Countable and uncountable Nouns (Substantive numarabile si nenumarabile)

Sunstantivele se împart în substantive numărabile(countable nouns) şi substantive nenumărabile

(uncountable nouns).

Substantivele numărabile sunt substantivele care au si formă de singular şi formă de plural si

primesc la numărul singular a/an:

a- se asază în faţa unui cuvânt care începe cu o consoană (b/c/d/f/g/h/, etc.)

e.g. a hat a book

a lemon a table

an- se aşază în faţa unui cuvânt care începe cu o vocală (a/e/i/o/u, etc.)

e.g. an orange an egg

an apple

Substantivele nenumărabile sunt substantive care nu pot fi numărate. Ele nu au formă de plural.
Substantivele nenumărabile includ:
- tipuri de mâncare: spagetti, zoghurt, cheese, flour, butter, meat;
- lichide: water, coffee, soda, lemonade, oil, petrol, tea;
- materiale: silver, wood, crzstal, plastic, porcelain;
- substantive abstracte: freedom, love, justice, beauty, knowledge
- altele: news, advice, information, weather, furniture, luggage, hair, accomodation,
behaviour, equipment, fun, research, rubbish, litter, etc.
Carcteristici ale substantivelor numărabile şi nenumărabile:

Substantive numărabile (Countable nouns)

- pot primi verb şi la singular şi la plural;

e.g. The book is on the table.
The books are on the table.
- primesc a/an/the/my, etc. la singular;
e.g. I bought an umbrella.
- pot fi folosite singure cu some/any/many/few la plural.
e.g. I love carrots.
I’m going to buy some carrots.

Substantive nenumărabile (Uncountable nouns)

- întotdeauna primesc verb la singular.
e.g. Sugar is fattening.
Honey comes from bees.
- nu primesc a/an/one/two, etc.
e.g. I like to drink milk.
 - pot fi folosite singure sau cu some/any/much/little/the/my, etc.
e.g. Remember to buy (some) cheese!

Putem folosi a/an, one/two cu substantive nenumarabile precum coffee, tea, lemonade, etc.
atunci cand ne referim la a cup, glass, bottle, etc. de un anumit lichid:

e.g. Can we have two coffees and two teas, please?

(=two cups of coffee and two cups of tea)

Unele substantive pot fi folosite ca numarabile sau nenumarabile, cu o diferenta in inteles.

e.g. a glass of water= un pahar de apa

statue made of glass= o statuie de sticla

a hair on his jacket= un fir de par pe haina

comb his hair= isi pieptena parul(tot parul din cap)

buy a paper= a cumpara un ziar

I want some paper= vreau niste hartie.

Atat sustantivele numarabile cat si substantivele nenumarabile pot fi folosite cu expresiile de

cantitate precum:

a jar of= un borcan de

a bottle of= o sticla de
a piece of= o bucata de
a loaf of bread= o paine
a cup of =o ceasca de
a bar of = o tableta de
a glass of = un pahar de
a kilo of= un kg de
a carton of= o cutie de
a bowl of= un bol de
a can of= o doza de
a jug of= o carafe de
a slice of= o felie de
a tin of= o conserva de
a packet of= un pachet de

Substantive compuse (Compound nouns)

Substantivele compuse sunt alcatuite din doua sau mai multe parti de vorbire si se formeaza dupa
cum urmeaza:

 noun+noun (substantive+substantiv). Pluralul se formeaza prin adaugare terminatiei –s/-

es la cel de al doilea substantiv
 e.g. bus driver-bus drivers

 -ing form/adjective+noun (adjectiv +substantiv). Pluralul se formeaza prin adaugare

terminatiei –s/-es la cel de al doilea substantive.

e.g. rocking-horse-rocking horses

dining room- dining rooms
darkroom-darkrooms

 noun+in-law (substantiv+ in-law). Pluralul se formeaza prin adaugare terminatiei –s la

substantiv.

e.g. brother-in-law (cumnat)-brothers-in-law (cumnati)

 noun+adverb (substantiv +adverb). Pluralul se formeaza prin adaugare terminatiei –s la

substantiv.

e.g. passer-by(trecator)- passers-by (trecatori)

 verb + adverb particle (verb +particula adverbiala). Pluralul se formeaza prin adaugare
terminatiei –s la cuvant.

e.g. breakdown (defectiune)- breakdowns(defectiuni)

Singular/Plural Verb Forms

A)Folosim verb la singular cu:

 substantive care se termina in –ics precum athletics, economics, electronics, gymnastics,

physics, politics.

e.g. Physics is my favourite subject at school.

 substantive care descriu boli- flu(gripa), pneumonia, inclusiv cu acelea care se termina in
–s (measles-pojar, mumps-oreion).

e.g. Pneumonia is a serious illness.

 substantive la plural atunci cand vorbim despre o cantitate de bani, o perioada de timp,
sau o distanta.

e.g. Two years is a long time to be unemployed.

 substantive care descriu un grup precum family, team, group, crowd, class, company and
government, atunci cand ne referim la grup ca la o unitate. Dar folosim verb la plural
atunci cand ne referim la indivizii care formeaza grupul.

e.g. My family is very important to me.(familia ca o unitate).

My family are going away next weekend. (ne referim la membrii familiei).

B)Folosim verb la plural cu:

 substantivele people, police, clothes and stairs.

e.g. The police are looking for the bank robbers.

 sustantivele care se refera la obiecte care sunt alcatuite din doua parti, precum: trousers,
shorts, shoes, gloves, pyjamas, glasses, earrings, socks, scissors.
Nu folosim a/an sau un numar cu aceste cuvinte. Folosim fraza pair of…

e.g. Where are my glasses?

I need a new pair of glasses.