Manual IMNP An I

ENGLISH FOR NAVAL AND
PORT ENGINEERING AND

MANAGEMENT
1st YEAR OF STUDY
Corina Sandiuc
Camelia Alibec
ENGLISH FOR NAVAL AND
PORT ENGINEERING AND
MANAGEMENT
1st YEAR OF STUDY
Corina Sandiuc
Camelia Alibec
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD ................................................................................................ 6
UNIT 1. SEA TRANSPORT ....................................................................... 7
Vocabulary Practice.................................................................................. 10
Grammar. The Article and The Noun ................................................... 14
UNIT 2. SHIP DESCRIPTION ................................................................. 31
Grammar. Pronouns and Determiners .................................................. 36
UNIT 3. SHIP TYPES ............................................................................... 52
Grammar. Adjectives and Adverbs....................................................... 60
UNIT 4. PORT DESCRIPTION ............................................................... 76
Grammar. The Numeral ........................................................................ 82
UNIT 5. TYPES OF CARGO .................................................................. 89
Grammar. Present Simple & Continuous ............................................ 94
UNIT 6. RECEPTION OF CARGO ..................................................... 106
Vocabulary Practice................................................................................ 107
Grammar. Past Simple & Continuous ................................................ 113
UNIT 7. DELIVERY OF GOODS (DISCHARGING) ......................... 123
Grammar. Present Perfect Simple & Continuous ............................... 129
UNIT 8. CUSTOMS PROCEDURES ................................................... 144
Grammar. Past Perfect Simple & Continuous ................................... 149
ANSWER KEY ...................................................................................... 158
LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS ............................................................ 185
BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................... 190
5
PREFAŢĂ
Acest curs de limbă engleză este destinat studenţilor de anul I,

specializarea Inginerie şi Management Naval şi Portuar, fiind un mijloc
eficient de formare şi instruire a viitorilor specialişti, care contribuie la
însuşirea cunoştinţelor generale de limbă engleză precum şi a terminologiei
de specialitate.
Cursul îşi propune consolidarea cunoştinţelor de bază în domeniul

gramaticii limbii engleze precum şi dezvoltarea capacităţilor de înţelegere şi
exprimare orală, citire şi scriere în limba engleză, extinderea vocabularului,
însuşirea şi aplicarea normelor gramaticale în exprimarea situativă, conform
tematicii prevăzute în unităţile de studiu din programă. Extinderea
vocabularului se face prin abordarea textelor care conţin temeni de
specialitate referitori la nomenclatura navei, operaţiuni portuare precum şi
expresii recomandate pentru traficul maritim şi portuar. Limbajul de
specialitate este dublat de cel lingvistic, care are ca scop folosirea corectă a
diverselor structuri gramaticale în scris sau în conversaţie.
Cursul poate fi considerat şi un punct de plecare pentru aprofundarea

studiului de specialitate, de cunoaştere mai detaliată a structurilor limbii
engleze şi folosirea lor în îndeplinirea atribuţiunilor profesionale. Manualul
este structurat în 8 unităţi, fiecare unitate fiind compusă dintr-un text de
specialitate, urmat de traducerea vocabularului şi a expresiilor aferente
textului. Partea de vocabular este urmată de Vocabulary Practice care
cuprinde exerciţii diversificate (gap filling, matching, crosswords, etc.)
menite sa asigure o bună însuşire a termenilor de specialitate. Problemele de
gramatică sunt introduse de tabele care prezintă succinct elemente de teorie,
urmate de un grup de exerciţii pe tema de gramatică respectivă. Cursul se
încheie cu o cheie a exerciţiilor atât pentru partea de vocabular, cât şi pentru
gramatică, urmată de o listă de verbe neregulate.
Good luck and keep up your English!
6
UNIT 1. SEA TRANSPORT
Historical perspective: The first boats
Since the beginning of time, people have used water to help them
transport cargo from one place to another. The first craft were probably
extremely simple - a log, an inflated animal skin, or a bundle of reeds tied
together. People discovered that craft like these could help them to cross a
stretch of water more easily. These craft probably developed into early
simple boats, such as dug-out canoes and skin-covered boats, in which a
person could sit while fishing or travelling along a river. This is how the
first merchant “vessels” appeared, as single logs that small cargo was
attached to and floated down river for trade. Eventually, logs were tied
together to carry bigger cargos.
About 5,000 years ago, the first major trade routes were formed
between modern-day India and Pakistan along the Arabian Sea. During the
same the time, the Romans were developing fleets that could cross the
Mediterranean Sea in about a month. They carried low-value goods such as
grain and construction materials. It was much cheaper to transport these
good by sea than by land. Romans soon expanded their trade routes to travel
over the Indian Ocean.
The age of sail
Sails capture the wind and use it to push ships and boats along. Sails
first appeared on the river Nile in about 3500BC. These ships had one
simple square sail on a single mast. They were only useful when the wind
was blowing in the same direction as intended by the crew. Viking boats in
the AD600s used square sails to sail the coasts of Scandinavia. In the
Middle Ages, the lateen (triangular) sail allowed ships to be sailed with the
wind from the side. This type of sail was invented by the Chinese and
Arabs. From the 1100s, European sailors began building fully rigged ships
with a combination of square and lateen sails. Sails changed from a large
square canvas suspended from a single yard to complex arrangements
intended to pivot on the mast depending on the direction and force of the
wind. This allowed them to make the maximum use of the wind. Instead of
being driven only by the wind direction, ships could “sail into the wind”.
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As multiple masts were added, the hull was elongated; keels were
often two and a half times as long as the ship’s beam (width). With time,
greater attention was paid to the specialization of ships for trade. Trading
ships sought to carry as much tonnage of goods as possible with as small a
crew as practicable.
From its modest origins as Egyptian coastal and river sailing ships
around 3,200 BC, maritime transportation has always been the dominant
support of global trade. By the 10th century, Chinese merchants frequented
the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean, establishing regional trade
networks. During the 7th – the 13th centuries, the Arab Empire began
developing trade routes through Asia, Africa, and Europe, using advanced
vessels, called qaribs, which greatly reduced the amount of time it took to
transport goods.
During the Age of Discovery in the 15th – the 19th centuries,

advances in navigation and shipbuilding allowed Europeans to voyage
across the Atlantic. This opened up trade routes to Virginia and Maryland
for tobacco and Mexico and Peru for silver.
Steam power
The first steam engines were developed in the early 1700s for
pumping water out of the mines. By the end of the century they had become
small and engineers began to use them in trains and ships. Steam power
meant that a ship could keep going even if the wind was blowing in the
wrong direction. Early steamships used paddles, but propellers gradually
proved to be more efficient. After the 1850s, shipbuilders began to use iron
instead of wood. The superior strength of iron meant that much larger ships
could be built, which could also be fitted with more powerful steam engines.
With the development of the steam engine in the mid 19th century,
trade networks expanded considerably. The opening of the Suez and
Panama Canals, during the 19th and 20th centuries, lead to the
intensification of maritime trade.
Ship Power
There are many different ways of propelling boats and ships through
the water. The most basic, such as rowing and paddling, are human-
powered. Today they are only used in small vessels. Sails harness the
8
natural power of the wind to propel a boat or a ship. Engines convert the
energy stored in fuel into the movement of a propeller. As the propeller
spins, its blades force water to rush backwards, which thrusts the boat or
ship forwards. Most engines used in boats and ships are diesel engines.
Other types of marine engine are petrol engines, gas turbine engines and
steam turbine engines. Other craft, such as hovercraft, have aircraft-like
propellers.
After 1900, there was a general division between the use of steam
turbines in passenger liners and diesel engines in freighters. Europeans
favoured the diesel internal-combustion engine, with its more economical
fuel consumption, whereas American shipping companies tended to favour
steam turbines because their labour costs were usually lower. The rapid rise
in the cost of petroleum fuel after 1973 led to increased diesel-engine
construction.
In the 20th century, maritime transport grew exponentially as

changes in international trade and seaborne trade became interrelated. In the
late 20th century, container shipping developed, leading to the shipping
industry we see today.
Vocabulary
blade pală de elice, paletă de turbină

bundle of reeds snop de stuf
cargo marfă, încărcătură
craft ambarcaţiune/ ambarcaţiuni
crew echipaj
dug-out canoe pirogă, luntre din trunchi scobit
fleet flotă
float a pluti
freighter cargou, navă comercială
fuel combustibil, carburant
goods (pl.) bunuri, marfă
harness a exploata, a valorifica
hovercraft ambarcaţiune pe pernă de aer
keel chilă
log buştean
mast catarg
paddle zbat, padelă, a vâsli
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propeller elice
rigged ship navă cu velatură
row a vâsli, a trage la rame
sail 1. panză de corabie, 2. a naviga
spin a se roti
steamship vapor cu abur
stretch of water întindere de apă
thrust a împinge
trade comerţ
Vocabulary Practice
Exercise 1.
Match the pictures (A-G) with the appropriate terms. Arrange them in
chronological order, from oldest to newest, according to the table
below.
Order I II III IV V VI VII
Picture D
Name dug-out
canoe
PICTURES TERMS
A
LATEEN SAILS
B
EGYPTIAN BOAT
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C
DUG-OUT CANOE
D
CONTAINER SHIP
E
FULLY-RIGGED SHIP
F
STEAM SHIP
G VIKING SHIP
Exercise 2.
Fill in the following sentences with a suitable word from the list below:
1. The first _________ were probably a. fully-rigged

extremely simple - a log, an inflated b. maritime
animal skin, or a bundle of reeds tied c. shipbuilding
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together. d. steam
2. The first merchant “vessels” appeared, as e. propellers
single logs that small cargo was attached f. diesel
to and _________ down river for trade. g. craft
3. The first major _________ routes were h. sails
formed between modern-day India and i. mast
Pakistan. j. floated
4. _________capture the wind and use it to k. trade
push ships and boats along. l. lateen
5. The first sailing ships had one simple
square sail on a single _________.
6. In the Middle Ages, the _________
(triangular) sail allowed ships to be
sailed with the wind from the side.
7. Both square and lateen sails are found on
_________ships.
8. _________ transportation has always
been the dominant support of global
trade.
9. In the 15th – the 19th centuries, advances
in navigation and _________ allowed
Europeans to voyage across the Atlantic.
10. The first _________ engines were
developed in the early 1700s for
pumping water out of the mines.
11. Early steamships used paddles, but
_________ gradually proved to be more
efficient.
12. Most engines used in boats and ships are
_________ engines.
Exercise 3.
Use terms found in the study unit to solve the crossword puzzle on the
following page.
12
1
3 4
8 9
10 11
12
Across Down
3. catarg 1. ambarcaţiune
6. vapor cu abur 2. a traversa (i.e. o întindere de apă)
7. cu velatură (despre nave) 4. rută navigabilă
8. a impinge, a propulsa 5. a se roti
10. elice 6. panza de corabie, velă
12. pală de elice, paletă de turbina 9. corpul, coca navei
11. zbat, padelă
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Unit 1. Grammar
The Article and The Noun
THE ARTICLE
Types Uses Example

 expresses a unique Can you tell me how to
Definite reference get to the harbour?
article
 with nouns which were I bought a book
THE previously mentioned yesterday; the book is
interesting
 when the definite
determination is after the The man who is
noun, expressed by a commanding the ship is
relative clause the master of that ship.
 with nouns used in a

general way, as The horse is a useful
representing a whole class animal
 with proper nouns
- names of countries
the UK, the USA, the
People's Republic of
- geographical names China
the Danube, the Olt, the

Suez Canal, the Sahara,
- names of institutions the Alps, the Carpathians
The Lido (Hotel)

The National Theatre
- names of newspapers The British Museum
- names of ships The Times, The Guardian
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- names of families The Transylvania
the Obamas the

Jacksons
Indefinite  introduces a noun which There is a young officer
article was not mentioned waiting for you.
previously
She bought a dress, two
 expresses number, used blouses, and an umbrella.
instead of “one” A hundred people are on
this ship.
 to represent an entire An officer is a gentleman.
class of objects or beings
Zero article  with a generic function I like coffee.

I enjoy long walks.
 with proper nouns Peter and Mary will go to

school in autumn.
Jupiter is the fifth planet
from the Sun
 with abstract nouns Simplicity is the key to

happiness.
 time divisions:
I will see her on Monday/
on Christmas/ in
November.
 geographical names
She arrived in Romania
yesterday.
They went on a trip to
Lake Michigan last week.
 languages
I studied English in high
 academic subjects
school.
History is her passion.
 games and sports
He plays football
whenever he gets the
chance.
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Unit 1. Grammar Practice (1). The Article
Exercise 1
Fill in the gaps with the where necessary.
I hate 1 ___ November! It doesn’t get light till 2 ___ eight o’clock in 3 ___
morning. Then it’s dark again as early as 4 ___ four o’clock in 5 ___
afternoon. After 6 ___ Christmas, 7___ days start to get a bit longer, but 8
___ weather starts to get colder. On 9 ___ Friday 10 ___ last week, 11 ___
temperature was minus 10 C. 12 ___ . Next week 13 ___ weather forecast is
14 ___ same.
Exercise 2
Match the two parts of the sentences.
1. I normally go to the dentist once a. a dozen
2. These roses cost $20 b. £ 2.50 a litre.
3. The car was doing 150 c. a year

kilometers
4. Lamb is selling at £ 7.50 d. a week
5. The Sunday Mail is published e. a metre

once
6. Electric cable costs 50 cents f. a kilo
7. The oil is g. a day
8. The mail is delivered twice h. an hour
Exercise 3
Put the indefinite article a or an in the blanks wherever necessary.
1. We usually have ... lunch at 1 o’clock, which, as ... rule, consists of three
courses: ...salad, ... dish and ... sweets.
2. Go to the grocer’s and buy ... dozen oranges and ... pound of coffee
beans.
3. The Smiths I am talking about live in ... wonderful house and drive ...
new Ford.
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4. .... old man suffering from ... cold should be given hot tea three times ...
day.
5. What ... name to give to ... cat!
6. There was once ... lonely old woman who lived in ... hut in the outskirts
of ... large town.
7. What ... hot day for November! It’s such ... pity we can’t go for ... hike
or take ... long walk in the wood.
8. Jack! ... Mr. Thomson wants to see you at once!
9. Our friends gave us ... wonderful supper at the ambassador.
10. She needs ... moment’s peace after such ... bad piece of news.
11. The youngster was driving with sixty miles ... hour when all of ...
sudden ... deer crossed the motorway. He stopped ... few moments later
and fled in ... panic without taking ... back look.
12. He was puzzled that he should be in his office at ... time when the
General Manager was so busy.
Exercise 4
Fill in the spaces with the definite article wherever necessary.
1. She is not ... Mrs. Smith I am looking for.

2. My parents live on ... upper floor of an old house; when ... wind blows,
all ... windows rattle.
3. ... Carpathians are not so high as ... Alps.
4. ... Danube is Romania’s longest river.
5. ... clock in ... dining room is a vintage collectible.
6. ... room Helen rushes into as soon as she arrives home is ... kitchen.
7. … Spring is ... first season of ... year.
8. “I’d like to see Mr. Smith, please.” “Do you mean ... Mr. Smith who
works in our department or ... Mr. Smith ... sales manager?”
9. ... British Library is one of ... largest libraries all over ... world.
10. What is... French for ... “boy”?
11. ... Mike you met at my place yesterday was not ... Mike I was talking
about a week before.
12. I have never feared ... death but ... death of my father was ... greatest loss
of my life.
13. Ask them to come downstairs when ... breakfast is ready.
14. ... Johnsons have also been invited to ... diner at ... Ritz.
15. She goes to … school in ... morning and plays tennis in ... afternoon.
16. She has always said that ... English language is difficult.
17. On ... Sundays I like to stay in ... bed till ... noon and spend ... time
reading ...Sunday papers and magazines.
17
18. Up to a point, Creangă is … Mark Twain of ... Romanian literature.
19. I have always appreciated ... sublime of ...landscapes in ... Alps.
20. If you leave ... home at 7 you can reach ... school in ... time.
Exercise
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate articles.
1. Would you like ... cup of ... tea and ... cake?
2. It is better to tell . . . truth than tell . . . lies.
3. Where is ... hat I bought yesterday?
4. Smith, ... man I told you about, is ... very man.
5. I like to eat . . . bread and ... butter in . . . morning.
6. Little Tommy goes to ... school only in … morning.
7. He went to . . . bed with . . . bad cold.
8. He crossed ... lake in ... record time.
9. He collects . . . butterflies, . . . stamps, and … matchboxes.
10. In ... autumn of ... 2003 we went on ... excursion to . . . Danube Delta.
Exercise 6
Fill the gaps with the appropriate articles.
1. Take... little tea; it will do you ... lot of good.

2. Out of…sight, out... mind.
3. I like … lot of. . . sugar in my tea.
4. ... Supper is... last meal of... day.
5. ... Bad drivers are punished by … law.
6. Take ... chair and make yourself at … home; he will be back in ...
minute.
7. This is . . . answer to ... problem ... teacher gave us.
8. There won’t be another train for at least … hour.
9. We had ... dinner together at ... good restaurant … yesterday.
10. ... Danube, ... Rhine and ... Thames are three important European rivers.
Exercise 7
Put the articles a, an, the into the gaps.
1. He came to see me ... last week and brought… English handbook with
him.
2. … good dictionary is . . . great help to . . . students.
18
3. ... last night I met Tommy; he said he would come here today if . . .
weather were fine.
4. Come to see me on ... Saturday at ... latest.
5. He works hard by … day and sleeps soundly at night.
6. ... help came at ... last and ... swimmer was rescued.
7. He works every ... day from . . . early morning till late at . . . night.
8. He went into ... inn and asked for ... bread and … butter.
9. By ... way, he said, where is ... shop you told me about?
10. What is … matter? Have you had ... accident?
Exercise 8
Put the missing articles into their correct places.
Our sun is enormous body with diameter about 108 times that of earth. It
would take train, moving at 60 miles hour; over five years to travel round its
circumference. But those little pinpoints of light we call stars are also suns,
and some of them are very much larger and brighter than one which warms
our earth. One of them has diameter three hundred times greater than that of
our sun. Of thousands of millions of stars, which can be seen through
powerful telescope, only six thousand or so are visible to naked eye, and
their distance from earth is so tremendous that their combined light is only
about hundredth of that shed by full moon.
(The Children’s New Illustrated Encyclopedia)
Exercise 9
Fill in the blanks with the right articles.
When 1.... sea was not too rough we were often out in 2… little rubber boat
taking photographs. I shall not forget 3….first time 4... sea was so calm that
two men felt like putting 5... balloon-like little thing into 6… water and
going for 7... row. They had hardly got clear of 8… raft when they dropped
9... little oars and sat roaring with 10... laughter. And as 11... waves lifted
them away and they disappeared and reappeared among 12… seas, they
laughed so loud every time they caught 13… glimpse of us that their voices
rang out over 14 ... desolate Pacific. We looked round us with 15... mixed
feelings, and saw nothing comic but our own 16... bearded faces; but as 17...
two in 18... boat should be accustomed to those by now; we began to have
19... suspicion that they had suddenly gone mad. Sunstroke, perhaps 20...
two fellows could hardly get back on 21... board 22... Kon-Tiki for sheer
laughter, and gasping, with tears in their eyes, begged us just to go and see
for ourselves.
19
Two of us jumped down into 23... dancing rubber boat, and were caught by
24... sea which lifted us clear. We sat down at once and roared with 25...
laughter. We had never before had 26... outside view of ourselves in 27…
open sea. 28... raft looked exactly like 29… old Norwegian hay-loft lying
helpless, drifting about in 30... open sea, 31… hay-loft full of 32... sunburnt
bearded ruffians. If anyone had come paddling after us at sea, we should
have felt 33... same spontaneous urge to 34... laughter.
(Thor Heyerdahl)
Exercise 10
Complete the sentences with a, an, the or no article.
1. 'How much are ___ apples?' 'They're 5 Ron ___ pound.'
2. I went to ___ wonderful concert by ___ London Symphony Orchestra.
3. ___ local school is soon to be closed.
4. I usually go to ___ work by ___ train.
5. Is ___ meat in ___ oven?
6. Is this ___ first time you've been to ___ Isle of Man?
7. She's ___ art teacher and he's ___ electrician.
8. A lot of people give ___ money to ___ charity at this time of the year.
9. What ___ beautiful face that child's got!
10. ___ British usually have ___ butter on their bread.
11. ___ life is very difficult for ___ unemployed these days.
12. ___ leader of ___ opposition is in danger of losing her seat at ___ next
election.
13. I like to have ___ cup of ___ tea when I wake up in ___ morning.
14. I saw ___ fox this morning. I think it must have been ___ same one that
I saw last week.
15. Can I have ___ apple?
16. Have you ever seen ___ Acropolis in ___ Athens?
17. ___ police have had a lot of support from ___ general public over this
issue.
18. ___ shirts on ___ washing-line should be nearly dry now.
19. ___ people don't like him because of his selfish life.
20. I bought my sister ___ book and ___ bottle of ___ perfume for her
birthday but I don't think she liked ___ perfume.
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THE NOUN
Number in nouns. Countable nouns
Rule Example
 have singular and plural forms
 can be preceded by the definite one (a) cat - two cats,
article a, an. one child – two children
regular plural cat-cats

ship-ships
noun+ s sailor-sailors
exceptions to the normal pattern: focus-focuses

nouns ending -s, -ss, -ch, -x, -zz princess-princesses
+ es church-churches
box-boxes
buzz-buzzes
-o -s or –es hero-heroes
piano-pianos
potato-potatoes
consonant + y -ies baby-babies
hobby-hobbies
spy-spies
vowel + y -s boy-boys
key-keys
ray-rays
play-plays
-f -s or –ves thief-thieves
wolf-wolves
leaf-leaves
roof-roofs
dwarf-dwarfs/ dwarves
-fe -ves life-lives
knife-knives
21
Irregular plurals
two plural forms fish-fish/ fishes
same form in the singular and a sheep-two sheep,

plural a deer-two deer
vowel change to form the plural man-men, woman-women,

foot-feet, goose-geese,
tooth-teeth,
mouse-mice, louse-lice
plural in –en child-children, ox-oxen
Nouns with a plural form: a

plural noun takes a plural form
nouns referring to clothes and trousers, binoculars, scissors

tools where two equal parts are
joined together My trousers are torn.
The scissors are on the table.
! are treated as being plural
and are followed by a verb in
the plural
nouns which are always plural belongings, clothes, congratulations,

earnings, goods, odds, outskirts,
particulars, premises, remains,
riches, surroundings, thanks, troops,
tropics.
The goods were found to be

defective.
collective nouns can take a verb in army, association, audience, board,

the singular or plural, depending choir, class, club, college,
whether we see the noun as a whole committee, community, company,
or as a number of individuals: council, crew, crowd, enemy, family,
firm, gang, government, group, jury,
majority, navy, orchestra, party,
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population, press, public, school,
staff, team, union, university etc.
The names of institutions, The crew was/were in a cheerful

companies and teams are also group mood.
nouns: Brazil is/are expected to win.
Foreign plurals an axis-two axes, a crisis-two

crises, a thesis-two theses,
! Where two forms are possible, the datum-data
foreign plural is usually kept for
scientific or specialized use. an index-indexes/ indices,
a formula-formulas/ formulae
Number in nouns. Uncountable nouns
 name objects that cannot be counted,

 do not have plural form
 do not get the definite article Seawater is getting colder and colder in
 takes a singular verb-form winter.
Include:
 names of sports: football, tennis, rugby, Football is very popular in Europe.
etc.
 material or concrete mass nouns: steam,
smoke, meat, silver, etc. There was a lot of smoke in the bar.
 natural products: fat, marmalade, milk,
This marmalade is made of plums.
oil, etc.
 fruit, vegetables and cereals: corn, maize,
Spinach is very healthy.
rice, rye, celery, spinach, etc.
 abstract mass nouns: admiration, applause, There was a lot of applause at the end of her
age, homework, peace, youth, etc.
show.
Some nouns have a plural form but a singular

meaning:
 news The news is on at 7 pm.
23
 subjects (of study): mathematics, Physics is her passion.
physics Billiards is a game.
 games: billiards, darts Darts is my favourite game in the whole
 illness: measles world.
! Agreement is made with a singular verb.
Number in nouns. Agreement

Two or more phrases linked by and Jamie and Emma go sailing at the
take a plural verb: weekends.
Wheat and maze are exported.
When the two words express Bread and butter was all we had.
something that we see as a whole we
use a singular verb.
When two phrases are linked by or Either my sister or my neighbours

the verb usually agrees with the are looking after the dog when I’m
nearest. at sea.
A phrase of measurement takes a Ten miles is too far to walk.

singular verb. Thirty pounds seems a reasonable
price.
Titles and names also take a singular “Star Wars” was a very successful
verb when they refer to one thing: film.
A phrase with as well as, together George, together with some of his
with, between commas takes a friends, is buying a yacht.
singular verb.
After not only...but also, the verb Not only George but also his friends
agrees with the nearest phrase: are buying the yacht.
After a subject with one of the verb One of these messages is for you.
is singular.
When a plural noun is preceded by: a A large number of letters were

number of, majority of, a lot of the received.
verb is in the plural.
We use a singular verb after a Every student has to take a test.
24
subject with every and each, and Nothing ever happens in this place.
compounds with every, some, any,
no.
All and some with a plural noun take Some passengers were sitting on the
a plural verb. deck.
We use a singular verb after who or Who knows the answer?

what.
After what/which + noun, the verb Which day is convenient?
agrees with the noun:
After none of/ either of/ neither of/ I don’t know if either (of the
any of + plural noun phrase we can batteries) is/are good.
use either a singular or a plural verb.
! The plural is more informal.
After there, the verb agrees with its There was an accident.
complement: There were some accidents.
Unit 1. Grammar Practice (2). The Noun
Exercise 1.
Give the plural of the following nouns. Use them in sentences.
a. bus, town, woman, box, fly, key, bee, Englishman, tooth, wish,
goose, city, potato, book, child, leaf, life, foot, apple, toy, ball, wolf,
safe, ox.
a. brush, thief, Chinese, German, donkey, shelf, fish, cliff, Swiss, inch,
sheep, louse, bamboo, handkerchief, axe, proof, phenomenon,
dynamo, means, piano.
b. echo, loaf, niece, half, chief, volcano, Japanese, deer, mouse, knife,
birth, daughter, buffalo, atlas.
Exercise 2.
Rewrite in the plural:
1. This is a box.
2. That’s a lorry.
3. Where’s the knife?
25
4. Is it your watch?
5. This is a new house.
6. That’s an old chimney.
7. That isn’t my dress.
8. That’s a shoe.
9. Who’s this man?
10. He’s a farmer and this is his wife.
11. That’s a row of people.
12. Is it a new bridge?
13. There is a match in the box.
14. There’s no child in their family.
15. Is there a dictionary on his desk?
16. Is there a desk in that room?
17. The face of that woman is attractive.
18. The house isn’t large but it’s comfortable.
19. Who’s that person?
20. Which book is yours?
Exercise 3.
Put into the singular:
1. Balls are round.

2. Houses have roofs.
3. These are phonemes.
4. Foxes are animals.
5. Roses are beautiful flowers.
6. Watches are small clocks.
7. Dogs have tails.
8. Those boys are good friends.
9. These are simple sentences.
10. These aren’t boxes.
11. The children are at school.
12. These are my notebooks.
13. My friends want to study German.
14. His brothers work hard all day.
15. Housewives have to work very hard.
16. Children receive a lot of pleasure from this game.
17. They live in small houses.
18. The postmen bring letters three times a day.
19. The boys wake up at six.
20. There are some pictures on the walls.
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21.
Exercise 4.
Complete the sentences with the plural form of the words in brackets:
My hotel’s a bit primitive. I’ve seen (1 mouse)_____ in my room! And there

are (2 fly)_____ everywhere during the day and (3 mosquito) _____ at
night. But the (4 beach) _____ are beautiful. There are a lot of old (5
church) _____ on the island and I’ve taken lots of (6 photo) _____ of them.
Every day I buy two small (7 loaf) _____ of bread and some (8 fruit) _____
, usually (9
peach) _____ , (10 orange) _____ and (11 tomato) _____ . but the (12 shelf)
_____ in the shops are almost empty, so yesterday I went fishing and caught
two (13 fish) _____ for my lunch. There aren’t any (14 bus) _____ so I walk
everywhere. My (15 foot) _____ really hurt. I want to go into the
mountains. They say there are (16 wolf) _____ there. The (17 person) _____
are very friendly. Sometimes (18 family) _____ come out to say hello when
I walk past. The (19 man) _____ have two or three (20 wife) _____ and
dozens of (21 child) _____. I don’t think their (22 life) _____ have changed
for (23 century) _____. It’s certainly one of the most unspoilt (24 country)
_____ I’ve ever been to.
Exercise 5.
Which are the 15 countable nouns in this news report?
Hi! You’re listening to GWR Radio. What a terrible morning! There have
been several accidents on the roads. A number of people were hurt in an
accident on the M 32 motorway when two cars crashed near Junction 4. And
there are a few problems for rail travelers. Many trains between cities in the
west and London are running twenty to thirty minutes late.
Exercise 6.
What are the eight uncountable nouns in the news report of the
explosion at Brislington?
An explosion has destroyed a chemical factory in Brislington. Thanks to the
courage of the firefighters no one was hurt. The air around the factory is still
thick with smoke, and for their own safety, residents have been told not to
drink the water. Residents are worried about their children’s health and the
damage to the environment caused by the explosion.
27
Exercise 7.
Choose the right form of the verbs in brackets:
1. The news (was/ were) a great surprise for all of us.
2. People (rush/ rushes) home when the day’s work is over.
3. The furniture in my daughter’s room (is/are) new and modern.
4. The crew of the ship (was/were) gathered on the upper deck.
5. The luggage (was/were placed) on the luggage rack.
6. Where (is/are) my glasses?
7. Mathematics (is/are) his favourite subject at school.
8. My cousin’s trousers (is/are) very expensive.
9. The particulars of the witness (is/are) taken down by a young
policeman.
10. There (is/are) enough money in the drawer.
11. Measles (is/are) a very dangerous catching disease.
12. The customs (is/are) not far from here.
13. Clothes (isn’t/ aren’t) cheap nowadays.
14. People (doesn’t/ don’t) buy clothes that are too expensive.
15. 60 pounds (is/ are) a lot of money for a pair of jeans.
Exercise 8.
Choose the correct verb forms:
1. His clothes (are/ is) _____ very old.
2. His trousers (has got/ have got) _____ holes in them and his glasses
(are/ is) _____ broken.
3. All his belongings (is/ are) _____ in a bag on his back.
4. The police often (stops/ stop) _____ him and (asks/ ask) _____ him
questions.
5. People (avoid/ avoids) _____ him in the streets.
6. His earnings (are/ is) _____ very small. He gets 40 pounds a week
from social security.
7. For him 40 pounds (is/ are) _____ a lot of money.
8. “I’m not interested in possessions,” he says, “mathematics (are/ is)
_____ my passion.”
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UNIT 2. SHIP DESCRIPTION
What is a ship?
People have used rafts, boats and ships to travel across water for
many thousands of years. At its simplest, a ship is any craft that travels on
water, but ships have developed from simple log rafts to vast oil tankers.
This development has affected life on land, in shipbuilding yards, and at
ports where hundreds of people work loading and unloading cargo. The
difference between a ship and a boat is not very clear. Generally, ships are
larger and travel across seas and oceans. Boats are smaller and usually travel
on rivers, lakes and coastal waters. Ships and boats come in a huge variety
of shapes and sizes and have a wide range of uses from simple rowing boats
to massive cruise liners. Different types of ships do a wide range of jobs in
different fields like transport, commerce, leisure, exploration and combat.
Parts of a ship
The main body of the ship is called the hull. The hull is divided into
a number of watertight compartments. Decks divide the hull horizontally
and bulkheads divide it vertically. The hull consists of an inside framework
and an outside skin called shell plating. The backbone of the hull is the keel.
To make it easier to refer to parts of the ship, the hull is divided into three
areas or parts. They are the forward, amidships and after parts. The forward
part is nearest the bow. The bow (front) is sharply pointed to cut easily
through the water. The after part is nearest the stern. Amidships is in the
centre part of the ship. A deck provides a watertight covering for the crew to
work on.
Cargoes are stored in cargo holds. Cargo holds are usually situated at
the bottom of the ship. Besides the space for cargo the hull also contains the
engine room, which is situated at the after end of the ship. An engine-
driven propeller pushes the ship along. A funnel is the chimney on a ship
29
used to expel boiler steam and smoke or engine exhaust. The rudder at the
stern (back) is used for steering. An anchor keeps the ship in place at sea.
Vocabulary
after part parte din pupa
amidships la mijlocul navei (la cuplul maestru)
bow prova
bulkhead perete de compartimentare
deck punte
discharge a descarca
forward înainte, în/din prova
framework osatură
funnel coş de navă
hold magazie, hambar de navă
hull corpul navei, coca navei
keel chilă
load 1. încărcătură, 2. a încărca
rudder cârma navei
shell plating bordaj metalic exterior
steer a guverna, a cârmi, a conduce (o navă)
stern pupa
unload a descarca
watertight etanş la apă
30
Vocabulary Practice
Exercise 1.
Identify the main parts of the hull in the picture below.1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Exercise 2.
Answer the following questions.
1. What do you call the main body of a ship?
2. What is the keel?
3. How is the hull divided?
4. What do you call the forward part of a ship?
5. What is the stern?
6. What is “amidships”?
7. Where is the cargo stowed?
8. What is a funnel?
Exercise 3.
Complete the following statements with one or two words.
1. The main body of the ship is called the….…
2. The hull is divided into a number of………..
3. ……….. divide the hull horizontally.
1
https://shipfever.com/ship-parts-function/
31
4. ……….. divide the hull vertically.
5. The hull consists of an inside……….
6. The forward part is nearest the……..
7. The after part is nearest the………..
8. An engine-driven ……….. pushes the ship along.
9. The rudder at the stern (back) is used for ………...
10. An ……….. keeps the ship in place at sea.
Exercise 4.
Use the terms found in the study unit to solve the following crossword
puzzle.
Ship Description
32
Across Down
5. cârma navei 1. la mijlocul navei (la cuplul
7. etanş la apă maestru)
8. coş de navă 2. a guverna, a cârmi(o navă)
10. a descarca 3. osatură
13. ~plating - bordaj metalic 4. încărcătură
exterior 6. magazie de navă
14. chilă 9. a descarca
16. perete de compartimentare 11. pupa
12. corpul navei
15. punte
16. prova
33
Unit 2. Grammar
Pronouns and Determiners
Personal Pronouns
Subject pronouns: I like your dress.

I You are late.
you He is my friend.
he It is raining.
she She is on holiday.
it We live in England.
we They come from London.
they
Object pronouns:
me He told me a lie.
you I will see you tomorrow.
him She doesn't like him.
her I saw her in class today.
it It’s my book. Give it back!
us Can you help us, please?
them We saw them in town yesterday.
Grammar Practice. Personal Pronouns
Exercise 1.
Write the correct pronouns to fill in the sentences. Choose from the
pronouns in brackets.
E.g. I went to the doctor’s yesterday. He told …. to have more rest.

(I/me)
I went to the doctor’s yesterday. He told me to have more rest.
1. ... telephoned … yesterday, (She/Her; we/us)

2. … watched .... for hours. (We/Us; they/them)
3. Hasn't … told … the truth yet? (she/her; he/him)
4. … don't understand what … are saying. (I/ Me; you)
34
5. Are … talking to …? (you; I/ me)
6. Don't ask… ; … doesn't know. (she/her)
7. This is Julia. … have known … for years, (We/Us; she/her)
8. Nobody told … the bus was leaving (they/them)
9. Why didn't … ask … to come? (she/her; they/them)
10. Don't ask … about … . (I/me; he/him)
11. …think … doesn't like … (I/Me; he/him; she/her)
12. …asked … to invite … (They/Them; he/him; we/us)
Exercise 2.
Choose the right pronouns to replace the underlined nouns.
E.g. The teacher always gives the students homework.

He always gives them homework.
1. Jane always reads a bedtime story to her son.

2. The boy is riding his bike back home.
3. My friend is writing a letter to Joy.
4. The children don't know the answer.
5. Claire and I are going to see our friends this weekend.
6. The policeman told the people the way to the airport.
7. Open the door, please.
8. These cookies are for me and my brother.
9. The dog was chewing on the bone.
10. He and I are looking for Peter.
11. The passers-by could see me and my friends dancing.
12. Can your mother help my sister and me, please?
Exercise 3.
Decide on form of the personal pronouns given in bold? Write S for –
subject or O for object?
E.g. I am from Constanta. → S

Can you help me? → O
1. They showed me their house. →

2. Am I late? →
3. You were here before, weren’t you?
4. The doctor can see you now. →
5. This bouquet is for her. →
35
6. She is my best friend. →
7. He is in his room, playing video games. →
8. I met him two years ago. →
9. It is a lovely weather outside. →
10. I love this shirt. I bought it last week. →
11. They told us to go home. →
12. We live in Romania. →
13. Don't call them! It is too late.→
14. They are not home. →
Reflexive Pronouns
Form Uses Examples

 as a direct object
singular: when the object is Be careful! You might hurt
myself the same as the yourself.
yourself subject of the verb
himself
herself  used with most
itself transitive verbs,
such as:
plural: ourselves amuse The children amused
yourselves blame themselves playing hide-
themselves cut and-seek.
enjoy Don’t blame yourself for
help taking this. decision.
hurt She introduced herself to
introduce the audience.
prepare
satisfy
teach
 with the
preposition by:
- to show that
someone did He prepared the whole
something without dinner by himself.
any help.
- to show that I usually walk home by
someone is alone myself.
36
 to emphasise the The Beatles themselves
person or thing we directed this video.
are referring to:
Grammar Practice. Reflexive Pronouns
Exercise 1.
Write the correct reflexive pronouns to fill in the sentences.
1. He liked to wake … up in the morning with a cup of coffee.

2. Thanks for a great holiday - we really enjoyed … .
3. They hate watching movies by … .
4. I'm sorry, Eric, but I haven't got enough money to pay for you. Can
you pay for … ?
5. I don’t need anyone, I can drive …. home.
6. We don't need a babysitter - the children can look after … .
7. Now, children, remember to give … enough time to answer all the
exam questions.
8. 'Should I apply for the job?' she asked … .
9. We're planning to buy … a new television.
10. The dog hurt … while playing in the garden.
11. After losing my job, I found … lost and confused.
12. The girl cut … while chopping vegetables.
Exercise 2.
Fill in the sentences with the apropriate reflexive pronouns. Choose
from: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves,
themselves.
1. My father repaired the car ………… .

2. She did her homework ………… .
3. We helped ………… to some champagne at the party.
4. Chris, did you take this decision by …………?
5. I baked this cake …………. .
6. He cut ………… with a knife while doing the dishes.
7. They defended …………. in front of the jury.
8. My mother often talks to ………… .
37
9. Boys, if you want more juice, help ………… .
10. Alice and Doris collected the stickers ………… .
11. My computer keeps restarting ………… .
12. I sometimes ask ………… if I should quit my job.
Exercise 3.
Choose the best endings for the following sentences:
a. I usually get up at six, and then I shave / shave myself.

b. She went to a party last night. She really enjoyed/ enjoyed herself.
c. When you meet someone for the first time, you should introduce/
introduce yourself.
d. The Chef burnt/ burnt himself.
e. Stop fidgeting during the test! Please, concentrate/ concentrate
yourselves!
f. We were so shocked, we could hardly move/ move ourselves.
g. What happened? Did you cut/ cut yourself?
h. Be careful! You might electrocute/ electrocute yourself.
i. The cat has scratched/ scratched itself.
j. The children behaved/ behaved themselves.
k. The first thing they do after coming home is shower/ shower
themselves.
l. Cathy was careful not to hurt/ hurt herself.
Possessives
Uses Examples
Possessive  Modify and are This is my book.
determiners followed by nouns. This is your laptop.
Her hair is black.
His paper is interesting.
The dog hurt its paw.
Our house is nearby.
Is this their car?
Possessive  Replace a noun You cannot have this cookie.

pronouns It’s mine.
Is that magazine yours?
38
His car is black. Hers is red.
This isn’t my coat. It’s his.
This house will be ours
forever.
This yacht is theirs.
Grammar Practice. Possessives
Exercise 1.
Fill in the sentences with the suitable possessive adjectives. Use the
personal pronouns in brackets as clues.
E.g. These are ..... parents. (I)

These are my parents.
1. I've got ..... book. (he)

2. Is this ..... car? (you)
3. Do they like ..... new outfit? (she)
4. Have you met ..... teacher? (they)
5. Who's got ..... e-mail? (I)
6. We love ..... garden. (we)
7. Have you got ..... passport? (you)
8. He forgot ..... wallet. (he)
9. They changed ..... hotel room. (they)
10. She gave the letter to ..... secretary, (she)
11. There's something wrong with ..... car. (I)
12. They're having a party in ..... garden, (they)
13. Where are ..... keys? (I)
14. I like ..... studio. (you)
15. Look at the rainbow! I love ..... colours.
Exercise 2.
Fill in with a suitable possessive adjective or pronoun.
E.g. I can’t play tennis because I’ve forgotten _____ tennis shoes.
I can’t play tennis because I’ve forgotten my tennis shoes.
Jessica can’t play because she’s forgotten _____ too.
39
Jessica can’t play because she’s forgotten hers too.
1. Amy can’t play because she’s broken _____ arm.

2. Paul and Mary can’t play because they’ve forgotten _____ rackets. Jim
and May have lost _____, too !
3. She’s looking after her cat. It’s broken _____ leg.
4. Can you play, Mike? Or have you forgotten _____ equipment?
5. Whose bag is this? Is it _____ ?
6. Excuse me, but this is _____ seat.
7. The police asked her for _____address.
8. My parents say the decision is _____.
9. My father lets me use _____ car.
10. I have no advice to give them. The decision is _____.
11. The dog wants _____ dinner. (it)
12. We could never sell _____ house.
Exercise 3.
Fill in with the correct possessive determiner or pronoun. Use the
personal pronouns in brackets as clues.
E.g. Are these _____ friends or _____? (you/ she)
Are these your friends or hers? (you/ she)
1. Is it _____suitcase or _____? (you/he)

2. Has the dog had _____ food? (it)
3. They're not_____ keys - they're _____. (I/she)
4. I don't think its_____ room: I think it's _____ (you/they)
5. Have you got _____ pen, or would you like to borrow_____? (you/I)
6. _____ garden is bigger than _____.(they/we)
7. I think this is _____ book. Oh no, it's _____ (I/you)
8. You know it's _____ not money. It's _____. (you/I)
9. It isn't _____ car, it's _____ .(he/she)
10. It wasn't _____ mistake, it was _____.(I/you)
11. Have you met _____ mother? (they)
12. _____ brother hasn't got a car, so he uses _____. (he/we)
13. _____car wasn't working, so I used _____. (I/he)
14. _____house is smaller than _____ (we/they)
Demonstratives
Uses Examples
Demonstrative  Modify and are This book is the best I’ve
40
determiners followed by nouns. ever read.
 Show a certain These little children are very
thing or person in cute.
a special situation.
- this and these refer

to something near
the speaker. Is that magazine yours?
Those children in the
- that and those schoolyard have been playing
refer to something for hours.
further away.
Demonstrative  Replace a noun
pronouns
- this and these refer This is my neighbour, Jana.
to something near These are the best pictures
the speaker. I’ve ever seen.
- that and those Is that your magazine?

refer to something Are those your neighbour’s
further away. children?
Grammar Practice. Demonstratives
Exercise 1.
Complete this dialogue with this, these, that or those:
Customer: Can I have half a kilo of 1_____ tomatoes on the shelf behind
you?
Assistant: 2 _____ here, do you mean?
Customer: Yes, that’s right. And have you got any of 3 ______ oranges
you
had last week?
Assistant: No, we haven’t got any of 4 _____ but 5 _____ here are just as
nice.
Customer: All right, I’ll have a kilo of 6 _____ please.
Assistant: Anything else?
Customer: Yes, can I have a cabbage please?
Assistant: How about 7 _____ one?
Customer: Yes, 8 _____ looks fine.
41
Assistant: Anything else?
Customer: No, 9 _____ ‘s all thanks.
Assistant: 10 _____’s £ 3.45 altogether.
Exercise 2.
Choose this, that, these or those to complete the sentences.
1. Look at ………. tree here!

2. ………. are my cousins, and ……….people over there are my friends.
3. ………. house over there is mine, and ………. one here is my brother’s.
4. ………. is his seat and ………. is your seat over there.
5. ………. flowers here smell better than ………. on the hill.
6. ………. was a great evening. I am really enjoying myself.
7. Is ……….your car over there?
8. ………. bottle here is empty.
9. Who are ……….man standing here?
10. Can I have ………. books on the shelf?
Indefinite Pronouns & Determiners
Type Uses Examples

Indefinite pronouns
 refer to non-specific people There was no one in the room.
Singular: or things Nothing could be done to help
them.
anybody anyone
anything anywhere  pronouns ending in -body or Is there anybody here?
-one are used for people
everybody everyone  pronouns ending in -thing They could see something in the
everything are used for things: horizon.
everywhere
 “any-” is used in questions Has anyone done their
nobody no one and negative sentences homework?
nothing nowhere There wasn’t anything he could
do to fix the problem.
somebody someone
 “some-” and “no-” are used
something somewhere I wanted to say something but I
in affirmative sentences
didn’t know what.
Nobody knew where she was.
42
Plural: I have two children. I love them
both both very much.
a few "How many apples do you want?"
many "Oh, just a few, please."
others Some of the employees seemed
several satisfied, but there were many
complaining about the working
conditions.
Singular or
Plural: They were all very happy.
all “Can I have some pie?”
any “I’m sorry, there isn’t any left.”
more Tropical fruit are tasty, but most
most are very expensive.
none
some
Indefinite
determiners/  modify a noun in a non-specific manner
predeterminers
Singular:
other This car has many other important features.
each Each page of this book is full of lovely pictures.
either We should spend less money.
less There is little coffee left.
much
little
Plural:
both Both men were wearing boots.
few Few people are as good at mathematics as John.
many I’ve seen this movie several times.
several
Singular or
Plural:
all All people need to relax sometimes.
any Do you want any coffee?
more Most animals are invertebrates.
43
most There was no sugar left in the cupboard.
no Some ships have a bulbous bow.
some
Grammar Practice. Indefinite Pronouns & Determiners
Exercise 1.
Complete these sentences with some- any- or no- + one/
thing/where/body. If two answers are possible, give them both.
E.g. I wouldn’t like to live ………. else.

I wouldn’t like to live anywhere else.
She is ………. I really look up to.

She is someone I really look up to.
1. She's not going to disagree with ………. if she’s not sure she’s right.
2. I'm sure he has ………. against our proposal.
3. There was never ………. wrong with that plan.
4. Wasn't there ………. he was good at?
5. Take me ………. far away from here.
6. It is reported that ………. has been stolen from the headquarters office.
7. They said ………. about coming here.
8. Is there ………. you’d like to add?
9. I’ve got ………. important to do today.
10. Can I get you ……….?
11. There is ………. left for us to do but wait.
12. You won't find a better restaurant ………. in the world.
13. There’s ………. waiting to see you.
14. Do exactly as I tell you and ………. will get hurt!
Exercise 2.
Choose the best ending for the following sentences:
1. While you're doing the a. if anything happened to my

dishes, phone.
2. He didn't want to have b. but I couldn't find it
44
anywhere.
3. All she could remember was c. anything else to do to fix the
problem.
4. They don't think there's d. I'll get on with something
else.
5. I looked all over the city for e. anywhere near a car for five
that hotel, years.
6. I couldn't think of f. somewhere near Ljubljana.
7. After the accident, Paul g. that the car was somewhere in
didn't go the parking lot.
8. He was born h. anything to do with that
person.
9. Perhaps there's i. anything wrong with being
late.
10. I’d be terribly upset j. something wrong with the
printer.
Exercise 3.
Choose a suitable indefinite pronoun to complete the sentences:
1. Paul and his wife were ……….wearing matching hats at the party.
a. all
b. none
c. both
d. some
2. I had ………. dollars. Just enough to by myself a nice sandwich.
a. more
b. any
c. few
d. a few
3. There were lots of people at the concert. ………. of them wanted an
autograph.
a. many
b. several
c. much
d. others
4. You shouldn’t expect ………. to do your work for you.
a. nobody
b. others
c. other
d. something
45
5. ……….’s well that ends well.
a. Something
b. Nothing
c. None
d. All
6. ………. of my friends are learning English. I wish I could learn it too.
a. Several
b. None
c. Few
d. More
7. Do ………. of them want to attend college?
a. some
b. none
c. few
d. any
8. John is the type of guy who is never satisfied. He always wants ……….
.
a. all
b. more
c. some
d. both
9. Many of the students in this university are in their twenties. ….. are
twenty-five or younger.
a. Most
b. All
c. Both
d. More
10. "Do you have any idea where he is?"
"No, ………. whatsoever."
a. all
b. any
c. none
d. nothing
Exercise 4.
Underline the indefinite determiners that are appropriate in these
sentences. Sometimes more than one option is possible.
1. There was much/many/few/several debate at the meeting about the

assignment of a new CEO.
46
2. The new factory provided much/many/few/several jobs in a region where
there was not much/many/few/several work employment.
3. Much/Many/Few/Several questions need to be answered before a
decision can be made.
4. Will you be taking much/many/ few/several luggage on the trip?
5. Is there much/many/ few/several equipment on the navigation bridge?
6. Are there much/many/few/several computers in your school?
7. Much/Many/Few/Several people actually know how a supply chain
works.
8. I didn't have much/many/few/several information to help me make my
decision.
9. Much/Many/Few/Several customers complained about the additional
fees.
10. Tell me something only much/many/few/several know about you.
11. I’m a huge fan of “Star Wars”. I’ve seen it much/many/few/several
times.
12. You’ve made too much/many/few/several mistakes in this document.
Please retype it.
13. As a racing driver, he had cheated death on much/many/few/several
occasions.
14. After much/many/few/several hours of waiting, he managed to get a train
to Bucharest.
Exercise 5.
Complete the sentences with a word from the list below. Some of them
may be used more than once.
most each both either some no none any all
1. We’ve sent e-mails to the customers, but there is still ………. reply.
2. There are three flights on this route, but there are ………. seats left on
………. of them.
3. ………. of these flights has available seats.
4. Have a look in the cupboard! Is there ………. sugar left?
5. ………. I need is good night’s sleep.
6. ………. animals have to eat in order to live.
7. ………. of the computers were corrupted by the virus.
8. ………. my parents have interesting jobs.
9. Here are the two books I promised you. ……….of them is worth
reading.
10. ………. countries have strict laws restricting the use of
telecommunications.
11. ………. of the countries I have visited do not border an ocean.
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12. If you need more milk, there was ………. left in the fridge.
13. Nowadays ………. people choose to throw away broken things instead
of repairing them.
14. ………. people I know own a car.
15. The students ………. have a copy of the test paper.
16. ………. of the companies supports a local charity.
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UNIT 3. SHIP TYPES
Merchant ships can be classified according to what they carry. Big
cargo ships are one of the largest moving machines ever built. Today,
modern commercial vessels are highly specialized, designed to carry
specific types of cargo.
The general cargo ship (also known as break-bulk or freighter) was

the most important cargo ship until the 20th century. These ships carry
almost any kind of cargo, both piece goods and bulk cargo. The cargo is
packed into drums, boxes, bags, bales, crates or on pallets. For loading and
unloading (discharging) the cargo, cranes and derricks are used. These
machines lift the cargo through the hatches and store it into the holds. Cargo
can also be secured by lashing and stored on deck.
Container ships carry most of the world's manufactured goods and

products. They are designed to carry cargo in standard-size boxes or
“containers” of 20ft units or 40 ft units, which means that they require large
hatches in the deck for stowing the cargo units. Container ships are also
characterized by the absence of cargo handling gear, which is usually
located ashore. At the container terminals, these ships can quickly load and
discharge by means of large quay-side cranes.
The bulk carrier carries bulk cargo, either “dry bulk” such as coal,
grain, iron ore, etc or “liquid bulk” such as a range of chemicals including
petroleum products. Bulk carriers come in different sizes, and have huge
under-deck specialized holds where the bulk products are poured and stored.
The dry bulk is identifiable by the hatches raised above deck level which
cover the large cargo holds, while the liquid bulk is identifiable by the flush
deck, covered by pipelines and vents.
The oil tanker is one of the most important vessels in the world’s
merchant fleets. Tankers carry liquid cargo, not only oil, in tanks. They
come in two kinds: the crude carrier, which carries crude oil, and the clean
products tanker, which carries refined products such as petrol, gasoline,
kerosene and paraffin. Just like any liquid bulk cargo ship, the oil tanker is
characterized by the absence of cargo hatches and external handling gear.
49
Roll-on/roll-off ships (Ro-Ro) are designed for the carriage of
wheeled cargo, such as cars, trucks, trailers, that are driven on and off the
ship on their own wheels or by using a platform vehicle. Ro-Ro ships have
large stern or bow doors, which are lowered to make a bridge from the ship
to the wharf, and to allow vehicles to drive on and off. Since vehicles
require large clearance space between them, the general outline of the ship
is rather “boxy”, with a high freeboard and a high deckhouse covering much
of the ship’s superstructure, to afford more parking decks.
Ferries are vessels that usually perform short journeys on fixed

routes over short cross-water passages. They can carry both passengers and
their vehicles, and sometimes cargo. These vessels vary greatly in size and
in quality of accommodation. Some ferries even offer overnight cabins
resembling those on cruise ships. Vehicles are loaded aboard by means of
low-level side doors or by stern or bow ramps much like those found on
roll-on/roll-off cargo ships.
The cruise ship or the cruise liner is a luxury passenger ship used to
take passengers on a pleasure voyage. The voyage in itself is part of the
experience together with the various destinations on the way. Demand for
cruise ships expanded rapidly during the 1980s, leading to a new generation
of large and luxurious “floating hotels”. Modern cruise ships, while
sacrificing some qualities of seaworthiness, have added amenities to satisfy
the needs of the passengers. Since most of them are designed for large
numbers of passengers, they are characterized by high superstructures of
many decks, and, since their principal routes lie in warm seas, they are
typically painted white all over.
Vocabulary
cargo ship navă de mărfuri, cargou
break–bulk cargo mărfuri generale
crane macara
derrick bigă de marfă, macara
hatch gură de magazie, tambuchi
lash a lega încărcătura navei, a amara
container ship navă de containere, container
cargo handling gear echipament încărcare/descărcare marfă
bulk carrier navă de mărfuri în vrac, vrachier
flush deck punte liberă/ netedă (fără suprastructură)
oil tanker navă petrolieră, tanc petrolier
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crude-oil carrier petrolier (de ţiţei)
roll-on/roll-off ship navă port-autovehicule, navă ro-ro
wharf (pl. wharves) cheu costier, debarcader, ponton
clearance space spaţiu liber/ mort
freeboard bord liber
ferry-boat feribot (navă specială)
cruise ship navă de coazieră
seaworthiness stare de navigabilitate
amenities (pl.) facilităţi, dotări care sporesc confortul
Vocabulary Practice
Exercise 1.
Match the following ships (1-7) with the corresponding pictures (A-G).
1. FERRY
A.
2. TANKER
B.
3. GENERAL CARGO
SHIP
C.
4. BULK CARRIER
D.
51
5. RORO
E.
6. CONTAINER SHIP
F.
7. CRUISE SHIP
G.
Exercise 2. Fill in the table with information regarding the

characteristics of the ship types presented above. The first one has been
done for you.
general cargo  carries piece goods + bulk cargo

ship  cargo is packed into drums, boxes, bags, bales,
crates, etc.
 has cranes and derricks
container ship
bulk carrier
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oil tanker
Ro-Ro ship
ferry
cruise ship
Exercise 3.
Match the following terms (1-16) with their definitions (a-p).
1. crate a. a level quayside area where ships load and

unload
2. derrick b. to keep in a safe place
3. amenity c. a machine for lifting heavy cargo
4. discharge d. a metal box of standard size for cargo
transport
5. hatch e. any kind of carriage on wheels
6. seaworthiness f. a station for passengers or cargo
7. cargo gear g. a tube for conveying water, gas, oil, etc.
8. vehicle h. a strong covered vehicle for carrying heavy
loads
9. crane i. a platform with or without sides, on which
you can load
10. wharf j. a wooden box for cargo
11. pipeline k. the equipment use for handling cargo
12. to store l. a lifting device with a part like an arm, used
for moving things on and off ships
13. container m. to unload
14. truck n. a deck opening leading to the cargo holds
15. pallet o. the ability of a vessel to navigate safely
16. terminal p. something intended to make life more
pleasant or comfortable for people
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Exercise 4.
Fill in the following sentences with a suitable word or phrase from
Exercise 3:
1. The ..…. ship is designed to carry cargo in standard-size boxes.

2. Stern doors are lowered to make a bridge from the ship to the …... to
allow vehicles to drive on and off the ship.
3. Cranes lift the cargo through the hatches and …… it into the holds.
4. Container ships are characterized by the absence of ……, which is
usually located ashore.
5. For loading and unloading the cargo, cranes and …… are used.
6. The cargo is packed into drums, boxes, bags, bales, crates or on …… .
7. Ferries can carry both passengers and their ……, and sometimes cargo.
8. Modern cruise ships have added …… to satisfy the needs of the
passengers.
9. At the terminals, container ships can quickly load and …… by means of
large quay-side cranes.
10. The liquid bulk ship is identifiable by the flush deck, covered by ……
and vents.
Exercise 5. Use the terms found in the study unit to solve the following
crossword puzzle.
54
Across Down
2. ţiţei 1. bord liber
6. stare de navigabilitate 3. macara
11. dotări care sporesc confortul 4. punte fără suprastructură
12. feribot (navă specială) 5. debarcader (pl.)
14. a amara 7. gură de magazie
8. petrol
9. bigă de marfă
10. croazieră
13. (în) vrac
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Unit 3. Grammar
Adjectives and Adverbs
The Adjective
DEGREES OF COMPARISON
Positive Comparative Superlative
Does not make a Comparative of Superlative of

comparison inferiority superiority
Jane is a kind person. less + adjective + than the + adjective + -est

Paul is an interesting He is less kind than This is the smallest car
person. Jane. I’ve ever seen.
or
Comparison of the most+ adjective
equality He is the most
as + adjective + as interesting person I’ve
Mary is as young as ever met.
her cousin.
Superlative of
Comparison of inferiority
superiority the least + adjective
adjective+er This is the least
He grew older and interesting book I’ve
wiser every year. ever read.
or
more+adjective Absolute superlative
She is more beautiful very/extremely, etc. +
every day. adjective
Jane is very smart.
Jane is extremely smart.
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FORMATION RULES
One-syllable adjectives:
clear clearer the clearest
dark darker the darkest
 short vowel + consonant:
big bigger the biggest
fat fatter the fattest
wet wetter the wettest
 ending in -e:
nice nicer the nicest
simple simpler the simplest
wise wiser the wisest
Two-syllable adjectives:
 ending in -y:
early earlier the earliest
friendly friendlier the friendliest
pretty prettier the prettiest
 ending in -ful; -ing; - ed:
useful more useful the most useful
boring more boring the most boring
tired more tired the most tired
Adjectives with three or more syllables:

beautiful more beautiful the most beautiful
dangerous more dangerous the most dangerous
expensive more expensive the most expensive
Exceptions:
good better the best
bad worse the worst
many/much more the most
little less the least
far farther/further the farthest/the furthest
old older/elder the oldest/the eldest
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ADJECTIVE – WORD ORDER
O D A S C O M P
Opinion Dimension Age Shape Colour Origin Material Purpose + Noun
ugly small old thin black German cotton sleeping bag
lovely - - long white Italian silk wedding dress
- large ancient - - Greek clay flower vase
cute little - - gray French - - poodle
Grammar Practice. The Adjective
Exercise 1.
Choose from the following adjectives to fill in the sentences below:
hungry, magnificent, new, terrible, expensive, sad, luxurious, wonderful,
Italian, fresh, difficult
1. Gold rings are normally ................. .

2. This food smells.................! I love fish and chips.
3. It was a ................exam. I’m sure I haven’t passed.
4. I’ve just bought a ...............sports car.
5. I met my wife in Rome, but she isn’t................
6. He looks................. I don’t think he likes his job.
7. Are you....................? Shall I buy some sandwiches?
8. This orange juice tastes..................Is it....................?
9. The .................... cruise ship lay at anchor.
10. The palace has .................... views and gardens.
Exercise 2.
Correct the order of the adjectives in the sentences below, if necessary.
1. She lost a gold, small ring at the disco yesterday night.

2. I have an old, Italian painting in my living room.
3. I’m looking for my cotton, green shirt and my brown, leather shoes.
4. George has a Spanish, modern villa near the sea. He goes there every
summer.
5. I live in an old, white house near the river. I’ve got a black, large dog!
6. I had an interesting talk with a Polish, young student last week.
7. We are having lunch in a big, Japanese, new restaurant in the centre of
town.
8. I left my books in a red, plastic bag on the bus. I was so stupid!
9. He’s just bought a black big wooden desk for his office.
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10. I will never forget visiting that Russian old beautiful village.
11. While driving on that mountain road they spotted a huge old brown
bear.
12. They were looking for a tall nice young man to appear in a commercial
for Pepsi.
Exercise 3.
Fill in the table with the comparative and the superlative forms of the
given adjectives:
1. big
2. careful
3. expensive
4. good
5. fat
6. famous
7. new
8. modern
9. young
10. cheap
11. happy
12. difficult
13. bad
14. hot
15. hungry
16. sad
17. long
18. rich
19. friendly
20. small
Exercise 4.
Complete the sentences using the comparative form of the adjectives in
brackets + “than”.
E.g. I think that golf is ………….. (interesting) tennis.

I think that golf is more interesting than tennis.
1. This question is......................(easy) the last one.

2. I’m a good player, but Eric is ........................(good) me.
59
3. The group’s first record was.........................(successful) their second
record.
4. We both played well, but he was.....................(lucky) me.
5. Your car is......................(powerful) mine.
6. This computer is....................(useful) that one.
7. Nick is ...................(tall) his father.
8. This smartphone is ...................(fancy) that one.
9. Driving is ...................(dangerous) flying.
10. November is ...................(cold) July.
Exercise 5.
Complete the sentences using the superlative form of the adjective in
brackets.
E.g. Anna is .................... (young) person in her class.

Anna is the youngest person in her class.
1. We stayed in ......................(bad) hotel in the whole city.

2. People say that it is ...............(funny) film of the year.
3. What is........................(tall) building in the world?
4. Her teachers say that she is ....................(good) student in the school.
5. This is........................(expensive) camera in the shop.
6. Many people say that Venice is..................(beautiful) city in the world.
7. Bran is .................. (old) castle we have ever visited.
8. He believed his daughter was .................. (lovely) little girl on earth.
9. This is .................. (difficult) exercise on the worksheet.
10. He was broke, so he chose .................. (cheap) hotel room in town.
Exercise 6.
Use the words in brackets to write sentences. Use the superlative +
Present Perfect + “ever”.
E.g. (It’s/cold/place/I/visit)
It’s the coldest place I’ve ever visited.
1. (It’s/big/ship/I/see)
2. (He’s/rich/man/I/meet)
3. (It’s/difficult/exam/I/take)
4. (It’s/sad/film/I/see)
5. (She’s/happy/person/I/meet)
6. (It’s/modern/ flat/I/see)
7. (It’s/hot/country/I/visit)
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8. (It’s/small/dog/I/see).
Exercise 7.
Join each pair of sentences, using as much......as, or as many......as.
E.g. I’ve got 50 books. Jack’s got about 100.

I haven’t got as many books as Jack.
1. You’ve done a lot of work. I’ve done a lot of work also.

I’ve done ............................you.
2. Alan earns a lot of money. Sheila only earns a little.
Sheila doesn’t earn...........................Alan.
3. George has been to five countries. I’ve also been to five countries.
I’ve been to...............................George.
4. You’ve had five jobs. I’ve only had two.
I haven’t had...........................you.
5. Tom has a lot of luggage. Jane has a lot of luggage too.
Lane has............................Tom.
6. Mary answered most of the questions. I only answered about half.
I didn’t answer.............................Mary.
7. Ruth spent $50.I also spent $50.
I spent...........................Ruth.
8. Tom has had 2 beers already. John’s had only one.
John hasn’t had..........................Tom.
Exercise 8.
Choose the correct adjective in brackets ( ) to put in the gaps.
E.g. It was a terrible play and I was bored (bored/boring) from start to
finish.
It was a terrible play and I was bored from start to finish.
1. I’m very..................(excited/exciting) because I’m going to New York

tomorrow.
2. Are you................(surprised/surprising) or were you expecting this
news?
3. I’m reading a very.................(interested/interesting) book at the moment.
4. I’ve had a very..............(tired/tiring) day at work today and I want to go
to bed.
5. Most people were...................(surprised/surprising) that he won the
championship.
6. I’m.......................(bored/boring). Let’s go out for a cup of coffee
somewhere.
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7. Visit our...................(excited/exciting) new shop!
8. His speech was very long and very...................(bored/boring).
The Adverb
Types of Use/Form Example

adverbs
We use adverbs to
describe: Experiments using
 a verb dynamite must be done
carefully.
Charles had an
 an adjective unbelievably huge
appetite for chips.
Adverbs of I passed that exam quite

manner  an adverb easily.
adjective + -ly
slow+-ly ►slowly Could you please speak
bad+-ly ►badly more slowly, please?
actual+-ly ►actually
He had been working
*adverbs that do not end in- hard for everything that
ly: he had.
almost, already, back, hard, Run as fast as you can if
low, how, now, far, more, you want to catch the
often, late, so, fast, etc. bus.
Adverbs of time - the moment of action: I'm having dinner with

now, today, yesterday, my parents tomorrow.
tomorrow, then, etc.
- succession in time: Are you coming back
before, soon, formerly, soon?
62
afterwards, etc.
- duration: I am still waiting for
lately, recently, still, yet, etc. those papers.
- frequency:
weekly, often, usually, She would often go to
seldom, etc. see her cousins.
- direction:
Adverbs of aside, forward, backward, To get to the train
place: right, left, etc. station, go forward and
then turn left.
- place:
here, there, somewhere, I left my keys
anywhere etc. somewhere, and now I
can’t find them
anywhere.
ADVERBS - DEGREES OF COMPARISON
Does not make a Comparative of Relative superlative

comparison inferiority
He runs fast. less + adverb + than adverb + -est

She speaks English He ran less fast than his He ran the fastest of all
fluently. classmates. his classmates.
She spoke English less or
fluently than I most + adverb
remembered. She spoke most fluently
of all at the meeting.
Comparison of equality
as + adverb + as Absolute superlative
He ran as fast as his very/really/extremely,
classmates. etc. + adverb
She speaks English as He ran really fast, and
fluently as her brother. won the competition.
She came very early.
Comparison of
superiority: adverb+er
+ than
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He ran faster than his
classmates.
She came earlier than
expected.
or
more+adverb+than
She speaks English
more fluently than her
brother.
FORMATION RULES
one-syllable adverbs:
fast faster fastest
soon sooner soonest
late later latest
Adverbs ending in –ly

freely more freely most freely
heavily more heavily most heavily
quietly more quietly most quietly
terribly more terribly most terribly
Exceptions:
well better best
badly worse worst
far farther/further farthest/the furthest
little less least
Grammar Practice. The Adverb
Exercise 1.
Rewrite these sentences using an adverb instead of an adjective.
E.g. Peter is a bad tennis player. Peter plays ......................

Peter plays tennis badly.
1. He’s a dangerous driver. He ......................

2. She’s a fast swimmer. She swims ......................
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3. Martin is a good cook. Martin cooks ......................
4. I’m a slow writer. I write ...................................
5. She’s a wonderful dancer. She dances ......................
6. Sheila is a hard worker. Sheila works ......................
7. They aren’t quick learners. They don’t learn ......................
8. He is a terrible liar. He lies ......................
Exercise 2.
Complete the sentences. Put in the adverb form of the adjective in
brackets.
E.g. She read the message ............... (quick).
She read the message quickly.
1. Read the instructions ............... (careful).

2. He looked at her ............... (angry), but he didn’t say anything.
3. She passed all her exams ............... (easy).
4. I ran as ............... (fast) as I could.
5. He thinks that he did the test ............... (bad) and that he’ll fail.
6. I’ve been studying very ............... (hard) recently.
7. She was working ...............(busy) when I arrived.
8. She sang the song ...............(beautiful)
9. He was playing ...............(happy) when I came into the room.
10. He was concentrating ...............(hard) on his work.
11. Have I filled this form in ...............correct)?
12. I wasn’t in a hurry, so I walked ................(slow) through the park.
Exercise 3
Complete the dialogues by putting a suitable adverb into the gaps. Use
one of these adjectives: slow, fast, hard, good (x2), easy, bad.
E.g. A: Were the questions difficult?

B: No, I answered them easily.
1. A: Does she speak English.....................?

B: No, she only knows a few words of English.
2. A: Hurry up! I’m waiting!
B: Just a minute. I’m coming as .....................as I can.
3. A: Did you lose at tennis again?
B: Yes, I played.......................and I lost.
4. A: Have you been working.................today?
65
B: No, I’ve done nothing all day!
5. A: Have you finished that book yet?
B: No, I always read very...................It takes me a long time to finish a
book.
6. A: Is he a bad student?
B: No, he does all his work very......................
Exercise 4.
Put in the comparative adverb form of the adjective in brackets.
E.g. You must do your work .................... (careful) in future.

You must do your work more carefully in future.
1. He has run the 100 metres ......................(fast) than any other athlete in
the world this year.
2. Everyone else did the test....................(good) than me.
3. You can travel......................(cheap) at certain times of the year.
4. He plays.................(confident) than he did in the past.
5. I’m sorry I’ve made so many mistakes. I’ll try...............(hard) in future.
6. You will be able to sit...................(comfortable) in this chair.
7. My new smartphone functions ………………. than the old one. (bad)
8. He drives ………………. than he flies a plane. (dangerous)
Exercise 5.
Complete these sentences using “really” or “quite”.
E.g. The film was .................. good. I enjoyed it a lot.

The film was really good. I enjoyed it a lot.
1. It’s....................cold outside, but not very cold.

2. It isn’t a wonderful book, but it’s..................good.
3. The tickets were...............expensive – they cost much more than I
expected.
4. The programme is................popular in my country; millions of people
watch it.
5. He’s..............good at his job, but sometimes makes bad mistakes.
6. The meal was..............nice, but it wasn’t very good.
7. It’s.............dangerous to drive fast in such terrible weather conditions.
8. I’m not a very good tennis player, but I am.................good.
9. They’re all..............intelligent students, and they will all pass their
exams easily.
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10. The company that I work for is.................big, but it’s not enormous.
Exercise 6.
Put the words in brackets in the right place in these sentences.
E.g. I work late at the office.

(often) .............................
I often work late at the office.
1. He is very excited about starting a new job.

(always)...............................
2. You must lock the front door when you leave.
(always)...............................
3. Steve and Jill play golf.
(twice a month)...................
4. I eat a sandwich for lunch.
(usually).............................
5. I go to jazz concerts at the weekend.
(sometimes)....................
6. My teacher gives me a lot of homework.
(every day)..........................
7. We see our Mexican friends.
(hardly ever).......................
8. They go to Morroco for their holidays.
(often).................................
9. Bill and Marie go to the theatre.
(four times a year)...............
10. They are at home in the evening.
(rarely).................................
11. I go out late at night.
(never).............................
12. This house will be the same without her.
(never).............................
Exercise 7.
In these dialogues underline the adjectives and highlight the adverbs.
1. A: I think he’s a good worker. What do you think?

B: I’m not sure. He works carefully, but he makes some bad mistakes.
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2. A: He’s a wonderful skier. He skis quickly and beautifully.
B: In my opinion, he skis dangerously. He’s a stupid skier.
3. A: He’s a rich and powerful man. He lives expensively.
B: Yes, but he spends money carefully. He buys valuable objects.
4. A: Paul, Jane, Diana and Mark live in a big, old house in Scotland. They
live happily together.
B: I know they are happy, but the house is expensive and so they live
cheaply.
5. A: This bread tastes awful. Did you cook it correctly?
B: If you think it’s horrible, why are you eating it so hungrily?
6. A: She’s very young, but she sings and dances beautifully.
B: She’s a wonderful singer, but she dances badly in my opinion.
1. A: He did worse than expected in the exams.
B: I disagree. He actually did a lot better than expected.
2. A: Did Jill do the best in the test?
B: No. She did the worst.
Exercise 8.
Choose the adjective or the adverb in brackets to complete the
sentences.
1. The train was very ............... (slow/slowly) and I arrived late.

2. The journey took a long time because the train went
very...............(slow/slowly).
3. Mrs. Green went..................(quick/quickly) back to her office.
4. I’m afraid I can’t give you an ................(immediate/immediately) answer;
I need to think about it first.
5. The work that the builders did for us was very.................(bad/badly).
6. The builders did the work for us very....................(bad/badly)
7. She organized the party...............(good/well), and everybody enjoyed it.
8. Everybody said that the party was very................(good/well).
9. She wrote a ..............(polite/politely) letter asking the company to give
her the money back.
10. She wrote the company and asked them ..............(polite/politely) to give
her the money back.
Exercise 9.
Put the adjectives into the comparative adjective or comparative
adverb form.
68
E.g. It rains much .............. (heavy) than it used to.
It rains much more heavily than it used to.
1. She’s become much .............. (happy) since she quit her old job.
2. Now she has to work a lot .............. (hard) in this new job than she used
to in her old one.
3. I feel .............. (healthy) now that I’ve given up smoking.
4. It all happened .............. (sudden) than they were expecting.
5. I think the concert ticket is going to be a lot .............. (expensive) than
we anticipated.
6. That child cried .............. (loud) than any child I’ve ever seen.
7. This soup tastes .............. (hot) than usually.
8. You should see your grandparents .............. (frequent) than you do.
9. He was injured .............. (serious) than any of the others.
10. The driver had .............. (serious) injuries than the passengers.
11. Your hair looks much .............. (good) like that.
12. You need to behave .............. (polite) when you deal with elderly
people.
13. She is .............. (lovely) in this dress than in the other one.
14. The students were hoping the exam was .............. (easy) than the
previous ones.
15. Mary could pass the test .............. (easy) than her colleagues.
Exercise 10.
Use adverbs to complete the second sentence so that it has a similar
meaning to the first sentence.
E.g. There was a slight fall in profits this year.

This year profits ………fell slightly………
1. There was a dramatic change in the weather last month.

Last month the weather ………………………….
2. There has been a significant drop in the price of oil over the last few
months.
The price of oil …………………………………..
3. Let’s have a quick look at those documents.
Let’s ……………………………………………….
4. We should have a brief pause for coffee.
We should ………………………………………
5. He’s made a steady recovery in the last few days.
He ……………………………………………….
6. There has been a gradual rise in unemployment.
69
Unemployment …………………………………
7. There has been a considerable growth in the number of foreign students
over recent years.
The number of foreign students …………………
8. She took a deep breath and then jumped into the water.
She ……………………………………………….
70
Unit 4. PORT DESCRIPTION
What is a port?
Ships move cargo and people from one place to another place, so
they need ports where they can load and unload. A port is a place where
goods, passengers and mail are transferred to, from, or between carriers of
the same or different modes. Port location is a major consideration with
regard to its economic functions. Geographers consider location in terms of
site and situation. Site refers to the characteristics of the area occupied by
the port; situation refers to the relations of the port location to the hinterland
and to the overseas areas or forelands with which the port has connections.
Modern port facilities have to meet the demands of highly

specialised transport systems by sea, land and air. And so within the
boundaries of any large sea port we find an amazing range of services.
Every port has areas called docks where ships tie up along the quayside. The
docks are often inside an area of water called a harbour, which is protected
from the sea by a massive stone wall or natural cliffs. On the docks there are
huge cranes for unloading the ships and warehouses for storing cargo.
Repair and maintenance facilities in port may include a dry dock.
Scaffolding is erected to keep the ship upright. In the port area there may be
ship repair yards, parts shops and customs offices.
A modern port also provides pilots and pilot vessels. The entrance to
a harbour is often narrow and busy. It may also have treacherous shallow
areas such as sandbanks outside it. A pilot is a person who knows the
harbour well. He or she always takes control of large ships to guide them as
they enter and leave the port. A port also provides tugs for towage and
emergency response vessels in cases of accidents at sea.
Within the port area we find office buildings for all the various
companies catering for the shipping industry – Ship Brokers, Shipping
Agents, Stevedoring and Lashing Companies, Ship’s Chandlers, Marine
Engineering Companies, Companies for Marine Equipment and Ship’s
Repair, Cargo Surveyors and Inspection Companies, etc.
Until recently, large numbers of people were employed as dockers

and many major coastal towns and cities have grown up around ports. But
71
the increased use of containers has dramatically reduced the number of
workers. Huge merchant ships now dock at purpose-built ports or terminals,
which are specially designed for handling cargoes, such as containers, oil
and gas.
Port, harbor and marina

A port is a man-made area alongside the coastline, where boats and
ships moor and transfer passengers and cargo, to/from land. A port is also a
point of interchange between different modes of transportation, functioning
as a junction for international trade. That is why ports need to provide a
number of cargo handling and storage facilities, together with various
amenities, such as hotels, restaurants, shipbuilding and repair companies,
customs facilities, etc.
A harbour is a natural or man-made area next to the shore, where
boats and ships are anchored to take shelter from bad weather, or are kept
for a particular period of time. Harbours need not possess onshore facilities.
Nearly all ports include portions of one or more harbours; a harbour may
serve a single port, as in the case of a large harbour (e.g. San Francisco
Bay), or several harbours may serve one port (London, Chicago, Sydney).
A marina is a small harbour area where leisure craft such as
motorboats and sailing yachts tie up. Marinas are usually separate from the
normal harbour. They are also common on coasts where there are few
natural harbours for small boats to shelter in. Each bay in a marina has water
and electricity supplies.
Vocabulary
bay golf, estuar, liman

carrier navă de transport, transportator
foreland cap, promontoriu
handle a manevra, a manipula
harbour bazin portuar, radă portuară, port (Am. E. harbor)
hinterland regiune situată în interior (dincolo de ţărm sau de
graniţe)
leisure craft ambarcaţiune de agrement
marina port destinat ambarcaţiunilor de agrement
moor a acosta, a lega nava la cheu
parts (pl.) piese de schimb
quay cheu, debarcader, faleză
scaffolding schelă, eşafodaj (pentru lucrări reparaţii în magaziile
navei)
72
shallow area zonă cu apă mică
shipyard şantier naval
tie up a lega
tow a remorca
treacherous înşelător, nesigur
tug remorcher
warehouse depozit (portuar)
Vocabulary Practice
Exercise 1.
Fill in the blanks with a suitable word from the ones given below
Canal junction quay facilities cruise terminal
activity founded capacity bulk traffic unloading
cargo accommodation
The Port of Constanța is located on the western coast of the Black Sea.
It is the largest port on the Black Sea, and one of the largest ports in Europe.
The port 1) ……. in Constanța dates back more than 2500 years, the town
being 2) ……. by the Greeks in the 6th century BC. The construction of the
port, as we know it, began in 1896, and was finished in 1909.
Constanța Port has a handling 3) …….of 100 million tonnes per year
and 156 berths. The total 4) ……. length is 29 kilometres, and the depths
range between 8 and 19 meters. These characteristics are comparable with
those offered by the most important European and international ports,
allowing the 5) ……. of tankers with a capacity of
165,000 tonnes deadweight (DWT) and 6) ……. carriers of 220,000 DWT.
In 2016 the total port 7) ……. comprised about sixty million tons of goods.
Constanța Port is both a maritime and a river port. Each day, more than
200 river vessels are loading or 8) ……. or waiting to be operated. The
connection of the port with the Danube is made through the Danube–Black
Sea 9) ……., which represents one of the main strengths of Constanța Port.
Round-the-clock road and rail services carry high volumes of cargo to
the most important economic areas of Romania and Eastern Europe, the Port
of Constanța being also an important road and rail 10) ……..
The port has invested in and is continually making new investments in
specialized handling installations for all the types of cargo. It has 11) …….
for handling all types of cargo: dry and liquid bulk, general 12) ……. and
container traffic. The passenger 13) ……. in the heart of the city has
facilities for 14) …….ships.
73
Exercise 2.
Match the following terms and phrases (1-14) with their corresponding
definitions (a-n).
1. situation a. a place where goods, passengers and mail are

transferred to, from, or between carriers of the same
or different modes
2. warehouse b. the characteristics of the area occupied by the port
3. scaffolding c. the relations of the port location to the hinterland
and to overseas
4. customs d. a region in the middle part of a country, that is far
from the coast
5. shipyard e. a promontory or cape; a point of land extending into
the water some distance from the line of the shore
6. tug f. connected with another country or countries,
especially across the sea
7. port g. the buildings, equipment, and services provided by a
facilities port
8. hinterland h. a natural or man-made area next to the shore, where
boats and ships are anchored to take shelter from bad
weather
9. port i. a large building for storing cargo
10. site j. an elevated structure designed for the building,
repair and maintenance of ship hulls
11. foreland k. a place where ships are built and repaired
12. junction l. an agency responsible for controlling the flow of
goods into and out of port
13. harbour m. a boat with used to pull large ships into and out of
port
14. overseas n. a place where roads or railways meet or join
Exercise 3.
Match the following companies catering for the shipping industry with
their functions.
1. Companies for Marine a. a ship-owning company that provides

Equipment and Ship’s shipping services
Repair
2. Ship’s Chandlers b. a company that buys and sells ships
3. Ship Brokers c. provides equipment for repair and
74
maintenance of ships
4. Stevedoring Company d. a person or company whose business is
to prepare shipping documents,
arrange shipping space and insurance,
and deal with customs requirements
5. Shipping Agent e. procure e.g. food articles and other
equipment needed
6. Shipping Company f. provides personnel (and equipment)
for loading and unloading the cargo
Exercise 4. Draw a comparison between port, harbor and marina by

filling in the missing information in the table below.
BASIS FOR PORT HARBOUR MARINA

COMPARISON
What is it? A place where ships
moor and transfer
passengers and
cargo;
Construction Natural or man-
made;
Location Usually separate

from the normal
harbour;
Onshore facilities May or may not be
available;
Exercise 5.
Use the terms found in the study unit to solve the following crossword
puzzle.
75
Across Down
2. remorcher 1. piese de schimb
3. transportator 2. înşelător, nesigur
6. ambarcaţiune de agrement 4. port destinat ambarcaţiunilor
7. regiune situată dincolo de ţărm de agrement
9. a acosta, a lega nava la cheu 5. cheu, debarcader
10. zonă cu apă mică 7. bazin portuar, port
11. golf 8. a remorca
12. şantier naval 13. a manevra, a manipula
14. schelă, eşafodaj
15. depozit
76
Unit 4. Grammar
The Numeral
Cardinal numerals
1-12 13-19 20-90
1 one -teen -ty
2 two 20 twenty
3 three 13 thirteen 30 thirty
4 four 14 fourteen 40 forty
5 five 15 fifteen 50 fifty
6 six 16 sixteen 60 sixty
7 seven 17 seventeen 70 seventy
8 eight 18 eighteen 80 eighty
9 nine 19 nineteen 90 ninety
10 ten
11 eleven
12 twelve
100 a/one hundred

200 two hundred
105 one hundred and five
239 two hundred and thirty-nine
1000 a/one thousand
2000 two thousand
1544 one thousand, five hundred and forty-four
9001 nine thousand and one
100,000 a/one hundred thousand
256,739 two hundred fifty-six thousand, seven hundred and thirty-nine
1,000,000 a/one million
2,000,000 two million
5,700,065 five million, seven hundred thousand and sixty-five
NB!I’ve got three hundred dollars.

Hundreds of people came to the show.
There are three thousand people there.
Thousands of dollars were spent during the auction.
77
Ordinal numerals
1st first 11th eleventh 21st twenty-first
2nd second 12th twelfth 22nd twenty-second
3rd third 13th thirteenth 23rd twenty-third
4th fourth 14th fourteenth 24th twenty-fourth
5th fifth 15th fifteenth 25th twenty-fifth
6th sixth 16th sixteenth 26th twenty-sixth
7th seventh 17th seventeenth 27th twenty-seventh
8th eighth 18th eighteenth 28th twenty-eighth
9th ninth 19th nineteenth 29th twenty-ninth
10th tenth 20th twentieth 30th thirtieth
31st thirty-first
40th fortieth
50th fiftieth
60th sixtieth
70th seventieth
80th eightieth
90th ninetieth
We use ordinal numbers to express:
Sequence order:
I came second in the race.
Who wants to be the first to try the new cake recipe?
Dates:
She was born on the twenty-ninth of December, ninety seventy-six.
(29th December 1976)
Centuries:
The twentieth century was called the “Era of the Book”.
Floors of a building:
I live on the ninth floor.
Fractions*:
*
1/3 one-third ½ a/one half
1/5 one-fifth (or a fifth) ¼ a/one quarter
6/8 six-eighths (or six over eight)
7/10 seven-tenths (or seven over ten)
Grammar Practice. The Numeral
Exercise 1.
78
Tick (√) the correct form in each pair.
a. 49 fourty-nine forty-nine √
b. 600 six hundred six hundreds
c. 4th fourth forth
d. 12th twelvth twelfth
e. $2,000 two thousand dollars two thousands dollars
f. 23rd twenty-three twenty-third
g. 78 eighty-seven seventy-eight
h. 8th eightth eighth
i. 17 seventeen seventeenth
j. 5th fiveth fifth
k. 7,000,000 seven million seven millions
l. 9th ninth nineth
m. 30th thirteenth thirtieth
n. 395 three hundred and three hundred ninety-
ninety-five five
Exercise 2.
Write out the following numbers.
a. 211 …………………………
b. 14 …………………………..
c. 462 ………………………....
d. 2nd …………………………
e. 20th …………………………
f. 5,000 ………………………..
g. 1st …………………………..
h. 68 ……………………………
i. 12th …………………………
j. 34th …………………………
k. 9,000,000 ……………………
l. 150 …………………………..
m. 310 …………………………..
n. 3rd …………………………..
o. 8th …………………………..
p. 25th ……………………….....
q. 111 …………………………..
r. 19th ………………………....
79
Exercise 3.
Read the following numbers.
a. 408
b. 925
c. 1,350
d. 5,729
e. 10,615
f. 25,100
g. 721,963
h. 4,201,953
i. 22,760,449
j. 101,550,315
Exercise 4.
Read the following fractions and decimals.
a. 1/3
b. 7/8
c. 9/10
d. 19/34
e. 1/4
f. 1/5
g. 5¾
h. 1½
i. 6.08
j. 0.7
k. 2.69
l. 18.259
Exercise 5.
Read the following dates.
a. 21 June 1994
b. 2 April 1903
c. 5 August 1800
d. 3 December 1860
e. 30 May 1701
f. 28 September 1066
g. 23 July 1900
80
h. 22 February 1915
i. 1 January 1980
j. 12 November 1913
Exercise 6.
Write the answers to these problems using words.
a. 23 and 36 is……………………………
b. 80 minus 20 is…………………………
c. 7 multiplied by 10 is……………………
d. 24 times 8 is……………………………
e. 69 divided by 13 is…………………….
f. 100 divided by 4 is…………………….
g. Add 10 and 6, multiply by 8, then subtract 40 and divide by 11. What
have you got left?
h. Divide 33 by 11, multiply by 7, and subtract 16. What number is left?
Exercise 7.
Fill in the gaps in this interview, using the dates and years in brackets.
E.g A: When were you born?

B: I was born…. on the thirteenth of October, nineteen sixty-five….
(13.10.65)
1. A: When did you go to secondary school?

B: In…………………………. (1976)
2. A: And when did you leave secondary school?
B: Seven years later. My final exam was on………………………….
(16.6.83)
3. A: Did you start university in the same year?
B: Yes, on…………………………. (29 September)
4. A: Did you spend three or four years there?
B: Well, I left in…………………………. (1987). That’s four years.
5. A: And your first job? When was that?
B: I started work in an office on…………………………. (10.1.88)
6. A: Did you enjoy it? How long did you stay?
B: It was terrible! I left two months later, on………………………….
(9th month)
7. A: What did you do then?
B: I went to America. I spent two years in New York. I returned to
England in…………………………. (1990)
81
Exercise 8.
Complete the following with a number. Write your answer in words.
1. We live in a .................... dimensional world.

2. There are................players in a football team.
3. I’m sorry things are a bit untidy. We’re all at................ and ..................at
the moment.
4. This train seems to be late................ times out of........................
5. At first I was confused, But then I put................ and
...................together.
6. ....................’s company,...................’s crowd.
7. He’s a great player. He gives...................... percent in every game.
8. Protests flooded in from the............................ corners of the world.
9. We split the prize money....................., and I’ve already spent my half.
10. Life begins at...................... . Do you agree?
Exercise 9.
Complete the following with ordinal numbers (third, sixth etc.). Write
your answers in words.
1. I believe the Government should increase its aid to the
....................World.
2. We shouldn’t treat immigrants as.....................- class citizens.
3. The Americans celebrate Independence Day on the ......................of July.
4. More progress has been made in the ....................century than in the
whole of history.
5. In the last sixty years the Olympic 100m record has improved by
four...................of a second.
6. They’re good friends. They’ve been on ......................name terms for
years.
7. Applications will be dealt with on a
.........................come,...................served basis.
8. Most people have a special party for their.......................birthday.
82
Unit 5. TYPES OF CARGO
Merchant ships are designed to carry cargo. This cargo is divided
into two basic types: bulk cargo and general cargo. Bulk cargo consists of a
single commodity and present little difficulty in stowage. Bulk cargo can be
divided into dry bulk cargo and liquid cargo. Dry bulk cargoes include
grain, coal, sugar, etc., and are usually carried in bulk and in specially
designed vessels called bulk carriers. Although the cargo stows itself, it is
important to maintain the ship’s stability and to make sure the cargo will not
shift during the voyage.
Liquid cargo is carried in tankers. Most tankers are designed to

carry crude oil or fuel oils which are carried in tanks. A tanker is
a ship designed to transport or store liquids or gases in bulk. Major types of
tank ships include the oil tanker, the chemical tanker, and gas carrier.
General cargo or break bulk cargo are goods that must be loaded
individually. Ships that carry this sort of cargo are called general cargo
ships. The term break bulk derives from the phrase breaking bulk—the
extraction of a portion of the cargo of a ship or the beginning of the
unloading process from the ship's holds. General cargo can be divided into
containerized, non-containerized and refrigerated cargo. Non-containerized
cargo presents most stowage problems because each type of commodity has
its own type of packaging and characteristics. Break bulk cargo is
transported in bags, boxes, crates, drums, or barrels. Such cargoes are
conveyed in cargo liners provided with numerous decks called multi-deck
vessels.
To help with the problem of stowage many types of general cargo

are now put into containers of standard dimensions. They can be loaded and
unloaded, stacked, transported efficiently over long distances, and
transferred from one mode of transport to another, without being opened.
The handling system is completely mechanized so that all handling is done
with special cranes and special forklift trucks from the quayside.
Refrigerated cargoes refer to perishable commodities which require

temperature- controlled transportation, such as meat, fruit, fish, vegetables
and dairy products which are carried in ships with refrigerated holds. These
ships are called reefer ships or simply reefer and their specific cargo is
loaded and unloaded by cranes and derricks.
83
Roll-on/roll-off cargo is designed for roll-on/roll-off ships which
carry wheeled cargo such as cars, trucks, trailers, and railroad cars that are
driven on and off the ship on their own wheels or using a platform vehicle,
such as a self-propelled modular transport. This is in contrast to lift-on/lift-
off (LoLo) vessels, which use a crane to load and unload cargo.
Passenger cargo is designed for the passenger ship whose primary

function is to carry passengers on the sea.
Project cargo or heavy lift includes shipments that contain national

or international transportation of large, heavy, high value or critical pieces
of equipment which need disassembly for shipment and reassembly after
delivery.
Cargo packaging
The method of packing (or packaging) depends on the nature of the

goods themselves and the method of transit for the anticipated voyage.
Packing is not only designed as a form of protection to reduce the risk of the
goods being damaged in transit, but also to prevent pilferage. A description
of the most important types of packing follows.
Many goods have little or no form of packing and are carried loose. These
include steel and iron plates, railway sleepers, steel rails, generally weight
cargoes which cannot be stowed.
Bales are a form of packing consisting of a canvas cover tied up by a

metal or rope lashing. It is suitable for wool, paper, cotton, carpets and rope.
Bags made of cotton, plastic, paper or jute are suitable for cement,
coffee, fertilizers, and flour. The main disadvantage is that they can be
damaged by water, sweat or breakage.
Cartons are a very common form of packing which is easily

handled, the main disadvantage being its exposure to crushing and pilfering.
Crates are made of wood used for cargoes such as: light machinery,
domestic appliances and certain foodstuffs (e.g. oranges).
84
Boxes, cases and metal-lined cases are also used at large; they are
made of wood, vary in size and capacity and are used for machinery and
expensive equipment, such as cars and parts.
Barrels and drums are used for the transportation of liquid cargoes
(oil, chemicals, and acids). The main disadvantage is the probability of
leakage or rusting during transit.
Pallets and containers of standard dimensions are the most recent

types of packing.
Vocabulary
bag sac
bale ballot
barrel butoi din lemn
box ladă, cutie
carton ambalaj, cutie din carton
case cutie, ladă (pentru marfă)
commodity marfă, produs
convey a transporta, a duce
crate ladă, cutie din şipci, crată
crushing strivire, fărâmiţare, concasare
dairy products produse lactate
drum butoi metalic
forklift truck autostivuitor cu furcă
leakage pierdere prin scurgere
loose (goods) mărfuri neambalate/desfăcute
pallet palet, platformă de încărcare, marfă paletizată
perishable perisabil, alterabil
pilferage furt, sustragere (din marfă transportată)
rusting ruginire, oxidare a fierului
store a depozita, a înmagazina
storage depozitare, înmagazinare
stow a stivui
stowage stivuire, spaţiu de stivuire
Vocabulary Practice
Exercise 1.
Match the terms with the correspondent definitions.
85
1. crates a. form of packing made of jute, cotton, plastic or
paper, suitable for cement, coffee, flour and
fertilizers.
2. bags b. form of packing used for the conveyance of liquids
or greasy cargoes.
3. boxes, cases c. form of packing consisting of a canvas cover,

suitable for paper, wool, cotton, and rope.
4. cartons d. packing of standardized form, the most frequent

types of packing today.
5. loose e. wooden container suitable for light machinery,

domestic appliances, and foodstuffs.
6. pallets and f. form of packing made of wood, suitable for

containers expensive equipment (cars and parts).
7. barrels and g. cargoes with no form of packing, generally weight

drums ones or heavy vehicles (locomotives and cars).
8. bales h. a common form of packing, easily handled, but

liable to pilfering.
Exercise 2.
Complete the gaps with a suitable preposition:
General cargo can be divided (1)……containerized, non-containerized

and refrigerated cargo. Most problems arise (2)…….the stowage
(3)………non-containerized cargo, because each commodity has a different
type (4)……packaging.
Goods may be packaged (5)…….bags, bales, cases or steel drums.
General cargo is loaded (6)……cranes and ship’s derricks. Perishable
cargoes such as fruit, meat and dairy products are carried (7)…….ships
(8)…….refrigerated holds.
Exercise 3. Complete the following sentences with appropriate terms

from the one given below:
non-containerized general cargo forklift trucks break bulk
reefers shift pilferage perishable drums commodity
86
1. Bulk cargo consists of a single …………, and can be divided into dry
bulk cargo and liquid cargo.
2. Cargo such as bags of flour, boxes of electric equipment, crates of citrus
fruit, pallets with oil drums, is known as ………… .
3. It is important to maintain the ship’s stability and to make sure the cargo
will not ………… during the voyage.
4. General cargo or …………cargo are goods that must be loaded
individually.
5. General cargo can be divided into containerized, ………… and
refrigerated cargo.
6. The handling of general cargo is done with special cranes and
…………from the quayside.
7. Refrigerated cargoes refer to ………… commodities which require
temperature- controlled transportation.
8. Ships with refrigerated holds are called …………. .
9. Packing is meant to reduce the risk of the goods being damaged, and
also to prevent …………. .
10. Barrels and ………… are used for the transportation of liquid cargoes.
Exercise 4.
Fill in the missing information in the table below:
Type of ship Type of cargo
Dry-bulk carrier 
...  Oil, gas, chemicals
Reefer 
...  Standard boxes
General cargo 
...  Vehicles (cars, trucks, trailers)
Passenger/cruise ship 
Exercise 5
Use the terms in the study unit to solve the following crossword puzzle.
87
Across Down
3. a stivui 1. mărfuri neambalate
5. butoi din lemn 2. autostivuitor cu furcă
9. sustragere din marfă 4. ballot
10. marfă, produs 6. ruginire
12. depozitare 7. butoi metalic
13. lactate 8. perisabil, alterabil
15. pierdere prin scurgere 11. ladă
14. sac
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Unit 5. Grammar
Present Simple & Continuous
PRESENT SIMPLE FORMS
Affirmative Negative Question
(Positive)
Long form Short form
I work I do not work I don’t work Do I work?
you work you do not work you don’t work Do you work?
he works he does not work he doesn’t work Does he work?
she works she does not work she doesn’t work Does she work?
Does it work?
it works it does not work it doesn’t work
Do we work?
we work we do not work we don’t work
Do they work?
they work they do not work they don’t work
PRESENT SIMPLE USES
General truths A magnet attracts iron.

The sun rises in the east.
Permanent situations She works in a factory.
They speak English fluently.
Habits and repeated actions I have breakfast at 9 a.m. on
weekends.
He plays football once a week.
Sports commentaries Suarez passes to Messi... and he
scores!
Fixed timetables School begins on the 1st of
September.
The train leaves at 7 a.m. tomorrow.
Future meaning, after conjunctions I won’t leave until you give me an
such as: after, when, before, as answer.
soon as, until I will tell you what happened when I
see you.
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Grammar practice. Present Simple
Exercise 1.
Complete the sentences. Use the correct form of the verbs below:
speak boil close drive cost drink go have love meet
open teach wash
E.g. She’s very smart. She speaks four languages.

1. My mother ………. me to school every day
2. Steve …………. four cups of coffee a day.
3. We usually…………. dinner at 7 o’ clock.
4. I …………..movies. I often ……………. to the movies with friends.
5. Water …………… at 100 degrees Celsius.
6. In my home town the banks ……………. at 9:00 in the morning.
7. The City Museum ……………. at 5 o ‘clock on Saturdays.
8. Food is expensive. It …………….. a lot of money.
9. Shoes are expensive. They ……………. a lot of money.
10. Sue is a teacher. She ………… math to young children.
11. Your job is very interesting. You ………… a lot of people.
12. Peter …………. his hair every day.
Exercise 2.
Complete the sentences. All of them are negative. Use don’t/ doesn’t +
one of the verbs below
cost drive rain go have know play see sell smoke
wash wear
E.g. “Have a cigarette”. “No, thanks.” I don’t smoke.
1. It …………much in my country.
2. They ………… newspapers in that store.
3. She has a car, but ………….. very often.
4. I like plays, but I ………..to the theatre very often.
5. My car is usually dirty because I ………….. it very often.
6. It’s a cheap hotel. It ………….. much to stay there.
7. He likes soccer, but he ………… very often.
8. I …………….. much about politics.
9. She’s married, but she …………….. a ring.
10. He lives next door, but we………….. him very often.
11. “Can you lend me five dollars?” “Sorry, I …………..any money.”
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Exercise 3.
You are asking somebody questions. Write questions with Do/ Does….?
E.g. I work hard . How about you? Do you work hard?

1. I play tennis. How about you? ……. you ……………..?
2. I play tennis. How about Ann? …….. Ann …………. ?
3. I know the answer. How about you? ……………….. the answer?
4. I like hot weather. How about you? ……………………….?
5. My father drinks coffee. How about your father ? ………………?
6. I exercise every morning. How about you? …………………..?
7. I speak English. How about your friends? ……………..?
8. I want to be famous. How about you? ……………..?
9. I wash my hair every day. How about Mary? ……………..?
10. I never eat seafood. How about you? ……………..?
Exercise 4.
Write questions using wh-words (e.g. where, how, when, etc)
1. I live in Mexico City. (where/ you?) ………………….?

2. I watch TV every day. (how often/you?) …………..?
3. I have lunch at home. (where/ you ?) …………………….?
4. I get up at 7:30.(what time/ you?) ………………….?
5. I go the movies a lot. (how often/ you?) ……………?
6. I go to work by bus. (how/ you?) ……………..?
7. I always have eggs for breakfast. (what/ you?) …………………….?
8. I go to sleep at 10pm. (what time/you?) …………………….?
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PRESENT CONTINUOUS FORMS
Affirmative Negative
(Positive)
I am working I am not working I’m not working
you are working you are not working you’re not working/ you
he is working he is not working aren’t working
she is working she is not working he’s not working/ he isn’t
it is working it is not working working
we are working we are not working she’s not working/ she isn’t
they are working they are not working working
it's not working/ it isn’t
working
we're not working/ we
aren’t working
they're not working/ they
aren’t working
Question
Am I working?
Are you working?
Is he working?
Is she working?
Is it working?
Are we working?
Are they working?
PRESENT CONTINUOUS USES
Action happening at the I am watching a movie right now.

moment of speaking Mary cannot come to the phone, she is
taking a shower.
Temporary action
He is staying with his friends for a week.
I’m watering his plants while he is away.
Regrettable habit You’re forever losing your keys!
He’s always making such a mess!
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Plans and arrangements I’m flying to Paris next week.
We’re throwing a party this weekend.
Grammar Practice. Present Continuous
Exercise 1.
Complete the sentences. Use am/ is/ are + one of these verbs:
building waiting barking watching coming singingx2
cooking playing x2 standing studying swimming
E.g. Listen! Pat is playing the piano.
1. They………….a new hotel downtown

2. Look! Somebody ……….. … in the river.
3. ”You……………on my foot”. “Oh I ‘m sorry”.
4. Hurry up! The bus …………..
5. ”Where are you Sam?” “In the kitchen . I ……….. dinner.”
6. She ……….for an exam right now.
7. Listen! She ……….. .
8. I cannot speak right now. I ………. for an important phone call.
9. He ………….. a film in the living room.
10. The children ………….. a computer game.
11. The dog ………….. at the cat.
12. The band………….. a song.
Exercise 2.
What’s happening right now? Write true sentences.
E.g. (I/ wash/ my hair).

I’m not washing my hair.
1. (it/ snow)
2. (I/ sit/ on a chair)
3. (I/ eat)
4. (it/ rain )
5. (I/ do/ this exercise).
6. (I/ listen/ to the radio)
7. (the sun/ shine)
8. (I/wear/ shoes )
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9. (I/ read/ a newspaper)
10. (I/play/the guitar)
Exercise 3.
Write questions using the Present Continuous.
…………….. in the sea? (he/to swim)

…………….. your brother? (you/to help)
…………….. a museum? (he/to visit)
…………….. her T-shirt? (Irina/to wash)
…………….. home? (they/to run)
…………….. to the radio? (your husband/to listen)
…………….. the bags? (the boys/to carry)
…………….. the baby? (the mother/to hold)
…………….. breakfast? (we/to make)
…………….. the computer? (John and Fred/to repair)
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PRESENT CONTINUOUS VS. PRESENT SIMPLE
Things which are always true: Things which are happening at the
 The sun rises in the east. moment of speaking:
 Look! The sun is rising.
Permanent situations (or nearly Temporary situations:

permanent; true for a few years at Marie is living in Bucharest for a few
least): months (usually she lives in Constanta).
 Mary lives in Bucharest.
Situations which are slowly changing:
 I'm getting better and better at speaking
English.
Habits or things we do regularly: Temporary or new habits:
 I go to work every morning.  I'm not going to work these days
because I'm working from home.

 Annoying habits (usually with
'always'):
 My flatmate is always singing in the
shower!
Future events which are part of a Definite future plans:
timetable:  I'm meeting my friends later today.
 The bus leaves at 5 am.
With future events after adverbs
such as: when, until, after, before,
as soon as
 I'll go to the market when the rain
stops.
To talk about what happens in
To talk about pictures and photos:
books, films, sport events, etc.
 In this photo, the girl is walking in a
At the end of the movie, the
park.
policeman catches the killer.
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STATIVE VS. DYNAMIC VERBS
Dynamic verbs – verbs that describe an action or a process. Can take the
continuous form.
e.g.
 go
 grow  run
 learn  sleep
 read  talk, etc.
State verbs - verbs that rarely take the continuous form. These are verbs
that describe a state of affairs beyond the person’s immediate active control.
e.g.
 agree  include  seem
 believe  know  smell
 belong  like  sound
 dislike  love  think
 doubt  mind  understand,
 hate  need etc.
 have  own
 hear  prefer
Some verbs can be both stative and dynamic, with a change in meaning:
Verbs Example Meaning
be You are being silly. deliberate action = behaving,

acting
You are smart. permanent personality trait
have I’m having a bath / a drink / a enjoyment or experience

party.
I have a wonderful blue car. possession
see I’m seeing my doctor tomorrow. meeting
I see them now, they are coming perceive

along the path.
taste I’m tasting the soup I’m performing the action of
tasting
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The soup tastes good. The soup has a good taste.
smell She is smelling the roses. She is performing the action

of smelling
The perfume smells wonderful. The perfume has a
wonderful smell
think Be quiet! I am thinking. when thinking is seen as an
activity
I think he is at home now. think = believe, have an
opinion
Grammar Practice. Present Simple vs. Present Continuous
Exercise 1.
Complete the sentences with the Present Simple (I do) or the Present
Continuous (I am doing).
E.g. Excuse me, (you/ speak) English? ►Excuse me, do you speak
English?
Tom (take) a shower at the moment. ►Tom is taking a shower at the
moment.
1. They …. (not/ watch) television very often.

2. Listen! Somebody …………….. (sing).
3. She’s tired. She …………….. (want) to go home now.
4. How often …………. (you/ read) the newspaper.
5. “Excuse me, but you ………. (sit) in my place.” Oh, I’m sorry.”
6. I’m sorry, I ……….. (not/ understand). Please speak more slowly.
7. “Where are you Dan?” “ I’m in the living room. I ………. (read).
8. What time …………. (she/ finish) work every day?
9. You can turn off the radio. I………….. (not /listen) to it.
10. He……………… ( not/ usually/ drive) to work. He usually
………… (walk).
Exercise 2.
Complete the sentences with the Present Simple (I do) or the Present
Continuous (I am doing).
1. I (leave) home at 7 o’ clock every morning.
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2. She usually ……………….. (work) in the sales Department in
London, but at the moment she (do) a training course in Bristol.
3. He ……………. (try) very hard in every game that he (play).
4. Excuse me. I think you ………… (sit) in my seat.
5. ………. (you/ listen ) to the radio very often?
6. Don’t talk to me now. I ……. (write) an important letter.
7. Why ………….. (they/ drive) on the left in Britain?
8. It …………… (not/ get) dark at this tome of year until about 10 o’
clock.
9. It usually ………….. (rain) here a lot, but it ……………. (not/ rain)
now.
10. “What are you doing?”
“ I …………. (bake) a cake. Why………….. (you/ smile) ?……….
(I/do) something wrong?
Exercise 3.
Match the questions with the answers.
1. How are you? a. They’re throwing a party.

2. What do you do? b. Better today, thank you.
3. What are you doing? c. I’m fine, thanks.
4. Where do you live? d. Today’s newspaper.
5. Where are you living now? e. I’m a student.
6. What do you read? f. In the student dorm.
7. What are you reading? g. We throw a party!
8. What’s happening? h. I’m studying for an exam.
9. What happens next? i. I usually read poetry.
10. How are you feeling? j. I live in Edinburgh.
Exercise 4.
Complete the sentences with the Present Simple or the Present
Continuous of the verbs in brackets.
1. Yummy! This cake (taste) delicious.

2. My husband (always/taste) the food while I'm cooking! It's very
annoying.
3. Stop acting like that, you (be) annoying.
4. Sam and John (have) a drink on the terrace.
5. My brother (have) a lot of good books.
6. I (see) my boyfriend this evening. We are going to a club.
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7. I (smell) something iffy. Have you left your sock on the floor again?
8. What’s wrong, Dan? (you/think) of your ex-girlfriend again?
9. (you/believe) in ghosts?
10. I’m not feeling very well right now. I (have) a headache.
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UNIT 6. RECEPTION OF CARGO
Ship’s officers and crew members on board should be very careful
when receiving or delivering cargo not to damage or deteriorate it.
Therefore, the Master and officers require good knowledge of the different
types of cargo they are likely to carry. The Master is responsible for the safe
loading of his vessel and the proper stowage of the cargo.
The actual handling of the cargo in loading and unloading a ship is

done by stevedores who are experienced men appointed for this task when a
ship arrives at a port. Therefore, during stowage the first consideration must
be given to the safety of the ship. That means the stowage of goods is
planned in such a way that the ship will maintain her stability and
seaworthiness after the cargo has been loaded. The cargo is taken on board
the ship in accordance with the cargo plan. This plan is drawn up
beforehand and must be carefully considered by the captain. The cargo must
be secured in such a manner that it cannot shift when the ship encounters
bad weather.
Thus, after the cargo plan has been approved and due notices of
readiness to load have been handed over, the Chief Officer is first of all to
get the holds ready. Then he is to look after the loading and stowage of the
cargo. The type of the vessel and the appliances on board, as well as the
nature of the cargo are the criteria that should be taken into account when
selecting the most suitable stowage methods. The Chief Officer must ensure
that the ship maintains seaworthy stability and trim. Since a ship is
supported by fluid pressure she will incline in any direction according to the
position of the weights placed on her. Therefore, the trim is the angle that a
ship is making, fore and aft, with the water.
There are other considerations which should be taken into account,

too. First of all, different kinds of cargo should be stowed in such a manner
that they would not damage or affect one another by contact or proximity.
Then, the cargo is shipped to several ports, each consignment must be
arranged so that it might be easily and conveniently discharged in the
appropriate port. In other words, it must be readily accessible and not “over-
stowed” with other goods.
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When the Chief Officer ascertains the exact quantity and condition of the
goods received, he makes out the mate’s receipts. These are delivered to the
shippers, to the stevedoring companies or direct to the agent. On the basis of
these receipts, the agent makes out bills of lading in which he is to insert all
the remarks contained in the mate’s receipts. Then the agent presents the
issued bills of lading to the master for signature.
After loading has been completed, a stowage plan and manifest of

cargo are compiled, which are important and useful documents. They are
usually sent ahead of the ship to the port of discharge so that preliminary
arrangements may be made as to the type of discharging gear required and
as to the number of gangs to handle the cargo. A copy of the manifest of
cargo is also kept on the ship to be presented to the customs house when
required.
Vocabulary
bill of lading (B/L) conosament

captain comandant de navă (în marina comercială)
chief officer ofiţer secund, căpitan
consignment lot de marfă, încărcătură expediată, partida de
marfuri
customs house oficiul vamal, vamă
discharging gear echipament de descărcare
draw up a plan a întocmi un plan
gang echipă (de docheri în port)
manifest of cargo manifest de mărfuri, declaraţie de mărfuri
(aflate pe navă)
master comandant de navă (în marina comercială)
mate’s receipt ordin de îmbarcare
note/notice of readiness aviz gata de operare (încărcare/descărcare)
seaworthiness stare de navigabilitate
stevedore stivuitor, docher, muncitor portuar specializat
trim asietă, înclinare longitudinală
Vocabulary Practice
Exercise 1.
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Re-order (re-write) the chunks in the sentences shown bold and italics to
obtain sensible sentences. The first chunk is the beginning of the
sentence:
Cargo Stowage Plan

Conventional cargo vessels are constructed with several hatch openings on
the weather deck into the holds below. In the deck arrangement / into one
of the deck levels in the hold /cargo is lowered/ of a conventional cargo
ship / through the main deck hatch opening .
1).......................................................................................................................
......
..........................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
It is landed in the hatch square and moved forward, aft, or into the wings by
machine or by hand, where it is stowed. The hatches are numbered / lower
tween deck, and hold/ in order / from bow to stern/ are normally
designated as upper tween deck / and the various deck levels.
2).......................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
The break-bulk vessel cargo stowage plan is a complete diagram of a
vessel's cargo space showing the location (both on and below deck) of all
cargo aboard ship.
General. The stowage plan looks like a vessel when viewed from the side. It
contains information about cargo stowed in the vessel's hold, tween decks,
and forecastle deck. Only the lower hold is shown from the side or profile
view. The cargo stowage plan / at all ports along the voyage / is prepared
by the loading terminal / and is used to facilitate the subsequent loading
and discharge of cargo/ after the ship has been loaded.
3).......................................................................................................................
......
..........................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
The cargo stowage plan contains:
 A summary of cargo to be discharged at each port.
 A summary and location of heavy lifts.
 Information on / and location of / the capacity / heavy lifts.
4)..........................................................................................................
....................................................................................................
 Information on the capacity and location of the ship's boom.
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 General information such as the location of special items of cargo
(protected, controlled, sensitive, mail, high-value, and so forth).
Exercise 2.
Match the first part of the sentence (column A) to the second part
(column B):
A B
1. The Master is responsible a. he is to insert all the
for remarks contained in the
mate’s receipts.
2. The cargo is taken on b. they would not damage

board the ship or affect one another by
contact or proximity.
3. The Chief Officer is first c. a stowage plan and

of all to get the holds manifest of cargo are
ready; then compiled.
4. Different kinds of cargo d. the safe loading of his

should be stowed in such vessel and the proper
a manner that stowage of the cargo.
5. On the basis of the e. he is to look after the

receipts, the agent makes loading and stowage of
out bills of lading in the cargo.
which
6. After loading has been f. in accordance with the
completed, cargo plan.
Exercise 3.
Fill in the gaps with the right preposition:
The Master and officers require good knowledge …..(1) the different types
of cargo they are likely to carry. The Master is responsible …… (2) the safe
loading of his vessel and the proper stowage of the cargo. The actual
handling of the cargo …… (3) loading and unloading a ship is done …. (4)
stevedores who are experienced men appointed for this task when a ship
arrives ….. (5) a port. Therefore, during stowage the first consideration must
be given …… (6) the safety of the ship. The cargo is taken on board the ship
in accordance …..(7) the cargo plan. This plan is drawn …. (8) beforehand
and must be carefully considered by the captain. The agent makes ….. (9)
bills of lading in which he is to insert all the remarks contained in the mate’s
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receipts. Then the agent presents the issued bills of lading …… (10) the
Master for signature.
Exercise 4.
Fill in the gaps with the correct past participle forms of the verbs in the
box. There are two extra verbs you do not need.
give load approve keep take make stow do send

draw take discharge
The actual handling of the cargo in loading and unloading a ship is ……..
(1) by stevedores who are experienced men appointed for this task when a
ship arrives at a port. Therefore, during stowage the first consideration must
be ……… (2) to the safety of the ship. The cargo is ……. (3) on board the
ship in accordance with the cargo plan. This plan is ……. (4) up beforehand
and must be carefully considered by the captain. After the cargo plan has
been …… (5), the Chief Officer is first of all to get the holds ready . There
are other considerations which should be …… (6) into account, too. First of
all, different kinds of cargo should be …… (7) in such a manner that they
would not damage or affect one another by contact or proximity. The
documents are usually ……. (8) ahead of the ship to the port of discharge so
that preliminary arrangements may be …… (9). A copy of the manifest of
cargo is also …… (10) on the ship to be presented to the customs house
when required.
Exercise 5.
Match the word with the definition:
1. stowage a. a group of people who work together
2. captain b. a document giving details of the goods
on board ship
3. stevedore c. the place at a port, where cargo is
examined for illegal or taxable goods
4. consignment d. a receipt issued when the cargo is
loaded on the ship
5. note of readiness e. space for storing things on a ship
6. manifest of cargo f. a person in charge of a ship; Master
7. gang g. an amount of goods that is sent
somewhere
8. mate’s receipt h. a person who works at a port, putting
goods onto and taking them off ships
9. customs i. a document used by the ship master to
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notify his ship is ready to be loaded
10. bill of lading j. a customs document in which all the
items loaded on ships are listed
Exercise 6
Across Down
2. conosament 1. căpitan
5. comandant de navă 3. echipament de descărcare
7. ordin de îmbarcare 4. ~ of cargo - manifest de mărfuri
10. lot de marfă, încărcătură 6. stare de navigabilitate
expediată 8. vamă
11. asietă, înclinare longitudinală 9. ~ of readiness - aviz gata de
12. stivuitor, docher operare
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Unit 6. Grammar
Past Simple & Past
Continuous
PAST SIMPLE FORMS. REGULAR VERBS
Affirmative (Positive) Negative

I worked I did not work I didn’t work
you worked you did not work you didn’t work
he worked he did not work he didn’t work
she worked she did not work she didn’t work
it worked it did not work it didn’t work
we worked we did not work we didn’t work
they worked they did not work they didn’t work
Question
Did I work?
Did you work?
Did he work?
Did she work?
Did it work?
Did we work?
Did they work?
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PAST SIMPLE FORMS. IRREGULAR VERBS
Affirmative Negative Question

(positive)
I ate I did not eat I didn’t eat Did I eat?
you ate you did not eat you didn’t eat Did you eat?
he ate he did not eat he didn’t eat Did he eat?
she ate she did not eat she didn’t eat Did she eat?
it ate it did not eat it didn’t eat Did it eat?
we ate we did not eat we didn’t eat Did we eat?
they ate they did not eat they didn’t eat Did they eat?
PAST SIMPLE USES

Actions finished in the past I saw him yesterday.
- with time markers: Dinosaurs lived on Earth millions
yesterday, last year, in 1996, of years ago.
etc.
General knowledge past actions Alexander Fleming discovered

penicillin.
Actions that have been introduced I’ve already had breakfast. I ate an
with the present perfect omelet and some pancakes.
Actions in stories or lists of events Later on he went to a pub. He sat

down and ordered a beer.
In type 2 conditional sentences If I won a million dollars, I would

travel around the world.
After 'wish' I wish I had a car so that I could

drive to work.
Grammar Practice. Past Simple
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Exercise 1.
Put the verbs in the correct form: positive, negative or question.
E.g. We (go) to the cinema but the film wasn’t very good. We (enjoy) it.
We went to the cinema but the film wasn’t very good. We didn’t
enjoy it.
1. Tim (buy) some new clothes yesterday: two shirts, a jacket and a
pullover.
2. “(it/ rain) yesterday?” “No, it (be) a nice day.”
3. The party (be) boring, so we (stay) long.
4. It (be) very warm in the room, so I (open) a window.
5. “(you/go) to the bank this morning?” “No, I (have) time.”
6. “I (cut) my hand this morning.” “How (do) that?”
7. “(you/watch) that video?” “No, I (can open) it”.
8. “How old (you/be) when (your brother/get married)?”
Exercise 2.
Put the words in the correct order to form questions.
E.g. late/ you/ this morning/ were/ why?

Why were you late this morning?
1. difficult/ your/ exam/ was?

2. last week/ Ann and Chris/ were/ where?
3. our new camera/ how much/ was?
4. angry/ you/ yesterday/ why/ were?
5. nice/ the weather/ last week/ was?
6. Helen and Anne/ take/ did/ many photos?
7. the teacher/ the classroom/ leave/ when/ did?
8. when/ the girls/ home/ did/ get?
Exercise 3.
Read about Lisa’s journey to Madrid. Put the verbs in the correct form.
Last Tuesday Lisa 1. (fly) flew from London to Madrid. She 2. (get)….up at
six o’clock in the morning and 3. (have) a cup of coffee. At 6.30 she 4.
(leave) home and 5. (drive) to the airport. When she 6. (arrive), she 7. (park)
the car and then 8. (go) to the airport café where she 9. (have) breakfast.
Then she 10. (go) through passport control and 11. (wait) for her flight. The
plane 12. (depart) on time and 13. (arrive) in Madrid Finally 14. (take) a
taxi from the airport to her hotel in the centre of Madrid.
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PAST CONTINUOUS FORMS
Affirmative Negative
(Positive)
I was working I was not working I wasn’t working

you were working you were not working you weren’t working
he was working he was not working he wasn’t working
she was working she was not working she wasn’t working
it was working it was not working it wasn’t working
we were working we were not working we weren’t working
they were working they were not working they weren’t working
Question
Was I working?
Were you working?
Was he working?
Was she working?
Was it working?
Were we working?
Were they working?
PAST CONTINUOUS USES
Action in the past happening I was watching a movie at this time

over a period of time yesterday.
She was studying all night long.
Action in the past, overlapping I was having a shower when the phone
another past action rang.
Past actions happening at the I was buttering the bread while my

same time mother was slicing the tomatoes
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Sets the background of a story The children were playing happily in
the park, the birds were chirping,
people were laughing and chatting. All
of a sudden, there was a loud noise.
Grammar Practice. Past Continuous
Exercise 1.
Put the verbs in brackets in the Past Continuous and form positive or
negative sentences. Use short forms wherever possible.
E.g. He (not/eat) when I arrived, he (read).

He was not eating when I arrived, he was reading.
1. They (not/take) pictures, they (paint).

2. He (not/wash) the car, he (repair) it.
3. John (not/ride) his bike, he (roller-skate).
4. We (not/work) yesterday afternoon, we (relax).
5. Norah (not/watch) the news on TV, she (listen) to the radio.
6. I (not/practise) the trumpet last night, I (play) the guitar.
7. Their friends (not/sing), they (shout).
8. Steve (not/do) the dishes, he (mow) the lawn.
9. We (not/shop), we (look) around.
10. It (not/rain), it was (snow).
Exercise 2.
Put the verbs in brackets in the Past Continuous and form questions.
E.g. (they/look) at pictures when Sarah called?

Were they looking at pictures when Sarah called?
1. (she/visit) her grandparents when you met her?

2. (you/write) an e-mail when the computer shut down?
3. (the boys/play) football when their parents came home?
4. (the TV host/ask) a lot of questions during the interview?
5. (Helen and Anne/take) a lot photos on their trip?
6. (we/make) a lot of noise while we redecorated the flat?
7. (the teacher/leave) the classroom, when you got to school?
8. (the secretary/send) the files when the boss arrived?
9. (John and Paul/play) under the tree all afternoon?
10. (I/snore) when you woke up?
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Exercise 3.
Put the verb in the correct form-positive, negative or question. Use the
Past Continuous.
E.g. He (smile) at me for no apparent reason.

He was smiling at me for no apparent reason.
1. The small boy (not/wear) a pair of blue jeans.

2. Coming out of the bank, he (hold) a few bills in his hand.
3. I (call) you about the job advertisement you posted a week ago.
4. He (sit) at the dinner table waiting for the guests to arrive.
5. The police (come) our way, so we decided to leave.
6. You should have called me last night, I (not/sleep).
7. What (she/do) when the boys came home?
8. She confessed she (look) for somebody, a friend.
9. It (become) increasingly clear that he could no longer take care of
himself.
10. Did you see Hellen at the party last night? What (she/wear)?
Grammar Practice. Past Simple vs. Past Continuous
Exercise 1.
Where were these people at 3 o’clock yesterday afternoon/ And what
were they doing? Use the cues below and write two sentences.
E.g. Ann/ home/ watch TV………………..

Ann was at home. She was watching TV.
1. Carol and Jack/the cinema/watch a film.

2. Tom/his car/drive.
3. Catherine/the station/wait for a train.
4. Mr. and Mrs. Hall/the park/walk.
5. I/the beach/swim.
6. My best friend/at work/have a meeting.
7. The children/in the yard/play with a ball.
8. John and his wife/ski resort/relax.
Exercise 2.
Put the verb into the Past Continuous or Past Simple.
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E.g. A: What ………. (you/ do) when the phone ………(ring)?
B: What were you doing when the phone rang?
1. A: Was Jane busy when you went to see her?

B: Yes, she……….(study)
2. A: What time….(the post/ arrive) this morning?
B: It…….(come) while I……(have) breakfast.
3. A: Was Margaret at work today?
B: No, she……(not/ go) to work. She was ill
4. A: How fast…..(you/ drive) when the police…….(stop) you?
B: I don’t know exactly but I……..(not/ drive) very fast.
5. A: …….(your team/win) the football match yesterday?
B: No, the weather was very bad, so we…..(not play)
6. A: How…..(you/ break ) the window/
B: We…..(play) football. I…..(kick) the ball and it…..(hit) the window.
7. A: ………(you/ see) Jenny last night?
B: Yes, she…(wear) a very nice jacket.
8. A: What…..(you/do) at 2 o’clock this morning?
B: I …… (sleep).
9. A: What (he/do) when his sister came back home?
B: I (mend) the fence.
10. A I….(lose) my key last night.
B: How…..(you/get) into your room?
A: I……(climb) in through a window.
Exercise 3.
Choose the correct form of the verbs.
Thomas Edison (1) started / was starting work on the railway when he was
twelve, selling newspapers and snacks. There were long periods with
nothing for him to do so he (2) build/ was building himself a little
laboratory in the luggage van where he could carry out experiments when he
(3) didn’t sell/ wasn’t selling things to passengers. Another way that he (4)
occupied/ was occupying himself was by reading. He joined a library and
(5) read / was reading every single book in it. One day, when he (6)
waited/ was waiting at a station he (7) noticed/ was noticing a small boy
who (8) played/ was playing by the track, unaware that a train (9)
approached/ was approaching. Edison (10) ran/ was running out and
(11) grabbed/ was grabbing the child just in time. The child’s father was
so grateful that he (12) offered/ was offering to teach Edison to be a
telegraph operator. Edison accepted the offer and soon he (13) had/ was
having regular lessons. After a year, he was good enough to get a job in the
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telegraph office. He continued to read and experiment, whenever he (14)
had/ was having time. At twenty-one he (15) left/ was leaving the
telegraph office to devote all his time to being an inventor. He (16) went/
was going on to invent the electric light bulb, the phonograph and the movie
camera.
Exercise 4.
Complete the description of the life of a musician, using the verbs given.
Use either the Past Simple or the Past Continuous.
Colin Boyle was born in 1973 near Dublin, Ireland. In 1983 he became
seriously ill. While he (1) (recover) his uncle (2) (give) him an old violin.
He enjoyed playing and practiced at school every day after lessons. One day
in 1987, John Leaf, the manager of several successful musicians,
(3)…….(have) a meeting with the headmaster when he (4)……(hear) Colin
practicing. He immediately (5)…..(contact) Colin’s teacher and
(6)…..(invite) Colin to appear in one of the concerts he (7)……(organize)
that year. Colin, however, (8)…..(refuse) Leaf’s invitation, because just then
he(9)….(prepare) for some important school exams. Colin (10)…….(pass)
his exams and (11)….(go) to college to study engineering. At college he
(12)…..(meet) Kim O’Malley, who (13)….(study) chemistry. Kim was also
a keen amateur musician. Being students, they rarely (140…..(have) much
money and they usually (15)…..(work) as waiters at weekends. One evening
in April 1992, while Colin and Kim (16)….(serve) customers, the manager
(17)…(announce) that there would be no live music in the restaurant that
night as regular band could not come. Colin and Kim (180….(persuade) him
to let them play to the customers. Everyone (19)……(be) amazed to hear
how good they (20)……(be).Six months later they (21)…..(decide) to leave
college because they (22)….(earn) so much money as musicians. Their
success has continued ever since.
Exercise 4.
Choose the correct form of the verbs.
ADAM: Hello, Mike. What (1) are you doing/ do you do in this part of
London?
MIKE: Well, actually, (2) I’m looking/ I look at flats around here.
ADAM: Flats? (3) Are you wanting/ Do you want to move?
MIKE: Yes, in fact, believe it or not, Mandy and I (4) are getting/ get
married.
ADAM: That’s great! Congratulations. When (5) were you deciding/ did
you
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decide?
MIKE: Only last week. It was while we (6) were staying/ stayed with her
family in Scotland. Now (7) we try/ we’re trying to find a suitable
flat.
ADAM: It’ll be great to have you as neighbours. I hope you manage to buy
one
soon.
MIKE: Oh we (8) aren’t looking/ don’t look for one to buy. We (9) aren’t
having/ don’t have enough money yet. (10) We’re wanting/ We
want
to find somewhere to rent.
ADAM: Yes, of course. That’s what we (11) did/ were doing at first.
Actually,
in the end, my brother (12) was lending/ lent us some money.
That’s how we (13) were managing/ managed to buy ours.
MIKE: Really? Perhaps I’ll talk to my family before (14) we choose/ we’re
choosing a flat.
ADAM: That’s not a bad idea. My family (15) gave/ were giving us quite a
lot
of helpful advice. Now, what about a coffee? There’s a good place
just
round the corner.
MIKE: Oh, yes, I (16) looked/ was looking for somewhere to sit down
when I
bumped into you. Let’s go.
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UNIT 7. DELIVERY OF GOODS
(DISCHARGING)
When the ship has arrived in the discharge port, the cargo must be
safely delivered into the care of the correct person. On arrival in the port of
discharge necessary arrangements are made for discharging the cargo. When
the cargo has been received aboard ship and the master has issued a bill of
lading (B/L), he becomes responsible for ensuring that the cargo is delivered
to the person entitled to possession.
As a rule, the cargo is delivered against original bills of lading;

therefore, the master should only give delivery of cargo against production
of one of the three original bills of lading or under specific instructions from
owners. The master should give plenty of advance warning to the
discharging port agent that he will require to see the original bills of lading.
The bill of lading is a negotiable document, which is often sold and resold
before it is presented to the master at the port of discharge.
Usually, the ship’s agent is charged with the legal formalities. He

negotiates with the consignees or the holders of the B/L and introduces to
the master the right and legitimate person who must take the delivery of
goods. In the majority of cases, the agent entrusts the discharging of goods
to some stevedoring companies. This company usually discharges the cargo
into their own warehouses and then delivers it to the respective consignees.
In other cases, the agent arranges with the consignees a direct delivery of
goods alongside the ship. In both cases, the chief mate is under duty to make
out notices of readiness and to hand them over to the agent. The agent, in his
turn, hands in these notices to the consignees. Sometimes the goods are
delivered in small separate lots against the consignees’ receipts. With the
final lot, all these receipts are exchanged for a duly signed and endorsed bill
of lading. Very often, the agent places his signature and seal on the bill of
lading, which serves as a proof that the goods have been delivered to the
right persons.
According to the contract, the agent has to collect from the receivers
of the goods the freight and other charges due to the ship owners. The
amount of freight is usually mentioned in the bill of lading. The master of
the ship may deliver the goods only after he has ascertained that the freight
and other charges, if any, have been paid. The fact that the money has been
paid must be efficiently confirmed by the agent. In case of non-payment of
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freight and of other charges due to the ship, the master may exercise a lien
upon the goods, and the agent renders him assistance in this connection.
When the original bills of lading have not reached the discharge port,
the owners may agree to discharge the cargo against letters of indemnity
provided by the receivers, shippers or charterers, but that is the owners’
decision and not the master’s.
In case of shortage of goods or any claims or disputes on the part of

consignees, the agent is to arrange immediate checking of the cargo in order
to protect the interests of the vessel. If the shortage or defects of goods are
found on discharging, an appropriate statement of facts should be drawn up.
This statement is usually signed by the master, the agent and sometimes by
the customs house officer or a surveyor.
Vocabulary
ascertain a constata
bill of lading conosament
charge taxă
charter navlosi, a da în folosinţă
charterer navlositor
claim reclamaţie
consignee destinatarul mărfii
draw up a întocmi
duly corespunzător, la timp
endorse a andosa, a aproba, a semna un document pe verso
exercise a lien upon a exercita drept de sechestru
freight cheltuieli de transport, navlu
letters of indemnity scrisoare de garanţie
notice of readiness aviz “gata de operare” (încărcare/descărcare)
port of discharge port de descărcare
seal a ştampila
ship owner armator, proprietar al unei nave
shipper expeditor de mărfuri transportate cu nave
shortage lipsă
statement of facts proces verbal
stevedoring operaţie de încărcare/descărcare/stivuire
warehouse depozit
Vocabulary Practice
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Exercise 1.
Match the parts of the sentences on the right with those on the left:
Discharging the wharfs

1.When wharf discharge is being a. 100 feet of wharf length is
planned, available for each ship’s hatch.
2. Plans include using ship’s crew b. to ensure a minimum of 2 metres
and ship’s gear, but of water between the ship's keel and
the bottom.
3. Cargo handlers should consider c. cargo handlers should consider
possible delays caused unloading the cargo onto the wharf.
4. For planning purposes, cargo d. on the size and draft of the vessel
handlers should ensure that to be berthed.
5. The water depth alongside the e. by weather, port strikes, and so
wharf should be sufficient on.
6. The water depth requirement will f. may be used for lighter discharge.
vary depending
7. Practically any wharf g. may also include using other
equipment and port labour.
Exercise 2.
Supply the missing terms in the following dialogue:
cases ashore overlooked in dispute consignment

tallies short draw up gas tube B/L
AGENT: This last (1) ___________of gas tube fittings was two cases (2)
_________.
FIRST MATE: What’s the number of that B/L?
AGENT: No.8673 for 300 cases of (3) __________ fittings. As a matter of
fact, we got (4) _______only 298 cases. Our (5) ______ don’t agree. What’s
the matter with that B/L?
FIRST MATE: I suppose you didn’t pay attention to the remark on the (6)
_______that two cases were in dispute.
AGENT: I did, but I thought they meant two extra (7) ______over 300.
They should have stated: ”298 cases plus 2 cases (8) _______”.
FIRST MATE: Yes, that’s what they should have done, but (9) _________
it. Anyhow, we have to (10) ________ a statement of shortage. State that
two cases are short-landed.
AGENT: Yes, that’s what we have to do.
Exercise 3.
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Multiple-choice test. Underline the correct word in brackets:
Discharging planning.
During discharge, cargo handlers must (1) _________ (load, carry, unload,
stow) cargo from the vessel, segregate it, and place it aboard the mode of
transportation that will move it to its destination. Cargo handlers should
make maximum use of berthing (2) ________ (discharge, space, load,
place). They should plan for the discharge and movement of cargo on (3)
________ (transport, supply, carriage, receipt) of the ship’s papers and
cargo disposition (4) _________ (instructions, orders, requests, notes).
Planning also includes special equipment required for special or heavy (5)
________ (cartons, boxes, bundles, lifts) and arrangements for terminal (6)
________ (passage, cleaning, arrival, clearance) including transportation
required and depot capability to receive.
Exercise 4.
Match the words with their definitions:
1. to be entitled to a. a legal document in which a person or

company promises to pay for any loss that
happens
2. to entrust b. the money paid for transporting goods
3. consignee c. an official order that allows someone to keep
the property of a person who owes them
money until it has been paid back
4. Chief Mate d. a request for a sum of money that you believe
you have a right to
5. dispute e. a person or organization that charters (rents) a
ship or aircraft
6. freight f. the person or company to whom goods or
documents are officially sent or delivered
7. lien (upon) g. to give someone a thing or a duty for which
they are responsible
8. letter of indemnity h. to have a legal right to something.
9. charterer i. a licensed seaman and head of the deck
department of a ship
10. claim j. an argument or disagreement, especially an
official one
Exercise 5
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Across Down
5. descărcare 1. navlositor
7. destinatarul mărfii 2. letter of ~ - scrisoare de
10. proces verbal garanţie
13. taxă 3. navlu
14. a constata 4. a andosa
6. reclamaţie
8. armator
9. lipsă
11. a ştampila
12. a întocmi
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Unit 7. Grammar
Present Perfect Simple &
Continuous
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE FORMS. REGULAR VERBS
Long form Short form Long form Short form
I have worked I’ve worked I have not worked I haven’t worked

you have worked you've worked you have not worked you haven’t worked
he has worked he's worked he has not worked he hasn’t worked
she has worked she's worked she has not worked she hasn’t worked
it has worked it's worked it has not worked it hasn’t worked
we have worked we've worked we have not worked we haven’t worked
they have worked they've worked they have not worked they haven’t worked
Question
Have I worked?
Have you worked?
Has he worked?
Has she worked?
Has it worked?
Have we worked?
Have they worked?
120
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE FORMS. IRREGULAR VERBS
I have eaten I’ve eaten I have not eaten I haven’t eaten

you have eaten you've eaten you have not eaten you haven’t eaten
he has eaten he's eaten he has not eaten he hasn’t eaten
she has eaten she's eaten she has not eaten she hasn’t eaten
it has eaten it's eaten it has not eaten it hasn’t eaten
we have eaten we've eaten we have not eaten we haven’t eaten
they have eaten they've eaten they have not eaten they haven’t eaten
Question
Have I eaten?
Have you eaten?
Has he eaten?
Has she eaten?
Has it eaten?
Have we eaten?
Have they eaten?
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE USES
For uncompleted actions that I’ve read many books in my life.

started in the past and continue to I’ve studied French. (and remember
the present it)
Actions which took place in the I’ve spilt the milk. (it is still on the
recent past, whose results are still floor)
present I’ve just had lunch. (I’m full)
For an action which took place in I have just washed the floor. (so it’s
the past, but still relates to the still wet)
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present. Hasn’t the train gone already? (that
 time markers: just, yet, is surprising)
already, never, ever, still I have never lived in Paris.
(experience)
With “since” and “for” We’ve been friends since 2012.

My brother has played tennis for 10
years.
In type 2 conditional sentences If I won a million dollars, I would

travel around the world.
After 'wish' I wish I had a car so that I could

drive to work.
Grammar Practice. Present Perfect Simple
Exercise 1.
You are writing a letter to a friend. In the letter you give news about
yourself and other people. Use the words to make sentences. Use the
Present Perfect Simple.
Dear Chris,
Lots of things have happened since I last wrote to you.
1. I/ buy/ a new car.
2. my father/ start/ a new job.
3. my mother/ be/ on a cruise.
4. I/ give up/ smoking.
5. I/do/ a lot of reading.
6. Charles and Sarah/ go/ to Brazil.
7. Suzanne/ have/ a baby.
8. James/get married.
Exercise 2.
Complete the sentences. Use already + Present Perfect Simple
E.g. “What time is Paul arriving?”

“ He’s already arrived.”
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1. “Do Sue and Bill want to watch the film?”
“No, they………………..”
2. “Don’t forget to phone Tom.”
“I………………………..”
3. “When is Martin going away?”
“He……………………….”
4. “Do you want to read the newspaper?”
“I…………………………”
5. “When does Linda start her new job?”
“She ……………………..”
6. “Shall we eat something?”
“No, I…………………….”
7. “Let’s go see that play”
“We …………………….”
8. Do your homework.
“I …………………….”
Exercise 3.
You are asking Helen questions beginning Have you ever……? Write
the questions.
E.g. (London?) ……………….. No, never.

Have you ever been to London?
1. (play/ golf?) ………………..Yes, many times.

2. (Australia?).. Have……………… No, never.
3. (lose /your passport?) ……………….. Yes, once
4. (fly/ in a helicopter?)…………………….. No, never.
5. (eat/ Chinese food?)………………….. Yes, a few times.
6. (New York?)…………………………. Yes, twice.
7. (drive/ a bus?)………………….. No, never.
8. (break/ your leg?)………………………. Yes, once.
Exercise 4.
Now write sentences about Helen.
E.g. (London) ……..

Helen has never been to London.
1. (play/ golf) …………………
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2. (Australia). ………………
3. (lose /her passport) ………………..
4. (fly/ in a helicopter)……………………..
5. (eat/ Chinese food)…………………..
6. (New York)…………………………..
7. (drive/ a bus)…………………..
8. (break/ her leg)……………………….
Exercise 5.
Complete the sentences. Use the Present Perfect Simple or the Present
Perfect Continuous.
E.g. Jill is in hospital. She…has been… in hospital since Monday.
1. I know Sarah. I ……her for a long time.

2. Linda and Frank are married. They…………… married since 1989.
3. Brian is ill. He………………. ill for the last few days.
4. We live in Scott Road. We………… there for ten years.
5. Catherine works in a bank. She……………. in a bank for ten years.
6. Alan has a headache. He …………….. a headache since he got up
this morning.
7. I’m learning English. I…………. English for six months.
8. John is still waiting for Jill to get ready for dinner. He …………. for
over an hour.
9. She is visiting her friends in Prague again. She …………. them
many times.
10. I am reading Great Expectations again. I …………. it three times.
Exercise 6.
Read the situations and write sentences with just, already, or yet.
E.g. After lunch you go to see a friend at her house. She says “Would you
like something to eat?”
You say: “No, thank you. ..I’ve just had lunch….” (have lunch)
1. Joe goes out. Five minutes later, the phone rings and the caller says
”Can I speak to Joe?”
You say: “I’m afraid ………………………. “ (go out)
2. You are eating in a restaurant. The waiter thinks you have finished
and starts to take your plate away. You say : “Wait a
minute!………………” (not/ finish)
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3. You are going to a restaurant this evening. You phone to reserve a
table. Later your friend says “Shall I phone to reserve a table”? You
say: “No……………..it.” (do)
4. You know that a friend of yours is looking for a job. Perhaps she has
been successful. Ask her. You say: “…………….?” (find)
5. Ann went to the bank, but a few minutes ago she returned.
Somebody asks “Is Ann still at the bank?” You say: “No,
…………..” (come back)
Exercise 7.
Write negative sentences using today/ this year/ this term, etc.
E.g. I saw Tom yesterday but ... I haven’t seen him today.
1. I read a newspaper yesterday but I………………………….

2. Last year the company made a profit but ………………..
3. Tracy worked hard at school last term but…………………...
4. It snowed a lot last winter but ………………………….
5. Our football team won a lot of games last season but
we…………….
6. Jim was on holiday last year but …………………...
7. I did the shopping last week but …………………...
8. She had something to eat yesterday morning but …………………...
Exercise 8.
You are asking somebody questions about things he or she has done.
Make questions for the words in brackets.
E.g. (ever/ ride/ horse) ……….

Have you ever ridden a horse?
1. (ever/ be/ California)……………. ?

2. (ever/ run/ marathon)………………. ?
3. (ever/ speak/ famous person)…………………?
4. (always/ live/ in this town )…………………………..?
5. (most beautiful place/ ever/ visit) ………………..?
6. (most interesting book/ ever/ read) ………………..?
7. (the first concert/ ever/ attend) ……………….. ?
8. (the best meal/ ever/ have) ……………….. ?
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PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS FORMS.
Long form Long form

I have been working I have not been working
you have been working you have not been working
he has been working he has not been working
she has been working she has not been working
it has been working it has not been working
we have been working we have not been working
they have been working they have not been working
Short form Short form
I’ve been working I haven’t been working
you’ve been working
you haven’t been working
he’s been working
he hasn’t been working
she’s been working
she hasn’t been working
it’s been working
it hasn’t been working
we’ve been working
we haven’t been working
they’ve been working
they haven’t been working
Question
Have I been working?
Have you been working?
Has he been working?
Has she been working?
Has it been working?
Have we been working?
Have they been working?
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PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS USES
As an explanation for the present I won’t shake hands, I’ve been

situation caused by the recent and baking. (my hands are covered in
ongoing nature of the activity, which flour);
may or may not be completed I have been repairing the car all
morning. (I’m exhausted)
To account for a period of time now I didn’t iron your shirt, I’ve been
finishing - indicates that the action cooking all morning. (excuse for
filled the time failure)
To draw attention to the repeated or I have been learning French for 10

continuous nature of an action or years.
habit resulting in present expertise or I have been living here since1970
knowledge
For new, temporary habits, which He has been seeing a lot of her
have become constant or continuous lately.
With verbs of wishing and hoping, I have been looking forward to

as a polite device, suggesting that the meeting you.
wish or thought was constantly in the
speaker’s mind
Grammar Practice. Present Perfect Continuous
Exercise 1.
Write a sentence with the present perfect continuous + for to describe
each situation. Use these verbs: camp, play, read, swim, talk, travel, work.
E.g. The video began two hours ago, and it hasn’t finished yet.
It’s been playing for two hours.
1. I moved to this city ten years ago. I am still living here.

…………………………..
2. James went into the water ten minutes ago. He doesn’t want to come out
yet.
…………………………..
3. Alice rang Peter half an hour ago, and they’re still on the phone.
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…………………………..
4. Robert picked up a book an hour ago. He hasn’t put it down yet.
…………………………..
5. Ed and Jennifer started their journey around the world three months ago.
They’ve gone about halfway now.
…………………………………….
6. Sue got to the office early this morning. Ten hours later she’s still there.
…………………………..
7. The Dobsons left on holiday four weeks ago and they’re not back yet.
They took their tent.
…………………………..
8. She started giving a speech ten minute ago. She hasn’t finished yet.
…………………………..
9. The rain started two hours ago. It’s still raining now.
…………………………..
10. We started waiting for the bus 20 minutes ago. We’re still waiting now.
…………………………..
11. Ann began looking for a job six months ago. She’s still looking now.
…………………………..
12. Years ago you started writing to a pen friend. You still write to each
other regularly now.
…………………………..
Exercise 2.
Add a sentence with the short form of the present perfect continuous.
Use the words in brackets.
E.g. Mr Davis has a backache. (dig / the garden)…..

He’s been digging in the garden.
1. Mary’s eyes are red. (cry) ………………….

2. Joe has no money left. (shop)………………….
3. The girls are tired. (work hard )……………………
4. The boys have got a suntan. (sunbathe)
5. Emma’s shoes are dirty. (walk/ in the field)…………..
6. Jane and Neil look annoyed. (argue)…………….
7. The ground is wet. (rain)…………………
8. Tim has some washing up to do (bake/ cakes)………….
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Grammar Practice. Present Perfect Simple vs. Present
Perfect Continuous
Exercise 1.
Read the situations and write two sentences using the words in
brackets.
E.g. Tom started reading a book two hours ago. He is still reading it and
now he is on page 53.
(read/ for two hours) …..He has been reading for two hours….
(read/ 53 pages so far) …..He has read 53 pages….
1. Linda is from Australia. She is travelling round Europe at the moment.

She began her tour three months ago.
(travel/ for three months) …………….
(visit/ six countries so far)……………….
2. Jimmy is a tennis player. He began playing tennis when he was ten years
old. This year he is national champion again – for the fourth time.
(win/ the national championship four times) …………….
(play/ tennis since he was ten) …………….
3. When they left college, Mary and Sue started making films together.
They still make films.
(make/ ten films since they left college). …………….
(make/ films since they left college) …………….
4. My children love playing video games. They started playing video
games when they were five. They still play video games.
(play/ video games since they were five) …………….
(play/ hundreds of video games so far) …………….
5. I am an athlete. I am currently training for the marathon. I began training
for the marathon a year ago.
(train/ for a year) …………….
(train/ for five marathons so far) …………….
Exercise 2.
Put the verb into the more suitable form, Present Perfect Simple (I have
done) or Continuous (I have been doing).
E.g. Where have you been? ………………..(you/ play) tennis?

Have you been playing tennis?
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1. Look!. Somebody…………………{break) that window.
2. You look tired. …………………(you/ work ) hard ?
3. ”………………..(you/ ever/ work) in a factory?” “ No, never “
4. “ Jane is away on holiday.” “ Oh, is she ? Where …………… (she go) ?
5. My brother is an actor. He……………..(appear) in several films.
6. “Sorry I’m late.” ”That’s all right. I………………….( not/ wait) long”.
7. “Is it still raining?” “ No, it ……………….(stop)”
8. I……….(lose) my address book. …………..(you/ see) it anywhere?
9. I………………….(read) the book you lent me but I ………………(not/
finish) it yet.
10. I …………..(read) the book you lent me , so you can have it back now.
Exercise 3.
For each situation, ask a question using the words in brackets.
E.g. You have a friend who is learning Arabic. You ask: (how long/
learn/ Arabic?).
How long have you been learning Arabic?
1. You have just arrived to meet a friend. She is waiting for you. You ask:
(How long/ wait?)
2. You see somebody fishing by the river. You ask: (how many fish/
catch?)
3. Some friends of yours are having a party next week. You ask: (How
many people/ invite?)
4. A friend of yours is a teacher. You ask: (How long/ teach?)
5. You meet somebody who is a writer. You ask: (How many books/
write?), (how long/ write books?)
6. A friend of yours is saving money to go on holiday. You ask: (How
long/ save?)
7. You come home from work. You talk to the children about their day.
You ask: (What/ do?)
8. Your son is parking your car on the driveway. You notice a dent in the
car fender. You ask: (What/ do?)
Exercise 4.
Use the verbs given to complete the sentences. Put the verbs in the
Present Perfect Simple or Continuous.
E.g. What’s that dent in the side of the car? Have you had an accident?
130
1. John’s terribly upset. …….. (he/ break off) his engagement to Megan.
2. Apparently …….. (she/ see) someone else while …….. (he/ be) in
Africa.
3. Can you translate this note from Stockholm? I understood Swedish
when I was a child, but …… (I/ forget) it all.
4. I’m sorry, John’s not here. ……..(he/ go) the dentist…………(he/ have)
trouble with a tooth.
5. This cassette recorder is broken. ………(you/ play about) with it?
6. Your Italian is very good (you/ study) it long?
7. Do you mind if I clear the table? …………(you/ have) enough to it ?
8. I’m not surprised………….(he/ fail) that exam.
Exercise 5.
Which is right?
E.g. Mark is/ has been in Canada since April.
1. Jane is a good friend of mine. I know/ have known her very well.
2. Jane is a good friend of mine. I know/ have known her for a long time.
3. Sorry, I’m late. How long are you/ have you been waiting?
4. Martin works/ has worked in a hotel now. He likes his job very much.
5. Tom is/ has been in Spain at the moment.
6. Tom is/ has been there for the last three days.
7. Have you written / been writing that essay yet?
8. I’m tired because I have written / been writing an essay.
Grammar Practice. Present Perfect and Past Simple
Exercise 1.
Rewrite each of the following sentences without changing the meaning,
beginning in the way shown. Use the Present Perfect or the Past Simple.
E.g. We haven’t been to a concert for over a year.

The last time ...we went to a concert was over a year ago.
1. Your birthday party was the last time I really enjoyed myself.
I………………………………………………………………….
2. It’s nearly twenty years since my father saw his brother.
My father………………………………………………….
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3. James went to Scotland last Friday and is still there.
James has……………………………………………….
4. When did you last ride a bike?
How long ………………………………….?
5. The last time I went swimming was when we were in Spain.
I haven’t ……………………………………………………….
6. You haven’t tidied this room for weeks.
It has……………………………………………………..
7. I have never seen such a beautiful landscape.
It is ……………………………………………………..
8. He hasn’t studied mathematics for ages.
It has ……………………………………………………..
Exercise 2
Are the underlined parts of these sentences right or wrong? Correct the
ones that are wrong.
E.g. Do you know about Sue? She’s given up her job. RIGHT
The Chinese have invented printing.WRONG: The Chinese
invented……
1. How many plays has Shakespeare written?

2. Have you read any of Shakespeare’s plays?
3. Aristotle has been a Greek philosopher.
4. Ow! I’ve cut my finger. It’s bleeding.
5. My grandparents have got married in London.
6. Where have you been born?
7. Mary isn’t at home. She’s gone shopping.
8. Albert Einstein has been the scientist who has developed the theory of
relativity.
9. Has you sister come over last Friday?
10. He never saw such a good movie before.
Exercise 3.
Fill in the sentences with suitable verbs. Use the Present Perfect Simple
or the Past Simple, affirmative or negative.
1. Charlie ………… football yesterday.

2. They ………… the car. It looks new again.
3. Last year we ………… to France.
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4. I ………… my friend two days ago.
5. We ………… a foreign country so far.
6. She ………… a new car in 2011.
7. The boy ………… their lunch yet.
8. The police ………… the burglars today.
9. I …………my homework an hour ago.
10. There …………an accident here, so we have to go back.
11. I …………you a letter a week ago but you ………….
12. First he ………… to the announcement, then he ………… the TV.
133
UNIT 8.
CUSTOMS PROCEDURES
Customs is defined as a government agency entrusted with
enforcement of laws and regulations to collect and protect import-revenues,
and to regulate and document the flow of goods in and out of the country.
With imports and exports subject to duties, Customs plays an important role
in the trade and transportation industry. But the role of customs goes beyond
simply collector of those taxes. Often referred to as an “administrator of
trade”, customs can find itself involved in the preparation of foreign trade
statistics, ensuring trade compliance, all the while assisting with the
protection of society, the environment and cultural heritage.
As the only intergovernmental organization that concentrates on

customs, the World Customs Organization (WCO) has worked tirelessly
over the years to develop global customs standards, simplify and harmonize
customs procedures and improve security throughout the trade supply chain.
One of its notable achievements has been the development of a Harmonized
Commodity Description and Coding System which offers a common basis
for the classification of goods and the collection of customs duties.
A term referring to the Customs admittance or departure procedures

which a vessel must undergo on each voyage upon first entering and last
exiting a port or other designated area within the Customs territory of each
nation it visits. A commercial vessel clearance typically includes two
separate procedures: (1) admittance by the Customs authorities of the vessel
itself, including its fuel, ship’s stores and crew baggage, for which a
manifest or declaration must be provided, and (2) turn-over to the Customs
authorities of the vessel manifest listing all cargo and passengers on-board,
including cargo/passengers for discharge (or boarding) in the subject
country as well as “through” cargo and passengers which will remain on-
board and/or depart with the vessel. Until the vessel has presented its
manifest, cleared Customs and been given permission to discharge, the
vessel must refrain from unloading, and in some cases may not even berth.
Also, a vessel may not depart the last port of call in a country without
Customs authorization to do so.
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The Master must enter the ship outwards on the Entry Outwards and
Declaration form. It contains: name of ship, name of master, port of registry,
net tonnage, number of crew, where the ship is lying, the name of any
previous loading port, destination, whether with or without passengers,
particulars of any inward cargo, and the name and address of the agent.
Either Master or Agent can sign it. The Master or the Agent must go to the
Customs House and first pay the outward light dues unless these dues have
already been fully paid for the current financial year. If the ship is a foreign
- going ship and has deck cargo, the owner, Agent or Master must complete
a form to declare the space occupied by the deck cargo. The form must be
shown to the Custom Officer who is last on board at the beginning of the
voyage. When the Custom Inspector is satisfied with all the ship’s
documents he will date, stamp and sign the Clearance Outwards and hand it
to the Master. Once the port clearance has been issued, the ship is, as far as
the Customs authority is concerned, free to sail from the port.
Vocabulary
berth 1. dană, 2. a acosta la dană/cheu

clearance vămuire, permis/autorizaţie de plecare (a
navei)
clearance inwards lichidare în vamă la sosire
clearance outwards lichidare în vamă la plecare
in compliance with în conformitate cu
duty (pl. duties) taxă, impozit
enforcement aplicare, executare (a unei legi, decret),
constrangere
enter a vessel inwards a îndeplini formalităţile vamale la sosire
enter a vessel outwards a îndeplini formalităţile vamale la plecare
flow flux
foreign-going ship voiaj în străinatate
light dues taxe de folosire a farurilor
port of call port de escală
refrain from a se abţine de la, a se opri de la
revenue venit, beneficiu, rentă
turn-over predare (a documentelor)
undergo a trece prin, a suferi, a îndura
Vocabulary Practice
135
Exercise 1.
Fill in the missing words or phrases from the box:
on his behalf Finally personally In

preparing the collector of customs on board
(1)__________ the vessel to leave a port the Master or his Agent shall
attend before (2)_____________ or other Customs officer. He is not
normally required to attend the Custom House (3) _________, and may give
written authority to the agent to clear (4) ________. When outward
clearance is applied for, the following documents are required to be
presented: Clearance Outwards, Load Line Cert., Ship’s certificate of
registry, Wireless Certificate, Light Dues Certificate, safety equipment cert.,
Passenger List, and General Declaration of Departure. The last document
includes any imported cargo remaining (5) _________ for exportation. (6)
________ the Inward Clearing Bill is needed.
Exercise 2.
Finish the sentences in the communication between a ship and the
customs officer: Choose from the sentences below (a-g). There is one
extra line you do not need.
a) Certainly, officer.
b) I don't think we shall need to unseal it.
c) Yes, I know that.
d) Yes, Sir, certainly.
e) I'll do it right away.
f) You will have them in a minute
g) How do you do?
Customs and Immigration Officers' Examination
CUSTOMS OFFICER - I am the customs officer and here is the

immigration officer. How do you do. Master?
MASTER – 1. ……
CUSTOMS OFFICER - To Facilitate and speed up the inspection I would
ask you to produce the following documents: clearance from the last port of
call, 3 copies of the Crew List, 6 copies of the Passenger List in transit and
disembarking in this port, 2 copies of your Cargo Manifest and the Stores
and Provision List.
MASTER - 2. ……
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IMMIGRATION OFFICER - May T have 6 copies of the Crew List,
Passenger List in transit and disembarking here, all the seamen's books and
the passports of the passengers?
MASTER - 3. ……
CUSTOMS OFFICER - Here is a blank form. Will you please fill it in?
MASTER - 4. ……
CUSTOMS OFFICER -I shall seal the spirits and cigarettes. When you
want to unseal the store-room for your daily requirements, ask the agent to
call in a Customs officer.
MASTER - 5. ……
CUSTOMS OFFICER - By the way, do you know that each crew member
is allowed not more than two packets of cigarettes when going ashore?
MASTER – 6. ……
IMMIGRATION OFFICER - I shall issue Passes for the crew and
passengers. Please arrange to collect them after they have been used before
the ship's departure.
Exercise 3.
Find the verbs/ nouns corresponding to the following nouns/ verbs:
NOUN VERB
1. enforce
administrator 2.
3. comply
4. achieve
classification 5.
6. admit
declaration 7.
8. clear
authorization/authority 9.
10. board
Exercise 4.
Match the word (A) with the definition (B):
A B
1. duties a. to give someone a thing or a duty for which
they are responsible
2. compliance b. the act of clearing a ship at the customs
house: the papers showing that a ship
has cleared/left a port
3. entrust c. to keep oneself from doing or indulging in
137
something
4. undergo d. taxes paid to the government on things that
you bring into a country
5. clearance e. customs declaration when a ship leaves the
port
6. refrain f. fees, charges
7. entry outwards g. the act of obeying an order, rule, or request
8. dues h. to go through an experience, to submit, to
endure
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Unit 8. Grammar
Past Perfect Simple&
Continuous
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE FORMS. REGULAR VERBS
I had worked I’d worked I had not worked I hadn’t worked

you had worked you'd worked you had not worked you hadn’t worked
he had worked he'd worked he had not worked he hadn’t worked
she had worked she'd worked she had not worked she hadn’t worked
it had worked it'd worked it had not worked it hadn’t worked
we had worked we'd worked we had not worked we hadn’t worked
they had worked they'd worked they had not worked they hadn’t worked
Question
Had I worked?
Had you worked?
Had he worked?
Had she worked?
Had it worked?
Had we worked?
Had they worked?
139
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE FORMS. IRREGULAR VERBS

I had eaten I’d eaten I had not eaten I hadn’t eaten

you had eaten you'd eaten you had not eaten you hadn’t eaten
he had eaten he'd eaten he had not eaten he hadn’t eaten
she had eaten she'd eaten she had not eaten she hadn’t eaten
it had eaten it'd eaten it had not eaten it hadn’t eaten
we had eaten we'd eaten we had not eaten we hadn’t eaten
they had eaten they'd eaten they had not eaten they hadn’t eaten
Question
Had I eaten?
Had you eaten
Had he eaten?
Had she eaten?
Had it eaten?
Had we eaten?
Had they eaten?
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE USES
Actions previous to and affecting a By one o’clock he had cooked

nominated time in the past lunch.
To express sequence and After she had done the washing,

relationship of past actions with a she had a cup of tea.
time marker
To show the sequence and He had got dressed before the post
relationship of past actions arrived
140
To show causal relationship I ran home because I had missed
between past actions the train.
In reported speech and after “if” If I had won a million dollars, I

would have travelled around the
world.
He said he had been to Paris twice.
After “wish” to refer to a past wish I wish I had had a car when I was
that did not come true in college.
Grammar Practice. Past Perfect Simple
Exercise 1.
Complete these situations.
E.g. I was nervous as I sat in the car waiting for my driving instructor.
(drive)
I had never driven before.
1. I was terrified as we waited for the plane. (fly)

.............................................
2. My knees were knocking as I stood up at the wedding. (give a speech)
.............................................
3. When I reached the top of the ski lift, I wanted to die. (ski)
.............................................
4. As I changed into my tennis things, I wished I’d never agreed to be
Martin’s partner. (play tennis)
.............................................
5. If only I had refused to go to the choir practice! (sing in public)
.............................................
Exercise 2.
Supply reasonable previous causes in the past for these consequences or
results. Use the Past Perfect and try to find more than one previous
cause for each sentence. Use “as” and “because” as connectors where
necessary.
E.g. She knew how to bake a cake because…
141
a) her mother had taught her.
b) she had learned at school.
c) she had read about it in a book.
1. He gave his horse a lump of sugar…

2. She asked me to repeat my name…
3. We asked her to sing the song again…
4. They called the boy Moses…
5. Father tipped the waiter very well…
6. The man was out of breath…
7. I sent my watch to the watchmaker’s…
8. Our visitor was very tired…
9. It was very cold outside in the garden…
10. We gave the patient first aid…
11. We didn’t meet yesterday after all…
12. I couldn’t eat the food at lunchtime…
13. Peter didn’t know the answer to the question…
14. John looked very smart at his sister’s wedding…
15. The tramp had a three days’ beard…
16. The president arrived half an hour late…
17. We called a doctor…
18. Peter wasn’t very happy when we met him…
19. The Colonel had great experience of men…
20. The children were late for school…
Exercise 3.
Supply the Simple Past for the effect, consequence or result and the
Past Perfect for the previous cause.
1. They (spend) all their money and (not know) where to find any more.
2. We (finish) our work so we (sit) down to talk.
3. The sky (be) black for some time before the rain (begin) to fall.
4. I (give) you the work to do again because you (do)it badly.
5. When I (thank) my hostess I (leave) the house and (go) home.
6. Yesterday my wife (tell) me about a beautiful hat she (see) a few days
earlier.
7. Dr. Brown (just return) so they (give) him the message.
8. One of his patients (break) his leg and (need) a doctor at once.
9. The doctor (hope) for a quiet night. He (feel) disappointed.
10. After the children (go) to bed the house (be) very quiet.
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11. They always (live) in a small village and (not understand) the city
people.
12. I (can’t) read because I (forget) to fetch my glasses.
13. Peter (have) dinner in town that evening as his wife (go) to visit her
mother.
14. We (never be) in Athens before so we (want) to see the sights.
15. The child (lose) his money so he (cannot buy) sweets.
Exercise 4.
Supply the Simple Past to expresses the consequence or the Past Perfect
to show previous cause.
E.g. Peter (forget) to fill up with petrol so his car (stop) just outside the
garage.
Peter had forgotten to fill up with petrol so his car stopped just
outside the garage.
The policeman (put up) his hand and the traffic (stop).
The policeman put up his hand and the traffic stopped.
1. We (not eat) much for breakfast so we (feel) hungry at lunchtime.

2. John (not arrive) by seven thirty, so Mary (go) to the cinema alone.
3. Mr. Smith (misunderstand) the question because he (not hear) it
well.
4. Professor Smith (heat) a metal bar and it (expand).
5. His firm (give) him a better position last year because he (earn) it.
6. As we (miss) the express from London we (travel) on a slow train.
7. Our host (introduce) me to Mrs. Brown whom I (not meet) before.
8. Peter (sunbathe) too long and (get) blisters on his back.
9. Mary (not be) abroad before so everything (seem) strange to her.
10. He (refuse) to see me because I (not write) for an appointment?
11. She (not go) out in the rain because she (not have) an umbrella.
12. He (become) angry when you (accuse) him for stealing?
13. As we (not have) notice of the General’s arrival, naturally we (not
expect) him.
14. Something heavy (strike) me on the head and (knock) me out.
15. She (find out) for herself or … someone (tell) her?
16. Susan’s dinner (go) cold so Alan (warm) it up for her.
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PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS FORMS
Long form Long form

I had been working I had not been working
you had been working you had not been working
he had been working he had not been working
she had been working she had not been working
it had been working it had not been working
we had been working we had not been working
they had been working they had not been working
Short form Short form
I’d been working I hadn’t been working
you’d been working
you hadn’t been working
he’d been working
he hadn’t been working
she’d been working
she hadn’t been working
it’d been working
it h hadn’t been working
we’d been working
we hadn’t been working
they’d been working
they hadn’t been working
Question
Had I been working?
Had you been working?
Had he been working?
Had she been working?
Had it been working?
Had we been working?
Had they been working?
144
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS USES
Relative to another past time and He was able to understand the film
used with a real or implied time because he had been studying
marker. The action took place in French at school.
the time leading up to the identified
moment:
With a continuous action, which led He had been cleaning the car for
up to a past moment/action in time: over an hour before he realized it
was the wrong one.
In reported speech, when the direct “I have been thinking about it.”
speech uses the present perfect He said he had been thinking
continuous: about it
With verbs of thinking/feeling, it I had been meaning to visit her. (I

introduces an idea now abandoned, thought many times about it, but
and suggests that the idea was now it’s too late)
repeatedly present in the mind:
Grammar Practice. Past Perfect Continuous
Exercise 1.
Fill in the blanks with the suitable form of the given verbs. Use the Past
Perfect Continuous and the Past Tense Simple.
E.g. The wind (blow) all night; that is why the house (look) so awful.
The wind had been blowing all night; that is why the house looked
so awful.
1. He (live) for three years in that small village before he (move) to

Bucharest.
2. I (wait) for him for an hour when the phone (ring).
3. Whatever (he/do) all that time?
145
4. Don’t you wonder what they (discuss) about before you (join) the
meeting?
5. They (talk) for over an hour before Tony (arrive).
6. She (work) at that company for three years when it (go out) of business.
7. How long (you/ wait) when the bus (come)?
8. Mike (want) to sit down because he (stand) all day at work.
9. James (teach) at the university for more than a year before he (leave) for
Asia.
10. A: How long (you/ study) French before you (move) to Lyon?
B: I (not study) French very long.
Exercise 2.
Fill in the blanks with the suitable form of the given verbs. Use the Past
Perfect Simple or the Past Perfect Continuous.
1. I (try) to get tickets for that concert for months, and I didn't want to miss
it.
2. By the time we met, I (have) five cups of coffee and I (wait) over an
hour.
3. How long (you/ wait) there before she arrived?
4. She (practice) for two years before she was able to put on a show.
5. He had to leave because he (arrange) to see his mother earlier.
6. When I got home, Kathy (leave, already).
7. She was really angry with her friend because she (wait) for more than
half an hour for him to come and pick her up.
8. He was tired because he (exercise) so hard.
9. When I retired, I (work) for that company for 30 years.
10. I (see) many pictures of the Eiffel Tower before I went to Paris.
11. He (sail) around the world by the time he turned twenty.
12. When I saw her eyes, I realized she (cry).
146
ANSWER KEY
Unit 1. Vocabulary Practice
Exercise 1.
Order I II III IV V VI VII
Picture D F A C G B E
Name dug- Egyptian Viking lateen fully- Steam Container
out boat ship sails rigged ship ship
canoe ship
Exercise 2.
1. craft 7. fully-rigged
2. floated 8. Maritime
3. trade 9. shipbuilding
4. sails 10. steam
5. mast 11. propellers
6. lateen 12. diesel
Exercise 3.
Across Down
3. mast 1. craft
6. steamship 2. cross
7. rigged 4. trade route
8. thrust 5. spin
10. propeller 6. sail
12. blade 9. hull
11. paddle
Unit 1. Grammar Practice. The Article

Exercise 1
1 -, 2 -, 3 the, 4 -, 5 the, 6 -, 7 the, 8 the, 9 -, 10 -, 11 the, 12 -, 13 the, 14 the.
Exercise 2
147
1-c, 2-a, 3-h, 4-f, 5-d, 6-e, 7-b, 8-g
Exercise 3
1. -, a, a, a, - 7. a, a, a, a
2. a, a 8. a
3. a, a 9. a
4. an, a, a 10. a, a
5. a, a 11. an, a, a, a, a, a
6. a, a, a 12. a
Exercise 4
1. the 11. the, the
2. the, the, the 12. -, the, the
3. the, the 13. –
4. the 14. the, -, the
5. the, the 15. -, the, the
6. the, the 16. the
7. -, the, the 17. -, -, -, the, the
8. the, the, the 18. the, the
9. the, the, the 19. the, the, the
10. the, - 20. -, -, -.
Exercise 5
1. a , - , a 6. - , the
2. the , - 7. -, a
3. the 8. the, -
4. the, the 9. -, -,
5. -, -, the 10. the, -, an, the.
Exercise 6
1. a, a 6. a, -, a
2. , - 7. the, the, the
3. a, - 8. an
4. -, the, the 9. -, a, -
5. -, the 10. the, the, the.
Exercise 7
1. -, the (an) 4. -, the
2. a, a, the 5. -, -
3. -, the 6. -, -, the
148
7. -, -, - 9. the, the
8. an, -, - 10. the, an.
Exercise 8
an enormous, a diameter, the earth, a train, an hour, the stars, the one, a
diameter, the thousands, a powerful, the naked, the earth, a hundredth, the
full.
Exercise 9
1. the 19. a
2. the 20. the
3. the 21. -
4. the 22. the
5. the 23. the
6. the 24. the
7. a 25. -
8. the 26. an
9. the 27. -/the
10. - 28. the
11. the 29. the
12. the 30. -/the
13. a 31. the
14. the 32. -
15. - 33. the
16. - 34. -
17. the
18. the
Exercise 10
1. the, a 11. -, the
2. a, the 12. The, the, the
3. The 13. a, -, the
4. -, - 14. a, the
5. the, the 15. an
6. the, the 16. the, -
7. an, an 17. The, the
8. -, - 18. The, the
9. a 19. -
10. The, - 20. a, a, -, the
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Grammar Practice. The Noun
Exercise 1.
a. buses/busses, towns, women, boxes, flies, keys, bees, Englishmen,
teeth, wishes, geese, cities, potatoes, books, children, leaves, lives,
feet, apples, toys, balls, wolves, safes, oxen.
b. brushes, thieves, Chinese, Germans, donkeys, shelves, fishes, cliffs,
Swiss, inches, sheep, lice, bamboo, handkerchiefs, axes, proofs,
phenomena, dynamos, means, pianos.
c. echoes, loaves, nieces, halves, chiefs, volcanoes, Japanese, deer,
mice, knives, births, daughters, buffaloes, atlases.
Exercise 2.
1. These are boxes.
2. Those are lorries.
3. Where are the knives?
4. Are they your watches?
5. These are new houses.
6. Those are old chimneys.
7. Those aren’t my dresses.
8. Those are shoes.
9. Who are these men?
10. They are farmers and these are their wives.
11. Those are rows of people.
12. Are they new bridges?
13. There are matches in the boxes.
14. There are no children in their family.
15. Are there dictionaries on his desk?
16. Are there desks in that room?
17. The faces of those women are attractive.
18. The houses aren’t large, but they are comfortable.
19. Who are those persons?
20. Which are your books?
Exercise 3.
1. A ball is round.
2. A house has a roof.
3. This is a phoneme.
4. A fox is an animal.
5. A rose is a beautiful flower.
6. A watch is a small clock.
7. A dog has a tail.
8. That boy is a good friend to the other one.
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9. This is a simple sentence.
10. This isn’t a box.
11. The child is at school.
12. This is my notebook.
13. My friend wants to study German.
14. His brother works hard all day.
15. A housewife has to work very hard.
16. A child receives a lot of pleasure from this game.
17. He lives in a small house.
18. The postman brings letters three times a day.
19. The boy wakes up at six.
20. There is a picture on the wall.
Exercise 4.
1. mice
2. flies 14. buses
3. mosquitoes 15. feet
4. beaches 16. wolves
5. churches 17. people
6. photos 18. families
7. loaves 19. men
8. fruit 20. wives
9. peaches 21. children
10. oranges 22. lives
11. tomatoes 23. centuries
12. shelves 24. countries
13. fish
Exercise 5.
radio, morning, accidents, roads, people, accident, motorway, cars, junction,
problems, rail, travellers, trains, cities, minutes.
Exercise 6.
courage, air, smoke, safety, water, health, damage, environment.
Exercise 7.
1. was 6. are
2. rush 7. is
3. is 8. are
4. is 9. are
5. was/were 10. is
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11. is 14. don’t
12. is 15. is
13. aren’t
Exercise 8.
1. are 5. avoid
2. have got; are 6. are
3. are 7. is
4. stop; ask 8. is
Exercise 1.
1. funnel 6. bow
2. stern 7. forward
3. propeller 8. deck
4. hull 9. accommodation
5. anchor
Exercise 2.
1. The main body of the ship is called the hull.
2. The keel is the backbone of the hull.
3. The hull is divided horizontally by decks, and vertically by bulkheads.
4. The forward part of a ship is the bow.
5. Stern is the after part of a ship.
6. “Amidships” is the centre part of the ship.
7. The cargo is stowed in cargo holds?
8. A funnel is the chimney on a ship.
Exercise 3.
1. hull 6. bow
2. watertight compartments 7. stern
3. Decks 8. propeller
4. Bulkheads 9. steering
5. framework 10. anchor
Exercise 4
Ship Description
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Unit 2. Pronouns and Determiners
Personal Pronouns
Exercise 1.
1. She; us 7. We; her

2. We; them 8. them
3. she; him 9. she; them
4. I; you 10. me; him
5. you; me 11. I; he; her
6. her; she 12. They; him; us
Exercise 2.
1. She; him 7. it
2. He; it 8. They; us
3. He; her 9. It; it
4. They; it 10. We; him
5. We; them 11. They; us
6. He; them 12. she; us
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Exercise 3.
1. O 8. O
2. S 9. S
3. S 10. O
4. O 11. O
5. O 12. S
6. S 13. O
7. S 14. S
Reflexive Pronouns
Exercise 1.
1. himself 7. yourselves
2. ourselves 8. herself
3. themselves 9. ourselves
4. yourself 10. itself
5. myself 11. myself
6. themselves 12. herself
Exercise 2.
1. himself 7. themselves
2. herself 8. herself
3. ourselves 9. yourselves
4. yourself 10. themselves
5. myself 11. itself
6. himself 12. myself
Exercise 3.
1. shave 7. cut yourself
2. enjoyed herself 8. electrocute yourself
3. introduce yourself 9. scratched itself
4. burnt himself 10. Behave yourself
5. concentrate 11. shower
6. move 12. hurt herself
Possessives
Exercise 1.
1. his 5. my
2. your 6. our
3. her 7. your
4. their 8. his
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9. their 13. my
10. her 14. your
11. my 15. its
12. their
Exercise 2.
1. her 7. her
2. their; theirs 8. mine
3. its 9. his
4. your 10. theirs
5. yours/his/hers, etc. 11. its
6. my 12. our
Exercise 3.
1. your; his 8. your; mine
2. its 9. his; hers
3. my; hers 10. my; yours
4. your; theirs 11. their
5. your; mine 12. His; ours
6. Their; ours 13. My; his
7. my; yours 14. Our; theirs
Demonstratives
Exercise 1.
1. those 6. those
2. These 7. this
3. those 8. that
4. those 9. that
5. these 10. that
Exercise 2.
1. this 6. This
2. These; those 7. that
3. That; this 8. This
4. This; that 9. these
5. These; those 10. those
Indefinite Pronouns & Determiners

Exercise 1.
1. anyone 4. anything
2. nothing 5. somewhere
3. anything 6. something
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7. nothing 11. nothing
8. anything 12. anywhere
9. nothing 13. someone
10. something 14. no one
Exercise 2
1. d 6. c
2. h 7. e
3. g 8. f
4. i 9. j
5. b 10. a
Exercise 3
1. c 6. a
2. d 7. d
3. a 8. b
4. b 9. a
5. d 10. c
Exercise 4.
1. much 9. Many/Several
2. many; much 10. few
3. Many/Several 11. many/several
4. much 12. many
5. much 13. several
6. many/several 14. several
7. Few
8. much
Exercise 5.
1. no 9. Either
2. no; any 10. Some
3. None 11. Some
4. any 12. some
5. All 13. most
6. All 14. Most
7. All 15. each
8. Both 16. Each
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Exercise 1.
1. D 5. G
2. E 6. B
3. F 7. C
4. A
Exercise 2. Suggested answers

general cargo ship  carries piece goods + bulk cargo
 cargo is packed into drums, boxes, bags, bales, crates, etc.
 has cranes and derricks
container ship  carries most of the world's manufactured goods and
products
 cargo is carried in containers of 20 ft. units or 40 ft. units
 has no cargo handling gear
bulk carrier  carries bulk cargo, “dry bulk” or “liquid bulk”
 have huge under-deck specialized holds where the bulk
products are poured and stored.
 the dry bulk carrier has hatches raised above deck level
 the liquid bulk carrier has a flush deck, covered by
pipelines and vents.
oil tanker  carries liquid cargo
 the crude carrier - carries crude oil
 the clean products tanker - carries refined products
 has no cargo hatches and external handling gear
Ro-Ro ship  carries wheeled cargo
 has large stern or bow doors
 has a high freeboard and a high deckhouse
ferry  can carry both passengers and their vehicles, and
sometimes cargo
 has low-level side doors or by stern or bow ramps
cruise ship  carries passengers on a pleasure voyage

 has added amenities
 has high superstructures of many decks
 is typically painted white all over.
Exercise 3.
1. j 6. o
2. l 7. k
3. p 8. e
4. m 9. c
5. n 10. a
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11. g 14. h
12. b 15. i
13. d 16. f
Exercise 4.
1. container 7. vehicles
2. wharf 8. amenities
3. store 9. discharge
4. cargo gear 10. pipelines
5. derricks
6. pallets
Exercise 5.
Ship Types
Grammar Practice. The Adjective
Exercise 1.
1. expensive 2. wonderful
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3. difficult 7. hungry
4. new 8. terrible; fresh
5. Italian 9. luxurious
6. sad 10. magnificent
Exercise 2.
1. small gold ring 7. big new Japanese restaurant
2. old Italian painting 8. red plastic bag
3. green cotton shirt 9. big black wooden desk
4. modern Spanish villa 10. a beautiful old Russian village
5. old white house; large black 11. a huge old brown bear
dog 12. nice tall young man
6. young Polish student
Exercise 3.
1. bigger, the biggest 10. cheaper, the cheapest
2. more careful, the most careful 11. happier, the happiest
3. more expensive, the most 12. more difficult, the most
expensive difficult
4. better, the best 13. worse, the worst
5. fatter, the fattest 14. hotter, the hottest
6. more famous, the most 15. hungrier, the hungriest
famous 16. sadder, the saddest
7. newer, the newest 17. longer, the longest
8. more modern, the most 18. richer, the richest
modern 19. friendlier,the friendliest
9. younger, the youngest 20. smaller, the smallest
Exercise 4.
1. easier than 6. more useful than
2. better than 7. taller than
3. more successful than 8. fancier than
4. luckier than 9. more dangerous than
5. more powerful than 10. colder than
Exercise 5.
1. the worst 4. the best
2. the funniest 5. the most expensive
3. the tallest 6. the most beautiful
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7. the oldest 9. the most difficult
8. the loveliest 10. the cheapest
Exercise 6.
1. It’s the biggest ship I’ve ever seen
2. He’s the richest man I’ve ever met.
3. It’s the most difficult exam I’ve ever taken.
4. It’s the saddest film I’ve ever seen.
5. She’s the happiest person I’ve ever met.
6. It’s the most modern flat I’ve ever seen.
7. It’s the hottest country I’ve ever visited.
8. It’s the smallest dog I’ve ever seen.
Exercise 7.
1. as much work as 6. as many questions as
2. as much (money) as 7. as much money as/ as many
3. as many countries as dollars as
4. as many jobs as 8. as many beers as
5. as much luggage as
Exercise 8.
1. excited 5. surprised
2. surprised 6. bored
3. interesting 7. exciting
4. tiring 8. boring.
Grammar Practice. The Adverb
Exercise 1.
1. dangerously 5. wonderfully
2. fast 6. hard
3. well 7. quickly
4. slowly 8. terribly
Exercise 2.
1. carefully 7. busily
2. angrily 8. beautifully
3. easily 9. happily
4. fast 10. hard
5. badly 11. correctly
6. hard 12. slowly
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Exercise 3.
1. well 4. hard
2. fast 5. slowly
3. badly 6. well
Exercise 4.
1. faster 5. harder
2. better 6. more comfortably.
3. more cheaply 7. worse
4. more confidently 8. more dangerously
Exercise 5.
1. quite 6. quite
2. quite 7. really
3. really 8. quite
4. really 9. really
5. quite 10. quite
Exercise 6.
1. He is always very excited about starting a new job.
2. You must always lock the front door when you leave.
3. Steve and Jill play golf twice a month.
4. I usually eat a sandwich for lunch.
5. I sometimes go to jazz concerts at the weekend.
6. My teacher gives me a lot of homework every day.
7. We hardly ever see our Mexican friends.
8. They often go to Morocco for their holidays.
9. Bill and Marie go to the theatre four times a year.
10. They are rarely at home in the evening.
11. I never go out late at night.
12. This house will never be the same without her.
Exercise 7.
1. A: I think he’s a good worker. What do you think?
B: I’m not sure. He works carefully, but he makes some bad mistakes.
2. A: He’s a wonderful skier. He skis quickly and beautifully.
B: In my opinion, he skis dangerously. He’s a careless skier.
3. A: He’s a rich and powerful man. He lives expensively.
B: Yes, but he spends money carefully. He buys valuable objects.
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4. A: Paul, Jane, Diana and Mark live in a big, old house in Scotland. They
live happily together.
B: I know they are happy, but the house is expensive and so they live
cheaply.
5. A: This bread tastes awful. Did you cook it correctly?
B: If you think it’s horrible, why are you eating it so hungrily?
6. A: She’s very young, but she sings and dances beautifully.
B: She’s a wonderful singer, but she dances badly in my opinion.
7. A: He did worse than expected in the exams.
B: I disagree. He actually did a lot better than expected.
8. A: Did Jill do the best in the test?
B: No. She did the worst.
Exercise 8.
1. slow 7. well
2. slowly 8. good
3. quickly 9. polite
4. immediate 10. politely
5. bad
6. badly
Exercise 9.
1. happier 9. more seriously
2. harder 10. more serious
3. healthier 11. better
4. more suddenly 12. more politely
5. more expensive 13. lovelier
6. more loudly 14. easier
7. hotter 15. more easily
8. more frequently
Exercise 10.
1. Last month the weather changed dramatically.
2. The price of oil has dropped significantly over the last few months.
3. Let’s look quickly at those documents.
4. We should pause briefly for coffee.
5. He has recovered steadily in the last few days.
6. Unemployment has risen gradually.
7. The number of foreign students has grown considerably over recent
years.
8. She breathed deeply and then jumped into the water.
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Exercise 1.
1. activity 8. unloading
2. founded 9. Canal
3. capacity 10. junction
4. quay 11. facilities
5. accomodation 12. cargo
6. bulk 13. terminal
7. traffic 14. cruise
Exercise 2.
1. c 8. d
2. i 9. a
3. j 10. b
4. l 11. e
5. k 12. n
6. m 13. h
7. g 14. f
Exercise 3.
1. c 4. f
2. e 5. d
3. b 6. a
Exercise 4. Suggested answers
BASIS FOR PORT HARBOUR MARINA

COMPARISON
What is it? A place where ships a natural or man-made a small harbour area
moor and transfer where leisure craft
passengers and cargo; tie up.
Construction man-made Natural or man-made; man-made
Location alongside the coastline next to the shore Usually separate

from the normal
harbour;
Onshore cargo handling and May or may not be has water and
facilities storage facilities, available; electricity supplies.
together with various
amenities
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Exercise 5.
Port Description
Grammar Practice. The Numeral
Exercise 1.
a. forty-nine h. eighth
b. six hundred i. seventeen
c. fourth j. fifth
d. twelfth k. seven million
e. two thousand dollars l. ninth
f. twenty-third m. thirtieth
g. seventy-eight n. three hundred and ninety-five
Exercise 2.
a. 211- two hundred and eleven e. 20th - twentieth
b. 14 - fourteen f. 5,000 - five thousand
c. 462 - four hundred and sixty- g. 1st - first
two h. 68 - sixty-eight
d. 2nd - second i. 12th - twelfth
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j. 34th - thirty-forth o. 8th - eighth
k. 9,000,000 - nine million p. 25th - twenty-fifth
l. 150 - a hundred and fifty q. 111 - a hundred and eleven
m. 310 - three hundred and ten r. 19th – nineteenth
n. 3rd - third
Exercise 3.
a. four hundred and eight
b. nine hundred and twenty-five
c. one thousand, three hundred and fifty
d. five thousand, seven hundred and twenty-nine
e. ten thousand, six hundred and fifteen
f. twenty-five thousand and one hundred
g. seven hundred twenty-one thousand, nine hundred and sixty-three
h. four million, two hundred and one thousand, nine hundred and fifty-
three
i. twenty-two million, seven hundred and sixty thousand, four hundred
and forty-nine
j. one hundred and one million, five hundred and fifty thousand, three
hundred and fifteen
Exercise 4.
a. one-third
b. seven-eighths (or seven over eight)
c. nine-tenths (or nine over ten)
d. nineteen thirty-fourths (or nineteen over thirty-four)
e. one-quarter (or a quarter)
f. one-fifth (or a fifth)
g. five and three-quarters
h. one and a half
i. six point zero eight
j. zero point seven
k. two point six nine
l. eighteen point two five nine
Exercise 5.
a. the twenty-first of June nineteen ninety-four
b. the second of April nineteen oh three (or the second of April nineteen
hundred and three)
c. the fifth of August eighteen hundred
d. the third of December eighteen sixty
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e. the thirtieth of May seventeen oh one (or the thirtieth of May seventeen
hundred and one)
f. the twenty-eighth of September ten sixty-six
g. the twenty-third of July nineteen hundred
h. the twenty-second of February nineteen fifteen
i. the first of January nineteen eighty
j. the twelfth of November nineteen thirteen
Exercise 6.
a. fifty-nine e. five point thirty
b. sixty f. twenty-five
c. seventy g. eight
d. one hundred and ninety-two h. five
Exercise 7.
1. nineteen seventy-six
2. the sixteenth of June/June the sixteenth, nineteen eighty-three
3. the twenty-ninth of September/September the twenty-ninth
4. nineteen eighty-seven
5. the tenth of January/January the tenth, nineteen eighty-eight
6. the ninth of March/March the ninth
7. nineteen ninety.
Exercise 8.
1. three 6. Two’s company, three’s a
2. eleven crowd.
3. sixes and sevens 7. one hundred
4. nine times out of ten 8. four
5. two and two 9. fifty-fifty
10. forty (do you agree?)
Exercise 9.
1. third
2. second
3. fourth
4. twentieth
5. tenth
6. first
7. first come, first served
8. eighteenth (perhaps twenty first, and in some countries twenty fifth or
fiftieth), etc.
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Exercise 1.
1. e 5. g
2. a 6. d
3. f 7. b
4. h 8. c
Exercise 2.
1. into 5. in
2. from 6. by
3. of 7. on
4. of 8. in
Exercise 3.
1. commodity 6. forklift trucks
2. general cargo 7. perishable
3. shift 8. reefers
4. break bulk 9. pilferage
5. non-containerized 10. drums
Exercise 4.
Type of ship Type of cargo
Dry-bulk carrier  Grain, coal, sugar
Tanker  Oil, gas, chemicals
Reefer  Meat. Fruit, fish, vegetables, dairy
products
Container ship  Standard boxes
General cargo  Containerized/non-
containerized/refrigerated
Roll-on/roll-off  Vehicles (cars, trucks, trailers)
Passenger/cruise ship  Passengers
Exercise 5. Types of cargo
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Grammar Practice. Present Simple & Continuous
Grammar Practice. Present Simple
Exercise 1.
1. drives 7. closes
2. drinks 8. costs
3. have 9. cost
4. like 10. teaches
5. go 11. meet
6. open 12. washes
Exercise 2.
1. doesn’t rain 6. doesn’t cost
2. don’t sell 7. doesn’t play
3. doesn’t drive 8. don’t know
4. don’t go 9. doesn’t wear
5. don’t wash 10. don’t have
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Exercise 3.
1. Do you play tennis? 7. Do your friends speak
2. Does Ann play tennis? English?
3. Do you know the answer? 8. Do you want to be famous?
4. Do you like hot weather? 9. Does Mary wash her hair
5. Does your father drink coffee? every day?
6. Do you exercise every 10. Do you (ever) eat seafood?
morning?
Exercise 4.
1. Where do you live? 6. How do you get to work?
2. How often do watch TV? 7. What do you have for
3. Where do you have lunch? breakfast?
4. What time do you get up? 8. What time do you go to sleep?
5. How often do you go to the
movies?
Present Continuous
Exercise 1.
1. are building 7. is singing
2. is swimming 8. am waiting
3. are standing 9. is watching
4. is coming 10. are playing
5. am cooking 11. is barking
6. is studying 12. is playing
Exercise 2.
1. It is (not) snowing. 7. The sun is (not) shining.
2. I am (not) sitting on a chair. 8. I am (not) wearing shoes.
3. I am (not) eating. 9. I am (not) reading a
4. It is (not) raining. newspaper.
5. I am (not) doing this exercise. 10. I am (not) playing the guitar.
6. I am (not) listening to the
radio.
Exercise 3.
1. Is he swimming 4. Is Irina washing
2. Are you helping 5. Are they running
3. Is he visiting 6. Is your husband listening
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7. Are the boys carrying 9. Are we making
8. Is the mother holding 10. Are John and Fred repairing
Present Simple vs. Present Continuous
Exercise 1.
1. don’t watch 6. don’t understand
2. is singing 7. am reading
3. wants 8. does she finish
4. do you read 9. am not listening
5. are sitting 10. doesn’t usually drive, walks.
Exercise 2.
1. leave 7. do they drive
2. works, is doing 8. doesn’t get
3. tries; plays 9. rains; is not raining
4. are sitting 10. I’m baking; are you smiling;
5. Do you listen Am I doing
6. am writing
Exercise 3.
1. c 6. i
2. e 7. d
3. h 8. a
4. j 9. g
5. f 10. b
Exercise 4.
1. tastes 6. am seeing
2. is always tasting 7. smell
3. are being 8. Are you thinking
4. are having a drink 9. Do you believe
5. has 10. am having
Exercise 1.
1. In the deck arrangement, cargo is lowered through the main deck hatch
opening into one of the deck levels in the hold of a conventional cargo
ship.
170
2. The hatches are numbered in order from bow to stern, and the various
deck levels are normally designated as upper tween deck, lower tween
deck , and hold.
3. The cargo stowage plan is prepared by the loading terminal after the
ship has been loaded and is used to facilitate the subsequent loading
and discharge of cargo at all ports along the voyage.
4. Information on the capacity and location of heavy lifts.
Exercise 2.
1. d 4. b
2. f 5. a
3. e 6. c
Exercise 3.
1. of 6. to
2. for 7. with
3. in 8. up
4. by 9. out
5. at 10. to
Exercise 4.
1. done 6. taken
2. given 7. stowed
3. loaded 8. sent
4. drawn 9. taken
5. made 10. kept
Exercise 5.
1. e 7. a
2. f 8. d
3. h 9. c
4. g 10. b
5. i
6. j
Exercise 6 Reception of Cargo
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Unit 6. Grammar Practice. Past Simple & Past Continuous
Grammar Practice. Past Simple
Exercise 1.
1. bought 6. cut; did you do
2. did it rain; was 7. Did you watch; couldn’t
3. was; didn’t stay open
4. was; opened 8. were you; did your brother
5. Did you go; didn’t have get married
Exercise 2.
1. Was your exam difficult?
2. Where were Ann and Chris last week?
172
3. How much was your new camera?
4. Why were you angry yesterday?
5. Was the weather nice last week?
6. Did Helen and Anne take many photos?
7. When did the teacher leave the classroom?
8. When did the girls get home?
Exercise 3.
2. got 9. had
3.had 10 went
4. left 11 waited
5. drove 12 departed
6. arrived 13. arrived
7. parked 14. took
8. went
Grammar Practice. Past Continuous

Exercise 1.
1. weren’t taking; were painting

2. wasn’t washing; was repairing
3. wasn’t riding; was roller-skating
4. we weren’t working; were relaxing
5. wasn’t watching; was listening
6. wasn’t practising; was playing
7. weren’t singing; were shouting
8. wasn’t doing; was mowing
9. weren’t shopping; we were looking
10. wasn’t raining; was snowing
Exercise 2.
1. Was she visiting
2. Were you writing
3. Were the boys playing
4. Was the TV host asking
5. Were Helen and Anne taking
6. Were we making
7. Was the teacher leaving
8. Was the secretary sending
9. Were John and Paul playing
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10. Was I snoring
Exercise 3
1. wasn’t wearing 7. was she doing
2. was holding 8. was looking
3. was calling 9. was becoming
4. was sitting 10. was she wearing
5. were coming
6. wasn’t sleeping
Grammar Practice. Past Simple and Past Continuous
Exercise 1.
1. Carol and Jack were at the cinema. They were watching a film.
2. Tom was in his car. He was driving
3. Catherine was at the station. She was waiting for a train.
4. Mr. and Mrs. Hall were in the park. They were walking.
5. I was at the beach. I was swimming.
6. My best friend was at work. She was having a meeting.
7. The children were in the yard. They were playing with a ball.
8. John and his wife were at a ski resort. They were relaxing.
Exercise 2.
1. was studying
2. did the post arrive; came; was having
3. didn’t go
4. were you driving; stopped; wasn’t driving
5. did your team win; didn’t play
6. did you break the window; were playing; kicked; hit
7. Did you see; was wearing
8. were you doing; I was sleeping
9. was he doing; was mending
10. lost; did you get; climbed.
Exercise 3.
1. started 4. occupied
2. built 5. read
3. wasn’t selling 6. was waiting
174
7. notice 12. offered
8. was playing. 13. was having
9. was approaching 14. had
10. ran 15. left
11. grabbed 16. went
Exercise 4.
1. was recovering 12. met
2. gave 13. was studying
3. was having 14. had
4. heard 15. worked
5. contacted 16. were serving
6. invited 17. announced
7. was organizing/ organized 18. persuaded
8. refused 19. was
9. was preparing 20. were
10. passed 21. decided
11. went 22. were earning/ earned
Exercise 4.
1. are you doing 9. don’t have
2. I’m looking 10. We want
3. Do you want 11. did
4. are getting 12. lent
5. did you decide 13. managed
6. were staying 14. we choose
7. we’re trying 15. gave
8. aren’t looking 16. was looking

Exercise 1.
1. c 5. b
2. g 6. d
3. e 7. f
4. a
Exercise 2.
1. consignment 2. short
175
3. gas tube 7. cases
4. ashore 8. in dispute
5. tallies 9. overlooked
6. B/L 10. draw up
Exercise 3.
1. unload 4. instructions
2. space 5. lifts
3. receipt 6. arrival
Exercise 4.
1. h 6. b
2. g 7. c
3. f 8. a
4. i 9. e
5. j 10. d
Exercise 5.
Discharging
176
Grammar Practice. Unit 7
Grammar Practice. Present Perfect Simple
Exercise 1.
1. I’ve bought a new car. 5. I have done a lot of reading.
2. My father has started a new 6. Charles and Sarah have gone
job. to Brazil.
3. My mother has been on a 7. Suzanne has had a baby.
cruise. 8. James has got /gotten married.
4. I have given up smoking.
Exercise 2.
1. have already watched it 5. has already started it
2. have already phoned 6. have already eaten
3. has already gone away 7. have already seen it
4. have already read it 8. have already done it
Exercise 3.
177
1. Have you ever played golf?
2. Have you ever been to Australia?
3. Have you ever lost your passport?
4. Have you ever flown in a helicopter?
5. Have you ever eaten Chinese food?
6. Have you ever been to New York?
7. Have you ever driven a bus?
8. Have you ever broken your leg?
Exercise 4.
1. Helen has played golf many times.
2. Helen has never been to Australia.
3. Helen has lost her passport once.
4. Helen has never flown in a helicopter.
5. Helen has eaten Chinese food a few times.
6. Helen has never been to New York.
7. Helen has never driven a bus.
8. Helen has broken her leg once.
Exercise 5.
1. have known 6. has had
2. have been 7. have been living
3. has been ill 8. has been waiting
4. has been living 9. has visited
5. has been working 10. have read
Exercise 6.
1. he has just gone out
2. I have not finished yet.
3. I have already done it.
4. Have you found a job yet?
5. She has just come back.
Exercise 7.
1. haven’t read one today
1. it hasn’t made a profit this year
2. she hasn’t worked very hard this term
3. it hasn’t snowed much this winter
4. haven’t won many/ any games this season
5. he hasn’t been on holiday this year
6. I haven’t done the shopping this week
178
7. she hasn’t had anything to eat this morning
Exercise 8.
1. Have you been to California?
2. Have you run in a marathon?
3. Have you spoken to a famous person?
4. Have you always lived in this town?
5. What is the most beautiful place you’ve visited?
6. What is the most interesting book you’ve ever read?
7. Which is the first concert you’ve ever attended?
8. Is this the best meal you’ve ever had?
Grammar Practice. Present Perfect Continuous

Exercise 1.
1. I’ve been living here for 10 years.
2. He’s been swimming for ten minutes.
3. They’ve been talking for half an hour.
4. He’s been reading a book for half an hour.
5. They’ve been travelling for three months.
6. She’s been working for ten hours.
7. They’ve been camping for four weeks.
8. She’s been giving a speech for ten minutes.
9. It’s been raining for two hours.
10. We’ve been waiting for 20 minutes.
11. She’s been looking for a job for six months.
12. You’ve been writing to each other for years.
Exercise 2.
1. She’s been crying.
2. He’s been shopping.
3. They’ve been working hard.
4. They’ve been sunbathing.
5. She’s been walking in the field.
6. They’ve been arguing.
7. It’s been raining.
8. He’s been baking cakes.
Grammar Practice. Present Perfect Simple and Present Perfect

Continuous
179
Exercise 1.
1. She has been travelling for three months.
She has visited six countries so far.
2. He has won the national championship four times.
He has been playing tennis since he was ten.
3. They have made ten films since they left college.
They have been making films since they left college.
4. They have been playing video games since they were five.
They have played hundreds of video games so far.
5. I have been training for the marathon for a year.
I have trained for five marathons so far.
Exercise 2.
1. has broken
2. Have you been working
3. Have you ever worked?
4. has she gone
5. has appeared?/ ‘s appeared
6. haven’t been waiting
7. has stopped/ ‘s stopped
8. have lost/ ‘ve lost; Have you seen
9. have been reading/ ’ve been reading; haven’t finished
10. have read/ ‘ve read
Exercise 3.
1. How long have you been waiting for me?
2. How many fish have you caught?
3. How many people have you invited?
4. How long have you been teaching?
5. How many books have you written? How long have you been writing
books?
6. How long have you been saving?
7. What have you been doing?
8. What have you done?
Exercise 4.
1. he’s broken off
2. she’s been seeing; he’s been
3. I have forgotten it all.
4. He has gone. He’s been having
5. Have you been playing about
6. Have you been studying
180
7. Have you had
8. he’s failed… He hasn’t been working
Exercise 5.
1. Know
2. have known
3. have you been waiting
4. Works
5. is
6. has been
7. written
8. been writing
Grammar Practice. Present Perfect and Past Simple
Exercise 1.
1. I haven’t really enjoyed myself since your birthday party.
2. My father hasn’t seen his brother for nearly twenty years.
My father last saw his brother twenty years ago.
3. James has been in Scotland since last Friday.
4. How long has it been since you last rode a bike?
5. I haven’t gone swimming since we were in Spain.
6. It has been weeks since you tidied this room.
7. It is the most beautiful landscape that I have ever seen.
8. It has been ages since he studied mathematics.
Exercise 2
1. How many plays did Shakespeare write?
2. RIGHT
3. Aristotle was a Greek philosopher.
4. RIGHT
5. My grandparents got married in London.
6. Where were you born?
7. RIGHT
8. Albert Einstein was the scientist who developed the theory of relativity.
9. Did your sister come over last Friday?
10. He has never seen such a good movie before.
Exercise 3.
Suggested answers:
181
1. played/ watched 8. have caught
2. have washed/ have repaired 9. did
3. went/ travelled to 10. has been
4. saw 11. wrote; didn’t reply
5. haven’t visited 12. listened; turned off/switched
6. bought off
7. hasn’t eaten
Exercise 1.
1. In preparing 4. on his behalf
2. the collector of customs 5. on board
3. personally 6. Finally
Exercise 2.
1. g 4. a
2. e 5. b
3. f 6. c
Exercise 3.
1. enforcement 6. admittance
2. administrate 7. declare
3. compliance 8. clearance
4. achievement 9. authorize
5. classify 10. board/ boarding
Exercise 4.
1. d 5. b
2. g 6. c
3. a 7. e
4. h 8. f
Unit 8. Grammar Practice. Past Perfect Simple& Continuous
Grammar Practice. Past Perfect Simple
Exercise 1.
182
1. I had never flown before.
2. I had never given a speech before.
3. I had never skied before.
4. I hadn’t played tennis before.
5. I had never sung in public before.
Exercise 3.
1. had spent; did not know 9. had hoped; felt
2. had finished; sat 10. had gone; was
3. had been; began 11. had always lived; did not
4. gave; had gone understand
5. had thanked; left; went 12. could not; had forgotten
6. told; had seen 13. had; had gone
7. had just returned; gave 14. had never been; wanted
8. had broken; needed 15. had lost; could not buy
Exercise 4.
1. had not eaten....felt/ were feeling
2. had no arrived....went
3. misunderstood....had not heard
4. heated....expanded
5. gave.....had earned
6. had missed....travelled
7. introduced.....had not met
8. had sunbathed....got
9. had not been....seemed
10. Did he refuse.....had not written
11. did he go.....did not have
12. Did he become .....accused
13. had no had......did not expect
14. struck.....knocked
15. Did she find out....did someone tell /had someone told
16. had gone out....warmed.
Grammar Practice. Past Perfect Continuous
Exercise 1.
1. had been living; moved
2. had been waiting; rang
3. had he been doing
4. had been discussing; joined
5. had been talking; arrived
183
6. had been working; went out
7. had you been waiting; came
8. wanted; had been standing
9. had been teaching; left
10. had you been studying; move; had not been studying
Exercise 2.
1. had been trying

2. had had; had been waiting
3. had you been waiting
4. had been practicing
5. had arranged
6. had already left
7. had been waiting
8. had been exercising
9. had been working
10. had seen
11. had sailed/ had been sailing
12. had been crying
184
LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS
awake awoke awoken a (se) trezi

be was/were been a fi
bear bore borne a purta (o sarcina)
beat beat beaten a bate
become became become a deveni
begin began begun a începe
bend bent bent a (se) îndoi
bet bet bet a paria
bid bid bid a ruga, a adresa (o
invitaţie)
bind bound bound a lega
bite bit bitten a muşca
bleed bled bled a sângera
blow blew blown a sufla; a bate
break broke broken a (se) sparge; a (se)
defecta
breed bred bred a creşte, a educa
bring brought brought a aduce
broadcast broadcast broadcast a emite (radio, TV)
build built built a construi
burn burnt burnt a arde
burst burst burst a izbucni; a năvăli; a
crăpa
buy bought bought a cumpăra
cast cast cast a arunca
catch caught caught a prinde
choose chose chosen a alege
cling clung clung a se agăţa
come came come a veni
cost cost cost a costa
creep crept crept a se târî; a se furişa
cut cut cut a tăia
deal dealt dealt a trata; a se ocupa
dig dug dug a săpa
do did done a face
draw drew drawn a trage, a desena
dream dreamt dreamt a visa
(Am. E.) dreamed dreamed
drink drank drunk a bea
drive drove driven a conduce, a şofa
185
dwell dwelt dwelt a locui
eat ate eaten a mânca
fall fell fallen a cădea
feed fed fed a hrăni, a alimenta
feel felt felt a (se) simţi
fight fought fought a (se) lupta
find found found a găsi
flee fled fled a fugi
fly flew flown a zbura
forbid forbade forbidden a interzice
forecast forecast forecast a prevedea
foresee foresaw foreseen a prezice
forget forgot forgotten a uita
forgive forgave forgiven a ierta
freeze froze frozen a îngheţa
get got got a primi; a obţine
(Am.E.) gotten
give gave given a da
go went gone a merge
grind ground ground a măcina, a şlefui
grow grew grown a creşte, a cultiva
hang hung hung a atârna
have had had a avea
hear heard heard a auzi
hide hid hidden a (se) ascunde
hit hit hit a lovi
hold held held a ţine
hurt hurt hurt a răni; a durea
keep kept kept a ţine; a păstra
kneel knelt knelt a îngenunchea
know knew known a şti, a cunoaşte
lay laid laid a pune, a aşeza
lead led led a conduce (oameni)
lean leant leant a (se) apleca, a (se)
sprijini
leap leapt leapt a sări
learn learnt learnt a învăţa
(Am. E.) learned learned
leave left left a pleca, a lăsa
lend lent lent a da cu împrumut
let let let a lăsa, a permite
lie lay lain a sta întins
186
light lit lit a aprinde
lose lost lost a pierde
make made made a face
mean meant meant a însemna
meet met met a (se) întâlni
mislead misled misled a induce în eroare
mistake mistook mistaken a confunda
overcome overcame overcome a depăşi
pay paid paid a plăti
put put put a pune
read read read a citi
rid rid rid a se descotorosi de
ride rode ridden a călări; a merge cu…
ring rang rung a suna
rise rose risen a răsări, a se ridica
run ran run a fugi
say said said a spune
see saw seen a vedea
seek sought sought a căuta
sell sold sold a vinde
send sent sent a trimite
set set set a potrivi; a monta; a
fixa
shake shook shaken a scutura; a tremura
shed shed shed a vărsa (lacrimi,
sânge)
shine shone shone a străluci
shoot shot shot a trage, a împuşca
show showed shown a arăta
shrink shrank shrunk a intra la apă, a se
strânge
shut shut shut a închide
sing sang sung a cânta
sink sank sunk scufunda
sit sat sat a sta jos
sleep slept slept a dormi
slide slid slid a aluneca
smell smelt smelt a mirosi
(Am. E.) smelled smelled
speak spoke spoken a vorbi
speed sped sped a accelera
spell spelt spelt a ortografia
187
spend spent spent a cheltui, a petrece
timp
spill spilt spilt a vărsa
spin span/spun spun a se învârti în jurul
axei
spit spat spat a scuipa
split split split a despica
spoil spoilt spoilt a strica, a răsfăţa
spread spread spread a (se) răspândi
spring sprang sprung a izvorî; a (ră)sări
stand stood stood a sta în picioare
steal stole stolen a fura
stick stuck stuck a (se) lipi; a înfige
stink stank/stunk stunk a mirosi urât
strike struck struck a lovi
swear swore sworn a jura; a înjura
swell swelled swollen a se umfla
swim swam swum a înota
take took taken a lua
teach taught taught a învăţa (pe cineva)
tear tore torn a rupe, a sfâşia
tell told told a spune , a a povesti
think thought thought a (se) gândi; a crede
throw threw thrown a arunca
thrust thrust thrust a înfige
understand understood understood a înţelege
undertake undertook undertaken a întreprinde
wake woke woken a (se) trezi
wear wore worn a purta
wet wet wet a (se) uda
win won won a câştiga
wind wound wound a răsuci; a şerpui
withdraw withdrew withdrawn a (se) retrage
write wrote written a scrie
188
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ALEXANDER, L.G. Longman English Grammar, Longman Publishing,

New York, 2003.
ALIBEC, C., Limba Engleză Anul I. Inginerie şi Management Naval şi
Portuar, Editura Academiei Navale “Mircea cel Bătrân”,
Constanţa 2009.
BALAGIU, A., et al. English Grammar Practice, Vol. I, Editura
Academiei Navale “Mircea cel Bătrân”, Constanţa, 2008.
BEZIRIS, A., et al., A., Dicţionar maritim Englez-Român, Editura
Tehnică Bucureşti, 1982.
EASTWOOD, John. Oxford Guide to English Grammar, Oxford
University Press, 1994.
EASTWOOD, John, Oxford Practice Grammar with Answers, Oxford
University Press, 1999.
HARDIE, G. Ronald, English Grammar, London, Harper
Collins Publishers, 2002.
MURPHY, Raymond, English Grammar in Use. Reference and Practice
for Intermediate Students of English, 1998.
NETTLE, Mark, HOPKINS, Diana, Devoloping Grammar In Context,
Cambridge University Press, 2003.
OXLADE, C., All About Ships-Amazing Maritime Facts, London,
Southwater, 2000.
POPA, I., C., POPA-DANESCU, V., English-Romanian Dictionary.
ROZAKIS, L., E., Grammar and Style, New York, Alpha Books, 1997.
SCHRAMPFER AZAR, Betty, Fundamentals Of English Grammar, 3rd
Edition, Longman Press, 2003.
SCHRAMPFER AZAR, Betty, Understanding And Using English
Grammar, Longman Press, 2002.
SWAN, Michael, Practical English Language, Oxford University Press,
1994.
SWAN, Michael, WALTER, Catherine, The Good Grammar Book,
Oxford University Press, 2001.
TAGGART, Robert, Ship Design and Construction, Oxford University
Press, 1980.
THOMSON, A.J.; MARTINET, A.V., A Practical English Grammar,
Oxford University Press, 1995.
THORNBURY, SCOTT, Natural Grammar, Oxford University Press,
2004.
WALKER, Elaine, ELSWORTH, Steve, Grammar Practice for
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Muntenia, Constanţa, 1994.
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the-Maritime-Industry.pdf
https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/
https://www.naval-encyclopedia.com/medieval-ships/
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ENGLISH FOR NAVAL AND

PORT ENGINEERING AND

1st YEAR OF STUDY

1st YEAR OF STUDY

Acest curs de limbă engleză este destinat studenţilor de anul I,

Cursul îşi propune consolidarea cunoştinţelor de bază în domeniul

Cursul poate fi considerat şi un punct de plecare pentru aprofundarea

Good luck and keep up your English!

Historical perspective: The first boats

The age of sail

During the Age of Discovery in the 15th – the 19th centuries,

In the 20th century, maritime transport grew exponentially as

blade pală de elice, paletă de turbină

Order I II III IV V VI VII

1. The first _________ were probably a. fully-rigged

Types Uses Example

 with nouns used in a

the Danube, the Olt, the

The Lido (Hotel)

- names of ships The Times, The Guardian

the Obamas the

Zero article  with a generic function I like coffee.

 with proper nouns Peter and Mary will go to

 with abstract nouns Simplicity is the key to

1. I normally go to the dentist once a. a dozen

2. These roses cost $20 b. £ 2.50 a litre.

3. The car was doing 150 c. a year

5. The Sunday Mail is published e. a metre

7. The oil is g. a day

8. The mail is delivered twice h. an hour

1. She is not ... Mrs. Smith I am looking for.

1. Take... little tea; it will do you ... lot of good.

Number in nouns. Countable nouns

regular plural cat-cats

exceptions to the normal pattern: focus-focuses

two plural forms fish-fish/ fishes

same form in the singular and a sheep-two sheep,

vowel change to form the plural man-men, woman-women,

Nouns with a plural form: a

nouns referring to clothes and trousers, binoculars, scissors

nouns which are always plural belongings, clothes, congratulations,

The goods were found to be

collective nouns can take a verb in army, association, audience, board,

The names of institutions, The crew was/were in a cheerful

Foreign plurals an axis-two axes, a crisis-two

Number in nouns. Uncountable nouns

 name objects that cannot be counted,

Some nouns have a plural form but a singular

! Agreement is made with a singular verb.

Number in nouns. Agreement

When two phrases are linked by or Either my sister or my neighbours

A phrase of measurement takes a Ten miles is too far to walk.

When a plural noun is preceded by: a A large number of letters were

We use a singular verb after a Every student has to take a test.

We use a singular verb after who or Who knows the answer?

Unit 1. Grammar Practice (2). The Noun

1. Balls are round.

My hotel’s a bit primitive. I’ve seen (1 mouse)_____ in my room! And there

Subject pronouns: I like your dress.

Grammar Practice. Personal Pronouns

E.g. I went to the doctor’s yesterday. He told …. to have more rest.

1. ... telephoned … yesterday, (She/Her; we/us)

E.g. The teacher always gives the students homework.

1. Is it _suitcase or _? (you/he)