NDRUMAR PENTRU NVAREA

LIMBII ENGLEZE

PREFA

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 Prezentul ndrumar trateaz punctele eseniale ale gramaticii limbii
engleze, fiind un ghid, un manual indispensabil celor care-i propun s
studieze limba englez.
n acelai timp, este important de precizat c nu este dect un ajutor n
pregtirea dumneavoastr pentru nvarea limbii engleze.

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 A B R E VI E R I

Vb. = verb;
S = subiect;
Aux. = auxiliar;
P.T. = Past Tense;
Wh. = where (unde); who ( cine);
P.P. = forma a treia a verbului de conjugat;
ll = will; shall;
e.g. = exemplu;
obj. = obiect;
N. = Nominativ;
D. = Dativ;
Ac. = Acuzativ;
G. = Genitiv;

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 CUPRINS

GRAMATIC

1.VERBUL..9 -10;

a) Definiie;
b) Clasificare;
c) Sensul lexical al verbelor;
d) Funcia sintactic a verbelor;
e) Vocabular;

2.SUBSTANTIVUL.....11- 18;

a) Definiie;
b) Nr. substantivelor - Substantive individuale;
- Substantive unice;
- Substantive colective;
c) Diferene de sens determinate de schimbarea numrului ;
d) Genul substantivelor;
e) Vocabular;

3. TIMPUL19;

a) Definiie;
b) Analiza timpului;
c) Sistemul de timpuri al limbii engleze;

4. PREZENTUL SIMPLU............................................20-23;

a) Definiie;
b) Forma:
- afirmativ;
- negativ;
- interogativ;
c) ntrebuinare;
d) Vocabular;

5.PREZENTUL CONTINUU..........................................24-26;

a) Formare;
b) ntrebuinare;

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 c) Cazuri particulare (verbe care folosite la timpul Prezent Continuu au alt
neles) ;
d) Exerciii;

RECAPITULARE27-34;

6. IMPERATIVUL..35-36;

a) Persoana a II a singular- ntrebuinare;

b) Persoana I plural- ntrebuinare;

7.TIMPUL TRECUT SIMPLU37-40;

a) Definiie;
b) Form;
c) ntrebuinare;
d) Traducerea Timpului Trecut Simplu;

8. TIMPUL TRECUT CONTINUU .41-44;

a) Formare;
b)ntrebuinare;
c) Exerciii;

9. TIMPUL PREZENT PERFECT45-47;

a) Definiie;
b) ntrebuiare ;
c) Vocabular ;

10.TIMPUL PREZENT PERFECT CONTINUU48-52 ;

a) Form;
b) ntrebuinare;
c) Exerciii;
d) Vocabular;

11. TIMP - MAI MULT CA PERFECTUL53-54;

a) Definiie ;
b) Alctuire ;
c) ntrebuinare ;
d) Vocabular ;

12.TIMP MAI MULT CA PERFECTUL CONTINUU55-59 ;

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 a) Definiie ;
b) ntrebuinare ;
c) For/Since/Ago ;
d) Exerciii;
e) Vocabular ;

13.VERBELE MODALE60-69;

a) Formare;
b) Verbele modale( must- to have to,can- to be able to, may, need, will, would,
shall, ought to);
c) Vocabular;
d) Exerciii;

14. VIITORUL SIMPLU 70-72;

a) Definiie;
b) Form;
c) ntrebuinare;

15. VIITORUL CONTINUU73-76;

a) ntrebuinare;
b) Vocabular;

16. DIATEZA PASIV I ACTIV77-81;

a) Alctuire;
b) Reguli;
c) Exerciii;
d) Vocabular;

17.ARTICOLUL82-92;

a) Definiie;
b) Form;
c) Poziie;
d) Exerciii;
e) Vocabular,
d) Exerciii;

18.PERSOANA I NUMRUL 93;

d) Definiie;

19.ADJECTIVUL94-109;
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 a) Definiie;
b) Adjectivul nehotrt;
- Definiie;
- Form;
- ntrebuinare;

c) Exerciii;
d) Vocabular;
e) Comparativul;
f) Vocabular;
g) Superlativul ;

20. NUMERALUL.110-118;

a) Definiie;
b) Numeralul cardinal:
- Forma numeralului cardinal;
- ntrebuinare;
c) Numeralul ordinal :
- Definiie;
- Form;
- ntrebuinare;
d)Numeralul multiplicativ;
e) Numeralul adverbial;
f) Exerciii;

21. PRONUMELE119-123;

a) Definiie;
b) Pronumele personal;
c) Pronumele reflexiv;
d) Pronume posesiv;
e) Pronume interogativ;

22. PROPOZIIA CONDIIONAL IF124-125;

23.CORECTAREA EXERCIIILOR126-135;

24. LEXIC..136-147;

25. ANEXE140-159

26. VERBELE NEREGULATE TABEL..159-164

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G R A M A T I C

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 VERBUL THE VERB

a) Definiie:

Verbul este partea de vorbire care :

exprim aciuni, procese sau stri;

are categorii gramaticale de persoan i numr comune cu alte pri de
vorbire i categoriile specifice de timp, mod, aspect i diatez;
ndeplinete funcia sintactic de predicat;

b) Clasificare

Verbele pot fi clasificate din punct de vedere al structurii morfologice

sau din punct de vedere al sensului lexical al funciei.

Din punct de vedere al structurii morfologice, verbele pot fi clasificate

n:
1. verbe simple : stay; rest;
2. verbe compuse: spotlight;
3. verbe cu particul adverbial: put on, put off, put away;
4. verbe cu prepoziie obligatorie: wait for, listen to;
5. locuiuni verbale: take care off;

c) Sensul lexical al verbelor

Verbele n limba englez se mpart n:

verbe cu sens lexical plin, numite de obicei verbe noionale;

a)
b) verbe cu sens lexical redus, care sunt folosite mai mult cu funcii
gramaticale. n clasa verbelor cu sens lexical redus intr verbele copulative,
verbele auxiliare i verbele modale.

d) Funcia sintactic a verbelor:

- verbele cu sens lexical plin sunt predicative, adic pot forma singure
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predicatul unei propoziii;
- verbele cu sens lexical redus sunt nepredicative, au nevoie de o
complinire (verb noional, nume predictiv) pentru a deveni predicate;

Verbele cu sens lexical redus se mpart n:

a. verbe copulative be i appear, seem, look, turn, become, get,

grow, remain,to stay etc.

eg.: He seems tired. Pare obosit.

- to be = a fi;
- to seem = a prea; a da impresia;
- to look = a privi;
- to turn = a ntoarce, a nvrti;
- to become = a deveni;
- to get = a obine;a dobndi;
- to grow = a crete;
- to remain = a rmne;a sta, a continua;
- to stay = a sta;

b. verbe auxilaire - be/ have/shall-should, will-would, may-might,

can-could,do);

c.verbe modale sau semiauxiliare can/could, must, have to, may/

might, shall/should /will /would, ought to, etc verbe care arat atitudinea
vorbitorului fa de enun:

necesitate: You must return before nightfall. Trebuie s te ntorci

nainte de cderea nopii.

posibilitate: It might rain tomorrow.

S-ar putea s plou mine.

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 SUBSTANTIVUL -THE NOUN

a) Definiie

Substantivul denumete obiecte ( fiine, lucruri, noiuni abstracte). El

are un neles deplin sau de sine stttor). Din punct de vedere
morfologic, mpreun cu un determinant, el este o parte de vorbire principal
(alturi de verb).
Substantivul are numr:

a child copil;
children copii;

gen:
man brbat;
woman- femeie;

caz:
the boy biatul;
the boys al biatului;

b)Numrul substantivelor Number of Nouns

1. SUBSTANTIVELE INDIVIDUALE INDIVIDUAL NOUNS

o Substantivele individuale au att numr de singular ct i numr

plural.
Cu foarte puine excepii, forma de plural a substantivelor individuale
difer de cea a singularului:

- cele mai multe substantive individuale fac pluralul n s :

eg.: book ( carte) books (cri);

cap (apc) caps (epci);
lock(zvor) locks(zvoare);
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 mouth(gur) mouths(guri);
rose(trandafir) roses (trandafiri);
badge(semn, nsemn) badges(semne);

- substantivele n ch-sh-(s)s,- x sau zz fac pluralul n es:

eg.: peach (piersic) peaches(piersici);

bush(tuf) bushes (tufe);
glass(pahar) glasses(pahare);
box(cutie) boxes(cutii);

- substantivele n y precedat de o consoan formeaz pluralul

prin transformarea lui-y n i i adugarea terminaiei es.

eg.: fly( musc) flies (mute);

city(ora) cities(orae);

- substantivele n f i fe primesc terminaia (e)s cu transformarea lui

f n v:

eg.: leaf( frunz) leaves (frunze);

wolf(lup) wolves(lupi);
life(via) lives(viei);

Excepii

- roof (acoperi) roofs (acoperiuri);

- handkerchief(batist) handkerchiefs(batiste);
- wharf(chei) wharf (chei);/wharves;

- substantivele terminate n o precedat de o consoan primesc es,-oes:

eg.: tomato(roie) - tomatoes( roii);

potato(cartof) - potatoes(cartofi);

Excepie fac cteva substantive de origine italian:

eg.: piano(pian)
- pianos(piane).

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Pluralele neregulate (pstrate din engleza veche):

child (copil) - children;

man (om,brbat) - men;
woman (femeie) - women;
goose (gsc) - geese;
mouse (oarece) - mice;
tooth (dinte) - teeth;
ox (bou) - oxen;
die (zar) - dice;
foot (picior) - feet;

Substantivele compuse exprimate n scris printr-un singur cuvnt formeaz

pluralul n conformitate cu regulile generale:

eg.: schoolboy(colar) - schoolboys;

cameraman(fotograf) - cameramen;

!!!!Atunci cnd un substantiv compus este exprimat n scris prin dou sau
mai multe cuvinte (legate sau nu prin liniu de unire) cuvntul (substantivul)
de baz , cel care are sensul cel mai general, primete semnul pluralului:

eg.: brother-in-law (cumnat) - brothers-in law;

passer-by(trector) - passers-by;

Dac prima parte a unui substantiv compus este exprimat prin cuvintele
man sau woman, ambele substantive componente primesc semnul pluralului:

eg.: man-servant - men- servants;

Dac nici unul din elementele componente ale unui substantiv compus
nu este substantiv, pluralul se formeaz prin adugarea unui- s la ultimul
cuvnt:

eg.: forget-me -not (nu m uita) - forget-me-nots;

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 O varietate a substantivelor individuale o constituie aa- numitele
substantive individuale-defective DEFECTIVE INDIVIDUAL NOUNS.
Ele nu au dect o form de plural, dar se pot numra prin asociere cu un
numerativ:

eg. : a pair of - o pereche;

a suit of - un costum de ;

n aceast categorie sunt cuprinse:

a) unele denumiri de instrumente i unelte:

- compasses - compas (a pair(s)of compasses-un compas,

dou compasuri;
- binoculars - binoclu (three pair(s) of binoculars;
- glasses - ochelari;
- scissors - foarfece;

b)unele denumiri de articole vestimentare:

- trousers - pantaloni;
- riding breeches - pantaloni de cltorie;
- clothes -haine (a suit of clothes- un costum de
haine);

Substantivele individual-defective se acord cu verbul la plural;

2. SUBSTANTIVE UNICE - UNIQUE NOUNS

Substantivele unice nu sunt privite ca fcnd parte dintr-o clas de

obiecte i, n consecin , nu pot fi pluralizate, nici generalizate:

- the sun - soarele;

- the earth - pmntul;
- the moon - luna;
- the north - nordul;
- the south - sudul;
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 - the east - estul;
- the west - vestul;
- nature - natura;
- paradise - paradisul;
- hell - iadul;

Sunt unice substantivele nume de materie, care nu au dect form de

singular i nu se pot numra:

- sugar - zahr;
- steel - oel;
- maize - porumb;
- chicken - pui, carne de pui;
- water - ap;

Unele substantive se pot folosi la i la plural, fie pentru a indica

varieti:
- steel - oeluri, varieti de oel;
- salts - sruri;
fie pentru a se sublinia cantitatea, extinderea,etc.:
- snows - zpezi;
- waters - ape;

3)SUBSTANTIVE COLECTIVE - COLECTIVE NOUNS

Substantivele colective propriu-zise, dei au form de singular, exprim

ideea de plural, vorbitorul accentund nu noiunea respectiv n ntregul ei ,
ci elementele omogene alctuitoare (fiine, exclusiv oameni). Formal, aceasta
reiese din folosirea verbului la plural :

- crew - echipaj;
- family - familie;
- government - guvern;
- team - echip;
- mankind - omenire;
- public - public;
- audience - audien, public, spectatori;
- people - popor;

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eg.: the crew were on the deck echipajul era pe punte; ->.. numai
forma de plural al verbului l transform ntr-un substantiv colectiv;

Substantivele pluralitii (Nouns of Multitude)

Substantivele pluralitii sunt tot substantive colective, ns se

deosebesc de cele propriu-zise prin aceea c se folosesc cu verbul i
determinanii exclusiv la plural:

- people - oameni, lume;

- folk - oameni, lume;
- horse - cavalerie;
- cattle - vite;

eg.: there were many people there era mult lume acolo;

Substantivele individuale ale pluralitii( Individual Nouns of

Multitude) pot fi folosite fie ca substantive individuale, fie ca substantive
ale pluralitii:

- fish - pete, peti;

- truot - pstrv, pstrvi;
- deer - cprioar, cprioare(cerb - cerbi);
- sheep - oaie,oi;
- head - cap, capete (de vite);
- pair - pereche, perechi;

4) DIFERENE DE SENS DETERMINATE DE SCHIMBAREA

NUMRULUI
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 (Differences in Meaning Determined by Change of Number)

! Exist substantive din limba englez care i schimb sensul n funcie

de numrul gramatical.

singular
advice - sfat, pova;
apartment(amer.) apartament (ntr-un bloc); apartments (Anglia)- locuin( cu chirie
ash scrum;
cloth- stof, material ;
colour- culoare, nuan;
compass busol;
custom obicei, datin;
facility uurin, facilitate;
glass sticl, oglind, pahar, telescop,
barometru;
moral- moral(a unei povestiri);
number-numr;
plural
advices tiri, informaii;
lunar);
ashes cenu;
clothes- stofe, materiale /haine;
colours culoare, nuane ; drapel, steag;
compasses compas, busole;
customs-obiceiuri, datini/vam, taxe vamale;
facilities- nlesniri , condiii favorabile,
echipament, aparatur, nlesniri, confort;
glasses- varieti de sticl, oglinzi, pahare,
telescoape, barometre, ochelari, binoclu;
morals morale, moravuri, moralitate/moral;
number numere,versuri;

c) GENUL SUBSTANTIVELOR - Gender of Nouns

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 Ca i n limba romn, n englez exist trei genuri ( masculin, feminin
i neutru), ns ele nu se refer la aceleai categorii de obiecte.

Sunt de genul masculin (Masculine Gender) i, n consecin, se

nlocuiesc prin pronumele personal he, substantive care denumesc fiine de
sex masculin: persoane, animale mari sau importante:

- man-(brbat), he-wolf (lup),elephant(elefant);

Sunt de genul feminin (Feminine Gender) i, n consecin, se

nlocuiesc prin pronumele personal she, substantive care denumesc fiine de
sex feminin: persoane, animale mari sau importante:
- woman - femeie;
- girl - fat;
- girl-friend - prieten; she-wolf (lupoaic);
Tot de genul feminin sunt i substantivele: ship (vas, corabie),
car(main).Train (tren) i plane (avion) sunt adesea tratate ca feminine.

Formal, substantivele de genul feminin se deosebesc de cele

masculine :

a) prin folosirea unor cuvinte diferite :

sister sor; brother- frate;
aunt mtu; uncle unchi;

b) prin folosirea n compunere a cuvintelor :

woman - femeie (man = brbat);
female -femeie (male = brbat);

c) prin folosirea sufixului ess:

tigress tigroaic; tiger tigru;
actress actri; actor actor;
princess- prines; prince prin;

Sunt de genul neutru (Neuter Gender) i n consecin, se nlocuiesc

prin pronumele personal it, substantivele care denumesc obiecte nensufleite:
- chair scaun, idea- idee, stick b.
TIMPUL - TENSE

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 Categoria gramatical a timpului , categorie specific verbelor, se refer
la ordinea evenimentelor n timp, aa cum este perceput aceasta de vorbitor
n momentul vorbirii.
Momentul n care are loc aciunea este momentul prezent(now). Fa de
acest moment care constituie axa de referin a prezentului, unele evenimente
sunt:
a) anterioare, cnd ele au loc nainte de momentul vorbirii;
b) posterioare fa de momentul vorbirii( evenimentele fiind anticipate de
vorbitor depoarece vor avea loc dup dup momentul vorbirii);
c) simultane cu momentul vorbirii ( avnd loc n acelai timp);

n analiza timpului, trebuie luate n consideraie trei elemente:

a) momentul vorbirii;
b) momentul (svririi ) aciunii;
c) axa sau momentul de referin.

Momentul vorbirii = momentul n care enunul este pronunat de

vorbitor;
Momentul aciunii = momentul n care a avut loc aciunea sau starea:
now, then, tomorrow;
Momentul de referin reprezint axa pe care se plaseaz vorbitorul n
perceperea evenimentului: axa prezentului, axa trecutului, axa
viitorului;
n funcie de cele trei elemente momentul vorbirii, momentul aciunii
i momentul de referin limba englez cunoate urmtorul sistem de
timpuri:
- pe axa prezentului: Present, Present Perfect, Future;
- pe axa trecutului:Past Tense, Past Perfect, Future in the Past;
- pe axa viitorului:Future, Future Perfect;

PREZENT TENSE SIMPLE

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 TIMPUL PREZENT SIMPLU

1)Definiie

Prezentul Simplu desemneaz un eveniment (o aciune

sau stare) care se ntmpl simultan cu momentul vorbirii (prezentul
instantaneu) sau care include momentul vorbirii ( prezentul generic i
habitual).

2)Form

Din punct de vedere al formei, prezentul simplu este

identic cu infinitivul, la toate persoanele singular i plural, cu excepia
persoanei a III a singular, care adaug (-e)s :

FORMA AFIRMATIV : S + V (+ Obj.)

eg: I play tennis.

Joc tenis.

* Nu uitai s adugai < - s > la persoana a treia singular;

* Atenie la modificarea ortografic n <- es> pentru verbele care se
termin n:

- o;-y;-s;-x;-z;-sh;-ch; - tch; -ss;

eg : He goes = (El) merge;

He carries = (El) car (duce);
He crosses = (El) traverseaz;
He relaxes = (El) se relaxeaz;
He buzzes = (El) bzie ;
She washes = (Ea) (se) spal ;
He watches = (El) privete ;

* Verbele terminate n y precedate de consoan, schimb -y n i i

adaug es :
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 eg. : I try he tries;
Eu ncerc el ncearc;

FORMA NEGATIV :

S + DO /DOES NOT (dont ; doesn t) + V

eg. : I don t play tennis.

Nu joc tenis.

FORMA INTEROGATIV

( Wh-) + Aux + S + V + Obj. ?

eg. : Do you play tennis ?

Joci tenis ?
Where do you play tennis ?
Unde joci tenis ?

3). NTREBUINAREA PREZENTULUI SIMPLU

Prezentul simplu are mai multe ntrebuinri :

- obinuina sau frecvena unei aciuni :

eg. : I play tennis every day.

Joc tenis n fiecare zi.
He goes to Scotland once a month.
El se duce n Scoia o dat pe lun .

- un adevr general i permanent;

eg .: The sun rises in the East.

Soarele rsare n est.

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 - prezentul instantaneu (se ntlnete n comentarii, demonstraii,
exclamaii):

eg: Zidane receives the ball, runs forward and scores.

Zidane prinde mingea, alearg i marcheaz.( comentariu).

Prezentul Simplu cu valoare de viitor este ntrebuinat i n

propoziii subordonate :

a) de timp, introduse de : when, as soon as, once, after, before :

eg. :

We will leave as soon as he arrives.

Vom pleca de ndat ce va sosi el.
I will tell him when I feel like him.
i voi spune cnd am s simt la fel ca el.

b) condiionale, introduse de: if, unless, provided, in case :

eg.:

If Monday I have a free day Ill go to the market.

Dac luni sunt liber m voi duce la pia.

c) expresia viitorului pentru subiectele inanimate ( fr via ), cu

referire la o propoziie temporal precizat:

eg. :

The train leaves at 5 p.m.

Trenul pleac la ora 5 dup-amiaz.

- pentru exprimarea datei :

eg.: Tomorrow is Saturday.

Mine este smbt.

d)pentru redarea unor aciuni planificate, unor aranjamente pentru

viitor, conform unui program stabilit: (mai ales cu verbe de micare):
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 eg.: We leave from Bucharest at seven.
Plecm din Bucureti la ora apte.

- prezentul simplu cu valoare de trecut :

a) n naraiuni, pentru nviorarea povestirii:

eg.: One day, the girl goes to the woods.There she finds a buried
treasure.
ntr-o zi, fata s-a dus n pdure .Acolo ea a gsit o comoar ngropat.

New words :

- to go = a merge;
- to carry = a cra;
- to cross = a traversa;
- to watch = a privi;
- to try = a ncerca;
- to wash = a spla;
- as soon as = de ndat ce;
- to arrive = a sosi;
- to fell = a simi;
- to like = a plcea;
- train = tren;
- to leave = a pleca;
- to tell = a spune;
- treasure = comoar;
- liber() = liber;

PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS

PREZENTUL CONTINUU
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1) Formare

- prezentul continuu se formeaz din verbul be la prezent i participiul

prezent ( forma n ing) a verbului de conjugat;

FORMA AFIRMATIV :

S + BE (la prezentul simplu ) + V- ing ;

eg. : He is playing tennis .

El joac tenis.

FORMA NEGATIV :

S + BE + NOT + V-ing ;

eg.:
He is not playing tennis .
El nu joac tenis.

FORMA INTEROGATIV

What is he playing ?
Ce joac ?

Prezentul continuu este utilizat pentru a exprima:

- aciune n desfurare n momentul vorbirii:

eg.:
Peter is smoking before T.V.
Peter fumeaz n faa T.V.
- ca opoziie a prezentului simplu, pentru a arta c o situaie
este temporal, excepional i care se afl n derulare;
eg. :
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 Bob is playing tennis this year .(El nu a jucat pn-n prezent ).
Bob joac tenis n acest an.
I usually drink tea but today Im drinking coffee.
De obicei beau ceai dar astzi beau o cafea (n acest moment).

- pentru a exprima o aciune viitoare planificat din prezent:

eg.: We are living tomorrow.

Plecm mine.

John is leaving in an hour.

John pleac ntr-o or.

- unele verbe nu pot avea forma BE +V-ing, fiind n general

verbe de percepie (senzorial), de judecat, de stare;

eg.:
I want to come with you.
Vreau s vin cu tine.
I like her because she is very bright.
mi place de ea (O plac) pentru c este foarte inteligent.

New Words

- to play = a (se ) juca;

- tennis = tennis;
- what = ce ?;
- while = n timp ce;
- to smoke = a fuma;
- before = nainte, n faa;
- to wash up = a spla;
- to do = a face;
- hour = or;
- very = foarte;
- bright = inteligent() , strlucitor ( oare);
- to drink = a bea;
- year = an;
- usually = de obicei;
- coffee = cafea;
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- to leave = a pleca, a prsi;
- to come = a veni;
- to want = a dori;
- because = pentru c

PREZENTUL RECAPITULARE

26
PREZENTUL SIMPLU

FORMARE :

Forma S +V(s) I work as a policeman .

afirmativ Lucrez ca poliist.
She wants to be a soldier.
Ea vrea s fie soldat.
They play football every Sunday.
Ei joac fotbal n fiecare duminic.
Forma S+ You dont speak German.
negativ DO/DOES+Not Nu vorbeti limba german.
+V He doesnt understand English.
El nu nelege limba englez.
Forma (WH-) Do you need something ?
interogativ +DO/DOES + Ai nevoie de ceva ?
S +V ? How does it work ?
Cum funcioneaz ?

Verbele terminate n: - o, - s, -x, -z,-sh, -tch,-ss,-ch primesc

ES la persoana a III- a singular;

eg.:
He/She/ it goes, crosses, relaxes, washes ......
He misses her/ He washes his hands.

Verbele care se termin ntr-o consoan urmatde Y l

transform pe y n i i adaug es.

eg. : worry-worries

He worries too much.

Se ngrijoreaz prea mult.
cry- cries
27
 The baby cries every night.
Copilul plnge n fiecare noapte.

NTREBUINARE :

- obinuin /frecven:

eg. :
We usually go out at the week-end.
De obicei ieim n week-end (la sfrit de sptmn ).

- adevr general caracteristic permanent :

eg.: The sun rises in the East.

Soarele rsare la est.
I speak four languages.
Vorbesc patru limbi strine.

Fr implicarea interlocutorului :

n exemplele precedente, prezentul simplu nu a descris aciuni care

se deruleaz n momentul prezent, sub ochii interlocutorilor:

- Aciuni prezente : reportaje, comentariu sportiv, succesiunea

rapid a aciunilor;
- Prezent n naraie : rar n limba englez;
- Orar, progrmri (fr viitor) - stil formal ;

eg. :

The train leaves at five .

Trenul pleac la ora 5.

New words :

- to work = a lucra, a munci;

- policeman = poliist;
- soldier = soldat;
- football = fotbal;

28
- Sunday = duminic;
- to speak = a vorbi;
- German = german;
- to understand = a nelege;
- English = engleza;
- to need = a avea nevoie;
- something = ceva;
- to rise = a rsri;

29
 PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Prezentul continuu

FORMARE :

S+ We are working now.

Forma afirmativ BE(present) + Lucrm acum.
V-ING
S +BE + NOT You are not behaving correctly.
V-ING Nu te compori corect.
Forma negativ The boss isnt going home.
eful nu pleac acas.
Forma interogativ (WH-) BE+ S+ What is she looking at ?
V-ING La ce se uit?

NTREBUINARE :

- aciune n derulare ( present < progresiv>) .

eg.:
o Lucy is having breakfast.
o Lucy i ia micul dejun.

- implicarea interlocutorului :

o You are wasting your time !

o i pierzi timpul !

- intenie, proiect (fr viitor):

o I m leaving tomorrow.
o Plec mine.

- n general, prezentul continuu, exprim o aciune ce se desfoar n

momentul vorbirii:

30
 o Listen! She is singing in the bathroom!
o Ascult! Ea cnt n baie!

- aceast ntrebuinare este marcat de obicei de adverbe de timp ca:

now (acum), right moment (n acest moment), at this moment ( n momentul
de fa);

- cu verbe de activitate non-durativ, o aciune repetat n

momentul vorbirii:

o She is knocking on the door.

o Ea bate la u.

Cazuri particulare : care folosite la Present Continous au alt neles :

- ing ;

- verbe de percepie involuntare :

eg.:
to hear - a auzi;
to see - a vedea;

Im seeing a doctor today. I see you.

M duc la doctor astzi. Te vd.

- verbele cu sens apropiat :

to look - a vedea;
to listen - a asculta;

eg.:
Can you see that bird in the tree ?
Poi vedea pasrea aceea din copac ?

Verbele cu sens apropiat, primesc ing :

31
 to look = a privi;
to listen = a asculta;
eg. :
Yes, Im looking at it .
Da, m uit la ea.

Verbele precum :

to feel = a simi;
to taste = a gusta;
to smell = a mirosi;
pot primi terminaia ing;

eg.:
Im tasting the cake. (Present Continous)
The cake tastes delicious.(Present Simple)

ATENIE!!! Att prezentul continuu ct i cel simplu exprim o aciune

viitoare conform unui plan sau aranjament cnd sunt folosite cu verbe de
micare ca go, leave, arrive, come,etc.

Deosebirea este urmtoarea:

We are leaving tonight. Plecm disear.(Acesta este planul nostru

personal).
We live tonight. Plecm disear. (Acesta este programul oficial,
stabilit al excursiei).

32
 EXERCIS ES

1. Choose the right form of the present tense :

( Alegei forma corect a timpului prezent)

a) Every Sunday he (go) to London to visit his parents.

b) They (have) dinner with their neighbours.
c) I (drive) to town every morning.
d) He (walk) to school this morning .
e) The Millers (live) in Bristol.
f) The child (run) across the street.
g) Bob (read) a book by the fireplace.
h) She often (come) to see me on Tuesdays.

2. Choose the right form of the present tense:

(Alegei forma corect a timpului prezent) :

Look, the guests ( arrive). Lucy (wear) a new dress.She (spend) a lot on
clothes.She (go) to a wedding next month.It (be) a pity the wind (blow) a
lot of Birmingham.Who (come) now ? It (be) old Fred. He (talk) to Lucy.
You (know) that Fred (leave) for China tomorrow.His plane (leave) at 6
p.m.I like Fred because he always ( say) funny things!I (be) sorry that he
(leave) and I will be glad when he (come back).

3. Translate into English :

(Traducei n limba englez):

a. Fred se odihnete pentru c este obosit.

b. De obicei ei i petrec vacanele la Roma.
c. Vaca pate pe ima n aceast diminea.
d. El repet deseori aceleai lucruri.
e. Toi copiii fac zgomot.
f. Ce este zgomotul acesta ?Fata vecinului, cnt la pian .
g. Ce faci duminica, n general ?
h. Rmnei n salon ! Copiii i beau ceaiul n buctrie!
i. Ascult! Lucy iar rde de Fred.
j. Vrei s-l vedei pe tatl meu ? Citete n grdin.
k. Se uit la T.V. n fiecare zi de la 7 la 8 .
33
l. Cinele vecinului latr. Ce se ntmpl ?
m.Englezii nu mannc multe legume.
n. James nu este acolo. Joac tenis cu Lucy.
o. Pisica toarce pe covor.

New words :

- to purr = a toarce;
- to visit = a vizita;
- London = Londra;
- parents = prini ;
- to drive = a conduce un autovehicul;
- morning = diminea;
- to run = a alerga;
- to see = a vedea;
- to wear = a purta;
- wedding = nunt;
- pity = pcat, necaz;
- wind = vnt;
- to blow = a bate;
- guest = musafir;
- to arrive = a sosi;
- to come = a sosi, a veni;
- plane = avion;
- glad = mulumit();
- funny = caraghioas();
- to come back = a se ntoarce;
- to rest = a se odihni;
- usually = de obicei;

34
 IMPERATIVUL

1.Persoana a II-a singular

a) Fr subiect, fr marc de timp

eg.:
Be quiet !
Potolete-te !
Sit down !
Stai jos !
Make yourself at home !
Simte-te ca acas !( F-te lejer ! ) .

b) Negaie : Formare DO NOT + V

eg.: Dont be stupid !

Nu fi prost !
Dont cry!
Nu plnge!

c) Imperativul de politee, - emfatic -, pentru (o) invitaie de a face

ceva;

eg.:
Do be careful ! Fii atent!
i mai mult dect att, fii foarte atent!
Do come in !
Intr!
Dar intr, te rog.

2) PRIMA PERSOAN LA PLURAL

Let us ! Lets !

eg.:
Lets go ! S mergem !
35
 Now, let us pray ! Acum, s ne rugm !
New words :

- to make = a face ;
- home = cas ;
- stupid = prost (proast);
- to cry = a plnge;
- careful = atent();
- to come in = a intra;
- to go = a merge;
- to pray = a (se ) ruga;

36
 PAST TENSE
TIMPUL TRECUT SIMPLU

! Past Tense englezesc este o form verbal simpl, asemntoare cu

perfectul simplu din limba romn.

eg.: She went to school at nine oclock in the morning.

Ea a plecat la coal la ora 9 dimineaa.

Definiie : Past Tense, aspectul simplu, desemneaz un eveniment

definit care a avut loc pe axa trecutului (evenimentul este amintit n
momentul prezent).

Form:

- verbele regulate formeaz Past Tense prin adugarea terminaiei (e)d

la forma de infinitiv;
- marca timpului Past Tense este, la verbele neregulate forma a doua a
verbului de conjugat;

ntrebuinare

- se refer la un lucru trecut, de mult definit, terminat ;

- timpul naraiunii, succesiunea aciunilor n trecut ;
- la forma negativ i la forma interogativ, verbul auxiliar este
cel care poart marca timpului i a negaiei;

37
 Afirmativ
V-ED I looked for a guy in grey.
(verbe regulate+ed) He carried a gun.
They stopped him at the frontier.
Form
neregulat They caught a mass murderer.
- forma neregulat- They dealt with the enemy forces.
a II-a
Interogativ Negaie

You did not stop him.

S did not + V He didnt carry a gun.
(+obj) They didnt catch him.

(Wh-) did S + V Where did you find him ?

(+obj) ? Did they catch him ?

S+ was not
(+adj) He wasnt happy./They werent here.
BE Who was in the kitchen ?
(WH - ) was S
( + obj)

Past Tense simplu este folosit pentru a exprima:

o aciune svrit i ncheiat ntr-un moment trecut:

momentul n care a avut loc aciunea este de obicei menionat prin

-
adverbe de timp ca : an hour ago ( cu o or n urm), yesterday( ieri), three days ago
(cu trei zile n urm) last week (sptmna trecut), last month ( luna trecut), last
year ( anul trecut), last night( noaptea trecut), last evening (seara trecut), in 1990
(n 1990);
Despre acest moment se pot cere informaii prin ntrebri
ncepnd cu:

When ?
What time?
How long ago?

38
 eg.: When did you call on her? Cnd ai trecut pe la ea?
La ce or ai trecut pe la ea?
I called on her yesterday. Am trecut pe la ea ieri.

aciunea este svrit i ncheiat ntr-un moment trecut, chiar

dac acesta nu este menionat,el putnd fi dedus din context;

eg.: I met her on the market.

M-am ntlnit cu ea la pia.

aciunea este svrit i ncheiat ntr-un anume moment

trecut care este precizat ca rezultat al unui rspuns la Present Perfect.

eg.: Have you read this book?

Ai citit aceast carte?
Yes, I read it.
Da, am citit-o.

aciune repetat n trecut, care se traduce de obicei prin imperfect

n limba romn:

eg.: I often sat in the front of my house, looking at the passers-by.

Obinuiam adesea, s stau n faa casei mele, privind trectorii.

cu valoare de prezent, pentru a exprima o rugminte politicoas

prin verbe ca wish, wonder, like, intend:

eg.: I wonder if you could lend me your dictionary.

M ntrebam dac ai putea s-mi mprumutai dicionarul
dumneavoastr.

Traducerea lui Past Tense

n limba romn, Past Tense:

- n propoziiile principale sau independente:

1. perfect compus (de obicei la persoana I i a II-a):

39
eg.: I lost my umbrella a few days ago.
Mi-am pierdut umbrela acum cteva zile.

i perfect simplu (aproape exclusiv la persoana a III- plural), cnd Past

Tense exprim o aciune :

eg.: He said goodbye and left.

Spuse la revedere i plec.

2.imperfect, cnd Past Tense exprim o aciune repetat n

trecut, de obicei nsoit de adverbe de frecven:

eg.: She often left her English textbook at home.

Deseori i uita manualul de englez acas.

n propoziii subordonate, prin :

a) prezent, n vorbirea indirect (dup un verb trecut);

eg.: He told me he was ill.

Mi-a spus c este bolnav.

b) viitor, n propoziiile temporale,cnd verbul din principal este la un

timp trecut;

He said he would bring me the book when he came to my place.

Mi-a spus c-mi va aduce cartea cnd m va vizita.

40
 PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS -
TRECUTUL CONTINUU

a)Formare

Aff.: S + WAS/WERE/V-ING
N: S + WAS/WERE NOT+V-ing
I : WAS/WERE+S+Ving?

eg.: I was reading.( Citeam).

Was your brother watching T.V.? (Se uita fratele tu la T.V.?)
No, he wasnt.( Nu, nu se uita).

b)ntrebuinare

o aciune n curs de derulare (desfurare) la un moment dat din

trecut;
progresiv aciune n curs, simplu fapt nou care are loc i care
vine uneori s ntrerup aciunea aflat deja n desfurare ( o
aciune durativ, ntrerupt de o aciune non-durativ,
momentan) ;

eg.: She was walking in a desert street.

Se plimba pe o strad pustie.
Suddenly she heard a footstep.
Deodat a auzit pai.

When I arrived, he was repairing his car.

Cnd am sosit, el i repara maina.

PAST TENSE SIMPLE

- aciunea s-a terminat n totalitate;

41
PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS

- aciunea este n desfurare la un moment dat din trecut;

eg.: It was getting dark.

Se ntuneca.

Viitor n trecut ( poate exprima i o aciune viitoare, planificat ntr-

un moment trecut, fiind subneleas nendeplinirea ei ).

eg.:
He told met that he was taking an exam in June .
Mi-a spus c avea un examen n iunie.

New words :

- to read = a citi;
- brother = frate;
- to walk = a (se) plimba;
- suddenly = deodat;
- to arrive = a sosi;
- car = main;
- street = strad;
- dark = ntuneric;
- to tell = a spune;
- to take = a lua;
- exam = examen;
- June = iunie;

42
 EXERCIII

1. Punei verbele din parantez la timpul potrivit:

a.When I (meet) her, she (go) to the shops.

b.When I (call) him he (tell) me he (paint) the door.
c.As I (come) to her a policeman (stop) me.
d.While I (dig) in the garden it (begin) to rain.
e.When they (leave) we (work) in the kitchen.
f. I (sleep) very well when the dog (wake) me up.
g.What (you/do) when I (ring) the doorbell?
h.The sun (shine) when we (get up).
i. He (try) to open the door when he suddenly (remember) he had no key.

2. Traducei n limba englez:

Casa era foarte mare. Cnd am sunat la u, proprietara planta

flori. Era o femeie frumoas.I-am vorbit. Ea ne-a spus c nu mai
suporta pasrile care cntau n grdin.
A mai adugat c, atunci cnd soul ei va iei la pensie, vor
cltori mult. Am fost impresionai de aceast femeie plcut care vorbea
cu accent strin. tia multe lucruri iar noi am ascultat-o cu atenie. Ctre
sfritul conversaiei noastre, am neles c se afla pe punctul de a pleca
la Londra, a doua zi diminea, dar noi tiam c ea se va ntoarce imediat
ce copiii ei aveau nevoie de ea cci era o mam afectuoas.

3. Completai propoziiile folosind Past Tense Simple sau Past Tense

Continuous

Yesterday I (go) to London where I (buy) a few things that I (need). The
sun (shine) and the birds (sing) when we (arrive) at Hyde Park Corner.
Lots of people (sit) on benches and (look) at what (go on) on the
streets.We (see) many foreigners. A young man who (say) he (be) from
Sydney (give) a speech.

He (make) people laugh with his Australian jokes. Finally he (decide) to

leave and (say) he would come back as soon as he (find) a $ 5 note to
buy his lunch. The jokes (amuse) and old man who (give) him a handfull

43
of coins. The young Australian (be) pleased with the money and he
(thank ) the old man heartly.
New words

- to amuse = a amuza;
- old = btrn;
- to meet = a ntlni;
- shop = magazin;
- to call = a chema;
- to paint = a vopsi;
- door = u;
- while = n timp ce;
- garden = grdini;
- to begin = a ncepe;
- rain = ploaie;
- kitchen = buctrie;
- very well = foarte bine;
- dog = cine;
- to wake up = a trezi;
- to ring = a suna;
- doorbell = sonerie;
- sun = soare;
- lunch = prnz;
- to laugh = a rde;
- joke = glum;
- to decide = a decide;
- to find = a gsi;
- to shine = a strluci;
- to open = a deschide;
- to remember = a aminti(a-i aduce aminte );
- key = cheie;
- yesterday = ieri;
- thing = lucru;
- bird = pasre;
- to sing = a cnta;
- young = tnr();
- man = brbat;
- speech = cuvntare;

44
 PRESENT PERFECT
PERFECTUL PREZENT

HAVE + forma a treia a verbului de conjugat

a)Definiie

Present Perfect desemneaz un eveniment vzut din perspectiva

axei prezentului, anterior momentului vorbirii, dar a crui
anterioritate nu este fixat, avnd un caracter nedefinit.

- accentul este pus pe rezultatul actual al unei aciuni desfurate

n trecut;
- momentul exact unde aceast aciune s-a desfurat conteaz
mai puin;

Present Perfect -ntrebuinare

folosirea timpului P.P. este asociat cu adverbe care exprim o

perioad de timp deschis, neterminat:(this year, this
century..);

eg.:I have been to the market this week.

Am fost la pia n aceast sptmn.

uneori folosit cu valoare de Past Tense, pentru a exprima o

aciune svrit n trecut i terminat recent sau chiar naintea
momentului vorbirii;

eg.: She has eaten.

A mncat.

este folosit atunci cnd evenimentele au avut loc n trecut, dar

autorii sau efectele evenimentelor mai exist i n prezent;

45
 este folosit pentru a exprima o aciune nceput n trecut i care
continu i n momentul vorbirii:
- lungimea perioadei de timp : FOR ( for a long time,for three
days);
- nceputul perioadei de timp : SINCE( since yesterday, since
1976).

eg .: I went to Canada in 1992.

Am fost n Canada n 1992. (accentul este pus pe moment ).
I ve been to Canada.
Am fost n Canada.
Am fost deja plecat.(Nu se precizez momentul).

Formare ntrebuinare

real, Aciunea trecut trebuie s fac

adevrat bilanul n momentul n care vorbim.
Ive done my exercice.(Bilan : le-a
fcut!).
Mi-am fcut exerciiile!
He s gone this morning.( Bilan: nu mai
HAVE + PP este acolo).
(forma a III- a a A plecat n dimineaa asta.
verbului ) mental Aciunea trecut trebuie s trag o
rezultat, bilan) concluzie .
I ve seen that film.
Am vzut filmul acela.
Ive heard she s been to Australia.
Am auzit c (ea) a fost n Australia.

S + HAVE NOT She hasnt come back yet.

+ forma a IIIa a Nu s-a ntors nc.
vb. de conj.
(-ed vb.regulate)
(Wh-) have/has+S Where has he gone ?
+ forma a lll-a a Unde a plecat ?
vb.

46
Hes gone to the hairdressers.
Este plecat la coafor.
Hes been to the hairdressers .
A fost la coafor.

New words :

- to do = a face ;
- exercise = exerciiu;
- yet = nc;
- film = film;
- this = acesta; aceasta;
- morning = dimineaa;
- to come back = a (se ntoarce);

47
 PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS -
PERFECTUL PREZENT CONTINUU

HAVE BEEN + V-ING

a)Form

Present Perfect Continous este alctuit din forma de Present

Perfect a verbului be urmat de paricipiul prezent (-ing) al verbului de
conjugat.

Aceast form verbal exprim :

1. o aciune nceput ntr-un moment trecut care continu i n

prezent i poate i n viitor:

eg.:
They have been playing tennis for half an hour.
Ei joac tenis de o jumtate de or.

2. o aciune repetat frecvent, ntr-o perioad de timp care se

ntinde din trecut pn n prezent:

eg.:
I have been working of this composition for three hours.
Lucrez la aceast compunere de trei ore.

3. o aciune trecut, ncheiat recent, care este cauza unui efect

simit n prezent.

eg.:
Why are your hands so dirty?
I have been repairing my car.
De ce ai minile att de murdare?
Mi-am reparat maina.

48
FORMARE NTREBUINARE

Aciunea ncepe n trecut i

continu i n prezent.
Implicarea puternic a
interlocutorului - are valoarea
peiorativ.
HAVE +BEEN +V-ING Ive been waiting for ages !
Atept de ani de zile !
Ive been working on this file since
the morning!
Lucrez la acest fiier de diminea.
S+ have not + been + They havent been working on it for
v-ing long.
N-am mai lucrat la el de mult timp.

(Wh-) have+ S +been + How long has he been working on

Vb- ING it?
De ct timp lucreaz la el?

49
 EXERCIII

1.Punei verbele din parantez la Present Perfect Simple :

a.He (not pay) the telephone bill.

b.I (buy) a few oranges.
c.She (not finish) her homework yet.
d.John (cut) the grass ?
e.Someone (steal) Marys car!
f.They (repair) the road.
g.(You/see ) my keys anywhere ?
h.We (not hear) from him lately.

2.Punei verbele din parantez la timpul corect :

a) I dont know where Amy is.(you/see ) her ?

b) When I (get) home last night, I (be) very tired and I (go) straight to bed.
c) Your car looks very clean.(you/wash ) it ?
d) George (not be) very well last week.
e) Mrs. Clark (work) in a bank for 15 years. Then he gave it up.
f) Molly lives in Dublin. She (live) there all her life.
g) (You/go) to the cinema last night ? Yes,but it (be) a mistake. The film
(be) awful.
h) My grandfather (die) 30 years ago. I (never meet) him.
i) I dont know Carols husband. I (never meet) him.
j) -Is your father at home ? - No, Im afraid he (go ) out.
k) When exactly (go out) ? About ten minutes ago.
l) -Where do you live ? In Boston .
m) How long (you/live) there ? Five years.
n) Where (you/live) before that ? In Chicago.
o) And how long (you/live) in Chicago ? -Two years .

50
3.Punei verbele la timpul potrivit :

a. It (not rain) this week.

b.The weather (be) cold recently.
c. It (be) cold last week.
d. I (not read) a newspaper yesterday.
e. Ann (earn) a lot of money this year.
f. She (not earn) so much last year.
g.(You/have) a holiday recently ?

4. Punei verbele din parantez la timpul corect :

a. My neighbours (just buy) a new VCR.

b. We (never be) in Switzerland.
c. Peter and I (go) to the cinema last night.
d. Patricia (start) practicing tennis last month.
e. We (leave) home at 9.00 and (get) there by 11.30.
f. She (not finish) her homework yet.
g. The Simpons (live) here since January.
h. I (wait) for a few minutes.
i. Last year Jim (break) his leg.
j. They (arrive) at 10.00 this morning.

5.Alege rspunsul corect :

1) We (a /have met /b/met/ c/have been meeting) John s parents last

week.
2) I (a/ started b/ have started /c/starting ) playing football two years ago.
3) He (a/hasnt been having b/hasnt had /c /didnt have ) a cooked
breakfast for ages.
4) (a/Did you lock /b/Where you locking /c/ Have you locked) the door
before leaving the house ?
5) They (a/have stopped b/ stopped /c /having stopped ) working at 5 p.m.
6) Peter (a/has just come b/just came c/was just coming ) back from Italy.
He looks great.
7) What (a/have you done b/have you been doing /c/did you do ) last
night?
8) They (a /never were b/ have never been c/were never being ) abroad
because they can afford it.
51
9) Mr. Jenkins (a/was arriving /b/has arrived /c/ arrived) at 9 oclock.
10)Yesterday morning we (a/ have got up/b/ got up/ having got up ) very
early.

New words :

- to pay = a plti ;
- bill = factur ;
- telephone = telefon;
- homework = tem;
- to cut = a tia;
- grass = iarb;
- to steal = a fura;
- to repair = a repara;
- road = strad;
- lately = n ultimul timp;
- to know = a ti;
- last night = noaptea trecut;
- clean = curat();
- to clean = a cura;
- bank = banc;
- life = via;
- mistake = greeal;
- awful = groaznic();
- to die = a muri;
- husband = so;
- to be afraid = a-i fi fric;
- in = n;
- how long? = de ct timp ?
- to cook = a gti;
- great = grozav;
- early = devreme;

52
 PAST PERFECT TENSE SIMPLE -
MAI MULT CA PERFECTUL

1) Definiie :

- este un timp folosit cnd vorbitorul se plaseaz psihologic pe o

ax a trecutului, pentru a desemna un eveniment trecut, care
este amintit n momentul vorbirii :

2) Alctuire :

*Past Perfect Simple : HAD + FORMA a III- a a vb.de conjugat ;

- se formeaz din forma de Past Tense a verbului have + participiul
trecut al verbului de conjugat:

eg.:

*Past Perfect Continuous ( n ing) : HAD BEEN +V ING;

3) ntrebuinare :

Past Perfect descrie o stare /o aciune :

a) o aciune trecut, ncheiat naintea altei aciuni trecute :

eg. :

They had eaten all the food when I arrived.

Mncaser toat mncarea cnd am sosit.

b) o aciune trecut, vrit ntr-o perioad de timp anterioar unei

alte aciuni trecute, dar ajungnd pn la aceasta :

(!) cu complinirile adverbiale

SINCE + DAT ;
FOR + DURAT ;

53
 eg.:
The child had been born for two days when he arrived.
Copilul se nscuse de dou zile cnd sosise el.

c) o aciune trecut, ncheiat naintea altei aciuni trecute :

eg. :
They had just received his letter when I arrived.
Tocmai primiser scrisoarea lui cnd am sosit.

New words :

- all = tot (toat);

- food =mncare;
- month = lun;
- letter = scrisoare;
- three = trei;
- to receive =a primi;
- to arrive = a sosi;

54
 PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS -
MAI MULT CA PERFECTUL CONTINUU

a)Definiie

- Past Perfect Continuous se formeaz din verbul BE la mai- mult-ca

perfect i din participiul n ing al verbului de conjugat.

El are aceleai valori ca i Present Perfect Continuu, momentul de

referin fiind ns axa trecutului.

Aceast form verbal exprim:

aciune trecut, nceput naintea altei aciuni trecute i continu

pn la ea:

eg.:
I had been waiting for my friend since two oclock when he
finally arrived.
l ateptam pe prietenul meu de la ora 2 cnd n sfrit, a sosit.

o aciune trecut nceput naintea unui moment sau a unei aciuni

trecute, continund pn n acel moment sau pn la acea aciune
i poate i dup aceea:

eg.: They had been playing piano all morning.

Ei cntaser la pian toat dimineaa.

o aciune repetat frecvent ntr-o perioad de timp trecut,

anterioar unui moment sau unei aciuni de asemenea trecute:

55
 FOR /SINCE /AGO

FOR /SINCE

- folosim n general FOR i SINCE n sensul de

< de cnd > cu Present Perfect;

Folosim For pentru durat : Folosim SINCE cu un punct de

plecare precis:

For 2 hours SINCE 8 OCLOCK

/----------------------- /--------------------------
2 hours ago now 8 oclock now
(cu dou ore n urm)

eg.: Sally s been working here

for 6 months. eg.: Sallys been working here since April.
Sally lucreaz aici de 6 luni . Sally lucreaz aici din luna aprilie.
I havent seen Tom for three days. I havent seen Tom since Monday.
Nu l-am vzut pe Tom de 3 zile. Nu l-am vzut pe Tom de luni.

FOR SINCE

two hours a week 8 oclock 1977

twenty minutes fifty years Monday Christmas
five days a long time 12 May lunchtime
six months April they were at school

Cnd FOR este la Past Tense, are sensul de timp de;

eg .:
He lived in London for 2 years.
A locuit n Londra timp de 2 ani.

56
AGO

Ago + marcator de timp = exista, era, se afla;

I went to Canada two years ago.

Am fost n Canada acum doi ani (cu doi ani n urm).
She found a job four hours ago.
i-a gsit o slujb acum 4 ore( cu patru ore n urm).

New words

- Monday = luni ;
- clock = ceas;
- long time = mult timp;
- day = zi;
- Chirstmas = Crciun;
- six = ase;
- April = aprilie;
- May = mai;
- school = coal;
- minute = minut;
- twenty = 20 ;
- to find = a gsi;
- four = 4;
- job = slujb;
- Canada = Canada;

57
 EXERCIII

1.Transformai frazele urmtoare urmnd exemplul urmtor :

eg.:
She last called me at 2 oclock = She hasnt called me since 2 oclock.
(Ultima dat m-a sunat la ora 2 = Nu m-a sunat de la ora 2.)

a.He last read a newspaper last week.

b.We last received a letter from them on June 6 th.
c.John last came here at the beginning of the month.
d.Bob last caught a fish when we arrived.
e.They last visited London in 1982.
f. I last rode a bike when I was a boy.
g.She last had lunch at a restaurant in March.
h.We last drank beer at the beginning of the week.

2.Transformai frazele urmtoare urmnd exemplul urmtor :

eg. :
We started walking 2 hours ago ; weare still walking = We have been
walking for 2 hours.
(Am nceput s ne plimbm acum dou ore = nc ne plimbm. Ne plimbm
de dou ore.)

a.John started sleeping at 10 ; hes still sleeping ;

b.I started waiting three hours ago; Im still waiting.
c. He started working for us in 1980; hes still working for us.
d.We started living in Bristol 5 years ago ; were still living there.
e.She started fishing one hours ago ; shes still fishing.
f.The girls started playing chess at 4 ; theyre still playing.
g.The sun started shining a fortnight ago ; its still shining.
h. Bill started reading that book at the beginning of the afternoon ; he s still
reading it.

58
New words :

- newspaper = ziar ;
- week = sptmn;
- last = ultimul (a), trecut ();
- to receive = a primi;
- fish = pete;
- to wait = a atepta;
- to ride = a clri, a merge;
- bike = biciclet;
- restaurant = restaurant;
- March = martie;
- beer = bere;
- beginning = nceput;
- chess = ah;
- book = carte;
- afternoon = dup-amiaz;
- girl = fat;
- fortnight = dou sptmni;14 zile;
- there = acolo;

59
 VERBELE MODALE

a)Formare :

- niciodat sla persoana a treia singular;

- se conjug fr DO ;
- sunt urmate de infinitiv fr to ;

MUST :

Verbul modal must are doar o singur form. Este nlocuit , la formele lips ,
prin verbul to have to- care ns, spre deosebire de el, implic o necesitate
izvort din mprejurimi.Absena necesitii se red prin neednt.

1) obligaie :

You must go now.

Trebuie s pleci acum.
You mustnt talk to your sister like that.
Nu trebuie s-i vorbeti surorii tale pe un asemenea ton.

2) indic o probabilitate cu caracter aproape de certitudine:

probabil,de bun seam, trebuie(n construcii afirmative):

She must be very clever.

Trebuie s fie foarte inteligent.
He must feel very lonely now.
Trebuie s se simt foarte singur acum.

MUST NOT : interdicie - (MUSTNT ) = nu trebuie ;

ECHIVALENT cu TO HAVE TO

- Must : obligaia impus de ctre vorbitor;

- To have to : exprim obligaia impus din exterior;

DAR Dont have to = absena obligaiei;

60
CAN :

1.capacitatea subiectului ( fizic i intelectual ):

I can swim (Pot s not ).

I can speak English . (Pot s vorbesc lb. enlez).

2.posibilitatea ( 90%) ;

Accidents can happen. (Accidentele se pot produce ).

3.pentru a cere permisiunea, cerere , rugminte politicoas :

(Ca o alternativ a lui MAY n exprimarea familiar).

- Can I go to the city ?

- Pot pleca la ora?
- Of course you can.
- Desigur ( c poi).

4.verbe de percepie

I can see you. ( te vd).

! CAN urmat de un verb de percepie senzorial (ex.: see )

corespunde aspectului continuu al verbului respectiv.

CANNOT /CANT

- imposibilitate ( contrariul lui must );

It cant be true.
Nu poate fi adevrat.

- interdicie :
You cant behave like that !
Nu te poi comporta astfel !

61
ECHIVALENT : TO BE ABLE TO

( a fi n stare de, a fi capabil s /de .)

(la timpul trecut I was able to swim.

Eram n stare s not.
We were able to swim.
I m able to swim ( sunt n stare s not).

COULD

1. nuan de ndoial (30%):

That could be true.

Asta poate fi adevrat.

2. capacitatea trecutului:

- folosim COULD pentru o capacitate permanent (a putea s-l fac,

ceea ce include faptul c aciunea nu se realizeaz forat ) i WAS ABLE
TO pentru o aciune precis.

3.condiie:

He could help us if he werent so busy.

Putea s ne ajute dac nu era att de ocupat.

4.a cere un serviciu politicos :

Could you please open the window ?

Poi s deschizi fereastra ?

MAY

1) permisiunea( i cerere) :

You may leave (i dau voie s pleci ) = Poi pleca.

62
 to be allowed to = a i se da voie, a i se permite;

2) ipotez :

She may change her mind.( Ea poate s-i schimbe prerea).

MIGHT:

- incertitudine (20%) ;
It might rain.
S-ar putea s plou.

PERMISSION :
CAN COULD MAY
Politicos -----l---------l---------l--------- Politicos +

VALOARE IPOTETIC

cant might may can must will

- Probabil -----|-------|---------|-------|------|----|-- +Probabil

NEED

- att verb obinuit ct i verb modal;

- verbul modal se gsete n principal la formele negative i
interogative;

- Negativ : absena necesitii;

You neednt worry.

63
 Nu trebuie s te ngrijorezi.

- Interogativ:sens apropiat de MUST( ateptarea unui rspuns

negativ) ;

- Need I go to school ? Yes, you must./No, you neednt.

- Trebuie s merg la coal ? Da, trebuie/Nu, nu este nevoie.

WILL

1.cere un serviciu n mod politicos :

Will you help me carry my suitcase ?

Vrei s m ajui s car valiza?

2. intenie ferm :

You will do!

Vei face!

3.auxiliarul viitorului :

You will succeed!

Vei reui!

WOULD

1) would folosit n mod repetat caracteristic trecutului;

When he was four,Tom would wake up at night.

Cnd avea 4 ani, Tom se trezea noaptea.

2)auxiliarul condiionalului;

If he was not that stupid, he would be such a nice guy.

Dac nu era att de idiot, ar fi putut fi un baiat att de drgu.

64
3) a cere un serviciu, n mod politicos;

Would you please open the window ?

Vrei s deschizi fereastra?

SHALL

1) constrngere, regulament:

eg.: You shall not kill.( Nu trebuia s ucizi).

2) angajament :

eg. : We shall overcome (Vom nvinge).

3) ntrebare politicoas, sugestie :

eg.: Shall we go to the cinema tonight ?

Mergem disear la cinema?

4) auxiliarul viitorului

SHOULD

1) infinitivul prezent : sfat

eg : You should be more careful.

Ar trebui s fii mult mai atent .

2) infinitivul trecut : repro

You should have been more careful.

Ar fi trebuit sa fii mult mai atent.

OUGHT TO = AR TREBUI

- are o singur form;

- este urmat ntotdeauna de un infinitiv to;
65
 - indic o obligaie, o datorie moral, de obicei sub form de sfat dat
de ctre vorbitor :

eg.:
You ought to write a thank you letter.
Ar trebui s scrii o scrisoare de mulumire.

MODALE Valoare Negaie Valoare NEGAIE -NU Echi-

semantic -Nu epistemic valent

-o probabili- -fr ndoial;

MUST -Obligaie -Interdicie; tate foarte HAVE TO
mare(95)%)

-capacitate incapacitate -imposibil

- verbe de percepie - negaia -posibilitate - respingere;
CAN -cererea unei permisii foarte mare ; BE
foarte politicos;
percepiei;
- rspuns ABLE TO
-rspuns pozitiv;
negativ;
-cererea unei permisii
foarte politicos; -rspuns -posibilitate -negaie 50%;
MAY -rspuns pozitiv ; negativ; (50/50)
XXXX

COULD - capacitate trecut; -incapa- -posibilitate - imposibi-

CAN-ED citate (30%) litate XXXX
- cererea unui serviciu trecut; trecut;
n mod politicos;

New words :

- now = acum ;
- clever = inteligent ();
- to swim = a nota;
- accident = accident;
- to happen = a se ntmpla;
- city = ora;

66
- of course = desigur;
- true = adevrat;
- to behave = a se comporta;
- to help = a ajuta;
- to change = a schimba;
- to rain = a ploua;
- school = coal;
- suitcase = valiz;
- night = noapte;
- window = fereastr;
- cinema = cinema;
- careful = atent();

67
 EXERCIII

1.nlocuii cuvintele scrise ngroat cu un verb modal :

1.You can try phoning but its possible that the car has been sold now.
2.He asked if he to would be allowed write in ballpoint pen during the exam.
3.If youve been out of the country, you obviously havent heard about the
robbery.
4. Where would there be a chance of finding a flat to rent.
5. If you want to apply for a council improvement grant, it is compulsory to
fill in form RC4.
6.Its important for me to come to a decision soon. Otherwise I might lose
the chance.
7.Shes unlikely to have left without warning anyone.
8.I miss having a view. In my last house it was possible to see for miles on a
clear day.
9. Ive forgotten to return the key of the safe.Im sure people have been
looking everywhere for it.
10. Its possible that you wontt even have to show a pass to get it.
11.Do you think it would be advisable for me to book a seat in advance?
12.It was thoughtless of you not to give me a hand with the washing-up.
After all, it was your friends we had for dinner, not mine !
13.Dont bother to make out a receipt. I only throw them away.
14.Dont start worrying. Its possible that he took a later plane.

New words :

- to try = a ncerca ;
- but = dar;
- its possible = este posibil;
- ballpoint = pix cu past;
- during = n timp ce;
- country = ar;
- about = despre;
- robbery = jaf;
- chance = ans;
- to find = a gsi;

68
- flat = apartament;
- to rent = a nchiria;
- to apply = a aplica;
- compulsory = compulsive;
- to fill = a umple;a ntregi;
- its important = este important;
- decision = decizie;
- chance = ans;
- unlikely = neplcut();
- to worn = a avertiza;
- clear day = zi senin;
- to return = a napoia;
- do you think = crezi c;
- to book a seat in advance = a reine un loc;
- thoughless = nepsare;
- dont bother = nu te deranja;
- receipt = chitan;
- plane = avion;

69
 VIITORUL SIMPLU

SHALL/WILL/FUTURE

a)Definiie

Viitorul Simplu desemneaz un eveniment posterior fa de momentul

vorbirii.

b)Form

n structura viitorului simplu intr verbul auxiliar shall la persoana l

singular i plural, will la persoana a II-a i a III-a singular i plural, i
infinitivul scurt al verbului de conjugat:

eg.: I shall go to the mountains next month.

Voi merge la munte luna viitoare.
We shall go to the mountains next month.
Vom merge la munte luna viitoare.
He will buy a car next week.
Va cumpra o main sptmna viitoare.
They will buy a car next week.
Ei vor cumpra o main sptmna viitoare.

Forma contras a verbului este ll + infinitiv la toate persoanele:

eg.: Ill go, hell go, well go, youll go, theyll go.

c) ntrebuinare

Viitorul simplu este un viitor pur, indicnd doar c aciunea are loc ntr-
un moment viitor, mai apropiat sau adeseori mai ndeprtat, de momentul
vorbirii:

eg.:
Ill finish the school tomorrow.
He will finish the school next year.
70
Viitorul simplu poate fi folosit n propoziii care exprim:

WILL/LL Dorin, prezicere (prevestire)

I will play football tomorrow afternoon.
Voi juca footbal mine diminea.
Refuz (dorin negativ)
Will you play tennis ? No, I wont.
WONT
Vei juca tenis ? Nu, ( nu voi juca).

Viitor inevitabil
SHALL I shall be 30 next month.
(Voi mplini 30 de ani luna viitoare ).

Viitor previzibil, intenie

BE GOING TO Its going to rain.
- a avea de gnd, a Va ploua (st s plou)
inteniona, o intenie Im going to buy a new computer.
spontan, neprevzut Am de gnd s cumpr un nou computer.
Viitor apropiat, intenie
Im watching TV tonight.
BE + V-ing M uit la T.V. disear.

BE ABOUT TO Viitor iminent (imediat)

( a fi pe punctul s) Hes in front of the door. Hes about to open it.
Este n faa uii . Este pe punctual de a o deschide.

-un aranjament/un ordin :

BE TO + infinitiv The meeting is to take place in room 30.
ntlnirea va avea loc n camera 30.
You are to return before nightfall.
V ntoarcei nainte de cderea nopii.

!!! Verbele go i come nu pot fi precedate de going to.

Pentru a reda ideea de viitor apropiat , ele sunt ntrebuinate la prezentul
continuu: Where are we going? Unde mergem?

CA REGUL GENERAL, FOLOSIM.

WILL cnd avem un viitor:

71
 eg.:
Ill go to Spain in August.
Voi pleca n Spania n luna august.

BE + V ing cnd avem un timp prezent cu sens de viitor :

eg.:
They are leaving tomorrow.
(Ei) vor pleca mine.

BE GOING TO : - cnd avem verbul < a merge> dar ntr-un sens

al timpului viitor :

eg.:
We are going to eat at the restaurant.
(Avem de gnd) s mergem s mncm la restaurant.

WHEN(cnd )

You will have to speak English when you are abroad.

(Va trebui s vorbeti limba englez cnd vei fi n strintate).

Decizie imediat :
Ill go (viitor - Voi pleca).

Promisiune : O.k., Ill think about it .(viitor).

O.K., m voi gndi la asta !

72
 FUTURE CONTINUOUS -
VIITORUL CONTINUU

a) ntrebuinare

Viitorul continuu exprim o aciune n desfurare ntr-un moment

viitor, posterior momentului vorbirii:

eg.: I shall be going to school at ten oclock in the morning,

tomorrow.
M voi duce la coal la ora 10 dimineaa, mine.

O aciune n desfurare n viitor ntrerupt de o aciune momentan:

eg.: When he comes, I will be eating.

Cnd va veni, eu voi mnca.

O aciune n desfurare n viitor, n paralel cu o alt aciune n

desfurare, de asemenea n viitor:

eg.: She will be drawing while I am playing the piano.

Ea va desena n timp ce eu voi cnta la pian.

New words

- tomorrow = mine;
- to buy = a cumpra;
- computer = calculator;
- tonight = disear;
- in front of = n faa;
- meeting = ntlnire;
- to take place = a avea loc;
- Spain = Spania;
- August = august;
- to speak = a vorbi;
- abroad = strintate;
- to think = a gndi;a crede;

73
- about = despre;
EXERCIII

1.Completai frazele urmtoare cu WILL sau BE GOING TO :

a.Oh! We should have brought the umbrella.Itrain!

b.I. speak to you if you apologise.Otherwise, dont even bother !
c.I am just going shopping .Could I ring you back in 15 minutes, otherwise
the shopsbe closed.
d.I . ring James and see if he is any better.Do you want to talk to him ?
e.She try and get him to come along to the party, but I dont know if he
. want to. Anyway, its not for 3 week.
f.I .. go to the cinema next Monday if I have enough money.
g.He . see that film at the cinema tonight.
h.They ..contact you later in the year if they need your help.

2.Completai frazele urmtoare cu will sau shall. Indicai soluiile duble :

a) Go on !Ask him ! But I know he .just say no. He not even

consider it !
b) Only rubber-soled footwear . be born in the gymnasium.
c) I never be able to get this machine to work properly.
d) He speak to you when he gets back from Edinburgh.That s on
Thursday night.
e) I tell you when I get to the hotel. Dont worry!
f) You listen to what I have to say whether you want or not !
g) . I open my presents now or do you want me to wait until after
dinner ?
h) We.. be in front of the post office at 8 oclock.Try not to be late!

3.Completai frazele urmtoare cu be going to sau prezentul cu ing .

a. What . you this weekend ? Anything special ?(do).

b. Its not really worth going to Bringhton for the day.Look ! It
(rain).
74
 c. Im so thirsty.I ..a cup of tea. Do you fancy one as well ? (make) ?
d. Paul s just phoned. Heround to give me the film back. (come).
e. I and get into University to read English.Or, at least, I would like to
(try).
f. They for Madrid tomorrow, so well have to settle everything today,
(leave).
g. I the neighbours to ask them to keep the noise down. Ill be back in a
couple of minutes .(see).
h. Youre not . That letter, are you ? Its not addressed to you. (open).
i. .. John tonight ?If you are, could give him this CD back ? I borrowed it
from him last week .(see).

4. Completai frazele urmtoare punnd verbele din parantez cu o

form care exprim viitor.

a. I. at 5 oclock if I manage to get everything done in time.(leave).

b. He you any loger.Thats the last time !(not disobey) .
c. You . what I have to say, whether you like it or not ! (listen to ).
d. I. lunch with Joanna today. She phoned me last week and we
arranged to meet.(have).
e. I a couple of weeks holiday in June. I dont know exactly when.
(take).
f. .. you me after 7 oclock ? I you all about it.(phone, tell).
g. I the film on to a casette for you tonight, if you want me to cry.
(record)
h. .. youit?After all, its the manufacturer s fault and not yours !(take
back).
i. . you . this, if I buy it for you ? (wear).
j. The train .in a couple of minutes. Hurry up! (leave).

New words

- to bring = a aduce;
- umbrella = umbrela;
- to apologise = a cere scuze;
75
- otherwise = de altfel, atlfel;
- dont bother = nu te deranja;
- party = petrecere;
- anyway = de altfel;
- enough = destul ();
- money = bani;
- to help = a ajuta;
- to contact =a contacta, a lua legtura;
- to consider = a considera;
- only = doar, numai;
- dont worry = nu te ngrijora;
- presents = cadouri;
- until = pn;
- after = dup;
- dinner = cina;
- not to be late = nu ntrzia;
- to worth = a merita;
- Im thirsty = Mi-e sete!
- at least = cel puin;
- neighbour = vecin();
- noise = zgomot;
- in a couple of minutes = n cteva minute;

76
 PASIVE VOICE
DIATEZA PASIV

1.Alctuire

S+ V+ - obj.
Jim repairs the car.
Jim repar maina.

S + Be + PP + by + obj.

The car is repaired by Jim.

Maina este reparat de Jim.

eg.:
Dean washes my shirt every day.
Dean mi spal cmaa n fiecare zi.
(diateza activ ).
My shirt is washed by Dean every day.
Cmaa mea este splat n fiecare zi de Dean.

2.Reguli

* complementul direct al propoziiei de la diateza activ devine

subiectul frazei la diateza pasiv ;
* subiectul propoziiei de diatez activ devine subiectul frazei la
diateza pasiv ;

El este introdus de <by> n limba englez, nu este obligatoriu .

DIATEZA ACTIV ACTIVE VOICE

- Verbul este la diateza activ cnd subiectul gramatical svrete

aciunea, care, la verbele tranzitive, se rsfrnge asupra obiectului.

77
 DIATEZA PASIV

- Verbul este la diateza pasiv cnd subiectul gramatical sufer

aciunea svrit de subiect;

Pentru a conjuga un verb la diateza pasiv, folosim auxiliarul < a fi > la

acelai timp i cu acelai aspect, ca cel de la diateza activ.
El trebuie s fie urmat de participiul trecut al verbului .
!Atenie deci totdeauna s se identifice bine timpurile verbelor la
diateza activ,deoarece operai o transformare. Dac exist (se afl) un
auxiliar de mod, l vom pstra.

eg :

- They have punished him.

- L-au pedepsit.
- He has been punished (by them).
- A fost pedepsit (de ei).

Remarc : pstrm Present Perfect ;

- Sophies mother is serving tea. Mama Sofiei servete ceaiul.

- Tea is being served by Sophies mother.
Ceaiul este servit de ctre mama Sofiei.

Remarc : pstrm aspectul progresiv adugnd < fiind> (being) ;

- Anyone can do it.Oricine poate face.

- It can be done by anyone.Poate fi fcut de oricine.

Remarc : Pstrm auxiliarul modal

< can>.

2.Cazuri particulare

- verbele cu prepoziie :

78
 eg:
Everyone laughed at her (diateza activ ).
She was laughed at by everybody. (diateza pasiv).
- regul : prepoziia se aaz imediat dup verbul la diateza pasiv;

3.Exemple :

Prezent simplu

Bob steals the jewels. Bob fur bijuteriile.

The jewels are stolen. (By Bob);
Bijuteriile sunt furate (de Bob).

Prezentul cu V-ing (Prezentul continuu )

Bob is stealing the jewels.

Bob fur bijuteriile.
The jewels are being stolen (by Bob).
Bijuteriile sunt furate (de Bob).

HAVE + PP (partea a III- a a vb.neregulate/ed vb.).

Bob has stolen the jewels.

Bob a furat bijuteriile.
The jewels have been stolen.(by Bob).
Bijuteriile au fost furate (de Bob).

Trecutul ( PAST TENSE)

Bob stole the jewels.

Bob a furat bijuteriile.
The jewels were stolen (by Bob).
Bijuteriile au fost furate (de Bob) .

PAST TENSE n ing (P.T.Continous)

Bob was stealing the jewels.

Bob a furat bijuteriile.
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 The jewels were being stolen (by Bob).
Bijuteriile au fost furate de Bob.

HAD V3 forma a treia a verbului

Bob had stolen the jewels.
Bob furase bijuteriile.
The jewels had been stolen. (by Bob).
Bijuteriile fuseser furate.( de Bob).

VIITOR

Bob will steal the jewels.

Bob va fura bijuteriile.
The jewels will be stolen.(by Bob).
Bijuteriile vor fi fcute ( de Bob).

Cu auxiliarele modale :

Bob may steal the jewels.

Bob ar putea fura bijuteriiile.
The jewels may be stolen (by Bob).
Bijuteriile ar putea fi furate (de Bob).

Bob may have stolen the jewels.

Bob poate a furat bijuteriile.
The jewels may have been stolen by (Bob).
Bijuteriile poate au fost furate de (Bob).

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 EXERCIII

1.Punei propoziiile urmtoare la diateza pasiv.

a.Paul has just painted the garage door.

b.They will serve tea in the sitting-room at five.
c.Someone told met to wait for a few minutes.
d.They are pulling down the house round the corner.
e.They should not allow dogs on the beach.
f.Is someone collecting the tickets ?
g.Peter himself built that big house.
h.Ann has seen you walking in the park.
i. Mary was translating the letter into French.
j. You must read the instructions carefully.

New words :

- skirt = fust;
- to repair = a repara;
- to punish = a pedepsi;
- tea = ceai ;
- anyone = oricine;
- garage = garaj;
- beach = plaj;
- ticket = tichet, bilet;
- French = francez;

81
 THE ARTICLE
ARTICOLUL

a) Definiie

Articolul este, unul dintre cele mai dificile capitole, att datorit
numeroaselor sale funcii ct i implicaiilor stilistice determinate de context
i, ntr-un sens mai larg, de stilurile funcionale (tiintific, poetic, de
conversaie,).Importana cunoaterii modului de folosire a articolului englez
nu poate s scape nimnui.Aproape fiecare substantiv din limba englez este
nsoit de un articol, ntruct articolul este cel mai de seam determinant al
substantivului.

b) Formele articolului :

(Articolul nehotrt) :- The Indefinite Article

articolul nehotrt se aaz naintea cuvntului pe care l

-
determin i, datorit valorii sale semantice (un,o);
A (un , o ) naintea sunetelor consonantice sau semiconsonantice;
An ( un , o) naintea sunetelor vocalice ;

(Articolul hotrt) : - The Definite Article

- funcia principal, caracteristic , a articolului hotrt, este de a arta

c substantivul naintea cruia st a fost menionat n cursul discuiei,
expunerii, descrierii, c ntr-un fel sau altul, este cunoscut n respectiva
situaie de ctre cel cruia i se adreseaz:

- articolul hotrt <the>;

eg .:
He is definitely the man for the job.
Este cu siguran omul potrivit pentru slujb.

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 Under the circumstances he could not act otherwise/n asemenea
mprejurri, nu putea proceda altfel:
(Articolul Zero) : The Zero Article

Articolul zero, paradoxal prin denumire, nseamn, de fapt, absena unui

articol exprimat (the, sau a(n) ns articolul zero ndeplinete funcii precise
i nlocuirea lui poate atrage dup sine fie schimbri de neles, fie, pur i
simplu, greeli de exprimare:

- folosim articolul zero cu :

* Un plural numrat :

- sens general :

I love roses.
mi plac (iubesc) trandafirii.

- un anume numr :

I ve bought roses.
Am cumprat trandafiri.

- nenumrabil :

sens general - I hate tea.

Ursc ceaiul.
o anumit cantitate - Id like tea and bread.
mi place ceaiul i pinea;

c) Poziia articolului

- articolul nehotrt se aaz naintea cuvntului pe care l

- determin i, datorit valorii sale semantice (un,o);

- articolul precede substantivul i toate adjectivele (cu sau fr adverb)

aezat naintea unui substantiv;

A smart hat.
83
 O plrie elegant.
n acelai timp <all> i <both> preced articolul hotrt ( se aaz dup
acestea):

They had all the fun .

Ei sunt cei care s-au distrat cel mai bine.
All the boys were there.Toi bieii erau acolo.

Both the men (= both men ) were guilty.

Amndoi (oamenii ) erau vinovai.
Both the novels are on the shelf. Amndou romanele sunt pe raft.

i adverbele <quite > i <rather> preced n mod normal articolul :

- quite = complet, foarte exact ;

- rather = mai degrab, destul de (mult) aproape, o pies bun ;

eg.: It was quite /rather a good play.

Era foarte /destul de (mult) aproape o pies bun.

It was quite the best play I have seen.

Era cu adevrat cea mai bun pies pe care am vzut-o vreodat.

n acelai timp <quite > i <rather>, se aeaz uneori dup articolul

nehotrt precum n :

eg.: That was a rather unfortunate remark to make .

Era o remarc mai degrab regretabil.

eg.: That would be a quite useless task.

Era mai degrab o sarcin inutil, fr valoare.

Adverbele <too> = de asemenea, <so > = deci, aadar,

<as> = precum, preced adjectivul i articolul nehotrt.

Deci avem construcia :

84
TOO/SO/AS + Adjectiv + Subiect
eg.:
If that is not too great a favour to ask = dac nu este prea mult (o prea
mare favoare) s v ntreb

Never have I seen a film so boring.

N-am vzut niciodat un film att de plictisitor.

I have never seen as fine an actor as Oliver.

N-am vzut niciodat un actor att de bun ca Olivier.

De asemenea, putem gsi < such as> (un altfel, asemenea ) i <what
a > = (ce ! )

She is such a fool !

Este aa o proast !
What a joke !
Ce glum !

Remarcai faptul c < SUCH> (asemeni) cu < so >, el este precedat :

eg.:
I have never seen such a beautiful painting .
N-am mai vzut niciodat o pictur att de frumoas.

I have never seen such a beautiful painting!/a painting so beautiful.

N-am vzut niciodat o pictur att de frumoas.

< Half > (jumtate) de asemenea, precede n mod obinuit articolul :

eg.: Half the world knows about this .

Jumtate din lume tie despre asta.
I will be back in half an hour. (voina autorului).
M voi ntoarce ntr-o jumtate de ora.

Pentru a suprima noiunea voinei cu <will > construiete de asemenea

fraza :
I will be back in half an hour.
M voi ntoarec n jumtate de or.
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Dac <half> i substantivul formeaz un substantiv compus, articolul se
plaseaz primul :

eg.: Why dont you buy just a half bottle of rum ?

De ce nu cumperi doar o jumtate de sticl de rom ?
Comparai cu :
He drank half a bottle of rum.
El a but jumtate din sticla de rom .

Cteva exemple de reinut

1/-Tv-Video :

To listen to the radio DAR To watch T.V.

2/ Autoriti :

To talk about the President of the USA, the Queen of England.

Dar President Clinton and Queen Elisabeth.

3/ Mesele i zilele sptmnii :

- fr articol ;

To have lunch , dinner ./On Monday

4)Jocuri i sporturi :

- fr articol;

eg.:
To play football, tennis, chess DAR articolul naintea instrumentelor
muzicale :

to play the guitar .

86
 to play the piano
5) Limbi strine i nume de ri la singular :

- fr articol :

I love French, English /I love French./

mi place limba francez, limba englez.
mi place limba francez.

DAR locuitorii, primesc articolul hotrt :

eg.:
I love the French; the Irish people.
Iubesc francezii, irlandezii

DAR numele de ri la plural sau care formeaz un element comun primesc

art.hotrt

The United States, the Netherlands, the Soviet Union,.

6/Profesii :
- articolul nehotrt :

eg.: He is a doctor.
El este (un) doctor.

7/Dup prepoziiile : AS/WITHOUT :

- articolul nehotrt :

eg.:
To be without a car.
A fi fr main.

8/Dup prepoziiile : AT/BY :

- fr articol:

At midnight, dawn, dusk/By car, boat, radio,

La miezul nopii / Cu maina
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9/ Dup exclamaiile introduse de WHAT/SUCH:
- articolul nehotrt :

What a beautiful horse !

Ce cal frumos !

10/ Expresii de timp :

- articolul nehotrt :

Once a day !
O dat pe zi !

11/Expresii care primesc articolul hotrt :

To have a cold .
A avea rceal.
To have a fever.
A avea febr.
To have a temperature.
A avea temperatur.
To have a headache.
A avea o durere de cap.

12/Boli :

- fr articole sau uneori the flu - (gripa).

13/Cursuri de ap i lanurile muntoase :

- cu articolul hotrt :

The Thames, the Hudson, the Himalayas, the Alps.

14)Vrfuri :

- fr articol :

Ben Nevis, Kilimandjaro, Mount Everest .

88
15) Lacuri / insule :
- nu primete articolul hotrt ( urmat de of) sau cnd sunt la plural :
Lake Michigan, Easter Island, The Great Lakes, The Isle of Wight.

16)Nume de mri :

- primesc articolul definit :

The Mediterranean Sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the Artic Ocean...

Articolul hotrt apare n expresii:

- for the time being = deocamdat, pentru moment;

- in the long run = pn la urm;
- on the whole = n general;
- at the bginning = la nceput;
- in the end = la sfrit;
- in the morning = dimineaa, n cursul dimineii;
- by the way = apropo;
- at the latest = cel mai trziu;
- the day after tomorrow = poimine;
- to have been through the mill= a fi trecut prin ciur i sit;
- many happy returns of the day= la muli ani!

Articolul nehotrt apare n expresii:

- to have a mind to = a-i fi poft s, a avea chef de;
- to have a care = a avea grij;
- to take a fancy to = a ndrgi;
- for a time = un timp, o vreme;
- in a nice fix(fam.) = la anaghie, la strmtoare;
- once in a blue moon = din an n Pate;
- not to care a rap/straw = a nu-i psa nici ct negru sub unghie;
- to keep an eye on = a nu slbi din ochi/a fi cu ochii pe;
- at a time = deodat,n acelai timp;
- all of a sudden = brusc.

89
Articolul zero n expresii:

- at random = la ntmplare;
- in time = la timp;
- for good = pentru totdeauna;
- hand in hand = mn n mn;
- at/by night = noaptea;
- at down = n zori;
- at last = n cele din urm;
- on end = n ir;
- bag and baggage = cu cel i cu purcel;
- by ear = dup ureche;
- by word of mouth = din gur n gur;
- in keeping with = n conformitate cu;
- side by side = unul lng altul;
- by mistake = din greeal;

New words :

- hat = plria;
- men = brbai;
- guilty = vinovat();
- quite = complet, foarte exact;
- rather = mai degrab,o pies bun;
- unfortunate = regretabil(), neplcut();
- useless = inutil(); fr valoare;
- boring = plictisitor(oare);
- never = niciodat;
- painting = pictur;
- joke = glum;
- beautiful = frumos(oas);
- half = jumtate;
- world = lume;
- about = despre;
- why = de ce?
- to buy = a cumpra;
- bottle = sticl;
- rum = rom;
- fever = febr;
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 EXERCIII

1. Punei A/AN sau THE :

a. This morning I bought ___newspaper and ____ magazine.

____newspaper is in my bag but I dont know where I put ___
magazine.
b. I saw ____accident this morning . ___car crashed into ___ tree.
____driver of ___car wasnt hurt but _____ was badly damaged.
c. There are two cars parked outside : ____blue one and ____grey one .
d. My friends live in ___ old house in ___small village.There is
___beautiful garden behind _____house . I would like to have
_____garden like that.

2/Punei articolul unde este necesar:

a.Would you like apple ?

b.How often do you go to dentist ?
c.Could you close door, please ?
d.Im sorry,I didnt mean to do that.It was mistake.
e.Excuse me, where is bus station, please ?
f. I ve got problem . Can you help me ?
g.Im just going to post office.I wont be long.
h.There were no chairs, so we had to sit on floor.
i.Have you finished book I lent you ?
j.My sister has just got job in bookshop in Manchester .
k.We live in small flat near city centre.
l.Theres small supermarket at end of street I live in.

3/Punei articolul corect :

a. Where did you have ___lunch ? We went to ___restaurant.

b. Did you have ____nice holiday ? Yes, it was ____ best holiday Ive
ever had.
c. Wheres ___nearest shop? There s one at ____end of this steet .
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d. Do you often listen top _____radio ? No. In fact I havent got ___radio.
e. Would you like to travel in ____space ? Yes, Id love to go to
____moon.
f. Do you go to ______cinema often? No, but I watch a lot of films on
_____TV.
g. It was _____nice day yesterday, wasnt it ? Yes, it was.We went for a
walk by ____sea.
h. What did you have for _______breakfast ?Nothing.I never eat
_____breakfast.
i. Can you tell me where ___room 23 is, please ? Its on ______second
floor .
j. We spent all our money because we stayed at _____ most expensive
hotel in town.
k. Why dont you stay at ____cheaper hotel ?

4/Punei articolul corect :

1. I havent been to ____cinema for ages.

2. I lay down on ____ground and looked up at __ sky.
3. Margaret spends most of her free time watching ___TV.
4. ____ television was on but nobody was watching it.
5. Have you had _____dinner yet ?
6. Emma and I arrived at _____same time.
7. Youll find _____information you neeed at __top of____page 7.
8. Peru is ____country in South America ____capital is Lima.

New words :

- bag = geant;
- driver = ofer;
- garden = grdin;
- apple = mr;
- mistake = greeal;
- floor = podea;
- cheaper = mai ieftin;
- free time = timp liber;

92
 PERSON AND NUMBER

PERSOANA I NUMRUL

Spre deosebire de verbul romnesc, verbul englezesc are

puini indici formali care s marcheze persoana i numrul.
Singura desinen specific este s pentru persoana a III-a
singular, indicativul present, adaugat la forma de infinitiv a verbelor
noionale. (Verbele modale nu primesc- s).
Persoana i numrul n limba englez sunt identificate de
obicei cu ajutorul subiectului, mai ales cnd acesta este exprimat printr-
un pronume personal.

93
 THE ADJECTIVE-
ADJECTIVUL

a. Definiie

Adjectivul este partea de vorbire care exprim caracteristic unui

obiect, fie ca nsuire a acestuia, fie ca precizare a lui n spaiu, timp,
cantitate. El este un modificator sau un determinant al substantivului:
- a good man - un om bun (modificator);
- that man - omul acela (determinant);
Adjectivele care exprim nsuiri ale obiectelor ( adjectivele calitative au
numeroase forme specifice:

a) Sufixe pozitive:
- peaceful- panic; beautiful- frumos;
- stony pietros; dirty - murdar;
- friendly prietenos; manly brbtesc;
- childish copilresc, copilros;
- capable capabil;
- jealous-gelos;
- famous-faimos;

b)Sufixul negativ less;

- useless nefolositor, inutil;
- careless - neatent, nengrijit;

94
 INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES
ADJECTIVUL NEHOTRT

a. Definiie :

Adjectivele nehotrte determin ntr-un sens mai mult sau mai puin
general sau vag obiectele exprimate de substantive n sensul siturii acestora
n spaiu , alaiturii n timp, al cantitii, al numrului, al varietii.
Se deosebesc mai multe categorii:
Adjective nehotrte exprimnd situarea n spaiu:

near- apropiat; next- urmtorul; last- ultimul; far deprtat;neighbouring-

vecin,nvecinat.
Adjective nehotrte exprimnd situarea n timp:

preceding- precedent; foregoing-anterior; former- primul, de odinioar;

present- present; past trecut; future viitor; next- urmtorul, last- ultim;

Adjective nehotrte exprimnd cantitatea: much- mult(), little-

puin(), a little - ceva, nite, puin (), ctva,ctva;

Adjective nehotrte exprimnd numrul: many- muli, multe; few =

puini, puine ( nu muli, nu multe); a few (puini, puine,civa,cteva;
several- mai muli, mai multe; numerous- numeroi, numeroase;numberless-
nenumrai, nenumrate, a number of- un numr de; a series of- o serie de.

b. Form :

Adjectivul nehotrt este invariabil ca form i ndeplinete funcia

sintactic de atribut .

Un loc aparte n cadrul adjectivelor nehotrte l ocup some i any

ntruct, n dese cazuri , ele se apropie de funcia articolelor, ceea ce face ca
n unele gramatici s fie tratate ca echivaleni ai articolelor.

95
 c. ntrebuinare:

SOME = nite, ceva, puin, puin, unii , unele,civa, cteva, vreun,

vreo, o cantitate ce se ntrebuineaz n propoziii afirmative i indic
existena unui numr restrns de lucruri, fiine, a unei cantiti restrnse. Este
folosit cu substantive numrabile la plural i cu substantive nenumrabile la
singular.
ANY= vreun, vreo, nici un (ul),nici o, nici una , se ntrebuineaz n
propoziii afirmative, interogative i negative;

SOME/ANY

1) Fraze afirmative SOME (n principiu, some se folosete n propoziii

afirmative) :

eg.:
Id like some coffee.
A vrea nite cafea.

Cu toate acestea , el apare:

- n propoziii negative, dac nelesul su este afirmativ:

eg.:
He never called on us without some present .
Nu venea niciodat la noi fr (s aduc) un cadou;

- n propoziiile interogative, dac ntrebarea nu se refer la some:

eg.: Why are there so many mistakes in some exercices?

De ce sunt attea greeli n unele exerciii?
- n propoziii interogative prin care se exprim o rugminte sau o
ofert, sau n care some se refer la o parte dint-un ntreg sau dintr-o
cantitate:

eg.: Have you some change about you?

Ai (ceva) mruni la tine?

96
2)Propoziie afirmativ cu sens negativ (cu greu, niciodat , fr) ANY

eg.:
I hardly know any people here.
Cu greu recunosc (tiu) pe cineva.
He tried to make a cake without using any eggs.
A ncercat s fac o prjitur fr s foloseasc nici un ou.

3)Propoziia interogativ ANY ( l nlocuiete n general pe some n

propoziiile interogative ( directe i indirecte), condiionale i dubitative:

eg.:
Have you got any stamp ?
Ai cumva nite timbre ?
I doubt if he has any time now.
M ndoiesc c are timp acum.

4)Propoziii interogative ntr-un sens afirmativ :

eg.:
Would you like some more meat ?
Vrei (doreti ) mai mult carne.

5) Propoziii negative NOT ANY

eg.: I have no money.

N-am nici un ban.
I havent got any money.
N-am primit nici un ban.

- putem folosi no

SOME i ANY se pot folosi ca pronume.

eg.:
Have you got some ?
They arent any.

97
A FEW, A LITTLE /FEW, LITTLE

- a few, few + numrabile ;

- a little, little + nenumrabile ;

A FEW = cteva

A few minutes later.

Cteva minute mai trziu.

FEW = puin (plural)

Few people understood.

Civa oameni au neles.

A LITTLE = un pic de

A little sugar.
Un pic de zahr.

LITTLE = puin din (sg) ..

The Queen has little power.

Regina are puin putere.

MUCH/MANY/A LOT OF

MUCH + singular - Much = mult

MANY + plural - many = many

eg.:
I havent got much time.
Have you many records.

Much i many se afl mai mult n propoziii interogative i negative.

n propoziiile afirmative, gsim mai degrab A LOT OF; LOTS OF,

PLENTY OF.

98
 I know a lot of Italians.

In afar de too, as,so, very

eg.:
He drank a lot.
A but mult.
He drank too much.
A but prea mult.

EACH/EVERY

Every = fiecare
Each = fiecare (mai puin la modul general, fiecare separat, luat n parte );

Every workman stood up when the Queen walked in .

Fiecare muncitor s-a ridicat n picioare cnd regina a intrat.

She gave a signed photo to each workman .

Ea a dat cte o fotografie semnat fiecrui muncitor.

Alte adjective nehotrte:

- either ( fiecare, oricare);

- both (amndoi,ambii);
- all (toi, toate);
- whole(ntreg);
- certain (anumit, anume);

SOME, EVERY, ANY, NO se poate combina cu body, -one ,thing,

where .

Derivatele astfel formate urmeaz aceleai reguli.

99
 EXERCIII

1.Completai propoziiile cu some i any :

He didnt buy .flowers.

This evening Im going out withfriends of mine.
<Have you seen .good films recently >?
<No, I havent been to the cinema for ages>.
I didnt have .money, so I had to borrow
Can I have money, so I had to borrow
Can I have milk in my coffee, please?
I was too tired to do work.
You can cash this travellers cheques at bank.
Can you give me information about places of interest in the town?
With the special tourist train ticket, you can travel on train you like.
If there are words you dont understand, use a dictionary.

2.Completai propoziiile cu some sau any + body thing-where:

1.I was too surprised to say

2.Theres at the door.Can you go and see who it is ?
3.Does mind if I open the window ?
4.I wasnt feeling hungry, so I didnt eat
5.You must be hungry.Would you like to eat ?
6.Quick, lets go ! Theres coming and I dont want to see us.
7.Sally was upset about and refused to talk to
8.This machine is very easy to use . Can learn to use it in a very short time.
9.There was hardly on the beach.It was almost deserted.
10.Do you livenear Jim ? No, he lives in another part of the town.
11.We slept in a part because we didnt have to stay.
12.Where shall we go on holiday ?Lets go warm and sunny.
13.They stay at home all the time ? They never seem to go
14.Im going out now.If phones while Im out, can you tell me Ill be back
at 11.30 ?
15.Why are you looking under the bed ?Have you lost ?
16.who saw the accident should contact the police.

100
3.Punei n spaiile goale : much, many, few or little .

1. He isnt very popular. He has friends.

2. Ann is very busy these days. She has . free time.
3. Did you take photographs when you were on holiday ?
4.Im not very busy today. I havent got to do.
5.The museum was very crowded.There were too people.
6.Most of the town is modern.There are old buildings.
7.The weather has been very dry recently. Weve had .rain.

New Words

- to buy = a cumpra;
- flower = floare;
- to borrow = a mprumuta;
- tired = obosit();
- ticket = bilet;
- to use = a folosi;
- to understand = a nelege;
- to say = a spune;
- warm = cald;
- sunny = nsorit;

101
 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
COMPARATIVUL I SUPERLATIVUL

Gradele de comparaie ale adjectivului din limba englez sunt gradul

pozitiv (the Positive Degree), gradul comparativ ( the Comparative Degree)
i gradul superlativ ( the Superlative Degree).
Indiferent de funciile i formele lor, ele sunt ntru totul comparabile cu
gradele de comparaie din limba romn.

COMPARATIV DE SUPERIORITATE (the Comparative of

Superiority)

ADJECTIVE SCURTE

Adjectiv + ER

John is taller than Wiliam.

John este mai nalt dect William.
Kate is thiner than Nelly.
Kate este mai slab dect Nelly.

Adjectivele scurte au o silab.

Excepii : adjectivele din dou silabe sunt scurte i se termin n Y precedat

de o consoan sau de
er (clever), - le (gentle, noble).

Unele adjective precedate de o silab sunt considerate ca fiind lungi :

dead, glad, real, cross, apt, frank, drunk, tired, pleased.

ADJECTIVE LUNGI

MORE + ADJECTIV (+ THAN)

John is more intelligent than William.

John este mai inteligent dect William.
William is stupid,John is more intelligent.
William este prost, John este mai inteligent.
102
2/COMPARATIV DE INFERIORITATE ( the Comparative of
Inferiority)

ADJECTIVELE SCURTE :

NOT AS +ADJECTIV +AS

eg.: James is not as tall as Sam .

James nu este la fel de nalt ca Sam.

ADJECTIVE LUNGI

LESS + ADJECTIV +THAN

Max is less intelligent than Peter.

Max este mai puin inteligent dect Peter.
(este mai puin) (dect)

3.COMPARATIV DE EGALITATE ( the Comparative of Equality)

AS + ADJECTIV + AS

eg.:
This cake is as sweet as the other one.
Aceast prjitur este la fel de dulce ca cealalt ;

New words :

- tall = nalt();
- thin = slab();
- intelligent = inteligent();
- tall = nalt();
- sweet = dulce;
- cake = prjitur;

103
 SUPERLATIVE -

SUPERLATIVUL

Adjective scurte

the + ADJECTIVE +EST

eg.: Hes the tallest.

El este cel mai nalt.

Aceleai excepii pentru comparativul de superioritate.

eg.: Hes the funniest guy Ive ever met.

El este cel mai caraghios biat pe care l-am cunoscut vreodat!

Adjectivele lungi

- the most + adjectiv = cel mai + adjectiv

eg.: This is the most expensive TV set I have ever seen !

Acesta este cel mai scump TV pe care l-am vzut
vreodat.

- the least + adjectiv = cel mai puin+adjectiv

There is the least beautiful boat Ive ever seen.

Este barca cea mai puin frumoas pe care am vzut-o.

Formarea comparativului i superlativului pentru adverbe este

aceeai ca a adjectivului n afar de adverbele terminate n ly, vom
utiliza mereu : MORE i THE MOST ;

104
 Excepie :

- early > earlier ;

- devreme > mai devreme ;

!Adjectivul din limba englez nu se schimb dup gen, numr i caz

Singurul mod de marcare formal este comparaia.

Categoria gramatical a comparaiei este concretizat n limba

englez ca i n limba romn -3 grade de comparaie ;

1. gradul pozitiv - prezena normal a unei caliti,

fr a se face o comparaie ;

eg.: He is tall.
( El) este nalt.

2. gradul comparativ - compar dou obiecte n

msur egal (comparativ de egalitate ) :
a)de egalitate :

eg.: He is as tall as his sister.

Este la fel de nalt ca sora lui.

b)inegal (superioritate):

eg.: Im younger than her.

Sunt mai tnr dect ea.

c)inferioritate:

eg. : This lesson is less intensive than the previous one.

Aceast lecie este mai puin intens dect precedenta

La comparativ, termenul comparaiei poate fi exprimat.

eg.: He is more punctual than the others (sau neexprimat).

(He is more punctual).
El este mult mai punctual dect alii
105
 3. gradul superlativ arat calitatea comparat n cel mai nalt grad,
prin intermediul unei comparaii directe (superlativ relativ: She is the
cleverest of all) sau fr comparaie direct (superlativ absolut);

eg.: She is very clever.

Este foarte inteligent.

Adjectivele formate din dou sau mai multe silabe, adjective compuse,
cnd dou elemente formeaz un tot din punct de vedere al sensului,
comparaia se realizeaz cu ajutorul lui MORE i THE MOST.

eg.:
1. careful more careful the most careful ;
2. well-known - better -known the best known;
3. heart-broken - more heart broken the most heart-broken ;

2/Comparativul i superlativul comparaia neregulat ;

1.GOOD/WELL = better = the best ;

2.BAD = worse = the worst ;
3.FAR = further/farther = the furthest/the farthest ;
4.OLD = older /elder = the oldest /the eldest ;

Further /Farther = distan

Further : mai deprtat (distan) ;

further = suplimentar, adional, n plus ;

ELDER = mai n vrst ( despre membrii aceleiai familii frai i surori

opus lui younger) ;

THE ELDEST = cel mai n vrst (membrii

aceleiai familii (frai sau surori);

106
 EXERCIII

1.Punei adjectivele din parantez la form corect:

1. Summer is (good) season of the year .

2. In summer the days are (long) and the nights are (short) than in spring.
3. The 22 nd of June is (long) day of the year.
4. In July the days become (warm) and (warm).
5. (Many) people play football in summer.
6. Football is (popular) game in Romania.
7. I think autumn is as (beautiful) as summer.
8. The weather isnt as (warm) as in summer, but the trees are (beautiful)
than in summer.
9. Winter is (bad) season of the year. It is cold and wet.
10.Some people think it is (interesting) season of the year, because they
can ski, skate or play with snow.

2.Alegei forma corect a adjectivelor din parantez ;

1.From these two dresses the cheaper is ( the best, the better).
2.Since she has retired (less and less, fewer and fewer ) friends have
visited her.
3.Mike and Bob are students.The former studies medicine ( the second,
the latter) studies architecture.
4.Her (older, elder) sister didnt come to the party.
5.The doctor asked ( the nearest, the next ) person to come in.

3.Traducei n limba englez :

1. Ai citit ultimul roman al lui Marin Preda ?

2. El studiaz din ce n ce mai mult .
3. O cunoti pe sora lui mai mare ?
4. Rochia ta este mai modern dect a mea .
5. Care este planeta cea mai ndeprtat ?

107
 4.Punei adjectivele la comparativul de superioritate :

1. I think the book is (interesting) the film.

2. Their house is (big) mine.
3. Peter has always been (good at maths) anyone.
4. He said the cats were (intelligent) dogs.
5. The weather cant be (bad) today !
6. Mr. Simpson is much (old) his wife.
7. Her dress is (expensive) Anns.
8. He has always told us that health was (important) money.

5.Punei la comparativele de superioritate, de inferioritate, de

inegalitate sau de egalitate :

a. Peter says that geography is (> hard) history.

b. Our car is (<comfortable) Mr. Browns.
c. I think that things are (<good) they used to be.
d. That bus is (= late) usual!
e. Is it true that boys are (<sensitive) girls ?
f. Your suitcase is (< heavy) I thought it was.
g. This food is (<good) I expected.
h. I think that John is (= clever) his elder brother.

6.Punei la superlativul de superioritate.

a. This school is (big) building in our street.

b. The (tall) girl in our school is a basketball player.
c. Oxford is (old) university in Britain.
d. He thinks that (elegant) dresses are Diors .
e. For him, being in good health is (important) thing.
f. And now, here is (late) news.
g. I think Sharon is (pretty) girl in town.
h. That is probably (good) novel I have ever read.

7.Transformai ca n exemplul urmtor :

a. Your English is getting better every day.

b. I think my job is getting more interesting.
c. Cars are becoming more confortable these days.
108
 d. Dont you think we are going slower ?
e. For him, money is getting more important.
f. Hes getting up earlier every morning.
g. Our house is getting older.
h. She opened her eyes wider every minute.

New words :

- summer = var;
- spring = primvar;
- game = joc;
- winter = iarn;
- ski = ski;
- skate = patinaj;
- cold = rece;
- wet = ud, umed();
- snow = zpad;
- cheap = ieftin ();
- to dress = a (se) mbrca;
- dress = rochie;
- former = primul(a);
- to ask = a cere, a nteba, a spune;
- next = urmtorul(ea);
- expensive = scump();
- bus = autobuz;
- usually = de obicei;
- heavy = greu, grea;
- to expect = atepta;
- health = sntate;
- probably = probabil;

109
 THE NUMERAL -
NUMERALUL

a. Definiie :

- este partea de vorbire care :

exprim un numr, determinarea numeric a obiectelor ( numeralul cardinal)
sau ordinea obiectelor prin numrare(numeralul ordinal).

NUMERALUL CARDINAL ( The Cardinal Number)

- exprim numrul (one, two, three) sau determinarea numeric a

obiectelor ( four books, one hundred years);

o Forma numeralului cardinal

- numeralele cardinale de la 1 la 12 n limba englez sunt

urmtoarele :

1 - one; 7 - seven;
2 - two; 8 - eight;
3 - three; 9 - nine ;
4 - four; 10 - ten ;
5 - five; 11 - eleven ;
6 - six ; 12 - twelve;

Zero = o

- Numeralele cardinale ntre 13-19 se formeaz cu ajutorul sufixului

teen adugat la nr. 3-9 ;

13 thirteen; 17 - seventeen ;
14 fourteen; 18 - eighteen ;
15 fifteen; 19 - nineteen.
16 sixteen;
- numele zecilor - se adaug sufixul ty ;

20 twenty ; 70- seventy ;

110
 30 - thirty ; 80- eighty ;
40- forty ; 90 ninety ;
50- fifty ;
60- sixty ;

! n limba englez, ntre zeci i uniti se folosete liniua de unire :

68 - sixty-eight ;

! Numeralele care denumesc sute, mii sau milioane sunt legate prin
and de cele care denumesc zeci i uniti : 115= a/one hundred and
fifteen.

! Cnd sunt folosite la singular, numeralele hundred, thousand i

million sunt ntotdeauna precedate de articolul hotrt sau de un
numeral :100/a hundred books.

! Numeralele primesc terminaia s cnd sunt folosite:

a) ca substantive : eg.:Thousands have read this book.

b) cnd sunt urmate de prepoziia of :

eg.: The number of young people studying in our schools amounts to

hundreds of thousands.

100 one hundred ;

300 three hundred ;
1000 - one thousand ;
1253 - a/one thousand two hundred and fifty-three ;

o ntrebuinarea numeralului cardinal :

pentru exprimarea numerelor abstracte : one, two, three, four,

a)
five sau a determinrii numerice a obiectelor : three apples, one
hundred pupils .
b) pentru exprimarea datei, anii se citesc :
-1980 one thousand nine hundred and eighty sau nineteen hundred
and eighty n stilul official ,1966-one thousand nine hundred and
sixty-six;
111
 1980- nineteen eighty n engleza vorbit ;
c) pentru indicarea numrului unui anumit obiect (pagin,lecie,
capitol ,cas, autobuz, etc.).

n exprimarea timpului cronologioc, n acest caz, propoziia ncepe

de obicei cu pronumele it ;

eg. : It is two oclock.

Este ora dou.
It is five oclock sharp.
Este ora cinci fix.

O clock se folosete numai cu ora fix i se poate omite:

o What s the time ? Five.

o Ce or este? Cinci.

- pentru a indica fraciunile de ore pn la i jumtate se

menioneaz numrul minutelor urmat de prepoziia past i de ora
respectiv ;

eg. : It is ten (minutes) past nine.

Este ora 9 i 10 (minute).

- It is a quarter past three.

- Este (ora) 3 i un sfert.
- It is half past ten.
- Este 10 i jumtate.

! Fraciunile ntre jumtate i ora urmtoare se redau n limba englez

spunnd numrul minutelor, prepoziia to i apoi ora :

eg.:
It is twenty (minutes ) to six.
Este ora 6 fr 20 ( de minute) .

Numerele de telefon se citesc cifr cu cifr

597216 = five nine seven two one six.

112
 - Dac primele sau ultimile dou cifre sunt la fel, se folosete
cuvntul DOUBLE ;

eg.: 2238 double two three eight ;

5555 - double five double five ;

- nu se folosete cuvntul double dac cifrele din mijloc sunt

aceleai;
3002 three oh oh one ;

Pentru exprimarea operaiilor de matematic :

- 2+5=7 ; Two plus five is/are seven .

Doi plus cinci fac apte.

- 7-3 =4 ; Seven minus three makes four.

apte minus trei fac patru.
- 6 x 5 = 30 ; Six multiplied by 5 is/are thirty.
Base nmulit cu 5 fac treizeci.
- 40 : 5 = 8 ; Forty divided by 5 is/are 8.

c) pentru exprimarea vrstei :

How old are you ?

Ci ani ai ?
I am ten years old.
Am zece ani .

! n exprimarea vrstei n limba englez, se poate omite partea

final :

I am ten ( years old).

Am zece ani.

113
 THE ORDINAL NUMERALS -
NUMERALUL ORDINAL

1. Definiie

- indic ordinea n timp sau n spaiu a obiectelor sau a aciunilor :

eg.:
He was the first to come.
The second house round the corner is mine.
A fost primul care a venit.
A doua cas dup col este a mea.

2. Forma

- numeralul cardinal, care poate fi considerat radicalul, articolul

hotrt the, care precede radicalul i sufixul - th, care se
adaug la radical:
- 4 (four) the fourth ; 7 seven the seventh ;

Numeralele ordinale de la 1-3 au forme care se abat parial de la

aceast regul : the first, the second, the third.
Cteva numere ordinale prezint dificulti ortografice ;

- 5 - the fifth ; 12 - the twelfth ;

- 8 - the eighth ; 30 - the thirtieth ;
- 9 - the ninth ; 40 - the fortieth ;

La numeralele compuse, numai ultimul numr primete -th ; 27

the twenty seventh ;
236 the two hundred and thirty sixth ;

! Numeralele ordinale cuprinznd cuvintele hundred, thousand,million pot fi

precedate numai de one, nu i de a iar articolul hotrt poate fi omis : the
one hundred and thirty-second.

- the first ; the 1 st;

114
 - the second ; the 2 nd;
- the third ; the 3 rd;
- the fourth ; the 4 th;
- the fifth ; the 5 th;
6-the sixth ;
7-the seventh ;
8-the eight ;
9-the ninth ;
10 - the tenth;
11 - the eleventh;
12 - the twelfth ;
13 - the thirteenth ;
14 - the fourteenth ;
15 - fifteenth ;
16 - sixteenth ;
17 - seventeenth ;
18 - the eighteen ;
19 - the nineteenth ;
20 - the twentieth ;
21 - the twenty first ;
30 - the thirtieth ;
40 - the fortieth ;
100 - the (one) hundred ;
101 - one hundred and first ;
1.000 - the one thousandth ;

3. ntrebuinare

a) n exprimarea datei :

- April 25 th the 25 th of April ;

,

La exprimarea datei, numeralul ordinal poate fi aezat nainte sau

dup numele lunii;
Dac numeralul ordinal precede denumirea lunii, acesta este urmat
de of :

I was born on the 6th of April 1976.

M-am nscut pe data de 6 aprilie 1976.
115
 Dac numeralul ordinal este aezat dup denumirea lunii, of este
omis
Ella was born on April (the) 6 th
Ella s-a nscut pe 6 aprilie.

b) pentru a indica ordinea ntr-o serie:

The Second World War.
Al doilea rzboi mondial.

c) pentru a exprima repetarea la intervale regulate:

- every second day - din dou n dou zile ;
- every third month - din 3 n 3 luni ;
(o dat la 3 luni );

116
 NUMERALELE MULTIPLICATIVE
THE MULTIPLICATIVE NUMERALS

Numeralul multiplicativ arat proporia n care a crescut o cantitate

oarecare: double- dublu;twofold- dublu, threefold-ntreit, fourfold-mptrit ,
fivefold- ncincit.

NUMERALELE ADVERBIALE-
THE ADVERBIAL NUMERALS

Numeralul adverbial arat de cte ori este svrit o aciune:

once-o dat , twice- de dou ori, three times de trei ori, four times- de
patru ori, five times- de cinci ori, many times de multe ori.

117
 Exerciii

1 / Traducei n limba englez :

1) 24 ianuarie i 1 Decembrie sunt srbtori naionale ale poporului nostru.

2) Deschidei cartea la pagina 48 i citii cap.15 nc o dat.
3) Locuiesc pe strada Spiru Haret nr.48.
4) Ci ani ai ? Am 12 ani.
5) La ora dou i jumtate iau autobuzul 331 i m duc la teatru.
6) Ct cost o pereche de pantofi ?
7) Te atept de mai mult de o jumtate de or.
8) Am format 558969 i apoi am ateptat.
9) Cred c au plecat cu trenul de 6.30.
10)n martie 1977 a avut loc un puternic cutremur.

118
 THE PRONOUN -
PRONUMELE

a) Definiie :

Pronumele reprezint o clas eterogen, care poate nlocui substantive

n comunicare, desemneaz direct vorbitorul i asculttorul sau desemneaz
global sau parial obiecte sau fenomene .
Pronumele are categoriile gramaticale de persoan, gen, numr i caz.

PRONUMELE PERSONAL

(The Personal Pronoun)

- desemneaz persoanele ce pot aprea ntr-un dialog sau nlocuiete

obiectul despre care se vorbete ;
- n limba englez, pronumele i verbul sunt singurele pri de
vorbire care au categoria gramatical a persoanei :

eg.:
I am a student.
Sunt student.
She is a policewoman.
Ea este poliist.

!!!! n limba englez, pronumele I se scrie ntotdeauna cu liter mare .

Pronumele personal are categoria gramatical a genului numai la

persoana a lll a singular ;

He este folosit pentru a nlocui nume de persoane de sex brbtesc.

She este ntrebuinat pentru nume de persoane de sex feminin.
It nlocuiete nume de obiecte sau de animale.
The car./She has already arrived.

n limba englez pronumele pentru persoana a lll a plural (they)

nu are forme distincte pentru gen, ca n limba romn.

119
 PRONUMELE PERSONAL

- forme pentru cazul Nominativ, pentru Dativ iAcuzativ (cu excepia

lui you i it):

NOMINATIV:

I - persoana I singular
You - persoana a II a sg/pl.;
He - pers.III a sg;
She - pers.III a sg;
It - pers.III a sg.
We - persoana a I a pl;
You - persoana a II-a pl.
They - persoana a III a pl;

DATIV /ACUZATIV

- me ;
- us ;
- you ;
- him;
- her;
- it;
- them;

PRONUMELE REFLEXIV

- pronumele reflexiv nlocuiete obiectul asupra cruia se exercit

aciunea verbului i care este identic cu subiectul verbului ;
- are categoriile gramaticale de persoan, gen, numr i caz;

Categoriile gramaticale ale pronumelui reflexiv

- are pers.I, II-a, III-a ca i pronumele personal;

- are forme distincte de gen numai la persoana a III a singular;

120
 - are terminaia -self la singular i selves la plural;

Persoana Numrul
Singular Plural
Persoana I myself ourselves
Persoana II yourself yourselves
Persoana III himself
masculin herself
feminin itself themselves
neutru

PRONUMELE POSESIV ( The Possessive Pronoun)

- nlocuiete att numele obiectului posedat ct i al posesorului, are

categoriile gramaticale de persoan, gen, numr i caz i poate
ndeplini funciile sintactice de subiect, nume predicative, atribut ,
apoziie, complement.

Formele pronumelui posesiv

Persoana Numrul

Singular Plural
Persoana I mine ours
Persoana a II a : yours
Persoana a III a :
masculine : his
feminin hers theirs

!Pronumele posesive nu determin substantive ca adjectivele

posesive, ci le nlocuiesc.
121
 - adj.posesiv eg.: Its my coat.
Este haina mea.
- pron.posesiv eg.: Its mine.
Este a mea.
- pron.personal eg.: It belongs to me.
mi aparine.

PRONUME INTEROGATIV

- pronumele interogativ ine locul, n propoziiile interogative,

cuvintelor ateptate ca rspuns la ntrebare ;

Pronumele interogative sunt specializate :

- who este folosit pentru fiine ;

- what pentru lucruri ;
- which pentru fiine i lucruri ;
- how much pentru cantiti ;
- what kind of pentru caliti ;

Din punct de vedere al flexiunii, who are forme deosebite pentru fiecare
caz;
Who are urmtoarele forme :
N. = Who ? = cine ? ;
D. (to) whom =cui ?;
Ac.= Whom ? Who? fam.= pe cine ?
G. = Whose ? = a,a, ai,ale cui ?
- who se refer numai la persoane;
- whose ( se poate referi i la persoane i la lucruri);

WHAT = ca pronume interogativ se refer la substantive sau

nlocuitori ai acestora de orice gen;
WHAT ? - se traduce n limba romn :
CE ? What are you doing ? = Ce faci?
CARE ? What are the films you want to watch ? = Ce (care) film
vrei s-l vezi?
CT ? What time is it ? = Ct este ceasul?
122
 WHICH ? - implic selecia dintr-un numr limitat de obiecte :
Which of these books do you want ?

Expresii fixe cu valoare de adverbe :

- at present = n prezent;
- as a rule = de obicei;
- by the way = apropo;
- as a matter of fact = de fapt;
- at once = imediat;
- once in a while, now an then = din cnd din cnd;

Structuri paralele :

- arm in arm = bra la bra ;

- hand in hand = mn n mn ;
- day by day = zi de zi ;
- face to face = fa n fa;
- from dawn to dusk = din zori de zi,pn la lsarea serii,
ntunericului;
- from morning till night = de diminea pn seara ;
- from beginning to end = de la nceput pn la sfrit;
- from right to left = de la dreapta la stnga;
- from east to west = de la est la vest;

123
 PROPOZIIA
CONDIIONAL IF CLAUSE

Exist trei tipuri mari de propoziii circumstaniale :

1. O condiie real viitoare sau general, care exprim o situaie

anticipat sau posibil:

- ntr-un moment viitor:

Well leave tomorrow if the weather is fine.
Vom pleca mine dac vremea este bun.

- n general:
If I make a mistake, my boss always knows it.
Dac fac o greeal, eful meu ntotdeauna tie.

2. O condiie ireal prezent sau viitoare, care se refer la:

- situaie imaginar, contrar unei realiti prezente:

If the weather were better now, we could go for a picnic.
Dac vremea ar fi mai bun, am putea face o plimbare.

- o situaie improbabil ntr-un moment viitor:

If I had money I would buy a car. Dac a avea bani, as cumpra
o main.

3. O condiie ireal trecut, cu referire la o situaie imagina sau

contrar realitii ntr-un moment trecut:

If the weather had been better, I would have left last Sunday.
Dac vremea ar fi fost mai bun a fi plecat duminica trecut.

124
TIMPURILE FOLOSITE:

Tipul de propoziie condiional n propoziia principal Timpul n propoziia

condiional

Viitor/Prezent/Imperativ Prezent
1
Ill go swimming. If th water is warm.

A teacher is always happy If his pupils work hard

Go and buy tickets If you want to see the play.

2 Condiional prezent Past Tense

She would go on a trip If she were on holiday

3 Condiionalul trecut Past Perfect

I would have spoken to Ann If I had seen her yesterday.

125
 CORECTAREA EXERCIIILOR

Timpul prezent :

Exercise 1 :

- a - goes;
- b- are having;
- c - drive;
- d- is walking;
- e - live;
- f - is running;
- g- is reading ;
- h- comes;

Exercise 2 :

- arrive;
- is wearing;
- spends;
- goes;
- is ; blows;
- is coming;
- is;
- is talking;
- know; is leaving;
- leaves;
- says;
- Im, leaves, comes back.

PAST TENSE

1.met/was going;
2.called/told/was painting;
126
3.was coming;/stopped;
4.was digging /began/;
5.left/were working ;
6.was sleeping/woke ;
7.were you doing/rang ;
8.was shining /got up ;
9.was trying /remembered ;

Exercise 2 :

The house was very big.When we rang the bell, the landlady was planting
flowers. She was a beautiful lady.We talked to her. She told us that she
couldt stand the birds that were singing in the garden any more. She added
that when her husband would retire they would travel a lot.We were
impressed by this charming lady who was talking with a foreign accent. She
knew many things and we listened to her very carefully.Near the end of our
conversation,we learnt that she was going to London the next day,but we
knew that she should be back as soon as her children needed her because she
was a loving mother as well.

Exercise 3:

went- bought - needed- was shining- were ;

singing- arrived- were sitting (were) looking ;
was going on saw- said-was was giving-
made-decided-said-found-amused-gave-
was-thanked

Present Perfect

Exercise 1 Exercise 4
1.hasnt paid ; a.have you just bought ;
2.have bought ; b.have never been;
3.hasnt finished; c.went;
4.has John cut; d.started ;
5.has stolen; e.left-got ;
6.ve repaired ; f.hasnt finished ;
7.have you seen ; g.have lived ;
8.havent heard ; h.have waited;
127
 i.broke ;
j.have arrived ;

Exercise 3 :

a. It hasnt rained this week.

b. The weather has been cold recently.
c. It was cold last week.
d. I didnt read a newspaper yesterday .
e. I havent read a newspaper today.
f. Ann hasnt earned a lot of money this year.
g. She didnt earn so much last year.
h. Have you had a holiday recently ?

Exercise 5 :

1.b.
2.a.
3.b.
4.c.
5.b.
6.a.
7.c
8.b
9.c
10.b

SINCE/ FOR/AGO

Exercise 1:

a. He hasnt read a newspaper since last week.

b. We havent received a letter from them since June 6 th.
c. John hasnt come here since the beginning of the month.
d. Bob hasnt caught a fish since we arrived.
e. They havent visited London since 1982.
f. I havent ridden a bike since I was a boy.
g. She hasnt had lunch at a restaurant since March.
h. We havent drunk a beer since the beginning of the week.

128
 Exercise 2:

a) John has been sleeping since 10 oclock .

b) I have been waiting for 3 hours.
c) Hes been working for us since 1980.
d) Weve been living in Bristol for 5 years.
e) Shes been fishing for an hour.
f) They ve been playing chess since 4 p.m.
g) The sun has been shining for a fortnight.
h) Bill has been reading that book since the beginning of the afternoon.

MODALE

Exercise 1 :

1. the car may /could have been sold ;

2. if he could write;
3. you cant have heard ;
4. where could I find ;
5. you have to fill ;
6. I must come ;
7. she cant have left;
8. I could see ;
9. people must have been looking ;
10.you might/may not even ;
11.I should book a seat ;
12.you could have given me a hand ;
13.you neednt make out a receipt;
14.he may/might/could have taken ;

VIITORUL

Exercice 1:

a) is going to rain;
b) shall;
c) will;
d) am going to ;

129
e) will; is going to;
f) shall;
g) will;
h) will;

Exercise 2:

a) will will ;
b) shall;
c) will/shall;
d) will;
e) will;
f) shall;
g) will;
h) will.

Exercise 3 :

a. are you going to do;

b. is going to rain;
c. am going to make;
d. is coming;
e. am going to try;
f. are leaving;
g. am going to see;
h. going to open;
i. are you seeing;

Exercise 4 :

a. will leave
b. wont disobey
c. shall listen
d. Im having
e. Im taking
f. will you phone Ill tell
g. Im recording
h. are you going to
i. will you wear
j. is leaving
130
Articolele

Exercise 1:

a. a-a-the the
b. an-a-a-the the the
c. a a
d. an-a a-the-a

Exercise 2 :

a. an apple
b. the dentist
c. the door
d. a mistake
e. the bus station
f. a problem
g. the post office
h. the floor
i. the book
j. a job a bookshop;
k. a small flat the city centre.

Exercise 3

a. o-the
b. o-the
c. the-the
d. o-o
e. o-the
f. the-o
g. a-the
h. o-o
i. the-the
j. the
k. a

131
Exercise 4

1.the
2.the-the
3.o
4.the
5.o
6.the
7.the-the-o
8.a-the

Adjectivul nehotrt

Exercise 1
Exercise 2:

1.any; 1.anything
2.some; 2.somebody
3.any; 3.anybody
4.any-some; 4.anything
5.some; 5.something
6.any ; 6.somebody- anybody
Anybody 7.something-anybody
7.any; 8.anybody
8.some; 9.anybody
9.any; 10.somewhere
10.any 11.anywhere
12.somewhere
13.anywhere
14.anybody
15.something
16.anybody
17.anybody anything

132
Exercise 3 :

1.few ;
2.little
3.many ;
4.much;
5.many;
6.few;
7.little;

COMPARATIV I SUPERLATIV

Exercise 1:

1. the best ;
2. longer,shorter;
3. the longest;
4. warmer,warmer;
5. most of the people;
6. the most popular;
7. as beautiful as;
8. warm, more beautiful;
9. the worst;
10.the most interesting;

Exercise 2:

1.the better;
2.fewer and fewer;
3.the latter;
4.elder;
5.the next;

Exercise 3:

1.Have you read Marins Preda last novel?

133
2.He studies more and more .
3.Have you met his elder sister?
4.Which is the farthest planet?

Exercise 4 :

1.more interesting than the film

2.bigger than
3.better at maths than
4.more intelligent than
5.worse than
6.older than
7.more expensive than
8.more important than

Exercise 5 :

a. harder than
b. less comfortable than
c. not as good as
d. as late as
e. more sensitive than
f. not as heavy as
g. not as good as
h. as clever as

Exercise 6:

a. the biggest
b. the tallest
c. the oldest
d. the most elegant
e. the most important
f. the latest
g. the pretiest
h. the best .
Exercise 7

1.better and better

134
 2.more and more interesting
3.more and more comfortable
4.slower and slower
5.more and more important
6.earlier and earlier
7.older and older
8.wider and wider

Numeralul

The 24 th of January, and the 1 st of December are national days of our

people.Open the book at page 48 and read chapter 15 again.I live at no.49,
Spiru Haret street. How old are you? I am 12 (years old).At half past two Ill
get on bus 331 and go to visit the exhibition. How much is a pair of shoes? I
have been waiting for you for more than half an hour.I dialed double five,
seven, nine, three, four and then I waited.I think they left by the 6.30 train. A
terrible carthquake occured in March 1977.

Adjectivul

1/the best ;2/longer ,shorter ;/3.the longest ;

4/warmer,warmer; 5/many ;6/the most popular ;
7/as beautiful as / 8 /warm,more beautiful ;/9/the worst /10/the most
interesting;

2/the better /fewer and fewer /the latter /4/elder;5/the next ;

3/Have you read Marins Preda s last novel ?

- he studies more and more ;
- have you met his elder sister ;
- your dress is more modern than mine;
- which is the farthest /furthest planet;

135
 LEXIC

- kill, shoot down = a ucide, a dobor;

- repeal = a respinge, a-i displace, abroga,
a anula;
- abstain for = a se reine de la ceva ;
- breach of trust = abuz de ncredere;
-overwhelming = epuizare copleitoare;
exhausting
- accident = accident;
- tolerance = toleran;
- accusation, charge = acuzaie;
- accused = acuzat;
- accused falsely = acuzat pe nedrept;
- buy, purchase = a cumpra , a cheltui;
- associate = a asocia;
- team up, get together = a echipa , a se mpreuna;
- discharge = disculp;
- bill of indictment = acte de acuzare;
- legal action = aciune legal;
- bring an action against = a aciona mpotriva;
- deputy = deputat, delegat;
- administration = administrare , gestionare;
- case = caz;
- constable ,policeman = agent de poliie;
- assault = a agresa , a ataca, asalt;
- alibi = alibi;
- lunatic,insan = nebun, alienat;
- fine = amend;
- amnesty, law of amnesty = iertare, legea graierii;
- appeal = a apela (la), a plcea;
- to arrest = a aresta;
- judgement, decision = judecare,decizie;
- judgement by default = judecare greit (din greeal);
- district = district, zon;
- bomb expert = expert n bombe -artificier;
- murder = criminal;
- sworn , officially designed = legat prin jurmnt;
- court of assizes = curtea regal;
- bomb attack = atac cu bomb ;
- crowd , gathering = mulime , adunare ;
- hearing, session = audien ;
- post mortem examination = autopsie ;

136
- autoritaty = autoritate ;
- police force = autoritate, forta poliiei ;
- confession, acknowledgement = confesiune, nelegere ;
- full confession = confesiune deplin;
- lawer, counsel = avocat;
- assistant public prosecutor = avocat general;
- solicitor = solicitant;
- fighting, fight = btlie, btaie;
- convinct = convingere;
- gag = clu, gag / a pune clu;
- ballistic = balistic;
- bullet = glon;
-organised crime = crim organizat;
- road block = baraj rutier;
- witness box = boxa martorilor;
- appear as a witness = a aprea ca un martor;
- legal profession = baron;
- unit team, station = brigad;
- (police) sergeant = (poliie) sergent;
- office, desk = birou (mobil);
- prison cell = celul de nchisoare;
- co-defendant = co-aprtor;
-co-author, join author,associate = co autor ,asociat;
- penal code,criminal code = codul (penal);
- superintended = comisar;
- police station = comisariat;
- regatory comission = comisia;
- appearance = apariie;
- jurisdiction, poweres = jurisdicie, putere;
- accomplish = a realiza;
- conspiracy, plot = conspiraie, complot;
- current account = cont curent;
- sentence = 1.propoziie 2.condamnare;
- certified true = conform (copie);
- report, notice = raport, noti;
- crime scene report = proces-verbal al scenei de crim;
- compel, constrain = a constrnge;
- constraint = constrngere;
- imprisonment = nchisoare;
-ofender = aprtor;
-forge,counterfeit = contrafcut;
- corrupt = corupt;
- coup = lovitur de stat ;
- guilty = vinovat;
- court = curte;

137
- court of appeal = curte de apel;
- Supreme court of appeal, final court of appeal = Curtea Suprem de Apel ;
- martial court = curtea marial;
- custom, common law = Legea comun;
- crime = crim;
- criminal = criminal;
- dismiss, reject = respins;
- behead = decapitare;
- die = a muri;
- issue a warrant = ncredina un mandat;
- witness for defence = martor al aprrii ;
- statement = declaraie;
- refuse, decline = refuz;
- decree, executive order ,writ = decret;
- compensation = compensaie;
- clear = clar/curat;
- default , non appearance = greeal, fr apariie;
- defence = aprare;
- pull out = a scoate;
- damages = pagube;
- defacement = degradare;
- delay = a ntarzia, a amna;
- informer = a informa;
- denunciation = denunare;
- offender = suprare;
- crime,offence = crim;
- corpus delicti = corp delict;
- request, ask = cerere;
- residence = domiciliu, reedin;
- denial, refusal = negare, refuz;
- report, inform = report, informare;
- costs, expenses = costuri, cheltuieli;
- report a crime, file a complaint = reportul unei crime;
- give evidence, testify, report = a depune jurmnt;
- member of parliament = membru al parlamentului;
- member of the Congress (US) = membru congresului;
- disarm = dezarma;
- deny, distinct = a nega;
- police raid = raidul poliiei;
- withdrawal = retragere;
-discharge, remove from office , dismiss;
- private detective = dectectiv particular;
- keep in detention = a ine n nchisoare;
- trigger = trgaci;
- detention under remand = detenie preventiv;

138
- rifle, burger = puc;
- file = dosar;
- customs = vame;
- customs duties = drepturile vamei;
- cartridge case = nzestrat;
- drug = drog;
- commercial law = lege commercial;
- common law = lege comun;
- taxation law = cod fiscal;
- criminal law = legea penal;
- civil law = legea civil;
- be taken in = a fi lsat n;
- drunkenness = beie;
- grade = ealon, treapt;
- burst,explode = a exploda;
- telephone tapping = telefon supravegheat;
- manpower = efective;
- break in = efracie;
- clear up, solve = a elucida, a rezolva;
- emancipate = a emancipa;
- riot = revolt, dezordine;
- emigrant = emigrant ;
- finger print = amprent digital;
- imprison, put into jail = a nchide, a bga la nchisoare;
- damage = pagub;
- break the law = a nclca legea;
- get drunk = a se mbta;
- stake = a risca;
- kidnapping = rpire;
- investigation ,injury = investigare;
- investigate = a investiga;
- investigator = anchetator;
- jam = ambuteiaj;
- confirm , ratify = a confirma, a ratifica;
- hostess = gazd;
- swindler, crook = escroc;
- swindle , fraud = fraud;
- to spy = a spiona;
- go to court = a merge n justiie;
- stranhle , throttle = a strnge de gt, a sufoca ;
- escape = a scpa;
- excuse , apology = scuz;
- pay the penalty for = a plti penalizare pentru ;
- feat = somaie;
- explosive = exploziv;

139
- extort = a extorca;
- certificate, statement,extract = certificate;
- extradite,extradition = extrdare;
- be on guard, on stationary duty = a fi pe faz;
- bankruptcy = faliment;
- alter, forge = a falsifica;
- misbehaviour = greeal, delicven;
- surveillance, shadowing = filaj, supraveghere;
- income tax department = fisc;
- in the act,red-handed = prins n fapt;
- cop = poliai;
- madness ,lunacy = nebunie;
- duties = datorii;
- coninct = condamnat ();
- guarantee = garant;
- watchman ,sentry, guard = gard;
- bodyguard = paznic;
-cutody = custodie;
-patroman , policeman = poliist;
- traffic patrol officer = poliist de circulaie;
- guard ,warder = gardian;
- Gendarme = Jandarm;
- government = guvernmnt;
- governor = guvernator;
- free pardon , mercy = mil, clemen;
- rank = ir, rnd;
- grafologist = grafologist;
- record office of court = gref ( de tribunal) ;
- secretary of the court = grefier;
- grenade = grenad;
- unable to pay for it = incapabil de a plti pentru el ;
- first authentic copy = prima copie autentic;
- war = rzboi;
- be on the watch = a fi cu ochii pe
- ambush , trap = curs;
- counter ,box office = tejghea /cas de bilete ;
- red light,blue light, rotating lamp = girofar;
- enabling of someone to do something= incapacitatea unei persoane de a face ceva;
- capacitation = capacitate;
- inheritance, legacy = motenire;
- inherit = a moteni;
- hierarchy, line of command = ierarhie,l inie de comand;
- hold-up, armed robbery = jaf armat;
- statesman = om de stat;
- time clock = ceas;

140
- outlaw = n afara legii ;
- hotel used as a call-house = hotel de trecere;
- usher = a conduce, amenina;
- mortgage, bond = ipotec;
- identify = a identific;
- identity = identitate ;
- identity card = carte de identitate ;
- unlawfulness, illegality = ilegalitate;
- unlawful, illegitimate = ilegitim;
- illicit ,illegal = illicit, illegal;
- registration = nmatriculare;
- immunity , privilege = imunitate ,privilegiu;
- impact, touch down = impact, lovitur;
- form = form;
- impunity = a impune;
- ascribe, put down to someone , impute = a imputa;
- infit , inapt = inapt;
- imprison , send to jail = nchis,trimis la nchisoare;
- charge , indict = inculpat;
- compensation = compensaie;
- allowance = permisie;
- clue = cheie, indice;
- indulgence , leniency = indulgen;
- infanticide = infamant, degradant;
- inflict a penalty to someone = a plica o amend cuiva;
- news = tiri;
- infringement , offence = infraciune,ofens;
- inject = a injecta;
- order of the court = ordinul curii ;
- offence language , insult = injurie , insult;
- innocent ,not guity,blameless = innocent, nevinovat ;
- plea (of forgery) = pledoarie,pretext;
- insolvent = insolvabil;
- detective inspector = inspector (detectiv);
- institute proceeding = procedurile instanei;
- still pending, still under discussion = nc n discuie ;
- institution = instituie;
- judicial inquiry = pedeaps judiciar ;
- forbid, prohibit = interdicie;
- claim, damages = pagube;
- stop and check someone = a interpela;
- questioning, examination of defendant = interogatoriu ;
- investigation , inquiry = investigaie ;
- judicial inquiry = pedeaps judiciar;
- judicial = judiciar ;

141
- examining magistrate = judector ;
- remand a case court = rmne cazul curii ;
- trial, judgement = judecat, proces;
- deliver a sentence = a pronuna o sentin ;
- be brought up for trial = a fi adus la judecat;
- by default = din greeal ;
- judge,pass sentence , try = judecat, proces;
- juryman = juriu;
- jurisdiction = jurisdicie ;
- case law , jurisprudence = jurispruden;
- dispense justice = justiie ;
- go to law = a-i face dreptate;
- kepi = grij;
- horn , hoot = a claxona;
- kleptomania = cleptomanie;
- laboratory = laborator;
- tear gras = lacromigene (gaze);
- pass, permit = a lsa s treac;
- blade = lam;
- petty theft , larceny =mic furt, obiect mic;
- stab,knife = cuit;
- robber, thief = ho;
- clear someone from a accusation = a scoate pe cineva de sub acuzaie;
- lauder, money laundering = splare de bani,acuzaie;
- legalize = a legaliza;
-legislate = legislaie;
- forensic pathologist = medic legist;
- self-defence = legitim aprare;
- in defence of someone else = n aprarea altcuiva;
- legal owner = proprietar legal;
-bequeath = a lega, a lsa prin testament;
- encroach upon someones rights = a leza, a vtma;
- remove the seals = a revoca /tampila ;
- wad of banknotes = a face sul bacnote ;
- set a prisoner free ,discharge = a elibera un prizonier;
- licence = licen ;
- tie someone up,bind someone hand and foot = a lega fedele;
- case under dispute , dispute at law , lawsuit = litigiu;
- post mortem lividity = lividitate cadaveric ;
- law , act of parliament = lege, act al parlamentului ;
- magistrate = magistrate;
- mayor = maior;
- town hall = primrie;
- offender = rufctor;
- dishonest, deceitful = necinstit;

142
- ill-will = rea-voin;
- mandate = mandat;
- warrant = mandat judiciar;
- warrant of arrest = mandate de arestare;
- committal order = angajare;
- search warrant = mandat de percheziie;
- pimp = pete, coda ;
- army medical officer = medic militar;
- threaten = ameninat, ameninat ;
- handcuffs = ctue;
- handcuff = ctu;
- murder = crim;
- murderer = criminal;
- militia = miliia;
- underworld = sub pmnt;sub acoperire;
- mine = min;
- juvenile = juvenile, minor;
- ministry = minister;
- department of the public prosecutor = minister public;
- Secretary of State = secretar de stat;
- mission = misiune;
- machine-gun = mitralier;
- assault = asalt;
- mortuary = morg;
- sneak ,police informer , informant = spion,denuntor;
- ammunitions = muniie;
- transfer = transfer;
- mutinity = rzmeri;
- drug , narcotic = drog, nicotin;
- deny = a nega;
- notify = a nota;
- infiltrate = infiltra ;
- invalidity = invaliditate;
- aim , ojective = scop, obiectiv;
- to obey = a (se) supune;
- peep-hole = vizor;
- office ,duty = birou, datorie;
- officer = ofier;
- opiates = substane opiacee ( droguri);
- stop payment of = oprirea plii ;
- stay of execution ,caveat = a se opune executrii ;
- judges order , judges ruling ,enactment = ordinul judectorului ;
- order = ordin, a ordona ;
- hostage = ostatec;
- public indecency = indecen public;

143
- appear in court = a aprea n justiie;
- bullet proof vest = vest anti-glon;
- parliament = Parlament,congres ;
- department = department serviciu ;
- liable to = posibil de ;
- patrol = patrol ;
- oppium poppy = opium /mac ;
- penal, criminal = penal, criminal;
- hanging = a atrna atrnnd ;
- penitentiary = penitenciar ;
- on duty = de serviciu ;
- driving licence , drivers licence = permis de conducere ;
- house search = percheziie ;
- pickpocket = ho de buzunare ;
- pedestrian , passer-by = pieton , trector ;
- loot , sack = a jefui , a prda ;
- shot = mpuca;
- gun = puc;
- sub-machine gun = pistol-mitralier;
- plead = a pleda;
- pleading = pledoarie;
- plaintiff, complaint = plngere;
- complain = a se plnge;
- crime report, complaint = plngere;
- stab = a njunghia;
- poison = otrav;
- police = poliie;
- first aid = primul ajutor;
- criminal investigation department = poliia judiciar;
- fireman = pompier;
- illegal carrying of a weapon = port illegal de arme;
- police station = secie de poliie;
- apply for = a se adresa;
- gallows = spnzurtoare;
- powder = pudr;
- charge, prosecute = nvinuire;
- police force headquarters = poliia din cartierul general;
- losses = prejudiciu;
- sampling = mostr,prob;
- premeditation = premeditare;
- prescription = prescriere;
- supposed = a presupune;
- accused of , charge with = acuzat de ;
- prison jail = nchisoare;
- legal procedure = procedur legal;

144
- legal proceeding = acte de procedur;
- administrative proceeding = procedur administrativ;
- trial = process;
- criminal court trial = process criminal;
- police report = proces-verbal;
- crown prosecutor = procurer;
- prohibit, forbid = a interzice;
- projectile = proiectil;
- sentence = pronun o sentin;
- prostitute,whore = prostituat;
- prove = a demonstra;
- pimping,procuring = proxenetism;
- conciliation board = cale de mpcare;
- punish = pedeaps;
- punishable = pedepsibil ();
- qualification = calitate;
- headquarters = cartier general;
-(just) solicit,accost = a solicita, a acosta;
- police raid = raid de poliie;
- ransom = rscumprare;
- report = raport ;
- kidnapping = rpire;
- receiving and concealing stolen goods = tinuire de obiecte furate;
- receiver, handler of stolen goods = tinuitor de lucruri furate;
- repeat an offence , to relapse into crime = a recidiva;
- recruit = a recruta;
- object to witness = obiect al marturisirii;
- release = a se relaxa ;
- put ones revolver back = a-i pune revolverul la loc;
- remorse = a se ci;
- (just) call for sentence = a cere, a reclama;
- cancel = a anula;
- scope, competence = scop, competen;
- without appeal = fr apel;
- brawl = ncierare;
- seizure = sechestru, confiscare;
- seizure for security = msur de securitate;
- size = mrime;
- refer a matter to court = a sesiza tribunalul;
- seal = sigiliu, pecete;
- secret, secrecy =secret;
- in solitary confinement = secret;
- Senate = Senat;
- illegal restraint = sechestrare;
- oath, take an oath = jurmnt;

145
- swering in = jurmnt;
- locksmith = lctu;
- department , agency = tribunal pentru judecare;
- description = descriere;
- notify , serve a notice upon = semnificativ;
- solvent = solvabil;
- warning shot = somaie;
- summons to appear = somaie de apariie;
- survey = sondaj, supraveghere;
- to bribe = a plti, a tocmi;
- suspicion = suspiciune;
- pimp = susintor;
- parking = parcare;
- drugs , narcotics = droguri, narcotice;
- crown prosecutor = substitut;
- vote = vot;
- suicide = a se sinucide;
- surrogate = surogat;
- safety,security = securitate , siguran;
- delay, stay of preecedings = amnare;
- suspect = suspect;
- disturbance , scandal = scandal , disturbare;
- testimony, evidence = eviden;
- attempt = ncercare;
- torture = tortura;
- translator = traductor;
- sue,prosecute = a persecute;
- deal, smuggle = traffic ;
- settle = a pune o ntrebare;
- be involved in = a fi implicat de;
- court of justice = Tribunal;
- pavement,sidewalk = trotuoar;
- felon, crook,gangster = gangster;
- to kill = a ucide;
- uniform = uniform;
- emergency = urgen;
- ballot box = urn;
- usurer = cmtar;
- holidays = vacane;
- vagrancy = vagabondaj;
- case, suitcase = valiz;
- vandalism = vandalism;
- night watchman = supraveghetor de noapte;
- (give a) fine = a da o amend;
- checking = verificare;

146
- vice = viciu;
- victim = victim;
- rape = viol;
- rapist = violator;
- medical examination = vizit medical;
- theft = furt, hoie;
- robbery = jaf;
- shoplifting = ho de magazine;
- ballot = a vota;
- peeping tom = voyeur;
- hooligan = huligan;
- examination and passed on = examinat i trecut;

147
ANEXE

Writing a letter properly

Scrierea unei scrisori potrivite

DONT FORGET : KISS ( keep it short and simple)

Nu uita : Srut ( s fie scurt i simplu) ;

Your name : on the top right

(Numele tu) : n partea dreapt de sus.

The readers name : on the left

Numele cititorului : pe partea stng

The date : 8th September 2005 ( 8 septembrie 2005, etc.)

Numele lunilor primesc ntotdeauna o majuscul n limba englez.

FORMAL INFORMAL
(degajat,familiar)
Opening salutation Dear Sirs Dear Mr.Sweet
( salutri sincere) Dear Sir, Dear Dear Mrs Sweet
Madame Dear John
Closing salutation Your faithful Yours sincerely
Cordially years
With best /kind
regards.

Your faithful = al dumneavoastr credincios;

With best/kind regards = cele mai sincere urri ;

BUSINESS LETTERS = Scrisori de afaceri

We thank you for your letter of V mulumim pentru scrisoarea

dumneavoastr despre

With reference /in replay/Further to your letter of Referitor/Ca

replic/Urmare la
Following our
(telephone) conversationCa urmare a conversaiei ( telefonului ) nostru

148
We are pleased /happy to inform you that /Sunt fericii /ncntai s v
informm faptul cWe would be grateful if you could V vom fi foarte
recunosctori dac ai putea.

Sfritul unei scrisori

- I look forward to hearing from you/to meeting you

- Atept s aud veti de la dumneavoastr/s v ntlnesc
- We would appreciate an answer /A reply by return of post
- Un rspuns la scrisoare
- We are extremely grateful for /V suntem profund recunosctori

- My most sincere thanks forCele mai sincere mulumiri pentru
- I wish to express our gratitude= Vreau s exprim gratitudinea
noastr pentru

The months of the year are :

Lunile anului sunt :

- January; - August;
- February; - September;
- March; - October;
- April; - November;
- May; - December;
- June;
- July;

Seasons of the year :

- spring ( primvara );
- summer ( var) ;
- autumn ( toamn) ;
- winter (iarna) ;

149
The days of the week :

- Sunday = duminic ;
- Monday = luni;
- Tuesday = mari ;
- Wednesday = miercuri ;
- Thursday = joi ;
- Friday = vineri ;
- Saturday = smbt .

Try to translate into Romanian :

Days,Weeks, Months, Seasons,

There are seven days in a week.The first day is Monday; the second day
is Tuesday ; the third day is Wednesday ; the fourth day is Thursday;the fifth
day is Friday ; the sixth day is Saturday and the seventh day is Sunday.
Monday, Tuesday,Wednesday,Thursday and Friday are week
days.Saturday and Sunday are week-end days and sometimes we call Sunday
a holiday .There are four weeks and a few days in a month.
There are twelve months in a year.There are about three months in each
season.
The four seasons are Spring,Summer, Autumn and Winter.March ,
April and May are Spring months,June,July and August are Summer months;
September, October and November are Autumn months; December, January
and February are Winter months.

150
 MOMENTS OF DAYS AND NIGHTS

- dawn/daybreak = zori de zi/ a se crpa de ziu ;

- sunrise = rsrit de soare ;
- sunset = apus de soare ;
- dusk = amurg ;
- at dusk = la lsarea serii ;

THE MEALS OF THE DAY

- breakfast = micul-dejun ;
- lunch = prnz ;
- dinner = cina ;
- supper = supa ;

Translate :

MORNING COFFEE

- Who is it ?
- Its me !
- Oh! Hello,come in.How nice!
- Are you busy ?You are tired.
- Yes.
- Mrs.Brown ?
- Yes.
- Time for coffee.
- Good.
- What a nice room !
- Milk!
- No, thank you.Where are the children ?
- At school Sugar ?
- Yes,pleaseThank you.
151
 - How is Charlie ?
- Hes fine , thank you.
- At school?
- Yes,please Thank you.
- At school.
- Yes, at school.
- And how is David ? How is his work ?
- Oh!All right
- Thank you,are the roses from the garden ?
- Yes. The garden is nice.There are lots of roses.

Words :

- Who is it ? Cine este?

- How nice ! Ce drgu !
- Are you busy ? Eti ocupat ?
- You are tired? Eti obosit ?
- Time for coffee ? Este timp pentru cafea ?
- milk = lapte;
- at school = la coal;
- sugar = zahr ;
- How is (Charlie);Ce face Charlie ?
- How is his work ? Cum este munca lui?
- from the garden = din grdin ;
- there are lots of roses = sunt o grmad de trandafiri ;

At the restaurant

Waiter : Good evening ,sir.

Man : Ah, good evening. An omlette and macaroni, please.Oh, yes, and a
beef steak and some bread and butter.
W : Any tomato or lettuce salad,sir ?
M : No, thank you. Have you got any cheese ?
W : What kind of cheese,sir ?
M : Feta cheese.Have you got any?
W : Im sorry sir.We havent got any ; but weve got some French cheese.Its
very good cheese.
M : No, thank you.We havent got French cheese in my country
152
 A MEAL AT RESTAURANT

Translate:

- Hello Chris, you are here already.Good.How are you ?

- I am very well, thank you.
- How are you Jerry ?O.K. thanks.
- Its good to have lunch with an old friend.
- Yes, its just a quick lunch with an old friend.
- Yes, its just a quick lunch today but its good to see an old friend.
- So, what are you drinking ?
- Im drinking a tomato juice.I have a business meeting this
afternoon.
- Fine, and for me please.Now, what are we going to eat ?
- This fish is rather good here, but Im not having fish today.
- I am hungry and thats why Im having steak, a big steak, lots of
potatoes, and a salad.
- Well I never have a lot of lunch.Im leaving a small steak, a little
salad and some of your potatoes, for me please.
- All right. Thats two steaks, two tomato juices, one potatoes and
which salad sir ?
- Tomato.
- Yes, tomato; a tomato salad for me, please.
- Yes, sir.
- How is your wife, and your pretty little daughter? Happy as
always?
- Yes, she is always happy, isnt she mum, youre right; and how
is Andrew?
- Oh! Five thanks.He is working hard as usual.
- Arent we all ?
- Im not working this week-end.I am gardening.
- Oh, here is the food.
- Here you are gentleman.Two steaks,one tomato salad, and one
chips.Is that all sir ?
- Where is the salt ? Oh, Im sorry sir.Is no salt.Just a moment.Im
getting it.
- Salt is not good for you.
- I know but steak and potatoes are not good without salt.
- Here you are.Salt and pepper.
153
- Is that all sir ?
- Yes, thank you very much.
- Youre welcome.
- Mm, this is very good.I like this steak.
- Mm,its a lot for me.
- Oh, come on, we are eating at a restaurant .Enjoy yourself.
- Well, it is good.And the tomatoes are fresh.The bread is very
goodWaiter !
- Yes sir ?
- This is a very good bread.
- Yes sir , we have a very good baker.
- Im Iam putting butter on mine.Some more butter please.
- Yes, sir.
- And a bottle of water, very cold please.
- Yes, sir.
- Here you are.
- Yes, some fruit, sir ?
- No, thanks.The bill please.
- Ah, yes sit ;just a moment.
- Well, that was a good meal.Now,whats the time?
- Its two oclock.
- Im sorry, but I have a meeting
- Thats O.K.I am going to work, too.
- Thank you.
- Oh,no, thats .
- No, no.Were near my office today.
- O.K. But when are we meeting again ?
- Any time, its fun.
- Ok.Next time we are meeting near my office.
- Thank you.You have a good restaurant.
- Ah, thank you sir.
- Well, lets back to work.
- Yes.Come on then.

154
Translate :

A House Near The Sea

There is a house in this picture. Its on the hill.The house is white, but
its roof is red.There is a chimney on its roof.There is a window and a door at
the front of the house.There is a tree behind it.The tree is green and its trunk
is brown.The hill is at the front of the picture.Its a green hill.It is green.The
grass on it is green.There are two cows on the hill.One cow is white and
brown,one cow is white and black.Behind the house there are
mountains.They are brown.They are far from the hill.There is a plain in the
picture, too.It is near the hill. It is on the right of the hill.It is a yellow
plain.On the right of the picture there is the sea. Its colour is blue.Its blue
sea.There is an island in the sea.The island is far from the hill.Its an island in
the sea.The island is far from the hill.It is green.There is a boat on the sea
,too.Its a white boat.There are men in the boat.Above the mountains , the hill
and the sea is the sky. Its colour is blue.The sun in the sky.The sun is
yellow.The boat is on the right of the picture.The house is on the left of the
picture.The island is on the right.

WORDS :

- hill = deal ;
- chimney = co, horn ;
- roof = acoperi ;
- in front = n faa ;
- behind = n spate ;
- trunk = trunchi ;
- grass = iarb;
- boat = barc ;
- sky = cer ;
- island = insul;
- near = lng;

155
COLOURS :

- brown = maro/cafeniu;
- white = alb ();
- black = negru;
- blue = albastru ();
- yellow = galben ();
- green = verde;
- grey = cenuiu (e);
- red = rou ;
- orange = portocaliu;
- pink = roz, trandafiriu;
- purple = purpuriu;
- violet = violet;
- bright-red = rou-aprins;
- dark- blue = albastru-nchis;

Translate into Romanian :

Trafalgar Square London

This is Trafalgar Square. It is a big square in London. There are

beautiful building round it. Some buildings are high and some are low.
There is a monument in the middle of the square.It is Lord Nelsons
monument.It is Nelsons statue.The statue is standind on a very high
column.A lot of birsds are flying round it.They are pigeons.
There is a big building on the left of the picture.It is behind the
monument.There are famous pictures inside it. These pictures are
paintings.El Greco and Da Vinci are great painters.Some of their paintings
are inside the big building.El Greco is Greek , Da Vinci is Italian , and Lord
Nelson is English.They are all great men .A lot of cars and buses are going
round the square.One bus is stopping at the bus-stop.It is not going round the
square.Some passangers are coming out of the bus.Other passengers are
going in.Look at the church in the middle of the picture.There are a lot of
people going up its staircase.They are visiting the church .Some people are
going down .They are going away.
There are a lot of other people in the square . Some are walking and
some are sitting in the middle of the square .Some are walking and some are
sitting in the middle of the square under Nelsons statue. A girl is feeding
some pigeons and a boy is looking up.He is looking at an aeroplane.The
156
aeroplane is flying over Trafalgar Square.Aeroplanes are very fast , some cars
are fast but carts are slow.

Words :

- square = pia ;
- round it = n jurul ;
- high = nalt () ;
- low = jos () ;
- middle = n mijlocul ;
- monument = monument ;
- famous = faimos ();
- birds = psri ;
- to fly = a zbura ;
- pigeon = porumbel;
- building = cldire ;
- inside = nuntrul ;
- Greek = grec ;
- lot of cars = multe maini ;
- round = n jurul ;
- passenger = pasager ;
- bus-stop = staie de autobuz;
- church = biseric;
- in the middle = n mijlocul;
- staircase = scri ; ( casa scrii ) ;
- under = sub, dedesubt ;
- to feed = a hrni;
- aeroplane = avion;
- fast = repede, repezi, iute ;
- slow = ncet, ncete ;
- aeroplane = aeroplan, avion ;
- fly over = a zbura deasupra;

157
 COUNTRIES

COUNTRIES NAIONALITI

- CHINA Chinese;
- JAPAN Japonese;
- PORTUGAL Portuguese;
- SWITZERLAND Swiss;
- VIETNAM Vietnamese;
- AFRICA African;
- AMERICA American;
- BELGIUM Belgian;
- BRAZIL Brasilian;
- BULGARIA Bulgarian;
- GREECE Greek;
- GERMANY German;
- HUNGARY Hungarian;
- DENMARK Danish ;
- FILAND Finnish ;
- FRANCE French ;
- ITALY Italian ;
- POLAND Polish ;
- ROMANIA Romanian ;
- SPAIN Spanish ;
- SWEDEN Swedish ;
- ARABIA Arabic ;
- HOLLAND Dutch ;
- NETHERLAND Dutch ;
- IRELAND Irish ;
- SCOTLAND Scots ;

I am Greek; my country is Greece.

Eu sunt grec; ara mea este Grecia.
You are British; your country is Britain;
Tu eti britanic; ara ta este Britania.
She is Italian; her country is Italy.
Ea este italianc; ara ei este Italia.
They are Greek; their flag is blue and white.
Ei sunt greci; steagul lor este albastru i alb.
I am Romanian: my country is Romania .Our flag is red, yellow and blue .
Sunt romn:ara mea este Romnia. Steagul nostru este rou, galben i
albastru.
158
I am Romanian.
Sunt romn.
I am a Romanian woman (man).
Sunt o romnc ( romn).
The flag of my country is red, yellow and blue.
Steagul rii mele este rou, galben i albastru.
Its the flag of my country.
Este steagul rii mele.
My country is Romania.
ara mea este Romnia.

159
VERBELE NEREGULATE

160
infinitiv trecut participiu traduction

- arise - arose - arisen - a se ridica ;

- awake - awoke - awoken - a se trezi ;

- be - was/were - been - a fi ;

- bear - bore - borne - a suporta, a purta ;

- beat - beat - beaten - a bate ;

- become - became - become - a deveni ;

- begin - began - begun - a ncepe ;

- bend - bent - bent - a (se ) ndoi ;

- bet - bet - bet - a paria ;

- bite - bit - bitten - a muca ;

- blow - blew - blown - a sulfa;

- break - broke - broken - a (se) sparge ;

- breed - bred - bred - a crete , a educa;

- bring - brought - brought - a aduce ;

- build - built - built - a construi ;

- burn - burnt - burnt - a arde ;

- burst - burst - burst - a izbucni, a nvli;

- buy - bought - bought - a cumpra ;

- cast - cast - cast - a arunca ;

- catch - caught - caught - a prinde ;

- choose - chose - chosen - a alege ;

- come - came - come - a veni ;

- cost - cost - cost - a costa ;

- creep - crept - crept - a se tr, a se furia;

161
- cut - cut - cut - a tia ;

- deal - dealt - dealt - a trata, a se ocupa de;

- dig - dug - dug - a spa ;

- do - did - done - a face ;

- draw - drew - drawn - a desena ;

- dream - dreamt - dreamt - a visa ;

- drink - drank - drunk - a bea ;

- drive - drove - driven - a conduce ;

- eat - ate - eaten - a mnca ;

- fall - fell - fallen - a cdea ;

- feed - fed - fed - a hrni ;

- feel - felt - felt - a simi ;

- fight - fought - fought - a (se) simi ;

- forbid - forbade - forbidden - a interzice ;

- forget - forgot - forgotten - a uita ;

- forgive - forgave - forgiven - a ierta ;

- freeze - froze - frozen - a nghea ;

- get - got - got - a primi ;

- give - gave - given - a da;

- go - went - gone - a merge;

- grow - grew - grown - a crete;

- hang - hung - hung - a atrna;

- have - had - had - a avea ;

- hear - heard - heard - a auzi ;

162
- hide - hid - hidden - a (se) ascunde;

- hold - held - held - a ine;

- hurt - hurt - hurt - a rni ;

- keep - kept - kept - a ine, a pstra;

- know - knew - know - a tii;

- lay - laid - laid - a pune, a aeza;

- lead - led - led - a conduce;

- lean - leant - leant - a se apleca , a se sprijini ;

- leap - leapt - leapt - a sri ;

- learn - learnt - learnt -a nva;

- leave left - left -a pleca, a prsi;

- lend - lent - lent - a da cu mprumut;

- let - let - let - a lsa , a permite;

- lie - lay - lain - a zcea, a se afla;

- light - lit - lit - a prinde ;

- lose - lost - lost - a pierde;

- make - made - made - a face;

- mean - meant -meant - a nsemna;

- meet - met - met - a ntlni ;

- pay - paid - paid - a plti ;

- put - put - put - a pune ;

- read - read -read - a citi ;

- ride - rode - ridden - a clri;

- ring - rang - rung - a suna ;

- rise - rose -rosen - a rsri ;

- run - ran - run - a alerga;

- say - said - said - a spune;

163
- see - saw - seen - a vedea;

- seek - sought - sought - a cuta;

- sell - sold - sold - a vinde ;

- set - set - set - a pune, a fixa;

- shake - shook - shaken - a scutura, a tremura.

- shine - shone - shone - a strluci;

- shoot - shot - shot - a mpuca;

- show - showed - shown - a arta;

- shut - shut - shut - a nchide;

- sing - sang - sung - a cnta;

- sink - sank - sunk - a (se) scufunda;

- sit - sat - sat - a sta , a se aeza;

- sleep - slept - slept - a dormi;

- smell - smelt - smelt -a zmbi;

- speak - spoke -spoken - a vorbi ;

- spell - spelt - spelt - a otografia;

- spend - spent - spent -- a cheltui;

- spread - spread - spread - s (se) ntinde;

- spring - sprang - sprung -a izvor ;

- stand - stood - stood - a sta ( n picioare);

- steal - stole - stolen - a fura ;

- stick - stuck - stuck - a lipi;

- strike - struck - struck - a lovi;

- swear - swore - sworn - a jura ;

- sweep -swept - swept - a mtura;

- swing - swung - swung - a nota;

- take - took - taken - a lua ;

164
- teach - taught - taught - a nva;

- tear - tore - torn - a rupe, a sfia;

- tell - told -told - a spune;

- think - thought - thought - a gndi;

- throw - threw - thrown - a arunca ;

- understand understood understood - a nelege ;

- upset - upset - upset - a supra;

- wake - woke -woken - a (se) trezi ;

- wear - wore - worn - a purta;

- weep - wept - wept - a plnge ;

- win - won - won - a nvinge ;

- write - wrote - written - a scrie;

165