Gramatica Si Reguli Engleza

Ia Engleza Cu Tine
BONUS - Gramatica si Reguli
www.limba-engleza.info
CUPRINS
I. Morfologia
1. Articolul ............3
2. Substantivul ........7
3. Adjectivul ..........13
4. Pronumele ........17
5. Numeralul .........21
6. Verbul .............24
Timp present ...30
Timp trecut ...34
Timp viitor .......48
7. Adverbul ...........49
Clasificare ......49
Locul adverbelor in propozitie .....55
8. Prepozitia ..........57
9. Conjunctia ........61
II. Sintaxa
1. Subiectul ...........65
2. Predicatul ..........65
3. Atributul ............67
4. Complementul ........67
5. Sintaxa frazei ........69
6. Concordanta timpurilor ..77
Lista verbelor neregulate ..78
I. MORFOLOGIA
1. ARTICOLUL - The article

Articolul este un instrument grammatical care individualizeaza sau determina un
substantiv. Prezenta lui dovedeste ca substantivul pe care il insoteste este deja cunoscut
de interlocutor.
Articolul hotarat :
Este THE si este pus inaintea cuvintelor care incept cu o consoana sau semiconsoana. (EX : the ball, the picture).
-
se pronunta {di} inaintea cuvintelor care incep cu o vocala. (EX: the eye,
the apple).
Articolul hotarat apare intr-un numar mare de expresii:
on the one site pe de o parte

at the same time- in acelasi timp
Articolul hotarat plasat in fata unor adjective da acestora sensul unos substantive la
numarul plural :
-
adj rich bogat, bogati
the rich cei bogati
adj poor sarac
the poor cei saraci
Articolul hotarat apare la gradul superlative relative al adjectivelor :

-
the best cel mai bun
the least cel mai putin
the biggest cel mai mare
the most interesting cel mai interesant
Articolul hotarat se intercaleaza de regula intre un substantiv precedat de o prepozitie si

prepozitia respectiva.
-
a house in the forest o casa in padure
a boat on the lake o barca pe lac
across the road peste drum
at the end la sfarsit
at the door la usa
in the end in final
in the morning dimineata
in the shade in umbra
Articolul hotarat poate fi intalnit si in denumirile geografice : The Black Sea, The Danube,
The Alps, The Sahara Desert, etc.
Articolul nehotarat : The indefinite article
Acesta este :
a inaintea cuvintelor care incep cu consoana sau semiconsoana
EX : a dog, a wall, a flower, a year.
an inaintea cuvintelor care incep cu o vocala
EX : an apple, an eye, an ear, an idea.
Articolul nehotarat introduce de obicei un element nou. El poate fi intalnit in :
- in fata substantivelor insotite\precedate de un adjectiv:
- A good teacher un professor bun
-A big house- o casa mare
-A house on fire o casa in flacari
-A little tea putin ceai
- in unele structuri:
-A bakers o brutarie
-A blue-eyed girl o fata cu ochi albastri
-A jewellers un magazin de bijuterii
-Once upon a time a fost odata
-Two at a time cate doi odata
Articolul nehotarat are in unele cazuri functie numerica :
- a hundred- o suta
- a thousand- o mie
Articolul zero : The zero article
Articolul zero apare :

- In nume de continente, tari, persoane, zilele saptamanii, etc.
EX: Africa, Asia, Europe, England, France, Italy, Romania, Sunday, Alice, Peter,
Friday,
etc.
- In fata substantivelor folosite in sens general :

EX: Children like sweets copiilor le plac dulciurile
Knowledge is power stiinta inseamna putere
Oil is lighter than water uleiul este mai usor ca apa
- In fata substantivelor nenumarabile :

EX : Gold is yellow aurul este galben
This house is made of wood aceasta casa este facuta din lemn.
- Inaintea substantivelor abstracte sau nume de materie:

EX : care, death, honesty, hunger, love, sand, salt, tea, water, etc.
- Nume de culori, sporturi si jocuri sportive, limbi, mese :

EX : culori white, black, blue, yellow
Sporturi football, basketball, volleyball
Limbi English, Romanian, german, French.
Mese breakfast, lunch, dinner
- In unele structuri fixe, care trebuie memorate pentru evitarea greselilor:

EX: After dark dupa lasarea intunericului
After three oclock dupa ora trei
After dinner dupa cina
Day by day zi dupa zi
Drop by drop picatura dupa picatura
From first to last - de la primul pana la ultimul
Goods on sale bunuri de vanzare
To learn by heart a inavata pe de rost
To leave for school a pleca la scoala
To keep in mind - a tine minte
To be on duty a fi de serviciu
To go on foot a merge pe jos
To put in order a pune in ordine
From morning to night de dimineata pana seara
On certain conditions cu anumite conditii.
2. SUBSTANTIVUL The noun
Substantivul este partea de vorbire care denumeste finite, obiecte, stari, notiuni,
insusiri, etc.
Clasificare :
-
Comune (common nouns): dog, cat, bird, house, apple, boy, girl, water.
Proprii (proper nouns) : John, Alice, Romania, London, Europe,July,

Sunday, Great Britain.
Abstracte (abstract nouns) : friendship, joy, wisdom, safety, theory
Individuale (individual nouns) : man, house, stone, tree
Colective (collective nouns) : team, army, family, crowd, group
Nume de materie (name of matter) : water, air, fire, beer, milk, steel,
silver, gold, snow, wine, tea.
Genul substantivelor:
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Common
HE EL
SHE EA
IT EL\EA
HE\SHE EL\EA
Actor - actor
Actress - actrita
Air - aer
Artist
Bachelor - celibatar
Spinster - celibatara
Ball - minge
Beginner
Barman barman
Barmaid- barmanita
Box - cutie
Child
Bridegroom - mire
Bride - mireasa
Bus - autobuz
Client
Husband - sot
Wife - sotie
Error - eroare
Cook
Brother - frate
Sister - sora
Fish - peste
Cousin
Father tata
Mother - mama
Fork - furculita
Customer
Grandfather - bunic
Grandmother-bunia
Impression-impresie Dancer
Hero - erou
Heroine - eroina
Kangaroo - cangur
Doctor
King - rege
Queen - regina
Land - pamant
Driver
Man - barbat
Woman - femeie
Legend - legenda
Fighter
Master - stapan
Mistress - stapana
Monkey- maimuta
Guest
Monk - calugar
Nun - calugarita
Mouse - soricel
Journalist
Sir - domn
Madam - doamna
Mushroom - ciuperc
Parent
Son - fiu
Daughter - fiica
Pig - porc
Prisoner
Uncle - unchi
Aunt - matusa
Shark - rechin
Rival
Lion - leu
Lioness - leoaica
Sun - soare
Writer
Horse - cal
Mare - iapa
Tea - ceai
Worker
Pluralul substantivelor:
Pluralul regulat : se formeaza prin adaugarea literei S EX: book books

- Literea S semn al pluralului se citeste :
-
S cand e precedata de consoane surde (book - books)
Z cand e precedata de o consoana sonora (chair- chairs)
IZ cand e precedata de s, sz, ch sau sh sau consoane suieratoare (bench

benches, bus buses, fox foxes)
- Unele substantive terminate in Y precedat de consoana primesc S la plural , dar pe Y il

transforma in YE ( baby babies, city - cities)
- Substantivele terminate in Y formeaza pluralul prin simpla adaugare la sfarsitul lor a

literei S daca in fata lui Y se afla o vocala (boy boys, day - days)
- Substantivele care se termina in F sau FF formeaza pluralul prin adaugarea lui S (chief
chiefs, half- halfes, knife knives)
- Substantivele terminate in O formeaza pluralul astfel :

- unele adauga terminatia ES : hero heroes, potato- potatoes,
- altele adauga doar litera S : casino casinos, piano pianos.
Pluralul neregulat :
Businessman businessmen = om\oameni de afaceri
Child children = copil, copii
Die dice = zar, zaruri
Fireman firemen = pompier, pompieri
Tooth teeth = dinte, dinti
Woman- women = femeie, femei
Pluralul substantivelor compuse :

Blackboard blackboards = tabla, table
Mother in law mothers in law = soacra, soacre
Substantive numai cu forma de plural:

Glasses ochelari
Trousers pantaloni
Clothes haine
Scissors foarfeci
Cazurile substantivelor :
Nominativ the nominative case (who - cine? What - ce?)
The boy is playing in the garden. Who is playing in the garden ?
Vocativ the vocative case

Este cazul adresarii sau al chemarii:
-
george will you help me ?
come here, my boy !
Genitiv the genitive case

Este cazul atributului si raspunde la intrebarile : Whose ale cui ?, which care? Which
of care dintre?, what ce, care ?
Cazul genitive este de patru feluri :

a. saxon \ sintetic se formeaza la singular cu apostrof plus litera S si se
intrebuinteaza cu substantive masculine si feminine.
EX : the boys friend, the childrens ball, the suns heat, at shakespears.
b. prepositional analytic se formeaza cu prepozitia OF si se foloseste cu

substantive de toate genurile.
EX: the smell of the flower, the friend of the boy, some books of my friend.
c. Genitivul dublu
EX: my friends birthday the birthday of my friend
Her sister, alices blue eyes
That boys friends book
d. implicit \ anglutinant
EX: The United Nations Organisation
Student Organisation
A heat disease
Dativul the dative case

Este cazul complementului indirect si raspunde la intrebarile : to whom cui ?, for
whom pentru cine? , to what la ce ?
EX: I give Alice two books.- I give two books to Alice. To whom I give two books ?
10
Everybody is working for him. For whom is everybody working ?
Acuzativ the accusative case

Este cazul complementului direct si raspunde la intrebarile : whom cine?, what ce ?
EX: I see the boy everyday. Whom do I see everyday ?
You see the book on the table. What do you see on the table?
My sister is looking for a book. What is my sister looking for ?
Declinarea substantivelor : the declension of the nouns

Trecerea unui substantive sau pronume prin toate cazurile la numarul singular si plural
poarta numele de declinare.
Declinarea cu articol nehotarat a unui substantiv masculin si a unui substantiv
feminin.
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Vocative
SINGULAR
PLURAL
A boy- un baiat
Boys baieti
A girl o fata
Girls fete
Of a boy, a boys- a, al, ai,
Of boys - a, al, ai, ale unor
ale unui baiat
baieti
Of a girl , a girls - a, al, ai,
Of girls - a, al, ai, ale onor
ale unei fete
fete, de fete
To a boy = unui baiat
To boys unor baieti
To a girl unei fete
To girls unor fete
A boy un baiat
Boys baieti
A girl o fata
Girls fete
Boy ! baiete !
Boys ! baieti !
Girl ! fata!
Girls! fete !
11
Declinarea substantivelor cu articol hotarat :
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Vocative
SINGULAR
PLURAL
The boy
The boys
The girl
The girls
Of the boy
Of the boys
Of the girl
Of the girls
To the boy
To the boys
To the girl
To the girls
The boy
The boys
The girl
The girls
Declinarea substantivelor neutre :
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Vocative
SINGULAR
PLURAL
A table o masa
Tables - mese
The table- masa
The tables mesele
Of a table
Of tables de mese
Of the table
Of the tables
To a table
To tables
To the table
To the tables
A table
Tables
The table
The tables
12
3. ADJECTIVUL the adjective

Adjectivul este partea de vorbire care califica\determina un substantiv sau echivalentul
unui substantiv.
In limba engleza adjectivele stau inaintea substantivelor sau dupa verbul TO BE sin u se
acorda in gen, numar si caz cu substantivele pe care le determina.
EX : The interesting book is on the table. (cartea interesanta este pe masa.)
Calsificarea adjectivelor :
a. calitative (descriptive) clever, interesting
b. posesive my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their.
c. Interogativ relative wich care? Pe care ?, wich of - care dintre ?, what ce?
Care ?, what kind\sort of ce fel de ?, whose al, a, ale, ai cui ? who care?, to
whom caruia ?.
d. Demonstrative this, these, that, those, the one, the former, the latter, the first,
the last, the other, another, such, the same, one and the same, the very.
e. Cantitative some, any, few, little, much, many, plenty, a lot of, each, every,
several, enough, certain.
Comparatia adjectivelor si adverbelor :

Comparatia adjectivelor se realizeaza la urmatoarele grade :
-pozitiv cand insusirea unui obiect nu se raporteaza la nici un alt termen.
-comparativ prin care se exprima superioritatea, egalitatea sau inferioritatea unui
obiect fata de altul.
-superlativ prin care se arata ca insusirea obiectului se afla fie in cea mai mare masura
fie in foarte mare masura. Adjectivele monosilabice dubleaza consoana finala cand
aceasta este precedata de vocala scurta.
Comparatia adjectivelor si a adverbelor este :
13
a. regulata \ sintetica (cele scurte)
Gradul pozitiv
Comparativ de superioritate
Superlativ relativ
Superlativ absolut
Big
Bigger
The biggest
Very big
Dry
Drier
The driest
Very dry
Great
Greater
The greatest
Very great
Happy
Happier
The happiest
Very happy
Hot
Hotter
The hottest
Very hot
Long
Longer
The longest
Very long
Small
Smaller
The smallest
Very small
Tall
Taller
The tallest
Very tall
Strong
Stronger
The strongest
Very strong
Gradul pozitiv
Superlativ relativ
Superlativ absolut
Active
More active
The most active
Very active
Curious
More curious
The most curious
Very curious
Foolish
More foolish
The most foolish
Very foolish
Huge
More huge
The most huge
Very huge
Severe
More severe
The most severe
Very severe
Sincere
More sincere
The most sincere
Very sincere
Sociable
More sociable
The most sociable Very sociable
Unjust
More unjust
The most unjast
Very unjust
Untidy
More untidy
The most untidy
Very untidy
b. analitica
14
Din analiza exemplelor de mai sus rezulta ca la gradul comparativ de superioritate

adjectivele de comparative analitica se ajuta de adverbul more, la superlativul relativ
de adverbul most iar la superlativul absolut de adverbele very, extremely, quite,
etc.
c. mixta (sintetica si analitica)
Gradul pozitiv
Superlativ relativ
Superlativ absolut
Able
More able
The most able
Very able
Abler
The ablest
More ample
The most ample
Ampler
The amplest
More empty
The most empty
Emptier
The emptier
More strange
The most strange
Stranger
The strangest
More stupid
The most stupid
Stupider
The stupidest
Ample
Empty
Strange
Stupid
Very ample
Very empty
Very strange
Very stupid
15
d. neregulata
Gradul pozitiv
Superlativ relativ
Superlativ absolut
Good
Better
The best
Very good
Bad
Worse
The worst
Very bad
Little
Less
The least
Very little
Much
More
The most
Very much
Old
Older \ elder
The oldest
Very old
Near
Nearer
The nearest
Very near
Late
Later
The latest
Very late
In
Inner
The inmost
Out
Outer
The outmost
16
4. PRONUMELE the pronoun
Pronumele este partea de vorbire care inlocuieste un substantiv (o fiinta, un obiect,etc)

Clasificare :
a. pronume personale the personal pronouns
I - eu
You - tu
He - el
She - ea
It el, ea
We - noi
You voi, dumneavoastra
They ei,ele, dansii, dumnealor
b. pronumele interrogative the interrogative pronouns

Nominativ : who ? (who knows him ?)
Genitiv : whose ? (whose is this little girl ?)
Dativ : to whom ? who ? (to whom are you referring ?, who are you referring to?)
Acuzativ : whom ? (this is the boy whom I saw)
c. pronumele relative - the relative pronoun

who ? cine ?
EX: He doesnt know who must come to see us.
I know the bpy who can play tennis well
d. pronumele posesive - the possessive pronouns

Mine al meu, a mea EX: Johns friend is in London and mine is in Berlin.
17
Yours al tau, a ta EX: my car is blue and yours is red.

His - al lui EX : Our daughter is a student and his is a school girl.
Hers a ei. EX : My friend works at a farm but hers doesnt.
Ours al nostrum. EX : Your boys play tennis but ours doesnt.
Yours al vostru. EX : My friends live here, yours doesnt.
Theirs al lor. EX : our son is here but their doesnt.
e. pronumele demonstrative the demonstrative pronoun

This that book is yours and this one is mine.
That this book is yours and that one is mine.
These these books are mine and those one are yours.
Those these players are very good but those one arent.
f. pronumele impersonale the impersonal pronouns

one, you one could work there. You should always behave decently.
g. pronumele reflexive the reflexive pronouns

myself - ma
yourself - te
himself - se
herself - se
itself se
Cu ajutorul lor se formeaza diatezareflexiva a verbelor.
ourselves - ne
yourselves - va
themselves - se
oneself - se
To enjoy oneself a se distra
I enjoy myself eu ma distrez
18
De retinut ca verbelor reflexive din limba romana nu le corespund intotdeauna verbe

reflexive in limba engleza.
h. pronumele emfatice the emphatic pronouns

myself - eu insumi, personal
yourself tu insuti
himself el insusi
herself ea insasi
itself el insusi, ea insasi
ourselves noi insine, insene,
yourselves voi insiva
themselves ei insisi
i. pronumele nehotarate - the indefinite pronouns

another alt , alta (one man says yes, another says no)
each fiecare (we received three books each)
the other celalalt (john likes this book but I like the other)
others altii (others know better than you)
one unul, una (you dont have any games but I have one)
all tot (he must tell you all or nothing)
either oricare din doi (you may buy either)
neither nici unul din doi (one can see neither)
both ambii (you may read either of them both are interesting)
several mai multi (you can see many books here but several are mine)
few putin (I only found few)
little putin (I have done little for them)
much mult (I have got much tea)
many multi (Ive got many books)
some niste (some are good but some are bad)
19
any orice (he doesnt like any)

somebody cineva (I can see somebody at the gate)
anybody A. oricine I can ask anybody
I. cineva do you see anybody?
N. nimeni I cannot ask anybody.
nobody nimeni (I see nobody)
something ceva (I see something)
anything orice (I buy anything)
nothing nimic (I bought nothing)
someone cineva (you must ask someone)
j. pronumele reciproce reciprocal pronoun

each other unul pe celalalt doua persoane(two neighbours are helping each other)
one another unul pe celalalt minim trei personae (the three brothers help one
another)
Declinarea pronumelui personal :

In schema care urmeaza este inclus si cazul genitiv desi pronumele personal in cazu
genitiv este pronume posesiv , nu personal.
Singular :
N.
I eu
You tu
He- el
She - ea
It el\ea
G.
My, mine meu\
Your, yours-
His, his
Her, hers
Its, its al lui\ei
al meu
tau \ al tau
lui\al lui
ei\al ei
To me - mie
To you - tie
To him -
To her - ei
To it lui\ei
Her pe ea
It- pe ea\el
D.
lui
A.
Me-pe mine
You-pe tine
Him- pe el
Plural :
N.
We- noi
You - voi
They - ei
G.
Our - nostru
Your - vostru
Their - lor
20
Ours al nostru
Yours al vostru
Theirs al lor
D.
To us - noua
To you - voua
To them - lor
A.
Us -pe noi
You pe voi
Them pe ei\ele
5. NUMERALUL the numeral
Numeralul este partea de vorbire prin care se exprima un numar de obiecte sau ordinea
acestora.
Clasificare :
a. numerale cardinale cardinal numerals
Exprima un numar exact de obiecte sau fiinte incepand de la zero catre plus sau minus
infinit. La telefon cifra zero se citeste O, in stiinte se foloseste cuvantul zero.
Cand ne referim la ani exprimam : 1907 nineteen oh seven
Exprimarea temperaturii se realizeaza astfel : -10 grade = ten degrees below zero
Cand se exprima scorul la jocurile de fotbal , 0 se pronunta NIL sau NOTHING. La tennis
Nastase leads by two sets to tennis.(2-0)
Numerele de telefon se scriu cu spatii intre grupele de cifre 0763 324 850
Numerele se rostes separate iar cifrele duble se rostesc folosindu-se cuvantul DOUBLE :
01 223 456 = oh one two three four five six
Cifre triple 7 555 = seven five double five
b. numeralul ordinal the ordinal numeral

1st/ the first primul, prima
2nd/ te second al doilea
3rd/the third al treilea
4th/the fourth al patrulea
5th/the fifth al cincilea
10th/the tenth al zecelea
11th/ the eleventh al unsprezecelea
21
21st/ the twenty first al 21 lea

100th/ the one hundredth al 100lea
101st/ the one hundred an first
c. numeralul colectiv the collective numeral

contine o multime exprimata printr-un singular.
EX: couple cuplu, team echipa, pair pereche, dozen duzina,
d. numeralul multiplicativ the multiplicative numeral

EX: double twofold = dublu, indoit
Triple threefold = triplu
Fourfold = impatrit
Tenfold = inzecit
A hundredfold = insutit
A thousandfold = inmiit
Once = o data
Twice = de doua ori
Thrice = de trei ori
Four times= de patru ori
Fity times= de 50 de ori
A hundred times = de o suta de ori
He has a suitcase with a double botton = El are o valiza cu fund dublu.
e. numeralul distributiv the distributive numeral

EX: one at a time cate unulo data
Two at a time cate doi odata
Three at a time cate trei odata
One by one unul cate unul
Two by two doi cate doi
22
Every other minute din doua in doua minute

Every other hour hourly la fiecare doua ore
f. numeralul adverbial the adverbial numeral

EX: once o data
Twice de doua ori
Secondly in al doilea rand
Firstly in primul rand
Thirdly in al treilea rand
g. numeralul nehotarat the indefinite numeral

EX: a number of un numar de
A lot of - o multime de
Lots of- multi
Ten of zeci de
Hundreds of sute de
Thousands of mii de
23
6. VERBUL the verb
Verbul este partea de vorbire care exprima o actiune, o activitate sau un proces si are
urmatoarele actegorii gramaticale : timp, aspect, numar, persoana, diateza si mod.
Timpul verbului este categoria gramaticala prin care se precizeaza momentul
desfasurarii actiunii. Exista trei timpuri de baza : trecut, present si viitor.
Aspectul reprezinta gradul de indeplinire a actiunii. In limba engleza exista doua aspecte
:
a. aspect comun prin care se exprima o actiune generala, terminate sau de scurta
durata.
b. Aspect continuu care prezinta o actiune in desfasurare, deci o actiune
neterminata.
Diateza realizeaza realatia dintre subiect si complementul direct. Exista trei diateze:
a. diateza activa actiunea subiectului se indreapta asupra complementului direct
b. diateza pasiva actiunea savarsita de complementul de agent se rasfrange
asupra subiectului grammatical.
c. Diateza reflexiva actiunea se rasfrange asupra autorului ei, adica asupra
subiectului.
Modul este categoria gramaticala a verbului prin care se precizeaza felul actiunii si
anume daca actiunea este reala, sigura, ireala, probabila, posibila, imposibila. In limba
engleza exista patru moduri personale si trei moduri nepersonale.
24
Personale
Indicative are toate timpurile

Subjunctive present, past si past perfect
Conditional present si perfect
MODURI
Imperative present
Nepersonale
Infinitive present si perfect

Participle present, past si perfect
Gerund present si perfect
a. Clasificarea verbelor :
1. Auxiliare
2. Modale
Infinitive
Trecut
Participiu
present
simplu
trecut
To be
Was, were
Been
= a fi
To have
Had
Had
= a avea
To do
Did
Done
= a face
Shall
Should
= trebuie sa
Will
Would
= a vrea
To let
Let
Let
= a lasa
Can
Could
= a putea
May
Might
=a avea voie
Must
Must
= trebuie
Shall
Should
=trebuie sa
Will
Would
= a dori
Ought to
Ought to
= ar tb sa
Dare
= a indrazni
Need
Need
= obisnuia
25
To be to
Was, were
Been to
= a urma sa
to
3. Principal
Regulate
Used to
=obisnuia sa
To ask
Asked
Asked
= a intreba
To like
Liked
Liked
= a placea
To answer
Answered
Answered
= a raspunde
To use
Used
Used
a
intrebuinta
Neregulate
To go
Went
Gone
= a merge
To see
Saw
Seen
=a vedea
4. Auxiliar-
Shall
Should
=a trebui
modal
Will
Whould
= a vrea
Can
Could
= a putea
Verbele auxiliare ajuta celelalte verbe sa-si formeze aspectul continuu, diateza pasiva,
timpurile compuse, unele moduri. Ele devin instrumente gramaticale pierzandu-si sensul
lexical.
Verbele modale dau verbelor principale impreuna cu care se folosesc nuante lexicale
speciale. Verbele modale se mai numesc defective caci nu au forme proprii fie pentru
infinitive present, fie pentru trecut, fie pentru participiuyl trecut situatie in care se
inlocuiesc cu sinonimele lor. Ele nu au particula infinitiva TO si nu folosesc aceasta
particula dupa ele.
26
b. Modurile personale ale verbelor

1. Modul indicativ
Este modul actiunilor reale si cuprinde toate timpurile.

Timpul present simplu the present tense :
Este forma I de baza a verbelor. Exprima actiuni generale, stari, un obicei present. Se
foloseste si in propozitii conditionale de tip I. normal timpul present coincide cu timpul
vorbirii.
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
Long form
Short Form
I walk
I do not walk
I dont walk
Do I walk ?
You walk
You do not walk
You dont walt
Do you walk ?
He walks
He does not walk
He doesnt walk
Does he walk ?
She walks
She does not walk
She doesnt walk
Does she walk?
It walks
It does not walk
It doesnt walk
Does it walk ?
We walk
We do not walk
We dont walk
Do we walk ?
You walk
You do not walk
You dont walk
Do you walk ?
They walk
They do not walk
They dont walk
Do they walk ?
Negative Interogative
Dont you walk ?
Doesnt he walk ? etc
Expresii folosite cu prezentul simplu :

-
every day\week\month\year
usually
often
always
27
rarely
never
sometimes
in the morning\evening\afternoon
at night
ar Mondays
Folosim acest timp pentru situatii permanente, actiuni repetate, legi ale naturii,
programe, comentarii sportive.
EX : They own a beautifull car.
I usually get up at 6 oclock.
Water freezes at 0 C degrees.
The film finishes at 9 pm.
Tom cruise acts very well in this movie.
Timpul present continuu present contiunuous

Cand verbele se termina intr-o vocala intre doua consoane , dublam consoana finala.
EX : swim - swimming
Sit - sitting
Cand infinitivul se termina intr-un E , stergem E-ul
EX: write writing
Dive diving
Folosim prezentul continuu pentru situatii temporare, pentru actiuni care se intampla in
momentul in care vorbim, actiuni repetate cu expresia ALWAYS , cu aranjamente fixate
in viitorul apropiat, sau pentru situatii in derulare sau in schimbare.
EX : They are living with Ann at present.
She is looking for a better job.
You are always interrupting me.
The baby is always crying at night.
28
Affirmative
Negative
Interogative
Long form
Short Form
Long form
Short Form
I am talking
Im talking
I am not talking
I m not talking
Am I talking ?
You are talking
Youre talking
You are not talking
You arent talking
Are you talking ?
He is talking
Hes talking
He is not talking
He isnt talking
Is he talking ?
She is talking
Shes talking
She is not talking
She isnt talking
Is she talking?
It is talking
Its talking
It is not talking
It isnt talking
Is it talking?
We are talking
Were talking
We are not talking
We arent talking
Are we talking ?
You are talking
Youre talking
You are not talking
You arent talking
Are you talking ?
They are talking
Theyre talking
They are not talking
They arent talking
Are they talking?
Negative interrogative
Arent you talking ?
Isnt he talking ? etc
Expresii folosite cu prezentul continuu :

-
now
at this moment
at present
nowadays
today
tonight
always
still
29
Timpul present perfect- have\has + past participle (the 3rd form of the verb)
Exprima o actiune trecuta terminata sau se poate termina in present.
EX : verbul regulat talk talked - talked
Affirmative
Negative
Interogative
Long form
Short Form
Long form
Short Form
I have talked
Ive talked
I have not talked
I havent talked
Have I talked?
You have talked
Youve talked
You have not talked
You havent talked
Have you talked ?
He has talked
Hes talked
He has not talked
He hasnt talked
Has he talked ?
She has talked
Shes talked
She has not talked
She hasnt talked
Has she talked?
It has talked
Its talked
It has not talked
It hasnt talked
Has it talked?
We have talked
Weve talked
We have not talked
We havent talked
Have we talked ?
You have talked
Youve talked
You have not talked
You havent talked
Have you talked ?
They have talked
Theyve talked
They have not talked
They havent talked
Have they talked?
Havent you eaten?
Hasnt he eaten ? etc
30
Verbe neregulate : eat ate - eaten
Affirmative
Negative
Interogative
Long form
Short Form
Long form
Short Form
I have eaten
Ive eaten
I have not eaten
I havent eaten
Have I eaten?
You have eaten
Youve eaten
You have not eaten
You havent eaten
Have you eaten ?
He has eaten
Hes eaten
He has not eaten
He hasnt eaten
Has he eaten ?
She has eaten
Shes eaten
She has not eaten
She hasnt eaten
Has she eaten?
It has eaten
Its eaten
It has not eaten
It hasnt eaten
Has it eaten?
We have eaten
Weve eaten
We have not eaten
We havent eaten
Have we eaten ?
You have eaten
Youve eaten
You have not eaten
You havent eaten
Have you eaten ?
They have eaten
Theyve eaten
They have not eaten
They havent eaten
Have they eaten?
Havent you eaten?
Hasnt he eaten ? etc
Expresii folosite cu prezentul perfect :

-
just
ever
never
already
yet
always
how long
so far
recently
since
today
this week\month
31
Folosim prezentul perfect pentru actiuni recent terminate, actiuni care s-au intamplat in
trecut si au conexiune cu prezentul, experiente personale.
EX: She has washed her blouse.
He has lost his keys.
Ive lost 10 kilos.
Hes written three stories this month.
Timpul present perfect continuu present perfect continuous (have\has been+ verb +
ing)
Folosim acest timp pentru actiuni care au inceput in trecut dar inca continua in present,
actiuni in derulate in trecut dar care inca mai au consecinte in present, actiuni care
exprima furie, iritare, explicatii sau critici.
EX : Shes been listening to music for three hours.
Theyve been playing football.
Who has been using my toothbrush ?
Shes been packing since this morning.
Expresii folosite cu prezentul perfect continuu :
-
how long
for
since
32
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
Long form
Long form
I have been working
I have not been working
Have I been working ?
You have been working
You have not been working
Have you been working ?
He has been working
He has not been working
Has he been working ?
She has been working
She has not been working
Has she been working ?
It has been working
It has not been working
Has it been working ?
We have been working
We have not been working
Have we been working ?
You have been working
You have not been working
Have you been working ?
They have been working
They have not been working
Have they been working ?
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
Short form
Short form
Ive been working
I havent been working
Havent you been working?
Verbele statice :
Sunt verbe care descriu o stare permanenta si care nu au , in general, forme continue.
Acestea sunt :
-
verbe de simturi : see, hear, speak, smell, taste.
Verbe de opinie : agree, believe, consider
Verbe de emotie : feel, forgive, hate, like, love,
Alte verbe: appear, seem, be, belong, fit, have, know, look, need,
prefer, require, want, wish, etc.
33
Unele verbe statice au si forme continue dar cu alt inteles.

State
Action
I think shes rich.
Im thinking about your plan.
The milk tastes awful.
Hes tasting the souce.
He has a pet dog.
Hes having dinner now.
The clothes feel like velvet
Shes feeling her way through the dark.
I love holidays.
Im loving this holiday.
2. Timpul trecut
Trecut simplu - past simple

Past simple se formeaza prin adaugarea terminatiei ED la verbele regulate.
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
Long form
Short form
I walked
I did not walk
I didnt walk
Did I walk ?
You walked
You did not walk
You didnt walk
Did you walk ?
He walked
He did not walk
He didnt walk
Did he walk?
She walked
She did not walk
She didnt walk
Did she walk?
It walked
It did not walk
It didnt walk
Did it walk?
We walked
We did not walk
We didnt walk
Did we walk ?
You walked
You did not walk
You didnt walk
Did you walk?
They walked
They did not walk
They didnt walk
Did they walk?
Didnt you walk?
Didnt he walk ? etc
34
Verbele neregulate au o forma speciala de trecut :

Present
I go
I drink
I am
Past
I went
I drank
I was
Expresii folosite cu timpul past simple :

-
yesterday
last week
how long ago
then
two days ago
in 2008, etc
Folosim past simple pentru situatiile actiunile din trecut care se deruleaza una dupa alta,
obiceiuri din trecut, actiuni sau evenimente complete care s-au intamplat in trecut.
EX : She got up, washed and had breakfast.
He used to go \ went to school.
They phoned three days ago.
Shakespeare wrote a lot of good plays.
Trecutul continuu past continuous was\were + verb + ing
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
Long form
Short form
I was walking
I was not walking
I wasnt walking
Was I walking?
You were walking
You were not walking
You werent walking
Were you walking ?
He was walking
He was not walking
He wasnt walking
Was he walking ?
She was walking
She was not walking
Se wasnt walking
Was she walking?
It was walking
It was not walking
It wasnt walking
Was it walking ?
We were walking
Were were not walking
We werent walking
Were we walking?
You were walking
You were not walking
You werent walking
Were you walking ?
35
They were walking
They were not walking
They werent walking
Were they walking?
Weren t you walking?
Wasnt he walking ? etc
Expresii folosite cu timpul past continuous :

-
while
when
as
Folosim acest timp pentru o actiune care se deruleaza in trecut , pentru o actiune
inceputa in trecut dar intrerupta de alta actiune inceouta in trecut, doua sau mai multe
actiuni derulate simultan in trecut, o descriere a unor evenimente intr-o poveste.
EX : She was eating at 8 AM yesterday.
While I was watching TV my mom came home.
The dog was barking.
Mai mult ca perfectul past perfect : had + past participle (=the 3rd form of the verb)
Affirmative
Negative
Interogative
Long form
Short Form
Long form
Short Form
I had walked
Id walked
I had not walked
I hadnt walked
Had I walked ?
You had walked
Youd walked
You had not walked
You hadnt walked
Had he walked ?
He had walked
Hed walked
He had not walked
He hadnt walked
Had he walked ?
She had walked
Shed walked
She had not walked
She hadnt walked
Had she walked?
It had walked
Itd walked
It had not walked
It hadnt walked
Had he walked ?
We had walked
Wed walked
We had not walked
We hadnt walked
Had we walked ?
You had walked
Youd walked
You had not walked
You hadnt walked
Had you walked ?
They had walked
Theyd walked
They had not walked
They hadnt walked
Had they walked?
36
Hadnt you walked ?

Hadnt he walked ? etc
Expresii folosite cu timpul past perfect :

-
for
since
already
after
just
yet
before
never
by
by the time, etc
Folosim past perfect pentru o actiune trecuta care s-a intamplat inaintea altei actiuni
trecute, pentru o actiune care a avut rezultate vizibile in trecut.
EX : She had finished the exercises by the time her mom came home.
He was in the hospital beacouse he had had an accident.
Trecut perfect continuu past perfect continuous: had been + verb + ing
Affirmative
Negative
Long form
Long form
Interrogative
I had been working
I had not been working
Had I been working ?
You had been working
You had not been working
Had you been working ?
He had been working
He had not been working
Had he been working ?
She had been working
She had not been working
Had she been working ?
It had been working
It had not been working
Had it been working ?
37
We had been working
We had not been working
Hadwe been working ?
You had been working
You had not been working
Had you been working ?
They had been working
They had not been working
Had they been working ?
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
Short form
Short form
Id been working
I hadnt been working
Hadnt you been working?
Expresii folosite cu past perfect continuous :

-
for
since
Folosim acest timp pentru actiunile derulate de-alungul timpului pana la un moment dat
in trecut, pentru actiuni din trecut care au o anumita durata si rezultate vizibile in trecut.
EX: She had been working as a nurse for 10 years before resigned.
He was tired because he had been playing football.
3. Timpul viitor
Viitor simplu future simple : will + verb

Exprima o actiune posterioara timpului present (adica momentului vorbirii).
Affirmative
Negative
Interogative
Long form
Short Form
Long form
Short Form
I will walk
Ill walk
I will not walk
I wont walk
Will I walk ?
You will walk
You ll walk
You will not walk
You wont walk
Will he walk ?
He will walk
He ll walk
He will not walk
He wont walk
Will he walk ?
She will walk
She ll walk
She will not walk
She wont walk
Will she walk?
It will walk
It ll walk
It will not walk
It wont walk
Will he walk ?
We will walk
We ll walk
We will not walk
We wont walk
Will we walk ?
38
You will walk
You ll walk
You will not walk
You wont walk
Will you walk ?
They will walk
They ll walk
They will not walk
They wont walk
Will they walk?
Wont you walk ?
Wont he walk ? etc
Expresii folosite cu future simple :

-
tomorrow
tonight
soon
next week\month
in a week, etc
Folosim future simple pentru deciziie luate pe loc, deciziile luate in timp ce vorbim,
pentru sperante, frica, amenintari, oferte, promisiuni, atentionari, predictii, comentarii.
EX: Ill take the blue jacket.
Will you help me ?
You will soon be rich.
Shall I do the washing- up ?
Viitorul continuu : will be + verb + ing
Affirmative
Negative
Long form
Long form
Interrogative
I will be working
I will not be working
Will I be working ?
You will be working
You will not be working
Will you be working ?
He Will be working
He Will not be working
Will he be working ?
She Will be working
She Will not be working
Will she be working ?
It Will be working
It Will not be working
Will it be working ?
We Will be working
We Will not be working
Will we be working ?
39
You Will be working
You Will not be working
Will you be working ?
They Will be working
They Will not be working
Will they be working ?
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
Short form
Short form
Ill be working
I wontt be working
Wontt you be working?
Expresii folosite cu future continuous :

-
tomorrow
tonight
soon
next week
in a week
Folosim viitorul simplu pentru actiuni care merg intr-un anumit punct in viitor, actiuni
care sunt rezultatul unei rutine, cand intrebam politicos despre oameni care au
aranjamente si daca ne pot ajuta cu ceva.
EX : Ill be walking on the beach this time tomorrow.
Ill be seeing Tom tomorrow.
Viitor perfect - Future perfect (the 3rd form of the verb)

Exprima o actiune viitoare care se petrece inaintea altei actiuni viitoare. Se formeaza cu
auxiliarele SHALL\WILL plus infinitivul scurt perfect al verbului de conjugat.
Affirmative
Negative
Long form
Long form
Interrogative
I will have walked
I will not have walked
Will I have walked ?
You will have walked
You will not have walked
Will you have walked?
He will have walked
He Will not have walked
Will he have walked?
She will have walked
She Will not have walked
Will she have walked?
It will have walked
It Will not have walked
Will it have walked?
40
We will have walked
We Will not have walked
Will we have walked?
You will have walked
You Will not have walked
Will you have walked?
They will have walked
They Will not have walked
Will they have walked?
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
Short form
Short form
Ill have walked
I wontt have walked
Wontt you have walked?
Expresii folosite cu acest timp :

-
before
by
by then
by the time
until
Folosim future perfect pentru actiuni care se vor termina pana la o data stabilita in
viitor.
EX : He will have visited Jamaica by the end of the year.
She wont have finished her homework until 9 oclock.
Viitor perfect continuu future perfect continuous : will have been + verb - ing
Affirmative
Negative
Long form
Long form
Interrogative
I will have been walking
I will not have been walking
Will I have been walking ?
You will have been
You will not have been
Will you have been
walking
walking
walking?
He will have been walking
He Will not have been
Will he have been walking?
walking
She will have been
She Will not have been
Will she have been
walking
walking
walking?
41
It will have been walking
It Will not have been walking
We will have been walking We Will not have been
Will it have been walking?

Will we have been walking?
walking
You will have been
You Will not have been
Will you have been
walking
walking
walking?
They will have been
They Will not have been
Will they have been
walking
walking
walking?
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
Short form
Short form
Ill have been walking
I wontt have been walking
Wontt you have been

walking?
Expresii folosite cu acest timp :

-
by
for
Folosim future perfect continuous pentru durata unei actiuni inintr-o perioada din viitor.
EX: By the end of this yeas she will have been working here for two years.
Be going to + verb
Affirmative
Negative
Long form
Long form
Interrogative
I am going to eat
I am not going to eat
Am I am going to eat ?
You are going to eat
You are not going to eat
Are You are going to eat?
He is going to eat
He is not going to eat
Is He is going to eat?
She is going to eat
She is not going to eat
Is She is going to eat?
It is going to eat
It is not going to eat
Is It is going to eat ?
We are going to eat
We are not going to eat
Are We are going to eat?
You are going to eat
You are not going to eat
Are You are going to eat?
42
They are going to eat
They are not going to eat
Are They are going to eat?
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
Short form
Short form
Im going to eat
Im not going to eat
Arent you going to eat?
Expresii folosite cu BE going to :

-
tomorrow
tonight
next week \ month \ year
in two days
the day after tomorrow
soon
in a week
Folosim acest verb pentru actiuni pe care le vom performa in viitorul apropiat, actiuni
planificate sau intentii, lucruri de care suntem siguri sau pe care ne-am decis sa le facem
in viitorul apropiat.
EX: Im going to meet her tomorrow.
They are going to have a party on their birthday.
She is going to have a baby.
Its going to rain.
He is going to be promoted.
43
4 . infinitivul ING form past participles
Timpuri ale infinitivului tenses of the infinitive

Active voice
Passive voice
Present
To offer
To be offered
Present continuous
To be offering
Perfect
To have offered
To have been offered
Perfect continuous
To have been offering
Timpuri ale formei ING tenses of the ing form

Active voice
Passive voice
Present
Offering
Being offered
Present continuous
Perfect
Having offered
Having been offered
Perfect continuous
Infinitivul present se refera la present sau viitor

EX : Id like to sleep for a while.
- The Present continuous infinitive se foloseste cu appear, claim, seem, pretend, must,
cant, happen, should,would pentru a descrie o actiune care se deruleaza in momentul
vorbirii.
EX : She must be rehearsing by now.
- The perfect infinitive se foloseste cu appear, happen, pretend, seem, pentru a arata
ca actiunea la infinitive s-a intamplat inaintea actiunii verbului.
EX : They claim to have passed the exam.
- The perfect continuous infinitive se foloseste cu appear, seem, pretend pentru a
evidentia durata actiunii la infinitive care s-a intamplat inaintea actiunii verbului.
EX : He seems to have been playing football all morning.
44
- The present gerund forma ing se refera la present sau viitor

EX: I enjoy listening to music.
- The perfect gerund forma ing arata ca actiunea gerundului s-a intamplat inaintea
actiunii verbului. Putem folosi the prezent gerund in locul perfectului gerund fara a face
vreo diferenta in sens.
EX: He denied having stolen the money.
He denied stealing the money.
Subiectul infinitivului \ forma ing

Forma ing se omite cand e aceeasi cu subiectul verbului.
EX : They want to go to the circus.
I left without taking my glasses.
Cand subiectul infinitivului este diferit de subiectul verbului , atunci pronumele sau
substantivul este plasat inaintea formei ing.
Subiectul gerundului poate fi de asemenea un adjectiv posesiv sau un substantive.
EX : I want her to clean the table. (she should clean the table)
I want to clean the table. (I should clean the table)
I remember him\his\ toms \ tom complaining about the difficulty of the task.
The to infinitive is used :
- to express purpose :
- After nouns
ex. He came here to meet us.
Ex: its a pleasure to talk to you.
- after certain verbs (advise, agree, appear,
- After too\enough constructions
decide, expect, hope,promise, refuse):
Ex : It is too good to be true.
ex : She advised me to wait.
She is rich enough to give money.
-After certain adjectives
- With it + be + adjective(+of+object)
(angry,happy,glad)
ex : it is nice of you to lend me your bike.
Ex : He was happy to come.

- After question words (where, how, what,
- With onlyto express unsatisfactory
who, wich, but not after why)
result
45
ex : Did he tell you where to go ?
Ex : She call me only to tell me she was

going to be married.
-After would like ,would love,would prefer

Ex : Id like to meet her again.
The infinite without to is used

- After modal verbs
- But : in the passive form: be made \ be
Ex : You must come back.
heard \ be seen + to infinitive.

Ex : He was made to apologise.
- After had better\would rather
Note : Help is followedby a to infinitive
Ex : Id rather stayed in last night.
or an infinitive without TO.

Ex : He helped me (to) carry the bag.
- After make \let\see\hear\feel + object

Ex : He let her go on a trip.
Verbs taking to infinitive or ing form without a change in meaning

- beggin, start, continue + to infinitive or ing form. However we never have two ing
forms together.
Ex : She began dancing
But: its beginning to get cold.
Not: Its beginning getting cold.
- Advise, allow, permit, recommend, encourage when followed by an object or in a
passive form take a to infinitive. They take the ing formwhen not followed by an
object.
Ex : He doesnt allow us to smoke here.
They arent allowed to smoke here.
They dont allow smoking here.
46
It needs \ it requires \ it wants + - ing form. It needs can also be followed by a passive
infinitive:
Ex : The house needs \ reuires \ wants painting.
The car needs repairing \ to be repaired.
Verbs taking to infinitive or ing form with a change in meaning

a. forget + to infinitive = not remember
ex : Isorry, I forget to come earlier.
forget + - ing form = forget a past event
ex : Ill never forget visiting Spain.
b. remember + to infinitive = remember to do something
ex : Remember to switch off the lights before leaving.
remember + - ng form = recall a past event
ex : He doesnt remember leaving the keys at home.
c. go on + to infinitive = finish doing something and start doing something else;
then:
ex : After finishing cooking she went on to wash the dishes.
go on + -ing form = continue
ex: they went on walking for hours.
d. mean + to infinitive = intend to
ex : He means to find a job abroad.
mean + -ing form
ex : Finding a job means attending many interviews.
e. regret + to infinitive = be sorry to :
ex: I regret to tell you tere is no money left in your account.
regret + -ing form
ex : I regret buying that dress.
f. try + to infinitive =do one;s best, attempt
ex : The policemen are trying to catch the thief.
47
try + -ing form = do something as an experiment

ex : Why dont you try sleeping in the afternoon.
g. want + to infinitive = wish
ex : I want to come with you.
want + -ing form = need something done
ex : This wall needs painting.
h. stop + to infinitive = pause temporarly
ex : She stoped to finish her lunch.
stop + -ing form = finish, end
ex : She stoped playing the piano.
i.
be sorry + to infinitive = regret

ex : Im sorry to see you sad.
be sorry + - ing form = appologise
ex: Im sorry for telling you that lie.
j.
be afraid + to infinitive (the subject is too frightened to do something):

ex : The cat is afraid to climb the latter.
be afraid of + ing form
ex: She wont climb that three, she is afraid of falling.
48
7. ADVERBUL the adverb
Adverbul determina un verb , un alt adverb sau un adjectiv.

Clasificare :
b. Adverbe de mod adverbs of manner
Adverbele de mod raspund la intrebarea how ? (cum).
Exemple de adverbe de mod :
-
upside down
somehow
willingly
fluently
by chance
accidentally
beautifully
deliberately
completely
extremely
little
much
very
badly
slowly
rather
quicly
fast
aloud
49
c. adverbe de timp adverbs of time

Adverbele de timp raspund la intrebarea when? (cand)
Exemple de adverbe de timp :
-
afterwards
daily
early
formerly
immediately
never
now
presently
meanwhile
yearly
recently
often
late
then
always
last month
before
after
just
at present
today
at last
by now
already
still
once
50
when
just now
so far
sooner or later
d. Adverbe de loc adverbs of place

Adverbele de loc raspund la intrebarea where ? (unde?)
Exemple de adverbe de loc :
-
behind
far
here
near
there
inside
upstairs
along
up and down
here and there
abroad
under
somewhere
nowhere
anywhere
everywhere
southwards
homeward
where
51
e. Adverbe de cauza adverbs of cause

Adverbele de cauza raspund la intrebarea why? (de ce ?)
Exemple de adverbe de cauza:
-
that is why
why
therefore
for the reason that
f. Adverbe de scop adverbs of porpose

Adverbele de scop raspund la intrebarea for what purpose ? (cu ce scop)
Exemple de adverbe de scop:
-
for this purpose
for the mere purpose of
g. Adverbe de cantitate adverbs of quantity

Adverbele de cantitate raspund la intrebarea how much?, how little?
Exemple de adverbe de cantitate:
-
almost
entirely
little
musch
quite
really
sufficiently
enough
too
very
52
h. Alte adverbe
-
especially
exactly
even
only
surely
precisely
at most
at latest
at ealiest
however
of course
consequently
also
at least
at any rate
at worst
Comparatia adverbelor
Comparatia neregulata a adverbelor
Pozitiv
Comparativ de
Superlativ relative
superioritate
Well
Better
The best
Badly
Worse
The worst
Far
Farther
The farthest
Much
More
The most
Near
Nearer
The nearest
Little
Less
Thea least
53
Late
Later
The latest
Up
Upper
upmost
Comparatia analitica a adverbelor

Pozitiv
Comparativ de
Superlativ relative
superioritate
Attractively
More attractively
The most attractively
Beautyfull
More beautifull
The most
Bestially
More Bestially
The most Bestially
Carefully
More Carefully
The most Carefully
Fortunately
More fortunately
The most fortunately
Quickly
More quickly
The most quickly
Charmingly
More charmingly
The most charmingly
Fluently
More fluently
The most fluently
Gratefully
More gratefully
The most gratefully
Willinigly
More willinigly
The most willinigly
Comparatia sintetica a adverbelor

Pozitiv
Comparativ de
Superlativ relative
superioritate
Cleanly
Cleanlier
The cleanliest
Early
Earlier
The earliest
Hard
Harder
The hardest
Low
Lower
The lowest
Multe adverbe se folosesc dupa verbul TO BE si dupa verbele modale, fiind nume
predicative. Se stie ca verbul TO BE poate fi predicat in propozitie doar cand este urmat
de un adverb de loc :
Ex : - to be black
54
to be bloody
to be carefull
to be cold
to be concise
to be hard
Locul adverbelor
Adverbele cu ajutorul carora se formeaza gradul superlative absolute stau totdeauna

inaintea adjectivelor sau adverbelor.
Ex : very well, uite right
Adverbul enough este singurul adverb care sta dupa adjective si verbe.
Ex : She sings beautifully enough.
a. Locul adverbelor de timp

Afterwards I saw them afterward
Again I saw him again
Always I am always at home on Mondays
Before I had read the book before
Ever- Do you ever go to see them ?
Never I have never tried
Often I often go to see them
Rarely I rarely agree with them.
Sometimes Sometimes she makes good decisions.
b. Locul adverbelor de mod

He has walking fast, not slowly.
He spoke about it briefly.
The letter must be written very carefully.
You must learn to speak English fluently.
I love this country very musch/
55
This lesson can be easily learned.

He almost always makes mistakes.
It is almost time we started to play tennis.
Almost no one can believe such a thing.
They were fully satisfied.
Our trip look fully satisfied.
Quite- It is quite so.
Really I want to tell you what I really think about it.
Din exemplele de mai sus se vede ca adverbele de mod fully, hardly, nearly, quite,etc isi
au locul in general inaintea cuvantului pe care il determina.
c. Locul adverbelor de loc

Well be waiting inside, not outside.
I found the book where I have put it.
I saw john in the park.
They walked past my car.
He was left well behind.
We shall find the book somewhere.
The book may be anywhere.
We may walk everywhere.
d. Propozitii cu mai multe adverbe

I must give this book to your friend today at six oclock.
It will be written by john later this week, perhaps on Saturday afternoon.
They are requested to be quiet between twelve and five oclock every day.
My friends are living in the country somewhere near Sibiu.
It will be hard for her to live on her small pension from now on.
We all are to meet them at the station tomorrow at a quarter past twelve.
56
8. PREPOZITIA the preposition
Prepozitia este partea de vorbire care uneste diferite unitati sintactice in cadrul unei
propozitii , realizand relatii de timp, loc, etc.
Ex : The book is on the table.
Prepozitiile sunt :
-
simple : about, on, under, etc
compuse : into, within, without, etc
complexe : beacouse of, instead of, etc
locutiuni prepozitionale : by means of, in the middle of, etc.
Prepozitia OF este cea cu care se formeaza genitivul prepositional \ analytic, iar

prepozitia TO este aceea a dativului prepositional.
In limba engleza prepozitia sta fie inaintea substantivului sau a altui cuvant cu care este
in relatie , fie la sfarsitul unei propozitii.
Ex : What is he talking about ?
Whom is the talking to ? about whom is he talking ?
Whom friend are you talking about ? About whose friend are you talking ?
What are you looking at ? At what are you looking?
Prepozitiile in limba engleza pot aparea in post pozitie in :
-
intrebari care incep cu who, what, which
in subordonatele attributive
in unele exclamatii What trouble theyve got intro!
in unele constructii passive He is looked for by us.
in propozitii infinitivaleThey are impossible to talk to.
in fraze affirmative care incep cu who, what, which
57
Cele mai importante prepozitii in limba engleza sunt:

-
about =despre
above = deasupra
across = de-a curmezisul
along = de-a lungul
alongside = alaturi
among = intre
around = imprejur
at = la
before = inainte
below = dedesubt
beneath = sub, mai jos de
besides = in afara de
beyond = dincolo de
by = de, prin
for = pentru
in = in
inside = inauntru
into = in
near = langa
of = de
on = pe
opposite = peste drum de
over = peste
past = e langa
round = iin jurul
since = de, de la
throughout = prin
58
under = sub, peste, dupa
up = in susul
within = inlauntrul, in
without = fara
Expresii idiomatice cu prepozitii, adverbe sau cu adjective

About the town = prin oras
A journey around the world = o calatorie prin lume
It is about two oclock = este in jurul orei doua
To have money about one self = a avea bani asupra sa
A plane above the clouds = un avion deasupra norilor
Above my head = deasupra capului meu
A bridge across the Danube = un pod peste dunare
To sail across the ocean = a naviga peste ocean
To walk across the street = a traversa strada
After breakfast = dupamicul dejun
Day after day = zi dupa zi
They came two days after = ei au venit la doua zile dupa aceea
Soon after = in curand dupa aceea
Against the enemy = impotriva inamicului
Against the laws = impotriva legilor
A race against time = o cursa impotriva timpului
To walk along the road a merge pe drum
Among his friends = intre prietenii lui
A trip around the country = a calatorie in jurul tarii
Put a coat around the baby = pune o haina pe copil
Is an island a land with water all around = este insula un uscat inconjurat de ape
At noon = la pranz
At the time = la vremea aceea
59
At random = la inramplare
To be at school = a fi la scoala
Since before the war = inca dinaintea razboiului
Before long = curand
To hide behind a tree = a te ascunde in spatele unui copac
Verbe cu prepozitii obligatorii:

To accuse = a acuza
To agree on = a fi de accord cu
To approve = a aproba
To ask = a intreba
To be angry with = a fi nervos pe
To be concerned with = a fi preocupat de
To be crazy about = a fi nebun dupa
To be dependent on = a fi dependent de
To agree with = a fi de accord cu cineva
To apologize for = a cere iertare pentru
To arrive at = a ajunge la
To be afraid of = a se teme de
To be aware of = a fi constient de
To be close to = a fi aproape de
To be confident of = a fi increzator in
To be cruel to = a fi crud cu
To be deprived of = a fi deposedat de
To be different from = a fi diferit de
To be good at = a fi bun la
To be grateful to = a fi recunoscator fata de
To be of opinion that = a fi de opinie ca
To be on the move = a fi in miscare
60
To be intend to = a fi absorbit de
To be jealos of = a fi gelos pe
To be polite to = a fi politicos cu
To be proud of = a fi mandru de
To be sorry for = a-I parea rau pentru
To be seized with = a fi prins de
To be surprised at = a fi surprins de
To beg for = a implora
To boast of= a se lauda
To begin with = a incepe cu
To call at a place = a trece printr=un loc
9. CONJUNCTIA the conjunction

Partea de vorbire care leaga in propozitii cuvinte cu aceeasi functie sintactica , sau
propozitii in fraza se numeste conjunctie.
Conjunctiile sunt :
-
simple and, after, but
compuse however, unless
correlative eitheror, neithernor, bothand, as if, in order to
a. Conjunctii coordonatoare coordonating conjunctions

Leaga parti de propozitie cu aceeasi valoare sintactica sau propozitii de acelasi fel.
b. Conjunctii copulative copulative conjunctions

And I see a boy and a girl.
As well as He speaks English as well as german.
Both .. and I like both English and german.
61
Not only but also I like not only English but also german.
c. Conjunctii disjunctive disjunctive conjunctions

Either or He can speak either English or german.
Neither nor I see neither him nor her.
Otherwise The book is expensive otherwise it is very useful.
Else Hurry up or else you will loose the train.
d. Conjunctii adversative adversative conjunctions

Aceste conjunctii exprima contrastul.
But We want to buy a house but we dont have the money.
However I didnt want to do it, however I did it.
Nevertheless Math is difficult nevertheless I like it.
Still It is expensive still I will buy it.
While Your motorcar is old while mine is new.
Yet These goods are expensive, yet people buy them.
e. Conjunctii conclusive illative conjunctions

Exprima o concluzie.
Accordingly I found the book I needed and accordingly I bought it.
Consequently I found the book interesting , consequently I bought it.
So I considered the book interesting so I bought it.
Therefore I didnt find them in the park , therefore I came home.
f. Conjunctii cauzale causal conjunction

For it is very hot for it is august.
Sunt rare cazurile cand se intalnesc in limba engleza astfel de exemple cu FOR causal.
62
g. Conjunctii de loc conjunctions of place

Where You must come here where I live.
Wherever well live wherever it is possible.
As far as I shall go as far as I need.
Whence I am going there whence you are coming.
h. Conjunctii de timp conjunctions of time

After I came after you had left.
Before I must note you number before I forget it.
The first time I saw he was a serious man the first time I saw him.
All the time we are laughing all the time we were watching he play.
As long as a man must learn as long as he lives.
As soon as I must find out the truth as soon as I arrive.
Since I havent seen him since he was a student.
Ever since I realized he was a good man ever since I met him.
Till, until you must wait till they come.
When I shall tell you everything when they come.
While while there is a life there is hope.
The moment I recognized him the moment I saw him.
The very moment I understood the real state of things the moment I entered their
house.
i. Conjunctii de mod conjunctions of manner

Introduc subordonatele modale.
As he talks as he thinks
As if he open his mouth as if to say something.
Not so as your house is not so big as I thought.
Asas she sang the song as beautyully as she could.
63
So much as I do not like tennis so much as he does.

So far as you will buy the house so far as you can afford it.
j. Conjunctii de cauza conjunctions of cause

Introduc subordonatele cauzale.
Because I bought the ball because it was cheap.
Seeing that seeing that it was raining I entered the house.
Since since it is raining I must take my umbrella.
Now that now that I have come I shall drink a cup of coffee.
k. Conjunctii de scop conjunctions of purpose

Introduc subordonatele finale.
In order to we have come to school in order to learn.
Lest turn on the lights lest you will knock your head against smth.
So that turn on the light so that I can see better.
64
II. SINTAXA
65
1. SUBIECTUL
Subiectul este partea propozitiei care poate fi uneori autorul actiunii alteori obiect al
actiunii savarsite de altcineva.
Subiectul poate fi cineva\ceva despre care se comunica ceva in propozitie.
Raspunde la intrebarile WHO ? si What ? (cine, ce)
Ex : The boy learns cuvantul THE BOY este subiect iar cuvantul learns este predicat.
2. PREDICATUL
Este partea de propozitie prin care se comunica ceva despre subiect sau ce anume face
subiectul. Subiectul si predicatul sunt parti principale ale unei propozitii. Se poate vorbi
uneori despre propozitii cu mai multe subiecte sau subiect multiplu.
In momentul in care intr-o comunicare apare predicat multiplu , comunicarea respectiva

nu mai este propozitie ci fraza.
Predicatul unei propozitii este reprezentat printr-un verb la unul din cele patru moduri
personale ale verbului : indicative, conditional, subjunctiv si imperativ.
Predicatele sunt :
-
Verbale reprezentate printr-un verb principal.
Ex : He studies chemistry.
They will come back by coach.
He had seen the monastery.
Nominale consta dintr-un verb copulativ si un nume predicativ
Iata cateva verbe copulative : to be, to become, to continue, to get, to grow, to seem.
Ex : everybody grows old.
66
I must go to church.
He is clever.
Roses smell great.
3. ATRIBUTUL the attribute

Atributul determina un substantiv si isi are locul inaintea lui.
Sh is singing a beautyfull song.
He is my friend.
John is my best friend.
They were the last to come.
You can ask the man in the street.
The book read by me is interesting.
4. COMPLEMENTUL the object

a. Complementul direct the direct object
Este partea de propozitie asupra careia se orienteaza actiunea subiectului. Se exprima
prin substantive \ pronume in cazul acuzativ.
Ex : I am reading a book.
What am I reading ?
Who is raeding a book ?
Locul complementului direct in propozitie este dupa verbul sau. Exista si un complement
intern care sta intre verbul tranzitiv si complementul direct propriu zis.
b. Complementul indirect the indirect object

Este cel asupra caruia actiunea subiectului se rasfrange indirect si este exprimat prin
substantive sau pronume in cazul dativ.
67
Ex : I shall buy a book for you.

He bought the boy a book.
Complementul indirect raspunde la intrebari ca : to whom ? for whom ? about whom ?
with whom ? without whom ?
c. Complementul circumstantial de loc

Se exprima printr-un adverb de loc.
Ex : We are at home.
English is spoken all over the world.
Raspunde la intrebarile where ? (unde), from where ?, how far ?
d. Complementul circumstantial de timp

Se exprima printr-un adverb de timp.
Raspunde la intrebarea : when ? (cand)
Ex : I was at home yesterday.
I have never seen him there.
We have lived in Sibiu for 35 years.
e. Complementul circumstantial de mod

Se exprima prin adverbe de mod.
Raspunde la intrebarile : how ?, how much ?, in what way ? , how many times ?
Ex : The children were playing happily.
Alice sings beautifully.
f. Complementul circumstantial de cauza

Exprima cauza actiunii savarsite de subiect si exprimata prin predicat.
Raspunde la intrebarile : why?, for what reason ?, on what account ? , on whose account
?
Ex : I couldnt come because of the rain.
68
We arrived late on my account.
g. Complementul circumstantial de scop / final

Reprezinta materializarea scopului subiectului propozitiei in care se afla.
Raspunde la intrebarile : for what purpose ? , for what ? , what for ?
Ex : He only works for money.
This device is used for various purposes.
h. Complementul circumstantial concesiv

Raspunde la intrebarile : in spite of whom / what ?
Ex : They have come in spite of the bad wather.
They have played tennis in spite of my refusal not to play.
i. Complementul de agent
Complementul de agent sau subiectul logic este folosit numai la diateza pasiva.
Raspunde la intrebarile : by whom ?, whom by ?, by what ?
Ex : the book was ready by the student.
Se vede clar ca autorul actiunii este studentul. Cartea este subiectul grammatical.
5. Sintaxa frazei
Fraza este o comunicare alcatuita din mai multe propozitii aflate intre ele fie in raporturi
de coordonare fie de subordonare.
In cazul coordonarii , partile de propozitie in propozitie si propozitiile in fraza sunt
independente una de alta. Se pot lega intre ele prin conjunctii coordonatoare sau
juxtapunere.
Subordonare inseamna raport syntactic de dependenta a unei parti de propozitie sau de
alta parte de propozitie sau a unei propozitii de alta propozitie.
69
Elemental subordonat depinde de termenul sau regent iar propozitia subordonata

depinde de regenta sa. Elemental subordonat este deci termenul dependent iar cel
regent este cel este cel care guverneaza in cadrul relatiei respective.
Propozitia regenta este aceea care depinde semantic o alta propozitie in cadrul aceleiasi
fraze.
Propozitia subordonata se poate adresa unui singur cuvant din regenta sa iar acest
cuvant , care se numeste termen regent , determina felul subordonatei respective.
a. Propozitia subiectiva the subject clause

Functioneaza ca subiect al predicatului din regenta si intregeste intelesul regentei.
Se intalneste dupa expresii ca :
-
it is advisable that
it is better that
it is certain that
it is desirable that
it is meet and proper that
it is inevitabl that
it is necesay that I came
it is important that
Ex: Why they didnt come is still a secret.

How to write a book is not known by anybody.
b. Propozitia predicativa the predicative / complement clause

Implineste functia de nume predicative al verbului din regenta sa si se introduce in
maniera in care se introduce si subiectivele.
Ex : Why he has come is the question.
Why he has come subiectiva
Is the question preducativa.
70
c. Propozitia atributiva the attributive clause

Este un atribut al unui substantiv din regenta sa.
Ex : Every man , who knows him, appreciates him verry much.
Every man appreciates him verry much. regenta
who knows him atributiva.
Termenul regent al atributivei de mai sus este substantivul man.
d. Propozitia completiva directa the object clause

Este complemetul direct al verbului tranzitiv din regenta.
Ex : I did not ask him wheter he has thirsty.
I told you whom he gave the books.
He said that he could come later on.
e. Propozitia subordonata temporala the adverbial clause of time

Este in fraza complementul circumstantial de timp pe langa un verb sau adverb din
regenta sa.
Ex : I shall read this book when I have time.
Termenul regent este vebul read.
I shall read this book before you come home.
I shall give you the money as soon as I meet you.
She is happy when she is with her family.
You may stay until your cousin arrives.
f. Propozitia circumstantiala de loc the adverbial clause of place

Este complementul circumstantial de loc al unui verb sau adverb din regenta sa de care
se leaga prin adverbe relative ca : where, wherever.
Ex : You cannot live where they live.
We may spend our holydays wherever we want.
71
g. Subordonata de proportie
Este o varianta a subordonatei de mod.
Ex : the more we are the better it is.
As time went on, so she began to type more quiqly.
The harder you work, the more money you make.
h. Subordonata preferentiala the clause of preference.

Se traduce prin subordonata opozitionala.
Ex : Rather then play football Id prefer to swim.
Rather then play football you had better learn.
I would play football rather then learn.
i. Propozitia circumstantiala de mod si comparative the adverbial clause of manner

and comparison.
Joaca rolul de complement circumstantial de mod pe langa un verb sau un adverb din
regenta sa.
Ex : Mary sings as beautifully as her sister does.
My friend is older than you friend.
Tomorrow we shall work more than we worked yesterday.
j. Propozitia subordonata cauzala the adverbial clause of reason

Este in fraza respective un complement circumstantial de cauza pe langa termenul sau
regent care este un verb sau un adverb din regenta sa.
Ex : I didnt meet them there because I was late.
Se leaga de regenta sa prin conjunctii sau adverbe relative ca : because, for the reason
that, seeing that, on the ground that, owing to the fact that, since, on account that.
Raspunde la intrebari ca : why? , on what account ? , for what reason ? ,
Ex : Seeing that they did not come I went home.
72
I did not come owing to the fact that it was too late.
k. Propozitia subordonata finala the adverbial clause of purpose

Corespunde in fraza respective unui complement circumstantial de cauza pe langa un
verb sau adverb din regenta sa , respectiv pe langa termenul sau regent.
Subordonata finala se leaga de regenta sa prin conjunctiile si adverbele relative : in
order that, so that, that, lest, for fear that, on porpose to.
Ex : You must get up earlier so that you can meet him at the station.
He must turn on the light lest he should knock himself against something in the
darkness.
I shall go to England so that I can learn English well.
We go to church to pray.
l. Subordonata concesiva the adverbial clause of concession

Se introduce prin conjunctiile : though, although, however, whoever, in spite of, no
matter who, no matter by whom, no matter why, no matter when.
Ex : Though it is late we shall sit and watch he football match.
We shall watch the football match altought it is late.
Late as it is we shall watch the football match.
You should have been waiting for him even if it were late.
I buy it however expensive it is.
m. Propozitia consecutiva the adverbial clause of result

Exprima rezultatul / urmarea / consecinta actiunii din propozitia regenta.
Ex : Alice was so beautiful that everybody was admiring her.
His explanation was so clear that each of us understood it.
He never go to the seaside but spend a lot of money.
73
n. Propozitia subordonata conditionala the adverbial clause of condition

Reprezinta conditia infaptuirii actiunii din regenta sa. Se leaga de regenta sa cu ajutorul
conjunctiilor conditionale: if, on condition that, providing/ provided that, suppose/
supposing that, unless, whether or not, as soon as, as long as, in case.
Exista trei tipuri de conditionale , clasificare facuta in raport cu posibilitatea realizarii /
indeplinirii actiunii din regenta respectiva.
1. subordonata conditionala de tip I conditie reala si posibilia , iar verbul din regenta sa
este la viitor. Locul lor in fraza se poate schimba.
Ex : If I have time I shall read this book.
I shall read this book if I have time.
I shall not read this book unless I have time.
I shall read this book on the condition that I have time.
2. subordonata conditionala tip II conditie ireala si improbabila darn u imposibila.

Ex : I should read this book if I have time.
Se observa ca verbul este la modul conditional timpul present iar in regenta verbul este
modul subjonctiv timpul present. In aceasta siuatie conditia devine probabila. In acest
caz, actiunea din regenta pare sa fie in contradictie cu realitatea ori faptele ascunse.
Ex : He would buy this palace if he had money.
If he were to go on a journey round the world he would be very happy.
He would be very happy if he were to go on a journey round the world.
3. subordonata conditionala de tip III conditie imposibila

In aceasta situatie verbul din regenta este la modul conditional perfect iar cel din
regenta este la modul subjonctiv perfect. Conditiile sutn trecute, sunt deci imposibil de
indeplinit.
Ex : If I had had time I should have read the book.
I should have read the book if I had had time.
74
o. Subordonata conditional concesiva the alternative conditional concessive clause

ex : He will pay for everything , wheter he likes it or not.
Wherever you live, you have to work hard.
Wherever you lived, youd have to work hard.
75
6. Concordanta timpurilor the sequence of tenses
Este acordul obligatoriu al timpului verbului din subordonata cu timpul verbului din
regenta sa. In limba engleza timpul verbului din subordonata trebuie sa se subordoneze
timpului verbului din regenta. Cu alte cuvinte, timpurile verbelor din regente dicteaza
folosirea anumitor timpuri in subordonatele lor.
Exista in acest sens trei reguli de cunoscut si de aplicat :

Regula I daca in regenta verbul este la present tense sau present perfect tense in
subordonata se poate folosi orice timp.
Regula II daca in regenta verbul este la trecut in subordonata el trebuie sa fie la unul
din cele trei timpuri trecute ale limbii engleze : the past perfect, the past tense, the
future in the past.
Regula III daca verbul din regenta este la viitor in subordonatele conditionale si
temporale el trebuie sa fie la present tense sau present perfect tense, iar daca
subordonata este completive directa verbul va fi la viitor.
REGENTA
I. Verbul este la present
We all know that
SUBORDONATA
Verbul poate fi la orice timp
He had come
He came
He will come
He would come
He would have come
II. Verbul este la trecut
Verbul trebuie sa fie la trecut
He did not know that
She had come

She came
She would come
76
III. Verbul este la viitor
A. verbul sa fie la present sau present

perfect in subordonatele conditionale sau
temporale.
I shall tell you the truth if/when
You give / have given me the book

B. Verbul va fi la orice timp in subordonata
completive directa.
I shall see what
I shall do.
77
Lista verbelor neregulate
Present infinitive
Past tense
Past participle
Present
participle
To arise
arose
Arisen
Arising
To awake
Awoke
Awaked
Awaking
To be
Was/were
Been
Being
To beat
Beat
Beaten
Beating
To become
Became
Become
Becoming
To begin
Began
Begun
Beginning
To bite
Bit
Bit/ bitten
Biting
To bless
Blessed
Blessed
Blessing
To blow
To blew
Blown
Blowing
To break
Broke
Broken
Breaking
To bring
Brought
Brought
Bringing
To broadcast
Broadcast
Broadcast
Broadcasting
To build
Built
Built
Building
To burn
Burned
Burnt
Burning
To burst
Burst
Burst
Bursting
To buy
Bought
Bought
Buying
To cast
Cast
Cast
Casting
To catch
Caught
Caught
Catching
To choose
Chose
Chosen
Choosing
To cling
Clung
Clung
Clinging
To come
Came
Come
Coming
To cost
Cost
Cost
Costing
To crow
Crew
Crowed
Crowing
78
To cut
Cut
Cut
Cutting
To do
Did
Done
Doing
To draw
Drew
Drawn
Drawing
To dream
Dreamt
Dreamed
Dreaming
To drink
Drank
Drunk
Drinking
To drive
Drove
Driven
Driving
To eat
Ate
Eaten
Eating
To fall
Fell
Fallen
Falling
To feed
Fed
Fed
Feeding
To feel
Felt
Felt
Feeling
To fight
Fought
Fought
Fighting
To find
Found
Found
Finding
To fly
Flew
Flown
Flying
To forget
`forgot
Forgotten
Forgetting
To forgive
Forgave
Forgiven
Forgiving
To get
Got
Gotton
Getting
To give
Gave
Given
Giving
To go
Went
Gone
Going
To grow
Grew
Grown
Growing
To hang
Hung
Hanged
Hanging
To have
Had
Had
Having
To hear
Heard
Heard
Hearing
To hide
Hid
Hidden
Hiding
To hit
Hit
Hit
Hitting
To hold
Held
Held
Holding
To hurt
Hurt
Hurt
Hurting
To keep
Kept
Kept
Keeping
To know
Knew
Known
Knowing
79
To lay
Laid
Laid
Laying
To lead
Led
Led
Leading
To learn
Learned
Learned
Learning
To leave
Left
Left
Leaving
To let
Let
Let
Letting
To lie
Lay
Lain
Laying
To lose
Lost
Lost
Losing
To make
Made
Made
Making
To mean
Meant
Meant
Meaning
To meet
Met
Met
Meeting
To melt
Melted
Molten
Melting
To pay
Paid
Paid
Paying
To put
Put
Put
Putting
To read
Read
Read
Reading
To ride
Rode
Ridden
Riding
To ring
Rang
Rung
Ringing
To rise
Rose
Risen
Rising
To run
Ran
Run
Running
To say
Said
Said
Saying
To see
Saw
Seen
Seeing
To sell
Sold
Sold
Selling
To send
Sent
Sent
Sending
To set
Set
Set
Setting
To show
Showed
Shown
Showing
To shut
Shut
Shut
Shutting
To sing
Sang
Sung
Singing
So sit
Sat
Sat
Sitting
To speak
Spoke
Spoken
Speaking
80
To spread
Spread
Spread
Spreading
To steal;
Stole
Stolen
Stealing
To swim
Swam
Swum
Swimming
To take
Took
Taken
Taking
To teach
Taught
Taught
Teaching
To tell
Told
Told
Telling
To think
Thought
Thought
Thinking
To understand
Understood
Understood
Understanding
To upset
Upset
Upset
Upsetting
To wake
Woke
Woken
Waking
To win
Won
Won
Winning
To write
Wrote
Written
Writing
81
82

Gramatica Si Reguli Engleza

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Gramatica Si Reguli Engleza

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Ia Engleza Cu Tine

BONUS - Gramatica si Reguli

1. ARTICOLUL - The article

Articolul hotarat apare intr-un numar mare de expresii:

on the one site pe de o parte

adj rich bogat, bogati

the rich cei bogati

adj poor sarac

the poor cei saraci

Articolul hotarat apare la gradul superlative relative al adjectivelor :

the best cel mai bun

the least cel mai putin

the biggest cel mai mare

the most interesting cel mai interesant

Articolul hotarat se intercaleaza de regula intre un substantiv precedat de o prepozitie si

a house in the forest o casa in padure

a boat on the lake o barca pe lac

across the road peste drum

at the end la sfarsit

at the door la usa

in the end in final

in the morning dimineata

in the shade in umbra

Articolul nehotarat : The indefinite article

Articolul zero : The zero article

Articolul zero apare :

- In fata substantivelor folosite in sens general :

- In fata substantivelor nenumarabile :

- Inaintea substantivelor abstracte sau nume de materie:

- Nume de culori, sporturi si jocuri sportive, limbi, mese :

- In unele structuri fixe, care trebuie memorate pentru evitarea greselilor:

2. SUBSTANTIVUL The noun

Proprii (proper nouns) : John, Alice, Romania, London, Europe,July,

Abstracte (abstract nouns) : friendship, joy, wisdom, safety, theory

Individuale (individual nouns) : man, house, stone, tree

Colective (collective nouns) : team, army, family, crowd, group

Pluralul regulat : se formeaza prin adaugarea literei S EX: book books

S cand e precedata de consoane surde (book - books)

Z cand e precedata de o consoana sonora (chair- chairs)

IZ cand e precedata de s, sz, ch sau sh sau consoane suieratoare (bench

- Unele substantive terminate in Y precedat de consoana primesc S la plural , dar pe Y il

- Substantivele terminate in Y formeaza pluralul prin simpla adaugare la sfarsitul lor a

- Substantivele terminate in O formeaza pluralul astfel :

Pluralul substantivelor compuse :

Substantive numai cu forma de plural:

Vocativ the vocative case

george will you help me ?

come here, my boy !

Genitiv the genitive case

Cazul genitive este de patru feluri :

b. prepositional analytic se formeaza cu prepozitia OF si se foloseste cu

Dativul the dative case

Everybody is working for him. For whom is everybody working ?

Acuzativ the accusative case

Declinarea substantivelor : the declension of the nouns

Of a boy, a boys- a, al, ai,

Of boys - a, al, ai, ale unor

ale unui baiat

Of a girl , a girls - a, al, ai,

Of girls - a, al, ai, ale onor

ale unei fete

To a boy = unui baiat

To boys unor baieti

To a girl unei fete