1

ANGRENAJE

MM ML M a M c
t t
C
Figura 1.1.a b

MM
n TM C t t
C
ML
Figura 1.1.b Figura 1.2.a Figura 1.2.b
n
O
O1 Mt1 Mt
n
n1

Fn

n2 CREMALIERA
v
Mt2 F (roata cu numar infinit de dinti)
Figura 1.3.a O2 Figura 1.3.b
r (AIR)
r (AIR)
?1 ?1
r
(AIR) ?2
r
?1
r
?2
r
?2
Figura 1.4.a Figura 1.4.b Figura 1.4.c

r
?1

r
?2

(AIR)

Figura 1.6.a Figura 1.6.b Figura 1.6.c

I II
I ROTI ELICOIDALE Figura 1.5

II ROTI HIPOIDE
Capul dintelui Linia flancului
γ′1 c1′
rw2
n1 n2
c′2
O1 γ′1′c′′ O2
1
flanc
rw1
c ′2′
Profilul dintelui Flancul dintelui

Piciorul dintelui
rw1,2 – razele cercurilor de rostogolire

Figura 1.7.a Figura 1.7.b

 2

O2
ω2
T vQn 1 = v nQ2
N
rω2 R2
ϕ2 v tQ2
K2
Q ϕ2 ϕ1 v Q2
v tQ1
v Q1
K1 (C′2 )
(C′1 )

N
T rω1 N-N Normala comuna a flancurilor
ϕ1 R1
T-T Tangenta comuna la flancuri

ω1

Figura 1.8
O1 rω1 ω1

(1) C′1 A C′1′

(2)
B
C
D
E

ω2 rω2
Figura 1.9 Figura 1.10
rb
rx = (1.1)
cos α x
r b ⋅ (θ x + α x ) = r b ⋅ tgα x (1.2)
θ x = tgα x − α x (1.3)
invα x = tgα x − α x (1.4)
ρ x = TX = rb ⋅ tgα x (1.5)

pb
px = (1.6)
cos α x
ω1 r w2 rb2
i1− 2 = = = = ct. (1.7)
ω 2 r w1 rb1
r b1 r
cos α w = = b2 (1.8)
rw1 rw 2
A B C D E

(n)
(n-1) (n+1)

angrenare bipara angrenare unipara angrenarebipara

Figura 1.11
 3

N T
X t

αx Fn
rω1
T N N
C αx rω2

rx
X0 ruleta t
θx
T
αx px
Figura 1.13

rb O
rx
N

pb rb

Figura 1.12 Figura 1.14

O1
rω1 N
rb1
αω
K1
αω
C
t t
X
K2
αω
rb2

N rω2
O2
Figura 1.15

B
hoa
pO s
e

ho

hof
χ
df d

da
Figura 1.16
 4

Modulul m poate fi obtinut din relatiile po ⋅ z = π ⋅ d, respectiv m = p / π si m = d /z. Valorile modulului sunt standardizate
prin STAS 822 – 82. Modulul standardizat permite reducerea numarului sculelor de danturat si asigura interschimbabilitatea rotilor
dintate. La roti dintate cilindrice cu dantura dreapta si la cele cu dantura înclinata, modulul standardizat se regaseste într-un plan
normal pe dinte. La roti conice, modulul standardizat este modulul maxim. La angrenaje melcate, modulul axial este cel care se
standardizeaza. Având aceasta marime se mai pot calcula:
- diametrul de divizare d = m ⋅ z;
- diametrul de cap d a = d + 2 ⋅ h oa;
- diametrul de picior d f = d - 2 ⋅ h of;
- înaltimea capului dintelui h oa = h oa* ⋅ m;
- înaltimea piciorului dintelui h of = h of* ⋅ m;
- înaltimea dintelui h o = h oa + h of;
- înaltimea de referinta a capului dintelui h oa* = 1;
- înaltimea piciorului dintelui h of* = 1,25.
Cercul de divizare este un cerc de rostogolire la prelucrare.
Elementele geometrice ale danturii drepte sunt definite de profilul standardizat numit cremaliera de referinta (STAS 821 –
82). Negativul acestui profil se numeste cremaliera generatoare care se materializeaza prin taisul activ, drept, al sculelor de danturat.
Ambele cremaliere sunt reprezentate în figura 1.17.
În figura 1.17 identificam urmatoarele elemente geometrice importante:
po
p o /2 p o /2
cremaliera
αo generatoare
h oa

linia de referinta
ho

ro
h of

Figura 1.17 co
- unghiul profilului de referinta αo = 20°;
- pasul de referinta p o = π ⋅ m; cremaliera de referinta
- înaltimea capului de referinta h oa = h oa ⋅ m;
*

- înaltimea piciorului de referinta = h of* ⋅ m;

- jocul de referinta la cap co = c o * ⋅ m;
- înaltimea dintelui de referinta h o = h oa + h of,
în care: hoa* = 1; hof* = 1,25; co * = 0,25. Se remarca faptul ca muchiile sculelor aschietoare sunt drepte, ceea ce înseamna ca
sunt cele mai ieftine cu putinta.

+
d +a
0
h +a
d oa + xm
d a−
- xm
h oa h +f
h −a h of Linia de referinta
h −f
a cremalierei generatoare
+ d
d
− d of f
df
db Figura 1.18
π
s0 = m ⋅ (1.9)
2
π 
s − = s 0 − 2 ⋅ x ⋅ m ⋅ tgα 0 ; s − = m ⋅  − 2 ⋅ x ⋅ tgα 0  (1.10)
2 
π 
s + = s 0 + 2 ⋅ x ⋅ m ⋅ tgα 0 ; s + = m ⋅  + 2 ⋅ x ⋅ tgα 0  (1.11)
2 
π
ε0 = m ⋅ (1.12)
2
π 
e − = e 0 + 2 ⋅ x ⋅ m ⋅ tgα 0 ; e − = m ⋅  + 2 ⋅ x ⋅ tgα 0  (1.13)
2 
 5

π 
e + = e 0 − 2 ⋅ x ⋅ m ⋅ tgα 0 ; e + = m ⋅  − 2 ⋅ x ⋅ tgα 0  (1.14)
2 

Tabelul 1.1
DANTURA PLUS DANTURA ZERO DANTURA MINUS
h a+ = m ⋅ (h oa* + x) h oa = m ⋅ h oa* = m h a- = m ⋅ (h oa* - x)
h f+ = m ⋅ (h of* - x) ho f = m ⋅ h oa* = 1,25 ⋅ m h f- = m ⋅ (h of* + x)
h + = h a+ + h f+ =2,25⋅m h o = m ⋅ (h oa* + h of* ) =2,25⋅m h - = h a- + h f- =2,25⋅m
d=m⋅z d=m⋅z d=m⋅z
d w + = d ⋅ cosαo / cosαw dw = d d w - = d ⋅ cosαo / cosαw
d a+ = d + 2 ⋅ h a+ d a = d + 2 ⋅ h oa d a- = d + 2 ⋅ h a-
d f+ = d - 2 ⋅ h f+ d f = d - 2 ⋅ h of d f- = d - 2 ⋅ h f-

C
hoa

αo
K1 F evolventa

αo d1
r1 = non-
2
evolventa

rb1 Dinte subtaiat

Figura 1.19.a O1 Figura 1.19.b

α 20 α2
h 0a = CK 1 ⋅ sin α 0 = d1 ⋅ sin = m ⋅ z1min ⋅ sin 0 (1.15)
2 2
*
h h 2
z 1min = 2 ⋅ 0a ⋅ sin α 20 = 2 ⋅ 0a 2 = (1.16)
m sin α 0 sin α 20
Pentru unghiul de referinta αo = 20° standardizat, se obtine numarul minim teoretic de dinti al
(1.17)
unei roti care se poate prelucra fara subtaiere si anume: z 1min ≅ 17 dinti
5
z 1min practic = ⋅ z1min ≅ 14 dinti (1.18)
6
d b1
d A1 = (1.19)
cos α A1
d b2
dE2 = (1.20)
cos α E 2

tgα A1 = 2 ⋅ π ⋅
(ε a − ε 2 )
(1.21)
z1

tgα E2 = 2 ⋅ π ⋅
(εa − ε 2 )
(1.22)
z2
ε α = ε1 + ε 2 − ε a (1.23)

(d )
1
2
− d 2b1 2
(1.24)
ε1 = a1
2 ⋅ π ⋅ m ⋅ cos α 0

(d )
1
− d 2b2 2
2
(1.25)
ε2 = a2
2 ⋅ π ⋅ m ⋅ cos α 0
 6

sin α 0
εa = a ⋅ (1.26)
π ⋅ m ⋅ cos α 0
O1
O1

αw d b1
2 rl1 K1
rA1
K1
dE 1 dA2
A
2
E
d
A1,2
C
E1,2 K2 rE2
r12

a
dE2
2
K2
dA2
2 Figura 1.21.a
O2

d b2
2 αw curba dupa care se
produce uzarea daca
exista interferenta
Figura 1.20 Figura 1.21.b

O2 (coarda) gx sx cerc de vârf

cerc de cap
s sw d
sa
oarecare
E
cerc de
F rostogolire
δx
cerc de
G divizare
sb cerc de
αv baza
αa
r
αx rw rx ra
rb rv
αo
inv α v

inv α x
Figura 1.22
1
2 2
 
d l 1, 2 = d b1,2 ⋅ 1 +  tgα 0 − 2 ⋅
(1 − x1, 2 )   (1.27)
 
  z1, 2 ⋅ cos α 0 ⋅ sin α 0  

 7

dA1 ≥ dl 1 (1.28)
dE2 ≥ dl 2 (1.29)
(z − z ) ;
x nec = min z < z min si z min = 17 (1.30)
z min
sx
= r x ⋅ invα v − rx ⋅ invα x (1.31)
2
s d = 2 ⋅ r ⋅ (invα v − invα 0 ) (1.32)
cos α 0
rw = r ⋅ (1.33)
cos α w
cos α 0
rx = r ⋅ (1.34)
cos α x
p π 
s +d = s + = 0 + 2 ⋅ x ⋅ m ⋅ tgα 0 = m ⋅  + 2 ⋅ x ⋅ tgα 0  (1.35)
2 2 
π 
2 ⋅ r ⋅ (invα v − invα 0 ) = m ⋅  + 2 ⋅ x ⋅ tgα 0  (1.36)
 2 
1 π 
invα v = ⋅  + 2 ⋅ x ⋅ tgα 0  + invα 0 (1.37)
z 2 
 π  
  + 2 ⋅ x ⋅ tgα 0  
 2  
s x = 2 ⋅ rx ⋅  + invα 0 − invα x  (1.38)
 z 
 
 π  
  + 2 ⋅ x ⋅ tgα 0  
 2  
 + invα 0 − invα x 
 z  (1.39)
 
s x = m ⋅ z ⋅ cos α 0 ⋅
cos α x
sin (invα v − invα x )
g x = 2 ⋅ r x ⋅ sin δ x = 2 ⋅ rb ⋅ (1.40)
cos α x
cos α 0 cos α 0
p w1 = p w 2 = p w = p 0 ⋅ = π⋅m ⋅ (1.41)
cos α w cos α w
 π  
  + 2 ⋅ x1 ⋅ tgα 0  
 2   1
s w1 = m ⋅ z1 ⋅ cosα 0 ⋅  + invα 0 − invα w  ⋅ (1.42)
 z1  cosα w
 
 π  
  − 2 ⋅ x 2 ⋅ tgα 0  
 2   1
ew2 = m ⋅ z 2 ⋅ cos α 0 ⋅  − invα 0 + invα w  ⋅ (1.43)
 z2  cos α w
 

x1 + x 2 = (z1 + z 2 ) ⋅
(invα w − invα 0 ) ⋅ tgα (1.44)
0
2
a 0 = r1 + r2 = m ⋅
(z1 + z 2 ) (1.45)
2
a = rw1 + rw 2 = m ⋅
(z1 + z 2 ) ⋅ cosα 0
(1.46)
2 cos α w
c = a − (ra1 − rf 2 ) sau c = a − (ra 2 − rf 1 ) (1.47)
 cos α 0 
c = a 0 ⋅  − 1 + c 0 − m ⋅ (x 1 + x 2 ) (1.48)
 cos α w 
vQ1 = K1Q ⋅ ω1 = ρ 1 ⋅ ω1
t
(1.49)
vQt 2 = K 2 Q ⋅ ω2 = ρ 2 ⋅ ω 2 (1.50)
va = v tQ1 − vtQ2 ; va = ρ1 ⋅ ω1 − ρ 2 ⋅ ω 2 (1.51)
va = ± q ⋅ (ω1 + ω2) (1.52)
 8

z min − z
x min = (1.53)
z min

x1 + x 2 = (z1 + z 2 ) ⋅
(invα w − invα 0 )
(1.54)
2 ⋅ tgα 0
a 0 ⋅ cos α 0
cos α w = (1.55)
a
ra1
1 rw1
O1 rf1
c

2
rb1 v Q1 vQ2
Figura 1.23 αω
∆a
t
v tQ 2 v Q1
ω1
∆h a

A C Q E
K1 K2
v nQ1 = v nQ2

v Q1 ⊥ O1Q
Figura 1.25.a v Q2 ⊥ O 2 Q
rb2
rf2 q
ra2
rw2 αω
∆h f

∆f ω2
dA ρ1 ρ2
a⋅sinαω
Figura 1.25.b

O2

v tC1 + (v )
t
Q1 max

(v )
t
Q 2 max
− v tC 2
Figura 1.25.c Figura 1.24

x,
(sa)min x1 + x2
2
ρ” 2 Portanta
ρ’ x2
xm creste
ρ’>ρ x1
ρ→∞
1 ε creste
rb
zm
z1 z2 z, ze
0 10 z1 + z 2
2
-1
Figura 1.27 Figura 1.28
 9

βw1

d w1
βw1 =βw1 =βw

d w2
Figura 1.29
l=B/cosβ w βw2

βo
Figura 1.30 n
β w1

pn
B

B
Figura 1.31 f f
n
elipsa t n t
cerc pt B/tgβ o
d/2
Figura 1.32.a

βo
hon αon = 20º

ρ n
d 1
⋅ =b
2 cosβ 0
d
=a
Figura 21.33 Figura 1.32.b
pn /2
pn
pt = (1.56)
cos β 0
mn
mt = (1.57)
cos β 0
pn p
h 0n = h 0 t = ⋅ tgα 0n = t ⋅ cos β 0 ⋅ tgα 0n ; α 0 n = α 0 = 20° (1.58)
2 2
tgα 0n
tgα 0t = (1.59)
cos β 0
h 0a = h *0a ⋅ m n ; h *0a = 1 pentru x = 0 (1.60)
h 0f = ⋅ mn ;
h *0f h*0f = 1, 25 pentru x = 0 (1.61)
h 0 = h 0a + h 0f (1.62)
2
b d z
ρ= = ; ρ = mt ⋅ (1.63)
a 2 ⋅ cos2 β 0 2 ⋅ cos 2 β 0
z ech
ρ = mn ⋅ (1.64)
2 ⋅ cos 3 β 0
z
z ech = (1.65)
cos3 β 0
Date de intrare pentru calculul angrenajului: z1 si z2 ; mn (standardizat, dupa ce a fost predimensionat din calculul la
obosela prin încovoiere la piciorul dintelui); β0 ; aw (valoare impusa prin standardizare, dupa predimensionarea la solicitarea de
oboseala superficiala de contact); h0a* =1; c0 * = 0,25; α0 n = 20°.
Marimi calculate :
• Distanta de referinta dintre axe pentru angrenajul fara deplasare de profil:
(z + z 2 )
a = mn ⋅ 1 (1.66)
2 ⋅ cos β 0
• Unghiul de presiune de referinta în plan frontal:
tgα n
α t = arctg (1.67)
cos β 0
 10

• Unghiul real de angrenare în plan frontal, cu respectarea distantei impuse dintre axe (a w ), necesitând deplasarea danturii:
a ⋅ cos α t
α w t = arccos (1.68)
aw
• Numerele de dinti ale rotilor echivalente:
z1, 2
z n1, 2 = (1.69)
cos3 β 0
• Suma coeficientilor deplasarilor de profil în plan normal:

( )
z + z2
x n1 + x n 2 = inv α w t − inv α t ⋅ 1
2 ⋅ tgα n
(1.70)

• Coeficientii minimi ai deplasarilor de profil în plan normal, pentru evitarea subtaierii:

x n1 min =
(17 − z n1 ) si x n 2 min =
(17 − z n2 ) (1.71)
17 17
cu verificarile: xn 1 ≥ xn 1 min , respectiv xn 2 min ≥ xn 2. (1.72)
• Diametrele cercurilor de divizare:
d 1,2 = mn ⋅ z1 ,2 (1.73)
• Diametrele cercurilor de baza:
d b 1,2 = d 1,2 ⋅ cosαt (1.74)
• Diametrele cercurilor de rostogolire:
cos α t
d w 1,2 = d1, 2 ⋅ (1.75)
cos α w t
• Diametrele cercurilor de picior:

d f 1,2 = m n ⋅ 
 z1, 2
( ) 
− 2 ⋅ h*0a + c *0 − x n1, 2  (1.76)
 cosβ 0 
• Diametrele cercurilor de cap:

d a 1, 2 = m n ⋅ 
 z1, 2
( ) 
+ 2 ⋅ h *0a + x n1, 2  (1.77)
 cos β 0 
• Arcul dintelui pe cercul de divizare în plan normal si în plan frontal:
s n 1,2 = mn ⋅ (0,5 ⋅ π + 2 ⋅ xn 1,2 ⋅ tgαn ) (1.78)
s t 1,2 = sn 1,2 / cosβ0 (1.79)
• Unghiul de presiune al profilului pe cercurile de cap în plan frontal:
 cos α t 
α a t 1, 2 = arccos d1, 2 ⋅ (1.80)
 d a1, 2 

• Unghiul de înclinare a danturii pe cilindrii de cap:
 tgβ 0 
β a 1, 2 = arctg d a 1, 2 ⋅ (1.81)
 d 1,2 

• Arcul dintelui pe cercul de cap în plan normal si în plan frontal:
π 
 2 ± 2 ⋅ x 1, 2 ⋅ tg α n 
s a n1, 2 = d a 1,2 ⋅  ± (inv α t − inv α n ) (1.82)
 z1, 2 
 
s a t1, 2
s a n1, 2 = (1.83)
cosβ a1, 2
• Pentru a nu se produce ruperea vârfurilor dintilor este necesar ca:
s an1,2 ≥ s an min în care s a n min = 0,25 ⋅ mn , pentru oteluri de îmbunatatire si s a n min = 0,4 ⋅ mn , pentru oteluri durificate. (1.84)
• Verificarea gradului de acoperire:

[( ) ( ) ]
ε α = da21 − d 2b1 + d 2a 2 − d 2b 2 − 2 ⋅ a w ⋅ sin α wt ⋅
cos β 0
2 ⋅ π ⋅ m n ⋅ cos α t
(1.85)

sin β 0
εβ = B ⋅ (1.86)
π ⋅ mn
ε γ = εα + εβ (1.87)
εγ ≥ 1,1…1,3 (1.88)
• Latimea rotii conduse si a rotii conducatoare:
B2 = ψd ⋅ d 1 (1.89)
 11

B1 = B2 + (5mm…30mm) (1.90)
• Diametrul începutului evolventic:
1
 
 
= d b1, 2 ⋅ 1 +  tgα t −  2 ⋅
(1 − x n1, 2 )
 

2 2
(1.91)
d l1, 2
  
   z 1, 2 sin α t ⋅ cos α t
⋅  
 
• Diametrul începutului angrenarii si diametrul sfârsitului angrenarii:
d b1 d b2
d A1 = si d E2 = (1.92)
cos α A1 cos α E 2

în care: tgα A1 = 2 ⋅ π ⋅
(ε a − ε 2 )
(1.93)
z1

tgα E 2 = 2 ⋅ π ⋅
(ε a − ε1 )
(1.94)
z2
a w ⋅ sin α w t
εa = (1.95)
π ⋅ m t ⋅ cos α t

(d )
1
2
a1 − d 2b1 2
(1.96)
ε1 =
2 ⋅ π ⋅ m t ⋅ cosα t

(d )
1
2
a2 − d 2b 2 2
(1.97)
ε2 =
2 ⋅ π ⋅ m t ⋅ cos α t
• Cu aceste precizari, verificarea interferentei devine:
dA1 ≥ dl 1 (1.98)
dE2 ≥ dl 2 (1.99)
d l 1,2 ≥ 0 (1.100)
• Verificarea jocului la picior:

c1, 2 = a −
(
d f 1(2) + d a 2(1) ) (1.101)
2
c1,2 ≥ 0,1 ⋅ mn (1.102)
conuri de
rostogolire
δ

δ1 δ δ

δ2

δ = 90° δ < 90° δ > 90°

axa instantanee de rotatie
Figura 1.34

Dantura dreapta Dantura paloida (în Dantura eloida Dantura în arc de cerc
evolventa) (hipocicloida GLEASON
KLINGELNBERG sau epicicloida)
Figura 1.35

h 0a = h *0an ⋅ m; h *0an = 1 (1.103)

h 0f = h *0fn ⋅ m; h *0fn = 1, 25 (1.104)
h 0 = h 0a + h 0f = 2,25 (1.105)
d 1,2 = m ⋅ z1,2 (1.106)
 12

dm1,2 = mm ⋅ z1,2 (1.107)

dm = d – B ⋅ sin δ1 (1.108)
 B 
dm = d ⋅  1 − ⋅ R  (1.109)
 2 
 1
De regula, B / R = 1 / 3, astfel încât: d m = d ⋅ 1 −  (1. 110)
 6
m
mm = 5 ⋅ (1.111)
6
d a1, 2 = d1 ,2 + 2 ⋅ h 0 a ⋅ cos δ 1, 2 (1.112)
d f 1, 2 = d 1,2 + 2 ⋅ h 0 f ⋅ cos δ1, 2 (1.113)
d1, 2 d m1, 2
R 1, 2 = ⋅ sin δ 1, 2 ; R 1 = R 2 = R ; R m1, 2 = ⋅ sin δ 1, 2 (1.114)
2 2
R 1, 2 = R1 ,2 − B1, 2 ; B1 = B 2 = B (1.115)
h 0a
tgθ a1, 2 = (1.116)
R 1, 2
h 0f
tgθ f 1, 2 = (1.117)
R1, 2

b) c)
a)

conul de baza
(roata de prelucrat)
roata prelucrata
roata plana generatoare
Figura 1.37
Figura 1.36

δ
θ1 con frontal
exterior
δf1 δ a1 con frontal
θ2 δ1 median
R Rm2 Ri2 δ2 dm1 con frontal
δf2 interior
θa2 δ a2
θf2

=
B df1
=
dm2 d1
h0a da1

h0 h0f

df2
d2
da2
Figura 1.38
 13

O R
R
δ1
δ2 OV

OV

OV rV1

rV2
OV Figura 1.39
n d z 2 ⋅ R 2 ⋅ sin δ 2 sin δ 2
i1, 2 = 1 = 1 = 2 = = (1.118)
n 2 d 2 z1 2 ⋅ R 1 ⋅ sin δ 1 sin δ 1
1
i1, 2 = = tgδ 2 (1.119)
tgδ1
r1, 2
r v1, 2 = (1.120)
cosδ1, 2
z1, 2
z v1, 2 = (1.121)
cosδ1, 2

Linie de
contact teoretic

Linie reala de
contact

Fisura
Rupere de coltstatica Dizlocare prin oboseala
(daca dintele este drept)
Figura 1.40 Figura 1.41 Figura 1.42

Alunecare

Ulei Rostogolire
Figura 1.43.a Figura 1.43.b Figura 1.44
M t1, 2
Fr1, 2 = 2⋅ (1.122)
d w1, 2
Fr1, 2 = Ft1, 2 ⋅ tgα w (1.123)
Ft1, 2 Ft1, 2
Fn1, 2 = , respectiv Fn1, 2 = (1.124)
cos α w cos α 0
 14

M t1, 2
Ft1, 2 = 2 ⋅ (1.125)
d w1, 2
tgα 0n
Fr1, 2 = Ft 1, 2 ⋅ = Ft 1,2 ⋅ tgα t , în care α 0 n = α 0 = 20° (1.126)
cos β 0
Fa1, 2 = Ft 1, 2 ⋅ tgβ 0 (1.127)
Ft1, 2
Fn1, 2 = ⋅ cos α 0 n (1.128)
cos β 0
M t1, 2
Ft1, 2 = 2 ⋅ (1.129)
d m1, 2

Fr1 = Fa 2 = Ft1, 2 ⋅ tg α 0 ⋅ cos δ 1 (1.130)

Fa1 = Fr 2 = Ft1, 2 ⋅ tg α 0 ⋅ sin δ 1 (1.131)

Ft 1, 2
Fn1,2 = (1.132)
cos α 0

Mt1

rw1
(r1 ) Fr
d
Fr
Fn αw
(α 0 ) β0

Ft
T T Ft Fte
C
β0
Fn
Fa Fte
rw2
(r2 ) re

Mt2
Figura 1.45 Figura 1.46

Tabelul 1.2
Caracteristica masinii conduse
Caracteristica Soc moderat
masinii Uniforma Soc puternic
(transportor cu banda cu sarcina
motoare (agitator de lichid, ventilator (presa mecanica, concasor,
variata moderat, ma laxor,
centrifugal) compresor cu un cilindru)
masina-unealta)
Uniforma (motor electric,
1 1,25 > 1,75
turbina)
Soc moderat (motor cu ardere
1,25 1,5 >2
inerna cu 4 ÷ 6 cilindrii)
Soc puternic (motor cu ardere
1,5 1,75 > 2,25
inerna cu 1 ÷ 3 cilindrii)
 15

Fr1 F′

δ1

δ2

Fr2 Fa1

Ft Fn
F′

αon
F′
Fa2 Ft

0,5⋅µ⋅Fn Figura 1. 47
Distributie reala de sarcina
Distributie
z2 medie de sarcina
Fn

z1
µ⋅Fn

Fn
µ⋅Fn 0,5⋅µ⋅Fn B
Arbori purtatori
Dinti conjugati fara
necoplanari
încarcare Dinti conjugati sub
Figura 1.48
sarcina
Figura 1.49.a Figura 1.49.b Figura 1.49.c
Pf = Ff ⋅ v a = µ ⋅ Fn ⋅ CX ⋅ (ω1 + ω 2 ) (1.133)

Cum CX =
(CE + CA ) = ε ⋅ pb
α (ω + ω 2 )
, rezulta: Pf = µ ⋅ Fn ⋅ ε α ⋅ p b ⋅ 1 (1.134)
mediu 2 4 4
 ω2 
1 + 
 ω 
Pf  1  (1.135)
M f1 = = µ ⋅ Fn ⋅ ε α ⋅ p b ⋅
ω1 4
π  1 1 
ΨA = ⋅ µ ⋅ ε α ⋅  + 
 (1.136)
2  z1 z2 
η = 1 − ΨA (1.137)
π 1 1 
η = 1− ⋅ µ⋅ εα ⋅  + 
 (1.138)
2  z1 z 2 
Tabelul 1.3
Tipul angrenajului Coeficientul mediu de frecare
Angrenaje uzuale din oteluri de îmbunatatire 0,08…0,10

Angrenaje din oteluri durificate cu dantura rectificata unse cu uleiuri aditivate 0,04…0,07

Angrenaje care functioneaza în medii deschise 0,12…0,16

 16

wma KHβ 1
HB > 3500 MPa 2
3
1,5
4
5
wm
B
Ψd =
d1
1
Pata ideala de contact Pata reala de contact
0 0,5 1
Figura 1.50 a Figura 1.50 b Figura 1.51
w
K F sau Hβ = max > 1 (1.139)
w med
Tabelul 1.4
Duritatea Pozitia rotii fata de lagare ψd
Pinion rezemat simetric 1,0…1,3
HB < 3500 MPa Pinion rezemat asimetric 0,7…0,9
Pinion în consola 0,5…0,6
Pinion rezemat simetric 0,5
HB > 3500 MPa Pinion rezemat asimetric 0,4
Pinion în consola 0,3

b
c(t)
E
cb j
D f(t)
C Fn K
Fn
B
A 0,5⋅Fn

Figura 1.52 Figura 1.53 Figura 1.54

FnA = FnE = Kα ⋅ Fn (1.140)
Fn
(1.141)
cz = B
f
1 1 1
= + (1.142)
c z c z1 c z 2

cz1 cz2 cz n, n-1 cz n, n+1

cz1 cz real

cz cz n
A B C D E A B C D E A B C D E A B C D E
Variatia rigiditatii unui dinte Variatia rigiditatii unei Variatia rigiditatii perechilor Variatia rigiditatii tinând
perechi de dinti succesive de dinti cont de amortizarea uleiului
Figura 1.55.a Figura 1.55.b Figura 1.55.c Figura 1.55.d
M t dinamic
K v =1+ (1.143)
M t nomin al
FnECalcul = FnEC = Fn C = Fn ⋅ K A ⋅ K α ⋅ K V ⋅ K Fβ (1.144)
 17

σF =
(F E
tC ⋅ hF )
 S 2F (1.145)
 B⋅ 
 6 

 cos α E  hF
σ F = FtCC ⋅  ⋅
 B ⋅ S2
 cos α 0  F
(1.146)
6
h  cos α E
YF = 6 ⋅  F ⋅
m   SF 
2
(1.147)
  ⋅ cos α 0
m
Ft 1,2 ⋅ K A ⋅ K α ⋅ K V ⋅ K F β ⋅ YF
σF = ≤ σ F p1, 2 (1.148)
B⋅ m
σ F lim ⋅ K F N ⋅ YF x ⋅ YS
σF p = (1.149)
sF

KV
dantura neflancata dinti drepti, 9-10, drepti
dantura flancata treapta 11-12 11-12, înclinati
7-8, drepti
2 9-10, înclinati
a) variatia încarcarii pe dinte 5-6, drepti
7-8, înclinati
1 dantura înclinata,
treapta 5-6
Figura 1.57.a v
KV
b) variatia sagetii dintelui dinti neflancati,
cu erori de
dinti neflancati,
fara erori de
executie
c) variatia rigiditatii danturii dinti
flancati,
Figura 1.56
n
0,85⋅n cr n cr 1½ ⋅n cr
FrCE FnC
Figura 1.57.b
αE
σ
C
α0 Ft EC YS
Ft C
KFN ⋅σF lim
FrCC 30° 30° hF 1,1
σF lim
1
FnC
0,9 ρ/mn
SF N
0 0,1 0,2 0,3
– σF Nred 107
Figura 1.59 Figura 1.60

indicele“c”=calcul +
Figura 1.58
K A ⋅ K α ⋅ K V ⋅ K F β ⋅ YF
(
m ≥ M t 1 ⋅ i1, 2 + 1 ⋅ )
 σ F lim  (1.150)
Ψa ⋅ a 2 ⋅   ⋅ YS ⋅ K F N ⋅ YF x

 sF 
Ft 1,2 ⋅ K A ⋅ K α ⋅ K V ⋅ K F β ⋅ YF
σF = ≤ σ F p 1, 2 (1.151)
B ⋅ mn
 18

K A ⋅ K α ⋅ K V ⋅ K F β ⋅ YF ⋅ Yβ
m n ≥ M t 1 ⋅ (i1, 2 + 1) ⋅
 σ F lim  (1.152)
Ψa ⋅ a 2 ⋅   ⋅ YS ⋅ K F N ⋅ YF x

 sF 
Ft 1,2 ⋅ K A ⋅ K α ⋅ K V ⋅ K F β ⋅ YF
σF = ≤ σ F p1, 2 (1.153)
B⋅mm
M t 1 ⋅ K A ⋅ K α ⋅ K V ⋅ K F β ⋅ YF ⋅ sin δ 1 (1.154)
mm ≥ 4 ⋅
 σ F lim 
ΨRm ⋅ d 2m1 ⋅   ⋅ YS ⋅ K F n ⋅ YF x

 sF 
1
 Fn C ⋅ E  2
σ H =  0,175 ⋅  (1.155)
 B ⋅ ρ 

sin α w tgα w
ρ1C = r w1 ⋅ sin α w = r1 ⋅ cos α 0 ⋅ = d1 ⋅ cos α 0 ⋅ (1.156)
cos α w 2
sin α w tgα w
ρ 2 C = rw 2 ⋅ sin α w = r2 ⋅ cos α 0 ⋅ = d 2 ⋅ cos α 0 ⋅ (1.157)
cos α w 2
1
= 2⋅
(i1,2 + 1)
(1.158)
ρ d1 ⋅ i1, 2 ⋅ cosα 0 ⋅ tgα w
1
 Ft 1, 2 ⋅ K A ⋅ K α ⋅ K V ⋅ K H β ⋅ (i1, 2 + 1) 2
σ H1, 2 = Z M 1, 2 ⋅ Z H ⋅   ≤ σ H p1, 2 (1.159)
 B ⋅ d1, 2 ⋅ i1, 2 
O1
•
rw1
α w K1
⋅•

FnC
B •
C ρ1C
E1 Fn C
ρ1

αw ρ2 C σH K1
σH K2 ⋅
• •
FnC
E2 rw2
•
ρ2
O2

B K2
•
Figura 1.61 Figura 1.62
M t1 ⋅ K A ⋅ K α ⋅ K V ⋅ K Hβ ⋅ Z 2M ⋅ Z 2H ⋅ s 2H
a min ≥ (i1, 2 + 1) ⋅ 3 (1.160)
2 ⋅ Ψa ⋅ i1, 2 ⋅ σ 2H lim ⋅ K 2HN ⋅ Z 2R ⋅ Z 2W
1
 Ft 1, 2 ⋅ K A ⋅ K α ⋅ K V ⋅ K Hβ ⋅ (i1,2 + 1)  2
σ H1, 2 = Z M ⋅ Z HC ⋅ Zε ⋅   ≤ σ H p1, 2 (1.161)
 B ⋅ d1,2 ⋅ i1,2 

M t 1 ⋅ K A ⋅ K α ⋅ K V ⋅ K Hβ ⋅ Z 2M ⋅ Z 2ε ⋅ s 2H
a min ≥ (i1,2 + 1) ⋅ 3 (1.162)
2 ⋅ Ψa ⋅ i1,2 ⋅ σ 2H lim ⋅ K 2HN ⋅ Z 2R ⋅ Z 2W
 19

1
 1 2
 Ft 1, 2 ⋅ K A ⋅ K V ⋅ K H β ⋅ (i v + 1) 2 
σ H1,2 = Z M ⋅ Z Hv ⋅  ≤ σ H p1, 2
(1.163)
B ⋅ d m v1 ⋅ i v
 
1
 M t 1 ⋅ K A ⋅ K V ⋅ K H β ⋅ Z 2M ⋅ Z 2Hv  3
d m1 ≥ 4 ⋅  (1.164)
 i1, 2 ⋅ Ψ Rm ⋅ σ 2H p 
Tabelul 1.5

β0 45° 50° 75° 86°

z1 7 6 4 1

roata roata
condusa globoidala
cilindrica melcata

melc melc
cilindric cilindric

Figura 1.63 Figura 1.64

roata melcata
globoidala

melc β1
globoidal γ1
Figura 1.66

z1 ⋅p x
d 01

Figura 1.65

h 0a γ01
h 0f h0 z1 ⋅p n

d0 da γ01
df
β0
π⋅d 0

px
γ01 Cilindru de referinta
Figura 1.67
Figura 1.68
 20

df1
d01
da1
ad

da2

da 2 max
d2
df2
L

Figura 1.69
p n = p x ⋅ cos γ 01 (1.165)
m n = m x ⋅ cos γ 01 (1.166)
d 01
ctgγ 01 = tgβ 0 = π ⋅ (1.167)
p x 1 ⋅ z1
d 01
ctgγ 01 = π ⋅ (1.168)
π ⋅ m x1 ⋅ z 1
d 01 = m x1 ⋅ z1 ⋅ ctgγ 01 (1.169)
d 01 = m ⋅ q (1.170)
q = z 1 ⋅ ctgγ 01 = z1 ⋅ tgβ 0 (1.171)
Tabelul 1.6
Q⇓ γ 01⇑ η⇑ d0 ⇓ B⇓
Q⇑ γ 01⇓ η⇓ d0 ⇑ B⇑
h 0a = h 0ax* ⋅ m = m (1.172)
⋅ m = 1,25 ⋅ m sau
h 0f = h 0fx* ⋅ m = 1,20 ⋅ m
h 0f = h 0fx* (1.173)
h 0 = (h 0ax* + h 0fx* ) ⋅ m = 2,25 ⋅ m sau h 0 = (h 0ax* + h 0fx* ) ⋅ m = 2,20 ⋅ m (1.174)
Diametrul de referinta al melcului: d 01 = m ⋅ q (1.175)
Diametrul de cap al melcului: d a1 = d 01 + 2 ⋅ h 0a = m ⋅ (q + 2) (1.176)
Diametrul de picior al melcului: d f1 = d 01 - 2 ⋅ h 0f = m ⋅ (q – 2,5) (1.177)
Diametrul de divizare rostogolire al melcului:d w1 = d 1 = d 01 = m ⋅ q (1.178)
L = (11 + 0,06 ⋅ z2 ) ⋅ m , pentru z1 = 1 sau z1 = 2 (1.179)
L = (12,5 + 0,09 ⋅ z2 ) ⋅ m , pentru z1 = 3 sau z1 = 4 (1.180)
Diametrul de rostogolire si de divizare a rotii melcate:d w2 = d 2 = d 02 = m ⋅ z2 (1.181)
d a2 = d 02 + 2 ⋅ h 0a = m ⋅ (z2 + 2) (1.182)
d f 2 = d 02 − 2 ⋅ h 0f = m ⋅ (z 2 − 2,5)

sau  (1.183)
d f 2 = d 02 − 2 ⋅ h 0f = m ⋅ (z 2 − 2,4)
d a2 max ≤ d a2 + 2 ⋅ m, pentru z1 = 1 (1.184)
d a2 max ≤ d a2 + 1,5 ⋅ m, pentru z1 = 2 sau z1 = 3 (1.185)
d a2 max ≤ d a2 + m, pentru z1 = 4 (1.186)
d 01
Raza de curbura a suprafetei de vârf este: r E 2 = −m (1.187)
2
B ≤ 0,75 ⋅ d a1, pentru z1 ≤ 3 (1.188)
B ≤ 0,67 ⋅ d a1, pentru z1 = 4 (1.189)
 21

B
Semiunghiul coroanei melcate: sin θ = (1.190)
d a1 + 0,5 ⋅ m
Unghiul de înclinare al danturii rotii melcate β02 = γ01 (1.191)
Distanta dintre axe ad = (d 1 + d 2 ) / 2 = 0,5 ⋅ (q + z2 ) ⋅ m (1.192)
Tabelul 1.7
Clasa Simbolul melcului Caracterizare
ZE Melc în evolventa
Melci riglati
ZA Melc arhimedic
ZN1 Melc cu profil rectiliniu în plan normal pe dinte
ZN2 Melc cu prifil rectiliniu în plan normal pe gol
Melci neriglati
ZK1 Melc generat cu freza disc dublu conica
ZK2 Melc generat cu freza deget conica

Fr 2 Fr 2
Fa 1 Ft 2 Fa 2 Ft 1

Fr 1 Fr 1

Figura 1.70
η = ηa ⋅ ηu ⋅ ηl ⋅ ηv (1.193)
tgγ 01
ηa =
tg(γ 01 + φ′)
(1.194)

2 ⋅ M t1
Ft1 = Fa 2 = (1.195)
d 01
Ft 1
Ft 2 = Fa 1 =
tg(γ 01 + φ′ )
(1.196)

Ft1 ⋅ cosφ′ ⋅ tgγ 01

Fr 1 = Fr 2 =
(
tg γ 01 + φ′ ) (1.197)

Ft1
Fn1 = Fn 2 = (1.198)
sin γ 01 ⋅ cosα 0 n
1
 Fn C ⋅ E 2
σ H =  0,175 ⋅  (1.199)
 l min ⋅ ρ n 2 
 
1 1 cos β 2
= =2⋅ (1.200)
ρ ρ2 n d w 2 ⋅ sin α w
KA ⋅KV ⋅KH β
Fn c 2 = Fn 2 ⋅ K A ⋅ K V ⋅ K H β = Ft 2 ⋅ (1.201)
cosα o n ⋅ cos γ 01
KA ⋅ KV ⋅ KHβ
Fn c 2 = Ft 2 ⋅ (1.202)
cosα o n ⋅ cosβ 2
l = θ ⋅ π ⋅ dw 1 (1.203)
0, 75 ⋅ l ⋅ ε
l min = (1.204)
cosβ 2
1,3 ⋅ d w1
l min = (1.205)
cos β 2
1
 Ft 2 ⋅ K A ⋅ K V ⋅ K H β  2
σH = ZM ⋅ ZH v ⋅   ≤ σ H p2 (1.206)
 1,3 ⋅ d w1 ⋅ d w 2 
 22

1
 M t 2 ⋅ K A ⋅ K V ⋅ K Hβ ⋅ (Z M ⋅ Z H )2  3
a min ≥ (z 2 + q ) ⋅   (1.207)
 5, 2 ⋅ σ 2H p2 ⋅ z 22 ⋅ q 
 
σ F 2 = Ft 2 ⋅ K A ⋅ K V ⋅ K H β ⋅ K α ⋅ YF 2n ≤ σ Fp (1.208)

M t 2 ⋅ K A ⋅ K V ⋅ K H β ⋅ K α ⋅ YF 2n ⋅ (z 2 + q)2
m n 2 ≥ 0,86 ⋅ (1.209)
σ F p2 ⋅ a 2 ⋅ q ⋅ z 2
Dantura dreapta Angrenajul melcat
(roti cilindrice) Dantura dreapta
(roti conice) va
ulei Dantura înclinata
va
Fn va
Fn va
va va va
va va

Figura 1.71.a Figura 1.71.b Figura 1.71.c Figura 1.71.d

103 ⋅ P1 ⋅ (1 - η) = K ⋅ S ⋅ (t u – t0 ) (1.210)
P ⋅ (1 − η)
t u = t 0 + 10 3 ⋅ 1 ≤ t ua (1.211)
K ⋅S

P1T =
(
K ⋅S⋅ tua − t0
≥ P1
)
(1.212)
10 3 ⋅ (1 − η )
1
 P ⋅ (1 − η)  1, 7
a min = 12, 076 ⋅  1 
(1.213)
 K ⋅ (t ua − t 0 ) 
h min = 0 ,035 ⋅ η 0 ⋅ v ⋅ ρ (1.214)

t M = t med +
265 ⋅ C f ⋅ µ ⋅ Fn ⋅ K A ⋅ K v ⋅ K Hβ ⋅ v t1 − vt 2 ( )≤t
(v ) 5,55−,5R
Ma
bH (1.215)
B ⋅ cosα 0 t ⋅ ⋅ t1 + vt2 ⋅
2 t

Ft ⋅ K A ⋅ K v ⋅ K H β ⋅ ρ1 ⋅ ρ 2
b H = 0,021 ⋅ (1.215)
(ρ1 + ρ 2 ) ⋅ B ⋅ cosα t
t M lim
t Ma = (1.216)
1, 2K 2(3)
Tabelul 1.8
Tipul uleiului tMa [°C]
TIN 42 EP 150…160
TIN 125 EP 250…280
TIN 300 EP 330…360
T 80 EP 2 330…369
T 90 EP 2 360…400
T 140 EP 2 > 400

%
Procentul filmului, h [%]

100
80

χ
0,8 1 1,5 2
3 Parametrul filmului, χ
Figura 1.72