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. n alfabetele sirian, ca
i n cel ebraic i n cel fenician, taw , este ultima liter din alfabet,
reprezentnd consoana alveolar sau dental surd ocluziv t ori fricativ
. nsemna tietur, ran, marcare, ntretiere, ncrustare, ncruciare.
Valoarea sunetului e preluat n greac i se d forma de bar transversal
la partea superioar a celei verticale T, italica veche, etrusc, latin i
chirilic.
U vine din litera protosemitic w ce era o linie vertical ce avea la
captul superior un cerc, waw n fenician ce avea un semicerc n locul
cercului, epsilonul grec litera mic dnd V, etrusc, asemntor
epsilonului grec, V roman i U roman trziu. La sfritul evului mediu
dou forme de v s-au dezvoltat, forma ascuit v era scris la nceputul
cuvntului, n timp ce forma rotunjit u era folosit la mijloc sau la
sfrit, indiferent de sunet, distincie nregistrat prima dat ntr-un
alfabet gotic din secolul al XIV-lea. n secolul al XVI-lea v reprezenta
consoana, iar u vocala, majuscula U apare i mai trziu. Reprezint n
principal vocala nchis posterioar rotunjit u sau semivocala,
semiconsoana ori consoana sonant labiovelar u, w.
V vine tot din waw la fel ca f, u, w, y de la greci, direct, sau de la
etrusci, ca intermediar pentru a reprezenta sunetul u w; dup secolul I
depinznd de dialectul latin colocvial, sunetul w s-a transformat n b
10
pstrat n spaniol i dialecte catalane, mai trziu spre v. Reprezint
consoana fricativ labiodental sonor. n german se pronun f. n
japonez sunetul v nu exist, litera v se pronun bui, spre deosebire de
litera b ce se pronun bi; recent s-au introdus caracterele katakana pentru
va, vi, vu, ve, vo, frecvent nc se transcriu literele v ale cuvintele strine
cu b; i-n mandarina standard sunetul v nu este, nici n irlandez dar unde
este bh bj bi se pronun v.
W are forma lui omega grec , litera mic era n papirusuri un
aplatizat i cu marginile curbate mai mult n sus, arab ; a fost adugat
de francezi, Chilpric I, anglosaxoni, n evul mediu ca dublu v sau dublu
u. Sunetele w scris V i sunetul liter B din latina clasic s-au dezvoltat n
sunetul v, astfel v nu mai reprezenta sunetul w sau u. Fonemul german w
era scris vv sau uu n secolul al VII-lea, u i v devenind distincte doar n
perioada timpurie modern. Pentru sunetul w gotica folosea grecul Y.
Acest digraf uu era folosit n germana veche, n engleza veche apare
sporadic, mai frecvent fiind folosit runicul , dup cucerirea normand
din secolul al XI-lea uu apare mai frecvent iar din secolul al XIII-lea este
folosit n mod curent. Sunetul v este litera w n german, la fel n
caubian, polonez, unde litera v nu exist; n finlandez, danez,
norvegian, suedez, romn i alte limbi s-a introdus mai ales n secolul
al XX-lea, mai ales pentru cuvinte care erau scrise cu w n limba de
provenien. Sunetul u w consoana sonant velar labializat pentru litera
w este n englez, cornic, galez.
X este ntlnit n hieroglifa egiptean a unei coloane cu linii
orizontale la partea superioar, n fenician este un stlp cu trei linii
orizontale, ebraic , n greac litera chi X, unele dialecte greceti
digraful , litera xi greac pronunate ks, litera X e preluat n
etrusc i apoi n latin. n general reprezint sunetele ks sau gz; n
portughez, basc, catalan, maltez, nahuatl are i pronunia de ; n
hindus k; n englez, francez, italian, venet este i z; n uigur,
somalez h ; albanez, pashto dz, iar xh n albanez d; n cuitica afar
d ; n etiopiana orma t; vietnamez s.
Y provine din litera semitic waw ca i F, U, V, W, litera mic
epsilon, ipsilon sau upsilon este prima dat preluat de romani ca V, a
doua oar este introdus n alfabetul latin din dialectul atic grec
pronunat u sau i. Se numete i grec n spaniol, catalan, francez,
romn, polonez. Pronunia de i sau j, consoana sonant palatal, este n
majoritate; n galez este n cuvintele monosilabice sau silabele iniiale,
iar n silabele finale n funcie de accent; n polonez, guarani, malagasy
este ; n turcmen ; n finlandez i albanez vocala nchis anterioar
rotunjit y.
Z n semitic era zayin reprezentnd sunetul z, dz, ebraic , sirian
, arab , greac zeta Z , etrusc i latin Z. Dispare din alfabetul latin
11
pentru c sunetul literei se transforma n r, ns este reintrodus pentru
cuvintele greceti. n general reprezint sunetul z consoana fricativ
alveolara sonor; n italian ts dz; german, finlandez, pinyin ts;
spaniola castilian ; spaniola latin american uneori s; n unele cuvinte
englezeti.
Alfabetul roman s-a rspndit n Europa, America, Australia i-n
ntreaga lume, parial n Africa, Euroasia. Acesta cuprinde i extensiile
create mai ales pentru alte sunete, ce sunt diacriticele literelor existente,
prezente i-n perioada elenistic, ligaturile prin unirea ntre litere, crearea
de noi forme sau atribuirea de funcii speciale perechilor sau tripletelor de
litere, digrafele i trigrafele.
12
Clasificarea fonelor fonetice pe foneme fonologice litere
Reforma fonetic a limbilor nu se poate realiza cu alofonele
alfabetului fonetic internaional fiind foarte multe i provenind frecvent
din alfabete nelatine, dar s-ar putea cu foneme reprezentate prin litere cu
diacritice susinute de lingvitii lumii.
Fonemul, alctuit din mai multe alofone, reprezint sunetul
principal cu diferite nuane n funcie de limb sau poziia fa de alte
sunete n cuvnt.
Engleza, lingua franca, este nereformat de o jumatate de mileniu,
copiii si adulii au probleme dislexice, de citit i scris, acest lucru se
ntmpl n multe limbi care nu sunt scrise fonetic. Limbile ce folosesc
clicuri sau tonuri pot fi scrise cu un alfabet fonemic cu diacritice, clicurile
fiind deseori un limbaj separat, iar tonurile sunt doar pentru cteva
cuvinte, omonime.
Clasificri ale alofonelor pe foneme sunt puin studiate sistematic
i exemplificate. Termenul de fonem este folosit de doctorul bulgar cu
studii academice romneti i europene Petar Beron, de lingvistul francez
Antoni Dufriche Desgenettes, termenul fiind dezvoltat de lingvitii
polonezi Jan Niecisaw Ignacy Baudouin de Courtenay i studentul su
Mikoaj Habdank Kruszewski, iar acum n structuralism, generativism i
integralism.
Un alfabet latin, cu diacritice binecunoscute ce ne duc cu gndul la
sunet, un alfabet fonemic internaional, ar fi format din 40 de litere: A a,
, , B b, C c, , D d, D d , , E e, , F f, G g, , H h, i, , J
j, L l, M m, N n, , O o, , , P p, R r, S s, , , T t, T t , , U
u, , , , V v, Z z, pentru 34 de grupuri categoriale fonemice
i 6 grupuri categoriale muiate de semisunete, semivocalele i, U u,
i semiconsoanele i: , U u: i : .
Litera majuscul de tipar este cu punct deasupra lui I, ca n turc,
fr punct confundndu-se uneori cu litera l mic.
Litera de tipar majuscul J ar fi cu punct deasupra ca , ea nu
exist nc; I J de mn sunt fara punct.
Literele D d , T t , sunt litere temporare fiindc tilda e separabil de
litere, adic se descompun, dezasambleaz, la backspace se terge prima
dat tilda, uneori apare deplasat fa de liter, decalat, neexistnd nc
pe internet literele precompuse, cum sunt .
Aceste litere pot fi standardizate cu Unicode.
13
Literele le-am ales ncepnd din iulie 2008, cu 37 de litere n
martie 2009 i definitivate ca form a diacriticelor n 2012, iar cele 40 de
foneme principale le-am detectat pn-n primvara lui 2013, iar la
mijlocul lui februarie 2014 cele 3 litere semiconsonantice, 40 de grafeme,
completri tiinifice datorit colilor, disciplinelor i conferinelor
masteratului, dup forma cea mai cunoscut a literelor, ce ne duc cu
gndul la sunet.
37 de categorii fonemice, cu cele difonemice:
21 de litere:
A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, i, J j, L l, M m, N n, O o,
P p, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, Z z
19 cu diacritice:
, , , D d , , , , , , , , , , T t ,
, , , ,
1 cu breve:
1 cu accent circumflex:
2 cu hacek, evron, caron: ,
3 cu tild deasupra: D d , , T t
3 cu virgul dedesubt: , ,
4 cu accent grav: , , , ,
2 cu accent acut dublu: ,
1 cu accent grav dublu:
2 cu accent acut: ,
, , , , , sunt litere cu diacritice iluministe romneti;
e i-n vietnamez; n francez, galez, portughez i alte
limbi romanice; n turc scris de mn frecvent cu virgul, de
tipar i cu sedil; n ceh i limbi slavice; n berbera
romanizat; D d , , T t n spaniol, subdialecte romne, limbi
slave, englez; n francez, italian; n romanizarea
ucraineenei; n limbi romanice; n francez, ligur; ,
n maghiar, unele texte germane, feroez i limbi scandinave;
n limbi slavice; , n polonez cu alte valori de sunet.
14
40 de categorii fonemice, cu cele semifonemice:
11 foneme vocalice:
8 vocalice: A a, , , E e, , O o, ,
3 semivocalice: i, U u,
29 foneme consonantice:
26 consonantice: B b, C c, , D d, D d , , F
f, G g, , H h, J j, L l, M m, N n, , P
p, R r, S s, , , T t, T t , , V v, Z z,
3 semiconsonantice: i, ; U u, ; ,
Silenios, surd; sonor, sonant:
C c; G g, H h
;
F f; V v
P p; B b, M m
S s; Z z, L l, R r
; J j
T t; D d, N n
T t ; D d ,
;
Alfabetul internaional fonemic, monoftongii, diftongii i triftongii
de la nceputul dicionarelor sau ghidurilor i manualelor lingvistice:
Literele , , , , apar frecvent doar ntr-un stil de font,
distorsionnd rndurile puin, pentru mai multe stiluri e nevoie de
implementare cibernetic.
Exist s cu sedil, , i t cu sedil, , ce n unele fonturi apar ca
virgul, ambele fonemic se scriu cu virgul sub, pentru c de mn aa le
scriem, Academia Romn fcnd demersurile pentru i la Unicode.
Aceste litere apar n general fr distorsiuni n ultimele versiuni de
programe de calculator.
15
Fonem generativ: fone alofone ale alfabetului fonetic internaional
01. A a: a,
02. : , , , , ,
03. : , , , , ,
04: B b: b, b , ,
05. C c: k, k, k , k , kp, kx, kx, q, q, q, q', ,
06. : t, t, t, , t, t
07. D d: d, d , ,
08. D d : , ,
09. : dz, dz , d
10. E e: e , e
11. : ,
12. F f: f, f,
13. G g: , gb, , , , , ,
14. : d, d,
15. H h: h, , , , x, x, , ,
16. i: i, ; i, : j, ,
17. J j: , , ,
18. L l: l, l, , , ,
19. M m: m, m ,
20. N n: n, n , n , n , ,
, , m,
21. : ,
22. O o: o, o , ,
23. : ,
24. : , , ,
25. P p: p, p
, p,
26. R r: r, , , , , , , , , ,
27. S s: s, s, s, , , , ],
28. : , , , , , , , ,
29. : , ,
30. T t: t, t, t, , , , ,
31. T t : c, c, c
32. : ts, ts , ts, s, , t
33. U u: u, ; U u, : w
34. : , y; , :
35. V v: v, ,
36. Z z: z, z,
37. : ,
16
Semifonemele
Subset semivocalic:
i: i,
U u: u,
: , y
Subset semiconsonantic:
i, : j, ,
U u, : w
, :
i, U u, sunt 3 categorii de foneme duale, ambivalente,
bifoneme, difoneme sau 6 categorii de foneme njumtite,
semifoneme, hemifoneme, demifoneme:
i; U u; ; i, ; U u, ; ,
Astfel c putem spune c sunt:
37 de foneme: 34 foneme, 3 foneme duale; sau c sunt
40 de foneme: 34 foneme, 6 foneme njumtite: 3 semivocalice
i 3 semiconsonantice; n total 40 de litere, categorii generice
de fone, fonuri sau foane.
Ftong: 1 silab
Hiat, diarez: 2 silabe
17
Ftongii fonemici
11 monoftongi fonemici:
Monoftong
vocal
semivocal
11 a, , , e, , i, o, , , u,
8 vocalici: a, , , e, , o, ,
3 semivocalici: i, u,
66 diftongi fonemici:
Diftong
vocal semiconsoan
semivocal semiconsoan
semiconsoan vocal
semiconsoan semivocal
diftongi cu semiconsoane invizibile diftongi cu semiconsoane vizibile
11 ai, i, i, ei, i, ii, oi, i, i, ui, i
11 ia, i, i, ie, i, ii, io, i, i, iu, i
11 au, u, u, eu, u, iu, ou, u, u, uu, u
11 ua, u, u, ue, u, ui, uo, u, u, uu, u
11 a, , , e, , i, o, , , u,
11 a, , , e, , i, o, , , u,
11 a, , , e, , i, o, , , u,
11 a, , , e, , i, o, , , u,
11 a, , , e, , i, o, , , u,
11 a, , , e, , i, o, , , u,
11 a, , , e, , i, o, , , u,
11 a, , , e, , i, o, , , u,
99 triftongi fonemici:
Triftong
semiconsoan vocal semiconsoan
semiconsoan semivocal semiconsoan
triftongi cu semiconsoane invizibile triftongi cu semiconsoane vizibile
11 iai, ii, ii, iei, ii, iii, ioi, ii, ii, iui, ii
11 iau, iu, iu, ieu, iu, iiu, iou, iu, iu, iuu, iu
11 ia, i, i, ie, i, ii, io, i, i, iu, i
11 uai, ui, ui, uei, ui, uii, uoi, ui, ui, uui, ui
11 uau, uu, uu, ueu, uu, uiu, uou, uu, uu, uuu, uu
11 ua, u, u, ue, u, ui, uo, u, u, uu, u
11 ai, i, i, ei, i, ii, oi, i, i, ui, i
11 au, u, u, eu, u, iu, ou, u, u, uu, u
11 a, , , e, , i, o, , , u,
11 a, , , e, , i, o, , , u,
11 a, , , e, , i, o, , , u,
11 a, , , e, , i, o, , , u,
11 a, , , e, , i, o, , , u,
11 a, , , e, , i, o, , , u,
11 a, , , e, , i, o, , , u,
11 a, , , e, , i, o, , , u,
11 a, , , e, , i, o, , , u,
11 a, , , e, , i, o, , , u,
18
Fonele celor 40 de litere pe 37 de categorii fonemice
Clasificarea fonelor pe foneme am realizat-o aproximativ, intuitiv,
prin ascultarea acestora.
01. A a
1 phoneme of approximately 2 allophonic phones:
a open front unrounded vowel
open central unrounded vowel
02.
1 phoneme of approximately 6 allophonic phones:
mid-central vowel
near-open central vowel
open-mid central unrounded vowel
open-mid back unrounded vowel
open front rounded vowel
close-mid central rounded vowel
03.
1 phoneme of approximately 6 allophonic phones:
close-mid central unrounded vowel
near-close central unrounded vowel
close central unrounded vowel
close-mid back unrounded vowel
near-close central rounded vowel
close back unrounded vowel
19
04. B b, b
1 phoneme of approximately 4 allophonic phones:
b voiced bilabial stop
b voiced labiodental stop
voiced bilabial implosive
bilabial trill
05. C c, c
1 phoneme of approximately 13 allophonic phones:
k voiceless velar stop
k velar ejective
k voiceless velar lateral affricate
k velar lateral ejective affricate
kp voiceless labialvelar stop
kx voiceless velar affricate
kx velar ejective affricate
q voiceless uvular stop
q uvular ejective
q voiceless uvular affricate
q uvular ejective affricate
voiced velar affricate
epiglottal stop
06. ,
1 phoneme of approximately 6 allophonic phones:
t voiceless palato-alveolar affricate
t palato-alveolar ejective affricate
t voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate
voiceless retroflex affricate
t voiceless alveolar lateral affricate
t alveolar lateral ejective affricate
20
07. D d, d
1 phoneme of approximately 4 allophonic phones:
d voiced alveolar stop
d voiced dental stop
voiced retroflex stop
voiced alveolar implosive
08. D d , d
1 phoneme of approximately 3 allophonic phones:
voiced palatal stop
voiced palatal affricate
voiced palatal implosive
09. ,
1 phoneme of approximately 3 allophonic phones:
dz voiced alveolar sibilant affricate
dz voiced dental sibilant affricate
d voiced alveolar lateral affricate
21
10. E e
1 phoneme of approximately 2 allophonic phones:
e mid front unrounded vowel
e close-mid front unrounded vowel
11.
1 phoneme of approximately 2 allophonic phones:
open-mid front unrounded vowel
near-open front unrounded vowel
12. F f, f
1 phoneme of approximately 3 allophonic phones:
f voiceless labiodental fricative
f labiodental ejective fricative
voiceless bilabial fricative
22
13. G g, g
1 phoneme of approximately 8 allophonic phones:
voiced velar stop
gb voiced labialvelar stop
voiced velar lateral affricate
voiced velar affricate
voiced velar implosive
voiced uvular stop
voiced uvular affricate
voiced uvular implosive
14. ,
1 phoneme of approximately 3 allophonic phones:
d voiced palato-alveolar affricate
d voiced alveolo-palatal affricate
voiced retroflex affricate
15. H h, h
1 phoneme of approximately 9 allophonic phones:
h voiceless glottal fricative
voiceless pharyngeal fricative
voiceless epiglottal fricative
breathy-voiced glottal transition
x voiceless velar fricative
x velar ejective fricative
voiceless uvular fricative
uvular ejective fricative
voiceless labio-velar approximant
23
16. i, i
1 dual phoneme of approximately 5 allophonic dual phones:
1 vocalic semiphoneme i of approximately 2 allophonic semiphones:
i close front unrounded vowel
near-close near-front unrounded vowel
1 consonantic semiphoneme i, of approximately 3 allophonic semiphones:
j voiced palatal approximant
voiced palatal fricative
palatal lateral approximant
17. J j, j
1 phoneme of approximately 4 allophonic phones:
voiced palato-alveolar fricative
voiced velar fricative
voiced retroflex fricative
voiced alveolo-palatal fricative
18. L l, l
1 phoneme of approximately 6 allophonic phones:
l alveolar lateral approximant
l alveolar lateral approximant
velarized alveolar lateral approximant
retroflex lateral approximant
velar lateral approximant
alveolar lateral flap
24
19. M m, m
1 phoneme of approximately 3 allophonic phones:
m bilabial nasal
m voiceless bilabial nasal
labiodental nasal
20. N n, n
1 phoneme of approximately 9 allophonic phones:
n alveolar nasal
n voiceless alveolar nasal
n dental nasal
n postalveolar nasal
retroflex nasal
palatal nasal
25
22. O o
1 phoneme of approximately 4 allophonic phones:
o close-mid back rounded vowel
o mid back rounded vowel
open-mid central rounded vowel
open-mid back rounded vowel
23.
1 phoneme of approximately 2 allophonic phones:
open back rounded vowel
open back unrounded vowel
24.
1 phoneme of approximately 4 allophonic phones:
close-mid front rounded vowel
mid front rounded vowel
open-mid front rounded vowel
near-close near-front rounded vowel
26
25. P p, p
1 phoneme of approximately 4 allophonic phones:
p voiceless bilabial stop
p
; ctabib, ; lb, ;
lad, ; lmuluc, ; lvitaminat, ; min, ; mir,
; mir, ; sad, ; ri, ; ; B b; babus, ;
bputa, ; bar, ; bedl, ; C c; canr, ; cavm, ;
crim, ; cf, ; ciduhu,
; citab,
; cus, ; ; D d;
dahraa, ; d, ; dinamiciiaton, ; domir, ; dub,
; D d ; ; E e; edleb, ; ; nfon, ; rnb, ; F f; fbi,
; G g; ; an, ; ru, ; bril, ; hilii, ; ins,
; H h; haiatun, ; haieti, ; hair haiir, ; hatar, ; hbib,
; hmm, ; hnti, ; hebr, ; hbibi, ; hbibti,
; hn, ; i; iehud, ; iezcor, ; in, ; J j; L l; lcum,
;
lm, ; liltali litali, ; luhei, ; M m; mat, ; masr,
; mbruc, ; mnsur, ; mi, ; msli, ; N n; nam,
; nsuhu,
; ; T t; tfaha, ; trcuazii,
; tshrinhu, ; tinii, ; tord , ; tuid, ; tun, ;
tut, ; T t ; ; U u; uct,
; udt, ; umnii, ; ; V v;
vbiian,
; uce,
; D d ; ; E e;
; F f; fecta, ; G g; gni, ; ; adi, ; aha, ; ane,
; ivvigian, 7; og, ; uualamuci, 7 ; H h;
hamla, ; i; iaha, ; ithaas itihas, ; iut, 4
; J j; L l; M
m; mca, 4; mli, |; mdecalin, |; mzbut,
; meri, |; mevo,
; mdan, ; N n; nagn, ;
namaste nmaste, 1 ; nmscar, 1; ; O o; olte, ;
; ; P p; pa, ; pad, ; pan, ; pani, ; pduua,
;
prhana, ; prte, ; pear, ; pratribu, ; prticria,
9H; puria, ; R r; ru, ; S s; sabse, ; samu smu,
; sahepte, c; sai, ; smprc, + ; sngit,
; sngrale, 0; srita, ; sona, ; soura, *;
stetoscoop, 1 1; ; , ; ; T t; tantrhust, 1;
ttacatit, ; turnt, 7
; T t ; ; U u; ; V v; vac vc,
H; vaiumndlii, |
; ; ; B b; C c; cani,
; ci,
; ; D
d; dam,
; D d ; ; E e; ; F f; G g; ; H h; ho,
; hue, ; i;
i,
; J j; L l; M m; man,
; m,
; N n; nam,
; ; O o; ; ;
P p; pacse pacsee, pakse; pasalau pasalauu, ; paiu,
91
; pn,
; p, ; pincai,
; pu, ; R r; S s; sam,
; siisipt e sisipt e,
; ; ; T t; tan,
; T t ; ; U u;
; V v; Z z;
Latin:
A a; ; ; B b; biblioteca, bibliotheca; C c; cvi cui, qui; ;
elis caelis, caelis; D d; dicionariium, dictionarium; D d ; ; E e;
ecoloiia, oecologia; ; F f; G g; gramatica, grammatica; ; H h; i;
J j; L l; M m; mediina, medicina; N n; ; O o; ; ; P p; R r; S s;
sponiia spona, spongia; ; ; T t; T t ; ; U u; ; V v; Z z;
Latvian:
A a; atradas atradaas, atrads; ; ; B b; buut, bt; C c; ;
etrdesmit, etrdesmit; D d; dain daina, daina; daus, daudzas; D d ;
d end eret d end ereet, eert; ; E e; ; F f; G g; gadscaartu
gadscartu, gadskrtu; gluji, glui; ; H h; i; ieprieceias,
iepriekjas; J j; L l; laic, laika; latviie latviieu, latvieu; li, ldz;
luuu, ldzu; luupas lupas, lpas; M m; maate, mte; maia mai,
mj; N n; nenozimee, nenozm; ; O o; ; ; P p; palat,
palt; paartuopot, prtopot; pa, paa; piieduod, piedod; R r; S s;
sau, sauc; scaitaa, skait; ; ; T t; tredien trediien, trediena;
tuuarez tuuares, toreiz; T t ; ; i, ca; lvcu lvc, cilvku;
U u; ; V v; vis, viss; Z z;
Lithuanian:
A a; a, a; atpli, atplaia; ; ; B b; bnt, bent;
birhilis, birelis; C c; casis, ksnis; ctvrtad eni ctvrtadieni,
ketvirtadien; cugelis, kugelis; ; D d; dininincs, dainininkas; D d ;
; E e; ; F f; G g; gerbeiams, gerbjams; globalizaiia gluobalizaiia
glbalizaiia, globalizacija; grite, grti; ; H h; i; isceit, skaita; J
j; jiem, iema; L l; M m; milies, meils; N n; ; O o; ; per,
opera; ; P p; paras, paraas; R r; riits, rytas; S s; ; ; T t;
teivs, tvas; tucstniu, tkstani; T t ; ; U u; ; V v; vmti,
vemti; Z z;
Luxembourgish:
A a; activiteit, aktivitit; acuarl acuuarl, aquarell; adi, ddi;
afcot, affekot; ; , ech; ; B b; bah, baach; boht, borscht; C c;
; D d; D d ; ; E e; ;ps, eppes; F f; fii, fir; flij, fliger; G g; ;
H h; i; ioncn, jonken; ivaflos, iwwerfloss; J j; L l; M m; musta,
moustache; N n; ; O o; ofgront, ofgrond; oh, och; olif, oliv; ;
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tfrp, adverb; ; P p; R r; S s; ; in, schin; van, schwatzen;
; T t; tnt tnt, tschent; trotuuar trotuar trotua, trottoir; T t ; ;
U u; uel, uelech; ; V v; Z z;
Macedonian:
A a; aicula, ; aide, ; anglisci, ; ; ; B b;
barocen, ; belo, ; belvia, ; bes, ; blue, ;
bori, ; burec, ; C c; cafes, ; carpa, ; casa, ;
cirili cirilia, ; coso, ; crava, ; creda, ; ;
acalia, ; etvrotoc, ; os ios, ; D d; den, ;
disaharid, ; do, ; dobar, ; dobro, ; dojd,
; duhot, ; duva duv, ; D d ; ;id, ; E e; ebe, ;
ezero, ; ; F f; G g; gdc gdc gdc, ; gdci, ;
gdlo gdlo gdlo, ; grbonosen, ; gievrec, ;
giomleze, ; glad, ; glava, ; gorniot, ; griz
grize, ; gust, ; ; inovsci, ; ungla, ; H
h; i; ias, ; iaz, ; ili, ; internet, ; J j; jelezen, ;
jivopisen, ; jivotni, ; jmilave, ; L l; lea,
; M m; mara, ; matca, ; metca, ; N n; na, ; nad,
; ; O o; odi, ; osa, ; ; ; P p; paiac, ; papagal,
; patici, ; pencalo, ; petera, ; pie, ;
piiaca, ; piian, ; piiavia, ; R r; raca, ; rae,
; S s; saharoza, ; se, ce; smee, ; ; ecier, ;
pane, ; pansci, ; t to, ; uma, ; ; T t;
tabla, ; tablia, ; tvrd, ; T t ; ; rcva, ; rn
rn, ; U u; usta, ; utro, ; ; V v; veer, ; vie, ;
vinojito, ; voda, ; voiscovode, ; Z z; zagubi,
; zdravo, ; zeleniuc, ;
Macedoromanian:
A a; aromni; armni; armniati armniate armniasc; ;
; B b; C c; cntii; crliban; cmburoi; ; D d; D d ; ; E e; ;
F f; fiat fiat; G g; ; H h; hiam; i; J j; L l; M m; macedoniasc; N
n; ; O o; ; ; P p; picurare; plne; R r; S s; scual; ; ; T
t; T t ; ; U u; ; V v; vidi; vlahi; Z z;
Malay:
A a; ; ; B b; baac, banyak; brtema, bertema; brtutur,
bertutur; C c; cpad, kepada; ; D d; D d ; ; E e; ; F f; G g; ;
H h; i; J j; L l; laniau, lanciao; lim, lima; M m; macan, makan;
mnari, mencari; mnara, menara; N n; ; O o; ; ; P p;
produua, perodua; putraaia, putrajaya; R r; S s; sarah, sejarah; ;
; T t; tanp, tanpa; T t ; ; U u; uacil, wakil; ; V v; Z z;
93
Malayalam:
A a; aslem, @; ; ; B b; bara, ; C c;
calaripaiete, __; carm, ; cart, _;
crtani, ; colam, ; colm, ;
coltupura, _g; ; aia, ; D d; dca, ; D
d ; ; E e; ; F f; G g; galm, ; grehm, [; ; inu,
; H h; i; J j; L l; M m; mahe, ; N n; namaste,
; nactrm, [; ; an, ; O o; ; ; P
p; pangm, ; pansaria, u; prmida, [;
prtien, _; puri, ; R r; rdu, ; S s; ; ni, ;
iirm, ; ; T t; T t ; ; U u; uarm, ;
uasmdm, u; utcnta, ; ; V v; vidactn,
m; Z z;
Maltese:
A a; ahua ahoua ahuua, awa; alumiliiu, alumilju; amar,
qamar; atus, qattus; ; ; B b; baida, bajda; bonu, bonu; C c;
calculatrii, kalkulatrii; canela, kannella; celba, kelba; cobor, kobor;
coa, koxxa; custiioni cuistiioni cuestiioni, kwistjoni; custioni
custiioni, kustjoni; ; aveta, avetta; ififogu, ififogu; D d; dahca,
daka; dveira, dwejra; D d ; ; E e; ; F f; familiia, familja; filaiia,
filgaxija; frota, frotta; funioni, funzjoni; G g; goma, gomma; gdum,
geddum; gris, griz; ; agaga, agaga; H h; hanut, anut; hia,
iea; hiia, ija; hut, ut; i; ichal, ikal; iliunfant iliiunfant, iljunfant;
J j; L l; laham, laam; lampuca, lampuka; M m; mazini, masini; musir,
missier; N n; nana, nanna; naionali, nazzjonali; ; O o; odua,
godwa; ; rti, qorti; ; P p; piaa piiaa, pjazza; R r; S s; saain,
saqgajn; selum, sellum; spetru, spettru; ; adina, xadina; ; T t;
thc, thokk; T t ; ; U u; ; V v; valeta, valletta; Z z; zazah,
agag;
Manx:
A a; ; ; B b; C c; ciliin, cillian; ; rii trii, tree; D d; D d ;
; E e; enm, ennym; ; F f; G g; ; H h; i; J j; L l; M m; mai,
mie; N n; ; O o; orm, orrym; ; ; P p; R r; S s; ; o, shoh;
; T t; trii rii, tree; T t ; ; U u; ; V v; Z z;
Maori:
A a; afiiafi, awhiawhi; ; ; B b; C c; caucau, kawakawa;
ceia, kea; citantahu, kitanatahu; corero, krero; coriiana, kriana;
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coropeua, koropewa; ; D d; D d ; ; E e; ; F f; G g; ; H h; i;
J j; L l; M m; mtura, mataura; mocomocai, mokomokai; N n; ; O
o; onihanga, onehunga; oreua, rewa; oruni, orunui; ; ; P p;
paceha, pakeha; R r; rahine, rhine; rapare, rpare; S s; ; ; T t;
tane, tne; tipun, tipuna; T t ; ; U u; uaca, waka; uai, wai; uaicato,
waikato; ; V v; Z z;
Marathi:
A a; arn, ; ahe, ; apei, ; aprad, ;
ast, ; ase, ; astat, ; ai, ; ; ; B b; bngla,
; bescet, 1; bilori, |; C c; ca, ; crail, ;
cri, ; char car, ; condiahi, c|; curup, F
; ;
andar, ; ar, char; nberi, |; oclet, ; oclea,
; D d; dar, ; dehae, ; deva, ; divs, divas; do,
; D d ; ; E e; ec, ; etat, ; ; F f; G g; grza, ; ;
amin min, jamin; H h; i; i, ; J j; L l; M m; mla, ; mrati,
|; mor, ; motiaa, c; N n; nmscar, 1; ; O
o; ; ; P p; pai, pay; paia pai, ; par, ; pilas, ~; pise,
; prangla, ; pruti,
; suart, 1 ; suc,
;
; epia, |; ; T t; tara, ; tezor, |; tvicar, 1;
T t ; ; angla, ; oneri, |; U u; ; V v; Z z; zai zaii, ;
zat, ;
Mauritian:
A a; aboni; acsepte; amen; , , B b, C c; camarad;
comns; cone; confiins; , D d; don; D d , , E e, , F f, G g;
gae; grni; , H h, i, J j, L l, M m; mua; N n, , O o, , , P
p; plas; R r; repone; S s; siel siiel; sns; , , T t; tua; T t , , U u,
, V v; vi; Z z,
Meglenoromanian:
A a; ; ; B b; C c; ; D d; D d ; ; E e; ; F f; G g; ;
H h; i; iati; J j; L l; M m; meglenii; N n; nuastri; ; O o; ; ;
P p; R r; S s; ; ; T t; T t ; ; U u; ; V v; Z z;
95
Mongolian:
A a; amt, ; amtlah, ; av, ; avah, ; ; ; B
b; buhi, ; C c; cir, ; ; D d; defter, ; D d ; ; E e; e,
; en, ; end, ; ; F f; G g; ; H h; hn, ; hrh,
; hir, ; i; ier, ; ihnr, ; io, ; in, ; irv,
; J j; L l; M m; mane, ; mini, ; mo, ; mr, ; N
n; nhr, ; nom, ; ; O o; os, ; ; ; P p; R r; S s; ;
n, ; ; T t; T t ; ; av, ; h, ; U u; ut, ; ; V
v; Z z;
Montenegrin:
A a; alat, ; ali, ; ; ; B b; baco, ; bahato,
; bambus, ; banae, ; banati, ; batli,
; C c; copa, ; cratti cratiti, ; ; D d; dansci,
; D d ; ; E e; era, ; ; F f; G g; ; H h; hanumi
hanumia, ; i; irsci, ; isei, ; iznat, ; J j;
jivot, ; L l; liut, ; M m; mad arsci, ; malteci,
; mlad, ; mlai, ; N n; nazvati, ; naiav
naiava, ; ; O o; ; ; P p; prst, prst ; prolet e,
; R r; rindn rindn, ; S s; se, ce; semsm, ;
sposovnost, ; sred, ; ; ; T t; tecst, ; T t ; ;
eliin, ; entr entr, centar; U u; ; V v; Z z;
zimni, ; zvati, ;
Myanmar:
A a; ; ; B b; C c; ; D d; deiscune,
; D d ; ; E e; ; F f; G g; ; i, gi; H h; i; J
j; L l; M m; minglaba, mingalaba; N n; nnli, ;
nepido, ; ; O o; ; ; P p; R r; S s; ; ; T t;
tan, than; tauni, taunggyi; tian, thingyan; T t ; ; U u; ; V v; Z z;
Navajo:
A a; ; ; B b; C c; ; D d; D d ; ; E e; ei, ; ; F f; G
g; ;H h; ha, haash; i; J j; L l; M m; N n; nzon, nizhn; ; O o;
; ; P p; R r; S s; ; ; T t; to, t; T t ; ; oh, tsoh; U u; uolie,
woly; ; V v; Z z;
Nepali:
A a; ama, aama; ; peca, apeksa; ; B b; bag, ; beluca,
; ;
ine, ; riiobarzan, ; ; P p; paa, ; R r; rine, ; S
s; salom, ; sef, ; semnon, ; sendeci, ; ; ah, ;
ahr, ; ruodan, ; ocl, ; uruardan, ; ;
T t; tohme, ; T t ; ; U u; ; V v; vazir, ; vaziion, ; Z z;
zaga, ; zartot, ; zendegi, ; ziba, ; zolu, ;
Polish:
A a; abajur, abaur; abeaduuo, abecado; abeedariiu,
abecedariusz; ; ; B b; baba, babcia; babeca, babeczka; C c;
cupa, kupa; ; e, cze; D d; dah, dach; dobj, dobrze; D d ; ; E
e; ecierca, ekierka; ecran, ekran; eholocaiia, echolokacja; ; F f;
fabrica, fabryka; faet, facet; G g; ; incuie, dzikuj; iai, dzisiaj;
H h; i; ieden, jeden; ieste, jeste; J j; jvno, ywno; L l; lecartsvo,
lekarstwo; leca, lekarz; M m; miuo, mio; N n; ; e, nie; O o;
oie oiie, ojciec; ; ; P p; pleac, plecak; podruj, podry;
pomo, pomoc; popro, poprosz; ppiurca, przepirka; R r; S s;
scovronec, skowronek; sere, serce; smanego, smacznego; suovnic
suuovnic, sownik; suovo, sowo; ; coua, szkoa; e, sze; iln,
silny; ; T t; tca, tyczka; T t ; ; U u; u, uczy; ue, ucze;
uiversitet, uniwersytet; ; V v; vucivarca, wyszukiwarka; Z z;
zalejno, zaleno; zdrov, zdrowy; zue, ze; zuoti zuot, zoty;
zviauza zviaunza, zwiza; zviera, zwieracz;
Portuguese:
A a; abaiete abaiete, abaet; adefajicu, adefgico; anecsu,
anexo; arauju ruju, araujo; asaii, aa; avains, havaianas; avo, av;
avu, av; ; ; B b; bann, banana; bcliau bacaliau, bacalhau;
bebe, beb; beiiju, beijo; bbii, bebe; bilieii, bilhete; bisiclet, bicicleta;
bloceiu, bloqueio; bonitu, bonito; brazileiru, brasileiro; C c; cahu,
carro; caipirsca, caipiroska; caiauu, caixo; cai, caixa; caizu, queijo;
calculador calculadori, calculadora; capueir capuier, capoeira;
cariuac cariuc caric, carioca; casinu, casino; catlei, catleia;
caz, casa; cbies, cabea; cntoneir, cantoneira; ce, que; ceridu
ceriidu cieriidu cieridu, querido; con, concha; coi, coxinha;
cursau corasau curesau, corao; ; au, tchau; D d; dat, data;
dehubar, derrubar; dezeinhascnsu dezeinhascnsu, desenrascano;
disiunariu disionariu isionariu, dicionrio; doid, doida; dois, dos; D
d ; ; E e; ; F f; facs, fax; fasiozu, fastioso; favl, favela;
feijuad, feijoada; felij felis feliz, feliz; fln, flan; fri frii frte,
forte; G g; gai, gatinha; gatu, gato; gostoz, gostosa; granii grnii,
grande; ; isiunariu isionariu disiunariu disionariu, dicionrio; H
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h; hapaes hapais, rapaz; heais heiais heiai hreiais, reais; hezveratrul,
resveratrol; i; iambo, jambo; irmau, irmo; J j; jeni jente jent, gente;
jing, ginga; L l; lagu, lagos; lav, lava; leiii, leite; ls lesi letii,
leste; li li, linha; livru livr, livro; M m; mma, mama;
medicamientu meicamentu, medicamento; menin, menina; mez,
mesa; mi, minha; mulier muier muli, mulher; mulieris, mulheres; N
n; nad, nada; nau, no; negru, negro; noi, noite; ; O o; obrigadu,
obrigado; ola, ol; oliveir, oliveira; ; lius, olhos; ; P p;
parabens, parabns; paralelepipedo, paraleleppedo; past, pasta;
plavr, palavra; peii, peixe; pisin, piscina; poezi, poesia; porce,
porque; porcu, porco; pum, puma; R r; S s; sarni, sarandi; sauda,
saudade; sud, sade; sudavil sudaivil sodavil, saudvel; secadur,
secadora; selesau selesauu, seleo; seor, senhor; su, cu; sidad,
cidade; ; aadu, xaxado; col ecl iscl, escola; erele,
xerelete; tetcpiu tetocopiu istetoscpio istetoscpiu, estetoscpio;
tudar istudar, estudar; uhascari, churrascaria; uhascu, churrasco;
; T t; tau, tao; tocola, chocolate; trabaliadoris, trabalhadores;
trbaliu, trabalho; T t ; ; U u; ; V v; vac, vaca; valii, vale;
verii verii verd, verde; vliu, velho; viiadu fiiadu viiat, viado; vii,
via; vinagr, vinagre; vose, voc; Z z;
Punjabi:
A a; ; ; B b; bngal, ; C c; carstan, karastan; carc,
; cirpan, ; cuta, kutta; ; D d; dmari, ; den, ;
D d ; ; E e; ; F f; G g; ; ait, jasjit; tedar, jathedar; H h; i;
intchab, intikhab; J j; L l; lei, ; M m; mamle, ; N n; ; O o;
; ; P p; pnabi pnabi, ; pnab pnab, ; R r;
ra, ; raput, rajpoot; rn, ; S s; ; ; T t; tmatr,
tamaatar; tntali, ; T t ; ; U u; ; V v; vianu, ; Z z;
Romanian:
A a; abaer, abager; abaeriie, abagerie; abaiu, abagiu;
abeedar, abecedar; aborien, aborigen; abrudianc, abrudeanc;
absis, abscis; absiziune absiziue, absciziune; absorbituare
absorbitre, absorbitoare; abstrae, abstrage; aburial, abureal;
aburuas aburs, aburoas; acadia, acadea; academiiian
acad emiiian, academician; acantaee, acantacee; acaparatuare,
acaparatoare; actria, actrea; actuare actre, actoare;
acelera, accelera; acelerando, accelerando; acelerare, accelerare;
acelerat, accelerat; acelerat, accelerat; acelerator, accelerator;
100
aceleratuare, acceleratoare; aceleraiie, acceleraie; acelerograf,
accelerograf; acelerometru, accelerometru; acent, accent; acentuua,
accentua; acentuuare, accentuare; acentuuat, accentuat; acentuuat,
accentuat; acsiioloic, axiologic; activitatia, activitatea; aesta, acesta;
administraria, administrarea; Adriian, Adrian; adverbiial,
adverbial; afectivitatia, afectivitatea; aficsare, afixare; aitaiie, agitaie;
alegoriie, alegorie; amilazemiie, amilazemie; analizaria, analizarea;
anatomiie, anatomie; anhedoniie, anhedonie; Angliia, Anglia;
antonimiie, antonimie; Ardial Ard al, Ardeal; arteriiografiie,
arteriografie; ateniie, atenie; atributivitatia, atributivitatea; aucsiliiar,
auxiliar; ; ; n, n; ntro, ntr-o; ntrun, ntr-un;
ntrebuinaria ntrebuiinaria, ntrebuinarea; B b; Basarabiia,
Basarabia; bazofiliie, bazofilie; bimrian, bimrean; bnian,
bnean; bemolizaria, bemolizarea; bucovinian, bucovinean; Bulgariia,
Bulgaria; C c; ciul cul, cciul; cintesen, chintesen; clujian
clujan, clujean; coac coiac, cogeac; compiutertomografiie,
computertomografie; complementizatuare,
complementizatoare; comunicaiile comunicaiiile, comunicaiile;
conectaria, conectarea; consultaiie, consultaie; contiientizare,
contientizare; continuuare, continuare; continuuat, continuat;
coordonaria, coordonarea; criang, creang; Criang, Creang;
Cristiian, Cristian; culuuar, culuar; cuuantic, cuantic; cuuantificaria,
cuatificarea; cuuar, cuar; ; e ie, ce; ia a, cea; ia a,
cea; ipriian, Ciprian; itire, citire; oc ioc, cioc; uar iuar ir
r, cioar; D d; de d e d d di d i d ie ie e , de; depresiie,
depresie; dezinfeciie, dezinfecie; dial, deal; diiac, diac; diiacon,
diacon; diialectoloiie, dialectologie; diialogal, dialogal; diiez,
diez; diminia d imia, diminea; dobroian dobroan, dobrogean;
doilia, doilea; duarme, doarme; duhovniiie, duhovnicie; dulia
dula, dulcea; D d ; ; E e; ecografiie, ecografie; ecselent,
excelent; ecspediiiile, expeditiile; ecspresiie, expresie; ecsprimat,
exprimat; efectuuare, efectuare; egzamina ecsamina, examina;
egzemplu ecsemplu, exemplu; elaboraria, elaborarea; eliziunia,
eliziunea; eozinofiliie, eozinofilie; eritroit, eritrocit; eseniial, esential;
eantiionaria, eantionarea; etiioloiie, etiologie; euul, eul; ; F f;
filosofiie, filosofie; filozofiie, filozofie; fiiacru, fiacru; fiiecare,
fiecare; fiief, fief; fiziioloiie, fiziologie; Floriian, Florian; fonemiitate,
fonemicitate; fonoloiie, fonologie; frazeoloiie, frazeologie; G
g; Gabriiel, Gabriel; Gabriiela, Gabriela; gndiria, gndirea; gimpe,
ghimpe; Giorge D ord e, Gheorghe; gliemiie, glicemie; glicozuriie,
glicozurie; gramaticalizaria, gramaticalizarea; granuloit, granulocit;
gregoriian, gregorian; gruap grp, groap; ; enerativism,
generativism; enom nom jenom jnom, genom; H h; halucinaiie,
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halucinaie; heemoniie, hegemonie; hematiie, hematie; hiperbuliie,
hiperbulie; hipobuliie, hipobulie; hipomaniie, hipomanie; i; ia i, ea ia;
ideaiia ideiaiia, ideaia; ideie, idee; iel, el; iie, ie; ieste, este; iiien,
igien; iuan, Ioan; iuana, Ioana; liana, Ileana; integratuare,
integratoare; interpretaria, interpretarea; e, Ione; ndiia, India;
irasibilitate, irascibilitate; taliia, Italia; italiian, italian; uliia, Iulia;
uliian, Iulian; iuliie, iulie; J j; L l; lecsem, lexem; lecsematic,
lexematic; lecsic, lexic; lecsicon, lexicon; leucoit, leucocit; Liana,
Leana; Liiana, Liana; Liliiana, Liliana; loiiian, logician; loiist,
logicist; lucriaz, lucreaz; luiafr, luceafar; Luica, Lucica; Luiia,
Lucia; Luiian, Lucian; luua, lua; M m; magnetodiiaflucs,
magnetodiaflux; maniie, manie; maramureian maramurean,
maramureean; Mariia, Maria; Mariian, Marian; Marmaiia, Marmaia;
Marmaiiei, Marmaiei; Mriie, Mrie; matematie, matematice;
medicaiie, medicaie; memoriie, memorie; metaforizaria,
metaforizarea; metonimiie, metonimie; Mihaiela, Mihaela; Mihaiil
Mihail, Mihail; miiasm, miasm; miioria, mioria; Miioria, Mioria;
miiori, miori; Miiori, Miori; miiorie, miorie; Miria Mira,
Mircea; miuar, mioar; monoit, monocit; N n; ne e i, ne; nuuanat,
nuuanat; ; O o; obiectivitatia, obiectivitatea; oltian, oltean; ;
; P p; paronimiie, paronimie; pasteurizaria, pasteurizarea; percuiie,
percuie; piian, pian; polifoniie, polifonie; polisemantiitate,
polisemanticitate; polisemiie, polisemie; predicaiie, predicaie; prefics,
prefix; preluuare, preluuare; procuraria, procurarea; propoziiie,
propoziie; prozodiie, prozodie; pseudohalucinaiie, pseudohalucinaie;
pseudotiin, pseudotiin; psihiiatriie, psihiatrie; psiholoiie,
psihologie; psihomotoriie, psihomotorie; R r; redueria,
reducerea; reluuare, reluare; repertoriiile, repertoriile; reprezentaria,
reprezentarea; rituual, ritual; Romniia, Romnia; Rusiia, Rusia; S s;
sa, s-a; stmarian, stmarean; snt s sunt, sunt; sntem suntem,
suntem; sntei suntei, suntei; Sebastiian, Sebastian; segmentaiie,
segmentaie; semantiitate, semanticitate; semiioloiie, semiologie;
semiiotic, semiotic; semnificaiie, semnificaie; siar sar, sear;
Siget, Sighet; Sigetu, Sighetu; Sigetul, Sighetul; Silviia, Silvia;
sinonimiie, sinonimie; sintacs, sintax; Sofiia, Sofia; spaniiol,
spaniol; speiial, special; speificator, specificator; spirituual,
spiritual; spirituualitate, spirituualitate; structuraria, structurarea;
subiiect, subiect; subordonaria, subordonarea; sufics, sufix; superiior,
superior; ; i , i; ; T t; tiai t ai, te-ai; tiatru, teatru;
Transilvaniia, Transilvania; tranzitivitatia, tranzitivitatea; treilia,
treilea; tuac, toac; T t ; ; U u; uac, oac; Uana, Oana; uare re ri,
oare; Ungariia, Ungaria; urmtuaria, urmtoarea; ; V v; variietate,
varietate; verbalizaria, verbalizarea; vestimentaiie,
102
vestimentaie; Viiorel, Viorel; Viiorica, Viorica; viuar, vioar;
vrnian vrnan, vrncean; Z z;
Romansh:
A a; alegra, allegra; ani, anzi; ; ; B b; buna bun, buna;
be, betg; C c; cual, qual; cuala, quala; cuant, quant; cudej, cudesch;
; ape, chapesch; apeas, chapeschas; atar, chattar; au, chau; e,
tge; i, tgi; D d; dicur, discur; dicuras, discurras; dicurer, discurrer;
diplaja, displascha; D d ; ; E e; ; e, ; F f; fi, fitg; G g; graiia,
grazia; ; ia, gea; idar, gidar; H h; i; iau, jau; insai, insatgi; J j; L
l; M m; musar, mussar; N n; no, notg; ; O o; ; ; P p;
paiiena, pazienza; pere pre, pertge; plajair, plaschair; pos, poss; R
r; S s; sera, serra; siur, signur; ; ; T t; T t ; ; U u; ; V v; Z z;
Russian:
A a; abajur, ; abza, ; acno, ; ain ad in, ;
aeraport aieraport, ; aftmat isci, ;
ahotic, ; asimptt, ; aenc, ; ;
bimient aboimient, ; ; B b; babuc, ;
bdminton, ; bl, ; bieli, ; blgadarnst e,
; blgdri blgdarii, ; bosc, ;
brnz, ; bugalt er, ; burliesc, ; C c; caini,
; cat onc, ; cifir, ; clu, ; cig, ;
cot, ; crcad il, ; cris crs, ; crolici, ; cto,
; cucl, ; cucie, ; cuvald, ; ; D d; da, ;
darog, ; dasc dsc, ; doctr doctr, ; drogoi,
; D d ; d imanstraie, ; ; iai, ; E e; et,
; ; F f; G g; gvarii, ; grunt, ; ; H h; hrao
hro, ; i; igruc, ; ind uc, ; iogurt iagurt,
; iojc iojc, ; J j; jara, ; jludcu, ; jst jst,
; jz, ; L l; licartsv, ; liet, ; liud i, ;
lun, ; M m; maalc maialc, ; malaco, ;
malad e, ; malinci, ; mandrinca, ;
man, ; matrioca matriioca, ; mld iniscih,
; mi, ; mil ml, ; mlm, ; medve,
; muzei, ; N n; nprijun, ; ; O o; oblsi,
; ; ; P p; papc, ; paprobi, ;
palui plui, ; ptinoi, ; pvsidevnm,
; plosci, ; pravd, ; prispienicie,
; priviet, ; pt i, ; R r; radsni, ;
raznh, ; ribionc, ; riecu, ; rif, ; rusci,
; S s; scaiai sciai, ; slon, ; slov, ;
103
spsib, ; stol, ; svabod, ; svinmatc,
; ; col cuol, ; pinat, ; tob, ;
; T t; tresgusc, ; tri, ; tufli tufl, ; T t ; t ijlo,
; ; U u; uiic, ; ; V v; vist, ; vstren,
; viest, ; vod vod vda vada, ; Z z; zdrastvt e,
; zvizda, ;
Rusyn:
A a; aibo, ; aino, ; ; ; B b; bano, ;
bitanga, ; butor, ; C c; caudo cudo pudo, ;
cisto, ; cohut, ; corhaz, ; cova coua, ; ; D d;
dale, ; de d e, ; dea, ; dbr dobr, ; docus,
; D d ; d itvac, ; d e de, ; ; E e; ; F f; G g; ;
H h; hlubcei, ; hoicate, ; hudac, ; i; iac, ; J
j; jeb, ; L l; M m; maete maiete, ; mad ar, ; moj, ;
moloco, ; musai, ; N n; ni, ; neienie, ; ;
igda, ; O o; ohe, ; ; ; P p; pac, ; paino, ;
paita, ; pastr, ; pasulia, ; pesoc, ; prst,
; polevca, ; pras, ; promcnute, ; pud,
; R r; rvo, ; S s; se, ; srus, ; siati, ; solomena,
; stole, ; sul, ; ; to, ; tremfli, ;
vablec, ; ; T t; tpa tepa, ; tui, ; T t ; ; e, ;
imbor, ; U u; ; V v; vadasca, ; vad , ; Z z;
zvidate, ; zler, ;
Sardinian:
A a; acabadora, accabadora; aio, aj; ajedu, axedu; ajrida,
axridda; andai, andi; arizeru, ariseru; , , B b; belijedu,
bellixeddu; bincere, bnchere; bufai, buffai; C c; calijerta, calixerta;
cariiaza, cariasa; caziolu, casizolu; cazu, casu; cenabura, chenbura;
cercu, chercu; culera, cullera; culurones, culurjones; cusu, custhu; ;
ivraju, civraxiu; D d, D d , , E e; eia, eja; , F f; fiu, fizzu;
filonana, filonzana; filu, fillu; finas, fintzas; foru, forru; fraigu,
frazigu; freza, fresa; G g; garoga, carroga; grastula, crastula; grode,
grodde; ; ogai, giogai; ovia, givia; H h, i; ianas, janas;
imperare, imperre; J j, L l; launedas, launeddas; lunizi, lunis; M m;
maedas, maceddas ; maloredus, malloreddus; martizi, martis; maru,
marzu; mercurizi, mrcuris; mina, mintza; N n; nurage, nuraghe;
nuraji, nuraxi; , O o, , , P p; pahijeda, paschixedda; pistocu,
pistoccu; piinu, pitzinnu; proedu, proceddu; R r; ruiu, ruju; S s;
sapadu, sppadu; sardia, sardigna; sartiu, sartizzu; , , T t;
teriginu, terighinu; tilinone, tilingione; titigeda, tittighedda; torai,
torri; tria, trizza; tura, turra; T t , , U u, , V v, Z z,
104
Scots:
A a; ai, aye; aet, ashet; atuiin tuiin, atween; avimor, aviemore;
; bt, aboot; ; B b; beirn, bairn; bruhladh, bruchladich; C c;
claip, clype; ; icet, chackit; D d; drihli, dreichly; D d ; ; E e; ;
F f; fnn, finnan; fst, foost; G g; gegi, geggy; gcit, gawkit; ; ut,
jout; H h; hadi, haddie; heirst herst, hairst; hniz, haunches; i;
ietriin, yestreen; J j; L l; lohab, lochaber; laldi, laldy; M m; midnaiht,
midnicht; N n; ; O o; ocstr, oxter; ; niuai, onywey; ; P p;
polc polc, pollock; R r; S s; sasnah, sassenach; smt, semmit;
scnr, scunner; smr, smirr; strma, stramash; stui, stooshie; ;
; T t; turag, toerag; tn, toon; T t ; ; U u; uendi, windae; ; V v;
venl, vennel; Z z; zmr, zoomer; ; i, the;
Scottish:
A a; ; ; B b; briia priia, breagh bragha; C c; ceili cili,
cilidh; cula, cuishla; ; ei, teth; D d; diahrne, disathairne; diu,
diugh; D d ; d arec, dearrsadh; ; E e; eili, eilidh; en, an; ; gs,
agus; F f; G g; gle, gl; ; H h; hreah, chreach; i; ilsaid, ealasaid; J
j; L l; lenn, leannon; M m; mi, mise; N n; ; O o; ; rf, oirbh;
; P p; R r; S s; ; ; T t; T t ; ; U u; ; V v; Z z;
Serbian:
A a; adolesent, ; alat, ; artefact, ;
avgust, ; ; ; B b; ba, ; baa, ; baae, ;
baca bac, ; brat, ; C c; clavir, ; cig, ;
comoranj, ; cruc, ; ; as, ; ebe, ;
erc erca, ; p, ; s, ; irilia irili, ;
ocolad ocolad, ; D d; deembr, ; dvorite,
; D d ; ; E e; ; F f; fantazm, ; G g; ; H h;
hartiia hartii, ; hebresci, ; hier her, ; hindi,
; hiperpigmentaii hiperpigmentaiia, ;
hladovin, ; i; iabuc, ; iastreb, ; iermesci,
; instrument, ; izvod a, ; J j; L l; limun,
; M m; malteci, ; mart, ; mat, ;
minua, ; minut, ; N n; novembr, ; ;
O o; octobr, ; organizaiia organizaii organizai,
; ; ; P p; panabi, ; promoi promoii
promoiie, ; prug, ; pti, ; R r; rc, ;
S s; sanscrit, ; spas, ; spozni spoznia spozni
spoznia, ; spravi, ; spremai, ;
sretvo, ; star, ; stolt stolt stolt stolt e stolt e,
; subot, ; supermarcet, ; ; oli olia
oia, ; to, ; tos, ; treber, ; ; T t; tad, ;
105
tetralnst, ; terminologii terminologiia, ;
tecot tect , ; ti, ; traiae, ; T t ; ; entr
entr, centar ; igl, ; ipel ipela, ; veit, ; U
u; ucrai, ; umerenost, ; urdu, ; ureai, ; uz,
; uzc, ; ; V v; vietnmsci, ; Z z; zat zat i, ;
zimni, ;
Sinhalese:
A a; adr adr adr, adaraya; ane, aney; ; ; B b; C c;
caud, kawda; ; D d; D d ; ; E e; ; F f; G g; geder, gedara;
; H h; i; J j; L l; lata, latha; M m; mahind, mahinda; N n; ; O o;
; ; P p; R r; ratnseicr, ratnasekara; S s; ; ; T t; tata, thattha;
tuar, thushara; T t ; ; U u; ; V v; veda, weda; Z z;
Slovak:
A a; ahoi, ahoj; ; ; B b; babetco, bbtko; basic, bsnik;
batojina, batoina; blbnut , blbn; bezbrani bezbranii, bezbrann;
bezhibe, bezchybne; biovat , biova; blisco, blzko; blusca, blzka;
brauovina, bravovina; brina, bryndza; C c; cvoli, kvli; ; isla,
sla; itae, tanie; ocoladovii, okoldov; uoriedca, uoriedka;
D d; dobre, dobr; dobri, dobr; dobru, dobr; domou, domov; drot
druot, drt; D d ; d at elina, atelina; d e, de; d iva, dieva; ; E e;
; F f; G g; ; H h; hrbat, chrbt; hei, hej; horii, chor; i; J j; jivio,
ivio; jriebe, rieb; L l; M m; maca, maka; milaic, milik; N n;
no, noc; ; etvor, netvor; O o; ; ; P p; priiat eli, priate;
puojitoc, pitok; R r; rano, rno; riba, ryba; rihlic riihlic, rchlik; rija,
rya; S s; sed em, sedem; sihravi, sychrav; slepi, slep; slovenina,
slovenina; spriazena, spriaznen; ; alvia, alvia; ao, ao; cola,
kola; coria, korica; ; T t; taczvane, takzvan; trubit , trbi; T t ;
; erusca, ceruzka; U u; ; V v; vancu, vank; veer, veer; vitait e,
vitajte; Z z; zmrzlina, zmrzlina;
Slovenian:
A a; auba, avba; autohton, avtohton; ; rti, rti; ; B b;
balinae balinanie, balinanje; baraca, baraka; baracarsci, barakarski;
baracasco, barakarsko; buria, burja; C c; crt crt, krt; cino, kino;
cona, kona; conu, koncu; corienom, korenom; craiio, krajajo;
crojniec, kroniek; ; D d; drjau, drav; dejela, deela; deluieio,
delujejo; diuie, divje; dolgoleti, dolgoletni; D d ; ; E e; ; F f; G g;
; H h; i; iezc iezic, jezik; iutro, jutro; iscliuno, izkljuno; iscuen,
izkuenj; izmeave izmeniave, izmenjave; J j; jirafa, irafa; L l; M m;
maca, maka; mcon, makon; maarsce, madarske; medvedca,
medvedka; miiie, miije; mii, miice; muzicologiia, muzikologija;
106
N n; narauno, naravno; nasvidee nasvidenie, nasvidenje; niega ega
iega, njega; notro, notranjo; ; ega iega niega, njega; ihou,
njihov; O o; odraslm, odraslem; ojine, oine; ; ; P p; plitvie,
plitvice; ploati, ploati; poclop, poklopca; pocrit, pokrit; potec,
poteka; potipotia, potica; prai, prai; pravd, pravda; pristoinosti,
pristojnosti; R r; S s; smrt smrt, smrt; sredia, sredia; svinia svia,
svinja; ; ; T t; T t ; ; U u; umesni, vmesni; unet, vnt; usace,
vsake; usacih, vsakih; usbuie usbui, vsebuje; ; V v; vrba vrb,
vrba; volcodlac, volkodlak; volculia, volkulja; Z z; zasedaio, zasedajo;
Spanish:
A a; ablais, hablais; ai, hay; aier, ayer; alcaar, alczar; alegriia,
alegra; angulo, ngulo; artifiiial, artificial; ; ; B b; bilingue,
bilinge; C c; catecesis, catequesis; ceso, queso; chalapeo calapeo,
jalapeo; ciiero, quiero; clies, clichs; coher, coger; construcsiion,
construccin; corason coraon, corazn; ; e, che; etumal,
chetumal; ico, chico; orio, chorizo; D d; dias, das; dicsionariio,
diccionario; D d ; D osa osa Liosa, Llosa; ; E e; ecolohiia, ecologa;
eo, hecho; esponha, esponja; ; F f; G g; graiias, gracias; ; H h;
huao, guacho; huntos, juntos; i; io, yo; osa D osa Liosa,
Llosa; informatica, informtica; istoriia, historia; iuviias, lluvias; J j; L
l; losano, lozano; M m; mariiai, mariachi; medisina mediina,
medicina; N n; naranha, naranja; ; O o; ; ; P p; paeia, paella;
pahero, pajero; pes, pez; pisaron, pizarrn; plaia, playa; plaa, plaza;
poio, pollo; puntuuasiion puntuuaiion, puntuacin; R r; reventon,
reventn; S s; siudad, ciudad; ; ; T t; tisa, tiza; toce, toque;
toreniiales, torrenciales; T t ; ; U u; urbaniaiion, urbanizacin; ;
V v; Z z;
Swahili:
A a; abudiua, abudiwa; acamba, akamba; adibu, adhibu; aiena,
ayanna; alica, alika; ambilica, ambilika; ambuciza, ambukiza; amcia,
amkia; amecud a amecud , amekuja; aminica, aminika; anacupenda,
anakupenda; aui, athui; ; ; mbegu, mbegu; mungai,
mchungaji; mzungu, mzungu; ndinga, ndinga; ndongo, ndongo;
ngano, ngano; nguvu, nguvu; B b; bacari, bakari; buana, bwana; C c;
cibue, kibwe; cidogo, kidogo; ciana, kijana; ciini, kiini; ciniua, kinywa;
cuan, kwanza; cubua, kubwa; cuiagulia, kujichagulia; culima,
kulima; cutumia, kutumia; ; ai, chai; apati, chapati; ura, chura; D
d; D d ; ; E e; ; F f; G g; ; alani, jalani; ambo, jambo;
umane, jumanne; umatano, jumatano; H h; heua, hewa; i; iesu,
yesu; iumaa, ijumaa; J j; L l; M m; mai, maji; miioio, mioyo; muuaca
107
muaca, mwaca; muuezi muezi, mwezi; muzici, muziki; N n;
nacupenda, nakupenda; ; O o; ; ; P p; R r; rafici, rafiki; S s;
sicu, siku; sid ambo, sijambo; ; enzi, shenzi; ule, shule; ; T t;
tuiga, twiga; T t ; ; U u; ueue, wewe; ulimuengo, ulimwengo;
unaueza, unaweza; ; V v; Z z; zauadi, zawadi;
Swedish:
A a; aciebulgi, aktiebolag; adveniustocr, adventsljusstakar;
; ; B b; C c; calclator, kalkylator; canhe, kanske; cnca, skinka;
civina, kvinna; clasls, klasslsa; colrot, klrot; crma, krama; cvel,
kvll; ; ai, tjej; cling, kyckling; osci, kiosk; D d; do, d; D d ; ;
E e; egi, gg; elieb eliev, elev; elscade, lskade; elscar, lskar; ; F f;
famili, familj; ftor, frstr; ftora, frstra; fiiot, frigjort; fin, finn;
flica, flicka; freia, fria; fridgi, fredag; G g; gro, garage; gu, god;
; H h; haia, haja; hei, hej; hiraf, giraff; huc, sjuk; hurm, skrm; hr,
hur; i; iart iert, hjrta; irnspicr, jrnspikar; imfras, jmfras;
itevarmt, jttevarmt; ivla, jvla; iogt iogt, yoghurt; itt, ytterst; J j;
L l; lecerol, lkerol; literatr, litteratur; lgm, lagom; M m; mdsn
medisin, medicin; mitbildning, mytbildning; N n; nat, natt; nei, nej;
nevruirurgi, neurokirurgi; nuugn, ngon; ; O o; oniio, nyo;
oranj, orange; ota, tta; ; ; l, l; P p; paist, bajset; paradocsalt,
paradoxalt; poice, pojke; R r; regat, regatta; ricer, rycker; rota, rtta;
rdiio jdiio, radio; S s; sacia, tjacka; si, sushi; scola, skla; scor,
skor; simbol, symbol; smicena, smyckena; smrgos, smrgs; sndgi,
sndag; sudgumi, suddgummi; spa, supa; sr, sur; svensci, svensk; ;
amn, shaman; ara, kra; tblar, kttbullar; na, tjna; ieca,
kka; ; T t; toras, tras; tvla tvl, tavla; tuo, tv; tvistefruogia,
tvistefrga; T t ; ; io iio, tio; U u; unormalt, onormalt; ; V v;
vatn vatn, vatten; ventetid, vntetid; vsca, vska; vircnol, virknl; Z
z;
Tajik:
A a; ara, ; ; ; B b; C c; ; or, ; D d; donih,
; du, ; D d ; ; E e; ; F f; G g; ; H h; haft, ; hast,
; hat, ; i; ic, ; J j; L l; luuat, ; M m; mohi, ;
N n; ; O o; ; ; P p; R r; S s; se, ce; ; a, ; ; T t;
tojici, ; T t ; ; U u; ; V v; Z z;
Tamil:
A a; acm, u; adng, 0@; adiharm,
u; aham, u; ahangarm ahangarm, 0u;
aharadi, ; aharam ahram, u; aharaurisei,
108
[; ahramodeli, @; aind, ; aiv,
Q; aluel, 0; amaim, u; amii,
; amrice, [; annt, ; anb anb,
GQ; andun, MG; angm, 0u; angilm,
0u; aralindm, lu; arasn, G; arm,
u; ar, ; arndel, @M0; ard, _; arivi,
l; arivil, l0; atai ataii, L; aul, 0;
avi, ; averhei, [u; avai avaii, ; ; pa,
L; ; ma m, u; B b; balam blm, u; bai
baii, ; bngla, 0; bhartam, u; C c; cav,
Q; cal cal, 0; cil, _; cilc, @; columb,
@uQ; ; ni, |; eni, |; D d; davm, u;
dravid, l; D d ; ; E e; ; F f; G g; ; H h; i; ielt,
@; iermb, uQ; iingtalm, 0@u; ilclam,
u; ilm, u; ilvsam, ; ildiapm,
Lu; indu, ; inei, ; irnd, M_; ir,
@; J j; L l; lcam, u; lemuriia, @[; M m;
madrai, ; madiras, O; mns, ; mectilm,
u; medi, ; mela, ; melm, u; melv,
Q; mil, 0; milm, u; mir, [; mundr, @G;
muslim, @Ou; N n; nac, @ @; nai, ; nang,
G; nat, ; nd, _; nrp, @LQ; nvtrm,
Lu; nur, @; ; O o; od, _; ; ; P p;
pambrm, uu; par, [; paruei, ; pat, ;
pircngai, [0; R r; rasi, ; rubai, @; S s;
smascrtm, O@u; ; ; T t; talitl, |0; T t ;
; U u; ud, ; ulav, Q 0; ulv, Q; undr,
G; ur, [; urcai, ; ; V v; vsuunadn,
lG; vilng, l0@; vilngil, l00; Z z;
109
Tatar:
A a; ; ra ora, ; ; B b; bz, ; bire, ; bi, ;
bora, ; b, ; bu, ; bui, ; buina, ; buinda,
; buina, ; bul, ; bula, ; bulaac, ;
bulra, ; bus, ; C c; culmec, ; cutene, ;
; D d; durt, ; D d ; ; E e; eni, ; elar, ; ; F f; G g;
; H h; hr, ; hrtrl, ; hitm, ; i; ice, ; icn,
; igrme, ; J j; jice, ; L l; M m; molai, ; N n;
; O o; obi, ; obzi, ; oca, ; olai, ; olar, ;
ora ra, ; oulna, ; oulda, ; oulda, ;
oul, ; our, ; ouzn, ; ; c, ; i, ; z, ;
; P p; R r; S s; su, ; sura, ; ; ; T t; t, ; ti, ; tizriec,
; tucsan, ; T t ; ; U u; ; V v; Z z;
Telugu:
A a; adramu, _:; aidu aiidu, ; amhipraialu,
O` :; avagahana, n; ; ; B b; C c; calian, kalyan;
camalamu, :; cohinuru, s`ca; cura, coora; ; apcra
apcra, s_; idatma, Dc_; D d; D d ; ; E e; eluca, :; ; F
f; G g; grammu, n: ; ; ibitm, D; H h; hama, _;
hanndm, ; i; iela, ; J j; L l; lacmi lcmi, ;_; M m;
mani, D; manitnamu, D:; N n; nactrmu, :;
nana, -_; nepo, y_; niru, a; ; O o; onde, ; ; ; P p;
pani, ; pasima, _; R r; S s; shaimu, o:; ; ; T t;
telugu, c::; tolanginnbi, c`nc ; T t ; ; U u; uaidiemu,
co_:; uinona, winona; uru, a; utundi, :c ; ; V v; Z z;
Thai:
A a; ; ; B b; C c; can, ; canpracan, ; capi, ;
cnom, ; cila, ; cin, ; clm, ; cotmae cotmaie cotmai, ;
crasun, ; crapauia crapauuiaa, ; croan, ; cromthe,
; crouei, ; crmbam, ; cui cuii, ; ; D d; dua, ; D
d ; ; E e; ; pn, ; F f; fraiesu, ; G g; ; H h; i; iai,
; io, ; ioi ioii, ; J j; L l; larprau, ; M m; metunaion, ;
110
N n; namd a, ; ; O o; ; ; P p; pae, ; pira, ; praao,
; R r; rotutu, ; S s; ; aien, ; ; T t; taitai, ;
tecan, ; toi toii, ; turien, ; T t ; t ompu, ; ; U u; ;
V v; Z z;
Tibetan:
A a; ; ; B b; C c; ; u, ; D d; D d ; ; E e; ; F f; G g;
; H h; i; J j; L l; laa, ; lama, ; M m; marbo, marpo; N n;
ningma, nyingma; ; O o; ; ; P p; R r; S s; ; ; T t; ta, ;
taiba, ; tohin, ; T t ; ; U u; ; V v; Z z;
Turkish:
A a; a, a; ; ; B b; biioloji, biyoloji; C c; calp, kalp;
ctpane cutupane, ktphane; ; ants, antas; D d; doctor,
doktor; D d ; ; E e; ; F f; G g; giareci, gerek; ; H h; i; J j; L
l; M m; N n; ; O o; ocul, okul; ; ; retmeci, retmek; P p; R
r; S s; srt, srt; szc szlc, szlk; ; ; T t; T t ; ; U u; ; V v;
Z z;
Tuvan:
A a; ad, ; arbi, ; , , B b, C c; crctar,
; curucac, ; curut, ; ; ardctrar,
; urucuuar, ; D d, D d , , E e; ejm,
; , F f, G g, , H h; haajc, ; i, J j, L l, M m, N n,
, O o, , , P p, R r, S s; srt, ; ; gaacn
gacn, ; , T t, T t , ; ndrar, ; elijer,
; U u, ; cbeji, ; V v, Z z,
Ukrainian:
A a; ; ; B b; C c; calculiator, ; compiutr,
`; ; D d; D d ; ; E e; ; F f; fiti, ; G g; ; H
h; i; J j; L l; liicar, ; liic, ; M m; muzei, ; N n; ; O
o; ; ; P p; R r; S s; silni, ; sere, ; slovo sluovo,
; stetoscop, ; ; col, ; ; T t; T t ; ; U u;
uversitet, ; ; V v; Z z; zdorovi, ;
Urdu:
A a; anai, ; atr, ; ; vami, ; ; B b; brbr,
; behes, ; but, ; C c; crta, ; celatahe, ;
cilomitr, ; ; oda, ; D d; D d ; ; E e; epteda, ;
etuar, ; ; F f; G g; geti, ; ; an, ; ati, ; H h; helo,
; hubi, ; i; J j; L l; M m; N n; ; O o; ; ; P p; pan, ;
111
pua, ; R r; S s; ssli, ; sentalis, ; sera, ; ;
ehenahi, ; ; T t; taht, ; tarihi, ; tic, ; T t ; ;
U u; ; V v; Z z; zmani, ;
Uzbek:
A a; ; ; B b; C c; caerdan caierdan, qaerdan; caerlic
caierlic, qaerlik; cafas, qafas; ; D d; D d ; ; E e; ; F f; G g; ;
H h; i; J j; L l; M m; N n; ; O o; ozbeci, ; ; ; P p; R r; S
s; ; ; T t; T t ; ; U u; usoi, uchsai; ; V v; Z z;
Vietnamese:
A a; ; ; B b; bun, bn; C c; c, c; co, c; cue, kho; cuen,
quen qun; ; iau au auu t au, cho chu; D d; de, ; de, ; du,
a; duoi, ui; D d ; ; E e; ; F f; fam, pham; fu, ph; G g; ; H
h; hiem, him; hoi, hi; hi, hi; i; ien, yn; J j; L l; leu, lu; loi, li; M
m; m, ma; moi, mi; mi, mi; mom, mm; N n; nam, nm; ; O o;
; ; P p; R r; roi, ri ri; S s; sin, xin; siu siuu, xu; sui, xui; ;
; T t; tai, tay; tien, ting; toi, ti; tou, t t; touu, t; tui, ti; T t ; t ao,
cho; T t ; U u; ; V v; Z z;
Walloon:
A a; api, ap; atd, atinde; ave, av; ; ; B b; binamei
binamei, binameye; bir, bre; bob, baube; br, brs; C c; coion, coyon;
; D d; dle, dl; dvn, dvant; desmb, decimbe; dile, dil; dim,
dmgne; D d ; ; E e; efn, fan; eu, we; ; F f; fi, feye; frmn,
frumint; G g; ; di, djudi; H h; hope, hop; i; J j; L l; liar, lyrd
lyrds; lndi, londi; M m; mrcdi, mierkidi; N n; novmb, nvimbe;
; O o; octob, octbe; ojurd, audjordu; onc, onk; otu, auto; ; ;
P p; pir, pere; R r; reon, rtchon; S s; smdi, semdi; setmb, setimbe;
stuf, stouf; stumac, stoumac; ; ; T t; tore, tor; T t ; ; U u; ut, te;
; V v; vrdi, vnrdi; vi, v; Z z;
Welsh:
A a; anobeiiio anobeiii, anobeithio; ; sbti, ysbyty; ; B
b; bau, baw; bodeluian, bodelwyddan; C c; cm, cwm; ceu, cyw; cin,
cyn; coh, coch; ; D d; di, dydd; dov, dof; dur, dr; D d ; ; E e;
; F f; fenestr fenestr, ffenestr; G g; glin, glyn; guare guare,
gwaredd; guin, gwyn; ; H h; i; ia, i; ieiiai, ieithyddiaeth;
ionaur, ionawr; isav, isaf; J j; L l; M m; melin, melyn; N n; ; O o;
; ; P p; pod, bod; R r; S s; ; umai, shwmae; ; in, llun; T t;
tan, tn; trevns, trefnus; T t ; ; U u; ; V v; Z z;
112
Wolof:
A a; ac, ak; ; ; mbalah, mbalax; ndoh, ndox; B b; bg,
bgg; bre, bre; bind, bind; bocu, bokk; C c; caani cni, kaani; cai,
kay kaay; cudu, kuudu; cui, cuy; cus, kus; ; D d; dugu, dugg; D d ;
d ang, jng; d ap, jpp; d ered ef, jrjf; d igeen, jigeen; d ohe, joxe;
d ge, jge; d ubo, juboo; d li, julli; ; E e; ; F f; G g; gn, gn; ;
H h; ham, xam; hau, xaw; hulu, xuloo; i; ies, yees; iobu, ybbu; ione,
ynnee; J j; L l; lac, lkk; lec, lekk; M m; moi, mooy; N n; nelau,
nelaw; ; ar, aar; O o; orans, oraans; ; ; P p; R r; ri, ry;
reer rier, rer; reere reiere riere, rer; S s; sah, sax; ; ; T t; tah,
tax; topato, toppatoo; T t ; ; U u; uah, wax; ues, wees; uoi, woy; uone,
wone; uu, wu; ; V v; Z z;
Xhosa:
A a; amani, amanzi; ; ; mbini, mbini; ndipilile,
ndiphilile; ntatu, ntathu; ntandatu, ntandathu; ntlanu, ntlanu; B b; C
c; ; D d; D d ; ; E e; ; F f; G g; ; H h; haii, hayi; i; icrha,
iqhirha; ina, inja; it a, itya; J j; L l; ltoba, lithoba; M m; N n; ; e,
nye; O o; ; ; P p; R r; S s; sbozo, sibhozo; schene, sixhenxe;
; umi, shumi; ; T t; T t ; ; U u; ucubala, ukubala; unani, unjani;
; V v; Z z;
Yiddish:
A a; aint, ; ; ; B b; brt, beshert; C c; cleizm,
; cve, kvetch; ; D d; D d ; ; E e; ; cinazm, ashkenazim; F
f; frhaltnit, farhaltnisht; folc, folk; G g; geflohtn, geflokhtn; ; H
h; hibrai, hebreish; hohban, ; i; J j; L l; lib, ; M m; moi,
; muntc, ; N n; ; O o; ; ; P p; R r; S s; sr, ;
simh, simcha; ; ml, schmaltz; ; T t; talie, ; tvet, ; T t ;
; ucer, ; U u; ; V v; vartn, ; vasr, ; Z z;
zibisn, ;
Yoruba:
A a; amoce, amoke; amofin, amfin; asetn, etn; ; ; B b;
barasuuaio barasuuaiu, barasuayo; C c; coinde, kainde; ; D d;
dalebi, dl bi; D d ; ; E e; ; F f; G g; ; oco, joko; H h; i;
icnsi, ks; ile, l; isegege, egg; iuruba, yoruba; J j; L l; lagbara,
lgbra; lairutele, lrtl; M m; N n; ; O o; ognimi, ogunjimi;
oria, orisa; ; ; P p; R r; S s; ; euun eun, seun; ; T t; T t ;
; U u; ; V v; Z z;
113
Zulu:
A a; amachaza amachaz, amakhaza; amani, amanzi; ; ;
B b; C c; cunani, kunjani; ; D d; D d ; ; E e; ; F f; G g; ; H
h; i; iebo, yebo; ihovisi, ihhovisi; indota, indoda; indotacazi,
indodakazi; intotana, indodana; iosi, inyosi; ipenisi, ipentshisi;
isipuugupuugu, isiphukuphuku; iiia, ishiya; J j; L l; M m; N n; ; O
o; ; ; P p; R r; S s; saubona, sawubona; ; ue, hluhluwe; ;
T t; T t ; ; U u; uena, wena; uguphega, ukupheka; uu, uju; unani,
unjani; ; V v; Z z;
114
ncheiere i concluzii
Acest alfabet fonemic are 37 de foneme i difoneme, i 40 de litere
foneme i semifoneme.
Fonemele reprezint categorii de fone categorizate intuitiv auditiv,
n funcie de asemnarea fonelor, categorii de fone alofone.
Cele trei seturi de semifoneme i vocalele foneme alctuiesc
ftongii. Semifonemele se mpart n semivocale i semiconsoane fonemice.
Fonele alctuiesc o multitudine de ftongi i hiaturi, diareze.
Dicionarele scrise cu aceste litere cu diacritice ar fi baza
romanizrii fonemice. Crile lingvistice, textul scris, cu o legend a
fonelor limbii respective pe foneme, ar fi uor de citit.
Copiii cu adulii ar nva rapid limbi scrise fonemic, n principal
engleza, limba internaional.
Regulile de punctuaie, apostroful, cratima, majusculele gramatical
universale, rmn de instituit.
Academia Romn a demonstrat c se pot schimba regulile
ortografice i forma literelor, astfel se pot realiza literele precompuse cu
tild, iar organizaiile mondiale lingvistice pot introduce alfabetul
fonemic internaional, prin cercetri ample i continund cu dicionare
fonemice bilingve din limba nativ n englez, o romanizare
multilingvistic.
115
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