𝑉 𝑛 𝑇 ∈ 𝐿 (𝑉) 𝑉

𝑥 ∈ 𝑉\{0}
𝑇∈ (𝑉) 𝜆∈ 𝑇(𝑥) = 𝜆𝑥 (𝑇 − 𝜆 ∙ 1𝑉 )(𝑥) = 0)
𝜆 𝑇 𝑥 𝑇
𝜆
λ∈ 𝑇∈ (V)
λ
𝑉 𝑇

(𝜆) = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑉| 𝑇(𝑥) = 𝜆𝑥} (1)

𝜆

𝑉 𝑆 = (𝑠𝑖𝑗 ) 𝑇 𝑆 = 𝑀𝑩
𝑥 𝑉
𝑛

𝑥 = ∑ 𝑥𝑖 ∙ 𝑒𝑖
𝑖=1
𝑥1
𝑥2
𝑋 𝑥 𝑋=
⋮
( 𝑥𝑛 )

𝑥 ∈𝑉 𝑇𝑋 = 𝜶𝑋 (2)
𝑇
𝑇𝑋 = 𝑆𝑋 (3)

𝑆𝑋 = 𝛼𝑋 (𝑆 − 𝛼𝐼𝑛 )𝑋 = O
𝑆 𝑋
𝑥1
𝑠11 − 𝜶 𝑠21 ⋯ 𝑠1𝑛
𝑥2
𝑠21 𝑠22 − 𝜶 ⋯ 𝑠2𝑛
( ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ) =O (4)
⋮
𝑠𝑛1 𝑠𝑛2 ⋯ 𝑠𝑛𝑛 − 𝛼
𝑥
( 𝑛)

𝑇
𝑆

1
 𝑠11 − 𝜶 𝑠21 ⋯ 𝑠1𝑛
𝑠21 𝑠22 − 𝜶 ⋯ 𝑠2𝑛
| ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ | = 0.
𝑠𝑛1 𝑠𝑛2 ⋯ 𝑠𝑛𝑛 − 𝛼

𝑛
𝑃(𝛼) = det(𝑆 – 𝛼𝐼𝑛 ). (5)
𝑇
𝑆
𝑇
𝑃(𝛼).

det(𝑨 – 𝛼𝐼𝑛 ) = 0 (6)

𝑇
1 1 1
𝑇 ∶ 𝑹 3 → 𝑹3 𝑆 = (0 1 0).
0 1 2
𝑇.
𝑆 (5)

1−𝛼 1 1
𝑃(𝛼) = det(𝑆 − 𝛼𝐼3 ) = | 0 1−𝛼 0 | = (1 − 𝛼)2 (2 − 𝛼).
0 1 2−𝛼

(6)

(1 − 𝛼)2 (2 − 𝛼) = 0

𝛼1 = 𝛼2 = 1 𝛼3 = 2.

(2) 𝛼 𝑇

𝑥1 0
𝑥
𝑉𝛼 = {𝑥 = (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) ∣ (𝑆 − 𝛼 ∙ 𝐼3 )𝑋 = 𝑂3 } unde 𝑋 = ( 2 ) , iar 𝑂3 = (0).
𝑥3 0
𝛼1 = 𝛼2 = 1
𝑥1
𝑥
𝑉1 = {𝑥 = (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) ∣ (𝑆 − 1 ∙ 𝐼3 )𝑋 = 𝑂3 } unde 𝑋 = ( 2 ).
𝑥3
(𝑆 − 1 ∙ 𝐼3 )𝑋 = 𝑂3
0 1 1 𝑥1 0
(0 0 0) (𝑥2 ) = (0)
0 1 1 𝑥3 0

2
 𝑥 + 𝑥3 = 0
{ 2
𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 0

𝑥3 = −𝑥2 , 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ 𝐑.

𝑉1

𝑉1 = {𝑥̅ = (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , −𝑥2 )|𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ 𝐑}

(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , −𝑥2 ) = (𝑥1 , 0,0) + (0, 𝑥2 , −𝑥2 )

𝑉1 = {𝑥̅ = (𝑥1 , 0,0) + (0, 𝑥2 , −𝑥2 )|𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ 𝐑}.

𝛼3 = 2
𝑥1
𝑥
𝑉2 = {𝑥 = (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) ∣ (𝑆 − 2 ∙ 𝐼3 )𝑋 = 𝑂3 } unde 𝑋 = ( 2 ).
𝑥3
(𝑆 − 2 ∙ 𝐼3 )𝑋 = 𝑂3
−1 1 1 𝑥1 0
( 0 −1 0) (𝑥2 ) = (0)
0 1 0 𝑥3 0

−𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 0
{ −𝑥2 = 0
𝑥2 = 0

𝑥3 = 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 = 0.

𝑉2

𝑉2 = {𝑥̅ = (𝑥1 , 0, 𝑥1 )|𝑥1 ∈ 𝐑}.

𝑇: 𝑉 → 𝑉
𝑉 𝑉
𝑇
𝑉 𝑛

𝑇: 𝑉 → 𝑉
{𝑒1 , 𝑒2 , … , 𝑒𝑛 }

𝑇: 𝑉 → 𝑉
𝑉
𝑇: 𝑉 → 𝑉

3
 𝑇: 𝑉 → 𝑉

𝑇: 𝑉 → 𝑉

𝑉 𝑆 = (𝑠𝑖𝑗 ) 𝑇
𝑆 = 𝑀𝑩
𝑃(𝜆) = 0
𝜆1 , . . . , 𝜆𝑝 𝑚1 , . . . , 𝑚𝑝

(𝜆𝑗 ) 𝑑𝑖𝑚 (𝜆𝑗 ) = 𝑚𝑗 𝑗 = ̅̅̅̅̅

1, 𝑝 𝑇

𝑝 (𝑆 – 𝜆𝑗 𝐼𝑛 )𝑋 = 𝑂𝑛

𝜆𝑗
𝑇 𝑇
𝜆1 , . . . , 𝜆1
⏟ 𝜆𝑝 , . . . , 𝜆𝑝
⏟
𝑚𝛼1 −𝑜𝑟𝑖 𝑚𝛼𝑝 −𝑜𝑟𝑖

0
𝑆’ ∈ 𝑇
𝑇.
𝐴 ∈
𝑉 𝐑𝑛
𝑺’ = 𝑨−1 ∙ 𝑺 ∙ 𝑨.

1 1 1 4 6 0
𝑆 = (0 1 0) 𝑆 = (−3 −5 0)
0 1 2 3 6 1

𝑃(𝛼) = det(𝑆 − 𝛼𝐼3 ) = (1 − 𝛼)2 (2 − 𝛼),

(1 − 𝛼)2 (2 − 𝛼) = 0 𝛼1 = 𝛼2 = 1 𝛼3 = 2.

𝑚1 = 2, (α = 1 − rădăcină dublă), 𝑚2 = 1(α = 2 − rădăcină simplă).

𝑉1 = {𝑥̅ = (𝑥1 , 0,0) + (0, 𝑥2 , −𝑥2 )|𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ 𝐑} = {𝑥̅ = 𝑥1 (1,0,0) + 𝑥2 (0,1, −1)|𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ 𝐑}

𝑉2 = {𝑥̅ = (𝑥1 , 0, 𝑥1 )|𝑥1 ∈ 𝐑} = {𝑥̅ = 𝑥1 (1,0,1)|𝑥1 ∈ 𝐑}.

4
 𝑉1 𝑒̅1 = (1, 0, 0) 𝑒̅2 = (0,1, −1)
𝑒̅1 , 𝑒̅2 {𝑒̅1 , 𝑒̅2 } 𝑉1
dim𝑉1 = 2.
𝑉2 𝑒̅3 = (1,0,1) 𝑒̅3
{𝑒̅3 } 𝑉2 dim𝑉2 = 1.
𝛼1 = 𝛼2 = 1 𝛼3 = 2
dim𝑉1 = 2 = 𝑚1 , dim𝑉2 = 1 = 𝑚2
𝑆

{𝑒̅1 , 𝑒̅2 , 𝑒̅3 } 𝐑3

1 0 0
𝑆 ′ = (0 1 0),
0 0 2
𝛼1 = 𝛼2 = 1 𝛼3 = 2.

4−𝛼 6 0
𝑃(𝛼) = det(𝑆 − 𝛼𝐼3 ) = | −3 −5 − 𝛼 0 | = −(1 − 𝛼)2 (𝛼 + 2).
3 6 1−𝛼

𝑃(𝛼) = 0 −(1 − 𝛼)2 (𝛼 + 2) = 0

𝛼1 = 𝛼2 = 1 𝛼3 = −2.

𝑚1 = 2, (α = 1 − rădăcină dublă), 𝑚2 = 1(α = −2 − rădăcină simplă).

𝛼1 = 𝛼2 = 1
𝑥1
𝑉1 = {𝑥 = (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 )|(𝑆 − 1 ∙ 𝐼3 )𝑋 = 𝑂3 } unde 𝑋 = (𝑥2 ).
𝑥3
(𝑆 − 1 ∙ 𝐼3 )𝑋 = 𝑂3
3𝑥1 + 6𝑥2 = 0
{−3𝑥1 − 6𝑥2 = 0 3𝑥1 + 6𝑥2 = 0
−3𝑥1 − 6𝑥2 = 0
𝑥1 = −2𝑥2 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ∈ 𝐑. 𝑉1

𝑉1 = {𝑥 = (−2𝑥2 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 )| 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ∈ 𝐑}

(−2𝑥2 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) = (−2𝑥2 , 𝑥2 , 0) + (0, 0, 𝑥3 )

𝑉1 = {𝑥 = (−2𝑥2 , 𝑥2 , 0) + (0, 0, 𝑥3 )| 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ∈ 𝐑} = {𝑥 = 𝑥2 (−2, 1,0) + 𝑥3 (0, 0,1)| 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ∈ 𝐑}.

𝑉1 𝑒̅1 = (−2, 1,0) 𝑒̅2 = (0, 0,1)
𝑒̅1 , 𝑒̅2 {𝑒̅1 , 𝑒̅2 } 𝑉1
dim𝑉1 = 2.
𝛼3 = −2

5
 𝑥1
𝑉−2 = {𝑥 = (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 )|(𝑆 − (−2) ∙ 𝐼3 )𝑋 = 𝑂3 } unde 𝑋 = (𝑥2 ).
𝑥3
(𝑆 − 2 ∙ 𝐼3 )𝑋 = 𝑂3
6 6 0 𝑥1 0
(−3 −3 0) (𝑥2 ) = (0)
3 6 3 𝑥3 0

6𝑥1 + 6𝑥2 = 0
{ −3𝑥1 − 3𝑥2 = 0
3𝑥1 + 6𝑥2 + 3𝑥3 = 0

𝑥3
−3𝑥1 − 3𝑥2 = 0
{ (𝑥 = 𝛼), 𝛼 ∈ 𝐑
3𝑥1 + 6𝑥2 = −3𝛼, 3

𝑥1 = 𝛼, 𝑥2 = −𝛼, 𝑥3 = 𝛼, 𝛼 ∈ 𝐑.

𝑉−2

𝑉−2 = {𝑥̅ = (𝛼, −𝛼, 𝛼)|𝛼 ∈ 𝐑} = {𝑥̅ = 𝛼(1, −1,1)|𝛼 ∈ 𝐑}.

𝑉−2 𝑒̅3 = (1, −1, 1) 𝑒̅3
{𝑒̅3 } 𝑉−2 dim𝑉−2 = 1.
𝛼1 = 𝛼2 = 1 𝛼3 = −2
dim𝑉1 = 2 = 𝑚1 , dim𝑉2 = 1 = 𝑚2
𝑆

{𝑒̅1 , 𝑒̅2 , 𝑒̅3 } 𝐑3

1 0 0
𝑆 ′ = (0 1 0 ).
0 0 −2