VERBUL (The Verb)

n funcie de cele trei elemente - momentul vorbirii, momentul aciunii i momentul de referin - limba englez
cunoate urmtorul sistem de timpuri:
- pe axa prezentului: Present, Present Perfect, Future;
- pe axa trecutului: Past tense, Past Perfect, Future in the Past;
- pe axa viitorului: Future, Future Perfect*
Timpul prezent simplu (resent !ense "imple#
Form$ %in punct de vedere al formei, prezentul simplu este identic cu infinitivul, la toate persoanele singular
i plural, cu excepia persoanei a &&&-a singular, care adaug -(e#s:
& swim 'u (not
)ou swim !u*+oi (noi*(notai
,e swim -oi (notm
!.e/ swim 'i *'le (noat
0e s1ims 'l (noat
".e swims 'a (noat
&t swim 'l*'a (noat
(neutru#
%in punct de vedere al ortografiei, ma2oritatea verbelor adaug -s ;a persoana a &&&-a singular: 0e 1al3s$
".e sees$
%isinena devine -es c4nd verbul se termin (n s, x, z, s., c., tc. sau o:
".e 1atc.es$ &t buzzes$ 0e goes$
+erbele terminate (n -/ precedat de consoan, sc.imb / (n i i adaug -es: & tr/ - .e tries$
ntrebuinare. rezentul simplu are mai multe (ntrebuinri:
5# rezentul generic (6eneric "imple resent# exprim aciuni generale care au loc (ntr-un interval de
timp nespecificat, dar care include momentul vorbirii:
!.e 'art. moves round t.e "un$ 7irds fl/$ !.ree and t.ree ma3e six$
8dverbele de frecven tipice pentru propoziiile generice sunt: al1a/s, never, regularl/, ever: ,ood
al1a/s floats on 1ater$
9# rezentul simplu este folosit pentru aciuni obinuite, repetate (0abitual "imple resent#, care au loc
(ntr-o perioad de timp general sau specific, menionat prin adverbe sau locuiuni adverbiale de timp ca: on
:onda/s, in summer, ever/ da/ sau adverbe sau locuiuni adverbiale de frecven ca: often, fre;uentl/, seldom,
rarel/, occasionall/, sometimes, once a 1ee3*mont.*/ear: & go to sc.ool ever/ da/$ & usuall/ 1atc. !+ in t.e
evening$
-ot: rezentul simplu desemn4nd aciuni repetate este apropiat de prezentul generic deoarece nici el nu
individualizeaz evenimentele sau specific momentul aciunii$ %eosebirea (ntre cele dou folosiri ale
prezentului simplu este urmtoarea: (n propoziii care conin aciuni repetate subiectul este individualizat, pe
c4nd (n cele generice subiectul este general: & go s3iing in 1inter$ ,ater boils al 5<< =entigrade$ 8 doctor
1or3s .ard$
># rezentul instantaneu (&nstantaneous "imple resent# se refer la aciuni care sunt vzute ca av4nd loc
(n (ntregime (n momentul vorbirii$ 8ceast (ntrebuinare a prezentului simplu se (nt4lnete (n:
a# comentarii: !.e goal-3eeper misses t.e ball and one more goal is scored$ ortarul nu prinde mingea i
se marc.eaz (nc un gol$
b# demonstraii: & no1 mix t.e butter 1it. t.e cocoa$ 8cum amestec untul cu cacao$
5
c# exclamaii: 0ere comes our teac.er? &at (c# vine profesorul nostru?
@# Aolosirea prezentului simplu cu alte valori temporale
8# rezentul cu valoare de viitor este (ntrebuinat (n propoziii principale:
a# pentru exprimarea datei: !omorro1 is %ecember 95st$ :4ine este 95 decembrie$ !omorro1 is
"aturda/$ :4ine este s4mbt$
b# pentru redarea unor aciuni planificate, unor aran2amente pentru viitor, conform unui orar sau
program stabilit (de exemplu (n excursii organizate#, mai ales cu verbe de micare ca: go, come, leave, return
sau verbe ca begin, start, end, finis.:
,e leave 7uc.arest at eig.t$ ,e arrive in redeal at ten$ lecam din 7ucureti la ora B$ "osim la redeal
la ora 5<$
7# rezentul cu valoare de viitor este (ntrebuinat i (n propoziii subordonate:
a# de timp, introduse (n 1.en, after, before, as soon as:
,eCll get .ome before it gets dar3$ +om a2unge acas (nainte s se (ntunece$
b# condiionale, introduse de if, unless, provided, in case:
&f it rains on "unda/, &Cll repair m/ bic/cle$ %ac o s plou duminic, am s-mi repar bicicleta$
=# rezentul cu valoare de trecut se folosete:
a# (n naraiuni, pentru (nviorarea povestirii (prezentul istoric#:
Dne da/, t.e little bo/ goes to t.e 1oods$ !.ere .e finds a buried treasure$
b# cu verbe ca tell, .ear, learn, 1rite, pentru a sublinia efectul prezent al unei comunicri trecute:
0e tells me t.at .ave 1on t.e competition$ mi spune c ai c4tigat concursul$
Timplul treut simplu (!ast Tense "imple)#
Form. :arca timpului ast !ense simplu este, la verbele regulate, -ed: ,e listened to t.e concert last
nig.t$ 8m ascultat concertul asear$
articulariti ortografice ale terminaiei -ed:
a# consoana final a formei de infinitiv se dubleaz c4nd vocala care o precede este scurt i accentuat:
stop - stopped; prefer - preferred$
-ot:
5$ =onsoana final se dubleaz la c4teva verbe, dei silaba final nu este accentuat: 3idnap - 3idnapped;
.andicap - .andicapped; 1ors.ip - 1ors.ipped; iar la verbe terminate (n ic, Ec se dubleaz (n c3: picnic -
picnic3ed$
9$ n engleza britanic, verbele terminate (n -l dubleaz aceast consoan, indiferent de accent: control -
controlled; travel - travelled$
>$ n varianta american a limbii engleze, -l se dubleaz numai dac ultima silab este accentuat:
controlled, dar: traveled$
b# verbele terminate (n -/ precedat de consoan (l sc.imb (n -i: stud/ - studied;
c# verbele terminate (n -e adaug doar -d: move - moved$
n ceea ce privete verbele neregulate, acestea au fost (mprite (n apte grupe, (n funcie de pronunarea
infinitivului, a formei de aste !ense i a participiului trecut:
5$ verbe de tipul:
burn-burnt-burnt
learn-learnt-learnt
lend-lent-lent
spend-spent-spent
9
9$ creep-crept-crept
leave-left-left
bu/-boug.t-boug.t
catc.-caug.t-caug.t
>$ cast-cast-cast
.it-.it-.it
s.ut-s.ut-s.ut
1et-1et-1et
@$ meet-met-met
.ang-.ung-.ung
1in-1on-1on
sit-sat-sat
F$ mo1-mo1ed-mo1n*mo1ed
so1-so1ed-so1n*so1ed
s1ell-s1elled-s1ollen*s1elled
G$ 1ear-1ore-1orn
gro1-gre1-gro1n
give-gave-given
1rite-1rote-1ritten
H$ begin-began-begun
sing-sang-sung
come-came-come
go-1ent-gone
-ot:
n funcie de formele pe care le au verbele la ast !ense i la participiul trecut, ele se (mpart (n verbe
regulate i verbe neregulate$
+erbele regulate formeaz ast !ense i participiul trecut prin adugarea terminaiei -(e#d la forma de
infinitiv: listen (a asculta# - litened (a ascultat# - listened (ascultat#$
+erbele neregulate sunt cele care au forme deosebite pentru infinitiv, ast !ense i participiul trecut,
care trebuie (nvate pe dinafar$
Verbe nere$ulate
Infinitiv Past Tense Participiu
trecut
Traducerea
infinitivului
arse arose arsen a se rdca
(a)wake(n) (a)woke (a)woken a se trez
be was been a f
bear bore borne a purta
beat beat beaten a bate
become became become a deven
begn began begun a ncepe
bend bent bent a se ndo
>
bd bd bd a ruga, a porunc
bnd bound bound a ega
bte bt btten a muca
beed bed bed a sngera
bow bew bown a sufa, a bate
break broke broken a sparge
breed bred bred a crete, a educa
brng brought brought a aduce
bud but but a constru
burn burnt burnt a arde
burst burst burst a zbucn, a nv, a
crpa
buy bought bought a cumpra
cast cast cast a arunca
catch caught caught a prnde
choose chose chosen a aege
cng cung cung a se ag[a
come came come a ven
cost cost cost a costa
creep crept crept a se tr, a se fura
cut cut cut a ta
dea deat deat a trata, a se ocupa de
dg dug dug a spa
do dd done a face
draw drew drawn a trage, a desena
dream dreamt dreamt a vsa
drnk drank drunk a bea
drve drove drven a ofa, a mna
dwe dwet dwet a ocu
eat ate eaten a mnca
fa fe faen a cdea
feed fed fed a hrn
fee fet fet a (se) sm[
fght fought fought a (se) upta
fnd found found a gs
fee fed fed a fug, a se refuga
fng fung fung a arunca
fy few fown a zbura
forbd forbad forbdden a nterzce
forget forgot forgotten a uta
forgve forgave forgven a erta
freeze froze frozen a nghe[a
get got got a prm, a ob[ne
gve gave gven a da
go went gone a merge
grnd ground ground a mcna
grow grew grown a crete
hang hung hung a atrna
@
have had had a avea
hear heard heard a auz
hde hd hdden a (se) ascunde
ht ht ht a ov
hod hed hed a [ne
hurt hurt hurt a ov, a rn, a durea
keep kept kept a [ne, a pstra
knee knet knet a ngenuncha
knt knt knt a trcota
know knew known a t, a cunoate
ay ad ad a pune, a aeza
ead ed ed a conduce
ean eant eant a se apeca, a se spr|n
eap eapt eapt a sr
earn earnt earnt a nv[a
eave eft eft a peca, a sa
end ent ent a da cu mprumut
et et et a sa, a permte
ght t t a aprnde
e ay an a zcea, a se afa
ose ost ost a perde
make made made a face
mean meant meant a nsemna
mow mowed mowed,mow
n
a cos
pay pad pad a pt
put put put a pune
read read read a ct
rd rd rd a scpa de, a se
descotoros
rde rode rdden a cr
rng rang rung a suna
rse rose rsen a rsr, a se rdca
run ran run a fug
saw sawed sawn,sawed a ta cu ferstru
say sad sad a spune
see saw seen a vedea
seek sought sought a cuta
se sod sod a vnde
send sent sent a trmte
set set set a pune
sew sewed sewn/sewed a coase
shake shook shaken a scutura, a tremura
shear sheared shorn/shear
ed
a tunde o
shed shed shed a vrsa (acrm, snge)
shne shone shone a struc
shoe shod shod a potcov
F
shoot shot shot a mpuca
show showed shown a arta
shrnk shrank shrunk a se strnge, a se scoro|
shut shut shut a nchde
sng sang sung a cnta
snk sank sunk a (se) scufunda
st sat sat a edea
say sew san a ucde
seep sept sept a dorm
sng sung sung a arunca
st st st a (se) crpa
sme smet smet a mros
sow sowed sown a semna
speak spoke spoken a vorb
speed sped sped a grb, a acceera
spe spet spet a ortografa
spend spent spent a chetu, a petrece
sp spt spt a vrsa
spn spun spun a toarce
spt spat spat a scupa
spt spt spt a despca
spo spot spot a rsf[a
spread spread spread a (se) ntnde
sprng sprang sprung a zvor, a sr
stand stood stood a sta (n pcoare)
stea stoe stoen a fura, a se fura
stck stuck stuck a p
stng stung stung a n[epa
stnk stunk stunk a mros urt
strew strewed strewn a presra
strde strode strode a merge cu pa mar
strke struck struck a ov
strng strung strung a nra (pe o a[a)
strve strove strven a nzu
sweat sweat sweat a transpra
swear swore sworn a |ura, a n|ura
sweep swept swept a mtura
swe sweed swoen a se umfa
swm swam swum a nota
swng swang swung a egna
take took taken a ua
teach taught taught a nv[a, a preda
tear tore torn a rupe, a sfa
te tod tod a spune, a povest
thnk thought thought a (se) gnd
thrve throve thrven a prospera
throw threw thrown a arunca
G
thrust thrust thrust a nfge
tread trod trodden a cca
understand understood understood a n[eege
wear wore worn a purta
weave wove woven a [ese
wed wed wed a (se) cununa
weep wept wept a pnge
wet wet wet a uda
wn won won a ctga
wnd wound wound a rsuc
wrng wrung wrung a stoarce
wrte wrote wrtten a scre
ntrebuinare. ast !ense simplu este folosit pentru a exprima:
5# o aciune sv4rit i (nc.eiat (ntr-un moment trecut:
a# :omentul (n care a avut loc aciunea este de obicei menionat prin adverbe de timp ca: t1o .ours ago
(acum dou ore#, /esterda/ (ieri#, last 1ee3 (sptm4na trecut#, in 5IH< ((n 5IH<# etc$: & 1ent to t.e opera last
nig.t$ 8m fost la oper asear$
%espre acest moment se pot cere informaii prin (ntrebri (ncep4nd cu 1.en, 1.at time, .o1 long ago:
,.en did /ou call on .im J =4nd ai trecut pe la elJ
,.at time did /ou call on .im J Ka ce or ai trecut pe la elJ
0o1 long ago did /ou call on .im J =u c4t vreme (n urm ai trecut pe la elJ
& called on .im /esterda/ 8m trecut pe la el ieri
& called on .im at five oCcloc3 8m trecut pe la el la ora F
& called on .im a fe1 da/s ago 8m trecut pe la el acum c4teva zile
b# 8ciunea este sv4rit i (nc.eiat (ntr-un anume moment trecut, c.iar dac acesta nu este menionat,
el put4nd fi dedus din context$ (n sc.imb se poate specifica locul aciunii#: 0e s.oo3 .is .ead and said no$
%du din cap dezaprobator i spuse nu$ & met .im outside museum$ :-am (nt4lnit cu el (n faa muzeului$
c# 8ciunea este sv4rit i (nc.eiat (ntr-un moment trecut care este precizat ca rezultat al unei
(ntrebri i unui rspuns la resent erfect$ 8: 0ave /ou seen t.is filmJ 7:)es, & .ave$ & sa1 it last 1ee3$ 8:8i
vzut acest filmJ 7: %a, l-am vzut$ K-am vzut sptm4na trecut$
-ot: n acest context (c#, ast !ense are o funcie anaforic, referindu-se la un eveniment de2a introdus
(n vorbire i deci cunoscut: & .ave been to =onstana$ & visited t.e 8;uarium and 1al3ed do1n t.e pier$
9# o aciune repetat (n trecut, care se traduce de obicei prin imperfect (n limba rom4n: & often visited
.im$ l vizitam adesea$
-ot: 5$ D aciune repetat (n trecut se mai poate exprima i cu a2utorul verbului modal 1ould (cu
valoare LfrecventativM# N infinitiv, aceast construcie fiind caracteristic limbii literare: 0e 1ould sit for .ours
in front of .is .ouse, loo3ing at t.e stars$ "ttea * obinuia s stea ore (n ir (n faa casei privind stelele$
n vorbirea curent se folosete used to N infinitiv: 0e used to sit for .ours in from of .is .ouse$
Dbinuia s stea ore (n ir (n faa casei$
9$ ast !ense simplu nu se folosete niciodat cu valoare generic sau instantanee, ca resent !ense
simplu$
>$ ast !ense simplu poate fi folosit i cu alte valori temporale:
a# cu valoare de mai mult ca perfect (ast erfect#, pentru redarea unor aciuni succesive (n trecut, (n
special (n propoziii circumstaniale de timp introduse de 1.en, after etc$:
H
0e 1ent out to pla/ after .e finis.ed .is .ome1or3$
& sa1 .im before .e sa1 me$
8ceast folosire a lui ast !ense este caracteristic verbelor care exprim aciuni (activit/ verbs#: 0e
addressed and sealed t.e envelopes$
b# cu valoare de prezent, pentru a exprima o rugminte politicoas prin verbe ca 1is., 1ant, 1onder,
li3e, intend: & 1ondered if /ou could lend me t.is boo3$ : (ntrebam dac ai putea s-mi (mprumutai cartea$
c# cu valoare de prezent, (n vorbirea indirect, dac verbul din propoziia principal este la un timp
trecut:
0e told me .e 1as ill$
d# cu valoare de viitor, (n propoziii circumstaniale de timp, dac verbul din propoziia principal este la
un timp trecut:
0e told me .e 1ould s.o1 me t.e p.otos 1.en .e came$ :i-a spus c-mi va arta fotografiile c4nd va
veni$
Tra%uerea lui !ast Tense
n limba rom4n, ast !ense se traduce:
5# (n propoziiile principale sau independente, prin:
a# perfectul compus (de obicei la persoana & i a &&-a# i perfectul simplu (aproape exclisiv la persoana a
&&&-a#, c4nd ast !ense exprim o aciune trecut (nc.eiat, (nsoit sau nu de perioada de timp:
& lost m/ umbrella /esterda/$ :i-am pierdut umbrela ieri$
& lost m/ umbrella a fe1 da/s ago$ :i-am pierdut umbrela acum c4teva zile$
& lost m/ umbrella last 1ee3$ :i-am pierdut umbrela sptm4na trecut$
0e said goodb/e and left$ "puse la revedere i plec$
b# imperfect, c4nd ast !ense exprim o aciune repetat (n trecut, de obicei (nsoit de adverbe de
frecven:
".e often left .er 'ngles. textboo3 at .ome$
%eseori (i uita manualul de englez acas$
9# (n propoziii subordonate prin:
a# prezent, (n vorbirea indirect (dup un verb trecut#:
0e told me .e 1as ill$ :i-a spus c este bolnav$
b# viitor, (n propoziiile temporale, c4nd verbul din principal este la un timp trecut:
0e said .e 1ould bring me t.e boo3 1.en .e came to me place$
:i-a spus c-mi va aduce cartea c4nd m va vizita$
!er&etul prezent (!resent !er&et)
Form. n structura formei resent erfect intr verbul auxiliar .ave la prezent i participiul trecut al
verbului de con2ugat:
&
)ou 0ave .eard a noise$ 8m*8i*8u auzit un zgomot$
,e Ove
!.e/
0e
".e .as .eard a noise$ 8 auzit un zgomot$
&t Os
ntrebuinare. 5# resent erfect este folosit, la fel ca i ast !ense, pentru a desemna un eveniment
anterior momentului vorbirii$ %eosebirea (ntre cele dou timpuri este (n axa pe care se plaseaz vorbitorul: axa
B
prezentului (resent erfect# sau axa trecutului (ast !ense#; i (n natura evenimentului descris: a# nedefinit
(resent erfect# i b# definit, unic (ast !ense#:
a# &Cve seen :ar/$
b# & sa1 .er at t.e conference$
9# Aolosirea lui resent erfect este asociat cu adverbe care exprim o perioad de timp desc.is,
neterminat: toda/, t.is 1ee3, t.is mont. etc$
&Cve been to t.e t.eatre t.is 1ee3$
pe c4nd folosirea lui ast !ense este asociat cu adverbe care exprim o perioad de timp (nc.is,
terminat: & 1ent to t.e t.eatre last 1ee3$
># resent erfect este uneori folosit cu valoare de ast !ense, pentru a exprima o aciune sv4rit (n
trecut i terminat recent sau c.iar (naintea momentului vorbirii: 0e .as come$ 8 sosit$
8ceast (ntrebuinare a lui resent erfect este adeseori marcat de adverbe de timp ca 2ust (tocmai#,
alread/ (de2a#, up to no1, so far (p4n acum#, latel/, recentl/ ((n ultima vreme#: 0e .as 2ust p.oned$ !ocmai a
telefonat$
8tenie? =u adverbe ca toda/, t.is morning, t.is mont., t.is /ear, recentl/, se poate folosi fie ast
!ense, fie resent erfect, (n funcie de: a# caracterul aciunii (definit*nedefinit# i b# al perioadei de timp
((nc.eiat*ne(nc.eiat#:
a# %id /ou .ear &on +oicu pla/ recentl/ J (on a certain occasion#$ 0ave /ou .eard &on +oicu pla/
recentl/ J (in t.e near past, not a long time ago#$
b# %id /ou see .im t.is morning J (-o1 itCs five oCclo3 p$m$#$ 0ave /ou seen .im t.is morningJ (-o1
itCs 55 a$m$#$
@# ast !ense este folosit pentru evenimente care au avut loc (n trecut i ai cror autori nu mai exist (n
prezent, pe c4nd la resent erfect, evenimentele au avut loc (n trecut, dar autorii sau efectele evenimentelor
mai exist i (n prezent:
ast !ense
:arin reda 1rote several novels and s.ort stories$
(:arin reda is dead#$
%id /ou see t.e ex.ibitionJ
(!.e ex.ibition is closed no1#$
Po.n in2ured .is arm$
(&t does not .urt .im an/ longer#$
resent erfect
'ugen 7arbu .as 1ritten several novels and s.ort stories$
('ugen 7arbu is alive#$
0ave /ou seen t.e ex.ibitionJ
(!.e ex.ibition is still open#$
Po.n .as in2ured .is arm$
(&t still .urts .im#$
F# resent erfect este folosit i pentru a exprima o aciune (nceput (n trecut i care continu i (n
momentul vorbirii$ =omplinirile adverbiale de timp caracteristice pentru aceast (ntrebuinare sunt cele
indic4nd:
a# lungimea perioadei de timp: for a long time (de mult vreme#, for ten minutes (de 5< minute#, for t1o
da/s (de dou zile# etc$ 0e .as been .ere for .alf an .our$
-ot: repoziia for poate fi omis (n vorbire: 0e .as lived in 7uc.arest ten /ears$
I
b# (nceputul perioadei de timp: since /esterda/ (de ieri#, since %ecember (din %ecembrie#, since /ou
came (de c4nd ai venit# etc$ 0e .as studied 'nglis. since t.e beginning of t.e sc.ool /ear$ "tudiaz engleza de
la (nceputul anului colar$
erioada de timp redat printr-o propoziie temporal introdus de since poate fi exprimat:
a# printr-un verb la ast !ense, c4nd se specific momentul iniial al perioadei:
& 1as born$
&Cve lived in 7uc.arest since m/ parents came to live .ere$
& last met /ou$
b# printr-un verb la resent erfect, c4nd cele dou aciuni sunt paralele: &t .asnCt stopped raining since
&Cve been in t.is to1n$ & .ave never come across m/ friends since &Cve sta/ed in t.is .otel$
8tenie?
%eterminarea for$$$*since$$$ este obligatorie pentru aceast (ntrebuinare a perfectului prezent$ Aolosirea
lui resent erfect "imple fr determinarea temporal cu for*since$$$ se refer la o aciune (nc.eiat (vezi
(ntrebuinrile 5,9,@,G# i nu la una care continu i (n momentul vorbirii: 0e .as lived in 7uc.arest (some time
in .is life; .e ma/ live t.ere again, but .e is not living t.ere no1#$ 8 locuit (n 7ucureti (c4ndva (n viaa lui;
poate va mai locui acolo, dar nu locuiete (n 7ucureti (n momentul de fa#$ 0e .as studied 'ngles. (some time
in t.e past, so t.e 3no1s it, but .e is not stud/ing it no1#$ 8 studiat engleza (c4ndva (n trecut, aa c o tie, dar
nu studiaz engleza acum#$
-ot: %iferena (ntre cele dou (ntrebuinri reiese i din modul (n care se traduc (n limba rom4n:
aciunea care continu i (n momentul vorbirii - prin prezent, iar cea (nc.eiat, petrecut (n trecut (ntr-un
moment de timp nedefinit, deci nespecificat - prin perfectul compus: 0e .as sta/ed in t.is .otel$ 8 stat (n acest
.otel$ 0e .as sta/ed in t.is .otel for a 1ee3$ "t (n acest .otel de o sptm4n$
G# resent erfect poate exprima o aciune caracteristic, repetat (n trecut, prezent i poate i (n viitor:
0e .as performed in public$ 8 interpretat (n public$
8ceast (ntrebuinare este marcat de adverbe de frecven ca: often (adesea#, al1a/s (totdeauna#, never
(niciodat#, sometimes (uneori# etc$: 0e .as often performed in public$
H# n propoziii subordonate temporale sau condiionale, resent erfect este folosit pentru a reda o
aciune anterioar aciunii din propoziia principal, c4nd aceasta este exprimat printr-un verb la imperativ,
indicativ prezent sau viitor: Qing me up 1.en /ou .ave finis.ed$ !elefoneaz-mi c4nd ai terminat$ 0e 1ill .elp
me if .e .as finis.ed .is o1n 1or3$ : va a2uta dac-i va fi terminat treaba lui$
'ai(mult(a(per&etul (!ast !er&et Tense "imple)
& .ad finis.ed t.e boo3 b/ ten oCcloc3 /esterda/$* b/ t.e time /ou came$
Form. :ai-mult-ca-perfectul se formeaz din forma de ast !ense a verbului .ave N participiul trecut al
verbului de con2ugat:
& .ad finis.ed t.e boo3 before /ou came$
&Cd finis.ed t.e boo3 before /ou came$
!erminasem cartea (nainte s vii tu$
0e .ad alread/ left b/ ten oCcloc3$ 'l plecase de2a la ora 5<$
ntrebuinare. :ai-mult-ca-perfectul este (ntrebuinat pentru a exprima:
5# o aciune trecut, (nc.eiat (naintea unui moment trecut: & .ad finis.ed m/ lessons b/ ten oCcloc3
/esterda/$ mi terminasem leciile (nainte de ora 5< ieri$
5<
9# o aciune trecut, (nc.eiat (naintea altei aciuni trecute: ,.en %oris got to t.e t.eatre, t.e s.o1 .ad
(alread/# started$ =4nd a a2uns %oris la teatru spectacolul (de2a# (ncepuse$ :ot.er .ad coo3ed t.e dinner b/ t.e
time fat.er arrived .ome$ :ama gtise de2a cina c4na a a2uns tata acas$
># o aciune trecut, (nc.eiat imediat (naintea unei alte aciuni trecute:
& .ad 2ust got into t.e classroom 1.en t.e bell rang$ -o sooner .ad & got into t.e classroom t.an t.e bell
rang$ !ocmai*de-abia intrasem (n clas c4nd a sunat clopoelul$
& .ad .ardl/ got into t.e classroom 1.en t.e bell rang$ -o sooner .ad & got into t.e classroom t.an t.e
bell rang$ !ocmai*de-abia intrasem (n clas c4nd a sunat clopoelul$
@# o aciune trecut, sv4rit (ntr-o perioad de timp anterioar unei alte aciuni trecute, dar a2ung4nd
p4n la aceasta (cu compliniri adverbiale (ncep4nd cu for sau since#: 0e .ad been in t.e classroom for t1o
minutes 1.en t.e teac.er came in$ 'ra (n clas de dou minute c4nd a intrat profesorul$ 0e .ad lived in
7uc.arest since 5IHF 1.en & met .im$ Kocuia (n 7ucureti din 5IHF c4nd l-am cunoscut$
-ot: 5$ :ai-mult-ca-perfectul este un timp utilizat mai frecvent (n limba englez dec4t (n limba rom4n
pentru exprimarea anterioritii$ (n limba rom4n se folosete adeseori perfectul compus cu valoare de mai-
mult-ca-perfect: !.e passengers got out as soon as t.e train .ad stopped$ asagerii au cobor4t (ndat ce s-a oprit
trenul#$
9$ n limba englez se poate folosi ast !ense (n loc de ast erfect (n urmtoarele situaii:
a# dup con2ucia after, care indic prin sensul ei raportul de anterioritate nemaifiind necesar i o form
verbal special: !.e driver started t.e car after .e c.e3ed t.e engine$ Roferul porni maina dup ce verific
motorul$
b# n propoziiile subordonate temporale transformate (n vorbire indirect c4nd verbul din principal este
la un timp trecut: 0e told me .ad seen a bear 1.en .e 1as in t.e mountains$ :i-a spus c a vzut un urs c4nd a
fost la munte$
>$ n propoziiile subordonate introduse de after sau until, folosirea mai-mult-ca-perfectului, prin
contrast cu folosirea lui ast !ense, subliniaz raportul de anterioritate, faptul c aciunea din principal nu a
avut loc dec4t dup ce aciunea din subordonat a fost (nc.eiat: !.e pupil on dut/ left t.e classroom 8A!'Q
s.e .ad turned off t.e lig.ts$ 'leva de servici a prsit clasa (numai# dup ce a stins lumina$ !.e 1aiter didnCt
ta3e t.e plates a1a/ S-!&K t.e/ .ad finis.ed t.eir dinner$ =.elnerul n-a str4ns farfuriile p4n n-au terminat
masa$
:ai-mult-ca-perfectul poate fi folosit: F# (n vorbirea indirect, pentru a (nlocui resent erfect sau ast
!ense, c4nd verbul din propoziia principal este la un timp trecut:
!om: & .ave spo3en to :ar/ about it$
& spo3e to .er last 1ee3$
!om said .e .ad spo3en to :ar/ about it$
0e added .e .ad spo3en to .er t.e 1ee3 before$
'i)loae %e e*primare a +iitorului.
'xist mai multe posibiliti de redare a ideii de timp viitor (n limba englez$
,. Viitorul simplu ("hall-.ill Future)
Form
n structura viitorului simplu intr verbul auxiliar s.all la persoana & singular i plural, 1ill la persoana a
&&-a i a &&&-a singular i plural, i infinitivul scurt al verbului de con2ugat:
& s.all go to t.e seaside tomorro1$ +oi merge la mare m4ine$
55
,e s.all go to t.e seaside tomorro1$ +om merge la mare m4ine$
)ou 1ill go to t.e mountains next 1ee3$
0e 1ill go to t.e mountains next 1ee3$
!.e/ 1ill go to t.e mountains next 1ee3$
+ei*+ei*+a*+or merge la munte sptm4na viitoare$
n engleza britanic vorbit i (n engleza american (n general se folosete 1ill i la persoana & singular
i plural, fr nici o sc.imbare de sens:
& 1ill go t.e seaside tomorro1$ +oi merge la mare m4ine$
,e 1ill go t.e seaside tomorro1$ +om merge la mare m4ine$
Aorma contras a viitorului este Oll N infinitiv la toate persoanele: &Cll go, 0eCll go etc$
8ceast form este (ntrebuinat cu precdere (n engleza vorbit, mai ales c4nd subiectul este exprimat
printr-un pronume personal$
ntrebuinare$ 5# +iitorul simplu este un viitor pur, indic4nd doar c aciunea are loc (ntr-un moment viitor,
mai apropiat sau adeseori mai (ndeprtat de momentul vorbirii:
0eCll come bac3 tomorro1$ "e va (ntoarce m4ine$
0eCll come bac3 next /ear$ "e va (ntoarce anul viitor$
9# +iitorul simplu nu este de obicei (ntrebuinat (n propoziiile subordonate, fiind (nlocuit de prezedntul
simplu: 0e 1ill come 1.en .e .as time$ +a veni c4nd va avea timp$ +iitorul simplu apare doar (n propoziiile
subordonate completive directe sau prepoziionale, dup verbele t.in3, suppose, expect, believe, doubt, assume,
.ope, 1onder, be sure, be afraid, pentru a exprima opiniile sau presupuneriule vorbitorului despre o aciune
viitoare: &Cm sure /ouCll feel better tomorro1$ "unt sigur c te vei simi mai bine m4ine$
># +iitorul simplu poate fi folosit i cu valori modale (pct$ >-H#$
+iitorul simplu reprezentat prin 1ill N infinitiv, de exemplu, poate fi folosit la persoana & singurlar i
plural, pentru a exprima:
a# neaccentuat, o intenie nepremeditat, spontan, aprut (n momentul vorbirii: 8: &tCs .ot in .ere$ 7:
&Cll open t.e 1indo1$ 8: ' cal aici$ 7: 8m s*: duc s desc.id fereastra$
b# accentuat, .otr4rea, determinarea de a sv4ri aciunea: 8: %onCt sell t.at dictionar/$ &t is ver/ good$
7: & 1ill sell it, no matter 1.at /ou are sa/ing$ 8: -u vinde dicionarul, e foarte bun$ 7: 8m s-l v4nd*sunt
.otr4t s-l v4nd indiferent ce spui$
@# ,ill N infinitivul poate fi folosit i cu valoare de prezent .abitual (frecventativ#: 'ver/ "unda/ t.a/
1ill go to t.e seaside$ n fiecare duminic
obinuiesc se duc la mare$
obiceiul s se duc la mare$
=.ildren 1ill be c.ildren$ =opiii tot copii$
F# Ka forma negativ, la persoana & i a &&&-a singular i plural, 1onCt N infinitiv exprim:
a# neaccentuat, refuzul: & 1onCt go t.ere$ -u vreau s m duc acolo$
b# accentuat, refuzul absolut: & 1onCt go t.ere$ -ici nu m g4ndesc s m duc acolo$
G# ,ill N infinitiv este folosit, la forma interogativ, pentru a exprima:
a# o (ntrebare despre o aciune viitoare: ,ill t.e/ open t.e ex.ibition tomorro1 J +or desc.ide expoziia
ei m4ine J
b# o invitaie (la persoana a &&-a#: ,ill /ou come in, pleaseJ +rei s intrai, v rogJ
59
c# o rugminte (de asemenea la persoana a &&-a#: ,ill /ou .elp meJ !e rog s m a2ui$
H# Ka interogativ, ".all N infinitiv exprim:
a# viitorul simplu: ".all & find t.em at .ome if & go no1J 8m s-i gsesc acas dac m duc acumJ
b# solicitarea unei opinii: ".all & bu/ t.is 1atc.J " cumpr acest ceasJ
%atorit (n mare parte implicaiilor modale pe care le prezint viitorul simplu nu este frecvent folosit (n
vorbirea curent, fiind o form caracteristic limbii scrise (limba2ul 2urnalistic, emisiuni de tiri, anunuri
oficiale, limba2ul literar etc$#$ n vorbire se prefer viitorul cu going to pentru exprimarea ideii de viitor apropiat
sau viitorul continuu pentru redarea ideii de aciune neutr, obinuit, (n desfurarea normal a evenimentelor
viitoare$
B) Be about to / in&initi+
7e about to N infinitiv exprim un viitor imediat: ,e are about to leave$ "untem pe punctul de a pleca$
0) Be to / in&initi+
7e to N infinitiv exprim:
5# un aran2ament: & am to move .ouse soon$ Srmeaz s m mut (n cur4nd$
9# un ordin: )ou are to return before nig.tfall$ !rebuie s v (ntoarcei (nainte de cderea nopii$
1) Viitorul u $oin$ to (2oin$ to ( &uture)
+iitorul cu going to se formeaz cu a2utorul formei be going to la prezent, urmat de infinitivul scurt al verbului
de con2ugat: & am going to 1rite letters tomorro1$ +oi scrie scrisori m4ine$
)ou are going to see a film tomorro1$
,e are going to see a film tomorro1$
!.e/ are going to see a film tomorro1$
0e is going to pla/ tennis tomorro1$
".e is going to pla/ tennis tomorro1$
ntrebuinare. +iitorul cu going to este (ntrebuinat pentru a exprima:
5# o activitate viitoare apropiat de momentul vorbirii (vezi exemplele de mai sus#$
3ot: +erbele go i come nu pot fi precedate de going to$ entru a reda ideea de viitor apropiat, ele sunt
(ntrebuinate la prezentul continuu: ,.ere are /ou going J Snde te duciJ 0e is coming tonig.t$ 'l vine disear$
9# o activitate viitoare ce va avea loc ca urmare a unei intenii prezente: ,e are going to spend our
.olida/ in t.e mountains$ (,eCve alread/ boo3ed a room in oiana 7raov#$ 8vem de g4nd*&ntenionm s ne
petrecem vacana la munte$ (8m rezervat de2a o camer la oiana 7raov#$
-ot: D intenie spontan, nepremeditat, se exprim cu a2utorul verbului auxiliar 1ill N infinitiv: 8:
&Cm t.irst/$ (mi-e sete#$ 7: & 1ill fetc. /ou a glass of 1ater$ (: duc s-i aduc un pa.ar cu ap#$ (vezi T5$I$>$
pct$>a$#$
>$ o aciune viitoare care va avea loc ca rezultat al unei cauze prezente: &tCs going to rain$ Koo3 at t.e
clouds$ =red c o s plou$*8re s plou$ Sit-te la nori$
@# +iitorul cu going to nu este folosit de regul (n propoziiile principale, c4nd ele sunt urmate de o
propoziie subordonat condiional sau temporal (se folosete infinitivul cu s.all*1ill#$ !otui aceast form
poate aprea (n propoziii temporale, c4nd vrem s subliniem intenia vorbitorului: 0e is going to be a pilot
1.en gro1s up$ 8re de g4nd*intenioneaz s se fac pilot c4nd va crete$
5>
E) !rezentul ontinuu (!resent Tense 0ontinuous)
rezentul continuu, format din verbul be la prezent i participiul prezent (forma in -ing# a verbului de con2ugat,
este folosit pentru a exprima o aciune viitoare care a fost planificat sau proiectat (ntr-un moment prezent: ,e
are leaving tomorro1$ (!.is is our plan#$ lecm m4ine$ 8cesta este planul nostru#$
rezentul continuu exprim4nd o aciune viitoare este de obicei (nsoit de un adverb de timp viitor: ,e are
.aving a meeting at > oCcloc3*t.is afternoon*later$ 8vem*+om avea edin la ora >*dup amiaz*mai t4rziu$
F) !rezentul simplu ("imple !resent)
rezentul simplu exprim:
5# o aciune viitoare definit, care va avea loc ca parte a unui program oficial, orar stabilit etc$ : !.e
plane ta3es off at H p$m$ 8vionul decoleaz la ora 5I$<<$ !erm starts in "eptember$ Rcoala (ncepe (n septembrie$
9# o aciune viitoare (n proporii subordonate temporale i condiionale (vezi T5$F$@$ pct$ @b#$
8tenie$ 8t4t prezentul continuu c4t i cel simplu exprim o aciune viitoare conform unui plan sau
aran2ament c4nd sunt folosite cu verbe de micare ca go, leave, arrive, come etc$
%eosebirea este urmtoarea: ,ee are leaving tonig.t$ lecam disear$ (8cesta este planul nostru
personal#$ ,e leave tonig.t$ lecm disear$ (8cesta este programul oficial, stabilit (al excursiei etc$#$
2) Viitorul per&et (Future !er&et "imple)
Aorm$ +iitorul perfect conine (n structura sa viitorul simplu al verbului .ave, urmat de participiul
trecut al verbului de con2ugat: & s.alll*1ill .ave done m/ .ome1or3 b/ t.e time return$ mi voi fi fcut leciile
p4n te (ntorci tu$
ntrebuinare. +iitorul perfect este folosit pentru a exprima:
5# o aciune viitoare care va avea loc (naintea unui moment viitor: 0e 1ill .ave finis.ed t.e boo3 b/
:onda/$ 'l va fi terminat cartea p4n luni$
9# o aciune viitoare care va avea loc (naintea unei alte aciuni viitoare:
0e 1ill .ave finis.ed t.e boo3 b/ t.e time /ou come bac3 .ome$ 'l va fi terminat cartea p4n c4nd te
(ntorci tu acas$
># o aciune viitoare care va avea loc (ntr-o perioad de timp anterioar unei aciuni viitoare, dar
a2ung4nd p4n la aceasta: 0e 1ill .ave 1or3ed in t.is factor/ for fort/ /ears 1.en .e retires$ +a fi lucrat (n
aceast fabrica timp de @< de ani c4nd se va pensiona$
-ot: +iitorul perfect este o form verbal caracteristic limbii scrise, fiind rar folosit (n vorbirea
curent$
8ciuni viitoare dintr-o perspectiv trecut$ 'venimentele viitoare sunt posterioare momentului vorbirii,
care este no1$ %ar evenimentele pot fi posterioare i unui moment trecut t.en, care este amintit (n momentul
vorbirii$ %e pe aceast ax a trecutului, posibilitile de exprimare a ideii de viitor sunt urmtoarele:
5# 1.ould N infinitiv$ (=onstrucie puin frecvent (n vorbirea curent, caracteristic stilului narativ
literar#: !.e times 1as not far off 1.en .e 1ould realize .is mista3e$ -u era departe momentul c4nd (i va da
seama de greeal$
9# be going to la ast !ense N infinitiv, adesea cu sensul de intenie nerealizat: )ou 1ere going to
invite me to t.e cinema$ (7ut /ou didnCt#$ Srma*!rebuia s m invii la cinema$ (%ar n-ai fcut-o#$
># ast !ense aspectul continuu (aciune conform unui plan, aran2ament#: & 1as meeting t.em in !ulcea
t.e next da/$ i (nt4lneam*urma s-i (nt4lnesc (n !ulcea a doua zi$
@# 7e to la ast !ense N infinitiv (construcUie folosit (n engleza literar , cu sensul de urma s; Lera
aran2atM#: 0e 1as to c.ange .is mind later$ !.e festival 1as to be .eld at t.e end of term$
5@
F# be about to la ast tense N infinitiv (La fi pe punctul deM#: ".e 1as about to cr/$
,spet ontinuu (The 0ontinuous ,spet)
Form. !impurile aspectului continuu se formeaz dintr-un timp al verbului be i participiul prezent
(forma (n -ing# a verbului de con2ugat:
resent =ontinuous : & am reading
ast =ontinuous: & 1as reading
resent erfect =ontinuous: & .ave been reading
ast erfect =ontinuous: & .ad been reading
Auture =ontinuous: & 1ill be reading
Auture erfect =ontinuous: & 1ill .ave been reading
Drtografia participiului prezent depinde de forma verbului la infinitiv:
a# consoana final se dubleaz dac vocala care o precede e scurt i accentuat:
stop - stopping; refer - referring$
-ot: n engleza britanic, -l final se dubleaz indiferent de accent: control - controlling; travel -
travelling$
n engleza american -l final se dubleaz numai dac accentul cade pe ultima silab: controlling; dar:
traveling$
b# -/ final se pstreaz, indiferent dac este precedat de consoan sau de vocal: stud/ - stud/ing; pla/ -
pla/ing, iar -ie final se transform (n -/: lie - l/ing; die - d/ing;
c# -e final se omite: .ave - .aving
'xcepii: agree - agreeing; be - being; see - seeing; d/e - d/eing (a vopsi#$
ntrebuinarea aspectului continuu
a# Aolosirea aspectului continuu cu verbele de activitate durativ fr scop arat c aciunile denumite de
verbe sunt (n desfurare pe axa prezentului, a trecutului sau a viitorului: !.e/ are 1al3ing (n t.e par3 no1$ 0e
1as s1imming (n t.e la3e at t.is time /esterda/$
b# =u verbele de activitate durativ care implic atingerea unui scop, folosirea aspectului continuu arat
c scopul nu a fost atins, aciunea nu a fost terminat: 0e is reading a boo3 no1$ =itete o carte acum (-u a
terminat-o#$".e 1as ironing a s.irt$ 'a clca o cma$
c# +erbele de activitate non-durativ arat o aciune reperat atunci c4nd sunt folosite la aspectul
continuu: 0e is 3ic3ing$ % din picioare$
d# +erbele care exprim o stare arat c aceast stare este limitat atunci c4nd sunt folosite la aspectul
continuu: & live in 7raov (t.atCs 1.ere m/ .ouse is#$ &Cm living in 7uc.arest t.is /ear$ 8nul acesta locuiesc (n
7ucureti$
ntrebuinrile aspectului continuu la diverse timpuri sunt cele enumerate la T5$5<$G$ %iferenele de la
un timp la altul constau (n momentul (n care are loc aciunea i (n momentul de referin$
!rezentul ontinuu este utilizat pentru a exprima:
5# cu verbe de activitate durativ fr scop:
a# o aciune (n desfurare (n momentul vorbirii: Kisten? 0e is singing in t.e bat.room? 8scult? =4nt
(n baie?
8ceast (ntrebuinare este marcat de obicei de adverbe de timp ca: no1 (acum# rig.t no1 (c.iar acum#,
at t.is moment ((n acest moment#: 8: ,.at ia %an doingJ 7: 0e is s.aving rig.t no1, dar poate aprea i fr
ele, momentul de fa al aciunii reieind din forma continu a verbului: 8: ,.at is %an doingJ 7: 0e is
s.aving$ 8: =e face %an (acum#J 7: "e brbierete$
5F
b# o aciune obinuit, repetat, prezentat (n desfurarea ei (n anumite circumstane: & al1a/s ta3e m/
umbrella 1.en it is raining$ !otdeauna (mi iau umbrella c4nd plou$ & never read 1.ile & am 1al3ing in t.e
7otanical 6ardens$ l (nt4lnesc ori de c4te ori m plimb (n 6rdina botanic$
9# cu verbele de activitate durativ implic4nd un scop, o aciune care nu a fost terminat la momentul
vorbirii: 0e is doing .is .ome1or3$ i face temele$
># cu verbe de activitate non-durativ, o aciune repetat (n momentul vorbirii: 0e is 3noc3ing on t.e
door sau o aciune repetat (n mod frecvent, care deran2eaz sau imit pe vorbitor: :/ neig.bour is al1a/s
starting .is car 1.en & 1ant to .ave a rest$ +ecinul meu totdeauna (i pornete maina c4nd vreau s m
odi.nesc$
8ceast folosire a prezentului continuu este obligatoriu (nsoit de adverbe de frecven ca: al1a/s,
forever (totdeauna#, continuall/, all t.e time (tot timpul#$
8cestea se aeaz (ntre auxiliarul be i forma (n -ing, cu excepia lui all t.e time care ocup poziie
final (n propoziie: !.at little c.ild is continuall/ cr/ing dar: 0e is cr/ing all t.e time$
@# cu verbe care denumesc o stare, o aciune cu caracter temporar care are loc pentru o perioad limitat
de timp, (incluz4nd i momentul vorbirii#: 8nn is attending t.e ol/$ 8na urmeaz polite.nica (studiaz
polite.nica#$
=omplinirile adverbiale pentru aceast (ntrebuinare a prezentului continuu sunt: toda/ (astzi#, t.is
1ee3 (sptm4na aceasta#, t.ese da/s (zilele acestea#, t.is mont. (luna aceasta#, t.is /ear (anul acesta# etc: :/
fat.er usuall/ teac.es geometr/, but .e is teac.ing algebra t.is /ear$ !atl meu pred geometria de obicei, dar
anul acesta pred algebra$
F# rezentul continuu este de asemenea folosit pentru a desemna o aciune viitoare planificat din
prezent (vezi T 5$I$B$#: ,e are leaving tomorro1$ lecm m4ine$
!ast Tense 0ontinuous exprim:
5# cu verbe de activitate durativ fr scop:
a# o aciune (n desfurare (ntr-un moment trecut, amintit (n momentul vorbirii:
& 1as 1al3ing at t1o oCcloc3 /esterda/$
& 1as 1al3ing at t.is last 1ee3$
-ot: 8ceast form verbal este frecvent folosit (n descrieri, pentru redarea unor activiti durative, (n
desfurare, care contrasteaz cu activiti non-durative, succesive i terminate, pentru redarea crora se
folosete ast !ense simplu (forma caracteristic naraiunilor#: &t 1as a cold 1inter evening$ Dutside, t.e 1ind
1as blo1ing$ 8 big fire 1as burning in t.e fireplace$ !.e old 1oman came in and 1ent near t.e fire$ ".e
1armed .er .ands and sat do1n$
b# o aciune durativ (n desfurare, (ntrerupt de o aciune non-durativ, momentan:
0e came in 1.en*1.ile & 1as eating$
8 intrat c4nd*(n timp ce m4ncam$
,.en .e rang up & 1as (2ust# going out$ =4nd a telefonat (tocmai# ieeam$ 0e called me 2ust as & 1as
leaving$ :-a strigat exact c4nd plecam$
c# dou aciuni paralele (n desfurare (n trecut: ".e 1as eating 1.ile & 1as 1as.ing$ 'a m4nca (n timp
ce eu m splam$
-ot: %ac nu ne intereseaz aspectul de desfurare, de durat al aciunilor, ci doar c aciunile au avut
loc (ntr-un moment din trecut putem spune: ".e ate 1.ile & 1as.ed$ sau: ".e ate 1.ile & 1as 1as.ing$ (ate -
aciunea a fost mai scurt, terminat; 1as 1as.ing aciune - mai de durat, ne(nc.eiat (n momentul (n care
cealalt a fost (nc.eiat#$
5G
9# cu verbe de activitate durativ care implic atingerea unui scop: - o aciune trecut, dar ne(nc.eiat:
0e 1as reading a boo3 last nig.t$ =itea o carte asear$ (=omparai cu: 0e read a boo3 last nig.t$ a citit o carte
asear$
># verbe de activitate non-durativ, o aciune repetat (n trecut, iritant pentru ceilali (Nal1a/s, forever,
continuall/, all t.e time#: 0e 1as al1a/s coming late to t.e 'nglis. lesson$ !otdeauna (nt4rzia la ora de
englez$
@# cu verbe care exprim o stare, o aciune trecut cu caracter temporar: 0e 1as living in 7raov 1.en &
met .im$
F# ast !ense aspectul continuu mai poate exprima i o aciune viitoare, planificat (ntr-un moment
trecut, fiind sub(neleas ne(ndeplinirea ei (+ezi T5$I$5F$ pct$>#: ,e 1ere leaving t.e next da/$
Viitorul ontinuu (Future 0ontinuous)
5# cu verbe de activitate durativ fr scop, viitorul continuu exprim:
a# o aciune (n desfurare (ntr-un moment viitor, posterior momentului vorbirii:
& s.all be 1al3ing at t1o oCcloc3 tomorro1$
& 1ill be 1al3ing at t.is time next 1ee3$
: voi plimba m4ine la ora dou$
: voi plimba sptm4na viitoare la ora asta$
b# o aciune (n desfurare (n viitor (ntrerupt de o aciune momentan$
,.en .e comes, & 1ill be eating$ =4nd va veni, eu voi fi (n mi2locul mesei$
c# o aciune (n desfurare (n viitor, (n paralel cu o alt aciune (n desfurare de asemenea (n viitor: ".e
1ill be 1al3ing 1.ile & am sleeping$ 'a se va plimba (n timp ce eu voi dormi$
8tenie?
8 doua aciune viitoare (n desfurare nu poate fi pus tot la viitorul continuu deaorece face parte dintr-o
propoziie subordonat temporal ((n care nu se folosete viitorul (n limba englez#$
9# cu verbe de activitate durativ care implic atingerea unui scop, o aciune ne(nc.eiat: ".e 1ill be
.aving .er piano lesson 1.en /ou come$
># +iitorul continuu exprim i ideea de aciune viitoare care va avea loc (n desfurarea fireasc a
evenimentelor: &Cll be seeing .im tomorro1 morning (!.is .appens ever/ morning#$ l vd m4ine diminea$ (l
vd (n fiecare diminea#$ &Cll be passing t.e grocerCs on m/ 1a/ to sc.ool$ !rec prin faa bcniei (n drum spre
coal$
+erbe care nu pot fi folosite la aspectul continuu$
0e 3ic3s, slams, bangs t.e door$
7# verbe care exprim aciuni desfurate at4t de rapid sub oc.ii vorbitorului, (nc4t pot fi considerate
non-durative: score, s.oot, place in t.e oven$ 8ceasta se (nt4mpl de obicei (n comentarii sportive sau
demonstraii practice
=# verbe care exprim un adevr universal sau o caracteristic general: Ais. s1im$ =o1s give mil3$
!.e %anube flo1s into t.e 7lac3 sea$
%# verbe care exprim o percepie senzorial: see, .ear, smell, feel, sound$ !.e flo1er smells nice$
Aloarea are un miros plcut$
8tenie? +erbele de percepie se folosesc cu verbul modal can pentru a reda o aciune unic, concret (n
desfurare: & can see .im no1$ l vd acum$ & see .im ever/ da/$ l vd (n fiecare zi$
+erbele care redau percepia senzorial pot fi folosite la aspectul continuu dac ele indic o folosire
contient a simurilor:
5H
a# prin folosirea unor perec.i sinonimice: listen to, loo3 at, 1atc.:
8spectul simplu:
& (can# .ear music
& (can# see .im$
& (can# see t.e !+ set$
8spectul continuu:
& am listening to music$
& am loo3ing at .im$
& am 1atc.ing !+$
b# prin folosirea tranzitiv (ca activiti# a unor verbe care exprim o calitate permanent (folosite
intranzitiv#: !.e ca3e tastes good$ & am tasting t.e ca3e$
c# verbele de percepie pot avea forme ale aspectului continuu c4nd sunt folosite cu alte sensuri: &Cve
been .earing all about .er exams$ 8m auzit (:i s-a spus totul# despre examenele ei$ (.ear E a primi veti#$ &Cm
seeing .im tonig.t$ : (nt4lnesc cu el disear$ 0e is seeing t.e sig.ts$ +iziteaz obiectivele turistice$ (see E a
(nt4lni, a vizita locuri turistice#$
'# verbele care exprim o activitate mintal (+erbs of cognition#: believe, 3no1, t.in3, imagine, mean,
mind, remember, recollect, recall, suppose, forget, suspect, guess, presuppose, realize, understand$
8ceste verbe sunt urmate de obicei de o propoziie subordonat introdus de t.at sau de un cuv4nt
relativ (ncep4nd cu 1.-: & t.in3 (t.at# /ou are rig.t$ =red c ai dreptate$ & donCt remember 1.at .e said$ -u-mi
amintesc ce-a spus$
Snele din ele pot fi folosite la aspectul continuu dac sunt folosite ca verbe de activitate: 8: ,.at is .e
doingJ 7: 0e is t.in3ing of .is future$ 8: =e face elJ 7: "e g4ndete la viitor$
A# +erbe care exprim sentimente, stri sufleteti: love, li3e, carefor, adore, .ate, disli3e, detest, regret,
prefer, 1is.$ & li3e m/ 2ob$ mi place serviciul meu$ & detest laz/ people$ %etest oamenii lenei, dar i: 0o1 are
/ou li3ing t.e tripJ =um (i place cltoria*=um te distreziJ
6# +erbe exprim4nd o relaie: appl/ to, be, belong to, concern, consist of, contain, cost, depend on,
deserve, include, involve, lac3, matter, need, o1e, o1n, possess, .ave, re;uire, resemble, seem: !.is boo3
belongs to .im$ 8ceast carte (i aparine lui$ 0e o1ns t.is .ouse$ 8ceast cas e proprietatea lui$ 0elen
resembles .er mot.er$ 'lena seamn cu ama ei$
8ceste verbe nu pot fi folosite la aspectul continuu, cu excepia lui be i .ave c4nd ele nu exprim
starea, respectiv posesia: 0e is 3ind$ 'l este amabil ((n general#$ ,./, .e is being 3ind toda/? 'i, se poat cu
amabilitate (este amabil astzi?# (este o situaie necaracteristic, temporar#$ 0e .as a ne1 bi3e$ 8re o biciclet
nou$ 0e is .aving a ride no1$ "e plimb cu bicicleta acum$ (n vorbirea curent verbe ca resemble, cost, etc$
sunt uneori (ntrebuinate la aspectul continuu, dac exprim o intensificare treptat a aciunii: eter is
resembling .is fat.er more and more$ etre seamn din ce (n ce mai mult cu tatl su$ 6roceries in britain are
costing so muc. more t.ese da/s? n 8nglia, preul articolelor de bcnie a crescut aa de mult (n zilele noastre?
0# +erbe care exprim o senzaie fizic$ (+erbs of bod/ sensation#$ 8ceste verbe pot fi folosite la
aspectul continuu sau simplu, cu mici diferene de sens:
0o1 do /ou feel toda/J
0o1 are /ou feeling toda/J
=um te simi astziJ
4.45.46. 'ai(mult(a(per&etul ontinuu (!ast !er&et 0ontinuous) se formeaz din verbul be la mai-
mult-ca-perfect i din participiul (n -ing al verbului de con2ugat$ 'l are aceleai valori ca i resent erfect
continuu, momentul de referin fiind (ns axa trecutului$
8cest form verbal exprim:
5B
5# o aciune trecut, (nceput (naintea unei alte aciuni trecute i continu4nd p4n la ea:
& .ad been 1aiting for m/ friend since t1o oCcloc3 1.en .e finall/$
& .ad been 1aiting for m/ friend for .alf an .our arrived$
l ateptam pe prietenul meu de la ora dou c4nd (n sf4rit a sosit$
l ateptam pe prietenul meu de 2umtate de or c4nd (n sf4rit a sosit$
9# o aciune trecut (nceput (naintea unui moment sau a unei aciuni trecute, continu4nd p4n (n acel
moment sau p4n la acea aciune i poate i dup aceea: !.e bo/s 1.ere still pla/ing football at noon$
!.e/ .ad been pla/ing football all morning$
!.e/ .ad been plaing football since ten oCcloc3$
7ieii mei 2ucau fotbal la ora pr4nzului$ 'i 2ucaser fotbal toat dimineaa$* 'i 2ucau fotbal de la ora
zece$
># o aciune repetat frecvent (ntr-o perioad de timp trecut, anterioar unui moment sau unei aciuni de
asemenea trecute: 0e .ad been 1riting poems for t1o /ears 1.en & met .im$ "cria poezii de doi ani c4nd l-am
cunoscut$
Viitorul per&et ontinuu (Future !er&et 0ontinuous) se formeaz din viitorul perfect al verbului be
i din participiul (n -ing al verbului de con2ugat$
+iitorul perfect continuu exprim o aciune (n desfurare (n viitor, (nainte i p4n la o alt aciune
viitoare (i poate i dup aceea# : 1.en t.e bell rings, 1e s.all * 1ill .ave been 1riting for fift/ minutes$ =4nd
va suna clopoelul noi vom fi ocupai cu scrisul * -oi vom fi scris de cincizeci de minute$
1iateza (Voie)
4.44.7. 1iateza pasi+ (!assi+e Voie). +erbul este la diateza pasiv c4nd subiectul gramatical sufer
aciunea sv4rit de obiect: !.is letter (subiect# .as been 1ritten (predicat# b/ Kuc/ (obiect#$ 8ceast scrisoare
a fost scris de Kucia$
&ndicii formali ai diatezei pasive sunt:
a# verbul be sau uneori get,
b# complementul de agent introdus de prepoziia b/$
a# +erbul be marc.eaz categoriile de mod, timp, persoan i numr la diateza pasiv$ 'l este urmat de
un verb noional la participiul trecut: ".e 1as met at t.e station b/ m/ brot.er$ 'a a fost ateptat la gar de
fratele meu$
(,as - modul indicativ, ast !ense, persoana a &&&-a singular#$
=on2ugarea unui verb la diateza pasiv, modul indicativ este:
8spectul simplu
resent: & am seen$ 0e is seen$ ,e are seen$
ast: & 1as seen$ ,e 1ere seen$
resent erfect: & .ave been seen$ 0e .as been seen$
ast erfect: & .ad been seen$
Auture: & s.all be seen$ 0e 1ill be seen$
Auture erfect: & s.all .ave been seen$ 0e 1ill .ave been seen$
8spectul continuu este folosit la diateza pasiv doar la resent i ast !ense$
Aorma continu de la diateza pasiv are (n structura sa verbul be la aspectul continuu (timpul resent sau
ast# i participiul trecut al verbului de con2ugat: !.e classrooms are being cleaned no1$ "e face curenie (n
clase acum$
5I
!.e sc.ool 1as being cleaned 1.en 1e 1ented to visit it$ "e fcea curenie (n coal c4nd am vrut s-o
vizitm$
n afar de verbul be se mai poate folosi i verbul get pentru formarea diatezei pasive$
+erbul get N participiul trecut este utilizat mai ales (n vorbirea curent, pentru a indica trecerea dintr-o
stare (n alta: 0er s3irt got caug.t in t.e door$ & s-a prin fusta (n u$ 8ll our glasses got bro3en 1.en 1e moved$
"-au spart toate pa.arele c4nd ne-am mutat$
Sn sinonim al verbului get cu sensul de sc.imbare treptat este verbul become, (nsiit deseori de more
and more, increasingl/: !.e production of t.is factor/ is becoming increasingl/ specialized$ roducia acestei
fabrici devine din ce (n ce mai specializat$
0omplementul %e a$ent. =omplementul de agent introdus de prepoziia b/ indic cine a sv4rit
aciunea suferit de subiectul gramatical al propoziiei: !.e poem 1as recited b/ :ar/$ (not b/ Kuc/ or 8nn#$
oezia a fost recitat de :aria (nu de Kucia sau 8na#$
n aceste cazuri subiectul verbului la diateza activ este de obicei exprimat printr-un pronume personal
cu valoare generic: )ou, t.e/, one, printr-un pronume ne.otr4t: ever/bod/, somebod/, all, sau printr-un
substantiv ca people:
8ctiv: !.e/ spea3 'nglis. over t.e 1orld$
eople spea3 'nglis. all over t.e 1orld$
asiv: 'nglis. is spo3en all over t.e 1orld$
"ub)onti+ul prezent (The !resent "ub)onti+e) este identic ca form cu infinitivul scurt al verbului: &t is
necessar/ t.at .e be .ere$ &t is necessar/ t.at .e come in time$
'ste necesar ca el s fie aici$ 'ste necesar ca el s vin la timp$
a# urri: Kong live peace? !riasc pacea?
b# anumite expresii, (n construcii fixe "o be it t.en? 8a s fie? "uffice it to sau/ t.at$$$ 'ste de a2uns s
spun c$$$
9# propoziii subordonate introduse de t.at, c4nd propoziia principal exprim o recomandare, decizie,
rugminte, speran sau intenie pentru viitor ori un sentiment de surprindere (:andative "ub2onctive#$
8stfel sub2onctivul sintetic este folosit (n urmtoarele tipuri de propoziii subordonate:
a# &t is necessar/ t.at t.e c.airman inform t.e committee of t.e decision$ 'ste necesar ca preedintele s
informeze comitetul asupra deciziei$
b# !.ere 1as a proposal t.at .e be elected peace c.airman$ 'xista o propunere ca el s fie ales
preedinte$
c# !.e/ suggested t.at steps be ta3en to consolidate peace and securit/ in 'urope$ "-a propus luarea de
msuri pentru consolidarea pcii i securitii (n 'uropa$
d# &f t.is rumour be true, 1e cannot sta/ .ere$ %ac acest zvon e cumva adevrat nu putem rm4ne aici$
!.oug. ever/one desert /ou, & 1ill not$ =.iar dac lumea te va prsi, eu nu o voi face$
"ub)onti+ul treut (The !ast "ub)onti+e). "ub2onctivul trecut coincide ca form cu ast !ense
simplu, modul indicativ: & 1is. .e told t.e trut.$ 8 dori s spun adevrul$
+erbul be are o form unic pentru toate persoanele: 1ere: & 1is. .e*t.e/ 1ere .ere$
n vorbirea curent (ns, exist tendina de a-l (nlocui pe 1ere cu 1as la persoana & i a &&&-a singular: &f
.e 1ere*1as ill, & 1ould send for t.e doctor$ %ac ar fi bolnav, a trimite dup doctor$
Aorma de sub2onctiv trecut poate fi folosit i la aspectul continuu$ 'a conine (n structura sa forma 1ere
urmat de participiul (n -ing al verbului de con2ugat: & 1is. .e 1ere revising for .is exam no1$ 8 dori s repete
pentru examen acum$
9<
"ub2onctivul trecut este folosit (n propoziii subordonate, pentru a exprima o aciune contrar realitii:
a# (n propoziii subiective, dup itCs (.ig.# time: &tCs time /ou 1ent to bed$ ' de mult timpul s v ducei
la culcare ('ste foarte t4rziu#$
-ot: =omparai cu: &tCs time N infinitiv: &tCs time for /ou to go bed$ ' timpul s v ducei la culcare$ ('
ora de culcare#$
b# (n completive directe, dup verbul 1is.: & 1is. /ou 1ere telling t.e trut.$ 8 dori s spui adevrul$
c# (n propoziii condiionale: &f & sa1 .im, & 1ould give .im /our message$ %ac l-a vedea i-a
transmite mesa2ul tu$
d# (n circumstaniale de mod comparative: ".e tal3ed as if s.e 1ere ill$ +orbea de parc era bolnav$
e# (n propoziii concesive: 'ven t.oug. .e 1ere ill, .e 1ould not miss sc.ool$ =.iar dac ar fi bolnav, n-
ar lipsi de la coal$
Infinitivul (The Infinitive)
Formele infinitivului. Infntvu are dou forme: nfntvu ung (The Long Infntve),
marcat de partcua to nfntvu scurt (The Short Infntve), fr partcua to.
Not: Infntvu cu adverb ntercaat (The Spt Infntve). Gramatce ma men[oneaz
nfntvu cu adverb ntercaat, o construc[e destu de frecvent n engeza
contemporan, actut dntr-un nfntv ung un adverb de mod, aezat ntre verbu
prncpa. De exempu:
to ceary understand = a n[eege car
to fuy apprecate = a apreca cum trebue
to faty refuse = a refuza categorc etc
They came to fuy reaze the mportance of the event. Au a|uns s- dea seama pe
depn de mportan[a evenmentuu.
Infntvu (tmp, aspect, datez)
Tmpu Aspectu contnuu Aspectu
contnuu
Dateza actv Dateza pasv Dateza actv
Prezent
Perfect
wash
a spa
have washed
a f spat
be washed
a f spat
have been
washed
a f fost spat
be washng
a spa
have been
washng
a f spat
4) dup verbe copuatve (n speca be), ndepnnd func[a de nume predcatv: To see
her s to ke her. A o vedea nseamn a o pcea.
5) ca o compnre a unor ad|ectve care exprm str sufetet, fooste predcatv:
afrad, certan, content, eager, gad, peased sorry, sure, wrong etc.: He s eager to hep
95
you. Este dornc s te a|ute. Im very gad to have seen them. Sunt foarte bucurod c -
am vzut.
6) dup verbe tranztve: arrange, attempt, decde, earn, offer, promse, refuse, want,
wsh etc. ndepnnd func[a de compement drect.
a) sngure: They have decded to repeat the experment. Au hotrt s repete
experen[a.
b) n construc[a Acuzatv cu nfntv, dup verbe exprmnd o actvtate mnta
(beeve, consder, thnk etc.), permsunea (aow, permt), un ordn sau o rugmnte
(order, command, request, beg, ask etc.): We requested them to compete the survey.
Le-am cerut s termne ancheta.
pag: 044
c) Aten[e! Dup verbee de percepe: hear, see, watch, notce, observe, perceve
dup have, et make n construc[a Acuzatv cu nfntv (vez 18.3.1.) se foosete
nfntvu scurt: I heard them come. I-am auzt vennd. I made her work harder. Am fcut-
o s munceasc ma mut.
Not: 1. Verbu notce poate f urmat de nfntvu cu to: I notced them (to) come. I-am
observat vennd.
2. Verbee de a pct.6 c)sunt urmate de nfntvu cu to n transformarea pasv a
construc[e Acuzatv cu nfntv - Nomnatv cu nfntv: They were heard to come. She
was made to work harder.
7) n construc[a Infntvu cu for - to: They were anxous for her to begn her song. Erau
nerbdtor ca ea s- nceap cntecu.
8) n construc[a Nomnatv cu nfntv: They were requested to compete the survey. L
s-a cerut s termne ancheta.
9) dup verbe tranztve sau ntranztve, ndepnnd func[a de compement
crcumstan[a de scop: I came to tak to you. Am vent (ca) s stau de vorb cu tne.
Not: Infntvu cu func[e de compement crcumstan[a de scop poate f precedat de n
order to, so as to: He repetead the new words everyday 9n order) not to forget them.
Repeta cuvntee no n fecare z ca s nu e ute.
10) pentru a nocu o propoz[e subordonat, precedat de un pronume/adverb
nterogatv, sau de o con|unc[e:
Show me where to go (= where I must go).
He has tod me what to buy (= what I must buy).
how to do t. (= how I shoud do t).
Not:1. Verbu know cu sensu de "a t cum s ..." este urmat de how+nfntv: She
knows how to captvate her audence. te cum s- captveze audtoru.
2. Forget, earn teach sunt fooste n mod smar: She taught me how to catch
butterfes. M-a nv[at cum s prnd futur.
11) Partcua to poate f foost pentru a nocu un verb care a fost de|a men[onat: A:
Lets go. B: I dont want to. A: Ha s mergem. B: Nu vreau (s mergem). She bought the
book athough I had tod her not to. Ea a cumprat cartea de -am spus s n-o cumpere.
1.15.4. Traducere. Infntvu se traduce de obce n mba romn prntr-o propoz[e
subordonat: I want to see her. Vreau s-o vd. He coud come. A putut s vn.
1.16. Forma n -in (The -in Form)
99
1.16.1. Forma n -ng repreznt dou forme verbae dstncte: partcpu n -ng
Gerund-u. Acestea au form dentc, putnd f dferen[ate numa dup func[e pe care
e ndepnesc n propoz[e, pe baza determnror pe care e au.
Forma n -ng se construete dn nfntvu verbuu de con|ugat, a care se adaug
termna[a -ng: read + -ng = readng; wrtw + -ng = wrtng; cry = -ng = cryng; e +
-ng =yng; st + -ng = sttng. (Pentru ortograferea aceste forme verbae, vez 1.10.5.).
pag: 045
Func[e ndepnte de cee dou forme verbae derv dn caracterstce or: partcpu
n -ng are caracterstc verbae ad|ectvae: He s seepng. E doarme. The seepng
chd. Copu care doarme. ar Gerund-u, caracterstc verbae substantvae: We had
the adavantage of workng n a factory near our schoo. Am avut avanta|u s ucrm ntr-
o fabrc ng coaa noastr. Workng n a factory s usefu for our future careers.
Munca n fabrc este foostoare pentru vtoarea noastr profesune.
1.16.2. Partcpu n -ng sau partcpu prezent (the -ng Partcpe, the Present Partcpe)
exprm o ac[une n desfurare sau o stare neegate de un agent prn categore de
persoan sau numr.
1.16.3. Caracterstce verbae ae partcpuu n -ng. a) Partcpu n -ng are categore
gramatcae de tmp datez:
Participiul n -in (timp !i diate"#)
Tmp Datez
actv pasv
Present participle
Partcpu Prezent
Present Participle
Partcpu Perfect
reading
ctnd
having read
ctnd
being read
fnd ctt
heaving been read
fnd ctt
Partcpu prezent exprm o ac[une smutan cu verbu a mod persona dn propoz[e:
Runnng across the park, he heard somebody ca hs name. n tmp ce traversa parcu n
fug, a auzt pe cneva strgndu- pe nume.
Partcpu perfect
1
se formeaz dn partcpu prezent a verbuu have dn partcpu
trecut a verbuu de con|ugat. E exprm o ac[une anteroar verbuu predcatv dn
propoz[e: Havng run across the park, he fet tred. Dup ce a traversat parcu n fug s-
a sm[t obost.
b) Partcpu n -ng este foost pentru formarea aspectuu contnuu a verbeor: They
are gong home. Se duc acas. I was payng ches when the teephone rang. |ucam ah
cnd a sunat teefonu.
5
Partcpu perfect (Perfect Partcpe) partcpu trecut (Past Partcpe) nu sunt una aceea form
verba.
Partcpu perfect repreznt forma perfect a partcpuu n -ng ndcnd o ac[une svrt anteror
ac[un exprmate de verbu predcatv: Havng fnshed the book, he went to bed. Deoarece / Dup ce a
termnat cartea, s-a dus a cucare.
Partcpu trecut repreznt at form verba, pst de categora de tmp care denumete ac[unea ca
rezutat: The furnture made n Romana s exported to many countres. Moba fabrcat n Romna este
exportat n mute [r.
Partcpu trecut ntr n structura forme dn partcpu perfect: Havng made a usefu suggeston, he had
our support. Deoarece a fcut o propunere ut, (e) s-a bucurat de spr|nu nostru.
9>
c) Pe pan sntactc, partcpu n -ng poate avea subect, compement drect (dup verbe
tranztve) compemente crcumstan[ae , ca formee personae: I saw hm readng
an Engsh book n the brary. L-am vzut ctnd o carte engezeasc a bbotec.
1.16.4. $aracteristicile ad%ectivale ale participiului n -in. Parccpu n -ng poate
f foost ca ad|ectv. E se aeaz nantea substantvuu, dac se accentueaz atura
sa ad|ectva dup substantv, dac atura verba este ma evdent: A seepng
chdren are beautfu (seepng = not awake). To[ cop adorm[ sunt frumo. The chd
seepng n the next room s my baby brother (seepng = who s seepng). Copu care
doarme n camera aturat este fr[oru meu.
pag: 046
1.16.5. Func&iile sintactice ale participiului n -in. Partcpu n -ng este foost
(sngur sau precedat de con|uc[, n speca when sau whe):
1) n expres parentetce: generay speakng = n genera, |udgng by appearances =
|udecnd dup aparen[e; begnnng wth September 15 = ncepnd cu 15 septembre,
consderng the crcumstances = und n consderare cond[e. |udgng by appearances,
nobody s to bame. |udecnd dup aparen[e nmen nu este vnovat.
2) ca nume predcatv, dup verbee stand, st, e: She STOOD gazng at the brghty t
shop wndows. Se uta cu admra[e a vtrnee vu umnate.
3) ca nocutor a unor propoz[ subordonate, ndepnnd n propoz[e func[a de:
a) atrbut: She ooked at the chdren payng n the garden (= who were payng): Se uta
a cop care se |ucau n grdn.
b) parte dntr-un compement drect compex (Acuzatv cu partcpu n -ng): She heard
somebody knockng at the door. (= that somebody was knockng). A auzt pe cneva
btnd a u.
c) compement crcumstan[a, ma aes de:
- tmp: Arrvng at the staton, he started ookng for hs frend (= when he arrved...)
Sosnd a gar, a nceput s- caute pretenu.
- cauz: Havng read the book, he was abe to comment on r. (= As he had read the
book...) Deaorece ctse cartea, a putut s o comenteze.
- mpre|urr nso[toare: She came out of the room wearng a ong evenng dress. (She
came out... She was wearng...) A et dn camer purtnd o roche ung de sear.
Not: Exprmarea compementuu crcumstan[a prntr-un partcpu n -ng este o
trstur caracterstc engeze terare. n vorbre se refer propoz[e subordonate
(Vez parantezee).
1.16.6. Traducere. Partcpu n -ng se traduce n mba romn prntr-un gerunzu sau
prntr-o propoz[e subordonat: Passng the shop, he saw hs mother nsde. Trecnd / n
tmp ce trecea prn fa[a magaznuu, o vzu pe mama sa nuntru.
4.48. Forma (in$ a 2erun% (The 2erun%)
1.1'.1. $aracteristicile ver(ale ale formei )erund. Gerund are, a fe ca
partcpu n -ng, caracterstc verbae:
a) are categore gramatcae de tmp datez:
Dateza actv:
Gerund: I en|oy earnng Engsh. m pace s nv[ engeza.
9@
Perfect Gerund: He denes havng taken the books. Neag c a uat cr[e.
pag: 047
Dateza pasv:
Gerund: He cant stand beng nterrupted. Nu poate sufer s fe ntrerupt.
Perfect Gerund: He denes havng been nvted to the party. Neag c a fost nvtat a
petrecere.
Gerund denumete de regu o ac[une smutan cu ac[unea verbuu predcatv (cu
excep[a stua[or n care Gerund-u este precedat de prepoz[a before sau after).
The teacher en|oyed takng the chdren to the museum ast Sunday. Profesoruu -a
fcut pcere s- duc pe cop a muzeu dumnca trecut.
Forma perfect (Perfect Gerund) denumete o ac[une anteroar verbuu predcatv.
Aceast form este ma rar foost dect Gerund ea apare ma aes dup verbu deny:
He DENIES havng seen her. Neag c a vzut-o.
n cazu ator verbe, ma aes remember, excuse, forgve, thank dup prepoz[e on,
after, wthout, raportu de anterortate poate f exprmat de Gerund.
I cant remember dong ths exercse before.
I cant remember havng done ths exercse before.
Nu -m amntesc s ma f fcut acest exerc[u.
I thanked hm for hepng me.
I thanked hm for havng heped.
I-am mu[umt c m-a a|utat.
Not: Sensu pasv a Gerund-uu este redat de obce prn forma pasv: The chdren
en|oed beng taken to the museum. Copor e-a fcut pcere s fe du- a muzeu.
Dup verbee want, need, requre, deserve, dup ad|ectvu worth se foosete ns
Gerund-u actv pentru redarea sensuu pasv: Your shoes NEED mendng. Trebue s-[
repar pantof / Pantof t trebue repara[. What s WORTH dong s WORTH dong we.
Ce mert fcut mert fcut bne.
b) Pe pan sntactc, Gerund poate avea subenct, compement drect n cazu verbeor
tranztve, compemente crcumstan[ae: I cant magne hm drvng a car n ths
weather. Nu m- magnez conducnd mana pe o asemenea vreme.
1.17.2. Caracterstce substantvae ae forme Gerund. Spre deosebre de partcpu n
-ng, care are caracterstc ad|ectvae, Gerund are caracterstc substantvae:
a) poate f determnat de artcoe, ad|ectve, substantve a cazu gentv sntetc:
The sound of a oud knockng on the door nterrupted ther dscusson.
The sound of her comng n nterrupted ther dscusson.
The sound of a babys cryng nterrupted ther dscusson.
Not: Dac un verb tranztv + compementu su drect este foost a Gerund precedat
de un artco, compementu drect se transform ntr-un atrbut prepoz[ona cu of.
9F
Compara[: The stranghenng of peace and securty n Europe s an essenta prerequste
for strengthenng peace and securty throughout the word. ntrrea pc securt[
n Europa este o cond[e esen[a pentru ntrrea pc securt[ n ntreaga ume.
pag: 048
The wrttng of books takes a great dea of tme.
Wrttng books takes a great dea of tme.
Screrea cr[or a foarte mut tmp.
b) este ntrebun[at dup prepoz[: AFTER wakng for an hour, we went to the cnema.
Dup ce ne-am pmbat o or, ne-am dus a cnema. He s n the habt OF gong fshng
every week. Are obceu / Obnuete s mearg a pescut n fecare sptmn.
c) pe pan sntactc, Gerund-u ndepnete func[ propr substantvuu
1) subect: Campng s the dea way to spend a hoday.
Not: Subectu exprmat prn Gerund este adeseor ntrodus de un t antcpatv: Its no
good worrng. Its hopeess tryng to get ths car gong.
2) parte dntr-un predcat verba, dup verbee ndcnd nceputu begn, start;
contnuarea: contnue, go on, keep (on) sfntu ac[un: stop, end, fnsh, cease:
He BEGAN searchng for the document.
He WENT ON searchng for the document.
He FINISCHED searchng for the document.
3) nume predcatv (rar): Seeng s document.
4) compement drect: Fancy meetng you here !
5) parte dntr-un compement prepoz[ona: He was succeeded n coectng a the
matera.
6) parte dntr-un compement compex:
I can magne her gettng upset.
I can magne Marys gettng upset.
7) parte dntr-un compement crcumstan[a (precedat de o prepoz[e care ndc feu
compementuu:
- de tmp: After cycng douwn the avenue, he turned rght.
- de mod: He won the competton by quessng a the answers.
8) parte dntr-un atrbut prepoz[ona: I had the peasure of traveng wth them.
1.17.3. ntrebun[area forme Gerund
1) Forma Gerund este foost:
a) dup prepoz[ ca after, before, by, for, from, on etc., care ndc rea[ temporae,
cauzae, de mod, de scop, etc.: ON wakng up, he found hmsef n a hospta ward. Cnd
s-a trezt s-a vzut ntr-un saon de spta. Read your paper agan BEFORE handng t n.
Ctete nc o dat ucrarea nante s o preda. You get a tcket FOR parkng here. A s
9G
prmet amend pentru c a parcat ac. She keeps heathy BY keepng a strct det.
men[ne sntatea [nnd un regm strct.
b) dup pr[ de vorbre urmate n mod obgatoru de anumte prepoz[:
- substantve cu prepoz[e obgatore: - doubt + about; - cause, reason + for; - beef,
confdence, deght, dffcuty, experence, fath, nterest, uck, prde + n; - charge,
favour, habt, hope, ntenton, opportunty, pont + of; - contrbuton, ob|ecton,
opposton + to; etc. He has a ot of EXPERIENCE IN foregn anguage teachng. Are mut
experen[ n predarea mb strne.
pag: 049
- ad|ectve partcp trecute cu prepoz[e obgatore: - angry, anxous, certan,
enthusastc, happy, optmstc, peased, sure, worred + about; - angry, astonshed, bad,
cever, deghted, expert, good, peased, skfu, surprsed + at; - exceent, famous,
responsbe, sorry, sutabe, usefu + for; - consstent, correct, dgent, experenced,
expert, fortunate, hepfu, nterested, ate, prompt, quck, conscous, convnced, fond,
guty, proud, tred + of; - based, dependent, ntent, keen + on; - accustomed, equa,
equvaent, opposed, used + to; - annoyed, bored, content, deghted, furous,
dsapponted, happy, peased, satsfed, sck, upset + wth. I am DELIGHTED AT her
wnnng the frst prze. Sunt ncntat c a ctgat premu nt.
I am USED TO gettng up eary.
Sunt obnut s m sco devreme.
- verbe cu prepoz[e obgatore: - compan, dream, earn, worry + about; - am, hestate
+; - fght, strugge + aganst; - begn, concude, end + by; - apoogze, care + for; -
prevent, recover. refran, retre + from; - beeve, consst, deght, partcpate, succeed +
n; - accuse, approve, boast, compan, const, hear, thnk + of; - agree, concentrate,
congratuate, count, decde, focus, nsst, ve, rey + on; - agree, contrbute, ook
forward, ob|ect, resort + to; - agree + wth.
I dont AGREE TO your eavng earer than the others.
I OB|ECT TO your eavng earer than the others.
Nu sunt de acord s pec ma devreme dect cea[. I wont HEAR OF buyng a new TV
set. Nu vreau s aud s cumprm un teevzor nou. Im LOOKING FORWARD TO seeng
you agan. Atept cu nerbdare s te vd dn nou. These measures CONTRIBUTE TO
strengthenng peace and securty. Aceste msur contrbue a ntrrea pc
securt[.
2) Gerund este ntrebun[at dup substantvu use n contruc[a t s no use sau there s
no use dup ad|ectvu worth: Ths book s WORTH readng. Aceast carte mert ctt.
ITS NO USE tryng to mend the vacuum-ceaner. Degeaba ncerc s repar aspratoru.
3) dup verbe tranztve: admt, avod, consder, deny, detest, dske, escape, fancy,
fnsh, gve up, cannot hep, keep (on), dont mnd, mss, postpone, practse, put off,
resent, resst, rsk, cannot stand, stop, suggest etc. You must AVOID beng ate n future.
Trebue s ev[ s ntrz n vtor. He HAS GIVEN UP smokng. S-a sat de fumat. I
CANNOT HELP aughng at hs |okes. Nu pot s nu rd a gumee u. I CANNOT STAND
beng nterrupted n my work. Nu pot sufer s fu ntrerupt dn ucru.
9H
4) dup verbe exprmnd o actvtate mnta: forget, remember, understand etc sau o
stare sufeteasc: cannot bear, dread, hate, ke, ove, negect, prefer, regret, etc. n
aternan[ cu nfntvu: I remember beng dsapponted. m amntesc c am fost
dezamgt. I HATE ther arrvng ate. Nu-m pace c ntrze.
5) dup verbe ndcnd un proces: pan, try, undertake; nceputu: begn, start;
contnuarea: contnue sau sfrtu ac[un: cease, n aternan[ cu nfntvu.
They STARTED comparng notes.
They CONTINUED comparng notes.
They CEASED comparng notes.
pag: 050
1.1'.4. Traducere. Forma Gerund nu are corespondent perfect n mba romn. Ea se
traduce de obce, n func[e de context, prn:
a) un gerunzu: He ented hs speech by thankng everybody for ther attenton. -a
ncheat cuvntarea mu[umnd tuturor pentru aten[e.
b) un substantv: Swmmng keeps you ft. notu te men[ne n form.
c) o propoz[e subordonat: He s fond of readng aoud. pace s cteasc cu gas tare.
1.1'.5. Infinitivul cu to !i forma )erund. Infntvu cu to forma Gerund au unee
caracterstc substastantvae verae comune, datort crora:
a) pot avea:
- subect: I want you to go frst. I cant stand Tom nterruptng me a the tme;
- compement drect: I ntend to read ths tomorrow. I remember spendng a hoday wth
them.
- compement crcumstan[a: We wanted to go to the theatre. He had the beneft of
studyng at a Romanan unversty.
b) pot ndepn aceea func[ n propoz[e:
- subect, nume predcatv: To see her s to ke her. Seeng s beevng.
- compement drect: I ove to swm n the sea. I ove swmmng.
- atrbut prepoz[ona: He has no desre to go. He has no ntenton of gong etc.
n ate cazur ns, numa una dn cee dou forme este posb. Vom anaza dec
cazure:
1) cnd se foosete numa nfntvu;
2) cnd se foosete numa forma Gerund;
3) cnd se poate foos sau nfntvu sau Gerund-u care sunt dferen[ee de sens.
1.17.6. Foosrea nfntvuu cu to este obgatore:
a) dup verbee enumerate a &1.15.3. pct. 6: arange, ask, attempt, choose, decde,
demand etc. + agree, am, consent, determne, hope, manage, etc.:
They DECIDED to make another attempt.
They AGREED to make another attempt.
They CONSENTED to make another attempt.
b) dup verbe, substantve sau ad|ectve, pentru a exprma scopu:
We hurred to expored the cave.
We had no tme expored the cave.
9B
We found t exctng expored the cave.
c) n construc[a Acuzatv cu nfntv, dup verbe care exprm un ordn sau o rugmnte:
He ORDERED us to eave mmedatey.
He REOUESTED us to eave mmedatey.
He ASKED us to eave mmedatey.
1.1'.'. Folosirea formei )erund este o(liatorie*
a) dup verbee enumerate a & 1.17.3. pct. 3: He AVOIDS mentonng the sub|ect. Why
do you PUT OFF teng her the truth ? I DONT MIND dong t agan.
b) dup prepoz[: BEFORE gong out, swtch off the ghts pease. He s keen ON readng
poetry.
c) dup ad|ectvee worth, ke dup there s no: Its WORTH stenng to hm. THERE IS
NO accountng for tastes.
pag: 051
1.1'.+. n ate stua[ se poate foos fe Infntvu cu to forma Gerund. Deosebre
prncpae ntre cee dou forme, n anumte stua[, sunt urmtoaree:
a) Gerund ndc n genera, nfntvu - svrrea ac[un n anumte crcumstan[e: Its
no use to deny that I was frghtened at frst. Nu are rost s neg c m=a fost team a
nceput. Its no use cryng over spt mk.
b) Gerund ndc o ac[une anteroar verbuu a mod persona, nfntvu - o ac[une
vtoare: I remember gvng her the parce. m amntesc c -am dat pachetu. I must
remember to gve her the parce. Trebue s nu ut s- dau pachetu.
c) Gerund ndc o ac[une anteroar, nfntvu - scopu ac[un exprmate de verbu
predcatv: He stopped readng. S-a oprt dn ctt. He stopped to read the advertsement.
S-a oprt s cteasc recama.
d) Gerund-u se refer a o ac[une deberat, nfntvu, a o ac[une nvountar: She
began speakng. A nceput s vorbeasc. She began to weep. A nceput s png, etc.
Deoasebre de ntrebun[are dntre nfntv forma Gerund, detaate pe verbe, sunt
urmtoaree:
1.1'.+. ,eose(irile de ntre(uin&are dintre infinitiv !i )erund
Verb, + Infntv + Gerund
Substantv,
Ad|ectv
Sens Exempu Sens Exempu
hate, ke,
dske,
prefer
- cu referre
a o anumt
ocaze:
I hate to get
up earuy on
Mondays.
I ke to go
to concerts
conducted
by Ion
Vocu.
- ac[une
vzut n
genera:
I hate
gettng up
eary.
I ke gong
to concents.
remember
forget
- ac[une
posteroar:
I must
remeber to
post the
- ac[une
anteroar:
I remember
postng the
etter.
9I
etter.
I forgot to
phone her
ast nght.
I never
forget
seeng her
dance.
regret - ac[une
smutan cu
regretu:
I regret to
say t wasnt
true.
- ac[une
anteroar:
I regret
sayng t
wasnt true.
begn
cease
- ac[une
nvountar
It began to
ran whe
they were
wakng.
He began to
reaze hs
mstake.
- ac[une
deberat:
He began
wrtng when
he was ffty.
stop - scopu
ac[un:
He stopped
to tak to
her. (= n
order to
tak)
- ncetarea
ac[un:
He stopped
takng. (He
became
sent).
contnue,
dread, fear,
ntend,
negect
- frecvent n
vorbre n
exprmarea
scrs
famar:
I ntend to
spend the
hodays at
the seasde.
- n mba
scrs,
terar:
I ntend
spendng my
hodays at
the seasde.
deserve,
need,
requre,
want
+ nfntv
pasv:
Hs
statement
needs to be
checked.
- construc[a
cu Gerund
ma
frecvent
dect cu
nfntvu
pasv:
Your shoes
need
mendng.
try - a ncerca,
a face un
efort:
Try to wrte
wth your
eft hand.
(your rght
hand s n
paster)
- a trece
prn, a
expermenta
:
I tred
wrttng wth
my eft hand
when I was a
chd.
mean - a
nten[ona:
I meant to
te you, but
I forgot.
- a nsemna: Hs comng
tomorrow
means
mothers
workng
extra hard
today.
aow,
permt
+
compement
ndrect a
persoane:
He doesnt
aow /
permt
pups to
tak durng
tests.
- fr
compement
ndrect:
He doesnt
aow /
permt
takng
durng tests.
><
opportunty + verbu be
= un
moment
convenab,
ocaze:
Th|s w be
a good
opportunty
(for you) to
meet hm.
-
posbtate:
I had the
opportunty
of meetng
hm.
afrad - ntr-o
anumt
stua[e:
Im afrad to
dsturb hm
at ths ate
hour.
- n genera: I cant pay
records here
as Im afrad
of dsturbng
hm.
pag: 052
1.17.9.Exst stua[ n care foosrea nfntvuu cu to sau a Gerund-uu nu mpc
dferen[e mar de sens:
a) Unee substantve, ca ambton, change, charge, honour, ntenton, possbty, pot f
urmate fe de nfntv, fr de of + Gerund: We had the HONOUR OF meetng the great
snbger. Am avut onorea de a f prezenta[ mare cntre[e. I do not have the HONOUR to
beong to ths assocaton. Nu am onoarea de a f membru a aceste asoca[. She had
no INTENTION OF gong on the trp. Nu avea nc o nten[e s mearg n excurse. She
eft at eght, wth the INTENTION to go to bed eary. A pecat a 8 cu nten[a s se cuce
devreme.
b) Unee substantve, ad|ectve sau verbe pot f fooste uneor fr prepoz[e, atunc
sunt urmate de un nfntv, ar ateor cu prepoz[e atunc sunt urmate de un Gerund:
She AGREED to come. A fost de acord s vn: I AGREE TO her comng. Sunt de acord s
vn. We DECIDED to vst the exhbton. Am hotrt s vztm expoz[a. We DECIDED
ON vstng the exhbton. You were qute RIGHT to refuse hs offer. A avut dreptate s-
refuz oferta. She was RIGHT IN refusng hm. (Ea) a fcut bne c -a refuzat.
Aten[e a urmtoaree stua[ care preznt deseor dfcut[ pentru eev romn:
a) manage + nfntv; succeed + n + Gerund; He MANAGED to set everythng rght, dar:
He SUCCEEDED IN settng everythng rght.
b) am + nfntv; am + at + Gerund:
Ths book AIMS to gve descrpton of the structure of present - day Engsh.
Ths book AIMS AT gvng descrpton of the structure of present - day Engsh.
c) occason + nfntv; opportunty + of + Gerund: I hope I wont have OCCASION (=
reason for / need to) to punsh you. Sper c nu vo avea motve s te pedepsesc. If I have
OCCASION to meet hm, I gve hm your message. Dac am motv s- ntnesc, am s-
transmt mesa|u tu. If I have an OPPORTUNITY OF meetng hm, I hm your message.
Dac se vete vreo ocaze / Dac am pozbtatea s- ntnesc am s- transmt mesa|u
tu.
d) (un)abe + nfntv; (un)capabe + of + Gerund: He was (UN)ABLE to do t. He was
(UN)CAPABLE OF dong t.
pag: 053
1.1+. Participiul trecut (The Past Participle)
1.1+.1. Partcpu trecut este forma nepersona a verbuu care denumete ac[unea ca
rezutat.
>5
Partcpu trecut a verbeor reguate se formeaz de a nfntv, a care se adaug
termna[a -ed: sten - stened, move - moved, carry - carred, stop - stopped, etc.
(Pentru partcart[e fonetce ortografce ae forme n -ed, vez &1.6.3.)
Pentru forma de partcpu trecut a verbeor nereguate, vez sta prncpaeor verbe
nereguate, pp.12 - 16.
1.1+.-. $aracteristicile ver(ale ale participiului trecut*
a) Partcpu trecut este foost a formarea dateze pasve, mpreun cu verbu be: Fresh
frut and vegetabes are sod here. Ac se vnd fructe egume proaspete.
b) Partcpu trecut este ntrebun[at a formarea tmpuror perfecte ae verbeor,
mpreun cu verbu auxar have:
Present Perfect: He has read the book. E a ctt cartea.
Past Perfect: He had read the book. E ctse cartea.
Future Perfect: He w have read the book. E va f ctt cartea.
Past Condtona: He woud have read the book. E ar f ctt cartea.
Not: Verbu go ma rar come pot reda dea de perfect prezent respectv de ma-
mut-ca-perfect, cu a|utoru verbuu be a prezent sau Past Tense (n oc de auxaru
have): The pumber s come. A sost nstaatoru. The quest were gone. Musafr
pecaser.
1.1+... $aracteristicile ad%ectivale ale participiului trecut. Partcpu trecut are
caracterstc ad|ectvae, putnd func[ona ca un ad|ectv n propoz[e.
Subnerea, fe a natur verbae a partcpuu trecut, fe a cee ad|ectvae, reese dn
poz[a acestua.
Cnd se accentueaz caracteru verba, partcpu urmeaz substantvu, func[onnd ca
un nocutor a une propoz[ reatve: The thngs not wanted were gven away (= whch
were not wanted).
Cnd este accentuat aspectu ad|ectva a partcpuu, e se aeaz nantea
substantvuu: These are portrats of wanted persons.
1.1+.4. /ten&ie 0 Unee verbe au forme specae pentru partcpe trecute fooste
ad|ectva:
a) partcpu unor verbe reguate (aged, beoved, earned, cursed, bessed) schmb
pronun[a, adugnd un |d| sabc:
pag: 054
Partcpu trecut Ad|ectv dn partcpu:
He was aged.????
He was beoved ???? by hs
students.
He has earned ???? ths esson.
He s an aged ???? man.
Our beoved ???? country.
He s a earned ???? man.
b) Unee verbe nereguate au forme a partcpu trecut: una foost ca partcpu,
ceaat ca ad|ectv (care poate aprea fe sngur, fe n anumte combna[):
>9
Partcpu trecut: Ad|ectv dn partcpu:
The tte chd was beaten by the
bgger boys.
We have drunk too much coffee.
The stee has meted.
The tree was struck by ghtnng.
The awn was mown/mowed
yesterday.
She has sewn/sewed a dress.
He has |ust shaved.
They have shourn/sheared the
sheep.
The shrt has shrunk.
The shp has sunk.
He has sown/sowed the fed.
He has spt/sped the mk.
They have spot/spoed the chd.
They have worked here.
He was dead-beat (mort de
obosea) after the days work.
A drunken man s unpeasant to
ook at. (foosrea atrbutv a
ad|ectvuu) dar : He was haf -
drunk.
(foosrea predcatv a
ad|ectvuu)
Moten stee.god/ava (atrbutv),
pentru metae, dar: meted
butter/snow.
He was gref strcken (foost
predcatv).
He was panc strcken (foost
predcatv).
He was terror strcken (foost
predcatv).
He was strcken wth fever.
Mown grass/hay (doar atrbutv)
A handsewn dress.
A ceanshaven man.
A shorn amb.
Shrunken cothes.
Sunken eyes.
Sown seeds.
Spt mk.
A spot chd.
Wrought ron; wrought-up nerves.
1.1+.5. Func&iile sintactice ale participiului trecut. Partcpu trecut ndepnete
func[e sntactce de:
a) atrbut: There s the Lost Property Offce. Acoo este brou de obecte gste.
b) nume predcatv: He was, mpressed by her kndness. A fost mpresonat de buntatea
e.
c) parte dntr-un compement drect compex (Acuzatv cu partcpu trecut): I want t
done mmedatey. Vreau ca aceasta s fe fcut medat.
d) parte dntr-un compement crcumstan[a (de tmp, cauz, cond[e, compara[e),
deseor precedat de con|unc[e when, f, as f/as though etc.: Struck wth the emoton n
hs tone, she turned and ooked at hm.Impresonat de emo[a care se sm[ea n vocea
u, (ea) se ntoarse - prv. She kept sent AS IF puzzed by my words. Tcea ca cnd
cuvntee mee -ar f strnt nedumerrea.
1.18.6. Traducere. Partcpu trecut se traduce de obce n mba romn prntr-un
partcpu sau prntr-o propoz[e subordonat: He ooked at the cerk bent over the
papers. Prv a func[onaru apecat peste hrt. The preparatons for the brthday party
competed, I went out to buy a brthday cook. Dup ce am termnat pregtre pentru
anversare, am et s cumpr un tort.
>>
pag: 055
1.1+.'. $on%uarea ver(ului call
Tmpu Dateza actv Dateza pasv
Aspectu
smpu
Aspectu
contnuu
Aspectu
smpu
Aspectu
contnuu
Indcatvu
prezent
I ca I am cang I am caed I am beng
caed
Perfectu
prezent
I have caed I have been
cang
I have been
caed
-
Past Tense I caed I was cang I was caed I was beng
caed
Ma mut ca
perfect
I had caed I had been
cang
I had been
caed
-
Vtoru
apropat
I am gong
to ca
I am gong
to be cang
I am gong
to be caed
-
Vtoru
smpu
I sha/w
ca
I sha/ w
be cang
I sha/w
be caed
-
Vtoru
perfect
I sha/
w have
caed
I sha/w
have been
cang
I sha/w
have been
caed
-
Sub|onctvu I ca
I shoud ca
etc.
I be cang
I shoud be
cang etc.
I be caed
I shoud be
caed etc.
-
Cond[onau
prezent
I shoud/
woud ca
I
shoud/wou
d be cang
I
shoud/wou
d be caed.
-
Cond[onau
trecut
I shoud/
woud have
caed
I
shoud/wou
d have been
cang
I
shoud/wou
d have been
caed
-
Imperatvu Let me ca !
Ca !
Let me bbe
cang !
Be cang !
Let me be
caed !
Be caed !
-
Infntvu
prezent
ca be cang be caed -
Infntvu
perfect
have caed have been
cang
have been
caed
-
Partcpu
prezent
Gerund
cang - beng caed -
Partcpu
Gerund-u
perfect
havng
caed
- havng been
caed
-
Partcpu
trecut
caed - caed -
>@
pag: 056
1.11. 2er(ele au3iliare (/u3iliar4 2er(s)
1.11.1. Verbee auxare au urmtoaree caracterstc:
1) sunt gote de sens exca: I sha eave after he comes. Vo peca dup ce vne e.
Not: Unee verbe auxare (w/woud, sha/shoud, may/mght) pot f fooste ca
verbe modae: You shoud see ths fm. Trebue s vez fmu acesta.
Ate verbe auxare pot f fooste ca verbe no[onae, avnd un sens exca propru n
anumte contexte: I have a book. Am o carte. Do ths transaton, pease, w you. F te
rog aceast traducere.
2) ndepnesc func[a de marc a categoror gramatcae de datez, mod, tmp,
persoan numr a verbee pe care e nso[esc: She was offered fowers. I s-au ofert
for.
3) nocuesc verbee no[onae n rspunsure scurte ntrebre ds|unctve (a fe ca
verbee modae): A: Do you ke ths book ? B: Yes, I do. He has wrtten a good
composton, hasnt he ?
4) dn punct de vedere a pronun[r ortografe, verbee auxare apar adesea sub
forme reduse, contrase, ee fnd de obce neaccentuate n vorbre. Foosrea formeor
contrase este caracterstc vorbr curente exprmr famare n scrs.
Not: Unee forme contrase sunt caracterstce exprmr daectae sau vorbr
necutvate. He ant no foo (= He s no foo) E nu e prost deoc.
Ee apar ca forme ncorecte dn punct de vedre gramatca n raport cu mba standard.
1.11.-. Forme contrase constau n scrutarea berbeor auxare a forma afrmatv a
nega[e not a forma negatv: Ive got a book. I havent got a book.
O form contras poate avea ma mute vaor: Hes come = He has come. Hes here =
He s here.
Formee contrase ae verbeor auxare modae (a afrmatv a negatv cu adverbu
not contras) sunt urmtoaree:
1.11.-. Forme ver(ale contrase
Forma contras n oc de Forma contras n oc de
ve (ve, youve
etc.)
s (hes etc.)
d
m (Im)
re (youre etc.)
(I, you
etc.)
dont
have
1) has 2) s
1) had
2) shoud
3) woud
am
are
1) sha
2) w
do not
does not
dd not
havent
hadnt
snt
arent
wasnt
werent
shant
shoudnt
wont
have not
had not
s not
are not
was not
were not
sha not
shoud not
w not
>F
doesnt
ddnt
cant
coudnt
mustnt
cannot
coud not
must not
woudnt
darent
neednt
ets
"emme"
"ant"
woud not
dare not
need not
et us
et me
1) am not
2) s not
pag: 057
Aten[e ! Formee contrase ae verbeor auxare a afrmatv nu pot f fooste:
a) n rspunsure scurte: Has he got a new bcyce ? Yes, he has.
b) n propoz[ nterogatve: Sha we go to cnema ? Where dd he go ?
c) n partea fna a ntrebror ds|unctvae: He wasnt there, was he ?
d) cnd sunt accentuate, pentru subnere: He was at the conference. I dd see hm
there.
1.11... 5e6 7as87ere6 (een (a fi). Verbu be, Past Tense: was, were, partcpu trecut
been, apare n structura:
a) aspectuu contnuu (be + partcpu prezent):
Dateza actv Dateza pasv
Infntve: be readng
Present: He s readng.
Past: He was readng.
Future: He w be readng.
Condtona: He woud be readng.
Infntve Perfect: Have been
readng.
Present Perfect: He had been
readng.
Future Perfect: He w have been
readng.
Condtona Perfect: He woud
have been readng.
I s beng read.
It was beng read.
-
-
-
-
-
-
b) a dateze pasve (be + partcpu trecut):
Infntve: be read. Perfect Infntve: have been read
Gerund: beng read. Perfect Gerund: havng been read.
Present: It s read. Present perfect: It has been read.
Past: It was read. Past Perfect: It had been read.
Future: It w be read. Future Perfect: It w have been read.
Condtona: It woud be read. Condtona Perfect: It woud have been read.
1.11.4. 9ave6 had6 had (a avea). Verbu have, Past Tense: had, partcpu trecut: had,
apare, att a dateza actv, ct a cea pasv, n structura formeor perfecte:
Dateza actv Dateza pasv
Perfect Infntve: have read have been read
>G
Perfect Gerund: havng read.
Present Perfect: He has read.
Past Perfect: He had read.
Future Perfect: He w have read.
Condtona Perfect: We woud
have read.
havng been read
It has been read
It had been read
It w have been read
It woud have been read
1.11.5. :hall6 should :hall6 :hould apare:
a) a ambee dateze, n structura tmpuror vtoare, modu ndcatv ae tmpuror
moduu cond[ona, a persoana I snguar pura:
Dateza actv Dateza pasv
Future: I sha gve
Future Perfect: I sha have gven.
Condtona:I shoud gve
Condtona Perfect: I shoud have
gven
I sha be gven
I sha have been gven
I shoud be gven
I shoud have been gven
Not: Shoud + nfntv este foost ca vtor-n-trecut (Future n the Past): I sad I
shoud do t. Am spus c am s-o fac.
b) a toate persoanee, pentru formarea sub|onctvuu anatc:
Its strange that they shoud be here now.
Its strange that they shoud have been here.
1.11.6. ;ill6 7ould ntr n componen[a aceora forme verbae ca sha, shoud
(vtor cond[ona), a persoanee a II-a a III-a snguar pura, ar n vorbre, a
persoana I snguar pura:
Dateza actv: Dateza pasv:
Future: He w gve.
Future Perfect: He w have gven.
Condtona: He w gve.
Condtona Perfect: He woud
have gven.
He w be gven.
He w have been gven.
He woud be gven.
He woud have been gven.
Not: Woud + nfntv este foost ca vtor-n-trecut: He sad be woud do t. A spus c
o s-o fac.
1.11.'. May, mght apare n structura sub|onctvuu anatc, foost ma aes n
propoz[e crcumstan[ae de scop: Hurry up, so that we may arrve n tme. Grbete-te
ca s a|ungem a tmp. They hurred so that they mght arrve n tme. S-au grbt ca s
a|ung a tmp.
1.11.+. <et apare n structura mperatvuu, persoana I a III-a snguar pura:
Let me thnk !
Let us thnk !
Let hm thnk !
>H
Let them thnk !
1.11.1. a) ,o6 does6 forma de Past Tense did6 ntr n acturea forme nterogatve
negatve a verbeor no[onae a tmpu Present Smpe, respectv Past Tense Smpe: Do
you ve n ths town ? Locuet n acest ora ? Does he work here ? Lucreaz ac ? Dd
he attend ths schoo ? A urmat aceast coa ? I dont ke t. He doesnt understand.
They ddnt go.
Not: 1. Verbu auxar be prmete auxaru do a mperatvu negatv: Dont be sy !
Nu f prost(u[) !
2. Verbu have formeaz nterogatvu negatvu cu a|utoru u do n engeza vorbt
n varanta amercan a mb engeze: I dont have enough tme to do ths. N-am destu
tmp ca s fac asta.
b) Do apare n structura forme negatve a moduu mperatv:
Dont sten to that nonsense.
Dont ets sten to that nonsense.
c) Do este ntrebun[at pentru subnerea predcatuu a forma afrmatv a ndcatvuu,
tmpure prezent Past Tense a mperatvuu, n care stua[e este accentuat: She
does make a her dresses hersef. ntr-adevr face toate roche sngur. Do read ths
etter to me. Ctete-m te rog, scrsoarea.
pag: 059
1.-=. 2er(ele modale (>odal 2er(s)
1.-=.1. Verbee modae exprm attudnea vorbtoruu fa[ de enun[, ac[unea dn
cadru acestua fnd vzut ca posb, probab, necesar, obgatore, de dort etc.: It
mght ran ater. S-a putea s pou ma trzu. You must meet hm at the staton.
Trebue s- atep[ a gar.
Dn punct de vedere a caracterstcor formae, verbee modae engezet se mpart n:
1) verbe no[onae exprmnd modatatea (want, wsh, order, obge, advse, ntend,
mean, prefer, etc.) care se comport ca ceeate verbe no[onae: He wants to see the
pay. Vrea s vad pesa. Dont obge hm to do ths. Nu- obga s fac asta.
2) verbe modae defectve (Defectve Moda Verbs) (can/coud, may/mght, must, have
to, sha/shoud, w/woud, ought to, be to, used to, need, dare), care exprm de
asemenea modatatea, dar care dn punct de vedere forma, preznt anumte
caracterstc.
Not: Termenu de verbe modae foost pe parcursu ucrr se refer a verbee modae
defectve.
1.-=.-. $aracteristicile ver(elor modale. Verbee modae au urmtoaree
caracterstc:
a) sunt defectve, adc e psesc anumte forme verbae. n consecn[, nu pot f
con|ugate a toate modure tmpure.
>B
Formee pe care e au verbee modae pot f fooste pentru redarea ma mutor tmpur
modur. Can, may, must, need dare, de exempu, exprm ndcatvu prezent: I can
hep you.
Dac ee sunt ns urmate de un adverb de tmp vtor, ac[unea exprmat de verbu a
nfntv se refer a un moment vtor: I can ony hep you next week. Am s te pot a|uta
aba sptmna vtoare.
Formee aparent trecute ae verbeor modae au vaor:
- de Past Tense, cond[ona sub|onctv (coud, woud, mght): I coud skate when I was
a chd. tam s patnez cnd eram cop. I coud hep you f you wanted me to. A putea
s te a|ut dac a dor. She ent hm the camera so that he coud take photos on the trp.
I-am mprumutat aparatu de fotografat ca s fac fotograf n excurse.
Not: Mght poate f foost cu vaoare de Past Tense doar n vorbrea ndrect: She sad
you mght go.
- de cond[ona sub|onctv (shoud): I shoud ke to come tomorrow f you dont mnd.
A dor s vn mne, dac nu te deran|eaz. He demanded we shoud come the next
day. A cerut s venm a doua z.
- a unee forme care e psesc, verbee modae sunt nocute de perfraze modae, de
anumte construc[ cu sens moda (Moda Equvaents): can - be abe to; must - have to;
may - be aowed to/permtted to:
Present: You may go now. Po[ / A voe s pec acum.
Past Tense: He was aowed go to. I s-a perms / dat voe s pece.
Past Perfect: He had been aowed to go out and pay before they eft. I se permsese s
as afar s se |oace nante ca e s pece.
b) nu prmesc s a persoana a III-a snguar (cu excep[a u be to have to): He must see
ths pay. Trebue s vad aceast pes.
c) formeaz nterogatvu negatvu fr a|utoru auxaruu do/dd (cu excep[a u
have to): Must you do ths ? Trebue s fac asta ? She cannot swm. Nu te s noate,
dar: Do you have to type that report ? Trebue s dactografez raportu ?
pag: 060
d) sunt urmate de nfntvu scurt a verbeor no[onae (cu excep[a u be to, have to,
ought to):
She can cook. te s gteasc, dar: He has to get up eary every day. Trebue s se
scoae devreme n fecare z.
Cnd sunt urmate de nfntvu prezent, verbee modaqe se refer a o ac[une prezent
sau vtoare: He mght be there now. S-ar putea ca e s fe acoo acum. She mght come
ater. Ea s-ar putea s vn ma trzu.
Cnd sunt urmate de nfntvu prezent, verbee modae se refer a o acf[une prezent
sau vtoare: He mght be there now. S-ar putea ca e s fe acoo acum. She mght come
ater. ea s-ar putea s vn ma trzu.
Cnd sunt urmate de nfntvu perfect, ac[unea exprmat de verbu no[ona are un
caracter trecut, de anterortate: He mght have been here before we arrved. S-ar putea
s f fost ac nante s sosm no.
>I
e) pe pan sntactc, verbee modae defectve actuesc un predcat verba compus
mpreun cu un at verb a nfntv: You can buy a TV-set n nstaments. Po[ s cumper
un teevzor n rate.
n cadru predcatuu verba compus, verbee modae ndepnesc o func[e dub:
- func[a gramatca de marc a tmpuu: He can skate now. te s patneze acum. He
coud skate when he was a chd. ta s patneze cnd era cop.
- func[a exca de exprmare a modat[: She can type. te s bat a man. You
neednt type ths. Nu este nevoe s ba[ asta a man.
1.-=... $/? 8 $@A<,. Can este foost pentru toate persoanee a ndcatv prezent.
Coud este foost pentru toate persoanee a Past Tense sub|onctv-cond[ona.
Can/coud poate exprma:
1) capactatea (fzc sau nteectua) de efectuare a une ac[un: Tom can speak three
foregn anguages. Tom te tre mb strne. I coud run faster than you ast year.
Puteam s aerg ma repede dect tne anu trecut.
Not: Can urmat de un verb de percep[e senzora (see, hear etc,) corespunde
aspectuu contnuu a verbuu respectv: I can see the car now. I can hear footsteps.
Can exprmnd capactatea fzc sau nteectua (abty) este nocut de be abe to/be
capabe of/know how to:
Prezent: I can sk now/I am abe to sk now. (ma pu[n frecvent)
Past Tense: I coud skate when I was a chd. tam s patnez cnd eram cop.
(capactatea de a patna n genera). Athough t was very cod yesterday, we were abe
to skate for an hour. De a fost foarte frg er, am reut s patnm o or. (capactatea
de a patna - manfestat n anumte cond[, n speca nefavorabe).
Vtor: I be abe to skate next year.
Cond[ona: Woud you be abe to manage by yoursef f t was necessary ?
Coud you manage by yoursef f t was necessary ?
Te-a putea descurca sngur dac ar f nevoe ?
Aten[e ! Dferen[a de sens ntre coud was/were abe to se perde a negatv sau cu
verbe de percep[e:
I coudnt sk yesterday as the weather was very bad.
I wasnt abe to sk yesterday as the weather was very bad.
I coudnt see hm n the dark.
I wasnt abe to see hm n the dark.
pag: 061
2) Can este foost pentru a exprma permsunea, ca o aternatv a u many n
exprmarea famar: A: Can I borrow your umbrea ? B: Of course you can. Pot s au
umbrea ta ? Desgur.
Coud este foost pentru a exprma permsunea n trecut: On Sundays we coud stay n
bed unt ten ocock. Dumnc aveam voe s stm n pat pn a ora 10.
n acest sens, can/coud poate f nocut de be aowed to, be permtted to: On Sundays
we were aowed to stay n bed unt ten ocock.
3) Posbtatea datort crcumstan[eor se exprm astfe:
@<
Prezent: You can sk at Predea now. There s enough snow.
Past Tense: We coud sk at Predea ast year. There was enough snow.
Vtor:
It w be possbe for you to sk at Predea, there w be penty of snow n December.
You w be abe to sk at Predea, there w be penty of snow n December.
Forme de cond[ona: Its foggy. The arport coud be cosed. If he had enough money he
coud buy a bcyce.
4) Can/coud sunt fooste pentru a exprma: o cerere, rugmnte potcoas: Can you
wat a few moments ?
Coud este ma potcos dect can.
5) Coud + nfntvu perfect este foost pentru a exprma capactatea nereazat de
efectuare a une ac[un n trecut: She coud have heped me. (But she ddnt). Ar f putut
s m a|ute.
6) Cant/coudnt + nfntvu prezent a verbuu be exprm o deduc[e negatv despre
un evenment prezent: A: Im hungry. B: You cant be hungry. Youve |ust had your
dnner.
Cant/Coudnt + nfntvu perfect exprm o deduc[e negatv despre un evenment
trecut: A: Dd Ann type the report ?
B: She cant/coudnt have typed t. She hasnt earned to type yet.
1.-=.4. >/B8>I)9T. May este foost a toate persoanee cu vaoare de ndcatv
prezent vtor.
Mght este foost pentru toate persoanee cu vaoare de cond[ona sub|onctv.
Mght este ntrebun[at cu vaoare de Past Tense doar n vorbrea ndrect. "It may ran
ater". , he sad. He sad t mght ran ater.
May este foost:
1) pentru a cere (a) sau a acorda (b) permsunea (ma ofca dect can):
a) May I go ? Pot s pec ?
b) You may go. Po[ s pec.
Forma negatv de neacordare a permsun de may not, rar maynt: A: May I go out ? B:
No, you may not.
Must not (musnt) este foost pentru a exprma nterdc[a, ma aes n reguamente,
nstruc[un: You mustnt wak on the grass. Nu cca[ pe arb.
Echvaentu moda pentru exprmarea permsun este be aowed to / be permtted to:
He was aowed to go. I s-a perms/I s-a dat voe s pece.
He was permtted to go. I s-a perms/I s-a dat voe s pece.
pag: 062
2) May/mght poate exprma o cerere, o rugmnte potcoas (may este ma potcos
ofca dect can/coud): May I use your phone ? m da[ voe s dau teefon ?
Foosrea u mght n acest sens ndc un grad de nesguran[ ma mare dect may (cu
prvre a rspuns): Mght I use your phone ? A putea s dau un teefon ?
3) May/mght + nfntvu prezent exprm o posbtate prezent sau vtoare (n sau
dup momentu vorbr):
He may come today. Se poate s vn az.
He mght come tomorrow. S-ar putea s vn mne.
Mght este foost:
a) pentru a exprma o posbtate ma ndeprtat (s-ar putea...)
@5
b) dup un verb trecut, n vorbrea ndrect: He sad he mght come.
c) n fraze con[nnd subordonate cond[onae: If you shouted, he mght hear you. Dac
a strga, s-ar putea s te aud.
La forma nterogatv negatv, may exprmnd posbtatea este nocut de
construc[e do you thnk + prezent / vtor sau be key + nfntv:
Do you thnk he come today ? Crez c o s vn astz ?
Is he key to come today ? Crez c o s vn astz ?
May/mght + nfntvu perfect este foost pentru a exprma o specua[e despre o
ac[une trecut:
He may have arrved. Se poate s f sost.
He mght have arrved. S-ar putea s f sost.
4) Mght ma este foost:
a) n cerer nsstente sau atunc cnd vorbtoru este rtat de nendepnrea une ac[un
(mght + nfntvu prezent): You mght gve me a copy of that paper. (Pease gve me a
copy. Im annoyed that you havent gven me one.)
b) pentru a exprma rtarea, reprou n egtur cu neefectuarea une ac[un trecute
(mght + nfntvu perfect): You mght have tod me what had happened. A f putut s-
m spu ce s-a ntmpat.
1.-=.5. >A:T 8 9/2C T@ 8 ?CC,. Must este fost a toate persoanee, a ndcatvu
prezent vtor.
Have to este foost ca nocutor a u must exprmnd obga[a, ar need este foost cu
vaoare de prezent vtor, ma aes n propoz[ negatve nterogatve.
Must se foosete pentru a exprma:
1) obga[a: They must stop because the traffc ght s red now.
Must exprmnd obga[a poate f nocut de have to sau ve got to.
HAVE TO. ntre must have to exst urmtoaree dferen[e de sens:
a) Must exprm o obga[e mpus de ctre vorbtor, pe cnd have to exprm o
obga[e mpus dn exteror: I must go. (Its my decson). We have to go. (The shop s
cosng).
b) Must exprm o obga[e mportant, urgent: I must be at the hospota at two. Its
most mportant.
Have to exprm o obga[e obnut, repetat (habtua obgaton): I have to be at the
hospta at seven ocock every mornng. I begn work ar seven.
Prezent: You must stay n bed for a few days. Youve got fu. You have to stay n bed
when you have fu.
pag: 063
Past Tense: He had to stay n bed ast week. He was qute .
Vtor: You must stay n bed tomorrow f you dont fee better. You have to stay n bed
when you fee feversh agan.
HAVE GOT TO
n vorbrea famar, se adaug got a have to, ar have se contrage ob[nndu-se Ive
got/I havent got to phone her.
Aceast form exprm de obce obga[a mpnr une sngure ac[un.
Forma must not (mustnt) exprm nterdc[a, sau un sfat a prezent sau vtor: You must
not move. You mustnt wak on the grass. You mustnt mss that fm, t s very good.
Lpsa obgatvt[ se exprm cu a|utoru u neednt, sau not have to/not need to:
@9
You neednt come eary.
You dont have to come eary.
Forma negatv a u have to exprm o obga[e extern sau repetat, habtua:
We dont have to get up eary Sundays. (We dont go to schooo on Sundays).
We wont have to get up eary Sundays. (We dont go to schooo on Sundays).
Need poate f foost a ma mute tmpur (ca not have to):
Prezent: A: Need I go there now ? B: No, you neednt. A: Do I need to come every day ?
B: You dont need to.
Past Tense: Dd you need to go there yesterday ? I ddnt need to go.
Vtor: You neednt/wont need to go there tomorrow.
Not: n propoz[e nterogatve, foosrea u need n ocu u must arat v vorbtoru se
ateapt a un rspuns negatv: A: Need I wash the dshes ? (I hope not.)
Aten[e ! Need neednt sunt urmate de nfntvu scurt. Ceeate forme sunt urmate de
nfntvu ung: You neednt have bought two oaves of bread. Ive bought a oaf mysef.
Not: Need poate f foost ca verb prncpa, nsemnnd: He needs hep. Are nevoe de
a|utor. Dd she need the dctonary ? A avut nevoe de dc[onar ?
2) Must poate exprma deduc[a ogc: She must be at home. She eft an hour ago.
Deduc[a negatv se exprm cu a|utoru u cannot/cant + nfntvu prezent a verbuu
to be: She eft ten mnutes ago, she cant be at home now.
Must + nfntvu perfect exprm o deduc[e ogc (n prezent) despre o ac[une trecut:
Shes got a ten n her term paper. She must have worked very hard.
Deduc[e ogc negatv se exprm cu a|utoru u cant/coudnt + nfntvu perfect:
She cant have baked ths pe. She cant cook.
She coudnt have baked ths pe. She cant cook.
n vorbrea ndrect se foosete must sau have to dup caz, dup un verb decaratv a
un tmp trecut: She sad she woud have to eave eary n the mornng (obga[e). We
thought she must be . Am crezut c este bonav (deduc[e ogc).
pag: 064
1.-=.6. :9/<<8:9@A<,. Sha este foost:
1) pentru a exprma obga[e, n st ofca - acte, reguamente, etc. a persoana a II-a
a III-a: The seer sha suppy the spare parts n due tme.
Vnztoru va furnza pesee de schmb n tmp ut.
Vnztoru este obgat s furnzeze pesee de schmb n tmp ut.
2) Sha este foost n propoz[ nterogatve, a persoana I snguar sau pura:
a) pentru a cere un sfat, o sugeste, un ordn: Where sha we put the fowers ? Unde s
punem fore ? Sha we go to the cnema tonght ? (Ce spu), mergem a cnema
dsear ? What sha I do ? Ce trebue s fac ?
b) pentru a face o ofert: Sha I hep you ? S te a|ut ?
Shoud este foost pentru a exprma:
1) obga[a, necestatea ogc de nfpture a une ac[un, de obce sub form de sfat
de ctre vorbtor: The book s very nterestng. You shoud read t. Cartea e foarte
nteresant. Ar trebu s-o ctet. He shoudnt te es. N-ar trebu s mnt.
@>
2) o presupunere (ndcnd un grad de nesguran[ ma mare dect w): He shoud be
there by now. Ar trebu s f a|uns acoo de|a. He shoud have eft by now. Ar trebu s f
pecat de|a.
3) Shoud este frecvent foost n propoz[e subordonate (vez cap. 25):
a) n propoz[ subectve: Its strange that he shoud behave ke that.
b) n propoz[ competve drecte: I suggest we shoud eave at once.
c) n propoz[ cond[onate pentru a exprma o cond[e ma pu[n probab: If she
shoud come, te her to wat for me. Dac se ntmp s vn, spune- s m atepte.
d) n propoz[ de scop, n parae cu woud: She put on her sun gasses so that ne one
shoud/woud see her tears. puse ochear de soare ca s nu- vad nmen acrme.
e) n propoz[ de scop negatve, dup est uneor dup n case: She was afrad n case
she shoud sp on the cy road. era team s nu aunece pe drumu nghe[at.
Shoud + nfntvu perfect exprm nendepnrea une obga[ sau a une ac[un n
trecut:You shoud have sent her a teegram. Why ddnt you ? Ar f trebut s- trm[ o
teegram. De ce n-a fcut-o ?
1.-=.'. @A)9T T@. Ought to ndc obga[a sau datora, de obce sub form de sfat
dat de ctre vorbtor (a fe ca shoud):
A: You ought to fnsh the book before gong on hoday. A: Ar trebu s termn cartea
nante s pec n vacan[.
B: I know I shoud. B: tu c-ar trebu.
Exprmarea unu sfat, a une recomandr, sugest, prn ought to/shoud este ma pu[n
puternc dect prn must: Compara[:
You shoud see a doctor. Ar trebu s te duc a doctor.
You ought to see a doctor. Ar trebu s te duc a doctor.
You must see a doctor. Trebue s te duc a doctor.
Ought to + nfntvu perfect exprm o datore nendepnt, o ac[une care ar f trebut
efectuat (a fe ca shoud):
You ought to have crossed when the ghts were green.
You shoud have crossed when the ghts were green.
Ar f trebut s traversez cnd umna semaforuu era verde.
pag: 065
You oughtnt to have crossed when the ghts were red.
You shoudnt have crossed when the ghts were red.
N-ar f trebut s traversez pe umna roe a semaforuu.
Ought to/shoud rmne neschmbat n vorbrea ndrect, dup un verb a un tmp
trecut.:
He tod me you ought to attent the conference.
He tod me you shoud attent the conference.
M-a spus c ar trebu s v a confern[.
1.-=.+. ;I<<8;@A<,. W este foost pentru a exprma:
1) o comand mpersona (smar cu must, be to): You w come here at once. Vno
ncoace medat.
@@
2) nssten[a, hotrrea de a efectua o ac[une: He w study chemstry whatever hs
father says. Va studa / este decs s studeze chma, ndferent de prerea tatu su.
3) o ac[une repetat, un obce a une persoane (w "frecventatv"): He w st on the
bench for hours and gaze at the stars. Obnuete s stea ore-n r pe banc s se ute
a stee.
4) o nvta[e, n propoz[ nterogatve, a persoana a II-a: W you have another
sanwch ? Ma vre / a te rog un sandv.
5) o cerere sau rugmnte (pe un ton potcos, dar ma autortar dect woud): W you
sgn the regster ? V rog s semna[ n regstru.
6) o nten[e spontan, nepremedtat, n momentu vorbr a persoana I (de obce
contras n ):
A: Im thrsty. B: I fetch you a gass of water. A: M-e sete. B: S-[ aduc un pahar cu
ap.
W devne woud sau nfntv n vorbrea ndrect, n func[e se sens:
Woud este foost:
1) pentru a exprma o cerere, o rugmnte potcoas:
Woud you do me favour ? Vre[ s-m face[ un servcu ?
Woud you do me a favour ? V rog s-m face[ un servcu ?
Not: Woud ke este de obce foost n ocu u want, fnd o form de exprmare ma
potcoas:
I woud ke to tak to the manager.
I want to tak to the manager.
A dor s vorbesc cu drectoru.
Woud you ke to tak to hm now ? Dor[ cu e acum ?
2) Ca forma de Past Tense a u w, woud este foost pentru a exprma:
a) nten[a (n vorbre ndrect): I sad, "I w hep her". I sad I woud hep her.
b) nten[a negatv (refuzu):
Present: He wont hep me. Nu vrea s m a|ute.
Past tense: He woudnt hep me. Nu voa s m a|ute.
pag: 066
c) nssten[a, hotrrea de a efectua o ac[une n trecut: He woud keep sent for hours,
no metter what arguments I used.
d) o actvtate repetat, un obce n trecut (woud "frecventatv"): She woud wat for me
n front of the schoo gates.
3) Woud este foost pentru a exprma probabtatea: That woud be ther car. Probab
c aceea este mana or. (Ac eeaq trebue s fe mana or).
Aten[e ! Woud + rather/sooner + nfntvu scurt este foost pentru a exprma
prefern[a:
I woud rather sten to the concert than see the fm.
I d sooner sten to the concert than see the fm.
A prefera s ascut concertu dect s vd fmu.
1.-=.1. A:C, T@. Used to este foost doar a Past Tense, pentru a exprma:
@F
1) o ac[une repetat, un obce trecut, care nu ma este practcat n prezent: I used to
swm n the Ot rver when I was a chd, but I dont do ths any onger. Obnuam s not
n Ot cnd eram cop, dar acum nu ma not.
2) o ac[une repetat, un obce trecut, care ma este practcat n prezent: They used to
spend ther hodays n the mountans. (Its very key they st do t.).
Aten[e ! 1. Used to poate f nocut de woud a sensu 2). Woud este frecvent: They
woud spend ther hodays n the mountans.
petreceau vacan[ee a munte.
Obnuau s- petreac vacan[ee a munte.
Aten[e ! Used to nu are form a prezent. Pentru a exprma un obce prezent, foos[
prezentu smpu: I (usuay) spend my hodays n the mountans.
De obce m petrec vacan[ee a munte.
Obnuesc s-m petrec vacan[ee a munte.
1.-=.1=. 5C T@. Be to este foost pentru a exprma:
1) o comand sau nstruc[un ntr-un mod mpersona (de obce a persoana a III-a):
He s to stay here t we return.
Trebue Va sta s stea ac pn ne ntoarcem.
Urmeaz Va sta s stea ac pn ne ntoarcem.
2) o ac[une panfcat (construc[e des foost n mba|u |urnastc): The competton s
to start n a weeks tme.
3) un ordn sau comand, n vorbrea ndrect: He says, "Wat here t I come". He says
that I am to wat here t he comes.
La Past Tense, be poate f urmat:
a) de un nfntv prezent: He was to go. Urma s pece.
propoz[e dn care nu afm dac ac[unea panfcat a fost ndepnt sau nu;
b) de un nfntv perfect, pentru a exprma o ac[une pnut dar nendepnt: He was
to have gone (but he ddnt).
pag: 067
1.-=.11. ,/DC. Dare se foosete cu saensu de a ndrzn, a avea cura|u, n speca n
propoz[ nterogatve negatve: How dare you contradct me ? Cum ndrznet s m
contrazc ? The boy dared not te hs father what he had done. Batu n-a ndrznt s-
spun tatu su ce a fcut.
La afrmatv, dare se con|ug ca un verb prncpa:
Prezent: dare, dares;
Past Tense: dared.
La negatv nterogatv, dare poate f con|ugat ca un verb no[ona sau ca un verb
moda: Dare he speak ? ndrznete s vorbeasc ? Does he dare (to) speak ?
Dare ca verb moda este urmat:
a) de nfntvu fr to dup forma nvarab dare (persoana a III-a snguar sau Past
Tense): I wonder whether he DARE come. M ntreb dac va ndrzn s vn. He fet that
he DARENT try. -a dat seama c n-are cura|u s ncerce.
@G
b) de nfntvu cu to, dup partcpu prezent sau dup persoana a III-a snguar: Now he
dares to attack me ! Acum ndrznete s m atace !
c) de nfntvu cu sau fr to dup forma de nfntv a verbuu, forma de Past Tense
dared partcpu trecut: He woudnt dare (to) te me ths. N-ar ndrzn s-m spun
acest ucru. He dared (to) wrte upon the sub|ect. A avut cura|u s scre despre acea
probem. He had never dared (to) ask me. Nu ndrznse ncodat s m ntrebe.
Aten[e ! Verbu dare este urmat de nfntvu cu to cnd este foost ca verb prncpa: He
dared me to compete wth hm. M-a provocat a ntrecere.
'V'Q=&U&&
I. Ortografa[ urmtoaree verbe a persoana a III-a snguar Past Tense, forma n -ng
partcpu trecut:
study, py, pay, wrte, stop, cut, trave, occur, de, dye, refer, wash, watch,go to, begn,
cry, see, regret, free, show, sew.
II. Pune[ verbee dn parantez a tmpu potrvt.
1. Look! It (ran). Take you umbree.
2. Why (he, drve) so fast today?
3. It (start) to ran whe she (wak) n the park yesterday.
4. The teephone (rng) |ust as he (go) out a few mnutes ago.
5. If the weather (be) fne tomorrow, we (go) on a trp to Poana Braov.
6. What (you, go) tonght ?
7. What tme (the tran eave)? It (eave) at 8 ocock accordng to schedue.
Rezovare:
1. It s ranng.
2. Is he drvng; drves;
3. started, was wakng.
4. rang, was gong out;
5. s, sha be skng;
6. does the tran eave, eaves;
7. are you dong; am ookng; have you been ookng;came; dd you came; came.
III. Traduce[ n mba engez:
1. Pou. Pou adesea toamna. 2. Pou de cnd a vent. 3. A pouat. 4. A pouat er.
5. Poua cnd m-am utat pe fereastr. 6. St s pou. 7. Vom face o pmbare dup ce
va f stat poaa. 8. Nu vom merge n parc dac nu va sta poaa.
Rezovare:
1. It s ranng. It often rans n autumn. 2. It has been ranng snce you came. 3. It has
raned. 4. It raned yesterday too. 5. It was ranng when I ooked out of the wndow. 6. Is
ooks ke ran. 7. We go for a wak when the ran has stopped. 8. We shant go for a
wak uness t stops ranng.
IV. Trece[ urmtoaree propoz[ a dateza pasv, transformnd compementu
persoane n subect.
Exempu: They offered her fowers.
@H
She was offered fowers.
1. The gude s showng them the museum.
2. They have apponted hm presdent.
3. She has gven me a good dctonary.
4. They w te you what tme the bus eaves.
5. I pay the cartenter for hs work.
6. He promsed them new bcyces.
Rezovare:
1. They are beng shown the museum. 2. He has been apponted presdent. 3. I have
been gven a good dctonary. 4. You w be tod what tme the bus eaves. 5. The
carpender w be pad for hs work. 6. They were promsed new bcyces.
V. Traduce[ urmtoaree propoz[ n mba engez, foosnd verbe a dateza pasv:
1. Aceast probem trebue anazat.
2. Nu s-a dormt n acest pat.
3. Cop au fost bne ngr|[.
4. Cnee a fost ccat de un autobuz.
5. Vor rde de tne dac ve purta rocha asta.
Rezovare:
1. Ths matter must be ooked nto.
2. Ths bed has not been sept n.
3. The chdren were we ooked after.
4. The dog was run over by a bus.
5. You w be aughed at f you wear ths dress.
VI. n propoz[e de ma |os, nocu[, sub|onctvu sntetc cu sub|onctvu anatc cu
shoud sau may:
Exempu:
a) It s necessary that he sand the etter at once.
It s necessary that he shou send the etter at once.
b) Whoever the woman be, you must send for a doctor.
Whoever the woman may be, you must send for a doctor.
1. Father nssted that hs son read books n Romana hstory.
2. It s mperatve that they exceed producton.
3. The doctor recommended that the od woman keep to bed for a few days.
4. Long she be happy.
5. The charman demanded that proposas be made.
VII. Traduce[ n mba engez foosnd forme ae sub|onctvuu sntetc sau anatc:
1. Este recomandab s f acoo a ora 8 fx.
2. E cer ca trupee namce s fe retrase de pe tertoru or.
3. De ce s facem no asta ?
4. Dorn[a u ca no s devenm profesor s-a ndepnt.
5. Fe ce-o f, vo porn motoru.
@B
Rezovare:
1. It s advsabe that you be / shoud be there at eght ocock sharp.
2. They requre that the enemy troops be/shoud be wthdrawn from ther terrtory.
3. Why shoud we do ths?
4. Hs wsh that we shoud become teachers has been fufed.
5. Come what may, I start the engne.
pag: 069
VIII. Pune[ verbee dn paranteze a nfntvu ung (cu to) sau scurt (fr to).
Exempu:
a) You must (he) hm.
You must hep hm.
b) They want (come) now.
They want to come now.
1. He has decded (become) a mechanc.
2. W you (come) to the theatre wth me?
3. You ought (revse) for your exams ths week.
4. We can (wat) for you here.
5. I saw them (cross) the street.
Rezovare:
1. to become;
2. come;
3. to revse;
4. wat;
5. cross.
IX. Competa[ spa[e bere cu prepoz[e necesare. Pune[ verbee dn paranteze a
forma Gerund.
Exempu:
He fnay succeeded ... (se) hs od car.
He fnay succeeded n seng hs od car.
1. The bad weather prevent hm... (eave) ast Monday.
2. Our teacher doesnt approve... (study) ate at nght.
3. He worres... (ose) hs poston.
4. He fnay succeeded... (post) the etter.
5. She nssts... (do) everythng hersef.
6. Ths research ams... (fnd) a more effcent method.
Rezova[:
1. from eavng
2. of studyng;
3. about osng;
@I
4. n postng;
5. on dong;
6. at fndng.
X. Pune[ verbee dn paranteze a forma Gerund. Pune[ pronumee personae a acuzatv
(pentru o exprmare famar), sau transforma[-e n pronume posesve (pentru o
exprmare ma terar).
Exempu:
I cant understand (he, forget) to come to the meetng.
I cant understand hm / hs forgetng to come to the meetng.
1. My mother hates (I, read) whe Im whe Im eatng.
2. I dont remember (he, come) ate before.
3. Excuse (I, nterrupt) you.
4. I dont ke (she, wear) my dresses.
5. I ob|ect to (they, make) so much nose.
6. He doesnt agree to (we, come) ate to schoo.
Rezovare:
1. me/my readng;
2. hm/hs comng;
3. me for nterruptng you/my nterruptng you;
4. her/her wearng;
5. them/ther makng;
6. us/our comng.
XI. Pune[ verbee dn paranteze a nfntvu cu to sau forma Gerund n func[e de sens:
1. I w remember (gve) your mother your message.
2. I remember (meet) hm at your brthday ast year.
3. Pease stop (nterrupt) me n the mdde of a sentence.
4. He stopped (tak) to hs former pups.
5. Dd you forget (gve) hm that message?
6. I defntey reca (eave) my coat n ths room.
Rezovare:
1. to gve.
2. meetng.
3. nterruptng.
4. to tak.
5. to gve.
6. eavng.
pag: 070
XII. Pune[ cuvntee dn paranteze a forma corect: partcpu n -ng sau partcpu
trecut:
F<
Exempu:
a) We saw an (entertan) programme on TV ast nght.
We saw an entertanng programme on TV ast nght.
b) The carpenter repared the (break) char.
The carpenter repared the broken char.
1. We have to work hard the (foow) weeks.
2. The poce were on the tracks of the (foow) man.
3. That was a very (nterest) book.
4. The (nterest) partes sgned the agreement.
5. They se (freeze) goods here.
6. The temperature s beow (freeze) pont.
Rezovare:
1. foowng.
2. foowed.
3. nterestng.
4. nterested.
5. frozen
6. freezng.
XIII. Traduce[ n mba engez:
1. Cr[e mprumutate de a bbotec trebue napoate a tmp.
2. Ferestree saonuu se deschdeau spre o teras cu prvre a mare.
3. Auznd pa, se ntoarse tresrnd.
4. Toate ucrure pe care e tm de mut ne sunt drag.
5. Tcu, prnd mrat de purtarea mea.
6. Dup ce a termnat ce-avea de fcut, se rdc s opreasc mana.
Rezovarea:
1. Books borrowed from the brary must be returned n tme.
2. The wndows of the drawng-room opened on to a terrace overookng the sea.
3. Hearng footsteps, he turned wth a start.
4. A ong known ob|ects are dear to us.
5. He kept sent, as f puzzed by my behavour.
6. Havng competed her pece of work, she rose to swtch off the machne.
XIV. nocu[ cuvntee scrse cursv cu verbe potrvte ca sens verbe no[onae a
nfntvu prezent sau perfect:
Exempu:
We are obged to do our homework every day.
We have to do our hemwork every day.
1. You are gven permsson to eave.
F5
2. Perhaps they have heard the news.
3. He probaby went to Oradea on busness.
4. Chdren are forbdden to pay wth matches.
5. She ddnt forget about the appontment; t s mpossbe.
6. As you dont fee we ts good for you to see a doctor.
Rezovare:
1. may eave.
2. may have heard.
3. must have gone.
4. must not pay.
5. coudnt have forgotten.
6. shoud see.
XV. Traduce[ n mba engez, foosnd verbe modae potrvte ca sens:
1. Vre s-m aduc zaru, te rog ?
2. S cumpr nte banane ? A prefera s cumpr nte portocae.
3. Vre[ s semna[ n regstru, v rog ?
4. Pute[ s m a|uta[ a baga|e ?
5. Dor[ o ceac de cafea ? Nu, mu[umesc. A dor o ceac de cea.
6. Ea nu te ns engezete dar va t aceast mb peste c[va an.
Rezovare:
1. W you fetch me the newspaper, pease.
2. Sha I buy some bananas ? Youd rather buy some oranges.
3. Woud you sgn n the regster, pease.
4. Coud you hep me wth my uggage ?
5. Woud you ke a cup of coffee? No, thank you.
6. She cant speak Engsh yet, but she w be abe to do so n a few years tme.
F9