VALUES

generic → present simple

instantaneous → present simple (comentarii, știri, exclamații)
accept, deny, name, declare, pronounce + pers I (sg/pl) (uneori + hereby)
ex: He enters the room (in loc de present continuous

habitual → present simple (everyday, sometimes, usually, twice a week)

→ past simple (whenever they met, they…)
→ present/ past continuous (is getting on…)
future value → present simple (program stabilit dinainte, fixe, propoziții temporare: When
he arrives, I will tell you the truth.)
→ past simple (pentru propoziții temporare, condiționale: he explained to her
that he would give her the money as soon as she arrived.)
→ present/ past continuous +adverb de timp (I am leaving for the US tomorrow)
→ present perfect simple (propoziții temporale și condiționale)
-pentru anterioritate: you will go out after you have eaten.)
temporary value → într-un moment din prezent/trecut/viitor-past/present/future continuous: I was
studying/ I am studying/ I will be studying.

narrative value → past simple →deictic: însoțit de un adverb de timp “last week, in 1732”

-when was the computer invented?

 Values

Present simple
 Generic value: scientific
 Habitual value: everyday, sometimes, usually, twice a week
 Instantaneous value: Lucruri pe care le vedem in fata ochilor: comentarii sportive, rețete de
mâncare, trucuri magice, exclamații, știri
accept, deny, name, declare, pronounce + pers I (sg/pl) (uneori + hereby)
 Future value: program stabilit dinainte, fixe; propoziții temporare (when he arrives, I will tell you
the truth)
 Past value/historic value: eveniment întâmplat in trecut narat la prezent (cineva povestește la
prezent, se obicei bancurile) dacă povestești ceva care s-a întâmplat in trecut, în loc să povestim
la trecut, povestim la prezent (titluri de ziare, titluri de articole, articole, Glume, povesti,
explicații de sub fotografii)
Historic value alt exemplu: descrieri ale unor fotografii (The Pope meets the president of United
States)

Past simple:
 Narrative value (deictic-însoțit de un adverb de timp “last week, in 1732”; și non deictic
(într-un roman de exemplu și nu se mai spune când se întâmpla acțiunea)
 Habitual value: whenever they met, they…
Sam drank a bottle of gin every day for 5 months last year.
 Past perfect value: când avem o înșiruire de 2 acțiuni consecutive, una are loc înaintea
celeilalte
 Future reference: pentru propoziții temporale, condiționale “he explained to her that he
would give her the money as soon as she arrived.”
 Present value: pentru întrebări politicoase

Present and past continuous

 Temporary value (events in progress, limited time habit) I am reading a book now/at
present/currently/this week
More and more people are buying books (tot acțiune in desfășurare)
 Future value: personal arrangements “I am leaving for The US tomorrow” (+adverb de
timp)
  Emotional value (obligatoriu adverb de timp “always/forever” = ne arată starea
vorbitorului) -annoyance/irritation
She is always telling me what to do/Habitual value: he always tells me what to do
 Temporary frame value (he goes in the room and he sees someone dancing, someone
smoking) in combinație prezent cu continuu
 habitual value: “Is getting on…”

Present perfect simple

 Continuative value: o acțiune care a început in trecut și continua pana in prezent (I have
lived in London all my life) (for/since sunt și ele folosite aici)
 Resultative values: I have lost my keys (nu specificăm timpul, dacă continuam cu ‘last
week’ folosim past simple-I lost my keys yesterday-narrative value with deictic use)
 Experiential value: he has never liked English/ it’s The first Time he has been to Italy
 Future value: propoziții temporale și condiționale-pentru anterioritate: you will go out
after you have eaten
 Hot news value

Present perfect continuous

 Continuative value: it has been raining all night (încă ploua din trecut)
 Resultative value: I have been sleeping badly

Past perfect simple

Perfect values: 1. continuative, 2. resultative, 3. experiential
 pre-preterit: anteriority (înainte de trecut) he Said he had been there
 Resultative: he couldn’t play football on Sunday because he had broken his leg
 He had watched His fav team lose twice that season

Past perfect continuous

 Continuative value: I had been working there for 2y before I was promoted
Yesterday at noon Tom crashed into another car. He had been driving really fast.

Future Continuous
 temporary value: This time next week we will be studying English.
ex: Have grown = present perfect simple, continuative value
Would rise = future in the past, future value
Was speaking = past continuous, temporary value
1.DYNAMIC CAN-ABILITY

 to be able to-preferred when referring to a specific achievement.

Mary has now recover from her illnes and is ABLE TO go to school.

 DYNAMIC CAN - w/ verbs of perception (see, hear, smell, taste, feel) or cognitive verbs ( believe
remember, understand), and not translated:
Can you hear the wind blowing? = Auzi cum suflă vântul?

He could play the piano very well when he was a child. (generic)

When he moved closer to the painting, he was able/*could see that it was fake. (particular)

single successful achievement

! no difference between to be able to and could in NEGATIVE SENTENCES

couldnt-imply that the event did not take place

 Ability in the future- shall/will be able to

subject singular-the sentence describes characteristic behaviour:

 These animals can be dangerous

 Liliac can be purple or white
 He can sometimes be tactless/helpful.

2.DEONTIC CAN-PERMISSION (be allowed/permitted to)

Old man: You can park here as far as i Know. (doesnt have the authority)
Policeman: You may park here. (has the authority to grant permission)

 can –suggests that YOU HAVE PERMISSION rather than I GIVE YOU PERMISSION

3.EPISTEMIC CAN

 possibility/impossibility of an action to take place

 it is more frequent in negations and interrogations
 affirmative sentences may is preferred

He may be reading in the library –possib. in progress at a certain mom.

Can/could he be reading in the library?

He cant be reading in the library.

STRONGER-se poate-may might

s-ar putea-might,could

couldnt=was able to (choosing the shorter one)

***Were you able to walk or did they have to carry you? –nu e o abilit