~
O. Introducere ................................................................. 6
PARTEA I I
1. The Language of Economics··················~··················· 9
Limbajul economic ................................... ..................... ·1
2. The globalization of trade ....... .............. ........•. .. ...... 44
Globalizarea schimburilor comerciale ......................... 4
3. The international division of labour ............ ~ ......... 59
Diviziunea internafionala a muncii .. .......................... 591
4. The telecommunications explosion ....................... 73
Explozia telecomunicafiilor .......................................... 73
5. The globalization of financial markets .................. 85
Globalizarea piefelor.financiare .................................. 85
6. Business firms going global .............................•.... 101
fntreprinderile ~i globalizarea .................................... 101
7. Environmental issues ............................................ 123
Probleme ecologice ..................................................... 123
8. New economic sectors ........................................... 141
Noi sectoare economice .............................................. 141
PARTEAA Il-A
9. Transportation ....................................................... 153
Transporturi ........................................ .. .................. ... 153
IO.Marketing and distribution ................................... 190
Marketing ~i distribufie ............................................... 190
11.Advertising ...........................................•................. 215
Publicitate .................................................................. 215
PARTEA A Il-A (CONTINUARE)
I /..Banking and means of payment ........................... 249
Domeniul bancar ~i instrumentele de plata .... ............ 249
1:s. Export-Import ........................................................ 292
Export-Import ............................................................. 292
14. The stock market .................................................... 325
Bursa ......................................................... ................ 325
1S. Insurance ...........................................................•.... 356
Asigurari .......... ..... ......... .. ........ ....................... ... ........ 356
16. Industrial relations and human resources .......... 384
Relafiile sociale ~i resursele umane ...... ... ... .... ... .. ........ 384
l 7. Legal forms of business organizations ................. 420
Diferite tipuri de societafi comerciale ......... ..... ........... 420
18. Business combination; corporate governance .... 458
Concentrarea fntreprinderilor; conducerea
societafilor (fntreprinderilor) ...................................... 458
19. Accounting .............................................................. 4 77
Contabilitate ....... ... ............. .... .......................... .. ...... . 4 77
O. Legal issues ..... ................... .. ....... ..... .................. ..... 512.
Probleme juridice .............. ............. .. ....................... ... 512
Index englez-roman ···························;······:»..... :.............. 539
Index roman-englez ............................... ....... ... ............... 551
5
 Aceasta noua versiune a cartii ENGLEZA ECONOMICA SI COMER- fiecare seqiune (in afara de 1 ~i 8) a noii lucrari contine:
CIALA IN DOUAZECI DE SECpUNI(BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS IN c> introducere sau prezentare a seqiunii;
TWENTY FILES) nu este o simpla cosmetizare a lucrarii de origine ~i o Bsta de definitii;
nici o editie ,,revizuita ~i corectata". •11.:xte, articole sau documente ilustrative;
Este vorba despre o metoda noua, in intregime regandita ~,i l'raze-cheie insotite de traducerea lor;
renovata. Dupa mutatiile din viata comerciali internation.ala; •un vocabular recapitulativ englez-roman;
era imposibil sa nu µnem cont de marile tendinte induse de mon- •teste sau exercitii de verificare cu solutiile lor.
dializarea schimburilor. Acest nou manual cuprinde in consecinta:
Abordarea utilizata, mai curand macroeconomica ~i, totodata, mai
1. Marile tendinte ale evolutiei economice actuale (mondializare profesionala, precum ~i actualizarea informaµilor preze.qtate riispund
liberalizare, neinterventia statului in economie etc.) ~i consecintel dlcient ~teptarilor studentilor (din universitati, institutii adminis-
lor: rolul pietelor financiare, al comapniilor multinaµonale, concurent 1l'ative, ~coli comerciale etc.) cat ~i profesioni~tilor ~i cadrelor didactice.
tarilor nou-aparute, flexibilitatea pietii muncii, luarea in considerati 1-:xigentele crescute de mobilitate ~i adaptabilitate care caracterizeaza
a achizitiilor sociale ... rarierele lor prezente sau viitoare implica o viziune clara a
2. Dezvoltarea noilor tehnologii ~i a noilor sectoare economice, rolu c >portunitatilor ~i a constrangerilor economice internationale ~i o
crescand al economiei bazate pe servicii in rarile dezvoltate. I >Crspectiva precisa de ilnbinare a diferitelor funqii ale intreprinderilor.
3. Ansamblul transformarilor care afecteaza cadrul institutional, juridi De altfel, lucrarea va raspunde mai bine, in noua sa structura,
~i administrativ in care se exercita activitatea intreprinderilor pe plan c'Cri~telor cadrelor .didactice: de~i este, conform tradiµei seriei LIMB!
mondial ~i regional. STRAINE PENTRU TOTI un manual pentru autodidacti, el se
4. Organismele implicate in mod traditional in schimburile preteaza in aceea~i masura la utilizarea la curs fiindca traducerile -
internationale, cat ~i noile blocuri economice. ('~I re raman accesibfle cititorului autodidact gratie deflnitiilor,
5. Evolutia abordarilor conceptuale ~i a obiectivelor strategice la: lcxicului ~i a vocabularului nu mai sunt sistemati~ prezentate fata
intreprinderile confruntate cu mondializarea ~i consecintele lor in! In fata cu textul englezesc, cu exceptia frazelor-cheie.
termeni operationali.
Luarea in consideratie a acestor elemente ne-a determinat sa Michel Marcheteau
introducem in lucrarea noastra urmatoarele teme, care fac obiectul
unei prime paqi:
• termeni ~i indicatori economici internationali, ,,vocabularul de baza"
care permite accesul la informatia economica;
• globalizarea schimburilor;
a
• diviziunea internationala muncii, protecµa sociala ~i finantarea sa;
• explozia sistemului de telecomunicatii;
• mondializarea pietelor financiare;
• intreprinderile fata in fata cu mondializarea;
• protecµa mediului inconjurator;
• noii protagoni~ti economici.
Partea a doua a lucrarii reia marile subdiviziuni (band, bursa, trans-
porturi, distribuµe, dreptul economic, asigurari etc.) deja prezentate in
prima versiune a celor douazeci de secµuni , al caror conµrn.:it fiind insa
evident actualizat, accentul fiind pus in special pe precizia definitiilor.

6 7
 II. Sfotud de utilizare

Jucrare poate fi abordata secvenµaI, adica seqiune dupa

At 't'tlH tll
pentru a putea dobandi controlul tehnic ~i lingvistic asupra
t'l'\l ll n<..!,
:n>-(lezei comerciale ~i economice.
• Ea poate fi studiata ~i tematic dupa nevoile specifice ale fiecaruia.
• Mai mult, dad utilizatorul cauta o informatie tehnica sau lingvistica,
el va putea sa se concentreze asupra unei anumite paf!i sau a alteia
din fiecare seqiune: deflnitii, texte ilustrative, documente, I. Introduction - Keywords
expresii-cheie bilingve, lexic.
Introducere - Cuvinte-cheie
• A~a cum este mentionat in prezentare, cititorul va gasi in aceasta
lucrare instrumentele care raspund eventualelor sale intrebari fata . Up and Down
de textele monolingve.
- note explicative Cre~tere ~i scadere
- deflnitii
- lexic recapitulativ .i. Economics
- index tematic final care permite ,,naviga~ea" prin cele 20 de secµuni Economie
~i regasirea definitiei sau a explicatiei unui termen sau a unei notiuni.
• Seqiunea Exercifii, care cuprinde teste ~i/sau exercitii de •. Measuring economic activity: main indexes
traducere permite evaluarea cuno~tintelor dobandite. Evaluarea activitatii economice: principalii indicatori
. Key sentences
Fraze-cheie

' '· Key indicators

lndicatori-cheie
. Exercises
'U:ercifii

8
9
 t . Introduction - Keywords

1. INTRODUCERE ''"WJt lf'.budget

Acest capitol prezinta vocabularul general precum ~i definitiile indica-
torilor-cheie absolut necesari accesului la informatia economica. El cons- ////,n, bunuri good
tituie o prima ini\iere ~i totodata baza pe care se vor acumula cuno~tin\ele 1
~ i\tenP,e: good nu se foloseste la singular dedit In sens macro-economic:
mai complexe oferite de seqiunile specializate ale prezentei lucrari. 11 n m ijloc de produqie a c~pital good. in sensul de mar:fa, el nu se
1 11 l os e~ te dedit la plural (goods); o mar/a a collllllodity.
KEYwORDS CUVINTE-CHEIE
A li11rsa Y... stock-exchjfi
• · ge; ......-
executi.()ve; v(piata
41'
acbizifie )(acquisition; puJ°hase bursiera) st ck-lllarket -N<~ / ·
acord agreement ~
c
acfionar ;t-shareholder, stockholder 1 11/1ttal, capitaluri capital
acfiune (bursiera) ~hare, ~ stock 'f- 111dre, personal de conducere executive
a administra (a conduce, to manage; Cun cont) to handle 1 :· i\ten\ie: cuvantul englez capital folosit cu acest sens nu are plural: a--?i
agestiona) /J/'ocura fonduri to raise capital. ;,t.. )'. . '!-
administrator ( conducator) manager " didea, a scadea, a se reduce to fall, to drop, to decrease (vezi 1.3)
administrafie (conducere) management 1 rlrlere (scadere) fall, drop, decrease (vezi 1.3) ;<
afaceri business; trade 111/'Cire demand (cerere ~i o~-t rta law of
afacere (contract) )\deal demand and supply)'
agricol agricultural; farm, farllling 1 lwltuiala, cbeltuieli ~ spending; exp ense (pozi\ie buge-
agricultor farmer 'f- tara) expciiditure
alocatie 'f- allowance, subsidy
I (/i•a )'- figure
(cu) ~manuntul i retail; (a vinde cu amanuntul) to 1 (/i·a de afaceri 'f turnover
retail, to sell by retail , //unt customer; (servicii) client
(vanzator) cu amanuntul Y,. retailer 1 omerciant shopkeeper, trader , ~'l.~v~
angajat )1..1-:{statu&elllployee 2:-(ealificare}cletji. 11;mer{ trade
angros 'I- wholesale r 11111petitiv competitive
angrosist f wholesaler r 11111j)etitivitate competitiveness X y.
antreprenor f l. employer -2-:-(-sens-eeeRc;m1ie--gtj- 11 r.oncedia (a disponibiliza) to la/-off, to dismiss, to make
r.iera.l~ Xentr~preneur; (pentru lu- (workers) redundant
crari etc.) contractor 1 1111cediere (economica), redundancy; lay-off, laying-off,
articol /(article, it~m 1 1111centrare 'f concentration
asigurare -,i:+:-Eaetivirate)· insurance 1 (socie- 1 11 11curent 7 competitor
tate) insurance company 1 1111curenfa y, competition
B 1 11 11curenfial 1' competitive
balanfa (, balance
y.. 1. (institu\ie) bank 2. (activitate) rnnjunctura ~ Atenp.e: In limba engleza nu exista o traducer~unica a
banca
lt~Cstui termenj folosi\i the economy sau expresii ca: / present)' eco-
banking
bani f money,,...{metai) silver 11omic trendst the f present1 economic situation/ the f present)' state
of the economy/ the business outlookjthe economic situation.
bani marunfi, marunfi-? small change
beneficiu t profit
1 1111structie housing, construction
Atentie: benefit = 1) avantaj 2) alocare, alocafie, subvenfie
11 1 11stitui~ea unei fntreprinderi {'business formation
bloc (comercial) bloc Ir roarea unei fntreprinderi)

10 11
 V consum consumption 111 onomie 1. (~tiinta) economics
v a consuma to consume 2. (caracteristici economice ale unei tari sau conjunctura
'· i consumator consumer economica) (the) economy; economia romaneasca:
') cont account the Romanian economy (nu uitati articolul the!);
V contabilitate accounting economiile lumii a treia third-world economies
,,,1 contribuabil · /I-taxpayer
I/ cost cost mii j.saving, savings
~ cota f quota 1111conomisi to save
( 1mom (persoana care economise.;;te) saver, small investor
Vcreanfa debt [det] export
¢ Atentie: !n limba engleza exista un singur cuvant pentru creanfa to export
(bani care ne sunt datorati) ~i datorie (bani pe care !i datoram): debt. exporter
v credit credit f foreigni overeseas {GB:> ·
\/ creditor creditor J F
V a cre~te / to raise; to rise; t increase/ to go 11 f t1brtca, a produce 'f to manufacture; to make, -te-buHd-
up EveY:~j- /11 /wicant, producator manufacturer, maker, builder
\/ cre~tere growth 11ft1ctura 'f to invoice, to bill, to charge
'-..criza '{-- slump, depression, crisis{fl~s@Sj, /11rtura 'f invoice, bill
a cumpara to buy, to purchase /11 //ment • bankruptcy, failure
cumparare Y., purchase/ buy /I l/flnciar (adj.) financial
,J cumparator buyer, purchaser 11r1nfare , financing, funding
D 11/lnanfa f to finance, to fund
datorie debt [det] //11tmfe finance
v debw;eu outlet /l11tmfist financier
\. deficit deficit //1• j (the) tax authorities; (GB) the
dejlafie deflation Inland Revenue; (US) the Internal
deflafionist deflationary Revenue Services (IRS)
v depresie (economica) }(,depression //1·cal f tax, fiscal
dereglementare (nefriterventia /(,deregulation //111>.: j.tlow
statului 1n economie) /1111d, /onduri 1. m. sg. fund 2. m. pl. funds, capital
v devize currency money
director manager /111·mare f / (de personal) training; / (a unei
V disponibilizare 'f. mass-dismissal societati etc.) formation, forming,
\/ distributie · distribution founding, setting up, creation
\/dividend dividend . trniza 'I- to supply
drept 1. law 2. (vama etc.) duty /111'/itzor supplier
11/l1.ziona 'f to merge
E /11 ~ lune + merger
v· echilibru balance
G
V1 economic economic 11 (se} globaliza r to globalize (to go global)
c:> Atentie: economical mseamna economic !n sensul de economicos, /1 i/Jalizare y._ globalization
prin care se poate economisi sau rentabil. /l/)a 'f strike

12 13
 Tim I..ANGUAGE OF.
1. Introduction - Keywords

grevist striker 11111111 tie lucru 'f- labour force, (US) labor force, workforce
1111 1111/ household
importator importer 11111 11r/lal 'f. world, global
import import· currency
a importa to import multinational
a impoza, a impozita to tax work
impozare, impozitare taxation to work
impozite tax, taxes f- worker, ·t6B:'.) working man
indice, indicator index, pL indexes, indices; j- to relocate
indicator relocation
industrializare ~ industrialization N
industrializat industrialized 'I- national; home, domestic
industrie industry I<- to nationalize
industrial adj. industrial f nationalization
industria~ )<lindustrialist, businessman 'f. to negotiate
inflafie 'f inflation 'f negotiation
inflafionist /(.inflationary '{- merchant, dealer
informatica ~ information technology; comput- Y.. level
ing; computer science; data pro- f standard of living
cessing 0
interior (intern) /<. domestic, home 1t/1/f.Ltn/iune (bursiera) f- bond
a investi to invest f supply
1•/1 •1/
investifie investment 11/i1rt, a face o oferta t- to make an offer
investitor investor
p
1•, 1/rnn -f-manager, {am. boss
fmprumut loan
a tmprumuta (a lua cu fmprumut) to borrow '" 1/mnat management
/•1 101·/onare f retirement
fncetinire 1- slow-down /'• '11 1/onar f- retiree, .(Gl31-pensioner
a tnfiinfa , '/. to set up
/•/1 l/1l market
fntreprindere , Y.. busint$S, firm, enterprise, concern / 1/1//im f. ceillng
L . f'/1 1111 f-- payment
liber scbimb 'f free-trade 1 /1/r1U to pay
lichiditafi ~ cash, liquidities 1•f1 11111·eu floor
locuinfa housing 1•l11111aloare r increase in value'; (capitaluri) capital gains
lucrator worker, (GB) working man 1•111111ra (fiscala) 1'burden
1 / 11 ovedea (a prognoza) 1' to forecast
M
marasm 'f slump, doldrums 111,111/xtime (prognoza) "f. forecast
marfa 'A commodity, product .i f!t ltJatiza 1 to privatize
marfuri )< goods; commodities, products 111 l11nttzare '{. privatization
masa monetara ?4 money supply 11111tlucator
ti {Woduce
producer
to produce
materii prime · raw materials

14 15
 f"

productivitate X productivity societate 1. (mtreprindere) company, business firm, US corporation

produs product, (agricol) produce 2. society ·
progres • progress
Atentie: ID afara sensului general (viata in societate)
Atentie: Pentru a traduce un progres (al ~tiintei etc.) folosiµ advance sau society desemneaza o asociere in scop nelucrativ
f<breakthrough -:::jU>~
profit profit sondaj 7-- (opinie) poll, survey
proporfie rate stoc(uri) Y. inventory, stoct,..s tore
protectionism protectionism strain foreigner (n.)~foreign (adj.)
protectionist protectionist; adj. protectionist, protective subpen/ie t'-subsidy; allowance
publicitate Y.
X advertising/ ( = anunf) advertisment, ad a subven/iona f to subsidize
R suma ;< amount
randament 'X output; -tagFi<:;ol,...financiar} yield; return s
riispundere Y... responsability; (susceptibil de a antrena ur- ~omaj X unempl~yment; (U~1 joblessness/
mariri judiciare) liability · ~omer )( unemployed person
riispunzator >< 1-:--adj. responsible; (susceptibil de a fi urmarit ~omerii, populafia the jobless, the unemployed
ID justiµe) liable 2. n. official; person in ajlata in $Omaj
4
eharge T
recesiune 'JI'. recession
recuperare (revenire, tarif (taxa, curs) rate
"f recovery; (bursa) rally transport transport, (US) transportation
restabilire)
trimestru quarter
a relansa i-to boost, to spur, to stimulate, to revive, to
refuel T
relansare boosting, revival, stimulation, spurring; fara country
-E};>rin-~tii de stat) pump-priming u
renta bi/ l'profitable utilizator user
rentabilitate "f. profitability uzina factory, plant
resurse f- resources
revendicare "f claim v
valuta currency
s vama customs
.salariat X wage-earner Atenµe: nu omiteµ s final ID cuvantul englez
salariu ;< r€al unui4llunciter) wage(s); (al unor cadre ete::') vanzator, vanzatoare ..,.. (profesionist al vanzarilor) salesperson,
salary salesman, saleswoman; seller
sanatate health a vinde " to sell
schimburi trade vanzare y sale ~ .. -·
sectorul privat ,,.. privat sector
sectorul public
servicii
'f public sector
'f service(s) I 2. Up and down I
serviciu, slujba y employment, (o. slujba a-job)- 1. VOCABULAR
sindicalist /·union-official, union member Limba engleza dispune de un numar foarte mare de termeni pentru a
sindicat
social
1 union (GB trade union; US labor union) desemna o cre~tere sau o scii.dere, ID funcµe de gradul de intensitate ~i de
social rapiditatea !or.

16 17
 Iara o lista cu substantivele ~i verbele cele mai frecvent folosite, ~a cum apar a rally
ele lntr-un context economic, referitoare Ia cre~terea/sciderea cursului etc. ''' ..illy (mai ales la bursa)
a) a cre:;te, a se marl 1 11/lttctua
'J< to go up 111 fluctuate
'f to rise '" 11c·csaw
f. to increase 111 uo into a r oller-coaster (a fi cape un tobogan cu sui~uri ~i coborari)
)I'.. to move up , , 11.ft1ce sa urce, a/ace sa creasca
;< to inch up a cre:;te pufin elite pufin
>< to surge '" nilse
a cre:;te dintr-o data, subit lo r.dse a raise (US)
.X to balloon a cre:;te rapid, lo hike (US) a hike
X to soar a urea lo cldve u p
/... to skyrocket a cre:;te fulgerator lo l'itcp u p a accelera ritmul
to peak lo boost a stimula, a promova .a boost-
arise a atinge nivelul eel mai malt, nivelul maxim
an increase 11) fl face sa coboare, a face sa scada
lo bring down
b) a sciidea, a cobori lo cut a cut
to go down
I(
lo cut back a cutback
{'<. to fall
a fall '" 11Iash a reduce considerabil a slash
y to drop
a drop
'( to decrease • PREPOZI'fll
a decrease
'I- to sag a se prabU:ji 1 Alcntie la folosirea prepozitiilor:
" to slump a cadea brusc, a se prabu:;i '/-. 111 increase of 5% sau a 5% increase
;Islump o criza economica, u increase in production sau a production increase
o recesiune
y to plunge a plonja, a scadea fn mod dramatic :ji brusc U Increased ~ 5% sau (US) it increased 5%
v to sink a scadea mutt Ac:est lucru este valabil pentru toate verbele ~i substantivele care desem-
~ to p lummet a scadea brusc 11<.:aza cre~terea sau sciiderea (to go up, rise, drop, fall, decrease etc.)
I to collapse a se prabu:;i .- a collapse I >nr: a shortage of foreign currency.
j to he on the skids a fl fn dee/in, a fl pe cale de a se scufunda
a downturn 0 cadere, 0 recesiune ."S. FOLOSIREA VIRGULE! ~I A PUNCTIJLUI
c) a se stabiliza • Atentie Ia folosirea corecta a punctului sau a virgulei:
1,5 la suta = 2.5 (two point five) per cent
• dupa o scadere
la suta = 0.5 (zero point five) per cent sau .5% (point five)
f. to bottom out (indica In acela~i timp faptul ca va lncepe cursul sa creasci)
• dupa o cre~tere lOOOO se scrie in engleza 10,000
X to reach a plateau 000 lire = £ 5,000
;< to level off milioane de dolari = $ 2 milion sau $ 2 m.
d) a se redresa • Atentie ~i la: .
Y. to recover a ~ecovery sute/ mii/ milioane/ miliarde de dolari:
'f. to look up hundreds, thousands, millions, billions of dollars; dar
I
y.. to turn up inci sute/mii/milioane/miliarde de dolari:
~ upturn
X to pick up five hundred/thousand/million/billion dollars.
j to improve Hundred, thousand etc. sunt invariabile atunci dind sunt precedate de
o cifrii. ,
18 ' <-~~ 19
 1. DATE GENERALE CU PRlvmE IA ACTIVITATEA ECONOMicA economie paralela, 1 underground economy
agenfi economici economic agents subterana
agregate economice economic aggregates conomie planificata 'f state-controlled, state-run, planned economy
ajustat (corectat) in 'f seasonally-adjusted conomist economist
funcfie de sezon eflcienfa '/- efficiency
ameliorare (imbunatafire.J!im.provement ra post-industrialii. j- post-industrial era.
anual )< annual, yearly volufie evolution 1-
austeritate X austerity expansiune (avant, 'f expansion, development
autarbie self-sufficiency ,x dezvoltare)
birocrafie Y.., red tape, bureaucracy expansiune J expansion
bloc comercial trading bloc jlexibilitate f- flexibility
bogafie 'f wealth fluctuafie f- fluctuation, swing
brnt 'I gross fluxuri economice economic flows
capitalism capitalism fluxuri migratoare migratory flows
cadere (scadere) fall, drop grad, mii.sura 't scale, table
ciclu cycle )IC. >< grafic graph, chart
cifra 'f. figure, digit, number tmpas stalemate '
competitivitate competitiveness tmobilism · 'f status quo '
concurent competitor tndependenfa (economica) self-suffi<;iency
concurenfa cogipetition )( ~ indexare indexing
conjunctura cufient situation, current trend, economic tndice index (pl. indexes, indices)
outlook tndicatori economici economic indicators
cre~tere increase, rise indicatori de tendinfa trend indicators
cre~tere puternica surge indicatori (principali) leading; key indicators
criza crisis, slump tndustrializare industrialization
curbii. curve Inferior · lower'
date data in/rastrncturi infrastructures
declin /'. decline imbatranirea populafiei } ageing
deco/are take off 1 •·•
incetinire slowdown, slackness
deflafie la scarii. redusii. t- small-scale
densitatea populafiei
'/- deflation
population density
Iaw
legea ofertei ~i a cererii t- of supply and demand
depresiune "/'- depression
liberalism f laisser-faire, free market economy,
dereglementare liberallsm2
deregulation
( neintervenfie a statului) libera concurenfa, } free market
dezvoltare piafa liberii.
development liber schimb f free trade
economia unei fari the economy
economic (rentabil) lumea a treia f- Third-World "
economical lunar monthly
economic economic
economie (~tiinfa)
macroeconomie t macroeconomics
economics mercantilism mercantilism
economie libera y... laisser-faire economy, liberal economy mediu (adj.) } average, median, mean
1. Atentie la sensul cuvantului liberal, care in America de Nord denume~te 2. Atenµe la sensul cuvantului liberal, care in America de Nord denume~te
o orientare politica progresisra, de stanga in alte cuvinte (n. a.). o orientare politid progresista, de sranga in alte cuvinte (n. a.).

20 21
microeconomie Y. microeconomics refea 1- network
migrari ale populafiei 'f. population shifts revolufie industriala industrial revolution
mi$care de fonduri '/. movement of capital rigoare f austerity '1-
mfycare de marfuri >< movement of goods saturafie f- saturation, glut
mutare 'f. r elocation saracie f poverty
neoliberalism 'f neo-conservative economic policy, scadere decrease
neo-liberalism schimburi comerciale trade exchanges
net net societate bogata f- affluent society
oferta, cerere I- supply, demand societate cu doi parteneri f two-tier society
parteneri comerciali trade partners societate de consum 'f- consumer society
perspectiva 1'-outlook, prospects societate de seroicii 'f service society
pe scara larga large-scale speranfa de via/a t- life expectancy.
pe termen lung 'f- long-term spirit de inifiativa f- entrepreneurial spirit, entrepreneurship
pe termen mediu X medium-term stag/lafie 1- stagflation
pe termen scurt '£ short-term stagnare f stagnation
piramida viirstelor age pyramid statistica 1- statistics
plafon ceiling strategie + strategy
plan de relansare '/... recovery plan, incentive plan strategie de reconversie 1-reconversion strategy
planificare _ 'I- planning strategie de redistribuire '/--redeployment strategy
politica economica economic policy strategie de recentrare core strategy
politica de prefuri 'f.. pricing policy subdezvoltare Y.. underdevelopment
populafia activa 'f... working population superior (adj .) upper
prag . "I threshold supraincalzire overheating
pragul saraciei '/- poverty line taraganare 1- slugishness
pref price tendinfa (ascendenta, upward, downward trend
previziuni (prognoze) economic forecasts, survey descendenta)
economice teoria ofertei supply-side ecene mics
procentaj I percentage tra~a 'I- bracket
productivism ~ productivism fara care cre$te rapid f fast-growing country
proiect Y:, project (cu cre$fere rapida)
progres 1' progress, advance fara care se dezvolta rapid,)ifast-developing country
prosperitate, avant ~ boom, ' prosperity fara industrializata industrialized, developed country
protecfie sociala '/- social protection fara in curs de dezvoltare !'developing country
rata fertilitafii fertility rate farile cele mai sarace f less developed countries (LDC)
rata mortalitafii '!- death, mortality rate ( mai pufin dezvoltate)
rata mortalitafii infantile~infant mortality rate fari recent industrializatefnewly industrialized countries
rata natalitafii 'f birth rate urbanizare 'I- urbanization
rata "f, rate
zilnic daily
recesiune 'f recession
redresare, recuperare 1 recovery, rebound, rally 2 . ECONOMIC ACTIVITY INDEXES INDICATOR!! ACITVITATJI ECONOMICE
reforma 'f reform alocafie allowance
relansare (revigorare) ~ revival , cheltuieli expenditures, spendings
restructurare f restructuring conducere (gestiune) management

22 23
 amsum casnicfaJ..menajek>r~ousehold consumption PIB comercial f merchant GDP
controlul prefurilor Y.. price control plusvaloare capital gain
costuri salariale j- Jabour costs PNB pe cap de locuitor 1- GNP per capita
credit credit politicii bugetarii budget policy
cre!jtere a cererii X excess demand prestafii sociale social security benefits
cre!jtere a productivitiifii ;< productivity gain productivitate productivity
cre!jtere zero ;>< zero growth produs intern brut (PIB)'f-Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ~
disponibilizare /< dismissal produs na{ional brut (PNB)J.Gross National Product (GNP) ~
.disponibilizare (economicJ.flay-off, redundancies putere de cumpiirare )( purchasing power
deficit deficit randament return, productivity, yield
economii savings rata de cre!jtere growth rate
economii ale menajelor household savings reducerea personalului )ldownsizing .1'
econom (persoanii care saver, investor unei societiifi
economise:jte) relaxarea politici de credite easing of credit restrictions, easy credit
emisiune monetarii 'f.. money issuing policy
excedent j surplus rentabilitate 'f.. profitability
export export )'!, restricfie de credit credit squeeze, tight credit policy
flexibi/ftate /( elasticity, flexibility resurse ( naturale) (natural) resources
import import salariu mediu median wage
impozit asupra consumului consumer tax salariu minim minimum wage
impozit asupra plusvaloritb pital gains tax spirala inflafionistii 'f-.. wage and price spiral ·"' ·
impozit asupra venituluiX corporate income tax stoc stock
societiifilor · subproducfie ·' 1- underproduction
impozit direct/indirect directtaxation/indirecttaxation, excise duties subvenfie Y... subsidy, subvention
impozit funciar land tax ' supraproducfie 'f- overproduction
impozit (taxii) de )<.inheritance tax surplus · surplus
succesiune taxe !ji impozite asupra domestic oil tax
impozit pe venit .X{-individual)'income tax produselor petroliere (TIPP)
(al persoanelor fizice) 1VA (Taxape Valoarea f. Value-Added Tax (VAT)
indemnizafie allowance, indemnity Adiiugatii)
indicele costului viefii Cost of living,index (C.O.L. index) unitate de producfie production unit
indicele prefurilor consumer price index (CPI) valoare adiiugatii j- added value
(bunurilor) de consum
inflafie inflation
valoarea de piafii t market value
venit 'f- income, revenue
inflafie cu douii cifre double-digit inflation venitul mediu al menajelor household median income
ingbefarea salariilor y. wage-freeze venit nafional national income
lipsii, penurie ~ shortage venit pe cap de locuitor f. per capita income
masii monetarii money supply
masii salarialii aggregate remuneration, payroll
menaj, gospodiirie household 3. BuSINESS AND EMPLOYMENT FIRME ~I LOCURI DE MUNCA
mic investitor small investor agricultor farmer
nivel de trai standard of living angajare cu jumiitate de part-time/full-time employment
nivelul general al prefUrilj :~verall price level normii/cu normii fntreagii

24 25
angajare pe via/a r lifetime employment /aliment bankruptcy
angajare temporara f temporary, precarious employment filialii subsidiary, affiliate
angajat J<-employee firma firm
angajator (patron) ;<. employer f uncfionar (al statului) 'f state employee, civil servant
antreprenor, fntreprinzator antrepreneur fuziune merger, amalgamation
apart social f; social contributions greva strike
aportul social al patro- J<.employer's social contributions grevist striker
nului (al angajatorului) grila de salarizare '1' wage scale
artizan, me~te~ugar craftsman, artisan grup group
artizanat, activitate i craft industry, cottage industry holding f- holding company
me~te~ugiireasca inginer engineer
atelier 'I- workshop fntreprindere firm, company (GB), corporation (US)
autoritafile pub/ice the public authorities fntreprindere de stat t state-owned company, public utility
avantaje sociale benefits company
beneficiu (comercial) profit fntreprinderi mici ~i Y.. small and medium sized businesses
birou office mijlocii (IMM)
bogafii the rich maistru 1- foreman, supervisor
cadrn, cadre (de conduc.ere) executive, manager mana de lucru 1-- workforce, manpower
cadru de conducere 'I top executive munca minorilor i- child labour
cadru mediu middle manager muncii,grea f- hard labor
cadru superior senior executive, senior manager muncitor worker
c~tiguri .><earnings muncitori zilieri (sezonieri.fday laborers
cercurile de afaceri business circles, quarters nafionalizare nationalization.
cifra de afaceri turnover partener partner
clasa bogata 'f th~ patronat 'f. management circles, the employers
clasa conducatoare 'f, the ruting clas.s ( ~ ) pensionare retirement
clasa de mijloc "J- the.Diddle class ~-) pensionar retiree, pensioner
ciasa defavorizata 'I thS!gwer ctass~ ) pescar ; fisherman
clasa muncitoare 'f the ~rking c1assc::.i) privatizare privatization
clasa superioara ,.,.. theupper class c~ ) profesie K occupation, trade
clasa sociala l' social class, social status profesie (liberala) profession
comerciant shopkeeper, store operator (US), profesii liberate professional people
tradesman (GB) profit profit
companie, firmii, societate company salariat wage-earner
companie multinafionalli.tmultinational company salariu wage, salary
concern (casa de comerf)fconcern saracii tli.e poor
conducii.torul fntreprinderii company manager, head, owner sectorul public/privat public/private sector
conglomerat conglomerate sec fie (fn f abrica) the shopfloor
cooperativa cooperative sediu 1'.head office, registered office
corporatism corporatism seroiciu public civil service, public service
crearea (fnfiinfarea) /((business) formation, start-up, set-up sigurarzta locului de munciifjob security
unei fntreprinderi · sindicalism trade unionism
depozit r warehouse sindicalist unionist

26 27
sindicat trade union, labor union (US) distribuitor distributor
societate (comerciala) company, firm, corporation (US) distribufie distribution
societate mixta X joint venture distribufie fn masa mass retail, mass distribution
sucursala :X branch exportator exporter
$ef, patron, director, boss,o'\Vtler, manager, employer f abricant manufacturer
angajator febra cumparaturilor f- spending spree
$Omaj unemployment ftnanfist 'f. financier
$Omer unemployed ftscalitate, sistem fiscal ftaxation, tax system
uzina X factory, plant importator importer
intermediar f- middleman, intermediary
4. PRODUCTS, MARKETS AND FINANCE PRODUSE, PIE{E $I FINAN{E tnvestifie ·f investment
acfiune share, stock (US) investitor >'- investor
angrosist wholesaler lmprumut loan
aparate casnice household appliances, white goods lndatorare 'f- debt, indebtedness
articol item, article. mar/a commodity
banea bane marfuri, bunuri goods, merchandise, wares
bunuri goods marfuri de larg consum 'f. mass consumption goods
bunuri de folosinfa durable goods, durables marfuri de prima necesitat¢'-staple goods, staples
fndelungata marfuri de uz casnic "/'- household goods
bursa de marfuri 'f commodity exchange, commodity market mijloace de producfie /; capital goods
bursa de valori ;< stock exchange, stock market obligafiune f bond, debenture
capital, capitaluri capital oportunitate (pe o piafa)'f niche
casa de economii f savings bank pia fa market
client (servicii) client p iefe ftnanciare financial markets
client customer p/afament (investifie investment
client permanent >'patron mobiliara)
clientela clientele politica fiscala fiscal policy, taxation policy
comerciant shopkeeper, tradesman, dealer, merchant politica vamala tariff policy
comerciant cu amanuntul retail dealer, retailer producator producer, manufacturer
comer{ commerce, trade producfia interna, f domestic output, national production
comer{ en detail retail trade nafionala
(cu amanuntul) producfie output, production
comer{ en gros \vholesale trade p roducfie fn vrac f in bulk production, output
conducator, director, manager produs (industrial) 1-- product
.manager produs agricol produce
consumator consumer produs de baza 'f- basic commodity
creanfa debt produs de tux j.. luxury goods
creditor creditor produs ft nit I. finished product
cumparare p1lrchase produs semi-:finit 'I semi-finished product
cumparator purchaser, buyer produse alimentare j produce, foodstuffs
datorie debt produse lactate f dairy produce
debitor debtor produse perisabile j- perishable goods, perishables
devize currency protecfia consumatorilor'/- consumerism

28 29
rata de schimb exchange rate a fncheia ( un contract, 'f to sign, to close, to clinch
rata dobanzii ti. interest rate o afacere)
renta revenue a fnfiinfa to set up
reprezentant 'f. representative, agent a lansa '' ' 'f to launch
servicii services se mari to increase, to rise
subcontractare subcontracting a muta to relocate
subcontractor subcontractor a opri inflafia, !fOmajul '/.. to curb, to stern the tide of, to check
taxa vamala t< customs duty a patrnnde (pe o piafa etc.)Ato penetrate, to break into, to tap
titlu (de valoare~·~,4~~security · a produce · to produce
troc .J x' barter a realiza un profit f to make a profit
unitate de producfie production unit a reduce f to reduce, to cut, to lower
valoare (bursiera) security a reduce (puternic) f to slash
vama customs a reforma 'I- to reform /..
vanzator, -oare, salesman; -woman, seller a relansa f.. to spur, to boost, to revive, to prime
agent de vanzare a scadea to decrease, to fall
vanzare sale a scadea, a se prCibU!fi 'f.- to plummet, to collapse
(prefuri)
5. MAIN VERBS VERBELE PRING/PALE a stapani, a contra/a to control
a cadea to drop (costurile, cheltuielile)
a c~tiga (bani) to make, to earn a subcontracta to subcontract, to contract out
a cheltui to spend a susfine 'f.. to sustain
a comercializa "f to market a trata cu, a se to deal with
a concedia to dismiss confrnnta cu
a conduce 1-to run, to operate, to lead, to manage a vinde to sell
a consuma to consume
a cre!jte to increase, to rise, to grow 6. A COUNTRY'S NATIONAL ECONOMY ECONOMIA NApONALA A UNEI TARI
a cre!jte (puternic) to surge, to skyrocket sectorul primar 1-- primary sector
a cuceri, (o piafa) 'fto grab, to seize, to corner sectornl secundar f- secondary sector
a cumpara to buy, to purchase sectorul ter{iar 1 tertiary sector
a da /aliment 'f to go bankrupt 1. AGRICULTURA FARMING
a dezvolta )6-to develop, to expand a) producµa agricola agricultural production
a disponibiliza to lay off, to make redundant here beer
(din rafiuni economice) cacao cocoa
a economisi '/<. to save, to spare cafea coffee
a exploata ( o f to operate cartof potato
fntreprindere) ceai tea
a exporta to export cereale cereals
a fabrica to manufacture citrice citrus
a face afaceri cu 't- to do business with grau wheat (US), corn (GB)
a face o afacere cu f-to make a deal with oleaginoase oilseeds
a gestiona (a administra)fro manage, to handle orez rice
a importa to import porumb maize (GB), corn (US)
a investi to invest

31
 tutun tobacco llamant diamond
vifa-de-vie vine . lNDUSTRIA TEXTILA TEXTILE INDUSTRY (rHE)
zabar sugar lmmbac cotton
b) zootehnia (cre~terea cattle-raisin g, cattle-b r eeding, cattle 'ibre artificiale artificial fibres
animalelor) r earing flb,-e sintetice synthetic fibres
bovine cattle 111 linen
ovine the ovine race tuta jute
piisari poultry • lllna wool
porcine swine, pigs matase silk
c) piscicultura (pescuitul) fishing industry (the)
flota comerciala merchant fleet 6. Al.TE RAMURI DE PRO DUCflE OTlll!ll PllODUCflONS
piscicultura aquafarming .' ciment cement
port pescaresc fishing harbor cauciuc rubber
d) industria forestiera forest industry (the) mase plastice plastics
padure, lemn wood 7. lNDUSTRilLE PRELUCRATOARE PROCESSING INDUSTRIES (TIIE)
2. lNDUSTRIA ENERGETicA POWER INDUSTRY (TIIE) industria aeronautica ~i aerospace industry (the)
carbune (builii., lignit) coal (coal, brown coal) spafiala
energia nucleara the nuclear energy, nuclear power industria apa.ratelorde cale rail, railway, railroad industry (the)
gaze naturale natural gas industria automobile/or car industry (the)
bidroelectricitate hydroelectricity industria navala shipbuilding (the)
petrol oil (US), petroleum (GB) 8. TRANSPORTURI TIIANSPORT, TRANSPOKl'ATION
surse de energie alterna- alternative sources of energy (sun, wind transportul aerian air transport(ation)
tiva (solara, eoliana etc.) etc.) transportul feroviar rail transport(ation)
3. METALURGIA GREA HEAVY METAllURGICAL INDUSTRY (TIIE) transportul maritim sea transport(ation)
(siderurgie, minerale) (iron and steel industry, ore) transportul rutier road transport(ation)
aluminiu aluminum (US), aluminium transportul terestru ground transport(ation)
bauxita bauxite 9. DIVERSE MlsCl!IJ..ANl!OUS
cobalt cobalt alimentafie food diet
crom chromium analfabetism illiteracy
cupru copper timp liber leisure
fier -• iron sanatate health
fosfafi phosphates ~colarizare schooling
mangan manganese rata dotarii equipment rate
niche/ nickel turism tourism
Ofe/ steel
plumb lead 7. INDUSTRIES AND SECTORS INDUSTRII ~I SECTOARE
staniu tin industria agro-alimentarii.lagro-business (the)
zinc zinc industria alimentara -f.food industry (the)
4. lNDUSTRJA MINIERA MINING INDUSTRY {TIIE) industria chimica 'f chemical industry (the)
argint silver industria de armament 'f arms industry (the)
aur gold industria de construcfii 'f-- building industry, building trade (the)

32 33
 TUE IANGUAGE OF ECO.
3. Economics 4. Measuring economic activity: main indexes
industrla de telecomunicafi«telecommunications industry (the) Gross National Product (GNP) Produsul national brut (PNB)
industriile de varf ft. leading industries (the) The total final value of goods and services produced in a national
industria farmaceutica ,)<.pharmaceutical industry (the)
co~omy over Q!l!~_year.
industria grea/iqoara )< heavy/light industry (the) 'he GROW11I RAT.B\trata de cre~tere) of an economy is the increase
industria informatica computer industry (the) In its GNP from one year to another.
industria petrocbimica petrochemical industry (the)
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Produsul intern brut (PIE)
industria producatoare ~clothing industry (the)
de confeCfii The index measures the value of goods and services produced on the
industria produselor de ltl.:\".tluxury goods industry (the) national territory over a year.
industria spectacolului >.: show business, entertainmentindustry(the) I balance of trade, trade balance balanfa comerciala
industrla de fnalta tehnologie)rlgh tech industry (the) The difference over a period of time (generally a year) between the
value of a country's imports and exports of merchandise.
8. MlsCEllANEOUS DIVERSE The balance is said to be favourable (US favorable) when it shows a
audiovizualul audio-visual industry (the) surplus of exports over sales, or unfavourable (US unfavorable) if
averea imobiliara X real estate imports exceed exports, in which case it shows a deficit. An
editurile )< publishing industry (the) unfavourable balance is referred to as a trade gap.
industria producatoare ;< ready-to wear industry (the) balance of payments balanfa de plafi
de fmbracaminte (producfie fn serie) A system for the recording of a country's total transactions with the
locuinfe X housing rest of the world during a given period of time (usually a year).
mass-media >'- media (the) Consumer Price Index (CPI) indicele prefurilor (~unurilor) de
robotica X robotics onsum
sectorul asigurarilor ;. insurance industry (the) A measure of change in consumer prices, determined by a monthly
sectorul bancar 'f. banking industry (the) survey. •
telematica telematics Also known as Cost-of-living Index.
'/'household consumption consumul casnic (al menajelor)
9. ADDIDONAL VOCABUIARY VOCABULAR SUPLIMENI'AR industrial consumption indicele producfiei industriale
baraj dam A monthly statistics on the total output of factories and mines.
bazin field unemployment figures (US Jobless Rate) numarul $Omerilor/ rata
centrala (energetica) power plant $Omajului •
companie aeriana airline company The proportion of the labour (US labor) force that is without paid
extracfie (de minereuri) mining work.
Jo raj drilling, boring exchange rate rata de schimb
furnal blast furnace
linie de montaj
The price at which a country's currency can be converted into another's.
assembly line other indexes and yardsticks - alfi indicatori $i instrumente de
mm;ina-unealta machine tool
mina masura:
mine f consumer demand nivelul consumului, cererea consumatorilor
ofelarie steel mill
piese de schimb purchasing power puterea de cumparare
spare parts
rafinarie refinery standard of living nivelul de trai
$antier naval shipyard population growth cre$terea demografica
transportator, caraiq carrier, hauli(e)r 'f birth rate rata natalitafii '
zacamant 1. death rate rata mortalitafii
deposit
7 life expectancy/expectation speranfa de viafa

34
35
 J. Stc_ualia economica fn ultimele !uni nu afost fncurajatoare.
2. ~1~mu1 lent a persistat fn tot cursul anului $i cele mai multe
pretiiztU11j au trebuit Sa fie revizuite fn sens di!scendent.
3. PersPectivele imediate sunt sumbre.
~- Exis~ii o fngrijorare larg raspdndita cu privire la fncetinirea
ntmului Clfacerilor.
5. Afacertle se ajla fntr-un punct mort.
6. 0 devalorizare ar da exportatorilor uri avantaj asupra concu-
renfilor lor · . Business is at a standstill.
7. Cons_ectnfa unei devalorizari este adesea o cre$tere a costurilor de
produc[ie, a prefurilor # a salariilor.
8. N~ trl<Jreptam spre o criza.
~· Situatia este complicata (agravata) prin inflafie $i mi$cari so-
ciale.
10. Ne.a.fl_am mplina stag/lafie. . I 0. Stagflation is rampant.
1 !· Bxfsta injormafii nelini$titoare cu privire la cre$terea dezordinii
$1 a dispo'l'tibilizarilor generalizate.
12. $ornaJut a crescut fncetul cu fncetul fn tot cursu/ anu/ui.
13. JndustriQ#i asaltafi cauta cu disperare mijloace pentru a face
fa/a va/ulut de greve spontane. . with the rash of wildcat strikes.
14. T;eb~ie stopata mareea inflafionista.
15. .Stndicatele ar trebui descurajate sa accelereze spirala inflafionista
(sptr'}la Sq/arii-prefuri). · spiral.
16. In ca~ul fn care cererea consumatorilor se stabi/izeaza sau
scade, patronii nu vor avea a/ta so/ufie decat reducerile de per-
sonal. .
17. Guvetnu/ are acum fn vedere o fngbe/are a salariilor.
~ 8. V~r tr~but luate miisuri suplimentarepentru reducereapresiunilor
1njlaf1omste asupra costurilor $i a pre/urilor.
19. Co1!/!? 1·"m previziunilor experfi/or, consumul casnic ar trebui sa
creasca in urmatorul trimestru.
20. ~Peratifele unei revigorari a economiei fn viitorul apropiat au
Jost t~e/ate.
21. Mulfi.e~bnomi$ti considera ca o stimulare arti.ficia/a a cererii este
Prefer:abi/q unei economii lipsite de vigoare.
22. Smgurq solu/ie este stimularea unei economii fn descre$tere.
23. !.
Vor ?iecesare ni$te miisuri de relansare daca se dore$te redre-
sarea fant.
24. Tara Pcire case afla acum pe ca/ea redresarii.
25. Se deZ'l.Jo/ta o puternica stimulare a cumparari/or.
26. Consuttzatorii au Jost cupri~i de febra cumparaturilor.
27. Redresqrea se simte, de$i fara este fnca sub jlagelul infla/iei.
36
I , The economy's performance in the last few months has not been
1• 1lt'ouraging.
• Sluggishness has persisted through0ut the year, and most estimates
l111ve had to be revised downwards.
.J. The immediate outlook is gloomy.
·t. There is widespread concern over a deepening of the business
lc>wdown.
c,, A devaluation would give exporters a competitive edge.
. The aftermath/outcome of a devaluation is often a rise in
prnduction costs, prices and wages.
H. We are headed for a slump.
').The situation is compounded by inflation and social unrest.
I I. There are disturbing reports of mounting chaos and widespread
1 ~ 1y-offs.
12. Unemployment has been inching up all year.
I J . Beleaguered industrialists are casting about for means of coping
·
l 4. The rising tide of inflation will have to be stemmed.
l $. Unions should be discouraged from speeding up the wage-price
l6. If consumer demand levels off or falls, employers will eventually
have no alternative but to cut their payrolls.
17. The government is now contemplating a wage-freeze.
18. Additional measures will have to be taken to reduce inflationary/
upward pressures on costs and prices.
19. According to the forecasts of experts, household consumption·
should go up in the next quarter.
20. Expectations of an early rebound in the economy have been
disappointed.
21. Many economists feel that artificially stimulated demand is prefe-
rable to a slack economy.
22. There is no alternative but to spur the lagging economy.
23. Some amount of pump-priming will be needed if the country is
to be set on its feet again.
24. The country now seems on its way to recovery.
25. A powerful surge of buying has been developing.
26. (The) consumers have gone on a spending spree.
27. The revival spreads, although the country is still plagued by inflation.
37
 28. in ciuda optimismului oficial, fnca nu este evident ca economia
se redreseaza d upa relativa sa recesiune.
29. Vanzarile cu amanuntul n-au crescut decat cu 3% fafa de anul
trecut, ceea ce fnseamna de /apt o scadere a volumului, finand cont
de inflafie.
30. Se studiaza serios noi posibilitafi de stimulare a investifiilor de
capital.
31. Este necesara stimularea angajarii forfei de munca $i a
consumului.
32. Problema este: cum se poate pastra bunastarea fn timp ce este
stopata inflafia.
33. Cifrele corectate periodic, referitoare la $Omaj, par sa indice ca
1nfiinfarile de fntreprinderi nu au Jost atat de numeroase cum s-d
sperat.
34. Oamenii de afaceri au Jost reticenfi fn utilizarea creditului deja
disponibil.
35. Odata cu scaderea ratei dobanzilor, capitalul speculativ se va
fndrepta spre alte zone/regiuni. .
36. increderea nu se poate restabili de la 0 zi la alta (peste noapte).
37. incetinirea afacerilor creeaza fngrijorare fn cercurile guverna-
mentale.
38. Produsul national brut (PNB) a crescut cu 5,25%.
39. Febra cumparaturilor de Craciun nu trebuie sa fie confundata
cu o redresare autentica. ·
40. Producfia a scazut cu 4,5% fafa de anul trecut.
38
- 8. Despite official optimism,_it is still far from sure that the economy
Is recovering from its mild recession.
29. Retail sales are up only 3% over last year - an actual drop in
volume after discounting inflation.
30. New incentives to spur capital spending are currently under active/
serious consideration.
31. There is a need to spur/stimulate employment and consumption.
32. The guestion is: how to retain prosperity curbing/checking inflation.
21 . Many economists feel that artificially stimulated demand is
preferable to a slack economy.
2. There is no alternative but to spur the lagging economy.
33. Seasonally adjusted unemployment figures tend to suggest that
business start-ups have not been so/as numerous as expected.
34. Businessmen have been loath to use the credit already available.
35. With interest rates falling, hot money will flow to other areas/
regions.
36. Confidence cannot be restored overnight.
37. The business slowdown is causing serious concern in government
circles.
38. The Gross National Product (GNP) has increased (by) 5.25%.
39. The Xmas (i.e. Christmas - n. red.) buying spree should not be
mistaken for a genuine recovery.
40. Production is down 4.5% on last year.
39
 WEEKLY INDICATORS* MAJOR INDUSTRIES Snucr 11IE MOST APPROPRIATE ANSWER.
Composite index New-car sales (%0)••
Steel production I. An economy allegedly regulated by the law of supply and demand is
Auto production, domestic (mil- 1 ... economy.
Auto production lions)•+ a) free-market
Crude-petroleum production Steel output (%0 net tons)• b) liberal
Electric-power production Housing starts, private (%0)•• c) marketing
Lumber production Crude-oil output (%0 barrels, per d) liberal
Freight carloading day)• '!be .. . is the amount of money that exists in an economy at a given
Air travel, domestic (bil. revenue time.
MONTHLY INDICATORS miles) a) money mass
Consumer prices, goods and b) money load
seivices PRICES c) money supply '·
Producer prices, finished goods Gasoline, gal. unleaded regular d) monetary pile
Industrial production• Electricity, home (500 kWh) j . During a depression, governments try to ... the economy by voting
Retail store trade* New houses (median) Incentive packages.
Civilian employment Bread, white (lb. loaf) a) relaunch
Hamburger (lb.) b) trigger
NATIONAL ECONOMY Milk (Yz gal.) c) boost
Gross national product Gold (oz.) d) spurn
(billions)•• Silver (oz.) Expectations of an early ... in the economy have been disappointed.
Profits after taxes (bi!.)•• a) revamping
Disposable personal income INTEREST, STOCKS • b) refuel
per capita•• Prime rate c) reshuffling
Industrial production New Treasury bills, 6-month d) rebound
(change in%)* Corporate bonds, AAA · 'Ibere is much concern .over a deepening of the business ...
Employment (%0)• New mortgages on homes a) show-down.
Unemployment (%0)• (average) b) slowdown.
Unemployment rate• c) lag.
Dow-Jones industrial average d) slack.
Retail sales (bi!.)•
Consumer prices (change)• 6. When supply exceeds demands, the market will become ...
INTERNATIONAL a) spurred.
Producer price (change)• ·Dollar's value against 10 currencies
Hourly earnings (average, b) glutted.
US exports (mil.)• c) kindled.
nonfarm workers)• US imports (mil.)*
New orders to manufacturers d) flopped.
(durable goods, bil.)• 7. '!be price we paid five years ago was 2.5 m which means 2.1 min .. .
a) actual terms.
Consumer installment credit, b) real terms.
net change (bil.)•
c) actual francs .
d) real francs.
• seasonally adjusted 8. Business ... is the key to economic growth.
• annual rate includes, besides the six series listed, production of trucks, a) settling
bituminous coal and paperboard b) buil,ding

40 41
 . l\x.c1·cises

:) location l'ltADUCE'fl IN LIMBA ENGl..EzA

d) formation I, Colapsul producfiei fn trimestrul al treilea ne-a fmpiedicat sa ne
9. After diversifying in the 70's, large corporations now tend to concentrate 11tl11gem obiectivele.
on their ... business.
a) major
. Redresarea fnca nu afost urmata de o scadere a ~omajului .
b) central 'ele mai multe previziuni au trebuit revizuite fn jos, fn ciuda
c) heart 11 11ot ~oare cre$teri a cheltuielilor de consum.
d) core . Dupa trei ani de deficit (fn rO$U • ), societatea depinde de
10. The Romanian GDP is ... rl'localizari pentru a-$i reduce costurile de producfie.
a) all that is produced by nationals. . Ei tocmai au fnfiinfat o filiala fn Olanda.
b) all that is produced on the Romanian territory. >. Cre$terea a refnceput, dar fara este fnca sub flagelul unei inflafii
c) all that is produced by foreign people only. ,-:nlopante.
d) all that is produced by Romanian nationals and foreign people. . Penuria de devize forte limiteaza schimburile noastre cu partenerii
11 .... prices are expected to increase by 2.1 % over last year. ll0$1ri comerciali.
a) Consumer 8. Conjunctura nu favorizeaza deloc crearea de societafi comerciale.
b) Consumption 9. Printre indicatorii fn cre~tere, sa menfionam construcfia de lo-
c) Customer 'itlnfe, care a crescut cu 5% fn ultimele patru !uni.
d) Detail 10. Redresarea Bursei atinge mai degraba acfiunile decat obliga-
12. The opposite of boom is .. . (lttnile.
a) lump.
b) stump. ltAsPUNSURI CORECTE
c) slum.
d) slump. I. a 2. c 3. c 4. d 5. b 6. b 7. b 8. d 9. d 10. b 11. a 12. d 13. b 14. a 15. c
13. As Jabour costs keep increasing, most industries tend to become more ...
a) machinery intensive. 'l'ltADUCEREA
b) capital intensive. 1. The collapse of production in the third quarter has prevented us
c) production intensive. from reaching our initial target.
d) productivity intensive. 2. 1he recovery has still not been followed by a drop in unemployment.
14. A market overloaded with goods is said to be a ... 3. Most estimates have had to be revised down, in spite of a slight •
a) buyer's market. rise in consumer spending.
b) seller's market. 4. ·After three years in the red, the company counts on/blanks on/
c) puchaser's market. depends on relocation to lower its production costs.
d) consumer's market. 5. They have just set up a subsidiary in the Netherlands.
15. Leading industrial nations are desperately trying to ... unemployment. 6. Growth is back, but the country is still plagued by runaway inflation.
a) curve 7. This shortage of hard currencies restricts our exchanges/dealings
b) curse with our trading partners.
c) curb 8. Present economic trends are not favourable to business formation.
d) club 9. Among rising indices, let us mention housing starts, which rose
(by) 5% over the last four months.
10. 1he rally concerns shares rather than bonds.
• Expresia fn ro$U desemneaza sumele care se scad (In contabilitate); prin
'Xtindere, ea denume~te un deficit (n. red .)

42 43