Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Vol 49 2006
Vol 49 2006
LUCRRI
TIINIFICE
VOL. 49 (8)
MEDICIN VETERINAR
IAI - 2006
Volumul a fost editat cu sprijinul financiar al
Ministerului Educaiei i Cercetrii
COLECTIVUL DE COORDONARE:
Redactor responsabil: Prof. dr. Gerard JITREANU
Redactor adjunct: Prof. dr. Vasile VNTU
Membri: Prof. dr. Neculai MUNTEANU
Prof. dr. Constantin LEONTE
Prof. dr. Gic GRDINARIU
Prof. dr. Mircea-Ioan POP
Prof. dr. Mihai CARP-CRARE
COLEGIUL DE REDACIE:
Redactor responsabil: Prof. dr. Mihai CARP-CRARE
Redactor adjunct: Conf. dr. Liviu MIRON
Membri: Prof. dr. H.C. Ioan PAUL
Prof. dr. H.C. Liviu RUNCEANU
Prof. dr. Octavian OPREAN
Prof. dr. Corneliu COTEA
Prof. dr. Tudor PERIANU
Prof. dr. Ioan COMAN
Prof. dr. Elena VELESCU
ISSN 1454-7406
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a-c - Ligamentele interdigitale distale (a - Lig. decusat palmar; b - Lig. decusat dorsal; c -
Lig. transvers); c - Lig. interdigital proximal; c - Suprafaa de inserie a lig. interdigital
proximal; a,a,a - Ligamentele inelare; d - Lig. transvers superficial; e - Fascia
metacarpian palmar; e-e - Ramurile fasciale digitale palmare; f - Lig. transvers profund;
g - Lig. colateral abaxial proximal al degetului II; g - Lig. colateral abaxial distal al
degetului II; h - Falanga proximal a degetului III; hI - Falanga medie a degetului IV; hII -
Metacarpul III; hIII - Metacarpul IV; i - Sesamoidul dorsal; j - Marele sesamoid; l -
Sesamoidul din grosimea tendonului m. extensor digital comun; m - Micul sesamoid
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
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MATERIAL I METOD
REZULTATE I DISCUII
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I. DUMITRESCU, G. PREDOI,
N. CORNIL, C. BELU, B. GEORGESCU,
Florina DUMITRESCU, Petronela ROU
U.S.A.M.V. Bucureti
MATERIAL I METOD
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REZULTATE I DISCUII
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Baldwin B.A., 1964 The anatomy of the arterial supply to the cranial regions of the
sheep and ox. Am. J. Anat., 115, 101 118.
2. Barone R., 1996 - Anatomie compare de mamiferes domestiques, Tome V
Angiologie, Ed. Vigot, Paris.
3. Botrel S., Cotea C., Gaboreanu M., 1982 Histologie i embriologie, Ed. Didactic
i Pedagogic, Bucureti.
4. Coman T., Cornil N., 1999 Embriologie veterinar. Ed. Fundaiei Romnia de
mine, Bucureti, 1999.
5. Cornil N., 1993 Curs de biologie celular, histologie, embriologie, vol. 3. Lito.
AMD UAMV, Bucureti.
6. De Lahunta A., Habel E.R., 1986 Applied Veterinary Anatomy, W.B. Saunders
comp..
7. Diculescu I., Doina Onicescu, 1987 Histologie medical, vol. I II. Ed. Medical,
Bucureti.
8. Godinho H.P., 1968 A comparative anatomical study of the cranial nerves in goat,
sheep and bovine; their distribution and releated autonomic components. Ph. D.
Thesis, Iowa State University Amer.
9. Lagutchick M.S., Sturgis J.W., Martin D.G., Bley J.A., 1992 Review of the
carotid artery loop procedure in sheep. Journal of Investigative Surgery 5 (2), 79
89.
10. Patea E., Cornil N., 1973 Morfotopografia lojei hipofizare la oaie. n Lucr. t.
IANB, CXVI, Bucureti, 7 11.
11. Predoi G., Belu C., 1994 Cercetri comparative privind vascularizaia venoas
cefalic la ovine i caprine. Conferina Jubiliar 20 de ani de nvmnt
superior medical veterinar n Republica Moldova, Chiinu.
12. Sisson S., Grossman J.D., Getty R., 1975 - The Anatomy of the Domestic Animals,
vol. I. W.B. Saunders Comp., Philadelphia London Toronto
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MATERIAL I METOD
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Tabelul 1
Dimensiunile medii ale bursei cloacale la unele specii de psri domestice
La toate speciile de psri bursa este un organ cavitar ataat peretelui dorsal
al cloacei printr-un scurt pedicul. Lumenul bursal comunic printr-un canal (canal
bursal) dispus n pedicul cu cavitatea proctodeumului.
Cu toate c literatura consultat menioneaz prezena destul de frecvent a
unor formaiuni bursale accesorii, la psrile studiate aceste formaiuni nu au fost
observate.
n general histostructura bursei cloacale la psrile studiate respect
structura histologic prezentat n lucrrile consultate. La toate speciile de psri
peretele bursei este format din trei tunici suprapuse: seroas, musculoas i
mucoas.
Seroasa este reprezentat de peritoneul local care acoper bursa.
Musculoasa este format din fibre musculare netede dispuse pe dou straturi:
longitudinal extern i circular intern.
Mucoasa ocup cea mai mare parte din grosimea peretelui bursei avnd
lamina propria ocupat aproape n totalitate de foliculi limfoizi foliculi bursali
(foliculi Stannius). Mucoasa este puternic cutat, constituindu-se pliuri groase
(foliole bursale) (fig. 3, 4), al cror centru este ocupat de foliculi, cu contur
poliedric, iar suprafaa plurilor este acoperit cu un epiteliu simplu sau
pseudoprismatic columnar.
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CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
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5. Nickel R., Schummer A., Seiferle E., 1973 Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haustiere.
Band V Anatomie der Hausvgel. Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin und Hamburg.
6. Patea E., Coofan V., Chiescu t., Miclea M., Cornil N., Nicolescu V., Radu C.,
Popovici I., Palicica R., 1985 Anatomia comparat a animalelor domestice.
Vol. I II. Ed. didactic i pedagogic, Bucureti.
7. Sisson S., J.D. Grossman, R. Getty, 1975 The Anatomy of the Domestic Animals.
Vol. I II (Fifth Edition). W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia London
Toronto.
8. * * * - Nomina Anatomica Avium. Academic Press, London Toronto New York
Sydney San Francisco, 1979.
9. * * * - Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria (Fourth Edition), together with Nomina
Histologica (Revised Second Edition) and Nomina Embryologica Veterinaria.
Zrich and Ithaca, New York, 1994.
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traiect oblic i uor sinuoas (Foto 2-6). Pe traiect rdcina median primete
numeroi aflueni ce abordeaz trunchiul principal att din sens lateral i medial
ct i din plan profund.
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Foto 4 - Aspectul venelor pudende interne atunci cnd ele sunt conectate
printr-o ramur anastomotic (original)
1- venele pudenda externe; 2- venele pudende interne; 3- ramur anastomotic;
4 - rdcina lateral a venei pudende externe; 5 - rdcina median a venei pudende
externe; 6-rdcina medial a venei pudende externe; 7- ramur anastomotic;
8 - limfocentrul mamar.
CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
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The study has been made on bear bones provided form gunshot animals.
The bones have been prepared by boiling or by disencumbering of the adjacent
tissue.
It was pursued the shape, the lengthiness and development of bone
processes and of the articulate surfaces, in comparison with the reference
species, the particularities being illustrated by photographing.
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- The ilium has a wide ileac palette, oriented ventral-lateral, being provided
with a deep gluteus fosse. It has an almost triangular aspect, with a geminated
dorsal angle and at a distance of 7-12 cm. one of another. The ventral angle
presents only a tendency of germination. On the medial face of the ilium the iliac
palette is convex being provided with muscular tubercles. Auricular surface is
well delimited by a circular bony crest that stretches from the base of the iliac
palette on the body of the ilium to the neck of the ilium (fig. 1).
The ilium crest is convex being very callous and covered in fibro-cartilage
which solidifies at the adult.
The neck of the ilium is very short, having near the circumference of the
cotillion cavity an evident tubercle for the insertion of the little tuber muscle
positioned next to the preacetabulum tubercle.
- The ischial has a massive body, the dorsal margin provides a round
ischiatic crest. The ischial tuber is very developed, in shape of a triangle, with a
tendency of splitting itself in cuspizi (ticuspida) the lateral cuspid being more
obvious and it has a slight ventral orientation.
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The caudal margin of the ischium is slightly rounded off, being covered
with a fibrocartilage partially ossified it has o dorso-ventrally, easy lateral-medial,
realizing this way a ischial arch in shape of a V with a dorsal opening.
The ischiatic table is modicum and together with the caudal portion of the
pubis forms the ischio-pubic simfiza, respective the paving of the pelvic cavity.
- the pubis has a triangular form with the cranial edge sharpened, provided
with a tuberous eminence close to the cotillion cavity that is the place for insertion
for the prepubic tendon (fig. 2).
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CONCLUSIONS
1. The ilium presents a developed iliac palette, with a wide iliac fosse. The
auricular articulate surfaces are wide, set medial at the limit from the palette ant
the neck of the ilium.
2. The cotillion cavity is deep, the anterior edge is thickened and provided
anterior with a developed preacetabulary tubercle.
3. The ichiatic arcade is in a V shape, the dorsal opening and the line that
connects the ischiatic tuberoses forms an equilateral triangle.
4. The diameters of the pelvis are almost equal. The axe of the coxal is of
130.
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
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Mihaela-Claudia SPTARU
U.S.A.M.V. Iai
MATERIAL I METOD
REZULTATE I DISCUII
Membrele anterioare sunt mai scurte dect cele posterioare i sunt folosite
pentru crat i inerea hranei. Oasele centurii scapulare au particulariti
morfologice asemntoare mai mult cu cele de la feline, fiind reprezentate prin
spat i o clavicul de aproximativ 2 cm.
Spata, de form triunghiular (asemntor leporidelor) are restul
caracterelor foarte apropiate cu cele ale pisicii. Unghiul cervical este rotunjit prin
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Fig. 1
Fig. 2
A - Spata la veveri, faa lateral
A - Spata la veveri, faa medial
1 - unghiul cervical, 2 - spina scapular,
1 - unghiul cervical, 2 - buza epifizar,
3 - acromion, 4 - paracromion, 5 - fosa
3 - spina subscapular, 4 - proces coracoid
supraspinoas, 6- fosa infraspinoas
B Clavicula; C Humerusul;
B Clavicula; C Humerusul;
D - Radius i Ulna
D - Radius i Ulna
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CONCLUZII
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Barone R., i colab., 1973 Atlas danatomie du lapin. Ed. Masson et C-ie, Paris.
2. Coofan V., Palicica R., Valentina Hricu, Enciu V., 1999 Anatomia animalelor
domestice. vol. I, Ed. Orizonturi Universitare, Timioara.
3. Hricu Valentina, Coofan V., 2000 Anatomia animalelor de blan- Nutria i
Dihorul. Ed. Ion Ionescu de la Brad Iai.
4. Konig H.E., Liebich H.C., 1999 Anatomie der Haussngentiere. Band I,
Schattauer, Stuttgart, New York.
5. Tudor Denisa, Constantinescu Gh., 2002 - Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria. Ed.
Vergiliu, Bucureti.
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MATERIAL I METOD
REZULTATE I DISCUII
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vertical. Procesul spinos este redus la o lam scurt de aproximativ 1 mm, fiind
cel mai redus proces spinos, contrastnd cu nlimea proceselor spinoase ale
celorlaltor vertebre. Suprafaa articular a corpului vertebrei se reduce la jumtate
comparativ cu cea cranial, fiind sudate mpreun cu discul i suprafaa articular
cranial a urmtoarei vertebre sacrale.
Procesele spinoase sunt independente. Procesele mamiloarticulare se
sudeaz ntre ele delimitnd gurile suprasacrale. Procesele transverse formeaz
creasta sacrat lateral.
Cea de-a doua vertebr sacral ngusteaz pn la jumtate limea
sacrumului i are caracterele morfologice foarte asemntoare cu cele ale
vertebrelor coccigiene.
La veveri coxalul este rectiliniu i are o lungime de numai 4 - 4,5 cm.
Fig. 3 - Coxalul la veveri, aspect lateral Fig. 4 - Coxalul la veveri, aspect medial
A - Ilium, B - Ischium, C - Pubis A - Ilium, B - Ischium, C - Pubis
1 - palet iliac, 2 - creasta iliac, 1 - palet iliac, 2 - suprafa muscular,
3 tubercul muscular, 4 - cavitate 3 creasta supracotiloid, 5 - tuberozitate
acetabular, 5 - tuberozitate ischiatic, ischiatic, 6 - creasta ischiatic, 7 - simfiza
6 - creasta ischiatic, 7 - simfiza-ischio- ischio-pubien, 8 - gaura obturat,
pubien, 8 - gaura obturat 9 -suprafa articular
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CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Barone R., i colab., 1973 Atlas danatomie du lapin. Ed. Masson, Paris.
2. Coofan V., Palicica R., Valentina Hricu, Enciu V., 1999 Anatomia animalelor
domestice. Vol. I, Ed. Orizonturi Universitare, Timioara.
3. Hricu Valentina, Coofan V., 2000 Anatomia animalelor de blan- Nutria i
Dihorul. Ed. Ion Ionescu de la Brad Iai.
4. Konig H.E., Liebich H.C., 1999 Anatomie der Haussngetiere. Band I, Schattauer,
Stuttgart, New York, 1999.
5. Tudor Denisa, Constantinescu Gh., 2002 - Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria. Ed.
Vergiliu, Bucureti.
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The present study deals with some aspects observed during the study
of the circulatory system in horse during the normal didactical activities in
the Department of Comparative Anatomy of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Cluj Napoca.
Based on the dissections carried on 20 horse hind limb parts we
concluded that there is a certain amount of individual plasticity in the case
of some arteries, considered as collaterals or terminals in the pelvic and
thigh area.
INTRODUCERE
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MATERIAL I METOD
REZULTATE I DISCUII
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bine spus rmn colaterale ale arterei iliace externe, in timp ce artera circumflex
femural medial devine colateral a arterei femurale.
Fig. 1
1 trunchiul pudendoepigastric; 2 epigastrica caudal; 3 pudenda extern;
4 circumflexa femural lateral; 5 muchiul sartorius; 6 iliaca extern;
7 inelul femural; 8 circumflexa femural medial; 9 limfocentrul inghinal profund
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Fig. 2
1 a. iliac extern; 2 trunchiul pudendoepigastric; 3 inelul femural;
4 epigastrica caudal; 5 pudenda extern
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CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
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INTRODUCERE
*
Studiu finanat printr-un Grant de cercetare ncheiat cu CNCSIS, Tema 11, Cod CNCSIS
790. Realizarea cercetrilor a fost susinut material i de ctre RAAN, Drobeta Turnu
Severin.
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REZULTATE I DISCUII
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Tabelul 1
Valori ale concentraiei plasmatice a enzimelor determinate
la loturile experimentale la sfritul experimentului
Enzimograma plasmatic
Calcul Fosfataza
ALAT ASAT
startistic alcalin GGT
GPT, ALT GOT, AST
PAL (UI/L)
(UI/L) (UI/L)
(UI/L)
Lotul 1 x 31,44 96,06 68,2 6,12
(n=5) s 15,52701 36,95623 5,514073 3,435404
x 47,26 124,76 180,5 4,14
Lotul 2 s 12,00242 12,36074 47,85269 0,971082
(n=5) D% 1 33,4744 23,00417 62,21607 -47,8261
T test 1 0,724353 0,863325 7,84E-05 0,037523
x 29,2 119,36 121,34 4,02
s 23,89236 45,62552 34,67381 2,070507
Lotul 3 D% 1 -7,67123 19,52078 43,7943 -52,2388
(n=5) D% 2 -61,8493 -4,52413 -48,7556 -2,98507
T test 1 0,424289 0,692976 0,00359 0,350319
T test 2 0,210902 0,026774 0,54794 0,171614
x 44,22 195,54 213,88 3,12
s 16,14921 97,86794 74,60166 2,513364
D% 1 28,90095 50,8745 68,11296 -96,1538
Lotul 4 D% 2 -6,87472 36,1972 15,60688 -32,6923
(n=5) D% 3 33,96653 38,95878 43,26725 -28,8462
T test 1 0,941125 0,085671 0,000176 0,559789
T test 2 0,579466 0,001464 0,410776 0,092463
T test 3 0,466687 0,168486 0,166903 0,716352
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200
180
180,5 Lotul 1 (M)
***
160 Lotul 2 (DDW)
140
120
100
80
60
40 - 47,8%
20
0
ALAT (ui/l) ASAT (ui/l0 PAL (ui/l) GGT (ui/l)
80
60
40
- 7,67%
20 - 52,.2%
0
Lotul 1 (M) Lotul 3 (AW)
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(+19,5%) i, mai ales pentru PAL (+43,6%), n timp ce valorile ALAT i GGT
scad vizibil, nregistrnd diferene procentuale de -7,67%, respectiv de -52,2%.
Determinarea comparativ a valorilor enzimelor plasmatice la loturile 3
(martor tumoral) i 4 (inoculat cu tumora Walker i care a consumat ap srcit n
deuteriu) evideniaz o situaie cel puin interesant. Astfel, dac diferenele
nregistrate n cazul lotului 3 fa de martor (1) sunt pozitive pentru ASAT i PAL,
respectiv negative pentru ALAT i GGT, pe fondul unei dezvoltri insidioase a
tumorii ascitice Walker, la lotul 4, oscilaiile nregistrate sunt i mai mari, n ciuda
faptului c lipsesc semnele clinice i necropsice care s sugereze dezvoltarea
tumoral. Practic nici unul din animalele lotului 4 nu a dezvoltat ascita Walker
inoculatat ip i, cu toate acestea, valorile enzimelor plasmatice investigate se
situeaz, constant, mult peste limita superioar a lotului martor de referin (1) i,
inclusiv a lotului martor tumoral (3), aspect care reiese cu claritate i din fig.3.
Lotul 3 (AW)
250 Lotul 4 (DDW+W)
200 +43,2%
+38,9%
150
100
50
-28,8%
+33,9%
0
ALAT (ui/l) ASAT (ui/l) PAL (ui/l) GGT (ui/l)
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Bild W., Stefanescu I., Haulica I., Lupusoru C., Titescu G., Iliescu R., Nastasa V.,
1999 - Research concerning the radioprotective and immunostimulating effects
of deuterium-depleted water, Rom J Physiol. Jul-Dec;36 (3-4):205-218.
2. Ghergariu S., Marina Spanu, Pop Al., Kadar L., 2000 - Manual de Laborator Clinic
Veterinar, Ed. All Educational, Bucuresti, 34-67.
3. Joseph J. Katz, 1965 - Chemical and Biological Studies with Deuterium, Thirty-Ninth
Annual Priestley Lectures, Pennsylvania State University, 26-29.
4. Kritchevsky D., 1960 - Deuterium Isotope Effects in Chemistry and Biology Annals
of the New-York Academy of Science vol. 84, New-York: Academy of Science.
5. Lamprect J., 1990 - Mitosis Arrested By Deuterium Oxide light microscopic,
immunofluorescence and ultrastructural characterization European Journal of Cell
Biology 51: (2) 303-312, Wissen-schaftliche Verlag GMBH.
6. Redston Griffiths T., 1975 - The Possible Roles of Deuterium in the Initiation and
Propagation of Aging and Other Biological Mechanisms and Processes,
Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Stable Isotopes, Oak
Brook Illinois, October 20-23.
7. Samlay G., 1993 - Naturally occurring deuterium is essential for the normal growth
rate of cell, FEBS Lett.,vol 317, Nr.1,2,1-4,februarie, SAMLAY si colab., The
biological effect of deuterium-depleted water, a possible new tool in cancer
terapy.,Z. Onkol. / J.of Oncol, 30:4,1998.
8. Samlay G, 2001 - The biological effect of deuterium-depleted water, a possible new
tool in cancer therapy. Anticancer Research, 21:1617-1621,
9. Schroeter D., 1992 - Deuterium Oxide Arrests the Cell-Cycle of PTK2 Cells During
Interphase European Journal of Cell Biology 58:(2) 365-370 Stuttgart, Germany:
Wissenschaftliche Verlag MBH.
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The aim of the study was to reveal some clinical and para-clinical
modifications that appear with the installation and evolution of aging in
clinically healthy dogs. The study was conducted on 24 individuals, male
and female dogs, with age ranges between 8 and 15 years, fed and raised as
pets, in apartment conditions. The subjects were divided in two groups:
group 1 (n - 12) with an age range between 8 and 10 years, and group 2 (n
- 12) with an age range between 10 and 15 years. Following, every group
was divided on genders males and females, so that 4 groups resulted, as
mentioned below. Blood samples were collected from all 4 groups, and with
a bicromatic fotometer, the hepatic enzymes (ALAT, ASAT), GGT, PAL and
cholesterol level were determined for the evaluation of modifications that
appear with aging. The obtained results revealed that the value of the
investigated parameters increases together with the aging process. A part of
the obtained values is situated in normal ranges or slightly above the
average of animals from groups 1 and 2 (age between 8 and 10 years), but
for groups 3 and 4 (age between 10 and 15 years), the obtained values are
constantly situated above the normal average of this species.
INTRODUCERE
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animalelor n vrst, iar acest lucru se manifest la nivel sanguin prin tulburri
care afecteaz funcia hematopoietic a mduvei osoase i, n acelai timp, prin
modificri ale valorilor unor parametri celulari, biochimici i enzimatici serici
(Mac Lean i col., 2004). Astfel, creterea sau scderea valorilor unor enzime
serice poate constitui un indiciu valoros n aprecierea sensului i a severitii
tulburrilor paraclinice care nsoesc instalarea i evoluia procesului de senescen
la animale (Morley, 2004). n acest sens, creterea nivelului seric al unor enzime
cum sunt fosfataza alcalina (PAL), gamaglutamiltransferaza (GGT), alanin-amino-
transferaza (ALAT) i aspartat-amino-transferaza (ASAT) la cine poate fi
rezultatul: 1) schimbrilor reversibile sau ireversibile ale membranelor hepato-
celulare, asociate cu necroza hepatic, colestaz, hipoxie, hipoperfuzia sau
inflamarea ficatului determinat de agenii infecioi, toxine sau de mbtrnire; 2)
din depozite excesive de lipide (ficat gras), de cupru sau glicogen n hepatocit. Ct
privete specificitatea acestor componente biochimice serice, ALAT este
considerat o enzim specific ficatului la cine i pisic dei ea este prezent n
concentraie redus i n alte esuturi, iar ASAT este, de asemenea, prezent n
concentraii mari, astfel nct trebuie urmrit atent n cazul n care aceasta crete
fr o cretere corespunztoare a ALAT. PAL i GGT sunt enzime asociate
membranei celulare. Inducia enzimatic apare, n cazul lor, nainte de a se realiza
creteri importante n snge. Aceste enzime sunt asociate cu leziuni ale zonei
pericanaliculare structurilor biliare i reticului endoplasmatic. Hipercolesterolemia
apare la pacieni suferinzi de: ocluzia cilor biliare, diabet, pancreatite,
hipotiroidism, hiperadrenocorticism, sindrom nefrotic, hiperlipidemie postprandial,
hipelipidemia idiopatic a Schnauzerului (Hostkins, 2004).
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halogen trece mai nti printr-o lentil, apoi este direcionat printr-o apertur, iar n
final traverseaz orizontal prin prob. Valorile obinute n urma determinrilor
efectuate la cele 4 loturi de animale luate n studiu au fost prelucrate statistic,
determinndu-se media aritmetic, deviaia standard i diferena procentual.
REZULTATE I DISCUII
Parametrul COLES-
ALAT ASAT GGT PAL
biochimic TEROL
(U/l) (U/l) (U/l) (U/l)
Valori (mg/dl)
Valori de referin 20
5 102 10 55 10 15 173
(limite de oscilaie) 156
X 53,5 32,5 12,5 88 173
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Tabelul 2
Valori ale parametrilor investigai la lotul I () (8 -10 ani)
Parametrul
COLES-
biochimic Calcul ALAT ASAT GGT PAL
TEROL
statistic (U/l) (U/l) (U/l) (U/l)
(mg/dl)
Cazul
X 37.96 39.07 8.14 154.5 292.97
LOTUL 1
(n=7) +S 14.30 13.04 3.04 33.16 149.74
D% -40.95 16.82 -53.51 43.05 40.95
80
60
40 37,96
39,07 52,56
20 45,64 8,14 12,64
0
ALAT ASAT GGT PAL
Tabelul 3
Valori ale parametrilor investigai la lotul II () (8-10 ani)
Parametrul
COLES-
biochimic Calcul ALAT ASAT GGT PAL
TEROL
statistic (U/l) (U/l) (U/l) (U/l)
(mg/dl)
Cazul
X 45.64 52.56 12.64 120.7 165.46
LOTUL II
(n=5) +S 32.96 8.85 2.98 50.09 42.89
D% -17.22 38.17 1.11 27.09 -4.56
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180 176,36
Valori de referinta
160 160,8
Valori lotul 1(n=7 ?)
140 Valori lorul 2 (n=5 ?)
120
100
80 82,44
64,12 60,26
60
40 44,51
20 10,41 17,52
0
ALAT ASAT GGT PAL
Tabelul 4
Valori ale parametrilor investigai la lotul III () (11 -15 ani)
Parametrul
COLES-
biochimic Calcul ALAT ASAT GGT PAL
TEROL
statistic (U/l) (U/l) (U/l) (U/l)
(mg/dl)
Cazul
X 44.51 82.44 10.41 160.9 250.53
LOTUL III
(n=7) +S 21.93 71.46 3.49 70.98 93.60
D% -20.19 60.58 -20.03 45.31 30.95
Parametrul
COLES-
biochimic Calcul ALAT ASAT GGT PAL
TEROL
statistic (U/l) (U/l) (U/l) (U/l)
(mg/dl)
Cazul
X 64.12 60.26 17.52 176.36 205.2
LOTUL IV
(n=5) +S 39.15 25.61 13.08 10.58 74.51
D% 16.56 46.07 28.65 50.10 15.69
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valorii serice a ALAT (+16,56%), ASAT (+46, 07%), GGT (+28,65%), PAL
(+50,1%) i, inclusiv Colesterol (+15, 69%).
Fig. 3. Diagrama valorilor medii ale colesterolemiei la loturile de
animale investigate, comparativ cu valorile de referin
Valori de referinta
Lotul I
Lotul II
300 Lotul III
292,97 Lotul IV
250 250,53
200
205,2
150 173 165,46
100
50
0
Colesterolul (mg/dl)
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CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Ghergariu S, Marina Spanu, Pop Al., Kadar L., 2000 - Manual de Laborator Clinic
Veterinar, Ed. All Educational, Bucuresti, 34-67.
2. Irina M. Conboy, Michael J. Conboy, Amy J. Wagers, Eric R. Girma, Irving L.
Weissman, Thomas A. Rando, 2005 - Rejuvenation of aged progenitor cells by
exposure to a young systemic environment; Nature, Vol 433, 17.
3. Ittai Ben-Porath, Robert A Weinberg, 2004 - When cells get stressed: an
integrative view of cellular senescence. Journal of Clinical Investigation. Ann
Arbor: Vol. 113, Iss.1; 8-13.
4. Jeffrey A. Klein and Susan L. Ackerman, 2003 - Oxidative stress, cell cycle, and
neurodegeneration; J. Clin. Invest. 111:785-793.
5. John E. Morley, 2004 - The Top 10 Hot Topics in Aging; The Journal of Gerontology;
Vol. 59, Iss. 1; pg. 24-33.
6. Johnny D. Hostkins, 2004 - Geriatric and gerontology of the dog and cat, Saunders,
56-87.
7. Jolly C. A., 2004 - Dietary Restriction and Immune Function; J. Nutr. 134: 1853-56
8. Marcus I.B, 2004 - Biologia i Patologia Animalelor de Laborator, Edit. Risoprint,
Cluj-Napoca, 156 -178.
9. Mc Lean AL and David G. Le Couteur, 2004 - Aging Biology and Geriatric Clinical
Pharmacology; Pharmacol. Rev. Vol. 56 Nr. 2:163-184.
10. Olovnikov A.M., 2003 - The redusome hypothesis of aging and the control of
biological time during individual development; Biochemistry (Mosc); 68(1):2-33.
11. Paolisso G, M. Barbieri, M. Bonafe, C. Franceschi, 2000 - Metabolic age mode-ling:
the lesson from centenarians; European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 30, 888-
894
12. Pop Al., I.B.Marcus, 2004 - Fiziopatologie, Edit. Risoprint, Cluj-Napoca, 36-68.
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Cornelia PRISCARU
U.S.A.M.V- Iai
Anca-Irina BURLACU
U.M.F.Gr. T. Popa Iai
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INTRODUCTION
Vegetal systematic studies which are correlated with the existence of the
therapeutic virtues conduct at the conclusion that plants of the same family or
order manifest farmacognostic similitudes. The rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis,
Lamiaceae family), prevalent appreciated plant for its alimentary value, is
imposed at the end of the last century by the antitoxic effect (1). The merit to
attract the attention on this aspect belongs to some mycotoxicologists who relieve
the rosemary property to stimulate the synthesis of an enzyme implicated on the
secondary metabolism action of the aflatoxins, the mycotoxins which are
considered by IARC uman carcinogens of the rank I. The active principle of the
rosemary leaves structure, capable to induce the synthesis of glutation-S-
transpherase is a ditiol-tione, named by who that put it in the evidence oltipraz
(2). In this way the xenobiotics of the difuranic mycotoxin type are facile excreted
in the shape of glutationo-conjugates, preventing the formations of the adducts
between the reactive form of the mycotoxin and the elite molecules of the
molecule (AND, ARN, enzymes, a.s.o.), which constitutes the biochemical lesion.
Starting from these arguments, this work proposes to verify the possibility of the
chemopreventive/antitoxic effect existence at the plants on systematic criteria
(Lavandula angustifolia and Salvia officinalis). For the chemopreventive action
test of the vegetal products of the respective plants it was selected as the toxicity
standard sterigmatocystine, the ubiquitous mycotoxin in the geographical area
with the temperate-continental climate in which our country is also situated. The
chemical and biogenetic relation of the aflatoxin, the sterigmatocystine exercises
its toxic effects at the hepatic level, where it is subdued to the metabolism action,
so as it results from the fig. 1 (3).
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Table 1
Experimental model
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rosemary and the garden sage, it registers the lightly grown values, but though
closed of the reference lot values (57,94 UI, respectively 65.69 UI), what it
suggests the favorable intervention of the active principles from the respective
plants. Not the same evolution registers the enzyme activity for the treated lot
with the lavender extract, its value being about 133.92 UI, what it makes evident
grave affectations of the hepatocit integrity. Referring to the alanil
aminotransferase activity, which is in accordance with the table 2, it may come to
the conclusion of the existence of a citolize hepatic for the exclusively treated lot
with sterigmatocystine (45.40 UI in comparison with only 17.50 UI of the witness
lot), but also for the protected lots with the phytopreparations on the basis of the
garden sage (50.95 UI) and the lavender (46.42 UI). Only the value ALT of the lot
which profited of the exogenous contribution of the rosemary phytopreparation
indicates a hepatic protection, its activity being about 19.2 UI, the very closed
value of the witness lot (17.50 UI).
Table 2
Transaminase evolution
AST ALT
LOTS [ UI ] [ UI ]
Minimum Medium Maximum Minimum Medium Maximum
Lot 1 48.15 54.67 68.30 20.38 17.50 23.50
Lot 2 100.50 131.38 142.50 40.50 45.40 49.51
Lot 3 49.50 57.94 66.30 15.40 19.20 25.95
Lot 4 45.95 65.69 88.60 33.40 50.95 88.15
Lot 5 120.00 133.92 148.90 38.90 46.42 55.41
CONCLUSIONS
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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INTRODUCTION
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The first lot, formed of 5 rats, represented the reference lot, was fed with
the standard fodder and maintained in the standard conditions of habitat. The
second lot, also formed of 5 animals, was the lot on which it reproduced the
intoxication with sterigmatocystine. In this way the animals of this lot were daily
treated with 8 ppm sterigmatocystine. The third lot (5 animals), concomitant with
the dose of 8 ppm sterigmatocystine, was also given phytopreparat 5% of
Rosmarini folium, ad libitum. The rats of the fourth lot (5 animals), concomitant
with the dose pro die of sterigmatocystine, was also given extract 5% of Salviae
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herba. The fifth lot, formed of 5 white rats, served for the estimate of the possible
chemopreventive effect of the lavender flowers. The animals of this last lot were
treated with 8 ppm sterigmatocystine and phytopreparat 5% of Lavandulae flores,
in the drunken water ad libitum. The experiment carried on the period of 6 weeks,
when the animals were treated in accordance with the scheme of the experimental
model (table 1), after that they were sacrificed, and the gathered blood was
biochemical examined. The -glutamil transpeptidaze activity was quantized by
the colorimetric method with -glutamil-p-nitroanilide. For the estimate of the
seric cholinesterase activity utilized the standard method with the acid 5.5-
ditiobis-2-nitrobenzoic (Ellman reagent) (4, 5, 6).
ChE GGT
LOTS [ UI ] [ UI ]
Minimum Medium Maximum Minimum Medium Maximum
Lot 1 228.10 235.97 258.88 3.35 5.30 12.6
Lot 2 158.37 190.08 226.69 16.00 19.00 23.60
Lot 3 199.55 227.75 295.65 4.25 5.50 7.12
Lot 4 180.19 190.94 213.00 4.25 5.29 6.95
Lot 5 185.25 191.95 200.65 11.55 19.86 29.35
Although this lot was subjected to the impact with the sterigmatocystine,
the proteinic synthesis capacity of this lot was not affected, what it suggests the
rosemary intervention by the chemopreventive effect. A complete distinct
situation was registered for the two last lots, on which was verified the antitoxic
effect of the garden sage and the lavender. It may observed that in the treated lot
with the garden sage the seric cholinesterase value is 190.94 UI, and at the lot
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250
Lot 1
200 Lot 2
150 Lot 3
[UI]
Lot 4
100 Lot 5
50
0
ChE GGT
CONCLUSIONS
The seric cholinesterase activity for the exclusively treated lot with the
sterigmatocystine suggests a grave affectation of the proteosynthetic function of
these animals liver;
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The seric cholinesterase level for the animals which were treated
concomitant with the mycotoxin and the phytopreparations from the three plants
makes evident the exercise of the chemopreventive effect only for Rosmarinus
officinalis;
The -glutamil transpeptidaze evolution from the serum of the exclusevily
treated animals with the sterigmatocystine registers a significant increased value;
The GGT oscillation suggests the positive intervention of the
phytopreparations on the basis of Rosmarini folium and Salviae herba;
The GGT value from the serum of the animals treated with the Lavandulae
flores invalidates the existence of a chemopreventive effect of the active
principles from this plant.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Grigorescu, E., Lazr, M.I., Stnescu Ursula, Ciulei, I., 2001 Index fitoterapeutic,
Editura Cantes, Iai, 421;
2. Kensler, T.W., 1997 Chemoprevention by inducers of carcinogen detoxification
enzymes, Environ Health Perspect., 965-970;
3. Mace, K., Offord, E. A., Harris, C.C., 1998 Development of in vitro models for
cellular and molecular studies in toxicology and chemoprevention, Arch. Toxicol.
Suppl., 227-236;
4. Filip Maria, Ioana Pduraru, aramet I., 1993 Biochimie-Lucrri practice, Editura
Gr. T. Popa, Iai, 61-68, 105-107;
5. Mihele Denisa, Pavlovici M., 1996 Biochimie clinic, Editura Medical, Bucureti,
99-103;
6. erban, M., Cmpeanu, G., Ionescu, E., 1993 Metode de laborator n biochimia
animal, EDP, Bucureti, 198.
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Key words: red blood cell deformability, HarFA soft, echinocyte contour
INTRODUCTION
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and to false acacia etc.). In [13] the fractal anlysis, was applied to the study of
erythrocytes and Jurkat cell aggregates (lymphoblastoid T-cell line). The method
revealed the fractal character of blood cell with modified shape because of
relatively high concentrations of urea and LPC (lysophosphatidylcholine). Fractal
dimension was found proportional to the urea and LPC concentration or to the
time of cell aggregation.
In this work we studied the morphological changes of erythrocytes
determining the fractal dimension for the contour of the erythrocytes.
HarFA soft was utilised to visualise the fractal dimension. In HarFA a
modification of traditional Box Counting is used. By this modification one
obtains 3 fractal dimensions, which characterise the properties of black plane DB,
the properties of white background DW and the black-white border of black
object DBW, which is the most interesting information.
Samples from peripheral sheep blood and cow blood were performed using
May-Grwald Giemsa colorature. By means of the microscope we obtained many
photos; two of these photos from every species of mammals are presented in
Fig.1 and Fig.2
Fig.1 - Blood sample from sheep blood Fig.2 - Echinocytes from cow blood
From our photos we selected 10 blood cells for the two species of mammals
in order to determine the fractal dimension of their contour. Our results for fractal
dimension of the echinocyte contour from sheep and cow blood are presented in
the table below.
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From this table we can see that the fractal dimension from cows cells is
higher than from sheep cells (the average value for cow cells is 1.08585 and for
sheep cells it is 1, 01873). Generally speaking in the sheep sample there is no
echinocytosis because the fractal dimension is near 1. For cow blood
echinocytosis is induced by a disease.
CONCLUSION
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Due the fact that the average value of the fractal dimension is not very high
compared with 1, which is for normally blood, we suggest that the cow is
experiencing the first fase of the disease.
REFERENCES
1. Shiga T., Maeda N., Kon K., 1990 - Erythrocyte Rheology, Oncology/Hematology,
Vol.10. Issue 1, 9-48.
2. Reinhart W.H., Singh-Marchetti M., Straub P.W., 1992 - The influence of
errythrocyte shape on suspension viscosities, Eur. J. Of Clinical Investigation,
22, 38-44.
3. Noji S., Taniguchi S., Kon H., 1991 - An EPR Study on Erythrocyte deformability,
Progr.Biophys. molec. Biol., Vol. 55, pp. 85-105.
4. Pschl J.M.B., Linderkamp O., 1992 - Effect of lipid A on the deformability,
membrane rigidity anf geometry of human adult red blood cells, Eur. J. Of
Clinical Investigation, 22, 625-629.
5. Bessis, M., Weed, R.,J. - Red cell shape, Springer Verlag,Berlin, New
6. Walter R., Mark M., Gaudenz R., Harris L.G., Reinhart W.H., 1999 - Influence of
nitrovasodilators and endotelin-1 on rheology of human blood in vitro, British J.
Of Pharmacology, 128, 744-750.
7. Donath E., Pomorski T., Pastushenko F., 1993 - On the lateral distribution of
spicula on echinocytes, Biorheology, 30, 463-470
8. Nonnenmacher T.F., Losa G.A., Weibel E.R, 1993 - Ed., Fractals in Biology and
Medicine, Boston, USA.
9. Nonnenmacher T.F., Baumann G, Barth A, Losa GA, 1994 - Digital image analysis
of self-similar cell profiles, Int J Biomed Comput , 37(2), 131-138
10. Guarini G, Onofri E., 1993 - New horizons in medicine. Fractals, Recenti Prog Med.,
84(6), 438-42
11. Grasman J., Brascamp J.W., Van Leeuwen J.L., Van Putten B., 2003 - The
multifractal structure of arterial trees, J Theor Biol, 220 (1), 75-82
12. Kang M.Z., Zeng Y.J., Liu J.G., 2000 - Fractal research on red blood cell
aggregation, Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc. 22, 229-236
13. Creanga I., Oancea S., Tudorie M., Creanga D., Bara I., 2002 - Oak leaves
fractality, Int. J.of Chaos Theory and Application, 7 (1-2), 85-90
14. Creanga D., Tudorie M., Oancea S., Rapa A., 2003 - Semi-quantitative analyse of
cells and cell aggregates, Sci. Ann. USAMV Iasi, XLVI, v. 2, Proceedings of the
Annual Symposium on Mathematics applied in Biology & Biophysics, Univ. of
Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, Iasi, 293-298
15. Weiss D.J., Kristensen A., Papenfuss N., McClay C.B., 1990 - Quantitative
valuation of echinocytes in the dog, Vet Clin Pathol., 19(4), 114-118
16. Zeni C., Bovolenta M.R., Stagni A., 2002 - Occurrence of echinocytosis in
circulating RBC of black bullhead, Ictalurus melas (Rafinesque), following
exposure to an anionic detergent at sublethal concentrations, Aquat Toxicol,
57(4), 217-24
17. Geor R.J., Lund E.M., Weiss D.J., 1993 - Echinocytosis in horses: 54 cases (1990),
J Am Vet Med Assoc. 202(6), 976-80.
18. Weiss D.J, Geor R.J., Smith C.M., McClay C.B., 1992 - Furosemide-induced
electrolyte depletion associated with echinocytosis in horses, Am J Vet Res., 53
(10), 1769-72
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SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC ANALYSIS
OF THE BLOOD PLASMA
Servilia OANCEA, Iuliana MOTRESCU,
U.S.A.M.V. Iai
lioancea@univagro-iasi.ro
imotrescu@yahoo.com
Alina RAPA,
West Vancouver Secondary School, Canada
alinarapa@yahoo.com
A. AIRINEI
Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry P. Poni,
Iasi, Romania
airineia@icmpp.ro
INTRODUCTION
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normal subjects. Analysis of blood plasma protein is also used to study the
Alzheimer's disease [6].
There is a little data on plasma properties and protein content for different
animals. Specific properties of plasma of different mammalian species influence
the blood behavior.
In this work we studied the characteristic spectrum of the blood plasma,
which is determined by the protein absorbance band in the UV domain in order to
determine the concentration of protein.
Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 present the characteristic spectrum of the blood plasma in
the VIS and UV domains.
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The protein absorbance band in the UV domain (about 280 nm) determines
the characteristic spectrum of the blood plasma.
The value of the absorption band strongly depends on the blood plasma
concentration. This dependence is presented in fig. 3.
0,6
y = 0,0031x + 0,0599
0,5 R2 = 0,9772
0,4
absorbance
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
0 50 100 150
concentration of plasma (*10-4)
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1,355
y = 0,0174x + 1,332
refractive index
1,35
R2 = 0,9895
1,345
1,34
1,335
1,33
0 0,5 1 1,5
concentration of plasm a
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
1. Narayahan, S., Galloway, L., Nonoyama, A., Leparc, G.F., Garcia-Rubio, L-H.,
Potter, R.L., 2002 - UV-visible spectrophotometric approach to blood typing II:
phenotyping of subtype A2 and weak D and whole blood analysis, Transfusion,
42(5), 619-626
2. Zahao, B., Tham, S.Y., Lu, J., Lee, L., Moochhala, S., 2004 - Simultaneous
determination of vitamins C, E and -carotene in human plasma by high-
performance liquid chromatography with photodiode-array detection, J
Pharmaceut Sci, 7(2), 200-204
3. Petibois, C., Cazorla, G., Cassaigne, A., Deleris, G., 2001 - Plasma Protein
Contents Determined by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectrometry, Clinical
Chemistry, 47, 730-738
4. Raghu, P., Ravinder, P., Sivakumar, B., 2003 -A new method for purification of
human plasma retinol-binding protein and transthyretin, Biotechnology and
Applied Biochemistry, 38, 19-24
5. Mahduri, S., Vengadesan, N., Aruna, P., Koteeswaran, D., Venkatesan, P., Ganesan,
S., 2003 - Native Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Blood Plasma in the Characterization
of Oral Malignancy, Photochemistry and Photobiology, 78 (2), 197-204
6. Ueno, I., Sakai, T., Yamaoka, M., Yoshida, R., Tsugita, A., 2000 - Analysis of blood
plasma proteins in patients with Alzheimer's disease by two-dimensional
electrophoresis, sequence homology and immunodetection, Electrophoresis,
21(9), 1832-1845.
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Table 1
The evolution of hematological parameters in heifers (n = 1)
and the significance of the differences
Differences Significances
Specification X S x Cv% (Mann-
abs % Withney)
Heifers 2002 8,74 0,42 12,60 + 0,12 1,39 1,0000
Erythrocytes
Heifers 2005 8,62 0,46 14,07
Heifers 2002 12,39 0,62 13,17 + 0,92 8,02 0,5229
Hemoglobin
Heifers 2005 11,47 0,93 21,46
Heifers 2002 47,99 2,28 12,52 + 1,83 3,96 0,8480
Hematocrit
Heifers 2005 46,14 1,30 7,46
Heifers 2002 54,96 1,12 5,38 + 0,52 0,95 0,5656
VEM
Heifers 2005 54,44 2,18 10,59
Heifers 2002 14,17 0,40 7,42 + 0,98 7,42 0,4432
HEM
Heifers 2005 13,19 0,53 10,64
Heifers 2002 25,79 0,34 3,47 + 3,24 14,36 0,3379
CHEM
Heifers 2005 22,55 1,87 21,94
Differences Significances
Specification X S x Cv%
abs %
(Mann-
Withney)
Heifers 2002 5,92 0,64 28,48
Leukocytes +0,84 16,53 0,3379
Heifers 2005 5,08 0,45 23,45
Heifers 2002 61,77 1,01 4,32
Lymphocytes -0,54 0,86 0,6547
Heifers 2005 62,31 3,49 14,78
Heifers 2002 6,90 0,77 29,30
Monocytes -0,67 8,85 0,4062
Heifers 2005 7,57 1,20 42,01
Heifers 2002 31,24 1,00 8,45
Granulocytes +1,13 3,75 0,8480
Heifers 2005 30,11 2,44 21,36
Heifers 2002 268,43 30,52 30,02
Thrombocytes +38,43 16,70 0,3066
Heifers 2005 230,00 24,37 27,98
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point of view. Granulocytes had almost the same values in heifers (2002) 31.24
1.00 %, respectively 30.11 2.44 % in heifers (2005).
Thrombocyte number was 268.43 80.52 thousand/mm3 in heifers (2002),
respectively 230.00 24.37 thousand/mm3 in heifers (2005).
CONCLUSIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Falc, C., 2004 Semiologie medical veterinar, vol II, Ed. Cosmopolitan Art,
Timioara.
2. Ghergariu, S., 1995 - Patologia nutriional i metabolic a animalelor, Ed. Medical
Veterinar, Bucureti.
3. Prvu, Gh., 1992 Supravegherea nutriional metabolic a animalelor de ferm. Ed.
Ceres, Bucureti.
4. Reibel, Ch., 2003 Charollais et Limousine en haut des preferens, Reussin Bovins
Viande, 99.
5. Stanciu, G., Acatinci, S., Cziszter, L., 1994 Tehnologia creterii bovinelor, Ed.
Euroart, Timioara.
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to those from the experimental group, which had a significantly lower value
(4.010.18 g/dl), also the albuminemia in control group had a bigger value
(2.310.06 g/dl) compared to broilers from the experimental group (2.190.09
g/dl).
Table 1
The evolution of the sanguine biochemical parameters in broilers (n=7)
and the differences` signification
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Alkaline phosphatase in the chickens within the control group had a value
of 2539.8620.5 U/L, recording a significantly distinct increase in the
experimental group (4566.57821.224 U/L).
This increase might be due to an intense osteoblasts and osteoclasts
activity, phenomena that occurs during the bones development in young chicken,
the egg laying period in hens, in rickets and osteomalacia (4).
In Table 2, we present the evolution of the sanguine biochemical
parameters from the experimental group E2, in which ration we had added a
double Ca and P level, without animal protein.
Table 2
The evolution of the sanguine biochemical parameters in broilers (n=7)
and the differences` signification
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Specification Control E1 E2 E3
Average weight (g) at the age of 1 day 45 45 45 45
Average weight (g) at the age of 14 days 166,6 153,3 164,4 147,7
Average gain (g) at the age of 14 days 8,68 7,73 8,52 7,33
Average weight (g) at the age of 28 days 755,5 650,5 660,3 680,6
Average gain (g) at the age of 28 days 25,37 21,62 21,97 22,7
Average weight (g) at the age of 42 days 2311,1 1941,2 2021,1 2105,5
Average gain (g) at the age of 42 days 53,95 45,14 47,05 49,05
CONCLUSIONS
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Fig. 2 - Transversal cut through a poly (urethaneurea) film implant (H.E. - Ob.10x).
Fig.3. - Low inflammatory reaction at skin level. Good regeneration, even for hair follicles.
Histological section (H.E. ob. 4x).
The cutaneous tissue prelevated from the cicatriceal area around the
implant of polyurethane doped with silver nanoparticles showed some interesting
aspects during the photonic microscopy investigations. Besides the low
inflammatory reaction (small quantity of exudates), a very good epidermal
regeneration, also observed in some treatments with ionic silver, but at higher
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concentrations (10), and a low derma proliferation were observed. The most
interesting phenomenon observed was the regeneration of hair follicles (the hair
follicles from regeneration area were compared to those from surrounding areas).
A very important fact observed in our study was that in case of simple
polyurethane implants, the skin regenerated without hair follicles (fig. 1, 3, 4).
Fig. 4. - Hair follicles of normal aspect. Histological section (H.E. ob. 10x).
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One can conclude that doping the poly (urethaneurea) with silver
nanoparticles give rise to some important properties that promote a very rapid
cicatrisation and, probably, makes impossible the tissue adhesion.
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
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MATERIAL I METODE
REZULTATE I DISCUII
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Tabelul 3
Variaiile individuale i valorile medii ale leucocitemiei, eozinofilelor i bazofilelor
la femelele de 12 luni negestante (L3)
Tabelul 4
Variaiile individuale i valorile medii ale leucocitemiei, eozinofilelor i bazofilelor la
femelele n vrst de 12 luni gestante (L4)
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Tabelul 5
Variaiile individuale i valorile medii ale leucocitemiei, eozinofilelor i bazofilelor
la masculii n vrst de 12 luni (L5)
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Tabelul 6
Semnificaia statistic a diferenelor dintre mediile caracterelor analizate la cele
5 loturi experimentale (L1L5)
CONCLUZII
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
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INTRODUCERE
MATERIAL I METODE
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REZULTATE I DISCUII
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CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
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MATERIAL I METOD
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REZULTATE I DISCUII
Fig. 1. Hipofiz - lobul intermediar de taur Fig. 2. Hipofiz - lobul intermediar de taur
Holstein n vrst de 4 ani. Vezicul cu o Holstein n vrst de 4 ani. Vezicul cu o
secreie n lumen . Col. MH2; x 200 secreie n lumen . Col. MH2; x 200
Fig. 3. Hipofiz - lobul intermediar de taur Fig. 4. Hipofiz - lobul intermediar de taur
Holstein n vrst de 4 ani. Trei vezicule cu Holstein n vrst de 4 ani. O vezicul cu
o secreie n lumen. Col. MH2 x 200 lumen neregulat. Col. MH2 x 400
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Fig. 5. Hipofiz - lobul intermediar de taur Fig. 6. Hipofiz - lobul intermediar de taur
Holstein n vrst de 5 ani. Vezicule cu Holstein n vrst de 5 ani. Vezicule cu
secreie n lumen. Col. MH2 x 200 secreie n lumen. Col. MH2 x 200
Fig. 7. Hipofiz - lobul intermediar de taur Fig. 8. Hipofiz - lobul intermediar de taur
Holstein n vrst de 5 ani. O vezicul cu Holstein n vrst de 5 ani. Vezicule cu
secreie n lumen. Col. MH2 x 200 secreie n lumen. Col. MH2 x 400
Fig. 9. Hipofiz - lobul intermediar de taur Fig. 10. Hipofiz - lobul intermediar de taur
Holstein n vrst de 7 ani. Vezicule cu Holstein n vrst de 7 ani. Vezicule cu
secreie n lumen. Col. MH2 x 400 secreie n lumen. Col. MH2 x 400
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Fig. 11. Hipofiz - lobul intermediar de taur Fig. 12. Hipofiz - lobul intermediar de taur
Holstein n vrst de 7 ani. O vezicul cu Holstein n vrst de 7 ani. Dou vezicule
secreie n lumen. Col. MH2 x 400 cu secreie n lumen. Col. MH2 x 400
Fig. 13. Hipofiz - lobul intermediar de taur Fig. 14. Hipofiz - lobul intermediar de taur
Holstein n vrst de 7 ani. Dou vezicule Holstein n vrst de 7 ani. Dou vezicule
cu secreie n lumen. Col. PAS x 80 cu secreie n lumen. Col. PAS x 200
Fig. 15. Hipofiz - lobul intermediar de taur Fig. 16. Hipofiz - lobul intermediar de taur
Holstein n vrst de 7 ani. Dou vezicule Holstein n vrst de 8 ani. Dou vezicule
cu secreie n lumen. Col. PAS x 400 cu secreie n lumen. Col. PAS x 400
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CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Bergland, R.M., & Torack R.M., 1969 - An ultrastructural study of follicular cells in
the human anterior pituitary. Am. J. Pathol. 57, 273-297.
2. Cotea C. i colab., 1986 - Dinamica celulei beta-FSH din adenohipofiza suinelor
femele n proestrus din rasa Landrace n vrst de 150- 280 zile. Lucr. t. Inst.
Agr. Iai, II, Zooteh. Med. Vet., p. 75-76.
3. Cotea C. i colab., 1988 - Aspectele morfologice i histochimice ale foliculogenezei
din ovar, n corelaie cu dinamica celular din adenohipofiza la scrofiele din rasa
Landrace. Lucr. t. Inst. de Cercetare i producie pentru creterea porcilor Peri,
vol. IV, p. 201-209.
4. Cotea C., Arseni O., 1994 - Hipotalamusul la suinele femele. Lucr. t. Univ. Agr. i
Med. Vet., seria Med. Vet., vol. 37, p. 25-27.
5. Cotea C., Solcan Carmen, Arseni O.V., 1997 Structuri foliculare n lobul
intermediar al hipofizei la suinele femele din rasa Landrace. Lucr. t. Univ. t.
Agricole i Med. Vet. Iai, vol. 40, p. 20 22.
6. Cotea C., Carmen Solcan, Cotea I., 2004 - Structuri foliculare n lobul intermediar al
hipofizei la berbec. Lucr. t., vol. 47 (6), p. 26-29.
7. Horvat E., and all., 1974 - Origin, possible function and fate of follicular cells in the
anterior lobe of the human pituitary. An electron microscopic study. Am. J.
Pathol. 77, 199-212.
8. Kagayama, M., 1965 - The follicular cell in the pars distalis of the dog pituitary gland
: an electron microscope study. Endocrinol. 77, 1053- 1060.
9. Kubo M. and all., 1992 - Follicular structures in the hypophysis of pigs. Bull. Natl.
Inst. Anim. Health 98, 9-13.
10. Liwska, J., 1978 - Investigations of ultrastructure of the adenohypophysis in the
domestic pig (Suis scrofa domestica). Part II: Dark cells in the pars anterior.
Folia Histochemica Cytochemica 16 (4),315-322.
11. Runceanu L., Cotea C., 2001 Reproducie, obstetric i ginecologie veterinar.
Ed. Ion Ionescu de la Brad, Univ. de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar,
Iai.
12. Vila-Porcile, E., 1972 - Le reseau des cellules folliculo-stellaires et les follicules de
ladenohypophyse du rat (pars distalis). Z. Zellforsch. 129, 328-369.
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MATERIAL I METOD
REZULTATE I DISCUII
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Fig. 3. Nucleul supraoptic (NSO) din Fig. 4. Nucleul supraoptic (NSO) din
hipotalamusul de vac. Impregnare hipotalamusul de vac. Impregnare
argentic tehnica Holmes; x 200 argentic tehnica Holmes; x 400
Fig. 5. Nucleul paraventricular (NPV) din Fig. 6. Nucleul paraventricular (NPV) din
hipotalamusul de vac. Impregnare hipotalamusul de vac. Impregnare
argentic tehnica Holmes; x 200 argentic tehnica Holmes; x 200
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Fig. 7. Nucleul hipotalamic dorso-medial din Fig. 8. Nucleul hipotalamic dorso-medial din
hipotalamusul de vac. Impregnare hipotalamusul de vac. Impregnare
argentic tehnica Holmes; x 200 argentic tehnica Holmes; x 200
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Fig. 11. Nucleul infundibular din Fig. 12. Nucleul infundibular din
hipotalamusul de vac. Impregnare hipotalamusul de vac. Impregnare
argentic tehnica Holmes; x 200 argentic tehnica Holmes; x 400
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Fig. 13. Nucleul premamilar din Fig. 14. Nucleul premamilar din
hipotalamusul de vac. Impregnare hipotalamusul de vac. Impregnare
argentic tehnica Holmes; x 200 argentic tehnica Holmes; x 200
Fig. 15. Nucleul mamilar din hipotalamusul Fig. 16. Nucleul mamilar din hipotalamusul
de vac. Impregnare argentic tehnica de vac. Col. Nissl; x 200
Holmes; x 200
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CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Cotea C., Arseni O.V., 1994 Hipotalamusul la suine. Lucr. t. Med. Vet. Iai, vol.
37, p. 25 27.
2. Cotea C., Carmen Solcan, Arseni O.V., 1997 Structuri foliculare n lobul anterior al
hipofizei la femelele suine din rasa Landrace. Lucr. t. Med. Vet. Iai, vol. 40, p. 20
22.
3. Cotea C., Arseni O.V., 1998 Foliculogeneza n ovarul suinelor femele. Lucr. t.
Med. Vet. Iai, vol. 41, pag. 13 23.
4. Cotea C., Arseni O.V., Carmen Solcan, 1998 Glanda tecal ovarian la suinele
femele. Lucr. t. Med. Vet. Iai, vol. 41, pag. 6 12.
5. Cotea C., Arseni O.V., 1999 Hipofiza la suinele femele. Lucr. t. Med. Vet. Iai,
vol. 1 (42), p. 24 31.
6. Cotea C., 2001 - Biologie celular, Embriologie general, Histologie general, Ed.
Tehnopress, Iai.
7. Cotea C., Runceanu L., Carmen Solcan, Cotea I., 2002 Neurosecreia nucleilor
hipotalamici la oaie. Lucr. t. Med. Vet. Iai, vol. 45 (4), p. 16 22.
8. Cotea C., 2003 Histologie special. Ed. Tehnopress, Iai.
9. Runceanu L., Cotea C., 2001 Reproducie, obstetric i ginecologie veterinar.
Ed. Ion Ionescu de la Brad, Iai.
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MATERIAL I METODE
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REZULTATE I DISCUII
Fig. 1. Piele din regiunea sternului. Spiculi hiperkeratozici la nivelul epidermei. Derm
bogat n fibroblaste. Col PAS; x 200; x 400
Modificrile pielii din aceaste zone (stern i baza cozii) se pot corela dup
unii autori (6, 8) cu disfunciile hepatice i renale, la cazurile noastre acestea fiind
determinate de cetoz, caracterizndu-se prin hepatoz i nefroz gras
pronunat.
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Fig.3. Piele din regiunea sternului. esut cartilaginos elastic n derm. Col. PAS; x400.
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Fig. 4. Piele din regiunea sternului. esut osos cu travee dense, fibroase (osteoscleroz).
Col PAS; 100; x200x 400.
CONCLUZII
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
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MATERIAL I METODE
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Fig. 1. Glanda biflex (sinusul interdigital) la oaie, schi cu seciunile transversale din care
s-au recoltat fragmente pentru prelucrarea histologic A, B, C, D, E, F, G:
Po - poriunea orizontal (A); Pd - poriunea descendent (B, C);
Pa - poriunea ascendent (E, F, G);
A - poriunea orizontal (treimea superioar); B - treimea mijlocie;
C - treimea inferioar; D - jonciunea dintre Pd i Pa;
E - treimea inferioar; F - treimea mijlocie; G - treimea superioar (fundul de sac).
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136
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REZULTATE I DISCUII
Din studierea sistematic a celor 7 zone ale glandei biflexe la oaia Karakul
brumriu, se evideniaz diferene structurale ntre ele. n primul rnd, pe msura
apropierii de zona G se constat dezvoltarea deosebit a stratului glandular ce
intereseaz glandele sudoripare, ceea ce ne determin s afirmm c glanda
biflex este o gland sudoripar modificat, n sensul c unitile secretoare pe
lng faptul c excret, secret i o cantitate crescut de material PAS-pozitiv.
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CONCLUZII
1. Glanda biflex la ovinele din rasa Karakul negru este o gland sudoripar
modificat, n care formaiunile secretoare se organizeaz n lobuli.
2. Lobulii sunt delimitai de un esut conjunctiv delicat, foarte vascularizat
i n cadrul lor, unitile secretoare sudoripare pot fi surprinse n diferite faze ale
secreiei.
3. Cea mai dezvoltat zon glandular este fundul de sac al glandei biflexe
(zona E), unde lobulii glandulari sunt mai numeroi i mai voluminoi,
manifestnd o activitate secretorie intens.
4. Procesul de elaborare a secreiei acestor glande este de tip apocrin, cu
morfologia caracteristic ce decurge din aceasta.
5. Evidenierea proteoglicanilor n secreia luminal, ct i la polul apical al
celulelor glandulare, demonstreaz c secreia glandei conine cantiti crescute de
proteine n cadrul compuilor glicoprotidici.
6. Lumenul glandei biflexe este delimitat de un epiteliu pavimentos
stratificat cheratinizat cu stratul cornos mai bine reprezentat n primele 3 zone i
care se menine de tip cornos pe toat suprafaa luminal a glandei.
7. Glandele sebacee sunt prezente n vecintatea foliculilor piloi, mai ales
n zonele A i B ale glandei biflexe.
8. Foliculii piloi sunt mai dezvoltai n zona A, unde formeaza tijele groase
ale smocului de peri n zona orificiului.
9. Prezena a numeroase glande sebacee n zonele A i B, demonstreaz o
secreie bogat n lipide, ce asigur lubrefierea smocului de peri din zona
orificiului de deschidere a glandei biflexe.
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Botrel S., Cotea C., Gaboreanu M., 1982 - Histologie i embriologie medical
veterinar, Ed. Didactic i Pedagogic, Bucureti.
2. Cornil L., Manolescu N., 1995 - Structura i ultrastructura organelor la animalele
domestice, Editura Ceres, Bucureti.
3. Cotea C., Gall C., 1985 - Aspecte histologice i histochimice ale glandei biflexe la
ovine. Seminarul Tehnologia reproduciei i patologia animalelor de ferm, vol.
X, p. 331-336, Institutul Agronomic Cluj-Napoca.
4. Cotea C., 2003 - Histologie special. Ed. Tehnopress, Iai.
5. Coofan V., 1975 - Anatomie topografic a animalelor domestice. Lito., vol. II,
Institutul Agronomic Iai.
6. Coofan V., Palicica R., Valentina Hricu, Enciu V., 1999 Anatomia animalelor
domestice, vol. I. Aparatul de susinere i micare. Ed. Orizonturi universitare,
Timioara.
7. Grigorescu E., Moisescu M., Olarian Elena, Vcaru C., 1957 Contribuii la studiul
sinusului interdigital la oaie. Lucrrile Sesiunii tiinifice, Institutul Agronomic
Timioara, p. 273-281, 1957.
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8. Janicki Z., Hrarste A., Slavica A., Konjevi D., Marinovi Z., Stubian D., 2003 -
Morphohistological characteristics of the interdigital gland in the roebuck
(Capreolus capreolus L.). Vet. Arhiv 73, 27 37.
9. Knig E.H., Liebich G.H., 1999 Anatomie der Haussugetiere. Lehrbuch und
Farbatlas fr Studium und Praxis. Band I, Bewegungsapparat Schauttauer
Stuttgart, New York.
10. Knig E.H., Liebich G.H., 1999 Anatomie der Haussugetiere. Lehrbuch und
Farbatlas fr Studium und Praxis. Band II, Organe, Kreislauf-und Nervensystem,
Schauttauer Stuttgart, New York.
11. Liebich H.G., Bck P., Budras K.D., Maierl J., Reese S., 1999 Funktionelle
Histologie der Haussugetiere. Lehrbuch und Farbatlas fr Studium und Praxis.
Schattauer Stuttgard, New York.
12. Mihai M., 1984 Cercetri histologice, citologice, ultrastructurale i morfochimice
asupra glandelorsebacee i sudoripare n decursul ciclului estral i al gestaiei la
ovine. Tez de doctorat, Institutul Agronomic Iai.
13. incai Mariana, 2000 Histologie veterinar, vol. II, Organe i embriologie. Ed.
Mirton, Timioara.
14. Verde N., Pop T., Manolescu N., 1982 Contribuii la ontogeneza i structura
sinusului interdigital la oaie. Seminarul tiinific "Metode noi de sporire a
produciei la animale" Iai, p. 66-67, 1982.
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The extremity of the thoracic and pelvic limbs from 18 sheep black
Karakul breed beetwen 3 and 8 years old were sectioned for observation of
the interdigital sinus.
This apears like a pipe that opens through an orifice of 2-4,5 mm
diameter,which is situated in the interdigital space of the dorsal side of
acropodyal area.
The gland was systematised in 4 areas: horizontal, descendent, the
jonction of two areas, ascendent.
The total length of the gland for frontal limbs is beetwen 36,5 mm,
but it may vary beetwen 31-44 mm.
For the posterior limbs, the length can amount to 25- 36 mm, with an
average of 33 mm.
In the present work presented are shown the dimensions of the
studied areas that may vary depending on the limb and age.
MATERIAL SI METODA
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REZULTATE SI DISCUTII
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CONCLUZII
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Botrel S., Cotea C., Gaboreanu M., 1982 - Histologie i embriologie medical
veterinar, Ed. Didactic i Pedagogic, Bucureti.
2. Cornil L., Manolescu N., 1995 - Structura i ultrastructura organelor la animalele
domestice, Editura Ceres, Bucureti.
3. Cotea C., Gall C., 1985 - Aspecte histologice i histochimice ale glandei biflexe la
ovine. Seminarul Tehnologia reproduciei i patologia animalelor de ferm, vol.
X, p. 331-336, Institutul Agronomic Cluj-Napoca.
4. Cotea C., 2003 - Histologie special. Ed. Tehnopress, Iai.
5. Coofan V., 1975 - Anatomie topografic a animalelor domestice. Lito., vol. II,
Institutul Agronomic Iai.
6. Coofan V., Palicica R., Valentina Hricu, Enciu V., 1999 Anatomia animalelor
domestice, vol. I. Aparatul de susinere i micare. Ed. Orizonturi universitare,
Timioara.
7. Grigorescu E., Moisescu M., Olarian Elena, Vcaru C., 1957 Contribuii la studiul
sinusului interdigital la oaie. Lucrrile Sesiunii tiinifice, Institutul Agronomic
Timioara, p. 273-281.
8. Janicki Z., Hrarste A., Slavica A., Konjevi D., Marinovi Z., Stubican D., 2003
- Morphohistological characteristics of the interdigital gland in the roebuck
(Capreolus capreolus L.). Vet. Arhiv 73, 27 - 37
9. Knig E.H., Liebich G.H., 1999 Anatomie der Haussugetiere. Lehrbuch und
Farbatlas fr Studium und Praxis. Band I, Bewegungsapparat Schauttauer
Stuttgart, New York.
10. Knig E.H., Liebich G.H., 1999 Anatomie der Haussugetiere. Lehrbuch und
Farbatlas fr Studium und Praxis. Band II, Organe, Kreislauf-und Nervensystem,
Schauttauer Stuttgart, New York.
11. Liebich H.G., Bck P., Budras K.D., Maierl J., Reese S., 1999 Funktionelle
Histologie der Haussugetiere. Lehrbuch und Farbatlas fr Studium und Praxis.
Schattauer Stuttgard, New York.
12. Mihai M., 1984 Cercetri histologice, citologice, ultrastructurale i morfochimice
asupra glandelorsebacee i sudoripare n decursul ciclului estral i al gestaiei la
ovine. Tez de doctorat, Institutul Agronomic Iai, 1984.
13. incai Mariana, 2000 Histologie veterinar, vol. II, Organe i embriologie. Ed.
Mirton, Timioara.
14. Verde N., Pop T., Manolescu N., 1982 Contribuii la ontogeneza i structura
sinusului interdigital la oaie. Seminarul tiinific "Metode noi de sporire a
produciei la animale" Iai, p. 66-67, 1982.
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Boala lui Marek este cea mai important boal limfoproliferativ a ginilor,
produs de virusuri din familia Herpesviridae, subfam. Alphaherpesvirinae.
Vrsta de apariie a bolii la puii nevaccinai este de 35-90 de zile, iar la
psrile vaccinate 114-224 de zile (5).
Transmiterea virusului se face numai orizontal pe cale respiratorie, prin
descuamatele epiteliale ale foliculilor plumiferi.
ntr-o prim faz se produce citoliza limfocitelor B, iar apoi o hiperplazie
reticular.
Boala lui Marek, n forma cronic, are urmtoarele localizri: neural,
ocular i cutanat. Forma acut se caracterizeaz printr-o proliferare nodular
sau difuz, la nivelul ficatului, splinei, rinichilor, cordului, ovarului,
proventriculului i pielii (1).
n localizarea cutanat la broileri se remarc o ngroare a pielii, care apare
cutat, foliculii plumiferi fiind turgesceni i mrii n volum pn la 3mm (3).
Leziunile de ordin histologic ale pielii pot fi grupate n 5 tipuri:
- A: mici agregate de celule limfoide (LCA) ce conin limfocite mici,
limfoblaste i rare figuri mitotice;
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Fig. 1 Fig. 2
Fig. 3 Fig. 4
Fig. 5 Fig. 6
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Fig. 7 Fig. 8
Fig. 9 Fig. 10
Fig. 11 Fig. 12
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CONCLUZII
BIBIOGRAFIE
1. Ctoi C., 2003 - Diagnostic necropsic veterinar, Ed. Academic Press, Cluj-Napoca,;
2. Cho K.O., Endoh D., Kimura T., Ochiai K., Itakura C., 1997 - Significance of
Mareks disease virus serotype 1 specific phosphorylated proteins in Mareks
disease skin lesions. Avian pathology, 26, 4, 707-720;
3. Cho K.O., Ochiai K., Fujikawa Y., Itakura C., 1997 - Cutaneous lesions in broiler
chickens spontaneously affected with Mareks disease, Avian Pathology, 26, 2,
277-291;
4. Moga Mnzat R., 2005 - Boli virotice i prionice ale animalelor, Ed. Brumar,
Timioara.
5. Paul I., 1996 - Etiomorfopatologie veterinar, Ed. All, Bucureti, 1996.
6. Riddell C. - Avian Histopathology
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REZULTATE I DISCUII
Sinergasiloza
Agentul etiologic care produce boala la ciprinidele asiatice (snger, novac)
este Sinergasilus lieni.
S-a constatat c vara invazia parazitar atinge cotele cele mai ridicate, n
iulie-august i afecteaz n general petii n vrst (vara II i vara III).
La examinarea macroscopic, paraziii apar sub forma unor filamente
scurte, albicioase, ncorporate n esutul muscular, de la marginea branhiilor; la
vrful lamelelor branhiale se observ acumulri de mucus translucide (Fig. 1,
Fig. 2).
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Dactilogiroza
Aceasta este o parazitoz branhial ce produce pierderi importante la
puietul din fermele ciprinicole i salmonicole.
Agenii etiologici ai dactilogirozei sunt specii ale genului Dactylogyrus.
Parazitul are ca particulariti morfologice patru papile contractile i patru
pete pigmentare la extremitatea cefalic a corpului. La extremitatea posterioar se
afl discul de fixare prevzut cu dou crlige mari centrale, n form de secer i
14 crlige mici, aezate marginal (Fig. 9).
La examenul histologic, se observ la locul de fixare a paraziilor procese
inflamatorii, tumefiere, iar branhiile devin mai groase ducnd la o ngreunare a
circulaiei sngelui i a schimbului de gaze.
ngreunarea circulaiei sanguine nu mai permite hrnirea esutului branhial,
ducnd la moartea acestuia i la apariia unor zone ntinse de necroz la nivelul
lamelelor branhiale (Fig. 10, Fig. 11, Fig. 12, Fig. 13, Fig. 14).
Lezarea esutului branhial conduce la o insuficien respiratorie a petelui
bolnav, petele prezentnd operculele deprtate (Fig. 8).
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Trichodinoza
Agenii etiologici ai trichodiniozei sunt reprezentai de un grup de ciliate
aparinnd familiei Urceolariidae, cele mai comune fiind speciile genurilor
Trichodina, Trichodinella i Tripartiella (Fig. 16).
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Bud I., Diaconescu ., Mudure M., 2004 Creterea crapului i a altor specii, Ed.
Ceres, Bucureti.
2. Grozea A., Bura M., 2002 Crapul: biologie, sisteme de crestere, patologie; Ed. de
Vest, Timisoara.
3. Munteanu G., Bogatu D., 2003 Tratat de ihtiopatologie, Ed. Excelsior Art,
Timisoara.
4. Oel V., Constantin Gh., 1989 Ghid ihtiopatologic pentru piscicultura din Delta
Dunrii, Buletin de Cercetri Piscicole, Supliment II.
5. Rdulescu I., Lustun L., Voican V., 1976 Bolile petilor, Ed. Ceres, Bucureti.
6. Vulpe V., 2002 Investigaii privind epidemiologia, etiologia i morfologia afeciunilor
parazitare la petii din amenajrile sistematice, Tez de Doctorat.
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MATERIAL I METOD
REZULTATE I DISCUII
Nr. Cine Om
An crt. Necunoscut Identificat Mediu social Sex Vrst
1 * Rural F 14
2 * Urban F 30
3 * Rural M 62
2003
4 * Rural F 77
5 * Urban M 17
6 * Urban M 38
7 * Rural M 40
8 * Urban F 35
9 * Urban M 58
10 * Rural F 22
2004
11 * Urban M 14
12 * Rural M 72
13 * Rural M 21
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Nr. Cine Om
An crt. Necunoscut Identificat Mediu social Sex Vrst
14 * Urban M 13
15 * Urban M 17
2004
16 * Urban M 8
17 * Rural M 35
18 * Urban F 46
19 * Urban M 12
20 * Rural M 12
21 * Urban F 1
22 * Urban F 53
23 * Urban M 66
24 * Urban M 44
25 * Rural F 50
26 * Urban M 36
27 * Urban F 10
2005
28 * Urban F 47
29 * Rural M 6
30 * Urban M 19
31 * Urban F 46
32 * Rural F 32
33 * Urban M 10
34 * Urban F 29
35 * Urban M 30
n mediul urban (Municipiul Iai) apar mai multe cazuri dect n cel rural
(66% din cazuistic) datorit numrului mare de cini comunitari nesupravegheai
(Diagrama 1).
Diagrama 1
Incidena mucturilor de cine
la om n mediile sociale urban i rural.
Rural
11
Urban
23
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Femei
Barbati 14
20
Dintre cele 35 cazuri, cele mai numeroase (10) sunt copii i adolesceni cu
vrsta ntre 10 i 20 ani. Au fost mucai doar 3 ceteni n vrst de peste 60 ani
i doar 5 copii n vrst de pn la 10 ani, acetia din urm ieind pe strad mai
ales nsoii de prini (Diagrama 3).
Diagrama 3
Incidena mucturilor de cine la om n relaie cu vrsta
10
9
10
8
7 8 8
6
5
4
3 5
2 3
1
0
0-10 ani 10-20 ani 20-40 ani 40-60 ani >60 ani
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Nr. total de
Specie Pozitive Negative Improprii
cazuri
Cine 86 0 83 3
Pisic 9 0 9 0
Bovin 1 0 1 0
Ovin 2 0 2 0
Vulpe 7 0 6 1
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Tabelul 3
Situaia rabiei n perioada 1.01.2004 31.12.2004 pe aria judeului Iai
Nr. total de
Specie Pozitive Negative Improprii
cazuri
Cine 87 0 87 0
Pisic 11 0 11 0
Bovin 1 0 1 0
Ovin 4 0 4 0
Caprin 2 0 2 0
Vulpe 8 4 4 0
Dihor 2 0 2 0
Total: 115 cazuri, din care 4 pozitive, la vulpe: 2 vulpi din localitatea Schitu Duca, o
vulpe din satul Ciorleti i o vulpe din pdurea de la Dobrov.
Tabelul 4
Situaia rabiei n perioada 1.01.2005 31.12.2005 pe aria judeului Iai
Nr. total de
Specie Pozitive Negative Improprii
cazuri
Cine 39 1 38 0
Pisic 5 1 4 0
Bovin 2 0 2 0
Vulpe 12 1 11 0
Total: 60 de cazuri, din care 3 pozitive: un cine din comuna Mirosloveti, satul Merce,
o pisic din comuna Bivolari i o vulpe din localitatea Schitu Duca.
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CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Carp Crare M., 2001 - Microbiologie veterinar Virusologie; Ed. Venus, Iai;
2. Enache T., Paul I., Popescu O., Stnescu V., Iordache I., 1997 - Medicina legal
veterinar, Vol. I; Ed. ALL, Bucureti;
3. Oprean O.Z., 2002 - Diagnosticul necropsic la carnivorele de companie; Ed. Ion
Ionescu de la Brad, Iai;
4. Palmer S.R., Lord Soulsby, Simpson D.I.H., 2005 - Zoonoze; Ed. tiine Medicale,
Bucureti;
5. Scripcaru C., Scripcaru Gh., Astarastoae V., 2005 - Medicina legal pentru juriti;
Ed. Polirom, Iai;
6. X X X - Legea sanitar veterinar nr. 75/1991;
7. X X X - Legea nr. 61 din 27 septembrie 1991 pentru sancionarea faptelor de
nclcare a unor norme de convieuire social, a ordinii i linitii publice;
8. X X X - Ordonana de Urgen nr. 55 din 30 aprilie 2002 privind regimul de deinere
al cinilor periculoi sau agresivi;
9. X X X - Ordinul 156/1999 pentru aprobarea Normei sanitare veterinare privind
anunarea, declararea i notificarea unor boli transmisibile ale animalelor;
10. X X X - Manual OIE/2004
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tnr, nucleii fiind mari, evideni, cu nucleoli proemineni. n masa tumorii se pot
ntlni hemoragii i focare necrotice.
Diagnostic histologic: carcinom tubulo-papilifer simplu.
Leziuni displazice/hiperplazice: n jurul tumorii se pot evidenia lobuli
hiperplaziai cu aspect de adenozis tipul simplu i tipul complex, la nivelul
ductelor intralobulare i chiar la nivelul acinilor observndu-se hiperplazii de tipul
epiteliozis atipic.
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DISCUII
Tabelul 1.
Leziuni displazice/hiperplazice mamare diagnosticate la periferia
unor neoplasme maligne mamare
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
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INTRODUCTION
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We followed health status on three pigs farms and systematically noted all
relevant criteria in connection with health. First two, were small individual farms
with 40 sows capacity, third, were big industrial type farm with 1500 sows
capacity. We noted liver fatty metamorphosis in nursery piglets 1 to 10 days old.
Mortality rate increased on 15% on two small farms and 17% on third farm in first
10 days postnatal nurseries live. In addition, piglets were avital, born with less
than 1200 g body weight and though first days of suck period they were loosing
their weight and rapidly retarded. Some piglets were having non infective
diarrhea. In severe cases in some litters piglets were depressed, mostly lay on
creep and often were crashed by dams.
On third farm besides described clinical picture, hyperemia and vulvae
edema, skin necrosis on tail and carpal joints were noted. This symptoms are
related with mycotoxicosis respectfully zearalenontoxicosis. Unfortunately we did
dont have access to nutrient contents in sows feed ingredients on both smaller
farms. Only we were told that during all gestation period nutrition was not
modulated according to pregnant sows needs. On third farm manly component in
nutrient content was corn (around 60%) wheat grain (around 20%) and sunflower
meal (around 10%). High levels of mycotoxins, 9.2 mg/kg of zearalenone and 2.4
mg/kg of ochratoxins was detected in diet samples for pregnant sows.
Morphopathological exam was provided in all died piglets. Twenty tree
piglets originated from first two farm and twelve piglets from third farm were
autopsied.
Liver and kidneys tissues were fixed by immersion in 10% buffered
formalin. Fixed tissue was dehydrated, embedded in paraffin wax, sectioned at 5
m, and stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Cryosections tissues were
stained with Sudan III.
RESULTS
Gross pathology:
All examined carcasses were very emaciated. Macroscopically livers were
enlarged with rotund edges and intense capsules. In lightly cases (26 piglets, 75%
of total number) livers were decolorized with yellow - reddish foci, which were
markedly accented compared with normal tissue. At 9 piglets (25% of total
number) cases were severe with diffuse clay liver tissue colorization and pulpy
consistency. Cut surface bulge when incised. Liver parts moreover all lobes
floated when was placed in water in almost all cases.
Total or partial liver ruptures with sub capsular or intra abdominal blood
extravasations were detected in 7% cases .
Besides described morphopathological changes on liver macroscopically
kidneys were pale and yellowish, rare with cortical punctiform hemorrhage in all
died piglets originated from third farm.
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Microscopic finding:
Under light microscope perinuclear hepatocytes vacuolization were
detected. Usually one small vacuole was detected. In some parts of liver tissue
vacuoles coalesced to form large empty spaces with consequent nucleus
dislocating on cells periphery. Regressive changes were commonly located on
lobe periphery or they have panlobullary prevalence.
In kidneys epithelial cells, especially in proximal convoluted tubules
epithelias many small vacuoles whether diffuse filled cytoplasm was detected.
Vacuoles from cryostat sections liver tissue stained with Sudan III were
orange colorized and undoubtedly confirmed fat origin apropos liver fatty
metamorphosis. Parenchyma cells of the kidneys in cryosections contained many
orange fat droplets in cytoplasm as well.
DISCUSSION
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those mycotoxins play important role in this changes most likely inhibiting
appoproteines synthesis, which is required in fats transport from liver by
lipoproteins complexes.
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
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4. Bownhemer T., Richard J. Havel, John A. Long, 1972 - Physiological fatty liver
hyperlipemia in the fetal guinea pig: chemical and ultrastructural characterisation.
Journal of Lipid Research, Vol. 13, 371 382.
5. Kneevi Milijana, M. Jovanovi, 1999 - General pathology. Makrije, Belgrade.
6. Pegorier J.P., P.H. Duee, J. Girard, J. Peret, 1983 - Metabolic fate of non-esterified
fatty acids in isolated hepatocytes from newborn and young pigs. Biochemical J.
212, 93 97.
7. Martini, Wenjun Z, Irtun, Oivind, Chinkes, David L, Rasmussen, Blake, 2001 -
Alteration of hepatic fatty acid metabolisms after burn injury in pigs. Journal of
Pareneteral and Enternal Nutrition, Nov/Dec 2001.
8. Forenbacher S., 1993 - Digestive system and metabolisms clinical pathology. NAZU,
kolska knjiga Zagreb.
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REZULTATE I DISCUII
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este alb-sidefie, alb-rozat sau brun roiatic, suprafaa de seciune fiind umed i
strlucitoare i proeminent fa de esutul mamar adiacent (Sternberg, 1989).
Se comport ntotdeauna benign, evolueaz lent, uneori regreseaz spontan
sau dup ovariectomie.
MATERIAL I METOD
REZULTATE I DISCUII
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
197
Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar Iai
Gabriela URSACHI
D.S.V.S.A.-L.V.S. Iai
Otilia COOFAN
U.S.A.M.V. Iai
G. HUEAL
D.S.V.S.A.-L.V.S. Buzu
I. PAVLOVIC
Scientific veterinary Institute of Serbia
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REZULTATE I DISCUII
Aspecte macroscopice.
Cazul 1. Femel de ras comun n vrst de 9 ani a prezentat dou tumori
localizate n lanul stng. Glanda mamar M3 stng avea diametrul de 18 cm i
un contur neregulat datorat multitudinii de chisturi mici, izolate sau conglomerate,
i prezenei chisturilor mari alternnd cu structuri nodulare mici, glbui i dure
care dau la palpare senzaia de alice i bile de plumb. Chisturile mari sunt bine
circumscrise, relativ mobile fa de esuturile adiacente, elastice i au un coninut
galben-verzui sau brun-roiatic sub tensiune.
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Aspecte microscopice.
Mastopatia debuteaz i evolueaz n unitile lobulare alveole-ducte
terminale (engl. terminal duct lobular unit sau TDLU) i se caracterizeaz prin
hiperplazia de tip adenotic i dilataia chistic a unitilor, asociate cu dezvoltarea
esutului fibros, colagenizare, hialinizare i metaplazie stromal. Coninutul
chisturilor este variat fiind reprezentat de material proteic amorf sau din secreie
glicoprotidic intens PAS pozitiv (fig. 3) n care se pot gsi celule epiteliale
descuamate, lipofage cu citoplasma spumoas, picturi lipidice i grsimi
saponificate, detritus celular, depozite de calciu, cristale negative romboidale de
colesterol libere sau compactate sub form de tablete, rezultate din stagnarea
secreiei i dezintegrarea lipofagelor.
Dilataia saccular alveolar i ductular genereaz chisturile mici, multiple
i adiacente, delimitate de esut conjunctiv dens care, prin ruperea pereilor
despritori, conflueaz n chisturi mai mari (fig. 2). Acestea sunt cptuite cu
celule epiteliale secretorii (luminale) monostratificate, prismatice, cubice sau
atrofiate prin compresiune, dublate de celule mioepiteliale, formnd un tapet
neted n forma nepapilar. n forma papilar, are loc hiperplazia epitelial cu
pluristratificare (fig. 4) urmat de formarea unor proeminene intracavitare
constituite din axe conjunctivo-vasculare ramificate, arborescente, acoperite cu
epiteliu bimorfic ale crui celule luminale pot fi bogate n glicogen. n unele
chisturi voluminoase hiperplazia epitelial poate fi parial sau complet disprut
datorit descuamrii celulelor n cavitate.Se remarc prevalena net a celulelor
mioepiteliale n procesul proliferativ; plasate ntre celulele epiteliale secretorii i
membrana bazal, frecvent vacuolizate, prin multiplicare excesiv pot genera
noduli adenomioepiteliomatoi stromali sau intrachistici.
n interstiiul tumorii, la periferia chisturilor se gsesc numeroase
mononucleare (monocite-macrofage, limfocite, plasmocite), frecvente
hemosiderofage, dar i celule gigante multinucleate care sugereaz deversarea
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Manolescu N., Bolte S., Miclu I., 1993 - Oncologie veterinar, vol. II, Editura
Ceres, Bucureti
2. Misdorp W., 2002 - Tumors of the Mammary Gland. In. Tumors in Domestic
Animals. 4 th Ed.,Iowa State Press
3. Niculescu t., 1980 - Morfopatologia glandei mamare. n Moraru, I. (sub redacia)
Anatomie patologic, Editura Medical, Bucureti
4. Tavasoli F.A., Devilee P., 2003 - World Health Organization Classification of
Tumours. Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of the Breast and Female Genital
Organs. IARC Press: Lyon
5. Theilen H. Gordon, Madewell R. Bruce, 1978 Veterinary cancer Medecine,
Second Edition, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia,
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ASPECTE HISTOPATOLOGICE N
TUMORILE SPONTANE LA CINE
HISTOPATHOLOGICAL ASPECTS IN SPONTAN TUMOURS IN DOGS
M. COMAN, I. OLARIU-JURCA,
A. STANCU, D. ROOGA
U.S.A.M.V.B. Timioara
MATERIALE I METODE
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REZULTATE I DISCUII
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Din tabelul de mai sus rezult c 59,37% din tumorile maligne au localizare
mamar, n timp ce diferena (40,62%) au localizri diferite (tiroid, testicul, esut
conjunctiv, subcutanat, etc.).
Frecvena tumorilor maligne n cazul femelelor crete odat cu vrsta, pn
n jurul vrstei de 12 ani, urmnd apoi o descretere mai mult sau mau puin lent.
n cazul tumorilor maligne la masculi, incidena este sczut pn n pragul
vrstei de 4 ani, dup care aceasta crete, i se menine la valori apropiate.
Adenocarcinoamele, tumori maligne ale epiteliilor glandulare, difer prin
aranjamentul celular i raportul dintre strom i parenchim. Adenocarcinoamele
identificate de noi se ncadreaz n tipurile tubular i papilar. Metastazele ntlnite
n dou cazuri au afectat limfonodurile lomboaortice i inghinale.
Carcinomul bronhoalveolar are o structur alveolar cu aspect glandular.
Histoarhitectonica pstreaz linii celulare tumorale att din alveole ct i din
bronhiile terminale.
Adenocarcinomul folicular se identific microscopic uor datorit
dispunerii celulelor n foliculi. Celulele tumorale sunt relativ mari, formnd
foliculi de diferite dimensiuni, forme i coninut coloid.
Leiomiosarcomul, tumora malign a fibrelor musculare netede, se
caracterizeaz prin fascicule celulare ai cror nuclei apar mult alungii, au indicele
mitotic ridicat i uneori cu microfocare de necroz.
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Baba A.I., 2002 - Oncologie comparat, Ed. Academiei Romne, Bucureti, 49-87.
2. Dorn C.R., 1976 Epidemiology of canine and feline tumors, J.Am.Anim. Hosp.
Assoc., 12, 307-334.
3. Jubb, K.V.F., Kennedy P.C., Palmer N., 1993 Patologhy of Domestic Animals, vol.
I-III, Acad. Press, New-York.
4. Manolescu N., Bolte S., 1991 Oncologie veterinar, vol. I i II, Ed. Ceres,
Bucureti, 9-51.
5. McGavin M.D., Carlton W.W., Zachary J.F., 2001 - Special veterinary pathology,
Ed. Mosby, USA.
6. Owen L.N., 1980 TNM clasification of tumours in domestic animals, OMS Geneva
7. Paul, I., 1990 - Morfopatologia aparatelor i a sistemelor organice, Bul. Inf. Soc.
Med,Vet. nr. 23-24, Bucureti.
8. Slauson D.O., Cooper B.J., 2002 - Mechanisms of disease, Ed. Mosby, USA.
9. Withrow, S.J., MacEwen, E.G., 2001 - Small animal clinical oncology, Ed. Saunders,
USA.
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The researches were carried out during October 2005 February 2006,
through the necropsy of five cat bodies (four Birmanese and a common breed
one), with the ages between 6 months and 2 years, that presented gingival ulcers,
jaundice and abdominal distention, successive to a serious serofibrinous
peritonitis. We took samples from these bodies from lungs, cord, liver and
mesenter. The samples were fixed in formaldehyde solution 10%, processed
withthe help of the paraffin technique, sectioned at 6 micrometres and coloured
with the trichromic Masson method modified by V. Ciurea with methyl blue
(H.E.A.).
After the examination and interpretation of the preparations
histopathologically obtained, we took some microphotos to illustrate the most
specific histopathological changes.
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Liver
Macroscopically, it had an increased volume and weight, the colour yellow-
ochre at surface and upon the section, and a friable consistence. The capsule was
tensioned, shiny and covered in some places with greish-yellow membranes of
fibrine, easily detachable fibrinous perihepatitis and hepatic steatosis (fig. 4).
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Mesentery
Macroscopically, we observed the presence of numerous nodular systems,
with the size of a millet grain, greish-yellow, uniformly distributed upon the
mesenteric surface nodular mesenteritis (fig. 5).
Microscopically, we identified mesothelial hyperplasia and neoformation
saguine capillars an rare nodules consisted of neotrophil cells, big monocyte cells,
plasmocytes and lymphocytes, which are delimited by a slight fibrilar
mesenchimal response pyogranuloma (fig. 6).
CONCLUSIONS
BIBLIOGRAHPY
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The experiment was carried out within the Nutrition and Alimentation
Biobasis from the Agricultural sciences and Veterinary Medicine Iasi on a total
number of 100 broiler hen chickens that were divided in three lots, of which a
witness lot (M) and two experimental lots. (E1 and E2) (tab.1).
The purpose of this experiment was to establish the influence of the
prebiotic NUTRI-SURE DW1 on the growth performances, the valorization of food
and health state of the hen broiler chickens HUBBARD FLEX.
The food administered was elaborated by FNC AviTop Tomesti, in three
periods: 1 14 days, the starting period, 15-28 days, the growth period and 29-35
days, the ending period.
The structure and the nutritive characteristics of the combined forages
administered are presented in tab. 2.
The experimented prebiotic is a mixture of formic, lactic and acetic acid,
that acts selectively against some bacteria like: Campylobacter and Salmonella,
reducing the pH from the stomach and the thin intestine, which determined a
good health state and a good valorization of food.
This preparation is not administered during the use of antibiotics.
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Table 1
Experimental schema
Table 2
Structure and the nutritive characteristics of the combined forages
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The use of the product was benefic especially during the first period (1-7
days), when the weight increases were superior with 3,2% in the case of E1 lot
respectively, 4,08% in the case of E2 lot, compared to lot M (tab. 3)
Table 3
The evolution of body weight
During the period 7-14 days, the results were different thus, the E1 lot
registered a decrease of weight with 1,38% while E2 lot registered an increase of
0,79% in contrast with the comparison lot.
During the period 14-28 the results from the experimental lots were inferior
to lot M, fact that indicates that in this period the product is not recommended.
Starting the 22nd day the use doses of the acidifying were reduced at half
(1% at E1 and 1,25% at E2).
In the last week, the E1 lot registered an increase of +0,6% compared to lot
M, while lot E2 had a decrease of 0,57%, compared to M, which can be
considered inconclusive.
We appreciate the fact that the product had a visible positive effect in the
first period of age having a stimulatory effect on the enzymatic secretion, but
especially on the gastric and pancreatic lipase synthesis.
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The food was well used in all the experiment lots, which was due to the
special quality of the combined forages used, the differences between the three
lots being insignificant (tab. 4).
Table 4
The food consume
The health state was similar, the losses registered being found in the normal
limits for this category of birds, but we still noticed a highly increased mortality at
the witness lot compared to the two experimental lots (tab. 5).
Table 5
The evolution of discrepancies with the group
CONCLUSIONS
We appreciate the fact that the influence of the acidifying was manifested
especially in the first week of age, when the increases were 3,2-4,08% higher at
the experimental lots compared to the witness lot.
The specific food consume was very little influenced by the NUTRI-SURE
DW1 prebiotic, the differences being significant.
The health state was similar, the collectivity losses being found in the
normal limits for this category of animals.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Stan Gh., I.M. Pop, 1997 The alimentation and nutrition of animals, Junimea
Publishing House, Iasi.
2. Simeanu D., 2004 Biostimulators in the bird alimentation, Alfa Publishing House,
Iasi.
3. Stan Gh., D. Simeanu, 2005 - Animal nutrition, Alfa Publishing House, Iasi.
4. Stan Gh., D. Simeanu, 2005 The bird alimentation, Alfa Publishing House, Iasi.
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MATERIAL I METOD
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REZULTATE I DISCUII
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55,8
60 52,2
50
44,2
40
28,6
30
20
10
0
Martor Suplimentat cu Suplimentat cu Suplimentat cu
Sel-Plex Zn-Bioplex Se si Zn
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221
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23 24.8
25
19.6
20
14.8
15
10
0
Martor Suplimentat cu Suplimentat cu Suplimentat cu Se
Sel-Plex Zn-Bioplex si Zn
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CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Azizi E.S., Klesius P.H., Frandsen J.C., 1984 Effects of selenium on polymorpho-
nuclear leucocyte function in goats. American Journal of Veterinary Research,
45, 1715-1719.
2. Combs G.F. Jr., 1999 Chemopreventive mechanisms of Selenium. Medizinische
Klimik, 94 (Suppl. 3), 18-24.
3. Ghergariu S., 1981 Profilul metabolic la vaci; semnificaia clinic n stri de
infertilitate. Rev. de Creterea Animalelor, nr. 2.
4. Ghergariu S. i col., 1984 Indicatorii sanguini ai sntii hepatice la taurine.
Relaii morfofuncionale la vaci negestante, nelactante. Revista Creterea
Animalelor, nr. 7.
5. Gutzwiller A., 1998 Erythrocyte resistance to oxidative damage and leucocyte
capacity to reduce nitroblue tetrazolium in selenium deficient cattle. Zentralblatt
fr Veterin rmedizin Reihe A 45 (5), 271 278.
6. Harris B. Jr., 2003 The effcet of feeding zinc proteinate to lactating dairy cows.
University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.
7. Hemken R.W., Harmon R.L., 1998 Selenium for dairy cattle; A role for organis
selenium. Feed Componuder., October, 22 24.
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8. Kohrle J., Gartner R., 2000 Selenium in biology. Facts and medical perspectives.
Biol. Chem., 381, 849 867.
9. Lionide A., Curc D., Samarineanu M., 2005 Modificrile reactivitii limfocitare la
vacile de lapte consecutiv suplimentrii raiei cu forme organice de zinc i
seleniu. Lucrri tiinifice, seria C, XLVIII, 212 218.
10. Lowe J.A., 2003 An investigation into the metabolism of supplemental protected
zinc with reference to the use of isotopes. Gilbertson and Page Ltd., UK,
Nottingham University, Leicestershire, UK.
11. McDowel L.R., 1992 Minerals in Animal and Human Nutrition. Academic Press
Inc., Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publishers, San Diego, CA, USA.
12. Mihai D., 1996 Boli de nutriie i metabolism la animale. Ed. Ceres, Bucureti.
13. Reffett J.K., Spears J.W., Brown T.T., 1988 Effect of dietary selenium on the
primary and secondary immune response in calves challenged with infectious
bovine rhinotracheitis virus. Journal of Nutrition, 118, 229 235.
14. Rotruck J.T., Pope A.L., Ganther H.E., Swanson A.B., 1973 Selenium:
biochemical role as a component of glutathion peroxidase. Science, 179, 588
590.
15. Schrauzer G.N., 2000 Selenomethionine: a review of its nutritional significance;
metabolism and toxicity. J. Nutr., 130, 1653 1656.
16. Spain Jim, Harris Barney Jr., 1997 Le rle du Zinc dans l`alimentation des
vaches laitires. Feedings Times, vol. 2, no. 1, p. 17.
17. Spears J.W., 2000 Micronutrients and immune function in cattle. Proc. Nutrition
Society, 59, 1 8.
18. Surai K.P., Surai P.F., Speake B.K., 2003 Antioxidant prooxidant balance in the
intestine. Food for though. Nutritional Genomics and Functional Foods, vol. 1,
51-70.
19. Surai P.F., 2002 Antioxidant protection in the intestine: a good beginning is half the
battle. Nutritional Biotechnology in the Feed and Food Industries, 301-321.
20. Underwood E.J., Suttle N.F., 1999 Selenium. In the Mineral Nutrition of Livestock,
CAB International, Oxon, 421 475.
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Geta PAVEL
U.S.A.M.V. Iai
E. PURICE
CSV Vidra, jud.Vrancea
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MATERIAL I METOD
REZULTATE I DISCUII
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CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Ghergariu, S., AL. Pop, L. Kadar, Mariana Spnu, 2000 Manual de laborator
clinic veterinar, Ed.All, Bucureti.
2. Gherman, I., 1990 Dicionar de parazitologie, Ed. tiinific, Bucureti.
3. Iacob, Olimpia, 2002 Diagnosticul bolilor parazitare la animale, Ed. Ion Ionescu de
la Brad, Iai.
4. Jain, N.C., 1986 - Schalm's Veterinary Hematology. Lea-Febiger, Philadelphia.
5. Kerr, M.G., 1989 - Veterinary Laboratory Medicine. Clinical Biochemistry and
Haematology. Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford.
6. Kondi, V., 1981 - Laborator clinic de hematologie. Ed. Medical, Bucureti.
7. Manolescu, N. i colab., 1999 Tratat de hematologie animal, vol I, Ed. Fundaiei
Romnia de mine, Bucureti.
8. Mitrea, I.L., 2002 Boli parazitare la animale, Ed Ceres, Bucureti.
9. Prvu Gh., 1992 Supravegherea nutriional-metabolic a animalelor, Ed.Ceres,
Bucureti.
10. Straus, J.H., 1998 Anemia. Polycythemia, in Merck Veterinary Manual, Eight
Edition, Merck-Co., Inc. Whitehouse Station, N.J., USA.
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MATERIAL I METOD
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2000
1900
1800
1700
Forta (mgF)
1600
1500
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
7500 8000 8500 9000 9500 10000 10500 11000 11500 12000
timp (secunde)
Fig. 1 Aspectul tipic al contraciei fenilefrinice a unei artere din segmentul de rezisten
(Phe momentul administrrii, w splarea preparatului cu ser proaspt)
4
IF - mN/mg
Endotelizat
3
Dezendotelizat
2
0
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4
-1
log conc Phe
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10
9
8
IF (mN/mg tesut umed)
6 sobolan
pisica
5
caine
4
cal
3
2
1
0
Inele arteriale endotelizate
12
10
IF (mN/mg tesut umed)
8
sobolan
pisica
6
caine
cal
4
0
1 2 3 4
inele arteriale dezendotelizate
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16
14
sobolan
12
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Armstead W.M., Lippton H.L., Hyman A.L., Kadowitz P.J., 1984 - Analysis of
adrenergic responses in the mesenteric vascular bed of the cat; evidence that
vascular beta 2-adrenoceptors are innervated. Can J Physiol Pharmacol.
62(12):1470-8.
2. Bechea Chiriac S., Serban D.N., 2001 - Mechanisms involved in the vascular
action of phenamyl, Lucr. St. vol. 44., USAMV Iai, p. 151-159;
3. Beznak M., 1956 - Hemodynamic changes following aortic constriction in normal and
in hypophysectomized rats. - Can J Biochem Physiol., 34(4):791-8.
4. Guimares S., Moura D., 2001 - Vascular Adrenoceptors: An Update - Pharmacol
Rev. 53: 319-356.
5. Haulica I., Bild W., Mihaila C.N., Ionita T., Boisteanu C.P., Neagu B., 2003 -
Biphasic effects of angiotensin (1-7) and its interactions with angiotensin II in rat
aorta. - J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 4(2):124-8
6. Jiang H., Halayko A.J., Rao K., Cunningham P., Stephens N.L., 1991 -
Normalization of force generated by canine airway smooth muscles. - Am J
Physiol. 260(6 Pt 1):L522-9.
7. Moncada S., Palmer R.M.J., Higgs E.A., 1991 - Nitric oxide: physiology,
pathophysiology, and pharmacology. Pharmacol. Rev., 43: 109-142
8. * * * - LEGE nr.471 din 9 iulie 2002 Buletinul Oficial al Romniei, privind aprobarea
Ordonantei Guvernului nr. 37/2002 pentru protectia animalelor folosite n scopuri
stiintifice sau n alte scopuri experimentale.
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collection. Related to the presence or the absence of the peritoneal liquid, the
investigations were completed with the sampling of the liquid from peritoneal
puncture and is exanimate from organoleptic point of view, morphological smear
stained May Grnwald Giemsa, and protein concentration using the direct
refractometric method.
A B
Fig. 1. - A- Inhibitive behavior; B - Physical signs of the peritoneal liquid collection
In the dry form of the disease, clinical aspects were varied and not
characteristic, with predominant clinical sings depending on the localization of
the visceral lesions (hepatic, renal, medullar, encephalic granuloma or
hydrocephalus). The lesions of the organs from the abdominal cavity were
observed by ultrasonographic examination.
At the ultrasonographic examination the echostructure alter of the liver,
such as milliary zones of hyperechogenity and liquid collection inside the
peritoneal cavity were observed in exssudative form (fig. 2 and fig. 3).
The peritoneal liquid, present only in the exudative form of evolution of the
disease, was clear or yellowish, very viscous and rich in proteins; the total
proteins had the value of 5,51,5 g/dl. On the smear made after
ultracentrifugation of the liquid stained May Grnwald Giemsa were noticed red
cells and numerous leucocytes: big phagocytes, neutrophiles and lymph cells,
aspects characterizing the inflammatory liquid (fig. 4 and fig. 5).
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A B
Fig. 2. A-B: Liver with hiperechogenity zones and the presence of the liquid inside the
peritoneal cavity
A B
Fig. 3. A - The liquid inside the peritoneal cavity (perirenal); B - Liver with
hyperechogenic structure
A B
Fig. 4. A-B: Peritoneal liquid with red cells and numerous leucocytes (col.MGGx900)
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A B
Fig. 5. - Peritoneal liquid: A - big phagocytes and erytrophagocitosis; B - neutrophiles,
lymph cells, red cells (col.MGGx1500)
CONCLUSIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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V. BOGHIAN
U.S.A.M.V. Iai
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35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 20 40 60 80
BHB (mg/dl)
Fig. 1. The post-partum values of the -hydroxybutyrate on a herd of 115 dairy cows
242
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These dates confirm the fact that the cows being in the first 6 weeks of
postpartum have a higher risk to develop ketosis in comparison with the cows
being after this period. The cows which are in the 2-6th post-partum week period
have the higher risk to develop subclinical ketosis.
The weekly dynamics of the subclinical ketosis by determining -
hydroxybutyrate is presented in figure number 2.
0
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX
Vaci cu cetoz subclinic (n)
Fig. 2.- The numerical post-partum incidence on cows with the value of -hydroxybutyrate
over 14,4 mg/dl
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CONCLUSIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Boghian V., Hagiu N., 2003 - Valoarea diagnostic a testelor de profil metabolic n
cetoza subclinic a vacilor pentru lapte, Lucr. t. Med. Vet., Ed. Ion Ionescu de
la Brad Iai, vol., 46 (5), pag. 262-265.
2. Duffield T.F., Kelton D.F., Leslie K.E., Lissemore K.D., Lumsden J.H., 1997 - Use
of test day milk fat and milk protein to detect subclinical ketosis in dairy cattle in
Ontario, Can. Vet. J., vol. 38 (11), pag. 713-718.
3. Geishauser T., Leslie K., Tenhag J., Bashiri A., 2000 - Evaluation of eight cow-
side ketone tests in milk for detection of subclinical ketosis in dairy cows, J. Dairy
Sci., vol. 83 (2), pag. 296-299.
4. Holtenius P., Holtenius K., 1996 - New aspects of ketone bodies in energy
metabolism of dairy cows, A review. J. Vet. Med., vol. 43 (10), pag. 579 587.
5. Oetzel G.R., 2001 - Ketosis and hepatic lipidosis in dairy herds, Preconvention
Seminar 8: Dairy herd problem investigations strategies, American Association of
Bovine Practitioners 34 th, Annual Convention, sept. 1112, Vancouver BC.
245
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REZULTATE I DISCUII
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Tabelul 1
Valorile medii ale proteinei totale, albuminelor i globulinelor la lotul martor (LA)
i respectiv la lotul de cervidee cu deficit hidric sever (LB)
Uree Creatinin
Lotul
(mg/dl) (mg/dl)
LA 27,2 1,13
LB 123,2*** 1,23*
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Ca Fosfor Mg Vitamina E
Lotul Calcium Phosphor Magnesium Vitamin E
(mg/dl) (mg/dl) (mg/dl) (/ml)
LA 11,1 7,2 2,8 1,8
LB 12,5* 6,17* 3,02* 2,29*
CONCLUZII
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
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The stag had obtained richly the quality of the Romanian symbol
save that nourishment but also for the national and world trophy value.
The generally health status in stags can be proper evaluate only
after the realising of the hematological and biochemical blood analyses,
and after that, the obtained results must be compared with the normal
values, registered or described for that breed. In many cases the blood
constituents - components of the biochemical profile - are helpful in the
evaluation of the body status.
The aim of this study is to realise the biochemical profile, containing
the major components of the specific profile in stags depending on age.
Are described and compared the obtained results after the
investigations of these biochemical parameters in young animals (females
and males) 7 months, and adults (2,5 years).
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MATERIALE I METODE
REZULTATE I DISCUII
Ca Fosfor Mg Vitamina E
Lotul Vrsta
(mg/dl) (mg/dl) (mg/dl) (/ml)
L1 7 luni 13,99 6,71 2,58 1,78
L2 2,5 ani 12,7* 6,90* 2,75* 2,18*
* p >0,05 diferene nesemnificative
Diferenele dintre valorile medii ale celor dou loturi sunt nesemnificative
(p>0,05) i se ncadrau n limitele caracteristice speciei (9-12 mg/dl pentru calciu
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CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
254
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SCOPUL LUCRRII
255
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LOCUL DE DESFURARE
256
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REZULTATE I DISCUII
257
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258
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259
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CONCLUZII
260
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Badea, I.R., Dudea, S.M., Mircea, P.A., Stamatian, Fl., 2000 Tratat de
ultrasonografie clinic, vol.I; Ed. Medical, Bucureti.
2. Bhadwal, M.S., Mirakhur, K.K., 2001 - Sonography of the canine healthy and
diseased spleen, Veterinary Bulletin, vol.71, No. 3, Art. 2103, Pag. 339.
3. Burk R.L., Ackerman N., 1996 - Small Animal Radiology and Ultrasonography. A
nd
diagnostic atlas and text, 2 Edition; W.B. Saunders Company, U.S.A.
4. Codreanu, M., 2000 - Aspecte ecografice nregistrate n cazul tumorilor abdominale
la cine; Al VIII-lea Congres Naional de Medicin Veterinar, Bile Felix, 17-20
octombrie.
5. Codreanu, M., 2001 - Importana examenului ecografic n diagnosticul coleciilor
cavitare la carnivore.; Revista Romn de Medicin Veterinar, vol. 11, nr.2,
p.139-146.
6. Codreanu M, Diaconescu A., 2003 Diagnosticul ecografic la animalele de
companie, Ed. Coral Sanivet, Bucureti.
7.
Crnganu, D., Codreanu, M., Preda, Cristina, Mocanu, Jaqueline, Britreanu,
S., 2001 - Diagnosticul oncologic multidisciplinar i diferenial ntre leucemiile
limfoide i limfom la cine, Simpozion a 140 ani Alma Mater Veterinaria
Bucurescensis, Ed. All, pg. 84, Bucureti, 2001.
8. Ramirez, S., Douglass, J.P, Robertson, I.D., 2002 - Ultrasonographic features of
canine abdominal malignant histiocytosis, Veterinary Bulletin, vol. 72, No. 8, Art.
6248, Pag. 1099.
261
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M.D. CODREANU
U.S.A.M.V. Bucureti
SCOPUL LUCRRII
LOCUL DE DESFURARE
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REZULTATE I DISCUII
263
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264
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265
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CONCLUZII
266
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Burk R.L., Ackerman N., 1996 - Small Animal Radiology and Ultrasonography. A
diagnostic atlas and text, 2nd Edition; W.B. Saunders Company, U.S.A.
2. Codreanu M., 2000 - Examenul ecografic n diagnosticul epanamentelor cavitare la
carnivore. Al VIII-lea Congres Naional de Medicin Veterinar, Bile Felix, 17-20
Octombrie.
3. Codreanu M., 2001 - Importana examenului ecografic n diagnosticul coleciilor
cavitare la carnivore. Revista Romn de Medicin Veterinar (ISSN 1220-
3173), vol. 11, nr.2, p.139-146.
4. Codreanu M, Diaconescu A., 2003 Diagnosticul ecografic la animalele de
companie, Ed. Coral Sanivet, Bucureti.
5. Han C.M., Hurd C.D., Kurklis L., 1994 - Practical Guide to Diagnostic
Imaging:Radiograpy and Ultrasonography; American Veterinary Publications,
Inc.
6. Ionacu I., Codreanu M., J. Mocanu, 2002 Chilotoraxul la pisic prezentare
caz - Sesiune tiinific dedicat srbtoririi a 150 de ani de la nfiinarea
nvmntului agricol n Romnia, 11 octombrie, FMV. Bucureti.
7. Lungu A., Codreanu M., Balint E., Constantinescu C., Brslau D., Fernoag C.,
2003 Dubl localizare la nivelul seroaselor cavitii toracice la pisic. Al XXXIV-
lea Simpozion Naional de Morfologie Normal i Patologic Actualiti n
patologia aparatului cardiovascular, Institutul Naional Victor Babe, 5-7
Noiembrie, pag. 58-59.
8. Penninck D.G., 1998 - Ultrasonography; Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small
Animal Practice, 28(4).
9. Pop T., 1998 - Ecografie clinic diagnostic i intervenional; Editura Medical,
Bucureti.
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RESULTS
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Table 1
Average values of the hematological parameteres
in control and in experimental baches
Table 2
Average values of the biochemical investigated parameteres
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CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
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MODIFICRI HISTOPATOLOGICE I
ELECTRONOMICROSCOPICE INDUSE DE NITRATUL
DE SODIU N EXPERIMENT ACUT I CRONIC LA OAIE
HYSTOPATOLOGYCAL AND ELECTRONOMICROSCOPIC CHANGES
IN ACUTE AND CHRONIC EXPERIMENT INDUCED BY SODIUM NITRATE IN SHEEP
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For this purpose, sodium nitrite was administered in dose of 150 mg/kg
(acute experiment) and 20 mg/kg (in chronic experiment) in 5 adult
sheeps/experiment. In acute experiment sodium nitrite was oral administered, in
1% solution. In chronic experiment sodium nitrite was oral administered in daily
dose of 20 mg/kg, for 14 days consecutively After slaughtering, were colected
samples for the anatomopathological and electronomicroscopycal examinations
(TEM). For the hystopathologic examinations were used the trichromic strains
(Hematoxiline-Eosine - Methilen blue) and Toluidine blue method.
Electronomycroscopical examinations were realised by TEM (transmision)
method.
The results of our study showed that the registered lesions are very
complex, with a high degree of specificity in parenchyma.
Myocardic lesions were dominated by vacuolar dystrophy and other
alterative changes, such as congestive and necrotic modifications, and the
ultrastructural changes were dominated by intra- and interfascicular oedema,
mytochondrial vacuolisations and distructions, necrosis and disruptions in
myocardial fibres, alterations in Z myofibrilar bands.
In kidneys, the most constant and consistent changes were the severe
alterations of the brush border in tubular structures, with majore reducing of the
filtration area, and an obvious intraglomerular hiperecellularity, with the growing
of the vascular glomerulus, constant associated with lesions of intracytoplasmic
microvacuolisation of the nephrocytes.
In the liver, the lesional aspects were dominated by the vacuolar
intracytoplasmic dystrophy, caryolysis, in connection with a reduced cellularity
and oedema in Disse spaces and the electronomicroscopical examinations reveals
major mytochondrial distructions and vacuolisations.
In chronic experiment, the lesional complex was evident reduced and
nonspecific, generally being dominated by moderate congestive and distrophyc
lesions in parenchymatous organs.
CONCLUSION
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REFERENCES
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I. PAPUC, R. LCTU
U.S.A.M.V. Cluj-Napoca
MATERIALE I METOD
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REZULTATE I DISCUII
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fost foarte bun la 30 minute, comparativ cu a Odistonului, care a fost mult mai
diminuat.
Tolerabilitatea a fost diferit, la injeciile intraarticulare. Astfel injeciile
intraarticulare cu Odiston au fost dureroase, iar o parte din pacieni au prezentat o
inflamaie local.
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fost absente. Imagini bune s-au obinut att n cazul folosirii de substane ca atare
ct i de substane diluate.
Dozele folosite au fost obinute prin tatonare, iar pentru a pune n eviden
diferitele componente ale articulaiei am recurs la expuneri multiple n ceea ce
privete incidena, ct i a razelor osoase ce contribuie la structura articulaiei.
Pentru un singur caz am utilizat diluia de 1:3, situaie n care s-au pus n
eviden imagini radiologice de calitate slab.
CONCLUZII
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Bonati F., A. Lombardo, L. Moschini, 1987 Non ionic contrast media Preclinical
and clinical data on Iopamidol Updated to december 1987, Milano, Centro studi
Bracco.
2. Damian A., I. Papuc, I. Chirilian, 2001 Anatomia comparat. Sistemul de
susinere i micare, Cluj-Napoca, Ed. AcademicPres.
3. Railhac I.I., I. Putois, 1983 Experimentation de liopamidol en arthrographie
opaque. Ann Rdiol 26: 812-816, 1983.
4. Ulici-Petru I., 1996 Contribuii privind utilizarea substanelor de contrast radiologic
la cine. Teza de doctorat U.S.A.M.V.
5. http://www.farmaline.ro/index.php?cid=5&pid=4394&&04ceddaf7cc18f3a8575a2417b
87e774=78374487
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The casuistic offer by Medical Clinic and Private practice shoed that
incidence of urinary affections at domestic feline it was by 310 cases, registered into
1996 2003.
Regarding the incidence of affections by years repartition, dates are
evidenced in table 1.
Table 1
Incidence of urinary disturbances F.U.S. in domestic felines
in the period 1996 2003
Years 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Total
No. cases 15 45 18 18 32 44 41 97
% comparing 310
4.83 14.51 5.80 5.80 10.32 14.19 1.22 3.28
by total
Analyzing the dates from table1, it was observed that the most rich year in
casuistic was 2003, when was diagnosed 97 cases with feline urological syndrome
who represent 31,28% by total.
High frequency it was registered in 1997 too which represent 14,51%.
In the next years the incidence was low, meaning in 2001, 2002, and 2000,
when was registered approximately the same number of cases. So then, in 2001
are mentioned 44 cases who represent 14,19 percent by total, in 2002, was
registered 41 cases domestic feline diagnosed, who represent 13,22% by total and
in 2000 was diagnosed 32 cases number who represent 10,32% by total (310
cases).
In the 1998 and 1999 years it was observed a coincidence of number of
cases, so the prevalence in itch of them is 18 cases, meaning 5,80% by total.
1996 is the year with the lower number of cases diagnosed, 15 cases who
represent 4,83% by total.
Referring to urinary affections incidence in the period for study (1996
2003), excepting 1997, where the prevalence is high, it was observed a real
increased of number of cases. That might by due the one side, by increase of the
owners of animals and of course the increase of domestic feline population for
pets and by the other side the increase of interest of owners for the health of pets.
Another reason might be the explosion of the different sorts of food (especially
dry) and adopted of them by owners (the easiest food for animals).
Knowing the incidence of urinary affections by each year we tried to
determined the percentage of urinary affections comparing of domestic feline
population with another medical affections in every year and finally in 8 years of
study.
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Table 2
Incidence of F.U.S. (feline urologic syndrome) cases vs. domestic feline population
under treatment in the period 1996-2003
% FUS comparing
Total number of No. cases
Year with total no. of
cases presented with FUS
cases
1996 248 15 6.04
1997 325 45 13.84
1998 126 18 14.28
1999 98 18 18.36
2000 149 32 21.47
2001 240 44 18.33
2002 298 41 13.75
2003 573 97 16.92
Total 2057 310 15.07
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CONCLUSIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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The study was effected in a cat, commune breed, in 7 year age, with
thenesma, disury, frequent urinate and low quantity, urine colour was red.
In attentive examination it was observed that the cat was eliminated calculi
in urinate time on the consult table.
The exam was made by know methods (observation, inspection, palpation).
For confirm the urolithiais it was used secondary means of diagnosis,
especial ultrasonography, and radiography.
For a good therapeutically decision it was harvest the urine (for the
sediment exam).
It was executed a simple test with strip type DEKA-PHAN-LEUCO.
Because in sediment were small calculi (eliminated by natural way) it was
exam almost the sediment and the small calculi at optic microscope and then just
calculi at scanning microscope electronic.
The sediment it was obtained from centrifuge of fresh urine.
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At the consult it was observed the attitude for urinate frequent taken by cat,
at palpation of bladder it was observed the pain express by long mewed and a low
urine quantity of red colour in which was very small calculi.
At the exam of urine with strip it was observed a pH-8, abundant urinary
sediment, urinary density 1.030, high number of hematites, and high proteins.
Ultrasonography evidenced a large bladder wall, abundant urinary
sediment, a calculus with 12 mm dimension and numbers small calculi.
At radiography was evidenced a radio opaque addition in the bladder.
By sediment exam at optical microscope it was evidenced the existence of
hematies, leukocytes, the I and II level cells and the crystals of struvite and
calcium carbonate.
To the scanning microscope electronic image of fragments of calculi it was
observed that the sediment contained highest struvites and fracture of calculus
contained a lot of calcium carbonate crystals.
Fig. 1 - Scanned image of fraction surface Fig. 2 - Scanned image of fraction surface
of calcium carbonate calculi x 69 of calcium carbonate calculi x 170
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Fig. 3 - Scanned image of fraction surface Fig. 4 - Scanned image of fraction surface
of calcium carbonate calculi x660 of calcium carbonate calculi x 1260
Fig. 5 - Scanned image of fraction surface Fig. 6 - Scanned image of fraction surface
of calcium carbonate calculi x 2400 of calcium carbonate calculi x 8000
CONCLUSIONS
After clinical examination and testing the urine with strip it can establish
only the diagnostic of Feline urologic syndrome (FUS). Only supplementary tests
for diagnostic (ultrasonography and radiography), can establish existence of
urolithiasis.
Identification of crystals type or a type of calculi is necessary for establish
efficacious therapy.
Unorganised elements who composed the urine are represented by hasten
salts crystalline or amorphous form. Always, crystallizations depend by urine
concentration and by the urinary pH. Alkaline reaction favour crystallisations of
struvites and calcium carbonate.
To identification the calculi had a bimineral mixture meaning ammonium
magnesium phosphates and calcium carbonate, both of them crystallising to
alkaline pH.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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The study was made on clinical cases from Clinic of Internal Medicine from
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Iasi and included analyses of serum enzymes
activity on 30 dogs divided in three categories: ten healthy dogs, ten dogs with
different hepato-biliary diseases and ten dogs with epileptic symptoms treated at
least two month with phenobarbital.
Investigations consisted in biochemical analyses of serum regarding
serum enzymes activity and certains parameters which reflect the activity of
hepatobiliary system. In this way ALT (alanine aminotransferase), AST (aspartat
aminotransferase), ALP (alkaline phosphatase), GGT (gamma glutamyl
transferase), BT (total bilirubin), BUN (blood ureea nitrogen), PT (total proteins),
CHOL (total cholesterol), TGL (triglycerides) were analyzed by using of semi-
automatc biochemical analyzer. EOS 880 Plus.
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this group dogs with with age below 1 year hereupon serum values of ALP are
influenced by osteoblastic originated isoenzime (BALP).
The results obtained on healthy dogs are presented in tabel 1 and revealed
that values of serum enzymes activity are quite similarly with those from medical
literature. (1, 4)
Tabel 1
The second category of dogs studied was represented by ten dogs from
different breeds and with different age and sexes which were diagnosed with
some primary or secondary hepatobiliary diseases (table 2).
Table 2
Nr.
Breed and age Diagnosis
crt.
1 Dog German sheepard 10 years Acute hepatitis
2 Dog Pekinez 4 years Jaundice -Gallblader stone
3 Bitch Crossbreed 4 years Liver cirrhosis, Liver steatosis
4 Dog Crossbreed 10 years Liver carcinoma - jaundice
5 Dog German Sheepard 10 years Limfosarcoma difuse liver localization
6 Dog German sheepard 9 years Cervical adenocarcinoma liver congestion
7 Bitch German sheepard 12 years Liver cirrhosis ascitic syndrome
8 Dog Crossbreed 11 years Chronic active hepatitis
9 Bitch Akita Inu 5 years Chronic hepatitis
10 Dog German sheepard 10 years Limfosarcoma nodular liver localization
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Tabel 4
CONCLUSIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Aielo E. Susan et all., 1998 - The Merck Veterinary Manual, Eighth edition, National
Publishing, Inc. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.p.2192-2193
2. Bain P.J. in: Latimer K.S., Mahaffey E.A., Prasse K.W., 2003 - Duncan and
th
Prasses Veterinary Laboratory Medicine: Clinical Pathology, 4 ed. Ames, Iowa
State Press, p. 193 214.
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3. Center S.A., Slater M.R., Manwarren T., Prymak K., 1992 - Diagnostic efficacy of
serum alcaline phosphatase and gamma glutamyltransferase in dogs with
histologically confirmed hepatobiliary disease: 270 cases (1980-1990). J Am Med
Vet Assoc vol. 201 p. 1258-1264
4. Ghergariu S., Pop A., Kadar L., Spnu Mariana, 2000 - Manual de laborator clinic
veterinar, Editura ALL Educaional Bucuresti.
5. Meyer D.J., Harvey J.W., 1998 - Veterinary laboratory medicine: Interpretation and
diagnosis. Philadelphia W.B.Saunders Co. p. 157 186
6. Muller P.B., Taboada J., Hosgood G., Partington P.B., VanStenhouse J.L.,
Taylor H.W., Wolfsheimer K.J., 2000 - Effects of long-term phenobarbital
treatment on the liver in dogs. J Vet Intern Med vol. 14, p. 165 171
7. Solcan Gh., Boghian V., Rollin F., 2005 - Patologie i clinic medical veterinar,
Edit. Ion Ionescu de la Brad Iai
8. Sykalima M., Takiguchi M., Yasuda J., Hashimoto A., 1997 - The age dependent
levels of serum ALP isoenzymes and the diagnostic significance of
corticosteroid induced ALP during long-term glucocorticoid treatment. J Vet Med
Sci vol. 59(10), p. 905 909
9. Stockham S.L., Scott M.A., 2002 - Fundamentals of Veterinary Clinical Pathology.
Ames, Iowa State University Press, p. 434 - 459
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MATERIAL I METOD
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Tabel 1
Afeciunile hepatice diagnosticate la cini i protocolul terapeutic aplicat
Tabel 2
Apiterapia cu produsul hepro,dozele zilnice
Mica insuf.
Specificare Colestaz Ciroz hepatic
hepatic
Cini talie mic 3cp/10kg 4cp/10kg 4cp/10kg
Cini talie mijlocie 2cp/10kg 2cp/10kg 3cp/10kg
Cini talie mare 1cp/10kg 2cp/10kg 3cp/10kg
REZULTATE I DISCUII
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Tabelul 3
Rezultatele investigaiilor biochimice nainte de tratament i dup 44 zile de
tratament la cini cu mic insuficien hepatic
Tratament Apiterapia cu
Valoare iniial
medicamentos HEPRO
Parametru
Caz Caz Caz Caz Caz Caz Caz Caz Caz Caz
3 6 9 14 17 3 9 6 14 17
Bilirubinemie
0,7 0,9 1 1 0,8 0,6 0,5 0,3 0,3 0,5
(mg/dl)
ALAT (U/l) 78 80 85 83 69 67,8 60 51,5 41,2 33
PAL (U/l) 105 108 100 115 107 76 62 60 91 84
Tabelul 4
Rezultatele investigaiilor biochimice nainte de tratament i dup 44 zile de
tratament la cini cu colestaz
Tratament Apiterapia cu
Valoare iniial
medicamentos HEPRO
Parametru
Caz Caz Caz Caz Caz Caz Caz Caz Caz Caz
4 7 8 10 12 4 7 8 10 12
Bilirubinemie
1,6 2,1 1,1 0,8 2,5 0,8 0,85 0,6 0,5 0,85
(mg/dl)
ALAT ( U/l) 103,5 108 102 105 107 86,8 68 79 55 36
PAL (U/l) 107 112 105 60 115 64 58 41 53 60
GT (U/l) 11,24 12 10 10,2 13,3 9,8 7,5 4,1 6,4 4,2
Bilirubinurie +++ ++ ++ ++ +++ + + + + +
Tabelul 5
Rezultatele investigaiilor biochimice nainte de tratament i dup 44 zile de
tratament la cini cu hepatit acut
Tratament Apiterapia cu
Valoare iniial
medicamentos HEPRO
Parametru
Cazul Cazul Cazul Cazul Cazul Cazul Cazul Cazul
1 5 11 13 1 5 11 13
Bilirubinemie
2,7 2,2 3 2,5 2,2 1,9 0,85 1,1
(mg/dl)
ALAT ( U/l) 160 180 165 140 88 109 68 36
PAL (U/l) 105 130 107 105 77 88 69 85
GT (U/l) 11 12 12 11,3 9,1 8,1 9,4 8,7
Albuminemie
1,2 1,5 2,1 2,5 2,6 2,7 2,44 2,95
(g/dl)
Bilirubinurie ++ ++ ++ ++ + + + +
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Tabelul 6.
Rezultatele investigaiilor biochimice nainte de tratament i dup 44 zile de
tratament la cini cu ciroz hepatic
Tratament Apiterapia cu
Valoare iniial
medicamentos HEPRO
Parametru
Cazul Cazul Cazul Cazul Cazul Cazul
2 15 16 2 15 16
Bilirubinemie (mg/dl) 1 1,3 0,9 0,9 0,8 0,9
ALAT ( U/l) 102 105 98 56 59 56
PAL (U/l) 110 115 107 96 101 94
Albuminemie (g/dl) 1 1,3 2,5 2,95 2,4 2,8
Proteinemie (g/dl) 4 3,8 4,5 4,85 4,96 4,7
Bilirubinurie ++ ++ ++ + + +
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bilirubinei la 0,9 mg/dl (ns peste limita superioar a valorilor de referin 0,6
mg/dl), rezultate foarte apropiate de cele obinute n urma tratamentului
medicamentos.
Eficiena tratamentului medicamentos i a apiterapiei cu produsul HEPRO
n ciroza hepatic, nu poate fi demonstrat dup o perioad de 44 zile, astfel nct
investigaiile trebuie efectuate dup mai multe luni de zile de tratament. Exist
ns o tendin de revenire la normal a parametrilor biochimici sanguini i urinari,
corelat cu evoluia clinic favorabil a cazurilor urmrite n experiment.
Investigaiile trebuie efectuate pe un numr mai mare de animale i o
perioad de timp prelungit n cazul animalelor cu ciroz hepatic, ns rezultatele
analizelor biochimice sugereaz o posibil asociere a apiterapiei si fitoterapiei cu
tratamentul medicamentos (inclusiv perfuzii cu albumin, aminoacizi soluii
rehidratante).
CONCLUZII
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
299
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MATERIAL I METOD
300
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REZULTATE I DISCUII
35
30
nr. cini examinai
25
20
15
10
5
0
0-1an 1-3 ani 3-6 ani 6-9 ani 9-14 ani
vrsta
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Tabelul 1
Distribuia pe vrste i sexe a parodontopatiilor la cinii examinai
Tabelul 2
Distribuia parodontopatiilor pe rase i vrste
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100 94,1%
84,6%
80
64,5%
60
40%
40
20 12,5%
0
0-1 an 1-3 ani 3-6 ani 6-9 ani 9-14 ani
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80
70
% cini cu parodontopatii
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
rase mici rase mijlocii rase mari
CONCLUZII
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Braga Bitencourt A., Carla, Silva, Rezende, Faria, Costa, J.E., Franco Da Silva,
L.A., Farias, L.M., Carvalho de Roque, Maria Auxiliadora, 2004 - Importncia
da avaliao clinica no diagnstico de doena periodontal em ces da raa
pastor alemo, Cincia animal Brasileira, 5, 1, jan.-mar., 33-38
2. Lepine, A.J., Cox, E.R., 2001 - Nutritional Influences on Dental Health, Current
perspectives in senior Dog and Cat Nutrition, Tufts Animal Expo, 47-51
3. Harvey, C.E., O'Brien, J.A., Rossman, L.E., Stoller, N.H., 1983 - Oral, Dental,
Pharyngeal, and Gland Disorders, In: Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine-
Diseases of the Dog and Cat, Ettinger, S.J., second Edition, California Animal
Hospital, Los Angeles, California, p. 1126-1160
4. De Bowes, L.J., Mosier, D., Logan, E., 1996 - Association of periodontal disease
and histologic lesions in multiple organs from 45 dogs, J. Vet. Dent., 13(2)57-60
5. Bolte, S., Igna, C., Petru, H., Nicoar, F.R., Sala, A., Larisa, Schuszler, 2003 -
Aspecte epidemiologice i morfoclinice n periodontopatii la cinele din mediul
urban, Lucr. t. Timioara, vol. XXXVII, 560
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Luminia COSTINAR
U.S.A.M.V. Timioara
MATERIAL I METOD
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REZULTATE I DISCUII
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100
80
60
40
20
0
hran uscat hran mixt hran moale
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CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
309
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MATERIAL I METOD
Au fost colectate 231 de probe de furaj din 67 de localiti din 7 judee ale
Moldovei, s-a realizat ancheta nutriional pentru fiecare gospodrie sau
exploataie zootehnic n parte.
Probele colectate au fost investigate prin metoda spectrofluorimetric
folosind un spectrofotometru SPEKOL echipat cu anexe pentru fluorimetrie i 2,3
diaminonaftalina ca reactiv specific.
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REZULTATE I DISCUII
Ferm
Ferm
Ferm
Ferm
Ferm
jude
Ferm
Ferm
G.P.
G.P.
G.P.
G.P.
G.P.
G.P.
G.P.
G.P.
Bacu 5 5 1 2 2 - 1 - - - - - - 1 3 1
Iai 2 12 1 2 1 3 - 1 - 1 - - 1 2 2 11
Botoani 15 3 2 2 2 - 1 - - - - - - - 7 -
Vaslui 19 5 9 3 3 5 2 3 - - - 1 1 4 10 6
Suceava 59 2 29 - 20 2 - - - - - - 1 - 49 2
Neam 11 9 3 2 1 - - - - - 1 - 2 1 16 5
Brila 1 2 2 - - - 2 - - - - - 1 - - -
Galai 2 3 5 2 3 1 - - - - - 1 3 11 2
Buzu
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Tabelul 2
Status-ul seleniului n probele de furaj colectate
Deficien
Nivel normal
Marginal Critic Sever
Nr probe 5 36 66 4
% din probe
4,5 32,43 59,45 3,6
analizate
Normal
3.6 4.5
Marginal
32.43
Critic
Sever
59.45
CONCLUZII
Patru din cele 5 probe n care seleniul a fost gasit n concentraii normale
provin din jud. Vaslui (Perieni, Vleni, Tutova, Vaslui) iar una din jud. Neam
(Praznov).
Probele cu deficit sever au fost recoltate din jud. Suceava (Rdui i aru
Dornei), jud. Bacu (Buhui) i una din jud. Iai (Ciurea).
Deficitul marginal i cel critic de seleniu sunt repartizate relativ uniform ca
dispoziie geografic.
95,5 % din probele de furaj analizate prezint un deficit de seleniu care
trebuie compensat.
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BIBLIOGRAFIE SELECTIV
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L. MIRON, D. ACATRINEI
U.S.A.M.V. Iai
Maria SERDARU
S.N. Inst. Pasteur S.A.
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MATERIAL I METOD
REZULTATE I DISCUII
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Deficiena marginal
Nivel adecvat
Deficien critic
Deficien sever
1.5
0.2
28.8
69.4
Graficul 1
Nivelul deficienei critice a fost atins doar n 7 probe iar cel al deficienei
severe ntr-o singur prob, toate provenite din judeul Suceava (tabelul 2).
Tabelul 2
Tabel centralizator pe judee privind concentraia seric de seleniu
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CONCLUZII
Deficitul de seleniu este ntlnit la peste dou treimi din probele de snge
recoltate din judeele Moldovei.
Judeele Suceava, Brila, Galai i Iai sunt cele mai afectate de deficitul de
seleniu.
n partea de nord-est a judeului Vaslui sunt mai multe probe cu coninut
normal de seleniu dect n sud i sud-vest.
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Fordyce, F.M., Z. Guangdi, K. Green and Liu Xinping, 2000 - Soil, grain and water
chemistry in relation to human selenium-responsive diseases in Enshi District,
China. App. Geochem. 15:117-132.
2. Golubkina, N.A., G.V. Alfthan, 1999 - The human selenium status in 27 regions of
Russia. J. Trace Elem.Med. Biol. 13: 15-20.
3. Johnson, C.M., 1975 - Selenium in soils and plants: contrasts in conditions providing
safe but adequate amountsof selenium in the food chain. In: Trace Elements in
Soil-Plant-Animal Systems. D.J.D. Nicholas and A.R.Egan, Eds. Academic
Press, NY, pp. 165-180.
4. Spallholz, J.E., L.M. Boylan, 2002 - Amelioration of arsenic toxicity in rats given
dietary selenium supplements; an animal model for applied amelioration of
arsenic toxicity in Bangladesh. A research proposalto UNICEF.
5. http://autoimmunedisease.suite101.com/article.cfm/selenium_deficiency
6. http://www.scienceagogo.com/news/20010511055027data_trunc_sys.shtml
7. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/search/article?title=Selenium+deficiency&title_type=t
ka&year_from=1998&year_to=2007&database=1&pageSize=20&index=1
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H. BACIU, V. COZMA,
Maria TRUTA, M. CERNEA
U.S.A.M.V. Cluj-Napoca
MATERIALE I METODE
Cercetrile privind testarea efectului extractelor alcoolice din afin i
schinduf n eimerioza experimental a puilor de prepeli au fost realizare n
perioada 6 februarie 10 martie 2006, n cadrul disciplinei de Boli Parazitale a
Facultii de Medicin Veterinar, Cluj-Napoca.
Puii de prepeli luati n studiu, au fost lotizati astfel:
- Lotul I (10 pui de prepeli) - infectai cu oochisturi evoluate de eimeria
i tratai cu extract de schinduf;
- Lotul II (10 pui prepeli) - infectai cu oochisturi evoluate de eimeria
i tratai cu extract de afin;
- Lotul III (10 pui prepeli) - infectai cu oochisturi evoluate de eimeria
si netratai;
- Lotul IV (10 pui prepelita) - neinfectai i netratai;
Specificare: primele trei loturi au fost infectate doua zile consecutiv cu cte
5000 oochisturi, iar fitoterapia s-a realizat conform dozajului prescris de
producator.
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frunzele sunt lung peiolate (1-2 cm), cu stipele lanceolate, foliole oborate, uor
alungite i dinate glabre pe faa superioar i slab proase n cea inferioar.
Florile sunt grupate cte 1-2 la subsuoara frunzelor superioare, lungi de 12-18
mm, de tip papilionat, de culoare glbuie sau slab liliachie. Fructul este o pstaie
alungit dreapt sau uor curbat, lung de 8-10 cm i lat de 0,5-1 cm, ce
conine 10-20 semine comprimate, prismatice, de culoare glbuie, cu miros de
cumarin (Munteanu, 1996).
Seminele de schinduf (Trigonellae semen) sunt cunoscute nc din
antichitate de ctre medicii greci i arabi, care le acordau o deosebit atenie i le
cultivau pentru creterea ponderal n anemie, convalescen i tuberculoz.
Aceste indicaii se menin i n zilele noastre, n plus fiind folosite ca
antihelmintice, depurative, n diateza antritic i n tratamentul pelagrei.
Cercetrile recente au artat efecte favorabile i n diabet, gua exoftalmic,
tulburri digestive, nevroze, subnutriie i anorexie la copii (El Shabrawy i Nada,
1996).
Dintre substanele chimice puse n eviden pn n prezent, se remarc
proteinele, uleiul gras, mucilagiile, saponozidele steroidice, taninurile, cumarinele
i substanele cu caracter alcaloidic (numite trigoneline).
Nu se poate preciza care dintre substanele chimice coninute confer
produsului Trigonellae semen proprietile menionate anterior, ceea ce face ca,
n fitoterapie, s se foloseasc seminele integrale sau macerate apoase. Este de
menionat faptul c nici produsul vegetal medicinal i maceratele apoase nu sunt
standardizate n principii active. Nu sunt cunoscute forme farmaceutice cu acest
produs sau cu extracte ale acestuia (Franz, 1996). n Romnia, asupra acestei
plante nu a fost efectuat nc un studiu farmaceutic sistematic.
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Obiective urmrite
1. Sporul n greutate i rata de conversie a hranei la loturile experimentale
2. Dinamica coproeliminrilor oochisturilor i scorul fecalelor la loturile
experimentale
3. Indicele eimeriostatic i procentul performanei eimeriostatice
REZULTATE I DISCUII
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CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
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The eggs weight, laid by both species, had a high variability, thus:
eggs of Dermacentor marginatus were weighing between 0.119 and 0.524 g
with a mean value of 0.3523.816x10-2 g, and the Haemaphysalis punctata
was weighing 0.047-0.253 g with a mean value of 0.1711.806x10-2.
In natural conditions, D. marginatus females laid between 2290 and
9606 eggs with a mean of 6274.33624, and the H. punctata laid between
947 and 5900 eggs with a mean of 3550.33466.
There are correlations between the number of eggs and the
maximum temperature (r = +0.957 at p<0.001) and minimum temperature
(r = 0.797 at p<0.001).
It was found a significant correlation between the number of eggs
and the mean temperature at soil level (r = +0.939 at p<0.001), maximum
temperature at soil level (r = +0.827 at p<0.001), minimum temperature at
soil level (r = +0.793 at p<0.001), and the difference between maximum
and minimum temperature at soil level (r = +0.621 at p<0.001). There are
significant correlations between the number of eggs laid by the ixodid
females and the sunlight length (r = +0.473 at p<0.001). During the study
period it was observed that females begin to lay eggs in the evening time.
In this case it was found that there are negative correlation between
the number of eggs laid and relative humidity (r = -0.516 at p<0.001) and
rainfall (r = -0.276 at p<0.12).
It was observed that the interaction effect with some climatic factors
(for example, temperature and humidity) influence differantly and
significantly the number and eggs weight.
The ixodid ticks have a cosmopolitan and irregular spread. There are areas
where ticks presence is constant among very important populations, as well as
areas where the climatics and/or biocenotics condition permit only a sporadic and
inconstant survival [5].
The adaptation of a certain tick species to a particular microclimat depends
on its evolutive history and on the one of its host. It is in relation with genetic
factors which interact with the microhabitat specific features. The wide
distribution of tick species is based on different structural, physiological, and
*
Corresponding author: Tel. +40256277140, Fax: +40256277118
E-mail address: lidychitimia@yahoo.com
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The tick females were collected in April from naturally infected sheep. After
identification according to morphological features using the determination keys of
Feider [10] and Babos [1], it was established that the species are Dermacentor
marginatus and Haemaphysalis punctata. The samples of engorged females were
chosen through drawing of lots from all the collected ticks; there were selected 12
females. Females were weighed with the analytic balance and were put in test
tubes prepared according to Metianu method. Thus, glass test tubes of 18 cm
high were used. Each test tube was half filled with water then two layers of
water cotton-logged (about 5 cm high) were placed in each tube. The test tubes
were closed with wrapped cotton plugs. During the entire experimental period the
test tubes were kept outside under the direct influence of climatic factors. The test
tubes were placed on the ground, under different bushes so that they werent
exposed to direct sunlight. Females were kept in individual test tubes in order to
determine biological characteristics.
The environment factors considered to have influence on ixodide ticks
biology were: minimum, maximum and mean air and soil temperature, rainfall,
relative humidity and sunlight duration. Meteor data were obtained from Banat-
Crisana Regional Meteorological Center from Timisoara. During the study there
were used daily values of these factors and mean value, standard deviation and
variance of these factors.
Data were processed with Microsoft Excel and statistical analysis. The
statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS 7.5 application to obtain
correlations, t test and ANOVA in order to determine, environment factors effects
on some biological parameters of these species.
The eggs weight laid by both species was very different, thus: eggs of
Dermacentor marginatus was weighing between 0.119 and 0.524 g with a mean
value of 0.3523.816x10-2 g, and the Haemaphysalis punctata was weighing
0.047-0.253 g with a mean value of 0.1711.806x10-2. The egg mass weight of D.
marginatus taken into study by Ionita (2003) varied between 1.123 and 0.566 g
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with a mean of 0.326. It can be observed that there were very many differences
between the eggs weight of the females exposed to direct influence of climatic
factors and the ones kept in laboratory conditions.
The number of eggs laid by each female depends on the female weight and
on the environmental factors. In natural conditions, D. marginatus females laid
between 2290 and 9606 eggs with a mean of 6274.33624, and the H. punctata
laid between 947 and 5900 eggs with a mean of 3550.33466.
The number of eggs laid by each ixodid female depends on females weight,
field conditions, and the tick species (t = 3.494 at P0.002).
Tabel 1
Number of eggs value and variability depends by tick species
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Taken into consideration how the number of eggs are correlated with air
and soil temperature we can certainly assert that the number of eggs is influenced
more by temperature of the soil level then by air temperature. Moreover, the
number of eggs is correlated with all values of temperature at soil level. This data
come to confirme what other authors said [2, 4] that temperature is a dynamic and
an essential factor for oogenesis and survival.
The development of many tick species is also influenced by humidity and
can be stopped when ambient humidity conditions are unfavorable [6]. In this case
it was found that there is a negative correlation between the number of eggs laid
by females and relative humidity (r = -0.516 at P<0.001) and rainfall (r = -0.276
at P<0.12). The relative humidity is always necessary to ensure the eggs
development and survival. The relative humidity of biotop needed by a certain
species is comprised between some specific limits of the respective species.
Nevertheless, when it is studied the effect of environmental factors on some
biological parameters is taken into consideration more the cumulative effect of
temperature and humidity.
Thus, the number of eggs produced by engorged I. rubicundus females
varied from 2045.7 (temperature 10oC and relative humidity 93%) to 3777.7
(temperature 20oC and relative humidity 93%). The number of eggs laid by a
female from this species were 2700 at 25-35oC, but it decreased significantly at
20oC (about 2300 eggs/female), at 15oC (about 1800 eggs/female) and at 40oC
(about 30 eggs/female) [17]. Humidity factors can also influence the number of
laid eggs, the number of ovipositing females, the duration of oviposition or the
moulting of the developmental stages of ixodid ticks [11, 12].
When humidity is low and the ticks continuously lose water this stage is
known as a critical equilibrium of humidity. This humidity threshold varies
between 75 and 94% relative humidity for the majority of tick species and can
differ also in different developmental stages or sexes of the same species [15].
It was observed that the number of eggs is not influenced by environmental
factors oscillations in preoviposition period. On the other hand, neither between
the environmental factors variations during oviposition and the number of eggs
laid by the ixodid tick females were individual associations obtained but only
associations between the number of laid eggs and the concomitent action of some
factors (r = +0.473 at P<0.001).
There are significant correlations between the number of eggs laid by the
ixodid females and the sunlight length (r = +0.473 at p<0.001).
During the experiment it was observed that females begin to lay eggs
during the night. The tubes, in which the ticks were placed, were examinated
twice a day (at 9 a.m. and 5 p.m.) and it was observed that neither female began to
lay eggs in day time. The ixodid oviposition takes place mainly in scotophase
time [5]. At the beginning of the ovipositon period the rythm of laying eggs is
more intense. Iwuala and Okpala [14] found that 11% of eggs were laid during the
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day, and 89% during the night, the eggs laying being maximum at dawn and dusk.
It were found similar results for A. variegatum as well. This observation is in
contradiction to that reported by Outhelli et al. [16], according to them the
engorged females exposed in laboratory at different light and darkness periods
dont influence the number of eggs.
Numerous reports have described the influence of solar radiation,
temperature and humidity on the biological cycle of ticks. Overall, the most
important factor seems to be the photoperiod, which has an impact on the
mechanisms regulating diapause in ticks and the length of their development
cycle. There are two basic types of responses to photoperiod expressed by most
ticks: 1) long-day (LD) responses, which initiate active development; and 2)
short-day (SD) responses, in which development is accelerated when perceived by
the ticks [6]. In addition, a more complex, two-step photoperiodic response is also
known in certain ticks; however, in this case, development proceeds only after
certain increases or decreases in day length. The LD or SD reaction and the one-
or two-step reactions vary in different tick species, developmental stages or
populations. Oogenesis, for instance, is regulated by the SD reaction in I. ricinus,
D. marginatus, D. reticulatus sau Ornithodoros gurneyi. In contrast, it is
regulated by the LD reaction in Hyalomma anatolicum or Argas arboreus,. Larval
development is accelerated by the LD period in I. ricinus, I. persulcatus and I.
trianguliceps. This two-step photoperiodic reaction also occurs in the
development of nymphal I. ricinus [6]. The development of this species is strongly
influenced by photoperiod rather than by temperature, humidity and food
quantity, which is considered to be of secondary importance. The minimal
induction of daily photoperiod ranges from about 14 hours light and 10 hours
darkness in connection with a minimal light intensity of 15 lux. Larvae can be
adapted partly to full darkness in the laboratory, but nymphs are unable to
metamorphose under a shorter light exposure [6].
The correlation between eggs weight and environmental factors taken into
study have the same values with the correlations between the number of eggs and
environmental factors. The correlations between the number of eggs and
temperature were observed by other authors as well [16, 17] and in these cases the
ticks were kept at certain values of temperature and relative humidity in
laboratory condition.
Regarding eggs weight it was not found an association between this
variable and the environment factors variations during preoviposition period and
we can say, thus, that environmental factors oscillation from this period dont
influence the eggs weight. But during the oviposition period the eggs weight is
dependent on some environmental factors variations.
In the model where the mean values of mean temperature of air and rainfall
(P<0.001) were introduced, it was observed an association between the interaction
of the two factors and eggs weight (P<0.001, R2 = 0.600). As well, an association
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(P<0.05, R2 = 0.529) between eggs weight and concomitant action of mean values
of maximum air temperature and the mean values of rainfall was observed.
The model where the mean values of the mean soil temperature and the
mean values of rainfall (P<0.001) were introduced, it was observed an association
between these factors interaction and eggs weight at P<0.05 and R2 = 0.521. The
same type of association was found when the variables were the mean values of
sunlight length and the mean values of rainfall.
Between the mean values of maximum soil temperature and the mean
values of rainfall and eggs weight introduced in the model (P<0.001) were
recorded associations (P<0.07).
In the model where the difference values of maximum and minimum soil
temperature and the mean values of rainfall were introduced (P<0.001), it were
observed associations between concomitant action of these factors and the eggs
weight (P<0.07, R2 = 0.512).
So, for the development of ixodid ticks life cycle, the values of
environment factors from microhabitat are more important than those from the
macrohabitat. The microhabitat can be defined as the smallest part of the habitat,
which is the actual living environment of ticks and other small organisms.
Microhabitat size varies in relation to the size of the organism, its ecological
requirements and its mobility in the terrain.
The obtained data in the following statistical analysis show us very clearly
that the effect of environmental factors interaction (temperature and humidity)
influence differently some biological parameters of ticks.
CONCLUSIONS
Between the number of eggs, eggs weight and sunlight length were found
significant correlations (P<0.001), correlations that were not recorded in special
literature.
The eggs weight and the number of laid eggs by both studied female
species were influenced by tick species and the environmental factors.
It was observed that, as well between eggs weight as between the number
of eggs and maximum and minimum values of air temperature and maximum,
minimum and mean values of temperature at soil level and the difference between
maximum and minimum temperature at soil level were significant positive
correlations (P<0.001). Due to these correlations we can assert that the values of
temperature at soil level influence more the eggs weight varieties and the number
of eggs in the ixodid ticks.
The correlations existent between the two biological parameters and
relative humidity and rainfall were negative (P<0.001and respectively, P<0.12).
All females began to lay eggs during the night.
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
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*
Corresponding author: Prof. Romeo Th. Cristina, PhD
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Timioara, RO
Veterinary Pharmacology and Pharmacy Dept.
e-mail rtcristina@yahoo.com
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Structure:
O
H3C CH3
H3C CH3 CH2CH CHCH CH2
COO O
H
Cl
H3C CH3
H H C CH COOCH2
C C
R H Cl
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Both, Ixodidae and Argasidae ticks were maintained for 48 hours before
assays at 211C to 555%, Relative Moisture, to a 14h: 10h (light/dark)
photoperiod.
Parasitic species identified after Babos (1) and Feider (4) and after
Estrada-Pea (4) were Dermacentor marginatus and Haemophysalis punctata
predominant species in western part of Romania, respectively Argas persicus1,
after Cosoroab (2).
Experiment I
Experimental lots
Four experimental lots and one control (C) were constituted, of 100 females
and 100 males, for each lot and for each parasitic species DM1 and DM2
(Dermacentor marginatus), respectively HP1 and HP2 (Haemaphysalis punctata).
The arthropods were scattered on filter paper and humidified wool
(stimulating body conditions), placed in Petri plates.
After 48 hours, the studied product was dusted, uniformly over all surfaces
of Petri plates (Figures 3 to 6).
1
For testings were used unsexed adults (sex knowing being unnrelevant in this case).
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Readings
Ticks watching accomplished (with the stereoscopic magnifier at 20 x 2,5)
at 12, 24, 36, respectively 48 hours after contact with antiparasitary powder
observed ticks viability following: the locomotors activity; amplitude and
locomotors appendices frequency; ortho and versostasys and death of the
acarians after the conceived key presented in Table 1.
Table 1
Evaluation of tick locomotors activities
Ortho or
Large Large Versostasys Exitus
versostasys
movements movements Very low limbs Motility
Slow limb
hipermotility Slow motility movements absence
movement
++++ +++ ++ + -
Experiment II
Lots
Four experimental and one control (C) of 100 individuals for each lot AP1
and AP2 (Argas persicus) were constituted and placed on humidified filter paper.
After 48 hours Piretrin extra was dusted uniformly over all surface of Petri
plates and argasides viability was expressed in the same parameters like above.
Mortality percent was calculated.
2
Even if, in nature will be possible eggs identifications, the product use it is not recommended acaricidal
activity being unselective.
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Table 2
Situation of sexed Dermacentor marginatus lots treated in vitro with Piretrin extra
Table 3
Situation of sexed Haemophysalis punctata lots treated in vitro with Piretrin extra
Table 4
Situation of Argas persicus lots treated in vitro with Piretrin extra
Treated lots Adults 100 viable individuals/lot Control lot 100 viable individuals/lot
Hours 12h 24h 36h 48h 60h 72h 12h 24h 36h 48h 60h 72h
AP1. 59 30 19 12 10 - - - - - - -
AP2. 39 23 19 10 9 - - - - - - -
Average % 49,0 26,5 19 11 9,5 100 - - - - - -
Note: AP: Argas persicus
CONCLUSIONS
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REFERENCES
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DATE PRELIMINARE
urmare a demolrii fostei sli a clubului de box din centrul oraului Cluj Napoca.
Obiectivul studiat se gsete i astzi n apropierea parcului I.L Caragiale, pe
strada Victor Deleu, vis-a-vis de Liceul de Muzic i constituie una din atraciile
turistice amenajate din centrul oraului. Primele spturi (de unde ne-a parvenit
materialul osos- singurul recoltat n decursul acestor investigaii) au scos la iveal
pri ale unor cldiri datate n ca fiind de secol XI-XII iar ntr-un strat mai adnc
cteva pri ale unor cldiri atribuite perioadei romane, cldiri a cror construcie
era predominant fcut din lemn cu ziduri mici de piatr. Eantionul osos este
foarte mic ca numr de oase, fazei romane fiindu-i corespondente doar 36 de
fragmente iar celei de secol XI-XII-130.
Aezarea rural roman de lng localitatea clujan Suceag a fost
investigat printr-o sptur de control efectuat n cursul anilor 1995-1997 tot
sub coordonarea dr. Coci Sorin. Eantionul osos recoltat cuprinde 612 oase, din
care doar 50 oase identificabile provin din stratul datat pentru epoca roman,
restul de 443 sunt provenite din stratul de secol IV p.Ch. Rezultatele investigaiei
osteologice vizeaz aici doar acest mic eantion atribuit perioadei romane.
MATERIAL I METOD
REZULTATE I DISCUII
Eantionul de dimensiuni foarte mici recoltat din cldirea din str. Deleu-
Napoca 36 fragmente - nu este foarte reprezentativ, mai ales datorit faptului c
au fost identificate oase ale unei singure specii. Pentru fragmentele identificate
atribuite bovinelor- se pot trage cteva concluzii a cror interpretare poate fi
fcut doar ntr-un context mai larg - cel al comparaiilor datelor metrice cu cele
surprinse n cazul altor situri contemporane.
Este destul de dificil de apreciat numrul minim de indivizi din acest
context. Singurele date ce se pot obine sunt cele referitoare la vrst - individul
sau indivizii identificai sunt de peste 2,5 ani. O oarecare departajare ar fi posibil
datorit existenei a 2 fragmente indiciu al unei vrste de peste 3,5 ani i alte 2
indiciu al unei vrste de peste 2,5 ani, aadar fiind posibil o apreciere a unui
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minim de 2 indivizi. Datele metrice surprind de asemenea 2 indivizi, din care unul
a fost apreciat drept femel, cu o talie de 1240 mm iar altul de 1109 mm
(Boessnek).
Pentru eantionul provenit din aezarea rural de la Suceagu a crui
dimensiune mai mare a permis identificarea mai multor specii ct i desprinderea
a mai multor date, rezultatele sunt concentrate iniial sub form tabelar pentru ca
mai apoi s fie trase cteva concluzuii referitoare la acesta.
Specii identificate
Specii domestice
Bos Taurus ++
Ovis aries ++
Capra hircus +
Equs cabalus ++
Sus scrofa domesticus ++
Canis familiaris ++
Specii slbatice
Capreollus capreollus ++
++ specie identificat cert
+ specie a crei prezen este posibil
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Cabaline
Nu se poate aprecia dect existena unor indivizi robuti (apreciere
subiectiv).
CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
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5. Grant, A., 1985 - The use of Toothwear as a guide to the Age of Domestic
Ungulates. In Palaeobiological Investigations. Research, Design, Methods and
Data Analysis: BAR Int.Ser 266, 91-108.
6. Gudea, A. & N. Gudea, 1999 - Contributii la cunoasterea faunei domestice la daci
nainte de cucerirea roman. Apulum, XXXVI:145-173.
7. Gudea, A. & N. Gudea, 2000 - Despre cresterea animalelor, cunostinte de zootehnie
si medicin veterinar n provinciile dacice (106-275). O ncercare metodologic
pentru stadiul actual al cercetrilor II. Apulum, XXXVII:241-278.
8. Gudea, A., 2002 - Uber die Haustiere Im Rmischen Dakien-Ein
Archozoologhischer Gesichtpunkt. In Interregionale Und Kulturelle
Beziehungen im Karpatenraum (2.Jahrtausend V.Chr.-1.Jahrtausend N.Chr.),
ed. Gudea, N. & Cosma C. Cluj-Napoca: Nereamia Napocae, 61-103.
9. Gudea, A., 2005 - Civilizatie si comert pe teritoriul Daciei Romane.Cresterea
animalelor si implicatiile ei. Studiu arheozoologic, statistic si comparativ. In
Comert si civilizatie. Transilvania in contextul schimburilor comerciale si culturale
in antichitate, ed. C.Cosma & A.Rustoiu. Cluj Napoca: Ed.Mega, 211-264.
10. Lauwerier, R.C.G.M., 1988 - Animals in Roman Times in the Dutch Eastern River
Area. Amersfort: ROB.
11. Pastea, E., E. Muresianu, G. Constantinescu & V. Cotofan, 1978 - Anatomia
comparativa si topografica a animalelor domestice. Bucuresti: Editura Didactic
si Pedagogic.
12. Peters, J., 1998 - Rmische Tierhaltung und Tierzucht. Eine Synthese aus
archozoologischer Untersuchung und schriftlich-bildlicher berlieferung.
Leidorf: Passauer Univesitts Schriften zur Archologie.
13. Popovici, I., A. Damian, I. Papuc, E. Cristea, N.C. Popovici & I.D. Chirilean, 1995
- Anatomie comparat Osteologia-Artrologia-Miologia. Cluj Napoca: Ed.Genesis.
14. Prummel, W. & H.J. Frisch, 1986 - A Guide for the Distinction of Species, Sex and
Body Side in Bones of Sheep and Goat. Journal of Archaeological Science,
13:576-577.
15. Prummel, W., 1988 - Distinguishing features on postcranial skeletal elements of
cattle, Bos primigenius f. taurus, and red deer, Cervus elaphus. Schriften aus der
Archaologisch-Zoologishen Arbeitsgruppe Schleswig-Kiel, Heft 12:3-52.
16. Schmid, E., 1972 - Atlas of Animal Bones for Prehistorians, Archeologists and
Quaternary Geologists. Amsterdam-London-New York: Elsevier Publishing
Company.
17. Udrescu, M.S., L. Bejenaru & C. Hriscu, 1999 - Introducere n arheozoologie. Iasi:
Corson.
18. Von Driesch, A., 1976 - Das Vermessen von Tierknochen aus Vor- und
Fruhgeschichtlichen Siedlungen. Mnchen.
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L. MIRON
U.S.A.M.V. Iai
Manuela MIRON
Univ. AL.I.CUZA Iai
MATERIAL I METOD
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P= a. x Lb (1)
REZULTATE I DISCUII
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Tabelul 1
Parametrii relaiei lungime- greutate la diferite loturi de raci n cretere
Coeficientul de condiie
Loturi Cretere ponderal (g)
relativ
A1 9,7 1,01
A2 9,9 1,01
A3 11,7 1,07
A4 10,9 1,05
A5 13,2 1,25
A6 14,5 1,30
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Factori Ap
Cuva1 Cuva2 Cuva3 Cuva4 Cuva5 Cuva6
analizai izvor
Loturi A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6
ToC 13,6 13,6 13,6 13,6 13,6 13,6 13,6
PH 7,3 7,3 7,3 7,3 7,3 7,3 7,3
O2 mg/l 8,5 8,3 8,3 8,3 8,3 8,3 8,3
OxMnO4K
0,35 0,45 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,6 0,65
Mg/lO2
Ca mg/l 70 70 70 70 70 74 74
Mg mg/l 32 32 32 32 32 33 33
Sulfat.mg/l 34,5 34,5 34,5 34,5 34,5 34,5 34,5
Clor mg/l 14,0 14,3 14,3 14,2 14,2 14,2 14,2
NO3 mg/l 0 0 0 0 0 urme urme
NO2 mg/l 0 0 0 0 0 urme urme
NH4 mg/l 0 0 0 0 0 urme urme
CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
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Lucrri tiinifice vol. 49 seria Medicin Veterinar
Manuela MIRON
Univ. "AL. I. CUZA" Iai
L. MIRON
U.S.A.M.V. Iai
Crayfish were sampled during July 2004- June 2005 at Biological Station
Potoci, located near Bicaz lake. In June, July, August and September,
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crayfish were handly collected within a defined boundary. In the shallow (< 1.5 m),
littoral area where the bottom substratum consisted of stones and gravel. Areas
with thin cover of waterweed were avoided. In October, crayfish aere located in
deeper water and sampling was therefore conducted by diving (1,5-10 m).
After sampling, a 10 % formaline solution was injected into the stomach of
each crayfish which was stored in a deep-freezer. A total or 171 individuals (size
4.5-10.0 cm) had their stomach contents (not intestines) examined under a
binocular microscope and the food remains were identified when possible.
Stomach fullness was subjectively evaluated using a numerical index; 0-
designated empty and 4 designated fully extended. The size, sex and carapax
status (stage of molting) were determined for each individual.
RESULTS
Food Items
Throughout the summer, benthic macrophytes and detritus were the main
food components, with macrophytes dominating during early summer and detritus
dominating during late summer. Although that two major food groups were often
found together in the same stomach, extended stomachs (degree 4) often consisted
exclusively of either macrophytes or detritus. Animal remains occurred most
often together with plants, whlle benthic algae always co-occurred wlth
sediments. Plant remains were most often composed of brownish, decaying stems.
Fresh green plants were only occasionally recorded; cccasionally decaying
plants and detritus were hard to differentiate, usually, however, and especially
in extended stomachs, the detritus component consisted of soft mud containing
few larger particles. A large number of animals was found, neither of which made
significant contributions to that diat (Tab. 1). Most frequent were the remains of
the lacustris crustaceans, the larvae and pupae of trichopteran and eurytopic
chironomidae like Chironomus plumosus.
Fish remains and fish scales were frequently recorded in all seasons. Scales
of bleak Alburnus alburnus L. were identified mostly in the medium size. This
fish species was commonly used as bait in the crayfish traps.
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Table 1.
Relative amounts (volume %) of various types of prey in stomachs
(volume %) of A. astacus
Feeding Activity
Stomach fullnes used as a measure of feeding activity, showed considerable
variatlon during the summer. Feeding was most intense around mid-summer and
during early autumn; it was lower in early summer and in October when almost
90% of the sampled crayfish had empty or almost empty stomachs. Although all
individuals caught between June-September came from shallow areas (< 1.5 m
depth), only a single individual was caught at this depth in October. The rest were
collected by a Scuba diver (1.5-10 m). This single individual found in the
shallows, was the only crayfish collected in October that had its stomach full of
food.
No correlations were found between sex or size and stomach fullness.
There was, however, a slight tendency for larger animals to feed more than
smaller animals during June, August and September. In July, the individuals with
empty or almost empty stomachs were significantly larger than then the well-fed
individuals (P < 0.05, t-test). This relationship coincided wlth molting, which
occurred during this time among the largest individuals. All individuals at different
stages of the molting cycle had almost empty stomachs. Feeding activity in egg-
carrying females was not significantly different from the rest of the crayfish
population.
Organic detritus dominated: it was found in 74% of the stomachs; 53%
contained macrophytes, 46% algae, 9% seeds, 15% Chironomidae, and 7%
Nematoda. Fish, zooplankton and other animals were only found in sma11
numbers. The frequency of crayfish with empty stomachs was only 7%. However,
most of these were found in early August.
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DISCUSSIONS
The present results are basically in agreement with other studies concerning
crayfish feeding. They all concluded that benthic macrophytes and detritus are the
major food components (Abrahamsson 1966, Prins 1968, Momot et al. 1978).
Compared with these studies, however, the detritus component in our study
was relatively large (21-71%, mean 42%), while the vascular plant (10-39%,
mean 30%) and benthic algae components (0-9%, mean 4%) were relatively less.
The proportion of animal material was typically ca. 14% (range 3.5-27.5%).
During June and July, benthic macrophytes constituted more than 66%
(volume) of the ingested food, while detritus only accounted for 22%. This
situation was reversed in August-October. Thus during spring, crayfish appear
to feed on decaying plant material left over from previous years, gradually shifting
to detritus which becomes enriched with organic material and bacteria as the
sesson progresses. Furthermore, in late summer, the detritus component contained
large amounts of diatom fragments, providing an additional food source. The
largest proportion of detritus in the stomach semples coincided with periods of
lowered feeding activity (August-September).
The crayfish is a potential fish predator, although fish have been rarely
recorded as food. The fish remains and large fish-scales found in stomach samples
during autumn probably originated as bait in traps used between August-
September. Thus if fish are excluded as a potential food source in nature, then
animal material makes up for only 11% of the total food volume. Fish roe,
crayfish roe and young crayfish were never recorded in stomachs, despite the
crayfish's reputation as a roe-predetor and cannibal.
The nutritive value of the various food types is uncertain. The nutritive
value of detritus probably varies between seasons and between different localities.
Whether or not crayfish benefit from small amounts of animal proteins has also
been debated. Although information on crustaceans is scarce, there is some
evidence that omnivores on a mixed diet grow better than those limited
exclusively to either plant or animal material (Kinne 1959, Covich 1977). With the
exception of detritus and benthic algae no food groups were found to be
significantly linked in this study. Many kinds of food were often found together in
the same stomach, indicating a non-selective feeding mode. There was, however,
a tendency for larger individuals to exploit a single food source (either
macrophytes or detritus), and the increased amount of animal material in smaller
individuals agrees with the findings of Lund (1944) and Vannote (1963).
Large numbers of crayfish only containing detritus were found supporting
the hypothesis that detritus alone may be a sufficient food source for parts of the
sampling period. The value of detritus as food is probably high since it may
contain large amounts of protein (bacteria, decaying plant and animal material)
and minerals.
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LITERATURE CITED
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The research has been made on two cases, the Black Goat species
(Rupicapra rupicapra) who died because of transporting stress.
The hunts support state was showing a deficit, with pronounced
weakening. The general necropsical examination was followed by the
morphopatological examination of the liver, from which samples of tissue
were fixed on formaldehyde 10% and after that were included in paraffin
The samples were sectioned at 5 m, colored through the HEA,
MGG, PAS methods, examined and microphotographed at MC5 with 10,
ob. 10, 20, 40, and Imm. 63 oc.
The histopathological examination revealed recent aggressions on
the hepatic tissue characterized by hemorrhagic, necrotic paths and acute
angiocolitis also hemorrhagic-necrotic paths, a previous aggressions
expressed by chronic angiocolitis and hepatitis.
These modifications are characteristic for the traumatic hepatitis
produced by Cysticercus tenuicollis (cysticercosa hepatitis) during the
hepatical migration, extremely aggressive, metacestod identified along with
other parasitical structures disposed in the hepatical tissue.
Key words: Hunt, Black goat (Rupicapra rupicapra), liver, Cysticercus tenuicollis,
multiple parasitical aggression
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MATERIAL I METOD
REZULTATE I DISCUII
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Fig. 2. Capr neagr. Ficat cu agresiuni anterioare: trasee necrotice, rare hemoragii,
pigmeni hepatici, infliltrat eozinofilic. Col. MGG, oc. 10. x ob. 10
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animalele slbatice (mistre, cprior, capra neagr, muflon, cerb carpatin i mai
rar la cerbul loptar) i uneori omul. Determin cisticercoza seroaselor,
metacestodoz cunoscut n toate rile, cu pierderi economice importante, ca
urmare a nevalorificrii ficatului i a diminurii produciei de carne. Dup
migraia hepatic, C. tenuicollis traverseaz capsula Glisson i se fixeaz pe
seroasele abdominale, intrnd ntr-o faz de laten. Este o vezicul de culoare
albicioas, cu dimensiuni de 0,8-5 cm, monochistic, monocefalic, cu membrana
flasc. Conine lichid transparent i o pat opac, reprezentat de scolexul
viitorului cestod. Vezicula este ataat la seroase i suspendat de o prelungire
conjunctiv ca un pedicul (1, 2).
Carnivorele, gazd definitiv se infesteaz prin consumul viscerelor
provenite de la erbivore sau de la alte gazde intermediare. Carnivorele domestice
i slbatice rspndesc elementele parazitare (ou) odat cu fecalele, polund
spaiile de punare al erbivorelor. Infestarea erbivorelor se face pe cale digestiv
prin consumul vegetaiei sau i a apei contaminate cu ou de Taenia hydatigena
(5).
CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Dulceanu, N., Cristina Terinte, 1994 Parazitologie veterinar. Ed. Moldova, vol. II
th
2. Georgi, R., J., Marion E., Georgi, 1990 Parasitology for veterinarians. 5 edition,
Ed. W.B. Saunders Co. Philadephia, London, Toronto, Montreal, Sydney, Tokyo.
pag. 125-128
3. Nesterov, V., 1984 Bolile vnatului. Ed. Ceres, Bucureti, pag. 167-168.
4. Paul, I., 2001 Etiomorfopatologie veterinar, vol. III- Dismetabolii i parazitoze. Ed.
I.I. de la BradIai. pag. 195-197.
5. uteu, I., V. Cozma, 2004 Parazitologie clinic veterinar. Vol. I. Ed. Risoprint,
Cluj-Napoca, pag. 297-299.
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Experimental animals
We purchased 32 one day old broilers (Flex Clasic hybrid from the
company Hubbard) from a company located in Bucov, Timi County. Chickens
were maintained on permanent bedding in a parasite free environment. Water
*
E-mail: marius.ilie@fmvt.ro
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In the first experimental day, namely at the age of six days, chickens were
weighed, and the average weight obtained, in each group, had similar values, so
that the average weight in the infested group was 85.93 g, while in the control
group it was 84.68 g.
In days 5, 10, 15 after infection, the values of the average weights were also
similar, namely 112.5 g; 205.62 g; 366.78 g for the infested group, respectively
113.43 g; 210.93 g and 371.25 g for the control group.
The decrease of the average weight might be observed in the infested group
in day 25 after infestation 895.35 g, and in the control group it is 928 g. In days
35 and 47 the differences are important, so that the control group is heavier that
the infested one with about 91 g (E = 1533.92 g; C = 1625.33 g) in 34 days post
infection and with about 228 g in 47 days p.i. (E = 1993.07 g; C = 2221.53 g).
After the statistical analysis with the test t, we observed that there were
significant differences between the weights of the two groups, control C and
infested E. So, at the weighing performed in 15 days p.i., t value was 18.135 for
group C and 8.311 for group E, the significance being lower than 0.001 (p<0.001)
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Table 2
Data obtained in the control group C
CMZ Average
Age Exp. Forage Water Number of CMZ water
Forage weight
(days) day (g) (ml) chicken (ml)
(g) (g)
6 1 440 300 16 27.5 18.75 84.68
10 5 885 860 16 55.3125 53.75 113.43
15 10 785 960 16 49.0625 60 210.93
20 15 780 1550 16 48.75 96.875 371.25
30 25 1955 5400 15 130.3333 360 928
40 35 2640 5535 15 176 369 1625.33
52 47 2000 3400 15 133.3333 226.6667 2221.53
The results presented in the literature of speciality mention the fact that
there werent observed any significant differences until day 21 p.i., but after this
period, body weight has decreased significantly in the infested group. Weight
decrease became significant in the same time with the apparition of the first
clinical signs, around day 30 post infestation (2, 11).
The decrease of the body weight might due to intestinal mucosa disorders.
Glandular necrosis, within submucosa, induced by larva migration during tissue
phase and worms presence in the intestinal phase is the cause for adsorption
disorders and alteration of nutrients` metabolic processes at the level of the
intestinal wall (2).
Ascaridia galli infestation has a negative effect upon chicken weight. Some
authors specify that weight decrease is directly proportioned with the number of
ascarides within fowls intestine (10, 11).
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2400
2200
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
3 4 5 6 7
1 2
Age (week) Lot E Lot C
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
nd
1. Anderson, R.C., 2000 - Nematodes parasites of vertebrates 2 Edition: their
development and transmission, CAB International - CABI Publishing.
2. Anwar H., Rahman, Y., 2002 - Effect of Ascaridia galli infestation on electrolytes and
vitamins in chickens. OnLine Journal of Biological Sciences 2 (10), 650-651.
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3. Augustine P.C., Lund E.E., 1974 - The fate of eggs and larvae of Ascaridia galli in
earthworms. Avian Diseases 3: 394-398.
4. Calnek, B.W., 1997 - Diseases of Poultry. Tenth Edition. Ed. Iowa State University
Press.
5. Eckert, J., Kutzer, E., Rommel, M., Burger, H.J., Korting, W., 1992 -
Veterinarmedizinische Parasitologie. Vol. IV. Auflage. Ed. Paul Parey, Berlin.
6. Ikeme M.M., 1971 - Weight changes in chickens placed on different levels of nutrition
and varying degrees of repeated dosage with Ascaridia galli eggs. Parasitology
63: 251-260.
7. Ilie, M.S., 2005 Helmintoze ale psrilor domestice crescute n sistem trediional n
unele judee din sudul Romniei, Scientia Parasitologica, 1-2, 84-88.
8. Juhl, J., Permin, A., 2002 The effect of Plasmodium gallinaceum on a challenge
infection with Ascaridia galli in chickens, Vet. Parasitol., 105, 11-19.
9. Permin, A., Bisgaard, M., Perman, M., Kold, J., Nansen, P., 1999 - Prevalence of
gastrointestinal helminthes in different poultry production system. British Poultry
Science, 40, 439-443.
10. Permin, A., Bojesen, M., Nansen, P., Bisgaard, M., Frandsen, F., Pearman
Margrethe, 1997 - Ascaridia galli populations in chickens following single
infections with different dose levels. Parasitol. Res. 83, 614 - 617.
11. Reid W.M., Carmon J.L., 1958 - Effects of numbers of Ascaridia galli in depressing
weight gains in chicks. Journal of Parasitology 44: 183-186.
12. Skryabin, K.I., 1991 - Key to Parasitic Nematodes, vol. 2, Oxyurata i Ascaridata,
Ed. E J. Brill.
13. Snabel, V., Permin, A., Magwisha, H.B., Suo, X., Varady, M., Tomasovicova, O.,
2001 - On the species identity of Ascaridia galli (Schrank, 1788) and Ascaridia
dissimilis (Perez Vigueras, 1931): a comparative genetic study, Helminthologia,
38, 4, 221-226.
14. Soulsby, E.J.L., 1982 - Helminths, Arthropods and Protozoa of Domesticated
Animals. 809 pp. Baillire Tindall. London.
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Mariana IONI,
I.L. MITREA, M.C. BUZATU
U.S.A.M.V. Bucureti
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MATERIAL I METOD
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REZULTATE I DISCUII
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368
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369
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370
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371
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50
40
30
20
10
0
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
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CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Bdescu C., 1969 - Contribuii la studiul ecologiei cpuelor din familia Ixodidae
Murray 1877, din differite zone ale Romniei, Comunicri tiinifice, Editura
Didactic i Pedagogic, Bucureti, 381-394
2. Bourdeau P., 1993 - Les tiques dimportance Vtrinaire et mdicale. Le Point
Vtrinaire, 25 (151): 13-42
3. Cosoroab I., 2000 - Acarologie veterinar, Editura Mirton, Timioara
373
Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar Iai
4. Feider Z., 1965 - Fauna R.P.R. Arachnida, vol V, Fasc.2, Editura Academiei
5. Gray J.S., 1991 - The development and seasonal activity of the tick, Ixodes ricinus: a
vector of Lyme borreliosis. Rev Med Vet Entomol 79: 323-333.
6. Ioni Mariana, Mitrea L.I., Moise G., Gin D., Onofrei O., Marinescu C., 2001 -
Influena factorilor ecologici asupra structurii fenotipice i dinamicii sezoniere a
populaiilor de Ixodidae n unele regiuni ale Romniei. Simpozion la 140 de ani,
Alma Mater Veterinaria Bucurescensis, 192
7. Keirans J.E., Robbins R.G., 1999 - A world checklist of genera, subgenera and
species of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae). Published from 1973-1997. J. Vector Ecol., 24:
15-129
8. Lindgren E, Tlleklint L, Polfeldt T., 2000 - Impact of climatic change on the
northern latitude limit and population density of the disease-transmitting
European tick Ixodes ricinus. Environ Health Persp 108: 119-123.
9. Mitrea L.I., Ioni Mariana, Moise G., Gin D., Onofrei O., 2001 - Aspecte privind
infestaiile cu cpue Ixodidae la animale n regiuni din N i S-E Romniei,
Lucrri tiinifice, USAMV, Iai, vol. 44 (3), fasc. II: 523-529
10. Sonenshine D.E., 1993 - Biology of ticks. Oxford, Oxford University Press, vol. 2
11. uteu I., N. Dulceanu, 2001 - Parazitozele cutanate la animale, Editura Risoprint,
Cluj-Napoca
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INTRODUCERE
MATERIAL I METOD
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-
Lotul I (60 psri) tratate cu moxidectin (Cydectin 1%) n doz de
0,3 mg/kg corp, s.c., o administrare;
- Lotul II (60 psri) - tratate cu moxidectin (Cydectin 1%) n doz de
0,3 mg/kg corp, s.c., dou administrri, la interval de 7 zile;
- Lotul III (60 psri) lot martor pozitiv, netratat.
n vederea diagnosticrii infestaiilor parazitare, ante-terapeutic s-au
recoltat probe coproparazitologice de la toate trei loturile. Probele au fost
prelucrate prin metoda Willis, sedimentare activ, i McMaster pentru
evidenierea intensivitii acestora (OPG).
Recoltrile de fecale au fost efectuate n ziua 0, 7 i 14 al experimentului.
REZULTATE I DISCUII
Strongylo
Lot/ Eimeria O.P.G. Ascaridia/ O.P.G. Capillaria O.P.G. O.P.G.
ides
Specie spp. (X) Heterakis (X) spp. (X) (X)
avium
Lot I. - - + 150 + 200 + 50
Lot II. + 100 + 50 + 550 - -
Lot III. + 50 + 100 + 350 - -
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600 550
500
400 350
O.P.G.
300
200
200 150
100 100
100 50 50 50
0 0 0
0
Lotul I Lotul II Lotul III
Strongylo
Lot/ Eimeria O.P.G. Ascaridia/ O.P.G. Capillaria O.P.G. O.P.G.
ides
Specie spp (X) Heterakis (X) spp. (X) (X)
avium
Lot I. - - - - - - - -
Lot II. + 50 - - - - - -
Lot III. + 100 + 100 + 400 - -
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400
400
350
300
250
O.P.G.
200
150
100 100
100
50
50
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
Lotul I Lotul II Lotul III
Strongylo
Lot/ Eimeria OPG Ascaridia / OPG Capillaria OPG OPG
ides
Specie spp (X) Heterakis (X) spp. (X) (X)
avium
Lot I. - - - - - - - -
Lot II. + 50 - - - - - -
Lot III. + 50 + 50 + 600 - -
600
600
500
400
O.P.G.
300
200
100 50 50 50
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
Lotul I Lotul II Lotul III
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CONCLUZII
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Campbell W., 1989 Ivermectin and abamectin, Merk Institute for Therapeutic
Research, 216-227
2. Campbell W., Blair S., Lotti J. 1979 J. Helminthology, 53, 254-256
3. Ciser L., Galiano I., 1997 - Indexul produselor de uz veterinar din import, Edit. Ceres
Bucureti
4. Coles B.H., 1987 - Ivermectin for birds, vet. Rec., 120:604
5. Fisher M.H., Mrozic H., 1990 Ivermectin and abamectin, Campbel WC, ed.,
Berlin/Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag
6. Ilie M.S., 2005 Helmintoze ale psrilor domestice crescute n sistem tradiional n
unele judee din sudul Romaniei, Rev. Scientia Parasitologica, vol 6 nr 1-2, 84-88
7. Mufit T., Erkut T., Aysen G., Aynur G., 1999 Therapy of Knemidocoptic mange in
budgerigars with spot-on application of Moxidectin, Tr. J. Of Veterinary and
Animal Science, 23, 173-174
8. uteu E. 1995 Utilizarea avermectinelor n terapia parazitozelor la animale, Rev.
Rom. Med. Vet., vol 5, nr 4, 344-354
9. uteu E., Cozma V., 2004 Parazitologie clinic veterinar, Edit. Risoprint, Cluj-
Napoca.
10. Zeman P., 1987 Systemic efficacy of ivermectin against Dermanyssus gallinae (De
Geer, 1778) in fowls, Vet. Paras., 23:141-146
11. William G.R., 1999 Ivermectin / Doramectin /Moxidectin - Structure and generation,
A scientific review, Veterinary Bulletin Merial
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MATERIAL I METOD
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Tabelul 1
Tratamente utilizate la carnivore cu isosporoz
Posologie
Medicamente utilizate
Durata
Doza i calea de administrare
tratamentului
Sulfamethoxidiazina 1 2ml/5kg corp/zi s.c., (doza
3 pn la 6 zile
sol. 20 % (Ultrasol ) initiala), apoi 0,5ml/5kg/zi
Combinaia sulfamerazin,
sulfadiazin, sulfatiazol cu
1ml/5 kg s.c. 4 5 zile
trimetroprim (Trimethosulf ) soluie
injectabil
Combinatia sulfametoxazol 200mg
trimetroprim 40mg (Alfatrim soluie 1ml/20 kg s.c. 5 zile
injectabila)
Sulfadimidina trimetroprim 20 mg sulfadimidina i 5 mg
5 zile
(Sultrim suspensie buvabila) trimetroprim/kg corp, per os.
Scourban Plus
(sulfadimidina, sulfaguanidina,
sulfadiazina, streptomicina,
neomicina, hioscina, clorura de 0,5 1 ml/1 kg corp de 2 ori/zi 3 5 zile
sodiu, gluconat de calciu, sulfat de
magneziu, clorura de potasiu,
caolin, pectina, glicina)
O singura
Toltrazuril (Baycox) soluie orala 30 mg/kg corp la pisica administrare,
2,5% 20 mg/kg corp la cine repetare la 10
14 zile
Amprolium (Amprolium 20%) 100 mg amprolium/animal/zi 7 zile
Furazolidon 10 mg/kg corp, de 2 ori/zi 5 zile
Galiprotect (oxitetraciclina,
furazolidona, vitamine, magneziu, 1 - 2 cp./kg corp/zi 3 zile
zinc, metionina)
REZULTATE I DISCUII
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Tabelul 2
Rezultate obinute n terapia isosporozei la cine
Nr.
Medicaia utilizat Evoluia semnelor clinice dup tratament
cazuri
La 48 h p.t. s-a observat o ameliorare a
semnelor clinice. Semnele clinice au
Sulfamethoxidiazin
1 reaprut la o sptmn de la ncetarea
sol. 20 % (Ultrasol )
tratamentului s-a impus reluarea
tratamentului.
Suspensie antidiareic - Dup 3 zile de tratament s-a nregistrat o
Scourban Plus (sulfadimidin, recuperare total, la un caz, fie ameliorarea
sulfaguanidin, sulfadiazin, vizibil, la cellalt caz, n funcie de
streptomicin, neomicin, gravitatea iniial a semnelor clinice. La 10
2
hioscin, clorur de sodiu, zile dup ncheierea tratamentului,
gluconat de calciu, sulfat de examenul coproparazitologic a fost pozitiv
magneziu, clorur de potasiu, (la unul din cazuri) repetarea
caolin, pectin, glicin) tratamentului.
Dup 2 sptmni, la un caz s-a constatat
reapariia diareei i a fost reluat tratamentul.
Amprolium 2
Dup o lun, examenul coproparazitologic a
fost negativ.
A 2-a zi de la nceperea tratamentului, s-a
constatat o ameliorare a strii pacientului
(recuperarea apetitului, scaun de
consisten mai tare), iar n a 3-a i a 4-a zi,
Toltrazuril 2
scaunul era normal. La unul din cazuri s-a
constatat reapariia diareei, la un interval de
2 sptmni, cnd a fost repetat
tratamentul.
Combinaia sulfamerazin, Dup 2 zile de tratament: ameliorare vizibil
sulfadiazin, sulfatiazol cu (dispariia vomei, fecale pstoase).
1
trimetroprim (Trimethosulf) Examenul coproparazitologic la o
soluie injectabil sptmn negativ.
Sulfamerazin, sulfadiazin, Recuperare complet n 3-5 zile; examenul
sulfatiazol cu trimetroprim + 1 coproparazitologic la o sptmn
suspensie antidiareic negativ.
Galiprotect(oxitetraciclina,
furazolidona, vitamine, magneziu, 1 Diareea a ncetat din a 4-a zi de tratament.
zinc, metionina)
Diareea s-a redus din a 2-a zi i a disprut
n a 4-a zi. Apetitul a revenit la normal n a
Sulfadimidina trimetroprim
2 3-a zi. Diareea a reaprut, la un caz, la o
(Sultrim suspensie buvabila)
sptmn de la terminarea tratamentului
reluarea terapiei.
Combinatia sulfametoxazol
200mg trimetroprim 40mg 1 n 5 zile pacientul era refcut complet.
(Alfatrim soluie injectabil)
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Tabelul 3
Rezultate obinute n terapia isosporozei la pisic
Nr.
Medicaia utilizat Evoluia semnelor clinice dup tratament
cazuri
Ameliorarea semnelor clinice dup 2 3 zile
de tratament, recuperare complet dup 5
Sulfamethoxidiazina
2 6 zile de tratament; la un caz, diareea a
sol. 20 % (Ultrasol )
reaprut dup 12 zile repetarea
tratamentului
Suspensie antidiareic - Scourban
Plus (sulfadimidin,
sulfaguanidin, sulfadiazin, Dup 3 zile s-a nregistrat ameliorarea
streptomicin, neomicin, semnelor clinice i scaun de consisten
2
hioscin, clorur de sodiu, pstoas. Dup 6 zile examenul
gluconat de calciu, sulfat de coproparazitologic a fost negativ.
magneziu, clorur de potasiu,
caolin, pectin, glicin)
Sulfamethoxidiazin + suspensie Scaunul a devenit de consisten normal
1
antidiareic din a 2-a zi de tratament.
Scaun normal i apetit refcut n 2 3 zile.
Toltrazuril 2 La un caz, diareea a reaprut dup 2
sptmni reluarea tratamentului.
Absena semnelor clinice, dar examen
Furazolidon 1 coproparazitologic pozitiv, la o sptmn
de la nceperea tratamentului.
385
Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar Iai
- Au existat cazuri (5 cei din 13, respectiv 2 pisoi din 8), n care semnele
clinice i eliminarea de oochisturi au reaprut la 1 - 2 sptmni dup tratamentul
cu anticoccidiene. n aceste cazuri, tratamentul a fost repetat, o nou reut
nemaifiind nregistrat. Repetarea tratamentului dup 10 zile a avut efect salutar.
Durata de evoluie a bolii la animalele tratate a fost n medie de 3 - 5 zile,
mbuntiri ale strii clinice observndu-se dup 2 - 3 zile de tratament. Dup 5 -
6 zile de tratament, n majoritatea cazurilor nu au mai fost identificate oochisturi
n fecale sau numrul acestora a sczut dramatic. S-au nregistrat totui, remisiuni
ale semnelor clinice la 1 - 2 sptmni de la ncheierea tratamentului, asociate cu
reapariia oochisturilor n fecale, la unele animale tratate cu sulfamide i
amprolium, dar i ntr-un caz n care tratamentul s-a efectuat cu toltrazuril. Situaii
asemntoare au fost relatate i de ali autori [10, 11]. Revenirea semnelor clinice
ar putea fi pus pe seama unei aciuni coccidiostatice sau coccidiocide imperfecte
a medicamentelor, unei contaminri intense a adposturilor, ineficienei
dezinfectantelor folosite mpotriva oochisturilor sau sporulrii rapide a acestora.
Reinfectarea pare s nu se mai produc dup un al 2-lea tratament cu
anticoccidiene, dar aici pot interveni i creterea vrstei sau imunitatea
protectoare, care pot limita infecia sau pot extinde perioada prepatent. La
revenirea semnelor clinice pot contribui i posibilele infecii tisulare latente.
CONCLUZII
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Andre H., Pierson P., Polak B., 2001 - La coccidiose a Isospora spp. chez le chien.
Le Point Veterinaire, No. 219: 32 - 37
2. Bourdoiseau G., 2003 - Comment realiser une coproscopie lors de diarrhee aigue
chez le chien et le chat, Le Nouveau Praticien Veterinaire, 14, 3: 25 26
3. Charles V., Trayser DVM, MS, Kenneth S. Todd.,Jr., PHD, 1978 - Life Cycle of
Isospora burrowsi spp. (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) from the Dog Canis familiaris,
American Journal of Veterinary Research, vol. 39. no. 1: 95 - 98
4. Conboy G., 1998 - Canine coccidiosis, Can Vet J, Vol 39,: 443 - 444
5. Dubey P.J., 1978 - Pathogenicity of Isospora ohioensis Infecion n Dogs, Jurnal of
the American Veterinary Association, vol.173, no 2: 192 197
6. Dubey J.P., Streitel R.H., 1976 - Isospora felis and I. rivolta infections n cats
induced by mouse tissue or oocysts, Br. vet. J., 132, 649 651
7. Dubey J.P.. Weisbrode E. Steven, William A. Pogers, 1978 - Canine Coccidiosis
Attributed to an Isospora ohioensis -like organism: A Case Report, Jurnal of the
American Veterinary Medical Association, vol.173, no 2: 185-192
8. Dulceanu N., 1980 - Coccidioze i alte sporozooze la animale, Ed. Ceres, Bucureti
9. Dulceanu N., Cristina Terinte, Mitrea I.L., Carmen Palcovnicu, 2002 - Dicionar
enciclopedic de parazitologie, Ed. Academiei Romne, Bucureti
10. Dunbar M., Foreyt J., 1985 - Prevention of coccidiosis n domestic dogs and captive
coyotes (Canis latrans) with sulfadimethoxine-ormetroprim combination, Am. J.
Vet. Res., vol. 46, 9: 1899 -1902
11. Lloyd S., Smith J., 2001 - Activity of toltrazuril and diclazuril against Isospora
species n kittens and puppies, The Veterinary Record, 16: 509 - 511
12. Mitrea I.L., 2002 - Boli parazitare la animale, Ed. Ceres, Bucureti, 2002.
13. OBrien C.R., Pope S.E., Malik R., 2002 - Vomiting, diarrhoea and inappetence n a
Young cat with hypoproteinaemia, Aust. Vet. J., vol.80, 9:544-551
14. Omata Y., Oikawa H., Kanda M., Mikazuki K., Florencia G. Claveria, Cecilia
Dilorenzo, Takehara T., Saito A., Suzuki N., 1991 - Humoral Immune
Response to Isospora felis and Toxoplasma gondii n Cats Experimentally
Inoculated with Isospora felis, J. Vet. Med. Sci. 53(6): 1071-1073
15. Pierson P., 2003 - Conduire a tenir face a un episode de diarrhee aigue en elevage
canin, Le Nouveau Praticien Veterinaire, 14: 17-23
16. Pierson P., 2003 - Observaion clinique dune diarrhee aigue liee a une infection
parasitaire dans un elevage canin, Le Nouveau Praticien Veterinaire, 14: 33-35
17. Valkounova J., 1982 - Parasitological investigation of childrens sand boxes and dog
faeces from public areas n old housing districts of Prague, Folia Parasitologica
(Praha) 29:25-32
387
Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar Iai
S. MORARIU, I. COSOROAB,
Gh. DRBU, I. OPRESCU, I. IACOBICIU,
Florica MORARIU, Narcisa RADBEA
MATERIALE I METODE
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Lucrri tiinifice vol. 49 seria Medicin Veterinar
Tabelul 1.
Incidena infestaiei hidatice la animalele sacrificate n judeul Timi,
n perioada 1999 2004
examinate
examinate
examinate
Pozitive
Pozitive
Pozitive
Pozitive
Anul
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
47.962 87 2.430 45.445
1999 645.620 1.313 11.638 632.669
(7,42) (6,62) (20,87) (7,18)
11.076 141 1.857 29.078
2000 264.686 2.597 7.730 254.359
(4,18) (5,42) (24,02) (11,43)
7.033 112 721 6.200
2001 243.488 2.031 3.337 238.120
(2,88) (5,51) (21,60) (2,60)
2.720 97 803 1.820
2002 205.575 2.164 4.791 198.620
(1,32) (4,48) (16,76) (0,91)
6.317 117 419 5.781
2003 244.880 1.980 3.251 239.649
(2,57) (5,91) (12,88) (2,41)
2.401 102 382 1.917
2004 238.491 1.778 2.842 233.871
(1,01) (5,73) (13,44) (0,82)
77.509 656 6.612 90.241
TOTAL 1.842.740 11.863 33.589 1.797.288
(4,20) (5,53) (19,68) (5,02)
Tabelul 2
Incidena infestaiei hidatice la animalele sacrificate n judeul
Cara - Severin, n perioada 1999 2004.
examinate
examinate
examinate
Pozitive
Pozitive
Pozitive
Pozitive
Anul
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
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Tabelul 3.
Incidena infestaiei hidatice la animalele sacrificate n judeul Gorj,
n perioada 1999 2004
examinate
examinate
examinate
Pozitive
Pozitive
Pozitive
Pozitive
Anul
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
1.888 108 839 941
1999 14.679 1.026 2.299 11.354
(12,86) (10,52) (36,49) (8,28)
1.883 384 778 721
2000 9.836 2.307 1.608 5.921
(19,14) (16,64) (48,38) (12,17)
483 259 82 142
2001 7. 252 1.872 653 4.727
(6,66) (13,83) (12,55) (3,00)
295 71 97 127
2002 6.865 958 572 5.335
(4,29) (7,41) (16,95) (2,38)
405 83 181 141
2003 11.750 1.429 870 9.451
(3,44) (5,80) (20,80) (1,49)
381 135 79 167
2004 19.746 1.943 609 17.194
(1,92) (6,94) (12,97) (0,97)
5.335 1.040 2.056 2.239
TOTAL 70.128 9.535 6.611 53.982
(7,60) (10,90) (31,09) (4,14)
REZULTATE I DISCUII
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0,82
2,41
Suine 0,91
2,6
11,43
7,18
13,44
12,88
Bovine 16,76
21,06
24,02
20,87
5,73
5,91
Ovine 4,48
5,51
5,42
6,62
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0,95
1,06 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
0,52
Suine 0,85
1,77
0,26
8,92
8,01
3,86
Bovine 11,75
10,97
10,35
7,35
6,63
Ovine 6,8
2,88
3,18
9,49
12,97
20,8
Bovine 16,95
12,55
48,38
36,49
6,94
5,8
7,41
Ovine 13,83
16,64
10,52
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Lucrri tiinifice vol. 49 seria Medicin Veterinar
35
Ovine Bovine Suine Total anim ale
30
25
20
15
10
0
Tim i Cara Gorj
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CONCLUZII
394
Lucrri tiinifice vol. 49 seria Medicin Veterinar
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Altinta, N., 2003 Past to present: echinococcosis in Turkey. Acta Tropica, 85, 105
112.
2. Damnjanovic, D.; Kulisic, Z.; Pavlovic, I., 1995 - Prevalence hydatidosis in Valjeva
area. XVII International Congress of Hydatidology, 6 10 November, Limassol,
Cyprus.
3. Jimenez, S.; Perez, A.; Gil, H.; Schantz, P.M.; Ramalle, E. ; Juste, R.A., 2002
Progress in control of cystic echinococcosis in La Roja, Spain: decline in
infection prevalences in human and animal hosts and economic costs and
benefits. Acta Tropica, 83, 213 221.
4. Lorenzini, R.; Ruggieri, A., 1987 - Distribution of echinococcosis - hydatidosis in
Italy. J. Helminthol., 61, 3, 261 267.
5. Morariu, S.; Cosoroab, I.; Drbu, Gh.; Florica Morariu; Oprescu, I., 2005
The incidence of hydatid disease in western part of Romania. Lucr. t. Med. Vet.
Timioara, XXXVIII, 598 - 603.
6. Seimenis, A., 2003 Overview of the epidemiological situation on echinococcosis in
the Mediterranean region. Acta Tropica, 85, 191 195.
7. Sotiraki, S.; Himonas, C.; Korkoliakou, P., 2003 Hydatidosis echinococcosis in
Greece. Acta Tropica, 85, 197 201.
8. Zheliaskov, P.; Tanchev, T.; Toncheva, A., 1995 Epizootological investigation an
Echinococcosis Hydatidosis among dogs and animals intermidal hosts in
some parts in Bulgaria. XVII International Congress of Hydatidology, Limassol,
Cyprus.
395
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INTRODUCTION
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In the period 1994 - 2000 a total of 875 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes L.) (719
adult and 156 puppies) were examined in the laboratory of Veterinary institute in
Belgrade. Foxes were hunted at spread area of Belgrade.
After necropsy, we have examined trachea, lung, heart, complete
gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidney and urinary bladder. The stomach, intestine and
the other organs were slit opened and visible helminthes removed. Afther that
(especially to intestine) the contents washing out. The contents and washing were
scened over a gauze sieve, mesh aparature 150 mm, under jet water and the
retained material examined, small quantities at a time, in a large whistle enamel
tray. Found parasites were fixing in 10% formalin, were mounted in lactophenol
for identification, and mounted in Canada balsam. Determination we have done
by keys given by Watson (1963) and Soulsby (1977).
CONCLUSION
Foxes inhabited in Belgrade area are carriers for many nematoda species,
especially Ascaridae and Ancylostomidae, which caused human larval syndrom.
REFERENCES
1. Balek, D., Takla, M., Ising-Voler, S. & Stoye, M., 1992 Zur Helminthenfauna des
Rotfushes (Vulpes vulpes, Linne, 1758) in Nordhessen und Ostewestfalen, Teil
2: Nematoden. Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenscrift 99, 435-437.
2. Bjotvedt, G., Tomikiewitcz, S.M.Jr. & Goliqhtly, R.T.Jr., 1980 - A description of
helminths of kit fox (Vulpes macrotis). Veterinary Medicine and Small Animal
Clinical 75 (5), 661-884.
3. Borgsteede, F.H.M., 1984 - Helminths parasites of wild foxes (Vulpes vulpes L.) in
the Nederlands. Zentralblat fur Parasitekude 70, 281-285.
4. Bokovi, V.& Valter, D., 1979 - Parazitska fauna lisica i jazavaca sa podruja
Beograda. Veterinarski glasnik 33 (12), 1023-1025.
5. Coman, B.J., 1973 - Helminth parastes of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in Victoria.
Australian Veterinary Journal 49, 378-384
6. Deblock, S., Petavy, A.F. & Gilot, B., 1988 - Helminthes intestinaux du renard
commun (Vulpes vulpes L.) dans la Masif Central (France). Canadian Journal of
Zoology 66, 1562-1569.
7. Diebble, E.D., Font, W.F. & Wittrock, D.D., 1983 - Helminths of red fox, Vulpes
vulpes L. in west central Wisconsin. Journal of Parasitology 69 (6), 213-214.
8. Hackett, F. & Walters, T.M., 1980 - Helminths of the red fox in Mid-Wales,
Veterinary Parasitology 7, 181-184.
9. Hinaidy, H.K., 1976 - Ein Weiterer Beitrag zur Parasitenfauna des Rotfuches Vulpes
vulpes (l) in Osrterreich. Zentralblat fur Veterinaremedizine B, 23, 66-73.
10. Irgaov, I.H. & Sadikov, V.M., 1966 - O gelmintofaune lisic Uzbekistana. Materiali k
naunoj konferensii vsesojouznogo obsestva gelmintologov, Tom III, 125-126.
11. Jancev, J. & Ridjakov, N., 1977 - Helminth fauna of the fox (Vulpes vulpes rucigera
Becstein) in Nortwestern Bulgaria. Helminthologia Bulgaria 4, 73-96.
12. Koanov, E.K., 1972 - Gelminti dikih mlekopitajunih Uzbekistana, Materiali
Akademii Nauk Uzbekskoi SSR, Takent, 72-73.
13. Kovaluk, E.S., 1974 - Gelminti mlekopitajunih v Tjomenskom priirtisje,
mlekopitajunih analiz, Izdatelstvo Ministarstvo hojzovstva SSSR, Moskva.
14. Kozlov, D.P., 1977 - Opredeljitel gelmintov hinih mlekopitajunih SSSR. zdatelstvo
Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moskva.
15. Loos-Frank, B. & Zeyhle, E., 1982 - The intestinal helminths of the red foxes and
some other carnivores in south germany. Zentralblat fur Parasitekude 67, 99-
113.
16. Lozani, B., 1961 - Prilog poznavcanju helmintoza lisica, I nematode. Vetrinarski
glasnik 15 (3), 207-209.
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17. Lozani, B., 1965 - Contribution to know of helminthose of foxes (Vulpes vulpes)
from hunting area of spread area of Belgrade. Doctoral thesis, Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine, University in Belgrade.
18. Nickel, S., Hiepe, T., Hansel, U. & Jurke, E., 1980 - Contribution to the parasitic
fauna of the GDR, Investigation of the prevalence of the helminths in red fox
(Vulpes vulpes L.). Angewandt Parasitologie 21 (2), 94-100.
19. Papadopoulos, H., Himonas, C., Papazahriadou, M. & Asntoniado -Satiroadou K.,
1991 - Helinthews of foxes and other wild carnivores from rural area of Greece.
Journal of Helminthology 71, 227-231.
20. Pavlovi, I., 1994 - Helmnthoses of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes L.) hunting at Belgrade
area in period 1988-1992., Doctoral thesis. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
University in Belgrade.
21. Pavlovi, I., Kulii, Z. & Milutinovi, M., 1997 - The role of foxes (Vulpes vulpes
L.) in the epizootiology and epidemiology of nematoda parasitic zoonoses. Acta
Veterinaria 47 (2-3), 177-182
22. Petavy, A.F.& Deblock, S., 1980 - Helminthes of the common fox (Vulpes vulpes)
from Masif Central (France). Annales de Parasiotologie Humane et Comparee 55
(4), 379-391.
23. Petavy, A.F., Deblock, S., Cantat, F. & Gilot, B., 1985 - Le renard et ses
helminthes et France. Revue d Ecologie la Terre et la Vie 40, 231-237.
24. Petrov, A.M. & Potehina, L.F., 1953 - K gelmintofaune hinih mlekopitajunih
Tadikistana. Trudi Vsesojouznoga instituta gelmintologov imena Skrajbin 5,
167-172.
25. Ryan, G.E., 1976 - Helminth parasites of the fox (Vulpes vulpes) in West South
Wales, Australian Veterinary Journal 52, 126-130.
26. Richards, D.T., Harris, S. & Lewis, J.W., 1995 - Epoidemiogical studies on
intestinal helminth parasites of rural and urban red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in the
United Kingdom. Veterinary Parasitology 59, 39-51.
27. Scoffel, I., Schein, E., Wittstadt, U. & Hentsce, J., 1991 - Zur parasitenfauna des
rotefuschs in Berlin (West). Berliner Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 104, 153-157.
28. Soulsby, E.J.L., 1977 - Helminths, arthropods and protozoa of domesticated
animals, Baille, Tindall and Cassell Co, London.
29. Williams, B.M., 1976 - The intestinal parasites of the red fox in South Wales. British
Veterinary Journal, 132 (3) 309-312.
30. Willingham, A.L., Ockens, N.W., Kapel, C.M. & Monrad, J., 1996 - A
helminthological survey of wild red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from the metropolitan
area of Copenhagen. Journal of Helminthology 70, 259-263.
31. Wessbecher von H., Dalchow W. & Stoye, M., 1994 - Zur helmintenfauna des
Rotfuisches (Vulpes vulpes Linne 1758) in Regierungsbezirk Karlshrue, Teil 2:
Nematoden, Deutsche Tierarztlishe wochenschrift 101, 362-364
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Canine demodicosis treatment has long passed the era of prescribing cedar
or Chaulmoogra oils . At present time, antidemodecic therapy involves a complex
of factors and attitudes: analysis of exach case, exmination of individual factors,
diagnosis of the clinical evolutive form (localised, generalised demodicosis or
piodemodicosis), evaluation of the general clinical state of the animal, the
individualisation of the therapeutic protocols, choosing of the acaricide by the
reactions of the animal, the extension and gravity of the lesions, the cost and the
commodity in administration. Localised demodicosis (LD) is considered an easy
form that heals spontaneously in 80 90% of cases (1, 2), whereas, in the general
non infected form (GD), spontan healings are reported to 20 50% of cases,
especially in dogs aged from 1 to 2 years (6). Piodemodicosis (PD) is
unanymously considered a severe evolution form, difficult to treat (1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6).
Considering these references, this pioneering study followed the evolution
of canine demodicosis without acaricide treatment.
Due to the fact that initally we havent had the possibility of follow up for
spontan healings in owned dogs, he have started the experiment with 14
unowned dogs. The dogs were diagnosed with LD (9 cases), GD (3 cases) and
*
E-mail: narcisa.radbea@fmvt.ro
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CONCLUSIONS
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REFERENCES
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INTRODUCERE
Skin biopsies from each dog of the two series (one of 10 dogs infected with
Demodex Canis and one of 10 healthy dogs used as control) were harvested and
immunohistochemmically stained using the LSAB2 system. Langerhans cells and
lymphocytes were primary immunophenotypised by the S100 protein. Citokeratin
CK and pan citokeratin with DAB visualization were used to mark the presence
of keratinocytes and melanocytes of the basal layer. Fibroblasts and basal cells
were identified by vimentin and, respectively, CK 20.
*
E-mail: narcisa.radbea@fmvt.ro
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Lucrri tiinifice vol. 49 seria Medicin Veterinar
Fig. 3. - Keratinocytes and Langerhans cel Fig. 4. - Langerhans cel migrations into
hipertrophia horny layer
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CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
1. Caswell J.L., 1995 - Establishment of Demodex canis on canine skin engrafted onto
severe combined immunodeficient / beige mice. In: Investigation of the
immunopathology of canine demodicosis, pp. 96107. DVSc Thesis, University
of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
2. Caswell J.L., Yager J.A., Ferrer L., Weir J.A.M., 1995 - Canine demodicosis: a re-
examination of the histologic lesions and description of the immunophenotype of
infiltrating cells. Vet Dermatol 6:9-19. 1995
3. Ferrer L., Fondevila D., Rabanal R., Ramis A., 1992 - Detection of T lymphocytes
in canine tissue embedded in paraffin wax by means of antibody to CD3 antigen.
J Comp Path-ol 106:311-314.
4. Nickoloff B.J., Turka L.A., 1994 - Immunological functions of non-professional
antigen-presenting cells: new insights from studies of T-cell interactions with
keratinocytes. Immunol Today 15:464-469, 1994
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E. UTEU
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1. PARAZITOTERAPIA
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2. AUTODEPARAZITAREA (SELF-CURE)
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3. COMBATEREA BIOLOGIC
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CONCLUZII
411
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Anene B.M., 1989 - Immunosuppression of humoral immune response in canine
trypanosomiasis. Microbios Letters, 40, 157, 37-46.
2. Boulard C., 1988 - Hypodermose bovine. Point Vtrinaire, 20, 112, 17-24.
3. Boulard C., Argent G., Hellion E., 1988 - Hypodermose bovine, Diagnostic et
traitement. Point Vtrinaire, 20, 112, 105-115.
4. Dorchies Ph., Alzien J.P., 1997 - Loestrose ovine: revue. Rev. Md. Vt. 148, 7,
565-574.
5. Dulceanu N., Terinte C., Mitrea L.I., Polcovnicu C., 2000 - Dicionar enciclopedic
de Parazitologie. Edit. Academiei Romne, Bucureti.
6. Elliott D.E., Urban J.F jr., Arga C.K., 2000 - Does the failure to acquire helminthic
parasites predisposes to Crohns disease? Faber J. 14, 2848-55.
7. Gherman I., 1960 - Dgnrescence des oeufs dHymenolpis nana observe chez
les personnes en voie de gurison spontane. Ann. Parasit. Humaine et
Compare, Paris, V, 35, 5/6, 755.
8. Gherman I., Filoti P., Tutu Lidia, Plecias M., Dresher E., Garofeanu M., Sedroiu
L., 1961 - Dinamica infestrilor i vindecrilor spontane n himenolepidoz.
Igiena, 2, 135-143.
9. Gherman I., Juvara Ana-Maria, 1962 - Semnificaia i importana practic a apariiei
oulor degradate n himenolepidoz cu Hymenolepis nana. Pediatria, 5, 417-
430.
10. Gherman I., 1962 - Dgnrescence spontane des oeufs dHymenolpis nana
forme de manifestation de limmunit de cette parasitose. Ann. Parasit. Humaine
et Compare, Paris, 4, 513-518.
11. Gherman I., 1963 - Despre unele mecanisme patogenetice i unele manifestri
clinice ntlnite n lambliaz. Rev. de Microb. Parazit. i Epid. 4, 353-359.
12. Gherman I., Angelescu C., 1966 - Observations sur la signification pathologique de
la flore bactrienne et de la faune parasitaire de la bile. Revue Internat.
dHepatologie, Paris, 8.
13. Gherman I., 1993 - Compendiu de Parazitologie Clinic, Edit. All, Bucureti.
14. Gherman I., 1994 - Giardiaza (Lambliaza). Observaii de ultim or. Viaa Medical,
51, 23 dec.
15. Gothe R., 1983 - Pheromones in ixodid and argasid ticks. 1. Ixodid ticks. Vet. Res.
Rev. 16-37.
16. Graf J.F., 1975 - Mise en vidence dune pheromone chez Ixodes ricinus.
Acarologie, 17, 436-441.
17. Holmes P.H., Mammo E., Thomson A., Knight P.A., Lucken R., Murray P.K.,
Junnings F.W., Urquart G.M., 1974 - Immunosuppression in bovine
trypanosomiasis. The Vet. Record, 27, 86-87.
18. Iacob N., Lctuu M., Beratlief C., Mihalache G., Ceianu I., 1975 - Combaterea
biologic a duntorilor. Edit. tiinific, Bucureti.
19. Iftimovici R., 1994 - Istoria medicinei. Edit. All, Bucureti.
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20. Khan W.I., Blennerhasset P.A., Varghese A.K., 2002 - Intestinal nematode
infection ameliorates experimental colitis in mice. Infect. Immun. 70, 5931-37.
21. Licperta E., 1958 - Farmacologie veterinar. Edit. Agro-Silvic, Bucureti.
22. Miyahara K., Tose S., Sakurai H., Igarashi I., Saito A., Hirose T., Suzuki N., 1992
- Role of adherent spleen cells in the induction of cytotoxic activity by
Toxoplasma lysate antigen (TLA). J. Vet. Med. Sci., 54, 4, 629-635.
23. Miyahara K., Yoko N., Sakurai H., Igarashi I., Sakata M., 1992 - Antitumor activity
of Toxoplasma lysate antigen against methylcholanthrene induce tumor-Bearing
rats. J. Vet. Med. Sci., 54, 2, 221-228.
24. Ogawa R., Sato M., Hirose T., Suzuki N., 1985 - Preventive effect of Toxoplasma
lysate antigen (TLA) on fatal infection with mouse piroplasma. Jpn. J. Vet. Sci.,
47, 225-236.
25. Osburn R.L., Knipling E.F., 1982 - The potential use of sterile hybrid Boophilus ticks
as a supplemental eradication technique. J. Medical Entomology, 19, 6, 637-644.
26. Oel V., 1991 - Preliminary data concerning the biological control of fish
th
Diplostomosis by hyperparasiting. In: European Assoc. Fish Pathologist. V
Conf., Budapest.
27. Oel V., 1999 - Cercetri asupra diplostomozei la peti n mediul piscicol amenajat i
natural din Delta Dunrii. Tez de doctorat. U.S.A.M.V. Cluj-Napoca.
28. Palmieri J.R., Cali A., Heckmann R., 1976 - Experimental biological control of the
eye fluke, Diplostomum spathaceum, by a protozoan hiperparasite Nosema
strigeoidea. J. Parasitol. 62, 2, 325-326.
29. Sato M., Hori Z., Hirose T., Suzuki N., 1985 - Immune effect of TLA (Toxoplasma
lysate antigen) on cattle against Theileria sergenti infection. Jpn. J. Vet. Sci. 47,
6, 921-926.
30. Silegem M., Darji A., De Baeltselier P., 1991 - In vitro simulation of
immunosuppression caused by Trypanosoma brucei. Immunology, 73, 246-248.
31. Spaldanova R., Oeleny S., Zemberyova A., 1990 - Trichinella spiralis and
th
Trichinella pseudospiralis as inhibitors of tumors growth. VII Congr. Intern.
Parasitol. Bull Soc. Franc. Parasitol. (resumes), 8, 1, 14.
32. Spickett A.M., Malan J.R., 1978 - Genetic incompatibility between Boophilus
decoloratus and B. microplus and hybrid sterility of australian and south african
B. microplus. Anderstepoort. J. Vet. Res., 45, 3, 149-153.
33. Squarzoni C., 2001 - Lutte biologique contre stomoxes des bovins 0020 la reunion:
lexemple de Poseidon Vtrinaire. Thse de doctorat. Ecole Vt. Toulouse.
34. Summers R.W., Elliott D.E., Urban J.F. jr., Thompson R., Weinstock J.V., 2005 -
Trichuris suis therapy in Crohns disease. Gut, 54, 87-90.
35. uteu E., 1993 - Parazitoterapia probleme actuale i perspective. Simp. Actualiti
n patologia animalelor domestice, XX, Cluj-Napoca, 149.
36. uteu E., 1994 - Consideraii asupra hiperparazitismului ca fenomen biologic i
metod de combatere. Rev. Rom. Med. Vet. 4, 2, 121-126.
37. uteu E., 2003 - Combaterea biologic, posibil alternativ a chimiopreveniei unor
helmintoze la animale. Rev. Rom. Med. Vet. 13, 1, 55-60.
38. uteu E., Cozma V., 2004 - Parazitologie clinic veterinar. Vol. I, II, Edit. Risoprint,
Cluj-Napoca.
39. uteu E., 2005 - Parazitica. Edit. Risoprint, Cluj-Napoca.
40. Toma M., Unguruan I., Costea V., Costea Gheorghina, 2003 - Studiu
comparativ privind combaterea duntorului Hyphantria cunea cu insecticide
biologice i insecticide chimice. Rev. Rom. Parasitol. XIII, 1, 103-105.
41. Yusuf J.N., Piekarski G., Pelster B., 1980 - Concurrent infection of Trichinella
spiralis and Toxoplasma gondii in mice. Z. Parasitenkd., 62, 230-240.
42. Weinstock J.V., Summers R., Elliott D.E., 2004 - Helminths and harmony. Gut, 53,
7-9.
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Gh. CRISTEA
C.S.V. uletea
P. CURA, V. NASTASA
U.S.A.M.V. Iai
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Imipenam
Imipenam5, the first of a new class of -lactam antibiotics known as
carbapenams, has significant activity against most medically important species of
bacteria, including multiresistant strains of Pseudomonas. Imipenam undergoes
extensive renal tubular metabolism and is therefore combined with cilastatin, an
inhibitor of renal tubular depeptidase. The combination results in much higher
urine concentrations of imipenam and also reduces nephrotxicity associated with
administration of imipenam alone.
Activity of imipenam against anaerobic bacteria exceeds that of all other -
lactam antibiotics and is considered equivalent to the activity of clindamycin and
metronidazole. Obviously, a potent broad-spectrum, relatively nontoxic antibiotic
such as imipenam offers important advantages for treatment of serious mixed
infections, particularly when culture and susceptibility information is not known.
Although it has good efficacy in human beings, there has been little clinical
experience with this antibiotic in veterinary medicine.
Antibiotics with Limited Effectiveness Against Anaerobes
Anaerobic bacteria are uniformly resistant to aminoglycoside antibiotics4,
due to the fact that transfer of aminoglycosides across the bacterial cell membrane
requires enzymes that are lacking in anaerobic bacteria.
Polymyxin antibiotics are also ineffective, for reasons similar to those for
aminoglycosides.
Widespread resistance to tetracycline has greatly limited its usefulness in
treatment of anaerobic infection. Hirsch and colleagues found tetracycline
resistance in a number of Bacteroides isolates from veterinary patients.
Sulfonamides also have limited efficacy for treatment of anaerobic
infection because in environment typical of anaerobic infection, by product of
cellular breakdown, including para-aminobenzoic acid, are present in abundance.
Many of these substances competitively inhibit the activity of sulfonamides.
Trimethoprim was also shown to be clinically ineffective against anaerobic
bacteria. Sulfonamide with trimethoprim performed poorly in an anaerobic
infection treatment model and failed to reduce abscesses formation or produce
cures. Despite evidence of in vitro activity against obligate anaerobes isolated
from animals, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was found clinically to be an
ineffective treatment for anaerobic infections in calves and foals and was
associated with a significant number of treatment failures.
SUMMARY
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REFERENCES
1. Berg, J.N. et al.,1994 Clical models for anaerobic bacterial infections of cows and
their use in testing the efficacy of clindamycin and lincomycin. Am. J. Vet. Res.,
40:1299-1306.
2. Nastasa, V, 2005 - Farmacologie veterinar I, 145-170
3. Papich, M.G., 2004 Clinical pharmacology of cephalosporin antibiotics. J. Am. Vet.
Med. Assoc., 184:344-347
4. Pechere, J.C., Delisk, R., 1993 Early selection of antibiotic in anaerobic infections.
Surgery, 93:134-144.
5. Tally, F.P., Jacobus, N.V., 2003 Susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria to imipenem.
J. Antimicrob Chemother 12 (Suppl D): 47:51.
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N. MUNTEANU1, P. CURA2,
Gh. CRISTEA1, V. NASTASA2
1
D.V.S.A. Vaslui
2
U.S.A.M.V. Iai
1. Topical application
Even if a general anaesthesia procedure is done, noxious output from the
operated area can be reduced by application of local anaesthetic ointments, liquid
solutions or sprays (lidocaine)3. Remember that the intact skin is not penetrated
except following application of a special formula of prilocaine (EMLA).
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2. Infiltrations/ring block
These remain a very simple but often neglected possibility. Aspiration
before injection will limit the risk for intravascular injection. Examples of a
possible use are e.g., removal of small skin tumors, suturing skin wounds, surgery
on the toes (distal phalanx amputation, interdigital wounds or cysts, wounds etc),
incisional infiltration of subcutis and fascia before a caesarean or a laparotomy in
critical cases.
5. Intercostal blocks
These are used before the start of a thoracotomy (most logic approach for
"preventive") or when starting to close the thorax; the technique can also be used
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for analgesic support when managing rib fractures. The technique consists of:
injection in the intercostal muscles at the level of the caudal aspect of the rib close
to its origin 0.2 to 1 ml 2% lidocaine (or bupivacaine, or a mix of bupivacaine and
lidocaine) and this in two intercostal spaces before and two spaces after the
thoracotomy incision; this can be done from outside or from inside the thorax.
6. Spinal anesthesia
Mostly used is epidural anesthesia. Accidental puncture of the duramater
and collection of cerebrospinal fluid however is possible when attempting an
epidural injection. This will happen more often in the cat were the dural sac is
longer than in the dog. The combination of an epidural anaesthesia and general
anaesthesia is a very good technique for surgery caudal to the ribs (orthopedics,
soft tissues, and caesareans). It allows a light level of general anaesthesia, a stable
plane of anaesthesia, and post operative pain relief. In general local anaesthetics
are used but they can be combined with opioids.
The local anaesthetic can be combined with an opioid for epidural
injection. They will have an interesting and practical synergistic analgesic effect.
This way a good and prolonged postoperative analgesic effect can be obtained.
Addition of 0.1 mg/kg methadone or morphine can give up to 10 hours of
postoperative analgesia (motoric effects having disappeared).
Local anaesthetics offer the opportunity to obtain prolonged postoperative
pain relief by using a long acting preparation like bupivacaine, by repeating the
described applications (e.g., re-doing an epidural), by combining with other drugs
(e.g., epidural with local anaesthetic and an opioid), or by continuous infusion in
the epidural space via an epidural catheter. Incisional and intraabdominal
application of lidocaine preceding closure of laparotomy wounds has been
described in human and in dogs as a mean of postoperative analgesia.
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REFERENCES
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PHARMACOCLINICALS CONSIDERATIONS
ON THE EVOLUTION OF CARDIOVASCULARES
VARIABLES AND ACID-BASE BALANCE
UNDER THE COMBINATION ACEPROMAZINE-
BUPRENORPHINE IN DOG
CONSIDERAII FARMACOCLINICE ASUPRA EVOLUIEI VARIABILELOR
CARDIOVASCULARE I A ECHILIBRULUI ACIDO-BAZIC SUB COMBINAIA
ACEPROMAZIN BUPRENORFIN LA CINE
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The scale used to appreciate the level of sedation was imagined after the
degree of conscious and maintenance of laterally recumbency. So, was noted
with 0-dog conscious, 1-dog semiconscious and laterally recumbency inconstant
and 2-dog unconscious, laterally recumbency permanent.
The statistic evaluation was realised using the ANOVA test (variance
analysis) for repeated measurements. So, for a value of P<0.05, the results were
considerate significant. The data are presented like X SX.
The level of sedation was significant more high after the administration the
combination acepromazine-buprenorphine comparatively with the bases values.
This is present in a rapport by 23% after the administration of acepromazine (0.5
mg/kc the level 1st), next in percent by 89% after the administration intravenous
of the fist dose of buprenorphine (0.01 mg/kc, the second level) and into a percent
by 100% after the administration of the next dose of buprenorphine (0.2 mg/kc,
the second level). Instead, was recorded an important reducing of respiratory
frequency into a ratio by 59% after the administration intravenous of
acepromazine (Table 1).
Table 1
The evolution of modifications of cardiorespiratory variables and blood gases
in 16 dogs after administration the combination acepromazine-buprenorphine
*-the significant difference (P<0.05) versus the value immediately previously. The data are
presented like X Sx; PAS-the systolic heart pressure; PAD-the diastolic heart pressure;
PAM-the media heart pressure; FC-the heart frequency; FR-the respiratory frequency;
pHa-the arterial pH; PaCO2-the tension of CO2 arterial; H2CO-3a-the concentration in
bicarbonate arterial; pHv-the venous pH; PvCO2-the tension of CO2 venous; PvO2-the
-
tension of oxygen; H2CO 3v-the concentration in venous bicarbonate; NS-insignificant.
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CONCLUSIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Short, C.E., 1987 Pain, analgesics, and related medications. In: Short CE, ed.
Principles and practice of veterinary anaesthesia. Boltimore: Williams & Wilkins
Co, 28 46.
2. Both, N.H., 1982 Neuroleptanalgesics, narcotic analgesics and analgesic
antagonists. In: Booth N.E., McDonald LE, eds. Veterinary pharmacology and
therapeutics. 5th ed. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press: 267 - 296.
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values occured before the end of anaesthesia (13th minute). When marked
bradycardia occurred, several dogs displayed arrhytmias. Other side-effects were:
vomiting (n = 1) and recovery excitation (n = 3).
This study confirm previously reported data. The normally recommended
dosage regim (group 1) is generally sufficient for most purposes. In 9,5% of the
cases, doses of etomidate had to be increased by 50 %. This combination of drugs
produces only slight cardiovascular effects and has the shortest duration of action.
In contrast, when the dose of fentanyl is doubled, analgesia is prolonged by 4 min
but the depressant effects on the cardiovascular system become a limiting factor.
The dose levels used in the third group led also to undesirable side-effects (the
depressant effect on the cardiovascular system is the most important and, in
addition, awakening is delayed).
Tabel 1
Respose (duration in minutes or minutes after administration) of dogs to the
administration of a combination of etomidate and alfentanyl
1 2 3
Groups
(n = 22) (n = 20) (n = 18)
Etomidate (mg/kg) 1,0 1,0 1,5
Alfentanyl (g/kg) 4,0 8,0 4,0
Muscle relaxation
Deep 84 73 92
Moderate 11 3 12 2 16 1*
Analgesia
Marked and moderate 98 14 1* 15 3*
Eyball rotation 4 5 67 7 5*
Awakening 11 4 104
First righting of the head 12 9 14 7 19 1*
First attempt to stand 17 2 19 6 25 3*
Walking 21 9 22 8 30 6*
Values are expressed as mean SD
* Significant (p < 0,05) with group 1 as control
CONCLUSSION
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REFERENCES
1. Arndt J.O., Bednarski B., Parasher C., 1986 Anesthesiology 64, 345.
2. Janssen P.A.J. et al., 1975 Archives of International Pharmacodynamics and
therapeutics 214, 96.
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E. PURICE
C.S.V. Vidra, jud.Vrancea
P. CURA, Geta PAVEL
U.S.A.M.V. Iai
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MATERIAL I METOD
Stadiile
Nr. Preparatul Substana Forma i modul
Doza folosit parazitare
crt. administrat activ de administrare
distruse
1. Fasciocid Triclabendazol Soluie buvabil, 5 ml/ 50kg g.v. ou,
10% per os fasciole
tinere,
adulte
2. Helmizol 2,5 Albendazol Suspensie, 3 ml/10 kg g.v. trematode
2,5% per os adulte
3. Ovizol 300 Albendazol Boluri, 2 boluri/animal trematode
0,3 g/un bol per os adulte
de 4 g
4. Romavermectin Avermectin Soluie 0,1 ml/5 kg g.v. trematode
B1 plus (prep.n 1% + injectabil, adulte
omologare) Clorsulon 10% s.c.
5. Fascioxamid Rafoxanid Boluri, 1 bol/20 kg g.v. Fasciole
per os tinere mai
mari de 6
spt.
6. Levamisol Levamisol Soluie 0,25 ml/10 kg Imuno-
7,5 % injectabil, s.c. g.v., 3 zile stimulator
REZULTATE I DISCUII
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CONCLUZII
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
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E. PURICE
C.S.V. Vidra, jud.Vrancea
P. CURA, Geta PAVEL, V. BOGHIAN
U.S.A.M.V. Iai
Key words: fascioliasis, sheeps, benzimidazolic therapy, AST, ALT, GGT, ALP
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MATERIAL I METOD
REZULTATE I DISCUII
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Nivelul seric al enzim elor hepatice la ovine tratate Nivelul seric al enzim elor hepatice dupa terapia cu
cu Fasciocid Ovizol 300
U/l U/l
350 250
300
200
250
Inainte de 150 Inainte de
200
tratament tratament
150 100
Dupa 30 zile Dupa 30 zile
100
50
50
0 0
AST ALT PA GGT AST ALT PA GGT
a b
Nivelul seric al enzim elor hepatice dupa terapia cu Nivelul seric al enzim elor hepatice dupa terapia cu
Helm izol Rom averm ectin B1 plus
U/l U/l
500 250
400 200
0 0
AST ALT PA GGT AST ALT PA GGT
c d
Nivelul seric al enzim elor hepatice dupa terapia cu Nivelul seric al enzim elor hepatice dupa terapia cu
Fascioxam id Levam isol
U/l U/l
300 350
250 300
250
200 Inainte de Inainte de
200
150 tratament tratament
150
100 Dupa 30 zile Dupa 30 zile
100
50 50
0 0
AST ALT PA GGT AST ALT PA GGT
e f
Fig.1. Modificarea nivelului seric al enzimelor hepatice dup terapia cu substane
antiparazitare fasciolocide.
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U/l
250
200
150
Prima investig.
100 Dupa 30 zile
50 Fig.2. Modificarea nivelului seric al
0 enzimelor hepatice la oile cu
AST ALT PA GGT fascioloz nesupuse terapiei cu
medicaie antiparazitar
ALT, avnd iniial valori n limite fiziologice, att la lotul martor netratat,
ct i la loturile supuse terapiei antiparazitare, dup 30 zile, a nregistrat uoare
creteri n limitele fiziologice sau peste acestea, aspect ce se coreleaz cu
modificarea AST.
PA a nregistrat creteri i meninerea peste valorile normale de referin la
toate loturile supuse investigaiei, excepie fcnd lotul martor i lotul tratat cu
Fascioxamid, la care fosfataza alcalin a sczut la valori care se ncadreaz n
limitele fiziologice ale speciei. In acest caz, s-ar putea presupune c Fascioxamid
care distruge formele tinere de Fasciola hepatica aflate n migraie, determin o
diminuare a procesului inflamator hepatic, astfel c nivelul seric al PA se
restabilete. In acelai mod, procesul patologic celular, chiar n absena terapiei,
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CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Dulceanu, N., Terinte Cristina, Mitrea I.L., Polcovnicu Carmen, 2000 - Dicionar
Enciclopedic de Parazitologie, Ed. Academiei Romane, Bucuresti.
2. Ghergariu, S., AL. Pop, L. Kadar, Mariana Spnu, 2000 Manual de laborator
clinic veterinar, Ed.All, Bucureti.
3. Iacob, Olimpia, 2002 Diagnosticul bolilor parazitare la animale, Ed. Ion Ionescu de
la Brad, Iai.
4. Ingeborg B., 1985 - Farmacodinamie pentru medici veterinari, Ed. Ceres, Bucuresti.
5. Kerr, M.G., 1989 - Veterinary Laboratory Medicine. Clinical Biochemistry and
Haematology. Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford.
6. Mitrea I.L., 2002 Boli parazitare la animale, Ed Ceres, Bucureti.
7. Suteu, I., Varctic N., Cozma V., 1996 - Diagnosticul i tratamentul parazitozelor la
animale, Ed. Ceres, Bucuresti.
8. ***, 1998 - Merck Veterinary Manual, Eight Edition, Merck-Co., Inc. Whitehouse
Station, N.J., USA.
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Foto 1. Identify and distinguish the scrotal Foto 2. Ectomy of scrotal septum
septum
Foto 5. Aspect of surgical wound afer the Foto 6. Final aspect of surgical wound
first layer suture
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CONCLUSIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Birchard S., Sherding R. Small Animal Practice, W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia
2. Bojrab M.J., Birchard S., Tomlinson J., 1990 Current Tehniques in Small Animal
Surgery, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia
3. Burtan I., 1991 Curs de propedeutica si tehnica chirurgicala. C.M. Inst.Agr. Iasi
4. Cristea I. si colab., 1983 Propedeutica chirurgicala si tehnica operatorie
veterinara. Ed. did. si pedag. Bucuresti
5. Gourley I.M., Clare Gregory, 1992 Small Animal Surgery, Gower Medical
Publishing, New York
6. Grigorescu I., 1973 Propedeutica si medicina operatoare. Ed. did. si pedag.
Bucuresti
7. Igna C., 2005 Tehnici chirurgicale veterinare. Ed. Brumar.
8. Mialot J.P. Pathologie de la reproduction chez les carnivores domestiques. Ed. du
Point Veterinaire.
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POSIBILITI DE PREVENIRE
N NEOPLAZIA MAMAR LA CANINE
PREVENTION POSIBILITIES IN MAMMARY NEOPLASIA AT CANINES
MATERIAL I METOD
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REZULTATE I DISCUII
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CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Avallone, L., Lombardi, P., Florio, S., 1994 Steroid receptors distribution in
canine mammary tumour. Acta Medica Veterinaria, 40, 2, 105-112.
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P. CAZACU, M. MARE
U.S.A.M.V. Iai
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Pentru c nici unul din aceti factori nu a fost demonstrat, originea acestor
tulburri este probabil o combinaie a acestora (3).
La cine, fundul de sac dorso-rectal al peritoneului parietal (excavaia
sacro-rectal), n regiunea pelvin, este foarte profund ajungnd aproape de
diafragma pelvin, foarte aproape de anus, aspect anatomic ce favorizeaz apariia
frecvent a herniilor perineale la aceast specie (10, 17).
Clinic, H.P.V.U. se caracterizeaz prin apariia unei tumefacii n regiunea
perineal. Aceasta poate fi uni- sau bilateral. Hernia perineal unilateral este
observat aproximativ la 2/3 din cazuri, iar 80% dintre acestea se gsesc pe partea
dreapt (2, 3, 6). H.P.V.U. se ntlnete cu o frecven de 29% din cazurile de
H.P. dup Brissot, iar Hosgood o ntlnete cu o frecven de 20%.
Organele pot hernia printre m. coccigien i m. ridictor al anusului sau
frecvent ntre m. sfincter anal extern, m. ridictor al anusului i m. obturator
intern (6, 12, 16).
MATERIAL I METOD
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Fig. 7. Vidarea vezicii prin sondaj urinar Fig. 8. Vezica urinar dup vidare
Fig. 9. Aspectul conductului pelvin herniar Fig. 10.Torsionarea sacului herniar seros
dup repunerea vezicii n poziie fiziologic i sutura transfixic a acestuia
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esutului conjunctiv, dar mai profund pentru a prinde planul inferior al musculaturii
diafragmei pelvine. Pielea a fost suturat de rutin (cu mtase nr. 8 n fire
separate), dup care s-a administrat spray cu antibiotice (oxitetraciclin) (fig. 14).
Fig. 15. Hrnirea cu alimente lichide, Fig. 16. Aspect clinic al plgii operatorii la
administrate prin sond nazo-gastric 30 zile postoperator
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CONCLUZII
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Barnes R., 2004 Perineal hernias in the dog and cat., www.acvs.org/
AnimalOwners/ HealthConditiond/ SmallAnimalTopics/ Peritoneal Herniasinthe
DogandCat.
2. Bellenger C.R., 1980 Perineal hernia in dogs. Aust vet J. Sept; 56(9): 434-8.
3. Bojrab M.J., Toomey A.A., 1983 Perineal Hernia n Current Techniques in Small
Animall Surgery - Joseph Bojrab, Stephen W. Crane, Steven P. Arnoczky, Lea &
Febiger. Philadelphia pp.401-405.
4. Bongartz A, Carofiglio F, Balligand M, Heimann M, Hamaide A., 2005 Use of
autogenous fascia lata graft for perineal herniorrhaphy in dogs. Vet Surg. Jul-
Aug; 34(4): 405-13.
5. Brissot H.N., Dupre G.P., Bouvz B.M., 2004 Use of laparotomy in a staged
approach for resolution of bilateral or complicated perineal hernia in 41 dogs. Vet
Surg. Jul-Aug; 33(4): 412-21.
6. Brhl-Day R., Mangieri J., 2002 Perineal Hernia, Lateral vs. Caudal Approach,
Scientific Prezentation, 27th World Small Animal Veterinary Association
Congress, Granada, Spain.
7. Burtan I., 2000 Chirurgie regional veterinar, Ed. Ion Ionescu de la Brad, Iai.
8. Cazacu P., Mare M., 2004 Hemostaza cu un nou tip de ligatur transfixic n
ovariectomie la cea i pisic, Lucr. t. Med. Vet., USAMV, Iai; 47(6): 519-526.
9. Chambers J.N., Rawlings CA., 1991 Applications of a semitendinosus muscle flap
in two dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. Jul 1; 199(1): 84-6.
10. Ciubar V.C., 1954 Medicina operatoare veterinar, Ed. Agro-Silvic de Stat,
Bucureti.
11. Earley D.T., Kolota J.R., 1983 Perineal Hernia in the Dog: An Alternative Method
of Correction n Current Techniques in Small Animall Surgery - Joseph Bojrab,
Stephen W. Crane, Steven P. Arnoczky, Lea & Febiger. Philadelphia pp.405-
407.
12. Ferreira F., Delgado Esmeralda, 2003 - Hrnias perineais nos pequenos
animaisPerineal hernias in small animals, Revista Portuguesa de Cincias
Veterinrias,98 (545), p. 3-9.
13. Hosgood G, Hedlund CS, Pechman RD, Dean PW., 1995 Perineal herniorrhaphy:
perioperative data from 100 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. Jul-Aug; 31(4): 331-
42.
14. Howard B., 2001 Perineal Hernia Repair; Proceedings; Atlantic Coast Veterinary
Conference, Atlantic City, New Jersey, USA.
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15. Merchav R., Feuermann Y., Shamay A., Ranen E., Stein U., Johnston D.E.,
Shahar R., 2005 Expression of relaxin receptor LRG7, canine relaxin, and
relaxin-like factor in the pelvic diaphragm musculature of dogs with and without
perineal hernia. Vet Surg. Sep-Oct; 34(5): 476-81.
16. Mortari Carolina Ana, Rahal Canevese Sheila, 2005 Hrnia perineal em, Cincia
Rural, Santa Maria, v35, n.5, p.1220-1228.
17. Patea E., Coofan V. et al., 1985 Anatomia comparat a animalelor domestice,
Vol. II, Ed. Didactic i pedagogic, Bucureti.
18. Vnuk D., Maticic D., Kreszinger M., Radisic B., Kos J., Lipar M., Babic T., 2006
A modified salvage technique in surgical repair of perineal hernia in dogs using
polypropylene mesh, Veterinarni Medicina, 51, 2006 (3): 111117.
19. www.petsurgery.com/perinealhernias.html
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REZULTATE I DISCUII
n urma examinrii celor 4 cazuri menionate mai sus, EEC a fost efectuat
pe 3 globi oculari.
Cazul 1. Cinele prezenta o cataract bilateral, cu pierderea total a
acuitii vizuale. La examenul atent al globului ocular stng am constatat luxaia
cristalinului opacifiat in vitros, mai exact era prezent o zonuloliz total dar fr
pierdere de vitros. n urma anamnezei proprietarul ne-a spus c, cinele a suferit
un accident i n urma acestui accident au aprut opacifierile cristaliniene. Decizia
terapeutic a fost lensectomia cristalinului drept, proprietarul acceptnd
efectuarea interveniei operatorii. Diagnosticul stabilit a fost de cataract
bilateral traumatic matur, luxaie cristalinian stng.
Cazul 2. Cinele prezenta cataract bilateral, cu pierderea total a acuitii
vizuale, cu dificulti de deplasare n mediu. n urma prezentrii situaiei
proprietarul a acceptat efectuarea interveniei operatorii. n momentul examinrii
diagnosticul stabilit a fost de cataract senil bilateral.
Cazul 3. Cinele prezenta cataract bilateral, dar n urma prezentrii
anselor de reuit, a riscurilor operatorii proprietarul nu a fost deacord cu
efectuarea interveniei operatorii prefernd administrarea de colire topice.
Cazul 4. Cinele prezenta cataract unilateral dreapt matur, proprietarul
neputnd furniza date despre vreun posibil traumatism. Fiind unilateral cinele
descurcndu-se fr dificulti n mediu, proprietarul a decis amnarea
tratamentului chirurgical. Practic EEC a fost efectuat n cazurile 1 si 2, pe 3 globi
oculari, cazul numarul 2 fiind operat bilateral, cazul 1 fiind operat doar la ochiul
drept.
n ceea ce privete anestezia general a animalelor combinaia folosit
Xilazin + Ketamin, completat cu Tiopental Sodic i.v. ofer condiiile necesare
interveniei operatorii, chiar dac n literatura de specialitate se citeaz necesitatea
intubaiei i narcoza gazoas, totui metoda aplicat ne-a permis efectuarea
interveniei fr dificultai. La om EEC se efectueaz doar sub anestezie
retrobulbar i aceasta este suficient pentru confortul operator. n cadrul EEC
metoda mini-nuc, o atenie deosebit trebuie acordat conteniei, mai precis
modului de fixare al capului. Capul trebuie fixat aproximativ orizontal, cu unghiul
extern uor decliv pentru drenarea lichidului de perfuzare a camerei anterioare.
Midriaza operatorie trebuie s fie foarte bun, iar aceasta la cine spre
deosebire de om se obine destul de greu, fiind necesar administrarea
preoperatorie topic a Atropinei 1% cu cteva ore nainte de nceperea actului
operator pentru obinerea unei midriaze adecvate i durabile. n cazul 1 am
ntmpinat dificulti din acest cauz deoarece dup deschiderea camerei
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Birchard S.J., Sherding R.G., 1994 - Manual of Small Animal Practice, W.B.
Saunders Company, p.1208-1212.
2. Douglas H. Slatter, 1981 - Fundamentals of Veterinary Ophthalmology, W.B.
Saunders Company Philadelphia , London, Toronto, p.489 526.
3. Dziezyc J., 1990 - Cataract surgery-current approaches, Vet Clin North Am [Sm
Anim Pract-Sm Anim Ophthalmol] 20:737-754.
4. Gelatt K.N., 1999 - Veterinary Ophtalology, Lippincott Williams &Wilkins, p.797-857.
5. Gelatt K.N., Janice P. Gelatt, 2001 - Small animal Ophtalmic Surgery, p.286-
334.Butterworth Heinemann
6. Gwin R.M., Gelatt K.N., 1981 - The canine lens. In Gelatt KN, Veterinary
Ophthalmology. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, p.435-473.
7. Magrane, W.G., 1977 - Canine Ophthalmology, 3rd Ed.Lea&Febiger, Philadelphia,
p.65-84.
8. Moldovan M., Bolte S., 1984 - Oftalmologia veterinara, Ed. Ceres, Bucuresti.
9. Ronald C. Riis, 2002 - Small Animal Ophthalmology Secrets, A Hanley&Belfus
Publication, p.184-192.
nd
10. Severin, G.A., 1976 - Veterinary Ophthalmology, Notes, 2 Ed. Fort Collins,
Colorado. p.77-82, p.134-148.
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Tabelul 1
Materialul biologic
Diagnosticul
Nr Greutate Vrsta
Rasa Fractura colului Luxaia capului
crt (kg) (ani)
femural femural
1 Brac german 24 2 x x
2 Ciobnesc german 28 2 x -
3 Collie 22 4 x -
4 Ciobnesc mioritic 45 8 x -
5 Rottweiler 36 3 x x
Fig. 1. Radiografie
preoperatorie a cazului cu Fig. 2. Imagine intraoperatorie Fig. 3. Radiografie
nr. crt 5 fractura colului a fixrii fracturii colului femural postoperatorie a cazului
femoral cu dislocaie coxo- cu tije cu nr. crt 5.
femural
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cele cinci cazuri, a fost semnalat i de ali autori care au recurs ns la fixri
metalice n montaje de compresiune (3, 6, 8, 11, 16, 17), atestnd stabilitatea i
eficacitatea utilizrii broelor de acid poliglicolic pentru fixarea fracturilor colului
femural la cine.
CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Beale B., 2004 - Orthopedic clinical techniques femur fracture repair. Clin Tech Small
Anim Pract. 19 (3): 134-50. Pub. Med. Index: 15712460
2. Bojrab M.J., 1990 - Current Techniques in Small Animal Surgery. 3rd ed.,
Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 682-685
3. Brinker W.O., Piermattei D.L., Flo G.L., 1990 - Handbook of Small Animal
Orthopaedics and Fracture Treatment. 3rd ed., Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders,
486-488
4. Brinker W.O., Olmstead M.L., Sumner-Smith G., Prieur W.D., 1998 - Manual of
Internal Fixation in Small Animals. 2nd ed., Springer, 155-158
5. Brown B.C., 1972 - Femoral neck fracture in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc., 1;161 (7):
800-2. Pub. Med. Index: 5074262
6. DeCamp C.E., Probst C.W., Thomas M.W., 1989 - Internal fixation of femoral
capital physeal injuries in dogs: 40 cases (1979-1987). J Am Vet Med Assoc. Jun
15; 194 (12): 1750-4, Pub. Med. Index: 2753801.
7. Engel E.E., Volpon J.B., Shimano A.C., 1997 - Mechanical testing of the tension
band wire fixation in the proximal femur. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg., 116 (5):
266-70. Pub. Med. Index: 9177801
8. Fossum Theresa Welch, 1999 Manual of Small Animal Surgery. Ed. Mosby, St.
Louis, 689-691.
9. Igna C., 2005 - Contribuii la tratamentul chirurgical al luxaiei coxo-femurale. Lucr.
t. USAMVB Timioara, Med. Vet., vol XXXVIII, 238-241.
10. LEplattenier H.F., Montavon P.M., 1997 - Avulsion fractures of the femoral head:
internal fixation using a ventral approach to the hip joint. VCOT, 1: 23-26
11. Kaderly R.E., Anderson W.D., Anderson B.G., 1982 - Extraosseous vascular
supply to the mature dogs coxofemoral joint. Am J Vet Res, 43: 1208-1214.
12. Kuzma A., Sumner-Smith G., Miller C., Mc Laughlin R., 1989 - A technique for
repair of femoral capital epiphyseal fractures in the dog. J Small Anim Pract, 30:
444-448
13. Matis U., Waibl H., 1985 - Proximal femoral fractures in cats and dogs. Tierarztl Prax
Suppl, 1: 159-78. Pub. Med. Index: 4012774
14. Miller A., Anderson T.J., 1993 - Complication of articular lag screw fixation of
femoral capital epiphyseal separations. J Small Anim Pract 34: 9-12
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15. Miettinen H., Makela E.A., Rokkanen P., Tormala P., 1992 - Fixation of femoral
shaft osteotomy with intramedullary metallic or absorbable rod: an experimental
study on growing dogs. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed., 4 (2): 135-43. Pub. Med.
Index: 1336673
16. Moon M.S., Cho D.Y., 1980 - Trochanteric intra-osseous venography in femoral neck
fractures in the dog. Int Orthop.; 3 (4): 265-9. Pub. Med. Index: 7399765
17. Necas A., Dvorak M., 2003 - Surgical treatment of a saggital intraarticular femoral
head fracture with coxofemoral dislocation in two mature dogs. Acta Vet. Brno,
72: 261265.
18. Nunamaker D.M., 1973 - Repair of femoral head and neck fractures by
interfragmentary compression. J Am Vet Med Assoc., 1, 162 (7): 569-72. Pub.
Med. Index: 4692824
19. Olmstead M.L., 1995 - Small Animal Orthopaedics. Mosby, 228-230
20. Piermattei D.L., Greeley R.G., 2003 - An atlas of surgical approaches to the bones
th
of the dog and cat. Ed. Ed. W.B. Saunders Comp., Philadelphia, 4 ed., 300-
305.
21. Slatter D.H., 1993 - Textbook of Small Animal Surgery. Vol. 2. Philadelphia, W. B.
Saunders, 1805-1808.
22. Vernon F.F., Olmstead M.L., 1983 - Femoral Head Fractures Resulting in
Epiphyseal Fragmentation: Results of Repair in 5 Dogs. Vet Surg, 12: 123-125
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Nr.
Rasa Sex Vrsta Parodontopatii
Crt.
1. Ras comun Mascul 8 +
2. Ciobnesc german Mascul 9
3. Tekel Femel 2,5
4. Rottweiler Mascul 7
5. Mastino Napolitano Femel 4 +
6. Ras comun Mascul 7
7. Saint Bernard Femel 7 +
8. Ciobnesc german Femel 4
9. Ras comun Mascul 7 +
10. Rottweiler Femel 6 +
11. Ras comun Mascul 6 +
12. Chow-chow Mascul 4 +
13. Setter irlandez Femel 6 +
14. Cocker spaniel Mascul 6,3 +
15. Caniche Mascul 5,5 +
16. Cocker spaniel Femel 6
17. Brac german Mascul 5 +
18. Brac german Mascul 4 +
19. Cocker spaniol Femel 6 +
20. Caniche Femel 9 +
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CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Baredstein A., Nilveus R., Egelberg J., 1985 Effect of nonsurgical periodontal
therapy. Bleeding, suppuration and probing depth in sites with robing
attachement loss. J. Clin. Periodont 12: 432 440.
2. Bercy P., Tenembaum , 1996 Paradontologie. Du diagnostic la practique.
Bruxelles: De Boeck Universit.
3. Haryey C.E., Emily P.P., 1993 Small Animal Dentistry. Philadelphia, CY Mosby
Co.
4. Holmstrom S.E., 1989 Periodontal disease, Compendium 11: 1485.
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5. Lamont McNeil R., Somerman M., 2000 Development and regeneration of the
periodontium: parallels and contrasts Periodontology, Vol. 19: 8- 20.
6. Morgan J.P., Miyabayaschi T., Anderson J., Klinge B., 1990 - Periodontal bone
loss in the aging bucale dog a radiographia study, J Clin Periodont 17: 630.
7. Muste A., A. Serbnescu, P. Magler, 2003 Implantul dentar la cine, Simpozion
tiinific Internaional 70 de ani ai Universitii Agrare de Stat din Moldova,
Chiinu 7-8 octombrie 2003, pag. 112-113.
8. Muste A., N. Mate, L.Oana, A. Timen, Fl. Beteg, 2004 Tratamentul edentaiei la
cine, Simpozion tiinific Timioara , Vol.XXXVII, pag. 546.
9. Polimeni G., Albandar J.M, and Wikesju M.E., 2002 Prognostic factors for
alveolar regeneration: osteogenic potential of rezistent bone. Journal of clinical
Periodontology 31 (10) pag. 840 844.
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MATERIAL I METOD
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REZULTATE I DISCUII
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479
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CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGARFIE
1. Betts, D.M., 1977 - The surgical correction of parotid duct transposition failures, J.
Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc. 13: 695-700.
2. Brooks, W.C., 2002 - Dry eye, Keraconjunctivitis sicca, The Pet Health Library.
3. Gelatt, K.N., Peterson Gelatt, J., 2001 - Small Animal Ophthalmic Surgery, pg. 128-
140.
rd
4. Grahn, B.H., 1999 - Diseases and surgery of the canine nasolacrimal system, 3
edition, Baltimore , pg.569-581.
5. Kirk, R.W. and Bonagura, J.D., 1995 - Keratoconjuctivitis sicca. Kirk's Current
Veterinary Therapy XII Small Animal Practice. p. 1231-1239. W.B. Saunders Co.,
Toronto.
6. Lavignette, A.N., 1996 - Keratoconjunctivitis sicca in a dog treated by transposition
of the parotid salivary duct. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 148: 778-786.
7. Mate, N., 2004 - Patologia chirurgical a animalelor domestice, Editura Medical
Universitar Iuliu Haieganu, Cluj Napoca, pg. 302-367.
8. Moldovan, M. Bolte, S., 1984 - Oftalmologie veterinar, Editura Ceres, pg. 193-205.
9. Moore, C.P., 2000 - Dry eye sindroms: KCS and other tear deficent disease.
Transactions North American Veterinary of 14, pg. 560-562.
10. Ognean, L., Dojan, N., Roioru, C., 2000 - Fiziologia animalelor Vol. I, Editura
Presa Universitar Clujean, pg. 54-57.
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MATERIAL I METOD
Pacientul 1 2 3 4 5
Rasa comun comun comun comun comun
Vrsta 9 ani 15 ani 14 ani 11 ani 12 ani
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CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
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A TIMEN, A. MUSTE,
L. OANA, Monica COVACIU
MATERIAL I METOD
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Tabelul 1
Animalele luate n studiu care au prezentat ruptura
ligamentelor ncruciate
Greutatea
Nr. Varsta Metoda de
Rasa Sex corporala Diagnostic
Crt. (ani) tratament
(kg)
1. Copoi Banda de
2 M 28 Ruptura LI CR. Dr.
ardelenesc Mersilene
2. Mastino
3 M 60 Ruptura LI CR. Dr. Fir de Nylon
napoletano
3. Pittbull 1 M 30 Ruptura LI CR. Stg. Fir de Nylon
4. Schnauzer
2 F 32 Ruptura LI CR. Dr. Banda de Nylon
urias
5. Banda de
Labrador 3 M 35 Ruptura LI CR. Stg.
Mersilene
6. Terra Nova 3 M 50 Ruptura LI CR. Dr. Banda de Nylon
7. Banda de
Dog German 1 F 45 Ruptura LI CR. Stg.
Mersilene
8. Ciobanesc
2,5 M 30 Ruptura LI CR. Stg. Banda de Nylon
german
9. Caniche 5 M 9 Ruptura LI CR. Dr. Fir de Nylon
10. Cocker spaniel 3 F 9 Ruptura LI CR. Stg. Fir de Nylon
11. Ciobanesc
2 M 28 Ruptura LI CR. Dr. Banda de Nylon
german
REZULTATE I DISCUII
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488
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CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Arnoczky S.P., 1990 - Cranial cruciate ligament repair. In: Bojrab MJ, ed. Current
Techniques in small animal surgery. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lea&Febiger, 708.
2. Arnoczky S.P., 1981 - Surgery of the stifle: The cruciate ligaments. Compendium on
Continuing Education for the Small Anim Pract 2:106.
3. Butler D.L., et al., 1989 - Mechanical properties of primate vascularized vs.
nonvascularized patellar tendon graft: changes over time. J Orthop Res; 7: 68-
79.
4. Butler H.C., 1964 - Teflon as a prosthetic ligament of ruptured anterior cruciate
ligaments. Am J Vet Res 25:55, 1964.
5. Piermattei D.L., 1993 - An atlas of surgical approaches to the bones and joints of the
dog and cat. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 114.
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Otitis externa is the most common disease of the canine and feline
ear canal, which involves an acute or cronic inflammation of the epithelium
of the external auditory meatus.
The goal of this study was to determinate the prevalence rate of otitis
externa and the influence of species, breed, age, sex and climatic variation.
The researche was performed on 356 canine and 83 feline which were
atended in Clinics of Veterinary Medicine Faculty and private veterinary
clinics.
Dogs and cats of all breeds and ages may be affected, but some
groups are at higher risk:Cocker, Labrador, Setter, German Shepherd had
the highest incidence. Dogs between 5-8 years of age and cats under 1 year
are commonly affected. There is no apparent sex predisposition to otitis
externa in either species.
MATERIAL I METOD
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REZULTATE I DISCUII
Din analiza datelor din tabel se observ c otita extern are o frecven
relativ mai mare la cini, reprezentnd 8,3% din cazuistic, fa de pisici la care
frecvena relativ este de 2,15%. Frecvena relativ sczut a otitei externe la
pisici se datoreaz poziiei erecte a pavilionului urechii i lipsei prului din
conductul auditiv extern, care permit ventilaia i drenajul (1, 2, 6).
Analiza datelor din tabel evideniaz, de asemenea, faptul c nu exist o
corelaie clar ntre sexul animalului i frecvena relativ a otitei externe.
Afirmaia se bazeaz pe faptul c procentele oferite de cele dou sexe sunt
apropiate sau uor crescute n favoarea masculilor la canine sau femelelor la
feline.
n cadrul studiului epidemiologic am evideniat rolul speciei, rasei, vrstei
i sexului n apariia otitei externe la carnivore, precum i repartizarea lunar a
cazuisticii, datele fiind prezentate n tabelele 2, 3, 4, 5 i 6.
Analiza datelor din tabel evideniaz rolul rasei n apariia otitei externe la
cine, constatndu-se c otita extern apare mai frecvent la unele rase datorit
unor particulariti anatomice i fiziologice. Astfel, 73,2% din cazuri apar la cinii
cu urechile atrnnde i doar 26,8% la rasele cu urechile erecte. Dintre cei cu
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Tabelul 3
Frecvena relativ a otitei la pisici n raport cu rasa
Rasa Nr. %
Birmanez 26 31,3
Persan 21 25,4
Siamez 22 26,5
Ras comun 14 16,8
Total 83 100
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Tabelul 4
Frecvena relativ a otitei externe la cine n raport cu vrsta
Vrst Nr %
sub 1 an 23 6,4
1 2 ani 60 17
2 5 ani 109 30,6
5 8 ani 121 33,8
peste 8 ani 43 12,2
Total 356 100
Din analiza datelor din tabelul 4 remarcm faptul c otita extern afecteaz
cini de toate vrstele. S-au nregistrat 23 de cazuri (6,4%) la cinii sub 1 an, apoi
se observ o cretere progresiv a numrului de cazuri n raport cu vrsta: 60 de
cazuri (17%) la cei cu vrsta cuprins ntre 1-2 ani, 109 cazuri (30,6) la cinii de
2-5 ani i 121 de cazuri (33,8%) la cinii cu vrsta cuprins ntre 5 i 8 ani.
Frecvena relativ a otitei externe scade la cinii mai mari de 8 ani nregistrndu-
se 43 de cazuri (12,2%).
Creterea incidenei este recunoscut de majoritatea autorilor ca fiind
plasat n jurul vrstei de 5-8 ani, deoarece n acest interval apar tulburrile de
cheratinizare i de hipersensibilizare (1, 2, 8).
Tabelul 5
Frecvena relativ a otitei externe la pisic n raport cu vrsta
Vrst Nr %
Sub 1 an 29 35
1 2 ani 19 23
2 5 ani 23 28
Peste 5 ani 12 14
Total 83 100
Analiznd datele din tabelul 5 observm c otita extern afecteaz cel mai
frecvent pisicile tinere, 35% din cazuri nregistrndu-se la pisicile sub un an.
Frecven crescut ntlnim i la pisicile cu vrsta cuprins ntre 2 i 5 ani (28%)
deoarece dup vrsta de doi ani exist o posibilitate mai mare de apariie a otitei
parazitare (5).
n tabelul 6 sunt centralizate datele prezentrii la consultaie a celor 356 de
cini i 83 de pisici cu otit extern.
Analiznd datele din tabel remarcm o concentrare a cazuisticii n perioada
de var: iunie 14,6% la cine, respectiv 13,2% la pisic, iulie 15,7% la cine i
15,6% la pisic, august 13,8% la cine, iar la pisic 14,4%. Aceste procente ne
orienteaz spre o evoluie sezonier a otitei externe la carnivore, influenat de
condiiile de mediu. Creterea temperaturii i a umiditii mediului extern
determin o cretere a frecvenei relative a otitei externe la carnivore (1,6). De
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CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. August, J.R., 1986 Diseases of the ear canal In The Complete Manual Of Ear
Care, Lawrenceville, New Jersey, Veterinary System Co., Inc., 37-51
2. Baba, E., 1981- Incidence of otitis externa in dogs and cats in Japan, Vet. Rec., 108-
393
3. Burtan I., Eugenia Burtan, Burtan L.C., Mihai M., 1999 Contribuii la studiul otitei
externe la pisic, Lucr.t. vol.42 seria M.V., Ed. I. I. de la Brad Iai, 82-86
4. Burtan, I., 2000 Chirurgie regional veterinar, Ed. Ion Ionescu de la Brad, Iai
5. Cosoroab, I., 2000 Parazitologie veterinar, Ed. Mirton, Tim.
6. Griffin, C.E., 1981 Otitis externa, Comp. Contin. Ed. Pract. Vet., nr. 3, 741-750
7. Savu, Gh., 2001 - Epidemiologie veterinar general, Ed. I.I. de la Brad Iai
8. Solcan, Gh., Miron L., Mitrea, I.L., Carmen Solcan, 2003 Dermatopatologia
animalelor de companie, Ed. Ion Ionescu de la Brad, Iai.
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MATERIAL I METOD
REZULTATE I DISCUII
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CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
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M. CANTEMIR
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Din analiza graficului din fig. 1 constatm influena pe care o are producia
de lapte asupra apariiei endometritelor la vaci. Astfel, n cazul vacilor cu
producii de 2500-3000 litri lapte pe an , cazurile de endometrite sunt rare, de
9,2-10%. n cazul vacilor cu producii mari de lapte , de 4000-5000 litri pe an,
numrul cazurilor de endometrit crete considerabil, atingnd valori de 25-
37,4%.
Datorit factorilor care condiioneaz creterea ponderii reteniei anexelor
fetale n funcie de producia de lapte, observaiile noastre reliefeaz i o cretere
a infeciilor endometriale puerperale.
Cercetrile noastre arat c nu numai nivelul produciei de lapte
influeneaz apariia reteniilor nvelitorilor fetale i a endometritelor, ci i unii
factori de mediu.
Analiza datelor din tabelul 1 arat c cele mai frecvente cazuri se
nregistreaz n anotimpul rece 47,5%, fa de numai 7,5% n anotimpul de var i
12,5% n anotimpul de toamn. De asemenea , reteniile nvelitorilor fetale sunt
diagnosticate cu o frecven mare n anotimpul de primvar (32,5%).
Ponderea ridicat a reteniilor nvelitorilor fetale n cele dou anotimpuri,
iarna i primvara, se datoreaz unor carene alimentare, unor condiii zooigienice
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CONCLUZII
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Broiu, A., Seiciu, Fl., 2004 Tratat de reproducie la animale. Ed. All. Buc.
2. Boitor, I., 1987 Diagnosticul i tratarea bolilor obstetrico-ginecologice i ale glandei
mamare la bovine, vol. I i II. Ed. Dacia, Cluj-Napoca.
3. Cernescu, H., 2004 Ginecologie veterinar. Ed. Mirton. Timioara.
4. Gluhovshi, N., 1971 Reproducia animalelor domestice, vol. II, Ed. Ceres,
Bucureti.
5. Gluhovschi, N., Drugociu, Gh., Seiciu, Fl., Dumitrescu, I., 1972 Biologia i
patologia reproduciei, Ed. Didactic i Pedagogic, Bucureti.
6. Grunert, E., 1978 Etiology of Retained Bovine Placenta Tenogenology, Curent
Therapy.
7. Runceanu, L., 1995 Reproducia i patologia reproducie, U.A.M.V., Iai.
8. Seiciu, Fl., Drugociu, Gh., Boitor, I., 1989 Reproducia patologic la animalele de
ferm, vol. II, Ed. Ceres, Bucureti.
9. Scheiger, G.A., Melendez, R.P., 1994 Retainde fetal membranes and other
puerperal reproductive disorders their effect on postpartum fertility in Holstein
catlle, Veterinary Bulletin.
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502
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MATERIAL I METOD
REZULTATE I DISCUII
Vierii ce au fost luai n studiu aparineau unor rase i linii diferite: 18 din
liniile sintetice: (L 62, L CN, L 19, L 64, L RK) i 5 din rasa Mangalia (graf.1).
Vrstele lor sunt cuprinse ntre 12 i 48 de luni. Programul de utilizare a vierilor
la recoltare a fost ntre 4 i 11 zile (Tabel 1).
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Tabelul 1
Caracteristicile biotehnolgice ale vierilor luai n studiu
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Duroc L19
Mangalia
13%
21%
Pietrain LRK
9%
Pietrain L62
9%
Landrace
LCN
17%
Pietrain L64
9% PIC L62
22%
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6500
Duroc L19 7167 11000
9000 11750
Pietrain LRK 13500
7000
Landrace LCN 6333 9750
7000
Pietrain L64 7250 10250
7333
PIC L62 7300 11200
8500
Pietrain L62 7750 11750
75008666
Mangalita 13500
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000
La temperatura de La temperatura de
Nr.Crt. Rasa / Linia
37C 25C
1. Mangalita 13500 11000
2. PIC L62 11200 7000
3. Pietrain L64 10250 8500
4. Landrace LCN 9750 6750
5. Duroc L19 11000 8667
X - 11140 8338
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16000
14000 13500
12000
11000 11200 11000
10000 10250 9750
8500 8667
8000
7000 6750
6000
4000
2000
0
Mangalita PIC L62 Pietrain Landrace Duroc L19
L64 LCN
La temperatura de 37C
1 2 3 4 5
La temperatura de 25C
Grafic 3 - Influena temperaturii asupra indicilor de rezisten
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
4 zile 5,4 zile 5,5 zile 6,25 6,4 zile 7 zile 9,5 zile
Sperma bruta zile
Sperma diluata
Sperma conservata 24 h
CONCLUZII
La rasa Mangalia s-au ntlnit cele mai mari valori ale rezistenei
spermatozoizilor la soluiea de NaCl 1%, astfel: valoarea medie a spermei brute a
fost de 13500 la temperatura de 37C i de 11000 la temperatura de 25C; 8666
pe sperma dup diluare; i de 7500 dup conservarea timp de24 de ore.
Diluarea i conservarea materialului seminal scade valoarea rezistenei
spermatozoizilor, dar rmne mult peste limita superioar descris n literatura de
specialitate;
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
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Ovulation appears in the 1-4 estrus day, two days after LH peak
involving the progesterone level increasing before ovulation approximate
value being 5,4 ng/ml. Behavioural changes also appear at this time.
Reproductive tract diseases are caused by many factors concerning genital
tract diseases and also behavioural problems. I tis very important to
determine the ovulation moment to estabilish the optimal mating time or
artificial insemination to increase the number of puppies and decrease the
costs and the stress caused by long distances transport.
INTRODUCERE
MATERIAL I METOD
*
E-mail: covaciumonica@yahoo.com
**
E-mail: i_papuc@yahoo.com
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REZULTATE I DISCUII
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Tabelul 2
Valori obinute
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CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Botrel, S., C., Cotea, M., Gaboreanu, 1982 Histologie i embriologie, Editura
Didactic i Pedagogic Bucureti.
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2. Boichard, G., Youngquist, R.S., et al, 1991 - Seasonality and variability of the
interestrous interval in the bitch Therio 36: 41-50.
3. Cociu, M., 1999 - Etologia i comportamentul animal, Editura.All Bucureti.
4. Feldman, Nelson, 1996 - Ch 22 Infertility, associated breeding disorders and
disorders of sexual development, In: Canine and Feline Endocrinology and
Reproduction, W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia P.A., (619- 648).
5. Groza I., Muntean, M., 2002 - Elemente de fiziologia reproduciei la animale, Editura
AcademicPres Cluj- Napoca.
6. Kolb, E., 1981 - Despre viaa i comportamentul animalelor domestice, Editura
Ceres Bucureti.
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I. DOROBANU, C. GALAN
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- forma pliurilor, care n general sunt terse, dar pot deveni evidente n
inflamaiile cronice uterine
Dat fiind c cervicitele sunt adeseori cauze de infecunditate s-a procedat la
explorarea segmentului vaginal al gtului uterin. n acest sens s-a acordat o
atenie deosebit la volumul gtului uterin, topografia, forma, abundena i
caracterul secreiilor.
REZULTATE I DISCUII
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Interval de repetare a
Specificare SP CI IG
estrului (zile)
Endometrite acute 70 204,3 489 6
Endometrite cronice 70-160 249 534 14
CI persistent - 200 485 -
Chiti foliculari 9-18 90-120 375-405 12
Salpingite acute 21-28 170 445 16
Salpingite cronice Neregulat ntre 40-300 500 785 8
Retenia nvelitorilor fetale 48-60 68 353 4
Legend: S.P. = Service Period ; C.I. = Calving Interval ; I.G. = Indice Gestaie
CONCLUZII
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
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Lately there were many concerns in elucidating the possibilities and limits
of using hormonal therapy in animal reproduction proces (1, 3, 7).
Some of the practitiones specialists are sceptical in using hormonal therapy,
because of the female individual reactions after the therapy.
These reactions may appear due to the fact that there is no differential
therapy, depending on the degree of the functional disorder (2, 6).
In order that these negative aspects of hormonotherapy not to appear it is
indicated thet the clinical diagnosis be corroborated with the laboratory one (the
hormonal).
Once the titre of the gonadotropic hormones and of the sexual hormones is
established, depending on their level the hormonal therapy can be applied (4, 5,
8).
In order to perform the hormonal dosage, blood samples have been taken,
depending on the diagnosis, after the gynaecology investigation and the clinical
diagnosis are made.
In accordance with the clinical diagnosis, the females have been grouped
in desease categories: dairy cows with ovarian hypotrophy (stage I and II),
females with repeated artificial insemination and females with persistent corpus
luteum.
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The blood sample has been proccesed after the usual technique in order to
obtain the blood serum.
To establish the hormonal diagnosis it was followed the progesterone
dosage, LHs (luteinizing hormone), FSHs (follicle stimulating hormone) and the
seric prolactins.
The seric progesterone tests determination was performed with the ELISA
test, using streptanidina technology. The dosage of the LH, FSH and seric
prolactin levels was performed through the ELISA sandwich test in one step, with
amplified signal.
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CONCLUSIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Aguer, D., 1981 Les progestagenes dans la matrise des cycles sexuels chez les
bovins. Rec. Med. Vet., 157(1) : 53-60.
2. Broiu, A., Seiciu, Fl., 2002 Ginecologie i andrologie veterinar. Ed. Fundaiei
Romnia de mine.
3. Brueuel, K.F., Lewis, P.E., 1990 Endocrine profiles and follicular development in
early weaned postpartum cows. Journal of Reprod. and Fertility, vol. 97, no. 1.
4. Galvin, J., Ryan, D.P., Boland, M.P., Roche, J.F., Yaakub, H., Snyders, S.,
OFarrel, K.Y., 1995 Ovarian follicular development following progestiv and
gonadotropin treatments at varying stages of the follicular wave and oestrus
cycle. J. Reprod. Fertil. Abstract, 15, 13.
5. Gong, J.K., Campbell, B.K., Bramley, T.A., Peters, A.R., Webb, R., 1955
Evolution of the requirements for F.S.H. and L.H. during ovarian follicle growth
and development in cattle. J. Reprod. Fertil. Abstract, 15,7.
6. Nelis, P.C., 1995 Compendium of Animal Reproduction Publisher Intervet
International B.V. Second edition.
7. Paraipan, V., 1982 Hormonoterapia n reproducia animal. Ed. Ceres, Bucureti.
8. Parez, V., 1994 Matrise de la reproduction dans lespece bovine. Laction
veterinaire LHV. Supplement An. Nr. 1277.
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C. GALAN, I. DOROBANU
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REZULTATE I DISCUII
Din analiza datelor, s-a nregistrat un numr de 75,3 cazuri (pe cei trei ani):
114 n anul 2003, 123 n anul 2004 i 60 n anul 2005.
Numrul crescut de cazuri n anii 2003-2004 se datoreaz n special
alimentaiei necorespunztoare din punct de vedere cantitativ i calitativ.
Din datele tab. 1 constatm c numrul mediu de cazuri cu endometrit
cataral acut a fost de 27, reprezentnd 5,12%. Se observ un numr relativ
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constant al acestei forme n anii 2003 i 2004: 5,38% i respectiv 5,97%, fiind
ceva mai sczut n anul 2005.
Forma acut purulent nregistreaz o medie de 47,6 cazuri. Procentual,
fa de valorile medii (8,03%), se constat variaii ntre 10,26 n anul 2003, 8,95
n 2004 i 4,89 n anul 2005.
Urmrind evoluia endometritelor acute care se pot croniciza, constatm, n
dinamica anilor 2003-2005 c n unele cazuri formele acute catarale sau
purulente, se cronicizeaz.
Astfel, n anul 2003 au fost nregistrate un numr de 31 cazuri cu
endometrit acut cataral , reprezentnd 5,38% din totalul femelelor examinate.
Dintre acestea 83,3% s-au vindecat, 16,1% au trecut n forma cataral cronic, iar
3,2% n forma purulent cronic.
n anul 2004 au fost diagnosticate 40 cazuri (5,97%) cu endometrit
cataral acut ; dintre acestea 31 cazuri (76,4%) s-au vindecat, 7 cazuri (17,5%)
au trecut n forma cataral cronic, iar 2 cazuri (5,0%) s-au transformat n
endometrit cronic purulent.
Rezultate asemntoare sunt nregistrate i n anul 2005.
Observaiile privind modificrile formei clinice de endometrit acut
purulent arat c n anul 2003 au fost diagnosticate 59 cazuri (10,26%), dintre
care 45 s-au vindecat, 8 (13,5%) au trecut n forma cataral cronic, iar 6 cazuri
(10,1%) s-au cronicizat.
Date asemntoare se nregistreaz i n anul 2004: 8,95% femele
diagnosticate, 81,7% vindecri iar 5,0% s-au cronicizat. n anul 2005, dinamica
evoluiei clinice este apropiat de anii anteriori.
CONCLUZII
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
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N. HROMEI
A.N.S.V.S.A. - PIF Sculeni
Mariana SOFRONIE, M. PNTEA,
Elena RUGINOSU, C. BDELI,
Anca LUPU
S.C.D.B. DANCU Iasi
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MATERIAL I METOD
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REZULTATE I DISCUII
Cauza sacrificarii
Total Afectiuni Afectiuni
Efectiv animale
Anul matca sacrificate ale podale si Mamite Afectiuni
Diverse
mediu aparatului ale clinice medicale
genital membrelor
n % n % n % n % n % n %
2001 522 77 14,7 32 41,6 23 29,9 6 7,8 12 15,6 4 5,2
2002 446 84 18,8 43 51,1 18 21,5 7 8,3 11 13,1 5 6,0
2003 451 171 37,9 52 45,6 78 45,6 11 6,4 21 12,3 9 5,3
2004 447 139 31,1 51 36,7 43 31,0 15 10,8 25 18,0 5 3,6
2005 460 117 25,4 42 35,9 47 40,2 8 6,8 20 17,1 0 0
Total 2326 588 25,3 220 37,4 209 35,5 47 8,0 89 15,1 23 3,9
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Fig. 2. Valorile medii ale sacrificrilor de necesitate cauzate de mamitele clinice la vaci
(2001-2005).
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530
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CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Cengiz, Yalin, 1999 - Cost of Mastitis in Scottish Dairy Herds with Low and High
Subclinical Mastitis Problems - Department of Livestock Economics, Faculty of
Veterinary Science;
2. Hillerton J.E., E.A. Berry, 2005 - Treating mastitis in the cow a tradition or an
archaism- Journal of Applied Microbiology- Vol. 98, Pg 1250, England;
3. Hurley W.L, D.E Mori, 2000 Mastitis - Lactation Biology, Illinois, USA;
4. John H. Kirk, 1999 - Principle- based mastitis prevention - Nature Biotechnology, 70
DVM, MPVM, Veterinary Medicine, Extension, University of California- Davis,
Veterinary Medical Teaching and Research Center, Tulare, CA, USA;
5. Krznari, Marko, 1995 - Evaluation of damage caused by mastitis in cows -
SVIBOR - Veterinarski Institut, Zagreb (48);
6. Rosca P., L. Runceanu, D. Drugociu, Liliana Rosca, 2002 - Clinical mastitis dairy
cows: Frequency and variations in function of season and breeding condition -
Lucrri tiintifice, vol. 45(4), Edit. Ion Ionescu de la Brad, Iasi, pg. 422-426;
7. Rosca P., L. Runceanu, D. Drugociu, Liliana Rosca, 2002 - Researches regarding
the correlation between the frequency of clinical mastitis and level of milk-
production at dairy cows - Lucrri tiintifice, vol.45(4), Edit. Ion Ionescu de la
Brad, Iasi, pg. 418-421;
8. Santos J.E.P., R.L.A. Cerri, M.A. Ballou, G. Higginbotham, J.H. Kirk, S.O.
Juchem, 2001 - Effect of clinical mastitis incidence on lactational and
reproductive performance of Holstein dairy cows. - J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 80, Suppl.
1/J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 85, Suppl. 1 373, Sherbrooke University, Quebec, Canada;
9. Winston Ingalls, 2003 - Clinical Mastitis - West Agro, Inc., Aug 2, Kansas City,USA.
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N. HROMEI
A.N.S.V.S.A. - PIF Sculeni
Elena RUGINOSU, Mariana SOFRONIE,
M. PNTEA, C. BDELI, Anca LUPU
S.C.D.B. DANCU Iasi
The researches were made into a dairy farm, Black and White
Spoted breed, exploited in an intensive system, the milk production being of
6700 milk l.cow/ year. The objective of the study was to establish the
dynamic incidence of the subclinical mastitis according to some variation
factors: season, lactation range and milk production /day.
In this purpose were taken samples of milk from 90 lactation cows,
which were tested with a reactive R. Mastitest in a fast stable test and from
the interpretation of the date (positive and doubtful test) was established
the state of udder health regarding the incidence of subclinical mastitis.
The results obtained were indicated the following variations of the
values regarding the incidence of subclinical mastitis at cows: the higher
values with 11,7% on the posteriore mammare quartiers, comparative with
the anteriore mammare quartiers (44,6% and 32,9%, respectively) and with
3,2% on the left mammare quartiers, comparative with the right side of the
udder (40,3% and 37,1%, respectively); higher values with 19,4% in the
summer, comparative with the winter season, significantly difference (P <
0,05), (54,54 and 35,07%, respectively); in raport with lactation range,
smaller values with 14,1%, 16,7% and 19,9% at the first lactation (24,4%),
comparative with the following lactations: the second, the third and the four
lactation (38,5% , 41,1% and 44,3% , significantly differences (P < 0,05);
in raport with milk production were smaller values with 7,1% and 26,7%
(significantly differences, P < 0,01) at the cows with 10-20 l. milk/day
(31,2%), comparative with the cows with 21-30 l. milk/ day (38,3% and
respective 57,9% ).
Mamitele la vacile cu lapte sunt cele mai importante afeciuni ale glandei
mamare cu implicaii zooeconomice deosebite, fiind dintre cele mai pgubitoare
afeciuni.
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REZULTATE I DISCUII
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Tabelul 2
Rezultate privind manifestarea mamitelor subclinice la vaci n funcie de sezon
Sezonul
Interpretarea reactiei R. Total probe
Mastitest Var Iarn
n % n % n
Probe negative ( - ) 30 45,50 187 64,90 217
Total probe mamit subclinic
36 54,54 101 35,07 137
( ) si ( + ) din care:
- dubioase ( ) 17 25,80 74 25,70 91
- pozitive ( + ) 10 15,20 17 5,90 27
- intens pozitive ( ++ ) 9 13,60 10 3,50 19
Total sferturi mamare testate 66 288 354
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Tabelul 3
Rezultate privind manifestarea mamitelor subclinice la vaci
n funcie de numrul lactaiei.
Numrul lactaiei
Total
Interpretarea a-IV-a i probe
reaciei R. Mastitest I-a a-II-a a-III-a
peste a-IV-a
n % n % n % n % n
Probe negative ( - ) 31 75,6 96 61,5 46 58,9 44 55,7 217
Total probe
mamit subclinic 10 24,4 60 38,5 32 41,1 35 44,3 137
( ) si ( + ), din care:
- dubioase ( ) 10 24,4 38 24,4 24 30,7 19 24,1 91
- pozitiv ( + ) - - 12 7,7 - - 15 18,9 27
- intens pozitiv ( ++ ) - - 10 6,4 8 10,2 1 1,3 19
Total sferturi
41 156 78 79 354
mamare testate
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Producia de lapte
Total
Interpretarea reaciei l./ zi
probe
R.Mastitest 10 - 20 21 - 30 31 - 35
n % n % n % n
Probe negative ( - ) 42 69,8 169 61,6 8 42,1 217
Total probe mamit subclinic
19 31,2 105 38,3 11 57,9 137
( ) si ( + ), din care:
- dubioase ( ) 12 19,7 74 27,0 7 36,8 91
- pozitive ( + ) 5 8,2 15 5,5 3 15,8 27
- intens pozitive ( ++ ) 2 3,3 16 5,8 1 5,3 19
Total sferturi mamare testate 61 274 19 354
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CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Broiu A., 2002 - Diagnosticul mamitelor la vacile de lapte- Buletin informativ ,vol. I,
nr. 2;
2. Gheorghiu Anna, Statov C., Harmat Eugenia, 1979 - Calitatea igienic a laptelui n
raport cu sistemul de evacuare a dejeciilor i tipul de aternut din adposturile
de vaci de lapte- Lucr. St. Taurine, ICDB Balotesti, pg. 119- 125;
3. Groza I., Bogdan L., Simona Ciupe, R. Pop, Moser F., Cenariu M, Trenisan T.,
Filip D., 2004 - Cercetri privind incidena i tratamentul mamitelor subclinice i
clinice la vac - Lucrari stiintifice, USAMV, Seria C., vol. XLVI-XLVII, Facultatea
de Medicina Veterinara Cluj-Napoca;
4. Jones G.M., T.L. Bailey, Jr., 1998 - Mastitis Control in Heifers and First Lactation -
Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, and Extension Veterinarian, Virginia
Tech Publication Number 404-281
5. Hurley W.L, D.E Mori, 2000 Mastitis - Lactation Biology, Illinois, USA
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I. HUTU*
U.S.A.M.V.B. Timioara
The hoops, which originated in the prairie provinces of Canada, are low
cost and easy to erect. They rely on the use of large amounts of bedding to absorb
the pig feces and urine and also for the pig sleeping areas. During the past fifteen
years, hoop structures or hoops have become a popular alternative for housing
finishing pigs in Australia, Canada, Korea, Nederland, Ukraine and USA. Hoops
are large tentlike structures that are deep bedded with cornstalks or straw. [3, 6, 7]
For Romanian transition period hoop structures can be a cheaper alternative at
expensive conventional structures.
In 2005, February 8th in the Agroinfo Forum (http://forum.agroinfo.ro/) was
start hoop structure topic and till 2006 February 8th 63 replies and 21.812 views
was done. [11] We believe that Romanians farmers' attitudes will be open for low-
input technology as well as other farmers. [9]
The aims of this paper it to start on a partnership relation researcher-
extensionit-farmers in order to promote and use these structures.
*
E-mail: office@unitate-extensie.org.ro
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Fig. 1. Hoop housed gestation with shared feeding stalls for two groups of 32 sows
(Honeyman, Harmon, Lay and Richard, 1997, Iowa State University)
Figure 2 illustrates a relatively simple feeding stall system for 64 sows. This
system is efficient and simple. The main disadvantage is the cost of the feeding
crates.
Figure 3 shows four groups of 25 that share a feeding area in the center of
the building.
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This design minimizes the area devoted for feeding but animals will be
exposed to different conditions depending on where in the system they are
housed. Added labor may be required because more than one group may need to
be fed in a day.
Fig. 3. Hoop housed gestation with interval feeding for four groups of 25 sows
(Honeyman, Harmon, Lay and Richard, 1997, Iowa State University)
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and allow timid sows to pass freely. All floor areas of the hoop structure are
concrete or partial concrete and partial soil. Most of the floor is earthen and
covered with bedding.
Swedish guidelines for bedded space of 2.25-2.50 m2/ gestating sow are
recommended.
Temperature. Reproduction efficiency of boars and sows is generally
unaffected by cold temperatures unless scrotal frost-bite occurs with boars or
gestating sow feeding level is too low. Sows and boars housed in colder
conditions will require additional feed. The recommendation is 0.33 kg of
additional feed per every 5C colder than 13C. Hoop structures are designed to
serve as cold housing. Heat is not added to the structure and the indoor air
temperature will generally remain 3 to 6C above the outdoor temperature.
Sows should be maintained with effective temperatures below a daily
average of 26C and below 30C as a maximum. To achieve this, less bedding
will be used and an interval sprayer or dripper system will probably be necessary.
This may prompt the sow to burrow into moist places in earthen floors, resulting
in a problem during clean-out.
Ventilation. The structure is naturally ventilated and drippers were installed
over the feeding stalls to aid in cooling the sows on hot days.
During summer months both ends of the hoop should be left open to allow
air flow through the structure.
During winter the north end of the hoop will generally remain closed. Air
comes in through slots on either side of the frame walls, rises to the top of the
hoop, and moves out the south end, which remains open. If the structure is closed
too tightly the humidity will build up and cause possible respiratory problems.
Sows remain comfortable in cold conditions because they can modify their
environment with the use of bedding and huddling with other animals. They will,
however, require more feed because they will use more energy to maintain
homeothermic conditions. A high quality bedding source is essential to the
success of this structure.
Feeding and sow management. Usually, the feeding stalls and energy-free
waterers are place on a raised (+40 45 cm) concrete platform. During gestation
the sows are fed daily in individual feeding stalls with rear gates that can be
closed after the sows have entered the stalls. The feeding stalls offer the
advantages of individual gestation crates: individual feeding, control of the sow
for vaccinations and artificial insemination, and easy sorting of sows. The group
housing helps stimulate estrus and reduce stress on the sows by allowing them to
live in groups. Fighting is minimized by using feeding stalls and introducing new
sows to the groups at optimum times, such as at farrowing.
Bedding and manure management. Bedding can be cornstalks, straw, wood
shavings, or other absorbent organic material. Materials (kg per sow turn) are:
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Lucrri tiinifice vol. 49 seria Medicin Veterinar
corn stalks (300 to 450), barley straw (360 to 1200), oat straw (600 to 550), wheat
straw (340 to 510) or pine shavings (380 to 570). [1, 2]
Animals bed and dung on a bedded manure pack, which generates heat and
contributes to animal comfort during winter months. Access for adding bedding is
from the south end. The north end is closed in winter with a fabric curtain. The
south end is partially closed in winter. Large, round bales of straw or cornstalks
can be used for bedding. The bedded-pack is normally cleaned out after each
group of sows is sent to farrowing house, 3 to 4 times a year. [8]
Initial investment cost. In hoop 2.20-2.50 m2 per sow and in confinement
crate 1.30-1.50m2. In those cases the cost for on sow in gestation sector is $180 to
$325 per sow in hoop structures and $300 to $550 per sow in confinement crate.
The confinement facilities are depreciated over 16 years (6.25% annually), while
the hoops are at 10 years (10% annually). [5]
The reproductive performances in comparison hoops vs. individual
gestation crates are comparable. Lammers and Honeyman (2004) communicated
preliminary trends 0.7 more pigs per liter (10.9 vs. 10.1) and lower sows removal
from hoop structures (7% vs. 14%). In conclusion the conception rates are high,
sow longevity is long, and sow mortality and culling rates are low.
Animal welfare. Weng et al., (1998) concluded that in group housed sows
and floor space a minimum of 2.4 to 3.6 m2 required promoting good welfare.
It was demonstrated that hoops sows: performed fewer abnormal behaviors,
had lower plasma cortisol concentrations, greater rate of play behavior and fewer
leg injuries. Thus indicating they had better welfare.
CONCLUSIONS
The hoops have the advantages of low initial cost, versatility, and
simplicity.
Hoops offer an alternative to conventional confinement housing systems.
Hoops are a sustainable alternative for producing pigs because they are 1)
environment-friendly with solid manure that can be composted and, 2) farmer-
friendly with low capital cost and competitive cost of production.
The Romanian family farmer can compete and be a viable entity in the
Romanian swine industry
REFERENCES
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3. Honeyman, M.S., Harmon. J., Lay, D., Richard, T. - Gestating Sows in Deep-
bedded Hoop Structures ASL-R1496 Management/Economics Iowa State In:
1997 ISU Swine Research Report. AS-638. Dept. of Animal Science, Iowa State
University, Ames
4. Lammers, P., Honeyman, M. - Effects of bedded gestation housing on litter size and
culling rates: preliminary results National Conference of Hoop Barns and Bedded
th
Systems for Livestock Production. September 14 2004, Ames, Iowa State
University, abstract
5. Lawrence, J., Vontalge, A. - Livestock Enterprise Budgets for Iowa - 1998. Iowa
State University, University Extension, Ames.
6. Maltman J. - Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiative. Hoop barns in Canada.
National Conference of Hoop Barns and Bedded Systems for Livestock
Production. September 14th 2004, Ames, Iowa State University, presentation
7. Richard, T.L. - Alternative swine housing opportunities for innovation. National
Conference of Hoop Barns and Bedded Systems for Livestock Production.
th
September 14 2004, Ames, Iowa State University, abstract
8. Richard, T.L., Harmon, J., Honeyman, M., Creswell, J., 1998 - Hoop Structure
Bedding Use, Labor, Bedding Pack Temperature, Manure Nutrient Content, and
Nitrogen Leaching Potential. ASLR1499. In: 1997 ISU Swine Research Report.
AS-638. Dept. of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA. pp 71-75
9. Sharp, Julie T., Hinrichs, C.C., 2001 - Farmer support for publicly funded
sustainable agriculture research: The case of hoop structures for swine.
American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 16(2): 81-88.
10. Weng, R.C., Edwards, S.A., English, P.R., 1998 - Behaviour, social interactions and
lesion scores of group-housed sows in relation to floor space allowance. Appl.
Anim. Behav. Sci. 59 4, 307-316
11. http://forum.agroinfo.ro/
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MATERIAL I METOD
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REZULTATE I DISCUII
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Tabelul 2
Variaia parametrilor investigai de-a lungul puerperiumului
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553
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CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Beam S.W., W.R. Buttler, 1999 - Effects of energy balance on follicular development
and first ovulation in postpartum dairy cows. JRF Suppl. 54:411-424.
2. Buttler W.R., 2000 - Nutritional interactions with reproductive performance in dairy
cattle. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 60-61:449-457.
3. Bousquet D., Bouchard E., DuTremblay D., 2004 - Decreasing Fertility in Dairy
Cows: Myth of Reality? , 23rd World Buiatric Congress 2004, 239-247
4. Britt, J.H., 1992 - Influence of nutrition and weight loss on reproduction and early
embryonic death in cattle, Proceedings of the XVII World Buiatrics Congress, St.
Paul, MN, 2, 143 - 149.
5. Diskin, M.G., Boland, M.P., Dunne, L.D., Sreenan, J.M., 2001 - The effect of
changes in freed intake around the time of insemination on systemic
progesterone and embryo development and survival in cattle. In: Diskin, M. G.,
(Ed.): Fertility in the high-producing dairy cow. British Society of Animal Science,
Edinburgh, Occasional publications, 26, 2, 211-217
6. Ferguson, J.D., David, T., Galligan, T., Thomsen, N., 1994 - Principal description
of body condition score in Holstein cows, J. Dairy Sci, 77, 2695 - 2703.
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7. Harrison, R.O., Ford, S.P. Young, J.W., Conley, A.J., Freeman A.E., 1990 -
Increased milk production versus reproductive and energy status of high
producing dairy cows, Journal of Dairy Science, 73, 2749 - 2758
8. Harrison, R.O., Young, J.W., Freeman, A.E., Ford, S.P., 1989 - Effects of
lactational level on reactivation of ovarian function, and interval from parturition to
first visual oestrus and conception in high producing Holstein cows, Anim. Prod.,
49: 23.
9. Huszenicza, Gy., Kulcsar, M., Nikolic, J.A., Schmidt, J., Korodi, P., Katai, L.,
Dieleman, S., Ribiczei-Szabo, P., Rudas, P., 2001 - Plasma leptin
concentration and its interrelation with some bloode metabolites, metabolic
hormones and the resumption of cyclic ovarian function in postpartum dairy cows
supplemented with Monensin or inert fat in feed. In: Diskin, M. G., (Ed.): Fertility
in the high-producing dairy cow. BritishSociety of Animal Science, Edinburgh,
Occasional publications, 26, 2, 405 - 409.
10. Jooritsma, R., Wensing, Th., Kruip, TAM., Petu, LAM., Noordhuizen, J.P., 2003 -
Metabolic changes in early lactation and impaired reproductive performance in
dairy cows, Vet. Res., 34, 11 - 26.
11. Kapel, L.C., Ingraham, R.H., Morgan, E.B., Zeringue, L., Wilson, D., Babcock,
D.K., Stat, M., 1984 - Relationship between fertility and blood glucose and
cholesterol
12. Ling, K., Jaakson, H., Samarutel, J., Leesmae, A., 2003 - Blood metabolites of
Estonian Holstein cows and their relation to some fertility parameters,
Veterinarija ir Zootechnika. T. 24 , 46, 94 101.
13. Lucy M.C., 2000 - Regulation of ovarian follicular growth by somatotropin and
insulin-like growth factors in cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 83:1635-1647.
14. Lucy M.C., 2001 - Reproductive loss in high-producing dairy cattle where will it
end? J Dairy Sci 84:1277-1293
15. Nikolic, Judith Anna, Ratkovic Marija, Nedic Olgica, 1996 Determination of
insulin-like growth factor I by radioimmunoassay, J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 61, 1149
1157.
16. Opsomer G., Grohn Y.T., Hertl J., Coryn M., Deluyker H., de Kruif A, 2000 - Risk
factors for post partum ovarian dysfunction inhigh producing dairy cows in
Belgium: a field study. Theriogenology 53:841-857.
17. Pavlata L., Prasek J., Filipek J., Pechova A., 2004 - Influence of parenteral
administration of selenium and vitamin E during pregnancy on selected metabolic
parameters and colostrums quality in dairy cows at parturition. Vet. Med. Czech,
49(5):149-155
18. Pechova A., Illek J., Liska I., Halouzka R., Pavlata L., 2000 - Concentration of free
amino acids in blood plasma of dairy cows with developing hepatic steatosis.
Acta Veterinaria Brno 69(2):93-99
19. Pezzi C., Accorsi P.A., Vigo D., Govoni N., Gaiani R., 2003 - 5-deiodinase activity
and circulating thyronines in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 86:152-158
20. Pusta Dana-Liana, 2004 - Influena radiaiilor calorice solare asupra vacilor de lapte
n condiiile climatice din Transilvania. Universitatea de tiine Agricole i
Medicin Veterinar Cluj-Napoca, Tez de doctorat, pag. 158-169
21. Rabiee, A.R., Leon I.J., Gooden, J.M., Miller, B.G., 1999 - Relationships among
metabolites influencing ovarian function in the dairy cow, Journal of Dairy
Science, 82:39-44.
22. Snijders, S.E.M., Dillom, P.G., OFarrel, K.J., Diskin, M., Wylie A.R.G.,
OCallaghan, D., Rath, M., Boland, M.P., 2001 - Genetic merit for milk
production and reproductive success in dairy cows, Animal Reproduction
Science, 65, 17 31.
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23. Staples C.R., Thatcher W.W., Clark J.H., 1990 - Relationship between ovarian
activity and energy status during the early postpartum period of the high
producing dairy cow. J Dairy sci 73:938-947
24. Van der Lende T., 2002 - Physiological aspects of reproduction and fertility in dairy
cows. J Dairy Sci 85 (6): 1578-1585
25. Wathes D.C., V.J. Taylor, Z. Cheng, G.E. Mann., 2003 - Follicle growth, corpus
luteum function and their effects on embryo development in postpartum dairy
cows, Reproduction Supplement 61:1-19
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P. ROCA, L. RUNCEANU,
D. DRUGOCIU, V. PACHIANU
U.S.A.M.V. Iai
Practiced for many years, artificial insemination of pigs implies the use of 3
5 billions spermatozoa per dose for obtaining a high fecundity. Seminal material
can be crude, freshly diluted, diluted and conserved for 3 7 days at 17oC or
frozen (1, 3, 4).
For insemination can be used various kinds of catheters, some of them who
simulates the corkscrew tie of boars penis but all of them allow seminal material
to be deposited at cervical level. For overcome the barrier represented by the
cervix in the way of spermatozoids, is necessary to deposit a large amount of
seminal material at cervical level to ensure a sufficient number of spermatozoa in
the isthmus of the oviduct. Overcoming this barrier and depositing the seminal
material directly in uterus allows the reducing of the number of spermatozoids per
dose, assuring a sufficient number of spermatozoids at the place of fecundity (2,
5).
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Knowing these aspects, the scope of this study was the comparative testing
of the two methods of insemination, intrauterine and classical, with the reducing
of the number of spermatozoids per dose.
The study was performed on 2685 PIC Camborough sows with a weaning
to estrus period of 2 11 days. The seminal material used was diluted with X
Cell packaged in 80 ml Cochette bags. The sows were reinseminated in 12 hours.
The intrauterine method was tested comparative with the classical method
of insemination. In the classical method is being used the Goldenpig standard
device, which allows seminal material to be deposited at cervical level. The
intrauterine method implies the use of the DeepgoldenpigTM inseminating device,
who is in fact a DeepgoldenpigTM standard catheter, through which is inserted a
narrow inner tube with a diameter of 4 mm and which extends 200 mm beyond
the tip of the outer catheter, reaching the body of the uterus, where the seminal
material is deposited. In parallel with the testing of the two methods, was reduced
the number of spermatozoids per dose, sows being inseminated with doses of 3,
2, and 1 billion spermatozoids in both methods. Gestation was established with
ultrasounds at 28 30 days from insemination.
The comparative results for the two methods and the three concentrations
are presented in Table 1.
Tabel 1
Comparison between fecundities and fertilities obtained after the
Inseminations with the standard device Goldenpig and the newer device
Deepgoldenpig
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CONCLUSIONS
With the classical insemination method the fecundity rates were 90.6%,
87.8% and 60.5%, for doses with concentrations of 3, 2 and 1 billion
spermatozoids.
With the intrauterine insemination method the fecundity rates were 91.6%,
90.8% and 83.4%, for doses with the same concentrations.
Similar results were obtained for the farrowing and the litter size.
Only with the use of 1 billion spermatozoids doses the differences were
significant in favor of the intrauterine method.
The use of the intrauterine insemination method, associated with the
reducing of the concentration of the doses, offer important earnings by the more
rational usage of the genetically superior boars.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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INTRODUCERE
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REZULTATELE I DISCUII
Nr. Scroafe cu
Denumirea constantei Lot martor
Crt. endometrit
1 Globule roii mil/mm3 5,93+0,92 4,91+0,15
2 Hemaglobulina mil/mm3 14,4+0,93 10,02+0,19
3 Leucocite mil/mm3 11,36+2,92 12,5+2,46
4 Euzinofile % 3,5+0,22 3,82+0,14
5 Neutrofile % 44,1+1,40 49,12+0,96
6 Bazofile % 0,6+0,1 0,7+0,04
7 Limfocite % 36+1,37 40,97+1,05
8 Monocite % 5,4+0,26 4,99+0,21
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CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Berner, K., 1980 Reasons for culling of gilts in relation to age at first mating. The
Vet. Bul. 50.
2. Bilrot, P., Dekeyser, P., 1980 Rol of infections in the SMEDI and abortion
syndrome on Sows. The Vet. Bul. 50.
3. Boitor, I., 1985 Fiziologia i fiziopatologia reproduciei animalelor de ferm. Ed.
Ceres, Bucureti.
4. Broiu, A., Seiciu, Fl., 2004 Tratat de reproducie la animale. Ed. ALL, Bucureti
5. Bogdan, A.., i col., 1999 Tratat de reproducie i I.A. la suine. Ed. Cerces,
Bucureti.
6. Drugociu, D., 2005 Bolile obstetrical ginecologice la animale. Ed. Ion Ionescu de
la Brad, Iai.
7. Runceanu Margareta, 1992 Cercetri privind influena afeciunilor genitale asupra
fertilitii suinelor crescute n sistem industrial. Tez de doctorat.
8. Runceanu, L., Cotea, C., 2001 Reproducie, obstetric i ginecologie veterinar.
Ed. Ion Ionescu de la Brad, Iai.
9. Tarrocco, C., 1986 Tulburri ale aparatului de reproducie femel produse de cauze
neinfecioase (la suine). Med. Vet. XII, Bucureti.
10. Thibault, C., Levasseur, M.C., 1991 La reproduction chez les mammiferes et
lhome. Ed. Marketing. Paris.
11. Vaissaire, J.P., 1972 Sexualite et reproduction des mammiferes domestiques et de
laboratoire. Ed. Maloine, Paris.
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M.I. VIZMAN
In cow the parturition is harder than in the rest of the farm animals because
of the bone structure in the pelvic aria that is unfavourable to birth doe to the next
particularises:
- the anterior opening is lining to vertical axe and is hardening the foetal
engage in the birth canal
- the subcotiledonian crest are very well developed
- the insertion of the prepubian ligament is under the anterior margin of
the ischiopubian simphise, fact that is making the pelvic axe to look
like a broken line.
- the ischiadic arcade is narrow and the ischiadic tuberoses have three
ends and are high is the last part of the pelvic aria
The parturition is easier in the sternal-abdominal or coast-abdominal
position. The uterine involution is starting right after the closer of the parturition,
and at 10-15 minutes
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This treatment was applied to the females that suffer from foetal annexes
retention and which represented the experimental lot.
The objectives that we followed were:
- the time interval from parturition to the elimination of the foetal annexe
- the vaginal secretions dynamics
- the time interval in which the uterine involution was completed
(monitored throw trans-rectal exam)
- the time interval from the resume of the sexual activity
The cows that were threaded with prophylactic treatment represented the
witness lot with SEL-E-VIT, used to reduce the incidence of foetal annexe
retention
The mean duration of pregnancy at the studied cows was 285 days. After
the foetal annexe retention there was no alteration of the general being of the
cows, there was no febrile state registered.
The results regarding the elimination of the foetal annex after the
parturition, obtained after the clinic study conducted at cows with placenta
retention after the PGF2 treatment are presented in the table 1
Tabel 1
Results attained
Parturition-
No. Registration Fecund Artificial Parturition Treatment fetal annexe
crt. no. Insemintion Data data data elimination
interval
1. 01008 16.02.2003 10.12.2003 11.12.2003 9 days
2. 010082 10.02.2003 11.12.2003 12.12.2003 9days
3. 010076 02.03.2003 21.12.2003 22.12.2003 9 days
4. 010084 25.03.2003 12.01.2004 13.01.2004 7 days
5. 010092 02.04.2003 21.01.2004 22.01.2004 9 days
6. 010016 04.04.2003 25.01.2004 26.01.2004 9 days
7. 010030 21.04.2003 05.02.2004 06.02.2004 8 days
8. 010086 15.05.2003 20.02.2004 21.02.2004 8 days
9. 743 17.05.2003 27.02.2004 28.02.2004 9 days
10. 640 25.05.2003 02.03.2004 03.03.2004 7 days
11. 652 15.06.2003 07.03.2004 08.03.2004 8 days
12. 749 28.06.2003 20.03.2004 21.03.2004 8 days
13. 546 10.07.2003 03.04.2004 04.04.2004 9 days
14. 010038 21.07.2003 12.04.2004 13.04.2004 9 days
15. 010046 23.07.2003 21.04.2004 22.04.2004 8 days
16. 010062 27.07.2003 28.04.2004 29.04.2004 7 days
17. 757 29.05.2003 27.03.2004 28.03.2004 9 days
18. 610 15.05.2003 26.03.2004 27.03.2004 8 days
19. 010070 01.07.2003 13.04.2004 14.04.2004 7 days
20. 010048 29.06.2003 08.04.2004 09.04.2004 7 days
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From the table we can see that at the majority of the cows the placenta
elimination was accruing at 9 days after the parturition. The percent of
elimination in the 7,8 and 9 day after the parturition is presented in the table 2.
The second objective that was monitored after the administration of the
treatment is the dynamic of the genital secretion.
The genital secretions in the first 10 days are more abundant at the treated
cows, they are reddish in colour. The clearing and the reduction of the volume of
the genital secretions started in the 12-day after the parturition.
The genital secretions was clear in the 16-day, and at 21 days after the
parturition the vaginal secretions stopped.
In regarding to the uterine dynamic, there was observed a rapid involution
of the uterus immediately after the elimination of the conception product. The
uterus is at 60% from the volume before the parturition.
From this moment until the elimination of the foetal annexe the uterine
involution wasnt noticed or it was much reduced, undetectable at the transrectal
exam. From the moment of the foetal annexe elimination, the involution was
resumed, and in the 15-16 days form the parturition the uterus was at 50% volume
from the volume at parturition. The uterine involution was completed at 22 days
after the parturition.
In respect to the resuming of the ovarian activity, the results were varied.
The following of the ovarian activity was made at 100 days after the parturition.
The period until the resuming of the oestrus cycling was extended in the majority
of the cases; this fact has as consequence the extending of the service period
duration and at the calving interval. The presenting of the resuming of the ovarian
activity after parturition is presented in the table 3.
Table 3
The resume of the ovarian activity
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CONCLUSIONS
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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OPORTUNITATEA IMPLEMENTRII
MANAGEMENTULUI SIGURANEI ALIMENTELOR
N NTREPRINDERI IEENE
APPROPRIATENESS OF FOOD SAFETY MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATION
IN IASI ENTERPRISES
Gh. BRDAN
U.S.A.M.V. Iasi
This study was carried out to evaluate the opportunity and the
necessity to implementation a management system for guarantied the food
safety in two enterprises of Iasi, Romania. The risks for food chain at
various stages of processing were assessed and the reduction of the risk
analyzed. The paper presents the advantages of controlled food dangers for
internal and external medium of alimentary enterprise.
INTRODUCERE
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MATERIAL SI METODA
REZULTATE I DISCUII
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CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
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INTRODUCERE
MATERIAL I METOD
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REZULTATE I DISCUII
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CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. http://www.promediapublishing.it/CMS/PDF/articoli/Art_pdf_164_DossierLatte
2. Rotaru O., Gu Camelia, M. Mihaiu, 1999 - Controlul sntii produselor de origine
animal, Editura Hipparion, Cluj-Napoca
3. Rotaru O., M. Mihaiu, 2004 - Igiena veterinar a produselor alimentare, Vol 2,
Editura Risoprint, Cluj-Napoca
4. The Raw Milk: International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Volume 52, nov
2001
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Y= A + C*EXP(-EXP(-B*(X-M)))
n care:
Y - populaia bacterian la momentul X (log UFC/ml)
X - timpul (ore)
A - inoculul iniial (log UFC/ml)
B - rata de cretere relativ la momentul M (generaii/or)
C - maximul statistic atins de populaia bacterian (log UFC/ml)
M - momentul la care se atinge creterea maxim (ore)
RCE (Rata de cretere exponenial) (log UFC/ml/or) = B*C/e
DFL (Durata fazei de lag) (ore) = M-(1/B)
TG (Timp de generaie) (ore) = (log102)e/B*C
REZULTATE I DISCUII
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perioad de lag medie cuprins ntre 1,037 ore i 74,53 ore. Cea mai lung
perioad medie de lag a fost constatat la temperatura de 7C iar cea mai scurt la
temperatura de 42C. Comparativ cu tulpinile izolate din carne, cele din lapte s-
au dezvoltat bine la temperatura de 7C dar mult mai lent la temperatura de 42C.
Tabelul 2
Dezvoltarea tulpinilor de Bacillus cereus pe medii solide la diferite temperaturi n
funcie de originea lor
Tulpini dezvoltate/origine
Temperatura Carne i produse din
Lapte i produse lactate
C carne
Total (n =10)
(n = 10)
Nr. % Nr. %
7 14 10 100 4 40
20 20 10 100 10 100
42 20 10 100 10 100
48 5 - - 5 50
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Andersson, A., Rnner, U., Granum, P.E., 1995 - What problems does the food
industry have with the spore-forming pathogens Bacillus cereus and Clostridium
perfringens? International Journal of Food Microbiology 28: 145-155
2. Benedict, R.C., Partridge, T., Wells, D., Buchanan, R.L., 1993 - Bacillus cereus:
aerobic growth kinetics. Journal of Food Protection 56: 211214.
3. Chorin, E., Thuault, D., Cleret, J.J., Bourgeois, C.M. (1997) Modelling Bacillus
cereus growth. International Journal of food Microbiology 38: 229234.
4. Delignette-Muller M.L., Rosso L., 2000 - Biological variability and exposure
assessment. International Journal of Food Microbiology 58: 203212
5. Dufrenne, J., Soentoro, P., Tatini, S., Day, T., Notermans, S., 1994 -
Characteristics of Bacillus cereus related to safe food production. International
Journal of Food Microbiology 23: 99-109.
6. Korn, R., 1981 - Incidena speciei Bacillus cereus n unele alimente de origine
animal i proprietile tulpinilor izolate. Tez de doctorat, I.A.N.B., Bucureti
7. Kramer, J.M., Gilbert, R.J., 1989 - Bacillus cereus and other Bacillus species.
Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens, Ed. by M. P. Doyle, Marcel Dekker,INC. New
York and Basel 21-70
8. McKillip, J.L., 2000 - Prevalence and expression of enterotoxins in Bacillus cereus
and other Bacillus spp., a literature review. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 77, 393-
399
9. Mureanu, I., 2000 - Cercetri privind incidena n unele alimente de origine animal
i particularitile morfologice ale speciei Bacillus cereus, potenial patogen
pentru om, n zona central a Transilvaniei. Tez de doctorat U..A.M.V.
Bucureti
10. Pinon, A., Zwietering, M., Perrier, L., Membr, J.M., Leporq, B., Mettler, E.,
Thuault, D., Coroller, L., Stahl, V., Vialette, M., 2004 - Development and
Validation of Experimental Protocols for Use of Cardinal Models for Prediction of
Microorganism Growth in Food Product. Applied and Environmental
Microbiology, 70:1081-1087
11. Rajkowski, K.T., Mikolajcik, E.M., 1987 - Characteristics of selected strains of
Bacillus cereus. Journal of Food Protection 50: 199-205.
12. Zaika, L.L. Scullen, O.J., 1996 - Growth of Shigella flexneri in foods: comparison of
observed and predicted growth kinetics parameters, International Journal of
Food Microbiology, 32: 91-102
13. Zwietering, M.H., De Koos, J.T., Hasenack, B.E., De Witt, J.C., Van'T Riet, K.,
1991 - Modeling of bacterial growth as a function of temperature. Applied
Environmental Microbiology, 57: 1094- 1101
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REZULTATE I DISCUII
2
NTG (log UFC/cm eroarea standard)
Etapa Regiunea Nr. probe
tehnologic carcasei examinate Valoare Valoare
Media
minim maxim
Aripi 54 5,2 6,8 6,2 0,19
Sngerare Picioare 54 5,5 6,5 6,3 0,13
Piept 54 5,8 6,8 6,6 0,23
Aripi 54 3,4 5,1 3,8 0,12
Oprire -
Picioare 54 3,8 5,6 4,5 0,21
deplumare
Piept 54 3,6 5,8 4,2 0,14
Aripi 54 4,5 6,3 5,3 0.20
Eviscerare Picioare 54 5,6 7,1 6,1 0,17
Piept 54 5,3 6,8 5,5 0,26
Aripi 54 3,1 5,1 4,3 0,22
Splare Picioare 54 4,2 6,3 5,1 0,20
Piept 54 4,1 5,3 4,8 0,04
Aripi 54 3,1 4,5 4,1 0,19
Rcire Picioare 54 3,8 5,2 4,8 0,32
Piept 54 3,7 4,8 4,5 0,27
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Probe
Etapa Regiunea Nr. Probe pozitive
negative Media*
tehnologic carcasei probe
Nr. % Nr. %
Aripi 54 33 61,1 21 38,8 3,69 0,12
Sngerare Picioare 54 36 66,6 18 33,3 2,91 0,16
Piept 54 21 38,8 33 61,1 2,85 0,24
Aripi 54 - - 54 100 -
Oprire -
Picioare 54 48 88,8 6 11,2 2,42 0,44
deplumare
Piept 54 45 83,3 9 16,7 2,21 0,26
Aripi 54 27 50,0 27 50 3,3 0,23
Eviscerare Picioare 54 36 66,6 18 33,3 3,9 1,04
Piept 54 36 66,6 18 33,3 3,2 0,52
Aripi 54 - - 54 100 -
Splare Picioare 54 18 33,3 36 66,6 2,11 0,32
Piept 54 9 16,7 45 83,3 1,86 0,46
Aripi 54 - - 54 100 -
Rcire Picioare 54 6 11,1 48 88,8 1,75 0,19
Piept 54 - - 54 100 -
* log UFC/cm2 eroarea standard
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Probe
Etapa Regiunea Nr. Probe pozitive
negative Media*
tehnologic carcasei probe
Nr. % Nr. %
Aripi 54 9 16,7 45 83,3 1,23 0,18
Sngerare Picioare 54 9 16,7 45 83,3 1,51 0,12
Piept 54 9 16,7 45 83,3 1,31 0,42
Aripi 54 - - 54 100 -
Oprire -
Picioare 54 6 11,1 48 88,8 1,12 1,41
deplumare
Piept 54 - - 54 100 -
Aripi 54 18 33,3 36 66,6 1,40 0,22
Eviscerare Picioare 54 36 66,6 18 33,3 1,82 0,63
Piept 54 6 11,1 48 88,8 1,33 0,09
Aripi 54 - - 54 100 -
Splare Picioare 54 9 16,7 45 83,3 1,10 0,10
Piept 54 6 11,1 48 88,8 1,02 0,09
Aripi 54 - - 54 100 -
Rcire Picioare 54 3 5,5 51 94,5 1,12 0,02
Piept 54 - - 18 100 -
2
* log UFC/cm eroarea standard
CONCLUZII
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Anand, S.K., Mahapatra, C.M., Pandey, N.K., Verma, S.S., 1989 - Microbial changes
on chicken carcasses during processing. India Journal of Poultry Sciences 24:
203-209.
2. Brzoi, D., Apostu, S., 2002 - Microbiologia produselor alimentare Ed. RISOPRINT,
Cluj-Napoca, 124-133.
3. Berrang, M.E., Ladley, S.R., Buhr, R.J., 2001 - Presence and level of
Campylobacter, coliforms, E. coli and total aerobic bacteria from broiler parts
with and without skin. Journal of Food Protection 64: 184-188.
4. Carp-Crare M., indilar E., Guguianu Eleonora, 1991 - Unele aspecte privind
portajul cu Yersinia enterocolitica i Campylobacter jejuni la gin. Lucr.
tiinifice U..A.M.V. Iai, 33-34: 156-159.
5. Kotula, K.L., Pandya, Y., 1995 - Bacterial contamination of broiler chickens before
scalding. Journal of Food Protection 58: 1326-1329.
6. indilar E., Grecianu Al., Verde Elena, Carp-Crare M., 1988 - Izolarea i
identificarea microflorei psichrotrofe de pe carcasele de pasre conservate prin
frig. Lucr. tiinifice U..A.M.V.Iai, 31: 81-83.
7. indilar E., Grecianu Al., Carp-Crare M., Negrea A., Bondoc I., 1994 - Unele
aspecte privind reducerea gradului de poluare microbian a crnii de pasre,
Lucr. tiinifice, U..A.M.V.Iai, 37: 101-106.
8. indilar E., Bondoc I., Moroan .Z., indilar E.V., 1997 - Unele aspecte privind
sursele de poluare microbian a carcaselor de pui broiler I, Lucr. tiinifice
U..A.M.V.Iai, 40: 80-93.
9. indilar E., Bondoc I., indilar E.V., 1997 - Unele aspecte privind sursele de poluare
microbian a carcaselor de pui broiler II, Lucr. tiinifice U..A.M.V.Iai, 40, 94-
99.
10. Vayda, V.M., Paturkar, A.M., Waskar, V.S., Zende, R.J., Rawool, D.B., 2005 -
Detection of indicator microorganisms on poultry carcass sites in an organized
slaughterhouse. Journal of Muscle Foods 16: 289-297.
11. Yashoda, K.P., Sachindra, N.M., Sakhare, P.Z., Rao, D.N., 2001 - Microbiological
quality of broiler chicken carcass processed hygienically in a small scale poultry
processing unit. Journal of Food Quality 24: 249-259.
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INTRODUCERE
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MATERIAL I METODA
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REZULTATE I DISCUII
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CONCLUZII
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
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MATERIAL I METOD
REZULTATE I DISCUII
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Pericole fizice: orice particul sau corp fizic ce nu se gsete n mod normal
n aliment i care poate provoca mbolnvirea sau rnirea unei persoane,
constituie un risc fizic. Acest lucru se explic nu att prin periculozitatea pe care o
prezint corpurile strine, ci mai ales prin faptul c ele pot fi uor detectabile i
observabile cu ochiul liber. Cele mai rspndite corpuri strine sunt prezentate n
tabelul 3.
Tabelul 3
Principalele pericole fizice
Efecte asupra
Material Surse
consumatorului
Ambalaje, corpuri de iluminat, ecrane ale
Sticla Tieturi, sngerare
aparatelor de msur
Lemn Tieturi, nepturi Terenuri, palei, cutii, cldiri
Pietre Rniri Terenuri, cldiri
Achii metalice Tieturi, infecii Utilaje, terenuri, cabluri, lucrtori
Insecte mbolnviri, traume Terenuri, mediul de lucru
Oase Rniri, traume Terenuri, prelucrare neglijent
Plastic Rniri, tieturi, infecii Terenuri, ambalaje, palei, angajai
Efecte Rniri, tieturi, spargerea
Angajai
personale dinilor
n general, prin practici bune de lucru aceste riscuri fizice pot fi prevenite
cu uurin.
Monitorizarea este o secven planificat de observaii i msurtori,
realizate pentru a putea aprecia dac un punct critic de control este sub control i
se finalizeaz printr-o nregistrare exact, utilizat ulterior n procesul de
verificare.
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Barzoi D., Apostu S., 2002 - Microbiologia produselor alimentare, Editura Risoprint,
Cluj-Napoca.
2. Carol W., Sara Mortimore, 2001 - The HACCP Training Resource Pack, Publisher
Springer.
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3. Deniss, R.A., 2002 - Quality Audits for Improved Performance, ASQ Quality Press.
4. Kevin, M.Q., 2005 - A good guide to the HACCP Auditor Test, Illinois United States.
5. Mitrea, I.S., Carmen Petcu, Savu, Gh., 2003 Sigurana alimentelor prin aplicarea
sistemului HACCP, Editura Bogdana, Bucureti.
6. Paster, T., 2006 - HACCP Food Safety Employee Manual, Publisher Wiley, John &
Sons.
7. Russell, J.P., 1999 - The Quality Audit Handbook, ASQ Quality Press.
8. ***, 2001 - American Society for Quality - The Certified Quality Auditor's Haccp
Handbook: Asq Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Division, ASQ Quality Press, 2001.
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Refrigerarea este la ora actual una dintre cele mai folosite metode de
conservare a produselor animale de origine animal i n special a crnii, ntruct
ofer consumatorului carne cu caracteristici organoleptice i nutritive foarte
apropiate de cele ale crnii proaspete. Durata de conservare a crnii de pasre prin
refrigerare este limitat n principal de microorganismele care contamineaz
carcasa. Carnea de pasre, imediat dup prelucrarea n abator, are o ncrctur
bacterian mic de ordinul a 3 - 4 log ufc/cm2 care ajunge, uneori, n reeaua de
comercializare la 5 i chiar 7 log ufc/cm2, mai ales n cazul cnd intervin abuzuri
ce expun carnea la aciunea nefavorabil a unor factori ce stimuleaz dezvoltarea
bacterian. (2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 8, 10, 14)
n plus microflora crnii de pasre refrigerat poate fi reprezentat uneori
de microorganisme patogene (Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia
enterocolitica, Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus cereus etc.) fapt care constituie un
risc potenial pentru consumatori. (6, 8, 12, 13)
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5
Log CFU/g
0
-1 0 1
NTG 2 3 4 5 6
Coliformi 7
Escherichia coli Pseudomonas spp.
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
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n perioada studiului, microclimatul din halele de cretere s-a pstrat n
limite relativ constante. Temperatura, dei a nregistrat unele variaii, s-a meninut
n medie, la cele nou loturi (grupate cte trei in hale diferite) ntre 20,4 i 24,6C.
Umiditatea relativ a adposturilor, ca factor de confort, s-a meninut ntre 72 i
78% cu variaii relativ mari ntre zi i noapte. Cele nou loturi au fost supuse
naintea sacrificrii unei diete difereniate ca timp pentru a evidenia efectul
acesteia asupra calitii microbiologice a crnii. (Tabelul 1)
Tabelul 1
Variaia temperaturii i umiditii pe perioada analizat
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Tabelul 4
Calitatea microbiologic a carcaselor de pasre n abator
2
Calitatea microbiologic a carcaselor (log10 ufc/cm )
Lot Dup sngerare Dup deplumare
B. B.
NTG B. colif. E. coli NTG B. colif. E. coli
sulfitored. sulfitored.
1 6,8 4,3 1,5 2,4 5,1 3,6 2,1 1,7
2 6,5 3,8 1,4 2,8 5,2 2,4 1,2 2,2
3 6,2 3,7 1,4 2,1 4,6 2,4 1,5 1,9
4 7,5 4,5 2,1 2,2 6,3 2,8 2,2 1,5
5 7,1 4,2 1,7 2,9 6,1 2,6 1,8 1,2
6 6,7 4,1 1,5 2,3 5,5 3,1 1,4 1,6
7 6,2 3,6 1,2 2,7 4,8 2,1 1,1 1,1
8 6,3 3,5 1,1 1,2 4,1 2,2 1,6 -
9 5,9 3,9 1,3 1,5 4,2 2,4 1,6 -
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CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Duke, G.E., Basha, M., Noll, S., 1997 - Optimum duration of feed and water removal
prior to processing in order to reduce the potential for fecal contamination in
turkeys, Poultry Science 76, 516
2. Hargis, B.M., Caldwell, D.J., Byrd, A.J., 2001 - Microbiological pathogens: live
poultry considerations, in Poultry meat processing CRC Press Boca Raton
3. Kotula, K.I., Wang, Z., 1994 - Characterization of broiler meat quality factors as
influenced by feed withdrawal time. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 3, 103
4. Northcutt, J., 2001 - Preslaughter factor affecting poultry meat quality in Poultry
meat processing CRC Press Boca Raton, London, New - York, 5-19
5. indilar E., Greceanu Al., Carp-Crare M., Negrea A., Bondoc I, 1993 - Unele
aspecte privind reducerea gradului de poluare microbiana a crnii de pasre.
Lucrari stiintifice I.A.I., vol. 35-36, 101-106
6. Warriss, P.D., Wilkins, L.J., Knowles, T.J., 1999 - The influence of ante-mortem
handling on poultry meat quality in Poultry Science Symposium, vol. 25, CABI
Publishing, U.K.
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Bratu Iuliana, Spulber Graziella, Ioarga A., 2002 Controlul calitii i HACCP n
industria alimentar, Editura Universitii Lucian Blaga, Sibiu;
2. Mitrea I.S., Carmen Petcu, G. Savu, 2003 Sigurana alimentelor prin aplicarea
sistemului HACCP, Ed. Bogdana;
3. Savu, C., Carmen Petcu, 2002 Inspecia i controlul produselor i alimentelor de
origine animal, Ed. Semne;
4. DS 3027E, 2002 Securitatea alimentului conform HACCP (Analiza riscului i
punctele critice de control) cerine care trebuie satisfcute de companiile
productoare i contractanii lor;
5. H.G. 924/2005 - privind aprobarea Regulilor generale pentru igiena produselor
alimentare;
6. H.G. nr. 954/2005/CE - privind aprobarea Regulilor specifice de igien pentru
alimente de origine animal care transpune n legislaia naional Regulamentul
853/2004/CE, publicat n Monitorul Oficial nr. 805/05.09.2005
7. SR EN ISO 9000, 2000 - Sisteme de management al calitii Noiuni fundamentale
i vocabular;
8. R EN ISO 22000, 2005 - Sisteme de management al siguranei alimentelor. Cerine
pentru orice organizaie din lanul alimentar
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After somatic cells in milk have been found with almost a century
ago, they have been considered as being part of the small milk components.
The cytomorphological study of the milk sediment stained May-Grunwald-
Giemsa, and the somatic cell count using ISO-13366-1 method applied on
50 goat and 50 sheep raw milk samples, gathered thru the whole lactating
period, permitted us to establish with a great accuracy the hygienic quality
of it. The somatic cell count differs from the European Community
standards, in the case of 78% of goat milk samples and 72% for the sheep
milk samples. The cytologic configuration of the sediment smears made
possible to differentiate the following milk categories: healthy, normal milk,
milked and presented in hygienic conditions; highly microbiologically
polluted milk; milk from animals in the final period of lactation and
mammary pause; milk from animals with chronic or subacute mastitis,
animals which are carrying and eliminating germs.
INTRODUCERE
Atenia asupra configuraiei populaiei celulare din lapte i mai ales variaia
lor ca numr, a suscitat un mare interes atunci cnd s-a demonstrat o relaie
direct ntre numrul lor i evoluia la nivelul mamelei, a unor procese
inflamatorii (mamite) predominent exudative, care pot compromite grav calitatea
igienic a laptelui, ca produs alimentar. n prezent, sunt stabilite limite ale
numrului de celule pe mililitru lapte, pe baza crora se stabilete calitatea
laptelui i care se iau n considerare la stabilirea preului de achiziie al acestuia,
de la productor (3, 4).
MATERIAL I METOD
*
E-mail: didisab@clujnapoca.ro
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CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Barbosa M., Miranda R., 1984 Addendum to special publication No. 49. Changes
to Contemporary Dairy Analytical Techniques, Royal Society of Chemistry,
London, UK
2. Droke E.A., Paape M.J., Di Carlo A.L., 1993 Prevalence of high somatic cell
countc in bulk tank goat milk, Journal Dairy Sci. 76: 1035 1039
3. Park Y.W., 1991 Interrlationships between somatic cell counts electrical
conductivity, bacteria counts, percent fat and protein in goat milk, Small
Ruminant Research 5; 367-375. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.Amsterdam.
4. Rotaru O., L. Ognean, 1998 Morfologia i fiziologia populaiei celulare din lapte.
Ed.Casa Crii de tiine, Cluj-Napoca.
5. Directiva CE 91/180/CE din 14.02.1991
6. Directiva EEC / 92 / 46 1992
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Key words: raw milk quality, milk hygiene, somatic cell count, E.U. integration,
food safety
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ptrunderii n consumul animalelor a unor furaje care pot afecta indirect sntatea
consumatorilor, informarea rapid, la cele 3 nivele (central, judeean i local)
asupra problemelor sau riscurilor cu privire la producerea alimentelor de origine
animal i la furajele care nu ndeplinesc cerinele impuse de sigurana alimentar.
Prin intermediul S.R.A. pot fi transmise urmtoarele categorii de risc:
modificri organoleptice, limite microbiologice depite, infestaii parazitare,
contaminri cu reziduuri i elemente legate de falsificri, ambalare sau etichetare.
Astfel, s-a concis c gestiunea riscului alimentar are cele mai mari anse s
fie realizat sub coordonarea serviciilor veterinare, conform principiului ,,de la
furc la furculisau de la ferm la masa consumatorului, pentru a se asigura
trasabilitatea produselor i pentru a se garanta n cele din urm eliminarea riscului
alimentar.
Guvernul Romniei a adoptat strategia Comunitii Europene n domeniul
siguranei alimentare i a nfiinat Agenia Naional Sanitar Veterinar i pentru
Sigurana Alimentelor - Instituie public cu personalitate juridic Organism de
specialitate al administraiei publice centrale - Autoritate a statului n domeniul
veterinar i al siguranei alimentelor.
Date citate de A.N.S.V.S.A. relev faptul c numai 6% din totalul de
uniti sunt conforme cu normele U.E., n vreme ce 17% dei nu ndeplinesc
condiiile impuse au ansa, ca prin investiii, si desfoare activitatea i dup 1
octombrie 2006.
Unitile care proceseaz lapte au beneficiat de derogri de pn la 2 ani,
cei care nu au posibilitatea de investiii n profilul de activitate desfurat, -i pot
schimba profilul de activitate n uniti cu vnzare direct sau pot devenii fabrici
de produse tradiionale.
n domeniul igienei i sntii publice, unul dintre obiective l reprezint
alinierea standardelor de igiena ale unitilor din industria alimentara la
cerinele comunitare.
n lucrarea de fa ne-am propus s evideniem unele corelaii ntre
numrul de celule somatice i valorile unor parametri microbiologici pentru
probele de lapte analizate de la centrele de colectare sau de la unitile de
procesare lapte i evoluia acestora n vederea restructurrii, modernizrii ca scop
al ncadrrii n uniti din categoria A, care ndeplinesc condiiile pentru
desfurarea activitii conform normelor impuse de legislaia U.E., n uniti din
categoria B care s-au angajat ca pn n decembrie 2006 vor finaliza programele
de modernizare restructurare, n uniti de categoria C, care au primit derogare
pn n 2009 pentru a-i realiza programul de modernizare restructurare i
uniti de categoria D, care vor fi supuse lunar evalurilor din partea instituiilor
cu atribuii n acest sens.
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REZULTATE I DISCUII
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Lucrri tiinifice vol. 49 seria Medicin Veterinar
Tabelul 2
Investigaii privind valoarea numeric a celulelor somatice
din laptele materie prim
NCS**/ml
Anul Numr
2005 probe Corespunztoare
Necorespunztoare
a b
56 163
P.S. 304 85
219
69 95
17
P.A. 181 164
383 102
CONCLUZII
632
Lucrri tiinifice vol. 49 seria Medicin Veterinar
care sunt respectate condiiile de igien i nu n cele din urm n modul n care
sunt aplicate msurile impuse de legislaia sanitar veterinar aflat n vigoare.
Evaluarea neconformitilor care s-au constatat la nivel de recoltare a
laptelui materie prim, corelate cu aprecierea amplasrii i compartimentrii, a
fluxului existent n centrele de colectare i n unitile de procesare a laptelui, i
nu n cele din urm a performanelor utilajelor, n perioada analizat, a condus la
ncadrarea n judeul Iai doar a dou uniti de procesare a laptelui n categoria B,
a unui numr de trei uniti n categoria D iar pentru un numr de patru uniti de
procesare lapte s-a procedat la emiterea ordonanelor de suspendarea definitiv a
activitii.
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Apostu S., 2004 - Managementul calitii alimentelor, Ed. Risoprint, Cluj Napoca
2. Brzoi D., Apostu S., 2002 - Microbiologia produselor alimentare, Ed. Risoprint, Cluj
Napoca
3. Enache T., Paul I., Stnescu V., Popescu O., Iordache I., 2001 - Tratat complet de
medicin legal veterinar, Ed. All, Bucureti.
4. Enache T., Paul I.,, Stnescu V., Popescu O., Iordache I., 1995 - Medicin legal
veterinar. Ed.All, Bucureti.
5. Headrick M.L., Korangy S., Bean N.H., Angulo F.J., Altekruse S.F., Potter M.E.,
Klontz K.C., 1998 - The epidemiology of raw milk-associated foodborne disease
outbreaks reported in the United States, 1973 through 1992, Am. J. Public
Health; 88:1219-21.
6. Petkow P., Gergovkas J., and Radulova P., 2001 - The influence of some factors
on somatic cells count in cows milk. Zhivotnov deni-Nauki, 38 (2) 86-89.
7. Potter M.E., Kaufmann A.F, Blake P.A, Feldman R.A., 1984 - Unpasteurized milk:
the hazards of a health fetish. JAMA 252:2048-52.
8. Savu C., Georgescu N., 2004 - Sigurana alimentelor, riscuri i beneficii, Ed.
SemnE,. Bucureti
9. indilar E., 2000 - Controlul igienic al produselor i subproduselor de origine
animal, Vol. II, Ed. I.N.S.C.R. Iai,
10. **** Ordinul 975/1998 al M.S., Publicat n Monitorul Oficial, Partea I nr. 268 din
11/06/1999
11. **** Ordinul 1106/2003 al M.A.P.A.M., Publicat n Monitorul Oficial, Partea I nr. 61 din
23.01.2004
12. **** Standarde de stat, norme tehnice de calitate i de metode de analiza pentru
laptele integral materie prim: Stas 6349/ 5-8- 1980, SR ISO 6610/1997, SR
ISO 7923/2003, Norm sanitar veterinar preluat dup Directiva CEE
91/180,77/99, SR ISO 13366-1/ 98;
13. **** Standarde de stat, norme tehnice de calitate i metode de lucru pentru produse
lactate din lapte netratat termic: SR EN 12824/2001, SR ISO 11290/1/2000, SR
ISO 5541-1-2 /94, SR ISO 7251/96, SR ISO 6888/02, SR ISO 6579/2003
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Key words: quality hygiene control, work or equipament surfaces and waterin,
milkworks, etc.
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Lucrri tiinifice vol. 49 seria Medicin Veterinar
MATERIAL I METOD
A B
Fig. 1. - Aprecierea calitativ a apei
635
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A B C
D E
Fig. 2 - Aprecierea cantitativ a ncrcturii apei n coliformi sau enterococi prin MPN
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Lucrri tiinifice vol. 49 seria Medicin Veterinar
Tabelul 1
Indicatorii testului IDEXX Colilert/ Enterolert,
Tabelul 2
Interpretarea caractere culturale evideniate de Slide food and water
Pseudomona
Staphylococi
Streptococi
Klebsiella
E.coli
Caractere
Mediu
s
morfologice
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Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar Iai
Ultrasnap -uri ATP Swab, conin lichidul stabil luciferin/ luciferaz care
induce i catalizeaz reacia de bioluminescen, la contactul cu ATP-ul
molecular, energia regsit la nivelul celulelor bacteriene, a drojdiilor i
mucegaiurilor.
Reacia de bioluminescen are loc prin transformarea energiei chimice n
care sunt implicate legturile pirofosforice ale ATP bacterian n energie
luminoas.
Fig. 4 - Catalizarea n doi pai oxidativi, prin utilizarea ATP ului ,a luciferinului n
oxiluciferin cu producerea unei luminiscene de 560 nm.
REZULTATE I DISCUII
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Tabelul 3
Investigaii clasice privind calitatea microbiologic a apei utilizate
n procesarea brnzei telemea
Anul B.sulfito
NTG B.colif. C.fecalii. Strept.fecali
2006 Numr red.
/ml /100ml /100ml /100ml
Ianuarie- probe /20ml
Martie C N C N C N C N C N
P.S. 9 7 2 7 2 7 2 9 0 9 0
P.A. 28 20 2 25 3 15 2 8 0 3 0
Tabelul 4
Investigaii rapide privind calitatea microbiologic a apei utilizate
n procesarea brnzei telemea - Colilert / Enterolert
Tabelul 5
Investigaii rapide privind calitatea microbiologic a apei utilizate
n procesarea brnzei telemea Food slide and water 3
Tabelul 6
Investigaii microbiologice privind controlul strii de igien
n unitile de procesare lapte, prin teste de sanitaie
Anul Strept.
2006 Numr NTGMA Enterobacterii Staph.cp. hemolitici B.colif Salm.spp.
Ianuarie probe
C N C N C N C N C N C N
- Martie
P.S. 19 9 4 4 2 4 0 4 0 9 4 4 0
P.A. 26 10 2 3 2 3 0 0 0 9 5 0 0
Tabelul 7
Investigaii microbiologice privind controlul strii de igien
n unitile de procesare lapte, prin teste de microaeroflor
NTGMA D+M
Anul 2006 Numr 3
/600m /300m3
Ianuarie - Martie probe
C N C N
P.S. 6 3 3 4 2
P.A. 5 5 2 5 2
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Lucrri tiinifice vol. 49 seria Medicin Veterinar
Tabelul 8
Investigaii microbiologice privind controlul strii de igien
n unitile de procesare lapte, prin utilizarea systemSure II TM ATP
20
15 15
9 9
7 7 7
2 2 3 3
2 2 2
0 0 0 0
NTG B.colif C.fecali Strept.fecali B.s.red
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Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar Iai
10
9
8
2
1
0
corespunzatoare necorespunzatoare
5
4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3
2 2 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
NTG B.colif Enterobacterii Staphilococ Streptococ Salmonella
cp. hemolitic spp.
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2 2
ATP < 10
ATP 11-29
3 ATP >30
2 2
CONCLUZII
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Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar Iai
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Brzoi D., Sanda Lzrescu, Natalia Maier, Lidia Tulu, R. Korn, Olga Nuc,
Florina Dumitrescu, 1978 - Metode Microbiologice pentru examenul de
laborator al produselor alimentare de origine animal, M.A.I.A., D.S.V.,
L.C.C.A.Bucureti
2. Barzoi D., S. Apostu, 2002 - Microbiologia produselor alimentare, Ed.Risoprint, Cluj
Napoca.
3. Chintescu G., 1980 - ndrumtor pentru tehnologia brnzeturilor, Editura tehnic,
Bucureti,
4. Coman I., Helena-Maria Brhal, Rodica Florescu, 1997 - Decontaminarea vol I,
Ed. Satya, Iai
5. Cpri Rodica, A. Cpri, T. Vintil, 2004 - Aplicaion of the luciferin/luciferase
bioluminescent system in hygiene monitoring of raw milk, Facultatea de chimie
industrial i Protecia mediului, Timioara.
6. Enache T., Paul I., Stnescu V., Popescu O., Iordache I., 1995 - Medicin legal
veterinar. Ed.All, Bucureti.
7. Enache T. Paul I., Stnescu V., Popescu O., Iordache I., 2001 - Tratat complet de
medicin legal veterinar, Ed.All, Bucureti.
8. Mark K., Mitchelland W., Stapp B., 1996 - Field Manual of Water Quality Monitoring
Kendall Hunt Publishess, p.304,
9. Stender H. i colab., 2001 Rapid detection, identification and numeration oe E.Coli
cells in water by chemiluminiscent in situ Hybridization, Apl. Environ.Microbiol.,
67,1,142,
10. Standarde de stat, norme tehnice de calitate i metode de lucru: Stas 3001/1991,SR
ISO 11290/1/2000,
11. SR ISO 4833/1991, SR ISO 5541-1-2 /1994, SR ISO 7251/1996, SR ISO 6888/2002,
SR ISO 6579/2003, SR ISO 7402/1996
12. OMS 976/98,
13. Legea privind calitatea apei potabile 458/2002, Monitorul Oficial al Romniei, partea I
nr. 552/ 29.07.2002, completat cu Legea privind calitatea apei potabile nr.311/
2004, Monitorul Oficial al Romniei 582/ 30. 06.2004.
14. http://www.orgenics.com/files/products/UTI. - Food slide and water,
15. www.idexx.com/water/colilert / enterolert detection of coliforms, E.coli and
enterococci in water.
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MATERIAL I METOD
REZULTATE I DISCUII
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Tabelul 1
Valori medii ale coninutului de NDMA, NDEA i NPYR n unele produse din carne
i pete afumat
0,35 0,331
0,3
0,25
0,193
0,2
g/kg 0,16
NDMA 0,135
0,15 0,12
0,114
0,1
0,058
0,05
0
S. Choriso Kaiser S. Bnean C. Cabanos S. Sibiu Bacon Pete
afumat
Diagrama 1. - Valori medii ale coninutului de NDMA n unele produse din carne i pete
afumat (g/kg)
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Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar Iai
0,2
0,155
0,15
0,099
g/kg
0,1
NDEA
0
S. Choriso C. Cabanos S. Bnean Pete Bacon S. Sibiu Kaiser
afumat
Diagrama 2. Valori medii ale coninutului de NDEA n unele produse de origine animal
1
0,9
0,762
0,8
0,7
0,6
NPYR
g/kg
0,5
0,4
0,26
0,3
0,163
0,2
0,1 0 0 0
0
0
C. Cabanos S. Bnean S. Choriso S. Sibiu Bacon Kaiser Pete
afumat
Diagrama 3. Valori medii ale coninutului de NPYR n unele produse de origine animal
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1,2 1,114
1,1
1
0,9
0,8
0,7
g/kg 0,6 0,529
0,5 0,408
0,4
0,259
0,3 0,18 0,17
0,2 0,101
0,1
0
Pete Kaiser Bacon S. Sibiu C. S. S. Choriso
afumat Cabanos Bnean
Diagrama 4. Valori medii cumulate de NDMA, NDEA i NPYR n unele produse de origine
animal (g/kg)
CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Andrade R., Reyes G.R., Rath Susanne, 2005 A method for the determination of
volatile N-nitrosamines in food by HS-SPME-GC-TEA. Food Chemistry, 91, 1,
173-179.
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MATERIAL I METOD
REZULTATE I DISCUII
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0,11
0,11
0,1
0,09
0,08 0,069
0,063
0,07
g/kg 0,06
0,05
0,04
0,025
0,03
0,02
0,01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
NDMA NDEA NPYR
Diagrama 1. Valori medii ale coninutului de NDMA, NDEA i NPYR n unele brnzeturi
CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Bartsch H., Ohsihima H., Shuker D.E., Pignatelli B., Calmels S., 1990 Exposure
of humans to endogenous N-nitroso compounds implications in cancer etiology.
Mutat. Res., 238, 255-267.
2. Bruning-Fann C.S., Kaneene J.B., 1993 The effects of nitrate, nitrite and N-nitroso
compounds on human health: a rewiew. Vet. Human Toxicology, 35, 521-538.
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Nitraii din sol provenii din biodegradare gunoiului i/sau din utilizarea
substanelor nitrice ca fertilizani intr n lanul trofic alimentar sol plant
animale om, produse animale om (9, 11).
Principalele surse de nitrai pentru om sunt reprezentate de: unele vegetale
care cumuleaz n anumite condiii nitraii n rdcini, frunze, tulpini, etc.; apa cu
un coninut de peste 45 mg NO-3/l (1, 2, 7).
Produsele animale procesate i carnea proaspt constituie surse secundare
de nitrai. Dei animalele rumegtoare pot ingera cantiti relativ mari de nitrai
odat cu furajele i apa, n carnea lor dup sacrificare i n laptele lor se regsesc
cantiti relativ mici de nitrai (11, 12).
Rumegtoarele folosesc azotaii ca materie prim pentru sinteza
substanelor azotoase cu ajutorul simbionilor rumenali (11). La monogastrice ,
azotaii sunt absorbii n intestinul subire, trec n circulaia sanguin i sunt
excretai prin rinichi (7, 11).
n carnea procesat n produse din carne la care srarea se face din amestec
de NaCl, NaNO3 i NaNO2 nivelul rezidual al nitrailor rareori depete LMA
(11, 12).
Nitraii sunt redui enzimatic n nitrii att exogen ct i endogen:
- pe baza nitratreductazelor proprii alimentelor i a celor bacteriene din
alimente;
- reducere enzimatic pe baza nitratreductazelor bacteriene din tractusul
digestiv buco-gastro-intestinal (3, 4, 7, 11).
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Nitraii per se au aciune toxic relativ redus (9, 11). Convertii n nitrii
induc efecte hemoglobinizante mai ales la copii (5, 7). Convertii n nitrii ei pot
produce nitrozamine (7, 8, 10).
Att nitraii ct i nitriii perturb la nivelul tubului digestiv, procesele
metabolice ale vitaminelor B1, B6, A, betacarotenului, reduc absorbia proteinelor
i lipidelor din raii, scad activitatea acetilcolinesterazelor, inhib captarea iodului
de ctre tiroid, induc depresia sistemului imunitar i perturb fixarea fierului n
hematii (6, 8, 10, 11).
n lucrare ne-am propus s stabilim nivelul de nitrai din carnea proaspt
de vit, oaie, porc i pete proaspt neprelucrat.
MATERIAL I METOD
REZULTATE I DISCUII
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17,25
18
16
14
11,9
12
10,69
9,5
10 8,72
mg/kg
8
0
Carne bovine Carne ovine Carne suine Carne pete Media
CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Banu C., Preda N., Vasu S., 1982 Produsele alimentare i inocuitatea lor. Ed.
Tehnic, Bucureti.
2. Bara C., Laslo C., 1997 Elemente de ecotoxicologie i protecia mediului
nconjurtor. Ed. Universitii Oradea.
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Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar Iai
3. Bruning-Fann C.S., Kaneene J.B., 1993 The effects of nitrate, nitrite and N-nitroso
compounds on human health: a rewiew. Vet. Human Toxicology, 35, 521-538.
4. Cotru M., 1991 Toxicologie. Ed. Did. i Ped. Bucureti.
5. Environmental Protection Agency (E.P.A.U.S), 2005 Nitrates
http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0076.htm
6. FRASER P., 1985 Nitrates: epidemiologic evidence. IARC Sci. Publ., 65, 183-185.
7. Hura Carmen, 1997 Poluarea chimic a alimentelor i sntatea. Ed. Socom
Hermes, Iai.
8. Hura Carmen, 2001 Contaminani chimici n produsele alimentare 1980-2000. Ed.
Cermi, Iai.
9. Mitrnescu Elena, Savu C., 1998 Din riscurile polurii mediului i alimentelor. Ed.
MAST, Bucureti.
10. Pignatelli B., 1994 Nitrates, source indirectes de composs N-nitross (CNO).
Risque pour la sant houmain. Soc. Fr. Sant Publique, 1, 62-78.
11. Popa G., Segal B., Dumitrache S., Segal Rodica, Apostol C., Teodoru V., 1986
Toxicologia produselor alimentare. Ed. Academiei Romne, Bucureti.
12. indilar E.V., 2005 Contribuii la studiul reziduurilor de nitrai, nitrii i nitrosamine
n unele produse de origine animal. Tez de doctorat, F.M.V. Iai.
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MATERIAL I METOD
REZULTATE I DISCUII
n tabelul nr. 1 i figura nr. 1 se red nivelul rezidual al nitriilor din patru
sortimente de prospturi indigene i trei sortimente de prospturi din import.
Datele obinute la sortimentele indigene au evideniat faptul c nitriii
reziduali prezint limite de variaii relativ largi pentru fiecare sortiment cercetat i
la dou sortimente s-au observat depiri ale LMA, adic la 7,69% din probele de
crenwurti i la 2% din probele indigene de parizer clasic.
La cele trei sortimente de prospturi din import valorile limit dei au
prezentat variaii relativ strnse, au avut depiri ale LMA la 93,33% din probele
de parizer de curcan, la 95,00% din probele de parizer de porc i la 93,33% din
probele de parizer de pui.
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Tabelul 1
Valori ale reziduurilor de nitrii n cteva sortimente de prospturi
n perioada 2001-2004 i procentul depirii LMA
Frecvena
Nr. Nr. mg NaNO2/kg depirii
Sortimentul
crt. probe LMA
Limite Media Abs. Rel.
A. Prospturi indigene
1 Crenwurti 52 10,20-121,00 29,64 4 7,69
2 Parizer clasic 50 10,00-72,80 26,98 1 2,00
3 Parizer pui 10 29,00-45,00 36,60 0 0
4 Polonez 15 10,80-46,00 26,45 0 0
Total/Medie 127 10,00-121,00 28,76 5 3,93
B. Prospturi import
1 Parizer curcan 15 70,00-82,00 74,53 14 93,33
2 Parizer porc 20 70,00-90,00 83,10 19 95,00
3 Parizer pui 15 70,00-94,00 85,73 14 93,33
Total/Media 50 70,00-94,00 81,32 47 94,00
Total gen./Media 177 10,00-121,00 43,61 52 29,38
93,33 95 93,33
100 94
90 Crenwurti
80
Parizer
70
P. pui
60
% 50 Polonez
40 Media
30
P. curcan
20
7,69
10 2 3,93
00
0
sortimente sortimente
indigene import
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Cinci sortimente din cele nou cercetate (circa 55%) au prezentat depiri
ale LMA de 70 ppm NaNO2. Aceste depiri ale LMA s-au ntlnit n procent de
3,70% la crnaii de Cluj; 14,28% la crnaii Cabanos; 14,28 la crnaii Trandafir;
20,00% la crnaii de porc i 20,00% la crnaii populari. La aceast categorie de
produse s-au nregistrat depiri ale LMA la 8,99% din probe.
Tabelul 2
Valori ale reziduurilor de nitrii din unele sortimente de crnai
i procentul depirii LMA n perioada 2001-2004
Frecvena
Nr. Nr. mg NaNO2/kg depirii
Sortimentul
crt. probe LMA
Limite Media Abs. Rel.
1 Crnai Cabanos 42 18,00-88,00 49,37 6 14,28
2 Crnai de cas 32 29,00-52,00 38,71 0 0
3 Crnai Cluj 27 23,00-75,00 44,71 1 3,70
4 Crnai Mnzteti 10 36,00-53,00 43,60 0 0
5 Crnai Muntenia 10 38,00-50,00 46,10 0 0
6 Crnai Olteneti 10 35,00-42,00 37,20 0 0
7 Crnai popularii 5 31,00-101,00 54,80 1 20,00
8 Crnai de porc 25 15,00-93,00 49,16 5 20,00
9 Crnai Trandafir 28 20,00-111,00 45,52 4 14,28
Total/Medie 189 15,00-111,00 45,33 17 8,99
70
60
50
40
%
30
20 20
14,28 14,28
20
8,99
10 3,7
0
C. Cluj C. Cabanos C. Trandafir C. populari C. porc Media
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aceast categorie de produse s-a remarcat variaii largi ale valorilor limit
cuprinse ntre 4 ppm NaNO2 la salamul de porc i 104 ppm NaNO2 la salamul de
vit+porc.
Tabelul 3
Valori ale reziduurilor de nitrii n unele sortimente de salamuri semiafumate
cu evidenierea depirii LMA
Frecvena
Nr. Nr. mg NaNO2/kg
Sortimentul depirii LMA
crt. probe
Limite Media Abs. Rel.
10 Salam Bicaz 10 32,80-40,50 39,03 0 0
11 Salam Brate 8 30,00-65,00 50,50 0 0
12 Salam Bucureti 50 25,00-53,00 41,58 0 0
13 Salam Debrein 10 35,50-72,10 41,76 1 10,00
14 Salam Dumbrava 18 36,00-42,00 38,57 0 0
15 Salam Franuzesc 5 41,00-46,00 42,80 0 0
16 Salam Italian 40 11,00-55,00 39,71 0 0
17 Salam Mistreul 10 38,80-40,50 40,40 0 0
18 Salam Picant 10 33,00-41,00 38,30 0 0
19 Salam de porc 12 4,00-68,00 34,42 0 0
20 Salam de Vara 56 7,00-102,00 40,11 4 7,14
21 Salam Voinea 10 35,50-47,70 38,00 0 0
22 Salam vit+porc 8 14,00-104,00 56,87 2 25,00
23 Salam Vntoresc 12 7,30-79,00 36,53 1 8,33
Total/Medie 259 4,00-104,00 42,57 8 3,09
70
60
50
40
%
30 25
20
7,14 8,33 10
10 3,09
0
S. Var S. Vntoresc S. Debrein S. vit+porc Total depiri
LMA
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Frecvena
Nr. mg NaNO2/kg
Sortimentul depirii LMA
probe
Intervale Media Abs. Rel.
S. Bnean 15 38,00-62,00 49,33 0 0
S. Choriso 15 32,00-81,00 53,93 1 6,66
S. Sibiu 20 48,00-74,00 64,95 2 10,00
Total/Medie 50 32,00-81,00 56,96 3 6,00
15
13
11 10
9
6,66
% 7 6
1 0
-1
S. Bnean S. Choriso S. Sibiu Media
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Tabelul 5
Valori ale reziduurilor de nitrii n unele sortimente de afumturi
n perioada 2001-2004 i procentul depirii LMA
Frecvena
Nr. Nr. mg NaNO2/kg depirii
Sortimentul
crt. probe LMA
Limite Media Abs. Rel.
1 Bacon 5 28,00-84,00 46,40 1 20,00
2 Costi afumat 29 23,00-108,00 45,90 1 3,45
3 Kaiser 10 10,00-50,10 29,02 0 0
4 Muchi file 40 28,00-79,00 41,66 1 2,50
5 Muchi ignesc 15 29,00-79,00 49,27 1 6,66
6 Muchiule umplut 10 39,00-60,00 48,50 0 0
7 Muchiule Montana 30 30,00-80,00 38,87 1 3,33
8 Pastram Kosarom 10 23,00-28,00 25,60 0 0
9 Pastram porc 55 29,60-88,00 47,36 3 5,45
10 Pastram pui 20 5,00-79,00 39,45 1 5,00
11 Pastram vit 50 36,00-80,00 47,27 2 4,00
12 Rasoale porc 10 24,00-80,00 50,10 1 10,00
13 Rulad extra 10 20,00-40,00 33,30 0 0
14 unc Kosarom 10 21,00-34,00 26,90 0 0
15 unc porc 40 28,00-98,00 48,90 2 5,00
16 unc pui 10 5,00-79,00 36,30 1 10,00
Total/Medie 354 5,00-108,00 43,35 15 4,24
2,5
3,33
3,45
4
5
5
5,45
6,66
10
10
20
0 5 10 15 20
Bacon unc pui Rulad M. ignesc
Pastram porc mg
unc porc NaNO2/kg
Pastram pui Pastram vit
Costi afumat M. Montana Muchi file
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CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Banu C., Alexa P., Vizireanu Camelia, 1998 Procesarea industrial a crnii. Ed.
Tehnic, Bucureti.
2. Casens R.G., 1995 Use of sodium nitrite in cured meats today. Food Technol. 49,
72-75.
3. Casens R.G., 1997 Residual nitrite in cured meats. Food Technol. 51, 53-55.
4. Dykhuisen R.S., Frazer R., Duncan C., Smith C.C., Golden M., Benjamin N.,
Leifert C., 1996 Antimicrobial effect of acidified nitrite on gut pathogens:
Importance of dietary nitrite in host defense. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 40,
1422-1425.
5. Haldan J., 1901 The red color of salted meat. Journal Hyg. Camb., 1, 115-118.
6. Hansson L.E., Nyren O., Bergstrom R., Wolk A., Lindgren A., Baron J., 1994
Nutrients and cancer gastric risk. A population based caze control study in
Sweden. Int. Journal Cancer, 57, 638-644.
7. Hura Carmen, 1992 Coninutului de nitrai i nitrii din meniurile n Moldova. Rev.
Med. Chirurgical. Iai, 96, 1-2, 41-43.
8. Hura Carmen, 2001 Contaminani chimici n produsele alimentare 1980-2000. Ed.
Cermi, Iai.
9. Ian Elena, 2001 Observaii privind calitatea i salubritatea preparatelor din carne
comercializate pe teritoriul jud. Iai. Lucr. t. USAMV Iai, 44, Fasc. 2, 714-721.
10. Michalski M.M., 1996 Rezidues of nitrites and nitrates in selected meat products
examined in veterinary laboratories within the framework of sanitary-hygiene
supervision in the year 1995. Bull. of the veterinary Institute in Pulawy, Poland,
40, 2, 117-120.
11. Perciballi M., Conboy J.J., Hotchkiss J.H., 1989 Nitrite cured meats as a source
of endogenously and exogenously formed N-nitrosoproline in the ferret. Food
Cosmet. Toxicol., 27, 111-116.
12. Popa G., Segal B., Dumitrache S., Segal RODICA, Apostol C., Teodoru V., 1986
Toxicologia produselor alimentare. Ed. Academiei Romne, Bucureti.
13. Sarasua S., Savitz A.D., 1994 Cured and broiled meat consumption in relation to
childhood cancer. Cancer Causes Control, 5, 141-148.
14. Schuddeboom L.J., 1993 Nitrates and nitrites in Foodstuffs. Council of Europe
Press, Belgium.
15. indilar E.V., indilar E., 2004 Cercetri privind nivelul de nitrai i nitrii n unele
produse din carne. Lucrri t. USAMV Iai, 47, 6, 319-323.
16. indilar E.V., 2005 Contribuii la studiul reziduurilor de nitrai, nitrii i nitrosamine
n unele produse de origine animal. Tez de doctorat, F.M.V. Iai.
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Absorbie
Dup administrare oral, voriconazolul se absoarbe rapid i n proporie
ridicat, variaiile pH-ului gastric neinfluennd absorbia sa. Concentraia seric
maxim este atins n 1-2 ore, iar biodisponibilitatea absolut n urma
administrrii orale este estimat la 96%.
Metabolizare
Voriconazolul este metabolizat la nivel hepatic, de ctre izoenzimele
CYP2C19, CYP2C9 i CYP3A4 ale citocromului P450, dar farmacocinetica sa
prezint o variabilitate mare la subiecii umani, din cauza diferenelor genetice.
Toxicitate
n urma efecturii unor studii de toxicitate pe animale de laborator, s-a
demonstrat capacitatea teratogen i embriotoxic a voriconazolului, prin
expunere la doze similare celor terapeutice recomandate la om. Hepatotoxicitatea
se manifest prin creterea nivelului transaminazelor serice, ns ea mbrac doar
arareori un caracter sever. n caz de supradozaj, excesul plasmatic de voriconazol
se poate elimina prin dializ.
Interaciuni medicamentoase
Aceste interaciuni medicamentoase se refer la creterea, respectiv
diminuarea concentraiei plasmatice a voriconazolului ca urmare a influenei
diverselor molecule farmaceutice asupra izoenzimelor citocromului P450.
Compuii cu rol inhibitor pentru aceste enzime (cimetidina, omeprazolul)
determin creterea concentraiei plasmatice maxime a voriconazolului, n timp ce
inductorii enzimatici (rifampicina, carbamazepina, fenobarbitalul, fenitoina,
rifabutina) o diminueaz cu pn la 40-50%.
Posaconazolul
Posaconazolul este un nou derivat triazolic de sintez, cu spectru larg de
aciune, destinat terapiei i preveniei infeciilor fungice invazive (fig. 2). Este
comercializat sub denumirea de Noxafil de ctre firma Shering Plough Inc.
Mecanism de aciune
Inhibiia multiplicrii fungice se explic n cazul posaconazolului, ca i n
cazul altor derivai azolici, prin blocarea unei enzime implicate n sinteza
ergosterolului - lanosterol 14--demetilaza.
Spectru de aciune
Posaconazolul are un spectru larg de aciune care include majoritatea
speciilor genului Candida, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus spp., Fusarium
spp., zygomicete, feohifomicete i fungi endemici.
n ceea ce privete rezistena la acest nou antifungic, s-au semnalat cazuri
de rezisten ncruciat cu ali derivai azolici (fluconazol, itraconazol) n cazul
unor tulpini de C. albicans (nu ns i n cazul celor de C. krusei) i Aspergillus
fumigatus. Un studiu multicentric desfurat pe parcursul a 10 ani, privind profilul
de sensibilitate la antifungicele de interes major a peste 18000 izolate clinice
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Farmacologie
Posaconazolul este disponibil comercial sub form de preparate
administrabile oral. Absorbia sa este mult mbuntit de co-administrarea
alimentelor i suplimentelor nutritive (de cca. 2-6 ori). Concentraiile plasmatice
terapeutice (cca. 1 g/ml) sunt de obicei atinse n urma administrrii n doze
zilnice 6 mg/kg corp.
Metabolizarea sa are loc preponderent n ficat unde sufer procese de
glucurono-conjugare; metaboliii rezultai sunt inactivi i se elimin n proporie
de peste 70% prin fecale. Excreia renal sczut permite utilizarea
posaconazolului i n cazul pacienilor suferind de diverse nefropatii, la care
administrarea amfotericinei B este contraindicat datorit nefrotoxicitii acesteia.
Dei difuzeaz destul de greu prin bariera hemato-encefalic, studiile
clinice au demonstrat eficacitatea posaconazolului n terapia micozelor sistemului
nervos central.
n cazul acestui antifungic, plasma nu este epurabil prin hemodializ.
Interaciuni medicamentoase
Au fost semnalate interaciuni cu molecule medicamentoase al cror rol de
inhibare a CYP3A4 este binecunoscut. Astfel, clearance-ul posaconazolului se
dubleaz n cazul co-administrrii rifabutinului un inductor al CYP3A4. De
asemenea, administrarea concomitent cu fenitoina sau cimetidina va fi evitat
datorit diminurii concentraiei plasmatice a antifungicului cu 50%, respectiv
40%. n alt sens, sunt necesare precauii cnd posaconazolul este administrat
concomitent cu ritonavirul, indinavirul (le crete concentraia plasmatic).
Caspofungina
Caspofungina este o substan cu rol antifungic obinut prin semi-sintez
n urma modificrii structurale a pneumocandinei B0 o lipopeptid elaborat de
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Farmacocinetic
Dup administrarea parenteral a unei doze uzuale (70 mg), concentraiile
plasmatice terapeutice se ating n cca. 1 or. Aproximativ 10% din doz persist
n snge timp de 36-48 ore, iar restul se distribuie n diferite proporii n organe i
esuturi. Concentraia cea mai mare se regsete n ficat, la polul opus situndu-se
lichidul cefalo-rahidian n care nu se detecteaz.
Metabolizarea are loc la nivel hepatic, iar metaboliii inactivi rezultai sunt
excretai prin bil (35%) i urin (40%). Doar 1% din doz se elimin
netransformat prin urin. Caspofungina nu poate fi ndeprtat prin hemodializ,
de aceea se impun precauii privind supradozarea la pacienii cu hepatopatii.
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Interaciuni medicamentoase
Doar ciclosporina interfereaz farmacocinetica caspofunginei determinnd
creterea nivelului seric al acesteia, de aceea asocierea celor dou substane nu se
recomand dect n cazuri n care beneficiile obinute exced riscurile.
Micafungina
Micafungina este un antifungic din categoria echinocandinelor, derivat al
unui produs natural izolat din mediul de cultivare al fungului Coleophoma
empetri, recent lansat pe pia sub denumirea de Mycamine (micafungin sodic)
de ctre Astellas Pharma Inc. (fig. 4).
Mecanism de aciune
Micafungina blocheaz sinteza peretelui celular al fungilor prin inhibiia
sintezei -(1,3)-D-glucanului; acest mecanism particular de aciune permite
inclusiv inactivarea tulpinilor fungice aparinnd genurilor Candida i
Aspergillus, care s-au dovedit rezistente la derivai azolici.
Spectru de aciune
Studiile clinice au confirmat efectul terapeutic al micafunginei n infecii
produse de levuri aparinnd genului Candida (C.albicans, C.glabrata,
C.parapsilosis, C.tropicalis, C.krusei, C.pelliculosa, C.inconspicua, C.lusitaniae)
i fungi filamentoi din genul Aspergillus (cu excepia celor produse de A.
terreus). Efectul profilactic al micafunginei a fost demonstrat n cazul infeciilor
experimentale cu Pneumocystis jiroveci la oareci SCID.
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Farmacocinetica
Concentraiile plasmatice sunt direct proporionale cu doza administrat, iar
timpul mediu de njumtire este de cca. 13,6 ore. Micafungina se distribuie cu
predilecie n pulmoni, ficat, splin i rinichi. Nu este prezent n lichidul cefalo-
rahidian, dei realizeaz concentraii detectabile n esutul nervos.
Proprietile farmacocinetice ale micafunginei sunt similare la pacienii cu
i fr afectarea funciei renale, neexistnd diferene semnificative ale clearance-
ului acesteia. Incidena hepatotoxicitii dup administrarea ndelungat (6 luni)
este mult mai redus (16,6%) n cazul micafunginei dect al amfotericinei B
(100%).
Micafungina este metabolizat de ctre arilsulfataz i catechol-O-
metiltransferaz, iar excreia sa este predominant digestiv (peste 70%). Datorit
gradului nalt de cuplare cu proteinele serice, micafungina nu este o molecul
dializabil.
Interaciuni medicamentoase
Administrarea concomitent a micafunginei cu sirolimus i nifedipin
conduce la creterea concentraiei plasmatice a acestora cu peste 15-18%. De
aceea, pacienii crora li se administreaz concomitent sirolimus sau nifedipin i
micafungin vor fi atent monitorizai, iar dozele celor dou produse
medicamentoase se vor ajusta corespunztor.
BIBLIOGRAFIE
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REZULTATE I DISCUII
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Tabelul 1
Rezultatele examenului micologic cantitativ si calitativ
Legenda:
P Penicillium; A Aspergillus; F Fusarium; Cl Cladosporium; Lv - Levuri
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Examenul micotoxinic
Micotoxinele sunt metabolii fungici secundari cu aciune nociv extrem de
sever pentru toate sistemele biologice cunoscute. Ele afecteaz metabolismul
trofinelor, fiind implicate direct n tulburrile funcionale i structurale ale unor
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CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Akyama, H., Kikuchi Y., Chen, D., Goda, Y., Takatoki, K, Ichinoe, M., Toyoda, M.,
1998 A rapid analytical method of ochratoxin A (OTA) in food and natural
contamination in read pepper. Revue Med. Vet., 149, 6:493
2. Azemar, B., Pinelli, E., Plante, P., Escourron, G., Petkova-Bocharova, T., Pfolil-
Leszkowicz, A., 1998 Some human kidney tumors in France exhibited a
specific ochratoxin A DNA adduct pattern. Revue Med. Vet., 6:653
3. Battilani, P., Pietri, A., 2002 Ochratoxin A in grapes and wine. Eur. J. Plant
Pathol., 108:638
4. Blanc, M., Pittet, A., Munoz-Box, R., Viani, R., 1998 Behavior of ochratoxin A
during green coffee roasting and soluble coffee manufacture. J. Agric. Food.
Chem., 46:673
5. Castegnaro, M., Mc Gregor, D., 1998 Carcinogenic risk assessment of
mycotoxins. Revue Med. Vet., 149,6:671
6. Coman, I., Mare, M., Ancua Apreutesei, 2002 Rolul i importana epidemico-
sanitar a micotoxinelor. Lucr. t., fascicula II, Ed. Ion Ionescu de la Brad, Iai,
Vol. 45 (4):457
7. Coman, I., Popescu, O., 1985 Micotoxine i micotoxicoze. Ed. Ceres, Bucureti.
8. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology cost, 1989: Mycotoxins:
economic and health risks. Task Force Report, Anes, Iowa, 91
9. Majerus, P., Bresch, H., Ottender, H., 2002 Ochratoxin A in wines, fruit juices and
seasonings. Achiv. Fur Lebensmittelhygene, 51:95
10. Pittet, A., 1998 Natural occurrence of mycotoxins in food and feeds an update
review. Revue Med. Vet., 149:479
11. Tanaka, T., Hasegawa, A., Yamamato, S., Lee, U., Sugiura, Y., Ueno, Y., 1988
Worldwide contamination of cereals by the Fusarium mycotoxins nivalenol,
deoxinivalenol and zearalenone. Survey of 19 countries, J. Agric. Food. Chem.,
36:979
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INTRODUCTION
Oilseeds, like soybeans, sunflower seeds and pumpkin seeds, are exposed
to the mycotoxins attack, as much as the grains are.
It is enough to remember the dbut of the turkey X disease in England,
which result was the intoxication and the death of more than 100.000 turkeys,
after the ingestion of soy grist contaminated with Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin
B1.
The local and international researches, concerning the conservation
possibilities of oilseed with high levels of moisture, are few, incomplete and
convinctionless.
Nearby the important factories of mixed feed there are laboratories, which
have pharmaceutical formula with mycostatic activity. This formula inhibits the
mycets development, but its effect is only on the final product until its
consumption. The raw materials used in mixed feed or in silo preparation
represent the true critical mass, which has to be conserved in order to prevent the
mycets development and the mycotoxin production.
This was the aim of this study, to prevent the fungi contamination by
conservation of oilseeds with high levels of humidity, using unpolluant, volatile
chemical substances in order not to affect their nutritive value.
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Inocul preparation
To obtain the biological material, the 10 strains of fungi were seeded in test
tubes with inclined medium for 8 days at 25C, then they were passed-by 10
Roux-dishes in 200 ml Sabouraud medium and incubated in darkness at 25C.
Every three days, the cultures were analyzed in progress to observe their
phenotypic particularities and the development of spore, conidia and
chlamydospore.
After 25-28 days, when the sporulation was at its high level, in each Roux
dish were introduced 50 ml physiological serum, which helped the obtaining of
strains.
These were centrifuged at 2500 rot/min. for 30 min. and the sediment was
resuspended into an equivalent quantity of physiological serum. All the contents
were introduced into an Erlenmeyer balloon and then kept at 4C. That
represented the source of the biological material.
Experimental model
33 samples, each of 100 grams, were analyzed in the experiment. Three
samples of each assortment represent the witness: the first one with seeds only,
the second with seeds and 2 ml sterile physiological serum and the third one with
seeds contaminated with 2 ml of biological material.
The next 3 samples were contaminated with 2 ml of selected strains and
with 1 ml pure acetic acid at different concentration: 1%, 0,75% and 0,50%.
Other 3 samples, contaminated with 2 ml inocul were treated with 1 ml
formic acid at the same concentrations.
The last 3 samples, also contaminated with 2 ml of biological material were
treated with pure acetic acid and formic acid aa, the mixture being at 1%, 0,75%
and 0,50% concentrations. The pumpkin seeds were not treated with this last
mixture.
All the 33 samples were introduced in boxboards and kept at room
temperature for 9 months.
The fungi dynamics of each sample was observed every month through
quantitative and qualitative mycological exams.
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CONCLUSIONS
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constantly found in the analyzed samples, but their activity during the 9 months
was not explosive.
The chemical treatment is not efficient on pumpkin seeds, because of its
reduced proportion of destroyed fungi and the alteration of seeds coat, which
became grey or dark with red spots on it.
REFERENCES
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MATERIALE I METOD
REZULTATE I DISCUII
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Notele acordate pentru fiecare factor din cadrul grilei de evaluare ANI 35L
pentru gini outoare sunt prezentate n tabelele nr. 1-5.
Tabelul 1
Tabelul de evaluare a primei grupe de factori libertatea de micare
Tabelul 2
Tabelul de evaluare a grupei a II-a de factori interaciunile sociale
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Tabelul 4
Tabelul de evaluare a grupei a IV-a de factori iluminarea, calitatea
aerului i zgomotele
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Tabelul 5
Tabelul de evaluare a grupei a V-a de factori condiiile de ngrijire i ntreinere
CONCLUZII
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
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MATERIAL I METOD
REZULTATE I DISCUII
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Tabelul 1
Suprafaa plgii produse / lot la animalele supuse aciunii aeroionizrii de
concentraii diferite
4
3,5
3
Inflam . Ion.
2,5
2
Inflam .
1,5
Neion.
1
0,5 Fig. 1 - Evoluia n timp
0 a suprafeei plgii / lot, n
cazul animalelor din lotul
1 supus aciunii
th y
16 day
y
8t a y
10 da y
5t ay
12 da
da
d
td
aeroionizrii negative
th
th
h
h
1s
concentraie de 15.000
ioni / cm
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Fig. 1.1 Aspectul unor plgi de la lotul Fig. 1.2 Aspectul unor plgi de la lotul
inflamat ziua 1-a, ionizat ziua a 2-a inflamat ziua a 4-a, ionizat ziua a 3-a
(concentraie de 15.000 ioni negativi / cm) (concentraie de 15.000 ioni negativi / cm)
10
9
8
7
6
Inflam.
5
Ion.
4
3
2
1
Fig. 2 - Evoluia n timp a
0
procesului de vindecare la lotul
inflamat ionizat supus aciunii
y
y
y
y
da
da
da
da
da
da
aeroionilor negativi
h
th
th
th
4t
6t
8t
10
12
20
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18
16
14
12
10 Inflam.
8 Ion
6
4
2
0
Fig. 3 - Evoluia n timp a suprafeei
plgii / lot, n cazul animalelor din
5t day
th y
th y
th y
y
8t day
th y
10 da
12 da
14 da
19 da
da
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10
9
8
7
6
Inflam.
5
4 Ion.
3
2
1
0
Fig. 4 - Evoluia n timp a procesului
th y
th y
th y
th y
y
15 da
18 da
14 da
19 da
da
CONCLUZII
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
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MATERIAL I METOD
REZULTATELE OBINUTE
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Tabelul 1
Coninutul de azotai i azotii n furaje (mg/kg) i apa potabil (n mg/l)
Limitele de variaie
Specia furajului
Azotai Azotii
Porumb (boabe) 50 - 245 0,90 - 1,75
Gru (boabe) 75 - 195 1,75 - 1,80
Amestec de concentrate 295 - 330 2,50 - 2,75
rot de floarea soarelui 260 - 295 1,20 - 3,50
Verdea tocat 380 - 1900 0,90 - 15,00
Apa potabil 685 - 1300 2,50 - 25,00
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Tabelul 3
Coninutul de azotai i azotii n carne i ou n mg/kg
Perioada de Carne Ou
investigaie Azotai Azotii Azotai Azotii
Vara 0,6 0,75 1,44 0,51
Toamna 9,8 1,20 0,72 0,43
Iarna 2,0 3,75 1,62 1,10
DISCUII
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CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIA
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Pollution became a reality for the most industrial areas and in the condition
of lacking some strong measures of reducing it could produce dangers to the
whole society.
During the campaign for diminishing the pollution, information has got an
essential role. Thus, the pollutant sources must be identified, described and
monitored and also the main pollutants elements, their action, the interdependence
between nixes, the permitted doses, their testing and measuring methods.
The mediating of the pollutant phenomena led to the understanding of the
phenomena and the drafting of their diminishing methods.
The chemical unit Arpechim Piteti, being considered a pollutant source of
the environment, has a permanent activity of monitoring the influence of the oil
industrial processing activity on the environment, conformingly the aspects had in
view by GEMS-Ro. The up-to-date study is a specific one to the environment
protection activity and followed the pollutants elements impact on their air quality
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in the area. The monitoring of the air quality in the influence area of Arpechim
Piteti Chemical Unit is necessary to underline easily and in time of some non-
function during the technologic processes, of some negative phenomena in the
specific substances evolution, the sources and correction modality of these
deficiencies, for avoiding the negative influence on the environment.
In the influence area of Arpechim Piteti Chemical unit there was followed
the air quality by sampling in five points: Piteti (Environmental Protection
Agency), Bradu, Oarja, Prundu and Topoloveni.
By sampling there were carried out the next chemical parameters: HCl, CO,
SO2, NO2, NH3, phenols and aldehyds. There were chosen the pollutants
mentioned above because they cold have as emit tent the industrial activity of oil
processing and they have major negative effects on plant development.
The determination were carried out conformingly the law stipulated
standards: for NH3 STAS 10712/76; NO2 STAS 10329/75; SO2 STAS
10194/75; HCl STAS 10943/77; fenoli STAS 11027/76 and H2CO STAS
11332/79.
Analyze of the obtained date was made according to the limits stipulated in
12574/85 STAS.
According to the data in the table, HCl recorded values under the limit of
0,1 mg/dm3 in all samples and all sampling points. Being into the atmosphere in
concentrations under the limits of toxicity, with a maximum admitted
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concentration of 0,1 ppm, HCl has a great effects on plant development, but in
high concentration induce the chlorosis of the leaves and even the appearance of
some necrotic points.
According to the obtained results, the aldehyds didnt exceed the stipulated
limit by STAS 12574/87 in all samples and also all sampling points.
Aldehyds (photochemical oxidant pollutants) results into the air by oil
catalytic transformation in explosive engines and exhausted gases.
Ammonium, even it is not a specific toxic substance for the oil industrial
processing activity and it could react with some specific compounds, constituting
smog. The ammonium content in the atmosphere, being uniform spreaded in the
tested area (table 1) situated more under the maximum admitted limit, along the
whole monitored period.
Nitrogen dioxide recorded values under the maximum admitted limit in all
samples and sampling points.
A nitrogen oxide into the air over the maximum admitted limit provoke
chronic poisoning and leaves scale, and over 10 ppm appear general scales.
Sulph dioxides, according to the tabular data touched concentrations under
the maximum admitted limits by standards in all sampling points. It has a priority
place in atmospheric pollutant group; they could come from different sources, the
petrochemical industry and waste scale and also transportation.
Sulph dioxide concentrations always vary due to the different moving of
the air mass. People and animals, and also plants are sensible to its action,
changing their enzyme systems and essential physiologic processes.
Carbon monoxide, according to the obtained results recorded values under
the maximum admitted limit in all samples.
The amount of phenols in the air were situated at very low levels, more
under the maximum admitted limit in all sampling points.
CONCLUSIONS
The concentration of the carried out parameters were place dat low levels
according to the admitted limit (STAS 12574/87).
The amount of phenols, along the monitored space, shows that they dont
come from the oil industrial processing activity.
The variation of ammonium and hydrogen chloride shows the existence of
other generators than the oil industrial processing activity.
The Chemical Unit oriented itself as the environmental pollution, be more
reduce recording a permanent qualitative evolution of the environment.
REFERENCES
1. Ayres R.U., Ayres, Leslie, 1996 Industrial ecology Towards closing the materials
cicle, Eduard Elgar Publishers, London
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2. Brown L.R. i colab., 1999 Probleme globale ale omenirii, Editura Tehnic,
Bucureti
3. Marinescu D., 1996 Dreptul mediului nconjurtor, Editura ansa SRL, Bucureti
4. Mitrnescu Elena i col., 2002 Observaii privind poluarea industrial a aerului n
judeul Teleorman, Lucrri tiinifice Med. Vet., Vol XXXV, Timioara, pp. 589-
591
5. Mitrnescu Elena i col., 2002 Observaii privind poluarea industrial a aerului din
zona Trgovite, Revista Romn de Medicin Veterinar, Vol. XII, nr. 1-2, pp.
163-167
6. Negulescu M. i col., 1995 Protecia mediului nconjurtor, Editura Tehnic,
Bucureti
7. Teudea V., 2004 Protecia mediului, Ediia a III-a, Editura Omega Print,
Bucureti
8. Tumanev S., 1989 Calitatea aerului, Editura Tehnic, Bucureti
9. *** STAS 12574/87 Parametri de calitate ai aerului
10. *** Legea nr. 137/1995 Legea proteciei mediului
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The results of the analyze regarding the copper concentration in soil are
shown in the table 1.
Table 1
Copper level in the soil samples in Isalnita Chemical Unit area
Analyzing the data in the table it could notice that the recorded values in
the soil and also ash samples exceeded the normal limits in all sampling points,
indifferently the distance to the Chemical Unit.
The exceeding beside the normal limits was 3.45 8.77 times higher for
soil and 4.42 24 times for ash. The alert limits are exceeded in three sampling
points, respective Isalnita, Almaj, Breasta and Mofleni the values are under these
limits.
The copper concentrations both in soil ash decrease at the some time to the
increasing distance to the Clinical Unit. The average concentration in liver,
kidney and spleen form cattle raised around the Chemical Unit is shown in
table 2.
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Table 2
Average copper concentration in organ samples in cattle in Chemical Unit area
Thus, there were carried out the concentrations which exceed the admitted
limit by 6 19 times in liver samples, and by 6 17 times in kidneys and spleen
samples.
Copper is centered upon liver in the central region of his lobule structure
and upon kidneys at the proximal tube cells level.
Bires (1983) [1], following a study, concluded that the copper level in sheep
liver could be asses depending the copper concentration in wool, this increasing
depending on copper liver concentration and Williams (1983) [6] considers the
copper in wool a better indicator for copper liver assessment than plasma.
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CONCLUSIONS
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The high copper concentration in soil and organ samples and the clinic
anatomopathologic examination confirm the chronic copper poisoning of the
animals in the Isalnita Chemical Unit.
REFFERENCES
1. Bires J., Vrzgula L., 1983 The content of copper iron, zinc, arsenic, cadmium and
lead in the wool of sheep bred in the vicinity of a copper processing plant. Folia
Vet 27, 2, 103 110
2. Hatch, R. .a., 1979 Chronic copper toxicosis in growing swine. I.A.V.M.A., 6, p
174
3. Elena Mitrnescu i col., 1994 Efectele poluante ale fluorului, cuprului i arsenului
asupra animalelor din zona Valea Clugreasc. Lucrri tiinifice, U.S.B., seria
C, vol XXXVII, (81 86)
4. Elena Mitrnescu i col., 1997 Observaii privind efectele substanelor poluante
asupra bovinelor din jurul Combinatului de ngrminte Chimice Valea
Clugreasc. Lucrri tiinifice, U.S.B., seria C, vol XXXVII, 1994.
5. Elena Mitrnescu, D. Butaru i col. Researches concerning copper pollution
effects on animals in Isalnita Chemical unit area: Animals and Enviroment vol. 2,
290 293, Warsaw, Poland
6. Walliams I.A. i col., 1983 The copper content of wool in relation to breed and the
concentration of copper in the liver and plasma I. Agric. Sci.Camb 100, 505
507.
7. *** Ordinul MS 975/1998 Norme igienico sanitare pentru alimente
8. *** Ordinul MAPPM 184/1997 Proceduri de realizare a bilanurilor de medii.
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3. Controlul roztoarelor
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4. Verificarea programului
IR: sczut (1)=1-10 oareci; mediu (2)=11-25 oareci; mare (3)= 26 sau mai muli.
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Anexa 2
FISA DE EVALUARE A ROZATOARELOR
Identificarea locaiei
LOT Luna Ziua Anul
Populaia de roztoare:
Roztoare prezente ____ oareci ______ obolani _______ ambele
Estimarea populaiei de roztoare zero sau sczuta. medienumeroas ..necunoscut.
Estimarea populaiei de roztoare s-a fcut prin:.inspecie .capturare ambele
Note/comentarii:
Verificare Evaluator
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Baker, R., 1996 Animal Pest management Service, Inc., Chino. 1996
2. Foster, S., Opitz, H.M., Dineen D., 1994 Traning and Reference Manual for
Stapmling of Comercial Pullet and Layer House for Salmonella enteritidis. Univ.
Maine.
3. Henzler D.J., 1993 Determining the number of mice on farms is a dificult task.
Poultry Times
4. Henzler D.J., Opitz, H.M., 1992 The role of mice in the epizootiology of infection
on chiken layer ferms. Avian Diseases nr. 36. p. 625 631
5. Schlosser, W., Henzler D.J., Mason, J., 1995 Salmonelle enteritidis. Pilot project
progress Raport.
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I. IBRU
U.S.A.M.V. Timioara
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REFERENCES
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Key words: General agreement on tariffs and trade, international trade meat,
sanitary regulations
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for over 90% of world trade (4). Over a series of rounds of negotiation, tariffs
have been reduced from 40% by value in 1947, to less than 4% in 1998 (1).
The growth of trade in agricultural products has allowed a greater diversity
of diets throughout the world and the establishment of international agricultural
processing industries. Trade in livestock products was largely limited to cross
border movements of animals, until the development of refrigerated transport in
the 1890s. This lead to the creation of major livestock trading routes from the
New World of the Americas, Australia and New Zealand to the Old World of
westem Europe. More recent patterns of livestock trade are discussed below.
Price support for agriculture; including livestock, has long been the norm in
the high income economies, although some countries, notably New Zealand and
Australia, have abandoned the practice. In this context, the Common Agricultural
Policy (CAP) of the European Union (EU) has become notorious for creating
`mountains' of surplus produce (9). Meanwhile, many developing countries,
before and after independence, taxed agricultural exports to finance the general
economic development of the country. Over the 1970s and early 1980s many of
these countries used direct taxes on agriculture, including livestock, and levied
tariffs on exports, whilst others taxed exports indirectly, through the exchange
rate, by maintaining an overvalued domestic currency. The latter results in foreign
exchange being artificially cheap, and imports and exports being undervalued. In
effect, this means that agricultural and other export producers are effectively
taxed by receiving an artificially low price, in the local currency converted at the
official exchange rate. Similarly, the prices of domestic food crops are taxed in
the sense that they are depressed by competition from artificially cheap imports
(10).
These sets of conditions, whereby some countries subsidize agriculture,
while others do not, provide scope for the former group to export surplus produce
at a price below the cost of production in those countries where agriculture is not
protected. This practice, known as dumping, provides unfair competition and a
disincentive to domestic producers.
In the latest round of GATT negotiations; known as the Uruguay Round
(1986-1994), negotiations were extended to cover the problems of protectionism
in the agricultural and textile industries. Under the Agreement on Agriculture,
which was 'signed in April 1994, member countries were committed, by the year
2000, to:
- improve access to imports through the removal of non-tariff barriers
such as quotas the reduction of tariff levels and the agreement of an
upper limit or bound on tariff levels;
- reduce export subsidies by at least.36% (a measure linked with the
anti-dumping code of GATT)
- reduce aggregate measures of support for domestic agricultural
producers by at least 20%.
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These are the main commitments which were agreed, but there are many
detailed exemption clauses and modifications. In particular, less stringent rules
are to apply to developing countries, which have until 2004 to complete
implementation. Furchermore, there is a safeguard clause which allows any
country to apply import restrictions or suspend tariff concessions if products are
imported in such quantities and under such conditions that they may cause severe
harm to domestic producers. However, there is speculation as to the extent that
LICs will be able to benefit from these changes in market access given the
stringency of technical regulations (12).
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(Protocol 7), which are also produced within the EU and are therefore govemed
by the CAP (11).
Other Lome provisions include the European Development Fund which
provides aid to ACP countries, and the stabilization of export earnings (STABEX)
scheme. Under the latter scheme, floor arid ceiling prices are agreed for cotton,
cocoa, groundnuts, coffee and sisal, in regular negotiations.. Exporters are
compensated, with cash or credit, when the export price falls below the agreed
floor. Funds are recovered from the CAP exporters, when the ceiling (2).
Over the miid-1990s, the ACP countries supplied 12% of agricultural goods
imported by the EU. However, these agricultural exports accounted for over 40%
of the total ACP exports to the EU.
Although initially, most world trade and exports from the developing world
consisted of agricultural products, these products have steadily declined as a
proportion of the total. Many' of the LICs which were largely dependent on
agricultural exports, now rely more heavily on exports of oil, other minerals or
manufactured goods (24). This tendency is to be expected, partly because human
food requirements are limited. Thus, the income elasticity of demand for food (the
percentage change in food purchases for a 1 % change in income) is generally
well below unity. In addition, synthetic substitutes have been found or are
emerging for many other non-food agricultural products, such as fibres. These
tendencies have been diagnosed as potential causes of declining terms of trade for
agricultural producers.
Livestock products, by comparison with staple food crops, are relative
luxuries. The value per tonne is much greater than for staple food crops, while the
average consumption per person in the high income countries is several times
higher than in the L1Cs (Table 1).
Table 1
Per capita consumption of livestock products (kg/year) in 1996 (10)
The income elasticities of demand for meat, dairy products and eggs are
generally close to unity. This means that growth or decline, of incomes has a
substantial effect on the quantities demanded. As populations and per capita
incomes have risen in many parts of the world, so too has the demand for
livestock produce. World production has expanded at a sufficient rate to raise
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average consumption per capita, except possibly in the case of milk (8). However,
growth in production has not occurred equally across countries or products. Pig
and poultry production has expanded much more detail below. At the same time,
trade in pig and poultry meat has grown faster than production of these
commodities (7).
In fact only a small proportion of the livestock production of the world is
marketed internationally. For example, world beef exports in 1996 were 1,67
million tones. This may be explained by the high costs of transporting livestock
and animal products from one country to another, except through cross-border
trade. Generally animal products must be frozen to permit intercontinental
transport. Furthermore, existing health and hygiene regulations limit the extent of
trade. The importation of feed: grains and oilseeds to raise pigs and poultry
domestically may be cheaper than the importation of the equivalent quantity of
meat. Nonetheless, trade in these products greatly exceeds the trade in bovine
meat as a percentage of total production (7,5% for pig meat (of 79.4 million
tonnes produced annually) and 14% for poultry meat (of 56 million tonnes
produced annually).
Until a few years ago, bovine meat (including beef and veal represented the
largest component of world meat trade in terms of both absolute quantity (in
metric tonnes) and value. However, between 1986 and 1996, bovine meat trade
declined in relative terms, growing by 3% annually while total trade in meats
increased by over 5%. Worldwide production stagnated, with 0.4% growth.
Quantities of ovine meat (mutton and lamb) produced (7.3 million metric tonnes)
and traded (approximately 1.2 million tonnes), are much smaller than those of
beef, and have declined by 0.39% annually over the period 1986-1996, although
production has grown by a similar percentage. Pig meat production worldwide is
growing by almost 2% per year, trade in pig meat is growing by 5.4% annually.
Total world poultry meat production has grown rapidly, by more than 5.5%
annually, over the period 1986 1996.
The international enthusiasm and pressure for trade liberalization stem from
the supposed advantages of trade to all participants. These advantages are
illustrated by the theory of Comparative Advantage, originally formulated by the
English politician and economist, David Ricardo in 1817 (5). He argued that if
two countries (or regions, or continents) are considered, each with different
relative costs of production of different commodities, then both countries will
gain from trade, even if one has an `absolute advantage' over the other, i.e. lower
costs of production for all commodities (3).
This is illustrated by the simple hypothetical example given in Table 2.
According to the figures presented here, Europe has an `absolute advantage' over
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Latin America, in that productivity per worker is higher in both meat production
and motor car manufacture. This implies that unit costs (at least for labour) are
lower in Europe. However, while Europe also has a comparative advantage in:
manufacturing motor cars Latin America has a comparative advantage in meat
production This may be expressed in terms of opportunity cost, which is the cost
of producing an item in terms of the alternatives foregone Thus the opportunity
cost of producing a motor car in Europe is only 3.75 tonnes of meat, while in
Latin America it is 5 tonnes of meat. By the same token, the opportunity cost of
meat production, in terms of motor cars foregone, is lower in Latin America than
in Europe (0.2 cars rather than 0.267).
Table 2
Comparative advantage and the benefits from trade
REFERENCES
1. Heffernan S., Sinclair P., 1990 Modern international economics. Basil Blackwell,
Oxford, p. 334
2. Leslie J., 1997 -The comparative cost of the-1973 of Newcastle disease in Northern
Ireland under economic and industry conditions of 1973 and 1996. Veterinary
Epidemiology and Economics Research Unit, Department of Agriculture,
University of Reading, p. 50
3. Leslie J., Barozzi J., Otte J., 1997 - The economic implications of a change in FMD
policy a case study in Uruguay. Epidemiol. Sante anim., 31/32 (2).
4. Leslie J.,Upton M., 1999 The economic implication of greater global trade in
livestock and livestock products. Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz., 18, (2) p. 440
457.
5. MacDiarmid S.C., 1993 - Risk analysts and the importation of animals and animal
products. In Risk analysis, animal health and trade (R.S. Morley, ed.). Reu. sci.
tech. Off. int. Epiz., 12 (4), p. 1055-1092.
6. Paula Lyra T.M. de, 1995 - Sanitary barriers to the beef trade. Agroanalysis, 15 (12),
p. 18- 22.
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Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar Iai
7. Raffaelli M., 1995 - Rise and demise of commodity agreements: an investigation into
the breakdown of international commodity agreements. Woodhead Publishing
Limited, Cambridge, p. 240
8. Sere C., Steinfeld H., 1996 - World livestock production systems: current status,
issues and trends. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper, No. 127. FAO,
Rome, p. 82.
9. Suvibank A., 1996 - Capping the CAP? Implementation of the Uruguay Round
Agreement by the European Union. Food Pol., 21 (4/5), p. 393-407.
10. Upton M., 1996 - The economics of tropical farming systems. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, p. 374.
11. *** Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (1994) - The Uruguay Round Final Act
and its implications for the world ivestock and meat economy. l5th Session of
the Intergovernmental Group on Meat. CCP:ME/94/4, October. FAO, Rome,
p.49.
12. *** Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (1996)- Technical barriers to imports of
livestock and meat products from developing countries and progress in their
reduction under the provision of the Uruguay Round Agreements. l6th Session of
the Intergovernmental Group on Meat. FAO, Rome, p.12.
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Grupa
Genul Virus Serotipuri Boala Simptome
CPE
Enterovirus Enterovirus 2 - Leziuni
porcin dermice de tip
tipul 9, 10 vezicular III
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Grupa
Genul Virus Serotipuri Boala Simptome
CPE
Teschovirus Teschovirus 11 Boala Teschen- Tulburri
porcin Talfan Tulburri de nervoase I
(PTV) reproducie Sindromul
Miocardit SMEDI
Tulburri
cardiace
Sapelovirus Enterovirus 1 polioencefalomielit Tulburri II
porcin nervoase
type 8
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PEV-8 PTV
Omologia celor doua secvene ale regiunii 5-NTR ale enterivirusurilor (PEV-8) i
teschovirusurilor (PTV) (Krumbholz, 2002)
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Kuppeveld F.J.M. van, A.S. de Jong, W.J.G. Melchers, P.H.G.M. Willems, 2005 -
Enterovirus protein 2B po(u)res out the calcium: a viral strategy to survive?;
TRENDS in Microbiology ,Vol.13, nr.2, February, pg. 41-44;
2. Krumbholz A., R. Wurmb, O. Scheck, E. Birch-Hirschfeld, R. Egerer, A. Henke,
P. Wutzler, R. Zell, 2003 - Detection of porcine teschoviruses and enteroviruses
by LightCycler real-time PCR; Journal of Virological Methods nr.113, pg. 5163;
3. Zell R., A. Krumbholz, A. Henke, E. Birch-Hirschfeld, A. Stelzner, M. Doherty, E.
Hoey, M. Dauber, D. Prager, R. Wurm, 2000 - Detection of porcine
enteroviruses by nRTPCR: differentiation of CPE groups IIII with specific
primer sets; Journal of Virological Methods nr. 88, pg. 205218;
4. Krumbholz A., M. Dauber, A. Henke, E. Birch-Hirschfeld, N. J. Knowles, A.
Stelzner, R. Zell, 2002 - Sequencing of Porcine Enterovirus Groups II and III
Reveals Unique Features of Both Virus Groups; Journal of Virology, Vol. 76, nr.
11, June, pg. 58135821;
5. Zell R., M. Dauber, A. Krumbholz, A. Henke, E. Birch-Hirschfeld, A. Stelzner, D.
Prager, R. Wurm, 2001 - Porcine Teschoviruses Comprise at Least Eleven
Distinct Serotypes: Molecular and Evolutionary Aspects; Journal of Virology, Vol.
75, nr. 4, Feb., pg. 16201631;
6. Lukashev A.N., V.A. Lashkevich, O. E. Ivanova, G.A. Koroleva, A.E. Hinkkanen,
J. Ilonen, 2003 - Recombination in Circulating Enteroviruses; Journal of
Virology, Vol. 77, nr. 19, Oct., pg. 1042310431;
7. Doherty M., D. Todd, N. McFerran, E.M. Hoey, 1999 - Sequence analysis of a
porcine enterovirus serotype 1 isolate: relationships with other picornaviruses;
Journal of General Virology, nr. 80, pg. 19291941;
8. Kaku Y., A. Sarai, Y. Murakami, 2001 - Genetic reclassification of porcine
enteroviruses; Journal of General Virology, nr. 82, pg. 417424;
9. Witwer C., S. Rauscher, I.L. Hofacker, P.F. Stadler, 2001 Conserved RNA
secondary structures in Picornaviridae genomes; Nucleic Acids Research, nr. 29,
vol. 24, pg. 5079-5089;
10. Zell R., S. Seitz, A. Henke, T. Munder, P. Wutzler, 2005 - Linkage map of protein
protein interactions of Porcine teschovirus; Journal of General Virology, nr. 86,
pg. 27632768.
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MATERIAL I METOD
REZULTATE I DISCUII
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Tabelul 1
Rezultatele testrilor serologice pentru BVD-MD
Nr.
Unitatea Probe Pozitive Negative Dubioase % Pozitive
crt.
1 F1 20 4 16 0 20 %
2 F2 80 30 45 5 37,5 %
3 F3 14 6 7 1 42,85 %
Total 114 40 68 6 35,08 %
70
60
50
45
40
30
30
20
20 16
14
10 6 7
4 5
0 1
0
F1 F2 F3
Nr.
Unitatea Probe Pozitive Negative Dubioase % Pozitive
crt.
1 F1 20 4 16 0 20 %
2 F2 80 60 19 1 75 %
3 F3 14 14 0 0 100 %
Total 114 78 35 1 68,42 %
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70
60
60
50
40
30
20 19
20 16
14 14
10
4
0 1 0 0
0
F1 F2 F3
CONCLUZII
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. www.oie.int, 2004 - Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals
2. Merk Veterinary Manual, seventh edition;
3. Perianu T. i colab., 2005 Boli infecioase ale animalelor, Viroze, Vol II, Ed.
UniversitasXXI, Iai;
4. Ctan N., 1998 Infeciile respiratorii ale tineretului bovin, Editura Brumar,
Timisoara;
5. Carp-Crare M., 2001 Microbiologie veterinar. Virusologie, Casa de editur
Venus, Iai;
6. Sandvik T., 1999 - Laboratory diagnostic investigations for bovine viral diarrhoea
virus infections in cattle, Veterinary Microbiology
7. Thiry E., 2002 Maladies Virales des Ruminants, Collection Virologie clinique, Ed.
Le Point Veterinaire;
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- viremie;
- pe cale neuronal;
- prin intermediul punilor intercelulare evitnd lichidul extracelular
(aa se explic diseminarea virusului de la o celul la alta n prezena titrurilor
crescute de anticorpi) = principala cale de diseminare dup reactivare.
Herpesvirusul bovin 1 (BHV-1) face parte din subfamilia
Alphaherpesvirinae i prezint unele proprieti biologice asemntoare cu ale
herpes simplex virus tipul 1 i 2 (HSV-1 i HSV-2) (Jones et al., 1990; Jones,
1998). BHV-1 prezint o perioada de laten destul de lung n ganglionii
sistemului nervos periferic nainte de replicarea iniial n mucoasa epitelial. De
cele mai multe ori virusul se reactiveaz i este eliminat dup un stres natural sau
indus cu hormoni corticoizi. Cercetrile recente au demonstrat latena virusului
rinotraheitei infecioase bovine (BHV-1) n neuronii senzitivi din ganglionul
trigemen (TG) i in centrii germinativi ai tonsilelor faringiene. (Winkler et al.,
2000)
Reacia caracteristic la nivelul ganglionilor trigemeni n urma infeciei este
reprezentat de infiltraie limfocitar. Cercetrile au artat ca limfocitele T
controleaz infecia cu herpesvirus-1 n ganglionii senzitivi (Simmons et al.,
1992) i s-a putut observa ca celulele neuronale infectate cu antigen viral sunt
nconjurate de celule care elaboreaz IL-2, IL-6, IL-10 i IFN-. (Shimeld et al.,
1997) In infecia acut a bovinelor cu BHV-1, zone de infiltraie limfocitar pot fi
rapid detectate. Numeroase studii au dus la concluzia c celulele mediate ale
rspunsului imun persist n ganglionii trigemeni la bovinele cu infecii latente
produse de BHV-1. (Winkler et al., 2002). Persistena celulelor imune n TG este
dat de expresia proteinei virale ntr-un neuron sau celul satelit. Examinarea
atent a neuronilor TG a bovinelor cu infecii latente a artat c ntr-un neuron se
gsete o cantitate crescut de material viral transcris, proteine virale i AND viral
replicativ. (Feldman et al., 2002) Aceti neuroni care exprim material viral
transcris i proteine sunt nconjurai de zone de infiltraie limfocitar i au fost
descrii ca fiind locul de reactivare molecular spontan (spontaneous
molecular reactivation) a infeciei. (Feldman et al., 2002) Persistena sistemului
imun n TG pe parcursul infeciilor latente are rolul de reactivare a ciclului
infecios. Limfocitele T care produc interferon- joac un rol important n
prevenirea reactivrii infeciei latente. (Liu et al., 2001) In plus limfocitele
citotoxice pot inhiba difuzarea virusului n TG prin inducerea apoptozei. IL-2
este o citotoxin neuroprotectiv elaborat de marea majoritate a neuronilor i a
celulelor gliale (Lovato L. 2003) care stimuleaz expansiunea limfocitelor T i
secreia de interferon- (Jones C., 2006)
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Infiltraie cu celule mononucleare la bovine cu infecie BHV-1. Col. HEA, x 250 (la 6 zile
post infecie i la 14 zile postinfecie) (Jones C., 2006)
In urma infeciei pe cale nazal sau ocular cu BHV-1 are loc transportul
virusului n TG i instalarea infeciei latente. In cazul unei infecii acute n TG se
observ exprimarea genelor virale urmate de instalarea strii de laten. (Jones,
2006) Astfel are loc o inflamaie cronic infiltrativ cu limfocite n ganglionii
trigemeni ca urmare a infeciei cu BHV-1. Exprimarea citokinelor inflamatorii n
timpul infeciilor latente este rezultatul exprimrii reduse a genelor virale sau a
nivelului redus de reactivri spontane. (Shimeld et al., 1997).
Leziunea caracteristic: infiltraii focale interstiiale cu celule
mononucleare poate fi detectat dup 7 zile de la infecie. In cazul infeciei latente
se pot observa discrete zone cu infiltraii cu mononucleare ca i la scurt timp de la
debutul tratamentului cu dexametazon: dup 6 i 24 de ore. Dup 48 de ore de la
administrarea de dexametazon zonele de infiltraie sunt mult mai largi i mai
greu de localizat. Secreia de citokine de ctre celulele inflamatorii (IL-2, IFN- i
IFN-) determin o inhibiie a infeciei productive n TG, deci pot media infecia
cu BHV-1, dirijnd instalarea i reactivarea strii de laten. (Winkler M., 2002)
Datorit faptului c s-a putut detecta in infeciile latente prezena acidului
nucleic si a expresiei genelor virale in celulele non-neurale (celule satelit) din TG
s-a concluzionat ca nivele sczute de reactivri spontane promoveaz prezena de
limfocite pe perioada fazei de laten. Replicarea viral in acest numr sczut de
celule nu a dus la excreia de virus pe care nazala sau ocular. (C. Jones, 2006)
Este bine cunoscut faptul ca glucocorticoizii au capacitatea de a reactiva o
infecie latent cu BHV-1, avnd efect imunosupresiv i putnd cauza apoptoza
limfocitelor. (Schynts F., 2003). innd cont c secreia de citokine are rol in
represia viral, odat cu moartea celulelor care secret cytokine este favorizat
reactivarea infeciei. n schimb aciunea glucocorticoizilor de reactivare a infeciei
este mai sczut in neuroni n comparaie cu cea din celulele non-neurale (satelit).
De asemenea aciunea citokinelor secretate de celulele infamatorii ce nconjoar
in cazul infeciei latente celulele infectate este mult mai puternica fa de neuroni
dect fa de celulele satelit (ce conin ARN replicativ i expresii ale genelor
virale). (Lovato L., 2003)
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Jones, C., 1998 - Alphaherpesvirus latency: its role in disease and survival of the
virus in nature. Adv. Virus Res., nr. 51, pg. 81133.
2. Jones, C., Delhon, G., Bratanich, A., Kutish, G., Rock, D., 1990 - Analysis of the
transcriptional promoter which regulates the latency-related transcript of bovine
herpesvirus 1. J. Virol. nr. 64, pg. 11641170.
3. Winkler, M.T., Schang, L.S., Doster, A., Holt, T., Jones, C., 2000 - Analysis of
cyclins in trigeminal ganglia of calves infected with bovine herpesvirus-1. J. Gen.
Virol. nr. 81 (Pt. 12), pg. 29932998.
4. Winkler, M.T.C., Doster, A., Jones, C., 2000 - Persistence and reactivation of
bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) in tonsils of latently infected cattle. Persistence
and reactivation of bovine herpesvirus 1 in the tonsil of latently infected calves. J
Virol. nr. 74, pg. 53375346.
5. Winkler, M.T., Doster, A., Jones, C., 1999 - Bovine herpesvirus 1 can infect CD4(+)
T lymphocytes and induce programmed cell death during acute infection of
cattle. J. Virol. nr.73, pg. 86578668.
6. Winkler, M.T., Doster, A., Sur, J.H., Jones, C., 2002 - Analysis of bovine trigeminal
ganglia following infection with bovine herpesvirus 1. Vet. Microbiol. Nr. 86, pg
139155.
7. Simmons, A., Tscharke, D., Speck, P., 1992 - The role of imune mechanisms in
control of herpes simplex virus infection of the peripheral nervous system. Curr.
Top. Microbiol. Immunol. nr. 179, pg. 3156.
8. Shimeld, C., Whiteland, J.L.,Williams, N.A., Easty, D.L., Hill, T.J., 1997 - Cytokine
production in the nervous system of mice during acute and latent infection with
herpes simplex virus type 1. J. Gen. Virol.nr. 78, pg. 33173325.
9. Feldman, L.T., Ellison, A.R., Voytek, C.C., Yang, L., Krause, P., Margolis, T.P.,
2002 - Spontaneous molecular reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1
latency in mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. nr. 99, pg. 978983.
10. Liu, T., Khanna, K.M., Carriere, B.N., Hendricks, R.L., 2001 - Gamma interferon
can prevent herpes simplex virus type 1 reactivation from latency in sensory
neurons. J. Virol. nr. 75, pg.1117811184.
11. Lovato, L., Inman, M., Henderson, G., Doster, A., Jones, C., 2003 - Infection of
cattle with a bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) strain that contains a mutation in the
latency related gene leads to increased apoptosis in trigeminal ganglia during the
transition from acute infection to latency. J. Virol. nr. 77, pg. 48484857.
12. Jones C., V. Geiser, G. Henderson, Y. Jiang, F. Meyer, S. Perez, Y. Zhang, 2006 -
Functional analysis of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) genes expressed during
latency, Veterinary Microbiology nr.113, pg. 199210.
13. Ackermann M., M. Engels, 2006 - Pro and contra IBR-eradication, Veterinary
Microbiology, nr.113, pg. 293302
14. Schynts F., F. Meurens, B. Detry, A. Vanderplasschen, E. Thiry, 2003 - Rise and
survival of bovine herpesvirus 1 recombinants after primary infection and
reactivation from latency, Journal of Virology, Dec. 2003, Vol. 77, nr. 23 pg.
1253512542
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Key words: epidemiology, exposures with high risk for rabies infection,
rabies postexposure prophylaxis, Iai-Romania.
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RESULTS
Exposures with high risk for rabies infection (EHRRI) report were colected
from Iasi county (Romania) between 1999 2003. In this period have been
registered 925 EHRRI, with an average incidence of 22.36 exposures/100,000
person-years, from which only 920 individuals have received PEP. The highest
incidence of EHRRI occurred in 2001 (i.e. 29.80 exposures/ 100,000 person-
years) - see Table 1.
Table 1
Annual incidence of EHRRI from Iasi county (Romania) between 1999 2003
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Age-specific rates for EHRRI were also calculated. Adjusting for the
population size of each age group, children < 5 years old have the highest
incidence of EHRRI - 60.79/ 100,000 person-years (Table 2). Incidence of
EHRRI is maximal in individuals 20 year-old and less (1.69 fold greater than that
observed in the group of individuals with age >59 and 2.68 fold greater than in
group of individuals with ages between 20-59 years, the difference between the
studied groups being statistically significant (p< 0. 001 ), Table 2.
From the table below we can noticed that the incidence of EHRRI in men is
greater than that observed in women (p < 0. 05), see Table 3.
Table 3
Sex-specific rates of reported animal EHRRI.
Date from Iasi county (Romania) between 1999 2003
975 injuries (bites, scrapes) have been registered. Most victims have
suffered injuries on the arm, hand, or finger (50.43 %); 24. 53 % were bitten on
the head, neck, or face; 13. 92 % on the leg, foot, or toe; and 9. 96 % on the trunk,
back, or buttocks. 1.12 % of reports lacked information on wound or injuries
location. Children <10 years old were more likely to be exposure on injuries on
the head, neck, or face compared with people >10 years old (P < 0.05, Table 4).
Table 4
Frequency of animal injuries by wound location and victim age
Date from Iasi county (Romania) between 1999 2003 *
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Most animal EHRRI reports indicated the species of the involved animal.
More than 66 % were dogs, 15 % cats, 8.32 % horses, 4.21 % rats, 1.83 % goats,
1.08 % foxes, 0.97 % ferret, and 2.7 % other species (Table 5).
Table 5
Frequency of animal species involved in EHRRI,
from Iasi conty (Romania) between 1999-2003
Number of
Other
exposures Dog Cat Horse Rat Goat Fox Ferret
species
1999-2000
925 612 136 77 39 17 10 9 25
% 66.16 15 8.32 4.21 1,83 1.08 0.97 2.7
The total duration of hospital-stay was 4,093 days (mean/ person 4.48 days
hospital-stay/ person).
DISCUSSION
Exposures with high risk for rabies infection (EHRRI) are an important
community health problem. Serious injuries, particularly to children, and the need
for rabies PEP are major consequences. Because of the combined efforts of local
and state health departments, animal control offices, and the veterinary
community, rabies in humans is rare and results primarily from sporadic
exposures to the foxes strain of rabies. Continued surveillance and rabies control
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is still necessary to protect public health, but new issues such as the relative costs
and benefits associated with various control measures have emerged .
Reducing the need for PEP includes reducing rabies in wild animal
populations through such methods as bait vaccination or foxes. Rabies in foxes is
the most important reservoir for human and domestic animal exposure in
Romania and Iasi county, and foxes exposures resulted in at least 10 PEP
treatments between 1999-2003. Means by which the number of stray-dogs and
rabies in stray-dogs may be reduced include euthanasia, neutering, and
vaccination of these animals, eventually their adoption.
Another way to reduce the need for rabies PEP is to increase vaccination
rates for pet (owned) animals (3, 4). A final way to reduce the need for PEP is by
educating children and adults about bite prevention and dog behavioral Dogs were
responsible for most reported EHRRI in our study.
The care and management of dogs and the interface between dogs and
people appear to be major issues, especially for households with or near children.
Reducing rabies PEP also includes minimizing unnecessary administration
of PEP.
When dealing with exposures to livestock, rodents, lagomorphs, physicians
were asked to consult public health officials and reminded that bites from,
hamsters, guinea pigs, gerbils, rats, mice, rabbits and hares almosts never required
anti-rabies treatment. Administration of PEP to person EHRRI by animals
currently vaccinated against rabies is not recommended.
The estimated incidence of PEP was 22.25/ 100,000 person-years. Other
studies indicate an incidence of 4.6/ 100,000 person-years (in Pennsylvania state,
USA, 1995). So, in Iasi county it is of 4.83 more likely (4).
Costs of PEP were still high, respectively 65 Euro/PEP/case, and 15 Euro/
day of hospitalization. The costs for EHRRI increase through the sick leaves, the
surgical reconstruction procedures, or then patients remain with a body of psychic
handicap after aggression or mutilation.
CONCLUSIONS
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REFERENCES
1. Corey L., 2001 Rabies virus and other rhabdoviruses, in Harrisons principles of
internal medicine 15th edition, McGraw-Hill.
2. Fishbein B.D., Bernard W.K., 1995 Rabies Virus, in Mandell, Douglas and
Bennetts -Principles and Practice of Infections Diseases, 4th editions, Churchill
Livingstone Inc.
3. Krebs W.J., Noll R.H., Rupprecht E.C., Childs E.J., 2002 Rabies surveillance in
the United States during. JAVMA, Vol. 221, No. 12, December 15, p. 1690-170.
4. Moore A.D., Sischo M.W., Hunter A., Miles T., 2000 Animal bite epidemiology
and surveillance for rabies postexposure prophylaxis. JAVMA, Vol. 217, No. 2,
July 15, p. 190-194.
5. Overall L.K., Love M., 2001 Dog bites to humans-demography, epidemiology,
injury, and risk. JAVMA, Vol. 218, No. 12, June 15, p. 1923-1933.
6. The National Association of State Public Health Veterinarias Committee (USA)
Compendium of Animal Rabies Prevention and Control, 2003. JAVMA, Vol. 222,
No. 2, January 15, 2003, p. 156-161.
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The study describes the optimization of the parameters and the test
of PCR to establish a specific and significant PCR method for detection tlh
gene of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The results show that the use of PCR
clearly increases the effectiveness of the method by detecting this bacterium
of soiled seafood. PCR-based developed improves considerably the speed
and the sensitivity of detection of V.p. Through the development of the tools
of molecular biology, the microbiological safety of the seafood for human
consumption can be increased.
INTRODUCTION
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fresh APW3% broth, and grown at 37C to approximately 4,2 108 cells x ml-1 as
determined by viable plate counting. Cells were 10-fold serially diluted to
extinction in 25 g of sterile raws in 225 ml APW3%. These dilutions were
incubated at 37C for 18 hours. After this interval the bacterial count indicated
3x108 ufc/ml.. DNA was isolated from 1 ml of the sample and then diluted 10-fold
and PCR were performed.
Fig. 1. Electrophoresis migration pattern of PCR assay detects the tlh gene. Reference
strains of V. parahaemolyticus; lane 1 to 6, reference strains at T+, respectively 41;
comparison of selected strains of other vibrios (45-48)
The present study provides the premise for developing a rapid, real-time
fluorogenic detection of this pathogen in marine foodstuff and coastal waters.
However, further optimization of the PCR amplification protocol and
hybridization reactions may be necessary to achieve these objectives.
The minimum level of detection was the third decimal dilution, respectively
3x10 V. parahaemolyticus cells x ml-1 in bivalvular mollusks (Fig. 2).
4
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CONCLUSIONS
The PCR protocol for the tlh gene of V. parahaemolyticus is specific and
rapid, the detection can be achieved in 4 h, but the quantification is limited.
Early detection of V. parahaemolyticus will help increase seafood safety
and decrease the risk of infectious outbreaks caused by this pathogen.
REFERENCES
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank Dr. Bernard China and Prof. Georges Daube of Liege
University, Belgium, for their assistance in project and use the PCR protocol.
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INTRODUCTION
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We prepared and verified a probe of DNA of V.p. by the PCR with starters
for the gene tl (24 pairs of bases: 904-927). The probe was marked with
Digoxignine. One carefully respected the indications of the manufacturer for the
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Fig 1. Disposition of the Fig. 2 Agar T1N3 : bacteria Fig. 3. Nylon filter after
bacteria to transfer them on colonies after 18h at 370C immunologic detection: the
filter arrow indicates the colored
spot corresponding to V.p.
As the method was not used usually in the laboratory, we had many the
difficulties by setting up it. After several tests, our conclusion is that this method
is very delicate and tiresome.
The difficulty of the technique is also related to the use of the many
solutions. As sequence in time, the detection of V.p. takes approximately two
days, almost half of detection by traditional bacteriology, and with a reduced
reliability. One of the significant points of the technique consists in sowing, on an
agar, small spots of solution of enrichment. According to the bacterial
concentration, these drops can have 1, 2, 5 or 10 l; the sense of smell of the
technician played an important part in the choosing of the volume necessary. As
V.p. is a mobile bacterium, after a few hours of incubation, the bacterial colonies
become increasingly large and can join, making difficult the interpretation of the
results.
To obtain a probe of ADN it is necessary to carry out a traditional PCR, to
purify the product of PCR, to concentrate it and to mark it with Digoxygenine.
The checking of marking still took a few hours. The process of hybridization is
the most significant stage of the method. The temperature of 42C seemed to be
highest with the fixed probe, but it was far from that of 58C used during the
hybridization of the PCR. In addition, one attended with an incomplete
hybridization, in spite of the continuous agitation of the membrane in the solution.
One met several times the phenomenon of precipitation of the solution of
hybridization, another limiting factor of the method. It should be added the fact
that the use of the gene tlh does not make it possible to detect the pathogenic
stocks of V. parahaemolyticus, i.e. that this method is not useful for the detection
of routine.
The team of Gooch (2) compared two known methods for detection of V.
parahaemolyticus by hybridization of ADN species-specific, direct on membrane
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nylon, by using two probes for the gene tlh: one marked with alkaline and
different phosphatase and one with the digoxignine. Their conclusion was that
hybridization is an easy and fast method. Recently, another American team
proposed to carry out hybridizations with probes for the genes tlh and tdh marked
with alkaline phosphatase, in order to detect the total number of V
parahaemolyticus and to identify the pathogenic stocks (5).
CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that the probes are possibly for detection of the V.
parahaemolyticus tlh gene.
Specific hybridization DNA on the nylon membrane is a difficult method to
realize in the detection of V parahaemolyticus in routine process and comprises
many difficulties.
Through this method it is impossible to establish a quantification of the
pathogenic bacteria in a food product.
REFERENCES
1. Elliot, E.L., Kaysner, C.A., Jackson, L., Tamplin, M.L., 1995 - Vibrio cholerae, V.
parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, and other Vibrio spp . In: Bacteriological
Analytical Manual, 8th ed., pp. 9.019.25. Washington, D.C. Food and Drug
Administration.
2. Gooch J., DePaola A., Kaysner C., Marshall D., 1996 - Evaluation of two direct
plating methods using nonradioactive probes for enumeration of V.
parahaemolyticus in oysters, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 67 (2): 721-724.
3. ICMSF - International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Food. Vibrio
parahaemolyticus, In: Roberts T.A. (chairman Ed.), Microorganisms in foods, 5th
edition: Characteristics of microbial pathogens, Blackie Academic Professional,
London, New York, Melbourne, Tokyo, 1996, 426-435.
4. McCarthy S.A. DePaola, A., Cook D.W., Kaysner C.A., Hill W.E., 1999 - Evaluation
of alkaline phosphatase- and digoxigenin-labelled probes for detection of the
thermolabile hemolysin (tlh) gene of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Letters in Applied
Microbiology; 28(1): 66-68.
5. Nordstrom J.L., DePaola A., 2003 - Improved recovery of pathogenic Vibrio
parahaemolyticus from oysters using colony hybridization following enrichment,
Journal of Microbiological Methods, 52: 273-277.
6. Taniguchi, H., Hirano, H., Kubomura, S., Higashi, K., Mizuguchi, Y., 1986 -
Comparison of the nucleotide sequences of the genes for the thermostable direct
hemolysin and the thermolabile hemolysin from Vibrio parahaemolyticus.
Microbial Pathogenesis; 1: 425 432.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank Prof. Daube Georges and Dr. China Bernard of the Liege
University, Belgium, for their assistance in design and development of primers and probes
for use in this work.
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INTRODUCTION
The details of the pathogenesis of the V.p. are known since the years '50,
when a bond was established between virulence for the man of an isolate of this
bacterium and its capacity to produce a haemolyse on agar with blood
(Wagastuma agar) - phenomenon of Kanagawa (3). In Japan, it was observed that
96,5% of 2720 human stocks were positive (K+ stocks) compared only 1% of 650
environmental stocks (stocks K-). Other authors brought back frequencies even
weaker of K+ stocks among the stocks of the environment. There are
experimental arguments in favour of a natural selection of the K+ stocks in the
intestinal tract and a better survival of the K+ stocks in the ecosystems estuaries.
Currently, it is knows three haemolysins at V.p.: thermostable direct
haemolysin-TDH; thermostable related hemolysin-TRH; thermolabile haemolysin
-TLH. The food toxi-infection is caused by TDH and/or TRH but only if this one
is produced in the digestive tract (4). The stocks producing one of two
haemolysins TDH or TRH (or more rarely both) is represent only a little part of
the population of V.p. This organism is frequently isolated from coastal waters
and seafood in temperate regions throughout the world. It is the most frequent
cause of foodborne disease in Japan, where many residents eat raw fish. A
number of common-source gastroenteritis outbreaks attributed to V.p. have been
associated with oyster consumption (2).
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Table 2
Cycling parameters
To obtain distinct curves of dissociation one carried out several real time
PCR with different combinations from the primers: mix A (tdh), mix B (trh) and
mix C (tdh and trh). The dissociation curve of the sample tdh+ and trh+ had two
peaks, one, discrete, with 74C for tdh+ and another, very full, with 77C, for the
trh. Only for the mix with the tdh+/trh+ ratio of 10/1 had a curve of dissociation
with two peaks of comparable intensity (Fig. 1).
rh
dh
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detection of Vp by the PCR in real time with system SYBR Green, is one of the
techniques of bacterial genetics least expensive. On the basis of work completed
by Japanese and American teams (1, 2), techniques of fast detection of the
bacterium by the PCR and the techniques with DNA probes, having as target the
gene tdh were developed. A recent study in which the SYBR Green I-based PCR
was compared with TaqMan assay for detection of faecal pathogens showed that
the two assays had the same level of sensitivity of detection (1).
Direct detection of the genes tdh+ and trh+ by the PCR in real time with
system SYBR Green were gravitational in the identification by the PCR in real
time, using specific TaqMan probes. The principle of the analysis is to identify
the curves of dissociation, with a peak of fluorescence at the temperature of
hybridization (Tm) specific for each amplicon (5). One used samples of DNA of
Vp., checked for two genes: a sample contained DNA with only the gene tdh+,
another sample, environmental, contained neither of tdh+ not of trh+, and the
third, pathogenic, was positive for the tdh and the trh.
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
1. Fukushima H, Tsunomori Y, Seki R., 2003 - Duplex real-time SYBR green PCR
assays for detection of 17 species of food- or waterborne pathogens in stools. J.
Clin. Microbiol; 41(11): 5134-5146.
2. Kaysner Ch., DePaola A.Jr., 2004 - Vibrio, In: Bacteriological Analytical Manual
Online, 8th Edition, Chapter 9, substantially rewritten and revised,
url://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~ebam/bam-9.html.
3. Nishibuchi M, Kaper JB., 1995 - Thermostable direct hemolysin gene of Vibrio
parahaemolyticus: a virulence gene acquired by a marine bacterium. Infect.
Immun; 64:2093-2099.
4. Peterson K., 2000 - Molecular pathogenesis of Vibrio infections. In: Carry J.W., Linz
J.E. et Bharnagar D. (Eds.) Microbial Foodborne Diseases mechanisms of
pathogenesis and toxins synthesis, Technomic Publishnig Co. Inc., Lancaster,
USA, 157-183.
5. Robert-Pillot A., Guenole A., Lesne J., Delesmont R., Fournier J.M., Quilici M.L.,
2004 - Occurrence of the tdh and trh genes in Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates
from waters and raw shelfish collected in two French coastal areas and from
seafood imported into France, Int. J. Food Microbiol.; 91: 319-325.
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M. CONDREA, M. CARP-CRARE,
T. PERIANU, Elena VELESCU
U.S.A.M.V. Iai
Many zoonoses have spread during the past few years to different regions
of the world and their frequency index has increased, thus endangering public
health by the variety of contamination possibilities. Yersiniosis with Yersinia
enterocolitica is among them.
The implications of this bacterium in the food chain in people started an
increasing interest in the last few years among researchers from the whole world
(1, 4, 7, 8). This bacterium with a high bacteriologic and epidemiologic
heterogeneity (4, 7, 8) was isolated from an important number of domestic and
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frequency of these isolations in the cold season is the feature which makes this
bacterium different from the enteric infections which evolve with a high
frequency in summer. The pick autumn winter spring in Romania (4, 10) is
similar with other countries reports, October January: Belgium, November:
Sweden, September November: Finland, December March: Chech Republic
(8).
The isolated stems belonged to the 2 biotypes (1 and 4), but biotype 4 (7
stems 77.7%) was predominant. Biotype 1 comprised only 2 stems (22.3%).
The serotipia shows the predominance of serotype O3 (7 stems), a serotype
frequently isolated also from the clinical and asymptomatic forms at people (8,
10). Two stems, the ones comprised in biotype 1, belonged to serotypes O4 and
O5.
Although the serotypes traditionally considered responsible for the human
disease (4, 8, 10) were O3 and O9 and less O5, 27, during the last few years there
is an increasing variety of serotypes depending on the disease; the variety is also
in the case of the pig carrying this type of bacterium. Thus the presence in pigs of
the serotypes O4 and O5 (biotype 1) which so far were considered wild non-
pathogenic demonstrates the possibility for this bacterium to adapt under the
influence of biologic pressures and announces a new epidemiologic situation.
The same variety of the isolated serotypes, both from animals and from the
human clinical cases, is more and more relevant. Chiesa and his collaborators
(quoted by Felip, 1989) isolated many serotypes from the patients with diarrhea in
Italy: O3 (57%), O6 (6.5%), O8 (6%), O9 (5%). The same author isolated mainly
from clinically healthy pigs the same serotypes: O3 (29.2%), O6 (10.3%), O9
(9.1%), O10 (9.7%), O7,8 (10.9%). The conclusion is the predominance of
biotypes 4 and 1.
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
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767
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M. CONDREA, M. CARP-CRARE,
Eleonora GUGUIANU, C. CARP-CRARE
U.S.A.M.V. Iai
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aimed at its morphology, mobility, breeding conditions and cultural aspect on the
media used for the isolation of Enterobacteriaceae, following the biologic
peculiarities of this species in order to improve the isolation methods.
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media based on gall salts and especially the ones with Leifson sodium
deoxycolate or its variants.
We aimed at the cultural aspect of Yersinia enterocolitica stems on liquid
and solid media according to the incubation temperature and the age of the
culture.
On the liquid media, cultures brought up disturbances at different speeds
depending on the incubation temperature. Old cultures have a deposit, sometimes
a membrane. It does not have pigments.
On the solid media the colonies of Yersinia enterocolitica are dull or
translucent, with regulate, non-pigmented margins. On the blood gelosis (sheep
blood defibrinated in proportion of 2%) it develops non-haemolytic colonies.
24 hours after incubation at 29oC or 37oC, the colonies of Yersinia
enterocolitica have dimensions between 0.5-1mm in diameter, at the limit of
visibility, contrasting with the other Enterobacteriaceae with dimensions between
2-4mm in diameter; the former ones may be repicated for identification.
In order to be repicated the incubation time of the cultures was prolonged to
48 hours.
This fact, also described in the speciality works (1, 5, 11) is useful within
the work methodology for the diagnosis labs. Due to the slow breeding of
Yersinia enterocolitica the inseminated plates for the isolation of
Enterobacteriaceae must be monitored after 48-hour incubation or left for one
day at the lab temperature and then checked again.
CONCLUSIONS
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the other bacteria. While on the Leifson medium, after 24-hour incubation at
37oC, the colonies are under the limit of visibility, a prolongation of incubation up
to 48 hours being necessary for the isolation, on the Mac Conkey medium the
development is faster, the repication being possible 24 hours after the incubation,
once with the other Enterobacteriaceae.
REFERENCES
1. Bercovier H., Brenner D. J., Ursing J., Steigerwalt A. G., Fanning G. R., Alonso
J.M., Carter G.P., Mollaret H.H., 1980 - Characterization of Yersinia
enterocolitica sensu stricto, Current Microb., 4, 201-206
2. Bourgeois C.M., Mescle J.F., Zucca J., 1990 - Yersinia enterocolitica, Microb. alim.
Tom. 1 Colect. Scien. the. agro-alim., Paris 117-124
3. Carp-Carare M., Timofte D., Condrea M., Guguianu E., Carp-Carare C., Solcan
G., 2001 - Study of ecology and epidemilogical implications of Campylobacter
and Yersinia bacteria. Buletinul Universitatii de Stiinte Agricole si Medicina
Veterinara Cluj-Napoca, Seria Medicina Veterinara, 55-56,
4. Condrea M., 1996 - Cercetari bacteriologice si serologice asupra Yersiniei
enterocolitica izolata de la animale, Teza de doctorat, UAMV
5. Cover T.L., Aber R.C., 1989 - Yersinia enterocolitica, New Engle. J. Med., 321, 1,
16-24
6. Doyle M.P., Hugdahl M.B., 1983 - Improved Procedise for Recovery yersinia
enterocolitica from Meats, Appl. and Environ. Microb., 45, 1, 127-135
7. Felip G.D., Orefice L., Medici D., Germoni S., 1989 - Raspandirea, patogeneza si
prevenirea Yersiniozei cu Yersinia enterocolitica, Slez. vet. 30, 1, 15-18
8. Jacober F.X., 1968 - L'infection Yersinia enterocolitica. Une zoonose d'avenir,
Thse doctorat vtrinaire, Paris
9. Kendal M., Gilbert M.J., 1980 - Survival and Growth of Yersinia enterocolitica in Broth
Media and in Food. Microb. Grow. and surv. Extrem. of Env., Ed. Gould. 215 - 226.
10. Mehlman I.J., Ausilio C.G., Sanders A.C., 1978 - Problems in the Recovery and
Identification of Yersinia from Food. J. Assoc. off. Anal. Chem., 61, 4, 761 - 771.
11. Rusu V., 1985 - Bacteriologie medical vol. II (Blbie V. i col.), Ed. Medical, Bucureti,
345, 356 304-312
12. Shieman D.A., 1983 - Comparaison of Enrichment for Recovery of Virulent Strains of
Yersinia enterocolitica from Inoculated Beef Stew. J. F. P. 46, 11, 957-964
13. Swaminathan B., Harmon M.C., Mehlman I.J., 1982 - A Review: Yersinia
enterocolitica J. Appl. Bact. 52, 151 - 183.
14. Straton A., Staton C., Beldiman N., Condrea M., 1992 - Incidenta Yersiniei la om
si la unele specii de rozatoare ca posibila sursa de infectie. Congr. Nat. de biol.
II, Iasi 196 197 V, Ed. Acad.
15. Zarnea G., 1994 - Tratat de microbiologie general V, ed. Acad.
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Influena aviar, cunoscut i sub numele de gripa aviar sau pesta aviar,
este o boal infecioas , contagioas care afecteaz mai multe specii de psri
domestice i slbatice. (4).
Agentul etiologic al influenei aviare este un virus ce face parte din genul
Influenzavirus A, familia Orthomyxoviridae. (2, 4).
Sursele de infecie sunt reprezentate de psrile bolnave sau aflate n
perioada de incubaie, de cadavrele psrilor infectate, de resturile de la
prelucrarea carcaselor i apele de la splarea acestora, de secreiile i excreiile
psrilor infectate ca i de produsele i ustensilele ce au venit n contact cu virusul
n diverse circumstane. (1).
Populaiile de psri slbatice, ndeosebi cele acvatice, reprezint un
important rezervor , care ntreine i vehiculeaz cele mai diverse subtipuri de
virus gripal. (1).
Virusul patrunde n organism pe cale respiratorie i mai puin pe cale
digestiv. Perioada de incubaie este obinuit de 3-7 zile, fiind dependent de
patogenitatea virusului. Clinic, boala evolueaz de regul supraacut , cu moartea
subit a psrilor afectate sau n decurs de 24 - 48 ore , n unele cazuri
manifestrile putnd mbraca forme acute, cu o durat de cel mult o sptman.
Manifestrile clinice exprimate sunt urmarea tulburrilor circulatorii,
respiratorii, digestive i ale sistemului nervos. Ele pot fi foarte diferite i
dependente de mai muli factori, inclusiv de vrsta i specia psrilor afectate, de
sistemul de exploatare i desigur de patogenitatea tulpinii de virus. (1, 2, 4).
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MATERIAL I METODE
REZULTATE I DISCUII
775
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777
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CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
779
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Influena aviar (IA) sau pesta aviar clasic este o boal infecioas i
extrem de contagioas, ce se caracterizeaz prin tulburri generale grave, prin
simptome respiratorii, digestive i nervoase , nsoite de o infiltraie edematoas a
esutului conjunctiv i cutanat din regiunea capului i gtului. (2, 4).
Agentul etiologic este ncadrat n familia Orthomyxoviridae, genul
Influenzavirus, tipul A, suele nalt patogene aparinnd sub-tipurilor H5 i H7.
(1, 7). Infeciile cu virus nalt patogen, reduse ca inciden nc, nu trebuie
confundate cu cele cu virus slab patogen.
Influena aviar afecteaz n condiii naturale toate galinaceele, dar sunt
susceptibile i multe alte specii de psri domestice i salbatice (anseriforme,
passeriforme etc.). (1).
Ginile adulte sunt mai sensibile dect puii iar boala are un pronunat
caracter septicemic, cu evoluii supraacute i acute. Dup o incubaie de 3-5 zile,
manifestrile apar brusc, cu un aspect exploziv. (1, 2, 4, 7).
Semnele clinice mai importante sunt reprezentate de o stare depresiv
sever, inapeten, reducerea produciei de ou, edeme cefalice, tulburri
circulatorii, digestive, respiratorii, reproductive i ale sistemului nervos,
mortalitatea putnd atinge 100% din efectiv. (1, 3, 4).
MATERIAL I METODE
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Delta Dunrii. Cercetrile au fost fcute n luna octombrie 2005, cnd s-a
identificat i declarat focarul de grip aviar n aceste localiti. Primele semne
au aprut n gospodriile din vecintatea amenajrilor piscicole unde s-au
semnalat n aceeai perioad mbolnviri i mortalitate la lebedele de var.
Suspicionarea s-a bazat pe criterii epidemiologice i clinice iar confirmarea s-a
realizat prin examene de laborator (virusologic, PCR) efectuate la IDSA
Bucureti.
REZULTATE I DISCUII
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783
Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar Iai
CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
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785
Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar Iai
MATERIAL I METODE
REZULTATE I DISCUII
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CONCLUZII
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
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Table 1
Silage samples sourse
50
42
40
30
20 18 18
10 6
0
Total sample Surface Edges samples Depth samples
number samples (pH-6) (ph 5,5-6) (ph<5)
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Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar Iai
enrichment Fraser broth, which was incubated 36-48 hours at 370C. From those
ones sowing in 24 as well as in 48 hours on Palcam and Oxford selective culture
mediums were realized, the plates being incubated and observed for two days
long.
The suspect colonies (Palcam gray greenish center surrounded of a
black halo and on Oxford-black colonies surrounded of a black halo) were
transplanted on selective culture mediums such as TSYA agar (triptonis, soya)
with ram blood, in order to observe haemolysis. The plates were incubated at
370C for 24 hours and then, the specific colonies were submitted to minimum
identification tests (Api-Listeria, CAMP).
The stems pathogenity was observed in vitro using strains cropping on ram
blood agar, as well as in vivo, inoculating little laboratory mice.
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Table 3
Listeria monocytogenes frequency in silage
Positive Negative
Samples Samples number
pH samples samples
sourse
No. % No. % No. %
Surface
1. 6 18 42,86 2 4,76 16 38,1
samples
Edges
2. 5,5-6 18 42,86 1 2,38 17 40,48
samples
Depth
3. <5 6 14,28 - - 6 14,28
samples
4. Total - 42 100 3 7,14 39 92,86
50
42,86 42,86
40,48
40 38,1
30
20 14,28 14,28
10 4,76
2,38
0
0
Samples number Positive samples Negative samples
CONCLUSIONS
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Gitter M., Stebbings R.S., Morris J.A., Hannam D., Harris C., 1986 - Relationship
between ovine listeriozis and silage feeding. Vet. Rec., 118 (8), 207-208
2. Larpent J.P., 2000 - Listeria, Ed. Tec.DOC, 2e Edition, Paris
3. Perianu T., 2003 - Boli infecioase ale animalelor domestice, Bacterioze, Vol.I, Ed.
Venus-Iai, p. 429-436
4. Rpuntean Gh., Rpuntean S., 2005 - Bacteriologie veterinar special, Ed.
Academic Pres, Cluj-Napoca, p.38-46
5. Y. Milleman, D. Remy, J. Brugere-Picoux., 2000 - La listeriose des ruminants-
etiologie, pathogenie et epidemiologie. Point Vet., vol. 31, nr. 208, 313-316
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MATERIALE I METODE
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REZULTATE I DISCUII
Examen anatomopatologic
Rezultatele examenului anatomopatologic sunt sintetizate n tabelul 1.
Tabelul 1
Leziunile limfonodulare de la bovinele examinate n laborator n perioada 2000-2005
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Examenul bacteriologic
Examenul bacterioscopic a fost pozitiv la 11 din cele 69 de probe analizate
(13,34 %), toate probele fiind confirmate prin examenul histopatologic. Are o
valoare de diagnostic redus n tuberculoza bovin, datorit faptului c leziunile
sunt de obicei paubacilare .
n urma examenului bacteriologic s-au izolat 11 tulpini bacteriene cu
urmtoarele caractere culturale i morfologice (tabelul 2):
Tabelul 2
Identificarea tulpinilor micobacteriene
Timp de
Nr. Tip Examen macroscopic Examen microscopic
incubaie
crt. cultural al culturii al culturii
(zile)
1. 55 DISGONIC S Colonii cu margini neregulate, Bacili acidorezisteni
opace, alb-glbui,2-4 mm, cu aezai n grmezi
rofizare ulterioar neregulate.
2. 59 DISGONIC S Colonii cu margini ondulate, Bacili acidorezisteni
opace, conopidiforme,glbui, aezai n grmezi
2-4 mm, cu rofizare neregulate.
ulterioar
3. 60 DISGONIC S Colonii rotunde, opace, alb- Bacili acidorezisteni
glbui, 3-4 mm, cu rofizare aezai n grmezi
ulterioar neregulate.
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Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar Iai
Timp de
Nr. Tip Examen macroscopic Examen microscopic
incubaie
crt. cultural al culturii al culturii
(zile)
4. 60 DISGONIC S Colonii cu margini neregulate, Bacili acidorezisteni
opace, glbui, bombate, 2-3 aezai n grmezi
mm, cu rofizare ulterioar neregulate.
5. 65 DISGONIC S Colonii rotunde opace, alb- Bacili acidorezisteni
glbui,3-4 mm, cu rofizare aezai n grmezi
ulterioar neregulate.
6. 55 DISGONIC S Colonii crateriforme, opace, Bacili acidorezisteni
glbui, 3-5 mm, cu rofizare aezai n grmezi
ulterioar neregulate.
7. 60 DISGONIC S Colonii rotunde, opace, alb- Bacili acidorezisteni
glbui, 3-4 mm, cu rofizare aezai n grmezi
ulterioar neregulate.
8. 60 DISGONIC S Colonii cu margini neregulate, Bacili acidorezisteni
opace, glbui, bombate, 2-3 aezai n grmezi
mm, cu rofizare ulterioar neregulate.
9. 65 DISGONIC S Colonii rotunde opace, alb- Bacili acidorezisteni
glbui,3-4 mm, cu rofizare aezai n grmezi
ulterioar neregulate.
10. 55 DISGONIC S Colonii crateriforme, opace, Bacili acidorezisteni
glbui, 3-5 mm, cu rofizare aezai n grmezi
ulterioar neregulate.
11. 65 DISGONIC S Colonii rotunde opace, alb- Bacili acidorezisteni
glbui,3-4 mm, cu rofizare aezai n grmezi
ulterioar neregulate.
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Examenul histopatologic
Prin coloraia HEA s-a efectuat un examen de ansamblu al modificrilor
citologice, cu evidenierea structurii histopatologice a granulomului tuberculos,
fcndu-se n acelai timp i examen diferenial fa de alte granuloame
nespecifice (actinobacilar, micotic, de corpi strini etc.).
Metoda de colorare Ziehl-Neelsen modificat a permis evidenierea
structurii histopatologice a esutului i a bacililor acido- alcoolorezisteni.Prin
aceast metod de colorare s-au putut evidenia i bacilii acido-alcoolorezisteni
prezeni n citoplasma celulelor epitelioide, gigante i n zona de necroza a
granulomului (fig. 2).
Bioproba
Bioproba s-a efectuat pentru cele 69 probe primite n laborator n perioada
analizat.
La 7 probe recoltate de la animale tuberculino-negative, nu s-a efectuat
bioproba pe cobai, ntruct rezultatele examenelor: anatomopatologic,
bacterioscopic i histopatologic au fost negative pentru tuberculoza bovin.
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5 5,0
4
Numr probe pozitive
2 2,0 2 2
0 0,0
0 0 0 0,0 0,0 0,0
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Perioada
Numrul probelor pozitive din colectiviti
Numrul probelor pozitive din gospodriile populaiei
CONCLUZII
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BIBLIOGRAFIE SELECTIV
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MATERIAL I METOD
REZULTATE I DISCUII
1 2
Fig.1, Fig. 2. Aspectul clinic al suinelor afectate de PDNS. Zone ntinse de pete
hemoragice pe membre, zona inferioar a abdomenului i a urechilor
805
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806
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807
Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar Iai
CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Choi, C., Chae, C., 2001. - Colocalization of porcine reproductive and respiratory
syndrome virus and porcine circovirus 2 in porcine dermatitis and nephropathy
syndrome by double-labeling technique. Veterinary Pathology 38, 436441.
2. Choi, C., Kim, J., Kang, I.J., Chae, C., 2002. - Concurrent outbreak of PMWS and
PDNS in a herd of pigs in Korea. Veterinary Record 151, 484485.
3. Duran, C.O., Ramos-Vara, J.A., Render, J.A., 1997 - Porcine dermatitis and
nephropathy syndrome: a new condition to include in the di.erential diagnosis list
for skin discoloration in swine. Swine Health and Production 5, 241245.
4. Ramos-Vara, J.A., Duran, O., Render, J.A., Craft, D., 1997 - Porcine dermatitis and
nephropathy syndrome in the USA. Veterinary Record 141, 479480.
5. Rosell, C., J. Segales, J.A. Ramos-Vara, J.M. Folch, G.M. Rodriguez-Arrioja,
C.O. Duran, M. Balasch, J. Plana-Duran, M. Domingo 2000 - Identification of
porcine circovirus in tissues of pigs with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy
syndrome. Vet. Rec. 146, 4043.
6. Smith, W.J., Thomson, J.R., Done, S., 1993 - Dermatitis/nephropathy syndrome of
pigs. Veterinary Record 132, 47.
7. Thibault, S., Drolet, R., Germain, M.C., DAllaire, S., Larochelle, R., Magar, R.,
1998 - Cutaneous and systemic necrotizing vasculitis in swine. Veterinary
Pathology 35, 108116.
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N. CTAN, V. HERMAN,
M. NECSULESCU, Ionica FODOR
U.S.A.M.V.B. Timioara
MATERIAL I METOD
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REZULTATE I DISCUII
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Tabelul 1
Reaciile locale i evoluia lor la bovinele vaccinate cu vaccinul ULTRACHOICE 8
811
Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar Iai
Tabelul 2
Rezultatele examenelor serologice la vacile imunizate cu vaccinul ULTRACHOICE 8
(Clostridium perfringens tipul C)
admisibilitate
admisibilitate
admisibilitate
comasat
Limita de
Limita de
Limita de
Valoarea
Valoarea
Valoarea
obinut
obinut
obinut
matricol
Numr
Proba
T0
T0
T1
T1
T2
T2
784
776
735
813
547 0,1 <0,1 >6 10
V1 3 U.I./ml 20 U.I./ml
543 U.I./ml U.I./ml U.I./ml U.I./ml
515
506
1051
1074
1000
787
799
504
1080 0,1 <0,1 >6 10
V2 3 U.I./ml 15 U.I./ml
801 U.I./ml U.I./ml U.I./ml U.I./ml
986
606
717
514
508
749
0,1 <0,1 >6 10
650 V3 3 U.I./ml 15 U.I./ml
U.I./ml U.I./ml U.I./ml U.I./ml
741
643
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Tabelul 3
Rezultatele examenelor serologice la vacile imunizate cu vaccinul ULTRACHOICE 8
(Clostridium perfringens tipul D)
admisibilitate
admisibilitate
admisibilitate
comasat
Limita de
Limita de
Limita de
Valoarea
Valoarea
Valoarea
obinut
obinut
obinut
matricol
Numr
Proba
T0
T0
T1
T1
T2
T2
784
776
735
813
547 <0,1 0,5
V1 0,1 U.I./ml 1 U.I./ml 2 U.I./ml 2 U.I./ml
543 U.I./ml U.I./ml
515
506
1051
1074
1000
787
799
504
1080 <0,1 0,5
V2 0,1 U.I./ml 1 U.I./ml 2 U.I./ml 2 U.I./ml
801 U.I./ml U.I./ml
986
606
717
514
508
749
<0,1 0,5
650 V3 0,1 U.I./ml 1 U.I./ml 2 U.I./ml 4 U.I./ml
U.I./ml U.I./ml
741
643
813
Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar Iai
Tabelul 4
Rezultatele examenelor serologice la vacile imunizate cu vaccinul ULTRACHOICE 8
(Clostridium novyi)
admisibilitate
admisibilitate
admisibilitate
comasat
Limita de
Limita de
Limita de
Valoarea
Valoarea
Valoarea
obinut
obinut
obinut
matricol
Numr
Proba
T0
T0
T1
T1
T2
T2
784
776
735
813
547 0,01 <0,01
V1 0,2 U.I./ml 3 U.I./ml 0,5 U.I./ml 6 U.I./ml
543 U.I./ml U.I./ml
515
506
1051
1074
1000
787
799
504
1080 0,01 <0,01
V2 0,2 U.I./ml 3 U.I./ml 0,5 U.I./ml 8 U.I./ml
801 U.I./ml U.I./ml
986
606
717
514
508
749
0,01 <0,01
650 V3 0,2 U.I./ml 3 U.I./ml 0,5 U.I./ml 4 U.I./ml
U.I./ml U.I./ml
741
643
CONCLUZII
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Lucrri tiinifice vol. 49 seria Medicin Veterinar
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Carter, G.R., Chengapa M.M., 1993 Microbial diseases, Ed. Iowa State University
Press, Ames.
2. Gherghariu S., Pop Al., Kadar L., Marina Spnu, 2000 Manual de laborator clinic
veterinar, Ed. All Educational, Bucureti.
3. Nascimento R.A.P., Lorato F.C.F., Abreu V.L.V., Martins N.E., Assia R.A.,
Carvalho Filho M.B., 2004 Evaluation of vaccines against Clostridium novyi
type B, Brasiliero de Medicina Veterinaria e Zootehnia, 56, 1, 1-6.
4. Radostis O.M., Gay C.C., Blood D.C., Hinchcliff K.W., 2000 Veterinary Medicine
9th edition, Ed. W.B. Saunders Company Ltd., London, New York, Philadelphia,
San Francisco, St. Louis, Sydney.
5. Secaiu V., 2001 - Boli produse de germeni din genul Clostridium, n: Boli infecioase
ale animalelor - bacterioze, sub redacia Moga Mnzat Radu, pag. 481-611, Ed.
Brumar, Timioara.
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n trecut dintre animalele domestice, bovinele erau unul din cele mai
importante rezervoare de infecie cu Salmonella enteritidis i Salmnonella
typhimurium, n timp ce astzi, n toate rile evoluate (dezvoltate), paralel cu
extinderea creterii industriale a psrilor, acestea au devenit principalele specii
purttoare i eliminatoare. Totui, fenomenul nu se manifest stereotip
nregistrndu-se i aspecte caracteristice de la o ar la alta i chiar de la o zon la
alta.
Dintre speciile de psri, o importan sanitar veterinar mai mare o au
ginile i palmidele (raa i gsca), iar infeciile se pot grupa n dou categorii. n
prima categorie se include infecia determinat de Salmonella pulorum-
gallinarum, care afectez n special ginile i curcile determinnd tifoza i
puloroza. A doua categorie de infecie este produs de Salmonele mobile,
denumite i paratifice.
ntruct se observ o cretere a rolului psrilor domestice i slbatice, ca i
a produselor acestora (ou i carne) in apariia imbolnvirilor, dar i a
toxiinfeciilor alimentare la om, ne-am propus a investiga etiologia i prevalena
(frecvena) infeciilor paratifice la psri.
MATERIAL I METOD
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Lucrri tiinifice vol. 49 seria Medicin Veterinar
psrile din cele dou uniti au dat n totalitate reacii negative la examenul
serologic pentru tifopuloroz.
Coninutul foliculilor ovarieni cu modificri evidente (pediculai, boselai i
de culoare verzui-albstruie) a celor102 psri, s-a nsmnat n bulion, pe
geloz nclinat sau n plci Petri i n mediul de mbogire (Kauffman-Muller).
REZULTATE I DISCUII
S-au necropsiat un numr de 102 psri, din care 43 din unitatea A i 61 din
unitatea B. Din unitatea A au fost diagnosticate cu leziuni de paratifoz 18
(43,9%) psri, iar din unitatea B 22 de psri, adic 36,06%, (tabel 1, fig. 1)
Tabelul 1
Rezultatul examenului necropsic
70
60
50
40 A
30 B
20
10
0
P s ri n e c ro p s ia te N r. L e z iu n i d e
p a ra tifo z
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Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar Iai
Tabelul 2
Leziunile anatomopatologice
Leziuni macroscopice
Nr. Nr. psri Ficat
Unitatea Peritonit Spleno-
crt. necropsiate Salpingite Ovarite
vitelin
mrit
megalie
hipercolie
Nr. % Nr. % Nr. % Nr. % Nr. %
1. A 41 6 14,65 14 36,58 7 14,87 6 14,42 8 19,84
2. B 61 9 14,75 16 26,95 15 23,88 11 18,03 10 16,39
Total 102 15 14,70 30 29,70 22 21,56 17 16,66 18 17,38
35
30
25
20 n r.
15 %
10
5
0
S a lp in g ite O v a r ite P e rito n it S p le n o - F ic a t m rit
v ite lin m e g a lie h ip e rc o lie
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Lucrri tiinifice vol. 49 seria Medicin Veterinar
Nr.
Salmonella Salmonella Esch. Germeni Proteus
Nr. tulpini
Organ enteritidis typhimurium coli coliformi v.
probe izolate
Nr. % Nr. % Nr. % Nr. % Nr. % Nr: %
Ovar 40 21 52,5 9 42,85 3 14,29 4 19,05 4 19,05 2 9,52
Ficat 40 22 55,0 2 9,07 1 4,58 8 4,58 8 36,36 4 18,18
25
20
15
numar
ovar
ficat
10
0
Nr. tulpini Salmonella Salmonella Esch.coli Germeni Proteus v.
izolate enteritidis typhimurium coliformi
Din rezultatele obinute se constat c germenii izolai din ficat i din ovar
difer ca pondere.Astfel nsmnrile din foliculii ovarieni au dus la izolarea a 9
(42,85%) tulpini de Salmonela enteritidis i a 3 (14,29%) tulpini de Salmonela
typhimurium, n timp ce din ficat s-au izolat numai 2 (9,07%) tulpini de
Salmonela enteritidis i 1 (4,58%) tulpini de Salmonela typhimurium. n schimb
n ficat au predominat ali germeni Gram negativi cum sunt Escherichia coli 8
(36,36%) tulpini,germeni coliformi 7 (31,81%) tulpini i 4 (18,18%) Proteus
vulgaris. De menionat c de la 3 psri din ovar s-au izolat att Salmonela
enteritidis ct i Escherichia coli.
Datele din literatura de specialitate redau c n Romnia, incidena
infeciilor cu salmonele mobile la psri investigat ntr-un centru de selecie i
hibridare a raselor grele i unul de hibridare al raselor uoare a fost: Salmonella
enteritidis 50,8% , Salmonella typhimurium 30,4%, Salmonella gallinarum 5,8%,
Salmonella heidelberg 2,4% , Salmonella agona 2,10% , Salmonella derby 2,9% ,
Salmonella haifa 2,4% , Salmonella newport 2,4%.
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Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar Iai
CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
820
Lucrri tiinifice vol. 49 seria Medicin Veterinar
MATERIAL I METOD
REZULTATE I DISCUII
821
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822
Lucrri tiinifice vol. 49 seria Medicin Veterinar
Tabelul 2
Dozele germenilor inoculai
CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Brzoi D., Meica S., Negu M., 1999 Toxiinfeciile alimentare. Editura Diacon
Coresi, Bucureti.
2. Bergdoll M.S., 1998 Staphylococcus aureus in: Foodborne Bacterial Pathogenes.
Ed. By M.P.Doyle (Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, Basel).
3. Cooper &Gerard I., 1994 Salmonellosis infections in man end the chicken
pathogenesis and the development of live vaccines a review Veter. Bull.
Vol.64, no.2,123-135.
4. Carp Crare M., Guguianu Eleonora, Timofte Dorina, 1997 Lucrri practice de
microbiologie veterinar. U.S.A.M.V. Iai.
5. Davies R., Liebane E., Breslin M., 2003 - Investigation of the distribution and control
of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis PT6 in layer breeding and egg
production. Avian Pathology (June 2003) 32(3),227-237.
6. Mnzat Moga R., 2001 -Bolile infecioase ale animalelor bacterioze Ed. Brumer,
Timioara.
7. Perianu T., (coordonator), (2003) - Bolile infecioase ale animalelor domestice.
Bacterioze. Vol l, Ed. Venus, Iai.
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Key words: H5N1 avian flu virus, pandemic, monitoring, prevention, Iasi,
immunochromatographic kit, PCR.
Denumirea de grip sau influen aviar include mai multe stri patologice,
produse de ctre diverse subtipuri ale virusurilor gripale. Cea mai cunoscut
form de grip aviar este cea numit pest aviar clasic, care nu a mai aprut n
ara noastr din anul 1941. n ultimii ani etiologia gripei a fost intens studiat i
este bine cunoscut, constituind un model de adaptare a virusului la diferite gazde,
cu consecine importante sub aspect epidemiologic. Virusul gripal este ncadrat n
grupul Influenzavirus, tipul (specia) A. Virusul gripal A infecteaz att omul ct i
824
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826
Lucrri tiinifice vol. 49 seria Medicin Veterinar
MATERIAL I METOD
Specificaie probe
Nr.
Specia Tampoane
Crt. Seruri
cloacale
1 Galinacee 38 401
2 Palmipede 4 91
3 Psri slbatice 5 -
Total 47 492
Specificaie probe
Nr.
Specia Tampoane
crt. Seruri
cloacale
1 Galinacee 219 188
2 Palmipede 13 800
3 Psri slbatice 107 -
345 -
4 Psri vii - galinacee i palmipede
141 -
TOTAL 825 988
827
Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar Iai
"T" i "C" n dreptul crora vor deveni vizibile dup efectuarea testului linii
purpuriu-grena. Aceste linii nu exist iniial i definesc validarea testului (n
dreptul literei C) indiferent dac proba este pozitiv sau negativ i prob pozitiv
(atunci cnd apare n dreptul literei T). Testul utilizeaz un panel de anticorpi
selectat n scopul deteciei virusului IA.
- Trusa Flu DetectTMTest Strip este un test in-vitro de imunomigrare rapid
de detecie calitativ a virusului influenei tip A n tampoanele traheale i cloacale
de pasre. Acest test detecteaz cele 15 subtipuri ale virusului influenei tip A.
Testul utilizeaz doi anticorpi specifici virusului influenei tip A (un anticorp anti-
influena A leag antoigenul present n prob i un al doilea anticorp de captur
pentru acest complex atg-atc.).
Iar pe probele de seruri de pasre s-au efectuat teste ELISA:
- Detecia rapid de anticorpi ai influenei aviare, pe seruri de la gini i
curci vii, prin indirect ELISA (kitulul "FlockChek", produs de firma IDEXX
Laboratories din SUA. Testul msoar nivelul relativ al anticorpilor produi ca
urmare a contactului nemijlocit cu virus al influenei aviare. Pe microplcile
cptuite cu antigen viral sunt repartizate i incubate seruri. n cazul serurilor
pozitive, anticorpii: anti virus a'l influenei aviare, vor forma imunocomplexe cu
antigenul de cptuire a micrciplcii, aceste complexe fiind ulterior vizualizate
dup legarea cu un conjugat anti IgG de gin i curc, marcat cu peroxidaz,
prin adugarea unui substrat TMB, ce va produce n prezena peroxidazei o
culoare albastr cu intensitate dependent de nivelul relativ al anticorpilor anti
virus al influenei aviare existent n probe.
- Detecia rapid de anticorpi ai influenei aviare, pe seruri de palmipede,
prin ELISA competitive.
REZULTATE I DISCUII
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829
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Lucrri tiinifice vol. 49 seria Medicin Veterinar
Fig. 6. Observarea culoarei roii care Fig. 7. Prezenta unei singure benzi roii
migreaz de-a lungul ferestrei centrale a indic un rezultat negativ i valideaz
cuvei de lucru funcionarea testului
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Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar Iai
CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Cernescu C., Ru S., 2004 - Progrese n controlul i prevenirea virozelor cu
potenial bioterorist. Gripa aviar, Editura Universitar Carol Davila Bucureti,
157-167.
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Lucrri tiinifice vol. 49 seria Medicin Veterinar
2. Chen H., Smith G.J.D., 2005 - H5N1 virus outbreak in migratory waterfow, Nature,
436, 191.
3. Li K. S., Guan Y., Wang I., et al., 2004 - Genesis of highly pathogenic and
potentially pandemic H5N1 influenza virus in Eastern Asia, Nature, 430, 209-313.
4. Olaru E., 2006 - Instruciunile pentru recunoaterea cazurilor de influen aviar i
diferenierea lor de alte afeciuni ale psrilor, IDSA, nota de serviciu nr.
818/13.02.2006.
5. Perianu T., 1997 - Bolile Infecioase ale animalelor. Viroze. vol. II, Ed. Fundaiei
Chemarea, Iai, 203-208.
6. Rpuntean Gh., Boldizar E., 2002 Virusologie special veterinar, Editura
AcademicPres, Cluj-Napoca, 153-155.
7. Vasiu C., 2003 - Viroze i bolile prionice la animale, Editura Nereamia Napocae Cluj
Napoca, 435-439.
8. http://www.who.int/csr/don/2004_01_22/en/, Avian influenza H5N1 infection in
humans: urgent need to eliminate the animal reservoir, Jan. 2004, WHO.
9. http://www.who.int/csr/don/2005_08_18/en/index.html, Geographical spread of H5N1
avian influenza in birds, Aug. 2005, WHO.
10. http://www.who.int/csr/don/2005_05_19/en/, Avian Influenza-cumulative number of
cases, May 2005, WHO.
833
Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar Iai
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There were analized 90 serum samples from porcine 4-5 months old in two
breeding units.
From each animal were taken 10 ml blood punctioning the jugular
confluent, in vacutainers without anticoagulant.
The blood samples were maintained to room temperature for 1 hour and
after that the coagul was detached from the tubes walls with a metalic shaft and
the samples were introduced in the refrigerator (+40C, 24h) for the complete
serum expression. The serum samples were transfered in sterile Eppendorf
tubes.
For ELISA it was used DakoCytomation kit (wich contains Microtitration
Plate, White Streeps, Sealing Tapes, Sample Diluent, Positive Control Serum,
Negative Control Serum, Conjugate, Wash Buffer Concentrate, Substrate, Stop
Solution), ELISA NUNC Washer and ELISA Rosys Athos 2010 Reader.
Porcine serum samples were diluted 1:10 and incubated for 90 minutes in
microwells pre - coated with M. hyopneumoniae antigen. Peroxidase conjugated
monoclonal antibody to M. hyopneumoniae is then added to the wells containig
the diduted samples. The conjugated antibody competes with any M.
hyopneumoniae antibody present in the porcine serum for binding epitopes on the
immobilised antigen. n all the wells a yellow-brown colour appears. After 15
minutes, wells are washed and a chromogenic substrate is added. The color
reaction is stopped by the acid addition.
The higher the antibody concentration in the porcine serum is, the less
conjugate monoclonal antibody is able to bind to the immobilised antigen,
resulting in a lower colour intensity. Conversly in porcine samples containing low
levels or no antibody, more conjugate monoclonal antibody is able to bind,
resulting in a a higher colour intensity.
Results are read at 450nm in Optical Density Units (OD) and samples OD
is compared with the measure one (Buffer solution).
Positive samples present OD values 50% lower then buffer solution OD.
835
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836
Lucrri tiinifice vol. 49 seria Medicin Veterinar
Control Serum OD 50% of the BCOD (PCOD) and Negative Control Serum
OD 75% of the BCOD (NCOD).
The obtained results are:
- BCOD 2,043 (Buffer control)
- PCOD 0,730 (Positive control)
- NCOD 2,032 (Negative control)
In function of BCOD, were considered:
- positive samples 50% of the BCOD (1,021)
- negative samples 65% of the BCOD (1,327)
- doubptful samples = 1,021 - 1,327 (require repetition after 2 weeks).
The obtained values after the reading were systematized in tables 1 and 2.
Table 1
Serological examination results in each of the two breeding units
rapported to total animal number
Table 2
Rezultats obtained after the serological exam on the total animal number
Animal number %
Pozitives 42 46,6
Negatives 28 31,2
Doubtful 20 22,2
TOTAL 90 100
The animals from the first unit, with imported porcine didnt presented
clinical signs of disease, the aim of this screening being the establishing of M.
hyopneumoniae wearers between those animals.
The animals from the second breeding unit, with native porcine, presented
clinical signs (dry cough, dispneic respiration).
The obtained results showed that M. hyopneumonie specific antibodies are
present in a number of 42 serum samples (46,6%) from the total of the 90
examined, 17 samples (37,7%) deriving from a breeding unit with imported
porcine and the other 25 samples (55,5%) from a plot of native porcine. Because
of the lack of clinical signs in the animal from the first unit, must be considered
the wearer state of those animals after healing (a 66 weeks periode) (Perianu
Tudor, 1996) or an ocult infection.
The animals with doubtful results must be retested after 2 weeks, using the
same method, but after various studies through this assay, it was established that
837
Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar Iai
this doubtful results can be included in the negative category in the statistical
interpretation.
Being a sensitive test, which can discriminate M. hyopneumoniae specific
antigenes, the screening values must be considered.
The serology in M. hyopneumoniae enzootic pneumonia present different
limites, the seroconversion after the infection being, generaly, delayed and
various. (Sitjar and col., 1996; Calsamiglia and col., 1999a), those data suggesting
that the serological results extrapolation to clinical infection is difficult. In
infected effectives, mortality rate can reach 1 - 5%, lower then morbidity, which
can reach 40 - 60%.
M. hyopneumoniae actions in high density effectives, inproper ventilation,
high level of ammonia in atmosphere, defficient sanitary conditions, maintaining
of various ages animales in the same place, increasing the possibility of horizontal
transmition. (Marco Ibarra C.. and col. 2000).
Literature data confirmes our results, 90% of the Belgic porcine effectives
being infected. In SUA, morbidity in adult animals is of 90-100% and of the
youth is of 74-85% (Bush Eric, 2002). Respiratory problems are frequent in all the
countries with intensive porcine breeding. There are affected over then 97% of
animals, more of the 70% presenting specific lesions (Davies and col., 1993).
CONCLUSIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
838
Lucrri tiinifice vol. 49 seria Medicin Veterinar
4. Feld N.C., Qvist P., Ahrens P., Friis N.F., Meyling A., 1992 - A monoclonal
blocking ELISA detecting serum antibodies to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae,
Veterinary Microbiology. , 30(1):35-46;
5. Ibarra M., Norma No M., Arnaldo Alvarado S. Rosa Perales C., 2000 -
Evidencia de la presencia de anticuerpos de Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae en
cerdos provenientes de granjas de crianza artesanal del sur de Lima, Rev Inv
Vet Per; 11(2):164-168;
6. Kobisch M., N.F. Friis, 1996 - Swine mycoplasmoses, Rev Sci Tech, 15(4):1569-
605;
7. Perianu T., 1996 Animals Infectious diseases, Bacteriozis, vol. I, Ed. Venus Iai;
8. Sorensen V., Barfod K., Feld N.C., 1999 - Evaluation of a monoclonal blocking
ELISA and IHA for antibodies to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in SPF-pig herds ,
The Veterinary Record, Vol. 130, Issue 22, 488-490;
9. Sitjar M., Noyes E., Moreso J.M., Fernadnez de Aragon J., Pijoan C., 1996 -
Relationship among seroconversion to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, lung
lesions, and production parameters in pigs, Swine Hlth Prod. 4:273-277.
839
Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar Iai
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MATERIAL I METODE
n vederea realizrii acestui studiu s-au utilizat informaii din bazele de date
raportate i publicate la Oficiului International de Epizootii (OIE) precum i din
evidenele primare ale serviciilor veterinare din trei judee ale Romniei, n limita
posibilitii accesului la acestea i n condiiile unei neconcordane formale ntre
diversele organisme i trepte erarhice n ceea ce privete modalitatea de
nregistrare, prelucrare primar i de raportare a datelor.
Rezultatele investigaiilor nu au fost corelate ntre cele trei judee,
urmrindu-se doar evidenierea nivelului prevalenei tuberculozei bovine i
evaluarea economic brut a eforturilor cuantificabile fcute n cadrul aciunilor de
supraveghere i de combatere a acestei boli.
Datele au fost sintetizate i prezentate sub form de tabele iar evaluarea
economic s-a facut lund drept reper preurile medii anuale ale diferitelor
manopere i consumabile, fr o actualizare strict din punct de vedere financiar.
S-a urmrit, n primul rnd, evidenierea grandorii efortului fcut n virtutea
programului strategic naional de supraveghere i control a bolilor la animale i
aprecierea justeei unei astfel de strategii, n condiiile date de frecven a
tuberculozei bovine n Romnia.
REZULTATE I DISCUII
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Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar Iai
Tabelul 1
Incidena anual a tuberculozei bovine n Romnia n perioada 1996-2004
842
Lucrri tiinifice vol. 49 seria Medicin Veterinar
la 0,58% din animalele testate dar numrul cazurilor confirmate este n uoar
cretere (de la 13 cazuri, n 2002, la 44 de cazuri n 2005). Din investigaiile
noastre am reinut faptul c aceste cazuri provin ndeosebi din gospodriile
individuale, ceea ce sugereaz un risc al sistemului extensiv de cretere a
bovinelor, nc dominant n regiune.
Tabelul 3
Frecvena tuberculozei bovine n judeul V n perioada 2003 - 2005
Nr. operaii
Populaia de referin Cazuri pozitive
Anul tuberculinare
(nr. bovine) (confirmate)
(total /an)
1995 84 913 152 660 -
1996 86 863 152 500 2
1997 79 363 143 147 2
1998 82 340 125 210 2
1999 88 030 128 261 -
2000 93 373 138 133 -
2001 92 867 141 395 -
2002 98 461 150 800 -
2003 96 117 171 568 -
2004 97 758 167 517 -
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Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar Iai
CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Mnzat Moga R., 2001 - Boli infecioase ale animalelor. Ed. Brumar, Timioara.
2. Paul I., 2005 - Etiomorfopatologia bacteriozelor la animale. Ed. Pim, Iai
3. Perianu T., 2004 - Boli infecioase ale animalelo r- bacterioze. Vol.1, Ed. Venus, Iai.
4. Rpuntean Gh., Rpuntean S., 2005 - Bacteriologie veterinar special, Ed.
Academic Pres, Cluj - Napoca.
5. Savua Gh., 2001 - Epidemiologie veterinar general. Ed. Ion Ionescu de la Brad
Iai.
6. Toma B., Dufour Barbara, Sanaa M., Benet J.J.,Ellis P., Moutou F., Louza A.,
1996 Epidmiologie appliqu a la lutte collective contre les maladies animales
transmissibles majeures. Ed. AEEMA, Maisons-Alfort;
7. *** - Programul aciunilor de supraveghere, prevenire i control al bolilor la animal,
ANSVSA, Bucureti, 2000-2004.
8. *** - O.I.E., Manual de standarde pentru testele de diagnostic i vaccinri,
www.oie.int
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EPIDEMIOLOGIA PARATUBERCULOZEI
RUMEGTOARELOR N ROMNIA
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF RUMINANTS PARATUBERCULOSIS IN ROMANIA
845
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MATERIAL I METODE
REZULTATE I DISCUII
846
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Tabelul 1
Incidena anual a paratuberculozei rumegtoarelor n Romnia
n perioada 1996-2004
Tabelul 2
Prevalena aparent a paratuberculozei la bovinele testate prin TCS, RFC i
bacterioscopie pe fecale n judeul B n perioada 1990 2002
847
Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar Iai
Tabelul 3
Prevalena aparent a paratuberculozei la ovinele testate prin TCS, RFC i
bacterioscopie pe fecale n judeul B n perioada 1990 2002
848
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CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
849
Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar Iai
N. STARCIUC, I. SCUTARU,
S. ZELENIN
U.A.S. Republica Moldova
MATERIAL I METOD
REZULTATELE OBINUTE
La puii din grupul lot martor epiteliul bursei lui Fabricius este
pluristratificat, cilindric. n esutul epitelial al submucoasei se observ plasmocite
unice. Foliculii limfoizi nu prezint hiperplazie. n unii foliculi predomin
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CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Hassan M.K., Saif Y.M., 1996 - Influence of the host sistem on the pathogenicity,
immunogenicity and antigeniticy of infections bursal disease viruses. Avian Dis.,
40 : 553-561
2. Sivanandon V.Y., Sasipreeyajan D.A., Halvarson, Newman Y.A., 1986 -
Histopathologic changes indused by serotype infectious bursal disease virus in
specific- pathogen- free chickens. Avion Dis., 30 : 709-715
3. Colnek B.W. - Diseases of poultry. Tenth edition. Infectious Bursal Disease. Iawa
State University Press. USA. p. 721-760
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Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar Iai
Key words: Brucella ovis, diagnosis, the complement fixation test, incidence,
prevalence.
MATERIALE I METODE
852
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REZULTATE SI DISCUTII
Tabelul 2
Prevalena brucelozei la berbeci n judeul Vaslui n perioada 2000-2005
853
Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar Iai
Pr = a+c/ n% = 57 + 10 / 33 390 % = 0, 20 %
n = nr. total de animale = 33 390 b = fals pozitive; b = 434 - 57 = 377
a = real pozitive; a = 57 c = fals negative; c = 10
d = real negative; d = 33 390 - 434 = 32 95
Nr. Specificare U/M 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Total
crt. Efectiv ovine cap. 222475 225086 212226 216226 225533 238238 1340209
Efectiv
1 existent cap. 4836 5567 5448 5616 5765 6158 33390
berbeci
Efectiv
2 cap. 9235 10697 10612 10755 10816 12111 64226
Examen supraveghere
controlat
Rata
3 2 1,91 1,92 1,95 1,92 1,88 1,97 1,92
controalelor
Numr cap. 123 33 155 71 50 2 434
berbeci
4 depistati
pozitiv la % 1,33 0,31 1,46 0,66 0,46 0,02 0,68
RFC
5 Numr cap. 22 6 30 13 9 2 82
berbeci
sacrificati
6 pentru % 17,89 18,18 19,36 18,31 18,00 100 18,89
diagnostic
Total pozitive
7 confirmate cap. 17 2 23 10 4 1 57
dup sacrificare
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Tabelul 4
Rezultatele activitii de supraveghere de laborator a brucelozei la berbeci
in judeul Vaslui n perioada 2000-2005
Retestare
Rezultat examen
examinate
Nr. probe
P D Ac N P D Ac N P D Ac N
CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
855
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INTRODUCTION
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handling carried out at the time of this project accurately respected the indications
of the standardized method ISO-8914 (1) which describes the method of routine
for the research of the vibrios in the products intended for human consumption by
enrichment. Checking of the purity of the bacterial stock was carried out by
successive passages to 370C, 24h: peptone water salt, selective mediums : TCBS
(agar with thiosulfate, citrate, bile and sugar) and CHROMagar medium.
Characteristic colonies were mended on agar medium nutritive salted and then
tested with the biochemical oxydase and identified with API gallery 20NE
(BioMrieux, Paris, France).
DNA extraction and purification for PCR. The samples of DNA were
obtained after extraction by respecting the indications of the Wizard Genomic
DNA purification kit (Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA).
Selection of probe sequences. The sequence of nucleotides was
obtained with the BlastN software of Genbank (8). The complementary and
specific primers oligonuclotides of specific DNA sequence of the tlh gene of V.p.
were worked by Eurogentec (Liege, Belgium): 5' - CGT CAG CGT TGT GAA GCA
A - 3' and 5' - GTC AGC GGC GAA GAA CGT A - 3'. The sequence of tlh probe
was 5' TAG ATT TGG CGA ACG AGA ACG CAG ACA-3 ';
Conditions of real time PCR. The basic equipment to carry out the real-
time PCR was ABI PRISM 7000 thermocycler (Applied Biosystem), with his
software ABI PRISM 7000 SDS (2). To carry out, the mix of the reaction was
used: a) 12.5 l iTaqTM Supermix with ROX (BioRad Laboratories, Hercules, CA,
USA) b) 0.25 l of each primers, c) 0.25 l tlh probe and 9,75l of ultrapure water.
The workings conditions are presenting in Table 1. Interpretation of the results
held in account the values of the cycle threshold (Ct) of the amplification curves.
The experiment was carried out in triple.
Table 1
Real-time PCR amplification conditions
Efficiency. DNA from V.p. strain SR27 was prepared and decimal dilutions
were made. Real time PCR was performed using tlh primers and double dye
probe selected using the primer express software.
Specificity. The bacteria enumeration was made on TCBS in spiral (6).
From the pure culture one carried out a series of decimal dilutions, until dilution
10-7, numbered A0-A7, by using APW 3% salt medium. One carried out the
extraction of the ADN of each dilution, by respecting the protocol carefully
describes for the negative Gram bacteria. From this ADN one carried out a series
of numbered decimal dilutions V0-V7.
858
Lucrri tiinifice vol. 49 seria Medicin Veterinar
R2=0,98
Slope= -2,89
Efficiency= 121%
859
Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar Iai
R2=0,99
Slope= -3,29
Efficiency= 101%
However, the extreme sensitivity of the real time PCR is not without
problem. Indeed, the least contamination of the PCR will be detected, it is thus
necessary to be particularly careful at the time of handling.
It is consequently recommended to use the system of the uracyl-n-
glycosylase to get rid of the products of preceding PCR which could come to
distort the results. Moreover, one must take care to the maximum to avoid the
contaminations of well. Moreover, one notes that the PCR in real time is a
technique more significant than the traditional PCR, since contaminations are
detected in PCR in real time but not in traditional PCR (7).
Artificial contamination of mussels and shrimps. The detection limit was
between 1 and 10 CFUs/25g. It was possible to detect V.p. in mussels and
shrimps. The limits of detection were: 12.6 CFUs/g of mussels and 40 CFUs/g of
shrimps.
CONCLUSIONS
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REFERENCES
861
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MATERIALE I METODE
862
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863
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REZULTATE I DISCUII
864
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Testul glutaraldehidei
Studiul s-a efectuat pe cele 168 de bovine reagente la testul EIAs- IFN.
Analiza datelor din tabelul 2 relev c 37,5% din bovine au reacionat pozitiv la
test, iar 17,26% au fost dubioase.
Animalele reacionate pozitiv la tuberculinare au reacionat pozitiv i la
testul glutaraldehidei, doar c timpul de gelificare a sngelui a fost diferit. Testul
glutaraldehidei a fost dubios la un numr de 24 de bovine reacionate pozitiv la
tuberculinare.
S-a calculat sensibilitatea i specificitatea acestui test, lund n considerare
confirmarea sau infirmarea rezultatului testului n funcie de rezultatele
examenului complex de laborator.
Ss = a/ a+c% = 9/ 9+ 2 % = 81,82 %
Sp= d/ d+b% = 8 / 8 + 8 % = 50,00 %
a = real pozitive; b = fals pozitive; c = fals negative; d = real negative;
Tabelul 2
Rezultate test glutaraldehid
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Tabelul 3
Rezultate test R.F.C.
CONCLUZII
866
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Testul EIAs- IFN poate fi repetat ori de cte ori este necesar, fr a
influena statusul imunitar al animalului, spre deosebire de testul alergic care
necesit un interval cuprins ntre 45 - 60, chiar 90 de zile, pentru a fi repetat.
Fiind un test biologic, EIAs- IFN poate furniza i unele rezultate fals-
pozitive i deci trebuie interpretat n contextul datelor epidemiologice i n
completarea testelor ,, in vivo.
Testul EIAs- IFN detecteaz infecia tuberculoas recent la bovine.
Toate animalele reacionate pozitiv la tuberculinare (testul unic i simultan)
i la reacia de fixare a complementului au reacionat pozitiv i la testul
glutarlaldehidei.
Se observ c prin combinarea testelor de diagnostic se obine o
sensibilitate ridicat (77.77%), prin comparaie cu o specificitate redus (33,33%).
Coroborarea rezultatelor testelor alergice cu rezultatele testelor
complementare tuberculinrii ( testul EIAs- IFN, testul glutaraldehidei, reacia
de fixare a complementului) poate constitui un suport mai raional i mai fidel
n ceea ce privete decizia de a ndruma la sacrificarea n abator a unui animal
reagent la tuberculin, dect testele alergice privite n mod singular.
BIBLIOGRAFIE
867
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MATERIAL I METAD
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REZULTATE I DISCUII
869
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CONCLUZII
870
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Brzoi D., Apostu S., 2002 Microbiologia produselor alimentare. Ed. RISOPRINT,
Cluj-Napoca.
2. Bondoc I., indilar E.V., 2002 - Controlul sanitar veterinar al calitii i salubritii
alimentelor. Ed. Ion Ionescu de la Brad. Iai.
3. Sindilar E., 2000 Controlul igienic al produselor i subproduselor de origine
animal. Vol.1, 2. Ed. I.N.R.C.S. Iasi.
4. *** Ordinul M.S. 975/1998 privind aprobarea Normelor igienico-sanitare pentru
alimente.
5. *** Ordinul M.A.A.P. 389/2002 pentru aprobarea Normei sanitare veterinare privind
conditiile de sanatate pentru producerea si comercializarea laptelui crud, a
laptelui tratat termic si a produselor pe baza de lapte.
871
Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar Iai
INTRODUCTION
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873
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CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
874
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L. TUDOR, I. OGOE
U.S.A.M.V. Bucureti
875
Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar Iai
MATERIAL I METODE
876
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Tabelul 1
Probele de ap recoltate i prelucrate n vederea identificrii
vibrionilor non-holerici
Zona de recoltare
Perioada Lacuri din Complex Zona litoral
Zona Delta Total
zona de sud Razelm- Marea
Dunrii probe
i sud-est Sinoe Neagr
1997 116 78 124 127 445
1998 124 67 115 179 485
1999 107 92 139 211 549
2000 115 81 127 198 521
2001 98 86 117 154 455
2002 112 102 132 204 550
2003 121 95 121 182 519
2004 127 98 116 201 542
2005 1116 97 119 187 519
Total
1036 796 1110 1643 4585
perioad
REZULTATE I DISCUII
877
Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar Iai
Tabelul 2
Frecvena de izolare a vibrionilor non-holerici din probe de ap
Zona de recoltare
Lacuri din Zona
Perioada Complex Zona
zona de litoral Total
Razelm- Delta
sud i Marea probe
Sinoe Dunrii
sud-est Neagr
Nr. tulpini 0 1 7 10 18
1997
% 0 1,28 5,65 7,87 4,05
Nr. tulpini 1 0 6 12 19
1998
% 0,81 0 5,22 6,70 3,92
Nr. tulpini 0 1 8 15 24
1999
% 0 1,09 5,76 7,11 4,37
Nr. tulpini 0 1 5 11 17
2000
% 0 1,23 3,94 5,56 3,26
Nr. tulpini 1 2 4 12 19
2001
% 1,02 2,33 3,42 7,79 4,18
Nr. tulpini 1 2 7 14 24
2002
% 0,89 1,96 5,30 6,86 4,36
Nr. tulpini 0 0 6 7 13
2003
% 0 0 4,96 3,85 2,51
Nr. tulpini 1 1 3 6 11
2004
% 0,79 1,02 2,59 2,99 2,03
Nr. tulpini 1 1 5 9 16
2005
% 0,86 1,03 4,20 4,81 3,08
Total Nr. tulpini 5 9 51 96 161
perioad % 0,48 1,13 4,59 5,84 3,51
CONCLUZII
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Cerda-Cuellar M., Jofre J., Blanch A.R., 2000 A selective medium and a specific
probe for detection of Vibrio vulnificus. Appl & Environ. Microbiol. 66 (2): 855-9
2. Oliver J.D., 1989 Vibrio vulnificus. In M. P. Doyle Bacterial pathogens in foods.
Ed. M. Dekker, New York
3. Oliver J.D., Kaper J.B., 1997 Vibrio species, cap 13, in M. P. Doyle Bacterial
pathogens in foods. Ed. M. Dekker, New York
4. Rpuntean Gh., Marica D., Pop M., Manolescu N., Rudreanu Natalia, 1993 An
Original Soft-Agar for Selective Isolation of Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio furnissi
from Waters, Foods and Pathological Materials. Simpozion WAVFH, Bangkok,
Thailanda, 514-515
5. Tudor L., ogoe I., Stnescu V., 2001 Schem simplificat pentru izolarea i
identificarea unor specii aparinnd genului Vibrio. Al IV-lea Simpozion
aniversar al Institutului de Diagnostic i Sntate Animal 35 de ani de
activitate n diagnosticul medical veterinar pentru aprarea sntii animale i
umane, Bucureti, 145
6. Tudor L., Stnescu V., ogoe I., 2001 Prevalena speciilor patogene de Vibrio n
ape, sedimente, animale acvatice i unele produse de origine animal. Al IV-lea
Simpozion aniversar al Institutului de Diagnostic i Sntate Animal 35 de ani
de activitate n diagnosticul medical veterinar pentru aprarea sntii animale
i umane, Bucureti, 144.
7. Tudor L., ogoe I., Stnescu V., 2001 Frecvena izolrii unor specii de Vibrio
patogene pentru om, n zona de sud i sud-est a rii. Al IV-lea Simpozion
aniversar al Institutului de Diagnostic i Sntate Animal 35 de ani de
activitate n diagnosticul medical veterinar pentru aprarea sntii animale i
umane, Bucureti, 146
8. Tudor L., 2001 Prevalena bacteriilor din genul Vibrio n alimente de origine
animal, potenial implicate n toxiinfecii alimentare la om i nsuirile
morfobiologice ale acestora. Tez de doctorat, FMV Bucureti
9. Tudor L., ogoe I., 2001 Un nou mediu selectiv pentru izolarea speciilor non-
holerice din genul Vibrio. Simpozion omagial 140 de ani de nvmnt
medical veterinar romnesc, FMV Bucureti, 45
10. Tudor L., 2001 Evaluarea contaminrii produselor alimentare de origine acvatic
cu specii Vibrio non-holerice. Simpozion omagial 140 de ani de nvmnt
medical veterinar romnesc, FMV Bucureti, 135
11. Tudor L., 2002 Morfologia, biologia i implicaiile pentru patologie ale vibrionilor
non-holerici. Ed. Printech, Bucureti
12. Tudor L., Mitrnescu Elena, ogoe I., 2003 Evaluarea contaminrii cu vibrioni
non-holerici a petilor capturat din apele zonei de sud i sud-est a rii. Lucr. t.
Med. Vet. Timioara, Vol. XXXVI
13. Tudor L., Mitrnescu Elena, ogoe I., 2003 Prevalena izolrii speciilor Vibrio
non-holerice la molute acvatice capturate sau comercializate n zona de sud i
sud-est a rii. Rev. Rom. Med. Vet., Bucureti, vol. 13, p. 114
14. Twed R.T., 1989 Vibrio parahaemolyticus. In M.P.Doyle Bacterial pathogens in
foods, Ed. M. Dekker, New York, p. 569
879
Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar Iai
L. TUDOR, I. OGOE,
Elena MITRNESCU
U.S.A.M.V. Bucureti
880
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MATERIAL I METODE
881
Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar Iai
REZULTATE I DISCUII
882
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Tabelul 1
Condiii microbiologice pentru alimente i materii prime
(extras din Ord. M. S. 975 / 1998)
Nr. Bacterii
Denumirea alimentului E. coli Salmonella SPCP NTDM
crt coliforme
Brnzeturi proaspete din
1. 100 10 abs. 10 -
lapte pasteurizat
Brnzeturi proaspete din
2. 1.000 100 abs. 10 -
lapte nepasteurizat
Brnzeturi proaspete: ca,
3. telemea proaspt din 10 1 abs. 10 100
lapte pasteurizat
Brnzeturi proaspete: ca,
4. telemea proaspt din 100 10 abs. 100 300
lapte nepasteurizat
Brnz proaspt din zer
5. 1.000 100 abs. 10 -
(urd)
Brnzeturi maturate n
6. saramur: ca, telemea din 10 abs. abs. 10 1.000
lapte pasteurizat
Brnzeturi maturate n
7. saramur: ca, telemea din 100 10 abs. 100 2.000
lapte nepasteurizat
8. Brnzeturi fermentate 10 abs. abs. 10 2.000
Brnzeturi cu past oprit
9. 10 abs. abs. 10 1.000
i filat
10. Brnzeturi frmntate 100 10 abs. 10 200
883
Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar Iai
Tabelul 2
Rezultatele analizei microbiologice a probelor de brnzeturi examinate
The microbiological analysis results for cheese product samples
884
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Tabelul 3
Rezultatele analizei microbiologice a probelor de brnzeturi examinate
The microbiological analysis results for cheese product samples
CONCLUZII
885
Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar Iai
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Brzoi D., 1985 Microbiologia produselor alimentare de origine animal. Ed. Ceres,
Bucureti.
2. Brzoi D., Meica S., Negu M., 1999 Toxiinfeciile alimentare. Ed. Diacon Coresi,
Bucureti.
3. Brzoi D., Apostu S., 2002 Microbiologia produselor alimentare. Ed. Risoprint,
Cluj-Napoca.
4. Bondoc I., indilar E.V., 2002 Controlul sanitar veterinar al calitii i salubritii
alimentelor, Vol I. Ed. Ion Ionescu de la Brad, Iai.
5. Popa G., Stnescu V., 1981 Controlul sanitar veterinar al produselor de origine
animal. Ed. didactic i pedagogic, Bucureti.
6. Popescu N., Meica S., 1995 Bazele controlului sanitar veterinar al produselor de
origine animal. Ed. Diacon Coresi, Bucureti.
7. Rotaru O., Mihaiu M., 2001 Igiena veterinar a produselor alimentare. Ed.
Risoprint, Cluj-Napoca.
8. Savu C., Carmen Petcu, 2002 Igiena i controlul produselor de origine animal.
Ed. SemnE, Bucureti.
9. Tudor L., 2005 Controlul sanitar veterinar i tehnologia produselor de origine
animal. Ed. Printech, Bucureti.
10. xxx SR ISO Standarde de analize microbiologice pentru produsele de origine
animal.
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The microbiological flora isolated from dogs and cats with different
infections is various, bacteriological and mycotic species potentate most of the
time their pathogenity. In majority of cases pathological matherials represented
of different secretions, excretions contain an association of bacteriological and
mycotic flora. The isolation and identification of involved species is very
important establishing the diagnostic, but for the vetenarian present importance
the antibiograma results on total flora, for an efficient tratament. (1, 2, 3, 4, 6)
887
Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar Iai
The studied cases and the microbiological exam results are sinthetized in
tables 1 and 2.
Table 1
Synthesis of analised samples and the results of microbiological exam
and antibiograma in cats
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Table 2
Synthesis of analised samples and the results of microbiological exam
and antibiograma in dogs
889
Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar Iai
Proteus spp. From the 6 isolated mycetes stems, 3 (50%) of them were
represented Candida spp 2 (33,33%) of 2 (33,33%) Malassezia spp. and 1
(16,66%) Cryosporium spp. For all the isolated species pathogenity tests and
antibiograma were executed.
Association of more bacteriological and/or mycotical species is frequent,
being observed in 5 (29,41%) of the 17 analised samples (4 of the dogs and 1 of
the cats). Staphylococcus spp. was isolated in association with Malassezia spp.,
Arcanobacter pyogenes (1 case) and Escherichia coli (2 cases) with Candida spp,
. Malassezia spp. with Cryosporium spp. (1 case).
Micoorganisms sensibility to different antibiotics and chimioterapics action
varies in function of microbiological flora association, but there are observed
differences of sensibility of defferent stems from the same identificated specie.
Results statistics sinthetized in tables 1 and 2 shows a variable sensibilitaty
of more frequent isolated species to various antibiotics and chimioterapics action:
Staphylococcus spp. (Gram positive):
- in association with Malassesia spp. is sensitive to Ampicilline action,
in the other cases being resistent (5);
- in association with Gram positive (Arcanobacter pyogenes or
Streptococcus spp.) and Gram negatives germs (Escherichia coli) is
sensitive to Norfloxacin action and resistent to Rifampicin action;
- in association with another Gram positive germ (Streptococcus spp.) is
sensitive to Rifampicin action and resistent to Norfloxacin action.
Arcanobacter pyogenes (Gram positive):
- alone or in association with other Gram positive germs (Clostridium
perfringens) is sensitive to Rifampicin and Gentamicin action towards
which Gram negativeflora is resistent.
- in association with Gram negative flora (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) is
sensitive to Rifampicin action only.
- in association with mycetes (Candida spp.) is sensitive to Ampicillin
action, towards which it it usualy resistent.
Escherichia coli (Gram negative):
- izolated in pure culture it is sensitive to Rifampicin and Norfloxacin.
- in association with Gram pozitive flora (Staphylococcus spp,
Streptococcus spp.) and mycetes (Candida spp) is resistent to
Rifampicin.
- in association with Streptococcus spp. it is sensitive to Ampicillin,
towards which it is usualy resistent.
Antibiograma results analyse reveals the fact that isolated species from all
samples are, with small exceptions, sensitives to Rifampicin and resistent to
Erythromicin, Tetracycline, Kanamycin.
890
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CONCLUSIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
891
Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar Iai
Ani DMCEANU
D.S.V.S.A. Vaslui
Key words: BLV infections, Vaslui county, ID test, ELISA test, cartograms
892
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MATERIAL I METOD
REZULTATE I DISCUII
893
Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar Iai
Tabelul 1
Situaia supravegherii prin diagnostic serologic a leucozei enzootice bovine (LEB)
n perioada 2000-2005, n judeul Vaslui
Tabelul 2
Evoluia focarelor de LEB n judeul Vaslui n perioada 2000-2005
Tabelul 3
Gradul de infecie n localitile cu LEB n judeul Vaslui n perioada 2000-2005
894
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0,7
0,64
0,6
0,5
0,4 0,39
0,35
0,3
0,2 0,31 0,31 0,22
0,1
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
895
Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar Iai
CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Arp, L.H., 1998 Leukocytic Disorders, in Merck Veterinary Manual, Eight Edition,
Merck-Co., Inc. Whitehouse Station, N.J., USA.
2. Barna, I., Gh. Prvu, C. Iugan, 1995 Leucozele i bolile de imunosupresie SIDA-
like la animale, Ed. Ceres, Bucureti.
3. Collins, D.F., H.L. Tarpley, K.S. Latimer, 2005 - A Review of Enzootic Bovine
Lymphosarcoma, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia,
Athens.
4. Jain, N.C., 1986 - Schalm's Veterinary Hematology. Lea-Febiger, Philadelphia.
5. Mayr B., Resch S., Hepperle S., Brem G., Reifinger M., Schaffner G., 2000 -
Comparative studies in the promoter and exon 1 regions of tumour suppressor
p53 in several mammalian species: absence of mutations in a panel of
spontaneous domestic animal tumours, J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med.,
47(10), 593-597.
6. Grimshaw, W.T., A. Wiseman, L. Petrie, I.E. Selman, 1979 - Bovine leucosis
(lymphosarcoma): a clinical study of 60 pathologically confirmed cases, The
Veterinary Record, vol 105 (12), 267-272.
7. Perianu T., S. Nicolae, M. Carp-Crare, Elena Velescu, N. Alexandru, Th.
Sptaru, Oana Tnase, 2005 Boli infecioase ale animalelor. Viroze, Vol.II,
Ed. Universitas., Iai
896
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MATERIAL I METOD
897
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898
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REZULTATE I DISCUII
899
Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar Iai
CONCLUZII
900
Lucrri tiinifice vol. 49 seria Medicin Veterinar
BIBLIOGRAFIE SELECTIV
1. Brzoi D., Meica S., Negu M., 1999 - Toxiinfeciile alimentare. Ed. Diacon Coresi,
Bucureti.
2. Carp-Crare M., Guguianu Eleonora, Timofte Dorina, 1997 Lucrri practice de
Microbiologie veterinar Uz intern, Universitatea Agronomic i de Medicin
Veterinar Ion Ionescu de la Brad Iai.
3. Christensen J.P., Olson J.F., Hansen H.C., Brisgaord M., 1993 Characterization
of Salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum biovars gallinarum end pullorum by
plasmid prifiling biochimical analysis Avian Pathology (1992) 21 (3),461-470.
4. Davies R., Liebane E., Breslin M., 2003 - Investigation of the distribution and control
of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis PT6 in layer breeding and egg
production. Avian Pathology (June 2003) 32(3),227-237.
5. Davies R.H., Breslin M., 2001 - Environmental contamination and detection of
Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in laying flocks. - Veterinary Record, 149,
699-704.
6. Perianu T. (coord.), 2003 - Bolile infecioase ale animalelor domestice. Bacterioze.
Vol l, Ed. Venus, Iai.
7. Rapuntean Gh., Rapuntean S., 1999 Bacteriologie special veterinar
Tipografia Agronomia, Cluj-Napoca.
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2. Belu C., Predoi G., Dumitrescu I., Georgescu B., Bioiu Carmen, Toader I.,
Pun D. - Aspecte privind morfologia unor articulaii ale membrului pelvin
la stru (Struthio camellus) - Aspects regarding the moprphology of some
articulations of pelvic limb in ostrich (Struthio camellus) ..................................... 11
3. Dumitrescu I., Predoi G., Cornil N., Belu C., Georgescu B., Dumitrescu
Florina, Rou Petronela - Aspecte histologice la nivelul reelelor
admirabile intracraniene la mamiferele domestice - The histological aspects
at the level of rete mirable at domestic mammals .................................................. 15
4. Georgescu B., Predoi G., Cornil N., Ciobotaru Emilia, Belu C., Enache L.,
Dumitrescu I., Toader A.I. - Studii privind morfostructura bursei cloacale
la palmipedele domestice - Studies concerning morphology of cloacal bursa
in domestic palmipedes .......................................................................................... 20
5. Predoi G., Belu C., Dumitrescu I., Georgescu B., Cornil N., Bioiu V.,
Toader I. - Cercetri privind vascularizaia venoas a glandei mamare la
oaie - Research regarding the venous vascularity of mammary gland in ewe ........ 27
902
Lucrri tiinifice vol. 49 seria Medicin Veterinar
9. Stan F., Gudea A., Damian A., Papuc I. - Particulariti ale colateralelor i
terminalelor arterelor iliace externe la ecvine - Particulariries of some
collaterals and terminal arteries of external iliac in horse ...................................... 48
10. Marcus I.B., Iancu S., Sevastre B. - Cercetri privind nivelul plasmatic al
unor componente biochimice enzimatice la obolani Wistar grefai ip. cu
ascita tumoral Walker, corelat cu consumul de ap srcit n deuteriu -
Researchs concerning the plasma level of some hepatic enzymes in Wistar
rats grafted ip. with Walker ascite tumor, correlated with deuterium
depleted water intake.............................................................................................. 53
14. Oancea Servilia, Creanga D., Rpa Alina, Pavel Geta - Analysis of the
natural and induced echinocytosis for two species of mammals ............................ 77
903
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16. Falc C., Ciorba Gh., Petruse Cristina - The hematological profile of
Limousine heifers during the adaptation-acclimatization period - Profilul
hematologic la junincile de ras Limousine n perioada de adaptare-
aclimatizare ............................................................................................................ 86
17. Falc C., Ciorba Gh., Lupescu Daniela -The effects of calcium, phosphor
and of the lack of animal protein within broiler food upon some sanguine
and bioproductive parameters - Efectul nivelului calciului, fosforului i al
privrii de protein de origine animal din hrana puilor de carne asupra unor
parametrii biochimici sangvini i bioproductivi ..................................................... 90
18. Hagiu B.A., Burtan L.C., Mihailovici Maria Sultana, ura V., Ciobanu C.,
Ferariu D. - On the biocompatibility of poly (urethaneurea) doped with
Silver nanoparticles - Observaii privind biocompatibilitatea unui
poliuretanuree dopat cu nanoparticule de argint..................................................... 97
20. Miclu V., Damian A., Oana L., Lisovschi C., Stan F. - Aprecieri asupra
semnificaiei morfofuncionale a complexelor neuroinsulare -
Appreciations about the morpho functional semnification of the neuro isle
complexes............................................................................................................. 109
21. Cotea C., Oprean O.Z., Solcan Carmen, Cotea I. - Structuri foliculare n
lobul intermediar al hipofizei de taur - The follicular structures in pars
intermediar of the bull hypophysis ....................................................................... 114
22. Cotea C., Oprean O.Z., Boiteanu P., Solcan Carmen, Cotea I. - Nucleii
hipotalamici la vac - The nuclei of the hypothalamus cow................................. 119
23. Solcan Carmen, Oprean O.Z., Cotea C., Solcan Gh. - Observaii privind
metaplazia cartilaginoas i osoas a pielii la vaci cu cetoz - Observations
concerning cartilaginous and osseous metaplasia of the skin in dairy cows
with ketosis........................................................................................................... 127
24. Popescu A., Cotea C., Solcan Carmen -Histochimia sinusului interdigital la
oaie - Histochemical study of the interdigital sinus (Biflexus gland) in sheep..... 132
25. Popescu A., Cotea C., Solcan Carmen - Morfologia sinusului interdigital
(glandei biflexe) la oaie - Morphology of the interdigital sinus (biflexus
gland) in sheep...................................................................................................... 144
26. Borcil Cristina, Paca S., Lazr M. - Observaii asupra unor cazuri de form
cutanat a bolii lui Marek la broileri - Observation on some cases of
cutaneous Mareks disease at broilers .................................................................. 154
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27. Lazr M., Vulpe V., Boz E., Miron L., Psrin B., Oprean O.Z. - Aspecte
lezionale ale invaziilor parazitare cu localizare branhial la ciprinidele de
cresctorie............................................................................................................. 159
28. Bulu Anca, Scripcaru C., Oprean O.Z. - Forensic examination in bitten
wounds caused by dogs to man - Expertiza medical legal n plgile
mucate provocate de cine la om ........................................................................ 165
29. Gal A., Baba A.I., Ctoi C., Iacob Sorina, Dombay E., Rus I. -Leziunile
hiperplazice/displazice adiacente tumorilor mamare maligne -
Hiperplastic/displastic lesions in tissue surrounding mammary malign
tumors................................................................................................................... 172
30. Savi B., amanc H., Stoji V., Iveti V. - Fatty liver in newborn and young
piglets ................................................................................................................... 184
31. Topal T.M., Balmu G., Cotea C., Paca S., Oprean O.Z. - Modificri
morfologice ale organelor genitale n pseudohermafroditismul masculin la
capra domestic (Capra hircus) ........................................................................... 188
34. Coman M., Olariu-Jurca I., Stancu A., Rooga D. - Aspecte histopatologice
n tumorile spontane la cine - Histopathological aspects in spontan tumours
in dogs .................................................................................................................. 203
35. Olariu I., Coman M., Lazu Al., Lazu S., Stancu A. - Morphopathological
changes in the infectious peritonitis in cat and aspects related to the
histopathological diagnosis of this disease ........................................................... 208
36. Simeanu D., Stan Gh., Psrin B. - Efectul productiv al unui prebiotic asupra
performanelor productive la puii broiler de gin - The productive effect of
a prebiotic over the productive performances at boiler chicken ........................... 212
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40. Boghian V., Solcan Gh., Pavel Geta, Mustea M., Sauciuc R. - Clinical,
ultrasonographical and cytologic aspects of peritoneal effusion in feline
suspected of infectious peritonitis - Aspecte clinice, ecografice i citologice
ale lichidului de puncie la feline suspecte de peritonita infecioas .................... 237
43. Codreanu Iuliana, Dojan N., Codreanu M., Constantinescu Ioana - Date
de profil metabolic (biochimic sanguin) la cervidee, n funcie de vrst -
Aspects concerning metabolic profile (seric biochemical) in stags,
depending on age.................................................................................................. 251
44. Codreanu M.D., Crivineanu V., Solcan Gh., Codreanu Iuliana, Cornil M.
- Aspecte clinice, hematologice i ecografice nregistrate n unele afeciuni
ale splinei la cine - Clinical, hematological and ultrasonographic
investigations in splenic diseases in dog .............................................................. 255
906
Lucrri tiinifice vol. 49 seria Medicin Veterinar
51. Sauciuc R.M., Hagiu N., Solcan Gh., Musteata M., Boghian V. - Aspects of
enzymatic diagnosis of hepato-biliary diseases in dog - Aspecte ale
diagnosticului enzimatic n afeciunile hepato-biliare la cine............................. 288
52. Rdoi I., apcaliu Agripina, Negoi Carmen, Pavel Crenguta, Condur D.
- Studiul efectelor apiterapiei cu produsul Hepro n afeciuni hepatice la
cine - A study on Hepro product api-therapeutical effects in dog liver
diseases................................................................................................................. 294
55. Miron L., Serdaru Maria, Acatrinei D. - Preliminary data regarding selenium
deficiency fodder plant from Moldova county - Date preliminare privind
deficitul de seleniu din plantele din zona Moldovei ............................................. 310
56. Miron L., Serdaru Maria, Acatrinei D. - Preliminary data regarding selenium
serical deficiency to the cattle in Moldavia - Date preliminare privind
deficitul seric de seleniu la bovinele din Moldova .............................................. 315
907
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58. Chiimia Lidia - Relations among weight and number of eggs laid by
Dermacentor marginatus andhaemaphysalis punctata and some environment
factors ................................................................................................................... 325
59. Cristina R.T., Oprescu I., Chiimia Lidia, Dumitrescu Eugenia - In vitro
activity of a pyrethrines conditioning against Ixodidae and Argasidae ticks........ 332
60. Gudea A., Stan F., Socaciu A., Damian A. - Rezultate al investigaiilor
arheofaunale ntr-o cldire din oraului roman Napoca i o aezare rural
din localitatea Suceagu (jud.Cluj) - Results of archaeofaunal investigations
in a roman civilian building in the roman town Napoca and a rural
settlement in Suceagu village (Cluj county)......................................................... 339
61. Miron L., Miron Manuela - Food quality impact upon the relation between
length and weight of young noble crayfish - Calitatea hranei si impactul
acesteia asupra relatiei lungime-greutate la juvenilii racului de rau..................... 344
62. Miron Manuela, Miron L. - Analiza hranei utilizata de racul de rau Astacus
astacus L. din lacul Bicaz - Analysis of food utilised by the crayfish Astacus
astacus L. From Bicaz lake................................................................................... 349
62. Coofan Otilia, Iacob Olimpia, Pop I., Rileanu Gabriela - Agresiune
parazitar multipl asupra esutului hepatic la capra neagr (Rupicapra
rupicapra) - Multiple Parasitical Aggression on the Hepatic Tissueof the
Black Goat (Rupicapra rupicapra)........................................................................ 354
64. Ilie M.S., Cosoroab I., Drbu Gh., Oprescu I., Morariu S., Radbea
Narcisa, Ilie Alina, Morariu Florica - The effect of Ascaridia galli
infestation on chickens ......................................................................................... 360
67. Mitrea I.L., Enchescu Violeta, Ioni Mariana, Buzatu M.C. - Isosporoza
carnivorelor domestice: aspecte terapeutice i clinic-evolutive -
Therapeutical and clincal aspects in isosporosis of domestic carnivorous ........... 381
68. Morariu S., Cosoroab I., Drbu Gh., Oprescu I., Iacobiciu I., Morariu
Florica, Radbea Narcisa - Incidena hidatidozei n sudul i vestul
Romniei n perioada 1999 2004 - The incidence of cystic echinococcosis
in western and southern Romania between 1999 and 2004.................................. 388
908
Lucrri tiinifice vol. 49 seria Medicin Veterinar
69. Pavlovi I., Kuli Z., Stanojevi S. - The nematode of red foxes (Vulpes
vulpes L.) hunted in Belgrade area - Infestaia cu nematode la vulpile
(Vulpes vulpes L.) vnate n zona Belgradului .................................................... 396
71. Radbea Narcisa, Mederle O., Drbu Gh., Oprescu I., Morariu S., Ilie M.,
Izvernariu D. - Imunohistochemical results in canine piodemodicosis .............. 404
74. Munteanu N., Cura P., Cristea Gh., Nastasa V. - Classic use of local
anaesthetics in a balanced anaesthesia protocol - Utilizarea anestezicelor
locale clasice n protocolul de anestezie echilibrat ............................................. 421
75. Nastasa V., Cura P., Munteanu N., Cura Fl., Grecu Mariana -
Pharmacoclinicals considerations on the evolution of cardiovasculares
variables and acid-base balance under the combination Acepromazine-
Buprenorphine in dog - Consideraii farmacoclinice asupra evoluiei
variabilelor cardiovasculare i a echilibrului acido-bazic sub combinaia
Acepromazin Buprenorfin la cine ................................................................ 425
77. Purice Emil, Cura P., Pavel Geta - Observaii privind efectul unor
medicamente antiparazitare asupra parametrilor hematologici la ovine cu
Fascioloz - On the effect of some antiparasitic drugs on the haematological
parameters in ovines with Fascioliasis ................................................................. 431
78. Purice Emil, Cura P., Pavel Geta, Boghian V. - Observaii privind efectul
unor substane antiparazitare asupra enzimelor serice de origine hepatic la
ovine cu Fascioloz - On the effect of some antiparasitic substances on the
serum enzymes of hepatical origin in ovines with Fascioliasis ............................ 437
79. Ciobanu S., Burtan I., Fntnaru M., Burtan L.C., Topal Roxana -
Castration of dog by scrotal septum ectomy......................................................... 443
909
Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar Iai
80. Burtan L.C., Burtan I., Fntnaru M., Ciobanu S., Topal Roxana -
Posibiliti de prevenire n neoplazia mamar la canine - Prevention
posibilities in mammary neoplasia at canines ...................................................... 446
82. Beteg FL., Mates N., Muste A., Oana L., Timen A - Tratamentul chirurgical
al cataractei la cine prin extracia extracapsular a cristalinului opacifiat -
Ical removal of cataracts in dogs by extracapsular extraction .............................. 461
83. Igna C., Schuszler Larisa, Sabu M. - Osinteza colului femural la caine cu
tije de acid poliglicolic - Femoral neck osteosynthesis of the dog with
polyglicolic acid rod ............................................................................................ 467
84. Muste A., Mate N., Oana L., Timen A., Beteg Fl., Ober C. - Incidena i
conduita terapeutic n parodontopatii la cine - Incidence and terapeutical
guidance parodontophaty in dogs ......................................................................... 472
85. Oana L., Timen A., Muste A., Mate N., Beteg Fl. - Poziionarea canalului
stenon cu deschiderea acestuia n sacul conjunctival - Stenon channel
transposition in the conjunctival region................................................................ 477
86. Oana L., Timen A., Muste A., Mate N., Beteg Fl. - Tehnica prostatectomiei
totale la cine - Total prostatectomy in dog.......................................................... 481
87. Timen A., Muste A., Oana L., Covaciu Monica - Utilizarea unor materiale
sintetice pentru inlocuirea ligamentelor incrucisate la caine - Synthetic
materials used for dog cruciate ligaments replacement ....................................... 485
88. Topal Roxana, Burtan I., Fntnaru M., Ciobanu S., Burtan L.C., Topal
M. - Emiologia otitei externe la carnivore - Epidemiology of otitis externa
at carnivores ......................................................................................................... 490
91. Ciornei t.G., Runceanu L., Agape G. - Cercetri privind aprecierea valorilor
rezistenei spermatozoizilor de vier - Searches about boar spermatozoa
values of resistance............................................................................................... 502
910
Lucrri tiinifice vol. 49 seria Medicin Veterinar
94. Drugociu D., Runceanu L., Roca P. - The diagnostic importance of ovarian
and adenohypohysis dosage in dairy cows ovarian functional disorders.............. 518
96. Hromei N., Mariana Sofronie, Pntea M., Elena Ruginosu, Bdeli C.,
Anca Lupu - Studiu privind incidena mamitelor clinice la vacile cu lapte
de ras BNR - Study regarding the incidence of clinical mastitis at dairy
cows BNR breed................................................................................................... 525
99. Mircu C., Cernescu H., Otav G., Ilinca Frunz, Timea Czapp, Moisii M.,
Ardelean A. - Corelaiile evideniate ntre nivelul produciei de lapte,
performanele reproductive i nivelurile serice ale unor hormoni n
puerperiumul vacilor de lapte din rasa Blat cu Negru Romneasc -
Correlations between milk yield, reproduction and hormonal status during
post partum period in Romanian Black Spotted Dairy Cows ............................... 547
101. Runceanu L., Drugociu D., Roca P. - Cercetari asupra unor constante
sanguine in endometritele scroafelor - Researches on some sanguine
constants in sows endomethritis ........................................................................... 561
102. Vizman M.I. - Terapia reteniei placentare cu PGF2 - The therapy of placenta
retention with PGF2 ............................................................................................. 564
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106. Dalea Ioana, Zegrean G. - Consideraii asupra calitii igienice a unor probe
de lapte destinate consumului public - Considerations regarding the
hygienic quality of some milk samples from public consumption ....................... 578
107. Floritean V., Elena Ian, Srbu C., Carp Crare M. - Influena
temperaturii asupra creterii tulpinilor de Bacillus cereus izolate din
alimente - Temperature influence on growth characteristics of food isolates
of Bacillus cereus ................................................................................................. 581
110. Ilie L., Savu C., Carmen PETCU - Evaluarea i controlul riscurilor asociate
procesrii crnii pentru implementarea sistemului HACCP - Control and
evaluation of risks associated with meat processing in the context of
HACCP system implementation........................................................................... 599
111. Neculi Elena Narcisa, Floritean V., Elena Ian, Carp Crare M. -
Observaii privind microflora crnii de pasre proaspete i refrigerate -
Observation concerning fresh and refrigerated poultry microflora ...................... 605
912
Lucrri tiinifice vol. 49 seria Medicin Veterinar
113. Petcu Carmen, Savu C., Ilie L., Elena Mitrnescu, Camelia Papuc -
Implementarea procedurilor de igienizare n vederea certificarii sistemului
de management al siguranei alimentelor n uniti de prelucrare a petelui -
Adopting sanitation procedures in order to certify food safety management
system in fish processing units ............................................................................ 616
117. indilar E.V., Totolin M., indilar E. - Nivelul unor nitrozamine volatile n
diverse produse din carne i pete afumat - The level of some volatile
nitrosamines in various meat products and smoked fish ...................................... 645
118. indilar E.V., Totolin M., indilar E. - Nivelul unor nitrozamine volatile n
unele sortimente de brnzeturi - The level of some volatile nitrosamines in
various cheeses ..................................................................................................... 651
120. indilar E.V., indilar E. - Evaluarea nivelului de nitrii n unele produse din
carne - The estimation of the nitrite level in some meat products ....................... 659
121. Mare M., Malic Luminia, Apetrei Ingrid, Cazacu P., Miron L. - Noi
molecule utilizate n terapia antifungic - New molecules designed for
antifungal therapy................................................................................................. 667
122. Coman I., Cuciureanu Rodica, Bulea Delia, Bobuac Maria, Teodor
Alina, Malic Luminia - Gradul de contaminare cu miceti i micotoxine a
unor substraturi vegetatale folosite n hrana omului i a animalelor .................... 676
123. Coman I., Alina Srbu, Luminia Malic, Maria Bobuac - The prevention
of fungi and mycotoxin contamination of oilseeds by chemical conservation
using volatiles reagents......................................................................................... 682
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124. Furnaris F., Elena Mitrnescu, Tudor L., Tabac B., Togan C. - Cercetri
privind evaluarea bunstrii ginilor outoare exploatate n sistem
alternativ, ntr-o ferm din zona de sud a Romaniei - Researches
concerning the welfare assessment of the free-range laying hens raised in a
unit from southern Romania ................................................................................. 688
125. Georgescu Ileana, Enache L., Filipescu C., Georgescu G., Simionca I.U.,
Penariu Sanda - Unele aspecte privind aciunea aeroionizrii artificiale
negative asupra procesului infecios inflamator cutanat indus la animalele
de laborator - Some aspects regarding the negative airionization action on
the cutaneous infectious inflammation prosess induced at laboratory animals .... 694
127. Mitrnescu Elena, Tploag Dana, Ioni L., Simion Violeta, Furnaris
F., DINU Cristina - Observations concerning the air quality in the
influence area of a chemical unit - Observaii privind calitatea aerului n
zona de influen a unui combinat petrochimic .................................................... 706
128. Mitrnescu Elena, Butaru A., Tploag Dana, Tudor L., Petcu Carmen,
Staicu Elena - Observations concerning copper as a pollutant element in sol
and its influence on animal raised in a limitroph area of a chemical unit in
the south of Romania - Observaii privind cuprul ca element poluant din sol
i influiena acestuia asupra animalelor dintr-o zon limitrof unui combinat
chimic din sudul Romniei................................................................................... 710
133. Ani D.C., Ani Adriana Elena - Observaii privind prevalena unor viroze
respiratorii la bovine - Prolusions regarding the prevalence of some bovines
viral respiratory diseases ..................................................................................... 736
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134. Ani D.C., Ani Adriana Elena - Infeciile latente cu BHV-1: mecanism i
importan - The latency of BHV-1: mechanism and importance ........................ 740
135. Cazacu P., Mare M., Cazacu Daniela - Epidemiology of exposures with
high risk for rabies infection and rabies postexposure prophylaxis...................... 745
138. Brdan Gh. - Real time PCR with sybrgreen to detect the pathogenically
strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus ...................................................................... 760
139. Condrea M., Carp Crare M., Perianu T., Elena Velescu - Observations
on the frequency of Yersinia enterocolitica in pigs - Observatii privind
frecventa Yersiniei enterocolitica la suine............................................................ 764
140. Condrea M., Carp Crare M., Guguianu Eleonora, Carp Crare C. -
Some aspects regarding the methodology of isolating Yersinia
enterocolitica - Unele aspecte privind metodologia de izolare a Yersiniei
enterocolitica........................................................................................................ 768
141. Arsene M., Arsene Marinela, Savua Gh., Perianu T. - Aspecte clinice n
gripa aviar la lebada de var (Cygnus olor) - Clinical aspects of the avian
flu at the summer swan (Cygnus olor).................................................................. 774
142. Arsene M., Arsene Marinela, Perianu T., Savua Gh. - Aspecte clinice n
gripa aviar la gin - Clinical aspects of the avian flu at the chickens ............... 780
143. Carp-Crare C., Perianu T., Velescu Elena, Tnase Irina-Oana, Pavli C.,
Ciobanu G. - Aspecte epidemiologice i clinice n listerioza ovin ................... 785
146. Cadar D., Spnu Marina, Miclu V., Kblkuti L., Tuboly T., Czirjk
G., Dn ., Csgola A. - Sindromul dermatitei si nefritei porcine (PDNS)
o nou entitate morbid n patologia suin din Romnia - Porcine dermatitis
and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS) a new pathological entity in
Romanian swine herds.......................................................................................... 804
915
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147. Ctan N., Herman V., Necsulescu M., Fodor I. - Testarea clinic a unui
vaccin polivalent inactivat destinat imunoprofilaxiei unor clostridioze
bovine - The clinical trials of inactivated polyvalent vaccine used in the
specific immunoprofilaxy of some bovine clostridiosis. ...................................... 809
148. Hru Doina Anca, Perianu T., Tnase Irina-Oana, Pavli C. - Observaii
privind etiologia paratifozelor aviare ................................................................... 816
150. Ian Elena, Merticariu tefania, Floritean Iulia, Burtan Eugenia - Cteva
aspecte virusologice n gripa aviar - Some virusological aspects in bird flu ...... 824
151. Rebegea Cristina, Carp-Crare M., Carp-Crare C., Anton C., Fodor D.
- Epidemiological screening over the Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae wearers
in two swine breeding units.................................................................................. 834
152. Savuta Gh., Stoichici A., Anita D., Anita Adriana, Butunoi C., Popovici-
Bibirus Roxana - Evaluarea epidemiologica si economica a programului
de combatere a tuberculozei bovine in Romania - Epidemiological and
economical evaluation of bovine tuberculosis in Romania .................................. 840
154. Starciuc N., Scutaru I., Zelenin S. - Modificarea structurii bursei lui
Fabricius sub aciunea tulpinilor vaccinale fierbini contra bursitei
infecioase aviare. - The actions of hot strain BG against IBD to
structural modifications of tissues of cloacal bursa. ............................................ 850
155. Neculi C., Carp Crare M., Neculi Narcisa, Chiriac Adriana - Aspecte
epidemiologice privind Bruceloza ovin n judeul Vaslui - The
epidemiological aspects about the infection with Brucella ovis in Vaslui
county ................................................................................................................... 852
156. Bradatan Gh., China B., Daube G. - Real-time PCR Assay with Taqman
probe to detect the tlh gene of V. Parahaemolyticus ............................................ 857
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159. Ili ., Spalevi L.J., Miljkovi B., Pavlovi I., ugi G., Stanojevi S. -
Efficacy of same antimicrobial substance at pathogen microorganisms
isolated in poultry breeding objects ..................................................................... 872
160. Tudor L., ogoe I. - Evaluarea izolrii speciilor Vibrio non-holerice din
probe de ap prelevate din sudul i sud-estul rii - The isolation evaluation
of non-choleric Vibrio species in south and southeast Romanian waters............. 875
161. Tudor L., ogoe I., Mitrnescu Elena - Evaluarea calitii microbiologice a
unor brnzeturi comercializate pe pieele bucuretene - The evaluation of
microbiological quality for some types of cheese traded on Bucharest
markets ................................................................................................................. 880
162. Voicu Elena, Rebegea Cristina, Apetrei Ingrid, Carp-Crare C., Carp-
Crare M., Guguianu Eleonora - Observations regarding bacteriological
and mycological microflora in various cats and dogs infections.......................... 887
917
Consilier editorial Vasile VNTU
Tehnoredactor: Rodica TRIFAN
Corector: Liviu MIRON
Gheorghe SOLCAN
ISSN: 1454-7406
PRINTED IN ROMANIA