LUDMILA CIUMAC

ENGLISH
(From

beginners or false beginners to intermediates)

CHIINU 2001

INTRODUCTIONS IN P ON!TICS Introd"#ere in foneti#a

Engleza este o limba germanica si are semne conventionale din alfabetul latin. otusi cu tim!ul" Engleza s#a transformat dintr#o limba fonetica" !ronutarea careia a devenit o !roblema reala !entru straini. $enind in a%utor studentului in !ronuntarea corecta a cuvintelor" mai intai vom descrie sunetele" iar a!oi" cuvintele vor fi descrise in &istema Internationala de &emne" cunoscuta deasemenea ca 'lfabetul (onetic. oate vocalele insotite de $%$ arata lungimea vocalei res!ective.

R"les of Reading
In limba engleza sunt &' de litere si (( de sunete. 'ceasta se e)!lica !rin fa!tul ca vocalele a) e) i) o) ") * se citesc diferit in !ozitii diferite. abelul de mai %os va va a%uta sa sistematizati si sa memorizati citirea lor.

+o#al,

Silab,
*se termin+ ,n vocal+-

Silab,
*se termin+ ,n consoan+-

+o#ala
a-r

+o#al !.#e/0ii
a - re

1ei2
ca.e /.ei.0 !late /!leit0 ta.e /tei.0 ma.e /mei.0

1 2
bag /bg] man [m n] can [k n] map [m p]

1a:]
car [ka:] bar [ba:] part [pa:t] card [ka:d]

1]

man1

care /. ] 2ave /2vi] hare [h ] fare [f ] rare [r ]

1i%2
2e /2i30 s2e /i30 4e /4i30 be /bi30

1e2
egg /eg0 !en /!en0 2en /2en0 lesson /lesn0

1 :]
2er /2:] 5erlin /b 3lin0 !erfect/!63fi.t0 term /t63m0

1 i ]
2ere /2i60 mere /mi60 Englis2 seven /sevn0

I$3

1ai2
I /ai0 nine /nain0 !ine /!ain0 m1 /mai0 fl1 /flai0

1I2
!ig /!ig0
sic. /si.0 ti! /ti!0 fi) /fi.s0 s1stem /sist6m0 m1t2 /mi 0

1 :]
bird / b:d]
girl /g63l0

4
live /liv0 give /giv0

circle /s63.l0 .ir. /.63.0# *biserica scot-

1o"2
rose /rouz0 close /.louz0 nose /nouz0 o!en /ou!n0

1 2
bo) /bo.s0 fo) /fo.s0 cloc. /.lo.0 coc. /.o.0

1 :2
for. /fo3.0 2orse /2o3s0 !or. /!o3.0 form /fo3m0

4
do /du30 son /s7n0 42o /2u30 t4o /tu30 one /47n0 1ou /%u30

15"%2

162

1 :2

!u!il /!%u3!l0 music /m%u3zi.0 !ure /!%u%60 mute /m%u3t0 student /st%u3dnt0

cu! /.7!0 duc. /d7.0 duster/d7st60 !lus /!l7s0 cut /.7t0

fur /f:0 turn /t :n] burn [b:n] curl [k: l] purpose [p:pz]

!ut /!ut0

+O7!LS

/vau9lz0 : descri!tion and !ronunciation *descrierea si !ronuntarea-

;'<
182 as #a in limba romana% cas, fat, mam. a 182 4 "n) o summer /sm90 # vara sister /sist90 # sora 1%2 #a aa romanes# girl /g 3l0 first /f 3st0 !ur!ose /! 3!9s0 12 #a 9a$e:% bere man /mn0 cat /ct0 flat /flt0 # fata # !rimul=!rima # sco!=intentie

# om=barbat # !isica # a!artament

12 #a in l; romana% tac, zac, mac. son /sn0 # fiu but /bt0 # insa=dar=ci nut /nt0 # nuca 1a%2 rostit din f"nd"l g"rii% ba, are.
>

car aunt far

/.a30 /a3nt0 /fa30

# automobil # matusa # de!arte

1ai2 1a"2 #a in l; romana% cai sau. I /ai0 # eu no4 /nau0 # acum e1e /ai0 # oc2i co4 /cau0 # vaca bu1 /bai0 # a cum!ara mouse /maus0 # soarece 1ai82 n"mai in triftongi rostit a/ro.; Ca aca) #" "ltimele do"a elemente foarte s#"rte; fire /fai90 # foc tired /tai9d0 # obosit 2ire /2ai90 # a inc2iria 1a"82 rostit a/ro.;; #a ao) #" "ltimele do"a elemente foarte s#"rte% flo4er to4er sour <!= 1e2 ca in l. romana3 vers, neg, cred. !en lesson bed /!en0 /lesn0 /bed0 # stilou # lectie # !at /flau90 /tau90 /sau90 # floare # turn # acru

1ei2 #a in l; romana% tei, lei, vrei. da1 /dei0 # zi name /neim0 # nume sta1 /stei0 # a sta=a locui

1ei82 in triftongi !la1er /!lei80 !ra1er /!rei80 la1er /lei80

# %ucator=actor # rugaciune # strat

1e82 o /rel"ngire a l"i 9e: in 9: 2air /2e80 # !ar fair /fe80 # blond=targ=onest=corect bear /be80 # a !urta=a su!orta=urs rare /re80 # rar care /.e80 # gri%a=atentie <I= 1i2 #a in l; romana: vin, lin, plin. !it1 /!iti0 # mila=com!atimire fist /fist0 # !umn it /it0 # el=ea !entru obiecte" fenomene" etc. 1i%2 rostit #a doi de9i: eat /i3t0 meet /mi3t0 niece /ni3s0 # a manca # a =se= intalni= a face cunostinta # ne!oata

1i82 rostit #a i si 9:romanes# im/re"na i. near /ni80 # langa=a!roa!e dear /di80 # draga=scum!a fear /fi80 # teama=s!aima=risc <O= 1o2 rostit s#"rt si des#>is) /"tin na?al; not /not0 # nu !ot /!ot0 # oala=vas=cratita=g2iveci fog /fog0 # ceata 1o%2 #a in l; romana% alcool, co-operativa. floor /flo30 # eta%=!odea storm /sto3m0 # furtuna

door /do30 # usa 1oi2 #a in l; romana% oi, noi, doi. toilet /toilit0 # toaleta" baie=AC bo1 /boi0 # baiat to1 /toi0 # %ucarie <U= 1"2 #a romaneste% drum, cum, fum. coo. /cu.0 # a gati=bucatar boo. /bu.0 # carte !ut /!ut0 # a !une 1"%2 #a romaneste% vacuum soon /su3n0 # curand =indata noon /nu3n0 # amiaza s!oon /s!u3n0 # lingura 1"82 #a romaneste u si ,: rostite im/re"na !oor /!u90 # biet=sarman=sarac tour /tu90 # tur=vizitarea unui oras 2our /au90 # ora 1o"2 18"2 ambele s"nt rostite in a#elas mod #a in l; romana% cus but, tu. o!en /ou!n0 # a desc2ide old /ould0 # vec2i=batran no /nou0 # nu CONSONANTS 1@ons8n8nts2 4 des#ri/tions and /ron"n#iations (des#rierea si /ron"ntarea) Consonants are divided into t4o main grou!s *Consoanele sunt divizate in doua gru!e !rinci!ale-3 +OIC!D 1Aoist2 *sonore) b, d, g, v, z, m, n, n, r, l and UN+OIC!D /7nvoist0 *surde- p, t, k, f, O, s, , t , h; S!MI+O7!LS /semivaulz0 *semivocale- , !. 1b2 ball bell big /bo3l0 /bel0 /big0 # minge # clo!otel # mare

1d2 dog dirt1 dee! 1g2 goose gold good 1A2 ver1 voice 2ave 1?2 zi! zoo does 1m2 mone1 ma1be must 1n2 nose nig2t nice 1l2 live love lig2t 1/2 !art1 !illo4 !ie 1r2 craz1 red screen

/dog0 /d93ti0 /di3!0 /gu3s0 /gould0 /gud0 /veri0 /vois0 /2v0 /zi!0 /zu30 /dz0 /mni0 /meibi0 /mst0 /nouz0 /nait0 /nais0 /liv0 /lv0 /lait0 /!a3ti0 /!ilou0 /!ai0 /creizi0 /red0 /s.ri3n0

# caine # murdar # adanc # gasca # aur # bun=a= # foarte # voce # a avea # fermoar # gradina zoologica # face # bani # !robabil # a trebui # nas # noa!te # frumos # a locui # a iubi # lumina # !artid=!etrecere # !erna # !lacinta # nebun # rosu # ecran

1t2 time tea tall 1@2 ca.e .ind cold f2 fl1 fast feel 1s2 see cit1 son 1>2 2e 42o 2usbund

/taim0 /ti30 /to3l0 /.ei.0 /.aind0 /.ould0 /flai0 /fast0 /fi3l0 /si30 /siti0 /sn0

# ori=tim!=ora # ceai # inalt # !ragitura # fel=amabil # frig # a zbura # re!ede # a simti # a vedea # oras # fecior

/2i30 # el /2u30 # cine /2zb9nd0 # sot

SP!CIAL P ON!TIC S3MBOLS CORR!SPONDINC TO CROUPS OF CONSONANTS *&imboluri s!ecial fonetice cores!unzatoare gru!urilor de consoane12 #a 9s: romanes#% Dal, "arpe. fis2 /fi0 # !eDte=a !escui mus2room /m7ru3m0 # ciu!erci 1t2 #a in #"Aant"l cinci% tre#erea de la <t la oare#are dintre Ao#ale fa#e fara intermedi"l l"i <#$ sa <e$) #a in l; romanaE s"net"l <t= /oate fi final (#a in <zici$) !icture /!i.t90 # tablou teac2 /ti3t90 # a !reda c2air /tE90 # scaun 1F2 #a 9n din langa, lingura sing /siF0 # a canta
G

song bring

/soF0 /briF0

# cantec # a aduce

1d] #a 9g 9 sa" 9 9 romanes# (gi%. Ho2n # /d on0 # Ion %am # /d Im0 # gem %o1 # /d oi0 # bucurie 182 #a J romanes#% ar, af, ale. !leasure /!le 90 # !lacere treasure /tre 90 # comoara measure /me 90 # masura 152 #a 9i 9romanes# din% ieri, iarna, iarba. 1esterda1 /%est9di0 # ieri 1ello4 /%elou0 # galben 1es /%es0 # da 12 stands for letters 9t>: and is /rono"n#ed as if >aAing a singing bee on t>e ti/ of t>e tong"e; No similit"des betGeen t>is so"nd and an* t>eir Romanian so"nd; (9z sa" 9d rostit #" Aarf"l limbii intre dinti) mot2er /m7K90 # mama fat2er /fa3K90 # tata brot2er /br7K90 # frate 1H2 stands for letters 9t>: and is /rono"n#ed as if imitating t>e sound of snake% No similit"des betGeen t>is so"nd and an* Romanian so"nd; (9s sa" 9t 9rostit #" Aarf"l limbii intre dinti) t2an.s /Ln.s0 t2ic. /Li.0 t2in. /Lin.0 # multumiri # gros # a gandi Citirea imbinarilor de litere

10

ee 1i%2 see green feed teac2 meet ai 1ei2 main !ain c2ain faint lain coat coal soa! boat float /si30 /gri3n0 /fi3d0 /ti3t90 /mi3t0

ea

eo

sea /si30 meal mean s!eec2 meat a*

!eo!le /!i3!l0 /mi3l0 /mi3n0 /s!i3t0 /mi3t0

/mein0 /!ein0 /tein0 /feint0 /lein0 oa 1o"2 /.out0 /.oul0 /sou!0 /bout0 /flout0 o"

cla1 sa1 ma1 !a1

da1 /dei0 /.lei0 /sei0 /mei0 /!ei0

1a"2 sound count sout2 !ound /saund0 /.aunt0 /sauL0 /!aund0

12 1oung countr1 cousin touc2 /%ng0 /.ntri0 /.zn0 /tt0 oo

BUT% gro"/ 1gr"%/2) so"/ 1s"%/2 oo

11

1"2 boo. coo. good mood too. /bu.0 /.u.0 /gud0 /mud0 /tu.0

1"%2 too fool s!oon cool moon /tu30 /fu3l0 /s!u3n0 /.u3l0 /mu3n0

NOT!% 1oo2 before 9d:) 9@: is /rono"n#ed 1"2 (1oo2 inainte de 9d: si 9@: este rostit 1"2 s#"rt); oG 1a"2 bro4n /braun0 cro4n /.raun0 do4n /daun0 cro4d /.raud0 1o"2 lo4 cro4 1ello4 fello4 /lou0 /.rou0 /%elou0 /felou0 eG 15"%2 ng ne4 /n%u30 fe4 /f%u30 de4 /d%u30 c2e4 /t%u30

!.#e/t noG 1na"2) #oG 1@a"2) >oG 1>a"2; ng 1F2 ring /riF0 sing /siF0 t2ing /LiF0 long /loF0 t> 1I2 t2is /Kis0 t2ese /Ki3z0 t2at /KIt0 1H2 t2an. /LIn.0 bat2 /ba3L0 breat2 /breL0

12

t2ose /Kouz0 clot2es /.louKz0 G> 1G2 42en 42ere 42at 42ic2 421 /4en0 /4E90 /4ot0 /4it] /4ai0

teet2 /ti3L0 clot2 /.loL0 Ga 1Go2 4as /4oz0 4as2 /4o0 4atc2 /4ot0 4ant /4ont0 4ander /4ond90

NOT!% 7 is /rono"n#ed 1G2 before all t>e AoGels e.#e/t t>e AoGel o;(7 rostit 1G2 inaintea t"t"ror Ao#alelor #" e.#e/tia l"i 9o); !.am/le% !ho &hu:' ( cine), !hose &hu:z' ( al, a, ai, ale cui, !hom &hu:m' ( cui, pe cine. Gar 1Go%2 4arm 4ar 4arn 4ard 4ardrobe Gr 1r2 4rist 4rite 4rong 4rin.le 4ra! #> /rist0 /rait0 /roF0 /riF.l0 /rI!0 s> /4o3m0 /4o30 /4o3n0 /4o3d0 /4o3droub0 Gor 1GJ%2 4orld /4M3ld0 4ord /4M3d0 4orm /4M3m0 4orse /4M3s0 4ort2 /4M3L0

18

1t2 c2ild /taild0 c2ill /til0 lunc2 /l nt0 c2ec. /te.0 c2ief /tif0

12 s2a.e /ei.0 s2ave /eiv0 s2elf /elf0 fis2 /fi0 4as2 /4o30

t"re 1t2 !icture structure mi)ture lecture signature !i.t90 /str .t90 /mi.st90 /le.t90 /signit90

s"re 182 !leasure measure /!leM90 /me 90

tion 1n2 (at t>e end of t>e Gord K la sfarsit de #"Aant) sion ssion station /stein0 tension /tenn0 session /sen0 sion 1n2 at t>e end of t>e Gord after AoGels (la sfarsit de #"Aant d"/a Ao#ale); !.am/le% teleAision 1teliAin2 a - ss 1a%s2 a - st 1a%st2 as. /a3s.0 fast /fa3st0 grass /gra3s0
1>

a - ll 1o%l2 a - l@ 1o%l@2 all /o3l0 small /smo3l0 tal. /to3.0

!ass /!a3s0 tas. /ta3s.0 ear 1i2 clear dear tear near 2ear eer 1i2 beer /bi90 deer /di390 c2eer /ti90 L" - AoGel Nuite Nuestion Nuiet Nueen /.4ait0 /.4estn0 /.4ai!t0 /.4i3n0 1o%2 four /fo30 1our /%o30 /.li!0 /di!0 /ti!0 /ni!0 /2i!0

4al. /4o3.0 tall /to3l0 air 12 2air !air fair c2air air o"r 1a"2 sour /sau90 flour /flau90 our /au90 BUT% >o"r 1a"82 i- ld) nd .ind /.aind0 mild /maild0 bind /baind0 mind /maind0 /2"!0 /!"!0 /f"!0 /t"!0 /e!0

1?

UNIT M
'rticolul ne2otarat /Idefinite 'rticle0 din l; engle?a este Ja" anO" e#>iAalent"l arti#ol"l"i ne>otarat din l; romana un, o [un om, o carte]. Inaintea vocalelor <an 1n2= ( an animal, an egg, an hour, an economist, an e*e, an agenc*. Inaintea consoanelor si sunetelor 9G: si 95: <a 12= a lad*, a bo*, a table, a +uropean & urpin', a !indo!, a universit*. Intreb"intare% a); Introduce o notiune noua. E)am!le3 2ere is a ne! shopping centre in t2e cit1. *In oras e)ista un nou centru comercial-. b); Inainte de un nume !redicativ. E)am!le3 He is an artist. *El este artist-. &2e became a doctor. *' devenit medic-. #); In e)!resii3 as a rule *de regula-P for a time *!entru un tim!-P #t is a pit* *E !acat-P to be in a hurr* *a se grabi-. d); Numai cu substantive la singular si dis!are odata cu trecerea substantivului res!ectiv la !lural. E)em!le3 a book ( books, an item ( items, a dog ( dogs, a computer ( computers.

1@

Arti#ol"l >otarat (Definite arti#le) din l. engleza este <t>e=" ec2ivalentul articolului 2otarat din l. romana : "l" *!omul" omul-" # a *tabla" masa-" "a : *sacaua" daraua-" # le (!eretele" caietele- sau la !lutal :ii *!omii" merii-" # le *femeile" florile- etc. Inaintea vocalelor t2e 1Ii2% the animal, the apple, the egg. Inaintea consoanelor t2e 1IJ2% the lad*, the man, the universit*, the teacher, the +uropean& u,r,pi:,n'. Arti#ol" >otarat introd"#e o noti"ne #"nos#"ta sa" amintita anterior% I li.e t>e reci!e. *Imi !lace reteta-. E)ista un numar de substantive !ro!rii care se cer !recedate de articolul 2otarat datorita dezvoltarii istorice a limbii engleze. Categorii de substantive !ro!rii !recedate de articolul 2otart3 a); N"me de a/e #"rgatoare (ra"ri) fl"Aii)% t2e Qanube # Qunarea t2e 2ames # amisa b); N"me de o#eane si mari% t2e 'tlantic *oceant2e 5lac. &ea #); N"me de m"nti si deal"ri% t2e 'l!s # 'l!ii t2e Car!at2ians # Car!atii d); N"me de ins"le (gr"/e de ins"le) la /l"ral% 2e 5ritis2 Isles # Insulele 5ritanice e); N"me de stramtori) #anal"ri) golf"ri) #a/"ri% t2e &traits of Qover # &tramtoarea Qover t2e Englis2 C2annel # Canalul Ranecii t2e Ca!e $erde # Ca!ul $erde t2e 5a1 of 5isca1 # Solful 5iscaia f); N"me de intre/rinderi) instit"tii) >otel"ri et#% t2e 5ritis2 Ruseum t2e &avo1 *Hotelg); N"me de Aase%

1B

t2e 'ugustina t2e itanic >); N"me de ?iare si reAiste engle?e si ameri#ane% t2e imes" t2e Aorld" t2e 5reeze i); N"me de familii la /l"ral% t2e 5ro4ns" t2e &mit2s. Arti#ol"l >otarat se refera la un obiect sau lucru considerat de a fi unic3 t>e s"n) t>e moon) t>e s@*) t>e Gorld) t>e Lord) t>e Bible) t>e air) t>e "niAerse et#;

Arto#ol"l Nero inaintea "nor s"bstantiAe /ro/rii; (T>e Nero Arti#le before #ertain Pro/er No"ns);
a); N"me de oameni) animle) #or/"ri #eresti et#% Ric2ael" Ho2n Corbin" $enus : $enera. b); N"me de #ontinente) tari) /roAin#ii) regi"ni) orase) sate et#% Euro!e" 'frica" Tome" (rance" Roldova. Dintre e.#e/tii /ot fi mentionate% 2e U.raine" t2e United &tates" t2e Hague. #); Den"mirile l"nilor an"l"i) ale ?ilelor sa/tamanii% Rarc2" Hune" Ronda1" &unda1 etc. d); Den"mirile limbilor% Tomanian" Englis2" Tussian. e); C" n"me de stra?i) /iete) /ar#"ri) #onstr"#tii) aero/ort"ri) metr"ri% U)ford &treet" Ted &Nuare" National Var." Aindsor Castle" Wondon 5ridge. f); C" n"me de s"bstantiAe (in sens general)% Uil floats on 4ater. II; PRONUM!L! P!RSONAL (Personal Prono"n) I X eu You X tu " dumneata He" s2e X el" ea *!entru nume de !ersoneIt X el" ea *!entru nume de animale si obiecteAe X noi

1C

You X voi 2e1 X ei" ele I se scrie intotdeaune cu litera mare. !O!RCIS!S% I; P"t in a or an (Ada"gati a sa" an)% 1. Z teac2er3 >. Z 4or.erP 2. Z Englis2 carP ?. Z farmerP 8. Z engineerP @. Z nurseP P"t in a, an (Com/letati #" a, an)% 1. I 2ave Z ne4 car. 2. Nic. is Z manager. 8. His teac2er is Z 'merican. >. &2e eats Z ice cream. ?. I 4ant Z a!!le. @. Ae 2ave Z nice !icture. B. 2is is Z interesting stor1. C. He reads Z ne4s!a!er. G. Helen learns Z !oem. 10. R1 sister 2as Z blac. cat. 11. Her brot2er 4rites Z letter. 12. You sit in Z armc2air. P"t the or nothing into ea#> ga/; I li.e Z Co.e. 1. Z meat is e)!ensive. 2. He li.es to drin. Z 4ine. 8. Z 4ine in m1 glass is red. >. Z Heat2ro4 is Z busiest air!ort in Euro!e. ?. Ae arrive in Z Varis on Z t2ird of '!ril. @. I donOt li.e Z mil.. B. Z mil. in m1 cu! is not 2ot. C. Z te)tboo. is old. G. 2ese are Z des.s. B. Z boo.P C. Z doctorP G. Z c2airP

2.

'.

1G

10. Z des.s are dar. bro4n. 11. om and 5ill are Z students. D; P"t in articles G>ere ne#essar*; 1. 2is is Z nice street. It is Z Vus2.in street. 2. Rr. 5ro4n lives near Z H1de Var.. 8. 2e1 go to Z National 'ir!ort. >. &2e sa1s t2at s2e loves Z sea. ?. Rr. Ailson is Z !rofessor at Z U)ford Universit1. @. Z Sreens come to Wondon toda1. B. I li.e Z tea. C. 2e1 go to Z 5lac. &ea for t2eir 2olida1. G. Ae visit Z United &tates. 10. Z 'tlantic lies bet4een Z Euro!e and 'merica. 11. 2e1 go to Z ravel 'genc1 and boo. Z train tic.ets. 12. Z Rusic (estival 4ill ta.e !lace in Z Rosco4 ne)t 1ear. PR!S!NT SIMPL! of t>e Aerb <TO B!= (Tim/"l /resent al Aerb"l"i <to be4 a fi=); AFFIRMATI+! (AfirmatiA) Sing"lar I am *IOm- X eu sunt 1ou are *YouOre- X tu esti 2e=s2e=it is *2eOs=s2eOs=itOs- X el" ea este Pl"ral 4e are *4eOre- X noi suntem 1ou are *1ouOre- X voi sunteti t2e1 are *t2e1Ore- X ei sunt $erbul to be formeaza interogativul !rin inversiune. INT!RROCATI+! (InterogatiA) am I[ are 1ou[
INT!RROCATI+!4N!CATI+!

am I not[ are 1ou not[ etc.

20

is 2e=s2e=it[ are 4e[ are 1ou[ are t2e1[ $erbul to be formeaza negativul adaugand cuvantul not (n:t) du!a verb. N!CATI+! (NegatiA) I am not *IOm- not You are not *arenOtHe=s2e=it is not *isnOtAe are not *arenOtYou are not *arenOt2e1 are not *arenOtNote% 1. -ou is singular and !lural but t2e verb 4it2 *ou is al4a1s !lural" e.g. 're 1ou a man[ *singular're 1ou all students[ *!lural2. 'l4a1s 4rite a ca!ital letter for #" e.g. R1 friends and I are in t2e garden.

E\ETCI&E&3
I; P"t in I) *o") >e) s>e) it) Ge) t>e*% 1. Vaul is a 4or.er. Z is a 4or.er. 2. Hane is a girl. Z is a girl. 8. (eli) is m1 cat. Z is m1 cat. >. R1 friend is a teac2er. Z is a teac2er. ?. 2is is an Englis2 boo.. Z is an Englis2 boo.. @. ob1 is a dog. Z is a dog. B. Rar1 is a manager. Z is a manager. C. om and 5ill are c2ildren. Z are c2ildren. G. 2e students are in t2e classroom. Z are in t2e classroom. 10. R1 friend and I are at t2e 4indo4. Z are at t2e 4indo4. 11. 2e bag is on t2e c2air. Z is on t2e c2air.
21

12. II;

2e c2ildren are at t2e door. Z are at t2e door. P"t in t>e interrogatiAe (P"neti la forma interogatiAa)%

1. He is an economist. 2. You are doctors. 8. &2e is a good 4oman. >. 2e1 are 2ere. ?. You are near t2e 4indo4. @. It is on t2e des.. B. om is in t2e classroom. C. 2e1 are at 4or.. G. It is on t2e c2air. 10. 2e manager is in t2e office. III; P"t in t>e negatiAe (Tre#eti la forma negatiAa); 1. 2e1 are t2ere. 2. You are at sc2ool. 8. I am a good friend. >. He is a businessman. ?. Ae are in t2e classroom. @. &2e is a singer. B. It is 2ot. C. You are bus1. G. He is a !ilot. 10. It is summer.

22

UNIT &
T>e PLURAL OF NOUNS (Pl"ral"l s"bstantiAelor)
In limba engleza pluralul substantvelor se formeaza de regula adaugand litera s:) care se citeste 1s2) 1?2) sau Kes) care se citeste 1i?23 1s2 # d"/a #onsoane s"rde% a boo. # boo.s a des. # des.s a ma! # ma!s a cat # cats 1?2 4 d"/a Ao#ale sa" #onsoane sonore% a !en : !ens a girl : girls a dog : dogs a bo1 : bo1s 1i?2 # s"bstantiAe terminate in literele s) s>) #>) t#>) sa" . ada"ga es% a matc2 : matc2es a glass : glasses a c2urc2 : c2urc2es a fo) : fo)es a !eac2 : !eac2es a 4is2 : 4is2es S"bstantiAele terminate in #onsoana - * s#>imba la /l"ral * in i si ada"ga es% a lad1 : ladies a cit1 : cities an agenc1 : agencies Cele terminate in Ao#ala - * ada"ga n"mai s% a da1 : da1s a !la1 : !la1s a ra1 : ra1s
28

Cele #are a" m"tatie Ao#ali#a% a man : men a 4oman : 4omen /4imin0 a foot : feet a toot2 : teet2 a mouse : mice /mais0 a goose /gu3s0 : geese /gi3s0 Pl"ral in Ken - m"tatie Ao#ali#a an o) : o)en a c2ild : c2ildren Unele s"bstantiAe terminate la sing"lar in <o <formea?a /l"ral in K es% a 2ero # 2eroes a !otato : !otatoes a tomato : tomatoes Alte s"bstantiAe terminate la sing"lar in <o= formea?a /l"ral"l in K s% a !2oto : !2otos a !iano : !ianos a radio : radios a studio : studios Pl"rale nereg"late% - sonori?area #onsoanei finale% 12 K 1?2 !at2 /!a3L0 : !at2s /!a3Kz0 bat2 /ba3L 0 : bat2s /ba3Kz0 mout2 /mauL0 : mout2s /mauKz0 1f2 K 1A?2 a leaf : leaAes a 2alf : 2alAes a s2elf : s2elAes a .nife : .niAes a life # liAes a 4ife : 4iAes

2>

Pl"rale straine% a nucleus /n%u3.li9s0 nucleu : *nuclei- /n%u3.liai0 *nucleia bacterium : bacteria an anal1sis /9Jnlisis0 : anal1ses /9Jnlisi3z0
-

T>e Ad5e#tiAe (Ad5e#tiA"l)

In limba engleza ad5e#tiAele au o singura forma" indeferent de gen sau numar. Ele se asaza de regula inaintea substantivului3 ' 1oung 4oman ' ne4 flat ' 2andsome man Ad5e#tiAele deriAate din nume !ro!rii se scriu cu initiala ma%uscula3 Tomanian Englis2 (renc2

I+; Pron"mele si ad5e#tiA"l demonstratiA

N"mar Sing; Pl"ral De a/roa/e De de/arte t>at 1IPt2 *acela=aceea=acel=aceat>ose 1Io"?2 *aceia=acelea=acei=acele-

T>is 1Iis2 *acesta=aceasta=acest=aceastat>ese 1Ii%?2 *acestea=acestea=acesti=aceste-

!.am/les% T>is is a boo.. ItOs 2ere. T>ese are boo.s. 2e1 are t2ere. T>at is a !icture. T>ose are !ictures. T>is is a !encil. Is t>is a !encil [ Yes" it is. No" it isnOt.
2?

PR!PONITII D! LOC;
1.

ON se foloseste cu referire la3 4 o linie ItOs on t2e edge of t2e table *Este la marginea meseiHe lives on U)ford &treet *Wocuieste !e strada U)ford-. Qar in t2e street *X !e strada-. 4 s"/rafata% Vut it on t2e table *Vune#o !e masa-. IN se foloseste cu referire la o zona3 ItOs in m1 bag *E in geanta meaHe lives in Varis *Wocuieste la Varis-. UND!R 3 2e cat is "nder t2e c2air.

2.

8.

>. AT se foloseste cu referire la un anumit !unct sau !ozitie3 IOll meet 1ou at t2e station *Ne vom intalni la gara-. ?; B!T7!!N e)!rima !ozitia fata de doua elemente R1 2ouse is betGeen t2e sc2ool and t2e ban. *Casa mea este intre scoala si banca-.

I+; INTR!BARI C!N!RAL! (Ceneral Q"estions)

Intrebarile generale !resu!un un enunt general *o !ro!ozitie intreagasi un ras!uns general" redus" de obicei" la *es da sau no nu. E)am!le3 &2e is a doctor. Is s2e a doctor [ Yes" s2e is. No" s2e is not *isnOtAe are managers. 're 4e managers [ Yes" 4e are. No" 4e are not *arenOt-.

2@

2e Construction <T !R! IS$AR!=

T>ere is X este" e)ista" se afla" se gaseste. T>ere are X sunt" e)ista" se afla" se gasesc. T>ere is are forma !rescurtata t>ere:s Wa viteza normala de vorbire there is si there are sunt neaccentuate si contin de regula forme slabe. 2ere is a man at t2e door. Wa interogativ is si are sunt accentuate" iar there are forma tare. JIs t>ere a cu! of tea for me too[ 9Are t>ere man1 boo.s on t2e table[ .here is si there are cu accentul !e there" inseamna tot iata, !entru distanta% 2ere is t2e bus X Iata autobusul. 2ere it is. X Iata#l. 2ere t2e1 are. X Iata#i. 2ere are Rr. and Rrs. &tevens. Iata#i !e d#na si dl. &tevens. (olosim t>ere is" t>ere are de a denumi lucruri care e)ista sau nu e)ista. T>ere:s a c2ildOs !icture but t>ere aren:t an1 !lants. Qeseori folosim <t>ere= cand vorbim des!re ceva !entru !rima data" si <it= cand descriem detaliile. There is a good office. #ts dark. There is a computer in the office. #ts very modern. !OAMPL!S 2ere is a teac2er at t2e table. 2ere is a cat in t2e !icture. Is t2ere a cat in t2e !ictureYes" t2ere is. No" t2ere isnOt. Is t2ere a train in t2e station[ Yes" t2ere is. 2ere are flo4ers in t2is !icture. 're t2ere flo4ers in t2is !icture[ Yes" t2ere are. 're t2ere cu!s on t2e table[ No" t2ere arenOt.

2B

Intrebari dis5"n#tiAe la /ro/o?itiile #ontinand t>ere is (t>ere:s)) t>ere are) t>ere is not (t>ere isn:t) t>ere:s not)) t>ere are not (t>ere aren:t) s"nt% 2ere are some boo.s on t2e des." arenOt t2ere[ Yes" t2ere are. &unt cateva carti !e masa" nu#i asa[ 2ere isnOt muc2 4ater in t2e cu!" is t2ere[ No" t2ere isnOt. Nu este multa a!a in ceasca" nu#i asa[

!O!RCIS!S%
M; CiAe t>e /l"ral of t>ese Gords% 1. a star. 2. a mountain. 8. a tree. >. a !ound. ?. a .nife. @. a 4aiter. B. a 4oman. C. a man. G. an e1e. 10. a 4ife. 11. an air!lane. 12. a bo). 18. a benc2. 1>. a cit1. 1?. a radio. 1@. a tomato. 1B. a girl. 1C. a brus2. 1G. a !eac2. 20. an address. &; P"t t>ese senten#es in t>e /l"ral (Tre#eti "rmatoarele /ro/o?itii la /l"ral) Model% T>is is a boo.; T>at is a ma!. T>ese are boo.s. T>ose are ma!s. 1. 2is is a bo1. 2. 2at is a teac2er. 8. 2is is a 4indo4. >. 2at is a tree. ?. 2at is a !encil. @. 2is is a des.. B. 2at is an armc2air. C. 2is is a c2air. G. 2is is a table. 10. 2at is a bed.

R; !./rimati de?a#ord"l d"mneaAoastra (!./ress *o"r dis#ord); Model% 2is coat is green. *1ello42is coat isnOt green. ItOs 1ello4. 1. 2at car is old. *ne42. 2ese 2ats are blac.. *red8. 2is a!!le is big. *small2C

>. ?. @. B. C. G. 11.

2ose te)ts are eas1. *difficult2at office is bad. *good2is tie is nice. *!lain2ese boo.s are t2in. *t2ic.2at room is dar.. *lig2t2is cat is 42ite. *blac.2ose da1s are good. *bad-

(; Ma@e t>ese senten#es interrogatiAe% 1. 2is is a train. 2. 2at is a door. 8. 2ose are !lanes. >. It is a cat. ?. 2at is a cloc.. @. 2at egg is bad. B. 2is is an umbrella. C. 2e 4indo4 is o!en. G. 2e man is in t2e car. 10. 2e cat is under t2e table. 11. 2e train is in t2e station. 12. 2e !late is on t2e table. 18. 2e cigarette is on t2e des.. 1>. 2e1 are 4aiters. 1?. 2e !ictures are on t2e 4all.
?.

1. 2. 8. >. ?. @. B.

AnsGer t>ese L"estions affirmatiAel* (Git> *es); Use he, she, it or the* in t>e ansGers% Is t2is a !encil[ Is t2is a train[ Is t2at a 4indo4[ 're t2e students in t2e classroom[ 're t2e c2ildren in t2e garden[ Is t2e 4oman a mot2er[ Is a table a t2ing[

2G

AnsGer t>ese L"estions negatiAel* (Git> no); Use he, she, it, or the* in t>e ansGers% 1. Is t2is a tree[ 2. 're t2ese trees[ 8. Is t2at a boo.[ >. 're t2e girls in t2e office[ ?. Is t2e bo1 near t2e door[ @. 're t2e flo4ers on t2e table[ B. Is t2e door o!en[ C. 're t2e boo.s on t2e s2elf[ G. Is t2e !iano in t2e corner of t2e room[ 10. Is t2e com!uter under t2e des.[
@. B.

1. 2. 8. 8. >. ?. @. B. C.

Vut in on) in) betGeen) at or "nder% om and Rar1 are Z 2ome. 2e1 arenOt Z sc2ool. 2e institute is Z 2os!ital and t2e sc2ool. It is Z t2e floor. 2e doctor is Z t2e 2os!ital. Veter is Z t2e blac.board. 5ill sits Z a c2air. (at2er sits Z an armc2air. 2e mouse is Z t2e floor.

S; Translate into !nglis> 1. Cestile sunt !e masa. 2. Camera este mare. 8. 'utomobilul este nou. >. 'cea geanta este neagra. Este ea sub masa[ ?. 5aiatul este la masa. @. Wectia este interesanta. B. Ei nu sunt la lectie. C. e)tul nu este mare. G. Umul acela este sofer. Este el in masina[ 10. El si ea sunt medici. &unt ei medici[ 11. Ei nu sunt medici. Ei sunt ingineri. 12. Este lam!a !e masa[ Qa" este.

80

+o#ab"lar*%
!icture tablou" !ictura" fotografie" film door usa to close a inc2ide 4indo4 fereastra cloc. ceas *de !erete4all !erete table masa near langa bo1 baiat !en !i) !encil creion des. banca" birou" masa de scris" *ec.- casa !a1 at t2e des. !latiti la casa bo) cutie t2ic. gros t2in subtire big mare nice !lacut" dragut large mare" larg

E\ 3 In t2e classroom
2is is a classroom. 2e classroom is large. 2at is a teac2er and t2ese are students. 2at is t2e door. 2e door is closed. 2ose are 4indo4s. Une 4indo4 is o!en. 2is is a nice !icture. 2at is a ma! on t2e 4all. 2ere is a table in t2e classroom. 2ere are flo4ers on t2e table. 2e teac2er is near t2e table. 2ese are des.s. 2e !ens and t2e !encils are on t2e des.s. 're t2e1 t2ic.[ 2e !encils and t2e !ens are t2in. 2e1 are in t2e bo)es. 2e cloc. is on t2e 4all. Is t2e cloc. big[ Yes" it is.

81

UNIT R 2e verb to >aAe$ to >aAe got (Present Tense)

AffirmatiAe I 2ave = 2ave got X eu am You 2ave = 2ave got X tu ai He 2as = 2as got X el are &2e 2as = 2as got X ea are It 2as =2as got X el=ea are *!entru animale" obiecteAe 2ave =2ave got X noi avem You 2ave = 2ave got X voi aveti 2e1 2ave = 2ave got X ei au InterrogatiAe Qo I 2ave[ Qo 1ou 2ave[ Qoes 2e 2ave[ Qoes s2e 2ave[ Qoes it 2ave[ Qo 4e 2ave[ Qo 1ou 2ave[ Qo t2e1 2ave[ NegatiAe I donOt 2ave You donOt 2ave He" s2e" it doesnOt 2ave Ae donOt 2ave You donOt 2ave 2e1 donOt 2ave I 2avenOt got You 2avenOt got He" s2e" it 2asnOt got Ae 2avenOt got You 2avenOt got 2e1 2avenOt got Have I got[ Have 1ou got[ Has 2e got[ Has s2e got[ Has it got[ Have 4e got[ Have 1ou got[ Have t2e1 got[

Note% In stilul vorbit" formelor verbului /to have$ li se adauga got fara nici o modificare a sensului.

82

II; Pron"mele /ersonale la #a?"rile nominatiA si obie#tiA% NominatiAe Ob5e#tiAe I me *mie" !e mineYou 1ou *tie" !e tineHe 2im *lui" !e el&2e 2er *ei" !e eaIt it *le el" !e eaAe us *noua" !e noiYou 1ou *voua" !e voi2e1 t2em *lor" !e eiNOT!% La #a?"l nominatiA /ron"mele /ersonale se foloses# n"mai in rol"l de s"bie#t% E.g. 7e are students. Wa cazul obiectiv *acuzativ- aceste !ronume se folosesc in rolul de com!lement a unui verb" du!a !re!ozitie. NominatiAe +erb Ob5e#tiAe Ob5e#tiAe I .no4 2im and I 4rite You .no4 me and 1ou 4rite He .no4s 2er and 2e 4rites &2e .no4s us and s2e 4rites Ae .no4 t2em and 4e 4rite 2e1 .no4 1ou and t2e1 4rite Pre/osition to to to to to to 2im me 2er us t2em 1ou

!;g; Hel! me] X *'%uta#ma-. I see >im ever1 da1. *Il vad !e el in fiecare zi-. Sive t>em t2ese boo.s. *Qati#le lor cartile acestea.-. III; Ordinea obisn"ita a #"Aintelor in /ro/o?itie; Po?itia s"bie#t"l"i si /redi#at"l"i &ubiectul este asezat inaintea !redicatului3 !;g. Qan 2as a ne4 car. *Qan are o masina noua-.

88

In /ro/o?itia interogatiAa Aerb"l totdea"na /re#eda s"bie#t"l% E.g. Qoes Qan 2ave a ne4 car[ *'re Qan o masina noua[Is 2e a teac2er[ *Este el !rofesor[Intrebarile" care se ince! cu un verb se numesc generale. Ele se rostesc cu un ton ascendent si ras!unsul este scurt afirmativ si negativ.3 E.g. Is 2e a student[ Yes" 2e is. No" 2e isnOt. Have t2e1 got good mar.s[ Yes" t2e1 2ave. No" t2e1 2avenOt. Intrebarile" care ince! cu cuvintele interogative ca3 G>oT (#ineT)) G>atT (#eT)) G>ereT ("ndeT)) >oGT (#"mT)) >oG man*T (#ati) #ateT)) >oG m"#>T (#ati) #ateT)) >oG oldT (#e Aarsta aiT) G>at @ind ofT et#; se n"mes# speciale; E.g. A2o is s2e[ *Cine este ea[-. &2e is Hane. *Ea este Hane-. A2at is 5ill[ *Ce este 5ill[- He is an economist. *El este economist-. 2e 4ord G>o is for !eo!le. 2e 4ord G>at is for t2ings. Note3 Who is 2e[ He is Rr. \. What is 2e[ He is a driver. 2e students are in t2e classroom. 7>o are in t2e classroom[ 2e students are in t2e classroom" or 2e students are" or 2e students. 're t2e students in t2e classroom[ Yes" t2e1 are. 7>ere are t2e students[ 2e1 are in t2e classroom. 2e train is in t2e station. 7>at is in t2e station[ 2e train is in t2e station" or 2e train is" or 2e train.

8>

NUM!RALS
(Cardinal N"merals) (Ordinal N"merals) 0# noug2t=zero /no3t0 /zirou0 1 one /4n0 t2e first /f 3st0 1st 2 t4o /tu30 #;# second /se.!nd0 2nd 8 t2ree /ri30 t2ird /#3d0 8rd > four /fo30 fourt2 /fo30 >t2 ? five /faiv0 fift2 /fif0 ?t2 @ si) /si.s0 si)t2 /si.0 @t2 B seven /sevn0 sevent2 /sevn0 Bt2 C eig2t /eit0 eig2t2 /eit0 Ct2 G nine /nain0 nint2 /nain0 Gt2 10 # ten /ten0 tent2 /ten0 10t2 11# eleven /il!vn0 elevent2 /il!vn0 11t2 12# t4elve /t4elv0 t4elft2 /t4elf0 12t2 18# t2irteen / 3ti3n0 t2irteent2 / 3ti3n0 18t2 1># fourteen /fo3ti3n0 fourteent2 /fo3ti3n0 1>t2 1?# fifteen /fifti3n0 fifteent2 /fifti3n0 1?t2 1@# si)teen /si.sti3n0 si)teent2 /si.sti3n 01@t2 1B# seventeen /sevnti3n0 seventeent2 /sevnti3n01Bt2 1C# eig2teen /eiOti3n0 eig2teent2 /eiti3n0 1Ct2 1G# nineteen /nainti3n0 nineteent2 /nainti3n0 1Gt2 20# t4ent1 /t4enti0 t4entiet2 /t4entiiL0 20t2 21# t4ent1#one /t4enti 4n0 t4ent1 first 21st 80# t2irt1 /LM3ti0 t2irtiet2 /LM3ti3L0 80t2 >0# fort1 /fo3ti0 fortiet2 /fo3tiiL0 >0t2 ?0# fift1 /fifti0 fiftiet2 /fiftiiL0 ?0t2 @0# si)t1 /si.sti0 si)tiet2 /si.stiiL0 @0t2 B0# sevent1 /seventi0 seventiet2 /seventiiL0 B0t2 C0# eig2t1 /eiti0 eig2tiet2 /eitiiL0 C0t2 G0# ninet1 /nainti0 ninetiet2 /naintiiL0 G0t2 100#one *a- 2undred /2 7ndr9d0 2undredt2 /2 ndr!dL0 100t2 101# one *a- 2undred and one *t2e- 2undred and first 101st 1000# one *a- t2ousand /Lauznd0 t2ousandt2 /LauzndL0 1000t2 1000000 : one *a- million /mili9n0 t2e milliont2 /mil%9nL0 1000000t2
8?

Numeralele ordinale" cu e)ce!tia !rimelor trei" se formeaza din numeralele cardinale cores!unzatoare" cu a%utorul sufi)ului #t>% Sru!ul de litere ve din five si t!elve devine f in numeralele cores!unzatoare 0the fifth, the t!elfth%. +ight !rimeste doar un h 0the eighth%. $ocala e din nine cade 0the ninth%. Qe la t!ent* la ninet*, * se transforma in ie, la care se adauga th. !./rimarea datei% &e!tember 12" 1GGG : &e!tember t2e t4elft2" nineteen ninet1 nine. 12t2 &e!tember" 1GGG : t2e 12t2 of &e!tember" nineteen ninet1 nine. &2e 4as born on t2e 12t2 of &e!tember. Ea s#a nascut la 12 se!tembrie.

!.er#ises%
1.

Vut in >aAe or >as *Com!letati cu >aAe sau >as-. 1. I Z an Englis2 boo.. ?. You Z a little cat. 2. &2e Z a nice dress. @. Ae Z a ne4 com!an1. 8. He Z a little dog. B. 2e1 Z a clean 2ouse. >. 2e1 Z a ne4 c2ief. C. Qan Z an interesting boo..

&; Ma@e t>ese senten#es (I) interrogatiAe) (&) negatiAe% I. I 2ave a boo.. C. You 2ave an e)ercise boo.. G. Rr. Corbin 2as a ne4 car. 10. 2e students on m1 left 2ave a com!uter. 11. Riss Helen 2as a reading boo.. 12. Veter 2as bad !ronunciation. 18. I 2ave bad !ronunciation. 1>. You 2ave a lot of mone1. 1?. 2e c2ildren 2ave funn1 to1s. 1@. &2e 2as a nice !icture. R; CiAe tr"e ansGers (Dati ras/"s"ri adeAarate)% Model% Has om got a little dog[Has 1our fat2er got an Englis2 boo.[ Yes" 2e 2as. No" 2e 2asnOt.

8@

1. Qo 1ou 2ave 1ou a ne4 !encil[ 2. Has 1our teac2er got a ne4 bag[ blouse[ 8. Qo 1ou 2ave a cat[ >. Has Rar1 got a big famil1[

?. Qoes 1our fat2er 2ave a ne4 2at[ @. Qoes 1our sister 2ave a red B. Qo t2e1 2ave good friends[ C. Has om got a big flat[

(; Cross o"t t>e Grong /rono"n (Stergeti /ron"mele gresit)% 1.I 4rite to *2e" 2im- and 1ou 4rite *I" me-. 2. Rar1 goes to a dance" and 5ill goes 4it2 *2er" s2e-. 8.Ae .no4 *t2em" t2e1- ver1 4ell" and t2e1 .no4 *4e" us-. >. I see *s2e" 2er- in t2e office and s2e sees *me" I-. ?. He tele!2ones *s2e" 2er- ever1 da1 and tells t2e ne4s. @. He s!ea.s Englis2 to *4e" us-" and *4e" us- s!ea. Englis2 to *2e" 2im-. B. He teac2es *us" 4e-. C. 2e1 2el! *me" I-. U; Ma@e s/e#ial L"estions (P"neti intrebari s/e#iale la #"Aintele eAidentiate)%
1. 2. 8. >. ?. @.

Rr. &mit2 2as a ne4 team. I 2ave an old car. Ae go 2ome after lessons. You 2ave five (renc2 boo.s. om 2as t4o sisters and one brot2er. He is a good fat2er.

'; Do t>ese s"ms (Fa#eti a#este ad"nari)% Model3 8 ^ ? X C 2ree and five is eig2t. C^>X 2^?X >^8X 8^GX 1 10 ? @ ^ 11 X ^ 1X ^ ?X ^ 8X >^BX 2^CX B^1X @^@X

8B

V; Translate into !nglis> 'ceasta este familia mea. Ea este mare. 'ceastea sunt !arintii mei. atal meu este inalt. El este doctor. Cati ani are tatal tau[ Rama mea este tanara si frumoasa. Ea este invatatoare. 'veti frati" surori[ Qa" am doi frati si trei surori. (ratii sunt studenti si surorile eleve. Cine sunt aceia[ 'cei sunt bunei mei. Ei nu sunt !rea invarsta. 5unelul este muncitor si bunica contabil. Cati ani au ei[ Noi suntem ne!otii lui. 'vem un unc2i si o matusa. Ei locuesc nu de!arte de noi. Cati co!ii au ei[ Ei nu au co!ii.

+o#ab"lar*
famil1 average 2usband 4ife !arents fat2er mot2er grand!arents grandfat2er grandmot2er c2ildren sc2ool#c2ildren son daug2ter sister brot2er grandson granddaug2ter uncle aunt ne!2e4 /nef%u30 niece /ni3s0 cousin godfat2er godmot2er bride familie medie sot sotie !arinti tata mama bunici bunel bunica co!ii elevi fecior fiica sora frate ne!ot *de bunicne!oata *de bunicunc2i matusa ne!ot *de unc2ine!oata *de unc2iverisor*anas nasa mireasa
8C

bridegroom 4edding !arents#in#la4 sub%ect to 4or. to !la1 summer farmer usuall1 nurser1 ever1 friend in#la4s

mire cununie socri obiect de studiu a lucra a se %uca vara fermier" agricultor de obicei cresa fiecare !rieten cuscri

e)t3 R1 friendOs famil1

R1 friend 2as an average famil1. His name is Vaul 5ro4n. He lives in Wondon. A2atOs 2is %ob[ He is an engineer. Vaul 4or.s in a com!an1. Ho4 old is 2e[ He is t2irt1. He 2as got a 4ife and t4o c2ildren. His 4ifeOs name is Rar1 and 2is c2ildrenOs names are Hane and Nic.. Rar1 is a 1oung 4oman. &2e is t4ent1# nine. &2eOs a doctor in a 2os!ital. Rr. 5ro4nOs son is a sc2ool#bo1. He is ten. He ta.es a lot of sub%ects at sc2ool. Nic. 2as man1 friends. He li.es !la1ing tennis. His daug2ter Hane is five. Her fat2er ta.es 2er to a nurser1 sc2ool ever1 morning. Hane 2as t4o little friends3 ob1" t2e dog and (eli)" t2e cat. Rr. 5ro4n 2as !arents. 2e1 arenOt ver1 old. 2e1 live in t2e village. His fat2er is a farmer and 2is mot2er is a 2ouse4ife. VaulOs 4ife usuall1 ta.es t2e c2ildren to t2e countr1 in summer to sta1 4it2 t2eir grandfat2er and grandmot2er. 2e1 love t2eir grandc2ildren ver1 muc2. Rr. 5ro4n 2as !arents#in#la4. 2e1 live in t2e countr1" too. He 2as an uncle and an aunt. 2e1 are farmers. Have t2e1 got c2ildren[ No" t2e1 2avenOt. Rr. 5ro4nOs famil1 is ver1 friendl1.

8G

M!!TINC P!OPL! Ho4 do 1ou do] Hello] A2o are 1ou[ I am Z=R1 name isZ Slad=Nice to meet 1ou] &2e is Z" m1 4ife. He is Z" m1 2usband. 5una ziua Noroc=&alut] Cum va numiti[=Cum te numesti[ &untZ=Ra numesc Z &unt incantat de cunostinta] Ea este Z" sotia mea. El este Z" sotul meu.

>0

UNIT ( M; Modal Aerbs% #an) ma*) m"st) need

sunt verbe defectiv-modale" cu urmatoarele caracteristici3 - Nu !ot fi con%ugate la toate modurile si tim!urile. 'u o forma !entru !resent" iar o !arte din ele si !entru trecut. - 'u aceeasi forma la toate !ersoanele3 I can Ae can You can You can He" s2e" it can 2e1 can (ormeaza !redicatul numai insotite de alt verb *la infinitiv fara to-. (ormeaza interogativul !rin inversare3 Can I [ Can 4e[ Can 1ou[ Can 1ou[ Can 2e[ Can t2e1[ Can s2e[ Can it[ - (ormeaza negativul !rin adaugarea lui not% Cannot forma /res#"rtata #an:t Rust not Ra1 not mustnOt ma1 not

Sens"rile Aerbelor modale% Can : a !utea" a sti sa Can 1ou 2el! me[ Yes" I can. No" I canOt. I canOt s4im. Ma* : a !utea *a#i fi !ermis-P a se !utea" a fi !osibil" ;!oate ca< Ra1 I o!en t2e 4indo4[ Vot sa desc2id fereastra[ It ma1 be true. Voate sa fie adevarat. He ma1 be 2andsome" but 2e is not clever. U fi el frumos" dar deste!t nu e.

>1

M"st : a trebui You must go 2ome. u trebuie sa mergi acasa. Need : forma de !resent" se foloseste numai in propozitiile interogative, negative si are sensul de ;este nevoie<" ;este cazul<" ;trebuie<" ;este necesar<. 3o" needn:t as@ >im; *Nu e nevoie=nu e cazul sa#l rogi=intrebi-. Need I re/eat t>atT E nevoie=trebuie sa re!et asta3es) *o" m"st; No) *o" needn:t; Wa intrebarile cu need) ras!unsul afirmativ se formeaza cu m"st" iar cel negativ cu needn:t.

&; Indefinite Prono"ns (Pron"mele ne>otarate) (some) an*) not an*) no)
Some K unii" unele" ceva" catva" cativa" cateva" niste" oarecare : Se foloseste in /ro/o?itii afirmatiAe% Some 2ouses are 2ig2 and some are lo4. An* : ceva" catva" catava" cativa" cateva" unii" unele" vreun*ul-" vreo" vreuna" vreunii" vreunele" !utin*a- : Se foloseste in /ro/o?itii interogatiAe in lo#"l l"i some% 're t2ere an* boo.s on t2e table[ Is t2ere an* mil. in t2e bottle[ Se foloseste in /ro/o?itii afirmatiAe #" sens"l de oare#are% You ma1 ta.e an* of t2ese boo.s. Voti lua oarecare din aceste carti. Some !oate fi folosit in !ro!ozitii interogative cand intrebarea nu se refera la some: Ra1 I 2ave some 4ater[ Vot sa beau !utina a!a[ Yes" 1ou ma1. Com!arati cu3 Is t2ere an* sugar in t2e cu![ Yes" t2ere is *some-. An* se foloseste in !ro!ozitii negative si se traduce !rin nu, nici un, nici o: I >aAen:t an* c2ocolates on t2e table.

>2

2ere isn:t an* mista.e in m1 4or.. *Nu e)ista nici o greseala in lucrarea mea-. No inlocuieste !e not W an*; 2ere is no mista.e in m1 4or.. R; M"#>) man*) a lot of) lots of; M"#> 1m t2 m"lt) m"lta K se foloseste #" sing"lar"l; M"#> 4ater= sugar=information=tea=coffee=mil.=4or.=rice=mone1=time. I 2avenOt got m"#> time. # Nu am *!rea- mult tim!. Man* /meni0 multi" multe : se foloseste cu !luralul. Ran1 cars=com!uters=des.s=boo.s=lam!s=dictionaries. 2ere are man* boo.s in t2e librar1. In !ro!ozitiile afirmative se !refera folosirea e)!resiei a lot of *mai familiar lots of-. 2ere are a lot of flo4ers in t2e garden. 2ere are lots of trees in t2e !ar.. (; a little) little) a feG) feG a little K !utin" !utina" ceva" niste *!entru singulara feG : cativa" cateva" niste *!entru !lural- au conotatii !ozitive3 I 2ave a little time. 'm !utin *ceva- tim!. Qis!un de oarecare tim!. Ae 2ave a fe4 friends in t2is to4n. 'vem cativa !rieteni in acest oras. Little : !utin" !rea !utin" mai deloc. FeG K *!rea- !utini" *!rea- !utine" mai deloc au conotatii negative3 IOm afraid I 2ave little time for reading. Ra tem ca am !rea !utin tim! !entru citit. 2ere are fe4 birds left in Roldova. 'u ramas *foarte- !utin e !asari in Roldova.

(; AlternatiAe Q"estions (Intrebari alternatiAe)

Intrebarile de ti!ul3 #s he a teacher or a doctor) *Este el !rofesor sau medic[- se numesc alternatiAe; &e formeaza cu a%utorul con%uctiei or
>8

/o30 : sau" si se rostesc cu urmatoarea intonatie3 !rima !arte a intrebarii *!ana la con%unctia ;or<- se rosteste cu un ton as#endent) iar !artea care urmeaza du!a ;or< cu un ton des#endent3 Is t2is a Jtable or a Jdes.[ &!re deosebire de intrebarea generala" care se !une la intreaga !ro!ozitie" intrebarea alternativa se !une la diferite !arti ale !ro!ozitiei3 Is 2e a doctor or is s2e[ (la s"bie#t) Is 2e an engineer or manager[ (la /redi#atiA) Is 2e in Wondon or in Varis[ (la #om/lement #ir#"mstantial de lo#) Is t2e com!etition in summer or in s!ring[ (la #om/lement #ir#"mstantial de tim/) T>e Seasons of t>e 3ear; (Anotim/"rile) S/ring /s!riF0 !rimavara S"mmer /s7m90 vara A"t"mn /o3tm0 toamna 7inter /4int90 iarna 1a subiect) anotim/"rile nu primesc articolul hotarat% In MoldoAa s"mmer is a Garm season; &e s!une in Ginter) in a"t"mn " etc. cand e)!rimam o generalitate% In 4inter t2e trees are bare. *Iarna co!acii sunt golasi-. Cand ne referim la "n anotim/ dintr4"n an"me an) folosim arti#ol"l >otarat% In t2e s!ring of 1GGG. *In !rimavara anului 1GGG-. Ae 4ill see 1ou in t2e summer. * e vom vedea la vara.7>at #an t>e* doT P"t in t>e Aerbs% 1. He can !la1Z football. >. I can drin.Z mil.. 2. &2e can readZ a boo.. ?. Ae can stud1Z Englis2. 8. 2e1 can !la1Z in t2e !ar.. @. You can 4riteZ on t2e blac.board.

>>

Ma@e senten#es% Model3 I can !la1 football. *tennisI #an /la* football" but I #an:t /la* tennis. 1. I can drin. tea. *mil.2. 2e1 can !la1 c2ess. *rugb18. Ae can read boo.s. *novels>. You can clean t2e blac.board. *t2e 4indo4?. &2e can s!ea. Tomanian. *Englis2@. He can dra4 m1 dining#room. *classroomB. He can o!en t2e door. *t2e 4indo4C. I can 4rite e)ercise 8. *e)ercise ?-

e)t3 2e &easons in Roldova

Ainter" s!ring" summer and autumn are t2e seasons of t2e 1ear. Qecember" Hanuar1 and (ebruar1 are 4inter mont2s. 2e 4eat2er is cold. Usuall1 it sno4s. 2e da1s are s2ort and t2e nig2ts are long. You can see sno4 ever142ere. 2e rivers and la.es freeze and 4e can go s.ating and s.iing. Rarc2" '!ril" Ra1 are s!ring mont2s. ItOs a ver1 nice season. 2e 4eat2er is fine and it is 4arm. 2ere are man1 green trees in t2e streets and in t2e !ar.s. &ometimes it rains but as usuall1 t2e sun s2ines brig2tl1. Hune" Hul1 and 'ugust are summer mont2s. It is 2ot or 4arm. 2e da1s are long and t2e nig2ts are s2ort. 2ere are man1 green trees and nice flo4ers in t2e !ar.s in summer. &e!tember" Uctober" November are autumn mont2s.It is cool. 2e 4eat2er is c2angeable. It often rains. 2e da1s become s2orter and t2e nig2ts longer. You can see 1ello4" red and bro4n leaves ever142ere. It is time for gat2ering 2arvest.

>?

!.er#ises%
M; P"t in must or mustnt 1. C2ildren Z run in t2e street. 2. You Z do 1our 2ome4or.. 8. Ae Z learn our lessons. >. You Zsit on t2e table. ?. Ae Z read in bed. @. You Z eat brea.fast in t2e morning. B. 2e1 Z ans4er t2ese Nuestions. C. He Z smo.e in t2e office.
&; M; &; R; (; U; '; V; S; R;

Read and translate t>ese senten#es; (Cititi si trad"#eti a#este /ro/o?itii) I 2ave very little sugar at 2ome. Veter 2as few friends at t2e universit1. Have t2e1 many c2ildren[ Is t2ere much or little coffee in 1our cu![ 2ere is a little tea in 2er cu!. 2ere are a few boo.s on t2e s2elf. 2ere are a lot of Englis2 and (renc2 boo.s in t2e universit1 librar1. He usuall1 2as a lot of 4or. to do in 2is office. Vut in man*) m"#>) feG) a feG) little) a little and a lot of; 2ere are not Z boo.s on t2e des.. Rr. 5ro4n receives ver1 Z visitors on uesda1. &2e t1!es Z letters ever1 da1. 2ere are Z students in t2e canteen. I 4ant Z coffee" !lease. 2ere is not Z bread at 2ome. 2ere are Z students at t2e lesson. I 2ave Z cigarettes at 2ome.

1. 2. 8. >. ?. @. B. C.

>@

(; Ma@e "/ alternatiAe L"estions 1. e is a worker. 2. 2e1 2ave many friends. 8. !he is a good manager. >. I 2ave much 4or.. ?. "aris is t2e ca!ital of #rance. @. The $ag is under t2e table. +o#ab"lar* Qra4ing room=living room=sitting room camera de zi 5ed room dormitor 5at2 room baie Qining room sufragerie _itc2en bucatarie 5alcon1 balcon Entrance 2all 2ol de intrare M; Bed room M; Dormitor"l bed !at car!et covor 4ardrobe sifonier 4indo4 fereastra curtain !erdea" dra!erie dressing#table masa de toaleta &; DraGing room &; Camera de ?i sofa cana!ea armc2air fotoliu c2air scaun $#set televizor !icture tablou door usa furniture mobila mirror oglinda !iano !ian R; Dining room R; S"fragerie table masa stool taburet lam! lam!a buffet bufet glass#case vitrina

>B

(; Xit#>en oven=coo.er=stove fridge cu!board sin. vacuum#cleaner U; Room 4all floor ceiling blinds '; !ntran#e >all !eg clot2es .e1 4all!a!er V; Bat>room basin 4ater#closet soa! to4el +erbs to o!en to s2ut=close to eat to drin. to sit to 4atc2 to loo. *atto dr1 to 4as2 to dress to ma.e#u! to go to bed to get u! to slee! to coo.

(; B"#atarie aragaz frigider dula! c2iuveta as!irator U; Camera !erete dusumea=!odea tavan %aluzele '; ol"l de intrare cuier imbracaminte c2eie ta!et V;(Camera de)baie c2iuveta closet" AC sa!un !roso! +erbe a desc2ide a inc2ide a manca a bea a sedea a !rivi a !rivi *laa *se- sterge a *se- s!ala a *se- imbraca a *se- mac2ia a merge la culcare a se scula a dormi a gati

>C

to come in to go out=to leave to live to !ut

a intra in a iesi=a !leca a locui=a trai a !une

Te.t% M* Flat
I 2ave a large flat in a ne4 bloc. of flats. 2ere are ten floors in our 2ouse. Uur 2ouse 2as all modern conveniences suc2 as3 central 2eating" electricit1" gas" running 4ater" and a tele!2one. Uur flat is ver1 confortable. 2ere are four rooms in it3 a dining room" a bed room" a bat2 room and a .itc2en. In t2e bed room 4e 2ave a bed near t2e 4indo4 and a 4ardrobe near t2e door. 2ere is a lam! above t2e bed. 2ere is a green car!et on t2e floor. 2e 4alls are 42ite" t2e curtains are 42ite" too and t2e blinds are green. ItOs a nice bedroom. 2e living room is large and lig2t. 2e 4alls in t2is room are 1ello4. 2e ceiling is 42ite and t2e floor is bro4n. 2ere is a sNuare table in t2e middle of t2e room. 2ere is a vase of flo4ers on it. 2ere are t4o arm#c2airs and a standard#lam! in t2e corner. Ae sit do4n in t2e arm# c2airs and 4atc2 $. 2ere is also a !iano in t2e room. R1 sister !la1s t2e !iano ver1 4ell. &2e loves music. o t2e rig2t of t2e !iano t2ere is a 4riting#table. 2ere are some boo.s on it. Uur dining room is a large room. In t2e middle of it t2ere is a big round table and some c2airs. 2e bedroom is not large. 2ere are t4o beds" a nig2t table *commode-" a tele!2one" a 4ardrobe and a mirror. 2e stud1 is large. 2ere is a large 4riting#table in front of t2e 4indo4. 2ere are man1 t2ings in it. 2ere are a sofa and a boo.case in t2e corner. 2e .itc2en is not ver1 large. 2ere is a 4indo4 and on t2e sill I 2ave man1 flo4er !ots. 2ere are a cu!board" a table" some stools" a sin. and a fridge. In t2e .itc2en 4e 2ave brea.fast" dinner and su!!er. I li.e m1 flat ver1 muc2.

>G

Dialog"e
Ted% Qo 1ou 2ave a nice flat" Ho2n[ Yo>n3 Yes" I do. R1 flat is not large but comfortable. Ted% Ho4 man1 rooms do 1ou 2ave" Ho2n[ Yo>n% I 2ave t4o bedrooms" a dining#room" a .itc2en" a bat2room and a living#room. Ted% Qo 1ou eat in t2e living#room[ Yo>n% No" 4e donOt. R1 mot2er coo.s in t2e .itc2en and 4e eat in t2e dining#room. Mar*% Is t2e entrance#2all large[ Yo>n% Aell" not ver1 large. Mar*% Is t2e fridge in t2e dining room or in t2e .itc2en[ Yo>n% 2e fridge and t2e freezer are in t2e .itc2en near t2e 4indo4. Ted% 2an. 1ou.

Better slowl ! "#t s#rel $

Ta@e *o"r time ang get it rig>t;

?0

UNIT U T>e Present Indefinite (Pre?ent sim/l")

2e Vresent Indefinite e)!rima actiuni obisnuite" re!etate nu nea!arat legate de momentul vorbirii" de e).3 S>e is a Aer* good do#torE T>e* li@e to traAel; 'cest ti! de !ro!ozitii include adesea informatia despre anumite capacitati %calitati%. e reads Aer* L"i#@l*; Tom s/ea@s Fren#> fl"entl*. 'ceasta re!etare este indicata !rin adverbele de frecventa si imbinari de cuvinte ca3 often K deseori) alGa*s 19olGei?) olG8?24intotdea"na) mere") Aesni#) "s"all* K de obi#ei) neAer K ni#iodata) rarel* K rar) on#e a Gee@ K odata /e sa/tamana$sa/tamanal) eAer* da* K in fie#are ?i) eAer* *ear K in fie#are an) seldom Krar; E)em!lu3 I neAer drin@ mil@; Eu niciodata nu beau la!teE e goes to t>e t>eatre tGi#e a mont> : El merge la teatru de doua ori !e luna. AdAerbele de tim/ nedefinit si fre#Aenta se asa?a de reg"la intre s"bie#t si /redi#at; & always get u! earl1. 2e1 often forget to brus2 t2eir teet2. 2e1 seldom come to t2e lessons. !.#e/tie% Intre verbul to $e si numele !redicativ3 Helen is always dressed 4ell. *Helen este intotdeauna bine imbracata_at21 is never late for sc2ool. La interogatiA3 Qo 1ou often go to concerts[ *Rergi des la concerte[La negatiA% I donOt always en%o1 2is !la1s. La interogatiA4negatiA3 QonOt 1ou eAer read detective stories[ *Nu citesti niciodata romane !olitiste[U !ro!ozitie englezeasca ne!utand contine doua negatii" in e)em!lul de mai sus never a fost inlocuit cu ever.

?1

2ometimes ( uneori" cateodata are loc variabil in !ro!ozitie3 I sometimes 2ave ne4s from 2im. !ometimes 4e go for a 4al.. &2e sa1s sometimes t2at s2e loves 2im. *Uneori ea s!une ca#l iubeste-. erminatia Vrezentului Indefinit la !ersoana a R4a sing"lar se conduce du!a aceleasi reguli ortografice si fonetice ca si !luralul substantivelor. $erbele terminate in consoana" e, ! sau * !recedate de o vocala *e vorba de litere-" adauga terminatia :s: 2e .no4s" s2e forgets" it c2anges" s2e !la1s. Cele terminate in * !recedat de o consoana formeaza !ersoana a 8#a singular in :ies: o cr*#cries" to fl*#flies" to 2urr*#2urries. Cele trminate in :ss) 4s) #>) 4t#>) s>) 4. Z es% &2e teac2es" He fi)es He 4atc2es" &2e !asses" it 4as2es. $erbele to go si to do 3 es3 s2e goes /gouz0" 2e does /d7z0 erminatia :s sau :es a !ersoanei a 8#a singular se !ronunta :z ( du!a vocale si du!a consoane sonore 3 b, d, g, m, l ,n, v ,, . Vla1s" descriobes" reads" calls" comes" learns" lives" bat2es" sa1s /sez0. - s du!a consoane surde X f, k, p, t, 43 laug2s /la3fs0" coo.s" 2o!es" meets" bat2s. # s du!a consoanele sueratoare ( iz: rises /raiziz0 : se redica" rouges /ru3Miz0 : ru%eaza" c2anges /t`eidMiz0.

?2

AffirmatiAe I .no4 You .no4 He" s2e"*it- .no4s Ae .no4 You .no4 2e1 .no4

InterrogatiAe Qo I .no4[ Qo 1ou .no4[ Qoes 2e"s2e"it .no4[ Qo 4e .no4[ Qo 1ou .no4[ Qo t2e1 .no4[

NegatiAe I donOt .no4 You donOt .no4 He" s2e" it doesnOt .no4 Ae donOt .no4 You donOt .no4 2e1 donOt .no4

InterogatiA"l Pre?ent"l"i Nedefinit se formeaza e)clusiv cu a%utorul au)iliarului do urmat de infinitivul scurt al verbului de con%ugat. Ca au)iliar verbul to do isi !ierde total sensul de a face3 Qo 1ou .no4 me[ Qoes 2e .no4 Englis2[ Qoes s2e .no4 2o4 to coo.[ *&e !rice!e sa gateasca[$erbul to do" cu sensul de a face" se con%uga cu el insusi ca au)iliar !entru a forma interogativul3 A2at do 1ou do[ *Ce faci[A2at does 2e do[ *Ce face el[Ho4 do 1ou do[ *formula de salut-. A2ere do 1ou 4or.[ *Unde lucrezi[A2en do 1ou go 2ome[ *Cand mergi acasa[5aca intrebarea este adresata subiectului propozitiei, atunci verbul au6iliar nu se intrebuinteaza: A2o 4or.s in t2e garden[ *Cine lucreaza in gradina[Cand in calitate de !redicat se foloseste verbul to be) formele interogativa si negativa nu include au)iliarul do% He is a farmer. He is not a farmer. #s 2e a farmer[

?8

T>e Da*s of t>e 7ee@ (Nilele sa/tamanii) Monda* T"esda* 7ednesda* T>"rsda* Frida* Sat"rda* S"nda* /m7 ndei0 /t%u3zdei0 /4enzdei0 /LM3zdei0 /fraidei0 /sIt9dei0 /s7ndei0 luni marti miercuri %oi vineri sambata duminica

Qenumirile zilelor sa!tamanii !rovin din tim!urile vec2ilor credinte" cand fiecare zi era consacrata unui zeu sau unui eveniment sacru. Monda* : !rovine din anglosa)onul da* of t>e moon" adica zeul lunii. T"esda* : !rovine de la Ti") fiul aeului Odin. 7ednesda* : !rovine de la Odin" numit in engleza Odin sau 7oden; T>"rsda* : aeul T>or era venerat %oia. Frida* : !rovine de la Neita Frei sau Frigg; Sat"rda* : !rovine de la Sat"rn; S"nda* : !rovine de la anglosa)onul da* of t>e S"n" adica aiua &oarelui. In limba engle?a ?ilele sa/tamanii se s#ri" #" litera mare; Pentr" a s/"ne% 0in ziua de% luni sau 0in ziua de% marti, se foloseste /arti#"la on) de e.;% on Monda*) on T"esda*; !./resii in legat"ra #" ?ilele sa/tamanii% (on) Monda* : luni last T>"rsda* # %oia trecuta ne.t S"nda* : duminica viitoare on Frida*s : vinerea" vinerile (on) 7ednesda* morning : miercuri de dimineata on Sat"rda* afternoon : intr#o du!a ameaza de sambata T>e Meals of t>e Da* Mesele ?ilei% Brea@fast

micul de%un

?>

L"n#> l"n#>eon tea dinner

1. masa de !ranz 2. gustarea de !ranz de%un ceaiul *de du!a#ameaza1. Rasa *!rinci!ala a zilei2. masa de seara 8. dineu 1. cina 2. su!eu

s"//er

In mod obisn"it) mesele ?ilei n" se arti#"lea?a% Ae 2ave dinner at 2 oOcloc. in t2e afternoon. A2at time is brea.fast[ &u!!er is a lig2t meal. Cina este o masa usoara. T>e Mont>s of t>e 3ear; (L"nile an"l"i) Yan"ar* /JdMIn%u9ri0 Y"l* /dMulai0 Febr"ar* /Jfebru9ri0 A"g"st /Jo3g9st0 Mar#> /ma3t0 Se/tember /se!Otemb90 A/ril /Jei!rl0 O#tober /o.Otoub90 Ma* /mei0 NoAember /nouOvemb90 Y"ne /dMu3n0 De#ember /diOsemb90 2e 1st of Hanuar1 sau Hanuar1 t2e 1st 2e Ct2 of Rarc2 sau Rarc2 t2e Ct2

!.er#ises%
M; Ma@e senten#es%

??

gets u! He &2e 4as2es goes to sc2ool 4atc2es $ !la1s in t2e !ar. goes to bed

in

t2e mornig. t2e afternoon. t2e evening. noon. nig2t. eig2t oOcloc.. Ronda1. 2ursda1. &unda1.

at

on

&; M;

2. 8. >. ?. @. B.

P"t in on, at or in% Nic. goes to t2e universit1 onZin t2e morning. He 2as lunc2 atZ noon. He does 2is 2ome4or. inZ t2e afternoon. &2e 2as Englis2 onZ Ronda1 and (rida1. He 2as dinner atZ seven oOcloc.. He goes for a 4al. onZ &unda1. He goes to bed atZ nig2t.

R; O/en t>e bra#@ets "sing t>e Aerbs in t>e #orre#t form; (Des#>ideti /arante?ele si folositi Aerb"l res/e#tiA la forma #ore#ta); 1. Ae *stud1- ver1 muc2. 2. &2e *s!ea.- Englis2 ver1 4ell. 8. 2e1 *4or.- 2ard. >. He *read- man1 boo.s. ?. Veter *4al.- ver1 fast. @. 2is !en *4rite- 4ell. B. He *li.e- coffee. C. &2e *drin.- tea. G. Ae *get u!- at @ oOcloc.. 10. He *4atc2- $ in t2e evening. (; C>ange t>ese senten#es; Model% He o!ens t2e 4indo4 in t2e morning. *al4a1sHe al4a1s o!ens t2e 4indo4 in t2e morning.

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1. 2. 8. >. ?. @. B. C.
U;

I 2ave coffee in t2e morning. *oftenVeter 2as tea in t2e morning.*usuall1&2e 4atc2es $ in t2e afternoon. *neverR1 friend and I !la1 c2ess on &unda1. *sometimesHe goes to t2e cinema on &aturda1. *often&2e listens to t2e music in t2e evening. *seldomHe runs in t2e !ar. ever1 morning. *usuall1Rot2er cleans t2e rooms ever1 &aturda1. *al4a1s-

Trasform t>ese senten#es; CiAe s>ort ansGers to t>e L"estions; (Transformati a#este /ro/o?itiile; Dati ras/"ns"ri s#"rte la intrebari;) Model% He often 4atc2es $ on (rida1. ;Qoes 2e often 4atc2 $ on (rida1[< ;Yes" 2e does.< 1. I al4a1s 2ave dinner at 2ome. 2. Ae usuall1 !la1 c2ess in t2e morning. 8. &2e sometimes 2as dinner at seven oOcloc. in t2e evening. >. 2e1 seldom 4rite letters to 2er mot2er on (rida1. ?. He often 2as Englis2 class on uesda1. @. &2e usuall1 2as lunc2 on &unda1. B. R1 sister goes to college ever1 da1. C. Uur fat2er 4as2es 2is car ever1 4ee..

'; Transform t>ese senten#es into negatiAe; Model3 Nic. does 2is 2ome4or. ever1 4ee.. Nic. doesnOt do 2is 2ome4or. ever1 4ee.. 1. 2. 8. >. ?. @. B. C. R1 brot2er 4or.s ver1 muc2. I usuall1 get u! at @ oOcloc. in t2e morning. om often reads boo.s in t2e evening. Ae sometimes go for a 4al. at 4ee.ends. He is bus1 all da1. Her grand!arents live in t2e countr1. He meets me ever1 da1. You li.e (renc2 ver1 muc2.

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V; 1. 2. 8.

P"t in t>e interrogatiAe% He goes to 4or. ever1 da1. *42o" 42ere" 42en" 42at&2e 2as t4o brot2ers and t2ree sisters. *42o" 42at" 2o4 man1R1 !arents live in a small to4n near Varis.*42o" 42at" 42ere" 42at .ind of>. 2e1 2ave a t2ree#room flat in a ne4 2ouse in t2e centre of Wondon. *42o" 42at" 2o4 man1" 42at .ind of" 42ere?. He comes to t2e factor1 at eig2t oOcloc. in t2e morning. *42o" 42at" 42ere" 42enS;

1. 2. 8. >. ?. @. B. C.

Com/lete t>ese senten#es Git> res/e#tiAe arti#les; (Com/letati gol"rile din "rmatoarele /ro/o?itii #" arti#ol"l res/e#tiA) He is aZ student. 2e1 stud1 at t2eZ Universit1. Ae live in aZ good flat. Ae 2ave Z t4o#room flat in Z ne4 bloc. of flats. Uur flat is on t2eZ nint2 floor. He 4or.s in a.. big com!an1. 2ere are man1 t2ings in t2eir flat. t2eZ t2ings are good. 2ere is aZ nice !icture on t2eZ 4all.

[; Translate into !nglis> 1.In Aas2ington sunt multi studenti. t2ere are a lot of studets in Aas2ington. 2. Ei isi fac studiile in universitati si colegii. 2e1 stud1 at universities and coledgies 8. &tudentii universitatilor lucreaza intens. >. Ei citesc multe carti. ?. Quminica !arintii nu lucreaza. @. Co!iii nu merg la scoala. B. Quminica noi ne !limbam in !arc. C. (eciorului meu ii !lace sa se !limbe cu mine. G. Qumneata faci studii la Universitate[ 10. Cine va !reda limba engleza[ 11. Unde locuieste d#l &mit2[ 12. El nu locuieste in C2isinau" el locuieste in Wondra. 12. El este managerul unei mari com!anii. +o#ab"lar* to 4al. /4o3.0 4ee. /4i3.0 to receive /riOsi3v0 to sta1 /stei0 a merge *!e %ossa!tamana a !rimi *in vizitaa sta" a ramane

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to 4ant /4ont0 to stud1 /st7di0 onl1 /ounli0 to rest /rest0 1oung /%7F0 to go /gou0 bo1 /boi0 girl /gM3l0 factor1 /fI.tori0 to listen /lisn0 to to /tu30 *!re!.to discuss /dis.7s0 to return /ritM3n0 2ard /2a3d0 after /a3ft90 Nuestions /.4estnz0 to read /ri3d0 2ome /2oum0 ne4s!a!er /n%u3s!ei!!0 universit1 /%u3nivM3siti0

a dori" a vrea a studia numai a se odi2ni tanar*aa merge" a !leca" a se duce bait fata fabrica a asculta la" s!re" catre a discuta a se intoarce intens du!a intrebari a citi acasa ziar universitate

Te.t% Rob FelloGs

Tob (ello4s 4or.s in a com!an1. He lives near t2e com!an1. He usuall1 4al.s t2ere. He onl1 4or.s five da1s a 4ee.. He 4or.s on Ronda1" uesda1" Aednesda1" 2ursda1" and (rida1. He doesnOt 4or. on &aturda1 and &unda1. He often receives visitors from factories in t2e afternoon. 2e1 discuss a lot of Nuestions 4it2 2im. He usuall1 finis2es 4or. at si) oOcloc. in t2e evening. Tob learns (renc2. He 4or.s 2ard at 2is (renc2. He sometimes sta1s in t2e office after 4or. for 2is (renc2 lessons. 'fter classes 2e returns 2ome. Rr. (ello4s 2as a famil1. His famil1 is not large. He 2as a 4ife and t4o c2ildren" a bo1 and a girl. 2e bo1 goes to sc2ool. 2e girl doesnOt go to sc2ool. &2e is ver1 1oung. &2e is onl1 t2ree. &2e goes to a nurser1. His 4ife is a student at t2e Universit1. &2e 4ants to be a doctor. &2e 4or.s ver1 2ard ever1 da1.
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Un &aturda1 4e clean t2e 2ouse and coo. brea.fast" lunc2 and dinner for our famil1. Un &unda1s 4e rest from 4or.. Ae 4al. in t2e !ar. 4it2 our c2ildren. 2e1 !la1 and 4e read some ne4s!a!ers. Ae go 2ome at B oOcloc.. 2e c2ildren go to bed at G oOcloc." but 4e donOt. Ae 4atc2 $ and listen to t2e radio.

Its hard, but its worth trying.

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UNIT ' T>e form of t>e PossessiAe$CenitiAe Case (#a?"l /osesiA$genitiA"l in 9s)
T>e de#lension of no"ns (De#linarea s"bstantiAelor) NominatiA (t>e$a) CenitiA (of t>e$a) s DatiA (to t>e$a) A#"?atiA (t>e$a) +o#atiA (4) .he !aiter 4ears 42ite gloves. *'helnerul !oarta manusi albe2e gloves of the !aiter are 42ite.=.he !aiters gloves are 42ite. *Ranusele chelnerului sunt albeQonOt forget to give a ti! to the !aiter; *Nu uita sa#i dai chelnerului un bacsisWetOs call the !aiter. *&a c2emam chelnerul7aiter\ 2e bill" !lease. *C2elner] Nota" te rog-

T>e CenitiAe Case

CenitiA"l in limba engleza se e)!rima cu !re!ozitia <of= !entru lucruri si cu <s=) numai cu a!ostrof in general !entru !ersoane si alte fiinte3 2e bo*:s name : numele baiatului Tom:s fat2er : tatal lui om. Wa !lural" a!ostroful se asaza du!a s% 2e bo*s: boo.s : cartile baietilor. Qaca !luralul substanivelor *neregulate- nu se termina in s" se adauga 9s% 2e men:s club : clubul barbatilor 2e #>ildren:s !arents : !arintii co!iilor. Mi@e and Mar*:s c2ildren. *Co!iii amandurora.Tom) Bill and Yane:s !arents. *Varintii comuni ai celor trei co!ii.In cazul acesta 9s se aseaza numai du!a ultimul substantiv la genetiv. !lena:s and Yerr*:s !arents. *Varintii fiecaruia in !arte-. In cazul acesta 9s se asaza du!a fiecare substantiv la genetiv.
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CenitiA"l sinteti#se foloseste de asemenea% *t2e- ba.erOs *s2o!- : brutarie butc2erOs : macelarie floristOs : florarie grocerOs : bacanie greengrocerOs : zarzavagerie tobacconistOs # tutungerie doctorOs" dentistOs *officemot2erOs *2ouse- WetOs go to mot2erOs tonig2t. Pentr" a e./rima distanta) d"rata si gre"tatea% ' mileOs 4al. : cale de o mila !e %os. ' t4o 2oursO %ourne1 : o calatorie de 2 ore. ' t2ree !oundsO ca.e : un tort de trei lire. ' 8 !ound ca.e *'m.v.C" adAerbe) #a% toda*) *esterda*) tonig>t) sa" #" s"bstantiAe #e e./rima tim/"l) s/ati"l sa" gre"tatea - 1esterda1Os ne4s!a!er *ziarul de ieri- tonig2tOs !rogramme *!ro!ramul din aceasta seara- a mont2Os 2olida1 : *o vacanta de o luna.CenetiA"l analiti# <of= &e foloseste3 - #" s"bstantiAe #om"ne% t2e colour of t2e s.1 : culoarea cerului t2e aut2or of t2e boo.# autorul cartii t2e difficult1 of t2e !roblem# dificultatea !roblemei. - #" den"miri geografi#e% t2e cit1 of Wondon : orasul Wondra.

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Personal Prono"ns (Pron"mele /ersonale) I You He &2e It Ae You 2e1

Pron"mele PosesiAe *Pron"mele /osesiAe) De/endente m1 1our 2is 2er its our 1our t2eir Inde/endente mine 1ours 2is 2ers its ours 1ours t2eirs

2is is m* boo.; Mine is on t2e des.. 2is is >is car. 2at is >ers; T>e /la#e of dire#t and indire#t ob5e#t in t>e senten#e; (Lo#"l #om/lement"l"i dire#t si indire#t in /ro/o?itie)% In limba engleza com!lementul indirect" de obicei" !receda !e cel direct3 He gives her man1 materials. El i#a dat ei multe materiale. Qaca com!lementul direct il !receda oe cel indirect" atunci ultimul este !recedat de !re!ozitia ;to<" devenind com!lement !re!ozitional3 He gives man1 materials to her. El ii da ei multe materiale. Dis5"n#tiAe Q"estions (Intrebari dis5"n#tiAe)
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&e traduce in limba romana !rin <n"4i asaT= sau <N"T= sau <Asa4 iT= Qu!a o !ro!ozitie afirmativa" intrebarea dis%unctiva are forma interogatiA4negatiAa% (red is a student" isnOt 2e[ Rr. &mit2 2as got a car" 2asnOt 2e[

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Qu!a o !ro!ozitie negativa" intrebarea dis%unctiva are forma interogatiAa sim/la% He is not a student" is 2e[ &2e canOt s!ea. Englis2" can s2e[ # In intrebarile dis%unctive se folosesc !ronumele !ersonale si" de regula" formele !rescurtate ale verbelor.
-

Intrebarile dis%unctive la !ro!ozitiile continand t>ere is (t>ere:s)) t>ere are) t>ere is not (t>ere isn:t) t>ere:s not)) t>ere are not (t>ere aren:t) sunt3 2ere are some flo4ers in t2e garden" arenOt t2ere[ 2ere isnOt muc2 time left" is t2ere[ *n#a mai ramas mult tim!" nu#i asa[Intrebarile dis%unctive la !ro!ozitiile continand Pre?ent"l Nedefinit se formeaza du!a regulile cunoscute" cu !recizarea ca verbul notional nu a!are in asemenea intrebari ci este inlocuit cu do) does) don:t) doesn:t% You .no4 me" donOt 1ou[ You donOt .no4 me" do 1ou[ &2e goes to bed earl1" doesnOt s2e[ &2e doesnOt go to bed late" does s2e[ T>e Ad5e#tiAe (Ad5e#tiA"l) In limba engleza ad(ectivele au o singura forma" indeferent de gen sau numar. Ele se asaza de regula inaintea substantivului3 ' 1oung 4oman ' ne4 flat ' 2andsome man )d(ectivele derivate din nume !ro!rii se sriu cu initiala ma%uscula3 Tomanian Englis2 (renc2

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!.er#ises%
M;

1. 2. 8. >. ?. @. B. C.

Model% 2e teac2er 2as a good boo.. T>e tea#>er:s boo. is good Rr. Tobinson 2as a ne4 car. 2e bo1 2as an old com!uter. 2e !u!il 2as a clean noteboo.. Uur at2er 2as a 42ite s2irt. 2e 4oman 2as a ne4 dress. R1 sister 2as a ne4 bag. 2e man 2as a blue uniform. His brot2er 2as a dirt1 suit.

&; P"t in t>e /l"ral% Rodel3 T>e st"dent:s com!osition is interesting. T>e st"dents: com!ositions are interesting. 1. 2e girlOs blouse is beautiful. 2. 2e bo1Os s2irt is 42ite. 8. 2e teac2erOs !en is blac.. >. 2e doctorOs room is clean. ?. 2e girlOs 2air is nice. @. 2e studentOs !roblem is difficult. R; Com/lete t>e senten#es Git> /ossessiAe /rono"ns; (Com/letati /ro/o?itiile de mai 5os #" /ron"mele /osesiAe res/e#tiAe% 1. &1lvia lives in Wondon 4it2 2erZ !arents. 2. Your !i!e is in Z !lace. 8. Heff and om are at t2e cinema 4it2 Z sister. >. Z brot2erOs teac2er is a man" but Zis a 4oman. Is t2at coat Z[ ;Yes" it is Z .< ?. Z mot2er is at 2ome. A2ere is Z[ @. Ae 2ave a ne4 $ set in Z bedroom. B. Ri.e and Z 4ife are at t2e t2eatre. C. QonOt s2o4 me Z re!ort" s2o4 me Z. . G. Ho4 old is Z fat2er[ 10. Uur 2ouse is ne4" but Z is old.
(;

C>ange t>e /la#es of dire#t and indire#t ob5e#ts; (S#>imbati #" lo#"rile #om/lementele dire#t si indire#t)%

1. He lends me 2is !en. 2. He sends t2e letter to 2er. 8. 2e1 s2o4 us

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t2eir ne4 car. >. &2e brings me a cu! of coffee. ?. He demonstrates 2is !ro%ect to t2em. Read t>ese dis5"n#tiAe L"estions and ansGer t>em; 1. Veter goes to t2e cinema" doesnOt 2e[ 2. Ho2n 2as some friends at sc2ool" 2asnOt 2e[ 8. Your friendOs famil1 isnOt large" is it[ >. 2ere are ten students in t2e classroom" arenOt t2ere[ ?. 2ere arenOt an1 !ictures on t2e 4alls" are t2ere[ @. You al4a1s listen to t2e radio in t2e evening" donOt 1ou[ B. He o!ens t2e 4indo4 ever1 da1" doesnOt 2e[ C. His brot2ers donOt !la1 c2ess ever1 4ee.end" do t2e1[ G. He 2as coffee in t2e morning" 2asnOt 2e[ 10. 2e1 can s!ea. Englis2 ver1 4ell" canOt t2e1[
U;

'; Com/letati s/atiile goale #" #ores/ondent"l romanes# al l"i <n"4i asaT= 1. ItOs a tast1 ca.e" Z Z[ 2. &all1 is 1our sister" Z Z[ 8. Rr. and Rrs.Wee are 1our !arents" Z Z [ >. It isnOt late" Z Z[ ?. You 2ave got a car" Z Z [ @. You arenOt ver1 bus1" Z Z [ B. 2ere is an Englis2 ne4s!a!er on t2e des." Z Z [ C. &2e canOt 4or." Z Z [ G. &2e 4atc2es $" Z Z [ 10. He isnOt 2a!!1" Z Z [ V; Translate into !nglis>; 1. u ai multe greseli" nu#i asa[. 2. '!artamentul !rietenului meu este foarte confortabil. 8. Eu nu !ot sa merg la !etrecere in seara aceasta. >. Ei trebuie sa traduca acest te)t. ?. i#ai cum!arat carti noi" nu#i asa[ @. Noi cum!aram !aine de la bacanie. B. 'ceasta este cartea mea" da aceea a ta. C. Vot sa desc2id fereastra[ G. Culoare cerului. 10. Vrofesoarea de !ian a lui om. 11. Wectia !rofesorului. 12. Rarca acestui automobil. 18. Vrimele ca!itole ale romanului. 1>. Usa camerii lui 5ill si Hane. 1?. Noua !rietena a Wizei. 1@. Numele strazii noastre. 1B. Numarul casei lor.

+o#ab"lar*
ca!ital old cit1 2uge ca!itala vec2i oras *mareurias" imens
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bridge across river narro4 !avements financial sig2ts bell to 4eig2 residence Nueen cars buses tube *underground=sub4a1 *'m.vnice

!od !este rau ingust trotuar" !ava% financiar !unct turistic de atractie clo!ot a cantari residenta regina automobile autobuse metrou frumos

T!OT% LONDON
Wondon is t2e ca!ital of Sreat 5ritain. It is a ver1 old cit1. It is t4o t2ousand 1ears old. Wondon is not onl1 t2e ca!ital of t2e countr1" it is a 2uge !ort. Wondon is situated on bot2 ban.s of t2e 2ames. 2ere are 1B bridges across t2e river. 2e !o!ulation of Wondon is about G million !eo!le. Wondon 2as t2ree !arts3 t2e Cit1 of Wondon" t2e Aest End" t2e East End. 2e Cit1 of Wondon is t2e oldest !art of Wondon. You can see narro4 streets and !avements t2ere. 2ere are man1 offices" firms and ban.s in t2is !art of Wondon. 2e Cit1 of Wondon is t2e financial centre of t2e United _ingdom. 2e Aest End is t2e centre of Wondon. 2ere are man1 sig2ts in t2e Aest End. 2e1 are" for e)am!le" t2e Houses of Varliament 4it2 5ig 5en 42ic2 is t2e biggest cloc. bell in 5ritain. It 4eig2s 18.? tons. 2e official Wondon residence of t2e bueen is 5uc.ing2am Valace. 2ere are man1 museums" libraries and galleries in Wondon. 2ere are man1 cars and buses. 2ere is a tube *an underground- in Wondon" too. It is a nice one.
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UNIT V T>e Present Parti#i/le (Parti#i/i"l /re?ent)

2e Vresent Vartici!le" in general" are un sens activ" e)3 I see 2im !ainting. F"n#tii% M; Im/re"na #" Aerb"l a".iliar <to be=) formea?a as/e#t"l #ontin"" la diferite tim/"ri; &; Are o Aaloare ad5e#tiAala) determinand "n s"bstantiA; Poate fi folosit atat atrib"tiA (e.;% an interesting stor* 3 o poveste interesanta%, #at si /redi#atiA 0e6.:.he stor* is interesting 3 7ovestea este interesanta.% 2e Vresent Vartici!le se formeaza cu a%utorul sufi)ului :ing" care se ataseaza la infinitivul verbului fara !artica ;to<3 to read K reading" to sta1 4 sta*ing" to ta.e :ta@ing) to get K getting;

T>e Present Contin"o"s Tense (Pre?ent"l #ontin"")

2e Vresent Continuous se formeaza cu a%utorul verbului au)iliar ;to be< la Vresentul &im!lu si Vartici!iul I al verbului de con%ugat. AffirmatiAe I am *IOm- reading a boo. You are *YouOre- reading a boo. He is *HeOs- reading a boo. &2e is *&2eOs- reading a boo. Ae are *AeOre- reading a boo. You are *YouOre- reading a boo. 2e1 are * 2e1Ore- reading a boo.

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InterrogatiAe 'm I reading [ 're 1ou reading a boo. [ Is 2e reading a boo. [ Is s2e reading a boo. [ 're 4e reading a boo. [ 're 1ou reading a boo. [ 're t2e1 reading a boo. [ NegatiAe I am not *IOm- not reading a boo. You are not *arenOt- reading a boo. He is not *isnOt- reading a boo. &2e is not *isnOt- reading a boo. Ae are not *arenOt- reading a boo. You are not *arenOt- reading a boo. 2e1 are not *arenOt- reading a boo. T>e Present Contin"o"s e./rima% a); K o a#ti"ne) #are se /etre#e in moment"l Aorbirii% E).3 Woo.] ItOs raining. *Vriveste] Vlouab); K o a#ti"ne) #are are lo# /entr" o /erioada limitata de tim/ in /re?ent% E).3 A2at are 1ou reading t2ese da1s[ IOm ta.ing driving lessons. *Iau lectii de conducere auto#) 4 /oate aAea o Aaloare de Aiitor) e./rimand o a#ti"ne #e Aa aAea lo# #onform "n"i /rogram stabilit inainte) si an"me Aerbele) #are e./rima miscarea, ca to go, to come, to leave denota o a#ti"ne #are se Aa efe#t"a in Aiitor"l a/ro/iat% !.;% e is #oming tomorroG; (!l Aine miine)

Unele Aerbe nu se /ot folosi la forma #ontin"a% - verbe care e)!rima o a#tiAitate mintala 0kno!, remember, believe, mean, understand, forget, doubt &daut', agree, appreciate, e6pect, assume, feel 03think%, realize, recognize%

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verbe care e)!rima sentimente sa" stari s"fletesti 0love, regret, prefer, !ant, like, to etc.% verbe care e)!rima o /er#e/tie sen?oriala 0see, hear, smell etc% verbe care e)!rima posesia 0have, belong 0to% ( a apartine, to o!na poseda, cat si Aerb"l /to be$% ver$e modale 0#an) m"st) ma* )

T>e AdAerb (AdAerb"l)

'dverbul !oate determina un verb (&2e sings $eautifully-" un ad%ectiv *&2e 2as an e*tremely beautiful voice- sau un alt adverb *very late-. Rodul de formare Ra%oritatea adAerbelor de mod se formeaza !rin adaugarea sufu)ului Kl* la un ad%ectiv. E).3 'd%ectiv 'dverb Useful usefull1 Eas1 easil1 rue trul1 &lo4 slo4l1 (ull full1 'd%ectivele terminate in Ki# !rimesc terminatia Kall* (antastic fantasticall* Qi!lomatic di!lomaticall* Unele adverbe au aceeasi forma cu ad%ectivele cores!unzatoare3 (riendl1 friendl1 Earl1 earl1 Wovel1 lovel1 (ast fast Wate late Hard 2ard Unl1 *singur"uniconl1 *numai" doarTi/"ri de adAerbe%
M;

AdAerbe de tim/ si fre#Aenta3 Yesturda1 *ieri-" toda1 *astazi-" tomorro4 *maine-" soon*curand-" often *deseori-" al4a1s *intotdeauna-" no4 *acumB0

&2e comes today *$ine astazi- Ae often 2ave dinner at 2ome. *Noi deseori luam !ranzul acasa&; AdAerbe de mod% &lo4l1 *lent-" bravel1 *cu cura%-" angril1 *su!arat- He is 4or.ing slowly. - &2e re!lies angrily. *Ea ras!unde !e un ton su!arat-

R; AdAerbe de lo#% Here *aici-" t2ere *acolo-" near *a!roa!e-" belo4 *dedesubt-" do4n *%os-" u! *sus- etc. 2e1 sto! here. *Ei sau o!rit aici(; AdAerbe #are indi#a grad"l% 'bsolutel1=com!letel1 *com!let-" incredibl1 *incredibil !erfectl1 *!erfect-" sim!l1 *!ur si sim!lu-" ver1 *foarte- etc. ItOs incredi$ly boring *E incredibil de !licticosI a$solutely agree *sunt com!let de acord-. de-"

Po?itia adAerbelor in /ro/o?itie Cand in !ro!ozitie e)ista mai multe adverbe" ordinea este3 MOD LOC TIMP E).3 He arrives safel* in 8ashington toda*; *1*2*8*'%unge in siguranta la Aas2ington astazi1 2 8 Nota3 Unele verbe ca become9 turn9keep9remain9sta*9, look, seem, taste, smell sunt urmate de ad%ective si nu adverbe *E)3 It smells good X Riroase bine-" He loo.s happy *Vare fericit-" He 4as born rich. *&#a nascut bogat-.

!.er#ises%
M; Ma@e senten#es negatiAe and interrogatiAe% Model% 2e1 are reading no4. 2e1 arenOt reading no4. 're t2e1 reading no4[ 1. 2e sun is s2ining.
B1

2. 2e men and t2e 4omen are standing. 8. 2e students are drin.ing cu!s of tea. >. 2e dog is slee!ing. ?. You are !la1ing football. @. I am sta1ing at t2at 2otel. B. &2e is loo.ing for 2er. C. Ae are loo.ing after t2e c2ildren. G. He is smo.ing a cigarette. 10. 2e birds are fl1ing over t2e sea. &; AnsGer t>ese L"estions "sing t>e model% Is om reading a boo.[ *4atc2 $No" 2e isnOt. HeOs 4atc2ing $. 1.Is s2e o!ening t2e 4indo4[ *to close t2e 4indo4-. 2. Is Hane as.ing Nuestions[ *to ans4er Nuestions-. 8. Is 2e reading te)t 2[ *to read te)t 8-. >. 're t2e1 !la1ing c2ess[ *to 4atc2 $-. ?. Is 5ill s2o4ing 2is ne4 !ro%ect to Veter[ *to s2o4 it to Nic.-. @. 're t2e1 listening to music [ *to listen to t2e latest ne4s-. R; Use t>e /resent #ontin"o"s instead of t>e infinitiAes in bra#@ets; 1. Rar1 *to arrive- 2ome no4. 2. Woo." t2e sun *to rise-. It *to rain-[ Yes" it *to rain- ver1 2ard. 8. 2e delegation *to leave- Roldova tomorro4. >. Veter *to smo.e- a cigarette. ?. A21 1ou *to s!ea.- so fast. @. 2e1 *not to 4or.-" t2e1 *to 4atc2- $. B. 2e 4eat2er is fine. 2e sun *to s2ine- and t2e birds *to sing-. C. I canOt 2ear 42at t2e1 *to tal.- about. G. &2e *not to 4or.-" s2e *s4im- in t2e river. 10.A21 'nn *not to 4ear- 2er ne4 dress[ 11.A2at om *to do- no4[ He *to clean- 2is s2oes. 11. He *to teac2- 2is bo1 to ride.

B2

(; P"t t>e Aerbs in bra#@ets into t>e sim/le /resent or /resent #ontin"o"s; 1. Ae *to stud1- at universit1. Ae *to stud1- Englis2 and (renc2 t2ere. No4 4e *to be- in t2e classroom" 4e *to read- an Englis2 te)t. Ae *not ma.e- mista.es. 2. Ae *to s!ea.- Tomanian at 2ome" but 4e *to s!ea.- Englis2 at t2e universit1. 8. You *to s!ea.- Tomanian no4[ Ae *to s!ea.- Englis2 because 4e *to be- at t2e Englis2 lesson. >. He *to go- to t2e universit1 in t2e evening. A2ere 2e *to gono4[ He al4a1s *to go- to t2e office at G. U; Form adAerbs from t>ese ad5e#tiAes and translate t>em% Uccasional" real" bad" fruitful" 2a!!1" useful" 2el!ful" beautiful" brig2t" slo4" nice. '; Com/lete t>e senten#es; C>oose from% 1. (at2er is tall. He isnOt Z 2. R1 friend Nic. is t2in. He isnOt Z 8. Uur office is clean. It isnOt Z >. Ae get u! earl1. Ae donOt get u! Z ?. I li.e m1 ne4 dress. I donOt li.e m1 Z dress. @. (eli) is a 42ite cat. It isnOt Z B. 2e 4indo4 of t2e classroom is o!en. It isnOt Z C. om is a good student. He isnOt Z G. Srandmot2er is old. &2e isnOt 10. 2e grass is 4et in t2e rain. It isnOt Z fat s2ort old dirt1 late bad blac. 1oung s2ut dr1

V; P"t t>e adAerbs of time in t>e rig>t /la#e% 1. I go to bed late *never-. 2. Ae 2avenOt Englis2 lessons *ever1 da1-. 8. WetOs go to t2e t2eatre *tonig2t-. >. Qo 1ou smo.e *ever-[ ?. IOm going to mot2erOs *ne)t &unda1-. @. Ae see eac2 ot2er *ver1 often-. B. Ae go for a 4al. *sometimes-. C. I get u! earl1 *al4a1s-. G. 2e1 comb and brus2 t2eir 2air *seldom-. 10. He can tell lies *never-. 11. You can tell *never-. *Nu se stie nici odata-.

B8

S; Translate into !nglis> M; Cand te duci la culcare[ 2. Ce asculti[ 8. Unde luati !ranzul[ >. Ei va viziteaza des[ ?. Unde va !etreci vacanta de vara[ @. Ea culege flori. B. 'ceasta floare miroase frumos. C. El e !rietenul tau" nu#i asa [ G. Imi !lace !ainea foarte mult. # 10. &i !arintelor mei. 11. rebuie sa !leci" nu#i asa[ 12. Umul acela este fratele cumnatei mele.

Te.t% At t>e !nglis> lesson

2e students are in a classroom. 2e classroom is a big room. 2e1 are in t2e Englis2 class. 2e1 are 2aving an Englis2 lesson. 2e1 are sitting on c2airs in front of t2eir des.s. 2e teac2er is standing at t2e blac.board. &2e is s!ea.ing to t2e students and s2e is 4riting t2e ne4 Englis2 4ords on t2e blac.board. 2e students are 4riting t2em in t2eir noteboo.s. 2e1 are also re!eating t2e ne4 4ords. 2e students are loo.ing at t2eir teac2er and t2e1 are listening to 42at s2e is telling t2em. &2e 2as a !leasant voice. &2e is teac2ing t2em man1 ne4 4ords and grammar rules. 2e students are ma.ing good !rogress in Englis2 and sa1 t2at learning Englis2 is a great !leasure for t2em. 2e1 usuall1 do all t2eir e)ercises and all t2eir 2ome4or.. 2e1 al4a1s sa1 t2at t2e1 2ave too muc2 to do. 2e students li.e to learn Englis2 and t2e1 sa1 t2at Englis2 is not difficult. 2e1 4or. 2ard and t2e1 learn man1 ne4 Englis2 4ords in ever1 ne4 lesson. 2e1 2ave a lot of 4or. to do at 2ome for t2eir Englis2 lessons. 2e1 are 2ard#4or.ing students and t2eir teac2er li.es t2em.

B>

If you want to attain something, you have to fight like a lion.

B?

UNIT S T>e Past Sim/le (Tre#"t"l Sim/l")

$erbele limbii engleze la recutul &im!lu se im!art in doua gru!e3 regulate si neregulate. Rare ma%oritate a verbelor din limba engleza formeaza recutul adaugand terminatia :ed%
a-

erminatia :ed se !ronunta d; o o!en : o!ened /ou!nd0 o !la1 : !la1ed /!leid0 erminatia :ed se !ronunta t; o loo. : loo.ed /lu.t0 o as. : as.ed /a3s.t0 erminatia :ed se !ronunta id; o 4ant : 4anted /4ontid0 o need : needed /ni3did0 $erbele terminate in e adauga numai Kd% o live : lived /livd0 o love : loved /l7vd0 $erbele terminate in * !recedat de o vocala adauga :ed% o !la1 :!la1ed /!leid0 o sta1 : sta1ed /steid0

b)

#)

d)

e)

Nota3 E)ista numai trei e.#e/tii% o sa1 : a s!une" a zice # said /sed0 o !a1 # a !lati # !aid /!eid0 o la1 : a !une" a aseza : laid /leid0 f) Cele terminate in * !recedat de o consoana sc2imba * in i si adauga Ked%

B@

o tr1 : tried /traid0 o cr1 : cried /.raid0 5) $erbele monosilabice terminate intr#o singura consoana !recedata de o singura vocala dubleaza consoana finala inaintea terminatiei : ed% to sto! : sto!!ed /sto!t0 to !lan : !lanned /!lInd0 AffitmatiAe I !la1ed tennis You !la1ed tennis He"s2e *it- !la1ed tennis You !la1ed tennis Ae !la1ed tennis 2e1 !la1ed tennis InterrogatiAe Qid I !la1 tennis [ Qid 1ou !la1 tennis [ Qid 2e" s2e"*it- !la1 tennis[ Qid 1ou !la1 tennis [ Qid 4e !la1 tennis [ Qid t2e1 !la1 tennis [

NegatiAe I did not *didnOt- !la1 tennis You did not *didnOt- !la1 tennis He" s2e" *it- did not *didnOt- !la1 tennis Ae did not *didnOt- !la1 tennis You did not *didnOt- !la1 tennis 2e1 did not *didnOt- !la1 tennis Tre#"t"l Sim/l" al Aerbelor nereg"late se formea?a /rin diferite /ro#edee% - sc2imbarea vocalei de baza3 to get + gotP - sc2imbarea consoanei finale to spend , spentP - sc2imbarea verbului in intregime3 to go + wentP - !astrarea formei initiale3 to put + putP - !astrarea formei initiale" in rostirea diferita3 to read [ri-d] + read [red]. Con%ugarea verbului <to be= la recutul &im!lu3

BB

AfirmatiAe I" 2e" s2e" it Gas Ae" 1ou" t2e1 Gere

InterrogatiAe 7as I" 2e" s2e" it[ 7ere 4e" 1ou" t2e1[

NegatiAe I" 2e" s2e" it Gas not(Gasn:t) Ae"1ou"t2e1 Gere not(Geren:t) Con%ugarea verbului <to >aAe= la recutul &im!lu3 AfirmatiAe I" 2e" s2e" it" You" t2e1 >ad InterrogatiAe Did I" 2e" s2e" it" 4e" 1ou" t2e1 >aAe[

NegatiAe I" 2e" s2e" it" 4e" did not (didn:t) You" t2e1 did not (didn:t) Nota% (ormele interogativa si negativa ale verbului to 2ave !ot de asemenea fi construite cu a%utorul verbului au)iliar to do *la trecut did-3 Did 1ou 2ave free time 1esterda1[ '#ti avut tim! liber ieri[ &2e did not (didn:t) en%o1 t2is film. Ei nu i#a !lacut acest film. Intreb"intare% recutul &im!lu e)!rima o actiune care a avut loc la un moment dat in trecut iar !erioada de tim! s#a inc2eiat. $erbele la acest tim! sunt determinate de adverbe si e)!resii de tim! ca3 *esterda* (ieri)" last *ear (an"l tre#"t)" last mont> (l"na tre#"ta)" tGo >o"rs ago (do"a ore in "rma)" tGo *ears ago (doi ani in "rma)) in M[[[ (in M[[[)) etc.

RelatiAe Prono"ns (Pron"mele RelatiAe)

Vronumele relative 7 O) 7 OM) 7 OS! se folosesc la stabilirea legaturii dintre !ro!ozitia !rinci!ala" sau un element al acesteia" si !ro!ozitia secundara atributiva. 'ceste !ronume se folosesc cand
BC

elementul din !ro!ozitia !rinci!ala determinat de ele este e)!rimat !rin substantiv animat3 2e bo1 !ho is !la1ing in t2e 1ard is m1 son. 5aiatul" care se %oaca in ograda" este feciorul meu. 2e girl !hom 1ou see in t2at room is m1 daug2ter. (ata" pe care o vezi in odaia ceea" este fiica mea. 2e 4riter !hose boo. 1ou are reading lives in Canada. &criitorul" a carui carte o cititi acum" locuieste in Canada. Vronumele relativ 7 IC se intrebuinteaza cand substantivul determinat este inanimat3 I donOt li.e t2e boo. !hich 1ou are reading no4. Nu#mi !lace cartea !e care o citesti acum. 'semenea functie o are si con%unctia T AT" insa ea urmeaza atat du!a substantivele inanimate" cat si cele animate3 I .no4 t2e 1oung man that 1ou tal.ed to an 2our ago. I#l cunosc !e tanarul cu care ai vorbit o ora in urma. 2e boo. that I am reading is ver1 interesting. Cartea" pe care o citesc" este foarte interesanta.

!.er#ises%
M; a); CiAe t>e Sim/le Past Tense form of t>e folloGing reg"lar Aerbs; Trans#ribe and /rono"n#e t>em; to close#closed" to o!en#o!ened" to listen#listened" to live#lived" to receive#received" to s2ave#s2aved" to !la1#!la1ed" to sta1#sta1d" to collect#collected" to dictate#dictated" to translate#translated" to start# started" to 2el!#2el!ed" to li.e#li.ed" to loo.#loo.ed" to !ass#!assed" to smo.e#smo.ed" to t2an.#t2an.ed" to 4or.#4or.ed" to 4as2#4as2ed" to 4atc2#4atc2ed" to rain#rained" to sno4#sno4ed" to finis2#finis2ed. b) CiAe t>e Sim/le Past Tense form of t>e folloGing irreg"lar Aerb; Trans#ribe and /rono"n#e t>em; to be" to 2ave" to do" to teac2" to bu1" to !a1" to come" to go" to give" to get" to 2ear" to leave" to .no4" to ma.e" to ta.e" to tell" to sa1" to see" to !ut" to read" to 4rite" to 4a.e" to drive" to eat" to drin." to learn" to forget" to fall" to feel" to fl1" to sit" to slee!" to send"to sing.
BG

&; P"t t>e folloGing into t>e /ast tense% 1. He comes to t2e class ever1 da1. 2. You do t2at 4or. ver1 4ell. 8. Ho2n t2in.s a lot about 2is 4or.. >. Veter bu1s 2is suit t2is 4ee.. ?. I .no4 t2e ans4er to 1our Nuestion. @. I believe 42at 1ou tell me. B. Hane !a1s ten !ounds and s2e gets a good dress. C. Ae s!ea. Englis2 ever1 da1. G. He li.es 1our !icture. 10.Ae 2ave lunc2 at 12 oOcloc. toda1. R; Ma@e t>e folloGing negatiAe% 1. om ans4ered all t2e Nuestions. 2. 2e bo1s and t2e girls bat2ed in t2e sea ever1 da1. 8. Wuc1 boug2t a ne4 coat. >. I dran. m1 cu! of tea. ?. 2e bo1 too. t2e letter in 2is 2and. @. R1 mot2er made brea.fast earl1 in t2e morning. B. 2e students 4ent to Rr. &mit2Os 2ouse 1esterda1. C. He 4atc2ed $ last nig2t. (; Ma@e t>e folloGing senten#es interrogatiAe% 1. &2e danced from seven oOcloc. to midnig2t. 2. VeterOs mot2er taug2t (renc2 to us last 1ear. 8. Rar1 !la1ed tennis ver1 4ell. >. 2ose letters came to England b1 air!lane. ?. 2e students 4ent to t2e museum 1esterda1. @. 2e1 sa4 man1 interesting t2ings t2ere. B. He understood t2e lesson ver1 4ell. C. 2e artist dre4 t2e !icture. G. He 4as ill last 4ee.. 10.His friend lived in Wondon last 1ear. U; Transform t>ese senten#es into dis5"n#tiAe L"estions and giAe ansGers to t>em; Model% He sta1ed at 2ome last &unda1.

C0

He sta1ed at 2ome last &unda1" didnOt 2e[ Yes" 2e did. 1. He 4ent s2o!!ing 1esterda1. 2. Ho2n dictated a fe4 letters to t2e secretar1 1esterda1 morning. 8. R1 brot2er 2ad a lot of friends at sc2ool. >. He did not .no4 about 2er. ?. 2e1 2ad no Englis2 lessons last 1ear. @. &2e 4as not ver1 tired 1esterda1. B. 2e bread and t2e ca.es 4ere fres2 1esterda1. C. Veter 4asnOt ill last mont2. G. R1 friend collected stam!s last 1ear" 10. He didnOt 4a.e u! in t2e morning. '; Ma@e "/ s/e#ial L"estions "sing t>e interrogatiAe Gords from t>e bra#@ets; 1 1. He got u! at seven oOcloc. in t2e morning. *42en2. 2e1 studied at t2e universit1. *42ere8. &2e 4ent 2ome at noon. *42at time2 >. 4ent1 students attended t2e lesson. *2o4 man18 ?. &2e came to 4or. b1 car. *2o4> @. Ae !la1ed c2ess 1esterda1. *42o? V; As@ L"estions to G>i#> t>e "nderlined Gords are t>e ansGers; 1. 2e1 attended t2e conference in Varis last mont2. *?' 2. 2e c2ildren 4anted to go for a 4al. in t2e !ar.. *>V 8. &2e 4as 2ere 1esterda1. *8>. 2e1 came to see us last nig2t. *?S; Combine t>ese tGo senten#es into one senten#e; Model% I met a man 1esterda1. 2is is t2e man. 2is is t2e man G>o(m) I met 1esterda1. 1. 2ese are t2e boo.s. I s!o.e about t2em. 8. I 4ant to read t2e boo.. 2e boo. is on m1 des.. >. I .no4 t2e man. 2e man is in t2e room. ?. Sive me t2e bag. 2e bag is on t2e c2air.

C1

@. Qo 1ou li.e t2e girl[ 2e girl is sitting on t2e sofa and listening to t2e music. B. 2e manager 4or.s at our com!an1. 2e manager 4ants to stud1 Serman. C. I 4ant to s!ea. to t2e 4oman. I teac2 2er c2ildren. G. A2ere are t2e !a!ers[ You 4anted to s2o4 t2em to me. 10. A2atOs t2e name of t2e boo.[ Ho2n is reading it. 11. 2e 4oman is m1 sisterOs brot2er#in#la4. I al4a1s meet t2e 4oman at t2e universit1. [; Translate into !nglis> 1. Ei au locuit in 5ucuresti doi ani in urma. &; $a !lacut cartea lui noua[ Nu. 8. Ce fel de reviste ai vrut sa#mi arati seara trecuta[ >. Noi n#am tradus te)tul acesta sa!tamana trecuta. Nu" l#am tradus. ?. Noi am luat !ranzul la ora doua. @. 5aitul care lucreaza in oficiu are douazeci de ani. B. $reau sa vorbesc cu domnisoara care mi#a ti!arit ra!ortul C. Cum se numeste strada unde locuiti[ G. Cursurile" !e care le frecventez" lucreaza seara. 10. $a !lace domnisoara care !riveste tabloul[

C2

+o#ab"lar* all to4n alone bus1 ver1 glad 2ome4or. Nuic.l1 b1 2eart !2rase difficult 4ell 2ome at 2ome as a matter of fact

toti" toate orasel singur ocu!at foarte bucuros tema !entru acasa re!ede !e de rost fraza greu" dificil bine casa" camin acasa de fa!t

Te.t% 3esterda* in t>e afternoon

Yesterda1 afternoon I sta1ed at 2ome. 'll of m1 famil1 4as in to4n. I 4as alone and I 4as not bus1. I 4as ver1 glad because I could do m1 2ome4or. for t2e Englis2 class. I did m1 2ome4or. Nuic.l1 enoug2. I read t2e lesson" I co!ied t2e te)ts and I did all t2e e)ercises. I re!eated t2e vocabular1 and I learnt b1 2eart most of t2e ne4 4ords and !2rases. I 4as ver1 2a!!1 42en I sa4 t2at I .ne4 muc2 Englis2 no4. I 4rote a s2ort com!osition and I translated a difficult te)t from Tomanian into Englis2. 's a matter of fact I 2ad a lot of 4or. to do. I 4as ver1 glad because I could understand t2e e)ercises and I could do t2em. 2e t2ree translation e)ercises 4ere not at all difficult. I even did t2em ver1 4ell. I 4as finis2ing m1 2ome4or. 42en m1 famil1 came 2ome.

C8

UNIT [ !L"iAalents of Modal <m"st= +erbs <#an=) <ma*= and

Qu!a cum stim" verbele modale nu !ot fi con%ugate la toate modurile si tim!urile. Ventru a remedia aceasta situatie" e)ista in limba engleza inlocuitori ai unora dintre aceste verbe3 Can !oate fi inlocuit !rin to be able to" m"st !rin to >aAe to) to be to) ma* K to be alloGed to; To be to) Gas to) Gere to : a urma %sa), a tre$ui sa arata ca actiunea este determinata in conformitate cu un !lan sau cu un !rogram stabilit mai inainte3 He is to !resent t2e re!ort on Ronda1. *Urmeaza conform celor stabilite- *ca el- sa !rezinte ra!ortul luni'ceste constructii !ot fi folosite la trecut. Present I can do it no4. *Vot s#o fac acumI am able to do it. I must do it. * rebuie s#o facI >aAe to do it. I don:t >aAe to do it. I am to give a lecture toda1. You ma* go 2ome. *Voti merge acasaYou are alloGed to go 2ome. You aren:t alloGed to go 2ome. Are 1ou alloGed to go 2ome[ Past I !as able to do it 1esterda1. I couldnt do it 1esterda1. I !asnt able to do it 1esterda1. I couldnt do it 1esterda1. 1ould 1ou do it 1esterda1[ I had to do it 1esterda1. Did I have to do it 1esterda1[ He !as to give a lecture 1esterda1. You might go 2ome 1esterda1. You !ere allo!ed to go 2ome 1esterda1. 8ere 1ou allo!ed to go 2ome[

C>

Com/arison of Ad5e#tiAes (Cradele de #om/aratie a ad5e#tiAelor)

In limba engleza ad%ectivele nu se sc2imba in de!endenta de numar sau de caz" ci numai du!a gradele de com!aratie. E)ista trei grade de com!aratie3 /o?itiA) #om/aratiA si s"/erlatiA; PositiAe Wong all *a- fe4 dear 2ot nice dr1 lovel1 beautiful dramatic Com/aratiAe longer taller fe4er dearer 2otter nicer drier lovelier more beautiful more dramatic S"/erlatiAe *t2e- longest *t2e- tallest *t2e- fe4est *t2e- dearest *t2e- 2ottest *t2e- nicest *t2e- driest *t2e- loveliest *t2e- most beautiful *t2e- most dramatic

Nota% 'rticolul 2otarat de la su!erlativ a fost !us la !aranteza deoarece el !oate fi inlocuit cu un !osesiv3 2e best re!ort Z *Cel mai bun ra!ort5ro4nOs best re!ortZ His best re!ortZ

C?

Rod de (ormare &intetic

Vozitiv o silaba3 ric2 *bogatdoua silbe cu accentul ultima3!olite/!9Jlait0 *!oliticos-

Com!arativde su!erioritate *mai Z decatric2er Z *t2an!e !oliter/!9Olait90

&u!erlativ relativ *cel mai Z*t2e- ric2est t2e !olitest

'nalitic RoreZ RostZ

Qoua silabe si terminatiile3 4*) 4 er) # oG) 4 le !recedate de o consoana3 Ha!!* *fericitClever *deste!tNarroG *ingustHa!!ier Ha!!iest 'ble *ca!abilCleverer Cleverest NarroGer NarroGest 'bler 'blest Nota3 # consoana finala du!a o vocala scurta se dubleaza *big#bigger#biggest- 1 in !ozitie finala" !recedat de o consoana" se sc2imba in :ie *eas1# easier#easiest- ad%ectivele terminate in :e !rimesc doar : r" res!ectiv :st *fine#finer# finestdoua silabe cu accentul !e !rima3 cautious *!rudentmore cautious Rost cautious useful *utilmore useful Rost useful

Trei sa" mai m"lte silabe% im!ortant *im!ortant'd%. Vrovenite din !artici!ii3 interesting *interesantdelig2ted *incantat-

more im!ortant

most im!ortant

more interesting more delig2ted

most interesting most delig2ted

C@

Unele ad%ective formeaza #om/aratiA"l si s"/erlatiA"l in mod neregulat3 muc2 : mult more *t2e- most man1 : multi good bad : rau" !rost *a- little : !utin far *inde!artatbetter 4orse less *t2e- best *t2e- 4orst t2e least

fart2er *in s!atiut2e fart2est furt2er *in s!atiu sau tim!- t2e furt2est

!.em/le de folosire a gradelor de #om/aratie in /ro/o?itii% - He is as good as 2is friend *XEste la fel de $un ca !rietenul sau- He is not so 0not as% good as 2is friend *XNu este asa de $un ca !rietenul sau- He is !orse than >is friend *XEste mai rau ca !rietenul sau- His friend is the best of all *XVrietenul sau e cel mai $un dintre toti2is is the most interesting boo. *X'ceasta este cartea cea mai interesanta2is boo. is most interesting *X'ceasta carte e cat se poate de interesanta- It gro4s darker and darker *X&e face din ce in ce mai intuneric2e slimmer 1ou are t2e better 1ou loo. *XCu cat esti mai slab=a cu atat arati mai bineVentru intensificare" com!arativul !oate fi insotit de m"#>) far sau b* far" toate insemnand %cu) mult3 His re!ort is far$m"#> better t2an t2e ot2ers. Ta!ortul lui este *cu- mult mai bun decat celelalte. S"bstantiAarea ad5e#tiAelor Un ad%ectiv !oate deveni substantiv !rimind articolul 2otarat the. E)3 Tic2 X bogat : t2e ric2 *Xcei bogati- X substantiv !lural

CB

Englis2 X englezesc : 2e Englis2 *englezii- X substantiv !lural C2inese X c2inezesc : t2e C2inese *c2inezul=c2inezii- X substantiv la singular sau la !lural. T>e Degrees of Com/arison of AdAerbs (Cradele de #om/aratie ale adAerbelor) Numai o !arte dintre advere au grade de com!aratie" si anume adverbele de mod si cateva adverbe de tim! nedefinit3 (ast faster *t2e- fastest &oon sooner *t2e- soonest Aell better *t2e- best Earl1 earlier *t2e- earliest 5eautifull1 more beautifull1 *t2e- most beautifull1 5adl1 4orse *t2e- 4orst Unele dintre adAerbe formea?a fel"ri% buic.l1 more Nuic.l1 &lo4l1 more slo4l1 often more often gradele de #om/aratie in do"a *t2e- most Nuic.l1 *t2e- most slo4l1 *t2e- most often

!.er#ises%
M; CiAe t>e #om/aratiAe and s"/erlatiAe of t>e folloGing ad5e#tiAes (Dati #om/aratiA"l si s"/erlatiA"l "rmatoarelor ad5e#tiAe)% Hig2" strong" fat" muc2" fascinating" dr1" 4ea." t2in" a little" !rett1" 2andsome" red" fe4" cos1" man1" beautiful" 1ello4" bad" ill" mad. &; CiAe t>e #om/aratiAe and s"/erlatiAe of t>e folloGing adAerbs% &lo4l1" fast" 2ard" beautifull1" 4ell" carefull1" often" Nuic." badl1" earl1. R;Com/lete t>e ga/s Git> as) so) as$so) t>an) of (Com/letati s/atiile goale #" as) so) as$so) t>an) of)% 1. 5etter an egg toda1 Z a 2en tomorro4. 2. 5lood is t2ic.er Z 4ater. *In ec2ivalenta3 &angele a!a nu se faceCC

8. >. ?. @. B. C. G.

Helen is t2e 1oungest Z all. &2e is not Z laz1 Z 2er brot2ers. Quring t2e rus2 2ours t2e buses are Z slo4 Z t2e ta)is. I never go to bed later Z 11 oOcloc.. IOm not delig2ted Z 1ou are. IOm Z muc2 interested Z 1ou are. His !la1s are less interesting Z 2is novels.

(;Transform t>ese senten#es a##ording to t>e models; (Transformati a#este /ro/o?itii #onform modelelor) Model% Nic. is nice. 'nd Ho2n[ Ho2n is nicer t2an Nic.. 1. 5en is 1oung. 'nd Qic.[ 2. His brot2er is s2ort. 'nd 5enOs brot2er[ 8. Wesson ? is eas1. 'nd lesson >[ >. Uur team is good. 'nd t2eir team[ ?. R1 fat2er is old. 'nd edOs fat2er[ @. Veter 2as man1 Englis2 boo.s. 'nd Ra)[ B. 'nn 2as fe4 friends at t2e universit1. 'nd Rar1[ Model% Qoes Ho2n get u! earlier t2an 5en does[ I t2in. 2e gets u! earlier t2an 5en does. 1. Qid Ho2n come 2ome as late as Qic. did[ 2. Qoes Ho2n s!ea. (renc2 as 4ell as 5ill does[ 8. Can 2e !la1 2oc.e1 as 4ell as football[ >. Can s2e s!ea. (renc2 as 4ell as Englis2[ ?. I donOt li.e oranges as muc2 as a!!les. U; Res/ond to t>ese L"estions a##ording to t>e model (Ras/"ndeti la a#este intrebari #onform model"l"i)% Model% Qid 1ou go s2o!!ing 1esterda1[ *VeterNo" I didnOt 2ave to. Veter did it. 1. Qid 1ou go to t2e ravel 'genc1 1esterda1[ *Ho2n- 2. Qid 1ou boo. seats for t2e U!era House[ *Ri.e- 8. Qid Hane s2o4 t2em round t2e cit1[ *Ho2n- >. Qid 1ou s2o4 round t2e universit1[ *Ri.e- ?. Qid 1ou ta.e a ta)i for t2em[ *Veter-

CG

'; P"t in m"st or >aAe$>as (got) to; 1. IOm tired. I Z go to bed earl1. 2. Ho2n Z go to t2e universit1 on &aturda1s. 8. Ae Z get anot2er dog soon. >. ; 2is is a great boo..< I Z read it. ?. ' soldier Z obe1 orders. @. Ae Z go to Wondon for a meeting. B. I t2in. 4e Z !a1 in advance. C. You reall1 Z visit us soon. G. I Z tr1 to s!end more time at 2ome. 10. You Z .noc. before 1ou come into m1 room. V; 1. 2. 8. >. ?. Corre#t t>e mista@es; I donOt can sing. I 4ould li.e to can travel more. He doesnOt 2as to 4or. 2ard. Could 1ou tell me t2e time[ I must 4or. last &aturda1 and &unda1.

S; Translate into !nglis>; 1. &unt in stare sa va a%ut. 2. Voate ea *e in stare- sa faca asta[ 8. Ea era de%a in stare sa vorbeasca engleza. >. ' trebuit sa !lec devreme. ?. E necesar ca tu sa curati bucataria. @. rebuia intr#adevar sa fii ina!oi inainte de miezul no!tii[ B. Nu trebuie sa ezitati. C. El urmeaza sa tina miine o lectie. G. $inul este mai ieftin in &!ania decat in Rarea 5ritanie. 10. Nu este la fel de scum! ca aici. 11. Qictionarul tau este mai folositor decat al meu. 12. Retoda lui este mai !utin efectiva ca a mea. 18. &e face din ce in ce mai cald. 1>. El este mai inalt deacat Him. 1?. 'u !utut ei sa vina duminica trecuta[

G0

+o#ab"lar*
to decide to become 4riter because 2ardl1 to stud1 sub%ect relatives alone 4orld to be interested in future to agree to 2el! even to teac2=taug2t language to 4ant mista.e a 2otari a deveni scriitor fiindca" !entru ca abea" !utin !robabil a studia subiect rude singur lume" univers a se interesa in viitor a fi de acord a a%uta c2iar a invata" a !reda grai" limba% a dori gresala

Te.t% <Martin and R"t>=

A2en Rartin Eden decided to become a 4riter" 2is first tas. 4as to receive an education. 5ut t2e universit1 did not allo4 2im to become a student" because 2e could 2ardl1 read" and 2e did not .no4 Englis2 grammar. 5esides" 2e 2ad not studied t2e sub%ects t2at ever1 c2ild learns at sc2ool. Rartin Eden 4as alone in t2e 4orld3 2e 2ad no !arents or relatives 42o 4ere interested in 2is future. 2ere 4as onl1 one !erson 42o agreed to 2el! 2im. &2e 4as Tut2" t2e daug2ter of a ric2 businessman. 5ut even s2e did not believe t2at Rartin 4ould become a 4riter. &2e taug2t 2im t2e Englis2 language and Englis2 literature" but s2e didnOt 4ant 2im to become a 4riter. &2e 4anted 2im to go to 4or. in 2er fat2erOs office. &2e understood t2at s2e 2ad made a mista.e onl1 muc2 later" 42en Rartin became one of t2e most !o!ular 4riters in 'merica.

G1

UNIT M] T>e Sim/le F"t"re (+iitor"l Sim/l")

Rodul de formare3 &e foloseste infinitivul scurt al verbului de con%ugat !recedat de verbul au)iliar Gill *cateodata s>all la !ers. I sing. si !l.AffirmatiAe I s2all=4ill go You 4ill go He 4ill go &2e 4ill go It 4ill go Ae 4ill go You 4ill go 2e1 4ill go InterrogatiAe &2all=Aill I go[ Aill 1ou go[ Aill 2e go[ Aill s2e go[ Aill it go[ Aill 4e go[ Aill 1ou go[ Aill t2e1 go[ NegatiAe I s2all not *s2anOt- go You 4ill not *4onOt- go He 4ill not *4onOt- go &2e 4ill not *4onOt- go It 4ill not *4onOt- go Ae 4ill not *4onOt- go You 4ill not *4onOt- go 2e1 4ill not *4onOt- go

M; +iitor"l Sim/l" e./rima anticiparea "nei a#ti"ni sa" stari; E)3 It 4ill rain tomorro4. *Raine va !loua&; 4 e./rima o intentie in Aiitor sa" o de#i?ie /entr" Aiitor luata in momentul vorbirii) n" e.istenta anterior in mintea Aorbitor"l"i; E)3 U2" You canOt do it] Aait a minute" IOll 2el! 1ouZ *'2" nu !oti s#o faci] 'stea!ta o cli!a" te voi a%utaZNota3 S>all" au)iliarul !entru !ers.I sing. si !l." este folosit mai mult in limba%ul oficial" in vorbirea curenta !referandu#se Gill; Qe cele mai multe ori se foloseste forma contrasta (9ll); E)3 IOll visit m1 !arents. YouOll not 4or. t2ere. - /ro/o?itiile interogatiAe #" !ill la /ers; a II4a /ot e./rima o r"gaminte; E)3 Aill 1ou 2el! me[ *$rei sa ma a%uti[4 Pro/o?itiile #" shall e./rima fie o oferta *&2all I go t2ere for 1ou[ X &a ma duc acolo in locul tau[-" fie cererea unui sfat *A2ere s2all I go[ X Unde sa merg[-

G2

:. ;. =. ?.

T ! IMP!RATI+! Mod"l de formare% #nfinitivul scurt 0fara to% al verbului: E)3 Cross no4] raverseaza=ti acum]Ting me tomorro4] *&una#ma maine]5ont < inf. 2curt ( 0pentru a forma un imperativ negativ% E)3 QonOt cross no4] *Nu traversa=ti acum]QonOt ring me tomorro4] >ets 0let us% < infinitiv. scurt, 0pentru persoan # pl.% E)3 WetOs cross] *&a traversam]= Hai sa traversamWetOs ring tomorro4] 5o < forma afirmativa, in unele cazuri: E).3 Qo ta.e care] *'i gri%a]Qo tell me] : *&!une#mi] *Hai te rog" s!une#mi]pentru a indulci tonul, pentru a suna mai politicos E)3 Qo sit do4n] *$a rog" lua#ti loc]Qo come in] *Intra#ti" va rogQo 2el! 1ourself] *&erviti#va" va rog-

!.er#ises%
M; Transform t>ese senten#es into t>e Sim/le F"t"re; (Tre#eti /ro/o?itiile a#este la Aiitor"l sim/l") M; His lecture is ver1 interesting. 2. You li.e t2e !la1. 8. I canOt see 1ou tomorro4. >. &2e must stud1 (renc2. ?. 2e1 can visit Varis. @. ItOs all rig2t. B. I must see a doctor. C. You 2ave to go to t2e air!ort. G. It isnOt difficult. 10. Can s2e bring me a fe4 boo.s[ &; Transform t>ese senten#es into dis5"n#tiAe (tag) L"estions and translate t>em; CiAe s>ort ansGers to t>em; (Transformati a#este /ro/o?itii in intrebari dis5"n#tiAe si trad"#etile)% Model% HeOll reread t2e novel ne)t 4ee.. ;HeOll reread t2e novel ne)t 4ee." 4onOt 2e[< ;Yes" 2e 4ill.< 1. 2e1 4ill come to see us ne)t 4ee.. 2. YouOll 2ave some free time tomorro4. 8. He 4onOt 2el! t2em. >. &2e 4onOt loo. t2roug2 t2e !a!ers before lunc2. ?. IOll go to t2e lecture ne)t Aednesda1. @. He
G8

4onOt go for a 4al. in t2e !ar. ne)t &unda1. B. HeOll 2el! t2em do t2eir 2ome4or. ne)t uesda1. C. Iris 4onOt be able to !ractice t2is afternoon. R; Transform t>ese senten#es into t>e negatiAe; (Transformati a#este /ro/o?itii in negatiAe) 1. I 4ill leave for Wondon ne)t 4ee.. 2. I s2all 2ave to do t2e 4as2ing u! t2is morning. 8. Ae 4ill do our dut1. >. You 4ill come to our !art1. ?. He 4ill be bac. soon. @. &2e 4ill go t2ere b1 bus. B. 2e1 4ill sta1 2ome ne)t (rida1. C. He 4ill teac2 Englis2 ne)t mont2. (;Transform t>ese senten#es in interrogatiAe; M; I s2all introduce 2im to Rr. 5ro4n. 2. Ae 4ill invite t2em to m1 birt2da1 !art1 tomorro4. 8. You 4ill t1!e t2is letter ne)t Ronda1. >. &2e 4ill return from Varis ne)t mont2. ?. 2e1 4ill sta1 t2ere long.
U;

1. &; R; (; U; ';

Ma@e "/ s/e#ial L"estions "sing t>e Gords in /arent>eses; (Formati intrebari s/e#iale) folosind #"Aintele din /arante?e)% om 4ill stud1 (renc2 ne)t 1ear. *42o" 42en2e1 4ill rest in t2e countr1. *42ereHe 4ill not *4onOt- go 4it2 us because 2e is ill. *421Ae s2all get u! at B oOcloc. in t2e morning. *42at time&2e 4ill solve t2is !roblem ver1 easil1. *2o4He 4ill 4or. in t2e office ne)t Ronda1. *42o-

'; Insert /re/ositions (Com/letati s/atiile goale #" /re/o?itiile #er"te de sens)% 1. If 1ou 4ant to bu1 some fruit" go Z t2e greengrocerOs. 2. A2ere can I bu1 some sugar[ Z t2e grocerOs. 8. 2e !ost office is a long 4a1 Z 2ere. >. 2ere is a su!ermar.et Z t2is side Z t2e street. ?. He sta1ed Z t2e librar1 1esterda1. @. 2e bag is Z t2e table. B. 2e1 4ill not be Z 2ome tonig2t. C. Riss Hellen 2as a small flat Z t2e ground floor. G. &2e is s!ea.ing Z t2e tele!2one. 10. 2e1 are Z t2e garden.

G>

V; Translate into !nglis>; M; $eti !utea veni duminica viitoare[ 2. *El- va trebui *urmeaza- sa tina miine o lectie. 8. Cand *trebuie- sa revin[ >. Ei vor aste!ta" nu# asa[ ?. Nu vor aste!ta" nu#i asa[ @. El va veni luni. B. Wectia lui este foarte interesanta. C. Citeste scrisoarea !entru mine" te rog. G. Wasa#l !e el sa lucreze mai mult. 10 Hai sa mergem la teatru. 11. Nu" eu nu voi merge. 12. El va trebui sa studieze c2ineza.

+o#ab"lar*
mountains to 2ear !lent1 of to s.i as muc2 as overdo=overdid after muscular fever to anno1 terribl1 mista.e cautious to 4ant to .ee! an e1e on smb.=smt2. c2alet /Ilei0 to travel /trIvl0 munti a auzi o multime a sc2ia tot atat de mult e)agera" a intrece masura mai tarziu" du!a aceea febra musculara a enerva" a neca%i" a nelinisti teribil"ingrozitor greseala !rudent" atent. a dori" a vrea a fi cu oc2ii !e cineva=ceva cabana a calatori

Te.t% M* friends: Gee@end

Ne)t 4ee.end" 'le)andra" Waura" Vaul and Seorge 4ill go to t2e mountains for t4o da1s. 's usual t2e1 are going to go to &ina1a because t2e1 2ave 2eard on $ t2at t2ere is !lent1 of sno4 t2ere no4. 2e1 li.e to s.i and t2e1 4ill s.i as muc2 as t2e1 can. Wast 4inter 42en t2e1 4ent to s.i at 5usteni" Seorge overdid it and after t2e first da1 2e felt ver1 tired and got 42at !eo!le call muscular fever. 2e ne)t da1 2e 2ad to rest and t2at anno1ed 2im terribl1. No4" 2e 4ill not re!eat t2at mista.e. He

G?

4ill be cautious. He 4ill 2ave to s.i less t2e first da1 if 2e 4ants to s.i again t2e follo4ing da1. Vaul is going to .ee! an e1e on 2im to see t2at 2e is not going to ma.e t2e mista.e a second time. 's t2e1 are going to live in one of t2e c2alets t2e1 4ill 2ave a ver1 nice 4ee.end. 2e1 4ill go b1 bus to &ina1a and t2e1 4ill return b1 bus too. &o t2e1 4ill travel b1 bus a lot.

It seems that I know something, but thats not enough. So, lets keep trying.

G@

PART II UNIT MM (eleAen) F"t"re Contin"o"s $Near F"t"re (+iitor"l a/ro/iat)

'cest tim! este ine)istent in limba romana si" de acea" se va traduce cu tim!ul PR!S!NT insotit de adverbe de tim! ca3 #@+5#A., 1B#AC A1D@, #E5A.A. El indica fa!tul ca actiunea ce urmeaza sa se desfasoare in viitor este foarte a!ro!iata de momentul !rezent. E)3 HeOll be coming soon. *$ine foarte curand=$ine imediatAfirrmatiAe I *4e- s2all be going He *s2e" 1ou" t2e1- 4ill be going InterrogatiAe &2al I *4e- be reading [ Aill 2e *s2e" it" 1ou" t2e1- be going [ NegatiAe I *4e- s2all not *s2anOt- be going He *s2e" it" 1ou" t2e1- 4ill not *4onOt- be going Adverbe de accentuare a ideii de viitor a!ro!iat Soon curand Rig>t noG c2iar acum Immediatel* imediat In no time indata" cat ai cli!i din oc2i #ntrebuintare: M; Pentr" a reda o a#ti"ne #are se Aa afla in /ro#es de desfas"rare intr4"n an"mit moment de tim/ in Aiitor% 2e students !ill be having a seminar tomorro4 at 2. *&tudentii vor avea un seminar miine la ora 2.-

GB

&; Pentr" e./rimarea "nei a#ti"ni) #are Aa d"ra o /erioada de tim/ #" granite bine limitate% 2e1 !ill be !orking in t2e librar1 from t4o till si) oOcloc. tomorro4. *Ei vor lucra in biblioteca de la ora 2 !ana la @ miine-. R; Pentr" e./rimarea "nei a#ti"ni) #are se Aa afla in /ro#es de desfas"rare #and Aa aAea lo# o alta a#ti"ne redata /rin Pre?ent"l Sim/l"% &2e !ill be !riting t2e re!ort !hen Ge come to 2er office. *Ea va scrie ra!ortul cand vom veni la oficiul ei(; Pentr" a e./rima do"a a#ti"ni /aralele #are se Aor afla in /ro#es de desfas"rare% I shall be !atching T+ !hile m1 son !ill be pla*ing c2ess 4it2 2is friend. *Eu voi !rivi televizorul in tim! ce feciorul meu va %uca sa2 cu !rietenul sau.FUTUR! OF INT!NTION (+iitor"l de intentie) 'cest tim! este ine)istent in limba romana. El se traduce% <a aAea de gand sa W=) <a intentionaW= /#ntentia< intra in sfera viitorului c2iar daca ea se refera la !resent" trecut sau viitor. (ormarea3 (uture of Intention se formeaza cu a%utorul verbelor <TO B!= si <TO CO= K ambele cu valoare au)iliara !lus verbul de baza. Ele nu se traduc decat atunci cand isi reca!ata valoarea notionala" adica au sens de sine statator. I am going to be t2ere in time. *'m de gand sa fiu acolo la tim!I am going to go t2ere tonig2t. *'m de gand sa merg acolo asta searase va con%uga verbul <to be= la tim!urile !resent" trecut" viiitor" se va adauga forma invariabila <going= a verbului <to go= si a!oi verbul !ro!riu#zis. I Gas going to b"* m1self a ne4 dress. *Intentionez sa#mi cum!ar o roc2ie noua- *trecut-

GC

I am going to inAite 2er to m1 birt2da1 !art1. *Intentionez sa o invit la ziua mea de nastere- *!rezente:ll be going to b"* 2imself a ne4 car. *In viitor intentionez *va intentiona- sa#si cum!ere o masina noua.- *viitorR!FL!OI+! PRONOUNS (Pron"mele refle.iAe) 7ronumele refle6ibile arata ca actiunea e)!rimata de verbul de care se ataseaza este indre!tata asu!ra subiectului acestuia sau" mai rar" catre subiectul acestuia *fiind" astfel" folosite la cazul acuzativ sau dativ-3 e considered himself >a//*. *&e considera fericitS>e tried to defend herself. *' incercat sa se a!are.-

Pron"mele refle.iAe sunt3

a#"?atiA datiA I m*self ma mie" imi" mie You *o"rself te tie" iti" ti He >imself se lui" isi" si &2e >erself se ei" isi"si It itself *neutru- se lui" ei etc. Ae o"rselAes ne ne" noua" ni You *o"rselAes va voua" va" vi 2e1 t>emselAes se lor" le" li isi" si In !ro!ozitie !ronumele refle)iv este neaccentuat: Hel! yourself to s4eets. *&erveste#te cu dulciuried forced himself not to sneeze. * ed s#a silit sa nu stranute2e1 !unis2ed t>emselAes; *&#au !ede!sit /singuri0T ! !MP ATIC PRONOUN (Pron"mele de intarire) 7ronumele de intarire are aceleasi forme ca si cel refle6iv.El este intotdeauna accentuat, cu accentul !e ultima silaba. &e traduce !rin eu insumi.insami,tu insuti,.insati etc., singur, personal, chiar eu.tu etc.I boug2t myself a ver1 beautiful 2at. *Ri#am cum!arat o !alarie foarte frumoasaell 2im yourself. &!une#mi c2iar tu *!ersonal-.

GG

Hane o!ened t2e tin herself. Nobod1 2el!ed 2er. *Hane a desc2is singura cutia de conserve. Nimeni nu a a%utat#oNota% Pre#edat de /re/o?itia <b*=) /ron"mele de intarire are sens"l de <sing"r=) <sing"ra=) <sing"ri=) <sing"re=% I can do it b* m*self. *Vot face asta singurUbservati din e)em!lele de mai sus" !ronumele de intarire se asaza de regula la sfirsitul !ro!ozitiei. Cand este asezat imediat du!a subiect" accentuarea este si mai !uternica3 I m*self 4ill tell 2im. *C2iar eu !ersonal am sa#I s!un!O!RCIS!S% M; Transform t>ese senten#es a##ording to t>e model; You 4ill be calling 2er u! tomorro4. Aill 1ou be calling 2er u! tomorro4[ 1. You 4ill 4rite to 2im again. 2. YouOre going to see 1our mot2er ne)t 4ee.. 8. &2eOs going to ta.e 2er c2ildren to t2e t2eatre. >. HeOll loo. t2roug2 t2e !a!ers. ?. 2e1 are going to 2ave tea. &; 1. 2. 8. >. ?. @. B. C. Transform t>ese senten#es into negatiAe; Ae s2all be discussing t2is Nuestion tomorro4 at G a.m. He 4ill be lecturing on Englis2 2istor1 ne)t 1ear. You 4ill be sta1ing 2ere long. I s2all be leaving ne)t 4ee.. He 4ill be coming to t2e 4edding !art1. Ae s2all be learning t2e ne4 4ords tonig2t. 2e1 4ill be tr1ing to get a %ob in t2is com!an1. He 4ill be attending com!uter !rogramming classes t2is mont2.

R; Form s/e#ial L"estions) "sing t>e Gords from t>e /arent>eses; 1. &2e 4ill be 2aving lunc2 in a cafc. *42o2. 2e1 4ill be anal1zing 1our re!ort. *42ose8. He 4ill be e)amining t2is grou! *42at-

100

>. You 4ill be 2aving 1our ne)t Englis2 class ne)t 4ee.. *42en?. He 4ill be sta1ing in t2is 2otel t4o 4ee.s. *42ere(; O/en t>e /arent>eses and "se t>e Aerbs in t>e F"t"re Contin"o"s; 1. 2is time tomorro4 I *to fl1- to Wondon. 2. A2at 1ou *to do- at 8 oOcloc. on (rida1[ 8. Ae *to loo. for4ard- to meeting t2em at t2e Conference in Varis. >. Ae .no4 our friend *to 4ait for- us at t2e aer!ort 42en 4e arrive. ?. A2o *to drive- t2e car 42en 1ou go to t2e 5lac. &ea[ U; Insert refle.iAe or em/>ati# /rono"n; 1. I 2urt Z 42en I tried to %um! from t2e c2air. 2. Can 2e do it Z or s2all I 2el! 2im[ 8. &2e coo.s all t2e meals Z . >. 2e1 made Z. a sand4ic2 and left in a 2urr1. ?. Ae Z !re!ared for t2e ne)t 2olida1s. @. Ae as.ed Z 42at 4e could do 4it2 our cat. B. &2e 4as living b1 Z in a little cottage. C. QonOt be so sure of Z . G. &2e loo.ed at Z in t2e mirror and sa4 2er ma.e#u! 4as not !erfect. 10. Hel! Z !lease. 11. 2is door is o!ened b1 Z. 12. Riss 5ro4n 4as tal.ing to Z . '; Translate into !nglis> 1. Unde vei avea lectie miine la ora G[ 2. Noi vom analiza aceste !robleme im!reuna cu gru!a noastra. 8. Ei nu vor !leca la teatru c2iar acum. >. Cine va fregventa lectiile cand voi veti !leca la Wondra[ ?. e vei !regati de e)amen toata ziua miine[ @. 'm de gand sa !lec !entru cateva zile undeva. B. Nu intentionez sa vin la !etrecerea de diseara. C. Ve viitor intentionam sa calatorim !retutindeni in tara.

Te.t% A PL!ASANT TRIP

Ne)t summer some friends of ours 4ill be going on a tri! to Aarsa4 and 5uda!est. 2e1 4ill be travelling b1 air" for a cou!le of 2ours" to Aarsa4 and b1 coac2 to some ot2er to4ns and !laces in Voland. (rom Aarsa4 t2e1 4ill be travelling b1 train to 5uda!est and from t2ere t2e1 4ill be coming bac. b1 boat" do4n t2e Qanube.

101

In bot2 foreign countries t2e1 4ill be visiting museums" art gallaries" cat2edrals" c2urc2es" !alaces" old castles and !lent1 of interesting !laces. 2e tri! 4ill last about a fortnig2t and 4ill not cost muc2. Ae are ver1 sorr1 t2at 4e s2all not be able to %oin our friends too" as 4e also li.e suc2 e)cursions. Ae s2all be in t2e Qanube Qelta at t2e time 42en our friends are abroad and 4e s2all be 2aving a !leasant time too. Ne)t 1ear" 4e ma1 be going abroad. &ome of our friends 2ave decided to go to 5erlin and visit also a fe4 ot2er Serman cities. Ae ma1 %oin t2em too" as 4e 4ere able to %oin t2em 42en t2e1 made a tri! about t2e countr1 a cou!le of 1ears ago.

102

UNIT M& (tGelAe) T>e Past Contin"o"s Tense (Tre#"t"l Contin"")

recutul Continuu se formeaza cu trecutul verbului au)iliar to be (Gas) Gere) !lus Parti#i/i"l I al verbului de con%ugat (4ing); 'cest tim! se traduce a!roa!e totdeauna cu im!erfectul din limba romana %faceam, mergea, mancau) AffirmatiAe I *2e" s2e" it- 4as reading Ae *1ou" t2e1- 4ere reading InterrogatiAe Aas I *2e" s2e" it- reading[ Aere 4e *1ou" t2e1- reading[ NegatiAe I *2e" s2e" it- 4as not reading Ae *1ou" t2e1- 4ere not reading Tre#"t"l Contin"" e)!rima o actiune care era in desfasurare intr#un moment in trecut. im!ul desfasurarii actiunii !oate fi redat !rin3 M; indi#area /re#isa a orei% I Gas reading at U o:#lo#@ *esterda* *Ieri la ora ? citeam-. &; indi#area /erioadei de tim/) #at a d"rat a#ti"na% T>e* Gere Gor@ing in t>e garden from [ till M& o:#lo#@ *esterda*; Ieri ei au lucrat in gradina de la G !ana la 12. R; indi#area "nei alte a#ti"ni e./rimate /rin Tre#"t"l Sim/l"% e Gas listening to t>e latest neGs G>en Ge #ame; El asculta ultimele stiri cand noi am venit. 7>ile I Gas Gor@ing in t>e garden) I >"rt m* leg; In tim! ce lucram in gradina mi#am ranit !iciorul. Constructia cu to be going to va suna la trecut astfel3
108

I Gas 5"st going to ring *o" "/; * ocmai aveam de gand sa#ti telefonez-. 7>at Gere *o" going to doT *Ce aveai de gand sa faci[#ntrebarile disgunctive la !ro!ozitiile continand Trecutul 'ontinuu se formeaza du!a regulile cunoscute" !rin re!etarea au)iliarului 0!as, !asnt, !ere, !erent%: 3o" Gere Gor@ing) Geren:t *o"T T>e* Geren:t doing an*t>ing) Gere t>e*T I Gasn: t driAing so fast) Gas IT S>e Gas Gor@ing for Son*) Gasn:t s>eT

Com/"sii l"i some) an*) no

In /ro/o?itii afirmatiAe% Somebod*) someone Somet>ing SomeG>ere cineva ceva undeva

I boug2t some s4eets for 1ou 1esterda1. * i#am cum!arat ceva dulciuri ieri&omebod1=someone must .no4. *Cineva trebuie sa stieIn /ro/o?itii interogatiAe% An*bod*) an*one An*t>ing An*G>ere cineva ceva" orice undeva" oriunde

Is t2ere an1bod1=an1one at 2ome[ *E cineva acasa[Is t2ere an1t2ing in t2e refrigerator[ *E ceva in frigider[Can 1ou see m1 glasses an142ere[ *$ezi undeva oc2elarii mei[In /ro/o?itii afirmatiAe%
10>

An*bod*$an*one oricine An*t>ing orice An*G>ere oriunde An*bod*$an*one #an borroG boo@s from t>e /"bli# librar*; *Uricine !oate im!rumuta carti de la biblioteca !ublica. An*t>ing is better t>an ran#id b"tter; *Urice e mai bun decat untul rancidTa@e me an*G>ere. *Qu#ma oriundeIn /ro/o?itii negatiAe) #" Aerb"l la negatiA% An*bod*$an*one nimeni An*t>ing nimic An*G>ere nicaieri I don:t @noG an*bod*$an*one in t>is toGn *Nu cunosc !e nimeni in acest orase #an:t "nderstand an*t>ing. *Nu !oate intelege nimicI #an:t find m* glasses an*G>ere; *Nu#mi gasesc nicaieri oc2elarii.In /ro/o?itii negatiAe) #" Aerb"l la afirmatiA% Nobod*$no one nimeni Not>ing nimic NoG>ere nicaieri Nobod*$No one #o"ld drin@ t>is #offee; *Nimeni nu ar !utea bea #afea"a a#easta) T>ere:s not>ing Grong Git> t>e T+ set; &au T>ere isn:t an*t>ing Grong Git> t>e T+ set; * elevizorul nu are nimicT>e #>ildren are noG>ere; &au T>e #>ildren aren:t an*G>ere. *Co!ii nu sunt nicaieriNone% acest !ronume cores!unde ad%ectivului no3 nici un" nici o" deloc" nimic. S>e >as none" ea nu are nici unul=una. None of "s did it" nici unul=una dintre noi n#a facut#o. !Aer*bod*) eAer*one) eAer*t>ing) eAer*G>ere

10?

!Aer*bod*$eAer*one toti" toata lumea !Aer*t>ing tot*ul-" toate !Aer*G>ere !este tot" !retutindeni !Aer*bod*$eAer*one si eAer*t>ing se acorda cu verbul la singular3 !Aer*bod* is at >ome; !Aer*t>ing >as an end; * otul are /toate au0 un sfarsit.

!.er#ises
M; P"t t>e Aerb in /arent>eses into t>e Past Contin"o"s Tense% 2. 5ill got off t2e bus 42ile it *go-. 2. Ho2n *4al.- 2ome 42en 2e sa4 'nn. 8. I came into t2e room because t2e bo1s *ma.e- a lot of noise. >. Ri.e 2urt 2is leg 42ile 2e *!la1- football. ?. 2e car 2it t2e tree 42ile it *travel- at @0 miles an 2our. &;O/en t>e /arent>eses and /"t t>e Aerbs in t>e Present and Past Contin"o"s Tenses; 1. A2at Ho2n *do- no4[ He *4atc2- $. 2ereOs a 2oc.e1 matc2 on. 2. A2at 1ou *do- at eig2t oOcloc. last nig2t[ I *read- a ver1 interesting article about t2e Ul1m!ic Sames in &1dne1. 8. Ho2n and 5ill *!la1- a game of c2ess 42en I returned 2ome 1esterda1. >. A2at t2e1 *tal.about[ 2e1 *discuss- t2e football semi#finals. ?. A2at 1our brot2er *do- from seven to nine last nig2t[ He *!la1- bas.etball. He is a ver1 good bas.etball !la1er. @. A2o *s4im- no4[ 4o s4immers from (rance and Sreat 5ritain. R; P"t t>e Aerb into t>e #orre#t form) Past Contin"o"s or Past Sim/le; !.am/le% A2ile om !as cooking *coo.- t2e dinner" t2e !2one rang *ring-. 1. Seorge *fall- off t2e ladder 42ile 2e *!aint- t2e ceiling. 2. Wast nig2t I *read- in bed 42en suddenl1 I *2ear- a scream. 8. *1ou=4atc2television 42en I !2oned 1ou[ >. 'nn *4ait- for me 42en I *arrive-. ?. I *not=drive- ver1 fast 42en t2e accident *2a!!en-. @. I *brea.- a !late last nig2t. I *do- t2e 4as2ing u! 42en it *sli!- out of m1 2and. B. om *ta.e- a !2otogra!2 of me 42ile I *not=loo.-. C. Ae *not=go- out
10@

because it *rain-. G. A2at *1ou=do- at t2is time 1esterda1[ 10. I *seeCarol at t2e !art1. &2e *4ear- a reall1 beautiful dress. (; Read and translate t>ese senten#es; 1. He !ut somet2ing on t2e des. and 4ent out. 2. No one scored a goal during t2e matc2 1esterda1. 8. Qid Veter tell 1ou an1t2ing about 2is tri![ Yes" 2e did. >. A2en I sa4 2im 2e 4as tal.ing to somebod1. ?. Is t2ere a de!artment store an142ere near 2ere[ @. You 4ill find t2e boo. some42ere in t2at boo.case. B. Have 1ou got an1t2ing to tell me[ C. Qid 1ou find an1t2ing ne4 in t2e novel[ G. If an1one comes to see me" as. 2im to 4ait for me. 10. &2all 4e ta.e somet2ing to read[ U;Fill in t>e ga/s Git> somebod*$someone) somet>ing) someG>ere) an*bod*$an*one) an*G>ere) nobod*$no one) not>ing) noG>ere% M; 2ere is Z at t2e door. *doua !osibilitati3 cineva si nimeni-. 2. Is t2ere Z I can do for 1ou[ 8. WetOs go Z tonig2t. >. Z can 2el! 1ou. *trei!osibilitati3 cineva" nimeni si oricine.- ?. He 4ill do Z for 1ou. *trei !osibilitati3 ceva" nimic si orice-. @. I 2o!e t2ere is Z 4rong 4it2 our $ set. *doua !osibilitati3 nimic si ceva-. B. Z must tell me* cineva si nimeni-. C. I 4onOt go Z tonig2t. IOm too tired. G. I donOt .no4 Z about Ne4ton. ';As@ s/e#ial L"estions "sing t>e Gords from /arent>eses; 1. 2e1 4ere 2aving dinner at si) oOcloc. 1esterda1. *42en2. He 4as ans4ering a tele!2one call. *42o8 &2e 4as resting because s2e 4as tired. *421B. Ae 4ere dicussing t2e !roblem in t2e office. *42ereC. 2e1 4ere !la1ing football ver1 4ell. *2o4V; P"t s/e#ial L"estions to t>e "nderlined Gords; M; He 4as translating an article at seven oOcloc. last nig2t. *?2. You 4ere tal.ing about Rr. 5ro4nOs lecture 42en 2e came u! to t2em. *?S; Translate into !nglis>; 1.Cine te urmarea cand te indre!tai s!re casa[ 2. Ri s#a stricat masina cand mergeam s!re gara. 8. Cine canta la !ian cand eram eu acolo[ >.

10B

Vloua tare cand ati coborat din tren. ?. Cand ma !limbam !rin !ar. am vazut un coleg sezand !e#o banca. @. $antul sufla usor. B. Ce incercati sa investati[ C. Nu stiu nimic. G. Nimeni nu !oate sti tot. 10. Nimic nu este destul de bun !entru tine. 11. Voti sa#mi dai ceva de mancare[ : Ce de e)em!lu[ : Urice. 12. Uricine !oate vedea aceasta. 18. Este cineva la usa.

+o#ab"lar*
s2o! store mall mar.et goods food bread s4eets !astr1 vegetables fruit s2oes %e4els clot2es medicine bill counter cas2#des. s2o!#assistant LIST OF US!FUL S OPS ba.erOs grocerOs !astr1 =s2o!= greengrocerOs leat2er =s2o!= boo.#s2o!
10C

magazin magazin universal com!le) de magazine cu alei si !arca%e !iata de legume marfuri alimente=2rana !aine dulciuri !aste fainoase legume fructe incaltaminte bi%uterii 2aine medicamente nota de !lata te%g2ea casa de !lata vanzator brutarie bacanie !atiserie zarzavagerie maroc2inarie librarie

!erfumerOs tobacconistOs barberOs 2airdresserOs 2aberdas2erOs ADY!CTI+!S fres2 stale c2ea! e)!ensive large tig2t necessar1 useful useless +!RBS to s2o! to go s2o!!ing to bu1 to sell to !a1 to as. to ans4er to cost to 2el! to need to s2o4 to 4ant to li.e to run s2ort of

!arfumerie tutungerie frizerie coafura galanterie !roas!at vec2i=ne#!roas!at ieftin scum!=costisitor mare=larg stramt necesar folositor nefolositor a targui a merge la cum!araturi a cum!ara a vinde a !lati a intreba=a cere a ras!unde a costa a a%uta a avea nevoie a arata a dori=a vrea a !lace a ramane fara

10G

Te.t% S>o//ing (C"m/arat"ri)

A2enever I run s2ort of food I 2ave to go to bu1 somet2ing. I generall1 go to t2e mar.et on (rida1 and bu1 food for t2e ne)t 4ee.. (irst" I ma.e a list of 42at I need to bu1" t2en I ta.e a large s2o!!ing bag and t2en I drive to t2e mar.et. I go to t2e butc2erOs 42en I need some fres2 meat" or to t2e fis2mongerOs 42en I need some fres2 fis2. 2e bread is stale" so" IOm going to bu1 some" but t2e ba.er doesnOt sell it to me" because it is not fres2. He tells me to come in t2e afternoon" because 2e t2in.s 2e is going to 2ave some fres2er bread. I also need to bu1 some vegetables and fruit" and ma1be" some ca.es for lunc2. Ra1be tomorro4 IOm going to go again for some mil. and mineral 4ater.

110

UNIT MR (t>irteen) Present Perfe#t Sim/le (Pre?ent"l /erfe#t)

Vrezentul Verfect se formeaza cu a%utorul verbului au)iliar have la !rezent !lus !artici!iul 2 a verbului de con%ugat. AffirmatiAe I 2ave 4ritten You 2ave 4ritten Ae 2ave 4ritten 2e1 2ave 4ritten He" s2e" *it- 2as 4ritten InterrogatiAe Have I 4ritten[ Have 1ou 4ritten[ Have 4e 4ritten[ Have t2e1 4ritten[ Has 2e=s2e 4ritten[ NegatiAe I 2ave not *2avenOt- 4ritten You 2ave not *2avenOt- 4ritten Ae 2ave not *2avenOt- 4ritten 2e1 2ave not *2avenOt- 4ritten He=s2e 2as not *2asnOt- 4ritten Intreb"intare: Acest timp face legatura intre prezent si trecut. a); e)!rima o stare care a ince!ut in trecut si care se continua. E)3 Weve $een friends for a long time. %!untem prieteni de mult) Ubservati ca !ro!ozitia romaneasca ec2ivalenta este la !rezent. Com!linirile tem!orale ce a!ar in astfel de situatii sunt3 for a time *de un timp-" for three weeks *de trei saptamani- etc. sau since last year %de anul trecut)" since you came %de cand ai venit)/ for + de !he has studied 0nglish for five years. %&nvata engle1a de 2 ani)

111

For se refera la intreaga !erioada dintre momentul ince!erii actiunii si momentul vorbirii. Sin#e din, de la, de, de cand I 2ave been 2ere sin#e five oOcloc.. b); e)!rima o actiune terminata in trecut" !entru care momentul cand a avut loc nu !rezinta interesP accentul este !us !e e*perienta in sine traita !rin actiunea res!ectiva. E)3 &ve never $een to England. *N#am fost niciodata in 'nglia- sau3 es seen a lot of beautiful !laces in 2is life. *' vazut multe locuri frumoase in viata sa.#); e)!rima o actiune trecuta al carei re1ultat este vizibil in !rezent. E)3 es $roken 2is arm. *&i#a ru!t bratul : are bratul ru!tUn verb la Vresent Verfect este determinat de un com!lement circumstantial de tim! sau de o tem!orala care indica un interval desc2is3 all m* life, this *ear, this afternoon, tonight, this !eek, this month, in the last fe! da*s 0in ultimele zile%, toda*, since *esterda*, since # last sa! *ou, etc. d); !entru actiuni" care sunt legate de !rezent !rin rezultatele lor e)!rimate in !ro!ozitii continand adverbe ca never 0niciodata%, ever 0vreodata%, al!a*s 0totdeauna%, ust 0tocmai%, *et 0de a%, not F *et 0nu F inca%, alread* 0de a%, up to no! 0pana acum%, up to the present 0pana in prezent%, so far 0pana acum, deocamdata%, latel* 0in ultima vreme%, etc. E)3 He 2as (ust !2oned from t2e aer!ort. *El tocmai a telefonat de la air!ort- *'ctiune recenta3ota3 5"st) du!a cum am s!us" cere Present Perfe#t% IOve (ust seen 2im. : Tocmai l#am vazut. Y"st noG %chiar acum, chiar adineaori) cere Past Tense% I sa4 2im 5"st noG. : W#am vazut chiar acum.adineaori. I 2avenOt seen 1ou latel1. *Nu te#am vazut in ultimul tim!*'ctiune adusa !ana in momentul vorbirii-

112

You 2avenOt eaten 1et *Nu ai mancat inca-. Have 1ou eaten 1et[ *'i mancat de%a[IOve al4a1s loved 1ou. * otdeauna te#am iubit- &a nu uitam ca" in functie de conte)" Vresent Verfect se !oate traduce cu Verfectul Com!us din limba romana. Com/arati% Ae have $een friends since 4e graduated. !antem prieteni %"re1entul) de cand am a$solvit. &ve met him several times since we graduated. 4,am intalnit %"erfectul compus) de mai multe ori de cand am a$solvit.

Com/lement"l #om/"s
In limba engleza este foarte ras!andita constructia ;com!lementul com!us<" care contine un substantiv *sau !ronume la cazul acuzativ- si un verb la infinitiv sau !artici!iul I3 I 4ant Tom (>im) to come to m1 !art1. $reau ca om *el- sa vina la serata mea. Ae .no4 Peter and S"san (t>em) to be good students. &tiam ca Vetru si &uzana *ei- sunt studenti buni. Nota% M); A#easta #onstr"#tie se intreb"intea?a d"/a Aerbe de /er#e/tie) sen?atie si a#tiAitate mintala) /re#"m% to Gant (a Area)) to @noG (a stie)) to li@e (a /la#e)) to see (a Aedea)) to >ear (a a"?i)) to #onsider (a #onsidera)) to belieAe (a #rede)) et#; Ae consider him to be a good doctor. Consideram ca el este un medic bun. &); Qu!a verbele to see) to >ear) to Gat#> in constructia res!ectiva se intrebuinteaza sau infinitivul fara 5to6, sau "articipiul &I sa4 2im get *getting- out of t2e car. 'm vazut cum el a esit din automobil.

118

!.er#ises%
Res/ond to t>ese reL"ests a##ording to t>e model. "lease help "eter do his homework. %already) &ve already helped him.
M;

1. Vlease close t2e 4indo4. I 2ave alread1 closed it. *alread1- 2. Vlease s2o4 Ri.e 1our coat. I 2ave %ust s2o4ed it *%ust- 8. Vlease translate t2is te)t into Tussian. I 2ave %ust translated it. *%ust- >. Vlease ta.e a s2o4er. I 2ave alread1 ta.en a s2o4er. *alread1- ?. Vlease 4a.e u! Ho2n. I 2ave %ust 4a.ed u! 2im. *%ust- @. Vlease loo. t2roug2 t2ese telegrams. I 2ave alread1 loo.ed t2roug2t its. *alread1&; Res/ond to t>ese L"estions a##ording to t>e model; elen is going to $uy a new coat. )nd 7ane8 %today) 7ane has $ought a new coat today. 'nn is going to !la1 t2e !iano. 'nd Rar1[ *%ust- 2. HeOs going to read t2is boo.. 'nd 5ill[ *t2is 4ee.- 8. Hane 4ent for a 4al. an 2our ago. 'nd Veter[ *%ust- >. HeOs going to ta.e a s2o4er. 'nd Ho2n[ *alread1?. 2e1 4ere ver1 bus1 last 4ee.. 'nd Rr. Sreen[ *t2is 4ee.- @. 2e1 came 2ome t4o 2ours ago. 'nd Veter[ *%ustR; Res/ond to t>ese statements a##ording to t>e model; 9r. !mith has already stayed there for a week. %9r. :rown) as 9r. :rown stayed there for a week, too8 1.Veter 2as %ust gone for a 4al.. * om- 2. Ho2n 2as returned from Rosco4 t2is 4ee.. *5ill- 8. Hane 2as t1!ed a lot of letters toda1. *Rar1- >. R1 brot2er 2as boug2t t2e ne4 (renc2 te)tboo. toda1. *1our friend- ?. IOve alread1 s!o.en to 2im. *2e- @. &2eOs seen t2em toda1. *1ou(; P"t on s/e#ial L"estions to G>i#> t>e "nderlined Gords are t>e ansGers; M; 2e teac2er 2as 4ritten some 4ords on t2e blac.board. *>&; 2e1 2ave finis2ed t2e e)!eriment successfull1. *>R; R1 brot2er 2as translated t4o te)ts into Englis2. *@11>

-[ U; O/en t>e bra#@ets and "se t>e /ro/er tenses (Sim/le Present) Sim/le Past) Present Contin"o"s and Present Perfe#t Tense); I am *be- a student. I am 2aving *2ave- an Englis2 class no4. Ae 2ave done *do- %ust e)ercise five and no4 4e are ans4ering *ans4er- t2e teac2erOs Nuestions. 2. You 2ave boug2t *bu1- alread1 fruit and vegetables[ Yes" I 2ave. A2en 1ou [[[ *go- s2o!!ing[ I *go- s2o!!ing after lunc2 1esterda1. 8. He 2ave came *come- %ust to t2e office. ItOs five minutes to nine. 'nd 42en 2e came *come- to t2e office 1esterda1[ He came *come- at ten to nine 1esterda1. >. Veter *leavefor sc2ool fifteen minutes ago but 'nn *not to leave- for college 1et. ?. Veter *not to go- to see 2is mot2er 1esterda1. His elder brot2er Nic. *go- %ust to see 2er. &2e *be- ill latel1. '; Transform t>ese senten#es beloG in t>e #onstr"#tions Git> <Com/o"nd Ob5e#t= 1. I 4ant t2at 1ou s2ould .no4 Englis2 4ell. 2. Qo 1ou remenber t2at s2e 4or.ed at our !lant[ 8. 2e1 2eard 2o4 s2e 4as s!ea.ing on t2e radio. >. I sa4 2o4 s2e came u! to t2e 2ouse. ?. 2e c2ildren li.e 42en t2eir mot2er reads interesting stories to t2em @. Ae never e)!ected t2at s2e 4ould sta1 t2ere so long. B. I 2eard 2o4 1ou said it. V; Translate into !nglis> 1. Nu l#am vazut de loc sa!tamana aceasta. 2. 'm fost in &tatele Unite nu numai odata. 8. i#ai baut cafeaua azi" nu#i asa[ >. Nu l#am inteles niciodata. ?. El a cum!arat doua biciclete. @. Ea a vazut multe filme. B. 'i fost in concediu anul acesta[ C. N#am stiut niciodata sa gatesc la fel de bine ca tine. G. ' si venit[ Qesi a !romis ca vine !ana la ora asta" n# a venit inca. 10. Tareori !oti intalni un om ca tine] 11. Ea tocmai si#a cum!arat o roc2ie noua. 12. 'ti fost vreodata la familia (ord[ 18. Noi consideram ca aceasta !roblema este foarte im!ortanta. 1>. 'm vazut cum el a cum!arat ceva si a esit din magazin.

11?

Te.t% < A3DN:S FIRST OP!RA=

A2en Ha1dn 4as about eig2teen 1ears old 2e sang in a c2orus. 5ut soon 2is voice bro.e and 2e lost 2is !lace as a c2orister. He began !la1ing t2e violin in t2e streets of $ienna and sometimes 2e !la1ed at dances. $er1 often 2e com!osed t2e music 2imself. Une da1 Ha1dnOs friend decided to !la1 a serenade under t2e 4indo4 of a 4ell#.no4n clo4n" 5ernardone _urtz b1 name" and as.ed Ha1dn to 4rite t2e music. A2en t2e music 4as read1 t2e1 4ent to t2e 2ouse 42ere _urtz lived and !la1ed it. _urtz li.ed t2e melod1 so muc2 t2at 2e a!!eared on t2e balcon1 and as.ed3 ;A2o 4rote t2at beautiful music[< ;I did"< said Ha1dn. _urtz invited Ha1dn to 2is room and gave 2im some verses and as.ed to 4rite an o!era. Ha1dn 4as afraid. ;I 2ave never 4ritten suc2 music"< 2e said" ;but IOll tr1.< He began 4or.ing and ever1t2ing 4ent 4ell till 2e came to a !lace 42ere t2ere 4as a storm at sea. ;Ho4 can I !ut a storm at sea into music 42en I 2ave never seen t2e sea]< said Ha1dn. He 4ent to _urtz" but t2e clo4n could not 2el! 2im as 2e 2ad never been to t2e sea 2imself. 't last Ha1dn lost 2is tem!er" cras2ed 2is 2ands u!on t2e !iano and cried out3 ;Qas2 t2e storm]< ; 2atOs it] 2atOs it]< cried _urtz %um!ing u! of 2is c2air" ;So on li.e t2at.< Ran1 1ears 2ad !assed since Ha1dnOs name became famous all over t2e 4orld. He 2ad 4ritten 4onderful music to 2is o!eras but 2e could not forget t2e storm in 2is first o!era. He al4a1s laug2ed 42en 2e t2oug2t of it.

11@

UNIT M( (fo"rteen) Present Perfe#t Contin"o"s Contin"")

(Pre?ent"l

Perfe#t

&e formeaza de la !rezentul !erfect al verbului to be (>aAe$>as been) si Parti#i/i"l I a verbului de con%ugat; 'cest tim! nu are cores!ondent in limba romana" traducand#se !rin !erfectul com!us. &e e)!rima o actiune ince!uta in trecut si continuata !ana in momentul vorbirii3 a; actiunea !oate ince!e intr#un moment definit din trecut (SINC!); b; 'ctiunea !oate indica o !erioada de tim!" delimitata" in trecut (FOR); Intrebarea s!ecifica acestui tim! este BO8 >OEG) 01at timp)% : durata. AffirmatiAe I *1ou" 4e" t2e1- 2ave been loo.ing for a %ob for t4o 4ee.s He *s2e" it- 2as been loo.ing for a %ob for t4o 4ee.s NegatiAe I *1ou" 4e" t2e1- 2ave not been loo.ing for a %ob for t4o 4ee.s He *s2e" it- 2as not been loo.ing for a %ob for t4o 4ee.s InterrogatiAe Have I *4e" 1ou" t2e1- been loo.nig for a %og for t4o 4ee.s[ Has 2e *s2e"it- been loo.ing for a %ob for t4o 4ee.s[ E)3 I have $een speaking for t2ree 2ours.*'m vorbit tim! de trei ore&2e has $een working all morning. * ' lucrat toata dimineata.&2e has $een playing t2e !iano since s2e 4as a little girl. *Canta la !ian de cand era mica-. It has $een raining since 1esterda1.*Vloua incontinuu de ieri-

11B

Eota: D"/a #"m se /oate remar#a) din e.em/lele de mai s"s) a#est tim/ se /oate trad"#e fie /rin </erfe#t"l #om/"s=) fie /rin </re?ent= insotit de "n adAerb de tim/ #are sa indi#e #ontin"itatea a#ti"nii;

T>e Re#i/ro#al Prono"n (Pron"mele re#i/ro#)

Qe cele mai multe ori acest !ronume nu a!are in limba romana. El arata o !artici!are reci!roca a !ersoanelor im!licate intr#o actiune sau comunicare. *E)3 s#au sfatuit unul cu celalalt-. )ceste pronume sunt!AC K OT !R si ON! ANOT !R %unul pe altul, una pe alta, unii pe altii, unele pe altele, intre ei, intre ele, reciproc etc.) Ae love each other. *Ne iubim2e bo1s are fig2ting !ith each other. *5aietii se lu!ta intre ei2e1 are loo.ing at one another. *&e uita unul la altulIn !rinci!iu" each other se refera la doi" iar one another la mai multi. Se/arat) fie#are dintre a#este /ron"me are inteles"ri inde/endente% !a#> fiecare Ot>er altul One unul" cineva Anot>er un altul Anot>er) (t>e) ot>er) (t>e) ot>ers Ot>er) #a ad5e#tiA nedefinit ("rmat de "n s"bstantiA)) se trad"#e /rin ("n) alt) (o) alta) alti) alte% Have 1ou an1 other ideas[ : Rai ai si alte idei[ Come another da1. $ino intr,alta zi. Vrecedat de articolul 2otarat" other se traduce !rin celalalt, cealalta, ceilalti, celelalteA2ere is the other bo1[ *Unde este celalalt baiat[The other students are still at t2e Universit1. *Ceilalti studenti sunt inca la facultate.11C

Ca pronume nedefinite" *neurmate de un substantiv-" another se traduce prin altul, alta, iar others prin altii, alteleSive me another, !lease. *Qati#mi altul=alta" va rog-. ;thers 4ill 2el! 1ou if I canOt. * e vor a%uta altii daca eu nu !ot2e ot2er se traduce !rin celalalt" cealalta" iar t2e ot2ers !rin ceilalti" celelalte3 A2ere is the other[ *Unde este celalalt=cealalta[A2ere are the others[ *Unde sunt ceilalti=celelalte[Rai frecvent se s!une3 A2ere is the other one[ A2ere are the other ones[ Cu acelasi sens. In aceste e)em!le" ot>er a devenit ad%ectiv nedefinit. Ubservati ca la !lural nu mai !rimeste s;

!.er#ises
M; Res/ond to t>ese senten#es a##ording to t>e models; a-. ave you $een staying here long8 %for a month) &ve %& have) $een staying here for a month. 1.Have 1ou been learning Englis2 long[ I 2ave been learning it for a 1ear and a 2alf. *for a 1ear and a 2alf- 2. Has it been raining long[ It 2as been raining since earl1 morrning. *since earl1 morning- 8. Has it been sno4ing long[ *since 1esterda1- >. Has 2e been collecting stam!s long[ *for five 1earsb-. !he is teaching at ;*ford <niversity. ow long has she $een teaching at the university8 1. Veter is 4aiting for t2em. 2. 2e1 are !la1ing football no4. 8. He is 4atc2ing a rugb1 matc2 on $. >. &2eOs reading an article. ?. $ast masses of cold air are flo4ing over t2e land. @. 2e1 are 4or.ing 2ard. &; P"t t>e Aerbs in bra#@ets in t>e Present Perfe#t Contin"o"s or in t>e Present Perfe#t;
11G

1. He *to be- ver1 bus1 latel1. 2. I *4ait- for 1ou since si) oOcloc. in t2e afternoon. 8. Ho4 long 1ou *to .no4- Hane[ >. I *not to meet- t2e 5ro4ns since last 1ear. ?. It *to rain- since earl1 morning. @. Ae *to 4or.- 2ard for t4o 2ours. B. Ho4 long 1our sister *to teac2- at college[ (or fifteen 1ears. C. 2e nort2 4ind *to blo4- since earl1 morning. R; P"t since or for into ea#> ga/; 1. Ae 2ave been 4aiting 2ere Z almost an 2our. 2. I 2ave been 4or.ing 2ere Z 1GGG. 8. 2e1 2ave been 4al.ing Z earl1 morning. >. &2e 2as been stud1ing Englis2 Z last &e!tember. ?. 2at man 2as been loo.ing at 1ou Z t2e last ten minutes. @. 2e United &tates 2as been a re!ublic Z 1BB@. B. Vaul 2as been loo.ing for a %ob Z t2e end of t2e last mont2. C. He 2as been loo.ing for a %ob Z almost a 4ee. no4. (; Insert t>e !nglis> eL"iAalent of t>e Gord from t>e bra#@et; 1. A2ere are Z *ceilalti-[ 2. I 4ant Zboo. *alta-. 8. Z 4ill sa1 t2e same t2ing *'ltii-. >. Z cu!s are in t2e .itc2en *Celelalte-. ?. Sive me Z e)am!les *alte-. @. r1 Z door. *cealalta-. B. 2is orange is sour. r1 Z *!e cealalta-. C. I donOt t2in. I can come Z da1 *alta-. U; Com/lete t>e ga/s Git> t>e Re#i/ro#al Prono"n (each other, one another) or t>e Refle.iAe (m*self, *ouself, etc); 1. I Z donOt smo.e. 2. &2e 2ates Z . 8. 2e1 congratulated Z . >. om and 5ill 4ere smiling at Z . ?. 2e1 al4a1s 4rite to Z . @. He 4rote a letter to Z . '; Translate into !nglis> 1. Wucrez aici de sa!te ani. 2. Wucrez aici din 1GG0. 8. Qe cat tim! lucrezi aici[ >. 'ste!tam de o ora si %umatate. ?. El studiaza franceza de trei ani. @. Vloua de o sa!tamana. B. Ei se iubesc. C. Ei se vor a%uta unii !e altii. G. &e intrebau unii !e altii ce se intam!lase. 10. Uri de cate ori se intalneau isi vorbeau englezeste. V; P"t in t>e order t>e folloGing Gords; 1. s!ea.ing" ot2er" to" are" t2e1" eac2. 2e1 are s!ea.ing to eac2 ot2er. 2. anot2er" 2ate" one" t2e1" to 2ate.

120

8. as" is" canOt " 4e" eac2" see" ot2er" dar." it" t2at. Ae canOt see eac2 ot2er as it is dar. t2at. >. do" for" eac2" 4ill" an1t2ing" t2e1" ot2er. 2e1 4ill do ever1t2ing for eac2 ot2er. ?. 4ere" about" tal.ing" t2e1" one" 2olida1" to" ne)t" t2eir" anot2er.

Te.t% YAPAN AND U;S; CAND3 +!NTUR!

' 4ell#.no4n U.&. cand1 com!an1 4as interested in selling its !roduct overseas. 2e com!an1 found a !ossible !artner based in o.1o" Ha!an. 2e o.1o com!an1 seemed to be !erfect for t2e deal. 'fter man1 !2one calls bet4een t2e t4o !arties" a decision 4as made to meet in o.1o. 2e U.&. com!an1 c2ose one of its businessmen" Ri.e Aaller" to re!resent it in o.1o. He 4as t2e com!an1Os most !ersuasive negotiator. 5efore Aaller left t2e United &tates" 2e and t2e com!an1 la41er 4or.ed toget2er to 4rite a detailed contract for t2e deal. 2e contract 4as fift1 !ages long. 2e deal 4ould be advantageous for bot2 com!anies. It !romised big !rofits. Aaller left for Ha!an 4it2 t2e contract. He 4as !leased 4it2 2is careful !re!aration. He t2oug2t 2is future !artners 4ould be satisfied 4it2 2is 4or. and 4ould be read1 to bargain about t2e details in t2e contract. He 2ad studied t2eir com!an1 interests and 4as sure t2e1 4ould 4ant to c2ange a fe4 conditions in t2e contract. He !lanned to agree to t2ose c2anges as concessions. He 4as certain t2e meetings 4ould result in good negotiations and a Nuic. final agreement. Un t2e da1 of t2e meeting in o.1o" Aaller entered t2e boardroom 4it2 co!ies of t2e contract for t2e Ha!anese businessmen at t2e meeting. He 2anded t2em eac2 a co!1 and began discussing t2e details. 2e re!resentatives of t2e o.1o com!an1 did not o!en t2eir contracts. 2e1 didnOt discuss t2e contract at all" but instead s!o.e about general business issues. 2e1 s!o.e about t2e !ro!osed coo!eration bet4een t2e t4o com!anies but t2e1 didnOt ma.e an1 !romises. Aaller t2en 4ent bac. to t2e United &tates. He felt e)tremel1 sur!rised and disa!!ointed. 2e Ha!anese businessmen 2ad never as.ed 2im one Nuestion about t2e contract. No agreements or

121

commitments 2ad been made. He 4asnOt even sure if t2ere 4ould be anot2er round of negotiations.

+OCABULAR3
!artner overseas deal !ersuasive la41er advantageous !rofit to bargain interests to agree to concession to 2and agreement commitments round of negotiations !artener" asociat in strainatate afacere !ersuasiv" convingator avocat" %urist avanta%os" !rofitabil" !rielnic !rofit" beneficiu a negocia" a face o afacere interese" avanta%e a fi de acord cu concesie" cedare a da" a inmana acord de!ozitii in fata unei comisiiP obligatii runda de negocieri

122

UNIT MU PAST P!RF!CT (Perfe#t"l Tre#"t)

Past Perfe#t se formea?a #" a5"tor"l Aerb"l"i <to >aAe= la tre#"t"l sim/l" (>ad) si Parti#i/i"l II al Aerb"l"i de #on5"gat; AffirmatiAe I *2e" s2e" it" 1ou" t2e1- 2ad 4or.ed InterrogatiAe Had I *2e" s2e" it" 4e" 1ou" t2e1- 4or.ed [ NegatiAe I *2e" s2e" it" 4e" 1ou" t2e1- 2ad not *2adnOt- 4or.ed Past Perfe#t e./rima o a#ti"ne sa" "n eAeniment #are a aA"t lo# inaintea "n"i moment tre#"t; A#est moment /oate fi mar#at /rin indi#area tim/"l"i /re#is (b* U o:#lo#@ K #atre ora UE before U o:#lo#@ K inainte de ora U)) sa" /rintr4o alta a#ti"ne la Tre#"t"l Sim/l"% &2e had al!a*s lived in C2isinau before s2e moved to Serman1 a fe4 1ears ago. *Intotdeauna a locuit in C2isinau inainte de a se muta in Sermania acum cativa ani.I had ust bought t2e tic.ets 42en I realized t2at m1 4allet 4asnOt t2ere. *Tocmai cum!arasem biletele cand mi#am dat seama ca nu mai aveam !ortofelul.2e1 had never been t2ere before. *Nu fusese niciodata acolo.*!ana atunciHe had finished 4riting t2e e)ercises b* ? oOcloc.. *El a terminat de scris e)ercitiile catre ora ?.QidnOt 2e tell 1ou *t2at- I had been ill[ *Nu ti#am s!us ca am fost *fusesem- bolnav[Past Perfe#t e./rima regret"l fata de o a#ti"ne tre#"ta% E)3 # !ish # hadnt eaten so muc2. *'s dori sa nu fi mancat atat de mult.==egret ca am mancat sau3
128

I !ish #d gone t2ere. *"acat ca nu m#am dus acolo.='s dori sa ma fi dus Z-.
R;

FUTUR! P!RF!CT (+iitor"l anterior nedefinit)

F"t"re Perfe#t este format din viitorul simplu al verbului au)iliar to have si participiul trecut al verbului de con%ugat3 AffirmatiAe I s2all 2ave as.ed *eu- voi fi intrebat You 4ill 2ave as.ed He" s2e" *it- 4ill 2ave as.ed Ae" 1ou" t2e1 4ill 2ave as.ed InterrogatiAe &2all I *4e- 2ave as.ed [ Aill 2e" s2e" *it-" 1ou" t2e1 2ave as.ed [ NegatiAe I *4e- s2all not *s2anOt- 2ave as.ed He" s2e" *it-" 1ou" t2e1 4ill not *4onOt- 2ave as.ed F"t"re Perfe#t este un timp folosit rar" e*clusiv in lim$a scrisa" fiind a!roa!e cu totul absent din e)!rimarea obisnuita. +6prima o actiune care nu a avut inca loc, dar care se va fi intamplat inainte de un moment in viitor, sau a unei actiuni viitoare redate prin 7resentul 2implu: I s>all >aAe learnt m1 lessons b* Ronda1. *Imi voi invata lectiile !ana luni.2is time ne)t 1ear I:ll >aAe #om/leted m1 studies. *Wa anul !e vremea asta imi voi fi terminat studiile.He Gill >aAe finis>ed 2is re!ort 42en 1ou ret"rn; *El de%a va termina ra!ortul cand tu te vei intoarce.T>e InterrogatiAe Prono"ns (Pron"mele interogatiAe)

12>

.he #nterrogative 7ronouns sunt: 7>o : cine [ 7>i#> K care[ *selectiv7>at K ce[ care[ *neselectiv7>o is 2e[ Cine este el[ 7>i#> (of t>em) do 1ou !refer[ : Ve care o=il !referi[ 7>at do 1ou .no4[ : Ce stii[ 7>at is t2e ca!ital of (rance[ : Care *neselectiv- este ca!itala (rantei[ "ronumele interogative precedate de prepo1itii sunt la ca1ul acu1ativfor G>omT before G>i#>T on G>atT In limba vorbita !re!ozitia se asaza la urma" in care caz !hom devine !ho. 'ceasta este tentinta generala moderna. 7>o *mai rar 42om- did 1ou tal. to[ # Cu cine ai vorbit=discutat[ 7>i#> of t2e girls are t2e flo4ers for[ : Ventru care dintre fete sunt florile[ 7>at 4as t2e lecture about[ : Qes!re ce trata conferinta[ Cand G>o[ 7>i#>T sau G>at[ &unt subiectul !ro!ozitiei" la Vresent &im!le si Vast &im!le interogativul si negativul se formeaza fara au)iliarul do %sau does sau did)7>o .no4s[ : Cine stie[ 7>i#> of 1ou arrived first[ : Care dintre voi a sosit !rimul[ 7>at comes ne)t[ : Ce urmeaza du!a aceea[ Cand G>oT 7>i#>T sa" G>atT &unt com!lemente" la Vresent &im!le si Vast &im!le interogativul si negativul se formeaza in mod normal *cu do, does sau did)7>om did 1ou invite to 1our birt2da1 !art1[ : Ve cine ai invitat la ziua ta[ 7>i#> do 1ou !refer[ : Ve care il=o !referi[ 7>at did 2e tell 1ou[ : Ce ti#a s!us[ 7>ose (atat #a /ron"me #at si ad5e#tiA) /oate fi (a) s"bie#t sa" (b) #om/lement%

12?

a-. 7>ose !oem im!ressed 1ou most[ : ' cui !oem te#a im!resionat cel mai mult[ b-. 7>ose !oem did 1ou a!!reciate most[ : ' cui cuvantare ai a!reciat#o mai mult[

!O!RCIS!S%
M; S"//l* t>e most s"itable tense (/ast or /ast /erfe#t)% 1. 2e1 *go- 2ome after t2e1 *finis2- t2eir 4or.. 2. &2e said t2at s2e alread1 *see- t2e V1ramids. 8. Ae *2ear- t2at a fire *brea. out- in t2e neig2bouring 2ouse. >. He told me 2e *catc2- a 1oung lion and *s2oott4o ot2ers. ?. 2e1 *drin.- small cu!s of coffee after t2e1 *finis2dinner. @. &2e told 2er teac2er t2at 2er mot2er *2el!- 2er 4it2 2er 2ome4or. t2e !revious evening" and *tell- 2er t2e 4ords s2e *not .no4-. B. 2e fire *s!read- to t2e ne)t building before t2e firemen *arrive-.C. C1ril 4as ver1 angr1 and said t2at 2e *eat- t4o flies in 2is fruit salad. 2e 4aiter as.ed 2im 421 2e *eat- t2em. C1ril said 2e *bes2ort#sig2ted and alread1 *s4allo4- t2em 42en 2is friend *tell- 2im 42at 2e *eat-. G. 2e little girl *as.- 42at *2a!!en- to 2er ice#cream. 10. His mot2er *4orr1- a lot about 2im before s2e *2ear- t2at 2e 4as safe. 11. He *can not- 2el! t2in.ing t2at 2e *see- t2at face some42ere before. 12. 2e !olitician *declare- t2at 2is !art1 al4a1s *stand- for social securit1. &; S"//l* t>e most s"itable tense (F"t"re Sim/le) F"t"re Contin"o"s or F"t"re Perfe#t)% 1. I *do- m1 2ome4or. tomorro4. 2. I *do- m1 2ome4or. at si) oOcloc. tomorro4. 8. I *do- m1 2ome4or. b1 si) oOcloc. tomorro4. >. A2en I come 2ome tomorro4" m1 famil1 *2ave- su!!er. ?. A2en 1ou come to m1 !lace tomorro4" I *read- 1our boo.. @. omorro4 I *begin- doing m1 2ome4or. as soon as I come from sc2ool. I *do- m1 2ome4or. from t2ree till si). R1 fat2er *come- 2ome at seven oJcloc. tomorro4. I *do- all m1 2ome4or. b1 t2e time 2e comes" and 4e *gofor a 4al. toget2er.B. 51 ne)t Hune 2e *4rite- 2is second novel. C. 5efore 1ou go to see t2em" t2e1 *leave- t2e countr1. G. 51 t2e end of t2e summer 2e *teac2- us to s!ea. Englis2. 10. I 2o!e" 42en 1ou 2ave finis2ed t2is e)ercise" 1ou *not ma.e- man1 mista.es in it.
12@

Insert !ho, !hose, !hom, to !hom, !hich, !hat a##ording to t>e sense% 1. Z 4as t2at man[ : Uur ne4 neig2bour. 2. Z is 2is name[ 8. Z daug2ter did 2e marr1[ : Rr. 5ro4nOs. >. Z of t2em do 1ou 4ant[ ?. Z 2a!!ens in C2a!ter II[ @. Z did 1ou meet at t2e seaside[ B. Z did 1ou lend m1 dictionar1[ C. Z is t2e ca!ital of (rance[ G. Z car did 1ou drive[ : R1 fat2erOs. 10. Z did 1ou lend m1 bic1cle[ 11. (or Z did ed cut eleven roses[ 12. o Z of 1ou did 2e address t2e letter[ 18. In Z did 1ou !ut t2e flo4ers[ 1>. 't Z !ainting did t2e1 loo.[ : VicassoOs. 1?. 51 Z 4ere 1ou lent t2e mone1[ 1@. 'bout Z of t2em 4ere t2e1 tal.ing.
R;

(; Translate into !nglis>; 1. Noi o vazusem inainte. 2. Noi nu#i intalnisem niciodata inainte. 8. Cand am sosit noi" trenul !lecase de%a. >. Ea era obosita" !entru ca facuse cum!araturi toata du!a#amiaza. ?. Cand l#am intalnit !rima oara" era in (ranta de un an. @. Nu mai era acelasi *se sc2imbase- de la casatoria lui. B. Nu#mi trecuse !rin minte ca el !utea fi s!ion. C. El avusese dificultati sa#si gaseasca o noua slu%ba. G. Noi vom fi c2eltuit foarte !utini bani. 10. Noi nu vom fi c2eltuit multi bani. 11. Noi nu vom fi folosit multe cecuri. 12. El nu va fi !etrecut mult tim! aici.18. Cine este acest barbat[ 1>. Cu cine ati vorbit[ 1?. Care dintre ei a castigat meciul[ 1@. Ce veti face anul viitor[ 1B. Ce fel de necazuri aveti[ 1C. ' cui este aceasta masina[

T!OT% <M3 FINANCIAL CAR!!R= (b* 2tephen >eacock) *1C@G#1G>>R1 salar1 2ad been raised to fift1 dollars a mont2 and I felt t2at t2e ban. 4as t2e onl1 !lace for it. &o I 4al.ed in and loo.ed round at t2e cler.s. I 2ad an idea t2at a !erson 42o 4as about to o!en an account must necessaril1 s!ea. to t2e manager. ;Can I see t2e manager[< I as.ed t2e cler. and added ;alone<. I donOt .no4 421 I said ;alone<. ;Certainl1"< said t2e cler." and broug2t 2im.
12B

2e manager 4as a calm" serious man. A2ile tal.ing to 2im I 2eld m1 fift1#si) dollars in m1 !oc.et. ;'re 1ou t2e manager[< I said Sod .no4s I didnOt doubt it. ;Yes"< 2e said. ;Can I see 1ou"< I as.ed" ;alone<[ I didnOt 4ant to sa1 ;alone< again" but 4it2out t2is 4ord t2e Nuestion seemed useless. ;Come in 2ere" ;2e said" and led t2e 4a1 to a !rivate room. ;AeOre safe from interru!tion 2ere"< 2e said. ;&it do4n.< Ae bot2 sat do4n and loo.ed at eac2 ot2er. I found no voice to s!ea.. ;YouOre one of Vin.ertonOs detectives" I su!!ose"< 2e said. 2e e)!ression in m1 e1es 2ad made 2im t2in. t2at I 4as a detective" and 2e loo.ed 4orried. ; o s!ea. t2e trut2"< I began. ;IOm not a detective at all. IOve come to o!en an account. I intend to .ee! all m1 mone1 in t2is ban..< 2e manager loo.ed serious" 2e felt sure no4 t2at I 4as a ver1 ric2 man" !robabl1 a son of 5aron Tot2sc2ild. ;' large account" I su!!ose"< 2e said. ;Tat2er a large one" ; I 42is!ered. ;I intend to !lace in t2is ban. t2e sum of fift1#si) dollars no4" and fift1 dollars a mont2 regularl1.< 2e manager got u! and o!ened t2e door. He called out to t2e cler.. ;Rr. Rontgomer1"< 2e said loudl1" ;t2is gentleman is o!ening an account. He 4ill !lace fift1#si) dollars in it. Sood morning.< ;Sood morning"< I said" standing u!" and 4al.ed t2roug2 a big door into a safe. ;Come out"< said t2e manager coldl1 and s2o4ed me t2e ot2er 4a1. I 4ent u! to t2e cler. and !us2ed t2e mone1 to 2im. R1 face 4as terribl1 !ale. ;Here" I said" ;!ut it in m1 account.< 2e sound of m1 voice seemed to mean" ;WetOs do t2is !ainful t2ing 42ile 4e feel t2at 4e 4ant to do it.< A2en t2e o!eration 2ad been !erformed" I remembered t2at I 2adnOt left an1 mone1 for !resent use. R1 idea 4as to dra4 out si) dollars. &omeone gave me a c2eNue#boo. and someone else began telling me 2o4 to 4rite it out. 2e !eo!le in t2e ban. seemed to t2in. t2at I 4as a man 42o o4ned millions of dollars" but I 4as not feeling
ver1 4ell" I 4rote somet2ing on t2e c2eNue and !us2ed it to4ards t2e cler.. He loo.ed at it.
12C

;A2at" are 1ou dra4ing it all out again[< 2e as.ed in sur!rise. 2en I realized t2at I 2ad 4ritten fift1#si) dollars instead of si). I 4as too u!set to t2in. clearl1 no4. I 2ad a feeling t2at it 4as im!ossible to e)!lain t2e t2ing. 'll t2e cler.s sto!!ed 4riting to loo. at me. Une of t2em !re!ared to !a1 t2e mone1. ;Ho4 4ill 1ou 2ave it[< 2e said. ;A2at[< ;Ho4 4ill 1ou 2ave it[< ;U2"< I caug2t 2is meaning and ans4ered 4it2out even tr1ing to t2in." # ;in fift1#dollar notes.< He gave me a fift1#dollar note. ;'nd t2e si)[< 2e as.ed coldl1. ;In si)#dollar notes"< I said. He gave me si) dollars" and I ran out. 's t2e big door closed be2ind me" I 2eard a sound of laug2ter t2at 4ent u! to t2e roof of t2e ban.. &ince t2en I use a ban. no more. I .ee! m1 mone1 in m1 !oc.et and m1 savings in silver dollars in a soc..

%&'(B)L(*+
to raise : a ridica" a creste to loo. round : a !rivi in %ur account : cont cler. /.la3.0 : functionar *de birouto 2old :2eld : a tine !oc.et : buzunar to doubt /daut0 : a se indoi *deto seem : a !area" a da im!resia to lead : led : a conduce" a duce safe : sigur" convins safe and sound : teafar si nevatamat to 42is!er : a so!ti to dra4 out : a e)trage to call out : a striga *nume-" a c2ema to o4n : a !oseda" a avea to catc2 : caug2t : a !rinde soc. # soseta

12G

UNIT M' S!QU!NC! OF T!NS!S K Con#ordanta (#ores/ondenta) tim/"rilor

Concordanta tim!urilor" adica ra!ortul dintre tim!ul din !ro!ozitia !rinci!ala si cel din subordonata" este o !roblema foarte com!le)a in limba engleza" mai ales in com!aratie cu romana" unde ea nu se a!lica atat de strict si deci tim!urile coincid rareori in cele doua limbi3 He as@ed me 2o4 old I Gas; El m#a intrebat ce varsta am; M); Cand verbul din !ro!ozitia !rinci!ala este la Vresent &im!le=Continuous" Vresent Verfect verbul din subordonata !oate fi la orice tim!3 Prin#i/ala Se#"ndara I .no4 42at he does. Eu stiu ce face el. I .no4 42at he is doing; Eu stiu ce face el *in acest moment-. I .no4 42at he did. Eu stiu ce a facut el. I .no4 42at hes al!a*s done; Eu stiu ce a facut el intotdeauna. I .no4 42at he !ill do; Eu stiu ce va face el. &); Cand Aerb"l din /ro/o?itia /rin#i/ala este la tre#"t) Aerb"l din s"bordonata este la tre#"t"l sim/l" sa" #ontin""; I .ne4 42at he did. Eu stiam ce face el. I .ne4 42at he !as doing. Eu stiam ce face el *la acel moment-. I .ne4 42at he had done. Eu stiam ce a facut=facuse el. I .ne4 42at 2e Go"ld do. Eu stiam ce va face el. Nota% otusi" se !oate folosi !rezentul in subordonata" daca este vorba des!re un adevar imuabil *nesc2imbator" !ermanent-. 't t2at time" t2e1 didn:t @noG t2at t2e sun does not t"rn round t2e eart2.

180

Wa acea vreme" nu se stia ca soarele nu se invarteste in %urul !amantului. R); La tre#"t) a#ti"nile Aerbelor din /ro/o?itia /rin#i/ala si din #ea s"bordonata /ot fi% fie sim"ltane) #and se foloseste tre#"t"l sim/l" sa" #ontin""% &2e said t2at s2e s!o.e four foreign languages. ' s!us ca vorbeste !atru limbi straine. He left as t2e film 4as beginning. El a !lecat tocmai cand ince!ea filmul. HHH Drmatoarea situatie ar putea parea ciudata: &2e told me 2er name Gas Rar1. Ri#a spus ca o cheama Raria. : desigur" Raria o c2eama mereu caci acesta este numele ei de botez" dar" tinand seama ca !ro!ozitia !rinci!ala este la trecut" !redicatul secundarei trebuie modificat in functie de regulile concordantei. (ie consecutive" cand se foloseste Past Perfe#t !entru a marca anterioritatea si un au)iliar modal la trecut %would, should, might) !entru a marca posterioritateaHe left a fe4 minutes after t2e film >ad beg"n. El a !lecat la cateva minute du!a ce ince!use filmul. &2e t>o"g>t I #o"ld 2el! 2er. Ea s#a gandit ca eu voi !utea s#o a%ut.
(); Cand verbul din !ro!ozitia !rinci!ala este la viitor" verbul din !ro!ozitia subordonata tem!orala sau din conditionala este la !rezent sau la Vresent Verfect.

'ceasta e)ce!tie de la regula concordantei tim!urilor se !roduce du!a !hen ( cand, as soon as ( de indata ce, after ( dupa, before ( inainte ca, !hile ( in timp ce, if ( daca, until ( pana cand9atat timp cat, unless ( daca nu: IOll go 42en IOm read1. $oi !leca atunci cand voi fi=sunt gata. IOll call 1ou if I donOt find it. e voi suna daca nu#l gasesc=nu#l voi gasi. AeOll 4ait until 1ou come. $om aste!ta !ana cand vei veni=vii. 2e s2o4 4ill start as soon as t2e !resident 2as arrived. &!ectacolul va ince!e de indata ce !resedintele va sosi=soseste.
181

!O!RCIS!S%
M; P"t t>e folloGing into t>e Past Tense obserAing t>e r"les of t>e seL"en#e of tenses% 1. R1 uncle sa1s 2e 2as %ust come bac. from Wondon. 2. He sa1s 2e feels better no4. 8. I .no4 t2at 1ou are ill. >. Ae find t2at s2e 2as left 2ome at eig2t oOcloc. t2is morning. ?. He sa1s t2at 2e 2as a good camera. @. &2e sa1s s2e 4ill come to see us ne)t &unda1. B. &2e sa1s 5ill told 2er a lot of interesting t2ings about 2is travels in t2e sout2. C. I 2ear t2at 2e 2as boug2t a ne4 car. G. I su!!ose t2at 2e 4ill send us a letter. 10. I t2in. t2at 2e lives in Ne4 Yor.. &; Use t>e Aerbs in bra#@ets in a//ro/riate tenses obserAing t>e r"les of t>e seL"en#e of tenses% 1. Ae told 1ou t2at 4e *leave- to4n on t2e follo4ing da1. 2. &2e said s2e *can- not tell me t2e rig2t time" 2er 4atc2 *be- 4rong. 8. &2e sa1s s2e alread1 *find- t2e boo.. >. I didnOt .no4 t2at 1ou alread1 *receivet2e letter. ?. He 2as %ust said t2at s2e *not be- at 2ome tomorro4. @. C2arlie noticed t2at Rar1 *cr1-. B. I 4as t2in.ing 42at a !leasure it *be- to see m1 old friend againP I *not see- 2im since m1 sc2oolda1s. C. &2e 2as %ust told me t2at s2e *not li.e- modern music. G. 2e bo1 didnOt .no4 t2at 4ater *boil- at 100o. 10. He !romised t2at 2e *bringus all necessar1 boo.s. R; P"t t>e tenses in bra#@ets into t>e #orre#t form% 1. I .ne4 t2at 2e *is" 4as- a ver1 clever man. 2. He said 2e *is sta1ing" 4as sta1ing- at t2e ;&avo1< Hotel. 8. 2e1 realized t2at t2e1 *lost" 2ad lost- t2eir 4a1 in t2e dar.. >. He as.ed me 42ere I *stud1" studied-. ?. I t2oug2t t2at I *s2all finis2" s2ould finis2- m1 4or. at t2at time. @. He said 2e *4ill come" 4ould come- to t2e station to see me off. B. I 4as sure 2e *!osted" 2ad !osted- t2e letter. C. I 4ant to .no4 42at 2e *2as boug2t" 2ad boug2t- for 2er birt2da1. G. I as.ed m1 sister to tell me 42at s2e *2as seen" 2ad seen- at t2e museum. 10. I 2o!e it *4ill not c2ange" 4ould not c2ange- for t2e 4orse.

182

(; Translate into !nglis>% 1. El s!une ca merge acasa cu autobuzul in fiecare zi. 2. El intreaba cat e ceasul. 8. ' s!us ca ieri a !escuit toata ziua. >. W#am intrebat daca vor fi acasa deseara. ?. El scrie ca se distreaza foarte bine. @. Credeam ca dormea. B. Ra intrebam daca a%unsesera de%a. C. R#a intrebat daca stiu cand !leaca trenul. G. We#a s!us !arintelor lui ca vor merge intr#o e)cursie. 10. El a scris ca a fost foarte bolnav tim! de cinci zile. 11. W# am intrebat de cata vreme astea!ta autobuzul. 12. El a s!us ca#mi va re!ara ceasul !ana maine. 18. R#a intrebat daca te iubesc si eu am s!us ca da. 1>. El a s!us ca imi va aduce ambele carti vineri" dar inca nu mi le#a adus. 1?. El a zis ca la sfarsitul anului se vor im!lini cinci ani de cand studiaza engleza" dar ca inca n#a inteles folosirea tim!urilor.

T!OT% <BRITIS

B!!R=

5ritis2 beer can be confusing to visitors. Ran1 foreigners 42o are ne4 to !ubs as. for ;a beer" !lease< : but t2is alone is not enoug2. In 5ritain 1ou must s!ecif1 t2e Nuantit1 1ou 4ant : a !int or 2alf a !int : and t2e t1!e. 2ere are t2ree t1!es of beer in 5ritain. Bitter is t2e most !o!ular beerP it is a medium bro4n beer" and is not ver1 alco2olic" at about >d alco2ol b1 volume. Lager is a lig2t#coloured beer" similar to beers !o!ular in t2e rest of Euro!e. Sto"t is a ver1 dar." almost blac. beerP t2e Iris2 stout called Suinness is t2e most famous brand. Rost bitter drin.ers !refer ;real ale< t2ese da1s. Real ale is bitter bre4ed in t2e traditional 4a1 and t2en stored in barrels. 2e barman ;dra4s< t2e beer from t2e barrel using a 2and !um!. Ut2er beers called .eg beers are stored in !ressurized barrels" and t2e barman or barmaid needs onl1 to turn a small ta! on t2e bar for t2e beer to !our into t2e glass. Urdering in a !ub can also confuse visitors" as t2ere is no 4aiter or 4aitress service. You must order 1our drin. from t2e bar" and !a1 for it at t2e same time. Wa4s on drin.ing in 5ritain are ver1 strict. If 1ou 4ant to sell alco2ol 1ou 2ave to 2ave a licence" and as on1 said in t2e intervie4 a !ub ma1 onl1 o!en at certain times of t2e da1. No c2ildren under 1>
188

1ears of age ma1 go into a !ub *alt2oug2 man1 !ubs 2ave a c2ildrenOs room a4a1 from t2e bar-. (ourteen#1ear#olds ma1 go into a !ub but ma1 not bu1 or drin. alco2ol. You must be 1C before 1ou can legall1 bu1 or drin. alco2ol in a !ub. Aine bars began to a!!ear in large numbers" mainl1 in t2e cities" in t2e earl1 1GC0s. No4 4e can find t2em even in smaller to4ns. 's t2eir names im!l1" t2e1 s!ecialize in selling different t1!es of 4ine" alt2oug2 t2e1 ma1 also 2ave a limited range of beers and s!irits. 2e1 also serve meals" usuall1 of a 2ig2er standard t2an t2ose found in !ubs. 2e 5ritis2 4ine#!roducing industr1 2as been e)!anding ra!idl1 in recent 1ears. 5ritain no4 !roduces some good Nualit1 42ite 4ines" mainl1 from vine1ards in t2e sout2#east of England 42ere t2e climate is !articularl1 suitable.

+OCABULAR3
Teal#ale # bere naturala beer : bere !ub : carciuma a !int /!aint0 : !inta *unitate de masura a ca!acitatii insemnand 0"?@C lP in &.U.'. 0">B8 llager # bere germana bitter : amar stout : bere neagra to store : a tine" a !astra *in de!ozitto !ressurize : a etansa" a !resuriza barrel : butoi .eg : butoias to !our /!o30 : a turna mainl1 : in s!ecial" mai ales to e)!and : a *se- e)tinde vine1ard : vie" !odgorie

18>

UNIT MV DIR!CT AND INDIR!CT SP!!C dire#ta si indire#ta)

(+orbirea

+orbirea dire#ta este redarea intocmai a s!uselor cuiva. Be asked me, /5o *ou !ork this !eek)$ 9,a intre$at- , 4ucre1i saptamana aceasta8 In limba engleza" du!a verbele *to ask ( a intreba, to sa* ( a spune etc.- se foloseste virgula si nu doua !uncte" iar vorbirea directa este !usa intre g2ilimele3 +orbirea indire#ta re!roduce continutul a ceea ce s!une cineva intr#o im!re%urare data. Necesita o atentie deosebita res!ectarii regulilor de cores!ondenta a tim!urilor. He as.ed me if I >ad !orked that 4ee.. R#a intrebat daca am lucrat sa!tamana aceea. M) Pro/o?itii en"ntiatiAe $erbul to sa* din !ro!ozitia !rinci!ala se !astreaza atunci cand nu este insotit de un com!lement indirectP sau se inlocuieste !rin to tell. Wa trecerea de la vorbirea directa la cea indirecta are loc sc2imbarea !ronumelor" adverbelor determinative" ad%ectivelor in functie de inteles" ca si in limba romana" de e)em!lu3 I !oate deveni >e sau s>eP t>is4 t>atP toda* K t>at da*# in acea ziP *esterda* K t>e da* before : in ziua !recedenta" cu o zi mai inainteP tomorroG K t>e ne.t da*E ago : in urmaP before : inainteP >ere K t>ere etc. noG K t>en ne.t Gee@ (mont>) *ear) K t>e folloGing (ne.t) W;E last *ear K t>e *ear beforeE last mont> K t>e mont> beforeE Cand Aerb"l din /ro/o?itia /rin#i/ala este la /resent) #el din s"bordonata este a#elasi #a si la Aorbirea dire#ta; He sa1s" ;I li.e 4or.ing< He sa1s 2e li.es 4or.ing. He as.s" ;Can I 2el! 1ou[< He as.s if 2e can 2el! 1ou. He sa1s" ;I s2all 2el! 1ou< He sa1s 2e 4ill 2el! 1ou.
18?

Cand Aerb"l din /ro/o?itia /rin#i/ala este la tre#"t) #el din s"bordonata s"fera o s#>imbare de tim/% &2e said" ;I want to stud1 Englis2 t>is 1ear< &2e said t2at s2e wanted to stud1 Englis2 t>at 1ear.

He said to me" ;I heard 1ou s!ea.ing He told me *t2at- 2e had heard on t2e radio last mont>< me s!ea.ing on t2e radio a mont> before; *Imi s!use ea ca" te#am auzit la *Imi s!use ca" m#a auzit la radio radio luna trecuta.cu o luna inainte.2e1 said to me" ;Well go t2ere tomorroG;= &2e said" ;Veter is looking for t2e dog noG.< 2e1 told me t2e1 would go t2ere t>e folloGing da*; &2e said t2at Veter was looking for t2e dog t>en;

&); Pro/o?itii interogatiAe% Vro!ozitia interogativa indirecta este introdusa !rin if sau G>et>er K daca. He asked me" ; ave 1ou seen t2e ne4 film [< El m#a intrebat3 # 'i vazut filmul nou[ He asked me if$G>et>er I had seen t2e film t2at da1. R#a intrebat daca am vazut noul film. Ho2n said" ;Will 1ou come and dine 4it2 us tonig>t[< Ho2n s!use3 # $reti sa veniti sa luati cina cui noi diseara[< Ho2n asked *us- if$G>et>er 4e would come and dine 4it2 t2em t>at nig>t; Ho2n ne#a intrebat daca vrem sa mergem sa luam cina cu ei in seara aceea. R);Intrebari s/e#iale% &2e as.ed 2im" ;A2ere did 1ou 4or. last *ear[< &2e as.ed 2im 42ere 2e had worked a *ear before;

18@

I as.ed 2er" ;A2at re!orts have 1ou written[< I as.ed 2er 42at re!orts s2e had written. He as.ed me" ;A2at are 1ou doing noG[< He as.ed me 42at I 4as doing t>en. He as.ed me" ;A2en will 1ou go to see 1our !arents[< He as.ed me 42en I would go to see m1 !arents. (); Pro/o?itii im/eratiAe% Vro!ozitiile im!erative se redau in vorbirea indirecta cu a%utorul unor verbe care e)!rima ordinul" rugamintea" cererea etc. %to ask + a cere, a invita, a porunci, to order + a porunci, a ordona, to tell + a spune, a 1ice etc urmate de infinitive). Qrive faster]< 2e said to me. : Rana mai re!ede. He as.ed me to drive faster. Ri#a cerut=ordonat sa man mai re!ede. &2e said to me" ; ell 2im ever1t2ing tomorro4.< &2e as.ed me to tell 2im ever1t2ing t2e follo4ing da1. R1 mot2er said to me" ;Vlease 2el! 2im.< R1 mot2er ordered me to 2el! 2im. He said" ;QonOt boo. tic.ets for t2e t2eatre for ne)t &unda1.< He as.ed me not to boo. tic.ets for t2e t2eatre for t2e follo4ing &unda1. U); Pro/o?itii e.#lamatiAe% Vro!ozitiile e)clamative sunt redate in vorbirea indirecta !rintr#o serie de modificari cerute de sens" caracterul e)clamatiei fiind redat de verbe si adverbe 0de mod%: He said" ; 2at isnOt true]< El s!use3 # Nu e adevarat] He e)claimed=cried indignantl* t2at it 4asnOt true. El e)clama indignat ca nu este adevarat.

18B

!O!RCIS!S%
M; P"t t>e folloGing into indire#t s/ee#>; 1. I said to 2er" ;I 2ave somet2ing to s2o4 1ou.< 2. He said" ;I am going a4a1 tomorro4.< 8. ;IOve been in Wondon for a mont2 so far I 2avenOt 2ad time to visit t2e o4er"< said om. >. &2e re!lied" ;IOll come 4it2 1ou as soon as I am read1.< ?. Rar1 said" ;I usuall1 s!end m1 2olida1s in t2e sout2.< @. He said" ;I am going to a rest#2ome tomorro4.< B. I said to t2em" ;I can give 1ou m1 uncleOs address.< C. He said to me" ;I 4ant to see 1ou toda1.< G. 2e student said" ;I canOt ans4er t2is Nuestion. I donOt understand it.< 10. &2e said" ;I didnOt go to t2e concert 1esterda1.< &; P"t t>e folloGing into indire#t s/ee#>; 1. He said" ;A2at is 2a!!ening[< 2. 'nn as.ed" ;A2ic2 team 2as 4on[< 8. He as.ed" ;A2o is !la1ing ne)t 4ee.[< >. 5ill said" ;Ho4 can I get from t2e station to t2e air!ort[< ?. I as.ed 2im" ;Have 1ou reserved a seat[< @. ;Can 1ou get coffee on t2e train[< as.ed m1 aunt. B. Veter said" ;Qo 1ou !la1 rugb1[< C. om as.ed" ;'re 1ou 4or.ing as 4ell as stud1ing[< G. ;Qid 1ou !la1 for 1our universit1 team[< as.ed 5ill. 10. Have 1ou seen t2e librar1[< as.ed 'nn. R; P"t t>e folloGing into indire#t s/ee#>; 1. ;&4itc2 off t2e $"< s2e said. 2. &2e said" ;&2ut t2e door" om.< 8. I 4arned" ;QonOt go alone.< >. ;(ollo4 t2at car"< t2e detective said to t2e ta)i#driver. ?. I said" ;QonOt argue 4it2 1our fat2er.< @. 2e 1oung man said" ;Aait for me at t2e bridge.< B. ;QonOt forget 1our sand4ic2es"< said 2is mot2er. C. R1 fat2er said" ;QonOt sa1 an1t2ing to ma.e 2er angr1.< (; P"t t>e folloGing into dire#t s/ee#>; 1. He said t2at 42ile crossing t2e Englis2 C2annel t2e1 2ad sta1ed on dec. all da1. 2. &2e said t2at s2e 4as feeling bad t2at da1. 8. om said 2e 4ould go to see t2e doctor t2e ne)t da1. >. He told me 2e 4as ill. ?. I told m1 sister t2at s2e mig2t catc2 cold. @. He said 2e 2ad %ust been e)amined b1 a good doctor. B. He said t2at 2is 2ealt2 2ad greatl1 im!roved since t2en. C. He as.ed 'nn if s2e could be read1 b1 ten.
18C

U; Translate into !nglis>; 1. El ne#a intrebat cine a scris ra!ortul. 2. Ea l#a intrebat !e Qnul 5ro4n" unde au de gand sa mearga in concediu. 8. Qnul &mit2 m#a intrebat !utem sa#l vizitam &ambata. >. Ho2n l#a intrebat !e 5ill cat tim! a !etrecut in Wondra anul trecut. ?. El m#a intrebat ce am vrut sa fac. @. Ei me#au s!us sa nu mergem la cinema astazi. B. Eu l#am intrebat din ce tara a venit. C. W#am rugat !e Veter sa nu s!una nimarui secretul nostru. G. Ei m#au intrebat unde este biblioteca universitatii. 10. Rama le#a s!us sa nu vina tarziu acasa. T!OT% A!SOP AND T ! TRA+!LL!R A!SOP ('&]T K U']T B;C;)) an#ient Cree@ Griter of fables) fables long transmitted t>ro"g> oral tradition; Man* of A!SOP:S fables Gere reGritten in Cree@ Aerse b* t>e /oet Babri"s and in latin Aerse b* t>e Roman /oet P>aedr"s in t>e Mst #ent"r* AD; 'eso! 4as a ver1 clever man 42o lived man1 2undreds of 1ears ago in Sreece. He 4rote man1 fine stories. He 4as 4ell .no4n as a man 42o 4as fond of %o.es. Une da1" as 2e 4as en%o1ing a 4al." 2e met a traveller" 42o greeted 2im and said3 ;_ing man" can 1ou tell me 2o4 soon I s2all get to to4n[< ;So"< 'eso! ans4ered. ;I .no4 I must go"< !rotested t2e traveller" ;but I s2ould li.e 1ou to tell me 2o4 soon I s2all get to to4n[< ;So"< 'eso! said again angril1. ; 2is man must be mad"< t2e traveller t2oug2t and 4ent on. 'fter 2e 2ad gone some distance" 'eso! s2outed after 2im3 ;You 4ill get to to4n in t4o 2ours.< 2e traveller turned round in astonis2ment. ;A21 didnOt 1ou tell me t2at before[< 2e as.ed. ;Ho4 could I 2ave told 1ou t2at before[< ans4ered 'eso!. ;I didnOt .no4 2o4 fast 1ou could 4al..<

18G

UNIT MS PASSI+! +OIC! (Diate?a /asiAa)

Qiateza e)!rima o relatie de sens gramatical intre subiect si !redicat3 diateza activa *'ctive $oice- arata ca actiunea este savarsita de subiectul gramatical" de e)em!lu3 2e1 !rite t2e test!a!ers. Ei scriu lucrari de control.

iar diateza !asiva *Vassive $oice- arata ca actiunea este suferita de subiectul gramatical. 2e test!a!ers are !ritten b1 t2em. Wucrarile sunt scrise de catre ei. Diate?a /asiAa se formea?a #" a5"tor"l Aerb"l"i a".iliar <to be=(la ori#e tim/) si Parti#i/i"l & al Aerb"l"i de #on5"gat; I am inAited) s"nt inAitat)4a; Diate?a /asiAa Ho2n is invited *b1 meHo2n este invitat *de mineHo2n !as invited *b1 meHo2n a fost invitat de mine. Ho2n !ill be invited b1 me. Ho2n va fi invitat de mine. Ho2n has been invited b1 me. Ho2n a fost invitat de mine. Ho2n had been invited b1 me. Ho2n a fost=fusese invitat de mine.

Diate?a a#tiAa I invite Ho2n. Il invit !e Ho2n. I invited Ho2n. Eu l#am invitat !e Ho2n. I !ill invite Ho2n. Eu il voi invita !e Ho2n. I have invited Ho2n. Eu l#am invitat !e Ho2n. I had invited Ho2n. Eu l#am invitat !e Ho2n.

Com!lementul" daca e)ista" se introduce in general cu !re!ozitia b*" dar si cu Git>" e).3 2e 2all is filled !ith smo.e. &alonul este !lin de fum.

1>0

Qiateza !asiva la Vresent si Vast Continuous se formeaza de la Vrezentul si recutul Continuu al verbului to be (am)are) is beingE Gas)Gere being) si Parti#i/i"l & al Aerb"l"i de #on5"gat% 2e1 are $uilding a 2ouse. *active' 2ouse is being built b1 t2em *!assive2e1 were $uilding a 2ouse. *active' 2ouse !as being built b1 t2em. *!assiveQiateza !asiva a verbelor !recedate de verbele modale m"st) #an) ma*) s>o"ld se obtine !rin adaugarea infinitivului <be= si /arti#i/i"l & al Aerb"l"i de #on5"gat% He must sign t2e !a!er. 2e !a!er m"st be signed b1 2im. 2e1 can solve t2e !roblem. 2e !roblem #an be solAed b1 t2em. Ae should study Englis2. Englis2 s>o"ld be st"died b1 us. &2e may change t2e met2od. 2e met2od ma* be #>anged b1 2er. =etineti urmatoarele constructii pasive cu ver$e ca sa*) @noG) belieAe) re/ort% 2e1 sa1 2e is clever X He is said to be clever. &e s!une ca e deste!t. I canOt bear !eo!le laug2ing at me. I canOt bear being laug2ed at. Nu su!ort sa#si bata cineva %oc de mine. Atentie la diferenta intre% He Gas said to be serious. &e s!unea ca este serios. He Gas told to be serious. I s#a s!us sa fie serios.

!O!RCIS!S%
M; P"t t>e folloGing senten#es into t>e PassiAe +oi#e Git> a /ersonal s"b5e#t% 1. 2e1 gave m* little sister a tic.et too. 2. Veo!le 4ill s2o4 t>e Aisitors t2e ne4 buildings. 8. &omeone 2as alread1 !aid t>e
1>1

ele#tri#ian for 2is 4or.. >. 2e1 !romise "s 2ig2er salaries. ?. &omebod1 4ill tell *o" 42at time t2e train leaves. @. &omeone taug2t >im (renc2 and gave >im a dictionar1. B. 2e1 2ave made m* "n#le a ca!tain. C. &omeone is s2o4ing Mar* 2o4 to bat2e a bab1. G. You can leave t>e @e* 4it2 t2e cler. do4nstairs. 10. You must do t>ree of t>ese e.er#ises tomorro4. 11. 51 t2e middle of t2e autumn 4e 2ad !lanted all t>e trees. 12. 2e1 2ave made a n"mber of t>e e./eriments in t2is laborator1. 18. 51 si) oOcloc. t2e1 2ad finis2ed t>e Gor@. 1>. 't t4elve oOcloc. t2e 4or.ers 4ere loading t>e tr"#@s. &; T"rn t>e folloGing senten#es into t>e a#tiAe Aoi#e; 7>ere no agent is mentioned one m"st be s"//lied; 1. 2is mountain 2as never been climbed before. 2. &2e told me t2at t2ose ne4s!a!ers 2ad been carefull1 !ut a4a1 42ere t2e1 4ould not be lost. 8. 'll t2e !assengers in t2e bus 4ere listening to t2e stor1 of t2e bo1 42o 2ad been saved from dro4ning b1 t2e Nuic.ness of t2e driver. >. 2e 4or. 4as finis2ed in time. ?. He 4as fined for crossing t2e street in t2e 4rong !lace. @. 2is film can be seen at our cinema. B. 2is boo. must be read b1 ever1 student. C. 2e1 4ere being taug2t dra4ing at t2at lesson. G. 2is name 4as seldom mentioned in 2is novels. 10. I am often told about it. R; Transform t>e senten#es into t>e interrogatiAe and negatiAe% 1. 2e bo1 4as !unis2ed for misbe2aving. 2. 51 t2ree oOcloc. ever1t2ing 2ad been !re!ared. 8. 2e dictation 4as 4ritten 4it2out mista.es. >. 2e !a!ers 2ad been loo.ed t2roug2 and corrected b1 t2e last lesson. ?. 2is 2ouse 4as built last 1ear. @. 2e letter 2as %ust been sent. B. 2is article 4ill be translated at t2e lesson. C. 'll t2e Nuestions must be ans4ered. G. 5ett1 4as met at t2e station. 10. 2e room 4as cleaned and aired. (; Transform t>e senten#es "sing t>e interrogatiAe Gords from t>e bra#@ets% 1. 2is ne4 dictionar1 is sold ever142ere no4. *A2at2. 'merica 4as discovered b1 Columbus. *51 42om8. 2e !roblem 4ill be solved b1 t2ese met2ods. *Ho4>. 2e te)t 4ill be translated at t2e ne)t lesson. *A2en-

1>2

?. 2e girl 4as not allo4ed to go to t2e concert. *A2o@. 2e mail is delivered at B oOcloc.. *A2at timeB. I s2all not be allo4ed to go t2ere. *A21C. 2e factor1 is being restructured b1 t2is team. *51 42ic2G. 2e bod1 4as found in t2e river. *A2ere10. 2is boo. 4ill be returned to t2e librar1 ne)t 4ee.. *A2enU; Translate into !nglis>% 1. &unt invitat la familia Hac.son. 2. El v#a fi !rimit de director. 8. Ea a fost aleasa dintre zece candidati. >. Rasina lui nu este inca re!arata. ?. i se vor !une doua intrebari. @. Ni s#au cerut multi bani !entru un dormitor foarte mic. B. Ri s#a s!us ca el era bolnav. C. Raterialele acestea trebuie traduse in limba franceza. G. Usa trebuie lasata desc2isa. 10. Raterialele conferintei au fost ascultate cu mare atentie de la ora 2 !ana la >. 11. Wui Tic2ard I s#au !redat engleza si rusa.12. I s#a dat un automobil nou !entru aniversarea lui.

Te.t% <C!ORC! BRO7N=

(After O; !NR3) U.Henr1" t2e famous 'merican 2umorist" is t2e aut2or of man1 s2ort stories. His s2ort stories are ver1 !o!ular all over t2e 4orld. 2is is 42at 2a!!ened to 2im one da1. He 2ad an acNuaintance 42ose name 4as ri!!. He 4as a 1oung man but 2e loo.ed fort1. He never s2aved" 2is face 4as !ale and 2e often as.ed t2e 4riter for a dollar" and t2en s!ent it on 42is.1. Unce ri!! met a 1oung girl in Ne4 Yor.. &2e 2ad never been to t2e cit1 before. &2e sto!!ed ri!! and as.ed 2im 42ere s2e could find Seorge 5ro4n. &2e t2oug2t t2at t2e first man 42om s2e as.ed could tell 2er t2at. &2e also told ri!! t2at s2e 4as going to marr1 a farmer" named Qodd. 5ut before t2at s2e 4anted to see Seorge 5ro4n and to 2ave a tal. 4it2 2im. 2atOs 421 s2e 2ad come to Ne4 Yor.. &2e 2ad no mone1 and didnOt .no4 42ere to loo. for Seorge 5ro4n. ri!!" 42o 4as .ind b1 nature" could not leave t2e girl alone. He too. 2er to a 2otel and left 2er t2ere. He told ever1t2ing to U.Henr1
1>8

and suggested t2at t2e1 s2ould go and see t2e girl 42ose name 4as 'da. 'da and Seorge 5ro4n loved eac2 ot2er dearl1. 2e girl didnOt 4ant to marr1 t2e farmer. &2e 4anted to find Seorge. ri!! suggested t2at t2e 4riter !a1 t2e bill at t2e 2otel 42ere 'da 4as sta1ing and bu1 a rail4a1 tic.et for 'da to get bac. 2ome. He said t2at it 4ould cost t2e 4riter t2ree dollars. He as.ed for anot2er dollar for 2imself. He 4anted 42is.1. He added t2at t2e 4riter 4ould be able to 4rite a ne4 s2ort stor1. It 4ould cost onl1 four dollars. 'da 4as reall1 beautiful. &2e told t2em all t2e details. &2e and Seorge 4ere in love 42en t2e bo1 4as eig2t and s2e 4as five. A2en Seorge 4as nineteen" 2e left t2e village and left for Ne4 Yor.. He !romised to come bac. for 'da" but s2e never sa4 2im again. Un t2e da1 Seorge left t2e1 cut a cent into t4o !ieces till t2e1 met again. 2e t4o men 4ere ver1 sorr1 for 'da and advised 2er to go 2ome. 2e1 sa4 2er to t2e station and t2en 4ent 2ome. A2en t2e1 4ere going to t2e bus#sto!" ri!! too. 2is c2ea! 4atc2 out of 2is !oc.et and t2e 4riter sa4 2alf of t2e cent cut in t4o. Seorge 5ro4n and ri!! 4ere one and t2e same man. 2e 4riter too. out a dollar and !ut it into ri!!Os 2and.

+OCABULAR3
famous acNuaintance to s!end=s!ent=s!ent to marr1 to suggest to add !oc.et c2ea! vestit cunostinta a c2eltui" a consuma a *se- casatori a !ro!une" a sugera a adauga buzunar ieftin

1>>

UNIT M[ T ! INFINITI+! (InfinitiA"l)

Infinitivul este forma sub care un verb este dat in dictionar. El e)!rima notiunea verbului in sensul sau general" forma sa nefiind limitata de numar sau !ersoana. In limba engleza INFINITI+UL se formeaza !rin atasarea !articulei <to= inaintea verbului !ro!riu#zis. - infinitiA"l /re?ent) as/e#t"l sim/l") diate?a a#tiAa% to read K a #iti IOd li.e to read an interesting novel. 's vrea sa citesc un roman interesant. - infinitiA"l /re?ent) as/e#t"l #ontin"") diate?a a#tiAa% to be Griting : a scrie IOd li.e to be Gat#>ing $. 's vrea sa ma uit la televizor. - infinitiA"l /erfe#t) as/e#t"l sim/l") diate?a a#tiAa% to >aAe Gritten : a fi scris" sa fi scris : foarte folosit in limba engleza : este mai !utin cunoscut in limba romana" # e)!rima mai mult o o!tiune irealizabila" sau o actiune nematerializata. He li.ed to >aAe >ad muc2 mone1. Isi dorea sa fi avut multi bani. &2e seems to >aAe "nderstood t2e Nuestion. Ea !are sa fi inteles intrebarea. I didnOt li.e to >aAe met 2im t2en. Nu mi#ar fi !lacut sa#l intalnesc atunci. - infinitiA"l /erfe#t) as/e#t"l #ontin"") diate?a a#tiAa% He seems to >aAe been slee/ing all da1. El !are sa fi dormit toata ziua. - infinitiA"l /re?ent) as/e#t"l sim/l") diate?a /asiAa% to be Gritten : a fi scris
1>?

I donOt 4ant to be forgotten. Nu vreau sa fiu uitat. - InfinitiA"l /erfe#t) as/e#t"l sim/l") diate?a /asiAa% To >aAe been Gritten K a fi fost scris Ae arenOt t2e onl1 one to >aAe been >el/ed; Nu esti singurul in situatia de a fi fost a utat. <rmatoarele doua forme se folosesc foarte rar- InfinitiA"l /re?ent) as/e#t"l #ontin"") diate?a /asiAa% to be being Gritten : a fi scris - infinitiA"l /erfe#t) as/e#t"l #ontin"") diate?a /asiAa% to >aAe been being Gritten : a fi fost scris - InfinitiA"l se foloseste d"/a "nele ad5e#tiAe #are e./rima o emotie sa" o dorinta) #"m ar fi <glad=) <an.io"s=#ingrigorat) <delig>ted=) </leased=) <eager=4dornic etc;) e.% I am glad to meet 1ou *&unt incantat sa va cunosc) He 4as eager to get t2ere. *Eara nereabdator sa a unga acolo-" Vrecum si du!a alte ad%ective" cum sunt3 read*) Gort>*) ("n)able) afraid) eas* et#;) e.% I 4as afraid to go t2ere. *Ra temeam sa a(ung acolo2e1 4ere read1 to start. *Erau gata sa inceapa+!RB! URMAT! D! INFINITI+UL FARA <TO= 'cestea sunt in !rinci!al3 1- Defe#tiAele% #an) ma*) m"st Ae #an s/ea@ Englis2. 2- To let3 fie ca a%uta la formarea im!erativului3 Let "s go" sa mergem fie cand are intelesul de a lasa3 I Gon:t let >im do it) nu,l voi lasa sa faca asta; R) to ma@e% I:ll ma@e *o" "nderstand) te voi face sa intelegi; >- to >aAe% in sensul de a pune, a o$liga pe cineva sa faca ceva% I:ll >aAe t>em re/air it) il voi face=obliga sa re!are asta; ?- Aerbele de /er#e/tie) care mai frecvente fiind to see si to >ear% I >eard >im #ome) l#am auzit venind I saG >im go) l4am Aa?"t /le#and
1>@

*care !ot fi urmate si de forma in King-. PR!PONITII OBLICATORII Vre!ozitia obligatorie formeaza un ton im!reuna cu verbul3 ea !oate3 1- nuanta sensului verbului3 to look a privi to look up ridica !rivirea 2- modifica radical sensul verbului3 to go "/ a urca to go o"t a iesi Vre!ozitia obligatorie intra in forma de infinitiv si in cea de im!erativ a verbului3 to go o"t) a iesi/ go o"t\ &esi> 'celasi verb" asociat cu diferite !re!ozitii obligatorii" va avea sensuri radical diferite. 'stfel3 To get% acest verb" care inseamna a o$tine" atunci cand este urmat de un s"bstantiA" si a deveni" atunci cand e urmat de un ad5e#tiA" ca!ata sensuri foarte diferite" in functie de !re!ozitia obligatorie care ii urmeaza3 to get "/ a se scula to get aGa* a scapa to get o"t a iesi to get in a intra to get doGn a co$ori &n acest ca1, prepo1itia o$ligatorie este cea care poarta sensul principal. 1ateva e6presii cu prepozitii obligatorii% to be off a !leca to /"t on a !une" a imbraca to #arr* on a continua to /"t off amana *o sedintato #arr* o"t a infa!tui to giAe "/ a renunta #ome on\ 2aide] vino] to go on a continua to loo@ o"t a fi atent to >"rr* "/ a se grabi

!O!RCIS!S%
M; Insert <to= G>ere ne#essar* before t>e infinitiAes in bra#@ets; 1. He made me *do- it all over again. 2. &2e can *sing- Nuite 4ell. 8. He 4ill be able *s4im- ver1 soon. >. I used *live- in a caravan. ?. I 4ant *see- t2e 2ouse 42ere our !resident 4as born. @. He made 2er
1>B

*re!eat- t2e message. B. Ra1 I *use- 1our !2one[ C. You neednOt *as.for !ermissionP 1ou can *use- it 42enever 1ou li.e. G. If 1ou 4ant *gett2ere before dar. 1ou s2ould *start- at once. 10. He 4ouldnOt let m1 bab1 *!la1- 4it2 2is gold 4atc2. 11. He made us *4ait- for 2ours. 12. IOd li.e 2im *go- to a universit1 but I canOt *ma.e- 2im *go-. &; Combine ea#> of t>e folloGing /airs of senten#es into one senten#e "sing too$eno"g> Git> infinitiAe; Model% It is ver1 cold. Ae canOt go out. &t is too cold for us to go out. He is strong. He can carr1 it. e is strong enough to carry it. 1. You are ver1 1oung. You canOt 2ave a front#door .e1. 2. It is ver1 cold. Ae canOt bat2e. 8. I am rat2er old. I canOt 4ear t2at .ind of 2at. >. 2e ladder 4asnOt ver1 long. It didnOt reac2 t2e 4indo4. ?. He 2adnOt muc2 mone1. He couldnOt live on it. *Umit it.- @. He 4as furious. He couldnOt s!ea.. B. 2e fire isnOt ver1 2ot. He 4onOt boil a .ettle. C. You are Nuite t2ic.. You couldnOt sli! bet4een t2e bars. G. He is ver1 ill. He canOt eat an1t2ing. 10. Uur ne4 car is ver1 4ide. It 4onOt get t2roug2 t2ose gates. 11. 2e coffee isnOt strong. It 4onOt .ee! us a4a.e. 12. He is laz1. He 4onOt get u! earl1. R; ReGord t>e folloGing senten#es "sing t>e infinitiAe; Model% I 4as glad 42en I 2eard of 1our success. I 4as glad to >ear of 1our success. 1. He 4as ver1 sorr1 42en 2e 2eard of 1our disa!!ointment. 2. He 2o!es t2at 2e 4ill .no4 b1 tomorro4. 8. It seems t2at it is im!robable. >. Qo 1ou understand 42at 1ou 2ave to do[ ?. 2e candidate did not e)!ect t2at 2e 4ould !ass 2is e)amination. @. Rar1 4as told t2at s2e must not dirt1 t2e room. C. 2at 4as t2e first !icture t2at came b1 satellite. G. R1 friend 4as delig2ted 42en s2e learned of t2e arrival of our bab1. 10. Ae s2ould be sorr1 if 4e 2eard bad re!orts of 2im. (; Translate into Romanian) /a*ing attention to A#tiAe InfinitiAe) PassiAe InfinitiAe and Perfe#t InfinitiAe;

1>C

1. Nature 2as man1 secrets to be discovered 1et. 2. o im!rove 1our !2onetics 1ou s2ould record 1ouself and anal1se 1our s!eec2. 8. 2is is t2e boo. to be read during t2e summer 2olida1s. >. I am a4full1 glad to 2ave met 1ou. ?. I am ver1 2a!!1 to 2ave 2ad t2e !leasure of ma.ing 1our acNuaintance. @. 2e c2ild did not li.e to be 4as2ed. B. A2en Cl1de loo.ed at t2e girl closel1" 2e remembered to 2ave seen 2er at I5R com!an1. C. He is ver1 forgetful" but 2e doesnOt li.e to be reminded of 2is duties. G. I am ver1 sorr1 to 2ave s!oilt 1our mood. 10. A2ic2 is more !leasant3 to give or to be given !resents[ '; Translate into !nglis>; 1. Este suficient de silitor ca sa fie in stare sa termine universitatea. 2. I#mi !are foarte rau ca n#am !utut sa#l intalnesc. 8. Este greu sa#i gasesti acasa. >. W#am vazut !arasind camera !langand. ?. Ri#a fost greu sa sca! de el. @. &e astea!ta de la tine sa te !regatesti sarguincios !entru e)amene. B. Ri#ar !lacea sa fiu invitata. C. N#ai uitat sa !ui scrisoarea la !osta. G. &titi cum se !ronunta acest cuvant[ 10. &!une#i sa incerce sa se !oarte mai frumos.

T!OT% < IS RIC

AUNT=

b* 1*ril Bare 0:IJJ-:IKL% 0+nglish la!*er and m*ster* !riter% Hilar1 &mit2 belonged to a good famil1. His fat2er never failed to mention t2e fact. Unfortunatel1 2e 2ad some troubles 4it2 t2e ban. and 4as sent off to 'ustralia. He did not li.e 'ustralia and 'ustralia did not li.e 2im. 2erefore 2e 4as eager to return to England. He could not earn enoug2 mone1 to boo. 2is !assage. &o 2e 2ad to 4ait until 2is fat2er and 2is brot2er died. 2e1 fortunatel1 did it at t2e same time. He received all t2e mone1 t2at belonged to a good famil1 and soon s!ent it. A2en all t2e mone1 2ad been s!ent" Hilar1 could do one of t4o t2ings. He could die or 4or.. Neit2er of t2ese gave 2im an1 !leasure. 2en 2e remembered t2at 2e 2ad a ric2 aunt. &2e 4as 2is fat2erOs onl1 sister. Hilar1 found out 2er address. 2e old lad1 4as glad to see 2er onl1 ne!2e4. Unfortunatel1 s2e 4as
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seriousl1 ill. 2e doctor told Hilar1 t2at not2ing could cure t2e old lad1. Hilar1 4as afraid to remain in t2e 2ard 4orld alone. &o 2e c2ose
a moment 42en 2ia aunt 4as feeling muc2 better t2an usual and as.ed 2er for details of 2er 4ill. 2e old 4oman told 2er ne!2e4 t2at s2e 2ad made a 4ill 42en s2e 4as a 1oung girl. &2e 4as ver1 religious and left all 2er mone1 to some religious !eo!le in C2ina. &2e didnOt ma.e an1 ot2er 4ill. 2e ne)t da1 Hilar1 found out t2at 42en a 4oman married" an earlier 4ill lost its value. ' ne4 4ill must be made" t2e mone1 goes to t2e nearest relation. His future 4as safe. Hilar1 badl1 needed mone1" 2e o4ed a lot to s2o!.ee!ers" 42o trusted 2im because 2is aunt 4as ric2. It 4as im!ossible for Hilar1 to s!ea. 4it2 2is aunt about mone1. &2e got ver1 bad and got angr1 42en mone1 4as mentioned. Une morning s2e told Hilar1 t2at s2e 4as going to send for 2er la41er to ma.e a ne4 4ill. Hilar1 4as afraid t2at s2e 4anted to leave all 2er mone1 to somebod1 else. &o 2e made a decision. Ever1 nig2t 2is aunt too. some medicine to ma.e 2er slee!. Hilar1 decided to double t2e !ortion. He could !ut 2er to slee! forever. He !ut some more medicine into t2e glass. His aunt too. t2e glass and loo.ed at Hilar1. &2e t2an.ed 2er ne!2e4 and said3 ;If I am alive tomorro4" I s2all c2ange t2e 4ill in 1our favour. If I die tonig2t" 1ou 4ill get not2ing.< &2e e)!lained to 2er ne!2e4 t2at s2e 2ad never been married" so 2er first 4ill did not lose its value. Hilar1 tried to ta.e t2e glass a4a1 but t2e old lad1 raised it and dran..

+OCABULAR3
to belong to to fail unfortunatel1 t2erefore to be eager to to earn to boo. !assage to cure 4ill to o4e s2o!.ee!er to trust a a!artine" a tine de a nu reusi" a da gres" a uita din nefericire=!acate de aceea" !rin urmare" deci a fi nerabdator sa a castiga a aste!ta calatorie !e mare" trecere" cale a vindeca" a lecui vointa" testament a datora" a fi dator vanzator a avea incredere
1?0

to be angr1

a fi su!arat

UNIT &] T ! C!RUND (Cer"nd4"l)

T>e Cer"nd (Cer"nd"l) este re/re?entat de ger"nd"l nedefinit si de ger"nd"l /erfe#t; Cer"nd"l nedefinit este identic ca forma cu !artici!iul nedefinit" infinitivul verbului cu a%utorul sufi)ului : ing% to come - coming, to read ( reading, to get ( getting, to tr* - tr*ing etc. I li.e sGimming; Imi !lace sa inot. SGimming is m1 2obb1. &notul este !asiunea mea. - El are valoare de su$stantiv si !oate fi su$iect sau complement. &e traduce in romana !rintr#un substantiv" o !ro!ozitie subordonata sau un gerunziu3 C*#ling is good for 1our 2ealt2. 9ersul pe $icicleta este bun !entru sanatate. I love gardening. Imi !lace sa gradinaresc. He ended 2is s!eec2 b* t>an@ing ever1bod1 for t2eir attention. &i#a inc2eiat discursul multumind tuturor !entru atentie. Cer"nd"l nedefinit este intreb"intat% - dupa verbe care indica inceputul, continuarea sa sfarsitul unei actiuni: to start) to begin) to #ontin"e) to @ee/ on) to #arr* on) to sto/) to finis>) to giAe "/ W e started smo@ing. El a ince!ut sa fumeze. Co on Gor@ing; Continua sa lucrezi. Sto/ la"g>ing; Nu mai rade. e gaAe "/ /ainting; El a renuntat sa mai !icteze.
-

dupa verbe care e6prima o stare sufleteasca3 to li@e) to loAe) to >ate) to disli@e) to be fond of) to /refer) to en5o*) to mindW I >ate Gaiting; Urasc sa aste!t. I loAe gardening. 'dor gradinaritul. Do *o" mind o/ening t>e door[ e deran%aza daca desc2id usa[

1?1

dupa anumite verbe cu prepozitii% to agree on 4 a cadea de acord sa9asupra) to agree to K a cadea de acord ca) to aim at K a tinti la9sa) to belieAe in K a crede in) to #onsist in K a consta in) to /reAent from K a-i impiedica sa) to s"##eed in K a reusi in9sa, to #om/lain of ( a se plange de, to de/end on - o a depine de) to t>an@ for ( a multumi pentru, to be afraid of ( a-i fi frica de, to t>in@ of ( a se gandi la, to a//roAe of ( a aproba, a accepta) to rel* on ( a conta pe et#; e aims to be#ome a good e#onomist. Urmareste sa a%unga un economist bun. I agree to >er reading t>e te.t. &unt de acord ca ea sa citeasca te)tul. e /reAented me from ma@ing a serio"s mista@e.El m#a im!iedicat sa comit o greseala serioasa. dupa substantive cu prepozitii: im/ortan#e of K im/ortanta de a) reason for K motiA de a) s"r/rise at K s"r/tindere de a ) rig>t of K dre/t de a) #>an#e of K sansa de) e./erien#e in K e./erienta in; 7>at is t>e reason for >er being im/atient[ Qin ce motiv este nerabdatoare[ dupa ad ective si ad ective cu prepozitii% afraid of K #ar"ia ii este teama de$sa) #a/able of K #a/abil de (a)) #on#io"s of K #onstient de) /ro"d of K mandr" de) res/onsible for K ras/"n?ator /entr" 5e asemenea: !orth : care merita sa etc. I am s"re t>at >e is #a/able of solAing t>is /roblem. &unt sigur ca el e ca!abil sa rezolve aceasta !roblema. e is Gort> sending to st"d* at O.ford UniAersit*. El merita de a fi trimis sa#si faca studiile la universitatea din U)ford.

1?2

T>e Perfe#t Cer"nd (Cer"nd"l /erfe#t)

Cer"nd"l /erfe#t este identic ca forma cu participiul perfect3 >aAing #ome K Aenind) >aAing been seen K fiind Aa?"t) >aAing solAed K re?olAand; Gerundul perfect e6prima intotdeauna o actiune sau o stare ce a avut loc inaintea unei alte actiuni sau stari e6primate de verbul personal: I remember >aAing met 2er. Imi amintesc ca am cunoscut,o. QonOt 1ou regret >aAing said t2at[ Nu regreti ca ai spus asta[ Munctiile sintactice ale gerundului perfect sunt urmatoarele: a) Com/lement dire#t sa" /re/o?itional% He denies >aAing s/o@en 4it2 t2em. Neaga ca ar fi vor$it cu ei. b) Com/lement #ir#"mstantial de tim/% 'fter >aAing glan#ed over t2e letter 2e !ut it bac. into t2e envelo!e. Qu!a ce,si arunca oc2ii !e scrisoare" o !use ina!oi in !lic. c) Com/lement #ir#"mstantial de #a"?a (rar)% U4ning to 2is >aAing staged t2e !la1" t2e !erformance 4as a success. Qatorita fa!tului ca el a regi1at !iesa" s!ectacolul a fost un succes.

+erbe "rmate de C!RUND sa" de INFINITI+

Unele verbe !ot fi urmate fie de un Cer"nd" fie de un InfinitiA" in functie de nuanta e)!rimata. Qe e)em!lu3 To li@e # a#i !laceaP to sto/ : a o!riP to remember : a#si aminti. In acest caz" infinitivul cu to indica de regula o actiune viitoare sau ipotetica *!resu!usa-. 'omparatiI li@e traAelling. Imi !lace sa calatoresc. cu I:d li@e to traAel to t2e U.&. 's vrea sa merg in &tatele Unite. I remenber seeing 2im. Imi amintesc fa!tul ca l#am vazut. cu Remember to #all me tomorroG. Nu uita sa ma suni maine.

1?8

)lte e*empleS>e sto//ed smo@ing. &#a o!rit din fumat *' incetat sa mai fumezeS>e sto//ed to smo@e. &#a o!rit *din mers=lucru-ca sa fumeze. I saG >im #ross t>e street. *W#am vazut ca a traversat strada : se stie ca a traversat#oI saG >im #rossing t>e street *W#am vazut traversand strada : W#am urmarit cum traversa-

!O!RCIS!S%
M; Com/lete t>e folloGing senten#es b* /"tting t>e giAen Aerbs into t>e ger"nd form% 1. 2e1 started *4rite- t2e lesson before t2e teac2er came in. 2. I began *read- a novel 1esterda1. 8. Ae donOt li.e *2ave- to do 2ome4or.. >. Qo 1ou mind *s!ea.- to Ho2n and *as.- 2im to 2el! us[ ?. Ae en%o1ed *see- 1ou and *2ear- all 1our ne4s. @. Ae t2oug2t of *drive- across (rance. AeOre rat2er tired of *go- b1 train. B. It 2as sto!!ed *rain-. I 2ate *go- out in t2e rain. C. I love *eat- oranges" but I disli.e *!eelt2em. G. R1 uncle 2as given u! *smo.e- and no4 !refers *eat- s4eets. 10. I 2ate *!ractise- *read- aloud 4it2out first *learn- t2e ne4 4ords. 11. I suggest *do- more sentences on t2e gerund ne)t time. 12. I began *loo.- for t2e missing !a!ers a fe4 da1s ago" but no4 I must sto! *tr1to find t2em. &; P"t t>e Aerbs in bra#@ets into t>e #orre#t form (ger"nd or infinitiAe); 1. I am loo.ing for4ard to *see- 1ou. 2. He dreads *2ave- to retire. 8. I 4is2 *see- t2e manager. >. QonOt forget *loc.- t2e door before *go- to bed. ?. I am !re!ared *4ait- 2ere all nig2t if necessar1. @. Aould 1ou mind *s2o4- me 2o4 *4or.- t2e lift[ B. I am beginning *understand42at 1ou mean. C. I regret *inform- 1ou t2at 1our a!!lication 2as been refused. G. Rrs Hones3 I donOt allo4 *smo.e- in m1 living#room. Rrs. &mit23 I donOt allo4 m1 famil1 *smo.e- at all. 10. I tried *!ersuade2im *agree- 4it2 1our !ro!osal. 11. Your 4indo4s need *clean-P

1?>

4ould 1ou li.e me *do- t2em for 1ou[ 12. Qo sto! *tal.-P I am tr1ing *finis2- a letter. R; Translate into Romanian; 1. I avoided s!ea.ing to t2em about t2at matter. 2. &2e denied 2aving been at 2ome t2at evening. 8. He en%o1ed tal.ing of t2e !leasures of travelling. >. Aould 1ou mind coming again in a da1 or t4o[ ?. He never agreed to t2eir going on t2at dangerous vo1age. @. He did not a!!rove of 2er drin.ing so muc2 coffee. B. 'll t2e 2a!!iness of m1 life de!ends on 1our loving me. C. R1 friend succeeded in translating t2is difficult te)t. G. Ae are loo.ing for4ard to seeing 1ou again. 10. 2e cold 4eat2er !revented t2e girls from going for long 4al.s. 11. &2e al4a1s com!lains of feeling ill. 12. Hane t2oug2t of leaving Wondon after Riss 5ro4nOs marriage. (; Fill t>e ga/s Git> t>e #orre#t /re/ositions and /"t t>e Aers from bra#@ets into t>e gerand; 1. Hane E1re 4as fond Z*read-. 2. 2e1 accuse 2im Z *2ave- robbed t2e 2ouse. 8. &2e insisted Z *%oin- our grou!. >. 2e !oor !easant t2an.ed Tobin Hood 2eartil1 Z *2ave- 2el!ed 2im. ?. Ae 4ere !revented Z *go- to t2e sea b1 t2e bad 4eat2er. @. You 2ave little c2ance Z *im!rove- t2e situation. B. He !ersisted Z *tr1- to solve t2at difficult !roblem. C. Ae are tired Z *sa1- t2is so man1 times. G. I donOt 2ave an1 intention Z *interfere- in 1our affairs. 10. I insist Z *be- told t2e trut2. 11. I ob%ect Z 2is *borro4- mone1 from 1ou. 12 I stretc2ed out m1 2and to !revent 2er Z *fall-. U; Translate into !nglis>; 1. El !refera sa faca s!ort decat sa citeasca. 2. 'ti terminat de vorbit[ 8. Wui ii !lace sa mearga la teatru. >. Nu ma deran%eaza ca vii acasa !utin mai tarziu. ?. Nu su!ort !lansul tau. @. El a 2otarat sa invete mai mult !e viitor. B. Imi !lace sa ascult muzica buna. C. $a deran%eaza daca las usa desc2isa[ G. 'm reusit sa iau un bilet. 10. N#a reusit sa#si ia e)amenele. 11. Qe ce insista !arintii lor ca el sa mearga la universitate[ 12. Continua sa vorbeasca numai de el insusi. 18. Imi !lace sa fumez o tigara si !e urma sa merg la !limbare. 1>. Ri#e teama sa ma gandesc ce i s#ar !utea intam!la.

1??

T!OT% T ! +ALUABL! F!NC! (b* ;A; Smit>)

2e Sreggs 4ere coming bac. from t2eir first tri! to Euro!e. Un board t2e bueen Elizabet2 t2e1 got acNuainted 4it2 a (renc2man. His Englis2 4as good and soon t2e1 got Nuite friendl1. 2e (renc2man told t2e Sreggs t2at 2e 4as an artist and 2is name 4as Wautisse. He as.ed t2em to .ee! it a secret. He did not li.e !ublicit1. 2e Sreggs didnOt .no4 an1 artist 42ose name 4as Wautisse. &o t2e1 tal.ed to t2e s2i!Os librarian and found out t2at t2eir ne4 friend 4as t2e 4orld famous artist 42ose !ictures 4ere ver1 valuable and e)!ensive. 2e librarian found a boo. 4it2 a biogra!2ical s.etc2 and a !2otogra!2. 2e s.etc2 said t2at t2e artist 2ad retired at fift1#t2ree to a villa on t2e Tiviera. He said 2e 4ould never touc2 a brus2 again. Wautisse 4as going to s!end a mont2 in Ne4 Yor.. Rrs. Sregg suggested t2at 2e come to t2eir !lace for t2e 4ee.end. 2e artist acce!ted t2e invitation and made t2em !romise not to invite an1 ot2er !eo!le to t2eir !lace and not to s!ea. to 2im about art. 't t2e a!!ointed time Wautisse arrived at t2e Sreggs and t2e1 4ere 2a!!1 to see 2im. Rr. Sregg and 2is 4ife did t2eir best to entertain t2e famous artist" but 2e did not 4ant to go for a s4im or 4al. in t2e 4oods. He 4anted to sit and rela). 2e ne)t morning Rr. Sregg got u! ver1 earl1 as 2e 4anted to !aint t2e fence around t2e vegetable garden. He too. a brus2 and 4as about to begin !ainting 42en Wautisse a!!roac2ed 2im. 's soon as 2e sa4 t2e brus2" 2e seized it from Rr. Sregg and began !ainting t2e fence. 2e same da1 Wautisse started for Ne4 Yor.. &ome corres!ondents found out about WautisseOs sta1 in Ne4 Yor.. 'n article 4as !ublis2ed in one of t2e ne4s!a!ers sa1ing3 ;Rr. Wautisse 2as s!ent all 2is time in Ne4 Yor. e)ce!t for t2e 4ee.end at t2e 2ome of Rr. and Rrs. Sregg. He met t2e Sreggs on t2e s2i! coming from Euro!e.< 2e da1 after t2e stor1 a!!eared" t4o re!orters came to t2e SreggsO !lace. 2e1 4anted to .no4 ever1t2ing about t2e sta1 of t2e famous artist at t2eir !lace. 2e1 4ere s2o4n t2e fence !ainted and
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signed b1 Wautisse. ' long article" 2eadlined ;Wautisse !aints again<" 4as !ublis2ed t2e ne)t da1. 2e fence turned out to be a valuable t2ing. It 4as sold for a big sum of mone1. It 4as ta.en to a museum. Rr. Sregg could not .ee! from laug2ing 42en 2e sa4 2is fence in t2e museum. 2e fence 4as not 4ort2 it.

+OCABULAR3
fence to get acNuainted 4it2 e)!ensive s.etc2 to seize to turn out gard a face cunostinta cu scum!" costisitor sc2ita a a!uca" a se folosi de a se arata" a se dovedi

1?B

UNIT &M T ! CONDITIONALS (Pro/o?itii #onditionale)

Pro/o?itia #onditionala #ontine do"a /arti% 1- principala si ;% secundara, care de obicei, incepe cu <if= *dacaIf 2e 2as time" 2e 4ill 2el! us. Da#a el va avea tim!" ne va a%uta. Pro/o?itiile #onditionale s"nt de trei ti/"ri% :% posibila in viitor; ;% putin probabila in prezent; =% nereala in trecut. T*/e (M) T>e Conditional (Pro/o?itii #onditionale de ti/"l I) Form% If - Present Sim/le - Gill - base form of t>e Aerb; #ondition res"lt If it rains" I 4ill sta1 at 2ome. If I donOt 4or. 2ard" I 4onOt learn. A2at 4ill 1ou do if 1ou donOt find t2e %ob[ Use (intreb"intare)% T*/e (M) T>e Conditional is "sed to e./ress a /ossible #ondition and a /robable res"lt; *Conditionalul unul este utilizat !entru a e)!rima o conditie !osibila si un rezultat !robabilI Gill /ost t>e letter if *o" li@e. *Eu voi e)!edia scrisoarea daca vreiNotes% 1. Noti#e t>at future tense is not used in a condition; If 1ou Gill leaAe no4" 1ou Gill #at#> t2e train. * 2is is 7RONC : e gresitIf 1ou leaAe no4" 1ou Gill #at#> t2e train. * 2is is RIC T 4 e corect&; AlternatiAe forms (forme alternatiAe)% a- if can be re!laced b1 "nless or in #ase *da#a !oate fi inlocuit cu da#aWn" sau da#a-.

1?C

Unless I 2ear from 1ou" IOll come at C.00. *Qaca nu am nici o informatie de la tine" voi veni la C.00-. b- Gill can be re!laced b1 anot2er modal Aerb.* Gill !oate fi inlocuit cu un alt Aerb modal-. If *o" find m* mone* W I #an bu1 1ou an ice#cream. You s>o"ld give it bac. to me. You m"st tell me immediatel1. c- Gill can be re!laced b1 an im/eratiAe #f *ou like good food, eat at Nro!ns restaurant. d- Gill can be re!laced b1 anot2er f"t"re tense #f it doesnt rain, #m going to pla* tennis. e- T>e Present Sim/le can be re!laced b1 T>e Present Perfe#t in t2e conditional clause. #f *ou have finished the e6ercise, *ou can do the ne6t one. T3P! (&) Form% If - Past Sim/le) Go"ld - base form of t>e Aerb #ondition res"lt If I >ad eno"g> mone*) I Go"ld b"* a #ar; *Qaca as avea suficienti bani" as cum!ara o masina7>at Go"ld *o" do if *o" >ad M]]]^T *Ce vei face daca ai avea 1000e[If I didn:t li@e m* 5ob) I Go"ld giAe it "/; *Qaca nu me#ar !lace meseria mea" as renunta la eaUses (intreb"intare)% T*/e (&) T>e Conditional is used to e)!ress a >*/ot>eti#al (/res"/"s) #ondition and its /robable res"lt; a- 2e condition is h*pothetical because t2e s!ea.er .no4s t2at 42at 2e or s2e is sa1ing is improbable or impossible. *Conditia este !resu!usa !entru ca vorbitorul stie ca ceea ce s!une el sau ea este im!robabil sau im!osibil.I Go"ld lend Mar* mone* if s>e needed it; *Ia#si im!rumuta Rariei bani daca ar avea nevoie-

1?G

*Im!licatia este ca conditia este im!robabila" deoarece eu stiu ca ea are suficienti baniIf I Gere a bird) I Go"ld fl* to *o"; *Qaca as fi !asare as zbura la tine*Im!lacatia este ca conditia este im!osibila !entru ca eu nu sunt !asareb- 2e contidition can be /ossible in t>eor*" but im/robable in /ra#ti#e; *Conditia !oate fi !osibila in teorie" dar im!robabila in !ractica-. If I Gere t>e President of m* #o"ntr*) I:d giAe all Gor@ers t>eir salar* on time; *Qaca as fi !rezidentul tarii mele as da tuturor muncitorilor salariu la tim!-. c- 2e 1!e 2 conditional can e)!ress an adAi#e. If I Gere *o") I:d >aAe a rest; *Qaca as fi in locul tau" m#as ode2niNOT!S% 1. 'fter <if<" 4as sometimes c2anges to <Gere= *In cazul cand verbul !redicat din !artea introdusa de <if= este <be=) se foloseste forma <Gere=" la toate !ersoanele singular si !luralIf Veter Gere 2ere 2e Go"ld >el/ us. Qaca Veter ar fi aici" el ne# ar a%uta. 2. <7o"ld= can be re!laced b1 anot2er modal Aerb in t2e result clause. If I sto!!ed smo.ing" I #o"ld run faster. T3P! (R) Form% if - Past Perfe#t - Go"ld F"t"re Perfe#t in t>e /ast or #o"ld >aAe) mig>t >aAe; If *o" >ad st"died >ard) *o" Go"ld >aAe /assed all t>e e.ams; *Qaca ai fi studiat intens ai fi sustinut toate e)ameneleIf t>e* >ad st"died all t>e t>emes) t>e* #o"ld >aAe Gritten t>e test; *Qaca ei ar fi studiat toate temele ei ar fi !utut scrie testul-

1@0

Uses (intreb"intare)% All (R) t*/es are im/ossible ideas) be#a"se Ge @noG t>e #ondition Gas not f"lfilled) b"t Ge li@e to imagine t>e res"lt if W *Conditional trecut de ti!ul 8 e)!rima o actiune a carei realizare a de!ins de inde!linirea unei conditii3 I s>o"ld$Go"ld >aAe #ome in time if I >ad not missed t>e b"ss; *'s fi venit la tim! daca nu as fi !ierdut autobusul.e Go"ld >aAe #ome if *o" >ad #alled >im; K b"t >e didn:t #ome\ 7>*T Be#a"se *o" didn:t #all >im; Nota% Da#a /ro/o?itia se#"ndara /re#eda /e #ea /rin#i/ala se se/ara /rin Airg"la; If >e #alls me "/) I s>all tell >im abo"t it; Dar% I s>all tell >im abo"t it if >e #alls me "/; Uneori /ro/o?itia se#"ndara #onditionala n" este introd"sa /rin <if=; In asemenea #a?"ri Aerb"l a".iliar <>ad= /re#eda s"bie#t"l% ad Ge @noGn abo"t it) Ge Go"ldn:t >aAe said an*t>ing; Qaca am fi stiut des!re aceasta" n#am fi s!us nimic. AT!NTI!\ Qu!a G>en si if cu functie interogativa" se foloseste Aiitor"l; - A2en Gill 1ou come[ - I donOt .no4 if I Gill #ome; Ca?"l tre#"t"l"i i/oteti#% Qu!a unele verbe (to Gis>) to imagine W)) unele e)!resii (It:s time) I:d rat>erW) sau unele con%unctii (as if% #a si #and) if onl*% da#a ma#arW)) se foloseste trecutul, desi se face alu1ie la pre1ent sau la un viitor ipotetic. I Gis> *o" #ame; Imi doresc sa vii. e a#ts as if Ge Gere married; El se !oarta ca si cum am fi casatoriti. It:s time *o" left; E tim!ul sa !leci. I:d rat>er *o" didn:t #ome; 's !refera sa nu vii. Let:s s"//ose >e a##e/ted; &a !resu!unem ca el acce!ta.
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If onl* I >ad a #ar\ Qaca macar as avea o masina]

T>e Nero Conditional

Form% If - Present Sim/le) Present Sim/le If *o" >eat t>e i#e) it melts; *Qaca incalzesti g2eata ea se to!este.he Oero 1onditional e6presses conditions that are al!a*s true, !ith automatic results. It means G>en *atunci- cand or G>eneAer *oricand" ori de cate ori-. (lo4ers die if 1ou donOt 4ater t2em. *(lorile mor daca nu le uzi.Folosirea mod"l"i s"b5"n#tiA d"/a #onstr"#tii de ti/"l% it is ne#essar* K e necesarE it is desirable K e de doritE it is (im)/ossible K e *im-!osibilE it is obligator* K e obligatorE it is in#redible K e incredibil) sa" Aerbe de ti/"l% to order K a ordonaE to demand K a cereE to insist K a insista et#; Qu!a constructiile si verbele mentionate" in !ro!ozitiile secundare verbul !redicat se foloseste la modul sub%unctiv" s>o"ld fiind !rezent la toate !ersoanele singular si !lural3 It is ne#essar* t2at t2e1 s>o"ld submit t2e business !lan t2is 4ee.. ! ne#esar #a ei sa !rezinte !lanul de afaceri sa!tamana aceasta. e insisted t2at t2e1 s>o"ld come to t2e meeting. !l a insistat #a ei sa vina la adunare.

!O!RCIS!S%
M; Read t>e folloGing senten#es and noti#e #aref"ll* t>e tenses of t>e tGo Aerbs; T>en sa* G>at @ind of #ondition ea#> senten#e is% 1. 2e1 4ill get 4et if it rains. 2. If it rained" I 4ould sta1 at 2ome. 8. If 1ou 2ad left earlier" 1ou 4ould 2ave caug2t t2e train. >. If 1ou eat too muc2" 1ou 4ill be ill. ?. If I 2adnOt told 2im" 2e 4ould never 2ave .no4n. @. YouOll catc2 t2e train if 1ou ta.e a ta)i. B. If 1ou didnOt do muc2 mat2s at sc2ool" 1ou 4ould find economics difficult. C. A2at

1@2

4ould 1ou do if 1ou lost 1our %ob[ G. I 4ould 2ave been in bad trouble if Hane 2adnft 2el!ed me. &; P"t t>e Aerbs in bra#@ets into t>e #orre#t tenses% 1. IOll be ver1 angr1 if 2e *ma.e- an1 more mista.es. 2. A2at *2a!!enif I !ress t2is button[ 8. If t2e1 2ad 4aited" t2e1 *find- me. >. I s2ould be delig2ted if I *2ave- suc2 a beautiful fur#coat. ?. If s2e *not to be- so absent#minded" s2e 4ould be a muc2 better student. @. You 4ould 2ave understood t2e rule if 1ou *not to miss- t2e teac2erOs e)!lanation. B. If m1 friend *4or.- in m1 office" 4e 4ould meet ever1 da1. C. 2e dis2 4ould 2ave been muc2 more tast1 if s2e *be- a better coo.. G. If I *not .no4- Englis2" I s2ould not be able to en%o1 51ronOs !oetr1. 10. If 1ou s!o.e Englis2 ever1 da1" 1ou *im!rove- 1our language s.ills. R; Com/lete t>e folloGing #onditionals% 1. A21 4ouldnOt 1ou do it if Z 2. He 4ill not come unless Z 8. I 4ould not 2ave lost m1 mone1 if Z >. If I 2ad been in love 4it2 2im *2er-" Z ?. If I 4ere 1ou" Z @. If 2e 4ants to see me" Z B. Unless 1ou go to (rance" Z C. He 4ouldnOt 2ave begun to learn Englis2 if Z G. If 2e arrived late" 1ou Z 10. If 1ou 2ad got u! earlier t2is morning" Z (; S"//l* a s"itable tense of t>e Aerbs in bra#@ets% 1. I 4is2 I *.no4- 2is name. 2. ItOs time 4e all *go- 2ome. 8. IOd rat2er 1ou *go- no4. >. ItOs about time 1ou *get- t2e tea read1. ?. QonOt 1ou 4is2 1ou *come- earlier[ @. He acts as if 2e *.no4- Englis2 !erfectl1. B. If onl1 2e *not eat- so muc2 garlic] C. If onl1 2e *not eat- so muc2 garlic last nig2t] G. IOd rat2er 1ou *!a1- me no4. &u!!ose 2e *as.- me for t2e mone1 tomorro4] 10. He said 2e 4is2ed 2e *never see- me.

1@8

U; 7rite senten#es beginning Git> I Gis> W !.am/le% I donOt .no4 man1 !eo!le *and IOm lonel1-. I Gis> I @neG more /eo/le; 1. I canOt give u! smo.ing *but IOd li.e to-. 2. Seorge isnOt 2ere *and I need 2im-. 8. I 2avenOt an1 !ens *and I need one-. >. ItOs cold *and I 2ate cold 4eat2er-. ?. Rar1 canOt go to t2e !art1 *s2eOs 1our best friend-. @. I 2ave to 4or. tomorro4 *but I li.e to sta1 in bed-. B. I donOt .no4 an1t2ing about cars *and m1 car 2as %ust bro.en do4n-. C. IOm not l1ing on a beautiful sunn1 beac2 *and t2atOs a !it1-. V; Translate into !nglis>% 1. Qaca obosim" ne vom aseza. 2. Ii dau intotdeuna bani daca imi cere. 8. Qa#i ceva de mancare" daca ii este foame. >. Qaca mergi la universitate" va trebui sa studiezi mult. ?. Qaca im!rimuti ceva" dati#l ina!oi. @. 's alege costumul acesta" daca n#ar fi atat de stramt. B. Ce s# ar intam!la daca ei s#ar rataci in !adure[ C. Qaca ai citi aceasta carte" ai vedea ca nu e c2iar asa de rea. G. 's traduce#o daca as avea un dictionar. 10. 's fi scris un roman daca as fi avut mai mult tim!. 11. Ri#as dori sa fie mai frumos afara. 12. Ri#as dori ca tu sa te !orti mai frumos. 18. Ri#as dori sa fiu acasa. 1>. Ri#as dori sa nu fi uitat adresa lui. 1?. Ri#as dori sa nu fim nevoiti sa invatam asa mult. 1@. Imi doresc sa fi fost in stare sa rezolv toate !roblemele. 1B. Imi doresc sa fi !utut sa fac cunostinta cu el. 1C. 's dori sa fi !utut sa merg la teatru. 1G. E im!ortant ca ra!ortul sa fie !rezentat sa!tamana viitoare. 20. E incredibil ca el sa s!una aceste cuvinte. 21. E necesar ca laboratoarele sa fie asigurate cu utila% nou. 22. Varlamentarii au cerut ca legea sa fie modificata. 28. El a dorit ca !ro!unerea lui sa fie luata in consideratie. 2>. Volitistul a ordonat ca automobilul sa fie o!rit. 2?. Vrofesorul a sugerat ca !roiectul sa fie imbunatatit.

1@>

T!OT% <C !7INC CUM=

Ae all .no4 about c2e4ing gum. ItOs t2e s4eet substance !eo!le bu1 %ust to c2e4 but not s4allo4. Histor1 tells us t2at t2e man most res!onsible for c2e4ing gum 4as Re)ican dictator" Seneral 'ntonio Wo!ez &anta 'na. He 4as t2e Seneral 42o defeated t2e e)ans at t2e 'lamo in &an 'ntonio" one 2undred fift1 1ears ago. ' fe4 mont2s after t2at famous battle" &anta 'na 4as ca!tured and !ermitted to return 2ome to Re)ico. Instead of going straig2t 2ome" t2e Seneral too. t2e long 4a1 : east to Ne4 Yor. Cit1. He too. 4it2 2im a large amount of a strange material called c2icle. It 4as t2e dried %uice of a tree found in t2e %ungles of Re)ico and Central 'merica. Seneral &anta 'na met a man named 2omas 'dams. Rister 'dams agreed to e)!eriment 4it2 c2icle. 5ut after man1 4ee.s 2e admitted failure. He loo.ed for t2e Seneral to tell 2im t2e sad ne4s" but 2e learned t2at &anta 'na 2ad gone bac. 2ome to Re)ico. Huge amounts of c2icle remained. 'nd 'dams 4ondered 42at to do 4it2 it. Une da1" 'dams 4as in a store 42en 2e sa4 a little girl bu1 a !iece of 4a) to c2e4. 'dams 2ad seen t2e Seneral brea. off small !ieces of c2icle from time to time and c2e4 it. He told t2e store o4ner t2at 2e 2ad somet2ing better t2an 4a) and 2e made several 2undred little balls of c2icle. 2e store o4ner sold t2em all and as.ed for more. 'dams sent to Re)ico for more c2icle. 'nd t2e c2e4ing gum industr1 4as born. Une of t2e earl1 c2e4ing gum ma.ers 4as Ailiam A2ite" a !o!corn salesman. C2e4ing gum made 2im a ric2 man. It also made 2im famous enoug2 to be elected to Congress. Unce" during a visit to England" Ailliam A2ite 4as !resented to _ing Ed4ard t2e sevent2. A2ite gave t2e _ing a bo) of c2e4ing gum and urged 2im to tr1 it rig2t t2ere and t2en. 2e sur!rised _ing Ed4ard acce!ted t2e gum" but refused to c2e4 it before 2is guests.

1@?

Ran1 stories 4ere s!read about c2e4ing gum in t2e earl1 da1s. &ome 4arned it 4as dangerous. It s4allo4ed" t2e1 said" t2e gum 4ould ma.e t2e intestines stic. toget2er. 'nd !ainful deat2 4ould follo4. &ome 'mericans use ;c2e4ing gum< in a funn1 e)!ression to %o.e about someoneOs lac. of intelligence. 2e1 sa1 t2e !erson does not 2ave t2e mental abilit1 to 4al. and c2e4 gum at t2e same time.

+OCABULR3
c2e4ing gum to s4allo4 c2icle failure 4a) to 4arn !ainful guma de mestecat a ing2iti guma de mestecat esec" nereusita ceara a avertiza dureros" greu

1@@

UNIT &&
In aceasta lectie ne vom concentra asu!ra unui sir de elemente gramaticale care ar !utea crea unele dificultati in !rocesul folosirii limbii engleze. 'stfel uneori !oate fi intalnita constructia t2e more Z t2e *more" better" less etc-" care in romaneste se traduce !rin ;cu cat Z cu atat< si ad%ectivele sau adverbele res!ective la gradul com!arativ3 T>e more Ge Gor@" t>e more 4e get. C" #at mai mult lucram" #" atat mai mult !rimim. T>e easier t2e te)t is" t>e L"i#@er 4e translate it. C" #at te)tul este mai usor" #" atat mai re!ede il traducem. Unele dificultati !ot fi intim!inate la traducerea imbinarii to be infinitiA. Qeseori ea se intrebuinteaza ca ec2ivalent al verbului modal must" traducandu#se in romaneste !rin <treb"ie sa=% 2e1 are to start t2is !ro%ect at t2e end of t2e mont2. Ei treb"ie sa incea!a acest !roiect la sfarsitul lunii. In cazul cand verbul <to be= este urmat de asemenea verbe ca to see) to obserAe) to noti#e) to find) to feel etc" la diateza pasiva" traducerea in romana se face !rin </oate fi=) sau <se /oate=% 2is !2enomen is to be obserAed ver1 often. (enomenul acesta /oate fi obserAat foarte des. In afara de acesta" in imbinarea to be - infinitiA verbul to be !oate inde!lini functia de verb copulativ *de legatura- du!a substantive ca3 /lan) aim) tas@) /roblem etc. si se traduce in romana !rin <#onsta in=) <este de a=; His aim is to /roAe t2at 2is material is t2e best. &co!ul lui este de a demonstra ca metoda sa este cea mai buna.

1@B

'numite dificultati !oate crea imbinari to fail ^ infinitiv. In romaneste traducerea se efectuaza !rin forma negativa a verbului !redicat la tim!ul res!ectiv3 2e1 failed to understand us. Ei n#au reusit sa ne inteleaga. *Ei nu ne#au inteles-

CONYUCTIONS (Con5"n#tiile)
E)ista doua feluri de con%unctii3 #on5"n#tii #oordonatoare" care leaga doi termeni de acelasi felP #on5"n#tii s"bordonatoare" care leaga o !ro!ozitie regenta de o subordonata.

M; Con5"n#tii s"bordonatoare (#om/"se)%

after_ du!a ce in #ase in cazul in care all t>e moreW cu atat mai mult in order t>at astfel in cat as ca si in order to astfel in cat as if ca si cum on#e odata ce as long as atat dim! cat /roAided numai sa as soon as de indata ce sin#e_ deoarece as t>o"g> ca si cum so as to astfel icat be#a"se deoarece so m"#> as atat incat before_ inainte ca so m"#> soW atat deZ oGeAer oricat deZ so t>at astfel incat if daca s"//osing !resu!unand in as m"#> as in masura in care G>eneAer ori de cate ori till_) "ntil_ !ana cand *ce- G>ereas in tim! ce "nless numai daca G>et>er;;or daca Z sau G>en atunci cand G>ile in tim! ce A#este #on5"n#tii /ot fi si /re/o?itii; ObserAatii%

T>at K #a" una din cele mai folosite con%unctii" se omite atunci cand introduce o !ro!ozitie com!letiva directa.
As si li@e K #a si) de regula" as introduce com!aratia intre ver$e" li@e intre su$stantive %sau pronume-" dar" in engleza americana curenta" se intalneste adesea li@e in fata unui ver$. A man li@e *o"" un barbat ca tine. He did as *li.e- I 4anted. El a facut *asa- cum voiam.

1@C

&; Con5"n#tii #oordonatoare (#orelatiAe)

and si not onl*W nu numai as Gell as la fel ca si b"t also ci si b"t dar noG acum cand b"t t>en in scimb onl* numai for caci t>at is to sa* adica >oGeAer totusi t>at is G>* iata de ce indeed intr#adevar t>en atunci moreoAer in !lus t>erefore in consecinta too de asemenea neAert>eless totusi *et totusi - as W as 4 tot (asa) W #a (si)E Englis2 is as difficult as (renc2. Englesa este tot asa de dificila #a si franceza. - bot> W and K atat W #at siE IOd li.e to s!end a fe4 da1s bot> in Wondon and in Varis. 's dori sa !etrec cateva zile atat la Wondra #at si la Varis. - eit>er W or K sa" W sa"E 2e1 ma1 be eit>er in t2e librar1 or in t2e laborator1. Ei !ot fi sa" in biblioteca" sa" in laborator. - neit>er W nor 4 ni#i W ni#iE He .no4s neit>er (renc2 nor Englis2. El nu cunoaste ni#i franceza ni#i engleza. - not onl* W b"t also 4 n" n"mai W dar siE &2e is not onl* a good economist b"t also a good manager. Ea este nu numai un economist bun" dar si un bun manager. - G>et>er W or 4 ori W oriE Ae are not sure G>et>er 2e is at 2ome or at t2e universit1. Nu suntem siguri daca el se afla ori acasa ori la universitate. - as far as # cat des!reP - as Gell as : !recum si.

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!O!RCIS!S%
M; Translate into Romanian 1. 2e more 4e learn Englis2" t2e better 4e .no4 it. 2. Uur aim is to .no4 Englis2 4ell. 8. 2e sooner 2e comes" t2e better. >. You are to come at nine ne)t time. ?. 2e seminar is to begin at 8 !.m. @. &2e failed to come on time. B. 5ot2 Ho2n and Rar1 stud1 (renc2. C. Ae must ta.e eit2er Englis2 or (renc2 t2is 1ear. G. Neit2er Veter nor Vaul !artici!ate in t2e conference. 10. He is not onl1 a good scientist" but also a good teac2er. 11. You must do t2is %ob 42et2er 1ou li.e it or not. 12. &2e tal.ed about Wondon as if s2e 2ad lived t2ere. 18. 's soon as 1ou arrive in Varis" give us a call. 1>. 's far as I .no4" t2is team is not involved in t2e Energ1 Vro%ect. 1?. Ho2n .no4s (renc2 as 4ell as Rar1 does. 1@. 's long as 4e 4or. 2ere" 4e s2all deal 4it2 t2is !roblem. 1B. In order to translate t2e te)t" use t2e dictionar1. 1C. &2e !la1s bot2 tennis and badminton. 1G. 2atOs neit2er interesting nor true. 20. I li.e living bot2 in t2e countr1 and in t2e cit1. &; Translate into !nglis>; 1. Cu cat mai grea e !roblema" cu atat mai multe eforturi va necesita. 2. Cu cat mai mult invatam" cu atat mai mult stim. 8. Ei trebuie sa !regateasca materialele !entru seminar. >. &arcina noastra e de a restructura intre!rinderile. ?. El n#a reusit sa !rezinte !roiectul la tim!. @. $reau ca atat Qvoatra" cat si Qumneaei sa !artici!ati la conferinta. B. Vuteti folosi sau metoda mea" sau a dlui 5ro4n. C. Nici noi nici ei nu !ot solutiona aceasta !roblema. G. Ei studiaza nu numai franceza" dar si engleza. 10. $orbesc de !arca ar fi !rieteni de multi ani. 11. Indata ce termin lectiile" ne ducem acasa. 12. Ne#am intalnit inca in 1GC0. 18. 'tat engleza" cat si franceza sunt obiectele mele !referate la universitate. 1>. Qu!a cate stiu" acest actor nu este cunoscut in tara noastra. 1?. &co!ul lui este de a imbunatati !erformanta com!aniei sale. 1@. Cu cat mai mult citim" cu atat mai mult cunoastem.

1B0

Differen#es betGeen Ameri#an !nglis> and Britis> !nglis>

S/elling Britis> catalogue cancelled centimetre centre c2eNue colour em!lo1ee enNuir1 favour fulfil guarantee 2arbour 2onour instalment .ilometre labelled labour licence litre metre milligramme offence to !ractise !rogramme s.ilful totalling traveller travelling t1re uneNualled Ameri#an 7ord Usage Britis> Ameri#an

catalog accident casualt1 canceled autumn fall centimeter as. for a lift as. for a ride center be2ind in bac. of c2ec. to boo. a room to ma.e a reservation color boo.ing#office tic.et#office em!lo1e motor#car automobile=car inNuir1 cargo s2i! freig2ter favor cas2ier ban. teller fulfill cinema movie t2eater guarant1 c2emist druggist 2arbor c2emistOs drugstore 2onor coac2=bus bus installment engaged bus1 .ilometer filling station gas station labeled ground floor first floor lobor garden 1ard license to 2ire to rent liter label tag meter lift elevator milligram lorr1 truc. offense Wtd *WimitedInc.*Incor!oratedto !ractice luggage baggage !rogram !ost mail s.illful !etrol gas *gasolinetotaling !avement side4al. traveler VWC *!rivate Inc.*incor!orated limited com!an1Co.traveling 2olida1 vacation tire managing director !resident *businessuneNualed rail4a1 railroad

1B1

No fi.ed r"les% dis/at#>$des/at#> realise$reali?e "tilise$"tili?e

!ost code to !ut t2roug2 s!irits s2o! sub4a1 number !late to ring u!

zi! code to connect liNuor store under!ass licence !late to call u!

1B2

IRR!CULAR +!RBS (+erbe nereg"late sa" <tari=)

InfinitiAe to be to bear to become to begin to bleed to blo4 to brea. to bring to build to burn to burst to bu1 to catc2 to c2oose to come to cost to cut to deal to dig to do to dra4 to dream to drin. to drive to eat to fall to feed to feel to find to fl1 to forget to freeze to get Past Sim/le 4as=4ere bore became began bled ble4 bro.e broug2t built burnt burst boug2t caug2t c2ose came cost cut dealt dug did dre4 dreamt dran. drove ate fell fed felt found fle4 forgot froze got
1B8

Parti#i/le II been born become begun bled blo4n bro.en broug2t built burnt burst boug2t caug2t c2osen come cost cut dealt dug done dra4n dreamt drun. driven eaten fallen fed felt found flo4n forgotten frozen got

to give to go to gro4 to 2ang to 2ave to 2ear to 2ide to 2old to 2urt to .ee! to .neel to .no4 to la1 to lead to learn to leave to lend to let to lie to lig2t to lose to ma.e to mean to meet to !a1 to !ut to read to rend to ride to ring to rise to run to sa1 to see to see. to sell to send

gave 4ent gre4 2ung 2ad 2eard 2id 2eld 2urt .e!t .nelt .ne4 laid led learnt left lent let la1 lit lost made meant met !aid !ut read /red0 rent rode rang rose ran said sa4 soug2t sold sent

given gone gro4n 2ung 2ad 2eard 2idden 2eld 2urt .e!t .nelt .no4n laid led learnt left lent let lain lit lost made meant met !aid !ut read /red0 rent ridden rung risen run said seen soug2t sold sent

1B>

to set to s2a.e to s2ine to s2oot to s2o4 to s2ut to sing to sit to slee! to smell to s!ea. to s!ell to s!end to steal to stic. to stri.e to s4ear to s4ee! to s4im to ta.e to teac2 to tell to t2in. to t2ro4 to understand to 4a.e to 4ear to 4in to 4ind to 4it2dra4 to 4rite

set s2oo. s2one s2ot s2o4ed s2ut sang sat sle!t smelt s!o.e s!elt s!ent stole stuc. struc. s4ore s4e!t s4am too. taug2t told t2oug2t t2re4 understood 4o.e 4ore 4on 4ound 4it2dre4 4rote

set s2a.en s2one s2ot s2o4n s2ut sung sat sle!t smelt s!o.en s!elt s!ent stolen stuc. struc. s4orn s4e!t s4um ta.en taug2t told t2oug2t t2ro4n understood 4o.en 4orn 4on 4ound 4it2dra4n 4ritten

1B?

I AM A ENGLISH.

HURRAY !!! WINNER, BECAUSE

KNOW

1B@