UNIVERSITATEA TEHNIC

DIN CLUJ NAPOCA

CURS 8
Diagrama Fe-Fe3C
Fonte. Clasificare.

FACULTATEA DE INGINERIA
MATERIALELOR SI A MEDIULUI

BODEA MARIUS

CURS DE MATERIALE - I

Clasificarea fontelor
Fonte cenusii
In functie de masa metalica de baza:

Fonte albe

perlito-cementitica

continutul de carbon in exces este sub

forma de cementita

perlitica

foarte dure si fragile utilizare limitata

perlito-feritica (descomp. partiala)

dupa sistemul Fe-Fe3C

feritica (grafitizare totala)

carbonul se separa sub forma de

cementita

Proprietatile fontelor cenusii depind de:

forma-marimea incluziunilor de grafit
propr. masei metalice de baza

Prin maleabilizare fonta maleabila

Grafitul se obtine nu direct din topitura (Fe-C) ci in
urma descompunerii cementitei: Fe3C->3Fe+Cgrafit

Fonta cenuie cu
grafit lamelar

Obinerea fontei cenuii este favorizat de concentraia ridicat de C i Si, n

condiiile unei rciri lente. Deasemenea, prezena unor elemente de aliere poate
influena structura fontelor cenuii. Un coninut ridicat de Ni, stabilizeaz faza ,
structura final a fontei putnd fi o matrice metalic austenitic cu lamele de grafit.
Fonte de turntorie: sunt aliaje Fe C coninnd peste 2% C, destinate pieselor
turnate n a cror structur apare grafitul.
Cantitatea de grafit este determinat prin raportul Si (grafitizant) / Mn
(antigrafitizant)
Si (+ continut mare de carbon) favorizeaz structurile de tip ferit + grafit
Mn favorizeaz formarea cementitei (inclusiv din perlit) n dauna grafitului

Fonta cenusie cu grafit lamelar

Blocuri motor
Batiuri masini unelte
Carcase, etc.
Lamelele de grafit din structura fontelor cenuii:
au o densitate redus, ceea ce determin un fenomen de expansiune volumic la
solidificare (proiectarea formelor la turnare), ceea ce determin o calitate superioar a
suprafeelor pieselor turnate.
mbuntete caracteristicile de prelucrarabilitate a pieselor turnate din font cenuie,
acioneaz ca i lubrifiant n procesele de prelucrare prin achiere,
acioneaz ca i concentratori de tensiune, ceea ce determin o tenacitate redus n
aplicaiile unde aceast proprietate este esenial,
lamelele de grafit sunt interconectate, ceea ce permite propagarea fisurilor uor n
direcia lamelelor de grafit

Fonta cenusie cu grafit lamelar

Masa de baza perlitica - proba atacata

Maleabilizarea fontelor
Se aplica fontelor albe in stare solida
Temperatura
(C)

1000 (C)
950 (C)

A1

Fonta alba

Durata lunga: 100-120h

Timp
(ore)

Fonta
maleabila
neagra
(masa feritica)

Fonta
maleabila
alba
(masa perlitica)

Fonte de turntorie: sunt aliaje Fe C coninnd peste 2% C,

destinate pieselor turnate, n a cror structur apare grafitul.
Cementita din fonta alb se descompune n ferit+grafit
Forma convenabil a grafitului (grafit n cuiburi) spre deosebire
de fontele cenusii (grafit lamelar)

Fonta maleabila perlitica cu

grafit in cuiburi

Modificarea fontelor
Se aplica fontelor cenusii in stare lichida
Prin inocularea unor modificatori (Ca, Ba, Mg, Ce, Al) in fonta
cenusie aflata in stare lichida

Grafit lamelar
Fonte modificate

Grafit vermicular
Grafit nodular

Fonta modificata (Mg) cu grafit nodular

Modificare dubla: modificare cu Mg (influenteaza negativ cresterea

grafitului)+postmodificare cu rol grafitizant (Ba, Bi sau Ca)

This iron has durability at least 1.8

times better than exhaust manifolds
that use conventional cast iron. It
replaced expensive niresist cast iron,
reducing manufacturing costs by at
least 55%.
By adding an appropriate amount of vanadium to cast iron, the iron obtained
excellent high temperature strength and thermal fatigue life characteristics. Replacing
niresist cast iron, vanadium-added heat-resistant cast iron reduced the costs of the
exhaust manifold.

Crankshafts are another potentially significant application for Austempered

Ductile Iron (ADI). Engines being developed by the automotive industry require
weight reduction in parts that will be required to handle increased power. In
another documented crankshaft study conducted at the Manchester (England)
Materials Science Center, the authors demonstrated the performance capability of
ADI crankshafts in one cylinder commercial and four cylinder automotive
engines. They noted a 10% rotating weight reduction and an estimated 30%
cost savings.

Austempered ductile iron is

produced by heat-treating cast
ductile iron to which small
amounts of nickel,
molybdenum, or copper have
been added to improve
hardenability.
Ductile Iron = Font cu grafit
nodular (fonte modificate)

This material is produced by applying

an austempering heat treatment to a
suitably alloyed ductile iron. This
produces a matrix microstructure of
fine acicular ferrite and austenite,
called ausferrite
ADI microstructure - graphite spheroids in a matrix of ausferrite
(a mixture of acicular ferrite and austenite).

ADI is sometimes referred to as "bainitic Ductile Iron", but correctly heat

treated ADI contains little or no bainite.
Bainite consists of a matrix of acicular (plate-like) ferrite and carbide.
ADIs ausferrite matrix is a mix of acicular ferrite and carbon stabilized
austenite. This ausferrite may resemble bainite metallographically,
however it is not because it contains few or none of the fine carbides
characteristic in bainite. The austenite in ADI has been stabilized with
carbon during heat treatment and will not transform to brittle martensite
even at sub-zero temperatures.

Initial austenitizing times and

temperatures are controlled to ensure
formation of fine grain austenite and
uniform carbon content in the matrix.
Quench time must be controlled within a
few seconds, to avoid the formation of
pearlite around the carbon nodules,
which would reduce mechanical
properties.

ADI microstructure - graphite spheroids in a matrix of ausferrite

(a mixture of acicular ferrite and austenite).

Austempering involves the nucleation and

growth of acicular ferrite within austenite,
where carbon is rejected into the austenite.
The resulting microstructure of acicular
ferrite in carbon-enriched austenite is called
ausferrite.
1. Heat castings in a molten salt bath to
austenitizing temperature.
2. Hold at austenitizing temperature to
dissolve carbon in austenite.
3. Quench quickly to avoid pearlite.
4. Hold at austempering temperature in
molten salt bath for isothermal
transformation to ausferrite.

Ductile Iron has commercially replaced as cast and forged

steels in the lower strength region, now ADI is finding
applications in the higher strength regions. As shown in
Figure the yield strength of ADI is over three times that of
the best cast or forged aluminum. In addition ADI weighs
only 2.4 times more than aluminum and is 2.3 times stiffer.
ADI is also 10% less dense than steel.

For a typical component, ADI costs

20% less per unit weight than steel
and half that of aluminum.