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V19 N02 2013 pp005 PDF
V19 N02 2013 pp005 PDF
Comitetul de lucru
Dr. Alexandru Eniu – oncologie medicală, coordonator
Dr. Radu Tănăsescu – radioterapie, oncologie medicală, coordonator
Dr. Gabriela Morar-Bolba – oncologie medicală
Dr. Carmen Lisencu – imagistică, radioterapie
Dr. Daniela Martin – radioterapie
Dr. Mihaela Galatâr – anatomie patologică
Dr. Bogdan Fetica – anatomie patologică
Dr. Alin Rancea – chirurgie
Dr. Daniela Grecea – radioterapie, oncologie medicală
Dr. Carmen Popa – radioterapie
Scopul acestui articol este de a prezenta Protocolul pe care Comitetul Multidisciplinar pentru Decizie terapeutică al Institutului Oncologic „Prof. Dr. Ion
Chiricuţă” l-a elaborat pentru a standardiza conduita diagnostică şi terapeutică propusă pacientelor cu cancer de sân ce se adresează Institutului. Membrii
comitetului au alcătuit şi discutat aceste indicaţii, selectând dintre opţiunile terapeutice multiple oferite de ghidurile internaţionale actuale propuse de
European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO), St. Gallen Consensus Conference, Advanced Breast Cancer Consensus Conference (ABC), Societatea
Germană (AGO), National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), cele considerate adecvate nivelului de resurse şi intervenţiilor terapeutice disponibile
în Institut. Acest protocol a fost prezentat şi discutat în plen, în decursul ultimilor 3 ani, la conferinţele naţionale de oncologie din România, şi a fost supus
procesului de peer-review extern de către 5 experţi internaţionali în domeniul cancerului mamar. Datorită evoluţiei continue, rapide, a cunoştinţelor în
acest domeniu, după publicare, recomandările protocolului vor fi actualizate semestrial în varianta on-line publicată pe site.
Cuvinte cheie: protocol terapeutic, cancer mamar
Abrevieri: AGO – Arbeitsgemeinschaft Gynaekologische Onkologie; AHC – antecedente heredo-colaterale; APP – antecedente personale patologice;
CDIS – carcinom ductal in situ; CDT – comitet decizie terapeutică; CLI – carcinom lobular invaziv; CLIS – carcinom lobular in situ; CMI – carcinom
mamar invaziv; CMO – cancer mamar operabil; DT – doză totală; GMI – ganglioni mamari interni; GSC – ganglioni supraclaviculari; IA – Inhibitor
de Aromatază; ICV – ganglioni infraclaviculari; LA – limfadenectomie axilară; LVI – invazia spaţiului limfovascular; MRM – mastectomie radicală
modificată; MS – mastectomie simplă; NCI – National Cancer Institute; PCT – polichimioterapie; PT – perete toracic; QA –asigurarea calităţii; R – margini
piesă de excizie;R1 – margini microscopic pozitive; RE – receptori estrogenici; RPg – receptori progesteronici; RT – radioterapie; RTE – radioterapie
externă; S+A – sectorectomie cu limfadectomie axilară.
Pre-menopauza Menopauza
1. Tamoxifen 5 ani 1. Tamoxifen 2 ani + IA 3 ani (anastrozol, exemestane)
→ menopauza→ IA 5 ani – CDT 2. IA 5 ani (anastrozol, letrozol, exemestan)
→ pre-menopauza → TAM până la 10 ani 3. IA 2-3 ani + Tamoxifen pana la 5 ani
Opţiune:
+ agonist LH-RH – 2-5 ani 4. Tamoxifen 4.5-6 ani + IA 5 ani ( letrozol, anastrozol)
DISCUŢIE CDT 5. Tamoxifen 5 ani daca contraindicaţii IA
Contraindicaţii Tamoxifen (tromboza venoasă profundă)
Agonist LH-RH + IA
Agonist LH-RH
Continuarea HT peste 5 ani
14 Eniu et al
8. Indicaţie tratament adjuvant Luminal B, HER2 negativ – hormonoterapie pentru toate pacientele,
chimioterapie conform schemei
Protocolul CDT în cancerul de sân 15
10. Indicaţie tratament adjuvant Luminal A – chimioterapie, tratament anti HER2 conform schemei
16 Eniu et al
11. Indicaţie tratament adjuvant triplu negativ – recomandat înrolarea pacientelor în trialuri clinice,
chimioterapie conform schemei
12. Apreciere risc transmitere genetică inhibitori de aromatază evaluarea periodică a densităţii
osoase este recomandată;
Calcul: Punctaj – în cazul pacientelor simptomatice sau în cazul
Mutaţie genetică cunoscută în familie 5 evidenţierii unor modificări patologice la examenul obiectiv
Cancer de sân la o femeie înainte de 30 ani 4 sunt indicate examinări suplimentare ţintite.
Cancer de sân la o femeie între 30-39 ani 3 Recomandări
Cancer de sân la o femeie între 40-49 ani 2 – stil de viaţă: exerciţii fizice regulate; creşterea în
Cancer de sân la o femeie între 50-70 ani 1 greutate şi obezitatea influenţează negativ prognosticul
Cancer de sân la un bărbat 4 pacientelor cu cancer mamar;
Cancer de ovar 3 – terapia de substituţie hormonală trebuie descurajată
(creşte riscul de recurenţă);
Se adună scorul fiecărei linii parentale separat (maternal/ – fizioterapia este recomandată cu scopul prevenirii
paternal) şi tratamentului limfedemului şi cu scopul prevenirii şi
Indicaţie pentru testare genetică: corectării defectelor de postură ca urmare a mastectomiei;
Scor 5 – excelentă indicaţie – este recomandată iniţierea promptă a antibioticoterapiei
Scor 4 sau 3 – indicaţie posibilă în cazul unor leziuni infectate la nivelul membrului superior
Scor 2 sau 1 – utilitate medicală redusă la pacientele care au urmat limfadenectomie axilară
– evaluarea calităţii vieţii pacientelor după încheierea
13. Urmărire post terapeutică tratamentului.
– controale periodice la 3-4 luni în primii 2 ani, la 6 luni
în următorii 3-5 ani, ulterior controale anuale; V. TRATAMENT NEOADJUVANT
– anamneză şi examen obiectiv;
– mamografie ipsilaterală (chirurgie conservatoare) şi 1. Indicaţie:
contralaterală la 1-2 ani;
– RMN mamar poate fi indicat în cazul pacientelor tinere 1. Conversie la operabilitate a tumorilor iniţial
cu sâni denşi şi predispoziţie genetică/familială- discuţie inoperabile (LABC)
în CDT; 2. Carcinomul Inflamator
– pentru pacientele care urmează hormonoterapie cu 3. Conservarea sânului (carcinom mamar operabil)
Tamoxifen se recomandă consult ginecologic anual; 4. Testarea sensibilităţii la chimioterapie a tumorii
– pentru pacientele care urmează hormonoterapie cu primare
Protocolul CDT în cancerul de sân 17
1. Obţinerea pCR (răspuns complet patologic) – 3.7. Discuţie prezervare fertilitate – adaptată la caz
îmbunătăţire supravieţuire 3.8. Elucidarea statusului menopauzal (dacă există dubii,
(Selecţie histologii cu rată mai mare de RC ) testare estradiol şi FSH)
2. Individualizarea tratamentului: beneficiu de
supravieţuire 3.9.Ecografie abdominală – dacă suspiciune sau
prezenţa metastaze – computer tomograf (CT)
3. Bilanţ iniţial
3.10. Radiografie torace – dacă suspiciune sau prezenţa
3.1. Examen clinic general metastaze – computer tomograf
3.2. Examen senologic (clinic – inspecţie + palpare sân Dacă stadiu III – opţional scintigrafie osoasă
şi arii ggl)
3.3. Istoric medical (comorbidităţi/apreciere risc 3.2.Examinări ghidate de simptome:
genetic) – computer tomograf (CT) torace – simptome respiratorii
sau suspiciune radiografie torace
3.4. Laborator: hemograma, probe hepatice (ALT, AST, – computer tomograf (CT) abdomen pelvis – simptome,
bilirubina, fosfataza alcalina); Calciu seric, creatinină serică probe hepatice modificate, examen clinic modificat
3.5. Bilanţ imagistic sân – conform protocolului de – scintigrafie os – durere osoasă, fosfataza alcalină
imagistică crescută
5. Hormonoterapie neoadjuvantă
6. Chimioterapia neoadjuvantă
Protocolul CDT în cancerul de sân 19
7. Carcinom inflamator
VI. RADIOTERAPIA clinging & micropapilar, RE+, RP+, R≥10 mm, biologie
favorabilă
– risc crescut – boost? (vârsta tânără, tumoră mare,
1. CDIS – tratament palpabilă, peste 3 cm, G3, receptori hormonali absenţi,
margine profundă < 2mm)
1.1. Chirurgia
1.3. Tratament sistemic
1.1.1. Tratament conservator:
– excizie largă (margini ≥ 2 mm) fără evidare axilară + RT – dacă receptorii hormonali sunt pozitivi se poate
administra tamoxifen profilactic
1.1.2. Mastectomie simplă ± SNB ± reconstrucţie
imediată
– leziuni multicentrice 2. Cancer mamar operabil: categorii
▪ leziuni multifocale, margini pozitive după recupă terapeutice
▪ tumora > 3-5 cm + G3 + comedo + vârsta tânără? CDT
2.1. Chirurgia
1.2. Radioterapia adjuvantă
2.1.1. Tip chirurgie
1.2.1. Volume ţintă: sân ± pat tumoral – sector + SNB/limfadenectomie axilară + RT
– fracţionare standard – MRM ± RT
– DT = 50Gy/25 fr/5 săptămâni ± 10 Gy/5 fr/supraimpresiune 2.1.2. Margini de rezecţie neinvadate (“ no tumor on ink”)
pat tumoral – preferabil margini (R) ≥1mm pentru componenta
1.2.2. Hipofracţionare invazivă
– paciente în vârstă, comorbidităţi, handicap motor – R ≥ 2 mm pentru componenta CDIS
1.2.3. CDIS: radioterapie şi grupe de risc – discuţie în – margini pozitive (CDI/ CDIS) → reexcizie
comisia pentru decizie terapeutică – excp. CLIS, R focal microscopic pozitive
– risc scăzut – fără RT? (>65 ani, T<10 mm, G1, subtip 2.1.3. LA: nr. ganglioni evidaţi nivel axilar I+II: 8-10
20 Eniu et al
2.2. Individualizarea tratamentului local vs. risc 2.3.5. Regimuri fracţionare alternative: hipofracţionarea
Cine beneficiază?
Prognostic nefavorabil Prognostic favorabil
• paciente > 50 ani
RH-, Her2+ RE+, RP+, Her2 = 0
Triplu negativ postmenopauză
• pT1N0, pT2N0
• G1,2
• risc crescut fără RT • Hipofracţionare
• chirurgie conservatoare, margini negative (R0)
• risc f-cţie de vârstă, stadium • APBI
Standard minim acceptabil: planning 2D cu optimizarea
• risc f-cţie de răspuns la PCT omogenităţii D în ax central
• RT: boost Simulare CT, planning 3D, ameliorarea distribuţiei dozei,
risc mai mic de toxicitate cutanată/ fibroză
2.3. Radioterapia şi tratamentul conservator 2.3.6. Hipofracţionare + boost
2.3.1. Volume ţintă – factori de risc supraimpresiunea patului tumoral
Tip chirurgie RT: vol. ţintă Tip fracţionare – regim optim de fracţionare când se preconizează
sector+LA administrare boost?
pN0 sân ± pat tumoral* standard/ HF • Yarnold: 40 Gy/15 fr/ 22 zile
• boost: 10-16 Gy, 2Gy/ fr
pN+ sân ± pat tumoral* + GSC/ICV, standard
nivel III/GMI 2.4. Radioterapia după MRM
* marcarea patului tumoral cu clipuri titan conform protocolului tehnic
2.4.1. Indicaţiile RT post MRM
de radioterapie
Tip chirurgie RT: vol. ţintă Tip fracţionare
2.3.2. Doză totală (DT), fracţionare
Fracţionare standard MRM
DT= 50 Gy/ 25fr +/- boost 10-16 Gy/5-8 fr/5-7 săpt pN+
Hipofracţionare 1-3 PT±GSC/ICV Standard
DT= 42.5 Gy/16fr/ 3.2 săpt, D/fr= 2.66Gy (protocol >4 PT+GSC/ICV
Whelan) pN0
DT= 40 Gy/15 fr/ 3 săpt, D/fr= 2.67Gy (START B, T3 PT Standard
Yarnold)
R1 PT ± boost* Standard
2.3.3. Supraimpresiunea patului tumoral: 10-16 Gy R< 1mm PT Standard
Cine beneficiază?
* margine profundă marcată
• vârstă < 51 ani
• invazia spaţiului limfovascular (LVI)
• R< 1mm/ focal pozitive 2.4.2. CMO: RT post MRM, risc intermediar
CDT: paciente > 50 ani, fără LVI
Tip chirurgie Factori de risc CDT
• G3, T>2-3 cm
• RE, RP neg., axilă + MRM
• tratament sistemic pT2, pN0 LVI+ RT, dacă > 2 FR
Beneficiu mai modest la pacientele în vârstă, fără factori RE, RP neg.
de risc; administrarea supraimpresiunii se va considera R< 1mm
individual. < 50 ani
2.3.4. QA şi supraimpresiunea patului tumoral G3
Informaţii preoperatorii: CLI
• mamografie CDT – comitet decizie terapeutică
• ecografie
• CT /RMN în poziţia de tratament → fuziune cu CT 2.4.3. Putem exclude RT post MRM?
planning
Informaţii postoperatorii: Tip chirurgie Risc scăzut CDT
• marcarea intraoperatorie a patului tumoral cu clipuri MRM
de titan pentru a creşte acurateţea localizării (se plasarea 3-5 pT1, pT2 > 50 ani fără RT
clipuri de titan în cavitatea de sector, înainte de reconstrucţia pN1, 1 ggl.+, baza axilei R0
sânului: pe planul profund al rezecţiei/ m. pectoral, lateral pe L0, V0
pereţii cavităţii, la mijlocul patului tumoral, cardial şi caudal)
G1
• protocol operator, orientarea şi marcarea marginilor
RE+, RP +
specimenului chirurgical
• buletin HP, extinderea microscopică a marginilor libere CDT – comitet decizie terapeutică
Protocolul CDT în cancerul de sân 21
2.5. Managementul ariilor ganglionare 5.3. Metastaze cerebrale pentru pacienţii cu IP/IK
CT-Sim recomandată la pacienţii la care este planificată bun: DT= 30 Gy/ 10 fr/ 2 săptămâni
radioterapia regiunilor ganglionare pentru a încadra volumul 5.4. Tumori inoperabile, avansate loco-regional:
ţintă ganglionar şi a reduce doza la nivelul organelor diferite scheme de hipofracţionare
sănătoase.
2.5.1. RT axilei: indicaţii 5.5. Tumori inoperabile, avansate loco-regional, la
– disecţie standard nivel axilar I+II → fără RT axilei pacienţi vârstnici, cu comorbidităţi: DT= 30 Gy/10
– disecţie axilară incompletă, N+ fr/2 săptămâni sau DT= 36 Gy/ 6 fr/6 săptămâni
– disecţie axilară incompletă, N0, tumori G2/ G3
2.5.2. RT GSC/ICV: indicaţii VII. BOALA METASTATICĂ
– >pN2a – pN3b: > 4N+/ nivel III axilar+/cGMI+ şi > 1N+
– pN+, EEC> 2mm
– disecţie axilară incompletă, N+ 1. Bilanţ la progresie:
– N3 1. Ecografie abdominală ± CT (nu se efectuează CT
– pN1a → CDT (SUPREMO) craniu de rutină)
2.5.3. RT şi GMI 2. Rgr torace ± CT
– (p)N2b: cGMI+ 3. Scintigrafie os
– (p)N3b: cGMI+ şi N+ 4. Mamografie
– pN+, tumori mari centrale/ cadrane interne 5. PET/CT
a. evaluarea cazurilor de suspiciune de recidivă locală
3. Interval chirurgie-radioterapie sau la distanţă în cazul investigaţiilor imagistice
3.1. Nu există un „prag” de siguranţă, debut RT cât standard (CT şi/sau RMN) neconcludente;
mai devreme posibil în prezenţa factorilor de risc b. evaluarea cazurilor cu leziuni metastatice
considerate operabile, pe baza testelor standard
3.2. Factori predictivi pentru recidivă locală: imagistice (CT şi/sau RMN)
– vârsta 6. Laborator (+CA 15-3)
– margini, LVI+ 7. Biopsie recidivă/metastază: RE, RP, Her2
– DT, tratament sistemic administrat 8. Discutarea prognosticului (incurabil, dar tratabil)
3.3. Interval optim: 6-8 săptămâni, fără chimioterapie
adjuvantă 2. Selecţia terapiei în boala metastatică
Terapie Factori
3.4. Studii retrospective: RT timing vs. recidiva locală,
supravieţuire (> 12-20 săpt. creşte rata recidivei HT status RH (tu. primară, metastază)
locale) răspuns anterior la terapie
ILB
4. RT şi tratamentul sistemic Chimio necesitatea control rapid simptome
răspuns anterior la terapie
4.1. Tamoxifen
ILB
– secvenţial încărcătură tumorală
– dacă tratamentul a fost iniţiat postoperator, se continuă
vârsta (nu contraindică absolut tratamentul)
concomitent cu RT
comorbidităţi
4.2. Inhibitori de aromatază (Anastrozol, Letrozol)
Trastuzumab HER2 (tu primară/meta),
– concomitent cu RT
tratament anterior anti-Her2
4.3. Transtuzumab Bifosfonaţi meta os (osteolitice sau simptomatice)
– concomitent scop: reducere evenimente scheletale (fract, RTE, chir)
– sân, PT stg.: achiziţie de date + planning 3D, limitarea reducere durere
includerii cordului în câmpuri, fără a compromite acoperirea • HT- preferată
volumului ţintă • Asocierea HT + CT este contraindicată
HER2 B. endocrin responsivă B. endocrin non-
5. Radioterapia paliativă (HR+, IL lung, ţesuturi responsivă
moi/os, meta viscerale
5.1. Metastaze osoase: DT= 8 Gy/ 1fr sau 20 Gy/5 fr/5 zile ER asimptomatice)
HER2-negativ Hormonoterapie (HT) Chimioterapie (CT)
5.2. Metastaze vertebrale, meningeale, ganglionare:
DT= 20 Gy/ 5fr/ 5 zile HER-pozitiv Anti-HER2 direct + HT Anti-HER2 + CT
22 Eniu et al
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