Consideram campul electric produs de o sarcina punctiforma si o sfera

conductoare de potential nul (legata la pamant). Se va presupune ca potentialul

punctelor de la infinit este nul.
Vom considera ca suprafata conductoare sferica poate fi inlocuita de o sarcina
imagine -q1 la distanta “a” de centrul sferei, cu conditia ca potentialul sferei sa
ramana nul.
Necunoscutele problemei sunt q1 si a. “Locul geometric al punctelor pentru care
raportul distantelor la doua puncte fixe este constant este un cerc cu centrul pe
dreapta care uneste cele doua puncte.”
Vom da solutia analitica. Potentialul in punctul M este:

−q 1 q
V ( M )= 1 /2
+ =0
2 2 2 2 1 /2
4 πε 0 [ ( x−a ) + y ] 4 πε 0 [ ( b−x ) + y ]
q12 [ b2 + x 2 −2 bx+ y 2 ] =q 2 [ x 2 +a 2−2 ax + y 2 ]
x 2 ( q 21−q2 )+ y 2 ( q21 −q 2 )−2 x ( bq21 −aq 2 )=a2 q2 −b 2 q21
 bq12 −aq 2 a2 q 2−b 2 q12
⇒ x 2 + y 2 −2 x=
q 21 −q2 q 21−q2 (1)
Aceasta este ecuatia unui cerc.
O particularizam in doua puncte: C (x=R, y=0) si D (x=-R, y=0):

2 bq12−aq 2 a2 q 2 −b2 q 21
R −2 R= si
q21 −q 2 q21 −q 2
2 2
bq −aq a q −b q12
2 2 2
R2 +2 2 1 2 R=
q 1−q q21 −q 2
2 2 2 2
a q −b q 1
R2 =
Adunam cele doua relatii: q 21−q2

bq12 −aq 2
−4 R=0 ⇒bq 21 −aq2 =0⇒
q21 −q 2
q21
a=b
Scadem cele doua relatii: q2
4 2
2 q1 2 2 2 q1
b 4 q −b 2 q21 b q 1 ( 2 −1 )
q q b2 q 21
R2 = 2 2 = = ⇒
q1 −q q21 −q 2 q2
R q2 R 2 R 2
q1 =q ⇒ a=b 2 2 =
Introducem a in relatia lui R2: b b q b

Rezolvand acest sistem in raport cu variabilele q1 si a obtinem:

 q1 R
= si
q b
R2
a=
b
Inlocuind q1 si a in (1) obtinem ecuatia cercului: x 2 + y2 = R 2
Forta care actioneaza asupra sarcinii q se poate calcula ca forta cu care sarcina
imagine –q1 actioneaza asupra ei:
R
q2
1 qq1 1 b 1 q2 Rb
F= ⋅ = ⋅ = ⋅
4 πε 0 (b−a)2 4 πε 0 R 2 2 4 πε 2 2 2
0 ( b −R )
( b−
b )
1 q2 R
b >> R ⇒ F≈ ⋅
4 πε 0 b3
Energia potentiala de interactiune dintre sfera si sarcina q este:
R
qq 1 q2
1 1 1 1 b 1 1 q2 R
U=− ⋅ ⋅ =− ⋅ ⋅ =− ⋅ ⋅
2 4 πε 0 b−a 2 4 πε 0 R2 2 4 πε 0 b2 −R2
b−
b
Vrem sa calculam densitatea superficiala de sarcina pe suprafata sferei.
Primul pas este sa calculam componenta normala a campului electric pe suprafata
sferei:
 1 q 1 q1
En = ⋅ 2⋅cos( β +θ )+ ⋅ ⋅cos( α −θ )
4 πε 0 r 4 πε 0 r 21

b−x x y y
cos( β +θ )=cos β cos θ−sin β sin θ= ⋅ − ⋅
r R r R
x−a x y y
cos( α−θ)=cos α cos θ+sin α sin θ= ⋅ + ⋅
r1 R r1 R
Obtinem:

1 q b−x x y y 1 q x−a x y y
En = ⋅ 2⋅
4 πε 0 r r (⋅ − ⋅ + ⋅ 21 ⋅(
R r R 4 πε 0 r 1 r 1 )
⋅ + ⋅ )=
R r1 R
1 q 2 1
q1
¿ ⋅ 3 ⋅[ ( b−x ) x− y ] + ⋅ 3 ⋅[ ( x−a ) x+ y 2 ]=
4 πε 0 r R 4 πε 0 r 1 R
R
q
R2
¿
1 q 2 1
⋅ 3 ⋅[ ( b−x ) x− y ] +
4 πε 0 r R
b
⋅ 3 ⋅ x−
4 πε 0 r 1 R [( ) ]
b
2
x+ y =

R
R2
¿
1 q 1 2 b
⋅ ⋅{ 3 [ ( b−x ) x− y ] + 3 ⋅ x−
4 πε 0 R r r1 b [( ) ]
x + y 2 }=

R
1 q 1 b x
¿ ⋅ ⋅{ 3 ( bx−R 2 ) + 3 ⋅R2 ( 1− )}=
4 πε 0 R r r1 b
3
1 q 1 2 R x
En = ⋅ ⋅{ 3 ( bx−R ) + 3 ( 1− )}
4 πε 0 R r br 1 b
3 2 2 3/2 3 2 2 3/2 2 2 2
unde r =[(b−x ) + y ] si r 1 =[( x−a) + y ] si x + y =R
Legea lui Gauss:

Φ=E⋅A⋅cos α
 dqint
σ dA 1 q 1 ( 2 R 3
x
Φ=−En dA= = ⇒ σ ( x , y )=−ε 0 E n=−ε 0 ⋅ ⋅{ 3 bx−R ) + 3 (1− )}=
ε0 ε0 4 πε 0 R r br 1 b
x
2 R3 (1− )
1 q ( bx−R ) b
σ ( x , y )=− ⋅ ⋅{ + )}
4 π R [ ( b−x )2 + y 2 ]3 / 2 2 2 3 /2
b [ ( x−a ) + y ]
In punctul C (x=R, y=0) densitatea superficiala de sarcina este maxima in valoare
absoluta:
R
2 R3 (1− )
1 q ( bR−R ) b
σ ( R , 0 )=−ε 0 ⋅ ⋅{ + }=
4 πε 0 R [(b−R)2 + 02 ]3 / 2 b [ (R−a )2 +02 ]3/2
R R
R 3 (1− ) R3 (1− )
1 q R(b−R ) b 1 q R(b−R ) b
¿−ε 0 ⋅ ⋅{ 3
+ 3/ 2
}=−ε 0 ⋅ ⋅{ 3
+ }=
4 πε 0 R (b−R ) 2 4 πε R R
[ R
b ( R− )2
b ] 0 (b−R)
[ 3
bR (1− )
b ]
3

1 q R(b−R ) 1 1 q R b
¿−ε 0 ⋅ ⋅{ + }=− ⋅ ⋅{ + }=
4 πε 0 R (b−R )3 R 2 4 π R (b−R )2 [ (b−R )2 ]
[
b (1− )
b ]
1 q (R+ b )
σ ( R , 0 )=− ⋅
4 π R(b−R )2