Cristina MUSCALU

Radu MUSCALU

BIOLOGIA I CRETEREA
STURIONILOR

Copyright 2009
Toate drepturile rezervate. Nici o parte din aceast lucrare nu poate fi reprodus sub nici o
form, prin nici un mijloc mecanic sau electronic, sau stocat ntr-o baz de date, fr acordul
prealabil scris al autorilor

II

Dr. ing. CRISTINA MUSCALU

SC STERLET SRL, Timioara
E-mail: contact@sterlet.ro

Dr. ing. RADU MUSCALU

Consultant de specialitate, SC STERLET SRL, Timioara

E-mail: muscalu@sterlet.ro
www.sterlet.ro

Refereni tiinifici:
Prof. Univ. dr. tefan DIACONESCU
Universitatea de tiine Agronomice i Medicin Veterinar Bucureti

Prof. Univ. dr. Marian BURA

Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar a Banatului, Timioara

Coperta: pictor Flora RDUCAN

Tehnoredactare i ilustraii: Radu Muscalu, Cristina
Muscalu

Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naionale a Romniei

MUSCALU, CRISTINA
Biologia i creterea sturionilor / Cristina Muscalu, Radu
Muscalu. - Cluj-Napoca : Bioflux, 2009
Bibliogr.
Index
ISBN 978-606-92028-6-9
I. Muscalu, Radu
III

639.311

IV

Cristina MUSCALU
Radu MUSCALU

BIOLOGIA
I
CRETEREA
STURIONILOR

Editura BIOFLUX Cluj-Napoca

2009
V

Prefa
Este binecunoscut faptul c produsele valoroase ale sturionilor au dus spre situaia
de a situa aceste specii piscicole pe lista roie a animalelor ameninate cu dispariia.
n prezent se fac eforturi pentru conservarea tuturor specilor sturionicole, iar
principala metod de salvare a acestora este acvacultura. Pe de o parte prin creterea
n ferme a sturionilor se produce puiet pentru popularea apelor naturale, iar pe de
alt parte prin creterea pn la atingerea maturitii i recoltarea icrelor
(caviarului) se reduce presiunea asupra populaiilor slbatice.
Prim autorul Dr. Cristina Muscalu i-a prezentat n 2008 teza de doctorat
intitulat Cercetri privind creterea i dezvoltarea cegi (Acipenser ruthenus) n
sistem cu ap recirculat, tez ce st la baza compunerii prezentei cri. Am avut
plcerea s i fiu referent tiinific n Comisia de Doctorat, drept pentru care i cunosc
foarte bine munca i eforturile depuse pentru studierea i nelegerea acestor peti cu
totul deosebii.
De asemenea, coautorul Dr. Radu Muscalu, cruia la fel am avut plcerea de a-i fi
referent n Comisa de Doctorat, mi este cunoscut ca un perseverent promotor al
sistemelor recirculate, fiind implicat n diferite activiti de promovare a acvaculturii
moderne prin activitatea sa publicistic i de consultan.
Deoarece, literatura de specialitate din prezent, are nevoie de mai multe informaii
cu privire la creterea sturionilor, autorii, fcnd dovad de sim practic au descris
foarte amnunit metodele de cultur a acestor peti. Mai mult, se fac descrieri exacte
ale metodelor de reproducere, anesteziere i hrnire a sturionilor.
De asemenea, se aduc informaii noi n ceea ce privete biologia sturionilor prin
studiile histologice executate cu mare profesionalism dar i pentru observaiile asupra
dezvoltrii embrionare a cegi. Informaiile oferite vor fi cu siguran considerate de
acum de referin pentru histologia sturionilor, mai ales c autoarea a descoperit
funcii noi la unele organe precum valvula spiral, creia i-a atribuit i un rol de
organ limfoid. n plus, acest studiu, are i o parte aplicativ, i anume aceea de a
demonstra c sistemele recirculate de acvacultur nu aduc nici un prejudiciu
dezvoltrii normale i armonioase a populaiilor de sturioni.
Prezenta lucrare are o cert valoare tiinific, autorii fcnd dovad de un
profesionalism desvrit. Cel mai important lucru este faptul c cercetrile efectuate
au un mare grad de originalitate, fiind n premier naional, pn n prezent, cega
ne-fiind studiat sub aspectul creterii n sistem cu ap recirculat. Se deschid astfel
porile continurii cercetrilor n sturionicultur.
Cartea prezint o ilustraie bogat prin numeroasele fotografii originale, sugestive,
grupate pe anexe la finele unor capitole.
USAMV Bucureti
Prof. univ. dr. TEFAN DIACONESCU
VI

BIOLOGIA I CRETEREA STURIONILOR

CUPRINS
Capitolul 1.

MORFOFIZIOLOGIA STURIONILOR-----------------------1

1.1.
Tegumentul----------------------------------------------------------1
1.1.1.
Formaiuni tegumentare epidermice--------------------------------2
1.1.1.1.
Formaiuni dermice-------------------------------------------3
1.2.
1.3.
1.3.1.
1.3.2.
1.3.3.
1.4.

Sistemul muscular-------------------------------------------------5
Scheletul intern-----------------------------------------------------6
Scheletul craniului----------------------------------------------------6
Coloana vertebral i coastele---------------------------------------9
Scheletul nottoarelor i centurilor-------------------------------11
Sistemul nervos---------------------------------------------------14

1.5.
Sistemul digestiv--------------------------------------------------15
1.5.1.
Tubul digestiv--------------------------------------------------------15
1.5.1.1.
Faringele-----------------------------------------------------17
1.5.1.2.
Esofagul------------------------------------------------------17
1.5.1.3.
Stomacul-----------------------------------------------------18
1.5.1.4.
Cecumurile pilorice-----------------------------------------19
1.5.1.5.
Intestinul anterior (subire)---------------------------------21
1.5.1.6.
Intestinul posterior------------------------------------------21
1.5.2.
Glandele digestive anexe-------------------------------------------23
1.5.2.1.
Ficatul--------------------------------------------------------23
1.5.2.2.
Pancreasul----------------------------------------------------24
1.6.
1.6.1.
1.6.2.
1.6.3.
1.6.4.
1.6.5.
1.6.6.
1.6.7.

Glande cu secreie intern--------------------------------------25

Splina----------------------------------------------------------------- 27
Pancreasul------------------------------------------------------------27
Timusul i tiroida----------------------------------------------------27
Glandele suprarenale (inter-renale)-------------------------------28
Hipofiza--------------------------------------------------------------28
Epifiza---------------------------------------------------------------- 29
Glandele genitale----------------------------------------------------29

1.7.

Sistemul circulator-----------------------------------------------29

1.8.

Sistemul respirator-----------------------------------------------30
VII

BIOLOGIA I CRETEREA STURIONILOR

1.9.

Vezica nottoare-------------------------------------------------31

1.10.

Sistemul excretor-------------------------------------------------32

1.11.
Sistemul genital---------------------------------------------------33
1.11.1. Biologia gameilor--------------------------------------------------34
1.11.2. Gametogeneza-------------------------------------------------------35
1.11.2.1.
Ovogeneza---------------------------------------------------37
1.11.3. Icrele------------------------------------------------------------------41
Capitolul 2.
2.1.

SISTEMATICA STURIONILOR-------------------------------51
Originea i evoluia sturionilor--------------------------------52

2.2.
Taxonomia sturionilor-------------------------------------------53
2.2.1.
Supraordinul Chondrostei, Ordinul Acipenseriformes----------54
2.2.1.1.
Familia Polyodontidae--------------------------------------55
2.2.1.2.
Familia Acipenseridae--------------------------------------56
Genul Huso (Brandt)-----------------------------------------------------62
Genul Acipenser----------------------------------------------------------67
2.3.
2.3.1.
2.3.2.
2.3.3.
Capitolul 3.

Hibrizii-------------------------------------------------------------82
Hibridarea artificial------------------------------------------------83
Hibrizi interspecifici de Acipenser--------------------------------84
Hibrizii intergenerici de Huso cu Acipenser---------------------85
ECOLOGIA STURIONILOR-----------------------------------87

3.1.
Migraia sturionilor----------------------------------------------87
3.1.1.
Factori externi ai declanrii migraiei---------------------------88
3.1.2.
Factori interni ai declanrii migraiei----------------------------90
3.1.3.
Migraia principalelor specii de sturioni din Romnia----------92
3.1.3.1.
Migraia morunului-----------------------------------------92
3.1.3.2.
Migraia nisetrului------------------------------------------94
3.1.3.3.
Migraia pstrugii-------------------------------------------95
3.2.
Rspndirea geografic-----------------------------------------96
3.2.1.
Principalele bazine hidrografice n care se ntlnesc sturioni--96
3.2.2.
Distribuia principalelor specii de sturioni-----------------------97
3.2.2.1.
Distribuia morunului---------------------------------------97
3.2.2.2.
Distribuia nisetrului----------------------------------------98
3.2.2.3.
Distribuia pstrugii-----------------------------------------98
3.2.2.4.
Distribuia cegi---------------------------------------------99
VIII

BIOLOGIA I CRETEREA STURIONILOR

3.2.3.
3.3.
3.4.
3.4.1.
3.4.2.
Capitolul 4.

Statele n care au fost semnalai sturioni-------------------------99

Antropismul asupra populailor de sturioni---------------107
Msuri de conservare a populaiilor de sturioni----------110
Ce este i cum funcioneaz CITES?----------------------------110
Protecia sturionilor n rile semnatare CITES----------------112
IMPORTANA ECONOMIC A STURIONILOR--------113

4.1.

Valoarea alimentar a crnii de sturion--------------------114

4.2.

Valoarea alimentar, procesarea i categorii de caviar- -115

4.3.
4.3.1.
Capitolul 5.
5.1.
5.1.1.
5.1.2.
5.1.3.
5.2.
Capitolul 6.
6.1.
6.1.1.
6.1.2.
6.1.3.
6.1.4.
6.1.5.
6.1.6.
6.1.7.
6.1.8.

Comerul internaional cu produse sturionicole----------118

Comerul ilegal-----------------------------------------------------120
CONDIII DE CRETERE ALE STURIONILOR-------121
Principalele nsuiri ale apei n sturionicultur-----------122
Temperatura apei---------------------------------------------------122
Salinitatea apei-----------------------------------------------------123
Compoziia chimic a apei----------------------------------------124
Tipul substratului, modelul bazinelor----------------------125
TEHNICI DE REPRODUCERE ALE STURIONILOR- -127
Etapele reproducerii artificiale a sturionilor--------------127
Selecia reproductorilor. Sexarea sturionilor------------------128
Parcarea reproductorilor-----------------------------------------132
Anestezierea reproductorilor------------------------------------133
Injectarea cu hormon hipofizar-----------------------------------134
Recoltarea produselor sexuale-----------------------------------136
Fecundaia----------------------------------------------------------137
Descleierea icrelor-------------------------------------------------137
Incubaia icrelor----------------------------------------------------137

6.2.

Protocol de lucru pentru reproducerea cegi--------------138

6.3.

Dezvoltarea embrionar la ceg-----------------------------145

Capitolul 7.
7.1.
7.1.1.

NUTRIIA I ALIMENTAIA STURIONILOR----------155

Componentele din hrana petilor i rolul lor--------------155
Elemente productoare de energie-------------------------------156
IX

BIOLOGIA I CRETEREA STURIONILOR

Proteinele---------------------------------------------------------------- 156
Lipidele------------------------------------------------------------------157
Glucidele-----------------------------------------------------------------158
7.1.2.
Vitamine i minerale-----------------------------------------------159
Vitamine-----------------------------------------------------------------159
Minerale----------------------------------------------------------------- 160
7.2.

Digestia la sturioni----------------------------------------------161
Digestia lipidelor-------------------------------------------------------161
Digestia proteinelor----------------------------------------------------162
Digestia carbohidrailor------------------------------------------------163

7.3.

Consumul de oxigen--------------------------------------------163

7.4.
Hrnirea sturionilor n condiii de cultur-----------------165
7.4.1.
Pregtirea hranei vii-----------------------------------------------166
Artemia salina-----------------------------------------------------------166
Tubifex-------------------------------------------------------------------167
7.4.2.
Protocol de nvare a sturionilor s consume furaj granulat- 169
7.4.3.
Distribuirea furajelor----------------------------------------------174
7.4.4.
Coeficientul de conversie a hranei-------------------------------177
Capitolul 8.
8.1.

SISTEME DE CRETERE ALE STURIONILOR--------183

Sistemele extensive----------------------------------------------184

8.2.
Sistemele semiintensive----------------------------------------186
8.2.1.
Bazinele folosite n sistem semiintensiv------------------------188
8.2.1.1.
Bazinele de predezvoltare--------------------------------188
8.2.1.2.
Bazinele de cretere de vara I----------------------------190
8.2.1.3.
Bazinele de iernare----------------------------------------192
8.2.1.4.
Bazinele de ngrare--------------------------------------192
8.2.2.
Policultura n sistemele semiintensive--------------------------194
8.3.
Sistemele intensive----------------------------------------------195
8.3.1.
Structura fermelor intensive de cretere a sturionilor---------196
8.3.1.1.
Staia de incubaie i predezvoltare----------------------196
8.3.1.2.
Bazinele de cretere de vara I----------------------------198
8.3.1.3.
Bazinele de ngrare--------------------------------------203
8.4.
Sisteme superintensive cu recircularea apei---------------207
8.4.1.
Procesele de tratare a apei----------------------------------------208
8.4.1.1.
Filtrarea mecanic-----------------------------------------208
X

BIOLOGIA I CRETEREA STURIONILOR

8.4.1.2.
Eliminarea amoniacului, nitriilor i nitrailor---------209
8.4.1.3.
Sterilizarea apei--------------------------------------------211
8.4.1.4.
Spumarea apei----------------------------------------------212
8.4.1.5.
Pomparea i transportul apei-----------------------------213
8.4.1.6.
mbogirea cu oxigen a apei-----------------------------214
Oxigenarea biofiltrului-------------------------------------------------214
Oxigenarea bazinelor cu peti-----------------------------------------215
8.4.2.
Managementul de ferm------------------------------------------217
8.4.2.1.
Stabilirea necesarului de bazine-------------------------217
8.4.2.2.
Stabilirea densitii maxime n bazine------------------218
8.4.2.3.
Ajustarea ratelor de recirculare--------------------------219
8.4.2.4.
Asigurarea climatului necesar dezvoltrii sturionilor- 221
8.4.2.5.
Policultura n sistemele recirculate----------------------222
Bibliografie----------------------------------------------------------------------- 233
Index de termeni---------------------------------------------------------------- 243

XI

MORFOFIZIOLOGIA STURIONILOR

Capitolul 1.

MORFOFIZIOLOGIA
STURIONILOR

Cele mai complexe descrieri i n multe cazuri singurele din literatura

romneasc consultat, n ceea ce privete organizarea intern a petilor le
gsim n tratatul de ihtiologie semnat de CRUU (1952), dar i n tratatele
de zoologie ale lui FEIDER (1964) i CEUCA (1983). Mai recent, au fost
publicate studii histologice efectuate asupra organelor interne la nisetru de
ctre DANGUY i GENTEN (2005) i descrieri ale unor organe de BURA i
GROZEA (1997).

n ceea ce urmeaz vom realiza o descriere a organizrii interne a

petilor cu particularitile sturionilor.

1.1. Tegumentul
Tegumentul petilor este alctuit dintr-o ptur superioar, de
origine ectodermic denumit epiderm i care este format din mai
multe straturi de celule fr a prezenta un strat cornean; dintr-o ptur
profund, de origine mezodermic, numit derm sau chorium, care este
format din esut conjunctiv.
Epiderma este pluristratificat, acoperit cu o cuticul subire. Din
punct de vedere structural, epiderma este alctuit din dou zone: o zon
generatoare, format dintr-un strat generator de celule cilindrice sau
1

SISTEMATICA STURIONILOR

Capitolul 2.

SISTEMATICA STURIONILOR

Sturionii sunt printre cei mai vechi peti care populeaz n prezent apele
globului pmntesc; ariile lor de rspndire sunt apele emisferei nordice. n
acelai timp, se tie c dintre toate speciile de peti, sturionii sunt cei mai
valoroi, renumii mai ales prin calitile nutritive i gustative ale crnii i
icrelor, dar i prin mrimea lor neobinuit fa de speciile care triesc n apele
noastre i ale ntregii lumi (MANEA, 1980).
Dup BUD (2001), reiese c sturionii sunt peti cu o mare putere de
adaptabilitate la variaiile de temperatur i salinitate, cu migraii pentru
reproducere din apele marine n apele dulci ale fluviilor.
Examinnd sturionii de pe poziii ecologice, de exemplu speciile genului
Acipenser se constat n primul rnd adaptarea lor ecologic multilateral.
Chiar n limitele speciilor nrudite ale acestui gen, se gsesc att forme
amfibionte, ct i forme holobionte, ca i forme anadrome care migreaz n
vederea reproducerii, din mri n fluvii, ct i formele potamodrome,
migratoare n ape dulci. Chiar n cadrul unei singure specii, la sturioni sunt
deosebit de pregnante fenomenele de difereniere biologic (grupuri biologice,
rase sezionere, subpopulaii). O astfel de adaptabilitate ecologic multilateral
permite speciei i diferitelor sale populaii s foloseasc mai complet
posibilitile oferite de areal att din punct de vedere al produciei trofice a
bazinului, ct i din punct de vedere al folosirii locurilor de reproducere
(MANEA, 1980).

51

ECOLOGIA S T U R I O N I L O R

Capitolul 3.

ECOLOGIA STURIONILOR

3.1. Migraia sturionilor

Problema migraiei petilor a constituit o preocupare a oamenilor nc
din cele mai vechi timpuri. O dat cu aprofundarea studiilor asupra migraiilor
n ultimii 50 de ani, cercetrile au cutat s dea explicaiile cele mai judicioase,
abordnd i cutnd s aduc mai mult lumin i n discutata problem a
cauzelor lor. Instinctul migrator stabilit n organism este condiionat de
existena periodic a unor stri vitale transmise prin ereditate (NICULESCU
DUVZ, 1959).
Migraia are un rol primordial n sistemul integrat al interadaptailor,
sistem ce a determinat succesul vieuirii n decursul a milioane de ani a acestor
peti. Migraia sturionilor din apele noastre, ca i din celelalte bazine ale lumii,
se efectueaz de unele specii pe distane foarte mari, pe fundul bazinului. De
exemplu pstruga se deplaseaz de ordinul zecilor de km, nisetrul de ordinul
sutelor de km iar morunul care depete mia de km de la Marea Neagr
urcnd pe Dunre pn la zonele de reproducere natural (REBREANU,
1984). i BACALBAA DOBROVICI (1995) este de acord c sturionii
efectueaz migraii de lungimi diferite: morunul ajunge n prezent pn la
barajul Porile de Fier II, nisetrul ajunge mai rar n aceast zon, pe cnd
pstruga migreaz, de regul, pn n zona nisipurilor de la Clrai.
Majoritatea speciilor se caracterizeaz prin via migratoare, i toate
migreaz n ape curgtoare pentru a se reproduce (AUER NANCY, 1996). Sau realizat numeroase experimente cu privire la migraai sturionilor, n urma
crora s-a tras concluzia cert c, trei specii de sturioni se rentorc de fiecare
87

IMPORTANA ECONOMIC A S T U R I O N I L O R

Capitolul 4.

IMPORTANA ECONOMIC A
STURIONILOR

Triburile indienilor din vestul slbatic venerau aceti peti imeni,

admirndu-i pentru dimensiunile lor impresionante i pentru fora lor. De
asemenea se bazau pe carnea i pe pielea lor n fiecare an.
n schimb n timpul coloniilor mare parte a oamenilor considerau
sturionii ca fiind nite peti cu valoare economic redus, o adevrat pacoste.
Multe surse ale vremii spun c petii blocau rurile datorit micrilor de
migrare efectuate n timpul reproducerii. Exemplarele mari care erau prinse
din greeal, au fost capturate i folosite ca hran pentru porci, ca i
combustibil pentru vase de mic dimensiune sau erau folosii ca i fertilizani.
Sturionul din rul Hudson era aa de comun nct caviarul era aruncat.
Mult mai trziu americanii au devenit contieni de valoarea sturionilor,
atunci cnd europenii considerau caviarul o delicates. Astfel c, cererea
pentru sturioni a explodat.
Pe lng caviar sturionii au fost exploatai pentru diferite scopuri:
carnea lor era delicioas, n special afumat, pielea era argsit i folosit apoi
n industria pielriei, iar vezicile nottoare erau transformate n gelatin apoi
n clei de pete folosit n olrit i pentru limpezirea vinului i a berii
(WWW.DEC.STATE.NY.US.COM).
Arcaii popoarelor nomade din evul mediu timpuriu foloseau ca material
cleiul obinut prin dizolvarea n ap fierbinte a vezicii de sturion, cu care
asamblau arcurile din plci de lemn de diferite esene. Mai mult, vezica de
morun se mai folosea pe atunci, ca termometru: o bucat de vezic aezat n
palma bolnavului se curba n funcie de temperatur. Acest produs piscicol
113

CONDIIILE DE CRETERE ALE S T U R I O N I L O R

Capitolul 5.

CONDIII DE CRETERE ALE

STURIONILOR

Pentru ca dezvoltarea i creterea sturionilor s se desfoare normal, iar

acvacultorul s poat exploata la maxim potenialul biologic al speciilor
cultivate, trebuie ndeplinite anumite condiii de mediu.
Apa, substratul, bazinul, hrana i ngrijirea sunt toi factori care
mpreun concur la bunstarea petilor. Toi aceti factori trebuie s aib
proprietile optime pentru ca sturionii s poat crete normal. Optim nseamn
anumite limite preferate i/sau acceptate de anumite specii.
Se poate evidenia o limit inferioar i una superioar, ce delimiteaz
amplitudinea de toleran a speciei fa de un anumit factor. n funcie de
amplitudinea de toleran pe care o manifest speciile fa de unul sau mai
muli factori fizico-chimici, putem ntlni:

specii cu tolerane largi euribionte (grec. eurys = larg);

specii cu tolerane reduse stenobionte (grec. steno = ngust).

n intervalul amplitudinii de toleran fa de un factor fizico-chimic se

gsete valoarea optim, care este caracteristic pentru fiecare specie i
categorie de vrst n parte. De multe ori, valoarea optim a factorului pentru o
anumit specie se ncadreaz ntr-un interval destul de restrns, valorile din
cadrul intervalului fiind la rndul lor cte un optim pentru o anumit categorie
de vrst.
121

TE H N O L O G I I D E R E P R O D U C E R E A L E S T U R I O N I L O R

Capitolul 6.

TEHNICI DE REPRODUCERE ALE

STURIONILOR

ntruct sturionii nu se pot reproduce natural n captivitate, numeroase

au fost ncercrile prin care s-au elaborat tehnici de reproducere artificial la
aceti peti. Primul care a realizat fecundarea artificial la ceg a fost
Ovseanikov, n anul 1869.
Mai trziu Borodin, n 1889, a trecut la fecundarea artificial a icrelor
nisetrului i pstrugii, iar Petropavlovskaia pune la punct fecundarea artificial
a icrelor de morun.
ns un aport deosebit l-a avut Derjavin prin elaborarea i
experimentarea metodei de descleiere a icrelor (MANEA, 1980).

6.1. Etapele reproducerii artificiale a sturionilor

Pentru a fi considerat o reuit, reproducerea artificial a sturionilor
trebuie s ndeplineasc mai multe cerine de baz cum ar fi:
Selecia corect a reproductorilor

Crearea de condiii asemntoare cu cele din mediul natural

pentru reproductori i icrele fecundate
Aplicarea corect a tehnologiilor de reproducie

127

NUTRIIA I ALIMENTAIA S T U R I O N I L O R

Capitolul 7.

NUTRIIA I ALIMENTAIA
STURIONILOR

Ca i n cazul altor vertebrate, substanele nutritive necesare petilor

rmn aceleai. Proporiile dintre proteine, lipide , glucide, vitamine i
minerale trebuie s fie atent verificate, mai cu seam n cazul sturionilor.
Dieta sturionilor, fie c provine din mediul natural sau administrat ca
furaj, trebuie s fie n aa fel conceput nct corpul s asimileze ct mai mult
hran iar aceasta s fie ct mai bine prelucrat de ctre organism.
n sistemul intensiv de cretere a sturionilor, se pot obine performane
economice doar atunci cnd alimentaia puietului cu hran vie este urmat de
hrnire cu reete care asigur nutrieni necesari dezvoltrii petilor, uor
asimilabile i au o form accesibil fiecrei categorii.
ncepnd din stadiul larvar, alevin i puiet al sturionilor, se poate
administra hran granulat echilibrat calitativ i cantitativ, n caz contrar se
vor nregistra dereglri metabolice grave cu urmri nefaste asupra strii de
sntate i implicit asupra nivelului produciei (BURA i colab., 2008).

7.1. Componentele din hrana petilor i rolul lor

n opinia lui PENZLIN (1989), componentele din hrana petilor se
mpart n dou mari grupe:
productorii de energie

vitamine i minerale
155

TEHNOLOGII DE CRETERE ALE STURIONILOR

Capitolul 8.

SISTEME DE CRETERE ALE

STURIONILOR

Creterea sturionilor se poate realiza prin mai multe tehnologii care

variaz foarte mult de la extensiv pn la superintensiv. Sistemele de cretere
ale sturionilor sunt: extensiv, semiintensiv, intensiv i superintensiv.
n mod obinuit, nivelul intensivitii unui sistem de cretere se exprim
prin densitatea la populare sau altfel spus, prin cantitatea de biomas raportat
la unitatea de volum (CRISTEA i colab., 2002).
Ceea ce deosebete un tip de sistem de altul este n primul rnd
productivitatea, apoi modul n care este amenajat ferma. Producia anual n
fermele sturionicole, variaz ntre cteva zeci de kilograme la hectar de luciu
de ap pe an (sisteme extensive) la peste 100 de kg la metrul cub de ap
(sistemele superintensive). Aceste producii record nu pot fi atinse dect n
condiiile folosirii unor furaje performante i prin amenajarea de sisteme de
cultur complexe, care exploateaz la maxim potenialul biologic al sturionilor.
Un caz particular de sistem de cretere a sturionilor, este cultura n
viviere, care dei se practic n volume mari de ap, petii sunt crescui n
arcuri mici, densitatea lor fiind apropiat de cea ntlnit n sistemele
superintensive.
Pentru a ine pasul cu noile descoperiri ale tiinei, acvacultorul trebuie
s se orienteze ctre unul din sistemele consacrate de acvacultur. ns,
principalii factori ce decid alegerea sistemului de cultur sunt disponibilitatea

183

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www.fao.org/figis/servlet/species?fid=2072, accesat iulie, 2005
www.fao.org/figis/servlet/species?fid=2072, Species Fact Sheet, Huso huso,
accesat februarie, 2005
www.Fishbase.org, accesat ianuarie-iunie 2005
www.fisher.ge
www.Hotnews.ro, accesat ianuarie 2005
www.kryn.sarov.info/fishing
www.maap.ro
www.nvogue.com/nVogueFoods/Caviar/caviarguide.html
www.sturio.com/cites/FAO
www.tuinfo.nl
www.ulb.ac.be/sciences/biodic/histofish/, Danguy A., Genten Fr., Histofish,
accesat iunie, 2005
Zarkua Z., Tsuladze, V., 1999, Initiative needed to boost sturgeon numbers.
Eurofish 3/99:40-41
***, 1982, North American Wildlife, an illustrated guide to 2000 plants and
animals, Readers Digest, Pleasantville
***, 1997, Document Doc. 10.89; Prop. 10.65. Proposal to list all
Acipenseriformes in Appendix II. Submitted by Germany and The United
States of America.
***, 1998, Sturgeon catch and trade in the Russian part of the Caspian Sea.
TRAFFIC Europe-Russia, Field investigations. Unpublished report, pp. 21.
***, 2000, Estimation of the Sturgeon Stocks in the Russian Federation and
Monitoring of DomesticTrade in Sturgeon Products. TRAFFIC EuropeRussia, Field investigations. Unpublished report, Pp.23.
***, 2000, http://www.cites.org/eng/dbase/fauna
***, 2000, Sturgeon fisheries management and trade control measures in the
Caspian Sea and Black Sea/ Sea of Azov range States. TRAFFIC Europe
field investigations, December 1999-January 2000.

242

INDEX DE TERMENI

Index de termeni
A
Acipenserid, Acipenseridae 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13,
14, 16, 19, 31, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 70, 92, 118,
236
Acipenseriformes 29, 52, 53, 54, 58, 59, 60,
161
Acvacultur 100, 112, 118, 122, 123, 168,
170, 193, 186, 187, 195, 210, 211, 212, 213,
222, 223
Acvatic 16, 122, 125, 135, 184, 185, 186, 192,
194, 222, 223
Aerare 139, 166, 194, 207, 215
Aerator 199, 203, 206, 245, 220, 226
Alevin, alevinaj 17, 40, 66, 124, 150, 155,
163, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 172, 173, 174,
176, 178, 179, 180, 181, 187, 188, 189, 190,
191, 196, 197, 198, 217, 219
Alge 125, 185, 190, 198, 202, 212
Alimentar, alimentaie 17, 20, 114, 115, 123,
155, 159, 162, 165, 177, 187, 189, 190, 194,
195
Anadrom 51, 64, 69, 71, 83, 88, 91, 98
Anestezie 116, 130, 133, 134, 136, 139, 140,
141, 152
Artemia (salina) 166, 167, 168, 170, 172, 173,
174, 179, 180, 181, 189, 197, 198
B
Bacterie, bacterian 162, 208, 210, 211, 214
Baie 140
Bazin 51, 61, 67, 70, 74, 77, 81, 87, 91, 92,
94, 96, 97, 98, 100, 103, 104, 109, 118, 119,
121, 125, 126, 128, 130, 132, 133, 134, 136,
139, 140, 147, 161, 167, 168, 175, 179, 184,
185, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194,
196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204,
205, 206, 208, 211, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217,

243

218, 219, 220, 222, 223,224, 226,

227, 228, 232
Beluga 85, 109, 116, 117
Biofiltru 210, 212, 214, 220, 229
Biomas 97, 103, 104, 210, 219
Braconaj 110, 112, 120, 184
Branhie, branhial 17, 26, 27, 29, 30,
31, 50, 56, 62, 67, 70, 77, 80, 85,
160, 162
Bil, biliar 23, 24, 161
C
Calitate (apei) 124, 160, 196, 203, 207,
208, 210
Canal (de ap) 168, 189, 201, 202,
204, 212, 213, 220
Carbohidrai 158, 159, 163
Catadrom - 88
Caviar 108, 109 110, 111, 113, 115,
116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 187, 196,
203, 212, 217, 221, 223
Cega 3, 77, 78, 79, 83, 84, 85, 99, 100,
103, 104, 106, 107, 110, 115, 122,
127, 138, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144,
147, 152, 153, 154, 167, 169, 170,
171, 172, 173, 174, 180, 181, 191,
203, 221, 232
Cercetare, cercettor 28, 41, 52, 57, 58,
62, 65, 69, 83, 87, 93, 95, 108, 112,
123, 124, 131, 140, 145, 159, 160,
161, 169, 170, 171
CITES 97, 98, 110, 111, 112, 118, 119
Conversie 159, 163, 177, 178
Corion, decorionat 18, 19, 20, 21, 22,
34, 41, 45, 116, 145, 146, 147, 148,
149, 150
Chondrostei 53, 54, 56, 58
Chironomus, chironomide 70, 80, 82,
168
Conducte 212, 213, 216
Cromozom 55, 82

INDEX DE TERMENI

D
Debit 96, 125, 126, 138, 139, 142, 146, 168,
186, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 197, 198,
200, 201, 206, 209, 211, 213, 214, 219
Densitate 100, 166, 183, 185, 192, 197, 198,
199, 200, 202, 206, 207, 218, 219, 230
Descleiere 127, 137, 142, 145, 154, 196, 197
Digestie, digestiv 6, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23,
24, 27, 31, 57, 147, 156, 158, 159, 161, 162,
163, 165, 167, 168, 169
E
Ecograf 129, 130
Embrion, embrionar, embriogenez 16, 32, 82,
119, 120, 137, 138, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149,
150
Endoscop 128, 129, 130, 131
Energie 155, 156, 157, 158, 163, 210, 217,
219
Esofag 16, 17, 18, 19, 27, 43, 44, 57, 161
Extensiv 118, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 195,
222, 225
F
Faringe 17, 27, 31
Fecundaie 35, 37, 38, 40, 41, 84, 115, 127,
137, 141, 142, 143, 145, 146, 147, 150
Femel 29, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 40, 41, 65, 66,
69, 72, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 82, 93, 103, 105,
116, 128, 129, 132, 134, 135, 136, 139, 140,
141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 151, 207, 212,
217, 221
Fertilizare 40, 83, 113, 193
Ferm, fermier 62, 107, 116, 123, 125, 131,
143, 160, 162, 163, 165, 166, 168, 169, 171,
174, 183, 187, 188, 189, 191, 192, 193, 194,
195, 196, 197, 198, 203, 204, 206, 207, 208,
209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 217, 218, 220, 221,
222, 223, 225, 226, 229, 230, 231, 232
Filtru, filtrare 196, 207, 208, 213, 214

244

Furaj, furajare 118, 125, 126, 155, 158,

159, 160, 163, 165, 168, 169, 170,
171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177,
178, 182, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191,
192, 193, 195, 196, 197, 198, 206,
207, 210, 223, 224
G
Ganoizi 4, 10, 14, 34, 54, 56
Gastric 18, 19, 45, 167
Gland, glandular 2, 3, 14, 16, 17, 18,
19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28,
29, 31, 33, 36, 39, 45, 47, 88, 90
H
Hemoglobin 29, 123, 168
Hipofiz, hipofizar 28, 29, 90, 91, 133,
134, 135, 139, 141, 144, 153
Histologic 1, 2, 10, 17, 19, 20, 28, 33,
128, 131
Hran 16, 66, 72, 80, 113, 155, 156,
158, 160, 162, 163, 165, 167, 168,
169, 175, 185, 187, 189, 190, 191,
192, 193, 194, 195, 197, 208, 221,
222
Hrnire 9, 57, 66, 70, 72, 77, 79, 80,
97, 99, 100, 122, 126, 147, 150, 155,
158, 162, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169,
170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 177, 179,
181, 184, 185, 186, 187, 189, 190,
191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 197, 198,
199, 204, 207, 223, 224
Hormon, hormonal 24, 27, 28, 29, 36,
37, 39, 40, 90, 108, 130, 133, 134,
135, 139, 141, 144, 153, 166
Hipotalamus 26, 91
Huso 58, 61, 62, 64, 69, 83, 85, 86, 89,
92, 97, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104,
105, 107, 109, 111, 112, 122, 169,
185, 221

INDEX DE TERMENI

I
Icr 35, 38, 39, 40, 41, 51, 66, 69, 72, 74, 77,
79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 89, 92, 93, 94, 108, 115,
116, 117, 119, 120, 127, 131, 132, 134, 136,
137, 138, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147,
153, 154, 159, 160, 196, 197, 212, 223, 224
Iernare 88, 93, 96, 100, 138, 188, 192, 196,
199, 203, 204, 221
Igien, igienizare 125, 189, 197, 202, 203, 217
Incubator, incubaie 107, 137, 138, 142, 143,
145, 146, 154, 166, 188, 189, 196, 197, 231
Infecie 31, 128, 136, 145, 168
Inim 23, 29, 30, 54, 57, 147
Injectare 133, 134, 135, 136, 139, 141, 144,
153, 214, 216
Intensiv 107, 125, 155, 183, 187, 189, 192,
195, 196, 200, 206, 222, 227, 228
Intestin 9, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21 ,22, 23, 24, 27,
29, 31, 32, 38, 46, 47, 48, 54, 57, 70, 80,
161, 162

ngrare 88, 96, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192,

196, 198, 203, 204, 206, 222
not, nottoare 5, 6, 11, 12, 13, 29, 31, 38, 54,
55, 56, 57, 66, 78, 99, 113, 125, 126, 138,
140, 141, 147, 160, 204, 223
K
Kiernan - 24
L
Lac 60, 81, 82, 91, 96, 99, 104, 110, 166, 184,
186
Larv, larvar 28, 66, 70, 72, 74, 77, 80, 82, 88,
145, 147, 150, 155, 163, 168, 185, 188, 189,
190, 197
Lipide, lipidic 25, 155, 156, 157, 158, 161,
162

245

M
Manipulare 133, 134, 140, 141
Mas corporal 13, 37, 71, 74, 76, 134,
144, 164, 170, 171, 174, 175, 176,
183, 193
Mascul 29, 33, 35, 40, 65, 69, 74, 75,
77, 78, 79, 81, 84, 88, 93, 128, 129,
132, 134, 135, 136, 139, 141, 152
Matur, maturare 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40,
41, 65, 69, 78, 79, 93, 110, 128, 129,
131, 132, 143, 151, 157, 184
Maturitate (sexual) 29, 35, 65, 69, 74,
75, 77, 78, 79, 82, 90, 108, 128, 131,
187, 217
McDonald - 197
Migraiune 25, 38, 51, 64, 65, 66, 69,
71, 72, 74, 76, 79, 81, 87, 88, 89, 90,
91 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 101, 108, 113
Minerale 89, 115, 116, 155, 159, 160,
161, 165
Morun 35, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 69,
70, 71, 72, 83, 85, 86, 87, 89, 92, 93,
94, 95, 97, 99, 100, 101, 103, 105,
106, 108, 109, 112, 113, 114, 115,
116, 117, 120, 122, 123, 127, 165,
169, 185, 190, 191, 208, 221
Mucus 2, 18, 19, 22
Mulgere 115, 132, 134, 139, 144, 153
N
Natural 35, 36, 40, 82, 83, 87, 88, 91,
92, 97, 98, 100, 102, 105, 112, 118,
127, 129, 132, 155, 165, 166, 168,
169, 184, 185, 186, 187, 189, 190,
191, 192, 193, 195, 196, 207, 209
Nisetru 1, 2, 35, 60, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71,
72, 83, 74, 85, 87, 89, 92, 94, 95, 98,
99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 105, 106,
109, 112, 114, 115, 116, 117, 119,
122, 123, 127, 146, 174, 185, 221
Nutrieni 26, 155

INDEX DE TERMENI

Nutritiv 30, 51, 80, 116, 155, 165, 167, 168,

169, 176, 177, 187
Nutriie 155, 156, 187
O
Ornamental 85, 196
Osetra 116, 117
Ovar, ovarian 26, 33, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 50,
128, 129, 130, 131, 136, 144, 151
Oviduct 33, 34, 40, 136
Ovocit 26, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 115, 129,
131, 132, 141, 143, 144, 221
Ovul, ovulaie 34, 35, 39, 40, 41, 115, 139,
140, 141, 144
Oxigen 30, 41, 89, 123, 132, 133, 138, 142,
163, 164, 184, 186, 192, 198, 199, 202, 203,
206, 208, 210, 211, 214, 215, 216, 219, 223,
224
P
Parcare 128, 132, 133, 134, 136, 139, 140,
152, 188
Pstrug 35, 61, 70, 71, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 90,
92, 95, 98, 100, 101, 104, 109, 112, 115, 116,
119, 120, 122, 127, 185, 191
Pescuit 63, 95, 98, 100, 102, 103, 105, 106,
107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 114, 118, 119,
120, 128, 138, 184, 195, 225
pH 124, 162
Piscicultor, piscicultur 160, 190, 192, 195,
224
Plancton, planctonofag 55, 96, 165
Policultur 118, 184, 194, 222, 223
Polyodon 53, 54, 55, 56, 61, 62, 194
Predezvoltare, predezvoltat 187, 188, 189,
190, 195, 196, 197, 198, 203, 231, 232
Primitiv 7, 11, 52, 107, 161
Producie, productivitate 40, 51, 96, 98, 109,
112, 118, 120, 155, 168, 183, 184, 185, 186,

246

187, 188, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194,

195, 201, 212, 213, 217, 221, 222,
223, 224
Protein, proteic 22, 26, 114, 115, 116,
118, 155, 157, 158, 159, 162, 165,
171, 175, 187
Protocol 138, 165, 169, 177
R
Recirculare 123, 125, 170, 171, 177,
200, 207, 208, 210, 211, 212, 213,
214, 215, 217, 218, 220, 222, 228,
230, 232
Race-way 199, 200, 201
Rme 168, 169
Recoltare 115, 116, 131, 136, 137, 140,
141, 143, 144, 145, 153, 168, 184,
189
Reproductor 88, 101, 102, 103, 104,
127, 128, 132, 133, 134, 138, 139,
140, 141, 151, 152, 187, 188, 232
Reproducere 25, 37, 51, 65, 66, 69, 72,
74, 77, 79, 82, 83, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91,
92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101,
102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 112,
127, 132, 133, 137, 138, 140, 187,
188
S
Salinitate 51, 89, 96, 123, 166
Semiintensiv 125, 183, 186, 187, 188,
192, 193, 194, 195, 222, 226
Sevruga 116, 117, 118
Sex, sexual 26, 29, 34, 35, 40, 65, 69,
74, 75, 77, 79, 82, 88, 90, 93, 128,
129, 130, 131, 132, 134, 135, 136,
139, 140, 141, 152, 187, 207, 212,
217
Sexare - 128
Superintensiv 170, 183, 189, 207, 212,
217, 221, 223, 229, 230

INDEX DE TERMENI

Staie (de incubaie) 105, 107, 188, 189, 196,

197, 198, 212
Sterilizare 196, 211, 212, 215, 220
Stimulare 135, 139, 147, 168, 190
Stomac 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 27, 31, 45, 57,
67, 161, 162, 167, 180
Stres 26, 126, 137, 141, 204, 222, 223
Sturion nord american 29, 122, 131, 163
Sturion siberian 80, 81, 82, 84, 115, 116, 122,
123, 159, 174, 207, 217, 218, 221, 224, 230

ip 61, 73, 74, 92

T
Temperatur 51, 64, 65, 66, 71, 72, 79, 82, 86,
89, 92, 93, 94, 99, 113, 122, 123, 125, 132,
133, 134, 138, 139, 142, 145, 146, 158, 164,
166, 174, 175, 192, 198, 200, 206, 207, 208,
214, 215, 221, 222, 223, 224
Tubifex 75, 167, 168, 170, 171, 172, 174, 181,
182, 189, 197
Turbiditate - 124
U
Ultraviolet, UV 125, 138, 196, 211, 212
V
Valvul spiral 21, 22, 54, 161, 162, 167, 180
Vitamine 116, 155, 159, 160, 165
Virus - 211
Viz 61, 73, 75, 76, 83, 84
Z
Zooplancton 190, 191, 194
Zoug- Weiss 138, 154, 197

247

SOLUII N ACVACULTUR

248