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Legal English PDF
Legal English PDF
nvmnt la Distan
Facultatea de Drept
Anul al II-lea
LIMBA ENGLEZ
Introducere
Unitatea de nvare 1
The United States Constitution
1.1. Introducere
1.2. Obiective
1.3. Rezumat
1.4. Test de evaluare
1.5. Test de autoevaluare
1.6. Tem de control
1.7. Bibliografie specifica
1.8. Rspunsuri la testele de autoevaluare
Unitatea de nvare 2
The Future Forms
2.1. Introducere
2.2. Obiective
2.3. Rezumat
2.4. Test de evaluare
2.5. Test de autoevaluare
2.6. Tem de control
2.7. Bibliografie specifica
2.8. Rspunsuri la testele de autoevaluare
Unitatea de nvare 3
The Constitution as Supreme Law
3.1. Introducere
3.2. Obiective
3.3. Rezumat
3.4. Test de evaluare
3.5. Test de autoevaluare
3.6. Tem de control
3.7. Bibliografie specifica
3.8. Rspunsuri la testele de autoevaluare
Unitatea de nvare 4
The Sequence of Tenses
4.1. Introducere
4.2. Obiective
4.3. Rezumat
4.4. Test de evaluare
4.5. Test de autoevaluare
2
4.6. Tem de control
4.7. Bibliografie specifica
4.8. Rspunsuri la testele de autoevaluare
Unitatea de nvare 5
The Legal System in the united States
5.1. Introducere
5.2. Obiective
5.3. Rezumat
5.4. Test de evaluare
5.5. Test de autoevaluare
5.6. Tem de control
5.7. Bibliografie specifica
5.8. Rspunsuri la testele de autoevaluare
Unitatea de nvare 6
The Conditional Sentences
6.1. Introducere
6.2. Obiective
6.3. Rezumat
6.4. Test de evaluare
6.5. Test de autoevaluare
6.6. Tem de control
6.7. Bibliografie specifica
6.8. Rspunsuri la testele de autoevaluare
Unitatea de nvare 7
The Trial in the United States
7.1. Introducere
7.2. Obiective
7.3. Rezumat
7.4. Test de evaluare
7.5. Test de autoevaluare
7.6. Tem de control
7.7. Bibliografie specifica
7.8. Rspunsuri la testele de autoevaluare
Unitatea de nvare 8
The Passive Voice
8.1. Introducere
8.2. Obiective
8.3. Rezumat
8.4. Test de evaluare
8.5. Test de autoevaluare
8.6. Tem de control
8.7. Bibliografie specifica
8.8. Rspunsuri la testele de autoevaluare
3
Unitatea de nvare 9
Offences against Person (I)
9.1. Introducere
9.2. Obiective
9.3. Rezumat
9.4. Test de evaluare
9.5. Test de autoevaluare
9.6. Tem de control
9.7. Bibliografie specifica
9.8. Rspunsuri la testele de autoevaluare
Unitatea de nvare 10
Nominative + Infinitive and its uses
10.1. Introducere
10.2. Obiective
10.3. Rezumat
10.4. Test de evaluare
10.5. Test de autoevaluare
10.6. Tem de control
10.7. Bibliografie specifica
10.8. Rspunsuri la testele de
autoevaluare
Unitatea de nvare 11
Offences against Person (II)
11.1. Introducere
11.2. Obiective
11.3. Rezumat
11.4. Test de evaluare
11.5. Test de autoevaluare
11.6. Tem de control
11.7. Bibliografie specifica
11.8. Rspunsuri la testele de
autoevaluare
Unitatea de nvare 12
Final Grammar Exercises
12.1. Introducere
12.2. Obiective
12.3. Rezumat
12.4. Test de evaluare
12.5. Test de autoevaluare
12.6. Tem de control
12.7. Bibliografie specifica
12.8. Rspunsuri la testele de
autoevaluare
4
INTRODUCERE
Obiectivul Modulul Limba englez are drept obiectiv nsuirea de ctre studeni a
modulului unui set de termeni juridici de baz (pe care studenii s i poat folosi la
un interviu de angajare sau n vederea redactrii n limba englez a unor
eseuri/ referate/articole sau n traducerea unor texte juridice). Totodat,
studenii vor recapitula noiuni generale de gramatic a limbii engleze.
Deprinderea competenelor necesare utilizrii limbii engleze n mediul
juridic le va permite studenilor s utilizeze aceast limb strin n
vederea angajrii, n activitatea de cercetare (foarte multe cri de
specialitate fiind scrise n limba englez) i n vederea ndeplinirii
viitoarelor sarcinilor de serviciu.
Cunotinele dobndite n cadrul acestui modul vor putea fi folosite
alturi de cunotinele obinute prin studierea altor discipline din planul
de nvmnt al specializrii, contribuind mpreun cu acestea la
formarea unui specialist care s rspund cerinelor i exigenelor
angajatorilor din domeniu.
Prin nsuirea coninutului modulului, studenii vor dobndi urmtoarele
competene generale i specifice:
2. Competene interpersonale:
- capacitatea de evaluare i autoevaluare
- capacitatea de a lucra n echip
- capacitatea de a avea un comportament etic i de a respecta
regulile deontologiei profesionale.
3. Competene sistemice:
- capacitatea de a transpune n practic noiunile dobndite
- capacitatea de a nva
- capacitatea de a se adapta procesului de integrare european
- abilitatea de a lucra independent.
5
stimularea conversaiei spontane n vederea dobndirii unei fluene
convenabile n dialoguri pe teme de specialitate.
2. Explicare si interpretare
interpretarea corect a sensului unui text juridic, redactat n limba
englez i capacitatea de a explica n mod corect termenii juridici
folosii n textul respectiv.
3. Instrumental aplicative
dezvoltarea capacitii de a efectua corect traduceri din limba
englez n limba romn i de a redacta cu acuratee retroversiuni
din limba romn n limba englez, folosind termeni de specialitate.
4. Atitudinale
dezvoltarea abilitii de a gndi i interpreta n limba englez
noiunile juridice i gramaticale nvate;
dezvoltarea interesului pentru cunoaterea vocabularului juridic de
specialitate n limba englez.
6
Unitatea de nvare 7 THE TRIAL IN THE UNITED STATES
(60 de minute) prezint participanii la proces n conformitate cu
sistemul judiciar american, rolul judectorului i al jurailor n instan.
7
Pregtirea i Pn la data primului tutorial din semestrul doi, studenii vor
evaluarea parcurge unitile de nvare 7, 8 i 9. i vor nsui cunotinele
studenilor teoretice i vor rspunde la toate sarcinile incluse n acestea.
(sem. II) Rspunsurile la exerciii i referatele se vor redacta n scris (sunt
acceptate i n form electronic document Word) i vor fi transmise
tutorelui.
Pn la data celui de-al doilea tutorial, inclusiv, studenii vor
parcurge unitile de nvare 10, 11 i 12.
i vor nsui noiunile expuse n unitile 10, 11 i 12 i vor rezolva
temele de control.
8
UNIT 1: THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION
1.1. Introducere
n aceast unitate de nvare, vei studia cteva date istorice generale
cu privire la Constituia SUA. Totodat, studenii vor afla informaii
privind principiile fundamentale care stau la baza Constituiei SUA.
The Constitution of the United States sets forth the nations fundamental laws. It establishes
the form of the national government and defines the rights and liberties of the American 00:30
people. The Constitution was written to organise a strong national government for the
American States. Previously, the nations leaders had established a national government
under the Articles of Confederation. But the Articles granted independence to each state.
They also lacked the authority to make the states work together to solve national problems.
After the states won independence, they had to enforce law and order, collect taxes, pay a
large public debt, and regulate trade among themselves. Leading statesmen, such as George
Hamilton and Alexander Hamilton, began to discuss the creation of a strong national
government under a new constitution.
A convention was called by Congress in 1787 to revise the Articles of Confederation. But a
majority of the delegates at the convention decided instead to write a new plan of government
the Constitution of the United States.
The Constitution they framed was ratified by all the States within a few years, but with
considerable opposition, which is still in force. The Constitution defines clearly the functions
and the powers of the national government. In addition, it establishes protection for the rights
of the states and of every individual.
9
the executive, the legislative and the judicial. The power is shared in such a way that each
branch has a certain authority over the others, a system called checks and balances.
The executive branch enforces the law, the legislative branch makes the law and the judicial
branch explains the law. The executive branch is represented by the President, the legislative
branch by Congress and the judicial branch by the Supreme Court.
Federal powers listed in the Constitution include the right to collect taxes, declare war and
regulate trade. In addition, the national government had implied powers (those reasonably
suggested by the Constitution). The implied powers enable the government to respond to the
changing needs of the nation.
For example, Congress has no delegated power to print money.
There are some powers that the Constitution does not give to the national government or to
the states. These reserved powers belong to the people or to other states.
State powers include the right to legislate on divorce, marriage and public schools. Powers
reserved for the people include the right to own property and to be tried by a jury.
In some cases, the national and state governments have concurrent powers that is, both
levels of the government may act. The national government has the supreme authority in case
of a conflict.
The Supreme Court has the final authority to explain the Constitution. It can set aside any law
federal, state or local that conflicts with any part of the Constitution.
The first 10 amendments known as the Bill of Rights were proposed on September, 1789, and
ratified on December, 1791. Originally, the amendments applied only to the federal
government. But the 14th Amendment declares that no state can deprive any person of life,
liberty or property without due process of law. The Supreme Court has interpreted those
words to mean that most of the Bill of Rights applies to the states as well.
S ne reamintim
Constituia SUA este legea fundamental a Statelor Unite ale Americii.
Legea suprem a SUA este cadrul legal pentru buna organizare a
Guvernului SUA. Constituia SUA reglementeaz relaiile dintre guvernul
federal i fiecare stat American, precum i dintre guvernul federal i
cetenii americani.
10
1.3. Rezumat
II. Fill in the blanks in the text using the words and expressions in the list
below.
In the USA the (1) _______ of the Supreme Court deliver ruling also called
(2)_______. They are the opinions of the majority of the court (or the majority
opinions). The Court may also render a minority opinion in the decision of a law
case, in which some justice disagree with the majority opinion and explain why.
This ruling is called a (3) ______.
Some justices may agree with the majority opinion on the legal decision taken,
yet they might want to express diverging points of view on minor issues. This
ruling is called a (4)__________.
Some State Supreme Courts in the United States may deliver (5)_______ on a
point of law, a statute, a treaty etc. These opinions are merely persuasive, they are
not (6) _____.
Practitioners of the law, judges and law teachers have been working (within a
private organisation called the American Law Institute) on a systematic
compilation of (7) _______ in such areas as the Law of Contracts, Torts, Property
etc. The name of this compilation is (8) ________.
11
1.5. Tem de autoevaluare:
I. Make sentences of your own using the antonyms of the following words:
limited, silence, true, serious, permanent, relative.
The Bill of Rights or the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution
and the Bill of Rights in the various states constitutions are in whole or in large
part made up of statements, common law rights, which are inborn, inherent and
inalienable and not granted by any Government, according to Anglo-Saxon and
American theory. Thus, the American Governments, national or state, are merely
added protection to the common law rights, which citizens already possess.
(Adapted from Concise Dictionary of American History)
I.
1. The judge has unlimited authority to pass the sentence to the trial. 2. The court
session was adjourned because of the noise in the hall. 3. The witness made a
false statement and, consequently, he was accused of perjury. 4. The culprit
received a lenient penalty because he committed a minor offence. 5. He will
remain in custody for a temporary period. 6. The aspiration to find absolute
truth has always been a human ideal.
II.
The lawyer was pleading in the justice court making reference to every fact of
the case. He proved that the key witness lied when he swore to give the exact
description of the defendant. In reality, the latter had an accord with the witness,
i.e. to lie in exchange of a sum of money. Consequently, the judges attitude
regarding the facts of the case is now totally different. Finally, truth came out to
the relief of the victim.
12
UNIT 2: THE FUTURE FORMS
2.1. Introducere
n aceast unitate de nvare, studenii vor dobndi noiunile de baz
privind folosirea corect a formelor de viitor n limba englez. Pentru a
nelege aa cum se cuvine diferitele modaliti de exprimare a viitorului
existente n limba englez, studentul trebuie s fie atent la modul n care
vorbitorul privete aciunea pe care o exprim: intenie, planificare,
aranjament, simplu fapt din viitor, predicie sigur/nesigur, ofert spontan
etc.
There are several ways of expressing the future in English. The forms are listed below and
will be dealt with in order in which they are given.
00:80
13
2. WILL + INFINITIVE used for intention
When we say that a form expresses future with intention we mean that it expresses a future
action, which will be undertaken by the speaker in accordance with his/her wishes. Will +
infinitive and the be going to form can be used in this way.
For unpremeditated actions as above, we must use will (contracted to ll). But note that if
after his/her decision the speaker mentions the action again, he/she will not use will, but be
going to or the present continuous.
For example:
Mary could say: Im going to answer these letters tonight. (She hasnt made any
arrangement with anybody);
Paul, similarly, could say: Im selling the car.
a. The present continuous can express a definite arrangement in the near future:
b. But with verbs of movement from one place to another, e.g. arrive, come, drive, fly,
go, leave, start, travel, verbs indicating position, e.g. stay, remain and the verbs do and
have (food or drink), the present continuous tense can be used more widely. It can
express a decision or plan without any definite arrangement.
c. This method of expressing the future cannot be used with verbs which are not
normally used in the continuous tenses. These verbs should be used into future
simple.
14
4. The BE GOING TO form
Form: The present continuous tense of the verb to go + the full infinitive:
Im going to buy a new car.
Is he going to lecture in English?
She is not going to be there.
Form:
will/shall + infinitive
There is no future tense in modern English but for convenience we often use the term future
simple to describe the form above.
Affirmative
I will/shall work (Ill) We shall work (well)
You will work (youll) You will work (youll)He/she/it will
work (hell/shell/itll) They will work (theyll)
Negative
I shall/will not work (I shant/wont) We shall not work (we shant)
You will not work (you wont) You will not work (you wont)
He/she/it will not work (he, she, it wont) They will not work (they wont)
Interrogative
Shall I work? Shall we work?
15
Will you work? Will you work?
Will he, she, it work? Will they work?
Negative interrogative
Will not/wont you work? Etc
Shall, used above, is still found in formal English, but is no longer common in conversation.
Instead we normally use Will:
I will be 25 next week.
We will know the results next week.
I am sure I wont lose my way.
Shall, however, is still used in the interrogative, in questions tags, in suggestions, in requests
for orders or instructions:
Lets go, shall we?
Shall we take a taxi?
What shall we do with your mail?
16
6. THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS
Form:
Will/shall + perfect infinitive
It is normally used with a time expression beginning with by: by then, by that time, by the
24th.
e.g. By the end of next month he will have been here for ten years.
By the end of the year Ill have saved 600.
1. This time tomorrow the judge will have passed the sentence.
2. By the end of the year the court will deliver at least 1,000 judgments.
3. The prosecutor will read the report on this case after he will collect all the
necessary information.
17
S ne reamintim
2.3. Rezumat
n limba englez, viitorul se poate exprima n mai multe moduri, depinznd de
intenia vorbitorului de a comunica un simplu eveniment viitor
(shall/will+short infinitive), o intenie viitoare (to be going to), o aciune din
viitorul apropiat (to be going to+ infinitive, to be to + infinitive), o aciune
viitoare care este parte a unui program oficial (prezentul simplu), un
aranjament viitor/o programare viitoare (prezentul continuu), o aciune
viitoare care se va fi ncheiat nainte de un moment viitor sau de alt aciune
viitoare (shall/will+have+past participle).
II. Put the verbs in brackets into the present continuous or the future
simple using the present continuous where possible:
1. I am sure that I (recognize) him.
2. They (lay) the foundation next week.
3. He (not write) to you unless you write to him.
4. I (believe) it when I see it.
5. You pay and I (owe) you the money.
6. Ive left the light on. It (matter?)
7. I (have) my car repainted next week.
8. You (understand) when you are older.
9. There (be) a big meeting here tomorrow.
10. If he doesnt work hard he (not pass) his exam.
18
2.5. Tem de autoevaluare:
II. Put the verbs in brackets into the future perfect tense:
1. In a fortnights time we (take) our exam.
2. I (accomplish) this task in twenty minutes.
3. By the end of the term I (read) all twelve volumes.
4. If we dont hurry the sun (rise) before we reach the top.
5. By the time we get to the party everything (be) eaten.
6. The train (leave) before we reach the station.
7. By next winter they (build) four houses in that field.
8. On 21 October they (be) married for twenty-five years.
9. After this performance I (see) Hamlet twenty-five times.
10. If I continue with my diet I (lose) 10 kilos by the end of the month.
1. Vei veni la concert n seara aceasta? Dac vei veni, ne vom ntlni
acolo.
2. Patronii vor ncepe negocierile de ndat ce oamenii se vor ntoarce la
lucru.
3. Vei semna contractul mine, nu-i aa?
4. Ce ai de gnd sa faci cu toi banii acetia? i cheltui sau i depui la
banc.
5. M ntreb dac i va povesti i despre afacerea pe care o are de
ncheiat.
6. Voi fi foarte ncntat s-mi povesteti despre excursia fcut.
7. Am s te anun de ndat ce voi vorbi cu directorul.
8. Cnd ai de gnd s termini ce ai de fcut?
9. Ce ai de gnd s faci dup ce vei termina coala?
10. Voi ncerca s-l contactez mine.
19
2.7. Bibliografie specific
Banta, Andrei, Essential English, Ed. Teora, 1993
Vianu, Lidia, English with a Key, Ed. Teora, 1996
Thomson, A.J., Martinet, A.V., A Practical English Grammar, Oxford
University Press, 2003.
I.
1. When you next see me, I will be wearing my new dress.
2. I will be waiting for you when you come out.
3. We have to do night duty here. I will be doing mine next week.
4. This time next month I will be sitting on a beach.
5. He will be using the car this afternoon.
6. Its a serious injury but he will be walking again in six weeks.
7. Wed better go out tomorrow because Mary will be practicing the
piano all day.
8. It wont be easy to get out of the country. The police will be watching
all the ports.
9. Stand there, they will be changing the guard in a minute and youll get
a good view.
10. We will be taking off in a few minutes. Please, fasten your safety
belts.
II.
1. In a fortnights time we will have taken our exam.
2. I will have accomplished this task in twenty minutes.
3. By the end of the term I will have read all twelve volumes.
4. If we dont hurry, the sun will have risen before we reach the top.
5. By the time we get to the party everything will have been eaten.
6. The train will have left before we reach the station.
7. By next winter they will have built four houses in that field.
8. On 21 October they will have been married for twenty-five years.
9. After this performance I will have seen Hamlet twenty-five times.
10. If I continue with my diet, I will have lost 10 kilos by the end of the
month.
20
UNIT 3: THE CONSTITUTION AS SUPREME LAW
3.1. Introducere
Dup parcurgerea acestei uniti, vei dobndi noiuni de baz privind
principiile generale ale Constituiei SUA cu privire la guvernarea statului
american. n textul studiat se fac referiri la principiul separrii i mpririi
puterilor n statul american (principiul cunoscut sub numele de a system of
checks and balances), precum i la rolul i atribuiile preedintelui i
vicepreedintelui SUA. Totodat, textul conine informaii generale cu
privire la instanele americane federale i de stat.
The U.S. Constitution calls itself the supreme law of the land. The Constitution is the
central instrument of American government. For 200 years it has guided the evolution of 00:30
governmental institutions and has provided the basis for political stability, individual
freedom, economic growth, and social progress.
The three main branches of government executive, legislative, juridical are separate and
distinct from one another. The powers given to each are balanced by the powers of the other
two. Each branch serves as a check on potential excesses of the others.
The President represents the country as Head of State but also has real political power.
Elections for President are held every four years and no President may own office for more
than two terms.
Presidential candidates are chosen by the political parties either through primaries (direct
elections) or at state conventions or caucuses (meetings of party representatives), depending
on the State.
The Vice President is also elected for a term of four years. He takes the place of the President
in case a substitute is needed. The Vice President acts as presiding officer of the Senate
without a vote except in case of a tie.
21
Congress meets once a year in December and continues in session for several months. It
consists of two houses: the Senate or the Upper House (to which each state elects two
senators for a period of six years) and the House of Representatives or the lower house,
which is composed of representatives elected for a term of two years. The number of
Representatives from each state is in proportion to the population.
A bill introduced into Congress must be passed by both Houses and signed by the President
before it can become law. The President has power to veto undesirable legislation. Bills must
not conflict with the constitution.
The Courts. Federal judges are appointed by the President and finally confirmed by the
Senate. The Supreme Court, which is the highest court, has the power to judge whether a law
passed by the government conforms to the constitution. The constitution does make provision
for the removal of a public official from office, in case of extreme misconduct, by the process
of impeachment.
Article II, Section 4 reads: The President, Vice President and all civil officers of the United
States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery
or other high crimes and misdemeanors. As set forth in the Constitution, the House of
Representatives must bring charges of misconduct by voting a bill of impeachment. The
accused official is then tried in the Senate, with the chief justice of the Supreme Court
presiding at the trial. The next amendments deal with the system of justice.
1. In the USA elections for President are held every 5 years and no President
may own office for more than one term.
..
2. The Vice President cannot vote in case of a tie.
..
3. The process of impeachment refers to thr removal from office of a public
prosecutor.
..
S ne reamintim
22
3.3. Rezumat
Din textul inclus n aceast unitate de nvare aflm urmtoarele informaii:
- Preedintelui SUA este numit pentru un mandat de 4 ani
- O persoan aflat n postul de Preedinte al SUA poate avea cel mult dou
mandate
- Puterea politic a Preedintelui SUA este deosebit de mare ntruct eful
Statului este i eful Executivului
- Vicepreedintele SUA este i Preedintele Senatului
- Vicepreedintele SUA este obligat s i exercite dreptul de vot n Senat n
cazul n care exist egalitate de voturi
- proiectele de lege (bills) devin legi dup ce sunt aprobate de cele dou camere
ale Congresului (Senatul i Camera Reprezentanilor) i promulgate de
Preedintele SUA
- Curtea Suprem se exprim asupra constituionalitii/neconstituionalitii
legilor/tratatelor etc.
- orice nalt demnitar poate fi demis din funcie prin procedura de impeachment
dac este gsit vinovat.
II. Read the following text and then try to translate it without using a
dictionary. After that, look for the unknown words ad write them down:
Things are, of course, very different indeed in the United States. Law and
politics are interwoven in a great many ways. Generally, it is widely recognized
that law and especially constitutional law is in its very essence and nature
highly political. This is the main reason that the appointment of Supreme Court
justices is such a political process, and why Presidents look for judges with
whom they are in basic political agreement. Lawyers swarm all over the
political scene in the United States.
23
3.5. Tem de autoevaluare
II. Use the following words and expressions in the blank spaces:
drugs, murders, larceny, crime, handguns, auto thefts, rape, burglar, watch
a) When Americans are asked what they consider to be the most important
problems, they mention ________ first.
b) Inside the Americans houses there are many electronic ______ devices.
c) The escalating murder rate has been attributed to the _______.
d) _______ and _______ are almost always reported, whereas _______
and ______ may remain silent.
e) Many communities across USA have started their own campaigns
against ______.
f) Citizens participate in neighborhood _______ programs and organize
groups to patrol the streets.
24
UNIT 4: THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES
4.1. Introducere
n aceast unitate de nvare, studenii vor dobndi/recapitula noiunile de
baz privind folosirea corect a concordanei timpurilor n limba englez.
Concordana timpurilor este un subiect de o importan fundamental pentru
orice persoan interesat de stpnirea corect a limbii engleze. Dificultatea
acestui subiect rezult din modul diferit n care vorbitorii de romn i cei de
englez coreleaz timpurile propoziiei principale cu timpurile
secundarei/secundarelor pentru a formula enunuri logice i corecte.
A sentence can contain a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses. Below you will
have examples containing the right tenses used in the main and subordinate clauses:
00:30
THAT
MAIN CLAUSE AFTER SUBORDINATE CLAUSE
WHEN
I. PRESENT TENSE Any tense used in the subordinate clause.
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
that
e.g. The judge thinks she will finally confess.
Ive just told her that
Ive never been in that area.
I wasnt there when the crime occurred.
25
III. PAST TENSE PAST TENSE (used for simultaneous actions
in past)
PAST PERFECT TENSE (used for actions
that happened before another action in past)
FUTURE IN-THE-PAST
The witness declared that he has not seen the alleged criminal at the crime
scene yesterday.
..
You swore that you will say only the truth and nothing but the truth.
..
As soon as we will receive the data from the laboratory, we will know the
DNA of the offender.
..
S ne reamintim
4.3 Rezumat
26
4.4. Tem propus pentru evaluare:
I. Change the verbs in the main clause into the past tense. Make all the
necessary changes: 00:30
1. Everybody is sure that, after his fathers return, he will not lag behind and
will study much better.
2. I know that they have already been in the mountains.
3. She is going to find out whether other people want to spend their holidays in
the woods.
4. She says she bought this useful dictionary two days ago.
5. I dont think they have already come back from the railway station.
6. It is sure it is going to rain.
7. They say they will ring up when they reach Constanta.
8. I dont think we have ever met before.
9. George says he will not come to the appointment.
10. She says that she will go for a walk after she has finished her homework.
1.They asked me where you (to be), and I told them you (to go) for a walk
along the river.
2.They said they (to wait) till you (to come) back.
3.She was born here and before she met me, she (to leave) never the place.
4.We were doing what we could to help them but they (to listen to) never us.
5.I wanted to ask him what (to happen) but I knew beforehand what answer he
(to give).
6.Tom (to know) Mary a long time before he finally (to get) married.
7.When we (to go) to see them last night, they (to do) grammar exercises; they
(to say) they (to do) that since six oclock.
8.You never (to understand) what I (to explain) to you! Why you (not to listen)
while I (speak) to you?
9.I never (to read) a book that (to interest) me so much as the one I (to read) last
week.
10.By the end of last year he (to read) four Shakespeare plays , and by next
year he (to read) two more. I (not see) him since last week, but I (to believe) he
(to write) on essay on King Lear at present.
I. Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense according to the rule of the
sequence of tenses.
1. A caf in England (to be) a place where light meals but not beer, wine etc.
may be had.
2. So far no agreement (to reach) by the committee of our company.
3. I am confident such mistakes (to avoid) in the future.
4. This method (to use) for many years, it (to be improved).
5. She (to say) that these old buildings soon (pull down).
6. Solar eruptions (to notice) at astronomical stations for many years.
7. Since 1973 this phenomenon (to study) by scientists all over the world.
27
8. He (to tell) me that he always (to have) trouble with his car these days.
9. I (to do) some last-minute shopping before I went to the airport.
10. The letter (to arrive) while I (to have) breakfast.
28
4.7. Bibliografie specific:
Banta, Andrei, Essential English, Ed. Teora, 1993
Vianu, Lidia, English with a Key, Ed. Teora, 1996
Thomson, A.J., Martinet, A.V., A Practical English Grammar, Oxford
University Press, 2003
I.
1. is; 2. has been reached; 3. will be avoided; 4. has been used; has
been improved; 5. says; will be pulled down OR said; would be
pulled down; 6. have been noticed; 7. has been studied; 8. Has told;
is always having; 9. had done; 10. arrived; was having.
II.
1. b; 2. b; 3. b; 4. d; 5. b; 6. c; 7. d; 8. d; 9. a; 10. a.
29
UNIT 5: THE LEGAL SYSTEM IN THE UNITED STATES
5.1.Introducere
Dup parcurgerea acestei uniti, vei dobndi noiuni de baz privind sistemul
judiciar american. Studenii gsesc n aceast unitate de nvare informaii cu
caracter general cu privire la instanele de stat i cele federale, precum i cu
privire la statutul judectorilor din SUA. Parcurgnd acest text, studenii de la
facultatea de drept vor recapitula termeni juridici uzuali, folosii n limba
englez pentru a face referire la activitatea judectoreasc. Totodat, studenii
vor fi ncurajai s sesizeze diferenele majore existente ntre sistemul judiciar
romnesc i cel american.
The judiciary is the safeguard of our liberty and of our property under the Constitution
Charles Evans Hughes, Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, Speech at New York, 1907.
00:30
This third branch of the government consists of a system of courts spread throughout the
country, headed by the Supreme Court of the U.S.
From the beginning has evolved the present structure: the Supreme Court, 13 courts of
appeal, 94 district courts and two courts of special jurisdiction.
The Supreme Court is the highest court of the United States and cannot be appealed to any
other court. Congress has the power to fix the number of judges sitting on the Court. The nine
Supreme Court judges, who are appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, can
be removed from the office only by impeachment. There is no requirement that judges be
lawyers, although, in fact, all federal judges and Supreme Court justices have been members
of the bar.
The Supreme Court consists of a chief justice and eight associate justices.
30
The Chief justice is the executive officer of the Court but, in deciding cases, has only one
vote, as do the associate justices.
A significant amount of the work of the Supreme Court consists of determining whether
legislation or executive acts conform to the Constitution.
FEDERAL AND STATE COURTS. There are two kinds of courts in the U.S.
1. Federal courts which are established by the U.S. government. There are some 1.500 federal
court judges who are appointed for life by the President. About one million cases are brought
each year in federal courts. About 80% of these cases are bankruptcy filings and
approximately 10% are minor criminal cases.
2. State Courts are established by a state or by a county or city within the State. There are
almost 30.000 state court judges. The cases individual citizens are most likely to be involved
in include robberies, traffic violations, broken contracts and family disputes. State judges
hold office for ten years and are usually elected, or confirmed in office by election.
DISTRICT COURTS. Congress has divided the country into 94 federal judicial districts,
each with its own U.S. district court. These are federal courts where cases are tried, witnesses
testify and juries serve.
COURTS OF APPEAL Congress has grouped the districts into 12 regions called circuits,
each with a court of appeals. There is also a federal circuit, which covers the entire county. If
a person loses a trial in district court, that person can appeal the case to the court of appeals to
see if the district court judge applied the law correctly. The courts of appeals also review
cases decided by some federal agencies, such as the National Labor Relation Board.
THE SUPREME COURT in Washington D.C. is the most famous federal court. Cases from
court of appeals in each circuit and from the state supreme courts can be appealed to the
Supreme Court.
31
equal employment claims, claims for benefits, and suits against companies that may
have violated federal antitrust laws.
1. The American Supreme Court consists of a chief justice and nine associate
justices.
..
2. The Supreme Court judges, who are appointed by the president and
approved by the Senate, can be removed from the office by an ordinary
procedure.
..
3. Most federal court cases are criminal cases.
...
S ne reamintim
n Statele Unite ale Americii exist o Curte Suprem de Justiie, 13
curi de apel, 94 de curi de district i dou curi cu jurisdicie special.
Curtea Suprem are 9 judectori (Preedintele Curii Supreme i 8
judectori asociai), numii de Preedinte i aprobai de Senat, care nu pot fi
demii din funcie dect prin procedura de impeachment.
Numrul judectorilor din Curtea Suprem de Justiie este stabilit de
Senat.
5.3. Rezumat
Sistemul judiciar din SUA are trei grade de jurisdicie. La baza
acestuia se afl tribunalele de prim instan, urmate de curi de apel i curtea
suprem.
n SUA, numrul judectorilor federali este de 1 500. Acetia sunt
numii de preedinte i aprobai de Senat i se bucur de inamovibilitate (life
tenure). Anual, intanele federale judec aproximativ un milion de cazuri
(majoritatea fiind cazuri de bancrut).
n SUA, numrul judectorilor din tribunalele statale este de 30 000.
Aceti judectori dein un mandat de 10 ani.
Sistemul judiciar federal este structurat pe trei niveluri:
- curile de district (n cadrul crora se judec att cauze civile,
comerciale, administrative, ct i penale),
- curile federale de apel, ale cror hotrri nu pot fi atacate dect la
Curtea Suprem de Justiie a SUA,
- Curtea Suprem de Justiie a SUA (compus din preedinte i 8
judectori asociai).
32
5.4. Tem de evaluare:
33
5.5. Tem de autoevaluare
1. Britains trade unions are voluntary ____ of ___ to protect their interests.
2. They do this by ______ wages and other terms of employment with _____
organizations but also by ______ and influencing _______ and by _______
certain benefits.
3. As regards the _____ of disputes, the _____ may call in independent
conciliators or ____________, either by some special ________ or by asking the
Secretary of State for ________ some help.
4. The role of the State is limited to providing a __________ and _________
service and to __________ minimum wages for employees.
II. Use the following words and phrases in sentences of your own:
34
5.7. Bibliografie specific
Banta, Andrei, Essential English, Ed. Teora, 1993
1. to appeal
2. to be removed from the office
3. to be impeached
4. bankruptcy filings
5. robberies
6. traffic violations
7. broken contracts
8. family disputes
9. to apply the law correctly
10. the plaintiff/ the defendant.
35
UNIT 6: THE CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
6.1. Introducere
n limba englez putem vorbi despre condiionale de tip 0, de tipul 1, 2 i 3.
Condiionala de tipul 0 mai este cunoscut i sub numele de condiionala
fals, ntruct aceasta nu exprim o condiie de care depinde realizarea
aciunii din principal, ci este mai mult o constatare a unei realiti date. n
schimb, aa cum vom vedea n aceast unitate de nvare, condiionalele de
tipul 1, 2 i 3 exprim condiii reale/imaginare, prezente/viitoare/trecute, de
care depinde realizarea aciunii din propoziia principal.
Conditional sentences have two parts: the main clause and the if clause.
The if- clause may be also introduced by even if (chiar dac), whether, unless (dac nu),
otherwise (altfel), provided (that) (cu condiia ca), supposing/suppose (presupunnd c), in 00:60
TYPE 1
Future Tense
Present Tense Present Tense
He will get there in time he catches the bus.
if
36
You can translate this article if you know English well.
TYPE 2
Present Conditional Tense Past Tense
Would + infinitive To be = were
(could, might)
I would tell the police if
someone tried to blackmail me.
TYPE 3
Past Conditional Tense Past Perfect Tense
Would + have + past participle had + past participle
I would have gone there if you had come with me.
Otherwise
II. We must be back before midnight ; otherwise well be locked out (Trebuie s ne
ntoarcem pn la miezul nopii; altminteri vom rmne pe afar).
Provided (that)
III. You can camp here provided you leave no mess (Putei campa aici cu condiia s nu
lsai murdar).
In case
IV. Ill come tomorrow in case Ann wants me (Voi veni mine dac Ann va vrea).
If only
a) if only + present tense (expresses hope)
V. If only he comes in time (Dac ar veni la timp).
b) if only + past/past perfect (expresses regret)
37
VI. If only he didnt smoke! (Dac n-ar mai fuma, ar fi foarte bine).
Whether..or
VII. You must go tomorrow whether you are ready or not (Trebuie s vii mine
chiar dac eti gata sau nu).
If I were you, I wouldnt wait a bit (Dac a fi n locul tu, n-a atepta de loc).
Were I Tom, I would refuse (Dac a fi n locul lui Tom, a refuza).
1. The driver had not paid this huge fine if he had complied with the traffic
rules.
..
2. The Supreme Court judges would have been removed from office if he has
been found guilty of traffic pending.
..
3. The drug dealer stayed longer in prison unless he had cooperated with the
police.
...
S ne reamintim
If/whenever a policeman notices that you excced the speed limit, you pay a
fine.
6.3. Rezumat
38
II. Condiionalul II exprim o condiie imaginar, prezent sau viitoare:
If I had a Polish nationality, I could/would vote in Poland. (dac a avea
cetenie polonez, a putea vota/a vota n Polonia) ATENIE LA
TIMPURILE FOLOSITE N SECUNDAR I PRINCIPAL!
Type 1
00:60
I. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses:
Type 2
Type 3
39
4. If she had listened to my directions she (not turn) down the wrong street.
5. If you had told me that he never paid his debts I (not lend) him the money.
6. If he had asked you, you (accept)?
7. I wouldnt have believed it if I (not see) it with my own eyes.
8. If I had realized that the traffic lights were red I (stop).
9. If you (speak) more slowly he might have understood you.
10. She had a headache; otherwise she (come) with us.
I. Mixed types
Finish these sentences, taking care to use the correct tenses
40
mi-ai fi spus tu cine este.
5. Sunt sigur c nu s-ar fi dat jos din pat dac ar fi fost att de bolnav.
6. Dac ar fi vorba de oricine altcineva a fi de acord cu tine, dar dup cum tii,
de la Tom te poi atepta la orice.
7. Dac nu vei putea s m gseti la birou, ncearc s telefonezi ctre prnz la
numrul acesta.
8. A vrea s te interesezi la Facultate dac va mai avea loc un examen de
admitere n toamn; m-am hotrt s ncerc dar nu tiu dac nu este prea trziu.
9. Chiar dac va veni la ntlnirea de mine, eu cred c va fi prea trziu.
10. Crezi c va vorbi cu mine cteva minute dac va veni la var n Romnia?
Ar fi foarte folositor pentru lucrarea mea.
I.
1. If he had taken my advice, now he would not be in this situation.
2. We would send for the doctor if you had hurt yourself badly.
3. If we leave before breakfast, we might arrive in time.
4. He would lend it to you if you had asked him politely.
5. If you had asked permission, now you could leave.
6. Her life might be saved if she had not had such a terrible accident.
7. If Tom rings while Im out, would you inform him that I return in an
hour?
8. If she had practiced more, she would play better now.
9. Unless you study hard, how could you pass the exam for the National
Institute of Magistracy?
10. Id wear a warm coat now if I had been told that it is so cold here.
II.
1. If I was/were more experienced, I'd help you with this case.
2. If we'd seen the author of the crime, we would testify now.
3. If we meet him tomorrow, we'll talk to him about the new clue we have in
this difficult case.
4. He would have been found guilty if the lawyer had not found the
discriminating evidence.
5. If you make this statement, you will have a lot of enemies.
6. If I hadn't studied, I would not have a chance to pass the exam.
7. I wouldn't go to the university by bus if I had a driving license.
8. I wont go to London unless I get a cheap flight.
9. We'd be stupid if we informed him about our secret.
10. The court clerk wouldnt have been able to write down all the words uttered
by the offender if the latter had not been asked to speak louder and more
slowly.
41
UNIT 7: THE TRIAL IN THE UNITED STATES
7.1. Introducere
Although there is an absolute right to trial in both civil and criminal cases, trials are often
enough expensive, and a person may not wish to exercise the right to trial. If the court grants
a summary judgment to either party or decides to dismiss the case, no trial is held. Thus, over 00:60
90% all civil cases never come to trial and about 80% of criminal defendants plead guilty and
are sentenced without trial.
THE JURY
For federal criminal cases there are 12 jurors but for federal civil cases the number varies
between 6 and 12.
Before each trial, prospective jurors are asked questions to help the judge and lawyers
determine whether the jurors can be impartial in deciding the particular case. The lawyers
have the right to reject a certain number of jurors without giving any justification.
THE JUDGE
Federal appellate judges and district judges are appointed by the President with the approval
of the Senate. They can be removed only by Congress through a process called impeachment.
42
Bankruptcy judges and magistrates judges assist the district judges. They do not have life
tenure, but serve for an appointed term.
Role of judge and jury. If the parties choose a jury trial, the jury must determine the facts
over which parties disagree. If the parties leave it to the judge, the trial is called bench trial.
In either kind of trial, the judge decides what legal standards apply and whether the evidence
is illegal or improper. The judge also conducts the proceedings and sees that the order is
maintained.
THE LAWYERS In criminal cases, the lawyer who prosecutes the claim is the U.S. attorney
(or an assistant). The attorney is selected by the President, with the approval of the Senate.
The judge appoints lawyers to represent criminal defendant who cannot afford to hire a
lawyer.
The parties
Defendants in criminal cases have a constitutional right to be present. Parties in civil cases
may be present if they wish.
The witnesses
Witnesses are individuals who testify under oath about the facts in dispute. They are often
referred to as plaintiffs witnesses or defense witnesses.
In a criminal case, the defendant can be convicted if the jury or judge believes that the
government has proven guilt beyond any reasonable doubt. A jury verdict must be
unanimous.
In civil cases, the jury or the judge decides for the plaintiff if a preponderance of the evidence
shows that the defendant failed to perform a legal duty.
Sentencing
The judge sets a date for sentencing hearing for criminal defendants who plead guilty or are
found guilty.
Before the sentencing hearing, a federal probation officer prepares a report to help the judge
determine the proper sentence.
1. Parties in civil cases are bound to be present in court while the case they are
involved in is tried.
..
2. In a bench trial, the verdict is passed by the jury.
.............................
3. In the USA the number of jurors is the same in both civil and criminal
cases.
...
S ne reamintim
n SUA, spre deosebire de ara noastr, la proces iau parte nu doar judectorul,
procurorul, avocatul aprrii, avocatul acuzrii i martorii, ci i juriul (juraii),
43
care sunt prezeni mai ales cnd sunt judecate cauze penale.
n SUA, numrul jurailor variaz n funcie de cauza judecat n instan.
ntr-un proces penal, numrul jurailor este de 12. ntr-un proces civil,
numrul acestora variaz ntre 6 i 12.
7.3. Rezumat
II. Find the English words in the article that correspond to the Romanian
words below:
a. a fi eliberat condiionat
b. h.persoane eliberate condiionat
c. reducerea pedepsei
d. nchisoare pe via
e. a ispi o pedeaps
f. j. pedeapsa cu nchisoare
g. pedeaps
h. k. pedeapsa cu moartea
44
i. nchisori de maxim securitate
j. l. inut n arest preventiv
k. pedeapsa cea mai grea
l. m. cnd se d pedeapsa cea mai grea
m. arip a nchisorii pentru cei aflai n arest preventiv
I. Put the following steps in the civil proceedings into their logical order
1. The trial is opened by the plaintiffs counsel
2. Each counsel makes a closing address
3. A copy of the writ is issued and served by sending it to the usual address of the
defendant
4. The plaintiffs counsel calls his/her witnesses
5. The judge gives judgment and awards costs and damages
6. The plaintiff obtain a writ of summons
7. The plaintiffs witnesses are cross-examined by the defence.
8. The defendant decides to contest the claim
9. The plaintiff endorses the nature of his claim against the defendant on the writ
(statement of claim)
10. The defendants counsel proceeds in the same way.
II. Below are some typical legal phrases. What preposition do you use with
the following phrases?
45
7.6. Tem de control:
I.
6. The plaintiff obtains a writ of summons.
9. The plaintiff endorses the nature of his claim against the defendant on the
writ (statement of claim).
3. A copy of the writ is issued and served by sending it to the usual address of
the defendant.
8. The defendant decides to contest the claim.
1. The trial is opened by the plaintiffs counsel.
4. The plaintiffs counsel calls his/her witnesses.
7. The plaintiffs witnesses are cross-examined by the defense.
10. The defendants counsel proceeds in the same way.
2. Each counsel makes a closing address.
5. The judge gives judgment and awards costs and damages.
II.
1. To accuse someone of something
2. To be liable for something
3. To sentence someone to a punishment
4. To claim damages for something
5. To be entitled to compensation
6. To bring a case against someone
7. To be guilty of an offence
8. To fine someone for something.
46
UNIT 8: THE PASSIVE VOICE
8.1.Introducere
The subject of the active verb becomes the agent of the passive verb. 00:60
The agent is very often not mentioned. When it is mentioned it is preceded by BY and placed
at the end of the clause:
47
You have been seen
She, he has been seen etc.
In sentences containing a direct and an indirect object, we could have two passive
forms:
The passive is used when it is not necessary to mention the doer of the action:
o E.g. The rubbish hasnt been collected.
o Your hand will be X-rayed.
It is also used when the subject of the active verb would be people:
o E.g. He is suspected of receiving stolen goods (People suspect him of )
o They are supposed to be living in New York (People suppose that )
When we are more interested in the action than the person who does it:
o E.g. A new public library is being built (by our local council)
o The house next door has been bought (by a Mr. Jones).
The passive may be used to avoid awkward or ungrammatical sentence. This is
usually done by avoiding a change of subject:
48
o E.g. When he arrived home a detective arrested him.
Would be better expressed:
o When he arrived home he was arrested (by a detective).
When a verb + preposition + object combination is put into the passive, the preposition will
remain immediately after the verb:
e.g.
1. Recently a large number of cases have solved by the first instance courts.
..
2. So far many students are asked to hand in the test papers because they did not
comply with the examination rules mentioned at the beginning of the semestrial
test.
.............................
3. At the moment the bankruptcy file is analyzed by the specialists.
...
S ne reamintim
7.3. Rezumat
49
perfect the witness. cross-exmanied.
Trecut We had cross-examined The witness had been
perfect the witness. cross-exmanied.
Viitor We will have cross- The witness will have
perfect examined the witness. been cross-exmanied.
I. Put the following into the passive voice. The agent should not be
mentioned: 00:60
1. We use this room only on special occasions.
2. They are pulling down the old theatre.
3. Someone switched on a light and opened the door.
4. The police asked each of us about his movements on the night of the crime.
5. Someone will serve refreshments.
6. The burglars had cut an enormous hole in the steel door.
7. No one can do anything unless someone gives us more information.
8. The judge gave him two weeks in which to pay the fine.
9. People must not leave bicycles in the hall.
10. The librarian said that they were starting a new system because people were
not returning books.
II. Turn the following sentences into the active voice. Where no agent is
mentioned one must be supplied:
50
8.5. Tem propus pentru autoevaluare:
II. Answer the questions using a Passive form of the verbs in brackets,
together with a suitable adverbial particle (off, on, in, out, up, down etc):
Example: What generally happens to houses that are unfit to live in? (pull)
They are generally pulled down.
51
8.7. Bibliografie specific
Banta, Andrei, Essential English, Ed. Teora, 1993
Vianu, Lidia, English with a Key, Ed. Teora, 1996
Thomson, A.J., Martinet, A.V., A Practical English Grammar, Oxford University
Press, 2003
I.
1. Under these conditions the experiment will not be carried out.
2. Can English be learned well in six months?
3. Must this work be done at once?
4. Paper that absorbs ink is called blotting paper.
5. The atomic structure has been studied since the end of the last century.
6. Paintings from many countries are shown in a special exhibition next month.
7. Many houses in our town have been demolished this year.
8. The new design has been looked into by an expert.
9. During the fair many foreigners can be seen in our town.
10. A number of books have been published on this subject in the last few years.
II.
1. They should be pointed out.
2. It must be pulled out.
3. You might be knocked over.
4. They have to be washed up.
5. It would be blown out.
6. They are broken off.
7. It must be given up.
8. It must have been taken down.
9. It could have been picked up.
10. He may be let off.
52
UNIT 9: OFFENCES AGAINST PERSON (I)
9.1.Introducere
Dup parcurgerea acestei uniti, vei putea enumera i defini cteva dintre cele
mai importante infraciuni ndreptate mpotriva persoanei, aa cum sunt acestea
prevzute de legislaia american n vigoare.
According to the American Criminal Law, the main offences against person are:
00:60
I. HOMICIDE
II. INFANTICIDE
III. RAPE AND OTHER SEXUAL OFFENCES
IV. UNNATURAL OFFENCES
V. INDECENCY
VI. PROSTITUTION
VII. ASSAULTS AND WOUNDINGS
53
1. Culpable homicide can be:
a. Murder means the unlawful killing of a person by another. Murder is committed when
the killer acts with malice aforethought. The punishment for murder is life imprisonment.
b. Manslaughter is the unlawful killing of a human being without malice aforethought. It
may be voluntary (death results from an assault made under provocation) or involuntary
(death results from an accident or from an unlawful act).
a. Justifiable: The lawful action of a criminal or a killing person who results or prevents a
constable in the execution of his duty.
4. Aiding and abetting suicide: is an arrestable offence for a person to aid, abet or counsel
for suicide.
5. Child destruction: when a person with intention destroys the life of a child capable to be
born alive, punishable with life imprisonment.
II. INFANTICIDE appears when a woman, by any willful act or omission, causes the
death of her child.
a. Unlawful sexual intercourse: when a man has sexual intercourse with a woman who is
under the age of 16, mentally defected or a blood relative.
b. Rape: is an arrestable offence for a man to rape. The punishment for such an offence is life
imprisonment.
c. Defilement: when a man has unlawful sexual intercourse with a girl under 13.
d. Seduction or prostitution: when a person having custody or care of a girl under 16 years
old causes and encourages her seduction or prostitution. He shall be punished with two years
imprisonment.
54
e. Incest: appears when a man has sexual intercourse with a woman whom he knows to be his
daughter, granddaughter or mother; or when a girl of 16 allows a man she knows to be her
grandfather, father, brother or son to have sexual intercourse. Stepbrothers and sisters are not
blood relations.
S ne reamintim
9.3. Rezumat
55
5. What is the meaning of genocide?
6. What do you understand by infanticide?
7. What is the difference between rape and defilement?
8. Is incest ever permitted?
II. Match the crime on the left with its definition on the right:
A. assault D. shoplifting
B. grievous bodily harm E. vandalism
C. murder with extenuating circumstances
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two years imprisonment infanticide
abortion exterminator
daughter manslaughter
defilement deception
excusable seduction
I. Give a real example of genocide and explain in not more than 250 words the
characteristics of the group of exterminators, as well as the causes for that
genocide.
II. Read three articles provided by the Romanian Criminal Law on the offences
committed against the person. Translate them.
I.
1. C; 2. E; 3. A; 4. D; 5. B.
II.
culpable homicide infanticide
genocide exterminator
mentally disturbed deception
rape personal violence
two years imprisonment seduction
excusable manslaughter
abortion premature expulsion
daughter incest
defilement girl under 13
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UNIT 10: NOMINATIVE + INFINITIVE AND ITS USES
9.1.Introducere
Examples:
He is known to be a good student.
Se tie c este un student bun.
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The construction is used:
1. With the following verbs in the passive voice: verbs expressing perception to hear, to
see, to fell, to watch, to notice, to perceive; verbs expressing mental activities to consider,
to think, to suppose, to find, to feel, to understand; the verb to say and to report.
Mention can be made that most of these verbs are also used in the accusative with infinitive
construction.
Examples to be compared:
I heard him sing (Acc + inf)/He was heard to sing (Nom. + inf)
A fost auzit cntnd/ A fost auzit n timp ce cnta.
!!! A characteristic feature of the nominative with infinitive is that it may be extended into a
clause introduced by IT.
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Corectai greelile din propoziiile de mai jos:
9.3. Rezumat
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5. We determined the man to tell the truth.
6. It is known that water boils at 1000C.
7. The Browns asked Jim to have dinner with them.
8. Why didnt you allow the boy to play in the garden?
9. It was reported that he had found his death two days ago.
10. I persuaded him to come to the pictures with me.
II. Make the following sentences into one, using accusative with infinitive:
Model:
a. I asked him
I asked him to bring me the book
b. He brought me the book
a. George saw his sister
George saw his sister open the door
b. She opened the door
1. I expected him
He came by plane
2. Ralph wanted Barbara
Barbara lent Richard her dictionary.
3. We noticed the sky.
It turned dark.
4. They prevailed upon the man.
He came to the meeting.
5. Did Mr. Thomas persuade him?
He went to Bath.
6. I heard the little birds.
They sang early in the morning.
7. We saw Mrs. Brown
She went out.
8. The boys helped their little brother.
He passed over the bridge.
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10. They believe that he is honest.
11. It is better that he should hear it from you.
12. The strikers decided that the strike should continue.
8.6. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form making any necessary
changes:
I (sit) in my office the other day when I (tell) that someone (want) (see) me. It
was Ana Radulescu, an old friend of mine. My personal assistant (invite) her in
and (ask) us what we (want) to drink. After she (bring) us coffee and water she
(leave) us alone. When I (ask) Ana how she (be), she (tell) me a rather sad
story. She told me that she (have) to close down her business because of
financial difficulties and that she look for a job. She (add) that she (be) in such
situation because she (not listen) to those who (advise) her to hire a good
accountant. If she (not find) a job quickly, she (be) in serious trouble. She (ask)
me whether I (can) (do) anything (help) her (find) something interesting. I
(assure) her (do) my best and (ask) her (call) me in a few days.
I.
1. I was astonished to hear that he had left the country.
2. It is necessary for everyone to know the truth.
3. The crime seems to have been committed by a left-handed man.
4. He is expected to broadcast a statement tonight.
5. He is said to have been a brilliant scientist.
6. It is advisable for us to leave the house separately.
7. The murderer is said to be hiding in the woods near the house.
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8. Is it likely for him to arrive before six?
9. She is said to have a frightful temper.
10. He is believed to be honest.
11. It is better for him to hear it from you.
12. The strikers decided to continue the strike.
II.
1. He is supposed to have witnessed the accident.
2. The thief is known to have stolen the car during the night.
3. She is reported to be alive.
4. He proved to be a false witness.
5. She is believed to have entered the country illegally.
6. The two young men are said to have robbed a bank.
7. You are expected to testify.
8. He is thought to be guilty of crime by the court.
9. I am sure that my arguments will make her change her mind.
10. I advised him to give up that job.
11. He is thinking of taking part in that competition. (taking = gerund required
by the preposition that precedes it: of)
12. The insisted that I should go there that evening.
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UNIT 11: OFFENCES AGAINST PERSON II
11.1.Introducere
Dup parcurgerea acestei uniti, vei putea enumera i defini cteva
dintre cele mai importante infraciuni ndreptate mpotriva persoanei, aa cum
sunt acestea prevzute de legislaia american n vigoare.
Totodat, unitatea de nvare nr. 9 ncurajeaz studentul s consulte i
Codul Penal Romn tradus n limba englez, pentru a-i nsui ct mai muli
termeni de specialitate i pentru a observa modul diferit n care infraciunile la
care se face referire n unitatea de nvare nr. 9 sunt ncadrate de Codul Penal
Romn.
UNNATURAL OFFENCES
00:60
a) Gross indecency appears when a male person commits an act of gross indecency with
another male person. It is punishable of two to five years.
b) Persistently soliciting in a public place for immoral purposes is also an arrestable
offence.
c) Homosexual acts are not offences when they are committed in private, with both
parties consent, and they have attained the age of 21 years. Any homosexual act
committed outside the scope of the above provisions is an offence.
INDECENCY
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c) Abduction means to take away by force or fraud. Here we include abduction of a
woman by force or for the sake of her property; abduction of an unmarried girl under
the age of 18.
PROSTITUTION
A prostitute is a person who, for rewards offers his or body for sexual connection.
b) Trading in prostitution is an offence of any man living wholly or in part of the earning
of prostitution. It is an arrestable offence punishable with seven years of imprisonment.
a) Assaults are intentional or reckless acts causing another person unlawful personal
violence. Justifiable assaults happen under the following circumstances: administrating
lawful correction (parents punishing their children); self-defence, defence of a member
of the family; defence of property.
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S ne reamintim
11.3. Rezumat
II. A crime is any act or omission (of an act) that violates the law and is
punishable by the state. Crimes are considered injurious to society or the
community. They include both felonies (more serious offences like
murder or rape) and misdemeanours (like petty theft or speeding).
A criminal is someone who commits a crime. Below are 12 phrases
using the word criminal. Link each phrase to its definition.
Phrase Definition
1. Court of Criminal a. Barrister or solicitor who specialises in felonies
Appeal and misdemeanours.
2. Criminal contempt b. A person charged with or convicted of crimes
against humanity.
3. Criminal negligence c. Previous crimes of which an individual has been
convicted.
4. Criminal court d. Rules governing the investigation of crimes, the
arrest charging, and trial of accused criminals; and
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the sentencing of those convicted (found guilty or
a crime).
5. Criminal law e. One of the higher courts of law which hears
cases sent up for review.
6. Criminal lawyer f. Disorderly behaviour, disrespect, or obedience
of a judges orders, particularly during a trial.
7. Criminal procedure g. A person who repeatedly commits offences.
8. Criminal record h. Where an individual fails to exercise a duty of
care and the resulting action leads to the
commission of a crime.
9. Habitual criminal i. The branch of law which deals with felonies and
misdemeanours.
10. Criminal liability k. A court with jurisdiction to hear felonies and
misdemeanours.
11. War criminal l. Responsibility for committing a crime (excluded
persons include minors and insane).
I. Below are 14 crimes. Firstly, link each crime to its definition and then
classify each crime as violent (V) or non-violent (NV):
Name of crime
Definition of crime
a. Assault 1. A generic term for the killing of another person
b. Drug dealing 2. Any instance in which one party deceives or takes
unfair advantage of another
c. Money 3. Attempt to use illegal force on another person
laundering
d. Battery 4. Attempt to use illegal force on another person in
the absence of consent to sexual relations
e. Homicide 5. Attempt to transform illegally acquired money into
apparently legitimate money
f. Manslaughter 6. Driving a vehicle in excess of the permitted limit
g. Fraud 7. Leaving ones vehicle in an area or for duration in
contravention of the law
h. Murder 8. Possession of and/or trading illegal substances
i. Armed robbery 9. Taking the property of another without right or
permission
j. Sexual assault 10. The actual use of illegal force on another person
k. Burglary 11. The crime of breaking into a private home with
the intention of committing a felony
l. Theft 12. The unlawful killing of a person with intent
m. Parking 13. The unlawful killing of a person without
malicious intent and therefore without premeditation
n. Speeding 14. The unlawful taking of anothers property using a
dangerous weapon.
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II. Below are some words and phrases derived from appeal. Link each item to its
definition.
II. Read three articles in the Romanian Criminal Code on three types of
offences committed against the person and translate them, paying
particular attention to the penalties applied to them.
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11.8 . Rspunsuri la testul de autoevaluare
I.
Definition of crime
Name of crime
Assault Attempt to use illegal force on another person
Drug dealing Possession of and/or trading illegal substances
Money Attempt to transform illegally acquired money into
laundering apparently legitimate money
Battery The actual use of illegal force on another person
Homicide A generic term for the killing of another person
Manslaughter The unlawful killing of a person without malicious
intent and therefore without premeditation
Fraud Any instance in which one party deceives or takes
unfair advantage of another
Murder The unlawful killing of a person with intent
Armed robbery The unlawful taking of anothers property using a
dangerous weapon
Sexual assault Attempt to use illegal force on another person in the
absence of consent to sexual relations
Burglary The crime of breaking into a private home with the
intention of committing a felony
Theft Taking the property of another without right or
permission
Parking Leaving ones vehicle in an area or for duration in
contravention of the law
Speeding Driving a vehicle in excess of the permitted limit
II.
1. c.; 2. h; 3. e; 4. a; 5. g; 6. d; 7. b; 8. f.
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UNIT 12: FINAL GRAMMAR EXERCISES
II. Memorise the quotations. Note the way the verbs say, tell, speak
and talk are used:
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Tell somebody to do something
Tell a lie/ the truth/a story
E.g. Speak well of your friends, of your enemies say nothing. (Proverb)
II. Fill in the blanks by using one of the following prepositional phrases:
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8. Our trip wasnt cancelled ___ the bad weather.
9. Our home is placed _____ the town.
10. The trial found the officer ______ a foreign power.
11. My friend was promoted _____ his merits.
12. This is a new reason ____ my proposal.
II.
1. for lack of; 2. in danger of; 3. out of keeping with; 4. in the centre/thick of; 5.
under the command of; 6. in accordance with; 7. in the eyes of; 8. in spite of; 9.
in the centre of/in the heart of; 10. in support of; 11. in recognition of.
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
Beizadea, Coziana Marina, English for Law, Ed. Lumina LEX, Bucuresti, 2001
Brokes, M, Holden, D, Hutchinson Engleza pentru juriti, Ed. Teora, Bucureti, 1999
W.,
Brookes, M, Treutenaere, Ch., 1000 de cuvinte cheie n drept, Ed. Compania,
Bucureti, 2002
Manga, V., Calciu, R., Dicionar juridic E-R i R-E; Ed. Lumina LEX,
Bucureti, 1995
Merealbe, E., Limba englez pentru juriti, Ed. Eficient, Bucureti,
1998
Molnar Oprea, Nicoleta, Mateescu Curs de limba englez pentru studenii facultilor cu
Marinela, Carmen, Suciu, Cosmin profil juridic, Ed. ALL Educational, 2000, Bucureti
Turcu Fulvia, Nstsescu, Violeta, Engleza de afaceri, Ed. Uranus, Bucureti, 1995
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The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UNO Department of Public
Information, 1998
***
The US Constitution
http://constitutionus.com/
Real Cases
http://www.streetlaw.org//en/Case.7.aspx
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