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1
2
Ciorn
a cu calculele esentiale.
Problema 1)
2 6 2 0
2 1 3 5
i)
1
, rank: 2 , rank: 2 dimR X1 = dimR X2 = 2;
2 0 1
2 1 3 5
2 6 2 0 2 6 2 0
2 1 3 5 2 1 2 3 3 5
ii)
1
, rank: 2 =
2 0 1 1 2 1 1 0 1
2 1 3 5 2 1 3 5
dimR (X1 + X2 ) = dimR (X1 X2 ) = 2;
iii) Avem (0, 0, 0, 0) = (0, 0, 0, 0) + (0, 0, 0, 0)
= (2, 3, 0, 3) + (2, 3, 0, 3)
Problema 2)
i) a + bX + cX 2 X=7 = a + 7b + 49c
2
a + bX + cX 2 dX = 2a + 2b + 83 c
0
1 7 49 1 7
8 , rank: 2, column basis: ,
2 2 3
2 2
119
18
, nullspace basis: 143 c 119 143 X + X 2 , c R
18 18 18
1
ker S = span 119 18
143
18
X + X 2 si Im S = span ({(1, 2) , (7, 2)}) = R2 .
13 25 18
ii) det = 2 36 + 324, roots: .
1 23 18
5 25 2 = 0 0 2 = 20 = 2
B18 = dim ker U18 = 2 1 = 1 = 2 B18 dim ker U18
1 5 0 0
5 25 x1 0 5t2 0 0 x1 0 t1
= , Solution is: = , Solution is:
1 5 x2 0 t2 0 0 x2 0 t2
De unde Ct i Vectori
ker U182 ker U 2 1 = 1 v1 = (0, 1)
18
ker U18 {(0, 0)} 1 0 = 1 v2 = U18 (v1 ) = (25, 5)
1 1
25 0 25 0 0
C= C 1 = = 25
1
5 1 5 1 5 1
1
0 13 25 25 0 18 1
J = C 1 AC = 25 = sau
1 1 1 23 5 1 0 18
5 1
13 25 25 0 18 1 0
= 25 .
1 23 5 1 0 18 15 1
y 13 25
iii) Forma matriceal a este x = Ax, unde x = ,A= .
z 1 23
25 0 18 1
Metoda 1. Aducem A la forma canocic a A = CJC 1 , unde C = ,J = .
5 1 0 18
v1 v1 = 18v1 + v2
Not am v = C 1 x, cu v = si obt inem sistemul v = Dv adic a . Solutia gene-
v2 v2 = 18v2
v1 (t) = c1 e18t + c2 te18t
ral
a a sistemului este , cu t R. Avem x = Cv. Revenind la sistemul dat avem
v2 (t) = c2 e18t
18t 18t
y (t) = 25c1 e + 25c2 te
, cu t R si c1 , c2 constante reale fixate.
z (t) = (5c1 + c2 ) e18t + 5c2 te18t
13 25 18
Metoda 2. PA () = det (A I2 ) = = 2 36 + 324, roots: .
1 23 18
18t 18t
y (t) = ae + bte
Caut solutia general a de forma . Calculam
z (t) = ce18t + dte18t
(18a + b) e18t + 18bte18t (13a + 25c) e18t + (13b + 25d) te18t
x = 18t 18t , Ax = 18t 18t si obtinem
(18c + d) e + 18dte (a + 23c) e + (b + 23d) te
13a + 25c = 18a + b
13b + 25d = 18b y (t) = (5c d) e18t + 5dte18t
sistemul cu solut ia [a = 5c, b = d]. Rezult a , cu t R
a + 23c = 18c + d z (t) = ce18t + dte18t
b + 23d = 18d
si c, d constante reale fixate.