SUPORT DE CURS

LIMBĂ ENGLEZĂ

(începãtori)
 CUPRINS

➢ MODULUL 1:
o Alfabetul. Reguli de pronuntie si ortografie
o Formule de adresare si salut
o Formule de prezentare/autoprezentare si alte formule uzuale
o Pronumele personal
o Verbul TO BE (prezent)
o Aplicatii: redactare dialog - MEET MY FRIEND; GOOD MORNING, NEIGHBOR!

➢ MODULUL 2:
o Verbul TO HAVE (prezent)
o Apartenenta (adjective si pronume posesive)
o Apropierea/departarea
o Articolele si utilizarea lor
o Aplicatii: GRAMMAR IN USE (exercises)

➢ MODULUL 3:
o Prezentul Simplu (formare, utilizare, etc)
o Adjective (formare, grade de comparatie)
o Familia si gradele de rudenie
o Corpul omenesc. Descrierea unei persoane.
o Aplicatii: - SPEAK ABOUT YOU AND YOUR FAMILY;
- DESCRIBE YOUR BEST FRIEND.

➢ MODULUL 4:
o Prezentul Continuu (diferente intre prezentul simplu si cel continuu)
o Numeralul in limba engleza
o Calendarul - exprimarea datei si a orei. Sarbatori si traditii
o Aplicatii: - WHICH IS YOUR FAVORITE SEASON AND WHY?
- HOW IS THE WEATHER IN YOUR COUNTRY?
- SPEAK ABOUT YOUR DAILY PROGRAM.
➢ MODULUL 5:
o Pluralul substantivelor (much/many, some/any)
o Propozitii interogative (what, where, why, when, who, whose, whom...)
o Aplicatii: traducerea si interpretarea unui text

➢ MODULUL 6:
o Adverbul (formare, grade de comparatie)
o Going shopping (marfuri, magazine, preturi)
o Exprimarea preferintei
o Activitati de petrecere a timpului liber - constructii specifice
o Aplicatii: dialog la cumparaturi, invitatia - acceptarea/refuzarea invitatiei

➢ MODULUL 7:
o Mesele zilei (feluri de mancare, bauturi, tacamuri)
o Verbele modale: CAN, MAY, MUST, SHOULD/SHOULDN’T
o Aplicatii: - INTEGRAMA “MASA”
- YOU HAVE YOUR DINNER / BREAKFAST IN A
RESTAURANT
- Verbe modale in diferite formule de conversatie.

➢ MODULUL 8:
o Trecutul Simplu (formare, utilizare, etc)
o Home, sweet home! (camera, mobile, obiecte din casa)
o Aplicatii: - WHERE DO YOU LIVE? (adresa, directionare)
- DESCRIBE YOUR HOUSE/APARTMENT.
- INTEGRAMA – “APARTAMENT”

➢ MODULUL 9:
o Trecutul Continuu
o Mijloace si cai de transport. Calatorii.
o Aplicatii: - WHERE ARE YOU GOING ON HOLIDAYS?
- YOU ARE GOING TO LEAVE FOR PARIS BY PLANE
- YOU ARE GOING TO LEAVE FOR BUCHAREST BY TRAIN
➢ MODULUL 10:
o Viitorul Simplu. Viitorul cu GOING TO
o Vizita la doctor (probleme si medicamente)
o Aplicatii: GOING TO YOUR DOCTOR (imagine a dialogue)
o GOING TO A PHARMACY (imagine a dialogue)
o Traducerea si interpretarea unui text

➢ MODULUL 11:
o Prepozitii si conjunctii uzuale
o Meserii si ocupatii.
o Interviu pentru obtinerea unui loc de munca
o Aplicatii: Redactarea CV-ului in lb. engleza MOTIVATION LETTER

➢ MODULUL 12:
o Diferente intre DO - MAKE
o Genitivul (recapitularea posesiei)
o Ordinea cuvintelor in propozitie
o Traducerea si interpretarea unui text
o RECAPITULARE FINALA PRIN EXERCITII SI CONVERSATIE.
 MODULUL 1

• Alfabetul. Reguli de pronuntie si ortografie.

• Formule de adresare si salut.
• Formule de prezentare/autoprezentare si alte formule uzuale.
• Pronumele personal
• Verbul TO BE (prezent)
• Aplicatii: redactare dialog - MEET MY FRIEND; GOOD MORNING, NEIGHBOR!

Modern English Alphabet

InternationalPhoneticAlphabet
Vowels

/ɪ/ English, business /ʌ/ cut, come, mother

/e/ bed, head,bury, exit /ɜː/ girl, burn, word, heard
/æ/ cat, bag, apple, black /ɑː/ car, art, heart, half
/ə/ the, a, woman, banana /ɔː/ or, board, door, small
/ʊ/ look,put, could, cushion /ɪː/ sea, bee, people, receive
/ɒ/ clock, what, because /uː/ too, blue, fruit, fool

Dipthongs

/eɪ/ take, pay,wait, ballet /ɑʊ/ round, doubt

/ɑɪ/ five, height, buy /ɪə/ here, deer, dear, fierce
/ɔɪ/ noise, boy, lawyer /eə/ care, air, mayor, prayer
/əʊ/ no, road, sew, broken /ʊə/ poor, insure, tour, moor

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Consonants

/p/ play, stop, speak, power

/b/ bad, baby, big, object
/t/ ten, later, little, pot
/d/ day, advice, bed
/k/ character, quick
/g/ got, ignore, finger
/f/ food, laugh, telephone
/v/ vain, over, Stephen
/θ/ thin, earth, method, both
/ð/ they, father, breathe, with
/s/ small, since, scene, psalm
/z/ zoo, goes
/ʃ/ shell, nation, machine

/ʒ/ measure, vision, television

/h/ hot, hair, whole, whose
/m/ moon, lamp, lamb
/n/ can, snow, pneumonia
/ŋ/ string, singer, tongue
/tʃ/ chair, match, future
/dʒ/ just, general, age, soldier
/l/ look, small, bottle
/r/ real, train, wrong, writes
/j/ yes, Europe, university
/w/ window, twin, why

Exercise 1: Match the phonetic transcriptions with the words:

1. /ʃʌt/ a. later
2. /hɑːt/ b. joke
3. /θɪŋk/ c. heart
4. /wɜːk/ d. there
5. /leɪtə/ e. doubt
6. /bɔːt/ f. work
7. /puːl/ g. shut
8. /dɑʊt/ h. think
9. /dʒəʊk/ i. pool
10 . /ðeə/ j. bought

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Exercise 2: Can you spell your name?

Exercise 3: Complete the transcriptions with one of the following dipthongs:

/eɪ/ /ɑɪ/ /ɔɪ/ /əʊ/ /ɑʊ/ /ɪə/ /eə/ /ʊə/

1. make /m _ _ k/
2. sure /ʃ _ _/
3. bear /b __/
4. island /_ _lənd/
5. employ /ɪmpl_ _/
6. hear /h _ _/
7. town /t_ _ n/
8. home /h _ _ m/
9. sight /s _ _ t/
10. know /n _ _ /

FORMULE DE ADRESARE
• Mr = mister = domnul
• Mrs = mistress = doamna
• Miss = domnişoara
Aceste formule sunt urmate de numele de familie sau de numele întreg al persoanei şi nu
de prenume. De asemenea, profesiile şi titulaturile nu primesc “Mr, Mrs” în faţa numelui deşi în
româneşte spunem asta. “Miss” se poate folosi cu oricare dintre nume.
Ex: Good morning professor Gray! = Bună dimineaţa domnule professor Gray!
Good evening doctor Vivian Pop! = Bună seara doamnă doctor Vivian Pop!
Good afternoon, miss Violet! = Buna ziua, domnisoara Violeta!

• Sir – lady
Nu sunt urmate de nume decât dacă persoana deţine un titlu de nobleţe.
Ex: Sir Charles, Sir Winston, Lady Diana, Lady Hamilton

• SIR – MADAM
Aceste formule nu sunt urmate niciodată de nume
Ex: Thank you, sir! = Mulţumesc, dle!
Goodbye, madam! = La revedere, doamnă!

• Ladies and gentlemen

Se foloseste cand ne adresam unui grup / public.
“Lady” si “gentleman” se folosesc si pentru a indica o persoana.
Ex: - Who is that gentleman? Is he Mr. Brown?
No, sir. That gentleman is Mr. Gray.
(Cine este domnul acela? Este dl Brown? Nu, dle. Este dl. Gray.)
- Who is the lady sitting there? Is she Mrs. Newman?
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 - Yes, madam. She is Mrs. Newman, a very kind lady.
(Cine este doamna aşezată acolo? Este doamna Newman?
Este doamna Newman, o doamna foarte drăguţă).

Mr şi Mrs Gray = dl şi dna Gray – formula se foloseste pentru a anunta o familie

FORMULE DE SALUT
- Good morning! = Bună dimineaţa!
- Good afternoon! = Bună ziua!
- Good evening! = Bună seara!
- Good night! = Noapte bună!
- Good day! = Bună ziua!
- Hello! = Bună!
- Hi! = Salut!

Ultimile doua se folosesc pentru persoane apropiate, prieteni.

Atentie! “Good day!” este restrictiva.

Se foloseşte cu sensul că dorim încheierea discuţiei, plecarea persoanei.

Goodbye! Bye! = La revedere! Pa!

Have a nice day! = Să ai o zi bună!
Sweet dreams! = Vise plăcute!
See you (soon, later, next week, around, etc)! = ne mai vedem (curând, mai târziu, săptămâna
viitoare, pe-aici, etc).
Keep in touch! = Păstrăm legătura!

FORMULE DE PREZENTARE
- Who are you? I’m Dan. = Cine eşti tu? Sunt Dan.
- What is your name? My name is Dan Russell. = Care este numele tau? Numele meu este Dan
Russell.
- Allow me to introduce myself! I’m Dan. = Daţi-mi voie să mă prezint! Sunt Dan.
- Would you be so kind to introduce me to her? = Eşti amabil să mă prezinţi (ei)?
- Meet my friends! = Faceţi cunoştinţă cu prietenii mei!
- This is Doctor Gray! = Vi-l prezint pe dl. Doctor Gray!
- I’d like you to meet Miss Vivian! = Aş vrea să ţi-o prezint pe d-ra Vivian!
- I’d like to make the acquaintance of Miss Avril. = Aş vrea să fac cunoştinţă cu dra Avril.
- You know Mr. Brown, don’t you? = Il cunoşti pe dl. Brown, nu-i aşa?
- Do you know each other? = Vă cunoaşteţi?
- Have you ever met Miss June? = Aţi cunoscut-o pe dra June?
- I know him (her, you) only by sight (from hearsay)! = Il (o, te)ştiu doar din vedere (din
auzite)!
- I am glad (nice, pleased) to meet you! = Incântat să vă cunosc!
- How do you do! = este mai protocolar
- It’s a great honor to meet you! = Este o onoare să vă cunosc!

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- The pleasure (honor) is on my side! = Onoarea (plăcerea) e de partea mea!
- Shake hands together! = Strângeţi-vă mâinile!
- Where are you from? I’m from Romania. I’m from Galati = De unde esti? Sunt din RO
(Galati)

FORMULE UZUALE
PLEASE, IF YOU PLEASE (te/vă rog)
Politeţea obligă ca o cerere, rugăminte să aibă la sfârşit sau la început această expresie.

O cerere / rugăminte se formulează începând cu:

- Will you + verb …? = Vreţi să …?
- CAN / COULD you + verb …? = Mi – aţi putea …?

O dorinţă se exprimă începând cu:

- I would (I’d) like to + verb …? = Aş dori să …
- Would you like to + verb …? = Aţi dori să …?

Solicitarea permisiunii:
- May I (we) + verb …? = Pot (putem) să…?
- Allow me to + verb … = Daţi – mi voie să …

Mulţumirea şi răspunsul:
- Thank you! Thanks! = Mulţumesc!
- Much obliged! = Vă sunt îndatorat!
- I appreciate! = Mulţumesc (apreciez că …)!
- You’re welcome! Not at all! Don’t mention it! = Pentru puţin!

POFTIM! = HERE YOU ARE! Atunci când intinzi un obiect cuiva.

Solicitarea unei precizări:

- Pardon? I beg you pardon? = Poftim? Vă rog …?
- Please, repeat! = Vă rog să repetaţi!
- Can you spell it, please? = Vă rog să spuneţi literă cu literă.

Scuzele şi răspunsul:
- Excuse me! = Scuză-mă!
- I must apologize for …! = Trebuie să-mi cer scuze pentru ..!
- I’m sorry! I regret! = Imi pare rău! Regret!
- No problem! It’s O.K.! = Nici o problemă! E-n regulă!
- Never mind! = Nici o supărare! Nu contează!
- It’s all right! = E-n regulă!

Exprimarea bucuriei:
I’m glad to + verb …=Mă bucur să …
What a pleasure! = Ce plăcere!

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Well done! = Bravo! Foarte bine!

Supărarea:
- I’m very angry! = Sunt foarte supărat!
- I’m angry with you! = Sunt supărat pe tine!
- I’m sorry for you! = Imi pare rău pentru tine!
- It’s scandalous! Shame! = E scandalos! Ruşine!

Îndoiala, mirarea, nehotărârea:

- Why not? = De ce nu?
- What can be done? = Ce se poate face?
- I’m at a loss! = Sunt în încurcătură
- What shall I (we) do? = Ce fac (facem)?
- I wonder…= Mă întreb…
- What? Really? = Ce? Adevărat?
- You must be joking! You can’t be serious! = Glumeşti! Eşti serios?

Afirmaţia: YES = DA
- Of course! Sure! = Desigur! Fireşte! Cu siguranţă!
- I agree! = Sunt de accord!

Negaţia: NO = NU
- Certainly not! = Cu siguranţă nu!
- No way! = In nici un caz!
- Not in the least! = Câtuşi de puţin!
- I’m afraid it’s not possible! = Mă tem că nu este posibil!

“Ce mai faci?”

Nu se exprimă niciodată prin “How do you do?”
- How are you?= Ce mai faci?
- How is your father? How are your cildren? = Ce mai face tatăl tău? Ce-ţi fac copiii?
- I’m fine, thanks! I’m all right, thanks. = Fac bine.
- Just so and so! Pretty well! = Aşa şi aşa! Destul de bine!
- Not very well! = Nu prea bine!
De regula, dupa raspuns si multumire, se intoarce intrebarea: “What about you?”. Daca am
intrebat de o persoana si dorim sa transmitem salutari acelei persoane:
- Remember me to your father…
- Say hello to your father for me…greetings…
- Best regards to your mother…

PRONUMELE PERSONALE
Pronumele este partea de vorbire care înlocuieşte un substantiv.
Are acelaşi gen, număr, caz şi persoană ca şi substantivul înlocuit.

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CAZUL NOMINATIV
I = eu, se scrie cu literă mare indiferent de poziţia în propoziţie.
You = tu
He = el
She = ea
It = el / ea
We = noi
You = voi
They = ei, ele

When we talk about a single thing or an animal, we always use it.

However, there are a few exceptions. We may sometimes refer to an animal as he/him or
she/her, especially if the animal is a pet or a character in a fairy tale.

We often use it to introduce a remark:

It is nice to have a holiday sometimes.
It is important to dress well.
It's difficult to find a job.
We also use it to talk about the weather, temperature, time and distance:
It's raining.
It will probably be hot tomorrow.
Is it nine o'clock yet?
It is 50 kilometers from here to Cambridge.

CAZURILE DATIV SI ACUZATIV

me = mie, mi, pe mine, mă
you = ţie, ţi, îţi, pe tine, te
him = lui, îi, -i, pe el, îl
her = îi, -i, pe ea, o
it = îl, o, (impersonal)
us = nouă, ne, ni, pe noi
you = vouă, vi, vă, pe voi
them =lor, li, le, pe ei, pe ele, -i, îi, le

Pronumele personal în cazul dativ este precedat de prepoziţia “to” atunci când e aşezat
după un substantiv sau alt pronume la acuzativ.
Ex: Tell me a story. Tell a story to me. = Spune-mi o poveste.

VERBUL TO BE (a fi)
Afirmativ:
I am = I’m = eu sunt We are = we’re = noi suntem
You are = you’re = tu eşti You are = you’re = voi sunteţi
He, she, it is (he’s, she’s, it’s) = el / ea este They are = they’re=ei / ele sunt

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Negativ:
I am (I’m) not = nu sunt We are not = we aren’t =nu suntem
You are not = you aren’t = nu eşti You are not (aren’t) = nu sunteţi
He is not = he isn’t = el nu este They are not = (aren’t) = ei/ele nu sunt
She is not = she isn’t = ea nu este
It is not = it isn’t = nu este

Interogativ:
Am I? = sunt? Are we? = suntem?
Are you? = eşti? Are you? = sunteti?
Is he(she, it)? = este? Are they? = sunt ei/ele?

Intrebarea se poate şi la negativ:

Aren’t you…? = Nu eşti tu…?
Isn’t it…? = Nu este? Nu-i aşa?

Aplicatii: Imagine a dialogue or translate these dialogues:

GOOD MORNING, NEIGHBOR!

Buna dimineata, domnule doctor Sima. Ce mai faceti?
Buna dimineata, Dan. Sunt ocupat dar sunt bine, multumesc. Dar tu?
Destul de bine, multumesc.
Ce mai face tatal tau?
Oh, este bine! Multumesc!
Transmite salutari tatalui tau. La revedere, Dan!
La revedere, domnule doctor Sima.

MEET MY FRIEND
Dati-mi voie sa ma prezint. Eu sunt Dan.
Incantat sa te cunosc. Eu sunt Adrian. El este Matei.
Incantat sa te cunosc. O cunosti pe Alina?
Doar din vedere…Incantat sa te cunosc! Oh, domnule profesor Sima! Incantat sa va cunosc in
sfarsit!
Onoarea este de partea mea!

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 MODULUL 2:

• Verbul TO HAVE (prezent)

• Apartenenta (adjective si pronume posesive)
• Apropierea/departarea. Pozitia in spatiu.
• Articolele si utilizarea lor.
• Aplicatii: GRAMMAR IN USE (exercises)

VERBUL TO HAVE (a avea)

Afirmativ:
I have = eu am We have = noi avem
You have = tu ai You have = voi aveţi
He, she, it has = el/ea are They have = ei / ele au

Negativ:
I have not = I haven’t = eu nu am We have not = nu avem
You have not (haven’t) = tu nu ai You have not = nu aveţi
He has not (hasn’t) = el nu are They have not = nu au
She has not (hasn’t) = ea nu are
It has not (hasn't) = nu are

Interogativ:
Have I…? = Am…? Have we …? = Avem …?
Have you…? = Ai…? Have you …? = Aveţi…?
Has he(she)…? = Are el/ea…? Have they …? = Au …?

Se poate şi la negativ:
Haven’t you some money? = N-ai nişte bani?

APARTENENTA
Pronumele posesiv înlocuieşte un substantiv şi-n acelaşi timp îl numeşte pe posesor.
MINE = al meu, a mea … OURS = al nostru, a noastră …
YOURS = al tău, a ta … YOURS = al vostru, a voastră …
HIS = al lui, a lui … THEIS = al lor, a lor …
HERS = al ei, a ei …
ITS = al lui, a ei …
Ex: This dog is mine. It is mine. = Acest câine este al meu. Este al meu.

Adjectivele posesive provin dintr-un pronume şi însoţesc mereu obiectul / fiinţa posedată.
My = meu, mea, mei, mele Our = nostru, noastră, noştri, noastre
Your = tău, ta, tăi, tale Your = vostru, voastră, voştri, voastre
His = lui Their = lor
Her = ei
Its = lui / ei
Ex: This is my house. = Aceasta este casa mea
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Exerciţiul 1. Traduceţi în limba română:
1. I have an electronic watch. It is my electronic watch. It’s mine.
2. You have an old red cap. It is your old red cap. It’s yours.
3. He has a big toy pistol. It is his big toy pistol. It’s his.
4. She has a new fashionable skirt. It is her new skirt. It’s hers.
5. The door has a good Yale lock. It is its Yale lock.
6. We have a very good TV set. It is our TV set. It’s ours.
7. They have an old-fashioned radio receiver. It is their radio. It is theirs.

Exerciţiul 2. Puneţi în locul punctelor, cuvintele care se potrivesc şi arată posesia:

1. Mike has a Kodak camera; it is ……….. camera; the camera is ………
2. I have in ……….. room a table and a chair; it is ……… table and it’s … chair; the table
is ……….. and the chair is …………
3. She has a new dress; it is …………. dress; the dress is ………..
4. They have an dictionary; it is …..…... dictionary; the dictionary is …….
5. Alec has a white cap; …………. color is white.

Exerciţiul 3. Puneţi în locul punctelor pronumele care se potrivesc:

1. ………. am a teacher.
2. ………. is at home.
3. Are ………… good pupils.
4. No, ………… isn’t a doctor.
5. Are ………… his friend?
6. Yes, ……….. is a bird.
7. ……….. are not workers.

APROPIEREA (HERE = aici)

THIS (acest, aceasta) – THESE (aceşti, aceste)
DEPARTAREA (THERE = acolo)
THAT (acel, acea) – THOSE (acei, acele)

Ex: This girl is a good pupil. = Această fată este o elevă bună.
Those men are workers. = Oamenii aceia sunt muncitori.
That girl is my sister. = Acea fata este sora mea.

Exerciţiul 1. Traduceţi în limba română:

1. This is a fox. The fox is an animal. A fox has a reddish fur.
2. This is an apple. It’s a fruit. The apple has a sweet flesh.
3. That is a sparrow. The sparrow is a bird. The sparrow is a small gray-brown bird.
4. Those are roses. The roses are flowers. Those are sweet smelling flowers.
5. These are English books. The English books are novels. These are interesting novels.

Exerciţiul 2. După modelul ex de mai sus, construiţi în limba engleză cinci fraze.

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Exerciţiul 3. Traduceţi în limba engleză:
1. Aceasta este o bicicletă. Bicicleta este nouă.
2. Aceia este o pălărie. Este o pălărie veche.
3. Acelea sunt prăjituri. Acolo sunt prăjituri proaspete.
4. Acestea sunt jucării. Jucăriile sunt aici.

Exerciţiul 4. Introduceţi în frază this / that şi these / those acolo unde este necesar:
………….book here is new.
………. dogs over there are very bad.
Are all ………… man and women workers? No, …………are workers but ………… over there
are not; they are no workers. New dictionary is ……….. here; the old dictionary is …………. on
the table there.

Exerciţiul 5. Folosiţi this / these şi that / those ca să construiţi propoziţii cu:

house, cat, hat, cap, boy, hen, raven, bottle, teacher, pen, apple, egg, umbrella.

Exerciţiul 6. Treceţi fiecare propoziţie la interogativ şi negativ:

1. These are pencils.
2. This is a motorbike.
3. That is a piece of red chalk.
4. The young lady over there is Alice.

Articolul este o parte de vorbire ce însoţeşte un substantiv.

Articolul stă întotdeauna în faţa substantivului.

ARTICOLUL NEHOTARAT
Se foloseşte numai cu substantivul la singular. Are două forme : A şi AN

A [ə] se pune în faţa substantivelor care încep cu o consoană [b,c,d, …], cu semivocalele w şi y
şi vocalele “e” şi “u” dar NUMAI când aceste vocale se citesc [ju :]
Ex: A dog = un câine; a window = o fereastră; a young man = un tânăr; a European country =
o ţară europeană; a useful thing = un lucru util.
AN [ən] se pune în faţa substantivelor care încep cu o vocală sau cu “h” mut (se scrie dar nu se
citeşte). Regula se aplică pentru vocalele “e” şi “u” atunci când NU se citesc [ju:].

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Ex: An apple = un măr; an egg = un ou; an engine = motor; an ugly girl = o fată urâtă; an
umbrella = o umbrelă; an hour = o oră; an honorable man = un om onorabil.

Folosirea articolului nehotărât:

1. Când nu cunoaştem substantivul sau nu vrem să-l precizăm.
Ex: There is a boy in a street = Este un băiat pe stradă.
Give me a book! = Dă-mi o carte (oricare)!
2. Poate avea înţeles de numeral (în loc de one).
Ex: A boy and two girls = un băiat şi două fete.
3. Inaintea unui substantiv nume de profesie, de meserie şi de naţionalitate, situaţie în care NU
se traduce în limba română.
Ex: She is a teacher = Ea este profesoară şi NU ea este o profesoară!
He will become a doctor = el va deveni doctor.
Tom is a Englishmam = Tom este englez.
4. In faţa cuvintelor “little” (puţin) şi “few” (câteva) pentru a le da un plus de cantitate.
Ex: He has few English books = El are câteva cărţi de engleză.
He has a few English books = El are ceva (multe) cărţi de engleză.
5. După cuvinte ca such, what, without, as:
Ex: Such a nice girl! = O fată atât de drăguţă!
What a morning! = Ce dimineaţă!
She is a woman without a husband = Este o femeie singură, fără soţ!
Write this as an introduction = Scrie asta ca introducere.
6. In faţa cuvintelor care denumesc orice fel de măsură.
Ex: Once a day = o dată pe zi; three miles an hour = 3 mile pe oră;
50 USD a dozen = 50 dolari duzina.

ARTICOLUL HOTARAT
Se foloseşte atât cu substantivul la singular cât şi la plural.
Se scrie THE în orice situaţie dar se pronunţă:
[ðə] în faţa substantivelor care încep cu consoană;
[ðɪ] în faţa substantivelor care încep cu vocală sau “h” mut.

Folosirea articolului hotărât

1. În faţa unui substantiv cunoscut sau pe care dorim să-l precizăm.
Ex: The boy sitting in the corner is my brother = Băiatul aşezat în colţ este fratele meu.
Dă-mi cartea de pe masă! = Give me the book on the table!
2. In faţa numelor de lanţuri muntoase şi ape:
Ex: The Alps, The Carpathians, The Atlantic, The Danube.
3. In faţa punctelor cardinale:
Ex: the North, the South, the East, the West.
4. In faţa numelor de familie atunci când vorbim de toată familia (numele se pune la plural) sau
a unui prenume atunci când se evidenţiază persoana:
Ex: We dine with the Browns (= Brown family) = Cinăm cu familia Brown
The famous John Smith will come next week = Faimosul John S. va veni săptămâna viitoare.
5. In faţa substantivelor precedate de prepoziţii:

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Ex: on the table = pe masă; in the classroom = în clasă.
6. In faţa numeralelor ordinale
Ex: the first = the 1st = primul; the fourth = the 4st =al patrulea.
7. In faţa adjectivelor la superlativ
Ex: the best = cel mai bun; the worst = cel mai rău.
8. Cu sens de pronume demonstrativ:
Ex: Stephen the Great = Stefan cel mare.

ARTICOLUL ZERO
Este de fapt situaţia în care NU se pune articol. Cazuri când apare articolul zero:
1. cu prenume în situaţii obişnuite:
Ex: old John = bătrânul Ion; uncle Sam = unchiul Sam.
2. cu substantivele ce au sens abstract:
Ex: Water is wonderful! = Apa este minunată!
Această regulă se aplică şi meselor zilei cand au sens abstract.
Ex: Dinner is served at seven = Cina este servită la 7.
3. cu numele zilelor, lunilor, anotimpurilor;
Atenţie! În limba engleză zilele şi lunile ca şi naţionalităţile s scriu cu litera mare indiferent de
poziţie. Anotimpurile se scriu cu literă mică.
Ex: See you next Monday! = Ne vedem lunea viitoare!
Farmers work the land in spring = Fermierii lucrează pământul primăvara.
4. cu nume de obiecte de studiu, jocuri sau sporturi:
Ex: Everybody likes football! = Toată lumea iubeşte fotbalul.
We learn history at school = Invăţăm istoria la şcoală.
5. cu nume de ţări dintr-un cuvânt şi nume de oraşe:
Ex: England and France are European countries = Anglia şi Franţa sunt ţări europene.
Bucharest is our capital = Bucureştiul este capitala noastră.
6. cu substantive la plural luate în sens general:
Ex: Children like sweets! = copiilor le plac dulciurile!
7. cu substantivele bed, church, court, harbour, hospital, jail, market, prison, port, school, town,
table atunci când acestea sunt folosite cu sensul de loc cu o anumită destinaţie:
Ex: Pupils go to school = Elevii merg la şcoală.
School has many pupils = Scoala are mulţi elevi.
Prison is full of criminals = Inchisoarea este plină de criminali.
Market is full of food = Piaţa este plină de alimente.

Traduceti:
1. John este prietenul meu................................................................................................................
2. Masina aceasta este a lor..............................................................................................................
3. Tricourile acelea sunt ale tale......................................................................................................
4. Jim este fiul lor............................................................................................................................
5. Tatal lui este doctor....................................................................................................................
6. Sora mea are zece ani..................................................................................................................
7. Casa ei este mare..........................................................................................................................
8. Cainele nostru este alb.................................................................................................................

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9. Mama ta este avocat....................................................................................................................
10. Casa mea este mica dar placuta...................................................................................................
11. Pisica ei este alb cu negru............................................................................................................
12. Palariile lor sunt verzi..................................................................................................................
13. Aceasta masina este a mea...........................................................................................................
14. Este geanta ei...............................................................................................................................
15. Este patul meu.............................................................................................................................
16. Eu am telefon mobil....................................................................................................................
17. El are o minge .............................................................................................................................

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 MODULUL 3:

• Prezentul Simplu (formare, utilizare)

• Adjectivele (formare, grade de comparatie)
• Familia si gradele de rudenie
• Corpul omenesc. Descrierea unei persoane.
• Aplicatii: SPEAK ABOUT YOU AND YOUR FAMILY; DESCRIBE YOUR BEST
FRIEND

FAMILIA SI RUDELE (THE FAMILY)

o parents = părinţi:
- father, daddy, pappy = tată, tătic
- mother, mummy, mum = mamă, mămică
o child/children = copil/copii
o boy/son = băiat/fiu, girl/daughter = fată/fiică
o brother/sister = frate/soră
o grandparents = bunici
o grandfather = grandpa = bunic
o grandmother = grandma = granny = bunică, mamaie
o grandchildren = nepoţi de bunici
o great-grandparents = străbunici, strămoşi
o uncle = unchi, aunt = mătuşă (auntie = mătuşică, tanti)
o nephew = nepot de unchi, niece = nepoată de unchi
o cousin = verişor(ă)
o familia obţinută prin căsătorie:
- parents in law = socri, father-in-law = socru, etc
- son-in-law = ginere, daughter-in-law = nora
- sister-in-law = cumnată, etc
o godfather = naş godmother = naşă (botez)
o best man = cavaler de onoare, maid of honor = domnisoara de onoare
o familia vitregă se numeşte folosind familia iniţială dar cu „step” înainte:
- step-father = tată vitreg, step-son = fiu vitreg,
- step-sister = soră vitregă etc
o relative, relation = rudă
o near relation = rudă apropiată (distant = îndepărtatã)
o relation-in-law = rudă prin alianţă
o kinship = rudenie
o nick-name, pet-name = poreclă
o Christian name = nume de botez
o to marry = a se căsători (married = căsătorit)
o husband and wife = soţ şi soţie
o to divorce = a divorţa (divorced = divorţat)
o to engage = a se logodi (engaged = logodit)
o to have broken off the engagement = a rupe logodna
o single (bachelor, spinster) = singur (celibatar, celibatară)
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o fiancé(e) = logodnic (ă)
o groom = mire, bride = mireasă
o Are you a large family? = Sunteţi o familie numeroasă?
o What is your maiden name? = Care este numele dvs. de domnişoară ?
o When did you get married? = Când v-aţi căsătorit?
o Who is your sister married to? = Cu cine e măritată sora ta ?
o She’s married to doctor Gray. = E măritată cu doctorul Gray.
o When are (were) you born? = Când sunteţi născut?
o I was born on May 28, 1965. = M-am născut pe 28.05. 65.
o How old are you? = Ce vârstă aveţi?
o I am thirty-eight (years old). = Am 38 de ani.
o You look much younger. You don’t look your age. = Pari mai tânăr, nu arăţi vârsta.
o I’m getting (growing) old = îmbătrânesc
o You look older. You seem to have grown old. = Arăţi mai în vârstă. Arăţi îmbătrânit.
o How old is your husband? = Ce vârstă are soţul?
o He is: the same age (aceeaşi), my junior by ten years (mai mic cu 10 ani), my senior by ten
years (mai mare cu 10 ani)
o To be under age = a fi minor
o To be of age = a fi major, full age = majorat
o In his (her) prime = în floarea vârstei
o Middle-aged = între două vârste, elderly = vârstnic(ă)
o I have two grown-up children = am 2 copii mari
o Voi împlini 40 ani luna viitoare = I shall be forty next month
o Am împlinit 40 ani luna trecută = I was forty last month

APLICATIE: Speak about you and your family

PREZENTUL SIMPLU
o Se formează astfel :
- afirmativ : I, we, you, they + verb (infinitiv scurt)
he, she, it + verb (infinitiv scurt) + (e)s
- negativ: I, we, you, they + DO + NOT (DON’T) + verb (infinitiv scurt)
he, she, it + DOES + NOT (DOESN’T) + verb (FÃRÃ S)
- interogativ: DO + I, we, you, they + verb (infinitiv scurt) …?
DOES + he, she, it + verb (FÃRÃ S)…?

Ex: Does he speak English? (El vorbeşte englezeşte? Da/nu)

Yes, he speaks English. No, he doesn’t speak English.

o Reguli de ortografie la adaugarea lui „s”:

• verbele terminate în o, s, x, sh, ch primesc mai întâi „e” şi apoi „s”.
Ex: I do - he does, I pass - he passes
You wash - she washes, you watch - she watches
• verbele terminate în „y” care are înainte o consoană îl schimbă în „i” şi primesc „es”.
Ex: I try - he tries, you cry - she cries
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Observaţie! Aceste reguli nu se aplică daca „y” are înainte vocală.
Ex: I play football. He plays football.

o Se traduce în româneşte prin prezent.

o Utilizarea prezentului simplu:

• pentru a exprima acţiuni repetate, stări repetate şi obiceiuri din prezent.
Ex: I watch TV every evening (Privesc la TV în fiecare seară)
I always wake up early (Mă trezesc întotdeauna devreme)
Observaţie! Se folosesc două tipuri de adverbe:
adverbe de frecvenţă (arată de câte ori se petrece acţiunea) care se pun înaintea verbului.
Aceste adverbe pot fi: always (întotdeauna), usually (de obicei), often (adesea),
sometimes (câteodată), rarely (rar), never (niciodată).
Atenţie! Adverbul “never” este negativ ceea ce obligă folosirea verbului la afirmativ. În limba
engleză NU există două negaţii în aceeaşi propoziţie (ca-n română).
Ex: He never says something like that.
El nu spune niciodată ceva de genul acesta.
adverbe de timp: adverbele de timp se pun numai la sfârşitul sau la începutul propoziţiei.
Pot fi: today (astăzi), this week/month/year/Sunday (săptămâna aceasta, luna aceasta,
anul acesta), every day/evening/week/month/Sunday/summer (în fiecare zi, seară, lună,
duminică, vară, etc), at present (în prezent), once in a blue moon (la paştele cailor).
• pentru a exprima acţiuni cu caracter permanent.
Ex: We are Romanians.
• pentru a exprima adevăruri general valabile.
Ex: The sun rises in the East.
• pentru a exprima acţiuni viitoare NUMAI când sunt oficial planificate şi anunţate (orar
mijloace de transport, conferinţe, spectacole, etc). Adverbele de timp sunt ale viitorului:
tomorrow (maine), next week/month/year/summer (saptamana/luna viitoare, anul viitor etc)
In această situaţie se traduce prin viitor!
Ex: The plane takes off at 18:30 tomorrow. Our President comes in Galati next week.
Avionul va decola mâine la 18:30. Presedintele nostru va veni in Galati saptamana viitoare
• tot cu valoare de viitor (se traduce prin viitor), prezentul simplu se foloseşte în fraza
condiţională (regula I) pentru că în lb. engleză NU avem voie să punem viitor după IF (dacă):
Ex: If I have money I will buy that car.
Dacă voi avea bani, voi cumpăra acea maşină.
Aceeaşi situaţie există şi în propoziţiile temporale ptr. că nu avem voie să punem viitor
după WHEN (când), AS SOON AS (de îndată ce), AFTER (după), BEFORE (înainte).
Ex: As soon as he arrives he will call you. (De îndată ce va ajunge, te va suna.)

ADJECTIVUL
o Este partea de vorbire care insoteste un substantiv.
o Se pune in fata substantivului, are aceiasi forma indiferent de gen sau numar, nu se desparte
prin virgula.
Ex: a beautiful boy – beautiful boys; a beautiful girl – beautiful girls
She has a long curly beautiful hair.
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 o Adjectivul care defineste o calitate sau caracteristica este CALIFICATIV. Adjectivele
posesive, demonstrative, relative, interogative si cele nehotarate se numesc
DETERMINATIVE.

Exceptii (situatii cand adjectivul se pune dupa substantiv):

o Pentru a sublinia o titulatura: Attorney General (procuror general)
o Dupa verbul TO BE, exprimat direct sau subinteles:
This man is old (Acest barbat este batran).
He arrives home tired. (El ajunge acasa obosit – el este obosit cand ajunge acasa)
o Cand denumeste o masura (timp, spatiu, cantitate): two centuries old, five feet long
o Pentru sublinierea importantei: Court Martial, Asia Minor, Ursa Major

FORMAREA ADJECTIVELOR
I. prin derivarea cu sufixe (terminatii):
- ed: tired (obosit), interested (interesat)
- en: golden (din aur), wooden (din lemn)
- ful: grateful (recunoscator), beautiful (frumos)
- like: childlike (infantil, copilaresc)
- y: sunny (insorit), funny (amuzant), cloudy (innourat)
- able: drinkable (potabil), eatable (comestibil)
- ic, ical: economic/al, historic/al
- less: homeless (fara adapost), careless (neglijent), hopeless (fara speranta)

II. prin derivarea cu prefixe:

- a: asleep (adormit), alive (viu, insufletit)
- ante/post: antemeridian, postmeridian
- ex/extra: exchangeable, extraordinary, excellent
- inter: international, intercity
- retro: retroactive, retrograde
- super: superman,
- trans: transatlantic, transcontinental
- in/im/ir/il: irrational, indefinite, immoral, illegal
- un: unhappy, unpleasant
- dis: disagreeable, dishonest,
- non: nonsense, nonstop

III. prin compunere:

Adjectivul este format din mai multe parti de vorbire (diferite sau din aceiasi categorie)
legate cu liniuta.
- Substantiv + adjectiv: brand-new (nou-nout), long-legged,
- Substantiv + participiu: egg-shaped (ovoidal)
- Adjectiv + participiu: dark-colored, hard-boiled (bine fiert), good-hearted
- Adverb + participiu: hard-working (harnic), new-born (nou nascut)
- Verb + verb: make-believe (convingator), would-be (posibil)
- Prepozitie + substantiv: after-diner-wine (vin de desert), uphill road

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 - Numeral + substantiv: one-handed (ciung)
Atentie! Liniuta de unire poate schimba traducerea constructiei:
Ex: a small-inn room = o camera de han mic
a small inn-room = o camera mica de han

COMPARATIA ADJECTIVELOR
I. Adjective scurte (formate dintr-o silaba, maxim doua)
o Pozitiv: old, big, clean, fat, thin, short, small, young, happy, great, large
o Comparativ: de inferioritate: not so old as = nu asa de batran ca…
de egalitate: as old as = la fel de batran ca…
de superioritate: older than = mai batran decat…
o Superlativ: - relativ: the oldest = cel mai batran
- absolut: very old = foarte batran

Reguli de ortografie
o Adjectivele terminate in consoana, precedata de o singura vocala, dubleaza litera finala
Ex: big – bigger – the biggest = mare – mai mare – cel mai mare
o Adjectivele terminate in “e” mut il pierd
Ex: nice – nicer – the nicest = dragut – mai dragut – cel mai dragut
o Adjectivele terminate in “y” ce are o consoana inainte, il transforma in “i”
Ex: happy – happier – the happiest = fericit – mai fericit – cel mai fericit
Observatie: Daca “y” are inainte vocala, nu se transforma.

II. Adjectivele lungi (formate din mai multe silabe)

o Pozitiv: beautiful, comfortable, interesting, boring
o Comparativ: de inferioritate: not so beautiful as = nu atat de frumos ca….
de egalitate: as beautiful as = la fel de frumos ca….
de superioritate: more beautiful than = mai frumos decat….
o Superlativ: relativ: the most beautiful = cel mai frumos…
absolut: very beautiful = foarte frumos

III. Adjectivele neregulate (isi schimba forma in comparatii)

o Good – better – the best = bun – mai bun – cel mai bun
o Bad – worse – the worst = rau – mai rau – cel mai rau
o Little – less – the least = putin – mai putin – cel mai putin
o Much (many) – more – the most = mult (multe)– mai mult – cel mai mult
o Far – farther (further) – the farthest (furthest) = indepartat – mai indepartat – cel mai
indepartat (cu “a” este in spatiu, cu “u” este in timp)
o Late – later – the latest = intarziat – cel mai intarziat – ultimul aparut/ cel mai recent, last =
ultimul, dupa el nu mai urmeaza nimic

IV. Adjectivele compuse

o Cand primul cuvant da sens constructiei, el este cel comparat:
Ex: good – looking = better – looking = the best – looking
o Cand constructia este un tot unitar, se compara ca un adjective lung:

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 Ex: narrow-minded = more narrow-minded = the most narrow-minded

Constructii cu adjective calificative

o DIN CE IN CE MAI…= comparativ + and + comparativ
Ex: It is better and better = e din ce in ce mai bine
Se poate folosi si constructia ever + comparativ: It’s ever better.
o CU CAT…CU ATAT…= the + comparativ + subiect + predicat… the + comparativ +
subiect + predicat…
Ex: The longer the days are, the shorter the nights are
(cu cat sunt zilele mai lungi, cu atat sunt noptile mai scurte)
The more interesting the book is, the most expensive it is
(cu cat e mai intersanta cartea, cu atat e mai scumpa)
o NU NUMAI…CI SI…= not only + adjectiv + but also + adjectiv
Ex: She is not only beautiful but also clever (nu este numai frumoasa ci si desteapta)
o ATAT…CAT SI…= both + adjectiv + and + adjectiv
Ex: She is both beautiful and clever (ea este atat frumoasa cat si desteapta)

ADJECTIVE DETERMINATIVE
I. Adjective demonstrative
Apropierea (HERE = aici): THIS (acest, aceasta) - THESE (acesti, aceste)
Departarea (THERE = acolo): THAT (acel, acea) - THOSE (acei, acele)

II. Adjective posesive

My = meu, mea, mei, mele Our = nostru, noastra, nostri, noastre
Your = tau, ta, tai, tale Your = vostru, voastra, vostri, voastre
His = lui Their = lor
Her = ei
Its = ei, lui
Adjectivele posesive insotesc intotdeauna obiectul posedat.
In cazul partilor corpului sau imbracaminte nu primesc “the” desi in romaneste se articuleaza
substantivul.
Ex: Look at his face! = Priveste-i fata!, Put on your clothes! = Pune-ti haina!

III. Adjective relative

WHICH = care, pe care WHOSE = al carui, a carei
WHAT = ce, care, pe care WHATEVER = orice, oricare
WHICHEVER = oricare, orice
Ex: Give me the book whose cover is red! = Da-mi cartea a carei coperta e rosie!

IV. Adjective interogative

WHICH = care WHAT = ce, care
WHOSE = a cui, ale cui… HOW MUCH = cat, cata
HOW MANY = cati, cate
Ex: Which boy can play tennis very well? = Care dintre baieti joaca tenis foarte bine?

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V. Adjective nehotarate
SEVERAL = cativa, cateva A CERTAIN = un/o oarecare, anumit
ANOTHER = un altul/o alta CERTAIN = unii, unele
MUC/MANY = mult-a/multi-e FEW = cativa, cateva
EVERY = fiecare, toti ALL = toti, toate
NEITHER = nici unul SOME = niste, ceva
NO = niciun - o OTHER = alt-a
THE OTHER = celalalt-a SUCH = asemenea, asa
LITTLE = putin-a ENOUGH = destul-a
EACH = fiecare in parte EITHER = ambii-ele
BOTH = amandoi-ua ANY = niste, niciun, nicio
Ex: I can’t see any dog! = Nu vad niciun caine!
They have no brother! = Ei nu au niciun frate!

CORPUL OMENESC (HUMAN BODY). DESCRIEREA UNEI PERSOANE

Head = cap
Forehead = frunte
Eyes = ochi
Eyebrow = sprânceană
Eyelash = geană
Eyelid = pleoapă
Nose = nas
Nostril = nară
Mouth = gura, lips = buze
Tongue = limbă, language = limba vorbita
Tooth - teeth = dinte - dinţi
Chin = bărbie
Cheek = obraz
Face = faţă
Ear = ureche
Hair = păr
Beard = barbă
Moustache = mustaţă
neck = gât, ceafă
throut = gât, interior
back = spate
shoulder = umăr
chest = piept, brests = sâni
belly = burtă
Limbs = membre
Arm = braţ
Elbow = cot
Wrist = încheietura mâinii
Palm = palmă
Hand = mână

21
Finger = deget de la mână, thumb = degetul mare
Leg = picior, hip = sold
Knee = genunchi
Ankle = gleznă
Foot-feet = laba piciorului
Heel = călcâi
Sole = talpă
Toe = deget de la picior
Brains = creier
Stomach = stomac
Lungs = plămâni
Heart = inimă
Liver = ficat
Kidneys = rinichi
În descrierea unei persoane avem nevoie de:
- culoarea părului: black = dark, brown, reddish, blond, grey
Ex: She has grey hair. = Ea are părul cărunt. She is dark-haired. = Ea este brunetă.
- culoarea ochilor: black/dark = negru/închis, brown = maro, cafeniu, green = verde, blue =
albastru.
Ex: She has blue eyes. = Ea are ochii albaştri.
- caracteristici fizice: tall = înalt, thin = slab, delicate = delicat, small = scund, fat (fatty) =
gras (plinuţ), athletic = atletic, long (hair) = lung (păr), short = scurt, handsome = arătos =
good-looking, beautiful = frumos, nice = drăguţ, pretty = frumuşică, ugly = urât, awful =
groaznic.
- caracter si comportare: dynamic = activ, lazy = leneş, good-hearted = cu suflet bun, the
good sense of humor = spiritual, cu simţul umorului etc.

Aplicaţie: Describe your best friend.

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Read and translate
Describe your best friend

Many children have small animals like dogs, cats and rabbits. They are often
good friends for children, who usually play with them, give them food and clean their
places. It’s the first lesson of friendship. Other children prefer to have a fancy friend or
a pen friend!
When I was a child, I had a fancy friend. He is still my best friend. Why?
Because of my shyness or maybe, I can’t find a real person like him. Of course, I have
friends but every person has her part. My fancy friend is ABSOLUTE!
He looks like I want to be! He has a well-built body, perfect bone structure,
strong muscles in a perfect harmony. I close my eyes and I can see him!
He is not a motif of frustration. He is my stimulus to make sports and to take
care of me! He has an oval handsome face and he’s very expressive because of his
shinning eyes and a little smile on his lips. I can feel his smile and I try to be like him.
When you start a day smiling, everything becomes easy. You will find the way to solve
situations making the most of the cases! He is strong inside, too. His model makes me
a determinate person, strong-willed, well balanced, rational, realistic and logical. As a
child, I spoke to him about all my problems trying to find the best solutions. Now,
thanks to those dialogues, I’m my self-confident, I’m capable of judging all the person
I meet with fair play and fair mind. I’m a good policeman because I’m dedicated to my
work and ideals, devoted and loyal. I’m generous and tolerant as much as people let me
be!
When I do something I can feel the smile of my fancy friend. I know that I’m
doing what I must to make. When I make stupid mistakes and I feel like kicking
myself, my fancy friend comes quickly into my mind to show me why and what I must
to do. It’s a constructive friendship.
On the other hand, I think I have double personality. Maybe my best friend is
the best part of me...But this is the subject for the long duialogue I’ll have with him as
soon as possible!

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 MODULUL 4:

• Prezentul Continuu (diferente intre prezentul simplu si cel continuu)

• Numeralul in limba engleza.
• Calendarul - exprimarea datei si a orei. Sarbatori si traditii.
• Aplicatii: WHICH IS YOUR FAVORITE SEASON AND WHY?
HOW IS THE WEATHER IN YOUR COUNTRY?
SPEAK ABOUT YOUR DAILY PROGRAM.

PREZENTUL CONTINUU
o Se formează astfel:
- afirmativ: I …they + TO BE (prezent) + verb + ing
- negativ: I …they + TO BE (prezent) + NOT + verb + ing
- interogativ: TO BE (prezent) + I … they + verb + ing?

Ex: Is he watching TV now?

Yes, he is watching TV now.
No, he is not (isn’t) watching TV now.

o Se traduce prin present.

o Utilizarea prezentului continuu

• pentru a exprima acţiuni aflate în desfăşurare în momentul vorbirii.
Ca adverbe de timp se folosesc: now (acum), at this moment (în acest moment), right now
(chiar acum), this very moment (chiar in clipa asta).
Ex: I am reading now.

• pentru a exprima acţiuni sau stări temporare dar care au loc într-o perioadă prezentă.
Ca adverbe se folosesc: today (astăzi), this week/month/year (săptămâna aceasta, luna
aceasta, anul acesta), at present (în prezent).
Ex: I’m working hard this month

• pentru a exprima acţiuni repetate care îl deranjează pe vorbitor prin frecvenţa lor
Ex: You are always asking me stupid questions ! (Îmi pui mereu întrebări stupide !)

• pentru a exprima aranjamente pentru viitor, când vorbitorul a planificat, a aranjat deja .
In această situaţie se traduce prin viitor.
Ex :What are you doing next weekend? I’m having dinner with my sister-in-law.
(Ce vei face în următorul weekend? Voi lua masa cu cumnata mea.)

o Reguli de ortografie la adăugarea terminaţiei “ing”

Verbele terminate în “ie” transformă în “y”+ing
Ex: lie - lying, die - dying, tie - tying
(a sta întins, a se întinde / a muri, a dispărea, sfârşi / a lega, îngrădi)

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Verbele terminate în “e” îl pierd
Ex: smoke – smoking, hope – hoping (a fuma / a spera)
Se dublează consoana finală dacă verbul se termină în alternanţa consoană – vocală –
consoană, are o silabă sau mai multe silabe, iar ultima e accentuată.
Ex: stop – stopping (a opri), plan – planning (a plănui, planifica), regret – regretting

NUMERALUL CARDINAL
1 – one, 2 – two, 3 – three, …12 – twelve (vezi pagina xerografiata)
numeralele între 13 – 19 se formează cu terminaţia «teen »
Ex: 13 – thirteen, 19 – nineteen
numeralele din 10 în 10 se formează cu terminaţia “ty”
Ex: 20 – twenty, 80 – eighty
între zeci şi unităţi se pune liniuţă de unire.
Ex: 22 = twenty-two, 45 = fourty-five
Atenţie! Zecile au formă de plural numai în situaţiile de genul:
- tens and tens of people = zeci şi zeci de oameni; the seventies = anii ‘70
- sutele, miile nu se pun la plural când sunt numărate dar au formă de plural pentru:
hundreds and hundreds of books = sute şi sute de cărţi
- miile, sutele se leagă prin “and” de celelalte numerale
Ex: two hundread and twenty-five = 225
mie = thousand, milion = million, miliard = billion
zero se citeşte [zirəu] în ştiinţă
Ex: +/- 10 – ten degrees above / below zero
[əu] în numere de telefon şi-n vorbirea obişnuită
[nil] în sport: The score is three to nil (scorul e 3:0)
[nət] = nought “nimic”

NUMERALUL ORDINAL
Arată ordinea sau poziţia într-un şir. Se formează din numeralul cardinal la care se
adaugă terminaţia “th”. Numai primele trei au forme definite.
Ex: the first = primul, the second = al doilea, the third = al treilea, the four + th = al patrulea, etc.
Atenţie! Numeralul ordinal trebuie să aibă înainte articolul hotărât “the” chiar şi când e scris ca
cifră (ex: the fourth = the 4th )

NUMERALUL FRACTIONAR
Fracţia ordinară: la numărător avem un numeral cardinal, iar la numitor unul ordinal.
Cand sunt scrise în litere, se leagă prin cratimă.
Pentru cifre mari se foloseşte “over” (pe/peste) şi se citeşte cifră cu cifră pentru evitarea
confuziei.
Ex: ¼ = one-fourth, 5/9 = five-ninth, 6/243 = six over two-four-three .
Fracţia zecimală: acolo unde romanii pun virgulă, englezii pun punct şi invers.
Ex: 1.600=1,600=one thousand and six hundred
1,32=1.32=one point three two.
Procentul: % = per cent, 10% = ten per cent.

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NUMERALUL COLECTIV
Exprimă ideea de plural într-o formă de singular:
- COUPLE = doi, două, cuplu - a couple of days (2 zile)
- PAIR = 2, pereche - a pair of shoes (o pereche de pantofi)
- DOZEN = duzină - three dozen of eggs (3 duzini de ouă)
- GROSS = 12 dozen
- GREAT GROSS = 12 gross = 144 dozen.

NUMERALUL MULTIPLICATIV
Cu excepţia primelor două, se formează din numeralul cardinal + TIMES
Ex: ONCE - o dată , TWICE (de două ori), THREE TIMES (de trei ori), etc.
Pentru acest tip de numeral există şi o formă folosită în limbaj tehnic:
Ex: SINGLE (1), DOUBLE (2), TRIPLE (3), FOURFOLD (4), TENFOLD (10), etc.
Numeral cardinal + AT A TIME
Ex: one at a time (unul odată), two at a time (2 odată)
Numeral cardinal + BY + numeral cardinal.
Ex: one by one (unul cate unul), two by two (2 cate doi)
Numeral cardinal + AND + numeral cardinal
Ex: two and two (2 şi cu 2), three and three (3 şi cu 3).
BY THE + numeral cardinal, colectiv
Ex: by the hundred (cu suta), by the dozen (cu duzina).

APROXIMATIA
Se exprimă prin cuvinte ca: ABOUT = cam, cca, în jur de; ALMOST = NEARLY
(aproape), approximately = aproximativ.
Ex: This car is about 5,000 USD (maşina asta e în jur de 5.000 $).

DEPASIREA
Se exprimă prin cuvinte ca: OVER = peste, MORE THAN = mai mult de, AND MORE =
pe puţin
Ex: This car is over 5,000 $;
This car is more than 5,000$;
This car is 5,000 $ and more.

EXPRIMAREA OREI - What time is it? (Cat e ceasul?)

A.M. = antemeridian (dimineaţă); P.M. = postmeridian (seara);
o’ clock

(-)

quarter quarter TO (+)

PAST

half
9:00 = It’s nine o’clock;

26
9:10 = It’s ten minutes past nine;
9:15 = It’s quarter past nine;
9:30 = It’s half past nine;
9:45 = It’s quarter to ten;
9:50 = It’s ten minutes to ten;
12:00 = It’s noon (pranzul); It’s midnight (miezul nopţii).
Deci minutele se pun inaintea orei.
In stil american: 5:15 = five-fifteen, 20:40 = twenty-forty, 12:00 = twelve-hundred.

CALENDARUL
The days of the week are (zilele săptămanii sunt):
MONDAY = luni,
TUESDAY = marţi,
WEDNESDAY = miercuri,
THURSDAY = joi,
FRIDAY = vineri,
SATURDAY = sambătă,
SUNDAY = duminică.

The months of the year are (lunile anului sunt):

JANUARY JULY
FEBRUARY AUGUST
MARCH SEPTEMBER
APRIL OCTOBER
MAY NOVEMBER
JUNE DECEMBER
ATENTIE! Lunile anului şi zilele săptămanii se scriu cu literă mare indiferent de poziţia lor in
propoziţie

EXPRIMAREA DATEI: What day is today?

Today is the 2nd of January 1998 SAU January 2, 1998.
Anul se citeşte fie întreg, fie din două bucăţi.

The four seasons are:

spring = primăvara, autumn = toamna,
summer = vara, winter = iarna.
Atenţie! In engleză anotimpurile nu se articulează (the) si nu se scriu cu litera mare.
Ex: The farmers work the land in spring (Fermierii lucrează pămantul primăvara).

Momentele zilei:
at dawn = în zori,
at noon = la pranz,
in the evening = seara,
at night = noaptea (by night),
in the morning = dimineaţa,
in the afternoon = dupăamiaza,
at midnight = la miezul nopţii,
by day = ziua.

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VOCABULAR
Cool = răcoros, warm = călduţ
Cold = rece, hot = fierbinte
Weather = vreme
To shine = a străluci; brightly = strălucitor
Snow = zăpadă
Rain = ploaie
storm = furtună;
lightning = fulger; thunder = tunet
Wind = vânt, to blow = a sufla
To get colder = a se răci,
to get warmer = a se încălzi; to melt = a se topi

THE WEATHER IS FINE

o Is a fine (nice, lovely) day, isn’t it?
o It’s wonderful out today!
o What a clear (starlit, cloudless) night!
o The sun is coming out! I expect we are going to have a fine day.

THE WEATHER IS HOT

o It’s a stuffy day! It’s 40C in the shade!
o The temperature is rising (going up).
o The heat is unbearable.

THE WEATHER IS BAD

o What a rainy (cloudy, foggy, windy, stormy) day!
o The sky is overcast! It’s still raining hard (fast, heavily).
o It’s raining cats and dogs!
o I’m wet to the skin!

THE WEATHER IS COLD

o What a cold (frosty) day! It’s extremely cold out!
o The river is frozen over! It’s freezing!
o The snow and ice are meeting (snow is falling hard).

Aplicaţii: traduceti - THE SEASONS

SPRING begin on the twenty first of March. The weather gets warmer. The sun shines
brightly in a blue sky. The snow meets quickly and turns into water. The grass and flowers
grows. The birds come back. We celebrate the Easter and the 8th of March. SUMMER begins on
the twenty first of June. The weather is hot. We often have thunderstorms. When the wind blows
hard and black clouds cover the sky, we can hear the thunder and see the lightning. We are on
holidays. We usually go at seaside or at the mountains. AUTUMN comes after summer. The
weather gets cooler and then colder. The leaves fall from the trees. It often rains and we need
umbrellas. We celebrate the Harvest Day. WINTER comes last. The snow falls and covers the

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ground. It is very cold. There is frost and it freezes. We celebrate the Christmas and the New
Year’s Eve and St Valentine’s Day.

APLICATIE: Speak about your daily program. What about the weekend?
To wake up, to get out of bed
To have /take a shower/bath
To dry oneself on towel
To get dressed = to put on (off) clothes
To brush, to comb
To shave oneself
To leave for, to go to, to be on duty/off duty
To come back home
To have a rest, to have dinner
To go shopping, to go for a walk, to go cycling, to go out

Sarbatori si traditii.
Among all of the religious holidays, Christmas and Easter are the most beloved.
The Christmas celebration starts with a six-week fast prior to the holiday. The orthodox
fasting pattern excludes from the diet any animal product such as meat, eggs, fish, milk or
cheese. The celebration of the Christening of Jesus occurs on January 6-a date commonly
considered to be the coldest day of the year. Another important date is December 6, when St.
Nicholas brings small gifts to the young children who have polished their shoes and placed them
in front of a window in their home. Christmas carols, traditional foods and decorated trees are
part of the Christmas traditions. Children start to sing carols during a ceremony in which a white
newborn lamb is carried by a child, thus symbolizing religious faith and purity. Three days
before Christmas, one may detect a heavy aroma of freshly baked walnut and raisin cakes. Two
days prior to the celebration, the main cooking activities begin. Pigs-in-the-blanket and beef
salad are two favorite dishes. Christmas Eve is reserved for decorating the tree, to be followed by
the Christmas Eve dinner. This dinner is usually celebrated within the family. Christmas carols
are sung and Santa is expected to leave presents under the tree; families with small children are
likely to receive a visit from Santa in person. Christmas Day is celebrated among friends and
family. New Year's Eve is celebrated throughout the country. It is an occasion for night-long
parties. On this night, the traditional turkey is served. It is believed that no person should spend
the night alone, as it is the night when the new year, represented by a baby, is born-and the old
year, represented by the tired old man, is replaced.
The Easter is the second largest religious celebration in Romania. A six-week fast
precedes the holiday, and the rituals of traditional food preparation resemble those of Christmas.
Lamb, cheese cake, colored eggs and feta cheese make an appearance in every Easter dinner.
The egg as a symbol represents the miracle of creation. A ritual coloring of the eggs takes place
to express this symbolism. The first egg colored for Easter belongs to the children and it must be
colored red. It is placed in the children's room to protect them from evil. The second egg colored
is blue, representing the "love of young women." It is meant to bring good luck in a marriage. On
the first day of Easter, one egg is placed in a pot of water. A silver coin and some fresh basil are
added to the water. All household members will wash their faces with this water. Also during
Easter, a midnight Mass takes place with a remarkable candle procession as part of the

29
ceremony. Easter Eve is marked by total fasting and the first Easter meal takes place that night
following the Mass.

Sugestii: 1 si 8 Martie, 24 Februarie Dragobetele,24 Iunie Rusaliile, 1 Decembrie, 1 Iunie

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 MODULUL 5:

• Pluralul substantivelor (much/many, some/any, there is…there are…)

• Propozitii interogative (what, where, why, when, who, whose, whom….)
• Aplicatii: traducerea si interpretarea unui text

SUBSTANTIVUL - Clasificare:
o Substantive proprii: denumesc fiinţe, locuri, evenimente, naţionalităţi, lunile, etc.
Acestea se scriu cu literă mare oriunde ar fi in propozitie
Ex: Dan Gray, England, London, World War I, Englishman, Sunday, January.
o Substantive comune: care se impart în mai multe categorii;
o Substantive comune concrete: numesc persoane neprecizate, plante, animale, fenomene,
lucruri ce pot fi atinse cu mana;
Ex: boy, girl, flower, tree, dog, cat, rain, snow, chair.
o Substantive comune abstracte: numesc stări, sentimente, noţiuni generale, acţiuni.
Ex: sadness, blues, love, hate, fight, motif, dream.
o Substantive comune colective: la singular numesc o pluralitate de obiecte sau persoane
similare considerate a fi un tot unitar.
Ex: army (armată), team (echipă), people (grup de oameni);
o Substantive comune numărabile: au atat formă de plural cat şi de singular
Ex: boy - boys, girl - girls;
o Substantive comune nenumărabile: NU au decat formă de singular, chiar dacă în română
traducem cu plural. Nu primesc în faţa lor articolul nehotărat a/an. Se folosesc NUMAI cu
verbul la singular.
Ex: The information is interesting. (Informaţiile sunt interesante.)

NUMARUL SUBSTANTIVELOR
o Singular: este forma din dicţionar. Numeşte o singură fiinţă sau un singur lucru.
o Plural: numeşte mai multe fiinţe/lucruri. Se obţine adăugand “s” la sfarşitul formei de
singular. (boy - boys, book - books)
EXCEPTII:
o Substantivele terminate în o, x, s, z, ch, sh, primesc “es”.
Ex: fox-foxes, bus - buses, watch - watches.
o Substantivele terminate în “y” care are înainte o consoană, îl transformă în “i”+es.
Ex: baby - babies, country - countries, hobby - hobbies.
Obs. Regulile nu se aplică pentru cele terminate în “th” sau cand y are înainte o vocală.
Ex: month - months, toy - toys
o Substantivele terminate în f sau fe la plural se transformă în “ves”
Ex: leaf - leaves, wolf - wolves, elf - elves
Excepţii: chief - chiefs, dwarf - dwarfs, cliff - cliffs, grief - griefs, roof - roofs, proof - proofs.
o Substantivele preluate din limba străină sau obtinute prin prescurtare primesc “s” direct, nu
se supun regulilor.
Ex: piano - pianos, soprano - sopranos, photo - photos

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SUBSTANTIVE CU PLURAL NEREGULAT
Există două categorii:
o Substantive care îşi schimbă forma la plural:
Man – men foot – feet
Woman – women tooth – teeth
Mouse – mice child – children
Goose – geese ox – oxen
o Substantive care fie au două forme de plural fie au două traduceri:
Ex: die (zar, matriţă) – dies = matriţe
– dice = zaruri
index (index) – indexes (indexuri)
– indices (indici, indicatori).
Medium (mediu, pers) – mediums (pers)
– media (mass-media, multimedia).
Custom (obicei, tradiţie) – customs (obiceiuri/vamă)
Pain (durere) – pains (dureri, osteneală)
Manner (s) = mod – moduri, maniere/purtare
Advice – sfat / advices = informaţii, comunicări, ştiri
Practice – practică / practices = maşinaţii
Work – muncă / works = mecanismul unui ceas / maşini
Cost – cost, preţ / costs = cheltuieli

Nume de culori la plural

- blues = melodie tristă, stare de melancolie, deprimare
- greens = verdeţuri, fete tinere, dolari
- whites = albituri, lenjerie
- grays = haine gri, cai cenuşii

Substantive nenumărabile: Nu primesc “s” şi se folosesc cu verbul la singular.

Luck advice equipment business
Nonsense luggage knowledge money
Information furniture fun merchandise
Happiness peace bread meat
Sand rice progress thunder

Substantive numai cu formă de plural

- boli şi stări: blues, hysterics
- îmbrăcăminte din două părţi: pants, jeans, overalls, shorts
- instrumente: glasses, scissors
- ştiinţe, obiecte de studiu: economics, informatics, mathematics
- nume geografice: the Alps, the Carpathians
- părţi ale corpului: vitals, genitals
- diverse: customs, damages, means, manners, stairs, thanks, news

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Substantive compuse
- “s” se adaugă la ultimul cuvânt, când e considerat tot unitar
Ex: class-fellows forget-me-nots (flori de nu-ma-uita)
Grown-ups merry-go-rounds (carusele)
- după primul substantiv când restul cuvintelor au rol de atribut
Ex: fathers-in-law lookers-on
mothers-in-law passers-by

Substantive proprii
- se adaugă “s” la sfârşit indiferent de litera finală si obligatoriu “the” in fata
Ex: the Browns, the Pennys, the Marinos = familia …
the Romeos = mai mulţi băieţi numiţi Romeo sau cu calităţi de Romeo

Exerciţiu: Puneţi substantivele din paranteze la plural şi traduceţi:

1. There are hundreds of (book) on the (shelf).
2. All his (toy) are in the room.
3. Those (man) are (tourist).
4. (Child) like (story).
5. They left their (watch) on the table.
6. Do you see the white (cliff) of Dover?
7. (Leaf) fall in autumn.
8. There are lots of (goose) on that farm.
9. Do you buy any (potato) and (tomato)?
10. Wipe your (foot) here, please.
11. Those (woman) are (housewife).
12. There are some (mouse) in the courtyard.
13. The (news) is interesting.
14. He packs his (luggage).

PROPOZITII INTEROGATIVE
WHO? = cine, folosit pentru personae
WHOSE? = al cui? a cui? ale cui? …
TO WHOM? = cui?
WHICH (OF)? = care dintre? Care?
WHAT? = care? Ce?
HOW? = cum? WHY? = de ce? WHEN? = când? WHERE? = unde?
Ex: Who are you? (cine eşti tu?)
What are you? I’m an engineer. (ce eşti?)
Which ever? What ever?
Who’s who? (cine este “cineva”?)
What about you? (dar tu?)
Where does he work? When do you go? Where are you from?

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ATENTIE!
In limba engleza nu se incepe propozitia cu un verb (fac exceptie intrebarile) de aceea
exista formulele:

THERE IS = este, exista, se afla THERE ARE = sunt, exista, se afla

THERE IS NOT (there isn’t) THERE ARE NOT (there aren’t)
IS THERE…? ARE THERE…?

SOME - ANY
Se folosesc pentru cantitati neprecizate in cazul substantivelor numarabile si pentru
substantive nenumarabile.

SOME se foloseste in propozitii afirmative - There are some flowers in the garden
ANY se foloseste in propozitii negative si in intrebari - Are there any eggs in the fridge?
- There isn’t any milk on the table.

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 MODULUL 6:

• Adverbul (formare, grade de comparatie)

• Going shopping (marfuri, magazine, preturi)
• Exprimarea preferintei
• Activitati de petrecere a timpului liber - constructii specifice
• Aplicatii: dialog la cumparaturi, invitatia - acceptarea/refuzarea invitatiei

ADVERBUL
Este partea de vorbire care insoteste un verb.

FORMAREA ADVERBELOR
I. Din adjective prin adaugarea sufixului “ly”:
Ex: sensible - sensibly = rezonabil, rational / cu intelepciune
Kind - kindly = amabil / cu amabilitate
Reguli de ortografie
- “e” final se pastreaza, cu exceptia situatiei cand avem “le” si inainte o consoana
Ex: sincere - sincerely = sincer / cu sinceritate, sensible - sensibly = rezonabil
- “l” final se pastreaza daca are inainte vocala dar cade daca are consoana
Ex: legal - legally = legal / in legalitate
- “ue” final il pirde pe “e” inaintea terminatiei
Ex: true - truly = adevarat - cu adevarat
- “y” final se transforma in “i”
Ex: pretty - prettily = dragut - cu dragalesenie (exceptie: dryly, shyly, wryly)
II. Din adjective care isi schimba locul in propozitie (au forma identica):
Ex: a straight line (adjectiv) - to go straight home (adverb)
a long way (adjectiv) - to live long (adverb)
III. Din adjective, cu doua forme: una identica cu adjectivul, alta cu sufix “ly”:
Atentie! Cele doua forme nu au intotdeauna traducere identica!
Ex: I work hard = Eu muncesc greu / They hardly work = Ei abia daca muncesc
The plane flies high = Avionul zboara la inaltime / The film is highly interesting = Filmul este
deosebit de interesant
Late = tarziu, cu intarziere / lately = recent
Just = chiar, imediat, doar ce / justly = pe drept, pe buna dreptate

GRADELE DE COMPARATIE ALE ADVERBELOR

Sunt identice cu cele ale adjectivelor
Adverbe scurte: hard – harder – hardest (greu – mai greu – cel mai greu)
Adverbe lungi: quickly – more quickly – most quickly (repede – mai repede – cel mai repede)
Adverbe neregulate: well – better – best (bine – mai bine – cel mai bine)

CLASIFICAREA ADVERBELOR DUPA INTELES

- De mod, arata cum se desfasoara actiunea (how?)
Ex: fast, hard, slowly, well
- De loc, arata unde se desfasoara actiunea (where?)
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Ex: abroad, here, there, somewhere, inside, outside
- De timp, arata cand se desfasoara actiunea (when?)
Ex: after, before, never, daily, today
- De cauza, arata de ce se desfasoara actiunea (why?)
Ex: that’s why, for that reason, consequently, so

- Introductive
Ex: accordingly to, in accordance to, however, in any case
- Interogative
Ex: how, where, why, when
- Explicative
Ex: named, such as, as,
- De cantitate
Ex: about, almost, enough, far, pretty, too, over
- De frecventa, arata de cate ori se intampla actiunea
Ex: always, often, sometimes, never
- Altele
Ex: yes, no, indeed, maybe, perhaps, not

LOCUL ADVERBELOR IN PROPOZITIE: AF + VERB + AM + AL + AT

Ex: I always read quickly the newspaper in the dining room in the morning.
AF V AM AL AT

Adverbele de frecventa se pun inaintea verbului. In cazul verbului TO BE, adverbele de

frecventa se pun dupa verb. Adverbul “never” fiind negativ, se foloseste cu verbul la afirmativ
pentru ca in engleza nu exista doua negatii in aceiasi propozitie.
Ex: He never says something like that = El nu spune niciodata asa ceva.
Adverbele usually si sometimes pot fi puse si la inceputul propozitiei pentru sublinierea
intelesului. Adverbele lately, recently, of late, yet se pun la sfarsitul propozitiei.
Ex: He hasn’t arrived yet = El n-a ajuns inca.
Adverbele de timp se pun doar la sfarsitul sau la inceputul propozitiei
Ex: I eat a sandwich every morning. Every morning I eat a sandwich.

EXPRIMAREA PREFERINTEI
THINGS WE LIKE TO DO:
I like
I love + VERB + ing
I enjoy
I’m fond of
Ex: I like cooking fish. I’m fond of fishing. He enjoys eating sweets. You love singing.

THINGS WE DON’T LIKE TO DO:

I don’t like = I dislike
I hate
I’m not fond of + VERB + ing

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 I don’t enjoy
Ex: I dislike cooking fish. He hates singing. You aren’t fond of eating sweets.

Alte expresii uzuale

- I’m keen on…= sunt mort dupa….
- There’s nothing I like more than…= nimic nu-mi place mai mult ca…
- There’s nothing I like less than…= nimic nu-mi place mai putin ca…
- I’m over the moon about…= ma dau peste cap dupa…
- I’m afraid I don’t like…= ma tem ca nu-mi place sa…
- I’ve never liked…= niciodata nu mi-a placut…
- It is not one of my favorite…= nu se numara printre favoritele mele
- I think is awful (unpleasant)…= cred ca e neplacut…
- I can’t bear (stand) = nu pot suporta…
- I must say I’m not too fond of…= trebuie sa spun ca nu sunt prea incantat de…
- What do you feel about…? = ce parere ai despre?
- How do you see…? = cum consideri…?
- How would you react to…? = cum ai reactiona la….?
- From my point of view…= din punctul meu de vedere
- As far as I’m concerned…= in ceea ce ma priveste
- Well, to my mind…= ei bine, dupa parerea mea…
- I’d just like to say…= as vrea doar sa spun ca…

EXPRESII – PARTICULARITATI
- WOULD RATHER + VERB (infinitive)
Se poate exprima preferinta si cu aceasta constructie.
Ex: I would (I’d) rather leave than stay and be bored = As prefera sa plec decat sa raman si sa ma
plictisesc
- WOULD RATHER + VERB (la trecut)
Constructia exprima o cerinta.
Ex: I would (I’d) rather you didn’t smoke if you don’t mind = As prefera sa nu fumezi, daca nu
te deranjeaza
- HAD BETTER + VERB (infinitive)
Constructia exprima un avertisment sau un sfat.
Ex: You’d better slow down; the police is behind you! = Mai bine ai incetini, politistii sunt in
spatele tau!
- IT IS BETTER + VERB (infinitive)
Constructia exprima un sfat si se traduce impersonal.
Ex: It is better to work harder if you want to succeed! = E mai bine (e de preferat) sa se
munceasca mai mult daca vrei sa reusesti!

INVITATIA – EXPRESII UZUALE

I. Making an invitation:
- Would you like to…= ati vrea sa…?
- We should be very pleased if you could…= am fi foarte incantati daca ati putea sa…

37
 - You are cordially invited to attend the reception! = primiti invitatia noastra cordiala de a
participa la receptie!
II. Accepting an invitation
- Thank you, I’d like to…= multumesc, mi-ar place sa…
- I won’t say so! = n-am sa refuz!
- Great! Lovely! Smashing! = grozav, incantator, teribil…
- With the greatest pleasure…= cu cea mai mare placere…
- Most kind of you…= foarte dragut din partea ta…
III. Declining an invitation
- I’m terribly sorry, I don’t think I can… = imi pare rau darn u cred ca pot…
- Sorry, I can’t but thanks anyway…= imi pare rau, nu pot dar multumesc oricum…
- I wish I could but I’m afraid I can’t…= as vrea sa pot dar ma tem ca nu…

APLICATII – INVITATIA / EXPRIMAREA PREFERINTEI

- Hello, Mike! I didn't expect to meet you here!
- Well, well, well….George! I haven't seen you for ages!
- How are you? How are they, all at home?
- Everybody is quite well! What about you?
- Pretty well, thanks!
- We are always at home on Sundays! You'll come and have dinner with us, won't you?
- Thanks a lot! I'd be very pleased to see you….all of you! But you are sure I'm not in the
way?!
- Come on! You are a special guest! Next Sunday, don't forget!
- OK! But I'll ring up first!
- See you on Sunday! Bye!
- I'm looking forward to meet you! Have a nice time!

- Diana, what would you say to see a film tonight?

- I regret very much that a prior engagement stands in the way! So, I'm not able to accept your
kind invitation…
- Come on! Tomorrow evening may be….
- I'm terribly sorry! I'd be very pleased to come with you.Unfortunately my time is taken up!
- Do you like fishing?
- Oh, there's nothing I like less than fishing! But you?
- There's nothing I like more than fishing!
- Well, to my mind, we can't fun together! Find another partner…

- Do you like music?

- I have always liked listening to music! It's a lovely way to pass the time….What about you?
- It is one of my favorite pastimes!
- Do you like classical music?
- I rather dislike…But I'm over the moon about latino music!
- It is not one of my favorite! But I like very much MODERN TALKING!
- I must say I'm not too fond of them!
- I know, I know…You are very keen on Thalia!
38
- I'd just like to say she's a lovely woman with a nice voice!
- From my point of view, I'd like to keep the woman without the voice!
- Oh, shame on you!
- No, no, no…ask the men!

Complete these sentences using the comparative form of the adjectives and adverbes:
1. This jacket is too small. You need a ……………………….size.
2. You look ……………………. Have you lost weight?
3. He’s not so keen on his studies. He’s ………………………….in having good time.
4. You’ll find your way around the town…………………………if you have a map.
5. You’re making too much noise. Can you be a bit……………………….?
6. There were a lot of people on the bus. It was ……………………….than usual.
7. You’re late. I expected you to be here……………………………..
8. You hardly ever write to me. Why don’t you write a bit…………………………..?
9. The hotel was surprisingly cheap. I expected it to be much…………………………
10. It’s a pity you live so far away. I wish you lived……………………………………
11. Sorry I’m late. It took me ………………………to get there than I expected.
12. My toothache is…………………..than it was yesterday.
13. She looks about 20 but in fact she’s much…………………….than she looks.
14. The problem is not so complicated. It’s ……………………………than you think.
15. Your English has improved. You speak a lot …………………than you did last time.
16. It’s a little………………….today than it was yesterday.
17. You’re driving too fast. Can you drive a bit……………………….?
18. I prefer this armchair. It’s much …………………………..……than the other one!
19. You looked depressed this morning but you look a bit……………………….now!
20. This flat is too small for me. I need something much…………………………….
21. It’s a lot ………………….to learn a foreign language in the country where it’s spoken
22. Ann works……………………..than most of her friends
23. The exam was…………………….than we expected.
24. Could you speak a bit………………………………..?
25. Her illness was far…………………………………than we at first thought!

Translate into English:

1. Paul este amabil ………………………………………………………........................................
2. Va rugam sa raspundeti cat mai repede posibil. ………………………………………………...
3. El este o persoana sensibila. …………………………………………………………………….
4. Ea a luat hotararea cu intelepciune.……………………………………………………………...
5. Ma duc direct acasa, sunt obosit. …………………………………………………………........
6. Cel mai scurt drum este linia dreapta ………………………………………………………....
7. E cale lunga pana la Bucuresti!………………………………………………………………….
8. La multi ani (sa traiesti mult) !…………………………………………………………………..
9. Este un document legal, nu-ti face griji!…………………………………………………………
10. Ea este cinstita, intotdeauna actioneaza legal!……………………………………………….
11. Este o intalnire interesanta, avem sala plina!
……………………………………………….……………………………………………………..

39
12. Oaspetii au renuntat complet la programul
turistic………………………………………………………………………………………………
13. Lucrez din greu zilnic…………………………………………………………………………..
14. Abia daca ii cunosc
……………………..……………………………………………………………………………….
15. Ea este destul de buna la matematica.…………………………………………………………..
16. El nu poate privi astazi la TV, este pe drept
pedepsit!…………………………………………………………………………………………….
17. Tom este cinstit. El lucreaza
"curat"!……………………………………………………………………………………………...
18. Grabeste-te, ai un tren
matinal!…………………………………………………………………..........................................
19. Trebuie sa te trezesti devreme in fiecare
dimineata……………………………………………………………………………………………
20. Ea vorbeste englezeste la fel de bine ca si
Dan………………………………………………………………………………………………….

GOINGSHOPPING
Shop - magazin
Department store - magazin universal
Supermarket; Megamarket, Mall
Goods, commodities - bunuri, mărfuri
To go shopping = a merge la cumpărături
- Price - low price = preţ mic -> cheap = ieftin, to cheapen = a ieftini
- high price = preţ ridicat -> expensive / dear = scump, to put up the price = a
scumpi
- It’s dear but it pays! = e scump dar merită!
- to sell (sold) = a vinde, to buy = a cumpăra
- Shop assistant, salesman, saleswoman = vânzător
- Customer = client
- What can I do for you? May I help you? = Ce doriţi? (ce pot face pentru dumneavoastră? Pot
să vă ajut?)
- I’d like this, please! = Aş dori, mi-ar plăcea asta, vă rog!
- How much is it? What is the price? = Cât costă? Ce preţ are?
- Ready-weighed / ready-packed = preambalat (cântărit şi împachetat)
- Ready-bottled = îmbuteliat
- Wrap, pack = a împacheta, a ambala
- Bill comes (amounts) to 50 $. = Nota de plată este 50$.
- Cash-register (desk) = casa, to pay in cash = plata în numerar
- Price-tag = etichetă
- Tinned/canned = conseva
- Queue = coadă, to queue up = a sta la coadă
- Packet/parcel = pachet
- Paper/plastic bag, = pungă (hârtie/plastic), sacoşă
- Shopkeeper/shop owner = negustorul, proprietarul magazinului
40
- To leave a deposit = a da acont
- To sell by installments / hire and purchase = a vinde în rate
- Money-banknote = bani de hârtie
- small change = mărunţi, bani de metal
- I have no small change about me = n-am mărunt
- Made in Romania = fabricat în RO, BRAND = marca inregistrata
- Gross weight = greutate brută, net weight = neto
- 1 pound = 453,39 grams, 1 pint ~ 0,570l
- order = comandă, a comanda
- delivery charge = taxă de livrare
- fitting-room = cabină de probă

Read and translate:

To the Wine Counter
- Have you got any white wine?
- What kind of white wine: sweet wine, dinner wine, dry wine, sparkling wine …?
- Something fine, I think! You know…I take to drinking!
- Oh, I guess you have to drink a bottle of hock or maybe a bottle of champagne!
- Why not!? Give a bottle of champagne! What kind of strong drinks have you got?
- We have got cognac, liqueur, plum brandy, vermouth, vodka, gin, rum whisky …
- Give me a bottle of cognac, please! And soft drinks?
- Mineral water, soda, fruit juice, tonic water…
- Give me a bottle of lemon squash, please!
- Here you are!
- Thanks! Bye!

To the Bakery Counter (at the Baker’s)

- I’d like a loaf of white bread and two loaves of brown bread, please!
- Here you are, sir!
- Have you got whole – meal bread? Or something else?
- Yes, of course. We have got rolls, buns, graham bread, rye bread, fancy bread, currant
bun, ginger bread, sticks, croissants, breadsticks, cracknels, …
- Give me ten rolls and a gingerbread bag, please!
- Here you are!
- Thanks!

At the Ladies Ready – Made Clothes Department

- Can I find here a fashionable evening dress?
- This is the latest fashion in Paris!
- Oh, haven’t you got the same pattern but a darker shade? Something more stylish?
- Here you are, madam! 100EUR.
- Isn’t this dress rather dear?!
- Yes but cheap clothes do not wear well. It is worth the money it costs.
- Yes, it’s dear but it pays, really!
- I advice you to get hold of this dress as long as it’s still on sale!
41
Activitati de timp liber – constructii specifice

Pentru a vorbi despre activitati sportive, se foloseste constructia DO + VERB + ing

Ex: I so some cycling in weekend. (fac ciclism la sfarsit de saptamana)

On holidays I did some swimming (in vacanta am facut inot)

Pentru a spune ca fac o plimbare sau fac fotografii, se folosesc expresii in care verbul “a
face” nu se regaseste efectiv in limba engleza

Ex: to go for a walk = a face o plimbare, to take photos = a face fotografii

42
 MODULUL 7:

• Mesele zilei (feluri de mancare, bauturi, tacamuri)

• Verbele modale: CAN, MAY, MUST, SHOULD/SHOULDN’T
• Aplicatii: INTEGRAMA “MASA”
YOU HAVE YOUR DINNER / BREAKFAST IN A RESTAURANT
• Verbe modale in diferite formule de conversatie.

MESELE ZILEI
▪ table = masă (obiect) / meal = masă (activitate)
▪ The meals of the day are:
- Breakfast in the morning = micul dejun;
- Lunch at noon = gustare de prânz, dejun scurt;
- Dinner = masa principal a zilei
- Supper in the evening = cină uşoară, supeu.
• Ce punem pe masă (obiecte)
- Table cloth(s) = faţă de masă;
- Soup plate = farfurie adâncă;
- Dinner plate = farfurie întinsă;
- Dessert plate = farfurie de desert;
- Saucer = farfuriuţă;
- Dish = fel de mâncare
- Dishes = veselă;
- Cutlery = tacâmuri;
- Cover for one = totalitatea tacâmurilor pentru o persoană;
- Fork(s) = furculiţă;
- Knife/knives = cuţit;
- Spoon = lingură;
- Tea-spoon = linguriţă;
- Ladle = polonic;
- Scum ladle = spumieră;
- Glass = pahar;
- Wine glass = pahar de vin
- Mug = halbă;
- Cup = ceaşcă;
- Soup-tureen = castron de supă;
- Bread-basket = coş de pâine;
- Tray = tavă, platou; ash-tray = scrumieră;
- Egg-cup = suport de ouă;
- Salt-cellar = solniţă; pepper-box = pipeniţă;
- Tooth-pick stand = scobitori;
- Napkin = şervet;
- Tea- kettle = ceainic, ibric de ceai;
- Coffee-pot = cafetieră,

43
- Cruet stand = olivieră(oţet + ulei);
- Corkscrew = tirbuşon;

Meat = carne
- Beef = vacă (cow); - Chicken = pui;
- Veal = viţel; - fowl = pasăre;
- Pork = porc (pig); - turkey = curcan;
- Mutton = oaie (sheep); - goose = gâscă;
- Lamb = miel; - duck = raţă;
- Fish = peşte; - Game = vânat;
- Caviar = icre; - rabbit = iepure;
- Crap = crap; - venison = căprioară (deer);
- Pike = ştiucă; - pheasant - fazan
- Oysters = stridii; - Trout = păstrăv;
- Salmon = somon;
- Sheat fish = somn;
- Mackerel = scrumbie;
- Over done = bine prăjit;
- Undercooked = în sânge;
- Salad = salată;
- Hors d’oeuvres, entrees = antreuri, aperitive;
- Soup = supă
- Noodle-soup = supa cu tăieţei;
- Tomato-soup = supă de roşii;
- Cream-soup = supă-cremă (consome);
- Broth (borsch) = ciorbă;
- Fried potatoes = cartofi prăjiţi;
- Chips = cartofi pai;
- Mashed potatoes = piureu;
- Boiled potatoes = cartofi natur ( fierţi);
- roast beef (chicken) = friptură vacă, pui (prăjit);
- steak = friptură
- Chop = cotlet;
- Boiled meat = rasol;
- Meat balls = chiftele; grilled minced meat rolls = mici;
- Hamburger, hot dog = pârjoală, crenvurşti în chiflă;
- Stew = tocană, ghiveci, iahnie;
- Ham = şuncă; bacon = costiţă, slănină
- White (French) bread = franzelă;
- Brown bread = paine neagră;
- Roll = chiflă;
- Croissant = corn;
- Toast = pâine prăjită;
- Sweets = desert, dulciuri
- Pie = plăcintă, tartă;
44
 - apple pie = placintă cu mere; chees pie = plăcintă cu brânză;
- Cake = prăjitură, tort;
- Cookies = fursecuri;
- Pudding = budincă;
- Fruit salad = salată de fructe;
- Ice-cream = îngheţată;
- Jam, marmalade = gem, marmeladă;
- Honey = miere;
- Compote, stewed fruit = compot;
- Drinks = băuturi
- Milk = lapte; sour milk = lapte acru; yogurt = iaurt;
- Tea = ceai; coffee = cafea ;
- white coffee = cafea cu lapte;
- Mineral water = apă minerală; soda = sifon; tonic water = apa tonica
- Fruit juice = suc de fructe; soft drinks = răcoritoare;
- Beer = bere; cognac = coniac;
- Wine = vin; liqueur = lichior;
- Champagne = şampanie; whisky, gin;
- Vermouth = vermut
- Brandy = rachiu; - rum, cocktail.
- restaurant; pub = berărie; canteen = cantină;
- waiter/waitress = ospătar; cook = bucătar; barman, bartender;
- menu = bill of fare; bill = nota.

Read and translate

- Good afternoon! Is there any table left?
- Yes, sir. This way, please. Here you are.
- Can I have the menu? Thanks.
- May I have your order, please?
- Yes, I would like to have a crab cocktail for starting. Then, bring me a pork chop with
fried potatoes and vegetables salad… but first, I want a fish soup! For the desert, bring
me an ice cream and pancakes.
- What would you like to drink?
- A bottle of white wine and a cup of coffee with cognac in the end. May I have the bill?
- Here you are! Enjoy your meal!
- Thanks! Keep the change!

Read and translate

- Good morning! May I have my breakfast?
- Of course, sir! Your order, please!
- I would like cheese, salami, olives and mushrooms with tomato salad. Toasts, please!
- What would you like to drink, sir?
- Orange juice, first and some fruit pie with a cup of Turkish coffee.
- Yes, sir. I’ll bring you in a minute…Here you are! Enjoy your breakfast!
- Thanks.
45
Verbele modale
Au următoarele caracteristici:
- nu au forme pentru toate timpurile.De aceea au echivalente ce le inlocuiesc;
- formează negtivul prin simpla adăugare a lui “not”;
- întrebarea (interogativul) se formează prin simpla inversiune a modalului cu persoana;
- modalele nu primesc “s” la persoana a III- a singular ( he, she, it);
- nu au infinit lung, numai scurt, de aceea nu primesc “to” in faţă;
- după modale se folosesc numai verbe la infinitiv scurt
- nu au formă continuă (cu terminaţie “ing”).

CAN
Poate avea următoarele sensuri şi traduceri:
• Abilitate, capacitate, a putea cu sensul de a fi capabil să …
- are formă numai la prezent = can şi la trecutul simplu = could
- la celelalte timpuri se foloseşte echivalentul: to be able to (to be se conjugă)
Prezent simplu: I can sing.I’m able to singbetter at present.
Trecut simplu: I could sing.I was able to singbetter last year.
Future Simple: I will/shall be able to sing better next year.

• Sensul de permisiune – numai formele: can si could

Can I come in? Pot să intru?
Could I come in? Aş putea intra?

• Sensul de posibilitate - numai formele: can si could

He could be right. S-ar putea să aibă dreptate.
He can be sleeping now. E posibil ca el să doarmă acum.
Obs. Can exprimă un procent de siguranţă mai mare decât could.

• Sens de imposibilitate - numai formele: can’t si couldn’t

He can’t be right. Nu se poate sa aiba dreptate.
He couldn’t be sleeping now. Nu cred că doarme acum.

• Can se foloseşte cu verbele de percepţie (hear, see, smell, taste, feel) pentru a le sublinia
efectele. În această situaţie “can” nu se traduce
Ex: I can see a car in the street. Can you hear me? Can you smell it?

MAY / MIGHT
Poate avea sensul şi traducerea de :
• permisiune:
May are numai formă de prezent. La celelalte timpuri se înlocuieşte cu to be allowed to
sau to be permitted to (to be se conjugă).
Observaţie: May poate fi înlocuit şi de might.

46
 Might este un mod mai politicos de a cere permisiunea. Iar când se redau cuvintele cuiva
(limbaj indirect) might îl înlocuieşte pe may.
Prezent simplu: I may (I am allowed to) come with you.
Trecut simplu: I was allowed to come with you.
Future Simple: I will be allowed to come with you.

• posibilitate (se folosesc formele may şi might)

He may come tomorrow. He might come tomorrow.
Obs. May reprezintă un procent de siguranţă mai mare.Folosirea lui might arată că posibilitatea
aproape nu există.

MUST
1. Sensul de ordin, absolută necesitate, obligaţie. Must are formă numai la prezent. La restul
timpurilor este inlocuit de to have to.
La prezent există diferenţe între cele două forme: Must exprimă obligaţia autoimpusă
(eu vreau).
Ex: I must change my behaviour.
Have to exprimă obligaţia exterioară (sunt obligat)
Ex: You have to wipe your feet when you come in.
Must not exprima interdictia: You must not smoke here (nu trebuie să fumezi aici).
Not to have to exprima absenta obligatiei: You don’t have (need not) to work on Sunday.
La celelalte timpuri această diferenţă dispare pentru că must nu mai are forme şi rămâne
doar echivalentul sãu.
Prezent simplu: I must (have to) go now.
Trecut simplu: I had to go earlier.
Viitor simplu: I will have to go tomorrow.
2. Sensul de posibilitate - o deductie cu sens pozitiv la prezent (99,9 % sigura)
Ex: He is asleep. He must be very tired (el este adormit; trebuie sa fie foarte obosit).
La trecut: MUST + HAVE + VERB (forma 3)
He must have been Scottish; he was wearing a kilt. (trebuie sa fi fost scotian; purta kilt)

SHOULD / SHOULDN’T
Exprima un sfat, o recomandare (este mai putin categoric ca “must”).
Ex: You should not eat sweets (n-ar trebui sa mananci dulciuri)
Poate exprima si un repros sau o critica, in formula SHOULD + HAVE + VERB
(forma 3).
Ex: You should have driven on the right. You shouldn’t have driven on the left. (ar fi trebuit sa
conduci pe dreapta; n-ar fi trebuit sa conduci pe stanga)

APLICATII: Read and translate:

Could you help me with my luggage?
She can’t speak English yet but she will be able to do it soon.
The sky might clear up later.
May I borrow this book? Yes, you are allowed to take it.
They may win the match but I’m not sure.
47
He should leave earlier.
You shouldn’t miss the concert.
Peter is absent today. He must be ill.
You must not play in the middle of the road.
He couldn’t be abroad last week. I met him on Friday.
He must be very tired.
The children were allowed to go out when the rain stopped.
You don’t have to take your umbrella; it’s not raining.

Read and translate:

You should look both ways before you cross the road.
You shouldn’t eat with full mouth.
She shouldn’t cycle without light.
You should eat at least one piece of fruit a day.
They should train harder if they want to win.
You should try to answer every question in the exam.
People shouldn’t throw litter in the streets.
The children in the camp have to get up at 6 a.m.
You don’t have to go if you don’t want to.
Have you to stand up when you speak to your boss?
She hadn’t to wear a uniforme when she was in school.
He’s hurt his arm so he has to go to the hospital for an X-ray.
Have people to get a visa for a trip to Australia?
Had he to drive on a motorway when he took the driving test?

48
 MODULUL 8:

• Trecutul Simplu (formare, utilizare etc)

• Home, sweet home! (camera, mobile, obiecte din casa)
• Aplicatii: WHERE DO YOU LIVE? (adresa, directionare)
DESCRIBE YOUR HOUSE/APARTMENT.
INTEGRAMA - “APARTAMENT”

TRECUTUL SIMPLU
Se formeazã astfel:
- afirmativ: I…THEY + VERB ( la forma a II a dacã e pe lista verbelor neregulate sau cu
terminatia ED dacã nu este)
- negativ: I…THEY + DID NOT (DIDN’T) + VERB (inf scurt)
- interogativ: DID + I…THEY + VERB (inf scurt) ?
e.g. I went to school yesterday - Am fost ieri la scoalã
I didn’t go to school yesterday - N-am fost la scoalã ieri
Did you go to school yesterday? - Ai fost ieri la scoalã?
Se traduce în limba românã prin perfect compus (am mâncat, ai cântat…)

Reguli de ortografie:
- Verbele terminate în Y ce are înainte o consoanã, îl transformã în “I” si apoi primeste “ED”;
dacã verbul se terminã în “Y” dar are înainte o vocalã, regula nu se aplicã
e.g. hurry – hurried, study – studied, try – tried
play – played, enjoy – enjoyed
- Verbele care se terminã în “E” îl includ în terminatie
e.g. hope – hoped, smoke – smoked
- Verbele care se terminã în consoanã - vocalã - consoanã dubleazã litera finalã
e.g. stop – stopped, regret – regretted, prefer – preferred
Obs: Consoana finalã NU se dubleazã dacã:
- Silaba finalã nu este accentuatã
e.g. visit – visited, listen – listened, develop – developed
- Consoana finalã are înaintea ei o consoanã sau douã vocale
e.g. start – started, turn – turned, boil – boiled, need – needed

Utilizarea trecutului simplu:

1. Pentru a exprima actiuni sau stãri ce au început si s-au terminat într-un moment din trecut
bine precizat
Adverbe de timp utilizate: yesterday (ieri), LAST week/month/year/summer (sãptãmâna
trecutã, luna trecutã, anul trecut, vara trecutã…), a week/two months/a year AGO (acum o
sãptãmânã, acum 2 luni, acum un an)
e.g. I went to Brasov last week - Am fost la Brasov sãptãmâna trecutã.
2. Pentru a exprima actiuni repetate sau obiceiuri din trecut, inexistente în prezent
e.g. I always walked to school when I was a child - Intotdeauna am mers pe jos la scoalã în
copilãrie.
Obs: In aceastã situatie se poate folosi si constructia USED TO + VERB (inf scurt)
49
e.g. I used to walk to school when I was a child – obisnuiam sã merg pe jos la scoalã în copilãrie.

HOME, SWEET HOME!

Home: se foloseste fãrã cuvânt de posesie atunci când este vorba de propria casã
e.g. to be at home - a fi acasã, to go home - a merge acasã, on my way home
In alte situatii “home” are înteles de cãmin, domiciliu
- house - casã, constructie
- block of flats - bloc
- flat = apartment = apartament
- building = cladire, constructie
- storey = etaj privit din afara cladirii (four storeyed block of flats = bloc cu 4 et)
- floor = level = etaj privit din interiorul cladirii (the second floor = et 2)
- lift = elevator = lift, ascensor
- stairs (main stairs, backstairs) = scara (principala, de serviciu)
- staircase = casa scarii
- landing = palier
- (entrance) hall, corridor, passage = hol, coridor, culoar/pasaj
- room = camera (two – roomed flat = apartament cu 2 camere)
- wall = perete - corner = colt
- floor = podea - ground floor = parter
- ceiling = tavan - basement = subsol
- door = usa
- window = fereastra

CAMERELE
- living room (sitting room) = camera de zi
- drawing room = salon (acasa), beauty parlor = cosmetica
- bedroom (sleeping room) = dormitor
- dining room = sufragerie
- study room (office) = birou (computer, desk, chair, shelves)
- bathroom = baie toilet = toaleta
- nursery = camera copilului
- kitchen = bucatarie
- lumber room = debara socket = priza
- pantry/larder = camara bulb = bec
- balcony (terrace) = balcon, terasa cable = cablu

DORMITORUL
- bed = pat - chairbed = fotoliu - pat
- crib = patut de copil - cradle = leagan de copil
- dressing table = masuta de toaleta
- wardrobe = sifonier
- bed clothes = lenjerie de pat (pillow case/slip = fata de perna)
- cover = cuvertura - pillow = perna
- plaid = pled (patura usoara) - blanket = patura groasa
50
- pyjamas = pijamale (night gown = camasa de noapte)
- night (bedside) table = noptiera
- lamp = lustra (night lamp = veilleuse = veioza)
- carpet = covor - rug = carpeta
- curtain = perdea - hangings = draperii
- dressing gown = halat de casa

SUFRAGERIA
- sofa = canapea - armchair = fotoliu
- table = masa - chair = scaun
- bookcase = book shelves = biblioteca
- library = biblioteca (institutie)
- china cupboard / bar = vitrina - radiator = calorifer
- radio receiver = radio
- TV set = televizor
- Video player (recorder) = video

BUCATARIA
- refrigerator = fridge = frigider
- freezer = congelator
- dishes washer = masina de spalat vase
- vacuum cleaner (Hoover) = aspirator
- washing machine = masina de spalat
- cooking machine = stove = gas cooker = aragaz
- broom + dust tray = matura + faras
- duster + rags = spalatoare (dish cloth = carpe de vase)
- gas-ring = resou
- iron = fier de calcat
- pail (bucket) = galeata
- dishes = vesela + cutlery = tacamuri
- household apparatus (machine units) = aparate de uz casnic
- sink = chiuveta de bucatarie
- cupboard = sideboard = dulap de bucatarie
- rubbish (garbage) basket = cos de gunoi

BAIA
- wash stand = chiuveta de baie
- tub + bath = cada (obiect + continut)
- shower = dus (to take a shower)
- towel + soap = prosop + sapun
- shampoo (balm) = sampon (balsam)
- hair brush = perie de par (comb = pieptan)
- tooth paste + tooth brush = periuta + pasta de dinti
- hair spray / body spray = fixativ + deodorant
- shaving cream (shaving foam) = crema (spuma) de ras
51
- after shave, lotion
- hair dryer = uscator de par
- bath gown = halat de baie
- slippers = papuci
- toilet paper = hartie igienica
- mirror (glass) = oglinda
- shelf = etajera
- tap = robinet
- toilet ring = colac WC

ATENTIE - BATH <a:> si BATHE <ei>

To bath = to give someone a bath = a imbaia pe cineva
To have a bath = a face baie in cada
To bathe = to swim = a inota, a se scalda
To sunbathe = a face plaja
To bathe + substantiv = a curata, spala, dezinfecta
e.g. He must to bathe his swollen finger = trebuie sa-si dezinfecteze degetul inflamat

Aplicatii: WHERE DO YOU LIVE? (adresa, directionare)

DESCRIBE YOUR HOUSE/APARTMENT.
INTEGRAMA – “APARTAMENT”

52
 - MODULUL 9:

▪ Trecutul Continuu
▪ Mijloace si cãi de transport. Calatorii.
▪ Aplicatii: WHERE ARE YOU GOING ON HOLIDAYS?
YOU ARE GOING TO LEAVE FOR PARIS BY PLANE
YOU ARE GOING TO LEAVE FOR BUCHAREST BY TRAIN

TRECUTUL CONTINUU
Se formeazã astfel:
- Afirmativ: I, HE, SHE, IT + WAS + VERB + ING
WE, YOU, THEY + WERE + VERB + ING

- Negativ: I, HE, SHE, IT + WAS NOT (WASN’T) + VERB + ING

WE, YOU, THEY + WERE NOT (WEREN’T) + VERB + ING

- Interogativ: WAS / WERE + I…THEY + VERB + ING?

Se traduce prin imperfect (mâncam, cântai…)
Reguli de ortografie:
- Dacã un verb se terminã în IE, transformã în Y + ING
e.g. to lie – lying (a fi întins, asezat), to die – dying (a muri)
- Dacã verbul se terminã în E, acesta cade
e.g. smoke – smoking (a fuma), hope – hoping (a spera)
Fac exceptie BE – BEING, SEE – SEEING, AGREE - AGREEING
- Se dubleazã consoana finalã dacã se terminã în consoanã-vocalã-consoanã
e.g. stop – stopping, plan – planning, begin – beginning
Utilizarea trecutului simplu:
- pentru a exprima activitãti aflate în plinã desfãsurare la un moment bine precizat din trecut
Adverbe de timp: AT THIS TIME yesterday/last week/last year (pe vremea asta ieri,
sãptãmâna trecutã, anul trecut).
e.g. I was listening to music at this time yesterday – Ascultam muzicã ieri pe vremea asta.

ATENTIE:
Intr-o fraza, o actiune aflata in plina desfasurare se traduce cu trecut continuu, iar o alta
actiune, care o intrerupe pe prima, se traduce cu trecut simplu.
Ex: You were waiting for the bus when you saw the accident. (Asteptai autobuzul cand ai vazut
accidentul.)
Intr-o fraza, doua actiuni desfasurate simultan in trecut, se traduc cu trecut continuu.
Ex: You were watching TV while I was writing an e-mail message. (Te uitai la TV in timp ce eu
scriam un e-mail.)
Intr-o fraza, mai multe actiuni scurte, succesive din trecut, se traduc cu trecut simple.
Ex: She opened the door, looked outside and didn’t see anyone. (A deschis usa, s-a uitat afara si
n-a vazut pe nimeni.)

53
MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION
- by car = cu masina (my car runs 200 km/an hour)
- by bus = cu autobuzul
- by trolley bus = cu troleibuzul
- by mini-bus = cu maxi-taxi
- by tram = cu tramvaiul
- by plane = cu avionul
- by boat (ship) = cu vaporul
- by train = cu trenul

WAYS OF TRANSPORT
- by sea = pe apa
- by air = pe calea aerului
- by land = pe uscat
- railway (station) = cale ferata (statie, gara)
- subway, underground = metrou
- (bus) stop = statie (de autobuz)
- parking = parcare
- street, road, avenue, highway = strada, sosea, bulevard, autostrada
VOCABULAR
- sightseeing tour = circuit turistic
- SITE/SIGHT = loc de vizitat
- Archeological site = santier arheologic
- Web site = pagina pe Internet
- A sight in the mountains = obiectiv turistic la munte
- Landscape = peisaj
- To take photos = a face fotografii
- Rest area = loc de odihna (motel, hotel, bungalow, chalet, villa, private system)
- Accommodation = cazare (single, double, triple…)
- Meals = mesele (HB = half board, FB = full board, BB = bed&breakfast)

Read and translate

- Good afternoon! Is there a through train to Paris?
- Of course, sir!
- When does the train get in to Paris? How long does it take to get there?
- Next day, sir. You travel for 36 hours.
- Please, give me a return ticket in a sleeping car for tomorrow.
- Here you are!
- When does the train leave for Paris! Which platform?
- At 9 a.m., platform no. 3 (the third platform).
- Thanks, bye!
- Have a nice journey!

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Read and translate
- Hello? Is that the booking-office?
- Yes, sir! How can I help you?
- Can I book a seat (make a reservation) on the 4.15 train, the Budapest express?
- Certainly! Where for? When do you want to leave?
- This very day up to Mako if still available!
- Oh, I’m sorry! You ought to make the reservation at least 24 hours in advance. I can let you
have a seat in a first class carriage on Sunday morning if you agree!
- All right! Where could I pick up my ticket from?
- On the day of departure at window no. 4 in the main hall of the North Station.
- How much will that be?
- 100 EUR! There is an extra charge of reservation, too!
- OK! Thanks, bye!

Read and translate

- Hello? Is there The City Railway Booking Office?
- Yes, sir! What can I do for you?
- I want to find out about the trains to Neptun resort.
- There is a fast train at 11.27 a.m. Will you go by that train?
- Where do I have to change trains?
- It isn’t necessary. It’s a Mangalia train but it stops at Neptun.
- How much is the fare? Can I book two second class seats right now? Ah, what about the
children?
- Children under ten pay only a half rate. Children over ten pay full fare.
- OK! I want two tickets and one for a child under ten!
- Will be 840, 000 lei!
- OK, thanks!
VOCABULAR
- one way ticket = bilet cu o singura calatorie
- a return ticket = dus-intors
- a round trip ticket = circuit
- to arrive / arrival = a sosi, sosire
- to depart / departure = a pleca, plecare
- MISS + PLANE, TRAIN, BUS… = a pierde
(Hurry up or you’ll miss the train! = grabeste-te sau vei pierde trenul!)
- Porter = hamal - waiting room = sala de steptare
- The schedule = orarul - terminal / terminus

Read and translate

- On what days are there flights for Paris?
- Daily, sir!
- Is there a direct flight? No stop over?
- Yes, sir.
- How long is the flight?
- Three hours, sir!

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- Where does the plane land in Paris?
- On Charles de Gaulle airport, sir!
- When should I be at the airport?
- An hour in advance, sir!
- Please, give me a ticket for tomorrow.
- Here you are! Have nice flight!
- Thanks, bye!
VOCABULAR
- Check-in = poarta de intrare (verificarea)
- Boarding = imbarcarea (where do I board?)
- Luggage = over weight
- I feel sick, I have to use the sick bag!
- Safety belt = centura de siguranta
- To take off = a decola

Read and translate

- Hello! I would like to confirm my reservation…When is the flight to Bucharest?
- The flight no. 345 leaves for Bucharest at one o’clock p.m.
- When does the plane get to Bucharest? How long is the flight?
- Three hours, sir!
- Is there a stop over?
- No, sir. It is a direct flight.
- Have they already announced the boarding?
- Yes, sir. Have a nice flight!
- Thanks, bye!

Read and translate

- When does the ship sail for Glasgow?
- Every morning at 9 o’ clock, sir.
- How long is the voyage?
- An hour…a half and an hour maybe!
- How long does the ship stay in port?
- An hour, sir.
- Give me two second-class tickets for tomorrow, please.
- Here you are! Door number 15!
- What deck is our cabin on?
- The second deck, sir!
- How do I get there?
- The ticket inspector will manage you!
- OK, thanks! Bye!
- Have a nice cruise, sir!

Read and translate

- Good afternoon, sir! Your papers, please!

56
- Good afternoon, officer! Here are my driver license and the travel documents!
- Which is your target, sir?
- We make a sightseeing tour through your country.
- All right! Have a nice trip!
- How do I get to the highway?
- This way, straight on…then, at the second traffic light turn left, round the corner.
- Where is the nearest filling station?
- On your way, sir!
- Are there any rest areas, some motels?
- Of course, sir…it’s about 60 km from here!
- Thanks, bye!
VOCABULAR
- litter of petrol = litru de benzina (fill the tank up, please!)
- diesel / motor oil = motorina
- tires = cauciucuri (flat wheel = roata dezumflata)
- brake fluid = lichid de frana
- antifreeze = antigel

Read and translate

- Which way to customs check-in, please?
- This way, sir! Welcome!
- Your papers, please!
- Here is my passport, I have a transit visa…
- Where are you going?
- I’m going to Madrid, a two-week journey!
- What is the purpose of your travel?
- Some business and something personal…
- Where is your child?
- Home, sir…it’s true, my child is on my passport but I’m traveling alone now!
- OK! Have a nice trip!
- Thanks! Where is the luggage check!
- Next office, sir!
- Need I a customs declaration form? I have nothing to declare! Only personal staff and some
presents. Are these things subject to duty?
- No, sir! Here is your luggage! Have a nice journey!
- Thank you! Goodbye!
VOCABULAR
- Foreign currency = valuta
- How much duty must I pay? = ce taxe trebuie sa platesc?
- Pentru animale = IVC - International Vaccination Certificate
- Voucher = dovada de cazare si masa

WHERE ARE YOU GOING ON HOLIDAYS?

57
 MODULUL 10:

• Viitorul simplu. Viitorul cu GOING TO

• Vizita la doctor (probleme si medicamente)
• Aplicatii: GOING TO YOUR DOCTOR (imagine a dialogue)
GOING TO A PHARMACY (imagine a dialogue)

VIITORUL SIMPLU
Se formează astfel:
- afirmativ: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they + SHALL/ WILL + Verb (inf.)
- la negativ: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they + SHALL NOT (SHAN’T) + Verb (inf.) WILL
NOT (WON’T)
- la interogativ:SHALL / WILL + I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they + Verb (inf.) ?

PARTICULARITĂŢI
SHALL în întrebări exprimă o ofertă, o propunere, o sugestie sau o promisiunine ferma.
Exemplu: The work shall be completed by July 31. - Lucrul va fi terminat (trebuie) până pe 31
iulie.
You shall have a bike for your birthday. - Vei primi o bicicletă de ziua ta (îţi promit).
Shall I open the window? - Să deschid fereastra?
Shall we meet at the stop? - Ne vedem în staţie?
WILL este o formă mai politicoasă de a exprima o rugăminte sau o invitaţie.
Exemplu: Will you open the window? - Eşti amabil să deschizi fereastra?
Will you have a cup of coffe? - Vrei o cafea?
Se traduce în româneşte cu viitor.
Utilizarea viitorului simplu
- pentru a exprima acţiuni sau stări ce vor avea loc după momentul vorbirii.
Adverbe de timp: tomorrow, next (week, summer, year)
- pentru a exprima presupuneri despre acţiuni care se vor întâmpla în viitor.
În acest caz se începe cu: I think, I suppose, I guess, I belive (cred că, presupun că );
probably, it’s possible (e posibil să...)
Exemplu: I suppose he won’t refuse you. - Presupun că nu te va refuza.
Probably she will be late. - Probabil că ea va întârzia.

- Will you come tomorrow evening ?

- Yes I will. I’ll come tomorrow evening.
- No, I won’t. I won’t come tomorrow evening

Exprimarea viitorului prin prezent

Prezentul simplu se foloseşte în loc de viitor pentru acţiuni oficial programate (orar
avion, tren etc, meciuri, concerte, alte evenimente).
Prezentul continuu se foloseşte pentru aranjamente neoficiale, făcute de vorbitor.

58
VIITORUL APROPIAT SAU VIITORUL ,,INTENŢIEI’’ (CU “GOING TO”)
Se formează astfel:
- afirmativ: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they + TO BE (prezent) + GOING TO + Verb
- negativ: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they + TO BE (prezent) + Not + GOING TO + Verb
- interogativ: TO BE (prezent) + I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they + GOING TO + Verb
Verbul TO BE se conjugă la prezent la fiecare persoană la afirmativ, negativ şi
interogativ.
Se traduce prin: urmează să ... , intenţionez să ...
Exemplu:
- Are you going to sell your flat? - Intenţionezi să-ţi vinzi apartamentul?
- Yes, I am. Yes, I’m going to sell my flat.
- No, I’m not. No, I’m not going sell my flat.
Utilizarea viitorul apropiat
Pentru a exprima acţiuni ce se vor întâmpla într-un timp scurt după momentul vorbirii sau
intenţii
Exemplu: I’m going to sell my car. Intenţionez să-mi vând maşina.
Pentru a exprima presupuneri despre lucruri ce se vor întâmpla imediat.
Exemplu: Look! It’s cloudy, it’s going to rain! - Priveşte! Este înnorat, stă să plouă!

Read and translate:

- I’m going to see my boss tomorrow.
- My parents are going to come and I’m going to show them round some castles.
- Be careful! It’s going to fall!
- Will you see Mr. Mariano tomorrow about this ?
- He will almost certainly be there, especially if it’s fine.
- I’ll help you, don’t worry. I’ll peel the apples if you like.
- Hold on! I’ll come straight away!
- If lions bore you, I won’t take you to the zoo.

LA DOCTOR - VOCABULAR
- first aid box = trusă de prim ajutor
- public health = ocrotirea sănătăţii
- to fall (to be taken) ill = a se îmbolnăvi
- to feel ill = a se simţi rău
- to have a fit of ... = a avea o criză de ...
- to undergo an operation = a fi supus la o operaţie
- to clean (dress ) up a wound = a curăţa (a pansa) o rană
- to be injured in accident = a fi rănit în accident
- to enjoy good health = a se bucura de o sănătate de fier
- to sneeze = a strănuta
- to faint = a leşina
- to cough = a tuşi
- bloodshot = congestionat
- painful = dureros
- shivers = frisoane

59
- blood transfusion = transfuzie de sânge
- medical chart (card) = fişă medicală
- disease = boală
- injury = leziune, rană
- medical certificate = C F M
- sick (maternity, rest) leave = concediu de boală (maternitate, de odihnă)
- strecher = targă
- physician, doctor = doctor, medic
- surgeon = chirurg
- VET = veterinary surgeon = veterinar
- hospital, emergency = spital, urgenţe
- nurse = asistentă medicală
- midwife = moaşă
- health resort = staţiune climaterică
- spa = staţiune balneo (ape)
- dumb = mut
- blind = orb
- deaf = surd
- lame = şchiop
- squint = eyed = şaşiu
- humpbacked = cocoşat
- operating theatre = sală de operaţie
- sun-stroke = insolaţie

Read and translate

- Good morning doctor Gray!
- Good morning Mr Brown! You don’t look well! You look pale. It looks as if you were going
to faint!
- I don’t know what’s the matter with me! I’m upset with everything. I feel too tired to move.
Every bone in my body seems to ache. My appetite has gone. I’m suffering from
sleepessness. And I often have giddy turns. My nose is running!
- Come here, please ! Draw near and sit down. Let me feel your pulse ... Yes, the pulse is
quick and irregular! Just as I throught ! Show me your tongue .... It is quite furred ! And the
uvula is swollen!
- What is your oppinion doctor? I’m dying ...
- Mr Brown! You aren’t a child! Let me check your lungs and to listen to your heart ... Breathe
in and out deeply! O.K!
- Is this disease dangerous? Is it catching?
- Mr Brown!! Nothing to worry about! Keep indoor for a few days. I’ll prescribe you some
medicine ... Do not overtire yourself. You’ll soon recover completly!
- Am I confined to bed? I be operated on?
- Mr Brown!! I think you have got the flu (influenza)! A simple flu, don’t worry! You are
tired, you smoke too much ... This is the result of your behavior!
- Oh, I feel much relieved, doctor. Thank you! What is your fee, sir?
- No fee for you Mr Brown! Free of charge! Pay attention and take care of you!

60
- Thanks a lot, doctor! Bye!
- Bye and cheer up, Mr Brown!

Read and translate

- What’s the matter with you pal?! You look rather seedy.
- I have a terrible toothache doctor! I suffer much, chiefly at night time!
- Why don’t you come to me earlier?
- I hate the dentists!
- Everybody hates us but you need our help! I know, knocking and drilling (sfredelitul) one’s
teeth is not at all very entertaining but is necessary!
- Oh, I’m exaggerating! You are a painless dentist!
- Come here! Sit down and lean (lasă) your head back! Sit still please! Wide open!
- Oh, it hurts me!
- Come on! The upper (lower) front tooth has a problem, the filling has come out! You have
also a hollow molar in the upper jaw (maxilar) ... I shall clean out the cavity and fill it! Rinse
your mouth with this antiseptic mouth wash... OK! I’m ready. Did it hurt?
- Oh, no! You are the master!
- So, don’t eat anything for a couple of hours, sir! In the tooth keeps aching come quickly. I’ll
have to kill the nerve. Avoid sitting in a draught (curent). Or you’ll get an abscess! You can
have a soothing drug if necessary!
- Thank you doctor! You ...
- I know, I’m the master! Take care of you! Bye!
- Thanks! Bye! I’d like to say „see youz soon’’ but I don’t want to!
- No problem! You’re welcome!

Read and translate

- Can I have a prescription made?
- Of course, sir! Give it to me! Oh, yes! But it will take you more than an hour to wait until I
get it prepared. Do you mind coming later to collect it?
- OK! I’m going to collect it!
- So, my prescription is made?
- OK, sir! Do not forget to shake the bottle before using ! Store it in a cool place.
- Is this stuff reliable?
- Of course, sir!
- How many spoonfuls am I to take a day? Shall I take the medicine before or after the meals?
- Sir, sir!! This medicine is intended for external use only! Is a massage lotion!
- Oh, that one! OK! Thanks!
VOCABULAR
- pachet de vată = a package of cotton wool
- alcool (spirt) = alcohol, alcoholic extract
- alifie, unguent = ointment, vaseline
- antinevralgic = antineuralgic
- calmant = sedative, pain-killer
- fiolă = phial
- pilulă (pastilă) = pill, injection

61
- medicament = medicine, drug
- pansament = dressing, bandage, gauze (tifon)
- picături = drops
- plasture = plaster
- sirop de tuse = throat syrup
- purgativ = purgative, laxative
- aspirin, tonic, lotion
- prescription = reţetă
- sleeping-draught = somnifer
- a day & night service = farmacie permanentă

62
 MODULUL 11:

• Prepozitii si conjunctii uzuale

• Meserii si ocupatii.
• Interviu pentru obtinerea unui loc de munca
• Aplicatii: Redactarea CV-ului in lb. engleza
MOTIVATION LETTER

PREPOZIŢII
Prepoziţia este folosită ca element de legătură între cuvinte care nu au aceeaşi funcţie
sintactică. Există unele verbe, substantive şi adjective care pot fi urmate numai de o anumită
prepoziţie cu care alcătuieşte un tot unitar.
Exemplu: to agree - with a person
- to something
interested in, absent from, listen to, wait for.
Prepoziţia este aşezată la sfârşitul unei întrebări introdusă prin who, what, where sau când
avem diateza pasivă.
Exemplu: Money is something we can’t do without.
Where do you come from?
What is this book about?
Who are you talking to?
This is the child to be looked after.
Cele mai des folosite prepoziţii sunt:
pentru timp:
- AT + UN MOMENT, SARBATOARE
Exemplu: at 2 o’clock, at noon, at lunchtime, at Easter, at Christmas.
- ON + DATE şi ZILE
Exemplu: on 3 December, on friday, on Monday morning, on Christmas day (but „at Christmas”)
- IN + PERIOADE
Exemplu: in January, in winter, in 2003, in the 18th century, in a few moments
pentru spaţiu:
- IN + LOC VĂZUT TRIDIMENSIONAL
Exemplu: In hospital, in town, in the water, in the sky.
- AT + LOC VĂZUT CA PUNCT ÎN SPAŢIU:
Exemplu: at the door, at the gate, at the end, at the top.
- ON + LOC VĂZUT CA SUPRAFAŢĂ (bidimensional):
Exemplu: on the wall, on the ceiling, on the floor, on my face.
„at” este folosit în expresiile: at home, at work, at the seaside, at shool, at the party;
Verbe urmate de AT: to aim, to arrive, to bark, to knock, to lock, to wonder
„on” este folosit în expresiile : on the left (right), on the ground, on the coast of America, on the
Danube etc.
- FROM are două întrebuinţări:
Se referă la un interval: FROM ...... TO (TILL) (de la / din ....... până .........)
Exemplu: We work from Monday till Friday.
Se referă la locul de provenienţă :
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Exemplu: Where do you come from?
- SINCE + momentul începerii acţiunii:
Exemplu: I have lived here since 1994 (I was born).
- FOR + perioada acţiunii:
Exemplu: I have lived here for ten years.
- ABOUT (în jur de, prin, despre, cam):
Exemplu: He walked about the room (prin).
What is it all about? (despre).
It all happened about 1 o’clock (cam).
Construcţii cu about: to be angry about, to be sorry about.
- AGAINST (împotriva, contrar, lângă, peste, spre, către)
Exemplu: He fights against the enemies.
He hangs the picture against the wall.
Put the chair against the wall.
- AMONG (printre mai mulţi, în mijlocul, în epoca)
Exemplu: He was among friends.
Cesar was the Ancient Romans.
- BETWEEN (între doi)
Exemplu: This is a secret between us.
- BUT (în afară de, pe lângă, cu excepţia)
Exemplu: He would have died but for you.
- BY (lângă, foarte aproape, cu, la, de către, prin, din)
Exemplu: by plane, by fax, step by step, by birth, by theway, by chance, stand by me.
- IN, INTO (în, la, pe, cu, din)
IN - mişcare în acelaşi perimetru, stat pe loc;
INTO - mişcare dintr-un loc într-altul, de la o formă la alta.
Exemplu: He jumps into the pool. - El sare în piscină (de pe mal).
He jumps in the pool. - El sare în piscină (ţopăie acolo).
- OF (arată apartenenţa) (a cui, al cui, etc, despre, de către)
Exemplu: some of us, the best of men, first of all, a fool of fools.
- OFF (indică îndepărtarea de un punct sau oprirea)
Exemplu: to be off the point, to be off duty, to turn off the light
- ON (pe, peste, la, din, după, cu, opusul lui OFF)
Exemplu: to be on duty, to turn on the light, to go on
UPON este forma veche a lui ON
Exemplu: Once upon a time. - A fost odată ca niciodată.
- OUT (afară, scos din, rezultat din)
Exemplu: to be out of reach; Look out ! ; the fire is out
- TO (către, la, până la, - mişcare în timp sau spaţiu)
Exemplu: Here’s to you! (pentru tine). Give the ball to me!
- UP (în sus; după verb arată că acţiunea s-a încheiat)
Exemplu: Hands up! Time is up! Drink up! Give up! What’s up?
- WITH (cu, prin, cu ajutorul, din cauza, la fel cu)
Exemplu: Come with me! She is red with anger! I’m stiff with cold?

64
CONJUNCŢIA
Leagă două cuvinte cu aceeaşi funcţie sintactică sau două propoziţii de acelaşi tip sau o
principală de o subordonată.
Clasificare:
1. CONJUNCŢII COORDONATOARE (leagă 2 propoziţii de acelaşi fel): and, aswell as, no
less than, both - and, or, else, not only - but also - , neighter - nor, but, then, while, that’s
why, accordingly; consequently, as (cum), for (căci), namely (şi anume), such as, that is (i.e.
- adică), viz (videlicet - şi anume), that is to say, versus.
2. CONJUNCŢII SUBCOORDONATOARE (leagă o propoziţie principală de una
subordonată): as, so far as, after, before, when, since, till, as soon as, as long as, this very
moment, by the time, as far as, so that, because of, for, seeing that, since, however, in sprite
of, if, provided, unless, supposing, as .... as, not so ... as.
Exemplu: Both Tom and John are engineers.
She is very beautiful but not very clever.
I waited till he came at least.
CONSTRUCŢIILE (AND) SO - (AND) NEITHER
Aceste construcţii apar fie ca răspuns la o propoziţie stimul, fie în continuarea acesteia, în
aceeaşi frază. Ele se formează după următoarele reguli:
1. Dacă în propoziţia stimul este un verb auxiliar sau modal, el se repetă la forma afirmativă în
ambele.
2. Dacă în propoziţia stimuleste un verb obişnuit, în ambele se foloseşte TO DO la afirmativ.
3. Timpul auxiliarului sau modalului este acelaşi cu verbul propoziţiei stimul dar acordul se
face cu subiectul.
4. Subiectul este aşezat după auxiliar sau modal.
5. Uneori „neighter” este înlocuit cu „nor”
Se traduce cu „ şi _ şi _ ”
„ _ şi eu la fel ”
„ nici ___ nici ”
Exemplu: I cannot sing. Neither can Tom
John won’t come. Nor will Jack.
My friens don’t like coffe. Neighter do mine.

Scrisoare de intenţie

*** The Motivation Letter is the document that accompanies your CV when you are applying
for a job. Its goals are to introduce the CV, to bring to attention aspects of your activity that can
help your application and are at listed or not presented in the CV. In short, its goal is to answer
the recruiter’s question: “Why should I hire this person?”

*** Your address and contact

Details come under your name,
In the upper right corner of the page
Gabriela PASALAU
31, Traian Vuia Street, bl. V2, Ap. 8

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 Galaţi, 6200
Phone: 0740 612191
*** aligned left, write the name,
function, organization and address of the
person you are writing to
Mihai POPESCU - Shop Manager
SC Germanos SA
Bucureşti
*** under the receiver’s address,
but aligned right, write the date of
the day when you are writing the letter.

Galaţi, June 24, 2002

*** You should address the letter directly to him or her

Dear Mr. Mihai POPESCU / Dear Sir,

*** The goal of the first paragraph is to specify what you are applying for and how did you
find out about that opportunity.
I am addressing you this letter as a response to your ad in “Viaţa liberă” the local newspaper, to
apply for “sales representative” position.

*** the second paragraph should list your skills and qualifications that make you the right
person for the position you are applying for. Read carefully the announcement, identify the
requirements and see how your skills match those required.
For more than a year, I’ve worked in a mobile communication services and I learnt that every
client is very important and must be kindly approached, with patience and real information.

*** the third paragraph should point out why you want it. You should outline your interest for
the skills you are going to learn if you get the job.
I consider myself a motivated person in everything I do and opened to people and their needs,
always desirous for improving and the best results. I wish to work in your company in order to
gain experience working in a professional environment.

*** the last paragraph outlines your availability for an interview, suggesting in this way a
concrete follow-up for your application. It is customary for formal letters to mention whether
you have enclosed any documents accompanying the letter.
Enclosed find my C.V which details my professional experience and skills for this position. If
you need more information about me, I’ll be delighted to answer you face to face in an interview,
the day and the time beingdecided accordingly to your program.
Thank you for your time.

*** do not forget to leave a blank space between the closing and your name and to sign the
letter in the space.

66
Your sincerely / Best regards,
Gabriela PASALAU

Întrebări uzuale:
- Where are you from? = De unde eşti?
- I’m from Romania. I’m from Galaţi.
- What is your job (occupation)? = Ce serviciu aveţi?
- Have you work or study? = Lucraţi or studiaţi?
- Which is your profession? = Ce profesie aveţi?
- What sort of work do you do? Which are your tasks? = Ce fel de muncă prestaţi? Care vă
sunt sarcinile?
- I’m a worker (sunt muncitor). I’m an engineer (sunt inginer).
- I’m a doctor (sunt doctor). I’m a student. I study at “Danubius” College. = Sunt student.
- I’m a housewife (sunt casnică). I’m retired (pensionat).
- Have you belong to any political organization? = Sunteţi membrul unei organizaţii politice?
- I’m not a Party member. I am a Democratic Party member. = Nu sunt membru de partid.
Sunt..
- Which trade union do you belong to? = Din ce sindicat faceţi parte?
- Are you a religious believer? (sunteţi credincios) - Orthodox, Catholic, Protestant, atheist.
- Foreign language / Language skills = limbă străină, abilităţi de limbă
- Educated English = engleza cultă, Broken English = engleza neliterară
- Slang = argou, jargon, Literary language = limba literară, Spoken language = limba vorbită
- Native language = limba maternă
- Grammar = gramatică, spelling = ortografie,
- Pronounce / pronunciation = a pronunţa / pronunţie
- Practice in order to improve = a exersa cu scopul îmbunătăţirii
- Filozofie = philosophy filolog = philologist
- Filologie = philology filozof = philosopher
- Minister = ministry (office, board - U.K.; department - SUA)
- De interne = home department / internal affairs
= home - secretary
- de externe = foreign – office, ministrul - Secretary for Foreigh Affairs
- lucrărilor publice = the board of public works
- ministrul justiţiei = Keeper of the Great Seal
- invăţământ - education
- ministru - Secretary of State
- educaţie - upbringing
- good breeding (maniere)
- fizică - physical training
- faculty
- college
- university
- primary school
- secondary school; high school
- nursery school

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- occupation = job = ocupaţie, slujbă, profesie
- employer / employee = angajator / angajat
- unemployed = şomer
- education - training = instruire, pregătire
- learning = învăţare
- worker = muncitor
- brainworker = intelectual bricklayer = zidar
- joiner = tâmplar painter = zugrav
- carpenter = dulgher welder = sudor
- shepherd = cioban chemist = chimist, farmacist
- smith = fierar, potcovar glazer = geamgiu
- locksmith = lăcătuş tailor = croitor (dressmaker)
- cooper = dogar shoemaker = cizmar
- plumber = inst. apă watchmaker = ceasornicar
- fitter = install ICT furriers = blănari
- electrician
Nowadays professions require much training and learning
- Teacher = professor, lecturer, school master,
- Accountant = contabil, economist (Economics Academy)
- doctor (surgeon = chirurg, physician, nurse)
- engineer (civil, mechanical, electrical, informaties)
- computer operator (a degree course in computer science / computing)
- TRADE = occupation which require skilled work with hands (meşteşug, meserie)
- Office-worker / clark = funcţionar (typist, secretary, receptionist)
- lawer, barristers, judges = avocaţi / judecători
- porter, ticket collector, guard, engine driver, station-master, railway mechanic, traffic
superintendents, bus, lorry, taxi driver

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 MODULUL 12:

• Diferente intre DO - MAKE

• Genitivul (recapitularea posesiei)
• Ordinea cuvintelor in propozitie
• RECAPITULARE FINALA

GENITIVUL
• Exprimă ideea de posesie sau de apartenenţă.
• Clasificare:
- genitivul sintetic
- genitivul analitic
- genitivul dublu
- genitivul implicit
Genitivul sintetic sau genitivul cu „s”
Apostroful urmat de „s” se adaugă la forma de singular a substantivului.
- Dacă avem plural sau substantive la singular deja este terminat în „s”, se pune numai
apostroful dar în pronunţie se va auzi [iz] în coadă.
Exemplu: boy’s car – maşina băiatului
boys’car – maşina băieţilor
Dickens’ novels – romanele lui Dickens
- Dacă avem doi posesori, legaţi prin „and” ai aceluiaşi lucru, apostrof s se pune doar la
ultimul.
Exemplu: Tom and Mary’s parents. - Părinţii lui Tom şi Mary (copiii sunt fraţi).
- Dacă nu sunt posesorii aceluiaşi lucru, apostrof s se pune la fiecare.
Exemplu: Tom’s and Mary’s parents. - Părinţii lui Tom şi părinţii lui Mary.
• Pronunţarea genetivului
• Genitivul ’s se foloseşte cu:
- nume proprii: David’s sister ;
- nume de persoane: girl’s dog, boy’s book ;
- colective: the nation’s security ;
- animale mari: the lion’ heart ;
- instituţii, locuri geografice: ONU’s programs, Europe’s future ;
- măsuri: a mile’s distance, a moment’s talk .
Genitivul analitic sau genitivul cu „of”
Dacă genitivul cu ’s arată că posesorul e fiinţă, în general vorbind, genitivul cu of arată că
posesorul este lucru. Totuşi forma cu of poate fi folosită în locul celei cu ’s atunci când se
doreşte sublinierea posesiei.
Exemplu: the Shakespeare’s plays = the plays of Shakespeare
Ordinea: CE APARŢINE + OF + CUI APARŢINE
Exemplu: the roof of the house = acoperişul casei
• Utilizarea genitivului cu of
- ca echivalent pentru ’s când se doreşte sublinierea posesiei / apartenenţei;
- cu obiecte: the title of the book ;

69
- cu nume geografice + nume propriu: the City of London, the Gulf of Mexic
- pentru animale mici: the tail of the mouse - coada şoricelului, the wings of the butterfly -
aripile fluturelui
Genitivul dublu
Este construcţia în care apare atat of cat şi ’s.
Arată că posesorul are mai multe lucruri de acelaşi fel, iar cel în discuţie este unul dintre
ele.
Exemplu: this joke of Peter’s = una din glumele lui Peter
a book of our teacher’s = una din cărţile profesoarei
Genitivul implicit sau subînţeles
Este construcţia în care lipseşte şi of şi ’s;
Se formează : POSESORUL + CE POSEDĂ
Exemplu: the building of Social Trade = Social Trade building
(genitiv clasic) (genitiv subînţeles)
the student’s hostel = the student hostel

ORDINEA CUVINTELOR IN PROPOZITIE

În limba engleză, funcţiile gramaticale ale cuvintelor sunt determinate uneori, de poziţia
lor în propoziţie:
Ex: I always get up early in the morning. (adverb)
Go on! It’s an early train at 6:30 a.m. (adjectiv)
Reguli generale:
Nu există propoziţii fără subiect sau predicat. Fac excepţie propoziţiile exclamative şi
textele literare.
Ex: What a day! London! Implacable November weather!
Traducerea se face respectând gramatica limbii romane, adaptând textul.
Ex: I have a beautiful house. - Am o casă frumoasă. Si nu: Am o frumoasă casă.
Nu există două negaţii în aceeaşi propoziţie. Când se folosesc cuvintele cu sens negativ,
verbul este la afirmativ, chiar dacă în româneşte există cele două negaţii.
Ex: I never say something like that. - Eu nu spun niciodată ceva de genul acesta.
Substantivele nenumărabile se folosesc cu verbul la singular, chiar dacă în română este
plural.
Ex: The information is interesting. Informaţiile sunt interesante.
Adjectivele stau înaintea substantivului, nu se despart prin virgulă şi nu se acorda în gen
şi număr cu substantivul.
Adverbele de timp se pun numai la sfârşitul sau începutul propoziţiei.
Dacă se doreşte accentuarea unui cuvânt, se foloseşte una dintre construcţiile:
1. CUVANT ACCENTUAT + VERB (auxiliar/modal) + SUBIECT + PREDICAT…
Ex: Never did he say something like that. - Niciodată el nu a spus aşa ceva.
2. IT IS (WAS/WILL BE) + CUVANTUL ACCENTUAT + WHO (pers) / THAT (impers) +
…
Ex: It is Mary who helped me. - Mary este cea care m-a ajutat.
It was London that he liked best. - Londra i-a plăcut cel mai mult.

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Caracteristici generale:
• Ordinea părţilor principale este:
- SUBIECT + PREDICAT: Peter likes football! How nice she is!
- PREDICAT + SUBIECT: Is he an engineer?
Obs. Schimbarea ordinii normale se produce atunci când se doreşte sublinierea unui cuvânt sau
în propoziţii interogative.
Ex: Never was he better received than in his native town.
Inversiunea poate fi:
1. totală: când predicatul este format dintr-o construcţie verbală simplă.
Ex: Rarely had he time to watch TV.
2. parţială: când predicatul este o formă verbală compusă (cu auxiliar sau modal)
Ex: Hardly had they finished their dinner when the phone rang.
Nowhere could you find a better job.
Obs: Ordinea normală se menţine când subiectul este exprimat prin pronume sau cuvântul
subliniat se referă la ceva subliniat anterior.
Ex: Here he comes! Everything he says is right!

DIFERENTE DO – MAKE
o DO, DOES si DID se folosesc ca auxiliare intr-o propozitie afirmativa pentru:
- A insista asupra afirmatiei facute: I do like walking in the rain! (chiar imi place…)
- A confirma ceva: I did call them, be sure of that! (chiar le-am dat telefon, fii sigur)
- A contrazice o afirmatie: She doesn’t like Mozart, does she? Yes, she does like Mozart!
(Nu-i place Mozart, nu-i asa? Ba da, ii place Mozart!)

o DO se foloseste pentru activitati neprecizate:

Ex: Don’t just stand there. Do something! (nu sta degeaba, fa ceva!)

o DO + VERB + ing exprima activitati gospodaresti sau sportive

Ex: Who does cleaning, shopping and cooking in your house?
I do some cycling in weekends.

o DO se mai foloseste in to do some homework, to do research, to do the housework

o MAKE exprima activitati de creatie sau constructie, efective sau simbolice:

Ex: Could you make me some shelves? (Mi-ai putea face niste rafturi?)

To make the bed, to make a choice, to make an effort, to make a fuss, to make a decision,
to make an offer, to make plans, to make a mistake, to make progress, to make a suggestion etc

Ex: Making progress involves making mistakes

(nu poti face progrese fara sa faci greseli)

ATENTIE! Exista multe situatii in care verbul “a face” nu exista efectiv in engleza:
To pay a compliment = a face un compliment
To pay a visit = a face o vizita
71
To go for a walk = a face o plimbare
To take photos = a face fotografii
To take a shower = a face dus
To have a bath = a face baie in cada

72
 RECAPITULARE FINALA

❖ RECAPITULARE – TEST 1
I. Puneti la plural propozitiile urmãtoare, apoi formulati întrebãri ca sã obtineti acele
rãspunsuri:
1. My bag is red. 5. Its window is clean
2. Your luggage is heavy. 6. Its shelf is full of books.
3. His shirt is blue. 7. My goose is white
4. Her dictionary is new. 8. The news is interesting

II. Puneti verbele de pe coloana dreaptã acolo unde se potrivesc si traduceti. Apoi
formulati întrebãri ca sã obtineti acele rãspunsuri:
1. The alarm clock ..... at 7 o’ clock a.m. knock
2. Mother ..... at the door of my room. ring
3. I ..... out of bed and ..... to the bathroom. drink
4. I ..... my face and my hands. go
5. I ..... my teeth and my hair. get
6. I ..... a glass of milk. brush
7. I ..... to work at half past seven. wash
leave for

III. Puneti adjectivele la gradul potrivit pentru ca propozitiile sã aibã sens:

1. I can’t do this exercise, it’s too …
2. Fruit is …to eat when it is …
3. Bucharest is the … and the … city in Romania
4. You must read this book, it is …
5. My luggage is …
6. There is no water in the glass. It is …
7. A bus is … than a tram but a plane is …
8. It’s a … day! The weather is …than yesterday.
9. I like this picture …
10. She is a …woman but she is not …than your sister.

IV. Ce cuvinte au acelasi înteles? Faceti propozitii cu ele:

1. small, sorry, little, busy
2. beautiful, happy, pretty, funny
3. late, tired, tall, asleep
4. cold, rainy, warm, hot
5. come, arrive, leave, live
6. say, tell, talk, speak
7. read, write, learn, inform
8. listen to, hear, hurry, go
9. work, snow, walk, rain
10. big, nice, little, large

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 ❖ RECAPITULARE – TEST 2
I. Ce putem cumpãra de la:
baker’s, greengrocer’s, butcher’s, dairy, sweets, grocer’s, fishmonger’s, stationer’s
Schitati un scurt dialog.
II. Ce înseamnã cuvintele? Faceti propozitii cu ele:
skating rink, snowman, snowflakes, swimming-pool, steak, chop, shop, waitress, cook, over
done, under cooked, hard-boiled, one-handed, down-hearted, peace-making

III. Ce se gãseste în:

living-room, hall, kitchen, bathroom, bedroom, lumber-room, vegetable garden

IV. Completati cu cuvintele potrivite. Inlocuiti verbele modale cu echivalentele lor:

1. At home, I sit at table…my mother and my sister. teach
2. Can you … this song? I want to learn it? between
3. You must go …the corner to see him. turn
4. Excuse me, how do I get Victoria Circus? round
Go straight on and then …left. until
5. The…is green. You may cross the street. traffic-light
6. You must wait …he comes! Do not go! traffic
7. You can go down the street. Go…on! straight
8. Alice always… her mother’s hand in the street. holds
9. There is a lot of…: a lot of cars, buses and trams. youth
10. A… may cross the street on his own.
Children must not go alone!

V. Aranjati cuvintele în perechi de sinonime si faceti propozitii:

1. to sail a. to get to
2. to reach b. to navigate
3. colony c. settlement
4. matter d. freedom
5. liberty e. struggle
6. fight f. thing
7. to regard g. even though
8. although h. to consider

74
 ❖ RECAPITULARE – TEST 3
I. Turn these words into plural forms:
- watch
- potato
- chief
- city
- box
- key
- self
- cliff
- leaf
- country
- father-in- law
- forget- me-not
- grown-up
- passer-by
- merry-go-round

II. Choose the right word:

a) Lucy is quite 1. handsome
2. good-looked
3. good-looking
b) Your brother is 1. gooder at English then you
2. best
3. better
c) She has to wear glasses, she is 1. sight-shorted
2. short-sighted
3. short-sighting
d) Victor is 1. the most tall in his class
2. the tallest
3. taller
e) It is the 1. less comfortable armchair I have ever sat in
2. lest
3. least

III. Choose the right translation for:

a) Nu este nici un pic de brânză pe masă.
1. There is no cheese on the table.
2. There isn’t no cheese on the table
3. There is not cheese on the table
b) Atenţie! Se închid uşile!
1. Be careful! The doors open!
2. Be careful! The doors are being opened!
3. Be careful! The doors are opening!

75
IV. Put the verbs into the correct forms of the Past Tense:
1. We (have)……….. breakfast just as Peter (come) ……………..home.
2. He (open)……….. the door, (look) ………….but (not see)…………. anyone there
3. While we (walk)…………….. about the streets our friends (work)…………………….
4. What you (do)……………………………. when the rain (start) ………………..?
5. When I (arrive)………………….. at cinema, Mary (wait)……………….. for me.
6. She (wear)……………………………………… jeans daily.
7. Tom always (buy)………………………………….. the newspaper in the morning.

76
 BIBLIOGRAFIE

- LG Alexander, Longman Advanced Grammar (Reference and Practice)

- Terry O’Neill, Peter Snow, Look Ahead, BBC English, 1994
- Raymond Murphy, English Grammar in Use, Cambridge University Press, 1998
- Leon Levitchi, Ioan Preda, Gramatica lb. engleze Ed. Gramar, 1994
- Laszlo Budai, Gramatica engleza – Teorie si exercitii, Editura Teora, 1998
- Dr. Timar Eszer, Lb. Engleza in teste si exercitii, Editura Teora, 1998
- Olivia Farington, Dificultati si capcane ale lb. Engleze, Editura Teora, 1998
- Monica Visan, Metoda rapida de invatare a gramaticii lb. Engleze, Ed. Viitorul Romanesc,
1992
- George Gruia, A Concise English Grammar, Ed. Grupus, 1996
- Maxim Popp, English Through Pictures Ed. Stiintifica si Enciclopedica, 1983
- Maxim Popp, Spoken English, Ed. Sirius, 1991
- Georgiana Farnoaga & Colectivul, Lb. Engleza, Ed. Didactica si Pedagogica, 1993
- Virgil Stanciu, Denisa Ilea, Exercitii de lb. engleza, Editura Lux Libris, 1995
- Alina Stefanoiu, Radu Lupuleasa, Ghid de conversatie roman-englez, Ed. Polirom, 2001

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ANEXA 1 – Common English Irregular Verb List
Base Form Past Simple Past Participle
Abide Abode/Abided Abode/Abided/Abidden
Alight Alit/Alighted Alit/Alighted
Arise Arose Arisen
Awake Awoke Awoken
Be Was/Were Been
Bear Bore Born/Borne
Beat Beat Beaten
Become Became Become
Begin Began Begun
Behold Beheld Beheld
Bend Bent Bent
Bet Bet Bet
Bid Bade Bidden
Bid Bid Bid
Bind Bound Bound
Bite Bit Bitten
Bleed Bled Bled
Blow Blew Blown
Break Broke Broken
Breed Bred Bred
Bring Brought Brought
Broadcast Broadcast/Broadcasted Broadcast/Broadcasted
Build Built Built
Burn Burnt/Burned Burnt/Burned
Burst Burst Burst
Bust Bust Bust
Buy Bought Bought
Cast Cast Cast
Catch Caught Caught
Choose Chose Chosen
Clap Clapped/Clapt Clapped/Clapt
Cling Clung Clung
Clothe Clad/Clothed Clad/Clothed
Come Came Come
Cost Cost Cost
Creep Crept Crept
Cut Cut Cut
Dare Dared/Durst Dared
Deal Dealt Dealt
Dig Dug Dug

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Dive Dived/Dove Dived
Do Did Done
Draw Drew Drawn
Dream Dreamt/Dreamed Dreamt/Dreamed
Drink Drank Drunk
Drive Drove Driven
Dwell Dwelt Dwelt
Eat Ate Eaten
Fall Fell Fallen
Feed Fed Fed
Feel Felt Felt
Fight Fought Fought
Find Found Found
Fit Fit/Fitted Fit/Fitted
Flee Fled Fled
Fling Flung Flung
Fly Flew Flown
Forbid Forbade/Forbad Forbidden
Forecast Forecast/Forecasted Forecast/Forecasted
Foresee Foresaw Foreseen
Foretell Foretold Foretold
Forget Forgot Forgotten
Forgive Forgave Forgiven
Forsake Forsook Forsaken
Freeze Froze Frozen
Frostbite Frostbit Frostbitten
Get Got Got/Gotten
Give Gave Given
Go Went Gone/Been
Grind Ground Ground
Grow Grew Grown
Handwrite Handwrote Handwritten
Hang Hung/Hanged Hung/Hanged
Have Had Had
Hear Heard Heard
Hide Hid Hidden
Hit Hit Hit
Hold Held Held
Hurt Hurt Hurt
Inlay Inlaid Inlaid
Input Input/Inputted Input/Inputted
Interlay Interlaid Interlaid
Keep Kept Kept
Kneel Knelt/Kneeled Knelt/Kneeled
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Knit Knit/Knitted Knit/Knitted
Know Knew Known
Lay Laid Laid
Lead Led Led
Lean Leant/Leaned Leant/Leaned
Leap Leapt/Leaped Leapt/Leaped
Learn Learnt/Learned Learnt/Learned
Leave Left Left
Lend Lent Lent
Let Let Let
Lie Lay Lain
Light Lit Lit
Lose Lost Lost
Make Made Made
Mean Meant Meant
Meet Met Met
Melt Melted Molten/Melted
Mislead Misled Misled
Mistake Mistook Mistaken
Misunderstand Misunderstood Misunderstood
Miswed Miswed/Miswedded Miswed/Miswedded
Mow Mowed Mown
Overdraw Overdrew Overdrawn
Overhear Overheard Overheard
Overtake Overtook Overtaken
Pay Paid Paid
Preset Preset Preset
Prove Proved Proven/Proved
Put Put Put
Quit Quit Quit
Re-prove Re-proved Re-proven/Re-proved
Read Read Read
Rid Rid/Ridded Rid/Ridded
Ride Rode Ridden
Ring Rang Rung
Rise Rose Risen
Rive Rived Riven/Rived
Run Ran Run
Saw Sawed Sawn/Sawed
Say Said Said
See Saw Seen
Seek Sought Sought
Sell Sold Sold
Send Sent Sent
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Set Set Set
Sew Sewed Sewn/Sewed
Shake Shook Shaken
Shave Shaved Shaven/Shaved
Shear Shore/Sheared Shorn/Sheared
Shed Shed Shed
Shine Shone Shone
Shoe Shod Shod
Shoot Shot Shot
Show Showed Shown
Shrink Shrank Shrunk
Shut Shut Shut
Sing Sang Sung
Sink Sank Sunk
Sit Sat Sat
Slay Slew Slain
Sleep Slept Slept
Slide Slid Slid/Slidden
Sling Slung Slung
Slink Slunk Slunk
Slit Slit Slit
Smell Smelt/Smelled Smelt/Smelled
Sneak Sneaked/Snuck Sneaked/Snuck
Soothsay Soothsaid Soothsaid
Sow Sowed Sown
Speak Spoke Spoken
Speed Sped/Speeded Sped/Speeded
Spell Spelt/Spelled Spelt/Spelled
Spend Spent Spent
Spill Spilt/Spilled Spilt/Spilled
Spin Span/Spun Spun
Spit Spat/Spit Spat/Spit
Split Split Split
Spoil Spoilt/Spoiled Spoilt/Spoiled
Spread Spread Spread
Spring Sprang Sprung
Stand Stood Stood
Steal Stole Stolen
Stick Stuck Stuck
Sting Stung Stung
Stink Stank Stunk
Stride Strode/Strided Stridden
Strike Struck Struck/Stricken
String Strung Strung
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Strip Stript/Stripped Stript/Stripped
Strive Strove Striven
Sublet Sublet Sublet
Sunburn Sunburned/Sunburnt Sunburned/Sunburnt
Swear Swore Sworn
Sweat Sweat/Sweated Sweat/Sweated
Sweep Swept/Sweeped Swept/Sweeped
Swell Swelled Swollen
Swim Swam Swum
Swing Swung Swung
Take Took Taken
Teach Taught Taught
Tear Tore Torn
Tell Told Told
Think Thought Thought
Thrive Throve/Thrived Thriven/Thrived
Throw Threw Thrown
Thrust Thrust Thrust
Tread Trod Trodden
Undergo Underwent Undergone
Understand Understood Understood
Undertake Undertook Undertaken
Upset Upset Upset
Vex Vext/Vexed Vext/Vexed
Wake Woke Woken
Wear Wore Worn
Weave Wove Woven
Wed Wed/Wedded Wed/Wedded
Weep Wept Wept
Wend Wended/Went Wended/Went
Wet Wet/Wetted Wet/Wetted
Win Won Won
Wind Wound Wound
Withdraw Withdrew Withdrawn
Withhold Withheld Withheld
Withstand Withstood Withstood
Wring Wrung Wrung
Write Wrote Written
Zinc Zinced/Zincked Zinced/Zincked

82