Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
IAI
Coordonator tiinific:
Prof. Dr. Alexandru Grigore Dimitriu
Doctorand:
Simon Marta
Iai
2010
INTRODUCERE
INTRODUCERE
INTRODUCERE
n mijlocul teoremelor i ecuaiilor, nu uitai omul!
Albert Einstein
INTRODUCERE
Autoarea
CUPRINS
CUPRINS
1. Noiuni de baz a structurii i dezvoltrii Sistemului Nervos Central la nou-nscut .... 9
1.1. Elemente de dezvoltare ontogenetic a sistemului nervos central .................................. 9
1.1.1. Inducia dorsal (formarea i nchiderea tubului neural).......................................... 9
1.1.2. Inducia ventral (diverticulaia) ............................................................................ 10
1.1.3. Migraia i histogeneza........................................................................................... 10
1.1.4. Organizarea............................................................................................................. 11
1.1.5. Mielinizarea ............................................................................................................ 11
1.2. Structura anatomic a creierului la nou-nscut ........................................................... 12
1.2.1. Cutia craniana ......................................................................................................... 12
1.2.2. Creierul ................................................................................................................... 12
1.2.2.1. Corpul calos..................................................................................................... 12
1.2.2.2. Meningele ........................................................................................................ 13
1.2.2.3. Cisternele subarahnoidiene.............................................................................. 13
1.2.3. Sistemul ventricular................................................................................................ 14
1.2.3.1. Ventriculii laterali............................................................................................ 14
1.2.3.2. Ventriculul III .................................................................................................. 15
1.2.3.3. Ventriculul IV.................................................................................................. 16
1.2.3.4. Plexurile coroide.............................................................................................. 16
1.2.3.5. Cavum septi pellucidi. Cavum vergae. Cavum veli interpositi ....................... 17
1.2.4. Sistemul vascular al creierului................................................................................ 17
1.2.4.1. Arterele cerebrale ............................................................................................ 17
1.2.4.2. Venele cerebrale .............................................................................................. 22
2. Hemodinamica cerebral. Conceptul de risc neurologic n terapia intensiv neonatal
.................................................................................................................................................. 24
2.1. Fluxul sanguin cerebral ................................................................................................ 24
2.2. Nou-nscutul cu risc neurologic.................................................................................... 25
2.3. Encefalopatia hipoxic-ischemic................................................................................... 26
2.3.1. Definiie .................................................................................................................. 26
2.3.2. Fiziopatologie ......................................................................................................... 27
2.3.2.1. Factorii circulatori ........................................................................................... 27
2.3.2.2. Factorii metabolici celulari.............................................................................. 28
2.3.2.3. Factori biochimici............................................................................................ 28
2.3.2.4. Disfuncia mitocondrial ................................................................................. 29
2.3.2.5. Mecanismele vasculare i imuno-inflamatorii................................................. 29
2.3.2.6. Moartea celular .............................................................................................. 29
2.3.3. Leziunile morfologice post injurie hipoxic-ischemic ........................................... 30
2.3.3.1. Necroza neuronal selectiv ............................................................................ 30
2.3.3.2. Injuria cerebral parasagital........................................................................... 30
2.3.3.3. Leucomalacia periventricular ........................................................................ 30
2.3.3.4. Status marmoratus ........................................................................................... 31
2.3.3.5. Necroza ischemic cerebral focal i multifocal.......................................... 31
2.3.3.6. Electroencefalografia....................................................................................... 33
2.3.3.7. Potenialele evocate ......................................................................................... 33
2.3.3.8. Ecografia transfontanelar............................................................................... 33
2.3.3.9. Rezonana magnetic nuclear ........................................................................ 33
2.3.3.10. Alte tehnici imagistice ................................................................................... 34
Studiul fluxului sanguin cerebral la nou-nscutul sntos i patologic
Autor: Simon Marta
Conductor tiinific: Prof. Dr. A.G. Dimitriu
CUPRINS
2.4. Hemoragiile intracraniene............................................................................................ 34
2.4.1. Hemoragiile intra/periventriculare......................................................................... 35
2.4.1.1. Etiopatogenie .................................................................................................. 35
2.4.1.2. Tablou clinic ................................................................................................... 35
2.4.1.3. Diagnosticul .................................................................................................... 35
2.4.2. Hemoragia subarahnoidian primar ..................................................................... 36
2.4.3. Hemoragia subdural ............................................................................................. 36
2.4.4. Hemoragia intracerebeloas................................................................................... 36
2.5. Principiile profilaxiei i ale terapiei n suferina cerebral, cu precdere n
encefalopatia hipoxic-ischemic i hemoragiile intracraniene ........................................... 37
2.5.1. Tratamentul suportiv .............................................................................................. 37
2.5.2. Tratamentul neuroprotector.................................................................................... 38
CUPRINS
CUPRINS
6.4.2. Material i metod................................................................................................ 225
6.4.3. Rezultate............................................................................................................... 226
6.4.4. Discuii ................................................................................................................. 229
6.4.5. Concluzii .............................................................................................................. 230
6.5. Consideraii personale asupra caracteristicilor parametrilor fluxului sanguin cerebral
la nou-nscutul din mam cu patologie............................................................................. 231
6.5.1. Introducere ........................................................................................................... 231
6.5.2. Material i metod................................................................................................ 231
6.5.3. Rezultate............................................................................................................... 232
6.5.4. Discuii ................................................................................................................. 240
6.5.5. Concluzii .............................................................................................................. 241
CAPITOLUL I.
CAPITOLUL I
10
CAPITOLUL I.
CAPITOLUL II.
11
CAPITOLUL II
12
CAPITOLUL III.
CAPITOLUL III
CAPITOLUL III.
13
14
CAPITOLUL III.
g.) de asemenea, ETF nu necesit sedarea pacientului, doar imobilizarea capului
pacientului, acesta fiind nc un avantaj fa de computer tomografie (CT) i
rezonana magnetic nuclear (RMN) [17].
h.) Combinaia examenului Doppler cu echografia bidimensional n timp real
permite cartografierea vaselor cerebrale principale, reproduce o veritabil hart a
vasculaturii cerebrale cu o inegalabil acuratee [125].
CAPITOLUL III.
15
16
CAPITOLUL III.
CAPITOLUL IV.
17
CAPITOLUL IV
18
CAPITOLUL IV.
corespunztoare, avnd vrsta de gestaie ntre 27-42 sptmni. Am cutat corelaiile ntre
valorile msurate, parametrii biologici i starea clinic n diferite stri patologice cu potenial
de a produce injurie cerebral, respectiv s pronun un prognostic pe baza datelor obinute
echografic n corelaie cu dezvoltarea psihomotorie ulterioar a cazurilor considerate cu risc.
Am dorit s stabilesc utilitatea examinrii echo-Doppler a variaiilor velocitilor cerebrale n
munca de zi cu zi a neonatologului n corelaie cu datele clinico-anamnestice i alte
investigaii paraclinice. Am cutat s corelez rezultatele examinrii ultrasonografice Doppler
transfontanelare cu aspectele clinice ale afeciunilor neonatale asociate cu suferin cerebral
neonatal i am ncercat s implementez aceast modalitate de investigaie ca practic de
rutin n compartimentul de terapie intensiv neonatal a Clinicii de Neonatologie I Tg.
Mure.
CAPITOLUL IV.
19
medicaia mamei n ultimele 24 de ore antemergtoare naterii,
modul naterii.
prelevare de snge din cordonul ombilical 0,5 ml pe heparin n vederea
analizei gazelor sanguine, respectiv pentru efectuarea unei
hemoleucograme, gazele sanguine s-au repetat nainte de fiecare
msurtoare Doppler a FSC,
scorul Apgar la 1, la 5 i la 10 minute de la natere,
datele antropometrice, vrsta gestaional pe baza scorului Finnstrm i
Ballard, ncadrarea nou-nscutului n eutrofic, subponderal sau mare pentru
vrsta de gestaie pe baza graficului de cretere intrauterin al lui
Lubchenko,
tensiunea arterial sistemic determinata la nivelul braului drept, folosind
manete nr.1-4, corespunztoare dimensiunilor pacientului, cu aparate
digitale, glicemia, determinat cu glucometru, din snge capilar, msurtori
care au fost repetate nainte de fiecare msurtoare Doppler a FSC,
msurtorile echo-Doppler s-au efectuat la nou-nscuii echilibrai la
natere dup cum urmeaz: n primele 5 minute, la 30 de minute, la 2 ore,
la 6 ore, la 12 ore, la 24 ore, la 48 ore, la 72 ore, la 96 ore. Msurtorile au
fost precedate de examen echografic clasic pe seciunile standard coronare
i sagitale i s-au notat modificrile morfologice evideniate.
s-a notat starea de veghe a nou-nscutului la fiecare examinare. n paralel sau repetat analizele biologice menionate.
la nou-nscuii cu patologie matern, a travaliului sau a naterii s-au luat n
considerare aceste circumstane.
la nou-nscuii cu patologie, msurtorile echo-Doppler au fost efectuate la
orice modificare acut detectat, cum ar fi: modificri patologice ale pHului, PaCO2-ului, PaO2-ului, ale TA sistemice, ale glicemiei, ale frecvenei
cardiace, ale hematocritului, apariia apneelor, a convulsiilor, a modificrii
strii neurologice, etc.
la nou-nscuii cu patologie cardiac s-au efectuat examene cardiologice:
ECG, eco-cardiologic n funcie de indicaiile medicului cardiolog.
la nou-nscuii cu patologie neurologic s-au efectuat puncii lombare la
intervale dictate de msurtorile Doppler, conform protocoalelor din
literatur.
EEG s-a efectuat la copiii cu convulsii, n momentul n care pacientul se
putea deplasa, neexistnd n dotare aparat EEG portabil.
56 nou-nscui din studiu au fost urmrii pe baza testului Amiel-Tison
respectiv BINS (Bayley Infant Neurodevelopmental Screener) la vrsta
gestaional corectat de 40 de sptmni, la 1 lun, la 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18,
24 luni, conform protocoalelor de urmrire a dezvoltrii psihomotorii
existente n clinica noastr.
20
CAPITOLUL IV.
a.) Echipament
n elaborarea studiului am folosit cele dou ecografe portabile din dotare: unul de
fabricaie Philips, cu software EnVisor B.0.1., prevzut cu dou transductoare sectoriale
dinamice, care permit emiterea frevenelor ntre 5-12 MHz i altul de fabricaie General
Electrics RT-400, prevzut cu dou transductoare, unul sectorial i unul liniar, cu frecvene
similare ca i cellalt aparat. Transductoarele sectoriale sunt specifice examinrii structurilor
subiacente printr-o fereastr ngust, avnd un unghi de deschidere de 90, cel liniar permite o
examinare mai amnunit a structurilor superficiale. Datorit unghiului de sector de 90 grade
al transductorului sectorial, a fost posibil vizualizarea simultan a ambelor emisfere
cerebrale. Reglarea profunzimii imaginilor s-a efectuat prin reglajul de profunzime i
suprafa (gain de profunzime i gain de suprafa ), iar pentru obinerea unei imagini cu o
rezoluie ct mai bun s-a reglat strlucirea i contrastul imaginii.
b.) Tehnica de lucru
Investigaia Doppler fiind standardizat i metodic nou-nscuii nu au necesitat
premedicaie, cu toate acestea capul trebuia s fie imobilizat. Examinrile au fost efectuate la
patul bolnavului n cazul pacienilor tratai n TIN, iar cei sntoi au fost examinai pe o mas
radiant, asigurndu-le confort termic i manipulare minim. Deoarece plnsul prin rezonare
bruieaz msurtorile Doppler, pacientul trebuia s fie linitit, fiind examinat fie n somn, fie
dup alimentaie.
Examinarea Doppler a fost precedat de examinarea clasic, gray-scale, n seciunile
standard coronare i sagitale, n urma cruia s-au notat eventualele modificri morfologice.
Pentru fiecare pacient am efectuat un studiu complet al morfologiei i vasculaturii cerebrale
prin Doppler color. n majoritatea studiilor IR este folosit pentru descrierea hemodinamicii
cerebrale. Consider c la fel de importante sunt velocitile amintite, avnd n vedere
autoreglarea afectat sau imatur n anumite categorii de copii, unde variaiile velocitilor
sistolice i diastolice pot fi de mai mare folos n interpretarea statistic. Vasele principale
supuse investigaiilor au fost examinate mai nti prin Doppler color, , astfel uurndu-se
analiza spectral a velocitilor prin Doppler pulsat.
Pentru fiecare pacient s-a deschis un fiier n ecograf, cu principalele date de indetitate
i diagnostic. Imaginile provenite din echograf au fost salvate pe CD iar prezentarea lor
respect legea drepturilor pacientului cu privire la confidenialitate. S-a obinut
consimmntul informat cel puin de la unul din prinii tuturor pacienilor inclui n studiu.
c.) Cartografierea vaselor cerebrale
n msurarea velocitlor am urmat un protocol prestabilit pentru diminuarea
rezultatelor false i anume: proba a fost plasat sub un unghi ideal, ct mai apropiat de 0 i n
orice caz sub 30, peste aceast valoare am aplicat corecie angular posibil prin softul
ecografului. Msurtorile la nivelul ACA s-a efectuat pe poriunea dinaintea ventricolului trei,
la nivelul AB pe poriunea de dinaintea trunchiului cerebral, iar la ACI, pe poriunea dinaintea
sellei turcica. Traiectul venei cerebrale interne i al sinusului drept sunt ideale pentru analiza
spectral, n cazul lor unghiul de insonaie fiind aproape de 0.
La nivelul arterelor analiza spectral include msurarea velocitii sistolice maxime
(VS), velocitii end-diastolice (VD), calcularea indicelui de rezistivitate al lui Pourcelot,
calularea velocitii medii, variaia velocitii medii pe secund, raportul VS/VD, fiind afiate
i calculate de softul aparatului, iar n cazul venelor velocitataea medie. Din toate acestea n
efectuarea studiului am folosit datele referitoare la velocitile sistolice i end-diastolice, ca
variabilele de baz, din care se calculeaz toate celelalte valori, iar ca indice cel mai
important, indicele de rezistivitate. Calcularea IR i folosirea lui n interpretarea datelor mi s-a
prut cu att mai important cu ct valoarea acestuia nu a fost influenat de unghiul de
CAPITOLUL IV.
21
insonaie, fiind unul din variabilele de cea mai mare acuratee. Pe de alt parte folosirea lui ca
unic parametru pentru a caracteriza fluxul sanguin cerebral ar fi prea simplist tot datorit
faptului c valoarea lui rmne neschimbat la orice modificare n plus sau n minus a celor
dou variabile pe baza crora se calculeaz dac modificarea lor este n paralel. Cunoscnd
din literatur variaiile VS n funcie de debitul cardiac i de tensiunea arterial sistemic i
variabilitatea VD n diferitele stri patologice influennd i valoarea IR, m-a determinat s
urmresc variaiile acestor trei parametri eseniali.
4.2.2.3. Prelucrarea statistic a datelor obinute
n acest studiu au fost utilizate o serie de metode matematice implementate n soft-ul
utilizat pentru prelucrarea datelor (Statistica) dedicat cercetrii medicale, metode ce permit
calcul unor indicatori statistici specifici tipului de date, metode de previziune (prognoz) etc.
Indicatorii statistici calculai n cadrul studiului au posibilitatea de generalizare,
facilitnd interpretarea comparativ, corelativ a diferitelor subgrupe ale lotului cercetat,
ridicnd deci posibilitatea sintezei de la caracteristicile individuale la cele de grup i de la cele
de grup la ntregul eantion.
Compararea datelor parametrice s-a fcut prin teste specifice pentru serii cu distribuii
normale sau cu ajutorul testelor neparametrice n cazul n care distribuia nu este normal.
n cadrul studiului s-au aplicat teste specifice diverselor tipuri de date analizate dintre
care putem aminti teste de compararea valorilor medii a unui parametru corespunztor mai
multor loturi de date dintre care testul ANOVA, Scheff, Spjotvol/Stoline, teste specifice de
corelaie pentru variabile cantitative ct i pentru variabile calitative dintre care putem
meniona Pearson, Chi ptrat (2), Mantel-Haenszel, Fisher, Spearman, Kendall tau,
Gamma.
n urma aplicrii acestor teste s-au luat n discuie principalii parametrii de interes iar
n funcie de valorile acestora s-au stabilit concluziile. Astfel p, parametrul de referin
calculat n cadrul testelor, reprezint nivelul de semnificaie al testului, care s-a comparat cu
p=0,05 corespunztor unei ncrederi de 95%, acesta avnd valori semnificative pentru
pcalculat<0,05.
Testul 2 (chi ptrat) a permis compararea a dou sau mai multe repartiii de
frecvene, pentru dou loturi provenite din aceeai populaie, deci cu o repartiie de frecven
similar, dar avnd totui o caracteristic diferit. Au fost luate n considerare cifrele absolute,
uurnd astfel calculul mai laborios al mediei, dispersiei sau momentelor. De asemenea, testul
acesta a mai fost aplicat n acele situaii cnd evenimentele ateptate se exclud unul pe
cellalt, n sensul c nu este posibil s se produc dect unul dintre ele.
Calculul corelaiilor a permis aprecierea existenei unei legturi ntre seriile de
variabilitate a dou sau mai multe fenomene. Coeficientul de corelaie (Pearson) r, care
reprezint o msur a puterii legturii dintre dou sau mai multe variabile, variaz ntre -1 i
+1. O valoare pozitiv indic o variaie direct proporional, iar o valoare negativ indic o
dependen invers proporional
.
22
CAPITOLUL V.
CAPITOLUL V
5.3. Rezultate
n perioada 1.I.2006. - 1.VII.2009. au fost internai n Clinica Neonatologie I TgMure n total 9244 nou-nscui, din care 1604 (17.35%) s-au nscut prin seciune cezarian,
NN LGA: 545 (5.89%), SGA: 1050 (11.35%), numrul total de prematuri: 1571(16.99%),
artnd o cretere pe parcursul celor 3 ani. Prematuritatea extrem, cu greutate1000g i
CAPITOLUL V.
23
VG28 sptmni a nsumat 148 (1.61%) de nou-nscui. Din cei 9244, am examinat 324
nou-nscui (3,50%) cu adaptare corespunztoare la viaa extrauterin.
Frecventa cardiaca
0.0703
160
150
143
140
141
135
130
140
133
127
127
128
128
126 127
125
129
126
123
123
Frecventa cardiaca
120
110
100
1
LOT: AGA
LOT: LGA
LOT: SGA
160
150
143
139
140
135
133
128
130
134
131
130
132
132 133
129 130 131
124 125
120
110
100
1
LOT: PREMATUR
Mean
SE
SD
MOMENT
Figura nr. 8 Valorile medii ale frecvenei cardiace n dinamic n funcie categoria de
nou-nscut
Tensiunea arterial sistemic sistolic, n cazul lotului A, msurat la aceleai
momente ca i frecvena cardiac, prezint o cretere semnificativ n primele zile de via, de
la o medie de 66,9mmHg (7,9 SD) la 5 minute, la 77,5mmHg(8,3SD) la 96 h postnatal
Studiul fluxului sanguin cerebral la nou-nscutul sntos i patologic
Autor: Simon Marta
Conductor tiinific: Prof. Dr. A.G. Dimitriu
24
CAPITOLUL V.
CAPITOLUL V.
25
ventricular, cavum septi pellucidi i cavum vergae sunt mai evidente la prematur dect la nounscutul matur.
Dup examenul gray-scale pe seciuni standard a urmat cartografierea vaselor
cerebrale majore cu ajutorul Doppler color i power Doppler.
Artera cerebral anterioar a fost prima vizualizat, datorit traiectului anatomic
favorabil din punct de vedere a examinrii. Vizualizarea completa a arteri s-a putut realiza att
cu ajutorul Dopplerului color ct i cu power Doppler, aceste tehnici artnd traiectul vasului
aproape n totalitate, mpreun cu ramificaiile ei.
Poligonul lui Willis a fost evideniat att n seciunea coronar C3 ct i prin abord
temporal, pe seciuni oblice. Sunt vizibile Arterele cerebrale interne, arterele comunicante
posterioare, arterele cerebrale posterioare, medii i segmentul A1 a arterei cerebrale
anterioare.
Artera cerebral intern a putut fi urmrit pe tot traiectul ei n cutia cranian. Pe
seciunile coronare se evideniaz anterior de sella turcica i la nivelul osului sfenoid. La
nivelul C3-4 n cadrul Poligonului lui Willis se pot vizualiza Arterele cerebrale interne, n mod
simetric. Acest abord faciliteaz efectuarea msurtorilor velocitilor la acest vas, dar
traiectul anatomic mai concret se poate urmri pe seciuni sagitale, pornind de la linia
median, baleind transductorul uor spre stnga sau spre dreapta, evideniindu-se tot sifonul
carotid de pe o parte i de alta a liniei mediene.
Dei Artera cerebral medie se poate evidenia i n planurile coronare, C3 i C4, pe o
scurt distan i parasagital S2, am ales abordul temporal pentru o mai bun vizualizare i un
unghi mai optim pentru msurtorile Doppler pulsat.
Venele cerebrale interne, Vena Galen, Sinusul drept i Sinusul sagital superior au avut
o vizualizare mai bun n seciunea S1, cea mai bun vizualizare am obinut n cazul Venei
cerebrale interne, care a putut fi evideniat i abordat i n seciunile C4-C5. Am ntmpinat
dificulti n vizualizarea celorlalte vene, mai ales a celei de la nivelul sinusului sagital
superior, explicabil prin faptul c aceasta poate fi colabat la nou-nscutul linitit, fiind
imposibil evidenierea ei cu Doppler color, sau datorit faptului c situindu-se foarte
superficial fa de transductor, fascicolul de ultrasunete nu detecteaz prezena vasului, mai
ales cel sectorial, aria esutului parcurs fiind cea mai mic la acest nivel. Vizualizarea i
examinarea acestei vene a fost mai uoar cu transductorul liniar, folosind o frecven de 1012 MHz, de la aparatul GE RT-400.
26
CAPITOLUL V.
38.6
38.8
39.3
39.1
35.0
34.1
30.9
33.4
ACA sistolic
36.7
37.3
35.7
32.6
30.1
PREMATUR
SGA PREMATUR MIC
AGA
LGA
CEZARIANA
5 min
27.5
PREMATUR
SGA PREMATUR MIC
AGA
LGA
CEZARIANA
30 min
35.9
36.9
37.8
35.3
37.3
37.7
40.9
36.5
PREMATUR
SGA PREMATUR MIC
30.5
27.0
AGA
LGA
CEZARIANA
6h
PREMATUR
SGA PREMATUR MIC
12 h
52.2
48.7
47.1
31.8
26.4
47.3
45.2
38.0
30.8
44.9
PREMATUR
SGA PREMATUR MIC
2h
42.9
36.5
AGA
LGA
CEZARIANA
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
36.1
33.9
25.9
AGA
LGA
CEZARIANA
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
34.6
54.1
AGA
LGA
CEZARIANA
PREMATUR
SGA PREMATUR MIC
24 h
55.8
52.3
47.6
47.3
43.6
33.6
AGA
LGA
CEZARIANA
PREMATUR
SGA PREMATUR MIC
48 h
33.2
AGA
LGA
CEZARIANA
PREMATUR
SGA PREMATUR MIC
Mean
SD
72-96 h
Figura nr. 10. Valorile medii ACA sistolic n dinamic, funcie decategoria NN
5.3.5.2. Velocitile end-diastolice la nivelul arterelor cerebrale
Velocitatea end-diastolic, cel de-al doilea component de baz al fluxului sanguin
cerebral n msurtorile Doppler, a fost evaluat concomitent cu cea sistolic, fiind parte
component a analizei spectrale. Softul aparatului afieaz aceste valori n dreptul imaginii
duplex, la comanda Measurea funciei Doppler pulsat.
La nivelul arterei cerebrale anterioare, valorile velocitilor end-diastolice au artat
o scdere semnificativ de la 5 minute la 2 ore de la natere, de la o medie de 12,0
(2,9SDEV) cm/s la 8,8 (1,5SDEV) cm/s, urmate de o cretere semnificativ pn la 24 de
ore atingnd o valoare medie de 15,4 (2,7SDEV) cm/s stabilizndu-se la 72 ore la o valoare
medie de 16,0 (2,6SDEV) cm/s
CAPITOLUL V.
27
Categ. Box & Whisker Plot: ACA diastolic
16
15.3 15.6
13.6
14
12
16.0
15.8
15.8
13.3
15.0 15.3
14.1
13.8
12.0
11.9
10.5
10
10.5
10.3
8.8
11.0
10.7
10.0
8.8
8.4
8
6
ACA diastolic
4
2
5`` 30`` 2h 6h 12h 24h 48h72-96h
LOT: AGA
LOT: CEZARIANA
LOT: LGA
20
18
16
14
15.2
16.1 15.9
13.6
12.9
12
10.8
10.2
10
13.0
10.7
9.7
9.4
8.8
13.5
11.3
9.4 9.3
8.4 8.6
8.5
8.2
7.0
6.4 6.2
7.2
6
4
2
5`` 30`` 2h 6h 12h 24h 48h72-96h
LOT: SGA
LOT: PREMATUR
Mean
SD
Figura nr. 11. Valorile medii ale velocitilor diastolice ACA n dinamic
5.3.5.3. Indicele de rezistivitate la nivelul arterelor cerebrale
Valorile Indicelui de rezistivitate (IR) calculat prin formula VS-VD/VS au suferit
modificri date de oscilaiile celor dou componente.
Categ. Box & Whisker Plot:
AGA: F(7,1600) = 58.22, p = 0.00 CEZARIANA: F(7, 240) = 7.585, p= 0.00000003 LGA : F(7, 152) = 5.51, p =
SGA: F(7, 152) = 5.4038, p = 0.00001 PREMATUR: F(7, 160) = 1.4411, p = 0.1923
PREMATUR MIC: F(7, 248) = 1.2781, p = 0.2616
0.00001
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.70
0.68
0.71
0.70
0.77
0.76
0.75
0.75
0.71
0.69
0.68
0.66
0.640.63 0.64
0.65
0.70
0.65
0.69 0.69
0.71
0.70
0.68
0.66
0.65
0.63
0.63
0.60
0.55
0.50
0.45
5`` 30`` 2h 6h 12h 24h 48h72-96h
LOT: AGA
LOT: CEZARIANA
LOT: LGA
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.75
0.75
0.70
0.65
0.74
0.71
0.69
0.69
0.67
0.65
0.64
0.67 0.68
0.760.75
0.72
0.69 0.68 0.70
0.71
0.73 0.72
0.73
0.70
0.71
0.70
0.61
0.60
0.55
0.50
0.45
5`` 30`` 2h 6h 12h 24h 48h72-96h
LOT: SGA
LOT: PREMATUR
Mean
SD
Figura nr. 12. Valorile medii ale indicelui de rezistivitate ACA n dinamic
28
CAPITOLUL V.
Categ. Box & Whisker Plot:
Indice de rezistivitate
ACA
5``: F(5,319) = 2.6849, p = 0.0215 30``: F(5,319) = 1.7814, p = 0.1162 2h: F(5,319) = 0.5472, p = 0.7404
6h: F(5,319) = 1.8754, p = 0.0982 12h: F(5,319) = 10.8049, p = 0.000000001 24h: F(5,319) = 3.52214, p = 0.0041
48h: F(5,320) = 4.89524, p = 0.0002 72h: F(5,318) = 0.93496, p = 0.4584
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.75
0.70
0.65
0.60
0.55
0.50
0.45
0.73
0.68
0.69
0.66
0.67 0.67
AGA
LGA
PREMATUR
CEZARIANA
SGA PREMATUR MIC
5 min
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.75
0.70
0.65
0.60
0.55
0.50
0.45
AGA
LGA
PREMATUR
CEZARIANA
SGA PREMATUR MIC
0.73
0.69
6h
0.66
0.71
0.68
0.70
0.65 0.65
0.63
AGA
LGA
PREMATUR
CEZARIANA
SGA PREMATUR MIC
AGA
LGA
PREMATUR
CEZARIANA
SGA PREMATUR MIC
12 h
0.70
0.68
AGA
LGA
PREMATUR
CEZARIANA
SGA PREMATUR MIC
2h
0.75
0.72
0.71 0.71
0.70 0.69
0.64
0.77
0.75 0.76
0.75 0.74 0.76
30 min
AGA
LGA
PREMATUR
CEZARIANA
SGA PREMATUR MIC
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.75
0.70
0.65
0.60
0.55
0.50
0.45
0.72
0.70 0.68 0.69 0.69
0.68
0.61
24 h
0.65
AGA
LGA
PREMATUR
CEZARIANA
SGA PREMATUR MIC
48 h
AGA
LGA
PREMATUR
CEZARIANA
SGA PREMATUR MIC
Mean
SD
72-96h
Figura nr. 13. Valorile medii ale indicelui de rezistivitate ACA n dinamic
n cazul prematurilor i a prematurilor mici modificrile valorilor IR n primele 2 ore
de la natere sunt nesemnificative, aspect ce se datoreaz valorii ridicate a IRACA din
momentul natere, valoare ce se menine i n primele 2ore (prematur mic IRACA=0.73-5min i
IRACA=0.76 2h).
Analiza IR pe grupe de nou-nscui la momentele de timp analizate demonstreaz
prezena diferenelor semnificative ntre valorile IRACA la 5 min (p=0.0215), la 12 ore
(p<<0.001), la 24 ore (p=0.0041) i la 48 ore (p=0.0002). La 5 min valorile minime sunt
semnalate la nou-nscutul prin operaie cezarian (IRACA=0.66) iar cele maxime la nounscutul prematur mic (IRACA=0.73) n timp ce la 48ore nou-nscuii AGA nregistreaz
valorile minime (IRACA=0.64) iar prematurul mic rmne cu valorile cele mai ridicate
comparativ cu celelalte grupe de nou-nscui (IRACA=0.71).
Dup 72 ore de la natere valorile IRACA nu mai prezint diferene semnificative ntre
grupele de nou-nscui studiai (p=0.458, 95%CI).
5.3.5.4. Velocitile medii la nivelul venelor cerebrale
Venele cerebrale interogate au fost, Vena cerebral intern, Sinusul drept i Sinusul
sagital superior, unde am msurat velocitatea medie.
La nivelul Venei cerebrale interne, velociatea medie a oscilat ntre 8,5 (1,2 SDEV)
i 9 (1,2SDEV) cm/s cu o minim la 12 ore de 8,2 (1SDEV) cm/s
La nivelul Sinusului drept (VSD), velociatea medie a oscilat ntre 14,0 (1, SDEV) i
15,1 (1,9SDEV) cm/s cu o minim la 6 ore de 13,7 (1,5SDEV) cm/s
La nivelul Sinusului sagital superior (VSSS), velociatea medie a oscilat ntre 21,1
(2,1 SDEV) i 21,5 (2,8SDEV) cm/s cu o minim la 30 de minute de 20,0 (0,2SDEV)
cm/s )
CAPITOLUL V.
29
30
CAPITOLUL V.
Scatterplot: VG vs. AB diastolic (Casewise MD deletion)
24
26
22
24
20
22
18
20
ACI_diastolic
AB diastolic
16
14
12
10
8
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
2
0
26
28
30
32
34
36
VG
38
40
42
95% confidence
44
4
26
28
30
32
34
36
VG
38
40
42
44
95% confidence
5.4. Concluzii
CAPITOLUL VI.
31
CAPITOLUL VI
Nr. cazuri
Nr. cazuri
46
67
/37
/103
/13
/1
/16
/4
219
93
438
126
168
1
2
12
573
138
9244/11689
32
CAPITOLUL VI.
CAPITOLUL VI.
33
34
CAPITOLUL VI.
6.1.3. Rezultate
6.1.3.1. Nou-nscuii cu asfixie la natere
Vrsta medie a nou-nscuilor avnd scor Apgar ntre 1-3 la 5 minute, cu EHI de
diferite grade a fost de 38,2 1,6 Sdev, avnd GN(g) medie de 3416,7 586,3SdevTensiunea
arterial medie n primele 12 ore a fost labil, la limita inferioar a normalului pentru vrst,
normalizndu-se dup aceast perioad. pCO2-ul a prezentat valori medii peste limita
normal la majoritatea nou-nscuilor, iar pO2-ul de la valori medii sub limita normal n
primele 24 de ore a crescut treptat la limitele inferioare ale normalului n perioada urmtoare.
Velocitile sistolice i diastolice au pornit de la valori sub cele normale (p<0,05) n primele
12 ore dup care VD a crescut mai mult rezultnd n diminuarea IR. n cazurile EHI de grade
mari de severitate IR s-a meninut la aceste valori subnormale i dup 72 de ore,
normalizndu-se la formele uoare. Valorile pH-ului prezint o corelaie semnificativ cu
velocitile dup 48 ore de la natere. O corelaie invers puternic o prezint valorile VD (r=0.88, p<<0.05, 95%CI). Valorile IR prezint o corelaie direct cu valorile pH dup 48ore de
la natere (r=0.79, p<<0.05, 95%CI) (Tabelul nr. 111 i Figura nr. 120)
Scatterplot:pH vs. IR(ACA) (Casewise MD deletion)
IR(ACA) = -2.577 + .43995 *pH
Correlation: r = 0.79605
0.78
0.76
0.74
0.72
0.70
0.68
IR(ACA)
0.66
0.64
0.62
0.60
0.58
0.56
0.54
0.52
0.50
0.48
0.46
6.95
7.00
7.05
7.10
7.15
7.20
pH
7.25
7.30
7.35
7.40
95% confidence
CAPITOLUL VI.
35
24
40
22
35
20
18
30
16
VD(ACA)
VD(ACA)
14
12
10
25
20
8
6
15
4
2
10
0
-2
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
SARNAT
2.8
3.0
95% confidence
5
0.8
3.2
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
95% confidence
SARNAT
3.2
Figura nr. 15. Dreapta de regresie scor neurologic vs. VD(ACA) la 0.5-12h 72 ore
Scatterplot: SARNAT vs. IR(ACA) (Moment=0.5-12h)
IR(ACA) = .54953 + .07259 * SARNAT
Correlation: r = 0.58534
1.0
0.78
0.76
0.74
0.9
0.72
0.70
0.68
0.8
IR(ACA)
IR(ACA)
0.66
0.7
0.64
0.62
0.60
0.58
0.6
0.56
0.54
0.52
0.5
0.50
0.48
0.4
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
SARNAT
2.8
3.0
95% confidence
3.2
0.46
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
SARNAT
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
95% confidence
3.2
Figura nr. 16. Dreapta de regresie scor neurologic vs. IR(ACA) la 0.5-12h 72 ore
Valori VD se menin nemodificate semnificativ la nou-nscuii cu evoluie bun, n
cazul nou-nscuilor cu retard dup 24 ore valorile VD cresc semnificativ, se menin pn la
48ore cu o uoar scdere la 72 ore de la natere i cresc nesemnificativ i continuu n cazul
nou-nscuilor cu evoluie spre deces.
Categ. Box & Whisker Plot: IR(ACA)
Evolutie buna IR(ACA): F(3,52) = 5.22476497, p = 0.0031
Evolutie retard IR(ACA): F(3,72) = 22.14418160, p = 0.0000
Evolutie deces IR(ACA): F(3,24) = 4.38223359, p = 0.0135
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.77
0.68
0.7
0.61
0.70
0.63
0.61
0.6
0.56
0.55
24h
48h
0.5
0.4
IR(ACA)
0.5-12h
24h
48h
>=72h
Evolutie buna
0.5-12h
>=72h
Evolutie retard
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.77
0.7
0.63
0.58
0.6
0.53
0.5
0.4
0.5-12h
24h
48h
>=72h
Mean
SE
SD
Evolutie deces
Figura nr. 17. Valorile medii ale IR n funcie momentul msurrii i evoluie
36
CAPITOLUL VI.
VD(ACA)
90
35
80
30
70
VD(ACA)
VS(ACA)
60.42
60
0.1447
25
20.54
20
16.50
50
47.69
15
40
10
Mean
SE
SD
30
fara convulsii
Mean
SE
SD
5
fara convulsii
dupa convulsii
dupa convulsii
Categ. Box & Whisker Plot: IR(ACA)
0.8410
0.80
IR(ACA)
0.75
0.70
0.67
0.66
0.65
0.60
0.55
Mean
SE
SD
0.50
fara convulsii
dupa convulsii
0.1236
0.330
-0.2450
0.051
Ev nefav
0.6983
0.000
ss
Evoluia cazurilor a fost n aceeai msur spre evoluie bun i retard sever, 16% au
prezentat ulterior diferite forme de epilepsie, modificri structurale ulterioare au avut 36%,
legate de boala de baz (hemoragie intracranian, asfixie).
CAPITOLUL VI.
37
Ziua 1
Ziua 2
Ziua 4
Ziua 15
VS(ACA)
r
p
VD(ACA)
r
p
IR(ACA)
r
p
VS(ACA)
r
p
VD(ACA)
r
p
IR(ACA)
r
p
VS(ACA)
r
p
VD(ACA)
r
p
IR(ACA)
r
p
VS(ACA)
r
p
VD(ACA)
r
p
IR(ACA)
r
p
pO2
TAM
0.6653
0.014
ss
-0.0776
0.700
ns
0.6155
0.031
ss
HTC
0.0167
0.934
ns
-0.1089
0.589
ns
0.0772
0.702
ns
Glicemie
-0.1032
0.608
ns
0.2639
0.183
ns
-0.2393
0.229
ns
pCO2
0.3878
0.046
ss
-0.2049
0.305
ns
0.6724
0.013
ss
0.9580
0.000
ss
0.7349
0.000
ss
-0.0865
0.668
ns
0.0044
0.983
ns
0.1008
0.617
ns
-0.1594
0.427
ns
0.7829
0.001
ss
0.3370
0.086
ns
-0.0162
0.936
ns
0.2425
0.243
ns
0.0353
0.867
ns
0.0900
0.669
-0.0540
0.789
ns
-0.1204
0.550
ns
0.1500
0.455
ns
-0.0129
0.949
ns
0.1077
0.593
ns
-0.2232
0.263
ns
0.0065
0.975
ns
0.2651
0.200
ns
-0.3753
0.064
0.8332
0.000
ss
0.8153
0.000
ss
-0.2303
0.248
ns
-0.7031
0.007
ss
-0.3659
0.061
ns
0.1861
0.353
ns
-0.3439
0.092
ns
-0.3465
0.090
-0.7224
0.001
ss
-0.6031
0.007
ss
0.1100
0.585
ns
0.7428
0.003
ss
0.1906
0.341
ns
0.1084
0.591
ns
0.1849
0.376
ns
0.3004
0.145
0.3991
0.048
-0.3328
0.104
0.9827
0.00
ss
0.6813
0.001
ss
0.0279
0.890
ns
0.9859
00.00
ss
0.5745
0.002
ns
-0.0392
0.846
ns
0.9641
0.000
ss
0.8324
0.000
ss
-0.7004
0.011
38
CAPITOLUL VI.
Tabelul nr. 4. Repartiia NN cu hidrocefalie pe grupe de patologie
Grupe mari de
patologie
Nr.
abs.
Frecven
absolut
(%)
Hemoragie iv
13
30,23
Defect de tub
neuronal
16
37,21
Atrofie cerebral
2,32
Infecii
9,30
Sdr. Malformative
Total
Subgrupe de patologie
Nr.
abs.
Frecven
absolut
(%)
Toxoplasmoz congenital
4,64
Meningit bacterian
4,65
Holoprosencefalie
6,97
Sdr. Antley-Bixter
2,32
Chist arahnoid
2,32
Sdr. Dandy-Walker
4,65
4,65
20,93
43
dupa
shunt
0.159327
0.000116
0.000139
0.101357
5 min
dupa punctie
0.159327
0.000104
0.000109
0.846235
inainte
de punctie
0.000116
0.000104
0.122791
0.000139
la 2-4
saptamani
0.000139
0.000109
0.122791
initial
0.101357
0.846235
0.000139
0.000104
0.000104
CAPITOLUL VI.
39
Media
VS
0.82
0.67
Media
-95% -95%
0.77
0.86
0.65
0.69
Dev.std
Er.std
Min
Max
Q25
Mediana
Q75
0.08
0.04
0.02
0.01
0.70
0.61
0.99
0.74
0.76
0.65
0.80
0.67
0.88
0.69
7.716146
0.000001
Subgrupe
Trisomie 21
Nr.abs
Frecvena
absolut
(%)
10,81
40
CAPITOLUL VI.
genetice
Malformaii ale
SNC
Malformaii
vasculare
Modificri
structurale fr
ecou clinic
Total
Trisomie 13
8,1
Sdr. 4 inelar
2,7
Sdr. Antley-Bixter
2,7
Holoprosencefalie
8,1
Sdr. Werdnig-Hoffman
8,1
Sdr Dandy-Walker
5,4
Chist arahnoid
2,7
5,4
5,4
Malformaie arterio-venoas
2,7
2,7
Chist porencefalic
8,1
10
27,03
37
6.1.4. Concluzii
CAPITOLUL VI.
41
modificrile IR pe parcursul monitorizrii hidrocefaliilor de etiologie
diferit s-a dovedit a fi un indiciu foarte sensibil, care, dac este inclus n
tabloul clinic poate ndruma clinicianul ctre o decizie corect n ceea ce
privete conduita terapeutic
Alterarea hemodinamic n hidrocefalia progresiv poate fi urmrit
ecografic, fiind util att n indicaia momentului punciei lombare, a
instalrii rezervorului subcutanat sau a shuntului v-p, ct i n urmrirea
funcionrii shuntului.
Ecografia Doppler color este benefic n elucidarea originii vasculare sau
structurale a unor imagini hipoecogene intracraniene
Nou-nscuii cu patologie neurologic necesit monitorizare strict att
clinic, ct i paraclinic, n cazul nostru echografic, pentru depistarea
precoce a cazurilor care pot beneficia de intervenie precoce pentru a avea
o ct mai bun calitate a vieii.
Dezavantajele ecografiei Doppler const n faptul c n ciuda repetitivitii,
ne d o informaie asupra statusului n momentul examinrii, care poate s
fie un rspuns compensator sau deja decompensat n urma injuriilor
suferite anterior
6.2.3. Rezultate
Lotul de studiu a inclus 60 nou-nscui, cu repartiie pe VG i GN diferite n funcie de
patologia respiratorie.
42
CAPITOLUL VI.
Media
pCO2
Iniial
24h
72h
Iniial
Martor
24h
72h
97.3
66.2
53.8
40.4
39.1
39.2
PC/A
Iniial
24h
72h
Iniial
Martor
24h
72h
PCA
36.2
63.8
70.8
28.0
79.3
81.9
Media
-95%
95%
70.1 124.6
39.9 92.6
41.3 66.4
39.7 41.1
38.6 39.5
38.8 39.5
29.7
53.2
59.4
27.0
78.6
80.9
42.7
74.4
82.1
29.0
80.0
82.9
Dev.std Er.std
Min
Max
Q25
Mediana
Q75
40.6
12.2
39.2
11.8
18.7
5.6
5.0
0.4
3.3
0.2
2.6
0.2
pO2
9.7
2.9
15.8
4.8
16.9
5.1
6.9
0.5
5.0
0.4
7.0
0.5
72.4
37.8
38.9
27.3
35.0
35.0
212.0
178.5
98.6
55.0
49.8
44.8
75.5
47.6
39.8
36.9
37.1
37.6
78.8
54.3
47.6
39.0
37.7
38.8
98.0
67.7
56.9
42.3
39.9
40.9
15.4
38.7
43.3
16.1
73.0
71.5
46.7
89.9
93.0
40.1
92.0
102.9
34.3
52.6
55.8
21.9
74.5
78.0
35.8
64.5
74.3
29.6
79.3
80.0
43.4
77.7
87.9
33.8
82.0
84.0
Testul pentru compararea valorilor Anova i testul Newman Keuls arat diferen
semnificativ att n cazul pCO2, ct i al pO2-ului, ntre grupul NN cu pneumonie i martor
n prima zi att valorile VS ct i ale VD sunt mai mari dect n lotul martor, IR fiind
mai mic, ulterior VD scade sub valorile martorilor, prezentnd diferen semnificativ
conform testelor de analiz statistic Post-Hoc, normalizndu-se la 72 ore oncomitent cu
aceste modificri presiunea ventilatorie medie n cile respiratorii (MAP) a putut fi sczut de
la 12, 31cmH2O, valoare medie iniial, la 10,4 cm H2O (cu 15,52%) n ziua a treia. Nevoia de
oxigen a sczut i mai mult, practic njumtindu-se n primele 72 ore de ventilaie asistat.
Cu toate c valorile iniiale individuale au prezentat valori peste normal n 25%, normal n
10% sub normal, 65%, aspectul curbei velocitilor a fost tipic pentru patologia pulmonar: n
prima zi a fost fluctuent, haotic, a doua zi, VS a devenit ascuit, i de durat scurt, urmat de
o VD mic, normalizndu-se la 80% n ziua a treia
Cele dou grupuri de prematuri cu SDR de diferite grade, primele cu necesitatea
administrrii de surfactant, cel de-al doilea grup cu SDR form medie, cu rspuns favorabil la
ventilaie tip CPAP, s-au comportat diferit n cele trei zile de via. Fa de martor ambele
grupuri au avut iniial o valoare medie a pCO2-ului mai mare i a pO2-ului mai mic. n urma
tratamentului instituit ambele grupuri i-au mbuntit gazele sanguine (Tabelul nr. 133.,
Figura nr. 174.) Analizele statistice arat diferene semnificative ntre grupuri
CAPITOLUL VI.
43
Scatterplot: Surfactant vs. IR (Casewise MD deletion)
IR
VS(cm/s)-(ACA) =
55
1.0
50
0.9
0.8
40
IR
VS(cm/s)-(ACA)
45
0.7
35
0.6
30
0.5
25
20
0.4
10
12
14
Surfactant
16
18
20
22
24
95% confidence
26
10
12
14
16
Surfactant
18
20
22
24
26
95% confidence
6.2.4. Concluzii
44
CAPITOLUL VI.
6.3.3. Rezultate
Manifestrile clinice au fost diferite n funcie de grupa i chiar subgrupa de
malformaie, fiind influenate de shunturile intra- i paracardiace existente. Repartizarea
acestora este prezentat n Tabelul nr. 140., reprezentat grafic n Figura nr. 181.
CAPITOLUL VI.
45
TVM
VS
hipoplzic
Sten
Ao
CoAo
Sten
Pulm
Fallot
VD
hipoplazic
Total
Total
17
36
tahipnee
14
24
Cianoz
17
25
Suflu
patologic
11
24
Alimentaie
dificil
17
34
Puls
periferic
modificat
10
Diferene
tensionale
paloare
10
somnolen
18
clinic
Diferene tensionale
VS hipoplzic
Sten Ao
CoAo
Alimentaie dificil
Sten Pulm
Fallot
Suflu patologic
VD hipoplazic
Cianoz
tahipnee
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
46
CAPITOLUL VI.
fara PGE1: KW-H(3, 50) = 3.7357, p = 0.2914; F(3, 46) = 1.7086, p =0.1784
cu PGE1: KW-H(4,237) = 0 , p = 0.991; F(4,232) = 6.12804298, p =
0.0001
65
30
60
25
55
20
50
18.5
48.27
14.6
15.0
44.18
43.67
12.0
11.2
41.91
40.57
VD
VS(ACA)
15
45
40.50
40
38.61
35.76
9.8
10
4.6
35
1.1
30
25
TVM
CPR
CSR
Martor
CAP
TVM
CPR
CSR
Martor
CAP
moment: cu PGE1
Mean
SE
SD
-5
TVM
CPR
CSR
Martor
CAP
TVM
CPR
CSR
Martor
CAP
Mean
SD
1.96*SD
moment: cu PGE1
CAPITOLUL VI.
47
6.3.4. Concluzii
48
CAPITOLUL VI.
6.4.3. Rezultate
Grupul nou-nscuilor cu apnee secundar este mai inomogen, avnd VG i GN
medie mai mare dect n cazul celor cu apneea prematurului.
Etiologia apneei secundare a fost reprezentat de sepsis n 6 (27,27%) cazuri,
enterocolit ulceronecrotic n 4 (18,18 %) cazuri, hemoragie intraventricular n 5 (22,72%)
cazuri, dezechilibre elelctrolitice n 7 (31,81%) cazuri.
n cazul ambelor situaii pO2 a sczut n urma crizei de apnee, fiind mai semnificativ
la prematurii sntoi, deoarece grupul cu patologie a pornit cu un pO2 mai mic dect
normalul
Indicatorii statistici ai parametrilor FSC n cazul celor dou loturi sunt prezentai n
Figura nr. 189 remarcndu-se faptul c VS nu s-a modificat semnificativ n nici-unul din
grupri, n schimb VD s-a comportat diferit, crescnd compensator n lotul prematurilor
echilibrai i scznd semnificativ n cel de-al doilea lot atrgnd dup sine variaia invers a
IR.
CAPITOLUL VI.
49
48
26
46
24
44
22
42
20
40
18
16.19
38
16
34.68
32
14
33.61
34
VD
VS(ACA)
36
30.27
30.25
10
28
26
24
22
Mean
SE
SD
20
nainte
n apnee
nainte
echilibrat
n apnee
11.49
12
30
8.49
7.90
2
nainte
nainte
n apnee
n apnee
echilibrat
Mean
SE
SD
IR
0.62
0.60
0.54
0.55
0.50
0.45
0.40
nainte
nainte
n apnee
echilibrat
n apnee
Mean
SE
SD
Figura nr. 23. Variaiile VS, VD i IR la cele dou loturi nainte i dup apnee
Tabelul nr. 12. Testul pentru compararea valorilor medii ale VS, VD i IR la lotul NN cu
patologie
Testul ANOVA
VS
1.484768
0.226177
VD
15.11243
0.000000
IR
51.79667
0.000
6.4.4. Concluzii
50
CAPITOLUL VI.
6.5.3. Rezultate
Adaptarea postnatal a fost foarte bun n categoria nou-nscuilor din mam diabetic
(scor Apgar : 8-10 la 5min) i mediocr la lotul din mame cu metroragiem, fiind influenat de
vrsta de gestaie.
Indicatorii statistici prezentai n Tabelul nr. 153 i Figura nr. 192, 193 arat valori
normale ale frecvenei cardiace la toate grupurile, chiar dac testele statistice evideniaz
diferene statistice ntre ele. Lips de variabilitate am constatat la nou-nscuii din mame cu
metroragie.
pCO2-ul a fost mai crescut iniial la loturile cu HTA i metroragii, oglindind suferina ftului.
Categ. Box & Whisker Plot: pCO2
DZ tip I: KW-H(3, 48) = 16.9347, p = 0.0007; F(3, 44) = 7.9304, p 0.0002
=
HTA-eclamsie: KW-H(3, 64) = 35.12527, p = 0.0000001; F(3, 60) = 19.48121, p 0.000000006
=
plac.praeviae-DPPNI : KW-H(3, 88) = 40.0405, p = 0.00000001; F(3, 84) = 28.1259, p0.000
=
martor: KW-H(3,804) = 13.407, p = 0.0038; F(3,800) = 8.2488, p =
0.00002
90
80
70
60
53.2
50
47.1
45.0
45.8
43.0
42.6
39.7
40
40.8
30
primele 12h
48h
pCO2
24h
primele 12h
=72h
48h
24h
=72h
90
80
70
67.2
60
49.9
50
47.4
42.7
40
40.4
39.1
38.7
39.2
30
primele 12h
48h
24h
primele 12h
=72h
48h
24h
=72h
Mean
SE
SD
Figura nr. 24. Variaiile pCO2 dup natere la NN din mame cu patologie
CAPITOLUL VI.
51
Media
Media
Dev.std Er.std Min Max
pO2
-95% -95%
25.1
23.8 26.4
2.1
0.6
21.8 28.5
67.2
64.3 70.2
4.6
1.3
57.8 71.3
73.1
69.6 76.7
5.6
1.6
62.5 77.7
81.7
80.1 83.3
2.5
0.7
79.3 86.5
23.1
20.4 25.9
5.1
1.3
11.8 27.8
66.1
63.5 68.6
4.8
1.2
57.8 70.5
72.7
70.5 74.9
4.1
1.0
65.7 77.5
80.2
78.2 82.3
3.8
1.0
76.5 89.2
20.4
18.3 22.6
4.9
1.0
13.6 29.6
59.8
56.1 63.5
8.3
1.8
48.2 70.5
64.9
61.3 68.5
8.1
1.7
52.2 77.6
74.4
72.0 76.7
5.3
1.1
67.5 83.3
28.0
27.0 29.0
6.9
0.5
16.1 40.1
79.3
78.6 80.0
5.0
0.4
73.0 92.0
81.3
80.3 82.3
7.2
0.5
69.8 100.6
81.9
80.9 82.9
7.0
0.5
71.5 102.9
25.1
68.8
75.5
81.1
24.6
67.8
72.5
79.5
18.3
59.5
65.7
75.5
29.6
79.3
79.3
80.0
25.6
69.7
77.4
82.6
27.0
69.6
77.0
80.5
24.6
67.7
73.4
78.6
33.8
82.0
87.0
84.0
47.6
46.1
45
42.2
42.1
39.0
36.2
35.7
38.1
35
30
25
20
VS(ACA)
primele 12h
48h
24h
primele 12h
=72h
48h
24h
=72h
60
55
52.2
50
44.9
45
42.5
42.9
40.8
44.9
38.6
40
35
30
28.4
25
20
primele 12h
48h
24h
primele 12h
=72h
48h
24h
=72h
Mean
SE
SD
52
CAPITOLUL VI.
Categ. Box & Whisker Plot: VD
DZ tip I: KW-H(3, 48) = 3.99005, p = 0.2625; F(3, 44) = 1.29072, p =
0.2894
HTA-eclamsie: KW-H(3, 64) = 16.36376, p = 0.0010; F(3, 60) = 6.22372, p =
0.0009
plac.praeviae-DPPNI: KW-H(3, 88) = 19.59256, p = 0.0002; F(3, 84) = 5.24554, p =
0.0023
martor: KW-H(3,804) = 199.81554, p = 00.0000; F(3,800) = 89.31095, p =
0.000
22
20
18
16
15.3
15.0
14.2
14.2
14
13.2
13.2
14.1
12.2
12
10
8
6
primele 12h
48h
VD
24h
primele 12h
=72h
48h
24h
=72h
22
20
18
16
15.4
14.8
14
12.7
15.5
16.0
13.3
12.0
12
10
9.7
8
6
primele 12h
48h
24h
primele 12h
=72h
48h
24h
=72h
Mean
SE
SD
0.71
0.70
0.60
0.70
0.70
0.66
0.63
0.65
0.63
0.58
0.58
0.55
0.50
0.45
primele 12h
48h
24h
primele 12h
=72h
IR
48h
24h
=72h
0.80
0.75
0.70
0.70
0.66
0.70
0.69
0.68
0.65
0.63
0.65
0.64
0.60
0.55
0.50
0.45
primele 12h
48h
24h
primele 12h
=72h
48h
24h
=72h
Mean
SE
SD
CAPITOLUL VI.
53
Tabelul nr. 14. Testul de corelaie glicemi, Htc vs. parametrii FSC
95%CI
VS(ACA) VD(ACA) IR(ACA)
0.4588
0.5940
-0.4758
r coeficient de corelaie
HTC
0.000
0.000
0.000
p nivel de semnificaie
ss
ss
ss
r coeficient de corelaie
0.5914
-0.4133
0.7856
Glicemie
0.000
0.002
0.00
p nivel de semnificaie
ss
ss
ss
Figura nr. 28. Dreapta de regresie glicemii, Htc vs parametrii FSC la catogoriile cu risc
La cazurile cu hipotensiune postnatal am constatat c TAM este n corelaie puternic direct
cu VS, influennd pozitiv i VD dar n mai mic msur (Tabelul nr. 161 i Figura nr. 200).
Tabelul.
Tabelul nr. 15. Coeficienii de corelaie i nivelul de semnificaie al testului de corelaie
ntre TAM, AV i parametrii FSC
95%CI
VS(ACA) VD(ACA) IR(ACA)
0.8099
0.5650
0.4902
r coeficient de corelaie
TAM
00.00
0.000
0.000
p nivel de semnificaie
ss
ss
ss
-0.0278
0.0213
-0.0737
r coeficient de corelaie
AV
0.696
0.765
0.300
p nivel de semnificaie
ns
ns
ns
Figura nr. 29. Dreapta de regresie a coreliei ntre TAM i parametrii FSC
6.5.4. Concluzii
54
CAPITOLUL VII.
CAPITOLUL VII
7. Concluzii finale
CAPITOLUL VII.
55
56
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