CAZURILE SUBSTANTIVELOR (THE CASES OF THE NOUNS)

Cazul este categoria gramatical prin care se exprim raporturi sintactice ntre cuvinte prin modificarea formelor
acestora.

Clasificare:
1.Nominstiv
2.Genitiv
a) saxon/sintetic
b) prepoziional/analitic
c) dublu
d) implicit/aglutinant
3.Dativ
4.Acuzativ
5.Vocativ

1. Cazul Nominativ (The Nominative Case)

Este cazul subiectului i rspunde la ntrebrile: who ? - cine ? , what ? - - ce?

The boy is playing in the garden. - Biatul se joac n grdin.

Who is playing in the garden? - Cine se joac n grdin ?
I saw John. - Who saw John? - I did. - Eu l-am vzut pe John. - Cine l-a vzut pe John? - Eu.
The book is on the table. - What is on the table? - The book is. - Cartea este pe mas. - Ce este pe mas ? - Cartea.
Alice and Gabi are in the street. - Who is/are in the street ? - Alice and Gabi are. - Alice i Gabi sunt pe strad. - Cine
este pe strad? - Alice i Gabi.

2. Cazul Genitiv (The Genitive Case)

Este cazul atributului i rspunde la ntrebrile: whose ? - al cui ?, a cui ?, ai cui?, ale cui ?, which ?- care ?, which
of ?- care dintre ?, what ?- ce/care ?

Cazul genitiv este de patru feluri:

a) saxon/sintetic
b) prepoziional/analitic
c) dublu
d) implicit/agglutinant

a)Genitivul saxon/sintetic (The Saxon Genitive or the Possesive Case

Se formeaz la singular cu ' (apostrof) plus litera s i se ntrebuineaz cu substantive masculine i feminine.

all Shakespeare's plays - toate piesele lui Shakespeare

John Major's diplomacy - diplomaia lui John Major
the boy's friend - prietenul biatului
this man's gift - talentul acestui om
La plural sau dac posesorul se termin n s se adaug doar apostroful.
the boys' friend - prietenul bieilor
the children's ball - mingea copiilor
the boys' ball - mingea bieilor
Dickens' novels - romanele lui Dickens
Genitivul saxon se mai folosete i n unele structuri cum ar fi:
A Midsummer Night's Dream - Visul unei nopi de var
at a stone's throw - la o distan de o aruncare de piatr
at Shakespeare's - la Shakespeare acas
the night's coolness - rcoarea nopii
the house of my sister's husband - casa soului sorei mele
the sun's heat - cldura soarelui
the sea's roar - vuietul mrii
to go to the barber's - a merge la frizerie
to his heart's content - pe pofta inimii lui
today's news - tirile de azi
without a moment's rest - fr o clip de odihn
a talk of ten minutes - a ten minutes' talk - o discuie de zece minute
a two miles' walk - a walk of two miles - o plimbare de dou mile
England's football team - echipa de fotbal a Angliei
I must go to Mr. Brown's house. - Trebuie s merg la domnul Brown acas
to be at one's wit's/ wits' end - a fi n ncurctur, a fi la captul puterilor

b) Genitivul prepoziional/analitic (The Prepositional/Analitical Genitive)

Se formeaz cu prepoziia of i se folosete cu substantive de toate genurile.

the smell of the flower/flowers - mirosul florii/florilor

the friend of the boy - the boy's friend - prietenul biatului
the friends of the boys - the boys' friends - prietenii bieilor
the friend of the boys - the boys' friend - prietenul bieilor
the friends of the boy - the boy's friends - prietenii biatului
some books of my friend - nite cri ale prietenului meu
a friend of mine/yours/his/hers - un prieten al meu/tu/lui/ei
a friend of ours/yours/theirs - un prieten al nostru/vostru/lor
a brother of my friend - un frate al prietenului meu
a book of my sister - o carte a sorei mele
one of my good friends - unul din bunii mei prieteni
one of my best friends - unul din cei mai buni prieteni ai mei
this interesting book of Helen's - aceast carte interesant a Elenei
a dancing couple - a couple that/which is dancing - un cuplu care danseaz
a burning house - a house that is burning - o cas care arde
a sleeping dog - a dog that/which is sleeping - un cine care doarme
the boy between John and Nick - the boy who is between John and Nick - biatul dintre John i Nick - biatul care
este ntre John i Nick.
the man in the street - omul de pe strad, omul de rnd, omul obinuit
a boy of eleven (years) - un biat de unsprezece ani
a man with grey hair - un om cu pr crunt
the girl with glasses - fata cu ochelari
the girl wearing glasses - fata care poart ochelari
my friend's friend - prietenul prietenului meu
my friends' friend - prietenul prietenilor mei
my friend's friends - prietenii prietenului meu
my friends' friends - prietenii prietenilor mei
a walk of ten minutes - a ten minute walk - o plimbare de zece minute
our walk of ten minutes - our ten minute walk - plimbarea noastr de zece minute
a drive of ten miles - a ten mile drive - o plimbare de zece mile cu maina
a journey of two days - a two day journey - o cltorie de dou zile
my holiday of two weeks - my two week holiday - vacana mea de dou sptmni

c) Genitivul dublu (Group Possesive)

my friend's birthday/ the birthday of my friend - ziua de natere a prietenului meu
her sister, Alice's blue eyes - ochii albatri ai sorei sale, Alice
his son-in-law's birthday - ziua de natere a ginerelui su/lui
my friend, Tom's birthday - ziua de natere a prietenului meu, Tom
someone else's birthday - ziua de natere a altcuiva
that boy's friend's book - cartea prietenului biatului aceluia - cartea prietenului acelui biat.

d) Genitivul implicit/aglutinant (The Implicit Genitive)

The United Nations Organisation - Organizaia Naiunilor Unite
Students Organisation - Organizaia studenilor
ignition timing - reglarea aprinderii
a heart disease - o boal de inim

3.Cazul Dativ (The Dative Case)

Cazul dativ este cazul complementului indirect i rspunde la ntrebrile:

to whom ?-who(m)... to? - cui? for whom ?-who(m)... for ? - pentru cine ?, to what ...?- what ... to ? - la ce ? etc.

I give Alice two books. - I give two books to Alice. - Eu i dau lui Alice dou cri. - Eu i dau dou cri lui Alice.
To whom do I give two books ? - Who(m) do I give two books to ? - Cui dau eu dou cri ?
Everybody is working for him. - Toi lucreaz pentru el.
For whom is everybody working ? - Pentru cine lucreaz toi ?
Who(m) is everybody working for ? - Pentru cine lucreaz toi ?
I am referring to John. - Eu m refer la John.
Who(m) am I referring to ? - To whom am I referring ? - La cine m refer eu?
dativ acuzativ acuzativ dativ
I have brought John a book. - I have brought a book to John.
I-am adus lui John o carte. - I-am adus o carte lui John.
Din exemplul de mai sus se observ c, atunci cnd n propoziie acuzativul (compl. direct) st naintea dativului
(compl. indirect), se folosete obligatoriu particula to .
Alte exemple:
I offered my wife some flowers. - I offered some flowers to my wife - I-am oferit soiei mele nite flori. - I-am oferit
nite flori soiei mele.
The book belongs to me. - Cartea mi aparine mie.
The book does not belong to me .- Cartea nu-mi aparine mie.
Does the book belong to me ? - mi aparine mie cartea ?
To whom does the book belong ? - Who(m) does the book belong to ? - Cui i aparine cartea ?
He forgives us our mistake. - El ne iart nou greeala noastr.
His coming is a mystery to me. - Venirea lui este un mister pentru mine.
The advantage is obvious to them. - Avantajul le este evident.
What relation are you to this boy ? - Ce rud eti tu cu acest biat ?
This computer is superior to other computers. - Acest calculator este superior altor calculatoare.
The matter is open to discussion.- Chestiunea este deschis discuiei.
Give my friend that book, please ! - Give that book to my friend, please ! - D-i prietenului meu cartea aceea, te rog !
I am going to write to my friend. - Am de gnd s-i scriu prietenului meu.
Do not be cruel to animals ! - Nu fi crud fa de animale !
You must not be blind to his mistakes. - Nu trebuie s fii orb fa de greelile lui.
His uncle gave him a present. - Unchiul su / lui i-a dat un cadou.

4. Cazul Acuzativ (The Accusative Case)

Este cazul complementului direct i rspunde la ntrebrile: whom ? - pe cine ?, what ? - ce ?

I see the boy every day. - l vd pe biat n fiecare zi.

Whom do I see every day ? - Pe cine vd eu n fiecare zi ?
You see the book on the table. - Tu vezi cartea pe mas.
What do you see on the table ? - Ce vezi tu pe mas ?
My sister is looking for a book. - Sora mea caut o carte.
What is my sister looking for ? - Ce caut sora mea ?
 5. Cazul Vocativ (The Vocative Case)

Este cazul adresrii sau al chemrii.

George, will you help me ? - George, vrei s m ajui ?

Come here, my boy ! - Vino aici, fiule !

DECLINAREA SUBSTANTIVELOR (THE DECLENSION OF THE NOUNS)

Trecerea unui substantiv (sau pronume) prin toate cazurile la numrul singular i la numrul plural poart numele de
declinare.

Declinarea Substantivelor cu Articol Hotrt

singular plural
N. the boy - biatul the boys - bieii
the girl - fata the girls - fetele
G. of the boy - the boy's - al, a, ai, ale biatului of the boys - the boys' - al, a, ai, ale bieilor
of the girl - the girl's - al, a, ai, ale fetei of the girls - the girls' - al, a, ai, ale fetelor
D. (to) the boy - biatului (to) the boys - bieilor
(to) the girl - fetei (to) the girls - fetelor
A. the boy - biatul the boys - bieii
the girl - fata the girls - fetele
V. - -

Declinarea Substantivelor cu cu Articol Nehotrt

singular plural
N. a boy - un biat boys - biei
a girl - o fat girls - fete
G. of a boy - a boy's - al, a , ai, ale unui biat of boys - boys' - al, a, ai, ale, unor biei, de biei
of a girl - a girl's - al, a, ai, ale unei fete of girls - girls' - al, a , ai, ale, unor fete, de fete
D. (to) a boy - unui biat (to) boys - unor biei
(to) a girl - unei fete (to) girls - unor fete
A. a boy - un biat boys - biei
a girl - o fat girls - fete
V. boy ! - biete !, biatule ! boys ! - biei!
girl ! - fat ! girls ! - fetelor !

Declinarea Substantivelor Neutre

singular plural
N. a table - o mas tables - mese
the table - masa the tables - mesele
G. of a table - al, a, ai, ale unei mese of tables - de mese
of the table - al, a, ai, ale mesei of the tables - al, a, ai, ale meselor
D. to a table - unei mese to tables - la/unor mese
to the table - mesei to the tables - meselor
A. a table - o mas tables - mese
the table - masa the tables - mesele
V. - -
 3. ADJECTIVUL (THE ADJECTIVE)
Adjectivul este partea de vorbire care calific/determin un substantiv sau un echivalent al unui substantiv.
n limba englez adjectivele stau naintea substantivelor sau dup verbul to be i nu se acord n gen, numr
i caz cu substantivele pe care le determin.

The interesting book is on the table. - Cartea interesant este pe mas.

Clasificarea Adjectivelor :

1. Calitative (of Quality / Descriptive)

2. Pposesive (Possessive)
3. Interogativ - Relative (Interrogative-Relative)
4. Demonstrative (Demonstrative)
5. Cantitativ/Nnehotrte (Quantitative-Indefinite)

1.Adjective Calitative (Adjectives of Quality)

clever - detept, deteapt, detepi, detepte

a clever boy - un biat detept a clever girl - o fat deteapt
clever boys - biei detepi clever girls - fete detepte
interesting - interesant, interesant, interesani, interesante
good - bun, bun, buni, bune etc.

2. Adjective Posesive (Possessive Adjectives)

my - meu, mea, mei, mele its - lui/ei, su/sa, si/sale

your - tu, ta, ti, tale our - nostru, noastr, notri, noastre
his - lui, su, sa, si, sale, dnsului your - vostru, voastr, votri, voastre, dumneavoastr
her - ei, su, sa, si, sale, dnsei their - lor, dnilor, dnselor, dumnealor

my friend - prietenul meu my friends - prietenii mei

your friend - prietenul tu
his friend - prietenul lui/dnsului
her friend - prietenul ei/dnsei
its friend - prietenul lui/ei
our friend - prietenul nostru
your friend - prietenul vostru/dv.
their friend - prietenul lor/dnilor
your friends - prietenii ti
his friends - prietenii lui/dnsului
her friends - prietenii ei/dnsei
its friends - prietenii lui/ei
our friends - prietenii notri
your friends - prietenii votri/dv.
their friends - prietenii lor/dnilor

3. Adjective Interogativ - Relative (Interrogative - Relative Adjectives)

Interogative

which - care ?, pe care ?

which boy ? - care (al ctelea) biat ? (which boys ? - care (ai ctelea) biei?)
which girl ? - care (a cta) fat? (which girls ? - care (ale ctelea) fete ?)
which house ? - care (a cta) cas ? (which houses ? - care (ale ctelea) case?)
which tree ?- care (al ctelea) copac? (which trees? - care (ai ctelea) copaci ?)
which of ? - care dintre ? (selectiv)
which of the boys?- care dintre biei?
which of the girls ? - care dintre fete ?
which of the houses ? - care dintre case ?
which of the trees ? - care dintre copaci ?
what ? - ce ?, care ?
what boy ? - ce/care biat ? what boys ? - ce/care biei ?
what girl ? - ce/care fat ?what girls ? - ce/care fete ?
what house ? - ce/care cas ? what houses ? - ce/care case ?
what tree ? - ce/care copac ? what trees ? - ce/care copaci ?
what kind/sort of ? - ce fel de ?
what kind of boy ? - ce fel de biat ? (what kind of boys ? - ce fel de biei?)
what kind of girl ? - ce fel de fat ? (what kind of girls ? - ce fel de fete ?)
what kind of house? - ce fel de cas? (what kind of houses? - ce fel de case ?)
what kind of tree? - ce fel de copac? (what kind of trees ? - ce fel de copaci ?
whose ? - al, a, ai, ale cui ?
whose boy ? - al cui biat ? whose boys ? - ai cui biei ?
whose girl ? - a cui fat ? whose girls ? - ale cui fete ?
whose house ? - a cui cas ? whose houses ? - ale cui case ?
whose tree ? - al cui copac ? whose trees ? - ai cui copaci ?

Relative

who - care ; the boy who knows you - biatul care te cunoate
whose - al , a, ai, ale crui/crei/cror
the boy whose father ... - biatul al crui tat ... the boy whose mother ... - biatul a crui mam ...
the boy whose parents ... - biatul ai crui prini ... the girl whose parents ... - fata ai crei prini
the boys whose father ... - bieii al cror tat ... the boys whose mother ... - bieii a cror mam ...
the boys whose fathers ... - bieii ai cror tai the boys whose parents ... - bieii ai cror prini
the girl whose mother ... - fata a crei mam ... the girl whose father ... - fata al crei tat ...
the girls whose mother ... - fetele a cror mam the girls whose father ... - fetele al cror tat
the girls whose parents ... - fetele ai cror prini
the girls whose mothers ... - fetele ale cror mame the girls whose fathers ... - fetele ai cror tai
the house whose colour ... - casa a crei culoare
the house whose roof ... - casa al crei acoperi
the houses whose colour ... - casele a cror culoare
the houses whose roof ... - casele al cror acoperi
the houses whose colours ... - casele ale cror culori
the houses whose roofs ... - casele ale cror acoperiuri
the tree whose leaf ... - copacul a crui frunz
the tree whose leaves ... - copacul ale crui frunze
the trees whose leaves ... - copacii ale cror frunze
The boy, whose book is on the table, is my brother. - Biatul, a crui carte este pe mas, este fratele meu.
The playwright, whose play is Hamlet, is Shakespeare. - Dramaturgul, a crui pies este Hamlet, este Shakespeare.

to whom - cruia, creia, crora

the boy to whom you recommend the book - biatul cruia i recomanzi cartea
the girl to whom you recommend a book - fata creia i recomanzi o carte
the boys to whom you recommend a book - bieii crora le recomanzi o carte
the girls to whom you recommend a book - fetele crora le recomanzi o carte

whom - pe care
the boy whom you see - biatul pe care l vezi
the girl whom you see - fata pe care o vezi
the boys whom you see - bieii pe care i vezi
the girls whom you see - fetele pe care le vezi

that/which - care, pe care

the colour that/which you like - culoarea care i place

which of [wit~ ov] - care dintre , cui dintre

He knows which of us lives here. - El tie care dintre noi locuiete aici.

what [wot] - ce/ct/care

Tell him what answer to give. - Spune-i ce rspuns s dea.
Tell me what time it is. - Spune-mi ct e ceasul .
I know what book you like. - tiu ce/care carte i place.

what kind/sort of - ce fel de

I know what kind/sort of man he is. - tiu ce fel de om este el.

4. Adjective Demonstrative (Demonstrative Adjectives)

this - acest, acesta ; aceast, aceasta
this boy - acest biat, biatul acesta
this girl - aceast fat, fata aceasta
this tree - acest copac, copacul acesta
this book - aceast carte, cartea aceasta
these - aceti, acetia ; aceste, acestea
these boys - aceti biei, bieii acetia
these girls - aceste fete, fetele acestea
these trees - aceti copaci, copacii acetia
these books - aceste cri, crile acestea

that - acel, acela ; acea, aceea
that boy - acel biat, biatul acela
that girl - acea fat, fata aceea
that tree - acel copac, copacul acela
that book - acea carte, cartea aceea
those - acei, aceia; acele, acelea
those boys - acei biei, bieii aceia
those girls - acele fete, fetele acelea
those books - acele cri, crile acelea
those trees - acei copaci, copacii aceia
 the one - acel/acela care, cel ce/care; cea/aceea care
The one, who knows us, is here. - Cel/cea care ne cunoate este aici.

it - acela, aceea
Was it you ? - Tu ai fost acela/aceea ?
the former - primul (din doi), cel dinti (din doi), prima (din dou), cea dinti (din dou)
the latter - (cel de-) al doilea, ultimul (din doi), (cea de-) a doua, ultima (din dou)
John and William are friends. The former is a farmer, the latter is an engineer. - John i William sunt prieteni.
Primul este fermier, al doilea este inginer.
the first - cel, cea, cei, cele dinti, primul, prima, primii, primele
He is my first friend. - El este primul meu prieten. - El este cel dinti prieten al meu.
the first boy - primul biat the first boys - primii biei
the first girl - prima fat the first girls - primele fete
the first book - prima carte the first books - primele cri
the first tree - primul copac the first trees - primii copaci

the last - cel, cea, cei, cele din urm, ultimul, ultima, ultimii,ultimele
Is this your last decision ? - Este aceasta ultima ta hotrre ?
the last boy - ultimul biat the last boys - ultimii biei
the last girl - ultima fat the last girls - ultimele fete
the last book - ultima carte the last books - ultimele cri
the last tree - ultimul copac the last trees - ultimii copaci

the other - cellalt, cealalt, ceilali, celelalte

the other boy - cellalt biat the other girl - cealalt fat
the other house - cealalt cas the other boys - ceilali biei
the other girls - celelalte fete the other houses - celelalte case

another - alt, alt, o alt, alte

another boy - alt biat another girl - alt fat
another tree - alt copac another house - alt cas
another news - alte tiri another good news - alte tiri bune
He will be staying in England for another year . - El va sta n Anglia nc un an.

such - astfel de, asemenea, aa

such a boy - un astfel de biat, un asemenea biat
such a girl - o astfel de fat, o asemenea fat
such boys - aa biei, astfel de biei, asemenea biei
such girls - aa fete, astfel de fete, asemenea fete
such people - aa oameni, astfel de oameni
people such as - oameni cum ar fi, oameni ca de exemplu
We hope never to have another such experience. - Sperm s nu mai avem niciodat o astfel de experien.

the same - acelai, aceeai, aceiai, aceleai

the same boy - acelai biat the same girl - aceeai fat
the same book - aceeai carte the same tree - acelai copac
the same boys - aceiai biei the same girls - aceleai fete
the same books - aceleai cri the same trees - aceiai copaci

one and the same - unul i acelai; una i aceeai.

one and the same boy - unul i acelai biat; one and the same girl - una i aceeai fat
one and the same book - una i aceeai carte; one and the same tree - unul i acelai copac

the very - chiar, tocmai , nsui , nsi

the very boy who/that - chiar/ nsui / tocmai biatul care; he very girl who/that - chiar/nsi/tocmai fata care
the very book which/that - chiar /tocmai cartea care; the very boys who/that - chiar/tocmai bieii care
the very girls who/that - chiar/tocmai fetele care the very books which/that - chiar/tocmai crile care
This is the very book I needed. - Aceasta este chiar cartea de care aveam nevoie.

5. Adjective Cantitative/Nnehotrte (The Quantitative/Indefinite Adjectives)

some - unii, unele, nite, vreun, vreo

Se folosete n propoziiile afirmative. Cnd apare n propoziiile interogative se sper s se obin un rspuns
afirmativ.
I see some people in the street. - Vd nite oameni pe strad.
Come to see us some Sunday ! - Vino/venii pe la noi ntr-o (zi de) duminic !
Do you see some people in the street ? - Vezi nite oameni pe strad ?
I should drink some water, not some wine. - A bea nite ap, nu nite vin.
I know him to some degree. - l cunosc ntr-o oarecare msur.
Some agree with me and some don't. - Unii sunt de acord cu mine, iar alii nu.
They will find out the truth some day. - Ei vor afla adevrul ntr-o bun zi.
This matter has some importance. - Chestiunea aceasta are oarecare importan.
You will meet some person or other. - Vei ntlni o persoan sau alta.

any- n propoziiile afirmative - orice, fiece

He can come at any hour of the day. - El poate veni la orice or din zi.
You may like any book. - i poate plcea orice carte.
You can/may come any time. - Poi veni oricnd.

any ? - n propoziiile interogative - orice ?, fiece ?, vreun ?, vreo ?

Do you like any book ? - i place orice carte ?
Have you got any friends ? - Ai vreun prieten ?, Ai ceva prieteni ?
Can you lend me any of those books ? - mi poi mprumuta vreuna dintre crile acelea?

any - n propoziiile negative - nici un, nici o

I cannot find any excuse. - Nu pot gsi nici o scuz.
We do not see any house. - Noi nu vedem nici o cas.
He does not see any boy. - El nu vede nici un biat.

no - numai n propoziiile negative - nici un, nici o

n limba englez se folosete o singur negaie n propoziie.
I see no boy, no girl and no house. - Nu vd nici un biat, nici o fat i nici o cas.
No man could do it. - Nici un om n-o putea face.
He will spare no pains. - El nu va crua nici un efort.
no admittance - intrarea interzis
no smoking - fumatul interzis
I can find no other solution. - Nu pot gsi nici o alt soluie.

few - puini, puine

I see few boys, few girls and few houses. - Eu vd puini biei, puine fete i puine case.
few of us/you/them - puini/puine dintre noi/voi/ei/ele

a few - puini/destui, puine/destule

I have a few books. - Am puine/suficiente cri.
He has a few friends. - Are puini/destui/ceva prieteni.

quite a few - a good few - some few - many, a large number - muli/multe
He has got quite a few friends. - Are destui/muli prieteni.

little - puin, puin; mic, mic, mici

I drink little tea and little coffee. - Eu beau puin ceai i puin cafea.
He has little time for reading. - El are puin timp pentru citit.
The little boy drinks little lemonade. - Bieelul bea puin limonad.
the little ones - cei mici

a little - puin/destul, puin/destul, (cte) ceva

A little is better than none. (prov.) - Mai bine puin dect deloc. - Mai bine ceva dect nimic.
We have a little beer and a little wine. - Avem ceva bere i ceva vin.
to know a little of everything - a ti cte ceva din toate
The little girl is a little better now. - Fetia face ceva mai bine acum.

much - mult, mult

There is much tea in the teapot. - Este mult ceai n ceainic.

many - muli, multe

There are many people in the park. - Sunt muli oameni n parc.
many of us/you/them - muli/multe dintre noi/voi/ei/ele .

plenty of - mult, mult, muli, multe.

We have plenty of time . - Avem timp din belug. - Avem timp berechet.

a lot of - o mulime de.

We have a lot of books. - Noi avem o mulime de cri.

each - fiecare (luat n parte)

Each man knows their story. - Fiecare om tie povestea lor.
each of us/you/them - fiecare dintre noi/voi/ei/ele

every - fiecare, toi/ toate

Every man knows their story. - Fiecare om tie povestea lor.
We can go to the library every day. - Putem merge la bibliotec n fiecare zi.

several - civa, cteva, mai muli/multe

We shall spend several days and nights in the mountains. - Vom petrece cteva zile i nopi la munte.
He has several friends. - El are civa prieteni.
several of us/you/them - civa dintre noi/voi/ei/ele
Several of us went home on foot. - Mai muli dintre noi au mers acas pe jos.

enough - destul, destul, suficient, suficient

There is enough bread on the table. - Este suficient pine pe mas.

certain - anumii, anumite, unii, unele

certain boys - unii/anumii biei
certain girls - unele/anumite fete
certain books - unele/anumite cri

a certain - un anumit, o anumit, un anume/oarecare, o anume/oare- care

a certain boy - un anume/anumit/oarecare biat
a certain girl - o anume/anumit/oarecare fat
a certain Mr. Jones - un anumit/oarecare domn Jones
a certain Mrs. Jones - o anumit/oarecare doamn Jones
a certain Miss. Jones - o anumit/oarecare domnioar Jones