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Psihozele sunt boli psihice caracterizate prin tulburri psihopatologice profunde (confuzionale,
halucinatorii, delirante) i lipsa contiinei bolii; are de obicei ca urmare o alterare grav a
comportamentului, activitii profesionale i a capacitii de integrare social .
Clasificarea psihozelor:
-schizofrenii (forme: Dezorganizat, Catatonic, Paranoid, Nedifereniat, Rezidual)
-acioneaz prin deprimarea unor formaii din sistemul nervos central (sistemul reticular
activator, sistemul limbic, hipotalamus), blocnd transmiterea sinaptic
-produc o stare de linitire psihic, scderea reaciilor emoionale i afective, determin o
stare de indiferen;
4
3
2
10
8
9
Substana
Promazina
H2C CH2CH2 N
CH3
CH3
Clorpromazina
Cl
H2C CH2CH2 N
CH3
CH3
Trifluoperazina
CF3
H2C CH2CH2 N
Metoxipromazina
H2C CH2CH2 N
N CH3
CH3
OCH3
CH3
Tioperazina
SO2NH2
H2C CH2CH2 N
N CH3
COOH
Cl
COOH
H 2N
Cl
HOOC
NH2
Cl
i C5H11OH
Cu
Cl
i C5H11OH
Cu
Cl
250
H
HOOC
CO2
N
H
m-cloro-difenilamina
Cl
N
H
CH2 CH CH2 Cl
CH2 CH CH2 OH
HBr, peroxizi
Br CH2 CH CH2 Cl
HN(CH3)2
HN(CH3)2
(H3C)2N CH2 CH CH2 OH
NaOH, p, 1200C
Cl
ClCH2
S
S
0
N
H
180 C (I2)
CH2 N(CH3)2
CH2
1-dimetilamino-3-cloropropan
Cl
N
H
NaNH2
2-clorofenotiazina
Cl
Cl
S
S
N
CH2CH2CH2 N(CH3)2
Clorpromazina
inactiv
N
H
separare
recristalizare
Cl
Derivai piperazinici
-au actiune antipsihotic puternic
-este un neuroleptic i antiemetic mai puternic i intens dect clorpromazina
Trifluoperazina
Br
H2O,H+
(CH3CO)2O
HN
CF3
H2N
H3C CO
CF3
CF3
H3C CO
S
S
Cl CH2 CH2 CH2 N
S ,I2
1500C
CH3
NaNH2
CF3
CF3
N CH3
Trifluoperazina
CH2 CH2
NH2
NH3
Cl
Cl
CH2 CH2
H 2N
Ni, p
1500C
N H
NH
Cl COOR
ROOC N
NH
CH2O
HCOOH
ROOC N
NCH3
CH2 OH
Cl CH2
H 3C N
HN
CH2
H3C N
H2O,H+
H N
NCH3
4
3
2
10
8
9
N
R
3.Derivai de butirofenon
-prezint similitudine structural cu GABA
-pe lng efectele neuroleptice intense prezint i proprieti antiemetice
R1
F
derivai de butirofenon substituii n catena lateral cu un inel piperidinic, iar la nucleu cu fluor
Substana
R1
R2
Haloperidol
OH
-pC6H4Cl
Trifluperidol
OH
-pC6H4CF3
t0
O
OH
HN
OH
O
Cl
Haloperidol
Cl
O
O
Na(Hg)
HCl
HO C
Cl C
SOCl2
Cl C
O
acid 4-clorobutiric
g-butirolactona
AlCl3
t0
-N , - BF
2
3
N N]+BF4-
H
OH
Br
H2C
Cl
H3C
CH2O
H+
CH2O
NH4Cl
CH2OH
CH2
Ar
CH3
CH2OH
Ar
CH3
HBr
Cl
HN
H+
CH2
Ar
CH2
CH2OH
CH2
Ar
H+
Cl
HN
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2
Cl
HN
H2O
CH
NH3
Ar
CH2
CH2
CH2OH
CH2OH
Ar
NH
NH
O
Fluanisone
Droperidol
1-1[3-(p-fluorobenzoil)propil]-1,2,3,6,4-piridil]-benzimidazolina
4-fluoro-4-[4-(o-metoxifenil)-1-piperazinil]-butirofenona
Derivai de dihidroindolona
3-etil-6,7-dihidro-2-metil-5-(morfolinometil)indol-4(H)5-ona
H3CO
3-etil-2-metil-4,5,6,7-tetrahidroindol-4-ona
Molindona este un antipsihotic mai puternic dect cloropromazina. Efectul sedativ este slab
Este folosit n tratamentul schizofreniilor severe.
3. Neuroleptice Benzamide
-prezint similitudine structural cu GABA
-pe lng efectele neuroleptice intense prezint i proprieti antiemetice
Substana
R1
R2
Amisulprid
-C2H5
-NH2
Sulprid
-NH2
Tiaprid
-CH3
Sulprid
R3
-CH2-N(C2H5)2
Electroencephalograph (EEG)
records in epilepsy. A Normal EEG
recorded from frontal (F), temporal
(T) and occipital (O) sites on both
sides, as shown in the inset diagram.
The -rhythm (10/s) can be seen in
the occipital region.
B Sections of EEG recorded during a
generalised tonic-clonic (grand mal)
seizure. 1. Normal record. 2. Onset of
tonic phase. 3. Clonic phase. 4.
Postconvulsive coma.
C Generalised absence seizure (petit
mal) showing sudden brief episode of
3/s 'spike and wave' discharge.
D Partial seizure with synchronous
abnormal discharges in left frontal
and temporal regions.
-d.p.d.v. structural
medicamentele
anticonvulsivante pot fi:
Hidantoine
Fenitoina
Barbiturice
Fenobarbital,
Mefobarbital
Primidona
Succinimide
Etosuximida
Benzodiazepine
Diazepam,
Clorodiazepoxid,
Lorazepam
Oxazolidine
Trimetadion, Parametadion
Acid valproic
Dibenzocicloheptatriene
Carbamazepina
Inhibitorii - aminobutiric acid transaminazei
Vigabatrin, Gabapentin
Metoda general
R1
C O
HCN
R2
R1
C OH
R2
CN
(NH4)2CO3
R1
R1
R1
C NH2
R2
CN
C NH2
R2
CO NH2
CO2
R2
O
N
H
CH KCN
C C
O OH
HNO3
C C
O O
H 2N
CO
H2N
H
N
H+
HO
HO
O
N
H
-se folosete n formele grand mal i epilesia psihomotorie nu i in forma petit mal
are aciune antiaritmic
H
Fenitoina
H
O
Barbiturice
Barbituricele anticonvulsivante acioneaz mpiedicnd transportul ionilor de Na i K prin membran, prin stabilizarea
membranei neuronale , care devine hiperpolarizat; i astfel se produce o stare de inhibiie care blocheaz transmiterea
descrcrilor patologice
-reduc excitabilitatea ntregii celule nervoase
Fenobarbital (Luminal)
-este eficace n epilepsie i in strile convulsive febrile, toxice, tetanice
-se folosete in tratamentul formei grand mal i nu este eficace n forma petit mal
- pe lng efectul hipnotic, folosirea ndelungat poate produce intoxicaii
Mefobarbital (Prominal)
-este transformat n ficat n fenobarbital
-prezint proprieti sedative i anticonvulsivante mai reduse dect fenobarbitalul; toxiciate mai redus
-se folosete n grand mal
Fenacetamida
-este eficace n epilepsia generalizat i focal
-este toxic i se produce leziuni renale, hepatice
-se folosete rar
Succinimide
NH
CN
C O
H2 C
CH3
COOCH3
H3C
NH3
H3CH2C
O
C
N
H
Etosuximida
H3CH2C
CN
H3C
HCN
C C
COOCH3
H3C
t0
H3 C
H3CH2C
HOOC
H
H
COOH
H3CH2C
NC
H3 C
-
CO2
H3CH2C
HOOC
CN
H
COOCH3
COOH
H
COOH
Oxazolidine
H3C
COOCH3
C
H3C
OH
H2N
C O
H2N
EtONa
H
N
(H3C)2SO4
H3C
O
H3C
C
H3C
O HCN
H3C
CN
C
H3C
OH
N
H3C
H3C
Trimetadiona
H3C N C O
H3C
CH3
H2O,H
H3C
COOH
C
H3C
OH
CH3OH,H
H3C
COOCH3
C
H3C
OH
ONa
CH2COOR
OCH2COOR
Cl
HClSO3
(CH3)2NSO2
OCH2COOR
HN(CH3)2
Cl
Cl
1. H2O,HO
2. SOCl2
(CH3)2NSO2
Cl
CH2CH2
HO
OCH2COCl
N(CH3)2
(CH3)2NSO2
OCH2C O
O CH2
Cl
(CH3)2N CH2
Meclosulfonat
Lanotrigina (Lamictal)
NH2
CN
HN
HN
NH2
C6H5Li
Cl
Cl
N
H2N
Cl
Cl
Lanotrigina
GABA
acid aminobutiric
NH2
acid glutamic
NH2
NH2
HOOC HC
HC
CH2 NH2
decarboxilaza
Gabapentin
Vigabatrina
H2 C
GABA glutamat
aminotransferaza
NH2 GABA
acid aminobutiric
ciclul Krebs
-sunt antiepileptice capabile s inhibe enzima care catalizeaz reacia de degradare a acidului