Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Cazul N Ac D G Referire se face la o persoana who = care, cine whom = pe care to whom = caruia, careia whose = al, a, ale, (...) careia, caruia, (...) Referire se face la un lucru, actiune which = care which = care, pe care to which = caruia, careia whose = al, a, ale, (...) careia, caruia, (...)
I'm talking about the car which is parked over there. I talked to the girl whose car is red. This is the girl who comes from Halifax. I wrote this book for people who like history. I have written a lot about this place to which we belong.
1) Pronumele relativ in Ac. poate fi inlocuit cu that. 2) Pronumele relative who, which, that se omit in propozitiile restrictive (in limba vorbita) cand se gasesc in cazul acuzativ. Ex: The girl (who) you have just met is my niece. The magazine (that) you lent me is very interesting.
the best day (cea mai buna zi), the first week (prima saptamana), the last chapter (ultimul capitol), the only way (singura cale).
- naintea unor adjective pentru a te referi n general la un grup de oameni care au n comun o anumita nsusire (sunt frumosi, tineri, batrni, japonezi, etc)
the young (tanarul), the beautiful (frumosul), the old (batranul), the best (cel mai bun), the Japanese (japonezul).
Articol hotarat - the Articol nehotarat - a sau an Articol zero - forma implicita (fara articol) sau neexprimata
- Se foloseste naintea unor nume proprii (muzee, institutii, hoteluri, ziare, orchestre, grupuri muzicale, vapoare, nume de famili la plural,etc).
the National Gallery, the Royal Shakespeare, the Savoy, the Beatles, the Spice Girls, the Guardian, the Telegraph, the Daily, the Titanic, the Tower of London (Turnul Londrei), the House of Parliament (Casa parlamentului), the Smiths (familia Smith)
Articolul hotart (the) se scrie inaintea cuvantului pe care-l determina si se foloseste astfel: - naintea unui substantiv care a mai fost mentionat n contextul respectiv.
A bird saw a mouse. The mouse loved the bird. - O pasare a vazut un soarece. Soarecele a iubit pasarea.
- Atunci cnd att vorbitorul ct si ascultatorul cunosc notiunea exprimata de substantiv, chiar daca nu a mai fost mentionat n context.
- Where's the bathroom? - It's on the first floor. = Unde este baia? - Este la primul etaj.
Articolul nehotarat in limba engleza este "a" sau "an". - A se foloseste naintea substantivelor care ncep cu o consoana.
a boy (un baiat), a car (o masina), a house ( o casa)
- n propozitii sau fraze n care definim sau identificam anumite persoane sau obiecte.
The girl in blue is my cousin. - Fata in albastru e verisoara mea.
Exceptii: An nainte de un "h" mut: - an hour (o ora), an honor (o onoare). A nainte de "u" sau "eu" atunci cnd se pronunta ca "you": - a European, a university, a unit (o unitate) Articolul nehotart se foloseste in urmatoarele cazuri: - Pentru a te referi la ceva pentru prima data:
- naintea superlativului sau numeralelor ordinale: first, second, thirds, etc (primul, al doilea, al treilea) si only (unic /a, singur /a, numai).
Would you like a drink? - Ti-ar place o bautura? I've finally got a good job. - In sfarsit am obtinut o slujba buna.
Prince Charles is Queen Elizabeth's son. - Printul Charles este fiul reginei Elisabeta Dr. Watson was Sherlock Holmes' friend. - Dr. Watson a fost prietenul lui Sherlock Holmes.
(nsa titlurile generice, luate singure, au articol: the Queen of England, the Pope)
cu nume de profesii: John is an engineer. ( Ion este un inginer.) cu nationalitati si religii: John is an Englishman. ( John este un englez) cu instrumente muzicale: Marius was playing a violin when the visitor arrived. (Marius canta la vioara cand a sosit vizitatorul. ) cu numele zilelor: I was born on a Thursday. ( Am fost nascut intr-o Joi) pentru a desemna "un fel de", sau "un exemplu de": The mouse has a tiny nose. (Soarecele are un nas micut). It is a very strange car. (E o masina foarte ciudata.) cu substantive la singular, dupa cuvinte cum ar fi what si such: What a hoax! He is such a prodigious young man. ( Ce pacaleala! E un tanar atat de extraordinar. ) atunci cnd te referi la un singur obiect sau persoana, echivaleaza cu "one": I'd like an orange and two lemons, please. (Asi dori o portocala si doua lamai, va rog. )
- Cu numele profesiilor.
Engineering is a useful career. - Ingineria e o cariera folositoare. He'll probably go into medicine. - El probabil va merge la medicina.
- Cu nume de magazine:
I'll get the card at Smith's. - Am sa obtin cardul la magazinul lui Smith. (smith = fierar)
- Cu ani.
1978 was a wonderful year. - 1978 a fost un an minunat. Do you remember 1995? - Iti amintesti de 1995?
- Cu numele unor munti, lacuri si insule: - Retineti ca se spune a hundred (o suta), a thousand (o mie), a million (un milion).
3. Articolul zero Mount McKinley is the highest mountain in Alaska. - Muntele McKinley e cel mai inalt munte din Alaska She lives near Salty Lake. - Ea locuieste (traieste) langa Lacu Sarat. Have you visited Long Island? - Ai vizitat Long Island?
Se spune ca e vorba de Articolul zero (sau fara articol) atunci cand nu se foloseste nici un articol. Articolul nu se foloseste n urmatoarele cazuri: - Cu nume de tari (la singular).
Germany is an important economic power. - Germania e o importanta putere economica. He's just returned from Argentina. - El tocmai s-a intors din Argentina
(Exceptie: I'm visiting the United States next week. - Vizitez Statele Unite saptamana viitoare.) - Cu numele limbilor.
French is spoken in Tahiti. - Franceza este vorbita in Tahiti. English uses many words of Latin origin. - Engleza foloseste multe cuvinte de origine latina.
- Cu numele meselor.
Lunch is at midday. - Masa de prnz este la prnz (amiaza). Dinner is in the evening. - Cina este seara Breakfast is the first meal of the day. - Micul dejun e prima masa a zilei.
Atunci cnd se numara sau se masoara timpul, distanta, greutatea, etc. se poate folosi fie a /an, fie one pentru singular. Exemple:
A / One pound (o livra [sau lira]), A / One million pounds (un milion de lire) You can take an/ one hour for lunch. - Putei s luai o ora pentru masa de prnz.
Passive Voice The passive voice is less usual than the active voice. The active voice is the "normal" voice. But sometimes we need the passive voice. In this lesson we look at how to construct the passive voice, when to use it and how to conjugate it. Construction of the Passive Voice The structure of the passive voice is very simple: subject + auxiliary verb (be) + main verb (past participle) The main verb is always in its past participle form. Look at these examples:
subject
Water
is
drunk
by everyone.
100 people
are
employed
by this company.
am
paid
in euro.
We
are
not
paid
in dollars.
Are
they
paid
in yen?
we want to make the active object more important we do not know the active subject
subject
verb
object
President Kennedy
was killed
My wallet
Note that we always use by to introduce the passive object (Fish are eaten by cats).
Normally we use by to introduce the passive object. But the gun is not the active subject. The gun did not kill him. He was killed by somebody with a gun. In the active voice, it would be: Somebody killed him with a gun. The gun is the instrument. Somebody is the "agent" or "doer". Conjugation for the Passive Voice We can form the passive in any tense. In fact, conjugation of verbs in the passive tense is rather easy, as the main verb is always in past participle form and the auxiliary verb is always be. To form the required tense, we conjugate the auxiliary verb. So, for example:
present simple: It is made present continuous: It is being made present perfect: It has been made
infinitive
to be washed
simple
present
It is washed.
past
It was washed.
future
It will be washed.
conditional
It would be washed.
continuous
present
It is being washed.
past
future
conditional
perfect simple
present
past
future
conditional
perfect continuous
present
past
future
conditional
How do we make the Past Perfect Continuous Tense? The structure of the past perfect continuous tense is: subject + auxiliary verb HAVE + auxiliary verb BE + main verb
past participle
present participle
had
been
base + ing
For negative sentences in the past perfect continuous tense, we insert not after the first auxiliary verb. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and first auxiliary verb. Look at these example sentences with the past perfect continuous tense: subject auxiliary verb auxiliary verb main verb
had
been
working.
You
had
been
playing
tennis.
It
had
not
been
working
well.
We
had
not
been
expecting
her.
Had
you
been
drinking?
Had
they
been
waiting
long?
When speaking with the past perfect continuous tense, we often contract the subject and first auxiliary verb: I had been I'd been
you'd been
we had been
we'd been
they'd been
How do we use the Past Perfect Continuous Tense? The past perfect continuous tense is like the past perfect tense, but it expresses longer actions in thepast before another action in the past. For example:
Ram started waiting at 9am. I arrived at 11am. When I arrived, Ram had been waiting for two hours. Ram had been waiting for two hours when I arrived.
past
present
future
11
John was very tired. He had been running. I could smell cigarettes. Somebody had been smoking. Suddenly, my car broke down. I was not surprised. It had not been running well for a long time. Had the pilot been drinking before the crash?
You can sometimes think of the past perfect continuous tense like the present perfect continuous tense, but instead of the time being now the time is past. past perfect continuous tense had been doing >>>> | | | | | | | | present perfect continuous tense | | | | have been doing >>>> | | | |
past
now
future
past
now
future
For example, imagine that you meet Ram at 11am. Ram says to you: