𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑉1 𝑉2

𝑇 ∶ 𝑉1 → 𝑉2
1. 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑉1 𝑇(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑇(𝑥) + 𝑇(𝑦),
2. 𝛼∈𝐊 𝑥 ∈ 𝑉1 𝑇(𝛼 𝑥) = 𝛼𝑇(𝑥)
𝐑2  𝐑3
𝑇(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) = (2𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )

𝑇((𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) + (𝑦1 , 𝑦2 )) = 𝑇(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) + 𝑇(𝑦1 , 𝑦2 )

𝑇(𝛼(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 )) = 𝛼 ∙ 𝑇(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 )
(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ), (𝑦1 , 𝑦2 ) 𝐑2 𝛼∈
(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ), (𝑦1 , 𝑦2 )
(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) + (𝑦1 , 𝑦2 ) = (𝑥1 + 𝑦1 , 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 )

𝑇((𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) + (𝑦1 , 𝑦2 )) = 𝑇 ((𝑥 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 )) = 𝑇(𝑧1 , 𝑧2 ) ≝ (2𝑧1 , 𝑧2 , 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 )

⏟1 + 𝑦1 , ⏟
𝑛𝑜𝑡. 𝑧1 𝑛𝑜𝑡. 𝑧2

= (2(𝑥1 + 𝑦1 ), 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 , 𝑥1 + 𝑦1 – (𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ))

= (2𝑥1 + 2𝑦1 , 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 , 𝑥1 + 𝑦1 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 )

𝑇(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) + 𝑇(𝑦1 , 𝑦2 ) = (2𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 ) + (2𝑦1 , 𝑦2 , 𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )

= (2𝑥1 + 2𝑦1 , 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 , 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )
(1) (2),
(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) 
𝛼(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) = (𝛼𝑥1 , 𝛼𝑥2 )

𝑇(𝛼(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 )) = 𝑇(𝛼𝑥1 , 𝛼𝑥2 ) ≝ (2𝛼𝑥1 , 𝛼𝑥2 , 𝛼𝑥1 + 𝛼𝑥2 )

𝛼 ∙ 𝑇(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) = 𝛼 ∙ (2𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 ) ≝ (2𝛼𝑥1 , 𝛼𝑥2 , 𝛼𝑥1 + 𝛼𝑥2 )

(3) (4),

𝑇 ∶ 𝑉1 → 𝑉2
𝐾𝑒𝑟 𝑇 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑉1 : 𝑇(𝑥) = 0}
𝐼𝑚 𝑇 = {𝑦 ∈ 𝑉2 |există 𝑥 ∈ 𝑉1 astfel încât 𝑇(𝑥) = 𝑦}
𝐾𝑒𝑟 𝑇 𝐼𝑚 𝑇

dim (𝐼𝑚 𝑇) dim(𝐾𝑒𝑟 𝑇) 𝑇

𝑇 𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐠 𝑻 = dim (𝐼𝑚 𝑇) 𝐝𝐞𝐟 𝑻 = dim(𝐾𝑒𝑟 𝑇)
 𝑇: 𝑉1 → 𝑉2
𝑇 𝐾𝑒𝑟 𝑇 = {0}.
𝑇 𝐼𝑚 𝑇 = 𝑉2

𝑉1 𝑉2 dim 𝑉1 = 𝑛1 dim𝑉2 = 𝑛2 𝑇: 𝑉1 → 𝑉2

𝑩1 = {𝑒1 , 𝑒2 , … , 𝑒𝑛 } 𝑉1 𝑩2 = {𝑓1 , 𝑓2 , … , 𝑓𝑛 }
𝑉2 𝑆 = (𝑠𝑖𝑗 ) 𝑛2 × 𝑛1
𝑇(𝑒𝑗 ) = ∑𝑚
𝑖=1 𝑠𝑖𝑗 ∙ 𝑓𝑖 𝑗 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅
1, 𝑛1
𝑥 = ∑𝑛𝑗=1 𝑥𝑗 ∙ 𝑒𝑗 𝑇(𝑥) = ∑𝑚
𝑖=1 𝑦𝑖 ∙ 𝑓𝑖

𝑦𝑖 = ∑𝑛𝑗=1 𝑠𝑖𝑗 ∙ 𝑥𝑗 𝑖 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅

1, 𝑛2
𝑺 = 𝑀𝑩1𝑩2
𝑩1 𝑩2
𝑺 = 𝑀𝑩1 𝑩2 𝑗
𝑺 𝑩2 𝑇(𝑒𝑗 ) 𝑩1 𝑗 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅
1, 𝑛1
𝑥1 𝑦1
𝑥 𝑦
𝑋 = ( …2 ) , 𝑌 = ( …2 )
𝑥𝑛 𝑦𝑚

𝑇∈ L (𝑉)
𝑑𝑖𝑚 𝑉 = 𝑛 𝑩 𝑉 𝑺 𝑇
𝑺 = 𝑀𝑩 = 𝑀𝑩𝑩
𝑇 ∶ 𝑹3 → 𝑹3 𝑇(𝑥̅ ) = (𝑥1 , 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 , 𝑥1 )
𝑥̅ = (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) ∈ 𝐑3 .
𝑇(𝑢̅), 𝑢̅ = (1, 2, 3).
𝑇 𝐑3 .
𝐾𝑒𝑟𝑇 𝐼𝑚𝑇

𝑇(𝑢̅) ≝ (1,1 + 2 + 3,1) = (1, 6, 1).

𝐑3
𝑩 = {𝑒̅1 = (1, 0, 0), 𝑒̅2 = (0, 1, 0), 𝑒̅3 = (0, 0, 1)}

𝑇(𝑒̅1 ) = 𝑇(1, 0, 0) ≝ (1,1,1),

𝑇(𝑒̅2 ) = 𝑇(0, 1, 0) ≝ (0, 1, 0),
𝑇(𝑒̅3 ) = 𝑇(0, 0, 1) ≝ (0, 1, 0).
𝐑3 𝑥̅ = (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) ∈ 𝐑3
 𝑥̅ ≡ (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) = 𝑥1 𝑒̅1 + 𝑥2 𝑒̅2 + 𝑥3 𝑒̅3 .

𝑇(𝑒̅1 ), 𝑇(𝑒̅2 ), 𝑇(𝑒̅3 )

𝑇(𝑒̅1 ) = (1,1,1) = 1 ∙ 𝑒̅1 + 1 ∙ 𝑒̅2 + 1 ∙ 𝑒̅3 ,
𝑇(𝑒̅2 ) = (0, 1, 0) = 0 ∙ 𝑒̅1 + 1 ∙ 𝑒̅2 + 0 ∙ 𝑒̅3 ,
𝑇(𝑒̅3 ) = (0, 1, 0) = 0 ∙ 𝑒̅1 + 1 ∙ 𝑒̅2 + 0 ∙ 𝑒̅3 ,
𝑇 𝑩 𝑆 = 𝑀𝑩
1 0 0
𝑆 = (1 1 1)
1 0 0

𝐾𝑒𝑟𝑇 = {𝑥̅ ∈ 𝐑3 ∣ 𝑇(𝑥̅ ) = 0̅}

𝑇(𝑥̅ ) = 0̅
𝑥1 = 0
{𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 0.
𝑥1 = 0

𝑥3

𝑥1 = 0
{ (𝑥 = 𝛼), 𝛼 ∈ 𝐑
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = −𝛼, 3

𝑥1 = 0 𝑥2 = −𝛼, 𝑥3 = 𝛼 𝛼 ∈ 𝐑.

𝐾𝑒𝑟𝑇 = {𝑥̅ = (0, −𝛼, 𝛼) ∣ 𝛼 ∈ 𝐑}

𝐼𝑚𝑇

𝐼𝑚 𝑇 = {𝑦̅ ∈ 𝐑3 |există 𝑥̅ ∈ 𝐑3 astfel încât 𝑇(𝑥̅ ) = 𝑦̅}.

𝑇(𝑥̅ ) = 𝑦̅ 𝑥̅ = (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ), 𝑦̅ = (𝑦1 , 𝑦2 , 𝑦3 ) ∈ 𝐑3
𝑥1 = 𝑦1
{𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 𝑦2 .
𝑥1 = 𝑦3
𝑇 𝑦̅ ∈ 𝐑3
𝑥̅ ∈ 𝐑3 𝑇(𝑥̅ ) = 𝑦̅

1 0 0
𝐷 = (1 1 1).
1 0 0
∆= det𝐷 = 0
1 0
∆𝑝 = | | = 1 ≠ 0.
1 1

1 0 𝑦1
∆𝑐 = |1 1 𝑦2 | = 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 .
1 0 𝑦3
∆𝑐 = 0 ↔ 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 = 0 ↔ 𝑦3 = 𝑦1
𝑥3

𝐼𝑚𝑇 = {𝑦̅ = (𝑦1 , 𝑦2 , 𝑦1 )|𝑦1 , 𝑦2 ∈ 𝑹}, 𝑦3 = 𝑦1

∆𝑐 ≠ 0

𝑇 ∶ 𝐑3 → 𝐑 3

𝑇(𝑥) = (𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 , 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 , 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 ) 𝑥 = (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) ∈ 𝐑3

𝐾𝑒𝑟𝑇 𝐼𝑚𝑇

𝐾𝑒𝑟𝑇 = {𝑥̅ ∈ 𝐑3 ∣ 𝑇(𝑥̅ ) = 0̅}

𝑇(𝑥̅ ) = 0̅
𝒙1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 0
{𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 0.
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 0

1 1 1
𝐷 = (1 1 1).
1 1 1
∆= det𝐷 = 0

∆𝑝 = 1 ≠ 0.

𝑥2 , 𝑥3

𝑥1 = −𝑥2 − 𝑥3 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ∈ 𝐑.
𝑥 ∈ 𝐾𝑒𝑟𝑇
𝐾𝑒𝑟𝑇 = {𝑥̅ = (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , −𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )|𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ∈ 𝐑}.
𝐾𝑒𝑟𝑇,
𝐾𝑒𝑟𝑇.

(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , −𝑥1 − 𝑥2 ) = (𝑥1 , 0, −𝑥1 ) + (0, 𝑥2 , −𝑥2 ) = 𝑥1 (1, 0, −1) + 𝑥2 (0, 1, −1).
𝑒̅1 = (1, 0, −1) 𝑒̅2 = (0, 1, −1) 𝐾𝑒𝑟𝑇
𝑒̅1 𝑒̅2
{𝑒̅1 , 𝑒̅2 } 𝐾𝑒𝑟𝑇 dim𝐾𝑒𝑟𝑇 = 2
𝑑𝑒𝑓 𝑇 = 2
𝐼𝑚𝑇

𝐼𝑚 𝑇 = {𝑦̅ ∈ 𝐑3 |există 𝑥̅ ∈ 𝐑3 astfel încât 𝑇(𝑥̅ ) = 𝑦̅}.

𝑇(𝑥̅ ) = 𝑦̅ 𝑥̅ = (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ), 𝑦̅ = (𝑦1 , 𝑦2 , 𝑦3 ) ∈ 𝐑3
 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 𝑦1
{𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 𝑦2 .
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 𝑦3
𝑇 𝑦̅ ∈ 𝐑3
𝑥̅ ∈ 𝐑3 𝑇(𝑥̅ ) = 𝑦̅

1 1 1
𝐷 = (1 1 1).
1 1 1
∆= det𝐷 = 0
∆𝑝 = 1 ≠ 0.

1 𝑦1
| | = 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ,
∆𝑐1 = 1 𝑦2

1 𝑦1
| | = 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ,
∆𝑐2 = 1 𝑦3

1 1 𝑦1
∆𝑐3 = |1 1 𝑦2 | = 0.
1 1 𝑦3

∆𝑐1 = ∆𝑐2 = 0 ↔ 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 = 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 = 0 ↔ 𝑦2 = 𝑦3 = 𝑦1
𝑥2 , 𝑥3

𝐼𝑚𝑇 = {𝑦̅ = (𝑦1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑦1 )|𝑦1 , 𝑦2 ∈ 𝑹}, 𝑦2 = 𝑦3 = 𝑦1

𝑒̅3 = (1, 1, 1) 𝐼𝑚𝑇 𝑒̅3
{𝑒̅3 } 𝐼𝑚𝑇
dim𝐼𝑚𝑇 = 2 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔 𝑇 = 1
∆𝑐1 ≠ 0, ∆𝑐2 = 0 ∆𝑐1 = 0, ∆𝑐2 ≠ 0

∆𝑐1 ≠ 0, ∆𝑐2 ≠ 0