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Chimia organic este chimia hidrocarburilor i a derivailor lor.Cea mai simpl molecul organic este metanul,adoptat de C.D.Neniescu(1925-1980)
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COMPUI ORGANICI
Hidrocarburile,R-H,pot fi derivai i ali compui organici de ex: R-X;R-Y;R-Z (X;Y;Z-pot fi atomi sau grupe funcionale) Restul (hidrocarbonat) de molecul organic,pstreas proprietiile chimice. Clasele de compui organici se numesc(pot fi grupate) n serii omoloage.
Carbonul formeaz 4 legtiri covalente,cnd carbonul are legturi simple se prezint ca tetraedru(de ex: METANUL) cnd C are 1 legtur tripl + 1 legtur simpl sau 2 legturi duble lgturi se prezint linear. cnd C are 2 legturi simple + 1 legtur dubl se prezint trigonal(trig.).
CARBON
H H C H H
H H
5
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HCN
C
Liniar
H
HCO2H
H C H H C H H
trig. planar
CH3CH2CH3
tetraedric
C H
C2H3Cl
C H
C Cl
H2CNH
trig. planar H C N H
H
C 3H 4
HIDROCARBURI
hidrocarburi ce conin numai C & H dou tipuri de hidrocarburi - alifatici sau aromatici insolubile n ap
Legturi chimice nepolare
HIDROCARBURILE SATURATE
n hidrocarburile saturate atomii de carbon sunt legai prin legturi simple. Hidrocarburile saturate se mai numesc alcani(TERMINAIA N
an
Hibritizarea sp3
CnH2n+2
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HIDROCARBURILE NESATURATE
Hidrocarburile nesaturate pot avea mai multe legturi duble C=C sau legturi triple CC . Hidrocarburile nesaturate alifatice ce conin C=C se numesc alchene.
Formula general pentru alchene Sunt cu doi atomi de H mai puini
CnH2n
HIDROCARBURI
HIDROCARBURI SATURATE
HIDROCARBURI NESATURATE
Alcani CnH2n+2
Alchene CnH2n
Alchine CnH2n-2
Arene
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HIDROCARBURI. ALCANI,ALCHENE,ALCHI NE
C14H28
C25H52
C12H10
11
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UTILIZAREA HIDROCARBURILOR
Numrul atomi C 1-4 Starea de agregare Utilizare
5-7
6-18 12-24 18-50
heating and La nclzire, gas gzoase cooking fuel n buctrie liquids, solvents, lichide Solven i, (low boiling) gasoline gazoline
liquids lichide gasoline gazoline jet fuel; camp Carburani, liquids lichide stove dieselfuel fuel, diesel fuel, liquids, lichide lubri fiani, lubricants, (high boiling) uleiuri heatinggrele oil petrol, paraffin petroleum jelly, solide solids wax,etc.. paraffin wax
50+
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Name Methane
Lewis Structure
H H H H H H C
H H C H
C H H C H H C
H C H
H C H H C H
H C H H C H
C H
H H C H
H C H
H C H H
H C H
H C H
H
H C H
H H
Hexane
H H C H
H C H
C C H H
H H H H H H H H H C C C C C C C C H H H H H H H H H
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
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Name Methane Ethane Propane Butane Pentane Hexane Heptane Octane Nonane Decane Undecane Dodecane Tridecane
Formula Molar Mass BP, C MP, C Density, g/mL CH4 16 -162 -183 0.47 CH3CH3 30 -89 -183 0.57 CH3CH2CH3 44 -42 -188 0.5 CH3CH2CH2CH3 58 0 -138 0.58 CH3(CH2)3CH3 72 36 -130 0.56 CH3(CH2)4CH3 86 69 -95 0.66 CH3(CH2)5CH3 100 98 -91 0.68 CH3(CH2)6CH3 114 126 -57 0.7 CH3(CH2)7CH3 128 151 -54 0.72 CH3(CH2)8CH3 142 174 -30 0.74 CH3(CH2)9CH3 156 196 -26 0.75 CH3(CH2)10CH3 170 216 -10 0.76 CH3(CH2)11CH3 184 235 -5 0.76
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IZOMERI isomeri moleculele formate din acela fel i numr de atomi dar avnd relaii reciproce diferite dintre atomi(izo=acela,mer=parte,n limba greac).
Butan, Pf = 0C
H H C H H C H H C H H C H
Isobutan, Pf = -12C
H C C C H
H H H C H H
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IZOMERII DE STRUCTUR POSIBILI Carbon Molecular Possible Content Formula Isomers 4 C4H10 2 5 C5H12 3 6 C6H14 5 7 C7H16 9 8 C8H18 18 9 C9H20 35 10 C10H22 75
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BIBIOGRAFIE:
1.C.D.NENIESCU,CHIMIE ORGANIC,EDITURA DIDACTIC I PEDAGOG,BUCURETI,1980. 2.MARGARETA AVRAM,CHIMIE ORGANIC,EDITURA ACADEMIEI,BUCURETI,1983. 3.ORGANICUM.CHIMIE ORGANIC APLICAT.EDITURA TIINIFIC I ENCICLOPEDIC,BUCURETI,1971. 4.PARASCHIVA ARSENE I CECILIA MARINESCU.CHIMIE ORGANIC.EDITURA FAST PRINT,1995. 5.NIVALDO J.TRO,INTRODUCTORY CHEMISTRY AND INTRODUCTORY CHEMISTRY ESSENTIALS,SECOND EDITION,2006,INSTRUCTOR RESOURSE CENTER ON CD/DVD. 6. WWW.PRENHALL.COM/TRO 7.IURIE UNGUREANU,PUBLICAII DIDACTICO-METODICE N CHIMIE WWW.DIDACTIC.RO
Bli,2012
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