UNIVERSITATEA PETRU MAIOR TRGU-MURE

Constantin PALADE

DREPT CIVIL Partea general

Curs universitar 2002 1

M nclin cu respect i mulumesc Omului, dasclului i profesorului universitar, doctor Mircea Murean Autorul

CUPRINS

CAPITOLUL I DREPTUL CIVIL, NOIUNI INTRODUCTIVE 1. NOIUNEA DE DREPT 2. SISTEMUL DE DREPT. RAMURILE DREPTULUI INTERN a) drept p !l"# !) drept pr"$at 3. DREPTUL %I&IL' DE(INIIE' %RITERIILE DE INDI&IDUALI)ARE A DREPTULUI %I&IL %A RAMUR* DISTIN%T* DE DREPT A. O!"e#t l de regle+entare a drept l " #"$"l a) rap,rt r" - r"d"#e patr"+,n"ale !) rap,rt r" - r"d"#e nepatr"+,n"ale .rap,rt r" per/,nale nepatr"+,n"ale) 0. Met,da de regle+entare a rap,rt r"l,r - r"d"#e #"$"le %. %ara#ter l n,r+el,r - r"d"#e #"$"le D. Nat ra /an#1" n"l,r de drept #"$"l 4. LO%UL 2I ROLUL DREPTULUI %I&IL 3N SISTEMUL DREPTULUI ROM4NES% 5. DELIMITAREA DREPTULUI %I&IL DE ALTE RAMURI DE DREPT A. Del"+"tarea drept l " #"$"l de drept l 6a+"l"e" 0. Del"+"tarea drept l " #"$"l de drept l + n#"" %. Del"+"tarea drept l " #"$"l de drept l "nterna1",nal pr"$at D. Del"+"tarea drept l " #"$"l de drept l #,+er#"al

CAPITOLUL II IZVOARELE DREPTULUI CIVIL 1. NOIUNEA DE I)&OR DE DREPT 2. I)&OARE DIRE%TE ALE DREPTULUI %I&IL A. Legea a) leg" #,n/t"t 1",nale !) leg" ,rgan"#e #) leg" ,rd"nare d) de#rete7leg" 0. 8,tr9rea :" Ord,nan1a ; $ern l " a) 8,tr9r" !) Ord,nan1e %. Ord"nele' "n/tr #1" n"le +"n":tr"l,r ,r" ale alt,r #,nd #t,r" a" ,rganel,r de /pe#"al"tate :" a" ad+"n"/tra1"e" p !l"#e #entrale D. A#te n,r+at"$e e+"/e de a t,r"t1"le p !l"#e l,#ale E. A#te n,r+at"$e e+"/e p9n la 22 de#e+!r"e 1<=< (. %,ntra#tele7t"p' #,ntra#tele #,le#t"$e de + n#' #,ntra#tele de /,#"etate' a#t l #,n/t"t t"$ 3. I)&OARE INDIRE%TE ALE DREPTULUI %I&IL A. Pr"n#"p""le generale ale p,l"t"#"" e#,n,+"#e 0. % t +a .,!"#e" l)' #a ">$,r de drept %. D,#tr"na D. ? r"/pr den1a .pra#t"#a - d"#"ar) CAPITOLUL III APLICAREA LEGII CIVILE 1. NOIUNI INTRODU%TI&E 2. APLI%AREA LE;II %I&ILE 3N TIMP a) M,+ent l "ntrr"" @n $"g,are a leg"" #"$"le !) M,+ent l @n#etr"" apl"#r"" leg"" #"$"le Pr"n#"p""le apl"#r"" @n t"+p a leg"" #"$"le A. Pr"n#"p" l neretr,a#t"$"t1"" leg"" #"$"le n," 0. Pr"n#"p" l apl"#r"" "++ed"ate a leg"" #"$"le n," 3. APLI%AREA LE;II %I&ILE 3N SPAIU A. A/pe#t l "ntern
A

0. A/pe#t l "nterna1",nal %. S,l 1",narea #,n6l"#t l " de leg" @n /pa1" 4. APLI%AREA LE;II %I&ILE ASUPRA PERSOANELOR CAPITOLUL IV INTERPRETAREA NORMELOR URIDICE DE DREPT CIVIL 1. NOIUNEA DE INTERPRETARE A NORMEI ?URIDI%E DE DREPT %I&IL 2. NE%ESITATEA INTERPRET*RII NORMEI ?URIDI%E %I&ILE 3. (ORMELE INTERPRET*RII a) "nterpretarea ,6"#"al !) "nterpretarea ne,6"#"al #) "nterpretarea l"teral d) "nterpretarea eBten/"$ e) "nterpretarea re/tr"#t"$ 4. METODE DE INTERPRETARE a) Met,da gra+at"#al !) Met,da /"/te+at"# #) Met,da l,g"# - arg +entele "nterpretr"" l,g"#e d) Met,da tele,l,g"# e) Met,da "/t,r"# CAPITOLUL V RAPORTUL URIDIC CIVIL 1. DE(INIIA RAPORTULUI ?URIDI% %I&IL 2. %ARA%TERE ?URIDI%E ALE RAPORTULUI ?URIDI% %I&IL 3. STRU%TURA RAPORTULUI ?URIDI% %I&IL A. S !"e#1"" rap,rt l " - r"d"# #"$"l 1. Determinarea subiecilor 2. Pluralitatea subiecilor 3. Schimbarea subiecilor
C

4. Capacitatea civil a subiecilor raportului juridic civil - #apa#"tatea de 6,l,/"n1 - #apa#"tatea de eBer#"1" 0. %,n1"n t l rap,rt l " - r"d"# #"$"l 1. Dreptul subiectiv civil latura activ a coninutului raportului juridic civil a) De6"n"1"a drept l " / !"e#t"$ #"$"l !) %la/"6"#area drept r"l,r #"$"le / !"e#t"$e #) Re# n,a1terea drept r"l,r / !"e#t"$e #"$"le d) O#r,t"rea .aprarea) drept r"l,r / !"e#t"$e #"$"le e) EBer#"tarea drept r"l,r / !"e#t"$e #"$"le 2. bli!aia civil latura pasiv a coninutului raportului juridic civil %. O!"e#t l rap,rt l " - r"d"# #"$"l 1. De"iniie 2. #unurile a) De6"n"1"a ! n r"l,r !) %la/"6"#area ! n r"l,r - d p reg"+ l - r"d"# al #"r# la1"e" ! n r"l,r - d p nat ra l,r :" #al"6"#area dat de lege - d p +,d l l,r de per#epere - d p +,d l # + / nt deter+"nate - d p +,d l # + p,t /a n 6" @nl,# "te @n eBe# tarea ne" ,!l"ga1""9 - d p # + @ntre! "n1area ,!":n "t "+pl"# /a n d"/tr gerea' #,n/ +area l,r /a @n/tr"narea - d p # + p,t 6" @+pr1"te /a n 6r /7:" /#D"+!e de/t"na1"a l,r - d p #,rela1"a @ntre ele - d p # + / nt /a n pr,d #t,are de alte ! n r"' 6r a7:" #,n/ +a / !/tan1a

CAPITOLUL VI Subcapitolul $ ACTUL URIDIC CIVIL 1. DE(INIIA A%TULUI ?URIDI% %I&IL 2. %LASI(I%AREA A%TELOR ?URIDI%E %I&ILE a) d p n +r l $,"n1el,r - r"d"#e #are da na:tere a#t l " - r"d"# 7 a#te - r"d"#e n"laterale 7 a#te - r"d"#e !"laterale .#,ntra#t l) 7 a#te - r"d"#e + lt"laterale !) d p /#,p l r+r"t de pr1" la @n#De"erea l,r 7a#te - r"d"#e # t"tl ,ner,/ 7 a#te - r"d"#e # t"tl grat "t #) d p t"+p l' +,+ent l @n #are @:" pr,d # e6e#tele 7 a#te - r"d"#e @ntre $"" ."nter $"$,/) 7 a#te - r"d"#e pentr #a > de +,arte .+,rt"/ #a /a) d) d p e6e#tele pr,d /e 7 a#te - r"d"#e #,n/t"t t"$e de drept r" 7 a#te - r"d"#e tran/lat"$e de drept r" 7 a#te - r"d"#e de#larat"$e de drept r" e) d p "+p,rtan1a pe #are , pre>"nt a#tele - r"d"#e @n rap,rt # patr"+,n" l per/,ane" 7 a#te - r"d"#e de #,n/er$are 7 a#te - r"d"#e de ad+"n"/trare 7 a#te - r"d"#e de d"/p,>"1"e 6) d p +,d l de 6,r+are 7 a#te - r"d"#e #,n/en/ ale 7 a#te - r"d"#e /,le+ne 7 a#te - r"d"#e reale g) d p r,l l pe #are @l a $,"n1ele - r"d"#e ale pr1"l,r la /ta!"l"rea drept r"l,r :" ,!l"ga1""l,r #e le re$"n 7 a#te - r"d"#e / !"e#t"$e 7 a#te - r"d"#e #,nd"1"e D) d p #,rela1""le eB"/tente @ntre a#tele - r"d"#e 7 a#te - r"d"#epr"n#"pale 7 a#te - r"d"#e a##e/,r""
<

") d p legt ra # #a >a' /#,p l pentr #are /7a @n#De"at a#t l - r"d"# 7 a#te - r"d"#e #a >ale 7 a#te - r"d"#e a#a >ale .a!/tra#te) -) d p p,/"!"l"tatea @n#De"er"" pr"n repre>entare 7 a#te - r"d"#e ,!":n "te 7 a#te - r"d"#e /tr"#t per/,nale E) d p legt ra a#tel,r - r"d"#e # +,dal"t1"le l,r 7 a#te - r"d"#e p re :" /"+ple 7 a#te - r"d"#e a6e#tate de +,dal"t1" l) d p # + / nt /a n regle+entate de lege 7 a#te - r"d"#e t"p"#e .n +"te) 7 a#te - r"d"#e net"p"#e .nen +"te) +) d p r,l l d"6er"t al $,"n1el,r pr1"l,r la @n#De"erea a#t l " - r"d"# 7 a#te - r"d"#e neg,#"a!"le 7 a#te - r"d"#e de ade>" ne 7 a#te - r"d"#e "+p /e .6,r1ate) n) d p eBe# tarea @n t"+p a ,!l"ga1""l,r 7 a#te - r"d"#e # eBe# tarea "n/tantanee 7 a#te - r"d"#e # eBe# tarea / ##e/"$ @n t"+p 3. %ONDIIILE ESENIALE PENTRU &ALA0ILITATEA .&ALIDITATEA) A%TULUI ?URIDI% %. &erminolo!ie #. Clasi"icarea condiiilor eseniale pentru valabilitatea actului juridic 1. d p a/pe#tele la #are /e re6er 7 #,nd"1"" de 6,nd 7 #,nd"1"" de 6,r+ 7 #,nd"1"" de p !l"#"tate 2. d p #ara#ter l ,!l"gat,r" /a n a #,nd"1""l,r 7 #,nd"1"" e/en1"ale 7 #,nd"1"" nee/en1"ale 3. d p ">$,r l l,r - #,nd"1"" legale - #,nd"1"" #,n$en1",nale .$,l ntare) 4. d p e6e#tele #e /e pr,d # @n l"p/a #,nd"1""l,r
1F

- #,nd"1"" de $al"d"tate - #,nd"1"" de e6"#a#"tate - #,nd"1"" de p !l"#"tate C. Condiiile de "ond pentru valabilitatea actului juridic 1. %apa#"tatea de a #,ntra#ta 2. %,n/"+1+9nt l $ala!"l al pr1"" #are /e ,!l"g a) Pr"n#"p""le $,"n1e" - r"d"#e - pr"n#"p" l l"!ert1"" .a t,n,+"e") $,"n1e" - r"d"#e - pr"n#"p" l $,"n1e" reale ."nterne) 6a1 de $,"n1a de#larat - #,n#ep1"a ,!"e#t"$ - #,n#ep1"a / !"e#t"$ !) De6"n"1"a #,n/"+1+9nt l " - #,nd"1""le #,n/"+1+9nt l " #) &"#""le de #,n/"+1+9nt - er,area - d,l l .$"#len"a) - $",len1a - le>" nea d) %,+para1"e @ntre $"#""le de #,n/"+1+9nt 3. O!"e#t l a#t l " - r"d"# #"$"l a) De6"n"1"a ,!"e#t l " a#t l " - r"d"# !) %,nd"1""le ,!"e#t l " a#t l " - r"d"# 4. %a >a a#t l " - r"d"# a) De6"n"1"a #a >e" a#t l " - r"d"# !) Ele+entele #a >e" a#t l " - r"d"# #) %,nd"1""le de $ala!"l"tate ale #a >e" a#t l " - r"d"# d) Pr,!a #a >e" e) A#te - r"d"#e #a >ale :" a#a >ale 5. (,r+a a#t l " - r"d"# #"$"l a) N,1" nea de 6,r+ a a#t l " - r"d"# !) Pr"n#"p" l #,n/en/ al"/+ l " a#tel,r - r"d"#e #"$"le #) %,nd"1""le de 6,r+ ale a#t l " - r"d"# #"$"l
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3. 4. 5.

A. M,dal"t1"le a#t l " - r"d"# a) N,1" nea de +,dal"tate a a#t l " - r"d"# #"$"l %. &ermenul 1. N,1" nea de ter+en 2. %la/"6"#area ter+en l " 3. E6e#tele ter+en l " 4. N,1" n"le de /#aden1 :" el"g"!"l"tate 5. Ren n1area la ter+en #. Condiia 1. N,1" nea de #,nd"1"e 2. %la/"6"#area #,nd"1""l,r d p e6e#tele #are le pr,d # a) #,nd"1"a / /pen/"$ !) #,nd"1"a re>,l t,r"e d p #a >a de #are dep"nde @ndepl"n"rea /a n a #,nd"1"e" a) #,nd"1"a #a >al !) #,nd"1"a +"Bt #) #,nd"1"a p,te/tat"$ d p # + #,n/t @n real">area /a nereal">area eBper"+ent l " $""t,r :" ne/"g r a) #,nd"1"a p,>"t"$ !) #,nd"1"a negat"$ d p # + e$en"+ent l $""t,r :" ne/"g r e/te "+p,/"!"l' #,ntrar leg"" /a reg l"l,r de +,ral a) #,nd"1"a "+p,/"!"l !) #,nd"1"a "l"#"t #) #,nd"1"a "+,ral Reg l" /pe#"ale # pr"$"re la @ndepl"n"rea /a ne@ndepl"n"rea #,nd"1"e" E6e#tele #,nd"1"e" S# rt #,+para1"e @ntre ter+en :" #,nd"1"e #a +,dal"t1" ale a#t l " - r"d"#
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C' Sarcina 1. N,1" nea de /ar#"n' #a +,dal"tate a a#t l " - r"d"# 2. E6e#tele /ar#"n"" 3. %,nd"1"a :" /ar#"na' a/e+nr" :" de,/e!"r" C. E6e#tele a#t l " - r"d"# A. De6"n"1"a e6e#tel,r a#t l " - r"d"# #"$"l 0. Pr"n#"p" l 6,r1e" ,!l"gat,r"" a a#t l " - r"d"# #"$"l 1. EB#ep1""le de la pr"n#"p" l 6,r1e" ,!l"gat,r"" a a#t l " - r"d"# 2. Te,r"a "+pre$">" n"" %. Pr"n#"p" l "re$,#a!"l"t1"" a#t l " - r"d"# #"$"l 1. EB#ep1""le de la pr"n#"p" l "re$,#a!"l"t1"" a#t l " - r"d"# #"$"l 2. EB#ep1""le de la pr"n#"p" l "re$,#a!"l"t1"" a#t l " - r"d"# #"$"l n"lateral D. Pr"n#"p" l relat"$"t1"" e6e#tel,r a#t l " - r"d"# #"$"l 1. N,1" ne 2. N,1" n"le de pr1"' ter1"' a$9n>"7#a > 3. Op,>a!"l"tatea :" "n,p,>a!"l"tatea a#t l " - r"d"# #"$"l 6a1 de ter1" 4. EB#ep1""le de la pr"n#"p" l relat"$"t1"" e6e#tel,r a#t l " - r"d"# #"$"l a) /t"p la1"a pentr alt l !) a#1" n"le d"re#te #) #,ntra#t l #,le#t"$ de + n# d) a$9n>""7#a > e) pr,+"/" nea 6apte" alt "a .#,n$en1"a de p,rte76,rt) 6) /"+ la1"a g) repre>entarea Subcapitolul $$ NULITATEA ACTULUI URIDIC CIVIL 1. DE(INIIA NULIT*II A%TULUI ?URIDI% %I&IL 2. (UN%IILE NULIT*II
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3. RE;LEMENTAREA NULIT*II 4. %AU)ELE NULIT*II A%TULUI ?URIDI% %I&IL 5. %LASI(I%AREA NULIT*II a) N l"tatea a!/,l t - %a >ele n l"t1"" a!/,l te - Reg"+ l - r d"# al n l"t1"" a!/,l te !) N l"tatea relat"$ - %a >ele n l"t1"" relat"$e - Reg"+ l - r"d"# al n l"t1"" relat"$e #) S"nte> pr"$"nd reg"+ l - r"d"# al n l"t1"" a!/,l te :" n l"t1"" relat"$e d) N l"tatea t,tal :" n l"tatea par1"al e) N l"tatea eBpre/ :" n l"tatea $"rt al 6) N l"tatea de drept :" n l"tatea - d"#"ar A. E(E%TELE NULIT*II A%TULUI ?URIDI% %I&IL a) N,1" nea de e6e#te ale n l"t1"" a#t l " - r"d"# #"$"l !) Pr"n#"p" l retr,a#t"$"t1"" e6e#tel,r n l"t1"" #) Pr"n#"p" l re/ta!"l"r"" /"t a1"e" anter",are @n#De"er"" a#t l " .re/t"t t", "n "ntegr +) d) Pr"n#"p" l de/6""n1r"" .an lr"") a#tel,r - r"d"#e / !/e#$ente e) Pr"n#"p"" de drept p,tr"$"t #r,ra a#t l - r"d"# n l n pr,d #e e6e#te - pr"n#"p" l #,n$er/" n"" a#t l " - r"d"# n l - pr"n#"p" l $al"d"t1"" aparen1e" @n drept 7 pr"n#"p" l r/p nder"" #"$"le del"#t ale C. NULITATEA A%TULUI ?URIDI% 2I ALTE SAN%IUNI %I&ILE

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CAPITOLUL I

DREPTUL CIVIL NOIUNI INTRODUCTIVE

1. Noiunea de drept
N,1" nea de GdreptH are +a" + lte /en/ r". !ntr"un sens' pr"n GdreptH /e @n1elege (totalitatea prevede) rilor concrete ale re!lementrilor di"ereniate prin ramuri de drept *i pe instituii juridice+ /a (totalitatea normelor de drept dintr)un sis) tem de drept dat+.1 Drept l' @n a#e/t /en/' /e #,n#ret">ea> @n an/a+!l l a#tel,r n,r+at"$e e+"/e de a t,r"t1"le /tat l " @n l"+"tele #,+peten1el,r atr"7 ! "te. A#tele n,r+at"$e #,n1"n reg l" ,!l"gat,r"" de #,nd "t a ,a+e7 n"l,r :" p,t 6" "+p /e' la ne$,"e' pr"n 6,r1a de #,n/tr9ngere a /tat l ". Reg l"le de #,nd "t a ,a+en"l,r @n /,#"etate /ta!"l"te de /tat :" +ater"al">ate @n a#tele n,r+at"$e /e n +e/# nor#e $uri%i&e. N,r+ele - r"d"#e / nt generale' @n /en/ l # /e apl"# repetat @n #a> r" nel"+"tate' :" impers nale' ad"# n /e adre/ea> an +"t,r per/,ane' #"' de reg l' t t r,r per/,anel,r. N,r+ele - r"d"#e eB"/t ,!"e#t"$' "nd"6erent da# ,a+en"" le # n,/# /a n ' le apl"# /a n . Se /p ne # ele a , eB"/ten1 ,!"e#t"$. 3n a#e/t /en/' ter+en l de GdreptH e/te /"n,n"+ # ter+en l G%re't o(ie&tivH' G%re't 'o)itivH.2
1 2

15

!ntr"un a*t sens' n,1" nea de GdreptH /e / prap ne # n,1" 7 nea de drept / !"e#t"$' pr"n #are /e @n1elege p,/"!"l"tatea' apt"t d"nea ne" per/,ane .n +"t #red"t,r) de a /e #,+p,rta d"n p n#t de $edere - r"d"# @n #,n6,r+"tate # pre$eder"le n,r+el,r - r"d"#e #"$"le :" de a #ere ne" alte per/,ane .n +"t de!"t,r) , #,nd "t #,re/p n>t,are' @n #a> de ne$,"e apel9nd la 6,r1a de #,n/tr9ngere a /tat l ". De eBe+pl ' l,#at,r l .per/,ana #are pr"ntr7 n #,ntra#t @n#D"r"a> n ! n) are p,/"!"l"tatea / /e #,+p,rte d"n p n#t de $edere - r"d"#' da# d,re:te' a:a # + pre$ede n,r+a - r"d"# I art.1411 %,d #"$"l I :" / Ga/"g re #ele"lalte .n.a.7 pr1"" #,ntra#tante) 6,l,/"n1a n " l #r pentr n t"+p deter+"nat' drept n pre1 deter+"natH. L,#at,r l' da# a d,r"t :" a a/"g rat 6,l,/"n1a l #r l "' are drept l de a #ere #ele"lalte pr1" I de!"t,r l " 7 , #,nd "t #,re/p n>t,are' ad"# /7" predea n Gpre1 deter+"natH. Conduita persoanei a creditorului este prev,ut de dreptul obiectiv *i pentru c vi,ea, o persoan se "olose*te sinta!ma (drept subiectiv+ -n sensul c dreptul aparine unui subiect de drept. persoan "i,ic sau juridic. Ce* %e"a* trei*ea /en/ e/te "dent"# # #el de G !"iin#a $rep"%l%iH' :t""n1 /,#"al #are /t d"a>J G 7 leg"le eB"/ten1e" :" de>$,ltr"" /tat l " :" drept l " - "n/t"t 1""le p,l"t"#,7- r"d"#e - 6,r+ele #,n#ret "/t,r"#e' #,rela1""le :" "n6l en1ele re#"pr,#e @ntre #,+p,nentele /"/te+ l " /,#"al. 2t""n1a drept l " 6,r+ lea> pr"n#"p""le generale de #,nd #ere a /,#"et1""' anal">ea> part"#"parea ,a+en"l,r la #"r# "t l - r"d"# #a p rtt,r" de drept r" :" ,!l"ga1""' d"/#"pl"n9nd :" #,,rd,n9nd a#1" n"le a#e/t,raH.3

2. Sistemul de drept. Ramurile dreptului intern

An/a+!l l n,r+el,r - r"d"#e ela!,rate @ntr7 n /tat 6,r+ea> /"/te+ l de drept' #are la r9nd l / e/te 6,r+at d"n ra+ r" de drept. Drept l ,!"e#t"$ # pr"nde ra+ ra drept l " p !l"# :" ra+ ra drept l " pr"$at.
3

1A

A+ &rep"%l p%'li( repre>"nt an/a+!l l de n,r+e - r"d"#e #e regle+entea> ,rgan">area /tat l " :" a a t,r"t1"l,r p !l"#e :" rap,rt r"le @n#De"ate de a#e/tea # part"# lar"". Pr"n#"pala 'arti&u*aritate a rap,rt r"l,r - r"d"#e de drept p !l"# #,n/t @n #al"tatea /pe#"al a n " / !"e#t al rap,rt l " - r"d"#' :" an +e a#eea de p rtt,r al a t,r"t1"" /tat l ". A:adar n / !"e#t al rap,rt l " - r"d"# de drept p !l"# e/te @nt,tdea na /tat l. O alt 'arti&u*aritate a rap,rt l " - r"d"# de drept p !l"# e/te +et,da de regle+entareJ de / !,rd,nare' /tat l "+p n9nd reg la de #,nd "t part"# lar l ". Drept l #,n/t"t 1",nal' drept l ad+"n"/trat"$' drept l 6"nan#"ar76"/#al' drept l penal' drept l pr,#e/ al #"$"l :" penal et#. / nt ra+ r" ale drept l " p !l"#. ,+ Dre'tu* 'rivat e/te al#t "t d"n t,tal"tatea n,r+el,r - r"d"#e #are regle+entea> rela1""le #e /e /ta!"le/# @ntre per/,anele 6">"#e :" - r"d"#e .@ntre part"# lar"). Met,da de regle+entare a rap,rt l " de drept pr"$at e/te a#eea de egal"tate a $,"n1el,r - r"d"#e ale / !"e#1"l,r. A/t6el' pr1"le rap,r7 t l " - r"d"# / nt l"!ere / /ta!"lea/#' / +,d"6"#e' / tran/+"t /a / /t"ng rap,rt l - r"d"# de drept pr"$at. De eBe+pl ' pr1"le rap,rt l " - r"d"# d"n $,"n1a l,r /7a legat d"n p n#t de $edere - r"d"#' at n#" #9nd a @n#De"at n a#t - r"d"# #"$"l .a @n#De"at n #,ntra#t de $9n>are7# +prare) :" t,t pr"n $,"n1a l,r p,t /7l +,d"6"#e' /7l tran/+"t /a /7l /t"ng. Pr"n#"pala ra+ r a drept l " pr"$at e/te drept l #"$"l. La @n#ep t r"' drept l #"$"l /7a #,n6 ndat # drept l pr"$at. De>$,ltarea /,#"et1"" ,+ene:t"' apar"1"a n,r rela1"" /,#"ale /pe#"6"#e n,r d,+en"" n," ale $"e1"" @n #,le#t"$"tate' a "+p / ela!,rarea de n,r+e - r"d"#e part"# lare' /pe#"6"#e. A/t6el a apr t n," ra+ r" de drept pr"$atJ drept l #,+er#"al' drept l 6a+"l"e"' drept l + n#""' drept l "nterna1",nal pr"$at et#. De:" # part"# lar"t1" e$"dente' n,r+ele de drept #e al#t "e/# ra+ r"le drept l " pr"$at / nt /tr9n/ legate de n,r+ele drept l " #"$"l. EBpre/"a $rep"%l (i)il es"e $rep" ( m%n pentr ra+ r"le drept l " pr"$at /"ntet">ea> a#e/te legt r" :" /e #,n#ret">ea> @n r+t,areleJ a) drept l #"$"l a ela' ra" n #i%nile *%n$amen"ale ale drept l " pr"$at #e /e reg/e/# @n ra+ r"le a#e/t "a. De eBe+pl ' n,1" nea de
1C

/ !"e#t de drept' per/,an 6">"#' per/,an - r"d"#' a#t - r"d"#' #,ntra#t' ,!l"ga1"" et#. !) @nt,tdea na #9nd , ra+ r a drept l " pr"$at n% reglemen"ea+, .@n eBpre/"/ $er!"/) an +"te rela1"" /,#"ale' de 6"e#are dat /e apelea> la pre$eder"le n,r+el,r - r"d"#e de drept #"$"l.

3. Drept civil, definiie, criteriile de individualizare a dreptului civil, ca ramur distinct de drept
3n d,#tr"na de drept #"$"l /e # n,/# +a" + lte de6"n"1"" date drept l " #"$"l. A/t6el' n a t,r de #ert re# n,a:tere :t""n1"6"#' pr,6.dr.A rel"an I,na:# ' de6"ne:te a/t6el drept l #"$"lJ (acea ramur a dreptului unitar/.care re!lementea, rap r"%rile pa"rim niale -n care prile "i!urea, ca subiecte e!ale -n drepturi - rap r"%rile pers nale nepa"rim niale -n care se mani"est individualitatea persoanei. precum *i ( n$i#ia .%ri$i(, a pers anel r *i+i(e/0!i pers anel r .%ri$i(e. -n calitatea lor de participani la raporturile juridice civile+.4 3ntr7, alt a!,rdare' pentr a /ta!"l" de6"n"1"a drept l " #"$"l /e pre#">ea> ,!"e#t l drept l " #"$"lJ (principalul criteriu de constituire a ramurilor de drept sunt relaiile sociale pe care ramura de drept le re!lementea, *i. prin urmare. care -i "ormea, obiectul//0na din cate!oriile principale de relaii sociale care alctuiesc obiectul dreptului civil -l constituie/..rap r"%rile pa"rim niale. Principalele raporturi patrimoniale re!lementate de dreptul civil sunt1 raporturile de proprietate *i alte raporturi reale. precum *i raporturile obli!aionale/.Rap r"%rile pers nale nepa"rim niale/.al cror coninut este str2ns le!at de persoana titularului lor. Dreptul civil re!lementea,. de asemenea. ( n$i#ia .%ri$i(, a pers anel r *i+i(e !i a pers anel r .%ri$i(e+. Pr,6. n"$.dr. M"r#ea M re:an de6"ne:te drept l #"$"l #a 6""nd (totalitatea normelor3 juridice care re!lementea,. pe de o parte. a(ele rap r"%ri .%ri$i(e pa"rim niale -n care prile apar ca subieci e!ali 4nesubordonai unul altuia'. iar pe de alt parte. a(ele rap r"%ri pers nale 1nepa"rim niale2 -n care se
4 5

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mani"est. "ie individualitatea persoanei ca subiect de drept. "ie condiia juridic a persoanelor "i,ice *i a persoanelor juridice -n calitatea lor de participani la raporturile juridice civile+A 3ntr7, l #rare de /pe#"al"tate' Ot"l"a %al+ /#D" de6"ne:te drept l #"$"l #aJ (acea ramur a dreptului unitar/care re!lementea, %nele rap r"%ri pa"rim niale -n care prile "i!urea, ca subiecte e!ale de drepturi. ca *i %nele rap r"%ri pers nale nepa"rim niale le!ate de individualitatea persoanei. ( n$i#ia .%ri$i(, a pers anel r *i+i(e !i a al" r s%'ie("e ( le("i)e $e $rep" civil -n calitatea lor de participani la raporturile juridice civile+ C. Pr,6. n"$.dr. ;De,rgDe 0ele" de6"ne:te drept l #"$"l r,+9n #a (acea ramur care re!lementea, rap r"%ri pa"rim niale *i nepa"rim niale stabilite -ntre persoane "i,ice *i persoane juridice a"late pe po,iii de e!alitate juridic+=. De6"n"1"a rel at :" de ;a!r"el 0,r," <' pr,6. n"$.dr. I,an D,gar 1F :" pr,6.dr. Te,6"l P,p' ada g la ,!"e#t l drept l " #"$"l' @n a6ara rap,rt r"l,r patr"+,n"ale :" per/,nale nepatr"+,n"ale' (*i condiia juridic a persoanelor "i,ice *i a persoanelor juridice+11. Pr,6. n"$.dr.d,#ent T d,r P,pe/# 70r"la de6"ne:te drept l #"$"l pr"n a#eea:" +et,d de pre>entare a ,!"e#t l " drept l " #"$"lJ (( n$i#ia .%ri$i(, a pers anel r- rap r"%rile pa"rim niale /-n primul r2nd relaiile de proprietate. a doua cate!orie de raporturi patrimoniale re!lementate de dreptul civil o "ormea, raporturile de obli!aii/rap r"%rile pers nale nepa"rim niale/.+12 2" alt" a t,r" a 6,r+ lat de6"n"1"" ale drept l ," #"$"l 13. Pe par# r/ l t"+p l "' @n de6"n"1"a drept l " #"$"l /7a reg/"t a#elea:" ele+ente. 3n 1=C3 drept l #"$"l /e #,n/"dera (coleciunea le!ilor care au ca obiect a re!ula interesele respective ale particularilor -ntre ei. -n
A C = < 1F 11 12 13

1<

tot ceea ce prive*te a"acerile relative la persoanele. la bunurile *i la conveniile lor.+ D. AleBandre/#, #,n/"deraJ GDrept l #"$"l /a pr"$at e/te a#ela #are reg lea> rap,rt r"le part"# lar"l,r d"ntre e" :" #are e/te pr,pr" ne" na1" n"H14. Con&*u)ieDe6"n"1""le pre>entate :" altele a @n #,+ n r+t,arele ele+enteJ 7 ,!"e#t l de regle+entare al drept l " #"$"l e/te al#t "t d"n rap r"%ri pa"rim niale :" rap r"%ri nepa"rim niale .a#elea @n #are /e "nd"$"d al">ea>' /e deter+"n per/,ana 6">"# /a - r"d"#)K 7 drept l #"$"l regle+entea> nu#ai a&e*e rap,rt r" patr"+,n"ale @n #are p,r#ile a% ) in#, .%ri$i(, egal, /a alt6el 6,r+ lat Gp,>"1"a de egal"tate - r"d"# a pr1"l,rHK 7 ( n$i#ia .%ri$i(, a pers anel r *i+i(e !i .%ri$i(e . % pr"$"re la a#e/t ele+ent al de6"n"1"e" n eB"/ta n p n#t de $edere #,+ n. Se / /1"ne # a#e/t ele+ent /e / !@n1elege' de,are#e rap,rt l - r"d"# nepatr"+,n"al are @n /tr #t ra /a :" / !"e#tele' a:adar :" #,nd"1"a - r"d"# a per/,anel,r 6">"#e :" - r"d"#e. Apre#"e+ # de6"n"1"a drept l " #"$"l tre! "e / # pr"nd #el p 1"n r+t,areleJ 7 e/te ra+ r a drept l " pr"$atK 7 regle+entea> a&e*e ra'orturi $uri%i&e 'atri#onia*e @n #are / !"e#1"" a , $,"n1 - r"d"# egalK 7 regle+entea> a&e*e ra'orturi*e $uri%i&e ne'atri#onia*e @n #are /e +an"6e/t 6"e "nd"$"d al"tatea per/,ane"' 6"e /tat t l - r"d"# al per/,ane" 6">"#e /a - r"d"#eK 7 rap,rt r"le - r"d"#e patr"+,n"ale :" nepatr"+,n"ale /e /ta!"le/# @ntre per/,ane 6">"#e :" - r"d"#e ("e#are ra+ r a /"/te+ l " de drept r,+9n /e "nd"$"7 d al">ea> pr"n d, #r"ter"" 6 nda+entale' ,!"e#t l de regle+entare :" +et,da de regle+entare' :" pr"n d, #r"ter"" a B"l"are' #ara#ter l n,r+el,r - r"d"#e :" nat ra /an#1" n"l,r.
14

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Drept l #"$"l e/te , ra+ r d"/t"n#t a drept l " pr"$at' de,are#e are n ,!"e#t :" , +et,d pr,pr"e de regle+entare' pre# + :" pentr # n,r+ele - r"d"#e #"$"le :" /an#1" n"le #"$"le /e de,/e!e/# de #ele /"+"lare d"n alte ra+ r" de drept. A0 O'ie("%l $e reglemen"are al $rep"%l%i (i)il Drept l #"$"l regle+entea>' a:a d p # + /7a /ta!"l"t @n de6"n"rea a#e/t "aJ a) rap,rt r" - r"d"#e patr"+,n"ale !) rap,rt r" - r"d"#e nepatr"+,n"ale a) rap r"%rile .%ri$i(e pa"rim niale / nt rap,rt r" /,#"ale regle+entate de n,r+a - r"d"# #"$"l #are a n #,n1"n t e#,n,+"# #e p,ate 6" eBpr"+at' e$al at @n !an". .eB.rap,rt l - r"d"# #e /e na:te d"n #,ntra#t l de @n#D"r"ere' de $9n>are7# +prare et#.). D p # + a+ pre#">at @n de6"n"1"a drept l " #"$"lJ G a(ele ra'orturi $uri%i&e 'atri#onia*eH' drept l #"$"l n% regle+entea> " a"e rap,rt r"le - r"d"#e patr"+,n"ale' #" ma. ri"a"ea a#e/t,ra' @n #are s%'ie(#ii se a*l, 3n"r- p +i#ie $e egali"a"e a ) in#el r .%ri$i(e. Ra+ r" de drept' pre# + drept l #,+er#"al' drept l ad+"n"/trat"$' drept l + n#""' drept l 6a+"l"e" regle+entea> :" rap,rt r" - r"d"#e patr"+,n"ale. Rap,rt r"le - r"d"#e patr"+,n"ale # pr"ndJ - rap r"%rile .%ri$i(e reale' ad"# a#ele rap,rt r" - r"d"#e #e pr"$e/# drept l de pr,pr"etate :" #elelalte drept r" reale pr"n#"pale . > 6r #t' >' a!"ta1"e' /er$"t te :" / per6"#"e)K - rap r"%rile .%ri$i(e 'liga#i nale .de ,!l"ga1"")' ad"# a#ele rap,rt r" - r"d"#e #"$"le @n #are , parte' n +"t #red"t,r' are p,/"!"l"tatea de a pret"nde #ele"lalte pr1"' n +"t de!"t,r' / eBe# te , pre/ta1"e /a +a" + lte pre/ta1"" #e p,t 6" de a da' a 6a#e /a a n 6a#e #e$a' de reg l / ! /an#1" nea #,n/tr9nger"" de /tat. 15. A#e/tea ">$,r/# d"n a#te - r"d"#e .de eB. #,ntra#te) :" d"n 6apte - r"d"#e @n /en/ re/tr9n/ .6apte - r"d"#e l"#"teJ ge/t" nea de a6a#er"' plata

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nedat,rat :" @+!,g1"rea 6r - /t te+e" :" 6apte - r"d"#e "l"#"teJ del"#t l). !) rap r"%ri .%ri$i(e nepa"rim niale .ra'orturi 'ersona*e ne'atri#onia*e) / nt a#ele rap,rt r" - r"d"#e #are n a n #,n1"n t e#,n,+"# :" de#" n /e p,t eBpr"+a @n !an". 3n #adr l a#e/t,ra /e +an"6e/t "nd"$"d al"tatea per/,ane" 6">"#e. S6era rap,rt r"l,r - r"d"#e nepatr"+,n"ale # pr"ndeJ - rap r"%rile .%ri$i(e &e 'rives& e.isten/a 0i inte1ritatea 2i)i&3 0i #ora*3 a 'ersoanei+ 3n #,n1"n t l l,r @nt9ln"+ drept r" per/,nale' eBtrapatr"+,n"ale' # + ar 6" drept l la $"a1' la /ntate' la "ntegr"tate #,rp,ral' la l"!ertate' la ,n,are' rep ta1"e et#K - rap r"%rile .%ri$i(e (are se re*er, la elemen"e $e i$en"i*i(are ale pers anei *i+i(e sa% .%ri$i(e # + ar 6" drept l la n +e' den +"re' d,+"#"l" ' /ed" et#K - rap r"%rile .%ri$i(e pri)in$ (rea#ia in"ele("%al, #e a @n #,n1"n t drept r" per/,nale nepatr"+,n"ale pr"$"nd #rea1"a "ntele#t al' #a' de eBe+pl ' drept l de a t,r' de "n$entat,r' de +ar# et#. 1A Pre&i)are Drept l #"$"l regle+entea> , parte a rap,rt r"l,r - r"d"#e patr"+,n"aleJ e/te drept' #ea +a" n +er,a/ @n #are '3r/i*e se a2*3 'e 'o)i/ie %e e1a*itate $uri%i&3. E/te , egal"tate #e pr"$e:te $,"n1a - r"d"# a 6"e#re" pr1" a rap,rt l " - r"d"#K ele de #,+ n a#,rd /ta!"le/# / /e lege d"n p n#t de $edere - r"d"# :" 4n&5eie rap,rt l - r"d"#' #,n$"n a/ pra drept r"l,r :" ,!l"ga1" n"l,r #e le re$"n @n #,n6,r+"tate # pr,pr""le "ntere/e' #o%i2i&3, trans#it /a stin1 rap,rt l - r"d"#. EB"/t rap,rt r" - r"d"#e patr"+,n"ale regle+entate de alte ra+ r" ale /"/te+ l " de drept r,+9ne/#. De eBe+pl ' drept l 6"nan#"ar I 6"/#al regle+entea> rap,rt r"le patr"+,n"ale /ta!"l"te @ntre /tat :" #,ntr"! a!"l pr"$"nd "+p,>"tele :" taBele' drept l + n#"" regle+entea> rap,rt r"le patr"+,n"ale #are /e na/# d"n @n#De"erea #,ntra#t l " de + n#K drept l ad+"n"/trat"$ regle+entea> rap,rt r"le patr"+,n"ale d"ntre /tat' n"t1"le ad+"n"/trat"$7ter"t,r"ale :" part"# lar" et#. 3n a#e/te /"t a1"" e/te de ,!/er$at # / !"e#1"" rap,rt r"l,r patr"+,7
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n"ale /e a6l @ntr7, 'o)i/ie %e su(or%onareK /tat l "+p ne "+p,>"tele :" taBele' de reg l' anga-at,r l /ta!"le:te #,nd"1""le #,ntra#t l " de + n#' /tat l :" n"t1"le ad+"n"/trat"$7ter"t,r"ale @n#De"e' de reg l' #,ntra#te #"$"le de ade>" ne # part"# lar"". De:" %re'tu* &ivi* re1*e#entea)3 #a$oritatea ra'orturi*or $uri%i&e ne'atri#onia*e .per/,nale' eBtrapatr"+,n"ale)' , /er"e de rap,rt r" - r"d"#e nepatr"+,n"ale / nt regle+entate de #tre alte ra+ r" de drept. De eBe+pl ' drept l 6a+"l"e" regle+entea> a#ele rap,rt r" - r"d"#e nepatr"+,n"ale per/,nale eBtrapatr"+,n"ale' @n #are #el p 1"n n l d"ntre / !"e#1" are , #al"tate /pe#"al' #ea de /,1' #,p"l' pr"nte' @n6"at' @n6"et,r. 3n de6"n"1"a drept l " #"$"l a+ pre#">at # rap,rt r"le - r"d"#e patr"+,n"ale :" nepatr"+,n"ale /e /ta!"le/# @ntre per/,ane 6">"#e :" per/,ane - r"d"#e. Ele / nt / !"e#tele .pr1"le) rap,rt r"l,r #"$"le. %al"tatea de / !"e#t de drept #"$"l , p,ate a$ea' de reg l' ,r"#e per/,an 6">"# /a - r"d"#. 3n alte ra+ r" de drept' #al"tatea de / !"e#t al rap,rt l " - r"d"# , p,t a$ea an +"te per/,ane 6">"#e /a an +"te per/,ane - r"d"#e. Se 6,l,/e:te /"ntag+a de G/ !"e#t #al"6"#atH. 3n drept l 6a+"l"e" n +a" per/,ana 6">"# #are are' de eBe+pl ' #al"tatea /pe#"al de /,1' /,1"e p,ate @n#De"a rap,rt r" - r"d"#e de drept l 6a+"l"e". 40 Me" $a $e reglemen"are a rap r"%ril r .%ri$i(e (i)ile Drept l #"$"l 6""nd , ra+ r a drept l " pr"$at regle+entea> rap,rt r"le patr"+,n"ale :" nepatr"+,n"ale pr"n +et,da egal"t1"" - r"d"#e a / !"e#1"l,r .pr1"l,r). E/te , part"# lar"tate a drept l " pr"$at' /pre de,/e!"re de drept l p !l"#' nde pr1"le ./ !"e#1"") rap,rt l " - r"d"# /e a6l pe , p,>"1"e de / !,rd,nareJ /tat l' @nt,tdea na / !"e#t @n rap,rt l - r"d"# de drept p !l"# @:" "+p ne #,nd "ta' @:" / !,rd,nea> #ellalt / !"e#t. C0 Cara("er%l n rmel r .%ri$i(e (i)ile N,r+ele - r"d"#e #"$"le a #ara#ter prep,nderent d"/p,>"t"$' @n /en/ l # pr1"le rap,rt l " - r"d"# p,t der,ga pr"n a#,rd l l,r de $,"n1 de la pre$eder"le a#e/t,ra.
23

Nor#e*e $uri%i&e %is'o)itive / ntJ a) permisi)eJ / nt n,r+ele #"$"le #e @ngd "e pr1"l,r rap,rt l " - r"d"# #"$"l / D,tra/# #e #,nd "t / ad,pte. De eBe+pl ' art.12<A al"n.1 :" 2 %,d #"$"l1 (vinderea se poate "ace sau pur sau sub condiie. 5a poate avea de obiect dou sau mai multe lucruri alternativeHK art.1F2=' re6er"t,r la ,!l"ga1""le alternat"$e' pre#">ea>J Gdebitorul se poate libera pred2nd sau pe unul sau pe altul din lucrurile permise+K art.141= %,d #"$"lJ (6ocatarul are dreptul de a sub-nchiria ori a subarenda *i de a ceda contractul su ctre altul. dac o asemenea "acultate nu i)a "ost inter,is+. L,#a7 tar l' de:" @n #,nd"1""le de +a" / / p,ate / !@n#D"r"a' de #,+ n a#,rd # l,#at,r l @:" a/ + ,!l"ga1"a / n / !@n#D"r"e>e. !) s%ple"i)e' ad"# /e apl"# ,!l"gat,r" ,r" de #9te ,r" pr1"le n a @n1ele/ / regle+ente>e @ntr7 n alt +,d rap,rt l - r"d"# /ta!"l"t. EBe+pl de n,r+ - r"d"# #"$"l / plet"$J art.1534 %,d #"$"lJ G7andatul este "r plat c2nd nu s)a stipulat contrariul+ ' art.13F5 %,d #"$"lJ (spe,ele v2n,rii sunt -n sarcina cumprtorului. -n lips de stipulaie contrarie+' art.131< %,d #"$"l (predarea trebuie s se "ac la locul unde se a"l lucrul v2ndut dac prile nu s)au -nvoit alt"el.+ Nor#e*e $uri%i&e i#'erative pr"n #are /e "+p n #,nd "te ,!l"gat,r"" .n,r+ele - r"d"#e "+perat"$e onerative) /a pr"n #are /e "nter>"# an +"te a#1" n" .n,r+e - r"d"#e "+perat"$e pr,D"!"t"$e) / nt +a" p 1"n 6re#$ente #a' de p"ld' @n ra+ r"le drept l " p !l"#. Ele regle+entea> a#ele rap,rt r" #"$"le @n #are /e r+re:te pr,te#1"a "ntere/ l " p !l"#' @n general ,rd"nea p !l"#. EBe+pl de n,r+ - r"d"# "+perat"$ ,nerat"$ e/te pre$ederea d"n art.<<2 %,d #"$"l pr"$"t,are la plata nedat,ratJ (cel ce din eroare sau cu *tiin prime*te ceea ce nu)i este debit este obli!at a)l restitui aceluia de la care l)a primit+K pre$eder"le art.<<= %,d #"$"l pr"$"nd r/p nderea #"$"l del"#t al pentr 6apt pr,pr"eJ (orice "apt a omului. care cau,ea, altuia un prejudiciu. obli! pe acela din a crui !re*eal s) a oca,ionat. a)l repara+' pre$eder"le art.1313 %,d #"$"l # re6er"re la ,!l"ga1""le $9n>t,r l "J (82n,torul are dou obli!aii principale. a preda lucrul *i a rspunde de d2nsul+. EBe+ple de nor#e $uri%i&e i#'erative 'ro5i(itiveJ art.4 %,d #"$"lJ (este oprit judectorului de a se pronuna. -n hotr2rile ce d. prin cale de dispo,iii !enerale *i re!lementare asupra cau,elor
24

ce)i sunt supuse+K art.=1F %,d #"$"l' +ed"#"" :" 6ar+a#":t""J (care au tratat pe o persoan -n boala din care moare. nu pot pro"ita de dispo,iiile -ntre vii sau testamentare. ce d2nsa a "cut)o -n "avoare)le -n cursul acestei boli.+ &0 Na"%ra san(#i%nil r $e $rep" (i)il San#1" n"le #"$"le a n #ara#ter reparat,r' ele r+r"nd' @na"nte de t,ate' rep nerea pr1"l,r @n /"t a1"a anter",ar @n#l#r"" n,r+e" - r"d"#e. %9nd pr"n ne/,#,t"rea n,r+e" - r"d"#e #"$"le /7a pr,d / n pre- d"#" ' pr",r"tar e/te @nlt rarea t t r,r #,n/e#"n1el,r d nt,are #are /7a pr,d /. A/t6el' pr"n#"palele /an#1" n" #"$"le / ntJ repararea pre- d"#" l " pr,d / pr"ntr7, 6apt "l"#"t' rep nerea pr1"l,r @n /"t a1"a anter",ar @n#De"er"" a#t l " - r"d"# n l /a an la!"l' "n,p,>a!"l"tatea a#t l " @nt,#+"t # ne/,#,t"rea drept l " /a "ntere/el,r leg"t"+e ale alte" per/,ane et#. 1C

4. Locul rom"nesc

i rolul dreptului civil !n sistemul dreptului

(r a 6a#e , de+,n/tra1"e Gpr, d,+,H' drept l #"$"l (constituie "r -ndoial una dintre cele mai importante poate chiar cea mai important dintre toate ramurile dreptului+1= De #e a#ea/t a6"r+a1"eL Un a t,r de pre/t"g" arg +entea> a/t6elJ (-n vederea trece) rii de la o economie super)centrali,at la o economie de pia. -n care iniiativa particular are un rol de seam -n pro!resul societii. or!anul le!islativ a adoptat o sum de le!i care. -n majoritate. aparine dreptului civil *i dreptului comercial. deoarece re!lementea, raporturi patrimoniale *i sunt menite s sprijine re"orma economic din ara noastr+.1< %rede+ # r+t,arele arg +ente $"n @n /pr"-"n l a6"r+a1"e" de +a" / /J
1C 1= 1<

25

a) &"a1a ,+ l " n p,ate 6" de/pr1"t de n,r+ele drept l " #"$"l. D"n +,+ent l na:ter""' ,+ l are p,/"!"l"tatea - r"d"# de a a$ea ,r"#e drept / !"e#t"$ #"$"l :" ,r"#e ,!l"ga1"e #"$"l #,relat"$. Ma" + lt' # pr"$"re la drept r"' p,ate / le d,!9ndea/# d"n #D"ar +,+ent l #,n#ep1"e"' # , #,nd"1"eJ / /e na/# $" . Ap,"' a#a/' la grd"n"1 :" :#,al e:t" @n#,n- rat per+anent de drept l #"$"l' de la # +prarea ne" @ngDe1ate /a G#,ntr"! 1"aH la 6,nd l #la/e"' p9n la pr,# rarea 1"n te" $e/t"+entare pentr lt"+a >" de :#,al. Ap,"' d p pr"+ l Gte " !e/#H' n,r+ele drept l " #"$"l @1" @+pl"ne/# pa/ l D,tr9t,r @n $"a1' #/t,r"a' "n/t"t 1"e # n +er,a/e regle+entr" de drept #"$"l. M,artea pr,d #e :" ea e6e#te @n plan l drept l " #"$"l. !) Drept l #"$"l e/te drept l #,+ n @n rap,rt # regle+entr"le d"n drept l pr"$at. Pr,!le+a a 6,/t de>$,ltat @n #ap.I. Drept l #"$"l I N,1" n" "ntr,d #t"$e' p#t. 2' S"/te+ l de drept. Ra+ r"le drept l " "ntern.

#. Delimitarea dreptului civil de alte ramuri de drept

&in p%n(" $e )e$ere "e re"i(' ne#e/"tatea del"+"tr"" drept l " #"$"l re> lt d"n r+t,areleJ 7 d p # + /7a /ta!"l"t' drept l #"$"l n regle+entea> t,tal"tatea rap,rt r"l,r - r"d"#e patr"+,n"ale :" nepatr"+,n"ale .per/,nale' eBtrapatr"+,n"ale). E/te ne$,"e de #r"ter"" de del"+"tare a drept l " #"$"l de ra+ r"le de drept #are regle+entea> :" ele rap,rt r" patr"+,n"ale :" nepatr"+,n"ale :" #are d"n l"p/ de regle+entr" / 6"#"ente 6a# apel la regle+entr"le d"n drept l #"$"lK 7 Pentr #,re#ta apl"#are a leg"" n de p 1"ne ,r" "ntere/ea> r/p n/ l la @ntre!areaJ #re" ra+ r" de drept apar1"n "n/t"t 1""le de drept' #are a @n #,n1"n t at9t ele+ente de drept #"$"l #9t :" ele+ente apar1"nt,are alt,r ra+ r" de dreptL De eBe+pl ' #,ntra#tele ad+"n"/7 trat"$e' #,ntra#t l de @n#D"r"ere a /pa1""l,r l,#at"$e pr,pr"etate de /tat et#.2F

2F

2A

&in p%n(" $e )e$ere pra("i(- apar /"t a1"" 6re#$ente #e "+p n /ta!"l"rea apartenen1e" rap,rt l " - r"d"# la , ra+ r /a alta a /"/te+ l " de drept' :" de a"#" ,!/er$area #,re#t a #,n/e#"n1el,r - r"7 d"#e ale a#e/t "a21. A+ pre#">at #r"ter""le de del"+"tare ale drept l " #"$"l de #elelalte ra+ r" de dreptJ #r"ter""le 6 nda+entale #are #,n/ta @n ,!"e#t l de regle+entare :" +et,da de regle+entare :" #r"ter""le a B"l"areJ #ara#ter l n,r+el,r - r"d"#e :" nat ra /an#1" n"l,r. A+ De*i#itarea %re'tu*ui &ivi* %e %re'tu* 2a#i*iei A/e+narea #,n/t @n ,!"e#t l de regle+entareJ a+!ele ra+ r" de drept regle+entea> rap,rt r" - r"d"#e patr"+,n"ale :" nepatr"+,n"ale .per/,nale' eBtrapatr"+,n"ale). Deose(iri*e #ele +a" /e+n"6"#at"$e / ntJ Dre'tu* &ivi* 7 / !"e#t al rap,rt l " - r"d"# #"$"l p,ate 6" ,r"#e per/,an 6">"# /a - r"d"# Dre'tu* 2a#i*iei 7 / !"e#t al rap,rt l " - r"d"# de drept l 6a+"l"e" p,ate 6" n +a" per/,ana 6">"# #are are , #al"tate /pe#"alJ de /,1' pr"nte' #,p"l' r d' ad,ptat' t t,re' # rat,r' Per/,ane /tr"ne de 6a+"l"e / nt / !"e#te ale rap,rt l " - r"d"# de drept l 6a+"l"e" n +a" @n /"t a1"" de eB#ep1"e .de eBe+pl @n #a> l t tele"' # ratele"' #9nd p,t @nde7 pl"n" a#ea/t #al"tate :" per/,ane /tr"ne de 6a+"l"e). 7 regle+entea> n +a" rap,rt r"le patr"+,n"ale re6er"t,are la reg"+ l ! n r"l,r /,1"l,r' ,!l"ga1"a legal de @ntre1"nere @ntre /,1" :" @ntre r de.

7 /6era rap,rt r"l,r patr"+,n"ale e/te eBt"n/

21

2C

regle+entea> n n +r re/tr9n/ de drept r" nepatr"+,n"ale .per7 /,nale' eBtraper/,nale)' n +a" a#elea #are pr"$e/# eB"/ten1a :" "ntegr"tatea 6">"# :" +,ral a per7 /,ane"' rap,rt r"le #are /e re6er la ele+entele de "dent"6"#are ale per/,ane" 6">"#e /a - r"d"#e :" #ele pr"$"nd #rea1"a "ntele#t al

7+a-,r"tatea rap,rt r"l,r regle7 +entate / nt #ele nepatr"+,n"ale .per/,nale' nepatr"+,n"ale) #e ">7 $,r/# d"n #/t,r"e' r den"e' ad,p1" ne et#.

7 +et,da de regle+entare a rap,r7 7 @n rap,rt r"le - r"d"#e @ntre t r"l,r - r"d"#e e/te de egal"tate a pr"nte7#,p"l +"n,r +et,da de $,"n1el,r - r"d"#e a pr1"l,r egal"tate / 6er , d"/t,r/" ne Gp,7 >"1"a / !"e#tel,r e/te de / !,rd,7 nareH22 7 /an#1" n"le @n drept l #"$"l a 7 are /an#1" n" pr,pr"" .de #ara#ter reparat,r' r+r"nd 7/e eBe+pl J de#derea d"n p terea re/ta!"l"rea drept l " / !"e#t"$ pr"ntea/#' @ndeprtarea t t,rel " #"$"l @n#l#at pr"n repararea de la eBer#"tarea t tele" et#.)23 pre- d"#" l " 7 n,r+ele - r"d"#e a #ara#ter 7 pred,+"n n,r+ele - r"d"#e prep,nderent d"/p,>"t"$7/ plet"$ "+perat"$e ,+ De*i#itarea %re'tu*ui &ivi* %e %re'tu* #un&ii A/e+nr"le / ntJ 7 regle+entea> pred,+"nant rap,rt r" - r"d"#e patr"+,n"ale 7 regle+entea> :" rap,rt r"le - r"d"#e nepatr"+,n"ale

22 23

2=

Dre'tu* &ivi*

Dre'tu* #un&ii 7 / !"e#1"" rap,rt l " - r"d"# de drept l + n#"" a , #al"tate /pe7 #"al de patr,n :" de anga-at' de a/e+enea' /6era / !"e#tel,r e/te +a" re/tr9n/K +"n,r"" / ! 1A an" n p,t @n#De"a #,ntra#t de + n# 7 ,!"e#t l rap,rt l " - r"d"# de + n# are , /6er de # pr"ndere re/tr9n/J # pr"nde /alar">area' t"+p l de + n#' d"/#"pl"na :" pr,te#1"a + n#""' r/p nderea +a7 ter"al' pr,te#1"a /,#"al' drept l la pen/"e et#. 7 ">$,r l rap,rt l " - r"d"# de + n# e/te #,ntra#t l de + n#

7 / !"e#t al rap,rt l " - r"d"# #"$"l p,ate 6" ,r"#e per/,an

7 ,!"e#t l rap,rt l " - r"d"# #"$"l e/te eBt"n/

7 ">$,arele rap,rt l " - r"d"# #"$"l #,n#ret @l #,n/t"t "e e$en"+entele - r"d"#e :" a#1" n"le ,+ene:t" de #are legea leag an +"te #,n/e#"n1e - r"d"#e 7 / !"e#1"" rap,rt l " - r"d"# #"$"l / nt pe p,>"1"e de egal"tate a $,"n1el,r - r"d"#e

7 egal"tatea $,"n1el,r - r"d"#e a pr1"l,r /e @nt9lne:te n +a" @n +,+ent l @n#De"er"" #,ntra#t l " de + n#' lter",r' @n eBe# tarea #,ntra#t l "' d"/#"pl"na + n#"" "+7 p ne / !,rd,narea /alar"at l "24 7 / ! a/pe#t l r/p nder"" - r"d"#e' /pe#"6"# e/te r/p nderea +ate7 r"al' 6,r+ a r/p nder"" #,ntra#7 t ale' :" r/p nderea d"/#"pl"nar

7 r/p nderea #"$"l e/te +a" 7 n,r+ele de drept l + n#"" / nt # pr"n>t,are "n#l >9nd r/p n7 @n +a-,r"tatea l,r n,r+e "+pera7 derea del"#t al :" r/p nderea t"$e #,ntra#t al
24

2<

7 n,r+ele - r"d"#e #"$"le a #ara#ter prep,nderent d"/p,>"t"$ :" / plet"$

C+ De*i#itarea %re'tu*ui &ivi* %e %re'tu* interna/iona* 'rivat A/e+narea /e re6er la 6apt l # regle+entea> a#elea:" rap,rt r" /,#"ale. Drept l "nterna1",nal pr"$at /e del"+"tea> de drept l #"$"l' pr"n r+t,arele ele+enteJ 7 rap,rt l de drept "nterna1",nal pr"$at # pr"nde n ele+ent de eBtra7 ne"tateJ #et1en"e /tr"n' d,+"#"l" l pr1"l,r' /"t area @n /tr"ntate a ! n l " #e 6a#e ,!"e#t l eBter",r al rap,rt l " - r"d"#' @n#De"erea /a eBe# tarea @n /tr"ntate a n " #,ntra#t' /$9r:"rea 6apte" pg !"t,are pe ter"t,r" l alt " /tat et#. 7 n,r+ele drept l " "nterna1",nal /e apl"# l"t"g""l,r pr"$"nd #,n6l"#t l de leg" @n /pa1" l pe #are le /,l 1",nea> pr"n n,r+e - r"d"#e #,n6l"#7 t ale .n,r+a #,n6l"#t al "nd"# legea apl"#a!"l rap,rt l " - r"d"# # ele+ente de eBtrane"tate)' #,n6l"#t l de - r"/d"#1"" :" #,nd"1"a - r"d"# a /tr"n l ". D+ De*i#itarea %re'tu*ui &ivi* %e %re'tu* &o#er&ia* 3n a+!ele ra+ r" de drept' n,r+ele - r"d"#e regle+entea> rap,rt r"le - r"d"#e patr"+,n"ale :" nepatr"+,n"ale. 3n drept l #,+er#"al apar nele part"# lar"t1" ale rap,rt l " - r"d"#' #a de eBe+pl J 7 #el p 1"n na d"n pr1" are #al"tatea de #,+er#"ant. 7 /6era rap,rt r"l,r patr"+,n"ale e/te re/tr9n/ n +a" la 6aptele de #,+er1' a#te - r"d"#e :" 6apte - r"d"#e #,+er#"ale' #e pr"+e/# a#ea/t #al"6"#are pr"n $,"n1a leg"" ./ nt en +erate @n art.3 %,d #,+er#"al) 7 de reg l' +et,da de regle+entare e/te egal"tatea - r"d"# a $,"n1el,r pr1"l,r rap,rt l " - r"d"#. A>"' t,t +a" + lt' /,#"etatea #,+er#"al t"nde / pr/ea/# teren l #,ntra#t al :" / de$"n , "n/t"t 1"e. Stat l "nter$"ne agre/"$ @n regle+entr"le #,+er#"ale :" "+p ne #,+er#"ant l " , p,>"1"e de / !,rd,nare. A/t6el' @n Legea nr.2AMN<F
3F

pr"$"nd Reg"/tr l #,+er1 l "' +,d"6"#at @n art.1 /e pre#">ea>J ( Comercianii au obli!aia ca. -nainte de -nceperea comerului. s cear -nmatricularea -n re!istrul comerului+ . %,+er#"an1"" #e n re/pe#t a#ea/t ,!l"ga1"e' art.44 (vor "i obli!ai prin hotr2re judectoreasc la plata unei amen,i civile+. 7 e/te regle+entat 6re#$ent pr"n n,r+e - r"d"#e "+perat"$e. De eBe+pl art.113' Legea nr.31MN<F pr"$"nd /,#"et1"le #,+er#"aleJ (%dunarea !eneral e9traordinar se -ntrune*te ori de c2te ori este necesar a se lua o hotr2re pentru1 a' schimbarea "ormei juridice a societii+ 7 /an#1" n"le @n drept l #,+er#"al n a #ara#ter /pe#"6"#. A/t6el / nt /an#1" n" #"$"le .eBe+pl ' n l"tatea #,ntra#t l " de $9n>are7# +prare #,+er#"al #9nd l"p/e:te na d"n #,nd"1""le e/en1"ale pentr $al"d"tatea ne" #,n$en1"") #,ntra$en1",nale' de drept ad+"n"/trat"$' a+end #"$"l :" penale.2A

2A

31

CAPITOLUL II

IZVOARELE DREPTULUI

1.

Noiunea de izvor de drept

Un$e 3n"5lnim n rme $e $rep" (i)il (are reglemen"ea+, rap r"%rile .%ri$i(e pa"rim niale !i nepa"rim niale6 N,1" nea de ">$,r de drept r/p nde la @ntre!are. !n sens #ateria*' ">$,r l de drept @n general :" al drept l " #"$"l @n /pe#"al @l repre>"nt Gan/a+!l l #,nd"1""l,r +ater"ale de eB"/ten1 #e generea> regle+entr"le - r"d"#e apar1"nt,are a#e/te" ra+ r"H2C. !n sens 2or#a* n,1" nea de ">$,r de drept #"$"l de/e+nea> a#tele n,r+at"$e d"n leg"/la1"e #are #,n1"n n,r+e - r"d"#e #"$"le. A#7 tele n,r+at"$e / nt ela!,rate de ,rgane ale /tat l " an +e de/e+nate pr"n %,n/t"t 1"e' @n #,n6,r+"tate # atr"! 1""le pr"+"te @n a#e/t /en/.

2. $zvoare directe ale dreptului civil

3ntr7, "erarD">are a a#tel,r n,r+at"$e @n rap,rt de 6,r1a l,r - r"d"#' dat de l,# l ,rgan l " #e , ela!,rea> @n "erarD"a ,rganel,r /tat l "' d"/t"nge+J A0 Legea Legea' @n /en/ larg' @n/ea+n ,r"#e a#t n,r+at"$ #e # pr"nde n,r+e de #,nd "t "nd"6erent de ,rgan l e+"tent. De eBe+pl legea' D,tr9rea de ; $ern' D,tr9r"le #,n/"l""l,r l,#ale' reg la+ente de 6 n#1",nare et#. Legea' @n /en/ re/tr9n/' e/te a#t l n,r+at"$ ela!,rat de Parla7 +ent :" n +"t a/t6el.
2C

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D"/t"nge+ tre" #ateg,r"" de leg"J 67 Le1i &onstitu/iona*e D"n a#ea/t #ateg,r"e 6a# parteJ 8 Constitu/ia Ro#9niei' @n #are apar d"/p,>"1"" generale' pr"n7 #"p"" :" regle+entr" 6 nda+entale re6er"t,are la ,rgan">area d"n p n#t de $edere p,l"t"# a /tat l "K drept r"le' l"!ert1"le :" @ndat,r"r"le 6 nda+entale ale #et1en"l,rK a t,r"t1"le p !l"#eK e#,n,+"a :" 6"nan1ele p !l"#eK % rtea %,n/"t 1",nal :" re$"> "rea %,n/t"t 1"e". In/t"t 1""le "+p,rtante ale drept l " #"$"l' #a' de eBe+pl ' / 7 !"e#1"" de drept #"$"l' pr,te#1"a per/,anel,r :" a patr"+,n" l "' drept l de pr,pr"etate' drept l la +,:ten"re' drept l la l"!era #"r# la1"e' drept l la d,+"#"l" /a re:ed"n1 et#. / nt eBpre/"/ $er!"/ regle+entate de %,n/t"t 1"e. De eBe+pl ' @n art.135 al"n.1' %,n/t"t 1"a R,+9n"e"J GStatul ocrote*te proprietateaHK @n art.41 al"n.2J (Proprietatea privat este ocrotit -n mod e!al de le!e. indi"erent de titular+: art.41 al"n 4 :" 51 (Pentru lucrri de interes !eneral. autoritatea public poate "olosi subsolul oricrei proprieti imobiliare. cu obli!aia de a desp!ubi proprietarul pentru daunele aduse solului. plantaiilor sau construciilor. precum *i pentru alte daune imputabile autoritii. De/pg !"r"leO/e /ta!"le/# de #,+ n a#,rd # pr,pr"etar l /a ' @n #a> de d"$ergen1' pr"n - /t"1"e.H !) *e1i &onstitu/iona*eJ / nt leg"le de re$"> "re a %,n/t"t 1"e" .art.C2 al"n.2 d"n %,n/t"t 1"e) (&e9tele constituionale. ca toate celelalte te9te juridice. sunt evolutive. precum sunt *i relaiile sociale crora le dau e9presie juridic/revi,uirea este o operaie de adaptare sau de corecie a Constituiei+.2= %,n/t"t 1"a p,ate 6" +,d"6"#at pr"n r+t,arele teDn"#" de re$"> "reJ a) se "ace apel la anumite majoriti cali"icate . Art.14A d"n %,n/t"t 1"e pre$edeJ (;evi,uirea Constituiei poate "i iniiat de Pre*edintele ;om2niei la propunerea <uvernului. de cel puin = din numrul deputailor sau senatorilor. precum *i de cel puin 3>>.>>> de ceteni cu drept de vot. Cetenii care iniia, revi,uirea Consti) tuiei trebuie s provin din cel puin jumtate din judeele rii. iar -n
2=

33

"iecare din aceste judee sau -n municipiul #ucure*ti trebuie s "ie -nre!istrate cel puin 2>.>>> de semnturi -n sprijinul acestei iniiative+. !) se urmre*te o anumit procedur de revi,uire ' # n pr,n n1at #ara#ter re/tr"#t"$ :" 6"nal">at d p apr,!area e" pr"n re6erend +' #,n/ ltare p,p lar. #) revi,uirea Constituiei are *i anumite limite ' @n /en/ l # p,tr"$"t art.14= al"n.1J (Dispo,iiile pre,entei Constituii privind caracterul naional. independent. unitar *i indivi,ibil al statului rom2n. "orma republican de !uvernm2nt. inte!ritatea teritoriului. independena justiiei. pluralismul politic *i limba o"icial nu pot "orma obiectul revi,uirii.+ % re/pe#tarea teDn"#"l,r de re$"> "re a %,n/t"t 1"e" p,t 6" +,d"6"#ate regle+entr" #,n/t"t 1",nale pr"$"nd +ater"" de drept #"$"l. 2< 27 Le1i or1ani&eJ / nt leg"le "nter+ed"are' @ntre legea #,n/t"t 1",nal :" legea ,rd"nar #are /e #ara#ter">ea> pr"nJ regle+entea> n n +r re/tr9n/ de +ater"" eBpre/ pre$> te @n %,n/t"t 1"e .art.C2 al"n.3 I 1A +ater"" I /"/te+ l ele#t,ralK ,rgan">area :" 6 n#1",narea part"del,rK ,rgan">area :" de/6: rarea re6erend + l "K ,rgan">area ; $ern l " :" a %,n/"l" l " S pre+ de Aprare a r""K a %,n/"l" l " S per",r al Mag"/trat r""' a "n/tan1el,r - de#t,re:t"' a M"n"/ter l " P !l"# :" a % r1"" de %,nt r"K reg"+ l /tr"" de a/ed" :" al #ele" de rgen1K "n6ra#1" n"le' pedep/ele :" reg"+ l eBe# tr"" a#e/t,raK a#,rdarea a+n"/t"e" /a a gra1"er""K /tat t l 6 n#1",nar"l,r p !l"#"K #,nten#",/ l ad+"n"/trat"$K re!imul juridic !eneral al proprietii *i al mo*tenirii K reg"+ l general pr"$"nd rap,rt r"le de + n#' /"nd"#atele :" pr,te#1"a /,#"alK ,rgan">area general a @n$1+9nt l "K reg"+ l general al # ltel,rK ,rgan">area ad+"n"/tra1"e" l,#ale' a ter"t,r" l "' pre# + :" reg"+ l general pr"$"nd a t,n,+"a l,#alK +,d l de /ta!"l"re a >,ne" e#,n,+"#e eB#l /"$e :" #elelalte d,+en"" pentr #are @n %,n/t"t 1"e /e pre$ede ad,ptarea de leg" ,rgan"#e' #a de eBe+pl art.12 al"n.4 d"n %,n/t"t 1"a R,+9n"e"J GStema rii *i si!iliul statului sunt stabilite prin le!i or!anice HK art.3C al"n.3J G?u pot "ace parte din partidele politice/..*i alte cate!orii de "uncionari publici stabilite prin le!e or!anicH.
2<

34

/e ad,pt pr"n $,t l +a-,r"t1"" +e+!r"l,r 6"e#re" %a+ere' /pre de,/e!"re de leg"le ,rd"nare #are r+ea> a 6" ad,ptate # $,t l +a-,r"t1"" +e+!r"l,r pre>en1" @n 6"e#are %a+er. :7 Le1i or%inareJ / nt t,ate #elelalte leg" ad,ptate de Parla+ent.3F (a# parte d"n a#ea/t #ateg,r"e %,d r"le .de eBe+pl ' %,d l #"$"l' %,d l #,+er#"al' %,d l Penal et#.)' leg" #are /"/te+at"7 >ea> +a-,r"tatea regle+entr"l,r apl"#a!"le n " d,+en" . A+"nt"+' # t"tl de eBe+pl ' leg" #"$"le de dat re#entJ Legea 6,nd l " 6 n#"ar nr.1=M1<<1' Legea nr.A4M1<<1 pr"$"nd !re$et l de "n$en1"e' Legea nr.1AM1<<4 a arendr""' Legea nr.CM1<<A pr"$"nd #ada/tr l 6 n#"ar :" p !l"#"tatea "+,!"l"ar' Legea nr.=M1<<A pr"$"nd drept r"le de a t,r :" drept r"le #,neBe' Legea l,# "n1e" nr.114M1<<A' Legea nr.11<M1<<A # pr"$"re la a#tele de /tare #"$"l' Legea nr.54M1<<= pr"$"nd #"r# la1"a - r"d"# a teren r"l,r' Legea nr.213M1<<= pr"$"nd pr,pr"etatea p !l"# :" reg"+ l - r"d"# al a#e/te"a' Legea nr.21<M1<<= pr"$"nd reg"+ l #,n#e/" n"l,r et#. ;7 De&rete"*e1i S nt a#te n,r+at"$e ela!,rate de #tre %,n/"l" l (r,nt l " Sal$r"" Na1",nale :" %,n/"l" l Pr,$">,r" de Un" ne Na1",nal @n per",ada 22 de#e+!r"e 1<=< :" " n"e 1<<F #9nd a 6,/t $al"dat Parla+ent l R,+9n"e". Ele a p tere de lege. De eBe+pl ' De#ret l7Lege nr.1FM1<<F pr"$"nd reg"+ l pa:ap,artel,r :" #lt,r""l,r @n /tr"ntate' De#ret l7 Lege nr.11M1<<F # pr"$"re la #,n/ + l de ga>e /a De#ret l7Lege nr.115M1<3= pentr n"6"#area d"/p,>"1""l,r pr"$"t,are la %r1"le 6 n7 #"are' De#ret l7Lege nr.31<M1<44 pr"$"nd drept l la n"6"#area d"/p,7 >"1""l,r pr"$"t,are la %r1"le 6 n#"are' De#ret l7Lege nr.31<M1<44 pr"7 $"nd drept l la +,:ten"re al /,1 l " / pra$"e1 "t,r et#.

40 7 ",r5rea !i Or$ nan#a G%)ern%l%i

3F

35

; $ern l e+"te 5ot3r9ri pentr ,rgan">area eBe# tr"" leg"l,r. ; $ern l' ,rgan / pre+ eBe# t"$' # pr"n#"pal l atr"! t de a ,rgan">a eBe# tarea leg"l,r e+"te @n $ederea @ndepl"n"r"" a#e/t " atr"! t D,tr9r" pr"n #are #lar"6"# legea' pentr , +a" ! n apl"#are a e". 8,tr9rea de ; $ern n G#reea> dreptH. De eBe+pl 8.;.nr.152M1<<2 pr"$"nd !re$etele de "n$en1"eK 8.;. nr.AF=M1<<F pr"$"nd /ta!"l"rea pre1 r"l,r de $9n>are a l,# "n1el,r #,n/tr "te d"n 6,nd r"le /tat l "' re#ep1",nate d p 1 "an ar"e 1<<F' 8.;. nr.122=M1<<F pentr apr,!area Met,d,l,g"e" #,n#e/",nr""' @n#D"r"er"" :" l,#a1"a ge/t" n"" et#. Or%onan/e*e ; $ern l " /e e+"t @n te+e" l ne" delegr" leg"/lat"$e .leg" /pe#"ale de a!"l"tare date de Parla+ent) nde /e pre#">ea> per",ada de t"+p #9nd /e e+"t ,rd,nan1ele :" d,+en""le la #are /e re6er. De eBe+pl O.;. nr.1<M1<<4 pr"$"nd /t"+ larea "n$e/7 t"1""l,r pentr real">area n,r l #rr" p !l"#e :" #,n/tr #1"" de l,# "n1eK O.;. nr.25M1<<C # pr"$"re la reg"+ l - r"d"# al ad,p1"e"K O.;. nr.2AM2FFF # pr"$"re la a/,#"a1"" :" 6 nda1"" et#. 3n art.114 al"n.4 d"n %,n/t"t 1"a R,+9n"e" /e pre$edeJ G3n #a> r" eB#ep1",nale g $ern l p,ate e+"te ,rd,nan1e de rgen1. A#e/tea "ntr @n $"g,are n +a" d p dep nerea l,r /pre apr,!are la Parla+ent. .O) Apr,!area /a re/p"ngerea ,rd,nan1el,r /e 6a#e pr"ntr7, legeH. C0 Or$inele- ins"r%(#i%nile mini!"ril r ri ale al" r ( n$%(," ri ai rganel r $e spe(iali"a"e- ai a$minis"ra#iei p%'li(e (en"rale 3n eBe# tarea leg"l,r' ,rganele #entrale e+"t reg la+ente' n,te' ,rd"ne' "n/tr #1" n"' /tat te et#. #are /e p !l"# @n M,n"t,r l O6"#"al. A#e/te a#te n,r+at"$e' #9nd #,n1"n regle+entr" @n +ater"" de drept #"$"l' repre>"nt ">$,are 6,r+ale de drept #"$"l. &0 A("e n rma"i)e emise $e a%" ri",#ile a$minis"ra#iei p%'li(e l (ale A t,r"t1"le ad+"n"/tra1"e" p !l"#e l,#ale / ntJ - #,n/"l""le l,#ale .#,+ nale' ,r:ene:t" :" - de1ean) - pr"+ar l' pre6e#t l

3A

%,n/"l""le l,#ale @:" eBer#"t atr"! 1""le pr"n ad,ptarea de D,tr9r"' pr"+ar"" e+"t d"/p,>"1"" :" pre6e#1"" e+"t ,rd"ne. G%ceste acte juridice sunt i,voare de drept civil -n msura -n care re!lementea, relaii sociale din s"era dreptului civil. numai dac au caracter normativ *i nu individual+.31 E0 A("e n rma"i)e emise p5n, la 88 $e(em'rie 9:;: A#te n,r+at"$e e+"/e p9n la 22 de#e+!r"e 1<=< de a t,r"7 t1"le #,+petente' pre# + leg"le e+"/e de Marea Ad nare Na1",nal' de#rete e+"/e de %,n/"l" l de Stat :" D,tr9r"le e+"/e de %,n/"l" l de M"n":tr" .8%M) r+a/e @n $"g,are :" #are regle+entea> +ater"" de drept #"$"l repre>"nt :" ele ">$,are 6,r+ale de drept #"$"l. De eBe+pl De#ret l 31M1<54 pr"$"t,r la per/,anele 6">"#e :" - r"d"#e' De#ret l 1ACM1<5= pr"$"nd pre/#r"p1"a eBt"n#t"$' De#ret l nr.<C5M1<A= pr"$"nd n +ele. <0 C n"ra("ele "ip- ( n"ra("ele ( le("i)e $e m%n(,- ( n"ra("ele $e s (ie"a"e- a("%l ( ns"i"%"i) 3n ,p"n"a d7l " pr,6. n"$.dr. M"r#ea M re:anJ (norme de drept civil pot "i cuprinse chiar *i -n acte juridice de natur contractualH. A#e/te n,r+e - r"d"#e .reg l" de #,nd "t /ta!"l"te de pr1" #e @nl,# "e/# de reg l n,r+ele legale # #ara#ter / plet"$ /a d"/p,>"t"$) / nt ,!l"gat,r"" :" a , /6er de apl"#a!"l"tate re/tr9n/ d,ar la pr1"le rap,rt l " - r"d"#.32 Pr,6.dr.d,#. Tra"an I,na:# ' +e+!r #,re/p,ndent al A#ade+"e" R,+9ne' a pre#">atJ (contractele tip au. de asemenea. valoarea unui act normativ+.34 % pr"$"re la a#e/te ">$,are de drept' 4ntr"o o'inie' dl. pr,6. n"$.;De,rgDe 0ele" ' apre#"a> # (suntem -n pre,ena unor $en%miri spe(i*i(e ale i,voarelor de drept civil menionate mai sus 4n.a. statut. re!ulament. ( n"ra("-(a$r% sa% ( n"ra(" "ip . standard. norme'. iar nu -n pre,ena unei cate!orii distincte de (i,voare de

31 32 34

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drept civil+/.a*a dup cum o denumire speci"ic pentru le!e este aceea de Cod.+ Ne e.'ri#3# re>er$a 6a1 de a#e/t p n#t de $edere' #el p 1"n d"n r+t,r l #,n/"derentJ A t,r l 6a#e , en +erare a a#tel,r n,r+at"$e #are p,art , den +"re /pe#"alJ /tat t' reg la+ent' #,ntra#t7#adr /a #,ntra#t7t"p' /tandard' n,r+e :" a:a> pe a#ela:" plan pe #ele # $al,are n,r+at"$' e+"/e pentr eBe# tarea leg"l,r' # apl"#a!"l"tate @n d,+en"" /,#"ale eBt"n/e ./tat t' reg la+ent' /tandard' n,r+e' #a' de eBe+pl ' Ord"n l nr.4C1M1<<F al M"n"/ter l " % lt r"" pentr apr,!area N,r+el,r # pr"$"re la ,rgan">area /pe#ta#,lel,r' #,n#ertel,r' a alt,r a#t"$"t1" art"/t"#e :" d"/tra#t"$e la #are /e per#ep tar"6e de "ntrare) # #ele de na"%r, ( n"ra("%al, I #,ntra#te t"p. N,r+ele de drept /ta!"l"te @n #,ntra#t l7t"p' de , parte a #,ntra#t l "' a apl"#a!"l"tate n +a" @ntre pr1"le #,ntra#tante' #9nd #ealalt parte a##ept / @n#De"e #,ntra#t l7 t"p. Ea n are a#ea/t ,!l"ga1"e. Apre#"e+ # a:e>area &ontra&tu*ui"ti' @n a#ea/t en +erare a ">$,arel,r de drept #"$"l .en +erarea /ta!"l"t de dl. pr,6. n"$. dr. ;De,rgDe 0ele" ) e/te , /,l 1"e #el p 1"n d"/# ta!"l' ( n"ra("%l-"ip 6""nd , #ateg,r"e d"/t"n#t de ">$,are d"re#te de drept.

3. $zvoare indirecte ale dreptului civil

3n l"terat ra - r"d"# de /pe#"al"tate /7a eBpr"+at ,p"n"a p,tr"$"t #re"a ">$,arele drept l " #"$"l / nt ">$,are d"re#te :" ">$,are "nd"re#te.35 I>$,arele d"re#te / nt ">$,arele 6,r+ale de drept #"$"l' +a" / / +en1",nate. a2 Pr"ntre ">$,arele "nd"re#te ale drept l " /e n +r (prin(ipiile generale ale p li"i(ii e( n mi(e+. Se a6"r+ # :" @n #,nd"1""le de a>"' #,nd"1"" de tran>"1"e' Ga#e/te pr"n#"p"" ar p tea 6" "n$,#ate n n +a" @n #,+pletarea leg""' dar :" @n @nl,# "rea n,r n,r+e - r"d"#e $e#D" .dar #are n7a 6,/t a!r,gate /a @nl,# "te)' de$en"te "n#,+pat"!"le # real"t1"le /,#"al7p,l"t"#e a#t aleH.
35

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De eBe+pl ' pra#t"#a - d"#"ar a ad+"/ #a 6""nd @n /p"r"t l pr"n#"p""l,r e#,n,+"e" de p"a1 @n # r/ de "n/ta rare @n R,+9n"a :" de#" $ala!"le' pre$eder"le #,ntra#t ale pr"n #are /7a /ta!"l"t d,!9n>" real p,>"t"$e + lt +a" +ar" #,+parat"$ # #ele pre$> te "+perat"$ @n De#ret l nr.311M1<54' a!r,gat @n 1<<=' /pe#"6"#e e#,n,+"e" #entral">ate la data apar"1"e" a#t l " n,r+at"$. A#e/t ">$,r tre! "e pr"$"t # re>er$' de,are#e ne$,"a de a r/p nde la #,nd"1""le e#,n,+"#e n," p,ate d #e la a! >. 3A '2 C%"%ma 1 'i(ei%l' % t +a .,!"#e" l) repre>"nt , reg l de #,nd "t ne/#r"/' #are /7a 6,r+at @ntr7, per",ad de t"+p +a" @ndel ngat :" #re"a /,#"etatea "7a a#,rdat p tere ,!l"gat,r"e a/e+nt,are ne" leg". Un a t,r' @n @n#er#area de a pre#">a n,1" nea de ,!"#e" .# t +) #a ">$,r de drept' d"/t"nge @ntreJ - 'i(ei%rile #are repre>"nt , r,m,!i#, a "re(%"%l%i :" @+p,tr"$a #r,ra /t/t l l pt pr"n leg"le /ale' ,!"#e" r" 6a1 de #are at"t d"nea /tat l " e/te "nd"6erent d"n p n#t de $edere - r"d"# - 'i(ei%ri pe #are /tat l le /an#1",nea>' d9nd 7le p tere - r"d"# ,!l"gat,r"e. N +a" a#e/tea p,t #,n/t"t " n ">$,r de drept' $al,are #are le e/te #,n6er"t pr"n re6er"rea pe #are legea , 6a#e @n nele d"/p,>"1"" ale /ale la n,"le ,!"#e" r" .de eBe+pl ' art.<CF %,d #"$"lJ G conven) iile/obli! nu numai la ceea ce este e9pres -ntr)-nsele. dar la toate urmrile. ce echitatea. 'i(ei%l sau le!ea d obli!aiei. dup natura sa+: art.AFF %,d #"$"lJ G-nlimea -n!rdirii se va hotr- dup/ obiceiul ob*tesc+: art.AFC %,d #"$"lJ (nu e iertat a sdi arbori care cresc -nali dec2t -n -ndeprtarea hotr2t/.de obiceiurile constante *i recunoscute.+). 3n l"terat ra de /pe#"al"tate /7a p rtat d"/# 1"" # pr"$"re la #al"6"#area ,!"#e" l " #a 6""nd /a n ">$,r de drept. !ntr"o o'inie, #a$oritar3, ,!"#e" l .# t +a) a 6,/t #al"6"#at #a 6""nd ">$,r de drept' @n an +"te #,nd"1"" :" #la/"6"#at la G Al"e i+) are ale $rep"%l%i (i)ilH /a GI+) are ne* rmale 1reale2.3C

3A 3C

3<

A/t6el' /e apre#"a> # ,!"#e" l e/te ">$,r de drept n +a" at n#" #9nd legea 6a#e tr"+"tere eBpre/ la el. .$e>" eBe+plele de la art.<CF' AFF :" AFC %,d #"$"l). !ntr"o a*t3 o'inie' pr,6. n"$.dr. ;De,rgDe 0ele" .@n/ :"t :" de pr,6. n"$. dr. I,n D,gar ) /e eBpr"+ tran:antJ G obiceiul 4cutuma' /.nu sunt *i nu pot "i i,voare distincte ale dreptului civil: re!ulile de conduit cristali,ate -n cadrul acestora se inte!rea, -n ipote,ele *i dispo,iiile normelor de drept civil. -n msura -n care aceste norme "ac trimitere e9pres la obicei.H 3n eBe+plele date' teBtele %,d l " #"$"l 6a# tr"+"tere la ,!"#e" l l,# l ". Se p ne @ntre!areaJ #e /e apl"# #,n#ret @n rap,rt l " - r"d"# #"$"l' n,r+a - r"d"# #are 6a#e tr"+"tere la ,!"#e" .# t +a) /a #D"ar @n/ :" ,!"#e" l .# t +a)L Sa alt6el 6,r+ latJ e/te ">$,r de drept teBt l legal /a ,!"#e" l .# t +a)L O!"#e" l .# t +a) e/te d"6er"t de la l,# la l,#' de la , reg" ne ge,gra6"# la alt reg" ne ge,gra6"# G##" ,!"#e" r"le /e pre6a# @n + lte #D"p r"H. De eBe+pl ' @n /atele //e:t" d"n Tran/"l$an"a ,!"#e" l ,!:te/# pr"$"nd #,n/tr #1"a p,r1"l,r :" a >"d r"l,r ne" #a/e e/te r+t,r lJ p,r1" :" @+pre-+ "r"' #el p 1"n la /trad' @nalte :" +a/"$e' pentr a @n6r9nge elan l # r",:"l,r. O!"#e" l d"6er @n D,!r,geaJ gard r"le / nt /# nde' # @ntreaga pr"$el":te a g,/p,dr"e" la $edere. A're&ie# # /e apl"# ,!"#e" l la #are 6a#e tr"+"tere n,r+a - r"d"# #"$"l. I)voare*e in%ire&te a*e %re'tu*ui &ivi* se a're&ia)3 a 2i %o&trina 0i $uris'ru%en/a (2 & ("rina de drept #"$"l @n/ +ea> ,p"n""le /pe#"al":t"l,r de re6er"n1 @n d,+en" eBpr"+ate @n tratate' /t d""' l #rr"' +,n,gra6""' # r/ r" n"$er/"tare' art"#,le et#. Se p ne @ntre!area da# n - de#t,r' @n /,l 1",narea ne" pr"#"n"' p,ate 6a#e tr"+"tere eBpre/ la n p n#t de $edere eBpr"+at @n l"terat r :" / a6"r+e # /,l 1"a /e @nte+e"a> pe a#e/taL 3nt,tdea na /,l 1",narea #a >e" /e 6 nda+entea> pe n,r+a - r"d"# #"$"l. GDe*i doctrina nu se -nscrie -n r2ndul i,voarelor de drept. totu*i prin opiniile care le "ormulea,. contribuie la -nlturarea diversitii de practic judiciar *i la crearea *i

4F

per"ecionarea le!iuitoare.H3=

normelor

de

drept

edictate

de

autoritatea

$2 =%rispr%$en#a .pra#t"#a - d"#"ar) e/te al#t "t d"n /,l 1""le # pr"n/e @n D,tr9r"le date de "n/tan1ele de - de#at. Pra#t"#a - d"#"ar e/te /a n ">$,r de dreptL ? de#t,r l p,ate / /,l 1",ne>e , #a > +,t"$9nd # D,tr9rea /e @nte+e"a> pe , /,l 1"e a/e+nt,are dat de n alt - de#t,r @ntr7, #a > /"+"larL E/te p,/"!"l #a , D,tr9re - de#t,rea/# / 6"e #,n/"derat ">$,r de dreptL R/p n/ l la @ntre!are a "/#at #,ntr,$er/e' # at9t +a" + lt # #9t @n nele /"/te+e de drept' pra#t"#a - d"#"ar e/te #,n/"derat n ">$,r de drept .eBe+pl ' drept l 6ran#e>' drept l a+er"#an). Ma-,r"tatea a t,r"l,r' la #are ne ral"e+' eB#l d pra#t"#a - d"#"ar d"n r9nd l ">$,arel,r de drept #"$"l. Pr"n#"pal l arg +ent #,n/t @n @n/:" pre$ederea legal d"n art.5 %,d #"$"l' @n !a>a #re"a ,rgan l de - de#at are ,!l"ga1"a / apl"#e n,r+ele de drept #"$"l @n #a> r"le ad /e /pre - de#at. (5ste oprit judectorului de a se pronuna. -n hotr2rile ce se d. pe cale de dispo,iii !enerale *i re!lementare. asupra cau,elor ce)i sunt supuse.+ T,t at9t de ade$rat e/te :" 6apt l # - de#t,r l #are e/te "ndependent :" /e / p ne n +a" leg"" .art.123 al"n.3 %,n/t"t 1"a R,+9n"e") p,ate / /e al"n"e>e la /,l 1""le date :" de "n/tan1e' @nde,/e!" de % rtea S pre+ de ? /t"1"e. Pre#">+ # e/te d,ar , p,/"!"l"tate :" n , ,!l"ga1"e' 6apt pr"n #are /e real">ea> , pra#t"# - d"#"ar n"tar :" #,n/tant' ele+ent "+p,rtant @n #re:terea a t,r"t1"" p ter"" - de#7 t,re:t". ? r"/pr den1a are n r,l "+p,rtant @n 6,r+area :" per6e#1",7 narea n,r+el,r de drept' @nde,/e!" @n +ater"a drept l " #"$"l #are e/te n"tar :" #,n/tant.

3=

41

CAPITOLUL III

APLICAREA LEGII CIVILE

1. Noiuni introductive

A#tele n,r+at"$e' :" a$e+ @n $edere a"#" n,1" nea de lege @n /en/ larg' / nt ela!,rate pentr a 6" apl"#ate @n #a> r" #,n#rete. GPrin aplicarea le!ii civile se -nele!e activitatea practic prin care or!anele de stat -n"ptuiesc prevederile normelor juridice civile/.activitate ce se des"*oar -n "ormele juridice o"iciale stabilite prin acte normativeH.3< Apl"#area leg"" #"$"le pr"$e:te r+t,arele a/pe#teJ - d rata de apl"#are @n t"+p a leg"" #"$"le .apl"#area leg"" #"$"le @n t"+p) - /pa1" l ge,gra6"# @n #are /e apl"# legea #"$"l .apl"#area leg"" #"$"le @n /pa1" ) - / !"e#1"" de drept #r,ra l" /e adre/ea> legea #"$"l .apl"#area leg"" #"$"le a/ pra per/,anel,r). GDin punct de vedere teritorial le!ile coe9ist. iar privite sub raportul timpului. ele se succed .H4F De a#eea' ne,r" leg"le #"$"le p,t / "ntre @n #,n6l"#t. De p"ld' @ntr7, @+pre- rare' , per/,an' n ! n /a n a#t - r"d"# p,ate 6" re$end"#at de +a" + lte leg" na1",nale #,eB"/tente' # + ar 6" #/t,r"a n " #et1ean r,+9n # n #et1ean /tr"n' @n T9rg M re:' /a # +prarea de #tre n #et1ean r,+9n @n ;er+an"a a n " ! n "+,!"l /a @n#De"erea n " a#t de d,na1"e @ntre n #et1ean r,+9n :" n l engle>' @n 0 # re:t". 3n a#e/te "p,te>e /e p ne @ntre!area #e lege #"$"l /e apl"#L %ea r,+9n /a #ea /tr"n' a+!ele #,eB"/t9nd.
3< 4F

42

3n "p,te>a leg"l,r #"$"le #are /e / ##ed @n t"+p /e p n d, @ntre!r"J a) % " /e apl"# n, a lege #"$"l @n #a> l @n#De"er"" n " a&t $uri%i&L 7 a#t l " - r"d"# @n#De"at @na"nte de n, a lege #"$"l :" e6e#tel,r pr,d /e de a#e/ta p9n la apar"1"a n,"" leg" I 6a#ta praeter"taK 7 a#t l " - r"d"# #e /e @n#De"e @n pre>ent / ! n, a lege :" e6e#tel,r - r"d"#e ale a#e/t "a pr,d /e / ! n, a lege I 6a#ta pendent"aK 7 e6e#tel,r $""t,are ale n " a#t - r"d"# @n#De"at / ! $e#Dea lege I 6a#ta 6 t raK !) % " " /e apl"# n, a lege #"$"l @n #a> l situa/ii*or $uri%i&e #e /e #,n/t"t "e @n t"+p' @n +a" + lte etape .de eBe+pl per6e#tarea $9n>r""7# +prr"" n " "+,!"l ne#e/"t , per",ad +a" @ndel ngat de t"+p I @ntre >" a real">r"" a#,rd l " de $,"n1 a pr1"l,r #,ntra#7 tante :" data "nta! lr"" drept l " de pr,pr"etate +a" + lte >"le)L 7 pr"+ l " +,+ent al #,n/t"t "r"" /"t a1""l,r - r"d"#eK 7 6"e#r " +,+ent d"n lan1 l de #,n/t"t "re a /"t a1""l,r - r"7 d"#eK 7 lt"+ l " +,+ent d"n #adr l a#e/t,ra. Re>,l$area #,n6l"#t l " de leg" @n /pa1" 6a#e ,!"e#t l $rep"%l%i in"erna#i nal pri)a"0 Re>,l$area #,n6l"#t l " de leg" @n t"+p 6a#e ,!"e#t l $rep"%l%i "ran+i" ri% sa% in"er"emp ral' ra+ r a drept l " #"$"l.

2. %plicarea le&ii civile !n timp

Legea #"$"l n e/te $e:n"#' ea tre! "e / r/p nd per+anent #er"n1el,r +ater"ale eB"/tente @ntr7 n /tat la n +,+ent dat. De a#eea leg"le #"$"le /e / ##ed @n t"+p. A:adar' legea #"$"l /e apl"# @ntr7, an +"t per",ad de t"+p. a) M,+ent l intr3rii 4n vi1oare a leg"" #"$"le p,ate 6"J - data p !l"#r"" @n M,n"t,r l O6"#"al - legea pre$ede eBpre/ data "ntrr"" @n $"g,are' pe/te n n +r de >"le /a l n". De +,+ent l "ntrr"" @n $"g,are a leg"" #"$"le /e leag d, e6e#te - r"d"#eJ - legea #"$"l de$"ne ,!l"gat,r"e
43

/e "n/t"t "e pre> +1"a legal a!/,l t # ,r"#e per/,an , # n,a:te' n"#" , per/,an n p,ate "n$,#a ne# n,a:terea e" .ne+, #en/et r "gn,rare lege+). !) M,+ent l 4n&et3rii a'*i&3rii leg"" #"$"le p,ate 6"J 7 prin a'r gare. Ea p,ate 6" e>pres, .#9nd @n n, a lege #"$"l /e pre$ede eBpre/ # $e#D" l a#t n,r+at"$ /a n an +"t art"#,l d"n a#t l n,r+at"$ $e#D" /e a!r,g 7 a'r gare e>pres, $ire(", 7 /a # d"/p,>"1""le #,ntrare /e a!r,g 7 a'r gare e>pres, in$ire(", ) sa% "a(i", .#9nd a!r,garea re> lt d"n 6apt l # , an +"t +ater"e e/te regle+entat d"6er"t @n rap,rt de $e#Dea regle+entare). 7 'rin 4#'*inirea ter#enu*ui 4n &a)u* *e1i*or &u ter#en . Pr"n a- ngerea la ter+en legea #"$"l @n#etea> / +a" 6"e @n $"g,are - 'rin &3%erea 4n %esuetu%ine. N,1" nea de de/ et d"ne are @n l"terat ra - r"d"# @n1ele/ r" d"6er"te. Un a t,r , de6"ne:te #a Gneapl"#area @ndel ngat a ne" leg".H41 Un alt a t,r apre#"a> # G, lege #ade @n de/ et d"ne at n#" #9nd a @n#etat ra1" n"le pentr #are a 6,/t ad,ptat' de eBe+pl ' da# a d"/pr t rela1""le /,#"ale regle+entateH. 42 Un alt a t,r d"/t"nge @ntre neapl"#area leg"" #> te @n de/ et d"ne' #a r+are a d"/par"1"e" ra1" n"l,r pentr #are a#t l n,r+at"$ a 6,/t ad,ptat' :" a!r,gare .+,d de "e:"re d"n $"g,are a ne" leg" #"$"le) pre#">9ndJ G%derea @n de/ et d"neH a ne" leg" @n/ea+n neapl"#area e"' dar n"#"de# + a!r,garea e"H. 43 Apr,ape @n nan"+"tate /e ad+"te # de/ et d"nea n e/te n +,d de "e:"re d"n $"g,are a leg"". 44 De eBe+pl %,d l #,+er#"al "ntrat @n $"g,are la 1 /epte+!r"e 1==C n /7a apl"#at @n per",ada p ter"" p,p lare p9n la 22 de#e+!r"e 1<=< 6""nd #,n/"derat #a :" #> t @n de/ et d"ne' dat d p #are /e apl"# d"n n, . Le1ea &ivi*3 nou3 p,ate pr,d #e r+t,arele #ateg,r"" de e6e#teJ - e6e#te "+ed"ate' ad"# /e apl"# /"t a1""l,r pre>ente - e6e#te retr,a#t"$e' /e apl"# /"t a1""l,r tre# te 41 42 43 44

44

- e6e#te ltraa#t"$e' /e apl"# :" d p a!r,garea leg"". Unele leg" #"$"le pre>"nt part"# lar"t1" / ! a/pe#t l apl"#r"" l,r @n t"+p. A/t6elJ 7 *e1i*e a(ro1ative a , eB"/ten1 6,arte /# rt @n t"+p' ele a n +a" +en"rea / 6a# / @n#ete>e apl"#area leg"" #"$"le anter",are. 7 *e1i inter'retative / nt leg" pr"n #are /e #lar"6"# @n1ele/ l ne" n,r+e - r"d"#e d"/# ta!"le d"ntr7, lege eB"/tent. (6e!ea inter) pretativ se inte!rea, -n le!ea interpretat. aceasta din urm trebuind s se aplice. chiar *i pentru trecut. cu -nelesul statornicit de le!iuitor. Prin urmare le!ea interpretativ -*i produce e"ectele *i -n trecut.+45 !ntr"o o'inie' /e / /1"ne #,ntrar" lJ (@a de sin!ura e9cepie pe care o prevede Constituia .art.15 al"n.2J (6e!ea dispune numai pentru viitor. cu e9cepia le!ii penale mai "avorabile' trebuie s admitem c le!ea interpretativ a(" n rma"i) in"er"emp ral produce e"ecte numai pentru viitor. de*i p2n la intrarea -n vi!oare a actualei Constituii era acceptat te,a potrivit creia le!ea interpretativ avea caracter retroactiv+.4A " *e1i*e tran)itorii' pr"n #are /e regle+entea> apl"#area leg"" n," @n #,rela1"e # legea $e#De' a apl"#a!"l"tate d,ar @n per",ada de tran>"1"e. <itua/ii*e $uri%i&e p,t 6" :" ele regle+entate de , /"ng r lege I situa/ii $uri%i&e uni%e'en%ente' /a de +a" + lte leg" = situa/ii $uri%i&e '*uri%e'en%ente. Prin(ipiile apli(,rii 3n "imp a legii (i)ile 3n "p,te>a / ##e/" n"l,r leg"l,r #"$"le @n t"+p' pentr /ta!"l"rea leg"" #"$"le apl"#a!"le /e apelea> la r+t,arele pr"n#"p""J pr"n#"p" l neretr,a#t"$"t1"" leg"" #"$"le n," :" pr"n#"p" l apl"#r"" "+ed"ate a leg"" #"$"le n,". Prin&i'iu* neretroa&tivit3/ii *e1ii &ivi*e noi+ A#e/t pr"n#"p" e/te #,n/a#rat @n art.1 %,d #"$"lJ (6e!ea dispune numai pentru viitor: ea nu are putere retroactiv+ . Pr"n#"p" l
45 4A

45

#,n/a#r reg la - r"d"# p,tr"$"t #re"a' (le!ea civil se aplic numai situaiilor ce se ivesc -n practic dup adoptarea ei. iar nu *i situaiilor anterioare. trecute+.4C Pr"n#"p" l /e - /t"6"# pr"n (ideea potrivit creia nimeni nu)*i poate stabili conduita dup norme ce nu e9ist -nc+.4= Pr"n#"p" l neretr,a#t"$"t1"" leg"" #"$"le a pr"+"t n #ara#ter #,n/t"t 1",nal pr"n teBt l art.15 al.2 d"n %,n/t"t 1"a R,+9n"e"J (6e!ea dispune numai pentru viitor. cu e9cepia le!ii penale mai "avorabile+. S7a p / a/t6el #apt /"t a1"e" d"n reg"+ l tre# t #9nd (le!iuitorul -nsu*i putea dispune aplicarea retroactiv a unei le!i noi pe care o edictea,+4<K de,are#e reg la - r"d"# a neretr,a#t"$"t1"" leg"" #"$"le # + /e / /1"nea /e apl"#a d,ar - de#t,r l ". A>" leg" "t,r l @n/ :" n p,ate d"/p ne # , lege #"$"l n, /e apl"# :" pentr /"t a1"" anter",are apar"1"e" e". 3ntr7, ,p"n"e #,ntrar' Pa l M"r#ea %,/+,$"#" apre#"a>J Gpentr #a , lege / 6"e retr,a#t"$ e/te ne#e/ar #a leg" "t,r l / de#lare @n +,d eBpre/ a#e/t #ara#terO.H C n(l%+ii ./a reg l" - r"d"#e @n apl"#area pr"n#"p" l " neretr,7 a#t"$"t1"" leg"" #"$"le) Legea #"$"l n, regle+entea> n +a" a#te - r"d"#e :" /"t a1"" - r"d"#e #e apar d p "ntrarea e" @n $"g,are I te+p / reg"t a#t +. Reg l"le pr"$e/# a("%l .%ri$i( :" si"%a#iile .%ri$i(e @n # r/ de #,n/t"t "re +,d"6"#are /a /t"ngere .$e>" eBe+pl l re6er"t,r la #,ntra#t l de $9n>are7# +prare a n " "+,!"l). % pr"$"re la a&tu* $uri%i& 6 n#1",nea> r+t,arele reg l" @n apl"#area pr"n#"p" l " neretr,a#t"$"t1"" leg"" #"$"leJ a2 a("%l .%ri$i( es"e )ala'il 3n(?eia" #9nd / nt @ntr n"te # + lat"$' #,nd"1""le #er te de legea @n $"g,are' @n +,+ent l @n#De"er"" l ". %9nd lter",r @n#De"er"" $ala!"le a a#t l " - r"d"# apare , n, lege #"$"l' ea n p,ate de#lara #a ne$ala!"l a#t l $ala!"l de-a @n#De"at :" at n#" #9nd n, a lege "ntr,d #e /a el"+"n #a >a de n l"tate.5F

4C 4= 4< 5F

4A

'2 e*e("ele .%ri$i(e ale a("%l%i )ala'il 3n(?eia"- pr $%se /a ep ">ate @na"nte de "ntrarea @n $"g,are a n,"" leg"' r,m5n )ala'ileK (2 e*e("e .%ri$i(e ale a("%l%i )ala'il 3n(?eia" #e /e pr,d # $%p, in"rarea 3n )ig are a n ii legi /e / p n a#e/te"a. Re6er"t,r la /"t a1""le - r"d"#e / nt apl"#a!"le r+t,arele reg l"J a7 situa/ii*e $uri%i&e 4n &urs %e &onstituire .$e>" eBe+pl l #,ntra#t l " de $9n>are7# +prare a n " "+,!"l) #o%i2i&are /a stin1ere la data "ntrr"" @n $"g,are a leg"" n,"' #ad / ! "n#"den1a a#e/te" leg" .pr"n#"p" l apl"#r"" "+ed"ate a leg"" n,"). %9nd ele+entele #e #,+p n /"t a1"a - r"d"# @n # r/ de #,n/t"t "re' +,d"6"#are /a /t"ngere a "nd"$"d al"tate pr,pr"e .de eBe+pl ' real">area a#,rd l " de $,"n1 la #,ntra#t l de $9n>are7# +prare a "+,!"l l " #,n6,r+ leg"" tre! "e / /e +an"6e/te @n 6,r+ /,le+n)' /e re/pe#t legea @n $"g,are @n a#el +,+ent' neapl"#9nd 7/e legea n, #are de p"ld ar p tea ,+"te a#ea/t #er"n1 .a /,le+n"t1""). (7 e2e&te*e 'ro%use %e situa/ii*e $uri%i&e @n # r/ de #,n/t"t "re' +,d"6"#are /a /t"ngere / nt g $ernate de legea / ! #are /e pr,d #. Legea n, regle+entea> e6e#tele /"t a1""l,r - r"d"#e d p "ntrarea e" @n $"g,are. %9te$a #a> r" 6re#$ente de apl"#are a pr"n#"p" l " neretr,a#t"$"t1"" leg"" #"$"leJ 7 ad+"/"!"l"tatea d,$e>"l,r pr"$"nd a#tele :" 6aptel,r - r"d"#e generat,are de drept r" :" ,!l"ga1""' @n legt r # #are pr1"le p,t a- nge @n #,n6l"#t' /e 6a#e pr"n re/pe#tarea leg"" @n $"g,are la data #9nd "n/tan1a /e pr,n n1 a/ pra ad+"/"!"l"t1"" +"-l,# l " de pr,!K 7 d,$ada a#t l " - r"d"# /e / p ne leg"" @n $"g,are @n +,+ent l @n#De"er"" a#t l " - r"d"#K 7 r/p nderea pentr pre- d"#""le #a >ate pr"n 6apte "l"#"te /e /ta!"le:te @n 6 n#1"e de legea @n $"g,are @n +,+ent l /$9r:"r"" 6apte" "l"#"teK 7 +,:ten"rea legal ./ ##e/" nea a! "n te/tat) e/te #9r+ "t de legea @n $"g,are @n +,+ent l de/#D"der"" / ##e/" n""K 7 $al"d"tatea te/ta+ent l " /e apre#"a> d p legea @n $"g,are @n +,+ent l reda#tr""K 7 e6e#tele d"/p,>"1""l,r te/ta+entare / nt g $ernate de legea @n $"g,are @n +,+ent l de/#D"der"" / ##e/" n"". De eBe+pl ' da# d p reda#tarea te/ta+ent l " ar aprea , lege #are ar +,d"6"#a #,nd"1""le
4C

de $ala!"l"tate ale te/ta+ent l "' legea n, n /7ar apl"#a te/ta+ent l " @n#De"at. Pre#">r"le re6er"t,are la pr"n#"p" l neretr,a#t"$"t1"" leg"" #"$"le @n +ater"a pre/#r"p1"e" eBt"n#t"$e /e g/e/# la #ap. GPre/#r"p1"a eBt"n#t"$H. Pr"n#"p" l #,n/t"t 1",nal al neretr,a#t"$"t1"" leg"" ad+"te , /"ng r eB#ep1"eJ Glegea penal +a" 6a$,ra!"lH. A're&ie# &3 n +a" pr"ntr7, lege #,n/t"t 1",nal /e p,t ad ga eB#ep1"" @n +ater"a #"$"l' legea ,rgan"# /a ,rd"nar n p,t der,ga de la n,r+a #,n/t"t 1",nal. A#ea/t pre+"/ #lar"6"# d"/# 1""le d"n d,#tr"n re6er"t,are la #ara#ter l retr,a#t"$ al n,r+e" de "nterpretare. Prin(ipi%l apli(,rii ime$ia"e a legii (i)ile n i. Pr"n#"p" l #,n/t @n reg la #,n6,r+ #re"a legea' d"n +,+ent l "ntrr"" @n $"g,are' /e apl"# a("el r .%ri$i(e 3n (%rs $e ( ns"i"%ire- de +,d"6"#are' /a /t"ngere :" #el,r #e /e $,r #,n/t"t " @n $""t,r' pre# + :" e6e#tel,r a#e/t,ra .6a#ta penden1"a :" 6a#ta 6 t ra). T,t,dat' legea n, regle+entea> :" si"%a#iile .%ri$i(e (e se ( ns"i"%ie /a /t"ng' pre# + :" e6e#tele a#e/t,ra. Pr"n#"p" l apl"#r"" "+ed"ate a leg"" #"$"le n," n e/te #,n/a#rat leg"/lat"$' el /e ded #e d"n pr"n#"p" l neretr,a#t"$"t1"" leg"" #"$"le. Pr"n#"p" l /e - /"t"6"# pr"n r+t,arele ra1" n"J 7 legea #"$"l n, ne6""nd retr,a#t"$' /e "+p ne apl"#area e" "+ed"at 7 nead+"terea pr"n#"p" l " ar @n/e+na neapl"#area leg"" n," 7 legea n, tre! "e pre> +at # repre>"nt n pr,gre/ teDn"#' - r"d"#' 6a1 de legea $e#De' a/t6el @n#9t tre! "e / /e apl"#e' de la "ntrarea e" @n $"g,are' :" /"t a1""l,r - r"d"#e #are / nt @n # r/ de #,n/t"t "re' +,d"6"#are /a /t"ngere ,r" ale #r,r e6e#te / nt @n # r/ de #,n/t"t "re.51 Pr"n#"p""le apl"#r"" leg"" #"$"le @n t"+p a d,+en"" d"6er"te de a#1" neJ 7 pr"n#"p" l neretr,a#t"$"t1"" leg"" #"$"le /e ,p ne retr,7 a#t"$"t1"" a#e/te"a
51

4=

7 pr"n#"p" l apl"#r"" "+ed"ate a leg"" #"$"le n," /e ,p ne / pra$"e1 "r"" $e#D"" leg" #"$"le. (Problema aplicrii imediate a le!ii noi este cea a e9cluderii supravieuirii le!ii vechi/.are ca 'ie(" *ap"ele !i e*e("e 3n (%rs..problema retroactivitii/.are (a 'ie(" *ap"ele 3n 3n"regime ( ns%ma"e 3n "re(%"+.52 La a#ea/t 6,r+ lare l"+pede a de,/e!"r"" 6 nda+entale @ntre #ele d, pr"n#"p""' apre#"e+ # /e p,ate ada gaJ pr"n#"p" l neretr,a#t"$"t1"" $">ea> a#tele - r"d"#e %n i("% .#9nd #,n/t"t "rea /a /t"ngerea /e pr,d # @ntr7 n /"ng r +,+ent)K pr"n#"p" l apl"#r"" "+ed"ate a leg"" n," pr"$e:te si"%a#iile .%ri$i(e #e /e #,n/t"t "e / ##e/"$' @n t"+p .eBe+pl ' ad,p1" nea pre/ p ne +,+ente / ##e/"$e @n t"+pJ #,n/"+1+9nt l pr"n1"l,r 6"re:t"' D,tr9rea "n/tan1e" de - de#atK "+,!"lele /e p,t d,!9nd" pr"n > #ap" ne' ad"# pr"n p,/e/"e de ! n #red"n1 prel ng"t @n t"+p). Pr"n#"p" l apl"#r"" "+ed"ate a leg"" n," e/te , #rea1"e a d,#tr"ne" :" pra#t"#"" - d"#"are' el n e/te #,n/a#rat pr"n legea #"$"l. (""nd (o simpl re!ul de interpretare/.le!iuitorul o poate -nltura. 5l o poate "ace nu numai printr)o declaraie de voin e9pres. dar *i -n mod tacit/.5l se -ntemeia, numai pe voina tacit a le!iuitorului. ast"el cum acesta a putut "i desprins. prin interpretare. de teorie *i practic+.53 Da# $,"n1a ta#"t a leg" "t,r l " per+"te 6 n#1",narea pr"n#"p" l " apl"#r"" "+ed"ate a leg"" n,"' t,t pr"n $,"n1 ta#"t leg" "t,r l @l p,ate @nlt raJ , 6a#e @n /"t a1"a ltraa#t"$"t1"" leg"" $e#D". E.&e'/ia de la 'rin&i'iu* a'*i&3rii i#e%iate a *e1ii &ivi*e noi , #,n/t"t "e u*traa&tivitatea >su'ravie/uirea7 *e1ii ve&5i ' ad"# apl"#area @n an +"te /"t a1"" deter+"nate de legea n, pentr @n# , per",ad de t"+p a leg"" $e#D"' de:" a 6,/t a!r,gat :" a "ntrat @n $"g,are , n, lege #"$"l. !ntr"o o'inie' /e apre#"a> # ("iind o e9cepie *i supravieuirea le!ii vechi trebuie consacrat e9pres de le!e. Socotim c !re*it s)a "cut aplicaia e9cepiei ultraactivitii. -n lips de te9t e9pres. a art.12 din Decretul nr.144A1B3C. abro!at prin 6e!ea nr.3>A1BB1 -n practica unor instane.+ A#eea:" p,>"1"e tran:ant :" @n
52 53

4<

re6er"reaJ (ca *i -n ca,ul e9cepiei retroactivitii le!ii civile. ea 4n.a.) e9cepia de ultraactivitate a le!ii civile trebuie prev,ut e9pres -n le!ea nouH).54 Ur+t,area pre$edere legal #,n/a#r eBpre/"/ $er!"/ / pra$"e1 "rea leg"" $e#D"J art.C1 d"n Legea nr.114M1<<A pr"$"nd l,# "n1a pre$edeJ (persoanele care bene"icia, de drepturi mai "avorabile dec2t cele prev,ute -n pre,enta le!e. consacrate prin le!i speciale. care se re"er printre altele. la materia raporturilor juridice locative *i a celor cone9e acestora. se bucur -n continuare de aplicarea drepturilor mai "avorabileH .n.a. 7 /e ! # r @n #,nt"n are de pre$eder"le leg"" #"$"le $e#D"' de:" a!r,gat). !ntr"o a*t3 o'inie Gd"/p,>"1""le $e#D"" leg" / pra$"e1 "e/# @n te+e" l $,"n1e" ta#"te a leg" "t,r l "H. A:adar' eB#ep1"a de ltraa#t"$"tate eB"/t de:" l"p/e:te n teBt eBpre/ @n n, a lege.55 3n apl"#area eB#ep1"e" de la ltraa#t"$"tate a leg"" #"$"le d"/t"nge+J 7 de reg l' /e apl"# a#tel,r - r"d"#e ./"t a1""l,r - r"d"#e $,l ntare)' # pre#">area # n, a lege #"$"l / #,n1"n n,r+e - r"d"#e d"/p,>"t"$e' pr1"le a$9nd a/t6el lat"t d"nea #a pr"n a#,rd l de $,"n1 / der,ge de la pre$eder"le legale 7 ne,r" n, a lege eB#l de eBpre/"/ $er!"/ apl"#area eB#ep1"e" 7 n /e p,ate 6a#e apl"#area eB#ep1"e" de ltraa#t"$"tate #9nd n, a lege #"$"l are #ara#ter "+perat"$. Apl"#area eB#ep1"e" @n +ater"a /"t a1""l,r - r"d"#e $,l ntare .#,ntra#te) /e - /t"6"# pr"n 6apt l # pr1"le la @n#De"erea #,ntra#t l " #,n/"+t ta#"t #a n,r+a - r"d"# #"$"l / plet"$ / ! "+per" l #re"a /e a6l / #,+plete>e #,nd"1""le :" e6e#tele a#e/t "a. Pr"n a!r,garea $e#D"" leg"' #are pra#t"# /7a t,p"t @n $,"n1a pr1"l,r #,ntra#tante' /7ar ad #e at"nger" a#e/te"a' pr1"le 6""nd p /e @n /"t a1"a / n /e ! # re de e6e#tele #,ntra#t l "' nereal">ate p9n @n +,+ent l apar"1"e" n,"" leg" #"$"le.

54 55

5F

3. %plicarea le&ii civile !n spaiu

Legea #"$"l /e apl"# @ntr7 n an +"t /pa1" / p / / $eran"t1"" n " /tat. Apl"#area leg"" #"$"le @n /pa1" pr"$e:te d, a/pe#teJ a2 aspe("%l in"ern S ! a#e/t a/pe#t' legea #"$"l r,+9n /e apl"# rap,rt r"l,r - r"d"#e #"$"le /ta!"l"te @ntre #et1en" r,+9n" @n l"+"tele ter"t,r" l " R,+9n"e". Pr"n#"p" l #are regle+entea> apl"#area leg"" #"$"le @n /pa1" / ! a/pe#t "ntern e/te prin(ipi%l "eri" riali",#ii. P,tr"$"t a#e/t " pr"n#"p" legea #"$"l @n /en/ re/tr9n/ .a#eea ela!,rat de Parla+ent) /e apl"# pe @ntreg l ter"t,r" al /tat l "' "ar legea #"$"l @n /en/ larg .#elelalte a#te n,r+at"$e ela!,rate de ,rganele de /tat #,+petente) /e apl"# 6"e la n"$el l @ntreg"" 1r" .#ele #e e+an de la ,rganele #entrale) 6"e la n"$el l,#al' #9nd / nt e+"/e de n ,rgan l,#al. Ter"t,r" l e/te /pa1" l ge,gra6"# # pr"n/ @ntre 6r,nt"erele de /tat legal /ta!"l"teJ ("rontierele rii sunt cons"inite prin le!e or!anic. cu respectarea principiilor *i celorlalte norme !enerale ale dreptului internaional+ .art.3 al"n.2 %,n/t"t 1"a R,+9n"e"). T,t :"' @n nele /"t a1"" pre$> te @n leg" /pe#"ale' legea #"$"l r,+9n n /e apl"# pe @ntreg l ter"t,r" al 1r""J 7 pe ter"t,r" l a+!a/adel,r /tr"ne 7 @n an +"te >,ne l"!ere' ,ra:e' p,rt r" /ta!"l"te #,n$en1",nal :" / p /e n,r regle+entr" "nterna1",nale /pe#"ale Legea #"$"l r,+9n /e apl"#' pe !a> de re#"pr,#"tate' @n !a>a n,r tratate "nterna1",nale :" @n a6ara ter"t,r" l " /tat l " r,+9nJ 7 pe na$e :" aer,na$e / ! pa$"l",n r,+9ne/# #e /e a6l @n a6ara apel,r ter"t,r"aleK 7 @n a+!a/adele R,+9n"e" d"n /tr"ntateK 7 #et1en"l,r r,+9n" a6la1" @n a6ara gran"1el,r 1r"" @n an +"te #,nd"1"" .de eBe+pl pre$eder"le %,d l " (a+"l"e" re6er"t,are la #,nd"1""le de 6,nd ale #/t,r"e"). (7 aspe("%l in"erna#i nal A#e/t a/pe#t are @n $edere rap,rt r"le - r"d"#e @n#De"ate #e #,n1"n ele+ente de eBtrane"tateJ pr1"le a #et1en"" d"6er"te' a#t l
51

- r"d"# @n #are , parte e/te #et1ean r,+9n /e @n#De"e @n /tr"ntate' a#t l - r"d"# @n #are , parte e/te #et1ean /tr"n /e @n#De"e @n R,+9n"a' ! n l "+,!"l e/te ,!"e#t eBter",r al rap,rt l " - r"d"# #"$"l /e /"t ea> @n /tr"ntate et#. &7 so*u/ionarea &on2*i&tu*ui %e *e1i 4n s'a/iu %e lege /e apl"# rap,rt r"l,r - r"d"#e # ele+ente de eBtrane"tateL Legea 1r"" #re"a @" apar1"ne na d"n pr1"le rap,rt l " - r"d"#' legea /tat l " nde /e @n#De"e rap,rt l - r"d"#' legea /t/t l " nde /e /"t ea> ! n l #e 6a#e ,!"e#t l rap,rt l " - r"d"#L %,n6l"#t l de leg" @n /pa1" /e /,l 1",nea> pr"n n,r+ele #,n6l"#t ale. ("e#are /tat ela!,rea> n,r+e #,n6l"#t ale' #e al#t "e/# drept l "nterna1",nal pr"$at. Legea nr.1F5M1<<2 # pr"$"re la regle+entarea rap,rt r"l,r de drept "nterna1",nal # pr"nde n,r+ele #,n6l"#t ale pr"n #are /e /,l 1",nea> #,n6l"#t l de leg" @n /pa1" . Legea # pr"nde r+t,arele #ateg,r"" de n,r+e #,n6l"#t aleJ a) n rmele ( n*li("%ale (% pri)ire la si"%a#ii .%ri$i(e legale ./e na/#' +,d"6"#' tran/+"t :" /t"ng @n p terea leg"") a #ara#ter ,!l"gat,r" 7 art.11J /tarea :" #apa#"tatea #"$"l a per/,ane" ./tat l " per/,ane" 6">"#e) e/te g $ernat de legea #et1en"e" .leB per/,nal"/) /a de legea na1",nal .leB patr"ae) a / !"e#t l " rap,rt l " - r"d"# 7 art.41J legea apl"#a!"l per/,ane" - r"d"#e e/te #9r+ "t de legea /a na1",nal' deter+"nat de /ed" l /,#"al al /,#"et1"" 7 art.4<J p,/e/"a' drept l de pr,pr"etate :" #elelalte drept r" reale a/ pra ! n r"l,r' "n#l /"$ #ele de garan1"" reale / nt / p /e leg"" l,# l " nde a#e/tea /e a6l /a / nt /"t ate 7 art.145J > #ap" nea e/te #9r+ "t de legea /tat l " nde ! n l /e a6l la @n#eperea ter+en l " de p,/e/"e' pre$> t @n a#e/t /#,p 7 art.AAJ +,:ten"rea e/te / p /' @n #e pr"$e:te ! n r"le +,!"le' ,r" nde a#e/tea /7ar a6la' leg"" na1",nale pe #are per/,ana de#edat , a$ea la data de#e/ l " .leB patr"ae)' "ar @n #eea #e pr"$e:te ! n r"le "+,!"le :" 6,nd l de #,+er1' leg"" l,# l " nde 6"e#are d"n a#e/te ! n r" /e a6l .leB re" /"tae) 7 art.1=J #,nd"1""le de 6,nd #er te pentr @n#De"erea #/t,r"e" / nt deter+"nate de legea na1",nal a 6"e#r "a d"ntre $""t,r"" /,1" .leB patr"ae)
52

7 art.1FCJ 6aptele - r"d"#e # #ara#ter "l"#"t :" r/p nderea - r"d"# #"$"l / nt / p /e leg"" /tat l " pe al #r " ter"t,r" a "nter$en"t 6apta "l"#"t .leB l,#" del"#t" #,++"/") !) n rmele ( n*li("%ale (% pri)ire la si"%a#ii .%ri$i(e s%'ie("i)e ./e na/#' +,d"6"# tran/+"t :" /t"ng pe #ale #,n$en1",nal) 7 art.A< :" C1 #,nd"1""le de 6,nd :" 6,r+ ale a#t l " - r"d"# n"lateral / nt #9r+ "te de legea alea/ de a t,r l / 7 art.C3 #,ntra#t l e/te g $ernat de legea alea/ pr"n #,n/en/ de pr1"

4. %plicarea le&ii civile asupra persoanelor

N,r+ele - r"d"#e #"$"le' 6""nd n,r+e ,!l"gat,r"" de #,nd "t' /e adre/ea>' @n pr"n#"p" ' ,r"#re" per/,ane 6">"#e /a - r"d"#e. S !"e#1"" de drept #"$"l a , $,"n1 - r"d"# egal' @n /en/ l # part"#"p la rap,rt r"le - r"d"#e #"$"le' de reg l n +a" p,tr"$"t #,n/"+1+9nt l " l"!er eBpr"+at. S ! a/pe#t l /6ere" / !"e#1"l,r de drept #r,ra l" /e adre/ea> legea #"$"l /e d"/t"ng r+t,arele #ateg,r"" de leg" #"$"leJ a) *e1i &ivi*e &u vo&a/ie 1enera*3 %e a'*i&are ' at9t per/,anel,r 6">"#e #9t :" per/,anel,r - r"d"#e. De eBe+pl ' n,r+ele - r"d"#e pre$> te @n %,d l #"$"l !) *e1i &ivi*e a'*i&a(i*e nu#ai 'ersoane*or 2i)i&e. De eBe+pl ' Legea nr.11<M1<<A pr"$"nd a#tele de /tare #"$"l' De#ret l nr.<C5MA= pr"$"nd n +ele et#. #) *e1i &ivi*e &u vo&a/ie %e a'*i&are nu#ai 'ersoane*or $uri%i&e. De eBe+pl ' De#ret l 31M1<54 @n #eea #e pr"$e:te per/,ana - r"d"#' Legea nr.31M1<<F pr"$"nd /,#"et1"le #,+er#"ale et#. Une,r" n,r+ele - r"d"#e #"$"le /e apl"# ne" anu#ite &ate1orii %e 'ersoane 2i)i&e sau $uri%i&e .de eBe+pl pre$eder"le d"n %,d l 6a+"l"e" re6er"t,are la +"n,r" :" ,#r,t"rea l,r).

53

CAPITOLUL IV

INTREPRETAREA NORMELOR JURIDICE DE DREPT CIVIL

1. Noiunea de interpretare a normelor 'uridice de drept civil

Pre#">area ele+entel,r #e 6,r+ea> ,!"e#t l "nterpretr"" pr,$,a# d"/# 1"" @n l"terat ra - r"d"# de /pe#"al"tate. Se $,r!e:te de G"nterpretarea leg""H' G"nterpretarea drept l "H :"' +a" re#ent' de G"nterpretarea n,r+el,r - r"d"#eH. D,#tr"na de drept #"$"l a prel at a#ea/t d"/p t' eBpr"+9nd 7 /e prer" d"6er"te # pr"$"re la /"ntag+a #are / de6"nea/# a#ea/t +ater"e. 3ntr7, ,p"n"e /e 6,r+ lea> Gin"erpre"area legii (i)ileH55' @ntr7, ,p"n"e #,ntrar Gin"erpre"area n rmel r $e $rep" (i)il H5A :" n a t,r pr,p ne Gin"erpre"area a("el r n rma"i)eH5C. Apre#"e+ # 6,r+ larea ?inter'retarea nor#e*or $uri%i&e %e %re't &ivi*@ e/te de pre6erat de,are#eJ 7 legea #"$"l' a#tele n,r+at"$e / nt an/a+!l r" de n,r+e - r"d"#e #"$"le 7 n,r+a - r"d"# e/te reg la de #,nd "t general :" a!/tra#t #e /e apl"# n,r /"t a1"" #,n#rete 7 pentr apl"#area n,r+e" - r"d"#e la /"t a1"" pra#t"#e /e "+p ne a /e ,!/er$a #e a d,r"t leg" "t,r l pr"n ed"#tarea e" Pr"n in"erpre"area n rmei .%ri$i(e /e deter+"n ( n#in%"%l' @n1ele/ l :" /6era /"t a1""l,r @n #are /e apl"#. 3= 2" a t,r"" #are de6"ne/# +ater"a pr"n /"ntag+a in"erpre"area legii (i)ileH / !l"n"a> eBpre/"/ $er!"/ # /e re6er la , pera#ie l gi( -.%ri$i(, ra#i nal, $e l,m%rire !i e>pli(are a ( n#in%"%l%i !i
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sens%l%i n rmei- 3n s( p%l %nei .%s"e apli(,ri 5< /a l,m%rirea 3n#eles%l%i e>a(" !i ( mple" al $isp +i#iil r n rma"i)eAF. 3ntr7, alt de6"n"1"e (interpretarea normelor juridice este o operaiune lo!ico)juridic. care se "ace dup anumite re!uli *i cu anumite metode speci"ice dreptului. ea constituind un moment necesar al aplicrii lui+A1. N. T"t le/# /p neaJ (a interpreta o le!e -nseamn a cuta soluia practic cea mai convenabil. Dn !enere. orice soluie juridic se ba,ea, pe o sum de in"ormaii acumulate din probele cau,ei *i pe ar!umente obinute din interpretare+A2. 3n #,n#l >"e' de6"n"1"a "nterpretr"" n,r+e" - r"d"#e #"$"le # pr"nde #el p 1"n r+t,arele ele+enteJ 7 e/te , etap ne#e/ar apl"#r"" n,r+e" - r"d"#e 7 /e ,!/er$ pr"n "nterpretare $,"n1a leg" "t,r l " 7 /#,p l "nterpretr"" e/te a#ela al apl"#r"" #,n$ena!"le' - /te a n,r+e" - r"d"#e la #a> r" pra#t"#e.

2. Necesitatea interpretrii normei 'uridice civile

N,r+ele - r"d"#e a n #ara#ter general' "+per/,nal' ele /e re6er la #a> r" "p,tet"#e. Apl"#area @n pra#t"#' la #a> r" #,n#rete' p ne pr,!le+e. De a"#"' #9te$a arg +ente #e "+p n # ne#e/"tate "nterpretarea n,r+e" - r"d"#e #"$"le. a) nor#a &ivi*3 nu 'oate &u'rin%e @n 6,r+ larea e"' ,r"#9t de pre#"/' varietatea re*a/ii*or so&ia*e &3rora *i se a'*i&3 . De/e,r" leg" "t,r l la data ela!,rr"" n,r+e" - r"d"#e n p,ate / pre$ad /"t a1""le n,"' #,n#rete #r,ra l" /e $,r apl"#a. De eBe+pl art.1FFF al"n.1 %,d #"$"l1 (suntem asemenea responsabili de prejudiciul cau,at prin "apta persoanelor pentru care suntem obli!ai a rspunde sau de lucrurile sub pa,a noastr+. In"1"al /7a apre#"at # reda#t,r"" %,d l " #"$"l a @n1ele/ a#ea/t 6,r+ lare / 6a# , "ntr,d #ere la 6,r+ele r/p nder"" #"$"le' en n1ate @n al"n.2'3 :" 4 :" art.1FF1 :" 1FF2 %,d #"$"l' ad"# #a> r"le r/p nder"" pentr 6apta alt "a .r/p ndere
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"nd"re#t I r/p nderea pr"n1"l,r pentr pre- d"#""le #a >ate de #,p"" l,r +"n,r"' r/p nderea #,+"ten1"l,r pentr pre- d"#""le #a >ate de prep :"" l,r @n eBer#"tarea 6 n#1""l,r @n#red"n1ate :" r/p nderea "n/t"t t,r"l,r :" +e/er"a:"l,r pentr pre- d"#""le #a >ate de ele$"" :" #en"#"" a6la1" / ! / pra$egDerea l,r) :" la r/p nderea pentr l%(r%rile (e s%n" s%' pa+a n as"r, .r/p nderea d"re#t I pentr pre- d"#""le #a >ate de an"+ale' re/pe#t"$ de r "narea ed"6"#" l "). T9r>" ' d p 1<4F / ! pre/" nea @n+ l1"r"" pre- d"#""l,r pr,$,#ate de +a:"n"' "n/tala1""' t"la-e' r+are a pr,gre/ l " teDn"# /7a de>$,ltat te,r"a r/p nder"" #"$"le del"#t ale pentr G6apta l #r l "H A3. !) Leg" "t,r l 6,r+ lea> n,r+a - r"d"# pr"n e>prim,ri generale' #e /e #er a 6" eBpl"#ate pentr a /e /ta!"l" pre#"/ da# , /"t a1"e #,n#ret /e / prap ne # ip "e+a n,r+e" - r"d"#e .ele+ent l #,+p,nent al n,r+e" - r"d"#e #are de/#r"e @+pre- rr"le @n #are /e apl"# reg la de #,nd "t). De eBe+pl n,r+a - r"d"# d"n art.1FFF al"n.4 %,d #"$"l #are pre$ede # / nt r/p n>t,r"J (institutorii *i arti,anii. de prejudiciul cau,at de elevii *i ucenicii lor. -n tot timpul ce se !sesc sub a lor prive!here+. D"n teBt n re> lt #e $9r/t a ele$"" :" #en"#"" pentr #are /e r/p nde. 3n l"terat ra de drept #"$"l #a r+are a "nterpretr"" teBt l " de lege /7a eBpr"+at prerea #a a#ea/t r/p ndere /e anga-ea> "nd"6erent de $9r/ta ele$"l,r :" #en"#"l,r. Ma-,r"tatea a t,r"l,r @n/ ,!/er$9nd :" teBt l #e r+ea>J (-n tot timpul ce se !sesc sub a lor privi!here+ @l "nterpretea> @n /en/ l # a#e/ta /e re6er la ele$" :" #en"#" +"n,r"' de,are#e n +a" +"n,r"" / nt / pra$egDea1". #) %ne ri (%)in"ele * l si"e $e legi%i" r @n reda#tarea n,r+e" - r"d"#e $i*er, $e sens%l $in ) r'irea (%ren", . De eBe+pl @n l"+!a- r"d"# ! n r"le / nt +,!"le :" pr"n deter+"narea leg""' n n +a" pr"n nat ra l,r .# + /e @n1elege @n l"+!a- l # rent)' # $9nt l ,!l"ga1"e are n /en/ d"6er"t de #el > al et#. Ma" + lt' a#ela:" # $9nt @n l"+!a- r"d"# are /e+n"6"#a1"" d"6er"te @n rap,rt de +ater"a - r"d"# la #are /e re6er. De eBe+pl # $9nt l Gter1H' @n +ater"e #,ntra#t al' @n/ea+n ,r"#e alt per/,an @n a6ara pr1"l,r #,ntra#tante' :" @n +ater"e de r/p ndere #"$"l del"#t al ,r"#e per/,an @n a6ara p9r9t l "' a $"#t"+e" :" a per/,ane" pentr #are /e r/p nde.
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De a#eea' e/te de pre6erat #a leg" "t,r l / de6"nea/# @n n,r+a - r"d"# #"$"l n,1" n"le # #are ,perea>. A:a , 6a#e de eBe+pl @n art.= al"n.3 d"n Legea nr.1=M1<<1 pr"$"nd 6,nd l 6 n#"ar nde /ta!"le:te / pra6a1a +aB"+ de teren #e /e p,ate atr"! " @n pr,pr"etate ne" 6a+"l""J (prin "amilie se -nele! soii *i copiii necstorii. dac !ospodresc -mpreun cu prinii lor.+ d) ter#enii 2o*osi/i de leg" "t,r / nt i#'re&i0i, 2or#u*3ri*e ne&*are, e&5ivo&e+ De eBe+pl @n art.2 al"n.3 d"n Legea nr.54M1<<= pr"$"nd #"r# la1"a - r"d"# a teren r"l,r /e pre$ede /an#1" nea Gred #1" n""H a#t l " - r"d"# pr"n #are /7a dep:"t l"+"ta de 2FF Da teren agr"#,l @n e#D"$alent ara!"l' de 6a+"l"e. Ter+en l de Gred #1" neH $">ea> n l"tatea a#t l " - r"d"# :" n"#"de# + "n/t"t 1"a red #1" n"" / ##e/,rale.

3. (ormele interpretrii normelor 'uridice civile

3n 6 n#1"e de #al"tatea "nterpret l "' "nterpretarea n,r+e" - r"d"#e #"$"le p,ate 6" ,6"#"al :" ne,6"#"al. A+ Inter'retarea o2i&ia*3J e/te "nterpretarea 6# t de ,rgan l #are a e+"/ n,r+a - r"d"# #"$"l .Parla+ent' ; $ern' #,n/"l" l l,#al et#.) :" /e n +e:te in"erpre"are a%"en"i(,. Ea e/te general :" ,!l"gat,r"e erga ,+ne/ :" @+!ra# 6,r+a n,r+el,r - r"d"#e "nterpretat"$e. A're&ie# # e/te t,t "nterpretare ,6"#"al .ter+en l de o"icial a$9nd n alt @n1ele/ de#9t a#ela de +a" / / #9nd "nterpretarea era 6# t de ,rgan l #are a e+"/ n,r+a - r"d"# #"$"l) :" in"erpre"area (a+%al, nde /"ntag+a G,6"#"alH de/e+nea> p terea ,!l"gat,r"e a re> ltat l " la #are a a- n/ "nterpret l I "n/tan1a de - de#at /a ,rganele ad+"n"/tra1"e" de /tat I ,p,>a!"l pr1"l,r @n #,n6l"#te ."nter parte/). P n#t l n,/tr de $edere /e pare # e/te / /1"n t @n d,#tr"nJ G$nterpretarea o"icial poate "i !rupat *i ea -n interpretare !eneral care este "cut de ctre un or!an de stat 4/' care a "ost -mputernicit s elabore,e norme juridice 4-n acest ca, vorbim de interpretare autentic' 4/' se "ace prin acte normative *i are un caracter !eneral obli!atoriu.+ A#e/ta e/te de 6apt n $e#D" pr"n#"p" al drept l "' apr t @n drept l r,+an' p,tr"$"t #r "a Gcine edictea, le!ea o *i
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interpretea, 4/' *i in"erpre"area (a+%al,. "cut de or!anul de aplicare a dreptului care se re"er la un ca, concret. Subiectele care "ac aceast "orm de interpretare sunt instanele judectore*ti *i or!anele administraiei de stat 4/' este obli!atorie numai pentru o anumit cau, concretH A4. %rede+ # 6,r+ larea G in"erpre"are (a+%al,H e/te #ea #,re#t. ,+ Inter'retarea neo2i&ia*3 e/te 6# t de per/,ane #are n a #al"tatea de ,rgane ale /tat l ". Ea n e/te ,!l"gat,r"e' $al,area e" #,n/t9nd @n te+e"n"#"a anal">e" :t""n1"6"#e :" $al,area ra1",na+ent l " pe #are /e @nte+e"a>. Interpretarea d,#tr"nar /a "nterpretarea :t""n1"6"# e/te 6# t de ,a+en" de :t""n1' #er#ett,r"' #adre d"da#t"#e' /pe#"al":t" @n d,+en" l drept l " #"$"l @n art"#,le' /t d""' +,n,gra6""' et#. :" "n6l en1ea> de/e,r" pr,#e/ l de ela!,rare a n,r+el,r - r"d"#e #"$"le.A5 G5a nu obli! pe judector. dar serve*te. prin ar!umentele pe care le "ormulea,. la aplicarea unitar a le!ii. poate servi ca mijloc de per"ecionare a le!islaiei prin propunerile de le!e "erenda H. Du'3 re)u*tatu* o(/inut %e inter'ret #a r+are a "nter7 pretr"" n,r+e" - r"d"#e #"$"le d"/t"nge+J "nterpretarea l"teral' eBten/"$ :" re/tr"#t"$. C+ Inter'retarea *itera*3 .@n l"tera leg"" /a /tr"#t)J Interpret l de/#,per #,n1"n t l n,r+e" - r"d"#e a:a # + a 6,/t @n1ele/ :" 6,r+ lat de leg" "t,r pr"n eBpre/""le d"n teBt l legal' @n1elege # n,r+a - r"d"# /e apl"# la a#elea:" /"t a1"" pe #are le7a a$ t @n $edere leg" "t,r l. Pra#t"# e/te , "dent"tate @ntre 6,r+ larea teBt l " n,r+e" - r"d"#e :" #,n1"n t l e". A/t6el "nterpret l n eBt"nde :" n"#" n re/tr9nge @n1ele/ l n,r+e" - r"d"#e. De eBe+pl art.<C= %,d #"$"lJ G#9nd , #la > .n.a. 7 @ntr7 n #,ntra#t) e/te pr"$"t,are a d, @n1ele/ r"' ea /e "nterpretea> @n /en/ l #e p,ate a$ea n e6e#t' "ar n @n a#ela @n #are n7ar pr,d #e n"#" n lH. Interpret l @n1elege # @nt,tdea na @n #a> l n " #,ntra#t #la >a .#,nd"1""le) /ta!"l"t de pr1" $a pr,d #e e6e#te .#,n/e#"n1e) - r"d"#e'

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de,are#e #,#,ntra#tan1"" a d,r"t a#e/t l #r @n +,+ent l @n#De"er"" #,ntra#t l ". Interpretarea l"teral n /e #,n6 nd # "nterpretarea gra+at"#al. A#ea/ta d"n r+ e/te , +et,d general de "nterpretare' pr"n #are "nterpret l de/l :e:te $,"n1a leg" "t,r l " d"n anal">a +,r6,l,g"# :" /"nta#t"# a # $"ntel,r a:e>ate @n pr,p,>"1"" :" 6ra>e #are al#t "e/# teBt l n,r+e" - r"d"#e. Pr"n 6,l,/"rea +et,de" gra+at"#ale "nterpret l p,ate @n 6"nal / real">e>e , "nterpretare l"teral' dar @n a#ela:" t"+p :" na eBten/"$ /a re/tr"#t"$. D+ Inter'retarea e.tensiv3 >4n s'iritu* *e1ii 2J are #a re> ltat apl"#area leg"" la /"t a1"" +a" n +er,a/e de#9t #ele #e par / re> lte d"n teBt l leg"". Interpret l eBt"nde /6era de apl"#are a leg""' de,are#e #,n/tat # 6,r+ larea n,r+e" - r"d"#e e/te +a" re/tr9n/ de#9t a "nten1",nat leg" "t,r l. (De aceea. pentru a reali,a intenia le!iuitorului *i scopul normei/.or!anul care aplic norma -i atribuie un sens mai lar! dec2t re,ult din "ormulare+.A5 %a> r" #9nd n /e ad+"t "nterpretr" eBten/"$eJ 7 #9nd legea # pr"nde , en +erare l"+"tat"$ a @+pre- rr"l,r @n #are /e p,ate apl"#a. De eBe+pl art.1FF2 %,d #"$"lJ (Proprietarul unui edi"iciu este responsabil pentru prejudiciul cau,at prin ruina edi"iciului. c2nd ruina este urmarea lipsei de -ntreinere sau a unui viciu de construcieH. En +erarea teBt l " legal l"+"t9nd 7/e la #ele d, @+pre- rr"' @n n"#" , alt @+pre- rare pr,pr"etar l n " ed"6"#" n e/te re/p,n/a!"l pentr pre- d"#" l #a >at pr"n r "na ed"6"#" l ". 7 #9nd n,r+a - r"d"# /ta!"le:te , eB#ep1"e de la reg la general' de,are#e , reg l /pe#"6"# de "nterpretare a n,r+e" - r"d"#e #"$"le e/te :" a#eea # eB#ep1""le / nt de /tr"#t "nterpretare .eB#ept", e/t /tr"#t"//"+ae "nterpretat",n"/). De eBe+pl @n teBt l art.1<F< te>a I %,d #"$"l /e "n/t"t "e reg la general #,n6,r+ #re"a l #r r"le +":#t,are /e pre/#r" pr"n 6apt l p,/e/" n"" l,r' 6r / 6"e tre! "n1 de $re, # rgere de t"+p. 3n te>a a II7a /e "n/t"t "e eB#ep1"aJ (Cu toate acestea. cel ce a pierdut sau cel crui s)a "urat un lucru poate s)l revendice 4n.a. ) prin aciune -n justiie s cear restituirea bunului'. -n curs de 3 ani. din ,iua c2nd l)a pierdut sau c2nd i s)a "urat. de la cel la care)l !se*te+. A:adar pr,pr"etar l l #r l " +,!"l p"erd t /a
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6 rat I /e re# n,a:te p,/"!"l"tatea re$end"#r"" ! n l " @n ter+en l general de pre/#r"p1"e de 3 an"' @n t,ate #elelalte #a> r" 6 n#1",n9nd "+pre/#r"!"l"tatea. 7 #9nd n,r+a - r"d"# /ta!"le:te pre> +1"". P,tr"$"t art.12FF %,d #"$"lJ GS nt pre> +1"" legale a#elea #are / nt deter+"nate /pe#"al pr"n legeH. Drept r+are' pre> +1""le legale an +e pre$> te @ntr7 n teBt de lege n p,t 6" "nterpretate eBten/"$' pe #ale de anal,g"e .a/e+nare). E+ Inter'retarea restri&tiv3J Interpret l re/tr9ngere /6erea /"t a1""l,r la #are /e apl"# n,r+a - r"d"#' #,+parat"$ # #ea a$ t @n $edere de leg" "t,r. Pra#t"# "nterpret l #,n/tat # 6,r+ larea teBt l " legal e/te prea larg' @n rap,rt # "p,te>ele a$ te @n $edere de leg" "t,r. De eBe+pl ' art.11=2 %,d #"$"l pr"$"t,r la d,!9nd"rea date" #erte arat # n @n/#r"/ / ! /e+nt r pr"$at d,!9nde:te dat #ert :" e/te ,p,>a!"l ter1"l,r (din ,iua -n care a "ost -n"i*at la o instituie de statH. 3ntr7, ,p"n"e' 6,r+ larea @n teBt l leg"" (a "ost -n"i*at la o instituie de stat+ (este susceptibil de o interpretare restrictiv. -n sensul c simpla -n"i*are 4pre,entare' a -nscrisului nu este su"icient. ci ar "i necesar ca -nscrisul s "ie -nre!istrat la acea autoritate. ori ca pe -nscris s se "ac o meniune despre data pre,entrii. meniune certi"icat de autoritatea respectiv+ AC. Une,r" a#eea:" n,r+ - r"d"# #"$"l e/te "nterpretat @n d,#tr"n :" pra#t"#a - d"#"ar 6"e eBten/"$ 6"e re/tr"#t"$. De eBe+pl ' art.1FFF al"n.3 %,d #"$"l #are /ta!"le:te r/p nderea #,+"tet l " pentr pre- d"#""le #a >ate de prep / l / a dat na:tere ne" $"" #,ntr,$er/e @n legt r # 6,r+ lareaJ G -n "unciile ce li s)au -ncredinat H' #,nd"1"e /pe#"al a r/p nder"". 3ntr7, ,p"n"e' pr"n "nterpretare re/tr"#t"$ /7a @n1ele/ # teBt l /e re6er la /$9r:"rea 6apte" "l"#"te @n "ntere/ l #,+"tent l " /a / eB"/te #el p 1"n aparen1a # ea e/te /$9r:"t @n "ntere/ l #,+"tent l ".A= 3ntr7, alt ,p"n"e' teBt l /7a "nterpretat eBten/"$' r/p nderea 6""nd atra/ :" #9nd prep / l a /$9r:"t 6apta pre- d"#"a!"l dep:"nd

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6 n#1""le /ta!"l"te de #,+"tent' pr"n de$"ere de la a#e/tea. A+!ele ,p"n"" /e reg/e/# @n /,l 1"" ale "n/tan1el,r de - de#at. A<

4. )etodele de interpretare
Interpretarea n,r+e" - r"d"#e #"$"le e/te n pr,#e/ de anal"> a teBt l " leg"" #e /e 6"nal">ea> # /ta!"l"rea "p,te>e"' d"/p,>"1"e" :" /an#1" n"" n,r+e" - r"d"#e' a / !"e#1"l,r de drept #r,ra /e adre/ea>' a drept r"l,r :" ,!l"ga1""l,r #e le re$"n a#e/t,ra' a e6e#tel,r - r"d"#e #e /e pr,d # @n #a> l nere/pe#tr"" e". 3n a#e/t pr,#e/ "nterpret l re# rge la +et,de /ta!"l"te de d,#tr"n' #e #,nd # la /ta!"l"rea @n1ele/ l " n,r+e" - r"d"#e. Pr"n me" $, $e in"erpre"are @n1elege+ pr,#edeele :" +"-l,a#ele 6,l,/"te pentr de/#,per"rea #,n1"n t l " pre$eder"l,r n,r+el,r - r"d"#e @n /#,p l apl"#r"" l,r la #a> r" #,n#rete. a2 Me" $a grama"i(al,0 Interpret l apl"# reg l"le gra+at"#"" la teBt l n,r+e" - r"d"#e' anal">ea> +,r6,l,g"# :" /"nta#t"# pr,p,>"1""le :" 6ra>ele teBt l " leg""' ,!/er$ legt ra @ntre # $"nte :" 6ra>e. Met,da gra+at"#al pre/ p ne :" /ta!"l"rea /en/ l " # $"ntel,r @n #are /e eBpr"+ n,r+a. 3n "p,te>a #9nd teBt l n,r+e" - r"d"#e "nter#alea> @ntre # $"nte part"# la G:"H n,r+a "+p ne #,nd"1"" # + lat"$e' "ar #9nd "nter#alea> part"# la /a M,r"' n,r+a /e re6er la #,nd"1"" alternat"$e. De eBe+pl ' @n art.13 De#ret l 31M1<54 /e pre$edeJ (domiciliul unei persoane "i,ice este acela unde ea -*i are locuina statornic sau principal+. A:adar #9nd per/,ana are +a" + lte l,# "n1e' d,+"#"l" l $a 6" la l,# "n1a pr"n#"pal' da# are , /"ng r l,# "n1' a#,l, $a 6" :" d,+"#"l" l. '2 Me" $a sis"ema"i(,. Interpret l de/l :e:te @n1ele/ l n,r+e" - r"d"#e @n #,nteBt l a#t l " n,r+at"$ d"n #are 6a#e parte /a pr"n legt r"le # n,r+e - r"d"#e d"n alt a#t n,r+at"$.
A<

A1

De eBe+pl ' pentr a @n1elege teBt l art.= d"n De#ret l 31MN54 pr"$"nd per/,anele 6">"#e :" - r"d"#eJ (min r%l care se cstore*te dob2nde*te. prin aceasta. capacitatea deplin de e9erciiu H' /e apelea> la n,r+a - r"d"# d"n art.4 %,d l (a+"l"e"J (#rbatul se poate cstori numai dup -mplinirea v2rstei de 1C ani. iar "emeia dac a -mplinit 1E ani sau dup ca,. 13 ani+. A:adar n +a" 6e+e"a /e p,ate #/t,r" a$9nd $9r/ta +"n,r"t1"" ./ ! 1= an") :" de#" ter+en l G+"n,rH d"n art.= /e re6er d,ar la 6e+e"a +"n,r #are /e #/t,re:te. Met,da /"/te+at"# de "nterpretare /e 6,l,/e:te :" at n#" #9nd "ntere/ea> d,+en" l de apl"#are a n,r+e" - r"d"#eJ e/te , n,r+ general /a , n,r+ /pe#"al. 3n a#e/t de+er/ /e re/pe#t reg laJ n,r+a /pe#"al der,g de la n,r+a general I /pe#"al"a general"! / der,gant. (2 Me" $a l gi(,. E/te +et,da #are /ta!"le:te @n1ele/ l n,r+e" - r"d"#e pr"n 6,l,/"rea leg"l,r l,g"#""' !a>9nd 7/e pe ra1",na+ente "nd #t"$e :" ded #t"$e. Reg l"le de "nterpretare l,g"# / ntJ 7 e9cepia este de strict interpretare *i aplicare .eB#ept", e/t /tr"#t"//"+ae "nterpretat",n"/). %9nd legea /ta!"le:te , eB#ep1"e de la reg l ea n p,ate 6" apl"#at @n @+pre- rr"le #e n / nt pre$> te de lege. A/t6el' art.<C4 %,d #"$"l /ta!"le:teJ G%red"t,r"" p,t eBer#"ta t,ate drept r"le :" a#1" n"le de!"t,r l "' a6ar de a#elea #are @" / nt eB#l /"$ per/,nale.H A:adar' #red"t,r"" eBer#"t n +a" a#1" n"le # #ara#ter patr"+,n"al' eB#l /"$ #ele per/,nale ale de!"t,r l "' #a de eBe+pl a#1" nea @n re# n,a:terea patern"t1"" #,p"l l " n/# t d"n a6ara #/t,r"e". 7 unde le!ea nu distin!e. nici interpretul nu trebuie s distin! . !" leB n,n d"/t"ng "t' ne# n,/ d"/t"ng ere de!e+,/). A/t6el' art.14 al"n.1 d"n De#ret l nr.31M1<54 pre$edeJ (domiciliul minorului este la prinii si sau la acela din prini la care el locuie*te statornicH. Ter+en l de Gmin rH n per+"te "nterpret l " / d"/t"ng @ntre +"n,r l / ! 14 an" .l"p/"t de #apa#"tate de eBer#"1" ) /a @ntre 147 1= an" .#are are #apa#"tate re/tr9n/ de eBer#"1" ).
A2

7 normele juridice se interpretea, -n sensul -n care ele produc e"ecte. "ar n @n /e/n l @n #are ele n7ar pr,d #e n"#" n e6e#t .a#t / "nterpretand / e/t p,t" / t $aleat' P a+ t pereat). Reg la a 6,/t prel at d"n +ater"a #,ntra#tel,r :" ap," eBt"n/ la "nterpretarea n,r+el,r drept l " #"$"l. P,tr"$"t art.<C= %,d #"$"lJ Gc2nd o clau, este primitoare de dou -nelesuri. ea se interpretea, -n sensul ce poate avea un e"ect. iar nu -n acela ce n)ar putea produce nici unulH. 7 le!ea special dero! de la le!ea !eneral ./pe#"al"a general"! / der,gant) 7 reg la , repre>"nt legea general :" eB#ep1"a legea /pe#"al. A/t6el' @n art.2C al"n.1 d"n %,n/t"t 1"e /e d"/p neJ (Domiciliul *i re*edina sunt inviolabile. ?imeni nu poate ptrunde sau rm2ne -n domiciliu sau -n re*edina unei persoane "r -nvoirea acesteia .H A#ea/ta e/te legea general. 3n al"n.2 /e pre#">ea> /"t a1""le @n #are Gse poate dero!a prin le!eH. Legea #e /e $a ela!,ra :" #are # pr"nde /"t a1""le #9nd /e p,ate ptr nde :" r+9ne @n d,+"#"l" e/te , lege /pe#"al #e der,g de la legea general. C1 Arg%men"ele in"erpre",rii l gi(e s%n"@ a) per a ( n"rari J Or" de #9te ,r" teBt l de lege pre$ede n l #r ' /e pre> + # el neag #,ntrar" l. A/t6el' art.<A< al"n.2 %,d #"$"l pre$edeJ (ele 4conveniile' se pot revoca prin consimm2ntul mutual sau din cau,e autori,ate de le!e H. Interpretarea a#e/t " teBt pr"n arg +ent l per a #,ntrar", #,nd #e la #,n#l >"a # a#e/tea n p,t 6" re$,#ate pr"n +an"6e/tarea n"lateral de $,"n1 a ne" pr1" #,ntra#tante. !) a * r"i ri ra"i ne .# at9t +a" + lt). Interpretarea pr"n arg +ent l a 6,rt",r" eBt"nde apl"#area n,r+e" - r"d"#e :" la @+pre- rr" nepre$> te @n "p,te>' #9nd arg +entele #are a d / la ad,ptarea n,r+e" /e reg/e/# # +a" + lt p tere @n @+pre- rarea re/pe#t"$. A/t6el' /7a /ta!"l"t # da# > #ap" nea e/te n +,d de d,!9nd"re a pr,pr"et1"" # at9t +a" + lt .a 6,rt",r" rat",ne) > #ap" nea e/te :" n +,d de d,!9nd"re a n " de>+e+!r+9nt al drept l " de pr,pr"etate .de eBe+pl ' drept l de > 6r #t et#.).
C1

A3

#) a pari .de anal,g"e) I !" eade+ e/t rat",' eade+ leB e//e de!et' nde e/te a#eea:" ra1" ne a leg""' a#,l, tre! "e apl"#at a#eea:" d"/p,>"1"e a leg"". A:adar' n,r+a - r"d"# pre$> t pentr , an +"t @+pre- rare tre! "e apl"#at la #a> r" "dent"#e /a a/e+nt,are . Potrivit art.3 Cod civil1 (judectorul care va re"u,a de a judeca. sub cuv2nt c le!ea nu prevede sau este -ntunecat sau ne-ndestultoare. va putea "i urmrit ca culpabil de dene!are de dreptate+ ' l #r #e7" per+"te - de#t,r l " / apele>e la arg +ent l a par" #9nd #a> l #,n#ret n e/te pre$> t de n,r+a - r"d"#. De pre#">at # arg +ent l a pari e/te relat"$ pentr # 6,l,/"rea n " teBt de lege la /"t a1" "dent"#e' a/e+nt,are' tre! "e / a"! @n $edere :" de,/e!"r"le d"ntre a#e/tea :" /"t a1"a eBpre/ regle+entat de lege. De a/e+enea' reg la #,n6,r+ #re"a n,r+ele /pe#"ale / nt de /tr"#t "nterpretare n per+"te apl"#area pr"n anal,g"e. A/t6el' reg l"le - r"d"#e #e regle+entea> #,ntra#t l de rent $"ager 7In,r+e - r"d"#e /pe#"ale I n /e $,r apl"#a #,ntra#t l " de @ntre1"nere .#,ntra#t nen +"t' neregle+entat de legea #"$"l) de:" @ntre #ele d, #,ntra#te eB"/t a/e+nr". %,ntra#t l de @ntre1"nere e/te regle+entat de reg l"le generale d"n te,r"a general a ,!l"ga1""l,r. d) arg%men"%l re$%(erii la a's%r$ I red #t", ad a!/ rd +' / !l"n"a> # n +a" , /"ng r /,l 1"e e/te de ad+"/' pentr #' ra1",nal' , alt /,l 1"e e/te a!/ rd' "l,g"#. $2 Me" $a "ele l gi(, .tele,/Q/#,p' l,g,/Q/t d""). Interpret l /ta!"le:te @n1ele/ l' #,n1"n t l n,r+e" - r"d"#e pr"n r+r"rea /#,p l " a$ t @n $edere de leg" "t,r la ela!,rarea teBt l " legal. Pentr a6larea /#,p l " @n #are leg" "t,r l a ela!,rat n,r+a - r"d"# /e anal">ea> #,nd"1""le "n"1"at"$e" leg"/lat"$e' 6,r+a "n"1"al a pr,"e#t l " a#t l " n,r+at"$' eBp nerea de +,t"$e #e pre6a1ea> #,n1"n t l a#t l " n,r+at"$' de>!ater"le parla+entare et#. e2 Me" $a is" ri(,. Interpret l /ta!"le:te /en/ l n,r+e" - r"d"#e d"n anal">a #,nd"1""l,r #,n#ret "/t,r"#e #are a generat e+"terea n,r+e" - r"d"#e #"$"le. A#e/tea /e reg/e/# @n eBp nerea de +,t"$e ale a#t l " n,r+at"$.
A4

CAPITOLUL V

RAPORTUL JURIDIC CIVIL

1.

Definiia raportului 'uridic civil

Rap,rt l - r"d"# @n general e/te rela1"a /,#"al regle+entat de n,r+a - r"d"#. Dat,r"t a#e/te" regle+entr"' rela1"a /,#"al pr"+e:te #ara#ter - r"d"# :" d,!9nde:te 6,r+a de rap,rt - r"d"#. C3 Rap,rt r"le - r"d"#e / nt regle+entate de d"$er/e n,r+e - r"d"#eJ #,n/t"t 1",nale' penale' de drept ad+"n"/trat"$' de drept l 6a+"l"e" et#. Rap,rt r"le - r"d"#e regle+entate de n,r+e - r"d"#e #"$"le / nt rap,rt r" - r"d"#e #"$"le.C4 3ntr7, alt 6,r+ lare' @n e/en1 a#eea:" Grap,rt l - r"d"# #"$"l e/te rela1"a /,#"al regle+entat de n,r+a de drept #"$"l.H C5 3n nan"+"tate' a t,r"" de drept #"$"l pre#">ea> # rela1""le /,#"ale regle+entate de drept l #"$"l / ntJ 7 rela1""le /,#"ale patr"+,n"ale .de pr,pr"etate' de ,!l"ga1""' de / ##e/" ne et#.) 7 rela1"" /,#"ale nepatr"+,n"ale .per/,anele eBtrapatr"+,n"ale) @n #are /e +an"6e/t "nd"$"d al"tatea per/,ane". De6"n"1"a rap,rt l " - r"d"# #"$"l / !l"n"a>J 7 rap,rt l - r"d"# #"$"l e/te a#ea rela1"e /,#"al #are are nat r patr"+,n"al /a nepatr"+,n"al 7 rela1"a /,#"al patr"+,n"al /a nepatr"+,n"al e/te regle+entat de n,r+a - r"d"# #"$"l.

C3 C4 C5

A5

2. *aracterele 'uridice ale raportului 'uridic civil

a) es"e %n rap r" s (ial' 6""nd , rela1"e /,#"al regle+entat de n,r+a - r"d"# #"$"l' el /e /ta!"le:te @nt,tdea na @ntre ,a+en"' pr"$"1" "nd"$"d al' @n #al"tate de per/,ane 6">"#e /a pr"$"1" @n #,le#t"$"tatea #e , al#t "e/#' @n #al"tate de per/,ane - r"d"#e. 3n d,#tr"na 6ran#e> :" ap," :" la n," /7a / /1"n t te>a' p,tr"$"t #re"a' @n #a> l drept l " de pr,pr"etate rap,rt l - r"d"# #"$"l /e /ta!"le:te @ntre pr,pr"etar :" l #r l / ' la #are /e re6er drept l / . Ar @n/e+na # rap,rt l - r"d"# #"$"l /7ar @n#De"a @ntre , per/,an I pr,pr"etar l' :" l #r l a/ pra #r "a eBer#"t a#e/t drept. (apt l # e/te G, a!/ rd"tate a#ea/t te> CAH re> lt d"n r+t,areleJ 7 n,r+a de drept regle+entea> rela1""le @ntre ,a+en"' #,nd "ta ,a+en"l,r' #D"ar da# #,nd "ta e/te @n legt r # an +"te l #r r" :" n"#"de# + #,nd "ta l #r r"l,r. G% admite ast"el. -nseamn a admite c le!ea poate re!lementa conduita lucrurilor. c deci. este posibil s se poat institui o obli!aie -n sarcina lucrurilor. ceea ce este o absurditate H' /p ne N. T"t le/# . 7 rap,rt l - r"d"# /e 6,r+ea> pr"ntr7 n a#,rd de $,"n1 al pr1"l,r' de #ele +a" + lte ,r". 3n "p,te>a # rap,rt l - r"d"# /e /ta!"le:te @ntre ,+ :" l #r ' @n/ea+n # l #r l ar 6" / !"e#t al rap,rt l " - r"d"# #"$"l' #,n#l >"e "nad+"/"!"l .l #r l n p,ate a$ea $,"n1 pr,pr"e). Rap,rt l de pr,pr"etate e/te n rap,rt - r"d"# #"$"l #e /e /ta!"le:te @ntre t"t lar l drept l " de pr,pr"etate :" t,1" #e"lal1"' #r,ra le re$"ne ,!l"ga1"a negat"$ de a n 6a#e n"+"# de nat r a /t9n-en" pe pr,pr"etar / eBer#"te a#e/t drept. (,r+ larea 6re#$ent 6,l,/"t Greg"+ l - r"d"# al ! n r"l,rH /e re6er la reg l"le - r"d"#e pr"$"t,are la #,nd "ta ,a+en"l,r # pr"$"re la l #r r".

CA

AA

!) (ara("er%l $%'l% ) l%#i nal Rap,rt l - r"d"# #"$"l are #ara#ter $,l 1",nal pentr # e/te regle+entat de lege. Or" legea repre+in", ) in#,' #ea a leg" "t,r l "' #are @n pr,#e/ l de leg"6erare d eBpre/"e $,"n1e" ,a+en"l,r n " /tat' repre>enta1" @n a#e/t pr,#e/ #a r+are a aleger"l,r. Rap,rt l - r"d"# #"$"l #are ">$,r:te d"n a#tele - r"d"#e #"$"le' la 6el #a ,r"#e alt rap,rt - r"d"#' are #ara#ter $,l 1",nal' de,are#e /e na:te n +a" pr"n +an"6e/tarea de ) in#, a p,r#il r /a #el p 1"n a ne"a d"ntre ele. A/t6el' @n a#e/te rap,rt r" - r"d"#e /e @nt9lne/# $,"n1a leg" "t,r l " eBpr"+at @n n,r+a - r"d"# #are 6"Bea> +,d l # + /e na:te' +,d"6"#' tran/+"te /a /t"nge n rap,rt - r"d"# #,n#ret :" $,"n1a pr1"l,r #,ntra#tante #are @n1eleg / /e lege d"n p n#t de $edere - r"d"#. 3n d,#tr"n /e $,r!e:te de G (ara("er%l $%'l% ) l%#i nalH .,r" G$%'l% (ara("er ) l%#i nalH) al rap,rt l " - r"d"# #"$"l. #) p +i#ia $e egali"a"e a p,r#il r 3n ra+ r"le drept l " pr"$at' @nde,/e!" @n drept l #"$"l' / !"e#1"" rap,rt l " - r"d"# a , p,>"1"e egal' @n /en/ l # $,"n1ele - r"d"#e ale l,r / nt egale. N"#" na d"n pr1" n p,ate / "+p n $,"n1a /a #ele"lalte $,"n1e' n +a" de #,+ n a#,rd ele p,t da# d,re/# / @n#De"e' / +,d"6"#e /a / /t"ng n rap,rt - r"d"# #"$"l. Egal"tatea $,"n1el,r - r"d"#e /a p,>"1"a - r"d"# de egal"tate are n #,n1"n t d"6er"t de egal"tatea @n 6a1a leg""' n,1" ne de/ 6,l,/"t @n ra+ r"le drept l " p !l"#' nde /e /ta!"le/# rap,rt r" - r"d"#e @n #are pr1"le /e a6l @ntr7, p,>"1"e de / !,rd,nare' /tat l parte a rap,rt l " @+p n9nd 7 :" @nt,tdea na #,nd "ta #ele"lalte pr1". Egal"tatea - r"d"# a $,"n1el,r pr1"l,r rap,rt l " - r"d"# #"$"l eB#l de / !,rd,narea @ntre pr1"le rap,rt l " - r"d"#. Ideea e/te ade$rat :" @n #a> l rap,rt r"l,r - r"d"#e #"$"le /ta!"l"te @n #,ntra#tele de ade>" ne. De:" na d"n pr1" @:" "+p ne $,"n1a' /ta!"l"nd #,n1"n t l rap,rt l " - r"d"# .eB"/ten1a :" @nt"nderea drept r"l,r :" ,!l"ga1""l,r #e re$"n #ele"lalte pr1")' de eBe+pl #,ntra#tele de t"l"t1" p !l"#e I de 6 rn">are ap' ga>' ele#tr"#"tate' tele6,n' #a!l T& et#. #ealalt parte e/te l"!er / @n#De"e /a n a/e+enea #,ntra#te.

AC

3. Structura raportului 'uridic civil

Rap,rt l - r"d"# #"$"l # pr"nde r+t,arele ele+enteJ a) s%'ie(#ii /a pr1"le rap,rt l " - r"d"# #"$"l' ad"# per/,anele 6">"#e :" - r"d"#e @ntre #are /e /ta!"le:te rap,rt l - r"d"# #"$"l !) ( n#in%"%l' al#t "t d"n drept r"le / !"e#t"$e :" ,!l"ga1""le pr1"l,r. De eBe+pl ' de #,+ n a#,rd pr1"le @ntr7 n #,ntra#t de $9n>are7# +prare /ta!"le/# #e drept r" :" ,!l"ga1"" a 6"e#areJ a/t6el' predarea l #r l " p,ate 6" #,n$en"t la , alt dat de#9t #ea a pl1"" pre1 l "' predarea pre1 l " /e /ta!"le:te / /e 6a# @ntr7 n n +r de rate /a la , a tre"a per/,an' #Delt "el"le de tran/p,rt ale ! n l " # +prat / 6"e / p,rtate de #tre na d"n pr1" et#. A/t6el' # +prt,r l p,ate a$ea r+t,arele drepturiJ 7 / pr"+ea/# ! n l d p #e a predat pre1 l /a n +r l de rate #,n$en"t 7 / #ear re/t"t "rea #Delt "el"l,r de tran/p,rt a$an/ate' de la $9n>t,r' da# a:a /7a /ta!"l"t sau obli!aiiJ 7 / pltea/# #Delt "el"le de tran/p,rt ,#a>",nate # tran/p,rt l ! n l " # +prat da# a:a /7a /ta!"l"t et#. Real">area @n pra#t"# a #,n1"n t l " rap,rt l " - r"d"#' de#" a drept r"l,r :" ,!l"ga1""l,r pr1"l,r /e 6a#e pr"n ,!"e#t l rap,rt l " - r"d"#. #) 'ie("%l' pr"n #are @n1elege+ a#1" nea /a "na#1" nea .pre/ta1"a) pe #are , parte a rap,rt l " - r"d"# ./ !"e#t l pa/"$) are ,!l"ga1"a / , /$9r:ea/#' de,are#e #ealalt parte ./ !"e#t l a#t"$) e/te @ndrept1"t / , pret"nd. De eBe+pl ' 6a#e parte d"n ,!"e#t l rap,rt l " - r"d"# ,!l"ga1"a predr"" ! n l " d p plata a 3 rate d"n #ele 5 .a#1" nea de a da ! n l) de #tre $9n>t,r' de,are#e # +prt,r l are drept l / #ear predarea l #r l " pentr # a+!"" a #,n$en"t a/ pra a#e/t " 6apt.

A=

A0 S%'ie(#ii rap r"%l%i .%ri$i( (i)il N,1" nea de s%'ie(" al rap,rt l " - r"d"# #"$"l @n/ea+n atr"! t l' #al"tatea' p,/"!"l"tatea de a 6" t"t lar l drept r"l,r :" ,!l"ga1""l,r #e al#t "e/# #,n1"n t l rap,rt l " - r"d"# #"$"l. S !"e#1"" rap,rt l " - r"d"# / ntJ 7 per/,anele 6">"#e' den +"te :" s%'ie("e in$i)i$%ale de drept #"$"l 7 per/,anele - r"d"#e' #are / nt s%'ie("e ( le("i)e de drept #"$"l. Per/,ana 6">"# e/te ,+ l' pr"$"t #a t"t lar de drept r" :" ,!l"ga1"" #"$"le. Per/,ana - r"d"# e/te #,le#t"$"tatea #are @ndepl"n"nd #,nd"1""le leg"" .are , /tr #t r ,rgan">at,r"# "ntern' n patr"+,n" pr,pr" ' d"/t"n#t de #el al ,a+en"l,r #are , #,+p n :" n /#,p !"ne deter+"nat) e/te t"t lar de drept r" :" ,!l"ga1"" #"$"le. De#ret l nr.31M1<54 pr"$"nd per/,anele 6">"#e :" - r"d"#e e/te regle+entarea @n +ater"a / !"e#tel,r de drept #"$"l. 3n a#ea/t parte a # r/ l " $,+ eBpl"#a d,ar #9te$a n,1" n" 6 nda+entale pr"$"nd / !"e#1"" de drept #"$"l' de,are#e partea a d, a a # r/ l "' "nt"t lat GS !"e#te de drept #"$"lH detal"a> +ater"a. S%'ie("%l a("i) e/te per/,ana #are pr"n @n#De"erea rap,rt l " - r"d"# #"$"l $ '5n$e!"e $rep"%ri .de eBe+pl #D"r"a: l I l,#atar l 7 /ta!"l"nd n rap,rt - r"d"# # l,#at,r l 7 pr,pr"etar l l #r l " @n#D"r"at parte a #,ntra#t l " de @n#D"r"ere 7 $ '5n$e!"e $rep"%l / #ear /pre 6,l,/"n1 ! n l @n#D"r"at /a e>er(i", drept r" #"$"le .de eBe+pl ' +,:ten"t,r l e>er(i", drept l de a #ere #D"r"a' #9nd a +,:ten"t n "+,!"l @n#D"r"at :" a#e/t drept e/te /t"p lat @n #,ntra#t l de @n#D"r"ere.) S%'ie("%l pasi)' e/te per/,ana #re"a @" re$"n ,!l"ga1"" #"$"le. De eBe+pl ' l,#at,r l are ,!l"ga1"a #"$"l / p n la d"/p,>"1"e l,#atar l " / predea l #r l @n 6,l,/"n1 te+p,rar. 3n rap,rt r"le - r"d"#e de ,!l"ga1"" .#are $,r 6" /t d"ate @n an l II la # r/ l GTe,r"a general a ,!l"ga1""l,rH) / !"e#t l a#t"$ /e n +e:te creditor :" / !"e#t l pa/"$ /e n +e:te debitor. De reg l' pr1"le rap,rt l " - r"d"# #"$"l ./ !"e#te) a @n a#ela:" t"+p a+!ele #al"t1"J #al"tatea de / !"e#t .parte) a#t"$ :" #al"tatea de / !"e#t .parte) pa/"$' pentr #' @n +,d ,!":n "t' drept l "
A<

ne" pr1" d"n rap,rt l - r"d"# #"$"l @" #,re/p nde ,!l"ga1"a #ele"lalte pr1". A/t6el' @n #,ntra#t l de @n#D"r"ere #e d na:tere n " rap,rt - r"d"# #"$"l' , parte I l,#at,r l #are are drept l / pret"nd #D"r"a #,n$en"t' la ter+enele /t"p late' de la l,#atar' #r "a @" re$"ne ,!l"ga1"a de a plt" #D"r"a. A/e+enea' , parte I l,#atar l are drept l / #ear / " /e predea l #r l /pre 6,l,/"n1 te+p,rar' de la l,#at,r' a#e/ta 6""nd ,!l"gat /7l predea. 1. DETERMINAREA SU0IE%ILOR 3n +,d ,!":n "t / !"e#1"" rap,rt l " #"$"l /e deter+"n' /e "nd"$"d al">ea> @n +,+ent l @n#De"er"" a#t l " - r"d"# #"$"l /a a /$9r:"r"" 6apt l " - r"d"#' +,+ent @n #are /e na:te rap,rt l - r"d"# #"$"l. De eBe+pl # n,a:te+ #"ne e/te l,#at,r l :" #"ne e/te l,#atar l' de#" #"ne are #al"tatea de / !"e#t al rap,rt l " - r"d"#' de la data @n#De"er"" #,ntra#t l " de l,#a1" ne. T,t a/t6el' de reg l /e # n,a:te #"ne e/te ,!l"gat / repare pre- d"#" l' #"ne e/te / !"e#t l pa/"$ I de!"t,r l .a t,r l 6apte" "l"#"te) :" #"ne e/te @n drept / #ear :" / pr"+ea/# repararea pre- d"#" l "' / !"e#t l a#t"$ I #red"t,r l .$"#t"+a) #D"ar la data pr,d #er"" pre- d"#" l ". 3n #a> l rap,rt r"l,r - r"d"#e #"$"le #e a @n #,n1"n t l l,r drept r" a!/,l te' #a de eBe+pl drept l de pr,pr"etate' alte drept r" reale' drept r" nepatr"+,n"ale' $e"erminarea s%'ie("%l%i pasi) /e 6a#e lter",r @n#De"er"" rap,rt l " - r"d"# #"$"l. 3n +,+ent l @n#De"er"" a#e/t "a .de eBe+pl # +prt,r l # +pr , !"#"#let) /e deter+"n / !"e#t l a#t"$ .# +prt,r l @n eBe+pl l dat) / !"e#t l pa/"$ .t"t lar l de ,!l"ga1"") 6""nd " #i (eilal#i' #r,ra le re$"ne 'liga#ia general, nega"i), #are #,n/t @n a n 6a#e n"+"# de nat r a /t9n-en" eBer#"tarea drept l " de pr,pr"etate .de a n ad #e at"ngere drept r"l,r / !"e#t l " a#t"$). S !"e#t l pa/"$ e/te ri(ine- " a", l%mea' el n% es"e in$i)i$%ali+a" el es"e %ni)ersal. N +a" @n #a> l @n#l#r"" ,!l"ga1"e" generale negat"$e' de eBe+pl pr,pr"etar l " " /7a l at 6r drept l #r l' a 6,/t t l! rat @n eBer#"1" l drept l " de pr,pr"etate /a " /7a pr,d / n pre- d"#" ' /e "nd"$"d al">ea> / !"e#t l pa/"$' dar' aten1"e' a#e/t l #r /e @nt9+pl @n #adr l n " n, rap,rt - r"d"# #"$"l' rap,rt l de ,!l"ga1"" /ta!"l"t @ntre #el #e a @n#l#at ,!l"ga1"a general negat"$ :" / !"e#t l a#t"$ .pr,pr"etar l) d"n #adr l pr"+ l " rap,rt - r"d"#.
CF

3ntr7, ,p"n"e' (acest nou raport juridic nu se substituie celui iniial. nici nu)l -nltur 4n.a. ) acesta rm2ne -n "iin -n continuare cu un subiect activ *i cu subiecte pasive nedeterminate'. ci se adau! acestuia. av2nd o e9isten de sine stttoare *i av2nd un coninut di"erit.+CC Un p n#t de $edere d"6er"t a$an/ea> "deea #,n6,r+ #re"a @n +,+ent l ne/,#,t"r"" drept l " de pr,pr"etate /e na:te n rap,rt d"6er"t de rap,rt l - r"d"# real # n #,n1"n t d"/t"n#t @n #are apare drept l / !"e#t"$ de a trage la r/p ndere pe #el #are a @n#l#at drept l de pr,pr"etate' pre# + :" ,!l"ga1"a #,relat"$ a #el " #e a @n#l#at drept l de pr,pr"etate de a re/ta!"l" /"t a1"a anter",ar' "n#l /"$ pr"n repararea pre- d"#" l " #a >at.C= Pr,6.dr. Te,6"l P,p ad #e @n /pr"-"n l ,p"n"e" n arg +ent /,l"dJ ">$,r l #el " de al 27lea rap,rt - r"d"# #"$"l e/te d"6er"t de ">$,r l pr"+ l " rap,rt - r"d"# #"$"l real' :" an +e de reg l' , 6apt #a >at,are de pre- d"#"". 3ntr7, ,p"n"e tran:ant @n deter+"narea / !"e#1"l,r /e are @n $edere #ele /e d"/t"ng d, #ateg,r"" de rap,rt r" - r"d"#e #"$"leK nele a @n #,n1"n t drept r" a!/,l te :" a"#" / !"e#t l a#t"$ e/te t"t lar l drept l " a!/,l t :" / !"e#t l pa/"$ e/te nedeter+"nat 6""nd 6,r+at d"n t,ate #elelalte per/,ane' #elelalte a @n #,n1"n t drept r" relat"$e / !"e#1"" de drept 6""nd "nd"$"d al">a1" @n +,+ent l @n#De"er"" rap,rt l " - r"d"# #"$"l.C= 2. PLURALITATEA SU0IE%ILOR RAPORTULUI ?URIDI% %I&IL De reg l rap,rt l - r"d"# #"$"l /e /ta!"le:te @ntre , per/,an #a / !"e#t a#t"$ :" , alt per/,an #a / !"e#t pa/"$. A#e/ta e/te rap,rt l - r"d"# #"$"l /"+pl . Une,r"' rap,rt l - r"d"# #"$"l /e /ta!"le:te @ntre +a" + l1" / !"e#1" de drept' n"" 6""nd / !"e#1" a#t"$"' al1" / !"e#1" pa/"$". E/te rap,rt l - r"d"# #"$"l #,+pleB. 3n "p,te>a rap,rt r"l,r - r"d"#e #"$"le # +a" + l1" / !"e#1"' 6"e a#t"$"' 6"e pa/"$"' reg la e/te a#eea a d"$">"!"l"t1""' drept r"le :" ,!l"ga1""le @ntre / !"e#1"" a#t"$" :" pa/"$".
CC C= C=

C1

Rap,rt r" - r"d"#e #"$"le # pl ral"tate de / !"e#1"' p,t 6"J a) rap r"%l .%ri$i( $e 'liga#ii' nde 6 n#1",nea> reg la #a ,!l"ga1"a e/te #,n- n#t .d"$">"!"l). D"/t"nge+ d, #a> r"J pl%rali"a"e a("i), I / nt +a" + l1" / !"e#1" a#t"$"' de eBe+pl 3 6ra1" a +,:ten"t n a t,t r"/+' #are a 6,/t deter",rat' $al,area pag !e" 6""nd de 1FF +"l",ane le"' ,r"#are d"n 6ra1" p,ate pret"nde de la de!"t,r I #el #e a deter",rat a t,t r"/+ l 7' n +a" partea #e " /e # $"ne l " @n/ :"' pl%rali"a"ea pasi), I / nt +a" + l1" / !"e#1" pa/"$"' 6"e#are #,de!"t,r e/te 1"n t n +a" pentr partea /a d"n dat,r"a #,+ n .de eBe+pl @ntr7 n #,ntra#t de @n#D"r"ere l,#at,r l /ta!"le:te #D"r"a pentr 6,l,/"n1a a t,t r"/+ l " de #tre d," pr"eten" @n / + de 1 +"l",n le" pe >" t"+p de 3 >"le. ("e#are #,de!"t,r .,r"#are d"n pr"eten") e/te 1"n t n +a" pentr partea /a d"n dat,r"a #,+ n. Reg la d"$">"!"l"t1"" #,+p,rt $ %, e>(ep#ii' @+pre- rr" #9nd drept r"le :" ,!l"ga1""le n /e d"$"dJ 1) 'ie("%l e>"eri r rap r"%l%i .%ri$i( (i)il .de eBe+pl a t,t r"/+ l @ntr7 n #,ntra#t de $9n>are7# +prare) e/te prin na"%ra l%i in$i)i+i'il0 De#"' d," 6ra1" a +,:ten"t' a # +prat' a pr"+"t @n d,na1"e et#. n a t,t r"/+ pe #are @l $9nd. O!l"ga1"a de a preda a t,t r"/+ l n p,ate 6" d"$">at' de,are#e a t,t r"/+ l pr"n nat ra l " e/te "nd"$">"!"l. Or"#are d"n $9n>t,r" p,ate 6" ,!l"gat de # +prt,r / predea a t,t r"/+ l. T,t a/t6el' da# / nt d," # +prt,r"' a t,t r"/+ l /e $a preda ,r"#r "a d"ntre e". In%ivi)i(i*itatea drept r"l,r :" ,!l"ga1""l,r @n #a> l rap,rt l " - r"d"# #"$"l # +a" + l1" / !"e#1" a#t"$" :" pa/"$" p,ate 6" /ta!"l"t :" pr"n &onven/ia '3r/i*orJ ele #,n$"n #a pre/ta1"a / 6"e eBe# tat "ntegral' ned"$">at. 3n eBe+pl l dat @n #are d," pr"eten" @n#De"e n #,ntra#t de @n#D"r"ere a n " a t,t r"/+ @n / + de 1 +"l",n pe >" t"+p de 3 >"le' l,#at,r l p,ate #,n$en" # #e" d," #D"r"a:" "nd"$">"!"l"tatea #D"r"e" .a / +e" de 3 +"l",ane). Pr,#ed9nd a:a' l,#at,r l /e a/"g r de ret rnarea #D"r"e" de la ,r"#are #D"r"a:. 2) s li$ari"a"ea' e/te @+pre- rarea @n #are legea /a $,"n1a pr1"l,r /ta!"le:te # ,!l"ga1""le /a drept r"le / 6"e eBe# tate /a eBer#"tate @n @ntreg"+e' ned"$">at' de ,r"#are d"ntre #,de!"t,r" /a d"ntre #red"t,r"" /,l"dar".
C2

D"/t"nge+J 7 solidaritatea pasiv' ,!l"ga1""le /e eBe# t @n @ntreg"+e de ,r"#are #,de!"t,r' #el #e a eBe# tat ,!l"ga1"a a$9nd drept de regre/ @+p,tr"$a #el,rlal1" de!"t,r"' pr"n plata 6# t el @" el"!erea> pe a#e:t"a de dat,r"a l,r 6a1 de #red"t,r' rap,rt l - r"d"# de ,!l"ga1"" @ntre #red"t,r I #,de!"t,r" @n#etea>.. De eBe+pl da# tre" #,nd #t,r" a t, @+pre n d"/tr g "nd"#at,arele r t"ere de GSta1",nare "nter>"/H de pe dr + l p !l"#' a t,r"" 6apte" "l"#"te r/p nd /,l"dar 6a1 de per/,ana pre- d"#"at .S.%. %"tad"n SRL). &"#t"+a are p,/"!"l"tatea / #ear "n/tan1e" de - de#at $al,area t,tal a pre- d"#" l " / 6er"t de la ,r"#are #,de!"t,r .,r"#are #,nd #t,r a t,). %,de!"t,r l ,!l"gat la plata "ntegral a pre- d"#" l " 6a#e plata :" a/t6el rap,rt l - r"d"# de ,!l"ga1"" /ta!"l"t @ntre $"#t"+ :" #,de!"t,r" @n#etea>. De!"t,r l #are a de/pg !"t "ntegral $"#t"+a are a#1" ne @n regre/ @+p,tr"$a #el,rlal1" de!"t,r"' pentr #a 6"e#are / / p,rte repararea pre- d"#" l ". S,l"dar"tatea pa/"$ /e na:te d"n lege /a d"ntr7 n a#t - r"d"# .#,n$en1"a pr1"l,r). 7 solidaritatea activ' #9nd ,r"#are d"ntre #red"t,r" eBer#"t drept l de a #ere de la de!"t,r @ntreaga dat,r"e' n n +a" partea #e " /e # $"ne. De!"t,r l' pr"n plata 6# t' /e el"!erea> 6a1 de t,1" #e"lal1" #red"t,r" /,l"dar". %red"t,r l #are a pr"+"t t,at #rean1a e/te ,!l"gat / , @+part # #e"lal1" #red"t,r". De eBe+pl 3 6ra1" a @n pr,pr"etate #,+ n n aparta+ent pr"+"t d,na1"e :"7l @n#D"r"a>. E" / nt #red"t,r"" #D"r"e". 3n #,ntra#t' e" p,t /t"p la drept l ,r"#r "a d"n e" de a pr"+" #D"r"a. S,l"dar"tatea a#t"$ /e na:te n +a" d"ntr7 n a#t - r"d"#. !) rap r"%l .%ri$i( real 3n rap,rt r"le - r"d"#e reale #are a @n #,n1"n t l l,r drept l de pr,pr"etate p,t eB"/ta +a" + l1" / !"e#1" a#t"$"' t"t lar" a" drept l " de pr,pr"etate #,+ n a/ pra n " ! n /a +a/e de ! n r". Pr,pr"etatea #,+ n p,ate 6"J 7 coproprietateJ 6"e#are #,pr,pr"etar are , parte "deal .de eBe+pl d," 6ra1" / nt pr,pr"etar" @n #,+ n a" n " "+,!"l' n l a/ pra a 2M3 :" #ellalt a/ pra 1M3 d"ntr7 n "+,!"l)' dar n #,n#ret d"n ! n l /a #9te$a ! n r" deter+"nate.
C3

7 indivi,iuneaJ +a" + lte per/,ane de1"n @n #,+ n , +a/ de ! n r"' a$9nd #al"tatea #,"nd"$">ar. ("e#are # n,a:te #,ta "deal de drept' dar n de1"ne @n eB#l /"$"tate n"#" n ! n. De eBe+pl @n #a> l +,:ten"t,r"l,r #e d,!9nde/# +a/a / ##e/,ral. Aten1"e' /pre de,/e!"re de #,pr,pr"etate' #,"nd"$">ar"" / nt pr,pr"etar"" ne" + l1"+" de ! n r" n a" n "a /a a" #9t,r$a ! n r" deter+"nate. 7 devlm*iaJ e/te t"tl l - r"d"# / ! #are /,1"" de1"n ! n r"le #,+ ne' d,!9nd"te @n t"+p l #/t,r"e". Partea 6"e#r " /,1 e/te deter+"nat de lege pr"n 6,l,/"rea #r"ter" l " Ggrad l de #,ntr"! 1"eH la d,!9nd"rea ! n r"l,r #,+ ne. #) rap r"%l .%ri$i( nepa"rim nial #are /e na:te n +a" d"n #rea1"a "ntele#t al .,per :t""n1"6"#' "n$en1"e). 3n a#e/t #a> eB"/t pl ral"tate a#t"$ den +"t G#,a t,ratH' ,pera #,+ n 6""nd #reat de +a" + lte per/,ane' # , #,ntr"! 1"e /ta!"l"t a 6"e#re"a. :+ <&5i#(area su(ie&/i*or ra'ortu*ui $uri%i& &ivi* Rap,rt r"le - r"d"#e #"$"le @n#De"ate /e +,d"6"# @n t"+p adapt9nd 7/e n,r @+pre- rr" n,". Se p,t /#D"+!a :" / !"e#1"" de drept #are l7a @n#De"at. A/t6el' @ntr7 n #,ntra#t de @n#D"r"ere' #D"r"a: l' nep,t l a$9nd pr,!le+e 6"nan#"are e/te @n "+p,/"!"l"tatea pl1"" #D"r"e". %,ntra#t l @n#etea> pr"n a#,rd l de $,"n1 al l,#at,r l " :" l,#atar l "' dar #rean1a tre! "e eBe# tat. Inter$"ne n#D" l :" 6a#e el plata. A/t6el' /e /#D"+! / !"e#t l a#t"$ al rap,rt l " - r"d"# #"$"l' l,# l l,#atar l " 6""nd l at de n#D" pr"n "n/t"t 1"a n +"t / !r,ga1"a @n drept l #red"t,r l " plt"t. S#D"+!area / !"e#1"l,r rap,rt l " - r"d"# d"6er @n 6 n#1"e de nat ra rap,rt l " - r"d"#. a) schimbarea subiecilor raportului juridic c2nd ace*tia sunt persoane juridiceJ /e 6a#e @n #,nd"1""le a#t l " n,r+at"$ pr"n #are /7a #,n/t"t "t' @n #a> l #el,r de drept p !l"# /a a $,"n1e" l"!er eBpr"+ate de per/,ana - r"d"# de drept pr"$at. !) schimbarea subiecilor raportului juridic civil ce are -n coninut drepturi nepatrimonialeJ Drept r"le per/,nale' nepatr"+,n"ale 6""nd /tr9n/ legate de per/,ana t"t lar l "' "nt"+ legate de $"a1 de 6a+"l"e .de eBe+pl ' drept l la rep ta1"e' la n +e' la den +"re' la ,n,are' drept l de a t,r
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:" "n$entat,r' la $"a1' la "ntegr"tate 6">"# :" /ntate' drept l la re/pe#tarea $"e1"" pr"$ate et#.) a$9nd #ara#ter "nal"ena!"l n p,t 6" tran/+"/e alte" per/,ane. S#D"+!area / !"e#1"l,r n /e p,ate 6a#e @n a#e/t #a>. C< #) schimbarea subiecilor raportului juridic civil de obli!aii Legea regle+entea> /#D"+!area / !"e#t l " a#t"$ @n rap,rt r"le de ,!l"ga1"" pr"n r+t,arele pr,#edeeJ #e/" nea de #rean1' / !r,ga1"a @n drept r"le #red"t,r l " plt"t :" n,$a1"a pr"n /#D"+!area de #red"t,r. M,d l de /#D"+!are a / !"e#1"l,r @n a#e/te rap,rt r" /e $a /t d"a @n an l II la d"/#"pl"na GTe,r"a general a ,!l"ga1""l,rH. cesiunea de creanJ e/te #,ntra#t l pr"n #are n #red"t,r tran/+"te drept l / de #rean1 # t"tl l ,ner,/ /a grat "t ne" alte per/,ane. %red"t,r l #are tran/+"te #rean1a /e n +e:te #edent' d,!9nd"t,r l #rean1e" /e n +e:te #e/",nar' de!"t,r l #are r+9ne / eBe# te #rean1a tran/+"/ /e n +e:te de!"t,r #edat. A/t6el' @n rap,rt l - r"d"# de ,!l"ga1"" /e /#D"+! / !"e#t l a#t"$J #e/",nar l "a l,# l #edent l ". De eBe+pl ' @ntr7 n #,ntra#t de @+pr + t' de #,n/ +a1"e .+ t +)' #red"t,r l .@+pr + tt,r l) @l @+pr + t pe de!"t,r # / +a de 15 +"l",ane R' # ter+en /#adent @n A an". 3+pr + tt,r l @na"nte de @+pl"n"rea ter+en l " / /pen/"$ I A an" I .la /#aden1) #9nd $a p tea eBer#"ta drept l de a #ere re/t"t "rea / +e" @+pr + tate' are ne$,"e de !an". At n#" #edent l .@+pr + tt,r l) @n#De"e n #,ntra#t de #e/" ne de #rean1 # , per/,an d"/p / / # +pere #rean1a .#e/",nar). A/t6el' /e /#D"+! / !"e#t l a#t"$ @n rap,rt l - r"d"# de ,!l"ga1""J / !"e#t l a#t"$ "n"1"al' #edent l e/te @nl,# "t # d,!9nd"t,r l #rean1e"7#e/",nar. A+!ele pr1" ale #,ntra#t l " de #e/" ne / nt @n a$anta-J #edent l d,!9nde:te !an"" de #are are ne$,"e' #D"ar da# n @ntreaga / +' #e/",nar l :"7a "n$e/t"t !an"" r+9nd / d,!9ndea/# :" n #9:t"gJ d"6eren1a d"ntre pre1 l de # +prare a #rean1e"' de reg l +a" +"# de#9t $al,area n,+"nal a #rean1e" /a #9nd a#e/tea #,"n#"d d,!9nda legal. subro!aia -n drepturile creditorului pltit #,n/t @n @nl,# "rea de!"t,r l " d"n rap,rt l - r"d"# de ,!l"ga1"" # , alt per/,an #are' plt"nd dat,r"a' de$"ne #red"t,r al de!"t,r l "' d,!9nd"nd t,ate drept r"le #red"t,r l ". S nt 6re#$ente /"t a1""le #9nd , alt per/,an plte:te dat,r"a de!"t,r l ". De eBe+pl tata plte:te
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dat,r"a 6" l " / #are a @n#De"at n #,ntra#t de $9n>are7# +prare a ne" #,+!"ne + >"#ale :" n re :e:te / pltea/# de#9t , parte d"n pre1. %el #e plte:te @n l,# l de!"t,r l "' @l @nl,# "e:te pe a#e/ta @n rap,rt l - r"d"# de ,!l"ga1"". A/t6el' /7a /t"n/ rap,rt l de ,!l"ga1"" @ntre #red"t,r l "n"1"al .@n eBe+pl $9n>t,r l #,+!"ne" + >"#ale) :" de!"t,r .@n eBe+pl ' 6" l #are a # +prat #,+!"na + >"#al) a#e/ta r+9n9nd pe +a" departe ,!l"gat 6a1 de n, l #red"t,r .@n eBe+pl ' tatl). novaia prin schimbare de creditor ' e/te n #,ntra#t pr"n #are /e /#D"+! $e#D" l #red"t,r # n n, #red"t,r' de!"t,r l de$en"nd ,!l"gat 6a1 de n, l #red"t,r :" l"!erat 6a1 de $e#D" l #red"t,r. N,$a1"a' de:" / ! a#e/t a/pe#t e/te "dent"# # #e/" nea de #rean1 :" / !r,ga1"a @n drept r"le #red"t,r l " plt"t' /e part"# lar">ea> pr"n a#eea # /"+ ltan # /#D"+!area / !"e#t l " a#t"$ are l,# /t"ngerea $e#D"" ,!l"ga1"" :" tran/6,r+area a#e/te"a @ntr7, n, #rean1 al #re" t"t lar e/te n, l #red"t,r. De eBe+pl ' # +prt,r l n " a t,t r"/+ a #,n$en"t # $9n>t,r l / pltea/# pre1 l la n ter+en :" #,n/tat # e/te @n "+p,/"!"l"tate / , 6a#. %e" d," p,t @n#De"a n #,ntra#t @n #are / /ta!"lea/# /#D"+!area ,!"e#t l " #,ntra#t l " de $9n>are7# +prare .de eBe+pl ' @n l,# l pre1 l " de!"t,r l / predea n ! n deter+"nat ne" alte per/,ane' #are de$"ne a/t6el n, l #red"t,r. A#e/t l #r /e p,ate real">a pentr # @ntre $9n>t,r :" n, l #red"t,r de eBe+pl eB"/t , ,!l"ga1"e de plat).=F d) schimbarea subiecilor raportului juridic civil ce are -n coninut drepturi reale 3n a#e/t #a>' /e p,t /#D"+!a n +a" / !"e#1"" a#t"$"' pr"n tran/+"terea ! n l " a/ pra #r "a /e eBer#"t drept l de pr,pr"etateJ pr"n #,ntra#te' / ##e/" ne' legate te/ta+entare' trad"1" ne et#. S !"e#t l pa/"$ n /e p,ate /#D"+!a' el 6""nd Gt,1" #e"lal1"H' nedeter+"nat' n"$er/al. 4. %APA%ITATEA %I&IL* A SU0IE%ILOR RAPORTULUI ?URIDI% %I&IL %apa#"tatea #"$"l e/te , parte a #apa#"t1"" - r"d"#e :" #,n/t @n apt"t d"nea' #al"tatea' p,/"!"l"tatea per/,ane" 6">"#e /a - r"d"#e de a 6"
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/ !"e#t de drept. Per/,ana p,ate @n#De"a rap,rt r" - r"d"#e #"$"le n +a" da# are #apa#"tate #"$"l. P,tr"$"t pre$eder"l,r art.4 De#ret l 31M1<54 pr"$"t,r la per/,anele 6">"#e :" - r"d"#eJ G%apa#"tatea #"$"l e/te re# n,/# t t t r,r per/,anel,rH. Per/,ana 6">"# are #apa#"tate de 6,l,/"n1 :"' @n a6ar de #a> r"le pre$> te de lege' #apa#"tate de eBer#"1" .art.5 De#ret l 31M1<54 pr"$"t,r la per/,anele 6">"#e :" - r"d"#e). Capacitatea de "olosin %apa#"tatea de 6,l,/"n1 e/te de6"n"t de art.5 al a#el "a:" a#t n,r+at"$J G%apa#"tatea de 6,l,/"n1 e/te #apa#"tatea $e a a)ea drept r" :" ,!l"gat,r"".H 3n d,#tr"n' /e n an1ea> 6,r+ larea legalJ Gapt"t d"nea general :" a!/tra#t a ,+ l " de a a$ea drept r" :" ,!l"ga1""H. A+ / !l"n"at Gde a a$ea drept r"H pentr a n /e #,n6 nda # n,1" nea de #apa#"tate de eBer#"1" @n de6"n"1"a #re"a apare /"ntag+a G%e a"0i e.er&ita %re'turi*eH. 3ntr7, alt 6,r+ lare' #apa#"tatea de 6,l,/"n1 e/te apt"t d"nea de a 6" / !"e#t de drept #"$"l. Legea re# n,a:te t t r,r per/,anel,r #apa#"tatea #"$"l' "+pl"#"t #apa#"tatea de 6,l,/"n1 .art.4 De#ret l 31M54 pr"$"t,r la per/,anele 6">"#e :" - r"d"#e) 6r n"#" , d"/#r"+"nare de /eB' ra/' na1",nal"tate' rel"g"e' grad de # lt r /a ,r"g"ne. %apa#"tatea de 6,l,/"n1 e/te 1enera*3 @n /en/ l # ea # pr"nde t,ate drept r"le / !"e#t"$e :" ,!l"ga1""le #"$"le re# n,/# te de drept l ,!"e#t"$. A/t6el' ,r"#e per/,an 6">"# are drept l / $9nd' / # +pere' / @n#D"r"e>e' / d,ne>e' / @+pr + te' / / ##ead et#. N"+en" n p,ate 6" @ngrd"t @n #apa#"tatea de 6,l,/"n1 de#9t @n #a> r"le :" #,nd"1""le pre$> te de lege. De eBe+pl ' drept l de a d,na e/te "nter>"/ per/,ane" 6">"#e @n an +"te #,nd"1""J (art.C>E Cod civil (minorul mai mic de 1E ani nu poate dispune nici -ntr)un "elH. N"+en" n p,ate ren n1a' n"#" @n t,t' n"#" @n parte' la #apa#"tatea de 6,l,/"n1. Une,r" per/,ana 6">"# p,ate ren n1a la n drept #"$"l / !"e#t"$' /a la +a" + lte' dar la apt"t d"nea general de a a$ea drept r" :" ,!l"ga1""' la #apa#"tatea de 6,l,/"n1 n p,ate ren n1a. %apa#"tatea de 6,l,/"n1 a ,+ l " @n#epe de la na:tere :" @n#etea> # +,artea a#e/t "a . ne,r" la de#lararea - de#t,rea/# a +,r1"").
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Drept r"le #,p"l l " / nt re# n,/# te d"n per",ada de #,n#ep1"e' @n/ n +a" da# /e na:te $" . La 'ersoane*e $uri%i&e' #apa#"tatea de 6,l,/"n1 e/te l"+"tat de pr"n#"p" l /pe#"al"t1"" #apa#"t1"" de 6,l,/"n1. A/t6el' per/,ana - r"d"# are apt"t d"nea general de a a$ea drept r" :" ,!l"ga1""' dar n +a" Gacele drepturi care corespund scopului ei. stabilit prin le!e. actul de -n"iinare sau statutH.art.34 al"n.1 De#ret l 31M1<54). 3n #,n#l >"e' #apa#"tatea de 6,l,/"n1 n +a" e/te general' #a la per/,anele 6">"#e' #" e/te l"+"tat de pr"n#"p" l /pe#"al"t1"" #apa#"t1"" de 6,l,/"n1. Legea /an#1",nea> ne/,t"rea l"+"tr"" #apa#"t1"" de 6,l,/"n1 la /#,p l pentr #are /7a @n6""n1at per/,ana - r"d"#. GOr"#e a#t - r"d"# #are n e/te 6# t @n $ederea real">r"" a#e/t " /#,p e/te n lH .n.a. n l"tate a!/,l t I art.31 al"n.1 De#ret l 31M1<54). %apa#"tatea de 6,l,/"n1 a per/,ane" - r"d"#e @n#epe la data @nreg"/trr"" per/,ane" - r"d"#e /a la data a#t l " de d"/p,>"1"e #are le @n6""n1ea> .de eBe+pl la per/,anele - r"d"#e de drept p !l"#)' data re# n,a:ter"" a#t l " de @n6""n1are' data a t,r">r"" @n6""n1r"" /a data @ndepl"n"r"" $re ne" #er"n1e a leg"' d p #a>. %apa#"tatea de 6,l,/"n1 a per/,ane" - r"d"#e "a /69r:"t la data @n#etr"" eB"/ten1e" per/,ane" - r"d"#e' pr"n re,rgan">are /a d">,l$are. C. #. Capacitatea de e9erciiu PERSOANE (I)I%E GCapacitatea de e9erciiu este capacitatea persoanei de a)*i e9ercita drepturile *i de a)*i asuma obli!aii. sv2r*ind acte juridice H .art.5 al"n.3 De#ret l 31M1<54). A#tele - r"d"#e n p,t 6" @n#De"ate de ,r"#e per/,an. Per/,ana #are @n#De"e a#te - r"d"#e tre! "e /7:" dea /ea+a de e6e#tele - r"d"#e pe #are le pr,d #e a#t l @n#De"at' tre! "e / a"! $,"n1 #,n:t"ent. 3n d,#tr"n /e a##ept @n nan"+"tate r+t,area de6"n"1"e a #apa#"t1"" de eBer#"1" J apt"t d"nea per/,ane" 6">"#e de a d,!9nd" drept r" . n"" a t,r"J de a eBer#"ta) :" de a7:" a/ +a ,!l"ga1"" . n"" a t,r"J de a7:" @ndepl"n" ,!l"ga1""le #"$"le) pr"n @n#De"erea de a#te - r"d"#e pr,pr"".=2

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N"+en" n p,ate 6" l"p/"t @n t,t /a @n parte' de #apa#"tatea de eBer#"1" ' de#9t @n #a> r"le :" @n #,nd"1""le pre$> te de leg". De eBe+pl +"n,r l @ntre 1471= an" e/te l"p/"t @n parte de #apa#"tatea de eBer#"1" ' pentr # a:a pre$ede legea7art.< d"n De#ret l 31M1<54' #a +/ r de ,#r,t"re. Se #,n/"der # el n d"/p ne de , de>$,ltare p/"D"# depl"n' n are , $,"n1 #,n:t"ent +at r. N% a% (apa(i"a"e $e e>er(i#i%' p,tr"$"t art.11 d"n De#ret l 31M1<54' +"n,r l #are n a @+pl"n"t $9r/ta de 14 an" :" per/,ana p / / ! "nterd"#1"e. Legea pre> + # n a d"/#ern+9nt. 0ene6"#""nd de #apa#"tate de 6,l,/"n1 e" p,t de$en" t"t lar" de drept r" :" ,!l"ga1""' dar n +a" pr"n a#tele - r"d"#e #"$"le @n#De"ate de repre>entan1"" l,r .pr"n1"" /a t t,rele) @n n +ele +"n,r l ". Are (apa(i"a"e $e e>er(i#i% res"r5ns, +"n,r l #are a @+pl"n"t $9r/ta de 14 an". A#tele - r"d"#e ale +"n,r l " # #apa#"tate re/tr9n/ /e @n#De"e de #tre a#e/ta .n.a. 7 /"ng r) # @n# $""n1area preala!"l a pr"n1"l,r /a a t t,rel "' @n nele #a> r" .a#te - r"d"#e de d"/p,>"1"e) :" # @n# $""n1area a t,r"t1"" t telare. Capa(i"a"ea $eplin, $e e>er(i#i% @n#epe de la data #9nd per/,ana de$"ne +a-,r. Per/,ana de$"ne +a-,r la @+pl"n"rea $9r/te" de 1= an". Pr"n eB#ep1"e' 6e+e"a +"n,r #are /e #/t,re:te .6e+e"a p,tr"$"t %,d l " 6a+"l"e" /e p,ate #/t,r" 6r @n# $""n1area pr"n1"l,r /a a t t,rel " la @+pl"n"rea $9r/te" de 1A an"' "ar @n +,d eB#ep1",nal #D"ar la @+pl"n"rea $9r/te" de 15 an"' # apr,!area Pr"+r"e") d,!9nde:te pr"n #/t,r"e #apa#"tate depl"n de eBer#"1" . 3n #,nd"1""le leg"" :" per/,anele +a-,re p,t 6" l"p/"te de #apa#"tate de eBer#"1" J e/te #a> l "nter>":"l,r - de#t,re:t"' per/,anele d"agn,/t"#ate # / 6er de al"ena1"e /a de!"l"tate +"ntal' #are / nt p /e / ! "nterd"#1"e pr"n D,tr9re - de#t,rea/# de6"n"t"$. S"t a1"a l,r - r"d"# e/te "dent"# # #ea a +"n,r"l,r #are n a @+pl"n"t $9r/ta de 14 an". PERSOANELE ?URIDI%E N,1" nea de #apa#"tate de eBer#"1" a per/,ane" - r"d"#e e/te a#eea:" #a la per/,ana 6">"#. Per/,ana - r"d"# @:" eBer#"t drept r"le :" @:" @ndepl"ne:te ,!l"ga1""le pr"n ,rganele /ale. Organele per/,ane" - r"d"#e ./ta!"l"te /a
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ale/e p,tr"$"t a#t l " n,r+at"$ de @n6""n1are a per/,ane" - r"d"#e) / nt p rtt,arele $,"n1e" per/,ane" - r"d"#e. A#tele - r"d"#e 6# te de ,rganele per/,ane" - r"d"#e' @n l"+"tele p ter"l,r #e le7a 6,/t #,n6er"te / nt a#tele per/,ane" - r"d"#e @n/e:". (aptele l"#"te /a "l"#"te /$9r:"te de ,rganele /ale ,!l"g @n/:" per/,ana - r"d"#' da# a 6,/t @ndepl"n"te # pr"le- l eBer#"tr"" 6 n#1"e". (aptele "l"#"te atrag :" r/p nderea per/,nal a #el " #e le7a /$9r:"t' at9t 6a1 de per/,ana - r"d"#' #9t :" 6a1 de #el de7al tre"lea. Rap,rt r"le d"ntre per/,ana - r"d"# :" #e" #are al#t "e/# ,rganele /ale / nt / p /e' pr"n a/e+nare' reg l"l,r +andat l "' da# n /7a pre$> t alt6el pr"n lege' a#t l de @n6""n1are /a /tat t .art.35 :" 3A De#ret l 31M54). 3n#ep t l #apa#"t1"" de eBer#"1" e/te data @n6""n1r""' @nreg"/trr"" per/,ane" - r"d"#e. 3n d,#tr"n /e apre#"a> # @n#ep t l #apa#"t1"" de eBer#"1" e/te +,+ent l de/e+nr"" ,rganel,r /ale. S69r:"t l #apa#"t1"" de eBer#"1" a per/,ane" - r"d"#e #,"n#"de # #el al #apa#"t1"" /ale de 6,l,/"n1J data @n#etr"" per/,ane" - r"d"#e. Con/inutu* ra'ortu*ui $uri%i& &ivi* 1. &e*ini#ieJ %,n1"n t l rap,rt l " - r"d"# e/te de6"n"t #a 6""nd t,tal"tatea drept r"l,r #"$"le / !"e#t"$e :" a ,!l"ga1""l,r #,relat"$e ale pr1"l,r. Latura a&tiv3 a #,n1"n t l " rap,rt l " - r"d"# #"$"l e/te 6,r+at d"n drept r"le #"$"le / !"e#t"$e :" *atura 'asiv3 d"n ,!l"ga1""le #"$"le. Drept l / !"e#t"$ #"$"l :" ,!l"ga1"a #"$"l / nt @ntr7, legt r de "nterdependen1. A/t6el' @ntr7 n rap,rt - r"d"# de ,!l"ga1"" I de eBe+pl #,ntra#t l de @+pr + t' @+pr + tt,r l e/te t"t lar l drept l " de #rean1' al drept l " de a #ere @+pr + tat l " / +a @+pr + tat. A#e/t " drept @" #,re/p nde ,!l"ga1"a #,relat"$ a @+pr + tat l " de a re/t"t " ! n l @+pr + tat. Pentr su(ie&tu* a&tiv' #,n1"n t l rap,rt l " - r"d"# e/te al#t "t d"n drept r"' re/pe#t"$' pentr su(ie&tu* 'asiv #,n1"n t l e/te al#t "t d"n ,!l"ga1"".
=F

3n ra'ortu* $uri%i& rea*' @n al #r " #,n1"n t @nt9ln"+ drept l de pr,pr"etate' t"t lar l drept l "' pr,pr"etar l are drept l / !"e#t"$ de a p,/eda' 6,l,/" :" d"/p ne de ! n l / ' @n l"+"tele leg""' a:a # + d,re:te. Drept l " @" #,re/p nde ,!l"ga1"a #,relat"$ negat"$ pentr Gt,1" #e"lal1"H de a n 6a#e n"+"# de nat r a d #e at"ngere drept l " de pr,pr"etate. 3n ra'orturi*e $uri%i&e %e o(*i1a/ii' #,n1"n t l rap,rt l " - r"d"#' de reg l e/te al#t "t d"n drept r"le :" ,!l"ga1""le / !"e#1""l,r .pr1"l,r). 1. Drept l / !"e#t"$ #"$"l I lat ra a#t"$ a #,n1"n t l " rap,rt l " - r"d"# #"$"l a' De"iniia dreptului subiectiv civil %,d l #"$"l n de6"ne:te drept l / !"e#t"$ #"$"l. 3n d,#tr"n de6"n"1""le d"6erJ A/t6el' drept l / !"e#t"$ e/te p terea /a prer,gat"$a re# n,/# t de drept l ,!"e#t"$ per/,anel,r 6">"#e /a - r"d"#e .den +"te :" t"t lare ale drept l ")' @n #al"tatea l,r de / !"e#te a#t"$e ale rap,rt l " - r"d"#' de a pret"nde / !"e#tel,r pa/"$e / dea' ,r" / 6a# /a / n 6a# #e$a ./ /$9r:ea/# /a / /e a!1"n de la /$9r:"rea ne" a#1" n")' 6,l,/"nd' la ne$,"e' aparat l de #,n/tr9ngere al /tat l "H=3. De6"n"1"a ,+"te / pre#">e>e p,/"!"l"tatea t"t lar l " drept l " / !"e#t"$ de a a$ea el @n/ :" , an +"t #,nd "t' re# n,/# t :" pr,te-at de lege. 3n de6"n"1""le r+t,are ,+"/" nea e/te el"+"nat. (/prero!ativ con"erit de le!e -n temeiul creia titularul dreptului poate sau trebuie s des"*oare o anumit conduit ori s cear altora des"*urarea unei conduite. adecvate dreptului su. sub sanciunea recunoscut de le!eH=4 Drept l / !"e#t"$ e/te Gposibilitatea juridic a titularului unui drept $e a $es*,!%ra. -n limitele le!ii an%mi", ( n$%i",. -n virtutea creia p a"e pre"in$e persoanei obli!ate s aib ( mp r"are ( resp%n+," are. ce poate "i impus -n ca, de necesitate. prin "ora de constr2n!ere a statului+.=5
=3 =4 =5

=1

3ntr7, alt de6"n"1"eJ (prero!ativa pe care o acord unei persoane dreptul obiectiv. prero!ativ !arantat prin mijloace juridice. $e a a)ea %n an%mi" ( mp r"amen" sau $e a pre"in$e an%mi", ( n$%i", subiectului.+=A Drept l / !"e#t"$ e/te de6"n"tJ (posibilitatea juridic a titularului dreptului. dintr)un raport juridic civil. $e a $es*,!%ra o anumit conduit !arantat de le!e prin putina $e a pre"in$e persoanei obli!ate. o anumit comportare corespun,toare care poate "i impus. -n ca, de nevoie. prin mijlocirea "orei coercitive a statuluiH.=C Un a t,r de6"ne:te drept l / !"e#t"$ a/t6elJ G posibilitatea juridic a titularului 4subiect activ' de a des"*ura o anumit conduit. !arantat de le!e prin putina de a pretinde subiectului pasiv o anumit comportare corespun,toare. care poate "i impus. la nevoie. prin "ora de constr2n!ere a statuluiH.== Drept l / !"e#t"$ e/teJ Sacel interes individual pe care voina colectiv -l poate impune ca "iind -n con"ormitate cu interesul social e9primat -n norme de drept *i -n virtutea cruia subiectul activ poate pretinde subiectului pasiv s sv2r*easc ori s se abin de la sv2r*irea unei aciuni+.=< 3ntr7, 6,r+ lare "dent"# pr,6. n"$.dr. ;De,rgDe 0ele" :" pr,6. n"$.dr. I. D,gar de6"ne/# drept l / !"e#t"$ #a 6""ndJ (posibilitatea recunoscut de le!ea civil subiectului activ persoan "i,ic sau persoan juridic -n virtutea creia aceasta poate. -n limitele dreptului *i a moralei. s aib o anumit conduit. s pretind o conduit corespun,toare s dea. s "ac ori s nu "ac ceva de la subiectul pasiv. *i s cear concursul "orei coercitive a statului. -n ca, de nevoie.+ <F Apre#"e+ # @n de6"n"rea drept l " / !"e#t"$ #"$"l tre! "e / /e reg/ea/# r+t,arele ele+enteJ 7 e/te , p,/"!"l"tate .6a# ltate' p tere' prer,gat"$) re# n,/# t de lege / !"e#t l " a#t"$ .t"t lar l ") 7 t"t lar l are , an +"t #,nd "t' @n l"+"tele /ta!"l"te de lege
=A =C == =< <F

=2

7 t"t lar l p,ate pret"nde / !"e#t l " pa/"$ , an +"t #,nd "t' @n l"+"tele leg"". %,nd "ta / !"e#t l " pa/"$ #,n/t @n a da' a 6a#e' /a a n 6a#e #e$a. 7 la ne$,"e t"t lar l drept l " / !"e#t"$ p,ate apela la 6,r1a de #,n/tr9ngere a /tat l " pentr pr,te-area drept l " / . Pre6er+ r+t,area 6,r+ lare a de6"n"1"e" drept l " / !"e#t"$J Dre'tu* su(ie&tiv &ivi* p,/"!"l"tatea - r"d"# a t"t lar l " de a a$ea , an +"t #,nd "t re# n,/# t de lege :" de a pret"nde , #,nd "t #,re/p n>t,are drept l " / ' la ne$,"e pr"n apelarea la 6,r1a de #,n/tr9ngere a /tat l ". (7 C*asi2i&area %re'turi*or &ivi*e su(ie&tive%la/"6"#area drept r"l,r #"$"le / !"e#t"$e d"n drept r" a!/,l te :" drept r" relat"$e e/te nan"+ a##eptat @n d,#tr"na de drept #"$"l. %r"ter" l de #la/"6"#are a dat na:tere n,r #,ntr,$er/e. Un"" a t,r" /ta!"le/# drept #r"ter" ,!"e#t"$ al #la/"6"#r""' 1ra%u* %e o'o)a(i*itate+ De6"n"1"a drept l " a!/,l t 6,r+ lat de dl. pr,6. n"$. dr. M"r#ea M re:an p ne a##ent l pe /6era per/,anel,r ,!l"gate /7l re/pe#te' pe ,p,>a!"l"tatea drept l " a!/,l tJ Sdrept r"le a!/,l te / nt a#elea #r,ra le #,re/p nde ,!l"ga1"a general a t t r,r per/,anel,r de a /e a!1"ne de a le @n#l#a <1H. 3ntr7, alt de6"n"1"e' al1" a t,r" ad,pt #r"ter" l #o%u*ui %e e.er&itare a* %re'tu*ui :" de6"ne/# drept l a!/,l t #a 6""ndJ Sdrept l al #r " t"t lar p,ate a$ea , an +"t #,nd "t' 6r a 6a#e apel la alt#"ne$a pentr a7l real">a <2H' /a ' @ntr7, alt 6,r+ lareJ Sdrept l @n te+e" l #r "a t"t lar l / I / !"e#t l a#t"$ deter+"nat' are p,/"!"l"tatea /7l eBer#"te /"ng r' #el,rlalte / !"e#te re$en"nd 7le ,!l"ga1"a general :" negat"$ de a n 6a#e n"+"# de nat r a7" ad #e at"ngere<3H. A're&ie# &3 #ele d, #r"ter"" ,!"e#t"$e a+"nt"te' grad l de ,p,>a!"l"tate :" +,d l de eBer#"tare al drept l " a!/,l t n /e eB#l d' #" /e #,+pen/ea> re#"pr,#. A/t6el' da# toate per/,anele a ,!l"ga1"a general de a /e a!1"ne de a7l @n#l#a' @n/ea+n # n +a" eB"/t ni&i o
<1 <2

=3

'ersoan3 la #are / /e 6a# apel pentr a 6" real">at. De a#eea' #r"ter" l de del"+"tare a drept r"l,r a!/,l te p,ate 6" +,d l de eBer#"tare a drept l " a!/,l t I t"t lar l @l eBer#"t 6r ap,rt l alt# "$a I pre# + :" grad l de ,p,>a!"l"tate I St,1" #e"lal1"H #r,ra le re$"ne ,!l"ga1"a general negat"$ de a n 7" ad #e n"#" , at"ngere. %ara#terele - r"d"#e ale drept r"l,r a!/,l teJ 7 / !"e#1"" rap,rt l " - r"d"# #"$"l #are are @n #,n1"n t l / n drept a!/,l t / ntJ / !"e#t l a#t"$' t"t lar l drept l " a!/,l t :" / !"e#t l pa/"$' n"$er/al' Gt,1" #e"lal1"H' nedeter+"natK 7 / !"e#t l pa/"$ are ,!l"ga1"a general' negat"$ de a n ad #e at"ngere drept l " a!/,l tK 7 / nt ,p,>a!"le t t r,r .erga ,+ne/). S nt drept r" a!/,l teJ 7 drept r"le per/,nale nepatr"+,n"ale' #are p,t 6"J %re'turi str9ns *e1ate %e 'ersoana u#an3 .eBe+pl ' drept l la $"a1' la "ntegr"tate 6">"#' la /ntate 6">"# :" p/"D"#' la l"!ertate' la re/pe#tarea $"e1"" pr"$ate' la "n$",la!"l"tatea per/,ane" :" a d,+"#"l" l "' n +e' ,n,are' rep ta1"e' de+n"tate et#.)' %re'turi inti# *e1ate %e via/a %e 2a#i*ie .de eBe+pl drept l de a /e #/t,r"' drept l /,1"l,r la n +e' drept l la d,+"#"l" ' drept l la /e#ret l $"e1"" de 6a+"l"e et#.)' %re'turi*e autori*or %e o'ere 0tiin/i2i&e, *itera*e 0i artisti&e .de eBe+pl ' drept l de a 6" re# n,/# t #a a t,r' drept l de a ad #e ,pera la # n,:t"n1a p !l"# l "' drept l la "n$",la!"l"tatea ,pere" et#.) :" %re'turi*e ne'atri#onia*e a*e 'ersoanei $uri%i&e # + ar 6"J drept l la den +"re' e+!le+' 6"r+ :" +ar# #,+er#"al' la #,n# ren1 l,"al et#.).<3 7 drept r"le reale .drept l de pr,pr"etate' de > 6r #t' de > :" a!"ta1"e' /er$"t te et#.) Drept r"le a!/,l te / nt l"+"tate #a n +r 6""nd /ta!"l"t pr"n lege. &rep"%l rela"i). Drept l relat"$ e/teJ (acel drept -n virtutea cruia titularul poate pretinde subiectului pasiv o conduit determinat. "r care dreptul nu se poate reali,a.+<4
<3 <4

=4

3ntr7, 6,r+ lare +a" n an1atJ G drepturile relative sunt cele crora le corespunde obli!aia unei sau mai multor persoane. determinate din chiar momentul stabilirii raportului juridic. de a da/ de a "ace/sau uneori de a nu "ace ceva.+ O de6"n"1"e # pr"n>t,are 6,r+ lea> d,+n l pr,6. n"$.dr.I,n D,gar (dreptul -n temeiul cruia subiectul activ 4titularul su' numit creditor 4reus credendi' subiect determinat i se recunoa*te posibilitatea de a pretinde subiectului pasiv. numit debitor 4reus debendi' de asemenea determinat s dea 4aut dare' s "ac 4aut "acere'. sau s nu "ac ceva 4aut non "acere'+ .<5 %ara#terele - r"d"#e ale drept r"l,r relat"$eJ 7 / !"e#1"" rap,rt l " - r"d"# #"$"l #are are @n #,n1"n t drept r" relat"$e / nt # n,/# 1" d"n +,+ent l na:ter"" rap,rt l " - r"d"# 7 / !"e#t l pa/"$ are ,!l"ga1"a de a da' a 6a#e /a a n 6a#e #e$a 7 / nt ,p,>a!"le n +a" / !"e#t l " pa/"$ .de!"t,r). S nt drept r" relat"$e drept r"le de #rean1. Ter+en"" 6,l,/"1" de Ga!/,l tH :" Grelat"$H n pr"$e/# +,d l de garantare al a#e/t,ra' @n /en/ l # drept r"le a!/,l te ar 6" +a" !"ne pr,te-ate' ar 6" G+a" p tern"#eH' #,+parat"$ # drept r"le relat"$e. S7a a$ t @n $edere ,p,>a!"l"tatea l,r' drept r"le reale tre! "e re/pe#tate de Gt,1" #e"lal1"H' t,at l +ea' :" drept r"le relat"$e de / !"e#t l pa/"$ deter+"nat .de!"t,r l). Pre#">area # drept r"le relat"$e pr,d # e6e#te @n rap,rt # , an +"t per/,an .an +"te per/,ane) deter+"nate @n +,+ent l @n#De"er"" rap,rt l " - r"d"# n @n/ea+n # Gt,1" #e"lal1"H' t,at l +ea' p,t / le @n#al#e' ne/,#,tea/#. Ele /e "+p n re/pe#t l " general. 3n#l#area l,r atrage r/p nderea #"$"l del"#t al #9nd /7a pr,d / n pre- d"#" . T,ate drept r"le a!/,l te /a relat"$e / nt ,p,>a!"le t t r,r' dar n +a" drept r"le a!/,l te pr,d # e6e#te 6a1 de t,1". 3n# , pre#">areJ ne,r" :" @n #a> l drept r"l,r a!/,l te / !"e#t l pa/"$ p,ate a$ea , pre/ta1"e p,>"t"$. De eBe+pl ' de1"nt,r l 6r te+e" legal al l #r l " alt "a e/te ,!l"gat la re/t"t "rea l #r l " alt "a #tre pr,pr"etar.<A

<5 <A

=5

%la/"6"#area drept r"l,r @n a!/,l te :" relat"$e e/te de,/e!"t de "+p,rtant / ! a/pe#t l reg"+ l " - r"d"# .a reg l"l,r - r"d"#e) apl"#a!"l. A/t6el' drept r"le a!/,l te p,t 6" pr,te-ate @n t"+p pr"n 6,r1a de #,n/tr9ngere a /tat t l " Gla "n6"n"tH. Or"#9t t"+p ar tre#e de la at"ngerea ad / @n eBer#"tarea l,r' t"t lar l /e p,ate adre/a "n/tan1e" de - de#at :" #ere aprarea l ". Se /p ne # / nt "+pre/#r"pt"!"le. Drept r"le relat"$e / nt pre/#r"pt"!"le' t"t lar l a#e/t,ra eBer#"t a#1" nea @n - /t"1"e @ntr7 n ter+en /# rtJ de reg l' @n ter+en l general de pre/#r"p1"e de 3 an". O alt reg l apl"#a!"l d"6er"tJ ,r"#e per/,an p,ate #ere aprarea n " drept a!/,l t pr"n a#1" ne @n - /t"1"e. 3n #a> l drept r"l,r relat"$e aprarea , p,ate #ere n +a" t"t lar l " a#e/t "a. a2 &rep"%ri pa"rim niale !i $rep"%ri nepa"rim niale 1e>"rapa"rim niale- pers nale2 Dreptul patrimonial e/te drept l #e 6a#e parte d"n patr"+,n" l ne" per/,ane' a$9nd #ara#ter e#,n,+"# :" p t9nd 6" e$al at @n !an". Drept l #"$"l regle+ent9nd rap,rt r" patr"+,n"ale' "+pl"#"t are @n $edere drept r"le patr"+,n"ale' #e #,n/t"t "e #,n1"n t l +a-,r"t1"" rap,rt r"l,r - r"d"#e #"$"le. Drept r"le patr"+,n"ale p,t 6" drept r" a!/,l te /a relat"$e. Dreptul nepatrimonial .eBtrapatr"+,n"al' per/,nal) e/te drept l #e n 6a#e parte d"ntr7 n patr"+,n" ' n are #ara#ter e#,n,+"# :" de#" n p,ate 6" e$al at @n !an". Ter+en l de eBtrapatr"+,n"al e/te t"l">at pentr a / !l"n"a a#ea/t "dee. Se 6,l,/e:te' t,t @n a#ea/t "dee :" ter+en l de per/,nal' +a" + lt :" pentr a arta # / nt /tr9n/ legate de per/,ana t"t lar l ". A#e/t ter+en I per/,nal I are :" @n1ele/ l # t,ate drept r"le / !"e#t"$e / nt drept r" per/,nale' de,are#e apar1"n ne" per/,ane. Drept r"le nepatr"+,n"ale / nt l"+"tate #a n +r de lege. .En +erarea a#e/t,ra a+ 6# t7, la drept r"le a!/,l te). Drept r"le nepatr"+,n"ale .eBtrapatr"+,n"ale' per/,nale) / nt @nt,tdea na drept r" a!/,l te. Une,r" nele drept r" / !"e#t"$e #"$"le p,t a$ea :" #ara#ter patr"+,n"al :" #ara#ter nepatr"+,n"al. De eBe+pl drept l de a t,r e/te n drept per/,nal' eBtrapatr"+,n"al #are are :" n #ara#ter
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patr"+,n"al .de eBe+pl drept l a t,r l " de a 6" re+ nerat @n #a> de ed"tare a ,pere"). I+p,rtan1a #la/"6"#r"" re>"d @n reg"+ l - r"d"# d"6er"t apl"#a!"l drept r"l,r patr"+,n"ale :" nepatr"+,n"ale .eBtrapatr"+,n"ale' per/,nale). De eBe+pl ' drept r"le nepatr"+,n"ale .eBtrapatr"+,n"ale' per/,nale)' 6""nd /tr9n/ legate de per/,ana t"t lar l " n /e p,t tran/+"te pr"n a#te - r"d"#e' de a/e+enea n p,t 6" eBer#"tate' @n general' pr"n repre>entare' l #r per+"/ @n #a> l drept r"l,r patr"+,n"ale. Pr,te-area pr"n a#1" ne @n - /t"1"e a drept r"l,r nepatr"+,n"ale .eBtrapatr"+,n"ale' per/,nale) de reg l n e/te / p / pre/#r"p1"e" eBt"n#t"$e. '2 &rep"%ri reale !i $rep"%ri $e (rean#, N +a" drept r"le patr"+,n"ale /e / !#la/"6"# @n drept r" reale :" drept r" de #rean1' drept l real .- / "n re) e/te a#el drept #e #,n6er t"t lar l " p,/"!"l"tatea de a eBer#"ta /"ng r atr"! tele .prer,gat"$ele drept l " a/ pra n " l #r deter+"nat) @n +,d d"re#t :" ne+"-l,#"t' 6r #,n# r/ l alte" per/,ane. Ter+en l de GrealeH $"ne de la 6apt l # /e re6er la l #r r" .@n l"+!a lat"n re/). Drept r"le reale a r+t,arele #ara#tere - r"d"#e /pe#"6"#eJ 7 t"t lar l drept l " real @l eBer#"t d"re#t a/ pra n " l #r ' 6r #,n# r/ l alt,r per/,ane 7 t"t lar l drept l " real /e ! # r de drept l de r+r"re :" de pre6er"n1. Drept l de r+r"re @n/ea+n drept l de a r+r" :" #ere re/t"t "rea ! n l " d"n +9"n"le ,r"# " /7ar a6la @n +,d neleg"t"+ ./7ar a6la @n l"p/a n " a#t - r"d"# /a pr"n "gn,rarea #la >el,r a#e/t "a' @n l"p/a ne" D,tr9r" - de#t,re:t"' pr"n @n#l#area ne" d"/p,>"1"" legale' pr"n ne/,#,t"rea e6e#tel,r > #ap" n"" /a p,/e/"e" ! n l " +,!"l # ! n #red"n1). Dreptul de pre"erin per+"te t"t lar l " n " drept real a##e/,r" .de ga- de "p,te# /a pr"$"leg" ) / 6"e pre6erat #9nd a#e/ta "ntr @n #,n# r/ # alte per/,ane' /7:" /at"/6a# # pr",r"tate #rean1a garantat # a#el drept real. 7 e/te n drept a!/,l t' a:adar @+pr + t #ara#terele - r"d"#e ale a#e/t "a ./ !"e#t l a#t"$ e/te deter+"nat' / !"e#t l pa/"$ e/te Gt,1"
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#e"lal1"H' n"$er/al' nedeter+"natK / !"e#t l pa/"$ are , ,!l"ga1"e general negat"$' :" e/te ,p,>a!"l Gerga ,+ne/H). - / nt @n n +r l"+"tat' 6""nd eBpre/ pre$> te de lege. S nt drept r" reale pr"n#"paleJ 7 drept l de pr,pr"etate # #ele 3 6,r+e ale /ale .pr,pr"etatea de /tat al#t "t d"n d,+en" l p !l"# :" d,+en" l pr"$at al /tat l "' pr,pr"etatea #,,perat"/t7,!:tea/# :" pr,pr"etatea pr"$at)K 7 drept l de ad+"n"/trare d"re#t .al #r " t"t lar e/te reg"a a t,n,+ /a "n/t"t 1""le de /tat :" /e eBer#"t a/ pra ! n r"l,r pr,pr"etate de /tat)K 7 drept l de #,n#e/" ne a/ pra n,r ! n r" d"n d,+en" l p !l"# al /tat l "K 7 drept l de > 6r #t' > :" a!"ta1"e' /er$"t te :" / per6"#"e. S nt drept r" reale a##e/,r"" ga- l' "p,te#a :" nele pr"$"leg"". 7 Dreptul de creanJ .- / ad per/,na+) e/te a#el drept @n $"rt tea #r "a / !"e#t l a#t"$ n +"t #red"t,r .re / #redend") are p,/"!"l"tatea / pret"nd / !"e#t l " pa/"$ n +"t de!"t,r .re / de!end")' / !"e#t deter+"nat' / dea' / 6a# /a / n 6a# #e$a .a t dare' a t 6a#ere /a a t n,n 6a#ere). Une,r" /e # n,/# :" / ! den +"rea de drept r" per/,nale' /pre a /e / !l"n"a "deea # / nt ,p,>a!"le ne" per/,ane deter+"nate .de!"t,r). Drept r"le de #rean1 al#t "e/# #,n1"n t l rap,rt l " - r"d"# de ,!l"ga1"". Drept r"le de #rean1 a r+t,arele #ara#tere - r"d"#eJ 7 / !"e#t l a#t"$ .#red"t,r l) p,ate / ad,pte , an +"t #,+p,rtare' de reg l' /ta!"l"t de #,+ n a#,rd # de!"t,r l' @n/ n +a" @n l"+"terele pre$eder"l,r leg""K 7 / !"e#t l a#t"$ I .#red"t,r l) I are p,/"!"l"tatea / pret"nd / !"e#t l " pa/"$ .de!"t,r l) , an +"t #,nd "tK 7 / nt nel"+"tate #a n +r' ele /e na/# de reg l d"n $,"n1a / !"e#1"l,r rap,rt l " - r"d"# de ,!l"ga1"" 7 / nt drept r" relat"$e' de#" pre"a #ara#terele - r"d"#e ale a#e/t,ra ./ !"e#1"" /e # n,/# d"n +,+ent l /ta!"l"r"" rap,rt l " - r"d"# de ,!l"ga1""' / !"e#t l pa/"$ are ,!l"ga1"a de a da' a 6a#e /a a n 6a#e #e$a' e/te ,p,>a!"l l de!"t,r l ").

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(2 &rep"%ri prin(ipale !i $rep"%ri a((es rii + A#ea/t #la/"6"#are pr"$e:te n +a" drept r"le patr"+,n"ale. Dreptul principalJ e/te drept l #are are , eB"/ten1 de /"ne /ttt,are' /,arta l " - r"d"# n dep"nde de eB"/ten1a n " alt drept. De eBe+pl ' drept l de pr,pr"etate a/ pra n " ! n' drept l de #rean1 #e are #a ,!"e#t plata #D"r"e"' a pre1 l "' @n general t,ate drept r"le #"$"le. Dreptul accesoriuJ e/te a#el drept a #r " /,art - r"d"# dep"nde de eB"/ten1a n " alt drept' n +"t drept pr"n#"pal. E/te 6,r+ lat @n l"+!a lat"n a/t6elJ Ga##e//,r" + /eP "t r pr"n#"pale+H' ad"# /,arta drept l " a##e/,r" e/te deter+"nat de #ea a drept l " pr"n#"pal. 3n +ater"a drept r"l,r reale @nt9ln"+ #el +a" 6re#$ent d"6eren1"erea @n drept r" pr"n#"p"ale :" drept r" a##e/,r"". S nt /,#,t"te drept r" reale pr"n#"pale drept r"le en +erate la #la/"6"#area drept r"l,r #"$"le / !"e#t"$e @n SDrept r" reale :" de #rean1H. Dre'turi*e rea*e a&&esorii sunt r+t,areleJ %re'tu* %e i'ote&3 .drept real a##e/,r" #e repre>"nt , garan1"e "+,!"l"ar' #e @n/,1e:te ,!l"ga1"a pe #are , are de!"t,r l :" #are n pre/ p ne dep,/edarea #el " #e , #,n/t"t "e)' %re'turi %e 1a$ .a+anet 7 drept real a##e/,r" ' n/# t d"n #,ntra#t a##e/,r" pr"n #are de!"t,r l re+"te #red"t,r l / n l #r +,!"l pentr garantarea dat,r"e". %9nd de!"t,r l n 7:" eBe# t ,!l"ga1"a' #red"t,r l ga-"/t are drept l / #ear "n/tan1e" de - de#at re1"nerea l #r l " @n #,nt l #rean1e")' 'rivi*e1ii*e :" %re'tu* %e reten/ie. Drept l real a##e/,r" pre/ p ne n drept pr"n#"pal #are e/te n drept real pr"n#"pal. !ntr"o o'inie' /6era de apl"#are a @+pr1"r"" @n drept r" pr"n#"pale :" drept r" a##e/,r"" n tre! "e red / la #ateg,r"a drept r"l,r reale' de,are#e eB"/t :" $rep"%ri $e (rean#, a((es rii a#e/tea ">$,r9nd #a drept r" #,relat"$e ,!l"ga1""l,r n/# te d"n a#te - r"d"#e #"$"le a##e/,r"". D"ntr7 n #,ntra#t a##e/,r" ">$,r/# n n +a" ,!l"ga1"" a##e/,r"" #" :" drept r" #,relat"$e a#e/t,raOJ (dreptul creditorului de a pretinde de la debitor dob2nda a"erent creanei principale. dreptul nscut din convenia accesorie numit clau, penal/+.BF De eBe+pl ' @ntr7 n #,ntra#t de eBe# tare de l #rr" /e p,ate "ntr,d #e , #la > I #la >a penal I .are #ara#ter a##e/,r"
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de,are#e n ar 6" eB"/tat @n l"p/a #,ntra#t l " pr"n#"pal I #,ntra#t l de eBe# tare de l #rr") p,tr"$"t #re"a partea #e n 7:" eBe# t pre/ta1"a /e ,!l"g la plata ne" / +e de !an"' #,n$en"t de #,+ n a#,rd. D"n a#ea/t ,!l"ga1"e a##e/,r"e' re> lt $rep"%l ( rela"i) a((es ri% de a pret"nde plata / +e" pre$> te @n #la >a penal. $2 &rep"%ri s%'ie("i)e (i)ile p%re !i simple !i $rep"%ri s%'ie("i)e (i)ile a*e("a"e $e m $ali",#i Dreptul subiectiv civil pur *i simplu e/te drept l #e p,ate 6" eBer#"tat de @ndat' d"n #D"ar +,+ent l na:ter"" l "' eB"/ten1a :" eBer#"tarea l " n dep"nd de n"#" , @+pre- rare $""t,are n +"t #,nd"1"e /a ter+en. De eBe+pl ' @ntr7 n #,ntra#t de $9n>are7# +prare' d"n +,+ent l na:ter"" drept l " # +prt,r l " de a "ntra @n pr,pr"etatea ! n l " # +prat .e/te +,+ent l real">r"" a#,rd l " de $,"n1 @ntre pr1") a#e/ta /e :" eBer#"t pr"n predarea7pr"+"rea ! n l " # +prat. Dreptul subiectiv civil a"ectat de modaliti .+,dal"t1"le / nt ter+en l' #,nd"1"a :" /ar#"na) e/te drept l #are /e na:te /a p,ate 6" eBe# tat @n rap,rt de @+pre- rr" $""t,are #are /e p,t /a n real">a /a #are /e $,r real">a # /"g ran1. M,dal"t1"le a#t l " - r"d"# $,r 6" /t d"ate @n #adr l #ap"t,l l " GA#t l - r"d"# #"$"lH. C' ;5C0? %G&5;5% D;5P&0;$6 ; S0#$5C&$85 C$8$65 N,r+ele drept l " ,!"e#t"$ .drept l p,>"t"$) re# n,/# drept r"le / !"e#t"$e #"$"le' de reg l regle+entea> #,nd "ta t"t lar l " drept l " :" l"+"tele eBer#"tr"" l ". 3n art.1 d"n De#ret l nr.31M1<54 pr"$"t,r la per/,anele 6">"#e :" - r"d"#e / nt re# n,/# te la +,d l general n +a" a#ele drept r" / !"e#t"$e #"$"le #are @:" pr,p n drept /#,p G/at"/6a#erea "ntere/el,r per/,nale' +ater"ale :" # lt rale' @n a#,rd # "ntere/ l ,!:te/#' p,tr"$"t leg"" :" reg l"l,r de #,n$"e1 "reH. A/t6el' t"t lar l drept l " / !"e#t"$ #"$"l p,ate /7l eBer#"te @n "ntere/ l / ' Gdar @n "ntere/ l / @+!"nat # "ntere/ele t t r,rH.<= A#tele n,r+at"$e' de reg l' re# n,/# #ateg,r"" de drept r" / !"e#t"$e #"$"le /a an +"te drept r" / !"e#t"$e #"$"le. De eBe+pl ' @n %,n/t"t 1"a R,+9n"e" /e re# n,/# drept r"le 6 nda+entale ale #et1ean l " #are / nt @n a#ela:" t"+p drept r" / !"e#t"$e #"$"le # +
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/ ntJ drept l la $"a1' la "ntegr"tate 6">"# :" p/"D"#' la aprare' la l"!er #"r# la1"e' la d,+en" /a re:ed"n1' la e+"grare' de a re$en" @n 1ar' la $"a1 "nt"+' 6a+"l"al :" pr"$at' drept l per/,ane" 6">"#e / d"/p n de ea @n/:"' la "n6,r+a1"e' la @n$1t r' la ,#r,t"rea /nt1""' la + n# et#.K @n %,d l #"$"l /e re# n,/# +a-,r"tatea drept r"l,r patr"+,n"ale .reale :" de #rean1)K @n De#ret l 31M1<54 pr"$"t,r la per/,anele 6">"#e :" - r"d"#e /e re# n,/# drept r"le per/,nale nepatr"+,n"ale. Re6er"t,r la per/,anele - r"d"#e' re# n,a:terea drept r"l,r / !"e#t"$e #"$"le e/te regle+entat de art.2 d"n De#ret l 31M1<54 pr"$"t,r la per/,anele 6">"#e :" - r"d"#eJ (Drepturile civile pe care le au. ca persoane juridice 4/' sunt recunoscute -n scopul de a se asi!ura cre*terea ne-ncetat a bunstrii materiale 4/' a oamenilor H. D' C; &$;5% 4%PH;%;5%' D;5P&0;$6 ; S0#$5C&$85 C$8$65 P,tr"$"t art.3 De#ret l 31M54 Gdrept r"le #"$"le / nt ,#r,t"te de legeH. Drept r"le nepatr"+,n"ale per/,nale / nt aprate pr"n +"-l,a#ele nepatr"+,n"al pre$> te @n art.54 d"n a#ela:" a#t n,r+at"$J Gva cere instanei -ncetarea sv2r*irii "aptei care aduce atin!ere drepturilor nepatrimoniale sau (va putea cere instanei s obli!e pe autorul "aptei sv2r*ite "r drept s -ndeplineasc orice msuri socotite necesare de ctre instan. spre a ajun!e la restabilirea dreptului atinsH. Aprarea drept r"l,r nepatr"+,n"ale .per/,nale)' pr"n +"-l,a#e patr"+,n"ale' e/te a##eptat @n nan"+"tate d p 1<=<J /7a a##eptat p,/"!"l"tatea reparr"" da nel,r +,rale pr"n +"-l,a#e !ne:t". Legea nr.2<M1<<F pr"$"nd #,nten#",/ l ad+"n"/trat"$ d"/p ne eBpre/"/ $er!"/ @n art.1 p,/"!"l"tatea aprr"" drept l " / ' de #tre ,r"#e per/,an 6">"# /a - r"d"#' @n#l#at pr"ntr7 n a#t ad+"n"/trat"$ pr"n Gan larea a#t l "' re# n,a:terea drept l " pret"n/ :" repararea pag !e" #e "7a 6,/t #a >at.H M"-l,a#ele - r"d"#e de aprare a drept r"l,r / !"e#t"$e #"$"le / ntJ ) aciunea -n justiie' e/te p,/"!"l"tatea t"t lar l " drept l " / #ear "nter$en1"a 6,r1e" de #,n/tr9ngere a /tat l " pentr a ,!1"ne
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re/pe#tarea drept l " /a re/ta!"l"rea /"t a1"e" eB"/tente @na"ntea ne/,#,t"r"" a#e/t "aK ) pe cale de e9cepieJ @n # r/ l pr,#e/ l " #"$"l /e "n$,# drept l / !"e#t"$ #"$"l #a +"-l,# de aprare @+p,tr"$a preten1""l,r ne- /t"6"#ate 6,r+ late de alte per/,ane @+p,tr"$a t"t lar l " drept l "K ) prin e9ecutare silitJ +"-l,# - r"d"# pr"n #are t"t lar l drept l " / !"e#t"$ #"$"l #ere "n/tan1e" de - de#at ad #erea la @ndepl"n"re a D,tr9r"" - de#t,re:t" #e re# n,a:te n drept' da# per/,ana ,!l"gat n @n1elege de ! n$,"e / eBe# te D,tr9rea - de#t,rea/#. e7 E.er&itarea %re'turi*or su(ie&tive &ivi*e Drept l / !"e#t"$ #"$"l tre! "e eBer#"tat @n /#,p l /at"/6a#er"" "ntere/el,r per/,nale ale t"t lar l "' p,tr"$"t leg"" :" reg l"l,r de #,n$"e1 "re /,#"al. A:adar' @n eBer#"tarea drept l " / !"e#t"$ apar an +"te l"+"te. L"+"tele eBer#"tr"" drept l " / !"e#t"$ #"$"l / nt l"+"te e9terne :" l"+"te interne. Li#ite*e e.terne / nt +ater"ale. A/t6el' pr,pr"etar l n p,ate eBer#"ta atr"! tele drept l " de pr,pr"etate d"n#,l, de l"+"tele' D,tar lele teren l " / . Li#ite*e e.terne / nt juridice. A/t6el' #red"t,r l n p,ate #ere de!"t,r l " +a" + lt de#9t " /e dat,rea>' 6r a dep:" l"+"tele - r"d"#e ale drept l " / de #rean1. Li#ite*e interne ale drept l " / !"e#t"$ #"$"l / nt date de /#,p l @n #are e/te re# n,/# t drept l :" an +e /at"/6a#erea "ntere/el,r per/,nale ale t"t lar l " a#e/t "a. 3n d,#tr"n /7a n/# t a+ple d"/# 1"" # pr"$"re la de6"n"rea a! > l " de drept. A! > l de drept #,n/t @n dep:"rea l"+"tel,r eBterne .+ater"ale /a - r"d"#e) /a a #el,r "nterne' /a a #el,r d, . % pr"$"re la limitele e9terne materiale sau juridice / nt a t,r" #are /7a eBpr"+at tran:ant. Pa l M"r#ea %,/+,$"#"' +e+!r #,re/p,ndent al A#ade+"e" R,+9n"e"' a #,n#D"/J (cel ce acionea, prin dep*irea limitelor e9terne. materiale ori juridice ale drepturilor subiective acionea, "r drept. ca. de pild. proprietarul care ar construi dincolo de hotarul terenului su deci prin dep*irea limitelor materiale ale
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dreptului de proprietate ori creditorul care ar pretinde debitorului su mai mult dec2t -i datorea, acesta deci prin dep*irea limitelor juridice ale dreptului su de crean+.<< 3n a#eea:" "deeJ (%bu,ul de drept nu -nseamn dep*irea limitelor e9terne. de ordin material sau juridic. ale dreptului respectiv. ipote, -n care am "i -n pre,ena unui "apt juridic sv2r*it "r drept. ci numai dep*irea limitelor interne ale dreptului subiectiv civil.+1F1 Dep:"rea l"+"tel,r eBterne 6"e +ater"ale' 6"e - r"d"#e p,ate repre>enta n 6apt - r"d"# "l"#"t' :" da# /7a pr,d / n pre- d"#" / nt apl"#a!"le reg l"le r/p nder"" #"$"le. % pr"$"re la limitele interne ale eBer#"1" l " drept r"l,r / !"e#t"$e' /7a pr,p / +a" + lte #r"ter"" pentr de6"n"rea a! > l " de dreptJ "nten1"a de a d na alt "a' eBer#"1" l an,r+al al drept l "' a!/en1a n " "ntere/ leg"t"+' det rnarea drept l " de la 6"nal"tatea /a. 1FF 3ntr7, de6"n"1"e' a t,r l are @n $edere n +a" l"+"tele "nterneJ (59ercitarea drepturilor subiective civile prin -nclcarea acestor principii 4not1 autorul se re"er la e9ercitarea dreptului subiectiv civil potrivit cu scopul su social *i economic. e9ercitarea cu respectarea strict a le!ii *i a re!ulilor de moral. e9ercitarea cu bun)credin' constituie. ceea ce se nume*te -n literatura de specialitate *i practica judectoreasc. abu, de drept+. 1F2 Al1" a t,r" de6"ne/# a! > l de drept # re6er"re de,p,tr"$ la l"+"tele eBterne :" "nterne ale eBer#"tr"" drept l " / !"e#t"$ #"$"l. A/t6el' (59ercitarea unui drept civil subiectiv cu dep*irea limitelor sale "ire*ti. ) *i -n special. cu dep*irea limitelor sale interne. adic e9ercitarea lui -n alt scop dec2t acela -n vederea cruia dreptul respectiv este recunoscut de le!e+. 1F3 Pr,6. n"$.dr. ;De,rgDe 0ele" @n de6"n"1"a a! > l " de drept /e re6er eBpre/"/ $er!"/ la a+!ele l"+"teJ (prin abu, de drept -nele!em e9ercitarea unui drept subiectiv civil cu -nclcarea principiilor e9ercitrii sale 4/' prin nesocotirea scopului economic *i social
<< 1F1 1FF 1F2 1F3

<3

pentru care a "ost recunoscut. cu nesocotirea le!ii *i moralei. cu rea credin cu dep*irea limitelor saleH.1F4 A t,r"" de6"n"1""l,r de +a" / / /e gr pea> @n teoria obiectiv a a! > l " de drept' #are @n e/en1 / !l"n"a> # /"+pla det rnare a eBer#"tr"" drept l " de la /#,p l / /,#"al repre>"nt a! > de drept' "nd"6erent de "nten1"a / !"e#t"$ de a $t+a pe alt l. 3ntr7, alt #,n#ep1"e' teoria subiectiv eBpl"# a! > l de drept pr"n "nten1"a #e an"+ pe t"t lar l drept l " / !"e#t"$ #"$"l de a $t+a pe alt l. A/t6el' n a t,r / !l"n"a>J (Dn ce ne prive*te. apreciem c abu,ul de drept vi,ea, numai ultimele dou principii din cele patru pre,entate mai sus 4n.a. ) dreptul subiectiv civil trebuie e9ercitat numai potrivit scopului economic *i social -n vederea cruia este recunoscut *i numai cu bun)credin 4/' se poate vorbi de un abu, de drept atunci c2nd titularul acestuia cu rea)credin. -l deturnea, de la "inalitatea lui 4/' "aptul sv2r*it neput2nd "i e9plicat printr)un motiv le!itim 4/' titularul -*i e9ercit dreptul subiectiv civil -n scopul de a)l vtma pe altul. a)l *icana etc.+1F5 Inten1"a de a $t+a /e apre#"a> d"n G"n t"l"tatea a#t l " pentr #el #are l7a /$9r:"tH.1FA San#1",narea a! > l " de drept /e 6a#e @n d, +,d r"J - ,!l"garea t"t lar l " drept l " / !"e#t"$ #"$"l eBer#"tat @n +,d a! >"$ la repararea e$ent al l " pre- d"#" pr,d /' p,tr"$"t reg l"l,r r/p nder"" #"$"le del"#t aleK - re6 > l pr,te#1"e" - r"d"#e a t"t lar"l,r drept r"l,r / !"e#t"$e #"$"le eBer#"tate @n +,d a! >"$. 1FC A#ea/t /an#1" ne a 6,/t apl"#at @n pra#t"#a - d"#"ar. 1F= 3n d,#tr"n /7a eBpr"+at :" ,p"n"" #,ntrare. Un a t,r #,n/"der # (re"u,ul concursului "orei de constr2n!ere a statului 4/' este discutabil 4/' -n lipsa unui te9t de le!e e9pres -n acest sens 4/': respin!erea cererii titularului dreptului subiectiv civil e9ercitat abu,iv va interveni. eventual. -n

1F4 1F5 1FA 1FC 1F=

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temeiul unei dispo,iii le!ale e9prese. iar nu -n ba,a simplei e9ercitri abu,ive a dreptului+.1F< 80 O'liga#ia (i)il, A la"%ra pasi), a ( n#in%"%l%i rap r"%l%i .%ri$i( (i)il Drept l / !"e#t"$ #"$"l pre/ p ne eB"/ten1a ne" ,!l"ga1"" #,relat"$e. Drept r"le / !"e#t"$e #"$"le :" ,!l"ga1""le #are al#t "e/# #,n1"n t l rap,rt l " - r"d"# #"$"l / nt legate @ntre ele' 6"e#r " drept / !"e#t"$ #,re/p n>9nd 7" , ,!l"ga1"e' d p # + 6"e#re" ,!l"ga1"" @" #,re/p nde n drept / !"e#t"$. %eea #e pret"nde / !"e#t l a#t"$ e/te t,#+a" @ndat,r"rea / !"e#t l " pa/"$. 11F A/t6el' @ntr7 n #,ntra#t de l,#a1" ne drept l " l,#at,r l " de a pr"+" #D"r"a @" #,re/p nde ,!l"ga1"a l,#atar l " de a plt" #D"r"a' d p # + drept l " l,#atar l " de a " /e preda l #r l @n 6,l,/"n1 te+p,rar @" #,re/p nde ,!l"ga1"a l,#at,r l " de a preda l #r l. O!l"ga1"a #"$"l e/te ,!"e#t l de /t d" al # r/ l " GTe,r"a general a ,!l"ga1""l,rH' +ater"e de an l II. O!l"ga1"a #"$"l e/te rap,rt l de drept #"$"l @n #are , parte' n +"t #red"t,r' are p,/"!"l"tatea de a pret"nde #ele"lalte pr1"' n +"t de!"t,r' / eBe# te , pre/ta1"e /a +a" + lte pre/ta1"" #e p,t 6" de a da' a 6a#e /a a n 6a#e' de reg l' / ! /an#1" nea #,n/tr9nger"" de /tat. 111 Pre/ta1"a / !"e#t l " pa/"$ #,n/t @nJ - a da .a t dare)' #,n/t @n @ndat,r"rea de a #,n/t"t " . n drept real de "p,te# /a ga- a/ pra n " ! n) /a a tran/+"te n drept real a/ pra n " l #r . De eBe+pl tran/+"terea drept l " de pr,pr"etate pr"ntr7 n a#t - r"d"# de $9n>are7# +prare' d,na1"e et#. O!l"ga1"a de a da n /e #,n6 nd # ,!l"ga1"a de a preda l #r l #are e/te , ,!l"ga1"e de a 6a#eK - a "ace ' e/te @ndat,r"rea #e #,n/t @ntr7, pre/ta1"e p,>"t"$' a$9nd #a ,!"e#t eBe# tarea de l #rr"' pre/tarea de /er$"#"" /a predarea n " l #r .de eBe+pl a #,n/tr " n "+,!"l pr"ntr7 n #,ntra#t de antrepr">' a @ntre1"ne , per/,an

1F< 11F 111

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pr"ntr7 n #,ntra#t de @ntre1"nere' a repara n a t,t r"/+ p,tr"$"t n " #,ntra#t de eBe# tr" l #rr" et#.)K a nu "ace. e/te @ndat,r"rea de a /e a!1"ne de la /$9r:"rea ne" a#1" n"' #are ar 6" p t t / , /$9r:ea/# da# n /7ar 6" ,!l"gat / n , 6a# . De eBe+pl ' pr"n #,ntra#t l de ed"t r' a t,r l l #rr"" predate /pre t"pr"re /e ,!l"g / n predea l #rarea ne" alte ed"t r".

O'liga#ia are -n structura sa@ ) subiecii .#red"t,r l :" de!"t,r l) #are de reg l a @n a#ela:" t"+p :" #al"tatea de #red"t,r :" #al"tatea de de!"t,r. ) coninutul I d"n #are 6a# parte t,ate drept r"le de #rean1 :" ,!l"ga1""le #,relat"$e #e apar1"n / !"e#1"l,r. De reg l e/te al#t "t d"n drept l #red"t,r l " de a pret"nde :" @ndat,r"rea de!"t,r l " de a eBe# ta pre/ta1"a dat,rat. ) obiectul I #,n/t @n #,nd "ta #,n#ret' a#1" nea "na#1" nea' pre/ta1"a #e , p,ate pret"nde #red"t,r l :" la #are e/te 1"n t de!"t,r l. Pre/ta1"a de!"t,r l " #,n/t @n a da' a 6a#e /a n 6a#e #e$a. ) sanciunea I #,n/t @n drept l #red"t,r l " de a re# rge la 6,r1a de #,n/tr9ngere a /tat l " pentr real">area drept l " / pe #alea ne" a#1" n" @n - /t"1"e /a / pr,#ede>e la eBe# tarea /"l"t pentr real">area #rean1e" /ale. O!l"ga1"a #"$"l ">$,r:te d"n a#te - r"d"#e :" 6apte - r"d"#e l"#"te .ge/t" nea de a6a#er"' plata nedat,rat :" @+!,g1"rea 6r - /t te+e") :" "l"#"te .del"#te). 40 O'ie("%l rap r"%l%i .%ri$i( (i)il 90 &e*ini#ie3n l"terat ra - r"d"# /7a p rtat d"/# 1"" legate de d, a/pe#te pr"$"t,are la ,!"e#t l rap,rt l " - r"d"# #"$"l. Pri#u* as'e&t /e re6er la 6apt l da# rap,rt l - r"d"# #"$"l are /a n n ,!"e#t. A t,r"" #are p n la @nd,"al eB"/ten1a ,!"e#t l " rap,rt l " - r"d"# a @n $edere # pr"n ,!"e#t /e @n1eleg n +a" l #r r"le la #are /e re6er drept r"le :" ,!l"ga1""le pr1"l,r' :" # + / nt rap,rt r" - r"d"#e

<A

#"$"le #are /e re6er n +a" la a#1" n"' a!1"ner"' ,!"e#t l n e/te n ele+ent /tr #t ral al rap,rt l " - r"d"# #"$"l. 112 Ma-,r"tatea #,n/"der necesar e9istena noiunii de obiect al raportului juridic. Un"" a t,r" "dent"6"# n,1" nea at9t # l #r r"le #e ne @n#,n-,ar' #9t :" # a#1" n"le /a a!1"ner"le / !"e#1"l,r. Un drept 6r ,!"e#t e/te n l #r gre de a##eptat. Ma" + lt' /e 6a#e :" , d"6eren1"ereJ @n #a> l drept r"l,r reale' ,!"e#t l e/te l #r l la #are /e re6er drept lK @n #a> l drept r"l,r de #rean1' ,!"e#t l @l #,n/t"t "e a#1" nea /a "na#1" nea la #are are drept l / !"e#t l a#t"$ :" e/te 1"n t / !"e#t l pa/"$.113 Al $ ilea aspe(" /e re6er la #,n1"n t l ,!"e#t l ". (a# parte d"n ,!"e#t l rap,rt l " - r"d"# a#1" nea /a "na#1" nea la #are are drept l / !"e#t l a#t"$ :" 1"n t / !"e#t l pa/"$ /a :" l #r r"le la #are /e re6er a#1" nea /a "na#1" nea' at n#" #9nd ele eB"/tL 3ntr7, de6"n"1"e G,!"e#t l n p,ate #,n/ta de#9t @n a#1" nea /a a!1"nerea pe #are / !"e#t l a#t"$ .t"t lar l drept l ") , p,ate pret"nde / !"e#t l " pa/"$ .#el " 1"n t de ,!l"ga1"e)' "ar a#ea/ta 6r a de,/e!" d p # + @n #,n1"n t l rap,rt l " - r"d"# #"$"l "ntr n drept real /a n drept de #rean1H. In t"l"tatea pre#">r""' d p # + e/te $,r!a de n drept real /a de #rean1' e/te /"+pl de arg +entatJ :" @n #a> l drept l " real' t"t lar l e/te @ndrept1"t / "+p n / !"e#t l " pa/"$7 nedeter+"nat' n"$er/al Gt,1" #e"lal1"H , #,nd "t' ,!l"ga1"a general negat"$ / n 6a# n"+"# de nat r a /t9n-en" eBer#"tarea drept l ". 3n a+!ele #a> r" I drept real :" drept de #rean1 7 / nte+ @n pre>en1a ne" rela1"" /,#"ale @n #are 6"e#are parte a rap,rt l " - r"d"# /e +an"6e/t pr"ntr7, #,nd "t #e repre>"nt ,!"e#t l rap,rt l " - r"d"# #"$"l. 114 N +er,:" a t,r" #,n/"der #,nd "ta pr1"l,r .a#1" nea' "na#1" nea la #are are drept l / !"e#t l a#t"$ :" e/te 1"n t / !"e#t l pa/"$) #a 6""nd /"ng r l ele+ent al ,!"e#t l " rap,rt l " - r"d"#J G-ntotdeauna. obiectul raportului juridic civil este "ormat din conduita pr1"l,rH.115 Gprin obiect al raportului juidic -nele!em conduita prilor+.11A
112 113 114 115 11A

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GDn conclu,ie. obiectul raportului juridic civil const -n aciunea sau absteneunea la care este -ndreptit subiectul activ *i este inut subiectul pasiv. 4n.n. este vorba de conduit'.+ 11C GPrin obiect al raportului juridic civil se -nele!e/-n ali termeni conduita subiectelor acestui raportH.11= 3n #,n#l >"eJ (ceea ce pare s re,ulte din multiple de"iniii ce au "ost date este "aptul c toate se re"er. -n ultim anali,. la conduita subiectelor acestui raport. indi"erent dac raportul juridic cuprinde -n coninutul su drepturi reale sau drepturi de crean H.11< Al1" a t,r" apre#"a> # @n #,n1"n t l n,1" n"" de ,!"e#t al rap,rt r"l,r - r"d"#e apar :" l #r r"le la #are /e re6er #,nd "ta / !"e#1"l,r' l #r l 6""nd n +"t obiect derivat ."nd"re#t). A/t6el (-ntruc2t -ns aciunea sau abinerea ori. -n !eneral. conduita poate privi. ca -n e9emplul dreptului real un lucru acesta trebuie privit *i el. c2nd este ca,ul. ca obiect al raportului juridic *i anume obiect derivat+.12F 3ntr7, ,p"n"e a/e+nt,are' n a t,r pre#">ea>J (%desea conduita subiecilor raportului juridic civil se re"er direct la anumite lucruri e9terioare 4/' titularul unui drept de proprietate -*i e9ercit aciunile care alctuiesc coninutul dreptului 4adic atributele de posesie. "olosin *i dispo,iie' -n mod direct asupra lucrului pe care)l are -n proprietate1 cumprtorul este -ndreptit s dob2ndeasc dreptul de proprietate *i s i se predea lucrul 4bunul' pe care l)a cumprat 4/' lucrurile respective nu sunt dec2t obiecte. materiale. lucruri. bunuri e9trinseci raportului juridic civil+ .121 Ne ral"e+ de6"n"1"e" de +a" -,/' a a/pe#t l " rap,rt l " - r"d"# #"$"l' tran:ant :" # pr"n>t,are' an#,rat @n pra#t"#a #"r# "t l " #"$"l :" "ntrat @n l"+!a- l # rent de drept #"$"lJ G obiectul raportului juridic civil const -n aciunea sau absteniunea 4conduita' la care este -ndreptit subiectul activ *i inut subiectul pasiv. iar dac aciunea sau inaciunea se re"er la lucruri. *i acestea dar nu ca obiect direct. ci derivat 4indirect'.H
11C 11= 11< 12F 121

<=

O!"e#t l rap,rt l " - r"d"# #"$"l /e eBpr"+ 6re#$ent pr"n eBpre/""leJ a+ # +prat #a/a la n pre1 ! n' a+ $9nd t !"ne a t,t r"/+ l' a+ @n#D"r"at 6,arte !"ne aparta+ent l et#. 3n a#e/t /en/' /e apre#"a>J (nu se poate s nu se recunoasc str2nsa le!tur -ntre cei doi termeni1 obiect al raportului juridic civil *i lucrurile la care se re"er.+ 122

2. +unurile
a2 &e*ini#ia '%n%ril r %,d l #"$"l 6,l,/e:te ter+en l de G! nH :" ter+en l de Gl #r H 6r a le de6"n". A/t6el' @n art.4=FJ (Proprietatea este dreptul ce are cineva de a se bucura *i a dispune de un lucru -n mod e9clusiv *i absolut. -ns -n limitele determinate de le!e+ *i -n art.B3E1 (?umai lucrurile ce sunt -n comer pot "i obiectul unui contract.+ N,1" nea de G! nH e/te @ntre! "n1at @n teBtele %,d l " #"$"l @n d, /en/ r"J 7 4ntr"un sens *ar1' pr"n ! n /e @n1eleg at9t l #r r"le #9t :" drept r"le #e a #a ,!"e#t n l #r . De eBe+pl ' art.4C5J ( ricine poate dispune liber de bunurile ce sunt ale lui.+ 7 4ntr"un a*t sens' pr"n ! n /e @n1eleg l #r r"le a/ pra #r,ra /e eBer#"t drept r"le patr"+,n"ale. De eBe+pl art.4C< %,d #"$"lJ (poate avea cineva asupra bunurilor. sau un drept de proprietate. sau un drept de "olosin. sau numai servitute.+ Pr"n ! n @n1elege+ t,ate l #r r"le t"le ,+ l " /a ' @ntr7, alt de6"n"1"e' , $al,are e#,n,+"#' pentr /at"/6a#erea ne$,"l,r +ater"ale ,r" /p"r"t ale ale ,+ l " .@n t,ate de6"n"1""le /e 6a#e a#ea/t pre#">are) / /#ept"!"le de apr,p"ere / ! 6,r+ de drept r" patr"+,n"ale .ele+ent prel at d"n de6"n"1""le date de d,#tr"n). P,tr"$"t de6"n"1"e"' n ,r"#e l #r /a $al,are e#,n,+"# p,ate d,!9nd" #al"tatea de ! n' @n +ater"a drept l " #"$"l' #" n +a" a#elea #are @ntr ne/# # + lat"$ d, #er"n1eJ 7 l #r l' $al,area e#,n,+"# /at"/6a#e , ne$,"e +ater"al /a /p"r"t alK
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7 l #r l pentr a de$en" G! nH @n +ater"e #"$"l tre! "e / 6"e / /#ept"!"l de apr,p"ere .@n/ :"re) / ! 6,r+a drept r"l,r patr"+,n"ale. A/t6el' aer l' de:" /at"/6a#e , ne$,"e +ater"al' n e/te G! nH @n a##ep1" nea drept l " #"$"l' de,are#e n"+en" n /e p,ate 6a#e /tp9n pe aer.123 Se p,ate p ne @ntre!areaJ ,are Gaer l de Ne$adaH #,+er#"al">at @n SUA @n re#"p"en1" /pe#"al"' /a Gaer l de + nteH 6,l,/"t de agen1" de #"r# la1"e d"n 0angE,E' #ap"tala TDa"lande"' n / nt eBe+ple p,tr"$"t #r,ra #,nd"1"a re6er"t,are la / /#ept"!"l"tatea de a 6" @n/ :"te' / ! 6,r+a drept r"l,r patr"+,n"ale' e/te relat"$L Un a t,r' pe ! n dreptate' apre#"a>J GOa#e/te #,nd"1"" / nt relat"$e @n t"+p :" @n /pa1" :" tre! "e pr"$"te @n per/pe#t"$ "/t,r"#' l #r r" "n t"le la n +,+ent dat p,t de$en" ap," t"le .de p"ld re#"#larea de:e r"l,r)' /a ne/ /#ept"!"le de apr,p"ere .#a /pa1" l #,/+"# de p"ld) p t9nd de$en"' @n $""t,r' ,!"e#te ale n,r drept r" ./ ! 6,r+a re/ r/el,r +"nerale eBtra/e d"n alte #,rp r" #ere:t"' /a a re/ r/el,r energet"#e ,6er"te de $9nt l /,lar)H. 3n/ :"r"le n,r ! n r" / /#ept"!"le de apr,p"ere "n6l en1ea> de#"/"$ reg"+ l - r"d"# .reg l"le - r"d"#e) apl"#a!"l n,r ! n r". !) C*asi2i&area (unuri*or D,#tr"na' #la/"6"# ! n r"le d p +a" + lte #r"ter"" de #la/"6"#are. 3n #ele #e r+ea> ne ,pr"+ la r+t,arele #r"ter"" de #la/"6"#are' 6re#$ent @nt9ln"te @n d,#tr"n. A/t6elJ ) dup re!imul juridic al circulaiei bunurilor. d"/t"nge+J ! n r" @n #"r# "t l #"$"l' ! n r" /#,a/e d"n #"r# "t l #"$"l' ! n r" # , #"r# la1"e - r"d"# re/tr"#t"$ regle+entat :" ! n r" +,+entan 6r /tp9nK ) dup modul lor de percepere1 ! n r" #,rp,rale :" ! n r" "n#,rp,rale ) natura lor *i cali"icarea dat de le!e1 ! n r" +,!"le :" "+,!"le ) dup modul cum sunt determinate1 ! n r" #erte' "nd"$"d al deter+"nate' .re/ #erta) :" ! n r" deter+"nate gener"#' ! n r" de gen .re/ genera)K

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) dup modul cum pot "i sau nu -nlocuite -n e9ecutarea unei obli!aii1 ! n r" 6 ng"!"le :" ! n r" ne6 ng"!"leK ) dup cum -ntrebuinarea obi*nuit implic sau nu distru!erea. consumarea sau -nstrinarea lor1 ! n r" #,n/ +pt"!"le :" ! n r" ne#,n/ +pt"!"leK ) dup cum pot "i -mprite sau nu. 6r /7:" /#D"+!e de/t"na1"a l,rJ ! n r" d"$">"!"le :" ! n r" "nd"$">"!"leK ) dup corelaia -ntre ele1 ! n r" pr"n#"p"ale :" ! n r" a##e/,r""K ) dup cum sunt sau nu productoare de alte bunuri ' 6r a7:" #,n/ +a / !/tan1aJ ! n r" 6r g"6ere :" ! n r" ne6r g"6ere. Potrivit re1i#u*ui $uri%i& a* &ir&u*a/iei (unuri*or, %eose(i# (unuri 4n &ir&uitu* &ivi*Reg la e/te # t,ate ! n r"le / nt @n #"r# "t l #"$"l. Ele p,t 6a#e ,!"e#t l a#tel,r - r"d"#e #"$"le :" pr"n r+are p,t 6" d,!9nd"te /a @n/tr"nate pr"n a/e+enea a#te.124 (unuri s&oase %in &ir&uitu* &ivi* Pr"n eB#ep1"e' n +a" pr"n lege tre! "e ad+"/ # an +"te ! n r" p,t 6" /#,a/e #"r# "t l " #"$"l. De p"ld' @n art.135 al"n.4 d"n %,n/t"t 1"a R,+9n"e" d"n 1<<1 / nt en +erate #ateg,r"" de ! n r" #are G"ac obiectul e9clusiv al proprietii publice 4/' statului *i unitilor administrativ teritoriale.H Ele / nt G"nal"ena!"leH .al"n.5 d"n a#ela:" art"#,l) a:adar n p,t 6" @n/tr"nate /a gre$ate. A#e/te ! n r" / ntJ (bo!iile de orice natur ale subsolului. cile ale comunicaie. spaiul aerian. apele cu potenial ener!etic valori"icabil *i acelea ce pot "i "olosite -n interes public. plajele. marea teritorial. resursele naturale ale ,onei economice *i ale platoului continental. precum *i alte bunuri stabilite de le!e.+ (unuri &u o &ir&u*a/ie $uri%i&3 restri&tiv re1*e#entat3 0 n r"le /#,a/e d"n #"r# "t l #"$"l' en +erate +a" / /' @n #,nd"1""le leg"" p,t "ntra @n #"r# "t l #"$"l. 3n art.135 al"n.5 d"n %,n/t"t 1"a R,+9n"e" /e pre#">ea>J (-n condiiile le!ii. ele pot "i date -n administrarea re!iilor autonome ori instituiilor publice sau pot "i concesionate ori -nchiriate+.
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D"n #,n/"derente +ed"#ale' pentr an +"te ! n r" legea pre$ede , #"r# la1"e - r"d"# re/tr"#t"$' #a de p"ldJ de:e r"le t,B"#e / p /e Leg"" nr.13CM1<<3K pr,d /ele :" / !/tan1ele /t pe6"ante / p /e Leg"" nr.C3M1<A<. Pentr pr,te-area ,rd"n"" p !l"#e' Legea nr.1CM1<<A regle+entea> re/tr"#t"$ #"r# la1"a ar+el,r de 6,# :" + n"1"e"' Legea nr.12AM1<<5 /ta!"le:te reg"+ l - r"d"# al eBpl,>"!"l"l,r. Unele ! n r" # $al,are rel"g",a/ / nt pr,te-ate pr"n Legea nr.1F3M1<C= pr"$"nd ,!"e#tele de # lt' "ar altele # $al,are de,/e!"t I +etalele :" p"etrele pre1",a/e :" /e+"pre1",a/e / nt / p /e reg"+ l " - r"d"# pre$> t @n De#ret l nr.244M1<C= et#. (unuri #o#entan 23r3 st3'9n Ele / nt @n pr"n#"p" / /#ept"!"le de apr,p"ere. De eBe+pl $9nat l /l!at"#' #,+,ara' l #r r"le a!and,nate. 125 I+p,rtan1a #la/"6"#r"" #,n/t @n a#eea # a#tele - r"d"#e #"$"le @n#De"ate pr"n "gn,rarea pre$eder"l,r legale pr"$"nd #"r# la1"a a#e/t,ra / nt l,$"te de n l"tate a!/,l t :" ne,r" p,ate atrage :" r/p nderea penal .de eBe+pl ' @n #a> l ar+el,r de 6,#' a /t pe6"antel,r' a eBpl,>"!"l"l,r et#.). Potrivit #o%u*ui *or %e 'er&e'ere %istin1e# '%n%ri ( rp raleJ / nt ! n r"le #are a eB"/ten1 +ater"al' 6""nd per#ep te de ,+ pr"n pr,pr""le /"+1 r". De eBe+pl ' , #arte' , !an#' n aparta+ent et#. '%n%ri in( rp raleJ / nt ! n r"le #e n a eB"/ten1 +ater"al per#ept"!"l /"+1 r"l,r n,a/tre. De p"ldJ drept r"le @n general. %la/"6"#area pre>"nt "+p,rtan1 @n +ater"a d,!9nd"r"" pr,pr"et1"" a/ pra ! n r"l,r +,!"le #,rp,rale #a e6e#t al p,/e/"e" de ! n7#red"n1 :" @n +ater"a pr"$"nd p,/e/"a' deten1"a et#. Du'3 natura 0i &a*i2i&area %at3 %e *e1e%,d l #"$"l @n art.4A1 pre$edeJ (toate bunurile sunt mobile *i imobile+. #r"ter" l de departa-are 6""nd al $al,r"" e#,n,+"#e :" /,#"ale a ! n r"l,r.

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 !%n%ri m 'ile 1'%n%ri mi!(," are2 3n art.4C2 %,d #"$"l / nt en +erate ! n r"le +,!"le' #are p,t 6"J pr"n nat ra l,r /a pr"n deter+"narea leg"". 4%n%rile m 'ile prin na"%ra l rJ / nt ! n r"le #are /e p,t + ta d"ntr7 n l,# @n alt l' 6"e pr"n energ"e pr,pr"e .Gpre# + / nt an"+aleleH)' 6"e # a- t,r l ne" energ"" /tr"ne .Gpre# + / nt l #r r"le ne@n/ 6le1"teH). 3ntr7, 6,r+ lare +,dernJ G/ nt ! n r"le #are /e p,t depla/a pr"n +"-l,a#e pr,pr"" /a p,t 6" /tr+ tate d"ntr7 n l,# @n alt l' pr"n 6,r1e eBter",are' 6r a l" /e altera /a +,d"6"#a nat ra :" de/t"na1"aH. De eBe+pl ' #9"nele' /#a n l' a t,t r"/+ l et#. 4%n%rile m 'ile prin $e"erminarea legii / nt drept r"le reale a/ pra +,!"lel,r12A' drept r"le de #rean1 :" a#1" n"le @n - /t"1"e re6er"t,are la ! n r"le +,!"le .art.4C4 %,d #"$"l) 4%n%rile m 'ile prin an"i(ipa#ie. A#e/tea n / nt pre$> te @n %,d l #"$"l. D,#tr"na a /tat at # +,!"lele pr"n ant"#"pa1"e / nt a#ele ! n r" #are pr"n nat ra l,r' / nt "+,!"le' dar pe #are pr1"le n " a#t - r"d"# le #,n/"der #a +,!"le @n #,n/"derarea a #eea #e $,r de$en". De p"ld 6r #tele :" re#,ltele $""t,are' @n/tr"nate @n pre>ent pr"n a#t l - r"d"#. '%n%rile im 'ile 1'%n%ri nemi!(," are2 0 n r"le "+,!"le / nt en +erate @n art. 4A2 %,d #"$"lJ S! n r" "+,!"le pr"n nat ra l,r' /a pr"n de/t"na1"a l,r' /a pr"n ,!"e#t l la #are /e apl"#H. 4%n%rile im 'ile prin na"%ra l r / ntJ 7 G6,nd r"le de p+9nt :" #ld"r"leH I art. 4A2 %,d #"$"l. Pr"n G#ld"r"H /e ad+"te # / nt t,ate #,n/tr #1""le /a l #rr"le r"d"#ate pe p+9nt /a @n a#ea/ta .+aga>""' p,d r"' t nel r"' d"g r"' #anale et#.). T,ate pr1"le ne" #ld"r" .eBe+pl ' :"' 6ere/tre' !al#,ane' ! rlane et#.) / nt "+,!"le pr"n nat ra l,r' pr"n @n#,rp,rare' /a "+,!"le pr"n nat ra l,r pr"n de/t"na1"e .eBe+pl ' ,gl"n>" pr"n/e @n pere1"' /tat " et#.) 7 G+,r"le de $9nt' /a de ap' a:e>ate pe /t9lp"H I art.4A4 %,d #"$"l
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7 Gre#,ltele #are @n# /e 1"n de rd#"n" :" 6r #tele de pe ar!,r"' ne# le/e @n#H I art.4A5 %,d #"$"l. Se a##ept # / nt "+,!"le pr"n nat ra l,r :" ar!,r"" net"a1" :" $egeta1"a pr"n/ de p+9nt. Un a t,r' @ntr7, 6,r+ lare a##eptat' apre#"a> # / nt ! n r" "+,!"le pr"n nat ra l,rJ Gteren r"le de ,r"#e 6el :" t,ate ! n r"le #are' @n +,d nat ral /a art"6"#"al / nt @n#,rp,rate l,rH. 4%n%rile im 'ile prin $es"ina#ia l r0 3n art.4A= /e de6"ne/# "+,!"lele pr"n de/t"na1"a l,rJ (obiectele ce proprietarul unui "ond a pus pe el pentru serviciul *i e9ploatarea acestui "ond+ :" ap," /e en +erJ an"+alele 6,l,/"te la # lt r' "n/tr +entele art,are' /e+"n1ele date arenda:"l,r' p,r +!e"" d"n p,r +!r"e' "ep r"" de #a/' /t p"" # r,"' pe:tele d"n "a>' tea/# r"le' #ldr"le' ala+!"# r"le' #>"le' $a/ele' "n/tr +entele ne#e/are pentr eBpl,atarea 6"err""l,r' 6a!r"#"l,r de D9rt"e :" alt,r >"ne' pa"ele :" g n,a"ele. A#e/t teBt /e $a "nterpreta la #,nd"1""le a#t ale de de>$,ltare a teDn"#"". 3n art.4A= al"n"at lt"+ 1 (mai sunt imobile prin destinaie toate lucrurile mobile ce proprietarul a a*e,at ctre "ond -n perpetuu.H (a# parte d"n ! n r"le "+,!"le pr"n de/t"na1"a l,r :"J 7 l #r r"le +,!"le a:e>ate perpet + pe n "+,!"l (c2nd acestea sunt -ntrite cu !ips. var sau ciment sau c2nd ele nu se pot scoate "r a se strica sau deteriora partea "ondului pe care sunt a*e,ate (I art.4A< al"n.1 %,d #"$"l. ) (o!lin,ile unui apartament se presupun a*e,ate -n perpetuum c2nd parchetul pe care ele stau este una cu boaseria 4lemnria care -mbrac pereii interiori ai unei camere' camerei+ I art.4A< al"n.2 %,d #"$"l 7 ta!l, r" :" alte ,rna+ente I art.4A< al"n.3 %,d #"$"l 7 /tat "le (c2nd sunt a*e,ate -nadins. chiar c2nd ele s)ar putea scoate "r "ractur sau deteriorare+ I art.4A< al"n.4 %,d #"$"l 7 rl,a"ele /a 1e$"le #e /er$e/# pentr #,nd #erea apel,r la n 6,nd de p+9nt' /a $re, #a/H I art.4CF %,d #"$"l. 3n e/en1 / nt ! n r" pr"n de/t"na1"a l,rJ (bunurile care prin natura lor sunt mi*ctoare. dar care. "ie c sunt ata*ate -n mod perpetuum unui imobil 4e9emplu. elementele de ornamentaie ale unei cldiri. parc'. "ie c sunt destinate e9ploatrii economice ori sociale a
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unui imobil 4de e9emplu. utilaje a!ricole. instalaii industriale. mobilierul slii de spectacol etc.' sunt privite ca accesorii ce sporesc valoarea acelui imobilH.12C Pentr #a n ! n +,!"l / 6"e #,n/"derat ! n "+,!"l pr"n de/t"na1"e' tre! "e @ndepl"n"te d, #,nd"1"" # + lat"$J 7 / 6"e @n pr,pr"etatea t"t lar l " "+,!"l l " 7 ! n l +,!"l / 6"e a6e#tat eBpl,atr"" "+,!"l l "' pr"ntr7, legt r 6">"#' +ater"al /a $,l 1",nal .pr"n $,"n1a pr,pr"etar l " "+,!"l l ") /pre de,/e!"re de "+,!"lele pr"n nat ra l,r' nde "+,!"l">area e/te +ater"al' la "+,!"lele pr"n de/t"na1"e "+,!"l">area are n #ara#ter - r"d"#. Ea /e 6a#e pr"n +an"6e/tarea de $,"n1 a pr,pr"etar l " #are a6e#tea> n an +"t +,!"l n " "+,!"l pr"n nat r' pentr a /p,r" t"l"tatea a#e/t "a d"n r+. 4%n%rile im 'ile prin 'ie("%l la (are se re*er, / nt pre#">ate @n art.4C1 %,d #"$"lJ > 6r #t l l #r r"l,r "+,!"le' /er$"t 1"le :" a#1" n"le #are t"nd la re$end"#area n " "+,!"l. La a#e/tea' l"terat ra - r"d"# ada gJ #elelalte drept r" reale a/ pra "+,!"lel,r' drept r"le de #rean1 #are a #a ,!"e#t darea ,r" prel area n " l #r "+,!"l :" a#1" n"le @n - /t"1"e re6er"t,are la "+,!"le. I#'ortan/a &*asi2i&3rii (unuri*or 4n #o(i*e 0i i#o(i*e #,n/t @n reg"+ l - r"d"# pr,pr" apl"#a!"l ! n r"l,r +,!"le :" "+,!"le. ) posesia de ! n7#red"n1 a n " l #r +,!"l atrage' @n pr"n#"p" ' #al"tatea de pr,pr"etar ) posesia ! n r"l,r "+,!"le' de ! n7#red"n1' e/te n +,d de d,!9nd"re a pr,pr"et1"" pr"n > #ap" ne' n +a" d p , per",ad @ndel ngat de t"+p .1F72F an"' da# p,/e/"a e/te de ! n7#red"n1 :" are la !a> n G- /t t"tl H' re/pe#t"$ 3F de an" @n #elelalte #a> r") ) -nstrinarea ! n r"l,r +,!"le e/te de reg l #,n/en/ al ./e 6a#e $ala!"l pr"n /"+pl a#,rd de $,"n1 al pr1"l,r)K 7 -nstrinarea ! n r"l,r "+,!"le /e 6a#e de reg l @n 6,r+ /,le+n :" pr"n @ndepl"n"rea n,r #,nd"1"" de p !l"#"tate 7 #,ntra#tele @n#De"ate pentr !arantarea obli!aiilor a ,!"e#t d"6er"t. %,ntra#tele de "p,te# a #a ,!"e#t n +a" ! n r" "+,!"leK #,ntra#tele de ga- .a+anet) n +a" ! n r" +,!"le' # eB#ep1""le pre$> te @n lege
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) -nstrinarea ./a gre$area) n " teren /a a ne" #,n/tr #1"" de ctre unul din soi' @n t"+p l #/t,r"e"' n /e p,ate 6a#e de#9t # #,n/"+1+9nt l eBpre/ al #el "lalt' @n t"+p #e @n/tr"narea ,r"#r " ! n +,!"l #,+ n /e p,ate 6a#e' @n t"+p l #/t,r"e"' de #tre n l d"n /,1"' @n te+e" l #,n/"+1+9nt l " ta#"t al #el "lalt' pre> +at de lege ) competena de /,l 1",narea a l"t"g""l,r #e a #a ,!"e#t n "+,!"l re$"ne de reg l "n/tan1e" de la l,# l de /"t are a "+,!"l l "' @n t"+p #e la ! n r"le +,!"le "n/tan1e" de d,+"#"l" a p9r9t l " ) e9ecutarea silit e/te #9r+ "t de reg l" d"6er"te' d p # + ! n l e/te +,!"l /a "+,!"l. Du'3 #o%u* &u# sunt %eter#inate, %eose(i# J ! n r" "nd"$"d al deter+"nate .re/ #erta) :" ! n r"le de gen .re/ genera). ) '%n%rile in$i)i$%al $e"ermina"e .re/ #erta)J / nt ! n r"le #e /e deter+"n pr"n part"# lar"t1" #are7l 6a# / /e de,/e!ea/# de alte ! n r" a/e+nt,are' @l "nd"$"d al">ea>. De eBe+pl ' a t,t r"/+ l +ar#a &,lE/Tagen ;,l6' de # l,are al!' # p,rt!aga- l >g9r"at :" 6r ,rna+ente la r,1"' # n +r l de @n+atr"# lare MS7F17SEN ) '%n%ri $e"ermina"e prin (ara("ere generi(e- ! n r"le gen re/ genera' / nt ! n r"le ale #r,r #ara#tere / nt #,+ ne a#ele"a:" #ateg,r"" de ! n r" :" #are /e p,t "nd"$"d al">a n +a" pr"n n +rare' #9ntr"re /a +/ rare. De eBe+pl ' !an""' #,+! /t"!"l l' $"n l' al"+entele' 1e/t r"le et#. / nt ! n r" deter+"nate pr"n #ara#tere gener"#e 0 n l p,ate 6" deter+"nat "nd"$"d al /a pr"n #ara#tere gener"#e @n 6 n#1"e de nat ra l "' /a ne,r" @n rap,rt de $,"n1a pr1"l,r rap,rt r"l,r - r"d"#e. De eBe+pl ' , #arte e/te n ! n gener"# #9nd /e a6l pe n ra6t' @ntr7, l"!rr"e. Da# ea 6a#e ,!"e#t l n " #,ntra#t de #,+,dat .#,ntra#t l pr"n #are , per/,an re+"te I d I /pre 6,l,/"n1 n ! n ne" alte per/,ane # ,!l"ga1"a pentr a#ea/ta d"n r+ de a7l re/t"t " la ter+en' @n nat r' @n "nd"$"d al"tatea /a) de$"ne n ! n #ert. Pr1"le d,re/# #a eBe+plar l @+pr + tat .de eBe+pl e/te , a+"nt"re de 6a+"l"e' p,art a t,gra6 l a t,r l " et#.) / 6"e re/t"t "t. I+p,rtan1a pra#t"# a #la/"6"#r"" @n ! n r" #erte :" ! n r" de gen#,n/t @n reg l"le - r"d"#e apl"#a!"le 6"e#re" #ateg,r""J 7 la $9n>area ! n r"l,r "nd"$"d al deter+"nate .re/ #erta)' de reg l drept l de pr,pr"etate /e tran/+"te d,!9nd"t,r l " @n +,+ent l real">r"" a#,rd l " de $,"n1' #D"ar da# ! n l n a 6,/t predatJ
1FA

art.12<5 %,d #"$"lJ (vinderea este per"ect -ntre pri *i proprietatea este de drept strmutat la cumprtor. -n privina v2n,torului. -ndat ce prile s)au -nvoit asupra lucrului *i asupra preului. de*i lucrul -nc nu se va "i predat *i preul -nc nu se va "i numrat+). Pr1"le p,t pr"n $,"n1a l,r /ta!"l" n alt +,+ent al tran/+"ter"" pr,pr"et1"". 7 @n #a> l $9n>r"" ! n r"l,r gener"#e' +,+ent l tran/+"ter"" pr,pr"et1"" e/te #el al "nd"$"d al">r""' "nd"$"d al">r"" ! n l " $9nd t pr"n n +rare' #9ntr"re' +/ rare. %9nd /e $9nd 1F Eg +ere' /e # n,a:te e6e#t"$ #ant"tatea de 1F Eg +ere $9nd te d"n $ra# .gr+ad) @n +,+ent l #9ntr"r"" 7 ! n l #ert deter+"nat' #9nd p"ere d"n #a > de 6,r1 +a-,r @na"nte de a 6" predat de de!"t,r #red"t,r l " / ' @l el"!erea> pe de!"t,r de ,!l"ga1"a de a7l preda. .De eBe+pl @ntr7 n #,ntra#t de $9n>are7# +prare' pr1"le /e @n1eleg #a tele$">,r l $9nd t / 6"e predat # +prt,r l " la , dat lter",ar real">r"" a#,rd l " de $,"n1. P9n la data /ta!"l"t tele$">,r l p"ere @ntr7 n "n#end" . &9n>t,r l .de!"t,r l) e/te el"!erat de ,!l"ga1"a de a7l preda' pentr # ,!l"ga1"a n +a" are ,!"e#t .art.115A %,d #"$"lJ (c2nd obiectul obli!aiei este un corp cert *i determinat. de piere 4n.a. ) din cau, de "or major'4/' obli!aia este stins. dac lucrul a pierit 4/' "r !re*eala debitorului+). 7 ! n r"le de gen .re/ genera) d"n p n#t de $edere - r"d"# n p"er n"#",dat .genera n,n pere nt). De eBe+pl @ntr7 n #,ntra#t de $9n>are7# +prare /e $9nd 5F Eg p,r +!. Da# ! n l p"ere 6,rt "t $9n>t,r l e/te ,!l"gat / pr,# re alt #ant"tate de p,r +! pentr a7:" @ndepl"n" ,!l"ga1"a :" de#" eBe# tarea ,!l"ga1"e" n e/te "+p,/"!"l. 7 plata .eBe# tarea ,!l"ga1"e" de a da n l #r ) #9nd are #a ,!"e#t n ! n #ert deter+"nat /e 6a#e la l,# l /"t r"" a#e/t "a' "ar @n #a> l ! n r"l,r de gen' la d,+"#"l" l de!"t,r l "' #are7l "nd"$"d al">ea> pr"n n +rare' #9ntr"re' +/ rare. &%p, m $%l (%m p " *i sa% n% 3nl (%i"e 3n e>e(%"area %nei 'liga#ii ! n r"le / nt 6 ng"!"le :" ne6 ng"!"leJ - '%n%ri *%ngi'ile / nt ! n r"le #are @n eBe# tarea ne" ,!l"ga1"" p,t 6" @nl,# "te # altele' pentr # / nt deter+"nate pr"n #ara#tere gener"#e. N +a" ! n r"le de gen / nt ! n r" 6 ng"!"le.
1FC

- '%n%ri ne*%ngi'ile / nt ! n r"le #e n @ndepl"ne/# #er"n1a de +a" / /. 0 n r"le #erte / nt ! n r" ne6 ng"!"le. T,t :" ("un!ibilitatea sau ne"un!ibilitatea 4/' depinde nu numai de -nsu*irile bunurilor. ci adesea *i de intenia prilor+. De eBe+pl ' pr1"le @ntr7 n #,ntra#t de $9n>are # +prare /ta!"le/# de #,+ n a#,rd #a n l #r "nd"$"d al deter+"nat I n a t,t r"/+ I / 6"e pr"$"t #a 6 ng"!"l 7 a t,t r"/+ de a#eea:" +ar# :" an de 6a!r"#a1"e /a #a ! n r" deter+"nate pr"n #ara#tere gener"#e / n 6"e / /#ept"!"le de @nl,# "re pr"n altele .De eBe+pl ' , +,!"l). Se apre#"a> # #eea #e /7a /ta!"l"t pr"n a#t l - r"d"# / /e /#D"+!e n e/te #ara#ter l de 6 ng"!"l"tate /a ne6 ng"!"l"tate #" #ara#ter l - r"d"# de l #r de gen. 12< &%p, (%m 3n"re'%in#area '#in%", impli(, sa% n% $is"r%gerea- ( ns%marea sa% 3ns"r,inarea' ! n r"le / nt #,n/ +pt"!"le :" ne#,n/ +pt"!"le. - '%n%ri ( ns%mp"i'ileJ / nt ! n r"le #are pr"n @ntre! "n1area ,!":n "t /e d"/tr g' /e #,n/ + /a /e @n/tr"nea> .de eBe+pl ' al"+entele' #,+! /t"!"l l. Ele' a6late @n pr,pr"etatea n " $9n>t,r' pr"n $9n>are /e #,n/ +' pentr # /e @n/tr"nea>). - '%n%rile ne( ns%mp"i'ileJ / nt ! n r"le #are n a a#ea/t #al"tate' @n #,nd"1""le artate +a" / /. Pr"n @ntre! "n1are ,!":n "t n 7:" #,n/ + / !/tan1a. De eBe+pl a t,t r"/+ l' aparta+ent l et#. %ara#ter l n " l #r de a 6" /a n #,n/ +pt"!"l e/te dat de nat ra l "' e/te ,!"e#t"$. T,t :" pr1"le p,t #al"6"#a ! n l :" #a a$9nd #ara#ter #,n/ +pt"!"l. De eBe+pl pentr $9n>t,r tele$">,arele / nt ! n r" #,n/ +pt"!"le pentr # pr"n G@ntre! "n1are ,!":n "tH' pentr el pr"n $9n>are' /e @n/tr"nea>. Pentr # +prt,r tele$">,r l e/te n ! n ne#,n/ +pt"!"l. 3n +ater"e de @+pr + t' #9nd ,!"e#t l @+pr + tat e/te n ! n #,n/ +pt"!"l' #,ntra#t l /e n +e:te @+pr + t de #,n/ +a1"e .+ t + I #,ntra#t l pr"n #are @+pr + tt,r l tran/+"te n ! n #,n/ +pt"!"l @+pr + tat l " pentr a7l #,n/ +a' # ,!l"ga1"a de a7l re/t"t " la ter+en l /ta!"l"t @n a#eea:" #ant"tate :" #al"tate. De eBe+pl ' te @+pr + t # 2 Eg de 6"n p9n +9"ne).

12<

1F=

Da# ,!"e#t l #,ntra#t l " de @+pr + t e/te n ! n ne#,n/ +pt"!"l' #,ntra#t l /e n +e:te #,ntra#t de @+pr + t de 6,l,/"n1 .#,+,dat). &e>"' eBe+pl l de la ! n r"le re/ #erta. &%p, (%m p " *i 3mp,r#i"e sa% n%- *,r, s,-!i s(?im'e $es"ina#ia l r' ! n r"le / ntJ - '%n%l $i)i+i'il' e/te ! n l #are p,ate 6" @+pr1"t' d"$">at 6r /7:" /#D"+!e de/t"na1"a /a e#,n,+"#. De eBe+pl ' , / pra6a1 de p+9nt' n # p,n de /t,6 et#. - '%n%l in$i)i+i'ilJ e/te ! n l #are pr"n d"$">are' @+pr1"re @:" /#D"+! de/t"na1"a e#,n,+"#. De eBe+pl ' n an"+al $" ' n a t,t r"/+' , Da"n et#. P,/"!"l"tatea /a "+p,/"!"l"tatea @+pr1"r"" ! n l " e/te dat de nat ra a#e/t "a' dar p,ate 6" /ta!"l"t :" pr"n a#te - r"d"#e pr"n a#,rd l de $,"n1 al pr1"l,r. %la/"6"#area "ntere/ea> +ater"a ,!l"ga1""l,r # pl ral"tate de / !"e#1". De eBe+pl ' n ! n d"$">"!"l @n pr,pr"etate per+"te #a drept r"le :" ,!l"ga1""le / !"e#1"l,r / /e d"$"d la #91" / !"e#1" a#t"$" :" pa/"$" / nt. 3n #a> l n " ! n "nd"$">"!"l .de eBe+pl n a t,t r"/+) #,#red"t,r"" /a #,de!"t,r"" / nt 1"n 1" /,l"dar /7:" eBer#"te drept r"le :" /7:" a/ +e ,!l"ga1""le. 3ntr7 n a#t - r"d"# pr1"le p,t /t"p la "nd"$">"!"l"tatea ,!l"ga1"e"' #D"ar da# pr"n nat ra /a ! n l e/te d"$">"!"l. &e>" eBe+pl l la pl ral"tatea de / !"e#1" a" rap,rt l " - r"d"# #"$"l. &%p, ( rela#ia $in"re ele' ! n r"le / ntJ - '%n%l prin(ipal' e/te ! n l #are p,ate 6" 6,l,/"t' p,tr"$"t de/t"na1"e" l "' @n +,d "ndependent. - '%n%l a((es ri%' e/te ! n l +,!"l #are e/te de/t"nat / 6,l,/ea/# alt,r ! n r"' de #are e/te legat pr"n a#eea:" de/t"na1"e e#,n,+"#. De eBe+pl ar# : l 6a1 de $",ar' #De"a 6a1 de la#t' !r1ara 6a1 de #ea/ et#. 3n +ater"a ,!l"ga1""l,r apare "+p,rtan1a a#e/te" #la/"6"#r"' de!"t,r l 6""nd ,!l"gat / predea :" ! n l a##e/,r" alt r" de ! n l pr"n#"pal' da# n /7a /t"p lat alt6el' p,tr"$"t reg l"" - r"d"#e' a##e,r" r+ea> /,arta - r"d"# a pr"n#"pal l "' 7 a##e//,r" + /eP "t r pr"n#"pale+. Pr"n a#t l - r"d"# @n#De"at' pr1"le p,t D,tr@ :" alt6el.
1F<

&%p, (%m s%n" sa% n% pr $%(," are $e al"e '%n%ri *,r, a-!i ( ns%ma s%'s"an#a' ! n r"le p,t 6"J - '%n *r%gi*erJ e/te a#el ! n #are' 6r #,n/ +area / !/tan1e" l "' p,ate pr,d #e per",d"# n alt ! n' n +"t 6r #t' ) '%n ne*r%gi*erJ e/te ! n l #are' 6r #,n/ +area / !/tan1e" l "' n p,ate pr,d #e per",d"# alt ! n' n +"t 6r #t. (r #tele p,t 6"J naturale ./e pr,d # "ndependent de + n#a ,+ l "' #a de eBe+pl 6r #tele de pd re' $9nat l d"n pd re et#.) industriale ./e pr,d # pr"n + n#a ,+ l "' #a de eBe+pl pr,d /ele #ereal"ere de pe , / pra6a1 agr"#,l l #rat' 6r #tele ,!1"n te d"ntr7, l"$ad et#.) :" civile ./e pr,d # #a r+are a @n#De"er"" n " a#t - r"d"# #"$"l' de eBe+pl #D"r"a pentr n ! n @n#D"r"at et#.). N,1" nea de 6r #t n /e #,n6 nd # n,1" nea de pr,d #t d"n d, ra1" n"J 7 6r #t l e/te n ! n pr,d / per",d"# de n alt ! n n +"t ! n 6r g"6erK pr,d #t l e/te n ! n pr,d / de n alt ! n 6r #ara#ter de per",d"#"tate. 7 6r #t l e/te n ! n' pr,d / per",d"# de n alt ! n' "r #a a#e/ta /7:" +,d"6"#e / !/tan1a @n t"+p #e pr,d #t l e/te n ! n' pr,d / de n alt ! n' #are a/t6el @:" schimb substana.De eBe+pl ' le+n l t"at d"n pd re' p"atra d"ntr7, #ar"er. Pd rea' #ar"era' pr"n pr,d #erea de pr,d #te' @n t"+p d"/par #a ! n r". D"/t"n#1"a ! n 6r g"6er' ! n ne6r g"6er apare ne#e/ar @n +ater"a > 6r #t l " :" a p,/e/"e" +,!"l"are. A/t6el' > 6r #t ar l .#el #e a d,!9nd"t de la pr,pr"etar p,/e/"a :" 6,l,/"n1a ! n l ") are drept l la 6r #tele pr,d /e de ! n n :" la pr,d #te' #e /e # $"n n d l " pr,pr"etar .pr,pr"etar l #are a @n/tr"nat p,/e/"a :" 6,l,/"n1a :" a r+a/ n +a" # d"/p,>"1"a). P,/e/,r l de ! n7#red"n1 al ! n l " 6r g"6er d,!9nde:te pr,pr"etatea 6r #tel,r' n :" a pr,d #tel,r. %la/"6"#area 6r #tel,r @n nat rale' "nd /tr"ale :" #"$"le e/te "+p,rtant d"n p n#t de $edere - r"d"#J 6r #tele nat rale :" "nd /tr"ale /e d,!9nde/# @n pr,pr"etate pr"n per#epere .# legere)' 6r #tele #"$"le /e d,!9nde/# @n pr,pr"etate >" # >" .ad"# pr"n /"+pla /# rgere a t"+p l ").

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4. $zvoarele raportului 'uridic civil concret De"iniia i,vorului raportului juridic civil concret Rela1""le /,#"ale /e tran/6,r+ @n rap,rt r" - r"d"#e #"$"le n +a" #9nd / nt regle+entate de n,r+a - r"d"# #"$"l. N,r+a - r"d"# regle+entea> rap,rt r" - r"d"#e a!/tra#te' t"p' generale. Pentr #a n,r+a - r"d"# / pr"nd $"a1' / /e apl"#e e/te ne#e/ar #a @n eB"/ten1a #,t"d"an / /e pr,d # an +"te @+pre- rr"' 6apte. De eBe+pl ' @n art.<<= %,d #"$"l' n,r+a - r"d"# pre$ede , #,nd "t a!/tra#t' t"p' generalJ ( rice "apt a omului. care cau,ea, altuia prejudiciu. obli! pe acela din a crui !re*eal s)a oca,ionat. a)l repara .H Pentr #a a#ea/t reg l de #,nd "t / /e apl"#e' tre! "e / /e pr,d # n pre- d"#" pr"n ,r"#e 6apt a ,+ l ". A/t6el' ,+ l a @n#De"a n #,ntra#t de tran/p,rt' n re/pe#t ter+enele /ta!"l"te :" 6a#e tran/p,rt l # @nt9r>"ere' 6apt #e pr,d #e deter",rarea ! n l " per"/a!"l tran/p,rtat :" "+pl"#"t' n pre- d"#" . A/t6el' , @+pre- rare d"n $"a1a #,t"d"an I l"p/a de p n#t al"tate +ater"al">at @n eBe# tarea @nt9r>"at a tran/p,rt l " I "+p ne apl"#area n,r+e" - r"d"#e generale' a:adar #el #are a pre- d"#"at tre! "e / /e #,n6,r+e>e #,nd "te" "+p /e de n,r+a - r"d"#J / repare pre- d"#" l pr,$,#at. 3ntre a t,r l 6apte" "l"#"te :" $"#t"+ /e /ta!"le:te n rap,rt - r"d"# #,n#ret. A#ea/t @+pre- rare #,n/t"t "e ">$,r l rap,rt l " - r"d"# #"$"l. N ,r"#e 6apt' @+pre- rare d"n $"a1a +ater"al pr,d #e e6e#te - r"d"#e' ad"# na:te n rap,rt - r"d"# #"$"l. N,r+a - r"d"# de drept #"$"l pre#">ea> #are @+pre- rare d"n n +r l l,r ne/69r:"t e/te a#eea #e #apt /e+n"6"#a1"e d"n p n#t de $edere - r"d"#. 3n eBe+pl l dat a#ea/ta e/te @nt9r>"erea @n eBe# tarea tran/p,rt l ". 3ntr7, de6"n"1"e' pr"n ">$,r al rap,rt l " - r"d"# #"$"l #,n#ret @n1elege+ a#ele @+pre- rr"' 6"e a#1" n" ,+ene:t"' 6"e e$en"+ente ale nat r"" de #are legea #"$"l leag pr,d #erea n,r e6e#te - r"d"#e .ad"# na:terea' +,d"6"#area ,r" /t"ngerea n,r rap,rt r" - r"d"#e). A#ea/t de6"n"1"e /e / prap ne # de6"n"1"a 6aptel,r - r"d"#e @n /en/ larg. (aptele - r"d"#e @n /en/ larg / nt al#t "te d"n aciuni omene*ti :" evenimente ale naturii /a evenimente sociale. %ciunile omene*ti / nt a#ele 6apte /$9r:"te de ,+ .6"e a#1" n"' 6"e "na#1" n") # "nten1"a /a 6r "nten1"a de a pr,d #e e6e#te - r"d"#e' de #are legea leag na:terea' +,d"6"#area /a /t"ngerea de rap,rt r" - r"d"#e #"$"le #,n#rete. De,/e!"+J
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7 a#1" n" /$9r:"te de / !"e#1"" de drept #"$"l # intenia de a pr,d #e e6e#te - r"d"#e .de a da na:tere n,r rap,rt r" - r"d"#e #,n#rete). A#e/tea / nt a#tele - r"d"#e #"$"le. ) a#1" n" /$9r:"te de / !"e#1"" de drept #"$"l "r intenia de a pr,d #e e6e#te - r"d"#e' dar #are /e pr,d # pentr # a:a pre$ede legea' ad"# 6aptele - r"d"#e @n /en/ re/tr9n/. A#e/tea / ntJ 6aptele - r"d"#e l"#"te .ge/t" nea de a6a#er"' plata nedat,rat :" @+!,g1"rea 6r - /t te+e") :" 6aptele - r"d"#e "l"#"te .del"#t l). 5venimente ale naturii *i sociale / nt @+pre- rr" #e /e pr,d # "nd"6erent de $,"n1a ,a+en"l,r de #are legea #"$"l leag pr,d #erea de e6e#te - r"d"#e' ad"# na:terea de rap,rt r" - r"d"#e #"$"le #,n#rete. De eBe+pl ' na:terea' de #are legea leag d,!9nd"rea #apa#"t1"" de 6,l,/"n1' "n nda1"a' tr/net l' #e p,t 6" /ta!"l"te #a r"/# a/"g rat @n #a> l #,ntra#tel,r de a/"g rr"' l #r #e d na:tere drept r"l,r :" ,!l"ga1""l,r pr1"l,r a#e/t "a.

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CAPITOLUL VI
S%'(api" l%l I

ACTUL JURIDIC CIVIL

1. Definiia actului 'uridic civil
A#t l - r"d"# #"$"l p,ate 6" de6"n"t @n d, +,d r"J 7 %,d l #"$"l @l de6"ne:te pr"n /pe#""le a#t l " - r"d"# #"$"l .#,ntra#te /pe#"ale)J #,ntra#t l de d,na1"e' de $9n>are7# +prare' /#D"+!' l,#a1" ne' /,#"etate' +andat' #,+,dat' @+pr + t' dep,>"t' rent7$"ager :" tran>a#1"e. De eBe+pl #,ntra#t l de $9n>are7 # +prare e/te de6"n"t a/t6elJ S&"nderea .n.a. 7 a#t l - r"d"# /pe#"al' #,ntra#t l de $9n>are7# +prare) e/te , #,n$en1"e pr"n #are d, pr1" /e ,!l"g @ntre /"ne' na a tran/+"te #ele"lalte pr,pr"etatea n " l #r :" a#ea/ta a plt" #ele" d"nt9" pre1 l l "H .art.12<4 %,d #"$"l). 7 d,#tr"na de6"ne:te a#t l - r"d"# #"$"l @n ter+en" e/en1"al" pentr t,ate #ateg,r""le de a#te - r"d"#e #"$"le. A/t6el' @ntr7, de6"n"1"e nan"+ a##eptat a#t l - r"d"# #"$"l e/teJ Imani"estarea de voin sv2r*it cu intenia de a produce e"ecte juridice. adic de a na*te. modi"ica *i stin!e un raport juridicH.13F Un a t,r "ntr,d #e @n de6"n"1"e n ele+ent' "+pl"#"t :" an +eJ +an"6e/tarea de $,"n1 /e 6a#e Sp,tr"$"t drept l " ,!"e#t"$H. Se / !l"n"a> a/t6el , l"+"t a +an"6e/tr"" de $,"n1 6# t # "nten1"a de a pr,d #e e6e#te - r"d"#e' legeaJ Smani"estarea de voin a subiecilor de drept -n scopul de a asi!ura crearea. modi"icarea. transmiterea sau stin!erea unor raporturi juridice civile. potrivit dreptului obiectivH.131 3ntr7, alt de6"n"1"e' pr"n #are /7a r+r"t del"+"tarea a#t l " - r"d"# #"$"l de 6apt l - r"d"# l"#"t /e aratJ Io mani"estare de voin unilateral. bilateral sau multilateral sv2r*it cu intenia de a stabili. modi"ica sau stin!e. potrivit dreptului obiectiv. raporturi
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juridice. cu condiia ca de e9istena acestei intenii s depind -ns*i producerea e"ectelor juridiceH.132 Se apre#"a> #,re#t"t d"nea de6"n"1"e"' dar / nt a+"nt"te d, ele+ente #e p,t l"p/"J pre#">area 6,r+el,r +an"6e/tr"" de $,"n1 I n"lateral'!"lateral /a + lt"lateral :" #,nd"1"a #a de +an"6e/tarea a#e/te" "nten1"" / dep"nd @n/:" pr,d #erea e6e#tel,r - r"d"#e. Pr"+ l ele+ent p,ate l"p/" pentr # +an"6e/tarea de $,"n1 e/te ,r" n"lateral' ,r" !"lateral' ,r" + lt"lateral. Al d,"lea ele+ent repet /#,p l +an"6e/tr"" de $,"n1 I /e /$9r:e:te # "nten1"a de a pr,d #e e6e#te - r"d"#e I' dar "ntr,d #e , #,nd"1"e "neBa#tJ e6e#tele - r"d"#e /e $,r pr,d #e n +a" #a r+are a +an"6e/tr"" de $,"n1 a pr1"l,r. 3n real"tate n p 1"ne / nt a#tele - r"d"#e #are pr,d # e6e#te - r"d"#e d"n#,l, de $,"n1a pr1"l,r /a #D"ar @+p,tr"$a $,"n1el,r a#e/t,ra. De eBe+pl @n art.<CF %,d #"$"l /e pre$ede # n #,ntra#t I #el +a" 6re#$ent a#t - r"d"# I ,!l"g Sn n +a" la #eea #e e/te eBpre/ @ntr7 @n/ele' dar :" la t,ate r+r"le .n.a. pr,d #e e6e#te @n a6ara $,"n1e" pr1"l,r) #e e#D"tatea' ,!"#e" l /a legea d ,!l"ga1"e" d p nat ra /aH. Pr,6.dr.d,#ent %,n/tant"n Stte/# ' +e+!r #,re/p,ndent al A#ade+"e" de :t""n1e /,#"ale :" p,l"t"#e 133 de6"ne:te a/e+nt,r a#t l - r"d"#. !n &on&*u)ie' de6"n"1"a a#t l " - r"d"# #"$"l re ne:te r+7 t,arele ele+ente #ara#ter"/t"#eJ 7 e/te , +an"6e/tare de $,"n1 a / !"e#1"l,r de dreptK 7 /#,p l +an"6e/tr"" de $,"n1 e/te a#ela de a pr,d #e e6e#te - r"d"#e #"$"le. Pr"n a#ea/t #ara#ter"/t"# a#t l - r"d"# #"$"l /e d"6eren1"a> de 6apt l - r"d"# #"$"l #are pr,d #e e6e#te - r"d"#e n +a" da# legea pre$ede a#e/t l #r K 7 e6e#tele - r"d"#e #"$"le #,n/ta @n na:terea' +,d"6"#area /a a /t"ngerea n " rap,rt - r"d"# #"$"l #,n#ret. Pr"n a#ea/t #ara#ter"/t"# a#t l - r"d"# #"$"l /e d"6eren1"a> de a#tele - r"d"#e d"n alte ra+ r" de drept. Ter+en l de Aa&t@ /a de Aa&t $uri%i& &ivi*@ are r+t,arele a##ep1" n"J 7 pr"+a a##ep1" ne e/te a#eea de +a" / /' de +an"6e/tare de $,"n1 @n /#,p l de a pr,d #e e6e#te - r"d"#e' ad"# de operaiune
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juridic -ncheiat .ne!otium juris. ne!otium)' de eBe+pl ' $9n>are7 # +prare' @+pr + t' /#D"+!' d,na1"e 7 a d, a a##ep1" ne 6re#$ent @nt9ln"t @n d,#tr"n :" pra#t"# e/te a#eea de 4ns&ris &onstatator al +an"6e/tr"" de $,"n1' a ,pera7 1" n"" - r"d"#e @n#De"ate .instrumentum pr,!at",n"/' "n/tr +ent + /a de / p,rt +ater"al al +an"6e/tr"" de $,"n1 a / !"e#t l " de drept 134 (,l,/"rea ter+en l " de -nscris.135 @n #ea de7a d, a a##ep1" ne a ter+en l " de a#t - r"d"# #"$"l /e apre#"a> #a 6""nd @n /pr"-"n l a# rate1e" eBpr"+r"" - r"d"#e Une,r" leg" "t,r l 6,l,/e:te @n a#eea:" n,r+ - r"d"# a+!ele a##ep1" n" ale ter+en l " de a#t - r"d"# #"$"l. De eBe+pl ' @n art.11<1 %,d #"$"lJ IDovada actelor juridice 4n.a. ) ne!otium' al cror obiect are o valoare ce dep*e*te suma de 23> lei. chiar pentru depo,it voluntar. nu se poate "ace dec2t prin act autentic. sau prin act sub semntur privat+ .n.a. 7 "n/tr +ent +).

2. *lasificarea actelor 'uridice civile

A#tele - r"d"#e de,/e!"t de $ar"ate p,t 6" gr De+er/ l are $al,are pra#t"#J 6"e#are #ateg,r"e pr,d #e e6e#te /pe#"6"#e' / p n9nd 7/e an +"t,r reg 3n d,#tr"n :" pra#t"# #la/"6"#area a#tel,r 6 n#1"e de r+t,arele #r"ter""J pate' #la/"6"#ate. de a#te - r"d"#e l" - r"d"#e. r"d"#e /e 6a#e @n

A0 &%p, n%m,r%l ) in#el r .%ri$i(e (are $a% na!"ere a("%l%i .%ri$i(' /e d"/t"ng a#te - r"d"#e n"laterale' !"laterale :" + lt"laterale. Se 6,l,/e:te :" 6,r+ larea S numrul prilorH' la #are /e ada g 6"e Sre,ultatul unei sin!ure priH' 6"e Svoina concordant a dou sau mai multe priH. % + 6"e#are parte Sare propria voin juridicH' at n#" #9nd a##ept / /e lege d"n p n#t de $edere - r"d"# de , alt parte' 're2er3# 6,r+ larea Snumrul voinelor juridice care dau na*tere actului juridic.H 7 a(" .%ri$i( %nila"eralJ /e 6,r+ea> #a r+are a ne" /"ng re +an"6e/tr" de $,"n1' /a e/te a#el a#t - r"d"# #"$"l $ala!"l @n#De"at de #tre , /"ng r parte. De reg l' @n drept l #"$"l r,+9n $,"n1a
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n"lateral n pr,d #e e6e#te - r"d"#e de#9t @ntr7 n n +r +"# de #a> r" :" a#elea pre$> te @n +,d eBpre/ @n legea #"$"l. De p"ld' / nt a#te - r"d"#e n"lateraleJ legat l # pr"n/ @ntr7 n te/ta+ent' te/ta+ent l' a##eptarea :" ren n1area la +,:ten"re' rat"6"#area ge/t" n"" de a6a#er"' re# n,a:terea patern"t1"" n " #,p"l n/# t d"n a6ara #/t,r"e" et#. 7 a(" .%ri$i( 'ila"eralJ e/te a#t l - r"d"# #e /e 6,r+ea> pr"n +an"6e/tarea de $,"n1 a d, pr1" .de reg lJ a d, per/,ane). Une,r" , parte a a#t l " - r"d"# p,ate 6" al#t "t d"n +a" + lte per/,ane. De eBe+pl ' , parte d"n #,ntra#t l de $9n>are7# +prare' $9n>t,r l' p,ate 6" al#t "t d"n tre" per/,ane' tre" 6ra1" #are +,:ten"nd n teren' d,re/# /7l $9nd. Pr1"le' pr"n acordul lor de voin @n#De"e a#t l - r"d"#. A#,rd l de $,"n1 al pr1"l,r /e n +e:te consimm2nt' # + t,t consimm2nt /e n +e:te $,"n1a 6"e#re" pr1" de a @n#De"a a#t l - r"d"# #"$"l. A#tele - r"d"#e !"laterale /e n +e/# contracte sau convenii' n,1" n" /"n,n"+e. De eBe+pl ' #,ntra#t l de @+pr + t' de l,#a1"e' de @n#D"r"ere' de +andat et#. 7 a&t $uri%i& #u*ti*atera* J e/te a#t l - r"d"# 6,r+at d"n a#,rd l de $,"n1 a tre" /a +a" + lte pr1". De eBe+pl ' #,ntra#t l de /,#"etate' e/te #,ntra#t l pr"n #are d, /a +a" + lte per/,ane /e @n$,"e/# / p n #e$a @n #,+ n' / de/6:,are @+pre n , a#t"$"tate :" / @+part 6,l,a/ele #e ar der"$a d"n a#ea/ta. I+p,rtan1a pra#t"# a #la/"6"#r"" #,n/t @n reg"+ l - r"d"# d"6er"t apl"#a!"l a#t l " n"lateral' !"lateral :" + lt"lateral. De eBe+pl J 7 pentr $er"6"#area $ala!"l"t1"" a#t l " - r"d"#' la a#t l - r"d"# n"lateral /e $er"6"# , /"ng r $,"n1' la a#tele - r"d"#e !" :" + lt"laterale /e $er"6"# 6"e#are $,"n1 - r"d"#. 7 $"#""le de #,n/"+1+9nt / nt / p /e n,r reg l" - r"d"#e d"6er"teJ de eBe+pl ' eroarea e/te $"#" de #,n/"+1+9nt la t,ate #ele tre" #ateg,r"" de a#te - r"d"#e' d,l l e/te $"#" de #,n/"+1+9nt n +a" la a#tele - r"d"#e !" :" + lt"laterale' le,iunea e/te $"#" de #,n/"+1+9nt la an +"te a#te - r"d"#e !"laterale. 7 a#tele - r"d"#e !" :" + lt"laterale se pot re$,#a .de/6a#e' de/6""n1a) n +a" pr"n a#,rd l de $,"n1 al pr1"l,r .+ t / d"//en/ /)' pe #9nd a#tele - r"d"#e n"laterale' n +a" @n #a> r"le eBpre/ pre$> te de lege.

11A

40 &%p, s( p%l %rm,ri" $e p,r#i la 3n(?eierea l r' a#tele - r"d"#e p,t 6" # t"tl ,ner,/ /a # t"tl grat "t 7 a(" .%ri$i( (% "i"l% ner sJ 3n art.<45 d"n %,d l #"$"l /e de6"ne:te #,ntra#t l ,ner,/' /pe#"e a a#t l " - r"d"# #"$"lJ S#,ntra#t l ,ner,/ e/te a#ela @n #are 6"e#are parte $,"e:te a7:" pr,# ra n a$anta-H. D,#tr"na a eBt"n/ de6"n"1"a la a#tele - r"d"#e # t"tl l ,ner,/. A#tele - r"d"#e # t"tl ,ner,/ / nt a#ele a#te - r"d"#e @n #are 6"e#are parte r+re:te la @n#De"erea l " ,!1"nerea n " 6,l,/ patr"+,n"al' @n /#D"+! l 6,l,/ l " patr"+,n"al pe #are l7a pr,# rat #ele"lalte pr1". De eBe+pl ' #,ntra#t l de $9n>are7# +prare' #,ntra#t l de antrepr">' de l,#a1" ne et#. 7 a(" .%ri$i( (% "i"l% gra"%i"J e/te a#t l - r"d"# @n#De"at' @n #are , parte d,re:te / pr,# re n 6,l,/ patr"+,n"al #el,rlalte pr1"' 6r / r+rea/# @n /#D"+! ,!1"nerea n " 6,l,/ patr"+,n"al. De6"n"1"a e/te prel at de la #,ntra#t l grat "t :" eBt"n/ la a#tele - r"d"#e # t"tl grat "t. 3n art.<4A %,d #"$"l /e de6"ne:te #,ntra#t l grat "tJ S....) e/te a#ela @n #are na d"n pr1" $,"e:te a pr,# ra' 6r e#D"$alent' n a$anta- #ele"lalte.H S nt a#te - r"d"#e # t"tl grat "t #,ntra#t l de d,na1"e' #,+,dat' +andat l grat "t et#. I+p,rtan1a pra#t"# a #la/"6"#r"" #,n/t @n apl"#area n,r reg l" - r"d"#e pr,pr"" la a#tele - r"d"#e ,ner,a/e :" la #ele # t"tl grat "t. A/t6elJ 7 d"n p n#t de $edere al #apa#"t1"" per/,anel,r 6">"#e #are @n#De"e a#te - r"d"#e # t"tl grat "t' legea #"$"l e/te re/tr"#t"$. S nt "n/t"t "te an +"te "n#apa#"t1" /pe#"aleJ de eBe+pl ' +"n,r l / n 14 an" n p,ate 6a#e d,na1"e' n"#" repre>entat de pr"ntele / n"#" a/"/tat de a#e/ta .+"n,r l #are a @+pl"n"t 14 an"). 7 n +a" la a#tele - r"d"#e # t"tl ,ner,/ #,n/"+1+9nt l ne" pr1" p,ate 6" $"#"at pr"n le>" ne. 7 legea #"$"l e/te +a" /e$er # pr"$"re la #,nd"1""le de 6,r+ ale a#tel,r # t"tl grat "t. De eBe+pl #,ntra#t l de d,na1"e /e 6a#e pr"n a#t a tent"#. 7 r/p nderea #,ntra#t al e/te +a" /e$er la a#tele - r"d"#e # t"tl ,ner,/' de#9t la #ele # t"tl grat "t. De eBe+pl @n +ater"a #,ntra#t l " de +andat' @n art.154F al"n.2 %,d #"$"l /e pre$edeJ Spentru culp. c2nd mandatul este "r plat. rspunderea se aplic cu mai puin ri!uro,itate. dec2t -n ca, contrariu.H
11C

A#tele - r"d"#e # t"tl ,ner,/ / nt de d, 6el r"J 7 a("%l .%ri$i( ( m%"a"i)J e/te a#t l - r"d"# # t"tl ,ner,/ @n #are pr1"le # n,/# d"n +,+ent l @n#De"er"" l " eB"/ten1a :" @nt"nderea obli!aiilor ce le revin.13A A t,r"" a prel at a/t6el de6"n"1"a #,ntra#tel,r #,+ tat"$e pre$> t @n art.<4C d"n %,d l #"$"lJ SContractul cu titlu oneros este comutativ. atunci c2nd obli!aia unei pri este echivalentul obli!aiei celeilalte H :" a+ eBt"n/7, la t,ate a#tele - r"d"#e #"$"le. 3n de6"n"1"a +en1",nat /e $,r!e:te n +a" de eB"/ten1a :" @nt"nderea ,!l"ga1""l,r #e re$"n pr1"l,r. 3ntr7, alt de6"n"1"e a t,r l / !l"n"a>' pe ! n dreptate' #J Sprile cunosc sa% p " (%n a!"e 4...' e9istena *i -ntinderea drepturilor *i obli!aiilor ce le revinH.13C De eBe+pl ' @n #,ntra#t l de @n#D"r"ere' l,#at,r l # n,a:te eBa#t drept l / de a #ere #D"r"a /ta!"l"t' dar :" ,!l"ga1"a de a p ne la d"/p,>"1"a #D"r"a: l " #a+era @n#D"r"at' re/pe#t"$ #D"r"a: l # n,a:te drept l / de a #ere l,#at,r l " #a+era /ta!"l"t / , 6,l,/ea/# :" ,!l"ga1"a a/ +at de a plt" #D"r"a # $en"t. 7 a("%l .%ri$i( alea" ri%' @n #are eB"/ten1a :" @nt"nderea pre/ta1""l,r /a n +a" a ne"a d"n ele dep"nd de n e$en"+ent $""t,r :" "n#ert .alea)' pr1"le #,n/"+1"nd a/ pra :an/el,r de p"erdere /a #9:t"g' de eBe+pl #,ntra#t l de rent $"ager' @n #are #red"rent"er l I per/,ana #are pr"+e:te renta $"ger I p,ate 6" @n #9:t"g #9nd d rata #,ntra#t l " e/te prel ng"t @n t"+p .+,artea l " / r$"ne d p + l1" an")' /a @n p"erdere' #9nd a#e/ta d rea> 6,arte p 1"n. %,relat"$' de !"rent"er l I per/,ana #are plte:te renta e/te @n #9:t"g /a p"erdere @n rap,rt de d rata @n t"+p a #,ntra#t l ". %,ntra#t l de a/"g rare e/te n #,ntra#t aleat,r" . A#tele - r"d"#e # t"tl grat "t /e / !d"$"d @nJ 7 acte de,interesateJ / nt a#tele - r"d"#e grat "te pr"n #are , per/,an 6a#e alte"a n /er$"#" ' 6r a7:" +"#:,ra patr"+,n" l. De eBe+pl ' #,ntra#t l de #,+,dat .@+pr + t de 6,l,/"n1) pr"n #are , per/,an d /pre 6,l,/"n1 grat "t ne" alte per/,ane n ! n #ert' # ,!l"ga1"a a#e/te"a de a7l re/t"t " la ter+en l /ta!"l"t. 3+pr + 1" #,leg l " de #a+er n tele$">,r #,l,r pe 3 >"le' # ,!l"ga1"a a#e/t "a / t"7l re/t"t "e la ter+en.
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7 acte liberalitiJ pr"n #are d"/p nt,r l @:" +"#:,rea> patr"+,n" l' 6r a pr"+" n"+"# @n /#D"+!. De eBe+pl d,na1"a' legat l et#. ("e#re" #ateg,r"" de a#te - r"d"#e # t"tl grat "t @" / nt pr,pr"" #9te$a reg l" - r"d"#eJ 7 d"n p n#t de $edere al #,nd"1""l,r de 6,r+' a#tele - r"d"#e # t"tl grat "t l"!eral"t1" /e @nt,#+e/# @n 6,r+ /,le+n .de eBe+pl d,na1"a' @n 6,r+ a tent"#). A#tele de>"ntere/ate /e @nt,#+e/# p,tr"$"t pr"n#"p" l " #,n/en/ al"/+ l " .ele / nt $ala!"l @n#De"ate pr"n /"+pl a#,rd de $,"n1 al pr1"l,r). 7 @n +ater"e de / ##e/" n" n +a" a#tele l"!eral"t1" 6a# ,!"e#t l red #1" n"" / ##e/,rale. .E/te /an#1" nea #"$"l #e #,n/t @n de/6""n1area retr,a#t"$ a d,na1""l,r 6# te de #tre de # - /' la #ererea +,:ten"t,r"l,r re>er$atar" @n +/ ra #,+pletr"" re>er$e" l,r / ##e/,rale). C0 &%p, "imp%l- m men"%l 3n (are 3!i pr $%( e*e("ele ' a#tele - r"d"#e #"$"le /e @+part @n a#te - r"d"#e @ntre $"" :" a#te - r"d"#e pentr #a > de +,arteJ 7 a("e .%ri$i(e 3n"re )ii ."nter $"$,/) / nt a#tele - r"d"#e #are7:" pr,d # e6e#tele pe t"+p l $"e1"" #el,r #are le @n#De"e. Une,r" e6e#tele - r"d"#e /e p,t prel ng" :" d p +,artea pr1"l,r #are l7a @n#De"at. De eBe+pl ' tran/+"/" nea / ##e/,ral. A#tele - r"d"#e' @n +a-,r"tate' pr,d # e6e#te @n t"+p l $"e1"" pr1"l,r / nt @n $"a1. 7 a("e .%ri$i(e pen"r% (a%+, $e m ar"e .+,rt"/ #a /a) / nt a#te - r"d"#e @n#De"ate pentr a pr,d #e e6e#te d p +,artea a t,r l ". De eBe+pl ' te/ta+ent l' #,ntra#t l de a/"g rare de $"a1 et#. Reg l" - r"d"#e #e /e apl"# d"6er"t a#tel,r - r"d"#e "nter $"$,/ :" a#tel,r - r"d"#e +,rt"/ #a /aJ 7 a#tele - r"d"#e +,rt"/ #a /a / nt regle+entate +a" a+n n1"t @n #,+para1"e # a#tele - r"d"#e "nter $"$,/. 7 a#tele - r"d"#e +,rt"/ #a /a 6""nd , eB#ep1"e de la reg la #,n6,r+ #re"a e6e#tele - r"d"#e /e pr,d # pe t"+p l $"e1"" #el,r #e le @n#De"e / nt /tr"#t pre$> te @n legea #"$"l. Ele / nt a#te - r"d"#e n +"te. 7 a#tele - r"d"#e +,rt"/ #a /a / nt $ala!"l @n#De"ate n +a" pr"n re/pe#tarea #,nd"1""l,r de /,le+n"tate #er te de lege. De eBe+pl '
11<

#,ntra#t l de a/"g rare pe $"a1 /e @nt,#+e:te @n 6,r+ /#r"/' el 6""nd #,ntra#t de ade>" ne' d,na1"a ! n r"l,r $""t,are /e @n#De"e @n 6,r+ a tent"#' te/ta+ent l @n 6,r+ /,le+n et#. A#tele - r"d"#e "nter $"$,/ / nt g $ernate de pr"n#"p" l #,n/en/ al"/+ l ". 7 a#tele - r"d"#e +,rt"/ #a /a p,t 6" @n#De"ate' @n #eea #e pr"$e:te #apa#"tatea pr1"l,r' @n #,nd"1"" re/tr"#t"$e #,+parat"$ # a#tele - r"d"#e "nter $"$,/. &0 &%p, e*e("ele pr $%se a#tele - r"d"#e / nt constitutive' translative *i declarative1 7 a("e .%ri$i(e ( ns"i"%"i)eJ / nt a#tele - r"d"#e @n#De"ate @n /#,p l na:ter"" de drepturi *i obli!aii n,"' "neB"/tente. 3ntr7, de6"n"1"e 6re#$ent @n d,#tr"n' a#tele - r"d"#e #,n/t"t t"$e Sau -n coninut drepturi *i obli!aii corelative care iau ast"el na*tere.H13= E/te de6"n"1"a la #are ne ral"e+ de,are#e' #9nd ne re6er"+ la na:terea n " drept' #el p 1"n / ! a/pe#t d"da#t"#' tre! "e / +en1",n+ :" na:terea ne" ,!l"ga1""' de:" a#e/t l #r e/te / !@n1ele/' @nt,tdea na drept l / !"e#t"$ pre/ p n9nd ,!l"ga1"a #"$"l #,relat"$. Unele de6"n"1"" /e re6er d,ar la na:terea n " drept / !"e#t"$ #"$"l n, J Sd na:tere la n drept / !"e#t"$ #"$"l #e n7a eB"/tat anter",r.H 13< De eBe+pl ' #,ntra#t l de > 6r #t' #,ntra#t l de ga-' de "p,te# et#. 7 a("e .%ri$i(e "ransla"i)e $e $rep"%ri J / nt a#te - r"d"#e pr"n #are are l,# /tr+ tarea n " drept / !"e#t"$ #"$"l d"n patr"+,n" l ne" pr1"' @n patr"+,n" l #ele"lalte pr1". De eBe+pl ' #,ntra#t l de $9n>are7# +prare' d,na1"a' #e/" nea de #rean1 et#. A#t l - r"d"# #"$"l tran/lat"$ de drept r" /e de,/e!e:te a#t l - r"d"# #,n/t"t t"$ ....) pr"n a#eea # a#e/ta d"n r+ d na:tere n " drept n, #e' @+pre n # ,!l"ga1"a #,relat"$' n7a eB"/tat @na"nte. 3n #a> l a#tel,r tran/lat"$e' /e #reea> , /"t a1"e n, ' n l d"n / !"e#te d,!9nd"nd n drept preeB"/tent @n patr"+,n" l tran/+"1t,r l ".H 7 a("e .%ri$i(e $e(lara"i)e / nt a#tele - r"d"#e pr"n #are pr1"le @:" re# n,/#' de6"n"t"$ea> drept r" eB"/tente anter",r @n#De"er"" a#e/7 t,ra. De eBe+pl ' #,ntra#t l de parta-' tran>a#1"a. %la/"6"#area d,$ede:te "+p,rtan1 pra#t"# @n +ater"a /ta!"l"r"" +,+ent l " #9nd @:" pr,d # e6e#teleJ A/t6el'
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7 a#tele - r"d"#e #,n/t"t t"$e :" tran/lat"$e @:" pr,d # e6e#tele d"n +,+ent l @n#De"er"" l,r' n +a" pentr $""t,r .eB n n#) 7 a#tele - r"d"#e de#larat"$e @:" pr,d # e6e#te pentr $""t,r .eB n n#)' dar :" pentr tre# t .eB t n#). De eBe+pl ' @n #a> l parta- l "' a#t l - r"d"# al @+pr1"r"" pr,d #e e6e#te de la data #9nd a l at na:tere #,pr,pr"etatea /a "nd"$">" nea' :" n de la data @+pr1"r""' de#" a#t l - r"d"# de#larat"$ retr,a#t"$ea>. 7 n +a" a#tele - r"d"#e tran/lat"$e :" #,n/t"t t"$e / nt / p /e re>,l 1" n"" .6""nd #,ntra#te /"nalag+at"#e) n :" a#tele - r"d"#e de#larat"$e. E0 &%p, imp r"an#a pe (are pre+in", a("ele .%ri$i(e 3n rap r" (% pa"rim ni%l pers anei' d"/t"nge+ a#te - r"d"#e de #,n/er$are' a#te - r"d"#e de ad+"n"/trare :" a#te - r"d"#e de d"/p,>"1"eJ 7 a("%l .%ri$i( $e ( nser)are e/te a#t l - r"d"# @n#De"at #are are drept #a > p/trarea n " drept / !"e#t"$ #"$"l @n patr"+,n" ' pre@nt9+p"narea p"erder"" l ". A$anta- l #,n/t @n e6e#t area n,r #Delt "el" +"n"+e @n rap,rt # $al,area drept l " #e r+ea> a 6" /al$at pr"n @n#De"erea a#t l " - r"d"#. De eBe+pl ' @ntrer perea ne" pre/#r"p1""' /,+a1"a' p nerea de pe#e1"' @n/#r"erea ne" "p,te#" et#. 7 a("%l .%ri$i( $e a$minis"rare e/te a#t l - r"d"# pr"n #are pr1"le r+re/# / real">e>e p nerea @n $al,are a n " ! n' /a patr"+,n" . De eBe+pl ' l,#a1" nea n " ! n' @n#D"r"erea n " aparta+ent et#. A#tele de ad+"n"/trare pr"$e/#J 7 administrarea unui bun sin!ular . t /"ng l") pr"n #are /e p ne @n $al,are ! n l' 6r @n/tr"narea l " 7 administrarea unui patrimoniu. 3n a#ea/t "p,te>' a#t l de ad+"n"/trare re6er"t,r la n ! n e/te , @n/tr"nare .a#t de d"/p,>"1"e)' dar rap,rtat la @ntreg l patr"+,n" e/te n a#t de ad+"n"/trare' de n,r+al 6,l,/"re' eBpl,atare a @ntreg l " patr"+,n" . De eBe+pl ' $9n>area 6r #tel,r ne" l"$e>" e/te n a#t de d"/p,>"1"e' dar rap,rtat la patr"+,n" l #e are @n #,+p nerea /a l"$ada e/te n a#t de ad+"n"/trareK #,ntra#t l @n#De"at pentr e6e#t area n,r repara1"" de @ntre1"nere e/te n a#t - r"d"# de d"/p,>"1"e I !an""' #,/t l l #rr"" /e @n/tr"nea>' dar #,ntra#t l rap,rtat la @ntreg l patr"+,n" e/te n a#t de ad+"n"/trare pentr # repara1""le de @ntre1"nere p n @n $al,are patr"+,n" l' a/"g r 6,l,/"rea l ".
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7 actul juridic de dispo,iie e/te a#t l @n#De"at pr"n #are pr1"le d,re/# @n/tr"narea n " ! n .ad"# /#,aterea n " ! n d"n patr"+,n" )' a n " drept /a gre$area n " ! n # , /ar#"n real. De p"ld' $9n>area' #e/" nea de #rean1 /a @n#De"erea n " #,ntra#t de "p,te# /a ga-. %la/"6"#area a#tel,r - r"d"#e @n a#te de #,n/er$are' ad+"n"/trare /a d"/p,>"1"e pre>"nt "+p,rtan1 pra#t"# pr"n reg"+ l - r"d"# pr,pr" 6"e#re" #ateg,r"". 7 @n +ater"a #apa#"t1"" pr1"l,r #are @l @n#De"e' d,#tr"na :" - r"/pr den1a ad+"t #a a#tele de #,n/er$are / p,at 6" @n#De"ate :" de #tre per/,anele l"p/"te de #apa#"tate de eBer#"1" . 7 a#tele de ad+"n"/trare' da# n / nt @n#De"ate pr"ntr7 n #,n/"+1+9nt $"#"at pr"n le>" ne' p,t 6" @n#De"ate :" de #tre +"n,r l @ntre 1471= an"' /"ng r .#apa#"tate de eBer#"1" re/tr9n/) 6r @n# $""n1area preala!"l a ,#r,t"t,r l " legal .pr"n1""' t t,re). Per/,anele l"p/"te de #apa#"tate de eBer#"1" .+"n,r"" :" "nter>":"" - de#t,re:t") @n#De"e a#te de ad+"n"/trare pr"n repre>entant l legal. 7 a#tele de d"/p,>"1"e /e @n#De"e de per/,ane # depl"n #apa#"tatea de eBer#"1" .per/,ane #are a @+pl"n"t 1= an"). M"n,r l #are a @+pl"n"t 14 an" .#apa#"tate de eBer#"1" re/tr9n/) p,ate @n#De"a a#te de d"/p,>"1"e # @n# $""n1area pr"ntel " /a a t t,rel "' pre# + :" a a t,r"t1"l,r t telare. 7 @n +ater"a repre>entr""' pentr @n#De"erea a#tel,r de d"/p,>"1"e e/te ne#e/ar n +andat /pe#"al .pentr n an +"t a#t - r"d"# de d"/p,>"1"e) :" n de n +andat general. <0 &%p, m $%l $e * rmare' a#tele - r"d"#e / nt #,n/en/ ale' /,le+ne :" a#te - r"d"#e reale. 7 a("%l .%ri$i( ( nsens%al e/te $ala!"l @n#De"at pr"n /"+pl l a#,rd de $,"n1 real">at @ntre pr1"' 6r n"#" , 6,r+al"tate. Une,r"' pr1"le d"n ne$,"a pre#,n/t"t "r"" ne" pr,!e @ntr7 n e$ent al l"t"g" ' p,t /ta!"l"' t,t de #,+ n a#,rd' #a +an"6e/tarea de $,"n1 pentr @n#De"erea a#t l " - r"d"# / @+!ra#e , an +"t 6,r+J de eBe+pl ' 6,r+a /#r"/. A#e/t l #r n pr,d #e e6e#te # pr"$"re la $ala!"l"tatea a#t l " - r"d"# @n#De"at. Reg la den +"t :" pr"n#"p" l #,n/en/ al"/+ l " e/te prel at d"n +ater"a #,ntra#tel,r tran/lat"$e de drept r" reale .art.<C1 %,d #"$"l) :" eBt"n/ la t,ate a#tele - r"d"#e #"$"le.
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7 a("%l .%ri$i( s lemn >2or#a*) pentr a 6" $ala!"l @n#De"at e/te ne#e/ar #a a#,rd l de $,"n1 al pr1"l,r / @+!ra#e 6,r+ /,le+n #er t de lege. Legea pre/#r"e 6,r+a /,le+n pentr $ala!"l"tatea a#t l " - r"d"# @n#De"at .ad $al"d"tate+ /a ad /,le+n"tate+). De eBe+pl ' #,ntra#t l de d,na1"e /a de "p,te# e/te $ala!"l @n#De"at n +a" da# +an"6e/tarea de $,"n1 /e +ater"al">ea> @ntr7 n @n/#r"/ a tent"#. 7 a("%l .%ri$i( real e/te a#t l #are pentr a 6" $ala!"l @n#De"at' @n a6ara a#,rd l " de $,"n1 al pr1"l,r /e #ere :" re+"terea .predarea) e6e#t"$ a ! n l " .trad"t", re"). De eBe+pl ' #,ntra#t l de @+pr + t .#,+,dat l' + t +)' de dep,>"t' #,ntra#t l de ga- # dep,/edare et#. Reg l" - r"d"#e apl"#a!"le a#e/t,r #,ntra#teJ 7 nere/pe#tarea 6,r+el,r /,le+ne "+p /e de lege pentr +an"6e/tarea a#,rd l " de $,"n1 al pr1"l,r atrage /an#1" nea #"$"l a n l"t1"" a#t l " - r"d"# @n#De"at 7 @n #a> l @n#De"er"" a#tel,r - r"d"#e /,le+ne pr"n repre>entare' :" pr,# ra /pe#"al de repre>entare tre! "e / @+!ra#e 6,r+ /,le+nK 7 +,d"6"#area a#t l " - r"d"# /,le+n /e 6a#e n +a" @n 6,r+ /,le+n 7 reg"+ l - r"d"# al pr,!el,r d"6er d p # + a#t l - r"d"# e/te #,n/en/ al' 6,r+al /a real. G0 &%p, r l%l pe (are-l a% ) in#ele .%ri$i(e ale p,r#il r 3n s"a'ilirea $rep"%ril r !i 'liga#iil r (e le re)in ' /e de,/e!e/# a#te - r"d"#e / !"e#t"$e :" a#te - r"d"#e #,nd"1"e 7 a("%l .%ri$i( s%'ie("i) e/te a#t l - r"d"# @n #are / !"e#1"" de drept /ta!"le/# de #,+ n a#,rd drept r"le :" ,!l"ga1""le #e le re$"n. Ma-,r"tatea a#tel,r - r"d"#e / nt / !"e#t"$e. 7 a("%l .%ri$i( ( n$i#ie' e/te a#t l @n#De"at de al #r " #,n1"n t .drept r"le :" ,!l"ga1""le pr1"l,r) e/te d"na"nte /ta!"l"t de lege' 6r p,/"!"l"tatea # pr1"le / der,ge de la a#e/ta. De eBe+pl ' #/t,r"a' ad,p1" nea et#. Legea #"$"l regle+entea> n n +r l"+"tat de a#te - r"d"#e #,nd"1"e "+p n9nd reg l" /tr"#te @n pr"$"n1a @n#De"er"" l,r $ala!"le /a a de/6a#er"" l,r. A#tele - r"d"#e / !"e#t"$e @n#De"ate de pr1" /e / p n n " reg"+ - r"d"# 6leB"!"l' pr1"le pr"n a#,rd l de $,"n1 der,g de la n,r+ele - r"d"#e d"/p,>"t"$e #e le regle+entea>.

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70 &%p, ( rela#iile e>is"en"e 3n"re ele' a#tele - r"d"#e / nt a#te - r"d"#e pr"n#"pale :" a#te - r"d"#e a##e/,r"" 7 a("%l .%ri$i( prin(ipal e/te a#t l - r"d"# #are are , eB"/ten1 de /"ne /ttt,are' , /,art - r"d"# #e n dep"nde de /,arta - r"d"# a n " n alt a#t - r"d"#. Ma-,r"tatea a#tel,r - r"d"#e / nt a#te - r"d"#e pr"n#"pale. 7 a("%l .%ri$i( a((es ri% e/te a#t l #are n are , eB"/ten1 de /"ne /ttt,are' reg"+ l l " - r"d"# 6""nd dependent de #el al a#t l " - r"d"# pr"n#"pal. De p"ld' #la >a penal' 6"de- /" nea' #,ntra#t l de ga-' #,ntra#t l de "p,te# et#. A#t l - r"d"# a##e/,r" p,ate /a n 6" "n#l / @n a#t l - r"d"# pr"n#"pal. El p,ate 6" @n#De"at #,n#,+"tent # a#t l - r"d"# pr"n#"pal /a lter",r a#e/t "a. Reg l" - r"d"#e apl"#a!"le a#t l " pr"n#"pal :" a#t l " a##e/,r" . 7 $al"d"tatea a#t l " - r"d"# pr"n#"pal /e anal">ea> "ndependent' @n rap,rt de #,nd"1""le pr,pr"" de $ala!"l"tate' @n t"+p #e a a#t l " - r"d"# a##e/,r" are @n $edere $al"d"tatea a#t l " - r"d"# pr"n#"pal. De eBe+pl ' @n "p,te>a @n #are a#t l - r"d"# pr"n#"pal e/te n l' a#t l - r"d"# a##e/,r" n pr,d #e n"#" n e6e#t. 7 @n#etarea e6e#tel,r a#t l " - r"d"# pr"n#"pal pr,d #e e6e#te :" a/ pra a#t l " - r"d"# a##e/,r" J a#e/ta @n#etea> #a r+are a pr"n#"p" l " a##e//,r" + /eP "t r pr"n#"pale+ ./,arta a#t l " - r"d"# a##e/,r" r+ea> /,arta a#t l " - r"d"# pr"n#"pal). De eBe+pl ' a#t l - r"d"# a##e/,r" ' #,ntra#t l de ga- n pr,d #e n"#" n e6e#t #9nd a#t l - r"d"# pr"n#"pal' #,ntra#t l de @+pr + t de #,n/ +a1"e' e/te l,$"t de n l"tate. 7 n l"tatea a#t l " - r"d"# a##e/,r" n pr,d #e n"#" n e6e#t # pr"$"re la $ala!"l"tatea a#t l " - r"d"# pr"n#"pal I0 &%p, leg,"%ra (% (a%+a 1s( p%l2 pen"r% (are s-a 3n(?eia" a("%l .%ri$i(. d"/t"nge+ a#t l - r"d"# #a >al :" a#t l - r"d"# a!/tra#t .a#a >al) 7 a("%l .%ri$i( (a%+al e/te a#t l pentr $al"d"tatea #r "a tre! "e anal">at $ala!"l"tatea #a >e" ./#,p l ") a#e/t "a. El e/te $ala!"l @n#De"at #9nd are , #a > . n /#,p) #a >a e/te l"#"t :" +,ral. A#t l e/te n l @n l"p/a #a >e" /a at n#" #9nd a#ea/t #a > eB"/t' ea e/te "l"#"t :" "+,ral. De eBe+pl ' /t dent l a @n#De"at n #,ntra#t de @n#D"r"ere pentr # a r+r"t n /#,p .#a >)J / d,!9ndea/# #,nd"1""
124

! ne de l,# "t' @n apr,p"erea Un"$er/"t1"". Ma-,r"tatea a#tel,r - r"d"#e / nt #a >ale. 7 a("%l .%ri$i( a(a%+al >a(stra&t7 e/te a#t l $ala!"l @n#De"at 6r anal">a $ala!"l"t1"" #a >e". Se n +e/# :" t"tl r" de $al,are. Ne$,"le $"e1"" #,t"d"ene a deter+"nat apar"1"a n,r @n/#r"/ r" .t"tl r"le de $al,are) a #r,r $ala!"l"tate n /e anal">ea> @n rap,rt de $ala!"l"tatea #a >e"' #" @n rap,rt de nele ele+ente 6,r+aleJ teBt l +en1",nat pe @n/#r"/ /e+nt r"le per/,anel,r @ndr"t "te' data e+"ter"" et#. 3n/#r"/ l +en1",nea> $al,area n,+"nal a drept l " de #rean1 :" pr"n tran/+"tere' de reg l pr"n predare' #,n6er p,/e/,r l "' drept l de a !ene6"#"a de / +a n,+"nal +en1",nat "ndependent de #a >a @n $ederea #re"a a 6,/t e+"/ t"tl l. De eBe+pl ' ,!l"ga1""le %E%' a#1" n"le la /,#"et1"le #,+er#"ale' !"letele de ,rd"n et#. Pr,!a a#t l " - r"d"# a#a >al /e 6a#e d p reg l" d"6er"te 6a1 de pr,!a a#t l " - r"d"# #a >al. %,nd"1""le de $ala!"l"tate pr"$"nd @n#De"erea a#e/t,r a#te - r"d"#e / nt d"6er"te. 3n d,#tr"na - r"d"# / nt # n,/# te :" alte #la/"6"#r" ale a#tel,r - r"d"#e. =0 &%p, p si'ili"a"ea 3n(?eierii l r prin repre+en"are d"/t"nge+ a#t l - r"d"# ,!":n "t :" a#t l - r"d"# /tr"#t per/,nal. 7 a("%l .%ri$i( 'i!n%i" e/te a#t l @n#De"at $ala!"l 6"e per/,nal de partea "ntere/at' 6"e pr"n repre>entant l per/,ane" "ntere/ate .+andatar). Ma-,r"tatea a#tel,r - r"d"#e / nt a#te ,!":n "te. 7 a("%l .%ri$i( s"ri(" pers nal e/te a#t l @n#De"at $ala!"l n +a" per/,nal de #tre per/,ana "ntere/at' #a' de eBe+pl ' #/t,r"a' te/ta+ent l' re# n,a:terea patern"t1"" #,p"l l " n/# t d"n a6ara #/t,r"e" et#. Reg la , #,n/t"t "e a#t l - r"d"# ,!":n "t. EB#ep1"a , repre>"nt a#tele - r"d"#e /tr"#t per/,nale. 3n d,#tr"n /e apre#"a> # SeB#ep1"a 6""nd de /tr"#t "nterpretare .eB#ept", e/t /tr"#t"//+ae "nterpretat",n"/)' pr"+ele .n.a. 7a#tele - r"d"#e /tr"#t per/,nale) / nt n +a" #ele regle+entate .pre#">ate) eBpre/ de legeH.141 A#tele - r"d"#e /e p,t @n#De"a pr"n repre>entare n +a" @n #,nd"1""le /pe#"ale pre$> te @n +ater"a repre>entr"".
141

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B0 &%p, leg,"%ra a("el r .%ri$i(e (% m $ali",#ile l r ' de,/e!"+ a#te - r"d"#e p re :" /"+ple :" a#te - r"d"#e a6e#tate de +,dal"t1". 7 a("%l .%ri$i( p%r !i simpl% e/te a#t l nea6e#tat de +,dal"t1" .ter+en' #,nd"1"e' /ar#"n). De reg l' p,tr"$"t pr"n#"p" l " l"!ert1"" #,ntra#t ale pr1"le p,t /ta!"l" #a a#t l @n#De"at / 6"e /a n a6e#tat de +,dal"t1". EB"/t a#te - r"d"#e #e n p,t 6" de#9t p re :" /"+ple. De eBe+pl #/t,r"a' ad,p1" nea' ,p1" nea / ##e/,ral et#. 7 a("%l .%ri$i( a*e("a" $e m $ali",#i e/te a#t l @n #,n1"n t l #r "a pr1"le a #,n$en"t , +,dal"tate .#,nd"1"e' ter+en' /ar#"n). EB"/t a#te - r"d"#e #e n p,t 6" de#9t a6e#tate de +,dal"t1". De eBe+pl ' #,ntra#t l de rent $"ager' nde plata rente" /e 6a#e pe n ter+en eBt"n#t"$' p9n la +,artea #red" rent"er l ". %la/"6"#area pre>"nt "+p,rtan1 pra#t"# @n +ater"a #,nd"1""l,r de $ala!"l"tate #er te la @n#De"erea l,r. A/t6el' l"p/a +,dal"t1"" la a#tele #e n p,t 6" $ala!"l @n#De"ate alt6el' de eBe+pl @n #,ntra#t l de @+pr + t n /e /ta!"le:te ter+en l de re/t"t "re a ! n l " @+pr + tat) atrage n l"tatea a#e/t,ra. M,+ent l @n#eper"" # rger"" ter+en l " de pre/#r"p1"e d"6er d p # + a#t l - r"d"# e/te p r :" /"+pl /a a6e#tat de +,dal"t1". L0 &%p, (%m s%n" sa% n% reglemen"a"e $e lege /e de,/e!e/# a#tele - r"d"#e n +"te .t"p"#e) de a#tele - r"d"#e nen +"te .at"p"#e). 7 a("%l .%ri$i( "ipi( >nu#it7 e/te a#t l #are pr"+e:te , den +"re :" , regle+entare pr,pr"e pr"n lege. De eBe+pl ' #,ntra#t l de l,#a1"e' de @n#D"r"ere' de +andat et#. 7 a("%l .%ri$i( ne"ipi( >nenu#it7 e/te a#t l - r"d"# #are n are , den +"re legal :" , regle+entare pr,pr"e. De eBe+pl ' #,ntra#t l de @ntre1"nere' #,ntra#t l de p !l"#"tate T& et#. %,ntra#tel,r nen +"te l" /e apl"# reg l"le - r"d"#e generale d"n te,r"a #,ntra#tel,r' alt r" de reg l"le /ta!"l"te de pr1". Une,r"' leg" "t,r l e/te "ntere/at / regle+ene>e #,ntra#te nen +"te. De eBe+pl #,ntra#t l de /p,n/,r">are #,ntra#t nen +"t' pr"n pre$eder"le Leg"" nr.32M1<<4 pr"$"nd /p,n/,r">area a de$en"t n #,ntra#t n +"t.

12A

3n #,ntra#tele n +"te pr1"le p,t ,+"te ele+ente d"n #,n1"n t l a#t l " - r"d"# .de eBe+pl ' n 6a# pre#">r" pr"$"nd nele drept r" :" ,!l"ga1""). A#e/tea /e pre/ p n pr"n 6apt l # legea le pre$ede eBpre/. M0 &%p, r l%l $i*eri" al ) in#el r p,r#il r la 3n(?eierea a("%l%i .%ri$i( /e d"/t"ng a#te - r"d"#e neg,#"a!"le' de ade>" ne :" "+p /e .6,r1ate). 7 a("%l .%ri$i( neg (ia'il e/te a#t l - r"d"# pe #are pr1"le de #,+ n a#,rd @l @n#De"e @n depl"n l"!ertate' d p d"/# 1"" preala!"le .neg,#"er")' # /ta!"l"rea l"!er a drept r"l,r :" ,!l"ga1""l,r #e le re$"n. 7 a("%l .%ri$i( $e a$e+i%ne e/te a#t l Sla #are t,ate #la >ele #,ntra#t ale / nt /ta!"l"te de #tre na d"n pr1"' #ealalt parte a$9nd d,ar ,p1" nea de a a##epta /a de a re6 >a @n#De"erea l,r.H 142 De eBe+pl ' #,ntra#tele de t"l"t1" p !l"#eJ ap' energ"e ele#tr"#' ga>e nat rale' tele6,n' #a!l T&' #,ntra#tele de /t d""' ! r/e et#. de,are#e /at"/6a# tre! "n1e +ater"ale :" /p"r"t ale 6"re:t"' ,!l"g pe !ene6"#"ar l a#e/t,ra / a##epte @n#De"erea #,ntra#t l ". 7 a("%l .%ri$i( imp%s >2or/at7 e/te "+p / de lege. De eBe+pl ' #,ntra#tele de a/"g rare ,!l"gat,r"e @n #a> de a##"dent pentr a t,+,!"l":t". N0 &%p, e>e(%"area 3n "imp a 'liga#iil r- de,/e!"+ a#te - r"d"#e # eBe# tare "n/tantanee :" # eBe# tare / ##e/"$ @n t"+p. 7 a("%l .%ri$i( (% e>e(%"are ins"an"anee ."+ed"at' d"ntr7 ,dat' n, "#t ) e/te a#t l @n #are eBe# tarea pre/ta1""l,r are l,# "+ed"at :" , /"ng r dat. De eBe+pl ' @n #,ntra#t l de $9n>are7 # +prare a ! n l " #ert' ,!l"ga1"a $9n>t,r l " de a tran/6era pr,pr"etatea ! n l " $9nd t e/te de drept eBe# tat @n +,+ent l @n#De"er"" #,ntra#t l ". 7 a("%l .%ri$i( (% e>e(%"are s%((esi), 3n "imp e/te a#t l @n #are eBe# tarea pre/ta1""l,r are l,# @ntr7, per",ad de t"+p. De eBe+pl ' @n #,ntra#t l de rent $"ager de!"rent"er l plte:te renta per",d"#' @ntr7, per",ad de t"+p. Une,r" pr1"le a#t l " - r"d"# # eBe# tare n, "#t p,t #,n$en" / eBe# te ,!l"ga1""le e:al,nat. De eBe+pl ' @n #,ntra#t l de

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$9n>are7# +prare pr1"le /ta!"le/# #a plata pre1 l " / /e 6a# @n 1F rate l nare. Reg l" - r"d"#e /pe#"6"#e a#e/t,r #,ntra#teJ 7 re,oluiunea .de/6a#erea) #,ntra#tel,r /"nalag+at"#e pr"$e:te n +a" la a#tele - r"d"#e # eBe# tare "n/tantaneeK re>"l"erea .de/6a#erea pentr $""t,r a #,ntra#tel,r) /e apl"# n +a" la #,ntra#tele /"nalag+at"#e # eBe# tare / ##e/"$ @n t"+p. Re>,l 1" nea' re/pe#t"$ :" re>"l"erea /e / p n n,r reg l" pr,pr""' d"6er"te. 7 n l"tatea /an#1" ne #"$"l a a#t l " - r"d"#' ,perea> retr,a#t"$ la a#tele # eBe# tare d"ntr7, dat :" n +a" pentr $""t,r la a#tele - r"d"#e # eBe# tare / ##e/"$ @n t"+p.

3. *ondiiile eseniale pentru vala,ilitatea -validitatea. actului 'uridic

A0 Termin l gie Legea #"$"l r,+9n n de6"ne:te a#t l - r"d"# #"$"l @n general #" n +a" /pe#""le a#t l " - r"d"# #"$"l .a#tele - r"d"#e n +"te). O /pe#"e a a#t l " - r"d"# #"$"l e/te #,ntra#t l .#,n$en1"a). %,nd"1""le de $ala!"l"tate ale ne" #,n$en1"" .#,ntra#t) / nt artate @n teBt l art.<4= %,d #"$"l. S%,nd"1"" e/en1"ale pentr $al"d"tatea ne" #,n$en1""H / ntJ 1. #apa#"tatea de a #,ntra#taK 2. #,n/"+1+9nt l $ala!"l al pr1"" #e /e ,!l"gK 3. n ,!"e#t deter+"natK 4. , #a > l"#"t. 3n d,#tr"n :" - r"/pr den1' #,nd"1""le e/en1"ale pentr $ala!"l"tatea ne" #,n$en1"" a 6,/t eBt"n/e la t,ate a#tele - r"d"#e. % pr"$"re la /"ntag+a S#,nd"1"" e/en1"ale pentr $ala!"l"tateaH a#t l " - r"d"# #"$"l' @n d,#tr"n / nt 6,l,/"te :" alte 6,r+ lr"J Sele+entele e/en1"ale ale ,r"#r " a#t - r"d"#H 143 S#,nd"1""le a#t l " - r"d"#H144 S#,nd"1""le de $al"d"tateH145 S#,nd"1""le de e6"#a#"tate .@n /en/

143 144 145

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re/tr9n/) ale a#t l " - r"d"# #"$"lH 14A Sele+entele d"n #are e/te al#t "t n a/e+enea a#tH14C Noi o't3# pentr 6,r+ lareaJ S#,nd"1"" e/en1"ale pentr $al"d"tateaH a#t l " - r"d"# #"$"l. Op1" nea n,a/tr /e @nte+e"a> pe , "dee / /1"n t de rep tat l #"$"l"/t pr,6. n"$. dr. I,an Al! J @n l,# l ,r"#re" 6,r+ lr" at n#" #9nd legea , 6a#e' e/te de pre6erat 6,r+ larea leg" "t,r l ". Ter+en l de S#,nd"1"eH e/te 6,l,/"t a"#" @n /en/ l # @n l"p/a ne"a d"n #ele patr #,nd"1"" en +erate' a#t l - r"d"# n e/te $ala!"l' n /e #,n6 nd # S+,dal"tatea a#t l " - r"d"#H n +"t S#,nd"1"eH' ad"# a#el e$en"+ent $""t,r :" "n#ert .ne/"g r) de @ndepl"n"rea #r "a dep"nde @n/:" na:terea $ala!"l a a#t l " - r"d"# #"$"l. De eBe+pl ' @1" $9nd a t,t r"/+ l da# p9n la data de 31 de#e+!r"e @+" # +pr n a t,t r"/+ n, . %,nd"1"a Sda# p9n la data de 31 de#e+!r"e @+" # +pr n a t,t r"/+ n, H real">at' @ndepl"n"t per+"te #a a#t l - r"d"# al $9n>r"" @n#De"at / pr,d # e6e#te - r"d"#e. 40 Clasi*i(area ( n$i#iil r esen#iale pen"r% )ala'ili"a"ea a("%l%i .%ri$i( En +erarea #,nd"1""l,r e/en1"ale de $al"d"tate ale a#t l " - r"d"# d"n art.<4= %,d #"$"l n ep ">ea> /6era #,nd"1""l,r #er te de lege pentr @n#De"erea $ala!"l a a#t l " - r"d"# #"$"l. %el,r patr #,nd"1""' d p # + $,+ ,!/er$a @n #ele #e r+ea>' legea ada g ne,r"' @n +,d eBpre/' :" alte #,nd"1"" de $al"d"tate. 3n d,#tr"n' #,nd"1""le de $al"d"tate ale a#t l " - r"d"# #"$"l / nt #la/"6"#ate d p n +er,a/e #r"ter"". Ne $,+ +rg"n" la #ele #e r+ea>.

90 &%p, aspe("ele la (are se re*er, ' #,nd"1""le de $al"d"tate / nt de 6,nd :" de 6,r+J 7 ( n$i#ii $e * n$ ."ntr"n/e#") /e re6er la #,n1"n t l a#t l " - r"d"# ./ nt #ele 4 #,nd"1"" e/en1"ale pentr $ala!"l"tatea a#t l " - r"d"# +a" / / eBp /e).
14A 14C

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7 ( n$i#ii $e * rm, .eBtr"n/e#") /e re6erJ la +,d l de eBter",r">are al #,n/"+1+9nt l " .a#,rd l de $,"n1) pr1"l,r la @n#De"erea a#t l " - r"d"#. (,r+a e/te #er t ad $al"d"tate+ pentr @n#De"erea a#tel,r - r"d"#e /,le+ne ne,r" la 6,r+a @n #are /e +ater"al">ea>' #,n#ret">ea> a#t l - r"d"# @n#De"at pentr a #,n/t"t " @n $""t,r n +"-l,# de pr,!. (,r+a e/te #er t ad pr,!at",ne+ de lege /a de pr1" pentr @n#De"erea a#t l " - r"d"#. 7 p +a'ili"a"ea *a#, $e "er#i. Legea #"$"l #ere ne,r" #,nd"1"" de p !l"#"tate pentr #a a#t l - r"d"# @n#De"at / 6"e ,p,>a!"l ter1"l,r .a#t l - r"d"# / 6"e # n,/# t :" re/pe#tat). De eBe+pl ' #,ntra#t l de $9n>are7# +prare a n " "+,!"l' p,tr"$"t art.2 al"n 1 d"n Legea #"r# la1"e" - r"d"#e a teren r"l,r nr.54M1<<=' tre! "re @n#De"at @n 6,r+ a tent"#. STeren r"le /"t ate @n "ntra$"lan :" eBtra$"lan p,t 6" @n/tr"nate :" d,!9nd"te pr"n a#te - r"d"#e @ntre $""' @n#De"ate @n "orm autentic.H 3n#De"erea #,ntra#t l " de $9n>are7# +prare @ntr7, 6,r+ /,le+n e/te #ert ad validitatem' dar :" S@n $ederea @ndepl"n"r"" "ormalitilor de publicitate a tran/6er l " drept l " de pr,pr"etate a/ pra "+,!"lel,r.H14= 80 &%p, (ara("er%l 'liga" ri% sa% n% al ( n$i#iil r' d"/t"nge+ #,nd"1"" e/en1"ale :" #,nd"1"" nee/en1"ale. ) ( n$i#ii esen#iale / nt #er te pentr $al"d"tatea a#t l " - r"d"# @n#De"at ./ nt #ele patr #,nd"1"" artate :" at n#" #9nd legea #ere :" 6,r+a /,le+n a a#t l " - r"d"#). ) ( n$i#ii neesen#iale .@nt9+plt,are) / nt #,nd"1""le #e p,t /a n 6" pre>ente' 6r / /e p n la @nd,"al $ala!"l"tatea a#t l " @n#De"at. De eBe+pl ' n #,ntra#t de @+pr + t de #,n/ +a1"e I @1" @+pr + t 1F +"l",ane de le" p9n la /alar" I e/te #,n/en/ al .$ala!"l @n#De"at pr"n /"+pl a#,rd de $,"n1 al pr1"l,r). Pr1"le p,t /ta!"l" , #,nd"1"e nee/en1"al :" an +e / @n#De"e #,ntra#t l @n 6,r+ a tent"#' pentr a7" da Sp tereH. L"p/a 6,r+e" /,le+ne a #,ntra#t l " a/t6el @n#De"at n are n"#" n e6e#t a/ pra $ala!"l"t1"" a#e/t "a. %9te,dat n l :" a#ela:" ele+ent e/te #,nd"1"e e/en1"al @n nele #,ntra#te :" #,nd"1"e nee/en1"al .@nt9+plt,are) la alte
14=

13F

#,ntra#te. De p"ld ter+en l e/te #,nd"1"e e/en1"al @n #,ntra#t l de @+pr + t .art.15AF %,d #"$"l pre$ede ,!l"ga1"a #el " #e a @+pr + tat n ! n de a7l re/t"t " la ter+en l /ta!"l"t) :" #,nd"1"e @nt9+plt,are' nee/en1"al @n #,ntra#t l de $9n>are7# +prare' nde' de:" pr1"le /ta!"le/# eBe# tarea pl1"" la , dat lter",ar predr"" ! n l "' n 6a# +en1" ne @n #,ntra#t de/pre ter+en l de plat :" #,ntra#t l de $9n>are7 # +prare r+9ne $ala!"l @n#De"at. C0 &%p, i+) r%l l r' de,/e!"+ #,nd"1"" legale :" #,nd"1"" #,n$en1",nale .$,l ntare). 7 ( n$i#ii legale / nt #ele /ta!"l"te de lege. De eBe+pl ' art.1CC2 %,d #"$"l pre#">ea> 6,r+a #,ntra#t l " de "p,te#J S"p,te#a #,n$en1",nal n p,ate 6" #,n/t"t "t de#9t pr"n a#t a tent"#H. 7 ( n$i#ii ( n)en#i nale >vo*untare) / nt #,nd"1""le /ta!"l"te de #,+ n a#,rd de pr1" pentr @n#De"erea a#t l " - r"d"#. D0 &%p, e*e("ele (e se p " pr $%(e 3n lipsa ( n$i#iil r ' d"/t"nge+J #,nd"1"" de $al"d"tate' #,nd"1"" de e6"#a#"tate' #,nd"1"" de p !l"#"tate. 7 ( n$i#ii $e )ali$i"a"eJ / nt #,nd"1"" @n l"p/a #r,ra a#t l - r"d"# #"$"l @n#De"at n e/te $ala!"l' 6""nd /an#1",nat # n l"tate a!/,l t .#,nd"1"" de 6,nd :" #,nd"1""le de 6,r+ ad $al"d"tate+). 7 ( n$i#ii $e e*i(a(i"a"eJ / nt #,nd"1""le @n l"p/a #r,ra a#t l - r"d"# de:" $ala!"l @n#De"at n +a" pr,d #e e6e#te - r"d"#e. 7 ( n$i#ii $e p%'li(i"a"e' de #are dep"nde ,p,>a!"l"tatea a#t l " - r"d"# 6a1 de ter1". C0 C n$i#iile $e * n$ pen"r% )ala'ili"a"ea a("%l%i .%ri$i( 90 Capa(i"a"ea $e a ( n"ra("a Pr"n #apa#"tatea de a #,ntra#ta /e @n1elege aptitudinea persoanei de a deveni titular de drepturi *i obli!aii pr"n @n#De"erea de a#te - r"d"#e #"$"le. 3ntr7, alt 6,r+ lare' # a#ela:" #,n1"n t este aptitudinea persoanei de a "i subiect de drept . N +a" / !"e#t l de drept' #a r+are a @n#De"er"" a#tel,r - r"d"#e' de$"ne t"t lar de drept r" :" ,!l"ga1"". %apa#"tatea de a #,ntra#ta e/te , parte a #apa#"t1"" #"$"le :" @ntreaga #apa#"tatea de eBer#"1" .
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3n art.<4< %,d #"$"l /e pre$ede #"ne are S#apa#"tate de a #,ntra#taH' teBt eBt"n/ la a#tele - r"d"#e @n general @n @n1ele/ l #apa#"t1"" de a @n#De"a a#te - r"d"#e. %,nd"1"a #apa#"t1"" de a #,ntra#ta .@n#De"a) d"$er/e /pe#"" de a#te - r"d"#e e/te eBpre/ pre$> t @n legea #"$"l. A/t6el' @n art.=FA7 =F= %,d #"$"l /e /ta!"le:te #apa#"tatea de a d"/p ne /a de a pr"+" d,na1""' @n art.=5A %,d #"$"l #apa#"tatea de a 6a#e te/ta+ent .de a @n#De"a a#e/t a#t - r"d"# n"lateral)' @n art.13FA %,d #"$"l #apa#"tatea de a # +pra /a $"nde' @n art.1CFA %,d #"$"l #apa#"tatea de a @n#De"a #,ntra#t l de tran>a#1"e et#. Reg la @n +ater"a #apa#"t1"" de a @n#De"a a#te - r"d"#e /e ded #e d"n teBt l art.<4< %,d #"$"lJ Ipoate contracta 4n.a. ) -n planul actului juridic !eneral poate -ncheia acte juridice civile ) ' orice persoan ce nu este declarat necapabil de le!eH. 3n #a> l per/,anel,r - r"d"#e #apa#"tatea de a @n#De"a a#te - r"d"#e #"$"le e/te l"+"tat de pr"n#"p" l /pe#"al"t1"" #apa#"t1"" de 6,l,/"n1. 3n art.34 d"n De#ret l 31M1<54 pr"$"t,r la per/,anele 6">"#e :" - r"d"#e /e /ta!"le:teJ IPersoana juridic nu poate avea dec2t acele drepturi care corespund scopului ei. stabilit prin le!e. actul de -n"iinare sau statut. orice act juridic care nu este "cut -n vederea reali,rii acestui scop este nul+. EB#ep1"a @n +ater"a @n#De"er"" a#tel,r - r"d"#e /e de/pr"nde d"n pre$eder"le art.<5F %,d #"$"lJ Inecapabil de a contracta 4n.a.) -n planul actului juridic !eneral nu poate -ncheia acte juridice civile' sunt1 1. minorii. 2. inter,i*ii 4...' 4. Dn !enere toi acei crora le!ea le)a prohibit oarecare contracte+ . D"n 6,r+ larea teBt l " leg"" "n#apa#"tatea de a @n#De"a a#te - r"d"#e e/te eBpre/ pre$> t de lege. EB#ep1""le / nt de /tr"#t "nterpretare :" apl"#are. In#apa#"t1"le / nt pre$> te de legea #"$"l' %,d l penal :" %,d l #"$"l. De eBe+pl @n %,d l #"$"l /e pre$edeJ 7 +"n,r l +a" +"# de 1A an" n p,ate d"/p ne de ! n r"le /ale pr"n d,na1"e /a te/ta+ent .art.=FA) 7 +"n,r l de 1A an" n p,ate d"/p ne pr"n te/ta+ent de +a" + lt de - +tate d"n ! n r"le /ale .art.=FC) 7 +ed"#"" :" 6ar+a#":t"" n p,t pr"+" d,na1"" de la per/,ana pe #are a tratat7, @n !,ala de #are +,are .art.=1F) et#.

132

3n %,d l 6a+"l"e" /e pre$edeJ 7 t t,rele :" r dele /ale apr,p"ate n p,t @n#De"a a#te - r"d"#e # +"n,r l a6lat / ! t tel .art.12=) 7 /,1"" n p,t @+pr1" $,l ntar ! n r"le #,+ ne @n t"+p l #/t,r"e" .art.3A al.2). 3n %,d l penal /e pre$edeJ 7 pedeap/a #,+ple+entar a "nter>"#er"" n,r drept r"' pr"ntre #are drept r"le pr"nte:t" :" drept l de a 6" t t,re /a # rat,r .art.A4). 7 +/ ra de /"g ran1 pr"n #are /e "nter>"#e per/,ane" de a /e a6la @n an +"te l,#al"t1"' +/ r #e ad #e at"ngere /tat t l " per/,ane" .art.111 :" 112). !n &on&*u)ie' p,t @n#De"a a#te - r"d"#e #"$"le per/,anele #e a depl"n #apa#"tate de eBer#"1" .a @+pl"n"t $9r/ta de 1= an"). M"n,r"" :" "nter>":"" - de#t,re:t" n a #apa#"tatea de a @n#De"a e" @n/":" a#te - r"d"#e #"$"le. Dat,r"t 6apt l " # d"/p n de #apa#"tate de 6,l,/"n1 e" p,t de$en" t"t lar" de drept r" :" ,!l"ga1""' dar n +a" da# @n#De"e a#te - r"d"#e pr"n repre>entare .I de #tre pr"n1" /a t t,r"). 3n #a> l +"n,r"l,r @ntre 1471= an" e" p,t /"ng r" / @n#De"e a#te - r"d"#e # @n# $""n1area preala!"l a pr"ntel " /a a t t,rel ". 3n art.1F5 al"n.2 d"n %,d l 6a+"l"e" /e pre$edeJ IDup -mplinirea v2rstei de 14 ani minorul -*i e9ercit sing%r drepturile *i -*i e9ecut tot ast"el obli!aiile. -ns numai cu -ncuviinarea prealabil a prinilor. spre a)l apra -mpotriva abu,urilor din partea celor de al treilea.H %apa#"tatea de eBer#"1" n /e #,n6 nd # d"/#ern+9nt l. E/te ade$rat' #apa#"tatea de eBer#"1" e/te /tr9n/ legat de d"/#ern+9nt l per/,ane" 6">"#eK ea /e na:te n +a" #9nd legea apre#"a> # , per/,an e/te #apa!"l' d"/p ne de d"/#ern+9nt l ne#e/ar pentr a real">a .@:" d /ea+a) de e6e#tele - r"d"#e ale a#tel,r @n#De"ate. %apa#"tatea de eBer#"1" e/te , /tare de drept regle+entat de lege. Legea /ta!"le:te $9r/ta de 1= an" #a 6""nd a#eea la #are per/,ana /e #,n/"der #a a$9nd d"/#ern+9nt l ne#e/ar / @n#De"e a#te - r"d"#e. Ma" + lt' p,ate @n#De"a a#te - r"d"#e @n an +"te #,nd"1"" pre$> te eBpre/ de lege #D"ar de la @+pl"n"rea $9r/te" de 14 an". D"/#ern+9nt l e/te , /tare de 6apt pe #are legea , re# n,a:te ,r"#re" per/,ane. El p,ate 6" d,$ed"t pr"n +"-l,a#e de pr,! #9nd legea pre> + "neB"/ten1a l " .la per/,anele #are n a @+pl"n"t 14
133

an")' dar p,ate l"p/" :" d,$ed"t a#e/t l #r ' #9nd legea pre> + eB"/ten1a l " .la per/,anele +a-,re). %,rela1"a @ntre #apa#"tatea de eBer#"1" :" d"/#ern+9nt #rede+ # / !l"n"a> "deeaJ IDn conclu,ie. putem aprecia c alturi de capacitate. validitatea actului juridic civil este condiionat *i de e9istena discernm2ntuluiH14< @n /en/ l ad gr"" la #,nd"1""le e/en1"ale de $al"d"tate a a#t l " - r"d"# .a #el,r 4) :" a #,nd"1"e" d"/#ern+9nt l ". Apre#"e+ # a#ea/t #,nd"1"e pr"$e:te eB"/ten1a $ala!"l a #,n/"+1+9nt l " dat la @n#De"erea a#t l " - r"d"#. Pentr detal""' pr,!le+a e/te pre>entat la G%,nd"1""le #,n/"+1+9nt l "H. %,nd"1"a #apa#"t1"" de a #,ntra#ta tre! "e / eB"/te @n +,+ent l @n#De"er"" a#t l " - r"d"#' de reg l @n a#ela #9nd /e real">ea> a#,rd l de $,"n1 al pr1"l,r. 3n #a> r"le de eB#ep1"e' la a#tele - r"d"#e /,le+ne #apa#"tatea de a #,ntra#ta / eB"/te @n +,+ent l @ndepl"n"r"" 6,r+el,r /,le+ne #er te de lege' :" la a#tele - r"d"#e reale' @n +,+ent l predr"" .trad"t", re") l #r l ". 80 C nsim#,m5n"%l )ala'il al p,r#ii (e se 'lig, A#t l - r"d"# e/te +an"6e/tarea de $,"n1 @n /#,p l pr,d #er"" de e6e#te - r"d"#e. 3ntr7, ,p"n"eJ Ielementul "undamental 4constitutiv' al actului juridic este. a*a cum re,ult din -ns*i de"iniia actului juridic. voina juridic+' #,+p / d"n d, ele+enteK S ( nsim#,m5n"%l. const2nd -n hotr2rea de te obli!a juridice*te *i mani"estarea ei -n e9terior *i (a%+a. care cuprinde la r2ndul su dou elemente1 scopul imediat *i scopul mediat al consimm2ntului.H15F 3n d,#tr"n' @n de# r/ l t"+p l "' /7a eBpr"+at d, p n#te de $edere @n legt r # a#ea/t #,nd"1"e e/en1"al de $al"d"tate a a#t l " - r"d"#. Un"" a t,r" #,n/"der voin/a $uri%i&3 ele+ent e/en1"al al a#t l " - r"d"#. 3ntr7, alt ,p"n"e' ele+entele /ale #,+p,nente I #,n/"+1+9nt l :" #a >a / nt' 6"e#are @n parte' #,nd"1"" e/en1"ale de $al"d"tate ale a#t l " - r"d"#.
14< 15F

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&,"n1a - r"d"# a / !"e#t l " de drept /e 6,r+ea> @ntr7 n pr,#e/ p/"D,l,g"# #,+pleB al#t "t d"n r+t,arele etapeJ 7 ne$,"a /at"/6a#er"" n,r "ntere/e +ater"ale' /p"r"t ale #are /e re6le#t' apar @n #,n:t""n1a ,+ l "K 7 apar"1"a +,t"$el,r #are @ndea+n la a#1" n"' "na#1" n"" @n $ederea /at"/6a#er"" "ntere/el,r +ater"ale /p"r"t aleK 7 alegerea n "a d"n +,t"$ele + lt"ple :" a n "a d"n +"-l,a#ele d"$er/e de /at"/6a#ere a "ntere/el,r pr,pr""K 7 /ta!"l"rea +,t"$ l " deter+"nantK 7 D,tr9rea de a @n#De"a a#t l - r"d"#K 7 eBter",r">area D,tr9r"" de a @n#De"a a#t l - r"d"#. S ! a/pe#t - r"d"#' pr,#e/ l de 6,r+are a $,"n1e" - r"d"#e pre>"nt rele$an1 d,ar # pr"$"re la D,tr9rea de a @n#De"a a#t l - r"d"# :" +,t"$ l deter+"nant r+r"t pr"n @n#De"erea a#t l " - r"d"#. Man"6e/tarea D,tr9r"" de a @n#De"a a#t l - r"d"# /e n +e:te #,n/"+1+9nt. M,t"$ l deter+"nant /a /#,p l #,n#ret r+r"t pr"n @n#De"erea a#t l " - r"d"# /e +a" n +e:te &au)3 >s&o'7+ a) Prin(ipiile ) in#ei .%ri$i(e &,"n1a - r"d"# a per/,ane" /e / p ne r+t,arel,r pr"n#"p""J pr"n#"p" l l"!ert1"" .a t,n,+"e") $,"n1e" - r"d"#e :" pr"n#"p" l pr",r"t1"" $,"n1e" "nterne .reale) 6a1 de $,"n1a de#larat. Prin(ipi%l li'er",#ii 1a%" n miei2 ) in#ei .%ri$i(e Te,r"a a t,n,+"e" de $,"n1 a 6,/t ela!,rat @n /e#,l l U&III de ?ean ?aP e/ R, //ea :" I++an el Vant @n #,nteBt l #l"+at l " "nd"$"d al"/t d,+"nant @n ep,#. 3n e/en1' te,r"a pr"$e:te ,+ l #a 6""nd l"!er pr"n nat ra /aK tr"nd @n /,#"etate ,+ l @n1elege / ren n1e de ! n$,"e la , parte d"n l"!ert1"le d,!9nd"te pr"n na:tere a- ng9nd 7/e a/t6el la n a#,rd al $,"n1el,r l"!ere n +"t #,ntra#t /,#"al. 0a>a @ntreg"" #,n/tr #1"" a /,#"et1"" +ane e/te "nd"$"d l' $,"n1a /a l"!er. Te,r"a a t,n,+"e" de $,"n1 a pr,+,$at pe plan - r"d"# pr"n#"p" l l"!ert1"" #,ntra#t ale .la"//er 6a"re' la"/er #,ntra#ter) I la/ / /e 6a#' la/ / /e #,ntra#te>e.
135

3n /e#,l l UU /7a e$"den1"at @n # pr"n/ l te,r"e" er,r" :" eBagerr"J e/te , 6"#1" ne / /e #,n/"dere # ,+ l "n"1"al l"!er a #edat d"n l"!ert1"le /ale' pentr real">area #,eB"/ten1e" /,#"aleK ,+ l tr"nd @n /,#"etate' pr,pr""le "ntere/e @l deter+"n / /e / p n n,r @ndat,r"r"K l"!ertatea n e/te a!/,l t' a!/tra#t' #" ea e/te #,n#ret' deter+"nat de , ne$,"e et#. Te,r"a a pr,+,$at ,#r,t"rea 6""n1e" +ane' a per/,nal"t1"" /ale' a pre6"g rat $""t,area regle+entare - r"d"#. 151 Pr"n#"p" l l"!ert1"" #,ntra#t ale /e de/pr"nde d"n +,d l # + a @n1ele/ reda#t,r"" %,d l " #"$"l / regle+ente>e #,ntra#t l #a 6""nd , +an"6e/tare a $,"n1el,r "nd"$"d ale a t,n,+e. 3n e/en1' pr"n#"p" l l"!ert1"" #,ntra#t l " @n/ea+nJ 7 pr1"le / nt l"!ere / @n#De"e /a n a#t l - r"d"# #"$"lK 7 pr1"le' de #,+ n a#,rd' /ta!"le/# #,n1"n t l #,ntra#t l "K drept r"le :" ,!l"ga1""le #e le re$"nK 7 pr1"le p,t #,n$en"' da# d,re/#' / +,d"6"#e /a / /t"ng a#t l - r"d"# pr"n #are /7a legat. Pr"n#"p" l l"!ert1"" #,ntra#t ale e/te #,n/a#rat "nd"re#t' el /e ded #e 7pr"n "nterpretarea art.<A< al"n.1 %,d #"$"lJ S#,n$en1""le legal 6# te a p tere de lege @ntre pr1"le #,ntra#tanteH :" de art.5 %,d #"$"lJ Sn /e p,ate der,ga pr"n #,n$en1"" /a d"/p,>"1"" part"# lare de la leg"le #are "ntere/ea> ,rd"nea p !l"# :" ! nele +,ra$ r"H. 3n art.5 %,d #"$"l /e pre#">ea> l"+"tele pr"n#"p" l " l"!ert1"" #,ntra#t aleJ legea' ,rd"nea p !l"# :" ! nele +,ra$ r". Or%inea 'u(*i&3 / ! a/pe#t n,r+at"$ e/te al#t "t d"n n,r+ele legale "+perat"$e #are /ta!"le/# ,rd"nea p,l"t"#' e#,n,+"# :" /,#"al a /,#"et1"" ,+ene:t". %,ntra#tele @n#De"ate pr"n ne/,#,t"rea n,r+el,r legale "+perat"$e de ,rd"ne p !l"# / nt /an#1",nate # n l"tate a!/,l t. 3n leg"/la1"a r,+9n eB"/t :" n,r+e "+perat"$e #are n pr"$e/# ,rd"nea p,l"t"#' e#,n,+"# :" /,#"al. De eBe+pl ' teBt l art.<4= %,d #"$"l e/te , n,r+ "+perat"$K a#tele - r"d"#e @n#De"ate 6r re/pe#tarea #,nd"1""l,r e/en1"ale de $al"d"tate / nt l,$"te de n l"tateK teBt l art.=13 %,d #"$"l /ta!"le:te "+perat"$ 6,r+a a#t l " de d,na1"eJ a#t a tent"#.

151

13A

,une*e #oravuri # pr"nd reg l"le +,rale pr,pr" 7>"/e :" reg l"le de #,n$"e1 "re /,#"al' ter+en 6,l,/"t 6re#$ent @n d,#tr"n :" pra#t"#. %,n/t"t 1"a R,+9n"e" 6,l,/e:te eBpre/ ter+en"" de ! ne +,ra$ r" :" +,ral p !l"#. Prin(ipi%l pri ri",#ii ) in#ei reale 1in"erne2 *a#, $e ) in#a $e(lara", 3n /tr #t ra $,"n1e" - r"d"#e /e re ne/#J elemen"%l psi? l gi(' voina intern a pr1"" a#t l " - r"d"#' ad"# D,tr9rea / !"e#t l " a#t l " - r"d"# de a7l @n#De"a :" elemen"%l s (ial. voina declarat' materiali,at. e9teriori,at a D,tr9r"" de a @n#De"a a#t l - r"d"#. De reg l' $,"n1a "ntern #,"n#"de # $,"n1a eBtern' / !"e#t l eBpr"+9nd' +ater"al">9nd @n a#t l - r"d"# ad pr,!at",ne+ eBa#t #e a d,r"t at n#" #9nd a l at D,tr9rea de a /e lega - r"d"# de , alt per/,an. Une,r"' @ntre #ele d, $,"n1e p,t / apar ne#,n#,rdan1e dat,rate 6"e d"6"# lt1"l,r de eBpr"+are @n l"+!a- - r"d"#' 6"e n"$el l " "ntele#t al +,de/t. 3n a#e/te /"t a1"" /e p ne @ntre!area #re" $,"n1e " /e a#,rd pr",r"tateJ #ele" reale' "nterne #are a #l >"t / !"e#t l de drept / @n#De"e a#t l - r"d"#' /a #ele" eBterne' /,#"ale' de#larate' eBter",r">ate @n +,+ent l @n#De"er"" a#t l " - r"d"#. R/p n/ l la @ntre!are e/te dat @n 6 n#1"e de #,n#ep1"a ad,ptat de leg" "t,r @n pr"$"n1a rap,rt l " d"ntre $,"n1a "ntern :" $,"n1a eBtern. Concepia obiectiv @+!r1":at de %,d l #"$"l ger+an @n 1<FF a#,rd "+p,rtan1 eB#l /"$ $,"n1e" de#larate. &ala!"l"tatea a#t l " - r"d"# @n#De"at dep"nde n +a" de de#lara1"a de $,"n1. Se "gn,r a/t6el $,"n1a real a / !"e#t l " de drept eBpr"+at @n a#t l - r"d"#. 3n a#ea/t #,n#ep1"e /e a/"g r /e# r"tatea depl"n a d,!9nd"t,r"l,r' /e# r"tatea d"na+"# a #"r# "t l " #"$"l. ? de#t,r l e/te ,!l"gat / $er"6"#e n +a" +an"6e/tarea de $,"n1' /7" a#,rde pr,te#1"e' #D"ar da# @n real"tate $,"n1a eBtern /e 6a#e @n /#,p l @n#l#r"" leg"". Concepia subiectiv ad,ptat de %,d l #"$"l 6ran#e> @n 1=F4 p ne a##ent l pe $,"n1a "ntern' real a / !"e#t l " de drept. &ala!"l"tatea a#t l " - r"d"# /e #er#etea> n +a" @n rap,rt de $,"n1a
13C

"ntern. Se a/"g r a/t6el /e# r"tatea /tat"# a #"r# "t l " #"$"l' a #el " #e @n/tr"nea>' "gn,r9nd 7/e /e# r"tatea d"na+"#' a #el,r #e $,r / d,!9ndea/#. Pra#t"# $ala!"l"tatea a#t l " de d,!9nd"re at9rn eB#l /"$ de ele+ente ale $,"n1e" "nterne' #e n a 6,/t eBpr"+ate @n $,"n1a +ater"al">at' eBter",r">at' ele+ente ne# n,/# te d,!9nd"t,r l ". Drept l #"$"l r,+9n a ale/ #alea de +"-l,#. 3n pr"n#"p" ' /7a #,n/a#rat #,n#ep1"a / !"e#t"$' a#,rd9nd 7/e pr",r"tate $,"n1e" "nterne @n rap,rt # $,"n1a eBtern. 3n art.<CC d"n %,d l #"$"l /e pre$edeJ S interpretarea contractelor se "ace dup in"en#ia ( m%n, a prilor contractante. 4n.a.) dup voina intern' iar nu dup sensul literal al termenilor H .n.a. 7 $,"n1a eBtern' +ater"al">at @n a#t l - r"d"# ad pr,!at",ne+). 3n %,d l #"$"l eB"/t apl"#a1"" pra#t"#e ale pr"n#"p" l " pr",r"t1"" $,"n1e" reale ."nterne) 6a1 de $,"n1a de#laratJ 7 @n #ateria &onsi#/3#9ntu*uiJ art.<53 d"n %,d #"$"l pre$edeJ Sconsimm2ntul 4n.a.) aici -n sensul de mani"estare a voinei interne de a -ncheia actul juridic' nu este valabil. c2nd este dat prin eroare. smuls prin violen. sau surprins prin dol HK @n art.<AF d"n %,d #"$"lJ Sdolul este o cau, de nulitate a conveniei c2nd mijloacele viclene. -ntrebuinate de una din pri. sunt ast"el. -nc2t este evident c. "r aceste ma*inaii. cealalt parte. n)ar "i contractat+ .n.a. 7 n :"7ar 6" +an"6e/tat $,"n1a "ntern de a #,ntra#ta). 7 @n #ateria si#u*a/ieiJ art.11C5J Sa#t l /e#ret' .n.a. 7 re> ltat al $,"n1el,r "nterne al pr1"l,r) #are +,d"6"# n a#t p !l"#' n p,ate a$ea p tere de#9t @ntre pr1"le #,ntra#tante .n.a. 7 Se/te re> ltat l $,"n1el,r "nterne eBpr"+ate de pr1") :" / ##e/,r"l,r n"$er/al"K n a/e+enea a#t n p,ate a$ea n"#" n e6e#t @n #,ntra alt,r per/,aneH. A:adar a#t l real e/te #el /e#ret' re> ltat al $,"n1el,r "nterne' @n t"+p #e a#t l p !l"# e/te re> ltat l $,"n1el,r eBterne' a #el,r de#larate de pr1". Arg +entele #e "+p n pr"n#"p" l pr",r"t1"" $,"n1e" "nterne .reale) 6a1 de $,"n1a de#larat / nt r+t,areleJ 7 pr"n#"p" l l"!ert1"" #,ntra#t ale "+pr"+ $,"n1e" - r"d"#e l"!ertatea de a @n#De"a /a n ,r"#e 6el de a#t - r"d"#' de a7l +,d"6"#a' tran/+"te /a /t"nge. &,"n1a "ntern' 6""nd re> ltat l n " pr,#e/ p/"D,l,g"# #,+pleB' deter+"n @n 6"nal na:terea legt r"" - r"d"#e' "+pl"#"t a a#t l " - r"d"# #"$"lK
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7 at n#" #9nd $,"n1a eBtern eBpr"+at la @n#De"erea a#t l " - r"d"# e/te / /#ept"!"l de +a" + lte @n1ele/ r"' pr1"le /a - de#t,r l /ta!"le:te ade$rat l @n1ele/ d p n #r"ter" n"#' $,"n1a "ntern a pr1"l,r. TeBt l art.<AF %,d #"$"l a6"r+ eBpre/J S"nterpretarea #,ntra#tel,r .n.a. 7 a6larea ade$rat l " @n1ele/ al $,"n1e" pr1"l,r) /e 6a#e d p "nten1"a #,+ n a pr1"l,r #,ntra#tanteH .n.a. 7 $,"n1a "ntern)K 7 $,"n1a "ntern /e p,ate retrage pe #ale a+"a!"l /a - de#t,rea/# #9nd /e d,$ede:te # a 6,/t dat d"n er,are' ,!1"n t pr"n d,l /a /+ l/ pr"n $",len1' 6apt #e n /e @nt9+pl @n #,n#ep1"a ,!"e#t"$' # $,"n1 eBtern. %,n/e#"n1ele /pe#"6"#e #,n#ep1"e" ,!"e#t"$e /e reg/e/# :" @n drept l n,/tr @nte+e"at pe pr"n#"p" l pr",r"t1"" $,"n1e" "nterne @n rap,rt # $,"n1a eBtern' de#larat. A/t6el' @n +ater"a pr,!a1" n"" /e a#,rd pr",r"tate $,"n1e" eBterne' +ater"al">ate. 3n art.11<1 %,d #"$"l /e d"/p neJ SN /e $a pr"+" n"#",dat , d,$ad pr"n +art,r"' @n #,ntra /a pe/te #eea #e # pr"nde a#t l .@n/#r"/ l) .n.a.7 n /e ad+"te #,+!aterea $,"n1e" eBterne' +ater"al">at @n a#t l - r"d"#) n"#" de/pre #eea #e /e pret"nde # /7ar 6" >"/ @na"ntea' la t"+p l /a @n r+a #,n6e#1",nr"" a#t l "' #D"ar # pr"$"re la , / + /a $al,are #e n dep:e:te 25F le".H Intere/ele /e# r"t1"" /tat"#e :" d"na+"#e a #"r# "t l " #"$"l "+p n @+!"narea d"/p,>"1""l,r n,r+at"$e #are da /at"/6a#1"e at9t #,n#ep1"e" / !"e#t"$e #9t :" #,n#ep1"e" ,!"e#t"$e. 3n#rederea @n a#tele - r"d"#e @n#De"ate :" /e# r"tatea d"na+"# a #"r# "t l " #"$"l - /t"6"# p,>"1"a leg" "t,r l " r,+9n. '02 &e*ini#ia ( nsim#,m5n"%l%i %,n/"+1+9nt l e/te , #,nd"1"e e/en1"al de $al"d"tate a a#t l " - r"d"# :" #,n/t @n +an"6e/tarea D,tr9r"" de a @n#De"a n a#t - r"d"# #"$"l. %,n/"+1+9nt l are d, /en/ r"J 3ntr7 n /en/' ( nsim#,m5n"%l 3n sens res"r5ns152 e/teJ 7 +an"6e/tare a D,tr9r"" 6"e#re" pr1"' a 6"e#r " / !"e#t de drept de a @n#De"a n a#t - r"d"# #"$"l !" ,r" + lt"lateral

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7 +an"6e/tare a D,tr9r"" a t,r l " de a @n#De"a a#t l - r"d"# n"lateral. A/t6el' @n art.<53 %,d #"$"l' /e pre$edeJ S%,n/"+1+9nt l .n.a. 7 D,tr9rea de a @n#De"a a#t l - r"d"#) n e/te $ala!"l' #9nd e/te dat pr"n er,are' /+ l/ pr"n $",len1 /a / rpr"n/ pr"n d,lH. 3ntr7 n alt /en/' ( nsim#,m5n"%l 3n sens larg repre>"nt acordul de voin al pr1"l,r @n a#tele - r"d"#e !"laterale /a + lt"laterale .#,n# r/ / $,l ntar +). De eBe+pl @n art.<A< %,d #"$"l' /e 6,l,/e:te a#e/t /en/ al #,n/"+1+9nt l "J IConveniile le!al "cute au putere de le!e -ntre prile contractante. 5le se pot revoca prin consimm2ntul mutual 4n.a.) prin acordul de voin' sau din cau,e autori,ate de le!eH. Con%i/ii*e &onsi#/3#9ntu*ui 3n d,#tr"n /7a eBpr"+at ,p"n"" d"6er"te # pr"$"re la n +r l :" #,nd"1""le de $ala!"l"tate ale #,n/"+1+9nt l ". 3ntr7, ,p"n"e' la #are ne ral"e+' ele / nt r+t,areleJ Is provin de la o persoan cu discernm2nt. s "ie e9primat cu intenia de a produce e"ecte juridice. s "ie e9teriori,at. s nu "ie alterat de vreun viciu de consimm2nt+.153 Un alt a t,r ada g la #,nd"1""le de +a" / /J S$,"n1a tre! "e / 6"e l"!er' $,"n1a tre! "e / 6"e #,n:t"entH. 154 3ntr7, ,p"n"e' la #ele patr #,nd"1"" pre>entate la @n#ep t /e en +er :"J S#,n/"+1+9nt l tre! "e / 6"e /er",/K #,n/"+1+9nt l tre! "e / 6"e pre#"/H.155 3ntr7, ,p"n"e' #,nd"1""le / ntJ Ivoina s "ie declarat sau mani"estat -n e9terior. declaraia de voin trebuie s "ie serioas. "cut cu intenia de a produce e"ecte juridice: consimm2ntul trebuie s "ie liber *i neviciatH.15A

153 154 155 15A

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92 s, pr )in, $e la pers an, (% $is(ern,m5n" 3n d,#tr"n ,p"n""le @n legt r # a#ea/t #,nd"1"e / nt @+pr1"te. 3n #e ne pr"$e:te' #,nd"1"a /e - /t"6"# at9t / ! a/pe#t te,ret"#' #9t :" / ! a/pe#t pra#t"#. D"n p n#t de $edere te,ret"#' #,nd"1"a / !l"n"a> d"6eren1ele #al"tat"$e eB"/tente @ntre #apa#"tatea de a #,ntra#ta :" d"/#ern+9nt @n +,+ent l @n#De"er"" a#t l " - r"d"#. Pr,!le+a a 6,/t tratat la G%apa#"tatea de a #,ntra#taH. Ap,"' @n a6ara "n#apa#"t1"l,r legale de a #,ntra#ta .+"n,r"" :" "nter>":"" - de#t,re:t") eB"/t "n#apa#"t1" nat rale de a #,ntra#ta I /"t a1"" #9nd de:" per/,ana are depl"n #apa#"tate de eBer#"1" ' @n 6apt' te+p,rar' e/te l"p/"t de d"/#ern+9nt. De eBe+pl @n #a> r"le de !e1"e "n$,l ntar' de D"pn,>' de /,+na+! l"/+' "p,te>e @n #are l"p/e:te #,n/"+1+9nt l la @n#De"erea a#t l " - r"d"#' #a r+are a a!/en1e" d"/#ern+9nt l ". S ! a/pe#t pra#t"#' @n - r"/pr den1 /7a /tat at # d"/p nt,r l' pentr #a te/ta+ent l / 6"e $ala!"l' tre! "e / a"! d"/#ern+9nt @n +,+ent l @n #are7l @nt,#+e:te' @n /en/ l de a n eB"/ta "n#apa#"t1" legale :" n"#" #ele nat rale. L"p/a $,"n1e" #,n:t"ente e/te #a > de an lare a a#t l " - r"d"# .n.a. 7 l"p/e:te #,n/"+1+9nt l) "nd"6erent # are , #a > per+anent .pre$> t de lege) /a tre#t,are .#ele en +erate +a" / /). 82 ( nsim#,m5n"%l s, *ie e>prima"- $e(lara"- e>"eri ri+a" &,"n1a de a @n#De"a a#t l - r"d"# n/# t d"ntr7 n pr,#e/ p/"D,l,g"# #,+pleB' d,!9nde:te $al,are - r"d"# n +a" at n#" #9nd e/te eBpr"+at' pentr #a a/t6el @nt9ln"nd 7/e # , alt +an"6e/tare de $,"n1' / /e real">e>e a#,rd l de $,"n1. A#e/t l #r /e real">ea>' pr"n +an"6e/tarea $,"n1e" "nterne @n eBter",r. S !"e#t l de drept e/te l"!er / eBter",r">e>e $,"n1a "ntern @n 6,r+a d,r"t #a r+are a pr"n#"p" l " #,n/en/ al"/+ l ". &,"n1a "ntern /e p,ate eBpr"+a' de#lara' eBter",r">a pr"n. 7 cuvinte. vorbeJ pr1"le p,t a/t6el 6"e#are /7:" de#lare #,n/"+1+9nt l :" @+pre n / real">e>e a#,rd l de $,"n1. De eBe+pl ' $9n>t,r l :" # +prt,r l pr"n # $"nte' $,r!e' #ad la @n$,"al # pr"$"re la ! n l # +prat :" pre1 l plt"t. 3n$,"ala la #are /7
141

a a- n/ e/te #,n/"+1+9nt l dat la na:terea #,ntra#t l " de $9n>are7 # +prare. 7 -nscrisuriJ de reg l' pr1"le gr"- l"" # /,arta a#t l " - r"d"# @l @n#De"e @n 6,r+ /#r"/. 3n a#e/t /#,p' #,n$"n #a +an"6e/tarea #,+ n de $,"n1 / /e 6a# pr"ntr7 n @n/#r"/ #,n/tatat,r /e+nat de ele. Une,r" legea "+p ne #a +an"6e/tarea #,n/"+1+9nt l " / /e 6a# @n 6,r+ /#r"/. 3n art.11<1 %,d #"$"l /e "+p ne #a a#tele - r"d"#e al #r,r ,!"e#t are , $al,are #e dep:e:te 25F le"' de reg l' / /e @nt,#+ea/# @n 6,r+ a tent"# /a / ! /e+nt r pr"$at. Pr"n # $"nte' @n/#r"/ r"' #,n/"+1+9nt l e/te eBpr"+at eBpre/. Unele a#te - r"d"#e /e @n#De"e p,tr"$"t leg"" n +a" pr"n +an"6e/tarea eBpre/ a #,n/"+1+9nt l ". De p"ld @n art.=14 %,d #"$"l /e pre$ede #a @n #a> l #,ntra#t l " de d,na1"e @ntre a!/en1"' a##eptarea .n.a. 7 #,n/"+1+9nt l ") / 6"e 6# t @n 6,r+ a tent"# .n.a. 7 a:adar #,n/"+1+9nt l tre! "e / 6"e eBpre/). 15CK @n art.1F34' 1F42 @n +ater"e de /,l"dar"tate #,n$en1",nal #red"t,r l S#ere .n.a. 7 #,n/"+1+9nt eBpre/) plata @n t,t a #rean1e"H /a S/e p,ate adre/a .n.a. 7 #,n/"+1+9nt eBpre/) la a#ela #are $a $," d"ntre de!"t,r"H. 7 aciuni. !esturi. atitudiniJ ne,r" $,"n1a de a @n#De"a a#t l - r"d"# I #,n/"+1+9nt l I /e ded #e d"n an +"te a#1" n"' at"t d"n"' ge/t r". De eBe+pl ' /e+nal l de ,pr"re al n " taB" /a /ta1",narea taB" l " @ntr7, /ta1"e de taB" / nt +an"6e/tr" de $,"n1 ta#"t de a @n#De"a #,ntra#t l de tran/p,rt. %,n/"+1+9nt l @n a#e/t #a> e/te tacit. % pr"$"re la eBpr"+area #,n/"+1+9nt l " /e p ne @ntre!area da# t#erea are $al,are - r"d"# de #,n/"+1+9nt' p,tr"$"t adag" l " lat"n #,n6,r+ #r "a t#erea $al,rea> #,n/"+1+9nt .P " ta#"t #,n/et"re $"det r). %a pr"n#"p""' @n drept l #"$"l t#erea n $al,rea> #,n/"+1+9nt. 3n r+t,arele /"t a1"" t#erea $al,rea> #,n/"+1+9nt. 7 c2nd le!ea prevede e9presis verbisJ de eBe+pl ' @n art.143C %,d #"$"l' pr"$"t,r la ta#"ta rel,#a1" neJ IDup e9pirarea termenului stipulat prin contractul de locaiune 4n.a. ) contract de -nchiriere prin care se asi!ur "olosina temporar a unui lucru -n schimbul chiriei'.
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dac locatarul rm2ne *i este lsat -n posesie. atunci se consider locaiunea ca re-nnoit.+K @n art.=2 al"n.2 d"n Legea 31MN<F pr"$"nd /,#"et1"le #,+er#"ale' rep !l"#at' nde /e pre#">ea>J Iconsimm2ntul se socote*te dat dac participarea sau operaiunile 4n.a.) este vorba de participarea asociailor cu rspundere nelimitat. -n alte societi concurente sau av2nd acela*i obiect de activitate *i de operaiuni "cute -n contul acestora' "iind anterioare actului constitutiv au "ost cunoscute de ceilali asociai *i ace*tia nu au inter,is continuarea lorH.n.a. 7 a t# t). 7 prile convin s acorde tcerii valoare de consimm2nt. De eBe+pl ' pr1"le /ta!"le/# #a +,dal"tate de @nn,"re a #,ntra#t l " de @n#D"r"ere a ne" l,# "n1e #a t#erea l,#at,r l " t"+p de C >"le / repre>"nte #,n/"+1+9nt l a#e/t "a de re@nn,"re a #,ntra#t l " # @n# n an. 7 c2nd prin obicei 4u,ane' t#erea $al,rea> #,n/"+1+9nt C2 ( nsim#,m5n"%l "re'%ie $a" (% in"en#ia $e a pr $%(e e*e("e .%ri$i(e .an"+, #,ntraDend" neg,t""). Man"6e/tarea de $,"n1 /e 6a#e # "nten1"a /pe#"al de a @n#De"a n a#t - r"d"#' # "nten1"a de a pr,d #e e6e#te - r"d"#e :" @n 6"nal eBe# tarea a#e/t "a ./ 6"e garantat) pr"n 6,r1a #,er#"t"$ a /tat l ". 3n r+t,arele @+pre- rr"' n ne a6l+ @n pre>en1a a#e/te" #,nd"1""J 7 #9nd #,n/"+1+9nt l a 6,/t dat @n gl + .-,a#and" #a >a) d"n pr"eten"e' # rt,a>"e' d"n p,l"te1e et#. 7 #9nd /7a 6# t / ! #,nd"1"e p r pr,te/tat"$ Sd"n partea #el " #e /e ,!l"gH .art.1F1F %,d #"$"l) de eBe+pl ' @1" $9nd a t,t r"/+ l da# $rea et#. 7 #9nd #,n/"+1+9nt l /e 6a#e / ! re>er$ +"ntal .re>er$at", +ental"/). D2 ( nsim#,m5n"%l s, *ie li'er !i neal"era" $e %n )i(i% $e ( nsim#,m5n" Man"6e/tarea de $,"n1 de a @n#De"a a#t l - r"d"#' re> ltat al pr,#e/ l " p/"D,l,g"# "ntern' tre! "e / /e e.teriori)e)e @n +,d l"!er' n pert r!at de an +"te @+pre- rr" eBterne' :" &on0tient' n #en> rat de an +"te @+pre- rr" "nterne.
143

A#e/te @+pre- rr" "nterne :" eBterne #e a6e#tea> #,n/"+1+9nt l /e n +e/# $"#"" de #,n/"+1+9nt. &"#""le de #,n/"+1+9nt #e #,n/ta @n @+pre- rr" eBter",are / nt $",len1a :" le>" nea :" #ele #e pr"$e/# @+pre- rr" "nterne de nat r "ntele#t al / nt er,area :" d,l l. (2 Vi(iile $e ( nsim#,m5n" P,tr"$"t art.<53 %,d #"$"lJ IConsimm2ntul nu este valabil. c2nd este dat prin eroare. smuls prin violen. sau surprins prin dol .H De a/e+enea' @n art.<51 %,d #"$"l /e d"/p neJ I7inorul nu poate ataca an!ajamentul su pentru cau, de necapacitate. dec2t -n ca, de le,iune.+:" art.115C %,d #"$"lJ S+"n,r l p,ate eBer#"ta a#1" nea @n re/#">" ne pentr /"+pla le>" ne @n #,ntra ,r"#re" #,n$en1"" .# pre#">area # @n al.1 :" 2 d"n art.25 d"n De#ret l 32M1<54 pentr p nerea @n apl"#are a %,d l " 6a+"l"e" :" a De#ret l " nr.31M1<54 re6er"t,r la per/,anele 6">"#e :" - r"d"#e /e /ta!"le:te # a#1" nea @n re/#">" ne 7 @n an lare pentr le>" ne 7' apar1"ne eB#l /"$ +"n,r l " #are' a$9nd $9r/ta de 14 an" @+pl"n"1"' @n#De"e /"ng r a#te - r"d"#e' 6r @n# $""n1area pr"n1"l,r /a a t t,rel " /a @n# $""n1area preala!"l a a t,r"t1"" t telare' #9nd a#e/te a#te le pr"#"n "e/# $re, $t+are. &"#""le de #,n/"+1+9nt /e ad+"t a 6" er,area' $",len1a' d,l l :" le>" nea. 3n d,#tr"n /7a apre#"at # le>" nea n e/te n $"#" de #,n/"+1+9nt. EB"/ten1a $"#" l " de #,n/"+1+9nt e/te #a > de n l"tate a a#t l " - r"d"#. Er area 3n art.<53 %,d #"$"l /e d"/p neJ Iconsimm2ntul nu este valabil c2nd este dat prin eroare...+ :" @n art.<54 %,d #"$"l /e regle+entea> #ele d, #a> r" #9nd er,area $"#"a> #,n/"+1+9nt lJ 7 Ieroarea nu produce nulitate dec2t c2nd cade asupra substanei obiectului conveniei+ :" ) Ieroarea nu produce nulitate c2nd cade asupra persoanei cu care s) a contractat. a"ar numai c2nd consideraia persoanei este cau,a principal pentru care s)a "cut convenia.+ Er,area e/te , 6al/ per#epere a n,r @+pre- rr".
144

S !"e#t l de drept a6lat @n er,are @n#De"e a#t l - r"d"# pe #are' @n #,nd"1"" n,r+ale' n l7ar 6" @n#De"at. D p gra$"tatea e" er,area e/te de tre" 6el r"J 7 5roarea obstacolJ e/te at9t de gra$' @n#9t $,"n1ele pr1"l,r a#t l " - r"d"# n /e @nt9lne/#. Se +a" n +e:te @n d,#tr"n eroare distructiv. distru!toare de voin' de,are#e gra$"tatea er,r"" @+p"ed"# @n#De"erea a#t l " - r"d"#.15= Eroarea o(sta&o* este %e %ou3 2e*uri7 p,art a/ pra naturii $uri%i&e a a#t l " .err,r "n neg,t",) #e /e @n#De"e. De eBe+pl ' na d"n pr1" @:" +an"6e/t $,"n1a / @n#De"e n #,ntra#t de $9n>are7# +prare @n t"+p #e partea #,#,ntra#tant #rede :" @:" +an"6e/t $,"n1a / @n#De"e n #,ntra#t de d,na1"eK " 'oart3 asu'ra "dent"t1"" ,!"e#t l " a&tu*ui $uri%i& >error in &or'ore7+ De e.e#'*u, o 'arte 40i %3 &onsi#/3#9ntu* s3 &u#'ere un autoturis# #ar&a ?Peu1eot@, 4n ti#' &e v9n)3toru* 4i o2er3 un autoturis# ?Da&ia Nova@+ 3n #a> l er,r"" ,!/ta#,l' 6"e#are +an"6e/tare de $,"n1 a pr1"l,r /e re6er la alt#e$a. 3n a#e/t #a> n p,ate 6" $,r!a de real">area a#,rd l " de $,"n1' a #,n/"+1+9nt l ". 5roarea viciu de consimm2nt e/te # n,/# t @n d,#tr"na +a" $e#De / ! den +"rea de er,are gra$. Ea pr"$e:te a:a # + pre#">ea> teBt l leg"" .art.<54 %,d #"$"l)J 7 #al"t1"le / !/tan1"ale ale ,!"e#t l " a#t l " - r"d"# .err,r "n / !/tant"a+). Pr"n G#al"t1" / !/tan1"aleH /e @n1eleg a#ele #al"t1"' 6"e ale ! n l "' 6"e ale pre/ta1"e" #are a 6,/t deter+"nante la @n#De"erea a#t l " - r"d"#' :" 6r de #are a#t l n /7ar 6" @n#De"at. 15< S !"e#t l de drept @n1elege / @n#De"e a#t l - r"d"# @n #,n/"dera1"a ,!"e#t l "' a ! n l " pe #are d,re:te /7l # +pere' /7l d,ne>e /a /7l pr"+ea/# #a d,na1"e' /7l /#D"+!e' /7l @n#D"r"e>e' re/pe#t"$ /7l 6,l,/ea/# te+p,rar' /a @n #,n/"dera1"a pre/ta1"e" #e , $a eBe# ta #,#,ntra#tant l. %,n/"dera1"a #al"t1"" ! n l " /a pre/ta1"e" a deter+"nat #,n/"+1+9nt l la @n#De"erea a#t l " - r"d"#. De eBe+pl ' @n #,ntra#t l de $9n>are7# +prare' # +prt,r l d,re:te / # +pere aparta+ent l de la lt"+ l eta- pentr # e/te l +"n,/ :" +a" 6er"t de >g,+,t l /tr>""' dar @n real"tate ta$an l e/te ptr n/ @n + lte l,# r" de
15= 15<

145

ap. Pra#t"#a - d"#"ar a /tat at # l"p/a #al"t1"l,r ! n l " #e #,n/t"t "e ,!"e#t l a#t l " - r"d"# deter+"n partea / n @n#De"e a#t l - r"d"#. 7 "dent"tatea /a #al"t1"le e/en1"ale ale per/,ane" . error in personam). A#ea/t er,are /e @nt9lne:te la an +"te a#te - r"d"#e' n +"te #,ntra#tele intuitu personae. %,ntra#tele "nt "t per/,nae / nt #,ntra#tele #e /e @n#De"e pentr # na d"n pr1" apre#"a> #al"t1"le per/,nale' rep ta1"a' talent l' grad l de r den"e' grad l :t""n1"6"# p rtat et#. ale #ele"lalte pr1". %,n/"dera1"a per/,ane" #,#,ntra#tante a determinat #,n/"+1+9nt l la @n#De"erea a#t l " - r"d"#. De eBe+pl ' /e @n#De"e n #,ntra#t de pre/tr" /er$"#"" # n an +"t #9ntre1' pentr # n +a" el are a#ele #al"t1" art"/t"#e apte / atrag n n +r /p,r"t de /pe#tat,r"K d,ne> pr"+ l " nep,t n a t,t r"/+ pe #,n/"derent l # el @+" $a prel a n +ele et#. A:adar' er,area a/ pra #al"t1"l,r / !/tan1"ale ale ,!"e#t l " a#t l " - r"d"# :" "dent"t1"" /a #al"t1"l,r e/en1"ale ale per/,ane" au determinat @n#De"erea a#t l " - r"d"#. 3n l"p/a er,r"" "n / !/tant"a+ /a "n per/,na+' a#t l - r"d"# n /7ar 6" @n#De"at. 5roarea indi"erentJ e/te 6al/a per#epere a n,r @+pre- rr" d"n real"tate #are n "n6l en1ea> @n#De"erea $ala!"l a a#t l " - r"d"#. Ea p,art a/ pra n,r #al"t1" nee/en1"ale ale ! n l " /a pre/ta1"e". De eBe+pl ' # +pr , !"#"#let de # l,are gr" de/#D"/' de:" a+ #re> t # e/te de # l,are al!' er,are a/ pra /tr"" #"$"le a # +prt,r l "' er,are a/ pra /,l$a!"l"t1"" #,#,ntra#tant l " et#. E/te den +"t @n d,#tr"n Ger,are :,arH /a Ger,are 6r e6e#te a/ pra $al"d"t1"" a#t l " - r"d"#H. 1AF San#1" nea #"$"l @n #a> l er,r"" /e d"6eren1"a> a/t6elJ - n l"tate a!/,l t a a#t l " - r"d"# @n#De"at' @n #a> l er,r"" ,!/ta#,l - n l"tatea relat"$ a a#t l " - r"d"# @n#De"at @n #a> l er,r"" $"#" de #,n/"+1+9nt - #el + lt , d"+"n are $al,r"# a pre/ta1"e" @n #a> l er,r"" "nd"6erente.1A1
1AF 1A1

14A

Er,area @n 6 n#1"e de @+pre- rr"le la #are /e re6er p,ate 6"J 7 eroarea de "aptJ #9nd p,art a/ pra #al"t1"l,r / !/tan1"ale ale ,!"e#t l " /a pre/ta1""l,r a#t l " - r"d"#' "dent"t1"" per/,ane" #,ntra#tanteK 7 eroarea de dreptJ #9nd pr"$e:te eB"/ten1a' #,n1"n t l /a "nterpretarea n,r n,r+e - r"d"#e. 3n d,#tr"n' p n#tele de $edere pr"$"nd ad+"/"!"l"tatea er,r"" de drept #a $"#" de #,n/"+1+9nt / nt d"6er"te. 3ntr7, ,p"n"e /e #,nte/t er,area de drept #a $"#" de #,n/"+1+9nt. Pr"n#"pal l arg +ent e/te a#ela # leg" "t,r l pre> + # t,at l +ea # n,a:te legea' de $re+e #e a#ea/ta a 6,/t p !l"#at @n M,n"t,r l O6"#"al .n"+en" n p,ate "n$,#a ne# n,a:terea leg""7adag" lat"n7ne+, #en/et r "gn,rare lege+). Aprarea 6 nda+entat pe ne# n,a:terea leg"" n /e p,ate ad+"te.1A2 !n rea*itate, 're)u#/ia &3 toat3 *u#ea &unoa0te *e1ea, %e *a 'u(*i&area ei 4n Monitoru* O2i&ia*, este %oar un %e)i%erat+ Li'sa 're13tirii $uri%i&e a oa#eni*or este un 2a't in&ontesta(i*+ 3ntr7, alt ,p"n"e' @+!r1":at :" de pra#t"#a - d"#"ar /e / /1"ne ad+"/"!"l"tatea er,r"" de drept #a $"#" de #,n/"+1+9nt' "n$,#9nd 7/e r+t,arele arg +enteJ 7 @n art.<53 %,d #"$"l n /e d"/t"nge @ntre er,area de 6apt :" er,area de drept. Reg l de "nterpretare /pe#"6"# drept l " #"$"l /ta!"le:teJ a#,l, nde legea n d"/t"nge n"#" n," n tre! "e / d"/t"nge+. 7 art.12FA %,d #"$"l pre$ede1 (ea 4mrturisirea judiciar' nu poate "i luat dec2t -n -ntre!ime -mpotriva celui care a mrturisit *i nu poate "i revocat de acesta. a"ar numai de va proba c a "cut)o din eroare de "aptH. A:adar leg" "t,r l pre$ede eBpre/ #9nd n ad+"te er,area de drept. Pr"n "nterpretare per a #,ntrar",' @n/ea+n # @n #elelalte #a> r"' ea e/te ad+"/ 7 er,area de 6apt :" #ea de drept repre>"nt , per#epere 6al/ a real"t1""' ,r" nde eB"/t a#eea:" +,t"$a1"e .6al/a per#epere a real"t1"")' a#,l, tre! "e / eB"/te a#eea:" /,l 1"e .n l"tate relat"$ a a#t l " - r"d"# @n#De"at d"n er,are' $"#" de #,n/"+1+9nt). O /p ne adag" l lat"n G !" eade+ e/t rat",' "!" eade+ /,l t",).1A3
1A2 1A3

14C

Arg +entele de +a" / /' eBpr"+ate @n d,#tr"n :" @n/ :"te de pra#t"#a - d"#"ar / nt #,n$"ngt,are :" er,area de drept $"#" de #,n/"+1+9nt e/te , real"tate. Pe #,n/"derente de e#D"tate' @n #,nteBt l a#t al' #9nd a#t l de - /t"1"e /e eBer#"t :" / ! "+p l/ l "ntere/el,r eBtra- d"#"are' de reg l' la #,+anda 6a#t,r l " +ater"al' apre#"e+ # "n$,#area er,r"" de drept #a $"#" de #,n/"+1+9nt ar #,n/t"t " , p,rt"1 de +an"6e/tare a l"!er l " ar!"tr . Partea @n er,are tre! "e / d,$edea/# @n 6a1a "n/tan1e" de - de#atJ 7 # a per#ep t @n +,d er,nat' 6al/' real"tateaK 7 # a @n#De"at a#t l - r"d"#' deter+"nat 6""nd de per#eperea 6al/ a real"t1"". <u(ie&tu* %e %re't, &unos&9n% &ore&t rea*itatea, nu ar 2i 4n&5eiat a&tu* $uri%i&+ A&east3 %ova%3 se a're&ia)3 %e *a &a) *a &a), %u'3 un &riteriu su(ie&tiv+ 7 @n #a> l a#tel,r - r"d"#e !"laterale .#,ntra#te) # cealalt parte .#,#,ntra#tant l) a # n,/# t /a tre! "a / # n,a/# # -mprejurarea a/ pra #re"a eB"/t er,area' a determinat /a /e @n#De"e a#t l - r"d"#. %er"n1a /e "+p ne' de,are#e /an#1" nea /e$er a n l"t1"" relat"$e a a#t l " - r"d"# pr"$e:te :" #ealalt parte. Se a/"g r /ta!"l"tatea #"r# "t l " #"$"l' #ert"t d"nea ,pera1" n"l,r - r"d"#e. %"ne ar +a" @n#De"a n a#t - r"d"#' :t""nd # #ealalt parte e/te @n er,are' :" $a p tea #ere de/6""n1area a#t l " a/t6el @n#De"atL Er,area $"#" de #,n/"+1+9nt p,ate 6" re1"n t de "n/tan1 :" #9nd p,art a/ pra +an"6e/tr"" de $,"n1 a ne"a d"n pr1". Partea d"n # lpa #re"a /7a a- n/ la n l"tatea a#t l " - r"d"# $a plt" #ele"lalte pr1" de/pg !"r"' pentr a7" a#,per" pre- d"#" l pr,$,#at pr"n de/6""n1area #,ntra#t l ".1A4 & l%l 1)i(lenia2 3n art.<53 %,d #"$"l /e aratJ G#,n/"+1+9nt l n e/te $ala!"l #9nd e/te .O) / rpr"n/ pr"n d,l.H 3n art.<AF %,d #"$"l /e de6"ne:te d,l l #a 6""ndJ G, #a > de n l"tate a #,n$en1"e" #9nd +"-l,a#ele $"#lene' @ntre! "n1ate de na d"n

1A4

14=

pr1"' / nt a/t6el' @n#9t e/te e$"dent #' 6r a#e/te +a:"na1" n"' #ealalt parte n7ar 6" #,ntra#tat. D,l l n /e pre/ p ne.H A:adar' d,l l $"#" de #,n/"+1+9nt e/te "nd #erea @n er,are a ne" per/,ane' pr"n +"-l,a#e $"#lene /a d,l,/"$e' pentr a , deter+"na .@n /#,p l) / @n#De"e n a#t - r"d"#. E/te de6"n"1"a a##eptat @n d,#tr"na de drept #"$"l. 3ntr7, 6,r+ lare /"ntet"# d,l l e/te , er,are pr,$,#at. De:" d,l l e/te , er,are pr,$,#at' @ntre d,l :" er,are eB"/t d"6eren1"er" e/en1"aleJ 7 d,l l are , /6er de # pr"ndere +a" larg de#9t er,area /p,ntan @n /en/ l # pr"$e:te n n +a" #al"t1"le / !/tan1"ale ale ,!"e#t l " /a pre/ta1"e" d"n a#t l - r"d"# ,r" "dent"tatea /a #al"t1"le /pe#"ale ale #,#,ntra#tant l " @n #,ntra#tele "nt "t per/,nae' #" :" alte @+pre- rr". 7 d,l l eBter",r">9nd 7/e pr"n +"-l,a#e $"#lene' +ater"ale /e p,ate d,$ed" +a" :,r #,+parat"$ # er,area' pr,#e/ p/"D,l,g"# "ntern d"6"#"l de pr,!at .6al/a per#epere a n,r @+pre- rr"). D"n "nterpretarea teBt l " art.<AF %,d #"$"lJ G+"-l,a#ele $"#lene @ntre! "n1ate de na d"n pr1"H re> lt # d,l l pr"$e:te n +a" a#tele - r"d"#e !"laterale. 3n pra#t"#a - d"#"ar /7a ad+"/ # :" @n #a> l a#tel,r - r"d"#e n"laterale .de eBe+pl ' te/ta+ent) d,l l p,ate 6" @nt9ln"t / ! 6,r+a G/ ge/t"e"H' G#apta1"e"H ad"# a Gl"ng :"r""H per/,ane" #are are , a6e#1" ne' pa/" ne pentr #"ne$a' @n /#,p l / 6a# n te/ta+ent. 3n /tr #t ra /a' d,l l are d, ele+enteJ 7 elementul intenional .p/"D,l,g"#) al $,"n1e" eBter",r">ate de / !"e#t l de drept #are @:" pr,p ne' r+re:te / "nd # @n er,are partea #,#,ntra#tant pentr #a a#ea/ta / @n#De"e a#t l - r"d"#. De eBe+pl ' $9n>t,r l' pentr a @n/tr"na a t,t r"/+ l la n pre1 +are' @:" pr,p ne /7l "nd # @n er,are pe # +prt,r' pr"n +,d"6"#area an l " de 6a!r"#a1"e d"n #ert"6"#at l de @n+atr"# lare' pr"n +,d"6"#area n +r l " de E+ par# r:" @nreg"/tra1" la !,rd' pr"n ret : r" / per6"#"ale ale #ar,/er"e" et#. 3n d,#tr"n :" @n pra#t"# /7a /tat at # pr,$,#area ne" er,r" pr"n /"+pl negl"-en1' 6r rea7#red"n1' n #,n/t"t "e d,l 1A5' n eB"/t

1A5

14<

d,l da# @+pre- rarea pret"n/ a/# n/ era # n,/# t de #ealalt parte.1AA 7 elementul material #are #,n/t @n @ntre! "n1area de +ane$re d,l,/"$e' +"-l,a#e $"#lene' +"-l,a#e #,+!"nate de :"reten"e' +a:"na1" n" # #ara#ter de @n:el#" ne' a#1" n" 6ra d l,a/e et#. Ele+ent l +ater"al al d,l l " #,n/t @ntr7, a#1" ne' /a "na#1" ne. Un eBe+pl de a#t #,+"/"$ @n +ater"a a#tel,r - r"d"#e # t"tl grat "t I l"!ert1"' e/te G/ ge/t"aH' G#apta1"aH' ad"# /pe# larea a6e#1" n"" ne" per/,ane pentr a , #,n$"nge / 6a# , d,na1"e ,r" n legat. EBe+pl de "na#1" ne e/te dolul prin reticen' #9nd na d"n pr1" p/trea> t#erea a/ pra n,r @+pre- rr" e/en1"ale #are ar 6" tre! "t ad /e la # n,:t"n1a #ele"lalte pr1" :" a #r,r # n,a:tere ar 6" p t t /7, deter+"ne / n @n#De"e a#t l - r"d"#. 1AC 3ntr7, /pe1 /7a an lat , #/t,r"e pentr d,l l pr"n ret"#"en1 #,+"/ pr"n a/# nderea !,l"" de #are / 6erea n l d"n /,1".1A= Ut"l">area +"-l,a#el,r $"#lene pentr a pr,$,#a er,area #,n/t"t "e 6apt "l"#"t :" @n "p,te>a pr,d #er"" pre- d"#" l "' $"#t"+a p,ate "ntr,d #e pe l9ng a#1" nea @n an larea a#t l " - r"d"# :" a#1" nea @n repararea pre- d"#" l " p,tr"$"t art.<<= %,d #"$"l .r/p nderea del"#t al pentr 6apt pr,pr"e). De ,!/er$at # @n d,#tr"n ele+entele d,l l " /e de6"ne/# :" pr"n ter+en"" de ele+ent / !"e#t"$ :" ,!"e#t"$. 1A< 3ntr7, ,p"n"e' #el,r d, ele+ente ale d,l l " /e ada g n al tre"lea ele+entJ ele+ent l "n- /t pr"n #are /e @n1elege d,l l gra$ #e "gn,r reg l"le de +,ral I d,l / +al / I'#are' /pre de,/e!"re de d,l / !,n / .d,l l :,r) ad+"/ ne,r"' de eBe+pl ' @n drept l #,+er#"al' la da ne" +r6"' n e/te t,lerat. 1CF 3n pre>ent /e pare # d"/t"n#1"a n /e - /t"6"#' pentr # +,ral"tatea a6a#er"l,r "+p ne /an#1",narea ,r"#r " d,l /a pentr # /e ad+"te # re#la+a n,r +r6 r" :" /er$"#"" e/te de reg l eBagerat' #l"ent l a$">at n /e la/ @n:elat de re#la+. 1C1
1AA 1AC 1A= 1A< 1CF 1C1

15F

A#1" nea @n - /t"1"e pr"n #are /e #ere an larea a#t l " - r"d"# pentr #,n/"+1+9nt l $"#"at pr"n d,l tre! "e / d,$edea/# eB"/ten1a #,nd"1""l,r d,l l "J 7 dolul a determinat @n#De"erea a#t l " - r"d"#' Ge/te e$"dent #' 6r a#e/te +a:"na1" n"' #ealalt parte n7ar 6" #,ntra#tatH .art.<AF %,d #"$"l). D,l l n /e l"+"tea> d,ar la G#al"t1"le / !/tan1"ale ale ,!"e#t l "H ,r" la G#al"t1"le per/,ane"H #,#,ntra#tante #a @n #a> l er,r""' #" ar"a ele+entel,r deter+"nante e/te + lt +a" larg. D,l l #are a deter+"nat @n#De"erea a#t l " - r"d"# e/te den +"t dol principal :" atrage n l"tatea relat"$ a a#t l ". Dolul incident ./e# ndar) pr"$e:te @+pre- rr" nedeter+"nante pentr @n#De"erea a#t l " - r"d"#. El n atrage n l"tatea relat"$ a a#t l " - r"d"#. 7 s provin de la cealalt parte' #,nd"1"e pre$> t @n art.<AF %,d #"$"l G+"-l,a#ele $"#lene @ntre! "n1ate de na d"n pr1".H 3n d,#tr"n /e ad+"te # d,l l p,ate pr,$en" :" de la n ter1' da# #,#,ntra#tant l :t"e a#e/t l #r ' e/te #,+pl"#e la d,l. De a/e+enea /7a ad+"/ # d,l l p,ate pr,$en" :" de la repre>entant l #,#,ntra#tant l "H.1C2 3ntr7, ,p"n"e /e / /1"ne # a#ea/t #,nd"1"e I / pr,$"n de la #ealalt parte I Gpr"$e:te n +a" #,ntra#tele # t"tl ,ner,/.H 1C3 E/te 6"re/# / 6"e aprat na d"n pr1"le #,ntra#t l " ,ner,/ de d,l l #e pr,$"ne de la #ealalt parte' at9ta t"+p #9t a#ea/ta Ga "n$e/t"tH @n #,ntra#t l ,ner,/ .a pr,# rat #ele"lalte pr1" n 6,l,/ patr"+,n"al) :" n e/te $"n,$at. 3n a#tele - r"d"#e # t"tl grat "t' d,!9nd"t,r l' "n$,#9nd d,l l d"/p nt,r l "' r+re:te / apere n a$anta- ,!1"n t 6r pre/ta1"e e#D"$alent' l #r #e n tre! "e ,#r,t"t de lege. 1C4 D,l l' a:a # + /e /ta!"le:te @n art.<AF %,d #"$"lJ Gn /e pre/ p neH. La 6el #a :" @n #a> l er,r""' el tre! "e d,$ed"t. Se d,$ede/# G+"-l,a#ele $"#leneH' eB"/ten1a' +ater"al"tatea l,r' ad"# n 6apt - r"d"#' pr"n ,r"#e +"-l,# de pr,!. De a#eea' d,$ada d,l l " e/te +a" :,r de 6# t de#9t d,$ada er,r"".

1C2 1C3 1C4

151

Vi len#a 3n art.<53 %,d #"$"l /e pre$edeJ (consimm2ntul nu este valabil c2nd 4/' este smuls prin violen.+ P,tr"$"t art.<5A %,d #"$"lJ (este violen -ntotdeauna c2nd. spre a "ace o persoan a contracta. i se insu"l temerea. raionabil dup d2nsa. c va "i e9pus persoana sau averea sa unui ru considerabil *i pre,ent. Se ine cont -n aceast materie de etate. de se9 *i de condiia persoanelor.+ 3n art.<5C %,d #"$"l /e pre#">ea>J (violena este cau, de nulitate a conveniei *i c2nd s)a e9ercitat asupra soului sau soiei. asupra descendenilor sau ascendenilor.+ G8iolena -n contra celui care s)a obli!at este cau, de nulitate. chiar c2nd este e9ercitat de alt persoan dec2t aceea -n "olosul creia s)a "cut convenia H d"/p ne art.<55 %,d #"$"l .ad"# a+en"n1area p,ate pr,$en" :" de la , alt per/,an de#9t #,#,ntra#tant l). &",len1a e/te $"#" l de #,n/"+1+9nt #e #,n/t @n a+en"n1area ne" per/,ane # n r ' a/t6el @n#9t " /e "n/ 6l , tea+' 6r"# #e , deter+"n / @n#De"e n a#t - r"d"#. 3n l"p/a a+en"n1r""' per/,ana n ar 6" @n#De"at a#t l - r"d"#. A+en"n1area p,ate 6"J 7 de natur "i,icJ .$"/) #9nd a+en"n1area pr"$e:te "ntegr"tatea 6">"# a per/,ane" .l,$"r"' $t+area "ntegr"t1"" #,rp,rale' ,+,r) " $e na"%r, pa"rim nial, >%istru1erea, sustra1erea, %e1ra%area unor (unuri et&+7 7 de natur moral .+et /) at"nger" ad /e ,n,are"' de>$l "r" "nde#ente et#. !n %o&trin3 se 2a&e %istin&/ia 4ntre7 ameninarea le!itim 4justa' n #,n/t"t "e $"#" de #,n/"+1+9nt. De eBe+pl $"#t"+a n " pre- d"#" a+en"n1 pe a t,r l 6apte" "l"#"te :" pre- d"#"a!"le # /e $a adre/a "n/tan1e" de - de#at pentr repararea pre- d"#" l ". A+en"n1area # eBer#"tarea n " drept n #,n/t"t "e $",len1. 7 ameninarea nele!itim ."n - /ta) #,n/t"t "e $"#" de #,n/"+1+9nt' $",len1. De eBe+pl ' # +prt,r l @l a+en"n1 pe $e#"n # de>$l "rea #e , $a 6a#e /,1"e" l " pr"$"nd rela1"a nep,tr"$"t
152

# $e#"na de la parter' da# n 7" $"nde tele$">,r l la pre1 l /ta!"l"t de el. &",len1a are @n /tr #t ra /a r+t,arele ele+enteJ 7 element e9terior .,!"e#t"$)' #e #,n/t @n a+en"n1area # n r ' #e p,ate 6" de nat r 6">"#' patr"+,n"al /a +,ral. P,ate 6" a+en"n1at # n r J 7 , parte a a#t l " - r"d"#' #are @n#De"e a/t6el a#t l - r"d"#K 7 /,1 l ./,1"a)' #,p""" .de/#enden1") /a a/#enden1" .pr"n1" a" ne" pr1" a a#t l " - r"d"#. 3n d,#tr"n /e apre#"a>J (de*i le!ea se re"er numai la so. soie. descendeni *i ascendeni. iar aceast enumerare pare a avea un caracter limitativ. ea trebuie s "ie considerat enuniativ. c ast"el dispo,iia cuprins -n te9t ar "i de aplicare prea restr2ns *i nu -n deplin concordan cu caracterul violenei de a "i un viciu de consimm2nt...+1C5 Se lrge:te a/t6el /6era per/,anel,r 6a1 de #are $"#t"+a e/te legat pr"ntr7, p tern"# a6e#1" ne' de/"g r #el #e "n$,# $",len1a r+9nd / pr,!e>e at9t legt ra de a6e#1" ne' #9t :" tea+a "n/ 6lat' #are l7a deter+"nat / @n#De"e a#t l - r"d"#. 1CA P,ate a+en"n1a # n r J 7 , parte a a#t l " - r"d"# #e r+re:te' @n a#e/t +,d' @n#De"erea l "K " un ter/, art+BCC Co% &ivi* %is'une- ?&5iar &9n% este e.er&itat3 %e a*t3 'ersoan3 %e&9t &ea 4n 2o*osu* &3reia s"a 23&ut &onven/ia+@ S7a / /1"n t @n d,#tr"n ,p"n"a p,tr"$"t #re"a $",len1a e/te $"#" de #,n/"+1+9nt :" #9nd te+erea "n/ 6lat e/te re> ltat l n,r #a >e nat rale /a al n,r @+pre- rr" #are' pr"n a+en"n1area ne" pr"+e-d"" .de eBe+pl ' / ! tea+a "n nda1"e"' #"ne$a $"nde n ! n al / ) #,n/tr9nge per/,ana / @n#De"e a#t l - r"d"#. 1CC 3ntr7, alt ,p"n"e /e / /1"ne # /tarea de ne#e/"tate @n #are /e g/e:te , per/,an #are , deter+"n / @n#De"e n a#t - r"d"#' pe #are

1C5 1CA 1CC

153

alt6el n l7ar 6" @n#De"at' tre! "e a/"+"lat $",len1e"' $"#" de #,n/"+1+9nt.1C= A're&ie# # pre$eder"le legale re6er"t,are la $",len1a $"#" de #,n/"+1+9nt n a#,per :" eBt"nder"le a+"nt"te +a" / /J #9nd te+erea e/te re> ltat l n,r #a >e nat rale /a al /tr"" de ne#e/"tate. De,are#e a+en"n1area /e +ater"al">ea>' la 6el #a :" la d,l' $"#t"+a a+en"n1r""' #9nd / 6er n pre- d"#" .de eBe+pl ' a @n#De"at #,ntra#t l a$9nd #,n/"+1+9nt l $"#"at pr"n $",len1' de:" @n #,nd"1"" n,r+ale l7ar 6" p t t @n#De"a + lt +a" a$anta-,/) p,ate eBer#"ta , a#1" ne @n r/p ndere #"$"l del"#t al .p,tr"$"t art.<<=' r/p ndere #"$"l del"#t al pentr 6apt pr,pr"e). 7 element psiholo!ic ."nter",r) #,n/t @n tea+a "n,# lat per/,ane" #,n/tr9n/ a/t6el / @n#De"e a#t l - r"d"# pe #are @n #,nd"1"" n,r+ale n l7ar 6" @n#De"at. 3n#De"erea a#t l " , /#ap de a+en"n1are. % pr"$"re la pre#">area art.<5A %,d #"$"lJ (ru considerabil *i pre,ent+. @n d,#tr"n /e apre#"a>1 (temerea trebuie s "ie considerabil *i pre,ent la -ncheierea actului juridic. rul put2nd s "ie *i viitorH1C<. A:adar' a+en"n1area # n r $""t,r p,ate #,n/t"t " $",len1' da# e/te de nat r / na/# @n / 6let l pr1"" , te+ere a#t al. 3n ,r"#e #a>' p,ate 6" $,r!a :" de n r $""t,r' dar 6,arte apr,p"at' # alte # $"nte de n r "+"nent.1=F %,nd"1""le $",len1e" / ntJ 7 a $e"ermina" 3n(?eierea a("%l%i .%ri$i( . %,nd"1"a e/te pre$> t @n art.<5A %,d #"$"lJ te+erea / 6"e Gre>,na!"l d p d9n/a.H A/t6el' per/,ana a+en"n1at #,n/"der te+erea at9t de gra$ @n#9t @n#De"e a#t l - r"d"#. Apre#"erea # te+erea "n,# lat a deter+"nat #,n/"+1+9nt l la @n#De"erea a#t l " - r"d"# /e 6a#e de la #a> la #a>' 1"n9nd 7/e /ea+a' a:a # + d"/p ne legeaJ (de etate. de se9 *i de condiia persoanelor.+ De/"g r' legea a a$ t @n $edere :" grad l de # lt r' per/,ana de la #are pr,$"ne $",len1a' +"-l,a#ele 6,l,/"te' l,# l nde /e eBer#"t $",len1a. <tarea %e tea#3 'rovoa&3 #otivu* &are a %eter#inat 4n&5eierea a&tu*ui $uri%i&+
1C= 1C< 1=F

154

) pentru evitarea rului se -ncheie actul juridic. Se "+p ne , pre#">areJ $",len1a e/te $"#" de #,n/"+1+9nt n +a" #9nd (spre a "ace o persoan a contracta' i s)a insu"lat temerea.H N e/te , #er"n1 a $",len1e" eBe# tarea n,r a#1" n" +ater"ale de $",len1. A#e/tea' @n +/ ra @n #are a pr,d / n pre- d"#" p,t 6" @nlt rate pr"ntr7, a#1" ne @n r/p ndere #"$"l del"#t al pentr 6apt pr,pr"e .art.<<= %,d #"$"l). " amenin#area s, *ie in.%s",. N ,r"#e a+en"n1are e/te "n- /t. A+en"n1area # eBer#"tarea n " drept / !a n " drept / !. De eBe+pl ' #red"t,r l @l a+en"n1 pe de!"t,r # /e/">area "n/tan1e" de - de#at pentr #a a#ea/ta d"n r+ /7:" eBe# te ,!l"ga1"a #,ntra#t al a/ +at. Da# @n/' #red"t,r l' pentr a7l deter+"na pe de!"t,r / re# n,a/# dat,r"a 6a1 de el @l a+en"n1 # !ta"a' # +,artea' / nte+ @n pre>en1a $",len1e" I $"#" de #,n/"+1+9nt. O apl"#a1"e pra#t"# a #,nd"1"e" $",len1e" I / 6"e "n- /t I e/te pre$ederea art.<5= %,d #"$"lJ G/"+pla te+ere re$eren1"ar' 6r $",len1' n p,ate an la #,n$en1"a.H .te+ere re$eren1"ar Q re/pe#t l dat,rat n,r per/,ane 6a1 de #are eB"/t , a6"n"tate /pe#"alJ pr"n1"' r de' :e6" et#.). Te+erea re$eren1"ar e/te , a+en"n1are' dar leg"t"+. (apt l # $"n>" n ! n :e6 l "' pr,6e/,r l " t ' tre>e:te , tea+' dar a#ea/ta e/te generat de re/pe#t l dat,rat per/,ane" #,#,ntra#tante' tea+a e/te - /t' leg"t"+. A:adar' a#t l - r"d"# @n#De"at / ! a#ea/t te+ere n d #e la n l"tatea l ". Le+i%nea Art.115C %,d #"$"l d"/p neJ (minorul poate e9ercita aciunea -n resci,iune pentru simpla le,iune -n contra oricrei conveniiH. 3n art.25 al"n.1 :" 2 d"n De#ret l 32M1<54 pentr p nerea @n apl"#are a %,d l " 6a+"l"e" :" a De#ret l " 31M1<54 pr"$"t,r la per/,anele 6">"#e :" - r"d"#e /e pre#">ea> n,1" nea de +"n,rJ (minorii. care. av2nd v2rsta de 14 ani -mplinii -ncheie sin!uri. "r -ncuviinarea prinilor sau tutorilor. acte juridice pentru a cror valabilitate nu se cere *i -ncuviinarea prealabil a autoritilor tutelare. dac aceste acte le pricinuiesc vreo vtmare+. Le)iunea este vi&iu* %e &onsi#/3#9nt &are &onst3 4n 'a1u(a #ateria*3 'e &are o su2er3 o 'arte a &ontra&tu*ui, %in
155

&au)a %is'ro'or/iei v3%ite %e va*oare e.istent3 4ntre 'resta/ii*e re&i'ro&e a*e '3r/i*or+ 3ntr7, de6"n"1"e' pe #are , apre#"e+ pentr #,n#">" ne' le>" nea e/te $"#" de #,n/"+1+9nt #are #,n/t @n d"/pr,p,r1"a $d"t de $al,are @ntre d, pre/ta1"".1=1 Pr,6.dr.d,#ent Tra"an I,na:# ,p"nea> # le>" nea @n #adr l a#t ale" regle+entr" n p,ate 6" #,n/"derat $"#" de #,n/"+1+9nt. Le>" nea repre>"nt , #,nd"1"e .n.a.) pentr de/6""n1area a#t l " - r"d"# .pentr #a n l"tatea relat"$ / p,at 6" "n$,#at) @n #a> l +"n,r l " #are @n#De"e /"ng r a#te .6r @n# $""n1area pr"n1"l,r' t t,rel " /a a a t,r"t1"" t telare)' :" #are pr"n a#e/te a#te a 6,/t pg !"t .le>at). T,#+a" de a#eea' @n a#ea/t ,p"n"e n tre! "eJ (a ne ocupa 4/' de aciunea -n resci,iune deosebit de aciunea -n anulare H.1=2 S nte+ a:adar @n pre>en1a ne" (condiii de anulare a contractului pentru incapacitate. aceasta 4/' "iind cau,a care duce la nulitate H ."n#apa#"tatea +"n,r l " #are a @+pl"n"t 14 an" :" #are @n#De"nd /"ng r a#t l - r"d"#' @n #,nd"1""le +a" / / artate' a 6,/t pg !"t). A&est *u&ru re)u*t3 %in &5iar te.tu* *e1ii- art+2C %in De&retu* :2D6BC;- >E7 a'*i&area %is'o)i/ii*or *e1a*e re2eritoare *a a&/iunea 4n anu*are 'entru *e)iune >n+a+ " Co%u* &ivi* o nu#e0te ?a&/iune 4n res&i)iune@7+ Se arat @n #,nt"n are # n #,#,ntra#tant n tre! "e / pr,6"te' /pre a ,!1"ne a$anta-e d"/pr,p,r1",nate 6a1 de pre/ta1"a 6# t. Un #,ntra#t de a#e/t 6el n ar p ne pr,!le+a $"#" l " de #,n/"+1+9nt' #" a #a >e" "+,rale pe #are /e @nte+e"a> a#t l - r"d"#. De a#eea a#t l - r"d"# e/te l,$"t de n l"tate a!/,l t. 1=3 3ntr7, ,p"n"e #,ntrar /e / !l"n"a> "deea #J (anularea actului juridic nu intervine at2t pentru minoritate. c2t pentru pa!uba material su"erit de cel cu capacitatea restr2ns de e9erciiu la -ncheierea actului juridic.1C4+

1=1 1=2 1=3 1=4

15A

Domeniul de aplicare a le,iunii D,+en" l de apl"#are a le>" n""' $"#" de #,n/"+1+9nt pr"$e:te d, a/pe#teJ per/,anele #e p,t "n$,#a le>" nea :" a#tele - r"d"#e #e p,t 6" a6e#tate de le>" ne. Cine poate invoca le,iuneaJ Le>" nea' $"#" de #,n/"+1+9nt' p,ate 6" "n$,#at n +a" de , /"ng r #ateg,r"e de per/,aneJ (minorii care av2nd v2rsta de 14 ani -mplinii -ncheie sin!uri. "r -ncuviinarea prinilor sau tutorelui. acte juridice pentru a cror valabilitate nu se cere -ncuviinarea prealabil a autoritii tutelareH. Art+66FC Co% &ivi*, %is'une- ?Ma$oru* nu 'oate, 'entru *e)iune, s3 e.er&ite a&/iunea 4n res&i)iune@+ Co%u* &ivi* 'reve%e o sin1ur3 e.&e'/ie &9n% #a$oru* 'oate invo&a *e)iunea- 4n te#eiu* art+FB; Co% &ivi*, 4n #ateria a&&e't3rii su&&esiunii+ Ce acte juridice pot "i des"iinate pentru le,iune. $"#" de #,n/"+1+9ntL R/p n/ l a 6,/t dat la @ntre!area pre#edent. M"n,r l p,ate @n#De"a /"ng r' 6r @n# $""n1area pr"n1"l,r /a t t,rel "' /a @n# $""n1area a t,r"t1"" t telare' a#te juridice de administrare. A#e/te a#te / nt a#te - r"d"#e # t"tl ,ner,/ :" #,+ tat"$. 6e,iunea se re"er la acte juridice oneroase ., parte pr,# r n a$anta- patr"+,n"al #ele"lalte pr1" @n /#,p l ,!1"ner"" n " a$antapatr"+,n"al' +a" + lt /a +a" p 1"n e#D"$alent) pentr # @n de6"n"1"a le>" n"" /e /p neJ Gd"/pr,p,r1"a $d"t de $al,are @ntre d, pre/ta1"".H Le>" nea n pr"$e:te a#tele - r"d"#e # t"tl grat "t pentr # @n a#e/te a#te n +a" , parte eBe# t , pre/ta1"e I pr,# r #ele"lalte pr1" n 6,l,/ patr"+,n"al 6r / r+rea/# , #,ntrapre/ta1"e. Le>" nea 6""nd , d"/pr,p,r1"e $d"t de $al,are @ntre d, pre/ta1"" p,ate 6" @nt9ln"t n +a" la a#tele #,+ tat"$e . nde pr1"le # n,/# eB"/ten1a :" @nt"nderea pre/ta1""l,r). La a#tele aleat,r""' eB"/ten1a :" @nt"nderea pre/ta1""l,r n /e # n,/# @n +,+ent l @n#De"er"" #,ntra#t l "' ele dep"n>9nd de n e$en"+ent aleat,r" . A#tele - r"d"#e de +a" / / @n#De"ate de +"n,r /"ng r tre! "e / 6"e le>",nare ./ eB"/te , pag ! +ater"al #a r+are a d"/pr,p,r1"e" $d"te d"ntre pre/ta1""le pr1"l,r.).
15C

Structura le,iunii E*e#ente*e &o#'onente a*e *e)iunii sunt 4n ra'ort %e &on&e'/ia avut3 4n ve%ere %e *e1iuitor &u 'rivire *a *e)iune+ Concepia subiectivJ le>" nea are d, ele+enteJ n l obiectiv' #e #,n/t @n d"/pr,p,r1"a $d"t de $al,are @ntre pre/ta1""le pr1"l,r' n l subiectiv' #e #,n/t @n d,r"n1a ne" pr1" de a pr,6"ta de /tarea de ne$,"e @n #are /e a6l #ealalt parte' /#,p @n #are @n#De"e a#t l - r"d"#. Concepia obiectivJ le>" nea are n /"ng r ele+ent :" an +eJ pre- d"#" l +ater"al / 6er"t de , parte #a r+are a d"6eren1e" $al,r"#e @ntre #,ntrapre/ta1""le pr1"l,r. %,d l #"$"l r,+9n a @+!r1":at #,n#ep1"a ,!"e#t"$ pr"$"nd le>" nea. 3n "p,te>a #9nd na d"n pr1"' la @n#De"erea a#t l " - r"d"#' a pr,6"tat de /tarea de ne$,"e @n #are /e g/ea #ealalt parte' a#t l - r"d"# @n#De"at e/te n l a!/,l t pentr #a > "+,ral. %e tre! "e / d,$edea/# partea a #re" #,n/"+1+9nt a 6,/t $"#"at pr"n le>" neL .#er"n1ele le>" n"") 7 pag !a +ater"al / 6er"t e/te r+area @n#De"er"" a#t l " - r"d"# a #r " an lare /e #ere. A#ea/t #er"n1 a leg"" /e de/pr"nde d"n art.115= %,d #"$"lJ G#9nd le>" nea re> lt d"ntr7 n e$en"+ent #a> al :" nea:teptat +"n,r l n are a#1" ne @n re/#">" neH. 7 pag !a +ater"al / eB"/te @n +,+ent l @n#De"er"" a#t l " - r"d"# 7 pag !a / 6er"t #e #,n/t @n d"/pr,p,r1"a de $al,are d"ntre #,ntrapre/ta1"" tre! "e / 6"e $d"t. $2 C mpara#ie 3n"re )i(iile $e ( nsim#,m5n" A/e+nr"J 7 @+pre- rarea d"n real"tate per#ep t 6al/ de na d"n pr1" a determinat @n#De"erea a#t l " - r"d"#K 7 $"#" l de #,n/"+1+9nt tre! "e dovedit: " san&/iunea $uri%i&3 'entru a&tu* 4n&5eiat 'rintr"un &onsi#/3#9nt vi&iat este n%li"a"ea rela"i), a a&estuiaG
15=

" vi&iu* %e &onsi#/3#9nt tre(uie s3 e.iste 4n #o#entu* 4n&5eierii a&tu*ui $uri%i&G " 4n a&te*e $uri%i&e (i*atera*e, vi&iu* %e ( nsim#,m5n" tre(uie s3 a2e&te)e &onsi#/3#9ntu* %nei sing%re p,r#i+ De,/e!"r"J 7 pr,!a1" nea - d"#"ar e/te d"6"#"l la er,are .de,are#e /e t"nde d,$ed"rea n " pr,#e/ / !"e#t"$) :" :,ar la d,l' $",len1' le>" ne . nde eB"/t n ele+ent eBter",r' +ater"al) 7 er,area p,art a/ pra #al"t1"l,r / !/tan1"ale ale ,!"e#t l " +ater"al eBter",r rap,rt l " - r"d"# /a pre/ta1"e" ne"a d"n pr1" /a a/ pra "dent"t1"" /a #al"t1"l,r /pe#"ale ale #,#,ntra#tant l " .la #,ntra#tele "nt "t per/,nae)K d,l l p,art a/ pra ,r"#r " ele+ent #are a deter+"nat @n#De"erea a#t l " - r"d"#. 7 la d,l :" $",len1 ele+ent l eBter",r' +ater"al 6""nd 6apt "l"#"t' atrage r/p nderea #"$"l del"#t al. 7 le>" nea de reg l /e /an#1",nea> # n l"tatea relat"$' dar ne,r" :" # red #erea ne" pre/ta1"" :" /p,r"rea #ele"lalte.

3. /,iectul actului 'uridic

a2 &e*ini#ia 'ie("%l%i a("%l%i (i)il Art.<A2 %,d #"$"l de6"ne:te ,!"e#t l #,n$en1"e" I de6"n"1"e eBt"n/ la a#t l - r"d"# @n general a/t6elJ (obiectul conveniilor este acela la care prile sau numai una din pri se obli! .H De6"n"1"a legal #reea> #,n6 >"" @ntre ,!"e#t l ,!l"ga1"e" :" ,!"e#t l #,n$en1"e" %,ntra#t l 6""nd principalul ">$,r al ,!l"ga1""l,r' d p n"" a t,r"' el #reea> ,!l"ga1"". O!l"ga1"a are :" ea n ,!"e#t pr,pr" .n.a. 7 $,+ /t d"a la te,r"a general a ,!l"ga1""l,r' @n an l II). TeBt l a / /#"tat n +er,a/e d"/# 1"" @n d,#tr"na de drept #"$"l. 3ntr7, ,p"n"e' /e neag eB"/ten1a n " ,!"e#t d"/t"n#t al a#t l " - r"d"#' anal">9nd 7/e d,ar ,!"e#t l ,!l"ga1"e" #e /e na:te d"n a#t l - r"d"#.1=5

1=5

15<

P,tr"$"t n " alt p n#t de $edere' ,!"e#t l a#t l " - r"d"# e/te crearea. modi"icarea sau stin!erea unui raport juridic .1=A S7a ,p"nat # a#e/tea / nt e6e#te ale a#t l " - r"d"# :" n"#"de# + pre/ta1"" la #are /e ,!l"g na /a #ealalt parte la a#t l - r"d"#. Ap," /7a /p / # ,!"e#t l a#t l " - r"d"# #"$"l #,n/t @n "ntere/ele regle+entate de pr1" pr"n @n#De"erea a#t l "' @n l"+"tele :" @n !a>a leg"". S7a #r"t"#at # "ntere/ele 1"n de G#a >aH a#t l " - r"d"# :" n de G,!"e#t lH a#t l " - r"d"#. Op"n"a @+!r1":at de +a-,r"tatea a t,r"l,r e/te a#eea p,tr"$"t #re"a ,!"e#t l a#t l " - r"d"# e/te #D"ar ,!"e#t l rap,rt l " - r"d"# n/# t d"n a#t l - r"d"#. A:adar' pr"n ,!"e#t al a#t l " - r"d"# /e @n1elege a#1" nea /a "na#1" nea pe #are , pret"nde / !"e#t l a#t"$ :" de #are e/te 1"n t / !"e#t l pa/"$' ad"# #,nd "ta #,n#ret a 6"e#re" pr1"' /ta!"l"t de #,+ n a#,rd @n +,+ent l @n#De"er"" a#t l " - r"d"#. O!"e#t l a#t l " - r"d"# e/te /"n,n"+ # ,!"e#t l rap,rt l " - r"d"# #"$"l. De eBe+pl ' @ntr7 n #,ntra#t de $9n>are7# +prare a n " tele$">,r ,!"e#t l @l p,ate #,n/t"t "J 7 pre/ta1"a # +prt,r l " #e #,n/t @n predarea a - +tate d"n pre1 la data predr"" tele$">,r l " de #tre $9n>t,r 7 pre/ta1"a # +prt,r l " #e #,n/t @n predarea re/t l pre1 l " d p 1F >"le de la predarea tele$">,r l " .d p eBp"rarea per",ade" de pr,!) 7 pre/ta1"a $9n>t,r l " #e #,n/t @n predarea tele$">,r l " la data #,n$en"t de pr1" " 'resta/ia v9n)3toru*ui %e a 're%a 'iese*e %e s&5i#( *a e.'irarea ter#enu*ui %e 'ro(3+ A:adar' #,nd "ta #,n#ret a 6"e#re" pr1" a a#t l " - r"d"# #,n/t"t "e ,!"e#t l a#t l " - r"d"#. D p # + a+ pre#">at la G obiectul raportului juridic civilH' #,nd "ta / !"e#1"l,r /e re6er de reg l la ! n r" #,n#rete' #e #,n/t"t "e obiect derivat al rap,rt l " - r"d"#. 2" @n #a> l a#tel,r - r"d"#e' ! n r"le' l #r r"le a/ pra #r,ra p,art #,nd "ta / !"e#1"l,r de drept' / nt obiectul derivat al a#t l " - r"d"#. %,nd "ta #,n#ret a pr1"l,r p,ate 6"J 7 p,>"t"$' #,+"/"$ .a da' a 6a#e #e$a) 7 negat"$' ,+"/"$ .a n da' a n 6a#e #e$a).
1=A

1AF

De reg l' ,!"e#t l a#t l " - r"d"# #,n1"ne at9t pre/ta1""le p,>"t"$e #9t :" pre/ta1""le negat"$e. '2 C n$i#iile 'ie("%l%i a("%l%i .%ri$i( A#t l - r"d"# e/te $ala!"l @n#De"at n +a" da# ,!"e#t l @ndepl"ne:te r+t,arele #,nd"1""' /"/te+at">ate a/t6elJ 7 C n$i#ii generale re*eri" are la ,!"e#t l eBter",r al a#t l " - r"d"#' la '%n%l as%pra (,r%ia se r,s*r5nge pres"a#ia p,r#il r. A#e/te #,nd"1"" $">ea> pre/ta1"a de a da n ! nJ o(ie&tu* .! n l) tre! "e s3 e.iste @n +,+ent l @n#De"er"" a#t l " - r"d"#J A#ea/t reg l /e /ta!"le:te @n art.1311 %,d #"$"lJ (dac. -n momentul v2n,rii. lucrul v2ndut era pierit -n tot. vinderea este nulH' de,are#e a#t l " - r"d"# #"$"l @" l"p/e:te na d"n #,nd"1""le e/en1"ale de $al"d"tateJ ,!"e#t l. San#1" nea #"$"l e/te n l"tatea a!/,l t a a#t l " - r"d"#. De eBe+pl ' @n +,+ent l @n#D"r"er"" l,# "n1e"' pr1"le n # n,/# # l,# "n1a a 6,/t +"/t "t @ntr7 n "n#end" . %,d l #"$"l ad+"te , eB#ep1"e ./"t a1"e #9nd a#t l - r"d"# e/te $ala!"l @n#De"at' de:" ,!"e#t l l"p/e:te) art.<A5 al"n.1 %,d #"$"lJ Glucrurile viitoare pot "i obiectul obli!aiei H. De eBe+pl ' #r,"t,r l p,ate $"nde #,/t + l de Da"ne pe #are7l #,n6e#1",nea>' /a $9n>at,r l $"nde re#,lta $""t,are de #art,6" de pe , par#el et#. EB"/t eB#ep1"" de la p,/"!"l"tatea @n#De"er"" a#t l " - r"d"# #e are #a ,!"e#t n l #r $""t,rK art.<A5 al"n.2 %,d #"$"lJ (nu se poate "ace renunare la o succesiune ce nu este deschis. nici nu se pot "ace -nvoiri asupra unei ast"el de succesiuni. chiar de s)ar da consimm2ntul celui a crui succesiune este -n chestiune+ ./ ##e/" n"le nede/#D"/e n p,t 6a#e ,!"e#t l n"#" n " a#t - r"d"#). De eBe+pl ' 6" l n p,ate / @n/tr"ne>e ! n r"le #e r+ea> / le +,:tenea/# de la pr"n1"" /". De a/e+enea' ! n r"le $""t,are ale de!"t,r l " n p,t 6" ,!"e#t l #,ntra#t l " de "p,te# .art.1CC5 %,d #"$"l). o(ie&tu* .l #r l) tre! "e s3 2ie 4n &ir&uitu* &ivi*G %,nd"1"a e/te pre$> t @n art.<A3 %,d #"$"l1 (numai lucrurile ce sunt -n comer pot "i obiectul unui contract+ K @n art.4C5J (oricine poate dispune liber de bunurile ce sunt ale lui. cu modi"icrile stabilite de le!i.+K @n art. 131FJ (toate bunurile care sunt -n comer. pot s "ie v2ndute. a"ar numai dac vreo le!e a oprit aceasta HK @n
1A1

art.1C5FJ G/e p,t "p,te#a "+,!"lele #are / nt @n #,+er1H :" @n art.1=44J Gnu se poate prescrie domeniul lucrurilor care. din natura lor proprie sau printr)o declaraie a le!ii. nu pot "i proprietate privat. ci sunt scoase a"ar din comer+ .n.a. 7 ! n r"le /#,a/e d"n #,+er1 .#"r# "t l #"$"l)' ad"# ! n r"le pr,pr"etate p !l"# / nt ! n r" "nal"ena!"le). S"ntag+a G/ nt @n #,+er1H @n/ea+n / nt @n #"r# "t l #"$"l. E/te $,"n1a eBpre/ a leg" "t,r l " pre$> t @n art.5 al"n.2 d"n Legea 6,nd l " 6 n#"ar nr.1=M1<<1 rep !l"#at' ! n r" G/#,a/e d"n #"r# "t l #"$"lH :" @n art.AAJ G/ nt :" r+9n @n #"r# "t l #"$"lH. A /e $edeaJ #la/"6"#area ! n r"l,r d p reg"+ l - r"d"# al #"r# la1"e" l,r. o(ie&tu* .l #r l) s3 2ie %eter#inat .%eter#ina(i*) %,nd"1"a e/te pre$> t @n d, teBte legaleJ art.<4= %,d #"$"lJ Gcondiiile eseniale pentru validitatea unei convenii sunt1 3. 0n obiect determinatH :" art.<A4 (obli!aia trebuie s aib de obiect un lucru determinat. cel puin -n specia sa. Cantitatea obiectului poate "i necert. de este posibil determinarea saH. Interpretarea #,r,!,rat a teBtel,r legale #,nd #e /pre r+t,arele #,n#l >""J 7 ,!"e#t l .! n l) / 6"e determinat @n/ea+n / 6"e part"# lar">at' pre#">at' "nd"$"d al">at pr"n @n/ :"r" pr,pr"" pre$> te @n a#t l - r"d"# @n#De"at. 0 n r"le re/ #erta .! n r"le #erte) /e deter+"n a/t6el. 0 n r"le gener"#e' ad"# a#elea #are /e "dent"6"# pr"n @n/ :"r"le gen l " d"n #are 6a# parte' /e deter+"n pr"n #9ntr"re' +/ rare' n +rare. De eBe+pl ' ! n l re/ #erta . n tele$">,r) /e deter+"n @n a#t l - r"d"# #e /e @n#De"e pr"n @n/ :"r" #aJ +ar#' an de 6a!r"#a1"e' # l,area #ar#a/e"' a ! t,anel,r' l ng"+ea d"ag,nale" et#. %ant"tatea de 1F Eg de #art,6" # +prat /e $a deter+"na d p #9ntr"rea a 1F Eg d"n /a# l de #art,6" eBp / la $9n>are. 7 ,!"e#t l .! n l) / 6"e determinabil @n $""t,r @n/ea+n pre#">area @n #,ntra#t a an +"t,r ele+ente' / 6"#"ente pentr a :t" # #ert"t d"ne ! n l #e repre>"nt ,!"e#t l a#t l " - r"d"#. De eBe+pl ' @1" @n#D"r"e> pe/te , l n n l d"n aparta+entele /"t ate la eta- l II al "+,!"l l " de pe /tr. Un"r"" nr.=' #e $a 6" re#ep1",nat pe/te 1F >"le. Sa @1" $9nd #ele AF de 6r"g"dere #e7+" $,r 6" eBped"ate @n data de 31 +art"e 2FF2 de la (a!r"#a de 6r"g"dere GAr#t"#H ;"e:t"' @n !a>a #,ntra#t l " de 6 rn">are @n#De"at.
1A2

7 #9nd ,!"e#t l .! n l) e/te o cantitate de ! n r" de gen Gcantitatea obiectului poate "i *i necert. de este posibil determinarea sa+. De eBe+pl @1" $9nd p,r +! l d"n /"l,> l nr.3 al 6er+e" 2A. 7 da# ,!"e#t l a#t l " - r"d"# e/te 6,r+at :" d"n pre' a#e/ta tre! "e / 6"e serios :" deter+"nat de pr1" .art.13F3 %,d #"$"l). / eB"/te a t,r">a1"a #er t de lege Unele ! n r" d"n #,n/"derente de ,rd"ne p !l"#' /ntate et#.' a , #"r# la1"e - r"d"# re/tr9n/. De eBe+pl ' p,tr"$"t art.5= d"n Legea nr.1CM1<AA pr"$"nd reg"+ l ar+el,r :" muniiilor1 (-mprumutul sau -nstrinarea armelor *i muniiilor se poate "ace numai persoanelor autori,ate s le dein cu respectarea destinaiei acestora *i a scopului pentru care s)a dat autori,area.+ C n$i#ii spe(iale (5n$ pres"a#ia $e'i" r%l%i are (a 'ie(" %n *ap" al $e'i" r%l%i 1a *a(e sa% a n% *a(e (e)a2 *ap"%l $e'i" r%l%i .ad"# pre/ta1"a de a 6a#e /a a n 6a#e #e$a) s, *ie p si'il' pentr # n"+en" n /e p,ate ,!l"ga la n 6apt "+p,/"!"l. %9nd ,!"e#t l e/te "+p,/"!"l' @n/ea+n # el n eB"/t :" a#t l - r"d"# e/te n l. I+p,/"!"l"tatea tre! "e / 6"e a!/,l t' ,!"e#t"$ pentr ,r"#"ne. De eBe+pl ' @1" $9nd 1F.FFF de #,/t +e pe #are le $," #,n6e#1",na @n tre" >"le @n atel"er l +e d,tat # , +a:"n de # / t. I#'osi(i*itatea tre(uie s3 e.iste 4n #o#entu* 4n&5eierii a&tu*ui $uri%i&+ I+p,/"!"l"tatea p,ate 6" de ordinul material .,!"e#t l a#t l " n /e p,ate real">a dat,r"t n,r @+pre- rr" de 6aptK @n eBe+pl l dat e/te "+p,/"!"l / #,n6e#1",ne>" la , +a:"n de # / t @n tre" >"le 1F.FFF de #,/t +e) /a de ordin juridic .,!"e#t l a#t l " n /e p,ate real">a dat,r"t n,r @+pre- rr" de drept. De eBe+pl ' @1" $9nd /tat "a GM,n +ent l ,/ta: l " r,+9nH d"n #entr l + n"#"p" l " T9rg M re:). *ap"%l $e'i" r%l%i s, *ie li(i" !i m ral' / n @n#al#e n,r+ele "+perat"$e de ,rd"ne p !l"# /a n,r+ele de +,ral"tate /a #,n$"e1 "re /,#"al. E/te "l"#"t 6apt l de!"t,r l " #are /e ,!l"g / + t"le>e , per/,an' / d"/tr g n ! n et#.' @n /#D"+! l ne" / +e de !an"' /a e/te "+,ral 6apt l de!"t,r l " #are /e ,!l"g pentr , / + de !an" / /e pl"+!e g,l pr"n #+"n l /t den1e/# et#.
1A3

 *ap"%l 4obiectul actului juridic ce const -n prestaia de a "ace sau a nu "ace ceva' s, *ie pers nal- al #el " #e /e ,!l"g. %,nd"1"a /e ded #e d"n reg la de drept p,tr"$"t #re"a n"+en" n p,ate 6" ,!l"gat de#9t pr"n $,"n1 pr,pr"e. Pr,+"/" nea 6apte" alt "a n pr,d #e e6e#te - r"d"#e. De eBe+pl ' n /t dent pr,+"te #,leg l " / # a t,r l @" $a d,na # r/ l # a t,gra6. Alta e/te /"t a1"a da# , per/,an' @n eBe+pl l dat /t dent l' pr,+"te # $a dep ne t,ate d"l"gen1ele' e6,rt r"le pentr a7l deter+"na pe a t,r / d,ne>e # r/ l. 3n a#e/t #a>' ,!l"ga1"a de a 6a#e a /t dent l " e/te $ala!"l' pentr # el pr,+"te 6apta /a pr,pr"e I de a7l deter+"na pe a t,r / d,ne>e. A t,r l $a d,na /a n # r/ l # a t,gra6' p,tr"$"t pr,pr"e" /ale +an"6e/tr" de $,"n1. A#e/t #,nta#t $ala!"l @n#De"at /e n +e:te #,n$en1"a de p,rte76,rt /a pr,+"/" nea pentr alt l. #el #e /e ,!l"g' / 6"e t"t lar l drept l " !n a&te*e $uri%i&e &onstitutive sau trans*ative %e %re'turi rea*e /e #ere &on%i/ia #a #el #are d / 6"e titu*aru* %re'tu*ui .de eBe+pl ' #el #e $"nde / 6"e t"t lar l drept l " de pr,pr"etate). E/te , #er"n1 a pr"n#"p" l " de drept p,tr"$"t #r "a n"+en" n p,ate da #eea #e n are .ne+, dat P ,d n,n Da!et) /a n"+en" n p,ate da +a" + lt de#9t are el @n/ :" .ne+, pl / - r"/ ad al" + tran/6erre p,te/t' P a+ "p/e Da!et). Pr"n a#e/te a#te /e tran/+"te drept l de pr,pr"etate :" de a#eea $9n>t,r l tre! "e / 6" t"t lar l drept l " de pr,pr"etate #e /e tran/+"te. E/te pr,!le+a # n,/# t a contractului de v2n,are a lucrului altuia. Pr,!le+a n /e p ne @n "p,te>a (unuri*or %e 1en /a a #el,r $""t,arede,are#e pr,pr"etatea n /e tran/+"te @n +,+ent l @n#De"er"" #,ntra#t l "' #" @n +,+ent l n +rr""' #9ntr"r""' +/ rr"" /a real">r"" ! n l " $""t,r. L #r r"le de gen n p"er n"#",dat' pr,pr"etar l tre! "e / pr,# re n alt l pentr a ,n,ra ,!l"ga1"a de predare. 3n #a> l (unuri*or %eter#inate' res &erta' pr,!le+a "+pl"# d, /"t a1""J

1A4

a) prile. sau cel puin cumprtorul a 6,/t @n er,are' apre#""nd gre:"t # $9n>t,r l e/te pr,pr"etar l l #r l " $9nd t. D,#tr"na pr,p ne r+t,arele /,l 1""J $9n>area e/te $ala!"l % +prt,r l p,ate #ere re>,l 1" nea #,ntra#t l " pentr neeBe# tarea ,!l"ga1"e" $9n>t,r l " de a tran/6era drept l de pr,pr"etate a/ pra l #r l " $9nd t.1=C % +prt,r l poate cere re,oluiune #,ntra#t l "' #9nd #,n/"+1+9nt l a 6,/t $"#"at prin dol. Se pre#">ea> # e/te , n l"tate relat"$.1== !) v9n)area este anu*a(i*3 'entru eroare .$"#" de #,n/"+1+9nt) asu'ra &a*it3/ii esen/ia*e a v9n)3toru*ui' #are a 6,/t /,#,t"t de # +prt,r pr,pr"etar al l #r l " 1=< Pra#t"#a - d"#"ar e/te #,ntrad"#t,r"eJ /7a dat /,l 1"" de nulitate absolut a #,ntra#t l "' de,are#e l"p/e:te #a >a $9n>r""7# +prr"" .n.a. 7 /7a # +prat de la $9n>t,r l nepr,pr"etar n de la n pr,pr"etar) @n pra#t"#a % r1"" S pre+e de - /t"1"e /e ad+"te /,l 1"a n l"t1"" relat"$e' #,ntra#t l de $9n>are7# +prare 6""nd @n#De"at / ! #,nd"1"e re>,l t,r"e. 3n #a> l #9nd a+!ele pr1" ale a#t l " - r"d"# a 6,/t de rea7 #red"n1 .a+ # n,/# t # l #r l @n/tr"nat e/te pr,pr"etatea alte" per/,ane)' a#t l - r"d"# e/te l,$"t de n l"tate a!/,l t pentr #a > "l"#"t. %lte condiiiJ Une,r"' nat ra a#t l " - r"d"# "+p ne #a ,!"e#t l / 6"e 6,r+at d"n an +"te ! n r". A/t6elJ - o(ie&tu* &ontra&tu*ui %e i'ote&3 'oate 2i nu#ai un i#o(i*, - o(ie&tu* &ontra&tu*ui %e 1a$ este un #o(i*, - o(ie&t a* unui &ontra&t %e 4#'ru#ut %e &onsu#a/ie un (un &onsu#'ti(i*, - o(ie&t a* unui &ontra&t %e 4#'ru#ut %e 2o*osin/3 un (un ne&onsu#'ti(i* et&+
1=C 1== 1=<

1A5

4. *auza actului 'uridic

a7 De2ini/ia &au)ei a&tu*ui $uri%i& P,tr"$"t art.<4= %,d #"$"l a patra #,nd"1"e e/en1"al de $al"d"tate a a#t l " - r"d"# e/teJH4. , #a > l"#"t.H 3n art.<AA %,d #"$"l /e d"/p neJ (obli!aia "r cau, sau "ondat pe o cau, "als sau nelicit. nu poate avea nici un e"ect.H Prin &au)3 se 4n/e*e1e &on%i/ia esen/ia*3 %e va*i%itate a a&tu*ui $uri%i& &e &onst3 4n s&o'u* ur#3rit %e 2ie&are 'arte &9n% 0i"a %at &onsi#/3#9ntu* *a 4n&5eierea a&estuia+ Este e*e#entu* 'si5o*o1i& &e %eter#in3 &onsi#/3#9ntu*, este #otivu* %eter#inant, i#'u*siv &e &on%u&e *a *uarea 5ot3r9rii %e a 4n&5eia a&tu*+ Cau)a a'ar/ine 2ie&3rui &onsi#/3#9nt+ !n %o&trin3 se o'inea)3 &3 este #ai &ore&t s3 se s'un3 &3 4n &ontra&te ave# %ou3 &au)e, &9te una 'entru 2ie&are 'arte &are se o(*i13, 0i este %e 're2erat 2or#u*area ? (a%+a 'liga#iei@ 4n *o& %e ?(a%+a a("%l%i .%ri$i(@6B0+ O(*i1a/ia 2ie&3rei '3r/i are o &au)3 'ro'rie, nu e.ist3 o o(*i1a/ie &o#un3 a&tu*ui $uri%i&+ Cau)a >s&o'u*7 a&tu*ui $uri%i& 0i &onsi#/3#9ntu* sunt e*e#ente*e &o#'onente a*e voin/ei $uri%i&e+ E*e nu se &on2un%3+ Consi#/3#9ntu*"#ani2estarea 5ot3r9rii %e a 4n&5eia un a&t $uri%i& " este 're&e%at %e o &au)3 're2i1urat3 #enta* 'entru &are 'artea 5ot3r30te s3 4n&5eie a&tu* $uri%i&+ <&o'u* &onstituie #otivu* &e a %eter#inat &onsi#/3#9ntu* %at *a 4n&5eierea a&tu*ui $uri%i&+ Consi#/3#9ntu* r3s'un%e *a 4ntre(area- ?<u(ie&tu* %e %re't a voit s3 4n&5eie a&tu* $uri%i&H@ 0i &au)a r3s'un%e *a 4ntre(area- ?De &e s"a 4n&5eiat a&tu* $uri%i&H@, ?De &e su(ie&tu* %e %re't a vrut s3 4n&5eie a&tu* $uri%i&H@+ De e.e#'*u, %ores& s3 &u#'3r un autoturis#, %eoare&e nou* *o& %e #un&3 #ai (ine '*3tit este *a o %istan/3 #are %e &as3+ Cau)a &u#'3r3rii autoturis#u*ui >a a&tu*ui $uri%i& %e v9n)are"
1<F

1AA

&u#'3rare7 este %orin/a, e*e#ent 'si5o*o1i&, %e a nu 'ier%e nou* *o& %e #un&3 #ai (ine '*3tit+ !n &on&*u)ie, &au)a este" o 'arte a voin/ei $uri%i&e, 0i anu#e a&eea &are a %eter#inat &onsi#/3#9ntu* *a 4n&5eierea a&tu*ui " s&o'u* ur#3rit %e 2ie&are 'arte *a 4n&5eierea a&tu*ui $uri%i& " e*e#ent %istin&t 2a/3 %e &onsi#/3#9nt, &on%i/ie esen/ia*3 %e va*i%itate a a&tu*ui $uri%i& " s&o'u* a&tu*ui $uri%i& nu#it 0i &ausa 2ina*is " 4n ti#', &au)a 're&e%e e2e&tu*, 4n sensu* &3 #enta* se 're" 2i1urea)3 &au)a >s&o'u*7 'entru &are se 4n&5eie a&tu* $uri%i&, 0i e2e&t a* s&o'u*ui >&au)ei7 se 4n&5eie a&tu* $uri%i&+ !) Ele+entele #a >e" a#t l " - r"d"# Cau)a a&tu*ui $uri%i& este a*&3tuit3 %in %ou3 e*e#entes&o'u* i#e%iat a* &onsi#/3#9ntu*ui 0i s&o'u* #e%iat a* &onsi#/3#9ntu*ui+ a7 scopul imediat al consimm2ntului, nu#it 0i s&o'u* o(*i1a/iei >&au)a 'ro.i#a7+ Este s'e&i2i& 2ie&3rei &ate1orii %e a&te $uri%i&e+ E* este a's"ra("- 'ie("i)- in)aria'il *a a&eea0i &ate1orie %e a&te $uri%i&e+ La ( n"ra("ele sinalagma"i(e, o 'arte se o(*i13, %eoare&e 4* interesea)3 &ontra'resta/ia &e*ei*a*te '3r/i+ De e.e#'*u, 4n &ontra&tu* %e v9n)are"&u#'3rare, o(*i1a/ia asu#at3 %e v9n)3tor %e a 're%a (unu* v9n%ut are %re't &au)3, s&o', 2a'tu* &3 se ur#3re0te s3 se 'ri#eas&3 're/u* >'re%area 're/u*ui este o(*i1a/ia &e*ei*a*te '3r/i7+ La a("ele .%ri$i(e (% "i"l% gra"%i" , &au)a >s&o'u*7 'entru &are una %in '3r/i se o(*i13 s3 2a&3 o *i(era*itate sau un servi&iu %e)interesat este inten/ia %e a 1rati2i&a >ani#us %o#an%i7+ La a("ele .%ri$i(e reale, &au)a >s&o'u*7 'resta/iei este re#iterea >'re%area7 #ateria*3 a *u&ru*ui >tra%itio rei7+ (7 s( p%l me$ia" al ( nsim#,m5n"%l%i >&ausa re#ota7 nu#it 0i &au)a >s&o'u*7 a&tu*ui $uri%i& &onst3 4n 4#'re$urarea &on&ret3, su(ie&tiv3, 0i varia(i*3, *a 2ie&are a&t, &e a %eter#inat 'artea
1AC

>'3r/i*e7 s3 4n&5eie a&tu* $uri%i&+ <&o'u* #e%iat a 2ost a&e*a &are a i#'u*sionat 5ot3r9rea %e a 4n&5eia a&tu* $uri%i&+ Ori&e a&t $uri%i& are un s&o' #e%iat 'ro'riu+ De e.e#'*u, 4ntr"un a&t $uri%i& se 4n&5iria)3 un a'arta#ent 'entru nevoi*e %e *o&uit a*e *o&ataru*ui, 4ntr"un a*t a&t $uri%i& 'entru sta(i*irea se%iu*ui unei 2ir#e &o#er&ia*e, 4n a*t a&t $uri%i& 'entru a#ena$area unui &a(inet #e%i&a* 'rivat+ Pentru %ove%irea s&o'u*ui i#e%iat se &er&etea)3 natura a&tu*ui $uri%i& 4n&5eiatG a&t sina*a1#ati&, a&t &u tit*u 1ratuit sau a&t rea*+ Iiin% sta(i*it3 natura a&tu*ui $uri%i& se sta(i*es& i#'*i&t 'resta/ii*e *a &are s"au o(*i1at '3r/i*e+ Ia'tu* &3 s&o'u* i#e%iat 0i s&o'u* #e%iat sunt %ou3 no/iuni %istin&te se evi%en/ia)3 4n #aterie %e 'ro(a/iune $u%i&iar3+ Dova%a s&o'u*ui #e%iat este %i2i&i*3 'entru &3 se 'une 'ro(*e#a sta(i*irii unui e*e#ent 'si5o*o1i& = #otivu* i#'u*siv 0i %eter#inant &are a %us *a 4n&5eierea a&tu*ui $uri%i&+ <e a'e*ea)3 *a 're)u#/ii %in &are a'oi se sta(i*e0te s&o'u* #e%iat+ A&east3 &on&e'/ie re2eritoare *a e*e#ente*e &o#'onente a*e &au)ei a 2ost a%o'tat %e $uris'ru%en/3+ Nu#ai ast2e*, 'ot 2i anu*ate a&te $uri%i&e 4n &are &au)a i#e%iat3 nu 'oate 2i 'us3 su( se#nu* 4n%oie*ii, 4n ti#' &e &au)a #e%iat3 'oate 2i 2a*s3 i*i&it3 sau i#ora*3+ De e.e#'*u, instan/a %e $u%e&at3 a %is'us anu*area unui &ontra&t %e %ona/ie %eoare&e &au)a #e%iat3 a 2ost i#ora*3 = %ona/ia a 2ost 23&ut3 4n s&o'u* #en/inerii unei re*a/ii %e &on&u(ina$G s"a %is'us anu*area unui &ontra&t %eoare&e una %in '3r/i *a 4n&5eierea a&tu*ui 0i"a 'ro'us %re't s&o' s3 'ro2ite %e starea %e i1noran/3 a &e*ei*a*te '3r/i 0i s3 o(/in3 avanta$e %is'ro'or/ionat %e #ari 4n ra'ort &u 'resta/ia o2erit3+ De a&eea, &on%i/ii*e %e va*a(i*itate a*e &au)ei a&tu*ui $uri%i& 'rives& &au)a >s&o'u*7 #e%iat3+ #) %,nd"1""le de $ala!"l"tate ale #a >e" a#t l " - r"d"# 6+ Ca%+a "re'%ie s, e>is"e0 Con%i/ia este &erut3 %e %is'o)i/ii*e art+BFF Co% &ivi*Ao(*i1a/ia 23r3 &au)3 >+++7 nu 'oate avea ni&i un e2e&t+@ 3n d,#tr"n /7a eBpr"+at p n#te de $edere d"6er"te # pr"$"re la absena cau,ei.
1A=

3ntr7, ,p"n"e' n,1" nea de a!/en1 de #a > /e "ntegrea> @n n,1" nea de #a > 6al/. S?oiunea de absen de cau,. conceput independent de cau,a "als. nu are a "i reinut.H1<1 3ntr7, alt ,p"n"e' l"p/a #a >e" @n/ea+n , er,are a/ pra eB"/ten1e" #a >a' de,are#e a#t l - r"d"# /e @n#De"e @nt,tdea na pentr # pr1"le r+re/# n /#,p. S#,p l p,ate l"p/" d,ar #9nd a#t l - r"d"# l7ar @n#De"a "nter>":"" - de#t,re:t"' l #r "nad+"/"!"l. 3n #,n#l >"e' #a >a ./#,p l) a#t l " - r"d"# eB"/t9nd @nt,tdea na .# eB#ep1"a artat) n +a" repre>entarea e" .#a >e") p,ate 6" 6al/.1<2 Sta!"l"rea eB"/ten1e" #a >e" "+p ne d, ,pera1" n" - /ta!"l"rea #a >e" n eB"/tJ #a >a "+ed"at /a #a >a +ed"atK - +,t"$ l l"p/e" #a >e" 6"e a #ele" "+ed"ate' 6"e a #ele" +ed"ate. D,#tr"na - r"d"# /ta!"le:te r+t,arele /,l 1""J 7 #a >a a#t l " - r"d"# l"p/e:te dat,r"t "neB"/ten1e" d"/#ern+9nt l ". 3n a#ea/t "p,te> l"p/e/# a+!ele #,+p,nente ale #a >e"J #a >a "+ed"at :" #a >a +ed"at' de,are#e n +a" d"/#ern+9nt l generea> #,n/"+1+9nt' +an"6e/tarea D,tr9r"" de a @n#De"a a#t l - r"d"#. San#1" nea e/te n l"tatea relat"$ a a#t l " - r"d"# 7 #a >a l"p/e:te pentr # @n #,ntra#tele /"nalag+at"#e , parte /e ,!l"g 6r / r+rea/# , #,ntrapre/ta1"e .de eBe+pl ' "n6ra#t,r l #er#etat @n#De"e #,ntra#t l de $9n>are7# +prare a a t,t r"/+ l " Mer#ede/' dar n r+re:te #,ntrapre/ta1"a pr,# r,r l " I pre1 l)' @n a#tele - r"d"#e # t"tl grat "t , parte n e/te an"+at de d,r"n1a de a grat"6"#a .de eBe+pl ' ad+"n"/trat,r l ne" /,#"et1" #,+er#"ale d,nea> , / + pentr /p,n/,r">area ne" a#1" n" a ;r>"" ("nan#"are' dar n , 6a#e pentr a grat"6"#a' #" pentr a e$"ta n $""t,r #,ntr,l)K @n a#tele - r"d"#e reale n /e r+re:te predarea l #r l ". 3n a#e/te "p,te>e l"p/e:te #a >a "+ed"at .#are a!/,ar!e #a >a +ed"at)' #,nd"1"e e/en1"al de $al"d"tate a a#t l " - r"d"#. San#1" nea e/te n l"tatea a!/,l t a a#t l " - r"d"# @n#De"at.
1<1 1<2

1A<

2. Cau,a s "ie real 4s nu "ie "als'. %,nd"1"a /e pre$ede @n art.<AA %,d #"$"lJ S obli!aia "ondat pe o cau, "als 4...' nu poate avea nici un e"ect .H %a >a e/te 6al/ #9nd partea la a#t l - r"d"# e/te @n er,are # pr"$"re la +,t"$ l #are l7a deter+"nat /7l @n#De"e' ad"# e/te @n er,are a/ pra /#,p l " +ed"at. De eBe+pl ' @n #,ntra#t l de pre/tr" /er$"#"" , parte @l @n#De"e pentr # :"7a pr,p / #a /#,p pr"n "n$"tarea n " #9ntre1 de t,p ad #erea n " n +r #9t +a" +are de /pe#tat,r". 3n real"tate /7a pre>entat n /,l"/t l"p/"t de #al"t1" art"/t"#e. %a >a 6al/ /e /an#1",nea> # n l"tatea relat"$ a a#t l " numai c2nd /e @ndepl"ne/# #er"n1ele er,r"" $"#" de #,n/"+1+9nt. 3. Cau,a s "ie licit *i moral. P,tr"$"t art.<A= %,d #"$"lJ Scau,a este nelicit c2nd este prohibit de le!i. c2nd este contrar bunelor moravuri *i ordinii publiceH. A/e+enea' art.<AA %,d #"$"l d"/p neJ S obli!aia 4...' nelicit nu poate avea nici un e"ect.H De +en1",nat # #er"n1a pr"$"nd +,ral"tatea #a >e"' de:" n e/te pre$> t @n teBtele legale' /e ded #e "+pl"#"t d"n #er"n1a #a >e" de a 6" l"#"t. Legea p ne /e+n l egal"t1"" @ntre #a >a imoral :" cau,a ilicit. De eBe+pl ' ,!l"ga1"a a/ +at de , parte a #,ntra#t l " de a pr,d #e , $t+are #,rp,ral @n /#D"+! l ne" / +e de !an"' e/te "l"#"t :" @n a#ela:" t"+p "+,ral. De a/e+enea ,!l"ga1"a a/ +at' t,t pentr , / + de !an"' de a /e pl"+!a g,l pr"n /l"le de #la/' e/te n l a!/,l t pentr #a > "+,ral' de:" , a/e+enea a#1" ne p,ate 6" #al"6"#at #a 6""nd , 6apt penal I ltra- #,ntra ! nel,r +,ra$ r"' :" de#" , 6apt "l"#"t. %7 Pro(a &au)ei 3n art.<AC %,d #"$"l /e pre$ede r+t,area reg lJ S%,n$en1"a e/te $ala!"l' # t,ate # #a >a n e/te eBpre/HK S%a >a e/te pre> +at p9n la pr,!a #,ntrar"e.H TeBtele de lege pre$d d, pre> +1"" legale relat"$e ." r"/ tant +)J - ,r"#are a#t - r"d"# #"$"l are , #a >
1CF

- #a >a a#t l " - r"d"# e/te $ala!"l. %"ne "n$,# "neB"/ten1a #a >e" ,r" ne$ala!"l"tatea e" tre! "e / 6a# d,$ada. %a >a 6""nd n 6apt - r"d"#' p,ate 6" pr,!at pr"n ,r"#e +"-l,# de pr,!. e7 A&te $uri%i&e &au)a*e 0i a&au)a*e Ma-,r"tatea a#tel,r - r"d"#e / nt a#tele - r"d"#e #a >ale. &ala!"l"tatea l,r "+pl"# anal">a #a >e" I #,nd"1"e e/en1"al de $ala!"l"tate a a#t l ". 3n l"p/a ne" #a >e $ala!"le a#t l e/te n l. 3n pra#t"# eB"/t a:a n +"tele tit*uri %e va*oare .a#te - r"d"#e a#a >ale) # #"r# la1"e +a" l"!er #,+parat"$ # a#tele - r"d"#e ,!":n "te. Ele' pentr a 6" $ala!"le tre! "e / @ndepl"nea/# #,nd"1""le 6,r+ale /tr"#te pre$> te de lege. T"tl r"le de $al,r" / nt @n/#r"/ r" #e @n#,rp,rea> #rean1e. P,/e/,r l a#e/t,ra 6"e el n,+"nal">at /a n @n # pr"n/ l t"tl l " de $al,are d,!9nde:te drept l de #rean1 /pe#"6"#at @n t"tl l de $al,are. &ala!"l"tatea a#t l " - r"d"# a!/tra#t n /e anal">ea> @n 6 n#1"e de $ala!"l"tatea #a >e"' #" @n rap,rt de @ndepl"n"rea /#r p l,a/ a 6,r+el,r "+p /e de lege. EBe+ple de t"tl r" de $al,areJ ,!l"ga1" n"le %E%' a#1" n"le :" ,!l"ga1" n"le e+"/e de /,#"et1"le #,+er#"ale' !"let l la ,rd"n et#. A#e/te @n/#r"/ r" 6,r+ale / nt n +"te a#te a!/tra#te t,#+a" pentr a / !l"n"a # ele / nt $ala!"le "ndependent de #a >a l,r. 1<3 Ur+t,area /pe1 rele$ "+p,rtan1a # n,a:ter"" #a >e" a#tel,r - r"d"#e #"$"le. D, per/,ane # ,# pa1"a de gD"#"t,are @n#De"e n #,ntra#t de $9n>are7# +prare a n,r ! n r" #e /e 6,l,/e/# eB#l /"$ pentr pra#t"#area a#e/te" +e/er"". % +prt,r l n a predat pre1 l. 3n l"t"g" pr1"le a "n$,#at r+t,arele arg +ente' pentr a7:" / /1"ne preten1""leJ 7 # +prt,r l pentr a n plt" pre1 l /7a aprat pre$al9nd 7 /e de 6apt l # a#t l - r"d"# @n#De"at e/te n l de drept I n l"tate a!/,l t pentr #a > "l"#"t' eBer#"tarea ne" pr,6e/"" "l"#"te.

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7 $9n>t,r l a / /1"n t # @n #,ntra#t l /"nalag+at"# #a >a "+ed"at e/te #,ntrapre/ta1"a #ele"lalte pr1"' de#" tran/+"19nd pr,pr"etatea ! n r"l,r el tre! "e / pr"+ea/# pre1 l. %a >a #,ntra#t l " n #,n/t @n t"l">area pe #are , $a da # +prt,r l ! n r"l,r d,!9nd"te. In/tan1a a apre#"at # de:" #a >a "+ed"at #,n/t @n tran/+"terea pr,pr"et1"" ! n l "' #a >a +ed"at' @n a#e/t #a>' +,t"$ l #e l7a deter+"nat pe # +prt,r / d,!9ndea/# ! n r"le e/te d,r"n1a a#e/t "a de a eBer#"ta +e/er"a de gD"#"t,are' 6apt @n an +"te #,nd"1"" pre$> te de lege' "nter>"/' "l"#"t. 3n #,nd"1""le /pe1e" .a+!ele pr1" / nt gD"#"t,are) "n/tan1a n a +a" #er#etat da# $9n>t,r l # n,:tea +,t"$ l deter+"nant I #a >a +ed"at pentr #are # +prt,r l :"7a dat #,n/"+1+9nt l la a#el #,ntra#t.1<4 D p prerea n,a/tr' @n /,l 1",narea legal a /pe1e" /e "+p n r/p n/ r" la r+t,arele @ntre!r"J #are a 6,/t #a >a ./#,p l) +ed"at al $9n>t,r l "' #e l7a @nde+nat /7:" dea #,n/"+1+9nt l la #,ntra#t l de $9n>are7# +prare a n,r ! n r"' #D"ar da# t"l">area l,r p,ate 6" "legal. De eBe+pl ' # !an"" a/t6el ,!1"n 1"' $9n>t,r l p,ate r+rea / pltea/# taBele legale pentr a r+a # r/ r"le ne" n"$er/"t1" pr"$ate.

#. (orma actului 'uridic

a7 No/iunea %e 2or#3 a a&tu*ui $uri%i& N,1" nea de S"orma actului juridicH are d, /en/ r"J 7 sens restr2ns' pr"n 6,r+a a#t l " /e @n1elege +,d l # + /e eBter",r">ea> +an"6e/tarea de $,"n1 a pr1"" la @n#De"erea a#t l " - r"d"#. E/te' @ntr7, alt 6,r+ lare' modul de e9teriori,are a consimm2ntului. ) -n sens lar!' 6,r+a a#t l " - r"d"# repre>"nt #,nd"1""le de 6,r+ #er te de lege pentr $al"d"tatea a#t l " - r"d"# .ad $al"d"tate+)' pentr pr,!a eB"/ten1e" :" a #,n1"n t l " a#t l " - r"d"# .ad pr,!a7 t",ne+) :" pentr ,p,>a!"l"tatea a#t l " 6a1 de ter1ele per/,ane .#,nd"1"" de p !l"#"tate).
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%,n/"+1+9nt l pr1"l,r /e eBter",r">ea> @n 6,r+eJ

r+t,arele

7 @n 6,r+ #,n/en/ al' p,tr"$"t pr"n#"p" l " #,n/en/ a7 l"/+ l " a#tel,r - r"d"#eK 7 @n 6,r+ /,le+n' #a r+are a n,r #er"n1e "+p /e de lege' la an +"te a#te - r"d"#e. (7 Prin&i'iu* &onsensua*is#u*ui a&te*or $uri%i&e &ivi*e Pr"n#"p" l e/te , #,n/e#"n1 a pr"n#"p" l " l"!ert1"" #,ntra#t ale. Pentr $ala!"l"tatea a#t l " - r"d"# e/te / 6"#"ent /"+pla +an"6e/tare de $,"n1 a pr1"l,r @n /#,p l de a pr,d #e e6e#te - r"d"#e ./,l, #,n/en/ ). A#ea/t #,nd"1"e e/te :" / 6"#"ent :" ne#e/ar. N "ntere/ea> 6,r+a @n #are /e eBter",r">ea> +an"6e/tarea de $,"n1. A#tele - r"d"#e @n#De"ate a/t6el / nt a#te - r"d"#e #,n/en/ ale. Pr"n#"p" l n are #,n/a#rare leg"/lat"$K el p,ate 6" ded / a/t6elJ 7 d"n "nterpretarea per a #,ntrar", a art.<4= %,d #"$"l nde / nt en +erate #,nd"1""le e/en1"ale de $ala!"l"tate ale a#t l " - r"d"#. D"n t#erea leg"" ./e en +er d,ar #apa#"tatea' #,n/"+1+9nt l' ,!"e#t l :" #a >a) /e @n1elege # leg" "t,r l " @" e/te "nd"6erent 6,r+a @n #are /e +an"6e/t #,n/"+1+9nt l. 7 d"n "nterpretarea art.12<5 %,d #"$"l' re6er"t,r la #,ntra#t l de $9n>are7# +prare' a#t - r"d"# /pe#"alJ Ivinderea este per"ect -ntre pri *i proprietatea este de drept strmutat la cumprtor. -n privina v2n,torului. -ndat ce prile s)au -nvoit asupra lucrului *i asupra preului. de*i lucrul nu se va "i predat *i preul -nc nu se va "i numrat.+ 7 d"n "nterpretarea art.<C1 %,d #"$"l nde /e #,n/a#r "+pl"#"t a#e/t pr"n#"p" J I-n contractele ce au ca obiect translaia proprietii sau unui alt drept real. proprietatea sau dreptul se transmite prin e"ectul consimm2ntului prilor *i lucrul rm2ne -n ri,io)pericolul dob2nditorului. chiar c2nd nu i s)a "cut tradiiunea lucrului+. A#,l, nde leg" "t,r l a d,r"t / "+p n , an +"t 6,r+ de eBter",r">are a #,n/"+1+9nt l "' a 6# t7, @n +,d eBpre/. De eBe+pl ' @n art.=13 %,d #"$"lJ ST,ate d,na1""le /e 6a# pr"n a#t a tent"#H.
1C3

S !l"n"e+ # p,tr"$"t pr"n#"p" l " l"!ert1"" #,ntra#t ale' pr1"le p,t /ta!"l" de #,+ n a#,rd / @+!ra#e a#,rd l de $,"n1 @ntr7, 6,r+ /,le+n. De eBe+pl ' pentr a pre#,n/t"t " n +"-l,# de pr,! @ntr7 n e$ent al l"t"g" /ta!"le/# #a a#,rd l de $,"n1 / @+!ra#e 6,r+a n " @n/#r"/. &7 Con%i/ii*e %e 2or#3 a*e a&tu*ui $uri%i&D p # + a+ artat' #,n/"+1+9nt l pr1"l,r la a#t l - r"d"# /e p,ate eBter",r">a @n 6,r+ /,le+n. (,r+a /,le+n a a#t l " - r"d"# pr"$e:teJ 7 $ala!"l"tatea a#t l " - r"d"# .6,r+a e/te #er t ad $al"d"tate+ /a ad /,le+n"tate+) 7 pr,!a a#t l " - r"d"# .6,r+a e/te #er t ad pr,!at",ne+) 7 ,p,>a!"l"tatea 6a1 de ter1" .#,nd"1"" de p !l"#"tate). (,r+a /,le+n a a#t l " - r"d"# p,ate 6" "+p / de lege /a /ta!"l"t #,n$en1",nal de pr1". De reg l 6,r+a #,ntra#tel,r , aleg pr1"le #,ntra#tante. A!ater"le de la reg l' de la l"!ertatea aleger"" 6,r+e" #,ntra#t ale /e /ta!"le/# pr"n lege. Ior#a &erut3 a% va*i%itate# e/te #,nd"1"a de $ala!"l"tate a a#t l " - r"d"# @n l"p/a #re"a a#t l - r"d"# n /e na:te $ala!"l. 3n d,#tr"na - r"d"# / nt artate r+t,arele ra1" n" ale 6,r+e" a#t l " - r"d"# .neg,t" + - r"/) ad $al"d"tate+. 7 a#t l - r"d"# .neg,t" + - r"/) are "+p,rtante #,n/e#"n1e patr"+,n"ale pentr #el #e le @n#De"e. De eBe+pl a#t l - r"d"# de %ona/ie' a#t l - r"d"# de i'ote&3 .art.1CC2 %,d #"$"lJ S"p,te#a #,n$en1",nal n $a p tea 6" #,n/t"t "t de#9t pr"n a#t a tent"#)' v9n)area"&u#'3rarea terenuri*or .art.2 al"n.1 d"n Legea pr"$"nd #"r# la1"a - r"d"# a teren r"l,r nr.54M1<<=. STeren r"le /"t ate @n "ntra$"lan :" eBtra$"lan p,t 6" @n/tr"nate :" d,!9nd"te pr"n a#te - r"d"#e @ntre $""' @n#De"ate @n 6,r+ a tent"#.H)' testa#entu* .art.=5= %,d #"$"lJ SUn te/ta+ent p,ate 6" ,l,gra6' /a 6# t pr"n a#t a tent"#' /a @n 6,r+ +"/t"#) et#. /e @nt,#+e/# n +a" @n 6,r+ /,le+n I a#t a tent"#. 7 /tat l p,ate # n,a:te :" #,ntr,la @n#De"erea n,r a#te - r"d"#e # "+p,rtan1 de,/e!"t pentr pr1" :" pentr /tat 7 6,r+a de /,le+n"tate garantea> l"!ertatea depl"n :" #,n:t"ent a #,n/"+1+9nt l "' @n a#te - r"d"#e # "+p,rtante #,n/e#"n1e patr"+,n"ale .de eBe+pl ' d,na1"a' te/ta+ent l)
1C4

7 /e a/"g r pr,te#1"a "ntere/el,r #red"t,r"l,r :" ter1"l,r' @n #,ntra n,r e$ent ale 6ra de @ndreptate @+p,tr"$a l,r .De eBe+pl ' de!"t,r l r+re:te pr,$,#area "n/,l$a!"l"t1"" /a agra$area e"' pr"n d,na1""' pentr a e$"ta plata dat,rat #red"t,r l " / ). 1<5 (,r+a a#t l " - r"d"# ad $al"d"tate+ /e #ara#ter">ea> pr"nJ 7 #,n/t"t "e #,nd"1"e e/en1"al de $al"d"tate a a#t l " - r"d"#' @n l"p/a #re"a a#t l " - r"d"# e/te l,$"t de n l"tate 7 @n a#t l - r"d"# @n#De"at @n 6,r+ /,le+n #,n/"+1+9nt l e/te @nt,tdea na eBpre/ .n e/te ad+"/"!"l #,n/"+1+9nt l ta#"t.) 7 a#t l - r"d"# p,ate 6" @n#De"at @ntr7, /"ng r 6,r+J /,le+n /a #,n/en/ al. %9nd legea pre#">ea> 6,r+a /,le+n' pr1"le n p,t 6a#e , alt alegere. EB#ep1"eJ @n #a> l te/ta+ent l " #are p,ate 6"J 7 @n 6,r+ a tent"#' @n 6,r+ ,l,gra6 ./#r"/ @n @ntreg"+e' datat :" /e+nat de #tre te/tat,r)' @n 6,r+ +"/t"# ./e+nat de te/tat,r I p,ate 6" /#r"/ :" de , alt +9n I @n#D"/' /"g"lat :" pre>entat ne" - de#t,r"" #e @nt,#+e:te n pr,#e/7$er!al pe @n/#r"/ l nde /7a @nt,#+"t te/ta+ent l /a pe pl"# l nde /7a "ntr,d / te/ta+ent l). Con%i/ii*e &erute 'entru 4nto&#irea 2or#ei a% va*i%itate#7 a#t l - r"d"# /e @n#De"e @n @ntreg"+e @n 6,r+ /,le+n .t,ate #la >ele) :" 7 a#t l - r"d"# "nterdependent # a#t l - r"d"# /,le+n /e @n#De"e @n 6,r+ /,le+n. De eBe+pl la @n#De"erea n " a#t - r"d"# /,le+n pr"n repre>entare :" pr,# ra @+!ra# 6,r+a /,le+n. S nt a#te - r"d"#e #e /e @n#De"e @n 6,r+ /,le+n ad $al"d"tate+ r+t,areleJ 7 #,ntra#t l de d,na1"e .art.=13 %,d #"$"l) 7 te/ta+ent l .art.=5= %,d #"$"l) 7 re$,#area eBpre/ a n " legat .art.<2F %,d #"$"l) 7 a##eptarea / ##e/" n"" / ! !ene6"#" de "n$entar .art.CF4 %,d #"$"l :" art.CA al"n.4 d"n Legea nr.3AM1<<5 7 ren n1area eBpre/ la / ##e/" ne .art.C4 al"n.4 d"n Legea nr.3AM1<<5) 7 / !r,ga1"a @n drept r"le #red"t,r l " plt"t' a##eptat de de!"t,r .art.11FC p#t.2 %,d #"$"l) 7 #,ntra#t l de "p,te# .art.1CC2 %,d #"$"l)
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7 a#t l - r"d"# @ntre $"" a$9nd #a ,!"e#t @n/tr"narea n " teren .art.2 d"n Legea nr.54M1<<= pr"$"nd #"r# la1"a - r"d"# a teren r"l,r) 7 #,ntra#t l de arendare .art.A al"n.1 d"n Legea arendr"" nr.1AM1<<4) 7 eBpr"+area #,n/"+1+9nt l " pr"n1"l,r .pr"ntel ") la ad,p1"a #,p"l l " .art.C al"n.1 d"n Ord,nan1a nr.25M1<<C # pr"$"re la reg"+ l - r"d"# al ad,p1"e"' apr,!at pr"n Legea nr.=CM1<<= pr"$"nd ad,p1" nea). 7 eBpr"+area #,n/"+1+9nt l " /#r"/ # pr"$"re la d,narea de 1e/ t r" :" ,rgane @n /#,p terape t"# .art.5 al"n.1 d"n Legea nr.2M1<<=) 7 #,ntra#t l de #e/" ne a drept r"l,r a/ pra +r#"" tre! "e @n#De"at @n 6,r+ /#r"/ .art.4F d"n Legea nr.=4M1<<= pr"$"nd +r#"le :" "nd"#a1""le ge,gra6"#e) 7 a#t l #,n/t"t t"$ al a/,#"a1""l,r :" 6 nda1""l,r 6r /#,p patr"+,n"al .art.A d"n Ord,nan1a de ; $ern nr.2AM2FFF # pr"$"re la a/,#"a1"" :" 6 nda1"") 7 a#t l #,n/t"t t"$ al /,#"et1"" #,+er#"ale .art.1A d"n Legea nr.31M<F pr"$"nd /,#"et1"le #,+er#"ale' rep !l"#at). Ior#a &erut3 a% 'ro(atione# e/te #,nd"1"a #are #,n/t @n @nt,#+"rea /#r"/ a a#t l " - r"d"# # /#,p l de a #,n/t"t " +"-l,# de pr,! @ntr7 n e$ent al l"t"g" . (,r+a a#t l " - r"d"# ad pr,!at",ne+ /e "+p ne d"n r+t,arele #,n/"derenteJ 7 nele a#te - r"d"#e / nt "+p,rtante 6"e / ! a/pe#t l #,n/e#"n1el,r patr"+,n"ale' 6"e / ! a/pe#t l "nd #er"" n,r / /p"#" n" 6a1 de ter1". De eBe+pl ' # +prarea a #9t,r$a !"- ter"" @n $al,are de #9te$a / te de +"l",ane e/te n +,t"$ / 6"#"ent #a pr1"le / #,n$"n @nt,#+"rea @n 6,r+ /#r"/ a #,ntra#t l " de $9n>are7# +prare /a ' de eBe+pl ' @nt,#+"rea @n 6,r+ /#r"/ a #,ntra#t l " de $9n>are7 # +prare a 1FF na$ete de !ere de #tre # +prt,r l' $e#"n # , 6a!r"# de !ere de /tat 7 reda#tarea @n 6,r+ /#r"/ a/"g r el"+"narea / /p"#" n"l,r pr"$"nd #,n1"n t l :" ,!"e#t l a#t l " - r"d"# 7 #,n/t"t "e #ele +a" #erte +"-l,a#e de pr,!a1" ne ./#r"pta +anent) Legea pre$ede eBpre/ # n @n/#r"/ n p,ate 6" #,+!t t de#9t pr"n alt @n/#r"/ .art.11<1 al"n.2 %,d #"$"lJ Sn /e $a pr"+"
1CA

n"#",dat , d,$ad pr"n +art,r" @n #,ntra /a pe/te #eea #e # pr"nde a#t lH)1<C (,r+a #er t ad pr,!at",ne+ /e caracteri,ea, pr"nJ - ,dat #,n$en"t de pr1" /a "+p / de lege' e/te ,!l"gat,r"e' a/e+n9nd 7/e # 6,r+a #er t ad $al"d"tate+ - @n #a> de l"t"g" ' d,$ada a#t l " - r"d"# n /e +a" p,ate 6a#e pr"n alte +"-l,a#e de pr,!. A#t l - r"d"# e/te $ala!"l @n#De"at. Pra#t"# /an#1" nea e/te , de#dere d"n drept l de a pr,!a. Un"" a t,r" #,n/"der 6,r+a #er t ad pr,!at",ne+ #a 6""nd , eB#ep1"e de la pr"n#"p" l #,n/en/ al"/+ l ".1<A (,r+a ad pr,!at",ne+ , #er pr1"le /a legea. Legea #ere a#ea/t 6,r+ @n d, +,d r"J 7 pr"ntr7 n teBt general re6er"t,r la t,ate a#tele - r"d"#e. 3n art.11<1 %,d #"$"l /e d"/p ne "+perat"$J Sd,$ada a#tel,r - r"d"#e al #r,r ,!"e#t are , $al,are #e dep:e:te / +a de 25F le"' #D"ar pentr dep,>"t $,l ntar' n /e p,ate 6a#e de#9t pr"n a#t a tent"#' /a pr"n a#t / ! /e+nt r pr"$at.H 7 pre#">ea> a#tele - r"d"#e #are tre! "e @nt,#+"te ad pr,!at",ne+ )#,ntra#t l de l,#at" ne' @n art.141A %,d #"$"l' dep,>"t l $,l ntar @n art.15<C %,d #"$"l' tran>a#1"a @n art.1CF5 %,d #"$"l' #,ntra#t l de @n#D"r"ere a l,# "n1el,r' @n art.21 d"n Legea l,# "n1el,r nr.114M1<<A et#.) - * rma (er%", pen"r% p +a'ili"a"ea *a#, $e "er#i e/te 6,r+a #er t de lege @n /#,p l #a a#t l - r"d"# / 6"e ,p,>a!"l :" ter1"l,r .per/,ane #are n a part"#"pat la @n#De"erea a#t l " - r"d"#). S nt pr,te-ate a/t6el drept r"le :" "ntere/ele ter1"l,r. De eBe+pl ' ter1 l .$e#"n l) #er#et9nd reg"/tr l de #arte 6 n#"ar' "a # n,:t"n1 # pr,pr"etar l teren l " agr"#,l d"n eBtra$"lan @n$e#"nat' e/te $e#"n l / :" de#"' #9nd a#e/ta $a d,r" / @n/tr"ne>e' p,ate /7:" eBer#"te drept l de pree+1" ne).
1<C 1<A

1CC

(,r+a #er t de lege pentr p !l"#"tate e/te ,!l"gat,r"e. 3n #a> l nere/pe#tr"" 6,r+e" de p !l"#"tate a#t l - r"d"# n e/te ,p,>a!"l ter1"l,r .e" p,t "gn,ra a#t l - r"d"# #9nd na d"n pr1" @l "n$,# @+p,tr"$a l,r. De eBe+pl ' #9nd pr,pr"etar l n :"7a "nta! lat teren l' el n p,ate #ere $e#"n l " / + te gard l #,n/tr "t pe teren l / .) 3n l"terat r /7a apre#"at # @n a#e/t #a> / nte+ @n pre>en1a ne" eB#ep1"" de la pr"n#"p" l #,n/en/ al"/+ l "' de,are#e a#t l - r"d"# tre! "e 6# t # n,/# t ter1"l,r pr"n @+pl"n"rea n,r +/ r" /pe#"6"#e pre$> te de lege.1<= Legea "+p ne 6,r+a de p !l"#"tate #a , #,nd"1"e de ,p,>a!"l"tate 6a1 de ter1"' @n pr"n#"pal' @n r+t,arele #a> r"J 7 p !l"#"tatea "+,!"l"ar pr"n #r1"le 6 n#"are .art.21 d"n Legea nr.CM1<AA) 7 p !l"#"tatea #,n/t"t "r"" ga- l " .art.1A=A %,d #"$"l) 7 n,t"6"#area #e/" n"" de #rean1 .art.13<3 %,d #"$"l) 7 data #ert a @n/#r"/ l " / ! /e+nt r pr"$at .art.11=2 %,d #"$"l) 7 p !l"#"tatea pr"n Reg"/tr l #,+er1 l " a #,n/t"t "r"" /,#"et1"l,r #,+er#"ale .art.1 Legea 2AM1<<F pr"$"nd Reg"/tr l #,+er1 l ") 7 p !l"#"tatea la "n/tan1ele - de#t,re:t" a a#tel,r de #,n/t"t "re a a/,#"a1""l,r :" 6 nda1""l,r .art.5 d"n Ord,nan1a de ; $ern nr.2AM2FFF) et#. F+ Mo%a*it3/i*e sar&ina7 a&tu*ui $uri%i& >ter#enu*, &on%i/ia,

a2 N #i%nea $e m $ali"a"e a a("%l%i .%ri$i( (i)il A#tele - r"d"#e /e #la/"6"# d p legt ra # +,dal"t1"le l,r @n a#te - r"d"#e p re :" /"+ple :" a#te - r"d"#e a6e#tate de +,dal"t1". M,dal"t1"le a#t l " - r"d"# / nt @+pre- rr" $""t,are #are "n6l en1ea>J - eB"/ten1a a#t l " - r"d"# .#,nd"1"a) - eBer#"tarea drept r"l,r :" eBe# tarea ,!l"ga1""l,r #e #,n/t"t "e #,n1"n t l a#t l " - r"d"# .ter+en l).
1<=

1C=

3nt,tdea na +,dal"t1"le @:" pr,d # e6e#tele d p @n#De"erea a#t l " - r"d"#. M,dal"t1"le #,n/ta @n /# rgerea t"+p l " .la ter+en) /a @ntr7, a#1" ne ,+enea/# /a e$en"+ent al nat r"" .#,nd"1"e :" /ar#"n). A#tele - r"d"#e /e #la/"6"# / ! a/pe#t l +,dal"t1"l,r @nJ 7 a&te $uri%i&e 'ure 0i si#'*e ' #are pr"n nat ra l,r n p,t 6" a6e#tate de +,dal"t1". De eBe+pl ' #/t,r"a' @n6"erea' re# n,a:terea 6"l"a1"e" et#. 7 a&te $uri%i&e &e nu 'ot e.ista %e&9t a2e&tate %e #o%a*it3/i ' #a de eBe+pl #,ntra#t l de @+pr + t .@nt,tdea na @+pr + t l /e a#,rd pe , per",ad de t"+p)' #,ntra#t l de rent $"ager .@nt,tdea na /e @nt"nde @n t"+p p9n la +,artea #red"rent"er l ")' #,ntra#t l de a/"g rare a6e#tat @nt,tdea na de , #,nd"1"e I real">area /a n a r"/# l " a/"g rat. 3n a#e/te a#te - r"d"#e ter+en l :" #,nd"1"a de$"n #,nd"1"" e/en1"ale de $al"d"tate ale a#t l " - r"d"# #"$"l. 7 a&te $uri%i&e &e 'ot 2i sau nu a2e&tate %e #o%a*it3/i . A#ea/t #ateg,r"e de a#te - r"d"#e e/te #ea +a" n +er,a/. De eBe+pl ' @ntr7 n #,ntra#t de $9n>are7# +prare pr1"le p,t #,n$en" plata pre1 l " la n ter+en / /pen/"$ .la data de...) /a / ta# @n a#ea/t pr"$"n1' :" at n#" $9n>area7# +prarea de$"ne n a#t nea6e#tat de +,dal"t1". A#ela:" #,ntra#t p,ate 6" a6e#tat de , #,nd"1"e / /pen/"$ .@1" $9nd aparta+ent l da# p9n la 31 de#e+!r"e +7a+ + tat la RegD"n) /a n . Pr1"le / nt @ndrept1"te / /ta!"lea/# +,dal"t1"le @ntr7 n a#t - r"d"# #a eBpre/"e a pr"n#"p" l " l"!ert1"" #,ntra#t ale' p,tr"$"t ne$,"" /at"/6a#er"" "ntere/el,r l,r. De a/e+enea' @n a#tele - r"d"#e # t"tl grat "t' /ar#"na /t"p lat @n 6a$,area grat"6"#at l " $"ne @n @nt9+p"narea "ntere/ l " r+r"t de d"/p nt,r. A+ Ter#enu* >%ies7 92 N #i%nea $e "ermen Ter+en l e/te n e$en"+ent $""t,r :" #ert # /e $a pr,d #e' #are a+9n @n#eperea eBer#"tr"" drept r"l,r /a eBe# tr"" ,!l"ga1""l,r /a le /t"nge. Ter+en l $"ne de la # $9nt l d"n l"+!a lat"n Sd"e/H @n /en/ l de >"' dat' t"+p. De6"n"1"a /ta!"le:te part"# lar"t1"le ter+en l "J
1C<

7 /e @nt9+pl @nt,tdea na d p @n#De"erea a#t l " - r"d"#' #are eB"/t 7 e/te n e$en"+ent $""t,r :" /"g r # /e $a @+pl"n" 7 a6e#tea> n +a" eBer#"tarea drept r"l,r :" eBe# tarea ,!l"ga1""l,r pe #are le a+9n /a le /t"nge. De eBe+pl ' /e $"nde tele$">,r l :" pr1"le /ta!"le/# #a plata pre1 l " / /e 6a# pe/te 3 l n"' @n 31 +a". A#t l - r"d"# eB"/t' dar pr1"le "ntere/ate /ta!"le/# #a $9n>t,r l /7:" eBer#"te drept l de a #ere pre1 l la 31 +a" I e$en"+ent $""t,r :" #ert # /e $a @ndepl"n" I :" t,t,dat # +prt,r l /7:" eBe# te ,!l"ga1"a de a preda pre1 l la a#ela:" ter+en. 3ntr7 n alt eBe+pl ' #,ntra#t de @n#D"r"ere pr1"le /ta!"le/# n ter+en la #are /e /t"nge a#t l - r"d"#' pr1"le @n#etea> /7:" +a" eBer#"te drept r"le :" /7:" eBe# te ,!l"ga1""le' #,ntra#t l de @n#D"r"ere @n#etea>. Reg l"le generale pr"$"nd ter+en l / nt regle+entate de %,d l #"$"lJ 7 art.1F22 STer+en l /e de,/e!e:te de #,nd"1"e pentr # el n / /pend anga-a+ent l' #" n +a" a+9n eBe# tareaH .ter+en / /pen/"$) 7 art.1F23J SA#eea #e /e dat,re:te # ter+en n /e p,ate #ere' @na"ntea ter+en l "' dar #eea #e /e plte:te @na"nte n /e p,ate repetaH .n.a. I re/t"t ") 7 art.1F24J STer+en l e/te pre/ p / @nt,tdea na # /7a /t"p lat @n 6a$,area de!"t,r l "' da# n re> lt d"n /t"p la1"e /a d"n #"r# +/tan1e # e/te pr"+"t :" @n 6a$,area #red"t,r l "H. 7 art.1F25J SDe!"t,r l n p,ate re#la+a !ene6"#" l ter+en l "' #9nd e/te "n/,l$a!"l /a #9nd # 6apta /a a +"#:,rat /"g ran1ele #e pr"n #,ntra#t dd /e #red"t,r l " / H. Reg l"le /pe#"ale pr"$"nd ter+en l / nt # pr"n/e 6"e @n %,d l #"$"l' 6"e @n alte leg". De eBe+pl ' @n art.1FC< @n +ater"e de p nere @n @nt9r>"ere' @n art.11F1 nde /e regle+entea> pr"n#"p" l "nd"$">"!"l"t1"" pl1"" et#. 82 Clasi*i(area "ermen%l%i D p e6e#tele pe #are le pr,d #e' ter+en l e/teJ S%spensi)- e/te ter+en l #e / /pend' a+9n @n#eperea eBer#"tr"" drept r"l,r :" eBe# tr"" ,!l"ga1""l,r p9n @n +,+ent l @+pl"n"r"" /ale. S !"e#t l a#t"$ n p,ate #ere / !"e#t l " pa/"$ / eBe# te ,!l"ga1"a a/ +at. De eBe+pl ' #D"r"a la #,ntra#t l de
1=F

@n#D"r"ere n p,ate 6" #er t p9n la ter+en l /ta!"l"t de pr1" /a @ntr7 n #,ntra#t de @+pr + t @+pr + tt,r l n are drept l / pret"nd re/t"t "rea / +e" @+pr + tate :" n"#" @+pr + tat l n are ,!l"ga1"a / , 6a#' /a @ntr7 n #,ntra#t de $9n>are7# +prare plata @n rate #,n$en"t' n p,ate 6" #er t @na"nte de ter+en l / /pen/"$ /ta!"l"t et#. E>"in("i)- e/te ter+en l #are ,dat @+pl"n"t /t"nge a#t l - r"d"#. De eBe+pl ' n #,ntra#t de @n#D"r"ere a n " a t,t r"/+ pe 1F >"le. P9n la @+pl"n"rea ter+en l "' pr1"le eBer#"t drept r"le :" eBe# t ,!l"ga1""le /ta!"l"te @n #,n1"n t l a#t l " - r"d"#. La @+pl"n"rea ter+en l " a#e/tea /e /t"ng. A#e/t ter+en /ta!"le:te d rata @n t"+p a a#t l " - r"d"# :" e/te /pe#"6"# a#tel,r - r"d"#e # eBe# tarea / ##e/"$ @n t"+p. De eBe+pl ' #,ntra#t l de l,#a1" ne' de #,+,dat .@+pr + t de 6,l,/"n1)' rent $"ager' de @ntre1"nere. Dup bene"iciarul termenului ter+en l e/te @n 6a$,area de!"t,r l "' a #red"t,r l " /a @n 6a$,area a+!el,r pr1". ) termenul stabilit -n "avoarea debitorului ' e/te reg la pre$> t @n art.1F24 %,d #"$"lJ STer+en l e/te pre/ p / @nt,tdea na # /7a /t"p lat @n 6a$,area de!"t,r l "' da# n re> lt d"n /t"p la1"e /a d"n #"r# +/tan1e # e/te pr"+"t :" @n 6a$,area #red"t,r l "H. ) termenul stabilit -n "avoarea creditorului. 3n nele #,ntra#te ter+en l p,ate 6" /ta!"l"t @n 6a$,area #red"t,r l ". De eBe+pl ' @n #,ntra#t l de dep,>"t /e #,n/"der # ter+en l e/te /ta!"l"t @n 6a$,area dep,nent l " .#el #e la/ l #r l @n dep,>"t' e/te #red"t,r pentr # are drept l / #ear l #r l @nap," #9nd $,"e:te)' p,tr"$"t art.1A1A %,d #"$"lJ Sdep,>"t l tre! "e / /e re/t"t "e dep,nent l " @ndat #e /7a re#la+at' #D"ar #9nd /7ar 6" /t"p lat pr"n #,ntra#t n an +e ter+en pentr re/t"t 1" nea l ". Spe#tat,r l' dep,nent a l #r r"l,r /ale la garder,!a /l"" de /pe#ta#,l' p,ate #ere re/t"t "rea l,r ,r"#9nd' la /69r:"t l pr"+ l " a#t' dar :" la ter+en' /69r:"t l /pe#ta#,l l ". ) termen stabilit -n "avoarea ambelor pri. Un eBe+pl de a/t6el de a#t - r"d"# e/te #,ntra#t l de a/"g rare' #9nd la data pr,d #er"" r"/# l " a/"g rat /e na/# :" eBer#"t drept r"le :" /e eBe# t ,!l"ga1""le de #tre a/"g rat :" a/"g rt,r. N +a" partea #e /e ! # r de !ene6"#" l ter+en l " p,ate ren n1a la el. De eBe+pl @+pr + tat l #e /e ! # r de ter+en l de re/t"t "re p,ate / ren n1e :" / re/t"t "e @+pr + t l @na"nte de ter+en.

1=1

Dup cum -n momentul stabilirii lui poate "i cunoscut sau nu ' ter+enele / nt #erte :" "n#erte. Cert e/te a#ela a #r " @+pl"n"re /e # n,a:te eBa#t. De eBe+pl ' @1" @+pr + t / +a p9n la 14 +a"' @1" @n#D"r"e> tele$">,r l pentr a#e/t /69r:"t de /pt+9n' @1" @n#D"r"e> aparta+ent l pe 1 an @n#ep9nd # >" a de +9"ne et#. $ncert e/te ter+en l #are /e @+pl"ne:te # /"g ran1 @ntr7, >"' dar a#ea/t >" e/te ne# n,/# te @n +,+ent l @n#De"er"" a#t l " - r"d"#. De eBe+pl ' @n #,ntra#t l de rent $"ager /e :t"e ter+en /e :t"e ter+en rea> #,ntra#t l I +,artea #red"rent"er l "' dar n :" >" aK @n #,ntra#t l de #,+,dat .de @+pr + t de 6,l,/"n1)J @1" @+pr + t p,+pa de ap la pr"+a pl,a"e t,ren1"al pentr a /#,ate apa d"n !e#" l "n ndatK @1" $9nd e#D"pa+ent l de /#D" @n >" a pr"+e" >pe>". %,nd"1"a n /e #,n6 nd # ter+en l "n#ert. 3n #a> l #,nd"1"e" /e a6l / ! /e+n l @ntre!r"" @ndepl"n"rea e$en"+ent l " $""t,r I de eBe+pl ' @1" $9nd e#D"pa+ent l de /#D" da# p9n la 1 de#e+!r"e + @n/,r I pe #9nd la ter+en l "n#ert e$en"+ent l $""t,r e/te /"g r # /e $a @nt9+pla' dar n /e :t"e eBa#t >" a I @1" $9nd e#D"pa+ent l de /#D" @n >" a pr"+e" >pe>"' #are p,ate 6" pe/te #9te$a >"le' /pt+9n"' l n". Ter+en l "n#ert e/te n +"t de n a t,r Ster+en # /#aden1 "n#ertH.1<< Ter+en l #ert e/te den +"t' apre#"e+ / ge/t"$' :" ter+en pre#"/ @n rap,rt de ter+en l nepre#"/ ."n#ert). 2FF Dup i,vorul su' ter+en l e/te #,n$en1",nal .$,l ntar)' legal :" - d"#"ar %,n$en1",nalJ /e /ta!"le:te pr"n a#,rd l de $,"n1 al pr1"l,r. De eBe+pl ' $9n>t,r l a#,rd # +prt,r l " n ter+en de plat' a#,rdarea n " @+pr + t p9n la , an +"t dat et#. 6e!alJ e/te /ta!"l"t pr"ntr7 n teBt al leg"". De eBe+pl ' legea pr"n +,rat,r" /ta!"le:te data p9n la #are /e a+9n eBe# tarea ,!l"ga1""l,r t t r,r de!"t,r"l,r /a a ne" #ateg,r"" de de!"t,r"K legea pr"n proro!are legal prel nge:te eB"/ten1a #,ntra#t l "' d p #e /7a @+pl"n"t ter+en l eBt"n#t"$ /ta!"l"t de pr1".

1<< 2FF

1=2

KudiciarJ e/te a#,rdat de "n/tan1a de - de#at. El /e n +e:te ter+en de gra1"e :" e/te regle+entat de art.11F1 %,d #"$"lJ - de#t,r"" Sp,t' @n #,n/"derarea p,>"1"e" de!"t,r l "' / a#,rde +"#" ter+ene pentr plat' :" / ,prea/# eBe# tarea r+r"r"l,r' l/9nd l #r r"le @n /tarea @n #are /e g/e/#H. S nt a#te - r"d"#e pentr #are legea pre$ede eBpre/ # n /e a#,rd ter+ene de gra1"e. De eBe+pl ' @n #a> l #,ntra#t l " de dep,>"t.

C2 E*e("ele "ermen%l%i Ter+en l a6e#tea> n +a" eBe# tarea a#t l " - r"d"#' n :" eB"/ten1a l ". 5"ectele termenului suspensiv. Ter+en l / /pen/"$ a+9n @n#eperea eBer#"tr"" drept r"l,r :" a eBe# tr"" ,!l"ga1""l,r. De eBe+pl #,ntra#t l de @+pr + t p9n la 1 "an ar"e. Drept r"le :" ,!l"ga1""le pr1"l,r eB"/t :" de a#eea /e pr,d # r+t,arele e6e#teJ 7 plata 6# t de de!"t,r @na"nte de @+pl"n"rea ter+en l " e/te , plat $ala!"l :" n na nedat,rat. De eBe+pl ' @+pr + tat l re/t"t "e / +a @na"nte de 1 "an ar"e' el eBe# t a/t6el ,!l"ga1"a a/ +at. Da# ar #ere "n/tan1e" re/t"t "rea / +e" plt"te @na"nte de @+pl"n"rea ter+en l "' #D"ar d"n er,are' #ererea "7ar 6" re/p"n/' pentr # a 6# t , plat dat,rat .art.1F23 %,d #"$"l d"/p neJ Sa#eea #e /e dat,re:te # ter+en n /e p,ate #ere @na"ntea ter+en l "' dar #eea #e /e plte:te @na"nte n /e +a" p,ate repet" .re/t"t ").H 3n a#e/t #a>' @+pr + tat l /e #,n/"der # a ren n1at la !ene6"#" l ter+en l ". 7 #red"t,r l .@n eBe+pl l n,/tr @+pr + tt,r l) @n #al"tate de t"t lar al drept l " .de a #ere #rean1a' / +a de !an" @+pr + tat) p,ate l a +/ r" de #,n/er$are a drept l " / . .De eBe+pl ' drept l de a #ere p nerea de /e#De/tr a/"g rat,r a/ pra n,r ! n r" ale de!"t,r l " pentr #a la /#aden1' @n #a> l "n/,l$a!"l"t1"" @+pr + tat l " / a"! p,/"!"l"tatea +ater"al / repr"+ea/# / +a @+pr + tat). %red"t,r l n are drept l la a#1" ne ,!l"# /a la a#1" nea pa l"an .re$,#at,r"e). 7 @n a#tele - r"d"#e tran/lat"$e de pr,pr"etate .de eBe+pl @n #,ntra#t l de $9n>are7# +prare) #e a #a ,!"e#t der"$at n ! n #ert .re/ #erta)' tra/6er l drept l " de pr,pr"etate /e 6a#e @n +,+ent l real">r"" a#,rd l " de $,"n1 al pr1"l,r .art.12<5 %,d #"$"lJ S$"nderea
1=3

e/te per6e#t @ntre pr1" :" pr,pr"etatea e/te de drept /tr+ tat la # +prt,r' @n pr"$"n1a $9n>t,r l "' @ndat #e pr1"le /7a @n$,"t a/ pra l #r l " :" a/ pra pre1 l "' de:"' l #r l @n# n /e $a 6" predat :" pre1 l @n# n /e $a 6" n +ratH). D,!9nd"t,r l de$"ne pr,pr"etar al l #r l "' :" @n a#ea/t #al"tate $a / p,rta r"/# l p"er"r"" 6,rt "te a l #r l "' r+9nd / pltea/# ! n l p"er"t' de:" n +a" p,ate "ntra @n p,/e/"a l ". De eBe+pl ' @ntr7 n #,ntra#t de $9n>are7# +prare a ne" !"#"#lete' pr1"le /ta!"le/# #a pre1 l / /e predea la 3F de >"le de la data @n#De"er"" #,ntra#t l " :" predr"" !"#"#lete". Pr,pr"etar l l #r l " de$"ne # +prt,r l. %9nd l #r l p"ere p9n la @+pl"n"rea ter+en l " / /pen/"$ .@n #ele 3F de >"le /ta!"l"te p9n la data pl1"") r"/# l @l / p,rt # +prt,r l I @n #al"tate de pr,pr"etar al l #r l " .el plte:te pre1 l la /#aden1 I @+pl"n"rea ter+en l " / /pen/"$' 6r / +a" p,at "ntra @n p,/e/"a !"#"#lete"). Pr1"le p,t /ta!"l" #a pr,pr"etatea / /e tran/+"t la , alt dat de#9t a#eea a real">r"" a#,rd l " de $,"n1. 3n eBe+pl l n,/tr ' pr1"le /ta!"le/# #a pr,pr"etatea / /e tran/6ere @n +,+ent l e6e#t r"" pl1""' la ter+en l / /pen/"$ #,n$en"t. P9n @n +,+ent l @+pl"n"r"" ter+en l " / /pen/"$' $9n>t,r l e/te pr,pr"etar l l #r l " :" $a / p,rta r"/# l p"er"r"" 6,rt "te a l #r l " .la 6el #a d,!9nd"t,r l @n pr"+ l #a>)' p,tr"$"t reg l"" re/ per"t d,+"n, .l #r l p"ere @n /ar#"na pr,pr"etar l "). 3n a#tele - r"d"#e a6e#tate de ter+en l / /pen/"$ ,!l"ga1""le pr1"l,r eB"/t' ele @n/ n p,t 6" pret"n/e pe d rata ter+en l " / /pen/"$. A#e/t 6apt d na:tere la r+t,arele e6e#teJ 7 #red"t,r l n p,ate pret"nde eBe# tarea ,!l"ga1"e" de #tre de!"t,r' p9n la @+pl"n"rea ter+en l " / /pen/"$ .art.1F23 %,d #"$"l). De eBe+pl @n #,ntra#t l de @+pr + t @+pr + tt,r l n p,ate #ere re/t"t "rea / +e" @+pr + tate' @na"nte de eBp"rarea ter+en l " / /pen/"$ .@na"nte de /#aden1) 7 #red"t,r l n p,ate ,p ne de!"t,r l " #,+pen/a1"a .e/te n +"-l,# de /t"ngere a d, dat,r"" re#"pr,#e :" de a#eea:" nat r eB"/tente @ntre d, per/,ane' 6"e#are per/,an 6""nd @n a#ela:" t"+p #red"t,r :" de!"t,r al #ele"lalte per/,ane). De eBe+pl ' @+pr + tt,r l' pe per",ada @+pr + t l "' a de$en"t de!"t,r al @+pr + tant l " .tre! "e / predea pre1 l ! n l " # +prat de la a#e/ta). %,+pen/a1"a n p,ate / /t"ng #ele d, ,!l"ga1"" .@+pr + tt,r l n +a" #ere de la @+pr + tat / +a pentr # :" el are , ,!l"ga1"e de plat e#D"$alent)' de,are#e n /e @ndepl"ne:te na d"n
1=4

#,nd"1""le #,+pen/a1"e" I dat,r""le / 6"e eB"g"!"le. .Dat,r"a @+pr + tat l " n e/te eB"g"!"l' n a a- n/ la /#aden1). 3n art.1145 %,d #"$"l /e pre#">ea>J S%,+pen/a1"a n7are l,# de#9t @ntre d, dat,r"" ....) #are / nt de,p,tr"$ l"#D"de :" eB"g"!"le.H ) prescripia drept l " la a#1" ne @n#epe / # rg de la data @+pl"n"r"" ter+en l " / /pen/"$. De eBe+pl ' @+pr + tt,r l /e p,ate adre/a "n/tan1e" de - de#at / #ear aprarea drept l " / de #rean1 .de a pr"+" / +a @+pr + tat) n +a" d"n >" a @+pl"n"r"" ter+en l " / /pen/"$ .data /#aden1e"). E*e("ele "ermen%l%i e>"in("i) La @+pl"n"rea l " a#t l - r"d"# #"$"l @n#etea>. De eBe+pl ' la @+pl"n"rea ter+en l " eBt"n#t"$ la #,ntra#t l de @n#D"r"ere a aparta+ent l " I 5 +a" 2FF5 I#,ntra#t l @n#etea> / +a" pr,d # e6e#te - r"d"#eJ l,#atar l n +a" !ene6"#"a> de drept l de 6,l,/"n1 a aparta+ent l "' l,#at,r l n +a" p,ate pret"nde #D"r"a. D2 N #i%nile $e Es(a$en#, !i Ee>igi'ili"a"e Pr"n scaden /e @n1elege @+pl"n"rea ter+en l " / /pen/"$. De eBe+pl ' ,!l"ga1"a @+pr + tat l " de a re/t"t " / +a @+pr + tat e/te scadent la 25 +a"' data #9nd /e @+pl"ne:te ter+en l / /pen/"$. O!l"ga1"a a- n/ la /#aden1 de$"ne eB"g"!"l' ad"# /e p,ate #ere eBe# tarea e" de la de!"t,r' "ar #9nd a#e/ta re6 > pr"n a#1" ne @n "n/tan1. Reg la @n drept l #"$"l e/te a#eea # /"+pla a- ngere la /#aden1 n @n/ea+n :" d,r"n1a #red"t,r l " #a ,!l"ga1"a / " /e eBe# te. Pr,#ed ra Sp ner"" @n @nt9r>"ereH pr"ntr7, /,+a1"e de plat /a n,t"6"#are tr"+"/ de!"t,r l " pr"n eBe# t,r"" - de#t,re:t" e/te pr,#ede l - r"d"# la @nde+9na #red"t,r l " pr"n #are @:" +an"6e/t $,"n1a /7" 6"e eBe# tat pre/ta1"a. Pr"n eB#ep1"e' @n art.1FC< %,d #"$"l /e pre$d /"t a1""le #9nd de!"t,r l e/te de drept @n @nt9r>"ereJ S 1. -n ca,urile anume determinate de le!e: 2. c2nd s)a contractat e9pres c debitorul va "i -n -nt2r,iere la -mplinirea termenului. "r a "i necesitate de noti"icare: 3. c2nd obli!aia nu poate "i -ndeplinit dec2t -ntr)un timp determinat. ce debitorul a lsat s treac.H

1=5

F2 Ren%n#area la "ermenG $e(,$erea $in 'ene*i(i%l "ermen%l%i Partea @n 6a$,area #re"a /7a /ta!"l"t ter+en l p,ate ren n1a la ter+en. De eBe+pl ' # +prt,r l ren n1 la ter+en l pr"+"t :" a#D"t lt"+ele tre" rate #,ntra#t ale de,dat. Decderea din bene"iciul termenului e/te , /an#1" ne #"$"l pr"n #are de!"t,r l a- n/ @n /tare de "n/,l$a!"l"tate /a #are' pr"n 6apta /a +"#:,rea> garan1""le #,n/t"t "te @n 6a$,area #red"t,r l "' n +a" p,ate !ene6"#"a de ter+en l /ta!"l"t @n 6a$,area /a. 3n a#ea/t /"t a1"e ,!l"ga1"a de!"t,r l " de$"ne eB"g"!"l :" /e eBe# t la 6el #a @n /"t a1"a @n #are ar 6" a- n/ la /#aden1. 40 C n$i#ia 6+ No/iunea %e &on%i/ie %,nd"1"a #a +,dal"tate a a#t l " - r"d"# e/te n e$en"+ent $""t,r :" ne/"g r # /e $a pr,d #e de #are dep"nde eB"/ten1a e6e#tel,r a#t l " - r"d"# #"$"l. De #,nd"1"e dep"nde na:terea drept r"l,r :" ,!l"ga1""l,r pr1"l,r' a e6e#tel,r a#t l " - r"d"#. Pra#t"# a#t l - r"d"# eB"/t' a 6,/t @n#De"at de pr1"' dar el n pr,d #e e6e#te - r"d"#e. 3n d,#tr"n /e +a" t"l">ea> 6,r+ la Sdep"nde @n/:" eB"/ten1a ,r" "neB"/ten1a a#t l " - r"d"#H' eBpr"+are #e p,ate na:te #,n6 >"".H 2F1 N,1" nea SeB"/tH @n /en/ #,+ n ne #,nd #e la "deea # a#t l - r"d"# #a atare e/te #e$a per#ept"!"l /"+1 r"l,r n,a/tre. 2" e/te a:a. A#t l - r"d"# a 6,/t @n#De"at de pr1"' el eB"/t @n +ater"al"tatea l " @n 6,r+a #,n/en/ al /a a n " @n/#r"/. N eB"/t @n/ drept l #"$"l / !"e#t"$ :" ,!l"ga1"a #,relat"$' de#" n eB"/t e6e#tele a#t l " - r"d"# @n#De"at. A#e/tea $,r eB"/ta /a n @n $""t,r' @n rap,rt de @ndepl"n"rea /a n a #,nd"1"e". TeBt l de lege' /e pare' e/te / p,rt l a#e/te" a6"r+a1""J art.1F1C %,d #"$"l d"/p neJ S,!l"ga1"a' / ! #,nd"1"e / /pen/"$' e/te a#eea #are dep"nde de n e$en"+ent $""t,r :" ne#e/ar.H Or" n,1" nea de ,!l"ga1"e :" n,1" nea de a#t - r"d"# n /e / prap n. A#ea/t ,p"n"e e/te @+!r1":at @n d,#tr"n.2F2 3ntr7, alt 6,r+ lare' pe #are , apre#"e+J S#,nd"1"a #a +,dal"tate a a#t l " - r"d"# e/te n e$en"+ent $""t,r :" ne/"g r @n #e
2F1 2F2

1=A

pr"$e:te real">area /a' de #are dep"nde @n/:" eB"/ten1a a#t l " - r"d"# ./a ' +a" eBa#t' dep"nde eB"/ten1a e6e#tel,r a#t l " - r"d"#H). De6"n"1"a #,nd"1"e" e$"den1"a> d, part"# lar"t1" ale a#e/te"aJ - e/te n e$en"+ent $""t,r #are /e p,ate /a n real">a - de real">area /a n a #,nd"1"e" dep"nde na:terea /a n a drept r"l,r :" ,!l"ga1""l,r pr1"l,r. %,nd"1"a #a +,dal"tate a a#t l " - r"d"# e/te regle+entat @n #artea III' t"tl l III SDe/pre #,ntra#te /a #,n$en1""H' #ap.&I' /e#1" nea I. SDe/pre ,!l"ga1""le #,nd"1",naleH art.1FF471F21 %,d #"$"l. 2+ C*asi2i&area &on%i/ii*or ) Dup e"ectele pe care le produce ' #,nd"1"a e/te / /pen/"$ :" re>,l t,r"e. a. Suspensiv e/te a#ea #,nd"1"e de #are dep"nde na:terea drept r"l,r :" ,!l"ga1""l,r pr1"l,r' a rap,rt l " - r"d"# de ,!l"ga1"" @ntre a#e/tea. De eBe+pl ' @1" $9nd tele$">,r l # , #,nd"1"eJ #a p9n la 3F +art"e / + @n/,r. Tele$">,r l @+" $a pr"/,/" pentr # $""t,area /,1"e are A tele$">,are. 3n art.1F1C %,d #"$"l e/te de6"n"t #,nd"1"a / /pen/"$J S,!l"ga1"a' / ! #,nd"1"e / /pen/"$ e/te a#eea #are dep"nde de n e$en"+ent $""t,r :" ne#ert.H .@n eBe+pl l dat de @n#De"erea /a n a #/t,r"e" p9n la data de 3F +art"e). b. ;e,olutorieJ e/te a#el e$en"+ent $""t,r :" ne/"g r #are da# /e real">ea> d #e la de/6""n1area drept r"l,r :" ,!l"ga1""l,r pr1"l,r' # e6e#t retr,a#t"$. De eBe+pl ' @1" $9nd a t,t r"/+ l # , #,nd"1"eJ /7 +" plte:t" pre1 l p9n la data de 1 " l"e. Da# n 7+" plte:te pre1 l p9n la data /ta!"l"t' #,ntra#t l de $9n>are7# +prare @l de/6""n1e> retr,a#t"$ de la data @n#De"er"" l ". %,nd"1"a re>,l t,r"e e/te a/t6el de6"n"t @n teBt l art.1F1< %,d #"$"lJ S#,nd"1"a re>,l t,r"e e/te a#eea #are / p ne de/6""n1area ,!l"ga1"e" la n e$en"+ent $""t,r :" ne#ert.H 3n real"tate' a#t l - r"d"# pr,d #ele e6e#tele n " a#t - r"d"# p r :" /"+pl # pre#">areaJ da# #,nd"1"a n /e @ndepl"ne:te' a#t l - r"d"# /e #,n/,l"dea> #a :" # + n ar 6" 6,/t a6e#tat de #,nd"1"e re>,l t,r"eK da# #,nd"1"a /e @ndepl"ne:te .@n eBe+pl l dat' # +prt,r l n plte:te pre1 l p9n la data /ta!"l"t) a#t l - r"d"# /e de/6""n1ea> retr,a#t"$.
1=C

SCondiia re,olutorie este aceea care supune des"iinarea obli!aiei la un eveniment viitor *i incert. 5a nu suspend e9ecutarea obli!aie. ci numai obli! pe creditor a restitui aceea ce a primit. -n ca, de -ndeplinire a evenimentului prev,ut -n condiie H d"/p ne art.1F1< %,d #"$"l. ) Dup cau,a de care depinde -ndeplinirea sau nu a condiiei ' /e d"/t"ng #,nd"1"a #a> al' +"Bt :" pr,te/tat"$. a. Condiia ca,ualJ .#a/ / Q @nt9+plare) real">area e" dep"nde de @nt9+plare /a Da>ard. 3n art.1FF5' %,d l #"$"l d"/p neJ S%,nd"1"a #a> al e/te a#eea #e dep"nde de Da>ard :" #are n e/te @n p terea #red"t,r l "' n"#" @ntr7 a#eea a de!"t,r l ".H De eBe+pl ' @1" @n#D"r"e> aparta+ent l' da# /pt+9na $""t,are $," #9:t"ga la l,t,. Se apre#"a> # e/te #,nd"1"e #a> al :" @+pre- rarea #are dep"nde eB#l /"$ de $,"n1a ne" ter1e per/,ane nedeter+"nate. De eBe+pl ' @1" d,ne> # r/ r"le da# @n /e/" nea de $ar $," l a n +a" n,te de >e#e. 2F4 b. Condiia mi9t' e/te e$en"+ent l $""t,r :" ne/"g r # /e $a @nt9+pla' #e dep"nde de $,"n1a ne" pr1" :" de $,"n1a ne" ter1e per/,ane. SCondiia mi9t este aceea care depinde totodat de voina uneia din prile contractante *i de aceea a unei alte persoane H .art.1FFC %,d #"$"l). De eBe+pl @1" @+pr + t 1F +"l",ane le"' da# $," $"nde #,+!"na + >"#al .a#,rdarea @+pr + t l " dep"nde de $,"n1a ne" ter1e per/,ane #are $a # +pra /a n #,+!"na + >"#al). c. Condiia potestativ' e/te #,nd"1"a #e dep"nde de $,"n1a pr1"l,r /a a ne"a d"n pr1". SCondiia potestativ este aceea care "ace s depind per"ectarea conveniei de un eveniment. pe care *i una *i alta din prile contractante poate s)l "ac a se -nt2mpla sau poate s)l -mpiedice.H De eBe+pl ' @1" $9nd aparta+ent l' da# p9n la 1 +a" @+" $," # +pra alt l 3n 6 n#1"e de $,"n1a #re"a d"n pr1" dep"nde #,nd"1"a p,te/tat"$' d"/t"nge+J Condiia pur potestativ' #9nd @ndepl"n"rea e$en"+ent l " $""t,r dep"nde eB#l /"$ de $,"n1a ne"a d"n pr1". Ea /e eBpr"+ pr"n eBpre/""leJ Sda# $," d,r"H' da# $," $reaH' S#9nd @+" $a pl#eaH.
2F4

1==

%9nd real">area #,nd"1"e" p r pr,te/tat"$e dep"nde eB#l /"$ de $,"n1a de!"t,r l " .de eBe+pl ' @1" $9nd I #el #e 6a#e pr,p nerea e/te de!"t,r' de,are#e /e ,!l"g la pre/ta1"a de a da I #a/a da# $," d,r") ,!l"ga1"a e/te n l .a#t l - r"d"# n /e p,ate @n#De"a pentr l"p/a #,n/"+1+9nt l " I de#lararea +an"6e/tr"" de $,"n1 a de!"t,r l " de a @n#De"a a#t l - r"d"# e/te ne/er",a/' n /7a 6# t # "nten1"a de a pr,d #e e6e#te - r"d"#e de a /e lega de #red"t,r d"n p n#t de $edere - r"d"# I @1" $9nd #a/a da# $," d,r"). %9nd real">area #,nd"1"e" p r p,te/tat"$e dep"nde eB#l /"$ de $,"n1a #red"t,r l " .de eBe+pl ' @1" $9nd a t,t r"/+ l' da# $e" d,r" /7l # +per" p9n la 1F +a" I # +prt,r l e/te #red"t,r al a t,t r"/+ l ") ,!l"ga1"a e/te $ala!"l. 3n art.1F1F %,d #"$"l /e regle+entea> eBpre/ #,nd"1"a p r pr,te/tat"$ # pr"$"re la de!"t,r :" "+pl"#"t pr"n' "nterpretare pe a #,ntrar",' #,nd"1"a p r pr,te/tat"$ # pr"$"re la #red"t,rJ S,!l"ga1"a e/te n l #9nd /7a #,ntra#tat / ! , #,nd"1"e p,te/tat"$ d"n partea #el " #e /e ,!l"gH. Condiia potestativ simpl' #9nd #,nd"1"a dep"nde de $,"n1a ne" pr1" :" de n 6apt eBter",r /a de $,"n1a ne" ter1e per/,ane nedeter+"nate. De eBe+pl ' @1" @+pr + t 1 +"l",n da# $," 6" pre+"at la /69r:"t l l n"". ) Dup cum const -n reali,area sau nereali,area evenimentului d"/t"nge+ #,nd"1"a p,>"t"$ :" #,nd"1"a negat"$. a. Condiia po,itiv' e/te #,nd"1"a 6,r+ lat @n /en/ a6"r+at"$' ad"# a#t l - r"d"# dep"nde de n e$en"+ent #e /e $a @nt9+pla. De eBe+pl ' @1" $9nd tele$">,r l' da# + $," tran/6era la %l -7Nap,#a p9n la 1 " n"e. b. Condiia ne!ativ e/te #,nd"1"a 6,r+ lat @n /en/ negat"$' ad"# a#t l - r"d"# dep"nde de n e$en"+ent #e n /e $a @nt9+pla. De eBe+pl ' @1" $9nd tele$">,r l' da# p9n la %r#" n n + $," tran/6era la %l -7Nap,#a. Pra#t"# ,r"#e #,nd"1"e p,ate 6" 6,r+ lat @n +,d p,>"t"$ /a negat"$. ) Dup cum evenimentul viitor *i nesi!ur este imposibil. #,ntrar leg"" /a reg l"l,r de +,ral #,nd"1"a p,ate 6" "+p,/"!"l' "l"#"t :" "+,ral. a. Condiia imposibil e/te #,nd"1"a #e #,n/t @ntr7 n e$en"+ent $""t,r #e n p,ate / /e @ndepl"nea/#. I+p,/"!"l"tatea
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@ndepl"n"r"" #,nd"1"e" e/te de nat r 6">"# .de eBe+pl ' @1" d,ne> aparta+ent l da# @n 3 >"le +erg" pe -,/ p9n la Ma+a"a) /a de nat ra - r"d"# .de eBe+pl ' @1" d,ne> tele$">,r l da#7+" pre>"n1" t"tl de pr,pr"etate a/ pra #ld"r"" Pen"ten#"ar l " ;Derla). b. Condiia ilicit #,n/t @ntr7 n 6apt #,ntrar leg"" .de eBe+pl ' @1" d,ne> # r/ l da# + a- 1" / S/pargH l"!rr"a S;a dea+ /H). c. Condiia imoral e/te #,nd"1"a #e #,n/t @ntr7 n 6apt #,ntrar ! nel,r +,ra$ r" .de eBe+pl ' @1" @+pr + t !"#"#leta 1F >"le' da# te pl"+!" g,l $"ner" /ear pr"n #+"n). %,nd"1"a / /pen/"$ #e #,n/t @ntr7 n 6apt "+p,/"!"l' "l"#"t /a "+,ral e/te l,$"t de n l"tate :" a#t l - r"d"# n +a" pr,d #e n"#" n e6e#t. %,nd"1"a re>,l t,r"e #e #,n/t @ntr7 n 6apt "+p,/"!"l' "l"#"t /a "+,ral e/te n l :" a#t l - r"d"# pr,d #e e6e#tele n " a#t - r"d"# p r :" /"+pl . :+ Re1u*i s'e&ia*e &u 'rivire *a 4n%e'*inirea sau ne4n%e'*inirea &on%i/iei 3n %,d l #"$"l /e pre$d patr reg l" /pe#"ale # pr"$"re la @ndepl"n"rea /a ne@ndepl"n"rea #,nd"1"e"J 7 art.1F11 %,d #"$"lJ I-ndeplinirea condiiei trebuie s se "ac ast"el cum au -neles prile s "ie "cut.H 7 art.1F12 al"n.1 %,d #"$"lJ Ic2nd obli!aia este contractat sub condiia c un eveniment oarecare se va -nt2mpla -ntr)un timp "i9at. condiia este considerat ca ne-ndeplinit. dac timpul a e9pirat "r ca evenimentul s se -nt2mple.H De eBe+pl ' @1" d,ne> +,!"la da# + $," + ta la 0 # re:t" p9n la %r#" n' #,nd"1"a e/te @ndepl"n"t n +a" #9nd p9n la %r#" n +7a+ + tat la 0 # re:t". D p #e a tre# t %r#" n l' #,nd"1"a /e #,n/"der ne@ndepl"n"t' #D"ar da# la #9te$a >"le d p %r#" n +7a+ + tat la 0 # re:t". 7 art.1F13 al"n.1 %,d #"$"l pre$ede /"t a1"a /"+etr"#J Iobli!aia este contractat sub condiia c un eveniment n)are s se -nt2mple -ntr)un timp determinat. aceast condiie este -ndeplinit. dac timpul a trecut. "r ca evenimentul s se "i -nt2mplat .H De eBe+pl ' @1" d,ne> tele$">,r l la /69r:"t l 6a# lt1""' da# p9n at n#"
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n te @n/,r"' #,nd"1"a /e #,n/"der @ndepl"n"t la ter+"narea 6a# lt1""' da# p9n la a#ea/t dat n te7a" @n/ rat. 7 #9nd @n a#t l - r"d"# n /7a 6"Bat n ter+en @n #are / 6"e @ndepl"n"t #,nd"1"a /e #,n/"der #,nd"1"a @ndepl"n"t /a ne@ndepl"n"t' n +a" at n#" #9nd de$"ne /"g r # e$en"+ent l n /e $a @nt9+pla. De eBe+pl ' @1" $9nd #a/a' da# ter+"n 6a# ltatea :" + + t la 0 # re:t". %,nd"1"a e/te ne@ndepl"n"t #9nd de$"ne /"g r # n +a" ter+"n 6a# ltatea. De eBe+pl ' @n an l II +7a+ #/t,r"t # n +,del :" +7a+ + tat @n D !a". 7 @n #a> l #,nd"1"e" negat"$e' #9nd /7a 6"Bat n ter+en de @+pl"n"re' #,nd"1"a /e #,n/"der @ndepl"n"t' #D"ar @na"nte de eBp"rarea ter+en l "' da# e/te /"g r # e$en"+ent l n /e $a p tea @ndepl"n". De eBe+pl ' @1" d,ne> aparta+ent l da# p9n la %r#" n n + @n/,r. %,nd"1"a negat"$' da# p9n la %r#" n n + @n/,r e/te @ndepl"n"t @na"nte de eBp"rarea ter+en l "' da# p9n la %r#" n e/te /"g r # n + @n/,r I de p"ld a+ r+a/ "legal @n /tr"ntate. 7 art.1F14 %,d #"$"lJ ICondiia este repetat 4n.a. ) considerat' ca -ndeplinit. c2nd debitorul obli!at sub condiie a -mpiedicat -ndeplinirea ei.H ;+ E2e&te*e &on%i/iei Reg la @n +ater"a e6e#tel,r #,nd"1"e" e/te retr,a#t"$"tatea. 3+pl"n"rea /a ne@+pl"n"rea #,nd"1"e" pr,d #e e6e#te de la data @n#De"er"" a#t l " - r"d"#. Reg la 6""nd / plet"$' pr1"le pr"n a#,rd l de $,"n1 p,t #,n$en" #a e6e#tele / /e pr,d # n +a" pentr $""t,r. E6e#tele #,nd"1"e" / /pen/"$e d"6er d p # + ne a6l+J 7 @na"nte de @ndepl"n"rea /a ne@ndepl"n"rea #,nd"1"e" .pedente #,nd"t",ne)' 7 @n +,+ent l ne@ndepl"n"r"" #,nd"1"e" .de6"#"ente #,nd"t",ne) 7 @n +,+ent l @ndepl"n"r"" #,nd"1"e" .e$en"ente #,nd"t",ne) Pedente conditione 4-nainte de -ndeplinirea condiiei'. E/te per",ada de t"+p @ntre +,+ent l @n#De"er"" a#t l " - r"d"# :" #el /ta!"l"t pentr @ndepl"n"rea /a ne@ndepl"n"rea #,nd"1"e". 3n a#e/t "nter$al de t"+p' de:" a#t l - r"d"# a 6,/t @n#De"at' el n pr,d #e e6e#te - r"d"#e' n /7a n/# t drept r" :" #,relat"$ n"#" ,!l"ga1"". % t,ate a#e/tea' @n nan"+"tate a t,r"" de +an ale :" # r/ r" n"$er/"tare de
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SDrept #"$"l' partea generalH /a STe,r"a general a ,!l"ga1""l,rH en +er #,n/e#"n1ele 6apt l " # ,!l"ga1"a n eB"/t. Apre#"e+ a#e/t l #r #a 6""nd l"p/"t de t"l"tate #el p 1"n d"da#t"#. T,t :" $,+ en +era :" n," a#e/te e6e#te. A:adar' #red"t,r l n e/te t"t lar al drept l " / !"e#t"$ de a #ere eBe# tarea ,!l"ga1"e" de la de!"t,r l / . De eBe+pl ' @n #,ntra#t l de $9n>are7# +prare a n " a t,t r"/+ / ! #,nd"1"a / /pen/"$ .da# $9n>t,r l p9n la %r#" n /e @n/,ar) #red"t,r l a t,t r"/+ l "' ad"# # +prt,r l' n p,ate #ere predarea a t,t r"/+ l " de la de!"t,r7 .$9n>t,r). %9nd de!"t,r l .$9n>t,r l t r"/+ l " @n eBe+pl l dat) eBe# t pre/ta1"a .pred a t,t r"/+ l) el p,ate #ere re/t"t "rea a t,t r"/+ l " pentr # a 6# t , plat nedat,rat. N"#" na d"n pr1" n p,ate /t"nge ,!l"ga1"a pr"n #,+pen/a1"e. Pre/#r"p1"a n @n#epe / # rg. 3n a#tele tran/lat"$e de pr,pr"etate n /e pr,d #e e6e#t l tran/lat"$' pr,pr"etar l l #r l " r+9ne @n #,nt"n are #el #e d,re:te / @n/tr"ne>e / ! #,nd"1"e / /pen/"$. A#e/t lt"+ e6e#t ">$,r:te d"n teBt l art.1F= %,d #"$"lJ Ic2nd obli!aia este contractat sub o condiie suspensiv. obiectul conveniei rm2ne -n ri,ico)pericolul debitorului. care s)a obli!at a)l da. -n ca, de -ndeplinire a condiiei H . .a. pr"n "nterpretare per a #,ntrar",' @na"nte de @+pl"n"rea #,nd"1"e" e6e#t l tran/lat"$ de pr,pr"etate n /e pr,d #e). 3n d,#tr"n' /e re# n,/# #red"t,r l " #9te$a Sprer,gat"$e /pe#"6"#eH arg +ent9nd 7/e @ntr7, ,p"n"e #J S,!l"ga1"a are , an +"t eB"/ten1 e+!r",nar.H2F5 A're&ie# &3 @n a#e/t #a> apare , "n#,n/e#$en1J /e de6"ne:te #,nd"1"a / /pen/"$ Sa#el e$en"+ent de #are dep"nde na:terea rap,rt l " ,!l"ga1",nalH pentr #a ap," / /e ad+"t SeB"/ten1a e+!r",narH a ,!l"ga1"e"' #are @n# n /7a n/# t. !n &e ne 'rive0te' / !l"n"e+ # @ntr7ade$r /e na:te n drept @n per/,ana #red"t,r l "' dar a#e/ta e/te pre$> t de lege :" n de eB"/ten1a e+!r",nar a ,!l"ga1"e"J @n art.1F1A %,d #"$"l /e d"/p neJ S%red"t,r l p,ate' @na"ntea @ndepl"n"r"" #,nd"1"e"' / eBer#"te t,ate a#tele #,n/er$at,are drept l " / H' # + ar 6" @ntrer perea ne" pre/#r"p1"" et#.
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Un alt drept #e /e na:te @n per/,ana #red"t,r l "' @na"nte de @ndepl"n"rea #,nd"1"e" / /pen/"$e :" pre$> t de lege e/te tran/+"terea pr"n a#te - r"d"#e a drept l " / ! #,nd"1"e / /pen/"$J art.1F15 %,d #"$"lJ S....) da# #red"t,r l a + r"t @na"ntea @ndepl"n"r"" #,nd"1"e"' drept r"le /ale tre# ere>"l,r /".H De:" teBt l /e re6er eBpre/ la tran/+"terea drept l " #red"t,r l " pr"n a#te - r"d"#e +,rt"/ #a /a' @n d,#tr"n /e ad+"te :" tran/+"terea pr"n a#te "nter $"$,/ a drept l " #red"t,r l "' a6e#tat de #,nd"1"a / /pen/"$' dar n #a drept p r :" /"+pl . Se ad+"te drept l #red"t,r l " de a ,!1"ne garan1"" pentr #rean1a /a .ga-' "p,te#' 6"de- /" ne). 5veniente conditione 4condiia s)a -ndeplinit' 3ndepl"n"rea #,nd"1"e" / /pen/"$e pr,d #e de reg l e6e#te retr,a#t"$e' de la data @n#De"er"" a#t l " - r"d"#. A:adar' /e pr,d # e6e#tele n " a#t p r :" /"+pl :" drept r+areJ 7 plata 6# t de de!"t,r pendente #,nd"t",ne' de:" nedat,rat' pr"n @ndepl"n"rea #,nd"1"e" / /pen/"$e' de$"ne plat dat,rat :" de!"t,r l n +a" p,ate #ere re/t"t "rea e" 7 drept r"le tran/+"/e de #tre t"t lar pendente #,nd"t",ne /e #,n/,l"dea>. 3n eBe+pl l' @1" $9nd aparta+ent l' da# p9n la %r#" n + @n/,r' real">area #,nd"1"e" I da# p9n la %r#" n + @n/,r 6a#e #a tran/+"terea drept l " de pr,pr"etate a/ pra # +prt,r l " / /e #,n/,l"de>e. 7 a#tele - r"d"#e @n#De"ate de @n/tr"nt,r /e de/6""n1ea>. De eBe+pl ' @n/tr"nt,r l / ! #,nd"1"e / /pen/"$ .$9n>t,r l aparta+ent l ") @n#De"e n #,ntra#t de @+pr + t :" " /e #ere , garan1"e. El @n#De"e n #,ntra#t de "p,te# al #r " ,!"e#t e/te aparta+ent l. %,nd"1"a /e @ndepl"ne:te. 3n/tr"nt,r l " de$en"t nepr,pr"etar de la data @n#De"er"" #,ntra#t l " de $9n>are7# +prare " /e de/6""n1ea> #,ntra#t l de "p,te#' pentr # n el era pr,pr"etar l aparta+ent l " "p,te#at. De la reg la #,n6,r+ #re"a @ndepl"n"rea #,nd"1"e" / /pen/"$e pr,d #e e6e#te retr,a#t"$e' / nt r+t,arele e>(ep#iiJ 7 pre/#r"p1"a eBt"n#t"$ # rge n +a" de la data @ndepl"n"r"" #,nd"1"e" .art.C al"n.3 d"n De#ret l 1ACM 1B3C Idac dreptul este sub condiie suspensiv sau cu termen suspensiv. prescripia -ncepe s cur! de la data c2nd s)a -mplinit condiia sau a e9pirat termenul H)
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7 6r #tele # le/e de #tre @n/tr"nt,r l / ! #,nd"1"e p9n @n +,+ent l @ndepl"n"r"" #,nd"1"e" r+9n ale l "' # t,ate # ! n l 6r g"6er de$"ne pr,pr"etatea #red"t,r l "' retr,a#t"$ de la @n#De"erea a#t l ". 3n eBe+pl l n,/tr ' @1" $9nd aparta+ent l da# p9n la %r#" n + @n/,r' de!"t,r l aparta+ent l " .$9n>t,r l' @n/tr"nt,r l) p9n la %r#" n @l @n#D"r"a>. %,nd"1"a /e @ndepl"ne:te. &9n>t,r l .@n/tr"nt,r l) p/trea> #D"r"a @n#a/at p9n la %r#" n' de:" $a tre! " / predea aparta+ent l' #are a "ntrat @n pr,pr"etatea #red"t,r l " .a # +prt,r l ") de la data @n#De"er"" #,ntra#t l " de $9n>are7 # +prare. 7 a#tele - r"d"#e de #,n/er$are :" ad+"n"/trare 6# te de @n/tr"nt,r .de!"t,r l) / ! #,nd"1"e r+9n $ala!"le. 3n eBe+pl l n,/tr ' @n/tr"nt,r l .$9n>t,r l) aparta+ent l " l7a p / @n $al,are' @n#De"nd n a#t - r"d"# de ad+"n"/trare .#,ntra#t de @n#D"r"ere) #are e/te $ala!"l. 7 r"/# r"le pendente #,nd"t",ne .at9t a p"er"r"" 6,rt "te a l #r l " #9t :" #,ntra#t al) / nt @n /ar#"na @n/tr"nt,r l " .de!"t,r l "). 3n/tr"nt,r l .de!"t,r l) e/te pr,pr"etar l aparta+ent l " .a+ $> t +a" / / # @n a#tele tran/lat"$e de pr,pr"etate' pendente #,nd"t",ne n /e pr,d #e e6e#t l tran/lat"$ de pr,pr"etate)' :" da# a#e/ta p"ere @ntr7 n # tre+ r @na"nte de %r#" n' $a / p,rta pag !aJ nea$9nd #e preda # +prt,r l "' n p,ate pret"nde pre1 l. De"iciente conditione 4condiia nu se -ndepline*te'. 3n a#ea/t "p,te> pr1"le re$"n @n /"t a1"a de d"na"ntea @n#De"er"" a#t l " - r"d"# a6e#tat de #,nd"1"e / /pen/"$. T,ate a#tele - r"d"#e @n#De"ate de ,r"#are d"n pr1" pendente #,nd"t",ne /e de/6""n1ea> retr,a#t"$. A:adar 7 pre/ta1""le e$ent al eBe# tate /e re/t"t "e 7 garan1""le #,n/t"t "te /e de/6""n1ea> 7 a#tele - r"d"#e @n#De"ate de @n/tr"nt,r .de!"t,r) / ! #,nd"1"e / /pen/"$ /e #,n/,l"dea>. 3n eBe+pl l n,/tr @n/tr"nt,r l .de!"t,r l) aparta+ent l " p,ate @n#De"a n #,ntra#t de "p,te#' de @n#D"r"ere' a#te - r"d"#e #e /e #,n/,l"dea>' de,are#e ne@ndepl"n"rea #,nd"1"e" / /pen/"$e are #a e6e#t r+9nerea aparta+ent l " @n patr"+,n" l @n/tr"nt,r l " 7 a#tele - r"d"#e @n#De"ate de d,!9nd"t,r :" drept r"le n/# te @n 6a$,area a#e/t "a .#red"t,r) / ! #,nd"1"e / /pen/"$ /e de/6""n1ea>
1<4

retr,a#t"$' p,tr"$"t pr"n#"p" l " re/,l t, - re dant"/ re/,l$"t r - / a##"p"ent"/. E*e("ele ( n$i#iei re+ l%" rii Pen%ente &on%itione .per",ada de t"+p @ntre +,+ent l @n#De"er"" a#t l " - r"d"# :" data /ta!"l"t pentr @ndepl"n"rea #,nd"1"e"). 3n a#ea/t per",ad a#t l - r"d"# pr,d #e e6e#te - r"d"#e /ta!"l"te de pr1". Pra#t"# / nte+ @n pre>en1a n " a#t - r"d"# p r :" /"+pl :" pr"n r+are /e pr,d # r+t,arele #,n/e#"n1eJ 7 a+!ele pr1" ale a#t l " - r"d"# @:" eBer#"t drept r"le :" eBe# t ,!l"ga1""le. %red"t,r l are drept l / #ear eBe# tarea pre/ta1"e" de #tre de!"t,r' a#e/ta are ,!l"ga1"a / , eBe# te 7 a#tele tran/lat"$e de pr,pr"etate / ! #,nd"1"e re>,l t,r"e pr,d # e6e#t l tran/lat"$' d,!9nd"t,r l de$"ne pr,pr"etar :" / p,rt a/t6el r"/# r"le .al p"e"r"" 6,rt "te a l #r l " :" #,ntra#t al) 7 d,!9nd"t,r l drept l " / ! #,nd"1"e re>,l t,r"e' @n #al"tate de t"t lar al a#e/t "a' @l p,ate tran/+"te /a gre$a pr"n a#te "nter $"$,/ /a +,rt"/ #a /a. Drept l /e tran/+"te t,t a6e#tat de #,nd"1"a re>,l t,r"e. De eBe+pl ' @ntr7 n #,ntra#t de $9n>are7# +prare a n " ! n .@1" $9nd tele$">,r l' dar da# n 7+" plte:t" pre1 l p9n la Pa:t"' #,ntra#t l /e de/6""n1ea>) # +prt,r l / ! #,nd"1"e re>,l t,r"e' @l p,ate @n/tr"na p9n la Pa:t". S !d,!9nd"t,r l tele$">,r l " e/te :" el 1"n t de #,nd"1"a re>,l t,r"e .ne+, pl / " r"/ al al" + tran/6erre p,te/t' P a+ "p/e Da!et). &e*i(ien"e ( n$i"i neJ .#,nd"1"a n /e @ndepl"ne:te). 3n eBe+pl l dat' #,nd"1"a I da# plata tele$">,r l " # +prat n /e 6a#e p9n la Pa:t" I n /7a @ndepl"n"t' plata 6#9nd 7/e p9n la Pa:t"' a#t l - r"d"# /e #,n/,l"dea> de6"n"t"$. Se #,n/"der # de la @n#De"ere /a a 6,/t n a#t - r"d"# p r :" /"+pl . E)enien"e ( n$i"i ne .#,nd"1"a /7a real">at). 3n eBe+pl l n,/tr ' plata tele$">,r l " /7a 6# t d p Pa:t". 3n a#e/t #a>' a#t l - r"d"# /e de/6""n1ea> retr,a#t"$ de la data @n#De"er""' #,n/"der9nd 7/e #a n a 6,/t @n#De"at n"#",dat :" /e pr,d # r+t,arele e6e#teJ 7 t,ate pre/ta1""le 6# te de pr1" /e re/t"t "e 7 drept r"le pe #are e$ent al d,!9nd"t,r l le7a #,n/t"t "t / ! #,nd"1"e re>,l t,r"e @n 6a$,area n,r ter1e per/,ane # pr"$"re la
1<5

! n r" /e de6""n1ea> .n"+en" n p,ate da +a" + lt de#9t are) :" "n$er/' drept r"le #,n/t"t "te de @n/tr"nt,r / ! #,nd"1"e re>,l t,r"e /e #,n/,l"dea>. De la reg la re/t"t "r"" retr,a#t"$e a pre/ta1""l,r eBe# tate de pr1" p9n @n +,+ent l @ndepl"n"r"" #,nd"1"e" re>,l t,r"" / nt r+t,arele eB#ep1""J 7 r"/# r"le .ale p"er"r"" 6,rt "te a l #r l " :" ale #,ntra#t l ") real">ate pendente #,nd"t",ne /e / p,rt de d,!9nd"t,r' pentr # a de$en"t pr,pr"etar / ! #,nd"1"e re>,l t,r"e. 7 a#tele - r"d"#e de #,n/er$are :" ad+"n"/trare 6# te de d,!9nd"t,r l / ! #,nd"1"e re>,l t,r"e r+9n $ala!"le' de:"' pr"n real">area #,nd"1"e" re>,l t,r""' a#t l /e de/6""n1ea> :" e/te ,!l"gat / re/t"t "e ! n l. 7 6r #tele # le/e de d,!9nd"t,r l / ! #,nd"1"e re>,l t,r"e r+9n ale /ale' de:" $a re/t"t " ! n l 6r g"6er' pentr # a p"erd t #al"tatea de pr,pr"etar. 7 @n a#tele - r"d"#e # eBe# tare / ##e/"$ .de eBe+pl ' #,ntra#t l de @n#D"r"ere #,+,dat)' @ndepl"n"rea #,nd"1"e" re>,l t,r"" pr,d #e e6e#te n +a" pentr $""t,r .eB n n#) de,are#e pre/ta1""le de-a eBe# tate / nt "re$er/"!"le. C+ <&urt3 &o#'ara/ie 4ntre ter#en 0i &on%i/ie &a #o%a*it3/i a*e a&tu*ui $uri%i&. %semnriJ - / nt e$en"+ente $""t,are - / nt +,dal"t1" ale a#t l " - r"d"#' eBpre/"" ale pr"n#"p" l " l"!ert1"" #,ntra#t ale Deosebiri1 Ter+en 7 real">area e$en"+ent l " $""t,r e/te /"g r 7 la ter+en l "n#ert ne/"g ran1a pr"$e:te d,ar >" a @ndepl"n"r"" 7 a+9n /a /t"nge eBer#"tarea drept r"l,r :" eBe# tarea ,!l"ga1""l,r 7 e6e#tele /e pr,d # pentr $""t,r' eB %,nd"1"e 7 real">area e$en"+ent l " $""t,r e/te "n#ert 7 ne/"g ran1a pr"$e:te @n/:" real">area e$en"+ent l " $""t,r 7 a6e#tea> eB"/ten1a drept r"l,r :" ,!l"ga1""l,r 7 e6e#tele /e pr,d # de reg l pentr

1<A

n n#

tre# t' eB t n#' #

nele eB#ep1""

C0 Sar(ina@ 6+ No/iunea %e sar&in3, &a #o%a*itate a a&tu*ui $uri%i& Sar#"na #a +,dal"tate a a#t l " - r"d"# e/te ,!l"ga1"a de a da' a 6a#e /a a n 6a#e #e$a "+p / de d"/p nt,r grat"6"#at l " @n #,ntra#t l de d,na1"e /a legat l te/ta+entar. %,ntra#t l de d,na1"e :" legat l te/ta+entar / nt a#te - r"d"#e # t"tl grat "t l"!eral"t1". A:adar' /ar#"na are n d,+en" de apl"#are re/tr9n/J a#te - r"d"#e l"!eral"t1". Clasi"icarea sarcinilor1 D p per/,ana #are !ene6"#"a> de /ar#"n /e d"/t"ngJ /ar#"na @n 6a$,area d"/p nt,r l "' a grat"6"#at l " :" @n 6a$,area ne" ter1e per/,ane. <ar&ina 4n 2avoarea %is'un3toru*ui #,n/t @n ,!l"ga1"a de a da' a 6a#e /a a n 6a#e #e$a' #e , "+p ne d"/p nt,r l @n 6a$,area /a. De eBe+pl ' n#D" l d,nea> a t,t r"/+ l nep,t l " / :" "+p ne a#e/t "a /7l tran/p,rte @n 6"e#are t,a+n la , /ta1" ne !alne,7 #l"+ater"#. <ar&ina 4n 2avoarea 1rati2i&atu*ui e/te ,!l"ga1"a de a da' a 6a#e /a a n 6a#e #e$a' pe #are d"/p nt,r l , /ta!"le:te @n 6a$,area #el " grat"6"#at. De eBe+pl ' n#D" l d,nea> nep,t l " , / + de !an" pe #are a#e/ta / , 6,l,/ea/#' @n parte pentr , ! r/ de /t d"" @n /tr"ntate. <ar&ina 4n 2avoarea unei ter/e 'ersoane @n #are !ene6"#"ar l ,!l"ga1"e" de a da' a 6a#e /a a n 6a#e #e$a e/te , ter1 per/,an. De eBe+pl de # - / la/ pr"n te/ta+ent , #a/ nep,t l " # ,!l"ga1"a a#e/t "a / pltea/# , rent $"ager /,1"e" te/tat,r l ".

1<C

%la/"6"#area pre>"nt "+p,rtan1 pr"n reg"+ l - r"d"# pr,pr" 6"e#re" /ar#"n" +a" / / pre#">ateJ 7 /ar#"na @n 6a$,area d"/p nt,r l " /e p,ate /ta!"l" n +a" @n #,ntra#tele de d,na1"e' n :" @n te/ta+ente. Te/ta+ent l pr,d #e e6e#te n +a" d p +,artea te/tat,r l ". Pre$eder"le leg"" #"$"le .art.<A5 al"n.2 %,d #"$"l) "nter>"# @n$,"r"le a/ pra ne" / ##e/" n" #e n e/te de/#D"/. 7 @n nele /"t a1"" /ar#"na p,ate / /#D"+!e nat ra - r"d"# a d,na1"e" /a te/ta+ent l ". A/t6el' da# /ar#"na egalea> /a dep:e:te $al,area d,na1"e" /a te/ta+ent l "' a#t l - r"d"# de$"ne ,ner,/. 7 /ar#"na @n 6a$,area ne" ter1e per/,ane e/te /t"p la1"e pentr alt l. A:adar rap,rt l - r"d"# /e na:te @ntre grat"6"#at :" ter1a per/,an' a#ea/ta d"n r+ de$"ne #red"t,r al grat"6"#at l " :" @n a#ea/t #al"tate p,ate #ere eBe# tarea /ar#"n"" de #tre grat"6"#at. 7 ter1 l !ene6"#"ar ne6""nd parte la #,ntra#t l de d,na1"e n p,ate #ere re>,l 1" nea a#t l " :" ap," n ar a$ea n"#" n "ntere/. 3ntre ter1a per/,an :" d"/p nt,r n /e /ta!"le:te n"#" n rap,rt - r"d"#. N +a" d"/p nt,r l p,ate #ere re$,#area a#t l " de d,na1"e #9nd grat"6"#at l n eBe# t /ar#"na @n 6a$,area ter1e" per/,ane. 2+ E2e&te*e sar&inii EBe# tarea /ar#"n"" de #tre grat"6"#at #,n/,l"dea> a#t l - r"d"# a6e#tat de /ar#"n .#,ntra#t l de d,na1"e :" te/ta+ent l). NeeBe# tarea /ar#"n"" de #tre grat"6"#at per+"te d"/p nt,r l " 6"e / #ear eBe# tarea /"l"t a /ar#"n""' 6"e / re$,#e a#t l ./ #ear re>,l 1" nea). A:adar' n /e p ne pr,!le+a $ala!"l"t1"" a#t l " - r"d"# @n #a> l neeBe# tr"" /ar#"n""' #" n +a" pr,!le+a e6"#a#"t1"" a#t l ". A#1" nea @n re>,l 1" nea ne" d,na1"" pentr neeBe# tarea /ar#"n"" apar1"ne d"/p nt,r l "' ea e/te tran/+"/"!"l +,:ten"t,r"l,r a#e/t "a #are 6"e #,nt"n a#1" nea "ntr,d / de a t,r' 6"e eBer#"t d"re#t , a/e+enea a#1" ne. :+ Con%i/ia 0i sar&in3 = ase#3n3ri 0i %eose(iri %semnri1 - /an#1" nea @n #a> l ne@ndepl"n"r"" /a @ndepl"n"r"" #,nd"1"e" I de/6""n1area a#t l " - r"d"# :" /an#1",narea @n #a> l
1<=

neeBe# tr"" /ar#"n"" I re$,#area a#t l " pr,d # de reg l e6e#te retr,a#t"$e. eB#ep1""le de la retr,a#t"$"tatea e6e#tel,r de/6""n1r"" a#t l " - r"d"# pentr ne@ndepl"n"rea #,nd"1"e" :" eB#ep1"e" de la re$,#area a#t l " - r"d"# @n #a> l neeBe# tr"" /ar#"n"" / nt a#elea:".

Deosebiri1 %,nd"1"a 7 d,+en" de apl"#areJ #,nd"1"a a6e#tea> a#tele - r"d"#e # t"tl ,ner,/ :" a#tele - r"d"#e # t"tl grat "t 7 e6e#teJ pr"$e:te eB"/ten1a drept l " / !"e#t"$ :" a ,!l"ga1"e" #,relat"$e 7 #,nd"1"a re>,l t,r"e ,perea> de drept. 3ntr7 n l"t"g" "n/tan1a de - de#at #,n/tat e6e#tele pr,d /e de nereal">area #,nd"1"e"

Sar#"na 7 a6e#tea> n +a" a#tele - r"d"#e # t"tl grat "t l"!eral"t1"' d,na1"a :" te/ta+ent l 7 are #a e6e#t' @n #a> de neeBe# tare' l"p/a de e6"#a#"tate a d,na1"e" :" te/ta+ent l " 7 neeBe# tarea /ar#"n"" tre! "e #er t "n/tan1e" de - de#at

J+ EIECTELE ACTULUI URIDIC CIVIL

A0 &e*ini#ia e*e("el r a("%l%i .%ri$i( (i)il

E6e#tele a#t l " - r"d"# #"$"l / nt #rearea' +,d"6"#area' tran/+"terea /a /t"ngerea n,r rap,rt r" - r"d"#e #"$"le :" "+pl"#"t a drept r"l,r :" ,!l"ga1""l,r #are al#t "e/# #,n1"n t l a#e/t,r rap,rt r". 2FA 3n d,#tr"n' n"" a t,r" n en +er pr"ntre e6e#te :" tran/+"terea n,r rap,rt r" - r"d"#e #"$"le. 2FC SPrin e"ectul actului juridic se -nele! drepturile civile *i obli!aiile civile la care d na*tere. pe care le modi"ic sau stin!e un asemenea act.H
2FA 2FC

1<<

3ntr7, de6"n"1"eJ Se6e#t l general al ,r"#r " a#t - r"d"# #,n/t @n legarea an +"t,r per/,ane / !"e#te de drept #"$"l I @n :" pr"n rap,rt r" - r"d"#e #"$"le' ad"# real">area n,r legt r" - r"d"#e .$"n# l + - r"/)H2F=. I,an Al! de6"ne:te e6e#tele #,ntra#t l "J S#,n/ta @n #rearea de drept r" :" @ndat,r"r" #,relat"$e @ntre pr1"le #,ntra#tante' "ar ne,r" :" 6a1 de an +"te alte per/,aneH.2F< A're&ie# ne#e/ar # pr"nderea @n de6"n"1"a e6e#tel,r a#t l " - r"d"# :" a e6e#t l " pr"$"t,r la tran/+"terea drept r"l,r :" ,!l"ga1""l,r pr1"l,r. S nt a#te - r"d"#e pr"n #are /e real">ea> a#e/t e6e#tJ de eBe+pl ' #,ntra#t l de #e/" ne de #rean1 @n #are na d"n pr1"le rap,rt l " - r"d"# tran/+"te drept l de #rean1 .# t"tl ,ner,/ /a grat "t) ne" alte per/,ane. O per/,an /tr"n de rap,rt l - r"d"# "n"1"al .#edent I de!"t,r)' n +"t #e/",nar' pre"a ." /e tran/+"te) de la #edent drept l a#e/t "a. SPr"n#"pal l e6e#t al #e/" n"" e/te tran/+"terea drept l " de #rean1 de la #edent la #e/",narH 21F A/e+enea' e/te +"-l,# de tran/+"tere legal /a #,n$en1",nal a ,!l"ga1""l,r / !r,ga1"a @n drept r"le #red"t,r l " pr"n plata #rean1e". Un ter1 la rap,rt l - r"d"# "n"1"al /ta!"l"t @ntre #red"t,r :" de!"t,r" plt"nd #red"t,r l " #rean1a #e , a$ea de @n#a/at de la de!"t,r' de$"ne #red"t,r al a#e/t "a d"n r+' d,!9nd"nd t,ate drept r"le #red"t,r l " plt"t. 3n l #rr"le de /pe#"al"tate re6er"t,are la ,!l"ga1""' n #ap"t,l d"/t"n#t @l 6,r+ea> SM,d l de tran/+"tere al ,!l"ga1""l,rH.211 %,d l #"$"l r,+9n de:" n #,n1"ne , regle+entare eBpre/ a e6e#tel,r a#t l " - r"d"# #"$"l' regle+entea> e6e#tele #,n$en1""l,r /a #,ntra#tel,r' @n art.<A<7<=5 %,d #"$"l :" e6e#tele /pe#"6"#e d"6er"tel,r #,ntra#te #"$"leJ $9n>are7# +prare' /#D"+!' l,#a1" ne' /,#"etate' +andat' #,+,dat' @+pr + t' dep,>"t' renta $"ager' #a 1" nea' a+anet' tran>a#1"e' d,na1"e :" e6e#tele te/ta+ent l ". De a/e+enea' @n leg" /pe#"ale / nt regle+entate e6e#tele alt,r #,ntra#te /pe#"aleJ #,ntra#t l de arendare @n Legea 1AM1<<4K #,ntra#t l de a/"g rare @n Legea nr.13AM1<<5K #,ntra#t l de /p,n/,r">are @n Legea nr.135M1<<5 et#.
2F= 2F< 21F 211

2FF

A#t l - r"d"# #"$"l pr,d #e e6e#teJ I 2a/3 %e '3r/i. 3n a#ea/t +ater"e eB"/t d, pr"n#"p""J pr"n#"p" l 6,r1e" ,!l"gat,r"" a a#t l " - r"d"# :" pr"n#"p" l "re$,#a!"l"t1"" a#t l " - r"d"#. I 2a/3 %e ter/i. A"#" @nt9ln"+ pr"n#"p" l relat"$"t1"" e6e#tel,r a#t l " - r"d"# #"$"l.

40 Prin(ipi%l * r#ei 'liga" rii a a("%l%i .%ri$i( (i)il 1pa("a s%n" ser)an$a2 Art.<A< al"n.1 %,d #"$"l #,n/a#r pr"n#"p" l 6,r1e" ,!l"gat,r"" a a#t l " - r"d"#J S%,n$en1""le legal 6# te a p tere de lege @ntre pr1"le #,ntra#tanteH. TeBt l' # t,ate # /e re6er la #,ntra#te' a 6,/t eBtrap,lat la t,ate a#tele - r"d"#e #"$"le. Pr"n#"p" l /e 6 nda+entea> pe te,r"a l"!ert1"" #,ntra#t ale. %,n/e#"n1ele pr"n#"p" l " / ntJ I #,ntra#t l e/te ,!l"gat,r" pentr pr1"le #,ntra#tante I #,ntra#t l e/te ,!l"gat,r" :" pentr "n/tan1ele de - de#at #are' /e/">ate @n l"t"g"" pr"$"nd #,ntra#t l' tre! "e /7l "nterprete>e a/t6el @n#9t $,"n1a #,+ n a pr1"l,r d"n #,ntra#t / pre$ale>e. Pr"n /"ntag+a S#,ntra#t l e/te ,!l"gat,r" pentr pr1"le #,ntra#tanteH /e @n1eleg r+t,areleJ I pr1"le tre! "e / eBe# te @nt,#+a" ,!l"ga1""le pe #are' de reg l' le7a /ta!"l"t @+pre n I #,ntra#t l n p,ate 6" de/6# t pr"n $,"n1a ne" /"ng re pr1" I ,!l"ga1""le #,ntra#tate /e "+p n a 6" eBe# tate # ! n7 #red"n1. A0 E>(ep#iile $e la prin(ipi%l * r#ei 'liga" rii a a("%l%i .%ri$i( (i)il Ur+t,arele /"t a1"" / nt e.&e'/ii de la pr"n#"p" l 6,r1e" ,!l"gat,r"" a #,ntra#t l " .@+pre- rr" "ndependente de $,"n1a pr1"l,r' #9nd e6e#tele /e re/tr9ng /a /e eBt"nd)J Ca)uri %e restr9n1ere a 2or/ei o(*i1atorii a a&tu*ui $uri%i& ' #a r+are a 6apt l " # pe par# r/ l eBe# tr"" a#t l " - r"d"# d"/pare , #,nd"1"e de $ala!"l"tate a a#t l ".
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I #,ntra#t l de +andat @n#etea> d"n #a >a +,r1""' "nterd"#1"e"' "n/,l$a!"l"t1"" :" 6al"+ent l " +andant l " ,r" +andatar l " .art.1552 %,d #"$"l). I @n#etarea #,ntra#t l " de l,#a1" ne #9ndJ Sl #r l a p"er"t @n t,tal /a /7a 6# t netre!n"# /pre ,!":n "n1a @ntre! "n1areH .art.143< al"n.1 %,d #"$"l) I #,ntra#t l de /,#"etate #"$"l @n#etea> pr"n tre#erea t"+p l " pentr #are a 6,/t #,ntra#tat' pr"n de/6""n1area ,!"e#t l "' p"erderea l #r l "' /a de/$9r:"rea a6a#er""K pr"n +,artea' "nterd"#1"a /a ne/,l$a!"l"tatea n "a d"n a/,#"a1"' pr"n $,"n1a eBpre/ .eBpr"+at) de n l /a +a" + l1" a/,#"a1" de a n $," a #,nt"n a /,#"etatea .art.1523 %,d #"$"l). I #,ntra#t l de @+pr + t de 6,l,/"n1 .#,+,dat l) @n#etea> pr"n +,artea #,+,datar l " .per/,ana #are pr"+e:te ! n l /pre 6,l,/"n1 grat "t pe , per",ad de t"+p' la /#aden1 6""nd ,!l"gat /7l re/t"t "e) #9nd @+pr + t l /7a 6# t eB#l /"$ @n #,n/"derarea per/,ane" a#e/te"a .art.15A3 al"n.2 %,d #"$"l). I a#tele - r"d"#e #"$"le "nt "t per/,nae @n#etea> #a r+are a +,r1"" per/,ane" @n #,n/"derarea #re"a /7a @n#De"at a#t l. I #,ntra#t l de #,n#e/" ne #9nd d"/pare' d"n #a > de 6,r1 +a-,r' ! n l #,n#e/",nat' pre# + :" #9nd #,n#e/",nar l ren n1 la #,ntra#t dat,r"t "+p,/"!"l"t1"" ,!"e#t"$e de a eBpl,ata ! n l #,n#e/",nat .art.35 l"t.e d"n Legea nr.21<M1<<=). Ca)uri %e e.tin%ere a 2or/ei o(*i1atorii a a&tu*ui $uri%i&7 pr,r,garea legalJ legea prel nge:te @n t"+p d rata :" "+pl"#"t e6e#tele a#t l " - r"d"# pe/te l"+"ta /ta!"l"t de pr1". De eBe+pl ' #,ntra#t l de @n#D"r"ere a / pra6e1e" l,#at"$e .art.1 d"n Legea nr.1CM1<<4)K @n #a> l / /pendr"" e6e#tel,r a#t l " - r"d"# # eBe# tare / ##e/"$ @n t"+p #a r+are a "nter$en1"e" n " #a> de 6,r1 +a-,r /a #a> 6,rt "t' e6e#tele a#t l " - r"d"# /e a+9n p9n la @n#etarea #a >el,r de / /pendare. - @n #a> l te,r"e" "+pre$">" n"" .re! / /"# /tand"! /). 40 Te ria impre)i+i%nii are #a p n#t de ple#are n 6apt realJ pr1"le @n#De"e a#t l - r"d"# 1"n9nd #,nt de @+pre- rr"le eB"/tente @n +,+ent l @n#De"er"" a#t l ". De eBe+pl ' la @n#D"r"erea n " aparta+ent pr1"le a @n $edere n"$el l #D"r""l,r de pe p"a1.
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Pe par# r/ l eBe# tr"" #,ntra#t l "' /e p,t /#D"+!a @+pre- rr"le eB"/tente @n +,+ent l @n#De"er"" a#e/t "a :" drept r+are apar d"/pr,p,r1"" @ntre pre/ta1""le pr1"l,rK , parte #9:t"g e$"dent' #ealalt parte p"erde. 3n eBe+pl l dat Spe p"a1H #D"r"a /7a +r"t 6,arte + lt' dar l,#at,r l n pr"+e:te de#9t #D"r"a n,+"nal">at @n #,ntra#t. 3n t"+p #e el e/te @n p"erdere' l,#atar l e/te @n #9:t"g. Te,r"a "+pre$">" n"" / /1"ne # a#t l - r"d"# tre! "e / d"n "a/# n +a" at9t t"+p #9t @+pre- rr"le d"n +,+ent l @n#De"er"" eB"/t .re! / /"e /ta$"d"! / I a:a /t9nd l #r r"le). M,d"6"#area @+pre- rr"l,r per+"te pr1"" @n p"erdere / #ear "n/tan1e" de - de#at / "nter$"n pentr e#D"l"!rarea pre/ta1""l,r pr1"l,r. Adep1"" te,r"e" "+pre$">" n"" ad+"t #a a#t l - r"d"# / pr,d # alte e6e#te de#9t a#elea pe #are pr1"le le7a pre$> t la @n#De"erea a#t l ".212 3ntr7, alt ,p"n"e /e re/p"nge te,r"a "+pre$">" n"". 213 ? r"/pr den1a @n +ater"e e/te #,ntrad"#t,r"e. Re#ent' % rtea S pre+ de ? /t"1"e' pr"n de#">"a nr.21M1<<4 a Se#1"e" #,+er#"ale' ad+"19nd te,r"a "+pre$">" n""' a re# n,/# t p,/"!"l"tatea re$"> "r"" #la >e" pr"$"t,are la #D"r"e' @ntr7 n #,ntra#t de l,#a1" ne @n#De"at pe 5 an". D p 1<=<' leg" "t,r l a ela!,rat a#te n,r+at"$e #"$"le @n #are a @+!r1":at te,r"a "+pre$">" n"". A/t6el' @n art.43 al"n.3 d"n Legea nr.=M1<<A pr"$"nd drept r"le de a t,r' /e d"/p neJ I-n ca,ul unei disproporii evidente -ntre remuneraia autorului operei *i bene"iciile celui care a obinut cesiunea drepturilor patrimoniale. autorul poate solicita or!anelor jurisdicionale competente revi,uirea contractului sau mrirea convenabil a remuneraiei.H 3n art.AF al"n.2 d"n Ord,nan1a nr.42M1<<C pr"$"nd na$"ga1"a #"$"l /e pre#">ea>J Ior!anele de jurisdicie pot majora retribuia convenional cuvenit salvatorilor -n ca,urile -n care meritele acestora au "ost mai mari dec2t cele estimate -n contract. atunci c2nd condiiile de salvare au "ost mai !rele etc...+ 3n art.32 d"n Legea nr.21<M1<<= /e pre$edeJ Irelaiile contractuale dintre concedent *i concesionar se ba,ea, pe principiul echilibrului "inanciar al concesiunii. respectiv pe reali,area unei
212 213

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posibile e!aliti -ntre avantajele care -i sunt acordate concesionarului *i sarcinile care -i sunt impuse. Dn consecin. concesionarul nu va "i obli!at s suporte cre*terea sarcinilor le!ate de e9ecuia obli!aiilor sale -n ca,urile -n care aceast cre*tere re,ult -n urma1 a' unei aciuni sau unei msuri dispuse de o autoritate public b' unui ca, de "or major sau unui ca, "ortuit.+ Apre#"e+ # ad+"terea de #tre leg" "t,r l r,+9n a te,r"e" "+pre$">" n"" e/te de nat r / tran:e>e a#ea/t #,ntr,$er/. Cre%e# # 6 nda+ent l p,>"1"e" leg" "t,r l " e/te "deea de e#D"tate' de real">are a n " p,/"!"l e#D"l"!r @ntre a$anta-ele a#,rdate ne"a d"n pr1" :" /ar#"n"le #e / nt "+p /e #ele"lalte pr1". 3n #,ntra#tele # eBe# tare / ##e/"$ @n t"+p I leg" "t,r l pe a#e/tea le7a a$ t @n $edere 7' @n @ndepl"n"rea pre/ta1""l,r de #tre pr1"' p,t / apar 6a#t,r" eBtern"' "+pre$">"!"l" @n +,+ent l @n#De"er"" a#t l " .de eBe+pl ' "n6la1"a' de$al,r">area +,nede" na1",nale' 6,r1a +a-,r' #a> l 6,rt "t et#.) #are +,d"6"#' /#D"+!' d"/t,r/",nea> $,"n1a pr1"l,r. &,"n1a - r"d"# eBpr"+at la @n#De"erea a#t l " - r"d"# eB"/t' dar @n nele #,nd"1"" ea /7a +,d"6"#at. Da# a#t l - r"d"# #"$"l e/te +an"6e/tarea de $,"n1 a pr1"l,r @n /#,p l pr,d #er"" de e6e#te - r"d"#e' at n#" +,d"6"#area' /#D"+!area $,"n1e" - r"d"#e n p,ate #,nd #e la +,d"6"#area' /#D"+!area a#t l " - r"d"#L R/p n/ l @l #,n/"der+ a6"r+at"$ :" "n/tan1a de - de#at p,ate / "nter$"n @n +,d"6"#area a#t l " - r"d"# pentr a da / !/tan1 /#D"+!r"l,r / 6er"te de $,"n1a pr1"l,r. O!l"ga1"a # n/# t / ! den +"rea de Sdat,r"e de $al,areH /e pare # "l /trea> ,p"n"a n,a/tr. EBe+pl l #el +a" 6re#$ent #"tat de Gdat,r"e de $al,areH e/te a#ela al ,!l"ga1"e" de @ntre1"nere. O!"e#t l a#e/te" ,!l"ga1"" @l #,n/t"t "e ! n r"le ne#e/are tra" l " #red"t,r l "' #a al"+ente' @+!r#+"nte' l,# "n1' +ed"#a+ente' ,!l"ga1"e #e p,ate 6" eBe# tat 6"e @n nat r' 6"e pr"n plata per",d"# de / +e de !an"' #e repre>"nt $al,area a#e/t,r ! n r". Se /p ne # de!"t,r l are 6a1 de #red"t,r , dat,r"e de $al,are. A#ea/t dat,r"e e/te +,d"6"#a!"l' @n 6 n#1"e de e$,l 1"a pre1 r"l,r ! n r"l,r ne#e/are @ntre1"ner"" #red"t,r l ".
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Ad+"terea te,r"e" "+pre$">" n"" e/te , #De/t" ne de 6apt' a/ pra #re"a "n/tan1a de - de#at tre! "e / /e pr,n n1e de la #a> la #a>' +/ ra apre#"er"" 6""nd #r"ter" l e#D"t1"" :" +,ral"t1"". 3n #a> #,ntrar /e de/#D"de #9+p larg ar!"trar" l " - de#t,re/#. Se "+p ne , pre#">areJ #9nd pr1"le #,ntra#t l " /t"p lea> , #la > pr"n #are /e pre$ede re$"> "rea l " @n an +"te @+pre- rr"' pr"ntre #are :" /#D"+!area #,nd"1""l,r eB"/tente @n +,+ent l @n#De"er"" #,ntra#t l "' n / nte+ @n pre>en1a te,r"e" "+pre$">" n"". C. P;$?C$P$06 $;58 C%#$6$&HL$$ %C&060$ K0;$D$C C$8$6 3n art.<A< %,d #"$"l /e pre$edeJ S ele .n.a. 7 #,n$en1""le) /e p,t re$,#a pr"n #,n/"+1+9nt l + t al /a d"n #a >e a t,r">ate de lege.H D,#tr"na 6,r+ lea> pr"n#"p" l "re$,#a!"l"t1"" a#t l " - r"d"# #a 6""nd reg la de drept p,tr"$"t #re"a a#t l - r"d"# !"lateral n p,ate 6" re$,#at pr"n $,"n1a n"lateral a ne"a d"n pr1"le #are l7a @n#De"at ./a a#t l - r"d"# n"lateral n p,ate 6" de/6""n1at pr"n re$en"rea a t,r l " a/ pra +an"6e/tr"" de $,"n1 S@n /en/ #,ntrarH). TeBt l art.<A< %,d #"$"l n 6,r+ lea> eBpre/ pr"n#"p" l "re$,#a!"l"t1""' #" regle+entea> d, #a> r" #9nd @n#etea> e6e#tele n " a#t - r"d"#J I re$,#area .de/6a#erea) a#t l " - r"d"# pr"n #,n/"+1+9nt l + t al al pr1"l,r .+ t / d"//en/ /). E/te , apl"#are a reg l"" /"+etr"e" @n a#tele - r"d"#eJ /e @n#De"e pr"n #,n/"+1+9nt l pr1"l,r .+ t / #,n/en/ /) /e re$,# pr"n #,n/"+1+9nt l pr1"l,r .+ t / d"//en/ /). I re$,#area .de/6a#erea) a#t l " - r"d"# /e 6a#e @n #a> r"le pre$> te de lege. Pentr a da /at"/6a#1"e alt,r pr"n#"p"" :" reg l" de drept' legea pre$ede eBpre/ a#tele - r"d"#e #e p,t 6" de/6# te pr"n +an"6e/tarea de $,"n1 a ne" /"ng re pr1". Pr"n "nterpretarea per a #,ntrar", a teBt l " art. <A< %,d #"$"l /e ded #e eB"/ten1a pr"n#"p" l " "re$,#a!"l"t1"" a#t l " - r"d"#. Pr"n#"p" l "re$,#a!"l"t1"" a#t l " - r"d"# e/te , #,n/e#"n1 6"rea/# a pr"n#"p" l " 6,r1e" ,!l"gat,r"" a a#t l " - r"d"#. Legt ra /tr9n/ @ntre ,!l"gat"$"tate :" "re$,#a!"l"tate /e pare # a deter+"nat n"" a t,r" de drept / n #,n/"dere pr"n#"p" l "re$,#a!"l"t1"" #a n pr"n#"p" d"/t"n#t. Un a t,r apre#"a> # S+a" degra! ....) pr"n#"p" l "re$,#a!"l"t1"" p,ate 6" n +"t pr"n#"p" l @n#etr"" 6,r1e" ,!l"gat,r"" a
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a#tel,r - r"d"#eHK al1" a t,r" n @l +en1",nea> pr"ntre e6e#tele a#t l " - r"d"#. Ma-,r"tatea a t,r"l,r n #,nte/t eB"/ten1a a#e/t " pr"n#"p" . 21C Ter+en l de re$,#are e/te /"n,n"+ # ter+en l de de/6a#ere a a#t l " - r"d"#. Re$,#area tre! "e d"6eren1"at a/t6elJ la a#tele - r"d"#e # eBe# tare "n/tantanee de/6a#erea a#e/t "a /e n +e:te re$,#are :" ea e#D"$alea> # @n#De"erea n " n, a#t - r"d"# pr"n #are pr1"le #,n/"+t /7:" re/t"t "e pre/ta1""le e6e#t ateK la a#tele - r"d"#e # eBe# tare / ##e/"$ @n t"+p re$,#area @n/ea+n re>"l"ere :" ,perea> n +a" pentr $""t,r.21= Re$,#area :" re>"l"erea n a e6e#te retr,a#t"$e :" pr,d # e6e#te n +a" @n $""t,r .eB n n#). TeBt l art.<A< %,d #"$"l /e re6er la "re$,#a!"l"tatea #,n$en1""l,r "+pl"#"t a ,r"#r,r a#te - r"d"#e !"laterale. A#t l - r"d"# n"lateral n /e ! # r de , a/e+enea regle+entare. De,are#e legea #"$"l pre$ede eBpre/"/ $er!"/ a#te - r"d"#e n"laterale re$,#a!"le pr"n $,"n1a a t,r l "' /e p,ate #,n#l >",na # pr"n#"p" l "re$,#a!"l"t1"" @:" g/e:te apl"#area :" @n +ater"a a#tel,r - r"d"#e n"laterale. D. %. E>(ep#ii la prin(ipi%l ire) (a'ili",#ii a("%l%i .%ri$i( (i)il Legea #"$"l /ta!"le:te a#tele - r"d"#e .!"laterale' + lt"laterale :" n"laterale) #are /e p,t re$,#a pr"n $,"n1a ne" pr1"' a +a" + lt,r pr1" /a pr"n $,"n1a a t,r l ". I contractul de donaie @ntre /,1" e/te re$,#a!"lK art.<3C %,d #"$"lJ SOr"#e d,na1"e 6# t @ntre /,1" @n t"+p l +ar"a- l " e/te re$,#a!"l.H I contracte de locaie .#,ntra#t l pr"n #are l,#at,r l a/"g r l,#atar l " 6,l,/"n1a te+p,rar a n " ! n @n /#D"+! l #D"r"e")K Aten1"eW' #,ntra#t l de @n#D"r"ere a / pra6e1el,r l,#at"$e e/te , $ar"etate a #,ntra#t l " de l,#a1"e @n#De"at pe , per",ad nedeter+"nat' p,ate 6" den n1at de ,r"#are parte' art.143A %,d #"$"lJ SDa# #,ntra#t l a 6,/t 6r ter+en' den n1area tre! "e / /e dea de la , parte la alta' ,!/er$9nd 7/e ter+enelend 7/e ter+enelee" l l,# l ".H
21C 21=

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I contractul de societate civil /e p,ate de/6a#e de n l /a +a" + l1" a/,#"a1"' art.1523 %,d #"$"lJ S/,#"etatea @n#etea> pr"n $,"n1a eBpre/ .n.a. 7 eBpr"+at) de n l /a +a" + l1" a/,#"a1" de a n $," a #,nt"n a /,#"etatea.H I contractul de depo,it /e /t"nge la #ererea dep,nent l " de a " /e re/t"t " ! n l dep,>"tatK art. 1A1A %,d #"$"lJ SDep,>"t l tre! "e / /e re/t"t "e dep,nent l " @ndat #e /7a re#la+at' #D"ar #9nd /7ar 6" /t"p lat pr"n #,ntra#t n an +e ter+en pentr re/t"t 1" nea l ".H I contractul mandat p,ate @n#eta pr"n re$,#area +andat l "K pr"n ren n1area +andatar l " la +andatK pr"n +,artea' "nterd"#1"a' "n/,l$a!"l"tatea :" 6al"+ent l ,r" a +andatar l "' ,r" a +andant l " .art. 1552 %,d #"$"l). I contractul de -nchiriere a ne" / pra6e1e l,#at"$e p,ate 6" de/6# t n"lateral la #ererea #D"r"a: l " # #,nd"1"a n " prea$"> de AF de >"le /a la #ererea pr,pr"etar l "' n +a" pr"n D,tr9re - de#t,rea/# de6"n"t"$' @n an +"te #,nd"1"" .art.24 d"n Legea l,# "n1e" nr.114M1<<A). I contractul de asi!urare p,ate 6" de/6# t la #ererea ne" pr1" @n #,nd"1""le Leg"" pr"$"nd a/"g rr"le nr.13AM1<<5 art.1< l"t.! :" art.2. I contractul de editur p,ate 6" den n1at de na d"n pr1" .art.4A al"n.2 Legea nr.=M1<<5). I contractul de concesiune p,ate 6" den n1at n"lateral de #tre #,n#edent @n #a> l #9nd "ntere/ l p !l"# "+p ne , a/e+enea @n#etare' # plata ne" de/pg !"r" - /te :" preala!"le #tre #,n#e/",nar .art.35 l"t.!. d"n Legea nr.21<M1<<= pr"$"nd #,n#e/",narea....) 0. EB#ep1""le de la pr"n#"p" l "re$,#a!"l"t1"" a#tel,r - r"d"#e n"laterale I le!atul' art.<22 %,d #"$"lJ Sre$,#area 6# t pr"n te/ta+ent l p,/ter",r $a a$ea t,at $al"d"tatea e".H I testamentul e/te n a#t - r"d"# n"lateral re$,#a!"l pr"n e/en1a l " .art.=F2 %,d #"$"lJ STe/ta+ent l e/te n a#t re$,#a!"l...)H. I retractarea renunrii la mo*tenire @n #el + lt A l n" de la data de/#D"der"" / ##e/" n""' da# @ntre t"+p +,:ten"rea n a 6,/t a##eptat de al1" / ##e/,r" a" de6 n#t l "K art.CF1 %,d #"$"l. I re$,#area +rt r"/"r"" pentr er,are de 6apt .art.12FA al"n.2 %,d #"$"lJ Sea .n.a. 7 +rt r"/"rea) n p,ate 6" re$,#at de a#ea/ta .n.a.
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7 #el #e , 6a#e) a6ar n +a" de $a pr,!a # a 6# t7, d"n er,are de 6apt.H) I #,n/"+1+9nt l pr"n1"l,r la ad,p1"a #,p"l l " p,ate 6" re$,#at @n 3F de >"le de la data @nt,#+"r"" @n/#r"/ l " a tent"# pr"n #are a#e/ta a 6,/t eBpr"+at .art.= al"n.2 d"n Ord,nan1a de rgen1 nr.25M1<<C # pr"$"re la reg"+ l - r"d"# al ad,p1"e"' apr,!at pr"n Legea nr.=CM1<<=) I re$,#area ,6erte" @na"nte de a a- nge la de/t"natar .art.3C %,d #,+er#"alJ SP9n #,ntra#t l n e/te per6e#t' pr,p nerea :" a##eptarea / nt re$,#a!"leH). D. Principiul relativitii e"ectelor actului juridic civil 90 N #i%ne E6e#tele 6a1 de ter1" ale a#t l " - r"d"# #"$"l / nt g $ernate de pr"n#"p" l relat"$"t1"" e6e#tel,r a#t l " - r"d"#. Pr"n#"p" l relat"$"t1"" e/te #,n/a#rat leg"/lat"$ @n teBt l art.<C3 %,d #"$"lJ S%,n$en1""le n7a e6e#t de#9t @ntre pr1"le #,ntra#tante.H Pr"n#"p l e/te # n,/# t pr"n adag" l lat"n re/ "nter al",/ a#ta' al""/ neP e n,#ere neP e pr,de//e p,te/t . n a#t @n#De"at @ntre an +"te per/,ane /a +a" eBa#t l #r l #,n$en"t @ntre n"" n"#" n a$anta-ea>' n"#" n de>a$anta-ea> pe #"ne$a). Pr"n#"p" l /ta!"le:te # a#t l - r"d"# #"$"l na:te drept r" :" ,!l"ga1"" #,relat"$e n +a" pentr pr1"le #are l7a @n#De"at. N"+en" n p,ate 6" ,!l"gat de#9t pr"n pr,pr"a7" $,"n1. A#t l - r"d"# n pr,d #e e6e#te 6a1 de ter1ele per/,ane' @n /en/ l # ter1"" n p,t de$en" #red"t,r" /a de!"t,r" pr"n $,"n1a pr1"l,r a#t l " - r"d"#. Pr"n#"p" l e/te de6"n"t @n d,#tr"nJ Sreg la p,tr"$"t #re"a ....) a#t l - r"d"# pr,d #e e6e#te n +a" 6a1 de a t,r"" /a a t,r l a#t l "' el nep t9nd / pr,6"te ,r" / d ne>e alt,r per/,ane.H Pr"n#"p" l ">$,r:te d"n $,"n1a pr1"l,r #are a dat na:tere a#t l " - r"d"#. Pr1"le :"7a dat a#,rd l pentr @n#De"erea a#t l " - r"d"# pentr # a d,r"t #a a#e/ta / pr,d # an +"te e6e#te - r"d"#e. Ap,"' da# /7ar ad+"te , /,l 1"e #,ntrar' ar 6" @n#l#at l"!ertatea / !"e#1"l,r de drept. 3ntr7, ,p"n"e' pr"n#"p" l relat"$"t1"" r/p nde la @ntre!area #9t de @nt"n/ e/te p terea ,!l"gat,r"e a #,ntra#t l "L
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P terea ,!l"gat,r"e a #,ntra#tel,r .a a#tel,r - r"d"#e) /e @nt"nde n +a" a/ pra pr1"l,r #,ntra#t ale.22F 80 N #i%nile $e p,r#i- "er#i- a)5n+i-(a%+, Pr"n#"p" l relat"$"t1"" e6e#tel,r a#t l " - r"d"#' pentr a 6" @n1ele/' tre! "e del"+"tate n,1" n"le de pr1" la a#t l p !l"#' de ter1" :" de a$9n>"7#a >. P,r#iJ / nt per/,anele #are a @n#De"at #,ntra#t l d"re#t' per/,nal /a #are a 6,/t repre>entate @n /#,p l @n#De"er"" #,ntra#t l ". 3n 6 n#1"e de nat ra a#t l " - r"d"# ele /e n +e/#J $9n>t,r' # +prt,r' +andant' +andatar' l,#at,r' l,#atar. Ter+en l de SparteH p,ate / # pr"nd ne,r" +a" + lte per/,ane 6">"#e /a - r"d"#e' #are a n "ntere/ #,+ n @n a#t l - r"d"# @n#De"at. Ter#iJ .pen"t / eBtrane") / nt t,ate #elelalte per/,ane /tr"ne de #,ntra#t :" de #,ntra#tan1". De a#eea' ter1"" n !ene6"#"a>' dar n"#" n / 6er d"n #a >a e6e#tel,r a#t l " - r"d"#. Alt6el 6,r+ lat' e6e#tele a#t l " - r"d"# n ad # pr,6"t r" ter1"l,r :" n"#" n le $at+ "ntere/ele. A)5n+i-(a%+,J .Da!ente/ #a /a) / nt per/,anele #are n part"#"p la @n#De"erea a#t l " - r"d"#' n"#" per/,nal' n"#" pr"n repre>entan1"' dar #are' pr"n legt r"le pe #are le a # pr1"le' n p,t 6" #,n/"derate ter1" pr,pr" 7>":". (a1 de ele a#t l - r"d"# pr,d #e' pentr # legea pre$ede' an +"te e6e#te - r"d"#e. A$9n>""7#a > /e a/ea+n # pr1"le pentr # a#t l - r"d"# pr,d #e e6e#te 6a1 de e"' dar /e a/ea+n :" # ter1""' pentr # n part"#"p la @n#De"erea a#t l " - r"d"#. Ur+t,arele #ateg,r"" de per/,ane a #al"tatea de av9n)i" &au)3J a) s%((es rii %ni)ersali / nt a#ele per/,ane #are la +,artea l " de # - / d,!9nde/# patr"+,n" l a#e/t "a. Ele / nt +,:ten"t,r"" #are' @n p terea leg""' / nt #De+a1" / +,:tenea/# n patr"+,n" ' ad"# , n"$er/al"tate de drept al#t "t d"n drept r" :" ! n r". Per/,anele - r"d"#e p,t d,!9nd" #al"tatea de / ##e/,r n"$er/al al n " patr"+,n" pr"n e6e#t l #,+a/r"" .6 >" n"" /a a!/,r!1"e").

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S nt / ##e/,r" n"$er/al" +,:ten"t,r l legal n"# :" legatar l n"$er/al .per/,ana #are pr"+e:te pr"n te/ta+ent @ntreaga +,:ten"re a te/tat,r l "). !) s%((es rii (% "i"l% %ni)ersal / nt per/,anele /ta!"l"te pr"n te/ta+ent' de te/tat,r #e d,!9nde/# , 6ra#1" ne d"ntr7 n patr"+,n" . S ##e/,r"" n"$er/al" :" # t"tl n"$er/al /e #ara#ter">ea> / ! a/pe#t l e6e#tel,r pe #are le pr,d #e a#t l - r"d"# #"$"l a/ pra l,r pr"n r+t,areleJ I d"n p n#t de $edere - r"d"# ele #,nt"n per/,nal"tatea - r"d"# a a t,r l " a#t l " - r"d"#' ad"# "a l,# l a#e/t "a @n a#t l @n#De"at. De eBe+pl ' la de#e/ l tatl "' n"# l 6" #,nt"n per/,7 nal"tatea - r"d"# a tatl " / ' a t,r l n " #,ntra#t de @n#D"r"ere' :" pre"a drept l a#e/t "a de a @n#a/a #D"r"a' dar :" ,!l"ga1"a de a p ne la d"/p,>"1"a l,#atar l " aparta+ent l @n#D"r"at. I de$"n t"t lar"" drept r"l,r :" ,!l"ga1""l,r n/# te d"n a#t l - r"d"# @n#De"at de #el #e a l/at +,:ten"re. 3ntr7, alt 6,r+ lare' e6e#tele a#t l " - r"d"# la #are e" n a part"#"pat /e pr,d # a/ pra l,r' #a :" # + ar 6" 6,/t pr1" la @n#De"erea l ". EB"/t d, eB#ep1""J drept r"le :" ,!l"ga1""le /tr9n/ legate de per/,ana a t,r l " ."nt "t per/,nae)' pre# + :" drept r"le :" ,!l"ga1""le de#larate de pr1" netran/+"/"!"le /e /t"ng la +,artea a#e/t "a. De eBe+pl ' a t,r l .#el #e a l/at +,:ten"re) e/te parte la n #,ntra#t de rent $"ager. %,ntra#t l 6""nd @n#De"at @n #,n/"dera1"a per/,ane" l " /e /t"nge la @n#etarea d"n $"a1 a #red"rent"er l ". % pr"$"re la r/p nderea - r"d"# a / ##e/,r"l,r n"$er/al" :" a / ##e/,r"l,r # t"tl n"$er/al' @n #a> l neeBe# tr"" ,!l"ga1""l,r d"n #,ntra#tele pe #are le pre"a /e "+p ne r+t,area d"/t"n#1"eJ I #9nd a#e:t"a a a##eptat +,:ten"rea p r :" /"+pl ' e" r/p nd #a :" a t,r"" a#t l "' # pr,pr" l patr"+,n" :" # patr"+,n" l d,!9nd"t. I #9nd +,:ten"rea a 6,/t a##eptat / ! !ene6"#" de "n$entar' r/p nd n +a" @n l"+"tele a#t"$ l " / ##e/,ral d,!9nd"t. At n#" #9nd legea pre$ede' #al"tatea de a$9n>"7#a > a / ##e/,r"l,r n"$er/al" :" # t"tl n"$er/al /e /t"nge. De eBe+pl ' +,:ten"t,r"" legal" re>er$atar" p"erd #al"tatea de a$9n>"7#a > :" de$"n ter1" 6a1 de a#tele - r"d"#e ale a t,r l " .ale #el " pe #are7l +,:tene/#)' #are ne/,#,te:te re>er$a / ##e/,ral.
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#) s%((es rii (% "i"l% par"i(%lar / nt a#ele per/,ane #are d,!9nde/# n an +"t drept / !"e#t"$ /a ! n deter+"nat . t /"ng l"). E/te / ##e/,r # t"tl part"# lar # +prt,r l' pentr # a d,!9nd"t n drept I drept l de pr,pr"etate a/ pra ! n l " # +pratK d,natar l' de,are#e a d,!9nd"t n ! n deter+"nat .de eBe+pl ' n tele$">,r) de la d,nat,rK #e/",nar l' pentr # a d,!9nd"t n drept de #rean1 de la #e/",nar et#. S ##e/,r l # t"tl part"# lar d,!9nde:te #al"tatea de a$9nd7 #a > # d, pre#">r"J I n +a" 6a1 de a#ele a#te - r"d"#e @n#De"ate de a t,r .#el de la #are a d,!9nd"t drept l /a ! n l deter+"nat)' anter",are a#t l " pr"n #are a d,!9nd"t drept l /a ! n l deter+"nat I a#tele - r"d"#e 6a1 de #are de$"ne a$9nd7#a > pr"$e/# drept l /a ! n l deter+"nat d,!9nd"t. %,nd"1"" # + lat"$e #er te pentr #a d,!9nd"t,r l n " drept / !"e#t"$ /a ! n / d,!9ndea/# #al"tatea de / ##e/,r # t"tl part"# lar / ntJ I a#t l - r"d"# 6a1 de #are are #al"tatea de / ##e/,r # t"tl part"# lar' de#" #are pr,d #e e6e#te 6a1 de el / /e re6ere la ! n l' drept l / !"e#t"$ d,!9nd"t. De eBe+pl ' @ntr7 n #,ntra#t de $9n>are7 # +prare a n " "+,!"l' # +prt,r l ./ ##e/,r l # t"tl part"# lar) d,!9nde:te #al"tatea de a$9nd7#a >' 6a1 de #,ntra#t l de @n#D"r"ere' @n#De"at de a t,r .de $9n>t,r) anter",r d,!9nd"r"" "+,!"l l " de #tre el. % +prt,r l tre! "e / re/pe#te drept r"le :" / eBe# te ,!l"ga1""le /tr9n/ legate de ! n l d,!9nd"t .de "+,!"l l # +prat)' /ta!"l"te de a t,r @n #,ntra#t l de @n#D"r"ere de:" n a 6,/t parte la @n#De"erea a#t l ". A#ea/t /"t a1"e e/te pre$> t @n %,d l #"$"l art.1441J IDac locatarul vinde lucrul -nchiriat sau arendat. cumprtorul este dator s respecte locaiunea "cut -nainte de v2n,are. -ntruc2t 4n.a. ) dac' a "ost "cut printr)un act autentic sau prin act privat. dar cu dat cert. a"ar numai c2nd des"iinarea ei din cau,a v2n,rii s)ar "i prev,ut -n -ns*i contractul de locaiune.+ I a#t l - r"d"# 6a1 de #are d,!9nde:te #al"tatea de a$9nd7 #a >' de / ##e/,r @n drept r" / 6"e anter",r ./ a"! dat #ert anter",ar) a#t l " - r"d"# pr"n #are a d,!9nd"t drept l / !"e#t"$ /a ! n l. I a#t l - r"d"# @n#De"at de a t,r' 6a1 de #are d,!9nd"t,r l drept l " /a ! n l " de$"ne / ##e/,r # t"tl part"# lar' / 6"
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@ndepl"n"t #,nd"1""le de p !l"#"tate #er te de lege. De eBe+pl ' d,!9nd"t,r l ne" #e/" n" de #rean1 tre! "e / n,t"6"#e de!"t,r l " #e/" nea. 3n l"p/a @ndepl"n"r"" ne"a d"n #,nd"1""le de +a" / /' d,!9nd"t,r l drept l " / !"e#t"$ /a a ! n l " are #al"tatea de ter1. S ##e/,r l # t"tl part"# lar al n " drept / !"e#t"$ /a ! n deter+"nat e/te 1"n t de e6e#tele a#t l " - r"d"# /tr9n/ legate de drept l' ! n l d,!9nd"t' p,tr"$"t reg l"" de drept #,n6,r+ #re"a tran/+"1t,r l n p,ate tran/+"te drept l /a ! n l de#9t a:a # + a 6,/t a#e/ta @n patr"+,n" l l ". .N"+en" n p,ate tran/+"te alt "a +a" + lt drept de#9t are el @n/ :"' @n lat"n Sne+, pl / - r"/ ad al" + tran/6erre p,te/t' P a+ "p/e Da!et.H) d) (re$i" rii (?ir gra*ariJ / nt #red"t,r"" #are n a @n#De"at #,ntra#te de garan1"" reale .#,ntra#t de "p,te#' de ga-) pentr a pr,te-a drept l l,r de #rean1' r"/#9nd a/t6el #a @n "p,te>a "n/,l$a!"l"t1"" de!"t,r l " / p"ard a#e/t drept. E" /e ! # r de n drept de gageneral a/ pra patr"+,n" l " de!"t,r l " pe #are7l p,t r+r" .+a" eBa#t' ! n r"le #e7l #,+p n) pentr real">area drept l " de #rean1. 3n a#e/t /en/' art.1C1= %,d #"$"l pre$edeJ SOr"#"ne e/te ,!l"gat per/,nal e/te 1"n t de a @ndepl"n" @ndat,r"r"le /ale # t,ate ! n r"le /ale' +,!"le :" "+,!"le' pre>ente :" $""t,are.H %red"t,r"" #D"r,gra6ar" / nt , #ateg,r"e /pe#"al de a$9n>"7 #a >' de,are#eJ I a #al"tatea de a$9n>"7#a > 6a1 de a#tele - r"d"#e @n#De"ate de de!"t,r' pr"n #are a#e/ta @:" +re:te /a +"#:,rea> patr"+,n" l' "+pl"#"t drept l de ga- general al #red"t,r"l,r #D"r,gra6ar". A#tele - r"d"#e @n#De"ate de de!"t,r pr,d # e6e#te - r"d"#e pe de , parte 6a1 de #red"t,r l #D"r,gra6ar' :" pe de alt parte 6a1 de per/,ane /tr"ne de #,ntra#t. I de eBe+pl ' #red"t,r l #D"r,gra6ar are de pr"+"t @+pr + t l a#,rdat de 1FF +"l",ane le". De!"t,r l @n/tr"nea> ! n r" d"n patr"+,n" l / ' de <F de +"l",ane le"' 6apt #e "n6l en1ea> drept l de ga- general al #red"t,r l " #D"r,gra6ar. %red"t,r l #D"r,gra6ar /e $ede p / @n per"#,l l de a n +a" re# pera @+pr + t l pentr # $al,area t,tal a patr"+,n" l " de!"t,r l " .drept l " de ga- general) a /#> t. I a #al"tatea de ter1" 6a1 de a#tele - r"d"#e @n#De"ate de de!"t,r l l,r pr"n #are /e pr,$,a# /a agra$ea> /tarea de
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"n/,l$a!"l"tate' p n9nd 7/e a/t6el @n per"#,l ga- l general al #red"t,r"l,r #D"r,gra6ar". %red"t,r"" #D"r,gra6ar" p"erd #al"tatea de a$9n>"7#a > :" de$"n ter1" 6a1 de a#tele - r"d"#e @n#De"ate de de!"t,r @n /#,p l 6ra dr"" "ntere/el,r #red"t,r"l,r #D"r,gra6ar". E" a la @nde+9n p,tr"$"t art.<C5 %,d #"$"l a#1" nea re$,#at,r"e .a#1" nea pa l"an) :" a#1" nea @n de#lararea /"+ la1"e" .art.11C5 %,d #"$"l). Se "+p ne , pre#">areJ , per/,an p,ate a$ea 6a1 de a#ela:" a#t - r"d"# :" #al"tatea de ter1 :" #al"tatea de a$9nd7#a >' @n rap,rt de an +"te @+pre- rr" #,n#rete. De eBe+pl ' / ##e/,r"" n"$er/al" :" # t"tl n"$er/al' #9nd a :" #al"tatea de +,:ten"t,r" re>er$atar"' / nt a$9n>"7#a > 6a1 de #,ntra#t l de d,na1"e @n#De"at de a t,r l pe #are7l +,:tene/#. Da# @n/ pr"n #,ntra#t l de d,na1"e a 6,/t a6e#tat re>er$a / ##e/,ral' / ##e/,r"" n"$er/al" :" # t"tl n"$er/al #e a #al"tatea de +,:ten"t,r" re>er$atar" de$"n ter1"' @l ata# @n - /t"1"e :" ,!1"n red #erea d,na1"e" @n +/ ra ne#e/ar re@ntreg"r"" re>er$e" / ##e/,rale. %al"tatea de ter1 /a a$9nd7#a > a ne" per/,ane /e anal">ea> #,n#ret' @n rap,rt # a#t l - r"d"# @n#De"at de pr1"le # #are / nt legate - r"d"#. :+O'o)a(i*itatea 0i ino'o)a(i*itatea a&tu*ui $uri%i& &ivi* 2a/3 %e ter/i Op,>a!"l"tatea e/te part"# lar"tatea a#t l " - r"d"# /a a /"t a1"e" - r"d"#e #reate de a#t l - r"d"# de a da na:tere la drept r" :" ,!l"ga1"" 6a1 de pr1" :" a$9n>""7#a > a" pr1"l,r :" de a /e "+p ne re/pe#t l " ter1"l,r pr,pr" 7>":". I p +a'ili"a"ea *a#, $e p,r#iJ a#t l - r"d"# #"$"l e/te ,p,>a!"l pr1"l,r :" a$9n>"l,r7#a > a" a#e/t,ra. 3n #,n1"n t' ,p,>a!"l"tatea 6a1 de pr1" #,n/t @n eBer#"tarea drept r"l,r :" eBe# tarea ,!l"ga1""l,r de #tre pr1" /a a$9n>"7#a > a" a#e/t,ra' a:a # + a 6,/t ele /ta!"l"te /a ' @ntr7, alt 6,r+ lare' a#t l - r"d"# d na:tere la drept r" :" ,!l"ga1"" n +a" 6a1 de pr1" :" a$9n>"" l,r #a >. O!/er$+ # ,p,>a!"l"tatea 6a1 de pr1" e/te /"n,n"+ # pr"n#"p" l relat"$"t1"" e6e#tel,r a#t l " - r"d"#. A6"r+a1"a # n a#t - r"d"# e/te ,p,>a!"l n +a" pr1"l,r :" a$9n>"l,r #a > a" pr1"l,r e/te "dent"# # a6"r+a1"a # a#t l - r"d"# pr,d #e e6e#te n +a" 6a1 de pr1" :" a$9n>""7#a > a" pr1"l,r.
213

3n #,n#l >"e' ,p,>a!"l"tatea a#t l " - r"d"# 6a1 de pr1" :" a$9n>""7#a > a" pr1"l,r /e #,n6 nd # relat"$"tatea e6e#tel,r a#t l " - r"d"#. I p +a'ili"a"ea *a#, $e "er#ii pr,pr" 7>":". A#t l - r"d"# @n#De"at :" /"t a1"a - r"d"# #r "a "7a dat na:tere n p,t 6" "nd"6erente ter1"l,r pr,pr" 7>":". El /e "+p ne re/pe#t l " t t r,r. S ! a#e/t a/pe#t ,p,>a!"l"tatea 6a1 de ter1" are n #,n1"n t pr,pr" J #,n/t @n ,!l"ga1"a general a t t r,r de re/pe#ta' de a n ad #e at"ngere a#t l " - r"d"# #"$"l @n#De"at' /"t a1"e" - r"d"#e #re"a "7a dat na:tere. De eBe+pl ' a#t l - r"d"# de $9n>are7# +prare a n " a t,t r"/+ ,!l"g pe t,1" / re/pe#te drept l de pr,pr"etate al # +prt,r l "' / n 6a# n"+"# de nat r a /t9n-en" eBer#"tarea drept l " de #tre # +prt,r. Pr"n a#t l - r"d"# @n#De"at' ter1"l,r n le re$"ne n"#" , ,!l"ga1"e. S"t a1"a - r"d"# n/# t d"n #,ntra#t .de eBe+pl ' #al"tatea de pr,pr"etar d,!9nd"t de # +prt,r) /e "+p ne re/pe#t l " t t r,r' at9t pr1"l,r d"n #,ntra#t' #9t :" ter1"l,r pr,pr" 7>":". Op,>a!"l"tatea a#t l " - r"d"# 6a1 de ter1"" pr,pr" 7>":" "+p ne de reg l re/pe#tarea 6,r+al"t1"l,r de p !l"#"tate .$e>" S(,r+a a#t l " - r"d"#) /a d p #a> de #,n/tatarea a#t l " - r"d"# @ntr7 n @n/#r"/ a$9nd data #ert. A#t l - r"d"# 6""nd ,p,>a!"l ter1"l,r' @n/ea+n # partea d"n #,ntra#t are drept l / "n$,#e eB"/ten1a a#t l "' ,r" de #9te ,r" ter1 l ar e+"te preten1"" # pr"$"re la drept r"le d,!9nd"te de pr1". %9nd partea a#t l " - r"d"# n re/pe#t 6,r+ele de p !l"#"tate /e a6"r+ # a#t l - r"d"# n e/te ,p,>a!"l 6a1 de ter1"' e/te "n,p,>a!"l 6a1 de ter1"' ad"# partea n are drept l / ,p n a#t l preten1""l,r ter1 l ". 3n r+t,arele /"t a1"" partea p,ate / "n$,#e ,p,>a!"l"tatea a#t l " - r"d"# 6a1 de ter1"J I a#t l - r"d"# e/te ,p,>a!"l ter1"l,r pentr # el e/te t"tl pentr d,!9nd"rea n " drept / !"e#t"$ I a#t l - r"d"# e/te n +"-l,# de pr,! @+p,tr"$a preten1""l,r ter1 l " #are ar re$end"#a drept l de pr,pr"etate a/ pra ! n l " #e #,n/t"t "e ,!"e#t l +ater"al' eBter",r' der"$at al a#t l " - r"d"# I a#t l - r"d"# e/te t"tl pentr a 6a#e d,$ada d,!9nd"r"" drept l " de pr,pr"etate pr"n > #ap" ne

214

I a#t l - r"d"# e/te t"tl pentr - /t"6"#area /p,r"r"" patr"+,n" l " ne" per/,ane :" p,ate 6" ,p / @+p,tr"$a #el " #e "ntentea> , a#1" ne .de "n re+ $er/,) de @+!,g1"re 6r - /t te+e". I+p,rtan1a pra#t"# a de,/e!"r"l,r @ntre relat"$"tatea e6e#tel,r :" ,p,>a!"l"tatea 6a1 de ter1" #,n/t @n +ater"a pr,!a1" n"" - d"#"are :" a r/p nder"" #"$"le. Hn ma"eria pr 'a#i%nii .%$i(iareJ #9nd pr1"le a- ng @n l"t"g" # pr"$"re la eB"/ten1a :" @nt"nderea drept r"l,r :" ,!l"ga1""l,r' ele tre! "e / 6a# pr,!a a#t l " - r"d"#' #,n6,r+ reg l"l,r #,+ ne de pr,!a1" ne - d"#"ar. D"+p,tr"$' pentr ter1" a#t l - r"d"# 6""nd n 6apt - r"d"# @n /en/ re/tr9n/' p,ate 6" d,$ed"t pr"n ,r"#e +"-l,# de pr,!' "n#l /"$ pr"n +art,r". Hn ma"eria r,sp%n$erii (i)ileJ #9nd na d"n pr1" pr,d #e n pre- d"#" #ele"lalte pr1" pr"n neeBe# tarea ,!l"ga1""l,r /ale' /e anga-ea> r/p nderea #"$"l #,ntra#t al. Alta e/te /"t a1"a #9nd n ter1 pr,pr" 7>"/ pr"ntr7, 6apt "l"#"t pr,d #e n pre- d"#" ne"a d"n pr1" pr"n ne/,#,t"rea drept l " d,!9nd"t d"n a#t l - r"d"#K /e anga-ea> r/p nderea del"#t al. D0 E>(ep#ii $e la prin(ipi%l rela"i)i",#ii e*e("el r a("%l%i .%ri$i( (i)il EB#ep1""le de la pr"n#"p" l relat"$"t1"" / nt a#ele /"t a1"" #9nd a#t l - r"d"# #"$"l pr,d #e e6e#te 6a1 de alte per/,ane de#9t pr1"le a#t l " /a a$9n>""7#a > a" pr1"l,r. A#t l - r"d"# d na:tere la drept r" / !"e#t"$e :" ,!l"ga1"" #"$"le @n 6a$,area n,r ter1" pr,pr" 7>":". 3n d,#tr"n' eB#ep1""le de la pr"n#"p" l relat"$"t1"" / nt @+pr1"te @n d, #ateg,r""J eB#ep1"" reale :" eB#ep1"" aparente' d p # + e6e#tele a#t l " - r"d"# /e pr,d # 6a1 de per/,anele #e n7a part"#"pat la @n#De"erea a#t l " - r"d"#' pr"n $,"n1a pr1"l,r a#t l " - r"d"# /a @n p terea leg"". E>(ep#ii reale / nt /"t a1""le #9nd pr1"le a#t l " - r"d"# eB#l /"$ pr"n $,"n1a l,r /ta!"le/# #a a#t l - r"d"# / pr,d # e6e#te .na:te drept r" :" ,!l"ga1"") @n 6a$,areaM/ar#"na ne" per/,ane #are n a @n#De"at a#t l - r"d"# n"#" per/,nal' n"#" pr"n repre>entant. S"ng ra eB#ep1"e de la pr"n#"p" l relat"$"t1"" e6e#tel,r a#t l " - r"d"# #"$"l ,

215

#,n/t"t "e S/t"p la1"a pentr alt lH .S#,ntra#t l @n 6a$,area ne" a tre"a per/,aneH)221. E>(ep#iile aparen"e / nt a#ele /"t a1"" pre$> te de lege #9nd a#t l - r"d"# @n#De"at pr,d #e e6e#te - r"d"#e @n !ene6"#" lM/ar#"na n,r per/,ane #are n a #al"tatea de pr1". Ele / ntJa$9n>""7#a >K pr,+"/" nea 6apte" alt "a .#,n$en1"a de p,rte76,rt) /"+ la1"a' repre>entarea' a#1" n"le d"re#te' #,ntra#t l #,le#t"$ de + n#. 3ntr7, ,p"n"e' /e ada g eB#ep1""l,r aparente :" #e/" nea de #rean1 :" ge/t" nea de a6a#er".222 3ntr7, alt ,p"n"e' /"+ la1"a n e/te , eB#ep1"e de la pr"n#"p" l relat"$"t1"".223 3n ,p"n"a n " a t,r' a#1" n"le d"re#te :" #,ntra#t l #,le#t"$ de + n# n / nt eB#ep1"" aparente la pr"n#"p" l relat"$"t1"". 224 3n d,#tr"n /7a #,nt rat ,p"n"a la #are ne ral"e+' p,tr"$"t #re"a n are n"#" , "+p,rtan1 6apt l # pr,d #erea e6e#tel,r a#t l " - r"d"# :" 6a1 de per/,ane #are n7a part"#"pat la @n#De"erea a#e/t "a a 6,/t /ta!"l"t pr"n $,"n1a pr1"l,r /a a 6,/t d"/p / de lege. 225 De6"n"1"a dat de d,#tr"n n,1" n"" de eB#ep1"e de la pr"n#"p" l relat"$"t1"" e/te nan"+ a##eptatJ a#t l - r"d"# @n#De"at pr,d #e e6e#te :" 6a1 de alte per/,ane #are n a part"#"pat la @n#De"erea a#t l " - r"d"#. ("nal"tatea eB#ep1""l,r de la pr"n#"p" l relat"$"t1"" e/te na /"ng rJ n ter1 d,!9nde:te drept r" :" eBe# t ,!l"ga1""le /ta!"l"te @ntr7 n a#t - r"d"# la @n#De"erea #r "a n a part"#"pat. Ter1 l /e ! # r de a#elea:" e6e#te ale eB#ep1""l,r de la pr"n#"p" l relat"$"t1""' "nd"6erent # a#e/tea a 6,/t /ta!"l"te pr"n $,"n1a pr1"l,r a#t l " - r"d"# /a pr"n $,"n1a leg"". Ma" + lt' n eB"/t reg l" - r"d"#e d"/t"n#te apl"#a!"le eB#ep1""l,r reale /a aparente. %r"ter" l de #la/"6"#are' ">$,r l l,r e/te /"ng r l ele+ent de d"6eren1"ere a eB#ep1""l,r de la pr"n#"p" l relat"$"t1"" 6r n"#" , rele$an1 @n plan l e6e#tel,r - r"d"#e ale a#e/t,ra. A#ea/t real"tate p ne / ! /e+n l @ntre!r"" t"l"tatea #la/"6"#r"" eB#ep1""l,r @n reale :" aparente. D"$er/ele ,p"n"" d,#tr"nare
221 222 223 224 225

21A

# re6er"re la apartenen1a /a n a n,r eB#ep1"" la na /a alta d"n #ateg,r""' /e pare' n a , 6"nal"tate pra#t"#. &,+ pre>enta / ##"nt eB#ep1""le de la pr"n#"p" l relat"$"t1"" e6e#tel,r a#t l " - r"d"#' +ater"e #e r+ea> a 6" detal"at @n # r/ l SDrept #"$"lH STe,r"a general a ,!l"ga1""l,rH. a7 <ti'u*a/ia 'entru a*tu* .&ontra&tu* 4n 2avoarea unei ter/e 'ersoane) e/te n a#t - r"d"# /a , #la > @ntr7 n a#t pr"n #are na d"n pr1" .pr,+"tent)' /e ,!l"g 6a1 de #ealalt parte ./t"p lant) / eBe# te , pre/ta1"e @n 6a$,area n " ter1 !ene6"#"ar' #are n a part"#"pat la @n#De"erea a#t l " - r"d"# @ntre pr,+"tent I /t"p lant. A#t l - r"d"# @n#De"at d na:tere n " drept pr,pr" ' d"re#t :" "+ed"at' al #r " t"t lar e/te ter1 l !ene6"#"ar. Drept l /e na:te @n +,+ent l @n#De"er"" a#t l " - r"d"# 6r a 6" ne$,"e de #,n/"+1+9nt l ter1 l " !ene6"#"ar la per6e#tarea #,ntra#t l ". Drept r+are ter1 l !ene6"#"ar p,ate / /e adre/e>e "n/tan1e" de - de#at :" / #ear ,!l"garea pr,+"tent l " / eBe# te pre/ta1"a pr,+"/. De eBe+pl ' nep,t l .pr,+"tent l) pr"+"nd n a t,t r"/+ # t"tl de d,na1"e de la n#D" l / ./t"p lant l) /e ,!l"g 6a1 de a#e/ta / , tran/p,rte pe +t :a /a @n 6"e#are t,a+n la trata+ent @n /ta1" nea S,$ata. St"p la1"a pentr alt l e/te , eB#ep1"e de la pr"n#"p" l relat"$"t1""' de,are#e , per/,an .ter1 l !ene6"#"ar)' alta de#9t pr1"le' d,!9nde:te n drept 6r / part"#"pe la @n#De"erea a#t l " - r"d"# #a r+are a $,"n1e" eBpr"+ate @n a#e/t /#,p de pr1"le a#t l ". Aten1"e' ter1 l !ene6"#"ar %o(9n%e0te %re'tu* &ivi* su(ie&tiv, e.er&i/iu* %re'tu*ui dep"n>9nd eB#l /"$ de $,"n1a l ". 3n eBe+pl l n,/tr ' /7ar p tea #a +t :a' t"t lara drept l " #"$"l / !"e#t"$ de a #ere / 6"e tran/p,rtat an al la trata+ent' / re6 >e /7:" eBer#"te drept l' #a r+are' de p"ld' a rela1""l,r ten/",nate # n#D" l. '2 A(#i%nile $ire("e repre>"nt drept l #,n6er"t de lege n,r ter1e per/,ane la n a#t - r"d"#' de a #De+a @n - de#at pe na d"n pr1"le a#e/t "a @n /#,p l aprr"" n,r drept r" n/# te d"n a#t l la a #r " @n#De"ere n a part"#"pat. 3n %,d l #"$"l /e pre$d d, a/e+enea a#1" n" d"re#teJ 7 ( n"ra("%l $e an"repri+, I art.14== %,d #"$"l. )"dar""' le+nar"" :" #e"lal1" l #rt,r" @ntre! "n1a1" la #ld"rea n " ed"6"#" /a la 6a#erea ne" alte l #rr" date @n antrepr"> p,t / /e adre/e>e "n/tan1e" de - de#at :" / #ear plata / +el,r #e l" /e # $"n pentr + n#a
21C

pre/tat' de la #l"ent' dar n +a" da# #l"ent l are ,!l"ga1"" de plat 6a1 de antrepren,r .#,n/tr #t,r) #9nd a#e/ta n le plte:te / +a pre/tat. %,ntra#t l de antrepr"> @n#De"at @ntre antrepren,r :" #l"ent e/te , eB#ep1"e de la pr"n#"p" l relat"$"t1""' de,are#e pr,d #e e6e#te - r"d"#e' p,tr"$"t leg""' 6a1 de + n#"t,r"" anga-a1"' #are n a @n#De"at a#e/t #,ntra#t. 3n 6a$,area l,r /7a n/# t n drept #"$"l / !"e#t"$J / #De+e @n - de#at pe #l"ent @n /#,p l :" #,nd"1""le artate. - ( n"ra("%l $e s%'man$a" I @n art.1542 al"n.4 %,d #"$"l /e /ta!"le:te drept l +andant l " .per/,ana #are @+p tern"#e:te , alt per/,an I +andatar / @n#De"e a#te - r"d"#e pe /ea+a /a) / /e adre/e>e "n/tan1e" de - de#at pentr a ,!l"ga per/,ana #e7l @nl,# "e:te' la plata de de/pg !"r"' @n #a> l pr,d #er"" de pag !e. (a1 de #,ntra#t l de / !+andat @n#De"at @ntre +andatar I / !+andatar' +andant l e/te ter1' dar @n $"rt tea leg""' a#e/t #,ntra#t pr,d #e e6e#te 6a1 de el' de:" n a part"#"pat la @n#De"erea #,ntra#t l ". (2 C n"ra("%l ( le("i) $e m%n(, 7 art. < Legea nr.13FM1<<A pr"$"nd #,ntra#t l #,le#t"$ de + n# d"/p neJ pre$eder"le #,ntra#t l " #,le#t"$ de + n# Spr,d # e6e#te pentr t,1" /alar"a1"" d"n n"tate' "nd"6erent de data anga-r"" l,r.H A:adar' n anga-at lter",r +,+ent l " @n#De"er"" #,ntra#t l " #,le#t"$ de + n#' ter1 la #,ntra#t' /e ! # r de e6e#tele #,ntra#t l " de + n#' de:" n a 6,/t parte la @n#De"erea a#t l "K !ene6"#"a> de #la >ele #,ntra#t ale pr"$"nd #,nd"1""le de + n#' /alar">are' #,n#ed" de ,d"Dn :" alte drept r" :" ,!l"ga1"". $2 A)5n+ii-(a%+,. A+ artat # a$9n>""7#a >' de:" n / nt pr1" la a#t l - r"d"#' p,t de$en" t"t lar" a" drept r"l,r #"$"le / !"e#t"$e :" ,!l"ga1""l,r #"$"le /ta!"l"te @n #,ntra#t. A#t l - r"d"# pr,d #e e6e#te n n +a" 6a1 de pr1"' #" :" 6a1 de a$9n>""7#a >. S"t a1"a a$9n>"l,r7#a > e/te #,n/"derat de #tre , parte a d,#tr"ne" eB#ep1"e de la pr"n#"p" l relat"$"t1""' prer"le a t,r"l,r 6""nd d"6er"te d p # + ar #,n/t"t " eB#ep1"" aparente /a reale. 22A

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3ntr7, alt ,p"n"e' /e neag apartenen1a /"t a1"e" a$9n>"l,r7 #a > la eB#ep1""le de la pr"n#"p" l relat"$"t1"" e6e#tel,r a#tel,r - r"d"#e. SPr,d #erea e6e#tel,r a#t l " - r"d"# #"$"l 6a1 de a$9n>"7 #a > n #,n/t"t "e eB#ep1"e de la pr"n#"p" l relat"$"t1"" e6e#tel,r a#tel,r - r"d"#eH. Arg +ent l /e pare e/te #,re#tJ A$9n>""7#a >' ter1" la a#t l - r"d"#' "a l,# l pr1"l,r :"' a%3u13# noi' @n a#ea/t n, #al"tate de pr1" la a#t l - r"d"# / p,rt e6e#tele a#e/t "a. % t,ate a#e/tea' a t,r l a:a> a$9n>""7#a > @n r9nd l eB#ep1""l,r de la pr"n#"p" l relat"$"t1"". %rede+ # a#t l - r"d"# pr,d #e e6e#te 6a1 de a$9n>""7#a > n +"1" / ##e/,r" n"$er/al" :" # t"tl n"$er/al @n #al"tatea d,!9nd"t de drept' de pr1" #,ntra#tante' ad"# #red"t,r" :" de!"t,r". 22= Ne a6l+ @n pre>en1a pr"n#"p" l " relat"$"t1"" e6e#tel,r a#t l " - r"d"# :" n a ne" eB#ep1"" de la a#e/t pr"n#"p" . e2 Pr misi%nea *ap"ei al"%ia >&onven/ia %e 'orte"2ort) e/te a#t l - r"d"# @n #are , parte .pr,+"tent) /e ,!l"g 6a1 de #ealalt parte .#red"t,r l pr,+"/" n"") / deter+"ne pe , a tre"a per/,an / @n#De"e /a / rat"6"#e n a#t - r"d"# #"$"l. De eBe+pl ' n l d"n #e" d," #,pr,pr"etar"' d p #e $"nde partea d"n #,pr,pr"etate' @n#De"e n #,ntra#t de p,rte76,rt # d,!9nd"t,r l' pr"n #are /e ,!l"g /7l deter+"ne pe 6ratele / /7" $9nd #ealalt parte. Pr,+"tent l @:" a/ + ,!l"ga1"a de a 6a#e S#e #,n/t @n a deter+"na ter1 l / @n#De"e a#t l - r"d"#H. Ter1 l n are n"#" , ,!l"ga1"e' el $a @n#De"a a#t l pr"n $,"n1 pr,pr"e da# $a $,". S"ng r l ,!l"gat e/te pr,+"tent l. 3n "p,te>a # n $a re :" /7l #,n$"ng pe ter1 / @n#De"e a#t l - r"d"#' $a plt" da ne7 "ntere/e da# a #a >at n pre- d"#" . Se apre#"a> # e/te , eB#ep1"e la pr"n#"p" l relat"$"t1""' @n /en/ l # pr,+"/" nea 6apte" alt "a ar na:te e6e#te 6a1 de ter1. 3n real"tate' ter1 l e/te l"!er / @n#De"e /a n a#t l - r"d"# pr,+"/ de , parte a #,ntra#t l " de p,rte76,rt. *2 Sim%la#ia e/te ,pera1" nea - r"d"# #e #,n/t @n d, a#te - r"d"#e @n#De"ate @ntre a#elea:" pr1"J a#t l - r"d"# p !l"#' aparent' +"n#"n,/ ./"+ lat) pr"n #are /e #reea> , /"t a1"e - r"d"# nereal :"
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alt l - r"d"# /e#ret' a/# n/' dar real' @n #are /e arat ade$rata legt r - r"d"#' @ntre pr1". De eBe+pl ' n#D" l r+re:te / 6a# n #ad, de $al,are nep,t l " pre6erat' dar n d,re:te / pr,$,a#e ne+ l1 +"rea #el,rlal1" nep,1". El @n#De"e @n /e#ret #,ntra#t l de d,na1"e # nep,t l pre6erat :"' de S,#D"" l +""H' pentr t,1" #e"lal1"' @n#De"e n #,ntra#t de $9n>are7# +prare # a#e/ta. (,r+ele /"+ la1"e" / ntJ @ictivitate I a#t l p !l"#' aparent' e/te 6"#t"$' @n#De"at de 6,r+' eB"/ten1a l " e/te @nlt rat de a#t l /e#ret .#,ntra/#r"/). De eBe+pl ' de!"t,r l' pentr a / /trage n ! n de $al,are de la , e$ent al eBe# tare /"l"t' #a r+are a ne,n,rr"" ,!l"ga1"e" 6a1 de #red"t,r' @n#De"e @n /e#ret n #,ntra#t de $9n>are7# +prare a ! n l " re/pe#t"$ :" pre#">ea> # a#t l p !l"# de $9n>are7# +prare #e r+ea> a 6" @n#De"at n eB"/t. De!hi,are I #9nd pr1"le a/# nd' SdegD">ea>H nat ra - r"d"# a a#t l " /e#ret @n#De"at :"' lter",r' @n a#t l - r"d"# p !l"# @n#De"at' /ta!"le/# #la >e d"6er"te de nat ra a#t l " /e#ret' real. 3n eBe+pl l dat' @n #,ntra#t l de d,na1"e' /e /ta!"le:te # a#t l p !l"# $a a$ea 6,r+a n " #,ntra#t de $9n>are7# +prare .a 6,/t SdegD">atH @n #,ntra#t de $9n>are7# +prare) pentr a e$"ta ne+ l1 +"rea #el,rlal1" nep,1". $nterpunerea de persoane I #9nd a#t l p !l"#' aparent' /e @n#De"e # , an +"t per/,an' dar @n a#t l /e#ret /e arat #' @n real"tate' , alt per/,an e/te parte la #,ntra#t. De eBe+pl ' $re" / d,ne>" / !altern l " t n a t,t r"/+. %,ntra#t l de d,na1"e p !l"# /e @n#De"e # n a+"#' :" @n a#t l /e#ret @n#De"at @na"ntea #el " p !l"# /e pre#">ea> # #el #e pr"+e:te d,na1"a e/te / !altern l t . 3n art.11C5 %,d #"$"l /e pre#">ea> d, reg l" @n +ater"e de /"+ la1"eJ 7 a#t l /e#ret' real pr,d # e6e#te n +a" 6a1 de pr1" :" / ##e/,r"" n"$er/al" :" # t"tl n"$er/alK el n e/te ,p,>a!"l ter1"l,r de ! n7#red"n1K 7 a#t l aparent' p !l"#' +"n#"n,/ pr,d #e e6e#te 6a1 de ter1"" de ! n I #red"n1. Ter1""' d p # + le d"#tea> "ntere/ l' p,t "n$,#a @n "n/tan1 6"e a#t l p !l"#' 6"e a#t l /e#ret' da# 6a# d,$ada a#e/t "a.
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S"+ la1"a /e #,n/"der eB#ep1"e de la pr"n#"p" l relat"$"t1""' pentr #' p,tr"$"t art.11C5' ter1 l /e ! # r de e6e#tele - r"d"#e ale a#t l " - r"d"# la @n#De"erea #r "a n a part"#"patJ a#t l /e#ret /a a#t l p !l"#. g2 Repre+en"area e/te pr,#ede l teDn"#,7- r"d"# pr"n #are , per/,an 7 repre>entant I @n#De"e n a#t - r"d"# @n n +ele :" @n #,nt l .pe /,#,teala) alte" per/,ane I repre>entat I e6e#tele a#t l " - r"d"# pr,d #9nd 7/e @n an +"te #,nd"1"" d"re#t 6a1 de per/,ana repre>entat. Se #,n/"der , eB#ep1"e de la pr"n#"p" l relat"$"t1""' de,are#e a#t l - r"d"# @n#De"at de repre>entant :" , ter1 per/,an na:te e6e#te - r"d"#e 6a1 de repre>entat' de:" el n a @n#De"at a#t l - r"d"#. Repre>entarea' d p ">$,r l / ' p,ate 6"J legal :" #,n$en1",nal. Re're)entarea *e1a*3J ">$,r:te d"n lege :" "nter$"ne @n #a> l per/,anel,r "n#apa!"leJ +"n,r l / ! 14 an" .e/te repre>entat @n #"r# "t l #"$"l de #tre pr"n1"" /" /a @n l"p/a a+!"l,r pr"n1" de #tre t t,re) :" "nter>"/ l - de#t,re/# .e/te repre>entat de t t,re). Legea @+p tern"#e:te pe pr"n1" :" t t,re I @n #al"tatea de repre>entan1" legal" / @n#De"e ,r"#e a#t - r"d"# @n n +ele :" pe /ea+a "n#apa!"l"l,r pe #are7" repre>"nt. 3n #a> l a#tel,r - r"d"#e de d"/p,>"1"e repre>entan1"" legal" a ne$,"e de @n# $""n1area a t,r"t1"" t telare. Re're)entarea &onven/iona*3 e/te r+area $,"n1e" pr1"l,r eBpr"+at @n #,ntra#t l de +andat' nde /e /ta!"le/# l"+"tele p ter"l,r @n#red"n1ate de +andant repre>entant l " / .+andatar l). %el repre>entat I +andant l I p,ate #,n6er" +andatar l " / , @+p tern"#"re /pe#"al +andat /pe#"al .pr,# rat", n"# / re") de a @n#De"a n an +"t a#t - r"d"# /a , @+p tern"#"re general' +andat general .pr,# rat", ,+n" + !,n,r +) I de a @n#De"a ,r"#e a#t - r"d"# :" # pr"$"re la ,r"#are d"n ! n r" # eB#ep1"a #el,r /tr"#t per/,nale. Con%i/ii*e re're)ent3rii / nt r+t,areleJ a7 s3 e.iste 4#'uterni&irea %e a re're)enta . 3+p tern"#"rea e/te dat de lege /a de $,"n1a pr1"l,r. A#ea/t #,nd"1"e "+p ne r+t,arele pre#">r" @n legt r # a&tu* &u sine 4nsu0i, re're)entarea a'arent3 :" 4#'uterni&irea %e a re're)enta+ A&tu* &u sine 4nsu0iJ e/te a#t l - r"d"# @n#De"at de repre>entant @n n +ele :" pe /ea+a repre>entant l " :" el @n/ :"' @n n +ele / . A#t l - r"d"# e/te pra#t"# @n#De"at de , /"ng r per/,an I
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repre>entant' dar @n d, #al"t1" ,p /eJ #a repre>entant al "ntere/el,r repre>entant l " :" @n n +ele / ' pentr /"ne. De eBe+pl ' repre>entant l pr"+e:te +andat / # +pere n a t,t r"/+. 3n a#ea/t #al"tate' @n#De"e n #,ntra#t # /"ne @n/ :"' #9nd a t,t r"/+ l pr,# rat e/te a t,t r"/+ l / ' pe #are7l $"nde repre>entat l ". 3n a#t l # /"ne @n/ :"' eB"/t r"/# l #a repre>entant l / p n pe pr"+ l plan' pr,pr""le "ntere/e .@n eBe+pl l dat' / ,!1"n n pre1 #9t +a" ! n pe a t,t r"/+ l #e7l $"nde per/,ane" pe #are , repre>"nt). O a*t3 2or#3 a &ontra&tu*ui &u sine @n/ :" e/te %u(*a re're)entare. 3n a#e/t #a>' na :" a#eea:" per/,an apare @n a#t l - r"d"# :" #a repre>entant al ne"a d"n pr1" :" #a repre>entant al #ele"lalte pr1". De eBe+pl ' , per/,an' @n #al"tate de repre>entant' a pr"+"t n +andat / # +pere n a t,t r"/+. A#eea:" per/,an pr"+e:te #al"tatea de repre>entant de la , alt per/,an pentr a $"nde n a t,t r"/+. A#ea/t per/,an are , d !l #al"tateJ repre>"nt @n a#t l - r"d"# :" pe # +prt,r' :" pe $9n>t,r. Pra#t"#a - d"#"ar n e/te n"6,r+ @n a ad+"te /a n eB"/ten1a #,ntra#t l " # /"ne @n/ :"' de,are#e eB"/t r"/# l pr,+,$r"" pr,pr""l,r "ntere/e /a a "ntere/el,r ne"a /a alte"a d"n pr1"le pe #are le repre>"nt. 3ntr7, ,p"n"e' da# pr"n #,ntra#t l de +andat /7a /ta!"l"t / 6"#"ente detal"" ale #,n1"n t l " a#t l " - r"d"# #e r+ea> a 6" @n#De"at' a:a @n#9t repre>entant l / n p,at neg,#"a :" de#"de @+p,tr"$a "ntere/ l " #el " repre>entat' a#t l - r"d"# p,ate 6" $ala!"l. 22< 3ntr7, alt ,p"n"e' repre>entat l p,ate #ere an larea a#t l " pentr d,l pr"n ret"#en1 /a ' +a" pe larg' pentr $",larea de #tre repre>entant a ,!l"ga1"e" de l,"al"tate 6a1 de repre>entat. 23F Re're)entarea a'arent3 e/te /"t a1"a pre$> t de art.155C %,d #"$"lJ Se $al"d a#eea #e 6a#e +andatar l @n n +ele +andant l "' at9t t"+p #9t n # n,a:te +,artea l "' /a eB"/ten1a ne"a d"n #a >ele #e de/6""n1ea> +andat l .n.a. 7 re$,#area +andat l "' "nterd"#1"a' "n/,l$a!"l"tatea :" 6al"+ent l +andant l ")H :" art.155= %,d #"$"lJ S3n t,ate #a> r"le artate @n art"#,l l pre#edent / nt $al"de #,ntra#tr"le +andatar l " # al tre"lea' per/,ane #are / nt de ! n7#red"n1.H

22< 23F

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Pra#t"#' repre>entant l @n#De"e a#t l - r"d"# # , per/,an de ! n7#red"n1' 6r / # n,a/# # +andat l "7a 6,/t retra/ /a # +andant l a 6,/t de#larat "nter>"/ - de#t,re/#' "n/,l$a!"l /a @n 6al"+ent. A#t l - r"d"# /e #,n/"der $ala!"l @n#De"at pr"n repre>entare' @+p tern"#"rea de a repre>enta p,ate l"p/" /a ne,r" e/te dep:"t de repre>entant. Se d"/t"ng d, "p,te>eJ 7 @n #a> l repre>entr"" aparente' de:" l"p/e:te @+p tern"#"rea /e pr,d # e6e#tele ne" repre>entr" p,tr"$"t art.155C %,d #"$"l' a#t l - r"d"# e/te $ala!"l #9nd ter1 l e/te de ! n #red"n1. 7 @n #a> l repre>entr""' 6r /a # dep:"rea @+p tern"#"r"" de a repre>enta Sa#t l - r"d"# n pr,d #e e6e#te 6a1 de per/,ana de/pre #are /e a6"r+ # e/te repre>entat' #" 6a1 de repre>entant. A#t l - r"d"# @n#De"at p,ate pr,d #e e6e#te 6a1 de repre>entat' n +a" da# el @l rat"6"#. E/te #eea #e "+p ne art.154A %,d #"$"lJ SMandant l e/te @ndat,rat a @ndepl"n" ,!l"ga1""le #,ntra#tate de #tre +andatar @n l"+"tele p ter"l,r date. N e/te @ndat,rat pentr t,t #eea #e +andatar l ar 6" 6# t a6ar d"n l"+"tele p ter"l,r /ale' a6ar n +a" #9nd a rat"6"#at eBpre/ /a ta#"t.H Rat"6"#area e/te a#t l - r"d"# n"lateral @n#De"at de per/,ana repre>entat' pr"n #are a##ept a#t l @n#De"at de repre>entant' pr"n dep:"rea @+p tern"#"r"" pr"+"te' ter1 l de$en"nd a/t6el parte la a#t l - r"d"# rat"6"#at. (7 s3 e.iste inten/ia %e a re're)enta ' ad"# / " /e ad # la # n,:t"n1a ter1 l "' de #tre repre>entant' # a#t l - r"d"# /e @n#De"e pr"n repre>entare. 3n "p,te>a #9nd repre>entant l n @:" de#l"n #al"tatea' a#t l - r"d"# @n#De"at # ter1 l $a pr,d #e e6e#tele 6a1 de repre>entant' #are de$"ne parte la a#t l - r"d"#. S nte+ @n pre>en1a +andat l " 6r repre>entare. &7 re're)entantu* s3 e.'ri#e o voin/3 va*a(i*3, *i(er3 0i nevi&iat3 *a 4n&5eierea a&tu*ui $uri%i& . %a r+are' repre>entant l tre! "e / a"! depl"n #apa#"tate de eBer#"1" :" #,n/"+1+9nt l dat / 6"e ne$"#"at. E2e&te*e re're)ent3rii

223

(a1 de repre>entat a#t l - r"d"# @n#De"at pr"n repre>entare pr,d #e a#elea:" e6e#te #a :" at n#" #9nd repre>entat l ar 6" @n#De"at per/,nal a#t l # ter1 l. (a1 de ter1 a#t l - r"d"# @n#De"at pr"n repre>entare pr,d # e6e#tele ,r"#r " a#t - r"d"#' de,are#e ter1 l e/te parte la a#t #D"ar da# a#e/ta a 6,/t @n#De"at pr"n repre>entare. (a1 de repre>entant' a#t l - r"d"# @n#De"at n pr,d #e e6e#te - r"d"#e' #9nd pr,# ra a 6,/t @nt,#+a" re/pe#tat. !n&etarea re're)ent3rii Repre>entarea legal @n#etea> @n r+t,arele /"t a1""J 7 +"n,r l a @+pl"n"t 14 an"' d,!9nd"nd a/t6el #apa#"tate re/tr9n/ de eBer#"1" K 7 la de#e/ l +"n,r l "' al "nter>"/ l " - de#t,re/#' al repre>entant l " legalK 7 la r"d"#area "nterd"#1"e" - de#t,re:t"K 7 p nerea / ! "nterd"#1"e a repre>entant l " legalK 7 @nl,# "rea /a @nlt rarea t t,rel " /a a # rat,r l ". Repre>entarea #,n$en1",nal @n#etea>J 7 den n1area .re$,#area) +andat l " de #tre +andant 7 ren n1area +andatar l " la +andat 7 +,artea' p nerea / ! "nterd"#1"e' "n/,l$a!"l"tatea /a 6al"+ent l +andant l " /a +andatar l " Re're)entarea 2rau%u*oas3 e/te @+pre- rarea @n #are repre>entant l /e @n1elege # ter1 l :" @n#De"e a#t l - r"d"# @n d"/pre1 l "ntere/el,r per/,ane" repre>entate. Un"" a t,r" apre#"a> a#t l - r"d"# a/t6el @n#De"at #a 6""nd l,$"t de n l"tate. S,l 1"a , apre#"e+ #,re#t' de,are#e a#t l " - r"d"# @n#De"at # ter1 l @" l"p/e:te #a >a +,ral.

224

<u(&a'ito*u* II

NULITATEA ACTULUI JURIDIC CIVIL

1.
#"$"l. 3n d,#tr"n' pr,6.dr.d,#ent Tra"an I,na:# :" E gen 0ara/#D a p / !a>ele #,n#ep1"e" r,+9ne:t" @n ter+en" pra#t"#"' a/ pra n l"t1"" a#t l " - r"d"#' #,n#ep1"e #e /e reg/e:te #,n/a#rat :" @n teBtele legale. Ide"le 6 nda+entale ale #,n#ep1"e" / nt r+t,areleJ

Definiia nulitii actului 'uridic civil

3n drept l #"$"l n eB"/t , de6"n"1"e a n l"t1"" a#t l " - r"d"#

225

7 pre,# parea #a' ,r" de #9te ,r" e/te # p t"n1' a#t l - r"d"# / 6"e /al$at de la de/6""n1are. N tre! "e / /e de/6""n1e>e de#9t #eea #e e/te "nd"/pen/a!"l / /e de/6""n1e>e. Da# t,t #e e/te #,ntrar leg"" n p,ate / pr,d # e6e#te' t,t #e e/te @n #,n#,rdan1 # legea r+ea> /7:" #,n/er$e $ala!"l"tateaJ ("nal"tatea Gte,r"e" n l"t1"l,rH e/te #a pr"n @nlt rarea ne/,#,t"r"" leg""' a#t l - r"d"# / n 6"e de/6""n1at #" aprat. 7 n l"tatea n +a" e/te , #al"tate a a#t l " - r"d"#' #,n/e#"n1 a "de"" # a#t l - r"d"# e/te #a n ,rgan"/+' #" , /an#1" ne de drept #"$"l. N l"tatea #a /an#1" ne "nter$"ne' de,are#e a 6,/t @n#l#at , pre$edere legal. Ea / pr"+ d,ar e6e#tele #are #,ntra>"# n,r+a legal' r+9n9nd neat"n/e #elelalte e6e#te #e / nt @n #,n#,rdan1 # legea. N l"tatea par1"al e/te reg la' eB#ep1"a 6""nd n l"tatea t,tal. Ne @ndeprt+ a:adar de "deea e6e#t l " d"/tr #t"$ al n l"t1""J 231 %,n#ep1"a e/te @+!r1":at de leg" "t,r l r,+9n. 3n art.1 al"n.3 d"n de#ret l 1ACM1<A= pr"$"nd pre/#r"p1"a eBt"n#t"$' /e d"/p neJ GOr"#e #la > #are /e a!ate de la regle+entarea legal a pre/#r"p1"e" e/te n lH. De#"' n a#t l - r"d"# @n t,tal"tatea l " e/te n l' #" n +a" #la >a "legal' , an +"t parte d"n a#t. TeBt l art.1FF= %,d #"$"l e/te n alt eBe+pl J G#,nd"1"a "+p,/"!"l /a #,ntrar"e ! nel,r +,ra$ r"' /a pr,D"!"t de lege' e/te n l :" de/6""n1ea> #,n$en1"a #e dep"nde de d9n/a.H A:adar' /e de/6""n1ea> n #,n$en1"a @n t,tal"tate /a #" d,ar #la >a "+p,/"!"l' "+,ral :" "legal' parte a #,n$en1"e". Ma" @na"nte' n l"tatea a#t l " era #,n/"derat , G/tare ,rgan"#H a a#t l " - r"d"# pr"$"t #a G n ,rgan"/+H :" de a#eea era t,tal :" "re+ed"a!"l' p,tr"$"t reg l""J GP ,d n ll + e/t' n ll + pr,d #"t e6e#t +H .G#eea #e e/te n l' n pr,d #e n"#" n e6e#t). A# +' n l"tatea e/te pr"$"t #a +"-l,# l - r"d"# de re/ta!"l"re a /"t a1"e" eB"/tente @na"nte de @n#l#area d"/p,>"1""l,r legale' generat de te>a pr,p,r1",nal">r"" e6e#tel,r @n rap,rt de #a >' n l"tatea 6""nd de reg l parial *i remediabil. N l"tatea e/te G/an#1" nea #"$"l #are de/6""n1ea> .@nlt r) # e6e#t retr,a#t"$' e6e#tele n " a#t - r"d"# @n#De"at # @n#l#area d"/p,>"1""l,r legale pr"$"t,are la #,nd"1""le /ale de $ala!"l"tateH. 232
231 232

22A

3n d,#tr"n' eB"/t nan"+"tate @n de6"n"rea n l"t1"" a#t l " - r"d"# #a 6""nd /an#1" ne #"$"l' 6,r+ lr"le d"6er"te / !l"n""nd a#elea:" part"# lar"t1" - r"d"#e ale n l"t1"". Un a t,r de6"ne:te n l"tatea a#t l " - r"d"# #a Ga#eea /an#1" ne #"$"l #are "nter$"ne d p @n#l#area n,r+e" de drept' l"p/"nd a#t l - r"d"# de e6e#tele r+r"te la @n#De"erea l "H. 233 3ntr7, alt de6"n"1"eJ HN l"tatea e/te , /an#1" ne pr"n #are a#t l - r"d"# #are n @ndepl"ne:te #,nd"1""le de $al"d"tate I de 6,nd /a de 6,r+ I "+p /e de n,r+ele de drept e/te l"p/"t de e6e#tele #e #,ntra#"n leg"".H Pr,6.dr.d,#ent Tra"an I,na:# :" E gen 0ara/#D @nte+e"et,r"" Gte,r"e" n l"t1""H @n drept l r,+9ne/#' de6"ne/# n l"tatea a/t6elJ G/an#1" nea @n#l#r"" pr"n a#t - r"d"# I @n#l#area la data #9nd a#t l a 6,/t 6# t I a ne" d"/p,>"1"" a leg""' @ndreptat eB#l /"$ @+p,tr"$a a#el,r e6e#te #e ar #,ntra>"#e /#,p l d"/p,>"1"e" legale @n#l#ate.H 234 De6"n"1"a n l"t1"" a#t l " - r"d"# #"$"l /"ntet">ea> tr/t r"le #ara#ter"/t"#e n l"t1""J 7 e/te , /an#1" ne #"$"lK 7 /e apl"# n +a" a#tel,r - r"d"#e #"$"leK 7 "nter$"ne #9nd a 6,/t @n#l#ate #,nd"1""le e/en1"ale de $al"d"tate ale a#t l " - r"d"# #"$"l. Or"#e alt @n#l#are a n,r+el,r - r"d"#e n atrage /an#1" nea n l"t1""K 7 e6e#tele a#t l " - r"d"# /e de/6""n1ea> retr,a#t"$' de la data @n#De"er"" a#t l "' ele #,n/"der9nd 7/e # n a eB"/tat n"#",datK 7 pr"$e:te +,+ent l @n#De"er"" a#t l "' #9nd /7a ne/,#,t"t pre$eder"le legale.

2. (unciile nulitii
a) 2un&/ia 'reventiv3 A#t l - r"d"# #"$"l /e @n#De"e # e6,rt r" "ntele#t ale' #Delt "el" +ater"ale' e>"tr" generat,are de /tre/. A 6" @n#De"at # @n#l#area d"/p,>"1""l,r legale pr"$"nd #,nd"1""le de $al"d"tate :" a/t6el' a 6" l"p/"t de e6e#tele d,r"te de pr1"' e/te n r"/# gre de a##eptat. T,#+a" de a#eea' pr1"le' de reg l'
233 234

22C

d"l"gente /e p n la adp,/t de e6e#tele ned,r"te ale n l"t1"" :" pre,# pate de "ntere/ l #are le7a deter+"nat / @n#De"e a#t l - r"d"#' re/pe#t #,nd"1""le legale de $al"d"tate. GPra#t"# #a , /a!"e a l " Da+,#le/ ea .n l"tatea) pre@nt9+p"n @n +area +a-,r"tate a #a> r"l,r' pr"n "nD"!"1"e pe #are , eBer#"t a/ pra pr1"l,r' tenta1"a de a #,ntra$en" d"/p,>"1""l,r n,r+at"$e la #,n/t"t "rea a#tel,r - r"d"#e.H235 !) 2un&/ia re'resiv3 #,n/t @n @nlt rarea a#el,r e6e#te ale a#t l " - r"d"#' #are a @n#l#at pre$eder"le leg"". Ea "nter$"ne #9nd 6 n#1"a pre$ent"$ a 6,/t "gn,rat' a#t l @n#De"nd 7/e' t,t :"' @n d"/pre1 l leg"". #) 2un&/ia re'aratorie /e +ater"al">ea> @n re/ta!"l"rea /"t a1"e" eB"/tente @na"nte de @n#De"erea a#t l " :" repararea pre- d"#" l " e$ent al pr,d / pr"n @n#l#area d"/p,>"1"e" legale.

3. Re&lementarea nulitii
N eB"/t , regle+entare n"tar a n l"t1"" a#t l " - r"d"# #"$"l @n /en/ l # pr"nder"" "n/t"t 1"e" @ntr7 n #ap"t,l d"/t"n#t al %,d l " #"$"l. N,r+ele - r"d"#e pr"$"nd n l"tatea /e g/e/# @n # pr"n/ l @ntreg l " %,d #"$"l :" @n alte a#te n,r+at"$e' ">$,are ale drept l " #"$"l. De eBe+pl ' @n %,d l #"$"l art.5J GN /e p,t der,ga pr"n #,n$en1"" /a d"/p,>"1"" part"# lare .a#te - r"d"#e n"laterale)' la leg"le #are "ntere/ea> ,rd"nea p !l"# :" ! nele +,ra$ r"H .n.a. 7 n l"tatea e/te a!/,l t)K Art.C<FJ G3+pr1el"le p,t 6" de/6""n1ate pentr $",len1 /a d,lH .n.a. 7 n l"tate relat"$ pentr "n/ 6"#"en1a #,n/"+1+9nt l ")K Art.=F3J @n +ater"a d,na1"e" :" a te/ta+ent l " G/ !/t"t 1""le .O) / nt pr,D"!"teK ,r"#e d"/p,>"1"" pr"n #are d,natar l' eredete "n/t"t "t /a legatar l $a 6" @n/r#"nat de a #,n/er$a :" a re+"te la a tre"a per/,an' $a 6" n l' #D"ar @n pr"$"n1a d,nat,r l "' a eredet l " n +"t /a a legatar l "H .n.a. 7 n l"tate relat"$ pentr # art.=22 pre$edeJ GE/te n l ,r"#e d,na1"e 6# t # #,nd"1"" a #r,r @ndepl"n"re at9rn n +a" de $,"n1a d,nat,r l ".H
235

22=

Art.=3<J GOr"#e #la >e /a #,n$en1""' pr"n #are d,nat,r l ar ren n1a la re$,#area d,na1" n"" pentr na:tere de 6" ' e/te n l :" 6r e6e#t.H Art.==AJ G(,r+al"t1"le l,r #are / nt / p /e de,/e!"tele te/ta+ente pr"n d"/p,>"1""le pre>ente" /e#1" n"" :" a#elea ale /e#1" n"" pre#edente /e $,r ,!/er$a / ! pedeap/ de n l"tateH. Art.<53J G%,n/"+1+9nt l n e/te $ala!"l #9nd e/te dat pr"n er,are' /+ l/ pr"n $",len1' /a / rpr"n/ pr"n d,l.H Art.<A1J G%,n$en1"a 6# t pr"n er,are' $",len1 /a d,l' n e/te n l de drept' #" d l,# n +a" a#1" n"" @n n l"tate.H Art.<A5 al"n.2J GN /e p,ate 6a#e ren n1are la , / ##e/" ne #e n e/te de/#D"/' n"#" /e p,t 6a#e @n$,"r" a/ pra ne" a/t6el de / ##e/" n"' #D"ar de /7ar da #,n/"+1+9nt l #el " a #r " / ##e/" ne e/te @n #De/t" ne.H Art.<AAJ GO!l"ga1"a 6r #a > /a 6,ndat pe , #a > 6al/ /a nel"#"t' n p,ate a$ea n"#" n e6e#t.H Art.1FF=J G%,nd"1"a "+p,/"!"l /a #,ntrar"e ! nel,r +,ra$ r"' /a pr,D"!"t de lege e/te n l :" de/6""n1ea> #,n$en1"a #e dep"nde de d9n/a.H Art.1FF<J G%,nd"1"a de a n 6a#e n l #r "+p,/"!"l n 6a#e #a ,!l"ga1"a #,ntra#tat / ! a#ea/t #,nd"1"e / 6"e n l.H Art.1F1FJ GO!l"ga1"a e/te n l #9nd /7a #,ntra#tat / ! , #,nd"1"e pr,te/tat"$ d"n partea a#el " #e /e ,!l"g.H Art.1FACJ GN l"tatea ,!l"ga1"e" pr"n#"pale atrage pe a#eea a #la >e" penale.N l"tatea #la >e" penale n atrage pe a#eea a ,!l"ga1"e" pr"n#"pale.H Art.11<FJ GA#t l de #,n6"r+are /a rat"6"#are a ne" ,!l"ga1""' @n #,ntra #re" legea ad+"te a#1" nea @n n l"tate' n e/te $ala!"l. Art.13F=J GS ! pedeap/ de n l"tate' n /e p,t 6a#e ad- de#atar" n"#" d"re#t' n"#" pr"n per/,ane "nterp /eJ 1. T t,r""' a" a$er"" #el,r de / ! a l,r t telK 2. Mandatar""' a" a$er"" #e / nt @n/r#"na1" / $9n>.H Art.13F<JH? de#t,r""' +e+!r"" +"n"/ter l " p !l"# :" a$,#a1"" n /e p,t 6a#e #e/",nar" de drept r" l"t"g",a/e' #are / nt de #,+peten1a tr"! nal l " - de1ean @n a #r " ra> ter"t,r"al @:" eBer#"t 6 n#1""le l,r' / ! pedeap/a de n l"tate' /pe>e /a da ne7"ntere/e. Art.1311J GDa# @n +,+ent l $9n>r""' l #r l $9nd t era p"er"t @n t,t' $"nderea e/te n l.
22<

Art.1A=<J GE/te n l ,r"#e /t"p la1"e pr"n #are #red"t,r l /7ar a t,r">a /a a7:" apr,p"a a+anet l /a a d"/p ne de d9n/ l 6r 6,r+al"t1"le / / artate.H Art.1C12JHE/te ad+"/"!"l a#1" nea de n l"tate' #,ntra ne" tran>a#1""' pentr er,area a/ pra per/,ane" /a ,!"e#t l " @n pr,#e/.H Art.1C1AJ G3n/ tran>a#1"a $a 6" n l' #9nd ea n ar # pr"nde de#9t n /"ng r ,!"e#t :" /7ar d,$ed"' d"n d,# +entele @n r+ de/#,per"te' # na d"n pr1" n ar a$ea n"#" n drept a/ pra a#el " ,!"e#t.H Art.1CC4J GIp,te#a #,n$en1",nal n e/te $ala!"l' da# pr"n a#t l de #,n/t"t "re al "p,te#""' n /e /pe#"6"# nat ra :" /"t a1"a 6"e#r " "+,!"l al de!"t,r l "' a/ pra #r "a /e #,n/"+te "p,te#a #rean1e".H Art.1CC5J G0 n r"le $""t,are ale de!"t,r l " n p,t 6" ,!"e#t l ne" "p,te#".H Art.1CCAJ GIp,te#a #,n$en1",nal n p,ate 6" $ala!"l de#9t at n#" #9nd / +a' pentr #are "p,te#a e/te #,n/t"t "t' $a 6" deter+"nat pr"n a#t.H Art.1=<CJ GUn t"tl an la!"l' n p,ate 6" ,p / p,/e/,r l #are a "n$,#at pre/#r"p1"a de 1F p9n la 2F de an".H 2" @n alte a#te n,r+at"$e @nt9ln"+ n,r+e - r"d"#e #are regle+entea> n l"tatea. De eBe+pl J 7 art.2F d"n de#ret l 31M1F54 pr"$"t,r la per/,anele 6">"#e :" per/,anele - r"d"#eJ GDa# #el de#larat +,rt e/te @n $"a1' /e p,ate #ere' ,r"#9nd' an larea D,tr9r"" pr"n #are /7a de#larat +,artea.H 7 art.34 d"n a#ela:" a#t n,r+at"$J G,r"#e a#t - r"d"# #are n e/te 6# t @n $ederea real">r"" a#e/t " /#,p .n.a. per/,ana - r"d"# p,ate a$ea n +a" drept r"le :" ,!l"ga1""le pr"n #are /e real">ea> /#,p l e"' /ta!"l"t pr"n a#t l #,n/t"t t"$ /a lege) e/te n l. 7 art.31 d"n legea nr.1=M1<<1' Legea 6,nd l " 6 n#"arJ GTeren l atr"! "t .O) n p,ate 6" @n/tr"nat pr"n a#te @ntre $"" t"+p de 1F an" .O) / ! /an#1" nea n l"t1"" a!/,l te a a#t l " de @n/tr"nare.H 7 art.4A d"n a#ela:" a#t n,r+at"$J GTeren r"le /"t ate @n "ntra$"lan :" eBtra$"lan p,t 6" @n/tr"nate' "nd"6erent de @nt"nderea / pra6e1e"' pr"n a#te - r"d"#e @ntre $""' @n#De"ate @n 6,r+ a tent"#. 3n t,ate #a> r"le de d,!9nd"re' pr"n a#te - r"d"#e @ntre $""' pr,pr"etatea d,!9nd"t,r l " n p,ate dep:" 1F Da teren agr"#,l @n e#D"$alent ara!"l' de 6a+"l"e' / ! /an#1" nea n l"t1"" a!/,l te a a#t l " de @n/tr"nare.H et#.
23F

4. *auzele nulitii actului 'uridic civil

3n leg"/la1"a r,+9n n / nt /"/te+at">ate :" pre#">ate l"+"tat"$ #a >ele n l"t1"" a#t l " - r"d"#. Una d"n tr/t r"le #ara#ter"/t"#e n l"t1"" pre#">at @n de6"n"1"a a#e/te"a e/te # "nter$"ne #9nd a 6,/t @n#l#ate #,nd"1""le e/en1"ale de $al"d"tate ale a#t l " - r"d"# #"$"l' @n +,+ent l @n#De"er"". %,nd"1""le e/en1"ale pentr $al"d"tatea a#t l " - r"d"# / ntJ #apa#"tatea de a #,ntra#ta' #,n/"+1+9nt l $ala!"l al pr1"" #e /e ,!l"g' n ,!"e#t deter+"nat :" , #a > "l"#"t. D,#tr"na - r"d"#' @n #,n/"dera1"a pre+"/el,r eBp /e' apre#"a> #a 6""nd #a >ele n l"t1"" a#t l " - r"d"# r+t,areleJ .d"n #,n/"derente d"da#t"#e $,r 6" pre>entate pentr n l"tatea a!/,l t :" n l"tatea relat"$). Nu*itatea a(so*ut3 L"p/a #apa#"t1"" de a 6a#e' de a @n#De"a a#t l - r"d"# Nu*itatea re*ativ3 EB"/ten1a #apa#"t1""' dar "n/ 6"7 #"en1a e"' de,are#e e/te re/tr9n/

L"p/a #,n/"+1+9nt l " la @n#De7 EB"/ten1a #,n/"+1+9nt l "' dar "erea a#t l " - r"d"# $"#"at pr"n er,are' d,l' $",len1 /a le>" ne L"p/a ,!"e#t l " a#t l " - r"d"# EB"/ten1a ,!"e#t l "' dar a#e/ta are n #ara#ter "l"#"t /a "+,ral ."neB"/ten1a ,!"e#t l " atrage n l"tatea a!/,l t) EB"/ten1a #a >e"' dar ea e/te 6al/ /a "+ag"nar partea 6""nd @n er,are a/ pra #a >e"

L"p/a #a >e" #,n$en1"e" /a #a >a e/te "l"#"t /a "+,ral Nere/pe#tarea 6,r+e" a#t l " - r"d"#' #er t ad $al"d"tate+ Ne/,#,t"rea pr"n#"p" l " l"!ert1"" #,ntra#t ale pr"n @n#De"erea a#7 t l " - r"d"# pe/te l"+"tele a#e/te" l"!ert1" .@n#l#area n,r+el,r "+7

231

perat"$e' ,rd"nea p !l"# :" ! nele +,ra$ r") L"p/a ,r" ne$ala!"l"tatea a t,r"7 >a1"e" ad+"n"/trat"$e (ra da leg"" /a 6ra darea "nte7 re/el,r n " ter1 Une,r" legea n pre#">ea> 6el l n l"t1"". Interpret l are ,!l"ga1"a / /ta!"lea/# 6el l n l"t1"" p,tr"$"t #r"ter" l " nat r"" "ntere/ l " ,#r,t"t pr"n d"/p,>"1"a legal @n#l#atJ "ntere/ p !l"#' ,!:te/#' general' @n #a> l n l"t1"" a!/,l te /a "ntere/ per/,nal' "nd"$"d al' @n #a> l n l"t1"" relat"$e. 3n d,#tr"n :" - r"/pr den1' @n nele #a> r"' n eB"/t nan"+"tate @n a #al"6"#a n l"tatea #a 6""nd a!/,l t /a relat"$.

#. *lasificarea nulitilor
D p nat ra "ntere/ l " aprat pr"n n,r+a - r"d"# @n#l#at :" reg"+ l - r"d"# apl"#a!"lJ n l"tatea a!/,l t :" n l"tatea relat"$. N%li"a"ea a's l%", e/te /an#1" nea #"$"l l at @+p,tr"$a a#t l " - r"d"#' la @n#De"erea #r "a /7a ne/,#,t"t n,r+e legale #e pr,te-ea> n "ntere/ general' ,!:te/#J n,r+e - r"d"#e "+perat"$e. N l"tatea a!/,l t "nter$"ne @n d, #ateg,r"" de "p,te>eJ a) ip "e+e s"r5ns lega"e $e ( n$i#iile esen#iale $e )ali$i"a"e ale a("%l%i .%ri$i(1 7 *i'se0te &a'a&itatea. Se "+p ne pre#">areaJ Gl"p/e:te #apa#"tatea de 6,l,/"n1H. E/te /"t a1"aJ 8 per/,ane" 6">"#e #e n a 6,/t #,n#ep t /a #,n#ep t 6""nd n /7a n/# t $"eK 8 per/,ane" - r"d"#e nelegal #,n/t"t "teK 8 per/,ane" - r"d"#e #e @n#De"e a#te - r"d"#e pr"n @n#l#area pr"n#"p" l " /pe#"al"t1"" #apa#"t1"" de 6,l,/"n1 .art.34 De#ret l nr.31M1<54 pr"$"nd per/,anele 6">"#e :" - r"d"#eJ G,r"#e a#t #are n e/te 6# t @n $ederea real">r"" a#e/t " /#,p .n.a. 7 per/,ana - r"d"# n p,ate a$ea de#9t a#ele drept r" #are #,re/p nd /#,p l " e"' /ta!"l"t pr"n lege' a#t l de @n6""n1are /a /tat t) e/te n lHK
232

8 per/,anel,r 6">"#e' n +a" #9nd e/te $,r!a de , "n#apa#"tate /pe#"al' pentr ,#r,t"rea n " "ntere/ general' ,!:te/# .@n an +"te @+pre- rr"' per/,ane" 6">"#e' de:" # depl"n #apa#"tate de eBer#"1" ' " /e "nter>"# eBer#"tarea n,r drept r"' pentr pr,te-area n " "ntere/ general). De eBe+pl ' "ntere/ l general e/te pr,te-at #9nd " /e "nter>"#e +"n,r l " de 1A an" #a pr"n te/ta+ent / d"/p n @n 6a$,area t t,rel " / ' /a la 1= an" / 6a# a#ela:" l #r ' +a" @na"nte #a /,#,tel"le de6"n"t"$e ale t tele" / 6" 6,/t @n#De"ate I art.=F< %,d #"$"lK /e apr "ntere/ l ,!:te/# at n#" #9nd / nt "nter>"/e +ed"#"l,r' 6ar+a#":t"l,r :" pre,1"l,r' #are a tratat pe , per/,an de !,ala d"n #are a + r"t' / pr"+ea/# d,na1"" /a / /e ! # re de te/ta+ent l @n#De"at de per/,ana @ngr"-"t I art.=F %,d #"$"lK a/e+enea t,t @n "ntere/ l general' per/,anele - r"d"#e' n p,t a##epta d,na1"" de#9t # @n# $""n1area ,rgan l " t telar #,+petent I art.=11 %,d #"$"lK pentr a pr,te-a n "ntere/ general - de#t,r""' pr,# r,r"" :" a$,#a1"" n p,t de$en" #e/",nar" .d,!9nd"t,r") de drept r" l"t"g",a/e #are / nt de #,+peten1a tr"! nal l " - de1ean @n a #r " ra> ter"t,r"al @:" eBer#"t 6 n#1""le l,r' art.13F< %,d #"$"l). 7 *i'se0te &onsi#/3#9ntu*' #a de eBe+pl ' er,area ,!/ta#,l .err,r "n negat", :" err,r "n #,rp,re). A#ea/t #a > de n l"tate a!/,l t' e/te a##eptat @n d,#tr"na :" pra#t"#a - d"#"ar GL"p/a # de/$9r:"re a #,n/"+1+9nt l " 6a#e #a a#t l a/t6el @n6""n1at / 6"e /an#1",nat # n l"tatea a!/,l t.H23A ) 3ntr7, pr,p nere' de lege 6erenda' ar tre! " #,n/a#rat' @n a#e/t #a>' n l"tatea relat"$ .prep,nderent 6""nd "ntere/ l "nd"$"d al' per/,nal "ar n #el general' ,!:te/#) apre#"a> n a t,r #,n/a#rat de drept #"$"l. 23C) 7 *i'se0te o(ie&tu* 7 *i'se0te &au)a sau &au)a este i*i&it3 sau i#ora*3 . O pre#">areJ @n r+t,arele d, "p,te>e pr"$"t,are la #a >' a#t l - r"d"# e/te l,$"t de n l"tatea relat"$J #a >a l"p/e:te pentr # per/,ana e/te l"p/"t de d"/#ern+9ntK #a >a e/te 6al/ #a r+are a er,r"" a/ pra /#,p l " +ed"at /a "+ed"at. b' al"e ip "e+e- %nanim a((ep"a"e 3n $ ("rin, 7 nere/pe#tarea 6,r+e" #er t ad $al"d"tate+
23A 23C

233

7 l"p/a ,r" ne$ala!"l"tatea a t,r">a1"e" ad+"n"/trat"$e 7 @n#l#area n,r d"/p,>"1"" legale "+perat"$e de ,rd"ne p !l"# /a ! nele +,ra$ r" .reg l" de #,n$"e1 "re /,#"al) 7 6ra da leg"". %,n/t @n 6,l,/"rea an +"t,r d"/p,>"1"" legale @n +,d $"#lean la @n#De"erea a#t l " - r"d"#' @n /#,p l de a @n#l#a alte d"/p,>"1"" legale "+perat"$e. De eBe+pl ' pr1"le @n#De"e n #,ntra#t de $9n>are7# +prare a ne" ar+e :" @n a#e/t /#,p 6a# tr"+"tere la pre$eder"le %,d l " #"$"l' ne/,#,t"nd # rea #red"n1 pre$eder"le "+perat"$e d"n teBt l art.5= d"n Legea nr.1CM1<<A pr"$"nd reg"+ l ar+el,r de 6,#' pr"n #are # +prt,r l e/te ,!l"gat / de1"n a t,r">a1"e ad+"n"/trat"$ de p,rt ar+. Reg"+ l - r"d"# al n l"t1"" a!/,l te Reg l"le - r"d"#e apl"#a!"le n l"t1"" a!/,l te / ntJ a) n l"tatea a!/,l t p,ate 6" "n$,#at .#er t) de ,r"#e per/,an "ntere/at. Per/,anele "ntere/ate / "n$,#e n l"tatea a!/,l t p,t 6"J 1. pr1"le a#t l " - r"d"# 2. a$9n>""7#a > a" pr1"l,r 3. per/,ane /tr"ne de a#t' dar #are a n "ntere/ pr,pr" .de eBe+pl ' n nep,t 6a1 de a#t l de d,na1"e @n#De"at de n#D" # nere/pe#tarea 6,r+e" ad $al"d"tate+' pr"n #are a d,nat n a t,t r"/+' n " alt nep,t). 4. "n/tan1a de - de#at d"n ,6"#" . In/tan1a de - de#at' 6""nd /e/">at de partea "ntere/at' # n l"t"g" @n legt r # eBe# tarea n " a#t - r"d"#' p,ate re6 >a pr1"" preten1"a "n$,$at' pe #,n/"derent l # a#t l - r"d"# e/te n l a!/,l t. Aten1"eW' "n/tan1a n p,ate an la a#t l de#9t at n#" #9nd a#e/t l #r @" e/te #er t @n +,d eBpre/' n , p,ate 6a#e d"n "n"1"at"$ pr,pr"e. A#e/ta e/te /en/ l /"ntag+e" Sd"n ,6"#" H. 5. pr,# r,r A. alte ,rgane pre$> te de lege. N l"tatea a!/,l t pre$> t @n teBt l art.32 al"n.1 d"n Legea nr.1=M1<<1 pr"$"nd 6,nd l 6 n#"arJ Gp,ate 6" "n$,#at de 'ri#ar' 're2e&t' 'ro&uror :" de alte per/,ane #are - /t"6"# n "ntere/ leg"t"+.H !) a&/iunea 4n nu*itate a(so*ut3 este i#'res&ri'ti(i*3 . Per/,anele "ntere/ate /e p,t adre/a ,r"#9nd "n/tan1e" de - de#at pentr
234

a #ere an larea n " a#t - r"d"# l,$"t de n l"tate a!/,l t. 3n art.2 d"n De#ret l nr.1ACM1<5=J GN l"tatea n " a#t p,ate 6" "n$,#at ,r"#9nd' 6"e pe #ale de a#1" ne' 6"e pe #ale de eB#ep1"e.H % pr"$"re la eBpl"#a1"a dat a#e/te" reg l"' @n l"terat ra :" pra#t"#a - r"d"# /7a eBpr"+at ,p"n"" d"6er"te. Un a t,r eBpl"# "+pre/#r"pt"!"l"tatea n l"t1"" a!/,l te pe te+e" l #ara#ter l " #,n/tatat,r al a#1" n"" pr"n #are /e #ere n l"tatea a!/,l t. In/tan1a #,n/tat n l"tatea a!/,l t' 6apt l # a#t l - r"d"# n a l at 6""n1 d"n +,+ent l @n#De"er"" l "' a! "n"t",.23C A#ea/t eBpl"#a1"e a 6,/t @n/ :"t :" de / pre+a n,a/tr "n/tan1.23= 3ntr7, alt ,p"n"e' "+pre/#r"pt"!"l"tatea a#1" n"" @n n l"tate a!/,l t are te+e" l @n #ara#ter l nepatr"+,n"al al a#1" n"" @n n l"tate. G .O) n l"tatea /e pr,d #e pentr #' pr"n @n#l#area d"/p,>"1"e" legale' /e a- nge la e6e#te #are #,ntra>"# /#,p l " d"/p,>"1"e" legale @n#l#ate. N l"tatea e/te ed"#tat @n #,n/"derarea a#e/t,r e6e#te' n /e p ne @n general' pr,!le+a de a /e eBa+"na #,n/e#"n1ele patr"+,n"ale. &a eB"/ta n l"tate @n general' "nd"6erent da# /e $a d,$ed" /a n n pre- d"#" .H23< 3ntr7, alt ,p"n"e' "+pre/#r"pt"!"l"tatea n l"t1"" a!/,l te are 6 nda+ent l @n #,rela1"a d"ntre n l"tatea a!/,l t :" pre/#r"p1"a eBt"n#t"$J a+!ele ,#r,te/# n "ntere/ general. De a#eea' e/te "n,p,rt n a /e / !,rd,na "n/t"t 1"a n l"t1"" a!/,l te' "n/t"t 1"e" pre/#r"p1"e" eBt"n#t"$e' pr"n /"ntag+a I "+pre/#r"pt"!"l"tatea n l"t1"" a!/,l te. S7a apre#"at #J pre/#r"p1"a eBt"n#t"$ e/te #D"ar +"-l,# l - r"d"# pr"n #are /e real">ea> a#ea/t #ara#ter"/t"# a n l"t1"" a!/,l te' #are e/te @n 6apt , eB#ep1"e a pre/#r"p1"e" eBt"n#t"$e. A:adar' @ntre #ele d, "n/t"t 1"" eB"/t #,rela1"" #e n p,t 6" ne/,#,t"te. 24F Un a t,r' #r "a ne ral"e+' eBpl"# "+pre/#r"pt"!"l"tatea a#1" n"" @n n l"tate a!/,l t' pr"n #ara#ter l "ntere/ l " ,#r,t"t de a#ea/t "n/t"t 1"eJ "ntere/ l general' ,!:te/# tre! "e ,#r,t"t @n 6"e#are +,+ent' ,r"#9nd.241 De alt6el' anal">9nd te,r""le eBp /e /e p,ate #,n#l >",na # "ntere/ l general e/te pre>ent @n 6"e#are d"n a#e/teaJ
23C 23= 23< 24F 241

235

d"6eren1a @n /ta!"l"rea eB"/ten1e" n l"t1"" a!/,l te :" relat"$e /t @n "ntere/ l ,#r,t"tK la n l"tatea a!/,l t "ntere/ l general deter+"n #,n/tatarea n l"t1"" a!/,l te d"n ,6"#" pentr # n /e p,ate #ere de/6""n1area n " a#t #are' pr"n e6e#t l leg""' n eB"/t' pe #9nd la n l"tatea relat"$ pentr # n eB"/t n "ntere/ general' pr1"le / nt l"!ere / #ear /a n #,n/tatarea eB"/ten1e" n l"t1"" relat"$e' +a" + lt / , "gn,re :" #D"ar / eBe# te n a#t n l relat"$. Ap,"' "ntere/ l general ne:te "n/t"t 1"a n l"t1"" a!/,l te :" #ea a pre/#r"p1"e" eBt"n#t"$e. 2"' @n /69r:"t' #ara#ter l nepatr"+,n"al al a#1" n"" @n n l"tate a!/,l t tr"+"te la "ntere/ l general' @n "deea "+p ner"" n l"t1"" a!/,l te 6a1 de t,1" #e"lal1". #) nu*itatea a(so*ut3 nu 'oate 2i a&o'erit3 'rin &on2ir#are Pr"n #,n6"r+are' @n1elege+ p,/"!"l"tatea #el,r #De+a1" / "n$,#e n l"tatea a!/,l t' / ren n1e la a#e/t drept. Or"' "ntere/ l general ,#r,t"t pr"n d"/p,>"1"a legal @n#l#at "+p ne reg la #,n6,r+ #re"a' per/,anele @ndrept1"te / #ear n l"tatea a!/,l t' n , p,t a#,per" pr"n #,n6"r+are .le e/te "nter>"/ / a##epte a#t l - r"d"# n l a!/,l t). ? /t"6"#area a#e/te" reg l" - r"d"#e , g/"+ @n nat ra ,!:tea/# a "ntere/ l " ,#r,t"t de n,r+a - r"d"# @n#l#at la @n#De"erea a#t l " - r"d"#. 3ntr7, ,p"n"e /e ada gJ G#er# l larg de per/,ane a$9nd $,#a1"a de a de#lara a#1" nea @n n l"tate a!/,l t' #are ar tre! " / 6"e #De+ate / #,n6"r+e a#t l' #eea #e ar 6" "+p,/"!"l.H 242 Apre#"e+ # a#e/t al d,"lea 6 nda+ent e/te pra#t"#' , #,n/e#"n1 a pr"+ l " 6 nda+ent I "ntere/ l general' ,!:te/#. % eB#ep1"a reg l"" "+pre/#r"pt"!"l"t1"" a#1" n"" @n #,n/tatare a n l"t1"" a!/,l te #,n/a#rat leg"/lat"$' #elelalte d, reg l" a apl"#a1"" pra#t"#e @n teBtele %,d l " #"$"l. Reg la pr"$"nd "+p,/"7 !"l"tatea #,n6"r+r"" a#t l " - r"d"# n l a!/,l t e/te apl"#at @n +ater"a d,na1""l,rK art.11A= %,d #"$"lJ Gd,nat,r l n p,ate repara' pr"n n"#" n a#t #,n6"r+at"$' $"#" r"le ne" d,na1" n" @ntre $"" n l @n pr"$"n1a 6,r+e"J ea tre! "e / /e re6a# # 6,r+ele leg" "te.H E.&e'/ii*e la reg la p,tr"$"t #re"a n l"tatea a!/,l t n p,ate 6" a#,per"t pr"n #,n6"r+are' / nt an +"te /"t a1""' eBpre/ pre$> te de
242

23A

lege' #9nd a#t l - r"d"# #"$"l @n#De"at de:" n l a!/,l t' $a pr,d #e e6e#tele n " a#t - r"d"# $ala!"l @n#De"at. a) art.2F %,d l 6a+"l"e"J G#/t,r"a @n#De"at @+p,tr"$a d"/p,>"1""l,r pr"$"t,are la $9r/ta legal n $a 6" de#larat n l da#' @ntre t"+p' a#ela d"ntre /,1" #are n a$ea $9r/ta #er t pentr #/t,r"e a @+pl"n"t7,' ,r" da# /,1"a a dat na:tere n " #,p"l /a a r+a/ @n/r#"nat.H A#t l #/t,r"e" I n l a!/,l t' de,are#e l"p/e:te #apa#"tatea de 6,l,/"n1 .drept l de a te #/t,r" n p,ate 6" @n#De"at pr"n repre>entant legal) e/te t,t :" $ala!"l' da# p9n la pr,n n1area n l"t1"" de #tre "n/tan1 #,nd"1"a /e @ndepl"ne:te. !) art.11AC al"n.3 %,d #"$"lJ G#,n6"r+area /a rat"6"#area /a eBe# tarea $,l ntar a ne" d,na1" n"' 6# t de #tre ere>" /a repre>entan1"" d,nat,r l "' d p +,artea /a' 1"ne l,# de ren n1are' .n.a.J e/te , #,n6"r+are 6# t de +,:ten"t,r"" /a repre>entan1"" d,nat,r l " d p +,artea a#e/t "a)'at9t @n pr"$"n1a $"#""l,r de 6,r+ #9t :" @n pr"$"n1a ,r"#re" alte eB#ep1"" .n.a. 7 a#t l de d,na1"e e/te n l a!/,l t #9nd n /e @n#De"e @n 6,r+ a tent"#). A/t6el' d,na1"a n l a!/,l t pentr l"p/a 6,r+e" a tent"#e' pr,d #e e6e#tele n " a#t - r"d"# $ala!"l @n#De"at #9nd e/te #,n6"r+at de +,:ten"t,r"" /a repre>entan1"" d,nat,r l "' /"ng r" "ntere/a1" #a d,na1"a / n pr,d # e6e#te de,are#e le a6e#tea> patr"+,n" l. #) de:" teBt l de lege n , pre$ede' a#ea/t eB#ep1"e e/te ad+"/ de d,#tr"n :" pra#t"#' 6""nd , eBtrap,lare a pr"+e" eB#ep1""K e/te p,/"!"l #,n6"r+area n " a#t - r"d"# n l a!/,l t' da# p9n la #,n/tatarea n l"t1"" a!/,l te de #tre "n/tan1a de - de#at #,nd"1"a #er t /e @ndepl"ne:te. %,n6"r+area a#t l " - r"d"# n l a!/,l t @n #a> r"le eB#ep1",nale @n #are e/te p,/"!"l' pr,d #e e6e#te - r"d"#e retr,a#t"$e' de la data @n#De"er"" a#t l ". N%li"a"ea rela"i), e/te /an#1" nea #"$"l apl"#at a#t l " - r"d"# #"$"l la @n#De"erea #r "a n /e re/pe#t n,r+e - r"d"#e #are ,#r,te/# n "ntere/ part"# lar' per/,nal' "nd"$"d al. Pre&i)areJ n l"tatea relat"$ @n #,+para1"e # n l"tatea a!/,l t n pr,d #e e6e#te +a" !l9nde. Ase#3narea n l"t1"" a!/,l te :" a n l"t1"" relat"$e #,n/t @n 6apt l # a+!ele pr,d # a#ela:" re> ltatJ l"p/e/# a#t l - r"d"# de a#ele
23C

e6e#te #e @n#al# pre$eder"le legale re6er"t,are la #,nd"1""le de $ala!"l"tate ne#e/are @n +,+ent l @n#De"er"" a#t l ". Deose(irea @ntre ele #,n/t @n ">$,r l l,r :" reg"+ l - r"d"# .reg l"le - r"d"#e) apl"#a!"le 6"e#re"a. N l"tatea a!/,l t ">$,r:te d"n ne/,#,t"rea n " "ntere/ general' n l"tatea relat"$ d"n ne/,#,t"rea n " "ntere/ per/,nal' "nd"$"d al. S ! a/pe#t l ter+"n,l,g"e" pr"n #are / nt de/e+nate #ele d, n l"t1" @n pra#t"#' d,#tr"n :" leg"/la1"e' n,1" n"le / nt d"/t"n#te. A/t6elJ 7 pentr n l"tatea a!/,l t /e 6,l,/e/# ter+en""J Gn lH' Gn l de dreptH' Gn l de pl"n dreptH' Gn l"tate a!/,l tH 7 pentr n l"tate relat"$ /e 6,l,/e/# ter+en""J Gan la!"lH' Ga#t l p,ate 6" an latH /a Gan la!"l"tateH. Cau)e*e nu*it3/ii re*ative sunt 'rivitoare *aa) Con%i/ii*e esen/ia*e %e va*i%itate a*e a&tu*ui $uri%i&7 (% pri)ire la (apa(i"a"eJ 7 l"p/e:te #apa#"tatea de eBer#"1" .e/te /"t a1"a a#tel,r - r"d"#e @n#De"ate de +"n,r"" / ! 14 an" :" "nter>":"" - de#t,re:t")K " &a'a&itatea %e e.er&i/iu este restr9ns3 0i a&tu* $uri%i& se 4n&5eie 23r3 4n&uviin/area o&rotitoru*ui *e1a*, sau este *e)ionar, sau a 2ost 4n&5eiat 23r3 4n&uviin/area autorit3/ii tute*areG 7 la per/,ana - r"d"#' ,rganele /ale a @n#De"at a#t l - r"d"# @n l"p/a /a dep:"rea +andat l "K 7 (% pri)ire la ( nsim#,m5n"K #,n/"+1+9nt l a 6,/t $"#"at pr"n er,are' d,l' $",len1 /a le>" ne. ) (% pri)ire la 'ie("J @nt,tdea na nere/pe#tarea a#e/te" #,nd"1"" de $al"d"tate atrage n l"tatea a!/,l t ) (% pri)ire la (a%+,J #a >a e/te 6al/ /a "+ag"nar' partea 6""nd @n er,are a/ pra #a >e". !7 a*te i'ote)e a&&e'tate 4n %o&trin3 7 l"p/e:te d"/#ern+9nt l ne"a d"n pr1" @n +,+ent l @n#De"er"" a#t l " - r"d"# 7 #9nd /7a @n#l#at n,r+ele - r"d"#e pr"n #are /7a /ta!"l"t "n#apa#"t1" /pe#"ale de 6,l,/"n1 ."nterd"#1"") pre$> te pentr ,#r,t"rea n,r "ntere/e per/,nale' "nd"$"d ale. De eBe+pl ' "nterd"#1"a
23=

$9n>r"" @ntre /,1" I art.13FC %,d #"$"lJ G$9n>area n /e p,ate 6a#e @ntre /,1"HK nere/pe#tarea drept l " de pree+1" ne I art.14 d"n legea nr.5=M1<<= pr"$"nd #"r# la1"a - r"d"# a teren r"l,rK Reg"+ l - r"d"# al n l"t1"" relat"$e Ur+t,arele - r"d"#e /e apl"# n l"t1"" relat"$eJ a) nu*itatea re*ativ3 'oate 2i invo&at3, %e re1u*3, nu#ai %e 'ersoana o&rotit3 %e %is'o)i/ia *e1a*3 4n&3*&at3' :" an +eJ 7 pr1"le a#t l " - r"d"# per/,nal /a pr"n repre>entant. %rede+ #' #el p 1"n d"n p n#t de $edere d"da#t"#' r+t,arele "p,te>e / nt l+ r"t,are. !ntr"o i'ote)3' partea la a#t l - r"d"# "n$,# l"p/a d"/#ern+9nt l " @n +,+ent l @n#De"er"" a#t l "' #a r+are a ne" /tr" de !e1"e "n$,l ntar' a ne" /tr" de D"pn,> #9nd #,n/"+1+9nt l a 6,/t a6e#tat. !ntr"o a*t3 i'ote)3' partea la a#t l - r"d"# e/te +"n,r l @n/ :" .@ntre 1471= an") #are l7a @n#De"at /"ng r :" a#e/ta are #ara#ter le>",nar. El p,ate "n$,#a /"ng r n l"tatea relat"$' dar # @n# $""n1area pr"ntel " /a t t,rel ". !ntr"o a*t3 situa/ie' partea la a#t l - r"d"# e/te +"n,r l l"p/"t de #apa#"tate de eBer#"1" #are a @n#De"at t,t :" /"ng r n a#t - r"d"# #"$"l. El $a #ere an larea a#t l " - r"d"# n +a" pr"n repre>entant l / legal. 7 ter/i *a a&tu* $uri%i& &9n% nor#a $uri%i&3 4n&3*&at3 *a 4n&5eierea a&tu*ui $uri%i& *e o&rote0te interese*e . De eBe+pl ' t"t lar l drept l " la pree+1" ne .#,pr,pr"etar l' $e#"n"") 6a1 de a#t l de $9n>are7# +prare a n " teren agr"#,l /"t at @n eBtra$"lanK / ##e/,r"" pr1"" ,#r,t"te de n,r+a - r"d"# @n#l#at la @n#De"erea a#t l " - r"d"#' # eB#ep1"a #a> r"l,r #9nd drept l la a#1" ne e/te "nt "t per/,naeK #red"t,r"" #D"r,gra6ar" a" pr1"" ,#r,t"te' pe #alea a#1" n"l,r ,!l"#e' @n a6ara a#el,ra /tr"#t per/,naleK pr,# r,r l' # eB#ep1"a a#tel,r /tr"#t per/,nale .art.45 %,d pr. %"$"l). El e/te aprt,r l leg"" :" @n a#ea/t #al"tate p,ate "n$,#a n l"tatea relat"$. 7 re're)entantu* *e1a* a* 'ersoanei, 'arte *a &ontra&t, *i'sit3 %e &a'a&itate %e e.er&i/iu . E/te per/,ana #are a @n#De"at a#t l - r"d"# pentr "n#apa!"l .pr"nte /a t t,re). 7 autoritatea tute*ar3' pentr a#tele - r"d"#e @n#De"ate de t t,re pentr "n#apa!"l.
23<

Repre>entant l legal al +"n,r l " #are are #apa#"tate de eBer#"1" re/tr9n/' @n n +e pr,pr" ' p,ate "n$,#a n l"tatea relat"$L Legea ta#e. 3ntr7, /,l 1"e' @n :"r l per/,anel,r #are p,t "n$,#a n l"tatea relat"$' repre>entant l +"n,r l " @ntre 1471= an" l"p/e:te. 3n a#ea/t "p,te>' +"n,r l # #apa#"tate re/tr9n/ de eBer#"1" ' eBer#"t per/,nal a#1" nea @n n l"tate relat"$' # @n# $""n1area preala!"l a ,#r,t"t,r l " legal.242 3ntr7, ,p"n"e #,ntrar' pe #are ne7, @n/ :"+' n l"tatea relat"$ p,ate 6" "n$,#at :" de repre>entant l legal at n#" #9nd per/,ana al #r " "ntere/ a 6,/t ne/,#,t"t .O) are #apa#"tate de eBer#"1" re/tr9n/.H243 3n /pr"-"n l a#e/t " p n#t de $edere /e ad # d, arg +enteJ G"nterpretarea eBten/"$ :" tele,l,g"# ./#,p l r+r"t de leg" "t,r pentr ela!,rarea n,r+e" - r"d"#e) a art.< al"n.2 d"n De#ret l nr.1ACM1<5= pr"$"t,r la pre/#r"p1"a eBt"n#t"$' @n /en/ l #' da# pre/#r"p1"a # rge n +a" de la data #9nd ,#r,t"t,r l legal # n,a:te #a >a de n l"tate' @n/ea+n' "+pl"#"t' # a#e/ta , p,ate :" "n$,#a' 6""nd# alt6el n /7ar +a" at"nge /#,p l leg"" de a a/"g ra , pr,te#1"e real #el " # #apa#"tate de eBer#"1" re/tr9n/' "ar' pe de alt parte' #er"n1a # n,a:ter"" de #tre ,#r,t"t,r l legal a #a >e" de n l"tate relat"$ ar 6" @n +are +/ r "n t"l.H244 Cre%e# &3 drept l repre>entant l " legal al +"n,r l " @ntre 1471= an" de a "n$,#a n l"tatea relat"$ e/te pre$> t @n art.< al"n.2 d"n De#ret l nr.1ACM1<5=J G3n #a> de $"#len"e ,r" er,are /a @n #elelalte #a> r" de an lare' pre/#r"p1"a @n#epe / # rg de la data #9nd #el @ndrept1"t' repre>entant l / legal /a per/,ana #De+at de lege /7" @n# $""n1e>e a#tele a # n,/# t #a >a an lr"" .O)H. A/t6el' apre#"e+ # teBt l a#e/t " art"#,l /e #,n/t"t "e @n arg +ente @n /pr"-"n l ,p"n"e" n,a/tre. a) @n 6,r+ larea G@n #elelalte #a> r" de an lareH /e "n#l de' @n ,p"n"e +a-,r"tar :" #a > de an lare #e pr"$e:te @n#De"erea a#t l " /"ng r de +"n,r l de 1471= an" .#apa#"tate re/tr9n/ de eBer#"1" )' 6r

242 243 244

24F

@n# $""n1area ,#r,t"t,r l " legal' /a 6r @n# $""n1area a#e/t "a :" 6r @n# $""n1area a t,r"t1"" t telare .pentr a#tele - r"d"#e de d"/p,>"1"e). !) leg" "t,r l pr"n /"ntag+a Grepre>entant l / legalH n 6a#e n"#" , re6er"re d p # + a#e/ta repre>"nt , per/,an l"p/"t de #apa#"tate de eBer#"1" /a , per/,an # , #apa#"tate re/tr9n/ de eBer#"1" . #) Ma" + lt' #rede+ # leg" "t,r l a d,r"t / /e re6ere eBpre/"/ $er!"/ la repre>entant l legal al per/,ane" # , #apa#"tate re/tr9n/ de eBer#"1" ' at n#" #9nd a 6,l,/"t eBpre/"aJ Gper/,ana #De+at de lege /7" @n# $""n1e>e a#teleH. 3n art.< al"n.2 d"n De#ret l nr.31M1<54 pr"$"t,r la per/,anele 6">"#e :" per/,anele - r"d"#e /e pre#">ea>J HA#tele - r"d"#e ale +"n,r l " # #apa#"tate re/tr9n/ /e @n#De"e de #tre a#e/ta' # @n# $""n1area preala!"l a pr"n1"l,r /a a t t,rel ".H N l"tatea relat"$ a a#t l " - r"d"# @n#De"at pr"n ne/,#,t"rea leg"" pr"$"nd #,nd"1""le de $al"d"tate' n p,ate 6" #er t de per/,ana #apa!"l #e a #,ntra#tat # , per/,an "n#apa!"l. E/te d"/p,>"1"a eBpre/ d"n art. <52 %,d #"$"lJ SPer/,anele #apa!"le de a /e ,!l"ga' n p,t "+p ne "n#apa!"l l " /a "nter>"/ l " "n#apa#"tatea l,rH. De eBe+pl ' d p @n#De"erea #,ntra#t l " de $9n>are7# +prare' $9n>t,r l #,n/tat # a $9nd t tele$">,r l ne" per/,ane de 1C an". 3n a#e/t #a>' el n p,ate #ere n l"tatea relat"$ a #,ntra#t l "' / ! preteBt l "n#apa#"t1"" #,#,ntra#tant l ". N l"tatea relat"$ , p,ate "n$,#a n +a" "n#apa!"l""' pentr #a "ntere/ l l " e/te ,#r,t"t pr"n n,r+a - r"d"# @n#l#at. !) nu*itatea re*ativ3 este 'res&ri'ti(i*3 Per/,ana @ndrept1"t p,ate eBer#"ta a#1" nea @n n l"tate relat"$ @n l"+"ta ter+en l " general de pre/#r"p1"e de 3 an"' #9nd legea n pre$ede n ter+en +a" /# rt. De eBe+pl ' @n art.2= al"n.2 %,d l 6a+"l"e"' /e pre$edeJ Gan larea #/t,r"e" .O) p,ate 6" #er t de #el al #r " #,n/"+1+9nt a 6,/t $"#"at' @n ter+en de A l n" de la @n#etarea $",len1e" ,r" de la de/#,per"rea er,r"" /a a $",len1e".H M,+ent l @n#eper"" # rger"" ter+en l " de pre/#r"p1"e al a#1" n"" @n n l"tate relat"$' e/te p,tr"$"t art.< d"n De#ret l 1ACM1<A= pr"$"t,r la pre/#r"p1"a eBt"n#t"$J Gpre/#r"p1"a drept l " la a#1" ne @n an larea n " a#t - r"d"# pentr $",len1 @n#epe / # rg de la data #9nd a#e/ta a @n#etatH.
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3n #a> de $"#len"e ,r" er,are /a @n #elelalte #a> r" de an lare' pre/#r"p1"a @n#epe / # rg de la data #9nd #el @ndrept1"t' repre>entant l / legal /a per/,ana #De+at de lege /7" @n# $""n1e>e a#tele a # n,/# t #a >a an lr""' @n/ #el +a" t9r>" de la @+pl"n"rea a 1= l n" de la data @n#De"er"" a#t l ".H In$,#area n l"t1"" relat"$e /e p,ate 6a#e :" pe #ale de eB#ep1"e. De#ret l 1ACM1<5= n regle+entea> "n$,#area n l"t1"" relat"$e pe #ale de eB#ep1"e. 3n d,#tr"n' , parte d"n a t,r" #,n/"der "+pre/#r"pt"!"l an larea n " a#t - r"d"# pe #ale de eB#ep1"eJ Gn l"tatea relat"$ p,ate 6" "n$,#at pe #ale de eB#ep1"e' ,r"#9nd' @ntr #9t n +a" drept l la a#1" ne /e /t"nge.H245 A t,r l +en1",nea> n l d"n arg +entele @n 6a$,area "+pre/#r"pt"!"l"t1"" eB#ep1"e"J pre/#r"p1"a eBt"n#t"$ /t"nge n +a" drept l la a#1" ne .art.1 De#ret l 1ACM1<5=J Gdrept l la a#1" ne /e /t"nge pr"n pre/#r"p1"e' da# n a 6,/t eBer#"tat @n ter+en l /ta!"l"t de de lege.H). Un alt arg +entJ #9nd leg" "t,r l a @n1ele/ / #,n/"dere "n$,#area n l"t1"" pe #ale de eB#ep1"e #a 6""nd "+pre/#r"pt"!"l' a 6# t7, eBpre/ @n #a> l n l"t1"" a!/,l teK @n art.2 De#ret l 1ACM1<5= /e d"/p neJ GN l"tatea n " a#t - r"d"# p,ate 6" "n$,#at ,r"#9nd' 6"e pe #ale de a#1" ne' 6"e pe #ale de eB#ep1"e.H 24A Ma-,r"tatea a t,r"l,r la #are ne ral"e+' 24Capre#"a> #a 6""nd / p / pre/#r"p1"e" "n$,#area n l"t1"" relat"$e pe #ale de eB#ep1"e. Ur+t,arele arg +ente / nt l+ r"t,areJ 7 /#,p l pre/#r"p1"e" eBt"n#t"$e e/te n l :" a#ela:" 6"e @n #a> l n l"t1"" a!/,l te' 6"e @n #a> l n l"t1"" relat"$e'/ n plane>e "n#ert"t d"nea' @nd,"ala a/ pra eB"/ten1e" n " drept #"$"l / !"e#t"$ :" a ne" ,!l"ga1"" #"$"le #,relat"$e #are n /e eBer#"t :" n /e eBe# t. S ! a#e/t a/pe#t' n /e - /t"6"# trata+ent l - r"d"# d"6er"t apl"#a!"l +"-l,# l " pr,#ed ral de real">are a pre/#r"p1"e" eBt"n#t"$eJ a#1" nea /a eB#ep1"a pr"n #are /e "n$,# n l"tatea relat"$K 7 "n/t"t 1"a n l"t1""' @n general /e d"/,#"a> de #,n/e#"n1ele patr"+,n"ale #are /e p,t /a n pr,d #e. A#t l - r"d"# l,$"t de n l"tate relat"$' p,ate da na:tere n,r preten1"" patr"+,n"ale' @nt,tdea na pre/#r"pt"!"le. A:a /t9nd l #r r"le' a #,n/"dera eB#ep1"a #a 6""nd
245 24A 24C

242

"+pre/#r"pt"!"l' @n/ea+n a l"p/" n l"tatea relat"$' de per/pe#t"$a real">r"" n,r /at"/6a#1"" patr"+,n"ale' pre/#r"pt"!"le.

#) nu*itatea re*ativ3 'oate 2i a&o'erit3 'rin &on2ir#are %,n6"r+area e/te a#t l - r"d"# n"lateral .a#t #,n6"r+at"$) @n#De"at de per/,anele @ndrept1"te / "n$,#e n l"tatea relat"$' pr"n #are /e ren n1 la drept l de a #ere @n "n/tan1 an larea a#t l " - r"d"#. (""nd a#t - r"d"#' #,n6"r+area tre! "e / @ndepl"nea/# #,nd"1""le e/en1"ale de $al"d"tate ale a#t l " #"$"l' pre# + :" r+t,arele #,nd"1"" /pe#"aleJ 7 /e @n#De"e de per/,ana @ndrept1"t / #ear n l"tatea relat"$K 7 a d"/pr t #a >a n l"t1"" relat"$e' a#t l #,n6"r+at de$en"nd a/t6el $ala!"l @n#De"atK 7 per/,ana @ndrept1"t / #,n6"r+e a#t l an la!"l / :t"e # a#t l p tea 6" de#larat de "n/tan1' an la!"l :" / d,rea/# +en1"nerea l ". A#e/te #,nd"1"" / nt pre$> te @n d"/p,>"1""le art.11<F %,d #"$"lJ Ga#t l de #,n6"r+are /a rat"6"#are a ne" ,!l"ga1"" @n #,ntra #re"a legea ad+"te a#1" nea @n n l"tate n e/te $ala!"l de#9t at n#" #9nd # pr"nde ,!"e#t l' #a >a :" nat ra ,!l"ga1"e"' :" #9nd 6a# +en1" ne de/pre +,t"$ l a#1" n"" @n an lare' pre# + :" de/pre "nten1"a de a repara $"#" l pe #are /e @nte+e"ea> a#eea a#1" ne.H Con2ir#area p,ate 6" e.'res3 /a ta&it3. Con2ir#area e.'res3 /e 6a#e pr"ntr7 n @n/#r"/ .a#t #,n6"r+at"$) #are tre! "e / @ndepl"nea/# #,nd"1""le generale :" /pe#"ale de +a" / /. %,n1"n t l @n/#r"/ l " de #,n6"r+are # pr"nde ele+entele e/en1"ale ale n, l " a#t - r"d"# .,!"e#t l' #a >a :" nat ra ,!l"ga1"e")' #a >a n l"t1""' pre# + :" "nten1"a de a ren n1a la a#1" nea @n an lare. A#t l #,n6"r+at"$ #e n #,n1"ne a#e/te #la >e' n p,ate 6a#e d,$ada #,n6"r+r"" n l"t1"" relat"$e' dar p,ate 6" #,+pletat # +art,r" /a pre> +1"" pentr a d,$ed" #,n6"r+area a#t l " n l relat"$. 3n a#e/t #a>' a#t l #,n6"r+at"$ are $al,area n " @n#ep t de d,$ad /#r"/. Con2ir#area ta&it3 /e ded #e d"n a#tele de eBe# tare $,l ntar a ,!"e#t l " a#t l " - r"d"# n l relat"$. Pr,6.dr.d,#ent T d,r P,pe/# 70r"la pre#">ea>J GDar eBe# tarea #,ntra#t l " n e/te
243

/ 6"#"ent pr"n ea @n/:"' pentr a @n$edera #,n6"r+area #,ntra#t l "' #" tre! "e #a a#ea/ta / /e 6" 6# t @n # n,:t"n1 de #a > de n l"tate :" # "nten1"a de a rat"6"#a' 6apt #e tre! "e d,$ed"te' de,are#e #,n6"r+area n /e p,ate pre> +a.H24= E/te t,t , #,n6"r+are ta#"t :" ne"n$,#area n l"t1"" relat"$e @n ter+en l legal de pre/#r"p1"e a a#1" n"" @n an lare. 24< 3ntr7, ,p"n"e #,ntrar' ne"n$,#area n l"t1"" relat"$e @n ter+en l legal de pre/#r"p1"e a a#1" n"" @n an lare' n #,n/t"t "e , #,n6"r+are' #" #el + lt , pre> +1"e /"+pl de #,n6"r+are ta#"t. 25F %,n6"r+area a#t l " - r"d"# an la!"l are #a e6e#t $al"darea l " retr,a#t"$J a#t l $a pr,d #e e6e#te de la data @n#De"er"" #a :" # + ar 6" 6,/t $ala!"l' @n#De"at. c' Sinte, privind re!imul juridic al nulitii absolute *i nulitii relative 3ntre n l"tatea a!/,l t :" n l"tatea relat"$ n eB"/t de,/e!"r" / ! a/pe#t l e6e#tel,rJ @n a+!ele #a> r"' a#t l - r"d"# #"$"l @n#De"at 6r re/pe#tarea n,r+el,r - r"d"#e pr"$"t,are la #,nd"1""le de $al"d"tate e/te l,$"t de n l"tate. De,/e!"r"le #,n/ta @n reg"+ l - r"d"# d"6er"t apl"#a!"l n l"t1"" a!/,l te :" n l"t1"" relat"$e. Nu*itatea a(so*ut3 Nu*itatea re*ativ3

Cine 'oate invo&a nu*itateaH 7 p,ate 6" "n$,#at de ,r"#e 7 , p,ate "n$,#a n +a" per/,ana a per/,an "ntere/at' de "n/tan1a de #r " "ntere/ a 6,/t @n#l#at la - de#at d"n ,6"#" @n#De"erea a#t l " Hn (5" "imp pers ana 3n$rep",#i", p a"e in) (a n%li"a"ea6 .Se pre/#r"e /a n a#1" nea de n l"tateL) 7 e/te "+pre/#r"pt"!"l 7 e/te pre/#r"pt"!"l
24= 24< 25F

244

Poate sau nu 2i a&o'erit3 'rin &on2ir#areH 7 n ' n +a" @n #a> r"le eBpre/ 7 da' @n +,d eBpre/ /a ta#"t pre$> te de lege Cine sta(i*e0te nu*itateaH 7 legea' #D"ar @n +,+ent l @n#De"er"" a#t l "K ,perea> @n p terea leg"" "n/tan1a de - de#at #,n/tat eB"/ten1a n l"t1""

7 "n/tan1a de - de#at apre#"a> :" D,tre:te de/6""n1area a#t l " - r"d"# #"$"l

d) D p 4ntin%erea e2e&te*or 'ro%use de n l"tate /e d"/t"ngJ nu*itatea tota*3 :" nu*itatea 'ar/ia*3+ N%li"a"ea " "al,J de/6""n1ea> @n @ntreg"+e a#t l - r"d"# @n#De"at. A#e/ta n +a" pr,d #e n"#" n e6e#t - r"d"#. De eBe+pl ' n l"tatea #,ntra#t l " de $9n>are7# +prare a teren l "' ne@n#De"at @n 6,r+ a tent"#. N%li"a"ea par#ial,J de/6""n1ea> , parte a e6e#tel,r a#t l " - r"d"# #"$"l :" an +e e6e#tele a#el,r #la >e #e #,ntra$"n leg"". %elelalte #la >e r+a/e $ala!"le pr,d # e6e#tele /ta!"l"te de pr1" la @n#De"erea a#t l ". N l"tatea par1"al e/te reg la' n l"tatea t,tal e/te eB#ep1"a. N l"tatea par1"al e/te #,n/a#rat leg"/lat"$ @n art.1 d"n De#ret l 1ACM1<5= nde /e d"/p neJ G,r"#e #la > #are /e a!ate de la regle+entarea legal a pre/#r"p1"e" e/te n l.H' :" art.1FF= %,d #"$"lJ H#,nd"1"a "+p,/"!"l /a #,ntrar"e ! nel,r +,ra$ r"' /a pr,D"!"t de lege' e/te n l :" de/6""n1ea> #,n$en1"a #e dep"nde de d9n/a.H Pr,!le+a n l"t1"" par1"ale /e p ne n +a" @n a#tele - r"d"#e @n # pr"n/ l #r,ra / nt +a" + lte #la >e' #e pr,d # e6e#te d"6er"te .#,ntra#te7#,+pleBe). 3n pra#t"#a - d"#"ar #a> r"le de n l"tate par1"al / nt p 1"n n +er,a/e. De eBe+pl ' te/ta+ent l e/te n a#t - r"d"# #,+pleB #e p,ate 6" al#t "t d"n r+t,arele a#te - r"d"#eJ legat l te/ta+entar pentr nep,t' legat l te/ta+entar pentr n $e#"n .pr"n te/ta+ent /e la/ +,:ten"re n ! n' ne" per/,ane) a#t l - r"d"# n"lateral de re# n,a:tere a 6"l"a1"e" 6a1 de n #,p"l n/# t d"n a6ara

245

#/t,r"e". Legat l @n 6a$,area $e#"n l " p,ate 6" n l' #9nd $e#"n l e/te +ed"# l #are l7a tratat @n !,ala d"n #are +,are te/tat,r l .art.=1F). Une,r" /e apre#"a> # @ntr7 n an +"t /en/ I e/te par1"al :"J 7 n l"tatea a#tel,r # eBe# tare / ##e/"$' #are ,perea> pentr $""t,r' +en1"n9nd e6e#tele pr,d /e @n tre# tK 7 n l"tatea #/t,r"e" pretat"$e' ale #re" e6e#te /e +en1"n' p9n la pr,n n1are' 6a1 de /,1 l #are a 6,/t de ! n7#red"n1 la @n#De"erea e"' "gn,r9nd #a >a n l"t1""K 7 n l"tatea ,r"#re" #/t,r""' ale #r,r e6e#te /e +en1"n 6a1 de #,p"" re> lta1" d"n #/t,r"e .@n /en/ l # e" @:" p/trea> /"t a1"a - r"d"# de #,p"" d"n #/t,r"e' de:" a#ea/ta e/te de/6""n1at I @n pr"$"n1a /,1"l,r I # e6e#t retr,a#t"$)251 N l"tatea par1"al l"p/e:te @n r+t,arele @+pre- rr"J 7 @ntre d, /a +a" + lte a#te - r"d"#e a6late @n /tr9n/ legt r :" /e an lea> n +a" n l. 3n eBe+pl l # te/ta+ent l' legat l @n 6a$,area $e#"n l " .+ed"# l) e/te l,$"t de n l"tate t,tal' dar te/ta+ent l n e/te l,$"t de n l"tate par1"alK 7 a#t l l,$"t de n l"tate e/te $al"dat pr"n #,n6"r+areK 7 a#t l l,$"t de n l"tate a!/,l t' de$"ne $ala!"l lter",r' de,are#e /7a @ndepl"n"t #er"n1a legal @n#l#at @n +,+ent l @n#De"er"" a#t l "K 7 a#t l - r"d"# @n#De"at ad pr,!at",ne+ e/te @n @ntreg"+e l,$"t de n l"tate' @n /#D"+! a#ela:" a#t @n /en/ l de neg,t" + e/te $ala!"l. Conclu,ieJ n l"tatea par1"al pr"$e:te n +a" #la >ele d"n a#t l - r"d"# :" n a#t l - r"d"# @n t,tal"tatea /a. e2 &%p, (%m legea pre)e$e sa% n% e>presis )er'is n%li"a"ea , d"/t"nge+J n l"tatea eBpre/ .teBt l' eBpl"#"t) :" n l"tatea $"rt al .ta#"t' "+pl"#"t). N%li"a"ea e>pres, .teBt al' eBpl"#"t) I e/te n l"tate' pe #are legea , pre$ede eBpre/' teBt al. N%li"a"ea )ir"%al, .ta#"t' "+pl"#"t) I e/te n l"tatea nepre$> t eBpre/' teBt al' dar #are /e ded #e ne@nd,"eln"# d"n #ara#ter l "+perat"$ al n,r+e" - r"d"#e @n#l#ate.

251

24A

EBe+pl de n l"tate eBpre/J art.3F %,d l 6a+"l"e"J G0 n r"le d,!9nd"te @n t"+p l #/t,r"e"' de ,r"#are d"ntre /,1"' / nt' de la data d,!9nd"r"" l,r' ! n r" #,+ ne ale /,1"l,r. Or"#e #,n$en1"e #,ntrar e/te n l.H EBe+pl de n l"tate ta#"tJ art.=13 %,d #"$"lJ Gt,ate d,na1""le /e 6a# pr"n a#t a tent"#HK art.=FA %,d #"$"lJ G+"n,r l +a" +"# de 1A an" n p,ate d"/p ne .n.a.J @n#De"a #,ntra#te de d,na1"e) n"#" @ntr7 n 6el.H 6) D p #o%u* &u# o'erea)3' /e d"/t"ngJ n%li"a"ea $e $rep" :" n%li"a"ea .%$i(iar,. N%li"a"ea $e $rep"' e/te n l"tatea #are l,$e:te a#t l de pl"n drept' @n p terea leg"" I ,pe leg"/. In/tan1a de - de#at e/te #De+at de pr1" / , #,n/tate. De reg l' n l"t1"le a!/,l te / nt n l"t1" de drept. N%li"a"ea .%$i(iar,' e/te n l"tatea #are ,perea> n +a" pr"n "nter$en1"a "n/tan1e"' /e/">at de pr1"le @n l"t"g" . De reg l' n l"t1"le relat"$e /e #,n/tat de "n/tan1a de - de#at. 252 3ntr7, l #rare' n l"tatea de drept ar 6" a#eea #are n "+pl"# "nter$en1"a ,rganel,r de - r"/d"#1"e' @ntr #9t ar a$ea #ara#ter e$"dent :" /7ar "+p ne a/t6el pr1"l,r pr"n pr,pr"a l,r apre#"ere. 253 3ntr7, ,p"n"e la #are an#D"e/+' /e p ne la @nd,"al a#ea/t #la/"6"#are G#are #rea> "+pre/"a # ar p tea eB"/ta n l"t1" "ndependent de $re, D,tr9re - r"/d"#1",nal /a de @n1elegerea pr1"l,r.254 3ntr7ade$r' pr1"le / nt l"!ere' :" @n #a> l n l"t1"" de drept' / #,n$"n' #9nd #,n/tat ne@ndepl"n"rea #,nd"1""l,r ad $al"d"tate+' / de/6""n1e>e a#t l :" /7:" re/t"t "e re#"pr,#' pre/ta1""le e$ent al 6# te. N +a" @n #a> de l"t"g" /e apelea> "n/tan1a de - de#at' #are 6"e #,n/tat' 6"e pr,n n1 n l"tatea a#t l ". &%p, *el%l condiiei de validitate nerespectate la 3n(?eierea a("%l%i .%ri$i(- nulitile s%n" de "ond !i de "orm0 N%li"a"ea $e * n$. "nter$"ne #9nd a 6,/t @n#l#at , n,r+ - r"d"# #e "n/t"t "e , #,nd"1"e de 6,nd a a#t l " - r"d"# .#apa#"tate' #,n/"+1+9nt' ,!"e#t' #a >).
252 253 254

24C

N%li"a"ea $e * rm,' "nter$"ne @n #a> l @n#l#r"" ne" #,nd"1"" de $al"d"tate pr"$"nd 6,r+a a#t l " - r"d"# .ad $al"d"tate+).

0. 1fectele nulitii actului 'uridic civil

A7 NOIUNEA DE EIECTE ALE NULITKII ACTULUI URIDIC CIVIL Pr"n e"ecte ale n l"t1"" @n1elege+ #,n/e#"n1ele' r+r"le #e /e pr,d # #a r+are a @n#De"er"" a#t l " # nere/pe#tarea d"/p,>"1""l,r legale pr"$"nd #,nd"1""le de $al"d"tate pr"$"te / ! tre" a/pe#teJ 8 d"n p n#t de $edere al eB"/ten1e" a#t l " - r"d"#K 8 / ! a/pe#t l pre/ta1""l,r e$ent al eBe# tate de pr1" @ntre +,+ent l @n#De"er"" a#t l " :" #el al #,n/tatr"" /a pr,n n1r"" n l"t1"" de #tre "n/tan1 8 d"n p n#t de $edere al $ala!"l"t1"" a#tel,r - r"d"#e @n#De"ate de pr1" # ter1""' @n !a>a a#t l " an lat. Din 'un&t %e ve%ere a* e.isten/ei a&tu*ui $uri%i& ' e6e#t l n l"t1"" e/te a#ela de a de/6""n1a de reg l' @n parte a#t l - r"d"#' @n /en/ l de a7l l"p/"' @n parte de a#ele e6e#te #,n$en"te de pr1"' #are ne/,#,te/# d"/p,>"1""le legale re6er"t,are la #,nd"1""le de $al"d"tate ale a#t l ". Pr"n eB#ep1"e' a#t l - r"d"# p,ate 6" de/6""n1at :" @n t,tal"tatea /a. Din 'un&t %e ve%ere a* 'resta/ii*or e.e&utate %e '3r/i ' @ntre +,+ent l @n#De"er"" a#t l " :" +,+ent l n l"t1"" a#e/t "a' e6e#t l n l"t1"" #,n/t @n re/t"t "rea re#"pr,# a a#e/t,ra @ntre pr1". Se #,n/"der # a#t l - r"d"# neeB"/t9nd n"#",dat' pr1"le tre! "e / re$"n la /"t a1"a eB"/tent @n +,+ent l @n#De"er"" a#t l " - r"d"#. Din 'un&t %e ve%ere a* va*a(i*it3/ii a&te*or $uri%i&e 4n&5eiate %e '3r/i &u ter/ii, 4n (a)a a&tu*ui anu*at ' e6e#t l n l"t1"" #,n/t @n de/6""n1area a#e/t,ra de,are#e n"+en" n p,ate da +a" + lt de#9t are.

24=

%ele tre" a/pe#te ale e6e#tel,r n l"t1"" a#t l " - r"d"# #"$"l' / nt g $ernate @n ,rd"ne deJ pr"n#"p" l retr,a#t"$"t1"" e6e#tel,r n l"t1""' pr"n#"p" l re/ta!"l"r"" /"t a1"e" anter",are @n#De"er"" a#t l " - r"d"# .re/t"t t", "n "ntegr +) :" pr"n#"p" l de/6""n1r"" .an lr"") a#t l " - r"d"# / !/e#$ent #a r+are a an lr"" a#t l " - r"d"# "n"1"al .pr"+ar). 3ntre a#e/te pr"n#"p"" eB"/t , rela1"e de deter+"nare re#"pr,#' @n /en/ l # n p,ate eB"/ta pr"n#"p" l re/t"t t", "n "ntegr + 6r / eB"/te pr"n#"p" l retr,a#t"$"t1"" /a pr"n#"p" l de/6""n1r"" a#tel,r - r"d"#e / !/e#$ente e/te #,n/e#"n1a eB"/ten1e" pr"n#"p" l " rep ner"" pr1"l,r @n /"t a1"a eB"/tent anter",r @n#De"er"" a#t l ". A/e+enea' pr"n#"p" l retr,a#t"$"t1"" e/te ">$,r l #el,rlalte d, pr"n#"p"". ,7 PRINCIPIUL RETROACTIVITKII EIECTELOR NULITKII Pr"n#"p" l n are #,n/a#rare leg"/lat"$. Pr"n#"p" l "n/t"t "e reg la general p,tr"$"t #re"a n l"tatea de/6""n1ea> a#t l - r"d"# @n#De"at # ne/,#,t"rea #,nd"1""l,r de $al"d"tate pre$> te de lege' d"n #D"ar +,+ent l @n#De"er"". E6e#tele - r"d"#e e$ent al pr,d /e p9n @n +,+ent l n l"t1"" /e de/6""n1ea> retr,a#t"$' #a :" # + a#t l n /7ar 6" @n#De"at. A/t6el' /e a/"g r re/ta!"l"rea ,rd"n"" de drept' @n#l#ate pr"n @n#De"erea a#t l " @n d"/pre1 l leg"". EB#ep1""le de la pr"n#"p" l retr,a#t"$"t1"" e6e#tel,r n l"t1"" / nt a#ele @+pre- rr" @n #are a#t l de:" n l' pr,d #e' p9n la data n l"t1""' e6e#tele n " a#t $ala!"l @n#De"at' @n #,n/"dera1"a n,r alte pr"n#"p"" de drept. 3n a#e/te @+pre- rr"' a#t l pr,d #e e6e#te pentr tre# t .eB t n#' de la @n#De"erea a#t l " p9n la "nter$en1"a n l"t1"") :" n $a +a" pr,d #e e6e#te pentr $""t,r .eB n n#). 7 ca,ul cstoriei putative .e/te #/t,r"a n l @n #are n l d"n /,1" a 6,/t de ! n #red"n1 la @n#De"erea e"). %/t,r"a de:" n l pr,d #e e6e#te #a :" # + ar 6" 6,/t $ala!"l @n#De"at p9n la data n l"t1"" 6a1 de /,1 l de ! n #red"n1. N +a" pentr $""t,r #/t,r"a pr,d #e e6e#te :" /e $a de/6""n1a :" pentr /,1 l de ! n7#red"n1. Se are @n $edere ,#r,t"rea pr"n#"p" l " ! ne"7#red"n1e. 3n art.23 al"n.1 %,d l 6a+"l"e" /e d"/p neJ G/,1 l #are a 6,/t de ! n7#red"n1 la
24<

@n#De"erea #/t,r"e" de#larat n l /a an lat' p/trea>' p9n la data #9nd D,tr9rea "n/tan1e" - de#t,re:t" r+9ne de6"n"t"$' /"t a1"a n " /,1 d"ntr7, #/t,r"e $ala!"l.H 7 ca,ul adopiunii. Ad,p1" nea @n#De"at 6r #,n/"+1+9nt l pr"n1"l,r 6"re:t" a" #,p"l l " ad,ptat e/te l,$"t de n l"tate a!/,l t. 3n #,n/e#"n1' a#t l - r"d"# al ad,p1" n"" /e de/6""n1ea> retr,a#t"$ de la data @n#De"er"" l ". % t,ate a#e/tea' ad,p1" nea $a p tea 6" de/6# t' # e6e#te n +a" pentr $""t,r' #9nd e/te @n "ntere/ l +"n,r l " / /e re@nt,ar# la pr"n1"" /" 6"re:t" .art.22 d"n O.U. a ; $ern l " nr.25M1<<C). 7 contractele sinala!matice cu e9ecutare succesiv -n timp -n ipote,a re,ilieri' /e de/6a# n +a" pentr $""t,r. Pre/ta1""le de-a e6e#t ate' 6""nd "re$er/"!"le n +a" p,t 6" re/t"t "te. De eBe+pl #,ntra#t l de l,#a1" ne .@n#D"r"erea n " ! n) n p,ate 6" de/6""n1at pentr tre# t de,are#e l,#atar l /7a 6,l,/"t de ! n l @n#D"r"at I pre/ta1"e ,!"e#t"$' "re$er/"!"l' "+p,/"!"l de re/t"t "t. 7 posesorul de bun)credin pstrea, "ructele culese ' pr,d /e de n ! n' #e #,n/t"t "e ,!"e#t l eBter",r' der"$at al a#t l " - r"d"#' p9n la data n l"t1"" a#t l "' de:" $a tre! " / re/t"t "e ! n l. De eBe+pl # +prt,r l n " tele$">,r' @l @n#D"r"a> :" ,!1"ne , / + de !an". El p/trea> / +a d,!9nd"t' @n "p,te>a an lr"" #,ntra#t l " de $9n>are7# +prare a tele$">,r l "' #9nd $a re/t"t " tele$">,r l @n#D"r"at. 3n art.4=5 %,d #"$"l /e d"/p neJ GP,/e/,r l n #9:t"g pr,pr"etatea 6r #tel,r de#9t #9nd p,/ed # ! n7#red"n1K @n #a> l #,ntrar" ' el e/te dat,r a @nap,"a pr,d #tele' @+pre n # l #r l pr,pr"etar l " #are7l re$end"#.H S nt "+pl"#"t eB#ep1"" de la pr"n#"p" l retr,a#t"$"t1""' t,ate eB#ep1""le de la pr"n#"p" l re/t"t "r"" "ntegrale a pre/ta1""l,r e6e#t ate :" pr"n#"p" l de/6""n1r"" a#tel,r - r"d"#e / !/e#$ente. #) Prin(ipi%l res"a'ilirii si"%a#iei an"eri are 3n(?eierii a("%l%i 1res"i"%"i in in"egr%m2 Pr"n#"p" l "+p ne reg la de drept #a pre/ta1""le eBe# tate de pr1"le n " a#t - r"d"# n l / 6"e re/t"t "te' a/t6el @n#9t /"t a1"a eB"/t la @n#De"erea a#t l " - r"d"# n l / 6"e re/ta!"l"t. Reg la e/te , #,n/e#"n1 a pr"n#"p" l " retr,a#t"$"t1""K n +a" pr"n re/t"t "rea re#"pr,# a pre/ta1""l,r eBe# tate /e a- nge la /"t a1"a @n #are a#t l n /7ar 6" @n#De"at.
25F

3n l"p/a @n1eleger"" pr1"l,r # pr"$"re la re/t"t "rea pre/ta1""l,r' /e apelea> la a#1" nea @n re/t"t "re. De / !l"n"at # a#1" nea @n re/t"t "re are n #,n1"n t :" reg"+ - r"d"# pr,pr" ' d"6er"t de a#1" nea @n an lare. A/t6el' ea are @nt,tdea na #ara#ter patr"+,n"al :" e/te @nt,tdea na pre/#r"pt"!"l. De reg l' partea "ntere/at "ntr,d #e , /"ng r a#1" ne' pr"n #are #ere n l"tatea a#t l " - r"d"#' :" d p ad+"tere :" re/t"t "rea pre/ta1""l,r. N"+"# n @+p"ed"# #a +a" @nt9"' pr"n a#1" ne /eparat / /e #ear n l"tatea :" ap," pr"ntr7, n, a#1" ne / /e pret"nd re/t"t "rea pre/ta1""l,r. % pr"$"re la 6 nda+ent l - r"d"# al a#1" n"" @n re/t"t "re' @n d,#tr"n /7a eBpr"+at ,p"n"" d"6er"te. 3ntr7, ,p"n"e' /e ad+"te # a#1" nea @n re/t"t "re e/te 6 nda+ental pe -mbo!irea "r just cau,' de,are#e pr"n de/6""n1area a#t l " - r"d"# d"/pare te+e" l - r"d"# al eBe# tr"" pre/ta1""l,r.255 3ntr7, alt ,p"n"e' @n #a> l #,ntra#tel,r /"nalag+at"#e #9nd a+!ele pr1" :"7a eBe# tat pre/ta1""le @na"nte de an larea a#e/t "a' n ar +a" 6" @ndepl"n"te #,nd"1""le +ater"ale ale "ntentr"" a#1" n"" @nte+e"ate pe @+!,g1"rea 6r - /ta #a > .a#t", "n re+ $er/,)' ne+a"p t9nd 7/e $,r!" de/pre +r"rea n " patr"+,n" :" +"#:,rarea alt " patr"+,n" K +a" degra!' e/te $,r!a' de , plat nedatorat @ntr #9t ,!l"ga1"a 6"e#re"a d"ntre pr1"le #,ntra#t l " /"nalag+at"# .de/6""n1at retr,a#t"$) apare #a :" #9nd n ar 6" eB"/tat $re,dat. 25A 3n d,#tr"n' /7a eBpr"+at :" ,p"n"a #,n6,r+ #re"a a#1" nea @n re/t"t "re are 6 nda+ent l @n a#t l - r"d"# n l. Da# pr"n#"p" l 6 nda+ental #are g $ernea> e6e#tele n l"t1"" e/te retr,a#t"$"tatea' "ar da# pr"n#"p" l re/ta!"l"r"" /"t a1"e" anter",are e/te , #,n/e#"n1 a retr,a#t"$"t1""' n" /e pare 6"re/# #a a#1" nea #are d $"a1 a#e/t " pr"n#"p" / 6"e @nte+e"at pe a#t l - r"d"# n l. 25C %rede+ #' @+!r1":9nd a#ea/t ,p"n"e' p te+ ad ga :" r+t,r l arg +entK e6e#tele n l"t1"" /e +ater"al">ea>' ,!"e#t"$">ea> :" pr"n re/t"t "rea pre/ta1""l,r 6# te @n te+e" l a#t l " n l. Pr"n
255 25A 25C

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re/t"t t", "n "ntegr + /e /"+t' @n #,n#ret' r+r"le @n#l#r"" leg"" re6er"t,are la #,nd"1""le de $al"d"tate ale a#t l " - r"d"#' /e per#ep #,n/e#"n1ele /an#1" n"" #"$"le a n l"t1"". A:a /t9nd l #r r"le' n l"tatea dep:e:te /tad" l de te,r"e' pentr # e6e#t l e" "+ed"at e/te re/t"t t", "n "ntegr +. A a##epta alte 6 nda+ente ale a#1" n"" @n re/t"t "re' @n/ea+n a g,l" de #,n1"n t pra#t"# "n/t"t 1"a n l"t1"" d"n +,+ent #e e6e#tele e" /e - /t"6"# pr"n alte "n/t"t 1"" ale drept l " #"$"l. EB#ep1""le de la pr"n#"p" l re/t"t t", "n "ntegr + / nt a#ele /"t a1"" @n #are' pre/ta1""le eBe# tate de pr1" n /e re/t"t "e' #" /e +en1"n' r+are a apl"#r"" alt,r pr"n#"p"" de dreptJ 7 minorul -ntre 14)1C ani al crui act este anulat prin aciune -n resci,iune pentru le,iune $a re/t"t " pre/ta1"a n +a" da# /e pr,!ea> # a pr,6"tat de #eea #e " /7a dat. EB#ep1"a e/te pre$> t @n teBt l art.11A4 %,d #"$"lJ G%9nd +"n,r""' "nter>":"" / nt ad+":"' @n a#ea/t #al"tate' a eBer#"ta a#1" nea @n re/#">" ne @n #,ntra anga-a+entel,r l,r' e" n @nt,r# #eea #e a pr"+"t' @n r+a a#e/t,r anga-a+ente' @n t"+p l +"n,r"t1"" /a "nterd"#1"e"' de#9t da# /e pr,!ea> # a pr,6"tat de a#eea #e l" /7a dat.H Se d pr",r"tate pr"n#"p" l " ,#r,t"r"" +"n,r"l,r :" per/,anel,r p /e / ! "nterd"#1"e. 7 posesorul de bun credin a unui bun "ru!i"er ' p/trea> pentr /"ne 6r #tele # le/e' de:" r+are a an lr"" a#t l " - r"d"# $a re/t"t " ! n l #are le7a pr,d / .art.4=5 %,d #"$"lJ GP,/e/,r l n #9:t"g pr,pr"etatea 6r #tel,r de#9t #9nd p,/ed # ! n7#red"n1K @n #a> l #,ntrar" ' el e/te dat,r a @nap,"a pr,d #tele @+pre n # l #r l' pr,pr"etar l " #are7l re$end"#.H). 7 principiul nemo auditur propriam turpitudem alle!ans .n"+n " n 7" e/te @ngd "t / /e pre$ale>e de pr,pr"a /a "+,rtal"tate pentr a ,!1"ne @n - /t"1"e ,#r,t"rea n " drept). EB#ep1"a eB"/t n +a" @n "p,te>a a#tel,r - r"d"#e n le pentr ,!"e#t /a #a >a "l"#"t. De eBe+pl ' /e @n#De"e n #,ntra#t de @+pr + t pentr +en1"nerea n,r rela1"" eBtra#,n- gale. %,ntra#t l /e #,n/tat # e/te l,$"t de n l"tate' pentr #a > "+,ral .+en1"nerea rela1"e" de #,n# !"na-). Da# @+pr + tt,r l' "n$,#9nd pr,pr"a /a "+,ral"tate #ere re/t"t "rea @+pr + t l " a#,rdat' "n/tan1a $a tre! " /7" re/p"ng #ererea #a "nad+"/"!"l. A#ea/t eB#ep1"e e/te , garan1"e a pre$en"r"" @n#l#r"" ! nel,r +,ra$ r". E/te #eea #e a /tat at "n/tan1a n,a/tr / pre+J GA#1" nea @n re/t"t "rea pre/ta1"e" e/te "nad+"/"!"l @n #a> l @n #are
252

re#la+ant l a r+r"t n /#,p ant"/,#"al :" $d"t "+,ral pr"n @n#De"erea #,ntra#t l " p,tr"$n"# leg"" :" reg l"l,r de #,n$"e1 "re /,#"al.H 7 dob2ndirea prin u,ucapiune a unui drept real principal tran/+"/ pr"ntr7 n a#t - r"d"# n l. 7 -n ca,ul intervenirii prescripiei e9tinctive ' a#1" nea @n re/t"t "re a pre/ta1""l,r eBe# tate @n !a>a a#t l " l,$"t de n l"tate n +a" p,ate "ntr,d / :" drept r+are' pre/ta1""le re/t"t "te. 7 -n practica judiciar' pr"n "nterpretarea eBten/"$ a pre$eder"l,r art.11AC al"n. %,d #"$"l' .G%,n6"r+area /a rat"6"#area' /a eBe# tarea $,l ntar a ne" d,na1" n"' 6# t de #tre ere>" /a repre>entan1"" d,nat,r l "' d p +,artea /a' 1"ne l,# de ren n1are at9t @n pr"$"n1a $"#""l,r de 6,r+' #9t :" @n pr"$"n1a ,r"#re" alte eB#ep1"".H) /7a de#"/ # +,:ten"t,r l #are eBe# t $,l ntar d"/p,>"1"" d"ntr7 n te/ta+ent n l a!/,l t pentr nere/pe#tarea #,nd"1""l,r legale de /,le+n"tate' n p,ate pret"nde re/t"t "rea pre/ta1"e". $2 Prin(ipi%l $es*iin#,rii 1an%l,rii2 a("el r .%ri$i(e s%'se()en"e .re>,l t, - re dant"/ re>,l$"t r - / a##"p"en/) IG@n +/ ra @n #are /7a an lat drept l #el " #e d' /e an lea> :" drept l #el " #e le d,!9nde:te.H %,n/e#"n1 a pr"+el,r d, pr"n#"p"" de/6""n1area a#tel,r - r"d"#e / !/e#$ente #,n/t @n reg la p,tr"$"t #re"a an larea a#t l " - r"d"# "n"1"al .pr"+ar) pr"n #are /7a d,!9nd"t n ! n' are drept #,n/e#"n1 :" an larea a#tel,r - r"d"#e lter",are pr"n #are d,!9nd"t,r l d"/p ne de a#el ! n. Pr"n an larea a#t l " - r"d"#' d,!9nd"t,r l p"erde a#ea/t #al"tate :" drept r+are' t,ate a#tele @n#De"ate @n #al"tate de d,!9nd"t,r' / nt l,$"te de n l"tate .n"+en" n p,ate da +a" + lt de#9t are el @n/ :").De eBe+pl ' #"ne$a # +pr de la $e#"n l / , #,+!"n + >"#al pe #are ap," , re$"nde. Ulter",r #,n/tat9nd 7/e # a#t l de $9n>are7# +prare @n#De"at # $e#"n l e/te n l' # +prt,r l #,+!"ne" + >"#ale .$e#"n l) a p"erd t #al"tatea de pr,pr"etar. Drept #,n/e#"n1' :" $9n>area a#e/te"a e/te l,$"t de n l"tate. EB#ep1""le de la pr"n#"p" l de/6""n1r"" a#tel,r - r"d"#e / !/e#$ente / nt /"t a1""le @n #are de:" a#t l pr"+ar' "n"1"al e/te n l :" a#t l / !/e#$ent e/te /tr9n/ legat de a#e/ta' a#t l / !/e#$ent r+9ne $ala!"l. A/t6elJ
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7 'osesoru* &u (un3"&re%in/3 a* unui (un #o(i* ' de$"ne pr,pr"etar l ! n l " :" n p,ate 6" de reg l' ,!l"gat /7l re/t"t "e. Apre#"e+ # /e d"/t"ng d, "p,te>eJ a) a#t l - r"d"# / !/e#$ent a 6,/t @n#De"at de n n pr,pr"etar. De eBe+pl ' pr"eten l +e @n#De"e n #,ntra#t de #,+,dat .@+pr + t de 6,l,/"n1) # n #,leg' pred9nd 7" /pre 6,l,/"n1 grat "t n tele$">,r t"+p de 3 l n". %,leg l .detent,r pre#ar) $"nde tele$">,r l n " ter1 de ! n #red"n1. Ulter",r' #,ntra#t l de #,+,dat /e #,n/tat # e/te n l' 6apt #e n de/6""n1ea> #,ntra#t l de $9n>are7# +prare a T&. Ter1 l de ! n #red"n1' d,!9nd"t,r # t"tl ,ner,/ n p,ate 6" ,!l"gat la re/t"t "re. 3n a#ea/t "p,te>' 6 nda+ent l nede/6"n1r"" a#t l " - r"d"# / !/e#$ent @l #,n/t"t "e , eB#ep1"e de la pr"n#"p" l p,tr"$"t #r "a n"+en" n p,ate da +a" + lt de#9t are .ne+, dat P ,d n,n Da!et). !) a#t l - r"d"# / !/e#$ent a 6,/t @n#De"at de n pr,pr"etar De eBe+pl ' #,leg l +e $"nde tele$">,r l n " pr"eten' #are ap," @l @n/tr"nea> # t"tl ,ner,/ n " ter1. D p n t"+p /e #,n/tat n l"tatea #,ntra#t l " de $9n>are @n#De"at de #,leg l +e # pr"eten l l ". N l"tatea #,ntra#t l " n pr,d #e n"#" n e6e#t a/ pra a#t l " - r"d"# / !/e#$ent @n#De"at de pr"eten # ter1 l' #are /e p/trea>. 3n a#ea/t "p,te>' apre#"e+ # / nte+ @n pre>en1a ne" eB#ep1"" de la pr"n#"p" l re>,l t", " re dant"/ re>,l$"t r - / a##"p"ent"/ .@n +/ ra @n #are /7a an lat drept l #el " #e d' /e an lea> :" drept l #el " #e le d,!9nde:te.) 7 'ersoana %e&*arat3 #oart3 'rin 5ot3r9re $u%e&3toreas&3 n p,ate #ere @nap,"erea ! n r"l,r /ale de la d,!9nd"t,r l # t"tl ,ner,/. EB"/t d, a#te - r"d"#eJ pr"+ l' pr"n #are /e d,!9nde:te ! n l " per/,ane" de#larate +,art pr"n D,tr9re - de#t,rea/# :" al d,"lea @ntre d,!9nd"t,r l a#e/t "a :" ter1a per/,an. Pr"+ l a#t - r"d"# e/te n l' #9nd per/,ana de#larat +,art pr"n D,tr9re - de#t,rea/# +,art e/te @n $"a1. Al d,"lea a#t - r"d"#' #el / !/e#$ent n /e de/6""n1ea>' ter1 l d,!9nd"nd # t"tl ,ner,/. D,!9nd"t,r l # t"tl ,ner,/ $a re/t"t " ! n l' da# /e $a 6a#e d,$ada # la data d,!9nd"r"" :t"a # per/,ana de#larat +,art e/te @n $"a1. EB#ep1"a e/te pre$> t @n art.2F al"n. d"n De#ret l nr.31M1<54. " a&te*e $uri%i&e su(se&vente %e &onservare 0i %e a%#inis" trare a (unu*ui /e +en1"n' pe #,n/"derente de ,#r,t"re a ! ne"
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#red"n1e /a a "ntere/ l ". De eBe+pl ' d,!9nd"t,r l n " ! n @n#De"e n #,ntra#t de repara1"" .a#t - r"d"# de #,n/er$are) /a n l de @n#D"r"ere .a#t - r"d"# de ad+"n"/trare).De:" p,tr"$"t n l"t1"" a#t l " de d,!9nd"re' ! n l /e re/t"t "e' #,ntra#tele / !/e#$ente de repara1"" /a de @n#D"r"ere r+9n $ala!"l @n#De"ate. 7 4n *iteratura 0i 'ra&ti&a $u%i&iar3 /7a p rtat d"/# 1"" # pr"$"re la r+t,arele /"t a1"" da# /a n #,n/t"t "e eB#ep1"" de la pr"n#"p" l de/6""n1r"" a#tel,r - r"d"#e / !/e#$enteJ #a> l / !d,!9n7 d"t,r l " de ! n #red"n1 :" # t"tl ,ner,/ al n " "+,!"lK #a> l / !d,!9nd"t,r l " #are a d,!9nd"t pr,pr"etatea ! n l " pr"n > #ap" ne' @n #,nd"1""le leg"". e' Principii de drept potrivit crora actul juridic nul produce e"ecte Une,r" a#t l - r"d"# n l pr,d #e e6e#tele n " a#t - r"d"# $ala!"l @n#De"at' r+are a apl"#r"" n,r an +"te pr"n#"p"" de drept. E/te , apl"#a1"e a #,n#ep1"e" /al$r"" a#t l " - r"d"# :" a l"+"tr"" reg l"" P ,d n ll + e/t' n ll + pr,d #"t e66e#t +. E6e#t l d"/tr #t"$ al n l"t1"" /e @nlt r pr"n apl"#area r+t,arel,r pr"n#"p""J pr"n#"p" l #,n$er/" n"" a#t l " - r"d"# n l' pr"n#"p" l $al"d"t1"" aparen1e" @n drept .err,r #,++ n"/ 6a#"t " /) :" pr"n#"p" l r/p nder"" #"$"le del"#t ale. 3n #a> l pr"n#"p" l " #,n$er/" n"" a#t l " - r"d"# n l' / nte+ @ntr7ade$r @n "p,te>a @n #are a#t l - r"d"# n l n pr,d #e e6e#te. 3n #a> l pr"n#"p""l,r $al"d"t1"" aparen1e" @n drept :" al r/p nder"" #"$"le del"#t ale' a#t l - r"d"# n e/te l,$"t de n l"tate' el pr,d #e e6e#tele n " a#t - r"d"# $ala!"l @n#De"at. PRINCIPIUL CONVER<IUNII ACTULUI URIDIC NUL P,tr"$"t reg l"" de drept "n/t"t "t de a#e/t pr"n#"p" ' a#t l - r"d"# n l /e @nl,# "e:te # n alt a#t - r"d"# #are @ndepl"ne:te #,nd"1""le e/en1"ale de $al"d"tate. Man"6e/tarea $ala!"l de $,"n1 a pr1"l,r la @n#De"erea a#t l " - r"d"# n l e/te n ele+ent de /"ne /ttt,r' #e p,ate / /e de/pr"nd de a#ea/ta :" / dea na:tere n " n, a#t - r"d"# $ala!"l @n#De"at. De eBe+pl ' #,ntra#t l de $9n>are7 # +prare a n " "+,!"l e/te n l pentr l"p/a 6,r+e" a tent"#e. Man"6e/tarea de $,"n1 a pr1"l,r la #,ntra#t a 6,/t $ala!"l eBpr"+at. Ea p,ate / repre>"nte a#,rd l de $,"n1 al pr1"l,r la @n#De"erea ante#,ntra#t l " de $9n>are7# +prare al a#el "a:" "+,!"l' pr"n #are
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pr1"le /e ,!l"g #a' @n $""t,r' / @n#De"e #,ntra#t l # re/pe#tarea #,nd"1""l,r leg"". Legea #"$"l n #,n/a#r @n teBtele /ale pr"n#"p" l #,n$er/" n"" a#t l " - r"d"# n l' dar regle+entea> nele apl"#a1"" pra#t"#e ale a#e/t "a. 3ntr7, ,p"n"e' /7a / /1"n t # pr"n#"p" l p,ate 6" ded / d"n pre$eder"le art.11C2 %,d #"$"l #are arat #J Ga#t l #are n p,ate 6" a tent"# d"n #a >a ne#,+peten1e" /a ne#apa#"t1"" 6 n#1",nar l " /a d"n l"p/a de 6,r+ e/te $ala!"l #a /#r"pt r / ! /e+nt r pr"$at da# /7a "/#l"t de pr1"le #,ntra#tante.H25< 3ntr7, ,p"n"e #,ntrar' pentr arg +entele de +a" -,/J G#9nd n a#t - r"d"#' n l pentr $"#"" de 6,r+' #a a#t a tent"#' r+9ne $ala!"l #a a#t - r"d"# / ! /e+nt r pr"$at .6,r+a a tent"# ne6""nd ne#e/ar' #" alea/ d,ar de pr1"' 6r a 6" 6# t d"n ea , #,nd"1"e e/en1"al de $al"d"tate)'n p,ate 6" $,r!a de/pre , #,n$er/" ne' 6""nd $,r!a de n l :" a#ela:" a#t - r"d"#' pr"$"t #a neg,t" +.H 2AF ( nda+ent l #,n$er/" n"" a#t l " - r"d"# n l e/te #,ntr,$er/at. 3ntr7, ,p"n"e' #,n$er/" nea /e 6 nda+entea> pe #,n#ep1"a pr"$"nd n l"tatea' #ara#ter">at pr"n +rg"n"rea e6e#t l " d"/tr #t"$ al n l"t1"" .O)' n l"tatea e/te @ndreptat n +a" @+p,tr"$a e6e#tel,r #e ar #,ntra>"#e /#,p l d"/p,>"1"e" legale @n#l#ate .O) e6e#tele #e n ar #,ntra>"#e /#,p l n"#" ne" d"/p,>"1"" legale .O) / l" /e re# n,a/#' pe depl"n' $al"d"tatea. %,n$er/" nea a#t l " - r"d"# .a n " a#t - r"d"# n l @ntr7 n a#t - r"d"# $ala!"l) tre! "e' pr"n r+are' / 6"e' @n pr"n#"p" ' ad+"/ @n drept l #"$"l.H2A1 3ntr7, alt ,p"n"e' te+e" l #,n$er/" n"" a#t l " - r"d"# e/te reg la /pe#"6"# de "nterpretare a n,r+e" - r"d"#e #"$"le pre$> t @n art.<C= %,d #"$"lJH %9nd , #la > e/te pr"+"t,are de d, @n1ele/ r"' ea /e "nterpretea> @n /en/ l # p,ate a$ea n e6e#t' "ar n @n a#ela # n7ar p tea pr,d #e n"#" n l.H .a#t / "nterpretand / e/t p,t" / t $aleat P a+ pereant).2A2
25< 2AF 2A1 2A2

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Man"6e/tarea de $,"n1 a pr1"l,r @n a#t l - r"d"# n l' 6""nd / /#ept"!"l de d, @n1ele/ r" .al d,"lea @n1ele/ e/te a#ela #e na:te n alt a#t - r"d"# $ala!"l)' tre! "e "nterpretat @n #el de7al d,"lea /ene' /en/ @n #are /e pr,d # e6e#te - r"d"#e. De alt6el' pr1"le #9nd a d,r"t :" /7a legat d"n p n#t de $edere - r"d"# :"7a pr,p / #a /#,p' pr,d #erea de e6e#te - r"d"#e. 3n #e ne pr"$e:te' apre#"e+ # 6 nda+ent l #,n$er/" n"" a#t l " - r"d"# n l e/te at9t #,n#ep1"a pr"$"nd n l"tatea a#t l " #9t :" reg la /pe#"al de "nterpretare a n,r+e" - r"d"#e #"$"le ded / d"n pre$eder"le art.<C= %,d #"$"l. E/te gre de "gn,rat #ara#ter l ned"/tr #t"$ al n l"t1"" a#t l " - r"d"#' 6apt l # /an#1" nea n l"t1"" pr"$e:te n +a" a#ele e6e#te ale a#t l " #e @n#al# /#,p l n,r+e" - r"d"#e re6er"t,are la #,nd"1""le de $al"d"tate ale a#t l ". Ad+"19nd n l"tatea #a +/ r de d"/tr gere a a#t l " - r"d"# ad+"te+ "+pl"#"t de/6""n1area +an"6e/tr"" de $,"n1 $ala!"l eBpr"+at de pr1". A/t6el @n l"p/a +an"6e/tr"" de $,"n1' "nterpret l n ar +a" a$ea #e / "nterprete>e' @n /en/ l pr,d #er"" de e6e#te - r"d"#e. De a/e+enea' @n +/ ra @n #are +an"6e/tarea de $,"n1 a pr1"l,r $ala!"l eBpr"+at #,nd #e /pre n alt a#t - r"d"#' ar 6" l"p/"t de /en/ @nlt rarea a#,rd l " dat de pr1"' @n /#,p l pr,d #er"" e6e#tel,r - r"d"#e. %,nd"1""le #,n$er/" n"" a#t l " - r"d"# n l @ntr7 n a#t - r"d"# $ala!"l tre! "e / /e @ndepl"nea/# #,+ lat"$ :" ele / ntJ 7 a#t l - r"d"# n l :" a#t l @n #are /e #,n$erte:te' tre! "e / a"! a#elea:" pr1".2A3 3ntr7, alt ,p"n"e' /e ad+"te # #el p 1"n , parte a a#t l " - r"d"# n l tre! "e / /e reg/ea/# @n n, l a#t - r"d"#. 2A4 3ntr7, alt ,p"n"e' #,nd"1"a re6er"t,are la pr1" n e/te +en1",nat. % t,ate a#e/tea apl"#a1""le pra#t"#e la #are tr"+"te a t,r l @ndepl"ne/# #,nd"1"a / / +en1",nat. A/t6el' @n #a> l art.A=< %,d #"$"l' #9nd +,:ten"t,r l @n/tr"nea> n ! n d"n +a/a / ##e/,ral I a#t l,$"t de n l"tate de,are#e n /e p,t @n/tr"na ! n r" d"ntr7, / ##e/" ne $""t,are I +an"6e/tarea de $,"n1 eBpr"+at @n el $al,rea> #a a##eptare a / ##e/" n"". A:adar' +,:ten"t,r l e/te parte @n a#t l de @n/tr"nare n l :" @n a#t l de a##eptare al +,:ten"r"".

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3ntr7, alt apl"#a1"e pra#t"# a #,n$er/" n"" a+"nt"t de a t,r' na :" a#eea:" per/,an e/te / !"e#t at9t @n a#t l - r"d"# n l' #9t :" @n n, l a#t - r"d"#J te/tat,r l #e @n/tr"nea> n ! n l/at pr"n te/ta+ent' e/te parte @n a#t l de @n/tr"nare .a#t #e p,ate 6" n l)' dar e/te parte :" @n n, l a#t de re$,#are a legat l " .art.<23 %,d #"$"l). 2A5 Apre#"e+ #' de reg l' a#t l - r"d"# n l :" a#t l - r"d"# @n #are /e #,n$erte:te' tre! "e / a"! a#elea:" pr1". De alt6el' @n #a> r"le de apl"#a1"e a pr"n#"p" l " #,n$er/" n"" a##eptate @n d,#tr"n :" @n pra#t"#a - d"#"ar' +a" -,/ en +erate' eB"/t @ndepl"n"t #,nd"1"a #a @n a+!ele a#te / apar a#elea:" pr1". Legea pre$ede' @n +,d eBpre/' /"t a1""le #9nd #el p 1"n , parte a a#t l " - r"d"# n l tre! "e / /e reg/ea/# @n n, l a#t - r"d"# .De eBe+pl ' @n #a> l art.A2=:" <23 %,d #"$"l). 7 actul juridic nul *i noul act s se di"erenie,e prin J nat ra d"6er"t a a#t l " - r"d"#' #,n1"n t l a#e/t,ra' e6e#tele pe #are le pr,d # /a #,nd"1""le de 6,r+. De eBe+pl ' a#t l e/te n l e/te n a#t de @n/tr"nare' n, l a#t e/te n ante#,ntra#tK a#t l n l e/te n a#t - r"d"# !"lateral' a#t l @n #are /7a #,n$ert"t e/te n a#t n"lateral et#. 7 actul juridic iniial s "ie anulat totalK 7 noul act juridic s "ie valabil -ncheiat: 7 actul juridic nul s nu prevad clau,e pr"n #are pr1"le re6 > #,n$ert"rea a#e/t "a @n alt a#t - r"d"#K Ca,uri practice de aplicare a principiului conversiunii actului juridic nul1 7 +an"6e/tarea de $,"n1 $ala!"l eBpr"+at n l' #a $9n>are7 # +prare dar $ala!"l #a ante#,ntra#t de $9n>are7# +prareK 7 art.A=< %,d #"$"l .@n +ater"e / ##e/,ral)K 7 art.<23 %,d #"$"l .@n +ater"e / ##e/,ral). Un a t,r eBe+pl"6"# #a 6""nd #a> r" de apl"#are a #,n$er/" n"" /"t a1"a te/ta+ent l " a tent"# /a +"/t"# n l pentr $"#"" de 6,r+' #are p,ate 6" $ala!"l #a te/ta+ent ,l,gra6 @n +/ ra @n #are e/te /#r"/ @n @ntreg"+e' /e+nat :" datat de te/tat,r :" #a> l @n/#r"/ l " a tent"# n l #a atare' dar $ala!"l #a @n/#r"/ / ! /e+nt r pr"$at' /a al @n/#r"/ l "

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/ ! /e+nt ra pr"$at' n l #a atare' dar $ala!"l #a @n#ep t de d,$ad /#r"/.2AA %rede+' # /e "+p ne r+t,area pre#">are. 3n #a> l te/ta+ent l " a tent"# /a +"/t"# n l pentr $"#"" de 6,r+ /e p,ate $,r!" de #,n$er/" nea @n te/ta+ent ,l,gra6 @n #,nd"1""le / / artate' de,are#e #,nd"1"a 6,r+e" a tent"#e a te/ta+ent l " e/te #er t ad $al"d"tate+. 3n #a> l @n/#r"/ l " a tent"# n l #a atare' dar $ala!"l #a @n/#r"/ / ! /e+nt r pr"$at n / nte+ @n pre>en1a #,n$er/" n"" #9nd 6,r+a n e/te #er t ad $al"d"tate+ #" n +a" ad pr,!at",ne+. S nte+ @n pre>en1a n "a :" a#el "a:" a#t - r"d"# I neg,t" +. %ele d, a#te - r"d"#e n @ndepl"ne/# #,nd"1"a de d"6eren1"ere pr"n #el p 1"n n ele+ent .nat ra' #,n1"n t l' e6e#tele' 6,r+a a#t l "). S nte+ @n pre>en1a #,n$er/" n"" n +a" at n#" #9nd 6,r+a #er t de lege e/te ad $al"d"tate+. Prin(ipi%l )ali$i",#ii aparen#ei 3n $rep" 1err r ( mm%nis *a(i" .%s I er,area ,!:tea/# :" de ne@n$"n/ e/te #reat,are de drept 7) Une,r" a#t l - r"d"# n l pr,d #e e6e#te p,tr"$"t a#e/t " pr"n#"p" . Er,area #,+ n' ,!:tea/# @n #are /e g/e/# pr1"le /a na d"n ele la @n#De"erea a#t l " - r"d"#' 6a#e #a a#e/ta de:" n l' / pr,d # t,t :" e6e#te. %,n/a#rarea leg"/lat"$ a pr"n#"p" l " e/te art.C d"n Legea nr.11<M1<<A # pr"$"re la a#tele de /tare #"$"lJ GA#tele de /tare #"$"l @nt,#+"te de , per/,an #are a eBer#"tat @n +,d p !l"# atr"! 1""le de ,6"1er de /tare #"$"l' # re/pe#tarea pre$eder"l,r pre>ente" leg"' / nt $ala!"le' #D"ar da# a#eea per/,an n a$ea a#ea/t #al"tate.H 3n d,#tr"n :" pra#t"# /e ad+"te apl"#area pr"n#"p" l " err,r #,++ n"/ 6a#"t - / @n #a> l d,!9nd"r"" n " "+,!"l de la +,:ten"t,r l aparent pr"ntr7 n a#t # t"tl ,ner,/. D,!9nd"t,r l tre! "e / 6"e de ! n #red"n1' @n /en/ l # p,ate d,$ed" eB"/ten1a er,r"" #,+ ne pr"$"nd #al"tatea de +,:ten"t,r a #el " #are I7a @n/tr"nat "+,!"l l. PRINCIPIUL RK<PUNDERII CIVILE DELICTUALE Pr"n#"p" l "n/t"t "e reg la - r"d"# p,tr"$"t #re"a ,r"#e per/,an #are #a >ea> alt "a d"n gre:eal n pre- d"#" e/te ,!l"gat a7l repara .art.<<= %,d #"$"l).
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3n nele /"t a1""' /an#1" nea n l"t1"" a#t l " - r"d"# la/ l,# pr"n#"p" l " +a" p tern"# al r/p nder"" #"$"le del"#t aleJ a#t l - r"d"# n l /e +en1"ne # t"tl de reparare @n nat r a pre- d"#" l " pr,$,#at #,#,ntra#tant l " pr"n n l"tatea a#t l ". De eBe+pl ' n #,ntra#t e/te n l. Partea $"n,$at /e adre/ea> "n/tan1e" :" /,l"#"t n l"tatea #,ntra#t l ". %ealalt parte' pr"n an larea a#t l "' p,ate / 6er" n pre- d"#" . Se ad+"te # #ea +a" ! n repara1"e pentr #,#,ntra#tant , #,n/t"t "e n an larea a#t l " :" repararea pre- d"#" l "' #" r+9nerea @n 6""n1 a a#t l " - r"d"# n l. 3nlt rarea n l"t1"" a#t l " - r"d"# #a r+are a pr"n#"p" l " r/p nder"" #"$"le del"#t ale pr"$e:te n +a" +"n,r l @ntre 1471= an". %9nd +"n,r l @n#De"e a#t l - r"d"# pr"n /$9r:"rea n " del"#t .de eBe+pl pr"n +ane$re d,l,/"$e la/ "+pre/"a # e/te +a-,r) n $a p tea #ere n l"tatea a#t l " - r"d"#. A#e/ta /e +en1"ne pentr a repara @n nat r pre- d"#" l pr,$,#at #,#,ntra#tant l ". P,tr"$"t reg l"" generale' a"#" neapl"#a!"le' +"n,r l ar #ere an larea a#t l " pentr "n#apa#"tate :" ap," ar tre! " /7l de/pg 7 !ea/# pe #,#,ntra#tant pentr e$ent al l pre- d"#" pr,$,#at @n r+a an lr"" a#t l ". Men1" nea a#t l " n l' d /at"/6a#1"e pr"n#"p" l " reparr"" @n nat r :" "ntegrale a pre- d"#" l "' #,n/"der9nd 7/e a/t6el # /e a/"g r , +a" ! n repara1"e a pre- d"#" l " pr,$,#at pr"n 6apta "l"#"t a +"n,r l ". E/te #eea #e d"/p ne art.11A2 %,d #"$"lJ GM"n,r l n7are a#1" ne @n re/#">" ne #,ntra ,!l"ga1""l,r #e re> lt d"n del"#tele /a #$a/"del"#tele /ale.H

0. Nulitatea actului 'uridic i alte sanciuni civile

San#1" nea n l"t1"" a#t l " - r"d"#' la 6el #a :" alte /an#1" n" #"$"le' l"p/e:te de e6e#te a#t l - r"d"#. ("e#are /an#1" ne #"$"l are n d,+en" pr,pr" de apl"#a!"l"tate :" n reg"+ - r"d"# d"/t"n#t. E$"tarea #,n6 >""l,r "+p ne del"+"tarea n l"t1"" de alte /an#1" n" #"$"le.

2AF

Nu*itatea

Re)o*u/iunea 7re>,l 1" nea 7 /an#1" nea #"$"l #e #,n/t @n de/6""n1area retr,7 a#t"$ .eB t n#) a n " #,ntra#t /"nalag+at"# # eBe# tare "n/tan7 tanee I n, a#t I la #ererea ne" pr1"' #a r+are a neeBe# tr"" ,!l"ga1"e" de #tre #ealalt parte

asem,n,ri@ 7 / nt /an#1" n" #"$"le #e l"p/e/# a#t l - r"d"# de e6e#tele pentr #are a 6,/t @n#De"atK 7 pr,d # e6e#te retr,a#t"$e de la data @n#De"er"" a#t l " 7 de reg l a+!ele /an#1" n" /e /ta!"le/# pr"n D,tr9re - de#t,rea/#K $e se'iri@ 7 /e apl"# ,r"#r " a#t - r"d"# 7 /e apl"# n +a" #,ntra#tel,r #"$"lK /"nalag+at"#e # eBe# tare "n7 /tantane . n, a#t )K (a%+ele (are $e"ermin, san(#i%nea 7 "nter$"ne pentr #a >e ante7 7 a#t l e/te $ala!"l @n#De"at' dar r",are /a #,n#,+"tente @n#De"er"" lter",r pe par# r/ l eBe# tr"" a#t l " .nere/pe#tarea #,nd"1""l,r l "' "nter$"ne #a >a de re>,l 1" ne de $al"d"tate #er te de lege)K .neeBe# tarea ,!l"ga1"e" de na d"n pr1")K m $%l $e apli(are a san(#i%nii 7 n l"tatea a!/,l t ,perea> de 7 re>,l 1" nea /e pr,n n1 de drept' dar "n/tan1a e/te #De+at / "n/tan1a de - de#at. ? de#t,r l , #,n/tate. N l"tatea relat"$ /e are p tere de apre#"ere :" p,ate pr,n n1 de "n/tan1' #9nd / nt a#,rda +a" @nt9" ter+en de gra1"e @ndepl"n"te #a >ele de n l"tate. de!"t,r l "' pentr a eBe# ta pre/tarea. r,sp%n$erea pen"r% e)en"%alele $a%ne pr ) (a"e (a %rmare a $es*iin#,rii a("%l%iG . r/p ndere #"$"l del"#t al 7 r/p ndere #"$"l #,ntra#t al

2A1

re)i*iere 7e/te /an#1" nea #"$"l apl"#at #,ntra#tel,r /"nalag+at"#e # eBe# tarea / ##e/"$ @n t"+p pr"n #are /e de/6""n1ea> e6e#tele #,ntra#t l " n +a" pentr $""t,r .eB n n#) 7 /e +en1"n t,ate d"6eren1ele d"ntre n l"tate :" re>,l 1" ne # d, eB#ep1""J d,+en" l de apl"#are al re>,l 1" n"" e/te #el al #,ntra#tel,r /"nalag+at"#e # eBe# tare / ##e/"$ @n t"+p :" re>,l 1" nea n pr,d #e e6e#te retr,a#t"$e #" n +a" pentr $""t,r .eB n n#) nu*itatea ino'o)a(i*itatea 7 e/te /an#1" nea #"$"l apl"#at an +"t,r a#te - r"d"#e @n #a> l @n#l#r"" d"/p,>"1""l,r legale de p !l"#"tate 6a1 de ter1". A#t l - r"d"# "n,p,>a!"l n pr,d #e e6e#te 6a1 de ter1"' a#e:t"a n / nt ,!l"ga1" /7l re/pe#te. $ meni%l $e apli(are 7/e apl"# ,r"#r " a#t - r"d"# #"$"l 7 /e apl"# an +"t,r a#te - r"d"# eBpre/ pre$> te de lege' #are' pentr a 6" $ala!"le' tre! "e / @ndepl"nea/# nele 6,r+e de p !l"#"tate' de eBe+pl ' #,n7 tra#t l de $9n>are7# +prare a n " "+,!"l e/te $ala!"l @n#De"at' #9nd /7a real">at p !l"#"tatea a#t l " pr"n /"/te+ l %r1"" 6 n#"are /a a Reg"/tr l " de "n/#r"p1" n" :" tran/#r"p1" n" de la - de#t,r"e).

nu*itate

2A2

- (a%+ele (are $e"ermin, san(#i%nea 7 ne@ndepl"n"rea n,r #,nd"1"" 7 ne@ndepl"n"rea n,r #,nd"1"" de e/en1"ale de $al"d"tate ale a#t l " p !l"#"tate 6a1 de ter1" a a#t l "' - r"d"# eBpre/ pre$> te de legeK 7 a#t l - r"d"# n @n#De"at e/te $ala!"l 7 a#t l - r"d"# e/te $ala!"l @n#De"at :" pr,d #e t,ate e6e#tele 6a1 de pr1"K n pr,d #e e6e#te 6a1 de ter1" 7 ter1 l' pr"n rat"6"#area a#t l "' a##ept #a a#e/ta /7" de$"n ,p,7 >a!"l .@n +ater"a repre>entr"") revo&area

7 n l"tatea relat"$ . ne,r" :" n l"tatea a!/,l t) p,ate 6" #,n6"r+at de partea @ndrept1"t / , "n$"#e nu*itatea

7 e/te #a > de "ne6"#a#"tate a #,ntra#t l " de d,na1"e pr"n #are /e @nlt r e6e#tele a#e/t "a dat,r"t "ngrat"t d"n"" grat"6"#a7 t l "' a neeBe# tr"" /ar#"n"" de #tre grat"6"#at /a pentr na:tere de #,p"l .re$,#area n e/te @n t,ate #a> r"le , /an#1" ne #"$"l) 7/e ad+"te 6""nd t,t , re$,#are :"J 7 de/6a#erea pr"n a#,rd l pr1"l,r a #,ntra#t l " a #r " eBe# tare n a @n#ep t .+ t / d"//en/ /)K art.<A< al"n.2 %,d #"$"l 7 den n1are n"lateral @n #a> r"le pre$> te de lege a n " a#t - r"d"# .de eBe+pl ' re$,#area te/ta+ent l " I art.2F %,d #"$"l) 3n a+!ele #a> r" / nte+ @n pre>en1a n,r #a >e de "ne6"#a#"tate a a#t l " - r"d"#.

2A3

$e se'iri@ 7 a#t l - r"d"# n @n#De"at'

e/te $ala!"l

7 pre/ p ne n a#t - r"d"# $ala!"l @n#De"at

7#a >ele n l"t1"" / nt anter",are 7#a >ele re$,#r"" / nt p,/te7 /a #,n#,+"tente @n#De"er"" a#t 7 r",are @n#De"er"" a#t l " l " - r"d"# 7 /e apl"# ,r"#r " a#t - r"d"# 7 de reg l /e apl"# a#tel,r - r"d"7 #e # t"tl grat "t l"!eral"t1"" &a%u&itate 7 #,n/t @n l"p/a e6e#tel,r a#t l " - r"d"# $ala!"l @n#De"at dat,r"t n " e$en"+ent / r$en"t @n t"+p l eBe# tr"" a#t l "' "ndependent de $,"n1a /a # lpa pr1"l,r. De eBe+pl ' ,6erta de a #,ntra#ta .a#t - r"d"# n"lateral) da# ,6ertant l a de#edat /a a 6,/t p / / ! "nterd"#1"e - de#t,rea/# +a" @na"nte de a##eptarea e"K legat l te/ta+entar ./e la/ +,:ten"re n ! n' pr"n te/ta+ent) de$"ne #ad # #9nd la data de/#D"der"" / ##e7 /" n"" /e #,n/tat # per/,ana #are a pr"+"t pr"n te/ta+ent a de#edat. $e se'iri@ 7 "nter$"ne pentr #a >e anter",are /a #,n#,+"tente @n#De"er"" a#t l " - r"d"# 7 de reg l' #a >ele de n l"tate / nt "+p ta!"le pr1"l,r 7 "nter$"ne pentr #a >e lter",are @n#De"er"" $ala!"le a a#t l "' pen7 tr #a >e #e apar @n etapa eBe# 7 tr"" pre/ta1""l,r 7 #a >ele de #ad #"tate n / nt "+p ta!"le pr1"l,r. Ele / nt +,artea' p nerea / ! "nterd"#1"e' p"erderea t,tal a ! n l " legat l " et#.

nu*itate

2A4

7 e6e#tele retr,a#t"$ea> .eB t n#) nu*itatea

7 e6e#tele n retr,a#t"$ea>' /e pr,d # n +a" @n $""t,r .eB n n#) re%u&/iunea 7 e/te /an#1" nea de drept #"$"l pr"n #are /e de/6""n1ea> retr,a#t"$ #,ntra#t l de d,na1"e /a legat l te/ta+entar' n +a" @n +/ ra @n #are a#e/tea a ad / at"ngere re>er$e" / ##e/,rale. De/6""n1area #,ntra#tel,r a+"nt"te , p,t #ere d,ar +,:ten"t,r"" re>er$atar".

2A5