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2 E. Gordon Rupp, Christian Doctrine from 1350 to the Eve the Reformation, in H.
Cunliffe-Jones (ed.)s A History of Christian Doctrine (HCD), Edinburgh: T. and T.
Clark, 1997, p. 301-302.
3 Lucien Febvre, Un destin: Martin Luther, Paris, 1928, p. 51.
4 Alfred Th. Jorgensen, Martin Luther. Reformer of the Church Minneapolis:
Augsburg Publishing House, p.65.
Luther i lutheranisrm,i)
7 Jim Cromarty, Cetate tare este Dumnezeul nostru: povestea vietii lui Martin
Luther, Oradea: Faclia, 2002, p. 62.
10 Valeriu Andreiescu
14 Cromarty, loc.cit.
15 Erikson, Tanarul Luther, p. 159.
16 R. Marius, Luther, Philadephia: J.B. Lippincott Co., 1974, p. 33, supine ca
plecarea lui Luther la Roma era in scopul de a primi haina preoteasca, iar nu de a
unelti contra lui Staupitz;
17 Cromarty, Luther, p. 65.
18 R. Tudur Jones, The Great Reformation, p. 30.
Luther gi lutheranisrflyi
va ucide (din cauza sanata$ii lui ubrede) i ca nu putea s-o faca din
cauza saraciei, dar Staupitz a replicat ca i in cer Luther ar primi de
lucru, iar pe pamant va fi subvenponat de Frederic al Saxoniei25.
Dupa E.H. Erikson (ce plaseaza la Wittenberg ,,parul din
gradina"), ,,transferul de tata complet i tenace de tip pozitiv" prin
care Martin il mlocuia pe Hans Luder cu Staupitz ar fi avut loc mai
ales intre anii 1508-1513:
propriilor paring"27.
E.G. Schweibert, Luther and His Times, Saint Louis: Concordia, 1950 t> 193-
196.
34 K.Heussi - E. Peter, Precis d'histoire del'Eglise, Neuchatel (Suisse): Delachaux
etNiestle, 1967, p. 136.
JJ Leonard, La Reformation, p. 43, cf. T. George, Teologia Reformatorihr, p. 78-
79, n. 45-47.
H. von Schubert, Luthers Vorlesung ueber den Galatenbrief 1918; cf.
Comentariul aprofundat al Epistolei catre Galateni: 1535, in vol. XXIV-XXVI din
Lutheri Opera, vol I - XXXVIII, ed. Schmidt, 1865-1873.
Luther s,i lutheranismul 19
37
B.K.Kuiper, Martin Luther - The Formative Years, Grand Rapids, MI:
Eerdmans, 1933, p. 215.
T. George, op.cit:, p.79, insa Febvre, Luther 2001, p.36-37, afirma cS Luther
luase contact cu scrierile lui Tauler in timpul studiilor de la Erfurt, asadar prin
1506-1510.
39 HaiTy J.McSorley, Luther, Wright or Wrong? New York: Newman and Ausburg,
1969, p.45. Luther nu se va dezice niciodata de mistici, desi ulterior ii va privi mai
critic - cf. Bengt Haegglund, The Background of Luther's Doctrine ofJustification
in Late Medieval Theology, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1971, p. 2-16.
40 Schaff, German Reformation i'970, p. 117-119.
20 Valeriu Andreiescu
' H.S. Hillerbrand, The Reformation, New York: Harper, 1964, p. 55-56.
Daniel Benga, Marii reformatori luterani $i Biserica Ortodoxa, Bucureti:
Sophia, 2003, cap. 5 ,,Philipp Melanchthon" , p. 96-105, mai ales p. 99.
49 Leonard, La Reformation, p. 55.
50 R. Tudur Jones, The Great Reformation, p. 38.
51 Chadwick, The Reformation, p. 48.
52 Luthers Briefe Sendschreiben und Bedenken, I, ed. De Wette. Berlin, p. 188 i
urm. (catre Spalatin, 25X1 i 2XII 1518).
53 ibidem, p. 193 (catre Link, 11 XII 1518).
Luther gi lutheranismul 23
34 Luthers Werke, II, ,,Unterricht auf etliche Artikel", Weimarer Auscaben v 69-
73. '
" Schaff, German Reformation 1970, p. 177, Leonard, La Reformation, p. 56.
36 Hillerbrand, The Reformation, p. 65-67.
24 Valeriu Andreiescu
75 K.B. Mac Farlane, John Wydiffe and the Begining ofEnglish Nonconformism,
London, 1952.
76 Am. Molnax, Jean Hus, Paris, 1976.
cf. ICourvoisier, Zwingli, Theologien reforme, Neuchatel: Delachaux et Niestle
1965.
tefan Pascu, ,,Razboiul taranesc condus de G.Doja", in A. Ofetea (red.), Istoria
Romaniei, II, Bucuresti: Editura Academiei, 1962, p. 601.
A. tekli, Thomas Muenzer, Bucureti; 1963.
80 J. Warns, Baptism, Studies in the Original Christian Baptism, London: The
Paternoster Press, 1957.
W. Hollenweger, Entusiastiches Christentum, Wuppertal: Theologischer Verlag
Rolf Brockhaus/Zuerich: Zwingli Verlag, 1969.
Luther ?i 1yttheram>rfriii|
31
86 Leonard, La Reformation, p. 58-59; Febvre, Luther 2001, p.l 15. Ultimul pamflet
al lui Luther va trata acelai subiect: Impotriva papalitafii romane, vide
R.Stupperich, ,Mortin Luther", in Tim Dowley (ed.), The History of Christianity,
Tring, Herts (Eng.): Lion, 1987, p. 363.
87 Henry Bettenson, Documents of the Chrisian Church, New York: Oxford
University Press, 1963, p. 192-197.
88 ibidem, p. 197-199, cf. G-Remete, Perspective noi in teologia sacramentala
luterana, Alba Iulia: Editura Arhiepiscopiei Ortodoxe, 1999.
89 M.esan, op.cit, p. 209-210.
Luther si lutheranismul 21
94
K. Randell, Reforma catolica si Contrareforma, Bucuresti:BIC ALL, 2001, p.
95
R.D. Linder, ,,Rome responds" in Dowley (ed.), op.cit. 1987, p. 405: Chadwick,
Reformation, p. 268: ,,Despite many histories , he [Contarini] had not been a
member of the Oratory of Divine Love, at Rome". La fel crede si W. Walker,
History ofthe Christian Church, 1970, p. 374.
Valeriu Andreiescu
Marele papa ateptat de adept;ii lui Erasm avea sa fie Paul III
(1534-1549), ,,cel mai sincer reformator ce s-a suit pe tronul papal in
sec XVI"100, dei inainte de pontificatul sau nu manifestase
asemenea predispozitii. Mult doritul conciliu de innoire a Bisericii
a fost convocat de papa intai la Mantua (1536), apoi la Vicenza
(1537) dar a fost suspendat intrucat Liga luterana de la
Schmalkelden a respins invita^ia la un conciliu care nu era tinut pe
pamant german101.
In 1527 se destramase Oratoriul de la Roma, in frunte cu
Gaetano da Thiene (care a inspirat reformele mai multor papi) i cu
reformistul conservator Pietro Caraffa. Opt dintre membrii sau
apropiatii acestei asociapi vor deveni insa cardinali in 1535: viitorii
papi Caraffa (Paul IV) i Cervini (Marcellus II), umanistul Sadoleto,
Reginald Pole, Contarini, benedictinul Gregorio Cortese, Pietro
Bembo, Jean du Bellay, episcop de Paris. In 1535, Contarini a
devenit conducatorul unei comisii de reforma constituite din opt
reformiti dintr-un numar de noua cardinali102. Tot in 1536 incepea
insa Reforma calvinista la Geneva, facand i mai utopice tentativele
de reunificare a Bisericii103.
In feb. 1537, Contarini a inaintat papei Aaportul comisiei,
intitulat nConsilium de emendenda ecclesia", ce con^inea
110
J.H.Yoder, A. Kreider, The Anabaptists, in Dowley, History of Christianity
1987, p. 400, *
111 ad. Febvre, Luther, 2001, p. 208.
D.Benga, Marii reformatori luterani si Biserica Ortodoxa, p. 181-200.
42 Valeriu Andreiescu
113 W.Walker, A History of the Christian Church, New York, 1970, p. 339-341.
114 E.Gordon Ruff, Philip Melanchthon, in H.Cunliffe-Jones (ed), A History of
Christian Doctrine, Edinburgh, 1997, p. 377.
Luther ?i lutheranismul
115 H.Lauri; Gesetz und Evangelium bei Mathias Flacius Illyricus, Lund, 1952.
116 Under, op.ciL, p. 410, Franzen, Baeumer, Istoria papilor, p. 314.
117
K.Heussi, E.Peter, Precis d'histoire de I'Eglise, Neuchatel, 1967, p. 146.
44 Valeriu Andreiescu
118 Philip Schaff, Creeds of Christendom, I, New York: Scribner, 1890, p. 258-307.
119 Martin Luther, Catehismul mic cu scurte explicafii, Cluj: Logos, 1996.
120 Emil Barto, Introducere in istoria dogmei crestine, Oradea: Metanoia, 2002, p.
222-226.
Luther i lutheranismul