,,LUMEA N PASIV.

N PROBLEMA PASIVULUI I A TRANSFORMRII PASIVE N

LIMBA ROMN
Luminia Hoar Cruu

Gramatica generativ-transformaional: convertibilitatea propoziiilor active n propoziii pasive

i a OD din propoziiile active n S al celor pasive una dintre cele mai importante reguli are
componentului transformaional.
Structura de adncime

Chomsky: S + P (deci transformarea pasiv mut S n locul O i pune O n locul S)

Ch. Fillmore: ,,predicat urmat de unul sau mai multe argumente (simplific)
(transformarea pasiv schimb locul argumentelor de dup verbdiferen de
topicalizare ntre o propoziie activ i una pasiv)

Lingvitii romni care se nscriu n direcia gramaticii generativ-transforma ionale consider c

transfomarea de pasivizare are dou variante:
1. auxiliarul pasivului fi + Part
2. pronumele reflexiv se (,,reflexivul pasiv)
Transformarea pasiv o denumire nepotrivit fiindc duce la ideea eronat c un enun (a) a
fost mai nti formulat i apoi transformat contient ntr-un enun (b); deci c tipul (b) s-a
dezvoltat obligatoriu din tipul (a). Tipul pasiv apare independent i cu un statut propriu fa de
tipul activ, ntr-o faz veche a limbilor.
Chomsky: propoziiile active i corespondentele lor pasive sunt ,,realizri de enunuri fonologice
distincte i care au aceeai semnificaie
Cartea a fost scris de John. (aseriune privitoare la carte)
John a scris cartea. (aseriune privitoare la John)

Neexistena unei echivalene

de sens perfecte ntre
propoziiile active i cele
pasive corespondente.

n GA (1966) se consider c ,,diateza pasiv arat ca subiectul gramatical sufer ac iunea, iar
autorul, cnd este exprimat, e redat prin complementul de agent
,,pasivul apare numai la verbele tranzitive
,,se exprim cu ajutorul verbului a fi i cu participiul verbului de conjugat (=forma specific
a diatezei pasive)
,,pasivul reflexiv (exprimat prin verbe construite cu pronume reflexive n acuzativ): Cartea
se citete uor (de public).
n GALR (2005) forma pasiv cu pronume reflexiv este numit ,,varianta reflexiv-pasiv.
Echipa bucuretean construiete podul. (a) vs. Podul se construiete de ctre echipa
bucuretean. (p, n varianta reflexiv)

Trsturile construciei pasive n raport cu activul:

1. S din construcia activ poziie postverbal de C. prep. al verbului.
2. CD din construcia activ S.
3. din 2. intranzitivitatea verbului.
Pasivul cu operatorul a fi i pasivul-reflexiv snt considerate ,,forme sinonime din punct de
vedere morfologic. Diferenele dintre cele dou forme se manifest n cadrul diferitelor stiluri
funcionale.
Pasivul cu a fi, avnd complementul de agent exprimat, prezint un grad redus de ambiguitate,
fiind folosit preponderant n texte ce aparin stilului tiinific. (,,Spectrele de linii snt produse de
atomi liberi.)
Pasivul cu pronumele reflexiv se i, de obicei, cu complementul de agent neexprimat, are un
oarecare grad de ambiguitate care se datoreaz posibilitii confundrii diatezei pasive cu alte
diateze. Aceast form de pasiv predomin n stilul beletristic i n limba vorbit. (,,Pe-altarului
icoan n raze roii frngeri, / Palid i mohort Maica Domnului se vede., M. Eminescu)
A fi poate fi substituibil cu alte verbe sinonime:
a veni : nainte de folosire, cratia vine uns cu unt.
a se afla : Documentaia se afl depus la primrie.
Caracteristicile pasivului-reflexiv n privina structurii:
1. forma verbului este aceeai cu cea a verbului activ, la care se adaug obligatoriu cliticul
reflexiv se. (Nu se primesc contestaii.)
2. paradigma pasivului-reflexiv este limitat la forme pentru persoanele a III-a singular i plural.
Trsturile de uz:
1. se utilizeaz de preferin n condiiile neexprimrii complementului de agent. ( Libertatea este
ceva care se cucerete i nu ceva care se cere cu insisten.)
2. pasivul-reflexiv se prefer n condiiile n care S. se afl n pozi ie post-verbal. ( Se tie deja
premiantul.)
3. construcia pasiv-reflexiv se prefer n cazul unui subiect pasiv cu citire ,,nonindividual ( Se
caut menajer); pasivul prototipic fiind preferat n condiiile unui subiect cu citire
,,individual (n acest magazin a fost vndut deja Luchianul expus.)
4. pasivul-reflexiv este preferat n condiiile impersonalizrii construciei. ( Orice scriitor d mai
mult cnd i se cere.)
Pasivul nemarcat (pasivul lexical, pasivul cu marc zero) are n vedere includerea trsturii
[+ Pasiv] ca trstur semantic inerent, fr nicio marc pasiv exterioar.

participiile verbelor tranzitive (avere bine administrat) i supinele provenind de la verbele

tranzitive (Este interzis de utilizat asemenea substane de ctre copii.)
Despre gramatica generativ-transformaional:
'generative'- to generate = (1) to produce, (2) to specify the rules
(1) owing to our mental grammar, when we speak / write we produce new grammatical sentences.
(2) Generative Grammar describes our mental grammar by specifying the rules / making the
hidden linguistic rules in our head explicit.
Generative grammar is a linguistic theory that considers grammar to be a system of rules that is
intended to generate exactly those combinations of words which form grammatical sentences in a
given language.
One of the most important concepts proposed by Chomsky is the concept of surface and deep
structure. Surface structure can be defined as the syntactic form they take as actual sentences.
In the other words, it is forms of sentences resulted from modification/ transformation. Consider
these sentences:
(1) You close the door.
(2) The door is closed by you.
(3) Close the door!
The first sentence is active, second is passive, and the last is imperative. However, if you take a
look those closely, you will find that those three are very closely related, even identical. They
seem to be identical, since they have the same undelying abstract representation that is
called deep structure. It is defined as an abstract level of structural organization in which all the
elements determining structural interpretation are represented. If you want to analyze the relation
of those three sentences, the first you have to know about the deep structure of them, since deep
structure is the input of transformation rules. We cannot apply transformation rules if you dont
have deep structure. transformation rules are sets of rules which will change or move
constituents in the structures.
The terms "surface layer" and "deep layer" refer to different levels that information goes through
in the language production system. For example, imagine that you see a dog chasing a mailman.
When you encode this information, you create a representation that includes three pieces of
information: a dog, a mailman, and the action chasing. This information exists in the mind of the
speaker as a "deep" structure. If you want to express this information linguistically, you can, for
example, produce a sentence like "The dog is chasing the mailman." This is the "surface" layer: it
consists of the words and sounds produced by a speaker (or writer) and perceived by a listener
(or reader). You can also produce a sentence like "The mailman is being chased by a dog" to
describe the same event -- here, the order in which you mention the two characters (the "surface"
layer) is different from the first sentence, but both sentences are derived from the same "deep"
representation. Linguists propose that you can perform movement operations to transform the
information encoded in the "deep" layer into the "surface" layer, and refer to these movement
operations as linguistic rules. Linguistic rules are part of the grammar of a language and must be
learned by speakers in order to produce grammatically correct sentences.