1.

Numiti cele 20 de tari care formeaza America Latina

Argentina, bolivia, brazilia, chile, columbia, costa rica, cuba, republica

dominicana, ecuador, el salvador, guatemala, haiti, honduras, mexic,
nicaragua, panama, paraguay, peru, uruguay, venezuela
2.

Diferente intre UE si UNASUR

UNASUR isi construieste o infrastructura care sa faciliteze deplasarile in

cadrul blocului: se construiesc intens cai ferate, autostrazi, poduri si linii de
transport, comparabile cu super- autostrazile NAFTA si CAFTA de pe
continentul Nord American. UNASUR va avea un consiliu de aparare
regionala, cu rolul de a rezolva conflictele, de a promova cooperarea militara
si producia coordonata de arme, exact cum este prevazut un consiliu militar
canadiano-american, ce prefigureaza unificarea guvernelor din aceasta zona.
4. Diferenta dintre tranzitia la democratie dintre Conul Sud si
America Centrala
5. Operatiunea Condor si tarile participante
Operaiunea Condor, pentru care judecatorul chilian Juan Guzman l-a
inculpat pe fostul dictator Augusto Pinochet, a reprezentat un program de
represiune iniat, in anii 1970, de dictaturile din America de Sud pentru a
vana si elimina fizic opozanii de stanga.
Organizata de serviciile secrete din Argentina, Bolivia, Brazilia, Chile,
Paraguay si Uruguay, operaiunea a lasat in urma sute de persoane
disparute. Ecuador si Peru s-au alaturat mai tarziu
A luat nastere in cursul primei reuniuni de lucru a serviciilor secrete,
desfasurata, intre 25 noiembrie si 1 decembrie 1975, la Santiago de Chile,
conform anchetei realizate de judecatorul Juan Guzman Tapia, responsabil de
partea chiliana a dosarului.
Personajul aflat la originea acsetei iniiative este fondatorul poliiei
secrete a generalului Pinochet, Manuel Contreras. Planul a beneficiat si de
sprijinul agenilor Statelor Unite, conform documentelor din dosarul
judecatorului Guzman.
8. Presedintele [tara]
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

Alan Garcia (Peru)

Alvaro Uribe (Colombia)
Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva (Brazilia)
Felipe Calderon (Mexic)
Hugo Chavez (Venezuela)
Evo Morales (Bolivia)
Daniel Ortega (Nicaragua)
Rafael Correa (Ecuador)
Raul Castro (Cuba)
Sebastian Piera (Chile)
Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner (Argentina)
Laura Chinchilla (Costa Rica)
Fernando Lugo (Paraguay)
Jos Mujica (Uruguay)

15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

Leonel Fernandez (Republica dominican)

Porfirio Lobo (Honduras)
Alvaro Colom (Guatemala)
Mauricio Funes (El Salvador)
Ren Preval (Haiti)
Ricardo Martinelli (Panama)

9. In ce an a devenit fidel castrol socialist?

May 1, 1961
10. Interventii
centrala si Caraibe)

militare

in

America

Latina(cazul

America

The Banana Wars were a series of occupations, police actions, and

interventions involving the United States in Central America and the
Caribbean. This period started with the Spanish-American War in 1898 [1] and
the subsequent Treaty of Paris, which gave the United States control of Cuba
and Puerto Rico. Between the war with Spain and 1934 the United States
conducted military operations and occupations in Panama, Honduras,
Nicaragua, Mexico, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic. The series of conflicts
ended with the withdrawal of troops from Haiti and President Franklin D.
Roosevelt's Good Neighbor Policy in 1934.
Reasons for these conflicts were varied but were largely economic in
nature. The term "Banana Wars" arises from the connections between these
interventions and the preservation of American commercial interests in the
region. Most prominently, the United Fruit Company had significant financial
stakes in production of bananas, tobacco, sugar cane, and various other
products throughout the Caribbean, Central America and Northern South
America. The United States was also advancing its political interests,
maintaining a sphere of influence and controlling the Panama Canal, critically
important to global trade and naval power.
11. caudillo-ex definitie;
Def: lider militar.
Juan Manuel de Rosas Caudillo al statului Argentina
Anonio Lopez de Santa Anna - Mexic
12. gherile,ex de tari;
Popular Revolutionary Army or Ejrcito Popular Revolucionario is a
leftist guerrilla movement in Mexico
Miscarea 26 Iulie Cuba - Fidel Castro. The Movement fought the
Batista regime on both rural and urban fronts.
13. UNASUR(1p);
Membrii Comunitatii Andine(Bolivia, Columbia, Ecuador, Peru), Membrii
Mercosur(Argentina Brazilia Paraguay Uruguay), Alti membri(Chile, Guyana,
Suriname Venezuela)

In declaratia de constituire s-au stabilit atiuni in:

1.
Concentrarea, coordonarea politica si diplomatica in regiune.
2.
Convergenta intre Mercosur, Comunitatea Andina si Chile intr-o
singura zona de comert liber. Surinam si Guyana se pot asocia fara a pierde
statulul sau in Caricom.
3.
Integrarea fizica, energetica si a comunicatiilor in America de
Sud, stimulata de Initiativa pentru Integrarea Infrasctructurii Regionale SudAmericane (IIRSA).
4.
Armonizarea politicilor de dezvolare rurala si agroalimentara
5.
Transferul de tehnologie si cooperarea pe orizontala in toate
domeniile stiintifice, educationale, culturale.
6.
Cresterea nivelului de interactiune intre mediile comerciale si
societatea civila.
7.
Promovarea graduala a masurilor, actiunulor si a domeniilor de
actiune in baza institutiilor existente.
Proiecte

Comunitatea Sud-Americana a Natiunilor, a inceput planurile de

integrare prin constructia unei cai de acces care va lega Brazilia de Peru,
trecand prin Bolivia. Astfel Brazilia va castiga iesire la Oceanul Pacific, si Peru
la Oceanul Atlantic.Constructia a inceput in septembrie 2005, fiind finantata
de Brazilia 60 % si Peru -40%. Finalizarea proiectului se pervede la sfarsitul
anului 2009.
Constructia Inelului Energetic Sud-American, conducta prin care
Argentina, Brazilia, Chile, Paraguay si Uruguay vor primi gaz natural peruan.
Propunerea a fost ratificata si inceputul constructiei va avea loc in 2006.

Gazoductul Binational, un proiect care vizeaza integrarea

energetica intre Columbia si Venezuela. Constructia va demara la mijlocul
anului 2006, va dura 24 luni. Beneficiarul proiectului va fi compania petroliera
de stat venezueleana PDVSA. Costul proiectului va fi 300.000.000 $US.

14. alianta pt progres;

The Alliance for Progress (Alianza para el Progreso) initiated by U.S.
President John F. Kennedy in 1961 aimed to establish economic cooperation
between North and South America.
The program was signed at an inter-American conference at Punta del
Este, Uruguay, in August 1961. The charter called for:

an annual increase of 2.5% in per capita income,

the establishment of democratic governments,

the elimination of adult illiteracy by 1970

price stability, to avoid inflation or deflation

more equitable income distribution, land reform, and

economic and social planning.[2][3]

16. pres carei tari e Hugo chavez

(venezuela);
17. cine dorea independenta tarilor
Great Britain's trade with Latin America greatly expanded in the
revolutionary period, so it supported the revolutionaries against Spain, which
in the past, due to mercantilist ideas, had always denied Britain trade with
the Spanish colonies.
United States President James Monroe asked Secretary of State John
Quincy Adams to draft the Monroe Doctrine. It stated that the United States
would not tolerate any European interference in the Western Hemisphere.
18. in ce an s a declansat socialismul?;
Isi are originile in Revolutia Franceza din anul 1789. Se considera ca a
fost sustinut de Revolutia Industriala.
19. Anul si cine a descoperit america latina
1492 Cristofor Columb
21.

Independenta(procesul)

The Latin American Wars of Independence were the various

revolutions that took place during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that
resulted in the creation of a number of independent countries in the Latin
American region. These revolutions followed the American and French
Revolutions, which had profound effects on the Spanish, Portuguese and
French colonies in the Americas. Haiti, a French slave colony, was the first to
follow the United States to independence during the Haitian Revolution,
which lasted from 1791 to 1804. Thwarted in his attempt to rebuild a French
empire in North America, Napoleon Bonaparte turned his armies to Europe,
invading and occupying many countries, including Spain and Portugal in
1808. The Peninsular War, which resulted from this occupation, caused
Spanish Creoles to question their allegiance to the metropole, stoking
independence movements that culminated in bloody wars of independence,
which lasted almost two decades. At the same time, the Portuguese
monarchy relocated to Brazil during Portugal's French occupation. After the
royal court returned to Lisbon, the prince regent, Pedro, remained in Brazil
and in 1822 successfully declared himself emperor of a newly independent
Brazil.
21. lideri populisti peron si varga
Juan Domingo Pern (n. 8 octombrie 1895- d. 1 iulie 1974) a fost un
om de stat argentinian, de 2 ori presedinte al Argentinei, in perioada 19461955 si in perioada 1973-1974.
Un militar de cariera, el a mai ocupat functia de ministru al Muncii in
cadrul guvernului militar din 1943 si functia de vicepresedinte al Argentinei.
Primul sau mandat ca presedinte al Argentinei s-a incheiat dezastruos, fiind
exilat in urma unei lovituri de stat. Se reintoarce in Argentina in 1973, fiind
reales ca presedinte, insa mandatul sau a durat mai putin de 9 luni, murind in
1974.

Getlio Dornelles Vargas (n. 19 aprilie 1882, So Borja, Rio Grande

do Sul - d. 24 august 1954, Rio de Janeiro) a fost de doua ori presedintele
Braziliei, intre 1930-1945 si 1951-1954.
A devenit presedinte in urma unei lovituri de stat, in 1930. In 1934
regimul sau da o noua constitutie semi-fascista tarii, cu elemente inspirate
din corporatismul mussolinian. In 1937, fiindu-i interzisa (prin constitutie) o
noua candidatura, impune regimul sau dictatorial Estado Novo, asemanator
cu dictatura lui Salazar din Portugalia. Avand la inceputul celui de-al doilea
razboi mondial o pozitie neutrala, incepand cu 1942 adopta o pozitie proaliata. In 1945 este inlaturat de la putere de o lovitura de stat militara.
Se intoarce in politica in 1951, fiind ales presedinte. Este fondatorul
companiei petroliere nationale braziliene, Petrobras. Invinuit de armata ca a
fost in spatele unei tentative de asasinare a principalului sau adversar politic,
Carlos Lacerda, se sinucide impuscandu-se in piept.
22. tarile americii centrale ce au purtat raz intre 1970-1980
Nicaragua, el salvador, guatemala, honduras

23. dictaturi miliatre in Chile si Argentina decat anul

Chile - 19731990 Augusto Pinochet
Argentina - 1976 to 1983
Brazilia - March 31, 1964 to March 15, 1985
Uruguay - 1973-80

24. Comisiile de reconciliere si adevar,ex pe o tara(1 Punct)

In Chile Comisia Rettig Comisia nationala de adevar si reconciliere.
Cu privire la abuzurile la adresa drepturilor omului care au avut ca rezultat
morti si disparuti in timpul regimului militar al lui Augusto Pinochet. A inceput
in 1973 si s-a terminat in 1990 3196 victime (2905 ale militarilor 1720morti
si 1185 disparuti.
In Peru 2001 raportul din 2003 documenteaza victimele perioadei
1980- 200. 69000 morti si disparuti
25. prezidentialismul si parlamentarism
26. anul in care castro s-a declarat socialist
1961
27 anul revolutiei pe care a facut-o cu che
1959
28 trebuia sa spunem anul razboiului din insulele faukland

1982
29 de explicat tranzitia in cornul americii
31 conceptul de securitate nationala
National security involves defence of the sovereignty both with
respect to the states role as an independent actor in inter-state relations and
the ultimate expression of legitimate coercion in internal affairs. The
legitimate defence of territorial boundaries, internal order and sufficient
political and economic stability to permit functioning of state institutions are
also matters of national security. In the national security perspective, the
primary forms of response are state centered including military, intelligence
and diplomatic instruments and state-coalitions strategies.
In Latin America, during the cold war and beyond, the authoritarians
regimes developed the so called national security doctrines which
explicitly included in the mission of the military forces to protect the state
against internal ideological enemies. All along the civil conflicts of the 70s
and 80s, national security doctrines guided the military and police actions
and cost the lives of ten of thousands of citizens. The police forces under the
so called regime policing had few if any- accountability mechanisms;
they engaged in indiscriminate arrests and detention, torture and killings.
Moreover, intelligence gathering structures focused on enemies of the regime
rather than on criminal intelligence and crime prevention was poorly
developed. In Peru and Colombia, for example, the police have often times
been displaced by the military as counter-insurgencies campaigns
authorized military control of large areas of the territory under states of
emergency. Police actions became a complement to military operations and
loose in profile and prestige.
32 doua organizatii economice din america latina
MERCOSUR - Piata comuna a sudului - fondata in 26 martie 1991 de
Brazilia, Argentina, Uruguay si Paraguay, in urma semnarii Tratatului de la
Asuncin
N.A.F.T.A. - Acordul Nord American de Comert Liber (North American
Free Trade Agreement) a fost semnat la 17 decembrie 1992 intre SUA,
Canada si Mexic
34. de ce e important Jimmy Carter pentru America Latina
A semnat tratatul Torrijos-Carter care garanta statului Panama
controlul asupra Canalului Panama. Astfel controlul era predat de
catre SUA, prin acest tratat, statului Panama.
35. ce miscare sociaa a avut loc in 2000 in America Latina
Major social movements emerged in most of Latin America in response
to the economic crisis of the 1990's and early 2000's and challenged neoliberal ruling class control. The most successful were found in Brazil, Ecuador,
Venezuela, Argentina and Bolivia.
Brazil: The Rural Landless Workers Movement (MST), with over 300,000
active members and over 350,000 peasant families settled in co-operatives

throughout the country, represented the biggest and best organized social
movement in Latin America. The MST built a broad network of supporters and
allies in other social movements, like the urban Homeless Movement, the
Catholic Pastoral Rural (Rural Pastoral Agency) and sectors of the trade union
movement (CUT), as well as the left-wing of the Workers Party (PT) and
progressive academic faculty and students. The MST succeeded through
'direct action' tactics, such as organizing mass 'land occupations', which
settled hundreds of thousands of landless rural workers and their families on
the fallow lands of giant latifundistas. They successfully put agrarian reform
on the national agenda and contributed to the electoral victory of the
putative center-left Workers Party presidential candidate Ignacio 'Lula' Da
Silva in the 2002 elections.

36. ce miscare culturala exista intre arta si politica

In Brazil, the Cinema Novo movement created a particular way of
making movies with critical and intellectual screenplays, a clearer
photography related to the light of the outdoors in a tropical landscape, and a
political message. The modern Brazilian film industry has become more
profitable inside the country, and some of its productions have received
prizes and recognition in Europe and the United States.
38 Tratatul de la Washington - masuri neolibarele impuse tarile
din LA
the Washington Consensus policies were designed to respond to the
very real problems in Latin America and made considerable sense
Washington Consensus were "developed in Latin America, by Latin
Americans, in response to what was happening both within and outside the
region
39 strategia militara ideologica importanta
importance of military planners understanding the religion and culture
of indigenous
people. He believes to understand the religious thoughts and
motivations of people are an
important element in accomplishing military missions.
40 cum au facut fata tarile din Sud tranzitiei
41 tipurile de gherile
Urbane si rurale
42 trecerea de la democratie a fost dificila?
43 dinastia Somoza (dinastiile)
Dinastia Somoza 1936-1979 Nicaragua (Augusto Cesar Sandino va
inspira frontul de eliberare sandinist ce va pune capat dinastiei Somoza.
Sandinismul e inca la putere)
Dinastia trujillo 1930 1961 Rep Dominicana

Dinastia Duvaliere 1957 1986 Haiti

44. cine a fost Salvador Allende.
Fost presedinte al statului Chile
45. cine e Daniel Ortega ?
presedintele statului Nicaragua
46.presedintii din Uruguay si Paraguay?
U Jose(accent ascutit pe e) Mujica P Fernando Lugo
48. triunghiul violentelor in columbia
Format din:
Miscarile de gherila, cartelurile de droguri, organizatiile paramilitare
Miscarile de gherila (FARC fortele Armate Revolutionare Columbiene;
ELN Armata de Eliberare Nationala; EPL Armata de Eliberare Populara)
sunt implicate in productia de cocaina. Pentru a avea fonduri pentru
productiile viitoare, gherilele rapeau oamenii si cereau recompense. Atacau
de regula mosiile. Proprietarii de mosii formeaza organizatiile paramilitare.
Traficantii de droguri reusesc sa ameninte statul columbian prin
actiunile lor. De asem ei s-au implicat in campaniile electorale, sustinand unii
candidati in sch unor beneficii. Totodata si membrii miscarilor paramilitare se
pot afla pe listele partidelor de la Guvernare.
Gherilele ajung sa controleze si drumurile, fiind mai sigur sa calatoresti
cu avionul decat sa alegi drumul pe autostrazi si sa risti sa fi jefuit sau chiar
rapit. Cel mai rau afectati au fost taranii din zonele in care erau plantatiile de
coca: in primul rand, din cauza substantelor folosite in plantatii, solul era atat
de afectat incat nu mai era fertil pt nimic altceva. De asem, in lipsa altor
activitati econ, taranii erau nevoiti si chiar obligati sa lucreze la plantatiile de
coca. Gherilele au primit sustinere financiara din partea statelor care nu erau
partenere SUA, dar si din partea statului columbian in timpul lui Hugo
Chavez, dar si sustinere privin aprovizionarea cu arme.
In tot acest moloz, sg lucru care poate ramane in picioare este Const
din 1991.
SUA incearca sa ia masuri impotriva cartelurilor Plan Colombia a
ajuta statul pe plan econ, social, militar dorindu-se eradicarea culturilor de
coca. In prez exista un program al Columbiei pt a da o a 2a sansa membrilor
de gherila sa renunte la aceste activitati.
49. deceniul pierdut al americii de sud
Este reprezentat de criza financiara ce a pornit in anii 80 cand datoriile
externe intreceau castigurile fapt ce a dus la incapacitatea de a plati
datoriile. Brazilia, Argentina si Mexic au imprumutat sume mari de la
creditori internationali pentru industrializare si pentru programe de reabilitare
a infrastructurii.

Subiectele de la SPR Limba Romana

Subiectele de 1 punct:
Initiatorul sau ceva de genul asta, al independentei (bolivar as
zice) si care era viziunea lui asupra statelor sau am lat
Triunghiul violentei in Columbia, de explicat
UNASUR membri-organizare-scopuri
Comisiile de
analizat/prezentat

adevar.

De

ales

una

dintr-o

tara

si

de

Alte subiecte
Tarile
Anul si omul care a descoperit america
Cine este hugo chavez
Presedintii boliviei si argentinei
Tarile cu razboaie in anii 70-80
Procesul de intependenta
Caudillos
Alianta pentru progres
Revolutia glorioasa in cuba
Cand s-a declarat socialist?
Operatiunea condor si tarile participante
Gherilele de cate feluri erau si exemplu unde se gaseau: Cuba
Lideri populisti din 1930-1940 exemple: peron si varga
dictaturi miliatre in Chile si Argentina decat anul
Chile - 19731990 Augusto Pinochet
Argentina - 1976 to 1983
Brazilia - March 31, 1964 to March 15, 1985
State in care america se implica militar la inceputul secolului 20.
Panama si Cuba cel mai probabil.