Tema 3. Cultura medieval n Europa Occidental. 1. Particularitile formrii culturii medievale n Europa Occidental. 2. Cretinismul. 3.

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Particularitile formrii culturii medievale n Europa Occidental.

?@AeBCDCl BerioaEei FeEieGale a Aoi@AiH AC aBCHCl AClDCrii a@DiAe, iar HfIrJiDCl K AC re@aJDerea Galorilor a@DiALiDMNii O@ PBoAa @oCM QHeA.R STRU. Vi@ BC@AD Ee GeEere al relaNiilor HoAial eAo@oFiAe aAeaHDM BerioaEM AoreHBC@Ee feCEaliHFClCi. WI@M @C EeFClD eBoAa FeEieGalM era Ao@HiEeraDM Aa o BerioaEM O@DC@eAaDM Ji obHACrM, EoFi@aDM Ee Giole@NM Ji ArCXiFe. PGCl YeEiC era aHoAiaD AC HMlbMDiAia Ji O@aBoierea, AC HDag@area iHDoriAM Ji liBHa DoDalM a eleFe@Delor lCFi@oaHe Ji OFbCACrMDoare. Za Arearea iFagi@ii [obHACra@DiHFClCi FeEieGal\ aC Ao@DribCiD O@ Fare FMHCrM O@JiJi reBreXe@Da@Nii aAeHDei eBoAi. ]AriiDorii, iHDoriAii, Deologii, oaFe@ii Ee HDaD Ei@ aAeaHDM BerioaEM aC refleADaD O@ oBerele lor o iFagi@e HCFbrM a BerioaEei, ai AMrei Ao@DeFBora@i aC foHD. ?@ EeHArierile lor liBHeHA oBDiFiHFCl Ji bCACria Ee a DrMi, @C e^iHDM Eori@Na Ee OFbC@MDMNire a lCFii e^iHDe@De. ViFBoDriGM, BerHiHDM C@ BeHiFiHF BrofC@E, BreEoFi@M DeaFa Ji oboHeala, He@XaNia HfIrJiDClCi lCFii, Aare eHDe aBroaBe. Ve aiAi o aDe@Nie FMriDM Be@DrC DeFa ForNii, Aare aBare Aa C@ Fi_loA Ee iXbMGire Ee greCDMNile GieNii. `eriAirea Ji li@iJDea BoD fi gMHiDe Eoar Be AealalDM lCFe. Za Arearea iFagi@ii C@Ci PG YeEiC [HCFbrC\ aC Ao@DribCiD O@ Fare FMHCrM reBreXe@Da@Nii ae@aJDerii. Pi aC BroAlaFaD PGCl FeEiC EreBD [BerioaEa O@DC@eAaDM\ a iHDoriei oFe@irii, iar ae@aJDerea Aare a CrFaD [rMHMriDCl\, DreXirea la GiaNM ECBM C@ HoF@ Ee o Fie Ee a@i. WerioaEa FeEieGalM era Ao@HiEeraDM Ee aAeJDia EreBD HeAole [BierECDe\, AaraADeriXaDe Eoar Bri@ EiHDrCgeri Ji Aare @C aC BMHDraD @iFiA Ei@ realiXMrile AClDCrii a@DiAe. b aHDfel Ee aDiDCEi@e faNM Ee PGCl FeEiC @C eHDe O@EreBDMNiDM O@ DoDaliDaDe. cerAeDMrile Ee ClDiFM orM ale HBeAialiJDilor EeFo@HDreaXM AM PGCl FeEiC a foHD o BerioaEM origi@alM Ji i@DereHa@DM O@ iHDoria EeXGolDMrii AiGiliXaNiei eCroBe@e. d@CFe O@ aAeaHDM BerioaEM aC aBMrCD BreFiHele Ji C@ele eleFe@De ale AiGiliXaNiei FoEer@e. ?@ PGCl FeEiC O@AeBe O@DeFeierea @aNiC@ilor eCroBe@e. eoD aDC@Ai He forFeaXM BriFele HDaDe FoEer@e Ji liFbile O@ Aare, AC C@ele FoEifiAMri, He GorbeJDe BI@M aHDMXi. ]igCr, liEerCl iHDoriei Ji AClDCrii C@iGerHale Ei@ aAea eBoAM @C a foHD bAAiEe@DCl, Ai BiXa@NCl Ji cLi@a, Ear Ji O@ lCFea oAAiEe@DalM H aC BeDreACD eGe@iFe@De iFBorDa@De. ?@ FaDerie Ee EeXGolDare a JDii@Nelor, filoHofiei, arDei, eBoAa a@DiAM a EeBMJiD PGCl FeEiC. eoDCJi, Ber a@HaFblC BerioaEa FeEieGalM @C BoaDe fi AaraADeriXaDM EreBD C@a Ee HDag@are, reBreXe@DI@E Fai ACrI@E C@a Ee BrogreH. Za baXa AClDCrii FeEieGale He aflM DraEiNiile TFBeriClCi aoFa@ Ee dHfi@NiD, Aare reBreXi@DM [baXa roFa@M\. ?@ FoJDe@irea AClDCralM a aoFei o iFBorDa@NM Fa_orM aC aGCD o EreBDCl, O@alDa AClDCrM _CriEiAM, JDii@Na, arDa, filoHofia, AreJDi@iHFCl. dAeHDe DraEiNii H aC O@rMEMAi@aD O@ DiFBCl lCBDelor roFa@ilor AC [barbarii\ K DribCrile Ei@ PCroBa bAAiEe@DalM Qfra@Aii, breDo@ii, Ha^o@ii, goNii, J.a.U. ?@ reXClDaDCl i@DeraANiC@ii eleFe@Delor [barbare\ Ji roFa@e a aBMrCD [EialogCl AClDCral\, Aare a reBreXe@DaD C@ iFBClH Be@DrC O@fii@Narea Ji EeXGolDarea AClDCrii FeEieGale oAAiEe@Dale. 2. Cretinismul. PleFe@DCl Ee baXM al AClDCrii FeEieGale a foHD cretinismul, Aare a BroAlaFaD egaliDaDea DCDCror oaFe@ilor O@ faNa lCi VCF@eXeC, Aeea Ae a Ao@DribCiD O@ Fare FMHCrM la abolirea HAlaGiei.

fi@I@E Ao@D Ee leANiile aFare ale HoAieDMNii roFa@e, O@ Aare H aC O@rMEMAi@aD AClDCl BlMAerilor fiXiAe, AreJDi@iHFCl a BCH aAAe@DCl Be HCfleD K baXa HBiriDCalM a oFClCi, O@EeF@I@EC l Be aAeHDa HM He liFiDeXe O@ DoaDe, HM Ji O@frI@gM BofDele fiXiAe, He@XCale ale DrCBClCi Ji HM aEoBDe C@ aHAeDiHF be@eGol. Za O@AeBCDCl BerioaEei FeEieGale iHDoria AreJDi@iHFClCi @CFMra Ee_a aBroaBe Ai@Ai HeAole. d aBMrCD ierarLia biHeriAeaHAM, a foHD i@DroECHM EogFa EeHBre ]fI@Da ereiFe, rMHBlaDa ECBM FoarDe Ji alDele. eoDCJi O@ BerioaEa PGClCi FeEiC DiFBCriC Ji BI@M O@ HeA S., ALiar Ji O@ aHDfel Ee NMri Aa d@glia, `ra@Na, TDalia, ]Ba@ia, AreEi@Nele BMgI@e Ao@Di@CaC HM e^erAiDe alMDCri Ee AreJDi@iHF o i@flCe@NM EeHDCl Ee iFBorDa@DM, O@ FoE HBeAial Bri@Dre oaFe@ii HiFBli. ?@ AClDCra FeEieGalM e^iHDM o EeoHebire AlarM Ei@Dre [AreEi@Na HaGa@DM\ Ji [AreEi@Na BoBClarM\. aelaNia Ei@Dre ele eHDe AaraADeriXaDM Bri@ eleFe@DCl legiDiFiDMNii, Ael agraria@ Ji Bri@ i@Dolera@NM. Legitimitatea cretinismului. VCBM a@Cl 10! BoBorCl roFa@, la fel Aa Ji DribCrile HlaGe Ji gerFa@iAe aC BriFiD AreEi@Na AreJDi@M Bri@ boDeXarea Ao@ECAMDorilor lor. creJDi@area Ao@ECAMDorilor era eALiGale@DM AC AreJDi@area DribCrilor Ji a BoBoarelor O@ Ao@forFiDaDe AC Bri@AiBiCl [BoBorCl OFBMrDMJeJDe AreEi@Na regelCi\. ]CBC@erea faNM Ee Ao@ECAMDorCl laiA Ji HBiriDCal a aGCD EreBD Ao@HeAi@NM legitimarea AreJDi@iHFClCi. Elementul agrarian. eeologia AreJDi@M reBreXi@DM C@ HiHDeF Ee reBreXe@DMri EeHBre C@iGerH Ji @aDCrM. co@forF Bri@AiBiilor Hale, VCF@eXeC a AreaD C@iGerHCl Ji reBreXi@DM gara@DCl e^iHDe@Nei Hale. Wri@ CrFare, eHDe ViGi@iDaDea @aDCrii, Ee Aare EeBi@Ee roaEa Ji Bri@ CrFare bC@MHDarea oaFe@ilor. TaDM Ee Ae elementul agrarian eHDe a EoCa DrMHMDCrM. Intolerana. co@e^iC@ea BCDer@iAM Ei@Dre biHeriAM, HDaD Ji AoFC@iDaDe a ECH la aAeea AM fieAare oF, Aare Eorea HM DrMiaHAM O@ HoAieDaDe, DrebCia HM fie AreJDi@. co@forF BerAeBDelor Ei@ aAele GreFCri, i@Eifere@Na faNM Ee religie HaC o BraADiAarea C@ei alDe AreEi@Ne QreligiiU BerDCrbaC orEi@ea @aDCrii, Aeea Ae BCDea aGea Ao@HeAi@Ne AaDaHDrofiAe. geBriFirea AreEi@Nei era BeEeBHiDM Ee gloaDM, Ear Ji Ee i@HDa@Na AC@oHACDM HCb @CFele Ee inchiziie Qorga@iXaNie AreaDM O@ HeA. STT STTT, Aare a aANio@aD BI@M O@ BriFa _CFMDaDe a HeA. STS, aGI@E rol Ee BoliNie i@Der@aNio@alMU. Intolerana Qfa@aDiHFCl religioHU eHDe a Dreia DrMHMDCrM. Ve_a la O@AeBCDCl HeA. R eBiHAoBii roFa@i Ji aC aDribCiD DiDlCl Ee AaB al biHeriAii K BaBM, Ao@HiEerI@EC He [HCAAeHori ai HfI@DClCi WeDrC\, Aare ar fi foHD BriFCl eBiHAoB roFa@. WrofiDI@E Ee abHe@Na C@ei BCDeri laiAe O@ bAAiEe@D, BaBii aC EeGe@iD Ao@ECAMDori religioJi Ji laiAi i@EeBe@Ee@Ni ai aoFei Ji ai eBarLiei. Pi aC aEC@aD BroBrieDMNi fC@Aiare Ji O@ a@Cl /#% aC O@DeFeiaD C@ HDaD laiA K regiC@ea WaBalM. hrigore T Ael Yare Q#." %"&U He aCDoi@DiDCleaXM eBiHAoB C@iGerHal, @ereAC@oHAI@E DiDlCl HiFilar Be@DrC BaDriarLCl Ee la co@HDa@Di@oBol. WaBii aC O@AerAaD HM HCBC@M i@flCe@Nei lor biHeriAa Ei@ reAe@D AreJDi@aDele NMri HlaGe Qi@AlCHiG BClgariaU. ?@ aAeHD Ao@De^D aBare Ao@fliADCl Ei@Dre BaBa giAolae T Q0#% 0%/U Ji BaDriarLCl WLoDiCH, Aare a EeDerFi@aD Ee faADo HALiHFa O@ FaDerie Ee EogFM Ji AClD Ei@Dre biHeriAa Ee la aoFa Ji Aea Ei@ co@HDa@Di@oBol. dHDfel aC aBMrCD EoCM biHeriAi K roFa@o AaDoliAM Ji orDoEo^M QgreAo AaDoliAMU. WriFa era HCGera@M, a EoCa He afla O@ HCborEi@ea BCDerii OFBMraDClCi. ?@ a EoCa _CFMDaDe a HeA. TS aC foHD EeDerFi@aDe Eifere@Nele EogFaDiAe Ji Ee AClD. PHe@Na aAeHDora Ao@HDM O@ CrFMDoarele: co@forF EogFei roFa@o AaDoliAe, al Dreilea reBreXe@Da@D al [DreiFii\ K [VCLCl ]fI@D\ BroGi@e O@ egalM FMHCrM Ee la [VCF@eXeC eaDMl\ Ji Ee la [VCF@eXeC `iCl\i Ao@forF Aelei orDoEoAHe []fI@DCl VCL\ BroGi@e Eoar Ee la [VCF@eXeC eaDMl\ , iar [VCF@eXeC `iCl\ eHDe O@DrCBaD Bri@ VCLCl ]fI@D. caDoliAi OJi faA HeF@Cl ArCAii AC DoaDe Ai@Ai EegeDe, iar orDoEoAJii Eoar AC Drei. BiHeriAa AaDoliAM iarDM oriAe BMAaD Ji EMrCieJDe HCfleDelor [FI@DCire GeJ@iAM\, O@ DiFB Ae biHeriAa orDoEo^M reHBi@ge o aHDfel Ee Aale Ee [FI@DCire\. Wri@AiBala Eifere@NM Ee riD eHDe Aea a OFBMrDMJa@iei. Za orDoEoAJi Ji BreoNiFea Ji Fire@ii BriFeHA OFBMrDMJa@ia HCb aFbele forFe K BIi@e Ji Gi@, O@ DiFB Ae la AaDoliAi Fire@ii BriFeHA OFBMrDMJa@ia Eoar AC BIi@e. ]lC_ba AaDoliAM eHDe ofiAiaDM Eoar O@ liFba laDi@M, Aea orDoEo^M K O@ oriAare Ei@Dre liFbile loAale. BiHeriAa Ee aMHMriD @C reAC@oaJDe HCBreFaNia WaBei Ji a i@HDiDCNiei AarEi@alilor. aMHBI@Eirea AreJDi@iHFClCi O@ PCroBa FeEieGalM a HALiFbaD Ei@ rMEMAi@M O@DregCl FoE Ee gI@Eire, AreI@E iEealCri Ji Galori @oi. ]Cb i@flCe@Na AreJDi@iHFClCi a O@AeBCD forFarea C@iDMNii AClDCral BoliDiAe, Aare aHDMXi He @CFeJDe PCroBa.

1.

Principalele tendine ale culturii medievale.

?@ BerioaEa FeEieGalM alMDCri Ee religie aC e^iHDaD Ji H aC EeXGolDaD alDe EoFe@ii ale AClDCrii HBiriDCale, Bri@Dre Aare filoHofia Ji JDii@Na. jDii@Na HCBreFM a PGClCi YeEiC a foHD Deologia. Filosofia era EeAlaraDM HerGiDoare a Deologiei. Var ALiar Ji O@ aAeHDe Ao@EiNii GiDrege gI@Eirea filoHofiAM a BrogreHaD. WCDeF iEe@DifiAa EoCM De@Ei@Ne O@ EeXGolDarea aAeHDeia. Prima O@AerAa HM aBroBie la Fa^iFCF filoHofia Ji Deologia. dAeHD ge@ Ee filoXofie a BriFiD Ee@CFirea Ee HAolaHDiAM, EeoareAe HarAi@a Ha Bri@AiBalM @C Ao@HDa O@ AMCDarea Ji EeXGolDarea C@or JDii@Ne @oi, Ai O@HCJirea la @iGel [Ee JAoalM\ a Aeea Ae fCHeHe Ee_a aACFClaD. Var ALiar Ji aAeaHDM aborEare a foHD CDilM: graNie ei H a BMHDraD FoJDe@irea gI@EiDorilor a@DiAi. eeologia O@ Hi@e EeGi@e DoD Fai raNio@alM: HiFBla AreEi@NM O@ EogFele biHeriAii @C Fai eHDe

HCfiAie@DM, Ai eHDe @eGoie Ee o argCFe@Dare logiAM. k@Cl Ei@Dre reBreXe@Da@Nii Ee GaXM ai aAeHDei De@Ei@Ne a foHD EoFi@iAa@Cl eoFa EldmCi@o QH. STTTU. d EoCa De@Ei@NM EiFBoDriGM, O@AearAM HM HAoaDM filoHofia O@ afara Deologiei, HM Ao@firFe i@EeBe@Ee@Na aAeHDei JDii@Ne O@ ge@eral Ji a JDii@Nelor @aDCrale O@ BarDiAClar. k@ reBreXe@Da@D Ee HeaFM al aAeHDei De@Ei@Ne a foHD fra@AiHAa@Cl aoger BaAo@ QHeA. STTTU, Aare a BroFoGaD FeDoEa e^BeriFe@DalM. ?@GMNMFI@DCl aGea C@ AaraADer religioH, Aare EeACrgea Ei@ i@HDiDCNiile Ae Ol BroBagaC K biHeriAile Ji FM@MHDirile. eeologia BreEoFi@a Ji O@ O@GMNMFI@DCl laiA Ei@ JAolile AiDaEi@e, iar Ei@ HeA. ST Ji O@ BriFele C@iGerHiDMNi. ?@ HeA. SR O@ PCroBa e^iHDaC %# Ee C@iGerHiDMNi, C@Ee O@ afarM Ee Deologie He BreEa EreBDCl, FeEiAi@a, arDa, iar Fai DIrXiC Ji JDii@Nele @aDCrale. ?@ eBoAa PGClCi FeEiC DiFBCriC BreEoFi@M arDa fra@Ailor QarDa YeroGi@gie@ilorU, EeoareAe HDaDCl fra@Ailor oACBM O@ aAeaHDM BerioaEM aBroaBe O@Dreg DeriDoriCl PCroBei. dAeaHDa era o arDM barbarM, BreAreJDi@M, AC eleFe@De Ee BMgI@iHF Ji iEolaDrie. ?@ aAeaHDM BerioaEM He EeXGolDM i@De@HiG arDa aBliAaDM, CDiliXaDM la Ao@feANio@area Lai@elor, a arFelor, a Lar@aJaFe@DClCi Be@DrC Aai, or@aFe@Delor. `oarDe BoBClare EeGi@ miniaturile K ilCHDraNii Ei@ AMrNi, Aare aGeaC O@ ge@eral C@ AaraADer or@aFe@Dal Ji @C C@Cl arDiHDiA, Ee BiADCrM. Yi@iaDCrile O@frCFCHeNaC AMrNile religioaHe Ji PGa@gLelia. cMrNile laiAe eraC EeHDCl Ee rare. dBogeC EeXGolDMrii arDei O@ PGCl FeEiC DiFBCriC eHDe aDi@H O@ BerioaEa caroli@gie@ilor QHeA. RTTT K TSU. ?@ aAeaHDM eBoAM arDa e^BloaDeaXM aADiG FoJDe@irea a@DiAM, iar AaraADerCl barbar eHDe elCEaD BaH AC BaH. Vi@ aAeaHDM AaCXM BerioaEa reHBeADiGM eHDe @CFiDM [re@aJDerea Aaroli@gia@M\. ?@ HeA. ST K STT AreJDe rolCl FM@MHDirilor, Aare EeGi@ Bri@AiBalele Ae@Dre AClDCrale. We lI@gM FM@MHDiri fC@ANio@eaXM JAoli, biblioDeAi, HC@D HAriHe Ji AoBiaDe AMrNi. YM@MHDirile HC@D Bri@AiBalii Alie@Ni, Aare AoFa@EM oBere Ee arDM. cClDCra Ei@ aAeaHDM BerioaEM eHDe AC@oHACDM HCb Ee@CFirea [FM@MHDireaHAM\. ?@ AClDCra FeEieGalM HiDCaNia arDei a foHD C@a EeHDCl Ee AoFBliAaDM Ji Ao@DraEiADorie. dAeaHDM HDare Ee faBD eHDe EeDerFi@aDM Ee relaNia AC iEeologia AreJDi@M. creJDi@iHFCl reHBi@gea iEealCrile, Aare i@HBiraHerM BiADorii d@DiALiDMNii QbCACria Ee a DrMi, He@XCaliDaDea, frCFCHeNea AorBClCi, aEeGMrClU, EiHDrCgI@E arFo@ia a@DiAM a HCfleDClCi Ji DrCBClCi. WiADorii FeEieGali aAorEaC o aDe@Nie HBoriDM lCFii Ee Ei@Aolo, lCi VCF@eXeC. drDa lor era Ao@HiEeraDM o Biblie Be@DrC @eJDiCDorii Ee AarDe, C@ Fi_loA Ee a l aECAe Be oF O@ HI@Cl AreEi@Nei O@ VCF@eXeC. ereAerea Ee la lCFea e^DerioarM la Aea i@DerioarM, HBiriDCalM K aAeHDa era HAoBCl arDei. ]fI@DCl dCgCHDi@ reEM foarDe bi@e Ji Ao@AiH aAeHD lCArC Bri@ fraXa EeGe@iDM AelebrM: [gC rMDMAi O@ afarM, Ai BMDrC@Ee O@lMC@DrCl DMC\. dAeaHDM iEee eHDe refleADaDM Ji O@ arLiDeADo@iAa biHeriAeaHAM. VaAM DeFBlele a@DiAe eraC lMAaJCri Be@DrC Xei, iar greAii He rCgaC O@ Brea_FM, O@ PGCl FeEiC HiDCaNia He HALiFbM raEiAal. caDeEralele Ei@ aAeaHDM BerioaEM BriFeaC AreEi@AioHCl O@ i@Derior, aANio@I@E aHCBra lCi Bri@ frCFCHeNea OFBoEobirii @C aDID a Aelei i@Derioare, AID Fai aleH a aAelei e^Derioare. ?@ HeAolele ST K STT O@ PCroBa bAAiEe@DalM are loA O@loACirea HDilClCi arLiDeADCral roFa@o laDi@ AC Ael goDiA. eerFe@Cl roman Q HaC nromano-latinoU a foHD i@DroECH O@ AirACiDCl JDii@NifiA la O@AeBCDCl HeA. STS Ee AMDre arLeologii fra@AeXi, Aare aC reFarAaD HDilCl HiFilar al Ao@HDrCANiilor EeHAoBeriDe AC al Aelor Ei@ aoFa a@DiAM QarAaEe O@ forFM Ee HeFiAerA, bolNi Aili@EriAe Ji O@ forFM Ee ArCAe, eleFe@Dele or@aFe@DaleU. PHe@Na HDilClCi roFa@ eHDe reBreXe@DaDM Ee forFele geoFeDriAe, BreEoFi@area li@iilor GerDiAale Ji oriXo@Dale, a figCrilor geoFeDriAe HiFBle Ji a HCBrafeNelor e^Di@He. ?@ Ao@HDrCANii HC@D foloHiDe Be larg arAaEele, iar fereHDrele Ji CJile HC@D O@gCHDe. WarDea e^Der@M a Ao@HDrCANiilor He reFarAM Bri@ e^aADiDaDe Ji HiFBliDaDe, FMreNie Ji HobrieDaDe, iar C@eori AaBMDM ALiar o De@DM HCFbrM. dEeHeori HC@D foloHiDe Aoloa@e, Aare aC o fC@ANie BCr EeAoraDiGM, @eAo@DribCi@E AC @iFiA la Ao@HoliEarea eEifiAiilor. Vi@ HBCHele HAClBDorClCi fra@AeX Ei@ HeA STS dC. aoEi@, arLiDeADCra roFa@o laDi@M [O@ge@C@ALeaXM oFCl\ Ji eHDe BerAeBCDM Aa o DMAere grea, aBMHMDoare, BrofC@EM. ]DilCl roFa@ H a rMHBI@EiD AC BreAMEere O@ `ra@Na K biHeriAa Ei@ clC@p QHeA. STU, AaDeErala goDre VaFe EC Worre Ei@ clerFo@D `erra@E QHeA. STT U. drLiDeADCra laiAM a HDilClCi roFa@ AeEeaXM GiXibil O@ faNa Aelei biHeriAeJDi, fii@E AaraADeriXaDM Bri@ forFe HiFBliHDe Ji Bri@ liBHa aBroaBe DoDalM a or@aFe@Delor EeAoraDiGe. eiBCl Bri@AiBal Ee Ao@HDrCANie eHDe AaHDelCl AeDaDe, Aare HerGeJDe HiFClDa@ EreBD loACi@NM Ji refCgiC Be@DrC aBMrare. Ve Aele Fai FClDe ori aAeHDa reBreXi@DM o ACrDe AC C@ DCr@ O@ Ae@DrC QAaHDelCl cLaDeaC haillarE Be ]e@a, HeA. STT U cClDCra roFa@M He afirFa, HCbli@ii@E i@flCe@Na FoJDe@irii aoFei a@DiAe. dHDfel BCDeF reFarAa De@DaDiGa oFClCi FeEieGal Ee a gMHi, Bri@ i@DerFeEiCl a@DiALiDMNii, Ao@firFarea Ao@DeFBora@eiDMNii. Za fi@ele HeA. STT K STTT O@ PCroBa bAAiEe@DalM HDilCl roFa@ eHDe O@loACiD Ee Ael gotic QEi@ iDalia@M gotico K ngoDiAo, ECBM @CFele DribClCi gerFa@iA al goNilorU. dAeaHDM Ee@CFire a aBMrCD O@ eBoAa ae@aJDerii, AI@E DoD Aeea Ae era goDiA O@HeF@a qbarbar\, fii@E Ao@HiEeraD oBCHCl a Aeea Ae era Eefi@iD Aa Ji qroFa@\ , aEiAM arDei O@ HBiriDCl DraEiNiilor a@DiAe. T@DereHCl Be@DrC HDilCl goDiA a reaBMrCD Eoar O@ HeA. STS. dAeHDa a foHD HCBra@CFiD [HiFfo@ie O@ BiaDrM\ Be@DrC HCBleNea Ji HAClBDCra O@ BiaDrM aHeFM@MDoare broEeriei. QRiADor rCgo He e^BriFa aHDfel EeHBre caDeErala goDre VaFe Ei@ WariH K d.s.U ]oborCrile, AaDeEralele goDiAe He EeoHebeHA raEiAal Ee biHeriAile O@ HDil roFa@, aAeHDea Ei@ CrFM aGI@E o arLiDeADCrM greoaie, Ji fii@E EeHDCl Ee _oaHei O@ DiFB Ae AaDeEralele goDiAe HC@D XGelDe Ji He aGI@DM AMDre Aer. BaXa

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WarDiAClariDMNile AClDCrii biXa@Di@e HC@D CrFMDoarele: ]i@DeXa eleFe@Delor oAAiEe@Dale Ji orie@Dale O@ EiGerHe Hfere ale GieNii FaDeriale Ji HBiriDCale a HoAieDMNii O@ BerioaEa Ee BreEoFi@are a DraEiNiei hreAo roFa@ei WMHDrarea O@ Fare FMHCrM a DraEiNiilor AiGiliXaNiei a@DiAe, Aare O@ BiXa@N aC HDaD la baXa EeXGolDMrii iEeilor CFa@iHDe, iar O@ PCroBa aC OFbogMNiD AClDCra Ei@ eBoAa ae@aJDeriii ]Bre EeoHebire Ee PCroBa FeEieGalM, Aare era fMrIFiNaDM, TFBeriCl BiXa@Di@ Ji a BMHDraD EoADri@ele BoliDiAe HDaDale, Aeea Ae a aGCD o i@flCe@NM Fa_orM aHCBra AClDCrii: O@ BerioaEa AreJDerii rolClCi AreJDi@iHFClCi AreaNia laiAM a AC@oHACD o EeXGolDare BerBeDCMi VeoHebirile orDoEo^iei Ee AaDoliAiHF, Aare H aC Fa@ifeHDaD O@ origi@aliDaDea HDCEiilor filoHofiAo religioaHe ale Deologilor orDoEoAJi, O@ EogFM, liDCrgLie Ji AereFo@ialCl biHeriAii orDoEo^e, O@ HiHDeFCl Galorilor eDiAe Ji eHDeDiAe AreJDi@e ale BiXa@NClCi. ?@ BriFele HeAole ale e^iHDe@Nei TFBeriClCi BiXa@Di@ He forFeaXM FoEelCl Ee gI@Eire a HoAieDMNii, Aare He HBri_i@M Be DraEiNiile ele@iHFClCi BMgI@ Ji ale AreJDi@iHFClCi. RaHile Ei@ ceXareea, hrigore Ei@ giHa, hrigore gaXia@Xi@ HC@D Aei Aare BC@ baXele filoHofiei biXa@Di@e. ?@ HeA. RTTT K TS BiXa@NCl DraGerHeaXM GreFCri DClbCre, Aare He reFarAM Bri@ aACDiXarea Ao@DraEiANiilor HoAial BoliDiAe, a AMror HCrHM era lCBDa Be@DrC BCDere Ei@Dre @obiliFea Ei@ AaBiDalM Ji Aea BroGi@AialM. ?@ aAeaHDM BerioaEM a aBMrCD AriXa iAo@oAlaHDM, AI@E iAoa@ele aC foHD EeAlaraDe eleFe@De ale iEolaDriei. cMDre HfIrJiDCl HeA. TS O@ALi@area la iAoa@e a foHD reHDabiliDM. ?@ HeA. STR K SR AClDCra biXa@Di@M DrMieJDe ClDiFa faXM a EeXGolDMrii Ji O@floririi Hale, faBD Aare He aDeHDM O@ FoE HBeAial O@ BiADCrM. bACBarea co@HDa@Di@oBolClCi Ee AMDre oJDirile DCrAeJDi O@ a@Cl $&#1 a reBreXe@DaD HfIrJiDCl BiXa@NClCi. cele Fai Ee HeaFM realiXMri He aDeHDM O@ AClDCra arDiHDiAM a BiXa@NClCi, a AMrei origi@aliDaDe He Fa@ifeHDM Bri@ AoFbi@area C@or eleFe@De, Aare aBare@D @C BoD fi C@iDe. We Ee o BarDe, reFarAMF oBCle@Na Ji faHDCl. We Ee alDM BarDe, HeHiXMF o HoleF@iDaDe O@MlNMDoare Ji o HBiriDCaliDaDe BrofC@EM, rafi@aDM. dAeHDe BarDiAClariDMNi H aC Fa@ifeHDaD Ei@ Bli@ O@ arLiDeADCra biHeriAilor biXa@Di@e. We@DrC biHeriAile biXa@Di@e eHDe AaraADeriHDiAM orga@iXarea HBaNiClCi i@Derior QHBre EeoHebire Ee DeFBlele a@DiAe, Aare eraC lMAaJCri ale lCi VCF@eXeC Ji Be@DrC Aare Ael Fai iFBorDa@D era e^DeriorCl, @C i@DeriorCl, EeoareAe rCgMAiC@ile eraC ofiAiaDe O@ e^DeriorU, EeJi @iAi aHBeADCl e^Derior @C Ji BierEe iFBorDa@Na. d@CFe O@ aAeHD HDil eHDe Ao@HDrCiDM AaDeErala ]f. ]ofia Ei@ co@HDa@Di@oBol Q#1! #1/U, Aare a EeGe@iD Ael Fai re@CFiD Fo@CFe@D al arLiDeADCrii biXa@Di@e. dCDorii HMi HC@D arLiDeANii d@DLeFiC Ji THiEor. PEifiAiCl a foHD @iFiAiD Ee flMAMri Ji reAo@HDrCiD Be C@Cl Ei@ EealCrile Ei@ co@HDa@Di@oBol. PfeADCl HBaNiClCi @eliFiDaD eHDe AreaD Ee ACBola QEoFClU iFe@HM, AC EiaFeDrCl Ee 1$,& F, Aare He aflM la o O@MlNiFe Ee ## Ee FeDri Ji Ee bolNi. 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TS., aGI@E Ee Aele Fai FClDe ori forFa BMDraDM. ?@ i@Derior are BaDrC HDIlBi FaHiGi, Aare OFBarD HBaNiCl O@ @oCM AoFBarDiFe@De HeBaraDe Bri@ arAaEe Ji DoDoEaDM HCHNi@ ACBola. BolNile HeFiAili@EriAe, Aare He O@Di@E AMDre ACBolM, forFeaXM o ArCAe AC braNe Ee lC@giFe egalM. cClDCra BiXa@NClCi eHDe re@CFiDM Ji Bri@ alDe ge@Cri K FoXaiACl, freHAele, BiADarea iAoa@elor, a Fi@iaDCrilor, liDeraDCra. ?@ FoE HBeAial He reFarAM mo!aicul. ?@ aAeHD ge@ Ee arDM BiXa@NCl @C are egal. cC FoXaiA eHDe O@frCFCHeNaDM AaDeErala ]f. ]ofia, FaCHoleele Ei@ aaGe@a, AaDeErala dEorFiri YaiAii VoF@ClCi Ei@ giAeea, Aare a foHD EiHDrCHM O@ DiFBCl rMXboiClCi O@ $.!!, AaDeErala ]f. VCFiDrC Ei@ ]alo@iA Ji alDele. WiADarea iAoa@elor O@ BiXa@N a_C@ge la C@ @iGel foarDe O@alD. ?@ a@Cl $&#1 BiXa@NCl AaEe HCb oACBaNia DCrAeaHAM, Ear AClDCra Ha Ao@Di@CM HM e^iHDe Ji O@ Xilele @oaHDre, reBreXe@DI@E o BarDe iFBorDa@DM a AClDCrii C@iGerHale. Wri@AiBalCl aBorD al BiXa@NClCi O@ EeXGolDarea AClDCrii HBiriDCale C@iGerHale Ao@HDM O@ BriFCl rI@E O@ afirFarea Ji EeXGolDarea AreJDi@iHFClCi orDoEo^. erebCie HM HCbli@ieF O@ FoE HBeAial efeADCl HMC be@efiA aHCBra EeXGolDMrii AClDCrii rCHe.