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430
Angle
(Radians)
0.0000
0.0175
0.0349
0.0524
0.0698
0.0873
0.1047
0.1222
0.1396
0.1571
0.1745
0.1920
0.2094
0.2269
0.2443
0.2618
0.2793
0.2967
0.3142
0.3316
0.3491
0.3665
0.3840
0.4014
0.4189
0.4363
0.4538
0.4712
0.4887
0.5061
0.5236
0.5411
0.5585
0.5760
0.5934
0.6109
0.6283
0.6458
0.6632
0.6807
0.6981
0.7156
0.7330
0.7505
0.7679
0.7854
0.8029
0.8203
0.8378
0.8552
0.8727
Kp
10.18
10.61
11.07
11.56
12.07
12.61
13.19
13.80
14.44
15.13
15.87
16.65
17.49
18.38
19.33
20.36
21.46
22.65
23.92
25.30
26.80
28.42
30.18
32.10
34.19
36.49
39.01
41.78
44.85
48.26
52.05
56.29
61.04
66.40
72.48
79.40
87.33
96.49
107.13
119.59
134.31
151.89
173.09
198.99
231.10
271.57
323.57
391.94
484.34
613.53
801.95
Terzaghi
Nc
Nq
5.70
1.00
6.00
1.10
6.30
1.22
6.62
1.35
6.97
1.49
7.34
1.64
7.73
1.81
8.15
2.00
8.60
2.21
9.09
2.44
9.60
2.69
10.16
2.98
10.76
3.29
11.41
3.63
12.11
4.02
12.86
4.45
13.68
4.92
14.56
5.45
15.52
6.04
16.56
6.70
17.69
7.44
18.92
8.26
20.27
9.19
21.75
10.23
23.36
11.40
25.13
12.72
27.09
14.21
29.24
15.90
31.61
17.81
34.24
19.98
37.16
22.46
40.41
25.28
44.04
28.52
48.09
32.23
52.64
36.50
57.75
41.44
63.53
47.16
70.07
53.80
77.50
61.55
85.97
70.61
95.66
81.27
106.81 93.85
119.67 108.75
134.58 126.50
151.95 147.74
172.29 173.29
196.22 204.19
224.55 241.80
258.29 287.85
298.72 344.64
347.51 415.15
N
0.00
0.08
0.18
0.28
0.39
0.51
0.65
0.80
0.96
1.15
1.35
1.58
1.84
2.12
2.44
2.79
3.19
3.63
4.13
4.70
5.34
6.07
6.89
7.83
8.90
10.12
11.53
13.15
15.03
17.21
19.75
22.71
26.20
30.33
35.23
41.08
48.11
56.62
67.00
79.77
95.61
115.47
140.65
173.00
215.16
271.07
346.66
451.28
600.15
819.31
1155.97
Nc
5.10
5.38
5.63
5.90
6.19
6.49
6.81
7.16
7.53
7.92
8.34
8.80
9.28
9.81
10.37
10.98
11.63
12.34
13.10
13.93
14.83
15.81
16.88
18.05
19.32
20.72
22.25
23.94
25.80
27.86
30.14
32.67
35.49
38.64
42.16
46.12
50.59
55.63
61.35
67.87
75.31
83.86
93.71
105.11
118.37
133.87
152.10
173.64
199.26
229.92
266.88
Meyerhof
Nq
1.00
1.09
1.20
1.31
1.43
1.57
1.72
1.88
2.06
2.25
2.47
2.71
2.97
3.26
3.59
3.94
4.34
4.77
5.26
5.80
6.40
7.07
7.82
8.66
9.60
10.66
11.85
13.20
14.72
16.44
18.40
20.63
23.18
26.09
29.44
33.30
37.75
42.92
48.93
55.96
64.20
73.90
85.37
99.01
115.31
134.87
158.50
187.21
222.30
265.50
319.06
N
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.07
0.11
0.15
0.21
0.28
0.37
0.47
0.60
0.74
0.92
1.13
1.37
1.66
2.00
2.40
2.87
3.42
4.07
4.82
5.72
6.77
8.00
9.46
11.19
13.24
15.67
18.56
22.02
26.17
31.15
37.15
44.43
53.27
64.07
77.33
93.69
113.99
139.32
171.14
211.41
262.74
328.73
414.33
526.45
674.92
873.86
Nc
5.10
5.38
5.63
5.90
6.19
6.49
6.81
7.16
7.53
7.92
8.34
8.80
9.28
9.81
10.37
10.98
11.63
12.34
13.10
13.93
14.83
15.81
16.88
18.05
19.32
20.72
22.25
23.94
25.80
27.86
30.14
32.67
35.49
38.64
42.16
46.12
50.59
55.63
61.35
67.87
75.31
83.86
93.71
105.11
118.37
133.87
152.10
173.64
199.26
229.92
266.88
Hansen
Nq
1.00
1.09
1.20
1.31
1.43
1.57
1.72
1.88
2.06
2.25
2.47
2.71
2.97
3.26
3.59
3.94
4.34
4.77
5.26
5.80
6.40
7.07
7.82
8.66
9.60
10.66
11.85
13.20
14.72
16.44
18.40
20.63
23.18
26.09
29.44
33.30
37.75
42.92
48.93
55.96
64.20
73.90
85.37
99.01
115.31
134.87
158.50
187.21
222.30
265.50
319.06
431
N
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.05
0.07
0.11
0.16
0.22
0.30
0.39
0.50
0.63
0.78
0.97
1.18
1.43
1.73
2.08
2.48
2.95
3.50
4.13
4.88
5.75
6.76
7.94
9.32
10.94
12.84
15.07
17.69
20.79
24.44
28.77
33.92
40.05
47.38
56.17
66.76
79.54
95.05
113.96
137.10
165.58
200.81
244.65
299.52
368.67
456.40
568.57
The bearing capacity of a soil is its ability to carry loads without failing in shear. There
are four major methods to predict failure. The fist method was developed by Karl
Terzaghi in 1943. Field tests in Canada by Meyerhof (1963) lead to modification factors.
Finally, Brinch Hansen in Denmark (1970) and Vesic in the USA modified these factor to
a greater refinement.
These bearing capacity factors are based on these three authors:
Terzaghi (1943):
For square footings,
where, q = D f
Nq =
a2
a cos 2 ( 45 / 2 )
N c = ( N q 1) cot
N =
tan K p
1
2
2 cos
Meyerhof (1963):
and for inclined loads, qult = cN c Fic Fdc + qN q Fiq Fdq + 0.4 BN Fi Fd
and the factors are,
N q = e tan tan 2 ( 45 / 2 )
N c = ( N q 1) cot
N = ( N q 1) tan (1.4 )
Brinch Hansen (1970):
432
The square footing shown below must be designed to carry a 294 kN load. Use Terzaghis
bearing capacity formula to determine B of the square footing with a factor of safety =3.
Df = 1 m
W = 294 kN
= 18.15 kN/m3
= 35
c =0
B
Solution:
Terzaghi's formula for the ultimate bearing capacity qult of a square footing is,
qult = 1.3c ' N c + qN q + 0.4 BN
where q = D f
The allowable bearing capacity qall with the factor of safety of 3 is,
qult 1
and
= 1.3c ' N c + qN q + 0.4 BN
3
3
294 1
or
= 1.3c ' N c + qN q + 0.4 BN
2
B
3
For =35, N c =57.8, N q =41.4, and N =41.1.
qall =
qall =
W 294 kN
=
B2
B2
433
The square footing shown below must be designed to carry a 294 kN load. Use
Meyerhofs bearing capacity formula to determine B with a factor of safety =3.
W = 294 kN
= 18.15 kN/m3
= 35
c =0
Df = 1 m
B
Solution:
Meyerhof's formula for the ultimate bearing capacity qult of a square footing is,
qult = c ' N c Fsc Fdc Fic + qN q Fsq Fdq Fiq + 0.4 BN Fs Fd Fi
where q = D f
Since the load is vertical, all three inclination factors Fic =Fiq =Fi =1.
B
1
B
Fsq = 1 + tan = 1 + tan 35 = 1.70 and Fs = 1 0.4 = 1 0.4(1) = 0.6
L
1
L
2 Df
2 1
Fdq = 1 + 2 tan (1 sin )
= 1 + 2 ( tan 35 ) (1 sin 35) 1.25 and Fd = 1
B
B
The allowable bearing capacity qall with the factor of safety of 3 is,
qult 1 '
= c N c Fsc Fdc + qN q Fsq Fdq + 0.4 BN Fs Fd
3
3
294 1 '
= c N c Fsc Fdc + qN q Fsq Fdq + 0.4 BN Fs Fd
or
B2 3
For = 35, N c = 46.12, N q = 33.30, and N = 37.15.
qall =
and
qall =
W 294 kN
=
B2
B2
434
The square footing shown below must be designed to carry a 294 kN load. Use Brinch
Hansens bearing capacity formula to determine B with a factor of safety =3.
W = 294 kN
= 18.15 kN/m3
= 35
c =0
Df = 1 m
B
Solution:
Hansen's formula for the ultimate bearing capacity qult of a square footing is,
qult = c ' N c Fsc Fdc Fic + qN q Fsq Fdq Fiq + 0.4 BN Fs Fd Fi
where q = D f
Since the load is vertical, all three inclination factors Fic =Fiq =Fi =1.
B
1
B
Fsq = 1 + tan = 1 + tan 35 = 1.7 and Fs = 1 0.4 = 1 0.4(1) = 0.6
L
1
L
2 Df
2 1
Fdq = 1 + 2 tan (1 sin )
= 1 + 2 ( tan 35 ) (1 sin 35) 1.255 and Fd = 1
B
B
The allowable bearing capacity qall with the factor of safety of 3 is,
qult 1 '
= c N c Fsc Fdc + qN q Fsq Fdq + 0.4 BN Fs Fd
3
3
294 1 '
= c N c Fsc Fdc + qN q Fsq Fdq + 0.4 BN Fs Fd
or
B2 3
For = 35, N c = 46.12, N q = 33.30, and N = 33.92.
qall =
and
qall =
W 294 kN
=
B2
B2
435
The square footing shown below must be designed to a load of 30,000 kgm. Using a factor
of safety of 3 and using Terzaghis method, determine the size B of the square footing.
Df = 1 m
m = 30,000 kgm
= 1,850 kg/m3
= 35
c =0
B
Solution:
The soil density = 1,850 kgm / m3 converts to a unit weight via = g ( like F = ma ) ,
kg m
m
1,850 m3 9.81 s 2
= 18.15 kN / m3 and the load to be supported by the footing is,
= g =
(1, 000 N / kN )
W = ma =
(1, 000 N / kN )
s2
= 294 kN
qult 1
P 294
and qall = 2 = 2
= 1.3c ' N c + qN q + 0.4 BN
B
B
3
3
294 1
or
= 1.3c ' N c + qN q + 0.4 BN
2
B
3
For = 35, N c = 57.8, N q = 41.4, and N = 41.1,
qall =
294 1
= ( 0 ) + (18.15)(1) (41.4) + (0.4) (18.15) B (41.1) B 3 + 2.52 B 2 2.96 = 0
2
B
3
B = 0.90 m
436
Using Terzaghis method, distinguish between the value of the local shear failure versus
the general shear failure.
Solution:
where c ' =
2
2
c = (0.30) = 0.2 ksf
3
3
2
2
and ' = ( ) = (28) = 18.7 which give N c' = 16.2, N q' = 6.5 and N' = 4.52
3
3
'
qult local = (1.3) (0.2)(16.2) + (0.23)(6.5) + (0.4)(0.115)(2.5)(4.52) = 6.2 ksf
qult general failure = 18.1 ksf
437
Compare the results of the Hansen and the Meyerhof bearing capacity formulas to the results
of a field test that took a rectangular footing to failure when the load reached 1,863 kN. Given
B = 0.5 m, L = 2.0 m, c = 0, triaxial = 42 and = 9.31 kN/m3 (the WT is at the surface).
Pult = 1,863 kN
WT
Df = 0.5 m
B = 0.5 m
Solution:
P
1,863 kN
= 1,863 kPa
qult = ult =
BL ( 0.5 m )( 2.0 m )
438
Use Meyerhofs bearing capacity formula (with a factor of safety = 3) to select a footings width
B if, (a) the water table is as shown below, and (b) if the water table rises to the ground surface?
The soil has a unit weight of 112 pcf, a moisture of 10%, = 25, a cohesion cu = 240 psf and a
specific gravity of solids of Gs = 2.68.
Q = 200 kips
Df = 4 ft
3 ft
B
(square)
WT
Solution:
dry =
1 + wN
dry
Ws
112
= 101.8 pcf and V s =
=
G s w G s w
1.10
set V = 1 ft 3 V s =
101.8
= 0.61 ft 3 V v = V V s = 1 0.61 = 0.39 ft 3
2.68 ( 62.4 )
V
but sat = dry + n w = dry + v w sat = 101.8 + (0.39) ( 62.4 ) = 126.2 pcf
V
and ' = sat w = 126.2 62.4 = 63.8 pcf
T ry B = 5.7 feet with M eyerhof's equation,
q ult = c ' N c ( Fcs Fcd Fci ) + qN q ( Fqs Fqd Fqi ) + 0.5 BN ( F s F d F i )
w here the load inclination factors Fci , Fqi and F i = 1
25
K p = tan 2 45 + = tan 2 45 +
= 2.46, therefore
2
2
B
5.7
Fcs = 1 + (0.2) K p = 1 + (0.2)
(2.46) = 1.49
L
5.7
Df
4
Fcd = 1 + (0.2)
K p = 1 + (0.2)
2.46 = 1.22
5.7
B
Df
4
Fqd = F d = 1 + (0.1)
K p = 1 + (0.1)
2.46 = 1.11
5.7
B
For 10
5.7
B
Fqs = F s = 1 + (0 .1) K p = 1 + (0.1)(
)(2.46) = 1.25
5.7
L
439
qult 18.6
Q
200
=
= 6.2 ksf therefore B 2 =
=
= 32.25 ft 2 B = 5.7 ft
FS
qall 6.2
3
qult 16.62
200
Q
=
= 5.54 ksf and B 2 =
=
= 36.1 ft 2 B = 6.01 ft
3
FS
qall 5.54
440
Using the Hansen method, what are the ultimate and allowable bearing capacities for the
footing shown below if you require a factor of safety of at least 2?
P
c=0
t = 35
kN
m3
wN = 10 %, and Gs = 2.68
= 1 8 .1 0
Df = 1.0 m
WT
Solution:
Always use the effective unit weight of water in the bearing capacity formulas. The average
effective weight e of the soil can also be given by the formula:
dw
'
2
+
H dw )
wet
2
2 (
H
H
35
e = (2H dw )
wet
dry
16.5
=
= 0.63 m 3
G s wet (2.68) ( 9.8 )
kN
18.10
= 16.5 3
m
1 + 0.10
and
Vs =
and
dry =
1+ w
359
kN
m3
tan 3 5 = 1 .7 0
2 D f
o
o 2 1
= 1 + 2 tan (1 sin )
= 1 + 2 tan 3 5 (1 sin 3 5 )
= 1 .1 0
B
2
.5
B
2 .5
) = 0 .6
= 1 0 .4
= 1 0 .4 (
L
2 .5
= 1 .0
Fq s = 1 +
Fq d
F s
F d
B
2 .5
tan = 1 +
L
2 .5
1, 4 9 7
= 7 4 9 kP a
2
360
Use the Hansen formula to determine the gross normal load N on the column shown
below using a factor of safety of 3.
N
=18.1 kN/m3
=32
0.61 m
c=0
0.61 m
Solution:
361
362
A rectangular footing measures 5 feet by 2.5 feet. Determine the gross ultimate load Qult
applied eccentrically upon the footing, and the ultimate bearing capacity of the soil qult,
given that = 115 pcf, c = 0 and = 30.
Solution:
363
A square 8 x 8 footing is loaded with an axial load of 400 kips and Mx = 200 ft-kips, My =
120 ft-kips. Un-drained triaxial tests (the soil is not saturated) gave = 33 and c = 200 psf.
The footing depth Df = 6.0 feet, the soil unit weight is 115 pcf, and the WT was not found.
Use the Hansen equation with the Meyerhof reduction factors and a FS = 3 to find the
allowable bearing capacity qall.
Solution:
Eccentricities
ex =
My
Q
120 ft k
= 0.3 feet
400
and
and
ey =
M x 200 ft k
=
= 0.5 feet
Q
400
Adjusting the from triaxial (tr ) to a plane-strain value ( ps ) via Lees formulation,
N q = e tan 36 tan 2 45 +
= 37.8
2
B
7
= 1.73
Sc = 1 + 0.2 K p r = 1 + 0.2 ( 3.85 )
7.4
Lr
D
6
and d c = 1 + 0.2 K p = 1 + 0.2 3.85 = 1.34
7
Br
and
d q = d = 1.0 .
365
Hansens
qult = 0.5 BN S d i g b + cN c S c d c ic g c bc + qq N q S q d q iq g q bq
Also i = g = b = 1.0 for this problem, since = 0 = i (inclination factor f / load Q with t
vertical) = 4
g (ground factor with t inclined ground on side of footing)
b (base factor with t inclined ground under the footing)
qult = 0.5 ( 0.115 )( 7 )( 40.1)(1) + ( 0.200 )( 50.6 )(1.73 )(1.34 ) + ( 0.115 )( 6 )( 37.8 )(1) =
qult = 16.1 + 23.5 + 26.1 = 65.7 ksf
qall =
R ex
qult 65.7
=
= 21.9 ksf
FS
3
1
e 2
0.3 2
= 1 x = 1
= 0.8 1
8
B
e 2
0.5 2
Rey = 1 y = 1
= 0.7 5
8
B
2
Qall = qall ( B ) ( R e x ) ( R e y ) = 21.9 ( 8 x8 )( 0.81)( 0.75 ) = 851 kips
qall =
Qall 851
=
= 13.3 ksf
B 2 64
400
(The contact load qo = 13
= 6.1 ksf )
851
366
Use the boring logs show below to recommend an allowable soil pressure qall for the
footings located in the vicinity of elevation 284, boring No. 2?
The building is a four-story (five on the low side) office building with column loads
around 160 kips. State your reasons.
Topsoil
Boring No.5
Boring No.2
Boring No.3
Elevation
295.0
295
Elevation
290.6
290
Elevation
292.8
Elevation
288.0
Sandy
6 Got
10 Firmer
285
Got
Firmer
Got Firmer
25
Got Firmer
22
280
Cohesive
275
Got
firmer
36 6 in.
boulder
38
34
5
4
14
Dark
7 brown
71
Got
Firmer
Got
Firmer
7
13
25
29
Hard
16
46
71
51
47 Hard
69
38
34
62
67
39
32
Hard
270
Got
27 Firmer
Elevation
296.6
Boring No.4
69
74
Notes:
Solution:
It is presumed that all the buildings footings will be placed at roughly elevation 284 or
thereabouts. This is fine for the building area covered by borings # 3, 4 and 5 because they
have good SPT values.
Meyerhof has proposed formulas for the allowable bearing capacity adjusted so that the
settlement is limited to 1-inch. These formulas are:
N
qall = ( K D ) for B 4 ft
4
367
N B +1
47 + 51 + 71
= 56.33 56 (#3, 4, and 5)
For the silty sand use N=
3
Lets assume B=4.5 ft and Df =0
2
qall =
56
qall =
6
q0
Q
B2
4.5 + 1
160kips
= 7.9 qall = 13.9 ksf
20.25sf
N
( KD )
4
qo
kd =1+ 0.33Df /B
56 0.33Df
1 +
and Df = 0 qall = 14 ksf
B
4
Q
160 kips
=
= 13.06 13 ksf 14 ksf OK
2
(3.5) 2
B
For footings in area of borings # 1 and #2, they will be deeper by 1-story (ie. for 5-story
building). That places the shallow foundation at elevation 274 ft. This area will have bearing
in the same strata. N= 32 and using B= 3.50 and Df = 4.5
N
32 0.33x 4.5
kd
kd =1+0.33Df /B 1.33 Kd =
qall=
1 +
= 1.33
3.50
4
4
qall =10.64ksf < 13 ksf NOT GOOD
Q
qall = 10.64 ksf q0 = 2 = 10.51 ksf 10.64 ksf
B
368