRULúLFXIUXFWHRWUăYLWRDUH
 Cerințe igienice față de clădirea instituțiilor pentru copii și tineret 
&OăGLUHDLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLORUSHQWUXFRSLL‫܈‬LWLQHUHWYDDYHDFHOPXOWSDWUXHWDMHúL
YDGLVSXQHGHXUPăWRDUHOHvQFăSHULGHvQYăĠăPkQWHGXFD‫܊‬LHSHQWUXFODVHOH,,9
‫܈‬L 9;,, VSRUWLYH úL GH PHQLUH FXOWXUDOă SHQWUX JUXSHOH FX UHJLP SUHOXQJLW
FRPXQH EORF DOLPHQWDU ELEOLRWHFă DGPLQLVWUDWLYH GH JRVSRGăULH PHGLFDOH
$FHVWHvQFăSHULVHL]ROHD]ăXQDGHDOWDúLWUHEXLHVăDLEăROHJăWXUăIXQFĠLRQDOăDWkW
vQWUHHOHFkWúLFXWHUHQXOLQVWLWX‫܊‬LHL(VWHLQWHU]LVăDPSODVDUHDvQFăSHULORULQVWUXF
WLYHGXFDWLYHvQVXEVROVDXGHPLVRO$WHOLHUHOHúLVăOLOHVSRUWLYHVHYRUDPSODVDOD
SDUWHUvQEORFXULVSHFLDOHL]RODWHGHvQFăSHULOHGHLQVWUXLUH5HSDUWL]DUHDFDELQH
WHORUvQEORFXOúFROLLVHHIHFWXHD]ăvQUDSRUWFXYkUVWDFRSLLORUÌQFăSHULOHSHQWUX
FODVD,YRUILDPSODVDWHODSULPXOHWDM‫܈‬LYRUILL]RODWHGHFHOHODOWHFODVH
6ăOLOHSHQWUXVSRUWVHDPSODVHD]ăQXPDLVXVGHQLYHOXOGRL1XVHDGPLWH
WUHFHUHDvQVăOLOHSHQWUXVSRUWSULQvQFăSHULOHGHLQVWUXLUHÌQFăSHUHDSHQWUXGHSR
]LWDUHDXWLODMHORUVSRUWLYHYDFRPXQLFDFXVDODSHQWUXVSRUWSULQWURXúăVDXXQKRO
FXOăĠLPHDGHFHOSXĠLQPúLvQăOĠLPHDGHFHOSXĠLQPÌQFRPSRQHQĠDvQFăSHULORU
VSRUWLYHSRWILúLED]LQHSHQWUXvQRWÌQFăSHULOHDX[LOLDUHYRULQFOXGHFDPHUDDQWUH
QRUXOXL FX YHVWLDU FORVHW úL GXú FDPHUD DVLVWHQWHL PHGLFDOH FX ODERUDWRU SHQWUX
HIHFWXDUHDDQDOL]HLFDOLWăĠLLDSHLYHVWLDUFXVăOLGHGXúúLFORVHWSHQWUXHOHYLvQFăSHUL
SHQWUXWUDWDUHDDSHL
ÌQFăSHULOHRVSăWăULHLWUHEXLHVăVHDIOHODSULPXOHWDMvQYHFLQăWDWHD]RQHLGH
JRVSRGăULH1XPăUXOGHORFXULvQVDODFDQWLQHLGLQúFROLSRDWHYDULDGHODSkQă
ODGHHOHYL
1XPăUXOGHORFXULvQVDODGHIHVWLYLWăĠLWUHEXLHVăILHGHGLQQXPăUXO
WRWDOGHHOHYLvQúFROLOHJHQHUDOHúLGHvQúFROLOHLQWHUQDW
ÌQFRPSRQHQĠDSXQFWXOXLPHGLFDOYRULQWUDFDELQHWXOOXFUăWRUXOXLPHGLFDO
FDELQHWXOGHSURFHGXULúLFDELQHWXOPHGLFXOXLVWRPDWRORJ
&ăPLQHOHvQúFROLOHLQWHUQDWVHYRUJUXSDvQGRUPLWRDUHVHSDUDWHSHQWUXEă
LHĠLúL IHWHVDXvQ EORFXULGHLQVWUXLUHORFDWLYH UHLHúLQG GLQYkUVWDFRSLLORU3H
OkQJăGRUPLWRDUHPDLVXQWQHFHVDUHvQFăSHULSHQWUXFXUăĠDUHDKDLQHORUúLvQFăOĠă
PLQWHLLJLHQDIHWHORU[ODYDERXULFORVHWH'RUPLWRDUHOHSRWILGHSD
WXULSHQWUXHOHYLLGLQFODVHOHSULPDUHúLSDWXULSHQWUXFHLGLQFODVHOHPHGLL
úLPDULPHOHY1XVHDGPLWSDWXULVXSUDSXVH

Amenajarea încăperilor 
'RWDUHDFXPRELOLHUVHIDFHFRUHVSXQ]ăWRUYkUVWHL‫܈‬LGH]YROWăULLIL]LFHVDX
GL]DELOLWă‫܊‬LLFRSLLORU‫܈‬LWLQHULORUDYkQGvQYHGHUHQXPăUXODFHVWRUDFDUDFWHUXODFWL
YLWă‫܊‬LL‫܈‬LGHVWLQD‫܊‬LDvQFăSHULORUÌQXQLWă‫܊‬LOHGHvQYă‫܊‬ăPkQWXQGHDFWLYLWDWHDHOHYLORU
VHGHVIă‫܈‬RDUăvQGRXăVFKLPEXULWXUHPRELOLHUXO‫܈‬FRODUSXSLWUX‫܈‬LVFDXQYDILDV
WIHOFRQFHSXWvQFkWVăILHX‫܈‬RUGHUHJODWvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHvQăO‫܊‬LPHDHOHYLORU
ÌQFODVHGLVWDQĠDGHODSHUHĠLSkQăODEăQFLDPSODVDWHvQWUHLUkQGXULWUH
EXLHVăILHGHPGHODWDEOăSkQăODSULPHOHEăQFL±PLDUGHOD
WDEOăSkQăODXOWLPLOHEăQFLP%ăQFLOHPDLPLFLVHDUDQMHD]ăPDLDSURDSH
GH WDEOă (OHYLL FX DFXLWDWHD YL]XDOă úL DXGLWLYă VFă]XWă VH DúHD]ă vQ SULPHOH
Capitolul V

EăQFLĠLQkQGXVHFRQWGHvQăOĠLPHDORU'HGRXăRULSHDQHOHYLLGLQSULPXOúL
XOWLPXOUkQGVFKLPEăORFXULOH
7DEODSRDWHILGHFXORDUHFDIHQLXvQFKLVYHUGHvQFKLVúLVăDLEăVXSRUWSHQ
WUXFUHWăúLEXUHWH7DEOD‫܈‬FRODUăYDILRULHQWDWăDVWIHOvQFkWUD]HOHVRODUHVăQX
FDGăSHUSHQGLFXODUSHVXSUDID‫܊‬DDFHVWHLDFDUHWUHEXLHVăILHQHWHGăPDWă‫܈‬LVăQX
SURGXFăUHIOH[LL7DEODYDILSUHYă]XWăFXMJKHDEGHFROHFWDUHDSUDIXOXLGHFUHWă
GXSăFD]FXUă‫܊‬DUHDVHYDUHDOL]DvQUHJLPXPHGVDXXVFDWSHQWUXXQHOHWDEOHGH
VFULVFXPDUNHUFRQIRUPUHFRPDQGăULORUSURGXFăWRUXOXL
$PHQDMDUHDFDELQHWHORUGHFKLPLHGHIL]LFăúLGHELRORJLHVHHIHFWXHD]ă
FRQIRUPFHULQĠHORUGHVHFXULWDWHúLGHLJLHQăSHQWUXFDELQHWHOHUHVSHFWLYH

Cerinţe igienice faţă de atelierele școlare

$WHOLHUHOHDPSODVDWHvQFOăGLUHDúFROLLVHL]ROHD]ăGHFODVHúLVHDPSODVHD]ă
ODSDUWHUÌQFăSHULOHDWHOLHUHORUWUHEXLHVăILHFDOGHOXPLQRDVHúLXVFDWHLDUVX
SUDIDĠDVăFRUHVSXQGăQRUPHORUvQYLJRDUH‫܊‬LQkQGFRQWGHVSHFLILFXOSURFHVXOXL
SHGDJRJLFúLGHDFWLYLWDWHDIL]LFăLQWHQVăDHOHYLORUPSHQWUXXQHOHY3RGHOHOH
vQFăSHULORUWUHEXLHVăILHFDOGHQHWHGHúLVăSHUPLWăGHUHWLFDUHDXPHGă3DVDMHOH
GLQDWHOLHUHYRUILHYLGHQĠLDWHSULQOLQLLGHFXORDUHDOEă 1XVH SHUPLWHEORFDUHD
XúLORU VFăULORUúLFRULGRDUHORU3HUHĠLLWUHEXLHVă ILHQHWH]LDFRSHULĠLFXYRSVHD
FHHDFHDUSHUPLWHGHUHWLFDUHDXPHGă
$WHOLHUHOHVHYRUGRWDFXODYRDUHFXDSăFDOGăúLUHFHVăSXQúHUYHĠHOHHOHF
WULFHúLSHULLFXDSăSRWDELOă9HVWLDUHOHWUHEXLHVăILHL]RODWHGHvQFăSHULOHSHQWUX
HFKLSDPHQWXOGHSURWHFĠLH'HUHWLFDUHDDúFKLLORUSUDIXOXLúLPXUGăULHLVHYDHIHF
WXDFXDMXWRUXOSHULLORUFkUOLJHORUHWFvQWLPSXOVWDĠLRQăULLXWLODMXOXL)ăUăFHOH
QHFHVDUHGHUHWLFDUHDHVWHLQWHU]LVăODIHOúLIRORVLUHDDHUXOXLFRPSUHVDWvQDFHVWH
VFRSXUL
'HSR]LWHOHPvQFăSHULOHSHQWUXSăVWUDUHDXQHOWHORUPHWFWUH
EXLH Vă VH DIOH vQ HGLILFLXO DWHOLHUHORU 'HSR]LWXO SHQWUX SăVWUDUHDOHPQXOXL YD
DYHDRXúăVSUHH[WHULRUúLXQDVSUHDWHOLHU'HSR]LWDUHDPDWHULDOHORUúLDGHWDOLLORU
VHYDHIHFWXDvQORFXULVSHFLDOHIăUăFDHOHVăEORFKH]HSDVDMHOHÌQăOĠLPHDVWLYH
ORUGHPDWHULDOHGHSR]LWDWHQXWUHEXLHVăGHSăúHDVFăP7RWXWLODMXOWUHEXLHVă
VHPHQĠLQăvQWURVWDUHEXQă‫܈‬LGRWDWFXGLVSR]LWLYHGHWUDQVPLVLHSURSULHÌQDWH
OLHUHOHGHLQVWUXLUHQXVHSHUPLWHWUDQVPLWHUHDPRWULFăFăWUHXWLODMSULQGLVSR]L
WLYH GHWUDQVPLVLH 'HWDOLLOHSUHOXFUDWHFH VHPLúFăVHURWHVFúLVXQWPDLPDUL
GHFkWVWUXQJXULOHWUHEXLHVăILHvQJUăGLWH7RWXWLODMXOFHSUHOXFUHD]ăPHWDOHIUD
JLOHWUHEXLHVăDLEăGLVSR]LWLYHGHSURWHFĠLHSHQWUXHYLWDUHDWUDXPDWLVPHORU3RU
QLUHDúLVWRSDUHDXWLODMXOXLQXWUHEXLHVăSUH]LQWHSHULFRO'LVSR]LWLYHOHGHSRUQLUH
WUHEXLHVăDVLJXUHSRUQLUHDOLQăDDJUHJDWHORUúLVăH[FOXGăSRVLELOLWDWHDGHDVH
RSULGHVLQHVWăWăWRU1XVHDGPLWPDLPXOWHGLVSR]LWLYHGHSRUQLUHÌQYHFLQăWDWHD
ORFXOXLGHOXFUXDOSURIHVRUXOXLWUHEXLHVăILHXQvQWUHUXSăWRUSHQWUXGHFRQHFWDUHD
XWLODMXOXLGLQWRWDWHOLHUXO'LVSR]LWLYHOHSHQWUXSRUQLUHDXWLODMXOXLWUHEXLHVăILH
LQVWDODWHFRPRGúLLQRIHQVLY
 /RFXOGHPXQFăVHRUJDQL]HD]ăvQDúDPRGvQFkWVăILHHYLWDWHDFFLGHQWHOH
)LHFDUHORFGHPXQFăVHPDUFKHD]ăFXVHPQHGHVLJXUDQĠă‫܈‬LVHGRWHD]ăFXQRS
WLHUH GXODSXUL SROLĠHUDIWXUL SHQWUXLQVWUXPHQWH RFKHODUL GHSURWHFĠLH HWF ,Q
VWUXPHQWHOHGHSHSROLĠHUDIWXULQXWUHEXLHVăGHSăúHDVFăPăULPHDDFHVWRUD1X
VHSHUPLWHEORFDUHDORFXOXLGHPXQFăFXPDWHULDOH‫܈‬LGHWDOLLLQXWLOH
&RQGXFăWRULL LQVWLWXĠLLORU GH vQYăĠăPkQW úHIXO DWHOLHUHORU SURIHVRULL GH
PXQFăHWFVXQWREOLJDĠLVăDVLJXUHHOHYLLFXLQVWUXPHQWHQHFHVDUHVăFRQWUROH]H
GDFăLQVWUXPHQWHOHVXQWIXQFĠLRQDELOH‫܈‬LVăFRQWUROH]HFRUHFWLWXGLQHDHIHFWXăULL
RSHUDĠLLORUGHPXQFă(OHYLLFHOXFUHD]ăFXXWLODMWUHEXLHVăILHLQVWUXLĠLvQVFRSXO
UHVSHFWăULLUHJXOLORUGHSURWHFĠLH5HVSRQVDELOLWDWHDSHQWUXLQVWUXLUHDHOHYLORUOD
ORFXO GH PXQFă R SRDUWă DGPLQLVWUDĠLD LQVWLWX‫܊‬LHL 'DFă HOHYXO HVWH DQWUHQDW vQ
DQXPLWHDFWLYLWăĠLDWXQFLHOYDILLQVWUXLWODFDSLWROXOVHFXULWăĠLLPXQFLLUHVSHFWLYH
(OHYXOVHYDIDFHFXQRVFXWFXFRQVWUXFĠLDPDúLQLLFXPHWRGHOHGHGHUHWLFDUHD
ORFXOXLGHOXFUXúLFXFHULQĠHOHLJLHQLFHLQGLYLGXDOH1LFLXQHOHYQXYDILDGPLV
ODDFWLYLWDWHDSUDFWLFăúLGHVLQHVWăWăWRDUHGHGHVHUYLUHDDJUHJDWHORUGDFăQXFX
QRD‫܈‬WHUHJXOLOHGHOXFUXFXDFHVWDJUHJDWúLLQVWUXFĠLXQHDGHVHFXULWDWHDPXQFLL
FRQIRUPSURJUDPHORUGHVSHFLDOLWăĠL(IHFWXDUHDLQVWUXFWDMXOXLSULYLQGVHFXULWDWHD
PXQFLL VH YD QRWD vQ UHJLVWUXO UHVSHFWLY /D ORFXO GH OXFUX YRU IL H[SXVH LQ
VWUXFĠLXQLSULYLQGVHFXULWDWHDPXQFLL

Cerinţe igienice faţă de cabinetele de informatică 

&DELQHWHOHGHLQIRUPDWLFăSRWILDPSODVDWHODRULFHHWDMFXH[FHSĠLDGHPL
VROXULORUúLVXEVROXULORU$FHVWHFDELQHWHYRUDYHDIHUHVWUHRULHQWDWHVSUHQRUGVDX
QRUGHVW6XSUDIDĠDFDELQHWHORUYDGHSLQGHGHWLSXOúLGHQXPăUXOGHFRPSXWHUH
LQVWDODWH8QXLORFGHPXQFăWUHEXLHVăLUHYLQăFHOSXĠLQP6XSUDIDĠDSRGHOHL
YD IL QHWHGă QHOXQHFRDVă FRPRGă SHQWUX FXUăĠDUH FX SURSULHWăĠL DQWLVWDWLFH
ÌQăOĠLPHDGHFHOSX‫܊‬LQP6XSUDIHĠHOHYRU ILYRSVLWH vQFXORUL EOHXYHUGH
GHVFKLV JULGHVFKLV 6H DGPLW SHUHĠLL GHFXORDUH JDOEHQă EHM 6XSUDIHĠHOH GLQ
vQFăSHUHYRUDYHDYDORDUHDFRHILFLHQWXOXLGHUHIOHFWDUHSRGXOSHUHĠLL
 SRGHDXD   PDVD GH OXFUX   WDVWDWXUD   'LQ
LQWHULRUIHUHVWUHOHYRUDYHDGUDSHULLJUHOHFHUHĠLQOXPLQDQDWXUDOăDVRUWDWHOD
FXORDUHFXSHUHĠLL'UDSHULLOHYRUDYHDOăĠLPHDGXEOăOăĠLPLLIHUHVWUHORU6HLQWHU
]LFHIRORVLUHDGUDSHULLORUGHFXORDUHQHDJUă
/DLQWUDUHvQFDELQHWWUHEXLHSUHYă]XWHGXODSXULVDXUDIWXULSHQWUXSăVWUDUHD
JHQĠLORUúLDOWRURELHFWHLQGLYLGXDOHDOHHOHYLORU
ÌQFăSHULOHGHOXFUXYRUILGRWDWHFXVLVWHPHGHvQFăO]LUHFHQWUDOăVLVWHPHGH
YHQWLOD‫܊‬LHPHFDQLFăUHIXODUHDVSLUD‫܊‬LHÌQvQFăSHULvQFDUHOLSVHúWHYHQWLODĠLDSULQ
UHIXODUHDVSLUDĠLHVHYDRUJDQL]DFRQGLĠLRQDUHDDHUXOXLFXFOLPDWL]RDUHPHQDMHUH
1XPăUXOQHFHVDUGHFOLPDWL]RDUHVHYDFDOFXODGXSăH[FHVXOGHFăOGXUăSURYHQLW
GHODFRPSXWHUHRDPHQLúLVXUVHOHGHLOXPLQDUHDUWLILFLDOăÌQFDELQHWHWUHEXLHVă
VHIDFă]LOQLFFXUăĠHQLHXPHGă
Capitolul V

&DELQHWHOHGHLQIRUPDWLFăYRUDYHDLOXPLQDUHQDWXUDOăúLDUWLILFLDOă)OX[XO
SULQFLSDODOOXPLQLLQDWXUDOHYDFăGHDGLQVWkQJD1XHVWHDGPLVăvQGUHSWDUHDIOX
[XOXLSULQFLSDOGHOXPLQăQDWXUDOăGLQGUHDSWDGLQVSDWHúLGLQIDĠDFHOXLFHOX
FUHD]ă OD FRPSXWHU 5D]HOH VRODUH úL OXPLQD UHIOHFWDWă VFOLSLULOH QX WUHEXLH Vă
FDGăvQFkPSXOGHYL]LELOLWDWHDOHOHYXOXLúLQLFLSHHFUDQXOYLGHRPRQLWRUXOXL
&RHILFLHQWXOGHLOXPLQDUHQDWXUDOă&,1QXYDILPDLPLFGH5D
SRUWXOQLWLWăĠLLVXSUDIHĠHORUFHVHDIOăvQFkPSXOYL]LXQLLOXFUăWRUXOXLODPRQLWRU
WUHEXLHVăILHvQOLPLWHOHLDUvQWUHVXSUDIHĠHOHHFUDQPDVăúLFHOHOLPLWURIH
SHUHĠLSRGHDSRGWDEOă
,OXPLQDUHDDUWLILFLDOăvQvQFăSHULOHFXYLGHRPRQLWRDUHVHYDHIHFWXDFXXQ
VLVWHPGHLOXPLQDUHJHQHUDOă6HYRUIRORVLOăPSLOXPLQLVFHQWHDPSODVDWHXQL
IRUPSHWDYDQvQIRUPăGHIkúLLSDUDOHOHIHUHVWUHORU(FUDQXOPRQLWRUXOXLVHYD
JăVLvQ]RQDXQJKLXOXLGHSURWHFĠLHDFRUSXULORUGHLOXPLQDWFDUHQXVHYRUUHIOHFWD
SH VXSUDIDĠD HFUDQXOXL QX YRU IRUPD VWUăOXFLUL GLUHFWH VDX UHIOHFWDWH ‫܈‬L VH YRU
FRQHFWDSHUkQGXULVHSDUDWSHQWUXDSXWHDDVLJXUDRLOXPLQDUHVXILFLHQWăúLXQL
IRUPăvQWRDWăvQFăSHUHD&RUSXULOHGHLOXPLQDWVHYRUFXUă‫܊‬DGHSUDIQXPDLUDU
GHRULSHDQúLSHPăVXUDSROXăULL/DIRORVLUHDFRUSXULORUGHLOXPLQDWFRHILFL
HQWXOGHUH]HUYăYDILGH&DVXUVăGHOXPLQăVXQWUHFRPDQGDWHOăPSLOHOXPL
QLVFHQWHGH:VDXFHOHHFRQRPHGH:Ä/32´ÄFXOXPLQăDOEă´VDX
ÄDOEă±UHFH´&RHILFLHQWXOGHSXOVDUHQXYDGHSăúL,OXPLQDWXOVXSUDIHĠHL
PHVHL GH OXFUXvQ ]RQD GHOXFUX FX GRFXPHQWHOHWUHEXLH Vă ILH GH O[
6LVWHPXOGHLOXPLQDUHQXYDSURYRFDVWUăOXFLUHDHFUDQXOXLúLQXYDPăULQLYHOXO
LOXPLQăULLHFUDQXOXLPDLPXOWGHO['LVWDQĠDGHODRFKLSkQăODHFUDQWUHEXLH
VăILHGHPGDUQXPDLPLFăGHP
1LYHOXO]JRPRWXOXLODORFXULOHGHOXFUXvQWLPSXOIXQFĠLRQăULLFRPSXWHUX
OXLQXWUHEXLHVăGHSăúHDVFăG%$
/RFXULOHGHOXFUXFXFRPSXWHUXOWUHEXLHVăDLEăRFRQVWUXFĠLHVSHFLDOăSHQWUX
DDVLJXUDHOHYLORURSR]LĠLHFRUHFWă0HVHOHSRWILSHQWUXXQXOVDXGRXăORFXULGH
OXFUX/XQJLPHDPHVHLGHOXFUXFXXQVLQJXUORFWUHEXLHVăILHGHFHOSXĠLQFP
LDUOăĠLPHDVăDVLJXUHXQORFGHFPvQIDĠDWDVWDWXULLSHQWUXFDLHWúLDQWHEUDĠHOH
HOHYXOXL0HVHOHYRU ILGH FXORDUHDOHPQXOXL QDWXUDO EOHXYHUGHGHVFKLV JUL
GHVFKLV&RQVWUXFĠLDPHVHORUGHOXFUXFXFRPSXWHUWUHEXLHVăDLEăGRXăVXSUDIHĠH
VHSDUDWH XQD RUL]RQWDOă SHQWUX DPSODVDUHD FRPSXWHUHORU FX UHJODUH OHQWă D
vQăOĠLPLLvQOLPLWHOHDPPúLDGRXDSHQWUXWDVWDWXUDFXUHJODUHDOHQWăD
XQJKLXOXLGHvQFOLQDUHGHODSkQăODRFXRIL[DUHJDUDQWDWăvQSR]LĠLDRSWLPă
FHSHUPLWHPHQĠLQHUHDSR]LĠLHLFRUHFWHGHOXFUXDHOHYLORUIăUăvQFOLQD
UHDSURQXQĠDWăDFDSXOXLvQDLQWH0DVDGHOXFUXYDDYHDXQVSDĠLXSHQWUXSLFLRDUH
FXvQăOĠLPHDQXPDLPLFăGHPPOăĠLPHDQXPDLPLFăGHPPDGkQFL
PHDODQLYHOXOJHQXQFKLORUGHFHOSXĠLQPPúLODQLYHOXOSLFLRDUHORUvQWLQVH
QXPDLSXĠLQGHPP/RFXULOHGHPXQFăFX79YRUILDUDQMDWHSHUSHQGLFXODU
IHUHVWUHORUFDOXPLQDVăFDGăGLQWURSDUWHvQGHRVHELGLQVWkQJD
 Iluminatul natural şi artificial al instituțiilor pentru copii și tineret
7RDWHvQFăSHULOHYRUILLOXPLQDWHvQPRGQDWXUDO/DORFXOGHOXFUXDOHOH
YLORUVHYDDVLJXUDOXPLQDGLQVWkQJDOXPLQDGLQGUHDSWDGLQVSDWHúLGLQIDĠăQX
VH DGPLWH 0RELOD vQDWHOLHUH VHYDDUDQMDvQDúD IHO vQFkWOXPLQDVăFDGă GLQ
SDUWHD VWkQJă D HOHYXOXL EăQFLOH GH OHPQăULH VH YRU DUDQMD VXE XQ XQJKL GH
ƒIDĠăGHIHUHVWUHODRGLVWDQĠăvQWUHHOHGHFPPHVHOHGHOăFăWXúăULH
±GHDOXQJXOIHUHVWUHORUODRGLVWDQĠăGHPvQWUHUkQGXUL6HDGPLWHDUDQMDUHD
ORUSHUSHQGLFXODU0DúLQLOHGHFXVXWVHYRUUHSDUWL]DGHDOXQJXOIHUHVWUHORUvQWU
XQUkQGVDXGRXăDúDFDOXPLQDVăFDGăGLQSDUWHDVWkQJă
(VWHDGPLVăLOXPLQDUHDLQGLUHFWăDFRULGRDUHORUDODYRDUHORUúLDYHVWLDUH
ORU'RDULOXPLQDWDUWLILFLDOSRDWHILSUH]HQWvQGHSR]LWHSHFRULGRDUHOHFDQWLQHL
vQFORVHWHOHSHQWUXSHUVRQDOvQvQFăSHULSHQWUXLQYHQWDUXOVSRUWLYGXúXULOHúLFOR
VHWHOHGHSHOkQJăVDODVSRUWLYă
&RHILFLHQWXO LOXPLQăULLQDWXUDOH QX WUHEXLH Vă ILH PDL PLF GH
&RHILFLHQWXOGHUHIOHFWDUHWUHEXLHVăvQUHJLVWUH]HXUPăWRDUHOHYDORULFDLHWEDQFă
WDEOăFDLHW&RHILFLHQWXOGHOXPLQR]LWDWHvQvQFăSHULOHGHLQVWUX
LUH D HOHYLORU YD IL GH  %ăQFLOH VH UHFRPDQGă Vă ILH GH FXORDUH YHUGH
GHVFKLV VDX GH FXORDUHD QDWXUDOă D OHPQXOXL FX FRHILFLHQWXO GH UHIOHFWDUH GH
3HUHĠLLWDYDQXOSRGHDXDPRELODWUHEXLHVăDLEăRVXSUDIDĠăPDWă3HUHĠLL
FODVHORUFDELQHWHORUYRUILYRSVLĠLvQFXORULFDOGHWDYDQXOvQDOE&RHILFLHQWXOGH
UHIOHFWDUHDSHUHĠLORUQXPDLPLFGH6HLQWHU]LFHGHDSXQHSHSHUYD]XULIORUL
,OXPLQDUHDDUWLILFLDOăVHYDHIHFWXDFXOăPSLOXPLQLVFHQWH3HQWUXLOXPLQDUHD
WDEOHLVXUVHOHGHLOXPLQDUHVHPRQWHD]ăSDUDOHOFXWDEODODRGLVWDQ‫܊‬DGHPPDL
VXVGHPDUJLQHDVXSHULRDUăúLGHPGHODVXSUDIDĠDWDEOHL,OXPLQDUHDWDEOHLQX
WUHEXLHVăILHPDLPLFăGHO[/ăPSLOHGLQUkQGXODOWUHLOHDDOFODVHLPDLGHSDUWH
GHIHUHVWUHúLFHOHGHODWDEOăWUHEXLHVăDLEăvQWUHUXSăWRDUHVHSDUDWH
$WHOLHUHOHYRUILSUHYă]XWH‫܈‬LFXLOXPLQDUHORFDOăODEăQFLOHGHOHPQăULHúL
GHOăFăWXúHULHODVWUXQJXUL'HVXUVHGHOXPLQăORFDOăWUHEXLHVăGLVSXQăFDELQH
WXOPHGLFDOFDELQHWXOGLUHFWRUXOXLFDQFHODULDÌQvQFăSHULOHGHLQVWUXLUHVHSRW
IRORVLPLMORDFHGHUHGXFHUHDOXPLQLLVRODUHSHUGHOHMDOX]HOH3HUGHOHOHWUHEXLH
VăDLEăRFXORDUHGHVFKLVă
&XUăĠDUHDJHDPXULORUVHYDIDFHRGDWăvQWULPHVWUXSHGLQDIDUăúLGHRUL
vQOXQăSHLQWHULRU&RSDFLLVHYRUSODQWDODFHOSXĠLQPGHODFOăGLUHDLQVWLWX
‫܊‬LHL9RSVLUHDIHUHVWUHORU]XJUăYLUHDWDYDQXOXLúLSHUHĠLORUVHYDHIHFWXDGXSăQH
FHVLWDWH

Microclimatul, ventilaţia, încălzirea instituțiilor pentru copii și tineret

7HPSHUDWXUDDHUXOXLvQvQFăSHULWUHEXLHVăILHGHƒ&FXH[FHSĠLDVăOLL
VSRUWLYHDWHOLHUHORUGHSUHOXFUDUHDPHWDOXOXLúLDOHPQXOXLƒ&GXúXULORU
ƒ&8PLGLWDWHDUHODWLYăvQvQFăSHULOHLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLORUYDILGH
6XSUDID‫܊‬DREHUOLKWXULORUQXWUHEXLHVăGHSă‫܈‬HDVFăGLQVXSUDIDĠDSRGH
OHLúLVăvQGUHSWHDHUXOVSUHWDYDQ6HLQWHU]LFHGHDOHvQFOHLDVDXDOHEDWHvQFXLH
Capitolul V

ÌQFăSHULOHVHDHULVHVFODUHFUHDĠLHSkQăODOHFĠLLúLODVIkUúLWXOORUÌQVH]RQXOFDOG
RFXSDĠLLOHVHYRUHIHFWXDFXREHUOLKWXULOHVDXIHUHVWUHOHGHVFKLVH
/HFĠLLOHGHHGXFDĠLHIL]LFăVHYRUHIHFWXDvQVDOD VSRUWLYă ELQHDHULVLWă/D
WHPSHUDWXUDDHUXOXLGLQPHGLXOvQFRQMXUăWRUPDLPDUHGHƒ&VHYRUGHVFKLGH
IHUHVWUHODWHPSHUDWXUDPDLMRDVăVHYRUGHVFKLGHREHUOLKWXULOH$HULVLUHDSULQFX
UHQW VH YD HIHFWXD vQ OLSVD HOHYLORU /D WHPSHUDWXUD DHUXOXL vQ VDOD VSRUWLYă GH
R&DHULVLUHDQXVHYDHIHFWXD
&OăGLUHDLQVWLWX‫܊‬LHLWUHEXLHVăILHDVLJXUDWăFXYHQWLODĠLHFHQWUDOăÌQFODVH
FDELQHWHODERUDWRDUHVHRUJDQL]HD]ăRYHQWLODĠLHDUWLILFLDOăSULQUHIXODUHDDHUXOXL
FX XQ GHELW GH P RUăHOHY DWHOLHUH PRUăHOHY VDODVSRUWLYă P
RUăHOHY$JHQWXOWHUPLFvQVLVWHPXOGHvQFăO]LUHYDILDHUXOVDXDSD7RDWHvQFă
SHULOHGHVWLQDWHFRSLLORU‫܈‬LWLQHULORUWUHEXLHSUHYă]XWHFXYHQWLOD‫܊‬LHQDWXUDOă0LM
ORDFHOH GH YHQWLOD‫܊‬LH WUHEXLH Vă DVLJXUH R vPSURVSăWDUH D DHUXOXL GH FHO SX‫܊‬LQ
 VFKLPEXUL GH DHU SH RUă vQ vQFăSHULOH GH JUXSă GLQ XQLWă‫܊‬LOH SHQWUX DQWH
SUH‫܈‬FRODUL‫܈‬LSUH‫܈‬FRODULVFKLPEXULSHRUăvQVăOLOHGHFODVă‫܈‬LGHFXUVXULSHQWUX
HOHYL‫܈‬LVWXGHQ‫܊‬L‫܈‬LVFKLPEXULSHRUăvQJUXSXULOHVDQLWDUH(ILFLHQ‫܊‬DYHQWLOD‫܊‬LHL
VH DSUHFLD]ă SULQ PHWRGH GHODERUDWRU 9LWH]D FXUHQ‫܊‬LORU GH DHU GLQ vQFăSHULOH
GHVWLQDWHFRSLLORU‫܈‬LWLQHULORUQXYDGHSă‫܈‬LPV
&DELQHWHOHGHFKLPLHvQPRGREOLJDWRULXVHYRUGRWDFXQLúHSHQWUXDVSL
UDĠLHORFDOăFDUHYRUDVLJXUDXQYROXPGHDVSLUDĠLHGHPRUă
9HQWLODĠLD ORFDOă GH DVSLUDĠLH WUHEXLH SUHYă]XWă úL OD ILHUEHUHD FOHLXOXL
DWHOLHUGHOHPQăULHvQEXFăWăULHFXSWRUSOLWHvQDWHOLHUHOHGHOăFăWXúHULHOD
DVFXĠLWRDUH
&ORVHWHOHYRUDYHDRYHQWLODĠLHGHDVSLUDĠLHDXWRQRPăFDQDOHGHDVSLUDĠLH
)RORVLUHDDSDUDWHORUGHDHUFRQGL‫܊‬LRQDWDOWRU VLVWHPHGH YHQWLOD‫܊‬LH VDX GH
FOLPDWL]DUHVHIDFHFXUHVSHFWDUHDVWULFWăDSDUDPHWULORUGHPLFURFOLPDWFXUHQ‫܊‬L
GHDHUWHPSHUDWXUăQLYHOGH]JRPRWIUHFYHQ‫܊‬DGHLJLHQL]DUHDILOWUHORUFXUHV
SHFWDUHDUHFRPDQGăULORUSURGXFăWRUXOXLSUHFXP‫܈‬LSR]L‫܊‬LRQDUHDDFHVWRUD
3HQWUXSUHYHQLUHDvPEROQăYLULORUFDX]DWHGHGLVFRQIRUWXOWHUPLFvQGHRVHEL
vQVH]RQXOUHFHvQXQLWă‫܊‬LOHSHQWUXHGXFDUHDLQVWUXLUHDRGLKQD‫܈‬LUHFUHHUHDFRSLLORU
‫܈‬LWLQHULORUVHDVLJXUăFRQGL‫܊‬LLDOHUHJLPXOXLGHvQFăO]LUH$VLJXUDUHDFXFăOGXUăD
LQVWLWXĠLLORUWUHEXLH VăFRUHVSXQGăFHULQĠHORULJLHQLFH IDĠăGHFOăGLULOH úLGHFRQ
VWUXFĠLLOHSXEOLFH6LVWHPHOHGHvQFăO]LUHXWLOL]DWHQXWUHEXLHVăSHUPLWăGHJDMDUHD
GHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HWR[LFHvQvQFăSHUL3HQWUXHYLWDUHDXQRUDFFLGHQWHSULQLQWR[LFDUHFX
IXPPRQR[LGGHFDUERQVHLQWHU]LFHvQWRDWHXQLWă‫܊‬LOHSHQWUXHGXFDUHDLQVWUXLUHD
RGLKQD‫܈‬LUHFUHHUHDFRSLLORU‫܈‬LWLQHULORUXWLOL]DUHDSHQWUXvQFăO]LUHDVREHORUPHWD
OLFHVREHORUGHWHUDFRWă‫܈‬LIRORVLUHDFăUEXQLORU7HPSHUDWXUDVXSUDIH‫܊‬HLGHvQFăO
]LUHQXWUHEXLHVăGHSă‫܈‬HDVFăƒ&SHQWUXDQXVHVFăGHDXPLGLWDWHDUHODWLYă
VXE&RUSXULOHGHvQFăO]LUHFHQWUDOăYRUILSUHYă]XWHFXJULODMHGHSURWHF‫܊‬LH
SHQWUXHYLWDUHDDFFLGHQWHORU'LVSR]LWLYHOHGHvQFăO]LUHWUHEXLHVăILHFXUăĠDWHGH
SUDIVăSWăPkQDO
&OăGLUHDLQVWLWXĠLHLGHvQYăĠăPkQWWUHEXLHVăILHDVLJXUDWăFXvQFăO]LUHGHOD
FHQWUDOHWHUPRHOHFWULFHFD]DQJHULLUDLRQDOHVDXORFDOHÌQFăO]LUHDSULQVLVWHPHFX
DEXUHVWHLQWHU]LVăÌQFDOLWDWHGHLQVWDODĠLLGHvQFăO]LUHSRWILXWLOL]DWHFDORULIHUH
HOHPHQWHWXEXODUHvQFDGUDWHvQSDQRXULGLQEHWRQ,QVWDODĠLLOHGHvQFăO]LUHWUHEXLH
VăILHvQJUăGLWHFXJUDWLLGLQOHPQDPSODVDWHVXEIHUHVWUHúLFXGLVSR]LWLYHGH
UHJODUHDWHPSHUDWXULL6HLQWHU]LFHvQJUăGLUHDLQVWDODĠLLORUGHvQFăO]LUHFXPDWH
ULDOHGLQUXPHJXúGHOHPQúLGLQPDWHULDOHSROLPHUH

Aprovizionarea cu apă a instituțiilor pentru copii și tineret

5DFRUGDUHDODUH‫܊‬HDXDGHDSăSRWDELOă‫܈‬LFDQDOL]DUHvQXQLWă‫܊‬LOHSHQWUXHGX
FD‫܊‬LD LQVWUXLUHD RGLKQD ‫܈‬L UHFUHHUHDFRSLLORU‫܈‬LWLQHULORUHVWH REOLJDWRULH,QVWL
WXĠLLOHSHQWUXFRSLL‫܈‬LWLQHUHWVHDVLJXUăFXVLVWHPHFHQWUDOL]DWHGHDSăUHFHúLFDOGă
OLWULSH]LSHQWUXXQHOHYvQúFROLLDUvQúFROLOHLQWHUQDWOLWULSH]L
SHQWUX XQ HOHY &DOLWDWHD DSHL WUHEXLH Vă FRUHVSXQGă FHULQĠHORU VWDQGDUGXOXL
Ä$SDSRWDELOă&HULQĠHOHLJLHQLFHúLFRQWUROXOFDOLWăĠLLDSHL´
&RQGXFWHGHDSăUHFHVHYRULQVWDODvQODERUDWRDUHOHGHFKLPLHGHIL]LFă
GHELRORJLHvQYLFHHvQFODVHOH,,9&XDSăFDOGăVHYRUDVLJXUDFKLXYHWHOHvQ
ODERUDWRDUHOHGHFKLPLHGHIL]LFăúLGHELRORJLHFDELQHWXOGHGHVHQOLQLDULQIRU
PDWLFăvQFăSHULOHSHQWUXFHUFXULDWHOLHUHFDQFHODULHFDQWLQăEXIHWFDELQHWHOH
GHLJLHQăSHUVRQDOăGXúXULOHFKLXYHWHOHSHQWUXQHFHVLWăĠLWHKQLFH
,QVWLWX‫܊‬LLOHSHQWUXFRSLL‫܈‬LWLQHUHWWUHEXLHVăGLVSXQăGHVLVWHPGHFDQDOL]DUH
ÌQOLSVDXQRUVLVWHPHSXEOLFHGHFDQDOL]DUHDFFHVLELOHXQLWă‫܊‬LOHSHQWUXHGXFDUHD
LQVWUXLUHDRGLKQD‫܈‬LUHFUHHUHDFRSLLORU‫܈‬LWLQHULORUVXQWREOLJDWHVăSUHYDGăLQVWDOD‫܊‬LL
SURSULLSHQWUXFROHFWDUHDWUDWDUHD‫܈‬LHYDFXDUHDUH]LGXXULORUIHFDORLGPHQDMHUH‫܈‬LD
DSHORUX]DWHVDXIRVHVHSWLFHYLGDQMDELOHFDUHVHH[HFXWă‫܈‬LVHH[SORDWHD]ăDVWIHO
vQFkWVăSUHYLQăDFFLGHQWDUHDFRSLLORU‫܈‬LVăQXSURGXFăSROXDUHDVROXOXLDSHORU‫܈‬L
DHUXOXLÌQORFDOLWăĠLOHUXUDOHSHWHUHQXOúFROLLVHDPHQDMHD]ăFORVHWHFXJURSLLP
SHUPHDELOHDPSODVDWHvQ]RQDGHJRVSRGăULH

Cantinele şi bufetele 
&DQWLQHOH‫܈‬LEXIHWHOHDPSODVDWHvQLQFLQWDLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLORUSHQWUXFRSLL‫܈‬LWLQH
UHWDFWLYHD]ăFRQIRUPUHJXOLORUúLQRUPHORUVDQLWDUHSHQWUXvQWUHSULQGHULOHDOL
PHQWDĠLHLSXEOLFH
2UJDQL]DUHDDOLPHQWDĠLHLHOHYLORUVHYDHIHFWXDFRQIRUPUHFRPDQGăULORU0L
QLVWHUXOXL6ăQăWă‫܊‬LLDO5HSXEOLFLL0ROGRYDÌQLQFLQWDLQVWLWX‫܊‬LHLSUHFXP‫܈‬LSHVWUDGD
GHDFFHVDHOHYLORUvQDFHVWHXQLWă‫܊‬LSHRUD]ăGHPHVWHLQWHU]LVăFRPHUFLDOL
]DUHD VDXH[SXQHUHDVSUHYkQ]DUHDEăXWXULORUDOFRROLFHEăXWXULORUHQHUJL]DQWH
SURGXVHORUGHWXWXQFDIHDVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HORUSVLKRDFWLYHDOLPHQWHORUQHUHFRPDQGDWH‫܈‬L
DDOWRUSURGXVHLQWHU]LVH‫܈‬LQHUHFRPDQGDWHFRQIRUPOHJLVOD‫܊‬LHLvQYLJRDUH
&DQWLQHOHDPSODVDWHvQvQFăSHULDFRPRGDWHVHYRUGHVFKLGHQXPDLGXSă
DSUHFLHUHDFDSDFLWăĠLLGHSURGXFHUHúLDQXPăUXOXLGHHOHYLFHVHSRWDOLPHQWD
(OHYLLVHDOLPHQWHD]ăFRQIRUPXQXLJUDILFDSUREDWGHGLUHFWRUXOLQVWLWX‫܊‬LHL
(OLEHUDUHDEXFDWHORUVHYDIDFHQXPDLGXSăUHEXWDUHDSUREHORUGHEXFDWHúL
FROHFWDUHDSUREHORUGLXUQHGHFăWUHFRPLVLDIRUPDWăSULQRUGLQXOGLUHFWRUXOúFROLL
Capitolul V

ÌQDLQWHGHPDVăHOHYLLWUHEXLHVăúLVSHOHPkLQLOHFXVăSXQ3HQWUXDFHDVWD
vQFRULGRUXOVSUHRVSăWăULHVHLQVWDOHD]ăFkWHXQODYRDUSHQWUXGHORFXULGLQ
VDODGHPHVH

Cerinţe igienice faţă de menţinerea încăperilor instituțiilor pentru

copii și tineret
7RDWHvQFăSHULOHVHPHQĠLQvQFXUăĠHQLH'HUHWLFDUHDORUVHHIHFWXHD]ă]LO
QLFSULQPHWRGDXPHGăFXXWLOL]DUHDGHWHUJHQĠLORUFXREHUOLKWXULOHGHVFKLVH
*UXSXULOHVDQLWDUHGLQXQLWDWHVHDVLJXUDSHUPDQHQWFXPDWHULDOHQHFHVDUH
LJLHQHLSHUVRQDOHFRUHVSXQ]ăWRUQXPăUXOXLGHFRSLL‫܈‬LWLQHULUHVSHFWLYKkUWLHLJL
HQLFăDSăFDOGăVăSXQOLFKLGSURVRDSHGHKkUWLHGHXQLFăIRORVLQ‫܊‬ă
,QYHQWDUXOSHQWUXGHUHWLFDUHDFORVHWHORUVHYDSăVWUDVHSDUDWGHDOWWLSGH
LQYHQWDUúLVHYDPDUFD8VWHQVLOHOHIRORVLWHODHIHFWXDUHDFXUă‫܊‬HQLHLYRUILLQVFULS
‫܊‬LRQDWHHWLFKHWDWHFRQIRUPGHVWLQD‫܊‬LHLDFHVWRUDUHVSHFWLYVăOLGHFODVăKROXULVăOL
GHPHVHEXFăWăULHJUXSXULVDQLWDUH‫܈‬LDOWHVSD‫܊‬LLGHVWLQDWHSURFHVXOXLGHvQYă‫܊‬ă
PkQW&DELQHWHOHPHGLFDOHVWRPDWRORJLFHYRUDYHDXVWHQVLOH‫܈‬LPDWHULDOHGHFXUă
‫܊‬HQLHVSHFLDOGHVWLQDWHDFHVWRUD
3HQWUXHIHFWXDUHDFXUă‫܊‬HQLHL‫܈‬LGH]LQIHF‫܊‬LHLSULQ‫܈‬WHUJHUHDJUXSXULORUVDQLWDUH
VXQWXWLOL]DWHSDWUX‫܈‬WHUJăWRDUHODYHWHGHFXORULGLIHULWHVWDELOLWHSULQSURFHGXULLQ
WHUQHSULYLQGHIHFWXDUHDGH]LQIHF‫܊‬LHLJUXSXULORUVDQLWDUHXQDSHQWUXPkQHUHOHX‫܈‬L
ORUFDELQHORUFORVHWHORU‫܈‬LSHQWUXPkQHUXOODQ‫܊‬XOXLGHWUDVDSDGLQUH]HUYRUED]LQXO
:&DGRXDSHQWUXSHUH‫܊‬LL‫܈‬LX‫܈‬DFDELQHLDWUHLDSHQWUXFRODFXOYDVHORUFORVHWHORU
‫܈‬LDSDWUDSHQWUXSRGHDXDDFHVWRUD‫܇‬WHUJăWRDUHOHYRUILVSăODWHGH]LQIHFWDWH]LOQLF
LQGLYLGXDOvQWUXQODYRDUGHVWLQDWDFHVWXLVFRSGLQRILFLXOGHFXUă‫܊‬HQLH‫܈‬LvQORFXLWH
SHULRGLFODQHYRLH3HUVRQDOXOFDUHHIHFWXHD]ăRSHUD‫܊‬LXQLOHFXUHQWHGHFXUă‫܊‬HQLH‫܈‬L
GHGH]LQIHF‫܊‬LHYDXUPDFXUVXULOHGHvQVX‫܈‬LUHDQR‫܊‬LXQLORUIXQGDPHQWDOHGHLJLHQă
FXUHVSHFWDUHDOHJLVOD‫܊‬LHLvQYLJRDUH
9DVHOHGH:&VHVSDOăFXDSăILHUELQWHGHWHUJHQWúLVXEVWDQĠHGH]LQIHF
WDQWHvQILHFDUH]L 3HQWUXvQOăWXUDUHDVăUXULORUGHGRXăRULSHOXQăWUHEXLH GH
VSăODW RDOHOH GH:& FX SHULDFXVROXĠLHGHDFLGFORUKLGULF GH  FXFOăWLUHD
XOWHULRDUăFXDSă3RGHDXDvQ:&XULODYRDUHEXFăWăULHVSăOăWRULHúLEDLHWUH
EXLHVăILHGLQSOăFLGHFHUDPLFăQHWHGHLPSHUPHDELOHSHQWUXDSă
/DLQWUDUHDvQLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLOHSHQWUXFRSLL‫܈‬LWLQHUHWVHYRUDPSODVDGLVSR]LWLYH
YDVHFRYRUDúHúLPăWXULSHQWUXFXUăĠDUHDúLVSăODUHDODQHFHVLWDWHvQFăOĠăPLQWHL
2GDWăvQOXQăVHYDHIHFWXD]LXDGHLJLHQL]DUHFXXWLOL]DUHDGHWHUJHQĠLORUúLD
VXEVWDQĠHORUGH]LQIHFWDQWH

 
,JLHQDVSLWDOLFHDVFăFDRUDPXUăDLJLHQHLVWXGLD]ăSUREOHPHOHSăVWUăULL
VăQăWă‫܊‬LLSHUVRQDOXOXLPHGLFDO‫܈‬LUHVWDELOLULLPDLDPSOHDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLEROQDYLORUvQ
VLVWHPXOÄRP±PHGLXVSLWDOLFHVF´HODERUHD]ăFHULQ‫܊‬H‫܈‬LQRUPHLJLHQLFHID‫܊‬ăGH
PHGLXO VSLWDOLFHVF GLUHF‫܊‬LRQDWH VSUH DVLJXUDUHD FRQGL‫܊‬LLORU IDYRUDELOH SHQWUX
WUDWDUHDEROQDYLORU‫܈‬LFUHDUHDFRQGL‫܊‬LLORURSWLPHGHPXQFăSHQWUXSHUVRQDOXOPH
GLFDOvQVSLWDOHLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLPHGLFRVDQLWDUH
2ELHFWXOGHVWXGLXDOLJLHQHLVSLWDOLFH‫܈‬WLHVWHRPXOSHUVRQDOXOPHGLFDO‫܈‬L
EROQDYXO‫܈‬LPHGLXOVSLWDOLFHVFDGLFăUHOD‫܊‬LLOHGLQWUHRUJDQL]DUHDDVLVWHQ‫܊‬HLPHGL
FDOH ‫܈‬L VWDUHD VăQăWă‫܊‬LL SRSXOD‫܊‬LHL $FHVW FRPSDUWLPHQW HODERUHD]ă QRUPH ‫܈‬L
FHULQĠHFăWUHSURLHFWDUHSODQLILFDUHDPSODVDUHVDOXEUL]DUHIXQFĠLRQDUHDLQVWL
WX‫܊‬LLORUPHGLFRVDQLWDUH
/DRUJDQL]DUHDLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLORUPHGLFRVDQLWDUHVHYDĠLQHFRQWGHWUHLPRPHQWH
 1LYHOXOFRQWHPSRUDQGHRUJDQL]DUHúLWHKQRORJLDVHUYLFLXOXLPHGLFDO
 3UREOHPHOHLJLHQLFH
 &HULQĠHOHDUKLWHFWXULLHVWHWLFLLVDQLWDUWHKQLFHHFRQRPLFH
SpitalulHVWHSULQFLSDODXQLWDWHFXUDWLYăvQVLVWHPXORFURWLULLVăQăWă‫܊‬LLUHV
SRQVDELOăGHSURILOD[LHGLDJQRVWLFWUDWDPHQWUHDELOLWDUHHGXFD‫܊‬LHVDQLWDUăSUH
JăWLUHD‫܈‬LSHUIRUPDQ‫܊‬DSURIHVLRQDOăDPHGLFLORU‫܈‬LDOXFUăWRULORUPHGLFDOL3HQWUX
SDFLHQ‫܊‬LVSLWDOXOHVWHPHGLXOGHWUDLGRWDWFXRVSăWăULHEDLHVSăOăWRULHHWFÌQ
FRQGL‫܊‬LLOHDFWXDOHVSLWDOHOHDXWHQGLQ‫܊‬ăVSUHFHQWUDOL]DUHVSRULUHDQXPăUXOXLGH
ORFXUL‫܈‬LDFRPSOH[LWă‫܊‬LLVWUXFWXULL6SLWDOHOHPDULFRQWHPSRUDQHVXQWGRWDWHFX
WHKQLFăPHGLFDOă‫܈‬LVDQLWDUăPRGHUQă
6XFFHVXOWUDWDPHQWXOXLvQVSLWDOHGHSLQGHGHPDLPXO‫܊‬LIDFWRUL
 ,JLHQDLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLORUPHGLFRVDQLWDUHHVWHQHFHVDUăSHQWUXSURFHVXOGHWUDWD
PHQW'XUDWDGHFD]DUHFDOLWDWHDvQJULMLULORUPHGLFDOHGHSLQGvQPăVXUă
Capitolul VI

HJDOăGHVLVWHPXOGHWUDWDPHQWFkWúLGHUHJLPXOLJLHQLF)DFWRUXOLJLHQLF
HVWHRSDUWHFRPSRQHQWăDvQWUHJXOXLFRPSOH[GHPăVXULFXUDWLYSURILODF
WLFH
 &RQGL‫܊‬LLOHLJLHQLFHHOHPHQWLQGLVSHQVDELODOUHJLPXOXLFXUDWLYSURWHF
WRU DX OD ED]ăPăVXULFDUHYRU DVLJXUDEROQDYXOXLFRQIRUWXO SVLKLF ‫܈‬L
VRPDWLFGHSOLQ
 &RQGLĠLLOHLJLHQLFHVXQWPăVXULLPSRUWDQWHvQSURILOD[LDLQIHFĠLLORULQWUDVSL
WDOLFHúWL QXPLWH ‫܈‬L LQIHF‫܊‬LL QRVRFRPLDOH VDX LQIHF‫܊‬LL DVRFLDWH DVLVWHQ‫܊‬HL
PHGLFDOH/DED]DSURILOD[LHLLQIHFĠLLORUQRVRFRPLDOHVWDXFRQGLĠLLOHLJLH
QLFHFRQVWUXFĠLDDPHQDMDUHDúLPHQĠLQHUHDUDĠLRQDOăDVSLWDOHORU
 ,JLHQD LQVWLWX‫܊‬LLORU PHGLFRVDQLWDUH HVWH QHFHVDUă SHQWUX D FUHD FRQGLĠLL
RSWLPHGHOXFUXSHUVRQDOXOXLPHGLFDOSHQWUXSUHYHQLUHDDFĠLXQLLQHJDWLYHD
IDFWRULORUSURIHVLRQDOLDXúXUDvQJULMLUHDEROQDYLORUPHQĠLQHUHDXQHLEXQH
FDSDFLWăĠLGHPXQFă
 ,JLHQDLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLORUPHGLFRVDQLWDUHHVWHQHFHVDUăSHQWUXLQWURGXFHUHDvQ
SURFHVXOGHGLDJQRVWLFúLGHWUDWDPHQWDQRLORUGHVFRSHULULWHKQLFRPH
GLFDOH
 &RQGLĠLLOHLJLHQLFHH[HPSODUHGLQVSLWDOHWUHEXLHVăFRQVROLGH]HGHSULQ
GHULOHLJLHQLFHDOHEROQDYLORUÌQOHJăWXUăFXFUH‫܈‬WHUHDUROXOXLLJLHQHLVSL
WDOHORU IXQFĠLLOH SULQFLSDOH DOH LJLHQLVWXOXL vQ VSLWDO VXQW DPHOLRUDUHD
FRQGLĠLLORULJLHQLFHFRQWUROXOVLVWHPDWLFDOFRQGLĠLLORUVDQLWDUHGLPLQX
DUHDPD[LPăDSUREDELOLWăĠLLDSDULĠLHLLQIHFĠLHLQRVRFRPLDOH
,QGLIHUHQWGHVWUXFWXUDIXQFĠLRQDOăDVLVWHPXOXLVăQăWăĠLLGHVWDWVDXSULYDW
GHDVLJXUDUHDPHGLFDOăVFRSXOSULQFLSDODOUHIRUPHORUvQVWUXFWXUDVHUYLFLXOXLPH
GLFDOHVWHPHQĠLQHUHDúLVSRULUHDFDOLWăĠLLDVLVWHQĠHLPHGLFDOH$FHVWVFRSSRDWHIL
DWLQVSULQRULHQWDUHDDVLVWHQĠHLPHGLFDOHVSUHSURILOD[LH3URILOD[LDSULPDUăúLPDL
DOHVVHFXQGDUăVHYRUHIHFWXDQXQXPDLIXQFĠLRQDOFLúLvQDQXPLWHFRQGLĠLLFHVH
YRUFUHDvQLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLOHPHGLFRVDQLWDUHDGLFăHILFLHQĠDORUYDGHSLQGHGHUHVSHFWD
UHDFHULQĠHORUGLFWDWHGHLJLHQă
&RQGLĠLLOHLJLHQLFHGHSLQGGHVLVWHPXO GHSODQLILFDUHúL GH FRQVWUXFĠLH D
VSLWDOXOXLGHSDUWLFXODULWăĠLOHVROXOXLSHFDUHVHYDFRQVWUXLVSLWDOXOGHDPSODVDUHD
OXLvQORFDOLWDWHGHWLSXOGHFRQVWUXFĠLHúLGHVLVWHPDWL]DUHDLQWHULRDUăDFOăGLULORU
VSLWDOLFHúWL GH JUDGXO GH VDOXEUL]DUH VDQLWDUWHKQLFă GH XWLODUHD úL GH FRQGLĠLLOH
VDQLWDUH

Rolul medicului curativ în supravegherea sanitară preventivă a insti-

tuțiilor medico-sanitare:
● 0HGLFXOúHIHODERUHD]ăSUREOHPDSURLHFWXOXLLQGLFkQGFRQGLĠLLOHFOLPD
WHULFHSDWRORJLDSUHSRQGHUHQWăJUXSXULOHGHYkUVWăSURILOXOQHFHVDUHWF
● $QDOL]HD]ăSURLHFWXO
● 3DUWLFLSăODDOHJHUHDWHUHQXOXLGHFRQVWUXFĠLH‫܊‬LQkQGFRQWGHIDFWRULLQD
WXUDOL UHOLHIVRO PDVLYHYHU]LED]LQH GHDSă GLPHQVLXQHDVLVWHQĠă
 PHGLFDOăvQFD]GHXUJHQĠăUHĠHOHOHGHFRPXQLFDĠLHSRVLELOLWăĠLOHGHFR
QHFWDUHODUHĠHOHOHGHDSăFDQDOL]DUHWHUPLFHHOHFWULFH
● ÌQSHULRDGDFRQVWUXFĠLHLXUPăUHúWHUHVSHFWDUHDQRUPHORULJLHQLFHvQYL
JRDUH

Rolul medicului curativ în supravegherea sanitară curentă

a instituțiilor medico-sanitare 
&RQWUROXOVDQLWDUFXUHQWvQFHSHvQGDWăGXSăGDUHDvQH[SORDWDUHDVSLWDOXOXL
&RQWUROkQGSHUPDQHQWFRQGLĠLLOHGHPHGLXPHGLFXOWUHEXLHVăDSUHFLH]HFRUHFW
● DFĠLXQHD IDFWRULORU PHGLXOXL vQFRQMXUăWRU DVXSUD PDQLIHVWăULL EROLL úL
HIHFWHORUGHWUDWDPHQW
● SRVLELOLWDWHDDSDULĠLHLFRPSOLFDĠLLORUVXELQIOXHQĠDIDFWRULORUDPELHQWDOL
ODWLPSVăLQHXWUDOL]H]H
● LQIOXHQĠDPHGLXOXLVSLWDOLFHVFDVXSUDGXUDWHLGHVSLWDOL]DUH
● RUJDQL]DUHDFRQGLĠLLORUGHPXQFăSHQWUXSHUVRQDOXOPHGLFDOUHJLPXOXL
úLDOLPHQWDĠLHLEROQDYLORU

Caracteristica igienică a sistemelor de construcție a spitalelor 

ÌQVWUXFWXUDVSLWDOXOXLFRQWHPSRUDQVHHYLGHQ‫܊‬LD]ăXUPăWRDUHOHVXEGLYL]L
XQLSULQFLSDOHVHF‫܊‬LDGHLQWHUQDUH‫܈‬LvQFăSHULGHH[WHUQDUHDEROQDYLORUVHF‫܊‬LLOH
GH VDORQ VWD‫܊‬LRQDU VHF‫܊‬LD FXUDWLYGLDJQRVWLFă ODERUDWRU VHF‫܊‬LD GH VWHULOL]DUH
IDUPDFLHVHF‫܊‬LDDOLPHQWDUăVHF‫܊‬LDPRUIRSDWRORJLFăVHUYLFLXOGHDGPLQLVWUDUH‫܈‬L
JRVSRGăULUHVSăOăWRULD
$PSODVDUHDWXWXURUVHFĠLLORUúLVHUYLFLLORULQVWLWXĠLLORUPHGLFDOHGHSLQGHGH
VWUXFWXUDDUKLWHFWXUDOăDVSLWDOXOXLVDXGHVLVWHPXOGHFRQVWUXFĠLH6HGLVWLQJFk
WHYDWLSXULGHFRQVWUXF‫܊‬LHDVSLWDOHORUGHFHQWUDOL]DWSDYLOLRQDUFHQWUDOL]DWPR
QREORFPL[WGHFHQWUDOL]DWFHQWUDOL]DW‫܈‬LEORFXULFHQWUDOL]DWHSROLEORF$FH‫܈‬WL
WHUPHQLWUHEXLHvQ‫܊‬HOH‫܈‬LFRQYHQ‫܊‬LRQDOGHRDUHFHH[LVWăRVHULHGHIRUPHWUDQ]LWRULL
Sistem decentralizat GHFRQVWUXFĠLH. ÌQVSLWDOHOHFRQVWUXLWHGXSăXQDVWIHOGH
VLVWHPILHFDUHVHF‫܊‬LHDUHRFOăGLUHVHSDUDWă0DMRULWDWHDVSLWDOHORUYHFKL
VXQWFRQVWUXLWHGXSăDFHVWVLVWHP&OăGLULOHVSLWDOXOXLGHFHQWUDOL]DWVXQW
FXQLYHOHFHHDFHIDFLOLWHD]ăSOLPEăULOHúLDIODUHDEROQDYLORUvQDHU
FXUDW8QDOWDYDQWDMHVWHUHGXFHUHDODPLQLPDSRVLELOLWă‫܊‬LLGHUăVSkQGLUH
D LQIHF‫܊‬LLORUQRVRFRPLDOH ÌQVFKLPE DFHVWH VSLWDOHQHFHVLWăVXSUDIH‫܊‬H
PDULGHWHUHQ‫܈‬LQXDVLJXUăREXQăFLUFXOD‫܊‬LHvQWUHFOăGLULSHQWUXSHUVR
QDOXOPHGLFDO‫܈‬LEROQDYL‫܈‬LSHQWUXDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LJRVSRGăUH‫܈‬WL
Sistemul centralizatSUHYHGHDPSODVDUHDWXWXURUVHFĠLLORUvQDFHOD‫܈‬LEORFLQ
FOXVLYVHUYLFLLOHDQH[ă‫܈‬LJRVSRGăUH‫܈‬WLILLQGH‫܈‬DORQDWHSHYHUWLFDOăÌQ
VSLWDOHOH FHQWUDOL]DWH VXQW FRPXQH VHFĠLD GH LQWHUQDUH SROLFOLQLFD ‫܈‬L
vQFăSHULOHDGPLQLVWUDWLYH$YDQWDMHOHDFHVWXLWLSGHVSLWDOHVHH[FOXGH
GXEODUHDvQFăSHULORUFXDFHHDúLGHVWLQDĠLHFHHDFHSHUPLWHXWLODUHDORU
FXWHKQLFDPHGLFDOăPRGHUQăVHVFXUWHD]ăGUXPXOOXFUăWRULORUPHGLFDOL
Capitolul VI

úLDSDFLHQĠLORUGLQVHFĠLLOHVSLWDOLFHúWLVSUHFHQWUXOGLDJQRVWLFVDXIL]LR
WHUDSHXWLFVHVLPSOLILFăúLVHIDFLOLWHD]ăWUDQVSRUWDUHDEXFDWHORUJDWDvQ
VHFĠLL'LQSXQFWGHYHGHUHHFRQRPLFDFHVWHVSLWDOHVXQWPDLDYDQWDMDWH
VXQWGRWDWHFXXWLODMWHKQLFVDQLWDUPRGHUQvQFăO]LUHFHQWUDOL]DWăYHQWL
ODĠLH FRQGLĠLRQDUHD DHUXOXL DSURYL]LRQDWH FX R[LJHQ úL FX ELR[LG GH
D]RW'H]DYDQWDMXOPDMRUvOSUH]LQWăUăVSkQGLUHDPXOWPDLX‫܈‬RDUăDLQ
IHF‫܊‬LLORUQRVRFRPLDOHSHQWUXFăHVWHGLILFLOăL]RODUHDSHUIHFWăDVHFĠLLORU
VDXDXQRUEROQDYLRUJDQL]DUHDúLPHQĠLQHUHDUHJLPXOXLSURWHFWRUúL
VDQLWDUSOLPEDUHDEROQDYLORUODDHU
Sistemul mixtGHFRQVWUXFĠLHvPELQăDYDQWDMHOHVSLWDOHORUGHFHQWUDOL]DWHúLDOH
FHORUFHQWUDOL]DWHUHGXFkQGODPLQLPXPGH]DYDQWDMHOHDFHVWRUD/DVSL
WDOHOHGHWLSPL[WvQEORFXOSULQFLSDOVHDIOăVHFĠLLOHGHED]ăQHFRQWDJL
RDVHODERUDWRUXOFOLQLFVHFĠLLOHGHGLDJQRVWLFúLGHWUDWDPHQWÌQEORFXUL
PDLPLFLVHDPSODVHD]ăSROLFOLQLFDVHFĠLLOHGHEROLFRQWDJLRDVHSHQWUX
FRSLLúLFHDGHUDGLRORJLHPDWHUQLWDWHD6HFĠLDGHDQDWRPLHSDWRORJLFă
úLVHUYLFLLOHDX[LOLDUHVHDPSODVHD]ăvQFOăGLULDX[LOLDUHVHSDUDWH
Spitalele de tip blocuri-centralizateSROLEORFSUHGRPLQăvQSUH]HQWÌQDFHVW
WLSGHVSLWDOHDSURDSHWRDWHVHF‫܊‬LLOHVXQWDPSODVDWHvQPRQREORFXULFDUH
FRPXQLFăSULQJDOHULLvQFăO]LWH6HF‫܊‬LLOHVXQWGLVORFDWHSHYHUWLFDOăLDU
VHF‫܊‬LLOHGHEROLLQIHF‫܊‬LRDVHGHUDGLRORJLH‫܈‬LGHPRUIRSDWRORJLHVHUYLFLLOH
DQH[HJRVSRGăUH‫܈‬WL‫܈‬LDGPLQLVWUDWLYHLQFOXVLYSROLFOLQLFDvQFOăGLULOH
JDWHIXQF‫܊‬LRQDOGHFOăGLUHDFHQWUDOă%ORFXULOHVXQWJUXSDWHvQWUXQDQ
VDPEOXXQLF‫܈‬LSRWDYHDIRUPDGH(7/VDXDOWHOHDVHPăQăWRDUHÌQ
DFHVWHVSLWDOHSUHGRPLQăDYDQWDMHOHVLVWHPXOXLFHQWUDOL]DWGHVSLWDOHÌQ
VSLWDOXOGHWLSEORFFHQWUDOL]DWVHFUHHD]ăRLQWHJULWDWHDVHFĠLLORUGHDFH
OD‫܈‬LSURILOFHHDFHDVLJXUăRPDLEXQăIXQFĠLRQDOLWDWH3URLHFWDUHDVSL
WDOXOXLSHRWHKQRORJLHPRELOăSRVLELOLWDWHDGHDPăULQXPăUXOGHHWDMH
PDLDGHFYDWVHvQVFULXvQSHLVDMXOQDWXUDOúLGHDUKLWHFWXUăIDFLOLWHD]ă
PRGHUQL]DUHD‫܈‬LUHSURILODUHD
'LUHFĠLLOHSULQFLSDOHGHSURLHFWDUHúLGHFRQVWUXFĠLHDLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLORUPHGLFRVDQLWDUH
 $VLJXUDUHDXQHLVWUXFWXULPRELOHDFRPSOH[XOXLVSLWDOLFHVFFDUHDUSHU
PLWHGH]PHPEUDUHDOXLvQWUXQúLUGHEORFXULIXQFĠLRQDOH
 &RQVWUXFĠLDH[WLQVăDEORFXULORUFXVDORDQHúLIRORVLUHDLOXPLQDWXOXLDU
WLILFLDOvQWUXQúLUGHvQFăSHULDX[LOLDUH2ULHQWDUHDOLEHUăDVDORDQHORU
 &HQWUDOL]DUHDVHUYLFLLORUGHGLDJQRVWLFFXUDWLYHúLDX[LOLDUHvQOLPLWHOH
LQVWLWXĠLHL
 &HQWUDOL]DUHDúLFRRSHUDUHDvQWUHVSLWDOHvQOLPLWHOHORFDOLWăĠLLSHQWUXDVL
JXUDUHDVHUYLFLLORUGHGLDJQRVWLF‫܈‬LDX[LOLDUHODERUDWRUIDUPDFLHVSă
OăWRULHGHVWHULOL]DUH
 &UHDUHDFRPSOH[HORUVSLWDOLFHúWL
 2UJDQL]DUHDFHQWUHORUPHGLFDOHRQFRORJLFFDUGLRORJLFDPDPHLúLFR
SLOXOXLXQGHvQED]DSURJUDPHORUFRPSOH[HPHGLFLLGHGLIHULWHVSHFLD
OLWăĠLDVLJXUăSURILOD[LDúLWUDWDPHQWXOSDWRORJLLORUUHVSHFWLYH
  ,QGXVWULDOL]DUHDSURFHVXOXLFXUDWLYGLDJQRVWLFGRWDUHDFXWHKQLFăPHGL
FDOă QRXă FDUH SUH]LQWă DQXPLWH FHULQĠH ID‫܊‬ă GH SODQLILFDUH VXSUDIHĠH
VXSOLPHQWDUH
 &UHDUHDLQVWLWXĠLLORUPHGLFDOHVHFĠLLORUQXGXSăSURILOFLGXSăJUDYLWDWH

Cerințe igienice față de amplasare și teritoriul spitalului 

3HQWUXDVLJXUDUHDXQRUFRQGLĠLLRSWLPHGHWUDWDPHQW‫܈‬LSHQWUXFUHDUHDXQXL
UHJLPFXUDWLYSURWHFWRULXVHFWRUXOGHFRQVWUXFĠLHYDILDOHVOXkQGXVHvQFRQVLGH
UDĠLHIDFWRULLQDWXUDOLGLPHQVLXQLOHWHUHQXOXLWHUHQXOGLQvPSUHMXULPH‫܈‬LSHUVSHF
WLYDGH]YROWăULLORFDOLWăĠLL
6SLWDOHOHPRGHUQHSRWILDPSODVDWHvQ]RQHUH]LGHQ‫܊‬LDOHvQ]RQHYHU]LVDXVX
EXUEDQH6SLWDOHOHVSHFLDOL]DWHFXFDSDFLWDWHDGH‫܈‬LPDLPXOWHSDWXULFXWUDWD
PHQWGHOXQJăGXUDWăSUHFXP‫܈‬LVWD‫܊‬LRQDUHOHGHSVLKLDWULHEROLLQIHF‫܊‬LRDVHLQFOXVLY
IWL]LRSQHXPRORJLHRQFRORJLHGHUPDWRYHQHURORJLHSRWILDPSODVDWHSHWHULWRULXOOR
FDOLWă‫܊‬LORUXUEDQH‫܈‬LUXUDOHODRGLVWDQ‫܊‬ăGHFHOSX‫܊‬LQPGH]RQDORFDWLYăDVLJX
UkQGFRQGL‫܊‬LLRSWLPHGHDFFHVLELOLWDWHSHQWUXSRSXOD‫܊‬LHÌQXQHOHFD]XULVSLWDOHOHGH
SVLKLDWULH‫܈‬LGHIWL]LRSQHXPRORJLHSRWILDPSODVDWHvQDIDUDORFDOLWă‫܊‬LLSULPHOHDYkQG
QHYRLHGHH[LVWHQ‫܊‬DXQRUSRVLELOLWă‫܊‬LGHHUJRWHUDSLHLDUFHOHGHIWL]LRSQHXPRORJLHGH
FRQGL‫܊‬LLFOLPDWLFHGHRVHELWHFXSUHFăGHUHvQFD]XOVDQDWRULLORU
3HQWUXDVLJXUDUHDXQRUFRQGLĠLLRSWLPHGHWUDWDPHQW‫܈‬LDXQXLUHJLPFXUDWLY
SURWHFWRULXWHUHQXOSHQWUXFRQVWUXFĠLDVSLWDOXOXLYDILDOHV‫܊‬LQkQGFRQWGHIDFWRULL
QDWXUDOLGHGLPHQVLXQLOHWHUHQXOXLGHWHUHQXOGLQvPSUHMXULPHGHUR]DYkQWXOXL
GHSHUVSHFWLYDGH]YROWăULLORFDOLWăĠLL7HUHQXOSHFDUHVHYDFRQVWUXLXQVSLWDO
WUHEXLHVăILHFkWPDLVDOXEUXUHVSHFWkQGWRDWHFHULQ‫܊‬HOHID‫܊‬ăGHVRO‫܈‬LGHUHOLHI
6SLWDOHOH QX VH YRU DPSODVD SH WHUHQXUL FDUH DQWHULRU DX IRVW XWLOL]DWH SHQWUX
GHSR]LWDUHDGH‫܈‬HXULORUFLPLWLUHFLPLWLUHSHQWUXDQLPDOHHWFSUHFXP‫܈‬LSHWHUH
QXULFXVROFRQWDPLQDWFXSROXDQ‫܊‬LRUJDQLFLFKLPLFLVDXGHDOWăQDWXUă7HUHQXO
WUHEXLHVăDLEăRVXSUDID‫܊‬ăSX‫܊‬LQvQFOLQDWăvQOLPLWHOHGHSHQWUXDDVL
JXUDVFXUJHUHDDSHORUPHWHRULFH7HUHQXULOHFXDOXQHFăUL‫܈‬LFHOHVLWXDWHGHDVXSUD
]RQHLGHH[WUDJHUHD]ăFăPLQWHORUQXVXQWDFFHSWDWHSHQWUXFRQVWUXF‫܊‬LH3HQWUX
SUHYHQLUHDLQXQGăULLVXEVROXULORULJUDVLHLvQvQFăSHULOHLQVWLWX‫܊‬LHLQLYHOXODSHORU
IUHDWLFHWUHEXLHVăILHPDLMRVFXFHOSX‫܊‬LQXQPHWUXID‫܊‬ăGHWDOSDIXQGD‫܊‬LHL'LQ
SXQFWGHYHGHUHLJLHQLFVROXOWUHEXLHVăILHSHUPHDELOSHQWUXDSHOHPHWHRULFHLDU
FRPSR]L‫܊‬LDOXLVăILHDUJLORQLVLSRDVă
/DSURLHFWDUHD‫܈‬LFRQVWUXF‫܊‬LDVSLWDOXOXLVHYDDYHDvQYHGHUHGLVWDQ‫܊‬DUHDGH
FDOHDIHUDWăGHDHURJăUL‫܈‬LGHDXWRJăULGHPDJLVWUDOHOHDXWRGHvQWUHSULQGHULOH
LQGXVWULDOH‫܈‬LGHDOWHVXUVHGHSROXDUHDPHGLXOXLFXQR[HFXUDGLD‫܊‬LLLRQL]DQWH
‫܈‬LQHLRQL]DQWHFX]JRPRW
&RQILJXUD‫܊‬LD WHULWRULXOXL SHQWUX D DVLJXUD DPSODVDUHD RSWLPă D vQWUHJXOXL
FRPSOH[GHEORFXULWUHEXLHVăDLEăIRUPDGUHSWXQJKLXODUăFXUDSRUWXOSăU‫܊‬LORUGH
±FXDFFHVGLQGRXăVWUă]LFXLQWUăULVHSDUDWHSHQWUXSHUVRQDOEROQDYL‫܈‬L
VFRSXULJRVSRGăUH‫܈‬WL
Capitolul VI

7HUHQXOWUHEXLHVăILHX‫܈‬RUDFFHVLELOSHQWUXDSURYL]LRQDUHDFXDSăFXDOLPHQWH
‫܈‬LFXHOHFWULFLWDWHFXJD]HSHQWUXvQGHSăUWDUHDUH]LGXXULORUOLFKLGH‫܈‬LVROLGHHWF
'LVWDQ‫܊‬DPLQLPăGHODKRWDUXOJDUGXOVSLWDOXOXLSkQăODDOWHRELHFWHYDIL
PLQLPXPGHPSHQWUXDVLJXUDUHDFRQGL‫܊‬LLORUGHSURWHF‫܊‬LHQHFHVDUă7HULWRULXO
VSLWDOHORUWUHEXLHVăILHvQJUăGLWDPHQDMDWvQYHU]LWLOXPLQDWúLPHQĠLQXWvQVWDUH
VDOXEUă6XSUDIDĠDVSD‫܊‬LLORUvQYHU]LWHúLDDOHLORUYDFRQVWLWXLFHOSXĠLQGLQVX
SUDIDĠDWRWDOăDWHUHQXOXLVSLWDOHORU$UERULLYRUILSODQWDĠLODRGLVWDQĠăGHFHOSXĠLQ
PGHFOăGLUHLDUDUEXúWLL±GHFHOSXĠLQP3HWHULWRULXOVSLWDOHORUVHGLIHUHQĠLD]ă
XUPăWRDUHOH]RQHFXUDWLYHSHQWUXEROQDYLLLQIHFĠLRúLúLQHLQIHFĠLRúLSHGLDWULFăSVL
KRVRPDWLFăUDGLRORJLFăGHUPDWRYHQHURORJLFăDPDWHUQLWăĠLLDSROLFOLQLFLLPRUIR
SDWRORJLFăJRVSRGăUHDVFăDLQVWDODĠLLORULQJLQHUHúWLDVSDĠLXOXLYHUGH
=RQDPRUIRSDWRORJLFăúLSHQWUXIXQHUDOLLYDILL]RODWăGH]RQHOHIXQFĠLRQDOH
FXUDWLYHSULQWUXQFRULGRUYHUGHGLQDUERULVDXDUEXúWLúLYDILDPSODVDWăODRGLVWDQĠă
GHFHOSXĠLQPGHDFHVWHD&DPHUDPRUWXDUăWUHEXLHVăGLVSXQăGHDFFHVVHSDUDW
ÌQVSLWDOHOHSROLSURILODWHVHFĠLLOHGHEROLLQIHFĠLRDVHGHUPDWRYHQHURORJLFH
IWL]LRSQHXPRORJLFHSVLKRVRPDWLFHUDGLRORJLFHVHYRUDPSODVDvQFOăGLULVHSD
UDWHÌQVSLWDOHOHSROLSURILODWHSROLFOLQLFDYDILDPSODVDWăVHSDUDWFXLQWUDUHSUR
SULH%ORFXOVDXVHFĠLDGHEROLLQIHFĠLRDVHYDGLVSXQHGHWHUHQVHSDUDWL]RODWGH
DOWHVHFWRDUHSULQWUXQJDUGVDXRIk‫܈‬LHYHUGHDUEXúWLFXLQWUăULVHSDUDWHúLWHUHQ
SHQWUXGH]LQIHFĠLDWUDQVSRUWXOXL
'LVWDQ‫܊‬D GLQWUH EORFXULOH VSLWDOXOXL WUHEXLH Vă DVLJXUH FRQGL‫܊‬LL RSWLPH GH
vQVRULUHLOXPLQDUHDHULVLUHHWF'LVWDQ‫܊‬DGLQWUHEORFXULOHFXVHF‫܊‬LLWUHEXLHVăFR
UHVSXQGăFXvQăO‫܊‬LPLDOHEORFXOXLGHYL]DYLGDUQXPDLSX‫܊‬LQGHP3HQWUX
VăOLOHGHRSHUD‫܊‬LLUHDQLPDUHVHF‫܊‬LRQDUHQD‫܈‬WHULVHUHFRPDQGăFDIHUHVWUHOHVăILH
RULHQWDWHVSUHQRUGQRUGYHVWQRUGHVWSHQWUXODERUDWRUXOEDFWHULRORJLF±QRUG
QRUGYHVWQRUGHVWVXGYHVWYHVWSHQWUXVDORDQHOHSHQWUXEROQDYLGHWXEHUFX
OR]ă‫܈‬LEROLLQIHF‫܊‬LRDVH±VXGVXGYHVWYHVWQRUGYHVWÌQVDORDQHOHGHWHUDSLH
LQWHQVLYă‫܈‬LvQVHF‫܊‬LLOHSHQWUXFRSLLSkQăODDQLQXVHDGPLWHRULHQWDUHDIHUHVWUH
ORUVSUHYHVWLDUvQVDORDQHOHGHWHUDSLHLQWHQVLYă±VSUHYHVW‫܈‬LVXGYHVW

Cerințe igienice față de sistematizarea spitalelor 

6WUXFWXUD FRPSRQHQ‫܊‬D DPSODVDUHD ‫܈‬L SODQLILFDUHD HGLILFLLORU EORFXULORU
VHF‫܊‬LLORUYDFRUHVSXQGHSURILOXOXL‫܈‬LFDSDFLWă‫܊‬LLVSLWDOXOXL3ODQLILFDUHDFOăGLULORU
úLvQFăSHULORUVWDĠLRQDUHORUWUHEXLHVăDVLJXUHUHJLPXULVDQLWDURLJLHQLFHúLDQWLH
SLGHPLFHRSWLPHFRQGLĠLLSHQWUXDFRUGDUHDDVLVWHQĠHLPHGLFDOHSRSXODĠLHLúLFRQ
GLĠLL GH PXQFă SHQWUX SHUVRQDOXO PHGLFDO 3ODQLILFDUHD vQFăSHULORU WUHEXLH Vă
H[FOXGă SRVLELOLWDWHDLQWHUIHUHQĠHLIOX[XULORU WHKQRORJLFHÄFXUDW´ ÄPXUGDU´ OD
LQWHUQDUHDEROQDYLORUúLDSDUWXULHQWHORUDFRUGDUHDDVLVWHQĠHLPHGLFDOHúLDSOLFD
UHDPăVXULORUVDQLWDURLJLHQLFHúLDQWLHSLGHPLFH
6HFĠLLOHEORFXULOH FXUDWLYH SHQWUX FRSLL LQFOXVLY VDORDQH SHQWUX FRSLL vQ
YkUVWăGHSkQăODDQLLQWHUQDĠLvPSUHXQăFXPDPHOHYRUILDPSODVDWHQXPDLVXV
GHHWDMXODOFOăGLULLVDORDQHOHSHQWUXFRSLLvQYkUVWăGHSkQăODDQLúLVHFĠLLOH
VDORDQHOHGHSVLKLDWULHSHQWUXFRSLL±QXPDLVXVGHHWDMXO
 ÌQVDORDQHOHúLvQFăSHULOHFXUDWLYGLDJQRVWLFHFXLOXPLQDWQDWXUDOXQLODWHUDO
DGkQFLPHDQXYDGHSăúLP$GkQFLPHDFDELQHWHORUGHJLQHFRORJLHGHXURORJLH
GH FKLUXUJLH GH RUWRSHGLH GH RQFRORJLH GH RWRODULQJRORJLH GH SURFHGXUL GH
UDGLRORJLHWUHEXLHVăILHGHFHOSXĠLQPDFDELQHWHORUGHRIWDOPRORJLH±GHFHO
SXĠLQPDVăOLORUGHRSHUDĠLL±GHFHOSXĠLQPúLDVăOLORUGHQDúWHUL±GHFHO
SXĠLQP5DSRUWXOGLQWUHDGkQFLPHDúLOXQJLPHDVDORDQHORUúLvQFăSHULORUFX
UDWLYGLDJQRVWLFHQXWUHEXLHVăILHPDLPDUHGHP
(VWHLQWHU]LVăDPSODVDUHDvQVXEVROXULúLGHPLVROXULDVHFĠLLORUFXUDWLYHFXVD
ORDQHDVăOLORUGHRSHUDĠLLGHQDúWHULGHSURFHGXULDFDELQHWHORUGHIL]LRSURFHGXUL
GH UDGLRORJLH DOH PHGLFLORU GHSR]LWHOHGHFKLPLFDOHVXEVWDQĠHXúRU LQIODPDELOH
WR[LFHúLFRPEXVWLELOLORU
1X VH YRU LQVWDOD XWLODMH FDUH UHSUH]LQWă VXUVH GH ]JRPRW úL GH YLEUDĠLH
LQFOXVLYDVFHQVRDUHvQYHFLQăWDWHDVDORDQHORU SHQWUX EROQDYLDFDELQHWHORU GH
SURFHGXULúLDFHORUFXUDWLYGLDJQRVWLFH)DFWRULLQRFLYLSUHFXPQLYHOXOYLEUDĠLHL
XOWUDLQIUDVXQHWXOXL SUHVLXQLL VRQRUH LUDGLHULORU HOHFWURPDJQHWLFH ODVHU LQIUD
URúLLXOWUDYLROHWHFkPSXOXLHOHFWURVWDWLFQXYRUGHSăúLQLYHOXOPD[LPDGPLVVWD
ELOLWSULQUHJXODPHQWHOHVDQLWDUH
7RDWHVHUYLFLLOHVSLWDOLFHúWLvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHGHVWLQD‫܊‬LDORUIXQFĠLRQDOăSRWIL
vPSăUĠLWHvQXUPăWRDUHOHFRPSOH[Htab. 6.1.1


● ● ● ●
● ●
● ●
● ●
●
●
●
●
●
●

Secţia de internareHVWHRVXEGLYL]LXQHVWUXFWXUDOăDVSLWDOXOXL,QWHUQDUHD
EROQDYLORUSRDWHILHIHFWXDWăFHQWUDOL]DWSHQWUXWRDWHVHF‫܊‬LLOHFXH[FHSĠLDVHF‫܊‬LL
ORUGHEROLLQIHFĠLRDVHSHGLDWULHREVWHWULFăVDXGHFHQWUDOL]DWFkQGILHFDUHVHFĠLH
DUHvQFăSHULOHVDOHGHLQWHUQDUH3ODQLILFDUHDVHF‫܊‬LHLGHLQWHUQDUHWUHEXLHVăDVLJXUH
SULQFLSLXO GH IOX[ vQ PLúFDUHD EROQDYLORU LQWHUQDĠL úL FHL H[WHUQDĠL 3HQWUX D IL
UHVSHFWDWDFHVWSULQFLSLXvQFRPSRQHQĠDVHUYLFLXOXLGHLQWHUQDUHYRUILvQFăSHULOH
 VDODGHDúWHSWDUHFXUHJLVWUDWXUăYHVWLDUúLELURXOGHLQIRUPDĠLL
 FDELQHWXOPHGLFXOXL
Capitolul VI

 JUXSXOVDQLWDUGHVWLQDWLJLHQHLFRUSRUDOHDEROQDYXOXLVFKLPEDUHD‫܈‬L
GHSR]LWDUHDKDLQHORU
 VDODGHSURFHGXUL
 ER[ăúLVDORDQHGHGLDJQRVWLFSHQWUXEROQDYLLFXGLDJQRVWLFQHGHWHU
PLQDW
 EORFXOVDQLWDU
 VDODGHH[WHUQDUHFDUHYDILSHOkQJăILHFDUHVHFĠLH
ÌQVSLWDOHOHPDULGHSURILOODUJvQDIDUăGHvQFăSHULOHHQXPHUDWHPDLVXQW
VDODGHRSHUDĠLLXUJHQWHODERUDWRUGHXUJHQĠăFDELQHWGHUDGLRGLDJQRVWLFHWF
ÌQIXQFĠLLOHVHUYLFLXOXLGHLQWHUQDUHLQWUăvQUHJLVWUDUHDEROQDYLORUH[DPH
QXOPHGLFDOSUHOXFUDUHDVDQLWDUăDFRUGDUHDSULPXOXLDMXWRUPHGLFDO

Secția spitaliceascăHVWHHOHPHQWXOSULQFLSDOIXQF‫܊‬LRQDODOVSLWDOHORUFXXQ
QXPăUGHSDWXULSDWXULFDUHGHSLQGGHRHFKLSăGHOXFUXúLSUHVXSXQHR
DXWRQRPLHGHVHUYLUH(DHVWHRVXEGLYL]LXQHIXQFĠLRQDOăGHFDUHGHSLQGHSODQL
ILFDUHDLQWHUQăDvQWUHJXOXLEORF
3ODQLILFDUHDVHF‫܊‬LHLVSLWDOLFH‫܈‬WLWUHEXLHVăFRUHVSXQGăXUPăWRDUHORUFHULQĠH
 &RPSRQHQĠDvQFăSHULORUYDFRUHVSXQGHVSHFLILFXOXLEROLL
 $VLJXUDUHDXQHLVHULLGHFLUFXLWHVDOXEUHWUDVHXOSDUFXUVGHXQRELHFW
RSHUVRDQăVDXDOLPHQWvQVSLWDOQXWUHEXLHVăVHLQWHUIHUH]HFXVXUVD
GHFRQWDPLQDUH
 3ODQLILFDUHDXúRUPRELOăFDUHDUSHUPLWHRPRGHUQL]DUHDVHF‫܊‬LHL
)LHFDUHVHF‫܊‬LHYDLQFOXGH
● ]RQDFXVDORDQHVăOLGHWUDWDPHQWHELURXOPHGLFLORUFDPHUDGHJDUGăvQ
FăSHUHDSHQWUX]L
● ]RQDvQFăSHULORUDX[LOLDUHEORFXOVDQLWDU
● ]RQDvQFăSHULORUFRPXQHVXIUDJHULDEXIHWXOELURXOúHIXOXLGHSR]LWHOH
SHQWUXDOELWXULXQKROFRPXQ
/DH[SHUWL]DLJLHQLFăDSURLHFWHORUGHFRQVWUXF‫܊‬LHDVSLWDOHORUVHYDGHWHU
PLQDGDFăDFHVWHDFRUHVSXQGVDUFLQLLSULQFLSDOH±DVLJXUDUHDFRQIRUWXOXLLJLHQLF
‫܈‬LFRQGL‫܊‬LLORUIDYRUDELOHGHGHVHUYLUHDEROQDYLORU'HDFHHDVDORDQHOHVHDPSOD
VHD]ăFRPSDFWvQFăSHULOHGHGHVHUYLUHFXUDWLYă±VHSDUDWSRVWXULOHDVLVWHQWHORU
PHGLFDOHvQFHQWUXOVHF‫܊‬LHLEORFXOVDQLWDUODXQFDSăWDOVHF‫܊‬LHL6HF‫܊‬LLOHFXUDWLYH
WUHFăWRDUHDXGH]DYDQWDMHID‫܊‬ăGHFHOHQHWUHFăWRDUHvQHOHVHvQUHJLVWUHD]ăRSR
OXDUHEDFWHULDQăFXPXOWPDLPDUH‫܈‬L]JRPRWFXG%PDLvQDOW
6HF‫܊‬LLOHSRWILvQJXVWHFXFRULGRUXOGLQXQDVDXGLQDPEHOHSăUĠL‫܈‬LFXGRXă
FRULGRDUHvQIRUPăURWXQGăSăWUDWăVDXGLIHULWHDOWHPRGLILFăUL3ODQLILFDUHDFR
ULGRDUHORU VHF‫܊‬LLORUFXDPSODVDUHDXQLODWHUDOăDVDORDQHORUHVWHPDL IDYRUDELOă
GHFkWFHDELODWHUDOăÌQDFHVWFD]FRULGRUXOYDILPDLOXPLQRVPDLELQHYHQWLODW
6HSHUPLWHFRQVWUXF‫܊‬LDELODWHUDOăvQVăFXKROXULFXRVXSUDID‫܊‬ăGHGLQOXQ
JLPHDFRULGRUXOXLGLVWDQ‫܊‬DGLQWUHFDUHVăQXGHSă‫܈‬HDVFăP/ă‫܊‬LPHDFRULGR
UXOXLQXSRDWHILPDLPLFăGHP
 5DSRUWXOGLQWUHVXSUDID‫܊‬DvQFăSHULORUDX[LOLDUH‫܈‬LVXSUDID‫܊‬DVDORDQHORUWUH
EXLHVăILHHJDOăFX'LPHQVLXQLOHVHF‫܊‬LHLGHSLQGGHPăULPHDúLIRUPDHWDMXOXL
DGLFăGHGLVWDQĠDGHODORFXOGHJDUGăDDVLVWHQWHLPHGLFDOHSkQăODFHOPDLvQGH
SăUWDWVDORQP$VWIHOvQVHF‫܊‬LLOHFXXQVLQJXUFRULGRUQXPăUXOGHSDWXULYD
ILPDLPLFÌQFD]XOGRWăULLVHF‫܊‬LLORUFXVLVWHPHGHFRQGLĠLRQDUHDDHUXOXLúLLOX
PLQDUHDUWLILFLDOăSODQLILFDUHDFXGRXăFRULGRDUHvQGLIHULWHPRGLILFăULSHUPLWH
PăULUHDQXPăUXOXLGHSDWXULúLvQDFHOD‫܈‬LWLPSUHGXFHUHDGLVWDQĠHLGHODSRVWXO
DVLVWHQWHLPHGLFDOHSkQăODVDORQSkQăODP
&HOHPDLLPSRUWDQWHvQFăSHULGLQVWUXFWXUDVSLWDOHORUVXQWVDORDQHOHGHRD
UHFHDLFLEROQDYLLv‫܈‬LSHWUHFFFDGLQWLPS(ILFLHQ‫܊‬DWUDWDPHQWXOXLGHSLQGH
GHFRQGL‫܊‬LLOHLJLHQLFHFRQIRUWXOGLQVDORQUHJLPXOSVLKRORJLFIDYRUDELOUHJLPXO
DQWLHSLGHPLFHWF
1XPăUXOGHSDWXULvQVDORDQHHVWHGHWHUPLQDWGHSURILOXOVSLWDOXOXL‫܈‬LGHPăUL
PHDVHFĠLHL&DSDFLWDWHDVDORDQHORUDWkWSHQWUXFRSLLvQYkUVWăGHSHVWHXQDQFkWúL
SHQWUXPDWXULQXWUHEXLHVăGHSăúHDVFăSDWUXSDWXUL&DSDFLWDWHDVDORDQHORUSHQWUX
FRSLLLGHSkQăODXQDQúLDVDORDQHORUSHQWUXREVHUYDĠLHvQVHFĠLLOHREVWHWULFDOHQXYD
GHSăúLGRXăSDWXUL
3HQWUXDDVLJXUDFRQGL‫܊‬LLQHFHVDUHVDORQXOWUHEXLHVăDLEăRVXSUDID‫܊‬ăVXIL
FLHQWăSHQWUXDPSODVDUHDOLEHUăDPRELOLHUXOXLSHQWUXWUHFHUL6XSUDID‫܊‬DGLIHUăvQ
IXQF‫܊‬LH GH GHVWLQD‫܊‬LD VDORQXOXL LQIHF‫܊‬LRDVH ‫܈‬L GH WXEHUFXOR]ă SHQWUX PDWXUL ±
PODXQSDWLQIHF‫܊‬LRDVH‫܈‬LGHWXEHUFXOR]ăSHQWUXFRSLLIăUăSUH]HQ‫܊‬DPDPH
ORU±PODXQSDWWUDXPDWRORJLH‫܈‬LRUWRSHGLHSHQWUXPDWXUL±PODXQ
SDWWHUDSLHLQWHQVLYă‫܈‬LSRVWRSHUDWRULH±PODXQSDWVRPDWLFHSHQWUXFRSLL
±PODXQSDWSHQWUXQRXQăVFX‫܊‬L±PODXQSDWVDORDQHFX‫܈‬LPDL
PXOWHSDWXUL±PODXQSDWVDORDQHFXXQSDW±PODXQSDWÌQVDORDQH
SDWXULOHYRUILDPSODVDWHSDUDOHOFXJHDPXOFkWHGRXăvQUkQG'LVWDQ‫܊‬DGLQWUH
SDWXUL QX YDIL PDL PLFă GH PGLQWUHSDW‫܈‬LSHUHWHOH FXJHDP ± PvQ
VDORDQHOHFXSDWXUL‫܈‬LGHPvQFHOHFXSDWXUL
6XSUDIDĠDSHUHĠLORUvQFăSHULORUVSLWDOLFH‫܈‬WLGXúXPHOHORUúLWDYDQHORUvQvQ
FăSHULWUHEXLHVăILHQHWHGăXúRUDFFHVLELOăSHQWUXGHUHWLFDUHXPHGăúLUH]LVWHQWă
ODSUHOXFUDUHDFXGHWHUJHQĠLúLFXSURGXVHGH]LQIHFWDQWH6HUHFRPDQGăFDSHUH‫܊‬LL
VăILHYRSVL‫܊‬LvQFXORULGHWRQXULGHVFKLVHFDUHYRUDPSOLILFDUHIOHFWDUHDOXPLQLL
'XúXPHDXDvQvQFăSHULOHVSLWDOLFH‫܈‬WLWUHEXLHVăILHUH]LVWHQWăODDFĠLXQHPHFDQLFă
/RFXULOHXQGHYRUILLQVWDODWHODYRDUHúLDOWHRELHFWHVDQLWDUHVDXXWLODMHFDUHvQ
WLPSXOH[SORDWăULLSRWXPH]LSHUHĠLLúLSDUDYDQHOHYRUILILQLVDWHFXPDWHULDOHKL
GURUH]LVWHQWHFHOSXĠLQSkQăODvQăOĠLPHDGHPGHODGXúXPHDúLOăĠLPHDGHFHO
SXĠLQFPGHODILHFDUHSDUWHDXWLODMXOXL6XSUDIDĠDLQWHUQăúLH[WHUQăDPRELOLH
UXOXLPHGLFDOWUHEXLHVăILHQHWHGăFRQIHFĠLRQDWăGLQPDWHULDOHUH]LVWHQWHODDFĠLX
QHDGHWHUJHQĠLORUVXEVWDQĠHORUGH]LQIHFWDQWHúLPHGLFDPHQWRDVH

Blocul operator HVWH RVXEGLYL]LXQHVWUXFWXUDOăDVSLWDOXOXLFRQVWLWXLWăGLQ

VDODGHRSHUD‫܊‬LL‫܈‬LXQFRPSOH[GHvQFăSHULDX[LOLDUH‫܈‬LSRDWHILGHSURILOJHQHUDO
‫܈‬L VSHFLDOL]DW WUDXPDWRORJLH QHXURFKLUXUJLH FDUGLRFKLUXUJLH HWF 'H UHJXOă
Capitolul VI

EORFXULOHRSHUDWRULLSRWGHVHUYLFkWHYDVHF‫܊‬LL‫܈‬LVHDPSODVHD]ăvQFOăGLULL]RODWH
EORFXULDQH[ăVDXvQVHFĠLLL]RODWHvQFRPSRQHQĠDFOăGLULL/DDPSODVDUHDEORFXOXL
RSHUDWRUvQDIDUDFOăGLULORUFXUDWLYHVHYRUSUHYHGHDWUHFHULFRPRGHFXvQFăO]LUH
FDUHYRUIDFHOHJăWXUDúLFXFHOHODOWHVXEGLYL]LXQLFOLQLFHúLFXUDWLYGLDJQRVWLFH
6XSUDID‫܊‬DPLQLPăDVăOLLGHRSHUD‫܊‬LHvQVSLWDOHOHGHSURILOJHQHUDOYDILGHPLDU
GDFăVDODHVWHSUHYă]XWăSHQWUXRSHUD‫܊‬LLFRPSOLFDWHWUDQVSODQWGHRUJDQHFDUGLRFKL
UXUJLH±P6ăOLOHGHRSHUDĠLLXUJHQWHVHDPSODVHD]ăvQFRPSRQHQĠDVHFĠLLORUGH
LQWHUQDUH‫܈‬LYRUILSUHYă]XWHEORFXULSHQWUXRSHUDĠLLVHSWLFHúLDVHSWLFHFXGLYL]DUHD
VWULFWăDvQFăSHULORU]RQDVWHULOă]RQDGHUHJLPVWULFW]RQDvQFăSHULORUÄPXUGDUH´
/DDPSODVDUHDVăOLORUGHRSHUDĠLLSHYHUWLFDOăVăOLOHVHSWLFHWUHEXLHVăILHVLWXDWHGHD
VXSUDFHORUDVHSWLFHVDXODHWDMHOHVXSHULRDUHDOHEORFXULORUGHSURILOWHUDSHXWLF
,QWUDUHDvQEORFXULOHGHRSHUDĠLLSHQWUXSHUVRQDOYDILRUJDQL]DWăSULQILOWUHVD
QLWDUHLDUSHQWUXEROQDYL±SULQHFOX]H)LOWUXOVDQLWDUSHQWUXSHUVRQDOVHSDUDWSHQWUX
EăUEDĠLúLIHPHLYDFRQVWDvQEORFXULOHGHRSHUDĠLLGLQWUHLvQFăSHULDGLDFHQWH
DSULPDvQFăSHUHHVWHXWLODWăFXFDELQăGHGXúEORFVDQLWDUúLGR]DWRU
FXVROXĠLHDQWLVHSWLFă$LFLSHUVRQDOXOvúLVFRDWHKDLQHOHGHOXFUXGLQ
VHFĠLHIDFHGXúúLLJLHQL]HD]ăPkLQLOHFXDQWLVHSWLFH
EvQFHDGHDGRXDvQFăSHUHSHUVRQDOXOvPEUDFăFRVWXPHFKLUXUJLFDOH
FXUDWHvQFăOĠăPLQWHVSHFLDOăúLSăUăVHúWHILOWUXOVDQLWDU
FDWUHLDvQFăSHUHHVWHXWLODWăFXUHFLSLHQWHSHQWUXFROHFWDUHDvPEUăFă
PLQWHLFRVWXPHFKLUXUJLFDOHPăúWLERQHWHúLDvQFăOĠăPLQWHLvQFDUH
GXSăHIHFWXDUHDRSHUDĠLHLSHUVRQDOXOPHGLFDOUHYLQHvQILOWUXOVDQLWDU
GvQFRQWLQXDUHSHUVRQDOXOUHYLQHvQSULPDvQFăSHUHXQGHODQHFHVLWDWH
IDFHGXúvPEUDFăKDLQHOHGHSURWHFĠLHSHQWUXOXFUXOvQVHFĠLHúLSăUă
VHúWHEORFXOGHRSHUDĠLL
ÌQILOWUXOVDQLWDUSHQWUXSHUVRQDOGLQEORFXULOHGHRSHUDĠLLFDELQHOHGHGXú
VHLQVWDOHD]ăUHLHúLQGGLQFDOFXOXORFDELQăODPD[LPXPSDWUXVăOLGHRSHUDĠLL
ÌQVHFĠLLOHGHLQWHUQDUHREVWHWULFăúLSHGLDWULHWUHEXLHVăILHDPHQDMDWHILOWUH
VDQLWDUHSHQWUXSHUVRQDOFXYHVWLDUúLGXúQXPDLSXĠLQGHRFDELQăSHQWUXFLQFL
SHUVRDQH
)OX[XULOHvQEORFXOGHRSHUDĠLLWUHEXLHVăILHGLYL]DWHÄVWHULO´±SHQWUXWUHFH
UHDFKLUXUJLORUúLDVLVWHQWHORUGHRSHUDĠLLÄFXUDW´±SHQWUXWUDQVSRUWDUHDEROQDYXOXL
GHSODVDUHD DQHVWH]LRORJLORU SHUVRQDOXOXL PHGLFDO LQIHULRU SHUVRQDOXOXL WHKQLF
vPEUăFăPLQWHL FXUDWH PHGLFDPHQWHORUÄPXUGDU´ ± SHQWUX HYDFXDUHD GHúHXULORU
UH]XOWDWHGLQDFWLYLWăĠLPHGLFDOHDOELWXULORUIRORVLWHHWF)OX[XULOHVHGRWHD]ăFX
DVFHQVRDUHVHSDUDWHúLQXWUHEXLHVăVHLQWHUVHFWH]H

Secţia de boli infecțioaseSUH]LQWăVLWXDĠLLGHULVFGHFRQWDPLQDUHDWkWSHQ

WUXEROQDYLLLQWHUQDĠLFkWúLSHQWUXSHUVRQDOXOPHGLFDO$FHVWWLSGHVHF‫܊‬LLWUHEXLH
DPSODVDWHL]RODWODGLVWDQĠăGHDOWHVHF‫܊‬LL‫܈‬LEORFXULLDULQWUăULOHVFăULOHúLDVFHQ
VRDUHOHSHQWUXLQWHUQDUHDúLH[WHUQDUHDEROQDYLORUWUHEXLHVăILHVHSDUDWH9RUIL
SUHYă]XWHGRXăLQWUăULXQDSHQWUXEROQDYL‫܈‬LDOWDSHQWUXSHUVRQDOXOPHGLFDO6HF
‫܊‬LDWUHEXLHVăGLVSXQăGHRVHF‫܊‬LHGHLQWHUQDUHIRDUWHELQHRUJDQL]DWăFXvQFăSHUL
VHSDUDWHSHQWUXEROQDYLFXSRVLELOLWăĠLGHFRQVXOWDUH‫܈‬LGHL]RODUHDEROQDYLORUúL
GHGH]LQIHFWDUHDvQFăSHULORUODQHFHVLWDWH

Secția de internare HVWH VHSDUDWăSHQWUXFRSLLúLSHQWUXDGXOĠLLQFOXGH

ER[HSHQWUXGLIHULWHEROLLQIHF‫܊‬LRDVHVDXFKLDUSHQWUXILHFDUHEROQDYODFDUHVH
DQH[HD]ăXQVHUYLFLXGHWULDMúLGLDJQRVWLF1XPăUXOQHFHVDUGHER[HGHLQWHUQDUH
‫܈‬LGHH[DPLQDUHVHFDOFXOHD]ăUHLH‫܈‬LQGGLQQXPăUXOWRWDOGHSDWXULvQVHF‫܊‬LH'DFă
vQVHF‫܊‬LHVXQWSkQăODGHSDWXULVHSUHYăGGRXăER[HSHQWUXGHSDWXUL±
WUHLER[HPDLPXOWGHSDWXUL±GLQQXPăUXOGHSDWXUL%R[DGHLQWHUQDUH
HVWHDOFăWXLWăGLQHFOX]ăVDXVSDĠLXWDPSRQVDODGHWULDMúLGHGLDJQRVWLFDQWUHX
3HQWUXRPDLEXQăL]RODUHDEROQDYLORUvQVHF‫܊‬LDGHEROLLQIHF‫܊‬LRDVHVDORD
QHOHYRUILGHSDWXUL PD[LPXPSDWUX SDWXUL ÌQ FHOH GH SHGLDWULH SHQWUX
SUHYHQLUHDUăVSkQGLULLLQIHFĠLLORUDHURJHQHVDORDQHOHVHYRUvPSăUĠLFXSDUDYDQH
vQER[HÌQDVWIHOGHVDORDQHVHYRUDIODEROQDYLQXPDLFXRVLQJXUăLQIHFĠLH
2L]RODUHPDLEXQăYDILvQVDORDQHVSHFLDOH±ER[HFDUHSRWILFRPSOHWH
VHPLER[HL]RODWH%R[DFRPSOHWăHVWHFRPSXVăGLQLQIHFĠLLDHURJHQHHFOX]ă
VDORQJUXSVDQLWDUDQWUHXFXLH‫܈‬LUHDIDUă6HPLER[DHVWHDOFăWXLWăGLQDFHOHDúL
vQFăSHULFDúLER[DFRPSOHWăFXH[FHSĠLDDQWUHXOXLFXLHúLUHVHSDUDWăEROQDYLL‫܈‬L
SHUVRQDOXOLQWUkQGGLQFRULGRUÌQDPEHOHWLSXULGHER[HYRUILPD[LPGRXăSD
WXUL 9HQWLODĠLD YD IL RUJDQL]DWă DVWIHO FD vQ VDORDQH Vă SUHGRPLQH DVSLUDĠLD FX
PXOWLSOXOGHvQFRULGRUUHIXODUHFXPXOWLSOXO3HQWUXLQWHUQDUHDEROQDYLORU
FXEROLLQIHFĠLRDVHH[WUHPGHFRQWDJLRDVHVXQWSUHYă]XWHER[HOHGHL]RODUHDOFă
WXLWHGLQDQWUHXVDORQ‫܈‬LJUXSVDQLWDU
3HQWUXVDORDQHOHGLQVHFĠLLOHGHEROLLQIHFĠLRDVHVHYRUSUHYHGHDHFOX]HúL
:&XULÌQDFHVWHVHFĠLLvQSHUHĠLLúLvQSDUDYDQHOHFDUHGHVSDUWVDORDQHOHSHQWUX
FRSLL GH FRULGRU SUHFXP úL vQ SHUHĠLL úL vQ SDUDYDQHOH GLQWUH VDORDQHOH SHQWUX
FRSLLvQYkUVWăGHSkQăODDQLVHYRUSUHYHGHDJHDPXULGHREVHUYDĠLHDOHFăURU
GLPHQVLXQLVHVWDELOHVFSULQVDUFLQDGHSURLHFWDUH
%R[HOHVHPLER[HOHúLVDORDQHOHVHFĠLLORULQIHFĠLRDVHYRUILSUHYă]XWHFXIHUHV
WUHSHQWUXWUDQVPLWHUHDSURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUHSUHSDUDWHORUPHGLFDOHúLOHQMHULHL
6HF‫܊‬LDGHEROLLQIHFĠLRDVHFXER[HDUHDYDQWDMHIDĠăGHFHDRELúQXLWăPDL
XúRUVHPDQHYUHD]ăFXSDWXULOHFRQGLĠLLOHSHQWUXL]RODUHVXQWPDLEXQH6DORD
QHOHYRUILRFXSDWHvQWUXQVLQJXUPRPHQWFHHDFHHVWHLPSRUWDQWSHQWUXSUHYH
QLUHDFRPSOLFDĠLLORU
ÌQVăL]RODUHDQXHVWHXQLFDPHWRGăGHSUHYHQLUHDLQIHFĠLLORUQRVRFRPLDOH6H
PDLSRWIRORVLYHQWLODĠLDHIHFWLYăGH]LQIHFĠLDDHUXOXL‫܈‬LDXWLODMXOXLQHXWUDOL]DUHD
UH]LGXXULORUOLFKLGHúLVROLGHUHVSHFWDUHDVWULFWăDUHJLPXOXLVDQLWDUGHFăWUHSHUVR
QDOXOPHGLFDOúLEROQDYL
ÌQVHFĠLLOHGHEROLLQIHFĠLRDVHLQFOXVLYGHWXEHUFXOR]ăVLVWHPXOGHYHQWLODUH
PHFDQLFăVHLQVWDOHD]ăVXEIRUPăGHFDQDOHVHSDUDWHSHQWUXILHFDUHER[ăúLVHPL
ER[ăFXÄSUHVLXQHQHJDWLYă´FDUHYRUILGRWDWHFXLQVWDODĠLLSHQWUXGH]LQIHFĠLDDH
UXOXLÌQOLSVDVLVWHPXOXLGHYHQWLODUHGHUHIXODUHDVSLUDĠLHPHFDQLFăWUHEXLHLQVWD
Capitolul VI

ODWăYHQWLODĠLDQDWXUDOăFXPRQWDUHDREOLJDWRULHvQILHFDUHER[ăúLVHPLER[ăDLQ
VWDODĠLLORUGHWLSUHFLUFXODQWFDUHYRUDVLJXUDHILFLHQĠDLQDFWLYăULLPLFURRUJDQLVPH
ORUúLYLUXVXULORUQXPDLSXĠLQGH

Secțiile obstetricaleVHSDUDWHRULvQFRPSRQHQĠDVSLWDOHORUSROLSURILODWH
WUHEXLHVăDVLJXUH]RQDUHDVWULFWăDVHFĠLLORUFLFOLFLWDWHDvQFăUFăULLúLSUHOXFUăULL
VDQLWDUHGLULMDUHDIOX[XOXLLQWUDVSLWDOLFHVFODLQWHUQDUHH[WHUQDUHúLFRQGLĠLLRS
WLPHGHPXQFăSHQWUXSHUVRQDO0DWHUQLWăĠLOHVHDPSODVHD]ăvQEORFVHSDUDWDO
FRPSOH[XOXLVSLWDOLFHVFVDXvQEORFFXWHUHQSURSULXÌQXQXOúLDFHODúEORFSRWIL
DPSODVDWHVHUYLFLXOFRQVXOWDWLYSHQWUXIHPHLPDWHUQLWDWHDJLQHFRORJLDFDUHVH
YRUL]ROD‫܈‬LYRUDYHDDFFHVHVHSDUDWH
ÌQVHF‫܊‬LLOHGHREVWHWULFăWRDWHvQFăSHULOHFXH[FHSĠLDYHVWLEXOXOXLWUHEXLH
VăILHVHSDUDWHSHQWUXVHFĠLDIL]LRORJLFăÄIOX[FXUDW´úLSHQWUXVHFĠLDGHREVHU
YDUHÄIOX[PXUGDU´
ÌQ FRPSRQHQĠD PDWHUQLWăĠLL VXQWWUHL JUXSH GH vQFăSHUL GH SULPLUH úL GH
H[DPLQDUHGHQDúWHUH‫܈‬LSRVWQDWDOH
6HFĠLLOHGHREVHUYDUHWUHEXLHDPSODVDWHL]RODWODSULPXOHWDMDOFOăGLULLSULQ
FLSDOHVDXODXOWLPXOHWDMGHDVXSUDVHFĠLLORUGHSDWRORJLHDJUDYLGHORUIL]LRORJLFH
VDXJLQHFRORJLFH6WDĠLRQDUHOHGHREVWHWULFăYRUDYHDXUPăWRDUHOHVXEGLYL]LXQL
GH SULPLUH EORFXO GH QDúWHUL VHFĠLD IL]LRORJLH SRVWQDWDOă VHFĠLD GH REVHUYDUH
VHFĠLDSDWRORJLHDJUDYLGLWăĠLLVHFĠLDSHQWUXQRXQăVFXĠLVHUYLFLXODGPLQLVWUDWLY
ODERUDWRUIDUPDFLHvQFăSHULDX[LOLDUH
6XEGLYL]LXQHDSULPDUăDVWDĠLRQDUXOXLGHREVWHWULFăHVWHVHUYLFLXOGHSULPLUHúL
GHH[DPLQDUHFXDQXPLWHSDUWLFXODULWăĠL$FHVWVHUYLFLXLQFOXGHVDODGHDúWHSWDUH
ILOWUXO vQFăSHUL SHQWUX H[DPLQDUH SHQWUX SUHOXFUDUH VDQLWDUă GXú:& ÌQFăSHUL
SHQWUXH[DPLQDUHYRUILGRXăSHQWUXSULPLUHDJUDYLGHORUúLDSDFLHQWHORUvQXQLWDWHD
IL]LRORJLH‫܈‬LSHQWUXREVHUYDUH'DFăvQFRPSRQHQĠDPDWHUQLWăĠLLHVWHXQLWDWHDGHJL
QHFRORJLHHDYDDYHDvQFăSHULGHSULPLUHúLGHH[DPLQDUHVHSDUDWH
ÌQFDPHUDGHDúWHSWDUHJUDYLGDVDXSDFLHQWDvúLVFRDWHKDLQDDSRLWUHFHvQ
ILOWUXXQGHPHGLFXOGHFLGHvQFHXQLWDWHYDILvQGUHSWDWă'DFăJUDYLGDH[DPLQDWă
QXDUHVLPSWRPHGHEROLFRQWDJLRDVHQXDIRVWvQFRQWDFWFXEROQDYLFRQWDJLRúL
HVWHvQGUHSWDWăvQSULPDVDOăGHSULPLUHúLGHH[DPLQDUHGDFăDXIRVWGHSLVWDWH
VHPQHGHEROLFRQWDJLRDVH±vQDGRXDVDOăGHSULPLUHúLGHH[DPLQDUHDSRLvQ
VHFĠLDGHREVHUYDUH6DODGHH[DPLQDUHWUHEXLHVăGLVSXQăGHvQFăSHULSHQWUXSUH
OXFUDUHDVDQLWDUăGHXQGHSDUWXULHQWDWUHFHvQVDORQXOSUHQDWDOEORFGHQDúWHUH
LDUJUDYLGDvQXQLWDWHDSDWRORJLDJUDYLGLWăĠLL
*UDYLGHOHGLQXQLWDWHDSDWRORJLDJUDYLGLWă‫܊‬LLWUHFvQEORFXOGHQDúWHUHSULQ
vQFăSHULOHGHSULPLUHúLGHH[DPLQDUHXQGHVXQWVXSXVHSUHOXFUăULLVDQLWDUH
%ORFXOGHQDúWHUHDUHvQFRPSRQHQĠăVDORDQHSUHQDWDOHVăOLGHQDúWHUHVăOL
GHRSHUDĠLHvQFăSHULSHQWUXSUHOXFUDUHDQRXQăVFXĠLORUVDORDQHGHWHUDSLHLQWHQ
VLYă vQFăSHUL SHQWUX SHUVRQDOXO PHGLFDO EXIHW vQFăSHUL SHQWUX SUHOXFUDUHD
PXúDPDOHORUSăVWUDUHDDOELWXULORUHWF
6HFĠLDGHREVHUYDUHWUHEXLHVăGLVSXQăGHVăOLGHQDúWHUHúLSRVWQDWDOHVHSDUDWH
 Cerinţe față de sistemele de încălzire, de ventilare și de condiționare a
aerului din încăperile spitalicești
6LVWHPXOGHvQFăO]LUHGHYHQWLODUHúLGHFRQGLĠLRQDUHDDHUXOXLWUHEXLHVă
DVLJXUHFRQGLĠLLRSWLPHDOHPLFURFOLPDWXOXLúLFRPSRQHQĠDFKLPLFăDGHFYDWăD
DHUXOXLGLQvQFăSHULOHVSLWDOLFH‫܈‬WL
3DUDPHWULLRSWLPDOLDLPLFURFOLPDWXOXLvQvQFăSHULOHVSLWDOLFH‫܈‬WLSRWILDVL
JXUD‫܊‬LSULQvQFăO]LUHDRSWLPă0HFDQLVPHOHFRPSHQVDWRDUHDOHRUJDQLVPXOXLERO
QDYLORUGHVHRULVXQWGHUHJODWHFHHDFHQHFHVLWăHYLWDUHDvQFRUGăULLSURFHVHORUGH
WHUPRUHJODUH vQ VSHFLDO SHQWUX SDFLHQ‫܊‬LL FX PDODGLL DOH VLVWHPXOXL FLUFXODWRU
3HQWUXPDMRULWDWHDEROQDYLORUWHPSHUDWXUDFRQIRUWDELOăDDHUXOXLGLQVDORDQHvQ
SHULRDGDUHFHDDQXOXLHVWHGHƒ&SHQWUXFHLFXFRPEXVWLH±ƒ&FX
KLSRWLUHR]ă±ƒ&FXWLUHRWR[LFR]ă±ƒ&vQVDORDQHOHSRVWRSHUDWRULL±ƒ&
SHQWUX FRSLLL QăVFX‫܊‬L SUHPDWXU WUDXPD‫܊‬L GH SkQăOD XQ DQ ±  ƒ& 'LIHUHQ‫܊‬D
WHPSHUDWXULLSHYHUWLFDOăQXWUHEXLHVăGHSă‫܈‬HDVFăƒ&LDUSHRUL]RQWDOăƒ&
9LWH]DGHPL‫܈‬FDUHDDHUXOXLvQvQFăSHULOHVSLWDOLFH‫܈‬WLYDILGHSkQăODPVLDU
XPLGLWDWHDUHODWLYăYDFRQVWLWXL
3HQWUXvQFăO]LUHDvQFăSHULORUSRDWHILIRORVLWVLVWHPXOGHvQFăO]LUHFHQWUDOL
]DWÌQFDOLWDWHGHDJHQWWHUPLFvQVLVWHPHOHGHvQFăO]LUHFHQWUDOL]DWăVHXWLOL]HD]ă
DSDFXWHPSHUDWXUDPD[LPăvQFRQYHFWRDUHGHƒ&ÌQVSLWDOHQXVHDGPLWHXWLOL
]DUHDDOWRUOLFKLGHúLVROXĠLLvQFDOLWDWHGHDJHQWWHUPLFvQVLVWHPHOHGHvQFăO]LUH
,QVWLWX‫܊‬LLOH PHGLFRVDQLWDUH WUHEXLH Vă ILH GRWDWHFX VLVWHPH GH YHQWLOD‫܊‬LH
FDUHYRUDVLJXUDvQFăSHULOHFXDHUFXUDWGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHEDFWHULRORJLFFKLPLF
‫܈‬LDSUH]HQ‫܊‬HLSXOEHULORU&OăGLULOHVSLWDOLFH‫܈‬WLWUHEXLHVăILHGRWDWHFXVLVWHPHGH
YHQWLODUHUHIXODUHDVSLUDĠLHPHFDQLFăúLYHQWLODĠLHGHUHIXODUHQDWXUDOă3URLHFWD
UHDúLH[SORDWDUHDVLVWHPHORUGHYHQWLODUHWUHEXLHVăH[FOXGăGLUHFĠLDGHGHSODVDUH
DPDVHORUGHDHUGLQ]RQHOHÄPXUGDUH´DOHvQFăSHULLVSUHFHOHÄFXUDWH´
ÌQFăSHULOHVSLWDOLFH‫܈‬WLFXH[FHSĠLDVăOLORUGHRSHUDĠLLSHOkQJăVLVWHPXOGH
YHQWLODUHPHFDQLFăYRUDYHDúLYHQWLODĠLHQDWXUDOă&DSWDUHDDHUXOXLGLQDWPRV
IHUăSHQWUXVLVWHPXOGHYHQWLODUHúLGHFRQGLĠLRQDUHVHHIHFWXHD]ăGLQ]RQDYHUGH
ODRvQăOĠLPHQXPDLPLFăGHPGHODVXSUDIDĠDVROXOXL$HUXOFDSWDWVHYDVX
SXQHWUDWăULLSULQILOWUH'LVSR]LWLYHOHGHUHIXODUHDVSLUDĠLHGHVFKLPEJHQHUDOúL
GHDVSLUDĠLHORFDOăVHYRUFRQHFWDFXFHOSXĠLQPLQXWHvQDLQWHGHvQFHSHUHDOX
FUXOXLúLVHYRUGHFRQHFWDFXFHOSXĠLQPLQXWHGXSăILQDOL]DUHDOXFUXOXL
ÌQVăOLOHGHRSHUDĠLLúLvQFHOHSUHRSHUDWRULLLQLĠLDOVHFRQHFWHD]ăVLVWHPHOH
GHYHQWLODUHGHUHIXODUHDSRLGHDVSLUDĠLHVDXDPEHOHVLPXOWDQ
ÌQWRDWHvQFăSHULOHVSLWDOLFH‫܈‬WLDHUXOVHGHELWHD]ăvQ]RQDVXSHULRDUăDvQFă
SHULLÌQvQFăSHULOHVWHULOHDHUXOVHGHELWHD]ăSULQLQWHUPHGLXOIOX[XULORUODPLQDUH
VDXWXUEXOHQWHYLWH]DPD[LPăDDHUXOXL±PVHF
&DQWLWDWHDDHUXOXLHYDFXDWGLQ]RQDLQIHULRDUăDVăOLORUGHRSHUDĠLLWUHEXLHVă
FRQVWLWXLHLDUGLQ]RQDVXSHULRDUă±'HELWDUHDDHUXOXLSURDVSăWVHHIHF
WXHD]ăSULQ]RQDVXSHULRDUăDVWIHOvQFkWUHIXODUHDVăSUHGRPLQHDVXSUDDVSLUDĠLHL
Capitolul VI

$HULVLUHDSULQREHUOLKWXULJHDPXULWUDWDUHDvQFăSHULORUFXUDGLDĠLLXOWUDYL
ROHWHúLDXWRFRQWUROXOLQGLFLORUPLFURELRORJLFLDLDHUXOXLúLGHSHRELHFWHVHYRU
IDFHGXSăXQSURJUDPVWDELOLW

Cerinţe igienice față de iluminatul natural şi artificial

al încăperilor spitalicești
,OXPLQDUHDRSWLPăHVWHXQXOGLQWUHIDFWRULLLQGLVSHQVDELOLvQIRUPDUHDFRQ
GLĠLLORUVDQLWDUHvQvQFăSHULOHVSLWDOLFHúWL5DGLDĠLLOHOXPLQRDVHH[FLWDQĠLDLYă]X
OXLH[HUFLWăDVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXLXQHIHFWELRORJLFJHQHUDOVWLPXODWRULQFOXVLY
DVXSUDVLVWHPXOXLQHUYRVPHWDEROLVPXOXLWHJXPHQWHORUHWF&HOHFXOXQJLPHD
GHXQGăPDUHUD]HOHURúLLDXHIHFWH[FLWDWLDUFHOHFXOXQJLPHDGHXQGăPLFă
UD]HOHDOEDVWUHFDOPDQWăIDYRUL]kQGFUHúWHUHDúLGH]YROWDUHDFHOXOHORUWLQHUH
([FHVXOVDXLQVXILFLHQ‫܊‬DGHOXPLQăSRWDYHDDFĠLXQLQRFLYH3HQWUXDOHSUH
YHQLHVWHQHFHVDUFDLOXPLQDWXOvQLQWHULRUVăILHFXSULQVvQWUHDQXPLWHOLPLWHFDUH
VăQXGHUHJOH]HDFWLYLWDWHDIL]LRORJLFăDRFKLXOXLúLWRWRGDWăRUJDQLVPXOVăEH
QHILFHFkWPDLPXOWGHHIHFWHOHJHQHUDOHVWLPXODWRDUHDODFHVWRUUDGLDĠLL
ÌQFăSHULOHVSLWDOLFH‫܈‬WLWUHEXLHVăDLEăLOXPLQDWPL[W,OXPLQDUHDvQFăSHULORU
VSLWDOLFHúWLVHvPSDUWHvQSDWUXJUXSH
 ÌQFăSHULLOXPLQDWHLQWHQVDQXOvPSUHMXUúLDSăUDWHGHVXSUDvQFăO]LUHVD
ORDQHOHFDPHUHOHGHRGLKQă
 ÌQFăSHULFDUHWUHEXLHIHULWHGHVXSUDvQFăO]LUHúLGHDFĠLXQHDRUELWRDUHDUD
]HORUVRODUHVăOLOHGHRSHUDĠLLGHSDQVDPHQWGHQDúWHUHODERUDWRDUHOH
 ÌQFăSHUL FDUH QX QHFHVLWă FHULQĠH VSHFLDOH GH LOXPLQDUH FDELQHWHOH
UDGLRORJLFHIL]LRWHUDSHXWLFH
 6SDĠLLOHGHVFKLVHIRORVLWHSHQWUXRGLKQăWUDWDPHQW
,OXPLQDWXOQDWXUDOGHRLQWHQVLWDWHúLVSHFWUXGLIHULWDFĠLRQHD]ăGLIHULWDVX
SUDEROLORU$úDRLOXPLQDUHGHLQWHQVLWDWHVFă]XWăDFĠLRQHD]ăEHQHILFDVXSUDERO
QDYLORUKLSHUWRQLFLHSLOHSWLFLFXWHWDQRV,OXPLQDWXOGHLQWHQVLWDWHVSRULWăHVWH
EHQHILFSHQWUXEROQDYLLGHUDKLWLVPWXEHUFXOR]ăvQSHULRDGDSRVWRSHUDWRULH
1LYHOXOLOXPLQăULLQDWXUDOHGHSLQGHúLGHFRHILFLHQWXOGHOXPLQR]LWDWH3HQ
WUXVDORDQHDFHVWFRHILFLHQWYDIL
&RHILFLHQWXOGHLOXPLQDUHQDWXUDOăQXWUHEXLHVăILHPDLPLFGHÌQ
PDMRULWDWHDvQFăSHULORUVSLWDOLFHúWLQXHVWHQHYRLHGHRLOXPLQDUHLQWHQVăLPSRU
WDQ‫܊‬ăSUH]HQWkQGFDOLWDWHDOXPLQLL$VWIHOQXVXQWDGPLVH
● VWUăOXFLULSXWHUQLFH
● VSHFWUXGHLOXPLQDUHQHIDYRUDELO
● SXOVDUHYL]LELOă
● ]JRPRWXOGLVSR]LWLYXOXL
ÌQXQHOHFD]XULLOXPLQDUHDDUWLILFLDOăYDDYHDRLQWHQVLWDWHPDLPDUHGHFkW
FHDQDWXUDOăvQVSHFLDOvQvQFăSHULOHGHGLDJQRVWLFXQGHHVWHQHYRLHGHDGHWHU
PLQDSUHFLVQXDQĠHOHGHFXORDUHDOHSLHOLLúLDOHPXFRDVHORUÌQFDELQHWHOHPHGL
FDOHGHH[DPLQDUHVHYRULQVWDODOăPSLGHSHUHWH úLPRELOH SHQWUX H[DPLQDUHD
EROQDYLORU
 ,OXPLQDUHDvQFăSHULORUVSLWDOLFHúWLFXOăPSLLQFDQGHVFHQWHQXDVLJXUăFRQ
GLĠLLRSWLPHQLFLSHQWUXOXFUXOSHUVRQDOXOXLPHGLFDOQLFLSHQWUXOLQLúWHDEROQDYL
ORUÌQWUHEXLQĠDUHDORUHDGPLVăQXPDLvQFD]GHSUH]HQĠăDDUPăWXULLFDUHGăR
OXPLQăGLIX]ăXQLIRUPăFRUSGHLOXPLQDW2LOXPLQDUHFXXQVSHFWUXPD[LP
DSURSLDWGHFHOGHOXPLQD]LOHLRGDXOăPSLOHOXPLQLVFHQWH
3HQWUXLOXPLQDUHDVDORDQHORUFXH[FHSĠLDFHORUGLQVHFĠLLOHSHQWUXFRSLLúL
SVLKLDWULFHVHYRUIRORVLOăPSLGHSHUHWHFRPELQDWHGHLOXPLQDUHORFDOăúLJHQH
UDOăLQVWDODWHOkQJăILHFDUHSDWODvQăOĠLPHDGHPGHODQLYHOXOGXúXPHOHL
,OXPLQDUHDFDELQHWHORUPHGLFDOHSHQWUXFRQVXOWDĠLLYDILGHO[VăOLLGH
RSHUDĠLL±O[VăOLLGHQD‫܈‬WHUHGHSDQVDPHQW‫܈‬LGHDQHVWH]LH±O[VDORD
QHORUGLQVHF‫܊‬LLOHSHQWUXFRSLL±O[DOWHVDORDQH±O[
Blocul alimentar, XQDGLQWUHDQH[HOHJRVSRGăUH‫܈‬WLGHRVHELWGHLPSRUWDQWă
WUHEXLHVăDVLJXUHXQFLUFXLWFkWPDLLJLHQLFDODOLPHQWHORU6XEDFHVWDVSHFWHO
WUHEXLHDPSODVDWDVWIHOvQFkWVăDLEăOHJăWXULX‫܈‬RDUH‫܈‬LFRPRGHDWkWFXH[WHULRUXO
FkW‫܈‬LFXWRDWHVHF‫܊‬LLOHGLQVSLWDO&HDPDLUHFRPDQGDWăDPSODVDUHHVWHSDUWHUXO
FOăGLULL%ORFXODOLPHQWDUWUHEXLHVăILHGRWDWFXVSD‫܊‬LLIULJRULILFHSHQWUXSăVWUDUHD
DOLPHQWHORUSHULVDELOH‫܈‬LvQFăSHULSHQWUXFHOHODOWHSURGXVH&LUFXLWXODOLPHQWHORU
WUHEXLHVăILHDVWIHOGLULMDWvQFkWVăVHH[FOXGăFRQWDFWXODOLPHQWHORUEUXWHFXVH
PLSUHSDUDWHOHVDXFXSURGXVHOHILQLWH3HQWUXWUDQ‫܈‬DUHDFăUQLLSH‫܈‬WHOXL]DU]DYD
WXULORUHWFYRUILGRWDWHvQFăSHULVSHFLDOH
3UHSDUDUHDDOLPHQWHORUWUHEXLHDVWIHOSODQLILFDWăvQFkWDFHVWHDVHILHJDWDFX
PLQXWHvQDLQWHGHDILGLVWULEXLWHÌQFD]FRQWUDUYRUILPHQ‫܊‬LQXWHFDOGHODR
WHPSHUDWXUăGHSHVWHƒ&FDUHQXSHUPLWHGH]YROWDUHDJHUPHQLORU‫܈‬LVDXHOLPL
QDUHDWR[LQHORU$OLPHQWHOHSUHSDUDWHWUDQVSRUWDWHGLQDOWHORFXULVHYRUWUDQ
VSRUWDODUHFH‫܈‬LVHYRUvQFăO]LODƒ&vQDLQWHGHDILVHUYLWH
6HUYLUHD PHVHL VH YD IDFH vQ VHF‫܊‬LL vQ FDPHUH VSHFLDO DPHQDMDWH VăOL GH
PDVăSHQWUXEROQDYLLQHWUDQVSRUWDELOLPDVDVH YDVHUYLODSDW7UDQVSRUWXODOL
PHQWHORUVHYDIDFHGHODEXFăWăULHODVDODGHPHVHFXDMXWRUXOOLIWXULORUVSHFLDOH‫܈‬L
YRUILDGXVHODEROQDYLFXDMXWRUXOXQRUFăUXFLRDUHFXSRVLELOLWă‫܊‬LGHWHUPRVWDWDUH
6HLQWHU]LFHLQWURGXFHUHDGHDOLPHQWH GLQ H[WHULRUPDLDOHV DFHORUX‫܈‬RU
SHULVDELOH SHQWUX D HYLWD WR[LLQIHF‫܊‬LLOH 3HUVRQDOXO EXFăWăULHL YD IL VXSXV XQXL
FRQWUROPHGLFDOSHULRGLFSHQWUXGHSLVWDUHDSXUWăWRULORUGHJHUPHQL‫܈‬LYDILID
PLOLDUL]DWFXPăVXULORUGHSUHYHQLUHDEROLORUWUDQVPLVHSULQDOLPHQWH=LOQLFVH
YDVXSUDYHJKHDVWDUHDGHVăQăWDWHDSHUVRQDOXOXLGLQXQLWă‫܊‬LOHGHSUHJăWLUH‫܈‬LGH
GLVWULEXLUHDDOLPHQWHORU
$VLJXUDUHDGH]LQIHF‫܊‬LHL VXSUDIH‫܊‬HORU GHOXFUX vQ WRWEORFXODOLPHQWDU ‫܈‬LD
YHVHOHLGXSăILHFDUHvQWUHEXLQ‫܊‬DUHVXQWREOLJDWRULL





$BQJUPMVM
7*


ÌQWRDWHĠăULOHLQIHFĠLLOHQRVRFRPLDOHDXGHYHQLWXQDGLQWUHFHOHPDLVWULQJHQWH
SUREOHPHPHGLFDOH$FHVWHLQIHF‫܊‬LLDXDSăUXWRGDWăFXvQILLQĠDUHDSULPHORUXQLWăĠLGH
DVLVWHQĠă PHGLFDOă FX SDWXUL úL UăPkQ R UHDOLWDWH vQ WRDWH XQLWăĠLOH VSLWDOLFHúWL GLQ
OXPH&UHúWHUHDUDSLGăDQXPăUXOXLLQVWLWXĠLLORUPHGLFDOHDSDULĠLDQRLORUWHKQRORJLL
PHGLFDOHFXVFRSWHUDSHXWLFúLGLDJQRVWLFXWLOL]DUHDSUHSDUDWHORUQRLHWFIDFLOL
WHD]ăUăVSkQGLUHDLQIHFĠLLORUSULQWUHEROQDYLúLSHUVRQDOXOLQVWLWXĠLLORUPHGLFDOH
ÌQ SUH]HQWLQIHFĠLLOH QRVRFRPLDOH UHIOHFWăSHGHRSDUWH VFKLPEăULOH GLQ
HFRVLVWHPXOXPDQDEX]GHDQWLELRWLFHQHJOLMDUHDLJLHQHLSHUWXUEDUHDUDSRUWXULORU
GLQWUH DJHQĠLL SDWRJHQL JUXSXULPDULGHSDFLHQ‫܊‬L LPXQRVXSUHVDĠLLDUSH GH DOWă
SDUWHPRGLILFăULOHSURIXQGHSURGXVHvQVWUXFWXUDDUKLWHFWXUDHFKLSDPHQWHOHGLQ
GRWDUHDXQLWăĠLORUPHGLFDOH
3UHYHQLUHDLQIHF‫܊‬LLORUVSLWDOLFH‫܈‬WLHVWHXQVLVWHPGHPăVXULSUHYHQWLYHRU
JDQL]DWRULFHJHQHUDOH‫܈‬LVSHFLDOHPHQLWHVăUHGXFăULVFXOGHLQIHF‫܊‬LH‫܈‬LERDOăvQ
UkQGXOSDFLHQ‫܊‬LORU‫܈‬LSHUVRQDOXOXLGLQVSLWDO%D]DVLVWHPXOXLGHSUHYHQLUHDLQ
IHF‫܊‬LLORUVSLWDOLFH‫܈‬WLHVWHUHVSHFWDUHDVWDQGDUGHORUGHLJLHQă‫܈‬LDFHULQ‫܊‬HORUVDQLWDUH
‫܈‬LHSLGHPLRORJLFH6LVWHPXOGHSUHYHQLUHDLQIHF‫܊‬LLORUVSLWDOLFH‫܈‬WLLQFOXGHRVHULH
GHPăVXULREOLJDWRULLVROLGHGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUH‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬LILFRULHQWDWH‫܈‬LDMXVWDWHvQ
PRGFRQVWDQWODFHULQ‫܊‬HOHLJLHQLFHHSLGHPLRORJLFHEDFWHULRORJLFHLPXQRORJLFH
‫܈‬LGHDOWăQDWXUăSHQWUXDDVLJXUDVLJXUDQ‫܊‬DSURFHVXOXLPHGLFDO‫܈‬LGHGLDJQRVWLF
‫܈‬LSHQWUXDUHGXFHPRUELGLWDWHDvQUkQGXOSDFLHQ‫܊‬LORU‫܈‬LSHUVRQDOXOXL
5HQXQĠDUHDODDSOLFDUHDREOLJDWRULHDQRUPHORUGHLJLHQăRGDWăFXVXFFH
VHOHDQWLELRWHUDSLHLúLIDOVDSURWHFĠLHFRQIHULWăGHDQWLELRWLFHUHSUH]LQWăFDX]DSULQ
FLSDOăDLQFLGHQĠHLFUHVFXWHDDFHVWRULQIHFĠLL6XFFHVHOHREĠLQXWHvQOXSWDvPSRWULYD
FHORUPDLJUDYHEROLWUDQVPLVLELOHVXQWDPHQLQĠDWHvQPRPHQWXOGHIDĠăGHIDSWXO
FăGHVFRSHULUHDXQRUDQWLELRWLFHQRLHILFLHQWHHVWHPDLOHQWăGHFkWSURFHVXOGH
GREkQGLUHDUH]LVWHQĠHLPLFURELHQH'H]YROWDUHDUH]LVWHQĠHLODDQWLELRWLFHODXQ
QXPăUWRWPDLPDUHGHEDFWHULLDPSOLILFăLPSRUWDQĠDDFHVWHLSUREOHPHLQIHFĠLLOH
QRVRFRPLDOH FHOH PDL JUDYH DYkQG FD HWLRORJLH PLFURRUJDQLVPH FX UH]LVWHQĠă
PXOWLSOăODDQWLELRWLFHFHHDFHSUH]LQWăXQPRWLYVHULRVSHQWUXUHGXFHUHDFRQVX
PXOXLQHMXVWLILFDWGHDQWLELRWLFHúLXWLOL]DUHDFRUHFWăDDFHVWRUD
6XEWHUPHQXOGHLQIHF‫܊‬LLQRVRFRPLDOHLQIHF‫܊‬LLDVRFLDWHDVLVWHQ‫܊‬HLPHGLFDOH
,$$0LQWUDVSLWDOLFH‫܈‬WLLDWURJHQHVHVXEvQ‫܊‬HOHJWRDWHPDODGLLOHFRQWUDFWDWHvQ
FDGUXO VSLWDOXOXL FDX]DWH GH FăWUH PLFURRUJDQLVPH FOLQLF VDX PLFURELRORJLF
UHFXQRVFXWH%ROQDYXOFRQWUDFWHD]ăDFHDVWăPDODGLHILHODLQWHUQDUHILHvQUH]XO
WDWXOvQJULMLULORUPHGLFDOHXOWHULRDUHvQFRQGLĠLLGHVSLWDOúLVDXvQFRQGLĠLLGHDP
EXODWRU,QIHF‫܊‬LLOHQRVRFRPLDOHSRWILFRQWUDFWDWHúLGHFăWUHSHUVRQDOXOPHGLFDO
FDUHvúLH[HUFLWăDFWLYLWăĠLOHVDOHSURIHVLRQDOHLDUVHPQHOHFOLQLFHSRWDSăUHDDWkW
vQWLPSXODFWLYLWăĠLLORUPHGLFDOHFkWúLGXSă
,QIHF‫܊‬LLOH QRVRFRPLDOH SUH]LQWă WRWDOLWDWHD LQIHF‫܊‬LLORU VHSWLFRSXUXOHQWH
DHURJHQHLQWHVWLQDOHFDUHVHGHRVHEHVFGXSăHWLRORJLH‫܈‬LPDQLIHVWăULOHFOLQLFH
GDUFDUHDXROHJăWXUăGHFDX]ăHIHFWFXPHGLXOVSLWDOLFHVF3URFHVXOLQIHF‫܊‬LRVvQ
PHGLXOVSLWDOLFHVFSRVHGăRVSHFLILFLWDWHvQDOWă‫܈‬LOHJLWă‫܊‬LFDUDFWHULVWLFHFDUHVXQW
OXDWHvQFDOFXOODWUDVDUHD‫܈‬LSHWUHFHUHDPăVXULORUVDQLWDURDQWLHSLGHPLFHSURIL
ODFWLFH6WUXFWXUDHWLRORJLFăDLQIHF‫܊‬LLORUQRVRFRPLDOHGHSLQGHGHSURILOXOVSLWD
OXOXLXQLWDWHDPHGLFDOă‫܈‬LDVHF‫܊‬LHL'HH[HPSOXLQIHF‫܊‬LLOHVSLWDOLFH‫܈‬WLDHURJHQH
VXQWFDX]DWHGHDJHQ‫܊‬LLJULSHLVFDUODWLQHLSDURWLGLWHLDPLJGDOLWHLYDULFHOHLUX
MHROHLHWFLQWHVWLQDOH±GHDJHQ‫܊‬LLGL]HQWHULHLVDOPRQHOR]HLHWFVHSWLFRSXUX
OHQWH±GHVWDILORFRFLVWUHSWRFRFLHWFÌQXQLWă‫܊‬LOHGHSHGLDWULHFHOPDLIUHFYHQW
VXQWvQWkOQLWHLQIHFĠLLOHDHURJHQHLDUvQXOWLPLLDQLFHOHLQWHVWLQDOHvQVHFĠLLOHGH
FKLUXUJLHúLGHREVWHWULFă±SUHGRPLQăLQIHFĠLLOHVHSWLFRSXUXOHQWH
)DFWRULLGHULVFvQFD]XOLQIHF‫܊‬LLORUQRVRFRPLDOHVXQWWRWDOLWDWHDFDX]HORU‫܈‬L
FRQGL‫܊‬LLORUFDUHDPSOLILFăSUREDELOLWDWHDDSDUL‫܊‬LHLLQIHF‫܊‬LHLODEROQDYL$VWIHOLQ
IHFĠLLOHLQWUDVSLWDOLFHúWLDSDUFDUH]XOWDWDOVFăGHULLUHDFWLYLWăĠLLRUJDQLVPXOXLDFX
PXOăULLúLFLUFXODĠLHLJHUPHQLORUSDWRJHQLvQPHGLXOVSLWDOLFHVFVHOHFĠLHLJHUPH
QLORUIRDUWHYLUXOHQĠLúLUH]LVWHQĠLODDQWLELRWLFHÌQXQLWă‫܊‬LOHGHvQJULMLUHPHGLFDOă
FUH‫܈‬WHSUREDELOLWDWHDGHFRQWUDFWDUHDLQIHF‫܊‬LHLúLGHvPEROQăYLUHDSHUVRDQHORU
&UHúWHUHDSHUPDQHQWăDFD]XULORUGHLQIHFĠLLQRVRFRPLDOHSRDWHILPRWLYDWă
GHXQúLUGHFDX]HÌPEăWUkQLUHDSRSXODĠLHLHVWHvQVRĠLWăGHRFUHúWHUHSUHYL]LELOăD
SUHYDOHQ‫܊‬HLEROLORUFURQLFHúLSULQXUPDUHDQXPăUXOXLGHVSLWDOL]ăULúLDGXUDWHL
DFHVWRUDSUHFXP‫܈‬LDULVFXOXLGHLQIHFĠLLGREkQGLWH&UHúWHUHDQXPăUXOXLGHSDFL
HQĠL VSLWDOL]DĠL GLQ FH vQ FH PDL YXOQHUDELOL SDFLHQĠLLPXQRGHSULPDĠL YkUVWQLFL
IDFHFDJHUPHQLLFRQGLĠLRQDWSDWRJHQLDSDUHQWLQRIHQVLYLVăILHSULQFLSDOLLUHVSRQ
VDELOLGHSURGXFHUHDLQIHFĠLLORUQRVRFRPLDOH%ROQDYLLIUDJLOLGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUH
DOUH]LVWHQĠHLDQWLLQIHFĠLRDVHFDUHEHQHILFLD]ăDVWă]LFHOPDLPXOWGHFDOLWDWHDDFWX
OXLPHGLFDOVXQWúLFHLPDLYXOQHUDELOL
3DFLHQ‫܊‬LL LQWHUQD‫܊‬L vQ XQLWă‫܊‬LOH GH WHUDSLH LQWHQVLYă SRW GH]YROWD LQIHF‫܊‬LL
QRVRFRPLDOHFDXUPDUHDXWLOL]ăULLGLYHUVHORUSURFHGXULPRGHUQHGHGLDJQRVWLF
VDXGHWUDWDPHQWSUHFXPELRSVLLH[DPLQăULHQGRVFRSLFHFDWHWHUHXULQDUHLP
SODQWDUHD GLYHUVHORU SURWH]H FDWHWHUH YHQRDVH FHQWUDOH ‫܈‬L SHULIHULFH UHVSLUD‫܊‬LH
DVLVWDWăSURFHGXULFKLUXUJLFDOHHWF&RPSURPLWHUHDVLVWHPXOXLLPXQSRDWHILGH
QDWXUăFRQJHQLWDOăGDU‫܈‬LGREkQGLWăSULQDGPLQLVWUDUHDXQRUPHGLFDPHQWHLPX
QRVXSUHVRDUHGHH[HPSOXODSDFLHQ‫܊‬LLQHRSOD]LFLVDXFXWUDQVSODQWGHRUJDQH
PDODGLLDXWRLPXQH‫܈‬LDOWHEROLFURQLFHLPXQRVXSUHVRDUHSUHFXPGLDEHWXO]DKDUDW
OHXFHPLDLQVXILFLHQ‫܊‬DUHQDOăLQIHF‫܊‬LD+,9HWF
2DOWăFDX]ăDFUH‫܈‬WHULLLQFLGHQ‫܊‬HLLQIHF‫܊‬LLORUQRVRFRPLDOHVXQWJUXSHOHGH
YkUVWăFXULVFFUHVFXWQRXQăVFX‫܊‬LLSUHPDWXULL‫܈‬LSHUVRDQHOHGHSHVWHGHDQL
%ROQDYLL GLQ DFHVWH JUXSH VXQW H[SXVH LQWHUQăULORU SH SHULRDGH OXQJL GHWLPS
DQWLELRWHUDSLHLGHOXQJăGXUDWă‫܈‬LFXDQWLELRWLFHFXVSHFWUXODUJGHDF‫܊‬LXQH‫܈‬LFRQ
WDFWXOXLFXDO‫܊‬LSDFLHQ‫܊‬LFDUHSUH]LQWăRLQIHF‫܊‬LH
$BQJUPMVM
7*

8QDOWIDFWRUGHULVFDUăVSkQGLULLLQIHF‫܊‬LLORU QRVRFRPLDOHVXQWcRQGL‫܊‬LLOH
SUHFDUHGHIXQF‫܊‬LRQDUHDOHXQRUVSLWDOHvQFHHDFHSULYH‫܈‬WHRUJDQL]DUHD‫܈‬LLJLHQD
QHUHVSHFWDUHDGHFăWUHSHUVRQDOXOVSLWDOXOXLDSURFHGXULORUGHOXFUXDGHFYDWH]R
QDUHD‫܈‬LGLVWDQ‫܊‬DUHDFRUHFWăDXQLWă‫܊‬LORUPHGLFDOHSUHFXPFRQGL‫܊‬LLGHDJORPHUDUH
vQVSLWDOWUDQVIHUXULIUHFYHQWHDOHSDFLHQ‫܊‬LORUGLQWURXQLWDWHvQDOWDQXPăUXOPDUH
DOSDFLHQ‫܊‬LORUVXVFHSWLELOLvQWURVHF‫܊‬LHDVSLWDOXOXLH[QRXQăVFX‫܊‬LFRPEXVWLD‫܊‬L
WHUDSLHLQWHQVLYăDOLPHQWDUHDFXDSăSRWDELOăFDOLWDWLYă‫܈‬LLQRIHQVLYăFDOLWDWHD
DHUXOXLGLQPHGLXOVSLWDOLFHVFUHVSHFWDUHDSDUDPHWULORUPLFURFOLPDWLFLGLQvQFă
SHULOHVSLWDOLFH‫܈‬WLFDOLWDWHDSURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUHUHVSHFWDUHDUHJXOLORUGHLJLHQă
SHUVRQDOăGHFăWUHSDFLHQ‫܊‬L‫܈‬LSHUVRQDOXOPHGLFDOPHQ‫܊‬LQHUHD‫܈‬LVDOXEUL]DUHDVSD
‫܊‬LLORUVSLWDOLFH‫܈‬WLHWF
'LILFXOWăĠLOHvQFRPEDWHUHDLQIHFĠLLORULQWUDVSLWDOLFHúWLVXQWFDX]DWHGHFLUFX
ODĠLD YDVWăD JHUPHQLORUvQ PHGLXOVSLWDOLFHVFPXOWLWXGLQHD FăLORU GHWUDQVPLWHUH
SHUVLVWHQĠDFUHVFXWăDJHUPHQLORUODIDFWRULLPHGLXOXLUHFHSWLYLWDWHDVSRULWăDEROQD
YLORUOLSVDPHWRGHORUHILFLHQWHDSURILOD[LHLVSHFLILFH
([LVWHQĠDVHFĠLLORUPHGLFDOHQRLFXEROQDYLvQVWDUHFULWLFăWHUDSLHLQWHQ
VLYăKHPRGLDOL]ăRQFRORJLHúLDVLVWHPHORUGHFRQGLĠLRQDUHDDHUXOXLFDUHID
YRUL]HD]ăDSDULĠLDXQRUDJHQĠLHWLRORJLFLQRLLegionellaUHSUH]LQWăFDX]DQRXOXL
SURILODOLQIHFĠLLORUQRVRFRPLDOHPRGHUQHPXOWPDLFRPSOH[HúLPDLGLILFLOGH
SUHYHQLWúLGHFRPEăWXW/DvQFHSXWXOVHFDO;;,OHDIRFDUHGHClostridium dif-
ficile, AspergillusúLPseudomonasDXDSăUXWvQUHODĠLHFXX]XUDLQVWDODĠLLORU
/DQ‫܊‬XOGHWUDQVPLWHUHDOLQIHF‫܊‬LLORUQRVRFRPLDOHFRQVWăGLQWUHLYHULJL
● Agentul infecţios DSDU‫܊‬LQkQG IORUHL VSLWDOLFHúWL SRSXODĠLD PLFURELDQă
LPSODQWDWăvQLQWHULRUXOVHUYLFLXOXLIRUPkQGUH]HUYRDUHGHJHUPHQL
● Transmiterea XQXLD GLQ DFHúWL DJHQĠL SDWRJHQL GH OD XQ LQGLYLG OD DOWXO
GLUHFWFHOPDLIUHFYHQWSULQPDQLSXODĠLLVDXLQGLUHFWSULQLQWHUPHGLXOREL
HFWHORUPDWHULDOXOXLFRQWDPLQDWHWF
● Capacitatea de apărareDSDFLHQWXOXLUHFHSWLYID‫܊‬ăGHDJHQWXOSDWRJHQ
6XUVHGHLQIHF‫܊‬LHvQFD]XOLQIHFĠLLORULQWUDVSLWDOLFHúWLSRWILEROQDYLLLQIHF
WDĠLFDUHDXIRVWLQWHUQDĠLvQSHULRDGDGHLQFXEDUHEROQDYLLFXLQIHFĠLLPL[WHERO
QDYLLFDUHQXDXUHVSHFWDWWHUPHQXOGHFDUDQWLQăSXUWăWRULLGHJHUPHQLSDWRJHQL
SDFLHQĠL SHUVRQDOXO PHGLFDO YL]LWDWRULL EROQDYLORU SXUWăWRUL GH JHUPHQL VDX
EROQDYLGHRLQIHFĠLHSXĠLQSURQXQĠDWă

Clasificarea infecțiilor nosocomiale 

, ÌQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHlocul apariţiei
 'HDPEXODWRU
 ,QIHFĠLLFDUHDSDUvQXUPDLQWHUYHQĠLLORUFXVFRSSURILODFWLF
 ,QIHFĠLLVSLWDOLFHúWLSURSULX]LVH
,, ÌQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHetiologie
 ,QIHF‫܊‬LLFRQWUDFWDWHvQVSLWDOGHWHUPLQDWHGHRELFHLGHJHUPHQLSDWR
JHQL
 ,QIHFĠLLFXÄJHUPHQLFRQGLĠLRQDWSDWRJHQL´VDXFXÄVDSURIL‫܊‬LVDXRSRU
WXQLúWL´
 ,QIHF‫܊‬LLOHGLQJUXSXOvQWkLVXQWIDYRUL]DWHGHFRQGLĠLLOHGHLJLHQăFRPXQHRUL
FăUHLFROHFWLYLWăĠLRUJDQL]DWHvQFDUHSRSXODĠLDXWLOL]HD]ăvQFRPXQDFHOHDúLFRQGLĠLL
GHFD]DUHVLVWHPGHDOLPHQWDUHFXDSăDOLPHQWHSUHSDUDWHvQDFHODúLEORFLQVWDODĠLL
VDQLWDUHHWF'DFăULVFXOGHDSDULĠLHDHSLGHPLLORUKLGULFHúLDWR[LLQIHFĠLLORUDOLPHQ
WDUHvQVSLWDOHQXHVWHGLIHULWIDĠăGHDOWHFROHFWLYLWăĠLGLQDFHODúLWHULWRULXDSRLULVFXO
FRQWUDFWăULLLQIHF‫܊‬LLORUSULQFRQWDFWHVWHPDLPDUHúLFUHúWHvQUDSRUWFXDJORPHUDĠLD
úL GHILFLHQĠHOH GH LJLHQă DOH FD]ăULL 'HH[HPSOX vQWLPSXO HSLGHPLLORU GH JULSă
ULVFXOEROQDYLORUVSLWDOL]DĠLGHDFRQWUDFWDJULSDHVWHPDLPDUHGHFkWDOFHORUQHVSL
WDOL]DĠL6LWXD‫܊‬LLVLPLODUHVXQW‫܈‬LSHQWUXFHOHODOWHLQIHFĠLLUHVSLUDWRULL
$SDULĠLDLQIHFĠLLORULQWUDVSLWDOLFHúWLGLQDOGRLOHDJUXSHVWHFDX]DWăGHUH]LV
WHQĠDVFă]XWăODLQIHFĠLHúLH[SXQHUHODSURFHGXULFKLUXUJLFDOHFDUHVHSRWDVRFLD
FX LQIHFĠLL SURYRFDWH GH ÄJHUPHQL FRQGLĠLRQDW SDWRJHQL´ VDX ÄRSRUWXQLúWL´
([SXQHUHDOD SURFHGXULOH FKLUXUJLFDOH PRGHUQH FUHHD]ă SRUĠL QRL GH LQWUDUH úL
IDYRUL]HD]ă LQWURGXFHUHD ÄJHUPHQLORU FRQGLĠLRQDW SDWRJHQL´ VDX ÄRSRUWXQLúWL´
&RQGLĠLRQDĠLGHVFăGHUHDFDSDFLWăĠLLORFDOHVDXJHQHUDOHGHUH]LVWHQĠăDRUJDQLV
PXOXLODLQIHFĠLHDFHúWLJHUPHQLvQPRGRELúQXLWQHSDWRJHQLGHWHUPLQăDSDULĠLD
XQRULQIHFĠLLORFDOL]DWHVDXVLVWHPLFH7UDWDPHQWHOHFXDQWLELRWLFHFXVSHFWUXOODUJ
GHDF‫܊‬LXQHGHDVHPHQHDGXFODVHOHFĠLDXQRUWXOSLQLDQWLELRUH]LVWHQWHFDUHSHU
VLVWăFRQVWLWXLQGJHUPHQLGHVSLWDO
,,,ÌQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHcomponenţa microflorei
 0RQRLQIHFĠLH±SURYRFDWăGHFăWUHXQPLFURRUJDQLVPFD]XUL
 3ROLLQIHFĠLH±SUH]HQĠDPDLPXOWRUVSHFLLGHPLFURRUJDQLVPHvQDVR
FLHUHFD]XUL
 6XSUDLQIHFĠLH±VHGH]YROWăvQFD]XOFkQGODPLFURRUJDQLVPHOHDVRFL
DWHVHPDLDGDXJăúLRLQIHFĠLHYLUDOăFD]XUL
,9ÌQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHcalea de transmitere
 7UDQVPLWHUHDHURSRUWDWăSUDIVSXWăVDOLYDGLQWLPSXOYRUELULLWXVH
VWUăQXWHWF
 7UDQVPLWHUHPDQXSRUWDWăFRQWDFW±PkLQLOHQMHULHLQVWUXPHQWHPDWH
ULDOSHQWUXSDQVDPHQWHWF
 3ULQLPSODQWDUH±LQMHF‫܊‬LLPDWHULDOFKLUXUJLFDOSURWH]H
,QIHFĠLLOHQRVRFRPLDOHVXQWSURYRFDWHGHXQQXPăUYDULDWGHJHUPHQLEDF
WHULLOHDHUREHJUDPSR]LWLYHEDFWHULLOHDHUREHJUDPQHJDWLYHJHUPHQLLDQDHUREL
IXQJLYLUXVXUL3HSDUFXUVXOHYROXĠLHLPLFURIORUDDFăSăWDWXQHOHSDUWLFXODULWăĠL
ILLQGQXPLWăúLÄPLFURIORUăFRQWHPSRUDQă´$FHVWHSDUWLFXODULWăĠLVXQW
 ,QVWDELOLWDWHDvQDOWăDPLFURIORUHLFHGHWHUPLQăFDSDFLWDWHDGHDGDSWDUH
ODDFĠLXQHDIDFWRULORUQHIDYRUDELOLDLPHGLXOXLDPELDQWúLDFĠLXQHDDQWL
VHSWLFHORU
 5H]LVWHQĠDODDQWLELRWLFHúLDQWLVHSWLFH
 ,QYD]LYLWDWHDvQDOWă±FDSDFLWDWHDGHDSăWUXQGHvQĠHVXWXUL
 9LUXOHQ‫܊‬DvQDOWă±FDSDFLWDWHDGHDSURYRFDSURFHVHSDWRORJLFH
 7R[LFRJHQLWDWHD
 $FĠLXQHDDOHUJLFă
$BQJUPMVM
7*

Importanța aerului în mediul spitalicesc 

6SUHGHRVHELUHGHDOĠLIDFWRULGHPHGLXDSăVRODOLPHQWHDHUXOQXSUH
]LQWăRIORUăPLFURELDQDSURSULHILLQGXQPHGLXLQRVSLWDOLHUPLFURRUJDQLVPHORU
$HUXO QX DVLJXUă FRQGLĠLLOH WHPSHUDWXUă XPLGLWDWH VXSRUW QXWULWLY QHFHVDUH
GH]YROWăULLDFHVWRUDLDUH[LVWHQĠDUDGLDĠLLORUVRODUHXOWUDYLROHWHDUHHIHFWEDFWHUL
FLG&XWRDWHDFHVWHDDHUXOHVWHRFDOHGHWUDQVPLWHUHSHQWUXXQQXPăUPDUHGH
DJHQĠLSDWRJHQLÌQDHUSRWILSUH]HQWHGRXăFDWHJRULLGHPLFURRUJDQLVPH
● SURYHQLWHGLQQDWXUăVRODSăYHJHWDĠLHDOFăWXLHVFIORUDSVLKURILOăVH
GH]YROWăODƒ&
● SURYHQLWHGHODRDPHQLúLVDXDQLPDOHDSDUĠLQkQGIORUHLPH]RILOHVH
GH]YROWăODƒ&
ÌQORFXULOHVODESRSXODWHYRUGRPLQDPLFURRUJDQLVPHOHSURYHQLWHGLQPH
GLX LDU vQ ]RQHOH DJORPHUDWH SH OkQJă JHUPHQLL GLQ QDWXUă DSDU úL JHUPHQLL
DGDSWDĠLSDUD]LWLVPXOXLXPDQúLDQLPDOGHQVLWDWHDORUvQDHUFUHVFkQGvQIXQFĠLH
GHGHQVLWDWHDSRSXODĠLHLGLQ]RQDUHVSHFWLYă
ÌQJHQHUDOIORUDGLQQDWXUăQXHVWHLPSOLFDWăvQSDWRORJLDXPDQăDYkQGURO
vQSURFHVHOHGHIHUPHQWDĠLHGHSXWUHIDFĠLH‫܈‬LGHELRGHJUDGDUH(DSUH]LQWăLPSRU
WDQĠăSHQWUXSDWRORJLDXPDQăvQPăVXUDvQFDUHFRQVWLWXLHDOHUJHQLÌQDHUH[LVWă
IXQJL VDXDFWLQRPLFHWHFRQGLĠLRQDWSDWRJHQH GDUIUHFYHQĠDEROLORUSURYRFDWH GH
DFHVWHDHVWHUHODWLYVFă]XWă
&HDPDLLPSRUWDQWăSHQWUXVăQăWDWHHVWHIORUDSURYHQLWăGHODRPGHSH
VXSUDIDĠDFRUSXOXLvQVSHFLDOvQFD]GHOH]LXQLVDXSOăJLVXSXUDWHPDLDOHVGHOD
QLYHOXOFăLORUUHVSLUDWRULLúLDOFDYLWăĠLLEXFDOH‫܈‬LGHMHF‫܊‬LLOH0LFURRUJDQLVPHOH
VDSURILWHQXMRDFăQLFLXQUROvQSDWRORJLDLQIHFĠLRDVăvQWLPSFHJHUPHQLLFRQ
GLĠLRQDW SDWRJHQL vQGHRVHEL FHL SDWRJHQL SRW SURYRFD vPEROQăYLUL VSHFLILFH
DHUXOvQDFHVWFD]FRQVWLWXLQGFDOHDGHWUDQVPLWHUHDDFHVWRUEROL
2VHULHGHIDFWRULLQWULQVHFLúLGHPHGLXLQIOXHQĠHD]ăYLDELOLWDWHDúLGLVWUL
EXĠLDvQDHUDJHUPHQLORUGHRULJLQHXPDQăVDXDQLPDOă)DFWRULLGHPHGLXH[
WULQVHFLVXQWWHPSHUDWXUDXPLGLWDWHDFXUHQĠLLGHDHUUDGLDĠLLOHVRODUHúLOLSVD
VXSRUWXOXLQXWULWLY
Temperatura DHUXOXLVXIHUăYDULDĠLLPDULúLQXPDLXQHRULFRUHVSXQGHFRQ
GLĠLLORURSWLPHSHQWUXPHWDEROLVPXOIORUHLPH]RILOHƒ&9LUXVXULOHJUL
SDOHúLSROLRPLHOLWLFHVXSUDYLHĠXLHVFPDLELQHODWHPSHUDWXUăVFă]XWăƒ&
Umiditatea relativă VFă]XWă GLVWUXJH FHOH PDL PXOWH GLQWUH PLFURRUJD
QLVPH 9DORDUHD RSWLPă D XPLGLWăĠLL UHODWLYH SHQWUX VXSUDYLHĠXLUHD FHORU PDL
PXOWHGLQWUHPLFURRUJDQLVPHHVWHvQWUHúL2H[FHSĠLHGHPQGHUHPDUFDW
HVWHFăDSURDSHWRDWHYLUXVXULOHVXSUDYLHĠXLHVFPDLELQHODRXPLGLWDWHUHODWLYăGH
ODSkQăOD9LUXVXULOHSROLRPLHOLWLFHVXSUDYLHĠXLHVFPDLELQHOD
GHXPLGLWDWHUHODWLYă
Curenţii de aer VXQWLPSRUWDQĠLvQUăVSkQGLUHDPLFURRUJDQLVPHORUODGLV
WDQĠHPDULÌQDHUXOOLQLúWLWSDUWLFXOHOHDXWHQGLQĠDVăVHGHSXQăLDUFXUHQĠLLGH
DHUOHSRWPHQĠLQHvQVXVSHQVLHSHULRDGHvQGHOXQJDWHGHWLPS
 ÌQDHUOLSVHúWHRULFHsuport nutritivSHQWUXPLFURRUJDQLVPHOHFDUHSDUD]L
WHD]ăRUJDQLVPHOHXPDQHVDXDQLPDOH
/D IDFWRUL QHIDYRUDELOL VH DGDXJă SUH]HQ‫܊‬D vQ DHU D XQRU DJHQĠL FX DFĠLXQH
EDFWHULFLGăVDXEDFWHULRVWDWLFăGLQWUHFDUHFHOPDLLPSRUWDQWvOUHSUH]LQWăUDGLDĠLLOH
XOWUDYLROHWHVRODUH
Factorii intrinseciVHUHIHUăODUH]LVWHQĠDFDUDFWHULVWLFăVSHFLHLPLFURELHQH
DMXQVăvQQRXOPHGLX1DWXUDúLVWDUHDIL]LRORJLFăDPLFURRUJDQLVPHORUGHWHUPLQă
FDSDFLWDWHDORUGHVXSUDYLHĠXLUHvQPHGLXOH[WHUQ6SRULLFLXSHUFLORUPLFURVFRSLFH
úLEDFWHULLOHVSRUXODWHVXQWFHOHPDLUH]LVWHQWH5H]LVWHQ‫܊‬DODIDFWRULLGHPHGLXD
EDFWHULLORUQHVSRUXODWHúLDYLUXVXULORUSUH]LQWăPDULGLIHUHQĠHGHODVSHFLHODVSHFLH
$VWIHOXQHOHDXRUH]LVWHQĠăUHODWLYPDUHbacilul Koch, Legionella, bacilul difte-
ric, unii piocociHWFDOWHOHPDLVFă]XWă virusul gripal, pneumococul etc.LDU
XQHOHUH]LVWăvQPHGLXGRDUFkWHYDPLQXWHFHOPXOWFkWHYDRUHvirusul rujeolei
ÌQWUXFkWvQDWPRVIHUăQXPăUXOJHUPHQLORUSDWRJHQLVHUHGXFHIRDUWHUHSHGH
DWkWSULQIDSWXOFăVXQWUHSHGHGLVWUXúLFkWúLSULQIDSWXOFăVHGLOXHD]ăIRDUWHPXOW
QXPăUXOPLFURRUJDQLVPHORUvQDHUúDQVDGHUăVSkQGLUHDLQIHFĠLLORUSHFDOHDH
URJHQăHVWHPDLPDUHvQVSDĠLLOHvQFKLVHDJORPHUDWHFXPVXQWúFROLOHVSLWDOHOH
VăOLOHGHVSHFWDFROVăOLOHSXEOLFHHWFLQVXILFLHQWYHQWLODWH
3HFDOHDHURJHQăVXQWWUDQVPLVHvQVSHFLDOLQIHFĠLLUHVSLUDWRULLVDXFXSRDUWă
GHLQWUDUHUHVSLUDWRULHPDMRULWDWHDJHUPHQLORUSDWRJHQLDMXQJkQGvQDHUDWXQFLFkQG
WXúLP VWUăQXWăP FkQWăP VDX YRUELP 7UDQVPLWHUHD JHUPHQLORU DHURSXUWDĠL GH
SLQGHGHGLPHQVLXQHDSDUWLFXOHORUGHFDUHDFHúWLDDGHUă3LFăWXULOHúLSDUWLFXOHOH
ILQHGHSUDISRWILWUDQVSRUWDWHODPDULGLVWDQĠHGLOXkQGXVHRGDWăFXGLVSHUVLXQHD
ORUvQDHU0ăVXULGHSURILOD[LHVXQWL]RODUHDEROQDYXOXLGH]LQIHFĠLDYHQWLOD‫܊‬LD
FXUăĠHQLDúLLJLHQDLQGLYLGXDOăVWULFWă
&HOHPDLLPSRUWDQWHEROLFXWUDQVPLWHUHDHURJHQăVXQW
 Boli bacteriene WXEHUFXOR]D GLIWHULD DPLJGDOLWD SXOWDFHH VFDUODWLQD
SQHXPRQLDPHQLQJLWDWXVHDFRQYXOVLYăOHJLRQHOR]D
 Boli viraleUXMHRODUXEHRODYDULFHODLQIHFĠLDXUOLDQăUăFHDODFRPXQă
JULSD
 Boli fungicePLFR]HUHVSLUDWRULLaspergiloza, Pneumocystis carinii

Importanța apei în mediul spitalicesc 

&RQVXPXOGHDSăHVWHvQPHGLHGHSDW]LYDULDĠLLvQWUHúLOLWUL
GLQ FDUH FLUFD   vQ VHFWRDUHOHGH VSLWDOL]DUHúLWHKQLFă PHGLFDOă LDUvQ
VHUYLFLLOHJHQHUDOHFDVSăOăWRULDúLEXFăWăULDVSLWDOXOXL
8WLOL]ăULOHDSHLvQWURXQLWDWHVDQLWDUă
● X]DOLPHQWDUSHQWUXEăXWSUHSDUDUHDPkQFăULL
● X]VDQLWDULJLHQDSDFLHQĠLORUvQWUHĠLQHUHDvQFăSHULORU
● X]PHGLFDOVSăODUHDPkLQLORUSHUVRQDOXOXLVSăODUHDSOăJLORUFXUăĠDUHD
● úLGH]LQIHFĠLDPDWHULDOHORUPHGLFRFKLUXUJLFDOHKHPRGLDOL]ă
● X]WHKQLFDOFRQVWUXFĠLHLvQFăO]LUHUăFLUHDPRWRDUHORUWUDWDUHDDHUXOXL
● X]WHKQLFVSHFLILFVWHULOL]DUHODERUDWRDUHVSăOăWRULHVSăODUHYHVHOă
$BQJUPMVM
7*

$SDWUHEXLHVăFRUHVSXQGăFHULQ‫܊‬HORULJLHQLFHGHFDOLWDWHIL]LFRFKLPLFăúLPL
FURELRORJLFă0HQĠLQHUHDFDOLWăĠLLDSHLSUHVXSXQHLPSOLFDUHDvQWUHJXOXLSHUVRQDO
$SDSUH]LQWăULVFLQIHF‫܊‬LRVvQPHGLXOVSLWDOLFHVFLDUJUDYLWDWHDLQIHFĠLLORU
WUDQVPLVHFXDSDHVWHvQIXQFĠLHGH
● QDWXUDPLFURRUJDQLVPHORUYLUXOHQĠăGR]DLQIHFWDQWăVHQVLELOLWDWH
● FăLOH GH H[SXQHUH LQJHVWLD GH DSă úL SURGXVH DOLPHQWDUH FRQWDFWXO
FXWDQHRPXFRVLQKDODUHDDHURVROLORUFRQWDPLQDĠLFDOHDSDUHQWHUDOăGL
DOL]D±XWLOL]DUHDGLVSR]LWLYHORUPHGLFDOHLQYD]LYH
● VWDUHDLPXQLWDUăDSDFLHQĠLORUH[SXúL
3ULQFLSDOHOHLQIHFĠLLQRVRFRPLDOHKLGULFHVXQW
, Infecţii cu tropism digestiv±FDX]DWHGHLQJHVWLDDSHLFRQWDPLQDWHFX
● EDFWHULLFRPXQHSalmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia
enterocoliticaVDXVSHFLILFHPHGLXOXLVSLWDOLFHVFSerratia marcescens,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aeromonas, Clostridium difficile
● YLUXVXULcalicivirus, enterovirus, rotavirus, astrovirus, hepatita A, E
● SDUD]LĠLGiardia intestinalis, Cryptosporidium parvum
,, Infecţii respiratorii±OHJDWHGHLQKDODUHDDHURVROLORUFRQWDPLQDĠLPseudo-
monas aeruginosa, Legionella pneumophila, Acinetobacter úLXQHOHmico-
bacterii.
,,, Infecţii cutaneomucoase ±JHQHUDWHGHFRQWDFWXOGLUHFWFXDSDFRQWDPLQDWă
FRQMXQFWLYLWDGHED]LQ±Adenovirus, NHUDWRFRQMXQFWLYLWHODAcanthamoeba,
OHJDWHGHFOăWLUHDOHQWLOHORUGHFRQWDFWFXDSăGHURELQHWSRWGXFHODVHSWLFHPLL
PHQLQJRHQFHIDOLWHJUDYH(Naegleria fowleri).
,9 Infecţii diverse ± FDX]DWH GH FRQWDFWXO LQGLUHFW FX DSD FRQWDPLQDWă 'H
H[HPSOXLQIHFĠLLRVWHRDUWLFXODUHFDX]DWHGHFRQWDFWXORVXOXLFXPDWHULDOXO
GHFKLUXUJLHHQGRVFRSLFăFOăWLWFXDSăFRQWDPLQDWă
5LVFXOWR[LFDODSHLFXH[FHSĠLDFD]XULORUGHSROXDUHDFFLGHQWDOăHVWHUHGXV
GHRDUHFHFRQFHQWUDĠLDVXEVWDQĠHORUWR[LFHHVWHvQJHQHUDOSUHDPLFăSHQWUXDSUR
YRFDLQWR[LFDĠLLDFXWHLDUWLPSXOGHúHGHUHOLPLWDWvQWURXQLWDWHPHGLFRVDQLWDUăIDFH
FDLPSDFWXODVXSUDVăQăWăĠLLSULQFRQVXPXOGHDSăSRWDELOăVăILHQHJOLMDELO$SHOH
PLQHUDOH QDWXUDOH SRW FRQĠLQH GLYHUVH VăUXUL PLQHUDOH D FăURU FRQFHQWUDĠLH SRDWH
DIHFWDVăQăWDWHDDQXPLWRUFDWHJRULLGHSDFLHQĠL3UH]HQĠDXQRUVXEVWDQĠHFDDOXPL
QLXOFXSUXO]LQFXOFORUXOHWFvQDSDSHQWUXKHPRGLDOL]ăFKLDUvQFRQFHQWUDĠLLVFă
]XWHSRDWHDYHDXQULVFQRWDELOSHQWUXSDFLHQW
5LVFXOGHDUVXULSULQRSăULUHúLJUDYLWDWHDDFHVWRUDGHSLQGHGHWHPSHUDWXUD
DSHLúLGHWLPSXOGHFRQWDFWFXSLHOHDGDUúLGHYkUVWăSHQWUXFRSLLLvQWUHúL
DQLULVFXOHVWHGHWUHLRULPDLPDUHGHFkWSHQWUXUHVWXOSRSXODĠLHL

Importanța produselor alimentare în mediul spitalicesc 

5H]XOWDWHOHFHORUPDLPXOWHVWXGLLDXDUăWDWFăFXQR‫܈‬WLQ‫܊‬HOHGHLJLHQăDOL
PHQWDUă DX GXV OD DPHOLRUDUHDGHSULQGHULORU GH VLJXUDQ‫܊‬ă DOLPHQWDUă vQ FHHD FH
SULYH‫܈‬WHLJLHQDSHUVRQDOăFRQWDPLQDUHDvQFUXFL‫܈‬DWă‫܈‬LFRQWUROXOWHPSHUDWXULL&X
QR‫܈‬WLQ‫܊‬HOHGHVSUHLJLHQDDOLPHQWDUăIăUăPRWLYD‫܊‬LDGHDOHLPSOHPHQWDQXGXFOD
VFKLPEDUHDFRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL
ÌQPHGLXOVSLWDOLFHVFULVFVSRULWGHLQIHFWDUHSHQWUXSDFLHQ‫܊‬LSUH]LQWăVSăODUHD
‫܈‬LGH]LQIHFWDUHDQHFRUHVSXQ]ăWRDUHDVXSUDIH‫܊‬HORUvQVSHFLDOvQEXFăWăULDFHQWUDOă
VSLWDOLFHDVFăHFKLSDPHQWHORU‫܈‬LXVWHQVLOHORUGHEXFăWăULH6XSUDIH‫܊‬HOHFXUă‫܊‬DWHLQD
GHFYDWGXFODUăVSkQGLUHDPLFURRUJDQLVPHORU&DX]DSUREDELOăHVWHFăVXSUDIH‫܊‬HOH
GHOXFUXHFKLSDPHQWHOH‫܈‬LXVWHQVLOHOHGHEXFăWăULHvQEXFăWăULLOHFHQWUDOH‫܈‬LGLVWULEX
WLYHVXQWIRDUWHGHVDFRSHULWHGHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HRUJDQLFHFDUHSRWLQKLEDHIHFWXOGH]LQIHF
WDQ‫܊‬LORU'HFLFXUă‫܊‬DUHDSUHOLPLQDUăFXDSăFDOGă‫܈‬LRFDQWLWDWHDGHFYDWăGHGHWHUJHQW
vQDLQWHGHDSOLFDUHDFRUHFWăDGH]LQIHFWDQ‫܊‬LORUFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LD‫܈‬LWLPSXOGHDSOLFDUH
HVWHIRDUWHLPSRUWDQWă
$OLPHQWHOHGLQVXUVHQHVLJXUH‫܈‬LPDQLSXODUHDLQDGHFYDWăDDOLPHQWHORUVXQW
FDX]HOHFHORUPDLIUHFYHQWHEROLWUDQVPLVHSULQLQWHUPHGLXOSURGXVHORUDOLPHQ
WDUHvQPHGLXOVSLWDOLFHVF

Măsurile de profilaxie a infecţiilor nosocomiale 

&XQRĠLXQHDGHLQIHFĠLLQRVRFRPLDOHVHPDLDVRFLD]ăúLRvQFăOFDUHDQRU
PDWLYHORULJLHQLFHGLQVSLWDO%D]kQGXVHSHDQWLELRWHUDSLHPHGLFLLQHDJăUHJX
OLOHDVHSVLHLúLSDUĠLDODOHDQWLVHSVLHLÌQXUPDQHUHVSHFWăULLUHJXOLORUDVHSVLHLDUH
ORFGH]YROWDUHDJHUPHQLORUUH]LVWHQĠLODDQWLELRWLFHLDUQHUHVSHFWDUHDUHJXOLORUGH
LJLHQăDVSLWDOHORUDIăFXWFDLQIHFĠLLOHLQWUDVSLWDOLFHúWLVăGHYLQăRSUREOHPăVWULQ
JHQWă SHQWUX VRFLHWDWHD FRQWHPSRUDQă7RDWHVWUăGXLQ‫܊‬HOHGHDHUDGLFD DFHDVWă
LQIHFĠLHSUDFWLFVHUHGXFODRÄUHYHQLUHDLJLHQHLVSLWDOHORU´vQFRPSOH[LWDWHFX
PăVXULOHDFWXDOHDQWLPLFURELHQHfig. 6.2.1
 Profilaxia nespecifică Profilaxia specifică
$BQJUPMVM
7*

Măsuri de arhitectură Măsuri de dezinfecție, Măsuri Imunizarea

și planificare sterilizare sanitar-tehnice

Respectarea Planificată Urgentă

Izolarea UÎM, Folosirea Mișcarea
fluxului în
saloanelor, remediilor Ventilația dirijată
mișcarea
blocurilor chimice a aerului
pacienților,
operatorii etc.
personalului Activă Pasivă Pasivă

Amplasarea Zonarea Folosirea Dispozitive

Condiționarea
rațională UÎM terenului remediilor fizice de laminare

Măsuri sanitar-
Prelucrarea antiepidemice
T0 ridicată
mecanică

Educația Controlul Depistarea

Inspecția
sanitară asupra contaminării purtătorilor de
Raze Gama regimului sanitar
a personalului cu germeni a germeni la personal
UV radiație în staționare
și bolnavilor mediului spitalicesc și bolnavi

Inspecția zilnică/
examen bacteriologic
 3UREOHPDLQIHFĠLLORUQRVRFRPLDOHHVWHvQSULPXOUkQGRSUREOHPăLJLHQLFă
3HQWUXDRUH]ROYDHVWHQHYRLHGHRFRODERUDUHvQWUHPHGLFLLGHWRDWHVSHFLDOLWăĠLOH
‫܈‬LGHDIRORVLUDĠLRQDO WRDWHPHWRGHOHQHFHVDUH7RDWHPăVXULOH GH SURILOD[LHD
LQIHFĠLLORULQWUDVSLWDOLFHúWLLQFOXVHvQDúDQXPLWXOÄVLVWHPSURWHFWRU´VXQWD[DWH
SHWUHLGLUHFĠLL
 FUHDUHDXQXLUHJLPDQWLPLFURELDQ
 VSRULUHDUH]LVWHQĠHLRUJDQLVPXOXL
 RSWLPL]DUHDIDFWRULORUGHPHGLX
3ULQFLSDODPăVXUăGLQUHJLPXODQWLPLFURELDQHVWHGLVWDQĠDUHDVHSDUDUHDFH
LQFOXGHVHSDUDUHDDOEQHJUXDGLFăVHSDUDUHD]RQHORUPDWHULDOHORULQVWUXPHQWH
ORUXWLODMXOXLúLDSHUVRDQHORUFRQWDPLQDWHGHFHOHQHFRQWDPLQDWH(ILFDFLWDWHD
DFHVWRUPăVXULGHSLQGHGHSODQLILFDUHDúLXWLOL]DUHDXQLWăĠLORUGHvQJULMLUHPH
GLFDOăRUJDQL]DUHDOXFUXOXLFRPSRUWDPHQWXOSHUVRQDOXOXLFXQRúWLQĠHOHúL
GHSULQGHULOHORULJLHQLFH
/DDFHDVWăHWDSăHVWHELQHYHQLWVăDGXFHPvQYL]RUGRXăQRĠLXQLLPSRUWDQWH
vQSURILOD[LDLQIHFĠLLORULQWUDVSLWDOLFHúWL
● Aseptica±FRPSOH[GHPăVXULFHSUHvQWkPSLQăSăWUXQGHUHDPLFURRUJD
QLVPHORUvQĠHVXWXULúLvQRUJDQHvQWLPSXOLQWHUYHQ‫܊‬LLORUFKLUXUJLFDOHúL
DPDQLSXOăULORU
● Antiseptica±FRPSOH[GHPăVXULvQGUHSWDWHODGLVWUXJHUHDPLFURIORUHL
FDUHDSăWUXQVvQRUJDQHúLvQĠHVXWXULVDXFUHDUHDFRQGLĠLLORUQHIDYRUD
ELOHSHQWUXGH]YROWDUHDDFHVWHLD
3UREOHPD SURILOD[LHL LQIHFĠLLORU QRVRFRPLDOH HVWH FRPSOH[ă )LHFDUH GL
UHFĠLHDSURILOD[LHLSUHYHGHXQúLUGHPăVXULVDQLWDURLJLHQLFHúLDQWLHSLGHPLFH
FDUHXUPăUHVFSUHvQWkPSLQDUHDFăLORUGHWUDQVPLWHUHDLQIHFĠLHLLQWUDVSLWDOLFHúWL
/DDVWIHOGHGLUHFĠLLVHUHIHUăúLFHULQĠHOHLJLHQLFHIDĠăGHvQFăSHULXWLODMLQYHQ
WDULJLHQDSHUVRQDOăDEROQDYLORUúLDSHUVRQDOXOXLPHGLFDOGH]LQIHFĠLDFHULQĠHOH
DQWLHSLGHPLFHIDĠăGHSUHOXFUDUHDúLVWHULOL]DUHDPDWHULDOXOXLPHGLFDO
/DFUHDUHDXQXLUHJLPDQWLPLFURELDQFRQWULEXLHúLPăVXULOHGHGH]LQIHFĠLH
úLGHVWHULOL]DUHFDUHGXFODVFăGHUHDQXPăUXOXLJHUPHQLORUSHVXSUDIDĠDSLHOLL
FRUSXOXLPkLQLORU RELHFWHORU XWLODMXOXLDSDUDWHORU LQVWUXPHQWHORU 6XQW XWLOL
]DWHPHWRGHIL]LFHSUHOXFUDUHDPHFDQLFăWHPSHUDWXUDvQDOWăUDGLD‫܊‬LHXOWUDYLR
OHWăȖLUDGLHUH‫܈‬LPHWRGHFKLPLFH
ÌQGHFXUVGHFkWHYDGHFHQLLDQWLVHSVLDDIRVWQHJDWăFRPSOHWvQVăHDDUH
UH]HUYHGHVWXOGHPDULSHQWUXDFRPEDWHHILFLHQWLQIHF‫܊‬LLOHQRVRFRPLDOH$VWă]L
GH]LQIHFĠLD WUHFH R SHULRDGă GH UHQDúWHUH úL VFRSXO HLHVWH GH D FUHD VXEVWDQĠH
HILFLHQWHIăUăDFĠLXQHQRFLYăDVXSUDRDPHQLORUPDWHULDOHORUFXXQVSHFWUXODUJ
GHDFĠLXQH‫܈‬LGHDSHUIHFĠLRQDXWLODMXOGHGH]LQIHFĠLH
$FĠLXQHDIDFWRULORUGHPHGLXDVXSUDVăQăWăĠLLRPXOXLHVWHGHPXOWGHPRQ
VWUDWăÌQVSLWDOHODIRUPDUHDFRQGLĠLLORURSWLPHFRQWULEXLHPăVXULOHVDQLWDUWHK
QLFHYHQWLODUHDFRQGLĠLRQDUHDDHUXOXLLOXPLQDWXORSWLPDSURYL]LRQDUHDFXDSă
SRWDELOă FROHFWDUHD ‫܈‬L QHXWUDOL]DUHD UH]LGXXULORU SURWHFĠLD GH ]JRPRW $FHVWH
PăVXULVXQWSULPRUGLDOHODHWDSDGHSURLHFWDUHúLGHFRQVWUXFĠLH
$BQJUPMVM
7*

8QUROGHRVHELWvQPHQĠLQHUHDSXULWăĠLLDHUXOXLRDUHYHQWLODĠLDFRQGLĠLRQD
UHDHSXUDUHDDHUXOXLGHELWDWvQvQFăSHUL3DUDOHOFXXQYROXPQHFHVDUGHDHUHVWH
QHFHVDUGHDFUHDRGLUHFĠLHGHPLúFDUHFDUHDUSUHYHQLUăVSkQGLUHDJHUPHQLORU
vQPHGLXOVSLWDOLFHVF/DDPSODVDUHDVHF‫܊‬LLORUSHHWDMHWUHEXLHVăVH‫܊‬LQăFRQWFă
SHPăVXUDFUHúWHULLHWDMHORUFUHúWHLPSXULILFDUHDDHUXOXLFXEDFWHULLSHSDOLHUHvQ
DVFHQVRDUHúLODHWDMHOHVXSHULRDUH3HQWUXUHGXFHUHDSăWUXQGHULLDHUXOXLGHODHWD
MHOHLQIHULRDUHvQFHOHVXSHULRDUHSULQFDQDOHVHYDLQVWDODXQVLVWHPGHYHQWLOD‫܊‬LH
SULQDVSLUD‫܊‬LHLDUVHF‫܊‬LLOHYRUILL]RODWHSULQHFOX]H
ÌQEORFXORSHUDWRUPLúFDUHDPDVHORUGHDHUYDILGLQVăOLOHGHRSHUDĠLHvQFHOH
DOăWXUDWHLDUGLQHOHvQFRULGRDUHSUHYă]XWHFXXQVLVWHPGHYHQWLODĠLHGHDVSLUDĠLH
/D SURILOD[LD LQIHF‫܊‬LLORU QRVRFRPLDOH FRQWULEXLH úL YROXPXO GH YHQWLODĠLH
PRUăODEROQDYvQVDORQ0XOWLSOXOVFKLPEXOXLGHDHUvQVDODGHRSHUDĠLLYD
ILLDUvQVăOLOHGHRSHUDĠLLFXXQJUDGvQDOWGHSXULWDWH±FXRHSXUDUH
WRWDOăDDHUXOXLDVSLUDW
0ăVXULOHVDQLWDUDQWLHSLGHPLFHLQFOXGXUPăWRDUHOHDVSHFWH
 OXFUXOGHLOXPLQDUHVDQLWDUăFXSHUVRQDOXOúLEROQDYLL
 FRQWUROXOUHJLPXOXLVDQLWDU
 FRQWUROXOLPSXULILFăULLPHGLXOXLVSLWDOLFHVFFXJHUPHQL
 GHWHUPLQDUHDSXUWăWRULORUGHJHUPHQLSULQWUHSHUVRQDOXOPHGLFDOúLERO
QDYL
$FHVWHPăVXUL‫܈‬LFHOHH[SXVHFRQWULEXLHODRSURILOD[LHQHVSHFLILFăDLQIHF
‫܊‬LLORUQRVRFRPLDOH(ILFDFLWDWHDORUGHSLQGHGHUHVSHFWDUHDFHULQ‫܊‬HORUVDQLWDULJL
HQLFH GH FXOWXUD VDQLWDUă D EROQDYLORU‫܈‬LD SHUVRQDOXOXLPHGLFDO GHH[DPHQXO
EDFWHULRORJLFFRUHFWúLODWHUPHQXOVWDELOLW
0ăVXULOHGHSURILOD[LHDLQIHF‫܊‬LLORUQRVRFRPLDOHHQXPHUDWHQXYRUILFRP
SOHWHGDFăQXVHYDDVLJXUD‫܈‬LRVSRULUHDUH]LVWHQĠHLRUJDQLVPXOXL*LPQDVWLFDVDX
DOWH DFWLYLWăĠL VSRUWLYH FăOLUHD DOLPHQWDĠLD UDĠLRQDOă FX DOWH FXYLQWH DGRSWDUHD
XQXLPRGVăQăWRVGHYLDĠăFXVLJXUDQ‫܊‬ăGXFODFUHúWHUHDUH]LVWHQĠHLRUJDQLVPXOXL
3URILOD[LD VSHFLILFă QX HVWH vQWRWGHDXQD GHVWXO GH HILFLHQWă (D LQFOXGH
PăVXULVSHFLILFHGLUHFWHDQDWR[LQVWDILORFRFLFȖJOREXOLQDQWLVWDILORFRFLFúLJH
QHUDOHDQWLELRWLFHLPXQRSUHSDUDWH
'HRDUHFHvQVSLWDOHHVWHIRDUWHGLILFLOGHDDVLJXUDXQPHGLXFRPSOHWVWHULO
HVWHLPSRVLELOGHDHYLWDLQIHF‫܊‬LLOHQRVRFRPLDOHvQWRWDOLWDWHÌQVăODRUHVSHFWDUH
VWULFWăDUHJLPXOXLDQWLPLFURELDQHIHFWXDUHDFRUHFWăDPăVXULORUQHFHVDUHvQFD]XUL
FRQFUHWH‫܈‬LFRQWUROXOSHUPDQHQWLQIHF‫܊‬LLOHQRVRFRPLDOHSRWILUHGXVHODPLQLP

Ventilația încăperilor spitalicești

9HQWLODĠLDHVWHXQDGLQWUHPHWRGHOHFHOHPDLHILFLHQWHSHQWUXUHGXFHUHDQX
PăUXOXLGHJHUPHQLGLQDHUDWkWVXEIRUPăGHSLFăWXULFkWúLVXEIRUPăGHQXFOHL
GHSLFăWXULVDXSUDIEDFWHULDQ$VLJXUDUHDFXEDMXOXLQHFHVDUvQvQFăSHULúLDSOLFD
UHDPăVXULORUGHYHQWLODĠLHQDWXUDOăúLDUWLILFLDOăvQYHGHUHDUHDOL]ăULLXQXLVFKLPE
VXILFLHQWGHDHUUHDOL]HD]ăúLSURWHFĠLDIDĠăGHLQIHFĠLLOHDHURJHQH
 6FKLPEXOGHDHUQDWXUDODUHORFSULQIHUHVWUHIHUHVWUXLFLSRULLPDWHULDOHORU
GHFRQVWUXFĠLLFDQDOHOHGHH[WUDJHUHQDWXUDOăÌQVDORDQHDFHVWVFKLPEGHSLQGHvQ
PDUHPăVXUăGHSODQLILFDUHDFRULGRUXOXLÌQFRULGRDUHOHFRQVWUXLWHGLQWURVLQJXUă
SDUWHSRDWHILIRUPDWXQFXUHQWFHYDVFKLPEDPDLUDSLGDHUXOGLQVDORDQH'DFă
FRULGRUXOHVWHFRQVWUXLWGLQDPEHOHSăUĠLVDORDQHOHYRUILPDLSXĠLQYHQWLODWHQDWX
UDO9ROXPXOGHYHQWLODĠLHQDWXUDOăQXSRDWHILUHJODWGHRDUHFHGHSLQGHGHIDFWRULL
PHWHRURORJLFLGHDLFLQHFHVLWDWHDGRWăULLVSLWDOHORUFXYHQWLODĠLHDUWLILFLDOă
ÌQ DQXPLWHvQFăSHULDOH VSLWDOXOXL ODFDOFXOXOYROXPXOXLGH VFKLPEúL OD
DOHJHUHDVLVWHPXOXLGHYHQWLODĠLHVHYDĠLQHFRQWúLGHPLFURIORUDDHUXOXL3HQWUX
VSLWDOHOHGHEROLFRQWDJLRDVHFDQWLWDWHDGHDHUUHIXODWăSULQVLVWHPXOGHYHQWLODĠLH
WUHEXLHVăILHPDLPLFăGHFkWFHDDVSLUDWăSHQWUXDvPSLHGLFDUăVSkQGLUHDDHUXOXL
FRQWDPLQDWSHFXORDUHOHVSLWDOXOXL3HQWUXVăOLOHGHRSHUDĠLHDHUXOUHIXODWWUHEXLH
Vă ILH vQ FDQWLWDWH PDL PDUHGHFkWFHODVSLUDWSHQWUX DvPSLHGLFDSăWUXQGHUHD
DHUXOXLGHSHFXORDUHFDUHHYHQWXDODUFRQĠLQHSLRFRFLvQVDODGHRSHUDĠLHÌQ
vQFăSHULOHVSLWDOLFH‫܈‬WLXQGHVHFHUHRSXULWDWHGHRVHELWăDDHUXOXLVHSUDFWLFăVLV
WHPXOGHYHQWLODĠLHFXFXUHQWODPLQDUGHDHUGH]LQIHFWDW6LVWHPXOGHYHQWLODĠLH
SULQUHFLUFXODUHHVWHQHLJLHQLFFRQWULEXLQGGHIDSWODUăVSkQGLUHDIORUHLSDWRJHQH
SHFDOHDDHUXOXLúLSRDWHILXWLOL]DWQXPDLFXFRQGLĠLDILOWUăULLúLGH]LQIHFWăULLDH
UXOXLUHFLUFXODQW
'XUDWDFD]ăULLvQVSLWDOHOHGRWDWHFXYHQWLODĠLHDUWLILFLDOăHVWHPDLPLFăGHFkW
vQFHOHOLSVLWHGHRDVWIHOGHYHQWLOD‫܊‬LHvQVHFĠLLOHGHEROLFRQWDJLRDVH±FX
FKLUXUJLFDOH±FXWHUDSHXWLFH±FX3XULWDWHDDHUXOXL‫܈‬LFRQIRUWXOWHUPLF
vQvQFăSHULVHDVLJXUăSULQYROXPXOGHDHU‫܈‬LPXOWLSOXOVFKLPEXOXLGHDHU
9ROXPXOGHDHUGHSLQGHGHVXSUDIDĠăPLQGLFHQRUPDWúLvQăOĠLPHP
LQGLFHQRUPDW&RQIRUPQRUPDWLYHORULJLHQLFHXQXLEROQDYWUHEXLHVăLUHYLQă
PLQLP  PRUă$FHVWYROXPGHYHQWLODĠLHSRDWH IL DVLJXUDW QXPDLSULQWUXQ
VFKLPEGHDHURUJDQL]DW±YHQWLODĠLHDUWLILFLDOăDVSLUDĠLHUHIXODUHPLQLPXPGH
SDWUXRULSHRUă
&HOPDLGHVăYkU‫܈‬LWVLVWHPGHYHQWLODĠLHDUWLILFLDOăHVWHFRQGLĠLRQDUHDDHUX
OXLODFDUHSRWILUHJODWHDXWRPDWWHPSHUDWXUDXPLGLWDWHDFRPSR]L‫܊‬LDFKLPLFă
JUDGXOGHSXULILFDUH
&RQGLĠLRQDUHDDHUXOXLVHYDIDFHREOLJDWRUvQVăOLOHGHRSHUDĠLHGHQDúWHUH
GHQDUFR]ăGHUHDQLPDUHGHSHGLDWULHSkQăODDQGHFRPEXVWLLGHFDUGLROR
JLHúLGHHQGRFULQRORJLFHvQVDORDQHOHSRVWRSHUDWRULL
2GLUHFĠLHLPSRUWDQWăvQSURILOD[LDLQIHFĠLLORUQRVRFRPLDOHHVWHGH]LQIHFĠLD
$FHVWDVSHFWDODFWLYLWăĠLLSHUVRQDOXOXLPHGLFDOFRQVWăGLQPDLPXOWHFRPSRQHQWH
úLDUHFDVFRSGLVWUXJHUHDPLFURRUJDQLVPHORUSDWRJHQHúLFRQGLĠLRQDWSDWRJHQH
GHSHRELHFWHOHGLQVDORDQHúLGLQvQFăSHULOHIXQFĠLRQDOHGHSHLQVWUXPHQWHOHúL
XWLODMXOPHGLFDOÌQXQHOHFD]XULGHH[HPSOXvQLQIHFĠLLOHLQWHVWLQDOHVSLWDOLFHúWL
vQVDOPRQHOR]HOHVSLWDOLFHúWLGH]LQIHFĠLDHVWHXQLFXOPRGGHPLFúRUDUHDPRUEL
GLWăĠLLvQVWDĠLRQDUH
7RDWHWXOSLQLOHÄVSLWDOLFHúWL´SHOkQJăUH]LVWHQĠDODDQWLELRWLFHVXQWUH]LV
WHQWH‫܈‬LODIDFWRULLGHPHGLXLQFOXVLYIDĠăGHGH]LQIHFWDQĠL'HH[HPSOXDJHQWXO
$BQJUPMVM
7*

VDOPRQHOR]HLVSLWDOLFHúWLSalmonella typhimuriumQXHVWHVHQVLELOODSUHSDUDWHOH
FORUXOXLSLHULQGGRDUODRH[SR]L‫܊‬LHGHPLQODRVROXĠLHGHFORUDPLQăGHúL
DSăR[LJHQDWăGH1HUHVSHFWDUHDGHFăWUHSHUVRQDOXOPHGLFDODUHJXOLORUVD
QLWDURLJLHQLFHúLDQWLHSLGHPLFHGLQOLSVăGHFXQRúWLQĠHVDXGLQQHJOLMHQĠăGXFH
ODDSDULĠLDXQRUWXOSLQLÄVSLWDOLFHúWL´PDLUH]LVWHQWHODDFĠLXQHDRULFăURUIDFWRULGH
PHGLXGHFLIDFLOLWHD]ăVHOHFWDUHDDUWLILFLDOăDWXOSLQLORUÄVSLWDOLFHúWL´
'H]LQIHFĠLD DHUXOXL VH HIHFWXHD]ăFX DMXWRUXO UD]HORU XOWUDYLROHWH ‫܈‬L VXE
VWDQĠHORUFKLPLFHDFLGXOODFWLFJOLFROLLDSDR[LJHQDWăQLWUDQDVROXĠLHGH
DPIRODQDVROXĠLDHOHFWUROL]DWăGH1D&O
5D]HOHXOWUDYLROHWHFXROXQJLPHGHXQGăGHQPFHOPDLHILFLHQW
GLVWUXJIORUDPLFURELDQă0HFDQLVPXOORUGHDFĠLXQHFRQVWăvQFRDJXODUHDUDSLGă
DFLWRSODVPHLFHOXOHLEDFWHULHQH6XUVHGHUD]HXOWUDYLROHWHFXDFĠLXQHEDFWHULFLGă
VXQW OăPSLOH HULWHPXYLROă OăPSLOHGHPHUFXUFXDUĠ OăPSLOH EDFWHULFLG XYLROH
%89tab. 6.2.2


5D]HOHXOWUDYLROHWHSRWILIRORVLWHvQWUHLYDULDQWHGLUHFWHUHIOHFWDWHúLSUH
OXFUDUHDFXXOWUDYLROHWDDHUXOXLGHELWDWvQGLVSR]LWLYHOHGHYHQWLODUH2LUDGLHUH
SUHOXQJLWăúLLQWHQVLYăFXUD]HXOWUDYLROHWHSRDWHSURYRFDRLQIODPDĠLHDPXFRD
VHORURFKLORUDUVXULGXUHURDVHDOHSLHOLLPkLQLORUúLIHĠHL3HUVRDQHOHVLPWRRER
VHDOăSURQXQĠDWăúLRGLVSR]LĠLHPLQRUăGHDFHHDODIRORVLUHDUD]HORUXOWUDYLROHWH
GLUHFWHvQvQFăSHUHQXVHYRUDIODRDPHQLÌQSUH]HQĠDRDPHQLORUSRWILIRORVLWH
QXPDLOăPSLFXUD]HXOWUDYLROHWHUHIOHFWDWHZWPÌQVăOLOHGHRSHUDĠLLYWP
VHIRORVHVFUD]HXOWUDYLROHWHGLUHFWHvQOLSVDRDPHQLORUÌQVDORDQHGHDVXSUDXúLORU
SRWILIRORVLWHOăPSLEDFWHULFLGHPRQWDWHvQĠHYLPHWDOLFHFXRGHVFKL]ăWXUăvQJXVWă
FDUHIRUPHD]ăRSHUGHDEDFWHULFLGă(ILFDFLWDWHDWUDWăULLFXUD]HXOWUDYLROHWHYDGH
SLQGHGHSXWHUHDOăPSLORUGHGXUDWDWUDWăULL‫܈‬LGHYROXPXOvQFăSHULL
6XEVWDQĠHOHFKLPLFHSURSLOHQJOLFROXOúLWULHWLOHQJOLFROXOSRVHGăRSUHVLXQH
VFă]XWăDJD]HORUGHDFHHDXúRUSRDWHILFUHDWăRFRQFHQWUDĠLHDQXPLWăDDFHVWRUD
vQDHU3XOYHUL]DUHDORUJODPPDQLIHVWăRDFĠLXQHEDFWHULFLGăSURQXQĠDWă
$FLGXOODFWLFVHIRORVHúWHvQIRUPăGHYDSRULvQOLSVDRDPHQLORU3HUR[LGXOGHR[L
JHQ+2VROXĠLHGHSRDWHILSXOYHUL]DWFXVROXĠLHGHGHWHUJHQWGH
6XSUDIHĠHOHVXQWGH]LQIHFWDWHFXVROXĠLHGHFORUDPLQăYDUFORUDW
0HWRGDGHH[SOR]LHDUHRHILFDFLWDWHDGH‫܈‬LSRDWHILHIHFWXDWăR
GDWăODWUHLOXQL3HQWUXDFHDVWăPHWRGăVHYDIRORVLJFORUXUăGHYDUXVFDWă
POVROXĠLH1+GHJIRUPDOLQăXVFDWăÌQFăSHUHDSOLQă
FXXQIXPGHQVHVWHOăVDWăSHQWUXGHRUHFXXúLOHúLJHDPXULOHvQFKLVH
3UHSDUDWHOHFORUXOXLFORUDPLQDFORUXUDGHYDUHWFDXXQ‫܈‬LUGHQHDMXQVXUL
FRVWXOvQDOWWUDQVSRUWDUHDúLSăVWUDUHDDQHYRLRDVăVROXELOLWDWHDVFă]XWăSLHUGHUHD
DFWLYLWăĠLL vQ SURFHVXO GH SăVWUDUH DJUHVLYLWDWH IDĠă GH PDWHULDOHOH GH]LQIHFWDWH
DFĠLXQHWR[LFăDVXSUDSHUVRQDOXOXLHWF$VWă]LHOHVXQWvQORFXLWHFXVXEVWDQĠHGH
]LQIHFWDQWHFRQFHQWUDWHSHED]ăGHVăUXULFXDWHUQDUHGHDPRQLXFDUHSHOkQJăHIHFW
GH]LQIHFWDQWVXQWúLGHWHUJHQĠLFXRHILFDFLWDWHvQDOWă

Colectarea şi neutralizarea deşeurilor solide şi a apelor menajere

din spitale 
&ROHFWDUHDúLQHXWUDOL]DUHDGHúHXULORUVROLGHGLQVSLWDOHVHUHDOL]HD]ăFRQ
IRUPÄ5HJXODPHQWXOXLVDQLWDUSULYLQGJHVWLRQDUHDGHúHXULORUUH]XOWDWHGLQDFWLYL
WDWHDPHGLFDOă´&KLúLQăX
2ELHFWLYXO FHULQĠHORU úL QRUPHORU LJLHQLFH úL WHKQLFH SULYLQG JHVWLRQDUHD
GHúHXULORUUH]XOWDWHGLQDFWLYLWăĠLOHPHGLFDOHHVWHUHJOHPHQWDUHDPRGXOXLFXPDUH
ORFFROHFWDUHDvPSDFKHWDUHDVWRFDUHDWHPSRUDUăWUDQVSRUWDUHDWUDWDUHD‫܈‬LHOLPL
QDUHDILQDOăDDFHVWRUD2DWHQĠLHGHRVHELWăVHDFRUGăGHúHXULORUSHULFXORDVHSHQWUX
DSUHYHQLDIHFWDUHD VăQăWăĠLLRPXOXLúL SHQWUXD SUHYHQLFRQWDPLQDUHD PHGLXOXL
'HúHXULOHPHGLFDOHVHFODVLILFăSHFDWHJRULL
 'HúHXULQHSHULFXORDVHDVLPLODELOHFXFHOHPHQDMHUH
 'HúHXULSHULFXORDVH
D GHúHXULDQDWRPRSDWRORJLFH
E GHúHXULLQIHFĠLRDVH
F GHúHXULvQĠHSăWRDUHWăLHWRDUH
G GHúHXULFKLPLFHúLIDUPDFHXWLFH
H GHúHXULUDGLRDFWLYH
&ROHFWDUHDVHSDUDWăDGH‫܈‬HXULORUSHWLSXULHVWHSULPDHWDSăvQJHVWLRQDUHD
GH‫܈‬HXULORUUH]XOWDWHGLQDFWLYLWDWHDPHGLFDOăÌQOLSVDFROHFWăULLVHSDUDWHDGH‫܈‬HX
ULORUSHWLSXULvQWUHDJDFDQWLWDWHVHWUDWHD]ăFDGH‫܈‬HXULSHULFXORDVH'DFăQXHVWH
VWDELOLWGHILQLWLYWLSXOGH‫܈‬HXULOHVXQWDWULEXLWHODWLSXOGHGH‫܈‬HXULPDLSHULFXORDVH
$PEDODMXOvQFDUHVHIDFHFROHFWDUHDVHSDUDWă‫܈‬LFDUHYLQHvQFRQWDFWGLUHFW
FXGH‫܈‬HXULOHSHULFXORDVHUH]XOWDWHGLQDFWLYLWDWHDPHGLFDOăWUHEXLHVăILHGHXQLFă
IRORVLQ‫܊‬ă‫܈‬LVHHOLPLQăRGDWăFXFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXO&RGXULOHGHFXORULDOHDPEDODMHORUvQ
FDUHVHFROHFWHD]ăVHSDUDWGH‫܈‬HXULOHUH]XOWDWHGLQDFWLYLWDWHDPHGLFDOăVXQW
 galben ±SHQWUXGH‫܈‬HXULOHWăLHWRDUHvQ‫܊‬HSăWRDUHDQDWRPRSDWRORJLFH‫܈‬L
LQIHF‫܊‬LRDVHLGHQWLILFDWH
 cafeniu ± SHQWUX GH‫܈‬HXULOH FKLPLFH GH PHGLFDPHQWH LQFOXVLY FLWRWR
[LFHFLWRVWDWLFHGHDPDOJDP
 verde±SHQWUXGH‫܈‬HXULQHSHULFXORDVHUHFLFODELOH
 negru±SHQWUXGH‫܈‬HXULOHQHSHULFXORDVHGH‫܈‬HXULOHPXQLFLSDOH
6WRFDUHDWHPSRUDUăVHUHDOL]HD]ăvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHWLSXOGHGH‫܈‬HXULFROHFWDWHOD
ORFXOGHSURGXFHUHÌQILHFDUHLQVWLWX‫܊‬LHPHGLFRVDQLWDUăHVWHRUJDQL]DWXQVSD‫܊‬LX
$BQJUPMVM
7*

FHQWUDOGHVWRFDUHWHPSRUDUăDGH‫܈‬HXULORUUH]XOWDWHGLQDFWLYLWDWHDPHGLFDOă'X
UDWDVWRFăULLWHPSRUDUHWUHEXLHVăILHFkWPDLVFXUWăLDUSHGXUDWDVWRFăULLYRUIL
UHVSHFWDWHQRUPHOHGHLJLHQăvQYLJRDUH
7UDQVSRUWDUHDGH‫܈‬HXULORUUH]XOWDWHGLQDFWLYLWDWHDPHGLFDOăLQFOXVLYDFHORU
SHULFXORDVHSkQăODORFXOGHWUDWDUHVDXHOLPLQDUHVHHIHFWXHD]ăFXUHVSHFWDUHD
SUHYHGHULORUSULYLQGSURWHF‫܊‬LDPHGLXOXL‫܈‬LDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLSRSXOD‫܊‬LHL'H‫܈‬HXULOHSHUL
FXORDVHVHWUDQVSRUWăVHSDUDWGHFHOHQHSHULFXORDVH
3URFHVHOH‫܈‬LPHWRGHOHIRORVLWHSHQWUXWUDWDUHD‫܈‬LHOLPLQDUHDGH‫܈‬HXULORUUH
]XOWDWHGLQDFWLYLWDWHDPHGLFDOăQXWUHEXLHVăSXQăvQSHULFROVăQăWDWHDSXEOLFă‫܈‬L
PHGLXO‫܈‬LWUHEXLHVăUHVSHFWHXUPăWRDUHOHFHULQ‫܊‬H
 VăQXSROXHD]ăDSDDHUXOVROXOIDXQDVDXIORUD
 VăQXSUH]LQWăLPSDFWQHJDWLYDVXSUDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLSRSXOD‫܊‬LHLGLQ]RQHOHUH
]LGHQ‫܊‬LDOH
 vQYHFLQDWH
 VăQXSROXH]HIRQLF‫܈‬LFXPLURVQHSOăFXW
 VăQXDIHFWH]HSHLVDMHOHVDX]RQHOHSURWHMDWH
/DDOHJHUHDPHWRGHLGHWUDWDUHVH‫܊‬LQHFRQWGHWLSXOGH‫܈‬HXULORUGHIDFWRULLGH
PHGLX‫܈‬LGHVLJXUDQ‫܊‬ăGHFDSDFLWă‫܊‬LOHWHKQRORJLFH‫܈‬LGHSUHYHGHULOHOHJDOH(OLPL
QDUHDGH‫܈‬HXULORUSHULFXORDVHUH]XOWDWHGLQ DFWLYLWDWHDPHGLFDOă VH HIHFWXHD]ăvQ
FRQIRUPLWDWHFXUHJOHPHQWăULOHVSHFLILFHILHFăUHLFDWHJRULLGHGH‫܈‬HXvQFRUHVSXQ
GHUHFXRSHUD‫܊‬LXQLOHGHHOLPLQDUH0HWRGHOHGHHOLPLQDUHXWLOL]DWHWUHEXLHVăDVL
JXUHGLVWUXJHUHDUDSLGă‫܈‬LFRPSOHWăDIDFWRULORUFXSRWHQ‫܊‬LDOQRFLYSHQWUXPHGLX‫܈‬L
SHQWUXVWDUHDGHVăQăWDWHDSRSXOD‫܊‬LHL
ÌQGHSăUWDUHDDSHORUUH]LGXDOHGLQWRDWH8Ì0FXH[FHSĠLDVHFĠLLORUFRQWDJL
RDVHSRDWHILHIHFWXDWăSULQUHĠHDXDGHFDQDOL]DUHGLQORFDOLWDWHIăUăRHSXUDUHVXSOL
PHQWDUăÌQOLSVDUHĠHOHLGHFDQDOL]DUHVSLWDOHOHVăWHúWLvQORFDOLWDWHDSHOHUH]LGXDOH
YRUILHSXUDWHvQLQVWDODĠLLORFDOH
([LVWăGRXăPHWRGHGHHSXUDUHDDSHORUUH]LGXDOHvQFRQGLĠLLQDWXUDOHúL
DUWLILFLDOHÌQFRQGLĠLLQDWXUDOHDSHOHUH]LGXDOHVHHSXUHD]ăvQED]LQHGHVHGLPHQ
WDUHGXSăFDUHVHvQGHSăUWHD]ăSHFkPSXULOHGHILOWUDUHVDXGHLULJDUH3RDWHIL
IRORVLWăLULJDUHDVXEWHUDQăVDXFDQDOL]DUHDORFDOă:ED]LQGHVHGLPHQWDUHLQVWD
ODĠLHGHGR]DUHUHĠHDGHĠHYLGUHQDWHVXEWHUDQHÌQFRQGLĠLLDUWLILFLDOHDSHOHUH]L
GXDOHGLQEORFXULVXQWvQOăWXUDWHSULQUHĠHDVXEWHUDQăODVWDĠLDELRORJLFăGHHSXUDUH
ED]LQXOGHUHSDUWLĠLH±GLVWULEXLWRUGHFDQWRUELRILOWUXED]LQGHVHGLPHQWDUHFD
PHUD GHFORULQDUH 'XSă FRRUGRQDUHDFX VHUYLFLXO VDQLWDU DSHOH HSXUDWH VXQW
GHYHUVDWHvQED]LQHVDXVXEWHUDQ
ÌQXOWLPLLDQLSHQWUXHSXUDUHVHIRORVHVFLQVWDODĠLLOHFDUHOXFUHD]ăSHSULQFL
SLXOÄR[LGăULLVXPDUH´XQGHDSHOHUH]LGXDOH VXQWHSXUDWHIăUăDIL VHGLPHQWDWH
&RQIRUPFHULQ‫܊‬HORUDSHOHUH]LGXDOHGLQVSLWDOHOHGHEROLLQIHFĠLRDVHWUHEXLHVăILH
VXSXVHREOLJDWRULXGH]LQIHFWăULL'HDVHPHQHDGH]LQIHFWDUHDHOLPLQăULORUEROQDYL
ORUVHYDIDFHSHORFvQDLQWHGHDILvQGHSăUWDWHSULQFDQDOL]DUH0DLUDĠLRQDOăDUIL
HSXUDUHDFHQWUDOL]DWăDDSHORUUH]LGXDOHGLQDFHVWHVSLWDOHúLDSRLHYDFXDUHDORUSULQ
FDQDOL]DUHVHGLPHQWDUHĺFORULQDUHFXGR]HPDULGH&OFORULQDUHHOHFWUROLWLFă
 
(ILFDFLWDWHDSURWHF‫܊‬LHLPXQFLLWUDXPDWLVPHORUSURIHVLRQDOH‫܈‬LPRUELGLWă‫܊‬LL
SURIHVLRQDOHDOXFUăWRULORUGLQVLVWHPXOGHVăQăWDWHUHSUH]LQWăRSUREOHPăVRFLR
HFRQRPLFăJUDYăFDUHDIHFWHD]ăvQPRGGLUHFWDFRUGDUHDGHvQJULMLULPHGLFDOH
SRSXOD‫܊‬LHL /XFUăWRULL PHGLFDOL GLQ LQVWLWX‫܊‬LLOH PHGLFRVDQLWDUH VXQW DIHFWD‫܊‬L GH
DFHLD‫܈‬LIDFWRULFD‫܈‬LOXFUăWRULLDOWRUUDPXULLQGXVWULDOH&XWRDWHDFHVWHDSHUVRQD
OXOPHGLFDOPDLPXOWGHFkWDOWHFDWHJRULLGHPXQFLWRULHVWHDIHFWDWGHDF‫܊‬LXQHD
IDFWRULORUSURIHVLRQDOL0XQFDOXFUăWRULORUPHGLFDOLHVWHGLILFLOGHFRPSDUDWFX
PXQFDDOWRUVSHFLDOL‫܈‬WL
0HGLFLLVHFRQIUXQWăFXRSRYDUăLQWHOHFWXDOăPDUHILLQGUHVSRQVDELOLSHQ
WUXYLD‫܊‬D‫܈‬LVăQăWDWHDDOWRUSHUVRDQHLQWUă]LOQLFvQFRQWDFWFXXQQXPăUPDUHGH
SHUVRDQH$FHDVWăSURIHVLHQHFHVLWăOXDUHDGHGHFL]LLXUJHQWHDXWRGLVFLSOLQăFD
SDFLWDWHD GH DPHQ‫܊‬LQH SHUIRUPDQ‫܊‬H ULGLFDWHvQFRQGL‫܊‬LLH[WUHPHGH VWUHV‫܈‬L GH
]JRPRW$GHVHDWUDWDPHQWXO‫܈‬LGLDJQRVWLFXOUHDQLPDUHDLQWHUYHQ‫܊‬LLOHFKLUXUJL
FDOHVXQWHIHFWXDWHQRDSWHDFHHDFHFRPSOLFăVHPQLILFDWLYDFWLYLWDWHDSHUVRQDOX
OXLPHGLFDO
3URJUHVXO‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬LILF‫܈‬LWHKQRORJLFDGXVODPăULUHDQXPăUXOXLGHHFKLSDPHQWH
WHKQLFHvQLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLOHPHGLFDOHODLPSOHPHQWDUHDGHQRLWHKQRORJLLXWLODMHHFKL
SDPHQWHLQVWUXPHQWHPHGLFDPHQWHPHWRGHGHGLDJQRVWLF‫܈‬LGHWUDWDPHQWFHHD
FHJHQHUDWQRLSUREOHPHSHQWUXLJLHQDPXQFLLOXFUăWRULORUPHGLFDOLFDUHQHFHVLWă
RDERUGDUHPXOWLODWHUDOă
7HUPHQXOGHÄOXFUăWRUPHGLFDO´LQFOXGHSHUVRDQHGHFDWHJRULLGHVWXOGHGL
YHUVH GH OXFUăWRUL GLQ GRPHQLXO VăQăWă‫܊‬LL ± ‫܈‬HILL LQVWLWX‫܊‬LLORU PHGLFDOH ‫܈‬HILL GH
GHSDUWDPHQWPHGLFLLGHWRDWHVSHFLDOLWă‫܊‬LOHDVLVWHQ‫܊‬LLPHGLFDOLDVLVWHQ‫܊‬LLGHODER
UDWRUSHUVRQDOXOLQIHULRU‫܈‬LDX[LOLDUDFWLYLWDWHDFăURUDDUHFDUDFWHULVWLFLFRPXQH
GDU‫܈‬LGLIHUHQ‫܊‬HVHPQLILFDWLYH
/DHWDSDDFWXDOăGHGH]YROWDUHDVRFLHWă‫܊‬LLVHSXQHDFFHQWXOSHPăULUHDGX
UDWHLGHDFWLYLWDWHIL]LFă‫܈‬LSURIHVLRQDOăDSHUVRDQHORUDSWHGHPXQFăIDSWFHQX
SRDWHILUHDOL]DWIăUăLPSOLFDUHDGLUHFWăDOXFUăWRUXOXLPHGLFDOÌQDFHVWVFRSVWD
WXO‫܈‬LRUJDQHOHGHFRQGXFHUHFHQWUDOH‫܈‬LORFDOHDXGRWDWLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLOHPHGLFDOHFX
FHOHPDLLQRYDWLYH‫܈‬LSHUIRUPDQ‫܊‬HWHKQLFL‫܈‬LXWLODMHGHGLDJQRVWLF‫܈‬LGHWUDWDPHQW
3RSXOD‫܊‬LDDSWăGHPXQFăEHQHILFLD]ăGHGLYHUVHSURJUDPHGHVXV‫܊‬LQHUHSURILOD[LH
GLDJQRVWLF WUDWDPHQW UHDELOLWDUH HWF ÌQ DFHVW FRQWH[W WHUPHQXO ÄPHGLXO VLJXU
VSLWDOLFHVF´SUHVXSXQHXQPHGLXVSLWDOLFHVFRUJDQL]DWLGHDOvQFDUHWR‫܊‬LDFWRULLDQ
WUHQD‫܊‬L vQ SURFHVXO GH WUDWDPHQW YRUILSURWHMD‫܊‬LGHDF‫܊‬LXQHDIDFWRULORU PHGLXOXL
vQFRQMXUăWRU
5ROXOOXFUăWRUXOXLPHGLFDOvQSăVWUDUHD‫܈‬LIRUWLILFDUHDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLSRSXOD‫܊‬LHL
DSWHGHPXQFăHVWHHYRFDWSHUPDQHQWLDUFRQGL‫܊‬LLOHGHPXQFăDOHSHUVRQDOXOXL
PHGLFDO‫܈‬LIDFWRULLLJLHQLFLIDFWRULIL]LFLFKLPLFLELRORJLFL‫܈‬LSVLKRIL]LRORJLFL
VRFLDOL‫܈‬LVWLOXOGHYLD‫܊‬ăFXUHSHUFXVLXQLLQFRQWHVWDELOHDVXSUDVWăULLGHVăQăWDWH
$BQJUPMVM
7*

‫܈‬L FDOLWă‫܊‬LL YLH‫܊‬LL DFHVWRUD QX DX IRVW VWXGLDWH $VWIHO vQ SUH]HQ‫܊‬D XQRU FRQGL‫܊‬LL
UHODWLYIDYRUDELOHGHPXQFăDOXFUăWRULORUPHGLFDOLLQWURGXFHUHDQRLORUWHKQROR
JLLPDMRUDUHDVDODULLORUHWFVWDUHDGHVăQăWDWHDOXFUăWRULORUPHGLFDOLVHvQUăXWă
‫܊‬H‫܈‬WHvQXUPDWUDXPDWLVPHORUSURIHVLRQDOHPRUELGLWă‫܊‬LLSURIHVLRQDOH‫܈‬LFHOHLFX
LQFDSDFLWDWHWHPSRUDUăGHPXQFă/XFUăWRULLPHGLFDOLDYkQGRIUHFYHQ‫܊‬ăUHODWLY
VFă]XWăGHFD]XULGHLQFDSDFLWDWHWHPSRUDUăGHPXQFăVXQWEROQDYLRSHULRDGă
PDLOXQJăGHWLPSvQFRPSDUD‫܊‬LHFXDOWHFDWHJRULLGHPXQFLWRUL‫܈‬LGHIXQF‫܊‬LRQDUL
LDUPHGLDGXUDWHLGHERDOăHVWHFHDPDLvQDOWă
1LYHOXOvQDOWDOPRUELGLWă‫܊‬LLOXFUăWRULORUPHGLFDOLHVWHDVRFLDWvQSULQFLSDO
FXFRQGL‫܊‬LLOHGHPXQFăFRQGL‫܊‬LRQDWHGHSUH]HQ‫܊‬DIDFWRULORUVWUHVRJHQLSUREOHPHORU
GHRUGLQSVLKRHPR‫܊‬LRQDOvQFRUGDUHIL]LFăQHXURHPR‫܊‬LRQDOă‫܈‬LLQWHOHFWXDOă&HUFH
WăULOHDXDUăWDWFăPXQFDvQSUH]HQ‫܊‬DIDFWRULORUVWUHVRJHQLLQIOXHQ‫܊‬HD]ăQHJDWLYVWD
UHDGHVăQăWDWHDF‫܊‬LRQkQGDVXSUDVLVWHPHORULPXQLWDUFDUGLRYDVFXODUHQGRFULQ
FUH‫܈‬WH ULVFXO LQIDUFWXOXL PLRFDUGLFEROLLKLSHUWHQVLYHDFFLGHQWHORU SURIHVLRQDOH
6WXGLHUHDFRQGL‫܊‬LLORUGHPXQFăDIDFWRULORUSURIHVLRQDOL‫܈‬LVRFLDOLDVWăULLGHVăQă
WDWHDOXFUăWRULORUPHGLFDOLDSHUPLVGHDFRQFOX]LRQDFăDFWLYLWDWHDvQLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLOH
PHGLFRSURILODFWLFHLPSXQHDQXPLWHFHULQ‫܊‬HID‫܊‬ăGHUH]LVWHQ‫܊‬DRUJDQLVPXOXLVWDUHD
‫܈‬LSUHJăWLUHDOXLIL]LFăYROXPXOPHPRULHLRSHUDWLYH‫܈‬LGHOXQJăGXUDWăFDSDFLWDWHD
GHDIDFHID‫܊‬ăSUREOHPHORUGHRUGLQSVLKLFPRUDO‫܈‬LHWLF
0HGLFLL v‫܈‬L GHVIă‫܈‬RDUă DFWLYLWDWHDvQFRQGL‫܊‬LL VSHFLILFH GH PXQFă ‫܈‬L QR[H
SURIHVLRQDOHLQVXILFLHQWVWXGLDWHÌQDFWLYLWDWHDVDPHGLFLLWUHEXLHVăIDFăID‫܊‬ă
XUPăWRDUHORUSUREOHPHHPR‫܊‬LL‫܈‬LvQJULMRUDUHSHQWUXYLD‫܊‬D‫܈‬LVăQăWDWHDEROQDYLORU
SR]L‫܊‬LHIRU‫܊‬DWăvQGHOXQJDWăDFRUSXOXLQHUHVSHFWDUHDUHJLPXOXLGHPXQFă‫܈‬LGH
RGLKQăPXQFăIL]LFăLQWHQVăVXSUDVROLFLWDUHQHXURHPR‫܊‬LRQDOăH[SXQHUHDODDF
‫܊‬LXQHDYDSRULORUDQHVWH]LFHORU‫܈‬LSUHSDUDWHORUPHGLFDPHQWRDVHDF‫܊‬LXQHDQHIDYR
UDELOăDPLFURFOLPDWXOXLDJHQ‫܊‬LORULQIHF‫܊‬LR‫܈‬LIDFWRULORUIL]LFLHWF
3UHYHQLUHDQR[HORUSURIHVLRQDOH‫܈‬LIDFLOLWDUHDPXQFLLSHUVRQDOXOXLPHGLFDO
FRQWULEXLHODvPEXQăWă‫܊‬LUHDvQJULMLULLSDFLHQ‫܊‬LORU

Morbiditatea medicilor 
&RQGL‫܊‬LLOH ‫܈‬L FDUDFWHUXOPXQFLLGLIHULWRUFDWHJRULL‫܈‬LJUXSHSURIHVLRQDOHGH
OXFUăWRULPHGLFDOLPHULWăRDWHQ‫܊‬LHGHRVHELWăvQVFRSXOSURWHMăULLVăQăWă‫܊‬LLORU(L
VXQWVXSX‫܈‬LDF‫܊‬LXQLLGLIHULWRULIDFWRULQHIDYRUDELOLDLPHGLXOXLRFXSD‫܊‬LRQDOQHUHV
SHFWDUHDWHKQLFLLVHFXULWă‫܊‬LLDPHQDMDUHDLQFRUHFWăDORFXOXLGHPXQFăLOXPLQDWXO
QHFRUHVSXQ]ăWRUYHQWLODUHD‫܈‬LvQFăO]LUHDQHVDWLVIăFăWRDUHQHUHVSHFWDUHDUHJLPXOXL
GHPXQFăVXSUDVROLFLWDUHDOLSVDPLMORDFHORUGHSURWHF‫܊‬LHLQGLYLGXDOăPă‫܈‬WLPă
QX‫܈‬LHWFLPSHUIHF‫܊‬LXQHDWHKQRORJLHLHWF
&HOPDLIUHFYHQWPHGLFLLVHvPEROQăYHVFvQSULPLLFLQFLDQLGHDFWLYLWDWH
SURIHVLRQDOăSUHGRPLQkQGPDODGLLOH FURQLFHDOH DSDUDWXOXL UHVSLUDWRU SkQă OD
WUDFWXOXLJDVWURLQWHVWLQDOSLHOLLDSDUDWXOXLXURJHQLWDO$FHVWHPDODGLLVXQW
SURYRFDWH GH PLFURIORUD DJUHVLYă FRQGL‫܊‬LRQDWSDWRJHQă GLQ PHGLXO VSLWDOLFHVF
&HOPDLvQDOWQLYHODOPRUELGLWă‫܊‬LLVHDWHVWăODPHGLFLLGLQVHF‫܊‬LLOHGHFRPEXVWLL
GHFKLUXUJLHSXUXOHQWă‫܈‬LJHQHUDOăGHUHDQLPDUH‫܈‬LGHWHUDSLHLQWHQVLYă0RUELGL
WDWHDSURIHVLRQDOă‫܈‬LPRUELGLWDWHDFXLQFDSDFLWDWHWHPSRUDUăGHPXQFăGHSLQGGH
VSHFLDOLWDWHDPHGLFXOXL‫܈‬LGHIDFWRULLGHPXQFăFHDF‫܊‬LRQHD]ăDVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXL
&HOHPDLUăVSkQGLWHPDODGLLSURIHVLRQDOHvQUHJLVWUDWHODPHGLFLVXQWWXEHU
FXOR]DDOHUJLDPHGLFDPHQWRDVăKHSDWLWDDVWPXOEURQ‫܈‬LFGHUPDWLWHOHGHFRQWDFW
HF]HPDKLSHUWHQVLXQHDDUWHULDOăFDUGLRSDWLDLVFKHPLFăGLDEHWXO]DKDUDWRVWHR
FRQGUR]DUDGLFXOLWHOHEROLOHQHXURORJLFH‫܈‬LSVLKLFHGHYLHULOHFRPSRUWDPHQWDOH
DVWHQRSDWLDDFRPRGDWLYăYLFLLOHGHUHIUDF‫܊‬LHRSWLFăFDWDUDFWDERDODGHLUDGLHUH
QHRSOD]LLOH
&DX]HOHSULQFLSDOHDOHLQYDOLGLWă‫܊‬LLPHGLFLORUVXQWWXPRULOHPDOLJQHEROLOH
DSDUDWXOXLFDUGLRYDVFXODU‫܈‬LSVLKLFH

Factorii și riscurile profesionale din sectorul medical 

1R[HOHSURIHVLRQDOHSUH]HQWHvQLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLOHPHGLFRVDQLWDUHGHGLIHULWSUR
ILODF‫܊‬LRQHD]ăDVXSUDVWăULLGHVăQăWDWHDOXFUăWRUXOXLPHGLFDO3URFHVXOPXQFLL
SRDWHILvQVR‫܊‬LWGHGLYHUVHULVFXULSURIHVLRQDOHJHQHUDWHGHVXSUDVROLFLWDUHVWUHV
RERVHDOăDFFLGHQWHGHPXQFăIDFWRULFKLPLFLELRORJLFLIL]LFLHWF
ÌQXQLWă‫܊‬LOHPHGLFDOHVXQWVXSX‫܈‬LULVFXULORUGHDFFLGHQWDUH‫܈‬LGHvPEROQăYLUH
DWkW SHUVRQDOXO PHGLFDO VXSHULRU PHGLFLL ‫܈‬L SHUVRQDOXO GH vQJULMLUH PHGLFDOă
DVLVWHQ‫܊‬L LQILUPLHUH ‫܈‬L vQJULMLWRDUHFkW ‫܈‬L SDFLHQ‫܊‬LL LQWHUQD‫܊‬L SH R GXUDWă PDL
OXQJăVDXYL]LWDWRULLSDFLHQ‫܊‬LORU
5LVFXULOHGHDFFLGHQWDUH‫܈‬LGHvPEROQăYLUHSURIHVLRQDOăSRWDSăUHDDWkWvQ
WLPSXODFWLYLWă‫܊‬LORUPHGLFDOHGHGLDJQRVWLFGHWHUDSLHVDXGHvQJULMLUHFXUHQWă
FkW‫܈‬LODSUHVWDUHD DFWLYLWă‫܊‬LORUFRPXQHFXVHFWRDUHOH SXEOLFHPXQFă GH ELURX
vQWUH‫܊‬LQHUHWHKQLFăVDXSUHJăWLUHDDOLPHQWHORU
3HQWUXVHFWRUXOPHGLFDOVXQWFDUDFWHULVWLFLXUPăWRULLIDFWRULDLSURFHVXOXL
GHPXQFă
● SR]L‫܊‬LDIRU‫܊‬DWăDFRUSXOXLvQWLPSXOLQWHUYHQ‫܊‬LLORUFKLUXUJLFDOHPDQLSX
OăULORU
● vQFRUGDUHDDQXPLWRURUJDQH‫܈‬LVLVWHPHGHRUJDQH
● vQFRUGDUHDVWDWLFăDPXVFXODWXULLVFKHOHWLFHÄSR]L‫܊‬LDFKLUXUJXOXL´
● VXSUDVROLFLWDUHDVLVWHPXOXLQHUYRV
)DFWRULLSURFHVXOXLGHPXQFăGXFODDIHF‫܊‬LXQLPXVFXORVFKHOHWLFHFDUHVXQW
DIHF‫܊‬LXQLFXPXODWLYHSURYRFDWHSULQH[SXQHUHDUHSHWDWăODVROLFLWăULPDLPXOWVDX
PDLSX‫܊‬LQLQWHQVHSHRSHULRDGăGHWLPSvQGHOXQJDWă$FHVWHDIHF‫܊‬LXQLYL]HD]ăGH
UHJXOăVSDWHOHJkWXOXPHULL‫܈‬LPHPEUHOHVXSHULRDUHXQHRUL‫܈‬LPHPEUHOHLQIHUL
RDUH/DULVFXULGHVXSUDVROLFLWDUH PXVFXORVFKHOHWLFă VH H[SXQ LQILUPLHUHOH GLQ
VHF‫܊‬LLOHFXSDWXULSHUVRQDOXODX[LOLDUvQJULMLWRDUHEUDQFDUGLHULLDVLVWHQWHOHPHGL
FDOH‫܈‬LPHGLFLLGLQVHF‫܊‬LLOHGHFKLUXUJLHJLQHFRORJLHRUWRSHGLHVDXVWRPDWRORJLH
'HH[HPSOXFDUH]XOWDWDOSR]L‫܊‬LHLIRU‫܊‬DWHvQSLFLRDUHVHPăUH‫܈‬WHVXSUDID‫܊‬DSLFLR
UXOXL‫܈‬LSHVWHDQLDSDUHYDULFHOHODSLFLRDUH


$BQJUPMVM
7*

ÌQILHFDUH]LDQJDMD‫܊‬LLGLQVLVWHPXOPHGLFDOVXQWH[SX‫܈‬LODXQ‫܈‬LUGHfactori fizici
● UDGLD‫܊‬LDLRQL]DQWă0HGLFLLGLQFDELQHWHOHUDGLRORJLFHGLQVSLWDOHOHRQFR
ORJLFHSRWILH[SX‫܈‬LDF‫܊‬LXQLLGLUHFWHDUDGLD‫܊‬LHLLRQL]DQWHvQWLPSXOLQYHV
WLJD‫܊‬LLORU UDGLRORJLFH GH GLDJQRVWLF ‫܈‬L GH WUDWDPHQW VDX LQGLUHFW SULQ
SUH]HQ‫܊‬DvQ]RQDGHDF‫܊‬LXQHGLUHFWăDUDGLD‫܊‬LHLÌQFDELQHWHOHUDGLRORJLFH
ODUDGLD‫܊‬LDLRQL]DQWăVHDVRFLD]ă‫܈‬LSUH]HQ‫܊‬DR]RQXOXL‫܈‬LDR[L]LORUGHD]RW
8QD GLQ PăVXULOH GH SURWHF‫܊‬LH D SHUVRQDOXOXL PHGLFDO FRQWUD UDGLD‫܊‬LHL
LRQL]DQWHHVWHXWLOL]DUHDXWLODMXOXLFXGLULMDUHODGLVWDQ‫܊‬ăFHHDFHDUH[FOX
GHUHSUH]HQ‫܊‬DPHGLFLORUGLQ]RQDGHULVF
● DSDUDWDMXOPHGLFDOFXXOWUDVXQHWHGLDJQRVWLFIL]LRWHUDSLHFKLUXUJLFDOă
±XOWUDVXQHWXOFXWUDQVPLWHUHDSULQFRQWDFWFHOPDLQRFLY‫܈‬LXOWUDVXQHWXO
FXWUDQVPLWHUHDSHFDOHDDHUXOXL&RQWDPLQDUHDPkLQLORUFXJHOGHFRQWDFW
DPSOLILFăHIHFWXODFXVWLFFXVXUVDXOWUDVXQHWXOXL9HQWLOD‫܊‬LDLQVXILFLHQWă‫܈‬L
OLSVDGHUHWLFăULLXPHGHvQFDELQHWHOHGHIL]LRWHUDSLHGXFODFUH‫܈‬WHUHDEUXVFă
DFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LHLDHURLRQLORUSR]LWLYLFDUHvQJUHXQHD]ăUHVSLUD‫܊‬LD‫܈‬LJUăEHVF
vPEăWUkQLUHDRUJDQLVPXOXL
● XWLOL]DUHDELVWXULXOXLFXODVHU0HGLFLLFHOPDLIUHFYHQWFKLUXUJLLSRWIL
VXSX‫܈‬LDF‫܊‬LXQLLQHIDYRUDELOHDODVHUXOXLUHIOHFWDWGHSHVXSUDIH‫܊‬HOH‫܊‬HVXWX
OXLELRORJLF‫܈‬LDOHLQVWUXPHQWHORUPHGLFDOH1XHVWHH[FOXVăDF‫܊‬LXQHDDF
FLGHQWDOăDODVHUXOXL DVXSUDPkLQLORUPHGLFLORU8WLOL]DUHDXWLODMXOXL FX
ODVHUSRDWHGXFHODGHUHJOăULIXQF‫܊‬LRQDOHDOHVLVWHPXOXLQHUYRV‫܈‬LFDUGLR
YDVFXODUODRSDFLILHUHDFULVWDOLQXOXLODGLVWURILDUHWLQHLODGHVWUXF‫܊‬LDFRU
SXOXLYLWURV/DDUGHUHDFXODVHUDWXPRULLvQDHUSăWUXQGSURGXVHGHDUGHUH
±DHURVROL‫܈‬LVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFKLPLFHQRFLYH±IRVJHQ
● PLFURFOLPDWXOGHSURGXFHUH
‫ ޤ‬WHPSHUDWXUD‫܈‬LXPLGLWDWHDvQDOWăFDX]HD]ăVXSUDVROLFLWDUHDSURFHVXOXL
GHWHUPRUHJODUHFHHDFHGXFHODVFăGHUHDLPXQLWă‫܊‬LLUăFHOLIUHFYHQWH
vQWLPSXOOXFUXOXLvQFDPHUHOHGHGH]LQIHF‫܊‬LHODHIHFWXDUHDGH]LQ
IHF‫܊‬LHLWHUPLFHDLQVWUXPHQWHORUPHGLFDOHvQODERUDWRDUHOHEDFWHULR
ORJLFHvQVHF‫܊‬LLOHEDOQHRORJLFHHWF
‫ ޤ‬WHPSHUDWXUD vQDOWă‫܈‬L YLWH]DGHPL‫܈‬FDUHDDHUXOXL UHGXVăvQ WLPSXO
LQWHUYHQ‫܊‬LLORUFKLUXUJLFDOH
‫ ޤ‬WHPSHUDWXUDMRDVăFDPHUHOHIULJRULILFHDOHVHF‫܊‬LLORUPRUIRSDWRORJLFH
‫ ޤ‬YLEUD‫܊‬LDFkPSXOPDJQHWLFHOHFWULFLWDWHDVWDWLFăFXUHQ‫܊‬LLGHIUHFYHQ‫܊‬ă
vQDOWăSUHVLXQHDvQDOWă]JRPRWXOGHLQWHQVLWDWHPDUHGHODDSDUDWHOH
‫܈‬LDJUHJDWHOHGLQVHF‫܊‬LDGHGLVWULEXLUHDR[LJHQXOXLFRPSUHVRDUHDP
ELDQ‫܊‬DOXPLQRDVă‫܈‬LFURPDWLFă
&HOPDLIUHFYHQWIDFWRULLIL]LFLVHvQWkOQHVFvQDVRFLHUHFXDO‫܊‬LIDFWRULGH
H[HPSOXYLWH]DUHGXVăDFXUHQ‫܊‬LORUGHDHUVWUHVXOSVLKRJHQSR]L‫܊‬LDIRU‫܊‬DWăDFRU
SXOXLFKLUXUJLVXSUDVROLFLWDUHDDQXPLWRURUJDQHDF‫܊‬LXQHDFKLPLFăDQHVWH]L‫܈‬WL
WHPSHUDWXUDvQDOWă
 0DMRULWDWHD produselor chimice, IRORVLWH vQ VHFWRUXO PHGLFDO SUH]LQWă
ULVFXULPDLPXOWVDXPDLSX‫܊‬LQULGLFDWHGHDFFLGHQWDUH‫܈‬LGHvPEROQăYLUHSURIH
VLRQDOă)DFWRULLFKLPLFLSUH]HQ‫܊‬LODORFXOGHOXFUXDOOXFUăWRUXOXLPHGLFDOVXQW
SUHSDUDWHPHGLFDPHQWRDVHSUHSDUDWHQDUFRWLFHODWH[UHDFWLYLGHODERUDWRUSUR
GXVHGHVSăODUH‫܈‬LGHFXUă‫܊‬HQLHLQJUHGLHQWH‫܈‬LSURGXVHDOLPHQWDUHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HGH
]LQIHFWDQWHDQWLVHSWLFHYLWDPLQHYDSRUL‫܈‬LDHURVROLDLDQWLELRWLFHORUKRUPRQLORU
DQHVWH]LFHORU‫܈‬LDQDOJH]LFHORU
Factorii biologici,SUH]HQ‫܊‬LODORFXOGHOXFUXDOOXFUăWRUXOXLPHGLFDOVXQWYLUX
VXULOHJULSD+,9KHSDWLWDLQIHF‫܊‬LRDVăHWFEDFWHULLOHKROHUDWXEHUFX
OR]DHWFSDUD]L‫܊‬LFLXSHUFLDQWLELRWLFHOHYDFFLQXULOHVHUXULOHDOHUJHQLL
SUHSDUDWHOHYLWDPLQRSURWHLFHLPXQRORJLFHHWF
Factorii psihosociali,SUH]HQ‫܊‬LODORFXOGHOXFUXDOOXFUăWRUXOXLPHGLFDO
● vQFRUGDUHDQHXURHPR‫܊‬LRQDOăUHIHULWRUODFRUHFWLWXGLQHDGLDJQRVWLFXOXL‫܈‬L
WUDWDPHQWXOXLSUHVFULV
● OXDUHDGHFL]LLORULPSRUWDQWHSHQWUXSDFLHQWvQVLWXD‫܊‬LLH[WUHPDOHvQWLPSXO
UHVXVFLWăULLQD‫܈‬WHULLHWF
● UHJLPGHPXQFăQHRUJDQL]DWJăU]LOHGHQRDSWH‫܈‬L]LOQLFHLQWHUYHQ‫܊‬LLFKLUXU
JLFDOHvQWLPSXOQRS‫܊‬LLFHHDFHGXFHODSHUWXUEDUHDELRULWPXOXLIL]LRORJLF
● QHUHVSHFWDUHDUHJLPXOXLDOLPHQWDUYROXPXOPDUHGHPXQFăUHOD‫܊‬LLLQWHU
FROHJLDOHUHOD‫܊‬LL‫܈‬HIVXEDOWHUQ
● PRWLYD‫܊‬LDPXQFLLVDWLVIDF‫܊‬LDPRUDOă‫܈‬LVRFLDOăDPXQFLL
'HH[HPSOXDFWLYLWDWHDPHGLFXOXLJLQHFRORJREVWHWULFLDQHVWHvQVR‫܊‬LWăGHXQ
FRPSOH[GHIDFWRULVWUHVDQ‫܊‬LSUHFXPQXPăUXOGHQD‫܈‬WHULFRPSOLFD‫܊‬LLOHGLQWLPSXO
QD‫܈‬WHULORUJăU]LOHGHQRDSWHVLWXD‫܊‬LLH[FHS‫܊‬LRQDOH‫܈‬D&DUH]XOWDWPHGLFLLGH]YROWă
FUL]HSVLKRHPR‫܊‬LRQDOHFDUHSRWILHYLWDWHSULQRUJDQL]DUHDUD‫܊‬LRQDOăDUHJLPXOXLGH
PXQFă‫܈‬LGHRGLKQă
8QUROLPSRUWDQWvQDFWLYLWDWHDSURIHVLRQDOăDPHGLFLORURFXSăIDFWRULLSVL
KRVRFLDOL([LVWăDQXPLWHVSHFLDOL]ăULvQFDUHPHGLFLLVXQWH[SX‫܈‬LXQXLULVFFUHVFXW
GHGHSUHVLHFXPDUILRQFRORJLD‫܈‬LPHGLFLQDOHJDOă0HGLFLLRQFRORJLFKLUXUJL
DQHVWH]LRORJL VXQW SUHGLVSX‫܈‬L VLQGURPXOXL %XUQRXW GLQ FDX]D YROXPXOXL IRDUWH
PDUHGHSDFLHQ‫܊‬L‫܈‬LGHHIRUWGHSXVvQWUXQWLPSVFXUW6ROLFLWDUHDQHXURSVLKLFăVH
VROGHD]ăFXFUH‫܈‬WHUHDQXPăUXOXLGHHURULFXWXOEXUăULGHVRPQFXVWăULGHGHSHU
VRQDOL]DUHFXGHJUDGDUHDUHOD‫܊‬LLORUVRFLDOHHWF

Particularitățile igienei muncii medicilor de diferite specialități 

3URFHVXOGHPXQFăDOmedicului de profil chirurgicalSUHYHGHHIHFWXDUHD
LQWHUYHQ‫܊‬LLORUFKLUXUJLFDOHPDQLSXOăULORUGLDJQRVWLFH‫܈‬LFXUDWLYHLDURUJDQLVPXO
ORUHVWHH[SXVIDFWRULORUQHIDYRUDELOLDLPHGLXOXLH[WHUQFKLPLFLDQHVWH]LFHOH
DHURVROLLHWFIL]LFLWHPSHUDWXUDvQDOWăFkPSXOHOHFWURPDJQHWLFUDGLD‫܊‬LDLRQL
]DQWă'LQFDX]DVXSUDVROLFLWăULORUIL]LFH‫܈‬LQHXURHPR‫܊‬LRQDOHFKLUXUJLLDGHVHD
VXQWH[SX‫܈‬LVWUHVXOXL3DUWLFXODULWă‫܊‬LDOHPXQFLLORUVXQWSR]L‫܊‬LDIRU‫܊‬DWăDFRUSXOXL
‫܈‬LSHULRDGDvQGHOXQJDWăDvQFRUGăULLVWDWLFHvQWLPSXOLQWHUYHQ‫܊‬LLORUFKLUXUJLFDOH
$BQJUPMVM
7*

FRUSXOSRDWHILvQFOLQDWSkQăODƒLDUFDSXOSkQăODƒRSWLPDOƒ3R]L

‫܊‬LDIRU‫܊‬DWăDFRUSXOXLWLPSvQGHOXQJDWvPSLHGLFăH[FXUVLDFXWLHLWRUDFLFHGLQFDUH
FDX]ăUHVSLUD‫܊‬LDGHYLQHIUHFYHQWă‫܈‬LVXSHUILFLDOăFDSDFLWDWHDYLWDOăDSOăPkQLORU
vQWLPSXOLQWHUYHQ‫܊‬LLORUFKLUXUJLFDOHSUH]LQWăID‫܊‬ăGHFHDGHSkQăODLQWHU
YHQ‫܊‬LDFKLUXUJLFDOă
0DVFD LQGLVSHQVDELOă FKLUXUJXOXL SUHOXQJH‫܈‬WH GXUDWD LQVSLUD‫܊‬LHL DSUR[L
PDWLYFX‫܈‬LFXDH[SLUD‫܊‬LHLFHHDFHVHUHIOHFWăDVXSUDVDWXUD‫܊‬LHLVkQ
JHOXLFXR[LJHQvQWLPSXOLQWHUYHQ‫܊‬LLORUFKLUXUJLFDOHQLYHOXOR[LJHQXOXLvQVkQJH
VFDGHFX8QHRULSXUWDUHDPă‫܈‬WLORUVHSRDWHVROGDFXGHUPDWLWHXUWLFDULH
GHFRQWDFW‫܈‬LDOWHSDWRORJLLGHUPDWRORJLFH
ÌQWLPSXORSHUD‫܊‬LHLFkPSXOGHDFWLYLWDWHDOFKLUXUJXOXLFRQVWLWXLHFFDFP
LDUvQSR]L‫܊‬LHIRU‫܊‬DWăPHGLFXOVHJăVH‫܈‬WHGLQWLPSXOLQWHUYHQ‫܊‬LHLFKLUXUJL
FDOH'LQFDX]D]RQHLGHPDQLSXOăULH[WLQVHFKLUXUJXOHVWHQHYRLWVăvQWLQGăPkL
QLOHvQDLQWHvQDFHVWFD]XQJKLXOGHvQFOLQDUHDOXPăUXOXLID‫܊‬ăGHFRUSYDULD]ăvQWUH
‫܈‬LƒRSWLPDOƒ3R]L‫܊‬LDIRU‫܊‬DWăDFRUSXOXLvQWLPSXOLQWHUYHQ‫܊‬LHLFKLUXUJLFDOH
GXFHODFRPSUHVLXQHDRUJDQHORUFDYLWă‫܊‬LL DEGRPLQDOH‫܈‬L OD GHIRUPDUHD FRORDQHL
YHUWHEUDOHFX GHSODVDUHD GLVFXULORU LQWHUYHUWHEUDOH 'LQDFHDVWă FDX]ă FKLUXUJLL
DFX]ăGXUHULvQGLIHULWHVHJPHQWHDOHFRORDQHLYHUWHEUDOHXPăUPHPEUH
ÌQWLPSXOLQWHUYHQ‫܊‬LLORUFKLUXUJLFDOHHVWHVXSUDVROLFLWDW‫܈‬LDQDOL]DWRUXOYL
]XDO‫܈‬LFHOWDFWLO0HPEUHOHLQIHULRDUHVXQWVXSXVHXQXLHIRUWVSRULWGLQDFHDVWă
FDX]ăDSDUHHGHPXOPHPEUHORULQIHULRDUHVXSUDID‫܊‬DWăOSLLSLFLRUXOXLPăULQGXVH
FX  FP 5HGLVWULEXLUHD VkQJHOXL FăWUH SHULIHULH PHPEUH GXFH OD LVFKHPLD
RUJDQHORUGLQFDYLWDWHDWRUDFLFă‫܈‬LDEGRPLQDOăGLQFUHLHUPDQLIHVWDWăSULQYHU
WLMXULFHIDOHH
3LHUGHULOHGHHQHUJLHDOHFKLUXUJLORUGHSLQGGHJUDGXOGHLPSOLFDUHvQWLP
SXOLQWHUYHQ‫܊‬LHLFKLUXUJLFDOHGHGXUDWDLQWHUYHQ‫܊‬LHLGHJUDGXOVXSUDVROLFLWăULORU
SVLKRHPR‫܊‬LRQDOH‫܈‬LVWDWLFH$VWIHOvQ]LOHOHGHRSHUD‫܊‬LLFKHOWXLHOLOHGHHQHUJLHDOH
FKLUXUJXOXLYDULD]ăvQOLPLWHOH±NFDOPLQ,QIOXHQ‫܊‬DDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LLFKLUXUJLFDOH
DVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXLHVWHUHIOHFWDWă‫܈‬LGHIUHFYHQ‫܊‬DFRQWUDF‫܊‬LLORUFDUGLDFHÌQ]LOHOH
FXLQWHUYHQ‫܊‬LLIUHFYHQ‫܊‬DFRQWUDF‫܊‬LLORUFDUGLDFHODFKLUXUJLYDULD]ăGHODSkQă
ODEăWăLPLQ/DFKLUXUJLLWLQHULODvQFHSXWXOLQWHUYHQ‫܊‬LHLFKLUXUJLFDOHIUHF
YHQ‫܊‬DFRQWUDF‫܊‬LLORUFDUGLDFHVHPăUH‫܈‬WHFXEăWăLPLQ
ÌQWLPSXOLQWHUYHQ‫܊‬LHLFKLUXUJLFDOHvQ]RQDGHDFWLYLWDWHDFKLUXUJXOXLVH
vQUHJLVWUHD]ăFRQGL‫܊‬LLPLFURFOLPDWLFHQHIDYRUDELOHFDUHQXDVLJXUăXQVFKLPEGH
FăOGXUăDGHFYDWDORUJDQLVPXOXLFXPHGLXOvQFRQMXUăWRU‫܈‬LXQFRQIRUWWHUPLF$UH
ORFSLHUGHUHDDSHLGLQRUJDQLVPSULQWUDQVSLUD‫܊‬LHFFDJ‫܈‬LPDLPXOWvQWLPSXO
XQHLRSHUD‫܊‬LL&UH‫܈‬WHUHDWHPSHUDWXULLDHUXOXLvQVăOLOHGHRSHUD‫܊‬LHGXFHODVXSUD
VROLFLWDUHDVLVWHPXOXLGHWHUPRUHJODUHLDUFDUH]XOWDWDUHORFFUH‫܈‬WHUHDWHPSHUD
WXULLWHJXPHQWHORUvQPHGLXFXƒɋ7HPSHUDWXUDDHUXOXLvQVăOLOHGHRSHUD‫܊‬LH
SRDWHDWLQJHƒɋQRUPDƒɋXPLGLWDWHDQRUPDYLWH]D
FXUHQ‫܊‬LORUGHDHUPVQRUPDPV
/ăPSLOHFKLUXUJLFDOHVFLDOLWLFHGLQVăOLOHGHRSHUD‫܊‬LHIDYRUL]HD]ăFUH‫܈‬WHUHD
WHPSHUDWXULLFXƒ&GH DVHPHQHDFUH‫܈‬WHFRQ‫܊‬LQXWXOELR[LGXOXLGH FDUERQ
FRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LDLRQLORUJUHL‫܈‬LGHPLFURRUJDQLVPHvQDHUXO]RQHLGHOXFUX$F‫܊‬LXQHD
FRPELQDWă D PLFURFOLPDWXOXL QHIDYRUDELO ‫܈‬L VXSUDVROLFLWDUHD SVLKRHPR‫܊‬LRQDOă
VXQWvQVR‫܊‬LWHGHWUDQVSLUD‫܊‬LHDEXQGHQWăvQWLPSXOLQWHUYHQ‫܊‬LHLFKLUXUJLFDOH/DGH
UHJODUHDWHUPRUHJOăULLRUJDQLVPXOXL‫܈‬LFXPXODUHDSHUPDQHQWăDFăOGXULLvQRUJD
QLVPFRQWULEXLH‫܈‬LLQWHUYHQ‫܊‬LLOHFKLUXUJLFDOHvQGHOXQJDWH
ÌQDHUXOVăOLORUGHRSHUD‫܊‬LHVHFRQ‫܊‬LQYDSRULGHDOFRROHWLOLFGHLRGGHDQHV
WH]LFHFDUHSRWGHSă‫܈‬LQLYHOXODGPLVLELOGHFkWHYDRUL&DUH]XOWDWR[LGDELOLWDWHD
DHUXOXLSRDWHDWLQJHYDORULGHSkQăODPJP‫܈‬LPDLPXOWQRUPDR[LGDELOLWă‫܊‬LL
DHUXOXLvQVDODGHRSHUD‫܊‬LHHVWHGHPJP&RQFHQWUD‫܊‬LDDQHVWH]LFXOXLvQDHU
GHSLQGHGHWLSXODQHVWH]LHL
$FWLYLWDWHDSURIHVLRQDOăDanesteziologuluiQHFHVLWăVSLULWGHREVHUYDUHYL
JLOHQ‫܊‬ă‫܈‬LHYDOXDUHDUDSLGăDVLWXD‫܊‬LHLGHSULQGHULSUDFWLFH‫܈‬LFXQR‫܈‬WLQ‫܊‬HWHKQLFH
SHQWUXDPkQXLDSDUDWDMXOSHUIRUPDQW8QXOGLQWUHLQFRQYHQLHQWHOHDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LLVDOH
HVWHFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LDvQDOWăDDQHVWH]LFHORUHWHUIOXRUHWDQvQDHUXOVăOLORUGHRSHUD‫܊‬LH
FHVHPHQ‫܊‬LQHvQ]RQDGHUHVSLUD‫܊‬LHDDQHVWH]LRORJLORUSHGXUDWDLQWHUYHQ‫܊‬LHLFKL
UXUJLFDOH‫܈‬LSRDWHGHSă‫܈‬LFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LDPD[LPDGPLVLELOăGHRUL‫܈‬LPDLPXOWÌQ
VăOLOHGHRSHUD‫܊‬LLLQVXILFLHQWYHQWLODWHFRQFHQWUD‫܊‬LDDQHVWH]LFXOXLvQVkQJHOHDQHV
WH]LRORJXOXLYDULD]ăvQOLPLWHOHGHODSkQăODPJPGHRULPDLPDUH
GHFkWvQVkQJHOHEROQDYXOXL'UHSWXUPDUHPHGLFLLDFX]ăFHIDOHHJUH‫܊‬XULXVFă
FLXQHvQJXUăWDKLFDUGLHYHUWLMGHUHJODUHDVRPQXOXLRERVHDOăHWF
)UHFYHQ‫܊‬DFRQWUDF‫܊‬LLORUFDUGLDFHODDQHVWH]LRORJFUH‫܈‬WHFXEăWăLPLQOD
vQFHSXWXOLQWHUYHQ‫܊‬LHLFKLUXUJLFDOHLDUvQWLPSXODQHVWH]LHLFXEăWăLPLQÌQ
XUPDDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LLSURIHVLRQDOHODDQHVWH]LRORJVHSRWGH]YROWDD‫܈‬DPDODGLLFDFRQ
MXQFWLYLWDDQJLQDLQIHF‫܊‬LLUHVSLUDWRULLDFXWH
,QGLFLLELRFKLPLFLDLVkQJHOXLGHPRQVWUHD]ăGHUHJOăULDOHPHWDEROLVPXOXL
SLJPHQ‫܊‬LORUELOLDULIHQRPHQHGLIX]HDOH‫܊‬HVXWXOXLKHSDWLF3UHSDUDWHOHDQHVWH]LFH
SRVHGă DF‫܊‬LXQH JRQDGRWURSă HPEULRWR[LFă VHQVLELOL]DQWă ‫܈‬L WHUDWRJHQă $FHVW
IDSWYL]HD]ăIHPHLOHPHGLFLFKLUXUJL‫܈‬LDQHVWH]L‫܈‬WLGHRDUHFHSRDWHDF‫܊‬LRQDDVXSUD
JUDYLGLWă‫܊‬LLGHVHRULvQUHJLVWUkQGXVHDYRUWXULVSRQWDQHWR[LFR]HWDUGLYH‫܈‬LFRP
SOLFD‫܊‬LLODQD‫܈‬WHUH)HPHLOHvQSHULRDGDJUDYLGLWă‫܊‬LL‫܈‬LDOăSWăULLWUHEXLHvQOăWXUDWH
GHODOXFUXOGLQVăOLOHGHRSHUD‫܊‬LL
$FWLYLWDWHDSURIHVLRQDOăDPHGLFXOXLginecolog-obstetricianQHFHVLWăPXOWă
YLJLOHQ‫܊‬ăRFRRUGRQDUHH[DFWă‫܈‬LILQăDIXQF‫܊‬LLORUVHQ]RULDOH‫܈‬LPRWRULL'HRVHELW
GHVXSUDVROLFLWDWHVWHDQDOL]DWRUXOWDFWLO)LLQGH[SX‫܈‬LVXSUDVROLFLWăULORUQHXURH
PR‫܊‬LRQDOHvQFRUGăULLVWDWLFHvQGHOXQJDWHDF‫܊‬LXQLLYDSRULORUGHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HQDUFRWLFH
‫܈‬LDJD]HORUvQ]RQDGHUHVSLUD‫܊‬LHPHGLFLLJLQHFRORJLREVWHWULFLHQLDFX]ăVXUPHQDM
GXUHULvQUHJLXQHDLQLPLLH[FLWDELOLWDWHFHIDOHH6WDUHDGHRERVHDOăHVWHLQIOXHQ‫܊‬DWă
GHVROLFLWDUHDQHXURSVLKLFăGHQXPăUXOJăU]LORUGHQRDSWHGHFDUDFWHUXODFWLYLWă‫܊‬LL
SURIHVLRQDOHLQWHUYHQ‫܊‬LLFKLUXUJLFDOHFDYLWDUHDYRUWXULQD‫܈‬WHULSURFHGHHGHGL
DJQRVWLFFRPSOLFDWH2ERVHDODPăUH‫܈‬WHSHULRDGDODWHQWăDUHDF‫܊‬LLORUSVLKRPRWR
ULLvQFHWLQH‫܈‬WHYLWH]DGHSUHOXFUDUHDLQIRUPD‫܊‬LHLvQUăXWă‫܊‬H‫܈‬WHPHPRULD3HQWUX
DFHDVWăFDWHJRULHGHPHGLFLVXQWFDUDFWHULVWLFHEROLOHVLVWHPXOXLFLUFXODWRUKLSHU
‫܈‬LKLSRWHQVLXQHDUWHULDOăLVFKHPLH
$BQJUPMVM
7*

/XFUXOvQEDURFDPHUHHVWHSHULFOLWDWGHDF‫܊‬LXQHDXQRUIDFWRULQRFLYLVSHFLILFL
ÌQ EDURFDPHUH VHHIHFWXHD]ăR[LJHQDUHDKLSHUEDUă QHFHVDUă SHQWUXLQWHUYHQ‫܊‬LLOH
FKLUXUJLFDOHSHYDVHSHFRUGvQFD]GHJDQJUHQHGHLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LLFXPRQR[LGGH
FDUERQHWF$FHDVWăWHUDSLHDUHPHQLUHDGHDFRPSHQVDLQVXILFLHQ‫܊‬DGHR[LJHQD
RUJDQLVPXOXLSHFRQWXOFRPSUHVLXQLLFXR[LJHQvQVR‫܊‬LWăGHXQUHJLPFXUDWLYVSH
FLDO 3ăU‫܊‬LOH FRPSRQHQWH DOH UHJLPXOXL FXUDWLY VXQW YDORDUHD SUHVLXQLL SDU‫܊‬LDOH
FHDPDLvQDOWăSUHVLXQHD2 HVWHODOLPLWHOHDGPLVHGHNJSFP‫܈‬LWLPSXO
GHH[SR]L‫܊‬LHVHOHFWDWvQ IXQF‫܊‬LHGHEROQDY ‫܈‬LGHPDODGLHSkQă OD RUHvQ
FDUGLRFKLUXUJLHRQFRORJLHLQIHF‫܊‬LLDQDHUREH‫܈‬LIRUPHVHYHUHGHKLSR[LLKHPLFH
DFXWH
'HUHJXOăPHGLFLLDFWLYHD]ăODRSUHVLXQHGHDWP/DRSUHVLXQHGHDWP
VXQWSRVLELOHGHUHJOăULGLQSDUWHDVLVWHPXOXLQHUYRVFHQWUDOHIRULHFHHDFHSRDWH
GXFHODXQFRPSRUWDPHQWQHDGHFYDWÌQWLPSXODIOăULLvQEDURFDPHUHSRDWHVXU
YHQLGLVEDULD±GXUHULvQXUHFKLVLQXVXULPHGLFXOUHYHQLQGODQRUPDOWUHSWDWGH
FRPSUHVLXQH
&RPSOH[XOGHPăVXULSULYLQGVăQăWDWHD‫܈‬LVHFXULWDWHDvQPXQFă‫܈‬LSURPRYD
UHDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLODORFXOGHPXQFăDOOXFUăWRUXOXLPHGLFDODUHFDVFRSSUHYHQLUHDDFWL
YLWă‫܊‬LORU‫܈‬LWHKQLFLORUFXULVFXULGHDFFLGHQWDUHVDXGHvPEROQăYLUHSULQvQ‫܊‬HSDUHD
DFFLGHQWDOăFXDFXOGHVHULQJăVSDUJHUHDDFFLGHQWDOăDXQHLILROHVDXIODFRQFRQ
WDFWXO FX HSUXEHWH FRQWDPLQDWH PDQLSXODUHD VkQJHOXL IRORVLUHD XQRU PăQX‫܈‬L
SHUPHDELOHDEVHQ‫܊‬DHFKLSDPHQWXOXLGHSURWHF‫܊‬LHLQGLYLGXDOăvQWUH‫܊‬LQHUHDQHFRUHV
SXQ]ăWRDUHDVLVWHPHORUHOHFWULFH‫܈‬LPHFDQLFHHOLEHUDUHDGHDHURVROLvQSURFHVXOGH
SUHSDUDUH‫܈‬LGHDGPLQLVWUDUHDPHGLFDPHQWHORULQWUDUHDvQFRQWDFWFX SURGXVHOH
ELRORJLFHFHSRWFRQWDPLQDvPEUăFăPLQWHDGHFRUSVDXOHQMHULDGHSDWFRQVWLWXLQG
XQIDFWRUGHULVFSHQWUXLQILUPLHUHVDXVSăOăWRUHVH
8QDGLQWUHVDUFLQLOHSULPRUGLDOHDOH$JHQ‫܊‬LHL1D‫܊‬LRQDOHSHQWUX6ăQăWDWH3X
EOLFăHVWHvPEXQăWă‫܊‬LUHDFRQGL‫܊‬LLORUGHPXQFăUHVSHFWDUHDUHJLPXOXLGHPXQFă‫܈‬LGH
RGLKQăDOXFUăWRULORUPHGLFDOL0ăVXULOHGHSURILOD[LH‫܈‬LGHRSWLPL]DUHDFRQGL‫܊‬LLORU
GHPXQFăDOHPHGLFLORULQFOXGXUPăWRDUHOHDVSHFWH
● 6XSUDYHJKHUHDVDQLWDUăSUHYHQWLYăODHWDSDGHSURLHFWDUH‫܈‬LGHDYL]DUHD
SURLHFWHORU
● 6XSUDYHJKHUHD VDQLWDUă FXUHQWă OD HWDSDGH FRQVWUXF‫܊‬LH D RELHFWLYHORU
PHGLFDOH
● 2SWLPL]DUHDFRQGL‫܊‬LLORUGHPXQFă‫܈‬LGHRGLKQăÌQDFHVWVFRSYRUILHIHF
WXDWHLQYHVWLJD‫܊‬LLGHODERUDWRU‫܈‬LLQVWUXPHQWDOHDQDOL]DSDUDPHWULORUPL
FURFOLPDWXOXLWHPSHUDWXUDXPLGLWDWHDUHODWLYăYLWH]DFXUHQ‫܊‬LORUGHDHU
WHPSHUDWXUD VXSUDIH‫܊‬HORU RELHFWHORU vQFRQMXUăWRDUH LQGLFLORU SROXăULL
DHUXOXLSROXDUHDFXSUDIJD]HEDFWHULLYDSRULGHPHUFXUHWFDSUHFL
HUHDHILFDFLWă‫܊‬LLYHQWLOD‫܊‬LHLDVSLUD‫܊‬LHUHIXODUHFUHDUHDXQXLPLFURFOLPDW
RSWLPDOYHQWLOD‫܊‬LHVDWLVIăFăWRDUHVWăULLLOXPLQăULLQDWXUDOH‫܈‬LDUWLILFLDOH
QLYHOXOXL]JRPRWXOXLXOWUDVXQHWXOXLFkPSXOXLHOHFWURPDJQHWLFUDGLD
‫܊‬LHLLRQL]DQWHHWF(VWHQHFHVDUGHDDOWHUQD]LOHOHFX‫܈‬LIăUăRSHUD‫܊‬LL
● &UHDUHDGHFRQGL‫܊‬LLSHQWUXSUDFWLFDUHDVSRUWXOXLIRUWLILFDUHDPX‫܈‬FKLORU
LPSOLFD‫܊‬LvQSURFHVXOGHLQWHUYHQ‫܊‬LHFKLUXUJLFDOăDQWUHQDUHDUHVSLUD‫܊‬LHL
PDVDMXOPHPEUHORU
● &RQWUROXOPHGLFDOSUHYHQWLYvQDLQWHGHvQFDGUDUHvQPXQFăPHGLFXOWUH
EXLHVăILHH[DPLQDWGHPDLPXO‫܊‬LVSHFLDOL‫܈‬WLWHUDSHXWFKLUXUJRIWDOPR
ORJRWRULQRODULQJRORJJLQHFRORJSVLKLDWUXQHXURSDWRORJVWRPDWRORJ
● &RQWUROXOPHGLFDOSHULRGLF

$BQJUPMVM
7**


/RFXLWRULL7HUUHLVXQWVXSX‫܈‬LFRQWLQXXDFĠLXQLLPXOWLSOLORUDJHQĠLDPELHQ
WDOLSULQWUHFDUHúL UDGLDĠLLOHLRQL]DQWH 1RĠLXQHDGH UDGLRDFWLYLWDWHHVWHUHODWLY
QRXă GDU RGDWă FX GHVFRSHULUHD UDGLRDFWLYLWăĠLL DX GHYHQLW SRVLELOH R VHULH GH
GHVFRSHULULúWLLQĠLILFHDWkWODQLYHOXOPDFUROXPLLFRVPRVXOXLFkWúLDPLFUROX
PLLLSDUWLFXOHOHHOHPHQWDUHúLPLFURVWUXFWXUDPDWHULHLYLL
2PXODFRPSOHWDWUDGLDĠLLOHQDWXUDOHFXFHOHFUHDWHGHHO±UDGLD‫܊‬LLOHDUWLIL
FLDOH'HVFRSHULUHDHQHUJLHLQXFOHDUHHVWHFRQVLGHUDWăXQDGLQWUHFHOHPDLPDUL
UHDOL]ăULDOHVHFDO;;OHDÌQVăXWLOL]DUHDSHODUJDUDGLDĠLLORUvQGLYHUVHGRPHQLL
HFRQRPLFHvQVHDPQăúLH[WLQGHUHDSUREOHPHORUGHVăQăWDWHSURGXVHGHDFHVWHD
GHODQLYHOGHPHGLXRFXSDĠLRQDOODFHOGHPHGLXJHQHUDOSRSXODĠLRQDOFXDOWH
FXYLQWHRSUREOHPăGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFă
6XUVHOHGHUDGLD‫܊‬LLLRQL]DQWHVXQWIRORVLWHSUDFWLFvQWRDWHGRPHQLLOH‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬HL
‫܈‬LWHKQLFLLvQHQHUJHWLFăvQLQGXVWULHvQDJULFXOWXUăvQFRQVWUXF‫܊‬LLHWF&XSăUHUH
GH UăX QX QXPDL vQ VFRSXUL SD‫܈‬QLFH GDU ‫܈‬L OD SURGXFHUHD DUPHORU QXFOHDUH ‫܈‬L
WHUPRQXFOHDUH,QGLIHUHQWGHVIHUDGHXWLOL]DUHUDGLD‫܊‬LDLRQL]DQWăSUH]LQWăXQSR
WHQ‫܊‬LDOULVFGDFăQXVHUHVSHFWăFHULQ‫܊‬HOH‫܈‬LQRUPHOHGHUDGLRSURWHF‫܊‬LH‫܈‬LGHVHFX
ULWDWHQXFOHDUă
ÌQ PHGLFLQă UDGLD‫܊‬LDLRQL]DQWă ‫܈‬LDX JăVLW R XWLOL]DUH H[WUHP GH ODUJă vQ
GLDJQRVWLFXOvQWUDWDPHQWXO‫܈‬LvQSURILOD[LDEROLORU
Igiena radiaţiilorVWXGLD]ăQDWXUDUDGLDĠLLORULPSDFWXOORUDVXSUDRUJDQLV
PXOXLXPDQúLHODERUHD]ăPăVXULDGHFYDWHGHUDGLRSURWHFĠLH5DGLD‫܊‬LDHVWHSUH
]HQWăvQQDWXUă‫܈‬LSRDWHILSURGXVăDUWLILFLDO5DGLD‫܊‬LLOHQDWXUDOH‫܈‬LDUWLILFLDOHQX
VXQWGLIHULWHQLFLFDWLSQLFLFDHIHFW
5DGLD‫܊‬LDSHGHRSDUWHHVWHLQHUHQWGăXQăWRDUHRPXOXLGHDFHHDSRSXOD‫܊‬LD
WUHEXLHSURWHMDWăGHRH[SXQHUHLQXWLOăVDXH[FHVLYăDF‫܊‬LXQLLDFHVWHLD3HGHDOWă
SDUWHIRORVLUHDUDGLD‫܊‬LHLFRQWULEXLHODGH]YROWDUHDPHGLFLQHL‫܈‬LDDOWRU‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬HSUH
FXP‫܈‬LDLQGXVWULHL(IHFWHOHFHOHPDLvQJULMRUăWRDUHDOHUDGLD‫܊‬LLORUVXQWEROLOHPD
OLJQHODSHUVRDQHOHH[SXVHUDGLD‫܊‬LLORU‫܈‬LGHIHFWHOHJHQHWLFHODGHVFHQGHQ‫܊‬LLDFHV
WRUD3UREDELOLWDWHDDSDUL‫܊‬LHLRULFăUXLHIHFWSURYRFDWGHUDGLD‫܊‬LHHVWHOHJDWăGHGR]D
GHUDGLD‫܊‬LHSULPLWă5LVFXODVRFLDWRULFăUHLH[SXQHULWUHEXLHFRPSDUDWFXEHQHILFLLOH
SURFHGXULORUFDUHDXSURYRFDWH[SXQHUHD
2DPHQLL VXQW H[SX‫܈‬L vQ SULQFLSDO UDGLD‫܊‬LHL GH RULJLQH QDWXUDOă R EXQă
SDUWHGLQFDUHQXSRDWHILHYLWDWăGH‫܈‬LVHSRDWHH[HUFLWDXQDQXPLWFRQWURO6WULQ
JHQ‫܊‬DFRQWUROXOXLEDODQ‫܊‬DGLQWUHULVF‫܈‬LEHQHILFLXHVWHRSUREOHPăSHFDUHWUHEXLH
VăRDSUHFLH]HVRFLHWDWHD

Clasificarea radiațiilor. Sursele de radiații 

ÌQUDSRUWFXnaturaORUUDGLDĠLLOHVHvPSDUWvQGRXăFDWHJRULL
● radiaţii electromagneticeXQGHOHGLQGRPHQLXOUDGLR79UDGDUPLFUR
XQGHLQIUDUR‫܈‬LLOXPLQRDVHXOWUDYLROHWHUD]HOH;JDPDFRVPLFH5D
GLD‫܊‬LLOHHOHFWURPDJQHWLFHVXQWHPLVH‫܈‬LDEVRUELWHvQQDWXUăVXEIRUPăGH
FXDQWHIRWRQL)RWRQLLVXQWSDUWLFXOHIăUăPDVăGHUHSDXVFHWUDQVSRUWă
ILHFDUHRFDQWLWDWHGHHQHUJLHFHSRDWHILFDOFXODWăGXSăIRUPXOD( KQ
XQGHK FRQVWDQWDOXL3ODQFN±-VLDUQ±IUHFYHQWDUDGL
D‫܊‬LLORU 0DVD ORU GH PL‫܈‬FDUH P VH OHDJă GH HQHUJLH SULQ IRUPXOD OXL
(LQVWHLQ( PFFILLQGYLWH]DOXPLQLLvQYLG&XUHQWHQHUJLDORUVH
H[SULPDvQHOHFWURQ9RO‫܊‬LH9 ±-
6SHFWUXO UDGLD‫܊‬LLORU HOHFWURPDJQHWLFH HVWH H[WUHP GHH[WLQV ÌQ IXQF‫܊‬LH GH
OXQJLPHDGHXQGăvQYLGO FQDFHVWDVHSUH]LQWăFDvQILJXUD

Telefon celular
(3KHz-300GHz)
ultraviolete
de scăzute
frecvențe

frecvențe

infraroșii
scăzute

vizibila
radiații

radiații
lumina
extrem

raze X

Gama
foarte

raze
radio
unde

microunde

10 102 104 106 108 1010 1012 1014 1016 1018 1020 1022 1024 1026
KHz MHz GHz FRECVENȚA
Radiații neionizante Radiații ionizante



x radiaţii corpusculareHOHFWURQLSURWRQLQHXWURQLSDUWLFXOHDOID$FHVWH
UDGLD‫܊‬LLVXQWFRPSXVHGLQSDUWLFXOHGHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬ăFXRDQXPLWăHQHUJLH
FLQHWLFă(OHSRWILVXEGLYL]DWHvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHVDUFLQD‫܈‬LPDVDSDUWLFXOHORU
WUDQVSRUWRDUHDOHHQHUJLHL

$BQJUPMVM
7**

ÌQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHenergia transportatăGHRVHELP
● radiaţii neionizanteXQGHOHGLQGRPHQLXOUDGLR79UDGDUPLFURXQGH
LQIUDUR‫܈‬LLOXPLQRDVHXOWUDYLROHWH
● radiaţii ionizanteSDUWLFXOHVDXXQGHHOHFWURPDJQHWLFHFXROXQJLPHGH
XQGăGHPD[LPQDQRPHWULRIUHFYHQ‫܊‬ăGHPLQLPXPî+HUW]
FDSDELOHVăSURGXFăLRQLGLUHFWVDXLQGLUHFWUD]HOH;JDPDUDGLD‫܊‬LL
FRVPLFH

Proveniența radiaţiilor ionizante 

5DGLDĠLLOHLRQL]DQWHDSDUDWXQFLFkQGH[LVWăRVXUVăGHUDGLDĠLL
● VXUVHQDWXUDOHPDWHULDOHUDGLRDFWLYHH[LVWHvQPRGQDWXUDOvQPHGLX
● VXUVHDUWLILFLDOHPDWHULDOHUDGLRDFWLYHSURGXVHDUWLILFLDOVDXJHQHUDWRD
UHOH GH UDGLD‫܊‬LL ± GLVSR]LWLYH FDSDELOH Vă JHQHUH]H UDGLD‫܊‬LL LRQL]DQWH
SUHFXPUD]H;QHXWURQLHOHFWURQLVDXDOWHSDUWLFXOHvQFăUFDWH

Surse naturale de radiații ionizante 

0DMRULWDWHDUDGLDĠLLORUvúLDXRULJLQHDvQPHGLXOQDWXUDOúLFRQVWLWXLHIRQGXOQDWXUDO
GH UDGLDĠLL $VWIHO RPXO HVWH SHUPDQHQWH[SXVOD XUPăWRDUHOH UDGLDĠLLLRQL]DQWH
QDWXUDOH
● UDGLDĠLD FRVPLFă ± SDUWLFXOH GH HQHUJLHvQDOWă QXFOHH JUHOH SDUWLFXOH
DOIDSURWRQL‫܈‬LHOHFWURQLúLUDGLDĠLLJDPDSURYHQLWHGLQVSDĠLXOFRVPLF
FDUHERPEDUGHD]ă3ăPkQWXOvQPRGFRQWLQXX&DQWLWDWHDVDXGR]DGH
UDGLDĠLHFRVPLFăSULPLWăGHSLQGHGHDOWLWXGLQHGHFRQGLĠLLOHDWPRVIHULFH
‫܈‬LGHFkPSXOPDJQHWLFDO3ăPkQWXOXL
● UDGLDĠLDWHUHVWUă±JHQHUDWăGHVXEVWDQĠHORUUDGLRDFWLYHXUDQLXWRULXúL
SRWDVLXFDUHH[LVWăvQURFLúLvQVRO'R]DGHUDGLDĠLLGLQVXUVHWHUHVWUH
YDULD]ăPXOWSHVXSUDIDĠDJOREXOXLFDXUPDUHDGLVWULEXĠLHLQHRPRJHQH
DHOHPHQWHORUUDGLRDFWLYHQDWXUDOHvQVFRDUĠDSăPkQWXOXLQHSHUWXUEDWă
● UDGRQ±HOHPHQWUDGLRDFWLYvQVWDUHJD]RDVăH[LVWHQWvQPHGLXFDUHDUH
RFRQWULEXĠLHPDMRUăODIRQGXOQDWXUDOWHUHVWUXGHUDGLDĠLL
● UDGLDĠLDQDWXUDOăGLQLQWHULRUXORUJDQLVPXOXL±UDGLRQXFOL]LSăWUXQúLvQ
RUJDQLVPSULQLQKDODUHUDGRQLQJHVWLHSRWDVLXVDXSULQSLHOH
(VWHLPSRUWDQWGHVHPQDODWIDSWXOFăvQVX‫܈‬LRPXOFUHHD]ăRUDGLRDFWLYLWDWH
QDWXUDOă VXSOLPHQWDUă SULQ DFWLYLWDWHD VRFLDOHFRQRPLFă ± H[SORDWăUL PLQLHUH
PDWHULDOHGHFRQVWUXF‫܊‬LL

Surse artificiale de radiații ionizante

([SXQHUHDODUDGLDĠLLSURYHQLWHGLQVXUVHDUWLILFLDOHHVWHUH]XOWDWXO
● H[SXQHULL PHGLFDOH ± H[SXQHUHD SHUVRDQHORU VXSXVH H[DPLQăULORU GH
GLDJQRVWLFSURFHGXULORULQWHUYHQ‫܊‬LRQDOHúLUDGLRWHUDSLHL8WLOL]DUHDUDGL
D‫܊‬LLORUvQPHGLFLQăFRQVWLWXLHFHDPDLLPSRUWDQWăVXUVăDUWLILFLDOăGHH[
SXQHUHODUDGLD‫܊‬LLDSRSXOD‫܊‬LHL
 ● H[SXQHULL OD DOWH VXUVH FUHDWH GH DFWLYLWDWHD XPDQă FXP DU IL WHVWDUHD
DUPDPHQWXOXLQXFOHDUvQDWPRVIHUăSURGXFHUHDHQHUJLHLHOHFWULFHXWLOL
]DUHDLQGXVWULDOăDUDGLDĠLLORUWUDQVSRUWXOúLGHSR]LWDUHDPDWHULDOHORUQX
FOHDUHHWF
'R]DHIHFWLYăPHGLHDQXDOăJHQHUDWăGHIRQGXOQDWXUDOGHUDGLDĠLLHVWHGH
DSUR[LPDWLYP6YSHDQPHGLHJOREDOă‫܈‬LUHSUH]LQWăDSUR[LPDWLYGLQ
GR]DHIHFWLYăPHGLHWRWDOăSULPLWăGHRP'LIHUHQĠDSURYLQHGLQVXUVHDUWLILFLDOH
GHUDGLDĠLLLRQL]DQWH

Tipuri de radiaţii ionizante şi puterea lor de penetrare 

'LIHULWHVXUVHHPLWGLIHULWHWLSXULGHUDGLDĠLLLRQL]DQWH
● Radiaţia alfa (α),GHIDSWDWRPXOGHKHOLXLQWHUDFĠLRQkQGFXPXOĠLDWRPLSH
RGLVWDQĠăIRDUWHPLFăGăQDúWHUHODLRQLúLúLFRQVXPăWRDWăHQHUJLD
&HOHPDLPXOWHSDUWLFXOHDOIDvúLYRUFRQVXPDHQHUJLDODWUDYHUVDUHD
XQHLVLPSOHIRLGHKkUWLH3ULQFLSDOXOHIHFWDVXSUDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLFRUHODW
FXSDUWLFXOHOHDOIDDSDUHFkQGPDWHULDOHOHDOIDHPLĠăWRDUHVXQWLQJH
UDWHVDXLQKDODWHLDUHQHUJLDSDUWLFXOHORUDOIDDIHFWHD]ăĠHVXWXULOHLQ
WHUQHFXPDUILSOăPkQLL
● Radiaţia beta (β)VHFRPSXQHGLQHOHFWURQL±SDUWLFXOHXúRDUHFXVDUFLQă
QHJDWLYă$FHVWHDVHGHSODVHD]ăSHRGLVWDQĠăSXĠLQPDLPDUHvQDHU
GHFkWSDUWLFXOHOHDOIDúLSRWWUHFHSULQKkUWLHGDUQXSRWSHQHWUDSULQ
SLHOHvQRUJDQLVPXOXPDQ(IHFWHOHDVXSUDVăQăWăĠLLDVRFLDWHSDUWL
FXOHORUEHWDVHPDQLIHVWăvQSULQFLSDODWXQFLFkQGPDWHULDOHOHEHWD
HPLĠăWRDUHVXQWLQJHUDWHVDXLQKDODWH
● Radiaţia gama (γ)VHSUH]LQWăVXEIRUPăGHXQGHHOHFWURPDJQHWLFHVDXIR
WRQL HPLúL GLQ QXFOHXO XQXL DWRP $FHVWH XQGH SRW WUDYHUVD FRPSOHW
FRUSXOXPDQEDULHUăVHUYLQGXQSHUHWHGHEHWRQVDXGHRSODFăGHSOXPE
JURDVăGHFPSOXPEXOHVWHIRORVLWFDSURWHF‫܊‬LHvPSRWULYDH[SXQHULL
ODDFHVWWLSGHUDGLDĠLH(IHFWHOHDVXSUDVăQăWăĠLLVHPDQLIHVWăFkQGPD
WHULDOHOHJDPDHPLĠăWRDUHVXQWvQDIDUDFRUSXOXLXPDQfig. 7.2


$BQJUPMVM
7**

Aplicația radiațiilor în medicină 

'HRDUHFHVXQWUDGLD‫܊‬LLLRQL]DQWH‫܈‬LSRWXFLGHFHOXOHOHYLLUD]HOHJDPDVXQWIRORVLWH
SHQWUXWUDWDUHDWXPRULORUPDOLJQH3HQWUXWUDWDPHQWXODGkQFvQFRUSIRWRQLFXHQHUJLH
PDUHVXQWWULPL‫܈‬LSHQWUXDDWLQJHGRDUWXPRDUHD‫܊‬LQWăIăUăDDIHFWD‫܊‬HVXWXOGLQMXU'H‫܈‬L
razele XVXQWGHDVHPHQHDUDGLD‫܊‬LLLRQL]DQWHGLQFDX]DHQHUJLHLPDLVFă]XWHvQFRP
SDUD‫܊‬LH FX UD]HOH JDPD QX SRW SăWUXQGH VXILFLHQW GH DGkQF vQ FRUS GHWHULRUkQG vQVă
‫܊‬HVXWXULOHFDUHOHDXDEVRUELW$FHVWHUD]HSRWILIRORVLWHSHQWUXDIDFHLQFL]LLvQFKLUXUJLH
‫܈‬LSHQWUXUDGLRJUDILLGDWRULWăIDSWXOXLFăSRWSHQHWUDĠHVXWXULOHPXVFXODUH
Razele XVXQWUDGLDĠLLHOHFWURPDJQHWLFHLRQL]DQWHVLWXDWHvQGRPHQLXOVSHFWUDOGLQ
WUHUDGLDĠLLOHJDPDúLXOWUDYLROHWH'LIHUHQĠDvQWUHUDGLDĠLLOHJDPDúLUD]HOH; FRQVWăvQ
SURYHQLHQĠDDFHVWRUDfig. 7.3Neutronii VXQWSDUWLFXOHQXFOHDUHIăUăVDUFLQăHOHFWULFă
IRDUWHSHQHWUDQWHSRWSDUFXUJHGLVWDQĠHPDULvQDHU‫܈‬LSUH]LQWăULVFUDGLRORJLFPDUHSHQ
WUXRUJDQLVPXORPXOXL3HQWUXHFUDQDUHD ORU VXQWQHFHVDUHPDWHULDOHIRDUWHJURDVH FX
FRQĠLQXWGHKLGURJHQEHWRQDSăVDXSDUDILQă



Puterea de penetrare
Hârtie Plastic/Lemn Plumb / Beton

alfa α

beta β

gama γ

 

Interacţiunea radiaţiilor ionizante cu substanţa 

/DWUHFHUHDUDGLDĠLHLSULQWURVXEVWDQĠăDUHORFFHGDUHDGHHQHUJLHDWRPLORU
FXFDUHLQWHUDFĠLRQHD]ă3ULQFLSDOXOSURFHVGHLQWHUDFĠLXQHDUDGLDĠLLORULRQL]DQWH
FXVXEVWDQĠD HVWHLRQL]DUHD DWRPXOXLDGLFăVPXOJHUHD XQXLHOHFWURQ GLQ DWRP
$WRPXOUăPDVIăUăHOHFWUGHYLQHvQFăUFDWHOHFWULFSR]LWLYDGLFăLRQSR]LWLY(OHF
WURQXOVPXOVGLQDWRPFDUHSUHLDHQHUJLDFHGDWăGHUDGLDĠLHSRDWHODUkQGXOVăX
VăLRQL]H]HDOĠLDWRPLVDXPROHFXOH

Expunerea la radiaţii ionizante 

● ([SXQHUHDH[WHUQă±VXUVHGHUDGLDĠLLGLQH[WHULRUXORUJDQLVPXOXL
● ([SXQHUHDLQWHUQă±VXUVăGHUDGLDĠLLDIODWăvQLQWHULRUXORUJDQLVPXOXL
FDUHDSăWUXQVSULQLQKDODUHSULQLQJHUDUHSULQLQMHFWDUHVDXvQXUPD
DEVRUEĠLHLSULQSLHOH
$PEHOHWLSXULGHH[SXQHULSRWILSURGXVHGHVXUVHGHUDGLD‫܊‬LLvQFKLVHVDX
GHVFKLVHGHFRQWDPLQDUHSXWHPYRUELGRDUvQFD]XOVXUVHORUGHVFKLVH&RQWDPL
QDUHDUDGLRDFWLYăDRUJDQLVPXOXLXPDQVHSURGXFHSULQ
● FRQWDPLQDUHDH[WHUQă±GHSXQHUHDDFFLGHQWDOăSHSLHOHSHvPEUăFăPLQWH
DUDGLRQXFOL]LORUIL[DĠLVDXDEVRUELĠLvQSDUWLFXOHOHGHSUDIGLQPHGLXOvQ
FRQMXUăWRURPXOXL
 ● FRQWDPLQDUHDLQWHUQă±SăWUXQGHUHDDFFLGHQWDOăDUDGLRQXFOL]LORUSULQ
● LQKDODUH GH DHURVROL FRQWDPLQDĠL FDUH DSDU GXSă WHVWH VDX DFFLGHQWH
QXFOHDUH
● LQJHVWLH GLJHVWLYă SULQ FRQVXP GH DOLPHQWH úL GH DSă FRQWDPLQDWH GH
GLYHUVHGHSXQHULUDGLRDFWLYHvQPHGLXVDXWUDQVIHUSULQODQĠXOWURILF
● DEVRUEĠLDWHJXPHQWDUă±PXOWUHGXVăFDLPSRUWDQĠăvQFD]XOWHJXPHQWH
ORULQWDFWHúLPDLVHPQLILFDWLYăvQFD]XOOH]LXQLORUWHJXPHQWDUH
5DGLRQXFOL]LLSăWUXQúLvQFRUSXOXPDQVHGHWHFWHD]ăvQ
● VkQJHXULQă,RG&VúL&V
● PDWHULLIHFDOHSr 90
5DGLRQXFOL]LLGLQVkQJHWUHFvQĠHVXWXULLDUUHVWXOVHHOLPLQăSULQIHFDOH
XULQăúLFKLDUWUDQVSLUDĠLHÌQUDSRUWFXPHWDEROLVPXOĠHVXWXULORUvQFDUHVHIL[HD]ă
UDGLRQXFOL]LLSRWILHOLPLQDĠLUHFLUFXODĠLvQVkQJHúLIL[DĠLGLQQRXvQĠHVXWXUL

Efectele radiaţiilor ionizante asupra sănătăţii 

(IHFWHOHÄERPEDUGăULL´RUJDQLVPXOXLQRVWUXFXUDGLD‫܊‬LLGLQDHUGLQVROGLQ
DSăGLQYHJHWDĠLHGLQDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHVXQWSUH]HQWDWHSHILJXUD

Ochi - doze mari pot produce cataractă

Glanda tiroidă - prin acumularea de

iod radioactiv, poate apărea risc cancerigen
Plămâni - prin inhalarea de material
radioactiv, poate apărea risc de malignizare

Stomac - prin ingestie de substanțe

radioactive, poate apărea cancer gastric

Pielea - doze mari por produce

leziuni - arsuri și eritem
Organe de reproducere -
doze mari por provoca sterilitate

Măduva rosie - radiațiile

pot produce leucemie și alte leziuni
ale sistemului hematoformator

Mecanisme de inducere a efectelor biologice de către radiațiile ioni-

zante
&kQGUDGLD‫܊‬LLOHLRQL]DQWHVXQWDEVRUELWHvQWUXQPDWHULDOELRORJLFHIHFWHOH
VXQWGHWHUPLQDWHGHGRXăPHFDQLVPHGHDF‫܊‬LXQH
● DF‫܊‬LXQHGLUHFWă±UDGLD‫܊‬LDLQWHUDF‫܊‬LRQHD]ăGLUHFWFX XQDGLQWUHFRPSR
QHQWHOHFULWLFHDOHFHOXOHLJHQHUkQGPLFUROH]LXQLGLUHFWHDOHVWUXFWXULL
FHOXOHL
$BQJUPMVM
7**

● DF‫܊‬LXQHLQGLUHFWă±IRUPDUHDGHUDGLFDOLOLEHULúLGHLRQLFXUHDFWLYLWDWH
FKLPLFăPDUHvQXUPDLQWHUDFĠLXQLLUDGLDĠLLORUFXDSDGLQRUJDQLVP
‫܉‬LQWăSULQFLSDOăDUDGLDĠLLORULRQL]DQWHHVWH$'1XO$IHFWDUHD$'1XOXL
FHOXODUVHSRDWHVROGDFXPRDUWHDFHOXOHLDSDUL‫܊‬LDGHPXWD‫܊‬LLVDXWUDQVIRUPDUHD
PDOLJQăDFHOXOHL(fig. 7.5. 22 nanometri
/DGR]HPLFLGHUDGLDĠLLVSHFLILFHIRQ Acțiune
GXOXLQDWXUDOGHUDGLDĠLLRPXOUHDFĠLRQHD]ăvQ indirectă
OLPLWHIL]LRORJLFHQRUPDOHVDXXQHRULDUHORF
RVWLPXODUHWHPSRUDUăDPHWDEROLVPXOXL'R
]HOHPDULFHGHSă‫܈‬HVFIRQGXOQDWXUDOLQGXF
GHUHJOăUL PHWDEROLFH XUPDWH GH GLVWUXJHUL OHt o
FHOXODUHLDUvQILQDOPRDUWHDFHOXOHLDĠHVXWX H+
ULORUúLFKLDUDRUJDQLVPXOXLvQvQWUHJLPH6H
FRQVLGHUăFăUDGLDĠLLOHLRQL]DQWH VXQWDJHQĠL
JHQRWR[LFLFODVLFL Acțiune

directă


Efectele biologicefig.7.6&ODVLILFDUHDDFHVWRUDVHIDFHvQED]DPDLPXO
WRUFULWHULLGXSăFXPXUPHD]ă

EFECTE BIOLOGICE

Deterministice Stocastice

Somatic Somatostocastice Genetic

Sindrom acut Leziuni Efect cancerigen Mutații genetice

de iradiere de piele

Efect teratogen Aberații

Sindrom cronic Alopecie,
de iradiere cataractă cromozomiale

Leziuni măduvă Sterilitate

hemopoetică


,Perspectiva timpului
● LPHGLDWHDFXWH±DSDUODVFXUWWLPSGXSăH[SXQHUH
● WDUGLYHFURQLFH±VHGHFODQ‫܈‬HD]ăODLQWHUYDOHGHRUGLQXOOXQLORUDQLORU
GXSăH[SXQHUH
,,. Persoana afectată
● VRPDWLFH±DSDUODLQGLYL]LLH[SX‫܈‬LODUDGLD‫܊‬LL
● JHQHWLFH±VHPDQLIHVWăODGHVFHQGHQĠLLLQGLYL]LORUH[SX‫܈‬L
,,,Gradul de afectare
● OHWDOH±LUHYHUVLELOHGXFODPRDUWHDFHOXOHL
● VXEOHWDOH±SRWILUHSDUDWH
● SRWHQ‫܊‬LDOOHWDOH±SRWILUHSDUDWHvQFD]XOvQFDUHFHOXODQXHVWHvQVWDUH
GHGLYL]LXQH
,9De pe pozițiile radiobiologiei:
● VWRFDVWLFH
● GHWHUPLQLVWLFHQRQVWRFDVWLFH

Efectele deterministice
$FHVWHHIHFWHDSDUGXSăDOWHUDUHDDSHVWHGLQFHOXOHOHFHFRPSXQ
ĠHVXWXULOHFRUSXOXLXPDQ)UHFYHQ‫܊‬DORUHUDPDUHvQSHULRDGDGHvQFHSXWDXWLOL]ă
ULLUDGLDĠLLORU‫܈‬LVHPDQLIHVWDXvQSULQFLSDOSULQDQHPLLúLOH]LXQLFXWDQDWH'XSă
LQWURGXFHUHDPăVXULORUGHSURWHFĠLHLQFLGHQ‫܊‬DORUDVFă]XWFRQVLGHUDELOvQUHJLV
WUkQGXVHGRDUvQFD]XULDFFLGHQWDOH(IHFWHOHDXSUDJGHDSDULĠLHVXEDFHVWSUDJ
QXDSDUHIHFWH6HYHULWDWHDúLIUHFYHQĠDHIHFWHORUGHWHUPLQLVWLFHGHSLQGHGHGR]D
SULPLWăGHVXVFHSWLELOLWDWHDLQGLYL]LORU‫܈‬LGHĠHVXWXODIHFWDW&HOHPDLVHQVLELOHOD
DFĠLXQHDUDGLDĠLLORUQXFOHDUHVXQW‫܊‬HVXWXULOHRYDULDQWHVWLFXODUPăGXYDRVRDVăúL
RFKLXOtab. 7.1.)


$FHVWHHIHFWHVHFODVLILFăvQ
● 6LQGURPDFXWGHLUDGLHUH±DSDUHODXQLQWHUYDOGHFkWHYDRUHSkQăODOXQL
FXPDQLIHVWăULORFDOHúLJHQHUDOHODQLYHOGHPăGXYăKHPDWRSRLHWLFăSL
HOHFULVWDOLQWUDFWJDVWURLQWHVWLQDO
$BQJUPMVM
7**

● 6LQGURPFURQLFGHLUDGLHUHDSDUHODXQLQWHUYDOGHOXQLSkQăODDQLFD
XUPDUHDOH]ăULLYDVHORUVDQJYLQHDOWHUăULLSHUPDQHQWHFHOXODUHúLVDX
GH]YROWăULLILEUR]HL
● (IHFWHVWRFDVWLFH±DSDUGXSăOH]DUHDXQHLDVDXPDLPXOWRUFHOXOHGLQ
‫܊‬HVXWXULOH FRUSXOXL XPDQ 6HYHULWDWHD HIHFWXOXL HVWH LQGHSHQGHQWă GH
GR]ăDSDUHúLODGR]HIRDUWHPLFL
)UHFYHQĠDHIHFWXOXLFUHúWHFXGR]DIăUăXQSUDJGHGR]ă6HGDWRUHD]ăPRGLILFăUL
ORUFHOXODUHGHODQLYHOGH$'1úLSUROLIHUăULORUFHOXODUHPDOLJQH6HFODVLILFăvQ
● (IHFWHVRPDWRVWRFDVWLFHFDQFHUXOUDGLRLQGXVHIHFWHWHUDWRJHQH
● (IHFWHOHJHQHWLFH±PXWDĠLLJHQHWLFHDEHUDĠLLFURPR]RPLDOH
● (IHFWHOHWHUDWRJHQH
$SDUvQXUPDLUDGLHULLvQXWHUDHPEULRQXOXLIăWXOXL3HULRDGDPD[LPăGHYXO
QHUDELOLWDWHHVWHvQWUHDDúLDD]LGHODIHFXQGDUH'R]HPDULGHLUDGLHUHH[WHUQă
SRWGXFHODPDOIRUPDĠLLPLQRUHJUDYHSkQăODPRDUWHDHPEULRQXOXLúLDYRUWVSRQWDQ
'XSăDD]LYXOQHUDELOLWDWHDVFDGHSHUVLVWkQGULVFXOOH]LXQLORUQHUYRDVHROLJR
IUHQLHGH]YROWDUHQHXURSVLKLFăGHILFLWDUă(IHFWHOHDVXSUDGH]YROWăULLFUHLHUXOXLDX
IRVWREVHUYDWHODFRSLLLVXSUDYLHĠXLWRULORUGHOD+LURVKLPDúL1DJDVDNLFDUHUHSUH
]HQWDXUHWDUGPHQWDOVFRUGHLQWHOLJHQĠăUHGXVúLGLILFXOWăĠLGHvQYăĠDUH
(IHFWHOH GHWHUPLQLVWLFH VXQW PDL VHYHUH OD FRSLL GLQ FDX]D VHQVLELOLWăĠLL
FUHVFXWHDĠHVXWXULORUORUODUDGLDĠLLLRQL]DQWH$VWIHOFUHLHUXOORUVXIHUăRDWURILH
FRUWLFDOăODRVLQJXUăGR]ăGH*\ODRGR]ăGHSHVWH*\DSDUHRUHWDUGDUH
PHQWDOăVHYHUăGH,UDGLHULOHH[WHUQHVDXLQWHUQHDOHXWHUXOXLSRWFUH‫܈‬WHIUHF
YHQĠDOHXFHPLLORULQIDQWLOHGXSăYkUVWDGHDQLúLDDOWRUWXPRULVROLGH
● (IHFWHJHQHWLFHDXFDUDFWHUDOHDWRULXVXQWFRQVHFLQĠHFOLQLFHWDUGLYHPD
QLIHVWDWHODSULPDúLXUPăWRDUHOHJHQHUDĠLLDWLQJkQGHFKLOLEUXOODDD
JHQHUDĠLH
● $EHUDĠLLOHFURPR]RPLDOHVHSURGXFSULQDFĠLXQHDDVXSUDJDPHĠLORUFX
DIHFWDUHD PDWHULDOXOXLHUHGLWDU SURYRFkQG DOWHUăUL FURPR]RPLDOH FDUH
FRQVWDXvQWUDQVORFDUHUXSHUHSLHUGHUHVDXDGLĠLHODDSDUDWXOFURPR]R
PLDOQRUPDOGHFDUHGHSLQGHFUHúWHUHDvQYLLWRUDFHOXOHORU(OHSRWILGH
JUDGGLIHULWXQHRULDWkWGHJUDYHvQFkWHVWHLPSRVLELOăIRUPDUHDRXOXL
VDXHPEULRQXOIRUPDWQXHVWHYLDELO
● 0XWDĠLLOHVXQWPRGLILFăULODQLYHOXOJHQHORU$FHVWHDSRWILOHWDOHYLDEL
OLWDWHDLQGLYL]LORUSXUWăWRULGHDVWIHOGHJHQHHVWHUHGXVăúLQHOHWDOHFDUH
SURGXFXQQXPăUPDUHGHDQRPDOLLJHQHWLFHODJHQHUDĠLLOHXUPăWRDUH
6WXGLLOHH[SHULPHQWDOHDXHYLGHQĠLDWFăH[LVWăRUHODĠLHOLQLDUăvQWUHGR]ă
úLHIHFWXOPXWDJHQGHFLQXLQWHUYLQHQLFLXQSURFHVUHSDUDWRUÌQFRQ
FOX]LHRULFHGR]ăMRDVăSULPLWăGHĠHVXWXOJHUPLQDOSURGXFHHIHFWHPX
WDJHQHFDUHVHSRWVXPDFXGR]HOHDQWHULRDUHúLXOWHULRDUH
/D SULPD JHQHUDĠLH HIHFWHOH JHQHWLFH SURGXVH GH UDGLDĠLL VXQW UHGXFHUHD
QDWDOLWăĠLLPDOIRUPDĠLLFRQJHQLWDOHúLHUHGLWDUHLDUODXUPăWRDUHOHJHQHUDĠLLDIHF
WDUHDIRQGXOXLJHQHWLFDOSRSXODĠLHLPDOIRUPDĠLLOHUHFHVLYHúLGLPLQXDUHDFDSD
FLWăĠLLLPXQRELRORJLFH5LVFXOJHQHWLFLQGLYLGXDOVHLDvQFDOFXOvQFD]XOGR]HORU
ULGLFDWHvQWLPSFHODGR]HPLFLHIHFWXOVHHVWLPHD]ăSHSRSXODĠLHvQWRWDOLWDWH
LQGXFkQGPRGLILFDUHDVWUXFWXULLJHQHWLFHDvQWUHJXOXLJUXSDIHFWDW

Principiile de bază ale protecției radiologice 

3URWHFĠLDUDGLRORJLFăvQVXPHD]ăPHWRGHOHGHUHGXFHUHDHIHFWHORUQRFLYH
DOHUDGLD‫܊‬LLORULRQL]DQWH3RUQLQGGHODHIHFWHOHDFHVWRUUDGLDĠLLDVXSUDVăQăWăĠLL
XPDQHvQFD]XO
● HIHFWHORUGHWHUPLQLVWLFHSURGXFHUHDORUWUHEXLHHYLWDWăvQWRWGHDXQDvQ
OLPLWDSRVLELOXOXL
● HIHFWHORUVWRFDVWLFHLQFLGHQĠDORUWUHEXLHUHGXVăODXQQLYHODFFHSWDELO
$FFHSWDELOLWDWHDWUHEXLHGHILQLWăSULQEDODQ‫܊‬DULVFEHQHILFLXSULYLQGUDGLD
‫܊‬LLOHDWkWvQFD]XOH[SXQHULLSRWHQĠLDOHFkWúLODXWLOL]DUHDDFHVWHLDvQVFRSPHGL
FDOLQGXVWULDO
3ULQFLSLLOHGHED]ăDOHSURWHF‫܊‬LHLUDGLRORJLFH
● Justificarea±LQWURGXFHUHDXQHLDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LFXXWLOL]DUHDGHUDGLD‫܊‬LLLRQL]DQWH
HVWH MXVWLILFDWă GDFă EHQHILFLLOH FDUH UH]XOWă GH SH XUPD SUDFWLFLL
SHQWUXSHUVRDQH‫܈‬LVRFLHWDWHvQJHQHUDOVXQWPDLPDULGHFkWHIHFWHOH
QHJDWLYHDVXSUDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLSHFDUHOHSRDWHDYHD'HFL]LLOHGHLQWURGX
FHUH VDX GH PRGLILFDUH D XQHLFăL GH H[SXQHUH SHQWUX VLWXD‫܊‬LLOH GH
H[SXQHUHH[LVWHQWH‫܈‬LGHXUJHQ‫܊‬ăVHMXVWLILFăvQVHQVXOFăDFHVWHDDU
WUHEXLVăIDFăPDLPXOWELQHGHFkWUăX
● Optimizarea±SURWHF‫܊‬LDUDGLRORJLFăDSHUVRDQHORUVDXDSRSXOD‫܊‬LHLVHRSWL
PL]HD]ăvQVFRSXOGHDSăVWUDPăULPHDGR]HORULQGLYLGXDOHSUREDEL
OLWDWHDH[SXQHULL‫܈‬LQXPăUXOSHUVRDQHORUH[SXVHODXQQLYHOFkWPDL
VFă]XWSRVLELO‫܊‬LQkQGFRQWGHVWDGLXODFWXDODOFXQRD‫܈‬WHULLWHKQLFH‫܈‬L
GHIDFWRULLHFRQRPLFL‫܈‬LVRFLDOLSULQFLSLXO$/$5$
● Limitarea dozelor±vQVLWXD‫܊‬LLOHGHH[SXQHUHSODQLILFDWăVXPDGR]HORUOD
FDUHHVWHH[SXVăRSHUVRDQăQXGHSă‫܈‬H‫܈‬WHOLPLWHOHGHGR]ăSUHYă]XWH
SHQWUXH[SXQHUHDSURIHVLRQDOăVDXSHQWUXH[SXQHUHDSXEOLFă/LPL
WHOH GH GR]ăQX VHDSOLFăvQFD]XO H[SXQHULORU vQ VFRSXUL PHGLFDOH
(tab.7.2.
● Intervenţia ± DFĠLXQLOH HIHFWXDWH SHQWUX D DWHQXD FRQVHFLQ‫܊‬HOH QHJDWLYH
JUDYHSHQWUXVăQăWDWHD‫܈‬LVHFXULWDWHDILLQ‫܊‬HORUXPDQHSHQWUXFDOLWDWHD
YLH‫܊‬LLSHQWUXSURSULHWă‫܊‬LVDXSHQWUXPHGLXVDXXQULVFFDUHDUSXWHD
JHQHUDDVHPHQHDFRQVHFLQ‫܊‬HQHJDWLYHJUDYH

Categoriile de expunere la radiații ionizante

([SXQHUHDODUDGLDĠLLLRQL]DQWHDSRSXOD‫܊‬LHLODQLYHOJOREDOVHFODVLILFăvQ
,± H[SXQHULSURIHVLRQDOHPHGLFDOHúLSXEOLFH
,,± H[SXQHULQRUPDOHúLSRWHQĠLDOH
,,,±H[SXQHULvQVLWXD‫܊‬LLGHXUJHQ‫܊‬ăSURIHVLRQDOăGHXUJHQ‫܊‬ă‫܈‬LDFFLGHQ
WDOă

$BQJUPMVM
7**

,Expuneri profesionale, medicale și publice

● H[SXQHUHDSURIHVLRQDOă±H[SXQHUHDOXFUăWRULORUXFHQLFLORU‫܈‬LVWXGHQ
‫܊‬LORUSHSDUFXUVXODFWLYLWă‫܊‬LORUGHVIă‫܈‬XUDWHGHDFH‫܈‬WLD
● H[SXQHUHDPHGLFDOă±H[SXQHUHDSDFLHQ‫܊‬LORUVDXSHUVRDQHORUDVLPSWR
PDWLFHFDSDUWHDGLDJQRVWLFăULLVDXDWUDWDPHQWXOXLPHGLFDOVDXVWRPD
WRORJLFHIHFWXDW SHQWUX vPEXQăWă‫܊‬LUHD VăQăWă‫܊‬LLSUHFXP ‫܈‬L H[SXQHUHD
SHUVRDQHORULPSOLFDWHvQvQJULMLUHD‫܈‬LVXV‫܊‬LQHUHDSDFLHQ‫܊‬LORUVDXYROXQ
WDULLGLQFHUFHWDUHDPHGLFDOăRULELRPHGLFDOă
● H[SXQHUHDSXEOLFă±H[SXQHUHDSHUVRDQHORUH[FHSWkQGFHDSURIHVLR
QDOăVDXPHGLFDOăVXUVHORUQDWXUDOH‫܈‬LDUWLILFLDOHSUHFXPúLH[DFHUEă
ULLUDGLRDFWLYLWăĠLLQDWXUDOHvQXUPDDFWLYLWăĠLLRPXOXL
,,. Expuneri normale și potențiale
● H[SXQHUHQRUPDOă±H[SXQHUHDVXVFHSWLELOăGHDDYHDORFvQFRQGL‫܊‬LLOH
QRUPDOHGHH[SORDWDUHDXQHLLQVWDOD‫܊‬LLVDXGHGHVIă‫܈‬XUDUHDXQHLDFWL
YLWă‫܊‬LDXWRUL]DWHLQFOXVLYvQWUH‫܊‬LQHUHLQVSHF‫܊‬LHGH]DIHFWDUHLQFOXVLY
LQFLGHQWHPLQRUHFDUHSRWIL‫܊‬LQXWHVXEFRQWUROGHH[HPSOXFHOHDSăUXWH
vQWLPSXOH[SORDWăULLQRUPDOH‫܈‬LLQFLGHQWHOHRSHUD‫܊‬LRQDOHDQWLFLSDWH
● H[SXQHUH SRWHQĠLDOă ± H[SXQHUH FDUH QX VXUYLQHFX FHUWLWXGLQH GDU
FDUHSRDWHUH]XOWDGLQWUXQHYHQLPHQWVDXRVHULHGHHYHQLPHQWHFX
FDUDFWHUSUREDELOLQFOXVLYFDXUPDUHDGHILFLHQ‫܊‬HORUHFKLSDPHQWHORU
VDXDHURULORUGHH[SORDWDUH
,,,Expuneri în situații de urgențăSURIHVLRQDOăGHXUJHQ‫܊‬ă‫܈‬LDFFLGHQWDOă
● VLWXD‫܊‬LHGHH[SXQHUHGHXUJHQ‫܊‬ă±VLWXD‫܊‬LHVDXHYHQLPHQWH[FHS‫܊‬LRQDO
LPSOLFkQGRVXUVăGHUDGLD‫܊‬LHFDUHQHFHVLWăRLQWHUYHQ‫܊‬LHUDSLGăSHQWUX
DDWHQXDFRQVHFLQ‫܊‬HOHQHJDWLYHJUDYHSHQWUXVăQăWDWHD‫܈‬LVHFXULWDWHD
ILLQ‫܊‬HORUXPDQHSHQWUXFDOLWDWHDYLH‫܊‬LLSHQWUXSURSULHWă‫܊‬LVDXSHQWUX
PHGLXVDXXQULVFFDUHDUSXWHDJHQHUDDVHPHQHDFRQVHFLQ‫܊‬HQHJDWLYH
JUDYH&HOHGRXăFRPSRQHQWHDUIL
● H[SXQHUHSURIHVLRQDOăGHXUJHQ‫܊‬ăH[SXQHUHDXQXLOXFUăWRUvQWURVL
WXD‫܊‬LHGHXUJHQ‫܊‬ă
● H[SXQHUHDFFLGHQWDOH[SXQHUHDXQRUSHUVRDQHDOWHOHGHFkWOXFUăWRULL
vQVLWXD‫܊‬LLGHXUJHQ‫܊‬ăFDXUPDUHDXQXLDFFLGHQW
1. În condiţii speciale se acceptă o doză de până la 5 mSv într-un singur an, cu condiţia
ca doza medie în 5 ani consecutivi să nu depăşească 1 mSv/an.
2. Această limită se aplică dozei medii pentru orice suprafață a pielii de 1 cm2, indife-
rent de suprafața expusă.

0ăVXULOHGHSURWHFĠLHvPSRWULYDUDGLDĠLLORULRQL]DQWHGLIHUăvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGH
QDWXUDVXUVHORUGHUDGLD‫܊‬LLfig.7.73URWHFĠLDvPSRWULYDVXUVHORUH[WHUQHGHUD
GLDĠLLFXSULQGH
 Protecţia fizică UHDOL]DWă SULQ PăVXUL GH UHGXFHUH D GR]HL GH H[SXQHUH
fig. 7.7.‫܈‬LPăVXULGHRUJDQL]DUHDOXFUXOXLFXVXUVHvQXQLWăĠLQXFOHDUH


Staționați cât mai puțin Măriți distanța față de Utilizați mijloace colective
timp în preajma unei sursa de radiații sau individuale de
surse de radiații protecție la radiații

Figura 7.7. Măsuri de protecție fizică împotriva radiațiilor ionizante


 Protecţie chimicăDGPLQLVWUDUHDXQRUVXEVWDQĠHFKLPLFHH[FLVWDPLQăJD
PDIRVvQDLQWHVDXGXSăLUDGLHUHSHQWUXVFăGHUHDHIHFWXOXLQRFLY
 Protecţie biochimicăDGPLQLVWUDUHDLPHGLDWGXSăLUDGLHUHDXQRUSUHSDUDWH
úL PDFURPROHFXOH ELRORJLFH H[ VkQJH SODVPă RPRJHQDWH GH RUJDQH
FDUHDXHIHFWGHUHIDFHUHFHOXODUă
 Protecţie biologică±HIHFWXDUHDLPHGLDWGXSăLUDGLHUHDXQXLWUDQVSODQWGH
FHOXOH YLDELOH GH PăGXYă URúLH KHPDWRIRUPDWRDUH SHQWUX UHVWDELOLUHD
IXQFĠLHLKHPDWRSRLHWLFH
ÌQFD]XOULVFXOXLFRQWDPLQăULLLQWHUQHDRUJDQLVPXOXLFXGLIHULĠLUDGLRQXFOL]L
HVWHPDLHILFLHQWGHDVHDF‫܊‬LRQDSULQFRQWUROXOULJXURVDFRQWDPLQăULLIDFWRULORUGH
PHGLXFXFDUHRPXOYLQHvQFRQWDFWVDXDSURGXVHORUDOLPHQWDUHSHFDUHOHFRQ
VXPăÌQFD]XOULVFXOXLFRQWDPLQăULLGLUHFWHXPDQHVHDFĠLRQHD]ăDVXSUDUDGLRQX
FOL]LORUODSRDUWDGHLQWUDUHVDXODQLYHOXOOLFKLGHORULQWHUQHvQDLQWHFDDFH‫܈‬WLDVăVH
IL[H]HvQGLYHUVHRUJDQHFULWLFHXQGHVHSRDWHDFĠLRQDGRDUFXHIHFWPLQLP
5HGXFHUHDJUDGXOXLGHFRQWDPLQDUHLQWHUQăVHREĠLQHSULQXUPăWRDUHOHPăVXUL
● Metode de decontaminarevQGHSăUWDUHDL]RWRSLORUUDGLRDFWLYLGLQWXEXOGL
JHVWLYFXDQXPLWHVXEVWDQĠHDOJLQDWGHVRGLXIRVIDWGHDOXPLQLXVDX
GLQDSDUDWXOUHVSLUDWRUSULQVSăOăWXULFXVHUIL]LRORJLFGLQDEXQGHQĠă
$BQJUPMVM
7**

● Metode de decorporareHOLPLQDUHDL]RWRSLORUIL[DĠLvQGLYHUVHRUJDQHFULWLFH
FXVDUHGH]LQFVDXGHFDOFLXDOHDFLGXOXLGLHWLOHQWULDPLQRSHQWDDFHWLF
● Diluţie izotopicăGHH[HPSOXDGPLQLVWUDUHDLRGXULLGHSRWDVLXvPSRWULYD
LRGXOXL UDGLRDFWLY SRDWH SUHYHQLFDQFHUXO GH WLURLGă (IHFWXODUH OD
ED]ăSURSULHWDWHDLRGXOXLGHDVDWXUDWLURLGDvPSLHGLFkQGDVWIHOLRGXO
UDGLRDFWLYVăVHIL[H]HvQJODQGă3HQWUXXQUH]XOWDWRSWLPLRGXUDGH
SRWDVLX WUHEXLH DGPLQLVWUDWă vQ MXPăWDWHGH RUă GXSă H[SXQHUHD OD
UDGLD‫܊‬LL 8Q DOW H[HPSOX UHGXFHUHD IL[ăULL WULWLXOXL vQ FRUSXO XPDQ
SULQWUXQFRQVXPPDUHGHDSăSRDWH
 


6XEVWDQ‫܊‬DFKLPLFăHVWHRGHQXPLUHJHQHULFăGDWăFRUSXULORUFXFRPSR]L‫܊‬LH
‫܈‬LVWUXFWXUăFKLPLFăRPRJHQăELQHGHILQLWă
2 VXEVWDQ‫܊‬ă HVWHFDUDFWHUL]DWă SULQ SURSULHWă‫܊‬LOH VDOH FXP DUILFXORDUHD
PLURVXOJXVWXOHWF
2VXEVWDQ‫܊‬ăFKLPLFăSRDWHILIRUPDWăGLQXQXOVDXPDLPXOWHHOHPHQWHFKL
PLFH'DFăVXEVWDQ‫܊‬DHVWHIRUPDWăGLQPDLPXOWHHOHPHQWHFKLPLFHVHPDLQXPH‫܈‬WH
‫܈‬Lcompus chimic
ÌQFKLPLHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬DSUH]LQWăXQIHOGHPDWHULHFXDQXPLWăVWUXFWXUăSUR
SULHWă‫܊‬LFRPSR]L‫܊‬LH‫܈‬LFXFDSDFLWDWHDGHDSDUWLFLSDODUHDF‫܊‬LLOHFKLPLFH6XEVWDQ
‫܊‬HOHFKLPLFHDXSURSULHWă‫܊‬LIL]LFHFXORDUHPLURVJXVWHWF‫܈‬LFKLPLFH3URSULH
Wă‫܊‬LOHFKLPLFHVSUHGHRVHELUHGHFHOHIL]LFHQXGHSLQGGHVWDUHDGHDJUHJDUHGH
H[HPSOXJKHD‫܊‬D‫܈‬LDSDVXQWDFHHD‫܈‬LVXEVWDQ‫܊‬ăGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHFKLPLF
2 VXEVWDQ‫܊‬ă FKLPLFă HVWH IRUPDWă GLQ HOHPHQWH FKLPLFH &HOH IRUPDWH
GLQWUXQVLQJXUHOHPHQWFKLPLFVHQXPHVFVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HVLPSOHLDUFHOHGLQGRXăVDX
PDLPXOWHHOHPHQWHFKLPLFH±VXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFRPSXVHVDXFRPSXVFKLPLF. 
&HDPDLPLFăSDUWLFXOăDXQHLVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFKLPLFHFDUHSRVHGăWRDWHSURSUL
HWă‫܊‬LOHFKLPLFHDOHDFHVWHLDHVWHPROHFXOD

Proprietățile substanțelor chimice 

)LHFDUHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬ăFKLPLFăDUHXQVHWGHSURSULHWă‫܊‬LVSHFLILFHFDUDFWHULVWLFL
RELHFWLYHFDUHGHWHUPLQăLQGLYLGXDOLWDWHDDFHVWHLD‫܈‬LRGHRVHEHVFGHWRDWHFHOH
ODOWHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬H3URSULHWă‫܊‬LOHIL]LFRFKLPLFHDOHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HORUVXQWGHVHPQDWHGH
XQ‫܈‬LUGHFRQVWDQWHGHQVLWDWHSXQFWGHWRSLUHSXQFWGHILHUEHUHFRQGXFWLELOLWDWH
HOHFWULFăWHUPLFăUH]LVWHQ‫܊‬ăFKLPLFăHWF

Stările de agregare ale substanțelor chimice 

6XEVWDQ‫܊‬HOHFKLPLFHSRWH[LVWDvQWUHLVWăULGHDJUHJDWHVROLGăOLFKLGă‫܈‬L
JD]RDVă'HFLJKHD‫܊‬DDSDOLFKLGă‫܈‬LYDSRULLGHDSăVXQWVWDUHDVROLGăOLFKLGă‫܈‬L
$BQJUPMVM
7***

JD]RDVăDDFHOHLD‫܈‬LVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFKLPLFH±DSD)RUPHOHVROLGHOLFKLGH‫܈‬LJD]RDVH
QXVXQWFDUDFWHULVWLFLOHLQGLYLGXDOHDOHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HORUFKLPLFHFLFRUHVSXQGQXPDL
VWăULORUGLIHULWHGHH[LVWHQ‫܊‬ăDDFHVWRUDFDUHGHSLQGGHFRQGL‫܊‬LLOHIL]LFHH[WHUQH
3ULQXUPDUHQXSXWHPDWULEXLDSHLGRDUSURSULHWă‫܊‬LOHOLFKLGXOXLR[LJHQXOXLDOH
JD]XOXLLDUFORUXULLGHVRGLXDOHVWăULLVROLGH

Cadrul normativ
3HIHEUXDULH D IRVWSXEOLFDWă vQ0RQLWRUXO2ILFLDODO 5HSXEOLFLL
0ROGRYD/HJHDQUGLQQRLHPEULHSULYLQGVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HOHFKLPLFH/HJHD
VWDELOH‫܈‬WHXQFDGUXXQLFGHUHJOHPHQWDUH‫܈‬LDERUGăULGHED]ăDOHPDQDJHPHQWXOXL
VXEVWDQ‫܊‬HORUDPHVWHFXULORU‫܈‬LSURGXVHORUFKLPLFHSHQWUXSODVDUHDSHSLD‫܊‬ăDDFHV
WRUDvQYHGHUHDSURWHF‫܊‬LHLPHGLXOXLVăQăWă‫܊‬LLRPXOXLDQLPDOHORU‫܈‬LDOWRURUJDQLVPH
YLL/HJHDVHUHIHUă‫܈‬LODDUWLFROHOHFHFRQ‫܊‬LQVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HVDXDPHVWHFXULFKLPLFHSH
ULFXORDVH3ULQ/HJHHVWHUHJOHPHQWDWăVWDELOLUHDWUHSWDWăDXQXLVLVWHPGHFODVL
ILFDUH GH DPEDODUH ‫܈‬L GH HWLFKHWDUH D VXEVWDQĠHORU ‫܈‬L D DPHVWHFXULORUFKLPLFH
DVLJXUkQG SULQ LPSOHPHQWDUHD 6LVWHPXOXL *OREDO $UPRQL]DW DO 218 SULYLQG
FODVLILFDUHD‫܈‬LHWLFKHWDUHDVXEVWDQĠHORUFKLPLFHLQIRUPDUHDSURIHVLRQL‫܈‬WLORU‫܈‬LSX
EOLFXOXLODUJGHVSUHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HOH‫܈‬LDPHVWHFXULOHFKLPLFHGHVSUHSURSULHWă‫܊‬LOHDFHV
WRUDUHGXFkQGDVWIHOULVFXULOHSHQWUXPHGLXOvQFRQMXUăWRU‫܈‬LVăQăWDWHDXPDQă
/HJHDVWDELOH‫܈‬WHFHULQ‫܊‬HOHGHLQWHU]LFHUH‫܈‬LGHUHVWULF‫܊‬LRQDUHODSURGXFHUHDOD
LQWURGXFHUHDSHSLD‫܊‬ă‫܈‬LODXWLOL]DUHDGHFăWUHSHUVRDQHOHIL]LFH‫܈‬LMXULGLFHDVXEVWDQ
‫܊‬HORUFKLPLFHSHULFXORDVH5HVWULF‫܊‬LLOHVHUHIHUă‫܈‬LODGHWHUJHQ‫܊‬LLFDUHQXFRUHVSXQG
SUHYHGHULORUSUH]HQWHLOHJL‫܈‬LFDGUXOXLQRUPDWLYDSUREDWvQWHPHLXODFHVWHLD
,PSOHPHQWDUHDSUHYHGHULORUOHJDOHvQ5HSXEOLFD0ROGRYDYDIDYRUL]DGLPL
QXDUHDUDWHLGHvPEROQăYLULvQUkQGXULOHDQJDMD‫܊‬LORUGHSHXUPDHIHFWXOXLQHJDWLYDO
VXEVWDQ‫܊‬HORUFKLPLFHFDUHSUH]LQWă ULVFSHQWUX VăQăWDWH YD VSRUL SURGXFWLYLWDWHD
PXQFLLFDXUPDUHDUHGXFHULLvPEROQăYLULORUODORFXOGHPXQFăGLQOLSVDPHFDQLV
PHORUGHLQIRUPDUH‫܈‬LGHDYHUWL]DUHDSHULFROHORUYDUHGXFHFRVWXULOHGHDVLJXUDUH
VRFLDOăSHQWUXLQFDSDFLWDWHGHPXQFăSHQWUXvPEROQăYLULJHQHUDWHGHQHLQIRUPDUHD
SRSXOD‫܊‬LHLGHVSUHULVFXULOHSUH]HQWDWHGHXQHOHSURGXVHFKLPLFHSHULFXORDVH‫܈‬LGH
OLSVDXQXLPDQDJHPHQWLQWHJUDWDOVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HORUFKLPLFH0DLPXOWFDDWkWSULQSUH
YHQLUHDSODVăULLSHSLD‫܊‬ăDVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HORU‫܈‬LDDPHVWHFXULORUFKLPLFHSHULFXORDVH‫܈‬L
vQVSHFLDODFHORUELRDFXPXODWLYH‫܈‬LSHUVLVWHQWHVWDUHDPHGLXOXL DPELDQW VH YD
vPEXQăWă‫܊‬LFRQVLGHUDELO‫܈‬LFRUHVSXQ]ăWRUYDVSRULFDOLWDWHDYLH‫܊‬LLSRSXOD‫܊‬LHLDQL
PDOHORUúLDOWRURUJDQLVPHYLL
3HQWUXDDVLJXUDRWUDVDELOLWDWHGXUDELOăvQGRPHQLXOPDQDJHPHQWXOXLLQWH
JUDWDOVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HORUFKLPLFH*XYHUQXODVFRVvQHYLGHQ‫܊‬ăDFHVWGRPHQLXFDSULRULWDU
SHQWUX5HSXEOLFD0ROGRYDFDUHVHUHJăVH‫܈‬WHvQ6WUDWHJLD1D‫܊‬LRQDOăGH'H]YROWDUH
0ROGRYD´/HJHDQUSHQWUXFDUHYDILQHFHVDUăDWLQJHUHD‫܊‬LQWHORU
FRQIRUPSULRULWă‫܊‬LORUFDUHYRUILVWDELOLWHSHWHUPHQPHGLXODQLYHOGH‫܊‬DUă
Ä5HJLVWUXOSURGXVHORUFKLPLFHSODVDWHSHSLD‫܊‬D5HSXEOLFLL0ROGRYD´GHQX
PLUHD SUHVFXUWDWă D 6LVWHPXOXL ,QIRUPD‫܊‬LRQDO DXWRPDWL]DW HVWH 6,$ Ä5(3&´LQ
FOXGHLQIRUPD‫܊‬LDGHVSUHSURGXVHOHFKLPLFHLQWURGXVHSHSLD‫܊‬D5HSXEOLFLL0ROGRYD
vQFDUHYRUILLQGLFDWHSURSULHWă‫܊‬LOHWR[LFHIL]LFRFKLPLFHDFWLYLWDWHDELRORJLFăWUDQ
VIRUPDUHDvQPHGLXQRUPDWLYHOHLJLHQLFH‫܈‬LHFRORJLFHODHWDSDSURGXFHULLLPSRUWX
OXLH[SRUWXOXLWUDQVSRUWăULL‫܈‬LXWLOL]ăULLSURGXVHORUFKLPLFHvQ5HSXEOLFD0ROGRYD
+RWăUkUHD*XYHUQXOXLQUGLQFXSULYLUHODDSUREDUHDÄ5H
JXODPHQWXOXLVDQLWDUSULYLQGFHULQĠHOHGHVăQăWDWHúLVHFXULWDWHSHQWUXDVLJXUDUHD
SURWHFĠLHLOXFUăWRULORUvPSRWULYDULVFXULORUOHJDWHGHSUH]HQĠDDJHQĠLORUFKLPLFLOD
ORFXOGHPXQFă´VWDELOHúWHFHULQĠHOHGHSURWHFĠLHDOXFUăWRULORUvPSRWULYDULVFXUL
ORUSHQWUXVăQăWDWHDúLVHFXULWDWHDORUFDUHSURYLQVDXSRWSURYHQLGLQHIHFWHOH
DJHQĠLORUFKLPLFLSUH]HQĠLODORFXOGHPXQFăRULFDUH]XOWDWDORULFăUHLDFWLYLWăĠL
SURIHVLRQDOHFDUHLPSOLFăDJHQĠLFKLPLFL&HULQĠHOHGHVăQăWDWHúLVHFXULWDWHvQ
PXQFăSUHYă]XWH GHSUH]HQWXO5HJXODPHQWQX VH DSOLFăVXEVWDQĠHORUFKLPLFH
UDGLRDFWLYH‫܈‬LODWUDQVSRUWXODJHQĠLORUFKLPLFLSHULFXORúLDFHVWHDILLQGUHJOHPHQ
WDWHSULQDFWHQRUPDWLYHVHSDUDWH

Clasificarea substanțelor chimice

Substanțele chimice pot fi:
D VXEVWDQ‫܊‬HVLPSOH
- metale: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Mg, Ba, Ca ,Sr, Al, Fe, Cu;
- nemetale: H, F ,Cl, Br, I, N,C, S.
E VXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFRPSXVHR[L]LDFL]LED]HVăUXUL
8Q SULQFLSLX IXQGDPHQWDO SULYLQG FODVLILFDUHD HWLFKHWDUHD ‫܈‬L DPEDODUHD
VXEVWDQ‫܊‬HORUFKLPLFHvOUHSUH]LQWăÄDXWRFODVLILFDUHD´ XQHLVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HVDXD XQXL
DPHVWHFGHFăWUHSURGXFăWRULPSRUWDWRUVDXXWLOL]DWRU$XWRFODVLILFDUHDVWDELOH‫܈‬WH
GDFăRVXEVWDQ‫܊‬ăFKLPLFăVDXXQDPHVWHFSUH]LQWăSHULFROHIL]LFHSHQWUXVăQăWDWH
‫܈‬LVDXSHQWUXPHGLX‫܈‬LFRPXQLFDUHDvQPRGFRUHVSXQ]ăWRUDDFHVWRUSHULFROH
SULQHWLFKHWDUHDDGHFYDWăvQODQ‫܊‬XOGHDSURYL]LRQDUHDWXQFLFkQGSURGXVXOHVWH
LQWURGXVSHSLD‫܊‬ăLQGLIHUHQWGHYROXPXOVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HLVDXDODPHVWHFXOXLSURGXV
2FODVLILFDUHPLQLPăWUHEXLHHYDOXDWăSHED]DLQIRUPD‫܊‬LLORUGLVSRQLELOH‫܈‬L
GDFăH[LVWăGDWHFDUHGXFODFODVLILFDUHDVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HLvQWURFDWHJRULHPDLVHYHUă
GHFkWFHDPLQLPăWUHEXLHXWLOL]DWăFDWHJRULDPDLVHYHUă3HQWUXDRE‫܊‬LQHRDXWR
FODVLILFDUHFODVLILFDWRUXOWUHEXLHVăFROHFWH]HWRDWHLQIRUPD‫܊‬LLOHGLVSRQLELOHGHVSUH
VXEVWDQ‫܊‬DFKLPLFă‫܈‬LVăHYDOXH]HDGHFYDUHD‫܈‬LILDELOLWDWHDDFHVWRUDÌQFRQWLQXDUH
LQIRUPD‫܊‬LLOHVXQWHYDOXDWHvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHFULWHULLOHGHFODVLILFDUH‫܈‬LVHGHFLGHFODVLIL
FDUHDFRUHVSXQ]ăWRDUH
&ODVLILFDUHDDPHVWHFXULORUXUPHD]ăXQSURFHVVLPLODU$FHVWHDSRWILFOD
VLILFDWHSHED]DGDWHORUSULYLQGDPHVWHFXOvQVLQHDGDWHORUSULYLQGDPHVWHFXUL
WHVWDWHVLPLODUHVDXDGDWHORUSULYLQGFRPSRQHQWHOHLQGLYLGXDOHGLQDPHVWHF
6XEVWDQ‫܊‬HOHFKLPLFHMRDFăXQURO HVHQ‫܊‬LDOvQ YLD‫܊‬DQRDVWUă ILLQGXWLOL]DWH
]LOQLFGHODSDVWDGHGLQ‫܊‬LSURGXVHOHFRVPHWLFHSHQWUXIHPHLODMXFăULL‫܈‬LPHGL
FDPHQWHÌQWURVRFLHWDWHPRGHUQăFDUHDGHYHQLWWRWDOGHSHQGHQWăGHDFHVWHD
VXEVWDQ‫܊‬HOHFKLPLFHDGXFSHGHRSDUWHEHQHILFLLLDUSHGHDOWăSDUWHSRWSHULFOLWD
$BQJUPMVM
7***

VăQăWDWHDXPDQăDPHGLXOXLÌQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHLQRIHQVLYLWDWHDSHQWUXVăQăWDWHD‫܈‬LDF
WLYLWDWHDRPXOXLFkW‫܈‬LSHQWUXPHGLXOvQFRQMXUăWRUGHRVHELPVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFKLPLFH
SHULFXORDVHWR[LFH‫܈‬LQHSHULFXORDVH
6XEVWDQĠHOHúLSURGXVHOHFKLPLFHSHULFXORDVHVXQWLQGLVSHQVDELOHvQWURVR
FLHWDWHPRGHUQă/HIRORVLPvQILHFDUH]LGHODPHGLFDPHQWHPDúLQLúLPDWHULDOH
GHFRQVWUXFĠLLSkQăODMXFăULL,QGXVWULD8QLXQLL(XURSHQHSURGXFHGLQWR
WDOXO FKLPLFDOHORU OD QLYHO PRQGLDO 68$ ±   ,QGXVWULD FKLPLFDOHORU GLQ
8QLXQHD(XURSHDQăDWUHLDLQGXVWULHvQOXPHFDPăULPHJHQHUHD]ăGLUHFWGHúHXUL
GHVXEVWDQĠHúLGHSURGXVHFKLPLFHSHULFXORDVH
*HVWLRQDUHDVXEVWDQĠHORUúLSURGXVHORUFKLPLFHSHULFXORDVHVHD[HD]ăSHXU
PăWRDUHOHSULQFLSLL
 3ULQFLSLXOSUHFDXĠLHLvQJHVWLRQDUHDVXEVWDQĠHORUúLDSURGXVHORUFKLPLFHSH
ULFXORDVHvQYHGHUHDSUHYHQLULLSDJXEHORUVăQăWă‫܊‬LLSRSXODĠLHLúLPHGLXOXL
 3ULQFLSLXOWUDQVSDUHQĠHLIDĠăGHFRQVXPDWRULDVLJXUkQGXOHDFFHVXOODLQIRU
PDĠLLSULYLQGHIHFWHOHQHJDWLYHSHFDUHOHSRWJHQHUDVXEVWDQĠHOHúLSURGXVHOH
FKLPLFHSHULFXORDVH
 3ULQFLSLXOVHFXULWăĠLLRSHUDĠLXQLORUGHJHVWLRQDUHDVXEVWDQĠHORUúLDSURGX
VHORUFKLPLFHSHULFXORDVH
'LQFDX]DULVFXOXLSHQWUXPHGLXúLSHQWUXVăQăWDWHDXPDQăPDQDJHPHQWXO
úLPRQLWRUL]DUHDVXEVWDQĠHORUúLSURGXVHORUFKLPLFHSHULFXORDVHVHDIOăvQFHQWUXO
DWHQ‫܊‬LHLWXWXURUIDFWRULORUUHVSRQVDELOLLQFOXVLY6HUYLFLXOXLGH6ăQăWDWH3XEOLFăGLQ
5HSXEOLFD0ROGRYD
3URGXFăWRULL GLVWULEXLWRULL XWLOL]DWRULL LPSRUWDWRULL úL H[SRUWDWRULL FDUH
GHVIăúRDUăDFWLYLWăĠLFXVXEVWDQĠHúLSUHSDUDWHWR[LFHúLIRDUWHWR[LFHVXQWREOLJDĠL
VăLDPăVXULOHFRUHVSXQ]ăWRDUHSHQWUXSURWHMDUHDVăQăWăĠLLRDPHQLORUDQLPDOHORU
úLPHGLXOXLSUHFXPúLSHQWUXSUHYHQLUHDRULFăURUH[SXQHULDFFLGHQWDOH

Clase de compuși chimici (potențial toxici) 

'H]YROWDUHD GH FRPSX‫܈‬LFKLPLFL QRL GH X]FRPHUFLDOWUHEXLH Vă YL]H]H ‫܈‬L
DVSHFWHOHWR[LFRORJLFHDOHDFHVWRUD/DXQLLFRPSX‫܈‬LHIHFWXOWR[LFHVWHSULPDULDU
ODDOWHOHWR[LFLWDWHDHVWHXQHIHFWVHFXQGDUQHGRULW'HDFHHDPXOWHSURGXVHQDWX
UDOHXWLOL]DWHvQX]FDVQLFVDXPHGLFDOWUHEXLHVXSXVHWHVWHORUGHWR[LFLWDWHDVHPHQL
VXEVWDQ‫܊‬HORUFKLPLFHVLQWHWLFH([HPSOHGHDVHPHQHDFRPSX‫܈‬LQDWXUDOLVXQWLQVHF
WLFLGXOSLUHWULQDPHGLFDPHQWXOFOLQLFGLJLWRQLQD‫܈‬LGURJXOGHDEX]FRFDLQD
ÌQSUH]HQWVXQWHYLGHQ‫܊‬LDWHXUPăWRDUHOHFODVHGHFRPSX‫܈‬LFKLPLFLSRWHQ‫܊‬LDO
WR[LFL
Produsele chimice agricole±LQVHFWLFLGHHUELFLGHIXQJLFLGHURGHQWLFLGH‫܈‬D
$FH‫܈‬WLFRPSX‫܈‬LSUH]LQWăWR[LFLWDWHSHQWUXRUJDQLVPXO‫܊‬LQWăLDUWR[LFL
WDWHDSHQWUXDOWHVSHFLLWUHEXLHHYLWDWă'H]YROWDUHDDFHVWRUVXEVWDQ‫܊‬H
FKLPLFHFXSURSULHWă‫܊‬LWR[LFHVHOHFWLYHFRQVWLWXLHXQDGLQWUHSULRULWă‫܊‬LOH
WR[LFRORJLHLFRPSDUDWLYH
Medicamente clinice±SURYLQGLQFKLPLDIDUPDFHXWLFă‫܈‬LIDUPDFRORJLH2UL
FXP VWXGLXO HIHFWHORUVHFXQGDUHWR[LFH‫܈‬LWHVWDUHDDFHVWRUPHGLFD
PHQWHFRQVWLWXLHXQDOWVXEGRPHQLXGHLQWHUHVWR[LFRORJLF
Droguri ±VXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFKLPLFHDGPLQLVWUDWHSHQWUXHIHFWHOHSVLKRORJLFHVDXGH
DOWă QDWXUă SRW FDX]D GHSHQGHQ‫܊‬ă ‫܈‬L WR[LFLWDWH 0DMRULWDWHD DFHVWRU
FRPSX‫܈‬LVXQWLQWHU]L‫܈‬LVSUHFRPHUFLDOL]DUHGRDUXQHOHVXQWIRORVLWHvQ
WUDWDPHQWHOHFOLQLFH
Aditivi alimentari±DXLQWUDWvQDWHQ‫܊‬LDWR[LFRORJLORUGLQPRPHQWXOFkQGDX
IRVWFDWDORJD‫܊‬LFDVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HWR[LFHXQLLVXQWWHVWD‫܊‬LSHQWUXRWR[LFLWDWH
SRWHQ‫܊‬LDOă
Produse chimice industriale±VRUWLPHQWXODFHVWRUDHVWHDWkWGHPDUHvQFkW
WHVWDUHDWR[LFLWă‫܊‬LLVDXDH[SXQHULLODFHLUHFXQRVFX‫܊‬LFDWR[LFLFRQVWL
WXLHR]RQăYDVWăGHLQWHUHVSHQWUXDFWLYLWDWHDWR[LFRORJLFă
Substanțe naturale±ILWRWR[LQHPLFRWR[LQH‫܈‬LPLQHUDOH5HFHQWVDREVHUYDW
RFUH‫܈‬WHUHDXWLOL]ăULLXQRUUHPHGLLGLQSODQWH‫܈‬LDVXSOLPHQWHORUDOL
PHQWDUH8WLOL]DUHDH[FHVLYăDDFHVWRUSURGXVHDGHYHQLWXQPRWLYGH
vQJULMRUDUHSHQWUXWR[LFRORJL‫܈‬LSHQWUXDXWRULWă‫܊‬LOHFDUHUHJOHPHQWHD]ă
IRORVLUHDDFHVWRUD(ILFLHQ‫܊‬DDFHVWRUUHPHGLLHVWHDGHVHDvQGRLHOQLFă
LDUSRWHQ‫܊‬LDOHOHHIHFWHWR[LFHQXDXIRVWOXDWHvQFDOFXO
Produse de combustie±FRPSX‫܈‬LWR[LFLJHQHUD‫܊‬LvQSULQFLSDOGLQFRPEXVWL
ELOLVDXGLQDOWHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFKLPLFHLQGXVWULDOH

Toxicologia. Noțiuni generale 

7R[LFRORJLDHVWH‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬DFDUHVWXGLD]ăHIHFWHOHQHJDWLYHGăXQăWRDUHDOHVXE
VWDQ‫܊‬HORUFKLPLFHDVXSUDRUJDQLVPHORUSUHFXP‫܈‬LLQWHUDF‫܊‬LXQLOHDFHVWRUDFXRUJD
QLVPHOHYLLÌQWUXQVHQVPDLODUJWR[LFRORJLDDIRVWGHILQLWăFX‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬ăFDUHVH
RFXSăFXLGHQWLILFDUHDL]RODUHD‫܈‬LGHWHUPLQDUHDFDQWLWDWLYăDVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HORUWR[LFH
FX VWXGLHUHD DF‫܊‬LXQLLORU DVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXL SUHFXP‫܈‬L FXPLMORDFHOHIRORVLWH
SHQWUXFRPEDWHUHDHIHFWHORUWR[LFHDOHDFHVWRUD)LLQGR‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬ăSOXULGLVFLSOLQDUă
DUHOHJăWXULVWUkQVHFXPDLPXOWH‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬HELRFKLPLDFKLPLDIL]LRORJLDELRORJLD
IDUPDFRORJLDLJLHQDHWF&DFRPSRQHQWăDFRPSDUWLPHQWXOXLÄ,JLHQD´PDLIUHF
YHQWVHXWLOL]HD]ăWR[LFRORJLDLQGXVWULDOăFDUHLQFOXGH‫܈‬LWR[LFRORJLDH[SHULPHQ
WDOăFXXQFDUDFWHUDSOLFDWLYSURQXQ‫܊‬DW
5ROXOWR[LFRORJLHLLQGXVWULDOHGXSăXQLLDXWRULWR[LFRORJLDRFXSDĠLRQDOă
vQVHUYLFLXOVRFLHWă‫܊‬LLFRQVWăvQSULPXOUkQGvQSURWHMDUHDDQJDMD‫܊‬LORUvPSRWULYD
HIHFWHORUQRFLYHDOHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HORUWR[LFHGLQPHGLXORFXSD‫܊‬LRQDOLDUvQDOGRLOHD
UkQGvQFUHDUHDGHFRPSX‫܈‬LFXRWR[LFLWDWHPDLVHOHFWLYă‫܈‬LFXRPDLPDUHVLJX
UDQĠăvQXWLOL]DUH
ÌQSUH]HQWODED]DWHVWăULLWR[LFRORJLFHDVXEVWDQĠHORUFKLPLFHvQVFRSXO
GHWHUPLQăULLJUDGXOXLGHVLJXUDQĠăFODVăGHWR[LFLWDWHVWDXUHJXODPHQWHOHHOD
ERUDWHGHGLIHULWHLQVWLWXĠLLLQWHUQDĠLRQDOH'HH[HPSOX2UJDQL]DĠLDSHQWUX&RR
SHUDUHúL'H]YROWDUH(FRQRPLFăOrganisation for Economic and Development
2(&'DUHPHQLUHDGHHHODERUDúLGHDDVLJXUDFXSROLWLFLJXYHUQHOHVWDWHORU
$BQJUPMVM
7***

vQVFRSXODVLJXUăULLEXQăVWăULLSRSXODĠLHL2UJDQL]DĠLDGLVSXQHGHED]ăúWLLQĠLILFă
úLSUDFWLFăSHQWUXHODERUDUHDPHWRGHORUGHDFWLYLWDWHvQGLIHULWHGRPHQLL2(&'
HODERUHD]ăúLSURSXQHGLIHULWHPHWRGHXQLILFDWHvQGRPHQLXOWR[LFRORJLHLLQFOXVH
vQ*KLGXOSHQWUXWHVWDUHDVXEVWDQĠHORUFKLPLFHDSUREDWGH&RPLVLD(XURSHDQă

Rolul toxicologiei
5ROXOWR[LFRORJLHLFXUHIHULQĠăODVRFLHWDWHFRQVWăQXQXPDLvQSURWHMDUHD
VăQăWăĠLLRDPHQLORUGHHIHFWHOHGăXQăWRDUHDOHVXEVWDQĠHORUWR[LFHvQVLQWH]DGHQRL
FRPSXúLFKLPLFFXRWR[LFLWDWHPDLPLFăúLUHVSHFWLYPDLVLJXUHvQXWLOL]DUHGDU
‫܈‬LvQGH]YROWDUHDGHWR[LFLPDLVHOHFWLYL2WUDYDHVWHXQFRQFHSWFDQWLWDWLY$SURDSH
RULFHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬ăILLQGGăXQăWRDUHODDQXPLWHGR]HODGR]HPDLPLFLQXPDQLIHVWă
HIHFWQRFLYÌQWUHFHOHGRXăOLPLWHH[LVWăRVHULHGHHIHFWHSRVLELOHGHODRWR[LFLWDWH
FURQLFăVXEWLOăSHWHUPHQOXQJODOHWDOLWDWHLPHGLDWă'HH[HPSOX$VSLULQDDFL
GXODFHWLOVDOLFLOLFHVWHXQPHGLFDPHQWUHODWLYVLJXUODGR]HOHUHFRPDQGDWHLDUXWL
OL]DUHDFURQLFăSRDWHSURYRFDHIHFWHGăXQăWRDUHODQLYHOXOPXFRDVHLJDVWULFHLDU
GR]DGHJNJHVWHIDWDOă$SUR[LPDWLYGLQGHFHVHOHDFFLGHQWDOHUDSRU
WDWHvQFD]XOFRSLLORUVXUYLQFDXUPDUHDLQJHVWLHLVDOLFLOD‫܊‬LORUvQSDUWLFXODUD$VSL
ULQHL,PSRUWDQ‫܊‬DGR]HLHVWHLOXVWUDWăGHPHWDOHHVHQ‫܊‬LDOHSHQWUXGLHWăGDUWR[LFH
ODGHSă‫܈‬LUHDGR]HL$VWIHOLRQLLGHILHUGHFXSUXGHPDJQH]LXGHFREDOWGHPDQ
JDQ‫܈‬LGH]LQFSRWILSUH]HQ‫܊‬LODXQQLYHOSUHDVFă]XWGHILFLHQ‫܊‬ăDGHFYDWRSWLP
VDXSUHDULGLFDWWR[LFFDXUPDUHDGLHWHLVDXDXQRULQWR[LFD‫܊‬LLDFFLGHQWDOH$VWIHO
FRUHOD‫܊‬LDGR]ăUăVSXQVHVWHIXQGDPHQWDOăSHQWUXWR[LFRORJLH
7R[LFRORJLDDSOLFDWăLQFOXGHPDLPXOWHFRPSDUWLPHQWH
 Toxicologia clinicăv‫܈‬LSURSXQHGLDJQRVWLFDUHD‫܈‬LWUDWDUHDLQWR[LFD‫܊‬LLORU
XPDQH
 Toxicologia veterinarăDUHFDRELHFWLYGLDJQRVWLFDUHD‫܈‬LWUDWDUHDLQWR[LFD
‫܊‬LLORUODDQLPDOHvQSDUWLFXODUODDQLPDOHOHGHFRPSDQLHLQFOXVLYGH
VSHFLLVăOEDWLFH2DOWăSUHRFXSDUHLPSRUWDQWăDWR[LFRORJLHLYHWHUL
QDUHHVWHVWXGLHUHDSUREDELOLWă‫܊‬LLWUDQVPLWHULLWR[LQHORUODRDPHQLSULQ
FDUQHSH‫܈‬WHODSWH‫܈‬LDOWHSURGXVHDOLPHQWDUHGDU‫܈‬LDERUGDUHDGLQ
SXQFWGHYHGHUHHWLFDDQLPDOHORUH[SHULPHQWDOH
 Toxicologia judiciarăWUDWHD]ăDVSHFWHOHPHGLFROHJDOHLQFOXVLYGHWHF
WDUHDVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HORUWR[LFHGLQSUREHOHFOLQLFH‫܈‬LDOWHWLSXULGHSUREH
 Toxicologia mediuluiDERUGHD]ăFLUFXLWXOVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HORUWR[LFH‫܈‬LDPHWD
EROL‫܊‬LORUORUDSURGXVHORUGHGHJUDGDUHGLQPHGLX‫܈‬LvQODQ‫܊‬XULOH
DOLPHQWDUHHIHFWXOXQRUDVWIHOGHFRQWDPLQDQ‫܊‬LDVXSUDLQGLYL]LORU
SRSXOD‫܊‬LLORU&DXUPDUHD QXPăUXOXLPDUHGHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬H FKLPLFH
LQGXVWULDOH‫܈‬LDSRVLELOLWă‫܊‬LORUGHH[SXQHUHSUHFXP‫܈‬LDPXOWLWXGLQLL
GH PHFDQLVPH VXSUDSXVH FDUH JXYHUQHD]ă R DVWIHO GH H[SXQHUH
DFHDVWăDULHGHVWXGLXDWR[LFRORJLHLDSOLFDWHDFăSăWDWDPSORDUHvQ
XOWLPHOHGHFHQLL
  Toxicologia industrialăHVWHXQGRPHQLXVSHFLILFDOWR[LFRORJLHLGHPH
GLXFDUHVHRFXSăFXPHGLXOGHPXQFă‫܈‬LFRQVWLWXLHRSDUWHVHP
QLILFDWLYăDLJLHQHLvQPXQFDLQGXVWULDOă

Modul de acțiune a substanțelor toxice

ÌQFD]XOvQFDUHVHVWXGLD]ăPRGXOGHDF‫܊‬LXQHDXQXLFRPSXVWR[LFWUHEXLH
Vă‫܊‬LQHPFRQWODQLYHOXOIXQGDPHQWDOGHRUJDQFHOXODU‫܈‬LPROHFXODUGHWRDWHHYH
QLPHQWHOHFDUHGHWHUPLQăWR[LFLWDWHDin vivoDEVRUE‫܊‬LDGLVWULEX‫܊‬LDPHWDEROLVPXO
PRGXOGHDF‫܊‬LXQH‫܈‬LGHH[FUH‫܊‬LH7HUPHQXOPHFDQLVPGHDF‫܊‬LXQHWR[LFăHVWHDFXP
XWLOL]DWSHQWUXDGHVFULHXQHYHQLPHQWPROHFXODULPSRUWDQWGLQFDVFDGDHYHQLPHQ
WHORUFDUHGHFXUJGLQPRPHQWXOH[SXQHULLODDFHODDOPDQLIHVWăULLWR[LFLWă‫܊‬LLFXP
DUILLQKLEDUHDDFHWLOFROLQHVWHUD]HLFDXUPDUHDWR[LFLWă‫܊‬LLLQVHFWLFLGHORURUJDQRIRV
IRULFH‫܈‬LGHWLSFDUEDPDW
'LQDFHVWPRWLYH[LVWăVXEGLVFLSOLQHDOH7R[LFRORJLHLFDUHYL]HD]ăGLYHUVH
DVSHFWH
 Toxicologia biochimică și molecularăVHD[HD]ăSHHYHQLPHQWHOHGHODQLYHO
ELRFKLPLF‫܈‬LPROHFXODULQFOX]kQGHQ]LPHFDUHPHWDEROL]HD]ă[HQREL
RWLFHOHJHQHUDUHDLQWHUPHGLDULORUUHDFWLYLLQWHUDF‫܊‬LXQHD[HQRELRWLFH
ORUVDXPHWDEROL‫܊‬LORUDFHVWRUDFXPDFURPROHFXOHOHH[SUHVLDJHQHWLFă
‫܈‬LFăLOHGHVHPQDOL]DUHvQFRQWH[WXODF‫܊‬LXQLLWR[LFH
 Toxicologie comportamentală VWXGLD]ă HIHFWHOH DJHQ‫܊‬LORU WR[LFL DVXSUD
FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXLDQLPDOHORU‫܈‬LRDPHQLORUFDUHFRQVWLWXLHLPSDFWXO
DVXSUDIXQF‫܊‬LHLQHUYRDVHvQRUJDQLVPXOLQWDFW$FHDVWDLPSOLFăDWkW
VLVWHPXOQHUYRVSHULIHULFFkW‫܈‬LFHOFHQWUDOSUHFXP‫܈‬LHIHFWHPHGLDWH
GHDOWHVLVWHPHGHRUJDQHFXPDUILJODQGHOHHQGRFULQH
 Toxicologia nutriționalăVHRFXSăGHHIHFWHOHGLHWHLDVXSUDPRGXOXLGHH[
SULPDUHDWR[LFLWă‫܊‬LL‫܈‬LGHPHFDQLVPHOHDFHVWRUHIHFWH
 Carcinogeneza LQFOXGH HYHQLPHQWHOH FKLPLFH ELRFKLPLFH ‫܈‬L PROHFXODUH
FDUHGXFODXQQXPăUPDUHGHHIHFWHDVXSUDFUH‫܈‬WHULLFHOXODUHFXQRV
FXWHVXEQXPHOHGHFDQFHU
 TeratogenezaFHUFHWHD]ăHYHQLPHQWHOHFKLPLFHELRFKLPLFH‫܈‬LPROHFXODUH
FDUHVHPDQLIHVWăSULQHIHFWHGăXQăWRDUHDVXSUDGH]YROWăULL
 Mutageneza HVWHSUHRFXSDWăGHHIHFWHOHWR[LFHDVXSUDPDWHULDOXOXLJHQHWLF
‫܈‬LGHPR‫܈‬WHQLUHDDFHVWRUHIHFWH
 ToxicitateaSHQWUXRUJDQVWXGLD]ăHIHFWHOHODQLYHOXOIXQF‫܊‬LHLRUJDQXOXLQH
XURWR[LFLWDWHKHSDWRWR[LFLWDWHQHIURWR[LFLWDWHHWF

Măsurarea (identificarea) toxicilor și a toxicității 

7R[LFLWDWHDSRDWHILDFXWăVDXFURQLFăSRDWHYDULDGHODXQRUJDQODDOWXO
VDXSRDWHILLQIOXHQ‫܊‬DWăGHYkUVWăJHQHWLFăJHQGLHWăVWDUHDIL]LRORJLFăVDXVWD
UHDGHVăQăWDWHDRUJDQLVPXOXL$FHDVWDPDLGHSLQGHGHPRGDOLWDWHDGHSăWUXQ
GHUH vQ FRUS LQGLIHUHQW GDFă DFHVWD VWUăEDWH FDQDOXO DOLPHQWDU HVWH LQKDODW vQ
SOăPkQLVDXDEVRUELWODQLYHOXOSLHOLL
$BQJUPMVM
7***

0HWRGHOHH[SHULPHQWDOHGHDGPLQLVWUDUHFXPDUILLQMHFWDUHDSRWGD‫܈‬LUH
]XOWDWH H[WUHP GH YDULDELOH $VWIHO WR[LFLWDWHD DFHOXLD‫܈‬L FRPSXV DGPLQLVWUDW
LQWUDYHQRVLQWUDSHULWRQHDOLQWUDPXVFXODUVDXVXEFXWDQDWHVWHGLIHULWă
(IHFWHOHDGYHUVHSRWDYHDORFVXEGLYHUVHIRUPHGHODVFKLPEăULVXEWLOHvQ
RUJDQLVPSkQăODPRDUWHDVXELWă‫܈‬LODGLIHULWHQLYHOXULDOHFRUSXOXLGHH[HPSOX
GRDUXQRUJDQVDXGRDUXQ‫܊‬HVXWSRDWHILDIHFWDW
'XSăH[SXQHUHODVXEVWDQ‫܊‬DWR[LFăH[LVWăPDLPXOWHFăLGHPHWDEROL]DUHD
DFHVWHLDVROGDWHFXGHWR[LILHUHVDXDFWLYDUH/DILQDOHIHFWHOHWR[LFHSRWILPDL
PLFLVDXPDLULGLFDWHfig. 8.1.


Expunerea la agentul toxic

Pătrunderea în organism

Ingestia Pielea Inhalarea

t Absorbția în sistemul sanguin

t Distribuția spre țesuturi și organe

Toxicitatea Stocarea Excreția

Metabolizarea


0ăVXUDUHDLGHQWLILFDUHDWR[LFLORU‫܈‬LDWR[LFLWă‫܊‬LLORUVXQWDVSHFWHLPSRUWDQWH

FH‫܊‬LQvQSULPXO UkQGGH XWLOL]DUHDFKLPLHLDQDOLWLFHELRDQDOL]HL ‫܈‬LPDWHPDWLFLL
DSOLFDWH ÌQDFHVW FRQWH[W DSDU R VHULH GH vQWUHEăUL LPSRUWDQWH HVWH SUREDELO FD
VXEVWDQ‫܊‬DVăILHWR[LFă"&DUHHVWHVWUXFWXUDFKLPLFăDDFHVWHLD"&DUHHVWHFRQFHQ
WUD‫܊‬LDDFHVWHLDvQRUJDQLVP"&XPvLSXWHPHYDOXDHIHFWXOWR[LF‫܈‬LFDUHHVWHQLYHOXO
PLQLPODFDUHSRDWHILGHWHFWDWDFHVWHIHFWWR[LF"
'LQDFHDVWăSHUVSHFWLYăDXIRVWSURSXVHDOWHVXEGLVFLSOLQHFRQH[HFX7R[L
FRORJLD
 Toxicologia analiticăHVWHRUDPXUăDFKLPLHLDQDOLWLFHSUHRFXSDWăGHLGHQWL
ILFDUHD ‫܈‬L GHDQDOL]D VXEVWDQ‫܊‬HORU FKLPLFH WR[LFH ‫܈‬L D PHWDEROL‫܊‬LORU
DFHVWRUDGLQSUREHOHELRORJLFHVDXGLQPHGLX
 Testarea toxicitățiiSUHVXSXQHXWLOL]DUHDVLVWHPHORUYLLSHQWUXHVWLPDUHDHIHF
WHORUWR[LFH$FHDVWDDFRSHUăJDPDGHWHVWHUDSLGHDJHQRWR[LFLWă‫܊‬LL
VXSXQHUHDXQRUDQLPDOHODRYDULHWDWHGHWHVWHGHODWR[LFLWDWHDFXWă
ODWR[LFLWDWHFURQLFăSHYLD‫܊‬ă
 Patologia toxicologicăHVWHUDPXUDSDWRORJLHLFDUHVHRFXSăFXHOXFLGDUHDHIHF
WHORUDJHQ‫܊‬LORUWR[LFLFDUHVHPDQLIHVWăSULQPRGLILFăULODQLYHOVXEFH
OXODUFHOXODUWLVXODUVDXSULQPRGLILFDUHDPRUIRORJLHLXQXLRUJDQ
 Studiile de structură-activitateYL]HD]ăUHOD‫܊‬LDGLQWUHSURSULHWă‫܊‬LOHFKLPLFH‫܈‬L
IL]LFHDOHXQHLVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFKLPLFH‫܈‬LWR[LFLWDWHDDFHVWHLDvQVSHFLDOWR
[LFLWDWHDDQWLFLSDWă
 Biomatematica‫܈‬LstatisticaUHJăVLWHvQPXOWHGRPHQLLDOHWR[LFRORJLHDQDOL
]HD]ă GDWHOH GHWHUPLQă LPSRUWDQ‫܊‬D DQDOL]HD]ă ULVFXULOH ‫܈‬L PRGHOH
SUHGLFWLYH
 Epidemiologia, FXDSOLFDUHGRPHQLXOXL7R[LFRORJLHLDUHRLPSRUWDQ‫܊‬ăGHRVH
ELWăGHRDUHFHYL]HD]ăPDLGHJUDEăUHOD‫܊‬LDGLQWUHH[SXQHUHDFKLPLFă
‫܈‬L EROLOH XPDQH SUHYDOHQWH vQ SRSXOD‫܊‬LLOH DFWXDOH GHFkW VWDELOLUHD
XQRUSDUDPHWULH[SHULPHQWDOL

Surse de compuși toxici 

$YkQGvQYHGHUHQXPăUXOULGLFDWGHFRPSX‫܈‬LWR[LFLHVWHGLILFLOVăLFODVL
ILFăPGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHFKLPLFDOIXQF‫܊‬LHLVDXDOPRGXOXLGHDF‫܊‬LXQHGHRDUHFH
PXO‫܊‬LGLQWUHDFH‫܈‬WLDVDUvQFDGUDvQPDLPXOWHFDWHJRULL8QLLVXQWSURGX‫܈‬LQDWXUDOL
VDXVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HRUJDQLFHXWLOL]DWHGHSRSXOD‫܊‬LHvQWLPSFHDO‫܊‬LLVXQWSURGX‫܈‬LVHFXQ
GDULDLSURFHVHORULQGXVWULDOH‫܈‬LvQSDUWLFXODUGLQLQGXVWULDHOLPLQăULLGH‫܈‬HXULORU
ÌQSUH]HQWVHIRORVH‫܈‬WHFODVLILFDUHDFRPSX‫܈‬LORUWR[LFLvQIXQF‫܊‬LHGHPRGDOLWDWHD
GHH[SXQHUHVDXGHXWLOL]DUH
Clasificarea compușilor toxici în funcție de modalitatea de expunere:
FRPSX‫܈‬LLSURYHQL‫܊‬LGLQDOLPHQWHGLQDHUGLQDSăGLQVRO‫܈‬LGLQPHGLLRFXSD‫܊‬LRQDOH
Clasificarea compușilor toxici în funcție de modalitatea de utilizare:
DEX]GHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HLQWHU]LVHPHGLFDPHQWHOHWHUDSHXWLFHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HOHFKLPLFHIR
ORVLWHvQDJULFXOWXUăDGLWLYLL‫܈‬LFRQWDPLQDQ‫܊‬LLDOLPHQWDULLRQLLPHWDOLFLVROYHQ‫܊‬LL
SURGXVHOHFRVPHWLFH‫܈‬LDOWHWR[LQH

Traseul compușilor toxici în mediu 

&RPSX‫܈‬LLFKLPLFLHOLEHUD‫܊‬LvQPHGLXVHPHQ‫܊‬LQUDUHRULVXEDFHHD‫܈‬LIRUPă
VDXUăPkQvQDFHHD‫܈‬LORFD‫܊‬LH'HH[HPSOXVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HOHFKLPLFHDJULFROHSXOYHUL
]DWHSRWFRQWDPLQDDHUXOVDXDSHOH0XOWHGLQWUHDFHVWHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFKLPLFHVXQW
VXVFHSWLELOHODGHJUDGDUHDIXQJLFăVDXEDFWHULDQă‫܈‬LSRWILvQGHSăUWDWHUDSLGFHO
PDLDGHVHDvQSURGX‫܈‬LPDLVLPSOLFDUHSRWILSDUWHLQWHJUDQWăDFLFOXULORUFDUER
QXOXLD]RWXOXLVDXR[LJHQXOXL
$OWHVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HFKLPLFHIRORVLWHvQDJULFXOWXUăvQVSHFLDOFRPSX‫܈‬LLRUJDQLFL
KDORJHQD‫܊‬LILLQGGHRELFHLPDLJUHXPHWDEROL]D‫܊‬LGHFăWUHPLFURRUJDQLVPHSHU
$BQJUPMVM
7***

VLVWăvQVRO‫܈‬LvQDSăvQFDOLWDWHGHFRQWDPLQDQ‫܊‬LVDXVHLQFOXGvQODQ‫܊‬XULOHDOLPHQ
WDUHELRORJLFHILLQGDVWIHOWUDQVIHUD‫܊‬LODQLYHOXULWURILFHVXSHULRDUHVDXVHGHSR]L
WHD]ăvQSURGXVHOHSURFHVDWH$FHOD‫܈‬LVFHQDULXHVWHDSOLFDELORULFăUXLDJHQWWR[LF
HOLEHUDWvQPHGLXFRPSXVFXXWLOL]DUHVSHFLILFăVDXUH]XOWDWvQXUPDXQRUSURFHVH
LQGXVWULDOHDFRPEXVWLHLHWF0XO‫܊‬LGLQWUHFRPSX‫܈‬LLFKLPLFLHOLEHUD‫܊‬LvQPHGLX
VXQWVXVFHSWLELOLODGHJUDGDUHDFKLPLFăXQSURFHVDGHVHDDVLVWDWGHUDGLD‫܊‬LLOH89

Conexiunile Toxicologiei cu alte științe 

7R[LFRORJLDHVWHR‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬ăH[WUHPGHHFOHFWLFăFDUHDDSăUXW‫܈‬LFDRFRQVH
FLQ‫܊‬ăDDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LLXPDQH‫܈‬LGLQDFHVWPRWLYSRDWHILFRQHFWDWă‫܈‬LFXDOWH‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬H/D
XQFDSăWDOVSHFWUXOXLDFHVWRU‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬HVHDIOăFHOHFHFRQWULEXLHODPHWRGHOH‫܈‬LFRQ
FHSWHOHILOR]RILFHFHDXGUHSWVFRSVDWLVIDFHUHDQHYRLORUWR[LFRORJLORUILHvQDF
WLYLWDWHDGHFHUFHWDUHILHvQDSOLFDUHDWR[LFRORJLHLvQLQWHUHVXORPHQLULL/DFHOă
ODOWFDSăWDOVSHFWUXOXLVXQW‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬HOHODFDUHFRQWULEXLHWR[LFRORJLD
D ÌQSULPDFDWHJRULH GHGLVFLSOLQHFKLPLD ELRFKLPLDSDWRORJLDIL]LRORJLD
HSLGHPLRORJLDLPXQRORJLDHFRORJLD‫܈‬LELRPDWHPDWLFDDXIRVWUHFXQRVFXWH
GHPXOWWLPSFDILLQGGLVFLSOLQHLPSRUWDQWHÌQXOWLPHOHGRXăWUHLGHFHQLL
ELRORJLDPROHFXODUăDDYXWRFRQWULEX‫܊‬LHPDUFDQWăODSURJUHVHOHWR[LFRORJLHL
E ÌQJUXSXOGH‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬HODFDUHFRQWULEXLHVHPQLILFDWLYWR[LFRORJLDVXQWDVSHFWH
PHGLFDOHGLQPHGLFLQDOHJDOăWR[LFRORJLDFOLQLFăIDUPDFLH‫܈‬LIDUPDFRORJLH
GRPHQLXOVăQăWă‫܊‬LLSXEOLFH‫܈‬LDLJLHQHLLQGXVWULDOH7R[LFRORJLDVHLQWHUVHF
WHD]ăFXPHGLFLQDYHWHULQDUă‫܈‬LFXDJULFXOWXUDFRQWULEXLQGOD XWLOL]DUHDvQ
VLJXUDQ‫܊‬ăDVXEVWDQ‫܊‬HORUFKLPLFHDJULFROH
F &RQWULEX‫܊‬LLOHWR[LFRORJLHLODVWXGLLOHGHPHGLXGHYLQWRWPDLHYLGHQWH
ÌQPRGFODUWR[LFRORJLDHVWHR‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬ăDSOLFDWăGHGLFDWăvPEXQăWă‫܊‬LULLFDOL
Wă‫܊‬LL YLH‫܊‬LL ‫܈‬L SURWHF‫܊‬LHL PHGLXOXL 'RPHQLXO WR[LFRORJLHL VD H[WLQV vQ XOWLPHOH
GHFHQLLDWkWGLQSULVPDQXPăUXOXLGHWR[LFRORJLFkW‫܈‬LSULQFXQRúWLQĠHOHDFXPX
ODWH$FHDVWăH[SDQVLXQHDGHWHUPLQDWRVFKLPEDUHGLQWUR‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬ăGHVFULSWLYăOD
R‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬ăFDUHXWLOL]HD]ăRJDPăODUJăGHPHWRGRORJLLSHQWUXDVWXGLDPHFDQLVPHOH
LPSOLFDWHvQHYHQLPHQWHOHWR[LFH

 
/HJHDQU;GLQD3DUODPHQWXOXL5HSXEOLFLL0ROGRYDSULYLQGVX
SUDYHJKHUHD GH VWDW D VăQăWăĠLL SXEOLFH SXEOLFDWă vQ 0RQLWRUXO 2ILFLDO QU
DUWUHJOHPHQWHD]ăRUJDQL]DUHDVXSUDYHJKHULLGHVWDWDVăQăWăĠLLSXEOLFHVWDEL
OLQGFHULQĠHJHQHUDOHGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFăGUHSWXULOHúLREOLJDĠLLOHSHUVRDQHORUIL]LFH
úLMXULGLFHúLPRGXOGHRUJDQL]DUHDVLVWHPXOXLGHVXSUDYHJKHUHGHVWDWDVăQăWăĠLL
SXEOLFH6FRSXO/HJLLHVWHDVLJXUDUHDFRQGLĠLLORURSWLPHSHQWUXUHDOL]DUHDPD[LPă
DSRWHQĠLDOXOXLGHVăQăWDWHDOILHFăUXLLQGLYLGSHSDUFXUVXOvQWUHJLLYLHĠLSULQHIRUWXO
RUJDQL]DWDOVRFLHWăĠLLvQYHGHUHDSUHYHQLULLvPEROQăYLULORUSURWHMăULLúLSURPRYăULL
VăQăWăĠLLSRSXODĠLHLúLvPEXQăWăĠLULLFDOLWăĠLLYLHĠLL

Definiții:
● control de stat în domeniul sănătăţii publice±SDUWHDVXSUDYHJKHULLH[HU
FLWDWăGHFăWUHDXWRULWDWHDFRPSHWHQWăSHQWUXVXSUDYHJKHUHDVăQăWăĠLL
SXEOLFHvQVFRSXOSUHYHQLULLGHSLVWăULLúLHOLPLQăULLvQFăOFăULORUOHJLV
ODĠLHLVDQLWDUHGHFăWUHSHUVRDQHOHIL]LFHúLMXULGLFH
● determinanţii stării de sănătate±IDFWRULLVRFLRHFRQRPLFLELRORJLFLGHPH
GLXFRPSRUWDPHQWDOL WUDGLĠLLOH DVLJXUDUHD FDOLWDWHD úL DFFHVLELOLWDWHD
VHUYLFLLORUGHVăQăWDWHFDUHGHWHUPLQăVWDUHDGHVăQăWDWHDSRSXODĠLHL
● risc pentru sănătate±SUREDELOLWDWHDH[SXQHULLODXQSHULFROFDX]DWGHIDF
WRUL QDWXUDOL WHKQRJHQL ELRORJLFL úL VRFLDOL úL FRQVHFLQĠHOH DFHVWHLD
H[SULPDWHSULQHIHFWQRFLYDVXSUDVăQăWăĠLLúLJUDYLWDWHDDFHVWXLHIHFW
● evaluarea riscurilor pentru sănătate±HVWLPDUHDJUDGXOXLvQFDUHH[SXQH
UHDODIDFWRULLGHULVFGLQPHGLXOQDWXUDOGHYLDĠăRFXSDĠLRQDOúLGH
RGLKQăSUHFXPúLODFHLUH]XOWDĠLGLQVWLOXOGHYLDĠăLQGLYLGXDOVDXFR
PXQLWDULQIOXHQĠHD]ăVWDUHDGHVăQăWDWHDSRSXODĠLHL
● urgenţă de sănătate publică±DSDULĠLDVDXULVFXOLPLQHQWGHUăVSkQGLUHDXQHL
EROLVDXDXQXLHYHQLPHQWGHVăQăWDWHFDUHGHWHUPLQăSUREDELOLWDWHDvQDOWă
DXQXLQXPăUPDUHGHGHFHVHúLVDXXQXLQXPăUPDUHGHGL]DELOLWă‫܊‬LvQ
UkQGXOSRSXODĠLHLDIHF-
$BQJUPMVM
*9

WDWHRULFDUHGHWHUPLQăH[SXQHUHDODUJăODDFĠLXQHDXQXLDJHQWELRORJLF
FKLPLFVDXIL]LFFHSRDWHFDX]DvQYLLWRUULVFXULVHPQLILFDWLYHSHQWUXXQ
QXPăUVXEVWDQĠLDOGHSHUVRDQHvQPLMORFXOSRSXODĠLHLDIHFWDWH
● stare de urgenţă în sănătatea publică±DQVDPEOXGHPăVXULFXFDUDFWHUDG
PLQLVWUDWLYHFRQRPLFPHGLFDOVRFLDOúLGHPHQĠLQHUHDRUGLQLLSXEOLFH
FDUHVHLQVWLWXLHSURYL]RULXvQXQHOHORFDOLWăĠLVDXSHvQWUHJWHULWRULXOĠăULL
vQFD]GHSHULFROVDXGHFODQúDUHDXUJHQĠHORUGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFăvQVFRSXO
SUHYHQLULLGLPLQXăULLúLOLFKLGăULLFRQVHFLQĠHORUDFHVWRUD
● carantină±UHVWULFĠLDDFWLYLWăĠLORUGHFLUFXODĠLHL]RODUHDúLVDXVHSDUDUHDGH
DOWHSHUVRDQHDSHUVRDQHORUVXVSHFWHGHDILLQIHFWDWHGDUFDUHQXVXQW
EROQDYHVDXDEDJDMHORUFRQWDLQHUHORUPLMORDFHORUGHWUDQVSRUWRULD
EXQXULORUVXVSHFWHGHDILFRQWDPLQDWHvQWURPDQLHUăFDUHVăSUHYLQă
SRVLELODUăVSkQGLUHDLQIHFĠLHLVDXFRQWDPLQăULL
● izolare±VHSDUDUHIL]LFăDXQXLLQGLYLGVDXDXQXLJUXSGHLQGLYL]LLQIHFWDĠL
VDX FDUH VH FRQVLGHUă vQED]DXQRUUDĠLRQDPHQWH D IL LQIHFWDĠLFX R
ERDOăFRQWDJLRDVăVDXSRVLELOFRQWDJLRDVăGHDOĠLLQGLYL]LvQYHGHUHD
SUHYHQLULLVDXOLPLWăULLWUDQVPLWHULLEROLLFăWUHLQGLYL]LLQHL]RODĠL
● gradul de pregătire pentru urgenţe de sănătate publică±FDSDELOLWDWHDVLVWH
PXOXLGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFăLQFOXVLYDVHUYLFLLORUGHVăQăWDWHDDXWRULWăĠLORU
DGPLQLVWUDĠLHL SXEOLFHFRPXQLWăĠLORU úLLQGLYL]LORU GH D SUHYHQLD VH
SURWHMDDUăVSXQGHUDSLGúLDVHUHVWDELOLvQXUPDXUJHQĠHORUGHVăQăWDWH
SXEOLFă
● supravegherea de stat a sănătăţii publice±DFWLYLWăĠLvQWUHSULQVHvQQXPHOH
VWDWXOXLRULHQWDWHVSUHFROHFWDUHDFRQWLQXăDQDOL]DLQWHUSUHWDUHDúLGL
IX]DUHDGDWHORUSULYLQGVWDUHDGHVăQăWDWHDSRSXODĠLHLúLIDFWRULLFDUHR
GHWHUPLQăSUHFXPúLDFWLYLWăĠLOHFRQWUROXOXLGHVWDWvQVăQăWDWHDSXEOLFă
vQED]DFăURUDVXQWLGHQWLILFDWHSULRULWăĠLOHGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFăúLLQVWLWX
LWHPăVXULGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFă
6WDWXODGRSWăXQFDGUXQRUPDWLYSULQFDUH
D VWDELOHúWHFDGUXOMXULGLFSULQFLSLLOHGHDFWLYLWDWHVWUXFWXUDILQDQĠDUHDDF
WLYLWăĠLOHGHED]ăúLDWULEXĠLLOHDFWRULORUREOLJDĠLLOHVSHFLDOLúWLORUúLGUHSWX
ULOHSHUVRQDOXOXLDXWRUL]DWFXGUHSWXOGHFRQWUROGHVWDWvQVăQăWDWHDSXEOLFă
E DVLJXUăVXSUDYHJKHUHDVăQăWăĠLLSXEOLFHSULQFRRUGRQDUHDúLPRQLWRUL]DUHD
HIRUWXULORUVRFLHWăĠLLvQGRPHQLXOYL]DW
F DVLJXUăDFFHVXOHFKLWDELOODVHUYLFLLOHGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFăSHQWUXWRĠLFHWăĠH
QLLĠăULLFXIRFXVDUHSHSUHYHQ‫܊‬LDSULPDUă‫܈‬LVHFXQGDUăUHLH‫܈‬LQGGLQQHFH
VLWă‫܊‬LOH SRSXOD‫܊‬LHL SULQ DERUGDUHD PXOWLGLVFLSOLQDUă úL LQWHUVHFWRULDOă FX R
GHOLPLWDUHFODUăDUHVSRQVDELOLWăĠLORUSULQOXDUHDGHFL]LLORUED]DWHSHGRYH]L
úWLLQĠLILFHúLVDXSHUHFRPDQGăULOHRUJDQLVPHORULQWHUQDĠLRQDOHFRPSHWHQWH
FXDSOLFDUHDSULQFLSLXOXLSUHFDXĠLHLvQFRQGLĠLLVSHFLILFH‫܈‬LDVLJXUDUHDWUDQ
VSDUHQĠHLGHFL]LRQDOHLQFOXVLYSULQXWLOL]DUHDWHKQRORJLLORULQIRUPDĠLRQDOH

 &DGUXOOHJDOQD‫܊‬LRQDOFXUHIHULUHODVXSUDYHJKHUHD‫܈‬LFRQWUROXOEROLORUWUDQ
VPLVLELOHLQFOXVLYD]RRQR]HORUHYHQLPHQWHORUGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFăDOHUWăSUHFRFH
‫܈‬LUăVSXQVHVWH DUPRQL]DW OD SUHYHGHULOHOHJLVOD‫܊‬LHL FRPXQLWDUH ‫܈‬LUHFRPDQGăULOH
RUJDQLVPHORULQWHUQD‫܊‬LRQDOHvQGRPHQLX

Organizarea activităților în urgențele de sănătate publică 

0LQLVWHUXO6ăQăWă‫܊‬LL06SULQLQWHUPHGLXO$JHQ‫܊‬LHL1D‫܊‬LRQDOHSHQWUX6ăQă
WDWH3XEOLFă$163GHĠLQHDGPLQLVWUHD]ăúLXWLOL]HD]ăVLVWHPXOGHDOHUWăSUHFRFH
úLGHUăVSXQVUDSLGSHQWUXSUHYHQLUHDFRQWUROXOEROLORUWUDQVPLVLELOHúLHYHQLPHQ
WHORUGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFăFDSDUWHLQWHJUDWăDVLVWHPXOXLQDĠLRQDOGHVXSUDYHJKHUH
úLGHFRQWURODOEROLORUWUDQVPLVLELOHúLHYHQLPHQWHORUGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFăvQFRQ
IRUPLWDWH FX SUHYHGHULOH 5HJXODPHQWXOXL DSUREDW SULQ +RWăUkUHD *XYHUQXOXL
1UGLQQRLHPEULHÄ&XSULYLUHODFODVLILFDUHDVLWXDĠLLORUH[FHSĠLRQDOH
úLODPRGXOGHDFXPXODUHúLSUH]HQWDUHDLQIRUPDĠLLORUvQGRPHQLXOSURWHFĠLHLSRSX
ODĠLHLúLWHULWRULXOXLvQFD]GHVLWXDĠLLH[FHSĠLRQDOH´
$163PRQLWRUL]HD]ăSHULFROHOHSHQWUXVăQăWDWHDSXEOLFăHYDOXHD]ăULVFXULOH
GH GHFODQúDUH D XUJHQĠHORU GH VăQăWDWH SXEOLFă DVLJXUă QRWLILFDUHD 2UJDQL]DĠLHL
0RQGLDOHD6ăQăWăĠLL206SULYLQGSHULFROXOVDXGHFODQ‫܈‬DUHDXUJHQ‫܊‬HORUGHVăQă
WDWHSXEOLFăGHLPSRUWDQ‫܊‬ăLQWHUQD‫܊‬LRQDOăúLODQHFHVLWDWHGHFODUăVWDUHDGHDOHUWă
0LQLVWHUXO6ăQăWă‫܊‬LL0LQLVWHUXO$IDFHULORU,QWHUQH0LQLVWHUXO$JULFXOWX
ULL 0LQLVWHUXO )LQDQĠHORU SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO LQVWLWXĠLLORU VXERUGRQDWH $JHQĠLD
1DĠLRQDOă SHQWUX 6LJXUDQĠD $OLPHQWHORU vQ OLPLWHOH FRPSHWHQĠHORU DVLJXUă
VFKLPEXOGHLQIRUPDĠLLGHVSUHSURGXFHUHDSHWHULWRULXOĠăULLDHYHQLPHQWHORUFH
SRWLQIOXHQĠDVăQăWDWHDSXEOLFăvQFRQIRUPLWDWHFXSUHYHGHULOHUHJOHPHQWDWHvQ
FDGUXOQRUPDWLYvQYLJRDUH
$JHQ‫܊‬LD1D‫܊‬LRQDOăSHQWUX6LJXUDQ‫܊‬D$OLPHQWHORU6HUYLFLXO9DPDO'HSDU
WDPHQWXO3ROL‫܊‬LHLGH)URQWLHUă6HUYLFLXO+LGURPHWHRURORJLFGH6WDW,QVSHFWRUD
WXO(FRORJLFGH6WDW$JHQĠLD1DĠLRQDOăGH5HJOHPHQWDUHD$FWLYLWăĠLORU1XFOHDUH
úL5DGLRORJLFH,QVWLWXĠLLOHPHGLFRVDQLWDUHODERUDWRDUHOHPHGLFDOHLQGLIHUHQWGH
WLSXOGHSURSULHWDWHúLIRUPDMXULGLFăGHRUJDQL]DUH
 $VLJXUăGHWHFWDUHDHYLGHQĠDEROLORUWUDQVPLVLELOHúLHYHQLPHQWHORUGHVă
QăWDWHSXEOLFăvQOLPLWHOHFRPSHWHQĠHORU
 5DSRUWHD]ăvQSULPHOHRUHGHODGHSLVWDUHGDWHOHGLVSRQLELOHLQFOXVLY
QRPLQDOHGHVSUHFD]XULOHVXVSHFWHúLFRQILUPDWHGHEROLWUDQVPLVLELOHúLHYH
QLPHQWHGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFăvQ6LVWHPXOLQIRUPDĠLRQDODXWRPDWL]DWED]ăGH
GDWHHOHFWURQLFăGH‫܊‬LQXWăGH$163SULYLQGVXSUDYHJKHUHDúLFRQWUROXOER
OLORUWUDQVPLVLELOHúLHYHQLPHQWHORUGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFă‫܈‬LSULQID[WHOHIRQ
HPDLO LQIRUPHD]ă $JHQ‫܊‬LD 1D‫܊‬LRQDOă GH 6ăQăWDWH 3XEOLFă FRQIRUP +*
1UGLQ5HJXODPHQWXOSULYLQGVLVWHPXOGHDOHUWăSUHFRFH
úLUăVSXQVUDSLGSHQWUXSUHYHQLUHDFRQWUROXOEROLORUWUDQVPLVLELOHúLHYHQL
PHQWHORUGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFă

$BQJUPMVM
*9

$163FROHFWHD]ăGDWHOHGHVSUHEROLOHWUDQVPLVLELOH‫܈‬LHYHQLPHQWHOHGHVă
QăWDWH SXEOLFă HYDOXHD]ăULVFXOSHQWUXVăQăWDWHDSXEOLFăúL‫܊‬LQkQG FRQW GH GL
PHQVLXQLOHHYHQLPHQWXOXLSURSXQHPăVXULFRRUGRQDWHGHUăVSXQV7RWRGDWăVH
HYDOXHD]ăHYHQLPHQWHOHGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFăFRQIRUPSUHYHGHULORU$OJRULWPXOXL
GH DGRSWDUH D GHFL]LHL SHQWUX HYDOXDUHD úL QRWLILFDUHD HYHQLPHQWHORU FDUH SRW
FRQVWLWXL SHULFRO SHQWUX VăQăWDWHD SXEOLFă vQFRQWLQXDUH ± DOJRULWP H[SXVvQ
DQH[DQUOD5HJXODPHQWXOXL6DQLWDU,QWHUQDĠLRQDO56,
06DVLJXUăVFKLPEXOGHLQIRUPDĠLLFXLQVWLWXĠLLOHVLVWHPXOXLGHVăQăWDWH
DXWRULWăĠLOHFRPSHWHQWHGHDSOLFDUHDPăVXULORUGHUăVSXQVODQLYHOQDĠLRQDOWHUL
WRULDOúLvQSXQFWHOHGHWUHFHUHDIURQWLHUHLFXPLQLVWHUHOHúLGHSDUWDPHQWHOHLQWH
UHVDWH206úLDOWHLQVWLWXĠLLLQWHUQDĠLRQDOHGLQGRPHQLX

Măsuri privind detectarea şi notificarea urgenţelor

de sănătate publică
/LVWDEROLORU úL OLVWDSUREOHPHORUGHVăQăWDWHFDUH vQWUXQHVFFULWHULLOH GH
XUJHQĠăGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFăVHDSUREăGH0LQLVWHUXO6ăQăWă‫܊‬LL
0HFDQLVPXOGHGHWHFWDUHúLGHQRWLILFDUHDXUJHQĠHORUGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFă
HVWHVWDELOLWGH0LQLVWHUXO6ăQăWă‫܊‬LLúLLQFOXGHFHOSXĠLQ
● GHWHFWDUHD úL QRWLILFDUHD GH FăWUH XQ OXFUăWRU PHGLFDO D FD]XULORU GH
ERDOăFHvQWUXQHVFFULWHULLOHGHXUJHQĠăGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFă
● GHWHFWDUHDúLQRWLILFDUHDGHFăWUHXQFRQGXFăWRUGHODERUDWRULQGLIHUHQW
GHIRUPDGHSURSULHWDWHúLVXERUGRQDUHDXQRUFD]XULGHvPEROQăYLUHD
SHUVRDQHORUVDXLGHQWLILFDUHDXQRUDJHQĠLELRORJLFLFKLPLFLVDXUDGLROR
JLFLFDUHvQWUXQHVFFULWHULLOHGHXUJHQĠăGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFă
● GHWHFWDUHD úL QRWLILFDUHD GH FăWUH XQ IDUPDFLVW D FD]XULORU GH FRQVXP
QHRELúQXLWVDXH[FHVLYGHPHGLFDPHQWHSHQWUXEROLúLSUREOHPHGHVă
QăWDWHFDUHvQWUXQHVFFULWHULLOHGHXUJHQĠăGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFă
● GHWHFWDUHDúLQRWLILFDUHDGHFăWUHXQVSHFLDOLVWYHWHULQDUXQFRQGXFăWRU
GHODERUDWRUYHWHULQDUXQSRVHVRUGHDQLPDOHVDXXQvQJULMLWRUGHDQL
PDOHDFD]XULORUGHvPEROQăYLUHDDQLPDOHORUFDUHvQWUXQHVFFULWHULLOH
GHXUJHQĠăGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFă
0HFDQLVPXOGHLQYHVWLJDUHDXUJHQĠHORUGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFăHVWHVWDELOLWGH0L
QLVWHUXO6ăQăWă‫܊‬LLúLLQFOXGHFHOSXĠLQ
● YHULILFDUHD HYHQLPHQWXOXL QRWLILFDW SHQWUX D VWDELOL GDFă UHSUH]LQWă R
XUJHQĠăGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFă
● LQYHVWLJDUHDFD]XULORUGHERDOăvQYHGHUHDVWDELOLULLVXUVHLSHULFROXOXLúL
UHFRPDQGăULLPăVXULORUGHFRQWUROOLPLWDUHDHYHQLPHQWXOXLSULQ
D LGHQWLILFDUHDLQGLYL]LORU
E LQWHUYLHYDUHDLQGLYL]LORU
F H[DPLQDUHDvQFăSHULORUVSDĠLLORURELHFWHORUúLPDWHULDOHORU
● FRPXQLFDUHDLQIRUPDĠLHLSULYLQGXUJHQĠDGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFăGHFăWUHDX
WRULWDWHDFRPSHWHQWăSHQWUXVXSUDYHJKHUHDVăQăWăĠLLSXEOLFHDXWRULWăĠLORU
GHVăQăWDWHDOWRUDXWRULWăĠLDOHDGPLQLVWUDĠLHLSXEOLFHORFDOHVDXFHQWUDOH
 úLSRSXODĠLHLOLPLWkQGRODWLSXOúLYROXPXOQHFHVDUSHQWUXSUHYHQLUHDER
OLLWUDWDPHQWXOHLSHQWUXFRQWUROXOúLVXSUDYHJKHUHDSHULFROXOXL

Evaluarea riscului de declanşare a urgenţei de sănătate publică 

$XWRULWăĠLOHFRPSHWHQWHSHQWUXVXSUDYHJKHUHDVăQăWăĠLLSXEOLFHHYDOXHD]ă
vQSHUPDQHQĠăULVFXULOHGHGHFODQúDUHDXUJHQĠHORUGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFă
(YDOXDUHDULVFXULORUGHGHFODQúDUHDXUJHQĠHLGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFăVHHIHFWX
HD]ăvQED]DXQRU GRYH]LDUJXPHQWDWHúWLLQĠLILFLDUvQOLSVDDFHVWRUD VHDSOLFă
SULQFLSLXOSUHFDXĠLHL
ÌQED]DHYDOXăULLULVFXULORUGHGHFODQúDUHDXUJHQĠHLGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFăDXWR
ULWăĠLOHUHVSRQVDELOHGHVăQăWDWHOHFODVLILFăSHFDWHJRULLGHDOHUWăGXSăFXPXUPHD]ă
● alertă cu cod galben±ULVFSRVLELOGHGHFODQúDUHDXQHLXUJHQĠHGHVă
QăWDWHSXEOLFă
● alertă cu cod portocaliu±ULVFSUREDELOGHGHFODQúDUHDXQHLXUJHQĠHGH
VăQăWDWHSXEOLFă
● alertă cu cod roşu±ULVFLPLQHQWGHGHFODQúDUHDXQHLXUJHQĠHGHVăQăWDWH
SXEOLFă
$XWRULWăĠLOHFRPSHWHQWHSHQWUXVXSUDYHJKHUHDVăQăWăĠLLSXEOLFHFRPXQLFă
FDWHJRULDGHDOHUWăSULYLQGULVFXOGHGHFODQúDUHDXUJHQĠHLGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFă
FRQIRUPSURFHGXULLDSUREDWHGHJXYHUQ

Declararea stării de urgenţă în sănătatea publică.

6WDUHDGHXUJHQĠăvQVăQăWDWHDSXEOLFăVHGHFODUăGHFăWUH&RPLVLDQDĠLRQDOă
H[WUDRUGLQDUăGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFăODQLYHOGHJXYHUQúLVDXGH&RPLVLDWHULWRUL
DOăH[WUDRUGLQDUăGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFăODQLYHOGHUDLRQPXQLFLSLXODSURSXQHUHD
06GLUHFWRUXOXL$163VDXDFRQGXFăWRULORUFHQWUHORUGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFă&63
UHVSRQVDELOHSHQWUXWHULWRULXOUHVSHFWLY
6WDUHDGHXUJHQĠăvQVăQăWDWHDSXEOLFăHVWHGHFODUDWăSULQHPLWHUHDXQHLKR
WăUkULD&RPLVLHLQDĠLRQDOHH[WUDRUGLQDUHGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFăVDXDXQHLFRPLVLL
WHULWRULDOHH[WUDRUGLQDUHGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFă
+RWăUkUHDGHGHFODUDUHDVWăULLGHXUJHQĠăvQVăQăWDWHDSXEOLFăYDLQFOXGH
 'HVFULHUHDQDWXULLXUJHQĠHLGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFă
 6SHFLILFDUHDXQLWăĠLLWHULWRULDOHDGPLQLVWUDWLYHVDXJHRJUDILFHFDUHFRQ
VWLWXLHVXELHFWXODFHVWHLKRWăUkUL
 &RQGLĠLLOHFDUHDXGXVODGHFODQúDUHDXUJHQĠHLGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFă
 'XUDWDGHWLPSSHQWUXFDUHVHLQVWLWXLHVWDUHDGHXUJHQĠăvQVăQăWDWHD
SXEOLFă
 $XWRULWDWHDFRPSHWHQWăSHQWUXVXSUDYHJKHUHDVăQăWăĠLLSXEOLFHUHVSRQ
VDELOăGHJHVWLRQDUHDXUJHQĠHLGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFă
'HFODUDUHDVWăULLGHXUJHQĠăvQVăQăWDWHDSXEOLFăLPSOLFăSXQHUHDvQDFĠLXQH
DSODQXULORUGHPăVXULGHUăVSXQVODQLYHOQDĠLRQDOUHJLRQDOORFDOvQXQLWăĠLOH
WHULWRULDOHDGPLQLVWUDWLYHVDXJHRJUDILFHDIHFWDWHLQFOXVLY
$BQJUPMVM
*9

● PRELOL]DUHDIRUĠHORUúLUHVXUVHORUQHFHVDUHSHQWUXUHDOL]DUHDPăVXUL
ORUGHUăVSXQV
● GLVWULEXLUHD úL XWLOL]DUHD RULFăURU EXQXUL HFKLSDPHQWH úL PDWHULDOH
VWRFDWHVDXGLVSRQLELOHvQDFHVWVFRS
ÌQSHULRDGDVWăULLGHXUJHQĠăvQVăQăWDWHDSXEOLFă&RPLVLDQDĠLRQDOăH[WUD
RUGLQDUăGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFăVDX&RPLVLDWHULWRULDOăH[WUDRUGLQDUăGHVăQăWDWHSX
EOLFăDUHGUHSWXO
● VăFUHH]HFRQGLĠLLVSHFLDOHGHDFWLYLWDWHGHYLDĠăúLGHSODVDUHSHQWUX
SHUVRDQHOHIL]LFHúLMXULGLFH
● VăXWLOL]H]HWRDWHUHVXUVHOHúLPLMORDFHOHGLVSRQLELOHSHQWUXRUJDQL
]DUHDPăVXULORUGHUăVSXQV
● VăVROLFLWHDMXWRUXODXWRULWăĠLORUFHQWUDOHVDXDODXWRULWăĠLORUORFDOHvQ
XQHOHFD]XULDMXWRUGHODGRQDWRULLVWUăLQL
$XWRULWDWHDFRPSHWHQWăSHQWUXVXSUDYHJKHUHDVăQăWăĠLLSXEOLFHUHVSRQVD
ELOăGHJHVWLRQDUHDXUJHQĠHLGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFăDVLJXUăFRRUGRQDUHDWXWXURUDV
SHFWHORU OHJDWH GH LPSOHPHQWDUHD SODQXOXL PăVXULORU GH UăVSXQV OD XUJHQĠD GH
VăQăWDWHSXEOLFăDYkQGGUHSWXOúLREOLJDĠLDSHQWUX
D SURJQRVWLFDUHDúLHYDOXDUHDXUJHQĠHLGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFă
E HODERUDUHDSURSXQHULORUSHQWUXDVLJXUDUHDXQXLJUDGDGHFYDWGHSUHJă
WLUHSHQWUXXUJHQĠDGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFă
F FRQVXOWDUHDSURSXQHULORUSULYLQGDVLJXUDUHDJUDGXOXLDGHFYDWGHSUHJă
WLUHSHQWUXXUJHQĠDGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFăFXDXWRULWăĠLOHORFDOHúLFHQWUDOH
G FRODERUDUHDFXDXWRULWăĠLOHSXEOLFHFHQWUDOHúLDXWRULWăĠLOHDGPLQLVWUDĠLHL
SXEOLFHORFDOHFXRUJDQL]DĠLLOHGHVWDWúLSULYDWHSHQWUXDVLJXUDUHDJUD
GXOXLDGHFYDWGHSUHJăWLUHSHQWUXXUJHQĠDGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFă
H RUJDQL]DUHDDFĠLXQLORUGHLQIRUPDUHDSXEOLFXOXLSULYLQGXUJHQĠDGHVă
QăWDWHSXEOLFăúLPăVXULOHvQWUHSULQVHVDXFDUHWUHEXLHvQWUHSULQVHSHQWUX
DVLJXUDUHDXQXLJUDGDGHFYDWGHSUHJăWLUHSHQWUXXUJHQĠDGHVăQăWDWHSX
EOLFă
$XWRULWDWHDFRPSHWHQWăSHQWUXVXSUDYHJKHUHDVăQăWăĠLLSXEOLFHUHVSRQVDELOă
GHJHVWLRQDUHDXUJHQĠHLGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFăDVLJXUăLPSOHPHQWDUHDXQXLVLVWHPGH
LGHQWLILFDUHFODUăDSHUVRQDOXOXLGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFăDQWUHQDWvQDFWLYLWăĠLOHGHUăV
SXQVúLDQXPH
D VLVWHPXOGHLGHQWLILFDUHYDLQFOXGHGDUQXVHYDOLPLWDODLQVFULSĠLLVSH
FLDOHvQVHPQHVSHFLDOHvPEUăFăPLQWHVSHFLDOă
E SHUVRQDOXO GH VăQăWDWH SXEOLFă DQWUHQDWvQ DFWLYLWăĠLOH GH UăVSXQV HVWH
REOLJDWVăSRDUWHvQSXEOLFvQVHPQHOHVLVWHPXOXLGHLGHQWLILFDUHVWDELOLW
3HSHULRDGDVWăULLGHXUJHQĠăvQVăQăWDWHDSXEOLFăDXWRULWDWHDFRPSHWHQWă
SHQWUXVXSUDYHJKHUHDVăQăWăĠLLSXEOLFHUHVSRQVDELOăGHJHVWLRQDUHDXUJHQĠHLDUH
GUHSWXOVăVROLFLWHDMXWRUXOSROLĠLHLVDXDODOWRUDXWRULWăĠLUHVSRQVDELOHGHVHFXULWD
WHDSXEOLFăvQYHGHUHDDSOLFăULLOHJLL
 Anularea stării de urgenţă în sănătatea publică 
$QXODUHDVWăULLGHXUJHQĠăvQVăQăWDWHDSXEOLFăVHGHFODUăGHFăWUH&RPLVLD
QDĠLRQDOăH[WUDRUGLQDUăGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFăúLVDX&RPLVLDWHULWRULDOăH[WUDRUGL
QDUăGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFăODSURSXQHUHDGLUHFWRUXOXL$163VDXDFRQGXFăWRUXOXL
&63WHULWRULDOGLQWHULWRULXOUHVSHFWLY
6WDUHDGHXUJHQĠăvQVăQăWDWHDSXEOLFăVHDQXOHD]ăSULQHPLWHUHDXQHLKRWă
UkULD&RPLVLHLQDĠLRQDOHH[WUDRUGLQDUHGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFăVDXD&RPLVLHLWHULWR
ULDOHH[WUDRUGLQDUHGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFăFDUHDGHFODUDWDFHDVWăVWDUH
+RWăUkUHDGHDQXODUHDVWăULLGHXUJHQĠăvQVăQăWDWHDSXEOLFăYDLQFOXGH
 'HVFULHUHDQDWXULLXUJHQĠHLGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFă
 6SHFLILFDUHDXQLWăĠLLWHULWRULDOHDGPLQLVWUDWLYHVDXJHRJUDILFHFDUHFRQVWL
WXLHVXELHFWXODFHVWHLKRWăUkUL
 &RQGLĠLLOHFDUHIDFSRVLELOăDQXODUHDVWăULLGHXUJHQĠăvQVăQăWDWHDSXEOLFă
 'DWDODFDUHLQWUăvQYLJRDUHDQXODUHDVWăULLGHXUJHQĠăvQVăQăWDWHDSXEOLFă

Împuterniciri speciale pe perioada stării de urgenţă

în sănătatea publică 
ÌQSHULRDGDVWăULLGHXUJHQĠăvQVăQăWDWHDSXEOLFăDXWRULWDWHDFRPSHWHQWă
SHQWUXVXSUDYHJKHUHDVăQăWăĠLLSXEOLFHUHVSRQVDELOăGHJHVWLRQDUHDXUJHQĠHLDUH
GUHSWXOVăVROLFLWH
D PăVXULGHXUJHQĠăUHIHULWRDUHODvQFăSHULúLPDWHULDOHSUHFXPvQFKLGHUHD
GHFRQWDPLQDUHDVDXGLVWUXJHUHDDFHVWRUDvQFD]XOvQFDUHHOHSUH]LQWăXQ
SHULFROLPLQHQWSHQWUXVăQăWDWHDSXEOLFă
E DVLJXUDUHD DFFHVXOXL ODvQFăSHUL SURSULHWăĠL FăL GH DFFHV úLVSDĠLLSX
EOLFHSUHFXPúLFRQWUROXODFHVWRUD
F GLVSXQHUHDGLVWUXJHULLvQVLJXUDQĠăDGHúHXULORUSHULFXORDVH
G SURFXUDUHDGHXUJHQĠăúLGLVWULEXLUHDLPXQRJOREXOLQHORUVHUXULORUYDF
FLQXULORUúLDDOWRUSURGXVHQHFHVDUHSHQWUXLPXQL]DUHúLSURILOD[LDER
OLORU GH DVHPHQHDD DQWLELRWLFHORU úL DSUHSDUDWHORUDQWLPLFURELHQH D
VkQJHOXLGHULYDWHORUGLQVkQJHúLDDOWRUSURGXVHQHFHVDUHSHQWUXFRQ
WUROXOXUJHQĠHLGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFă
H SULRULWL]DUHDvQFD]GHLQVXILFLHQĠăDSURGXVHORUúLDPLMORDFHORUSHQWUX
FRQWUROXOXUJHQĠHLGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFăDQHFHVDUXOXLGHDFHVWHSURGXVH
úLPLMORDFHUHJOHPHQWDUHDFRQVXPXOXLORUSULQLQVWLWXLUHDXQRUUHVWULFĠLL
úLVWDELOLUHDGHFRWHGLVWULEXLUHDúLWUDQVSRUWXOSURGXVHORUvQFDX]ă
I LGHQWLILFDUHDJUXSXULORUSULRULWDUHGHSRSXODĠLHFDUHYRUILDFRSHULWHGH
PăVXULGHSURWHFĠLHúLFRQWURODOULVFXULORU

Împuterniciri speciale referitoare la persoane 

ÌQ SHULRDGD VWăULL GH XUJHQĠă vQ VăQăWDWHD SXEOLFă DXWRULWDWHD FRPSHWHQWă
SHQWUXVXSUDYHJKHUHDVăQăWăĠLLSXEOLFHUHVSRQVDELOăGHJHVWLRQDUHDXUJHQĠHLSRDWH
VăGLVSXQă
D HIHFWXDUHDH[DPHQHORUPHGLFDOHúLVDXDWHVWăULORU
 $BQJUPMVM
*9

E YDFFLQDUHDúLVDXWUDWDPHQWXOSUHYHQWLY
F L]RODUHDúLVDXFDUDQWLQDXQHLSHUVRDQHVDXDXQXLJUXSGHSHUVRDQHLQ
FOXVLYDDFHORUDFDUHQXDXXUPDWSUHVFULSĠLLOHSULYLQGHIHFWXDUHDH[DPH
QHORUPHGLFDOHWHVWăULORUYDFFLQăULLRULDWUDWDPHQWXOXLSUHYHQWLYVDXD
DFHORUDFDUHDXLQWUDWIăUăDXWRUL]DĠLHvQ]RQDVXSXVăL]ROăULLFDUDQWLQHL
G LQVWLWXLUHDUHJXOLORUGHLQWUDUHvQLHúLUHGLQ]RQDVXSXVăL]ROăULLVDXFD
UDQWLQHL

Clasificarea riscurilor pentru securitatea națională în funcție de:

,Relevanța riscurilorODDGUHVDVHFXULWă‫܊‬LLQD‫܊‬LRQDOHSHGLPHQVLXQHDDVLJXUăULL
VHFXULWă‫܊‬LLXPDQH‫܈‬LDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLSRSXOD‫܊‬LHL
D 5LVFXULOHELRORJLFH
E 5LVFXULOHFKLPLFH
F 5LVFXULOHUDGLRORJLFH‫܈‬LQXFOHDUH
,,Relevanța amenințărilorODDGUHVDVHFXULWă‫܊‬LLQD‫܊‬LRQDOHSHGLPHQVLXQHDDVL
JXUăULLVHFXULWă‫܊‬LLXPDQH‫܈‬LDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLSRSXOD‫܊‬LHL
D (PHUJHQ‫܊‬D‫܈‬LUHHPHUJHQ‫܊‬DPDODGLLORULQIHF‫܊‬LRDVH
E $FFLGHQWHOHFKLPLFH
F 8WLOL]DUHD‫܈‬LSăVWUDUHDLQFRUHFWăDSURGXVHORUFKLPLFHLQFOXVLY38))
G &RPHUFLDOL]DUHDSURGXVHORUFKLPLFHGHFăWUHSHUVRDQHOHQHDXWRUL]DWH
H 6FKLPEăULOHFRQGL‫܊‬LLORUFOLPDWHULFHLQXQGD‫܊‬LLWHPSHUDWXULULGLFDWHHWF
I 5LVFXOGHDFKL]LĠLRQDUHúLUăVSkQGLUHQHDXWRUL]DWăDPDWHULDOHORUUDGLR
ORJLFHúLQXFOHDUH51VDXDWHKQRORJLLORUSHUWLQHQWHSUROLIHUăULLDUPH
ORU51
J $VFHQGHQĠDIHQRPHQXOXLGHWUDILFLOLFLWFXPDWHULDOHQXFOHDUHúLUDGLRDF
WLYH
K ,QVXILFLHQĠDúLVXEDSUHFLHUHDSURWHFĠLHLIL]LFHLQFOXVLYDVHFXULWăĠLLFLEHU
QHWLFHDRELHFWLYHORU51DLQIUDVWUXFWXULLFULWLFHGLQVHFWRUXOLQGXVWULHL
UDGLRORJLFHúLQXFOHDUH
L 3UH]HQĠDULVFXOXLSURYHQLWGHODVXUVHOHUDGLRDFWLYHRUIDQHVDXQHGHFODUDWH
,,,Relevanța vulnerabilitățilorODDGUHVDVHFXULWă‫܊‬LLQD‫܊‬LRQDOHSHGLPHQVLXQHDDVL
JXUăULLVHFXULWă‫܊‬LLXPDQH‫܈‬LDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLSRSXOD‫܊‬LHL
D $VLJXUDUHDLQVXILFLHQWăDVLVWHPXOXLPHGLFDOFXVSHFLDOL‫܈‬WL
E ,PSRVLELOLWDWHD SURQRVWLFăULL WLPSXOXL ‫܈‬L ORFXOXL DSDUL‫܊‬LHL PDODGLLORU
HPHUJHQWH‫܈‬LUHHPHUJHQWH
F /LSVDGLVFLSOLQHLVLJXUDQ‫܊‬HLFKLPLFH‫܈‬LWR[LFRORJLHLvQVWXGLLOHSRVWXQL
YHUVLWDUH
G 3URFHVXOGLILFLOGHDFUHGLWDUHDODERUDWRUXOXLÄWR[LFRORJLHH[SHULPHQWDOă
FXYLYDULX´
H /LSVD DFWXOXL QRUPDWLY LQWHUVHFWRULDO FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD]ă DF‫܊‬LXQLOH vQ
FD]XULOHDFFLGHQWHORUFKLPLFH
I ,QVXILFLHQ‫܊‬DHFKLSDPHQWHORUGHSURWHF‫܊‬LHLQGLYLGXDOHvQFD]XODFFLGHQ
WXOXLFKLPLF
 J &DSDFLWăĠLOHUHGXVHSHQWUXDVLJXUDUHDXQXLFRQWUROHILFLHQWDOWUDILFXOXLGH
PăUIXULODFRPSDUWLPHQWXOPDWHULDOHORU51ODIURQWLHUDGHVWDWSUHFXP
úL]RQDvQWUHUHJLXQLOHGHSHDPEHOHPDOXULDOHUkXOXL1LVWUX
K 1LYHOXOLQDGHFYDWGH SUHJăWLUH ‫܈‬L D FXOWXULLVHFXULWăĠLL IL]LFH QXFOHDUH D
SHUVRQDOXOXLvQFDGUDWvQDFWLYLWăĠLFXPDWHULDOHQXFOHDUHúLUDGLRDFWLYH
L $EVHQĠDFRQGLĠLLORURSWLPHGHSHUIHFĠLRQDUHDUHVSRQVDELOLORUGHXWLOL]DUH
vQ VLJXUDQ‫܊‬ăDPDWHULDOHORUQXFOHDUHúLUDGLRDFWLYHGLQFDGUXOHQWLWăĠLORU
DXWRUL]DWH
M 3URFHVXOGLILFLOGHDFUHGLWDUHDODERUDWRDUHORUGHH[SHUWL]ăQXFOHDUă
N 1HFRUHVSXQGHUHD SHQDOLWăĠLORU DGPLQLVWUDWLYH úL UăVSXQGHULL SHQDOH
SUHYă]XWHGHFDGUXOOHJDOH[LVWHQWvQFRQH[LXQHFXJUDYLWDWHDFULPHORU
VăYkU‫܈‬LWHGLQDFHVWGRPHQLX

Asigurarea unui grad adecvat de pregătire pentru urgenţele

de sănătate publică 
ÌQVFRSXODVLJXUăULLXQXLJUDGDGHFYDWGHSUHJăWLUHSHQWUXXUJHQĠHOHGHVăQă
WDWHSXEOLFăPDLPXO‫܊‬LDFWRULDXREOLJD‫܊‬LXQL‫܈‬LUHVSRQVDELOLWă‫܊‬LFRQFUHWHUHJOHPHQWDWH
GHDFWHOHQRUPDWLYHvQYLJRDUHFDUHILLQGH[HFXWDWH‫܈‬LLPSOHPHQWDWHDUPLQLPL]D
VDXFRQWUDFDUDULVFXULOHSHQWUXVHFXULWDWHDQD‫܊‬LRQDOă.
$VWIHOGuvernulVHIDFHUHVSRQVDELO‫܈‬LDUHvPSXWHUQLFLULOH‫܈‬LREOLJD‫܊‬LXQLOHVă
 LQVWLWXLH&RPLVLDQDĠLRQDOăH[WUDRUGLQDUăGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFă
 DSUREăUHJXODPHQWXOGHDFWLYLWDWHD&RPLVLHLQDĠLRQDOHH[WUDRUGLQDUHGH
VăQăWDWHSXEOLFă
 H[DPLQHD]ăvQFDGUXO&RPLVLHLQDĠLRQDOHH[WUDRUGLQDUHGHVăQăWDWHSX
EOLFăJUDGXOGHSUHJăWLUHSHQWUXXUJHQĠHOHGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFăFRQIRUP
OHJLVODĠLHLúLODSURSXQHUHD0LQLVWHUXOXL6ăQăWă‫܊‬LL
 DSUREăODQLYHOQDĠLRQDOSODQXULGHPăVXULSHQWUXDVLJXUDUHDXQXLJUDG
DGHFYDWGHSUHJăWLUHSHQWUXXUJHQĠHOHGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFă
 GHFLGHLQWURGXFHUHDVXVSHQGDUHDVDXDQXODUHDPăVXULORUGHL]RODUHúLVDX
FDUDQWLQă OD QLYHO QDĠLRQDO úL DO XQLWăĠLORU DGPLQLVWUDWLYWHULWRULDOH vQ
ED]DSURSXQHULORU0LQLVWHUXOXL6ăQăWă‫܊‬LL
Autorităţile administraţiei publice locale
 LQVWLWXLH&RPLVLLWHULWRULDOHH[WUDRUGLQDUHGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFă
 DSUREă UHJXODPHQWXO GHDFWLYLWDWH D&RPLVLHL WHULWRULDOH H[WUDRUGLQDUH
GHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFă
 H[DPLQHD]ă vQ FDGUXO &RPLVLHL WHULWRULDOH H[WUDRUGLQDUH GH VăQăWDWH
SXEOLFăJUDGXOGHSUHJăWLUHSHQWUXXUJHQĠHOHGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFăvQFRQ
IRUPLWDWHFXOHJLVODĠLDFXKRWăUkULOH &RPLVLHLQDĠLRQDOH H[WUDRUGLQDUH
GHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFăúLFXSURSXQHULOHDXWRULWăĠLORUFRPSHWHQWHSHQWUXVX
SUDYHJKHUHDVăQăWăĠLLSXEOLFH
 DSUREăODQLYHOWHULWRULDOSODQXULGHPăVXULSHQWUXDVLJXUDUHDXQXLJUDG
DGHFYDWGHSUHJăWLUHSHQWUXXUJHQĠHOHGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFă
$BQJUPMVM
*9

 GHFLGLQWURGXFHUHDVXVSHQGDUHDVDXDQXODUHDPăVXULORUGHL]RODUHúLVDX
FDUDQWLQăODQLYHOGHORFDOLWDWHVDXFRPXQLWDWHvQED]DSURSXQHULORUDX
WRULWăĠLORUFRPSHWHQWHSHQWUXVXSUDYHJKHUHDVăQăWăĠLLSXEOLFH
Autorităţile competente pentru supravegherea sănătăţii publice PLQLVWHUHOH
$JHQ‫܊‬LLOHGHUHVRUWLQFOXVLY$163FXVWUXFWXULOHVXERUGRQDWH‫܈‬DRUJDQL]HD]ă
DFWLYLWăĠLGHDVLJXUDUHDJUDGXOXLDGHFYDWGHSUHJăWLUHSHQWUXXUJHQĠHOHGHVăQă
WDWHSXEOLFăFDUHLQFOXGGDUQXVHOLPLWHD]ăOD
 HYDOXDUHD SHULFROHORU FH SRW FDX]D XUJHQĠH GH VăQăWDWH SXEOLFă úL
SURJQR]DUHDFRQVHFLQĠHORUDFHVWRUD
 SODQLILFDUHDPăVXULORUGHSUHYHQLUHGLPLQXDUHUăVSXQV úL OLFKLGDUH D
FRQVHFLQĠHORUXUJHQĠHORUGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFă
 VXSUDYHJKHUHDSHUPDQHQWăSULQLQWHUPHGLXOLQYHVWLJDĠLLORUHSLGHPLROR
JLFHúLDFHORUGHODERUDWRUvQVFRSXOGHSLVWăULLúLLGHQWLILFăULLSUHFRFHD
IDFWRULORUFHSRWFDX]DGHFODQúDUHDXUJHQĠHORUGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFă
 GHSLVWDUHDSUHFRFHORFDOL]DUHDL]RODUHDúLOLFKLGDUHDIRFDUHORUXUJHQĠHORU
GHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFăFXLQVWLWXLUHDvQFD]GHQHFHVLWDWHDXQRUUHJLPXUL
UHVWULFWLYH
 SODQLILFDUHD RUJDQL]DUHD úL HIHFWXDUHD PăVXULORU SURILODFWLFH GH SUR
WHFĠLHDSRSXODĠLHLYDFFLQDUHDWUDWDPHQWXOSURILODFWLFGH]LQIHFĠLDHWF
 DFRUGDUHDDVLVWHQĠHLPHGLFDOHSRSXODĠLHLDIHFWDWHGHLPSDFWXOXUJHQĠHORU
GHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFă
 FUHDUHDLQVWUXLUHDúLPHQĠLQHUHDvQVWDUHGHSUHJăWLUHSHUPDQHQWăDHFKL
SHORUGHUăVSXQVvQFD]XOXUJHQĠHORUGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFă
 FUHDUHDúLPHQĠLQHUHDUH]HUYHORUGHPDWHULDOHPHGLFRVDQLWDUH
 LQVWUXLUHDúLLQIRUPDUHDSRSXODĠLHLSULYLQGSHULFROHOHFăLOHGHSUHYHQLUH
úLUHJXOLOHGHFRPSRUWDPHQWvQFD]XOXUJHQĠHORUGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFă
Agenția Națională pentru Sănătate Publică$163
D 3UHJăWLUHDSHUVRQDOXOXLGLQ&63WHULWRULDOHvQGRPHQLXOVLJXUDQ‫܊‬HLELR
ORJLFHFKLPLFH‫܈‬LUDGLRORJLFH
E 3UHJăWLUHD SHUVRQDOXOXL GLQ LQVWLWX‫܊‬LLOH PHGLFDOH SHQWUX UăVSXQV OD XU
JHQ‫܊‬HELRORJLFHFKLPLFH‫܈‬LUDGLRORJLFH
F 'RWDUHDIRUPDĠLXQLORUGHLQWHUYHQĠLHLPSOLFDWHvQOLFKLGDUHDFRQVHFLQĠHORU
PHGLFDOHDOHVLWXDĠLLORUH[FHSĠLRQDOHFXHFKLSDPHQWHQHFHVDUHSHQWUXUHDF
‫܊‬LRQDUHvQFD]XODFFLGHQWHORUELRORJLFHFKLPLFH‫܈‬LUDGLRORJLFH
G 'RWDUHDFXHFKLSDPHQWHSHQWUXGHWHUPLQDUHDGLUHFWăDFRQWDPLQăULLLQ
WHUQHFXUDGLRQXFOL]LDSDUWLFLSDQ‫܊‬LORUODOLFKLGDUHDDFFLGHQWHORUFXUDGLD‫܊‬LL
LRQL]DQWH‫܈‬LDDOWRUSHUVRDQHLPSOLFDWHSRVLELODIHFWDWH

Prevenirea urgenţelor de sănătate publică 

3UHYHQLUHDXUJHQĠHORUGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFăúLPDQDJHPHQWXODFHVWRUDLQFOXG
 DERUGDUHDLQWHJUDWăDWXWXURUSHULFROHORUSHQWUXVăQăWDWHDSXEOLFăLQ
FOXVLYDFD]XULORUGHELRWHURULVP
  PRELOL]DUHDPXOWLVHFWRULDOăvQYHGHUHDDVLJXUăULLJUDGXOXLDGHFYDWGH
SUHJăWLUHSHQWUXXUJHQĠHOHGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFă
 DERUGDUHD LQWHJUDWă D DFWLYLWăĠLORU GH SUHYHQLUH úL PDQDJHPHQW DO XU
JHQĠHORUGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFăFDUHLQFOXGHGDUQXVHOLPLWHD]ăOD
● HYDOXDUHDULVFXULORU
● UHGXFHUHDYXOQHUDELOLWăĠLORUúLGLPLQXDUHDSHULFROHORU
● HYDOXDUHDJUDGXOXLGHSUHJăWLUHSHQWUXXUJHQĠHOHGHVăQăWDWHSX
EOLFăODQLYHOQDĠLRQDOúLORFDO
● HVWLPDUHDSUHMXGLFLXOXLFDX]DWGHXUJHQĠHOHGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFă
● HYDOXDUHDQHFHVLWăĠLORUúLRUJDQL]DUHDPăVXULORUGHUăVSXQVODXU
JHQĠHOHGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFă
 GHILQLUHDUHVSRQVDELOLWăĠLORU
 VWDELOLUHDSURFHGXULORUGHLQVWLWXLUHúLGHDQXODUHDVWăULLGHXUJHQĠăvQ
VăQăWDWHDSXEOLFă
 DORFDUHDUHVXUVHORUXPDQHILQDQFLDUHúLPDWHULDOH
 VWDELOLUHDPHFDQLVPHORUGHLQIRUPDUHúLGHLQVWUXLUHDSRSXODĠLHL

Informarea populaţiei despre urgenţa de sănătate publică 

'XSăGHFODUDUHDVWăULLGHXUJHQĠăvQVăQăWDWHDSXEOLFăDXWRULWDWHDFRPSH
WHQWă SHQWUX VXSUDYHJKHUHD VăQăWăĠLL SXEOLFH UHVSRQVDELOă GH JHVWLRQDUHD XU
JHQĠHL HVWH REOLJDWă Vă DVLJXUH SULQ RULFH PLMORDFH GLVSRQLELOH úL UH]RQDELOH
LQIRUPDUHDSRSXODĠLHLGLQ]RQDH[SXVăXUJHQĠHLSULYLQGPHWRGHOHGHSURWHFĠLH
LQGLYLGXDOăúLPăVXULOHGHVăQăWDWHSXEOLFăvQWUHSULQVHSHQWUXDFRQWURODVLWXDĠLD

$BQJUPMVM
9


Noțiuni generale și definiții 
3DUODPHQWXO5HSXEOLFLL0ROGRYDDDSUREDWvQD/HJHDQUSULYLQG
VXSUDYHJKHUHDGHVWDWDVăQăWăĠLLSXEOLFHFDUHDUHFDVFRSDVLJXUDUHDFRQGLĠLLORU
RSWLPHSHQWUXUHDOL]DUHDPD[LPăDSRWHQĠLDOXOXLGHVăQăWDWHDOILHFăUXLLQGLYLG
SHSDUFXUVXOvQWUHJLLYLHĠLSULQHIRUWXORUJDQL]DWDOVRFLHWăĠLLvQYHGHUHDSUHYHQL
ULLvPEROQăYLULORUSURWHMăULLúLSURPRYăULLVăQăWăĠLLSRSXODĠLHLúLvPEXQăWăĠLULLFD
OLWăĠLLYLHĠLL‫܉‬LQkQGFRQWGHDQJDMDPHQWHOHLQWHUQD‫܊‬LRQDOHODFDUHDVXEVHPQDW
5HSXEOLFD0ROGRYD/HJHDGHILQH‫܈‬WH
● sănătate individuală±VWDUHGHELQHFRPSOHWGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHIL]LFPHQ
WDOúLVRFLDOúLQXGRDUDEVHQĠăDEROLLVDXDLQILUPLWăĠLLGL]DELOLWă‫܊‬LLVDX
PDODGLHL
● sănătate ocupaţională±DEVHQĠăDEROLLVDXDLQILUPLWăĠLLSUHFXPúLDEVHQĠă
DHOHPHQWHORUIL]LFHúLPHQWDOHFDUHDIHFWHD]ăVăQăWDWHDúLFDUHVXQWGL
UHFWOHJDWHGHVLJXUDQĠDúLLJLHQDGHODORFXOGHPXQFă
● sănătate publică±DQVDPEOXGHPăVXULúWLLQĠLILFRSUDFWLFHOHJLVODWLYHRUJD
QL]DWRULFHDGPLQLVWUDWLYHúLGHDOWăQDWXUăGHVWLQDWHVăSURPRYH]HVăQă
WDWHDVăSUHYLQăEROLOHúLVăSUHOXQJHDVFăYLDĠDSULQHIRUWXULOHúLDOHJHUHD
LQIRUPDWăDOHVRFLHWăĠLLFRPXQLWăĠLORUSXEOLFHFHORUSULYDWHúLDOHLQGLYL
]LORU
● servicii de sănătate publică±DFWLYLWăĠLGHVWLQDWHVăSURPRYH]HVăQăWDWHD
VăSUHOXQJHDVFăYLDĠDúLVăSUHYLQăEROLOHvQFDGUXOVHFWRUXOXLGHVăQă
WDWHRULHQWDWHFăWUHSRSXODĠLH
● determinanţii stării de sănătate±IDFWRULLVRFLRHFRQRPLFLELRORJLFLGHPH
GLX FRPSRUWDPHQWDOL WUDGLĠLLOH DVLJXUDUHD FDOLWDWHD úL DFFHVLELOLWDWHD
VHUYLFLLORUGHVăQăWDWHFDUHGHWHUPLQăVWDUHDGHVăQăWDWHDSRSXODĠLHL
● evaluarea riscurilor pentru sănătate±HVWLPDUHDJUDGXOXLvQFDUHH[SXQH
UHD OD IDFWRULL GH ULVF GLQ PHGLXO QDWXUDO GH YLDĠă RFXSDĠLRQDO úL GH
RGLKQăSUHFXPúLODFHLUH]XOWDĠLGLQVWLOXOGHYLDĠăLQGLYLGXDOVDXFR
PXQLWDULQIOXHQĠHD]ăVWDUHDGHVăQăWDWHDSRSXODĠLHL
 ● prevenirea bolilor±DFWLYLWăĠLDSOLFDWHSULRULWDUODQLYHOGHLQGLYLGRULHQ
WDWHVSUHSUHvQWkPSLQDUHDVDXGLPLQXDUHDSUREDELOLWăĠLLDSDULĠLHLEROLORU
WUDQVPLVLELOHVDXQHWUDQVPLVLELOHDUăVSkQGLULLORUúLVDXVSUHSUHYHQL
UHDUHFLGLYHORUúLFRPSOLFDĠLLORU
● prevenţie primară±DFWLYLWăĠLHIHFWXDWHFXVFRSXOFUHăULLXQRUFLUFXPVWDQĠH
FDUHDUSXWHDUHGXFHULVFXODSDULĠLHLXQHLEROLvQUkQGXOSRSXODĠLHL
● prevenţie secundară±DFWLYLWăĠLRULHQWDWHVSUHGHSLVWDUHDSUHFRFHDXQRU
EROLúLSUHYHQLUHDUăVSkQGLULLORUvQFRPXQLWDWH
● promovarea sănătăţii ± SURFHV GH GLIX]DUH D LQIRUPDĠLHL GH LQVWUXLUH úL
HGXFDUH vQ VFRSXO IRUPăULL XQRU FXQRúWLQĠH úL GHSULQGHUL LQGLYLGXDOH
VăQăWRDVHGHFRQVXOWDUHúLGHLPSOLFDUHDSXEOLFXOXLGHFUHDUHDSDUWH
QHULDWHORUFDUHRIHUăLQGLYLGXOXLúLFROHFWLYLWăĠLORUSRVLELOLWDWHDGHDúL
FRQWUROD úL vPEXQăWăĠL VăQăWDWHD GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH IL]LF SVLKLF úL
VRFLDOúLGHDFRQWULEXLODUHGXFHUHDLQHFKLWăĠLORUvQGRPHQLXOVăQăWăĠLL
● protecţia sănătăţii±DQVDPEOXGHDFWLYLWăĠLRULHQWDWHVSUHSXQHUHDvQDSOLFDUH
DDFWHORUOHJLVODWLYHúLDDOWRUDFWHQRUPDWLYHvQVFRSXOJDUDQWăULLVLJXUDQĠHL
úLSURWHMăULLVăQăWăĠLLXPDQH

Promovarea sănătății 
3URPRYDUHDVăQăWăĠLLHVWHXQFRQFHSWUHODWLYQRXDSăUXWODVIkUúLWXODQLORU
¶úLvQFHSXWXODQLORU¶DLVHFDO;;OHD'HIDSWÄQDúWHUHD´SURPRYăULLVă
QăWăĠLLVHFRQVLGHUăDILPDUFDWăGHGLVFXĠLLOHOHJDWHGH6WUDWHJLD206Ä6ăQăWDWH
SHQWUX7RĠLSkQăvQDQXO´
ÌQ FDGUXO FRQIHULQ‫܊‬HL 206GHOD2WWDZDvQDQXODXIRVW GLVFXWDWH
RELHFWLYHOHGHVăQăWDWHSHQWUXDQLLFDUHXUPDXSkQăvQ$QXPHDLFLDIRVW
GHILQLWLYDWFRQFHSWXOGHSURPRYDUHDVăQăWă‫܊‬LLFDÄSURFHVFDUHFRQIHUăSRSXOD‫܊‬L
LORUPLMORDFHOHGHD‫܈‬LDVLJXUDXQFRQWUROFkWPDLPDUHDVXSUDSURSULHLORUVWăUL
GHVăQăWDWH‫܈‬LGHDRDPHOLRUD´ÌQFDGUXOFHOHLGHDD&RQIHULQĠH,QWHUQDĠLRQDOH
GH3URPRYDUHD6ăQăWăĠLLGHOD-DNDUWDVDXLGHQWLILFDWSULRULWăĠLOHvQDFHVWGRPH
QLXSHQWUXVHFDO;;,OHD206
 3URPRYDUHD UHVSRQVDELOLWăĠLL VRFLDOH SHQWUX VăQăWDWH )DFWRULL GH GHFL]LH
WUHEXLHVăUHVSHFWHFXIHUPLWDWHUHVSRQVDELOLWDWHDVRFLDOă$WkWVHFWRUXOJX
YHUQDPHQWDO FkW úL FHO SDUWLFXODU WUHEXLH Vă SURPRYH]H VăQăWDWHD SULQ
DGRSWDUHDGHSROLWLFLúLSUDFWLFLFDUHHYLWăDIHFWDUHDVăQăWăĠLLLQGLYL]LORU
SURWHMHD]ăPHGLXOúLDVLJXUăIRORVLUHDUDĠLRQDOăDUHVXUVHORUUHVWULFĠLRQHD]ă
SURGXFĠLDúLFRPHUĠXOSURGXVHORUúLEXQXULORUGăXQăWRDUHFXPDUILWXWXQXO
úLDUPDPHQWXOFDúLSUDFWLFLOHQHVăQăWRDVHGHPDUNHWLQJSURWHMHD]ăDWkW
FHWăĠHDQXOGLQSLDĠăFkWúLLQGLYLGXOGHODORFXOGHPXQFăLQFOXGHYDOXăUL
DOHLPSDFWXOXLOHJDWGHHFKLWDWHDvQVăQăWDWHFDRSDUWHLQWHJUDQWăDHODER
UăULLGHSROLWLFL
 &UHúWHUHDLQYHVWLĠLLORUSHQWUXvPEXQăWăĠLUHDVWăULLGHVăQăWDWHÌQPXOWHĠăUL
LQYHVWLĠLDFDUH VHIDFHvQVăQăWDWHHVWHLQDGHFYDWă úLIUHFYHQWLQHILFLHQWă
&UHúWHUHD LQYHVWLĠLLORU SHQWUX vPEXQăWăĠLUHD VWăULL GH VăQăWDWH QHFHVLWă R
$BQJUPMVM
9

DERUGDUHPXOWLVHFWRULDOăLQFOXVLYDORFDUHDVXSOLPHQWDUăGHUHVXUVHSHQWUX
HGXFDĠLH,QYHVWLĠLLOHvQVăQăWDWHDUWUHEXLVăUHIOHFWHQHYRLOHDQXPLWRUJUX
SXULFXPDUILIHPHLOHFRSLLLSHUVRDQHOHvQYkUVWăSRSXODĠLLOHVăUDFHúL
PDUJLQDOL]DWH
 &RQVROLGDUHDúLH[WLQGHUHDSDUWHQHULDWHORUSHQWUXVăQăWDWH3URPRYDUHDVă
QăWăĠLLSUHVXSXQHUHDOL]DUHDXQRUSDUWHQHULDWHSHQWUXGH]YROWDUHDVRFLDOăúL
DVăQăWăĠLLvQWUHGLIHULWHVHFWRDUHODWRDWHQLYHOHOHGHFRQGXFHUHvQVRFLHWDWH
3DUWHQHULDWHOHH[LVWHQWHWUHEXLHVăILHvQWăULWHúLWUHEXLHH[SORUDWHSRVLELOL
WăĠLSHQWUXQRLSDUWHQHULDWH)LHFDUHSDUWHQHULDWWUHEXLHVăILHWUDQVSDUHQWúL
UHVSRQVDELOúLVăVHED]H]HSHSULQFLSLLHWLFHVWDELOLWHGHFRPXQDFRUGSH
vQĠHOHJHUHUHFLSURFăúLUHVSHFW$UWUHEXLVăVHDGHUHODOLQLLOHGLUHFWRDUHDOH
2UJDQL]DĠLHL0RQGLDOHD6ăQăWăĠLL
 &UHúWHUHD FDSDFLWăĠLL FRPXQLWDUH úL vPSXWHUQLFLUHD LQGLYLGXOXL 3URPRYDUHD
VăQăWăĠLLVHIDFHGHFăWUHúLFXRDPHQLúLQXGHVSUHRDPHQL3UHVXSXQHDWkW
vPEXQăWăĠLUHDFDSDFLWăĠLLLQGLYL]LORUGHDSXQHvQSUDFWLFăDFĠLXQLFkWúLFDSD
FLWDWHDJUXSXULORUDRUJDQL]DĠLLORUVDXDFRPXQLWăĠLORUGHDLQIOXHQĠDIDFWRULL
GHWHUPLQDQĠLDLVWăULLGHVăQăWDWHÌPEXQăWăĠLUHDFDSDFLWăĠLLFRPXQLWăĠLORUSHQ
WUXSURPRYDUHDVăQăWăĠLLSUHVXSXQHHGXFDĠLHSUDFWLFăSUHJăWLUHDvQGRPHQLXO
FRQGXFHULLúLDFFHVODUHVXUVHÌPSXWHUQLFLUHDLQGLYL]LORUSUHVXSXQHDFFHVXO
PDLFRQVLVWHQWODSURFHVXOGHOXDUHDGHFL]LLORUFDúLFXQRúWLQĠHOHúLDELOLWăĠLOH
HVHQĠLDOHSHQWUXDSURGXFHVFKLPEDUHD
 $VLJXUDUHDXQHLLQIUDVWUXFWXULGHSURPRYDUHDVăQăWăĠLL7UHEXLHJăVLWHPR
GDOLWăĠLGHDVLJXUDUHDXQHLLQIUDVWUXFWXULGHSURPRYDUHDVăQăWăĠLLQRLPH
FDQLVPHGHILQDQĠDUHORFDOăQDĠLRQDOăúLJOREDOă7UHEXLHJăVLWHPRWLYDĠLL
SHQWUXDLQIOXHQĠDDFĠLXQLOHJXYHUQHORURUJDQL]DĠLLORUQHJXYHUQDPHQWDOH
LQVWLWXĠLLORUGHHGXFDĠLHúLVHFWRUXOXLSDUWLFXODUSHQWUXDVHDVLJXUDPRELOL
]DUHDUHVXUVHORUODPD[LPXPvQSURPRYDUHDVăQăWăĠLL
3URPRYDUHDVăQăWăĠLLHVWHSURFHVXOFDUHRIHUăLQGLYLGXOXLúLFROHFWLYLWăĠLORU
SRVLELOLWDWHDGHDFUHúWHFRQWUROXODVXSUDGHWHUPLQDQĠLORUVăQăWăĠLLúLSULQDFHDVWD
GHDúLvPEXQăWăĠLVWDUHDGHVăQăWDWH3URPRYDUHDVăQăWăĠLLUHSUH]LQWăRVWUDWHJLH
GHPHGLHUHvQWUHLQGLYLGúLPHGLXFRPELQkQGDOHJHUHDSHUVRQDOăFXUHVSRQVDEL
OLWDWHDVRFLDOăúLDYkQGGUHSWVFRSDVLJXUDUHDvQYLLWRUDXQHLPDLEXQHVWăULGH
VăQăWDWH:+2(852Health Promotion Glossary3URPRYDUHDVăQă
WăĠLLHVWHXQWHUPHQFDUHSUHVXSXQHRDERUGDUHPXOWLGLPHQVLRQDOăGHDPHOLRUDUH
DVWăULLGHVăQăWDWHFDUHLQFOXGHDFWLYLWăĠLGHHGXFDĠLHDFWLYLWăĠLGHSURPRYDUHD
XQRUVFKLPEăULFRPSRUWDPHQWDOHúLGHVWLOGHYLDĠăSROLWLFLúLPăVXULOHJLVODWLYH
206VXEOLQLD]ăFăVăQăWDWHDHVWHPXOWSUHDLPSRUWDQWăSHQWUXDIL
OăVDWăQXPDLSUDFWLFLHQLORUGLQGRPHQLXOVDQLWDU(GXFDĠLDúLHODERUDUHDGHSROL
WLFLWUHEXLHVăILHFHQWUDOHSHQWUXGH]YROWDUHDVăQăWăĠLLODQLYHOLQGLYLGXDOFRPX
QLWDUúLQDĠLRQDO$FHVWPRGHOSUH]LQWăWUHLVIHUHGHDFWLYLWDWHGLVWLQFWHGDUFDUH
vQDFHODúLWLPSVHVXSUDSXQHGXFDĠLDSHQWUXVăQăWDWHSURWHMDUHDVăQăWăĠLLSUH
YHQLUHDvPEROQăYLULORU=RQHOHGLQILJXUDDXXUPăWRDUHDVHPQLILFDĠLH

 5
Educație pentru
sănătate
2
4

3 Protejarea
Prevenție
sănătății

1 6



 6HUYLFLLSUHYHQWLYHGHH[LPXQL]ăULPăVXUDUHDWHQVLXQLLDUWHULDOHIRORVLUHD
JXPHLGHPHVWHFDWFXQLFRWLQăSHQWUXDEDQGRQDUHDIXPDWXOXL
 (GXFDĠLHvQPHGLFLQDSUHYHQWLYăH[LQIRUPDĠLLúLVIDWXULOHJDWHGHUHQXQĠDUHD
ODIXPDW
 3URWHMDUHDVăQăWăĠLLSULQPHWRGHSUHYHQWLYHH[IOXRUL]DUHDDSHL
 (GXFDĠLHSHQWUXSURWHMDUHDVWăULLGHVăQăWDWHSULQPHWRGHSUHYHQWLYHH[OREE\
SHQWUXDGRSWDUHDOHJLLGHREOLJDWLYLWDWHDSXUWăULLFHQWXULLGHVLJXUDQĠă
 (GXFDĠLHSHQWUXVăQăWDWHSR]LWLYăH[GREkQGLUHDXQRUDELOLWăĠLGHYLDĠăFRP
SRUWDPHQWHVăQăWRDVHvQUkQGXOWLQHULORU
 0HVDMHSR]LWLYHSHQWUXSURWHMDUHDVăQăWăĠLLH[SROLWLFDOHJDWăGHIXPDWODOR
FXULOHGHPXQFă
 (GXFDĠLD SHQWUX VăQăWDWH RULHQWDWă SH VăQăWDWHD SR]LWLYă H[ OREE\ SHQWUX
DGRSWDUHDXQHLOHJLGHLQWHU]LFHUHDSXEOLFLWăĠLLSURGXVHORUGLQWXWXQ

Principiile promovării sănătății 

([SHULHQĠDVSHFLDOLúWLORUGLQGRPHQLXvQFHSkQGFXDQXODSHUPLVLGHQ
WLILFDUHDDFLQFLSULQFLSLLFDUHVWDXODED]DSURPRYăULLVăQăWăĠLL$VKWRQ
 3URPRYDUHDVăQăWăĠLLLPSOLFăDFWLYSRSXODĠLDSHQWUXVWDELOLUHDXQXLSUR
JUDP GH ILHFDUH ]L FDUH IDYRUL]HD]ă VăQăWDWHD vQ ORF GH D VH RULHQWD
SUHSRQGHUHQWúLH[FOXVLYDVXSUDLQGLYL]LORUODULVFFDUHDXOHJăWXULFXVHU
YLFLLOHPHGLFDOH$FHDVWDvQVHDPQăGHIDSWIRORVLUHDVWUDWHJLLORUSUHYHQ
WLYHSRSXODĠLRQDOHHFRORJLFHFDUHvQFHDUFăVăVFDGăLQFLGHQĠDEROLORUSULQ
PRGLILFDUHDGLVWULEXĠLHLIDFWRULORUGHULVFvQSRSXODĠLH$YDQWDMXOSULQFLSDO
HVWHFăSRWHQĠLDOXOPHWRGHLHVWHPDUHLDUGH]DYDQWDMXOPDMRUDODFHVWHL
PHWRGHHVWHFăRIHUăEHQHILFLLPDULSHQWUXSRSXODĠLDJHQHUDOăGDUEHQHIL
FLLPLFLSHQWUXLQGLYL]LLODULVFvQDOWDúDQXPLWXOÄSDUDGR[DOSUHYHQLULL´
(QăFKHVFX&RPELQDUHDFHORUGRXăWLSXULGHVWUDWHJLLSUHYHQWLYH
$BQJUPMVM
9

FHDHFRORJLFăúLFHDDLQGLYL]LORUODULVFvQDOWSRDWHDVLJXUDLPSDFWXO
FHOPDLEXQ
 3URPRYDUHDVăQăWăĠLLHVWHRULHQWDWăDVXSUDFDX]HORUFDUHSURGXFvPERO
QăYLUL
 3URPRYDUHDVăQăWăĠLLIRORVHúWHGLIHULWHDERUGăULFDUHFRQWULEXLHODvP
EXQăWăĠLUHD VWăULL GH VăQăWDWH $FHVWHD LQFOXG LQIRUPDUHD úL HGXFDUHD
GH]YROWDUHDFRPXQLWăĠLLRUJDQL]DUHDSOHGRDULDSHQWUXVăQăWDWHúLOHJLV
ODĠLD 3ULQ WRDWH DFHVWHD SURPRYDUHD VăQăWăĠLL HVWH PXOWLVHFWRULDOă úL
LPSOLFăPDLPXOWHGLVFLSOLQHQXQXPDLVHFWRUXOGHVăQăWDWH
 3URPRYDUHDVăQăWăĠLLGHSLQGHvQPRGVSHFLDOGHSDUWLFLSDUHDSRSXODĠLHL
 6SHFLDOLúWLLGLQVăQăWDWHvQVSHFLDOFHLGLQDVLVWHQĠDPHGLFDOăSULPDUă
DX XQ URO LPSRUWDQW vQ IDFLOLWDUHD DFĠLXQLORU GH SURPRYDUH D VăQăWăĠLL
$VKWRQ

Educația pentru sănătate – baza promovării sănătății 

(GXFD‫܊‬LD SHQWUX VăQăWDWHHVWH GHILQLWă FD XQ SURFHV GH RUGLQ LQWHOHFWXDO
SVLKRORJLF‫܈‬LVRFLDOFDUHFXSULQGHDFWLYLWă‫܊‬LSURSULLvQYHGHUHDGH]YROWăULLXQHL
FRQ‫܈‬WLLQ‫܊‬HDVWăULLGHVăQăWDWH‫܈‬LDVLP‫܊‬XOXLUHVSRQVDELOLWă‫܊‬LLvQFHHDFHSULYH‫܈‬WH
VăQăWDWHDFkW‫܈‬LDSWLWXGLQHDLQGLYLGXOXLGHDOXDGHFL]LL vQFXQR‫܈‬WLQ‫܊‬ăGHFDX]ă
FDUHYL]HD]ăEXQăVWDUHDOXLSHUVRQDOăIDPLOLDOă‫܈‬LVRFLDOă(DHVWHXQSURFHVGH
SUHGDUHvQYă‫܊‬DUHSHQWUXGH]YROWDUHDFDSDFLWă‫܊‬LORUGHDGDSWDUHDOHLQGLYL]LORUvQPH
GLXOORUKDELWXDO‫܈‬LRULHQWDUHDORUSHQWUXWUDQVIRUPDUHDDFHVWXLPHGLXDWXQFLFkQG
YDULD‫܊‬LLOHDFHVWXLDGHSă‫܈‬HVFFDSDFLWă‫܊‬LOHORU(GXFD‫܊‬LDSHQWUXVăQăWDWHvQVHDPQăD
OXFUDFXFHLODO‫܊‬LSHQWUXDJăVLvPSUHXQăRPRGDOLWDWHGHDWUăLPDLVăQăWRV(DWUH
EXLHVăGH]YROWHRYL]LXQHPDLFULWLFăDVXSUDUHDOLWă‫܊‬LL‫܈‬LVăVWLPXOH]HFRPSRUWD
PHQWHPDLHILFLHQWHvQSUHYHQLUHDSUREOHPHORUGHVăQăWDWH&XDOWHFXYLQWHVH
GRUH‫܈‬WHRE‫܊‬LQHUHDSHUFHS‫܊‬LHLGLQSDUWHDLQGLYL]LORUDVXSUDULVFXULORUIL]LFHSVLKLFH
‫܈‬LVRFLDOHH[LVWHQWHvQMXUXOORU‫܈‬LWRWRGDWăGH]YROWDUHDFDSDFLWă‫܊‬LL‫܈‬LYRLQ‫܊‬HLGLQ
SDUWHDORUGHDDOHJHFRPSRUWDPHQWHOHFHOHPDLHILFLHQWH‫܈‬LLQWHOLJHQWHSHQWUXD
VHSXWHDFRQIUXQWDFXDFHVWHULVFXULVDXDOHHYLWDDWkWSHSODQLQGLYLGXDOFkW‫܈‬L
SHSODQFROHFWLY
Scopurile HGXFDĠLHLSHQWUXVăQăWDWH
 ,QIRUPDUHDHGXFDUHD SRSXODĠLHL vQ GRPHQLXO PHGLFDO SHQWUX D FX
QRDúWHPDQLIHVWăULOHEROLORUúLSUHYHQLUHDORU
 'REkQGLUHDXQRUDWLWXGLQLúLGHSULQGHULIDYRUDELOHVăQăWăĠLL
 ,PSOLFDUHDDFWLYăDSRSXODĠLHLvQGRPHQLXOSăVWUăULLVăQăWăĠLLRDPHQLL
DYkQGSRVLELOLWDWHDVăLDGHFL]LLSULYLQGSURSULDVWDUHGHVăQăWDWH
AbordărileIRORVLWHvQHGXFDĠLDSHQWUXVăQăWDWH
D PHGLFDOăED]DWăSHWLSXOGHUHODĠLHPHGLFSDFLHQW
E HGXFDĠLRQDOăLQIRUPDUHDRDPHQLORUFDUHYRUOXDVLQJXULGHFL]LLSULYLQGVă
QăWDWHD
 F SHUVRQDOL]DWăLQGLYLGXDOL]DWăDYkQGGUHSWFDUDFWHULVWLFăOXFUXOFXFOLHQĠLL
SHQWUXDLVSULMLQLVăLGHQWLILFHVLQJXULSUREOHPHOHúLVăLDVLQJXULGHFL]LLOH
QHFHVDUH
G VFKLPEăULVRFLDOHvQFDUHVHXUPăUHúWHUHDOL]DUHDXQRUVFKLPEăULvQPH
GLXSHQWUXDIDFLOLWDOXDUHDGHFL]LLORUFHOHPDLIDYRUDELOHVăQăWăĠLLH[
DMXWRDUH VRFLDOH SHQWUXPDPHOHVLQJXUHDVWIHO vQFkW DFHVWHD Vă QXILH
QHYRLWHVăVHvQWRDUFăSUHDGHYUHPHODOXFUX
MetodeleIRORVLWHvQHGXFDĠLDSHQWUXVăQăWDWH
A. adresabilitate
D HGXFDĠLHLQGLYLGXDOă
E HGXFDĠLHvQJUXS
F HGXFDĠLHSULQFRPXQLFDUHDvQPDVă
B. mijloacele folosite:
D DXGLR
E YLGHR
SUHGRPLQDUHDWH[WXOXL
SUHGRPLQDUHDLPDJLQLL
F PLMORDFHFRPELQDWHDXGLRYLGHR

Abordările promovării sănătății 

([LVWăPDLPXOWHPRGDOLWăĠLGHDERUGDUHSUDFWLFăDSULRULWăĠLORUGLQSURPRYD
UHDVăQăWăĠLLD[DWăSHSUREOHPHVXELHFWHEROLIDFWRULGHULVF‫܈‬LJUXSXULĠLQWă$ERU
GDUHDFODVLFăHVWHFHDDUHDOL]ăULLXQRUSURJUDPHVSHFLILFHILHFăUHLSUREOHPHVXELHFW
GH SURPRYDUH D VăQăWăĠLL $FHVWHD VH UHIHUă OD DERUGDUHD XQRU EROL VDX RELFHLXUL
GăXQăWRDUHVăQăWăĠLL$VWIHOVHHODERUHD]ăSURJUDPHDQWLIXPDWDQWLFDQFHUDQWL
DOFRROHWF1DLGRR$FHVWHSURJUDPHvQFHDUFăVăLQIOXHQĠH]HSRSXODĠLDSULQ
PDVVPHGLDúLSULQWURYDULHWDWHGHPHGLLúLVHFWRDUHúFRDODORFXOGHPXQFăPHGLXO
VDQLWDUPHGLXOFRPXQLWDUúLVHFWRUXOYROXQWDU
8QDYDQWDMLPSRUWDQWDODFHVWHLDERUGăULHVWHSRVLELOLWDWHDLQWHJUăULLHIRU
WXULORUGHHGXFDĠLHSHQWUXVăQăWDWHvQFRQWH[WXOPDLODUJDOSURPRYăULLVăQăWăĠLL
FDUHHVWHSULYLWăFDRvPELQDUHvQWUHVHUYLFLLOHSUHYHQWLYHFXPDUILLPXQL]DUHúL
VFUHHQLQJSROLWLFLOHIDYRUDELOHVăQăWăĠLLúLHGXFDĠLDSHQWUXVăQăWDWH

Sarcinile promovării sănătății 

6ăQăWDWHDWUHEXLHVăUHSUH]LQWHSUHRFXSDUHDWXWXURUFHWăĠHQLORUúLQXQXPDL
DPHGLFLORUVDXDOWRUVSHFLDOLúWLPHGLFDOL(VWHQHFHVDUFDSURPRYDUHDVăQăWăĠLL
VăUHDOL]H]HXUPăWRDUHOHVDUFLQL
, Elaborarea unor politici publiceFDUHIDYRUL]HD]ăVăQăWDWHD3URPRYDUHDVă
QăWăĠLLvQVHDPQăPXOWPDLPXOWGHFkWDVLVWHQĠDPHGLFDOă(DSOHDFăGH
ODLGHHDFăVăQăWDWHDHVWHXQVXELHFWDIODWSHDJHQGDGHOXFUXDIDFWRULORU
GHGHFL]LHGLQWRDWHGRPHQLLOHODQLYHOJXYHUQDPHQWDOVDXLQVWLWXĠLRQDO
3URPRYDUHDVăQăWăĠLLSUHVXSXQHLGHQWLILFDUHDREVWDFROHORUvQDGRSWDUHD
XQRUSROLWLFLFDUHSURPRYHD]ăVăQăWDWHDGHFăWUHVHFWRUXOPHGLFDOvQ
 $BQJUPMVM
9

FRODERUDUHFXVHFWRDUHOHQHPHGLFDOH3UHVXSXQHGHDVHPHQHDJăVLUHD
XQRUPRGDOLWăĠLFRPXQHGHvQOăWXUDUHDDFHVWRUREVWDFROH6FRSXOILQDO
FRQVWăvQUHDOL]DUHDSUDFWLFăFDDOHJHULOHRSĠLXQLOHIDYRUDELOHVăQăWăĠLL
VăILHODvQGHPkQDSRSXODĠLHLVăILHXúRUDFFHVLELOH
,, Crearea unor medii favorabile3URPRYDUHDVăQăWăĠLLUHFXQRDúWHFă VăQăWDWHD
LQGLYL]LORUHVWHOHJDWăúLGHPRGXOvQFDUHWUDWăPQDWXUDúLPHGLXOvQFRQ
MXUăWRU6RFLHWăĠLOHvQFDUHPHGLXOHVWHH[SORDWDWIăUăDVHIDFHRDERUGDUH
HFRORJLFăFXOHJHIHFWHOHDFHVWHLH[SORDWăULSULQDSDULĠLDLQFOXVLYDXQRU
SUREOHPH GH VăQăWDWH úL VRFLDOH 6ăQăWDWHD QX SRDWH IL VHSDUDWă GH DOWH
VFRSXULVDXRELFHLXULGLQYLDĠă
,,, Întărirea acţiunii comunitare3URPRYDUHDVăQăWăĠLLDFĠLRQHD]ăSULQDFĠLXQLFR
PXQLWDUHHILFLHQWHÌQFHQWUXODFHVWXLSURFHVVHDIOăFRPXQLWăĠLOHFDUHDXR
IRUĠă SURSULH úL SRW FRQWUROD SURSULLOH LQLĠLDWLYH úL DFWLYLWăĠL $FHDVWD
vQVHDPQăFăVSHFLDOLúWLLWUHEXLHVăvQYHĠHPHWRGHQRLGHOXFUXFXLQGLYL]LúL
FXFRPXQLWăĠLDGLFăVăOXFUH]HSHQWUXúLFXHLvQORFGHDFRQVLGHUDFRPX
QLWDWHDFDXQHOHPHQWSDVLY
,9 Dezvoltarea vPEXQăWăĠLUHD abilităţilor individuale 3URPRYDUHD VăQăWăĠLL
VSULMLQăGH]YROWDUHDSHUVRQDOăúLVRFLDOăSULQRIHULUHDGHLQIRUPDĠLLSULQ
HGXFDĠLHSHQWUXVăQăWDWHúLSULQVSULMLQLUHDLQGLYL]LORUVăúLGH]YROWHFD
SDFLWDWHDGHDOXDGHFL]LLIDYRUDELOHVăQăWăĠLL$VWIHORDPHQLLYRUDYHD
XQFRQWUROFUHVFXWDVXSUDSURSULHLVăQăWăĠLúLDVXSUDPHGLXOXLOHSHUPLWH
VăvQYHĠHGHDOXQJXOYLHĠLLFXPVăVHSUHJăWHDVFăSHQWUXGLIHULWHVL
WXDĠLLFXPVăIDFăIDĠăEROLORUFURQLFHVDXDFFLGHQWHORU$ELOLWă‫܊‬LOHLQGL
YLGXDOHVHGH]YROWăDFDVăOD úFRDOă OD ORFXOGHPXQFă SUHFXPúL vQ
FDGUXODOWRUFRPXQLWăĠL
9 Reorientarea serviciilor medicale5HVSRQVDELOLWDWHDSURPRYăULLVăQăWăĠLLvQFD
GUXOVHUYLFLLORUPHGLFDOHHVWHvPSăUĠLWăvQWUHLQGLYL]LJUXSXULFRPXQLWDUH
VSHFLDOLúWLGLQVăQăWDWHDVLVWHQĠLVRFLDOLELURFUDĠLúLJXYHUQ7RĠLWUHEXLH
VăOXFUH]HvPSUHXQăODRUJDQL]DUHDXQXLVLVWHPVDQLWDUFDUHVăFRQWULEXLH
ODvPEXQăWăĠLUHDVWăULLGHVăQăWDWH5ROXOVHFWRUXOXLPHGLFDOWUHEXLHVăGH
SăúHDVFăUHVSRQVDELOLWăĠLOHFXUDWLYHúLVăVHRULHQWH]HúLFăWUHSURPRYDUHD
VăQăWăĠLL'DUSHQWUXFDDFHDVWDVăVHUHDOL]H]HHVWHQHYRLHGHUHFXQRDúWH
UHDIDSWXOXLFăFHOHPDLPXOWHFDX]HGHvPEROQăYLULVHDIOăvQDIDUDLQIOX
HQĠHLVHFWRUXOXLVDQLWDUúLHVWHQHFHVDUăFRRSHUDUHDFXDFHOHVHFWRDUHFDUH
SRWLQIOXHQĠDSR]LWLYDFHVWHFDX]H$VKWRQ

Etapele programului de promovare a sănătății 

8Q SURJUDP GH SURPRYDUHDVăQăWăĠLLDUHDFHODúL FLFOX GH YLDĠăFD RULFH
SURJUDP GH VăQăWDWH(fig.  10.2.(YDOXDUHDLQL‫܊‬LDOăFDUHDUH ORFODvQFHSXWXO
RULFăUXL SURJUDP SRDWHILDQDOL]DVLWXDĠLHLGHWHUPLQDUHDQHYRLORU D IDFWRULORU
FDUHLQIOXHQĠHD]ăVWDUHDGHVăQăWDWHDRSRUWXQLWăĠLORUGHLQWHUYHQĠLHHWF
 PLANIFICARE
EVALUARE
(Monitorizare)

IMPLEMENTARE 


3ODQLILFDUHDGHUXOăULLSURJUDPXOXLSURLHFWXOXLLQFOXGHGHODvQFHSXWPRQLWR
UL]DUHDDFWLYLWăĠLORUúLLPSOLFLWXUPăULUHDvQGHSOLQLULLGLIHULWRULQGLFDWRULVWDELOLĠL
,PSOHPHQWDUHDSURJUDPXOXLFRQVWăvQGHUXODUHDDFWLYLWăĠLORUSUHYă]XWH0RQLWRUL
]DUHDúLHYDOXDUHDSHUPLWDMXVWDUHDúLDVLJXUDUHDHILFLHQĠHLHILFDFLWăĠLLDFWLYLWăĠLORU
vQYHGHUHDDWLQJHULLRELHFWLYHORUSUHYă]XWH(YDOXDUHDGHUH]XOWDWGHODVIkUúLWXO
XQXLFLFOXSHUPLWHSHGHRSDUWHVăVHGHPRQVWUH]HFăRELHFWLYHOHSURJUDPXOXLDX
IRVWDWLQVHLDUSHGHDOWăSDUWHVăVWDELOHDVFăQRXDVLWXDĠLHúLLQWHUYHQĠLLOHQHFHVDUH
vQFRQWLQXDUH

Promovarea sănătăţii prin comunicare 
3URPRYDUHDVăQăWăĠLLHVWHGLIHULWăGHSURPRYDUHDXQRUSURGXVHVDXVHUYLFLL
FRPHUFLDOHÄ6ăQăWDWHD´QXHVWHSDOSDELOăSUHFXPXQSURGXVFRPHUFLDOúLEHQHIL
FLLOHvQDXUPDvQGHPQXOXQXLPHVDMGHVăQăWDWHQXVXQWvQPXOWHFD]XULREĠLQXWH
LPHGLDWÌQFD]XOSURGXVHORUúLVHUYLFLLORUFRPHUFLDOHEHQHILFLLOHYLQLPHGLDWGXSă
FHSXEOLFXOXLFRQVXPDWRULVHSURSXQHVăDFĠLRQH]HvQWUXQDQXPLWIHO
2FDPSDQLHLPSOLFăIXUQL]DUHDFRRUGRQDWăGHLQIRUPDĠLLVDXRVHULHGHHYH
QLPHQWHúLDFWLYLWăĠL6FRSXOXQHLFDPSDQLLGHLQIRUPDUHSXEOLFăSRDWHILRULFDUH
GLQWUHXUPăWRDUHOHVDXRFRPELQDĠLHDDFHVWRUDVăVFKLPEHFUHGLQĠHúLDWLWXGLQLVă
IXUQL]H]HQRLLQIRUPDĠLLVăvQFXUDMH]HDGRSWDUHDXQRUSUDFWLFLQRLVDXRVFKLPEDUH
DVWLOXOXLGHYLDĠă
,GHDOHVWHVăFRPXQLFLXQPHVDMVLPSOX(VWHGLILFLOVăVFKLPELDWLWXGLQLVDX
VăvQFXUDMH]LRDPHQLLVăDGRSWHFRPSRUWDPHQWHQRLPDLDOHVGDFăDVWDLPSOLFăXQ
HIRUWGHUHQXQĠDUHODFRPSRUWDPHQWHFXUHQWHFDUHSURGXFVDWLVIDFĠLLúLEXFXULH
(VWHLPSRUWDQWVăVHĠLQăPLQWHFăXQPHVDMQXSRDWHILWUDQVPLVFăWUHSRSX
ODĠLDJHQHUDOă$VWDSHQWUXFăQLFLPăFDUXQPHVDMVLPSOXQXSRDWHILWUDQVPLV
HILFLHQWúLvQĠHOHVGHFăWUHXQSXEOLFDWkWGHGLYHUVFDYkUVWHQHYRLúLLQWHUHVHFD
SRSXODĠLDJHQHUDOă8QHOHPHQWFKHLHDOVXFFHVXOXLXQHLFDPSDQLLGHLQIRUPDUH
SXEOLFăHVWHGHILQLUHDFkWVHSRDWHGHUHVWUkQVDFHORUFDUHVHGRUHúWHVăUăVSXQGă
ODUHVSHFWLYDFDPSDQLH6DFRQVWDWDWFăFHDPDLHILFLHQWăPRGDOLWDWHGHFRPXQL
$BQJUPMVM
9

FDUHDXQHLLQIRUPDĠLLGHVăQăWDWHHVWHFRPELQDUHDPHGLDFXFRPXQLFDUHDLQWHU
SHUVRQDOăúLFXHYHQLPHQWHOH&HOHWUHLWLSXULGHDERUGăULVHSRWHQĠHD]ăUHFLSURF
vQPDLPXOWHIHOXUL
● mass-mediaVHXWLOL]HD]ăQXPDLSHQWUXDQXPLWHRELHFWLYHGHFRPXQLFDUH
GDUQXSHQWUXWRDWH'HH[HPSOXLPSOLFDUHDúLLQWHUDFĠLXQHDOLPLWDWă
VXQW SRVLELOH QXPDLSULQPHGLD'LQ DFHVW PRWLYR FRPELQDĠLH GH
PHGLDúLFRPXQLFDUHLQWHUSHUVRQDOăHVWHPDLHILFDFH
● comunicarea interpersonală YLQH GXSă FHD SULQPHGLD FkQG GHDOHULL GH
RSLQLH úL DOĠLL vPSăUWăúHVF FHHD FH DX vQYăĠDW GH ODPHGLD VSULMLQă
PHVDMHOHUHVSHFWLYHúLFRQWULEXLHODFUHúWHUHDLPSDFWXOXLDFHVWRUD&R
PXQLFDUHDLQWHUSHUVRQDOăSHUPLWHRSDUWLFLSDUHPDLPDUHDFRORXQGH
LQWHUDFĠLXQHDúLIHHGEDFNXOVXQWQHFHVDUH3RDWHILPDLHILFLHQWăSULQ
XWLOL]DUHDPDWHULDOHORUWLSăULWHDXGLRYLGHRVDXDOWRUPLMORDFHPXOWL
PHGLD
● evenimenteleFRPELQăPHGLDúLFRPXQLFDUHDLQWHUSHUVRQDOăGHVHRULILLQG
SURPRYDWHúLUHIOHFWDWHGHPHGLDúWLULúLUHSRUWDMH(YHQLPHQWHOHDU
WUHEXL Vă ILH RUJDQL]DWH DVWIHO vQFkW Vă VWkUQHDVFă LQWHUHVXO PHGLD
SHQWUXDOHUHIOHFWD'LQDFHVWPRWLYUHIOHFWDUHDvQPHGLDHVWHXQREL
HFWLYFKHLHúLXQLQGLFDWRUGHVXFFHVDOHYHQLPHQWHORU

 $FWHQRUPDWLYHSULYLQGGHVIăúXUDUHDDFWLYLWăĠLLGHSURWHFĠLHúLSUHYHQLUHDULVFXULORU
SURIHVLRQDOHODORFXULOHGHPXQFă&XOHJHUH870QU
 $OH[D/&XUVGH,JLHQă80)Ä*U73RSD´,D‫܈‬LS
 %DKQDUHO,&RUHĠFKL/0ROGRYDQX0$VSHFWHPHGLFRELRORJLFHDOHDFĠLXQLLDF
FLGHQWXOXLQXFOHDUGHOD&HUQREvODVXSUDSRSXODĠLHL5HSXEOLFLL0ROGRYD&KLúLQăX
&KÌ6)(37LSRJUDILD&HQWUDOăS
 %DKQDUHO,2VWURIH‫*܊‬K*UR]D/,JLHQDJHQHUDOă9ROXPXO,,&KL‫܈‬LQăX
 %DUGRY9+\JLHQHDQGHFRORJ\9LQQ\WVLDSDJ
 %DUURQ07RUHUR0+RXVHKROGHOHFWULILFDWLRQDQGLQGRRUDLUSROOXWLRQ,Q-RXU
QDORI(QYLURQPHQWDO(FRQRPLFVDQG0DQDJHPHQW
 %ăEăOăX90LJDOL/(YDOXDUHDLJLHQLFăDIDFWRULORUPHGLXOXLRFXSDĠLRQDOúLDSURFH
VXOXLGHPXQFă&ULWHULLOHLJLHQLFHGHFODVLILFDUHDFRQGLĠLLORUGHPXQFă,QGLFDĠLLPHWR
GLFH&KL‫܈‬LQăX
 %HQGHU '$ ,QWURGXFWLRQ WR 1XWULWLRQ DQG 0HWDEROLVP (GL‫܊‬LD  &5& 3UHVV 
S
 %RRU%(6SLODN03/DYHUJH-1RYRVHODN$;X<+XPDQH[SRVXUHWRLQGRRU
DLUSROOXWDQWVLQVOHHSPLFURHQYLURQPHQWV$OLWHUDWXUHUHYLHZ,Q%XLOGLQJDQG(QYL
URQPHQWS
 &KDQJHPHQWFOLPDWLTXHHWVpFXULWpDOLPHQWDLUH,PSDFWVHWYXOQpUDELOLWpGHVSRSXOD
WLRQVUXUDOHVHWXUEDLQHV6266DKHOS
 &KDXVVRG 5 /D TXDOLWp ELRORJLTXH GHV VROV pYDOXDWLRQ HW LPSOLFDWLRQV 'LMRQ
)UDQFHSDJ
 &RFkUOă$0HGLFLQDRFXSDĠLRQDOă9ROúL&OXM1DSRFD(GLWXUD0HGLFDOă8QL
YHUVLWDUă
 &URLWRUX&&LREDQX(*KLGGHEXQHSUDFWLFL$OLPHQWD‫܊‬LHUD‫܊‬LRQDOăVLJXUDQ‫܊‬DDOL
PHQWHORU‫܈‬LVFKLPEDUHDFRPSRUWDPHQWXOXLDOLPHQWDU&KL‫܈‬LQăXS
 &XU‫܈‬HX',JLHQă&XUVSHQWUXVWXGHQ‫܊‬L(08Ä,XOLX+D‫܊‬LHJDQX´&OXM1DSRFD
S
 (XURSHDQ &RPPLVLRQ $FWLRQ 3ODQ RQ 1XWULWLRQ %UX[HOOHV %HOJLD ௘
KWWS௘HFHXURSDHXHXURSHDLGVLWHVGHYFRILOHVVZGDFWLRQSODQRQQXWULWLRQ
BHQSGI௘
 )ULSWXOHDF*U$SD‫܈‬LLPSRUWDQ‫܊‬DHLLJLHQLFRVDQLWDUă&XUV&(30HGLFLQD&KL‫܈‬LQăX
S
 )ULSWXOHDF*U,JLHQDLQVWLWX‫܊‬LLORUPHGLFRVDQLWDUHFXUV&KL‫܈‬LQăX
 )ULSWXOHDF*U,JLHQDPHGLXOXL&KL‫܈‬LQăXS
 )ULSWXOHDF*U,JLHQDVROXOXL‫܈‬LSUREOHPHOHGHVăQăWDWH&KL‫܈‬LQăS
 )ULSWXOHDF*U$OH[D/%ăEăOăX9,JLHQDPHGLXOXL&KL‫܈‬LQăXSDJ
 )ULSWXOHDF*U0H‫܈‬LQD90RUDUX0,JLHQDPXQFLL9RO,,&KL‫܈‬LQăX
Bibliografie

 *HUDVLP$*KLGSUDFWLFGHQXWUL‫܊‬LH‫܈‬LGLHWHWLFă,D‫܈‬L(GL‫܊‬LD*U73RSD
 *RRG3UDFWLFHLQ2FFXSDWLRQDO+HDOWK6HUYLFHV$&RQWULEXWLRQWR:RUNSODFH+HDOWK
:+25HJLRQDO2IILFHIRU(XURSHS
 +*QUGLQ Ä&XSULYLUH ODSURWHFĠLD VDQLWDUă D WHULWRULXOXL5HSXEOLFLL
0ROGRYDGHLPSRUWXOúLUăVSkQGLUHDEROLORULQIHFĠLRDVHFRQYHQĠLRQDOHúLH[WUHPGHSH
ULFXORDVH´
 +RWăUkUHD*XYHUQXOXLQUGLQVHSWHPEULHSHQWUXDSUREDUHD5HJXODPHQ
WXOXLVDQLWDUSULYLQGVXSOLPHQWHOHDOLPHQWDUH
 +RWăUkUHD0LQLVWHUXOXL6ăQăWă‫܊‬LL‫܈‬L3URWHF‫܊‬LHL6RFLDOHFXSULYLUHODDSUREDUHDúLLP
SOHPHQWDUHD5HJXOLORUúLQRUPDWLYHORUVDQLWDURHSLGHPLRORJLFHGHVWDWÄ,JLHQDLQVWL
WXĠLLORUGHvQYăĠăPvQWSULPDUJLPQD]LDOúLOLFHDO´UHYL]XLWHvQFRQIRUPLWDWHFX/HJHD
QU;9GLQGHFHPEULHSULYLQGUHYL]XLUHDúLRSWLPL]DUHDFDGUXOXLQRUPD
WLY GH UHJOHPHQWDUH D DFWLYLWăĠLLGH vQWUHSULQ]ăWRU 0RQLWRUXO 2ILFLDO DO 5HSXEOLFLL
0ROGRYDQUDUW
 /HJHDQUGLQFXSULYLUHODVWDELOLUHDSULQFLSLLORUúLDFHULQĠHORUJHQH
UDOHDOHOHJLVODĠLHLSULYLQGVLJXUDQĠDDOLPHQWHORU
 /HJHDQUGLQSULYLQGUHJLPXOVWăULLGHXUJHQĠăGHDVHGLXúLGHUă]ERL
 /HJHD1U/3GLQSULYLQGFDOLWDWHDDSHLSRWDELOHÌQ021,72
58/2),&,$/1UDUWSXEOLFDWăODGDWDGH
 /HJHDQUD3DUODPHQWXOXL5HSXEOLFLL0ROGRYDGLQSULYLQGVXSUDYH
JKHUHDGHVWDWDVăQăWăĠLLSXEOLFH
 /HJHDQUGLQFXSULYLUHODSURWHFĠLDFLYLOă
 /HJHDQU;9GLQPDUWLHSULYLQGSURGXVHOHDOLPHQWDUH
 /R]DQ2‫܈‬D0DQXDO3URPRYDUHDVăQăWă‫܊‬LL&KL‫܈‬LQăXS
 0DWHHVFX0,7R[LFRORJLDSHVWLFLGHORU%XFXUH‫܈‬WL
 0LQGHOO(%LEOLDYLWDPLQHORU7LSRJUDILD0XOWLSULQW5RPkQLD,D‫܈‬L
 0LQLVWHUXO6ăQăWă‫܊‬LLDO505HFRPDQGăULSHQWUXXQUHJLPDOLPHQWDUVăQăWRV‫܈‬LDFWL
YLWDWH IL]LFă DGHFYDWă vQ LQVWLWX‫܊‬LLOH GH vQYă‫܊‬ăPkQW GLQ 50 &KL‫܈‬LQăX 
KWWSROGPVJRYPGVLWHVGHIDXOWILOHVOHJLVODWLHUHFRPDQGDUHBPHWRGLFDBDOLPHQ
WDWLDBFRSLLORUSGI
 1HDJX&1HJUX0$VSHFWHJHQHUDOHGHWR[LFRORJLHLQGXVWULDOă0HWRGHGHDQDOL]ă
XWLOL]DWHLQWR[LFRORJLDLQGXVWULDOă*KLGSULYLQGDVSHFWHJHQHUDOHGH7R[LFRORJLH,Q
GXVWULDOă,QVWLWXWXO1DWLRQDOGH6ăQăWDWH3XEOLFD%XFXUH‫܈‬WL
 1HZVKROPH$+\JLHQHDPDQXDORISHUVRQDODQGSXEOLFKHDOWK1HZ(GLWLRQ/RQ
GRQ*HR*LOO 6RQV/G0LQHUYD+RXVH:DUZLFN/DQHS
 1RUPH)XQGDPHQWDOHGH5DGLRSURWHF‫܊‬LH&HULQ‫܊‬H‫܈‬L5HJXOL,JLHQLFHQUGLQ
IHEUXDULHÌQ0RQLWRUXO2ILFLDO1UDUW1U&KL‫܈‬LQăX
 2ODUX ( 6HFXULWDWHD ‫܈‬L VăQăWDWHD vQ PXQFă &LFOX GH SUHOHJHUL &KL‫܈‬LQăX 
870
 2SRSRO1,JLHQDúLVLJXUDQĠDDOLPHQWHORU&KLúLQăX0HGLFLQDS
 2VWURIH‫*܊‬K%DKQDUHO,&RUH‫܊‬FKL/‫܈‬D,JLHQD5DGLD‫܊‬LLORU0DQXDO&(30HGL
FLQDS
 2VWURIH‫*܊‬K*UR]D/&URLWRUX&7LKRQ$&LREDQX(0HWRGHGHFHUFHWDUHvQ
VWXGLXDSOLFDWHvQLJLHQă(ODERUDUHPHWRGLFă&KL‫܈‬LQăXS
 2VWURIH‫*܊‬K&LREDQX(7DIXQL2,JLHQDJHQHUDOă&XUVÄ,JLHQD$SHL´9RO,
&KL‫܈‬LQăX&(30HGLFLQD´S
 3DFLWWR$6WDELOH/9LDQD06FXQJLR05HFKH&4XHURO;$ODVWXH\$
5LYDV,$OYDUH]3HGUHURO06XQ\HU-YDQ'URRJH%/*ULPDOW-26R]]L
59LJR3%XRQDQQR3DUWLFOHUHODWHGH[SRVXUHGRVHDQGOXQJFDQFHUULVNRISUL
PDU\ VFKRRO FKLOGUHQ LQ WZR (XURSHDQ FRXQWULHV ,Q 6FLHQFH RI WKH 7RWDO (QYL
RUQPHQW
 3DQVX0*DXWKH\URX-/¶DQDO\VHGXVROPLQpUDORJLTXHRUJDQLTXHHWPLQpUDOH
6SULQJHUS
 5HJXODPHQWXOVDQLWDUSULYLQGJHVWLRQDUHDGH‫܈‬HXULORUUH]XOWDWHGLQDFWLYLWDWHDPHGL
FDOă+*GLQ
 6vUEX'1DVXL%,JLHQDDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHL‫܈‬LQXWUL‫܊‬LHL&XUVSHQWUXVWXGHQ‫܊‬LLOD0HGLFLQă
HG ,XOLX +D‫܊‬LHJDQX  KWWSVUXVFULEGFRPGRF'DQD6LUEX%RJ
GDQD1DVXL,JLHQD$OLPHQWDWLHL6L1XWULWLHL0HGLFLQD
 6WăQHVFX'5$JHQ‫܊‬LQRFLYLvQPHGLXOSURIHVLRQDO(GLWXUD9LD‫܊‬D0HGLFDOă5RPk
QHDVFă%XFXUH‫܈‬WL
 9ODLFX%%DJLX5&XUVGHLJLHQDPHGLXOXLDOLPHQWD‫܊‬LHL‫܈‬LQXWUL‫܊‬LHL7LPL‫܈‬RDUD
(GLWXUD6ROQHVVS
 9RLFX9&RPEDWHUHDQR[HORUvQLQGXVWULH(GLWXUD7HKQLFăS
 ɅɢɫɢɰɵɧɘɉɈɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɟɢɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɭɱɟɛɧɢɤɟɢɡɞ
ɆɨɫɤɜɚȽɗɈɌȺɊɆɟɞɢɚɫ
 ɊɨɧɝɢɧɫɤɚɹɌɂɋɢɧɞɪɨɦɜɵɝɨɪɚɧɢɹɜɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɹɯɊɨɧɝɢɧɫɤɚɹ
ɉɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɠɭɪɧɚɥɌʋɋ
 KWWSVZZZHUVZKLWHERRNRUJFKDSWHUVLQGRRUHQYLURQPHQW
 KWWSVZZZHUVZKLWHERRNRUJFKDSWHUVRFFXSDWLRQDOULVNIDFWRUV
 KWWSVZZZHXURSHDQOXQJRUJDVVHWVILOHVHQLQIRJUDSKLFVLQGRRUBDLUBSROOXWLRQSGI
 KWWSOH[MXVWLFHPGLQGH[SKS"DFWLRQ YLHZ YLHZ GRF ODQJ  LG 
 KWWSOH[MXVWLFHPGLQGH[SKS"DFWLRQ YLHZ YLHZ GRF ODQJ  LG 
 KWWSPGRQHXQRUJFRQWHQWXQFWPROGRYDURKRPHRXUZRUNVGJVJRDOTXDOLW\
HGXFDWLRQKWPOSDUBWH[W
 KWWSVZZZXQLFHIRUJGHYSURILOHV&)60DQXDOB&KBSGI
4