Cultura Swahili este cultura tradiional a popoarelor de pe coasta de Tanzania , din Kenya ,

din Mozambic i cele mai multe insule de nord a " Oceanul Indian n faa acest domeniu, de
la Zanzibar la Comore , n cazul n care se vorbete limba Swahili ca limb matern . Oamenii care
aparin acestei culturi sunt denumite uneori cu cuvntul Swahiliwaswahili .
[1]

Cultura Swahili reflect complexitatea istoriei " Africa de Est , prin " Oceanul Indian din cele mai
vechi timpuri a fost n contact cu civilizaiile din Orientul Mijlociu i " Asia . Ca limba Swahili, chiar
cultura Swahili are trsturi distincte bantu , cu toate acestea, amestecate cu influene la fel de
evidente arabe , persane i alte origini asiatice. Ca urmare acolonialismului , cultura Swahili a
dobndit, de asemenea, unele trasaturi minore europeni (mai
ales britanice , germane i portugheze ), dar, de asemenea, indienii i alte tradiii au alturat n
contact cu lumea Swahili, de exemplu, prin intermediul " Imperiul Britanic .
Numele de "Swahili" provine din limba arab sawahili (), plural de sawahil () nseamn
(de la "coast" Sahel , , "coasta").
Index
[ ascunde ]
1 Istoric
2 Aspecte ale culturii Swahili
o 2.1 Limba
o 2.2 Literatura
o 2.3 Religie
o 2,4 Arte i meserii
o 2.5 Buctrie
o 2.6 Muzica
o 2.7 Navigare
o 2,8 Alte tradiii
3 A se vedea, de asemenea,
4 note
Istorie [ edit | edit surs ]
Cultura Swahili i limba au nceput s se disting de la culturile de bantu " Africa de Est i de Sud n
jurul mileniu , ca urmare a extinderii comercial arab i persan n " Ocean Indian . n plus fa de
comerul cu bunuri ntre Asia i Africa, arabii i perii au nceput treptat s se aeze pe coastele i
insulele din Africa, amestecare cu populaia local.Aceast perioad este amintit ca o perioad
Shirazi , regiunea Shiraz din care muli coloniti i comerciani au venit de la peri. n aceast
perioad, i pn la apariiaportughezilor de la sfritul secolului al XV-lea , de pe coasta de est-
africane a prosperat i a ntreprinderilor aprut o serie de importante orase-state , cum ar
fi Kilwa , Malindi iZanzibar (n prezent, de asemenea, cunoscut sub numele de Stone
Town ). Schimbul ntre peri, arabi, i populaia nativ este la originea limbii i culturii Bantu Swahili.
Aspecte ale culturii Swahili [ edit | edit surs ]
Limba [ edit | edit surs ]

Pentru mai multe, consultai limba Swahili .


Bazin rspndit limba Swahili
Limba Swahili aparine grupului de limbi bantu , de obicei din Africa (n acelai grup larg face parte,
de exemplu, Zulu ); Bantu sunt, de obicei, n special, gramatica i mare parte din fonetic . Influena
arabo-persan se reflect mai ales n vocabularul . Chiar i unele dintre cele mai cunoscute cuvinte
n swahili, cum ar fi safari , au o " etimologie arabe; sunt, de asemenea, numeroase influene
persane, cum ar fiSheha pentru "eful satului", de la aceeai rdcin a ahului . n plus fa de
multe termeni, Swahili achiziionat arabe i persane, de asemenea, unele sunete, cum ar fi unele
consoane aspiraie care nu aparin de fonetica limbile bantu mai direct legate de Swahili. Swahili
coloniale i postcoloniale dobndite (i continu s ctige), vocabular de derivare european n mod
clar, de exemplu, limba englez (cabaze pentru "autobuz" sau kompyuta pentru
"calculator"), german ( Shule pentru "coal") i portughez ( Meza pentru "mas").
Primele lucrri literare n Swahili cunoscute din prima jumtate a secolului al XVIII-lea ; au fost iniial
scrise folosind " alfabetul arab . Acesta a fost misionari din Europa , ntre XIX-lea i secolul al XX-
lea , pentru a introduce transcrierea standardul actual de Swahili, care utilizeaz "alfabetul
roman . Misionarii europeni trebuie s definii, de asemenea, standardul de limbaj Swahili acum
universal acceptat. Avnd n vedere importana istoric i cultural deosebit a Zanzibar , Swahili
reproduce n mare msur varianta standard a insulei nativ Swahili.
Literatura de specialitate [ edit | edit surs ]

Pentru mai multe, consultai Swahili Literatur .
Deoarece Swahili a fost standardizat doar n ultima vreme, literatura de specialitate tradiional
Swahili este clasificat n funcie de specific dialect (sau soiurile) a limbii, cum ar fi Kiamu, Kimvita,
Kipemba, Kiunguja, Kimrima, Kimtang'ata, Ki-Dar-es -Salaam i Ki-Nairobi .
n pre-colonial Swahili literatur, coninutul i formele sunt puternic influenate de cele din literatura
arab i islamic , dar temele nu sunt ntotdeauna religioase. Forma literar cea mai de obicei,
Swahili este " utenzi , un anumit metru poetic bazat pe camere de opt versete. Printre utenzi unul
mai faimos poate cita utendi wa Tambuka (un poem epic, n care s v spun companiile ale arabilor
n rzboiul mpotriva bizantinilor ), " Utenzi wa Shufaka (un poem de caracter moral i religios) i
" Mwana wa Utenzi Kupona (o nvtur moral poem pe virtui conjugale). Literatura Swahili nu a
furnizat n schimb proza , a crei utilizare a fost limitat la documente cu caracter practic.
Religie [ edit | edit surs ]
Waswahili sunt predominant musulmane , chiar dac afilierea religioasa nu este un element esenial
al culturii Swahili. Rdcina de cultura Swahili islamice, cu toate acestea, se reflect n mod indirect
ntr-un numr de diferite evenimente culturale, cum ar fi absena aproape total de carne de porc de
la tradiional Swahili.
[2]

Arte i meserii [ edit | edit surs ]


Kanga (Zanzibar)
n ceea ce pentru " sub-sahariana Africa de art , n general, n cultura Swahili, arta este n mare
msur neleas ca un decor creativ de elemente concrete i de zi cu zi de utilizare; Astfel, exist o
grani foarte neclar ntre art n sens strict i meteuguri . Influena Islamuluieste evident, printre
altele, motivele pentru predominana geometrice i alfabetic folosit ca decor. Acest element a
Swahili art este exprimat ntr-un mod clar, n special n Kanga i Kitenge , ptrate de bumbac
decorate n culori luminoase i proverbe scrise cu litere mari, care sunt de imbracaminte cel mai tipic
african Swahili.
Buctrie [ edit | edit surs ]
Buctria include reete Swahili n mod clar care pot fi atribuite la una sau alte influene (arab,
persan, indian i aa mai departe), i combinaii de arome originale, n care diferitele tradiii sunt
mbinate i de multe ori adaptate pentru disponibilitatea la nivel local a anumitor ingrediente. Tradiie
local de pre-Shirazi este recunoscut mai ales n importana deosebit de pete i fructe de mare,
nu este surprinztor pentru o populaie de coast i a sczut ferm , care apoi a trit n principal
pe pescuitul de subzisten . Tradiia arab se gsete loc n reete, cum ar fi pilaf (pilaf) i pine cu
date i nuci, iar n India samosa i carne reete fcut cu curry i ghimbir . Un exemplu de o fuziune
tipic Swahili de ingrediente din diferite tradiii este pwewa wa nazistZanzibari, sau caracati (de
coast tradiional), fierte n nuc de cocos (produse alimentare aduse de arabi), cu curry adugat
(India) i alte arome.
La buctria Swahili au sosit, n special prin influena colonial, chiar i reete tradiionale de oameni
care nu au avut contact direct cu waswahili. Un exemplu n acest sens estesorpotel , un amestec
fiert surs picant Goanese , adus n Africa, probabil, de la portughezii (care a controlat Goa i,
pentru o anumit perioad de timp, o parte a coastei Swahili).
Muzica [ edit | edit surs ]
Cel mai popular gen muzical tradiional n lume este Swahili taarab (sau Tarabu), originar din
Zanzibar; combin texte metrice n Swahili cu melodii inspirate de arab i indian, dar este, de
asemenea, jucat de a face uz de instrumentele europene tradiionale, cum ar fi chitara .
[3]
Alte
genuri populare n mare parte din Africa, Swahili, cum ar fi derivaii derumba african (de
exemplu, Tanzania muziki wa dansi ) sau bongo flava , sunt de origine recent, colonial i chiar
postcoloniale, i apoi, folosind tradiiile exclusiv europene sau africane.
Navigare [ edit | edit surs ]
Civilizaia Swahili a fost o civilizaie de navigatori i comerciani maritime. Brcile sunt tipice de
Swahili mondial dhow (prezbiteri), navigheaz brci de mediu spre mare tradiionale arabe i
Orientul Mijlociu. Pentru pescuit sunt utilizate n locul principal canoe cu balansier spus ngalawa ,
similare cu cele utilizate pe scar larg n diferite zone ale " Oceanul Indian , pn la ' Indonezia .
Alte tradiii [ edit | edit surs ]
n Africa Swahili este foarte rspndit Bao , un joc de ctre consiliul de administraie al familiei
de Mancala . Jocul de Bao este un moment important de agregare, dar, de asemenea,
concurena. n Zanzibar i n alte locuri din Africa de Est sunt turnee de diferite niveluri a avut loc, i
mai ales juctorii calificai sunt numite "maetri".



Cultura Swahili


Orae comerciali de pe coasta de est a Africii, n nceputul secolului al XVI-lea .
Cultura Swahili este un set de evenimente culturale desfurate de oameni
Swahili sau waswahili care locuiete coasta de est a Africii .Aceasta coasta a Africii de la Somalia n
Mozambic, i Insulele Comore i Madagascar, au numeroase rmie ale oraelor Swahili, de
multe ori n ruine. Aceste aezri sunt mrturie pentru lunga istorie a culturii Swahili.
Index
[ ascunde ]
1 Istoric
2 alimentare Swahili
3 Meteug
4 Muzic i Poezie
5 ore i sincronizare
6 Referine
7 Legturi externe
Istorie [ edit ]


Cultur zon Swahili
n urm cu aproximativ dou mii de ani, coasta de est a Africii a fost vzut ca un domeniu de mare
avere i de interese comerciale. Acesta este motivul pentru muli vorbitori de limbi Bantu au migrat i
sa stabilit de-a lungul acestei coaste n timpul ultimei extinderea Bantu . Aceast migraie a dus la
consolidarea pe coasta de est ntr-o limb i cultur unic. Aceasta este Swahili, a crei civilizaie
rspndit n ntreaga Kenya i Tanzania , ajungnd la Mozambic .
1

Unele dintre cele mai importante orae-state legate de cultura Swahili au
fost Gede , Pate , Malindi, Zanzibar i Kilwa . Cele mai multe dintre aceste orae-state au
fost musulmani si foarte cosmopolit. Fiecare a avut, de asemenea, un statut independent politic de
restul,
2
astfel nct, de obicei, n concuren unele cu altele pentru interesele lor
comerciale. Principalele exporturi ale acestor culturi au fost abanos , aur , filde i lemn de santal .
Comercianti arab i persan a exercitat o influen semnificativ i reele de navigaie i de comer
legat oraele Swahili cu lumeamahomedanilor din Mogadishu i Oman la Indonezia . Temelia Kilwa,
de exemplu, a fost direct legat de Shiraz .
3
n 1414 o ambasad n oraul de instan Malindi a
luat China un cadou de o giraf . ntre 1417 i 1419 i din nou ntre 1431 1433 , amiralul chinez
musulman Zheng He a condus dou expediii geografice i comerciale, diplomatice, de-a lungul
coastei africane i a vizitat Malindi. Kilwa la timp a fost descris ca fiind unul dintre oraele cele mai
elegante construite din lume.
4
Declinul acestor orae a nceput n secolul al XVI-lea, care coincide
cu expansiune portughezii i creterea comerului european cu sclavi a Americii .
5
Timp de sute de
ani, care au fost centre comerciale importante au devenit caduce, dar n ciuda acestui fapt, cultura
Swahili este meninut cu vitalitate remarcabil azi.
Alimente Swahili [ edit ]
Studiul culturii Swahili permite arunca o privire la diferite aspecte care apar din diverse medii lor. De
exemplu, buctria Swahili are influene importante din buctria indian, arab i european. Exist,
de asemenea, variaii n unele feluri de mncare asociate cu motive religioase, cum ar fi lipsa de
feluri de mncare din carne de porc sau alcool interzicerea deoarece Swahili musulman.
6
sunt
comune n dieta de Swahili pete, fructe tropicale i feluri de mncare sunt bogat in condimente.
Swahili Platos'populares de buctrie sunt pilaf i wali (orez fiert in lapte de cocos ), servit cu sup
constnd din carne sau pete. Triburile Swahili consuma o mare varietate de cereale, legume i
fructe, inclusiv fasole, mazare, rosii, cartofi, bame (de asemenea, numit bame), varza , spanac,
mango, nuci de cocos i banane. Capr, carne de pui este servit la ocazii speciale.
Meteuguri [ edit ]
Un alt aspect important al culturii Swahili este miestria, care este o manifestare i expresie a limbii
Swahili . n crearea de aceast meserie este att o cutare de form i funcionalitate, precum i o
expresie a culturii n sine.
n cultura Swahili unele influene multiculturale, dac arta poate fi vzut n activitatea de acelai
lemn, precum i n arhitectur.
6
De exemplu, vom vedea folos de figuri de lucruri vii, ca urmare a
motenirii musulmane. n loc de desene vii, decor Swahili foloseste, prin urmare, modele
geometrice.
Ea are, de asemenea, de mbrcminte considerabil importan, ca parte a expresiei lor
cultural. De exemplu, Kanga , articol foarte colorat de mbrcminte din bumbac, care nu este doar o
bucat de pnz reactangular ci un artefact imporante cultura Swahili. Acest articol de mbrcminte
trebuie s fie fabricate cu grij extrem i nu ndeplinete anumite orientri nu ar trebui s fie numit
Kanga i nici nu ar trebui s fie utilizat ca mbrcminte.
Muzic i Poezie [ edit ]
Expresiile muzicale i poetice sunt o parte important a culturii Swahili. Poei, ai cror reprezentani
cele mai proeminente sunt numite "Malenga" sunt inute la mare cinste.
Muzica lui cel mai popular este Tarabu sau Taarab care este o mare versuri de melodii cu bogia
poetic; ntr-adevr, scrisoarea este un poem ritmic metric Swahili, mpreun cu muzic melodii arab
i indian .
7
Tarabu emotionant folosit la nuni sau ntlniri i-a lungul timpului a fost n cretere n
complexitate, adugnd la modul mai tradiional, cu i alte instrumente etnice de origine european
(trompeta, tobe, bas, clape ...), fr a modifica esenta muzicii.
6

Chakacha este un alt gen de muzica Swahili nativ, care are un ritm mai rapid dect Taarab.
Program i sincronizare [ edit ]
n cultura Swahili ziua ncepe cu rsrit (spre deosebire de lumea arab, unde ziua ncepe la apus
de soare, i lumea occidental n care a doua zi ncepe la miezul nopii). Rsrit de soare n partea
de est a Africii, care este exact n Ecuador, are loc n fiecare zi de la 06:00. Din acest motiv, este
06:0 "12:0" n programul Swahili. "Ore Swahili" se refer la modul n Swahili se refer la programul.
Ca mna or de un ceas este folosit pentru a indica timpul ca tradiia Swahili va marca ntotdeauna
un numr opus care corespunde cu programul n cazul n care este indicat n conformitate cu
convenia de Vest. De exemplu, 07:00 este "01:0" (ASA moja asubuhi ea) timp Swahili; Midnight
este "6:00 ore" (sita ASA Usiku) de program Swahili. 05:00 este "11:0" (ASA kumi na moja Alfajiri)
program Swahili.




Pe langa peisajul frumos, in Tanzania se afla aproximativ 120 de grupuri etnice si un patrimoniu multi-cultural. Cei
mai cunoscuti locuitori sunt Masai in vesminte rosii, ce locuiesc in partea de nord a tarii. Vizitele in satele de Masai
reprezinta deseori punctul culminant al unei aventuri safari.

Zanzibar, Pemba, Mafia si intreaga zona de coasta adaposteste populatia Swahili, un amestec vibrant de arabi,
indieni si bantu. Religia predominanta este cea islamica, iar moschee vechi si palate de coral sunt imprastiate pe
intreg teritoriul. Cultura Swahili se centreaza pe "dhow", o barca propulsata de vanturile de sezon.




PRONUNCIATION: swah-HEE-lee
ALTERNATE NAMES: Waswahili
LOCATION: Eastern Africa from southern Somalia to northern Mozambique
POPULATION: About 500,000
LANGUAGE: KiSwahili; English
RELIGION: Islam (Sunni Muslim); spirit cults
1 INTRODUCTION
For at least a thousand years, Swahili people, who call themselves Waswahili, have
occupied a narrow strip of coastal land extending from the north coast of Kenya to Dar
es Salaam (the capital of Tanzania). They also occupy several nearby Indian Ocean
islands, including Zanzibar, Lamu, and Pate. Over the past few hundred years, the
coastal area has been conquered and colonized several timesby Portuguese in
the sixteenth century, by Middle Eastern Arabs who ran a slave trade in the nineteenth
century, and by the British in the twentieth century. Thus, Swahili people are
accustomed to living with strangers in their midst, and they have frequently acted as
middlemen in trade relations. In addition, they have incorporated many people and
practices into their vibrant social world.
Swahili are all Muslims. They became Muslim through the influence of people coming
from the north and also from across the Indian Ocean. They have forged extensive
economic, political, and social ties with Middle Eastern Muslims.
During the colonial period and since independence in the early 1960s, Swahili people
have been a minority Muslim population in the secular states of Kenya and Tanzania.
2 LOCATION
The deep harbors along the east African coast have long sustained a profitable fishing
and shipping economy. The lush coastal plain provides a fertile environment for
growing coconut palms, fruit trees, spices, and mangrove in swamp areas. Today,
Swahili people live primarily in the urban areas of Lamu, Malindi, Mombasa, Tanga
(mainland Tanzania), the island of Zanzibar, and Dar es Salaam.
Hundreds of Swahili people left for the Middle East after the Zanzibar Revolution in
1964. Over the past several decades, thousands have migrated to the Middle East,
Europe, and North America largely for economic reasons. The Swahili population is
about half a million.
3 LANGUAGE
KiSwahili, the Swahili language, is widely spoken across East Africa. For most Kenyans
and Tanzanians, KiSwahili is learned as a second language. Swahili people speak
KiSwahili as their "mother tongue," and it reflects their mixed origins and complex
history. The language includes many words borrowed from Arabic (and other
languages), yet its grammar and syntax place it in the Bantu language family, which has
roots on the African continent. Like many Kenyans, Swahili people also use English in
their daily interactions, particularly in schools, government offices, and the tourist
industry.
4 FOLKLORE
Myths and heroes are generally from Islamic sources. For example, many people tell
short, moralistic tales based on the Prophet Muhammad's life.
5 RELIGION
Being Swahili is inextricably connected to being Muslim. Swahili Muslims recognize the
five pillars of faith that are basic to Islamic practice worldwide: 1) belief in Allah as the
Supreme Being and in Muhammad as the most important prophet; 2) praying five times
a day; 3) fasting from dawn to dusk during the month of Ramadan; 4) giving charity;
and 5) making a pilgrimage (hajj) to the holy city of Mecca, if feasible. For Swahili
people, Islam encompasses more than just spiritual beliefs and practices; Islam is a way
of life.
6 MAJOR HOLIDAYS
Swahili people celebrate the nation's secular (nonreligious) public holidays. These
include, in Kenya, Jamhuri Day and Madaraka Day, which mark the steps toward
Kenya's Independence in the early 1960s. In Tanzania, secular holidays are Labor Day
(May 1), Zanzibar Revolution Day (January 12);Nane Nane (formerly Saba Saba
Farmer's Day, in August); Independence Day (December 9); and Union Day (April 26),
which commemorates the unification of Zanzibar and the mainland.
For Muslims, the most important holidays are religious. Eid al-Fitr marks the end of the
month of Ramadan. Eid al-Hajj celebrates the yearly pilgrimage to Mecca. Each Eid is
celebrated by praying, visiting relatives and neighbors, and eating special foods and
sweets. During the month of Ramadan, Swahili (along with all other) Muslims fast from
sunrise to sunset. Maulidi, or the Prophet Muhammad's birthday, is widely celebrated
by Muslims.
7 RITES OF PASSAGE
There are no specific rites of passage for children or teens. Birthday parties, increasingly
popular, include eating cake, disco dancing, and opening presents. Graduation
ceremonies mark a young person's educational progress.
Marriage marks the transition to adulthood. Marriages are usually arranged by parents.
A young woman cannot get married without her father's permission, but she has the
right to refuse someone chosen for her. Weddings can include several days of separate
celebrations for men and women. Only men attend the actual marriage vows, which take
place in a mosque. A male relative represents the bride.
8 RELATIONSHIPS
Swahili people are as likely to greet one another with the Arabic greeting Asalaam
Aleikhum as they are to say Jambo, the common KiSwahili greeting. People who know
each other exchange a string of greetings inquiring about the health of family members
and the latest news. Children greet an elder with respect by kissing his or her hand.
Swahili people greatly value modest behavior. Men and women are not permitted to mix
freely. Dating is generally non-existent. Most people pursue their daily activities with
others of the same gender. Women are encouraged to congregate at home, while men
spend time in public places.
9 LIVING CONDITIONS
Houses vary depending on a family's means and the type of town in which they reside.
"Stone towns," like Lamu and Mombasa, are characterized by large stone houses, some
divided into apartments. Some Swahili people living in "country towns" still occupy
houses made of hardened mud and stones, although these are less common than houses
of stone or coral. Most homes have electricity, indoor plumbing, several bedrooms, and
a living room furnished with a couch and chairs. Access to water is critical for Muslims
who must wash before prayers. In comparison with many people in Kenya, Swahili
people enjoy a relatively high standard of living.
10 FAMILY LIFE
Under Islam, husbands and fathers have authority in the home. They can make
decisions for wives and daughters and compel them to behave properly to preserve the
family's honor. But Swahili women also wield considerable power in the daily life of the
family.
The average number of children in each family has declined from as many as fourteen
children early in the twentieth century to three or four children by the late 1990s.
Women who have been educated and/or work outside the home tend to limit births.
Residents of an individual household might include many people beyond the immediate
family, such as grandparents, nieces and nephews, and in-laws.
11 CLOTHING
In the early twentieth century, women generally wore brightly colored
cotton cloths ( kanga or leso ). These were wrapped around their waists and upper
bodies and draped over their shoulders and heads. Men wore a striped cloth ( kikoi )
around the waist that hung to the knees. As a mark of being Muslim some men sported
small white caps with elaborate tan embroidery.
Dressing well but modestly is highly valued. Women wear Western-style dresses in
many colors, patterns, and fabrics. Outside the house, women wear a black, floor-length
cloak with an attached veil, called a buibui. Men wear Western-style trousers and shirts.
On Fridays (the Muslim day of rest), or other religious occasions, they wear long, white
caftans. Shorts are worn only by children.


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