CAIETELE CIVA

2 │2013

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Reproducerea integralы sau parҚialы a textului revistei, prin orice mijloace, fыrы acordul autorilor
оi al editurii, este interzisы.

Colegiul ştiin ific:

Dr. Florin GOGÂLTAN (Institutul de Arheologie оi Istoria Artei Cluj-Napoca)

Dr. Ioan Alexandru ALDEA (Alba Iulia)
Dr. Cыtыlin RIнCUҙA (Muzeul CivilizaҚiei Dacice оi Romane - Deva)
Dr. Iosif Vasile FERENCZ (Muzeul CivilizaҚiei Dacice оi Romane - Deva)
Dr. Cыlin ANGHEL (Universitatea „1 Decembrie 1918” din Alba Iulia)

Colegiul de redac ie:

Dr. Cristian Ioan POPA - directorul revistei

Florin CIULAVU - secretar de redacҚie
Gligor Adrian BORZA - membru
Mihaela BLEOANCъ - membru
Mihaela SAVU - membru
Ioan OPREA - membru

Traducerea оi revizuirea textelor оi rezumatelor în limba englezы: Mihaela SAVU

ConcepҚie copertы: Cыlin A. нUTEU

Desen: нtefan ANDREI

ISSN 2359 – 7429

ISSN-L 2359 – 7429

AsociaҚia Cercul de Istorie Veche оi Arheologie, Alba Iulia

E-mail: civarh@gmail.com
Web: http://www.aciva.ro/

2
ASOCIAҙIA „CERCUL DE ISTORIE VECHE нI
ARHEOLOGIE”

CAIETELE CIVA
2

Alba Iulia
2013

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4
 CUPRINS

STUDII нI ARTICOLE

Ioan Alexandru BъRBAT, Dou reprezent ri de tip bucranium descoperite la Rapoltu Mare
(jud. Hunedoara) .......................................................................................................................... 9
Two representations of Bucranium type from Rapoldu Mare (Hunedoara county) ... 27

Rumyana YORDANOVA, House models on lids - problems of identification, diversity,

interpretation (based on materials from Bulgaria) ......................................................................... 37
Modele de case pe capace - problematica identificыrii, diversitыҚii оi interpretыrii (bazat
pe materialele din Bulgaria) ................................................................................................... 42

Svetlana TODOROVA, Roman Fibulae from Rouse Regional Museum ................................ 51

Fibule romane din Muzeul Regional Ruse ......................................................................... 62

Svetlana VELIKOVA, Items of Bone from Sexaginta Prista .................................................. 67

Obiecte din os de la Sexaginta Prista .................................................................................. 73

Evan SCHERER, The Great Chesters lorica squamata ....................................................... 81

Lorica squamata din Great Chester ..................................................................................... 90

Gligor Adrian BORZA, Biserica fortificat din нard (jud. Alba). Considera ii istorice оi stilistice
.................................................................................................................................................... 95
The Fortified Church from нard (Alba county). Historical and Stylistic Considerations
.................................................................................................................................................. 111

Florin CIULAVU, Aspecte privind activitatea monet riei de la Alba Iulia în timpul principelui
Gabriel Bethlen (1613-1629) ................................................................................................... 147
Aspects regarding the activity of the Mint from Alba Iulia during the lead of Prince
Gabriel Bethlen (1613-1629) .............................................................................................. 190

MISCELLANEA

Florin CIULAVU, Contribu ii la repertoriul numismatic al jude ului Alba. Un sester de la Traian
descoperit la Oarda-„Dublihan” (mun. Alba Iulia) .................................................................. 203

5
Considerations to the Numismatic Repertoire of Alba County. A Sestert released under
Traian discovered at Oarda-“Dublihan” (Alba Iulia Town) ......................................... 205

Marius Gheorghe BARBU, Vârfuri antice de suli descoperite recent pe teritoriul com. Ve el, jud.
Hunedoara ............................................................................................................................... 209
Ancient Spear Tips Recently Discovered on the Territory of VeҚel village, Hunedoara
county ..................................................................................................................................... 218

Sergiu-Gabriel ENACHE, Un nou obiectiv arheologic pe m gura vulcanic нumig (oraо G taia,
jud. Timiо) ................................................................................................................................ 221
A new Archaeological Objective discovered on the Sumig Volcano Hill (Gataia town,
Timis County) ....................................................................................................................... 230

Gligor Adrian BORZA, Un clopot premodern din biserica fortificat de la Valea Lung (jud.
Alba) ....................................................................................................................................... 233
A Premodern Bell from Fortified Church of Valea Lungы (Alba County) ................. 237

RECENZII нI PREZENTъRI DE CARTE

Beatrice Ciutы, Plant species within the diet of Prehistoric communities from Transylvania, Cluj-
Napoca, Editura Mega, 2012, 144 p. (Gligor Adrian BORZA) .................................... 241

Christian Jacq, Marii în elep i ai Egiptului Antic. De la Imhotep la Hermes Trismegistus,

traducere din limba francezы de Alexandru Nicolae, Bucureоti, Pro Editurы оi
Tipografie, 2009, 144 p. (Mihaela BLEOANCъ) ........................................................... 243

Cristian Nicolae Apetrei, Reоedin ele boiereоti din ara Româneasc оi Moldova în secolele XIV-
XVI, Brыila, Editura Istros, 2009, 412 p. + 2 hыrҚi. (Florin CIULAVU) .................... 247

Cronica CIVA ....................................................................................................................... 252

LISTA ABREVIERILOR ................................................................................................... 255

LISTA AUTORILOR .......................................................................................................... 259

6
 ROMAN FIBULAE FROM ROUSE REGIONAL MUSEUM

Svetlana TODOROVA 

In this study are included 15 unpublished fibulae from the Rouse Regional
Museum. The examples do not come from an archaeological site or
archaeological context, because of which the following classification is based on
formal analysis. They are commonly dated in the Roman times. E. Gencheva
includes them in one group - disc-type fibulae. 1 They differ in exchanging the
bow with a plate, which has various forms and decoration. Various types are
distinguished, based on common features in the figure (in the form of an
animal, bird and so on), on the kind of decoration (cut-out or with enamel) or
on the way of production (moulded or printed). The great variety of finds
probably can determine a secondary production of the large centers and military
fabricae. Essential problem is the chronology of these items. According to the
observations of E. Gencheva some of these fibulae are in use for such a long
period that is impossible to point at an exact envelopement of appearance,
development and distribution. 2 The lack of archaeological finds from closed
complexes is another obstacle for solving this problem.

Flat Cut-out fibulae

In the 2nd half of II c. AD. in provinces developed an ornamental style known
as roman cut-out style. E. Gencheva considers that the roman hemstiched style
developed itself basically on the celtic floral and trumpet style, mixed with the
Greek floral motives, as the most characteristic is the pelta-ornament. 3 That
ornament can be seen on applications, straps, harness. This items are cast in a
mould and then the edges are made smooth and slightly canted. It is typical for
the Rhine and Danube Limes. Well dated finds from province Dacia places
them chronologically in the end of the 2nd-3rd c. AD.. 4
The first two examples (pl. I/1-2) are decorated with cut-out peltas.
Very close examples are known from Serbia 5 and Romania. 6 The group “cut-


Master in Archaeology, "St. Kliment Ohridsky" University Archaeology, Sofia; e-mail:
svetla_p_todorova@abv.bg.
1 ԓԵԽ ԵԲ԰ 2004, p. 65.
2 ԓԵԽ ԵԲ԰ 2004, p. 65-66.
3 ԓԵԽ ԵԲ԰ 2004, p. 70.
4 Cociо 2004, p. 128.
5 Bojoviр 1983, p. 283, pl. XXIX; military camp Veliki Kalemegdan, Beograd.
6 Cociо 2004, p. 1541, pl. CIX.

Caietele CIVA, II, 2013, p. 51-66

Svetlana Todorova

out” fibulae are common for the territory of Dacia from the end of the 2nd c.
AD. to the beginning of the 3rd c. AD., 7 while in Moesia Inferior such examples
are dated in 3rd c. AD.. 8 E. Gencheva accepts for the finds from Bulgaria the
date-the end of the 2nd c.-the beginning of the 3rd c. AD.. 9 As these objects
appear mostly in fortifications, it can be asumed they were used mainly by the
army.
Another two fibulae (pl. II/3-4) have the form of a horn. They are
attributed a Celtic tradition. In the publication on the finds from Pannonia E.
von Patek places these objects in one group together with fibulae with S- and
pelta-form. 10 The author believes they are an import from the west. Close
examples are known from Serbia, 11 Romania, 12 military camps Saalburg and
Zugmantel 13 and Lauriacum. 14 The last one is made of silver; 15 it is defined as
„leaf-shaped” 16 and based on the archaeological context is dated in the 3rd c.
AD. (it differs by the fastening mechanism-a spring). S. Petkoviр gives a wider
chronological range - from the middle of the 2nd-4th c. AD., 17 while S. Cociо,
using well-dated finds from Dacia, places chronologicallys this type from the
end of the 2nd - 3rd c. AD.. 18 The lack of published materials from Bulgaria at
this stage makes it difficult to determine the chronology of these items. Based
on the analogous examples from Dacia and Moesia Inferior the two fibulae can
be dated from the middle of the 2nd -4th c. AD.
The next fibula (pl. I/5) has quadrate form with rounded ends and
decoration of 8 cut-out leaf-ornaments. E. Gencheva includes almost identical
object. 19 That examples are mainly found in Pannonia. They appear in military
camps along the Danubian Limes in the last forth of the 2nd c. AD. and is still in
use in the first quarter of the 3rd c. AD.. 20

Zoomorphic type fibulae

In one group E. Gencheva places them chronologicallys all examples with the
form of animals, birds and fishes. Almost identical finds in figure and

7 Popescu 1945, p. 500; Cociо 2004, p. 128.

8 Bojoviр 1983, p. 66.
9 ԓԵԽ ԵԲ԰ 2004, p. 70.
10Patek 1942, p. 128.
11 Bojoviр 1983, p. 287, pl. XXIX; Petkoviр 2010, p. 9, XXXII/1-2.
12 Cociо 2004, p. 1560, pl. CX.
13 Böhme 1972, p. 1145, p. 1148-1149, T. 29.
14 Jobst 1975, p. 344, pl. 48.
15 Usually these items are made of cupper. The presence of a silver one can be explained with

the higher status of its owner.

16 Jobst 1975, p. 120, divides the trumpet cut-out fibulaes into four variants: oval ones, longed

ones, round ones and leaf-shaped.

17 Petkoviр 2010, p. 179.
18 Cociо 2004, p. 128.
19 ԓԵԽ ԵԲ԰ 2004, p. 2, pl. XXVI.
20 ԓԵԽ ԵԲ԰ 2004, p. 70.

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 Roman Fibulae from Rouse Regional Museum

decoration come from Pannonia. 21 They can be flat or engraved, with or

without enamel. According to some authors this items had protective purpose,
although later they probably were used only in a fashion-decorative manner. 22 It
is not still obvious if they were worn only by men or even by women, because
these fibulae come out not only in military camps but also in civil villages. 23
According to S. Cociо all zoomorphic fibulae without enamel are typical for
Norikum, Pannonia, Dacia and Moesia; and the items from Dacia are dated in II
c. 24
The first fibula (pl. I/6) has the form of a rabbit. Such finds are attested
on the territory from Germania Superior to Scythae. 25 Interesting find is the lead
die in a form of a rabbit from Novae, Bulgaria. 26 It is used for making clay
moulds in which are casted the fibulae. That makes the researcher believe that
the military fabricae are used for manufacturing small items, too. 27 A. Ambroz
places them chronologicallys chronologically these examples in the 1st c. AD.. 28
More suggested as a date is 2nd c. AD.., 29 although S. Petkoviр extended the
upper limit to the 3rd c. AD.. 30 E. Gencheva explains the broad chronological
date 2nd - 3rd c. AD.. with the lack of accurate data about zoomorphic fibulae. 31
The next item (pl. I/7) has the form of a bird. The earliest examples
present the bird in relief, without additional engraved decoration. There are
known examples with outspread or gathered together wings. Such items are
found in Noricum and Pannonia and are dated from the middle of the 1st c. AD.
to the time of the Flavii’s (69-96).32 These fibulae are still in use in the 2nd-6th c.
AD.. 33 The later examples, dated in the 5th-6th c. AD., are considered to be in
connection with the Christian symbols. 34 Because of the unprecised chronology
of different kinds and forms of birds, an analogous fibula from a roman village
in Serbia will be used. 35 The village is dated from the 1st c. to the 3rd c. AD. An

21 ԓԵԽ ԵԲ԰ 2004, p. 70.

22 Bojoviр 1983, p. 67.
23 Bojoviр 1983, p. 68.
24 Cociо 2004, p. 118.
25 Riha 1979, p. 1737, pl. 67; Bojoviр 1983, p. 291 pl. XXX; a stray find; although the example is

decorated with two smaller engraved rabbits filled with red enamel and a cabbage between them;
Petkoviр 2010, p. 1-3, pl. XXXVIII; Cociо 2004, p. 1429-1430 pl. CI; ԐԼԱՀԾԷ 1966, p. 17-18, pl.
15.
26 ԓԵԽ ԵԲ԰ 2004, pl. XXVII, p. 2.
27 ԓԵԽ ԵԲ԰ 2004, p. 72.
28 ԐԼԱՀԾԷ 1966, p. 35.
29 Riha 1979, p. 204; Bojoviр 1983, p. 68.
30 Petkoviр 2010, p. 204.
31 ԓԵԽ ԵԲ԰ 2004, p. 72.
32 ԓԵԽ ԵԲ԰ 2004, p. 71.
33 Winter 1985-1986, p. 333; Uenze 1992, pl. I/7, p. 139; Petkoviр 2010, p. 203.
34 ԓԵԽ ԵԲ԰ 2004, p. 71.
35 Petkoviр 2010, pl. XXXVII/4; Vojska, p. 203.

53
Svetlana Todorova

interesting opinion exists that the birds have a protective meaning. 36 It is

suggested that the territory of appearance is between Pannonia Inferior and
Moesia Superior, where is find a lead die for manufacturing. 37

Fibulae with the form of an object

Characteristic for this type is the different kind of an object they represent: an
axe, a trumpet, a lyre, a wheel, a jug and so on. They are distributed all over the
Empire, but are more common in the west. In Dacia is known a small amount
of finds. The owners are military as well as civilians. 38
The first fibula (pl. I/8) has the form of a trumpet. It is spread
throughout the Roman Empire, mostly in the west provinces and is dated in 7th
decade of the 2nd c. till the first decade of the 3rd c. AD.. 39
The second example (pl. I/9) is in the form of a wheel. It has six spokes
and stamped quadrates on the edge, filled with enamel. The closest items are
known from the military camps Lauriacum 40 and Augst, 41 which confirm their
military use. They were worn by civilians, too. Similar items from Augst are
found with pottery from the last third of the 1st c. AD. and from the late 2nd-
first half of the 3rd c. AD.. 42 W. Jobst suggests these objects are not further in
use after the middle of the 3rd c. AD.. 43 Navigation wheels, published from
Bulgaria, are chronologically placed from the middle to the end of the 1st c.
AD.. 44 That puts the presented fibula (pl. I/9) in the wide chronological range
from the second half of the 1st c. till the second half of the 3rd c. AD..

Fibulae with geometrical shape without enamel

In this group is presented only one item (pl. II/1)-a fibula with rhomboid
shape, which opposite ends have additional juts. There’s an opinion that these
ends represent stylistically formed bird heads. 45 This item is known as
Camulodunum type. 46 Almost similar ones are known from Germania
Superior, 47 Moesia Inferior, 48 Scythiae. 49 According to S. Petkoviр their origin

36 H. Winter (Winter 1985-1986, p. 333-334) supposes that the later appearance of needles
decorated with such a bird maybe replaced the fibulae with that ornament; thus, the adoption of
the symbol can be attributed the cult tradition; Riha 1979, p. 198.
37 Petkoviр 2010, pl. XXXVII/5.
38 Cociо 2004, p. 120-121.
39 Cociо 2004, p. 121.
40 Jobst 1975, pl. 45, p. 315.
41 Riha 1979, pl. 68, p. 1764.
42 Riha 1979, p. 204, № 1762, № 1764.
43 Jobst 1975, p. 112.
44 ԓԵԽ ԵԲ԰ 2004, p. 67.
45 Patek 1942, p. 121.
46 Rieckhoff 1975, p. 64.
47 Riha 1979, pl. 58, 1527-1537, p. 182.
48 Bojoviр 1983, pl. XXVIII, p. 267.
49 ԐԼԱՀԾԷ 1966, p. 5, pl. 15.

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 Roman Fibulae from Rouse Regional Museum

must be searched in the Hellenistic centers along the Pontus and the
surrounding sarmatian territories, where can be seen the earliest examples. 50
Based on closed archaeological complexes from Pantikapey, Olbia and
Chersonese these fibulae are dated in second half of 1st c. till the first half of the
2nd c. AD.. 51 A later date is given for the finds from Bulgaria - from the 2nd c. till
the beginning of the 3rd c. AD., 52 but this chronology refers to the whole group
of disc-shaped fibulae. 53 In this particular case, in which this item is a definite
type-“Camulodunum”, such dating must be precised according to the
archaeological context of the type. Based on the lack of such examples in
Roman Dacia it is suggested they were in use till the rule of Traianus (98-117), 54
which corresponds with the date given by E. Riha-1st c. AD.. 55 A date in 1st c.
AD. can be accepted for the represented fibula №9 (pl. II/1).

Fibulae with enamel

This items commonly have a flat, trapezium, rhomboid or quadrate bow; usually
the short foot has a trapezium shape and ends with an zoomorphic head. For
the classification of this kind is used K. Exner’s (1941) typological scheme. The
author divides them in tree groups: 1) with a form of a bow; 2) symmetrical; 3)
with a shape of a disc or a plate. The first one is divided in tree variants, the first
of which is with non-divided bow. The upper surface is almost always with
enamel-either placed in large, one-colored fields or single fields, devided by
“paths”. 56 K. Exner notify that it's not determined if the examples with
zoomorphic ending represent a bird or a reptile, because the decoration may be
interpreted as well as feathers or as scales. 57 According to the author these
images have a protective meaning especially in the roman period. There is an
opinion that these examples descend from fibulae with longed and profiled
bow. 58
The items with enamel, related to the provincial roman group, appear in
great amounts in Belgium, North France, England and along the Rhine river. 59
A well-known archaeological complex “Villa von Anthee” in Belgium is
assumed as an industrial zone and a workshop for products with enamel. Such
workshops are explored in Cologne, Mainz and Trier (along the Rhine river).
Such examples can be found in fortifications along the Limes with a connection

50 Petkoviр 2010, p. 191.

51 ԐԼԱՀԾԷ 1966, p. 33.
52 Х԰Հ԰Ի԰ԼԱԸԵԲ԰, ԐՂ԰Խ԰ՁԾԲ 1992, I stray find, p. 60.
7,
53 ԓԵԽ ԵԲ԰ 1987, p. 40-41.
54 Petkoviр 2010, p. 191.
55 Riha 1979, p. 182.
56 Exner 1941, p. 49.
57 Exner 1941, p. 54.
58 Bojoviр 1983, p. 62.
59 Exner 1941, p. 40.

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Svetlana Todorova

with the main centers in all stages of development.60 S. Cociо accepts that the
production centers are in Gallia Belgica and Rhineland. 61 Another place of
distribution is Pannonia. 62 Due to its trade relations these fibulae are spread to
the East. 63 It is considered possible that these items are manufactured by Gauls
or Romanized Germans. 64
D. Bojoviр places these items chronologically in the broad interval 1st-3rd
c. AD.. 65 The finds from Dacia are dated in the first half of the 2nd c. AD., 66
while other researchers specify it in the second half of the 2nd c. AD.. 67 It is
believed that fibulae with enamel, covering small surface can be dated in the 1st
c. AD., while the ones with larger fields, covered with enamel and a great variety
of colours, should be placed chronologicallyd in the time of Antonini (96-192). 68
The first two examples belong to one group, according to K. Exner's
classification-with a form of a bow. 69 The first one (pl. II/2) has a round shape
and a leg in a form of zoomorphic head. An example with two zoomorphic
endings on the opposite sides of the fibula are known. 70 Similar finds come
from Germania Superior, 71 Pannonia, 72 Scythiae. 73 The example from the tomb
in Chersonese is dated from the end of 1st c. to the middle of the 3rd c. AD.. 74
The second fibula (pl. II/3) has a trapezium shape and a leg in a form
of zoomorphic head. E. von Patek divides this type into tree variants, as item
№11 (pl. II/3) belongs to the second one a leg ending with a zoomorphic
head. 75 These items reach all the west provinces and the ones along the Danube
river, maybe in relation with trade, which makes it difficult to outline a region of
development. 76 A similar fibula, found in Dacia, is dated in the first half of the
2nd c. AD.. 77
The third fibula (pl. II/4) belongs to the second type, presented by K.
Exner-symmetrically formed objects. 78 It has a rhomboid shape with four

60 Exner 1941, p. 40.

61 Cociо 2004, p. 88.
62 Bojoviр 1983, p. 62.
63 Patek 1942, p. 123.
64 Patek 1942, p. 123.
65 Bojoviр 1983, p. 62.
66 Cociо 2004, p. 88.
67 Exner 1941, p. 54; Patek 1942, p. 123; ԐԼԱՀԾԷ 1966, p. 29; ԓԵԽ ԵԲ԰ 2004, p. 73.
68 ԓԵԽ ԵԲ԰ 2004, p. 73; Cociо 2004, p. 125.
69 Exner 1941, p. 49.
70 Matouschek 1985-1986, pl. 19/2԰, p. 186-187.
71 Böhme 1972, pl. 25, p. 956-960.
72 Exner 1941, pl. 8, p. 9; Patek 1942, pl. XIV/4, XV/1, p. 27.
73 ԐԼԱՀԾԷ 1966, pl. 14, p. 8.
74 ԐԼԱՀԾԷ 1966, p. 29.
75 Patek 1942, p. 119.
76 Exner 1941, p. 54.
77 Cociо 2004, p. 87, pl. LV/803.
78 Exner 1941, p. 49.

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 Roman Fibulae from Rouse Regional Museum

coming out juts (two by two similar). These examples are supposed to appear as
imports in Dacia, because of the small amount of finds. 79 This kind is
distributed mostly in Gallia and along the Rhine river. 80 Similar fibulae are
known from military camps Augst 81 and Zugmantel, 82 Heddernheim 83 and
Dacia. 84 E. Riha dates this kind in the first half of the 2nd c. AD., 85 while K.
Exner places them chronologically in the second half of the 2nd c. AD.. 86
Based on the variety of colours of the enamel, observed in these tree
examples, and the chronology accepted by E. Gencheva, considering the finds
from the territory of Bulgaria, they can be dated in the second half of the 2nd c.
AD.. 87

Fibulae with a form of a letter

This type is suggested to be in use mostly by soldiers, because of its appearance
mainly in military camps and villages along the roman limes. The most frequent
finds are with letter „S”. 88
Here is presented only one fibula (pl. II/5) in a form of a letter „S”. It is
considered possible, that they represent amphibians, because of the segmented
endings. 89 Similar finds from Dacia are placed in the group of the zoomorphic
fibulae. 90 In fortifications along the Danube river such items are placed
chronologicallyd in the first half of the 2nd c. AD., 91 while in Dacia they are
dated in the whole 2nd c. AD.. 92

Fibulae in the form of swastika

The presented example (pl. II/6) has four arms (two fragmented), which end
with horse heads. Such examples can be decorated or not. This form is
suggested to be a german decorative element, connected with the cult to the
Sun. 93 These items are connected with the military, because of their presence in
camps all over the Limes. There’s an opinion that the ones, ending with
zoomorphic head, are common for southeast roman provinces-Moesia Inferior,

79 Cociо 2004, p. 125; Petkoviр 2010, p. 72.

80 Cociо 2004, p. 125.
81 Riha 1979, pl. 64, p. 1665.
82 Böhme 1972, pl. 24, p. 935, 955.
83 Exner 1941, pl. 10, 5 II 5.
84 Cociо 2004, pl. CVII, p. 1514.
85 Riha 1979, p. 192.
86 Exner 1941, p. 58.
87 ԓԵԽ ԵԲ԰ 2004, p. 73.
88 ԓԵԽ ԵԲ԰ 2004, p. 74.
89 Böhme 1972, p. 44.
90 Cociо 2004, p. 118, pl. CI, 1415-1421.
91 ԓԵԽ ԵԲ԰ 2004, p. 74.
92 Cociо 2004, p. 119.
93 ԓԵԽ ԵԲ԰ 2004, p. 75.

57
Svetlana Todorova

Moesia Superior, Pannonia, Dacia. 94 They are distributed in Germania and

Noricum as well, while in Dacia they appear as an import. 95 It is interesting that
from Saalburg and Zugmantel are known 36 pieces, neither of which with
zoomorphic endings, 96 which can explain these materials as local production. S.
Petkoviр believes they appear under the influence of the sarmathian tribes and
the center of their manufacture is Pannonia Secunda. 97 Similar examples are
known from Serbia, 98 Bulgaria. 99
The finds from Moesia Inferior are dated in the 4th c. AD., 100 the ones
from Dacia - from the third decade of the 2nd c. till the end of rule of Severus
Alexander (222-235). 101 Other authors indicate as a period of distribution of
these items the end of the 2nd-3rd c. AD.. 102 Although the finds from Dacia are
suggested to be imports, they come out from well-dated chronological contexts,
which can suggest as a beginning date for the presented example the time from
the 30’s of the 2nd c. AD. As for the final date, it can’t be determined exactly,
because of the lack of such closed archaeological complexes, even though there
are finds from Singidunum, placed chronologically from the second half of the
4th c. till the first half of the 5th c. AD.. 103
This paper has the purpose to define the type and the chronology of 15
fibulae from the Rouse Regional Museum. That is not an attempt to make a new
classification, but to adjust the examples to the existing ones. Because of the
stray character of the finds it is difficult to determine their appearance in the
territory of today Rouse district, which indicates the great importance of the
existence and the precise investigation of closed archaeological complexes.
Based on analogous fibulae from near and distant provinces the range of their
use is outlined. The amount of finds from this area can be suggestive for local
manufacture. Further researches will confirm or reject such possibility.

94 Bojoviр 1983, p. 67.

95 Cociо 2004, p. 136.
96 Böhme 1972, p. 45.
97 Petkoviр 2010, p. 186.
98 Petkoviр 2010, pl. XXXIV, p. 1-5.
99 ԓԵԽ ԵԲ԰ 2004, pl. XXVIII, p. 3; Ԡ ՁԵԲ 2004, 8-9, p. 61.
100 Bojoviр 1983, p. 67; in the 4th c. AD. are dated the finds from Popovo district (Ԡ ՁԵԲ 2004, p.

61-62).
101 Cociо 2006, p. 136.
102 Böhme 1972, p. 46; Jobst 1975, p. 123; Bojoviр 1983, p. 67; ԓԵԽ ԵԲ԰ 2004, p. 75.
103 Petkoviр 2010, pl. XXXIV/3, p. 187.

58
 Roman Fibulae from Rouse Regional Museum

Catalogue

Cut-out fibulae

1. Round shape. Bronze (Br). The upper part, together with the hinge mechanism is
fragmented. The catch plate is transverse, in a form of a hook. Four cut-out peltas (two
by two formed the same way). The pin is missing (pl. I/1).
Dimensions: preserved length (L) = 3,0 cm; width (W) = 3,2 cm.
Stray find from Appiaria, Rouse district; Rouse Regional Museum, inventory № (i. №)
431.
Type 25.5 after Bojoviр.
Date: the end of the 2nd-3rd c. AD..

2. Irregular round form. Br. Hinge mechanism. The catch plate is the same like № 1.1.
Decorated with 4 cut-out peltas. The pin is missing (pl. I/2).
Dimensions: L = 3,1 cm; W = 3,3 cm.
Stray find from Appiaria, Rouse district; Rouse Regional Museum, i. №729.
Type 25 b after Cociо.
Date: the end of the 2nd-3rd c. AD..

3.1. Round form. Br. The hinge mechanism, the catch plate and the pin are missing.
Cut-out pelta forms, which seize S-formed ornament. That ornament is hold in the
middle from the two trumpet-shaped endings of the fibula. The bottom part of the “S”
is broken (pl. I/3).
Dimensions: preserved L = 2,4 cm; W = 3,0 cm.
Stray find from Appiaria, Rouse district; Rouse Regional Museum, i. №418.

3.2. Longed form. Br. Part of the hinged mechanism and the catch plate are
fragmented. Decorated with tree peltas, two trumpet endings, which are holding S-
shaped ornament (its end is trumpet-formed). The pin is missing (pl. I/IV).
Dimensions: L = 3,4 cm; W = 2,4 cm.
Stray find from Appiaria, Rouse district; Rouse Regional Museum, i. №1296.
Type 25.7 after Bojoviр, 25j2 after Cociо, 31 G after Jobst, 46 after Böhme, H 2 after
Patek, 22D after Petkoviр.
Date: the middle of the 2nd-4th c. AD..

4. Quadrate form with rounded ends. Br. Hinge mechanism. From the middle of every
side is coming out a jut, ending with a button. Inside the fibula, from every corner
toward the center are cut out two peltas (totally 8 peltas). Fragmented catch plate. The
pin is missing (pl. I/5).
Dimensions: L = 3,7 cm; W = 3,7 cm.
Stray find from Appiaria, Rouse district; Rouse Regional Museum, i. №1135.
Type 28 a after Gencheva.
Date: final quarter of the 2nd-first quarter of the 3rd c. AD..

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Svetlana Todorova

Fibulaes with a zoomorphic form

5. Form of a rabbit. Br. Sketchily formed. Hinged mechanism. The catch plate is partly
broken (pl. I/6).
Dimensions: L = 1,6 cm; W = 2,9 cm.
Stray find from Belene, Rouse district; Rouse Regional Museum, i. №1093.
Type 26.1 after Bojoviр, 8.5 after Ambroz, 7.25 after Riha, 25E after Petkoviр.
Date: 2nd-3rd c. AD..

6. A fibula in a form of a bird with stretched wings. Br. The catch plate and the right
wing are fragmented. String fastening mechanism, 8 windings, upper bow. Ԣhe tail is
engraved. The pin is missing (pl. I/7).
Dimensions: L = 3,5cm; W = 1,8 cm.
Stray find from Trimamium, Rouse district. Rouse Regional Museum, i. №897.
Type 29 a after Gencheva, II b1 after Winter, 7.22 after Riha, 25C after Petkoviр.
Date: 1st-3rd c. AD..

Fibulae with a shape of an object

7. Fibula in a form of a trumpet. Br. Hinge mechanism. The catch plate is transverse,
hook-shaped. On the upper side of the fibula there’s a trapezoid jut, that ends with a
button. The same trapezoid jut can be seen on the down side of the fibula. The pin is
missing (pl. I/8).
Dimensions: L = 3,7 cm; W = 2,3 cm.
Stray find from Appiaria, Rouse district, Rouse Regional Museum, i. №403.
Type 23 c after Cociо.
Date: 7th decade of the 2nd-first decade of the 3rd c. AD..

8. Fibula in a form of a wheel, six spokes. Br. Fragmented. Hinged mechanism.

Decoration: rhombs, places them chronologicallyd on the outer side of edge, filled with
red enamel. On the spokes and the inter side of the wheel are seen incisions. The pin
and the catch plate are missing (pl. I/9).
Dimensions: diameter 3,5 cm.
Stray find from Appiaria, Rouse district, Rouse Regional Museum-i. №410.
Type 28 after Jobst, 7.25 after Riha.
Date: second half of the 1st-second half of the 3rd c. AD..

Fibulae with geometrical form without enamel

9. Fibula with rhomboid form. Br. Hinged mechanism. The upper and the down side
are divided into two oval-shaped parts. In the center of the rhomb are inscribed
concentrical circles. From the center of the circles is sticking out a pin. Fragmented
catch plate (pl. II/1).
Dimensions: L = 4,0 cm; W = 2,5 cm.
From unknown places them chronologically, Rouse Regional Museum, i. №2115.
Type 23 after Bojoviр, ԕ 2 after Patek, 8.3 after Ambroz, 4.14 Ԑ1 after Rieckhoff, 7.4
after Riha, 24A1 after Petkoviр.

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 Roman Fibulae from Rouse Regional Museum

Date: 1st c. AD..

Fibulae with geometrical form and enamel

10. Round shape. Br. Hinged mechanism. The upper part of the fibula and the catch
plate are fragmented. On the outside of the fibula, symmetrically attached, are two juts,
fragmented (maybe with round shape). In the inside, the fibula is decorated with
trapezoid fields, alternating with oval holes (filled with blue enamel), surrounding a
smaller circle (filled with green enamel). The leg is formed like an animal head. The pin
is missing (pl. II/2).
Dimensions: L = 3,8 cm; W = 2,4 cm; diameter of the circle 1,8 cm.
From unknown places them chronologically, Rouse Regional Museum, i. №1207.
Type 7.4 after Ambroz, 2 ԰ after Matouschek, 41m after Böhme, 1 b after Exner, ԕ 2
after Patek, 5.17 after Riha.
Date: second half of the 2nd c. AD..

11. Trapezoid form. Br. The upper part, the fastening mechanism and the catch plate
are fragmented. The leg is formed like an animal head; the neck is decorated with a line
in relief. Probably the eyes were filled with enamel, because the right one is empty now.
In the center of the trapeze there is an triangle field, filled with enamel. There are two
more triangles (with engraved walls) inscribed inside the trapeze, outside this field. The
pin is missing (pl. II/3).
Dimensions: L = 3,7 cm; W = 2,0 cm.
Stray find from Appiaria, Rouse district, Rouse Regional Museum, i. №1136.
Type 18 Ձ after Cociо, 1 b after Exner, 17 k after Böhme, ԕ 2/2 after Patek, 5.17 after
Riha.
Date: second half of the 2nd c. AD..

12. Rhomboid shape. Br. The fastening mechanism and the catch plate are fragmented.
The fibula ends with a leg of two connected biconical parts. The upper side ends the
same way but narrower. The other two ends of the rhomb end with one rhomboid jut,
decorated with tree shallow holes. Inside the fibula there is another rhomb, inside of
which is inscribed a circle (filled with orange enamel). Probably the inside rhomb was
filled with enamel, too. The pin is missing (pl. II/4).
Dimensions: L = 3,6 cm; W = 2,6 cm.
Stray find from Belene, Rouse district, Rouse Regional Museum, i. №1100.
Type 24 b1 after Cociо, 41 Ձ, l after Böhme, 2 after Exner, 7.16 after Riha.
Date: second half of the 2nd c. AD..

Fibula in a form of a letter

13. Fibula in the form of the letter “S”. Br. The endings are segmented. String fastening
mechanism, 8 windings, upper bow. Fragmented catch plate. The pin is missing (pl.
II/5).
Dimensions: L = 3,0 cm; W = 1,9 cm.
Stray find from Appiaria, Rouse district; Rouse Regional Museum, i. №1016.
Type 31 a after Gencheva, 22 b 1 ԿԾ Cociо, 48 Ձ ԿԾ Böhme.

61
Svetlana Todorova

Date: first half of the 2nd c. AD..

Fibula in form of swastika

14. Fibula in form of swastika, which ends with horse heads, oriented to the right. Br.
Hinged mechanism. Two of the heads and the catch plate are fragmented. The eyes are
made by two concentrical circles. The mane is made by incised lines. In the center of
the swastika are made another two concentrical circles. The pin is missing (pl. II/6).
Dimensions: preserved L = 3,9 cm; preserved W = 3,2 cm.
From unknown places them chronologically, Rouse Regional Museum, i. № 854.
Type 27 after Bojoviр, 33 b 2 after Cociо, 23D after Petkoviр.
Date: 3rd decade of the 2nd c. AD.-5th c. AD.. (?).

Fibule romane din Muzeul Regional Ruse

(rezumat)

Autorul prezintы 15 din fibulele romane nepublicate care se gыsesc în Muzeul

Regional din Ruse. Acestea sunt incluse în tipul discoidal de fibule. Ele nu fac parte
dintr-un context arheologic închis, aceasta fiind o problemы întâmpinatы în general la
interpretarea acestui tip de materiale.
Primele douы piese (pl. I/1-2) pot fi încadrate cronologic la sfârоitul secolului al
doilea оi începutul celui urmыtor. Urmыtoarele douы (pl. II/3-4) au formы de cor оi se
încadreazы temporal la sfârоitul veacului al doilea оi de-a lungul celui de al treilea. Cea
de-a cincea fibulы (pl. I/5) decoratы cu frunze, aparҚine cronologic ultimului sfert al
secolului al doilea оi primei pыtrimi din secolul urmыtor.
Lotul fibulelor care reprezintы obiecte este început de una în formы de tropetы
(pl. I/8), ea fiind datatы din a оaptea decadы a secolului al doilea pânы în prima decadы a
veacului trei. Al doilea exemplu este sub forma unei roҚi (pl. I/9), fiind încadratы
cronologic din a doua jumыtate a secolului I pânы în prima jumыtate a veacului al treilea.
Piesele fыrы smalҚ, de formы geometricы, sunt reprezentate printr-un singur
exemplar (pl. II/1), fiind încadratы cronologic în secolul I.
Urmыtoarea categorie conҚine fibule smыlҚuite, primele douы au formы de bol
(pl. II/2-3), fiind încadrate temporar astfel: prima în secolele I-III, iar a doua în secolul
II. Urmыtoarea are o formы simetricы (pl. II/4), cronologic fiind încadratы în veacul al
II-lea. Sunt cunoscute оi piese în formы de „S” (pl. II/5), încadrate cronologic în
secolul al II-lea. Urmыtoarea are formы de svasticы (pl. II/6), оi este încadrarea
cronologic în secolele II-III.
Studiul de faҚы a analizat tipologic оi cronologic 15 fibule din Muzeul Regional
Ruse, astfel punându-se în circuitul оtiinҚific mai multe exemplare din aceastы categorie.

Explica ia figurilor

Pl. I. Fibule romane din colecҚia Muzului din Ruse/Bulgaria.

Pl. II. Fibule romane din colecҚia Muzeului din Ruse/Bulgaria.

62
 Roman Fibulae from Rouse Regional Museum

Bibliographical Abbreviations

ԐԼԱՀԾԷ 1966 Ԑ. ԐԼԱՀԾԷ, ,

ԡԐԘ, Բ Կ., 1966, p. 1-30.
ԓԵԽ ԵԲ԰ 2004 ԕ. ԓԵԽ ԵԲ԰, I
. . . . VI . . ., Faber, Ԓ. Ԣ ՀԽԾԲԾ,
2004.
ԓԵԽ ԵԲ԰ 1987 ԕ. ԓԵԽ ԵԲ԰,
, in , 4, ԡ., 1987,
p. 30-43.
Ԡ ՁԵԲ 2004 ԝ. Ԡ ՁԵԲ. II-VI . -
, in ԟԾԿԾԲԾ Բ ԼԸԽ԰ԻԾՂԾ, 4, ԟԾԻԸԳՀ԰ -
Ԡ԰ԷԳՀ԰Դ, 2004, p. 58-77.
Х԰Հ԰Ի԰ԼԱԸԵԲ԰, ԐՂ԰Խ԰ՁԾԲ 1992 Ԑ. Х԰Հ԰Ի԰ԼԱԸԵԲ԰, ԓ. ԐՂ԰Խ԰ՁԾԲ,
I-VII ., in
, XVIII, 1992, p. 57-74.
Böhme 1972 A. Böhme, Die Fibeln der Kastelle Saalburg und Zugmantel,
in SJ, XXIX, 1972, p. 5-112.
Bojoviр 1983 D. Bojoviр, Rimske fibule Singidunuma, Beograd, 1983.
Cociо 2004 S. Cociо, Fibulele din Dacia Roman , Cluj-Napoca, 2004.
Exner 1941 K. Exner, Die provinzialrömischen Emailfibeln der
Rheinlande, in BerRGK, 29, Berlin, 1941, p. 31-121.
Jobst 1975 W. Jobst, Die römischen Fibeln aus Lauriacum,
Forschunden in Lauriacum, Linz, 10, 1975.
Matouschek, Nowak 1985-1986 J. Matouschek, H. Nowak, Unpublizierte Tierfibeln und
Fibeln mit Thermiomorphen Gestaltungselementen aus
osterreichischen Privatsammlungen, in RÖ, 13-14, 1985-
1986, p. 131-182.
Patek 1942 E. von Patek, Verbreitung und Herkunft der Römischen
Fibeltypen von Pannonien, Dissertationes Pannonicae, II,
19, 1942.
Petkoviр 2010 S. Petkoviр, Rimske fibule u Srbiji ot I do V veka n. e.,
Arheološki Institut, Beograd, 2010.
Popescu 1945 D. Popescu, Fibeln aus dem Nationalmuseum für
Altertümer in Bukarest, in Dacia, IX-X, 1945, p. 485-505.
Riha 1979 E. Riha, Die Römischen Fibeln aus Augst und Kaiseraugst,
in Forschungen in Augst, 3, Augst, 1979.
Rieckhoff 1975 S. Rieckhof, Munzen und Fibeln aus dem Vicus des Kastells
Hufingen, in SJ, XXXII, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin,
1975, p. 6-104.
Uenze 1992 S. Uenze, Die Spätantiken Befestigungen von Sadovec, în
MBF, 43, 1992, p. 361-382.
Winter 1985-1986 H. Winter, Römische Vogelfibeln von österreichischen
Fundstellen aus Privatbesitz, in RÖ, Ekkehard Geber, 13-
14, 1985-1986, p. 323-369.

63
Svetlana Todorova

Keywords: roman fibulae, Rouse Regional Museum, I AD. - III AD. century
Cuvinte-cheie: fibule romane, Muzeul Regional Ruse, secolele I-III d.Hr.

64
 Roman Fibulae from Rouse Regional Museum

Pl. I. Roman fibulae from Rouse Regional Museum / Bulgaria.

65
Svetlana Todorova

Pl. II. Roman fibulae from Rouse Regional Museum / Bulgaria.

66
 ABREVIERI

AA Archaeologia Aeliana. Society of Antiquaries Newcastle

Upon Tyne, Newcastle.
AÉ Archaeologiai Értesitö, Budapest.
AII(A)C Anuarul Intitutului de Istorie (оi Arheologie) Cluj, Cluj-
Napoca.
Alba Regia Alba Regia. Annales Musei Stephani Regis.
Székesfehérvár.
AMET Anuarul Muzeului Etnografic al Transilvaniei, Cluj-
Napoca.
AMN Acta Musei Napocensis. Muzeul Naţional de Istorie a
Transilvaniei, Cluj-Napoca.
AMP Acta Musei Porolisensis. Muzeul JudeҚean de Istorie оi
Artы Zalыu, Zalыu.
Angustia Angustia. Muzeul CarpaҚilor Rыsыriteni, Sfântu Gheorghe.
AnB Analele Banatului. Muzeul Banatului, Timiоoara.
AO Arhivele Olteniei. Academia Românы, Institutul de
Cercetыri Socio-Umane „C. S. Nicolыescu-Plopоor”
Craiova, Craiova.
APL Annalecta Praehistorica Leidensia, Leiden.
Apulum Apulum. Acta Musei Apulensis, Muzeul NaҚional al
Unirii, Alba Iulia.
Arheologija Organ na Arheologiтeskija Institut i Muzei, Sofia.
ATS Acta Terrae Septemcastrensis. Institutul pentru
Cercetarea оi Valorificarea Patromoniului Cultural
Transilvыnean în Context European, Sibiu.
BA Biblioteca de Arheologie, Bucureоti.
BAR British Archaeological Reports (International Series),
Oxford.
BAM Brukenthal. Acta Musei, Muzeul NaҚional Brukenthal,
Sibiu.
BB Bibliotheca Brukenthal. Sibiu.
Banatica Banatica. Muzeul Banatului Montan, ReоiҚa.
BAR British Archaeological Reports International Series,
Oxford.
BAR BS British Archaeological Reports British Series, Oxford.
BCMI Buletinul Comisiuni Monumentelor Istorice, Comisiunea
Monumentelor Istorice, Bucureоti.
BerRGK Bericht der Romisch-Germanischen Kommission 1939,
Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Darmstadt.
BHAB Bibliotheca Historica et Archaeologica Banatica,
Timiоoara.
BHAUT Biblioteca Historica et archaeologica Universitas
Timisiensis, Centrul de Studii de Istorie Veche оi
Arheologie Constantin Daicoviciu, Timiоoara.

255
 Lista abrevierilor

BMA Bibliotheca Musei Apulensis. Muzeul NaҚional al Unirii,

Alba Iulia.
BMN Bibliotheca Musei Napocensis, Cluj-Napoca.
BMP Bibliotheca Musei Porolissensis, Zalыu.
Brukenthal Brukenthal. Acta Musei. Muzeul NaҚional Brukenthal,
Sibiu.
BS Bibliotheca Septemcastrensis, Sibiu.
BSNR Buletinul SocietыҚii Numismatice Române. Societatea
Numismaticы Românы, Bucureоti.
BT Bibliotheca Thracologica. Institutul Român de
Tracologie, Bucureоti.
BUA Bibliotheca Universitatis Apulensis, Alba Iulia.
Bulletin Bulletin. Veliko, Trnovo.
Caiete BANATICA Caiete BANATICA. Muzeul de Istorie al judeҚului Caraо-
Severin, ReоiҚa.
Caietele CIVA Caietele CIVA, Cercul de Istorie Veche оi Arheologie,
Universitatea „1 Decembrie 1918” din Alba Iulia.
CCA Cronica Cercetыrilor Arheologice din România, Ministerul
Culturii, Institutul NaҚional al Patrimoniului.
CCDJ Culturы оi CivilizaҚie la Dunыrea de Jos. Muzeul „Dunыrii
de Jos”, Cыlыraоi.
CN Cercetыri Numismatice. Muzeul Naţional de Istorie a
României, Bucureоti.
CNA Cronica Numismaticы оi Arheologicы, Foaie de InformaҚii
a SocietыҚii Numismatice Române, Bucureоti.
Corviniana Corviniana. Acta Musei Corvinensis, Muzeul Catelul
Corvinilor, Hunedoara.
Crisia Crisia, Muzeul ҙыrii Criоurilor, Oradea.
Dacia Dacia. Recherches et Découvertes Archéologiques en
Roumanie/ Revue d’Achéologie et d’Histoire Ancienne,
Bucharest.
Dissertationes Pannonicae Dissertationes Pannonicae, Central European
University, Department of Medieval Studies, Budapest.
DP Documenta Praehistorica. Poroтilo o raziskovanju
paleolitika, neolitika in eneolitika v sloveniji, Ljubljana.
EphemN Ephemeris Napocensis, Institutul de Arheologie оi Istoria
Artei, Cluj-Napoca.
Forschungen in Augst Forschungen in Augst, Switzerland.
FVL Forschungen zur Volks und Landeskunde, Sibiu.
GlasnikSAD Glasnik Srpskog Arheolośkog Društva, Belgrad.
ԓԾԴԸ ԽԸԺ Խ԰
ԐՀ ԵԾԻԾԳԸ ԵՁԺԸя Լ ԷԵԹ ԓԾԴԸ ԽԸԺ Խ԰ ԐՀ ԵԾԻԾԳԸ ԵՁԺԸя Լ ԷԵԹ (Annual of the
Regional Archaeological Museum-Plovdiv), Regional
Archaeological Museum-Plovdiv, Plovdiv.
ԓԾԴԸ ԽԸԺ Խ԰ Լ ԷԵԸՂԵ
ԾՂ ԡԵԲԵՀԽ԰ ԑ ԻԳ԰ՀԸя ԓԾԴԸ ԽԸԺ Խ԰ Լ ԷԵԸՂԵ ԾՂ ԡԵԲԵՀԽ԰ ԑ ԻԳ԰ՀԸя (Annual of
the Museums in Northern Bulgaria), Veliko, Tarnovo.

256
 Lista abrevierilor

Istros Istros. Buletinul Muzeului Brыilei, Brыila.

ԘԽՂԵՀԴԸՁ ԸԿԻԸԽ԰ՀԽԸ
ԸԷՁԻԵԴԲ԰ԽԸя ԘԽՂԵՀԴԸՁ ԸԿԻԸԽ԰ՀԽԸ ԸԷՁԻԵԴԲ԰ԽԸя (Interdisciplinary
Studies), National Institute of Archaeology with Museum,
Bulgarian Academy of Science, Sofia.
ԘԷԲԵՁՂԸя Խ԰
ԐՀ ԵԾԻԾԳԸ ԵՁԺԸя ԸԽՁՂԸՂ Ղ ԘԷԲԵՁՂԸя Խ԰ ԐՀ ԵԾԻԾԳԸ ԵՁԺԸя ԸԽՁՂԸՂ Ղ (Journal of the
Institut of Archaeology, Sofia), Bulgarski
Arkheologicheski Institute, Sofia.
ԘԷԲԵՁՂԸя Խ԰ ԘՁՂԾՀԸ ԵՁԺԸя
Ԝ ԷԵԹ-Ԩ ԼԵԽ ԘԷԲԵՁՂԸя Խ԰ ԘՁՂԾՀԸ ԵՁԺԸя Լ ԷԵԹ-Ԩ ԼԵԽ, Regional
History Museum Shumen, Shumen.
JBSM Jahrbuch des Burzenländer Sächsischen Museums,
Muzeul Sыsesc al ҙыrii Bârsei, Braоov.
JFA Journal of Field Archeology, Boston.
JOS The Journal of Ottoman Studies, Istanbul.
JRS Journal of Roman Studies, The Society for the Promotion
of Roman Studies, London.
Man Man. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain
and Ireland, London.
MB Muzeul Brukenthal. Studii оi comunicыri (Arheologie оi
Istorie), Sibiu.
MBF Münchner Beiträge zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte,
Munchen.
MCA Materiale оi Cercetыri Arheologice, Academia Românы,
Comisia NaҚionalы de Arheologie, Bucureоti.
Münchner Beiträge zur Vor-
und Frühgeschichte Münchner Beiträge zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte,
München.
Musaios Musaios, Muzeul JudeҚean Buzыu, Buzыu.
NK Numizmatikai Közlöny, A magyar numizmatikai társulat
megbizásából, Budapest.
NZ Numismatische Zeitschrift, herausgegeben von der
Numismatifchen Gefellfchaft in Wien, Wien.
OIC Oriental Institute Communications, Chicago.
PA Patrimonium Apulense. DirecҚia JudeҚeanы pentru
Culturы, Culte оi Patrimoniul Cultural NaҚional Alba, Alba
Iulia.
Paléorient Paléorient. Revue pluridisciplinaire de préhistoire et
protohistoire de l’Asie du Sud-Ouest et de l’Asie Central,
Paris.
ԟԵՀԽԸԺ ԟԵՀԽԸԺ, Pernik.
ԟԾԿԾԲԾ Բ ԼԸԽ԰ԻԾՂԾ ԟԾԿԾԲԾ Բ ԼԸԽ԰ԻԾՂԾ (Popovo in the past), Museum of
Popovo, Popovo.
Poroтilo Poroтilo o raziskovanju paleolitika, neolitika in eneolitika
v sloveniji. Neolitske Studjie, Ljubljana.

257
 Lista abrevierilor

PSAN Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle

upon Tyne, Newcastle.
PZ Prähistorische Zeitschrift. Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer
Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte, Institut für
Prähistorische Archäologie, Berlin.
RB Revista BistriҚei. Complexul Muzeal BistriҚa-Nыsыud,
BistriҚa.
RIB Roman Inscriptions of Britain, Administrators of the
Haverfield Bequest, Oxford.
RLÖ Der Römische Limes in Österreich, Akademien der
Wissenschaften-Limeskommission, Vienna.
RM Revista Muzeelor. Centrul pentru Formare, EducaҚie
Permanentы оi Managemnt în domeniul Culturii,
Bucureоti.
RPRP Reports of Prehistoric Research Projects, Salt Lake City.
RÖ Römisches Österreich, Österreichische Gesellschaft für
Archäologie, Wien.
SA Sovetskaya arkheologiya, Moscova.
Sargetia Sargetia. Acta Musei Devensis, Muzeul CivilizaҚiei Dacice
оi Romane Deva, Deva.
SJ Saalburg Jahrbuch, Saalburg Museum, Saalburg.
SCI Studii оi Cercetыri de Istorie, Institutul de Istorie „George
BariҚiu” Cluj-Napoca (1956-1957).
SCIV(A) Studii оi Cercetыri de Istorie Veche, Bucureоti (din 1974,
Studii оi Cercetыri de Istorie Veche оi Arheologie).
SCN Studii оi Cercetыri de Numismatica. Institutul de
Arheologie „Vasile Pârvan” al Academiei Române,
Bucureоti.
SIB Studii de istorie a Banatului, Universitatea de Vest
Timiоoara, Timiоoara.
SMIM Studii оi Materiale de Istorie Medie. Institutul de Istorie
„Nicolae Iorga”, Bucureоti.
Starinar Starinar, Tređa Serija. Arheološki Institut, Beograd.
Suceava Suceava. Anuarul Complexului Muzeal Bucovina,
Complexul Muzeal Bucovina, Suceava.
SUCH Studia Universitatis Cibiniensis. Series Historica.
Universitatea „Lucian Blaga” Sibiu, Sibiu.
SP Studia Patzinakia, The Romanian Group for an
Alternative History, Bucharest.
TC Society for the History of Technology. Johns Hopkins
University Press, Baltimore.
Terra Sebus Terra Sebus. Acta Musei Sabesiensis, Muzeul Municipal
„Ioan Raica”, Sebeо.
Tibiscus Tibiscus. Muzeul Banatului Timiоoara, Timiоoara.
Ziridava Ziridava. Studia Archaeologica, Complexul Muzeal Arad,
Arad.

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