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Documents - Tips - Examen Brevet Ofiter Mecanic Mai PDF
Documents - Tips - Examen Brevet Ofiter Mecanic Mai PDF
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Page 2 of 394
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1. Presetupa tijei;
2. Conducte de racire exteriore;
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Page 3 of 394
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Page 4 of 394
Maximizeaza
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Page 5 of 394
2.
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3.
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4.
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10.
Maximizeaza
Page 6 of 394
1.
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AA A =
(D
2
s
D Dci
Dci2
dx
+ ix s
4
2
2.
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m
n
AA A
(D
=
2
s
D + Dci
Dci2
dx
ix s
4
2
3.
j
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m
n
AA A
(D
=
2
s
D Dci
Dci2
dx
ix s
4
2
4.
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m
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AA A =
(D
2
s
Dci2
i x (Ds Dci )d x
4
11.
Maximizeaza
Page 7 of 394
1.
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c =
(D
F p max
2
s
D + Dci
Dci2
dx
ix s
4
2
2.
j
k
l
m
n
c =
(D
F p max
2
s
D
4
2
ci
)i
Ds Dci
dx
2
3.
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m
n
c =
F p max
(D
2
s
Dci2
4
4.
j
k
l
m
n
c =
(D
F p max
2
s
Dci2
i x (Ds Dci )d x
4
Page 8 of 394
Maximizeaza
1.
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2.
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3.
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4.
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13.
Page 9 of 394
Maximizeaza
Umerii pistonului (fig. CC 2) sunt solicitati la forfecare de catre forta de presiune maxima
a gazelor F pmax , care genereaza o tensiune ce se poate calcula, cu ajutorul dimensiunilor
din figura, cu relatia:
1.
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f =
F p max
2
d ue d ui2
4
2.
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m
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f =
1
F p max
2
2
d ue + d ui2
4
3.
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f =
1
F p max
2
2
d ue d ui2
4
4.
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f =
2 Fp max
2
d ue d ui2
4
Page 10 of 394
1.
2.
3.
4.
Capul pistonului;
Segmentii;
Prezoanele de prindere a tijei pistonului de acesta;
Capul de cruce.
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Page 11 of 394
1.
2.
3.
4.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
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Page 12 of 394
1.
2.
3.
4.
Forfecare;
Intindere;
Strivire;
Incovoiere.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
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Page 13 of 394
21.
1.
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Dp =
D[1+ c (t c t 0 )]
1 + p (t c t 0 )
2.
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Dp =
D[1+ c (t c t 0 )]
1 + p (t c + t 0 )
3.
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m
n
Dp =
D[1+ c (t c t 0 )] +
1 + p (t c t 0 )
4.
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m
n
Dp =
D[1 + c (t c + t 0 )]
1 + p (t c + t 0 )
22.In figura CC 6:
Maximizeaza
Page 14 of 394
1.
2.
3.
4.
1-fusta pistonului;
4-surub pentru asamblarea cupei de racire;
2-set de inele de etansare;
3- suruburi pentru asamblarea pistonului cu tevile telescopice.
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23.In figura CC 7:
Maximizeaza
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Page 15 of 394
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1.
2.
3.
4.
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n
Page 16 of 394
1.
2.
3.
4.
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1.
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Page 17 of 394
-d be OL (t b t 0 ) + AL t p t 0
1- AL t p t 0
)]
2.
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+ d be OL (t b t 0 ) AL t p + t 0
1+ AL t p t 0
)]
3.
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n
-d be OL (t b t 0 ) + AL t p t 0
1- AL t p t 0
)]
4.
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n
+ d be OL (t b t 0 ) AL t p t 0
1+ AL t p t 0
)]
1.
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t min =
+ t0
AL (d be + )
2.
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t min =
3.
T0
AL (d be )
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Page 18 of 394
Tmin =
t0
AL (d be + )
4.
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t min =
+ T0
AL (d be )
1.
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pp =
*
F p max+FAP
max
l p d be
2.
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n
pp =
*
F p max -FAP
max
2 l p d be
3.
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m
n
pp =
*
F p max -FAP
max
l p d be
4.
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l
m
n
pp =
F p max
l p d be
Page 19 of 394
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Egal;
Mai mare;
Mai mic;
Nu este nici o legatura intre cele doua marimi.
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Page 20 of 394
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1.
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s m=
D[ s (t s t 0 ) c (t c t 0 )] + s c
1+ s (t s t 0 )
2.
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n
s m=
s (t s t 0 ) c (t c t 0 ) 1
s (t s t 0 )
D
3.
j
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m
n
s m=
4.
D[ s (t s t 0 ) c (t c t 0 )] sc
1+ s (t s t 0 )
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Page 21 of 394
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Page 22 of 394
1.
2.
3.
4.
Tija pistonului;
Blocul coloanelor;
Mecanism de ungere a camasii;
Mecanism balansier de ungere a capului pistonului.
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Page 23 of 394
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1.
2.
3.
4.
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Page 24 of 394
Maximizeaza
1.
2.
3.
4.
Presiune de contact;
Incovoiere
Forfecare
Strivire
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43.
Maximizeaza
Cu dimensiunile din figura CC 12 se poate calcula tensiunea de strivire dintre patina
capului de cruce si glisiera; notand cu N max forta normala maxima cu care patina este
apasata pe glisiera si cu h p inaltimea patinei, aceasta tensiune, pentru patina bilaterala se
obtine (fig. CC 12,a):
1.
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Page 25 of 394
s max =
N max
b p h p
2.
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n
s max =
N max
2b p h p
3.
j
k
l
m
n
s max =
2 N max
b p h p
4.
j
k
l
m
n
s max =
N max
2(b p b p )h p
44.
Maximizeaza
Cu dimensiunile din figura CC 12 se poate calcula tensiunea de strivire dintre patina
capului de cruce si glisiera; notand cu N max si N min forta normala maxima, respectiv
minima cu care patina este apasata pe glisiera si cu h p inaltimea patinei, aceasta tensiune,
pentru patina monolaterala se obtin doua valori de extrem, deoarece forta normal isi
schimba semnul pe durata unui ciclu (fig. CC 12,b):
1.
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Page 26 of 394
N max
s extr 1 = b h
p p
N min
sextr 2 =
2b p h p
2.
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n
N max
s extr 1 = b h
p p
N min
sextr 2 =
b p h p
3.
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n
N max
s extr 1 = 2b h
p p
N min
sextr 2 =
b p h p
4.
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m
n
N max
s extr 1 = 2b h
p p
N min
sextr 2 =
2b p h p
45.
Page 27 of 394
1.
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m
n
s extr 1 as
2.
j
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m
n
s extr 2 as
3.
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m
n
4.
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n
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n
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m
n
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n
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n
Page 28 of 394
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Page 29 of 394
1.
2.
3.
4.
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51.
Maximizeaza
Page 30 of 394
Sectiunea minima a corpului bielei are dimensiunile din figura CC 15. Cunoscand
2
valoarea fortei de ntindere 8a at , sa se calculeze inaltimea x a acestei sectiuni, at
fiind valoarea rezistentei admisibile
1.
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x = a;
2.
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m
n
x = 3a;
3.
j
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m
n
x = 4a;
4.
j
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l
m
n
x=
a
.
4
Intindere
Comprimare
Forfecare
Incovoiere
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n
53.In figura CC 16
Page 31 of 394
Maximizeaza
1.
2.
3.
4.
5-piciorul bielei
3-tija bielei
4-boltul capului de cruce; 5- capul bielei
Sistem de ungere si de racire al pistonului
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n
Page 32 of 394
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1.
2.
3.
4.
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n
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m
n
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n
j
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m
n
Page 33 of 394
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1.
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n
p M man =
R M man
d M lM
2.
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l
m
n
p M man =
RM man
d M + lM
3.
j
k
l
m
n
p M man =
RM man
d M lM
Page 34 of 394
4.
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l
m
n
p M man =
RM man
d M m lM
1.
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m
n
p pmax =
R pmax
d p lp
2.
j
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l
m
n
p pmax =
R pmax S l p
dp
3.
j
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l
m
n
p pmax =
R pmax
dp + lp
4.
j
k
l
m
n
p pmax =
R pmax
dp + lp
Page 35 of 394
1.
2.
3.
4.
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Page 36 of 394
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1. Arborele este mai zvelt, mai elastic, cu o puternica distantare intre axele
fusului maneton si palier (raza de manivela mare);
2. Comportament corespunzator la vibratii, reducerea greutatii si a costurilor
de fabricatie;
3. Reducerea concentratorilor de tensiune din zona de racordare manetonbrat prin practicarea unei degajari pe partea interioara a bratului, ceea ce
conduce la marirea rezistentei mecanice;
4. Toate cele de mai sus.
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64.
Maximizeaza
Page 37 of 394
Acoperirea sectiunilor fusurilor palier si maneton este data de relatia urmatoare, in care
d m , d l si R sunt diametrle fusurilor maneton, palier si raza de manivela, respectiv (fig.
CC 20):
1.
j
k
l
m
n
s=
dl + dm
+R
2
2.
j
k
l
m
n
s=
dl + d m
R
2
3.
j
k
l
m
n
s=
dl d m
R
2
4.
j
k
l
m
n
s = (d l + d m ) R
65.
Maximizeaza
Page 38 of 394
Conform figurii CC 20, valabila pentru un motor in patru timpi, acoperirea seciunilor
fusurilor palier si maneton, dat de relatia s = (d l + d m ) / 2 R , in care d m , d l si R sunt
diametrle fusurilor maneton, palier si raza de manivela, respectiv, este:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Pozitiva;
Negativa;
Nula;
Infinita.
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j
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m
n
1.
2.
3.
4.
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Page 39 of 394
1, 3, 5-negative; 2, 4-pozitive;
1, 2, 4-pozitive; 3, 5-negative;
1, 2, 3-pozitive; 4, 5-negative;
1, 3, 4-pozitive; 2, 5-negative.
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n
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n
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j
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n
Page 40 of 394
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Page 41 of 394
1. a-sector inelar de angrenare cu virorul; b-bolturi; c-pana transversala; dcaneluri; e-canal pentru cheia de tensionare a bolturilor; f-buloanele de
prindere a celor doua parti;
2. a-pana transversala; b-bolturi; c-buloanele de prindere a celor doua parti;
d-caneluri; e-canal pentru cheia de tensionare a bolturilor; f-sector inelar
de angrenare cu virorul;
3. a-buloanele de prindere a celor doua parti; b-bolturi; c-pana transversala;
d-caneluri; e-canal pentru cheia de tensionare a bolturilor; f-sector inelar
de angrenare cu virorul;
4. a-caneluri; b-bolturi; c-pana transversala; d-buloanele de prindere a celor
doua parti; e-canal pentru cheia de tensionare a bolturilor; f-sector inelar
de angrenare cu virorul.
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71.Figura CC 22 prezinta:
Maximizeaza
Page 42 of 394
1.
2.
3.
4.
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n
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72.
Maximizeaza
Figura CC 23 indica diagrama de turatii critice ale unui motor naval lent. Precizati ce
reprezinta abscisa punctelor de intersectie dintre orizontala corespunzatoare pulsatiei
proprii de gradul intai sau doi oI , oII si dreptele care trec prin origine corespunztoare
pulsatiei excitatiei de ordin armonic k :
1.
2.
3.
4.
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l
m
n
j
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l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Page 43 of 394
1.
2.
3.
4.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1. Incovoiere
2. Incovoiere si torsiune;
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Page 44 of 394
3. Intindere si torsiune;
4. Torsiune
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
75.
Maximizeaza
Conform schemei de calcul al unui cot al arborelui cotit si a celei de calcul a fusului
maneton din figurile CC 24 si CC 25, putem preciza solicitarea de incovoiere a fusului
maneton:
1.
j
k
l
m
n
2.
j
k
l
m
n
3.
j
k
l
m
n
4.
j
k
l
m
n
Page 45 of 394
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m
n
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n
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n
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n
Page 46 of 394
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n
Page 47 of 394
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n
Page 48 of 394
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m
n
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m
n
1.
2.
3.
4.
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l
m
n
j
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l
m
n
j
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l
m
n
j
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l
m
n
Page 49 of 394
1.
2.
3.
4.
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m
n
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l
m
n
j
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l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
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m
n
j
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m
n
j
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m
n
j
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l
m
n
Page 50 of 394
1.
2.
3.
4.
3-ferestre de evacuare;
2- ferestre de baleiaj;
Ferestrele de baleiaj mai inalte decat ferestrele de evacuare;
5- clapeti de aer de baleiaj; 6-clapeti pe traseul de gaze.
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k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
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l
m
n
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m
n
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m
n
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l
m
n
Page 51 of 394
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k
l
m
n
1. Camasa este umeda, in contact direct cu agentul de racire, care este apa
de mare;
2. Camasa este uscata, fara contact direct cu agentul de racire;
3. Camasa este umeda, in contact direct cu agentul de racire, care este uleiul;
4. Camasa este umeda, in contact direct cu agentul de racire, care este apa
tehnica.
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l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
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l
m
n
Page 52 of 394
1.
2.
3.
4.
3;
4;
1;
7.
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l
m
n
j
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l
m
n
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k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1. Lagarul este compus din doi semicuzineti, cel inferior fiind continut in
rama de fundatie;
2. Lagarul este realizat in constructie monobloc cilindrica, tip bucsa;
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Page 53 of 394
3. Lagarul este compus din doi semicuzineti, cel superior fiind fiind continut
in rama de fundatie;
4. Lagarul este continut in rama de fundatie si in blocul cilindrilor.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1.
2.
3.
4.
7;
5;
8;
1.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
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l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Page 54 of 394
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k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Torsiune
Incovoiere
Intindere
Forfecare
j
k
l
m
n
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l
m
n
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l
m
n
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l
m
n
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k
l
m
n
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l
m
n
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l
m
n
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k
l
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n
1.
j
k
l
m
n
L =
2.
FL 4 1
E d2
j
k
l
m
n
Page 55 of 394
L =
FL E 1
4 3 D 2
3.
j
k
l
m
n
L =
FL 4 1
E d3
4.
j
k
l
m
n
L =
FL E 1
4 D2
1.
j
k
l
m
n
cT =
EA
L
2.
j
k
l
m
n
cT =
EL
A
3.
j
k
l
m
n
cT =
2E A
L
4.
j
k
l
m
n
Page 56 of 394
1.
2.
3.
4.
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l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1.
2.
3.
4.
j
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l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Page 57 of 394
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n
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n
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n
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l
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n
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n
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n
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n
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n
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m
n
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n
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l
m
n
Page 58 of 394
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n
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n
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l
m
n
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m
n
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l
m
n
Page 59 of 394
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n
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n
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n
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n
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n
Page 60 of 394
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n
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n
Page 61 of 394
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n
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n
107.
Maximizeaza
Consideram camasa supusa la incovoiare datorita fortei normale maxime N max (fig. CC
37), care actioneaza la distanta a de extremitatea inferioara a camasii, l fiind lungimea
acesteia; tensiunea maxima de incovoiere este:
1.
j
k
l
m
n
i max
ab
N max
= l4
De Di4
De
2.
j
k
l
m
n
i max
3.
ab
N max
l
=
De4 Di4
16
De
j
k
l
m
n
Page 62 of 394
i max
l
N max
ab
=
De4 Di4
16
De
4.
j
k
l
m
n
i max
De4 Di4
De
16
=
ab
N max
l
1.
j
k
l
m
n
i xx =
2.
N max l
abWxx
j
k
l
m
n
Page 63 of 394
i xx =
W xx ab
l N max
3.
j
k
l
m
n
i xx =
N max ab
l W xx
4.
j
k
l
m
n
i xx =
N max al
bWxx
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Page 64 of 394
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n
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n
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m
n
Page 65 of 394
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n
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n
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m
n
Page 66 of 394
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n
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n
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n
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n
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n
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m
n
Page 67 of 394
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n
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n
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m
n
Page 68 of 394
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n
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n
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n
Page 69 of 394
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n
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n
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n
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n
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m
n
Page 70 of 394
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l
m
n
1.
2.
3.
4.
j
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l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Page 71 of 394
1.
2.
3.
4.
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m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1.
2.
3.
4.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Page 72 of 394
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l
m
n
j
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l
m
n
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l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Page 73 of 394
1.
2.
3.
4.
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l
m
n
j
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l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1.
2.
3.
4.
j
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l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Page 74 of 394
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l
m
n
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l
m
n
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l
m
n
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l
m
n
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l
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n
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n
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l
m
n
j
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l
m
n
Page 75 of 394
1.
2.
3.
4.
Normal axat;
Normal dezaxat;
Ambele variante anterioare si cu cap de cruce;
Ambele variante anterioare si cu piston flotant.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1.
2.
3.
4.
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l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
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l
m
n
Page 76 of 394
1.
2.
3.
4.
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m
n
j
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l
m
n
j
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l
m
n
j
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l
m
n
Page 77 of 394
1.
2.
3.
4.
Motoarelor in V;
Motoarelor in stea;
Motoarelor cu pistoane opuse cu un singur arbore cotit;
Motoarelor cu pistoane opuse cu doi arbori cotiti.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1.
2.
3.
4.
j
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l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Page 78 of 394
1.
2.
3.
4.
Cu piston flotant;
Cu piston flotant si excentricitate (mecanism normal dezaxat);
Cu piston flotant fara excentricitate (mecanism normal);
Cu cap de cruce fara excentricitate (mecanism normal).
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
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l
m
n
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k
l
m
n
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k
l
m
n
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k
l
m
n
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n
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n
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l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Page 79 of 394
134.
1.
j
k
l
m
n
= t ;
2.
j
k
l
m
n
= /t ;
3.
j
k
l
m
n
= t /;
4.
j
k
l
m
n
= d / d t .
135.
Page 80 of 394
1.
j
k
l
m
n
= const .
;
t
2.
j
k
l
m
n
d
= const .
;
dt
3.
j
k
l
m
n
d
const .
;
dt
4.
j
k
l
m
n
const .
t
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
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l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Page 81 of 394
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l
m
n
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n
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n
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n
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m
n
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l
m
n
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l
m
n
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n
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l
m
n
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k
l
m
n
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l
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n
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l
m
n
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n
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n
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m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Page 82 of 394
j
k
l
m
n
O cursa intreaga;
1/2 din cursa;
Dubul cursei pistonului;
Mai mult de 1/2 din cursa pistonului.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
143.Atunci cand manivela s-a rotit cu 90o RAC, pistonul a efectuat mai
mult de 1/2 din cursa pistonului, datorita:
1.
2.
3.
4.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
144.
Notand cu = R / L , coeficientul de
alungire a bielei, pozitiile unghiulare ale
manivelei pentru care viteza pistonului
nregistreaza valori extreme (maxim si
minim) sunt:
1.
j
k
l
m
n
1 + 1 + 82
w p extr1 = arccos
4
= 2 w p extr 1
;
w p extr 2
2.
j
k
l
m
n
Page 83 of 394
1 1 + 82
w p extr1 = arccos
4
;
w p extr 2 = 2 w p extr1
3.
j
k
l
m
n
1 + 1 + 82
=
arccos
w p extr1
4
;
w p extr 2 = 2 + w p extr 1
4.
j
k
l
m
n
1 1 + 82
w p extr1 = arccos
4
2
=
w p extr 1
.
w p extr 2
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
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k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Page 84 of 394
1.
2.
3.
4.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Maxima;
Minima;
Indiferenta de valoarea vitezei;
Extrema (maxima sau minima).
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
149.
1.
j
k
l
m
n
< 1/ 4 ;
2.
j
k
l
m
n
> 1/ 4 ;
3.
j
k
l
m
n
= 1/ 4 ;
4.
j
k
l
m
n
= 1/ 2 .
Page 85 of 394
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
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k
l
m
n
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k
l
m
n
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k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Plan-paralela;
Alternativa;
Circular uniforma;
Circular accelerata.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
La punctele moarte;
Pentru care viteza este maxima;
Pentru care viteza este nula;
Pentru care biela este perpendiculara pe manivela.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Page 86 of 394
1.
j
k
l
m
n
S
2n
; w pm =
30
S 60 ;
2.
j
k
l
m
n
n
Sn
; w pm =
30
30 ;
3.
j
k
l
m
n
S
2n
; w pm =
30
S 30 ;
4.
j
k
l
m
n
n
Sn
; w pm =
60
30 .
155.
1.
j
k
l
m
n
w pmed
med
D
;
Page 87 of 394
2.
j
k
l
m
n
w pmed
med
S
;
3.
j
k
l
m
n
w pmed
med
D
2 ;
4.
j
k
l
m
n
w pmed
med
S
2 .
1.
j
k
l
m
n
x p = R (1 cos ) + 1 1 2 sin 2
2.
j
k
l
m
n
x p = R (1 + cos ) +
1 + 1 2 sin 2
2
;
3.
j
k
l
m
n
Page 88 of 394
x p = R (1 cos ) + 1 + 1 2 sin 2
4.
j
k
l
m
n
x p = R (1 + cos ) + 1 1 2 sin 2
1.
j
k
l
m
n
x p = R (1 cos ) + (1 + cos 2 )
4
;
2.
j
k
l
m
n
x p = R (1 cos ) + (1 cos 3 )
4
.
3.
j
k
l
m
n
x p = R (1 cos ) + (1 cos 2 )
4
;
4.
j
k
l
m
n
x p = R (1 cos ) + (1 + cos 3 )
4
.
Page 89 of 394
1.
j
k
l
m
n
d = R
cos( + )
cos ;
2.
j
k
l
m
n
d = R
sin ( + )
sin ;
3.
j
k
l
m
n
d = R
cos( )
cos ;
4.
j
k
l
m
n
d = R
cos( + )
cot g .
1.
j
k
l
m
n
Page 90 of 394
w p = S sin + sin 2
2.
j
k
l
m
n
w p = R sin + sin 2
2
;
3.
j
k
l
m
n
w p = R(sin + sin 2 ) ;
4.
j
k
l
m
n
w p = R sin - sin 2
2
160.
1.
j
k
l
m
n
wp
2.
max
1 1 + 8S
L2
= arccos
4S
j
k
l
m
n
Page 91 of 394
wp
max
1 + 1 + 2S
L2
= arccos
2S
3.
j
k
l
m
n
wp
max
1 + 1 + 2S
L2
= arcsin
2S
4.
j
k
l
m
n
wp
max
1 1 + 2S
L2
= arccos
2S
1.
j
k
l
m
n
a p = R 2 (cos + cos 2 ) ;
2.
j
k
l
m
n
a p = R 2 (sin + sin 3 ) ;
3.
j
k
l
m
n
Page 92 of 394
a p = R 2 (cos + cos 2 ) ;
4.
j
k
l
m
n
a p = R 2 (sin + sin 2 ) .
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1.
j
k
l
m
n
= n / 120;
2.
j
k
l
m
n
= n / 60;
3.
j
k
l
m
n
= n / 30;
4.
j
k
l
m
n
Page 93 of 394
= n / 90.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1.
j
k
l
m
n
Page 94 of 394
2.
j
k
l
m
n
3.
j
k
l
m
n
4.
j
k
l
m
n
166.
Maximizeaza
Page 95 of 394
n figura DIN 7 este prezentata incarcarea manivelei cu forte centrifuge de inertie. Pentru
cea aferenta bratului, se calculeaza masa fictiva raportata la maneton, cu relatia urmatoare,
tinnd cont de pozitia centrului de mas al bratului , de raza de manivel R si de masa
reala a bratului mb ' :
1.
j
k
l
m
n
mb 'm = mb '
R
;
2.
j
k
l
m
n
mb 'm = mb '
R;
3.
j
k
l
m
n
4.
j
k
l
m
n
m b ' m = 0 .5 m b ' .
167.
Page 96 of 394
1.
j
k
l
m
n
F = F p Fa ;
2.
j
k
l
m
n
F = F p + Fa ;
3.
j
k
l
m
n
F = F p + Fa ;
4.
j
k
l
m
n
F = F p Fa .
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Page 97 of 394
1.
2.
3.
4.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Prima forta este nula, iar cea de-a doua este maxima;
Prima forta este nula, iar cea de-a doua este minima;
Prima forta este maxima, iar cea de-a doua este nula;
Prima forta este nula.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
173.
Page 98 of 394
1.
j
k
l
m
n
2
2.
j
k
l
m
n
2
1
n
3.
j
k
l
m
n
2
R
n
4.
j
k
l
m
n
2
n
a p ( = max ) = R cos max + cos 2 max
L
.
30
174.
Maximizeaza
Page 99 of 394
Pentru determinarea centrului de mas al bielei unui motor cu functionare in patru timpi
prin metoda cantaririi se utilizeaza o masa aditional notata cu m1 , conform figurii DIN 5.
Cunoscand lungimea bielei L , masa bielei mb si masa m1 Sa se determine L p .
1.
j
k
l
m
n
Lp =
mb m1
L;
2 mb
2.
j
k
l
m
n
Lp =
mb 2m1
L;
2 mb
3.
j
k
l
m
n
Lp =
mb + m1
L;
mb
4.
j
k
l
m
n
Lp =
mb + m1
L.
2 mb
175.
1.
j
k
l
m
n
2
F = m p +
mb R cos max + cos 2 max ;
L
+ 1 30
2.
j
k
l
m
n
2
D 2
R
n
F=
p max (m p + mb )R cos max + cos 2 max ;
4
L
30
3.
j
k
l
m
n
2
R
D 2
F=
p max m p +
mb R cos max + cos 2 max ;
4
L
+ 1 30
4.
j
k
l
m
n
2
R
D 2
F=
p max m p +
mb R cos 2 max + cos max .
L
+ 1 30
4
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Ramane constant;
Este egal cu raportul turatiilor;
Este egal cu cubul raportului turatiilor;
Este egal cu patratul raportului turatiilor;
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1.
j
k
l
m
n
Fp =
D2
( p p0 ) S
;
4
2.
j
k
l
m
n
D2
Fp =
( p + pcart )
;
4
3.
j
k
l
m
n
D2
Fp =
( p p0 ) S
;
4
4.
j
k
l
m
n
Fp =
D2
( p p cart )
.
4
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1.
j
k
l
m
n
2.
j
k
l
m
n
3.
j
k
l
m
n
4.
j
k
l
m
n
1.
j
k
l
m
n
T =F
sin ( + )
cos ;
2.
j
k
l
m
n
T =F
sin ( )
cos ;
3.
j
k
l
m
n
T =F
sin ( + )
cos ;
4.
j
k
l
m
n
T =F
sin ( )
cos .
1.
j
k
l
m
n
Fir = mROT R 2 ;
2.
j
k
l
m
n
Fir = m ROT S ;
3.
j
k
l
m
n
Fir = m ROT S ;
4.
j
k
l
m
n
Fir = m ROT D .
1.
j
k
l
m
n
B=
sin
F ;
2.
j
k
l
m
n
B=
F
cos ;
3.
j
k
l
m
n
B=
4.
tg
F ;
j
k
l
m
n
B=
ctg
F .
1.
j
k
l
m
n
N = T tg ;
2.
j
k
l
m
n
N = F tg ;
3.
j
k
l
m
n
N= T ctg;
4.
j
k
l
m
n
B=
sin
F .
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1.
j
k
l
m
n
Mm = F R
sin ( + )
cos
2.
j
k
l
m
n
Mm = F S
sin ( )
cos
3.
j
k
l
m
n
Mm = F R
sin ( )
cos
4.
j
k
l
m
n
Mm = F R
sin ( )
cos + 1
1.
j
k
l
m
n
M rs = F R
2.
cos( + )
sin
j
k
l
m
n
M rs = F R
sin ( + )
cos
3.
j
k
l
m
n
Mm = F R
sin ( )
cos
4.
j
k
l
m
n
Mm = F R
sin ( )
cos + 1
Multiplu de opt;
Multiplu de patru;
Diferite de multiplu de opt.
Diferite de multiplu de patru.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1.
j
k
l
m
n
M =
M max + M min
M
2.
j
k
l
m
n
M =
M max M min
M
3.
j
k
l
m
n
M =
M min M max
M
4.
j
k
l
m
n
M =
M
M max M min
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
195.
Maximizeaza
M rez = M =
a
2 [Nm],
1
Presupunand gradul de neuniformitate al miscarii de rotatie a arborelui cotit
3 si
ca viteza unghiulara medie a arborelui cotit este = a [rad/s], sa se determine momentul
de inertie al volantului de uniformizare a miscarii de rotatie a arborelui cotit; se cunosc
A = 10 RAC si B = 50 RAC .
1.
j
k
l
m
n
Jv =
2
;
a
2.
j
k
l
m
n
Jv =
;
6a 2
3.
j
k
l
m
n
Jv =
a 2
;
6
4.
j
k
l
m
n
Jv =
2
.
6a
j
k
l
m
n
0 = (i 1)! ;
2.
j
k
l
m
n
0 =
1
(i 1)! ;
2
3.
j
k
l
m
n
0 =
1
(i + 1)! ;
2
4.
j
k
l
m
n
0 =
1
i!
2 .
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1.
2.
3.
4.
Prima;
A doua;
A treia;
Niciuna.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1-2-3-6-5-4-1;
1-2-4-6-5-3-1;
1-5-3-6-2-4-1;
1-5-4-6-2-3-1.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
A doua;
A patra si a sasea;
A doua, a treia, a patra si a sasea;
Prima, a doua, a patra si a sasea.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
2. 1-4-7-3-8-5-2-6-1
3. 1-5-2-6-8-4-7-3-1
4. Oricare din a), b), c).
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
(1 - 5 - 3 - 6 - 4 - 2);
(1 - 5 - 2 - 4 - 6 - 3);
(1 - 3 - 5 - 6 - 4 - 2);
(1 - 5 - 4 - 2 - 6 - 3).
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
(1 - 3 - 5 - 2 - 4);
(1 - 3 - 2 - 4 - 5);
(1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5);
(1 - 5 - 4 - 3 - 2).
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
206.
In
relatia
puterii
2
D
2n 1
Pe exp = p miexp m
S i
4
60 , D
[m]; S[m]; n[rot/min]; Peexp[kW] si:
1.
j
k
l
m
n
pmiexp[bar]; =4;
2.
j
k
l
m
n
3.
j
k
l
m
n
pmiexp[bar]; =2;
4.
j
k
l
m
n
kJ
kg kJ
C h ;Qi ;Qs ;Qs > Qi
Notatii:
,
h kg
kg
semnificatia fiind cea uzuala.
1.
j
k
l
m
n
Pe = e C h Qs
1
[kW]
;
3600
2.
j
k
l
m
n
Pe = m i C h Q s
1
[kW]
3600
3.
j
k
l
m
n
Pe = e C h Qi
1
[kW ]
3600
4.
j
k
l
m
n
Pe = m e C h Qs
1
[kW ]
3600
j
k
l
m
n
MW;
kN daN
at; mmCHg;mmCA
;
;
m 2 cm 2
2.
j
k
l
m
n
N
p.s.i.
;cSt; 2
2
m
ft ;
3.
j
k
l
m
n
MPa;
4.
kN daN
;
at; mmCHg;mmCA
;
m 2 cm 2
j
k
l
m
n
J
p.s.i.
;
cSt;
m2
ft 2
209.
Ecuatia
caracteristica
de
stare
pV = mRT; pV = RM T; pV = R N T are:
1.
j
k
l
m
n
2.
j
k
l
m
n
3.
j
k
l
m
n
4.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
J
m
;
3
kcal
;
kg K
2.
j
k
l
m
n
2
J N
;
kg s ;
3.
j
k
l
m
n
J
m2
kcal
;
kg K
4.
j
k
l
m
n
2
J m
;
kg s .
1.
j
k
l
m
n
k cil=
3 1
D 2
S
4
60 ;
2.
j
k
l
m
n
k cil=Vc 60 ;
3.
j
k
l
m
n
k cil=
D 2
2 1
S
4
60
4.
j
k
l
m
n
k cil=V 60 .
1.
j
k
l
m
n
p mi = v i
Qi
aer
Lmin
2.
j
k
l
m
n
p mi = t c
Qi
aer
L
3.
j
k
l
m
n
p me = v i m
Qi
aer
Lmin
4.
j
k
l
m
n
p mi = t c
Qi
aer
L
1.
j
k
l
m
n
cc =
3600
t Qi
2.
j
k
l
m
n
cc =
3600
c Qi
3.
j
k
l
m
n
ce =
3600
t Qi
4.
j
k
l
m
n
ce =
3600
e Qi
1.
2.
3.
4.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1.
j
k
l
m
n
Pe = i
Cc
Qi
3600
2.
j
k
l
m
n
Pe = e
Ch
Qi
3600
3.
j
k
l
m
n
Pe = i
Cc
Qi
3600
4.
j
k
l
m
n
Pe = e
Ch
Qs
3600
1.
j
k
l
m
n
Pi = p e e
D2
2n 1
S
i
4
60 ;
2.
j
k
l
m
n
Pi = p mi
D2
2n 1
S
i
4
60
3.
j
k
l
m
n
Pi = p e e
D2
3 n 1
S
i
4
60
4.
j
k
l
m
n
Pi = p mi
D2
n 1
S i
4
60
1.
j
k
l
m
n
Pi = p mi VS
i
w pm
2.
j
k
l
m
n
Pi = p mi
D2
i
S w pm
4
3.
j
k
l
m
n
Pi = p mi VS
i
m
4.
j
k
l
m
n
Pi = p mi
D2 i
w pm
4
1.
j
k
l
m
n
ci =
848
i m Qi
2.
j
k
l
m
n
ci =
632
i Qi
3.
j
k
l
m
n
ci =
632
i m Qi
4.
j
k
l
m
n
ci =
848
i m Qi
1.
j
k
l
m
n
Pi =
2.
e C h
Qi
m 3600
j
k
l
m
n
Pi =
i C h
Qi
e 3600
3.
j
k
l
m
n
Pi =
i Ch
Qs
e 3600
4.
j
k
l
m
n
Pi =
m C h
Qi
e 3600
1.
j
k
l
m
n
i m=
Pe
C
Qi h
3600
2.
j
k
l
m
n
i m=
Qi
C
Pe h
3600
3.
j
k
l
m
n
i =
4.
Qi
C
Pe h
3600
j
k
l
m
n
m=
Qi
C
Pe h
3600
1.
j
k
l
m
n
Mc
exp
LI =
M
cn
co
= exp
c
on
p mo
n
p
moexp
2.
j
k
l
m
n
mc
exp
LI =
m
cn
cc
= exp
c
cn
p me
exp
p
men
+k
n
3.
j
k
l
m
n
Mc
exp
LI =
M
cn
co
= exp
c
on
p mo
n
p
moexp
4.
j
k
l
m
n
mc
exp
LI =
m
cn
cc
= exp
c
cn
p me
exp
p
men
1.
j
k
l
m
n
PHFO = PMOT
HFO QHFO
2.
j
k
l
m
n
PHFO = m PMOT
HFO QHFO
MOT QMOT ;
3.
j
k
l
m
n
PHFO = PMOT
HFO QHFO
MOT QMOT ;
4.
j
k
l
m
n
PHFO = e PMOT
HFO QHFO
MOT QMOT
1.
j
k
l
m
n
k n = k 3p
2.
j
k
l
m
n
k p = k M3
3.
j
k
l
m
n
k n = k 3p
4.
j
k
l
m
n
k p = k n3
224.
1.
j
k
l
m
n
Me
exp
= 1,165 M e
2.
j
k
l
m
n
Me
exp
= 1,1 M e
3.
j
k
l
m
n
Me
exp
= 1,065 M e
4.
j
k
l
m
n
Me
exp
= 955 M e
1.
2.
3.
4.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1.
j
k
l
m
n
Ts>Tvap ( p s )
2.
j
k
l
m
n
Ts>Tvap ( p 0 )
3.
j
k
l
m
n
Ts= Tvap ( p s )
4.
j
k
l
m
n
Ts= 2Tvap ( p s )
1.
j
k
l
m
n
Tl=Tg -
m
c
1
aer aer t 0
T k m g c g
2.
j
k
l
m
n
Tl =Tg -
m
c
1
aer aer (Ts T0 )
T k m g c g
3.
j
k
l
m
n
Tl =Tg -
m
c
1
aer aer (Ts + T0 )
T k m g c g
4.
j
k
l
m
n
Tl =Tg +
m
c
1
aer aer (Ts T0 )
T k m g c g
1.
j
k
l
m
n
>1
2.
j
k
l
m
n
0<
3.
<1
j
k
l
m
n
4.
j
k
l
m
n
0<
<1
n
[rot/min] - turatia elicei;
H
[m]
- pasul constructiv al
elicei;
V
[Nd] - viteza navei;
1
[Nd]
= 30.70 m/min;
t [h]
- durata deplasarii.
1.
j
k
l
m
n
a =
n H 30 ,70 V
100 + 303
n H t
[% ] ;
2.
j
k
l
m
n
a =
n H 30 ,70 V
100
nH
[% ] ;
3.
j
k
l
m
n
a =
n H 30,70 V
100
nHt
[%] ;
4.
j
k
l
m
n
a =
n H 30 ,70 V
100
n H V
[% ]
230.
1.
2.
3.
4.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
232.
1.
j
k
l
m
n
pi = p mp p c ;
2.
j
k
l
m
n
p i = 2( p mp p c ) ;
3.
j
k
l
m
n
pi = 2 p mp p c ;
4.
j
k
l
m
n
pi = p mp 2 p c .
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1.
2.
3.
4.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1. Caracteristica externa de turatie limita (de putere maxim-maximorum)curba 1; caracteristica externa de putere maxima-curba 2;
2. Caracteristica puterii nominale-curba 3; caracteristica puterii de
exploatare-curba 4;
3. Caracteristicile de puteri partiale-curbele 5; caracteristica puterii de mers
in gol-curba 6;
4. Toate raspunsurile anterioare sunt corecte.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1. Caracteristica externa de putere maxima (de putere maxim-maximorum)curba 1; caracteristica externa de turatie limita-curba 2;
2. Caracteristica puterii de exploatare-curba 3; Caracteristica puterii
nominale -curba 4;
3. Caracteristica puterii de mers in gol-curbele 5; Caracteristicile de puteri
partiale-curba 6;
4. Toate raspunsurile anterioare sunt corecte.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Maximizeaza
1.
2.
3.
4.
Curbele 1, 7, 6, 8 si 9;
Curbele 2, 7, 6, 8 si 9;
Curbele 1, 7 si 9;
Curbele 2, 7 si 9.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
244.Caracteristica externa de turatie limita (de putere maximmaximorum) reprezinta dependenta de turatie a puterii:
1. Maxime pe care o poate dezvolta motorul;
2. Functionarea motoarelor navale pe aceasta caracteristica este permisa, pe
durate de timp extrem de reduse, numai pe standul de probe al firmei
constructoare;
3. Deoarece functionarea motorului in aceste conditii duce la depasirea
solicitarilor termice admisibile, utilizarea acestei caracteristici este cu
desavarsire interzisa in exploatare (se limiteaza cantitatea maxima de
combustibil ce poate fi refulata de pompa de injectie);
4. Toate raspunsurile anterioare sunt valabile.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
251.
Maximizeaza
1.
2.
3.
4.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
252.
1.
j
k
l
m
n
el =
2.
Vel
V (1 + w)
=
nel Del
nel Del
j
k
l
m
n
el =
Vel
V (1 w)
=
nel Del
nel Del
3.
j
k
l
m
n
el =
Vel
V (w 1)
=
nel Del
nel Del
4.
j
k
l
m
n
el =
nel Del
n D
= el el
Vel
V (1 w)
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
254.
Maximizeaza
In situatia reducerii rezistentei la inaintare a navei (ca urmare a micsorarii intensitatii
vantului si valurilor sau a reducerii imersiunii), viteza navei si avansul relativ al elicei
cresc, iar puterea absorbita de elice se reduce (fig. EXPL 3). In acest caz, caracteristica
elicei pentru elu>eln se deplaseaza:
1.
j
k
l
m
n
2.
j
k
l
m
n
3.
j
k
l
m
n
4.
j
k
l
m
n
1.
2.
3.
4.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1. Putere efectiva cu 1020% mai mare decat cea nominala, turatie cu 10%
mai mare decat turatia nominala si durata de functionare nelimitata;
2. Putere efectiva cu 1020% mai mica decat cea nominala, turatie cu 10%
mai mare decat turatia nominala si durata de functionare nelimitata;
3. Putere efectiva cu 1020% mai mare decat cea nominala, turatie cu 10%
mai mare decat turatia nominala si durata limitata de functionare la 12
ore;
4. Putere efectiva cu 1020% mai mica decat cea nominala, turatie cu 10%
mai mare decat turatia nominala si durata limitata de functionare la 12
ore.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1.
2.
3.
4.
Curba exponentiala;
Caracteristica puterii maxime;
Caracteristica de elice;
Curba randamentului efectiv maxim.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1.
2.
3.
4.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Coeficientul de sarcina;
Indicatorul de sarcina;
Putere redusa la presiunea mediului ambiant;
Indicator de putere de exploatare.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1.
2.
3.
4.
KM=Kn^3; Kn=nexp/nn;
KM=Kp^2; Kp=Pexp/Pn;
KM=Kn^2; Kn=nexp/nn;
KM=Kp^3; Kp=Pexp/Pn.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
270.
1.
j
k
l
m
n
Kp=Kn4; Kn=nexp/nn;
2.
j
k
l
m
n
2
K p = 3 kn ;
3.
j
k
l
m
n
Kp=Kn3; Kn=nexp/nn;
4.
j
k
l
m
n
4
K p = 3 kn .
j
k
l
m
n
2. P = Pe n;
3. Avans la injectie variabil;
4. Sarcina constanta.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Da;
Nu;
Numai in zone temperate;
Numai in zone tropicale.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1.
2.
3.
4.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Maximizeaza
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Sudura;
Montarea de stifturi filetate;
Lipirea cu rasini epoxidice;
Montarea de dopuri filetate.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1. Verificarea paralelismului dintre axele celor doua lagare (fig. EXPL 10,a)
si a perpendicularitatii acestora pe suprafeta laterala a capului, respectiv
piciorului (fig. EXPL 10,b);
2. Verificarea paralelismului dintre axele celor doua lagare (fig. EXPL 10,b)
si a perpendicularitatii acestora pe suprafeta laterala a capului, respectiv
piciorului (fig. EXPL 10,a);
3. Verificarea deformatiilor boltului;
4. Verificarea solicitarilor corpului bielei.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
279.Daca laina de la capul bielei unui motor in doi timpi este mai
groasa decat cea originala, noul raport de comprimare:
1.
2.
3.
4.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
280.Daca laina de la capul bielei unui motor in patru timpi este mai
groasa decat cea originala, noul raport de comprimare:
1.
2.
3.
4.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Cresterea;
Scaderea;
Pastrarea constanta;
Cresterea in timpul comprimarii, scaderea in timpul destinderii.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Nu se modifica;
Scade;
Creste;
Se mentine constant daca este realizata camera de ardere in chiulasa.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Ardere incompleta;
Consum mare de ulei ungere cilindri;
Neetanseitati ale supapei de evacuare;
Toate cauzele de mai sus.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Lipirea cu rasini;
Caplamale;
Sudura;
Toate cele de mai sus.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Fibra de sticla;
Azbest;
Cupru;
Se recomanda imbinari sudate cap la cap.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1.
2.
3.
4.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
aderenta si coroziune;
2. In cazul pistonului, capul acestuia este supus unei uzuri corozive, iar
suprafata laterala a regiunii port-segmenti si mantalei uzurii de aderenta si
abrazive;
3. La nivelul suprafetelor de lucru ale camelor si tachetilor, se manifesta
uzura prin oboseala si aderenta;
4. Toate raspunsurile anterioare sunt valabile.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Apa tehnica;
Apa de mare;
Uleiul de ungere cilindri;
Aerul de baleiaj.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Apa tehnica;
Apa de mare;
Uleiul de ungere cilindri;
Aerul de baleiaj.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1.
2.
3.
4.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1.
2.
3.
4.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
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1.
2.
3.
4.
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1.
2.
3.
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Abraziva;
Coroziune;
Cresterea raportului de comprimare;
Modificarea presiunii de injectie.
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Uzura de eroziune;
Cresterea vascozitatii combustibilului;
Nu produce uzura coroziva daca este neutra;
Uzura coroziva.
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Stocajului in rafinarii;
Stocajului la bordul navei;
Transportului;
Toate raspunsurile anterioare sunt valabile.
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Dupa 16 ore;
Dupa 4 ore;
Dupa 24 ore;
Dupa 36 de ore.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
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purja;
2. Se incalzeste aparatul indicator uniform inainte de a-l pune in functiune,
se inlocuieste resortul cu unul mai tare;
3. Daca mijloacele indicate nu remediaza defectiunea, se va inlocui
pistonulsi tija; in caz ca nu este posibil sau nu avem, se va prelucra
diagrama ridicata prin refacerea liniei mijlocii (intrerupte) dintre varfurile
curbei si numai dupa aceasta se va planimetra diagrama;
4. Toate raspunsurile anterioare sunt valabile.
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1.
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2.
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3.
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4.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
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1. Caracteristica externade turatie limita (de putere maxim-maximorum)curba 1; caracteristica externa de putere maxima-curba 2;
2. Caracteristica puterii nominale-curba 3; caracteristica puterii de
exploatare-curba 4;
3. Caracteristicile de puteri partiale-curbele 5; caracteristica puterii de mers
n gol-curba 6;
4. Toate raspunsurile anterioare sunt corecte.
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1. Caracteristica externa de putere maxima (de putere maxim-maximorum)curba 1; caracteristica externa de turatie limita-curba 2;
2. Caracteristica puterii de exploatare-curba 3; Caracteristica puterii
nominale -curba 4;
3. Caracteristica puterii de mers n gol-curbele 5; Caracteristicile de puteri
partiale-curba 6;
4. Toate raspunsurile anterioare sunt corecte.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
Curbele 1, 7, 6, 8 si 9;
Curbele 2, 7, 6, 8 si 9;
Curbele 1, 7 si 9;
Curbele 2, 7 si 9.
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381.Caracteristica externa de turatie limita (de putere maximmaximorum) reprezinta dependenta de turatie a puterii:
1. Maxime pe care o poate dezvolta motorul;
2. Functionarea motoarelor navale pe aceasta caracteristica este permisa, pe
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2.
3.
4.
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2.
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3.
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mari;
4. Prin cresterea rezistentei la naintare a navei (datorata scaderii imersiunii,
a intensitatii vntului si a valurilor, a remorcarii, a acoperirii carenei cu
vegetatie s.a.m.d.), viteza navei si avansul relativ cresc si, la aceeasi
turatie, elicea absoarbe un moment Mel si, respectiv, o putere Pel mai
mari.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
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1. Putere efectiva cu 1020% mai mare dect cea nominala, turatie cu 10%
mai mare dect turatia nominala si durata de functionare nelimitata;
2. Putere efectiva cu 1020% mai mica dect cea nominala, turatie cu 10%
mai mare dect turatia nominala si durata de functionare nelimitata;
3. Putere efectiva cu 1020% mai mare dect cea nominala, turatie cu 10%
mai mare dect turatia nominala si durata limitata de functionare la 12
ore;
4. Putere efectiva cu 1020% mai mica dect cea nominala, turatie cu 10%
mai mare dect turatia nominala si durata limitatade functionare la 12
ore.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
Curba exponentiala;
Caracteristica puterii maxime;
Caracteristica de elice;
Curba randamentului efectiv maxim.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
Controlul fluorescent;
Controlul radioscopic;
Controlul ultrasonic;
Controlul magnetic.
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2.
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3.
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4.
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2.
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3.
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4.
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2.
3.
4.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
Reductor inversor;
Mecanism de rotire a arborelui cotit (viror);
Mecanism de inversare;
Angrenaj de antrenare pompa de racire;
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1.
2.
3.
4.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
p.m.i.;
90oRAC nainte de p.m.e.;
90oRAC dupa p.m.e.;
p.m.e.
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2.
3.
4.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
Reconditionare bolt;
Reglare joc cuzinet-fus palier cu laine;
Masurare joc axial n lagarul palier;
Masurare joc radial n lagarul maneton.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1.
2.
3.
4.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1.
2.
3.
4.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1.
2.
3.
4.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1.
2.
3.
4.
Sudura;
Montarea de stifturi filetate;
Lipirea cu rasini epoxidice;
Montarea de dopuri filetate.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1. Verificarea paralelismului dintre axele celor doua lagare (fig. EXPL 11,a)
si a perpendicularitatii acestora pe suprafeta laterala a capului, respectiv
piciorului (fig. EXPL 11,b);
2. Verificarea paralelismului dintre axele celor doua lagare (fig. EXPL 11,b)
si a perpendicularitatii acestora pe suprafeta laterala capului, respectiv
piciorului (fig. EXPL 11,a);
3. Verificarea deformatiilor boltului;
4. Verificarea solicitarilor corpului bielei.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
432.Daca laina de la capul bielei unui motor n doi timpi este mai
groasa dect cea originala, noul raport de comprimare:
1.
2.
3.
4.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
433.Daca laina de la capul bielei unui motor n patru timpi este mai
groasa dect cea originala, noul raport de comprimare:
1.
2.
3.
4.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Cresterea;
Scaderea;
Pastrarea constanta;
Cresterea n timpul comprimarii, scaderea n timpul destinderii.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Nu se modifica;
Scade;
Creste;
Se mentine constant dacaeste realizata camera de ardere n chiulasa.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Ardere incompleta;
Consum mare de ulei ungere cilindri;
Neetanseitati ale supapei de evacuare;
Toate cauzele de mai sus.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Lipirea cu rasini;
Caplamale;
Sudura;
Toate cele de mai sus.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Fibrade sticla;
Azbest;
Cupru;
Se recomanda mbinari sudate cap la cap.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
fixeazacu suruburi (fig. EXPL 27,a) sau sunt filetate; dupa montaj sunt
asigurate cu stifturi filetate sau ancore cu gheare (fig. EXPL 27,b si c);
2. n zonele fisurate sunt practicate gauri cu diametre suficient de mari
pentru a putea cuprinde integral toate fisurile din zona respectiva; aceasta
este apoi asigurata cu stifturi filetate sau ancore cu gheare; n aceste gauri
se introduc dopuri din materiale termorezistente, care se fixeaza cu
suruburi sau sunt filetate;
3. n zonele fisurate sunt practicate gauri n dreptul fiecarei fisuri, cu
diametre superior celui al fisurii; n aceste gauri se introduc dopuri din
materiale termorezistente, care se fixeaza cu suruburi (fig. EXPL 27,a)
sau sunt filetate; dupa montaj sunt asigurate cu stifturi filetate sau ancore
cu gheare (fig. EXPL 27,b si c);
4. n zonele fisurate sunt practicate gauri cu diametre suficient de mari
pentru a putea cuprinde integral toate fisurile din zona respectiva; n
aceste gauri se introduc dopuri din materiale plastice, care se fixeazacu
suruburi (fig. EXPL 14,a) sau sunt filetate; dupa montaj sunt asigurate cu
stifturi filetate sau ancore cu gheare (fig. EXPL 27,b si c).
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1.
2.
3.
4.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
De sprijin;
Laterale;
De sprijin si laterale;
Doar de sprijin.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Blocul cilindrilor;
Blocul coloanelor;
Chiulasa;
Rama de fundatie.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Fisurile;
Coroziunea;
Uzura;
Deformarea.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Centrifuge;
Pompe cu roti dintate;
Pompe cu surub;
Pompe cu piston.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Dozajul de combustibil;
Avansul la injectie;
Vscozitatea combustibilului;
Finetea pulverizarii.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Penetratia;
Dispersia;
Presiunea de deschidere;
Viteza de injectie.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1.
2.
3.
4.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Presiunea de deschidere;
Etansarea;
Finetea pulverizarii;
Toti cei trei parametrii precizati anterior.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Rotind pistonasul;
Deplasnd camasa pistonasului;
Rotind supapa de admisie;
Rotind supapa de refulare.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1.
2.
3.
4.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Filtre volumice;
Filtre de suprafata;
Filtre liniare;
Filtre mixte.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Suflarea cu aer;
Suflarea cu abur;
Curgerea inversa;
Spalarea cu motorina.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Grosiere si fine;
Purificatoare si clarificatoare;
De toate tipurile precizate la punctele a) si b);
Grosiere si clarificatoare.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1.
2.
3.
4.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Apa tehnica;
Apa de mare;
Uleiul de ungere cilindri;
Aerul de baleiaj.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Apa tehnica;
Apa de mare;
Uleiul de ungere cilindri;
Aerul de baleiaj.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1.
2.
3.
4.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1.
j
k
l
m
n
g gar =
m gar
m p
; gar =
gar
p
2.
j
k
l
m
n
g gar =
m gar
m pa
; gar =
gar
pa
3.
j
k
l
m
n
g gar =
4.
m gar
m p
+ 1; gar =
gar
p
j
k
l
m
n
g gar =
m gar
m pa
; gar =
gar
pa
1.
j
k
l
m
n
m fp
mofp
2.
j
k
l
m
n
m fp
mam
fp
am
3.
j
k
l
m
n
4.
m fp
mofp
fp
ofp
+1
j
k
l
m
n
m fp
mam
fp
am
1.
2.
3.
4.
ps
pev
pc
- presiunea de supraalimentare;
- presiunea de evacuare;
- presiunea mediului ambiant.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
499.
Maximizeaza
1.
j
k
l
m
n
BAL =
144
oRAC,
BAL =
72
oRAD;
2.
j
k
l
m
n
BAL =
140
oRAC,
BAL =
70
oRAD;
3.
j
k
l
m
n
BAL =
180
oRAC,
BAL =
72
oRAD;
4.
j
k
l
m
n
BAL =
140
oRAC,
BAL =
90
oRAD.
Obs.:
Notatiile
sunt cele
uzuale.
1.
2.
3.
4.
ps = pev;
ps > pev + 10;
ps > pev;
ps > pev + 10. p [bar]
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Obs.:
Notatiile
sunt cele
uzuale.
1.
2.
3.
4.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Obs.:
Notatiile
sunt cele
uzuale.
1.
j
k
l
m
n
maer =
p s Vs
;
R Ts
p a = p s + p adm
2.
j
k
l
m
n
maer =
p a Vcil
;
R Ta
p a = p s p adm
3.
j
k
l
m
n
maer =
4.
p s Vcil
;
R Ts
p a = p s + p adm
j
k
l
m
n
maer =
p s Vs
;
R Ts
p a = p s p adm
503.
Maximizeaza
Sa se calculeze unghiul-sectiune al ferestrelor de evacuare ale unui motor in doi timpi,
pentru care se cunosc cursa pistonului S , dimensiunile ferestrelor dreptunghiulare hFE inaltimea si B -latimea ferestrelor, numarul z al acestora, ca si unghiurile arborelui cotit
o
in momentul deschiderii, respectiv inchiderii ferestrelor, DFE si IFE RAC ; turatia
1.
j
k
l
m
n
Maximizeaza
S
S
US FE = zB hFE + 1 ( IFE DIFE ) (sin IFE sin DFE ) (sin 2 IFE sin 2 DFE ) ;
2 4
2
8
2.
j
k
l
m
n
Maximizeaza
US FE =
S
S
hFE 1 ( IFE DIFE ) + (sin IFE sin DFE ) (sin 2 IFE sin 2 DFE ) ;
2 4
2
8
B
3.
j
k
l
m
n
Maximizeaza
US FE =
B
S
S
hFE 1 ( IFE DIFE ) + (sin IFE sin DFE ) (sin 2 IFE sin 2 DFE ) ;
z
2 4
2
8
4.
j
k
l
m
n
Maximizeaza
S
S
US FE = zB hFE 1 ( IFE DIFE ) + (sin IFE sin DFE ) (sin 2 IFE sin 2 DFE ) .
2 4
2
8
504.
Maximizeaza
Pentru un MAC in doi timpi se cunosc: cursa pistonului S , coeficientul de alungire a
bielei si fractiunile de cursa pierduta prin inaltimea ferestrelor de evacuare, FE . Se
cere s se determine pozitia unghiulara a arborelui cotit, corespunzatoare momentelor de
descoperire a ferestrelor de evacuare (fig. PT 7).
1.
j
k
l
m
n
DFE = arccos
2.
1 + 1 + ( + 4 FE , FB 2 )
j
k
l
m
n
DFE = arccos
1 1 + ( + 4 FE , FB 2 )
3.
j
k
l
m
n
DFE = arccos
1 + 1 + ( + 4 FE , FB 2 )
2
4.
j
k
l
m
n
DFE = arccos
1 1 + ( + 4 FE , FB 2 )
2
505.
Maximizeaza
Fie un MAC naval in =2 timpi ce functioneaza dupa un ciclu teoretic cu ardere mixta, cu
un combustibil a carui analiza chimica indica urmatoarele participatii: c, h, o. Pe durata
unui ciclu este ars 1 kg de combustibil cu excesul de aer , iar calitatea procesului de
schimb de gaze este evaluata cu ajutorul coeficientului gazelor arse reziduale r .
Cunoscand urmatorii parametri: presiunea pa [kN/m2] in starea a, raportul de comprimare
, constanta universala a gazelor [kJ/kmol K] si cilindreea Vs, sa se determine
temperatura amestecului in starea a la inceputul comprimarii.
1.
j
k
l
m
n
Ta =
2.
pa Vs
1
c h o
1 1 + r
+
0.21 12 4 32
;
j
k
l
m
n
Ta =
Vs
1
c h o
1 + r
+
0.21 12 4 32
;
3.
j
k
l
m
n
Ta =
pa Vs
1
1
1 1 + r
c h o
+
12 4 32
4.
j
k
l
m
n
Ta =
pa Vs
c h o
+ 1 1 + r
+
0.21 12 4 32
506.
Maximizeaza
Un motor naval cu aprindere prin comprimare supraalimentat are o presiune de
supraalimentare p s si un exponent politropic de comprimare in suflanta n s . Perfectiunea
procesului de schimb de gaze este apreciata prin coeficientul r al gazelor arse reziduale,
caracterizate prin temperatura Tr . Presupunand cunoscuti parametrii mediului ambiant (
1.
j
k
l
m
n
p
T0 s
p
Ta = 0
ns 1
ns
Trc + Ts + r Tr
;
1+ r
2.
j
k
l
m
n
p
T0 s
p
Ta = 0
ns 1
ns
+ Trc Ts + r Tr
;
1+ r
3.
j
k
l
m
n
p
T0 s
p0
Ta =
ns
ns 1
Trc + Ts + r Tr
1+ r
4.
j
k
l
m
n
p
T0 s
p
Ta = 0
ns 1
ns
Trc + Ts r Tr
1+ r
507.
Maximizeaza
Daca presiunea la sfarsitul admisiei este p a , iar caderea de presiune in racitorul aerului de
supraalimentare este p s , cu marimile: p s -presiunea de supraalimentare, n s -exponentul
politropic de comprimare in suflanta, r -coeficientul gazelor arse reziduale, Trc caderea de temperatura in racitorul aerului de supraalimentare, Ta -temperatura la sfarsitul
admisiei, T0 -temperatura mediului ambiant, -raportul de comprimare, presupuse
cunoscute, atunci valoarea coeficientului de umplere este:
1.
j
k
l
m
n
ns 1
p ns
T0 s
Trc
p
pa
1
;
v =
0
p s p s
Ta (1 + r )
1
2.
j
k
l
m
n
ns 1
p ns
T0 s
Trc
p0
pa
v =
;
p + p s
Ta (1 r )
1
3.
j
k
l
m
n
ns 1
p ns
T0 s
Trc
p0
pa
v =
;
p s p s
Ta (1 + r )
1
4.
j
k
l
m
n
ns 1
ns
p
T0 s
Trc
p0
pa
v =
ps
Ta (1 + r )
1
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
511.Figura PT 8 reprezinta:
1.
2.
3.
4.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
urmator:
1.
2.
3.
4.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
515.
Maximizeaza
Calculul simplificat al temperaturii la sfarsitul admisiei se face tinand cont de valoarea
temperaturii la intrarea in cilindrul motor Ts , temperatura gazelor reziduale Tr si
coeficientul gazelor arse reziduale, dupa relatia:
1.
j
k
l
m
n
Ta =
Ts + r Tr
1+ r
2.
j
k
l
m
n
Ta =
Ts + r Tr
1 + r Tr
3.
j
k
l
m
n
Ta =
Ts r Tr
1+ r
4.
j
k
l
m
n
Ta =
Ts + r Tr
1 r
1.
2.
3.
4.
30 grd C;
32 grd C;
35 grd C;
38 grd C.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Obs.:
Notatiile
sunt cele
uzuale.
1.
j
k
l
m
n
r = (1 ) ( + 1) + 1
2.
j
k
l
m
n
r = ( 1) (1 ) + 1
3.
j
k
l
m
n
r = (1 + ) ( + 1) 1
4.
j
k
l
m
n
r = ( + 1) (1 ) + 1
Obs.:
Notatiile
sunt cele
uzuale.
1.
j
k
l
m
n
PRc <
180
oRAC;
<
90
oRAD;
2.
j
k
l
m
n
PRc =
180
oRAC inj +
ISA;
ISA >
inj;
3.
j
k
l
m
n
PRc <
180
oRAC;
PRc +
90
oRAD;
4.
j
k
l
m
n
PRc =
180
oRAC
+ inj +
ISA;
ISA >
inj.
Notatii:
=hFE/S; 1=V/Vc,;
hFE=inaltimea
ferestrelor de
evacuare.
1.
j
k
l
m
n
r=
(+1)
(1-)
+1;
2.
j
k
l
m
n
r > ;
3.
j
k
l
m
n
r=
( 1)
(1)
+1;
4.
j
k
l
m
n
r>+1.
1.
j
k
l
m
n
r=f
(SE)
SE
<AFB;
2.
j
k
l
m
n
p =
(-1)
(1)1;
3.
j
k
l
m
n
r=f
(SE)
SE
<AFB;
4.
j
k
l
m
n
p =
(-1)
(1)
+1.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1.
2.
3.
4.
Da;
Da, numai pentru motoare cu pistoane opuse;
Nu pentru acelasi motor;
Nu, deoarece raportul de comprimare tine seama de fanta segmentului.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Obs.:
Notatiile
sunt cele
uzuale.
1.
j
k
l
m
n
pc = ( p s + p adm ) nc 1
2.
j
k
l
m
n
pc = ( p s padm ) nc
3.
j
k
l
m
n
pc = ( p s + p adm ) nc +1
4.
j
k
l
m
n
pc = ( p s + p adm ) 0.5 nc 1
Obs.:
Notatiile
sunt cele
uzuale.
1.
j
k
l
m
n
nc 1
nc
2.
j
k
l
m
n
3.
j
k
l
m
n
nc 1
nc
4.
j
k
l
m
n
nc 1
nc
528.
Maximizeaza
Fie un motor cu aprindere prin comprimare ce functioneaza dupa un ciclu cu ardere mixta,
cu un combustibil a carui analiz chimic indica urmatoarele participatii: c, h, o . Pe
durata unui ciclu se presupune ca este ars 1 kg de combustibil cu excesul de aer , iar
calitatea procesului de schimb de gaze este evaluata cu ajutorul coeficientului de gaze arse
reziduale r . Se considera cunoscuti urmatorii parametri: presiunea p a , temperatura Ta ,
constanta universala a gazelor si raportul de comprimare . In aceste conditii,
volumele amestecului existent in motor in starile a si c vor fi:
1.
j
k
l
m
n
Va =
c h o (1 + r )Ta
; Vc =
Va ;
+
1
pa
0.21 12 4 32
2.
j
k
l
m
n
Va =
c h o (1 + r )Ta
+
0.79 12 4 32
pa
1
; Vc = V a
3.
j
k
l
m
n
Va =
c h o (1 + r )Ta
+
0.21 12 4 32
pa
1
; Vc = Va
;
4.
j
k
l
m
n
Va =
c h o (1 + r )Ta
+
0.21 12 4 32
pa
; Vc = Va
529.
Maximizeaza
1.
j
k
l
m
n
Vc =
u D 2
S
r 1 4
, hFE = S (1 u );
2.
j
k
l
m
n
Vc =
r u D 2
S
r 1 4
, hFE = S (1 u );
3.
j
k
l
m
n
Vc =
u D 2
S
r 1 4
, hFE = S u ;
4.
j
k
l
m
n
Vc =
r u D 2
S
r 1 4
, hFE = S u ;
530.
Maximizeaza
[ ]
o
temperatura la sfarsitul admisiei t a C . Determinati raportul de comprimare si
temperatura la sfarsitul comprimarii.
1.
j
k
l
m
n
= 1+
wp
hc
; Tc = ta nc
2.
j
k
l
m
n
= 1+
w p
hc
; Tc = (ta + 273) nc
3.
j
k
l
m
n
= 1+
wp
hc
; Tc = (ta + 273) nc 1
4.
j
k
l
m
n
= 1+
w p
hc
10 3 ; Tc = (ta + 273) nc 1
531.
Maximizeaza
Datele constructive ale unui MAC sunt: cursa S [ mm] , alezajul D[ mm] , inaltimea
camerei de ardere hc [ mm] , inaltimea ferestrelor de evacuare hFE [ mm] . Sa se determine
rapoartele de comprimare si presiunea de comprimare, stiind ca exponentul politropic al
comprimarii este n c si ca presiunea la sfarsitul admisiei este pa [ bar ] .
1.
j
k
l
m
n
= 1 + S hc ; r = 1 + (S hFE ) hc ; pc = pa nc ; pa r = pa nrc ;
2.
j
k
l
m
n
3.
j
k
l
m
n
4.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1.
2.
3.
4.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Supraalimentarea;
Baleiajul;
Turbulenta;
Umplerea cilindrului motor.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Supapa de evacure;
Segmenti de constructie speciala;
Turbosuflanta;
Camera de preardere.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Presiunea de injectie:
Arhitectura camerei de ardere;
Prezenta fenomenul de turbulenta in camera de ardere;
Toate cele mentionate anterior.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Unei bujii;
Injectoarelor;
Temperaturii de la sfarsitul comprimarii;
Cresterii temperaturii apei de racire cilindri.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1.
2.
3.
4.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Aprinderea va fi intarziata;
Consumul de combustibil nu este afectat;
Temperatura gazelor de evacuare va fi neschimbata;
Gazele de evacuare vor avea o culoare deschisa.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
2. Cu cat finetea pulverizarii este mai mare, cu atat penetratia jetului este
mai mica;
3. Finetea nu are nici o legatura cu penetratia jetului;
4. Cele doua caracteristici sunt identice.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Adiabatic;
Politropic;
Izoterm;
Izobar.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Obs.:
Notatiile
sunt cele
uzuale.
1.
j
k
l
m
n
maer
= /2
mc
aer
min ;
2.
j
k
l
m
n
maer =
mc
maer
min .+1;
3.
j
k
l
m
n
maer
= 2
mc
aer
min;
4.
j
k
l
m
n
maer
=
mc
maer
min .
1.
j
k
l
m
n
mc =
Ch
+ Nc
;
i
2.
j
k
l
m
n
mc =
cc Pc
2n
i 60
;
3.
j
k
l
m
n
mc =
Ch
60 N c
i
4.
j
k
l
m
n
mc =
cc Pc
2n
i 30
.
Obs.:
Notatiile
sunt cele
uzuale.
1.
j
k
l
m
n
O2 = 12%; N 2 = 77%
2.
j
k
l
m
n
3.
j
k
l
m
n
O2 = 12%; N 2 = 88%
4.
j
k
l
m
n
Obs.:
Notatiile
sunt cele
uzuale.
1.
j
k
l
m
n
O2 =
c h s
o
+ +
+
12 4 32 32
kmolO2
kg comb
2.
j
k
l
m
n
O2 =
kmolO2
kg comb
c h s + o
+ +
12 2
32
3.
j
k
l
m
n
O2 =
c h s
o
+ +
12 4 32 32
kmolO2
kg comb
4.
j
k
l
m
n
O2 =
c h s-o
+ +
12 2
32
kmolO2
kg comb
556.
Daca
g gar =
m gar
mp
si
gar =
gar
p
exista
egalitata ggar
= gar?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Da;
Nu;
Da, pentru ca se respecta bilantul molar;
Da, pentru ca se respecta bilantul masic.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Obs.:
Notatiile
sunt cele
uzuale.
1.
j
k
l
m
n
2.
j
k
l
m
n
M pa = g i M i unde g i =
mi
m pa ;
3.
j
k
l
m
n
4.
j
k
l
m
n
M pa = g i M i unde i =
mi
m pa
Obs.:
Notatiile
sunt cele
uzuale.
1.
j
k
l
m
n
R pa =
m
RM i
; i = i
pa
M pa M i
2.
j
k
l
m
n
R pa =
mi
Ri
m pa
3.
j
k
l
m
n
R pa =
RM i
; i = i
M pa M i
pa
4.
j
k
l
m
n
R pa =
i
Ri
m pa
Notatii:
i = i ; c pi ,c pa [kJ/kgK]
pa
,
cu semnificatia uzuala.
1.
j
k
l
m
n
c p pa = c pi
2.
i
m pa
j
k
l
m
n
c p pa =
1
m pa
c pi i
3.
j
k
l
m
n
c p pa = c pi
mi
m pa
4.
j
k
l
m
n
c p pa =
pa
c pi i
Bilantul masic;
Bilantul molar;
Bilantul masic si molar;
Presiunea de ardere.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Obs.:
Notatiile
sunt cele
uzuale.
1.
j
k
l
m
n
2.
j
k
l
m
n
3.
j
k
l
m
n
4.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1.
2.
3.
4.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
567.
Maximizeaza
1.
j
k
l
m
n
Pe =
1 m Du cu (t eu t iu )
;
m
x%
2.
j
k
l
m
n
Pe =
D c (t t )
m
u u eu iu ;
1 m
x%
3.
j
k
l
m
n
Pe =
m
D c (t t )
u u eu iu ;
1 + m
x%
4.
j
k
l
m
n
Pe = x%
m
[Du cu (t eu t iu )].
1 m
568.
Maximizeaza
Calculati puterea turbinei unui motor care evacueaza prin gaze energia dezvoltata prin
arderea combustibilului. Date initiale: Pe [kW ] , ce [kg / kWh], , Qi [MJ / kg ] ,
1.
j
k
l
m
n
PT =
ce Pe
c N T ;
Lmin gaze
2.
j
k
l
m
n
PT =
Lmin ce Pe
T ;
c N gaze
3.
j
k
l
m
n
PT =
gaze
Lmin c e Pe
c N T ;
4.
j
k
l
m
n
PT =
Lmin ce Pe
c N T .
gaze
569.
Maximizeaza
Determinati debitul orar de aer livrat de turbosuflanta unui motor auxiliar care are un
consum de combustibil C h [kg / h ] , coeficientul de exces de aer ,
3
3
Lmin [kg aer / kg comb]. , caldura specifica c N kJ / Nm K , aer kg / Nm , temperatura
1.
j
k
l
m
n
ns 1
p s ns
Lmin C h &
&
&
Va =
; Qrac = Va c N T0
T0 ;
p
aer
0
2.
j
k
l
m
n
ns 1
ns
L
C
p
s
min h
&
&
&
; Qrac = Va c N T0 T0 ;
Va =
aer
p0
3.
j
k
l
m
n
ns 1
ns
aer
s
T0 ;
V&a =
; Q&rac = V&a c N T0
Lmin C h
p
0
4.
j
k
l
m
n
ns 1
ns
L
C
p
s
min h
&
&
&
+ T0 .
Va =
; Qrac = Va c N T0
aer
p
0
570.
Maximizeaza
Determinati variatia de consum specific efectiv si consum orar de combustibil pentru un
motor cu urmatoarele date constructive: i cilindri, alezaj D [mm], cursa S [mm], turatia n
[rot/min], numarul de timpi , presiunea medie efectiva pe [bar], consumul specific efectiv
ce [kg/CPh], in cazul in care se trece de la functionarea cu combustibilul initial
Qi 2 [kJ / kg ] .
1.
j
k
l
m
n
Qi1
D 2 2n 1
ce ;
S
ce = c e
+ 1; C h = i
60
4
Qi 2
2.
j
k
l
m
n
Q
D 2 2n 1
ce ;
S
ce = ce i 2 1; C h = i
60
4
Qi1
3.
j
k
l
m
n
Q
D 2 2n 1
ce ;
S
ce = ce i1 1; C h = i
Q
4
60
i2
4.
j
k
l
m
n
Q
D 2 2n
60 ce .
S
ce = ce i1 1; C h = i
Qi 2
571.
Maximizeaza
[ ]
[ ]
o
o
respectiv iesirea din motor sunt t ip C , respectiv t ep C . Se considera cunoscute
3
densitatea apei tehnice ap [kg / m ] si caldura specific medie a apei c a [ kJ / kgK ] ,
1.
j
k
l
m
n
C h = 100
V&pr ap c a (t ep t ip )
q&pr Qi
2.
j
k
l
m
n
C h = 100
V&pr ap c a (t ep t ip )
q&pr
Qi ;
3.
j
k
l
m
n
C h = 100
V&pr ap c a (t ep + t ip )
q&pr Qi
4.
j
k
l
m
n
C h = 100
V&pr ap c a (t ip t ep )
q&pr Qi
572.
Maximizeaza
Sa se calculeze debitul pompei de lichid de racire la un motor racit cu apa pentru care
coeficientul global de transfer de caldura este MJ / m 2 hK . Se dau alezajul D [mm] ,
3
densitatea lichidului de racire l kg / m si caldura specifica a acestuia cl [JkgK ] .
1.
j
k
l
m
n
D 2 DS
T Tle
Tg + li
i
+
4
2
2
&
V pr =
cl l (Tle Tli )
2.
j
k
l
m
n
D 2 DS
T + Tle
Tg li
i
+
4
2
2
V&pr =
cl l (Tle + Tli )
3.
j
k
l
m
n
D 2 DS
T + Tle
Tg li
i
4
2
2
&
V pr =
cl l (Tle Tli )
4.
j
k
l
m
n
D 2 DS
T + Tle
Tg li
i
+
4
2
2
V&pr =
cl l (Tle Tli )
573.
Maximizeaza
Sa se calculeze cantitatea de caldura evacuata pe ora prin lichidul de racire la un motor a
2
carui suprafata de racire este Ar m . Se dau: diferenta de temperatura intre gaze si
[ ]
[
]
[J / m hK ], conductibilitatea termica a materialului cilindrului si chiulasei (fonta)
[kJ / m hK ] si grosimea medie a peretelui [mm] . Sa se calculeze cat reprezinta
caldura evacuata din cantitatea total introdusa in motor, daca consumul orar de
combustibil este C h [kg / h ] , iar puterea calorica inferioara a combustibilului este
Qi [J / kg ] .
1.
j
k
l
m
n
q&r =
C h Qi
1
1
+ +
g l
Ar T
100%
2.
j
k
l
m
n
q&r =
Ar T
1
1
C Q
+ +
h i
g
l
100%
3.
j
k
l
m
n
q&r =
Ar T
1
1
C h Qi
g l
100%
4.
j
k
l
m
n
q&r =
T
1
1
+ +
g l
Ar C h Qi
100%
574.
Maximizeaza
Sa se determine coeficientul global de transfer de caldura in cilindru, de la gaze la lichidul
de racire, stiind ca la o temperatura medie a gazelor T g [K], temperatura lichidului de
racire la intrare este T [K] si la iesire T [K]. Se dau debitul de racire V& [m3/h], caldura
l1
le
1.
j
k
l
m
n
r =
Ar Tg
2.
j
k
l
m
n
r =
Ar Tg
3.
j
k
l
m
n
r =
4.
Ar Tg +
j
k
l
m
n
r =
Ar Tg + li
575.
Maximizeaza
Determinati consumurile specifice si consumul orar de combustibil pentru un motor cu
e , m , Qi [kJ / kg ] , Pi [kW ] cunoscute. Care este procentul de caldura evacuata prin
[ ]
[ ]
o
o
apa de racire, daca t i C , t e C , debitul apei este d [kg / kW h] , caldura specifica
c a [kJ / kgK ] .
1.
j
k
l
m
n
ce =
3600 m Pi
d c a (t e t i ) e Qi
c
3600
; ci = e ; C h =
; q r = 100
[%];
e Qi
m
e Qi
3600
2.
j
k
l
m
n
ce =
c
d c a (t e t i ) e Qi
3600 m Pi
3600
; ci = e ; C h =
; qr =
[%];
e Qi
m
e Qi
3600
3.
j
k
l
m
n
ce =
4.
3600 m Pi
c
d c a (t e t i ) e
3600
; ci = e ; C h =
; q r = 100
[%];
e Qi
m
e Qi
3600 Qi
j
k
l
m
n
ce =
3600 m Pi
c
d c a (t e + t i ) e Qi
3600
; ci = e ; C h =
; q r = 100
[%].
e Qi
m
e Qi
3600
576.
Maximizeaza
Consumul orar al motorului principal este C h [kg / h ] . Calculati debitul pompei de racire
cilindri si puterea electromotorului de antrenare, stiind ca x % din caldura totala introdusa
[ ]
o
orar in motor este evacuata prin apa de racire care intra in motor cu t i C si iese cu
[ ]
1.
j
k
l
m
n
V&p =
a g D p p cil
xC h Qi
[kW ];
; Pme =
a c a (t e t i )
p
2.
j
k
l
m
n
V&p =
a D p p cil
xC h Qi
[kW ];
; Pme =
p
100 a c a (t e t i )
3.
j
k
l
m
n
V&p =
4.
a g D p p cil
xC h Qi
[kW ];
; Pme =
p
100 a c a (t e + t i )
j
k
l
m
n
V&p =
a g D p p cil
xC h Qi
[kW ].
; Pme =
p
100 a c a (t e t i )
577.
Maximizeaza
Calculati energia transferata caldarinei recuperatoare de pe traseul de gaze al unui motor
principal lent. Date initiale: ce [kg / kWh] , Pe [kW ] , , Lmin [kg aer / kg comb] ,
[ ]
[ ]
gaze kg / Nm 3 , c gaze kJ / Nm 3 K , t gi o C , t ge o C .
1.
j
k
l
m
n
Q&g =
Lmin ce Pe c gaze (t ge + t gi )
gaze
2.
j
k
l
m
n
Q&g =
Lmin ce Pe c gaze
gaze (t ge t gi )
3.
j
k
l
m
n
Q&g =
4.
Lmin ce Pe c gaze (t ge t gi )
gaze
j
k
l
m
n
Q&g =
Lmin e c gaze (t ge t gi )
gaze ce P
578.
Maximizeaza
Calculati cantitatile de caldura din bilantul termic al unui motor diesel, pentru care se
3
cunosc: Pe [CP ] , ce [kg / kWh] , Qi [kJ / kg ] , , Lmin [kg aer / kg comb] , gaze kJ / m ,
[ ]
c gaze kJ / Nm 3 K , t gaze o C , T0 [K ] .
1.
j
k
l
m
n
Q&int = ce Pe Qi ; Q&gaze =
2.
j
k
l
m
n
Q&int = c e Pe Qi ; Q&gaze =
3.
j
k
l
m
n
Q&int = c e Pe Qi ; Q&gaze =
4.
j
k
l
m
n
Q&int = ce Pe Qi ; Q&gaze =
Energie interna;
Entalpie;
Putere calorica;
Energie mecanica.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
586.
Maximizeaza
Conform figurii PT 1, relatia dintre randamentele termice ale ciclurilor Otto, Diesel si
mixt (cu aport de caldura atat la volum constant, cat si la presiune constanta) este:
1.
j
k
l
m
n
2.
j
k
l
m
n
3.
j
k
l
m
n
4.
j
k
l
m
n
587.
Maximizeaza
Tinand cont de definirea raportului de comprimare ca raportul volumelor extreme pe
ciclu, relatia dintre marimile corespunzatoare ciclului Otto, Diesel si mixt (cu aport de
caldura atat la volum constant, cat si la presiune constanta), conform figurii PT 1, este:
1.
j
k
l
m
n
2.
j
k
l
m
n
3.
j
k
l
m
n
4.
Diesel
j
k
l
m
n
Diesel
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1.
2.
3.
4.
Otto;
Diesel;
Mixt (Seilinger);
Rankine.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1.
2.
3.
4.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Obs.:
Notatiile
sunt cele
uzuale.
1.
j
k
l
m
n
t = 1 -
1
k 1 ;
2.
j
k
l
m
n
t =
1
1+ k
+1;
3.
j
k
l
m
n
t = 1 -
1
k 1
4.
j
k
l
m
n
t =
1
1+ k ;
cu formula:
Obs.:
Notatiile
sunt cele
uzuale.
1.
j
k
l
m
n
30
n/2;
2.
j
k
l
m
n
2n
60
;
3.
j
k
l
m
n
30
n;
4.
j
k
l
m
n
2n
30
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1.
j
k
l
m
n
pa = pd ;
Ta = 2Td ;
2.
j
k
l
m
n
c v (Tb Ta ) = c p (Td + Ta ) ;
3.
j
k
l
m
n
pa = pd ;
Ta = Td ;
4.
j
k
l
m
n
cv (Tb Ta ) = k cv (Td Ta )
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
597.
Maximizeaza
1.
t = 1
1
e
k 1
j
k
l
m
n
=
11
18;
2.
j
k
l
m
n
=
8
10;
3.
j
k
l
m
n
=
11
18;
4.
j
k
l
m
n
=
8
10.
598.
Maximizeaza
In expresia randamentului termic pentru ciclul cu introducerea energiei termice intr-o
k 1
1
t = 1
k 1
( 1) + k ( 1)
transformare izocora si izobara si evacuare izocora
valorile sunt:
1.
j
k
l
m
n
=
1,
=
1;
2.
j
k
l
m
n
=
1.25,
+
= 0.3;
3.
j
k
l
m
n
=
10,
=
1;
4.
j
k
l
m
n
=
1.25,
+
= 3.
599.
Maximizeaza
1.
j
k
l
m
n
= 12
18;
k =
1,4;
=
2;
2.
j
k
l
m
n
= 12
14;
k=
2,5;
= 1,4;
3.
j
k
l
m
n
= 22
28;
k=
1,4;
=
2;
4.
j
k
l
m
n
= 12
14;
k=
2,5;
= 1,4.
j
k
l
m
n
4n 1
;
60
n 120 ;
=4
2.
j
k
l
m
n
60n;
3.
n
60;
=4
j
k
l
m
n
n 120 ;
2n 1
;
60
=4
4.
j
k
l
m
n
60n;
n
60;
2
=4
Obs.:
Notatiile
sunt cele
uzuale.
1.
2.
3.
4.
t [grd C];
t [grd F];
T [K];
t [grd C].
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Obs.:
Notatiile
sunt cele
uzuale.
1.
j
k
l
m
n
p o ;To o =
po
;
RTo
p ;T =
p
+1
RT
;
2.
j
k
l
m
n
p o ;To o =
po
;
RM t o
p ;T =
p
+1
RN t
3.
4.
j
k
l
m
n
p o ;To o =
po
;
RTo
p ;T =
p
RT ;
j
k
l
m
n
p o ;To o =
po
;
RM t o
p ;T =
p
RN t
Obs.:
Notatiile
sunt cele
uzuale.
1.
j
k
l
m
n
n 2n
; ; pentru = 4
;
2
2.
j
k
l
m
n
n
;
2
pentru = 4
3.
j
k
l
m
n
n 3n
; ; pentru = 4
;
2
4.
j
k
l
m
n
3n
;
2
pentru = 4
Obs.:
Notatiile
sunt cele
uzuale.
1.
j
k
l
m
n
2n
; pentru = 2
;
120
2.
j
k
l
m
n
n
;
30
pentru = 2
3.
j
k
l
m
n
3n
; pentru = 2
;
120
4.
j
k
l
m
n
4n
; pentru = 2
.
120
607.
Maximizeaza
Considerand un ciclu teoretic cu ardere mixta, parcurs de 1 kg de gaz perfect avand
exponentul adiabatic k, caldura specifica masica la volum constant cv [kJ / kgK ] , raportul
de comprimare si cunoscand cantitatea de caldura specifica primita in cursul arderii
izocore q1v [kJ / kg ] si temperatura in starea de la sfarsitul admisiei Ta , sa de determine
raportul de crestere a presiunii in prima parte a procesului de ardere.
1.
j
k
l
m
n
p = 1
q1v k 1
;
cv Ta
2.
j
k
l
m
n
p = 1
q1v
;
cvTa k 1
3.
j
k
l
m
n
p = 1+
q1v
c v Ta k 1
4.
j
k
l
m
n
p = 1+
q1v
.
cvTa k
608.
Maximizeaza
Un MAC naval functioneaza dupa un ciclu cu ardere mixta, cu un exces de aer si o
cantitate minima necesara arderii stoichiometrice a 1 kg de combustibil
Lmin [kmol kg comb] , iar calitatea procesului de schimb de gaze este evaluata cu ajutorul
coeficientului gazelor arse reziduale r . Se considera cunoscuti urmatorii parametri:
temperatura la sfarsitul comprimarii Tc , exponentul politropic mediu de comprimare nc ,
constanta universal a gazelor [J / kmol K ] , variatia energiei interne a amestecului in
evolutia de comprimare U ac [kJ / kg comb ] . Sa se determine: temperatura Ta a
amestecului in starea a.
1.
j
k
l
m
n
Ta = Tc
nc 1
U ac ;
Lmin (1 r )
2.
j
k
l
m
n
Ta = Tc +
nc 1
U ac ;
Lmin (1 + r )
3.
j
k
l
m
n
Ta = Tc
nc 1
U ac ;
Lmin (1 + r )
4.
j
k
l
m
n
Ta = Tc
nc + 1
U ac .
Lmin (1 + r )
Obs.:
Notatiile
sunt cele
uzuale.
1.
j
k
l
m
n
m =
co Pi Lo
=
=
ci Po Li ;
2.
j
k
l
m
n
m =
Pe Le p me ci
=
=
=
Pi
Li
p mi ce ;
3.
j
k
l
m
n
m =
co Pi Lo
=
=
ci Po Li
4.
j
k
l
m
n
m =
Po Lo p mo ci
=
=
=
Pi
Li
p mi co
610.
Maximizeaza
1.
j
k
l
m
n
1.5a ;
2.
j
k
l
m
n
15a ;
3.
j
k
l
m
n
5a ;
4.
j
k
l
m
n
5
a.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1.
2.
3.
4.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
1.
2.
3.
4.
75 grd RAC;
45 grd RAC;
55 grd RAC;
85 grd RAC.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Obs.:
Notatiile
sunt cele
uzuale.
1.
j
k
l
m
n
90 o + DSE
RAC
2.
j
k
l
m
n
DSE
+ 180 o + ISE
2
2
RAC
3.
]
j
k
l
m
n
90 o DSE
RAC
4.
j
k
l
m
n
DSE
+ 90 o + ISE
2
2
RAC
Da;
Nu, pentru ca se respecta ciclul de functionare;
Da, pentru ca supapa de admisie are o sechiune mai mare;
Nu, pentru ca nu se respecta ciclul de functionare.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Obs.:
Notatiile
sunt cele
uzuale.
1.
2.
3.
4.
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m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Nu?
Da;
Nu, pentru presiuni de supraalimentare mari;
Nu, pentru presiuni de supraalimentare mici.
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n
j
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n
j
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j
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n
j
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j
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n
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n
627.
Maximizeaza
Calculati puterea turbinei unui motor care evacueaza prin gaze energia dezvoltata prin
arderea combustibilului. Date initiale: Pe [kW ] , ce [kg / kWh] , , Qi [kJ / kg ] ,
1.
j
k
l
m
n
PT =
Lmin ce Pe
c N T [kW ];
3600 g
2.
j
k
l
m
n
PT =
3.
Lmin ce Pe
c N T [kW ];
g
j
k
l
m
n
PT =
Lmin ce Pe g
3600
c N T [kW ];
4.
j
k
l
m
n
PT = 3600
Lmin ce Pe
c N T [kW ].
g
628.
Maximizeaza
Determinati energia transferata aerului livrat de turbosuflanta unui motor auxiliar care are
un consum de combustibil C h [kg / h] , coeficientul de exces de aer ,
3
3
Lmin [kg aer / kg comb] , caldura specifica c N kJ / Nm K , aer kg / Nm , o presiune de
1.
j
k
l
m
n
Lmin C h c N
1ns
Q&aer =
Taer1 p s ns 1
aer
2.
j
k
l
m
n
Lmin C h c N
1
&
Qaer =
Taer1 ns 1 1
aer
p ns
3.
j
k
l
m
n
Lmin C h c N
1
&
Qaer =
Taer1 ns 1 + 1
aer
p ns
4.
j
k
l
m
n
Lmin C h c N
1
&
Qaer =
Taer1 1ns 1
aer
p ns
1.
2.
3.
4.
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m
n
j
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m
n
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m
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j
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m
n
1.
2.
3.
4.
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m
n
j
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l
m
n
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m
n
j
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m
n
1.
2.
3.
4.
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m
n
j
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l
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n
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n
j
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n
j
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n
j
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n
j
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n
j
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j
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n
j
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n
j
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n
j
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n
j
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n
j
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n
j
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n
j
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n
j
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n
j
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n
j
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j
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n
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n
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n
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n
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m
n
637.
Maximizeaza
Fie = ps/p0, raportul de crestere al presiunii in compresorul de aer de supraalimentare.
Temperatura aerului se determina cu relatia:
1.
j
k
l
m
n
Ts = T0
k 1
k
2.
j
k
l
m
n
Ts = T0
k
k
1
3.
j
k
l
m
n
Ts = T0
k 1
k
4.
j
k
l
m
n
Ts = T0
k
k
1
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n
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n
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n
j
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n
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n
j
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n
j
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j
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n
j
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n
j
k
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n
j
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n
j
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n
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n
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n
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n
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n
1.
2.
3.
4.
Sistem turbocompound;
Sistem de turbosupraalimentare consacrata pentru motor in patru timpi;
Sistem de turbosupraalimentare consacrata pentru motor in doi timpi;
Ambele raspunsuri b) si c) sunt valabile.
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
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m
n
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m
n
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n
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n
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n
1.
2.
3.
4.
Supapele de admisie;
Carburator;
Ferestrele de evacuare;
Injector
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n
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n
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n
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n
1.
2.
3.
4.
Acului injectorului
Reperului poz. 7
Reperului poz. 4
Pistonasul pompei de injectie
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n
1.
2.
3.
4.
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n
j
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n
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n
1. Pompa injector
2. Pompa cu piston sertar cu cursa variabila, acesta controland cantitatea
refulata de combustibil
3. Pompa cu supape (atat de aspiratie, cat si de refulare)
4. Pompa cu piston sertar (rotitor), acesta controland orificiile de aspiratie a
combustibilului, sistemul de actionare fiind alcatuit din parghii si
cremaliera
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m
n
j
k
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m
n
j
k
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n
j
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n
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n
j
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n
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n
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n
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j
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n
1.
2.
3.
4.
Tanc consum
Tanc decantare
Tanc buncheraj
Tanc de preaplin
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n
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n
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n
j
k
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m
n
1.
2.
3.
4.
Abur saturat
Abur supraaancalzit
Apa calda
Ulei cald
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m
n
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n
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n
1.
2.
3.
4.
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n
j
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n
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n
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n
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n
1.
2.
3.
4.
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n
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j
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n
j
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j
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n
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j
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j
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j
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in:
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n
1. Sfarsitul injectiei (b), inceputul injectiei (c) si atat inceputul cat si sfarsitul
(a);
2. Sfarsitul injectiei (a), inceputul injectiei (c) si atat inceputul cat si sfarsitul
(b);
3. Sfarsitul injectiei (b), inceputul injectiei (a) si atat inceputul cat si sfarsitul
(c);
4. Sfarsitul injectiei (a), inceputul injectiei (b) si atat inceputul cat si sfarsitul
j
k
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n
j
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n
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n
1.
2.
3.
4.
Cu regulator de presiune;
Hidrodinamic;
Ultrasonic;
Cu pompa cu roti dintate
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n
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n
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n
1.
2.
3.
4.
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n
Barbotaj;
Ungere sub presiune;
Picurare;
Ungatori mecanici
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k
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m
n
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k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
Cifra cetanica;
Punctul de curegere;
Vascozitatea la temperatura corespunzatoare;
Calitatea uleiului
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k
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n
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n
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n
1.
2.
3.
4.
Lagarelor palier;
Lagarelor de sprijin de pe linia axiala;
Cilindrilor;
Turbosuflantelor
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k
l
m
n
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k
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n
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n
Lagarele palier;
Lagarelor maneton;
Bucsei boltului pistonului;
Tuturor elementelor de mai sus
j
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n
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n
2. Este de tipul cu carter uscat, avand un tanc circulatie ulei sub motor;
3. Este de tipul cu carter umed, avand un tanc circulatie ulei sub motor;
4. Este de tipul cu carter uscat, locul tancului de circulatie fiind preluat de
baia de ulei
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n
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n
2. Ungerii gravitationale;
3. Ungerii mixte sub presiune prin barbotare si stropire;
4. Ungere de inalta presiune
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m
n
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n
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m
n
1.
2.
3.
4.
Prin stropire;
Prin barbotare;
Prin canalele 4;
Prin canalele 8
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n
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n
1.
2.
3.
4.
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n
1.
2.
3.
4.
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n
j
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n
1.
2.
3.
4.
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n
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n
1.
2.
3.
4.
j
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n
j
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j
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n
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n
1.
2.
3.
4.
j
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j
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694.Figura SA 18 prezinta:
1.
2.
3.
4.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
Tija supapei;
Tachetul;
Orificiile lagarelor culbutorului;
Cama
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n
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n
1.
2.
3.
4.
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In raport cu motorul;
In raport cu racitorul;
In raport cu tancul de compensa;
Si deversarea acesteia peste bord
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n
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n
1.
2.
3.
4.
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n
Zona de navigatie;
Temperatura gazelor de evacuare din motor;
Numarul de recirculari ale apei;
Temperatura apei la iesirea din motor
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Cu apa tehnica;
Cu combustibil;
Variantele a) si b);
Doar varianta a)
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1.
2.
3.
4.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
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1. Fluxul agentului de racire este divizat intr-un circuit primar, care ocoleste
camasa in scopul racirii chiulasei si un circuit secundar dedicat racirii
cilindrului;
2. Debitul agentului de racire este controlat prin sarcina motorului, in scopul
evitarii coroziunii la orice regim de functionare;
3. Noul sistem este presurizat, pentru evitarea fornarii vaporilor datorita
atingerii unor temperaturi mai ridicate ale camasii decat in sistemul
conentional;
4. Sunt valabile toate afirmatiile anterioare
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1.
2.
3.
4.
Cu apa de mare;
Cu apa tehnica circulata prin tije telescopice;
Cu ulei vehiculat prin tija pistonului;
Cu ulei vehiculat prin tije telescopice solidare cu pistonul
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1.
2.
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4.
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Da;
Nu, pentru ca se respecta fluxul de functionare;
Nu, pentru ca aceasta este actionata hidraulic;
Nu, pentru baleiajul este in echicurent
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1.
2.
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4.
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1.
2.
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4.
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Nu;
Da, dar se pun clapeti pe traseul de evacuare;
Baleiajul nu poate fi in contracurent;
Da, numai daca presiunea de supraalimentare ramane constanta
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1.
2.
3.
4.
Da;
Da, numai pentru motoare in 2 timpi cu supapa de evacuare;
Nu;
Nu, deoarece se modifica avansul la injectie
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Echicurent;
Nu se poate considera baleiaj;
In bucla inchisa;
In bucla deschisa
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1.
2.
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1. Supapa are doua parti: talerul, prin care se sprijina, in timpul repausului,
pe un locas numit scaunul supapei, mentinand inchis orificiul de
distributie; tija, ce receptioneaza comanda: in timpul miscarii supapei, tija
ei culiseaza, de obicei, intr-un organ numit ghidul supapei, iar orificiul de
distributie este inchis;
2. Supapa are doua parti: talerul, prin care se sprijina, in timpul repausului,
pe un locas numit scaunul supapei, mentinand inchis orificiul de
distributie; tija, ce receptioneaza comanda: in timpul miscarii supapei, tija
ei culiseaza, de obicei, intr-un organ numit ghidul supapei, iar orificiul de
distributie este inchis; camele arborelui de distributie comanda ridicarea
supapelor prin intermediul organelor de transmitere a miscarii; arcul
supapei o mentine pe scaun pe durata repausului, asigurand contactul
permanent cu organele de transmitere a miscarii pe parcursul ridicarii si
comanda coborarea supapei;
3. Supapa are doua parti: tija, prin care se sprijina, in timpul repausului, pe
un locas numit scaunul supapei, mentinand inchis orificiul de distributie;
talerul, ce receptioneaza comanda: in timpul miscarii supapei, tija ei
culiseaza, de obicei, intr-un organ numit ghidul supapei, iar orificiul de
distributie este inchis; camele arborelui de distributie comanda ridicarea
supapelor prin intermediul organelor de transmitere a miscarii; arcul
supapei o mentine pe scaun pe durata repausului, asigurand contactul
permanent cu organele de transmitere a miscarii pe parcursul ridicarii si
comanda coborarea supapei;
4. Supapa are doua parti: talerul, prin care se sprijina, in timpul repausului,
pe un locas numit scaunul supapei, mentinand inchis orificiul de
distributie; tija, ce receptioneaza comanda: in timpul miscarii supapei, tija
ei culiseaza, de obicei, intr-un organ numit ghidul supapei, iar orificiul de
distributie este inchis; culbutorul comanda ridicarea supapelor prin
intermediul organelor de transmitere a miscarii; arcul supapei o mentine
pe scaun pe durata repausului, asigurand contactul permanent cu organele
de transmitere a miscarii pe parcursul ridicarii si comanda coborarea
supapei
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Da;
Nu;
Numai in zone temperate;
Numai in zone tropicale
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1.
2.
3.
4.
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In cursa de admisie;
In cursa de comprimare;
In cursa de destindere;
In cursa de evacuare
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6;
8;
10;
12;
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propulsorul
765.Figura SA 40 prezinta:
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1.
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