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De ce se sapa sonde ?
Dificil din punct de vedere tehnic, costuri foarte mari, afecteaza mediul inconjurator si in cele mai multe cazuri sondele sunt fara un rezultat multumitor
Necesitatea din ce in ce mai mare pentru energie Identificarea rocilor rezervoare pline cu hidrocarburi descoperirea zacamintelor de hdrocarburi
Prima sonda este cu rezultat multumitor. Unde o sapam pe a doua?
datele din sonda sunt directe, corecte .dar foarte foarte scumpe (cele mai scumpe informatii sunt din crote mecanice) sunt necesare metode mai eficiente Geofizica Balanta dintre costuri, calitatea si exactitatea datelor. La scara mare dar cu o rezolutie scazuta: gravimetrie si magnetometrie La scara mica dar cu o rezolutie buna: seismica 2D si 3D si bineinteles diagrafia geofizica
Metodele geofizice
Diagrafia geofizica Masoara proprietatile petrofizice ale rocilor, indicator al litologiei, predictia sistemului depozitional Singurele observatii directe Carote Masoara propagarea undelor elastice, predictia geometriei dar si a litologiei Seismica Masoara campurile fizile ale Pamantului la asacar mare, predictia structurii pamantului Gravimetrie si magnetometrie
Analiza faciesului secventelor se poate face folosind in principal: Diagrafia geofizica si carotele
Seismica
Resistivitatea Potentialul Spontan (SP) Gamma Ray (Radioactiv) Neutronic Densitatea Acustic de viteza
Code Definition
Noise Log, Audio, Experimental Noise Log Velocity Borehole Image Log Borehole Profile Plot Borehole televiewer Caliper Cement Bond, Cement Curve, Cement Quality Casing collar locator Cased hole neutron Casing inspection log Computer Process, Cyberlook, Complex lithology, Hydrocarbon Identification, Laserlog Computer Processed (TVD) Density, Spectral density, Slim hole density Depth Correlation Log Deviation survey, Borehole directional survey Dual laterlog Dip Meter, Continuous dipmeter, High resolution dipmeter Density,Neutron Density, Neutron, Micro(Mini)Log Density, Neutron, Micro(Mini)log (TVD) Density (TVD) Electric Log Electromagnetic propagation Fracture Identification Log Formation Micro Scanner Formation Test, Repeat formation tester Gamma Ray, Radioactivity Gamma Ray (TVD) Induction Resistivity Induction, Density, Neutron Induction, Density, Neutron, Microlog/Minilog Induction, Den, Neu, Micro (Mini) log TVD Induction, Den, Neutron, Sonic Induction, Density, Neutron, Sonic, Micro(Mini)og Induction, Den, Neutron, Sonic(TVD) Induction, Density, Neutron (TVD) Induction, Density (TVD)
CCL CHL CIL CP CPTVD D DC DIR DLL DM DN DNM DNMTVD DTVD EL EMT FIL FMS FT GR GRTVD I IDN IDNM IDNMTVD IDNS IDNSM IDNSTVD IDNTVD IDTVD
Resistivitatea
Cea mai cunoscuta si utilizata diagrafie geofizica Masoara rezistenta la curgerea curentului electric Depinde de porozitatea si flidul din porii rocii Se poate folosii si la identificarea litologiei
Masoara curentul electric din sonde (diferenta in potentialul electric dintre formatiune si suprafata) Depinde de diferenta de salinitate a apelor de zacamant si a noroiului de foraj Estee un indicator al permeabilitatii (raportul argila/gresie in rocile siliciclastice) Separa limitele dintre stratele poros-permebile ale gresiilor si stratele argiloase impermeabile.
Linia argilei
Linia gresiei
Gamma Ray
Masoara radioactivitatea formatiunilor Argilele arata cele mai mari valori ale radioactivitatii datorita continutului foarte mare de elemente radoactiv Gamma ray arata informatii despre granulometria (si dec indirect despre sistemul depozitional) Gamma ray este cea mai utilizata diagrafie geofizica folosita in stratigrafie secventiala
Functioneaza si pentru SP
Neutronic
Masoara porozitatea aparenta a formatiunilor prin masurarea continutului de hidrogen Folosit cu densilogul poate identifica litologia:
1.
2. 3.
Calcare curate: neutronic si densilogul (valori mari) Gresii curate diferenta mica, densilogul este deplasat spre dreapta Cresterea continutului de argila : reducere a valorilor pe neutronic datorita continutului mare de apa (legata si de cristalizare), densitate mica densilogul ramane in dreapta neutronicului)
Densilog
Masoara densitatea formatiunilor Folosit ca o masura a porozitatii Ajuta la diferentierea litologiilor atunci cand este asociat cu Neutronicul Folosit impreuna cu acusticul de viteza ajura la generarea traselor seismice sintetice pentru a face legatura intre datele din sonde si seismica
Acusticul de viteza
Masoara viteza sunetului in formatiune Variaza cu porozitatea si litologia Folosit cu Densilogul si Neitronicul se genereaza seismograma sintetica folosita in calibrarea datelor din sonda cu datele seismice
Electrofaciesuri
Limita superioara
Argile pelagice se suprapun peste stratul de gresii si formeaza un excelent strat protector
SB
Gresii ale turbiditelor de panta (nu constituie strat protector) La limita superioara a BFF exista de obicei o zona de tranzitie intre BFF si Slope Fan, uneori pot apare erozoiuni post depozitionale datorita curentilor submarini
Condensed Section
SP or GR
UPPER BOUNDARY
Nervous log response signifies a shift from overlying pelagic shale to laminated sand-shale response of the slope fan. Fining upward digitated log character below boundary. Maximum clay-shale above boundary. Overlying shale typically has a faunal abundance peak
PGC
INTERVAL
Channel-overbank units show a crescent shaped log character. Channel fill facies may be massive turbidite sands, that sine up with sharp bases or fine-grained turbidites Within leveed channel unit overbank sands thicken, then tin and become sparse upward Lower part of unit consists of attached lobe sands that thicken and become more abundant upwards
Multi-storey sands channel fill
LCC
Minor faunal abundance peaks between leveed channel units 8 to 10 channel overbank units may stack on one lowstand systems tract
BFF
LCC
LOWER BOUNDARY
Lies on sequence boundary or on a basin floor fan. Channelised surfaces common at base. Hemipelagic shales with faunal abundance peaks may separate units and may seal basin floor fan. Boundary commonly conformable in basin and erosional on slope.
TS
Lowstand Delta
SP or GR HST TST
UPPER BOUNDARY
Transition from upward shallowing to upward deepening Toplap below boundary Transgressive surface of erosion on shelf
INTERVAL
Thick intervals of blocky sands common near top Fluvial and deltaic sands typical
LCC
LOWER BOUNDARY
Maximum clay-shale point Minor faunal abundance peak
Transgressive
SP or GR
HST
Lowest resistivity and highest GR values indicate the most clay-rich shale A planktonic faunal abundance peak is common at boundary Discontinuity surface: downlap above apparent truncation below
SB
INTERVAL
Becomes finer grained and thinner bedded upward
Neritic shales form the best seal near the top
Estuarine, beach and shoreface sands occur near base Basinal equivalent is pelagic shale Correlation is good but backstepping parasequences are time transgressive Barrier island and shoreface sands can be well preserved, better sorted and more permeable than HST sands
HST or PGC
SEQUENCE BOUNDARY
Onlaps sequence boundary Lowstand incised valley erosion common Erosional truncation common below boundary
Highstand
SP or GR LST
SEQUENCE BOUNDARY
Onlap above boundary Fluvial (meandering streams, alluvial fans) below boundary Lowstand erosion and incised valleys common Submarine canyons cut into shelf of preceding highstand systems tract Truncation and toplap common below boundary
MF
INTERVAL
Shoreline, fluvial and deltaic sands predominate near the top
Becomes coarser grained and thicker bedded upward Progrades toward basin into neritic shales
HST
Basinal equivalent is pelagic shale Correlation of sands is difficult due to discontinuous coastal plain and alluvial faices Consequently reservoir continuity is only fair to poor
TST
MFS in sonde In zona proximala MFS se regaseste intr-o zona agradationala (foarte fificil de identificat pe diagrafie). In zona distala MFS este usor de identificat (progradational peste retrogradational)
Gamma Ray
Neutron-Density
1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Marcati pe diagrafie tendintele de progradare, adradare, retrogradare (sageti si triunghiuri) Marcati limitele secventiale Marcati Maximum Flooding Surface Ce System Tracts regasiti? Cate parasecvente sunt in HST? Cate parasecvente sunt in Transgressive Systems Tract
Gamma Ray
Neutron-Density
OFFSHORE MARINE
ESTUARINE
FLUVIAL
OFFSHORE MARINE
Gamma Ray
Neutron-Density
OFFSHORE MARINE
ESTUARINE
FLUVIAL
OFFSHORE MARINE
Gamma Ray
Neutron-Density
OFFSHORE MARINE
ESTUARINE
FLUVIAL
SEQUENCE BOUNDARY
OFFSHORE MARINE
4220m TVDSS
3 Parasecvente progradationale
Highstand
OFFSHORE MARINE
4 Parasecvente retrogradationale
Transgresiv
ESTUARINE
FLUVIAL
Scara verticala
OFFSHORE MARINE
Highstand
4230m TVDSS Date din carote + diagrafie Sedimentologie
SGR 20 140
DTCOMP 160
40
SGR 20 140
DTCOMP 160
40
SGR 20 140
DTCOMP 160
40
SGR 20 140
DTCOMP 160
40
SGR 20 140
DTCOMP 160
40
SGR 20 140
DTCOMP 160
40
SGR 20 140
DTCOMP 160
40
SGR 20 140
DTCOMP 160
40
SGR 20 140
DTCOMP 160
40
SGR 20 140
DTCOMP 160
40
SGR 20 140
DTCOMP 160
40
SGR 20 140
DTCOMP 160
40
SGR 20 140
DTCOMP 160
40
SGR 20 140
DTCOMP 160
40
SGR 20 140
DTCOMP 160
40
SGR 20 140
DTCOMP 160
40
SGR 20 140
DTCOMP 160
40
SGR 20 140
DTCOMP 160
40
SGR 20 140
DTCOMP 160
40
SGR 20 140
DTCOMP 160
40
HST
SGR 20 140
DTCOMP 160
40
LST HST
SGR 20 140
DTCOMP 160
40
SGR 20 140
DTCOMP 160
40
SGR 20 140
DTCOMP 160
40
SGR 20 140
DTCOMP 160
40
SGR 20 140
DTCOMP 160
40
SGR 20 140
DTCOMP 160
40
SGR 20 140
DTCOMP 160
40
SGR 20 140
DTCOMP 160
40
SGR 20 140
DTCOMP 160
40
HST TST LST TST LST HST TST HST TST LST HST
SGR 20 140
DTCOMP 160
40
TST HST TST LST TST LST HST TST HST TST LST HST
SGR 20 140
DTCOMP 160
40
HST TST HST TST LST TST LST HST TST HST TST LST HST
SGR 20 140
DTCOMP 160
40
TST HST TST HST TST LST TST LST HST TST HST TST LST HST
SGR 20 140
DTCOMP 160
40
HST TST HST TST HST TST LST TST LST HST TST HST TST LST HST
SGR 20 140
DTCOMP 160
40
TST HST TST HST TST HST TST LST TST LST HST TST HST TST LST HST
SGR 20 140
Highstand
SGR 20 140
Transgresiv