Integrarea unor funcii raionale care au numitorul cu rdcini

complexe simple
Calculai primitivele urmtoarelor funcii:
1
1. f x = 3
, x0
x 1
Solutie :
Descompunem functia:
1
1
A BxC
=
= 2
3
2
x 1 x x 1 x x 1
Observm c numitorul x 21 admite rdcini complexe.
Datorit acestui fapt n descompunerea fcut ntlnim mai nou
termenul Bx+C n loc de obinuitul B+C
1= A x 21 x BxC
AB=0
C=0
A=1 B=1
f x dx= 1x x121 dx=
dx
dx
= 2
=
x
x 1
=arctg xln x
2. f x =

1
, x0
x 2x2
2

Solutie :
Observm c numitorul acestei fracii are rdcini complexe
(D=-4<0)
1
2
cu b 4c0 este:
!Descompunerea universal pentru funcia
2
x bxc
2

b
4cb 2

x bxc= x

adica :
2
2
1
1
=
2
2
2
x bxc
b
4cb2

x
2
2
Am reuit astfel s scriem numitorul ca o sum de ptrate.
2

2
84
x 2x2= x

=
2
2
2
2
= x1 1
dx
=arctg x 1
f x dx= x1
2
12
2

4x5
3. f x=
, x0
x2 x 2x 1
Solutie :
4x5
A
BxC
=
2
2
x2 x x1 x2 x x1
4x5= A x 2x 1 BxC x2
4x5= A x 2x 1 Bx2 2BxCx2C
A B=0 B=A
AC=4
A2BC=4
A2C=5
A2C=5
dx
x3
f x = x2 x 2x1 dx=
=ln x2I ' , unde

I ' =

A=1, B=1, C =3

x3
dx
x 2x1

Observm c x 2 x1 ' =2x1 ,aadar pentru a efectua o schimbare

de variabil modificm puin forma integralei I ' .
I '=

1 2x6
1 2x1
3
dx
dx= 2
dx 2

2
2 x x1
2 x x1
2 x x1

I 1'

I2 '

Pentru a rezolva integrala I 1 ' efectum schimbarea de variabil:

x 2 x1=a
2x1' dx=da
1 da 1
I 1 '= = ln a
2 a
2
1
2
I 1 '= ln x x1
2
3
dx
3
dx
I 2' = 2
=
=
2
2
2 x x1 2
1
3

2
2

1
2

3 2
= arctg

2 3
3
2
2x1
= 3arctg

3
Finalizare :
f x dx=ln x2I 1 'I 2 ' =
=ln x 2ln x 2 x1 3arctg
=ln

2x1
=
3

x 2 x1
2x1
3 arctg

x2
3

4. f x =

2x 33x2 2x
x 24 x 21

Solutie :
Descompunem funcia :
2x33x2 2x
AxB CxD
= 2
2
, Aducem la acelasi numitor si obtinem :
2
2
x 4 x 1 x 4
x 1
3

2x 3x 2x= AC x BD x A4C x B4D. Prin identificare rezult sistemul :

AC=2
BD=3
A4C=2
B4D=0

De aici obtinem solutiile : A=2, B=4 ,C =0, D=1

Dup descompunerea funciei putem integrala capt forma:
2x4

dx
=
x 1
2x dx
dx
dx
= 2
4 2 2 2
x 4
x 2
x 1
2
Prin schimabarea de variabila x 4=a 2x dx=da obtinem :
da
dx= =ln a=ln x 24
x 2x
2
a
4
Finalizare :
f x dx=ln x 24412 arctg 2x arctg x=
x
=ln x 242arctg arctg x
2

f x dx= x 2 4

dx

Exerciii propuse:
S se calculeze primitivele urmtoarelor funcii:
1
1. f x=
3x5
13x
2. f x =
2x3
1
3. f x =
x 2 x3
1
4. f x =
x x3
1
5. f x= 2
3x 5
1
6. f x = 2
x 3x2
1
7. f x = 2
3x x1
1
8. f x= 2
2x x3
4x3
9. f x = 2
2x 3x1
5x2
10. f x= 2
x 4
x1
11. f x= 2
x 2x10
3
x
12. f x=
8
1x
x
13. f x=
x110
x 4
14. f x=
x2 x5
x 25x7
15. f x=
x3
2
x 1
16. f x=
x1
5
17. f x= 2
x x 1
2x
18. f x= 2
x 6x5
5
19. f x=
x x1 x3
x 2 x2
20. f x =
x1 x 21
x 32x 24
21. f x = 2
x x22
x
22. f x =
x1 x3 x5
4

Integarea funciilor trigonometrice

n caculul integralelor trigonometrice putem folosi fie formula
integrrii prin pri, fie metoda substituiei. n utimul caz,
putem apela la substituiile:
1.Dac funcia este impar n sin x,
R(-sin x, cos x)= -R(sin x, cos x), atunci cos x=t.
2.Dac funcia cos x,
R(sin x,-cos x)= -R(sin x, cos x),

atunci sin x=t.

3.Dac funcia este par n raport cu ambele variabile

R(-sin x, -cos x), atunci tg x=t.
4.Dac o funcie nu se ncadreaz n cazurile 1,2,3 atunci se
utilizeaz substituiile universale:
2t
1t 2
x
sin x=
,
cos
x
=
, unde t =tg
2
2
2
1t
1t
5.Mai putem folosi i alte formule trigonometrice:
sin 2x=2 sin xcos x ,

sin x=

1cos2x
,
2

cos x=

1cos2x
2

S se calculeze primitivele urmtoarelor funcii:

3
1. f x =cos xsin x
Solutie :
t4
cos 4 x
Notm cos x=t sin x dx=dt cos3 xsin x dx= t 3 dt= =

4
4
2. f x =cos 3 xsin 2x
Solutie :
Notam cos x=t sin x dx=dt
cos 3 xsin 2x dx= cos 3 x2 sin x cos x dx=2 cos 4 x sin x dx='
t5
2
4
5
=2 t dt=2 = cos x
5
5
3. f x=sin3 xcos2 x
Solutie :
sin 3 xcos2 x dx= cos 2 xsin 2 xsin x dx= cos 2 x1cos 2 x sin x dx
Notam cos x=t sin x dx=dt
t 3 t5
2
2
2
2
cos
x
1cos
x
sin
x
dx=
t
1t
dt=
=

3 5
cos5 x cos3 x
= cos 2 x1cos 2 xsin x dx=

5
3

2
4. f x =e x 3 x cos x , x0
x
Solutie :
2
dx
f x dx= e x x 3 xcos x dx= e x dx 3 x dx2 x cos x dx
Imi aduc aminte ca :
1
e x '=e x , ln x ' = , 3x ' =3xln 3, sin x ' =cos x
x
Din aceasta amintire am ajuns la concluzia :
3x
x
f

dx=e

2ln xsin x

ln 3
3

5. f x =

sin x
cos x

Solutie :
sin 3 x
1cos2 x sin x
=
dx

cos x
cos x
Notam cos x=t sin x dx=dt
1cos 2 xsin x
1t 2
dx=
dt=
cos x
t
t2
cos2 x
= ln t=
lncos x
2
2
f x dx=

6. f x =sin x
Solutie :
sin 3 x dx= sin xsin2 x dx= sin x 1cos 2 x dx=
t3
cos 3 x
= 1t 2 dt=t =cos x

3
3
7. f x =
Solutie :

arcsin x
1 x 2

Notam arcsin x=t pentru ca arcsin x ' =

1
1

dx=dt
2
1x 1x 2

arcsin x
t2
arcsin x2
dx= t dt = =

2
2
1 x 2
8. f x =

cos x
1sin 2 x

Solutie :
Notam sin x=t cos x dx=dt
x
dt
dx=
=
f x dx= cos
2
1sin x
1t 2
=arctg t=arctg sinx

9. f x =

, x 0,
53 cos x
2

Solutie :
x
1t 2
. Cum cos x=
, integrala asociata este :
2
1t 2
2 dt
2
1t
1
dt
1
1
I ' =
=
= 2 arctg 2t= arctg 2t
2
2
4
2
3 1t 4
1
5
t 2
2
2
1t
Finalizare :
f x dx=12 arctg 2 tg 2x
Notam t=tg

10. f x =

sin x

, x 0,
2
2
1cos xcos x

Solutie :
Notam cos x=t sin x dx=dt
dt
f x dx= 1tt
2
1
1
dar , 2
=
2
2
t t1
1
3

2
2

dt
=
1tt
2

1
t
2
2
=
arctg
2
2
3
3
1
3
t
2
2
2
dt

Finalizare :

f x dx= 2 33 arctg 2 cos3x1

11. f x =tg 4 x , x 0,

Solutie :
Notam tg x=t si obtinem o integrala asociata de forma :
2
t 21t 211
t
1
2
I ' = t
dt=
dt= t 21 2
dt=
2
2
1t
t 1
t 1
t3
= tarctg t
3
Finalizare :
tg 3
f

dx=
tg xx

12. f x =cos ax , x
Solutie :
f x dx= 12 1cos 2ax dx= 2x 4a1 sin 2ax

Exerciii propuse:
S se calculeze primitivele urmtoarelor funcii:
1. f x=sin 3 xcos x
2. f x =sin 3 xcos 2x
3. f x=cos3 xsin2 x
cos 3 x
4. f x =
sin x
5. f x=cos 3 x
6. f x=e xcos x
7. f x=sin 2 ax
8. f x=tg xtg 3 x
sin x
9. f x=
1cos 2 x
1
10. f x= cos x
x
x
11. f x=
1cos x
sin x
12. f x= 2
cos x4
sin 2x
13. f x=
1cos 2 x2
1
14. f x=
sin x
15. f x=sin 10 xcos 3 x
1

16. f x=
, x0,
53sin x
2
cos x
17. f x= 2
sin xsin x1
1
18. f x=
, x 0,2
cos xsin x3

19. f x=ctg 4 x , x 0,
2
sin x

20. f x =
, x 0,
sin xcos x
2
5
21. f x =sin x
sin x , x 0,
22. f x =
cos x
2

23. f x =tg 5 x , x 0,
2
2sin x

24. f x =
, x0,
2cos x
2