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Medeleanu
________Compui carbonilici
+ :CN
CN
O
R CH=O + :CN
OH
+HCN
CH
CN
+ :CN
CH
cianhidrine CN
-hidroxinitrili
-aldehidele aromatice nu formeaz cianhidrine prin reacie direct cu anionii CN(vezi condensarea benzoinic); se formeaz cianhidrine prin reacia combinaiilor
bisulfitice:
OH
C6H5
C6H5
+ NaHSO3
CH=O
CH
O Na
OH
+HCN
C6H5
NaHSO3
CN
HO
CH
CH2 CH
CN
+H2O
-NH3
CH2
CH
+H2O
-NH3
COOH
acizi -hidroxicarboxilici
CH CH
COOH
acizi ,-nesaturati
H2N
+NH3;+H2O
-NH3
CH2
CH
COOH
-aminoacizi
CH=O +
:CN
O=HC C6H5
C6 H5
+ :CN
CH=O
C6H5
C6H5
C:
CN
OH
C:
CN
CN
OH O
OH
C6H5
CH C6H5
OH
O
C6H5
O=HC C6H5
C6H5
CN H
C6H5
C6H5
CH C6H5
OH
+ :CN
C. Csunderlik , M. Medeleanu
R CH=O
Na : C
CH3
________Compui carbonilici
CH C
+H2O
-NaOH
CH3
CH C
O : Na
H2C
HC
OH +
CH
Cu
HOH2C
5 at 1000C
CH3
OH
+CH2=O
CH
HOH2C
1,4-butindiol
alcool propargilic
CH2OH
CH O + H2C
CH2
C CH2
R
H
R
CH2
H
C
CH2
epoxizi
C CH2
CH2
CH2
C CH3
O
cetona cu 1C in plus
CH2
(C6H5)3P
C6H5
CH2
C6H5 Cl
(C6H5)3P
(C6H5)3PH +
CH
C6H5
trifenilfosfin -benzililida
(C6H5)3P
CH
CH
C6H5
(C6H5)3P
CH C6H5
CH
(C6H5)3P
HC
C6H5
HC
O
trifenilfosfinoxid
alchena
Cl
CH2
C6H5
Br
+
Br +
+
Mg
Mg
Mg
eter anhidru
eter anhidru
eter anhidru
+
R MgCl
R
CH2
C6H5
MgBr
MgBr
C. Csunderlik , M. Medeleanu
H2C
MgCl
eter anhidru
________Compui carbonilici
CH2
+H2O/H
-MgClOH
OMgCl
CH2
R'
R'
R
CH=O
+ R'
eter anhidru
MgCl
CH
+H2O/H
-MgClOH
OMgCl
O + R''
eter anhidru
MgCl
R'
CH
OH
alcool secundar
R'
OH
alcool primar
R'
+H2O/H
-MgClOH
OMgCl
R''
OH
R''
alcool tertiar
CH=O
CH2
CH
CH2 CH=O
aldehid-alcool: aldol
condensare crotonica:
OH
CH
H3C
componenta metilenica
componenta carbonilica
H3C
CH=O
H (HO )
CH2 CH=O
H (HO )
-H2O
H3C
CH
CH
CH=O
aldehida ,-nesaturata
aldehida crotonica
CH=O
H3C C
CH3
H (HO )
H3C
OH
CH CH2
O
CH3
4-hidroxi -2 -pentanona
-H2O
H3C
CH CH C
CH3
3-penten -2 -ona
+ H3 C
O
CH3
H (HO )
HO
CH2
CH2
CH3
4-hidroxi -2 -butanona
-H2O
H2 C
CH C
CH3
metilvinilcetona
C. Csunderlik , M. Medeleanu
________Compui carbonilici
CH2 OH
+ H3C
CH2=O
Ca(OH)2
CH=O
+CH2=O
HO
CH=O
Ca(OH)2
HO CH2 CH2
CH2 CH CH=O
+CH2=O/Ca(OH)2
CH2 OH
HO
CH2 OH
+CH2=O
NaOH
CH2 C CH2 OH
HO
CH2 C
CH2 OH
CH=O
CH2 OH
tetrahidroximetilmetan
pentaeritritol
H3C
CH=O
HO
OH CH3
OH CH3
+
H3C CH CH CH=O
H3 C
CH2
CH CH CH=O
OH CH3
OH
H3C
CH2 CH CH CH=O
:C
:C
BH
O:
O:
carboanion conjugat
formarea carboanionului
O: +
O: + :B
: :
: :
:O:
:
+ :O
:O
C:
:O
aditie nucleofila
HA
protonarea C=O
OH
OH
: :
OH
:OH
:
O:
tautomerizare la enol
:OH
: :
carbocation electrofil
:OH
H
OH +
O:
: :
+ H
+ H C
3
OCH3
C
LiNH2
-H2O
OCH3
H3 C
C
H3 C
CH C
C. Csunderlik , M. Medeleanu
________Compui carbonilici
- esterii sau nitrilii acidului malonic (cu dou grupe activante) au grupa CH2
mult mai reactiv i formeaz carboanionul chiar cu baze slabe (amoniac sau amine
alifatice secundare); condensarea are loc i cu aldehide aromatice mai puin reactive
(condensarea Knoevenagel cu acid malonic i derivai):
COOCH3
C6H5
CH=O
COOCH3
R2NH
piridina
-H2O
+ H2C
COOCH3
+H2O/HO
-2CH3OH
COOCH3
-CO2
ester benzilidenmalonic
C6H5
C6H5
CH C
piridina(solvent):
NH
CH CH
COOH
acid cinamic
CH2 CH=O
+ H2C
COOH
COOH
NH3
alcool
H3C
CH2
CH
C
COOH
-CO2
H3C
CH
CH2
CH
COOH
CH=O
Cl
+ : C COOCH3
C6H5
CH3
CH
CH3
H
C C
C COOCH3
C6H5
CH3
COOCH3
CH=O
H3C
CO
H3C CO
C6H5
CH3COOK
(K2CO3)
CH CH CO
C6H5
CH=O
H2C
N
C
O
C6H5
HC
C
N
CH3
azlactone
sau:
hidantoine
O
H2C
HN
NH
O
+H O
2
O -CH COOH C6H5 CH CH COOH
3
acid cinamic
H3C CO
O
+H 2O/HO
C
O
C
C6H5
-CH3CONH2
HI/Prosu
CH2
COOH
C6H5 CH2
CH3
CH
C
O
N
+H2O/HCl
C
CH3
C. Csunderlik , M. Medeleanu
H3C
H3C
CH2=O
CH CH2 +
H3C
________Compui carbonilici
CH CH CH2OH
H
+H2O
CH2=O
CH CH2 +
H3C
H2C
+CH2=O/H
-H2O
CH CH2 CH2OH
H3C
OH
1,3 () - butandiol
CH
H2
C
O
CH2
HCl
H2C
OH
Cl
HO CH2
-H
HO
CH2
+ H2C
HO
CH CH3
CH CH CH3
HO
CH2 CH2 CH
CH3
OH
OH
OH
CH2OH
+
H (HO )
+ CH2=O
20 C
alcool -o -hidroxibenzilic
CH2OH
alcool -p -hidroxibenzilic
CH2OH +
HO
CH2
-H2O
OH + HO
CH2
p,p'-dihidroxidifenilmetan
HO
p,o'-dihidroxidifenilmetan
n mediu bazic reacia este o AN a anionului de fenoxid la CH2=O, iar n mediu acid
o SE la fenol cu cationul de hidroxifenil ca reactant electrofil:
OH
O H
:
+HO
-H2O
+ H2C
O H
+ H2 C
OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
+H2O
CH2-O
H2C
-HO
OH
H
HO
H + H2 C
HO
OH
HO
CH2-OH +
CH2-OH
HO
CH2-OH + H
-H2O
HO
CH2
OH
+
-H
HO
CH2
OH
C. Csunderlik , M. Medeleanu
________Compui carbonilici
OH
OH
H 2C
OH
CH2
CH2
OH
OH
OH
CH2
OH
OH
CH2
OH
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
rezita (bachelita C)
OH
CH2
OH
CH2
CH2
CH2
novolac
OH
CH2
H2C
CH2
OH
CH2
H2C
CH2
CH2OH
OH
CH2
OH
CH2OH
OH
CH2
rezol (bachelita A)
CH2OH
H2 C
CH2
CH2
CH2
OH
H3 C
CH3
CH3
OH
H2SO4 conc.
-H2O
HO
OH
CH3
+ 2H:
CH=O
CH2 OH
R
C
+ 2H:
CH OH
R
- hidrurile complexe reacioneaz cu toi cei patru ioni de H; cea mai reactiv
este LiAlH4 (reduce i alte legturi duble heterogene: C=N, N=O, C=O din esteri) i
reacioneaz violent cu apa i alcoolii; NaBH4 reacioneaz numai cu compuii
carbonilici i poate fi folosit n mediu apos sau alcoolic:
4 R CH=O
LiAlH4
CH2-O
3 Al
+ R
CH2-OLi
+HCl
-LiCl
-AlCl3
4R
CH2-OH
C. Csunderlik , M. Medeleanu
8
O
OH
AlH4
CH2CH3
CH3
________Compui carbonilici
OH
AlH4
C
H3 C
H3CH2C
H3 C
CH2CH3
C6H5
C
H3C
C6H5
Al[O -CH(CH3)2]3
HO CH
CH OH +
H3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
H
CH3
C6H5
C CH3
H3C C
CH3
C CH3
+
O
O
[(H3C)2HCO]2Al
C6H5
H3C
H3C
CH
O
O
[(H3C)2HCO]2Al
CH3
C
Al[OCH(CH3)2]2
CH=O
O=HC
Al(OR)3
CH3
H3C
CH2 CH3
O
H
H3C
CH=O + Al(OR)3
H3C
C
O
H
O=HC
CH3
H3C C
Al(OR)3
:O
H3C C
O CH CH3
Al(OR)3
O CH2 CH3
Al(OR)3
CH=O +
O=HC C6H5
aldehida benzoica
HO
C6H5 COOH
C6H5
acid benzoic
CH2 OH
alcool benzilic
CH=O
+ H2 C
HO
C 6H 5
CH2 OH +
COOH
C. Csunderlik , M. Medeleanu
________Compui carbonilici
OH
C6H5 CH=O + OH
C6H5
+OH
C6H5
:O
C
O
H +
O=HC C6H5
C6H5
C6H5
C6H5
OH
H3C
CH3
+Cl2/OH
Cl3C
CH3
+OH
Cl3C C
Cl3C: + HO
CH3
CH3
O
O
+
Cl3CH
CH3
Cl
O
RO
H 2O
Cl
O
C OH + :
Cl
Cl
O
C O
OH
O
H3C
O
CH2 C
CH3
+OH
H3C
CH2 C
O
H3C
CH3
OH + H2C
OH
H3C
CH3
O
H3C
CH3
-nesaturai
Reacii de adiie la compui carbonilici ,
Structura i reactivitatea compuilor carbonilici ,
-nesaturai:
- conjugarea p-
, reprezentat prin structurile limit; n poziia 4 densitate
sczut de electroni, poate fi atacat de reactani nucleofili (are prioritate fa de
carbonul carbonilic din poziia 2); adiiile nucleofile au loc prioritar n 1-4; produsul
de adiie este un enol care se tautomerizeaz n aldehid sau cetona (astfel c
rezultatul adiiei este ca cel al unei adiii n poziia 3-4, la legtura dubl C=C:
Nu
CH
H
O:
H2C
O:
CH
CH
H2 C
CH
H2C
Nu
CH
CH
O
H
CH
CH
: :
H2C
H2 C
CH2
Nu
O:
CH
C. Csunderlik , M. Medeleanu
10
________Compui carbonilici
NC
+
NC
CN
Aditie nucleofila 1 - 4
H3C
CH CH CH=O
(CH3)2CH-MgBr + H3C
NC
OH
+HCN
-CN
CH CH CH OMgBr
CH(CH3)2
H3C
+H2O
CH CH CH OMgBr
-MgBrOH
H3C
CH(CH3)2
CH CH CH OH
H3C
CH CH2
CH(CH3)2
CH3CH2 -MgBr +
H3C
CH=O
CH(CH3)2
Aditie nucleofila 1 - 2
H3C
CH CH CH=O
CH CH CH OH
CH2CH3
CH CH CH=O +
H2C
COOCH3
CH3ONa
(R2NH)
H3C
+H2O/OH
H3C
CH3
C
CH CH=O
NH C
H3C
CH CH=O
+
CH2
CH2 CH=O
CH3
CH2
H2N -NH2
CH=O
-H2O
CH2 NH NH2
H
CH2 C
CH2 N
H
OH (H )
CH CH=O
+ H2C
HO
CH2
CH CH=O
CH2 CH=O
CH3CH2 O CH2 CH
CH OH
+CH3CH2 -OH
-CH3CH2 -O
CH CH=O
+ HCl
-Cl
H2C
CH CH OH
H2C
Cl CH2 CH CH OH
CH CH OH
Cl
+Cl
C. Csunderlik , M. Medeleanu
11
________Compui carbonilici
CH CH=O
Br
+ Br2
CH2
CH CH=O
Br
sp
sp
O:
: :
O:
: :
C C O:
2
1,3-dipolar
nucleofil electrofil
O + HA
H3C
H3C
H3C
+ A
O
O
+ A
C
A
O + H2O
H3C
H2C
O + NH3
OH
O
H2C
O + HCl
H3C
C
Cl
H2C
O + HO-CH3
H3C
H2C
O + HN(CH)2
H2C
O + HS-CH3
C
OCH3
O
H2C
O + HO-CO-CH3
H3C
H2C
O-CO-CH3
O + Br2
H3C
NH2
O
H3C C
N(CH3)2
O
H3C C
S-CH3
O
H2C C
Br
Br
C6H5
MgBr
H2C
H2C
O
C6H5
+H2O
-MgBrOH
H3C
C6H5
C. Csunderlik , M. Medeleanu
H2C
H2C
12
CH2 C
+
O
H2C
________Compui carbonilici
(CH3)2C
-lactone nesaturate
(CH3)2C
C(CH3)2
C(CH3)2
1,3-ciclobutandione
B:
O +
O:
:C
:C
: :
+ BH
O:
stabilitatea carboanionilor:
CH3 : > CH3CH2:
>
O=C-CH-C=O
CH3-CH-C=O >
(CH3)2C-C=O
CH3
OH
H3 C
CH2 :
H 3C
CH2 : +
Cl
Cl
ClH2C
CH3 + Cl
CH3
+Cl2/OH
ClH2C
CH3
+Cl2/OH
Cl2HC
CH3
CH3
+Cl2/OH
OH
HCCl3
Cl3C
CH3
O
Cl3C
CH3
scindarea haloforma
CH2 C
CH3 +Br2/OH
H3C
CH2 C
CBr3
C
O
CH3
H2C
C
OH
CH3
C. Csunderlik , M. Medeleanu
H3 C
CH2 +
Br
13
Br
H3 C
OH
________Compui carbonilici
H3 C
CH2Br
C
O
OH Br
H3C
H3C
CH C
H3C
+Br2
HA
CH3
H3C
CH2Br + HBr
Br
CH3
C6H5
:O:
+Na
C6H5
C6H5
C6H5
C6H5
+2H2O
-2OH
C6H5
CH C6H5
:O :
OH
:O :
CH3CH3
+2Na
CH3
2 H3C
CH3
H3C
CH3
H3C
-2OH
:O: :O:
CH3
OH OH
:O :
CH3CH3
+2H2O
+O2 /h
(temp.)
C
H
O
Initiere:
C6H5
C6H5
Propagare:
+X
-XH
H
O
C + O2
O
C6H5
C6H5
O-O
C
OH
C
O
C6H5
O
2 C6H5
O-OH
O
O
C6H5
+C6H5-CH=O
C6H5
C
O-O
O
C6H5
C
H
C
O-OH
O
+
C6H5