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Limite de funcii
43.4 Cazuri exceptate i neexceptate la operaii cu limite de funcii
I. n calculul limitelor de funcii se ntlnesc urmtoarele cazuri exceptate sau forme nedeterminate,
care se mai numesc i nedeterminri i se scriu simbolic astfel:
0
; 1 ; 0 0 ; 0 ; 0 .
; ;
0
II. n calculul limitelor de funcii se ntlnesc urmtoarele cazuri neexceptate , care nu cer eliminarea
nedeterminrilor, dar se calculeaz direct (nemijlocit).
Cazurile neexceptate se scriu simbolic astfel:
1
1
1
a
; 4)
;
1) 0 ; 2) 0, a R ; 3)
00
00
1
a
; 6)
sgn(a ) ( ) , a R ;
5)
0
00
a
sgn( a ) ( ), a R ; 8) ; 9) ;
7)
00
10) 0 ; 11) ( ) n ( 1) n ( ) ; 12) () ;
13) a () sgn( a ) ( ) ; 14) a , unde a R , (a este un numr real mrginit);
15) 0 0 ; 16) () () ( ) () ; 17) () () () ( ) ;
18)
sgn( a ) ( ), a R ;
a
x x0
x x0
x x0
x x0
ld (x0 ) f (x0 0) lim f (x) i ls (x0 ) f (x0 0) lim f (x) se numesc limite
xx0
x x0
x x0
x x0
f ( x) f ( x0 0) f ( x0 0)
egalitile xlim
x
0
(43.5)
2. Dac funcia f are limite laterale egale n punctul x 0 , adic f ( x0 0) f ( x 0 0) , atunci funcia f
f ( x) f ( x0 0) f ( x0 0) .
are limit n punctul x 0 i au loc egalitile xlim
x
0
lim f ( x) i lim f ( x) l s ( x0 ) l d ( x0 ) ;
1) Dac l s ( x0 ) l d ( x0 ) , atunci x
x
x x
0
lim f ( x) f ( x0 0) f ( x0 0) ;
x x0
3) Dac exist limitele laterale i ele sunt egale, adic l s ( x0 ) l d ( x0 ) l , atunci exist limita funciei f
f ( x) l .
n punctul x 0 i xlim
x
0
sin x
1;
x x0
x
1) lim
tgx
1;
x x0 x
2) lim
arcsin x
1;
x x0
x
3) lim
4) lim
x x0
arctgx
1.
x
1
x
1 x
1
) e ; 6) lim (1 ) x e 7) lim(1 x) e
x
x
x
x
x 0
Numrul e = 2,718281828459045268 este un numr iraional numit numrul lui Euler .
a x 1
ex 1
8) lim
9) lim
ln a , a 0 ;
1;
x 0
x 0
x
x
log a (1 x)
ln(1 x)
1 a 0, a 1
1;
10) lim
,
; 11) lim
x 0
x 0
x
x
ln a
5) lim (1
(1 x ) 1
12) lim
, R ;
x 0
x
14)
13)
ln x
lim n 1, n N
x 0 x
x 0
lim x n ln x 0, n N ;
x 0
x 0
a 0, pentru 0 a 1, aR
lim n
, n N
x0 x , pentru a 1, a R
x 0
x
15)
ex
, n N ;
x x n
16) lim
18)
lim x x 1 ;
x 0
x 0
x
, R ;
x e x
17) lim
1 cos x 1
;
x 0
2
x2
19) lim
1 cos 2 x
1 cos kx k 2
2
;
21)
.
lim
x 0
x 0
x2
2
x2
Remarc 1: Dac x 0 , atunci:
arcsin x x ; tg x x ; arctg x x ;
1) sin x x ;
2) sin kx kx ; arcsin kx kx ; tg kx kx ; arctg kx kx .
sin kx
arcsin kx
tgkx
arctgkx
1 ; b) lim
1 ; c) lim
1 ; d) lim
1.
3) a) lim
x 0
x 0
x 0 kx
x0
kx
kx
kx
20) lim
sin x x tg x , unde
x .
2
2
b) n caz general au loc urmtoarele formule pentru limite uzuale:
1 g ( x)
)
e , dac lim g ( x) ;
x
g ( x)
1 g ( x)
(1
)
e , dac lim g ( x) ;
2) xlim
x
g ( x)
(1
1) lim
x
g ( x) 0 ;
3) lim(1 g ( x )) g ( x ) e , dac lim
x 0
x 0
4) lim
x 0
a g ( x) 1
g ( x) 0 ;
ln a , a 0 i lim
x 0
g ( x)
e g ( x) 1
g ( x) 0 ;
1 , dac lim
x 0
x 0
g ( x)
log a (1 g ( x))
1
g ( x) 0 ;
6) lim
, a 0, a 1 i lim
x 0
x 0
g ( x)
ln a
ln(1 g ( x))
1 , dac lim g ( x) 0 ;
7) lim
x 0
x 0
g ( x)
5) lim
(1 g ( x)) 1
g ( x) 0 ;
, R i lim
x 0
x 0
g ( x)
sin g ( x )
1 , dac lim g ( x) 0 ;
9) lim
x 0
x 0
g ( x)
arcsin g ( x )
1 , dac lim g ( x) 0 ;
10) lim
x 0
x 0
g ( x)
8) lim
tg g ( x)
g ( x) 0 ;
1 , dac lim
x 0
0
g ( x)
11) xlim
x
12) lim
x 0
arctg g ( x )
1 , dac lim g ( x) 0 .
x 0
g ( x)
f ( x) f ( x0 ) .
egal cu valoarea funciei n acest punct: xlim
x
0
0,
pentru q 1
1)
pentru q 1
1,
, unde q R .
pentru q 1
,
nu exista, pentru q 1
lim q
x
x
m
m 1
... a 2 x 2 ax a 0 i
2) Dac x0 R i Pm ( x ) a m x a m 1 x
Pm ( x) lim (a m x a m 1 x
a) xlim
x
x x
m
Qk ( x) lim (bk x bk 1 x
b) xlim
x
x x
k
m 1
lim P ( x)
k 1
... a 2 x 2 ax a 0 ) Pm ( x 0 ) ;
... b2 x 2 bx b0 ) Qk ( x0 ) ;
m
P (x )
Pm ( x)
x x0
m 0 , dac Qk ( x0 ) 0 ;
c) xlim
x0 Q ( x )
lim Qk ( x) Qk ( x0 )
k
x x0
Pm ( x) lim (a m x m ) a m () sgn(a m ) ( ) ;
d) xlim
x
0, pentru m k
a
m
Pm ( x) am x m , pentru m k
e) lim
lim bk
x Q ( x) x b x k
k
k
, pentru m k i a b 0
m k
, pentru m k i am bk 0
0, pentru m k
a
m
Pm ( x) am x m , pentru m k
f) lim
lim bk
x Q ( x) x b x k
k
k
, pentru m k i a b 0
m k
, pentru m k i am bk 0
3) a) lim
x 0
x 0
;
2 n 1
b) lim
x 0
x 0
1
x
2 n 1
; c) lim
1
x
2 n 1
0 , n N ;
1
1
;
e) lim 2 n 0 , n N .
2n
x
x
x
x
lim a x , dac a>1;
4) a) xlim
a
=
0,
dac
a>1;
b)
x
d) lim
x 0
c) xlim
ax = 0, dac 0 < a < 1;
ln x ln x 0 , x 0 0 ;
6) a) xlim
x
ln x ;
b) xlim
c)
lim ln x .
lg x lg x0 , x 0 0 ;
7) a) xlim
x
lg x ; c)
b) xlim
lim lg x .
x 0
x 0
x 0
x 0
tg x
tg x tg x 0 , x n, n Z ; b) lim
8) a) xlim
;
x 0
x0
2
2
ctg x ctg x 0 , x n, n Z ;
9) a) xlim
x
0
c)
lim tg x
x 0
2
arctg x arctg x0 , x0 R ;
10) a) xlim
x
0
arcctg x arcctg x0 , x0 R ;
11) a) xlim
x
0
; c) lim arctg x .
x
2
2
arcctg x 0 ; c) lim arcctg x .
b) xlim
x
b) lim arctg x
x
Remarc: Pentru determinarea i reinerea limitelor din punctele 3) 11) se aplic reprezentrile grafice
(graficele) ale funciilor respective.