Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Proiectare Arzatoare
Proiectare Arzatoare
FACULTATEA DE INSTALATII
Conf.dr.ing. ANTONESCU N. N.
INDRUMATOR DE PROIECTARE
CAZANE
%8&85(7,
CONSPRESS
2006
Conf.dr.ing. ANTONESCU N. N.
INDRUMATOR DE PROIECTARE
CAZANE
In memoria domnului profesor doctor inginer Vasile CALUIANU
%8&85(7,
CONSPRESS
2006
CUPRINS
1. CALCULUL ARDERII COMBUSTIBILULUI .........................................
1.1. Calculul arderii combustibilului gazos .....................................................
1.2. Calculul arderii combustibilului lichid sau solid .......................................
1.3. Diagrama I t ............................................................................................
1.4. Diagrama cp t ..........................................................................................
2. %,/$18/7(50,&$/&AZANELOR .................................................
2.1. Randamentul termic al cazanului ..............................................................
2.2. Consumul de combustibil ..........................................................................
2.3. %LODQXOGHDQVDPEOXDOFD]DQXOXL.............................................................
2.4. %LODQXOJUDILFDOFD]DQXOXL .......................................................................
2.5. %LODQXOSDULDOSHelemente al cazanului - stabilirea temperaturilor
LHQWDOSLLORUJD]HORUGHDUGHUHSHWUDVHX .................................................
3. CALCULUL TERMIC AL CAZANELOR
'($3&$/'6$8),(RBINTE ............................................................
3.1. Calculul termic al cazanelor ignitubulare cu ntoarcerea gazelor de
ardere n focar ............................................................................................
3.2. Calculul termic al cazanelor ignitubulare cXSLHVGHvQWRDUFHUHD
gazelor de ardere n focar ...........................................................................
3.3. Calculul termic al cazanelor acvatubulare din elemente cu
vQWRDUFHUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHvQIRFDULXQGUXPFonvectiv ...................
3.4. Calculul termic al cazanelor acvatubulare din elemente cu
GRXGUXPXULFRQYHFWLYH...........................................................................
3.5. Calculul termic al cazanelor acvatubulare cu baterieGHHYLQHUYXUDWH
LDU]WRUDWPRVIHULFSHQWUXFRPEXVWLELOJD]RV cazan mural...............
3.6. Calculul termic al cazanelor acvatubulare verticale cu fascicol
GHHYLLDU]WRUDWPRVIHULFSHQWUXFRPEXVWLELOJD]RV.............................
3.7. Calculul termic al cazanelor ignitubulare verticale
FXXQGUXPLDU]WRUDWPRVIHULFSHQWUXFRPEXVWLELOJD]RV......................
3.8. &D]DQHDFYDWXEXODUHGHDSILHUELQWHGHWLS&$) ......................................
5
5
8
10
12
17
18
24
25
28
28
35
35
46
62
75
89
110
123
138
219
219
225
226
226
239
239
247
249
253
254
254
254
257
260
262
263
CAPITOLUL 1
CALCULUL ARDERII COMBUSTIBILULUI
Prin tema de proiect VH G FRPSR]LLD FRPEXVWLELOXOXL SULQ FRmponentele
constitutive, masice sau volumiceIXQFLHGHWLSXOFRPEXVWLELOXOXLXWLOL]DW.
In cazul combustibilului gazos componentele se exprLP vQ SDUWLFLSDLL
volumice iar n cazul combustibilului lichid sau solid componentele se H[SULP n
SDUWLFLSDLLPDVLFH.
In cazul calculelor de proiectare, dimensionare, utilizndu-se Sistemul
,QWHUQDLRQDOGHXQLWLGHPVXUVHFRQVLGHUFDrderea are loc nFRQGLLLQRUPDOH
fizice: p 0 = 1,013 EDUL T0 = 273,15 K.
n FD]XO HYDOXULL SDUDPHWULORU GH IXFLRQDUH Di cazanelor ncercate, pentru
XXUDUHD FDOFXOHORU 6Wandardele Europene DGPLW L FRQGLLLOH WHKQLFH GH DUGHUH
p0 = 1,013 bar L T0 = 288,15 K (150C) .
[ m3 / m3 ]
N
N
(1.2)
VSO2 = 0,01[H 2 S ]
VRO2 :
[ m3 / m3 ]
N
N
(1.3)
Volumul gazelor triatomice CO2 L 622 din gazele de ardere VH QRWHD] FX
[ m3 / m3 ]
N
N
(1.4)
[ m3 / m3 ]
N
N
(1.5)
VN 2 = 0,79V0 +
N2
100
n
VH 2O = 0,01[H 2 + H 2 S + C m H n ] + 0,016V0 [ m3 / m3 ]
N
N
2
(1.6)
Vg = VRO + VN
0
+ VH 2O [ m3 / m3 ]
N
N
(1.7)
/D FD]DQHOH IXQFLRQkQG FX GUXPXULOH GH JD]H de ardere n depresiune, prin
SWUXQGHULOHGHDHUIDOVVHRELQ valori ale coeficientului de exces de aer ODFRde 1,3
1,4.
La cazanele fuQFLRQkQG FX GUXPXULOH GH JD]H vQ VXSUDSUHVLXQH QX mai apar
SWUXQGHUL GH DHU IDOV L GHFL H[FHVXO GH DHU GLQ IRFDU VH PHQLQH la aceeaL valoare
SkQODFR
- Calculul arderii cu exces de aer.
Volumul real de aer necesar arderii:
Va = V0
[ m3 / m3 ]
N
N
(1.8)
(1.9)
c) 'HQVLWDWHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODVWDUHQRUPDO
0 =
unde
comb
comb + 1,293V
[kg/ m3 ]
N
Vg
(1.10)
este masaVSHFLILFDFRPEXVWLELOXOXL
(1.11)
3UHVLXQHDSDULDODYDSRULORUGHDS:
PH 2O =
VH 2O
Vg
pg
[bar]
(1.12)
(1.13)
C2H6
0,8
O2
0,2
N2
0,5
C2H6
2,8
C3H8
0,6
C4H10
0,6
O2
0,1
N2
0,3
(1.17)
9H + W
+ 0,016V0
80,4
[ m3 /kg]
N
(1.18)
Vg = VRO + VN
0
+ VH 2O [ m3 /kg]
N
(1.19)
(1.20)
XQLWLL GH FRPEXVWLELO 90 VH SRDWH VSXQH F YDORULOH uzuale ale coefincientului de
exces de aer n focar sunt:
= 1,05 1,1 pentru IRFDUHFXDUGHUHLQWHQVLILFDW
= 1,1 1,15 pentru focareFXDUGHUHQRUPDO
/D FD]DQHOH IXQFLRQkQG FX GUXPXULOH GH JD]H de ardere n depresiune, prin
SWUXQGHULOHGHDHUIDOVVHDMXQJHca ODFRvalorile coeficientului de exces de aer VILH
de 1,3 1,4 .
/D FD]DQHOH IXQFLRQkQG FX GUXPXULOH GH JD]H vQ VXSUDSUHVLXQH QX mai apar
SWUXQGHUL GH DHU IDOV L GHFL H[FHVXO GH DHU GLQ IRFDU VH PHQLQH la aceeaL valoare
SkQODFR
- Calculul arderii cu exces de aer.
Volumul real al gazelor de ardere:
Vg = Vg 0 + ( 1)V0
[ m3 /kg]
N
(1.21)
'HQVLWDWHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODVWDUHQRUPDO:
0 =
1 + 1,293 Va
Vg
[kg/ m3 ]
N
(1.22)
PRO2 =
VRO2
Vg
pg
[bar]
(1.23)
3UHVLXQHDSDULDODYDSRULORUGHDS:
PH 2O =
VH 2O
Vg
pg
[bar]
(1.24)
[kJ/kg] (1.25)
vQ FDUH FRPSRQHQWHOH FRPEXVWLELOXOXL VH UHIHU OD PDVD GH OXFUX L VH H[SULP vQ
procente.
Pentru combustibilii lichizi uzuali SXWHUHD FDORULF LQIHULRDU DUH XUPWRarele
valori:
&RPEXVWLELOOLFKLGXRU (CLU)
42000 kJ/kg
3FXU
38000 39000 kJ/kg
Pentru lignit puterHDFDORULFLQIHULRDUYDULD]IRDUWHPXOW, astfel:
Lignit inferior
6700 7500 kJ/kg
Lignit superior
10000 14000 kJ/kg
1.3. Diagrama I - t
Valoarea entalpiei (I) a JD]HORU GH DUGHUH RELQXWe GLQ DUGHUHD XQLWLi de
combustibil ( m3 VDXNJHVWHGDWGHUHODLD:
N
(1.26)
unde iRO2 , iN 2 , iH 2O L iaer UHSUH]LQW HQWDOSLLOH specifice ale JD]HORU FRPSRQHQWH L
VXQWIXQFLHGHWHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHW
La diverse temperaturi ale gazelor de ardere (02000 0C) se GHWHUPLQ entalpia
amestecului utilizndu-se tabelul de calcul 1.1.
Conform tabelului 1.1., se
GHWHUPLQ valorile din coloanele
3, 5 L FDUH vQVXPDWH GDX
COMBUSTIBIL
I
4
entalpia gazelor de ardere n
C = ......... %
FRQGLLLWHRUHWLFH(Igo).
kJ . H = ......... %
3
3
Pentru diverse valori ale
mN
N= ......... %
kJ .
etc.
coeficientului de exces de aer
Vo = ..........
kg
(1=focar, 2>1; 3>2 etc.) se
2
Vgo = ..........
Hi = .........
RELQ YDORULOH GLQ FRORDQHOH
Ii
14, 16 etc.
1
Se traVHD] GLDJUDPHOH
IXQFLHL
Ie
Ig=f( , t)
I = f(t, )
(1.27)
asemenea familiei de curbe de
parametru , reprezentate n
figura 1.1., XWLOL]kQG VFUi
convenabile (1:10; 1:20; 1:50
te
ti
t [oC]
sau multipli). Diagrama I-t este
Fig. 1.1. Diagrama I t
VSHFLILF FRPEXVWLELOXOXL SHQWUX
care a fost determinDW.
10
i RO2
170,0
357,5
771,8
1224
1704
2203
2716
3238
3772
4303
4843
0
100
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
tg
VRO2 =
i RO2 VRO2
129,5
259,8
526,5
804,0
1093
1391
1697
2008
2311
2643
2934
i N2
VN 2 =
11
i N 2 VN 2
150,5
304,4
626,2
968,5
1334
1722
2132
2558
3001
3458
3924
i H 2O
VH 2O =
VH 2O i H 2O
I g0 =
(i V )
Vg 0 = V
130,0
261,3
531,6
813,7
1107
1409
1719
2033
2353
2675
3001
i aer
V0 =
10
i aer V0 = I V0
g0
11
12
n
continuare
I= I + ptr. PULW
(-1)
din 0,1 n
( i aer V0 ) (-1)
0,1
( i aer V0 )
=
(-1)=
I i = f (t i , i )
Ie = Ii
LvQILQDOVHFLWHWHvQGLDJUDPD,-t valoarea:
Q
B
(1.29)
te = f (I e , e ) .
1.4. Diagrama cp t
In ca]XOFDOFXOHORUUDSLGHGHYHULILFDUHVDXFKLDULDFHORUGHGLPHQVLRQDUHIDU
SUHWHQLL GH H[DFWLWDWH HVWH PDL FRPRG V VH OXFUH]H FX FOGXUL VSHFLILFH PHGLL ale
gazelor de ardere ODSUHVLXQHFRQVWDQW, n loc de HQWDOSLL5HODLDGHOHJWXU,cp este:
I = Vg c p t = Vg0 + ( 1)V0 c p t
L
cp =
VRO2
Vg
cRO2 +
VH 2O
Vg
cH 2O +
VN2
Vg
cN2 +
(1.30)
( 1)V0
caer
Vg
(1.31)
'HRDUHFHYDULDLDFOGXULLVSHFLILFHFXFRPSR]LLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHHVWHUHODWLY
PLFWDEHOHOHVDXGLDJUDPHOHGHFOGXULVSHFLILFHIXQFLHGHWHPSHUDWXUVXQWSUDFWLF
utilizabileSHQWUXWRLFRPEXVWLELOLLGLQDFHHDLFODV (gaz, lichid, solid).
n continuare se SUH]LQW WDEHOHOH L SHQWUX JD]HOH GH DUGHUH SURYHQLWH
GLQ DUGHUHD FRPEXVWLELOLORU JD]RL UHVSHFWLY OLFKL]L FX DMXWRUXO FURUD SRW IL WUDVDWH
diagramele cp=f(t,).
12
Tabelul 1.2.
&OGXULVSHFLILFHPHGLLvQkJ/ m K, pentru gaze de ardere provenite din arderea
FRPEXVWLELOLORUJD]RL
0
t ( C)
=1
=1,1
=1,2
=1,5
=2,0
0
1,3670
1,3582
1,3532
1,3435
1,3327
100
1,3762
1,3699
1,3645
1,3532
1,3410
200
1,3904
1,3837
1,3779
1,3653
1,3523
300
1,4067
1,3992
1,3929
1,3804
1,3657
400
1,4243
1,4164
1,4097
1,3946
1,3809
500
1,4432
1,4344
1,4277
1,4130
1,3967
600
1,4620
1,4532
1,4457
1,4306
1,4134
700
1,4808
1,4716
1,4641
1,4478
1,4306
800
1,4992
1,4905
1,4821
1,4653
1,4469
900
1,5177
1,5076
1,4997
1,4821
1,4628
1000
1,5348
1,5248
1,5160
1,4976
1,4783
1100
1,5516
1,5411
1,5319
1,5126
1,4925
1200
1,5675
1,5566
1,5474
1,5273
1,5064
1300
1,5825
1,5717
1,5616
1,5411
1,5198
1400
1,5968
1,5855
1,5754
1,5545
1,5319
1500
1,6102
1,5984
1,5884
1,5662
1,5436
1600
1,6231
1,6110
1,6005
1,5779
1,5541
1700
1,6361
1,6231
1,6123
1,5892
1,5645
1800
1,6470
1,6340
1,6231
1,5993
1,5746
1900
1,6575
1,6445
1,6336
1,6093
1,5838
2000
1,6675
1,6545
1,6428
1,6181
1,5922
3
N
Tabelul 1.3.
&OGXULVSHFLILFHPHGLLvQkJ/ m K, pentru gaze de ardere provenite din arderea
combustibililor lichizi
0
t ( C)
=1
=1,1
=1,2
=1,5
=2
0
1,3674
1,3595
1,3565
1,3444
1,3335
100
1,3825
1,3741
1,3703
1,3569
1,3440
200
1,3988
1,3892
1, 3854
1,3720
1,3590
300
1,4164
1,4055
1,4013
1,3860
1,3720
400
1,4356
1,4252
1,4201
1,4030
1,3850
500
1,4557
1,4453
1,4398
1,4214
1,4042
600
1,4766
1,4649
1,4586
1,4386
1,4206
700
1,4951
1,4850
1,4779
1,4561
1,4386
800
1,5135
1,5030
1,4955
1,4737
1,4545
900
1,5340
1,5206
1,5131
1,4905
1,4704
1000
1,5516
1,5378
1,5306
1,5072
1,4867
1100
1,5696
1,5549
1, 5476
1,5223
1,5018
1200
1,5830
1,5708
1,5645
1,5373
1,5152
1300
1,5995
1,5846
1,5763
1,5507
1, 5286
3
N
13
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
1,6143
1,6265
1,6411
1,6520
1,6646
1,6734
1,6822
1,6005
1,6123
1,6265
1,6378
1,6482
1,6545
1,6637
1,5909
1,6022
1,6169
1,6261
1,6386
1,6478
1,6570
1,5641
1,5754
1,5880
1,5976
1,6085
1,6181
1,6277
1,5411
1,5520
1,5637
1,5729
1,5834
1,5917
1,6018
c pi = f (t i , i ) L c pe = f (te , e )
Q = B (Vgi c pi ti Vge c pe t e )
(1.32)
unde:
B debitul de combustibil (kg/s, m3 /s).
N
Vg volumul de gaze de ardere pentru unitatea de combustibil ( m3 /kg, m3 / m3 )
N
N
N
Vg = Vg 0 + ( 1)V0
b). DDF VH GDX SHQWUX R VXSUDID GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU fluxul GH FOGXU
FHGDW GH JD]HOH GH DUGHUH L SDUDPHWULL LQLLDOL ai gazelor de ardere WHPSHUDWXU L
exces de aer), se poate determina temperatura dH LHLUH D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH OD XQ
DQXPLWH[FHVGHDHUFXQRVFXWILLQGQHFHVDUHvQVLWHUDLL de clacul.
Cu valorile (ti, i), GLQ WDEHOH UH]XOW FOGXUa VSHFLILF a gazelor la intrare c pi . Se
presupune o valoare t 'e LFXDFHDVWYDORDUHLpentru excesul de aer eVHRELQH c p e .
'
Vgi c p iti
Vg c 'pe
Q
B
(1.33)
GDF te GLIHU ID te cu mai mult de un gard, se reia calculul o cu noX valoare
'
''
te =
Vg i c p i t i
'
Vge c 'pe
Q
B
(1.34)
$YkQGvQYHGHUHFYDULDLDFOGXULLVSHFLILFHFXWHPSHUDWXUDHVWHIRDUWHPLF
QXVXQWQHFHVDUHQLFLRGDWPDLPXOWGHLWHUDLL
14
(1.36)
[kJ/ m3 K]
N
(1.37)
[kJ/ m3 K]
N
(1.38)
1,169
sau pentru valori medii ale caldurii specifice a amestecului de gaze de ardere pentru
combustibili clasici (UHODLLYDODELOHSHQWUXLQWHUYDOXOGHWHPSHUDWXUW=100900 0C):
5
- JD]RL: c pg = 4,186(0,31882 + 3,7393 10 t ) [kJ/ m3 K]
(1.39)
N
-
lichizi:
(1.40)
kJ
3
m NK
1,6
1,5
1,4
1,3
500
1000
1500
15
2000
t (oC)
=1
1,6
=1,1
=1,2
=1,5
=2
=3
=4
1,5
1,4
1,3
500
1000
1500
2000
t (oC)
C =21,4 %
H = 2,7 %
S = 2,5 %
O = 14,8
%
1,7
=1
=1,1
=1,2
=1,5
=2
N = 1,4 %
A = 26,3 %
W = 30,9 %
1,6
1,5
1,4
1,3
500
1000
1500
16
2000
t (oC)
CAPITOLUL 2
%,/$18/7(50,&$/&$=$18/8,
Qcos
Qut
Qc
Qch
Qext
1. Cazan
2. Alimentare cu combustibil
*U WDU
Qa
Qmec
schimb de
6XSUDIH HGH
F OGXU
(YDFXDUHFHQX L]JXU
&RQWXUGHELODQ
Qev
3
Qc
- HVWHGHELWXOGHFOGXUGLVSRQLELODFRPEXVWLELOXOXL;
Qa
Q ut
Q mec
- debitul dHFOGXUXWLOSURGXVGHFD]DQ;
-GHELWXOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUPHFDQLF (este
specific numai combustibilului solid);
17
Q ch
-GHELWXOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF
Q cos
Q ext
Q cen
-GHELWXOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWSULQHYDFXDUHDJD]HORUGHDrGHUHSHFR
- GHELWXOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWSULQSHUHLLH[WHULRULDLFD]DQXOXL
B =
Qc Q pj
Qc
(2.3)
18
q mec =
Qmec
Qmec
100 (%)
sau exprimat n procente q mec =
B * Hi
B * Hi
unde :
B * este consumul de combustibil (kg/s) ;
H i -SXWHUHDFDORULFLQIHULRDUDFRPEXVWLELOXOXLNJNJ
PierderHDVSHFLILFGHFOGXU q mec se determinFXUHODLD
c zg
ccaz
c sb 32657 A
+ a zg
+ a sb
q mec = a caz
100 ccaz
100 c zg
100 c sb 100 H i
(2.4)
&RPEXVWLELOLVLVWHPGHDUGHUH
/LJQLWSHJUWDUIL[SODQ
/LJQLWSHJUWDUvQFOLQDWIL[
/LJQLWSHJUWDUFXvPSLQJHUH
GLUHFW
/LJQLWSHJUWDUcu mpingere
UVWXUQDW
Lignit PFLQDWars n stare
pulverizat
&]XWVXE
JUWDU
Inglobat n
zJXU
Tabelul 2.1.
Antrenat cu
FHQXD
zEXUWRDUH
a caz
ccaz
a zg
c zg
a sb
c sb
4
2
10
10
76
78
15
15
20
20
9
8
15
55
10
30
20
10
50
10
30
10
10
90
n mod normal q mec poate avea valoarea FXSULQV vQ LQWHUYDOXO 12% pentru
FUEXQLL0,5 SHQWUXOHPQLYHJHWDOH uscate.
Consumul efectiv de combustibil (B) va fi :
B = B * (1 q mec )
[kg/s]
(2.5)
19
Qcos Qa
n valori absolute sau,
B * Hi
Q Qa
= cos
100 n %
B* Hi
q cos =
qcos
H[SOLFLWkQGWHUPHQLLUH]XOW
qcos =
unde :
I g cos
1 qmec
( Ig cos cos I cos )
Hi
(2.6)
- este un parametru FDUH VH VWDELOHWH SULQ FDOFXOH HFRQRPLFH GDU SHQWUX
vQFHSHUHDFDOFXOXOXLVHDSUR[LPHD]ODYDORULX]XDOHIXQFLHGHWLSXOFD]DQXOXL$VWIHO,
OD FD]DQHOH GH DEXU IXQFLH GH WHPSHUDWXUD GH VDWXUDLH D DSHL GLQ FD]DQ (ts L GH
debitul de abur Dh [t/h] :
PHQWUXFD]DQHIUVXSUDIHHDX[LOLDUHHFRQRPL]RU SUHvQFO]LWRU :
tcos
t cos t s + 50 +
50
Dh
[0C]
(2.7)
PentrXFD]DQHFXVXSUDIHHDX[LOLDUH:
t cos 160 +
100
Dh
[0C]
(2.8)
ti + te
2
(2.9)
I aer = V0 c pa t a
3
[kJ/ m N ] sau [kJ/kg]
20
(2.10)
(2.11)
Q FDOFXOXO FX FOGXUi specifice SLHUGHULOH GH FOGXU SULQ HYDFXDUHD la co VH
GHWHUPLQFXUHODLD
1
q cos =
V g c pg t cos cosV0 c pa t a
(2.12)
Hi
V g = V go + ( cos 1)V0
cu
q cos =
(2.13)
1
V go c pg (t cos t a ) + ( cos 1) V0 c pa (t cos t a )
Hi
(2.14)
qch =
Qch
1 qmec
=
( 126 ,36 CO + 107 ,98 H 2 )Vg
usc
B* Hi
Hi
(2.15)
La proiectarea cazaneloUVHSRWDGPLWHXUPWRDUHOHYDORULRULHQWDWLYHSHQWUXqch:
-
vQFD]XOXWLOL]ULLXQHLLQVWODLLGHDUGHUHSHUIRUPDQWH
21
qch 0 ;
qch 0,005 ;
qch 0,01 ;
3LHUGHULVSHFLILFHGHFOGXUSULQSHUHLH[WHULRUL(qext
qch 0,015 ;
qch 0,02 .
sau q5)
Se determinFXUHODLD
q ext =
Qext
=
B * Hi
S (t
i
pi
ta )
B * Hi
(2.16)
unde:
tpi tHPSHUDWXUDPHGLHDXQHLVXSUDIHHH[WHULRDUHi a cazanului;
Si PULPHDVXSUDIHHLH[WHULRDUHi a cazanului;
i FRHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUODVXUDIDDH[WHULRDUi a acazanului.
-0,6557
(2.17)
-2
-0,5185
(2.18)
- pHQWUXFD]DQHGHDEXUIU
qext= 5,4643 10 Dh
VXSUDIHHDQH[HDh debit de abur [t/h]);
- pentru cazane de abur cu
qext= 5,8797 10 Dh
VXSUDIHHDQH[HDh debit de abur [t/h]);
-2
22
3LHUGHULVSHFLILFHGHFOGXUSULQHYDFXDUHDSURGXVHORUVROLGHGLQFD]Dn (qcen
sau q6 )
$FHVWWLSGHSLHUGHUHGHFOGXUUHSUH]LQWFOGXUDHYDFXDWRGDWFXFHQXDL
zgura (produsele solide ale arGHULLFRPEXVWLELOLORUVROL]LODRWHPSHUDWXUPDLULGLFDW
dect cea de refeULQ GH ELODQ 'H DFHHD DFHDVW SLHUGHUH GH FOGXU HVWH specific
numai pentru cazul arderiiFRPEXVWLELOLORUVROL]LSHQWUXFRPEXVWLELOLOLFKL]LLJD]RL
qcen=0)
qcen =
A
1 asb
c pev (tev ta )
100 H i 1 ccaz czg
(2.20)
unde :
cpev HVWH FOGXUD VSHFLILF PHGLe D SURGXVHORU HYDFXDWH FHQXH L ]JXU FRQIRUP
tabelului 2.2.
tev temperatura de evacuare a produselor solide
Tabelul 2.2.
&OGXUD specific medie a zguriiFHQXLL
o
t ( C)
100
200
400
600
800
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
cpev(kJ/kgK) 0,801 0,842 0,899 0,930 0,956 0,980 1,001 1,130 1,172 1,212
n mod uzual pierderileVSHFLILFHGHFOGXU qcen nu depHVF
Pentru XQ FD]DQ FH XWLOL]HD] FRPEXVWLELO solid, randamentul termic de
proiectare al cazanului va fi:
(2.21)
(2.22)
23
B* =
D(i i0 ) + D p (i 'i0 )
[Kg/s, m3N/s]
H i
(2.23)
B* =
D ( i i0 ) + D p ( i ' i0 )
24
(2.25)
Winj debitul relativ de abur XWLOL]DW GH FWUH injectorul de combustibil lichid
[kg.abur/kg.comb].
B* =
Q
H i
(2.26)
Pentru cazanele mari GH DS FDOG VDX DS ILHUELQWH de peste 500 kW, debitul
util GHFOGXUQhVHH[SULPn [Gcal/h] sistem tehnic.
n acest caz, consumul de combustibil VHGHWHUPLQXWLOL]kQGUHODLDRPRJHQ:
1,163 Qh 103
B* =
H i
(2.27)
25
(2.28)
unde iec se FRQVLGHU pentru o tempeUDWXU D DSHL FX FFD o& PDL VF]XW GHFkW
WHPSHUDWXUDGHVDWXUDLHtec ts -100C) a aburului produs de cazan.
)OX[XOGHFOGXUWUDQVPLVn cadrul VLVWHPXOXLILHUEWRU
tt
It
tf
If
tsfc
Isfc
(kW)
tsi
Isi
ILHUE WRU
Economizor
Focar
QPA
convectiv
QSFC
-
6XSUDvQF O
zitor
tpa)tcos
Ipa)Icos
tec
Iec
BHi
Sistem
(2.29)
QPA
QEC
QSI
3UHkQF O]LWRU
de aer
QSFR
tEC
Abur
VXSUDvQ O]LW
Aer
preQFO]LW
Aer
tPA
ambiant
$S
ta
alimentare
Fig. 2.2.6FKHPDELODQXOXLGHDQVDPEOXDOFD]DQXOXLGHDEXUVXSUDvQFO]LW
GH PHQLRQDW F GDF VH HIHFWXHD] R EXQ VHSDUDUH D SLFWXULORU GH DS OD VDWXUDLH
din aburul ce iese din tambur, se poate accepta isf = i (=1).
)OX[XOGHFOGXUWUDQVPLVn cadrul supraQFO]LWRUXOXLHVWH
Qsi = D( i isf ) (kW)
(2.30)
(2.31)
unde:
26
iap, ia
Qec
Qsf=Qsfc+Qsfr
Qsi
Qpa
QC=B*Hi
Qpa=B f V0(iap-ia)
-qFR B* Hi
-qch B* Hi
-qext B* Hi
Q' = Q
Q '' = Q
eroare max. 1%
(URDUHDUHODWLYGHvQFKLGHUHDELODQXOXLGHDQVDPEOXse determinFXUHODLD
Q ' Q ' '
=
100 1 %
(2.31)
Q'
Q FD]XO FD]DQHORU GH DS FDOG VDX ILHUELQWH ELODQXO HVWH PXOW VLPSOLILFDW
deoarece cazanul este compus numai din sistem radiant (focar)LVLVWHPFRQYHFWLYGH
vQFO]LUHDDSHL6FKHPDHVWHGDWvQILJXUD
5HODLLOH GH ELODQ VXQW FRQIRUP WDEHOXOui SHQWUX FD]DQH IXQFLRQkQG FX
combustibil lichid sau gazos).
It
Ic ) Icos
If
Convectiv
QC
Focar
QR
+ B Hi
-qFR B Hi
Q ut = Q R + Q C
27
-qch B Hi
-qext B Hi
Q' = Q
2.4.
Q '' = Q
eroare max. 1%
%LODQ XOJUDILFDOFD]DQXOXL
%LODQXO JUDILF DO Fazanului transpune grafic, la VFDU GHELWHOH GH FOGXU
conform celor din tabelele 2.3 sau 2.4.IXQFLHGHWLSXOFD]DQXOXLODFDUHVHUHIHU
DEBITE UTILE DE CALDURA
DEBITE DE CALDURA
INTRODUSE
QPA
B*cos Ia0
QR
QSFC
QSI
QEC
B*Hi
*
B*qextHi B qevHi
B qmecHi
B*qchHi
*
B*Icos
Fig. 2.4.%LODQXOJUDILFDOFD]DQXOXL
Q ILJXUD VH SUH]LQW VFKHPDWLF ELODQXO JUDILF DO XQXL FD]DQ GH DEXU
VXSUDvQFO]LWDOLPHQWDWFXFRPEXVWLELOVROLG
2.5.
A. Cazane de abur.
6HFRQVLGHU, ipotetic,FWHPSHUDWXUDGHvQFHSXWDSURFHVXOXLGHFHGDUHGHFOGXU
a gazelor de ardere,HVWHWHPSHUDWXUDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHre (tt), corespunzWRDUH entalpiei
teoretice de ardere (It):
It =
Hi
(1 qch qmec ) + f V0iap + (1 ) f V0ia
1 qmec
28
(2.32)
ODFD]DQHIUSUHvQFO]LWRUGHDHU =0)
It =
Hi
(1 qch q mec ) + f V0ia
1 q mec
(2.33)
(2.34)
f.
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWvQVLVWHPXOILHUEWRUFRQYHFWLY
Qsfc = Qsf QR = B (1 qext )( I f I sfc ) (KW)
(2.35)
Entalpia JD]HORUGHDUGHUHGXSVLVWHPXOILHUEWRUFRQYHFWLYYDIL
I sfc = I f
1 Qsfc
1 qext B
(2.36)
I si = I sfc
1 Qsi
1 qext B
(2.37)
29
(QWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGXSHFRQRPL]RU
I ec = I si
1 Qec
1 qext B
(2.38)
I g pa = I ec
1 Q pa
1 qext B
(2.39)
SHQWUXFD]DQHFXHFRQRPL]RULSUHvQFO]LWRUGHDHU
t ec t cos
t g pa t cos
I =
I c I cos
100 < 0 ,5%
I t I cos
t =
tc tcos
100 < 0,5%
tt tcos
B. &D]DQHGHDSFDOG
(QWDOSLDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUHHVWH
It =
Hi
(1 qch qmec ) + 0V0iao
1 qmec
(2.40)
6HDOHJHODFDSWXOIRFDUXOXLRWHPSHUDWXUODOLPLWDLQIHULRDUDWHPSHUDWXULORU
uzuale :
30
tf =600 900 o& vQ IXQFLH GH FRPEXVWLELlul utilizaW L tipul focarului. Din
GLDJUDPD HQWDOSLH IXQFLH GH WHPSHUDWXUm VH GHWHUPLQm HQWDOSLD JD]HORU OD LHLUH GLQ
focar If=f(tf,af)
5H]XOW
QR = B (1 qext )( I t I f )
(2.41)
Qc = Q QR
(2.42)
Ic = I f
1
Qc
(1 qext ) B
(2.43)
I =
I c I cos
100 < 0 ,5%
I t I cos
t =
tc tcos
100 < 0,5%
tt tcos
C. 0HWRGHGHFDOFXOFXFOGXULVSHFLILFH
7HPSHUDWXUD WHRUHWLF GH DUGHUH VH poate determina, prin calcul iterativ,
XWLOL]kQGUHODLD:
31
Hi
(1 qch qmec ) + f V0c p aertap + (1 ) f V0c p aer tao
1 qmec
Qt
'
=
tt =
Vg c pg
Vg c pg
(2.44)
tt' =
Q0
Vg c pg
(2.45)
SHQWUXFD]XODUGHULLIUDHUSUHvQFO]LW =0).
Volumul de gaze de ardere cu exces de aer:
Vg = V go + ( f 1 )V0
Deoarece YDORDUHD FOGXULL VSHFLILFH D JD]HORUGH DUGHUH cpg esWH IXQFLH GH
WHPSHUDWXUUH]XOWFvaloarea temperaturii teoretice de ardere tt trebuie LQLLDOL]DW.
'
'
6H GHWHUPLQ GLQ c pg conform Cap. IXQFLH GH WHPSHUDWXUD WHRUHWLF GH
DUGHUHLQLLDOL]DWGXSFDUHVHFDOFXOHD] tt :
''
tt'' =
Qc
Vg c'pg
(2.46)
'
tt =
Qc
Vg c pg
(2.47)
'HRDUHFHYDULDLDFOGXULLVSHFLILFHFXWHPSHUDWXUDHVWHIRDUWHPLFVXEOD
100 grd.), nuVXQWQHFHVDUHPDLPXOWGHGRXLWHUDLL pentru.
Pentru alegerea valorii de temperaturDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODFDSWXOIRFDUXOXL
VHIRORVHVFLQGLFDLLOHGHOD Cap. 2.5.A. sau 2.5.B.
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWSULQUDGLDLHvQIRFDUYDIL
32
(2.48)
unde pentru determinarea valorii FOGXULL VSHFLILFH a gazelor de ardere s-a luat
valoarea medie aLQWHUYDOXOXLGHWHPSHUDWXU t mf =
tt + t f
2
Lcoeficientul de exces de
aer f .
FOX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWvQVLVWHPXOILHUEWRUFRQYHFWLYHVWH
Qsfc = Qsf QR
(2.49)
t sfc = t f
Qsfc
(2.50)
(1 qext ) BVg c pg
tt + t sfc
2
t si = t sfc
Qsi
(1 qext ) BVg c pg
(2.51)
cu
t +t
GXSHFRQRPL]RU
tec = t si
Qec
(1 qext ) BVg c pg
(2.52)
cu
t +t
33
LGXSSUHvQFO]LWRUXOGHDHU
t pa = tec
Q pa
(2.52)
(1 qext ) BVg c pg
cu
t +t
c pg = f t pa = ec pa , pa L Vg = Vg + ( pa 1 )V0
o
2
t =
tc tcos
100 < 0,5%
tt tcos
n cazul cazanelor de DS FDOG sau fierbinte GXS FDOFXOXO WHPSHUDWXULL
teoretice de ardere tt DD FXP V-D DUWDW PDL VXV L alegeUHD WHPSHUDWXULL OD FDSWXO
focarului tfVHFDOFXOHD]4R .
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWvQVLVWHPXOFRQYHFWLYeste :
Qc = Q QR
(2.53)
LWHPSHUDWXUDILQDODJD]HORUGHDUGHUH:
tc = t f
unde
Qc
(2.54)
(1 qext ) BVg c pg
c pg se GHWHUPLQSHQWUXFRQGLLLOH
t cm =
t f + tc
2
Lc
(2.55)
Vg = Vgo + ( c 1 )V 0
(2.56)
(URDUHD DGPLVLELO GH vQFKLGHUH D ELODQXOXL SULDO SH HOHPHQWH HVWH GH PD[LP
0,5 LVHGHWHUPLQDVWIHO
t =
tc tcos
100 < 0,5%
tt tcos
34
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
CAPITOLUL 3
CALCULUL TERMIC AL
&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
15
14
10
12
10
15
11
9
3
5
13
35
fascicul convectiv (3 HYLOH GH fum VXQW IL[DWH SULQ VXGXU VDX PDQGULQDUH vQ
SOFLOHWXEXODUHID LVSDWH.
IntUDUHDDSHLvQFD]DQVHIDFHSHODSDUWHDGHVXVVDXSHODSDUWHDLQIHULRDU
iar evacuarea apei calde (7) VHIDFHvQWRWGHDXQDSHODSDUWHDVXSHULRDU.
8D GH vQFKLGHUH a cazanului (5), L]RODW WHUPLF permite trecerea gazelor de
ardere din focar n siVWHPXOFRQYHFWLYLSR]L LRQDUHDDU]WRUXOXL.
/D DU]WRU HVWH DGXV FRPEXVWLELOXO iar ventilatorul DVSLU L LQWURGXFH aerul
necesar arderii n tubul de ardere din focar. ,Q LQWHULRUXO IRFDUXOXL VH DSULQGH L VH
VWDELOL]H] IODFUD GH]YROWndu-se debitul de gaze de ardere. Acestea ajung n partea
din spate a focaruluiLVXQWREOLJDWHVVHvQWRDUFspreSDUWHDGLQID .
'DWRULW XLL FD]DQXOXL JD]HOH GH DUGHUH VH vQWRUF FX 0 L LQWU vQ HYLOH
FRQYHFWLYH6XQWFROHFWDWHvQFXWLDLHYDFXDWHSHFRSULQWX XO.
3.1.2. Tema de proiectare
-
Aceste cazaQH IXQF LRQHD] FX VXSUDSUHVLXQH vQ IRFDU GHFL FRHILFLHQWXO GH
excHVGHDHUHVWHFRQVWDQWSkQOD HYFXDUHDODFR:
= f = c = = 1,05 1,15 = ct.
FR
&DOFXOXOUDQGDPHQWXOXLWHUPLFDOFD]DQXOXLLDGHELWXOXLGHFRPEXVWLELO
$FHVWH FD]DQH IXQF LRQHD] QXPDL FX FRPEXVWLELO JD]RV VDX lichid, deci
pierderea specific GHFOGXUSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUmecanic (qmecLFHa
prin evacuarea produselor solide ale arderii din cazan (qcen) sunt nule.
De asemenea B* = B.
6HFDOFXOHD]SLHUGHULOHVSHFLILFHGHFOGXU:
a. PierdereaVSHFLILFGHFOGXUSULQHQWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODFR
)LLQG XQ FD]DQ GH DS FDOG VH DGPLWH R WHPSHUDWXU OD FR FH VH SRDWH
GHWHUPLQDFXUHOD LD de aproximare:
t +t
t cos i e + (60 80) 0 C
(3.1)
2
Din diagrama I t se determinYDORDUHDHQWDOSLHLJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODFR:
I = f (t , )
FR
FR
36
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
(3.3)
b. 3LHUGHULVSHFLILFHGHFOGXUSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF
n cadrul calculelor de proiectare GDWRULW SHUIRUPDQ HORU IXQF LRQDOH DOH
DU]WRDUHORUPRGHUQHVHDGPLWHRSLHUGHUHSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHW de naturFKLPLF de
ordinul:
qch = 0,001 0,005
c. 3LHUGHULVSHFLILFHGHFOGXUSULQSHUH LLH[WHULRULDLFD]DQXOXL
n cadrul calculelor de proiectare SHQWUX FD]DQH UHODWLY PLFL vQ IXQF LH GH
gradul dorit de izolareWHUPLFDFD]DQXOXLse poate alege o valoare:
qext = 0,005 0,015
d. Randamentul cazanului
6HFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD:
= 1 ( qcos + qch + qext )
LH[SULPDWvQYDORDUHSURFHQWXDO % = 100
e. Debitul de combustibil consumat
Q
B=
(kg/s) sau ( m 3 / s )
N
Hi
(3.4)
(3.5)
%LODQXOGHDQVDPEOXDOFD]DQXOXL
Fluxul util GHFOGXUDOFD]DQXOXLHVWH
)OX[XOGHFOGXUprodus
de arderea combustibilului:
Q GDWSULQWHP.
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWODFR:
(3.6)
Qa = BVo c pa t a
(3.7)
Qcos = B I cos
)OX[XOGHFOGXUDGXVFXDHUXOGHDUGHUH
Qc = BH i
(3.8)
37
(3.9)
(3.10)
Tabelul 3.1.
Fluxuri introduse pierdere
Qc
Qa
Q
Qinc
Qext
FR
Q = Q'
Util
Q = Q''
FR
Q'Q"
100 1%
(3.11)
Q'
'DFHURDUHDUHODWLYGHvQFKLGHUHDELODQ XOXLeste mai mare de 1% (cea maxim
DGPLVLELOSHQWUXDFHVWJHQGH calcule) vQVHDPQFV-DIFXWRJUHHDOGHFDOFXO sau
de citire n diagrama I-t.
(URDUHDUHODWLY: =
(3.12)
DSRLVHGHWHUPLQWHPSHUDWXUDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUHGLQGLDJUDPD,-t: t t = f (I t , ) .
2 LPSRUWDQW FDUDFWHULVWLF IXQF LRQDO D FD]DQHORU FX vQWRDUFHUH a gazelor de
ardere n focar,RUHSUH]LQWLQFUFDUHDWHUPLFVSHFLILFPDUHDVXSUDIH HLGHVFKLPE
GH FOGXU a focarului. De aceea intervalul de alegere a temperaturii OD FDSWXO
focarului este:
tf =500700 oC.
6H GHWHUPLQ DSRL GLQ GLDJUDPD ,-t entalpia gazelor de ardere OD FDSWXO
focarului If=f(tf,).
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWSULQUDGLD LHvQIRFDUYDIL:
QR = (1 qext ) B ( I t I f ) (kW)
(3.13)
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWn sistemul convectiv va fi:
Qc = Q QR
(3.14)
(QWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODVIkULWXOGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLv este:
Qc
Ic = I f
(3.15)
(1 qext ) B
38
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
LGLQGLDJUDPD,-WUH]XOW: tc = f ( I c , ) .
QFKLGHUHDELODQ XOXLLPSXQH: IcI Ltct .
LVHDGPLWHURULOHUHODWLYH:
I Ic
I = cos
100 0,5%
I t I cos
L
t t
t = cos c 100 0,5%
t t t cos
FR
FR
(URULPDLPDULLQGLFRJUHHDOGHFDOFXOQILQDOVHvQWRFPHWHWDEHOXO2.
Tabelul 3.2.
Temperatura gazelor
)OX[GHFOGXU
6XSUDID D
Intrare
IHLUH
[kW]
o
[ C]
[oC]
Focar
QR
tt
tf
Convectiv
Qc
tf
tc
%LODQXOJUDILFDOFD]DQului
'HELWHOH GH FOGXU GLQ WDEHOHOH L VH WUDQVSXQ JUDILF OD VFDU FD vQ
figura 2.3 (cu particularizarea: B*=B; Qpa=0; Qsfc=Qc, Qsi=0; Qec=0; qmec=0; qev=0).
3.1.7. Calculul termic al focarului
Acest calcul are ca scop determinarea supraIH HLGHUDGLD LH6RFDSDELOVSUHLD
GHELWXO GH FOGXU UDGLDQW 4R GH OD IODFU L JD]HOH GH DUGHUH. Deoarece n calcule
V
SR
L OXQJLPHD GH UDGLD LH s = 3,6 f ) este
intervin gradul de ecranare =
S per
S per
39
'
SR =
cu:
QR
(m2)
T 4 T 4
f
p
5,765
100 100
(3.17)
(3.18)
LR
unde: D
'
LR
SR
(3.22)
S per
6HFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHvQFDPHUDGHDUGHUH:
0,8 + 1,6 p H 2O
T
1 0,38 f ( p H 2O + p RO2 )
kg =
(3.23)
1000
( p H 2O + p RO2 ) s
gradul de ecranare: =
6HFDOFXOHD]FRHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGLQIRFDU:
40
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
ag = 1 e
k g s
(3.24)
a fl = 1 e
k fl s
(3.26)
3RQGHUHDDEVRUE LHLIOFULLID GH cea a mediului radiant de gaze de ardere din
focar VHIDFHGXSFriterii experimentale, considerndu-seRSURSRU LH, din volumul
IRFDUXOXLRFXSDWGHSDUWHDOXPLQRDVDIOFULL.
CoeficiHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOIOFULLLJD]HORUGHDUGHUHHVWHGDWGHUHOD LD:
a = a fl + (1 ) a g
(3.27)
Valorile coeficientului de luminozitate sunt prezentate n tabelul 3.3.
Tabelul 3.3.
)ODFUQHOXPLQRDVGHFRPEXVWLELOJD]RV
= 0,2
)ODFUGHFRPEXVWLELOOLFKLG
= 0,6
CRHILFLHQWXOGHPXUGULUHDVXSUDIH HORUHVWH:
=0,7 0,9 combustibil gazos
=0,6 0,7 combustibil lichid
&XDFHVWHYDORULVHFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDIRFDUXOXL:
0,82a
af =
a + (1 a )
(3.28)
2DOWFDUDFWHULVWLFDIRFDUXOXLHVWHIDFWRUXOGHSR]L LHDIOFULLvQIRFDU M.
)DFWRUXOGHSR]L LHDIOFULLvQFDPHUDGHDUGHUHHVWHGDWGHUHOD LD
M = a M bM
L EM
h
Hf
h
=VHRE LQH0 ,44.
Hf
Hf
h
41
QR
3
SR =
8
5,765 10 Ma f T f Tt 3
Tt
1 1
T
M2
f
(m2)
(3.29)
42
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
w=
B Vg t gm + 273
d 2 273
n i
4
(3.33)
- FRQGXFWLELOLWDWHDWHUPLF
[W/mK]
- QXPUXO Prandtl
Pr
tp cu
ti + t e
.
2
2/3
(Re 1000) Pr
di
8
Nu =
1 + C
(3.34)
2/3
L
1 + 12,2
(Pr 1)
8
Pr
cu = (1,82logRe 1,64) ; C =
Pr
p
0,11
, L = LR + (0,2...0,4 ) .
3
Nu = 0 49,37 + [1,615 A 0,7] +
B C
1 + 22 Pr
cu
1/ 2
Pr
di
di
A= 3 Re Pr ; B = Re Pr ; C =
Pr
L
L
(3.35)
0 ,11
HYLORU FRQYHFWLYH IXQF LH GH JUDGXO GH WXUbulizare realizat ce depinde de IRUP L
pasulGHLFDQDUH.
Pentru regimul laminar: Re < 2300:
43
di
*
Nu = 0 49,37 + 1,615 3 Re Pr 0,7
L
*
cu 0 = 1,62,2.
Pr
Prp
0 ,11
(3.36)
*
Pentru turbulizatorii n zig-zag, FRHILFLHQ LL GH FRUHF LH 0 L 0 pot fi
determinD LFXUHOD LLOH experimentale:
2 ,142
= 0 ,2
pr
L
*
0
3,3 Re 0 ,2
0 = 0 ,2
5
pr
di
l
unde p r =
l
este pasul relativ, cu l pas zig-zaguri.
di
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQFRQYHF LH
c =
Nu
lc
(3.37)
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHHVWHGHWHUPLQDWGHPULPLOH:
-
WHPSHUDWXUPHGLHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUH:
Tgm=tgm+273 (K);
s = 0,9 di (m);
p RO2 =
VRO2
Vg
pg
[bar.]L pH 2 O =
VH 2 O
Vg
44
pg
[bar.]
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
kg =
0,8 + 1,6 p H 2O
( p H 2O
1 0,38 gm ( p H 2O + p RO2 )
1000
+ p RO2 ) s
(3.38)
ag = 1 e
k g s
(3.39)
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHVHdeterminFXUHOD LD:
r = 5,765 10 8
T 3, 6
1 p
Tgm
ap + 1
3
a g Tgm
2
Tp
1
T
gm
(W/m2K)
(3.40)
(3.42)
Pentru gaze de ardere provenind din arderea unui combustibil lichid se poate
considera:
0,0163 (m2K/W)
45
tmax
tma
tc
tmin
SC
Sc =
Qc
= nd i Lc (m2) (3.44)
kt m
Fig. 3.2.
a) 'DF/c > LR, n limitele Lc = LR + (0,20,4) m, nseamnFGLVWDQ DGLQWUH
SOFLOHWXEXODUHDOHFD]DQXOXLHVWe suficient de mare, pentru a permite dilatarea
libera a focarului,GDUQXSUHDPDUHvQFkWVVHFUHH]Hun volum inutilizabil la
interiorul corpului cazanului;
b) 'DF/c < LRVHUHGXFHQXPUXOGH HYL sau diametrulDVWIHOvQFkWVVHDMXQJ
n cazul a);
c) 'DF/c >> LRVHPUHWHQXPUXOGH HYLDVWIHOvQFkWVVHDMXQJvQFD]XOD.
3.2. Calculul termic al cazanelor ignitubulare cu pies /0 L394,7.070 ,
gazelor de ardere n focar
3.2'HVFULHUHDFD]DQHORUHOHPHQWHFRPSRQHQWHPRGGHIXQFLRQDUH
6XQWFD]DQHFXIRFDUWXEXODULXQGUXPFRQYHFWLYLGHQWLFHFXFHOHSUH]HQWDWHvQ
FDSLWROXO $X vQ SOXV XQ FLOLQGUX GLQ R HO UHIUDFWDU PRQWDW vQ IRFDU SLHV GH
vQWRDUFHUH FDUH HWDQHD] SH XD GH vQFKLGHUH L DVLJXU XQ IRFDU FDOG SHQWUX
amestecul aer FRPEXVWLELO &D]DQHOH IXQF LRQHD] vQ VXSUDSUHVLXQH FX FRPEXVWLELO
OLFKLGVDXJD]RVLSURGXFDSFDOGWe / ti = 90 / 70 0C.
Aceste cD]DQHVXQWDOFWXLWHGLQWU-un cilindru cu diametru mare (1), n interiorul
FUXLD VH DIO VXSUDIH HOH GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU WXEXO GH IODFU FX SHUHWH QHWHG
vQFDVWUDWvQSODFDWXEXODUID SLHVDGHvQWRDUFHUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHL HYLOHGH
fXP FX WXUEXOL]DWRUL FX URO GH IDVFLFXO FRQYHFWLY HYLOH GH IXP VXQW
IL[DWHSULQVXGXUVDXPDQGULQDUHvQSOFLOHWXEXODUHID LVSDWH
,QWUDUHD DSHL vQ FD]DQ VH IDFH SH OD SDUWHD GH VXV VDX SH OD SDUWHD LQIHULRDU LDU
evacuarHDDSHLFDOGHVHIDFHvQWRWGHDXQDSHODSDUWHDVXSHULRDU
46
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
15
14
10
12
10
15
11
9
3
5
te; 13.vizor; 14. teaca termostate; 15. panou comanda si reglaj; 16.SLHVGHvQWRDUFHUHJD]H
de ardere n focar.
/D DU]WRU HVWH DGXV FRPEXVWLELOXO LDU YHQWLODWRUXO DVSLU L LQWURGXFH DHUXO
QHFHVDU DUGHULL vQ WXEXO GH DUGHUH GLQ IRFDU ,Q LQWHULRUXO IRFDUXOXL VH DSULQGH L VH
VWDELOL]H] IODFUD GH]YROWkQGX-se debitul de gaze de ardere. Acestea ajung n partea
GLQVSDWHDFDPHUHLGHDUGHUHSLHVDGHvQWRDUFHUHLVXQWREOLJDWHVVHvQWRDUFspre
SDUWHDGLQID ntreIRFDUXOSURSULX]LVLSLHVDGHvQWRDUFHUH.
'DWRULW XLL FD]DQXOXL JD]HOH GH DUGHUH VH vQWRUF FX 0 L LQWU vQ HYLOH
FRQYHFWLYH6XQWFROHFWDWHvQFXWLDLHYDFXDWHSHFRSULQWX XO.
3.2.2. Tema de proiectare
-
$FHVWH FD]DQH IXQF LRQHD] GH RELFHL FX Vuprapresiune n focar, deci
FRHILFLHQWXOGHH[FHVGHDHUHVWHFRQVWDQWvQIRFDUvQFRQYHFWLYLODFR:
= g = c = = 1,05 1,15.
FR
47
&DOFXOXOUDQGDPHQWXOXLWHUPLFDOFD]DQXOXLLDGHELWXOXLGHFRPEXVWLELO
$FHVWH FD]DQH IXQF LRQHD] QXPDL FX FRPEXVWLELO JD]RV VDX OLFKLG GHFL
pierderile specifice mecanice (qmecLFHOHSULQHYDFXDUHDSURGXVHORUVROLGHGLQFD]DQ
(qcen) sunt nule. De asemenea B* = B.
6HFDOFXOHD]SLHUGHULOHVSHFLILFHGHFOGXUFDUDFWHULVWLFHFD]DQXOXL:
a. 3LHUGHUHDVSHFLILFGHFOGXUSULQHQWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODFR
)LLQG XQ FD]DQ GH DS FDOG VH DGPLWH R WHPSHUDWXU OD FR FH VH SRDWH
GHWHUPLQDFXUHOD LD de aproximare:
t +t
tcos i e + (60 80)0 C
(3.46)
2
Din diagrama I WVHDIOYDORDUHDHQWDOSLHLJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODFR:
I = f (t , )
(QWDOSLDDHUXOXLWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUHVHFDOFXOHD]ODWHPSHUDWXUDDPELDQWWa=20 0C
I a 0 = Vo c pa t a
(3.47)
FR
FR
1
( I cos I a 0 )
Hi
(3.48)
b. Pierderi spHFLILFHGHFOGXUSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF
Q FDGUXO FDOFXOHORU GH SURLHFWDUH GDWRULW SHUIRUPDQ HORU IXQF LRQDOH DOH
DU]WRDUHORUPRGHUQH,VHDGPLWHRSLHUGHUHSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF
de ordinul:
qch = 0,001 0,005
c. 3LHUGHULVSHFLILFHGHFOGXUSULQSHUH LLH[WHULRULDLFD]DQXOXL
Q FDGUXO FDOFXOHORU GH SURLHFWDUH SHQWUX FD]DQH UHODWLY PLFL vQ IXQF LH GH
gradul dorit de izolarHWHUPLFDFD]DQXOXLVHSRDWHDOHJHRYDORDUH
qext = 0,005 0,015
d. Randamentul cazanului
6HFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD
= 1 (qcos + qch + qext )
LH[SULPDWvQYDORDUHSURFHQWXDO % = 100
48
(3.4)
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
(3.5)
%LODQXOGHDQVDPEOXDOFD]DQXOXL
)OX[XOXWLOGHFOGXUDOFD]DQXOXLHVWH
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSURGXV
de arderea combustibilului:
)OX[XOGHFOGXUDGXVFXDHUXOGHDUGHUH
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWODFR
4GDWSULQWHP.
Qc = BH i
Qa = BVo c pa t a
Qcos = BI cos
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHW Qinc = qch BH i
Qext = qext BH i
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWVSUHH[WHULRU
(3.51)
(3.52)
(3.53)
(3.54)
(3.55)
5H]XOWWDEHOXOGHELODQ WHUPLFDOFD]DQXOXL.
Tabelul 3.5.
Combustibil pierderi
Util
Qc
Qa
-Q
Q
- Qinc
- Qext
FR
Q = Q''
Q = Q'
(URDUHDUHODWLYYDIL: =
FR
Q 'Q"
100
(3.56)
Q'
LVHYHULILFHURDUHDPD[LPDGPLVLELOGH.
'DFHURDUHDUHODWLYGHvQFKLGHUHDELODQ XOXLHVWHPDLPDUHGHFkWYDORDUHDGH
FHD PD[LP DGPLVLELO SHQWUX DFHVW JHQ GH FDOFXOH vQVHDPQ F V-D IFXW R
JUHHDOGHFDOFXOVDXGHFLWLUHvQGLDJUDPD,-t.
&DOFXOXOWHPSHUDWXULORULHQWDOSLLORUJD]HORUGHDUGHUHSHWUDVHX
(QWDOSLDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUHVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD:
I t = H i (1 qch ) + f V0 c pa t a
49
(3.57)
apoi se deWHUPLQWHPSHUDWXUDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUHGLQGLDJUDPD,-t: t t = f ( I t , ) .
2 LPSRUWDQW FDUDFWHULVWLF IXQF LRQDO D FD]DQHORU FX vQWRDUFHUH D JD]HORU GH
DUGHUHvQIRFDULSLHVGHvQWRDUFHUHRUHSUH]LQWLQFUFDUHDWHUPLFVSHFLILFIRDUWH
mare DVXSUDIH HLGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUDIRFDUXOXL'HDFHHDLQWHUYDOXOGHDOHJHUHD
WHPSHUDWXULLODFDSWXOIRFDUXOXLHVWH
tf =450550 oC.
6H GHWHUPLQ DSRL GLQ GLDJUDPD ,-W HQWDOSLD JD]HORU OD FDSWXO IRFDUXOXL
If=f(tf,).
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWSULQUDGLD LHvQIRFDUYDIL:
QR = (1 qext ) B( I t I f ) (kW)
(3.58)
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWGHVLVWHPXOFRQYHFWLYYDIL:
Qc = Q QR
(3.59)
(QWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODVIkULWXOGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLYHVWH:
Ic = I f
Qc
I cos
(1 qext ) B
(3.59a)
LGLQGLDJUDPD,-WUH]XOW: t c = f (I c , ) t cos .
QFKLGHUHDELODQ XOXLLPSXQH: Ic I Ltc t .
LVHDGPLWHURULOHUHODWLYH:
I I
I = cos c 100 0,5%
I t I cos
L
FR
t =
FR
tcos t c
100 0,5%
tt tcos
(3.60)
(3.61)
EroriPDLPDULLQGLFRJUHHDOGHFDOFXOQILQDOVHvQWRFPHWHWDEHOXO
6XSUDID D
Focar
Convectiv
Tabelul 3.6.
)OX[GHFOGXU
Temperatura gazelor
intrare
LHLUH
tc
tf
tf
tc
QR
Qc
=Q
50
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
%LODQXOJUDILFDOFazanului
'HELWHOH GH FOGXU GLQ WDEHOHOH L VH WUDQVSXQ JUDILF OD VFDU FD vQ
figura 2.3 (cu B*=B; Qpa=0; Qspc=QcI+QcII, Qsi=0; Qec=0; qmec=0; qev=0).
3.2.7. Calculul termic al focarului
Calculul termic al focarului este foarte complex GHRDUHFHWUDQVIHUXOGHFOGXU
GHODIODFULJD]HFWUHDSVHIDFHSULQLQWHUPHGLXOSLHVHLGHvQWRDUFHUHGLQIRFDU.
Un calcul exact se poate face utiliznd un program de calcul, lucrnd cu VXSUDIH HL
volume elementare.
QFHOHFHXUPHD]VHSUH]LQW un calcul simplificat bazat pe valori medii ale
SDUDPHWULORUWHUPLFLLJD]odinamici ce intervin n calcul.
'HELWHOHGHFOGXUFHGDWHvQFDPHUDGHDUGHUHinteriorul piesei de ntoarcere)
LvQWUHSLHVLIRFDUXOSURSULX]LVVXQWFHOHGLQILJXUD
1
tf
tcos
DC
QFND
QRC
tt
DF
tf
QGF
QRCF
QGC
Lf
Lc
'HELWHOHGHFOGXUFRQIRUPILJXULLVXQW
QRC )OX[XOGHFOGXUFHGDWde mediul din focar SULQUDGLD LHvQFDPHUDGH
ardere ctre corpul de ntoarcere;
QRCF )OX[XO GH FOGXU WUDQVPLV SULQ UDGLD LHL de la corpul de ntoarcere
ctre pere LLfocarului ;
51
QGF )OX[XO GH FOGXU FHGDW GH JD]HOH GH DUGHUH IRFDUXOXL, convectiv, pe
drumul de ntoarcere;
QGC )OX[XOGHFOGXUFHGDWGHJD]HOHGHDUGHUHcorpului de ntoarcere prin
FRQYHF LH;
QFND )OX[XOGHFOGXUFHGDWSULQVXSUDID DGHIXQGDIRFDUXOXL
QR
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWGHIRFDU 4RCF + QGF + QFND.
(3.62.2)
(3.62.3)
QRC = 5,765 10 8 a g
ap +1
2
S RC (Tt 2T f2' T p4 )
(3.63)
Q FND = 5,765 10 8 a g
ap +1
2
4
S FND (Tt 2T f2' T pf )
(3.64)
4
QRCF = 5,765 10 8 C c. f S RC (T p4 T pf )
(3.65)
(3.66)
52
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
(3.67)
d 2
f
4
QR
.
qR
3HQWUXFDPHUDGHDUGHUHVHFDOFXOHD]:
d c2
Lf ;
volumul focarului: Vf =
4
2d c2
;
VXSUDID DSHUH LORUFDPHUHLGHDUGHUH: Sper=dcLf +
4
Vf
grosimea stratului radiant de gaze: s = 4
;
S per
gradul de ecranare: =
S RC
.
S per
6HFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHvQFDPHUDGHDUGHUH:
53
kg =
0,1 + 1,6 p H 2O
1 0,38 mg ( p H 2O + p RO2 )
1000
+ p RO2 ) s
( p H 2O
(3.68)
6HFDOFXOHD]FRHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGLQIRFDU:
ag = 1 e
kg s
(3.69)
k fl = 1,6
Tf
1000
0,5
a fl = 1 e
k fl s
(3.70)
(3.71)
h
Hf
(3.74)
Hf
h
54
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
BVg
'
wg =
unde t gm =
2
(d f d c2 )
4
t gm + 273
273
t 'f + t f
2
5H]XOW: d f =
d c2 +
4 BVg t gm + 273
'
wg
(3.75)
273
T*f =
Tt
Co a f Tt 3 S R
M
(1 q )B V c
inc
g
p
[oK]
0, 6
(3.76)
+1
kGF =
1
, cu GDWGHWDEHOXOVDXUHOD LLOHL.
1 + 1
1 = c + r
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQFRQYHF LHVHGHWHUPLQXWLOL]kQGUHOD LL
criteriale pentru FLUFXOD LD JD]HORU GH DUGHUH OD LQWHULRUXO FDQDOHORU FX VHF LXQH
FLUFXODUFRQIRUPDQH[HLSXQFWXO pentru:
Re =
Wg l c
undeOXQJLPHDFDUDFWHULVWLF:
55
2
(d f d c2 )
= 4
= d f dc
(d f + d c )
4
4 S circ
P
De exemplu, pentru Re>3 104
lc =
2/3
(Re 1000) Pr
di
8
Nu = 0
1 + C
1 + 12,2
(Pr 2 / 3 1)
8
Pr
cu = (1,82 log Re 1,64) 2 ; C =
Pr
p
(3.34*)
0 ,11
Nu = 0 49,37 + [1,615 A 0,7]3 +
B C
1 + 22 Pr
1/ 2
Pr
d
d
3 Re Pr i ; B = Re Pr i
; C =
A=
Pr
L
L
cu
(3.35*)
0 ,11
, o=1.
di
*
Nu = 0 49,37 + 1,615 3 Re Pr 0,7
L
Pr
Pr
p
0 ,11
(3.36*)
cu 0 = 1.
Practic se XWLOL]HD]UHOD LLOHLVDX,notate acum suplimentar cu (*)
*
pentru care L 0 sunt egale cu unitatea.
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQFRQYHF LH
Nu
c =
lc
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHVHFDOFXOHD]utilizndUHOD LLOH
Lpentru care care grosimea stratului radiant este:
56
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
2
(d f d c2 ) Lg
4
s = 3,6
= 3,6
= 0,9(d f d c )
Sp
(d f + d c ) Lg
Vg
Tgm =
t* f + t f
+ 273
2
T p = 80 + 20 + 273 (K)
'LIHUHQ DPHGLHDWHPSHUDWXULORUVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD:
tmGF =
(t * f 80) (t f 80)
ln
t * 80
f
t f 80
6HFDOFXOHD]QGF = k GF ( d f L f ) tmGF
*
Se calculeaz entalpia gazelor la LHLUH GLQ IRFDU I f = I f
QGC
; din
(1 qext ) B
diagrama I-W IXQF LH HQWDOSLH L FRHILFLHQWXO GH H[FHV GH DHU din focar se determin
WHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUODLHLUHGLQIRFDU, tf.
Deoarece calculul este aproximativ eroarea admisibil este de 10%. In cazul
vQFDUHVHGHSmHWHDFHDVWmHURDUHVHYDUHGLPHQVLRQDVXSUDID DGHWUDQVIHUGHFldur
SULQ UDGLD LH GLDPHWUXO L OXQJLPHD corpului de ntoarcere ) cu o cot procentual
HJDOmFXUDGLFDOGHRUGLQXOGLQHURDUHDSHWHPSHUDWXUL7RWXLGDFmWHPSHUDWXUDGH
LHLUHGLQIRFDUFRUHVSXQGHGRPHQLXOXLHFRQRPLFVHSRDWHDFFHSWDFDDWDUHXUPkQGD
se modifica sarcina pe convectiv n conVHFLQ conform rela LLORU
3.2.8. Calculul termic al convectivului
Convectivul cazanului este determinat, din punctul de vedere al transferului de
cOGXUGLQFDOFXOHOHDQWHULRDUHSULQXUPWRULLSDUDPHWULL
QC
GHELWXOGHFOGXUutil preluat n sistemul convectiv (kW) ;
tf
WHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLQWUDUHvQ HYL0C) ;
tFR
WHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLHLUHDGLQ HYLODFR0C) ;
te/ti temperatura apei (0C).
0HWRGRORJLDGHFDOFXOHVWHLGHQWLFFXFHDSUH]HQWDWvQFDSLWROXO.
3HQWUX VWDELOLUHD VHF LXQLL GH WUHFHUH D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH VH DOHJH GLDPHWUXO
HYLORUGLQJDPDGH HYLX]XDOHGH):
42 3; 45 3; 51 3; 57 3; 60 3; 70 3,5.
'XS DOHJHUHD GLDPHWUXOXL HYLORU VH DOHJH YLWH]D SUHOLPLQDU GH FLUFXOD LH D
gazelor de ardere w n intervalul economic pentru acest tip de cazan:
57
w = (2 4) m/s.
6HF LXQHDGHFLUFXOD LHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHYDIL
B Vg t gm + 273
S circ =
(m2)
w'
273
t gm =
t f + t cos
(3.31)
2
1XPUXOGH HYLDOGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLYYDIL
4 S circ
n' =
d i2
Acesta VHURWXQMHWHVXSHULRUVDXLQIHULRUODQXPUvQWUHJSDULVHUHFDOFXOHD]
YLWH]DGHFLUFXOD LHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUH
B V g t gm + 273
w=
(3.33)
d i2 273
n
4
Pentru temperatura medie a gazelor de ardere tgm VH GHWHUPLQ GLQ DQH[D
XUPWRDUHOHYDORUL
- YkVFR]LWDWHDFLQHPDWLF
[m2/s]
- FRQGXFWLELOLWDWHDWHUPLF
[W/mK]
- QXPUXO3UDQGWO
Pr
tp cu
ti + te
.
2
wdi
> 3 10 4
2/3
(Re 1000) Pr
di
8
Nu =
1 + C
2/3
L
1 + 12,2
(Pr 1)
x
58
(3.77)
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
Pr
2
cu = (1,82 log Re 1,64) ; C =
Pr
p
0 ,11
, L = LR + (0,2 0,4) .
1/ 3
Nu = 0 49,37 + [1,615 A 0,7]3 +
B C
1 + 22 Pr
1/ 2
Pr
di
di
A= 3 Re Pr ; B = Re Pr ; C =
Pr
L
L
(3.78)
0 ,11
cu
di
*
Nu = 0 49,37 + 1,615 3 Re Pr 0,7
L
*
cu 0 = 1,62,2.
Pr
Pr
p
0 ,11
(3.79)
*
Pentru turbulizatorii n zig-zag FRHILFLHQ LL GH FRUHF LH 0 L 0 pot fi
GHWHUPLQD LFXUHOD LLOHH[SHULPHQWDOH
2,142
3,3 Re 0, 2
*
0 = 0 , 2 L 0 = 0, 2
(3.37)
br
5
br
di
l
l
este pasul relativ, cu l pas zig-zaguri.
di
n toate cazurile:
unde br =
c =
Nu
lc
59
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHHVWHGHWHUPLQDWGHPULPLOH:
- WHPSHUDWXUPHGLHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUH:
Tgm=tgm+273 (K) ;
- grosimea stratului radiant:
s=0,9 di (m) ;
- SUHVLXQLOHSDU LDOHDOHJD]HORUGHDUGHUHWULDWRPLFH: p RO2 ; p H 2O (bar).
&RQVWDQWDGHUDGLD LHDJD]HORUHVWH:
0,8 + 1,6 p H 2O
T
1 0,38 gm ( p H 2O + p RO2 )
kg =
1000
( p H 2O + p RO2 ) s
(3.81)
cu Tm = tm + 273 (K);
iar coeficientul de emisivitate al gazelor de ardere:
a g = 1 e kgs
(3.82)
3
2
r = 5,765 10 8
a g Tgm
(3.83)
2
T p (W/m K)
1
T
gm
XQGH SHQWUX FRHILFLHQWXO GH DEVRUE LH DO SHUHWHOXL VH LD YDORarea ap = L SHQWUX
WHPSHUDWXUDDEVROXWDSHUHWHOXL HYLL:
T p = t m + 20 + 273 (0K)
Coeficientul de WUDQVIHU GH FOGXU pe partea gazelor de ardere (la interiorul
HYLORUYDIL:
1 = c + r
Coeficientul 2 (pe partea apei) este mult mai mare (de ordinul miilor de
2
W/m K) n comparate cu 1 (de ordinul zecilor de W/m2K).
QDFHVWHFRQGL LLFRHILFLHQWXOJOREDOGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUNHVWHGDWGHUHOD LD:
kI =
1
(W/m2K)
1 + 1
(3.84)
60
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
Se poaWHXWLOL]DLUHOD LDDQDOLWLF:
(3.85)
'LIHUHQ D PHGLH GH WHPSHUDWXU VH GHWHUPLQ FRQIRUP ILJXULL L UHOD LHL
tf
tmax
tma
t m =
tc
tmin
SC
t max t min
t
ln max
t min
Fig. 3.5.
6XSUDID DGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUDGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLYYDIL:
Q
S c = c = nd i Lc (m2)
kt m
UH]XOW:
S
Lc = c
(m)
nd i
a) 'DF/c > LR, n limitele Lc = LR + (0,20,4) m,vQVHDPQFGLVWDQ DGLQWUH
SOFLOHWXEXODUHDOHFD]DQXOXLHVWHVXILFLHQWGHPDUHSHQWUXDSHUPLWHGLODWDUHD
OLEHUD D IRFDUXOXL GDU QX SUHD PDUH DVWIHO vQFkW V VH FUHH]H XQ YROXP
inutilizabil la interiorul corpului cazanului;
b) 'DF/c < LR, se reduce numUXOGH HYLVDXGLDPHWUXODVWIHOvQFkWVVHDMXQJ
n cazul a);
c) 'DF/c >> LRVHPUHWHQXPUXOGH HYLDVWIHOvQFkWVVHDMXQJvQFD]XOD
61
13
10
11
2
13
12
5
3
11
14
3ODWEDQGHGHHWDQDUHvQWUHHOHPHQWH'LVWULEXLWRU&ROHFWRU7HDF SHQWUXWHUPRVWDWH
62
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
Elementele WLS DOH FD]DQXOXL VXQW H[HFXWDWH GLQ HYL WUDVH L QHWHGH GLQ RHO
vPELQDWH vQWUH HOH SULQ VXGXU VXE IRUPD D GRX FDGUH GUHSWXQJKLXODUH XQXO
FRUHVSXQ]WRU IRFDUXOXL FHOODOW FRUHVSXQ]WRU VLVWHPXOXL FRQYHFWLY (OHPHQWHOH WLS
sunt asamblate ntre ele pULQ VXGXU SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO XQRU SODWEDQGH PHWDOLFH
DOFWXLQGX-VH DVWIHO XQ FD]DQ EORF FX IRFDU FDPHU IU VWUSXQJHUH L XQ GUXP
FRQYHFWLY 7RDWH VXGXULOH VH H[HFXW GLQVSUH H[WHULRUXO FRUSXOXL FD]DQXOXL LDU
FRUGRDQHOH GH VXGXU VXQW FRQWLQXH )LHFDUH HOHPHQW HVWH OHJDW SULQ WXXUL OD
GLVWULEXLWRUXOLFROHFWRUXOGHDSDOFD]DQXOXL
1
4
2
3
5
(a)
(b)
(c)
ntre elemente.
VLVWHPXOFRQYHFWLYSODWEDQGHGHOHJ WXU
,Q GUXPXO FRQYHFWLY DO FD]DQXOXL VH UHDOL]HD] LQWHQVLILFDUHD WUDQVIHUXOXL GH FOGXU
DFROR XQGH JD]HOH GH DUGHUH vQWkOQHVF XQ SDFKHW GH WXUEXOL]DWRUL VSHFLILFL H[HFXWDi
GLQWDEOGHRHOvQ]LJ-zag.
Trecerea gazelor de ardere din focar n drumul convectiv se face prin partea din
IDDFD]DQXOXL$LFLHVWHSUHY]XWRXGHvQFKLGHUHUDFLWmLR]RQmGHSULQGHUHD
arztoruluiFSWXLWFXL]RODLHWHUPLFGLQILEUFHUDPLFUH]LVWHQWODWHPSHUDWXUL
ridicate.
)XQFLRQDUHD FD]DQXOXL SRDWH IL vQHOHDV XUPULQG FHOH GRX FLUFXLWH DOH
DJHQLORUWHUPLFLFLUFXLWXOJD]HORUGHDUGHUHLFLUFXLWXODSHi. Gazele de ardere formate
vQIRFDUSDUFXUJOXQJLPHDFD]DQXOXLLDMXQJvQSDUWHDGLQVSDWH'DWRULWWLUDMXOXLVXQW
REOLJDWH V VH vQWRDUF vQ GLUHFLH LQYHUV V SDUFXUJ GLQ QRX OXQJLPHD FD]DQXOXL
DMXQJkQGDVWIHOvQSDUWHDGLQIDXQGHHOHPHQWXOGHvQFKLGHUHIDOHREOLJVLQWUHvQ
drumul convectiv. Gazele de ardere parcurg din nou lungimea cazanului, apoi sunt
FROHFWDWHvQFXWLDGHFROHFWDUHLHYDFXDWHSULQUDFRUGXOODFR
63
&D]DQXO HVWH L]RODW WHUPLF FX YDW PLQHUDO L SURWHMDW OD H[WHULRU FX WDEO
VXELUH 6HRELQHDVWIHOXQFD]DQPRQREORFSHQWUXFDUHPRGLILFkQGGLPHQVLXQLOHGH
gDEDULWDOHHOHPHQWHORUGLDPHWUXOHYLORULQXPUXOGHHOHPHQWHVHSRWRELQHGLYHUVH
YDULDQWHGHVDUFLQLWHUPLFHGXSQHFHVLWL
'HL FRQVXPXO GH PDWHULDO L GH PDQRSHU SHQWUX H[HFXLD DFHVWRU WLSXUL GH
cazane este mare, se impune avantajul de a se SXWHDLQWURGXFHSHHOHPHQWHSULQVSDLL
vQJXVWHLGHDVHPRQWDlaORFXOGHIXQFLRQDUH
3.3.2. Tema de proiectare
Prin tema de proiectare se dau:
-Q
VDUFLQDWHUPLFDFD]DQXOXLvQN:
- te / ti WHPSHUDWXUDDSHLODLHLUHLQWUDUHvQFazan, (90/70 0C sau 80/60 0C);
- QDWXUDLFRPSR]LLDFRPEXVWLELOXOXLOLFKLGVDXJD]RV
$FHVWH FD]DQH IXQFLRQHD] GH RELFHL FX VXSUDSUHVLXQH vQ IRFDU GHFL
FRHILFLHQWXOGHH[FHVGHDHUHVWHDFHODLSHQWUXIRFDUSHQWUXFRQYHFWLYLODFR
= f = cv = = 1,05 1,15 = ct.
FR
qcos =
1
( I cos I a 0 )
Hi
(3.86)
64
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
6HDOHJHRWHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODFR
t cos
ti + te
+ (60 80) 0 C
2
(3.87)
LGLQGLDJUDPD,WVHGHWHUPLQ, .
FR
Pentru temperatura aerului (ta 20 0& VH FDOFXOHD] HQWDOSLD DHUXOXL WHRUHWLF
necesar arderii:
I ao = Vo c pa t a
(3.88)
cu cpa = 1,2971 kJ/ m 3 K FOGXUDVSHFLILFDDHUXOXLOD0C.
N
b. PULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF
Q FDGUXO FDOFXOHORU GH SURLHFWDUH GDWRULW SHUIRUPDQHORU GH IXQFLRQDUH Dle
DU]WRDUHORU PRGerne VH DGPLWH R SLHUGHUH SULQ DUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF
de ordinul:
B=
Q
(kg/s) sau ( m 3 / s )
N
Hi
%LODQXOGHDQVDPEOXDOFD]DQXOXL
)OX[XOGHFOGXUXWLODOFD]DQXOXLHVWH
Q;
)OX[XOGHFOGXUDGXVGHFRPEXVWLELO
Qc = B Hi ;
)X[XOGHFOGXUDGXVGHDHUXOGHDUGHUH
Qa = B cpa ta ;
)X[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWODFR
QFR = B IFR ;
)X[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHW Qinc = qch B Hi.
65
(3.89)
5H]XOWWDEHOXOGHELODQ
Tabelul 3.8.
Fluxuri introduse
pierderi
Qc
Qa
-Q
- Qinc
- Qext
Q = Q'
FR
Fluxuri utile
Q = Q''
(URDUHDUHODWLY
Q'Q"
Q'
FR
100 < 1%
I t = H i (1 qch ) + V0 c pa t a
(3.90)
66
(3.91)
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
Qc = Q QR ,
(3.92)
(QWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODVIkULWXOGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLYva fi:
Ic = I f
Qc
(1 qext ) B
LGLQGLDJUDPD,WUH]XOWWHPSHUDWXUD t c = f (I c , ) .
QFKLGHUHDELODQXOXLLPSXQe: Ic I LWc t LVHDGPLWHURULOHUHODWLYH
FR
I =
L
t =
I cos I c
I t I cos
FR
100
t cos t c
100
tt t cos
%LODQXOJUDILFDOFD]DQXOXL
'HELWHOHGHFOGXUQR, Qc, QaLIOX[XULOHSLHUGXWHQ , Qinc, Qext se transpun
JUDILFDOVFDUFDvQILJXUDFXB* = B; Qpa = 0; Qsfc = 0; Qsi = 0; Qec = 0; qmec = 0
Lqev = 0).
FR
SR
LOXQJLPHDGHUDGLDLHeste necesar un calcul
intervin gradul de ecranare =
S per
LWHUDWLY 6H DGPLWH R YDORDUH SUHOLPLQDU S'R care n final se va compara cu cea
UH]XOWDWGLQFDOFXO6R.
9DORDUHDSUHOLPLQDU S R SRDWHILVWDELOLWSULQGRXPHWRGH
D6HDGPLWHXQIOX[XQLWDUUDGLDQWvQFUFDUHWHUPLFVSHFLILF
qR = 30 50 kW/m2
'
L !
SR ' =
QR
(m2)
qS
(3.93)
67
sau
E6HGHWHUPLQVXSUDIDDGHUDGLDLHvQIRFDUFXUHODLDGHDSUR[LPDUH
'
SR =
cu
QR
(m2)
T 4 T 4
f
p
5,765
100 100
tm =
(3.94)
ti + te
2
)RFDUXOFXSHUHLPHPEUDQDUHIRUPDJHRPHWULFSUH]HQWDWvQILJXUD
Din punct de vedere geometric:
'
S R = 2 L(a + h) + ah (m2)
(3.95)
Vg a h L (m3)
S per = 2 L(a + h) + 2ah (m2)
s1
)LJ)RFDUFDPHUFXSHUHWHPHPEUDQ
68
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
a = 300 800 mm
h = 600 900 mm
s = 3,6
Vf
S per
(m)
'
SR
- gradul de ecranare: =
S per
6HFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGLQIRFDU
kg =
0,8 + 1,6 p H 2O
( p H 2O
1 0,38 f ( p H 2O + p RO2 )
1000
+ p RO2 ) s
(3.96)
6HFDOFXOHD]FRHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUELHDOJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGLQIRFDU
ag = 1 e
k g s
(3.97)
6HFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDIOFULLFXUHODLDGHDSUR[LPDUH
Tf
0,5
k fl = 1,6
(3.98)
1000
LFRHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUELHDOIOFULLFXUHODLD
a fl = 1 e
k fl s
(3.99)
3RQGHUHDDEVRUELHLIOFULLFXFHDDPHGLXOXLUDGLDQWGHJD]HGHDUGHUe se face
GXSFULWHULLH[SHULPHQWDOHFRQVLGHUkQGRSURSRULHGLQYROXPXOIRFDUXOXLRFXSDW
GHSDUWHDOXPLQRDVDIOFULL
&RHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUELHDOIOFULORULJD]HORUGHDUGHUHHVWHGDWGHUHODLD
a = a fl + (1 ) a g
(3.100)
Valorile coeficientului de luminozitate , sunt prezentate n tabelul 3.3.
&RHILFLHQWXOGHPXUGULUHDVXSUDIHHORUHVWH
=0,7 0,9 combustibil gazos
=0,6 0,7 combustibil lichid
69
&XDFHVWHYDORULVHFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDIRFDUului:
af =
0,82 a
a + (1 a)
(3.101)
2 DOW FDUDFWHULVWLF D IRFDUXOXL HVWH IDFWRUXO GH SR]LLH D IOFULL vQ IRFDU
)DFWRUXOGHSR]LLHDIOFULLvQFDPHUDGHDUGHUHHVWHGDWGHUHODLD
M = a M bM
h
Hf
vQOLPHDGHDPSODVDUHDDU]WRUXOXLraportat lavQOLPHDFDPHUHL:
h
= 0,3 .
Hf
Hf
h
&XDFHVWHGDWHVHGHWHUPLQVXSUDIDDGHUDGLDLHDIRFDUXOXL
2
QR
3
SR =
5,765 10 8 Ma f T f Tt 3
Tt
1 1
T
M2
f
(m2)
(3.102)
'
$FHDVW VXSUDID YD IL GLIHULW GH S R GHWHUPLQDW vQ FDOFXOXO DSUR[LPDWLY
'DFGLIHUHQDHVWHPDLPDUHGHVHUHLDFDOFXOXOFXYDORULPRGLILFDWHSHQWUX Vf
LSper SHQWUXFDOFXOHPDLSUHFLVHDFHDVWGLIHUHQVHSRDWHLPSXQHODPD[
5H]XOWOXQJLPHDILQDODIRFDUXOXL
L=
S R ah
2(a + h)
FDUHQXWUHEXLHVGLIHUHGHFHDSUHOLPLQDUFXPDLPXOWGH5%.
70
(3.103)
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
t gm
6HLPSXQHYLWH]DGHFLUFXODLHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHvQOLPLWHOHw = 2 4 m/s.
6HFLXQHDGHFLUFXODLHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHYDIL
B Vg t gm + 273
S circ =
(m2)
(3.104)
w'
273
t f + t cos 0
=
( C ) este temperatura media a gazelor de ardere.
2
QOLPHDSUHOLPLQDUDGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLYYDIL
S
b' = circ
a
6HURWXQMHWHODvQWUHJLVHUHFDOFXOHD]YLWH]D
B Vg t gm + 273
w=
(3.105)
ba
273
- FRQGXFWLELOLWDWHDWHUPLF
[W/mK]
- QXPUXO3UDQGWO
Pr
'HDVHPHQHDVHGHWHUPLQQXPUXO3UDQGWOODWHPSHUDWXUDSHUHWHOXL3rp cu:
tp = tm +20 0C ; t m =
ti + t e
.
2
&RHILFLHQWXO GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU SULQ FRQYHFLH VH GHWHUPLQ XWLOL]kQd
UHODLLOHSUH]HQWDWHvQDQH[D pentru curgerea fluidelor transversal pe un fascicul de
HYLDH]DWvQOLQLHFRUidor).
n toate cazurile:
c = o
Nu
.
lc
(3.111)
71
2,142
pentru Re < 2300
b 0, 2
r
(3.112)
0 =
3,3 Re 0, 2
pentru Re > 2300
b 0, 26
5
r
(3.113)
unde br =
Curgerea
fluidelor
transversal pe un
rnd de
HYL
Curgerea
fluidelor
transversal pe un
fascicul
GHHYL
DH]DUH
coridor
l
este pasul relativ, cu l pas zig-zaguri.
b
P
Nu = 0,3 + Nu + Nu r
Pr
p
3
Nu l = 0,644 + Re Pr
2
l
lc =
de
2
de
lc =
2
2
t
0 ,12
(3.106)
(3.107)
0,037 Re 0,8 Pr
Nu t =
(3.108)
2
0 ,1
1 + 2,443 Re Pr 3 1
P
1 + (n 1)
Nu =
Nu1 r
Pr
n
p
b
0,3
0,7 a
= 1 1,5
2
b
+ 0,7
a
Re =
= 1
4a
10 < Re < 10 6
0,6 < Pr < 10 3
(3.109)
(3.110)
w lc
Re =
w lc
= 1
4a
pentru b1
m=0,25
pt.
inclzire fluid
m=0,11
pt.
U FLUHIOXLG
72
*de diametrul
exterior
al
conductei
*s1 pasul dintre
HYL
*a=s1/de
*la
gaze
se
nlocuieWH
(Pr/Prp)^0,25
cu
(Tmg/Tp)^0,12
*de diametrul
exterior
al
conductei
*s1
pasul
transversal
*s2
pasul
longitudinal
* a = s1/de
* b=s2/de
* n QXPUXO GH
rnduri
*la
gaze
se
vQORFXLHWH
(Pr/Prp)^0,25
cu
(Tmg/Tp)^0,12
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLDLHHVWHGHWHUPLQDWGHPULPLOH
- temperatura media a gazelor de ardere
Tgm = tgm + 273 (0C) ;
p RO2 , p H 2O ;
- SUHVLXQLOHSDULDOHDOHJazelor triatomice
-
4Vconv
S per conv
&RQVWDQWDGHUDGLDLHDJD]HORUHVWH
0,8 + 1,6 p H 2O
T
1 0,38 gm ( p H 2O + p RO2 )
kg =
1000
( p H 2O + p RO2 ) s
(3.114)
ag = 1 e
k g s
(3.115)
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLDLHVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHODLD
T 3, 6
1 p
Tgm
ap +1
3
r = 5,765 10 8
a g Tgm
(W/m2K)
(3.116)
2
Tp
1
T
gm
XQGH SHQWUX FRHILFLHQWXO GH DEVRUELH DO SHUHWHOXL GH RHO DO HYLL se poate considera
valoarea ap LSHQWUXWHPSHUDWXUDDEVROXWDSHUHWHOXLHYLL
T p = t am + 20 + 273
(K)
&RHILFLHQWXOGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUSHSDUWHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHYDIL
1 = c + r
Coeficientul 2 (pe partea apei) este mult mai mare (de ordinul miilor de
W/m K) n coPSDUDLHFX1 (de ordinul zecilor de W/m2K).
QDFHVWHFRQGLLLFRHILFLHQWXOJOREDOGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUNHVWHGDWGHUHODLD
(s-a neglijat 2 ):
2
kI =
1
2
1 + 1 (W/m K)
(3.117)
73
Viteza w (m/s)
109 (m2K/W)
3
5,233
6
3,837
9
2,791
12
2,093
Tabelul 3.9.
15
18
1,628
1,395
6HSRDWHXWLOL]DLUHODLDDQDOLWLF
= 11,2110 3 w 0,6474
(m2K/W)
tf
t m =
tmax
tma
tc
tmin
SC
t max t min )
t
ln max
t min
(3.118)
Fig. 3.8.
6XSUDIDDGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUDGrumului convectiv va fi:
Sc =
'
nc =
Qc
kt m
(3.119)
Sc
'
; Lc = s1 nc'
0,75 (b + a ) 2d e
74
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
Lf
s1
10
11
13
C2
2
C1
12
F
3
11
14
)LJ&D]DQDFYDWXEXODUGLQHOHPHQWHWLSFXGRXGUXPXULFRQYHFWLYH
(OHPHQWvQFKLGHUHVSDWH$U]WRU9L]RU
3URPRWRULGHWXUEXOHQ5DFRUGXULLQWUDUHLHLUHDSDFDOGvQFO]LUH5DFRUGGHHYDFXDUHJD]HGH
DUGHUHODFR,]RODLHWHUPLFLFDUFDVH[WHULRDU(DIRGDMGHVXVLQere.
(OHPHQWFXUHQW(OHPHQWvQFKLGHUHID
3ODWEDQGHGHHWDQDUHvQWUHHOHPHQWH'LVWULEXLWRU&ROHFWRU7HDF SHQWUXWHUPRVWDWH
75
6ROXLDFRQVWUXFWLYDDFHVWXLWLSGHFD]DQHVWHDVHPQWRDUHFXFHDSUH]HQWDW
n capitolul 3.3. Calculul termic al cazanelor acvatubulare din elemente tip cu
vQWRDUFHUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHvQIRFDULXQGUXPFRQYHFWLY cu deosebireaFIRFDUXO
estHFXVWUSXQJHUHvQSDUWHDVXSHULRDUVSDWHXQGHVHUHDOL]HD]LWUHFHUHDvQSULPXO
GUXP FRQYHFWLY 'XS FXP VH SRDWH REVHUYD vQ ILJXUD JD]HOH GH DUGHUH GXS FH
parcurg primul drum convectiv (CI DX SRVLELOLWDWHD V vQWRDUF L V WUHDF vQ DO
doilea drum convectiv (CIISULQVSDLXOOVDWOLEHUvQWUHHOHPHQteleID. In continuare
SDUFXUJGLQQRXOXQJLPHDFD]DQXOXLLVXQWHYDFXDWHODFR
$FHVWHFD]DQHIXQFLRQHD]FXJD]HQDWXUDOHVDXFXFRPEXVWLELOOLFKLGGDUSRW
IXQFLRQDLFXOHPQHEULFKHWHVDXFUEXQHVXSHULRUQDFHVWFD]vQORFXODU]WRUXOXL
VH PRQWHD] R X SHQWUXvQFUFDUHDIRFDUXOXLFXFRPEXVWLELOVROLG'HDVXSUDHYLORU
LQIHULRDUH DOH HOHPHQWHORU VH PRQWHD]XQJUWDUIL[VDXvQXQHOHFD]XULFKLDUHYLOH
innferioare ale cadreORU UHSUH]LQW JUWDUXO SODQ DO FD]DQXOXL /D SDUWHD LQIHULRDU VH
LQWURGXFFXWLLOHGHFROHFWDUHDFHQXLLFHQXDUXOFD]DQXOXL
&D]DQXO HVWH L]RODW WHUPLF FX YDW PLQHUDO L SURWHMDW OD H[WHULRU FX WDEO
VXELUH 6HRELQHDVWIHOXQFD]DQPRQREORFSHQtru care, modificnd dimensiunile de
JDEDULWDOHHOHPHQWHORUGLDPHWUXOHYLORULQXPUXOGHHOHPHQWH,VHSRWRELQHGLYHUVH
YDULDQWHGHVDUFLQLWHUPLFHGXSQHFHVLWL
'HL FRQVXPXO GH PDWHULDO L GH PDQRSHU SHQWUX H[HFXLD DFHVWRU WLSXUL GH
cazane este mare, se impune avantajul de a se putea introduce pe elemente, prin
VSDLLOHvQJXVWHLGHDVHPRQWDGLUHFWODORFXOGHIXQFLRQDUH
3.4.2. Tema de proiectare
Prin tema de proiectare se dau:
-Q
VDUFLQDWHUPLFDFD]DQXOXLvQN:
- te / ti WHPSHUDWXUDDSHLODLHLUHLQWUDUHvQFD]DQ0C sau 80/60 0C);
- QDWXUDLFRPSR]LLDFRPEXVWLELOXOXLOLFKLGVDXJD]RV
$FHVWH FD]DQH IXQFLRQHD] GH RELFHL FX VXSUDSUHVLXQH vQ IRFDU GHFL
FRHILFLHQWXOGHH[FHVGHDHUHVWHDFHODLSHQWUXIRFDUSHQWUXGUXPXULOHFRQYHFWLYHLOD
FR
= f = CI = CII = cos = 1,05 1,15 .
&RQIRUP LQGLFDLLORU GLQ FDSLWROXO VH HIHFWXHD] FDOFXOXO DUGHULL
FRPEXVWLELOXOXLLVHGHWHUPLQ Vo, Vgo, Hi, p H 2O , p RO2 LVHWUDVHD]GLDJrama I t
sau cp t.
76
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
&DOFXOXOUDQGDPHQWXOXLWHUPLFLDGHELWXOXLGHFRPEXVWLELO
PentUX FD]XO GH IXQFLRQDUH D FD]DQXOXL FX FRPEXVWLELO JD]RV VDX OLFKLG
SLHUGHUHD VSHFLILF GH FOGXU SULQ DUGHUH LQFRPSOHW GH QDWXU PHFDQLF L FHD SULQ
evacuarea produselor solide ale arderii din cazan sunt nule (qmec=0; qcen=0).
Pentru calculul randamentului pe cale indirectVHFDOFXOHD]
a. 3LHUGHUHDVSHFLILFGHFOGXUSULQHQWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODFR(qFR)
3HQWUXFD]XOGHIDcazan de DSFDOG,VHDGPLWHRWHPSHUDWXUODFRFHVH
SRDWHGHWHUPLQDFXUHODLDGHDSUR[LPDUH
t cos
ti + t e
+ (60 80) 0 C
2
(3.120)
IFR = f (tFR, )
Entalpia aerului teoretic nHFHVDU DUGHULL VH GHWHUPLQ ODWHPSHUDWXUDDPELDQW
ta=20 C
I ao = Vo c pa t a
(3.121)
0
5H]XOWYDORDUHDSLHUGHULLVSHFLILFHGHFOGXUSULQHQWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHOD
qcos =
1
( I cos I ao )
Hi
(3.122)
b. 3LHUGHUHDVSHFLILFSULQDUGHUHDLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF(q inc)
Q FDGUXO FDOFXOHORU GH SURLHFWDUH GDWRULW SHUIRUPDQHORU GH IXQFLonare ale
DU]WRDUHORU PRGHUQH VH DGPLWH R SLHUGHUH SULQ DUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF
de ordinul:
(3.123)
qch = 0,001 0,005
c). 3LHUGHUHDVSHFLILFSULQSHUHLi exteriori ai cazanului (qext):
Q FDGUXO FDOFXOHORU GH SURLHFWDUH SHQWUX FD]DQH UHODWLY PLFL vQ IXQFLH GH
JUDGXOGRULWGHL]RODLHWHUPLFDFD]DQXOXLVHSRDWHDOHJe o valoare:
(3.124)
qext = 0,005 0,015
d. Randamentul cazanului
6HFDOFXOHD]FXUHODLD
= 1 (qcos + qch + qext ) ; % = 100
77
(3.125)
e. Consumul de combustibil
Deoarece qmec = 0; B*= B;
B=
Q
Hi
(3.126)
3.4.4. BilDQXOGHDQVDPEOXDOFD]DQXOXL
)OX[XOGHFOGXUXWLODOFD]DQXOXL
)OX[XOGHFOGXUDGXVGHFRPEXVWLELO
Q.
Qc = BH i
)OX[XOGHFOGXUDGXVFXDHUXOGHDUGHUHLGHLQILOWUDUH
Qa = BVoc pata
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWODFR
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWSULQ
DUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWFKLPLF
Qcos = BI cos
Qinc = qch BH i
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWVSUHH[WHULRU
Qext = qext BH i
5H]XOWWDEHOXOGHELODQ
Combustibil pierderi
Qc
Qa
- QFR
- Qinc
- Qext
Tabelul 3.10
Util
Q = Q'
Q = Q"
FR
+ B Vocpata); deci
FR
(3.127)
'DFHURDUHDHVWHPDLPDUHHVWHRJUHHDOGHFDOFXO
&DOFXOXOWHPSHUDWXULORULHQWDOSLLORUJD]HORUGHDUGHUHSHWUDVHX
(QWDOSLDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUHVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHODLD
78
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
I t = H i (1 qch ) + f V0 c pa t a
(3.128)
apoi se determinWHPSHUDWXUDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUHGLQGLDJUDPD,-t: t t = f ( I t , f ) .
6HDOHJHWHPSHUDWXUDODFDSWXOIRFDUXOXL
tf = 700 900 oC,
YDORULOHDFHVWHDILLQGQRUPDOHSHQWUXFD]DQHFXGRXGUXPXULFRQYHFWLYH
Din diagrama I-WVHGHWHUPLQHQWDOSLDJD]HORUODFDSWXOIRFDUXOXLIf=f(tf,).
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWSULQUDGLDLHvQIRFDUYDIL
QR = (1 qext ) B( I t I f ) (kW)
(3.129)
)OX[XOGHFOGXUFDUHVHSUHLDvQVLVWHPXOFRQYHFWLYvQDQVDPEOXYDIL
Qc = Q QR
(3.130)
6LVWHPXOFRQYHFWLYHVWHvPSULWvQGRXGUXPXULGHJD]HGHDUGHUHDVWIHO
Qc = QCI + QCII .
(3.131)
Se admite:
I CII = I CI
QCII
B(1 qext )
I cos
(3.133)
(3.134)
QFKLGHUHDELODQXOXLLPSXQH
ICII IFRL tCII tFR
79
LVHDGPLWHURULOHUHODWLYH
I Ic
I = cos
100
I t I cos
L
t =
t cos tc
tt t cos
(3.135)
100
(3.136)
(URULPDLPDULLQGLFRJUHHDOGHFDOFXOQILQDOVHvQWRFPHWHWDEHOXO
6XSUDIDD
)OX[GHFOGXU
Focar
Convectiv I Q C
Convectiv II Q C
II
QR
QcI
QcII
Tabelul 3.11.
Temperatura gazelor
intrare
LHLUH
tt
tf
tCI
tf
tCI
tFR
%LODQXOJUDILFDOFD]DQXOXL
'HELWHOHGHFOGXUGLQWDEHOHOHLVHWUDQVSXQJUDILFODVFDUGXS
modelul general prezentat n capitolul 2 fig. 2.3. (cu B*=B; QSI=QPA=0; Qec=0;
qmec Lqcen=0).
3.4.7. Calculul termic al focarului
)RFDUXOGHWLSFDPHUDUHXUPWRDUHOHGLPHQVLXQLFRQIRUPILJ
$FHVWFDOFXODUHFDVFRSGHWHUPLQDUHDVXSUDIHHLGHUDGLDLH6RFDSDELOVSUHLD
debitul de cOGXU UDGLDQW 4R. Deoarece n calcul intervine gradul de ecranare
= SR
S per
LOXQJLPHDGHUDGLDLHHVWHQHFHVDUXQFDOFXOLQWHUDWLY,QLLDOVHDGPLWHR
YDORDUHRULHQWDWLY6RFDUHYDILFRPSDUDWFXFHDILQDOSR.
80
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
4
h
s1
SRSRDWHILDSUHFLDWSULQGRXPHWRGH
a) 6HDGPLWHXQIOX[XQLWDUUDGLDQWvQFUFDUHWHUPLFVSHFLILF
qR=3050 kW/m2
astfHOFUH]ultRYORDUHSUHOLPLQDUDVXSUDIHHLGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUDIRFarului:
Q
S R ' = R (m2)
(3.137)
qR
E6HGHWHUPLQVXSUDIDDSUHOLPLQDUGHUDGLDLHvQIRFDUFXUHODLD
'
SR =
cu
QR
T 4 T 4
f
p
5,765
100 100
ti + t e
2
Tp=tma+20+273 (oK)
t ma =
a = 400800 mm L
h
= 1,2 1,5.
a
(m2)
(3.138)
XQGH SHQWUX WHPSHUDWXUD SHUHWHOXL HYLL V-D DGPLV R WHPSHUDWXU FX 0C mai mare
dect temperatura fluidului interior.
Pentru alegerea dimensiunilor focarului se admitXUPWRDUHOHYDORUL:
81
(m2)
s = 3,6
Vf
(m)
S per
(3.141)
6HFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGLQIRFDU
kg =
0,8 + 1,6 p H 2O
( p H 2O
1 0,38 f ( p H 2O + p RO2 )
1000
+ p RO2 ) s
(3.142)
6HFDOFXOHD]FRHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUELHDOJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGLQIRFDU
ag = 1 e
kg s
(3.143)
&DUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDIOFULLVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHODLDGHDSUR[LPDUH
k fl = 1,6
Tf
1000
0,5
(3.144)
LFRHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUELHDOIOFULLFXUHODLD
a fl = 1 e
k fl s
(3.145)
3RQGHUHDDEVRUELHLIOFULLFXFHDDPHGLXOXLUDGLDQWGHJD]HGHDUGHUHVHIDFH,
GXSFULWHULLH[SHULPHQWDOHFRQVLGHUkQGRSURSRULH GLQYROXPXOIRFDUXOXLRFXSDW
GHSDUWHDOXPLQRDVDIOFULL - coeficient de luminozitate).
&RHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUELHDOIOFULLLJD]HORUGHDUGHUHYDIL
a = a fl + (1 ) a g
cu
= 0,20,4 SHQWUXIODFUGHFRPEXVWLELOJD]RV
= 0,6
SHQWUXIODFUSURGXVGHFRPEXVWLELOOLFKLG
(3.146)
(3.147)
82
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
af =
0,82 a
a + (1 a)
(3.148)
2DOWFDUDFWHULVWLFDIRFDUXOXLIDFWRUXOGHSR]LLHDIOFULLvQIRFDU
M = a M bM
cu:
h*
Hf
(3.149)
aM = 0,52
bM = 0,3
h vQOLPHDGHSODVDUHDDU]WRDrelor h* =
Hf
2
Hf vQOLPHDWRWDODIRFDUXOXL
Hf
h
&XDFHVWHGDWHVHGHWHUPLQVXSUDIDDGHUDGLDLHDIRFDUXOXL
SR =
QR
3
5,765 10 8 Ma f T f Tt 3
Tt
1 1
Tf
M2
(m2)
(3.150)
L
N f = INT + 1
s
(3.151)
83
- FRQGXFWLELOLWDWHDWHUPLF
(W/mK)
- criteriul Prandtl
Pr
&XUJHUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHVHIDFHWUDQVYHUVDOSHXQLUGHHYLDH]DWHvQlinie.
QDFHVWFD]OXQJLPHDFDUDFWHULVWLFHVWH:
lc =
de
.
2
(3.153)
Se calcuOHD] PDL vQWkL FULWHULXO 1XVVHOW SHQWUX FXUJHUHD JD]HORU GH DUGHUH
WUDQVYHUVDOSHXQUkQGGHHYL
T
Nu1 = 0,3 + Nu l2 + Nu t2 m
T
p
d e
WI l c
cu Re =
L = 1
;
4s1
0,12
84
(3.154)
(3.155)
(3.156)
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
Cu
Tp =
t e + ti
+ 20 + 273 (K)
2
(3.157)
Nu =
cu
1 + ( N f 1)
Nf
T
Nu1 m
Tp
0 ,12
(3.158)
bI
0,3
s
0,7 1
= 1 1,5
2
b
I 0,7
s
c =
n toate cazurile:
(3.159)
Nu
lc
(3.160)
&RHILFLHQWXO GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU SULQ UDGLDLH este determinat de parametrii:
p H 2O , p RO2 , Tgm LJURVLPHDVWUDWXOXLUDGLDQWs:
s
b
s = 1,87 1 + I 4,1 d e
d
e de
(m)
(3.161)
&RQVWDQWDGHUDGLDLHDJD]HORUHVWH
kg =
0,8 + 1,6 p H 2O
(p
H 2O
1 0,38 gm (p H 2O + p RO2 )
1000
+ p RO2 ) s
(3.162)
ag = 1 e
k g s
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLDLHVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHODLD
T 3, 6
1 p
Tgm
ap +1
8
3
a g Tgm
r = 5,765 10
(W/m2K)
(3.163)
2
Tp
1
Tgm
XQGH SHQWUX FRHILFLHQWXO GH DEVRUELH DO SHUHWHOXL GH RHO se ia valoarea ap L
SHQWUXWHPSHUDWXUDDEVROXWDSHUHWHOXLHYLL
T p = t ma + 20 + 273 (0K)
(3.164)
85
g = c+r.
Coeficientul
VFKLPEGHFOGXU:
tf
kI =
tcI
tmin
SC
1 + g
de
(3.165)
tmax
tma
global
'LIHUHQD
PHGLH
WHPSHUDWXULORU VH FDOFXOHD]
UHODLD
S
t mI =
D
cu
(t f t ma ) (t CI t ma )
t f t ma
ln
t CI t ma
QILQDOVXSUDIDDGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUDGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLY,VHGHWHUPLQFX
UHODLD
S cI =
QcI
k I tmI
(3.166)
(3.167)
6HGHWHUPLQQXPUXOGHHOHPHQWHvQFRQYHFWLY
N CI =
S CI
S1el
(3.168)
86
&$/&8/8/7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
De obicei tgm < 400 0& L vQ DFHVW FD] r 0 ceea ce nVHDPQ F VH SRDWH
neglija.
c
(t CI t ma ) (t cos t ma )
L t mII =
(3.169)
Deci: k II =
t CI t ma
1 + c
ln
t cos t ma
t
tcI
tma
tcII
tmin
SC
6HGHWHUPLQ
S CII =
QCII
k II t mII
(3.170)
S1*el = 2d e (a + bII 2d e ) .
(3.171)
N CII =
S CII
*
S1el
(3.172)
NCL1f.
E 'DF Nc Nf VH FDOFXOHD] VXSUDIDD GH UDGLDLH SHQWUX XQ HOHPHQW DO
focarului.
87
S1fel = (d + s1 )(a + h) 2
(3.174)
6HFDOFXOHD]XQQXPUGHHOHPHQWHFRPXQSHQWUXRPHGLHSRQGHUDW:
N=
(3.175)
88
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
PRINCIPALELE ELEMENTE
COMPONENTE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
HYLQHUYXUDWH
focar;
DU]WRDUHDXWRDVSLUDQWH
LQWUDUHLHLUHSFDOGvQFO]LUH
SLHVGHHYDFXUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUH
cu rupere de presiune.
D
d
89
3HQWUX RE LQHUHD XQHL VROX LL LHIWLQH VH DGRSW VLVWHPXO GH DUGHUH FX DU]WRU
atmosIHULF 6XE DFHDVW GHQXPLUH VH vQ HOHJH DU]WRUXO GH JD] QDWXUDO FX DHU
DXWRDVSLUDW SULQ HMHF LH 'HRDUFHFH SULQ HMHF LH QX VH SRDWH DVSLUD PDL PXOW GH RUL
volumul de gaz combustibil, restul aerului de ardere se introduce ca aer secundar
aspirat prin depresiune n camera de ardere din mediul ambiant. Pentru un exces de
DHUX]XDOGH. UH]XOFWUHEXLHDVSLUDWFDDHUVHFXQGDUXQYROXPGHFFDRUL
volumul de gaz combustibil.
$FHVW VLVWHP GH IXQF LRQDUH LPSXQH H[LVWHQ D XQHL GHSUHVLXQL VXILFLHQte n
IRFDUSHQWUXRDEVRE LHGHDHU'HSUHVLXQHDVHFUHLD]SULQautotirajul drumului de
gazeDOFD]DQXOXLQILJXUDVHSUH]LQWVFKHPDIXQF LRQDO
hfvQO LPHIRFDU
temperatura tfGHQVLWDWHJD]Hgf
H net = g h f ( o gf )+ g hc ( o gc )+ g he ( o ge ) p pi pe
XQGHSLHUGHULOHGHVDUFLQS sunt:
p SLHUGHUHGHVDUFLQvQIDVFLFROXOGH HYLQHUYXUDWHDOHFRQYHFWLYXOXL
pL SLHUGHUHGHVDUFLQORFDOHODLQWUDUHDDHUXOXi;
pH SLHUGHUHGHVDUFLQORFDOHODHYDFXDUHDJD]HORU
'HSUHVLXQHD HIHFWLY OD ED]D FD]DQXOXL WUHEXLH V ILH GH FFD 3DLVVH
PHQ LQ SH FkW SRVLELO FRQVWDQW SHQWUX D QX IL IOXFWXD LL PDUL GH H[FHV GH DHU vQ
WLPSXOIXQF LRQULL$FHVWDHVWHLPRWLYXOSHQWUXFDUHODLHLUHDgazelor de ardere din
90
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
FD]DQ VH IDFH R UXSHUH GH SUHVLXQH SHQWUX FD WLUDMXO FRXOXL YDULDELO FX WHPSHUDWXUD
H[WHULRDUVQXLQIOXHQ H]HGHSUHVLXQHDGLQFD]DQ
$U]WRUXOHVWHIRUPDWGLQWU-XQJUXSGHHOHPHQWHGHDU]WRUDWPRVIHULFDVIHOF
Y]XWGHVXVIODFUDDSDUHFDXQFRYRUGHPLFLIOFULLQGLYLGXDOHFDUHVHXQHVFvQWU-o
]RQGHDUGHUHFRPXQFXVXSUDID DHJDOSUDFWLFFXVHF LXQHDFDPHUHLGHDUGHUH
Pentru a rezista temperaturilor nalte din camera de ardere, aceasta este
FSWXLWLQWHULRUFXSOFLGHILEUFHUDPLFUH]LVWHQWODWHPSHUDWXULvQDOWH0C).
Q FRQWLQXDUHD FDPHUHL GH DUGHUH SH YHUWLFDO VH JVHWH IDVFLFROXO GH HYL
nervurate care are rolul de sistem convectiv al cazanului. n acest convectiv, gazele de
DUGHUH FHGHD] DSHL FOGXUD vQ LQWHUYDOXO GH WHPSHUDWXUL GH OD WHPSHUDWXUD FDSWXOXL
camerei de ardere tf la temperatura de la evacuare te HYLOH QHUYXUDWH FDUH
DOFWXLHVF VLVWHPXO FRQYHFWLY VXQW FRQIHF LRQDWH GH RELFHL GLQ FXSUX FX nervuri de
WDEOGHDOXPLQLXQXQHOHVROX LLILHFDUH HDYDUHQHUYXULFLUFXODUHvQDOWHVROX LLFkWH
GRX HYL DX QHUYXUL GUHSWXQJKLXODUH FRPXQH 6ROX LD WHKQLF GH QHUYXUDUH QX
LQIOXHQ HD]PXOWFDUDFWHULVWLFLOHGHIXQF LRQDUHGHDFHLDvQFDOFXOHVHLDILHFDUH DY
FXQHUYXUDFLUFXODUFDUH-LUHYLQHGLQSXQFWXOGHYHGHUHDOWUDQVIHUXOXLGHFOGXU
D
d
h
ILJ'LPHQVLXQL HDYDULSDW
3ULQFLSDOHOHGLPHQVLXQLJHRPHWULFHDSDUSHILJXU
GLDPHWUXOH[WHULRUDO HYLLG
diametrul exterior al nervurii D
vQO LPHDQHUYXULLK '-d)/2
grosimea nervurii g
pasul de nervurare s
91
*D]HOH VXQW HYDFXDWH OD FR SULQWU-un dispozitiv de rupere de presiune. Acest
GLVSR]LWLYFRQVLVWvQWU-RKRWvQFDUHJD]HOHGHDUGHUHLHVOLEHUGLQWX XOGHHYDFXDUH
DO FD]DQXOXL 'DWRULW FRPXQLFULL FX DWPRVIHUD D FDSWXOXL OLEHU GLQ WX XO GH
HYDFXDUH DLFL VH LQVWDOHD] SUHVLXQHD VWDWLF DPELDQW L WLUDMXO FRXOXL QX PDL DUH
nici-RLQIOXHQ DVXSUDUHJLPXOXLGHSUHVLXQLGLQFD]DQ
Apa cald SURGXV GH FD]DQ LQWU GH OD UHWXUXO LQVWDOD LHL GH vQFO]LUH OD
FDSWXOLQIHULRUDOEDWHULHLQHUYXUDWHLSHPVXUFHSDUFXUJH HYLOHVHvQFO]HWH$SD
FDOGHVWHFROHFWDWODSDUWHDVXSHULRDUDFD]DQXOXLLWULPLVODFRQVXPDWRUL
Cazanul este i]RODW WHUPLF FX YDW PLQHUDO L SURWHMDW OD H[WHULRU FX WDEO
VXE LUH6HRE LQHDVWIHOXQFD]DQPRQREORFFXGLPHQVLXQLUHGXVHvQUDSRUWFXVDUFLQD
WHUPLFSURGXV
3.5.2. Tema de proiectare
-
qcos =
1
( I cos I a 0 )
Hi
(3.176)
92
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
ti + t e
+ (60 80) 0 C
2
LGLQGLDJUDPD,WVHGHWHUPLQI .
t cos =
(3.177)
Pentru temperatura aerului (ta 20 0& VH FDOFXOHD] HQWDOSLD DHUXOXL WHRUHWLF
necesar arderii :
FR
I ao = Vo c pa ta
(3.178)
(3.179)
Debitul de combustibil va fi :
B=
Q
( m3 / s )
N
Hi
(3.180)
3.5.%LODQ XOGHDQVDPEOXDOFD]DQXOXL
)OX[XOGHFOGXUXWLODOFD]DQXOXLHVWH
)OX[XOGHFOGXUDGXVGHFRPEXVWLELO
)X[XOGHFOGXUDGXVGHDHUXOGHDUGHUH
)X[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWODFR
93
Q;
Qcomb = B Hi ;
Qa = B Vo cpa ta ;
Q =BI ;
FR
FR
Fluxuri utile
Qcomb
Qa
-Q
- Qinc
- Qext
Q = Q'
FR
Q = Q''
(URDUHDUHODWLY
Q'Q"
Q'
100 < 1%
(3.181)
'LQ WDEHOXO VH SRDWH VFULH VXE IRUP H[SOLFLW SLHUGHUHD GH FOGXU OD
evacuare a gazelor:
- Qev = - q BHi = - BI
FR
FR
+ BVocpata = - Q
FR
+ Qa .
(3.182)
I t = H i (1 qch ) + V0 c pa t a
(3.183)
tt = f ( I t , )
.
6HLPSXQHDOHJHWHPSHUDWXUDODLHLUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGLQIRFDU
tf = 900 1100 0C .
Aceste valorile ULGLFDWH GH WHPSHUDWXUD OD VIkULWXO IRFDUXOXL sunt specifice
FD]DQHORUFXIRFDUHIRDUWHSX LQUFLWH/DDFHVWHFD]DQHVXSUDID DGHUDGLD LH n focar
HVWH VXSUDID D VHF LXQLL VXSHULRDUH D FDPHUHL GH DUGHUH XQGH SDUWHD LQIHULRDU D
IDVFLFROXOXLFRQYHFWLYSULPHWHFOGXULSULQUDGLD LH
Din diagrama I WVHGHWHUPLQHQWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLHLUHDGLQIRFDU
94
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
I f = f (t f , )
(3.184)
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWSULQUDGLD LHvQIRFDUYDIL
QR = (1 qext ) B ( I t I f )
(kW)
(3.185)
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWGHVLVWHPXOFRQYHFWLYYDIL
Qc = Q QR ,
(3.186)
Ic = I f
Qc
(1 qext ) B
(3.187)
LGLQGLDJUDPD,WUH]XOWWHPSHUDWXUD
t c = f ( I c , )
(3.188)
QFKLGHUHDELODQ XOXLLPSXQHIc I
I =
L
t =
FR
L tc t LVHDGPLWHURULOHUHODWLYH
FR
I cos I c
100 maxim 0,5%
I t I cos
t cos tc
tt t cos
(3.189)
3.5.%LODQ XOJUDILFDOFD]DQXOXL
'HELWHOH GH FOGXU Qcomb, QR, Qc, Qa L IOX[XULOH SLHUGXWH Q , Qinc, Qext se
WUDQVSXQJUDILFDOVFDUFDvQILJXUDFXB* = B; Qpa = 0; Qsfc = 0; Qsi = 0; Qec =
0; qmec Lqcen = 0) .
FR
95
g = 0,8 1,2 mm
s = g + (1,5 2,5) mm
uzual g = 1 mm
uzual s = 3 mm
S1c =
B (V go + ( 1) Vo ) t gm + 273
273
wg
[m2]
(3.190)
D
d
$liber / Scanal
s
Scanal = Sliber
Fig. 3.14.
96
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
[m]
(3.191)
S1
b
(3.192)
a
b
N1
d
D
s
SR = b a .
(3.193)
Sper
97
- volumul focarului
-VXSUDID DSHUH LORU
Vf = a b hf
S per = 2 (a + b ) h f + 2 a b
SR
S per
Vf
s = 3,6
S per
- gradul de ecranare
- grosimea stratului radiant :
focar:
SR = a b
(m)
6H FDOFXOHD] vQ FRQWLQXDUH FDUDFWHULVWLFD UDGLDQW D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH GLQ
kg =
0,8 + 1,6 p H 2O
( p H 2O
1 0,38 f ( p H 2O + p RO2 )
1000
+ p RO2 ) s
(3.194)
ag = 1 e
k g s
(3.195)
6HFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDIOFULLFXUHOD LDDSUR[LPDWLY
k fl = 1,6
Tf
1000
0,5
(3.196)
a fl = 1 e
k fl s
(3.197)
3RQGHUHDDEVRUE LHLIOFULLFXFHDDPHGLXOXLUDGLDQWGHJD]HGHDUGHUHVHIDFH
GXSFULWHULLexperimentale, considernd o pondere DSU LLOXPLQRDVHDIOFULL
3HQWUXIOFULSX LQOXPLQRDVHGHFRPEXVWLELOJD]RV
CoeficieQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOIOFULORULJD]HORUGHDUGHUHHVWHGDWGHUHOD LD
a = a fl + (1 ) a g
(3.198)
&RHILFLHQWXOGHPXUGULUHDVXSUDIH HORUHVWH
=0,7 0,9 combustibil gazos
&XDFHVWHYDORULVHFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWD focarului :
af =
0,82 a
a + (1 a)
(3.199)
98
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
2 DOW FDUDFWHULVWLF D IRFDUXOXL HVWH IDFWRUXO GH SR]L LH D IOFULL vQ IRFDU
pentru combustibil lichid sau gazos :
M = a M bM
h
Hf
(3.200)
XQGHSHQWUXIRFDUHYHUWLFDOHFXIODFUSHVXSUDID DLQIHULRDU
aM=0,54; bM=0,2; h/Hf = 0,2
&XDFHVWHGDWHVHGHWHUPLQWHPSHUDXUDGHODFDSWXOIRFDUXOXL
Tf =
Tt
Co a f Tt 3 S R
M
(1 qinc )B V g c p
[oK]
0, 6
(3.201)
+1
tf = Tf -273 [oC]
$FHDVWWHPSHUDXWUYDILGLIHULWGHWf DOHDVvQFDOFXOXOGHDSUR[LPDUH'DF
GLIHUHQ DHVWHPDLPDUHGHFFD.VHUHLDFDOFXOXOFXYDORDUHDWfUH]XOWDDW
GLQ FDOFXOXO ILQDO 'DF HURDUHD HVWH PDL PLF VH FRQWLQX FDOFXOXO FX WHmperatura
focarului tfUH]XOWDWGLQFDOFXOGDUQXVHPDLUHLDFDOFXOXOWUDQVIHUXOXLGHFOGXUOD
VXSUDID DGHUDGLD LH
3.5.9. Calculul termic al drumului convectiv
'UXPXO FRQYHFWLY HVWH GHWHUPLQDW GLQ FDOFXOHOH DQWHULRDUH SULQ XUPWRULL
parametrii :
Qc
GHELWXOGHFOGXUFHGDWGHJD]HOHGHDUGHUHN:
tf
WHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLQWUDUHvQ HYL0C) ;
t
WHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLHLUHDGLQ HYLODFR
te/ti
temperatura apei (0C) .
FR
Deoarece temperatura la FDSWXO IRFDUXOXL V-D PRGLILFDW ID GH FHD DOHDV
LQL LDO vQ FDOFXOHOH GH ELODQ VH UHFDOFXOHD] IOX[XO GH FOGXU SUHOXDW GH VLVWHPXO
convectiv.
Din diagrama I WVHGHWHUPLQHQWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLHLUHDGLQIRFDU
I f = f (t f , ) .
(3.202)
99
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWSULQUDGLD LHvQIRFDUYDIL
QR = (1 qext ) B ( I t I f )
(kW)
(3.203)
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWGHVLVWHPXOFRQYHFWLYYDIL
Qc = Q QR ,
(kW)
(3.204)
6FKLPEXOGHFDOGXUFRQYHFWLYvQWUHJD]HOHGHDUGHUHLDSVHIDFHFXREDWHULH
FX HYLQHUYXUDWHDDFXPV-DSUH]HQWDWvQGHVFULHUHDVROX LHLFRQVWUXFWLYHDFD]DQXOXL
&XPVHFXQRDWHGLQWHRULDJHQHUDODVFKLPEWRDUHORUGHFOGXUVROX LDFRQVWUXFWLY
GH H[WLQGHUH D VXSUDIH HL GH WUDQVIHU GH FOGXU SH SDUWHD JD]HORU GH DUGHUH SULQ
QHUYXUDUHVHDSOLFSHQWUXDFRPSHQVDvQWU-RRDUHFDUHPVXUUDSRUWXOGHIDYRUDELOFDUH
H[LVWvQWUHFRHILFLHQWXOGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXU de la gaze fa de cel de la ap.
Nervurile, circularH SWUDWH VDX GUHSWXQJKLXODUH VXQW GLVSXVH HFKLGLVWDQW SH
H[WHULRUXO HYLLVXEIRUPGHGLVFXUL'LPHQVLXQLOHX]XDOHDOH HYLORULQHUYXULORUV-au
ales n calculul de predimensionare.
Cotirea evilor se face prin coturi nenervurate, n exteriorul sec iunii de trecere a
gazelor de ardere.
Numrul de rnduri de evi vQ GLUHF LD GH FXUJHUH D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH 12 se
stabilete prin calculul termic al suprafe ei de transfer de cldur necesar.
Ecua ia de WUDQVIHUGHFOGXU este:
(3.205)
unde :
)/ 2.
FR
3HQWUXWHPSHUDWXULOHPHGLLDOHDJHQ LORUWHUPLFLVHGHWHUPLQFOGXULOHVSHFLILFH
cpaer si capaGLQDQH[HVDXGLQUHOD LLOHGHUHJUHVLHSUH]HQWDWHvQDQH[HOHUHVSHFWLYH
Debitul de ap FDUHSDUFXUJH HYLOHeste:
100
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
G=
Q
capa (te ti )
[kg/s]
(3.206)
wapa =
4G
apa (N1 d i2 )
[m/s]
(3.207)
Deoarece s-au facut rotunjiri care afecteaz viteza de curgere a gazelor de ardere,
aceasta se recalculeaz:
wg =
273
S1c
[m/s]
(3.208)
#g ;
g ;
Prg .
101
Re g =
wg s
(3.209)
P
Nu g = 0,104 Re 0, 72 nerv
g
d
e
0,54
P
nerv
H
nerv
0,14
(3.210)
Nu g = 0,096 Re
0 , 72
g
P
nerv
d
e
0,54
P
nerv
H
nerv
0,14
(3.211)
Nug g
Pnerv
W
m2 K
(3.212)
XD =
Dnerv
de
(3.213)
si
102
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
2 *
g
X I = H nerv
nerv Bnerv
0,5
(3.214)
(3.215)
A = 0,8 - 0,05 (X D 2 )
0,797
B = 0,363 + 0,14 (X D 2)
-0,631
C = 0,525 - 0,071 (X D 2)
2,359
nerv = A B (X I 0,8)
C
(3.216)
A = 1
B = 0,295 + 0,066 (X D 2 )
0,71
C = 1,737 - 0,093 (X D 2 )
1,13
nerv = A B (X I )
C
S nerv = 2
2
(D nerv d e2 )
[m ]
2
(3.217)
- suprafa a lis a evii pe partea gazelor de ardere ntre dou nervuri este:
Sl = (Pnerv Bnerv ) d e
[m ]
2
103
(3.218)
- suprafa a total pe un pas este suma celor dou suprafe e anterior calculate:
Stot = S nerv + Sl
[m ]
2
(3.219)
nerv S nerv+ Sl
Stot
W
m2 K
(3.220)
= per + p
per
p
m2 K
(3.221)
104
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
- viscozitatea cinematic,
- conductibilitatea termic,
- criteriul Prandtl,
#apa ;
apa ;
Prapa .
Reapa =
wapa d i
(3.222)
apa
n func ie de valoarea ob inut pentru Reapa se aplic una din XUPWRUHOH rela ii
criteriale:
pentru Rea > 10000
Nu apa = 0 .024 Re 0 ,8 Pr 0 ,4
(3.223)
Nu apa = 0.024 Re 0 ,8 Pr 0 ,4 Re
unde
(3.224)
Nuapa
d
0 ,0688 i Rea Pra
Lt
= 3,65 +
0 ,66
di
(3.225)
apa =
Nu apa apa
di
W
m2 K
105
(3.226)
2
(D 2 d 2 ) + d (s g )
4
(3.227)
[m2]
(3.228)
K apa =
1
1
apa
1
+
S aer
aer
S apa
W
m2 K
(3.229)
Kg =
1
1
apa
Sg
1
+
S
apa g
W
m2 K
(3. 230)
106
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
tf
tmax
tcos
tmin
te
ti
SC
t m cc =
t max t min
t
ln max
t min
[ C]
o
(3.231)
6XSUDID DVLVWHPXOXLFRQYHFWLYUH]XOW
Sbat =
Qc
K g t mcc
[m ]
2
(3.232)
Wg = D g c g
unde Dg [m3N/s] este debitul volumic de gaze de ardere ; Dg=B Vg
unde Dapa>NJV@HVWHGHELWXOPDVLFGHDS.
(3.233)
Wrap=Wmin/Wmax.
107
NTC g =
K g Sbat
K g Sbat
L NTC apa =
Wg
Wapa
(3.235)
B = 1 e
W
NTC max min
Wmax
L = 1 e
W
B max
W
min
(3.236)
B = 1 e ( NTCmax )
Wmax
L =
Wmin
B min
W
1 e max
(3.237)
S apa =
Qc
K apa t mcc
(3.238)
Deorace s-a ales suprafa a de control interiorul evilor (suprafa a pe partea apei),
coeficientul global de transfer de cldur va fi:
K apa =
apa
UHOD LD
W
m2 K
(3.239)
Sg
S apa
108
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
S apa =
Qc (te ti )
K apa NTCapa
[m ]
2
(3.240)
Lteava =
S apa
di
[m]
(3.241)
N rand =
Lteava
a N1
(3.242)
FDUHVHURWXQMHWHODYDORDUHDvQWUHDJVXSHULRDU
Dac se alege ca suprafa de control exteriorul evilor (suprafa a extins, pe
partea gazelor de ardere), pentru care s-a calculat coeficientul global de transfer de
cldur Kg :
Sg =
Qc (t f tcos )
K g NTC g
[m ]
2
(3.243)
Lteava =
Sg
Sg
Pnerv
[m]
(3.244)
N rand =
Lteava
a N1
(3.245)
109
s2
2
3
s1
'HWDOLXGHDH]DUHDHYLORUvQHLFKLHU
orizontale convectiveIRFDUDU]WRDUHDXWRDVSLUDQWHLQWUDUHLHLUHaS
; 5. pieVGHHYDFXUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHFXUXSHUHGHSUHVLXQH
HYL
&D]DQHOH VXQW GHVWLQDWH SURGXFHULL GH DS FDOG te/ti = 90/70 oC pentru
vQFO]LUH Uneori, pentru puteri relativ mici vQ DFHLDL FDUFDV FX FD]DQXO VH
DPSODVHD] SRPSD GH FLUFXOD LH D DJHQWXOXL WHUPLF YDVXO GH H[SDQVLXQH vQFKLV L XQ
VFKLPEWRU GH FOGXU FX SOFL SHQWUX Sroducerea apei calde de consum. Pentru
RE LQHUHD XQHL VROX LL LHIWLQH VH DGRSW VLVWHPXO GH DUGHUH FX DU]WRU autoaspirant
(atmosferic) 6XE DFHDVW GHQXPLUH VH vQ HOHJHDU]WRUXOpentru combustibil gazos
cu aer primar de ardere DXWRDVSLUDW SULQ HMHF LH 'HRDUFHFH SULQ HMHF LH QX VH SRDWH
FDOG vQF O]LUH
110
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
aspira mai mult de 4 ori volumul de gaz combustibil, restul aerului de ardere se
introduce ca aer secundar aspirat din mediul ambiant prin depresiuneD UHDOL]DW n
camera de ardere. Pentru un exces de aer uzual, pentru acest tip de cazane, . = 1,4
UH]XOW F WUHEXLH DVSLUDW FD DHU VHFXQGDU XQ YROXP GH FFD RUL YROXPXO GH JD]
combustibil.
$FHVW VLVWHP GH IXQF LRQDUH LPSXQH H[LVWHQ D unei depresiuni suficiente n
focar pentru absorE La de aer de ardere 'HSUHVLXQHD VH FUHLD] SULQ autotirajul
drumului de gaze DO FD]DQXOXL L SULQ FRXO OD FDUH HVWH UDFRUGDW 8QHRUL WLUDMXO HVWH
DFWLYDWGHXQH[KDXVWRUGDFvQO LPHDFRXOXLQXHVWHVXIicient de mare. Este de aceia
QHFHVDU V VH IDF XQ FDOFXO JD]RGLQDPLF ULJXURV DO FD]DQXOXL SHQWUX WRDWH FRQGL LLOH
posibile de fuQF LRQDUH
$U]WRUXOHVWHIRUPDWGLQWU-XQJUXSGHHOHPHQWHGHDU]WRUDWPRVIHULFDVIHOF
Y]XWGHVXVIODFUDDSDUHFDXQFRYRUGHPLFLIOFULLQGLYLGXDOHFDUHVHXQHVFvQWU-o
]RQGHDUGHUHFRPXQFXVXSUDID DHJDOSUDFWLFFXVHF LXQHDFDPHUHLGHDUGHUH
3HQWUX D UH]LVWD WHPSHUDWXULORU vQDOWH GLQ FDPHUD GH DUGHUH L SHQWUX D SUHOXD
FOGXUXWLOSULQUDGLD LHSHUH LLIRFDUXOXLVXQWVXEIRUPGHFKHVRQUFLWFXDSDGLQ
FLUFXLWXOGHvQFO]LUH
Q FRQWLQXDUHD FDPHUHL GH DUGHUH SH YHUWLFDO VH JVHWH IDVFLFROXO GH HYL
netede care are rolul de sistem convectiv al cazanului. n acest convectiv, gazele de
DUGHUH FHGHD] DSHL FOGXUD vQ LQWHUYDOXO GH WHPSHUDWXUL GH OD WHPSHUDWXUD FDSWXOXL
camerei de ardere tf la temperatura de la evacuare tFR HYLOH FDUH DOFWXLHVF
VLVWHPXOFRQYHFWLYVXQW HYLRELQXLWHGHR HOFXGLDPHWUXOH[WHULRU 42 mm.
3DVXOGHDH]DUHD HYilor n fascicol este:
pasul perpendicular pe curgerea gazelor de ardere s1 = ( 1,4 2 ) d
SDVXOSHGLUHF LDGHFXUJHUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHs2 = ( 1,2 1,6 ) d
SDLLVHDOHJDVWIHOFDJURVLPHDPLQLPGHPHWDOvQWUHGRX HYLVILH 10 mm
Apa FDOG GH vQFO]LUH GH OD UHWXUXO LQVWDOD LHL LQWU SH lD FDSWXO LQIHULRU DO
FD]DQXOXLLGXSFHDFHDVWDSUHLDFOGXUDXWLOGHODIODFULGHODJD]HOHGHDUGHUH
HVWHFROHFWDWODSDUWHDVXSHULRDUDFD]DQXOXLLWULPLVODFRQVXPDWRUL
Cazanul esWH L]RODW WHUPLF FX YDW PLQHUDO L SURWHMDW OD H[WHULRU FX WDEO
VXE LUH6HRE LQHDVWIHOXQFD]DQPRQREORFFXGLPHQVLXQLUHGXVHvQUDSRUWFXVDUFLQD
WHUPLFSURGXV
3.6.2. Tema de proiectare
-
111
sau cp t .
3.6.&DOFXOXOUDQGDPHQWXOXLWHUPLFDOFD]DQXOXLLDGHELWXOXLGHFRPEXVWLELO
$FHVWH FD]DQH IXQF LRQHD] GH UHJXO FX FRPEXVWLELO JD]RV JD] QDWXUDO VDX
G.P.L.) deci pierderile specifice mecanice (qmec L FHOH SULQ HYDFXDUHD SURGXVHORU
solide din cazan (qcen) sunt nule. De asemenea consumul de combustibil B* = B .
Se determinSLHUGHULOHVSHFLILFHGHFOGXU
a). 3ULQHYDFXDUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHSHFRT ) :
FR
1
( I cos I ao )
Hi
(3.246)
ti + t e
+ ( 60 80 ) oC
2
(3.247)
qcos =
t cos =
LGLQGLDJUDPD,WVHGHWHUPLQIFR .
Pentru temperatura aerului (ta 20 0& VH FDOFXOHD] HQWDOSLD DHUXOXL WHRretic
necesar arderii :
I a 0 = Vo c pa t a
(3.248)
cu
112
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
(3.249)
B=
Q
( m3 / s )
N
Hi
(3.250)
3.6.%LODQ XOGHDQVDPEOXDOFD]DQXOXL
)OX[XOGHFOGXUXWLODOFD]anului este :
Q;
Qcomb = B Hi ;
)OX[XOGHFOGXUDGXVGHFRPEXVWLELO
Qa = B cpa ta ;
)X[XOGHFOGXUDGXVGHDHUXOGHDUGHUH
Q =BI ;
)X[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWODFR
)X[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHW: Qinc = qch B Hi .
FR
FR
5H]XOWWDEHOXOGHELODQ
Fluxuri introduse
pierderi
Fluxuri utile
Qcomb
Qa
-Q
- Qinc
- Qext
FR
Q = Q''
Q = Q'
(URDUHDUHODWLYGHvQFLGHUHDELODQ XOXL:
Q' Q"
Q'
100 < 1%
(3.251)
'LQ WDEHOXO VH SRDWH VFULH VXE IRUP H[SOLFLW SLHUGHUHD GH FOGXU OD
evacuare a gazelor:
Qev = q B Hi = B I
FR
+ B Vo cpa ta = Q
FR
FR
113
+ Qa .
3.6.&DOFXOXOWHPSHUDWXULORULHQWDOSLLORUJD]HORUGHDUGHUHSHWUDVHX
Entalpia WHRUHWLFDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD
I t = H i ( 1 qch ) + V0 c pa t a
(3.252)
(3.253)
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWGHVLVWHPXOFRQYHFWLYYDIL
Qc = Q QR ,
(3.254)
Ic = I f
Qc
( 1 qext )B
(3.255)
LGLQGLDJUDPD,WUH]XOWWHPSHUDWXUa : t c = f ( I c , ) .
QFKLGHUHDELODQ XOXLLPSXQHIc
I cos I c
100 0,5%
I t I cos
t t
t = cos c 100 0,5%
t t t cos
I =
Ltc
FR
114
LVHDGPLWHURULOHUHODWLYH
FR
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
3.6.%LODQ XOJUDILFDOFD]DQXOXL
'HELWHOHGHFOGXU QR, Qc,Qcomb,QaLIOX[XULOHSLHUGXWH QFR, Qinc, Qext
VHWUDQVSXQJUDILFDOVFDUFDvQILJXUDFXB* = B; Qpa = 0; Qsfc = 0; Qsi =
0; Qec = 0; qmec = 0 L qcen = 0) .
3.6.7. Calculul termic al focarului
)RFDUXOGHWLSFDPHUDUHXUPWRDUHOHGLmensiuni conform fig. 3.16.
a
h
a
A
A-A
6HF LXQH
= S R
S per
S R.
SR poatHILDSUHFLDWSULQGRXPHWRGH:
a) Se admite un flux unitar radiant qR =30 50 kW/m2
S R' =
sau
QR
qR
(m2)
(3.256)
S 'R =
QR
T 4 T 4
f
p
5,765
100 100
115
(m2)
(3.257)
cu
ti + t e
2
XQGH SHQWUX WHPSHUDWXUD SHUHWHOXL HYLL V-D DGPLV R WHPSHUDWXU FX 0C mai mare
dect temperatura fluidului interior .
6HDOHJHRVHF LXQHSWUDWGHIRFDUFXODWXUDa.
QO LPHDIRFDUXOXL se alege n domeniul:
h
= = 1,5 2
a
(3.258)
S R lat = 4 a h = 4 a 2
(3.259)
- VXSUDID DWDYDQXOXLXQGHIDVFLFROXOGH HYLSUHLDFOGXUDLSULQUDGLD LH:
S R tav = a a
(3.260)
- sXSUDID DWRWDOGHUDGLD LH:
(3.261)
SR = SRlat + SRtav.
5H]XOWODWXUDLvQO LPHDIRFDUXOXL
a=
S 'R
4 + 1
[m]L h = a
[m]
(3.262)
LVHURWXQMHVFYDORULOHODXQQXPUvQWUHJGHFP
CALCULUL EXACT AL FOCARULUI
6XSUDID DSHUH LORUIRFDUXOXLHVWH
S per = 4ah + 2a 2
(m2)
(3.263)
(m2)
(3.264)
S 'R = 4ah + a 2
116
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
V f = h a2
(m3)
(3.265)
s = 4
Vf
S per
(m)
(3.266)
6HFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGLQIRFDU
kg =
0 ,8 + 1,6 p H 2O
( p H 2O + p RO2
1 0,38 f ( p H 2O + p RO2 )
1000
)s
(3.267)
6HFDOFXOHD]FRHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGLQIRFDU
ag = 1 e
k g s
(3.268)
&DUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDIOFULLVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LDDSUR[LPDWLY
k fl = 1,6
Tf
1000
0,5
(3.269)
a fl = 1 e
k gl s
(3.270)
3RQGHUHDDEVRUE LHLIOFULLFXFHDDPHGLXOXLUDGLDQWGHJD]HGHDUGHUHVHIDFH
GXSFULWHULLexperimentale, considernd o pondere DSU LLOXPLQRDVHDIOFULL
&RHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOIOFULLLJD]HORUGHDUGHUHYDIL
a = a fl + (1 ) a g
(3.271)
cu SHQWUXIODFUQHOXPLQRDVGHFRPEXVWLELOJD]RV
Gradul de ecranare al focarului este :
'
SR
=
S per
(3.272)
iarJUDGXOGHPXUGULUHDVXSUDIH HORU
= 0,7 0,9 (pentru combustibil gazos)
Cu acHVWHYDORULVHFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDIRFDUXOXL
117
af =
0,82 a
a + (1 a )
(3.273)
2DOWFDUDFWHULVWLFDIRFDUXOXLHVWHIDFWRUXOGHSR]L LHDIOFULLvQIRFDU
b*
M = aM bM
Hf
(3.274)
unde pentru combustibil lichid VDX JD]RV L SHQWUX IRFDUH YHUWLFDOH FX IODFU SH
VXSUDID DLQIHULRDU
cu : aM=0,52; bM=0,3; b*/H = 0,2 vQO LPHDUHODWLYDIOFULL
&XDFHVWHGDWHVHGHWHUPLQVXSUDID DGHUDGLD LHDIRFDUXOXL
2
QR
3
SR =
5,765 10 8 Ma f T f Tt 3
Tt
1 1 2 (m2)
Tf
M
(3.275)
AceDVW VXSUDID YD IL GLIHULW GH S R GHWHUPLQDW vQ FDOFXOXO DSUR[LPDWLY
'DF GLIHUHQ D HVWH PDL PDUH GH 10% se reia calculul cu valori modificate ale
geometriei.
'
s2
N1
HYLSHXQUkQG
s1
'LUHF LHGHGHSODVDUHD
gazelor de ardere
)LJ'HWDOLXGHDH]DUHD HYLORUvQHLFKHU
'UXPXO FRQYHFWLY HVWH GHWHUPLQDW GLQ FDOFXOHOH DQWHULRDUH SULQ XUPWRULL
parametrii :
118
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
Qc
tf
t
te/ti
FR
GHELWXOGHFOGXUFHGDWGHJD]HOHGHDUGHUHN:
temperatura gazelor de ardere la intrare n sistemul convectiv (0C) ;
WHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLHLUHDGLQsistemul convectivODFR
temperatura apei (0C) .
24 3
28 3
32 3
42 x 3
6HDOHJHSDVXOUHODWLYGHDH]DUHWUDQVYHUVDOD HYLORU
pasul perpendicular pe curgerea gazelor de ardere s1 = ( 1,4 2 ) d
SDVXOSHGLUHF LDGHFXUJHUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHs2 = ( 1,2 1,6 ) d
SDLLVHDOHJDVWIHOFDJURVLPHDPLQLPGHPHWDOGHSODFWXEXODUvQWUHGRX HYL,V
fie 8 10 mm
6HFDOFXOHD]QXPUXOGH HYLSHXQUkQG N1:
a = N1 s1 +
s1
+ ss L N1 =
2
s1
ss
2
s1
(3.276)
DSRLVHURWXQMHWHSDVXOs1 al HYLORUDVIHOvQFkWQXPUXON1VILHvQWUHJ
5H]XOWRDH]DUHSHSULPDOLQLHD HYLORUFRQIRUPILJXULL3.18.
s1/ 2
s1
N1
HYL
ss
119
6HFDOFXOHD]DSRLVHF LXQHDOLEHUGHWUHFHUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHvQLSRWH]aF
VHF LXQHDEUXWDIRFDUXOXLUPkQHQHVFKLPEDWLvQGUXPXOFRQYHFWLYa a) :
s d
d
= a 2 1 (m2)
S circ = a 2 1
(3.277)
s
s
1
1
s1 d
unde termenul
s UHSUH]LQW UHGXFHUHD VHF LXQLL de trecere GDWRULW HYLORU
1
convective.
Debitul de gaze ce trece prin convectiv este :
Dg = B Vg
t gm + 273
273
(Nm3/s)
(3.278)
t gm =
t f + t cos
2
(0C)
(3.279)
5H]XOWYLWH]DJD]HORUGHDUGHUH
W=
Dg
S circ
(m/s)
(3.280)
Pentru temperatura media a gazelor de ardere tgm se GHWHUPLQ GLQ DQH[D
XUPWRDUHOHYDORUL
- YkVFR]LWDWHDFLQHPDWLF
(m2/s)
-
FRQGXFWLELOLWDWHDWHUPLF
criteriul Prandtl
Pr
(W/mK)
6H DOHJH SDVXO vQ GLUHF LD FXUJHULL JD]HORU GH DUGHUH s2 = ( 1,2 1,6 )
d. Se
FDOFXOHD] FRHILFLHQWXO GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU c) pentru curgerea gazelor de ardere
transversal pe un fasciFXOGH HYLDH]DWHvQHLFKLHU
QDFHVWFD]OXQJLPHDFDUDFWHULVWLFYDILGLDPHWUXOH[WHULRUDO HYLLd .
Criteriul hidrodinamic este:
Re =
w d
(3.281)
Pentru 10 < Re < 106 L Pr < 10, curgerea fluidelor transversal pe un
IDVFLFROGH HYLvQHLFKLHU
120
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
Nu = 0 ,157 Re 0 ,6 Pr 0 ,4 c s
(3.282)
Nu
.
lc
(3.283)
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHHVWHGHWHUPLQDWGHSDUDPHWULL
s = 1,87 1 + 2 4 ,1 d e
d d
(m)
(3.284)
&RQVWDQWDGHUDGLD LHDJD]HORUHVWH
kg =
0,8 + 1,6 p H 2O
T
1 0,38 m p H 2O + p RO2
1000
p H 2O + p RO2 s
(3.285)
ag = 1 e
k g s
(3.286)
T p 3 ,6
1
T
ap +1
8
3
r = 5,765 10
a g Tm m
2
2
T p (W/m K)
1
T
(3.287)
unde pentru coeficientul GH DEVRUE LH DO SHUHWHOXL VH LD YDORDUHD ap L SHQWUX
WHPSHUDWXUDDEVROXWDSHUHWHOXL HYLL
T p = t am + 20 + 273 [K]
Coeficientul de transfer deFOGXUHVWH:
i = c + r.
121
(3.288)
&RHILFLHQWXOJOREDOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUHVWH
k=
i
1 + i
(3.289)
tf
tmax
tcos
tma
t m =
tmin
SC
t max tmin
t
ln max
tmin
(3.290)
Sc =
Qc
(m2)
kt m
(3.291)
Sc = N1 N 2 d a
=>
N2 =
Sc
N1 d a
(3.292)
VHURWXQMHWHODYDORDUHDvQWUHDJVXSHULRDU
6H UHPDUF IDSWXO F V-D QHJOLMDW SUHOXDUHD FOGXULL GH FWUH SHUH LL GH WDEO
OLPLWDWRULDLGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLY'HRELFHLVHFRQVLGHUFDUH]HUYGHVXSUDID VHSRW
OXDvQFDOFXOFD]vQFDUHLQWUvQFRPSRQHQ DVXSUDIH HLSc .
122
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
&X QXPUXO GH UkQGXUL GH HYL SH YHUWLFDO VH FDOFXOHD] OXQJLPHD GUXPXOXL
convectiv:
Lc = N 2 s2
(3.293)
LVHGHWHUPLQvQO LPHDWRWDODFD]DQXOXL
3.7. Calculul termic al cazanelor ignitubulare verticale
FXXQGUXPLDU]WRUDWPRVferic pentru combustibil gazos
3.7.'HVFULHUHDFD]DQHORUHOHPHQWHFRPSRQHQWHPRGGHIXQF LRQDUH
&D]DQHOHVXQWGHWLSYHUWLFDOFXIRFDUXODPSODVDWvQSDUWHDGHMRVLGHVYROWDUHD
IOFULL SH YHUWLFDO $YDQWDMXO DFHVWRU FD]DQH HVWH F RFXS R VXSUDID PLF vQ
FHQWUDODWHUPLF(OHSRWILIRORVLWHGUHSWFD]DQHGHvQFO]LUHSHQWUXRFDVFXSX LQH
DSDUWDPHQWHVDUFLQDWHUPLFXWLO 30 kW) sau drept cazane pentru producere de
DSFDOGGHFRQVXP'DFVXQWFD]DQHSHQWUXSURGXFHUHGHDSFDOGGe consum se
DPSODVHD]vQEDLHLXQHRULFDSWGHQXPLUHDGHFD]DQGHEDLH
'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH FRQVWUXFWLY GHDVXSUD IRFDUXOXL vQ FRWLQXDUH SH DFHODL
FDQDOVHJVHWHGUXPXOFRQYHFWLYUHDOL]DWVXEIRUPDXQXLIDVFLFROGH HYLQHWHGHFDUH
VWUEDW XQ FLOLQGUX FX YROXP PDUH GH DS 'HDVXSUD FRQYHFWLYXOXL JD]HOH GH DUGHUH
VXQWFROHFWDWHLHYDFXDWHODFR
Principalele elemente componente ale cazanului sunt prezentate n figura 3.19.
4
2
3
,81(A - A
6(&
a
e
rupere de presiune.
123
3HQWUX RE LQHUHD XQHL VROX LL LHIWLQH VH DGRSW VLVWHPXO GH DUGHUH FX DU]WRU
atmosferic 6XE DFHDVW GHQXPLUH VH vQ HOHJH DU]WRUXO GH JD] QDWXUDO FX DHU
DXWRDVSLUDW SULQ HMHF LH 'HRDUFHFH SULQ HMHF LH QX VH SRDWH DVSLUD PDL PXOW GH RUL
volumul de gaz combustibil, restul aerului de ardere se introduce ca aer secundar
aspirat prin depresiune n camera de ardere din mediul ambiant. Pentru un exces de
DHUX]XDOGH. UH]XOWFWUHEXLHDVSLUDWFDDHUVHFXQGDUXQYROXPGHFFDRUL
volumul de gaz combustibil.
$FHVW VLVWHP GH IXQF LRQDUH LPSXQH H[LVWHQ D XQHL GHSUHVLXQL VXILFLHQWH vQ
IRFDU SHQWUX R DEVRE LH GH DHU 'HSUHVLXQHD VH FUHLD] SULQ autotirajul drumului de
gaze DO FD]DQXOXL L SULQ FRXO OD FDUH HVWH UDFRUGDW 5H]LVWHQ HOH KLdraulice ale
WUDVHXOXLGHJD]HGHDUGHUHVXQWPLFLIDVFLFROVFXUWGH HYLLYLWH]HPLFLGHFXUJHUHD
JD]HORUGHDFHLDQXHVWHQHFHVDUDFWLYDUHDWLUDMXOXLFXXQH[KDXVWRU3HQWUXUHGXFHUHD
WHPSHUDWXULLJD]HORUODFRGHRDUHFHYLWH]HOHGHFXUJHUHvQ HYile convective sunt mici
VHSRWLQWURGXFHvQLQWHULRUXO HYLORUWXUEXOL]DWRULFDUHLQWHQVLILFWUDQVIHUXOGHFOGXU
GH SkQ OD RUL (VWH QHFHVDU V VH IDF XQ FDOFXO JD]RGLQDPLF DO FD]DQXOXL SHQWUX
WRDWHFRQGL LLOHSRVLELOHGHIXQF LRQDUH
$U]WRUXOHVte format dintr-XQJUXSGHHOHPHQWHGHDU]WRUDWPRVIHULFDVIHOF
Y]XWGHVXVIODFUDDSDUHFDXQFRYRUGHPLFLIOFULLQGLYLGXDOHFDUHVHXQHVFvQWU-o
]RQGHDUGHUHFRPXQFXVXSUDID DHJDOSUDFWLFFXVHF LXQHDFDPHUHLGHDUGHUH
Pentru a rezisWDWHPSHUDWXULORUvQDOWHGLQFDPHUDGHDUGHUHSHUH LLIRFDUXOXLVXQW
UFL LFXDSDGHDOLPHQWDUHDFD]DQXOXL
Q FRQWLQXDUHD FDPHUHL GH DUGHUH SH YHUWLFDO VH JVHWH IDVFLFROXO GH HYL
QHWHGHVWUEWXWODLQWHULRUGHJD]HOHGHDUGHUHFDUHDUHUROXOGH sistem convectiv al
FD]DQXOXL Q DFHVW FRQYHFWLY JD]HOH GH DUGHUH FHGHD] DSHL FOGXUD vQ LQWHUYDOXO GH
WHPSHUDWXUL GH OD WHPSHUDWXUD FDSWXOXL FDPHUHL GH DUGHUH Wf la temperatura de
evacuare tFRHYLOHFDUHDOFWXLHVFVLVWHPXOFRQYHFWLYVXQW HYLRELQXLWHGHR HOFX
diametrul interior 35 PPHYLOHVWDQGDUGX]XDOHVXQW:
42 x 3 ; 48 x 3,5 ; 54 x 4.
3DVXO GH DH]DUH D HYLORU vQ VHF LXQH HVWH DOHV DVWIHO FD JURVLPHD PLQLP GH
PHWDOvQWUHGRX HYLVILH 15 mm.
1XPUXOGH HYLVHDOHJHDVWIHOFDVVHRE LQRDH]DUHXQLIRUPD HYLORUSH
VHF LXQH1XPUXOX]XDOGH HYLHVWHGDWvQWDEHO
N -QXPUGH HYL
3
7
12
19
PRGGHDH]DUH
triunghi echilateral
R HDYFHQWUDOL HYLSHXQKH[DJRQ
WUHL HYLSHXQWULXQJKLHFKLODWHUDOFHQWUDOL HYLSHXQFHUF
KH[DJRDQHFXR HDYFHQWUDO HYLSHSULPXOKH[DJRQL
HYLSHDOGRLOHDKH[DJRQ
$SD UHFH LQWU OD FDSWXO LQIHULRU DO FD]DQXOXL $SD FDOG LHVH SH XQ WX OD
SDUWHDVXSHULRDUDFD]DQXOXLLHVWHWULPLVODFonsumatori .
124
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
&D]DQXO HVWH L]RODW WHUPLF FX YDW PLQHUDO L SURWHMDW OD H[WHULRU FX WDEO
VXE LUH6HRE LQHDVWIHOXQFD]DQPRQREORFFXGLPHQVLXQLUHGXVHvQUDSRUWFXVDUFLQD
WHUPLFSURGXVLFXRUH]HUYUHODWLYPDUHGHDSFDOG
3.7.2. Tema de proiectare
-
3.7.&DOFXOXOUDQGDPHQWXOXLWHUPLFDOFD]DQXOXLLDGHELWXOXLGHFRPEXVWLELO
$FHVWH FD]DQH IXQF LRQHD] GH UHJXO FX FRPEXVWLELO JD]RV JD] natural sau
G.P.L.) deci pierderile specifice mecanice (qmec L FHOH SULQ HYDFXDUHD SURGXVHORU
solide din cazan (qcen) sunt nule. De asemenea B* = B .
6HFDOFXOHD]SLHUGHULOHVSHFLILFHGHFOGXU
a). 3ULQHYDFXDUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHSHFRT ) :
FR
qcos =
1
( I cos I a 0 )
Hi
(3.294)
t cos =
ti + te
+ ( 60 80 ) 0C
2
(3.295)
LGLQGLDJUDPD,WVHGHWHUPLQIFR .
Pentru temperatura aerului (ta 20 0& VH FDOFXOHD] entalpia aerului teoretic
necesar arderii :
I a 0 = Vo c pa t a
(3.296)
cu cpa = 1,297 kJ/ m 3 K FOGXUDVSHFLILFDDHUXOXLOD0C .
N
125
b). PULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF(qch) :
3HQWUXDU]WRDUHDWPRVIHULFHFXRPRJHQHL]DUHGHFDOLWDWHVODE
qch = 0,005
c). 3ULQSHUH LH[WHULRULDLFD]DQXOXL (qext) :
Pentru cazane mici, n faza de proiectare se poate adopta :
qext = 0,0050,008.
Randamentul cazanuluiVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD
= 1 ( qcos + qch + qext ) L% = 100 (%)
(3.297)
Debitul de combustibil va fi :
B=
Q
3
( mN / s )
H i
(3.298)
3.7.%LODQ XOGHDQVDPEOXDOFD]DQXOXL
)OX[XOGHFOGXUXWLODOFD]DQXOXLHVWH
Q;
)OX[XOGHFOGXUDGXs de combustibil :
Qcomb = B Hi ;
)X[XOGHFOGXUDGXVGHDHUXOGHDUGHUH
Qa = B cpa ta ;
)X[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWODFR
Q =BI ;
)X[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHW Qinc = qch B Hi .
FR
5H]XOWWDEHOXOGHELODQ
Fluxuri introduse
pierderi
Fluxuri utile
Qcomb
Qa
-Q
- Qinc
- Qext
FR
Q = Q'
Q = Q''
(URDUHDUHODWLY
126
FR
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
Q' Q"
Q'
100 < 1%
(3.299)
'LQ WDEHOXO VH SRDWH VFULH VXE IRUP H[SOLFLW SLHUGHUHD GH FOGXU OD
evacuarea gazelorGHDUGHUHODFR:
-Qev = q B Hi = -B I
FR
+ B Vo cpa ta = - Q
FR
FR
+ Qa .
3.7.&DOFXOXOWHPSHUDWXULORULHQWDOSLLORUJD]HORUGHDUGHUHSHWUDVHX
(QWDOSLDWHRUHWLFDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD
I t = H i ( 1 qch ) + V0 c pa t a
(3.300)
tt = f (It, ).
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWSULQUDGLD LHvQIRFDUYDIL
QR = ( 1 qext )B( I t I f )
(kW)
(3.301)
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWGHVLVWHPXOconvectiv va fi :
Qc = Q QR ,
(3.302)
Ic = I f
Qc
( 1 qext )B
(3.303)
LGLQGLDJUDPD,WUH]XOWWHPSHUDWXUDtc
QFKLGHUHDELODQ XOXLLPSXQe : Ic
I =
I cos I c
It
= f (Ic, ).
Ltc
FR
100 0,5%
127
LVHDGPLWHURULOHUHODWLYH
FR
t =
t cos t c
100 0,5%
tt
(3.304)
3.7.%LODQ XOJUDILFDOFD]DQXOXL
'HELWHOHGHFOGXU QR, Qc, Qa, Qcomb LIOX[XULOHSLHUGXWH QFR, Qinc, Qext
se transpun JUDILFDOVFDUFDvQILJXUDFX B* = B; Qpa = 0; Qsfc = 0; Qsi = 0;
Qec= 0; qmec Lqcen = 0) .
3.7.7. Calculul termic al focarului
)RFDUXOGHWLSFDPHUDUHXUPWRDUHOHGLPHQVLXQLFRQIRUPILJ3.20.
D2
SR = D h f +
4
SR
Gradul de ecranare =
S per
(m2)
(3.305)
128
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
)RFDUXO DUH IRUPD JHRPHWULF FLOLQGULF FX GLDPHWUXO D L vQO LPHD hf din
figura 3.20 3HQWUX GHVYROWDUHD FRPSOHW D IOFULL DVWIHO FD VIkULWXO SURFHVXOXL GH
DUGHUHVQXGHSHDVFvQO LPHDIRFDUXOXLVHLDvQO LPHDIRFDUXOXL:
hf = 0,250,35 m.
5H]XOWXUPWRDUHOHGLPHQVLXQLDOHIRFDUXOXL
- volumul focarului
-VXSUDID DSHUH LORU
-VXSUDID DHIHFWLYGHUDGLD LH
- gradul de ecranare
s = 3,6
focar:
D 2
Vf = hf
(m3)
4
D 2
S per = Dh f + 2
(m2)
4
2
D
S R = Dh f +
(m2)
4
S
= R
S per
Vf
S per
(m)
kg =
0 ,8 + 1,6 pH 2O
( pH 2O + pRO2
1 0 ,38 f ( pH 2O + pRO2 )
1000
)s
(3.306)
6HFDOFXOHD]FRHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGLQIRFDU
ag = 1 e
k g s
(3.307)
6HFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDIOFULLFXUHOD LDDSUR[LPDWLY
k fl = 1,6
Tf
1000
0,5
(3.308)
a fl = 1 e
k fl s
(3.309)
129
= 0,2
&RHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOIOFULORULJD]HORUGHDUGHUHHVWHGDWGHUHOD ia :
a = a fl + (1 ) a g
(3.310)
&RHILFLHQWXOGHPXUGULUHDVXSUDIH HORUHVWH
=0,7 0,9 , pentru combustibil gazos.
&XDFHVWHYDORULVHFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDIRFDUXOXL
af =
0,82 a
a + (1 a )
(3.311)
2DOWFDUDFWHULVWLFDIRFDUXOXLHVWHIDFWRUXOGHSR]L LHDIOFULLvQIRFDU
b*
M = aM bM
hf
(3.312)
XQGH SHQWUX FRPEXVWLELO OLFKLG VDX JD]RV L SHQWUX IRFDUH YHUWLFDOH FX IODFU SH
VXSUDID DLQIHULRDU
cu : aM=0,54; bM=0,2; b*/hf = 0,2 vQO LPHDUHODWLYDIOFULL
&XDFHVWHGDWHVHGHWHUPLQWHPSHUDXUDGHODFDSWXOIRFDUXOXL:
Tf =
Tt
Co a f Tt 3 S R
M
(1 qinc )B V g c p
[oK]
0, 6
(3.313)
+1
7HPSHUDWXUDGHLHLUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGLQIRFDUvQoC, este :
tf = Tf -273 [oC]
$FHDVWWHPSHUDXWUYDILGLIHULWGHWf DOHDVvQFDOFXOXOGHDSUR[LPDUH'DF
GLIHUHQ DHVWHPDLPDUHGHFFD.VHUHLDFDOFXOXOFXYDORDUHDWfUH]XOWDDW
GLQ FDOFXOXO ILQDO 'DF HURDUHD HVWH PDL PLF VH FRQWLQX FDOFXOXO FX WHPSHUDWXUD
focarului tf rezuOWDW GLQ FDOFXO L QX VH PDL UHLD FDOFXOXO WUDQVIHUXOXL GH FOGXU OD
VXSUDID DGHUDGLD LH
3.7.9. Calculul termic al drumului convectiv
HYLOH VXQW GLVSXVH vQ LQWHULRUXOFRUSXOXLFD]DQXOXLDDFXPse poate observa
n fig.3.19.
130
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
42 x 3
di = 36
48 x 3,5
di = 41
54 x 4
di = 46
60 x 4
di = 52
6H FDOFXOHD] QXPUXO GH HYL 1t GLQ FRQGL LD FD YLWH]D PHGLH D JD]HORU GH
DUGHUHVILHwg = 1,5 3 m/s
Debitul de gaze de ardere, la temperatura medie din convectiv t gm =
Dg = B Vg
t gm + 273
273
(Nm3/s)
t f + tcos
2
, este:
(3.314)
6HF LXQHDQHFHVDUGHFXUJHUH
Sc =
Dg
wg
(m2)
(3.315)
N t' =
4S c
d i2
(3.316)
DSRL VH URWXQMHWH SDVXO s1 al HYLORU DVIHO vQFkW QXPUXO 11 V ILH XQ QXPU vQWUHJ
acceSWDELOSHQWUXDH]DUHDDOHDV1t = 3, 7, 12, 19 etc.)
6H FDOFXOHD] DSRL YLWH]D JD]HORU vQ VHF LXQHD OLEHU GH WUHFHUH D JD]HORU GH
DUGHUHSHQWUXQXPUXOILQDOGH HYLDOHVNt .
wg =
4 Dg
N t d i2
(m/s)
(3.317)
131
Pentru temperatura media a gazelor de ardere tgm VH GHWHUPLQ GLQ anexa 9,
XUPWRDUHOHYDORUL
- YkVFR]LWDWHDFLQHPDWLF
(m2/s)
FRQGXFWLELOLWDWHDWHUPLF
criteriul Prandtl
Pr
(W/mK)
6H FDOFXOHD] FRHILFLHQWXO GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU (c) pentru curgerea gazelor
GHDUGHUHvQLQWHULRUXO HYLORU
QDFHVWFD]OXQJLPHDFDUDFWHULVWLFYDILGLDPHWUXOLQWHULRUDO HYLL di
Criteriul hidrodinamic este:
Re =
w di
(3.318)
Nu = 0 .024 Re 0 ,8 Pr 0 ,4
(3.319)
Nu = 0.024 Re0 ,8 Pr 0 ,4 Re
unde
(3.320)
-1,8
d
0,0688 i Re Pr
Lt
Nu = 3,65 +
0 ,66
di
1 + 0,045 Re Pr
Lt
(3.321)
Nu
di
(3.322)
132
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
WHPSHUDWXUPHGLHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUH
Tgm=tgm+273 (K);
s = 0,9 di (m);
p RO2 =
VRO2
Vg
[bar@L pH 2 O =
pg
VH 2 O
Vg
pg
[bar.]
(3.323)
kg =
0,8 + 1,6 p H 2O
( p H 2O
1 0,38 gm ( p H 2O + p RO2 )
1000
+ p RO2 ) s
(3.324)
ag = 1 e
k g s
(3.325)
T 3, 6
1 p
Tgm
+1
8 a p
3
r = 5,765 10
a gTgm
2
2
Tp (W/m K)
1
T
gm
(3.326)
XQGH SHQWUX FRHILFLHQWXO GH DEVRUE LH DO SHUHWHOXL GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU VH FRQVLGHU
valoarea ap HDYWUDVGHR HOLDUSHQWUXWHPSHUDWXUDDEVROXWDSHUHWHOXL HYLL
Tp = t m + 20 + 273 (K)
&RHILFLHQWXOGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUSHSDUWHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHYDIL
1 = c + r
(3.327)
CoeILFLHQWXO GH WUDQVIHU GH FOGXU 2 pe partea apei, este mult mai mare (de
ordinul miilor de W/m2.vQFRPSDUD LHFX1 (de ordinul zecilor de W/m2K).
Q DFHVWH FRQGL LL FRHILFLHQWXO JOREDO GH WUDQVIHU GH FOGXU k este dat de
UHOD LD
kI =
1
1 + 1
(W/m2K)
133
(3.328)
18
1,395
6HSRDWHXWLOL]DLUHOD LDDQDOLWLF
(m2K/W)
(3.329)
Pentru gaze de ardere provenind din arderea unui combustibil lichid se poate
considera:
0,0163 (m2K/W)
(3.330)
'LIHUHQ DPHGLHGHWHPSHUDWXUVHGHWHUPLQFRQIRUPILJXULL21LUHOD LHL331):
t m =
tf
tmax t min
t
ln max
tmin
(3.331)
tmax
tma
tc
tmin
Sc =
Qc
= N t d i Lc (m2).
kt m
(3.332)
SC
RezuOWOXQJLPHDFRQYHFWLYXOXL
Sc
Lc =
(m)
(3.333)
Nt di
Fig. 3.21.
Lungimea LcVHURWXQMHWHODo valoarevQWUHDJGHFP
134
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
di
p
di
di cos450
135
I=
int 2 ,142
= 0 ,3
prel
(3.334)
(3.335)
n tabelul XUPWRUVHGDXFkWHYDYDORULSHQWUXJUDGXOGHLQWHQVLILFDUHLSHQWUX
SLHUGHULOHUHODWLYHGHVDUFLQIXQF LHGH.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
prel
prel
prel
prel
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------90
1.41
1,93
6,53
125
2,72
1,59
6,53
95
1.54
1,88
6,53
130
3,03
1,54
6,53
100
1,69
1,83
6,53
135
3,41
1,48
6,53
105
1,84
1,78
6,53
140
3,89
1,43
6,53
110
2,02
1,73
6,53
145
4,49
1,37
6,53
115
2,22
1,69
6,53
150
5,28
1,30
6,53
120
2,45
1,63
6,53
155
6,38
1,23
6,53
160
8,02
1,14
6,53
-------------------------------------------------------------------
int
3,3 Re 0 ,2
= 1,26
I=
5
prel
(3.336)
3LHUGHULOHUHODWLYHGHVDUFLQLQGXVHGHWXUEXOL]DWRUVXQW
Srel SS0 =
17
0
Prel,35 Re 0 ,1
(3.337)
n XUPWRUXOWDEHOVHGDXFkWHYDYDORULSHQWUXJUDGXOGHLQWHQVLILFDUHLSHQWUX
piHUGHULOHUHODWLYHGHVDUFLQ
136
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
prel
Re
90
1.41
100
Srel
prel
Re
Srel
3000
4000
5000
6000
2,02
1,97
1,92
1,88
7,25
7,04
6,89
6,76
95
1.54
3000
4000
5000
6000
1,96
1,90
1,85
1,80
7,15
6,94
6,80
6,67
1.69
3000
4000
5000
6000
1,89
1,83
1,78
1,74
7,05
6,86
6,71
6,58
105
1.84
3000
4000
5000
6000
1,82
1,76
1,71
1,68
6,96
6,77
6,62
6,50
110
2,02
3000
4000
5000
6000
1,76
1,70
1,65
1,61
6,87
6,67
6,53
6,41
115
2,22
3000
4000
5000
6000
1,69
1,63
1,58
1,54
6,77
6,58
6,44
6,32
120
2,45
3000
4000
5000
6000
1,62
1,56
1,52
1,47
6,67
6,48
6,34
6,23
125
2,72
3000
4000
5000
6000
1,55
1,49
1,44
1,41
6,57
6,38
6,24
6,13
130
3,03
3000
4000
5000
6000
1,48
1,42
1,37
1,33
6,46
6,28
6,14
6,03
135
3,41
3000
4000
5000
6000
1,41
1,35
1,30
1,26
6,35
6,17
6,03
5,92
140
3,89
3000
4000
5000
6000
1,33
1,27
1,22
1,18
6,23
6,05
5,92
5,81
145
4,49
3000
4000
5000
6000
1,24
1,18
1,14
1,09
6,09
5,92
5,79
5,69
150
5,28
3000
4000
5000
6000
1,15
1,09
1,04
1,00
5,95
5,78
5,65
5,55
155
6,38
3000
4000
5000
6000
1,05
1,00
1,00
1,00
5,78
5,62
5,49
5,39
160
8,02
3000
4000
5000
6000
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
5,59
5,43
5,31
5,21
,QWHQVLILFDUHD WUDQVIHUXOXLGDFOGXUFRQYHFWLYHVWHFHDPDLPDUHvQUHJLm de
FXUJHUH ODPLQDU L HILFDFLWDWHD VFDGH FX FkW WXUEXOHQ D HVWH PDL ULGLFDW $SDUH DVIHO
UHJXODGHFDUHWUHEXLHVVH LQVHDPDWRWGHDXQDSURPRWRULLGHWXUEXOHQQXVXQW
HILFDFHvQUHJLPXULGHWXUEXOHQULGLFDW
Q UHJLPXUL GHWXUEXOHQ ULGLFDWpromotorii nu fac altceva dect V PUHasc
semnificativSLHUGHULOHGHVDUFLQ
2 DOW UHJXO HVWH F XWOL]DUHD SURPRWRULORU GH WXUEXOHQ GXFH WRWGHDXQD OD
FUHWHUHD SLHUGHULORU GH VDUFLQ vQ FRQVHFLQ calculul gazodinamic al cazanului
WUHEXLHVYHULILFHGDFWLUDMXOSHUPLWHLQWURGXFHUHDSURPRWRULORUGHWXUEXOHQ.
137
3.8&D]DQHDFYDWXEXODUHGHDSILHUELQWHGHWLS&$)
3.8.1. 'HVFULHUHDFD]DQHORUHOHPHQWHFRPSRQHQWHPRGGHIXQF LRQDUH
6XQWFD]DQHGHUDGLD LHFXSXWHULWHUPLFHPDULLXWLOL]HD]FRPEXVWLELOLOLFKL]L
LJD]RL
&D]DQXOHVWHGHVWLQDWSURGXFHULLGHDSILHUELQWHvQUHJLPGHED] 0C
sau n regim de vrf 110 / 150 0& 6XQW FD]DQH PRGHUQH FX SHUH L PHPEUDQ
DOLPHQWDWHFXDU]WRDUHSHGRLSHUH LRSXLLVXSUDSUHVLXQHvQIRFar.
'UXPXULOHGHJD]HVXQWGLVSXVHSHYHUWLFDO
/D FD]DQHOH PDUL 4 ! 0: VHF LXQHD IRFDUXOXL HVWH PHQ LQXW L FD
VHF LXQH D GUXPXOXL FRQYHFWLY /D FD]DQHOH PDL PLFL GXS IRFDU DSDUH R vQJXVWDUH D
drumului de gaze.
6FKHPDFRQVWUXFWLYDFD]DQXOXLHVWHGDWvQILJXUD3.23.
6
4
5
8
B-B
B
3
2
A-A
DU] WRUIRFDUFROHFWRUIDVFLFXOFRQYHFWLYFROHFWRUFRQYHFWLY
138
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
t am
te + ti 0
( C)
2
(3.338)
I a 0 = Vo c pa t a
(3.339)
139
5H]XOWSLHUGHUHDVSHFLILFODFR
qcos =
1
( I cos 1 I a 0 )
Hi
(3.340)
b. 3LHUGHUHDGHFOGXUSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF
n SURLHFWDUH VH DGPLWH R SLHUGHUH SULQ DUGHUHD LQFRPSOHW FD]DQXO ILLQG FX
HFUDQDUHSXWHUQLF
qch = 0,005
(3.341)
c. 3LHUGHULOH GH FOGXU SULQ DUGHUH LQFRPSOHW GH QDWXU PHFDQLF L SULQ
HQWDOSLDFHQXLL
Combustibilul nefiind de tip solid:
L
(3.342)
qcen = 0;
qmec = 0
d. 3LHUGHULOHGHFOGXUSULQVXSUDID DH[WHULRDUDFD]DQXOXL
)XQF LHde debitul cazanului Q 0:VHFDOFXOHD]
0 ,
qext = 4 ,6167 10 2 QMW6569
(3.343)
e. Randamentul cazanului
6HFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD
(3.344)
DSRLVHFDOFXOHD]LYDORDUHDSURFHQWXDO
% = 100 (%)
(3.345)
f. Consumul de combustibil
6HFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD
Q 103
B=
H i
(3.346)
B* = B deoarece qmec = 0.
3.8%LODQ XOGHDQVDPEOXDOFD]DQXOXL
)OX[XOGHFOGXUutil al cazanului este:
FluxulGHFOGXUDGXVGHFRPEXVWLELO:
)OX[XOGHFOGXUDGXVFXDHUXOGHDUGHUH
140
Q (MW)
Qc = B H i
Q = B Vo c pa t a
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
Qcos = B I cos
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHW Qinc = qch B H i
Qext = qext B H i
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWVSUHH[WHULRU
FlX[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWODFR
5H]XOWWDEHOXOGHELODQ
Combustibil pierderi
Util
Qcomb
Qa
-Q
- Qinc
- Qext
FR
Q = Q'
Q = Q''
FR
+ BVocpata), deci
Q'Q"
=
100 (%)
Q'
LVHYHULILFHURDUHDPD[LPDGPLVLELOGH
(3.347)
3.8&DOFXOXOWHPSHUDWXULORULHQWDOSLLORUJD]HORUGHDUGHUHSHWUDVHX
(QWDOSLDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUHVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD
I t = H i ( 1 qch ) + V0 c pa t a
(3.348)
apoi sHGHWHUPLQWHPSHUDWXUDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUHGLQGLDJUDPDI-t: t t = f ( I t , ) .
6HDOHJHWHPSHUDWXUDODFDSWXOIRFDUXOXL:
tf = 900 1100 0C
L VH GHWHUPLQ apoi, din diagrama I t, HQWDOSLD JD]HORU OD FDSWXO IRFDUXOXL If =
f(tf,).
FluxulGHFOGXUSUHOXDWSULQUDGLD LHvQIRFDUYDIL
QR = ( 1 qext )B( I t I f )
(kW)
)OX[XOGHFOGXUFDUHVHSUHLDvQVLVWHPXOFRQYHFWLYHVWH
141
(3.349)
Qc = Q QR , cu Q exprimat n (kW)
(3.350)
Ic = I f
Qc
( 1 qext )B
(3.351)
LGLQGLDJUDPD,WUH]XOWWHPSHUDWXUDODVIkULWXOGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLY:
t c = f ( I c , )
(3.352)
QFKLGHUHDELODQ XOXLLPSXQH
Ic = IFRLtc = tFR
LVHDGPLWHURULle relative:
=
=
tabel:
I cos I c
It
t cos t c
tt
(3.353)
(URUL PDL PDUL LQGLF R JUHHDO GH FDOFXO Q ILQDO VH vQWRFPHWH XUPWRUXO
6XSUDID D
)OX[GHFOGXU
Focar
Temperatura gazelor
intrare
LHLUH
QR
Qc
Convectiv
tc
tf
tf
t
FR
3.8%LODQ XOJUDILFDOFD]DQXOXL
'HELWHOHGHFOGXUVHWUDQVSXQJUDILFODVFDUGXSPRGHOXOJHQHUDOSUH]HQWDW
n capitolul 2 fig. 2.3. (cu B*=B; QSI=QPA LTmec=qcen=0).
3.8.7. Calculul termic al focarului
)RFDUXOGHWLSFDPHUGLQSHUHWHPHWDOLFFRQWLQXXDUHXUPWRDUHOHGLPHQVLXQL
h
h
a
a
a
142
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
cu
QR
T 4 T 4
f
p
5,765 10 3
100 100
t ma =
(m2)
(3.354)
ti + t e
2
XQGH SHQWUX WHPSHUDWXUD SHUHWHOXL HYLL V-D DGPLV R WHPSHUDWXU FX 0C mai mare
dect temperatura medie a fluidului interior.
Se poate calcula S R DGPL kQGXQIOX[UHODWLYXQLWDUqR=30 50 kW/m2
'
S 'R =
QR
(m2)
'
qR
(3.355)
S per = a 2 + 4ah + a
a
ah'
+2
cos
2
(3.356)
cu 10 .
Grosimea stratului radiant de gaze de ardere este:
s = 4
Vf
S per
(m)
(3.357)
6HFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGLQIRFDU
kg =
0,8 + 1,6 pH 2O
T
1 0,38 f ( pH 2O + pRO2 )
1000
( pH 2O + pRO2 ) s
ag = 1 e
k g s
(3.358)
6HFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDIOFULLFXUHOD LDDSUR[LPDWLY
143
k fl = 1,6
Tf
1000
0,5
a fl = 1 e
k fl s
(3.359)
3RQGHUHDDEVRUE LHLIOFULLFXFHDDPHGLXOXLUDGLDQWGHJD]HGHDUGHUHVHIDFH
GXSFULWHULLH[SHULPHQWDOHFRQVLGHUkQGRSRQGHUHDSU LLOXPLQRDVHDIOFULL
&RHILFLHQWXOGHOXPLQR]LWDWHDOIOFULLHVWH
combustibil gazos
= 0,7
= 0,9
combustibil lichid
SHFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDIOFULLLJD]HORUGLQIRFDU
a = a fl + (1 ) a g
(3.360)
'
SR
Gradul de ecranare al focarului este =
S per
af =
0,82 a
a + (1 a )
(3.361)
2 DOW FDUDFWHULVWLF D IRFDUXOXL IDFWRUXO GH SR]L LH D IOFUii n focar, pentru
combustibil lichid sau gazos:
M = a M bM
cu:
a
Hf
aM = 0,52, bM = 0,3 ,
(3.362)
a
0,2 0,3
Hf
144
(3.363)
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
Tt
1 1
T
M2
f
QR
3
SR =
5,765 10 8 Ma f T f Tt 3
(m2)
(3.364)
$FHDVW VXSUDID YD IL GLIHULW GH S R GHWHUPLQDW vQ FDOFXOXO DSUR[LPDWLY
'DF GLIHUHQ D HVWH PDL PDUH GH VH UHLD FDOFXOXO FX YDORUL SHQWUX Vf L Sper
FRUHVSXQ]WRDUHOXLSR.
6HUHFDOFXOHD]dimensiunile reale ale focarului:
'
145
s2
s1
Gaze de
ardere
s1
= 1,2 1,5
d
6HFDOFXOHD]DSRLVHF LXQHDOLEHUGHWUHFHUe a gazelor de ardere n ipotezaF
VHF LXQHDEUXWDIRFDUXOXLUPkQHQHVFKLPEDWLvQGUXPXOFRQYHFWLYD a):
s d
d
= a 2 1 (m2)
Scirc = a 2 1
s
s
1
1
s1 d
unde termenul
s UHSUH]LQWUHGXFHUHDVHF LXQLLGDWRULW HYLORU
(3.365)
Dg = B V g
t m + 273
273
(m3/s)
(3.366)
tm =
t f + t cos
(0C)
5H]XOWYLWH]DJD]HORUGHDUGHUH
W=
Dg
S circ
(m/s)
(3.367)
146
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
'DF W ! PV FDQDOXO WUHEXLH PULW L VH UHLD FDOFXOXO IRFDUXOXL FX R
VHF LXQHPULW
'DFW < 12 (m/s) canalul convectiv trebuie ngustat. PHQWUXFDOFXOXOvQJXVWULL
VHDOHJHYLWH]DGHFLUFXOD LH
W = (12 20) (m/s)
(3.368)
LVHGHWHUPLQVHF LXQHDOLEHUQHFHVDUGHFXUJHUH
S circ =
Dg
W
(m2)
(3.369)
8QDGLQODWXULOHIRFDUXOXLUPkQHQHVFKLPEDWaLDUFHDODOWVHPLFRUHD]OD
valoarea (a5H]XOWODWXUD
d
Scirc = a a ' 1
s
1
S circ
a' =
d (m)
a 1
s
1
L
(m2)
(3.370)
(3.371)
Pentru temperatura media a gazelor de ardere tm VH GHWHUPLQ GLQ anexa 9,
XUPWRDUHOHYDORUL
(m2/s)
- YkVFR]LWDWHDFLQHPDWLF
FRQGXFWLELOLWDWHDWHUPLF
criteriul Prandtl
Pr
(W/mK)
l=
de
2
(3.372)
Criteriul hidrodinamic:
Re =
cu = 1
Wlc
(3.373)
d e
.
4s1
147
T
Nu1 = 0,3 + Nul2 + Nut2 m
T
p
unde:
0 ,12
(3.374)
0 ,037 Re 0 ,8 Pr
Nul = 0,644 + Re 3 Pr L Nut =
2
0 ,1
1 + 2 ,443 Re Pr 3 1
T
1 + ( n 1 )
Nu =
Nu1 m
T
n
p
0 ,12
(3.375)
s2
0 ,3
0,7 s1
= 1 1,5
2
s
2
+ 0,7
s
cu
Se determin:
c =
Nu
lc
(3.378)
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LH HVWHGHWHUPLQDWGHPULPLOH
-
WHPSHUDWXUPHGLHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUH
p RO2 =
VRO2
Vg
pg
[bar@L pH 2 O =
VH 2 O
Vg
Tgm=tgm+273 (K);
pg
[bar.]
(3.379)
s s
s = 1,87 1 + 2 4 ,1 d e
d d
148
(m)
(3.380)
3. CALCULUL7(50,&$/&$=$1(/25'($3&$/'6$8),(5%,17(
&RQVWDQWDGHUDGLD LHDJD]HORUHVWH
kg =
0,8 + 1,6 pH 2O
(p
H 2O + p RO2
1 0,38 m pH 2O + pRO2
1000
s
(3.381)
ag = 1 e
k g s
(3.382)
T p 3 ,6
1
T
ap +1
8
3
r = 5,765 10
a g Tm m
2
2
T p (W/m K)
1
T
(3.383)
XQGH SHQWUX FRHILFLHQWXO GH DEVRUE LH DO SHUHWHOXL VH LD YDORDUHD ap L SHQWUX
WHPSHUDWXUDDEVROXWDSHUHWHOXL HYLL
T p = t am + 20 + 273
CoeficienWXOGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUHVWH:
i = c + r
(3.384)
&RHILFLHQWXOJOREDOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUHVWH
k=
i
1 + i
(3.385)
18
1,395
Se pRDWHXWLOL]DLUHOD LDDQDOLWLF
(m2K/W)
(3.386)
Pentru gaze de ardere provenind din arderea unui combustibil lichid se poate
considera:
149
0,0163 (m2K/W)
(3.387)
t m =
t max t min
t
ln max
t min
(3.388)
Q ILQDO VXSUDID D GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU D GUXPXOXL FRQYHFWLY VH GHWHUPLQ FX
UHOD LD
Sc =
Qc
(m2)
k t m
(3.389)
ntr =
a
a'
sau ntr =
s1
s1
(3.390)
GXSFXPFDQDOXODIRVWQHvQJXVWDWVDXvQJXVWDW
ntrVHURWXQMHWHODYDORDUHDvQWUHDJSDULQIHULRDU
- QXPUXOGHUkQGXULGH HYLnvQGLUHF LDFXUJHULLJD]HORUGHDUGHUH
n=
Sc
ntr d e a
(3.391)
VHURWXQMHWHODYDORDUHDSDUVXSHULRDU
6H UHPDUF IDSWXO F V-D QHJOLMDW SUHOXDUHD FOGXULL GH FWUH SHUH LL PHPEUDQ
limitaWRULDLGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLY'HRELFHLVHFRQVLGHUFDUH]HUYGHVXSUDID VHSRW
OXD vQ FDOFXO FD] vQ FDUH LQWU vQ FRPSRQHQ D VXSUDIH HL GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU D
convectivului cazanului Sc.
$H]DUHDQXPUXOui de rnduri nSHYHUWLFDOVHIDFHvQSDFKHte cuprinznd 8,
VDX HYLDGLFVDXEXFOH
3DFKHWHOH QX WUHEXLH V DLE DFHODL QXPU GH HYL SDFKHWXO FX XQ QXPU PDL
PLF GH HYL VHDHD]SULPXOGXSIRFDUGHRDUHFHDUHRFLUFXOD LHLQWHULRDUDDSHL
PDLLQWHQV
'LVWDQ D vQWUH SDFKHte este de (4 8) s2 iar pasul la bucla din mijlocul unui
pachet este de 2 s2SHQWUXDSHUPLWHvQGRLUHD HYLLOD0).
&XDFHVWHGDWHVHFDOFXOHD]OXQJLPHDGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLY
150
CAPITOLUL 4
CALCULUL TERMIC AL CAZANELOR DE ABUR
4.1. Calculul termic al cazanului ABA (Agregat Bloc Abur)
'HVFULHUHDFD]DQXOXLHOHPHQWHFRPSRQHQWHPRGGHIXQFLRQDUH
(VWH XQ FD]DQ LJQLWXEXODU FX WXE GH IODFU L GRX GUXPXUL FRQYHFtive.
)XQF LRQHD]FXFRPEXVWLELOJD]RVVDXOLFKLGLSURGXFHDEXUVDWXUDW
)DFHSDUWHGLQFDWHJRULDFD]DQHORUFXYROXPPDUHGHDS3ULQFLSDOHOHHOHPHQWH
component ale cazanului sunt prezentate n figura 4.1.
11
10
13
12
1
F
6
C1
C2
13
13
7
ntoarcereID
FierEWRUFRQYHFWLY,,&R7DPEXU6XSDSGHVLJXUDQ,QGLFDWRUGHQLYHO&RQGXFWGHDEXU
$OLPHQWDUHFXDS
151
Cazanul ABA HVWH DOFWXLW GLQWU-un tambur (9) cu diametru mare n interiorul
FUXLDVHDIOVXSUDIH HOHGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUWXEXOGHIODFUFXSHUH LLRQGXOD L
FXUROGHIRFDUL HYLOHGHIXPFXUROGHIDVFicoOILHUEWRUFRQYHFWLYL
ntoarcerea gazelor de pe un drum pe altul se face prin cutii de ntoarcere. Cutia
GH vQWRDUFHUH VSDWH HVWH UFLW FX HYL GH DS LDU FHD GH vQWRDUFHUH ID HVWH
UHDOL]DWGLQWDEOFSWXLWFXPDWHULDOUHIUDctar.
9ROXPXO PDUH GH DS OD VDWXUD LH GLQ FD]DQ DVLJXU R PDUH LQHU LH WHUPLF
DGLFRPDUHFDSDFLWDWHGHDFXPXODUHGHFOGXUFHHDFHRIHUDYDQWDMXOSRVLELOLW LL
pUHOXULLIOXFWXD LLORUGHVDUFLQSULQYDULD LLPLFLGHSUHVLXQHvQWDPEXU
Volumul mDUH GH DS QHFHVLW vQV WLPS vQGHOXQJDW GH SRUQLUH L LQWUDUH vQ
regim.
&D XUPDUH D IDSWXOXL F WRDWH HOHPHQWHOH FD]DQXOXL VH DIO LQ LQWHULRUXO
tamburului, acesta are dimensiuni foarte mari (diametre de 1600 PP L
lungimi de ordinul 1600 4600 PPFHHDFHDQWUHQHD]FRQVXPXULPDULGHPHWDOL
iPSXQHOLPLWDUHDGHELWHORUODFFDWKLDSUHVLXQLORUGHOXFUXODFFDEDU
$VDPEODUHDULJLGvQWUHWDPEXUWXEGHIODFUL HYLGHIXPHOHPHQWHcare se
GLODWGLIHULWGDWRULWWHPSHUDWXULORUGLIHULWHGHOXFUXDQWUHQHD]DSDUL LDvQIXQF LRQDUH
L vQ VSHFLDO OD YDULD iL GH VDUFLQ LQFOXVLY SRUQLUH D XQRU VROLFLWUL PHFDQLFH PDUL
FDUHGXFXQHRULODGLVWUXJHUHDHWDQULORU(OLPLQDUHDvQSDUWHDDFHVWXLLQFRQYHQLHQWVH
UHDOL]HD]SULQXWLOL]DUHDWXEXULORUGHIODFUGHWLSHODVWLF tuburi ondulate LSULQ
ULJLGL]DUHDVXSOLPHQWDUD HYLORUGHIXPvQSOFLOHWXEXODUHSULQ HYLDQFRU
4.1.2. Tema de proiectare
Prin tema de proiectare se dau:
Dh
debitul de abur saturat produs, n t/h sau D=0,278 Dh, n kg/s ;
p
presiunea aburului, n bar ;
ti
temperatura apei la intrare n cazan;
titlul de vapori;
compozi LD combustibilului utilzat.
&RQIRUP LQGLFD LLORU GLQ FDSLWROXO VH HIHFWXHD] FDOFXOXO DUGHULL
combustibiluOXLLVHGHWHUPLQ V0 , Vg , H i .
'DF IXQF LRQDrea cazanului este cu suprapresiune n focar, coeficientul de
H[FHV GH DHU HVWH FRQVWDQW L HJDO FX FHO GLQ IRFDU FFD SH WRW WUDVHXO
gazelor de ardere.
'DF IXQF LRQDUHD FD]DQXOXi este n depresiune (cu exhautor la evacuarea
JD]HORUGHDUGHUHSHFRVHDGPLWHGHH[HPSOX
f n focar = 1,1 (1)
n fiecare FXWLHGHvQWRDUFHUHVHDGDXJ=0,1.
o
152
5H]XOW
- CI ( 2 ) GXSSULPDFXWLHGHvQWRDUFHUHvQ HYLOe fascicolului convectiv I: 2=1,2 .
- CII ( 3 ) GXSDGRXDFXWLHGHvQWRDUFHUHvQ HYLOHIDVFLFROXOXLFRQYHFWLY,,3 L
HVWHSUDFWLFHJDOFXFRHILFLHQWXOGHH[FHVGHDHUODFRFR).
Fiind VFldare interioar, coeficientul de exces de aer mediu pe un drum este
cel de la intrare.
6HWUDVHD]GLDJUDPHOH,-t sau cp-t.
&DOFXOXOUDQGDPHQWXOXLWHUPLFDOFD]DQXOXLLDGHELWXOXLGHFRPEXVWLELO
$FHVWH FD]DQH IXQF LRQHD] QXPDL FX FRPEXVWLELO JD]RV VDX OLFKLG SLHUGHULOH
specifice GHFOGXUSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUmecanic qmecLSULQHYDFXDUHD
produselor solide din cazan qcen sunt nule).
a) 3LHUGHUHDVSHFLILFGHFOGXUSULQHQWDOSLDJD]HORUde ardere ODFR
)LLQGXQFD]DQGHDEXUIUVXSUDIH HDX[LOLDUHVHDGPLWHLQL LDORWHPSHUDWXU
ODFRGHWHUPLQDWGLQUHOD LD :
t cos t s + 50 +
50
Dh
[0C]
(4.1)
I ao = V0 c pa t a
(4.2)
5H]XOWSLHUGHUHDVSHFLILFODFR
qcos =
1
( I cos cos I ao )
Hi
(4.3)
b) 3LHUGHUHDVSHFLILFGHFOGXUSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF
n proiecWDUH VH DGPLWH R SLHUGHUH SULQ DUGHUH LQFRPSOHW FD]DQXO ILLQG FX
ecranare medie)
qch= 0,0010,008
c) 3LHUGHULVSHFLILFHGHFOGXUSULQVXSUDID H[WHULRDUDFD]DQXOXL
153
(4.4)
SHQWUXFD]DQHGHDEXUIUVXSUDIH HDQH[H
d) Randamentul cazanului
6HFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD:
(4.5)
% = 100 %
(4.6)
e) Consumul de combustibil
Se admite debitul de purje al cazaQXOXL vQ FRQGL LLOH DSHL ELQH WUDWDWH GH
din debitul cazanului :
(4.7)
Dp=0,03D
Din tabelele de SURSULHW LWHUPRGLQDPLFHDOHaburului (Anexa 4VHGHWHUPLQ
SHQWUXSUHVLXQHDDEXUXOXLSXUPWRDUHOHPULPLL
- WHPSHUDWXUDGHVDWXUD LHWsat
- entalpia aburului saturat uscat i
- HQWDOSLDDSHLODVDWXUD LHL
- HQWDOSLDDSHLODLQWUDUHFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHWHPSHUDWXULLti : io=4,186 ti (kJ/kg)
Deoarece aburul are un titlu HQWDOSLDILQDODDEXUXOXLHVWH
(4.8)
DHRDUHFHSHQWUXFD]DQHGHDFHVWWLSQXVHXWLOL]HD]LQMHFWRDUHGHFRPEXVWLELO
lichid cu agent de pulverizare aburUH]XOW Winj (YLGHQWLvQFD]XOFRPEXVWLELOXOXL
gazos Winj=0.
'H DVHPHQHD VH LD vQ FRQVLGHUDUH F SHQWUX FRPEXVWLELO OLFKLG VDX JD]RV
qmec LGHFLB*=B .
5H]XOWGHELWXOGHFRPEXVWLELO consumat de cazan:
B=
D( i io ) + D p ( i' io )
Hi
(4.9)
154
%LODQXOGHDQVDPEOXDOFD]DQXOXL
)OX[XOGHFOGXUXWLODOFD]DQXOXLHVWH
Qut = D( i io ) + D p ( i' io )
[kW]
(4.10)
Fluxul deFOGXUDGXVGHFRPEXVWLELO
Qc = B H i
(4.11)
)OX[XOGHFOGXUDGXVFXDHUXOGHDUGHUHLGHQHHWDQHLW L :
Qa = B cosV0 c pa t a
(4.12)
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWODFR
Qcos = BI cos
(4.13)
FluxulGHFOGXUSLHUGXWSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHW
Qinc = qch BH i
(4.14)
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWVSUHH[WHULRU
Qext = qext BH i
(4.15)
5H]XOWWDEHOXOGLQELODQ
Combustibil pierderi
Qc
Qa
- QFR
- Qinc
- Qext
Q = Q'
Tabelul 4.1.
Util
Qut
Q = Q''
Q'Q' '
100%
Q'
155
(4.16)
4.1.5. CDOFXOXOWHPSHUDWXULORULHQWDOSLLORUJD]HORUGHDUGHUHSHWUDVHX
(QWDOSLDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUHVHFDOFXOHD]FXIRUPXOD
I t = H i ( 1 qch ) + f V0 c pa t a
(4.17)
DSRLVHGHWHUPLQWHPSHUDWXUDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUHGLQGLDJUDPD,-t : t t = f ( I t , f )
6HDOHJHWHPSHUDWXUDODFDSWXOIRFDUXOXL:
tf = 900 1100 0C ,
cu valori mici pentru debite mici. Aceste valori nalte sunt specifice cazanelor cu tub
GHIODFU
6H GHWHUPLQ DSRL GLQ GLDJUDPD ,-W HQWDOSLD JD]HORU OD FDSWXO IRFDUXOXi
If=f(tf,f) .
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWSULQUDGLD LHvQIRFDUYDIL
QR = ( 1 qext )B( I t I f )
[kW]
(4.18)
(4.20)
I cI = I f
QcI
( 1 qext )B
(4.21)
LGLQGLDJUDPD,-WUH]XOWWHPSHUDWXUD
t cI = f ( I cI , cI )
(4.22)
I cII = I cI
QcII
( 1 qext )B
(4.23)
156
LGLQGLDJUDPD,-WUH]XOWWHPSHUDWXUD
(4.24)
QFKLGHUHDELODQ XOXLLPSXQH
IcII=IFR
L tcII=tFR
t =
tcos tcII
100 0,5%
tt tcos
(4.25)
I =
I cos I cII
100 0,5%
I t I cos
(4.26)
L
(URULPDLPDULLQGLFRJUHHDOGHFDOFXOQILQDOVHvQWRFPHWHWDEHOXO
6XSUDID D
)OX[GHFOGXU
Focar
Convectiv I
Convectiv II
QR
QcI
QcII
Tabelul 4.2.
Temperatura gazelor
intrare
LHLUH
tc
tf
tcI
tf
tcI
tFR
= Qut
%LODQXOJUDILFDOFD]DQXOXL
'HELWHOH GH FOGXU GLQ WDEHOHOH L 2 VH WUDQVSXQ JUDILF OD VFDU FD vQ
figura 2.3 (cu B*=B; Qpa=0; Qsfc=QcI+QcII, Qsi=0; Qec=0; qmec=0; qcen=0) .
4.1.7. Calculul termic al focarului
$FHVWFDOFXODUHFDVFRSGHWHUPLQDUHDVXSUDIH HLGHUDGLD LH6RFDSDELOVSUHLD
GHELWXO GH FOGXU UDGLDQW 4R. Deoarece n calcule intervine gradul de ecranare
S per
S per
SRUQHWHFXRYDORDUHDSUR[LPDWLY6RFDUHvQILQDOVHYDFRPSDUDFXFHDUH]XOWDW
din calcul SR.
157
QR
qR
[m2]
(4.27)
S 'R =
cu
QR
[m2]
T f 4 T p 4
5,765
100 100
(4.28)
)RFDUXOGHWLSWXEGHIODFUDUHXUPWRDUHOHGLPHQVLXQLILJXUD
60
D
LS
LR
L
Debit Dh [t/h]
0,4 1
14
4 10
158
D 2
S
'
4
LR =
D
'
R
[m]
(4.29)
FOGXU SULQ UDGLD LH deoarece la cazanele bloc-abur cutia de ntoarcere spate este
UFLWFX HYLGHDS
D 2
D 2
( D 2 )2
+ Ls
Vf = L
4
4
'
R
[m3]
S per = [ D L'R + ( D 2 ) Ls ] + 2
(4.30)
D2
[m2]
4
(4.31)
s = 3,6
Vf
S per
[m]
(4.32)
6HFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGLQIRFDU
kg =
0,1 + 1,6 p H 2O
(p H 2O
1 0,38 f (p H 2O + p RO 2 )
1000
+ p RO 2 ) s
(4.33)
VH 2O
Vg o + ( f 1)V0
p g [bar] ; p RO 2 =
159
VRO 2
Vg o + ( f 1)V0
p g [bar] (4.34)
6HFDOFXOHD]FRHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGLQIRFDU
ag = 1 e
k g s
(4.35)
6HFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDIOFULLFXUHOD LDDSUR[LPDWLY
k fl = 1,6
Tf
1000
0,5
(4.36)
a fl = 1 e
k fl s
(4.37)
PonderarHD DEVRUE LHL IOFULL FX FHD D PHGLXOXL UDGLDQW GH Jaze de ardere se
IDFH GXS FULWHULL experimentale, FRQVLGHUkQG R SURSRU LH din volumul focarului
RFXSDWGHSDUWHDOXPLQRDVDIOFULL
&RHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOIOFULLLJD]HORUGHDUGHUHHVWHGDWGHUHOD LD
a = a fl + ( 1 ) a g
(4.38)
Tabelul 4.4.
= 0,2
= 0,6
(4.39)
LPXUGULUHDVXSUDIH HORU
= 0,7 0,9 combustibil gazos
= 0,6 0,7 combustibil lichid
&XDFHVWHYDORULVHFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDIRFDUXOXL
0 ,82 a
af =
a + ( 1 a )
(4.40)
160
M = aM bM
cu :
aM=0,52; bM=0,3L
h
= 0,43
Hf
(4.41)
h
= 0,3 pentru focare orizontale
Hf
QR
1
SR =
3 t 1 2 [m2] (4.42)
8
3
T
M
5,765 10 M a f T f Tt
f
D 2
SR
4
LR =
D
[m]
(4.43)
SI =
B Vg t m + 273
WI
273
[m2]
161
(4.44)
unde:
Vg VHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD:
Vg = Vg o + ( cI 1 )V0
nI =
4 SI
-VHURWXQMHWHODQXPUntreg par
d i2
(4.45)
QILQDOVHUHFDOFXOHD]YLWH]DJD]HORUGHDUGHUH
WI =
B Vg
d i2
nI
4
t m + 273
273
[m/s]
(4.46)
Pentru temperatura medie a gazelor de ardere tm VH GHWHUPLQ GLQ anexa 9,
XUPWRDUHOHYDORUL
- YkVFR]LWDWHDFLQHPDWLF
[m2/s]
-
FRQGXFWLELOLWDWHDWHUPLF
criteriul Prandtl
Pr
[W/mK]
DSRLVHGHWHUPLQFULWHULXOKLGURGinamic :
Re =
WI d i
LVLPSOH[XOGHOXQJLPL
3
Cl =
( L / d i )0 ,25
(4.47)
(4.48)
Cl = 1
pentru L/di > 80
unde L este lungimea cazanului, care se ia HJDOFXcea a focarului.
Se calculeD]DSRLFRHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQFRQYHF LH
GDF Re > 10000 :
162
Pr0 ,35
c = 0 ,0263 Cl
Re 0 ,8
di
[W/m2K]
(4.49)
Pr0 ,35
c = 0,0263 Cl
Re 0 ,8
di
[W/m2K]
(4.50)
cu
6 105
=1
Re1,8
(4.51)
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHHVWHGHWHUPLQDWGHPULPLOH
- WHPSHUDWXUPHGLHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUH7gm=tgm+273 [K]
- grosimea stratului radiant : s = 0,9 . di [m]
- SUHVLXQLOHSDU LDOHDOHJD]HORUtriatomice n gazele de ardere:
p RO2 =
VRO2
Vgo + ( cI 1 )V0
pg
[bar]; p H 2O =
VH 2 O
Vgo + ( cI 1 )V0
pg
[bar] (4.52)
cu pg 1 bar.
&RQVWDQWDGHUDGLD LHDJD]HORUeste :
Kg =
0 ,8 + 1,6 p H 2O
( p H 2O + p RO2
Tgm
( p H 2O + p RO2 )
1 0 ,38
1000
) s
(4.53)
ag = 1 e
k g s
T
1 p
T
a +1
gm
3
r = 5,765 10 8 p
a g Tgm
[W/m2K]
(4.54)
3 ,6
2
Tp
1
T
gm
XQGH SHQWUX FRHILFLHQWXO GH DEVRUE LH DO SHUHWHOXL VH LD YDORDUHD Dp L SHQWUX
WHPSHUDWXUDDEVROXWDSHUHWHOXL HYLL
T p = t sat + 20 + 273 [K]
163
i = c + r
Coeficientul e (pe partea apei) este mult mai mare (de ordinul miilor de
W/m K) n comparate cu i (de ordinul zecilor de W/m2K).
n aceVWHFRQGL LLFRHILFLHQWXOJOREDOGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUNHVWHGDWGHUHOD LD
(s-a neglijat 1/e n raport cu 1/i) :
2
kI =
i
1 + i
[W/m2K]
(4.55)
t mI =
t max t min
t
ln max
t min
(4.56)
164
t
tf
tmax
tc1
tsat
SC1
tmin
S cI =
QcI
k I t mI
[m2]
(4.57)
[m]
(4.58)
LUH]XOWOXQJLPHD HYLORU
LcI =
S cI
d i nI
165
6HF LXQHDGHWUHFHUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHYDIL
B Vg t m + 273
WII
273
S II =
[m2]
(4.59)
tm =
t cI + t cos
2
[0C]
1XPUXOGH HYLDOGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLY,,
4 S II
-VHURWXQMHWHODvQWUHJQXPUSDU
d i2
nII =
(4.60)
9D UH]XOWD XQ QXPU GH HYL PDL PLF GHFkW OD GUXPXO , GLQ FDX]D GHELWXOXL
volumic mai mic de gaze de ardere.
'XSVWDELOLUHDQXPUXOXLGH HYLVHUHFDOFXOHD]YLWH]DJD]HORUGHDUGHUH :
WII =
B Vg
d
nII
4
2
i
t m + 273
273
[m/s]
(4.61)
Pentru temperatura medie a gazelor de ardere tm VH GHWHUPLQ GLQ anexa 9
valoriOHXUPWRULORUSDUDPHWULL:
- YkVFR]LWDWHDFLQHPDWLF
[m2/s]
FRQGXFWLELOLWDWHDWHUPLF
criteriul Prandtl
Pr
[W/mK]
DSRLVHGHWHUPLQFULWHUiul hidrodinamic :
Re =
WII d i
(4.62)
9DORDUHDVLPSOH[XOXLGHOXQJLPLHVWHDFHODLFDSHGUXPXOFRQYHFWLY,
CI =
3
(L / d i )0 ,25
CI = 1
166
(4.63)
Pr0 ,35
c = 0 ,0263 C I
Re 0 ,8 [W/m2K]
di
(4.64)
LDUvQFD]XO5HVHIRORVHWHUHOD LD
Pr0,35
c = 0,0263 CI
Re0,8
di
[W/m2K]
(4.65)
cu
6 105
= 1 1,8
Re
(4.66)
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHVHFDOFXOHD]QXPDLGDF
tm =
tcI + tcos
> 400 0C
2
(4.67)
FD]vQFDUHPHWRGLFDHVWHDFHLDLFDFHDIRORVLWODGUXPXOFRQYHFWLY,VFKLPEkQGX-se
PH O , PRO L Tg .
2
i = c + r
(4.68)
&RHILFLHQWXOJOREDOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUHVWH
k II =
i
1 + i
[W/m2K]
(4.69)
cXYDORULOHSHQWUXFRHILFLHQWXOGHPXUGULUHGLQWDEHOXO
'LIHUHQ D PHGLH GH WHPSHUDWXUL VH GHWHUPLQ FRQIRUP VFKHPHL ILJXULL L
UHOD LHL
t mII =
t max t min
t
ln max
t min
(4.70)
167
t
tc1
tmax
tcos
tsat
SC2
tmin
S cII =
QcII
k II t mII
[m2]
(4.71)
LUH]XOWOXQJLPHDGUXPXOXLconvectiv:
LcII =
S cII
[m]
d i n II
(4.72)
&DOFXOXOGHHFKLOLEUDUHDVXSUDIHHORU
'LQ ILJXUD UH]XOW FRQGL LD FRQVWUXFWLY Fa lungimea focarului
L=LR+LDP V ILH HJDO cu lungimea drumurilor convective (L DFHVWHD HJDOH vQWUH
ele) :
(4.73)
L = LI = LII
Dintr-XQ SULP FDOFXO DFHDVW FRQGL LH QX HVWH vQGHSOLQLW L DWXQFL VH
SURFHGHD]ODRechilibrareDVXSUDIH HORU
168
6H LD vQ SULPXO UkQG FD OXQJLPH D GUXPXULORU FRQYHFWLYH PHGLD UDSRUWDW OD
VXSUDID DFHORUGRXGUXPXUL
(4.74)
deci :
Lconv =
nI LI + nII LII
n I + nII
(4.75)
169
qf =
Q
Q
QR
; qcI = cI ; qcII = cII
SR
S cI
S cII
[kW/m2]
(4.76)
UH]XOW
D2
QR
q f + D f q f Ls + QcI + QcII
L=
D f q f + d ( n I q cI + n II q cII )
[m]
(4.77)
'DF VH UHLD FDOFXOXO GH YHULILFDUH FX DFHVWH GLPHQVLXQL VH UHFDOFXOHD]
Q , Q , Q 'cII LVHGHWHUPLQ t 'f L t 'cI .
'
R
'
cI
&DOFXOXOWHUPLFDOFD]DQXOXLFXHYLFXLQFOLQDUHPDUHWLS&5
'HVFULHUHDFD]DQXOXLHOHPHQWHFRPSRQHQWHPRGGHIXQFLRQDUH
&D]DQHOH FX HYL FX vQFOLQDUH PDUH WLS &5 FD]DQH GH UDGLD LH sunt cazane
DFYDWXEXODUH FX GRX WDPEXUXUL XQ GUXP FRQYHFWLY L SUHvQFO]LWRU GH DHU 3URGXF
DEXU VDWXUDW L IXQF LRQHD] FX JD]H QDWXUDOH VDX FX FRPEXVWLELO OLFKLG 3ULQFLSDOHOH
elemente componente sunt prezentate n schema din figura 4.5.
$FHVWHFD]DQHDX HYLOHILHUEWRDUHDOHHFUDQHORULVLVWHPXOXLFRQYHFWLYOHJDWH
GLUHFWODWDPEXUXULLRvQFOLQDUHPHUJkQGSkQODYHUWLFDOLWate. Acest mod de prindere
DVLJXUREXQFLUFXOD LHLQWHULRDUDDSHLLHPXOVLHLvQFD]DQ
QWHKQLFDPRGHUQDXOXDWH[WLQGHUHWRWPDLPDUHFD]DQHOHFX HYi cu nclinare
PDUHFXSHUHWHPHPEUDQDYkQG HYLOHDOWXUDWHVXGDWH cu platbande. Se nlRFXLHWH
DVWIHO ]LGULD JUHRDLH D FD]DQXOXL FX XQ VWUDW WHUPRL]RODQW SURWHMDW FX WDEO L VH
PUHWHVXEVWDQ LDOWUDQVIHUXOUDGLDQWvQIRFDUGHDLFLLGHQXPLUHDGH cazare tip CR).
7HKQLFD VXGXULL DXWRPDWH FX VWUDW SURWHFWRU GH IOX[ VDX vQ FXUHQW GH vQDOW
IUHFYHQ HVWH ELQH SXVODSXQFWLDVWIHOSHUH LLPHPEUDQVXQWHFRQRPLFLLIU
defecte.
(WDQHLWDWHDSHUIHFWvQIRFDUSHUPLWHDUGHUHDFRPEXVWLELOXOXLOLFhid sau gazos
VXESUHVLXQHvQYHGHUHDLQWHQVLILFULLSURFHVHORUGLQIRFDULUHDOL]ULLXQRUYLWH]HPDUL
GHFLUFXOD LHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHvQdrumurile convective.
*D]HOH GH DUGHUH VFKLPE FOGXU SULQ UDGLD LH vQ IRFDU, parcurg lungimea
IRFDUXOXLLGDWRULWWLUDMXOXLVXQWREOLJDWHVWUHDFvQVLVWHPXOILHUEWRUFRQYHFWLYDe
aici parcurg GLQ QRX OXQJLPHD FD]DQXOXL L VXQW SUHOXDWH GH canalul de colectare L
LQWURGXVHvQ HYLOHSUHvQFO]LWRUXOXLGHDHU/DLHLUHsunt aspirDWHGHFWUH un exhautor
LHOLminate laFR
Astfel de cazane pot produce 5 50 t/h abur cu presiuni de 8 30 bar.
170
12
14
3
hF
hC
lF
1
2
10
7
13
11
)LJ&D]DQFX HYLFXvQFOLQDUHPDUH
4.2.2. Tema de proiectare
7HPDGHSURLHFWDUHLPSXQHXUPWRDUHOHGDWH
- debitul cazanului : Dh [t/h] sau D [kg/s] ;
- presiunea aburului saturat : ps [bar] ;
- titlul aburului: ;
- temperatura apei la intrarea n cazan: ti [0C];
- FRPSR]L LDFRPEXVWLELOXOXLXWLOL]DWOLFKLGVDXJD]RV;
- IRFDUXOIXQF LRQHD]vQVXSUDSUHVLXQHVDXvQGHSUHVLXQH;
- cazaQFXSUHvQFO]LWRUGHDHU;
- temperatura de prHvQFO]LUHD aerului: tpa [0C];
- WHPSHUDWXUDDHUXOXLLQWURGXVvQSUHvQFO]LWRUWa [0C];
&D]DQXO IXQF LRQHD] vQ VXSUDSUHVLXQH L FRHILFLHQWXO GH H[FHV GH DHU HVWH
constant pe traseul gazelor de ardere f = sfc = 1 =1,05 1,15. Coeficientul de exces
GH DHU vQ SUHvQFO]LWRUXO GH DHU SRDWH V FUHDVF PA = 2 = 1 GDF
VXSUDSUHVLXQHD GLQ IRFDU DVLJXU R SUHVLXQH ]HUR VDX QHJDWLY OD LHLUHD JD]HORU GLQ
focar.
171
&DOFXOXOUDQGDPHQWXOXLWHUPLFDOFD]DQXOXLLDGHELWXOXLGHFRPEXVWLELO
$FHVWHFD]DQHIXQF LRQHD]QXPDLFXFRPEXVWLELOJD]RVVDXOLFKLGGHFLTmec=0
LTcen=0) .
a). 3LHUGHUHDVSHFLILFGHFOGXUSULQHQWDOSLDJD]HORU de ardereODFR
)LLQGXQFD]DQGHDEXUFXVXSUDIH HDX[LOLDUHVHDGPLWHLQL LDORWHPSHUDWXUOD
FR FDOFXODW cu formula H[SHULPHQWDO de optimizare :
tcos 160 +
100 0
[ C]
Dh
(4.78)
(4.79)
b) 3LHUGHUHDVSHFLILFGHFOGXUSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF
n proiectare se admite o pierdere prin arGHUH LQFRPSOHW FD]DQXO Iiind cu
HFUDQDUHPDUHLDU]WRUXOGHvQDOWSHUIRUPDQ :
qch = 0,001
e) Consumul de combustibil
$GPL kQGFGHELWXOGHSXUMvQFRQGL LLOHXQHLDSHELQHWUDWDWHeste de 3% din
debitul de abur al cazanului:
Dp=0,03D .
'LQWDEHOHOHGHSURSULHW LWHUPRGLQDPLFHDOHDEXUXOXL(Anexa 4VHGHWHUPLQ
pentru presiunea aburului ps XUPWRDUHOHPULPL
- WHPSHUDWXUDGHVDWXUD LH
- ts
- entalpia aburului saturat uscat - i
- HQWDOSLDDSHLODVDWXUD LH
- i
- HQWDOSLDDSHLODLQWUDUHFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHWHPSHUDWXULL ti :
io=4,186ti (kJ/kg)
Deoarece aburul are un titlul cHQWDOSLDILQDODDEXUXOXLHVWH
(4.80)
B=
D ( i io ) + D p ( i' io )
Hi
[u.c.*/s]
(4.81)
*(unitati de combustibil)
%LODQXOGHDQVDPEOXDOFD]DQXOXL
)OX[XOGHFOGXUXWLODOFD]DQXOXLHVWH
Qut = D ( i io ) + D p ( i' io )
(4.82)
FluxulGHFOGXUDGXVGHFRPEXVWLELO:
Qc = B H i
(4.83)
Fluxul de cOGXUDGXVFXDHUXODWPRVIHULF:
Qa = B cos V0 c pa t a
(4.84)
173
)OX[XOGHFOGXUDGXVSULQSUHvQFO]Lrea aerului:
QPA = B f V0 c pa ( t pa t a )
(4.85)
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWODFR
Qcos = B I cos
(4.86)
)OX[XOGHFOGXUpierdutSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF :
Qch = qch B H i
(4.87)
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSLHUGXWVSUHH[WHULRU
Qext = qext B H i
(4.88)
5H]XOWWDEHOXOGeELODQ
Tabelul 4.5.
Util
Combustibil pierderi
Qc
Qa + QPA
- QFR
- Qinc
- Qext
Q = Q'
Qut
QPA
Q = Q''
1RW vQ DFHVW ELODQ -q2BHi) s-a scris sub forma: (-BIFR+BFRV0cpata); deci
IRUPDH[SOLFLW
6HGHILQHWHHURDUHDUHODWLY =
Q'Q' '
100%
L VH YHULILF HURDUHD
Q'
PD[LPDGPLVLELOGH 'DFHURDUHDHVWHPDLPDUHH[LVWRJUHHDOGHFDOFXO
&DOFXOXOWHPSHUDWXULLLHQWDOSLLORUJD]HORUGHDUGHUHSHWUDVHX
(QWDOSLDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUHVHFDOFXOHD]FXIRUPXOD
I t = H i ( 1 qch ) + f V0 c pa t a
[kJ/u.c.]
DSRLVHGHWHUPLQWHPSHUDWXUDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUHGLQGLDJUDPD,-t :
t t = f ( I t , f ) [oC].
174
(4.89a)
(4.89b)
)OX[XOGHFOGXUFDUHVHSUHLDvQVLVWHPXOILHUEWRUvQDQVDPEOXHVWH
Qsf = D ( i io ) + D p ( i' io )
[kW]
(4.90)
iarIOX[XOGHFOGXUFDUHVHSUHLDvQVLVWHPXOILHUEWRUFRQYHFWLYHVWH:
Qsfc = Qsf QR [kW]
(4.91)
I sfc = I f
Qsfc
[kJ/u.c.]
( 1 qext ) B
LGLQGLDJUDPD,-WUH]XOWWHPSHUDWXUD
(4.92)
[0C].
)OX[XOGHFOGXUSUHOXDWGHSUHvQFO]LWRUXOGHDHUHVWH
QPA = B f V0 c pa ( t PA t a )
[kW]
(4.93)
Entalpia gazeORUGHDUGHUHODVIkULWXOSUHvQFO]LWRUXOXLGHDHUHVWH
I PA = I sfc
I PA
( 1 qext )B
[kJ/u.c.]
(4.94)
LGLQGLDJUDPD,-WUH]XOWWHPSHUDWXUD t PA = f ( I PA , PA ) [0C].
QFKLGHUHDELODQ XOXLLPSXQH
IPA=IFRLtPA=tFR
LVHDGPLWHURULOHrelative :
I I PA
I = cos
100 (%) 0,5 %
It
L
t =
tcos t PA
100 (%) 0,5 %
tt
(4.95)
(URUL PDL PDUL LQGLF R JUHHDO GH FDOFXO Q ILQDO VH vQWRFPHWH WDEHOXO
centralizator 4.6.
Tabelul 4.6.
175
6XSUDID D
)OX[GHFOGXU
Focar
Convectiv I
Convectiv II
QR
Qsfc
QPA
Temperatura gazelor
intrare
LHLUH
tt
tf
tf
tsfc
tsfc
tFR
%LODQXOJUDILFDOFD]DQXOXL
'HELWHOH GH FOGXU GLQ WDEHOHOH L VH WUDQVSXQ JUDILF OD VFDU GXS
modelul general prezentat n capitolul 2 figura 2.3 (cu B*=B, QSI=0; Qec=0; qmec L
qcen=0).
4.2.7. Calculul termic la focarului
)RFDUXOGHWLSFDPHUDUHXUPWRDUHOHGLPHQVLXQL
Sectiunea A-A
0
~500
h h
L
l
A
V
= S R LOXQJLPHDGHUDGLD LH s = 4 f , este necesar un calcul interativ. Se
S per
S per
SRUQHWHFXRYDORDUHDSUR[LPDWLY SRFDUHvQILQDOVHYDFRPSDUDFXFHDUH]XOWDW
din calcul SR.
'
S R SRDWHILDSUHFLDWSULQGRXPHWRGH
176
LUH]XOW
cu :
'
S R =QR /qR [m2]
100 100
Vf =
Qc B H i
=
qv
qv
[m3]
(4.98)
Vf = A h L
LVHGHWHUPLQODWXULOHGLQUHOD LD
/DWXULOH VH URWXQMHVF OD YDORULOH vQWUHJL GH ]HFLPL GH PHWUX 'DF ODWXULOH DX
GLPHQVLXQLSUHDGLIHULWHGHVROX LLOHX]XDOHVHDOHJHDOWvQFUFDUHWHUPLFDIRFDUXOXL
&XQRVFkQGFVXSUDID DSHUH LORUIRFDUXOXLHVWH
A
S per = h" L + h' L + 2
L + 2 A h
cos 6 o
[m2]
s = 4
Vf
S per
[m]
(4.99)
sHFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGLQIRFDU
0,8 + 1,6 p H 2O
Tf
( p H 2O + p RO2 ) (4.100)
1 0 ,38
kg =
1000
( p H 2O + p RO2 ) s
177
p H 2O =
VH 2O
Vgo + ( f 1 )V0
p g ; p RO2 =
VRO2
Vgo + ( f 1 )V0
p g (4.101)
cu : pg =1 bar.
6HFDOFXOHD]FRHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOJD]HORUGe ardere din focar :
ag = 1 e
k g s
(4.102)
6HFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDIOFULLFXUHOD LDDSUR[LPDWLY
T
k fl = 1,6 f 0,5
(4.103)
1000
LFRHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOIOFULLFXUHOD LD
a fl = 1 e
k fl s
(4.104)
PondHUHDDEVRUE LHLIOFULLFXFHDDPHGLXOXLUDGLDQWGHJD]HGHDUGHUHVHIDFH
GXSFULWHULLexperimentaleFRQVLGHUkQGRSURSRU LHGLQYROXPXOIRFDUXOXLRFXSDWGH
SDUWHDOXPLQRDVDIOFULL - coeficient de luminozitate) .
&RHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUE LHDOIOFULLLJD]HORUGHDUGHUHVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD
a = a fl + ( 1 ) a g
(4.105)
cu
= 0,2 SHQWUXIODFUOXPLQRDVGHFRPEXVWLELOJD]RVL
SHQWUXIODFUSURGXVGHFRPEXVWLELOOLFKLG
Gradul de ecranare al focarului este :
'
SR
=
S per
(4.106)
LPXUGULUHDVXSUDIH HORU
= 0,7 0,9 combustibil gazos
&XDFHVWHYDORULVHFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDIRFDUXOXL
af =
0,82 a
a + ( 1 a )
(4.107)
2 DOW FDUDFWHULVWLF D IRFDUXOXL IDFWRUXO GH SR]L LH D IOFULL vQ IRFDU SHQWUX
combustibil lichid sau gazosVHGHWHUPLQFXUHOD LD:
178
M = a M bM
cu :
harz
H foc
aM = 0,52; bM = 0,3;
(4.108)
harz
1
=FRQIRUPVFKL IRFar .
H foc
3
QR
1
SR =
3 t 1 2
8
3
T
M
5,765 10 M a f T f Tt
f
[m2]
(4.109)
s
= 1,2 1,8 cu d GLDPHWUXOH[WHULRUDO HYLL
d
Pasul este IRDUWH PLF SHQWUX FD UFLUHD ]LGULHL V VH IDF IRDUWH LQWHQV L
JURVLPHDQHFHVDUa ]LGULHLVILHPLF
$VWIHO OD FD]DQHOH &5 JURVLPHD ]LGULHL IRFDUXOXL HVWH PP ID GH DOWH
cazane la care grosimea ajunge la 300 500 mm.
Din diagrama din figura UH]XOW YDORDUHD FRHILFLHQWXOXL GH HILFLHQ al
ecranului.
179
(ILFLHQHFUDQGHUDGLDLHGLVWDQDW
0.9
0.8
X 0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
1
1.5
2.5
3.5
s/d
4.5
5.5
(ILFLHQHFUDQGHUDGLDLHVHPLvQJURSDW
0.9
0.8
0.7
X
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
1
1.5
2.5
3.5
s/d
4.5
5.5
)LJ'LDJUDPHGHFDOFXOSHQWUXFRHILFLHQ LLGHHILFLHQWDLHFUDQHORU
6XSUDID DHFUDQDWHVWH: S a = A L
1
cos 6 0
(4.110)
180
6XSUDID DHFUDQDWHVWH S b
Cu:
= h" L
(4.111)
A
0
h=h+2 tg 6
2
c). Ecranul lateral dreapta
Este un ecran independent, legat la tamburi.
'LQ PRWLYH FRQVWUXFWLYH GLDPHWUXO L SDVXO HYLORU VH SVWUHD] DFHODL FD OD
HFUDQXOVWkQJD7RWXLGDFHVWHQHFHVDUVHSRDWHPULSDVXOQHILLQGLPSXVHFRQGL LL
GHUFLUHD]LGULHL
'LQGLDJUDPDILJXULLUH]XOWFRHILFLHQWXOGHHILFLHQ al ecranului.
6XSUDID DHFUDQDWHVWH S b
Cu:
h=h-2
= h' L
(4.112)
A
tg 60
2
d) Ecranul spate
(VWH XQ HFUDQ OHJDW SULQ GRX colectoare exterioare de tamburi. Montarea lui
DUHvQVSHFLDOUROXOGHUFLUHDSHUHWHOXLGLQVSDWHGDUSRDWHVLOLSHDVF
TotGLQPRWLYHFRQVWUXFWLYHVHUHFRPDQGPHQ LQHUHD diametruluiLSDVului de
DH]DUHGHOD celelalte ecrane de perete.
DinGLDJUDPDILJXULLUH]XOWFRHILFLHQWXOGHHILFLHQ al ecranului.
6XSUDID DHFUDQDWHVWH S b = h L
e) Ecranul ID
(VWH XQ HFUDQ OHJDW SULQ GRX FROHFWRDUH H[WHULRDUH GH WDPEXUL 0RQWDUHD OXL
DUHvQVSHFLDOUROXOGHUFLUHDSHUHWHOXLID DYkQGX-VHJULMVVHSUHYDGVSD LLvQWUH
HYL SHQWUX DPSODVDUHD DU]WRDUHORU 6SD LLOH GLQWUH HYL VH UHDOL]HD] SULQ VFGHUHD
SDVXOXL GH DH]DUH GH R SDUWH L GH DOWD D ]RQHL GH DPSODVDUH D DU]WRUXOXL )RUPD
HYLORUQXYDPDLILGUHDSWci va avea bucle cu ndoiri specifice rezultate constructiv.
6XSUDID DHFUDQDWHVWHDFHHDvLFXFHDDSHUHWHOXLVSDWH
181
Amplasare ecran
Dimensiuni
[m]
Tavan
Perete lateral stnga
Perete lateral dreapta
Perete spate
3HUHWHID
6XSUDID D
Si [m2]
Tabelul 4.7.
6XSUDID DGH
Coeficient de
UDGLD LHSi i
HILFLHQW i
[m2]
S x
i i
7UHEXLHVVHUHDOL]H]H
S x
i i
SR
(4.113)
'DF VH UHQXQ OD VROX LD GH ]LGULH vQ IDYRDUHD VROX LHL GH SHUHWH PHPEUDQ
FDOFXOHOH UPkQ YDODELOH FX SUHFL]DUHD F SHQWUX WRDWH VXSUDIH HOH FRHILFLHQ LL GH
HILFLHQ Di ecranelor devin egali cu 1.
'XS VWDELOLUHD PULPLORU JHRPHWULFH DOH HFUDQHORU VH FDOFXOHD] QXPUXO GH
HYL SHQWUX ILHFDUH HFUDQ SULQ vPSU LUHD O LPLL SHUHWHOXL OD SDVXO GH HFUDQDUH s. Se
face apoi RVHF LXne ODVFDUDIRFDUXOXLHFUDQDW
&DOFXOXOWHUPLFODVLVWHPXOXLILHUEWRUFRQYHFWLY
'UXPXO FRQYHFWLY HVWH GHWHUPLQDW GLQ FDOFXOHOH DQWHULRDUH SULQ XUPWRULL
parametrii :
Qsfc IOX[GHFOGXU[kW] ;
temperatura gazelor la intrare;
tf
tsfc WHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUODLHLUH
tsat WHPSHUDWXUDIOXLGXOXLODVDWXUD LH
182
3HQWUX VWDELOLUHD VHF LXQLL GH WUHFHUH D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH VH DOHJH GLDPHWUXO
HYLORU GUXPXlui convectiv din gama X]XDO GH HYL 603; 573 sau 51 L
pasul relativ transversal
s
= 1,3 1,8 .
d
6H DOHJH LQL LDO GLDPHWUXO HYLORU L YLWH]D GH FLUFXOD LH D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH vQ
w=10 15 m/s
limitele economice :
6HF LXQHDQHFHVDUGHWUHFHUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHYDIL
BVg t mg + 273
Asfc =
[m2]
w'
273
unde:
(4.114)
d
h = b' h 1
Asfc = b' 1
s
s
1
1
b' =
Asfc
d
h1
s
1
[m]
t f + t sfc
2
[0C]
(4.115)
(4.116)
b'
mai apropiat. Uzual : n1r = 4 HYL 'DF n 1r este n afara acestui domeniu se
UHFRPDQGUHFDOFXODUHDFXRvQO LPHKGLIHULWDVWIHOnctVVHUHVSHFWHLQWHUYDOXO
5H]XOWO LPHDUHDODFDQDOXOXLFRQYHFWLY b = (n1r + 1) s1 [m]
QILQDOVHUHFDOFXOHD]YLWH]DJD]HORUGHDUGHUH :
w=
B Vg
t mg + 273
273
h (b n1r d )
[m/s]
(4.117)
Pentru temperatura medie a gazelor de ardere tmg VH GHWHUPLQ GLQ DQH[a 9
XUPWRDUHOHYDORUL
183
YkVFR]LWDWHDFLQHPDWLF
FRQGXFWLELOLWDWHDWHUPLF
criteriul Prandtl
Pr
[m2/s]
[W/mK]
apoLVHGHWHUPLQFULWHULXOKLGURGLQDPLF
Re =
w de
LVLPSOH[XULOHGHOXQJLPL
s1 s2 s1
s
; ; . Pentru 2 se aleg valori de 1,7 2,2.
d e d e s2
de
&RUHF LDGHDH]DUHDIDVFLFROXOXLHVWH
s
c = 2
d
e
s
c = 1
s
2
0 ,15
pentru coridor
1/ 6
SHQWUXHLFKHUFX
SHQWUXHLFKHUFX
c = 1,12
s1
<2
s2
s1
2
s2
6HFDOFXOHD]DSRLFRHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQFRQYHF LHODVFOGDUH
WUDQVYHUVDODIDVFLFROXOXLvQHLFKHUvQLSRWH]D
103 < Re < 105
P
t = 0,41 c Re 0 ,6 Pr 0 ,33 r
P
d
rp
c =
0 ,25
N 0,7
t
N
[W/m2K]
(4.118)
(4.119)
'HRDUHFHQXPUXOGHUkQGXULHVWHGHRELFHLN >15; c t .
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD ie este determinat de parametrii :
*
pentru = sfc .
* s grosimea stratului radiant, care va fi :
s s
s = 1,87 1 + 2 4,1 d
d d
&RQVWDQWDGHUDGLD LHDJD]HORUHVWH
184
[m]
(4.120)
0 ,8 + 1,6 p H 2O
kg =
( p H 2O + p RO2
Tmg
( p H 2O + p RO2 )
1 0,38
1000
) s
(4.121)
ag = 1 e
k g s
(4.122)
r = 5,765 10 8
ap +1
2
3
a g Tmg
T
1 p
T
mg
3, 6
Tp
1
T
mg
[W/m2K]
(4.123)
XQGH SHQWUX FRHILFLHQWXO GH DEVRUE LH DO SHUHWHOXL VH LD YDORDUHD ap L SHQWUX
WHPSHUDWXUDDEVROXWDSHUHWHOXL HYLL
T p = t sat + 20 + 273 [K]
(4.124)
Coeficientul de WUDQVIHUGHFOGXUHVWH:
i = c + r
(4.125)
cu =0,95 SHQWUXVFOGDUHDLPSHUIHFWDIDVFLFROXOXL
&RHILFLHQWXOJOREDOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUHVWH
k=
i
1 + i
(4.126)
t m =
t max t min
t
ln max
t min
(4.127)
QILQDOVXSUDID DGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUDGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLYVHGHWHUPLQFX
UHOD LD
185
Ssfc =
Q sfc
k t m
[m2]
(4.128)
t
tf
tmax
tsfc
tsat
Ssfc
tmin
)LJ'LIHUHQ DPHGLHDWHPSHUDWXULORU
LUH]XOWQXPUXOGHUkQGXULGH HYL
N=
S sfc
d e n1r h
care VHURWXQMHWHODYDORDUHvQWUHDJ
Lungimea drumului convectiv este:
lc = N s2 [m].
Q FD]XO FkQG QXPUXO GH UkQGXUL HVWH 1! HVWH X]XDO V VH vPSDUW n GRX
SDFKHWHIDVFLFROXOFRQYHFWLYFXXQVSD LXGHYL]LWDUHvQWUHHOHGHDSUR[LPDWLYP
n acest caz:
lc = N s2 + 0,5 [m] .
&DOFXOXOWHUPLFDOSUHvQFO]LWRUXOXLGHDHU
3UHvQFO]LWRUXO GH DHU HVWH GHWHUPLQDW GLQ FDOFXOHOH DQWHULRDUH SULQ XUPWRULL
parametrii :
QPA IOX[GHFOGXU[kW] ;
tsfc temperatura gazelor la intrare [oC] ;
tFR temperatura gazelor ODLHLUH[oC] ;
186
ta
tap
6ROX LD FRQVWUXFWLY QX HVWH OHJDW GH GLPHQVLXQLOH UHVWXOXL FD]DQXOXL FX
H[FHS LDOXQJLPLLFDUHQXWUHEXLHVGHSHDVFOXQJLPHDFD]DQXOXL
3UHvQFO]LWRUXOVHUHDOL]HD]GLQ HYLVFOGDWHvQLQWHULRUGHJD]HOHGHDUGHUHL
vQ H[WHULRU WUDQVYHUVDO GH DHU 6H DOHJH XQ GLDPHWUX DO HYLORU vQ JDPD YDORULORU
uzuale :
N222; N252; N322; N382; N422; N452; N542; N572
6HGHWHUPLQDSRLGLDPHWUHOHFDUDFWHULVWLFH
- interior di [m]
- exterior de [m]
3HQWUX FDOFXOXO WUDQVIHUXOXL GH FOGXU SH SDUWHD JD]HORU GH DUGHUH VH DOHJH R
YLWH] wg PVYLWH]UHODWLYPLF,GHRDUHFHVXSUDID DILLQGPDUHSLHUGHULOHGH
sarcince vor rezulta sunt mari.
1XPUXOGH HYLSUHOLPLQDUQHFHVDUvQIDVFLFXOHVWHGDWGHVHF LXQHDQHFHVDUGH
curgere a gazelor de ardere :
B Vg t m + 273
APA =
[m2]
(4.129)
Wg
273
L
A
n' = PA
(4.130)
d i2
4
unde temperatura medie a gazelor este : t m =
LYROXPXOGHJD]H:
t sfc + tcos
2
Vg = Vg o + ( cI 1 )V0 .
[0C]
s
= 1,2 1,5 .
de
187
s2
s1
bp
s
Directia de
circulatie a aerului
hp
)LJ$H]DUHD HYLORUvQ3$
'LQDH]DUHUH]XOWQXPUXOUHDOGH HYLn.
6HUHFDOFXOHD]DSRLYLWH]DJD]HORUGHDUGHUH
Wg =
B Vg
2
i
d
n
4
t m + 273
273
[m/s]
(4.131)
Pentru temperatura medie a gazelor de ardere tm VH GHWHUPLQ GLQ DQH[a 9
XUPWRDUHOHYDORUL
- YkVFR]LWDWHDFLQHPDWLF
[m2/s]
FRQGXFWLELOLWDWHDWHUPLF
criteriul Prandtl
Pr
DSRLVHGHWHUPLQFULWHULXOKLdrodinamic :
[W/mK]
Re =
Wg d i
3
pentru L/di < 80
( L / d i )0 ,25
Cl = 1
pentru L/di > 80
Cl =
6HFDOFXOHD]DSRLFRHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQFRQYHF LHvQLSRWH]D
VFOGULLLQWHULRDUHLWXUEXOHQ HLVWDELOL]DWH5H10000 :
c = 0 ,0263 Cl
188
(4.132)
6 105
= 1
Re1,8
(4.133)
CoHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHVHFDOFXOHD]QXPDLGDF
tm =
t sfc + t cos
2
400 0C
(4.134)
vQ FDUH FD] PHWRGLFD HVWH DFHLDL FX FHD IRORVLW OD VLVWHPXO ILHUEWRU FRQYHFWLY
schimbndu-se p H 2O , p RO2 ,
UDGLD LHLVHQHJOLMHD]Lr=0.
Tm L
Tp =
t m + t ma
+ 273 'DF tm<400
2
C efectul
(4.135)
3HQWUX FDOFXOXO WUDQVPLVLHL GH FOGXU SH SDUWHD DHUXOXL VH DOHJH VFhema de
VFOGDUHFXPDLPXOWHWUHFHULFRQIRUPILJXULL
QGLUHF LDSHUSHQGLFXODUSHLQWUDUHDDHUXOXLVXQWQ1 HYL
n1 =
hp
(4.136)
s1
n2 =
hp
(4.137)
s2
VLWH]DGHFXUJHUHDDHUXOXLDFHLDLvQWRDWHWUHFHULOHVHDOHJHvQOLPLWHOH
Wa = 5 10 m/s
5H]XOWVHF LXQHDOLEHUQHFHVDUWUHFHULLDHUXOXL
Aa =
B Va f t am + 273
Wa
273
[m2]
(4.138)
cu
t am =
t a + t ap
[0C]
LGHRDUHFHJHRPHWULFVHF LXQHDHVWH
s de
Aa = b l1 1
s1
[m2]
189
(4.139)
sau
UH]XOW
Aa = l1 ( b n1 d e )
l1 =
Aa
s de
b 1
s1
[m]
(4.140)
FRQGXFWLELOLWDWHDWHUPLF
criteriul Prandtl
Pr
[W/mK]
DSRLVHGHWHUPLQFULWHULXOKLGURGLQDPLF
Re =
AER CALD
Wa d i
A
GAZE DE
ARDERE
5
7
s2
7
GAZE DE ARDERE
s1
AER RECE
a VHF LXQHWUDQVYHUVDO
b VHF LXQHORQJLWXGLQDO
)LJ3UHvQFO]LWRUXOGHDHU
&RUHF LDGHDH]DUHDIDVFLFROXOXLHVWH
s
C = 2
d
e
0 ,15
pentru coridor
190
s
C = 1
s
2
C = 1,12
SHQWUXHLFKHUFX
SHQWUXHLFKHUFX
s1
<2
s2
s1
2
s2
6HFDOFXOHD]DSRLFRHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQFRQYHF LHODVFOGDUH
WUDQVYHUVDODIDVFLFROXOXLvQHLFKHUvQLSRWH]D 103 < Re < 105 :
Pr
3 = 0 ,41 C Re 0 ,6 Pr 0 ,33
P
de
rp
c =
0 ,25
[W/m2K]
n2 0,7
3
n2
(4.141)
(4.142)
a = c
&RHILFLHQWXOJOREDOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUHVWH
k =
a g
a + g
[W/m2K]
(4.143)
FXYDORULOHSHQWUXFRHILFLHQWXOGHPXUGULUH
= 0,70 0,80
pentru combustibil gazos
= 0,65 0,75
pentru combustibil lichid
'LIHUHQ DPHGLHGHWHPSHUDWXULHVWHFRQIRUPVFKHPHL
t m =
t max t min
t
ln max
t min
(4.144)
6XSUDID DGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUQHFHVDUHVWH
S PA =
QPA
k t m
[m2]
191
(4.146)
t
tsfc
tmax
tcos
tap
tmin
ta
SPA
)LJ'LIHUHQ DPHGLHDWHPSHUDWXULORU
*HRPHWULFVXSUDID DGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUHVWH
S PA = ntr l1 d m n
(4.146)
ntr =
S PA
d m l1 n
(4.147)
'DFQXPUXOGHWURQVRDQHUH]XOWIUDF LRQDUVHURWXQMHWHODYDORDUHDvQWUHDJ
LPHGLDW VXSHULRDU &KLDU GDF DFHVW OXFUX vQVHDPQ R RDUHFDUH VXSUDGLPHQVLRQDUH a
SUHvQFO]LWRUXOXLGHDHUIDSWXOQXQHFHVLWRUHDMXVWDUHGHRDUHFHVXSUDID DOXFUHD]vQ
FRQGL LL GH PXUGULH PDL LQWHQV L QLFL WHPSHUDWXUD DHUXOXL SUHvQFO]LW QX HVWH XQ
SDUDPHWUXDFUXLYDORDUHDWUHEXLHPHQ LQXWVWULFWODRDQXPLWPULPH
LungiPHDWRWDODSUHvQFO]LWRUXOXLGHDHUHVWH
L = l1 ntr
[m]
(4.148)
$FHDVW OXQJLPH QX WUHEXLH V GHSHDVF OXQJLPHD FD]DQXOXL 6H SRDWH
LQWHUYHQLSHQWUXPLFRUDUHDOXQJLPLi astfel :
- GLDPHWUXPDLPLFDO HYLORU;
- vitez mai mare a aerului ;
- vitez PDLPLF a gazelor de ardere .
6H YHULILF GDF WHPSHUDWXUD SHUHWHOXL HYLL OD FDSWXO FDOG Wsfc, tap) este mai
PLF GH o& 'DF DFHDVW FRQGL LH QX HVWH vQGHSOLQLW VH VFKLPE VROX LD
FRQVWUXFWLYSULQWUHFHUHODFLUFXOD LHHFKLFXUHQW6HUHGLPHQVLRQHD]VFKLPEWRUXOGH
FOGXULDUvQILQDOVHYHULILFvQGHSOLQLUHDFRQGL LHLODDPEHOHFDSHWHQXVHWLHFDUH
HVWHFDSWXOPDLFDOG
192
CAPITOLUL 5
193
Pentru exemplificarea grafLF D FRQGL LLORU FH GHWHUPLQ DSDUL LD IHQRPHQXOXL
n figura 5.VXQWSUH]HQWDWHFHOHGRXVLWXD LLFHVHSRWvQWkOQLvQVLVWHPHOHFRQYHFWLYH
ale cazanului.
Profil
temperatura
t
Canal curgere
gaze de ardere
Apa
Apa
t perete
Punct de roua
t apa
t perete
t apa
Punct de roua
Gaze de ardere
Gaze de ardere
Fig5.E$SDUL Le condensare
Fig.5.D/LSVFRQGHQVDUH
6WDELOLUHD FX DSUR[LPD LH D ]RQHL XQGH vQFHSH FRQGHQVDUHD VH IDFH LPSXQkQG
FRQGL LD GH DSDUL LH D FRQGHQVULL OD XQ QLYHO DO WHPSHUDWXULL SHUHWHOXL HJDO FX
WHPSHUDWXUD GH URX D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH FX XPLGLWDWH LQL LDO &RQGL LD JHQHUDO GH
condensare este: tper W .
74:
&DQWLWDWHDWRWDOGHFRQGHQVGLQJD]HOHGHDUGHUHVHFDOFXOHD]DVWIHO
Cantitatea de H2 n combustibil este:
H2 =
4
16
[kg(H2)/kg(CH4)]
&DQWLWDWHDGHDSSURGXVGHDUGHUHDKLGURJHQXOXLHVWH
H2 O =
18
2
[kg(H2O)/kg(H2)]
&DQWLWDWHDGHDSSURGXVGHDUGHUHDDNJGHPHWDQHVWH
H2O/CH4 =
4 18
= 2,25
16 2
[kg(H2O)/kg(CH4)]
194
'HQVLWDWHDPHWDQXOXLVHFDOFXOHD]GLQUHOD LD
1 kg(CH4) =
22,4
Nm3(CH4) = 1,4 Nm3(CH4)
16
[kg(H2O)/Nm3(CH4)]
(FKLYDOHQWXO vQ FOGXU DO DFHVWHL FRQGHQVUL HVWH LQkQG VHDPD F OD
temperatura de 60 0&FOGXUDGHFRQGHQVDUHHVWHU NFDONJ
Qcond = 623 1,607 = 1001 kcal/Nm3(CH4)
La o FRQGHQVDUH WRWDO D YDSRULORU GH DS GLQ JD]HOH GH DUGHUH FOGXUD GH
FRQGHQVDUH UHSUH]LQW UDSRUWDW OD SXWHUHD FDORULF LQIHULRDU XQ VXUSOXV GH FOGXU
FHGDWGH
4 100 = 11,78 %
&XQRVFkQGFRQ LQXWXOLQL LDOGHYDSRULGHDSGLQJD]HOHGHDUGHUHVHGHWHUPLQ
SUHVLXQHDSDU LDODYDSRULORUGHDSGLQJD]HOHGHDUGHUHSH2OLDSRLWHPSHUDWXUD
SXQFWXOXLGHURXLQL LDOW , GXSRUHOD LHGHDSUR[LPDUHFXRHURDUH
74:
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
0,05
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
0,1
0,15
0,2
0,25
1,1
1,2
1,3
195
1,4
1,5
Fig.5.9DULD LDW
74:
74:
74:
(5.1)
Alte surse bibliografice ( Remi Guillet 'H OD SRPSH D YDSHXUV GHDX RIHU
UHOD LLHPSLULFHGHOHJWXUvQWUHSUHVLXQHDGHVDWXUD LHLWHPSHUDWXUDGHURX
p H 2O = 14097 ,4 e
t roua =
ln
3928,5
p H 2O
3928 , 5
t roua + 231, 667
231,667
(5.3)
(5.4)
14097,4
$PEHOHVHWXULGHUHOD LLRIHUDFHOHDLYDORULILLQGGHFLFRQFRUGDQWH
In figura 5. HVWH LOXVWUDW JUDILF GHSHQGHQ D GLQWUH WHPSHUDWXUD SXQFWXOXL GH
URXLSUHVLXQHDSDU LDODYDSRULORUGHDSvQJD]HOHGHDUGHUHH[SULPDWH[SOLFLWVDX
implicit prin valoarea excesului de aer.
6ROXLHFRQVWUXFWLYGHFD]DQDFYDWXEXODUFXFRQGHQVDUH
UHDOL]DWGLQHDYJRIUDW
196
OXQJLPHDIURQWXOXLGHIODFUHVWHPLFGHRUGLQXO]HFLORUGHPPSHUPL kQGPRQWDUHD
]RQHLFRQYHFWLYHDSURDSHGHFLOLQGUXODU]WRUXOXL
'DWRULW VWDELOL]ULL SH vPSkVOLWXUD UHIUDFWDU DFHDVWD VH vQFO]HWH OD R
WHPSHUDWXUFXSULQVvQWUHLoC.
b
s
)LJXUD'HWDOLXGH HDYJRIUDWLSULQFLSDOHOHFDUDFWHULVWLFLGLPHQVLRQDOH
*D]HOH GH DUGHUH FH UH]XOW vQ IRFDU SULQ DUGHUHD FRPEXVWLELOXOXL WUDYHUVHD]D
UDGLDO SULPD VHUSHQWLQ DMXQJkQG vQ VSD LXO GLQWUH DFHDVWD L SHUHWHOH H[WHULRU DO
FD]DQXOXL 6SD LXO GH FXUJHUH HVWH FRQVWLWXLW GH XQ QXPU GH FDQDOH GHWHUPLQDW GH
QXPUXOGHVSLUHDOHIRFDUXOXL
8UPHD] FLUFXOD LDD[LDODJD]HORUGHDUGHUHSHVWHRVHUSHQWLQDH]DWOkQJ
SHUHWHOH H[WHULRU FDUH IRUPHD] FDQDOH GH FXUJHUH D[LDO vQWUH HDY L SHUHWH
GHWHUPLQDWHGHQXPUXOGHVSD LLJRIUDWHFDUHVHDIOSHRFLUFXPIHULQ GHVHUSHQWLQ
$FHVWWLSGHFXUJHUHDJD]HORUVHvQWkOQHWHODH[WHULRUXOVHUSHQWLQHLLODVHUSHQWLQD
IRUPkQGGUXPXULOHFRQYHFWLYHLDOe cazanului.
*D]HOH GH DUGHUH VWUEDW HYLOH VFKLPEWRUXOXL GH FOGXU DVWIHO GLPHQVLRQDW
vQFkW V DVLJXUH R UFLUH SXWHUQLF D DFHVWRUD L FRQGHQVDUHD YDSRULORU GH DS $SD
FLUFXOvQFRQWUDFXUHQWFXJD]HOHde ardere, iar condensul formatVHVFXUJHFWUHSDUWHD
LQIHULRDU D FD]DQXOXL XQGH HVWH GLULMDW FWUH R FRQGXFW GH FROHFWDUH L HYDFXDW OD
FDQDOL]DUH SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO XQXL VLIRQ FX JDUG KLGUDXOLF *DUGD KLGUDXOLF HVWH
DEVROXWQHFHVDUGHRDUHFHJD]HOHGHDUGHUHvQ]RQDGHFROHFWDUHDFRQGHQVXOXLVXQWvQ
VXSUDSUHVLXQH ID GH PHGLXO DPELDQW L vQ UHJLPXULOH IU FRQGHQVDUH DU UHIXOD SH
traseul de drenaj condens.
197
3HUIRUPDQ HOH FD]DQXOXL JDUDQWHD] XQ HFDUW GH WHPSHUDWXU ntre gazele de
ardere L apa de alimentare de maxim 15oC ceea ce face ca nici n regimurile maxime
GH WHPSHUDWXU DOH FD]DQXOXL oC) gazele de ardere evacuate V QX GHSHVF
80o&'DWRULWDFHVWHLSDUWLFXODULW LVHIRORVHVFWXEXODWXULGLQSODVWLFSHQWUXHYDFXDUHD
gazelor de ardere. Pentru a preveni deteriorarea traseului dH HYDFXDUH OD FUHWHUHD
DFFLGHQWDO D WHPSHUDWXULL JD]HORU GH DUGHUH OD LHLUHD GLQ FD]DQ SH WUDVHXO DFHVWRUD
HVWHPRQWDWXQWHUPRVWDWGHVLJXUDQ VHWDWODFLUFD oC.
5.2. Tema de proiectare
Prin tema de proiectare se dau:
Qut
sarcina termiFXWLODFD]QXOXL, n [kW] ;
tal
temperatura apei de alimentare a cazanului [oC] ;
te
temperatura apei la LHLUHDGLQFD]DQ>oC];
Combustibilul utilzat metan.
&DUDFWHULVWLFLOHGLPHQVLRQDOHDOHFD]DQXOXLLDOH HYLLJRIUDWH
198
Prin calcul se YD XUPUL YHULILFDUHD VDUFLQLL WHUPLFH D FD]DQXOXL SHQWUX VROX LD
FRQVWUXFWLYGDWvQLSRWH]DIXQF LRQULLvQUHJLPGHFRQGHQVDUH
&RQIRUP LQGLFD LLORU GLQ FDSLWROXO VH HIHFWXHD] FDOFXOXO DUGHULL
FRPEXVWLELOXOXLLVHGHWHUPLQ V0 , Vg , H i .
FXQF LRQDUHDFD]DQXOXLHVWHFXVXSUDSUHVLXQHvQIRFDUFRHILFLHQWXOGHH[FHVGH
aer fiindFRQVWDQWLHJDOFXFHOGLQIRFDUFFD5 1,15) pe tot traseul gazelor de
ardere.
6HWUDVHD]GLDJUDPHOH,-t sau cp-t.
o
,Q ELODQ XO JHQHUDO DO FD]DQXOXL YD DSDUH UDQGDPHWXO WHUPLF IU FRQGHVDUH
XUPkQG FD HIHFWXO FRQGHQVULL V VH DGDXJH HIHFWXOXL GH WUDQVIHU GH FOGXU FD XQ
IHQRPHQ VXSUDSXV /D WHPSHUDWXUD OD FR GH FFD 0 0& UDQGDPHQWXO WHUPLF IU
condensare este GH FFD LDU HIHFWXO FRQGHQVULL VH YD DGXJD VXSOLPHQWDU SULQ
WHUPHQXO 4FRQG4FRPEFDUHDUHRYDORDUHGHRUGLQXO 8 %.
( cz ) inferior valorii de 100 % SHQWUX UDSRUWDUHD FRUHFW GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH DO
ELODQ XOXLWHUPLFODSXWHUHDFDORULFVXSHULRDUa combustibilului (Hs) :
ef =
Qut
100
B Hi
[%]
cz =
Qut
100 < 100
B Hs
[%]
(5.5)
'HRDUHFHFRQFHQWUD LLOHGHR[LGGHFDUERQvQJD]HOHGHDUGHUHODFRVXQWIRDUWH
PLFL GH RUGLQXO XQLW LORU GH SSP QX VH SXQH SUREOHPD FRQVLGHUULL unei pierderi
VSHFLILFHSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF
'H DVHPHQHD GDWRULW VROX LHL FRQVWUXFWLYH GH FHQWUDO FH vQJOREHD] FRUSXO
FD]DQXOXLvQVSD LXOGLQFDUHVHSUHOHYHD]DHUXOGHDUGHUHVHSRDWHQHJOLMDLHIHFWXO
pierderilor specificeGHFOGXUSULQVXSUDIH HOHH[WHULRDUH
'HELWXO GH FRPEXVWLELO VH FDOFXOHD] FX PHWRGD FODVLF SULQ UDSRUWDUHD
GHELWXOXLXWLOGHFOGXUODHILFLHQ LSXWHUHFDORULFLQIHULRDUDFRPEXVWLELOXOXL
B=
Qut
ef H i
[m3N/s]
199
(5.6)
Bh=B3600 [m3N/h]
(5.7)
8UPULQG FLUFXOD LD JD]HORU GH DUGHUH FRQIRUP VROX LHL FRQVWUXFWLYH VH SRW
LGHQWLILFDXUPWRDUHOHIOX[XULGHFOGXUSHQWUXVHUSHQWLQDIRFDU convectiv1:
,QIRFDU]RQDGHDUGHUHLUDGLD LHGRXIOX[XULGHFOGXUUDGLDQWHLDQXPH
IOX[XOGHFOGXUUDGLDWGHVXSUDID DSHUHWHOXLDU]WRUXOXLFDUHVHFDOFXOHD]FD
XQ IHQRPHQ GH UDGLD LH vQWUH XQ FRUS VROLG FX HPLVLYLWDWH FLUFD L LQFLQWD
PDWHULDOL]DW GH VHUSHQWLQ FDUH DUH WHPSHUDWXUD DSHL GLQ VHUSHQWLQ L IOX[XO
GHFOGXUUDGLDWGHJD]HOHGHDUGHUHFDUHDXIRVWSURGXVHGHDU]WRULXPSOX
YROXPXOGLQFDPHUDFLOLQGULFGLQWUHDU]WRULSULPDVHUSHQWLQ
,Q]RQDFRQYHFWLYDVHUSHQWLQHLIRFDU
8Q
IOX[ GH FOGXU SH FDUH JD]HOH GH DUGHUH vO FHGHD] FRQYHFWLY
VHUSHQWLQHL OD WUDYHUVDUHD SULQ FDQDOHOH HYLL JRIUDWH GLQ ]RQD GH
DUGHUH FWUH SHUHWHOH H[WHULRU DO FD]DQXOXL &XUJHUHD HVWH UDGLDO ID
de axa cazanului.
8Q
IOX[ GH FOGXU FHGDW FRQYHFWLY GH JD]HOH GH DUGHUH OD FXUJHUHD
SULQ SRU LXQHD OLEHU GLQWUH H[WHULRUXO VHUSHQWLQHL IRFDU L SHUHWHOH
exterior, n sens axaial al cazanului.
'XS FXP UH]XOW GLQ GHVFULHUHD IXQF LRQDO D FD]DQXOXL FLUFXOD D JD]HORU GH
DUGHUHID GHVHUSHQWLQSRDWHILGHGRXIHOXUL
&LUFXOD LH D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH UDGLDO SH R VHUSHQWLQ FD] vQ FDUH JD]HOH GH
DUGHUHVWUEDWvQGLUHF LHUDGLDO HYLOHVSD LXOGHFXUJHUHILLQGFRQVWLWXLWGHXQ
QXPU GH FDQDOH GHWHUPLQDW GH QXPUXO GH VSLUH FDUH FRQVWLWXLH FLOLQGUXO SULQ
FDUHWUHFJD]HOHUDGLDOFD]XOVHvQWkOQHWHODIRFDUXOFD]DQXOXL
&LUFXOD LDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHD[LDOSHRVHUSHQWLQFD]vQFDUHVHUSHQWLQDHVWH
DH]DW OkQJ XQ SHUHWH L VH IRUPHD] FDQDOH GH FXUJHUH D[LDO vQWUH HDY L
SHUHWHGHWHUPLQDWHGHQXPUXOGHVSD LLJRIUDWHFDUHVHDIOSHRFLUFXPIHULQ
GH VHUSHQWLQ FD]XO VH vQWkOQHWH OD VHUSHQWLQD GLQ GUXPXO FRQYHFWLY DO
FD]DQXOXLLODH[WHULRUXOVHUSHQWLQHLFDUHHVWHPUJLQLWGHFPDDH[WHULRDU
a cazanului.
200
201
3HQWUX FDOFXO FRQIRUP PRGHOXOXL IL]LF DO FXUJHULL VH YRU GHILQL XUPWRDUHOH
zone de calcul conform figurii 5.5.:
3.1 - 3.4
5.3
5.2
5.1
202
3. ILHFDUH MXPWDWH GH VSLU vQ SDUWH vQ ]RQD GLQWUH FRQYHFWLYXO L SHUHWHOH
GHVSU LWRU DYDQVkQG ORQJLWXGLQDO vQ GLUHF LD WUHFHULL GLQ FRQYHFWLYXO vQ
FRQYHFWLYXOSHQWUXILHFDUHVXSUDID vQSDUWHVHPRGLILFGHELWXOGHJD]HGH
DUGHUHFHRVSDOILHFDUHVXSUDID HVWHGHSHQGHQWGHUH]XOWDWHOHGHFDOFXODOH
VXSUDIH HORUDQWHULRDUH
4. serpentina convectivului 2 n ansDPEOXSHQWUXFDOFXOXOWUDQVIHUXOXLGHFOGXU
VHQVLELOGHODJD]HOHGHDUGHUHODDS
5. ILHFDUH VSLU D FRQYHFWLYXOXL SH UkQG GH OD LHLUHD JD]HORU GH DUGHUH OD FR
DPRQWHvQVHQVXOD[HLFD]DQXOXLSHQWUXFDOFXOXOFRQGHQVULL
Calculul termic al zonei de focar
Calculul termic ncepe prin determinarea temperaturii teoretice de ardere.
Pentru aceasta seLQL LDOL]HD]WHPSHUDWXUDWHRUHWLFODRYDORDUHFXSULQVvQWUHL
2000 o& L SHQWUX YDORDUHD LQL LDOL]DW VH GHWHUPLQ FOGXUD VSHFLILF D JD]elor de
ardere cpg.
6HIRORVHWHUHOD LDGHGHWHUPLQDUH
tt =
H i + Vo c pa t ao
[oC]
(Vgo + ( 1) Vo ) c pg
(5.8)
6H YHULILF GDF WHPSHUDWXUD DVWIHO FDOFXODW HVWH vQWU-un interval de +/- 50 oC
ID GH WHPSHUDWXUD WHRUHWLF LQL LDOL]DW 'DF QX HVWH vQGHSOLQLW FRQGL LD VH
UHLQL LDOL]HD]WHPSHUDWXUDWHRUHWLFLVHUHLDFDOFXOXOSkQODvQGHSOLQLUHDFRQGL LHL
)OX[XULOHGHFOGXUGLQIRFDUVHGHWHUPLQLQGHSHQGHQWDVWIHO
SHQWUX IOX[XO UDGLDW GH VXSUDID D GH VWDELOL]DUH D DU]WRUXOXL FWUH
VHUSHQWLQDIRFDUVHXWLOL]HD]UHOD LD
4
4
Qaf = C o az S az (Taz T per )
[kW]
(5.9)
[m2]
(5.10)
[K]
LDU
SHQWUX IOX[XO GH FOGXU UDGLDW GH PHGLXO gazos din focar se
IRORVHVF UHOD LLOH VSHFLILFH GHWHUPLQULL FRHILFLHQ LORU GH UDGLD LH vQ
convective LQFLQWH FX OXQJLPH GH UDGLD LH PLF IU UDGLD LH
OXPLQRDV:
tt + t f
t per 10 3
Qgf = rf S f
2
[kW]
(5.11)
S f = Dif L f
cu
[m2]
(5.12)
tg [C ]
1600
a = 1 ,1
a = 1 ,2
1550
a = 1 ,3
1500
1450
1400
1350
6 ,5
7 ,5
8 ,5
9 ,5
B c o m b [N m c /h ]
Pentru
r f VHYDIRORVLUHOD LD
T 3, 6
1 per
Tgm
ap +1
3
8
2
r f = 5,765 10
a g Tgm
(5.13)
2
T per [W/m K]
1 T
gm
XQGH SHQWUX FRHILFLHQWXO GH DEVRUE LH DO SHUHWHOXL VH LD YDORDUHa ap=0,84 L
temperatura medie a gazelor de ardere este:
Tgm = (Tt+Tf)0,5
[K]
(5.14)
ag = 1 e
k g s
(5.15)
s = 4
Vf
S pf
[m]
(5.16)
2
2
(D if D az )
Lf
4
[m3]
(5.17)
S pf = (Dif + Daz ) L f + 2
2
2
(Dif Daz )
[m2]
(5.18)
LFRQVWDQWDGHUDGLD LHDJD]HORU
Kg =
0,8 + 1,6 p H 2O
( p H 2O
Tgm
( p H 2O + p RO2 )
1 0,38
1000
+ p RO2 ) s
205
(5.19)
p RO2 =
p H 2O =
VRO2
Vg o + ( cI 1)V0
V H 2O
V g o + ( cI 1)V0
p g [bar];
p g [bar]
(5.20)
cu : pg 1 bar.
'XSGHWHUPLQDUHDIOX[XULORU4afL4gfVHGHWHUPLQIOX[XOWRWDOGHFOGXU
transmis n focar:
Qf = Qaf + Qgf
[kW]
(5.21)
7HPSHUDWXUDUHDODJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLHLUHDGLQIRFDUVHGHWHUPLQFX
UHOD LD
t f = tt
Qf
D gN c pg
DgN = BVg
(5.22)
tf + tr
:
2
YkVFR]LWDWHDFLQHPDWLF
FRQGXFWLELOLWDWHDWHUPLF
criteriul Prandtl
FOGXUVSHFLILF
=
=
Pr =
cpg =
206
[m2/s]
[W/mK]
[-]
[J/m3NK]
VHF LXQHD GH FXUJHUH UDGLDO, conform figurii 5.4. este (Scr) = suma
VHF LXQLLSHGLUH LDSHUSHQGLFXODUFXUJHULLDWXWXURUFDQDOHORUGHFXUJHUH
IRUPDWHSULQDOWXUDUHDVSLUHORUGLQVHUSHQWLQD
(5.23)
VXSUDID D GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU vQ FXUJHUHD UDGLDO 6scr MXPWDWH GLQ
VXSUDID DWRWDOGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUDVHUSHQWLQHLGHRDUHFHVHFRQVLGHU
FRQYHF LDODWUHFHUHDUDGLDOFDDF LRQkQGGHODID DLQWHULRDUa serpentinei
FWUH IRFDU SkQ OD LQWHUVHF LD FX MHWXO GLQ VSDWHOH VHUSHQWLQHL DGLF vQ
VHF LXQHDGHGLDPHWUXPHGLXal serpentinei:
S scr =
1
S t / ml Dmf nt1
2
[m2]
(5.24)
unde St/ml HVWH VXSUDID D GH WUDQVIHU GH FOGXU SH XQPHWUXGHlungime
GH HDYJRIUDW
6HGHWHUPLQYLWH]DFDUDFWHULVWLFWUDQVIHUXOXLGHFOGXU
wgr =
DgN
t mr + 273
273 [m/s]
S ctr
(5.25)
207
Re =
wgr l c
cr
cu:
= 0,024 1 + c
lc
de
2
3
Re 0,8 Pr 0,33 Re
Re
6 10 5
= 1
SHQWUX5HL Re = 1 pentru Re >10000,
Re1,8
[W/m2K]
(5.26)
cr
l
0,0668 c Re Pr
de
= 3,65 +
2
lc
lc
3
1 + 0,04 Re Pr
[W/m2K]
(5.27)
&RHILFLHQWXOGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHVHQHJOLMHD]GDWRULWOXQJLPLL
GHUDGLD LHIRDUWHPLFLGHRUGLQXOGHschiderii dintre gofre).
$VWIHOFRHILFLHQWXOJOREDOGHWUDVIHUGHFOGXUvQWUHFHUHDUDGLDOGHYLQH
K cr = 0,9 cr
[W/m2K]
(5.28)
208
t r = t am + (t f t am ) e
K cr S scr
DgN c pg
[oC]
(5.29)
Qr = DgN c pg (t f t r ) 10 3
[kW]
(5.30)
&DOFXOXOWHUPLFDOVHUSHQWLQHLIRFDUODVF OGDUHDORQJLWXGLQDO
IDGHD[XOFD]DQXOXL
Cunoscnd WHPSHUDWXUD JD]HORU GH DUGHUH OD LHLUHD GLQ WUHFHUHD UDGLDO L
GHELWXOGHJD]HGHDUGHUHvQFXUJHUHDORQJLWXGLQDOID GHD[DFD]DQXOXLGLQVSDWHOH
SULPHLVSLUHDVHUSHQWLQHLVHSRDWHFDOFXODWUDQVIHUXOGHFOGXUFRQYHFWLYFHUH]XOW
Pentru a cDOFXOD DFHVW IOX[ GH FOGXU VH LQL LDOL]HD] WHPSHUDWXUD GH LHLUH D
gazelor de ardere ODVIkULWXOWUDQVIHUXOXLGHFOGXU SHVWHSULPDVSLUWs1) la valoarea
vkVFR]LWDWHDFLQHPDWLF
FRQGXFWLELOLWDWHDWHUPLF
criteriul Prandtl
FOGXUVSHFLILF
=
=
Pr =
cpg =
[m2/s]
[W/mK]
[-]
[J/m3NK]
t r + t s1
:
2
&RQYHF LDDUHXUPWRDUHOHFDUDFWHULVWLFL
- FRQYHF LHIRU DW
- IUVFKLPEDUHGHID]
- FXUJHUHWUDQVYHUVDOSHVWH eDY gofrat PUJLQLWGHSHUHWH;
- ODUFLUHDIOXLGXOXL
0ULPLOHJHRPHWULFHLPSOLFDWHvQDFHDVWFRQYHF LHVXQW
- OXQJLPHDFDUDFWHULVWLF GLDPHWUXOKLGUDXOXLFDOFDQDOHORUFHVHIRUPHD]
ntre Hava gofratLSHUHWH, conform figurii 5.5.; DFHDVWOXQJLme se poate
DSUR[LPDFXO LPHa canalului (lcanal Kcanal).
209
b
Dint
h=a/2
VHF LXQHD GH FXUJHUH 6c VXPD VHF LXQLL SH GLUH LD SHUSHQGLFXODU
curgerii, a tuturor canalelor de curgere formate:
S c = 0,5 S c / ml D mf
-
[m2]
(5.31)
VXSUDID D GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU vQ FXUJHUHD UDGLDO 6scr MXPWDWH GLQ
VXSUDID D WRWDO GH WUDQVIHU GH FOGXU D spirei GHRDUHFH VH FRQVLGHU
FRQYHF LD de OD WUHFHUHD UDGLDO SkQ OD LQWHUVHF LD FX XUPWRUXO jet din
FXUJHUH UDGLDO (DGLF SkQ n XUPWRDUHD VHF LXQH GH GLDPHWUX PHGLX D
serpentinei):
S sc = 0,5 S t / ml Dmf
[m2]
(5.32)
6HGHWHUPLQYLWH]DFDUDFWHULVWLFWUDQVIHUXOXLGHFOGXU
wg =
Dg
t ml + 273
273
Sc
[m/s]
wg lc
210
(5.33)
3HQWUXGHWHUPLQDUHDFRHILFLHQWXOXLGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUFRQYHFWLYVHIRORVHVF
UHOD LLOH (5.26) sau (5.27).
Coeficientul deWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHVHQHJOLMHD]GDWRULWOXQJLPLL
GHUDGLD LHIRDUWHPLFLGHRUGLQXOGHVFKLGHULLGLQWUHJRIUH
$VWIHOFRHILFLHQWXOJOREDOGHWUDVIHUGHFOGXUGHYLQH
K c = 0,9 c
[W/m2K]
(5.34)
t s1 = t am + (t r t am ) e
K c S sc
Dg c pg
[oC]
(5.35)
Qs1 = Dg c pg (t r t s1 ) 10 3
[kW]
(5.36)
Modelul de calcul aplicat pentru prLPD VSLU VH UHLD SHQWUX XUPWRDUHOH VSLUH
L FX GLIHUHQ D F LQWUDUHD vQ ]RQD GH WUDQVIHU GH FOGXU QX PDL HVWH D XQXL
GHELW FX VXUV XQLF GH SURYHQLHQ FL D XQXL DPHVWHF GH JD]H GH DUGHUH FRQIRUP
schemei de curgere.
Astfel:
- la exteriorul spirei 2 va curge un amestec de :
1/8 DgN cu temperatura ts1 rezultat din trecerea la exteriorul spirei 1
2/8 DgN cu temperatura tr UH]XOWDWGLQWUHFHUHDUDGLDOvQWUHVSLUDL
spira 2.
LYDJHQHUDIOX[XOGHFOGXUXWLO4s2.
-
211
Qserp1 = Q f + Qr + Qsi
[kW]
(5.37)
i =1
Intr-XQ FDOFXO DXWRPDW VH IDF YHULILFUL GH FRQFRUGDQ vQWUH WHPSHUDWXULOH
LQL LDOL]DWHSHSDUFXUVXOFDOFXOXOXLLFHOHUH]XOWDWHGLQFDOFXOIFkQGX-VHQXPUXOGe
LWHUD LLQHFHVDUSHQWUXvQFKLGHUHDDFHVWRUDVXERHURDUHDGPLVLELOGHH[HPSOXoC).
In cazul calculului manual acest lucru nu este posibil, acceptndu-se erorile rezultate
GLQ SUHGLF LLOH DSUR[LPDWLYH 'DWRULW DFHVWHL SDUWLFXODULW L WHPSHUDWXUD ILQDO D
JD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLHLUHDGLQVHUSHQWLQDLLQWUDUHDvQVHUSHQWLQDVHYDFDOFXODFX
UHOD LDJOREDO
c tt t t
pg
t serp1 =
tt
Qserp1
D gN
tserp1
pg
[oC]
(5.38)
tserp1
c pg
VXQW FOGXULOH VSHFLILFH ale gazelor de ardere la
(unde c pg
WHPSHUDWXUD WHRUHWLF L UHVSHFWLY OD WHPSHUDWXUD GH LHLUH GLQ VHUSHQWLQD FDOFXO
iterativ) )
L
LQXFXUHOD LDGHFDOFXODWHPSHUDWXULLDPHVWHFXOXLGHJD]H
7/8 DgN cu temperatura ts4 rezultat din trecerea la exteriorul spirei 4
1/8 DgN cu temperatura tr UH]XOWDWGLQWUHFHUHDUDGLDOvQWUHVSLUDL
corpul central deflector.
212
tm2 =
t serp1 + t serp 2
, unde t serp 2
= t cos :
YkVFR]LWDWHDFLQHPDWLF
conductibiliWDWHDWHUPLF
criteriul Prandtl
FOGXUVSHFLILF
=
=
Pr =
cpg =
2
-
[m2/s]
[W/mK]
[-]
[J/m3NK]
&RQYHF LDDUHXUPWRDUHOHFDUDFWHULVWLFL
- FRQYHF LHIRU DW
- IUVFKLPEDUHGHID]
- FXUJHUHWUDQVYHUVDOSHVWH HDYJRIUDWPUJLQLWGHSHUH L
- ODUFLUHDIOXidului.
0ULPLOHJHRPHWULFHLPSOLFDWHvQDFHDVWFRQYHF LHVXQW
- OXQJLPHDFDUDFWHULVWLF GLDPHWUXOKLGUDXOXLFDOFDQDOHORUFHVHIRUPHD]
vQWUH HDYDJRIUDWLSHUHWHFRQIRUPILJXULL5.8.; DFHDVWOXQJLPHVHSRDWH
DSUR[LPDFXO LPHDFDQDOXOXLOcanal Kcanal).
VHF LXQHD GH FXUJHUH 6c2 VXPD VHF LXQLL SH GLUH LD SHUSHQGLFXODU
curgerii, a tuturor canalelor de curgere formate:
S c 2 = S c / ml Dmf
-
[m2]
(5.39)
VXSUDID D GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU 6sc2 VXSUDID D WRWDO GH WUDQVIHU GH
FOGXU a serpentinei:
S sc 2 = S t / ml Dmf nt 2
[m2]
(5.40)
wg 2 =
DgN
t m 2 + 273
273
Sc2
[m/s]
213
(5.41)
LFULWHULXO5HSHQWUXFXUJHUH Re =
wg 2 l c
3HQWUXGHWHUPLQDUHDFRHILFLHQWXOXLGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUFRQYHFWLYVHIRORVHVF
UHOD LLOH5.26) sau (5.27).
&RHILFLHQWXOGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUSULQUDGLD LHVHQHJOLMHD]GDWRULWOXQJLPLL
GH UDGLD LH IRDUWH PLFL GH RUGLQXO GHVFKLGHULL GLQWUH JRIUH L D WHPSHUDWXULL PHGLL
VF]XWH.
$VWIHOFRHILFLHQWXOJOREDOGHWUDVIHUGHFOGXUGHYLQH
K c 2 = 0,9 c 2
[W/m2K]
(5.42)
t s 2 = t am + (t s1 t am ) e
K c 2 S sc 2
DgN c pg
214
[oC]
(5.43)
5H]XOWIOX[XOGHFOGXUWUDQVPLVvQserpentina 2:
Qs 2 = DgN c pg (t s1 t s 2 ) 10 3
[kW]
(5.44)
)OX[XOWRWDOGHFOGXUVHQVLELOWUDQVPLVvQFD]DQGHYLQH
sensibil
= Qs1 + Qs 2
Qtot
[kW]
(5.45)
(5.46)
GXS FDUH VH FDOFXOHD] WHPSHUDWXUD VWUDWXOXL OLPLW GH FRQGHQVDUH FD R PHGLH vntre
WHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHLWHPSHUDWXUDSHUHWHOXL
t lim =
t gm + t per
(5.47)
6HFDOFXOHD]DSRLFRQVWDQWHOHIL]LFHDOHJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGLQVWUDWXOOLPLW
FRHILFLHQWXOGHGLIX]LHPROHFXODU'if
coeficientul de viscozitate cinematLFng
LUH]XOWFULWHULXO6&+0,'7
Sc =
(5.48)
Dif
Re g lim =
wg d ech
0 , 33
(5.49)
&RHILFLHQWXO GH WUDQVIHU GH PDV DQDORJ FX FRHILFLHQWXO GH WUDQVIHU GH
FOGXU.VHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD
215
Sh Dif
(5.50)
d ech
&DOFXOXO GHELWXOXL GH FRQGHQV SH VXSUDID VH IDFH GXS UHOD LD GH WUDQVIHU GH
PDVvQFDUHJUDGLHQWXOPRWRUHVWHGLIHUHQ DGHFRQFHQWUD LLUHVSHFWLYSUHVLXQLSDU LDOH
DYDSRULORUGHDSvQWUHJD]HOHGHDUGHUHLSHUHWH
gaz
per
J mas = (p H 2O p H 2O )
n care termenul
0,02157
t gm + 273
[kg/sm2]
(5.51)
gaz
0,02157
per
(p H 2O p H 2O )
reprH]LQW GLIHUHQ D GLQWUH
t gm + 273
FRQFHQWUD LLOH GH H2O vQ JD]H L OD SHUHWH GHRDUHFH FRQFHQWUD LD YDSRULORU GH DS vQ
amestec este:
C H 2O
cu
M
R
a
= p H 2O ; p H 2O = p Hdim 98066 [Pa]
2O
t gm + 273
(5.52)
a
p H dim exprimat adimensional (conform calculului de ardere).
2O
'DFVXSUDID DGHFRQGHQVDUHOXDWvQFRQVLGHUDUHSHQWUXHOHPHQWXOGHFDOFXOHVWH
ScondUH]XOWFGHELWXOGHFRQGHQVDWRE LQXWSHVXSUDID DHOHPHQWXOXLYDIL
[kg/s]
(5.53)
)OX[XO GH PDV GHWHUPLQ XQ IOX[ HFKLYDOHQW GH FOGXU GH FRQGHQVDUH SULQ
PXOWLSOLFDUH FX FOGXUD ODWHQW GH FRQGHQVDUH r 6H UHYLQH OD R UH]LVWHQ WHUPLF
GLIX]LY5difSULQUDSRUWDUHDODVXSUDID LODGLIHUHQ DGHWHPSHUDWXUJD]HGHDUGHUH
DS,QYHUVXOUH]LVWHQ HLGLIX]LYHHVWHFRHILFLHQWXOHFKLYDOHQWGHFRQYHF LHGLIX]LY.dif.
,QJD]HOHGHDUGHUHLQL LDOHFDQWLWDWHDGH H2O a fost:
in
in
GH 2O = DgN C H 2O
[kg/s]
(5.54)
(5.55)
fin
H 2O
fin
GH 2 O
=
DgN
(5.56)
127$ SHQWUXVLPSOLILFDUHDFDOFXOXOXLGDWRULWWHPSHUDWXULLVF]XWHDJD]HORU
de ardere nu s-DXPDLFRQVLGHUDWFRUHF LLOHGHWHPSHUDWXUSHQWUXWUHFHUHDGHODGHELWXO
normal la cel realLLQYHUV.
3UHVLXQHDSDU LDODEVROXW>3D@ILQDO va fi:
pH2Ofin = CH2O
fin
(5.57)
LSUHVLXQHDSDU LDO>EDU@
p H O (adm ) =
fin
pH O
fin
2
(5.58)
98066,5
&RHILFLHQWXOFRQYHFWLYDOFRQGHQVULLSHSHUHWHHVWH.cd=1/Rcd LVHFDOFXOHD]
FXUHOD LDFODVLFGHFRQGHQVDUH
1
gaz
per
cd = 0,652 Ac (d e (t roua t roua ))4
(5.59)
o
[ C]
J/kg
m/s2
kg/mc
kg/mc
W/mK
40
0,6338
2406000
992,16
0,05115
6,59E-7
50
0,6478
2383000
988,04
0,08306
5,56E-7
60
0,6594
2358000
983,19
0,1302
4,79E-7
70
0,6676
2333000
977,71
0,1982
4,15E-7
80
0,6745
2308000
971,82
0,2934
3,66E-7
90
0,6804
2282000
965,34
0,4235
3,26E-7
100
0,6827
2257000
958,31
0,5977
2,95E-7
PHQWUXFDOFXODXWRPDWVHSRDWHXWLOL]DUHOD LDGHUHJUHVLHH[SRQHQWLDO
Ac = 9130 + 141,37 ( t
74:
- tpe ) 0,774553
Ac
[-]
9752,67
10308,5
10801,3
11253,8
11653,5
12019,5
12297,7
(5.60)
&RHILFLHQWXOFRPSXVGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUSULQFRQGHQVDUHYDIL
.cond = 1 / Rcond
(5.61)
217
unde
(5.62)
&XDFHVWHGDWHVHSRDWHFDOFXODFRPSOHWWUDQVIHUXOGHFOGXU L PDVvQSURFHVXO
GHFRQGHQVDUHLVHRE LQSDUDPHWULLILQDOL
,Q FRQWLQXDUH VH SXQH FRQGL LD FD YDORDUHD LQL LDO DWULEXLW VDUFLQLL WHUPLFH
randamentului (eficieQ HLLUHVSHFWLYWHPSHUDWXULLJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODFRVQXGLIHUH
FXPDLPXOWGHID GHYDORDUHDFDOFXODW'DFQXVHvQGHSOLQHWHFRQGL LDVHUHLD
calculul cu noua valoare a parametrilor de intrare.
218
CAPITOLUL 6.
CALCULUL TERMIC AL C$=$1(/25 )81&,211'
CU ARDEREA LEMNULUI PRIN GAZEIFICARE
$5'(5(,19(56
6.1. Analiza constructiv-IXQF LRQDODFD]DQHOor cu combistibil solid - lemne
&D]DQHOH PLFL GH vQFO]LUH FX OHPQH DSOLF GLQ FH vQ FH PDL PXlt sistemul de
DUGHUH LQYHUVDW 6LVWHPXO UHSUH]LQW DUGHUHD DUMHL GH OHPQH vQWU-R ]RQ ELQH
GHOLPLWDWODED]DVWUDWXOXL)D]HOHVSHFLILFHDUGHULLFRPEXVWLELOLORUVROL]LVHVXFFHGFX
rapiditate ntr-R ]RQ vQJXVW ID GH JURVLPHD VWUDWXOXL GH DUM D Oemnelor
mpiedicndu-VHIXQFLRQDODSDULLDIHQRPHQXOXLGHDPEDODUHDDUGHULLvQWRDWPDVD
de combustibil.
In figura 6. HVWH VFKHPDWL]DW DUGHUHD VWUDWXOXL vQ VLVWHP FODVLF GLUHFW &D
SULQFLSLXJHQHUDOODDUGHUHDGLUHFWvQVWUDWDHUXOSULPDUGHDUdere produce un debit de
JD]H GH DUGHUH FH VWUEDWH VWUDWXO L GXFH OD DSDULLD GLYHUVHORUID]HGHDUGHUHDUGHUH
UH]LGXXFDUERQRVGHYRODWLOL]DUHLvQFO]LUHFXXVFDUHvQWRDWPDVDGHFRPEXVWLELOFH
IRUPHD] R DUM GH DOLPHQWDUH 5H]XOW OD SDUWHD VXSHULRDU D VWUDWXOXL XQ GHELW GH
JD]HGHDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWvQDPHVWHFFXVXEVWDQHYRODWLOHFRPEXVWLELOHLXPLGLWDWH
Acest debit de gaze combustibile, rezultat practic din ntreaga grosime a stratului,
SULPHWHDHUXOVHFXQGDUGHDUGHUHLJHQHUHD]JD]HGHDUGHUHFRPSOHW
6
8
3
5
2
219
&RQFOX]LDHVWHFvQUHJLPXOQRUPDOGHOXFUXDOJUWDUXOXLDSDUHIHQRPHQXOGH
DPEDODUH D VWUDWXOXL DGLF DSDULLD XQHL VDUFLQL WHUPLFH FDUH GHSHWe sarcina
WHUPLF SURLHFWDW D FD]DQXOXL 5H]XOWDWXO HVWH GHSLUHD WHPSHUDWXULL PD[LPH D DSHL
GLQ FD]DQ FKLDU L vQ FRQGLLLOH XQRU VLVWHPH PHFDQLFH GH LQWURGXFHUH D DHUXOXL GH
DUGHUHLDSDULLDVLWXDLHLGHDYDULHGHVXSUDWHPSHUDWXU3HQWUXDHYLWDDFHst fenomen
WUHEXLHUHGXVJURVLPHDVWUDWXOXLGHFRPEXVWLELOFHHDFHGXFHODDUMHFXWLPSVFXUWGH
acoperire a necesarului termic.
In cazul arderii inverse, conform schemei din figura 6.2. GDWRULW SURSDJULL
IURQWXOXL GH IODFU vQ FRQWUDFXUHQW FX DHUXO de ardere (primar), fenomenul de
DSULQGHUHQHFRQWURODWDVWUDWXOXLQXPDLDSDUHFHHDFHSHUPLWHUHDOL]DUHDXQRUUH]HUYH
semnificative de combustibil printr-RJURVLPHIRDUWHPDUHGHVWUDW$VWIHOVHUHDOL]HD]
DXWRQRPLL GH IXQFLRQDUH FX R vQFUFWXU DUM GH SkQ OD RUH GH IXQFLRQDUH
QRUPDOGLQVDUFLQDQRPLQDO
4
9
8
1
3
5
2
6
7
QFRQWDFWFXR]RQVWDELOGHDUGHUHOHPQHOHGHGHDVXSUDJUWDUXOXLVHDSULQG
LVXIHUXQ proces de gazeificareQSUH]HQDXQHLFDQWLWLVXILFLHQWHGHDHUSHQWUX
DUGHUHFRPSOHWFDUHDQWUHQHD]VXEJUWDUSURGXVHOHGHJD]HLILFDUHDFHVWHDDUGvQWU-o
FDPHUGHDUGHUH$LFLHVWHGHPHQLRQDWGLIHUHQDGHSURFHVIDGHDUGHUHDGLUHFWD
straWXOXL /D DUGHUHD GLUHFW VWUDWXO GH FRPEXVWLELO vQ DUGHUH VH GH]YROW SH YHUWLFDO
220
RULFkWGHPXOWvQOLPLWDDHUXOXLGLVSRQLELOLvQWRWGHDXQDGDWRULWUHDFWLYLWLLPDULD
FDUERQXOXL OD WHPSHUDWXUL ULGLFDWH DUGHUHD HVWH LQFRPSOHW 'H DFHHD HVWH WRWGeauna
QHFHVDUFDODDUGHUHDGLUHFWVVHLQVXIOHGHDVXSUDVWUDWXOXLDHUVHFXQGDUDSUR[LPDWLY
FX DFHODL GHELW FD L DHUXO SULPDU SHQWUX D GD R[LJHQXO QHFHVDU DUGHULL YRODWLOHORU L
gazelor de gazeificare a cocsului. /D DUGHUHD LQYHUV VWUDWXO GH cocs este numai pe
periferia buFLORU GH OHPQ OD SRULXQHD LQIHULRDU D VWUDWXOXL L QX VH GH]YROW vQ
VXVXO VWUDWXOXL GHRDUHFH FXUHQWXO GH DHU GH DUGHUH YLQH GH VXV vQ MRV PHQLQkQG UHFH
FRPEXVWLELOXO $FHVW IHQRPHQ GH DSULQGHUH QXPDL SULQ FRQGXFLH L UDGLDLH ORFDO
GLIHUHQLD] IXQGDPHQWDO DUGHUHD LQYHUV GH DUGHUHD GLUHFW XQGH DSULQGHUHD VH IDFH
PDLDOHVFRQYHFWLYSULQJD]HOHILHUELQLSURGXVHGHVWUDWXULOHLQIHULRDUH
'DWRULW DFHVWRU SDUWLFXODULWL IXQFLRQDOH FD]DQHOH FX FRPEXVWLELO VROLG FX
aUGHUHLQYHUVDXGLVWULEXLDDHUSULPDUDHUVHFXQGDUvQGRPHQLXO- 60% /
VSUH GHRVHELUH GH VLVWHPHOH FX DUGHUH GLUHFW FDUH DX DFHODL UDSRUW YDULLQG vQ
domeniul 50% / 50% - 40% / 60%.
6LVWHPXO GH DUGHUH LQYHUV D FRPEXVWLELOXOXL VROLG vQ VWUDW DGXFH L R VHULH GH
alte avantaje importante.
'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUHDOFDOLWLLDUGHULLGHRDUHFHLQVXIODUHDGHDHUVHFXQGDUVH
UHDOL]HD]GHRELFHLFRQFHQWUDWDDFXPUHLHVHGLQVFKHPDIXQFLRQDOGLQILJXUD6.3.,
SHR]RQDGHVHFLXQHUHGXVVHFLXQHDGHWUHFHUHGLQWUHEXQFUXOFHDUHODED] zona
GH DUGHUH L FDPHUD IRFDU UFLW GH DUGHUH D SURGXVHORU JD]RDVH VH UHDOL]HD] R
DPHVWHFDUH IRDUWH EXQ FX SURGXVHOH GLQ FDPHUD GH JD]HLILFDUH DVLJXUkQGX-se
QHFHVDUXOGHDHUGHDUGHUHvQFRQGLLLOHXQRr excese de aerVF]XWH&KLDUGDFDUGHUHD
VHUHDOL]HD]QXPDLFXDHUSULPDUSULQDFFHOHUDUHDGHELWXOXLFRPELQDWGHDHUvQH[FHV
cu produsele GH DUGHUH LQFRPSOHW L cu volatilele la trecerea prin reducerea de
VHFLXQH VH UHDOL]HD] GH DVHPHQHD FRQGLLL IDYRUDELOH GH DPHVWHFDUH FH FUHHD]
SUHPL]HOH XQHL DUGHUL FRPSOHWH OD H[FHVH GH DHU PLFL $GXJkQG HOHPHQWXO GH
VWDELOL]DUH D DUGHULL FRQVWLWXLW GH WHPSHUDWXUD ULGLFDW D FDQDOXOXL GH WUHFHUH L
SRVLELOLWDWHDvQFDPHUDGHDUGHUHUFLW, de dirijare a gazHORUGHDUGHUHSHVWHVXSUDIHH
UHIUDFWDUHILHUELQLUH]XOWRUHGXFHUHDVXEVWDQLDOD&29QHDUVHHOLPLQDWHFXJD]HOH
GH DUGHUH L XQ QLYHO GH FRQFHQWUDLL GH R[LG GH FDUERQ FRPSDUDELOH FX FHOH
FDUDFWHULVWLFHDUGHULLFRPEXVWLELOLORUJD]RLvQVLVWHPHDXWRaspirante.
'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH IXQFLRQDO GHRDUHFH SULQ FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH SDUWLFXODUH
VLVWHPXOXLRSULUHDSURFHVXOXLGHDUGHUHHVWHDSURDSHFRPSHWSULQRSULUHaLQVXIOULLGH
DHUVSUHGHRVHELUHGHDUGHUHDGLUHFWvQVWUDWXQGHRSULUHDLQVXIOULLGHDHUQXGXFHL
OD RSULUHD GHJDMULORU GH YRODWLOH GLQ VWUDW UH]XOW SRVLELOLWDWHD XQXL FRQWURO L D XQHL
DVLJXUULDFD]DQHORUPXOWPDLVWULFWHLHILFLHQWH
0DL PXOW GDWRULW VLVWHPXOXL VSHFLILF GH DSULQGHUH L VWDELOL]DUH D DUGHULL vQ
strat, ce permite ncUFDUHD FX DUMH PDUL VH FRQVWLWXLH vQ DYDQWDM IXQFLRQDO L
FRQWLQXLWDWHDSURFHVXOXLGHDUGHUHGHWLSSURFHVVWDLRQDU
221
&DPHU GHDS
Aer primar
100 % - 60 %
Strat de
combustibil
Post-ardere
Aer secundar
0 % - 40 %
SULPDU
Post-ardere
VHFXQGDU
=RQ DPRWDW
(cu stabilizare)
JU WDU
Produse de
activ )
6HF LXQHGH
DUGHUHFRPSOHW
trecere a
produselor de
gazeificare
Corp refractar
Fig. 6.6FKHPDIXQFLRQDOGHDUGHUHODVROXLLOHFXGX]
de trecere a produselor de gazeificare
/D QLYHOXO H[SORDWULL FXUHQWH HVWH GH UHPDUFDW vQ SULPXO UkQG IDSWXO F
GHVFKLGHUHDXLLGHDOLPHQWDUHQXGXFHODFRQWDFWXOFXVWrDWXOGHDUGHUHFHHDFHHOLPLQ
SRVLELOLWDWHDGHDFFLGHQWDUHGLUHFWVDXSULQFGHULGHFRPEXVWLELODSULQVGLQFD]DQ
n cDPHUDGHDUGHUHLQIHULRDUDHUXOILLQGvQGHELWVXILFLHQWVHSURGXFHDUGHUHD
FRPSOHW*D]HOHGHDUGHUHXUPHD]DSRLWUDVHXOSULQHYLOHGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLYLVXQW
DSRL HYDFXDWH OD FR FLUFXODLD ORU ILLQG DVLJXUDW GH XQ H[KDXVWRU (VWH DYDQWDMRDV
funFLRQDUHDFD]DQXOXLvQGHSUHVLXQHGHRDUHFHVHHYLWVFSULOHGHJD]HGHDUGHUHSULQ
QHHWDQHLWL
Procesul din camera de deasupra stratului fiind preponderent de gazeificare,
WHPSHUDWXUDQXHVWHvQDOW6SHFLILFHSHQWUXSURFHVXOGHJD]HLILFDUHVXQWWHmperaturile
de 600 900 0&&RQWDFWXOJUWDUXOXLFXXQFRPEXVWLELOFXWHPSHUDWXUUHODWLYMRDV
LFXDHUXOGHDUGHUHFDUHDUHXQSXWHUQLFHIHFWGHUFLUHIDFHFDWHPSHUDWXUDEDUHORUGH
JUWDU VDX a DPEUD]XULL GH LHLUH D JD]HORU V ILH PXOW PDL MRDV Gect n arderea
GLUHFW GHFL QX YRU IL QHFHVDUH PDWHULDOH UHIUDFWDUH GH FDOLWDWH VXSHULRDU SHQWUX D
DVLJXUDGXUDELOLWDWHDJUWDUXOXL
3DUWLFXODULWDWHD GH SRUQLUH OD FD]DQHOH FX DUGHUH LQYHUV HVWH GDW GH WUHFHUHD
curgerii gazelor din sistem invers, cX VWUEDWHUHD FRQYHFWLYXOXL, n sistem direct, IU
VWUEDWHUHD FDPHUHL GH DUGHUH UFLWH L D FRQYHFWLYXOXL SULQWU-R VHFLXQH GH VFXUWFLUFXLW FX HYDFXDUH GLUHFW OD FR 6LVWHPXO GH WUHFHUH HVWH vQ JHQHUDO PDQXDO L QX
ULGLF SUREOHPH GH UHDOL]DUH WHKQRORJLF VDX GH PDQLSXODUH vQ H[SORDWDUH FXUHQW
222
3UH]HQDDFHVWXLVLVWHPDUHvQVDYDQWDMXODVLJXUULLODSRUQLUHDVLVWHPXOXLGHODUHFHD
XQXLGHELWGHJD]HGHDUGHUHGHWHPSHUDWXUULGLFDWFHHDFHGXFHODDWLQJHUHDUDSLGD
regimului de autotiraj pentrX FRXO GH IXP HOHPHQW IXQFLRQDO GHRVHELW GH DYDQWDMRV
DWkWSHQWUXIXQFLRQDUHDFD]DQXOXLFkWLSHQWUXFRQGLLLOHGHVLJXUDQDIXQFLRQULLvQ
FHQWUDOVHHYLWDSDULLDUHIXOULORUGHJD]HWR[LFHVDXIRUPDUHDGHDFXPXOULGHJD]H
FXSRWHQLDOGHH[Slozie).
3HULRDGDGHDUGHUHGLUHFWODSRUQLUHDGHODUHFHDVLVWHPHORUFXDUGHUHLQYHUV
WUHEXLHVILHVXILFLHQWGHOXQJSHQWUXDDVLJXUDvQFO]LUHD]RQHLUHIUDFWDUHGHODED]D
EXQFUXOXL GH FRPEXVWLELO FH FRQLQH JUWDUXO L IRUPDUHD VWUDWXOXLVXSHUIicial de cox
UHDFWLYODVXSUDIDDLQIHULRDUDFRPEXVWLELOXOXLGHODED]DVWUDWXOXL$FHDVWSHULRDG
HVWHvQVPXOWPDLVFXUWGHFkWFHDQHFHVDUVLVWHPHORUFODVLFHGHDUGHUHFDUHQHFHVLW
WLPSDWkWSHQWUXvQFO]LUHD]RQHORUDPRWDWHFkWPDLDOHVSHQWUXIormarea unui strat de
MDU JURV L XQLIRUP QHFHVDU LQLLHULL DUGHULL OD vQFUFDUHD FX DUMD GH FRPEXVWLELO
SURDVSW6FXUWDUHDWLPSXOXLGHSRUQLUHODUHFHFRQMXJDWFXPULUHDWLPSXOXLGHDUM
GXFH OD VLPSOLWDWH VSRULW vQ H[SORDWDUH D VLVWHPHORU FX DUGHUH LQYHUV SDUDOHO FX
UHGXFHUHDHPLVLLORUJOREDOHODQLYHOXOVLVWHPXOXLHVWHFXQRVFXWIDSWXOFXQVLVWHPGH
ardere cu combustibil solid are emisii maxime de noxe n perioadele de pornire).
Din punct de vedere al combustibilului utilizat, la cazanele cuDUGHUHLQYHUVVH
UHFRPDQGIRORVLUHDXQRUOHPQHGHVHFLXQHPHGLHGHFLUFD[PPVHYDHYLWD
VHFLXQHD URWXQG SUHIHUkQGX-VH FHOH FX ]RQH GH FRO XQGH VH LQLLD] DUGHUHD FX
XXULQFXOXQJLPHFDUHVSHUPLWUHOL]DUHDXQHLDFRSHULULFRUHFWHDJUWDUXOXLLD
]RQHLGHED]DPRWDWHLFXXPLGLWDWHPD[LPGH-&RQGLLDGHXPLGLWDWHHVWH
PDL UHVWULFWLY GHFkW vQ FD]XO VLVWHPHORU GH DUGHUH GLUHFW FDUHSHUPLWX]XDOIRORVLUHD
XQRU OHPQH FX XPLGLWDWH PD[LP GH GDU QX UHSUH]LQW XQ LPpediment n
IRORVLUHD VLVWHPHORU FX DUGHUH LQYHUV GHRDUHFH XPLGLWDWHD FHUXW HVWH DWLQV GH
FRPEXVWLELOSULQXVFDUHQDWXUDOSHSHULRDGGHFLUFDDQLvQGHSR]LWvQFKLV
7UHEXLHGHDVHPHQHDUHPDUFDWGLIHUHQDFRQVWUXFWLYFHDSDUHODQLYHOXO]RQHL
de gUWDU$VWIHOODVLVWHPXOGHDUGHUHGLUHFWDFRPEXVWLELOXOXLVHFRQVWLWXLHvQ]RQ
GHJUWDUVWULFWVXSUDIDDSHFDUHVHLQVXIODHUSULPDUGHDUGHUHIRUPDWGLQEDUHGH
JUWDU VSULMLQLWH vQ GLYHUVH VLVWHPH 5H]XOW QHFHVLWDWHD DVLJXUULL XQRU VLVWHPH
FRPSOH[HGHGLVWULEXLHXQLIRUPDDHUXOXLSHVHFLXQLGHFXUJHUHPDULSHQWUXDQXVH
UHDOL]DGH]HFKLOLEUHGHDUGHUHLDVHDVLJXUDGHELWHOHVSHFLILFHGHFRPEXVWLELODUV/D
FD]DQHOH FX DUGHUH LQYHUV GDWRULW SUH]HQHL DHUXOXL QHFHVDU GH UHDFLH SULPDU L D
VFOGULL]RQHLGHED]FXJD]HGHDUGHUHUH]XOWRIXQFLRQDUHFDVXSUDIDGHJUWDU
JHQHUDWRDUHGHDSULQGHUHDvQWUHJLL]RQHDPRWDWHGHODED]DVWUDWXOXL)XUQL]DUHDGH
DHUVHFXQGDUVDXDPHVWHFDUHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWFXDHUXOGLVSRnibil de tip
SULPDU QX VH UHDOL]HD] vQV GHFkW vQ ]RQD GH WUHFHUH GLQWUH EXQFU L IRFDUXO UFLW
]RQFDUDFWHUL]DWGHYLWH]HLWXUEXOHQHPDULLGHVHFLXQHUHGXV6HFUHHD]DVWIHO
SUHPL]HOH XQHL LQVXIOUL HILFLHQWH GH DHU GH DUGHUH IU QHFHVLWDWHD DVLJXUULL
XQLIRUPLWLL GH FXUJHUH SH VHFLXQL PDUL 0DL PXOW DHUXO SULPDU FH VFXUW-FLUFXLWHD]
DQXPLWH]RQHGLQEXQFUYDILIRORVLWFDDHUGHDUGHUHVHFXQGDUODWUHFHUHDSULQ]RQDGH
223
OHJWXU PDL VXV DPLQWLW 5H]XOW GHFL F VLVWHPXO GH DUGHUH LQYHUV QX QXPDL F
HOLPLQ FRPSOLFDLLOH OHJDWH GH GLVWULEXLD GH DHU GH DUGHUH GDU L FRPSHQVHD]
constructiv scurt-circuitele de aer inerente curgerii prin stratul de combustibil aleatoriu
LvQFRQWLQXPRGLILFDUH
Referitor la sarcinile termice ale cazanelRU vQ GLVFXLH HVWH LPSRUWDQW GH
PHQLRQDW F VH XWLOL]HD] XQ GRPHQLX X]XDO PDL UHGXV GH SXWHUL WHUPLFH QRPLQDOH
SHQWUXFD]DQHOHFXDUGHUHLQYHUVN:IDGHFD]DQHOHFXDUGHUHGLUHFW
N: ([SOLFDLD SHQWUX GRPHQLXO UHODWLY UHGXV VSHFLILF VROXLLORU FX DUGHUH
LQYHUV UH]LG SH GH R SDUWH vQ QRXWDWHD VROXLHL FDUH QX D SHUPLV vQF ODQVDUHD XQRU
cazane de puteri mari,GDWRULWOLSVHLXQRUPRGHOHFODUHGHFDOFXOLIXQFLRQDUH, iar pe
GHDOWSDUWHGDWRULWFDUDFWHUXOXLQHSUDFWLFDOXQXLEXQFUFXDOLPHQWDUHVXSHULRDUvQ
cazul unor cazane mari.
Un parametru important,DWkWSHQWUXSHUIRUPDQHOHWHUPLFHFkWLSHQWUXFHOHGH
ardere,HVWHH[FHVXOGHDHU'DFODFD]DQHOHFXDUGHUHGLUHFWHVWHQHFHVDUPHQLQHUHD
unui nivel de oxigen n gazele de ardere de circa 10 vQYHGHUHDPHQLQHULLXQHL
FRQFHQWUDLLGH&2ODXQQLYHOFRUHFWGHFLUFDSSPOD22 , pentru cazanele
FXDUGHUHLQYHUVHVWHVXILFLHQWRFRQFHQWUDLHGHR[LJHQvQJD]HOHGHDUGHUHGHQXPDL
4 8 %. Aceste concenWUDLLGHR[LJHQVHH[SULPSULQH[FHVHGHDHUFXSULQVHvQWUH
L OD FD]DQHOH FX DUGHUH GLUHFW VSUH GHRVHELUH GH FD]DQHOH FX DUGHUH LQYHUV FH
QHFHVLWH[FHVHGHDHUGHGRDU 1,65.
5H]XOWSLHUGHULGHFOGXUSULQHQWDOSLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODFRFXSkQOD
SURFHQWH PDL PDUL OD FD]DQHOH FX DUGHUH GLUHFW ID GH FHOH FX DUGHUH LQYHUV vQ
FRQGLLLOHFRPSDUULLXQRUFD]DQHFXPDVHLFRVWXULGHSURGXFLHUDSRUWDWHODVDUFLQD
WHUPLFXWLODSURSLDWH
,Q FRQFOX]LH GLQ DQDOL]D HIHFWXDW UH]XOW R VHULH GH DYDQWDMH FODUH SH SODQ
HQHUJHWLF L OHJDWH GH FDOLWDWHD DUGHULL HFRORJLFH JHQHUDWH GH IRORVLUHD WHKQLFLL GH
DUGHUH LQYHUVDW GDU L LPSRVLELOLWDWHD DSOLFULL DFHVWHL WHKQLFL IU FRPSOLFDUHD
sistemului de alimentare, la puteri termice PDUL ,Q SOXV GDF V-DU GRUL PHQLQHUHD
caracteristicii de autonomie la 10 12 ore, s-ar ajunge la volume neeconomice de
VWRFDUHSHQWUXFRPEXVWLELO5H]XOWFVROXLDFXDUGHUHLQYHUVVHSUHWHD]ODVDUFLQL
WHUPLFH SkQ OD N: ILLQG UHFRPDQGDELO GDWRULW DYDQWDMHORU GH H[SORDWDUH
VHPQLILFDWLYHGDUHVWHGLVFXWDELODSOLFDUHDDFHVWHLDODVDUFLQLWHUPLFHPDLPDUL
6.2.
8
1
3
5
2
6
7
225
&DPHUD IRFDUXOXL HVWH DOFWXLW GLQ SHUHL UFLL SDUWHD GH GX] L GH FRUS
UHIUDFWDU D DOELHL GH vQWRDUFHUH GH IODFU ILLQG DGXJDte SH SHUHLL UFLL DL FDPHUHL
focarului5H]XOWF parteaHILFLHQWGHSUHOXDUHDIOX[XOXLGHFOGXUUDGLDWGHIRFDU
este n principal LQFLQWDLQIHULRDUDFD]DQXOXLGLQFDUHVHVFDGVXSUDIDHOHDPRWDWH
6LVWHPXOFRQYHFWLYHVWHFRQVWLWXLWGLQHYLFXGLDPHWUXOF45x3 ... F76x3,5 mm
distribuite uniform pe supUDIDDGHWUHFHUHDGUXPXOXL In cazul constructiv ales sunt
HYL -[ /XQJLPHD FRQYHFWLYXOXL HJDO FX OXQJLPHD EXQFUXOXL HVWH GH
mm.
W.
&DOFXOXO SURFHVXOXL GH DUGHUH D OHPQXOXL VH IDFH GXS PHWRGLFD FODVLF D DUGHULL
FRPEXVWLELOXOXL OLFKLG VDX VROLG FRQIRUP LQGLFDLLORU GLQ FDSLWROXO 6H HIHFWXHD]
calFXOXODUGHULLFRPEXVWLELOXOXLLVHGHWHUPLQVO, Vgo, Vg, Hi, p H O , p RO VHWUDVHD]
diagrama I t sau cp t.
2
$FHVWH FD]DQH IXQFLRQHD] FX VXSUDSUHVLXQH vQ IRFDU GHFL FRHILFLHQWXO GH
exces de aer este constant SkQODHYFXDUHDODFR
= f = c = = 1,4 1,6 = ct.
FR
&DOFXOXOUDQGDPHQWXOXLWHUPLFDOFD]DQXOXLLDGHELWXOXLGHFRPEXVWLELO
$FHVWH FD]DQH IXQFLRQHD] FX FRPEXVWLELO VROLG GHFL SLHUGHUHD VSHFLILF GH
FOGXU SULQ DUGHUH LQFRPSOHW GH QDWXU PHFDQLF Tmec L FHD SULQ HYDFXDUHD
produselor solide ale arderii din cazan (qcenVHSRWOXDvQFRQVLGHUDUH7RWXLGDWRULW
SURFHVXOXL GH DUGHUH SULQ JD]HLILFDUH SLHUGHUHD SULQ DUGHUH LQFRPSOHW GH QDWXU
PHFDQLFTmecLFHDSULQHYDFuarea produselor solide ale arderii din cazan (qcen) pot
fi considerate nule deoarece produsele de gazeifiare ard complet n regim de ardere
VSHFLILFFRPEXVWLELOXOXLJD]RVQDFHVWHFRQGLLL%
%
226
49.6
49.6
49.6
49.6
49.6
49.6
49.6
49.6
49.6
49.6
49.6
49.6
49.6
H uscat
O uscat
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
N uscat
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
A uscat
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
92
91
90
89
88
87
86
85
84
83
82
81
80
COMPZITIE umed
45.63 45.14 44.64 44.14 43.65 43.15 42.66 42.16 41.664 41.17 40.67 40.176 39.68
5.52
5.46
5.4
5.34
5.28
5.22
5.16
5.1
5.04
4.98
4.92
4.86
4.8
39.56 39.13
34.83
34.4
0.184 0.182
0.162
0.16
1.104 1.092
0.972
0.96
100
100
100
100
SUMA
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
ARDERE
Vo
4.202 4.156 4.111 4.065 4.019 3.974 3.928 3.882 3.837 3.791 3.745
3.700 3.654
VCO2
0.851 0.842 0.833 0.824 0.814 0.805 0.796 0.787 0.777 0.768 0.759
0.750 0.740
VN2
3.321 3.285 3.249 3.213 3.177 3.141 3.105 3.068 3.032 2.996 2.960
2.924 2.888
VH2O
0.785 0.790 0.795 0.800 0.805 0.810 0.815 0.820 0.825 0.830 0.835
0.840 0.845
Vgo
4.957 4.917 4.877 4.836 4.796 4.755 4.715 4.675 4.634 4.594 4.554
4.513 4.473
PUTERE CALORICA
Hi -kJ/kg
17076 16863 16650 16437 16224 16011 15798 15585 15372 15160 14947 14734 14521
Hi -kcal/kg
3723
3520
3469
Dupa SR>EN
Hi -kJ/kg
17285 17070 16856 16642 16427 16213 15998 15784 15570 15355 15141 14926 14712
Hi -kcal/kg
3771
3566
3515
t cos
ti + te
+ (100 140) 0 C
2
(6.1)
FR
227
(QWDOSLD DHUXOXL WHRUHWLF GH DUGHUH VH GHWHUPLQ OD WHPSHUDWXUD DPELDQW
ta=20 C
o
I ao = Vo c pa t a
(6.2)
3
N
qcos =
1
( I cos I ao )
Hi
(6.3)
b. 3LHUGHULVSHFLILFHGHFOGXUSULQDUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF
n cadrul calculelor de proiectarH GDWRULW SURFHVXOXL GH DUGHUH GLIX]LY D
OHPQXOXL vQ UHJLP GH JD]HLILFDUH FX SUHSRQGHUHQD GHJDMULL GH &2 vQ FRQGLLLOH GH
DUGHUH UHGXFWRDUH se admite, conform standardelor europene, uQ FRQLQXW GH QHDUVH
CO=2000 ppm (0,2% CO) n gazele de ardere, ceeace corespunde unei pierderi prin
DUGHUHLQFRPSOHWGHQDWXUFKLPLF:
qch =
Qch
1 q mec
=
(126,36 CO )V g
usc
B * Hi
Hi
(6.4)
LH[SULPDWvQYDORDUHSURFHQWXDO % = 100
(6.4)
B=
Q
Hi
(kg/s)
(6.5)
SHQWUX R H[SULPDUH IL]LF LQWHOLJLELO VH XWLOL]HD] FRQVXPXO RUDU GH FRPEXVWLELO %h
GHILQLWGHUHODLD Bh = 3600 * B [kg/h]
6.5%LODQ XOGHDQVamblu al cazanului
228
)OX[XOXWLOGHFOGXUDOFD]DQXOXLHVWH
)OX[XOGHFOGXUdin arderea combustibilului:
4GDWSULQWHP.
Qc omb = BH i
(6.6)
)OX[XOGHFOGXUDGXVFXDHUXOGHDUGHUH
Qa = BVo c pa t a (6.7)
Qcos = B I cos
Fluxul dHFOGXUSLHUGXWODFR
(6.8)
(6.9)
(6.10)
Tabelul 6.1.
Util
Qcomb
Qa
QFR
Qinc
Qext
Q = Q''
Q = Q'
FR
(URDUHDUHODWLY =
Q'Q"
100 1%
Q'
(6.11)
'DF HURDUHD UHODWLY GH vQFKLGHUH D ELODQXOXL HVWH PDL PDUH GH FHD
PD[LP DGPLVLELO SHQWUX DFHVW JHQ GH FDOFXOH vQVHDPQ F V-D IFXW R JUHHDO GH
calcul sau de citire n diagrama I-t.
6.5%LODQ XOJUDILFDOFD]DQXOXL
'HELWHOH GH FOGXU GLQ WDEHOHOH 6. L 6. VH WUDQVSXQ JUDILF OD VFDU FD vQ
figura 2.3 (cu particularizarea: B*=B; Qpa=0; Qsfc=Qc, Qsi=0; Qec=0; qmec=0; qcen=0).
6.6. Calculul focarului
Pentru metodologia deFDOFXOVSHFLILFDFHVWXLFD]DQWUHEXLHIFXWXQFDOFXOGH
YHULILFDUH D IRFDUXOXL GHRDUHFH VXSUDIDD GH UDGLDLH HVWH FXQRVFXW SULQ SUHFL]DUHD
229
LQLLDODVROXLHLFRQVWUXFWLYH1HFXQRVFXWDFDOFXOXOXLHVWHWHPSHUDWXUDGHODVIkULWXO
focarului tf .
3URFHGXUDGHFDOFXOHVWHXUPWRDUHD
- calculul temperaturii teoretice de ardere,
-FDOFXOXOVXSUDIHHORUGHUDGLDLH
-FDOFXOXOFDUDFWHULVLWLFLLGHUDGLDLHDIRFDUXOXL
- calculul temperaturii la finele focarului.
Calculul temperaturii teoretice de ardere
(QWDOSLDWHRUHWLFDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHVHGHWHUPLQFXUHODLD
I t = H i (1 qch ) + f V0 c pa t a
DSRLVHGHWHUPLQWHPSHUDWXUDWHRUHWLFGHDUGHUHGLQGLDJUDPD,-t:
(6.12)
t t = f ( I t , ) .
&DOFXOXOVXSUDIH HORUGHUDGLD LH
Calculul este un cDOFXO JHRPHWULF GH VXSUDIHH 7RDWH VXSUDIHHOH GH UDGLDLH
ILLQG VXSUDIHH PHWDOLFH FRQWLQXH FRHILFLHQWXO GH HILFLHQ HVWH 6FKHPD
IRFDUXOXLHVWHGDWvQILJ6.5
6HvQVXPHD]XUPWRDUHOHVXSUDIHH
VXSUDIDDVXSHULRDUDFDPHUHLGHDUGHUHLDLQWUULLvQFRQYHFWLY
S1 = l b a b
VXSUDIDDIURQWDODFDPHUHLGHDUGHUH
Sfr = hf b
baza camerei de ardere:
Sb = l b ls bs
VXSUDIDDVSDWHDFDPHUHLGHDUGHUH
Ssp = hc b
6XSUDIDDSHUHWHOXLGHVSULWRUSHDPEHOHIHH
Sp = ((hf hp) + (hc hp)) b
6XSUDIDDODWHUDO
Slat = 2 (ca hf +(l-ca) h)
230
a
hf
hc
b
ca
hp
l
bs
ls
fig. 6.6FKHPDGLPHQVLRQDODIRFDUXOXL
6XSUDIDD WRWDO HIHFWLY GH UDGLDLH HVWH FRHILFLHQW GH HILFLHQ XQLWDU SHQWUX
supraIHHPHWDOLFHFRQWLQXH
SR = S1 + Sfr + Sb +Ssp + Sp + Slat [m2]
Calculul volumului focarului
6HvQVXPHD]XUPWRDUHOHYROXPH
volumul camerei de ardere
Vca = hf b ca
volumul camerei de ntoarcere spre convectiv:
Vc = hc b ( l ca )
Volumul total al focarului:
Vf = Vca + Vc
[m3]
6XSUDIDDWRWDODSHUHLORUDPRWDL
Ss = Si + Sref
&DOFXOXOVXSUDIH HLSHUH LORUIRFDUXOXL
6XSUDIDD SHUHLORU IRFDUXOXL HVWH VXPD VXSUDIHHL GH UDGLDLH L D VXSUDIHHL
DPRWDWH
Sper = SR + Ss
[m2]
,QL LDOL]DUHDWHPSHUDWXULLGHODVIkULWXOIRFDUXOXL
2LPSRUWDQWFDUDFWHULVWLFIXQFLRQDODFD]DQHORUFXDUGHUHSULQJH]HLILFDUHD
OHPQHORURSUH]LQWtHPSHUDWXUDUHODWLYFRERUkWa focaruluiGDWRULWH[FHVXOXLULGLFDW
GH DHU L VXSUDIHHL PDUL GH UDGLDLH. De aceea intervalul de alegere a temperaturii la
FDSWXOIRFDUXOXLHVWH
tf =600800 oC.
Calculul caracteristicii GHUDGLD LHDIRFDUXOXL
S-au determinat anterior:
- volumul focarului:
Vf (m3)
- VXSUDIDDSHUHLORUIRFDUXOXL Sper (m2)
- VXSUDIDDGHUDGLDLH
SR (m2)
6HGHWHUPLQvQFRQWLQXDUH
-
gradul de ecranare: =
Vf
S per
(m)
SR
S per
(6.21)
(6.22)
6HFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHvQFDPHUDGHDUGHUH
0,8 + 1,6 p H 2O
T
1 0,38 f ( p H 2O + p RO2 )
kg =
(6.27)
1000
( p H 2O + p RO2 ) s
6HFDOFXOHD]FRHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUELHDOJD]HORUGHDUGHUHGLQIRFDU
ag = 1 e
k g s
(6.24)
6HFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDIOFULLFXUHODLDGHDSUR[LPDUH
232
k fl = 1,6
Tf
1000
0,5
(6.25)
LFRHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUELHDOIOFULLFXUHODLD
a fl = 1 e
k fl s
(6.26)
3RQGHUHDDEVRUELHLIOFULLIDGHFHDDPHGLXOXLUDGLDQWGHJD]HGHDUGHUHGLQ
IRFDUVHIDFHGXSFULWHULLH[SHULPHQWDOHFRQVLGHUkQGX-VHRSURSRULH, din volumul
IRFDUXOXLRFXSDWGHSDUWHDOXPLQRDVDIOFULL
&RHILFLHQWXOGHDEVRUELHDOIOFULLLJD]HORUGHDUGHUHHVWHGDWGHUHODLD
a = a fl + (1 ) a g
(6.27)
Valoarea coeficientului de luminozitate pentru volatilele de combustibil solid
este = 0,6 .
&RHILFLHQWXOGHPXUGULUHDVXSUDIHHORUHVWH =0,7 pentru combustibil solid.
&XDFHVWHYDORULVHFDOFXOHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFDUDGLDQWDIRFDUXOXL
0,82a
af =
(6.28)
a + (1 a )
&DUDFWHULVWLFDGHXPSOHUHFXIODFUDIRFDrului.
2DOWFDUDFWHULVWLFDIRFDUXOXLHVWHIDFWRUXOGHumplere a focarului cu IOFU
M. Pentru combustibil solid cu IODFU de volatile din ambrazura focarului M=0,44.
7HPSHUDWXUDODFDSWXOIRFDUXOXL
6HGHWHUPLQFULWHULXO%2/7=0$11
Bo =
B V g c pg
(6.29)
C 0 10 8 S R Tt 3
unde = 1 q ext ;
cpg VHGHWHUPLQGLQWDEHOHSHQWUXWHPSHUDWXUDWHRUHWLF
,QFRQWLQXDUHVHGHWHUPLQLQYDULDQWXOGHWHPSHUDWXUDIRFDUXOXLVLPOSOH[XO
Tf
Tt
233
Bo 0, 6
(M a )
0,6
(6.30)
+ Bo 0, 6
GHXQGHUH]XOWWHPSHUDWXUDODFDSWXOIRFDUXOXL
t f = Tt 273,15 [oC]
'DFVHFDOFXOHD]FXYDORULOHGHED]VHDSOLFUHODLDGHFDOFXO
tf =
Tt
M C o Tt S R
(1 qext )B Vg c pg
273,15 [0C]
0, 6
(6.31)
+1
WHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLQWUDUHvQHYL0C) ;
temperatura HVWLPDW D JD]HORU GH DUGHUH OD LHLUHD GLQ HYL OD FR
temperatura apei (0C).
'HRDUHFH vQ ELODQXO JHQHUDO DO FD]DQXOXL WHPSHUDWXUD OD FR D Iost estiPDW
calculul termic al drumului convectiv are rolul de a confirma (sau infirma)
WHPSHUDWXUDHVWLPDW'DFGLQFDOFXOXOWHUPLFGHYHULILFDUHYDUH]XOWDFWHPSHUDWXUD
HVWLPDW QX HVWH FHD FRUHFW VH YD UHOXD FDOFXOXO FX R QRX WHPSHUDXWU OD FR
vQFHSkQGGHODELODQXOWHUPLFDOFD]DQXOXL
QFRQVHFLQFDOFXOXOWHUPLFDOGUXPXOXLFRQYHFWLYHVWHXQFDOFXOGHYHULILFDUH
a temperaturii finale a unui drum convectiv.
w=
t gm =
t f + tcos
2
B Vg t gm + 273
di2 273
n
4
(6.32)
- FRQGXFWLELOLWDWHDWHUPLF
[W/mK]
- QXPUXO3UDQGWO
Pr
tp cu
ti + t e
.
2
(6.33)
Coeficientul de transferGHFOGXUSULQFRQYHFLHVHGHWHUPLQXWLOL]kQGUHODLL
criterialeSHQWUXFLUFXODLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODLQWHULRUXOHYLORUFRQIRUPanexei 10 .
wd i
> 3 10 4
De exemplu, pentru Re =
2/3
(Re 1000) Pr
di
8
Nu =
1 + C
2/3
L
1 + 12,2
(Pr 1)
8
Pr
cu = (1,82logRe 1,64) ; C =
Pr
p
de combustibil.
2
0,11
(6.34)
3
Nu = 0 49,37 + [1,615 A 0,7] +
B C
1 + 22 Pr
cu
1/ 2
Pr
di
di
A= 3 Re Pr ; B = Re Pr ; C =
Pr
L
L
(6.35)
0 ,11
o UHSUH]LQW HIHFWXO WXUEXOL]DWRULORU FH VH YRU PRQWD OD LQWHURUXO
HYLORUFRQYHFWLYHIXQFLHGHJUDGXOGHWXOEXUL]DUHUHDOL]DWIRUPLSDVGHLFDQDUH
Pentru regimul laminar: Re < 2300:
1/ 3
di
*
Nu = 0 49,37 + 1,615 3 Re Pr 0,7
L
Pr
Pr
p
0 ,11
(6.36)
*
cu 0 = 1,62,2.
*
Pentru turbulizatorii n zig-zag coeficienLL GH FRUHFLH 0 L 0 pot fi
GHWHUPLQDLFXUHODLLOHH[SHULPHQWDOH
3,3 Re 0 ,2
2 ,142
= 0 ,2 L 0 = 0 ,2
5
pr
pr
*
0
unde p r =
l
este pasul relativ, cu l pas zig-zaguri.
di
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQFRQYHFLH
c =
Nu
lc
(6.37)
di
l
CoeficiHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLDLHHVWHGHWHUPLQDWGHPULPLOH
236
WHPSHUDWXUPHGLHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUH
Tgm=tgm+273 (K);
s = 0,9 di (m);
SUHVLXQLOHSDULDOHDOHJD]HORUGHDUGHUHWULDWRPLFH pRO2 ; p H 2O
p RO2 =
VRO2
Vg
pg
[bar@L pH 2 O =
VH 2 O
Vg
pg
[bar.]
&RQVWDQWDGHUDGLDLHDJD]HORUVHGHWHUPLQFXUHODLD
kg =
0,8 + 1,6 p H 2O
( p H 2O
1 0,38 gm ( p H 2O + p RO2 )
1000
+ p RO2 ) s
(6.38)
a g =1 e
k g s
(6.39)
&RHILFLHQWXOGHVFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQUDGLDLHVHGHWHUPLQFXUHODLD
T 3,6
1 p
Tgm
a p +1
8
3
a g Tgm
r = 5,765 10
2
2
T p (W/m K)
1 T
gm
(6.40)
XQGH SHQWUX FRHILFLHQWXO GH DEVRUELH DO SHUHWHOXL GH VFKLPE GH FOGXU VH FRQVLGHU
valoarea ap=0,8HDYWUDVGHRHOLDUSHQWUXWHPSHUDWXUDDEVROXWDSHUHWHOXLHYLL
Tp = t m + 20 + 273 (K)
Coeficientul de transfer GHFOGXUSHSDUWHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHYDIL
1 = c + r
&RHILFLHQWXO GH WUDQVIHU GH FOGXU 2 pe partea apei este mult mai mare (de
ordinul miilor de W/m2.vQFRPSDUDLHFX1 (de ordinul zecilor de W/m2K).
Q DFHVWH FRQGLLL FRHILFLHQWXO JOREDO GH WUDQVIHU GH FOGXU k este dat de
UHODLD
1
kI =
(W/m2K)
(6.41)
1 + 1
237
Viteza w (m/s)
103 (m2K/W)
&RHILFLHQWXOGHPXUGULUH
3
6
9
12
5,233 3,837 2,791 2,093
Tabelul 6.4.
15
1,628
18
1,395
6HSRDWHXWLOL]DLUHODLDDQDOLWLF
(6.42)
6H FDOFXOHD] vQ ILQDO WHPSHUDXWUD GH LHLUH D JD]HORU GH DGHUH GLQ GUXPXO
convectiv de gaze, conformUHODLHLGHYHULILFDUHDVXSUDIHHORUFRQYHFWLYH
t e = t ma + (t f t ma ) e
k S
BVg c pg
[0C]
(6.43)
Temperatura te HVWH WHPSHUDWXUD GH FR D Fazanului, care s-D LQLLDOL]DW la
vQFHSXWXOFDOFXOXOXLGHDOHJHUHDVROXLHLFRQVWUXFWLYH
6.9HULILFULILQDOH
DaFWHPSHUDWXUDILQDOWeHVWHGLIHULWFXPDLPXOWGH.GHWHPSHUDWXUD
presupXVLQLLDOSHQWUXFRWcosVHSURFHGHD]vQGRX moduri:
238
CAPITOLUL 7
p g = p + p ph p f
239
(N/m2)
(7.1)
l w2
p =
(N/m2)
d 2
-
(7.2.)
vQFD]XOFXUJHULLFXVFKLPEGHFOGXU
l w
2
p h =
d 2 Tp / T + 1
l
d
w
7L7p
(N/m2)
(7.3.)
Valorile lui pentru conducte sau canale netede se pot determina utiliznd
UHOD LLOH
64
=
pentru Re < 2000
(7.4.)
Re
0,303
(lg Re 0,9 )2
(7.5)
0,3164
4
Re
(7.6)
3HQWUX HYLUXJRDVHODYDORUL
k
= 8 10 5 12,5 10 3 L Re > 4000 :
d
240
k 68
= 0,11 +
d Re
0 ,23
(7.7)
1DWXUDSHUH LORUFRQGXFWHLVDXFDQalului
HYLGLQR HOIUVXGXU
- noi, neintrate n exploatare
0,02
- FXUDWHGXSH[SORDWDUH
0,04
- FXGHSXQHULPLFLGHSLDWUODXWLOL]DUHDDSHLWUDWDWH
LGHJD]DWH
0,1
- FX GHSXQHUL PHGLL GH SLDWU OD XWLOL]DUHD DSHL
WUDWDWHPHGLLLIUGHJD]DUH
0,04
- cu depunerL PDUL GH SLDWU L FRUR]LXQL OD
XWLOL]DUHDDSHLQHWUDWDWHLIUGHJD]DUH
1,0
&DQDOHGLQWDEO
(0,1 0,15)
&DQHOHGLQFUPLGVDXEHWRQ
- tencuite
- QHWHQFXLWHFXVXSUDID UHODWLYQHWHG
(2 3)
- QHWHQFXLWHFXVXSUDID UXJRDV
(3 9)
HYLGLQIRQW
0,8
&DQDOGH]LGULHEHWRQDW
0,8 6 (medie 2,5)
Canale din beton
0,8 6 (medie 2,5)
HYLGHVWLFO
0,0015 0,01 (medie 0,005)
3
d
Re > 560
k
VHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD
(7.8)
0,25
0,57 log
d
(7.9)
241
&DOFXOXOSLHUGHULORUGHVDUFLQORFDOH
Pierderile GHVDUFLQORFDOHDWkWvQFD]XOFXUJHULLL]RWHUPHFkWLvQFD]XOFXUJHULL
FXVFKLPEGHFOGXUVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD:
w2
p =
2
(N/m2)
(7.10)
n care:
FRHILFLHQW GH UH]LVWHQ ORFDO FDUH GHSLQGH GH IRUPD JHRPHWULF
QHUHJXODULW LLGHFXUJHUHLXQHRULGHQXPUXO5H\QROGV
wL viteza, respectiv densitatea fluidului n locul considerat.
'DF DSDUH R YDULD LH GH YLWH] vQ ORFXO VWXGLDW vQJXVWDUH GH VHF LXQH OUJLUH GH
VHF LXQH VH FRQVLGHU vQ FDOFXO YLWH]D FHD PDL PDUH FRUHVSXQ]WRDUH VHF LXQLL PDL
mici .
a. 0RGLILFULGHVHF LXQH
3HQWUXUH]LVWHQ HORFDOHFUHDWHGHPRGLILFULGHVHF LXQHFRHILFLHQWXO este dat
de tabelul 7.2.
Tabelul 7.2.
&RHILFLHQWXOGHUH]LVWHQ ORFDOSHQWUXPRGLILFULOHGHVHF LXQH
Denumirea
6FKL D
Coeficientul raportat la
YLWH]DLQGLFDWvQVFKL
Intrare n canal cu
PXFKLLOHvQDFHODL
plan cu peretele
= 0,5
Intrare n canal cu
PXFKLLOHLHLWH
a
r
Intrare n canal cu
muchiile rotunjite
242
La r/d = 0,25
PXFKLLOH vQ DFHODL SODQ FX
peretele = 0,5
FXPXFKLLOHLHLWH = 0,4
la r/d = 0,1
- = 0,12
la r/d = 0,2
- = 0,05
,HLUHGLQFDQDO
=1
= (1,707
,HLUHGLQFDQDOSULQ
JUWDUVDu prin
GLDIUDJP
*UWDUXOVDX
diafragma n
interiorul canalului
&ODSHWFRPSOHW
GHVFKLV
fM
-1)2
fm
f
f
f
= M -1+0,707 M 1 M
f
fm
fm
m
= 0,1
R
d
05
1,2 0,9 0,65 0,45 0,35 0,28 0,19 0,17 0,14 0,13 0,11 0,08 0,06 0,05
06
07
08
09
15
10
15
20
0
0
&RUHF LHSHQWUXXQJKLXOGHFRWLUH
300
600
900 1200 1500
0,48
0,80
1
1,18
1,32
Tabelul 7.4.
1800
1,41
= C B C
(7.12)
Tabelul 7.5
a
b
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,5
1,22
1,13
1,08
1,04
0,90
0,86
0,86
0,90
0,97
&RHILFLHQWXO GH UH]LVWHQ SHQWUX FRWXUL EUXWH IU UDFRUGUL vQ FD]XO XQXL
unghi de cotire de 900LDXQHLVHF LXQLSWUDWHVDXFLUFXODUGHFRQGXFWHVWH
C = 1,2
(7.13)
C = 1,2 B
(7.14)
QFD]XOXQHLVHF LXQLGUHSWXQJKLXODUHGHFDQDO
C = 1,2 B C
(7.15)
R
> 0,1 :
b
f
= C B C e
f
i
(7.16)
fm/ fM
244
Tabelul 7.6.
0,9
0,01
0,06
f
' = M 1 respectiv ' ' = 0,51 m
f
fM
m
(7.17)
= 0 nr
n care :
nr QXPUXOGHUkQGXULGH HYLSHGLUHF LDGHFXUJHUHDIOXLGXOXL
=
atunci pentru :
(7.18)
s1 s 2 L < 1 :
0 =
iar pentru : s1
s1 d ( s1 / d ) 1
=
s 2 d ( s2 / d ) 1
1,52
( s1 / d ) ( Re)0 ,2
(7.19)
> s2 L 8 :
0 ,32
0 =
0 ,2
( s1 / d ) ( 0 ,9 )
0 ,68
(Re)
(7.20)
'DF XQJKLXO GLQWUH GLUHF LD GH FXUJHUH D IOXLGXOXL L D[HOH HYLORU IDVFLFROXOXL
este 750, coeficientul WUHEXLHPULWFX
e. )DVFLFROXOGH HYLDH]DWHGHFDODW
= 0 ( nr + 1 )
n care:
(7.21)
0 = C s Re 0 ,27
(7.22)
245
fiind :
Coeficientul CS LQH VHDPD GH SDVXULOH GLQWUH HYL SDVXO UHODWLY SH GLDJRQDO
2
s'2
1 s1 s2
=
+
d
4 d d
VHQRWHD]
(7.23)
( s1 / d ) 1
( s '2 / d ) 1
(7.24)
(7.26)
coeficientul WUHEXLHPULWFX
246
&DOFXOXOSLHUGHULORUGHVDUFLQvQFDQDOHYHUWLFDOHHIHFWHGHWLUDM
9DORDUHD DXWRWLUDMXOXL WLUDMXO QDWXUDO RULFUeL SRU LXQL YHUWLFDOH GLQ FLUFXLW
LQFOXVLYFRXOVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD
p h = h( a g ) g
(N/m2)
(7.27)
unde :
h -HVWHvQO LPHDSHYHUWLFDODWUDVHXOXLP
Da = 1,0161 1 f V0 B
273 + tar
273
(m3/s)
(7.28)
f
tar
1
247
p a = + p + p p h + p A p f
(7.29)
Combustibil
)RFDUFXJUWDUUXODW
Tabelul 7.7
Presiunea aerului
VXEJUWDU1P2)
(valori orientative)
600 - 800
600- 800
800 1000
1000 - 1200
3UHVLXQHDGHFDOFXODYHQWLODWRDUHORUGHDHUVHGHWHUPLQFXUHOD LD
H v = 2 p a
(N/m2)
(7.30)
unde : 2 este un coeILFLHQWGHUH]HUYSHQWUXSUHVLXQHHJDOFX
248
3XWHUHDPRWRUXOXLHOHFWULFFHDQWUHQHD]YHQWLODWRUXOYDIL
Nv =
Dv H v
1000 v
(kw)
(7.31)
Dg = 1 Vg B
Vg
1
tg
273 + t g
(m3/s)
273
(7.32)
volumul gazelor de ardere din cazan la excesul de aer FR, [ Nm3/kg sau
Nm3/ Nm3]
FRHILFLHQWGHUH]HUY1 = 1,05 pentru cazan cu debitul nominal > 20 t/h
L1 = 1,1 pentru cazane cu debitul nominal 20 t/h) .
WHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODH[KDXWRUUHVSHFWLYODED]DFRXOXL>0C ].
dm =
2d1d 2
d1 + d 2
(7.33)
'XS FDOFXOXO UH]LVWHQ HORU VHSDUDWH GH SH vQWUHJ WUDVHXO JD]HORU GH DUGHUH VH
LQWURGXFH R FRUHF LH FDUH LQH VHDPD GH FRQFHQWUD La GH FHQX vQ JD]HOH GH DUGHUH
provenite din arderea combustibilului solid .
PHQWUX WUDVHXO JD]HORU GH DUGHUHDWXQFLFkQGIRFDUXOOXFUHD]vQGHSUHVLXQHOD
SLHUGHUHDGHVDUFLQWRWDODWUDVHXOXLVHDGDXJLGHSUHVLXQHDSURGXVvQIRFDUSf .
6H DGRSW vQ JHQHUDO R GHSUHVLXQH GH 1P2 OD QLYHOXO DU]WRDUHORU
Pierderea totDOGHVDUFLQSHQWUXWUDVHXOJD]HORUGHDUGHUHYDIL
249
p g = ( 1 + )[ p + p + ( p h )] + p f (N/m2) (7.34)
- HVWH FRQFHQWUD LH GH FHQX vQ JD]HOH GH DUGHUH L VH FDOFXOHD] SHQWUX R
WHPSHUDWXUPHGLHVLXQFRHILFLHQWGHH[FHVPHGLX
10 2 A a an
=
g Vg
NJFHQXNJJD]HGHDUGHUH
(7.35)
unde :
AHVWHSURFHQWXOWRWDOGHFHQX
aan IUDF LXQHDDQWUHQDWGHJD]HOHGHDUGHUHGLQFDQWLWDWHDWRWDOGHFHQXUH]XOWDW
prin arderea a NJGHFRPEXVWLELO'DFFHQXDL]JXUDVXQWHYDFXDWHvQVWDUHVROLG
aan este :
- SHQWUXIRFDUHOHFXFUEXQHSXOYHUL]DWL
- SHQWUXIRFDUHOHFXJUWDU
Pentru combustibil lichid sau gazos = 0 .
3UHVLXQHDGHFDOFXODH[KDXVWRUXOXLVHGHWHUPLQFXUHOD LD
H ex = 2 p g
(N/m2)
unde : 2HVWHXQFRHILFLHQWGHUH]HUYSHQWUXSUHVLXQHDHJDOFX
3XWHUHDPRWRUXOXLHOHFWULFFHDQWUHQHD]H[KDXVWRUXOYDIL
N=
unde :
Dg H ex
1000 ex
(kw)
(7.36)
(7.37)
H 0 = 1,2p g
unde
(7.38)
H0HVWHWLUDMXOQHWDOFRXOXL
H 0 < 1,2p g
(7.39)
250
7LUDMXOEUXWDOFRXOXL+FDUHVHGHWHUPLQIUkSLHUGHULOHSURSULLGHVDUFLQSH
traseul acestuia, este :
H = hc ( a gm )g
(7.40)
vQO LPHDFRXOXLP
hc
a
gm
GHQVLWDWHDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHODWHPSHUDWXUDPHGLHGLQFRNJP3)
273
273 + t a
(7.41)
gN =
0,717 + 1,293V0
Vg 0 + ( 1 )V0
gN =
1 + 1,293V0
Vg 0 + ( 1 )V0
(7.42)
(7.43)
gm = g N
273
273 + t gm
(7.44)
7HPSHUDWXUDPHGLHDJD]HORUvQFRHVWH
t gm = t i
t c
2
(0C)
(7.45)
3HQWUX GHWHUPLQDUHD FGHULL GH WHPSHUDWXU vQ FR tc VH XWLOL]HD] UHOD LL
H[SHULPHQWDOHVWDELOLWHvQIXQF LHGHFGHUHDGHWHPSHUDWXUSHXQLWatea de lungime t:
t c = hc t
cu valorile pentru t:
-
FRGHWDEOQHL]RODW
t =
-
(0C)
1,76
sau t =
Qh
(7.46)
2
Dh
FRGHWDEOL]RODW
251
(0C)
(7.47)
t =
0,7
0,8
sau t =
Qh
Dh
(0C)
(7.48)
FRGHFUPLGFXSHUH LLFXJURVLPHGHFFDPP
t =
0,6
0,22
sau t =
Qh
Dh
(0C)
(7.49)
FRGHFUPLGFXSHUH LLFJURVLPHGHFFDPP
t =
0,13
0 ,13
sau t =
Qh
Dh
(0C)
(7.50)
QhGHELWXOGHFOGXUvQMW .
'H PHQ LRQDW F hc vQO LPHD FRXOXL WUHEXLH DSUR[LPDW LQL LDO SHQWUX D VH
tgm
h
*
o
tgm
h*
o
C
N/m2/1 m
0
C
N/m2/1 m
120
2,66
190
4,04
7LUDMXOXQLWDUDOFRXOXL
130
140
150
2,88
3,1
3,3
200
210
220
4,2
4,36
4,51
Tabelul 7.8.
160
3,5
230
4,65
170
3,7
240
4,8
180
3,86
250
4,9
7DEHOXO HVWH FDOFXODW SHQWUX R WHPSHUDWXU D DHUXOXL DPELDQW GH 0C,
GHQVLWDWHDQRUPDOa0 = 1,293 kg/Nm3Lg0 = 1,34 kg/Nm3 .
7LUDMXOQHWDOFRXOXLVHGHWHUPLQFXUHOD LD
(7.51)
252
7. &DOFXOXO SDUDPHWULORU GH ED] DL LQVWDODLHL GH LQVXIODUH OD FD]DQHOH FX
ardere sub presiune
7.'HELWXOLQVWDOD LHLGHLQVXIODUH
&XQRWD LLOHIRORVLWHDQWHULRUGHELWXO de aer al ventilatorului este :
Da = 1,01611 f V0 B
273 + t a 3
(m /s)
273
(7.52)
p a , g = p a p g
(7.53)
H v ,i = 2 p a ,g
(N/m2)
(7.54)
3XWHUHDPRWRUXOXLHOHFWULFQHFHVDUDQWUHQULLYHQWLODWRUXOXLYDIL
N v ,i =
D a H v ,i
1000 v
(kw)
(7.55)
253
CAPITOLUL 8
Tip oel
Rezisten
la
traciune
N/mm2
Carbon
Table,
evi
Feritic
Austenitic
520
600
800
C
masa
%
0,25
0,08
0,08
masa masa
%
%
Si
Mn
masa masa
%
%
Cr
Mo
masa
%
masa
%
0,05 0,05
15,5
1,0 1,0
18
0,045 0,030
16,5
1,0 2,0
20
0,045 0,030
Ni
Ti
masa masa
%
%
1,5
2,03,0
9-15
masa
%
7
%C
5
%C
12
%C
8
%C
254
Nb/Ta
Reperele turnate executate din aluminiu sau din cupru sunt centralizate n
tabelele 8.3 i 8.4.
Grosimile minime ale pereilor sunt prezentate n tabelele 8.5 i 8.8.
Tabelul 8.3.
Repere turnate executate din aluminiu sau din aliaje de aluminiu
Rezisten la traciune
Domeniu de temperatur
r
0
C
N/mm2
Al 99,5
pn la 300
75
Al Mg2 Mn 0,8
pn la 250
275
Tabelul 8.4.
Repere turnate executate din cupru sau din aliaje de cupru
Rezisten la traciune
Domeniu de temperatur
r
0
C
2
N/mm
SF - Cu
pn la 250
200
Cu Ni 30 Fe
pn la 350
310
Grosimile minime ale pereilor sunt prezentate n tabelele 8.5 i 8.8.
Tabelul 8.5.
Grosimi minime pentru reperele laminate
Oeluri carbon, aluminiu
Oeluri protejate, oeluri inoxidabile, cupru
a
b
c
a
b
c
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
4
3
2,9
2
2
1
Coloana a) pentru pereii camerelor de ardere expui la ap i la foc i pentru
pereii orizontali ai suprafeelor de schimb prin convecie .
Coloana b) pentru pereii care nu sunt expui dect la ap i pentru formele de
consolidare, ca ambutisrile suprafeelor de nclzire prin convecie de deasupra
camerei de ardere .
Coloana c) evi ale schimbtorului convectiv .
Tabelul 8.8.
Grosimile nominale minime ale elementelor cazanelor executate din materiale turnate
supuse la presiune
Font cu grafit nodular
Debit caloric nominal Qn
Debit caloric nominal Qn
(recopt feritic), cupru
kW
mm
mm
3,5
3,0
35
4,0
3,5
> 35
255
a r20 / 2,6;
a ct / 1,5;
a rt / 1,5; a tf
(8.1)
unde :
20
G , rt
t
c
t p = t f + ( 25 50 )0 C i n general t p = t f + f q , ,
Rezistena la traciune r
(daN/cm2)
34004200 3400-3800
3900-4000
4100-4200
38004700 3800-4000
4100-4300
4400-4700
35004400
41005000
44005300
2000
1900
2400
2200
2100
2300
2600
2800
2200
2500
2700
2100
2400
2600
Alungirea
relativ la
rupere (%)
31
30
28
27
26
25
24
22
20
256
Tabelul 8.8.
Rezistenele admisibile a n daN/cm pentru diferite oeluri, n funcie de temperatur
OL
OLC
OL
OLC
OL OLK OLC 25
Temperatura de
34
10
37
15
42
2
OLK 3
calcul a pereilor
0
2
( C)
a n daN/cm
20
11700
1200
1300
1330
1430 1470
1600
200
1050
1090
1170
1210
1280 1330
1400
240
970
1000
1070
1110
1220
1340
260
930
960
1030
1060
1110 1160
1270
280
890
920
980
1010
1110
1210
300
050
885
940
970
1050 11500
360
750
820
900
980
400
670
730
800
875
440
525
580
630
670
500
250
300
300
300
2
s=
Di p
+c
2 a p
(cm)
(8.2)
unde :
Di
p
257
M max
q l2
=
(daN.cm) cu q n daN/cm
8
(8.3)
4
4
( De Di ) (cm3)
32 De
W =
(8.4)
Mi
ar
(daN/cm2)
W
= ( 0,8 0 ,9 ) a pentru evi tambure nclzite .
i =
ar
(8.5)
s=
p De
+c
2 a + p
(cm)
(8.6)
259
ar
a
(8.7)
ext = s + 0 ,8 i
unde : s =
(8.8)
Mi
N
i i =
.
So
W
ac 1,1 ar
2 ar
1,25 ext
(8.9)
iar
ac =
Mi
W
Verificarea la efort termic, trebuie fcut n condiiile extreme ale strii la cald
i la rece ale conductei .
Pentru evi supuse la presiune exterioar, grosimea minim a peretelui evii (cu
diametrul exterior peste 200 mm) se determin cu relaia (8.6) cu meniunea c
rezistena admisibil este egal cu 0,7 din mrimea adoptat pentru calculul sub
presiune interioar .
8.4. Calculul grosimii pereilor tuburilor de flacr
Tuburile de flacr se execut netede sau ondulate i cu grosimi cuprinse ntre 7
i 20 mm .
Grosimea peretelui tubului de flacr se calculeaz cu relaiile:
- pentru tuburi netede :
pDi
al
s = 0 ,015
(cm)
(8.10)
1 + 1 +
+ 0 ,2
r
p( l + Di )
260
s = 0,03
pDi
+ 0,2
(cm)
(8.11)
n care:
Di diametrul interior al tubului de flacr sau diametrul interior minim la tuburile
ondulate, n cm ;
r rezistena la rupere la 200C, n daN/cm2 ;
lungimea tubului cuprins ntre dou consolidri (fig. 8.1) sau ntre
l
consolidri i funduri sau plci tubulare, n cm ;
un coeficient egal cu :
a
- 75 pentru tuburi uzuale fr mbinare sau cu mbinare longitudinal,
aezate orizontal ;
- 45 pentru tuburi aezate vertical .
nlimea ondulaiei la tuburile de flacr trebuie s fie de cel puin 35 mm iar
pasul ondulaiei nu mai mare de 200 mm .
nlimea consolidrilor trebuie s fie de cel puin 35 mm i s ofere elasticitate
suficient tubului care se dilat mai mult dect mantaua cazanului .
n figura 8.1 sunt artate cteva consolidri folosite la tuburile de flacr netede
sau ondulate .
Lungimea l ntre dou consolidri nu trebuie s fie mai mare dect 6Di i cel
mult de 5 m .
>s
b>2s
>5s
h>5s
s
l
Di
Di
r2
r1
80
Di
Di
261
r2
90
s=
pDe y
+c
2
(cm)
(8.12)
R
r
s
Di
De
De s .
Tabelul 8.11
262
Coeficienii de forma y
h/De
0,18
0,2
0,225
0,25
0,30
0,40
0,50
d/
0
y la fund fr guri
3,14
2,9
2,4
2,0
1,55
1,15
1,1
De s
0,5
1
2
3
4
5
y la funduri cu guri nentrite sau guri de vizitare
3,4
3,4
3,92
4,85
5,75 6,75
2,9
2,9
3,7
4,6
5,5
6,5
2,4
2,58
3,42
4,35
5,25 6,2
2,0
2,3
3,2
4,1
5,0
5,9
1,61
2,0
2,9
3,75
4,6
5,4
1,27
1,7
2,5
3,32
4,05 4,75
1,2
1,6
2,2
3,0
3,7 4,35
s = k dc
ar
(cm)
(8.13)
n care:
dc diametrul cercului cel mai mare care se poate nscrie n spaiul liber dintre
locurile ancorate ;
este un coeficient egal cu 0,34 0,5 .
k
evile se madrineaz, iar pentru placa tubular grosimea minim va fi
s = 0,5 + 0,125 dc (cm),
unde dc este diametrul orificiului. Distana dintre ancore se alege de cel mult 200 mm .
263
q=
p A
d c (daN/cm)
(8.14)
n care: A este suprafaa plcii tubulare dintre patru evi (figura 8.2 suprafaa haurat).
h
de/di
M
d c2
A = t h
4
de
do
p
(cm2)
264
i =
n care :
e=
P
d s
3601 0 ,7 e
e e
AE + EC
2
r
4 ,5
(daN/cm2)
(8.15)
(mm)
265
ANEXA 1
Nr.
crt.
1
2
3
Masa
Densitate
Forta
Presiune
N/m2 (Pa);
bar
kgf/cm2; at;
kgf/m2
Energie
J; kWh
kgf m; kcal;
BTU
Putere
W = J/s;
kW
kgfm/s;
kcal/h; CP;
BTU/h
Calduri specifice
Conductivitate
termica
Coeficient de
schimb superficial
prin convectie
Vascozitate
cinematica
Vascozitate
dinamica
J/kgK
kcal/kgfoC
W/mK
kcal/mhoC
W/m2K
kcal/m2hoC
m2/s
m2/s
Ns/m2
kgfs/m2
8
9
10
11
Denumirea
Sistemul de unitati
SI
MkgS
kg
kgf s2/m
kg/m3
kgf s2/m4
N
kgf
Relatii de conversie
266
ANEXA 2
35235,(7,/(),=,&( ALE AERULUI, LA p = 0,981 bar
t
[oC]
[kg/m3]
cp
[kJ/Nm3
K]
102
[W/m
K]
a 106
[m2/s]
106
[Ns/m2]
106
[m2/s]
Pr
-50
-20
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
120
140
160
180
200
250
300
350
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1,532
1,350
1,251
1,207
1,166
1,127
1,091
1,057
1,026
0,996
0,967
0,941
0,916
0,869
0,827
0,789
0,754
0,7220
0,6530
0,5960
0,5482
0,5075
0,4418
0,3912
0,3510
0,3183
0,2916
0,2683
0,2487
0,2319
1,2963
1,2969
1,2971
1,2971
1,2971
1,2971
1,2971
1,2971
1,3044
1,3044
1,3044
1,3044
1,3059
1,3096
1,3147
1,3147
1,3199
1,3239
1,3367
1,3502
1,3639
1,3808
1,4118
1,4411
1,4679
1,4918
1,5127
1,5311
1,5470
1,5617
2,00
2,28
2,438
2,51
2,58
2,65
2,72
2,79
2,86
2,92
2,99
3,06
3,12
3,25
3,37
3,49
3,62
3,74
4,06
4,37
4,64
4,91
5,45
5,98
6,47
7,00
7,40
7,84
8,26
8,66
13,1
16,8
19,2
20,7
22,0
23,4
24,8
26,2
27,6
29,2
30,6
32,2
33,6
37,0
40,0
43,3
47,0
49,7
60,0
68,9
80,0
89,4
113,2
133,6
162,0
182
216
240
277
301
14,538
16,157
17,197
17,697
18,198
18,688
19,169
19,640
20,111
20,572
21,023
21,474
21,906
22,779
23,622
24,446
25,251
26,016
27,919
29,724
31,431
33,099
36,160
39,063
41,751
44,301
46,696
49,011
51,218
53,376
9,490
11,97
13,75
14,66
15,61
16,58
17,57
18,58
19,60
20,65
21,74
22,82
23,91
26,21
28,66
31,01
33,49
35,03
42,75
49,87
57,33
65,22
81,85
99,83
118,95
139,18
160,14
182,67
205,94
230,17
0,71
0,71
0,71
0,71
0,71
0,71
0,71
0,71
0,71
0,71
0,71
0,71
0,71
0,71
0,71
0,71
0,71
0,71
0,71
0,71
0,72
0,72
0,72
0,73
0,73
0,73
0,74
0,74
0,74
0,74
267
ANEXA 3
PROPRIE7,/(7(502',1$0,&($/($3(,,$/($%858/8,167$5('(
6$785$,(1)81&,('(7(03(5$785
t
[ C]
1
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
112
114
116
118
120
122
124
126
128
130
132
134
136
138
140
142
144
146
148
150
152
154
156
158
o
T
[K]
2
372,15
373,15
374,15
375,15
376,15
377,15
378,15
379,15
380,15
381,15
382,15
383,15
385,15
387,15
389,15
391,15
393,15
395,15
397,15
399,15
401,15
403,15
405,15
407,15
409,15
411,15
413,15
415,15
417,15
419,15
421,15
423,15
425,15
427,15
429,15
431,15
p
[bar]
3
0,9775
1,0132
1,0499
1,0876
1,1265
1,1666
1,2079
1,2504
1,2941
1,3390
1,3852
1,4326
1,5316
1,6361
1,7464
1,8628
1,9854
2,1144
2,2502
2,3932
2,5434
2,7011
2,8668
3,041
3,222
3,414
3,614
3,823
4,042
4,271
4,510
4,760
5,020
5,293
5,576
5,872
v
[m /kg]
4
0,0010427
0,0010435
0,0010443
0,0010450
0,0010458
0,0010466
0,0010474
0,0010482
0,0010490
0,0010498
0,0010507
0,0010515
0,0010532
0,0010549
0,0010567
0,0010585
0,0010603
0,0010621
0,0010640
0,0010638
0,0010677
0,0010697
0,0010717
0,0010737
0,0010757
0,0010777
0,0010798
0,0010819
0,0010840
0,0010862
0,0010884
0,0010906
0,0010928
0,0010950
0,0010974
0,0010998
3
v
[m3/kg]
5
1,730
1,673
1,618
1,566
1,515
1,466
1,419
1,374
1,331
1,289
1,249
1,210
1,137
1,069
1,005
0,9465
0,8917
0,8407
0,7930
0,7486
0,7074
0,6683
0,6321
0,5981
0,5664
0,5366
0,5087
0,4824
0,4379
0,4347
0,4130
0,3926
0,3733
0,3552
0,3381
0,3220
268
[kg/m3]
6
0,5780
0,5977
0,6181
06386
0,6601
0,6821
0,7047
0,7278
0,7513
0,7758
0,8006
0,8264
0,8795
0,9354
0,9950
1,056
1,121
1,189
1,261
1,336
1,414
1,496
1,582
1,672
1,765
1,864
1,966
2,073
2,184
2,300
2,421
2,547
2,679
2,815
2,958
3,106
i
[kJ/kg]
7
414,9
419,1
423,3
427,5
431,7
436,0
440,2
444,4
448,6
452,9
457,1
461,3
469,8
478,2
486,7
495,2
503,7
512,2
520,8
529,2
537,7
546,3
554,8
563,2
571,8
580,4
589,0
597,6
606,2
614,8
623,4
632,2
641,0
649,6
658,2
666,9
i
[kJ/kg]
8
2674
2676
2677
2679
2680
2681
2683
2685
2687
2688
2689
2691
2694
2697
2700
2703
2706
2709
2712
2715
2718
2721
2723
2725
2728
2731
2734
2737
2739
2742
2744
2746
2749
2752
2754
2756
r
[kJ/kg]
9
2259
2257
2254
2251
2248
2245
2243
2241
2238
2235
2232
2230
2224
2219
2213
2208
2202
2197
2191
2186
2180
2174
2168
2162
2156
2151
2145
2139
2133
2127
2121
2114
2108
2102
2096
2089
t
[ C]
T
[K]
p
[bar]
v
[m /kg]
v
[m3/kg]
1
160
162
164
166
168
170
172
174
176
178
180
185
190
195
200
2
433,15
435,15
437,15
439,15
441,15
443,15
445,15
447,15
449,15
451,15
453,15
458,15
463,15
468,15
473,15
3
6,180
6,502
6,836
7,183
7,545
7,920
8,311
8,716
9,137
9,574
10,027
11,234
12,553
13,989
15,551
4
0,0011021
0,0011044
0,0011069
0,0011094
0,0011119
0,0011144
0,0011169
0,0011195
0,0011221
0,0011218
0,0011275
0,0011344
0,0011415
0,0011489
0,0011566
5
0,3068
0,2925
0,2790
0,2662
0,2541
0,2426
0,2318
0,2215
0,2118
0,2026
0,1939
0,1739
0,1564
0,1409
0,1272
269
[kg/m3]
6
3,238
3,419
3,584
3,757
3,935
4,122
4,314
4,515
4,721
4,936
5,157
5,750
6,394
7,097
7,662
i
[kJ/kg]
i
[kJ/kg]
r
[kJ/kg]
7
675,5
684,2
692,9
701,7
710,5
719,2
727,9
736,7
745,5
754,3
763,1
785,2
807,5
829,9
852,4
8
2758
2760
2762
2764
2767
2769
2771
2773
2774
2776
2778
2782
2786
2790
2793
9
2082
2076
2069
2062
2056
2050
2043
2036
2029
2022
2015
1997
1979
1960
1941
ANEXA 4
PROPR,(7,/(7(502',1$0,&($/($3(,,$/($%858/8,167$5('(
6$785$,(1)81&,('(35(6,81(
p
t
v
v
i
i
r
o
3
3
3
[bar]
[ C]
[m /kg]
[m /kg]
[kJ/kg]
[kJ/kg]
[kJ/kg]
[kg/m ]
1
1,00
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
1,6
1,7
1,8
1,9
2,0
2,2
2,4
2,6
2,8
3,0
3,2
3,4
3,6
3,8
4,0
4,2
4,4
4,6
4,8
5,0
5,4
5,8
6,2
6,6
7,0
7,4
7,8
8,2
8,6
9,0
9,4
9,8
10,0
99,01
102,32
104,81
107,14
109,23
111,38
113,32
115,47
116,94
118,62
120,23
123,27
128,09
128,73
131,20
133,34
135,35
137,86
139,87
141,79
143,62
143,39
147,09
148,73
150,31
151,84
154,76
157,52
166,12
162,59
164,96
167,21
169,37
171,44
173,43
175,35
177,21
179,01
179,88
0,0010432
0,0010452
0,0019472
0,0010492
0,0010510
0,0010527
0,0010543
0,0010559
0,0010575
0,0010590
0,0010605
0,0010633
0,0010659
0,0010685
0,0010709
0,0010723
0,0010784
0,0010776
0,0010797
0,0010817
0,0010836
0,0010855
0,0010874
0,0010892
0,0010910
0,0010927
0,0010960
0,0010992
0,0011022
0,0011052
0,0011081
0,0011109
0,0011136
0,0011162
0,0011187
0,0011213
0,0011237
0,0011261
0,0011273
1,694
1,550
1,429
1,325
1,230
1,159
1,091
1,031
0,9772
0,9290
0,8834
0,8098
0,7465
0,6925
0,6461
0,6057
0,5701
0,5386
0,5404
0,4852
0,4624
0,4416
0,4227
0,4054
0,3895
0,3747
0,3485
0,3258
0,3060
0,2885
0,2728
0,2588
0,2462
0,2347
0,2243
0,2149
0,2061
0,1982
0,1940
0,5903
0,6453
0,0999
0,7545
0,8098
0,8627
0,9164
0,9699
1,223
1,076
1,129
1,235
1,340
1,444
1,548
1,651
1,754
1,867
1,959
2,001
2,163
2,264
2,366
2,467
2,568
2,669
2,869
3,069
3,268
3,467
3,666
3,864
4,062
4,250
4,458
4,654
4,852
5,045
5,139
417,4
428,9
432,4
449,2
458,5
467,2
475,4
483,2
490,7
497,9
504,8
517,8
529,8
540,9
551,4
561,4
571,1
580,2
588,7
596,8
601,7
612,3
619,8
626,9
633,7
640,1
652,7
664,7
670,0
686,9
697,2
707,1
715,4
725,4
734,2
742,8
750,9
758,8
762,7
2675
2679
2683
2687
2690
2693
2696
2699
2702
2704
2707
2711
2715
2719
2722
2720
2728
2731
2734
2736
2738
2741
2743
2745
2747
2749
2752
2755
2758
2761
2764
2766
2768
2770
2772
2774
2776
2778
2778
2258
2499
2244
2238
2232
2226
2221
2216
2211
2206
2202
2193
2185
2178
2171
2164
2157
2151
2145
2139
2133
2129
2123
2118
2113
2109
2009
2090
2082
2074
2067
2059
2052
2045
2038
2031
2025
2019
1015
270
ANEXA 5
35235,(7,/(),=,&($/($3(,3(&85%$'(6$785$,(
a 10 4
2
[W/m K [m /h]
]
t
[ C]
[kg/m3]
10 4
[grd]-1
i
[kJ/kg]
999,8
999,6
998,2
995,6
992,2
988,0
983,2
977,7
971,8
965,3
958,3
951,0
943,1
934,8
926,1
916,9
907,4
397,3
886,9
876,0
864,7
852,8
840,3
827,3
813,6
799,2
784,0
767,9
750,7
732,3
712,5
-0,7
0,95
2,1
3,0
3,9
4,6
5,3
5,8
6,3
7,0
7,5
8,0
8,5
9,1
9,7
10,3
10,8
11,5
12,1
12,8
13,5
14,3
15,2
16,2
17,2
18,6
20,0
21,7
23,8
26,5
29,5
0
12,03749
83,90788
25,69374
67,52187
209,30813
251,13626
293,00626
334,96000
376,99748
419,11870
461,36553
503,6961
546,4035
589,1109
832,2370
657,3631
719,3266
763,2901
807,6723
852,4732
897,6928
943,7498
989,8068
1037,5386
1085,6891
1135,7957
1185,8897
1236,8398
1290,8147
1344,8644
0,5513
0,5745
0,5989
0,6176
0,6338
0,6478
0,6594
0,6676
0,6745
0,6804
0,6827
0,6850
0,6862
0,6862
0,6850
0,6838
0,6827
0,6792
0,6745
0,6699
0,6629
0,6548
0,6455
0,6373
0,6280
0,6176
0,6048
0,5896
0,5745
0,5582
0,5396
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
271
10 4
[Ns/m2]
10 6
[m2/s]
Pr
4,71
4,94
5,16
5,35
5,51
5,66
5,79
5,89
5,97
6,03
6,08
6,12
6,15
6,18
6,20
6,21
6,21
6,20
6,19
6,16
6,11
6,06
6,00
5,92
5,84
5,74
5,62
6,18
6,30
5,05
4,75
1788,363
1305,711
1004,544
801,477
653,346
549,360
469,899
406,134
355,122
314,901
282,528
258,984
277,592
217,782
201,105
186,390
173,637
162,846
153,036
144,207
136,359
130,473
124,587
119,582
114,777
109,872
105,943
102,024
98,100
94,176
91,233
1,790
1,300
1,000
0,805
0,659
0,556
0,479
0,415
0,366
0,326
0,295
0,268
0,244
0,226
0,212
0,202
0,191
0,181
0,173
0,166
0,160
0,154
0,149
0,145
0,141
0,137
0,135
0,133
0,131
0,129
0,128
13,7
9,5
7,0
5,4
4,3
3,55
3,00
2,55
2,25
1,95
1,75
1,57
1,43
1,32
1,23
1,17
1,10
1,05
1,01
0,97
0,95
0,92
0,90
0,88
0,86
0,86
0,86
0,87
0,89
092
098
ANEXA 6
35235,(7,/(),=,&($/(*$=(/25'($5'(5(/$35(6,81($'(EDU
&RPSR]L LDJD]HORU rCO 2 = 0,13; rH 2O = 0,11; rN 2 = 0,76 )
10 2
[W/m]
a 10 2
[m2 /h]
10 2
[N s/m2]
10 6
[m2/s]
Pr
1,0425
1,0676
1,0969
1,1221
1,5114
1,1849
1,2142
1,2393
1,2644
1,2895
1,3063
1,3230
1,3398
2,2794
3,1284
4,0123
4,8380
5,6987
6,5593
7,4199
8,2689
9,1528
10,0134
10,8973
11,7463
12,6185
6,08
11,10
17,60
25,16
35,04
43,61
54,32
66,17
79,09
92,87
109,21
124,37
141,27
15,7842
20,3943
24,1955
28,2331
31,6863
43,8549
37,8666
40,6918
43,3798
45,9108
48,3633
50,7078
52,9936
12,20
21,54
32,80
45,81
60,38
76,30
93,61
112,1
131,8
152,8
174,3
197,1
221,0
0,72
0,69
0,67
0,65
0,64
0,63
0,62
0,61
0,60
0,59
0,58
0,57
0,56
t
[ C]
[kg/m3]
cp
[kJ/Nm3
K]
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
0,295
0,950
0,748
0,617
0,525
0,457
0,405
0,363
0,329
0,301
0,275
0,257
0,240
272
ANEXA 7
&/'85,/(63(&,),&($/(8125*$=(>N-1P3 K]
t
[ C]
cp
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
[kJ/Nm3 K]
CO2
N2
O2
H2O
Aer usc.
Aer um.
1,5998
1,7003
1,7873
1,8627
1,9297
1,9887
2,0411
2,0884
2,1311
2,1692
2,2035
2,2349
2,2638
2,2898
2,3136
2,3354
2,3555
2,3743
2,3915
2,4074
2,4221
2,4359
2,4484
2,4602
2,4700
2,4811
1,2946
1,2958
1,2996
1,3067
1,3163
1,3276
1,3435
1,3536
1,3670
1,3720
1,3917
1,4034
1,4143
1,4252
1,4348
1,4440
1,4528
1,4612
1,4687
1,4788
1,4825
1,4892
1,4951
15010
1,5064
1,8114
1,3059
1,3176
1,3352
1,3561
1,3775
1,3980
1,4168
1,4344
1,4499
1,4637
1,4775
1,4892
1,5005
1,5106
1,5203
1,5294
1,5378
1,5462
1,5541
15617
1,5892
1,5759
1,5830
1,5897
1,5964
1,6027
1,4943
1,5051
1,5223
1,5424
1,5654
1,5897
1,6148
1,6412
1,6680
1,6954
1,7229
1,7501
1,7769
1,8028
1,8280
1,8527
1,8761
1,8895
1,9213
1,9423
1,9628
1,9824
2,0009
2,0189
2,0365
2,0628
1,2971
1,3004
1,3071
1,3172
1,3235
1,3427
1,3565
1,3708
1,3842
1,3975
1,4097
1,4214
1,4327
1,4432
1,4528
1,4620
1,4708
1,4788
1,4867
1,4938
1,5010
1,5072
1,5135
1,5194
1,6252
1,5303
1,3188
1,3243
1,3318
1,3423
1,3544
1,3652
1,3829
1,3975
1,4114
1,4248
1,4373
1,4499
1,4612
1,4725
1,4830
1,4926
1,5018
1,5102
1,5177
1,5257
1,5128
1,5399
1,5462
1,5526
1,5583
1,5638
273
ANEXA 8
ENTALPIA GAZELOR PRODUSE ALE ARDERII [kJ/ Nm3]
t
[oC]
CO2
N2
O2
H2 O
Aer usc.
Aer um.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
0
171,27
395,12
561,15
774,80
798,05
1229,28
1467,27
1711,04
1959,21
2212,50
2469,17
2728,80
2989,87
3253,88
3519,60
3787,04
4056,54
4327,56
4598,95
4872,00
5146,26
5420,80
5698,02
5969,76
6251,00
0
129,59
260,02
391,80
526,24
663,65
804,00
947,31
1092,96
1240,92
1391,80
1544,29
1697,76
1852,24
2009,98
2166,75
2324,64
2484,04
2643,84
2804,97
2966,00
3127,53
3291,20
3452,30
3614,40
3778,75
0
131,73
267,06
406,86
551,00
698,80
850,14
1003,80
1159,92
1317,78
1477,10
1637,79
1800,24
1963,26
2127,72
2293,50
2459,84
2627,86
2796,66
2966,47
3136,80
3308,55
3461,72
3654,47
3830,40
4005,75
0
150,52
304,30
462,60
626,00
794,45
968,40
1148,56
1334,40
1525,68
1722,40
1924,56
2131,68
2343,12
2559,06
2778,30
3001,60
3228,30
3458,16
9690,18
3924,40
4162,83
4401,54
4842,09
4886,16
5130,50
0
130,00
261,42
395,18
531,58
671,15
813,90
959,56
1107,28
1257,39
1408,30
1563,50
1718,76
1876,16
2034,48
2193,60
2353,92
2514,64
2678,08
2838,98
3001,80
3165,96
3329,70
3495,54
3660,48
3826,50
0
132,39
268,28
402,57
541,60
683,90
829,50
977,97
1128,72
1281,87
1436,90
1594,34
1752,84
1913,60
2075,50
2238,15
2402,08
2566,49
2730,95
2897,88
3064,60
3232,74
3400,54
3569,60
3738,72
3908,25
274
ANEXA 9
t
[oC]
Gaze de ardere
6
Aer
102
[W/m K]
Pr
10
[m2/s]
0,72
0,69
0,67
0,66
0,64
0,63
0,62
0,61
0,60
0,59
0,58
0,57
0,56
0,55
0,54
0,53
0,52
13,3
23,0
34,8
48,2
63,0
79,3
96,8
116
135
155
178
199
223
248
273
300
328
2,43
3,12
3,74
4,37
4,91
5,45
5,98
6,47
7,00
7,40
7,84
8,26
8,66
9,45
9,98
10,39
10,8
10
[m2/s]
10
[W/m K]
Pr
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
12,2
21,5
32,8
45,8
60,4
76,3
93,6
112
132
152
174
197
221
245
272
297
323
2,28
3,13
4,01
4,85
5,70
6,55
7,42
8,27
9,16
10,02
10,9
11,75
12,55
13,5
14,42
15,33
16,3
275
0,71
0,71
0,71
0,71
1UFUW
&RQGXFWHFXDULSLRDUHGH
6XSUDIDWDRUL]RQWDODFLOLQGULFD
3ODFLSODQHSDUDOHOH
JURVLPHFRQVWDQWD
ULVWLFD
FDUDFWH
/XQJLPHD
(FXDWLDFULWHULDOD
'RPHQLXGHYDODELOLWDWH
GK
sau
- pentru aer
16
9
N u = 0 , 0 9 2 (G r P r )
Gr.Pr <1708
G r.P r < 1 0 5
N u =1
1
N u = 0 , 2 0 8 (G r P r )4
b 3
Nu = 0,24 Gr Pr
d
Nu = 0,40 (Gr Pr )4
0,559 16
1 +
f (Pr) =
Pr
1
Nu = 0,60 + 0,387 [Gr Pr . f (Pr) ]6
&RQGLWLLIL]LFHGHSURFHV
DULSLDRDUHL
KLQDOWLPHD
FLOLQGUXOXL
H[WHULRUDO
GGLDPHWUXO
2EVHUYDWLL
SODFL
VGLVWDQWDGLQWUH
GLQWUHDULSLRDUH
EGLVWDQWDOLEHUD
ANEXA 10
1UFUW
&XUJHUHDIOXLGHORUSULQFRQGXFWH
VXSUDIHWHORUSODQH
&XUJHUHDIOXLGHORULQOXQJXO
&RQGLWLLIL]LFHGHSURFHV
dech
sau
di
ULVWLFD
0 , 25
0,037 Re 0,8 Pr
2
1 + 2,443 Re 0,1 Pr 3 1
Pr
2
2
Nu = Nulam + Nuturb
Pr
p
Nuturb =
Nulam = 0,664 Re 2 Pr 3
(FXDWLDFULWHULDOD
Pr
; =
Pr
p
1
2
0,11
0 ,11
Pr
di
di
A = 3 Re Pr ; B = Re Pr ; C =
Pr
L
L
(Re 1000 ) Pr
di 3
Nu = 8
1 +
2
3 L
Pr 1
1 + 12,2
3
Nu = 49,37 + [1,615 A 0,7] +
B C
1 + 22 Pr
0,11
3 3
Pr
d
3 Re Pr i 0,7
Nu = 49,37 + 1,615
Prp
FDUDFWH
/XQJLPHD
3 10 < Re
4
d
0,1 < i < 1
L
Re < 2300
Re < 5 105
'RPHQLXGHYDODELOLWDWH
FRQGXFWHL
/OXQJLPHD
KLGUDXOLF
HFKLYDOHQW
dechGLDPHWUXO
interior al
conductei
circulare
di - diametrul
FXUJHULL
SODFLLLQGLUHFWLD
/OXQJLPHD
2EVHUYDWLL
$1(;$FRQWLQXDUH
1UFUW
XQUDQGGHWHYL
&XUJHUHDIOXLGHORUWUDQVYHUVDOSH
LQVSLUDOD
&XUJHUHDIOXLGHORUSULQFRQGXFWH
&RQGLWLLIL]LFHGHSURFHV
d
m = 0,5 + 0,2903 i
D
0 ,194
de
l=
2
2
l
2
t
Nut =
0 , 25
0 ,8
0,037 Re Pr
2
1 + 2,443 Re 0,1 Pr 3 1
Nul = 0,644 Re Pr
Pr
Nu = 0,3 + Nu + Nu
Pr
p
2,2 104 Re
=
2,2 104 Re cr
Pr
0,3164
d
+ 0,03 i ; =
Pr
Re 0, 25
D
p
Nutranz = Nulam Re cr + (1 ) Nuturb Re max
1
2
0,14
Pr
; =
Pr
p
0 ,14
0, 9
1
d
Nulam = 3,66 + 0,08 1 + 0,8 i Re m Pr 3
D
(FXDWLDFULWHULDOD
Re Pr
di
8
Nuturb =
2
VDX
3
Pr 1
1 + 12,7
dech
ULVWLFD
FDUDFWH
/XQJLPHD
Prp
0 ,6 < P r <1 0 3
Re =
wl
= 1
4a
1 0 < Re <1 0 6
Re > 2,2 10 4
0 , 45
di
= 1 + 8,6
D
Re cr = 2300
Re < Re cr
'RPHQLXGHYDODELOLWDWH
'F>
/Q[
QXPDLSHQWUX
de
V
gaze se
inlocuieste
(Pr/Prp)^0,25 cu
(Tmg/Tp)^0,12
D
* la
WHYL
s1SDVXOGLQWUH
exterior al
conductei
de - diametrul
KPDUH
8
FDOFXO
'GLDPHWUXOGH
FLOLQGUXOXL
PHGLXDO
'FGLDPHWUXO
PHGLXDOVSLUHORU
'VGLDPHWUXO
VSLUH
QQXPDUXOGH
VSLUH
KSDVXOGLQWUH
WHYLL
/OXQJLPHD
'V
K'FA@
'
2EVHUYDWLL
$1(;$FRQWLQXDUH
1UFUW
ULVWLFD
FDUDFWH
/XQJLPHD
DVH]DUHFRULGRU
&XUJHUHDIOXLGHORUWUDQVYHUVDOSH
de
l=
XQIDVFLFXOGHWHYL
2
&RQGLWLLIL]LFHGHSURFHV
0,3
0,7
a
= 1 1,5
2
+ 0,7
Pr
1 + (n 1)
Nu =
Nu1
Pr
n
p
(FXDWLDFULWHULDOD
2EVHUYDWLL
10 < Re <106
la gaze se
inlocuieste
(Pr/Prp)^0,25 cu
(Tmg/Tp)^0,12
* de - diametrul
wl
exterior al
Re =
conductei
* s1SDVXO
=1
pt. b 1
WUDQVYHUVDO
4a
VSDVXO
ORQJLWXGLQDO
pt. b < 1
=1
D Vde
4ab
* b = s2/de
m = 0,25 pt. inc. fluid
* n - numarul de
m = 0,11 pt. racire fluid
randuri
'RPHQLXGHYDODELOLWDWH
$1(;$FRQWLQXDUH
1UFUW
FRQYHFWLHOLEHUDVLIRUWDWD
6XSUDSXQHUHDSURFHVHORUGH
&RQGLWLLIL]LFHGHSURFHV
DVH]DUHHVLFKHU
2
3b
(FXDWLDFULWHULDOD
=1+
1
3
3
Nu = Nu 3 Nuliber
fortat
3
Nu = Nuliber + Nu 3
fortat
ULVWLFD
FDUDFWH
/XQJLPHD
de
l=
2
XQUDQGGHWHYL
&XUJHUHDIOXLGHORUWUDQVYHUVDOSH
Pr
1 + (n 1)
Nu =
Nu1
Pr
n
p
*
randuri
la gaze se
inlocuieste
(Pr/Prp)^0,25 cu
(Tmg/Tp)^0,12
G r P r > 7 1 0 5
R e < R e cr
'RPHQLXGHYDODELOLWDWH
2EVHUYDWLL
$1(;$FRQWLQXDUH
10 < Re <10
* de - diametrul
wl
exterior al
conductei
* s1SDVXO
=1
pt. b 1
WUDQVYHUVDO
4a
VSDVXO
ORQJLWXGLQDO
pt. b < 1
=1
4ab
D Vde
m = 0,25 pt. inc. fluid
* b = s2/de
* n - numarul de
m = 0,11 pt. racire fluid
Re =
1XPUXOGH HYL
suplimentare n toate
sectoarele
Pe al treilea
rnd
m3
Pe al doilea
rnd
m2
$H]DUHDvQKH[DJRQ
1XPUXOGH HYLVXSOLPHQWDUHSH
rndurile sectoarelor, m
Pe primul rnd
m1
1XPUXOGH HYLSH
VXSUDID DFHDPDL
mare dintre
hexagoane
1XPUXOGH HYLSH
GLDJRQDO
b
1XPUXOGH HYLSH
latura hexagonului
a
18058/'((9,3(3/&,/(78%8/$5(
1XPUXOWRWDOGH HYL
n
ANEXA 11
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
41
43
45
47
49
1
7
19
37
61
91
127
169
217
271
331
397
469
517
631
721
817
919
1027
1141
1261
1387
1519
1657
1851
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
2
5
6
7
8
9
12
13
14
15
16
17
4
7
8
9
10
18
24
30
36
42
48
66
90
102
114
126
138
162
198
228
246
267
282
1
7
19
37
61
91
127
187
241
301
367
439
517
613
721
823
931
1045
1165
1303
1459
1615
1765
1981
2083
281
Diametrul
exterior (mm)
3,0
3,5
4,0
5,0
6,0
8,0
10
25
29
32
34
38
42
45
48
51
54
57
60
63,5
70
73
76
83
89
95
102
108
114
121
127
133
140
146
152
159
168
178
194
219
245
273
324
356
377
1,63
1,85
2,14
2,29
2,59
2,88
3,11
3,33
3,55
3,77
3,99
-
2,11
2,46
2,63
2,98
3,32
3,58
3,84
4,10
4,36
4,62
4,88
5,18
5,74
6,00
6,26
6,86
7,38
7,90
-
2,76
2,96
3,35
3,75
4,04
4,34
4,64
4,93
5,23
5,52
5,87
6,51
6,81
7,10
7,79
8,38
8,98
9,67
10,30
10,85
11,54
12,10
12,70
-
5,77
6,21
6,66
7,10
7,55
7,99
8,51
9,47
9,91
10,36
11,39
12,28
13,77
14,20
15,09
15,98
17,02
17,90
18,79
20,12
20,72
21,60
22,64
23,97
25,45
27,82
31,52
-
7,89
8,48
9,07
9,67
10,26
10,95
12,23
12,82
13,42
14,80
15,98
17,16
18,54
19,73
20,91
22,29
23,47
24,66
26,04
27,23
28,41
29,79
31,57
33,51
36,70
41,63
46,76
52,28
62,34
68,66
72,80
9,37
10,11
10,85
11,60
12,33
13,19
14,80
15,54
16,28
18,00
19,48
20,96
22,69
24,20
25,65
27,37
28,85
30,33
32,06
33,54
35,02
36,75
38,96
41,43
45,38
51,54
57,95
64,86
77,44
85,33
90,51
14
16
18
20
22
19,33
20,37
21,41
23,82
25,89
27,97
30,38
32,45
34,53
36,94
39,01
41,08
43,50
45,57
47,65
50,66
53,17
56,62
62,15
70,78
79,75
89,42
107,72
118,07
125,33
21,30
22,49
23,67
26,44
28,80
31,17
33,93
36,30
38,67
41,43
43,80
46,16
48,93
51,30
53,66
56,42
59,98
63,92
70,24
80,10
90,36
101,41
121,53
134,16
142,44
28,85
31,52
34,18
37,29
39,95
42,61
45,72
48,39
51,05
54,16
56,82
59,48
62,59
66,59
71,02
78,12
89,22
100,77
133,20
135,83
150,04
159,36
46,36
49,82
52,77
55,73
59,19
62,15
65,11
68,56
73,00
77,93
85,82
98,15
110,98
124,79
149,94
165,72
176,08
49,91
53,71
56,97
60,22
64,02
67,27
70,53
74,33
79,21
84,64
93,32
106,89
120,99
136,18
163,85
181,21
192,61
Masa (kg/ml)
4,07
4,56
4,93
5,30
5,67
6,04
6,41
6,78
7,21
8,01
8,38
8,75
9,62
10,36
11,10
11,96
12,70
13,44
14,30
15,04
15,78
16,65
17,39
-
282
12,43
13,22
14,20
15,24
17,16
18,05
18,94
21,01
22,79
24,56
26,63
28,41
30,19
32,26
34,03
35,81
37,88
39,66
41,43
43,50
46,17
49,13
53,86
61,26
68,95
77,24
92,33
101,80
108,02
ANEXA 13
Diametrul
exterior (mm)
1,5
2,0
2,5
12
14
16
18
20
25
30
38
45
48
57
60
70
76
80
89
0,388
0,462
0,536
0,610
0,684
0,869
1,05
1,35
1,61
-
0,493
0,592
0,690
0,789
0,888
1,13
1,38
1,77
2,12
2,27
-
0,586
0,709
0,832
0,956
1,08
1,39
1,69
2,19
2,62
2,80
3,36
3,54
-
3,5
Masa (kg/ml)
0,666
0,814
0,962
1,11
1,25
1,26
1,42
1,63
1,85
2,00
2,29
2,59
2,98
3,11
3,58
3,33
3,84
3,99
4,22
4,88
4,96
5,74
5,40
6,26
5,70
6,60
7,38
283
4,0
5,0
6,0
8,0
1,58
2,07
2,56
3,35
4,04
4,34
5,52
6,51
7,10
7,50
8,38
1,85
2,47
3,08
4,07
4,93
5,30
6,78
8,01
8,75
9,25
10,36
2,81
3,55
4,73
5,77
6,21
7,99
9,47
10,36
10,95
12,28
4,34
5,92
7,30
8,29
10,26
12,23
13,42
14,20
15,98
45
d3
d2
d1
Teava
Dn
d
10
15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
100
125
150
200
250
300
350
400
500
600
14
20
25
30
34
38
42
45
48
57
60
76
89
108
114
133
140
159
168
219
273
324
356
377
406,4
508
609,6
400
500
600
350
200
250
300
150
125
100
65
80
50
40
32
25
10
15
20
Dn
14
20
25
30
34
38
42
45
48
57
60
76
89
108
114
133
140
159
168
219
273
324
356
377
406,4
508
609,6
Teava
565
670
780
505
340
395
445
285
250
220
185
200
165
150
140
115
d1
mm
90
95
105
285
ANEXA 14 (continuare)
ANEXA 15
s
d
Dn
25
32
40
25
28
34
42
48
50
60
20
73
65
76
80
89
100
114
125
140
150
158
200
219
250
273
300
324
350
356
400
406
450
457
500
508
s
mm
3; 4
3
4; 6
4; 8
4; 6
10
4; 6
10
4; 6
10
4; 8
12
5; 8
14
6
10; 16
6
10; 16
6
12; 13
6
12; 20
6
12; 20
8
14
25
8
16
25
10; 18
25
10; 18
25
286
H
31
32
33
35
37
40
55
43
58
44
59
47
62
53
68
67
82
67
82
80
95
93
108
106
121
114
129
139
126
141
151
154
164
167
177
25
40
25
40
25
40
25
40
25
40
25
40
25
40
25
40
25
40
25
40
50
25
40
50
40
50
40
50
ANEXA 16
CRITERII DE SIMILITUDINE
Denumirea
criteriului
Simbol
5HODLHGHFDOFXO
6HPQLILFDLHIL]LFXWLOL]DUH
J O 4
= *D
Arhimede
Ar
Biot
Bi
Euler
Eu
Fourier
Fo
Froude
(Boussinesq)
(Vedernikov)
Fr
(B)
(V)
Galileu
Ga
Grashoff
Gr
J O W
Kutateladze
Ku
7
.S WO WS
Nusselt
Nu
Peclet
Pe
Prandtl
Pr
Reynolds
Re
. O
S
Z
D 2
O
Z
JO
RezistenWHUPLFLQWHUQ5H]LVWHQ
WHUPLFODVXSUDID
WUDQVIHUGHFOGXU
)RUHGHSUHVLXQH)RUHGHLQHULH
(frecarea fluidelor la curgerea prin
conducte)
WUDQVIHUGHFOGXUvQUHJLPWUDQ]LWoriu)
)RUHGHLQHULH)RUHJUDYLWDLRQDOH
(curgerea fluidelor compresibile)
J O
)RUHJUHYLWDLRQDOH)RUHGHYkVFR]LWDWH
(curgerea fluidelor vscoase)
)RUHGHSHUWXUEDLH)RUHGHYkVFR]LWDWH
VFKLPEGHFOGXUSULQFRQYHFLHOLEHU
. O
.5 Z O
= Re Pr
.5
)RUHJUHYLWDLRQDOH)RUHGHYkVFR]LWDWH
PLFDUHOLEHU
Z O
WUDQVIHUGHFOGXULPDVvQWLPSXO
YDSRUL]ULLXQXLOLFKLG
tl temperatura lichidului
tp temperatura peretelui
&OGXUWUDQVPLVSULQFRQYHFLH&OGXU
WUDQVPLVSULQFRQGXFLH
WUDQVIHUGHFDOGXU
7UDQVIHUXOGHFOGXUWRWDO7UDQVIHUXOGH
FOGXUFRQGXFWLY
WUDQVIHUXOGHFOGXU
'LIX]LWDWHPRPHQWDQ'LIX]LYLWDWH
WHUPLF
WUDQVIHUXOGHFOGXUFRQYHFWLYOD
PLFDUHDIRUDWDIOXLGXOXL
)RUHGHLQHULH)RUHGHYkVFR]LWDWH
(curgerea fluidelor)
287