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(IiiVX-VIX

JEAN DELUMEAU I M , peur en Occident (Xive-xvme siecles) Une cita assiegee Librairie Artheme Fayar ! "aris #$%& '(ate re)t*rile as*)ra )re+entei e i,ii -n limba r(m.n/ s-nt re+er0ate E it*rii Meri iane

Jean Delumeau

1rica -n (cci ent i2

OO,!;-

(secolele XIV-XVIII)

( cetate ase iat/

Volumul I

EDITURA MERIDIANE BUCURETI. 1986

in s-mi exprim gratitudinea auditorilor mei de la College de France i cercettorilor din seminarul meu. Ei vor gsi menionate in aceste pagini o seam de documente pe care mi le-au pus la dispoziie sau mi le-au indicat, precum i unele dintre anchetele n care s-au anga!at. "lturi de mine, ei i-au adus ast#el contri$uia la realizarea acestui proiect istoriogra#ie.
JD

34(ls!-

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INTRODUCERE: Istoricul n cutarea fricii

1. FRICA TRECUTA SUB TCERE

-n sec(l*l al XVI-lea! n*-i *?(r s/ intri n(a)tea -n A*gsb*rg@ M(ntaigne! care 0i+itea+/ (ra?*l -n #=&>! se min*nea+/ -n 1a,a A)(r,ii 1alseB care! s*b s*)ra0egherea cel(r (i )a+nicri! -i cerne c* griC/ )e e/l/t(rii s(si,i *)/ a)*s*l s(arel*i@ Ace?tia se i+besc -nt-i e-( )(art/ e 1ier t/in*it/ -n +i ! )e (are )rim*l )a+nic! a c/r*i ( aie se a1l/ la mai bine e-( s*t/ e )a?i! ( eschi e chiar in l(c*in,a sa c* aC*t(r*l *n*i lan, e 1ier! care A)e *n r*m 1(arte l*ng ?i e* nen*m/rate c(t*riB trage *n r*g! t(t e 1ier@ ;*m ai trec*t e acest (bstac(l! )(arta se -nchi e la l(c@ "e *n )( ac()erit! 0i+itat(r*l trece a)(i ?an,*l ce -nc(nC(ar/ (ra?*l ?i aC*nge -ntr-( )ia,et/D ac(l( eclar/ cine e ?i *n e 0a trage -n A*gsb*rg@ 9c*t*r-n *n cl()(,el! )a+nic*l -?i an*n,/ at*nci t(0ar/?*l care )*ne -n mi?care *n mecanism a1lat -ntr-( galerie e l-ng/ (- aia sa@ Mecanism*l eschi e mai -nt-i ( barier/ E t(t e 1ier E a)(i! c* aC*t(r*l *nei r(,i mari! c(man / )( *l m(bil A1/r/ s/ )(,i ghici 0re*na in aceste mane0reF )entr* c/ ele se transmit )rin +i *ri ?i )(r,i ?i )e nea?te)tate t(t*l se -nchi e la l(c c* mare 0*ietB@ Dinc(l( e )( *l m(bil se eschi e ( )(art/ mare A1(arte gr(as/! care-i in lemn ?i t(at/ 1erecat/ c* s)r.ncene = late e 1ierB@ 9tr/in*l )/tr*n e )rin ea -ntr-(

sal/ -n care se )(mene?te -nchis! sing*r ?i 1/r/ l*min/@ Dar ( alt/ )(art/! asem/n/t(are celei int-i! -i -ng/ *ie s/ intre -ntr-( a (*a sal/ *n e! e ast/ at/! Ae l*min/G ?i *n e esc()er/ ( c/l /r*?/ e br(n+ at.rnat/ e *n lan,@ Ac(l( e)*ne taHa e trecere@ Al (ilea )(rtar trage lan,*l! 0eri1ic/ s*ma e)*s/ -n c/l /r*?/@ Dac/ n* c(res)*n e c* tari1*l legi*it! l 0a l/sa )e c/l/t(r As/ -r -ie ac(l( )-n/-n +(riB@ Dac/-i -ns/ m*l,*mit! A-i eschi e -n acela?i 1el -nI/ ( )(art/ mare asemenea cel(rlalte! care se -nchi e la l(c e -n at/ ce a trec*t ?i iat/-# -n (ra?B@ Am/n*nt im)(rtant ce -ntrege?te acest is)(+iti0 gre(i ?i bine g-n it -n acela?i tim)F s*b aceste s/li ?i )(r,i este amenaCat/ A( )i0ni,/ *ria?/ *n e )(t 1i a /)(sti,iB cinci s*te e (ameni -narma,i c* cai c* t(t! gata )entr* (riee e0ent*alitate@ In ca+ e r/+b(i! ei s-nt trimi?i la l*)t/ A1/r/ ?tirea )r(stimii in (ra?#B@ "reca*,ii e(sebit e gr/it(are! )entr* *n climat e nesig*ran,/F )atr* )(r,i grele *na *)/ alta! *n )( )este *n ?an,! *n )( m(bil ?i ( barier/ e 1ier n* )ar a 1i )rea m*lt )entr* a (cr(ti -m)(tri0a (ric/rei s*r)ri+e *n (ra? e 3> >>> e l(c*it(ri! cel mai )()*lat ?i mai b(gat (ra? in <ermania )e 0remea aceea@ Jntr-( ,ar/ c/+*t/ )ra / cert*ril(r religi(ase ?i -n tim) ce '*rc*l / t-rc(ale la 1r*ntariile im)eri*l*i! (rice str/in este s*s)ect! n(a)tea mai ales@ In acela?i tim)! A)r(stimeaB ale e/rei Aem(,iiBG s-nt im)re0i+ibile ?i )rimeC i(ase e )ri0it/ ?i ea c* ne-ncre ere@ De aceea! se 1ace -n a?a 1el -nc-t s/ n* bage e seam/ li)sa s(l a,il(r sta,i(na,i e (bicei s*b is)(+iti0*l c(m)licat al A1alsei )(r,iB@ In interi(r*l acesteia a* 1(st )*se la b/taie *ltimele )er1ec,i(n/ri ale metal*rgiei germane e )e at*nciD ast1el! ( cetate m*lt r-0nit/ i+b*te?te! ac/ n* s/ al*nge c* es/G -n (riginal imotions, c* sens*l e t*lb*r/ri )()*lare care )rece ( r/sc(al/ ?i c-te( at/ chiar c* acela e r/sc(al/@ Am )/strat c*0-nt*l Anetra *sB! Intr*c-t a*t(r*l -l citea+/ ese(ri in (c*mentele e e)(c/! ?i c* acest sens an*me@ (N@ tr@)@ G

0-r?ire 1rica inc(l( e +i *rile sale! m/car s-( -mbl-n+easc/ -n eaC*ns ca s/ )(at/ c(n0ie,*i c* ea@ Mecanismele me?te?*gite care -i a)/ra* ( ini(ar/ )e l(c*it(rii in A*gsb*rg a* ( 0al(are e simb(l@ "entr* c/ n* n*mai in i0i+ii i+(la,i! ci ?i c(lecti0it/,ile ?i ci0ili+a,iile -nse?i s-nt angaCate -ntr-*n ial(g )ermanent c* 1rica@ '(t*?i! )-n/ -n )re+ent! ist(ri(gra1ia n-a st* iat mai el(c trec*t*l in aceast/ )ers)ecti0/! -n ci* a eHem)l*l*i )*nct*al E ar c-t e instr*cti0 E at e <@ Le1eb0re ?i a (rin,el(r eH)rimate s*ccesi0 e el ?i e L@ Feb0re@ Jnc/ -n #$KL! -n l*crarea c(nsacrat/ Marii Frici in #%&$! cel int-i scriaF ADe-a l*ng*l ist(riei n(astre a* eHistat ?i alte s)aime -nainte ?i *)/ 6e0(l*,ieD ?i a* eHistat ?i -n a1ara Fran,ei@ 7are n* li s-ar )*tea esc()eri ( tr/s/t*r/ c(m*n/ care s/ ar*nce (arecare l*min/ as*)ra celei in #%&$LMB@ Un s1ert e sec(l mai t-r+i*! r/s)*n+-n *-i ca *n ec(*! L@ Feb0re se str/ *ia la r-n *l l*i s/-i angaCe+e )e ist(rici )e aceast/ cale! elimit-n -( -n linii mariF AN*-i 0(rba @ @ @ s/ rec(nstr*im ist(ria )(rnin n*mai e la ne0(ia e sec*ritate E c*m era is)itit s/ 1ac/ Ferrer( )(rnin e la sentiment*l 1ricii ( e alt1el! cele (*/ sentimente! *n*l e (r in )(+iti0! cel/lalt e (r in negati0! n* s1-r?es( (are )rin a se -nt-lni -n 1(n M) E @@@! e 0(rba -n esen,/ s/ )*nem la l(c*l ei! c* alte c*0inte s/ restit*im )artea ce i se c*0ine *n*i c(m)leH e sentimente care! ,in-n seama e latit* ini ?i e e)(ci! n* )(ate s/ n* 1i C*cat *n r(l ca)ital -n ist(ria s(ciet/,il(r (mene?ti a)r()iate ?i 1amiliare n(*/KB@ La acest *bl* a)el -ncerc s/ r/s)*n )rin l*crarea e 1a,/! )reci+-n in ca)*l l(c*l*i trei limite (bligat(rii@ "rima este chiar aceea )e care ( c(nt*ra L@ Feb0reF n* se )*ne )r(blema *nei rec(nstit*iri a ist(riei )(rnin An*mai e la sentiment*l 1riciiB@ 7 asemenea -ng*stare a )ers)ecti0el(r ar 1i abs*r / ?i-i 1/r/ -n (ial/ )rea % sim)list s/ a1irmi! ca <@ Ferrer(! c/ t(ate ci0i-

li+a,iile s*nt )r( *s*l *nei l*)te -n el*ngate -m)(tri0a 1ricii@ -l in0it a?a ar )e citit(r s/-?i a *c/ aminte c/ am )r(iectat as*)ra trec*t*l*i ( an*mit/ l*min/! ar c/ eHist/ ?i altele! )(sibile ?i e (rit! -n m/s*r/ s/-# -ntregeasc/ ?i s/-# c(recte+e )e al me*@ ;elelalte (*/ 1r(ntiere s*nt e (r in*l tim)*l*i ?i al s)a,i*l*i@ EHem)lele mi le-am l*at e )re1erin,/ E ar n* t(t ea*na E in )eri(a a #KN&E#&>> ?i in sect(r*l ge(gra1ic al *manit/,ii (cci entale! )entr* a a c(e+i*ne ?i (m(genitate e+0(lt/ril(r mele ?i )entr* a n* is)ersa l*mina )r(iect(r*l*i as*)ra *nei cr(n(l(gii ?i a *n(r -ntineri eHcesi0e@ -n acest ca r* *rma s/ 1ie ac()erit *n g(l ist(ri(gra1ie! (eea ce m/ 0(i str/ *i s/ ?i 1ac )e c-t se )(ate! -n *-mi )rea bine seama c/ asemenea tentati0/! li)sit/ e *n m(el )e care s/-# imit! c(nstit*ie ( a0ent*r/ intelect*al/@ Oi -nc/ *na )asi(nant/@ De ce aceast/ t/cere )rel*ngit/ as*)ra r(l*l*i 1ricii -n ist(rieM F/r/ -n (ial/ in ca*+a *nei c(n1*+ii mentale larg r/s)-n ite -ntre 1ric/ ?i la?itate! c*raC ?i temeritate@ "rintr-( 0eritabil/ i)(cri+ie! at-t isc*rs*l scris! c-t ?i limba 0(rbit/ E )rim*l in1l*en,-n P( )e cea e a (*a E a* a0*t m*lt/ 0reme ten in,a e a cam*1la Qeac,iile 1ire?ti ce -ns(,esc c(n?tiin,a *nei )rineC ii -n s)atele a)aren,ei -n?el/t(are a atit*iinil(r g/l/gi(s er(ice@ A;*0-nt*l A1ric/B e -n/rcat c* at-ta r*?ine! scrie Del)ierre! -ne-t ( sc*n em@ -ngr()/m -n str/1*n *l n(str* 1rica M ne r/s*ce?te m/r*ntaieleNB@ Abia -n m(ment*l c-n -n s(cietatea (ccimtal/ -nce) s/ se e+0(lte element*l b*r-e+ ?i 0al(rile sale )r(+aice E sec(lele XIVE VI E ( literat*r/ e)ic/ ?i narati0/ -nc*raCat/ n(bilimea amenin,at/ c(ns(li ea+/ eHaltarea isit/ e n*an,e a temerit/,ii@ AA?a c*m b*R*ga n* )(ate ar e 1/r/ 1(c! ne s)*ne Fr(ist! gentil(m*l n* )(ate aC*nge la cinstire D/0-r?it/! nici la gl(ria l*mii! 1/r/ 0iteCie=B@ Mi s1ert*ri e sec(l mai t-r+i*! acela?i i eal &

-l ins)ir/ )e a*t(r*lG l*i %ehan de &aintre (c/tre #N=3)@ D*)/ el! ca0aler*l 0re nic e acest titl* treb*ie s/ -n1r*nte )rimeC iile in i*bire e gl(rie ?i )entr* (amna inimii sale@ El este Aacela c/r*ia@@@ i s-a *s 0estea e m*lte c-te s/0-r?e?te E 1a)te e arme! se -n,elege3@ ;* at-t mai mare cinstire (b-n e?ti! c* c-t -,i ri?ti mai m*lt 0ia,a -n l*)te inegale@ Acestea s-nt )-inea e t(ate +ilele )entr* "madis de 'aule, *n er(* )r(0enit in cicl*l r(man*l*i bret(n! care aC*nge chiar As/% bage gr(a+/ -n cele mai cr*nte Ci0ine s/lbatice B@ E itat -n 9)ania -n #=>&! tra *s -n 1rance+/ la cererea l*i Francis( I! "madis de 'aule ?i s*)limentele sale )r( *c -n sec(l*l al XVI-lea )este 3> e e i,ii s)ani(le ?i ( )*+ erie e e i,ii 1ran,*+e?ti ?i italiene?ti@ Oi mai im)resi(nant este s*cces*l l*i Orlarido #urioso & e Ari(st(F 0re( #&> e e i,ii -ntre #=#3 ?i #3>> @ 6(lan ! A)ala in ne-n1ricatB! is)re,*ie?te )rin -ns/?i 1irea l*i Ah(ar a netrebnic/ a sara+inil(rB care -l atac/ la 6(nce0a*H@ ;* aC*t(r*l )al(?*l*i s/*! D*ran al! Abra,ele! ca)etele! *merii ( *?manil(r) +b(ar/ eare-nc(tr(B (ca)@ XIII)@ ;-t es)re ca0alerii cre?tini )e care 'ass( -i a *ce )e scen/ -n (erusalimul eli$erat ()rima e i,ie! #=&#)! aC*n?i -n 1a,a (ra?*l*i s1-nt! ace?tia 1ream/t/ e ner/b are! An* mai a?tea)t/ semnal*l in tr-mbi,e ?i t(be ?i )(rnesc la b/t/lie c* chi(te )*ternice e 0eselieB (ca)@ III)@ Literat*ra cr(nicil(r este e asemenea ine)*i+abil/ c-n se re1er/ la er(ism*l n(bilimii ?i al )rinci)il(r! care s*nt 1l(area -ntregii n(bilimi@ -i -n1/,i?ea+/ im)ermeabili la (rice 1el e team/@ Ast1el! e eHem)l*! c-n e 0(rba e I(an-1/r/- e-1ric/! cel care -?i c-?tig/ 1aima l*)t-n @ -m)(tri0a l(c*it(ril(r in Liege -n #N>&$! sa* e ;ar(S 'emerar*l E alt s*)ran*me (e se c*0ine remarcat E! el(giile s*nt hi)erb(lice@ AEra seme, ?i )lin e c*raC c*m n* s-a
GQ-Ant(nie e La 9ale (#K&&ME#N3LM)@ "r(+at(r )r(0ensal! a*t(r al *n(r scrieri c* caracter ist(ric ?i i actic! )rintre care )*+istoire... du petit %ehan T de &aintre ... (c/tre #N=3) (N@ tr@)@

)(menitD -r+ la )rimeC ie! netem/t(r ?i ne-n1ricat! ?i t(t )e at-ta e 0itea+ ca#>5ectar -n 1a,a 'r(ieiB@ A?a s)*ne ;hastellain @ Iar M(iinet -nt/re?te *)/ m(artea *cel*iF AEra 0l/star ne)re,*it aU cinstei! neam e s(i )rea1ericit ?i c()ac e str/l*cit/ 0irt*te -nmiresmat/! r( it(are ?i e mare -n/l,ime ##B@ 6e0elat(are la r-n *l ei este gl(ria care JJ -n0/l*ie )e :ayar G -nc/ in tim)*l 0ie,ii@ EI este ca0aler*l A1/r/ e 1ric/ ?i 1/r/ e )rihan/B@ De aceea! m(artea gentil(m*l*i (1ine+! -n #=LN! A-n *rerea+/ n(bilimea t(at/B@ ;/ci! ne -ncre in,ea+/ ;re inci(s*l 9er0it(r! Ac*te+an,a l*i )*,ini a* a0*t-(@ "rin chib+*in,/ l*i -n t(ate cele! era *n Fabi*s MaHim*sD )rin isc*sitele-i -n1/)t*iri *n ;(ri(lan! iar )rin )*tere ?i m/re,ie e s*1let *n al (ilea 5ect(r#LB! Acest arheti) al ca0aler*l*i 1/r/ e 1ric/! ac/ n* -nt(t ea*na ?i 1/r/ e )rihan/! este -n m( c(nstant )*s -n 0al(are -n c(ntrast c* gl(ata li)sit/ e c*raC@ "e 0rem*ri! Virgili* scriseseF AFrica e (0a / e neam )r(stB@ ,Eneida, (-, #K)@ Aceast/ a1irma,ie a 1(st c(nsi erat/ m*lt/ 0reme ca ( e0i en,/@ ;(mmynes rec*n(a?te c/ arca?ii a* aC*ns A*n b*n 1/r/ e )re, -n b/t/liiB@ N*mai c/ treb*ie s/ 1ie -nc*raCa,i )rin )re+en,a al/t*ri e ei a *n*i Amare n*m/r e n(bili ?i e ca0aleriB ?i s/ li se ea 0in -nainte e l*)t/ ca s/-i (rbeasc/ -n 1a,a )rimeC iei#K@ La ase i*l "a (0ei -n #=>$! :ayar se r/+0r/te?te -m)(tri0a )/rerii -m)/rat*l*i MaHimilian care ar 1i 0r*t ca t(at/ c/l/rimea 1rance+/ s/ escalece ?i s/ )(rneasc/ la atac c(t la c(t c* l/ncierii! Ame?te?*gari ce n* )*n at-ta )re, )e (n(are ca gentil(mii#NB@ M(ntaigne atrib*ie (amenil(r e r-n ! ca ( caracteristic/
G .ierre du /errail, cavaler de 0a1ard sau 0a1art (#N%K sa* #N%3E#=LN) se istinge -n e)(c/ )rin 0ite Cia l*i legen ar/@ "(0estea 0ie,ii cel*i s*)ran*mit Cavalerul #r de #ric i #r de prihan a 1(st scris/ e sc*tier*l s/* JacV*es J(11r(y! Aser0it(r cre inci(sB c*m se eclar/ el -ns*?i chiar -n titl*l l* cr/rii@ ,2. tr@)@ #>

e0i ent/! chiar c-n s*nt s(l a,i! )re is)(+i,ia Ja 1ric/F ei 0/ c*irasieri ac(l( *n e n*-i ec-t ( t*rm/ e (iD ia* ni?te trestii re)t l/ncieri#=@ As(ciin )e e alt/ )arte la?itate ?i cr*+ime! el s*s,ine c/ ?i *na ?i alta s*nt -nt-lnite mai c* seam/ Ja A)r(stimea netrebnic/34u. n sec(l*l al XVII-lea! La :r*yere acce)t/ la rin *l s/* ca certit* ine i eea c/ masa ,/ranil(r! a me?te?*garil(r ?i a ser0it(ril(r n*-i c*raC(as/ )entr* c/ n* ca*t/ E ?i nici n*-i -n stare s/ ca*te E 1aimaF A9(l at*l n* simte c/ este c*n(sc*tD el m(are nec*n(sc*t ?i -n m*l,imeD a?a ?i tr/ia! e 1a)t! ar tr/ia! ?i acesta e *n*l in i+0(arele li)sei e c*raC la cei e c(n i,ie C(as/ ?i ser0il/#%B@ 6(man*l ?i teatr*l a* s*bliniat la rin *l l(r inc(m)atibilitatea intre aceste (*/ l*mi s(ciale ?i m(rale t(t( at/F cea a 0iteCiei! care este in i0i *al/ E l*mea n(bilil(r E ?i cea a 1ricii! c(lecti0/ E l*mea s/racil(r@ ;-n D(n W*iC(te se )reg/te?te s/ s)riCine (?tirea l*i "enta)(lin -m)(tri0a celei a l*i Ali1an1ar(n! 9anch( ".n+a -i atrage s1i(s aten,ia c/ cele (*/ (?tiri s*nt )*r ?i sim)l* (*/ t*rme e (i@ El -?i atrage *rm/t(r*l r/s)*nsF AN*mai 1rica ce te st/)-ne?te! 9anch(! te 1ace s/ 0e+i ?i s/ a*+i t(t*l ana)( a@ Dar ac/ s)aima ta e at-t e cr*nt/! /-te e()arte!@@ V(i *ce sing*r la i+b-n / tab/ra )e care am s-( aC*t c* bra,*l me*#&B@ Fa)te e 0iteCie! t(t in i0i *ale! ar nelegi*ite e ast/ at/! s*nt cele ale l*i D(n J*an! Aam/git(r*l in 9e0illaB! care s1i ea+/ s)ectr*l c(man (r*l*i! )e D*mne+e* ?i in1ern*l@ 9l*ga l*i! 1ire?te! ( *ce intr-( s)aim/ -ntr-alta ?i D(n J*an -i re)r(?ea+/F ADe ce te temi e *n m(rtM ;e te-Ii 1ace #$ ac/ ar 1i (m 0i*M N/t-ng/ ?i mit(c/neasc/ team/ B@ Acest l(c c(m*n E (amenii e r-n s*nt 1ric(?i E este )reci+at ?i -n e)(ca 6ena?terii )rin (*/ n(ta,ii! c(ntra ict(rii )rin inten,iile l(r! ar c(n0ergente )rin l*mina )e care ( a *c ?i care se )(ate re+*ma ast1elF (amenii a1la,i la )*tere )r(ce ea+/ -n a?a 1el -nc-t )()(r*l E ,/ranii -n )rim*l r-n E- s/ ?tie

e 1ric/@ 9ym)h(rien ;ham)ier! me ic ?i *manist! ar s*s,in/t(r sl*garnic al n(bilimii! scrie -n #=#>F A9eni(r*l treb*ie s/ se b*c*re ?i s/ se es1/te+e c* b*n*rile )entr* care (amenii s/i tr* esc ?i n/ *?escB@ 6(l*l l*i e As/ st/).neasc/ )/m-nt*l! c/ci at(rit/ gr(a+ei ins)irate e ca0aleri! (amenii e r-n ar/ ?i c*lti0/ (g(arele e 1rica ?i e teama e a n* 1i st-r)i,iL>B@ ;-t es)re 'h(mas M(r*s care c(ntest/ s(cietatea tim)*l*i s/*! sit*-n *-se t(t*?i *n e0a -ntr-( imaginar/ AUt()ieB! acesta a1irm/ c/ As/r/cia )()(r*l*i este )a0/+a m(narhiei @@ @ Li)s*rile ?i mi+eria retea+/ c* es/0-r?ire c*raC*l! -n (bit(cesc s*1letele! le -m)ac/ c* s*1erin,a ?i r(bia ?i le as*)resc )-n/-ntrat-t c/ st(rc in ele (rice 0lag/ ca s/ mai )(at/ sc*t*ra C*g*lL#B@ Aceste c-te0a e0(c/ri E ce s-ar )*tea -nm*l,i la nes1-r?it E sc(t la i0eal/ ra,i*nile i e(l(gice ale -n el*ngatei treceri s*b t/cere a r(l*l*i ?i im)(rtan,ei 1ricii -n ist(ria (menirii@ Din antichitate ?i )-n/ e c*r-n ! ar mai accent*at -n tim)*l 6ena?terii! isc*rs*l literar s*s,in*t e ic(n(gra1ie ()(rtrete -n )ici(are! scat*i ec0estre! gest*ri ?i ra)aCe 2 )line e m/re,ie) a eHaltat 0iteCia E in i0i *al/ E a er(il(r care c(n *cea* s(cietatea@ Era necesar ca ei s/ 1ie a?a! sa* m/car -n1/,i?a,i s*b acest *nghi! )entr* a C*sti1ica -n )r()riii (chi ?i -n cei ai )()(r*l*i )*terea c* care era* in0esti,i@ Oi in0ers! 1rica era menirea r*?in(as/ E ?i c(m*n/ - - a (amenil(r e r-n ?i t(t( at/ ra,i*nea -nr(birii l(r@ 7 at/ c* 6e0(l*,ia 1rance+/! ei ?i-a* c-?tigat -ns/ c* 1(r,a re)t*l la c*raC@ Dar n(*l isc*rs i e(l(gic #-a c()iat in )lin )e cel 0echi ?i a a0*t! la r-n *l s/*! ten in,a s/ asc*n / 1rica ?i s/ eHalte er(ism*l cel(r *mili@ "rin *rmare! -n ci* a mar?*ril(r militare ?i a m(n*mentel(r -n cinstea cel(r m(r,i! escrierea ?i ab(r area (biecti0/ a 1ricii eliberat/ e r*?ine n-a* -nce)*t s/ se 0a / ec-t -ncet*l c* -ncet*l@ -n m( semni1icati0! )rimele mari e0(- #L

cari e )anic/ a* 1(st echilibrate -n c(ntra)*nct )rin elemente gran i(ase ce )/rea* s/ sc*+e *n e+astr*@ D*)/ Vict(r 5*g(! ADer*ta! *ria?/ 1/)t*r/! c* chi) -n1ric(?atB a -n1r-nt c*raC*l s(l a,il(r l*i Na)(le(n la Xaterl((D ?i Aacest c-m) sinistr* )e c*)rins*l c/r*ia D*mne+e* a amestecat at-tea neant*ri Y 9e mai c*trem*r/ ?i ac*m c/ a 0/+*t 1*ga *n(r gigan,iLLB@ In tabl(*l l*i <(ya intit*lat .anica ("ra () E *n c(l(s ai c/r*i )*mni i+besc +aarnic *n cer -nc/rcat e n(ri E )are s/ -nre)t/,easc/ emen,a *nei m*l,imi e (ameni ce se r/+le,esc 1*gin care -nc(tr(@ A)(i! -ncet -ncet! a )rec*m)/nit griCa )entr* a e0/r*l )sih(l(gic@ De la .ovestirile l*i Ma*)assant la 5ialogurile carmelitelor, e :ernan(s! trec-n )rin "r/b*?irea l*i Z(la! literat*ra i-a restit*it )r(gtVesi0 1ricii l(c*l a e0/rat! -n tim) ce )sihiatria se a)leac/ ac*m in ce -n ce mai m*lt as*)ra ei@ -n +ilele n(astre! este c* ne)*tin,/ s/ mai n*meri l*cr/rile ?tiin,i1ice! r(manele! a*t(bi(gra1iile! 1ilmele -n al c/r(r titl* a)are c*0-nt*l 1ric/@ In m( ci* at! ist(ri(gra1ia care! -n e)(ca n(astr/! a es,elenit at-tea (menii n(i! )e acesta #-a negliCat@ -n (rice epoc, eHaltarea er(ism*l*i este -n?el/t(areF isc*rs a)(l(getic! ea las/ -n *mbr/ *n larg c-m) in realitate@ ;e se a1l/ -n s)atele ec(r*l*i ri icat e literat*ra ca0alereasc/ ce )r(sl/0ea ne(b(sit bra0*ra ca0aleril(r ?i batC(c(rea mi?elia )r(stimiiM In ()ere maC(re care transcen (rice c(n1(rmism! -ns/?i 6ena?terea ?i-a as*mat c(rectarea imaginii i eali+ate a bra0*rii n(biliare@ -ntr-a e0/r! se -n,elege (are c/ "an*rge ?i Falsta11 s-nt ni?te gentil(mi! t(0ar/?ii )re1era,i ai *n(r 0iit(ri regiM "rim*l eclar/! )e c(rabia +g-l,-it/ e 1*rt*n/! c/ 0a r/s)l/ti c* ( rent/ e A()ts)re+ece s*te e mii e sc*+i@ @ @ )e cel care -l 0a *ce )e )/m-nt! a?a c*1*rit ?i sc-rna0B c*m se a1l/LK@ ;el e-al (ilea! l(gic c* el -ns*?i! #K a ren*n,at la (n(areF

-s A;e-mi treb*ie mie s-( )(rnesc@ @ @ -n -nt-m)inarea c*i0a care n-are treab/ c* mine (e 0(rba e m(arte)M@ @ @ E (n(area -n stare s/-mi )*n/ la J(c *n )ici(rM N*@ 7 m-n/M N*@ 9/-mi ia *rerea intr-( ran/M N*@ ;are 0a s/ +ic/ (n(area habar n-are e chir*rgie n*M N-are@ ;e-i (n(areaM 7 0(rb/@ ;e c(n,ine 0(rba asta (n(areM Aer@@ @ At*nci n-am ne0(ie e ea@ 7n(area e (ar *n herb! LN at-ta t(t ?i c* asta mi-am -ncheiat catehism*l B@ O1ichi*it(are e+min,ire a t*t*r(r ADial(g*ril(r es)re (n(areB in sec(l*l al XVI-leaL=S Mai eHist/ ?i altele! )entr* )eri(a a 6ena?terii! -n l*cr/ri ce n* era* nici )e e)arte 1ic,i*ni@ Un mart(r )re,i(s -n aceast/ )ri0in,/ este ;(mmynes! c/ci a -n r/+nit s/ s)*n/ es)re la?itatea an*mit(r m/rimi ceea ce rest*l cr(nicaril(r a t/in*it@ 6elat-n b/t/lia e la M(ntlhery -n #N3=! intre L* (0ic al Xl-lea ?i ;ar(l 'emerar*l! el eclar/F ANicic-n n* s-a )(menit 1*g/ mai stra?nic/ -n am-n (*/ tabereleB@ Un n(bil 1rance+ a l*at-( la s/n/t(asa ?i n* s-a ()rit )-n/ la L*signanD a)*c-n -( in0ers! *n seni(r al c(ntel*i e ;har(lais s-a ()rit t(cmai la W*esn(y@ ANici c/ le-ar 1i trec*t )rin g-n cel(r (i s/ se m*?te *n*l )e alt*lL3@B -n ca)it(l*l )e care -l c(nsacr/ A1riciiB ?i A)e e)sirii mi?elieiB! M(n-taigne men,i(nea+/ ?i el c(n *ita n* )rea gl(ri(as/ a an*mit(r n(biliF La ase i*l 6(mei (#=L%) A e ne*itat a 1(st 1rica ce a str-ns! a -ncle?tat ?i a -nghe,at at-t e tare inima *n*i gentil(m! c/ acesta s-a ?i )r/b*?it )e )ara)et! m(rt )e l(c! 1/r/ *rm/ e ran/L%B@ A"e 0remea m(?il(r n(?tri! mai aminte?te el! seni(r*l e Fran-get@ @@! g*0ernat(r al F(ntarrabiei@ @ @! *)/ ce a )re at-( s)ani(lil(r! a 1(st c(n amnat s/ 1ie sc(s in r-n *rile n(bilimii! ?i at-t el c-t ?i *rma?ii l*i a* 1(st trec*,i -n r-n- *l )r(stimii birnice ?i ne0re nic/ e )(rt*l armel(rD ?i aceast/ h(tar-re necr*,/t(are #N

s-a s/0-r?it la Ly(n@ A?iC erea a* 1(st )ee)si,i e at*nci t(,i gentil(mii care se a1la* la <*ise )e c-n c(rni,ele e Nassa* a )/tr*ns ac(l( (-n #=K3)D ?i -nc/ al,ii e at*nci -nc(aceL&B@ Fric/ ?i la?itate n* s-nt sin(nime@ Dar treb*ie s/ ne -ntreb/m ac/ 6ena?terea n-a 1(st c*m0a marcat/ e c(n?tiin,a mai eH)licit/ a m*lti)lel(r amenin,/ri care -m)(0/rea+/ (amenii -n l*)t/ ?i ai*rea! )e l*mea asta ?i )e cealalt/@ De *n e ?i! ese(ri a)arent/ -n cr(nicile tim)*l*i! c(abitarea -n *na ?i aceea?i )ers(nalitate a c(m)(rtamentel(r c*raC(ase ?i a atit* inil(r tim(rate@ Fili))(-Maria Visc(nti (#K$LE #NN%) a )*rtat r/+b(aie -n el*ngate ?i grele@ Dar t(t el )(r*ncise )erche+i,i(narea (ric/rei )ers(ane care intra -n castel*l s/* in Milan( ?i inter+isese sta,i(narea -n )reaCma 1erestrel(r@ ;re ea -n a?tri ?i -n 1atalitate ?i in0(ca -n acela?i tim) )r(tec,ia *nei -ntregi (?tiri e s1in,i@ Acest mare citit(r e r(mane ca0alere?ti! acest a mirat(r -n1(cat al er(il(r l(r n* 0(ia nici s/ a* / 0(rbin *-se es)re m(arte! ?i )(r*ncise chiar e0ac*area in castel a 1a0(ri,il(r s/i -n ag(nie@ A m*rit t(t*?i c* emnitateL$@ L* (0ic al Xl-lea -i seam/n/ -n m*lte )ri0in,e@ Acest rege inteligent! )r* ent ?i b/n*it(r! n-a 1(st li)sit e c*raC -n -m)reC*r/ri gra0e! e eHem)l* -n b/t/lia e la M(nt-lhery sa* c-n i s-a )re0estit s1-r?it*l a)r()iat E ?tire! scrie ;(mmynes! )e care Aa -n *rat-( c*raC(s! ca ?i m*lte altele! )-n/ la m(artea l*i! ?i mai abitir ec-t (ricare (m in c-,i mi-a 1(st at 0re( at/ s/-i 0/ m*rin K>B@ Oi t(t*?i acest s*0eran! creat(r al *n*i (r in ca0aleresc! a 1(st is)re,*it e m*l,i intre c(ntem)(ranii s/i care l-a* s(c(tit *n A(m s)/im(sB ?i Aa e0/rat este c/ ?i eraB! )reci+ea+/ ;(mmynes@ 9)aimele l*i s-a* asc*,it c/tre s1-r?it*l 0ie,ii@ ;a ?i *ltim*l Visc(nti! #= a e0enit A*imit(r e b/n*ielnic )e t(at/

l*meaB! ne0r-n -n )reaCma l*i ec-t A(ameni ai caseiB ?i )atr* s*te e arca?i care -l (cr(tea* c* nec*rmat/ str/C*ire@ -n C*r*l castel*l*i in "lessis! A)*se e se 1/c* *n )/limar in r*gi gr(?i e 1ierB@ "(r*nci e asemenea As/ se -m)l-nteB -n +i *rile castel*l*i A,e)*?e e 1ier c* mai m*lte 0-r1*riK#B@ Arbaletieri a0ea* misi*nea s/ trag/ as*)ra (ric*i s-ar a)r()ia n(a)tea e re?e in,a regal/@ Fric/ e c(nC*ra,iiM In general! team/ e m(arte@ :(lna0 1iin ! i s-a* trimis e la 6eims! 6(ma ?i ;(nstantin()(l relic0e )re,i(ase e la care -?i a?te)ta 0in ecarea@ 'rimi,-n s/-i 1ie a *s t(cmai in 1*n *l ;alabriei s1-nt*l schimnic Francesc( a "a*la! s-a )r(sternat la )ici(arele acest*ia c-n a s(sit la "lessis Aca s/ se -n*re s/-i )rel*ngeasc/ 0ia,aB@ ;(mmynes a a*g/ -nc/ ( tr/s/t*r/ care -l a)r()ie ?i mai m*lt )e L* (0ic al Xl-lea e Fili))(-Maria Visc(ntiF A@ @ @ N*-i alt (m )e care m(artea s/-# 1i -n1ric(?at a?a e tare! nici care s/ 1i 1/c*t at-tea ca s/-i a1le leacF ?i-n t(t tim)*l 0ie,ii sale r*gase sl*gile ?i )e mine )rec*m ?i 22 )e al,ii ca at*nci c-n ( s/-# 0a / )e m(arte 2B s/ n*-i s)*n/ alta ec-tF A0(rbi,i )*,inB # ?i s/-# -n emne (ar s/ se s)(0e easc/ 1/r/ a i se r(sti c*0-nt*l cr* e m(arteF c/ci i se )/rea c/ nicic-n n-ar a0ea t/ria s/ asc*lte (s-n / a?a e cr-ncen/KLB@ -n 1a)t! a -n *rat-( Ac* t/rie s*1leteasc/B! e?i ant*raC*l s/* n-a res)ectat regesc*l c(nsemn@ ;el mai n(bil intre n(bili! ?e1*l *n*i (r in ca0aleresc! m/rt*rise?te a?a ar c/-i este 1ric/! a?a c*m ( 0(r 1ace c*r-n "an*rge ?i Falsta11@ Dar! s)re e(sebire e ace?tia! 1/r/ cinism ?i! ( at/ s(sit/ cli)a tem*t/! n* se )(art/ ca *n la?@ "sih(l(gia s*0eran*l*i n* )(ate 1i es)rins/ e c(nteHt*l ist(ric al ans*ril(r macabre! al n*mer(asel(r artes mo- #3

riendi6, al )re icil(r a)(cali)tice ?i al imaginil(r J* ec/,ii e a)(i@ 'emerile l*i L* (0ic al Xl-lea s-nt temerile *n*i (m care se ?tie )/c/t(s ?i-i este 1ric/ e in1ern@ -ntre)rin e )elerinaCe! se s)(0e e?te es! cinste?te Feci(ara ?i s1in,ii! a *n/ relic0e! 1ace ar*ri b(gate bisericil(r ?i aba,iil(r KK@ Ast1el! mai )res*s e ca+*l in i0i *al! atit* inea regel*i e+0/l*ie cre?terea 1ricii -n 7cci ent -n +(rii 'im)*ril(r M( erne@ Dar -ntre c(n?tiin,a )rimeC iil(r ?i ni0el*l e c*lt*r/ n* eHist/ (are nici ( leg/t*r/M M(ntaigne ne las/ s/ -n,elegem c/ ea eHist/ -ntr-*n )asaC al Eseurilor *n e! la m( *l *m(ristic! stabile?te *n ra)(rt -ntre s*btilitatea intelect*al/ a )()(arel(r in 7cci ent! )e e ( )arte! iar )e e alta! c(m)(rtarea l(r -n r/+b(i@ AUn seni(r italian! relatea+/ el +-mbin ! s)*nea ( at/ e 1a,/ c* mine! c-t*?i e )*,in s)re la* a na,iei sale! c/ agerimea italienil(r ?i 0i(ici*nea g-n irii l(r s-nt at-t e mari -nc-t ei )re0/ )rimeC iile ?i )(n(asele ce s-ar )*tea abate as*)ra l(r c* m*lt tim) -nainte! -nc-t n* treb*ie s/ ni se )ar/ ci* at c-n -i 0e em a esea! -n r/+b(i! a0-n griC/ s/ se )*n/ la a /)(st! chiar -nainte s/ 1i at e )rimeC ieD )e c-n ev n(i ?i s)ani(lii! care n* s-ntem at-t e iste,i! .c, /m b*+na ?i treb*ie s/ 0e em c* (chii [% n(?tri )rimeC ia ?i s-( )i)/im )-n/ s/ ne 71 -n1ric(?/m! iar at*nci n* ne mai )*tem ,ine D# )e cai! ar c/ germanil(r ?i el0e,ienil(r! 8 ! i 7 mai m(c(1ani ?i c* mintea mai -nceat/! n* K le / )rin ca) s/ se a)ere ec-t abia at*nci #P c.n s*nt c()le?i,i s*b )l(aia l(0it*ril(rKNB@ <enerali+/ri ir(nice ?i )(ate s*mare! care a* t(t*?i merit*l e-a sc(ate -n e0i en,/ leg/t*ra!!
G L*cr/ri e )r()(r,ii i0erse c(n,in-n -n0/,/-t*ri menite s/ )reg/teasc/ (amenii -n Aarta e a I2 m*riB@ (N@ tr@)@

intre 1ric/ ?i l*ci itate! a?a c*m se )reci+ea+/ ea -n 6ena?tere E ( l*ci itate s(li ar/ c* *n an*me )r(gres al *tilaC*l*i mental@ 7are n(i -n?ine! ra1ina,i c*m s*ntem at(rit/ *n*i l*ng trec*t c*lt*ral! n-am e0enit ast/+i mai 0*lnerabili -n 1a,a )rimeC iil(r ?i mai )ermeabili la 1ric/ ec-t str/b*nii n(?triM 9-ar )*tea ca b/t/i(?ii ca0aleri e )e 0rem*ri! n/r/0i,i -n r/+b(aie ?i *el*ri ?i n/)*stin *-se be+metic -n 0/lm/?ag*l b/t/liil(r! s/ n* 1i 1(st t(t at-t e c(n?tien,i e )rimeC iile l*)tei ca s(l a,ii sec(l*l*i XX! ?i -n c(nsecin,/ mai )*,in accesibili 1ricii@ -n (rice ca+! -n e)(ca n(astr/! 1rica -n 1a,a inamic*l*i a aC*ns ce0a c-t se )(ate e (bi?n*it@ Din s(n aCele e1ect*ate -n armata american/ in '*nisia ?i in "aci1ic -n c*rs*l cel*i e al (ilea r/+b(i m(n ial reiese c/ (ar #\ intre c(mbatan,i a* eclarat c/ n* le-a 1(st 1ric/ nici( at/K=@ Alte s(n aCe e1ect*ate -n r-n *l a0iat(ril(r americani -n tim)*l acel*ia?i c(n1lict ?i! mai -nainte! -n cel al 0(l*ntaril(r in Linc(ln :riga e! -n tim)*l r/+b(i*l*i ci0il s)ani(l! a* at re+*ltate asem/n/t(areK3@
2. FRICA ESTE UN FENOMEN FIRESC

In i1erent ac/ sensibilitatea la 1ric/ a tim)*ril(r n(astre a cresc*t sa* n*! 1rica r/m-ne ( c(m)(nent/ maC(r/ a eH)erien,ei *mane! -n ci* a e1(rt*ril(r e-a ( e)/?iK%@ AN*-i (m mai )res*s e 1ric/! scrie *n militar! ?i care s/ se )(at/ l/* a </ n* ?tie ce-i 1ricaK&B@ Un ghi al)in c/r*ia i s-a )*s -ntrebarea AV-a 1(st 0re( at/ 1ric/MB r/s)*n eF A-nt(t ea*na ne e 1ric/ e 1*rt*n/@ ;-n ( a*+i b*b*in )e st-nci ,i se +b-rle?te )/r*l s*b beret/K$B@ 'itl*l l*cr/rii l*i Ja](0 Lin ! Frica e rdcina mea, n* se a)lic/ (ar -n ca+*l *n*i c()il e0re* in Viena care esc()er/ antisemitism*l@ "entr* c/ 1rica As-a n/sc*t ( at/ c* (m*l -n be+na tim)*ril(rN>B@ AEa eHist/ -n n(i -n?ine@ @@ Ne #&

-ns(,e?te e-ia l*ng*l -ntregii n(astre 0ie,iN#B@ <it-n *-# )e Ver((rs care / ( ci* at/ e1ini,ie a nat*rii (mene?ti E (amenii )(art/ am*lete! -n tim) ce animalele n* E! Marc 7rais(n c(nchi e c/ (m*l este )rin excelenta A1iin,a care s*1er/ e 1ric/NLB@ -n acela?i sens! 9artre scrieF A'(,i (amenii s*1er/ e 1ric/@ '(,i@ Cel eare n* s*1er/ e 1ric/ n*-i n(rmal ?i asta n-are nimic c(m*n c* c*raC*lNKB@ Ne0(ia e sec*ritate este ca atare 1*n amental/D ea st/ la ba+a a1ecti0it/,ii ?i a m(ralei (mene?ti@ Insec*ritatea este simb(l*l m(r,ii iar sec*ritatea simb(l*l 0ie,ii@ ;amara *l! -nger*l )/+it(r! )rieten*l! 1iin,a bene1ic/ e t(t ea*na cel care r/s)-n e?te sec*ritatea NN@ De aceea Fre* a 1/c*t r/* c/ n-a A-m)ins anali+a s)aimei c* 1(rmele ei )at(gene )-n/ la -nr/ /cinarea acesteia -n ne0(ia eN=c(nser0are amenin,at/ e )re0i+i*nea m(r,iiB @ Animal*l n*-?i antici)ea+/ m(artea@ 7m*l! im)(tri0/! ?tie E 1(arte e0reme E c/ 0a m*ri@ El este a?a ar Asing*ra 1iin,/ e )e l*me care c*n(a?te 1rica -ntr-*n gra at-t e re *tabil ?i e *rabil N3B@ "e e alt/ )arte! n(tea+/ 6@ ;aill(is! 1rica s)eciil(r animale este *nic/! i entic/ sie?i! im*abil/F 1rica e-Pa 1i e0(rat@ AIn tim) ce 1rica (meneasc/! ( rasl/ a imagina,iei n(astre! n*-i *na sing*r/! ci m*lti)l/! n*-i 1iH/! ci 0e?nic schimb/t(areN%@B De *n e ?i necesitatea e a scrie ist(ria ei@ '(t*?i 1rica este ambig*/@ Inerent/ nat*rii n(astre! ea este ( )a0/+/ esen,ial/! ( garan,ie -m)(tri0a )rimeC iil(r! *n re1leH in is)ensabil )ermi,-n (rganism*l*i s/ sca)e )r(0i+(ri* e m(arte@ AF/r/ 1ric/! nici ( s)ecie n-ar 1i s*)ra0ie,*itN&@B Dar c-n e)/?e?te (+a s*)(rtabil/! ea e0ine )at(l(gic/ ?i creea+/ bl(caCe@ 9e )(ate m*ri e 1ric/! sa* r/m-ne cel )*,in )arali+at@ Ma*)assant! -n .ovestirile sitarului, ( escrie ca )e A( sen+a,ie atr(ce! ( esc(m)*nere a s*1let*l*i! *n s)asm c*m)lit al g-n irii ?i al inimii la a c/r*i sim)l/ amintire te tree 1i(ri e gr(a+/N$B@ Din ca*+a e1ectel(r ei! e-

+astr*(ase *ne(ri! Descartes ( i enti1ic/ c* la?itatea! -m)(tri0a c/reia n* s*ntem nici( at/ est*l e (,eli,iF A @@ @ Frica sa* gr(a+a! care este c(ntrari*l c*te+an,ei! n*-i n*mai ( r/ceal/! ci ?i ( t*lb*rare ?i ( s)aim/ a s*1let*l*iD ea -i taie )*terea e-a re+ista nen(r(ciril(r )e care le b/n*ie?te la t(t )as*l@ @ @ De aceea! n*i *n sentiment )artic*larD e n*mai *n )ris(s e la?itate! e s)aim/ ?i e team/ -nt(t ea*na 0ici(s @ @ @ Oi )entr* c/ )rinci-- 0)ala ca*+/ a 1ricii este s*r)ri+a! n*-i leac mai b*n ca s/ te 1ere?ti e ea ec-t acela e a 1(l(si )reme itarea ?i e a te )reg/ti s/ -nt-m)ini t(ate e0enimentele care )(t st-rni teama=>B@ 9imen(n eclar/ t(t a?a c/ 1rica este Acel mai )rimeC i(s *?man=#B@ Oi ast/+i -nc/! in ienii E ?i chiar meti?ii E in satele e)/rtate ale MeHic*l*i mai )/strea+/ )rintre c(nce)tele l(r )e acela e b(ala 1ricii ,espanto sa* susto9: *n b(lna0 ?i-a )ier *t s*C1let*l -n UCrma *nei s)aime@ ;el care s*1er/ e espanto A?i-a l/sat s*1let*l cine ?tie )e *n eB@ 9e +ice at*nci c/ i #-a r/)it )/m-nt*l! sa* ni?te mici 1/)t*ri r/*1/c/t(are n*mite chane;ues. :(lna0*l treb*ie s/ se *c/ n*mai ec-t la ( Alec*it(are e s)aimeB care! )rintr-( tera)e*tic/ )(tri0it/! 0a )ermite s*1let*l*i s/ intre la l(c -n tr*)*l in care a 1*git=L@ N*-i (are ca+*l s/ a)r()iem *n ast1el e c(m)(rtament e acela al ,/ranil(r in "erche! ale c/r(r )ractici As*)ersti,i(aseB le escrie -n sec(l*l al XVII-lea )re(t*l J@-:@ 'hiersM ;a s/ se a)ere e 1ric/! ei !)*rta* as*)ra l(r (chi sa* c(l,i e l*)! (ri! ac/ se i0ea )rileC*l! -nc/leca* *n *rs ?i / ea* c-te0a (c(l*ri -n c-rca l*i=K@ -ntr-a e0/r! 1rica )(ate e0eni ( ca*+/ a in0(l*,iei in i0i+il(r! ?i Marc 7rais(n remarc/ -n aceast/ (r ine e i ei E -ntr-*n 0(l*m *rm/t(r 0(i re0eni as*)ra acestei teme E c/ regres*l s)re 1ric/ este )rimeC ia care )-n e?te

-n m( c(nstant sentiment*l religi(s=N@ ;el care ca e )ra / 1ricii risc/ -n e(b?te e+agregarea@ "ers(nalitatea l*i se 1is*rea+/! Asen+a,ia e c(n1(rt )e care ( / a e+i*nea la l*meB is)areD A1iin,a se scin ea+/! e0ine alta! str/in/@ 'im)*l stagnea+/! s)a,i*l se str-mtea+/==B@ EHact ceea ce i s-a -nt-m)lat *nei (arecare 6enee! ( schiZW1ren/ st* iat/ e (amna 9eehehayeF -ntr-( +i e ian*arie! ea c*n(a?te )entr* )rima (ar/ 1rica )e care i-( )r(0(ac/! a?a cre ea! ( 0iCelie 0estit(are e mesaCe l*g*bre@ ;*r-n ! -nte,in *-se! aceast/ 1ric/ m/re?te istan,a intre 6enee ?i l*mea eHteri(ar/ ale c/rei elemente -?i )ier )r(gresi0 realitatea=3@ :(lna0a a m/rt*risit mai t-r+i*F AFrica! -nainte 0reme e)is(ic/! n* m/ mai sl/bea el(c@ -n 1iecare +i! eram sig*r/ c/ m/ 0a c*)rin e iar@ D*)/ care a* -nce)*t s/ creasc/ ?i st/rile e irealitate=%B@ ;(lecti0/! 1rica )(ate *ce la c(m)(rtamente aberante ?i sin*ciga?e in care a is)/r*t a)recierea c(rect/ a realit/,ii! c*m s-nt cri+ele e )anic/ ce a* marcat ist(ria recent/ a Fran,ei! e la Xaterl(( )-n/ la eH( *l in i*nie #$N>@ Z(la le-a escris 1i el )e cele -ncheiate c* -n1r-ngerea in #&%>F A@ @ @ <eneralii gal()a* b*imaci ?i 0/lm/?ag*l e+l/n,*it ca ( 1*rt*n/ c/ra claie )este gr/ma / -n0in?i ?i -n0ing/t(ri! ast1el -nc-t ( cli)/! -n aceast/ *rm/rire! cele (*/ armate s-a* r/t/cit +i*a -n n/mia+a mare! Mac Mah(n g(nin s)re L*ne0ille! -n tim) ce )rinci)ele m(?tenit(r -l c/*ta e )artea V(sgil(r@ In +i*a e % (a*g*st)! r/m/?i,ele )rim*l*i c(r) e armat/ str/b/tea* 9a0erne ?i trecea* )este *n 1l*0i* m-l(s ?i re0/rsat care c/ra e)a0e@ In +i*a e &! la 9arreb(*rg! c(r)*l = e armat/ s-a n/)*stit as*)ra c(r)*l*i #! a?a c*m s-ar n/)*sti *n*l -ntr-alt*l (*/ t(rente 1*ri(ase! 1*gin ?i el! -n0ins 1/r/ s/ 1i l*)tat! t-r-n *-?i c(man ant*l! )e general*l e Failly! n/*c ?i -ngr(+it c/ t(at/ r/s)*n erea -n1r-ngerii se )*nea

)e seama )asi0it/,ii sale@ In +ilele e $ ?i #>! gal()a a c(ntin*a -ntr-( )anic/ e+l/n,*it/ ?i nimeni nici m/car n* se mai *ita -n *rm/=&B@ -n,elegem e ce anticii c(nsi era* 1rica re)t ( )e ea)s/ a +eil(r ?i e ce grecii c(nsacraser/ ca +eit/,i )e Deim(s ('eama) ?i )e "h(b(s (Frica)! -ncerc-n s/ le -m)ace -n tim)*l r/+b(aiel(r@ 9)artanii! na,i*ne militar/! -i -nchinaser/ chiar *n mic tem)l* l*i "h(b(s! i0initate c/reia AleHan r* i-a a *s *n sacri1ici* s(lemn -nainte e b/t/lia e la Arbela@ Zeil(r h(merici Deim(s ?i "h(b(s le c(res)*n ea* i0init/,ile romane "all(r ?i "a0(r! c/r(ra! ne in1(rmea+/ 'it*s Li0i*s! '*ll*s 5(stili*s s-ar 1i h(t/r-t s/ le -nchine (*/ sanct*are! *)/ ce asistase la eban a a armatei sale -n 1a,a albanil(r@ ;-t es)re "an! +e*l na,i(nal al Arca iei la (rigine! cel care! la c/ erea n(),ii! b/ga -n s)erie,i t*rmele ?i )/st(rii! -nce)-n in sec(l*l al V-lea! el a e0enit *n 1el e (cr(tit(r na,i(nal al grecil(r@ Atenienii i-a* atrib*it -n1r-ngerea )er?il(r la Marat(n ?i i-a* -nchinat )e Acr()(le *n sanct*ar! cinstit -n 1iecare an )rin sacri1icii rit*ale ?i alerg/ri c* 1/clii@ 9e s)*ne c/ 0(cea stri ent/ a l*i "an a sem/nat e+(r inea -n 1l(ta l*i XerHes la 9alamina! iar mai t-r+i*! a ()rit -naintarea galil(r s)re Del1i=$@ A?a ar! anticii c(nsi era* Q 1rica ( 1(r,/ mai )*ternic/ e(-t (amenii! ce )*tea 1i -ns/ -mbl-n+it/ c* (1ran e )(tri0ite! )entr* ca ast1el ac,i*nea ei ce sem/na gr(a+a s/ se -nt(arc/ as*)ra *?man*l*i@ Ei -n,eleseser/ E ?i -ntr-( (arecare m/s*r/ m/rt*risiser/ E r(l*l esen,ial )e care -l C(ac/ 1rica -n estinele in i0i *ale ?i c(lecti0e@ 7ric*m! ist(ric*l n* treb*ie s/ -ntre)rin / )rea m*lte cercet/ri )entr* a-i i enti1ica )re+en,a -n ((m)(rtamentele e gr*)@ 7 esc()er/ a)r(a)e la 1iecare )as E ?i -n sect(arele cele mai i0erse ale eHisten,ei c(ti iene E! at-t la )()(arele n*mite A)rimiti0eB c-t ?i la s(ciet/,ile c(ntem)(rane@ D(0a /! s)re eHem)l*! m/?- LL

tile a ese(ri -n1ric(?/t(are 1(l(site e-a l*ng*l epocilor e n*mer(ase ci0ili+a,ii -n cerem(niile t(r@ AMasc/ ?i 1ric/! scrie 6@ ;aill(is! masc/ ?i )anic/ s*nt -n m( c(nstant )re+ente -m)re*n/! ineHtricabil -m)erecheate@ @ @ ((m*l) a a /)(stit -n s)atele acest*i chi) sec*n eHta+ele ?i 0ertiCele sale! ?i mai ales tr/s/t*ra sa c(m*n/ c* t(t ce 0ie,*ie?te ?i 0rea s/ 0ie,*iasc/! 1rica! masca 1iin -n acela?i tim) tra *cere a 1ricii! a)/rare -m)(tri0a 1ricii ?i miCl(c e r/s)-n ire a 1ricii3>B@ La r-n *l s/*! c* re1erire la ca+*rile a1ricane! L@ ^(chnit+]y eH)lic/ aceast/ 1ric/ )e care masca ( asc*n e ?i-( eH)rim/ t(t( at/F AFrica e *h*ri! 1rica e stihii! 1rica e m(r,i! e 1iare s/lbatice )-n in -n C*ngl/! e r/+b*narea l(r *)/ ce 0-n/t(r*l le-a *cisD 1rica e semen*l care *ci e! 0i(lea+/ ?i chiar -?i e0(rea+/ 0ictimeleD ?i! mai )res*s e orice, 1rica e nec*n(sc*t! e t(t ce )rece e ?i (irmea+/ sc*rta eHisten,/ a (m*l*i#=#B@ 9/ schimb/m br*sc ?i c* b*n/ ?tiin,/ tim)*rile ?i ci0ili+a,iile ?i s/ ne c*1*n /m ( cli)/ -n m( ernitatea ec(n(mic/@ In acest (meni*! scrie A@ 9a*0y! A*n e t(t*l e incert! iar interes*l e mere* -n C(c! 1rica e c(ntin*/ 3LB@ N*mer(ase eHem)le ( (0e esc! e la -nc/ier/rile e )e stra a W*incam)(iH! )e 0remea l*i La_! la AC(ia neagr/B in LN (ct(mbrie #$L$! )e Xall 9treet! trec-n )rin e0al(ri+area asignatel(r ?i c/ erea m/rcii -n #$LK@ In t(ate aceste ca+*ri! s-a )r( *s ( )anic/ ira,i(nal/ )rin c(ntaminarea *nei a e0/rate s)aime e 0i @ Element*l )sih(l(gic! c* alte c*0inte )anica! a 1(st mai )res*s e anali+a s/n/t(as/ a c(nC*nct*rii@ Mai m*lt/ l*ci itate ?i s-nge rece! mai )*,ine temeri eHcesi0e e 0iit(r in )artea e,in/t(ril(r e trate ?i ac,i*ni ar 1i -ng/ *it 1/r/ -n (ial/ c(ntin*area eH)erien,ei l*i La_! )/strarea -n limite re+(nabile a e0al*/ril(r res)ecti0e ale asignatei re0(l*,i(nare! a)(i a m/rcii e la Xeimar ?i mai ales! *)/ crah*l in #$L$! c(ntr(l*l sc/ erii )r( *c,iei ?i cre?terii ?(maC*l*i@ #K Dar C(c*rile b*rsei! e care e)in E 0aiS E

t-tea estine (mene?ti! n* c*n(sc -n cele in rm/ ec-t ( sing*r/ reg*l/F alternan,a s)eranQl(r eHcesi0e ?i a (s)aimel(r ira,i(nale@ Atent la aceste e0i en,e! cercet/t(r*l es`)er/! chiar ?i -n c*rs*l *nei@ s*r0(l/ri ra)i e s)a,i*l*i ?i a tim)*l*i! n*m/r*l ?i im)(rtan,a ac,iil(r c(lecti0e e s)aim/@ ;(nstit*,ia 9)ar-i s e -ntemeia )e aces t sent iment ! ce si st em a- Fa (rgani+area Aegalil(rB -n cast/ militar/! (bi l i +a, i - n )erm anen, /! (, el i ,i - nc/ i n 1ra/ ) r* nc i e ! s )a rt an i i t r /i a* s *b a m e ni n, a- G c(nstant/ a *nei r/sc(ale a il(,il(r@ "entr* )arali+a )rin 1ric/! 9)arta a treb*it s/ se ` i1ice ea -ns/?i in ce -n ce mai ra ical@ M/[ile Aal()lasticeB ini,iale -n re)tate -m)(tri0a , i l (r a* et erm i nat c*r- n m /s *ri Aa*t (st iceB ?i m ai ri g*r(as e Acare a* t rans 1(rm at arta -ntr-( tab/r/ 1(rti1icat/ 3 K B@ Mai t-r+i*! In+i,ia a 1(st C*sti1ieat/ ?i men,in*t/ -n acela?i )rin 1rica e acel inamic -n nec*rmat/ rena?-MF ere+ia! eare )/rea s/ ase ie+e ne(b(sit :ise-i@ In e)(ca n(astr/! 1ascism*l ?i na+ism*l a* e1iciat e alarmele rentieril(r ?i ale micil(r ghe+i care se temea* e t*lb*r/ri s(ciale! )r/b*?irea m(ne ei ?i e c(m*nism@ 'enii l e ras i al e i n A1ri ca e 9 * ?i i n 9 t at el e t e! m ent al i t at ea (bs i i (nal / care (m ne? t e s rael ! Aechi l i br*l t er(ri i B care m en, i ne s *`*terile! s-nt t(t at-tea mani1est/ri e s)ai- x str/bat ?i s1-?ie l*mea n(astr/@ K (ate t(cmai )entr* c/ a in0entat ne(l(gisAa sec*ri+aB! e)(ca n(astr/! s)re e(sebire celelalte! este mai a)t/ E sa* ce0a mai - n ar m a t / E ) en t r * a c* )r i n e t r ec *t *l - n st/ n(*/ )ri0ire ce ca*t/ s/ esc()ere -n n e +e n, a ? i r (l *l 1 ri ci i @ 7 as em en e a c er c e-n ca r*l s)a,i(-tem)(ral )recis elimin aceast/ l*crare! *rm/re?te s/ )/tr*n / I(rt *ri l e as c*ns e al e *nei ci 0i l i +a, i i ! s /- i i )e re c (m )( rt am en t e l e t r /i t e ! ar * ne (r i rt*risite! s-( -n,eleag/ -n intimitatea sa ?i m ar *r i l (r s a l e ! i n c( l ( e i s c *r s * l ) ri n De eH)rima ea -ns/?i@ LN

3. DE A INDI!IDUA A CO ECTI!" #OSIBI IT$I l DIFICU T$I A E TRANS#UNERII%

Nimic n*-i mai i1icil e anali+at ec-t 1rica! iar i1ic*ltatea cre?te ?i mai m*lt at*nci c-n treb*ie s/ eHtin+i aceast/ anali+/ e la in i0i*al la c(lecti0@ "(t m*ri ?i ci0ili+a,iile e 1ric/! -nt(cmai ca )ers(anele i+(lateM Ast1el 1(rm*lat/! -ntrebarea sc(ate la i0eal/ ambig*it/,ile 0ehic*late e limbaC*l c*rent! care a ese(ri trece 1/r/ e+it/ri e la sing*lar la general@ 6ecent! am )*t*t citi -n +iareF ADe la 6/+b(i*l e l(m ^i)*r! Israel*l a 1/c*t ( e)resi*neB@ Asemenea trans)*neri n* s-nt n(i@ In Fran,a E0*l*i Me i*! r/+meri,ele era* n*mite Ae11r(i+B (s)aime) ?i A1(les ((mm(ci(nsB (c(m(,ii! +g**iri smintite) ale )()*la,iil(r r/sc*late! -n,eleg-n *-se ast1el at-t gr(a+a )e care ( r/s)-nea* r/sc*la,ii c-t ?i cea )e care ( resim,ea* ei -n?i?i3N@ Mai t-r+i*! 1rance+ii e la #%&$ a* n*mit AMarea Fric/B ansambl*l e +0(n*ri ne-ntemeiate! rebeli*ni! e0ast/ri e castele ?i istr*geri e teren*ri )r(0(cate e teama *n*i Ac(m)l(t arist(craticB -m)(tri0a )()(r*l*i! c* aC*t(r*l brigan+il(r ?i al )*teril(r str/ine@ E t(t*?i riscant s/ a)lic/m mecanic *n*i -ntreg gr*) *man anali+e 0alabile )entr* *n in i0i -n )artic*lar@ Mes()(tamienii e ( ini(ar/ creea* -n realitatea *n(r (ameni-sc(r)i(ni a c/r(r sim)l/ 0e ere )r(0(ca m(artea3=@ <recii era* ?i ei -ncre in,a,i c/ cel care -?i a,inte?te (chii as*)ra *neia intre <(rg(ne -m)ietre?te )e l(c@ -n ambele ca+*ri! este 0(rba e 0ersi*nea mitic/ a *n*i a e0/r 0eri1icatF se )(ate m*ri e 1ric/@ E gre* esig*r s/ generali+/m aceast/ c(nstatare! in isc*tabil/ la ni0el in i0i *alD ar c*m ar 1i t(t*?i )(sibil/ tentati0a
2 M*l,*mesc in s*1let (amnei (ct(r Denise "a_l(ts]y-M(n ange! irect(area *n*i centr* me ic(-)sih()e ag(gic la 6ennes! care a bine0(it s/ citeasc/ aceast/ sec,i*ne in intr( *cerea mea ?i s/-mi = c(m*nice (bser0a,iile sale@ (N@ a@)@

e a trece e la sing*lar la )l*ral! 1/r/ a )(rni e la st* i*l s)aimel(r )ers(nale! al c/r(r tabl(* (b-n e?te )e +i ce trece t(t mai m*lt/ )reci+ie (ac*m )*t-n *-se eclan?a reac,ii e 1ric/! e 1*g/! e agresi*ne sa* e a)/rare la maim*,e! )isici sa* ?(b(lani! )rin )r(0(carea *n(r le+i*ni ner0(ase la ni0el*l sistem*l*i limbic)M In sens*l rig*r(s ?i -ng*st al termen*l*i! 1rica (in i0i *al/) este ( em(,ie-?(c! a ese(ri @ )rece at/ e s*r)ri+/! )r(0(cat/ e c(n?tiin,a *nei )rimeC ii )re+ente ?i im)erati0e es)re care cre em c/ amenin,/ c(nser0area n(astr/@ "*s -n stare e alert/! hi)(talam*s*l reac,i(nea+/ )rintr-( m(bili+are gl(bal/ a (rganism*l*i ce eclan?ea+/ i0erse ti)*ri e c(m)(rtament s(matic ?i )r(0(ac/! -n s)ecial! m( i1ic/ri en (crine@ ;a (rice em(,ie! 1rica )(ate ca*+a e1ecte c(ntrastante -n ra)(rt c* in i0i+ii ?i circ*mstan,ele! ba chiar reac,ii alternante la *na ?i aceea?i )ers(an/F accelerarea b/t/il(r inimii sa* -ncetinirea l(rD ( res)ira,ie )rea ra)i / sa* )rea lent/D ( c(ntrac,ie sa* ( ilata,ie a 0asel(r sang*ineD ( hi)er sa* hi)(secre,ie a glanel(rD c(nsti)a,ie sa* iaree! )(li*rie sa* an*-rie! *n c(m)(rtament e im(bili+are sa* a eHteri(ri+are 0i(lent/@ In ca+*rile limit/! inhibi,ia 0a merge )-n/ la ( )se* (-)arali+ie -n 1a,a )rimeC iei (st/ri catale)tice)! iar eHteri(ri+area 0a *ce la ( e+l/n,*ire e mi?c/ri 0i(lente ?i nea a)tate! caracteristice )anicii33@ Mani1estare eHteri(ar/ ?i -n acela?i tim) eH)erien,/ interi(ar/! em(,ia )r( *s/ e 1ric/ eliberea+/ a?a ar ( energie ne(bi?n*it/ ?i ( i1*+ea+/ -n t(t (rganism*l@ Aceast/ esc/rcare este -n sine ( reac,ie *tilitar/ e legitim/ a)/rare! ar )e i care in i0i *l! mai ales s*b e1ect*l agres/ril(r D re)etate ale e)(cii n(astre! n-( 1(l(se?te -nt(t ea*na c* b*n/ ?tiin,/@ Este (are ca+*l s/ 1(l(sim acest tabl(* clinic la ni0el*l c(lecti0M Oi E-. -ntrebare )realabil/ E ce -n,elegem )rin Ac(lecti0BM "entr* c/ a Cecti0*l are (*/ sens*ri@ "(ate esemna ( L3

m*l,ime E t-r-t/ -ntr-( er*t/! sa* s*1(cat/ e team/ -n *rma *nei )re ici es)re in1ern! sa* care se eliberea+/ e 1rica e a m*ri e 1(ame atac-n *n c(n0(i e cereale@ Dar el semni1ic/ e()(tri0/ (m*l (arecare -n calitate e e?anti(n an(nim al *n*i gr*)! inc(l( e s)eci1icitatea reac,iil(r )ers(nale ale *n*i an*mit membr* al gr*)*l*i@ 6e1erin *-ne la )rim*l sens al n(,i*nii e Ac(lecti0B! este )r(babil ca reac,iile *nei m*l,imi c*)rinse e )anic/ sa* care -?i eliberea+/ br*sc agresi0itatea s/ re+*lte -ntr-( m/s*r/ est*l e mare in a i,i(narea em(,iil(r-?(c in i0i *ale a?a c*m ni le c(m*nic/ me icina )sih(s(matic/@ Dar aceasta e a e0/rat (ar -ntr( an*mit/ m/s*r/@ ;/ci! a?a c*m int*ise <*sta0e Leb(n3%! c(m)(rtamentele m*l,imii eHagerea+/! c(m)lic/ ?i trans1(rm/ eHcesele ini0i *ale! im)lic-n -n e+0(ltarea l(r ( seam/ e 1act(ri agra0an,i@ "anica ce c*)rin e ( armat/ 0ict(ri(as/ ( e eHem)l* cea a l*i Na)(le(n -n seara e la Xagram3&) sa* masa clien,il(r a1la,i -ntr-*n ba+ar -n 1l/c/ri 0a 1i c* at-t mai )*ternic/ c* c.t mai slab/ 0a 1i c(e+i*nea )sih(l(gic/ intre )ers(anele c*)rinse e 1ric/! -n r/sc(alele e ( ini(ar/! 1(arte ese(ri! 1emeile / ea* semnal*l )anicii! a)(i al r/sc(alei! t-r-n *)/ ele b/rba,i c/r(ra! acas/! n* le )l/cea s/ se lase c(n *?i e ne0estele l(r@ "e e alt/ )arte! gr*)*rile e (ameni s*nt mai sensibile la ac,i*nea agitat(ril(r ec-t *nit/,ile i+(late care le alc/t*iesc@ In m( mai general! tr/s/t*rile )sih(l(gice 1*n amentale ede *nei m*l,imi s*nt in1l*en,abilitatea ei! caracter*l abs(l*t al C* ec/,il(r! ra)i itatea c(ntagi*nil(r care ( str/bat! sl/birea sa* )ier erea s)irit*l*i critic! imin*area sa* is)ari,ia sim,*l*i e r/s)*n ere )ers(nal/! s*bestimarea 1(r,ei a 0ersar*l*i! a)tit* inea e-a trece br*sc e la gr(a+/ la ent*+iasm ?i e la aclama,ii la amenin,/ri c* m(artea%>@ ;-n e0(c/m -ns/ 1rica e ast/+i e a 1ace % ( c/l/t(rie l*ng/ c* ma?ina (-n realitate e 0(rba

e ( 1(bie a c/rei (rigine re+i / -n eH)erien,a s*biect*l*i) sa* c-n ne amintim c/ str/m(?ii n(?tri se temea* e mare! e l*)i sa* e strig(i! n* ne re1erim la ni?te c(m)(rtamente e gr*) ?i n* ne g-n im at-t la reac,ia )sih(s(matic/ )*nct*al/ a *nei )ers(ane -m)ietrite l(c*l*i e ( )rimeC ie nea?te)tat/ sa* l*-n -( ia g(an/ ca s/ sca)e e ea! c-t la ( altit* ine est*l e (bi?n*it/ ce s*b-n,elege ?i t(tali+ea+/ n*mer(ase s)aime in i0i *ale -n c(nteHte eterminate ?i las/ s/ se )re0a / altele -n ca+*ri asem/n/t(a'e@ 'ermen*l e A1ric/B (b-n e?te at*nci *n sens mai )*,in rig*r(s ?i mai larg ec-t -n eH)erien,ele in i0i *ale! iar acest sing*lar c(lecti0 ac()er/ ( gam/ e em(,ii care se -ntin e e la team/ ?i a)rehensi*ne la s)aimele cele mai 0i(lente@ Frica este -n acest ca+ e)rin erea -ns*?it/! -ntr-*n gr*) *man! e a reac,i(na )rin team/ -n 1a,a *nei amenin,/ri (reale sa* imaginare)@ "e b*n/ re)tate ne )*tem -ntreba at*nci ac/ *nele ci0ili+a,ii n-a* 1(stBE (ri n* s*nt 8E mai tem/t(are ec-t alteleD sa* 1(rm*la ( alt/ -ntrebare! cea la care -ncearc/ s/ r/s)*n / ese*l e 1a,/F n* c*m0a la *n an*me sta i* al e+0(lt/rii sale ci0ili+a,ia e*r()ean/ a 1(st asaltat/ e c(nC*nc,ia )rimeC i(as/ a *n(r s)aime2-n 1a,a c/r(ra a treb*it s/ reac,i(ne+eM Oi aceast/ c(nC*nc,ie e s)aime n* )(ate 1i +i*mit/ -n m( gl(bal hFricaBM Aceast/ generali+are eH)lic/ titl*l c/r,ii mele! ce reia mai am)l* ?i mai sistema-ti( 1(rm*le 1(l(site )-n/ ac*m s)(ra ic e *nii ist(rici eminen,i care a* 0(rbit es)re Acre?tereaB sa* Aregres*lB 1ricii%#@ In ca+*l e)(cii n(astre! eH)resia Amala ii e ci0ili+a,ieB! )rin care 0rem s/ n(ti1ic/m r(l*l im)(rtant C*cat -n eclan?area acest(r mala ii e m( *l e a 0ia,/ c(ntem)(ran! ne-a e0enit 1amiliar/@ "e Q e alt/ )arte! n* c*m0a ( ac*m*lare e agre- Y si*ni ?i e s)aime! e stres*ri em(,i(nale a?a ar! e la ;i*ma Neagr/ la r/+b(aiele religi(ase! a )r(0(cat -n 7cci ent ( mala ie a ci0ili+a,iei (cci entale in care aceasta a -e?it 0ict(ri(as/ L9

-n cele in *rm/M N* r/m-ne ec-t s/ ne as*m/m! )rintr-*n 1el e anali+/ s)ectral/! in i0i *ali+area 1ricil(r )artic*lare care s-a* a i,i(nat at*nci )entr* a crea *n climat e 1ric/@ AFrici )artic*lareBF (* alte c*0inte A1rici n*miteB@ Aici! )(ate e0eni ()erant/ la ni0el c(lecti0 istinc,ia )e care )sihiatria e ast/+i ( stabile?te )e )lan in i0i *al -ntre 1ric/ ?i ang(as/! n(,i*ni c(n1*n ate -n trec*t e )sih(l(gia clasic/@ "entr* c/ este 0(rba e (i )(li -n C*r*l c/r(ra gra0itea+/ c*0inte ?i 1a)te )sihice -nr* ite ?i -n acela?i tim) i1erite@ 'eama! s)aima! gr(a+a! ter(area a)ar,in mai egrab/ 1riciiD nelini?tea! anHietatea! melanc(lia! mai egrab/ ang(asei@ "rima se integrea+/ -n (meni*l c*n(sc*t*l*i! cea e-a (*a -n cel al nec*n(sc*t*l*i%L@ Frica are *n (biect eterminat c/r*ia -i )*tem 1ace 1a,/@ Ang(asa n-are! ?i este tr/it/ ca ( a?te)tare *rer(as/ -n 1a,a *nei )rimeC ii c* at-t mai re *tabil/ c* c-t n*-i clar i enti1icat/F este *n sentiment gl(bal e insec*ritate! -n c(nsecin,/! mai gre* e -n *rat ec-t 1rica@ 9tare (rganic/ ?i a1ecti0/ -n acela?i tim)! ea se mani1est/ la m( *l min(r (anHietate) )rintr-( Asen+a,ie iscret/ e a)/sare -n c(?*l )ie)t*l*i! e -nm*iere a )ici(arel(r! e trem*rB! -mbinat/ c* teama e 0iit(rD iar la m( *l maC(r! )rintr-( cri+/ 0i(lent/F A:r*sc! seara sa* n(a)tea! b(lna0*l e c*)rins e ( sen+a,ie e stric,i*ne t(racic/ -ns(,it/ e Cen/ res)irat(rie ?i im)resie e m(arte iminent/@ "rima (ar/! se teme )e b*n/ re)tate e *n ata( car iac! sen+a,ia e ang(as/ 1iin eHtrem e asem/n/t(are C c* angorul6, asem/nare s*bliniat/ ?i ling0is-l tic@ ;-n cri+ele se re)et/! b(lna0*l rec*n(a?te sing*r caracter*l l(r )sih(gen! ceea ce n*-i s*1icient -ns/ )entr* a-i (m(li sen+a,iile ?i nici 1rica e m(arte%KB@
[ "ngor, termen me icalF anHietate m(ral/ sa* 1i+ic/ (N@ tr@)@

La (bse a,i! ang(asa e0ine ne0r(+/! iar la melanc(lici ( 1(rm/ e )sih(+/@ ;*m imagina,ia C(ac/ *n r(l im)(rtant -n ang(as/! ca*+a acesteia se a1l/ mai m*lt -n in i0i ee-t -n realitatea care -l -nc(nC(ar/! iar *rata ei n* este! ca aceea a 1ricii! limitat/ )-n/ la is)ari,ia amenin,/ril(r@ De aceea! ang(asa este mai )r()rie (m*l*i ec-t animal*l*i@ '(t*?i! istinc,ia -ntre 1ric/ ?i ang(as/ n* im)lic/ ign(rarea leg/t*ril(r intre ele -n c(m)(rtamentele *mane@ Frici re)etate )(t crea -n s*biect ( ina a)tare )r(1*n /! c(n *c-n *-# la ( stare e t*lb*rare )r(1*n / ?i generat(are e cri+e e ang(as/@ 6eci)r(c! *n tem)erament anHi(s este mai )reis)*s s/ ca / )ra / 1ricil(r@ "e e alt/ )arte! (m*l is)*ne e ( eH)erien,/ at-t e b(gat/ ?i e ( mem(rie at-t e c*)rin+/t(are -n(-t 1/r/ -n (ial/ c/ n* -ncearc/ ec-t rare(ri 1rici care s/ n* 1ie str/b/t*te mai m*lt sa* mai )*,in e ang(as/@ -ntr-( mai mare m/s*r/ ec-t animal*l! el reac,i(nea+/ la ( sit*a,ie eclan?ant/ -n 1*nc,ie e tr/irile anteri(are ?i e AamintirileB sale@ De aceea! n* este li)sit e temei 1a)t*l c/ limbaC*l c*rent c(n1*n / 1rica ?i ang(asa%N! semni1ic-n ast1el -n m( inc(n?tient -ntre)/tr*n erea acest(r (*/ eH)erien,e! chiar ac/ i1eren,ierea l(r -n ca+*rile limit/ este clar/@ ;a ?i 1rica! ang(asa este ambi0alen,/@ Ea este )resentiment al ins(lit*l*i ?i a?te)tare a n(*t/,iiD 0ertiC al neant*l*i ?i s)eran,/ e )lenit* ine@ Este team/ ?i -n acela?i tim) (rin,/@ ^ier]egaar ! D(st(ie0s]i ?i Niet+sche a* )*s-( -n mie+*l re1lec,iil(r 1il(s(1ice@ D*)/ ^ier]egaar ! care a )*blicat -n #&NN l*crarea sa es)re Conceptul de angoas, ea este simb(l*l estin*l*i (menese! eH)resia nelini?tii sale meta1i+ice@ "entr* n(i! (ameni ai sec(l*l*i XX! ea a e0enit c(ntra)arti a libert/,ii! em(,ia )(sibil*l*i@ ;/ci a te elibera -nseamn/ a aban (na sec*ritatea! a -n1r*nta *n risc@ Ang(asa este a?a ar ( caracteristic/ a c(n i,iei *mane ?i s)eci1ic*l *nei 1iin,e care se creea+/ nec*rmat@

6ea *s/ la )lan*l )sihic! ang(asa! 1en(men 1iresc (m*l*i! m(t(r al e0(l*,iei sale! este )(+iti0/ at*nci c-n )re0e e amenin,/ri care! e?i im)recise -nc/! s-nt t(t*?i reale@ Ea stim*lea+/ at*nci m(bili+area -ntregii 1iin,e@ Dar ( a)rehensi*ne )rea m*lt )rel*ngit/ )(ate crea t(t at-t e bine ?i ( stare e e+(rientare ?i e ina a)tare! ( (rbire a1ecti0/! ( )r(li1erare )rimeC i(as/ a imaginar*l*iD )(ate eclan?a *n mecanism in0(l*ti0 )rin instalarea *n*i climat interi(r e insec*ritate@ Ea este )rimeC i(as/ mai ales s*b 1(rma e ang(as/ c*l)abil/!! c/ci at*nci s*biect*l -nt(arce -m)(tri0a sa 1(r,ele )e care ar treb*i s/ le m(bili+e+e -m)(tri0a agresi*nil(r eHteri(are ?i-?i e0ine sie?i )rinci)al (biect e team/@ "entr* c/ echilibr*l interi(r n* )(ate 1i )/strat -n1r*nt-n m*lt/ 0reme ( ang(as/ 1l(tant/! in1init/ ?i in e1inisabil/! e necesar ca (m*l s-( trans1(rme ?i s-( 1ragmente+e -n 1rici )recise e ce0a sa* e cine0a A9)irit*l (menesc 1abric/ -n )ermanen,/ 1ric/22=B ca s/ e0ite ( ang(as/ m(rbi / care ar s1-r?i )rin ab(lirea e*l*i@ '(cmai acesta e )r(ces*l )e care -l 0(m reg/si la ni0el*l *nei ci0ili+a,ii@ -ntr-( sec0en,/ l*ng/ e tra*matism c(lecti0! 7cci ent*l a -n0ins ang(asa An*min B! a ic/ i enti1ic-n ?i chiar A1abric.n B 1rici )artic*lare@ Distinc,iei 1*n amentale intre 1ric/ ?i ang(as/ care ne 0a (1eri a?a ar *na intre cheile c/r,ii e 1a,/! se c*0ine s/-i a /*g/m! 1/r/ )reten,ia e a e)*i+a tema! alte ab(r /ri c(m)lementare gra,ie c/r(ra anali+a ca+*ril(r in i0i *ale ne 0a aC*ta -n -n,elegerea atit* inil(r c(lecti0e@ Ince)m in #$=&! te(ria Aata?ament*l*i%3B! e)/?in )sihanali+a 1re* ian/! a ar/tat c/ leg/t*ra intre c()il ?i mam/ n*-i re+*ltat*l *nei satis1ac,ii n*triti0e ?i seH*ale t(t( at/ ?i nici c(nsecin,a e)en en,ei em(,i(nale a s*gar*l*i 1a,/ e mam/@ Acest Aata?amentB este anteri(r! )rimar@ El este e asemenea (0a a cea mai sig*r/ a ten in,ei (riginare ?i )ermanente e a c/*ta rela,ia c* cel/lalt@ Nat*ra s(cial/ a

(m*l*i se 0/ e?te in acest m(ment ca *n 1a)t bi(l(gic ?i se )are c/ r/ /cinile a1ecti0it/,ii sale s-nt -m)l.ntate -n acest s*bs(l a -nc@ Un c()il li)sit e i*bire matern/ ?iYsa* e leg/t*ri n(rmale c* gr*)*l in care 1ace )arte risc/ s/ e0in/ *n nea a)tat ?i 0a tr/i )*rt-n -n a -nc*l s/* *n sentiment e insec*ritate -ntr*-c-t n* ?i-a )*t*t -m)lini 0(ca,ia e A1iin,/ e rela,ieB@ 7r! remarc/ <@ :(*th(*l! sentiment*l e insec*ritate E- Ac(m)leH*l l*i Dam(clesB E[ 0 este ( ca*+/ a agresi0it/,ii%%@ Aceast/ c(nstatare ne / aici )rileC*l *nei n(i treceri e la sing*lar la )l*ral@ ;(lecti0it/,ile nei*bite ale ist(riei )(t 1i c(m)arate c* ni?te c()ii li)si,i e rag(ste matern/ ?i s*nt sit*ate (ric*m -ntr-*n echilibr* instabil -n s(cietateD e aceea ?i e0in clase )rimeC i(ase@ A?a ar! men,inerea -n inc(n1(rt material ?i )sihic a *nei categ(rii e (mina,i este! c* ( sca en,/ mai m*lt sa* mai )*,in e)/rtat/! ( atit* ine sin*ciga?/ in )artea gr*)*l*i (minant@ Acest re1*+ al i*birii ?i al Arela,ieiB a-C*nge s/ nasc/ negre?it 1rica ?i *ra@ Vagab(n+ii Vechi*l*i 6egim! care era* ni?te A el(cali+a,iB res)in?i e ca rele s(ciale! a* )r(0(cat -n #%&$ AMarea Fric/B a )r()rietaril(r! chiar m( e?ti ?i! )rintr-( c(nsecin,/ nea?te)tat/! )r/b*?irea )ri0ilegiil(r C*ri ice )e care se stat(rnicise m(narhia@ "(litica e apartheid, care )rin -ns*?i n*mele ei eH)rim/ re1*+*l c(n?tient ?i sistematic al i*birii ?i al Arela,ieiB! a creat -n s* *l A1ricii a e0/rate )*lber/rii a c/r(r eH- )l(+ie )(ate 1i ctim)lit/@ Oi rama )alestinian/! n* re+i / ea (are -n 1a)t*l c/ 1iecare intre cei (i )arteneri 0rea s/-# eHcl* / )e cel/lalt e )e *n )/m-nt ?i intr-( -nr/ /cinare care! 0aiST s-nt c(m*ne am-n *r(raM Din acest m(ment se 0eri1ic/ la ni0el c(lecti0 ceea ce )e )lan in i0i *al este e0i en,/F leg/t*ra intre 1ric/ ?i ang(as/ )e e ( )arte! ?i agresi0itate e cealalt/@ Dar ist(ric*l -nt-l-ne?te aici *n mare semn e -ntrebareF ca*+ele 0i(len,ei *mane s*nt antr()(l(gice sa* 97<J7I7- 9L

giceM Fre* -m)linise cinci+eci ?i n(*/ e ani c-n ! -n #$#=! a scris )entr* )rima (ar/ es)re agresi0itate! a1irm.n c/ ea se istinge e seH*alitate@ A )re+entat a)(i (-n #$L>) te(ria sa es)re Ainstinct*l m(r,iiB -n 5incolo de principiul plcerii. Agresi0itatea! care -?i a1la -n eros etern*l antag(nist! era escris/ aici ca ( e0ia,ie a energiei instinct*l*i m(r,ii et*rnat/ e la e*l -m)(tri0a c/r*ia era ini,ial iriCat/@ Fre* reg/sea ast1el str/0echile mit(l(gii ?i meta1i+ici (rientale care )*nea* l*)ta intre i*bire ?i *r/ la (riginile *ni0ers*l*i@ N(*a l*i te(rie nU-# )*tea *ce ec-t la 0e eri )esimiste es)re 0iit(r*l (menirii! -n )(1i a c-t(r0a c*0inte e s)eran,/ )lasate la 1inele 2elinitii n civilizaie. "entr* c/! g.n ea el -n m( 1*n amental! sa* agresi0itatea n*-i re)rimat/ ?i at*nci e iriCat/ s)re alte gr*)*ri (ri s)re )ers(ane eHteri(are gr*)*l*i E e aici r/+b(aiele ?i )ersec*,iile E! sa* e re)rimat/! ar -n l(c*l ei a)are ( c*l)abili+are e+astr*(as/ )entr* in i0i+i@ Aceast/ c(nce),ie este c(nsi erat/ ese(ri ca ( e0iere e la g.n irea l*i Fre* ?i m*l,i )sih(l(gi n-a* acce)tat-( nici( at/@ Urm.n ( alt/ cale! ^@ L(ren+ ?i isci)(lii s/i a* aC*ns! ?i ei! s/ a1irme eHisten,a *nei agresi0it/,i -nn/sc*te -n t(t regn*l animal%&@ "(tri0it te(riei l(r! eHist/ in creier! incl*si0 -n cel (menesc! *n instinct al l*)tei care asig*r/ )r(gre-Is*l s)eciil(r ?i 0ict(ria cel(r mai )*ternici as*)ra cel(r mai slabi@ Un ast1el e instinct ar eH)lica )rinci)i*l ar_inist struggle #or li#e (Al*)ta )entr* 0ia,/B)D el ar 1i necesar acel(r Amari c(nstr*ct(areB ale l*mii -ns*1le,iteF selec,ia ?i m*ta,ia@ In sens c(ntrar! X@ 6eich! e(sebin agresi0itatea 1ireasc/ ?i s)(ntan/ -n sl*Cba 0ie,ii e cea )r( *s/ e inhibi,ii E -n m( esen,ial seH*ale E a negat eHisten,a *n*i instinct istr*cti0 )rimar ?i a trans1erat -ntreg*l thanatos as*)ra agresi0it/,ii )rin inhibi,ie%$@- -ntr-( anali+/ mai larg/! J@ D(llar ?i c(lab(rat(rii s/i a* KK c/*tat s/ em(nstre+e c/ (rice agresi0itate -?i

tr* a r/s)*n e agresi*nii care asaltea+/ s*bieet*l (c-n n* se -nt(rc -m)(tri0a l*i -n ca+*l *n*i tra*matism ce e)/?e?te )*terile sale)@ Fi+i(l(gia reac,iei e alarm/ arat/ -ntr-a e0/r c/! *)/ rece)tarea )ert*rb/rii em(,i(nale e c/tre sistem*l limbic ?i regi*nea hi)(cam)ic/ ce eclan?ea+/ semnalele e alert/! hi)(talam*s*l ?i rinence1al*l! +(ne e iriCare -n leg/t*r/ c* -ntreg sistem*l ner0(s ?i en (crin! lansea+/ -n c(r) im)*ls*ri care treb*ie s/ )ermit/ ( reac,ie -n 1(r,/@ Eliberarea a renalinei! accelerarea inimii! re istrib*irea 0asc*lar/ -n 1(l(s*l m*?chil(r! c(ntrac,ia s)linei! 0as(e(nstric,ia s)lanhnic/ )*n -n circ*la,ie *n n*m/r s)(rit e 0ect(ri e (Higen care 1ac )(sibil/ ( chelt*ial/ 1i+ic/ mai )*ternic/ (1*g/ sa* l*)t/)@ Eliberarea +ah/r*l*i ?i a gr/simii -n s-nge ab,i(nea+/ -n acela?i sens! a *c-n *n s*bstrat energetic ime iat *tili+abil )entr* e1(rt*l necesar@ Acestei )rime ri)(ste! ime iat/ ?i sc*rt/! -i *rmea+/ *n al (ilea r/s)*ns! c(nstit*it e esc/rcarea e h(rm(ni c(rtic(tr()i@ Ace?tia! )rin ac,i*nea l(r glic(genetic/! )ermit asig*rarea schimb*l*i energetic necesar c(ntin*/rii acti0it/,ii 1i+ice ?i 1*rni+ea+/ *n stim*lent s*)limentar@ Aceste trimiteri la 1i+i(l(gia in i0i *al/ n* s-nt 1/r/ -n (ial/ in*tile )entr* -n,elegerea 1en(menel(r c(lecti0e@ ;*m ar 1i altminteri )(sibil ca agresi*nile s*1erite e gr*)*ri s/ n* )r(0(ace! mai ales ac/ se ac*m*lea+/ sa* se re)et/ c* )rea m*lt/ intensitate! m(bili+/ri e energieM Iar acestea@ -n m( l(gic! treb*ie s/ se tra *c/ 1ie )rin st/ri e )anic/! 1ie )rin re0(lte! 1ie! c-n n* *c la eHteri(ri+/ri ime iate! )rin instalarea *n*i climat e anHietate ?i chiar e ne0r(+/! el -ns*?i ca)abil s/ se trans1(rme mai t-r+i* -n eH)l(+ii 0i(lente sa* -n )ersec*tarea *n(r ,a)i is)/?it(ri@ ;limat*l A e inc(n1(rtB -n care a tr/it 7cci ent*l e la ;i*ma Neagr/ la r/+b(aiele religi(ase mai )(ate 1i -n,eles ?i gra,ie *n*i test

schingi*i,il(r@ )egenda aurit6, misterele C*cate -n 1a,a m*l,imil(r ?i arta religi(as/ s*b t(ate 1(rmele ei a* )()*lari+at c* l*H e ra1inament 1lagelarea ?i ag(nia l*i Is*s E s/ ne g-n Cm la acel ;rist(s 0er+*i ?i ci*r*it e r/ni e la IsenheimGG E! la esc/)/,-narea s1-nt*l*i l(an :(te+/t(r*l! la *ci erea c* )ielei tre a s1.nt*l*i Ote1an! la m(artea s1-nt*l*i 9e-l4 bastian str/)*ns e s/ge,i ?i a s1-nt*l*i La*-Cl ren,i* ars )e *n gr/tar &K@ "ict*ra manierist/! i lac(m/ e s)ectac(le m(rbi e! a transmis arti?til(r c(ntem)(rani re1(rmei cat(lice acest g*st al s-ngel*i ?i al imaginil(r 0i(lente m(?tenite e la e)(ca g(tic*l*i t-r+i*@ N* -nca)e -n (ial/ c/ nici( at/ n* s-a* )ictat -n biserici at-tea seene e martiraC! (bse ante e()(tri0/ )rin 1(rmat*l imaginii ?i )rin ab*n en,a am/n*ntel(r! ca -ntre #N>> ?i #N=>@ "entr* cre inci(?i! (ar alegerea era greaF )*tea* 0e ea ast1el )e s1-nta Agata c* s-nii rete+a,i! )e s1-nta Martina c* 1a,a -ns-ngerata e gheare e 1ier! )e 91-nt*l Lie0in! c/r*ia i s-a sm*ls limba )entr* a 1i ar*ncat/ la c-ini! )e s1-nt*l :art(l(me* C*)*it e 0i*! )e s1-nt*l Vitalie -ngr()at e 0i*! )e s1-nt*l Erasm c/r*ia i se sm*lg m/r*ntaiele@ '(ate aceste re)re+ent/ri n* eH)rim/ (are c(nc(mitent *n isc*rs (m(gen care a1irm/ at-t 0i(len,a -n *rat/ e ( ci0ili+a,ie c-t ?i r/+b*narea 0isat/M Oi n* c(nstit*ie ele! )e e alt/ )arte! la ni0el*l c(lecti0T ( 0eri1icare a eeea ce )sihiatrii care st* ia+/
G )egendae &anctorum, carte elab(rat/ -n C*r*l aniJ(r #L3>! care aC*nge -n sc*rt/ 0reme *n a e0/rat Abest-sellerB! s*b titl*l )egenda "urea. A*t(r*l ei este Jac(b*s a V(ragine (n*mele latini+at al l*i Jac()( a Varaggi(! #LK>E#L$&Y$$)! ren*mit hagi(gra1! te(l(g ?i )re icat(r (minican! (riginar in l(calitatea Vara++e! e ling/ <en(0a@ L*crarea sa )(0este?te 0ie,ile a )este &>> e As1in,iB@ A circ*lat at-t -n (riginal! ct ?i -n n*mer(ase tra *ceri ?i a a0*t ( imens/ im)(rtan,/ ic(n(gra1ic/! 1(l(sit/ 1iin e n*mer(?i )ict(ri! e la "ier( ela Francesca )-n/ la <r*ne_al ?@a@ (N@ tr)@ GG 6etabl*l )rece)t(riei ant(ni,il(r in Isenheim! )ictat e Grunewald ?i a1lat ac*m la ;(lmar@ (N@ tr@)@

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1ricile in i0i *ale a* n*mit A(bieeti0areBM <@ Del)ierre scrie -n acest sensF AUn @ @ @ e1ect al 1ricii este (biecti0area@ De )il /! -n 1rica l*i e 0i(len,/! (m*l! -n l(c s/ se a0-nte -n l*)t/ sa* s/ 1*g/! se satis1ace )ri0in -( in eHteri(r@ -i )lace s/ scrie! s/ citeasc/! s/ asc*lte! s/ ist(riseasc/ )(0estiri e r/+b(i@ El asist/ c* ( an*mit/ )asi*ne la c*rse )rimeC i(ase! la meci*ri e b(H! la c(rri e@ Instinct*l c(mbati0 s-a e)lasat as*)ra (biect*l*i&NB@ Ist(ric*l*i -i re0ine menirea e-a ()era *bla trans)*nere e la sing*lar la )l*ral ?i e la act*al la trec*t@ ;-t )ri0e?te sentiment*l e insec*ritate! -nr* it -n ea)r(a)e c* teama e aban (n! n* este el (are lim)e e eH)licitat e nen*m/ratele J* ec/,i e a)(i ?i e0(c/ri ale in1ern*l*i care a* b-nt*it imagina,ia )ict(ril(r! a )re icat(ril(r! a te(l(gil(r ?i a a*t(ril(r e artes moriendi< N* (are teama e a 1i ar*ncat -n 1l/c/rile 0e?nice #-a -m)ins )e L*ther s/ se re1*gie+e -n (ctrina C*sti1ic/rii )rin cre in,/M Dar temele agresi*nii! ale insec*rit/,ii ?i ale aban (n*l*i a* re)t c(r(lar ine0itabil )e aceea a m(r,ii@ 7r! (bsesia m(r,ii a 1(st (mni)re+ent/ -n imaginile ?i -n c*0intele e*r()enil(r e la -nce)*t*l 'im)*ril(r M( erneF -n ans*rile macabre ca ?i -n /rium#ul morii e :r*egel! -n Eseurile l*i M(ntaigne ca ?i -n teatr*l l*i 9ha]es)eare! -n )(emele l*i 6(nsar ca ?i -n )r(cesele e 0r/Cit(rieF iat/ t(t at-tea m( *ri e a )re+enta ( ang(as/ c(lecti0/ ?i ( ci0ili+a,ie care ?i-a sim,it 1ragilitatea! -n tim) ce ( tra i,ie )rea sim)list/ n-a re,in*t 0reme -n el*ngat/ ec-t s*ccesele 6ena?terii@ De ce 1ragilitateM 6/st*rnarea c(nC*nct*rii care s-a )r( *s -n E*r()a -n sec(l*l al XVI-lea este bine c*n(sc*t/ ac*mF ci*ma -?i 1ace at*nci ( rea)ari,ie +g(m(t(as/ E *rmata e-( -n el*ngat/ )re+en,/ E -n tim) ce agric*lt*ra -n- K&

(e)e s/ ea -na)(i! ((n i,iile climaterice se egra ea+/! iar rec(ltele )r(aste se -nm*l,esc@ 6/+meri,e r*rale ?i *rbane! r/+b(aie ci0ile ?i -ntre ,/ri r/0/?esc -n sec(lele XIV ?i XV *n 7cci ent mai eH)*s ec-t alt/ at/ e)i emiil(r ?i 1(ametei@ Acest(r nen(r(ciri -n lan, li se a a*g/ amenin,area t(t mai 0/ it/ a )rimeC iei t*rce?ti ?i Marea 9chism/ (#K%&E#N#%) -n care (amenii :isericii a* 0/+*t Ascan al*l scan al*ril(rB@ 9ig*r! la s1-r?it*l sec(l*l*i al XV-lea ?i -n c*rs*l cel*i e ai XVI-lea! sit*a,ia em(gra1ic/ ?i e((n(mic/ a E*r()ei s-a re resat@ Dar ci*ma ?i 1(ametea! )e e ( )arte! a* b-nt*it -n c(ntin*are )eri( ic! men,in-n )()*la,ia -n stare e alert/ bi(l(gic/D )e e alt/ )arte! )-n/ la b/t/lia e la Le)ant( (#=%#)! t*rcii ?i-a* accent*at )resi*nea! -n tim) ce E ( ab/ e* 6e1(rma )r(testant/ E r*)t*ra )r(0i+(rie in tim)*l Marii 9chisme! ast*)at/ *n m(ment! se c/sca iar/?i! mai amenin,/t(are e(-t (rie-n @ EH)l(+ia neb*l(asei cre?tine a intensi1icat in acel m(ment! ( b*eat/ e tim) cel )*,in! agresi0itatea intra-e*r()ean/! a ic/ 1rica )e eare cre?tinii in 7cci ent ( n*trea* *nii 1a,/ e al,ii@
&. CINE l DE CE SE TEMEA'

<enerali+/rile )rece ente! (ric-t e *tile ar 1i )entr* ( 0e ere e ansambl*! n* s*nt t(t*?i )e e)lin m*l,*mit(are@ De aceea treb*ie s/ *cem mai e)arte anali+a ?i s/ ne -ntreb/mF cine ?i e ce se temeaM Dar aceast/ -ntrebare c(m)(rt/! la r-n *l ei! ( )rimeC ieF aceea e a 1/r-mi,a cercetarea ?i re+*ltatele ei@ 9(l*,ia )are s/ re+i e a?a ar -n e1inirea *n*i termen me i* -ntre eHces*l e sim)li1icare ?i 1/r.mi,area )eisaC*l*i general -ntr-( )*+ erie e elemente is)arate@ 7r! acest termen me i* este s*gerat e -ns*?i in0entar*l 1ricil(r )e care le 0(m -nt-lni -n calea n(astr/ ?i care 0a sc(ate la i0eal/ (*/ ni0ele e

in0estigare istincteF )rim*l! Ia ni0el*l s(l*l*i! cel e al (ilea la ( altit* ine s(cial/ ?i c*lt*ral/ mai ri icat/@ ;ine se temea e MareM '(at/ l*mea sa* a)r(a)e t(at/@ ;ine se temea e t*rciM c/ranii in 6(*erg*e sa* cei in 9c(,iaM N*-i sig*r@ ;* sig*ran,/ -ns/ :iserica )r()(0/ *it(areF )a)a! (r inele religi(ase! Erasm ?i L*ther@ In ceea ce-# )ri0e?te )e ia0(l*l care b-nt*ia satele! 0reme -n el*ngat/ el a ins)irat mai )*,in/ gr(a+/ ?i a 1(st mai c*mseca e ec-t cel al )re icat(ril(r@ De *n e ?i necesitatea cel(r (*/ anchete istincte ?i t(t( at/ c(m)lementare@ "rima 0a l*mina 1ricile s)(ntane! resim,ite e mari 1rac,i*ni ale )()*la,ieiD cea e a (*a 1ricile c*getateF c* alte c*0inte! ec*rg-n intr-( inter(gare as*)ra nen(r(cirii! inter(gare -nr*mat/ e irect(rii e c(n?tiin,/ ai c(lecti0it/,ii! eci! -n )rim*l r-n ! e (amenii :isericii@ Fricile s)(ntane se -m)art ?i ele! est*l e 1iresc! -n (*/ gr*)*ri@ Unele era* (arec*m )ermanente! legate -n acela?i tim) e *n an*mit ni0el tehnic ?i e *tilaC*l mental c(res)*n+/t(rF 1rica e mare! e stele! e )re+iceri! e strig(i etc@ ;elelalte era* a)r(a)e ciclice! re0enin )eri( ic ( at/ c* e)i emiile e ci*m/! c* anii e #oamete, c* s)(ririle e bir*ri ?i )erin area i0ersel(r (?tiri@ Fricile )ermanente era* e cele mai m*lte (ri -m)/rt/?ite e in i0i+i a)ar,in-n t*t*r(r categ(riil(r s(ciale (ast1el 6(nsar trem*ra -n 1a,a )isicil(r&=)D 1ricile ciclice )*tea* 1ie s/ ating/ t(talitatea *nei )()*la,ii (-n tim) e ci*m/)! 1ie s/ l(0easc/ (ar s/r/cimea! -n ca+ e 1(amete e eHem)l*@ Dar! )e 0rem*ri! s/r/cimea era 1(arte n*mer(as/@ 7r! ac*m*larea agresi*nil(r care a* l(0it )()*la,iile 7cci ent*l*i in #KN& )-n/ la -nce)*t*l sec(l*l*i al XVII-lea a creat! -n -ntreg*l c(r) s(cial! e s*s ?i )-n/ C(s! ( )r(1*n / +g* *ire )sihic/ ce a)are -n t(ate 1(rmele e limbaC ale tim)*l*i E c*0inte ?i imagini@ 9-a c(nstit*it ast1el *n A,in*t al 1riciiB -n N>

interi(r*l c/r*ia ( ci0ili+a,ie s-a sim,it amenin,at/ ?i a )()*lat-( c* 1antasme m(rbi e@ Aceast/ ang(as/! )rel*ngin *-se! risca s/ e+integre+e ( s(cietate t(t a?a c*m )(ate 1is*ra *n in i0i s*)*s *n(r stres*ri re)etate@ "*tea )r(0(ca 1en(mene e nea a)tare! *n regres al g-n irii ?i al a1ecti0it/,ii! ( -nm*l,ire a 1(biil(r! )*tea! -n s1-r?it! intr( *ce ( (+/ eHcesi0/ e negati0ism ?i e is)erare@ 6e0elat(are -n acest sens este insisten,a c* care c/r,ile s1inte ?i )re icile a* c(mb/t*t -n r-n*rile cre?tinil(r is)ita esc*raC/rii la a)r()ierea m(r,iiF (0a a c/ aceast/ be,ie a is)er/rii a eHistat -ntr-a e0/r )e ( scar/ est*l e larg/ ?i c/ m*lt/ l*me -ncerca *n sentiment e ne)*tin,/ 1a,/ e *n *?man at-t e re *tabil ca 9atan@ 7r! (amenii :isericii l-a* esemnat ?i emascat t(cmai )e acest *?man al (menirii@ Ei a* stabilit in0entar*l relel(r )e care e -n stare s/ le )r(0(ace )rec*m ?i lista agen,il(r s/iF t*rcii! e0reii! ereticii! 1emeile (-n e(sebi 0r/Cit(arele)@ Ei a* )(rnit -n c/*tarea l*i Antihrist! a* 0estit J* ecata e a)(i! -ncercare c*m)lit/ esig*r! ar care ar -nsemna t(t( at/ ?i s1.r?it*l r/*l*i )e l*me@ 7 amenin,are gl(bal/ e m(arte s-a a1lat ast1el segmentat/ -ntr-( seam/ e 1rici! re *tabile 1/r/ -n (ial/! ar An*miteB ?i eH)licate! )entr* c/ 1*seser/ c-nt/rite ?i clari1icate e (amenii :isericii@ Aceast/ 1(rm*lare in ica )rimeC ii ?i a 0ersari -m)(tri0a c/r(ra l*)ta era! ac/ n* *?(ar/! cel )*,in )(sibil/! c* aC*t(r*l gra,iei i0ine@ 6e *s la esen,ial! isc*rs*l ecle+iastic a 1(st e 1a)t *rm/t(r*lF l*)ii! marea ?i stelele! e)i emiile e ci*m/! 1(ametea ?i r/+b(aiele c(nstit*ie ( )rimeC ie mai mic/ ec-t em(n*l ?i )/cat*l! iar m(artea s*1let*l*i este mai gra0/ ec-t cea a tr*)*l*i@ A-i emasca )e 9atan ?i )e agen,ii s/i ?i a l*)ta -m)(tri0a )/cat*l*i -nsemna )e e alt/ )arte a mic?(ra n*m/r*l nen(r(ciril(r a c/r(r ca*+/ a e0/rat/ )e aceast/ l*me ei s*nt@ Aceast/

en*n,are se 0(ia a?a ar ( eliberare! -n )(1i a sa* mai egrab/ in )ricina t*t*r(r amenin,/ril(r c* care -i -m)(0/ra )e *?manii l*i D*mne+e* sc(?i in b-rl(g*rile l(r@ Intr-( atm(s1er/ (bsi i(nal/! ea s-a -n1/,i?at ca ( i+b/0ire )rin Inchi+i,ie@ Aceasta ?i-a (rientat anchetele ei re *tabile -n (*/ mari ire(,iiF s)re ,a)ii is)/?it(ri )e care t(at/ l*mea -i c*n(?tea! cel )*,in *)/ n*meF eretici! 0r/Cit(are! t*rci! e0rei etc@D s)re 1iecare cre?tin -n )arte! 9atan mi+-n e 1a)t )e ambele )arti e! ?i (rice (m )*t-n aC*nge! in neb/gare e seam/! *n agent al em(n*l*i@ De *n e ?i necesitatea *nei an*mite 1rici e sine@ In an*mite ca+*ri )artic*lare! aceast/ in0ita,ie a*t(ritar/ la intr(s)ec,ie a *s la sit*a,ii ne0r(tice@ ;a s/ e0ite t(t*?i instalarea *nei ang(ase c*l)abile -n s*1letele )rea scr*)*l(ase! m(rali?tii ?i *h(0nicii a* c/*tat s/ le abat/ e la rem*?care E (bsesie a trec*t*l*i ?i i+0(r e e+n/ eC e E -n r*m-n *-le s)re c/in,a eschis/ c/tre 0iit(r@ "e e alt/ )arte! at*nci c-n ! -n tim)*l *nei e)i emii e ci*m/! t(at/ )()*la,ia *n*i (ra? im)l(ra iertarea )rin )r(cesi*ni eH)iat(rii! ea a1la -n acest emers temei e s)eran,/ ?i )e l*mea asta ?i )entr* cealalt/@ 'eama e sine echi0ala -n cele in *rm/ -ns/?i teama e 9atan@ Dar 9atan n*-i at-t e )*ternic ca D*mne+e*@ Dre)t *rmare! a)lic-n ( )e ag(gie e ?(c! irect(rii e c(n?tiin,/ in 7cci ent s-a* str/*it s/ )*n/ s)aime e (r in te(l(gic -n l(c*l c()le?it(arei ang(ase c(lecti0e ce re+*lta in stres*rile ac*m*late@ Ei a* )r(ce at ast1el la ( selectare a )eric(lel(r ?i a* esemnat amenin,/rile esen,iale! mai eHact cele care li s-a* )/r*t esen,iale! ,in-n seama e 1(rma,ia religi(as/ )e care ( a0ea* ?i e )*terea l(r -n s(cietate@ Aceast/ -nc(r are -ntr-( nec*rmat/ l*)t/ c* *?man*l semin,iei (mene?ti era (rice -n a1ar/ e senin/tate! iar in0entar*l 1ric l(r resim,ite e :iseric/ E ?i )e care aceasta a NL

-ncercat s/ le transmit/ )()*la,iil(r! s*bstit*in *-le *n(r temeri mai 0iscerale E sc(ate la i0eal/ (*/ 1a)te esen,iale n* -n eaC*ns e remarcate@ -n )rim*l r-n ! intr*+i*nea masi0/ a te(l(giei -n 0ia,a c(ti ian/ a ci0ili+a,iei (cci entale (-n e)(ca clasic/! ea 0a in0a a at-t testamentele arti+anil(r *mili c-t ?i marea literat*r/! ine)*i+abil/ )e tema gra,iei i0ineD -n al (ilea r-n ! ( an*mit/ ebilitare a c*lt*rii 6ena?terii! )e care ast/+i! e la istan,/ ?i *)/ re*?itele str/l*cite (b,in*te e ea -n cele in *rm/! n* ne-( )*tem -nchi)*i@ I enti1icarea cel(r (*/ ni0ele ale 1ricii *ce ast1el la c(n1r*ntarea a (*/ c*lt*ri ce se amenin,/ reci)r(c ?i ne eH)lic/ 0ig(area e* care n* n*mai :iserica ar ?i stat*l (str-ns legat e ea) a* reac,i(nat! -ntr-( )eri(a / e )rimeCie! -m)(tri0a a ceea ce elita c(nsi era ( amenin,are e -ncerc*ire in )artea *nei ei0ili+a,ii r*rale ?i )/g-ne! cali1icat/ re)t satanic/@ "e sc*rt! e(sebirea intre cele (*/ ni0ele ale 1ricii ne 0a ser0i ca instr*ment met( (l(gie esen,ial )entr* a )/tr*n e -n interi(r*l *nei mentalit/,i (bsi i(nale (are a marcat ist(ria e*r()ean/ la -nce)*t*l 'im)*ril(r M(erne! ar care a 1(st )rea m*lt/ 0reme asc*ns/ e sec,i(n/ri cr(n(l(gice arti1iciale ?i e termen*l se *c/t(r e A6ena?tereB@ EHist/ t(t*?i risc*l *n*i eHces -n sens in0ers! acela e a e0eni )ri+(nieri ai *nei teme ?i ai *nei ()tici care ar -nnegri )este limitele 0er(simil*l*i realitatea e alt/ at/@ De *n e *n al treilea m(ment -n emers*l n(str*! )rin care 0(m aC*nge s/ esc()erim e/ile 1(l(site e str/m(?ii n(?tri )entr* a ie?i in ,ara 1ricii@ Acest(r )(teci sal*tare le 0(m )*ne trei n*meF *it/ri! reme ii ?i -n r/+neli@ De la -nchi)*itele t/r-m*ri 1eriee *n e c*rge la)te ?i miere la 1er0(rile mistice! trec-n )rin (cr(tirea -ngeril(r )/+it(ri ?i cea a s1-nt*l*i I(si1! A)atr(n*l m(r,ii b*neB! 0(m str/bate -n NK cele in *rm/ *n *ni0ers lini?tit(r -n care

(m*l se eliberea+/ e 1ric/ ?i se eschi e b*c*riei@ Din acest )r(iect! en*n,at aici -n ansambl*l s/*! cartea e 1a,/ n* 0a c*)rin e ec-t ( reali+are )ar,ial/@ Frica e sine ?i ie?irea in ,ara 1ricii 0(r c(nstit*i (biect*l *n*i al (ilea 0(l*m! ac*m -n c*rs e re actareG@ Mi s-a )/r*t -ns/ necesar s/ eH)*n -n aceast/ intr(*cere general/ ?i eta)ele *lteri(are ale itinerar*l*i me*! )entr* a-i (1eri citit(r*l*i imaginea l*i )an(ramic/ ?i c(erent/@ '(t*?i! c*m e it(r*l me* a 1(st e )/rere c/ re+*ltatele e )-n/ ac*m ale acest*i in0entar met( ic al 1ricil(r e ( ini(ar/ treb*ie (1erit c-t mai egrab/ )*blic*l*i! am ce at s(licit/ril(r sale ?i am gr*)at elementele anchetei mele )-n/ la sta i*l -n care se a1l/ ast/+i! -n (*/ ansambl*riF a) AFricile cel(r m*l,iBD b) A;*lt*ra irig*it(are ?i 1ricaB E 1iecare c(res)*n+-n cel(r (*/ ni0ele e in0estigare e1inite mai s*s@ 9*btitl*l 0(l*m*l*i! A7 cetate ase iat/B! se re1er/ mai c* seam/ la cel e al (ilea intre aceste ni0ele! e?i a e0/r*l este c/ )entr* a a0ea acces la el era necesar s/-# 1i eH)l(rat -n )realabil )e cel int-i@ 9inte+a -ncercat/ -n aceast/ l*crare ?i -n cea care 0a *rma n* )(ate 1i reali+at/ ec-t c* aC*t(r*l *nei ist(ri(gra1ii e ti) calitati0@ Aceast/ alegere c(n?tient/ ?i acest risc calc*lat n* c(m)(rt/ E mai este (are ca+*l s-( s*bliniemM E nici is)re, ?i nici 0re( critie/ la a resa met( el(r cantitati0e )e care e* -ns*mi le-am 1(l(sit in )lin -n alte l*cr/ri &3! -n ca+*l e 1a,/ -ns/! nes1-r?itele c*anti1ic/ri m-ar 1i -m)ie icat s/ 0/ ansambl*rile ?i ar 1i 1/c*t c* ne)*tin,/ a)r()ierile in care 0a re+*lta! s)er! interes*l inten,iei mele@ AMet( a -nseamn/ alegerea 1a)tel(rB! scria 5@ "(incare&%@ -n c(nsecin,/! m/ 0(i str/ *i s/
G V(l*m a)/r*t -n #$&K s*b titl*lF )e peche et la peur. )a culpa$ilisation en Occident. =>leE=-(((e sieeles, e @ Fa yar @ [d

c(n0ing )rintr-( im)regnare )r(gresi0/! *rmare a n*mer(asel(r lect*ri! )rin c(n0ergen,a (c*mentel(r ?i a c(ns(nan,ei l(r -ntr-( reali+are sim1(nic/@ 9/ m/rt*risim t(t*?i [E (nestitate elementar/! ar ?i c(n1i en,/ necesar/ E c/ -n s)atele acest*i )lan ?i al acestei met( e! se c(nt*rea+/ -n 1iligran ( 1il(s(1ie a ist(riei! *n )ari* as*)ra e0enirii *mane ?i mai ales c(n0ingerea c/ sec(lele n* se re)et/! c/ *manitatea e -n+estrat/ c* ( 1ac*ltate creat(are ine)*i+abil/ ?i ire0ersibil/! ?i c/ aceast/ creati0itate n* is)*ne e m( ele gata 1/c*te in care s/ alegem )(tri0it tim)*ril(r ?i l(c*ril(r@ Dim)(tri0/! cre c/ -n c*rs*l )elerinaC*l*i ei terestr* (menirea este mere* chemat/ s/-?i schimbe irec,ia! s/-?i c(recte+e r*m*l! s/-?i in0ente+e itinerar*l -n 1*nc,ie e (bstac(lele -nt-lnite E a ese(ri create e ea -ns/?i@ ;eea ce am -ncercat s/ -n 1/,i? /m ai ci! -ntr- *n a n*mit s )a,i * ?i )e ( an*mit/ )eri(a / e tim)! este re1*+*l esc*raC/rii! gra,ie c/r*ia ( ci0ili+a,ie a mers -nainte E n* 1/r/ a s/0-r?i esig*r ?i crime ( i(ase E anali+-n *-?i 1ricile ?i e)/?in *-le@ La m/rt*risirea acestei 1il(s(1ii s*biacente treb*ie s/ a /*g/m ( c(n1esi*ne )ers(nal/! m(ti0at/ n* e ( 1ri0(l/ )re(c*)are a*t(bi(gra1ic/ ci e (rin,a e a 1ace mai bine -n,eleas/ inten,ia mea@ AN* eHist/ cercetare! scrie A@ :es " @nc(n! care s/ n* 1ie t(t( at/ c/*tare e sine ?i! -ntr-( (arecare m/s*r/! intr(s)ec,ie &&B@ Aceast/ 1(rm*l/ se a)lic/ mai ales -n ancheta mea as*)ra 1ricii@ A0eam +eee ani@ Intr-( sear/ e martie! *n 1armacist )rieten e-al )/rin,il(r mei a 0enit s/ t/i1/s*iasc/ la n(i acas/F c(n0ersa,ie estins/ ?i s*r-+/-t(are c/reia n*-i ac(r e0i ent ec-t ( aten,ie istrat/! )re(c*)at e C(aca mea la ( (arecare istan,/ e cerc*l a *l,il(r@ N-a? 1i )/strat amintirea acestei scene banale ac/! a (*a +i iminea,a! n-ar 1i 0enit cine0a s/-# -nc*n(?tiin,e+e )e tat/l me* e m(artea s*bit/ a = 1armacist*l*i! care n* era *n (m b/trin@ Ne-

0asta l*i! tre+in *-se! #-a g/sit m(rt l-ng/ ea@ Am sim,it at*nci *n a e0/rat ?(c! -n tim) ce is)ari,ia! c* c-te0a l*ni -n *rm/! a b*nicii in )artea tat/l*i me* care se stinsese la ()t+eci ?i n(*/ e ani! n* m/ t*lb*rase c-t*?i e )*,in@ Aceasta a 1(st )entr* mine a e0/rata esc()erire a m(r,ii ?i a )*terii sale s*0erane@ E0i en,a se im)*neaF ea l(0e?te la (rice 0-rst/ ?i (ameni s/n/t(?i@ M-am sim,it intr-( at/ 0*lnerabil! amenin,atF ( 1ric/ 0isceral/ a )*s st/)-nire )e mine@ Am b(lit in )ricina ei mai bine e trei l*ni! tim) -n care nici la ?c(al/ n-am mai 1(st -n stare s/ m/ *(@ D(i ani mai t-r+i*! iat/-m/! )r(as)/t intern -ntr-*n c(legi* )atr(nat e sale+ieniG@ -n iminea,a A)rimei +ile e 0ineri a l*niiB )etrec*t/ -n acest internat! ia* )arte -m)re*n/ c* e(legii mei la eHerci,i*l religi(s -nchinat -n m( (bi?n*it Alitaniil(r e m(arte b*n/B@ La 1iecare 0erset al acestei r*g/ci*ni nelini?tit(are! r/s)*n eam -n c(r A-n *r/t(r*le Is*s! mil(sti0e?te-te e mineB@ Acest teHt! )r()*s *n(r c()ii e (is)re+ece ani ?i citit l*n/ e l*n/! mi-a 1(st restit*it! n* em*lt! e c/tre *n c/l*g/r sale+ian -ntr-( e i,ie in @ @ @ #$3L&$@ 6e)r( *cerea l*i in extenso mi se )are necesar/! a /*gin c/ era *rmat e *n .ater ?i e *n "ve A)entr* acela intre n(i care 0a m*ri )rim*lBF AD(amne Is*se! Inim/ )lin/ e -n *rare! c* *milin,/ m/ -n1/,i?e+ -n 1a,a ta! c/in*-m/ e )/catele mele@ Vin s/-,i -ncrein,e+ cli)a mea e )e *rm/ ?i t(t ce treb*ie s/-i *rme+e@ ;-n )ici(arele -n,e)enite 0(r ar/ta c/ r*m*l me* )e l*mea asta s-a -ncheiat! -n *r/t(r*le Is*s! mil(sti0e?te-te e mine@ ;-n m-inile mele sl/b/n(age n* 0(r mai a0ea nici )*terea ea str-nge cr*ci-1i-H*l )rea-i*bit!
G 7r in m(nastic! dup 9ales (#=3%E#3LL) (N@ tr@)@ numele lui !ran"ois de Ii

-n *r/t(r*le Is*s! mil(sti0e?te-te e mine@ ;-n b*+ele mele 0(r r(sti )entr* *ltima (ar/ N*mele t/* sl/0it! -n *r/t(r*le Is*s! mil(sti0e?te-te e mine@ ;-n chi)*l me* 0e?te ?i br/+ at e s*1erin,/ 0a st-rni mila! ?i s* (rile 1r*n,ii mele 0(r )re0esti cli)ele e )e *rm/! -n *r/t(r*le Is*s! mil(sti0e?te-te e mine@ ;-n *rechile mele! s*r e e-ac*m -nainte la c*0intele (mene?ti! se 0(r )reg/ti s/ asc*lte h(t/r-rea Di0in*l*i J* ec/t(r! -n *r/t(r*le Is*s! mil(sti0e?te-te e mine@ ;-n -nchi)*irea mea! c*trem*rat/ e -nt*necate 0e enii! m/ 0a c*1*n a -n +b*ci*m! c-n s*1let*l me*! t*lb*rat e amintirea gre?elil(r mele ?i e teama Dre)t/,ii tale! 0a l*)ta -m)(tri0a l*i 9atan cel (rnie s/ )*n/ la -n (ial/ nes1-r?ita-,i b*n/tate! -n *r/t(r*le Is*s! mil(sti0e?te-te e mine@ ;-n inima mea! ist(0it/ e s*1erin,/ tr*)easc/ ?i s*1leteasc/! 0a c*n(a?te s)aimele m(r,ii )e care a ese(ri le-a* c*n(sc*t si s*1letele cele mai s1inte! -n *r/t(r*le Is*s! mil(sti0e?te-te e mine@ ;-n 0(i 0/rsa cele e )e *rm/ lacrimi! )rime?te-le ca )rin(s e is)/?ire )entr* t(ate gre?elile 0ie,ii mele! amestecate c* lacrimile )e care le-ai 0/rsat )e cr*ce! -n *r/t(r*le Is*s! mil(sti0e?te-te e mine@ ;-n )/rin,ii ?i )rietenii! str-n?i -n C*r*l me*! se 0(r str/ *i s/ m/ aline ?i te 0(r chema -n n*mele me*! -n *r/t(r*le Is*s! mil(sti0e?te-te e mine@ ;-n t(ate sim,*rile mele m/ 0(r 1i )/r/sit ?i l*mea t(at/ 0a 1i )ierit )entr* mine ?i m/ 0(i +bate -n ag(nie! -n *r/t(r*le Is*s! mil(sti0e?te-te e mine@ ;-n s*1let*l me* -mi 0a )/r/si tr*)*l! )rime?te m(artea mea ca m/rt*rie s*)rem/ a *s/ I*birii tale i+b/0it(are! care a 0r*t s/ -n *re )entr* mine aceast/ *rer(as/ r*)t*r/! -n *r/t(r*le Is*s! mil(sti0e?te-te e mine@

;-n -n s1-r?it 0(i 0eni -n 1a,a ta ?i 0(i 0e ea )entr* )rima (ar/ str/l*cirea sla0ei tale ?i a Dl-n e,ei tale! t* D(amne n* m/ i+g(ni in Fa,a taF -n *r/-te s/ m/ *ne?ti c* tine )e 0ecie! ca 0e?nic s/ c-nt -ntr* la* a ta! -n *r/t(r*l Is*s! mil(sti0e?te-te e mine@ Oraiune: 7! D(amne 'at/l n(str*! t* ne-ai asc*ns )rin 0rerea ta cereasc/ +i*a ?iP ceas*l m(r,ii n(astre! ca s/ ne -n emni s/ 1im -nt(t ea*na )reg/ti,i@ -ng/ *ie s/ m(r i*bin *-te! ?i )entr* aceasta s/ tr/iesc +i e +i! (rice ar 1i! -n stare e gra,ieS Oi ,i-( cer D(amne )rin D(mn*l n(str* Is*s ;rist(s Fi*l t/* ?i I+b/0it(r*l me*@ AminB@ De m*lte (ri s-a -nt.m)lat s/ citesc aceste litanii *n(r st* en,i ?i st* ente e (*/+eci e ani@ 6/m-nea* *l*i,i asc*lt-n *-leF (0a / a *nei schimb/ri ra)i e ?i )r(1*n e e mentalitate eare s-a ()erat e la ( genera,ie la alta@ -mb/trinit/ br*sc! *)/ ( -n el*ngat/ act*alitate! aceast/ r*g/ci*ne )entr* ( m(arte b*n/ a e0enit *n (c*ment e ist(rie -n m/s*ra -n care (glin e?te ( -n el*ngat/ tra i,ie e )e ag(gie religi(as/@ Dealt1el! ea n* era ec-t rel*area ial(gat/ a *nei me ita,ii es)re m(arte scris/ e (n :79<7 -ntr-( l*crare estinat/ c()iil(r in ?c(lile sale ?i intit*lat/ /inerimea instruit. In s)atele acest(r litanii ramatice -ntre+/rim )e acel 5ies irae in nen*m/ratele "rtes moriendi ?i alte scrieri e ti)*l .ensez-1 $ien (AL*a,i aminteB) ?i ( -ntreag/ ic(n(gra1ie -n care s-a* -n0ecinat! e-a l*ng*l sec(lel(r! ans*ri macabre! J* ec/,i e a)(i! -m)/rt/?anii e m*rib*n+i ( e eHem)l*! cea a s1-nt*l*i J(se ;alasan+a! )ictat/ e <(ya$>) ?i 0al*ri e i-magini )i(ase istrib*ite -n tim)*l misi*nil(r@ ;*l)abili+are ?i )ast(ral/ a 1ricii E as*)ra (/r(-ra 0(i st/r*i -n cel e al (ilea 0(l*m ?i (are a* a0*t at/sta im)(rtan,/ -n ist(ria (cci ental/ E -?i a1l/ -n teHtele sale+iene mai s*s citate ( *i- N&

tim/ ?i )erc*tant/ il*strare@ "entr* a )r( *se ( im)resie mai )*ternic/ as*)ra (m*l*i cre?tin ?i )entr* a-# -n r*ma ?i mai sig*r Ia )eniten,/! i se -n1/,i?a* *ltimele cli)e ale (m*l*i -ntr-*n m( care n* era nea)/rat eHact@ ;/ci eHist/ ?i m(r,i senine@ Aceste e0(c/ri eHcesi0e n* s*nt esig*r li)site e ( an*me m(rbi itate@ Dar ?i mai m*lt m/ i+be?te 0(in,a )e ag(gic/ e a -nt/ri -n mintea recitat(ril(r ( 1ric/ necesar/ e C* ecat/! )rin imagini (bse ante e ag(nie@ 7ric-t e tra*mati+ant ?i (ric-t e t*lb*re! acest isc*rs religi(s es)re m(arte )e care l-am a*+it c* reg*laritate l*n/ e l*n/ tim) e (i ani ?c(lari ( eci! )entr* mine! e la (is)re+ece la )atr*s)re+ece ani) mi-a re0elat *n mesaC eare l*minea+/ ( 1(arte larg/ )an(ram/ ist(ric/F )entr* :iseric/! s*1erin,a ?i )ieirea ()r(0i+(rie) a tr*)*l*i n* s-nt at-t e re *tabile ca )/cat*l ?i in1ern*l@ 7m*l n* se )(ate -m)(tri0i nicic*m m(r,ii! ar E c* aC*t(r*l l*i D*mne+e* E are )*tin,a s/ e0ite chin*rile 0e?nice! -n c(nsecin,/! ( 1ric/ E te(l(gic/ E se s*bstit*ise alteia! care era anteri(ar/! 0isceral/ ?i s)(ntan/F me ica,ie er(ic/! me ica,ie t(t*?i! e 0reme ce a *cea ( s(l*,ie ac(l( *n e -nainte n* eHista ec-t 0i *l@ Aceasta a 1(st lec,ia )e care c/l*g/rii -ns/rcina,i c* e *ca,ia mea s-a* str/ *it s/ mi-( inc*lce @ @ @! ?i care / cheia c/r,ii mele@ "entr* c/! -n tim) ce -i c(nstr*iam )lan*l ?i (r (nam materia ei! am c(nstatat c* s*r)rinere c/ -nce) in n(*! la ( istan,/ e )atr*+eci e ani! itinerar*l )sih(l(gic al c()il/riei mele ?i str/bat iar/?i! s*b )reteHt*l *nei anchete ist(ri(gra1ice! eta)ele 1ricii mele e m(arte@ Itinerar*l acestei l*cr/ri -n (*/ 0(l*me 0a rel*a s*b 1(rma *nei trans)*neri r*m*l me* )ers(nalF )rimele s)aime! e1(rt*rile ane0(i(ase e a m/ e)rin e c* 1rica! me ita,iile eshat(l(gice in e)(ca a (lescen,ei ?i! -n cele in *rm/! ( r/b /t(are c/*tare a senin/t/,ii ?i 2 a b*c*riei -n acce)tare@

"(lemica iscat/ e cartea mea )rece ent/! -a muri oare cretinismul<, m/ -n eamn/ s/ a *( ( )reci+are ce ar treb*i s/ 1ie e )ris(s @ @ @! ar care n* este@ A;etatea ase iat/B es)re care 0a 1i 0(rba! este mai ales :iserica intre sec(lele XIV ?i XVIII E! -ns/ :iserica -n calitatea ei e )*tere@ De aici necesitatea e a re0eni la cele A (*/ lect*riB ist(ri(gra1ice )r()*se -n l*crarea atacat/ e *nii c(mentat(ri@ 'ema )e care ( st* ie+ -n )aginile care *rmea+/ n* 1aee nici ( trimitere la caritatea! )ietatea ?i 1r*m*se,ea c(nce),iil(r cre?tine! care a* eHistat ?i ele -n )(1i a 1ricii@ Dar treb*ia (are! in acest m(ti0! s-( trecem -nc/ ( at/ s*b t/cereM E tim)*l s/ n* ne mai 1ie FJ6I;A e ist(rie@

Partea nti

F R IC IL E C E L O R !I U L

ii

O NIPRE"ENT# FRIC$I

#@ ANestat(rnica mare! c*treierat/ e s)aimeB (Mar(t! Elegia Y)

In E*r()a e la -nce)*t*l 'im)*ril(r M( erne! 1rica! asc*ns/ (ri mani1estat/! este )re+ent/ )ret*tin eni@ Acela?i l*cr* se -nt-m)l/ -n (ricare ci0ili+a,ie )r(st -narmat/ in )*nct e 0e ere tehnic )entr* a ri)(sta m*lti)lel(r a-gresi*ni ale *n*i me i* amenin,/t(r@ Dar! -n *ni0ers*l e ( ini(ar/! eHist/ *n s)a,i* -n care ist(ric*l este sig*r c/ ( 0a -nt-lni ne isim*lat/ s*b a)aren,e -n?el/t(are@ Acest s)a,i* este marea@ "entr* *nii! 1(arte c*te+/t(ri E esc()erit(rii in tim)*l 6ena?terii ?i e)ig(nii l(r E! marea a 1(st ( )r(0(care@ Dar 0reme -n el*ngat/! )entr* cei m*l,i ea a -nsemnat esc*raCare! 1iin )rin eHcelen,/ l(c*l 1ricii@ Din an-ti(hitate ?i )-n/ -n sec(l*l al X'X-lea! in :re-tania )-n/ -n 6*sia! ( s*me enie e )r(0erbe )(0/,*iesc (amenii s/ n* se -nc*mete )e mare@ Latinii s)*nea* A9l/0i,i marea! ar sta,i )e ,/rmB@ Un ict(n r*sesc rec(man /F ALa* / marea st-n )e c*)t(rB@ Erasm )*ne -n g*ra *n*i )ers(naC in c(l(c0i*l 2au#ragium: ?Ce neb*nie s/ te -ncre+i -n mareMB ;hiar ?i -n maritima 7lan / circ*la maHimaF AMai bine c*treieri lan a -ntr-( c/r*,/ h( (r(git/ ec-t marea -ntr-( c(rabie n(*/#B@ 6e1leH e a)/rare al =L

0inei ci0ili+a,ii -n m( esen,ial terestr/! c(n1irmat e eH)erien,a cel(r care! c* (riee risc! se a0-nta* e)arte e ,/rm*ri@ F(rm*la l*i 9aneh( ".n+aF ADe 0rei s/ -n0e,i s/ te r(gi! *-te )e mareB! se -nt-lneste -n m*lti)le 0ariante e la *n ca) la cel/lalt al E*r()ei! *ne(ri n*an,at/ c* *m(r! ca -n Danemarca! *n e se )reci+aF A;ine n* ?tie s/ se r(age treb*ie s/ se *c/ )e mareD ?i cine n* ?tie s/ (arm/ treb*ie s/ se *c/ la biseric/LB@ F/r/ e n*m/r s*nt nen(r(cirile a *se e nes1-r?irea lichi /F ci*ma neagr/! esig*r! ar ?i in0a+iile n(rman e ?i sara+ine! iar mai t-r+i* rai *rile )ira,il(r in :arbariaG@ 7 seam/ e legen e E eea a (ra?*l*i 8sGG sa* cea a (rgil(r in Xen *ine! -nghi,ite e 0al*ri! care! se +ice! mai )(t 1i *ne(ri a*+ite c-nt-n 5ies irae E a* e0(cat m*lt/ 0reme a)rigile ei e(tr()iri&@ Element (stil! marea se -m)reCm*ie?te c* reci1*ri c*m)lite sa* sm-rc*ri )*t*r(ase ?i re0ars/ )e c(aste *n 0-nt ce )*stie?te (g(arele@ Dar ea este la 1el e )rimeC i(as/ ?i at*nci e-n +ace neclintit/ 1/r/ s-( -ncre,easc/ cea mai mic/ a iere@ 7 mare calm/! Agr(as/ ca ( mla?tin/B! )(ate )ricin*i m(artea marinaril(r bl(ea,i -n larg! 0ictime ale A1(amei er*nteB ?i ale Asetei mist*it(areB@ 7cean*l a e0al(ri+at m*lt/ 0reme (m*l care se sim,ea mic ?i 1ira0 -n 1a,a ?i -n larg*l l*iF m(ti0 )entr* care (amenii m/rii era* c(m)ara,i c* cei e la m*nte sa* <U (amenii e?ert*l*i@ ;/ci! )-n/ n* em*lt! 0al*rile st.rnea* 1rica t*t*r(r ?i mai ales a )()*la,iil(r r*rale! care n* 0(ia* nici s-( )ri0easc/ m/car e aC*ngea* c*m0a -n )reaCma ei@ D*)/ r/+b(i*l grec(-t*rc in #$L>E#$LL! ,/ranii i+g(ni,i in Asia Mic/ a* 1(st rea?e+a,i -n )enins*la 9*ni(n@ Ac(l( ?i-a* cl/ it casele c* *n +i (rb c/tre mare@ Din ca*+a 0-nt*l*iM "(ate@
G 0ar$aria, n*mele s*b care era* esemnate regi*nile A1ricii e N(r ! sit*ate la 0est e Egi)t (N@ tr@)@ [G 7ra? legen ar in :retania! -nghi,it e mare K In sec@ IV sa* V e@n@ (N@ tr@)@

Dar mai m*lt! 1/r/ -n (ial/! ca s/ n* 0a / t(at/ +i*a amenin,area nec*rmat/ a 0al*ril(r@ La ie?irea sa in E0*l Me i*! (m*l 7cci ent*l*i este )re0enit -m)(tri0a m/rii n* n*mai e -n,ele)ci*nea )r(0erbel(r! ci ?i )rin (*/ a0ertismente )araleleF *n*l eH)rimat -n isc*rs*l )(etic! cel/lalt -n )(0estirile e c/l/t(rie! mai c* seam/ cele ale )elerinil(r la Ier*salim@ De ! la 5(mer ?i Virgili* )-n/ la Franciada ?i )usiade, n*-i e)()ee 1/r/ e 1*rt*n/! aceasta 1ig*r-n la l(e e cinste ?i -n r(manele me ie0ale (:r*t! 6(*! 'ristan etc)! es)/r,in -( -n *ltima cli)/ )e Is(l a e i*bit*l eiN@ AEHist/ (are ( tem/ mai banal/! n(ta <@ :achelar ! ec-t aceea a m-niei (cean*l*iM 7 mare lini?tit/ este c*)rins/ e-( 1*rie nea?te)tat/@ :*b*ie ?i 0*ie?te@ E escris/ c* t(ate meta1(rele 1*riei! c* t(ate simb(l*rile animaliere ale -n-cr-ncen/rii ?i ale 0i(len,ei@ @@ c/ci )sih(l(gia m-niei este -n 1(n *na intre cele mai b(gate ?i mai n*an,ate @ @ @ M-nia )r(iectea+/ ( cantitate m*lt mai mare e st/ri )sih(l(gice ec-t i*birea@ Meta1(rele m/rii 1ericite ?i blaCine 0(r 1i a?a ar mai )*,ine la n*m/r ec-t cele ale m/rii *?m/n(ase=B@ '(t*?i! 1*rt*na n*-i n*mai tem/ literar/ ?i imagine a 0i(len,el(r (mene?ti! ci ?i! -n )rim*l r-n ! ( realitate es)re care scri* t(ate cr(nicile na0iga,iei s)re cara 91-nt/@ In #L#3! e)isc()*l JacV*es e Vitry )leac/ la 9aint-Jean 2AcreG@ In larg*l 9ar iniei! 0-nt*rile ?i c*ren,ii -m)ing ( e(rabie s)re cea )e care se a1l/ el -ns*?i@ ;i(cnirea )are ine0itabil/@ '(at/ l*mea ,i)/!! se s)(0e e?te -n mare grab/ 0/rs-n ?*0(aie e lacrimi e c/in,/@ Dar AD(mn*l se mil(sti0i e *rerea n(astr/3B@ In #L=N! L* (0ic al IX-lea se -nt(arce in 9iria -n Fran,a -m)re*n/ c* regina! J(in0ille ?i s*)ra0ie,*it(rii celei e a ?a)tea cr*cia e@ Uragan*l -i s*r)rin e -n )reaCma ins*lei ;i)r*@ V-nt*rile s*nt Aat-t e 0iCeG Antic*l "t(lema-s! )(rt -n Me iterana! c*cerit e cr*cia,i -n ##$#! ast/+i A]]( (N@ tr@)@ =

li(ase ?i e gr(a+niceB! )rimeC ia e na*1ragi* at-t e e0i ent/ -ne-t regina se r(ag/ la s1-nt*l Nic(lae ?i -i )r(mite ( c(rabie e argint e cinci m/rciG@ 6*ga ei este a*+it/@ A91-nt*l Nic(lae! s)*ne ea! ne-a )/+it e )rimeC ie c/ci 0iCelia s-a )(t(lit%@B In #K$=! bar(n*l 2Angl*re se -nt(arce e la Ier*salim@ '(t -n 0ecin/tatea c(astei ci)ri(te se st-rne?te Anea?te)tatB ( Amare ?i gr(a+nic/ 1*rt*n/B care ,ine )atr* +ile@ AOi-n a e0/r n* se g/si nimeni s/ n* tr/ e+e -n -n1/,i?area sa 1rica (m*l*i ce-?i 0e e m(artea c* (chii@@@ Oi a1la,i c/ a*+ir/m )re m*l,i C*r-n *-se )e (s-n a s*1let*l*i l(r c*m c/ e m*lte (ri -i )rinseser/ m*lte ?i 1el*rite 1*rt*ni )e mare! ar c/ nicic-n ?i-n nici ( 1*rt*n/ in c-te a0*seser/ ei )arte n-a* tras &mai mare s)aim/ e m(arte ca e ast/ at/ B@ In #N$N@ can(nic*l milane+ ;as(la a -ntre)rins ?i el c/l/t(ria s)re cara 91-nt/@ F*rt*na #-a )rins at-t la *cere c-t ?i la -nt(arcere@ Ultima i+b*cne?te -n larg*l ins*lei Z.]ynth(s@ V-nt*l s*1l/ in t(ate )/r,ile! iar marinaril(r! *)/ ce a* str-ns )-n+ele! n* le mai r/m-ne ec-t s/ se lase -n 0(ia s(artei@ AIn n(a)tea *rm/t(are! relatea+/ ;as(la! marea era at-t e +b*ci*mat/! c/ ne l*aser/m c* t(,ii (rice n/ eC e c/ 0(m s*)ra0ie,*iD re)et! c* t(,ii$B@ A?a ar! c-n ( c(rabie i+b*te?te -n cele in *rm/ s/ aC*ng/ -n )(rt! nimeni n* mai +/b(0e?te la b(r *l ei! -n JN&>! *)/ ( c/l/t(rie -n 7rient! 1ratele FeliH Fabri scrieF AUn (m care a -n *rat c-te0a +ile e-a r-n *l 1*rt*na! ?i #-a st(rs 1(amea e t(at/ 0laga! ( at/ aC*ns la liman! mai egrab/ sare e cinci (ri ( e )e galer/ -n barca ce-# 0a *ce )e *scat) ec-t s/ r/m-n/ la b(r #>B@ Literat*ra e 1ic,i*ne ?i cr(nicile -n1/,i?ea+/ aceea?i 0i+i*ne stere(ti)at/ a 1*rt*nii )e mare@
G @arc, 0eche *nitate e m/s*r/ -n Fran,a! echi-B 0alent*l a a)r(Himati0 LN> gr@ (N@ tr@)@

E a s e e + l / n , * i e c * 1 * ri e ? i s e ) ( t ( l e ? t e )-e n e a ? t e ) t a te @ : e + n e ( - n s ( , e s c F A ; e r * l e s m ( a l / ! 0 / + * h * l a ) / s / t ( r B @ V - n t * l s * 1 l / in t ( a t e- ) / r , il e @ F * l g e r e ? i t * n e t e s e e + l / n , * i e @ A; er*l! ) (0este?te 6 abelais C - na r t e a a p a tra (ca)@ X V III ea -nce)*tU s/ b*b*ie in t/rii! s/ 1*lgere! s/ sca)ere! s/ re0erse ) * h ( i e ) l( a i e c * g rin i n / D 0 / + * h * l ? i - a ) i e r * t s t r / 0 e + i m e a ! * m ) l - n * - s e e- n e g* ri ?i e be+n e! c/ n* +/ream alt/ l* m in/ 1/r/ ec-t a 1*lgerel(r ?i a n(ril(r m ist*i,i e 0/)/iB@ I n ) u s i a d e ,; a m ( e s ) * n e ) e s e a m a l * i V a s c ( a < am a *rm /t(area re)lic/F A @ @ @ 9 / ) ( 0 e s t e s c c * e - a m / n * n t* l ) r i-m e C iile m /rii! ne)/tr*nse e mintea (me n e a s c / E 1* r t * n i n e a ? t e ) t a t e ? i c * m ) l i t e ! 1 * l g e r e s / g e t / t ( a r e ! - n 0 / ) / i n 0 / + * h * l-! n e gre 0iit*ri! n(),i e be+)/ 1/r/ 1*n ! b*b*it e t*nete +g-l,-in l*m ea in tem elii E ar 1i ( -n c e rc a re ) e c - t e g r e a ) e a t -t e 0 a n / ! ## c h i a r e -a ? a 0 e a ( 0 ( c e e 1i e Br @ e + l / n , * i ri n / ) r a + n i c e ! 0 i C e l i i - n 0 - rt e C i t e ! - t a l a + * ri * r i a ? e c e * r c / i n A h / * B ! 1 * r t* n / ? i b e + n / F a c e s te a s * n t! ) e n t r* c / l/ t ( r* l e ( i n i ( a r/ !- c ( n stantele *ragan*l*i care ,ine ese(ri c-te trei + i l e -n ? i r E Q t i m ) * l ) e t r e c * t e I( n a -n ) - n t e cele chit*l*i E ?i a *ce -nt(t ea*na c* sine )rim eC ii e m ( arte@ D e aceea! )-n/ ?i m a -r i n a ri i c e i m a i h - rs i , i ) / r / s e s c c * 1 ri c / ) ( rt * l@ - D( 0a /! acest c-ntec al m atel(,il( r engle+i (s1-r?it*l sec(l* l*i al X lV -lea sa* -nce) *t*l cel*i e-al X V -lea)F 6/m as b*n (ric/rei es1/t/ri Y ;-n ri ici )-n+ele )entr* 9aint-Jam esD Y Un -nce)*t e r* m ) e m are Y "e m *l,i -ntristea+/@ YY ;-e a i ) ( r n i t - n l a rg Y D i n 9 a n _ i c h s a * in X in(helsea! Y D in : rist(l sa* e-ai*rea! Y #L ; * r a C* l -nce)e s/ te la @ se =3

'(t ;am(es -i atrib*ie l*i Vasc( a <ama *rm/t(arele c*0inte r(stite -n aC*n*l marii )lec/ri in #N$%F A7 at/ -n+estra,i c* t(ate cele treb*inci(ase -n ast1el e c/l/t(rie! ne )reg/tim ?i s*1let*l )entr* m(artea #K care / 0e?nic t-rc(ale s*b (chii marinaril(r B@ -n aceast/ l*min/! )*tem a)recia mai bine t/ria e caracter )*,in (bi?n*it/ a eH)l(rat(ril(r in 0remea 6ena?terii care treb*ia* s/ l*)te nec*rmat c* s)aimele echi)aCel(r@ De alt1el! c/l/t(riile e)(cii s-a* s(l at ?i c* *nele c(nsecin,e negati0e )entr* na0iga,ie! -n ci* a )r(gresel(r reali+ate -n cart(gra1ie! -n calc*l*l latit* inii! -n c(nstr*c,iile na0ale ?i -n bali+aC*l c(astel(r@ Alterarea alimentel(r! sc(rb*t*l! b(lile eH(tice! -ns)/im-nt/t(arele cicl(ane in +(nele tr()icale ?i ca atare ( m(rbi itate ?i ( m(rtalitate s)(rite a* 1(st 0icisit* inile care a* ec*rs in )rel*ngirea c/l/t(riil(r@ ;hiar e la s1-r?it*l sec(l*l*i al XV'-lea! )rima -n0/,/t*r/ ins)irat/ e na0iga,ia trans(ceanic/ este aceea c/ )rimeC ii mai c*m)lite ec-t cele -n1r*ntate )e mare n* eHist/@ In (storia c torva cltorii aventuroase )*blicat/ -n #3>> la 6(*en! eci -ntr-*n )(rt! citim *rm/t(arele c*get/ri semni1icati0eF AEste 1a)t e net/g/ *it c/ intre t(ate )rimeC iile )e care le -nt-lnim -n trecerea 0ie,ii n(astre (mene?ti nici *nele n* seam/n/ ?i nici n*-s )e )(tri0a cel(r )rin care trec (amenii ce se -n eletnicesc c* na0iga,ia )e mare! at-t )rin n*m/r*l ?i 1el*rimea -nt-m)l/ril(r c-t ?i )rin gr(+/0iile ne-n *)lecate! er* e ?i e ne(c(lit! )entr* ei 1ire?ti ?i +ilnice! ?i at-t e mari (/ n* )(t a0ea niei m/car *n sing*r ceas )e +i -ncre in,area e-a se n*m/ra )rintre cei 0ii@ @ @ 7rice (m -ntreg la minte! *)/ ce-?i 0a 1i -ncheiat c/l/t(ria! 0a rec*n(a?te c/-i a e0/rat/ min*ne c/ a )*t*t sc/)a tea1/r in t(ate )rimeC iile -nt-m)inate -n )ribegia l*iD ?i c* at-t mai 0-rt(s c* c-t! -n a1ar/ e cele s)*se

e Antici es)re cei care )leac/ )e mare c*m c/ 0ia,a ?i m(artea n*-s es)/r,ite ec-t e gr(simea *nei )( it*ri e sc-n *r/ n* mai lat/ e trei (ri )atr* egete! s*nt at-tea alte neca+*ri ce se )(t i0i +ilnic c-ar 1i gr(a+nic )entr* ei s/ ?i le -n1/,i?e+e inains c-n 0(r s/ )(rneasc/ -n c/l/t(riile l(r#NB@ De?i st-rnesc ?i ei team/ est*l/! m*n,ii! s)*ne 9^a]es)eare! n* s*nt ec-t Ani?te negi )e l-ng/ 0al*riB@ "e r( Nin( e0(c/ la r-n *l s/* Atala+*rile at-t e -nalte c/ ac()er/ l*naB@ AC*ns a)r(a)e e ,int/! Vasc( a <ama e asaltat e *n *ragan@ AEl 0e e marea! )(0este?te ;am(es! ba c/sc-n *-se )-n/-n str/1*n *l ia *l*i! #= ba -n/l,-n *-se c* -nn(it/ m-nie )-n/ la cer*ri B@ A?a ar! c-n se )r()*ne *n ca+ eHem)lar e 1ric/! el este sit*at e )re1erin,/ )e mare@ A?a 1ace 6abelais -n cea e-a! .atra Carte. La :r*yere! -ncerc-n s/ alc/t*iasc/ la r-n *l s/* ( ti)(l(gie a 1ric(s*l*i! -l c(n1r*nt/ -nt-i c* a0ent*rile na0iga,iei ?i abia -n al (ilea r-n c* cele ale r/+b(i*l*i#3@ F/c-n abstrac,ie e la?itatea 1ireasc/ a l*i "an*rge! )anica ce-# c*)rin e -n 1a,a stihiil(r e+l/n,*ite )(ate 1i i enti1icat/ c* *n c(m)(rtament c(lecti0 *?(r e reg/sit -n )(0estirile e c/l/t(rie@ Un c(m)(rtament marcat e (*/ (minanteF (r*l e )/m-nt! l(c sig*r -n ra)(rt c* mareaD ?i in0(carea la nimereal/ a *n(r s1in,i (cr(tit(ri (mai egrab/ ec-t a l*i D*mne+e*)@ -n t(i*l 1*rt*nii! "an*rge i+b*cne?teF A7h! )rea1erici,i ?i r/s1erici,i s*nt cei care s/ esc 0ar+/S @ @ @ Declar s*s ?i tare c/ cel care s/ e?te 0ar+/ e *n 1ericit@ @@ Ah! n*-i !!! )e l*mea asta )alat mai binec*0-ntat ?i mai P (mnesc ec-t )/m-nt*l 0-rt(s s*b )ici(areSB fc (ca)@ XVIII)@ Mai e)arte! re0ine ( 0arigJ! ant/ a aceleia?i teme (n*mai )e *scat te )(,i &!s b*c*ra e 0ia,/)F A7h! )ream/rite D(amne! y- se 0/ic/re?te "an*rge! / s/ m/ a1l* -n ceaABi s*l e 1a,/ -n 0ia e la 9enille sa* la <hin(n! =&

-n 1a,a! beci*l*i +*gr/0it al l*i In(chent )l/cintar*l! chit c/ m-a? c(ace c* )ie)tar*l )e mine t(t r*menin la c(l/ceiB (ca)@ XX)@ In Furtuna l*i 9ha]es)eare! <(n+al( eclar/ -n t(i*l )rimeC iei c/-i gata s/ schimbe (cean*l )e cel mai *?m/n(s )/m-ntF AIn cli)a asta a? a b*c*r(s ( mie e )(g(ane e mare )e-*n )etec e )/m-nt ster)F ( )-rl(ag/ -ntins/! *n Cne)eni?! ce-( 1i@ @ @#%B@ ;(m)(rtamentele s*)ersti,i(ase ale l*i "an*rge! )re+entate e 6abelais c* ir(nie era* esig*r 1rec0ente -n ast1el e )eric(le@ El -i cheam/ )e At(,i b*nii s1in,i ?i b*nele s1inte -ntraC*t(rB! 1ace leg/m-nt As/ se s)(0e easc/ la tim) ?i *)/ c*0iin,/! recit/ -n re)etate r-n*ri con#iteorul, -l im)l(r/ )e 1ratele I(an s/ n* mai -nC*re -ntr-( )rimeC ie ca aceea! 1/g/*ie?te s/ -nal,e ( ca)el/ s1-nt*l*i Mihail sa* s1-nt*l*i Nic(lae sa* am-n (r*ra! s*gerea+/ As/ 1ac/ *n )elerinB! a ic/ s/ se trag/ la s(r,i cine s/ se *c/! -n n*mele t*t*r(r! -ntr-*n l(c s1-nt ca s/-i m*l,*measc/ cer*l*i ac/ 0(r sc/)a c* bine (ca)@ XVIIIEXXI)@ "(0estirile c* Amirac(leB ?i eH-0(t(*rile in nen*m/rate sanct*are s*nt ?i ele )line e )r(misi*ni asem/n/t(are )e care Erasm se cre e at(r s/ le ia -n er- ere -n c(l(c0i*l 2au#ragium. ;* t(ate c/ ?i-a* )/strat s-ngele rece! "antagr*el! Fratele I(an ?i E)istem(n -?i m/rt*risesc 1rica )rin care a* trec*t! iar "antagr*el ne -ncre in,ea+/! *)/ 5(mer ?i Virgili*! c/ cea mai c*m)lit/ m(arte e s/ 1ii -nghi,it e 0al*riF ADac/ acest s(i e m(arte n*-i -n1ric(?/t(r! at*nci chiar c/ n* mai a0em e ce ne teme@ ;/ci! 0(rba l*i 5(mer! s/ )ieri -n mare e *n s1-r?it gr(a+nic! -ns)/im-nt/t(r ?i -m)(tri0a 1iriiB@ (XXI) <(n+al( -ncearc/ ( re)*lsie anal(g/ 1a,/ e m(artea )rin -necF AFac/-se 0(ia ;el*i e s*s! n*mai c/ e*#&a? 0rea s/ m(r mai egrab/ e m(arte *scat/ B@ M(artea )e mare trece re)t Ane1ireasc/B! )entr* c/ m*lt/ 0reme (cean*l a 1(st )ri0it ca ( l*me marginal/! sit*at/ -n a1ara =$ eH)erien,ei c*rente@ Oi aceasta c* at-t mai m*lt

c* c-t a)a! s*b as)ect*l ei masi0! )*ternic! inc(ntr(labil! )r(1*n ?i tenebr(s! a 1(st i enti1icat/ milenii e-a r-n *l c* *n anti-element! imensi*nea negati0*l*i ?i l(c*l t*t*r(r )ier+aniil(r@ A7 -ntreag/ lat*r/ a s*1let*l*i n(str* n(ct*rn! scria <@ :achelar ! se eH)lic/ )rin mit*l m(r,ii c(nce)*t/ ca ( )lecare )e a)/ #$B@ A?a se eH)lic/ 9tiH*l Anticil(r Atrist 1l*0i* e in1ernB (Mar(t! Elegie III) ?i l*ntrea l*i ;ar(n! ambarca,ie a m(r,il(r )e care ( reg/sim -n legen ele celtice ?i -n ce2le in EHtrem*l 7rient@ A)ele a inei E mare! 1l*0i* sa* lac E era* c(nsi erate ca ( gen*ne e0(rat(are! )*r*rea gata s/-i -nghit/ )e cei 0ii@ Dre)t m/rt*rie! )rintre alte nen*m/rate (0e+i! st/ acest 0echi c-ntec 1laman atestat -n sec(l*l al XlV-leaF Era* (*/ 0l/stare rege?ti Y Oi se i*bea* nes)*s @2YDar n* se )*tea* -nt-lni!YA)a era m*lt )rea a -nc/@ Y ;e 1/c* eaM Ea a)rinse trei l*min/ri!Y"e -nserat c-n l*mina +ilei sca eFYA7hS i*bit*le! 0in(S 'reci -n(tSBY ;eea ce 1i*l e rege ?i 1/c*F era t-n/rS Y ;eea ce ( b/tr-n/ 0r/Cit(are 0/+*! Y 7 1/)t*r/ nes)*s e hain/@ Y Veni ?i stinse l*mina Y Oi t-n/r*l )rin, se -nec/ @ @ @ Urmarea acest*i c-ntec )(0este?te c*m t-n/ra 1at/ e+n/ /C *it/ a re*?it s/-?i -n?ele )a+nicii ?i s-a -necat la r-n *l ei e b*n/ 0(ie L>@ Element*l lichi 1ig*rea+/ aici ca *?man al 1ericirii ?i al 0ie,ii@ "(li1em! 9cylla! ;irce! 9irenele! 9trig(nii! Le0iatan! L(relei s-nt t(t at-tea 1/)t*ri amenin,/t(are care tr/iesc -n a)/ sa* la marginea a)ei@ cel*l l(r c(m*n e s/-i -nha,e )e (ameni! s/-i e0(re+e sa* m/car! )rec*m ;irce! s/ le r/)easc/ i entitatea *man/@ De aceea! marea C treb*ie c(nC*rat/ c* Cert1e e 1/)t*ri ins*1le- G ,ite care E cine ?tieM E -i 0(r ast.m)/ra )(1ta !@ m(nstr*(as/@ EH-0(t(-*ri na)(litane le la s1-r?i- !T t*l sec(l*l*i al XVI-lea -n1/,i?ea+/ na0e )*r- C t-n at-rnat/ la )r(0/ ( )iele e (aie@ Era ?i a- 22 cesta *n rit e c(nC*rare a m/rii@ La lansarea X

*nei na0e! se *ci ea ( (aie alb/! se str()ea c(rabia c* s-ngele ei! iar )ielea se )/stra la )r(0/@ Aceast/ 0ia,/ Cert1it/ c(nstit*ia )re,*l rit*al )entr* a -n *)leca marea s/ n* le mai )retin / )e cele ale matel(,il(rL#@ In sec(l*l al XVII-lea! marinarii in :arbaria )ractica* ( 0ariant/ a acest*i rit@ Ei l*a* la b(r mai m*lte (i@ ;-n i+b*cnea 1*rt*na! t/ia* -n (*/ ( (aie 0ie ?i ar*nca* ( C*m/tate -n rea)ta na0ei! iar cealalt/ -n st-nga@ Dac/ marea t(t n* se lini?tea! mai sacri1ica* s*ccesi0 ?i alte (iLL@ 9tihiile e+l/n,*ite E 1*rt*n/ sa* )(t() E e0(ca* (amenil(r e ( ini(ar/ -nt(arcerea la ha(s*l )rimar@ -n cea e a (*a +i a crea,iei! D*mne+e* es)/r,ise Aa)ele e s*b t/rie e cele e eas*)ra t/rieiB ,Facerea, I! %)@ Dac/! 1ire?te c* -ng/ *in,a i0in/! ele se re0ars/ iar/?i )este marginile stat(rnice! ha(s*l se 1ace la l(c@ -n leg/t*r/ c* 1*rt*na -n *rat/ e "antagr*el ?i e t(0ar/?ii s/i! 6abelais scrieF A @@ @ ai 1i s)*s c/-i ha(s*l e la -nce)*t*l l*mii! -n care 1(c*l! 0/+ *h*l! marea! )/m-nt*l! t(ate elementele se -n0/lm/?ea* la(lalt/B@ (XVIII)@ Le(nar ( a Vinci! c/r*ia st* i*l ge(l(giei ?i al mecanicii -i tre+ise interes*l )entr* energia hi ra*lic/! s-a c(m)l/c*t -n e0(c/ri -n1ric(?/t(are e )(t()F A@ @ @6-*rile *m1late se re0/rsa* ?i )(t()ea* )/m-nt*rile in )reaCm/ c* l(c*it(rii l(r c* t(t@ "*teai ast1el 0e ea a *nate )e -n/l,imi t(t s(i*l e animale -n1ric(?ate ?i (mestice! la(lalt/ c* b/rba,ii ?i 1emeile care sa* re1*giat ac(l( im)re*n/ c* c()iii l(r@ "e c-m)*rile -necate )l*tea* )e a)/ e-a 0alma mese! )at*ri e lemn! b/rci ?i 1el e 1el e -nCgheb/ri )e care ne0(ia ?i 1rica e m(arte le n/sc(ce?teD t(ate tiHite e b/rba,i ?i e 1emei c* c()iii l(r! -n miCl(c*l 0aerel(r ?i-al gemetel(r! c()le?i,i e gr(a+/ -n 1a,a 0iCeliei ce r(st(g(lea -n a)ele -n0(lb*rate le?*ri e -neca,i@ '(t ce )*tea )l*ti era n/)/ it e 1el*rite Ci0ine -m)/cate -ntre ele ?i -nghes*in *-se -n1ric(?ate claie )este gr/-

ma /F l*)i! 0*l)i! ?er)i! 1/)t*ri e t(ate s(i*rile @ @ @ VaiS ce e gemeteS @ @ @ ;-te c(r/bii r/st*rnate! -ntregi sa* 1/c*te 1/r-me! )este (amenii care se +0-rc(lea* ?i se +b/tea* c* e+n/ eC e! )re0estire e m(arte F gr(a+nic/LKB@ -ntr-( n(a)te e i*nie a an*l*i #=L=! Diirer a D a0*t *n c(?marF 0e ea s1-r?it*l l*mii c*m 0ine@ 'ranscriin -ntr-( ac*arel/ acest 0is e groaz, . a -n1/,i?at ni?te imen?i n(ri LNnegri -nc/rca,i e )l(aie ?i amenin,-n )/m-nt*l @ "r(ce -n ast1el! el (1erea ( 0i+i*ne a catastr(1ei 1inale 1(arte c*rent/ )e 0remea l*i E 0i+i*ne elab(rat/! esig*r! )(rnin e la teHtele ai)(cali)ti(e clasice! ar care s)(rea -n ra)(rt c* ele r(l*l c*0enit m/rii ?i a)ei -n es1/?*rarea marel*i cataclism! -n nen*m/ratele -iei ale lui "ntihrist, )*blicate -n sec(l*l al XV-lea! ?i -n mai m*lte "rtes moriendi, a)are stere(ti)at/ lista cel(r cincis)re+ece semne )re0estit(are ale A0enirii D(mn*l*i N(str*B@ "rimele )atr* )ri0esc marea ?i a)ele 1l*0iil(rF A"rim*l intre cele XV semne -naintemerg/t(are +ilei marii C* ec/,i (b?te?ti 0a 1i c-n marea se 0a ri ica e XV c(,i )este m*n,ii cei mai -nal,i in l*me@ Al II-lea semn 0a 1i c-n marea 0a )(g(r- -n h/*l sc(bit ?i a -nc al )/m-nt*l*i! at-t e C(s c/ abia ce se 0a )*tea +/ri@ Al III-lea semn 0a 1i c-n )e?tii ?i )(citaniile m/rii se 0(r i0i )e mare! c* +bierete as*r+it(are@ Al IV-lea semn 0a 1i c-n marea ?i t(ate a)ele c*rg/t(are se 0(r a)rin e ?i se 0(r mist*i -n 1(c*l re0/rsat in cer*riL=B@ 5a(s! alt1el s)*s neb*nie! emen,/@ ;*0intele ci* ate ale l*i 'ristan *)/ ce a 1(st ar*ncat e c(r/bieri )e c(astele in ;(rn_all! Cora$ia ne$unilor e 9ebastian :rant ?i m(artea 71e-liei s*nt t(t at-tea in icii ale *nei mentalit/,i c(lecti0e ce stabilea ( leg/t*r/ -ntre neb*nie ?i element*l lichi ! Are0ers*l l*miiL3BD ( leg/- 3L

t*r/ )e care 1*rt*na n* )*tea ec-t s-( -nt/reasc/@ La C* ecata reginei! 5amlet e c*)rins e ( cri+/ e emen,/ A)rec*m marea ?i 0-nt*l c-n l*)t/ care )e careB (IV! #)@ Neb*nia (cean*l*i e+l/n,*it )r(0(ac/ la r-n *-i neb*nie! -n Furtuna l*i 9ha]es)eare! "r(s)er( ?i Ariei a* *n schimb e re)lici semni1icati0eF A"679"E67F 9)*ne-mi! bra0 s)iri *?! s-a )(menit 0re( at/ (m -r+ ?i-at-t e ne-n1ricat -nc-t 0iCelia s/ n*-i +minteasc/ minteaM A6IELF N*-i s*1let s/ n* 1i 1(st c*)rins e 1rig*rile neb*niei ?i s/ n* 1i c/+*t )ra / e+n/ eC iiL%B@ L(c*it(rii e )e c(astele :retaniei! e )il /! asem*ia* marea e+l/n,*it/ c* *n cal 1/r/ c/l/re, (ri a)*cat e streche! sa* c* ( ia)/ t*rbat/L&@ F*rt*na n* era c(nsi erat/ E ?i nici tr/it/ E ca *n 1en(men nat*ral@ Dese(ri! e+l/n,*irea ei ement/ era atrib*it/ 0r/Cit(arel(r ?i em(nil(r@ Ast1el! *)/ ce *rgia 0al*ril(r -i -m)ie icase -n re)etate r-n *ri )e regele Iac(b al 9c(,iei ?i )e )rin,esa Ana s/ tra0erse+e Marea N(r *l*i! -n #=&$E#=$#! s-a esc()erit c/ ni?te 0r/Cit(ri ?i 0r/Cit(are 1ermecaser/ marea -nec-n -ntr--nsa ( )isic/L$@ "e t(ate ,/rm*rile se)tentri(nale ale E*r()ei! ar ?i -n cara :ascil(r! circ*la )(0estea cel(r A'rei Val*riB -nalte ca ni?te t*rn*ri ?i albe ca +/)a a E -n realitate trei ne0este e c(r/bieri e0enite 0r/Cit(are! care s-a* )reschimbat -n 0al*ri ca s/ se r/+b*ne )e b/rba,ii l(r necre inci(?i@ De?i )e c(r/biile l*i Vasc( a <ama! ale l*i ;(l*mb ?i ale l*i Magellan a)ari,ia 1(c*l*i s1-nt*l*i Elm -n 0-r1*l catargel(r a 1(st sal*tat/ ca *n semn )remerg/t(r e mare lini?tit/! mai t(t ea*na acest 1(c! )rec*m ?i 1l/c/rile C*c/*?e ce se i0esc *ne(ri )e mare era* )ri0ite ca ni?te mani1est/ri ia0(le?ti ?i r/* )re0estit(are@ 3K -n Furtuna l*i 9ha]es)eare! Ariei! s)iri *? al

0/+ *h*l*i! -i )(0este?te l*i "r(s)er( c*m! *rm-n *-i instr*c,i*nile! a AreglatB *ragan*lF AM-am s*it st-rnin *imire )e c(rabia regel*i! la )r(0a! -n/*ntr*! -n cabine! )e )*nte@ Une(ri m/ estr/mam ?i ar eam -n t(ate )/r,ile e( at/! )e catarg! )e gabie! )e 0ergi ?i )e b(m)res iseam limbi e 1l/c/ri (e sent-lnea* ?i se-a *na* la(lalt/@ F*lgerele l*i J*)iter! ce )re0estesc c*m)lit*l t*net! Bsc/)/ra* nec*rmat )arc/ -m)ietrite -n 0/+*hKh@ 6(nsar ! care la cincis)re+ece ani a 1/c*t ( c/l/t(rie -n 9c(,ia! ne asig*r/ -n (mnul 5emonilor c/ ace?tia A @@ @ se schimb/ ese(ri -n mari 0-l0/t/i str/l*cit(are Y "ier *te eas*)ra *nei a)e! ca s/-# a emeneasc/ -n a -nc*l ei Y "e trec/t(r*l (rbit ?i am/git e l*mina l(r Y ;e-# *ce ?i-# -neac/ -n 0al*l *ciga?B ,Cartea imnurilor, I)@ De aceea m*l,i marinari! mai ales -n <recia m( ern/! se str/ *ia* s/ -n e)/rte+e aceste 1(c*ri -ngriC(r/t(are c* -m)*?c/t*ri! c* +g(m(te as*r+it(are sa* imit-n g*i,at*l )(rcil(r! )r(ce e* c(nsi erat mai e1icient! acest(r animale atrib*in *-li-se ( nat*r/ iab(lic/ gra,ie c/reia )(t i+g(ni *h*rile r/*1/c/t(areKL@ In )(0e?tile e ( ini(ar/ E ca ?i -n )egenda aurit , n ca)it(l*l c(nsacrat 0ie,ii s1-nt*l*i A rian) E! ia0(l*l mai a)are a ese(ri -n )(st*ra e c/)itan al A0as*l*i 1ant(m/B E e c(rabie care a b-nt*it imagina,ia )()*la,iil(r e c(ast/ ?i care a 1(st i enti1icat/ ca in1ern al marinaril(rKK@ L*i <i(rgi(ne i s-a atrib*it ( )-n+/ e la -nce)*t*l sec(l*l*i al XVI-lea! -n1/,i?-n *n ast1el e 0as 1ant(m/ c* *n echi)aC e em(ni@ 9*b i1erite 1(rme! mentalitatea c(lecti0/ lega marea e )/cat@ In r(manele me ie0ale re0ine ca *n topos e)is( *l 1*rt*nii e+l/n,*ite e )re+en,a *n*i mare )/c/t(s E sa* a *nei 1emei -ns/rcinate! eci im)*re E la b(r *l c(r/biei asaltate e 0al*ri! ca ?i c*m r/*l ar atrage la sine r/*l@ Acest l(c c(m*n literar c(res)*n ea *nei cre in,e )()*lare )r(1*n -n- 3N

r/ /cinate -n r-n *rile i0ersel(r )()*la,ii@ Jnc/ -n #3K%! echi)aC*l e )e /enth Chelp a re1*+at s/ )/r/seasc/ )(rt*l -n1ric(?at e )ers)ecti0a *n(r mari nen(r(ciri )entr* c(rabia c(man at/ e *n c/)itan c/r*ia i se *sese b*h*l c/ latr/ t(t tim)*l blas1emiiKN@ "e eas*)ra! -n ci* a )elerinaCel(r -ntre)rinse ?i a eH-0(t(-*ril(r! marinarii era* ese(ri )ri0i,i e (amenii e )e *scat ?i e cei ai :isericii ca ni?te r/i cre?tini@ 9e s)*nea es)re ei c/ An* se s*)*n 0irt*,il(r m(raleB (N@ 7resme)! ba chiar c/ s*nt ni?te Ab/ /raniB (;(lbert)@ Intr-*n )eniten,ial engle+ in #KNN! citat ?i tra *s e M@ M(llat! citimF A;(n1es(r*le! ac/ ,i se -nt-m)l/ s/ asc*l,i s)(0e ania 0re*n*i marinar! esc(ase-# nea)/rat c* m*lt/ griC/@ 'reb*ie s/ ?tii c/ *n sing*r c(n ei n-aC*nge ca s/ scrii [ t(ate )/catele -n care s*nt -n1*n a,i (amenii ace?tia@ 9tric/ci*nea l(r este -ntr-a e0/r at-t i e mare c/ n*-i )/cat ( )e [l*me :-( -ntreac/@ @ @ Ei n* n*mai c/ *ci clerici ?i laici 1/r/ (sebire c-n se a1l/ )e *scat! ar )e mare 1iin ! se e a* la nelegi*irea )irateriei! Ce1*ies( a0*t*l a)r(a)el*i ?i mai c* seam/ )e al neg*,/t(ril(r @ @ @ Dealtminteri! c* t(,ii s*nt a *lteri ?i es1r-na,i! c/ci )ret*tin eni )e *n e aC*ng s/-?i *c/ trai*l se -ns(,esc c* 1el*rite 1emei! ere+-n *-li-se -ng/ *it acest l*cr*! sa* c*r0/s/resc c* t.r1eleK=B@ A)r(1*n -n anali+a! esc()erim c/! )e 0rem*ri! marea era ese(ri -n1/,i?at/ ca *n (meni* )ri0ilegiat al l*i 9atan ?i al )*teril(r in1ernale@ Este ( i enti1icare al c/rei ec(* se 1ace E in0(l*ntar )r(babil E 6abelais! -n Cartea a .atra, c-n -l )*ne )e 1ratele I(an s/ s)*n/ -n t(i*l 1*rt*niiF A;re c/ s-a* e+l/n,*it a+i t(,i racii in ia (ri )(ate c/ a* a)*cat-( *rerile 1a3= cerii )e "r(ser)ina@ Oi-a* )*s t(,i racii

+*rg/l/i ?i /n,*iescB@ (ca)@ XIX)@ Oi mai e)arteF A;re c/ a+i e s/rb/t(area nec*rat/ a t*t*r(r mili(anel(r e raciB! (ca)@ XX)@ "an*rge -i / re)licaF A;re c/ t(ate mili(anele e raci s-a* a *nat aici -n mare s(b(r! sa* *neltesc )entr* a-?i alege ( n(*/ c/)etenieB! (ca)@ XX)@ In t(i*l 1*rt*nii )(0estite e Ariei -n )iesa l*i 9ha]es)eare! 1i*l regel*i! Fer inan ! c*)rins e s)aim/! se ar*nc/ -n a)/ strig-n F AIn1ern*l a r/mas )*sti* ?i ia0(lii t(,i s*nt aciK3B@ De *n e ?i necesitatea e a eH(rci+a (cean*l 1*ri(sF ceea ce 1/cea* marinarii )(rt*ghe+i recitin )r(l(g*l E0angheliei l*i I(an (care 1ig*rea+/ -n rit*al*l eH(rcism*l*i) sa* marinarii s)ani(li ?i e ai*rea ar*nc-n relic0e -n 0al*riK%@ F*rt*na n* se )(t(le?te a?a ar e la sine@ 7 -mbl-n+e?te -n cele in *rm/ Feci(ara sa* s1-nt*l Nic(lae sa* 0re*n alt s1-ntF )*tere )e care a* )rimit-( e la cel care a *mblat )e 0al*ri ?i a -mbl-n+it )e lac*l 'iberia ei stihiile e+l/n,*ite@ ;(n0ingerea c/ (cean*l este itinerar*l )ri0ilegiat al em(nil(r! ( -m)/rt/?e?te! la -nce)*t*l sec(l*l*i al XVII-lea! ?i 1aim(s*l ?i sinistr*l magistrat e Lancre! c/l/*l in cara :ascil(r@ El s*s,ine c/ *nii c/l/t(ri s(si,i )e calea m/rii la :(r ea*H! a* 0/+*t -n re)t-n- *-se c/tre Fran,a (?tiri e ia0(li! i+g(ni,i 1/r/ -n (ial/ e misi(narii in EHtrem*l 7rientK&@ Acel*ia care s-ar mai -n (i e caracter*l em(niac al m/rii! m*l,imea ?i *rie-?enia m(n?tril(r care ( l(c*iesc ?i s-nt escri?i c* l*H e am/n*nte -n A;(sm(gra1iiB ?i -n )(0estirile e c/l/t(rie in tim)*l 6ena?terii i-ar s)*lbera re)e e (rice -n (ial/@ "etr*s Martyr Angleri*s )(0este?te es)re marinarii care! -n #=L3! )leca* -n AmericaF AEi 0/+*r/ esl*?it *n )e?te *ria? care / ea (c(l brigantinei ?i intr-( l(0it*r/ e c(a / a s1/r-mat b*c/,i c-rma c(r/bieiB@ Oi c(nchi eF 33

M/rile acestea hr/nesc e-a e0/ratelea ni?te m(n?tri marini *ria?iK$B@ 6elat-n ( c/l/t(rie -n :ra+ilia -n #==%E#==&! Jean e Lery 0(rbe?te c* s)aim/ es)re Agr(a+nicele ?i -n1ric(?/t(arele baleneB care )(t trage c(r/biile la 1*n @ Una intre ele Ast-rni! c*1*n -n *-se! ( b*lb(an/ at-t e gr(a+nic/! -nc-t iar/?i cre+*r/m c/! t-r-n *-ne -n N>-ra ei! 0(m )ieri -nghi,i,i e gen*nea aceea B@ -n #===! -ntr-( +istoria de genti$us septen$rionali$us (AIst(ria neam*ril(r n(r iceB) )*blicat/ la 6(ma! e)isc()*l s*e e+ 7la*s Magn*s a mite eHisten,a *n(r *ria?e animale marine )e care echi)aCele le c(n1*n / c* ni?te ins*le ?i c(b(ar/ )e ele@ A)rin 1(c*ri ca s/ se -nc/l+easc/ ?i s/-?i 1iarb/ m-ncarea@ At*nci m(n?trii se sc*1*n /! c* (ameni ?i c(r/bii c* t(t@ Aceste ins*le -ns*1le,ite ?i )l*tit(are! ins)irate e :ehem(t ?i e Le0iatan! s*nt escrise e 7la*s Magn*s ast1elF A;/)/,.na l(r! ac()erit/ t(at/ e s)ini! are e C*r -m)reC*r ni?te c(arne l*ngi ?i asc*,ite -nt(cmai ca r/ /cinile *n*i c()ae e+r/ /cinatN#B@ In sec(l*l al XVIII-lea! alt e)isc() scan ina0! "(nt())i an! 0a i enti1ica ace?ti m(n?tri c* ni?te caracati,e gigantice ale c/r(r bra,e s*nt t(t at-t e gr(ase ca ?i catargele c(r/biil(r@ -n #&>L! *n ele0 al l*i :*11(n 0a 0(rbi es)re ^ra]en! ( caracati,/ e )r()(r,ii gigantice! )e care ( escrie ca Acel mai imens animal e )e )laneta n(astr/NLB! insist-n as*)ra agresi0it/,ii saleF tem/ rel*at/ -n #&3# e Michelet -n @area, -n #&33 e Vict(r 5*g( -n Oamenii mrii, scriere ce )*ne -n circ*la,ie c*0-nt*l A)ie*0reB (caracati,/ E n@tr@)! iar -n #&3$ e J*les Verne -n 5ouzeci de mii de leghe su$ mri. 'rainic/ legen /! n/sc*t/ in 1rica e m(n?tri -ns)/im-nt/t(ri )e care nici c/ se )*tea s/ n*-i nasc/ -n a -nc*rile sale *n element at-t e *?m/n(s ca marea@ '/r-m al 1ricii! al m(r,ii ?i al emen,ei! gen*ne -n care s/l/?l*iesc 9atan! em(nii ?i m(n?trii! marea 0a is)/rea -ntr-( +i c-n

t(at/ crea,ia 0a 1i regenerat/@ 91-nt*l I(an )r(1eti+ea+/ -n "pocalips ,==, #)F AA)(i! 0/+*i *n cer n(* ?i *n )/m-nt n(*@ ;er*l int-i ?i )/m-nt*l int-i a* )ierit! iar marea n* mai eraB@ -n i enti1icarea ei e ( ini(ar/! marea a)are a?a ar re)t cea mai amenin,/t(are )rimeC ie@ De *n e ?i insisten,a c* care isc*rs*l literar c(m)ara estin*l 1iec/r*i (m -n )arte c* ( c(rabie )rimeC *it/@ 6*g-n *-se Feci(arei! E*stache Descham)s -i s)*neF @@ @ %e sens ma ne# #oi$le, povre et pourrie 5e sept tourmens assaillie en la merD @on voile est roupt, ancres n*1 puet encrerD %*a1 grant paour ;ue plunge ou ;ue n*a##onde &e vos pitiez envers mo1 ne se #onde. (:alla e ;XXXIV)G 6(nsar ! -n (mnul morii, e0(ca ast1el griCile 0-rstei a *lteF )ors la mer des ennuis se de$orde sur nous Eui de notre raison demanche tous (es coups )e gouvernail, vaincu de l*onde renversee .@ @GB D* :ellay )r(clam/ 1ericit )e c()il*l n/sc*t m(rt! c/ci (( n*a senti sur sa tete )*inevita$le tempete 5ont nous sommes agites. (;(m)lainte * eses)ere)GGG
G -mi simt c(rabia ?*bre /! Calnic/ ?i )*tre /Y De ?a)te 1*rt*ni -m)res*rat/ )e mareD Y Mi-e )-n+a + ren,*it/! anc(rele n* )(t anc(raD Y Mare mi-e teama s/ n* m/ sc*1*n Y Dac/ mila ta m/ 0a )/r/si@ GG At*nci marea am/r/ci*nil(r se re0ars/ as* )ra n(astr/ Y Oi! c* 1iecare neca+! c-rma -n0ins/ e )*h(i se r*)e e -n,ele)ci*ne@ 2GG El n-a sim,it eas*)ra ca)*l*i s/* Y F*rt*na e ne(c(lit Y ;are ne +b*ci*m/@ ,Elegia deznd! duitului9. 3&

D2A*bigne se c(nsi er/ Com$attu des vents et des !lots Et a$o1e d*une tempete 5*ennemis, d*aguets, de complots. (5ecat(mbe e Diane)G In sec(l*l al XVIII-lea! J@-J@ 6(*ssea* 0a scrieF A"ier *t )e marea nes1-r?it/ a nen(r(ciril(r mele! n* )(t *ita am/n*ntele )rim*l*i me* na*1ragi*B@ ,Con#esiuni, V)@ Verlaine! la r-n *l s/*! 0a rel*a aceea?i c(m)ara,ieF )asse de vivre, a1ant peur de mourir, pareille "u $ricF perdu, !ouet du, #lux et du re#lux, @on Gme pour d*a##reux nau#rages appareille. (ler "(eme sat*rnien)GG 7 anchet/ sistematic/ ar a *ce esig*r e)lina c(n1irmare a acest(r c-te0a s(n aCe@ Ast1el! )-n/ la 0ict(riile tehnicii m( erne! marea era as(ciat/ -n sensibilitatea c(lecti0/ c* cele mai negre imagini ale a 0ersit/,ii@ Era legat/ e m(arte! e n(a)te! e abis@ In s)atele )(em*l*i Oceano nox -ntre+/rim *n -ntreg arier)lan e re)*lsie milenar/F AUn e-s marinarii sc*1*n a,i -n n(),ile negreMB@ Vict(r 5*g( a scris acest )(em -n #&K3@ 7)ts)re+eee ani mai t-r+i*! ra)(rt*l an*al al marinei engle+e -nc/ mai -nregistra &KL e na0e )ier *te -n an*l #&=KNK@ 7 ci0ili+a,ie esen,ial terestr/ n* )*tea a?aar )ri0i ec-t c* ne-ncre ere *n element at-t e )er1i ca a)a! mai ales c-n se a *n/ ?i 1(rmea+/ ( mare@ -n miCl(c*l sec(l*l*i al XVIII-lea! *n (minican in <rasse )leac/ la a *narea general/ a (r in*l*i s/*@ 9e -mbarc/
G :/t*t e 0-nt*ri ?i e 0al*ri Y Oi -nc(l,it e ( 1*rt*n/ Y De *?mani! e ca)cane! e *neltiri@ ,+ecatom$a 5ianei9. GG 7b(sit e 0ia,/! -n1ric(?at e m(arte! asemenea Y :ric*l*i )ier *t! C*c/rie a 1l*H*l*i ?i a re1l*H*l*i Y 9*1let*l me* se )reg/te?te )entr* gr(a+nice na*1ragii@ ,(-ul .oem saturnian9.

la Nisa@ Vremea strie-n *-se! ( at/ aC*ns la M(nac(! se ?i -nt(arce )e ,/rm ?i se *ce la 6(ma )e *scat@ 'V/g-n -n0/,/t*ri in a0ent*ra tr/it/! c(nsemnea+/ -n C*rnal*l s/* e c/l/t(rie *rm/t(area c*getareF A7ric-t ar 1i )/m.nt*l e a)r(a)e! -nt(t ea*na c-n te a1li )e mare e?ti est*l e e)arte ca s/-,i g/se?ti -n ea m(rm-nt*lNNB@ # V $epartele %i aproapele; noul %i vec&iul
De s c hi s / c/ t r e e )/ rt /r i ! m ar ea * ce a *n e( ri la t/r-m*ri ins(lite *n e t(t*l era c* )*tin,/ ?i *n e ci* /,enia era lege E ci* /,enie a e se(ri -n1ric(?/t(are@ De la "lini* cel :/tr-n la 9im(ne MaC(l( ,5ies caniculares E AZile e ar?i,/B E! 6(ma!! #=$%)! trec-n )rin Vincent e : ea*0ai s ! M an e0i l l e ?i O mi e i una de nopi , a /i n*it cre i n, a - ntr-*n m*nt e magnetic! sit*at *n e0a )e r*m*l s)re In iaF el atr/gea ire+istibil c(r/biile )*rt/t(are e (biecte metalice ?i mai ales e c*ie! le ,inea ca)ti0e sa* chiar )r(0(ca i+l(carea ?i na*1ragi*l l(r N = @ "-n/ -n s ec(l *l al XV- lea (m nea - ncre i n, area c/ m area 1i erbe l a ec*at (r! iar anti)(+ii s*nt nel(c*i,i ?i e nel(c*it@ De * n e ? i t e a m a m a r i n a r i l ( r ) ( r t * g h e + i c - n 5enric Na0igat(r*l le-a cer*t s/ treac/ )e la ca)*l :(Ca (r (-n 9ahara 7cci ental/)! c(nsi erat m*lt/ 0reme Aca)*l 1riciiBF AE lim)e e! s)*nea* ei! c/ inc(l( e acest ca) n* eHist/ nici (ameni! nici )/m-nt*ri l(c*ite@ 9(l*l e la 1el e nisi)(s ca esert*rile Libiei! *n e n* a1li nici a)/! nici c()aci! nici iarb/ 0er e@ Marea n*-i el(c a - nc /! as t 1 el c / l a ( l e gh e e * s c at n * m / s (ar/ )- n/ l a 1*n ni ai m *l t e *n st - nC en ) es c/ r es c @ ; * re n, i i s *nt a t - t e ) *t er ni ci c/ (ri ce c(rabi e care ar trece inc(l( e ca) n* s - a r m a i ) * t e a - nt ( a r c e @ I a t / e c e ) / r i n , i i n(? t ri n* s -a* -nc*m et at ni ci c- n s / t reac / inc(l( e elN GG@ %>

In )usiade, ;am(es se 1ace ec(*l temeril(r -ncercate e marinarii )(rt*ghe+i -n )reaCma ;a)*l*i :*nei-9)eran,e! s*)ran*mit -nainte 0reme A;a)*l F*rt*nil(rB@ Fic,i*nea imaginat/ e )(et n* s-ar 1i n/sc*t -n mintea l*i 1/r/ n*mer(asele )(0estiri (rale ?i scrise )ri0in tem*ta trecere@ -n tim) ce c(r/biile -naintea+/ -ntr-ac(l(! ca)*l li se -n1/,i?ea+/ c/)itanil(r ?i echi)aCel(r ca ( stat*ie A i1(rm/ ?i gigantic/B! Are)lic/ a ;(l(s*l*i in 6( (sB E )re1ig*rare in0(l*ntar/ H gigant*l*i l*i <(ya in .anica. A;hi)*l (l*i) e -nt*necat! (chii -n1*n a,i! -n1/,i?area cr*nt/ ?i s/lbatic/! 1a,a s)elb/ ?i )/m-ntieD )/r*l n/cl/it e )/m-nt ?i cre,! g*ra neagr/ ?i in,ii galbeniB@ A res-n *-se marinaril(r )(rt*ghe+i! el -i amenin,/ -n ace?ti termeniF A7! (ameni mai c*te+/t(ri ec-t t(,i cei care a* s/0-r?it )e l*mea asta 1a)te str/l*citeS @ @@ V(i trece,i ast/+i 1r*ntarii ne-ng/ *ite! 0/ -nc*meta,i s/ )/tr*n e,i -n aceste m/ri e)/rtate ce s*nt m(?ia mea! as*)ra c/reia 0eghe+ c* str/?nicie e at-t amar e 0reme! 1/r/ ca 0re( c(rabie! )lecat/ e aici sa* e ai*rea! s-( 1i br/+ at 0re( at/@ A,i 0enit s/ )/tr*n e,i misterele asc*nse ale 1irii ?i ale element*l*i *me )e care nici *n*i m*rit(r n* i-a 1(st at s/-# eH)l(re+e@@@ A1la,i c/ 0-nt*ri ?i 1*rt*ni 1*ri(ase 0(r -nt-m)ina c* )rimeC ii e m(arte 1l(tele ce 0(r mai -n r/+ni s/ calce )e *rmele 0(astre ?i 0(i l(0i at-t e necr*,/t(r )e c/l/t(rii care 0(r trece )este aceste 0al*ri e+l/n,*ite! -nc-t )e ea)sa nea?te)tat/ 0a 1i mai cr*nt/ ec-t )rimeC ia@ @ @ An e an 0e,i 0e ea at-tea na*1ragii ?i e+astre 1el*rite ab/t-n *-se as*)ra c(r/biil(r 0(astre c/ m(artea 0a 1i cea mai bl-n / s*1erin,/ )entr* 0(iN%B@ a- Q QQ Q

;r(nicari ?i )(e,i )(rt*ghe+i a* c/*tat 1ire?te s/ ri ice -n sl/0i c*raC*l c/)itanil(r l*sitani@ "e e alt/ )arte! c*ren,ii care circ*l/ -n )reaCma ca)*l*i :(Ca (r s-nt e1ecti0 1(arte 0i(len,i@ -n s1-r?it! 1iecare na,i*ne! -n e)(ca 6ena?terii! c/*ta s/-?i im)resi(ne+e c(nc*ren,ii r/s)-n in )(0estiri teri1iante es)re c/l/t(riile maritime E arm/ e esc*raCare ce se a /*ga secret*l*i )/strat c* str/?nicie al cel(r mai b*ne itinerare@ -n c(ncl*+ie! r*m*rile s)re meleag*rile e)/rtate -n1ric(?a*@ ;a s/ n* mai 0(rbim! a mi,-n c/ ar 1i aC*ns t(t*?i -n ,/rile eH(tice! e animalele 1antastice ?i 1i(r(ase )este care ar 1i at ac(l(S E0*l Me i* a l(cali+at -n In ia (ameni c* ca) e c-ine care gr(h/ie ?i latr/D al,ii 1/r/ ca)! ar a0-n (chii )e b*rt/D -n 1ine! al,ii care se a /)(stesc e s(are c*lc-n *-se )e s)ate ?i ri ic-n -n chi) e *mbrar *nic*l l(r )ici(r! 1(arte lat@ -ntir-*n c*0-nt! *n *ni0ers (niric care 0a rea)/rea la s1-r?it*l sec(l*l*i al XV-lea ?i -nce)*t*l cel*i e al XVIlea -n ()era l*i :(sch@ -ntr-( l*crare e la s1-r?it*l sec(l*l*i al XV-lea! &ecretul istoriei naturale, citim es)re Egi)tF -n Egi)t*l e J(sG @ @@ tr/iesc (i m(n?tri )rimeC i(?i care se a,in )e ,/rm*rile m/rii st-rnin m*lt/ team/ ?i -n1ric(?are )rintre (amenii acel(r ,in*t*ri ?i *nii )(art/ n*mele e hi)()(tam! iar ceilal,i )(art/ n*mele e cr(c( il@ Dar -n cel e 9*s! care este -n re)tat s)re mia+/+i -?i a* b-rl(g*l m*lte Ci0ine s/lbatice ?i 0enin(ase )rec*m lei! le()ar+i! )aseri ?i )e?ti e s(i*ri ci*ate! 0asilisci c* )ri0ire *ciga?/! bal*ri! ?er)i ?i as)i e care s*nt )lini c* *n 0enin 1(arte )rimeC i(s ?i *cig/t(rB@
G Egi)t*l e J(s este 0asta c-m)ie al*0i(nar/ care se -ntin e )e ( a -ncime e #=> ]m e la ,/rm*l Me iteranei c/tre interi(r*l ,/rii@ Egi)t*l e 9*s c*)rin ea -ntreaga 0ale a Nil*l*i! -nce)-n e la cataracte! )e ( l*ngime e $>> ]m@ (N@ tr@)@

In s)atele acest(r cre in,e legen are sa* al acest(r eHager/ri -n1ric(?ate! ghicim teama e altce0aB! a ic/ e t(t ce a)ar,ine *n*i *ni0ers e(sebit@ Desig*r! as)ectele eHtra(r inare atrib*ite ,/rilc:r e)/rtate )*tea* -eHercita -n acela?i tim) ?i ( )*ternic/ atrac,ie@ Imagina,ia c(lecti0/ a E*r()ei -n E0*l Me i* ?i -n 6ena?tere n/sc(cea! inc(l( e m/ri! l*H*riante ?i l*H*ri(ase t/r-m*ri e bel?*g ?i h*+*r! ale c/r(r miraCe i-a* a emenit )e eH)l(rat(ri ?i )e a0ent*rieri inc(l( e (ri+(nt*rile 1amiliareN&@ De)/rtarea E nec*n(sc*t*l E a 1(st t(t( at/ *n magnet care a )ermis E*r()ei s/ ias/ in ea -ns/?i! 1en(men as*)ra c/r*ia 0(m re0eni@ '(t*?i! )entr* cei m*l,i! retragerea in 1a,a a ceea ce este str/in s*b t(ate 1(rmele sale! 0a mai r/m-ne tim) -n el*ngat atit*inea cea mai (bi?n*it/@ "(0a,a at/ -n sec(l*l al Xl-lea e bi+antin*l ^e]a*men(s ar 1i )*t*t 1i 1(rm*lat/! cinci s*te e ani mai t-r+i*! e m*l,i (cci entaliF ADac/ *n str/in 0ine -n (ra?*l t/*! se -m)rietene?te c* tine ?i se -n,elege c* tine! n* te -ncre e -n elD im)(tri0/! t(cmai at*nci treb*ie s/ 1ii c* (chii -n )atr*B N$ @ De *n e ?i (stilitatea 1a,/ e A0eneticiB! m-nia! la sate! mani1estat/ )rin a?a-n*mitele charivaris6, c-n ( 1at/ se m/rita c* *n b/rbat 0enit e ai*rea! s(li aritatea l(calnicil(r -n 1a,a a*t(rit/,il(r c-n se -nt-m)la ca 0re*n*l intre ai l(r s/ br*1t*iasc/ 0re*n )ri)/?it! -nc/ier/rile -ntre ,/ranii in l(calit/,i -n0ecinate! ten in,a e a )*ne )e seama e0reil(r r/s)-n irea e)i emiil(r=>! )(rtretele el(c m/g*lit(are )e care ?i le 1a( e*r()enii -ntre ei -n sec(lele XV ?i XVI! -n m(ment*l c-n eH)l( ea+/ neb*l(asa cre?G Aici ?i )e )arc*rs*l -ntregii l*cr/ri! a*t(r*l 1(l(se?te c*0.nt*l charivari c* sens*l ini,ialF c(ncert gr(tesc c* crati,e ?i tingiri! h*i *ieli ?i 1l*ier/t*ri! )rin care se ri ic*li+a* c/s/t(riile ne)(tri0ite sa* ale 0/ *0il(r ?i 0/ *0el(r -n 0-rst/! )rec*m ?i an*mite )ers(naCe *?m/nite! sens*l *lteri(r ?i genera-%K U+at 1iin acela e t/r/b(i! 0acarm (N@ tr@)@

tin/@ Jntr-( Carte a descrierii rilor, scris/ )rin #N=>! <illes Le :(* 0ier 1ace ( )re+entare )ei(rati0/ a mai t*t*r(r e*r()enil(rF es)re engle+i se s)*ne c/ s*nt Acr*+i ?i s-nger(?iB ?i )e eas*)ra neg*,/t(ri hr/)/re,i@ El0e,ienii s*nt A(ameni cr*+i ?i gr(s(laniB! scan ina0ii ?i )(l(ne+ii A(ameni a)rigi ?i a)*ca,iB! sicilienii Ac* m*lt/ str/?nicie -?i )/+esc ne0esteleB! na)(litanii Aneci()li,i ?i gr(s(lani ?i r/i cat(lici ?i mari )/c/t(?iB! castilienii A(ameni i*,i la m-nie! )r(st -mbr/ca,i ?i -nc/l,a,i! l(c*iesc ca 0ai e l*me ?i-s r/i cat(liciB @@@ In e)(ca 6e1(rmei! engle+ii ?i germanii s*s,in c/ Italia este cl(aca t*t*r(r 0iciil(r! )/rere care a c(ntrib*it! est*l e m*lt la )r()agarea )r(testantism*l*i@ Ast1el! chiar ?i at*nci c-n 6ena?terea l/rge?te (ri+(nt*rile 7cci ent*l*i E aiB ?i *)/ aceea E str/in*l a)are ca s*s)eet ?i -ngriC(r/t(r -n (chii m*lt(r (ameni@ Va treb*i s/ treac/ tim) )-n/ s/ se e)rin / (* el@ Dealt1el! mi?c/ri Hen(1(be -n i1erite c(l,*ri ale E*r()ei )(t 1i semnalate )-n/ t-r+i*! -n sec(l*l al XVII-lea ?i chiar la -nce)*t*l cel*i e al XVIII-leaF -n #3L> la Marsilia! -m)(tri0a t*rcil(r E N= s*nt masacra,i E! -n #3LK la :arcel(na! -m)(tri0a gen(0e+il(r! -n #%>3 la E inb*rgh (9c(,ia E n@tr@)! *n e gl(ata e+l/n,*it/ *ci e echi)aC*l *n*i 0as engle+=#@ N(*tatea era E ?i este E *na intre categ(riile Acel*ilaltB@ -n e)(ca n(astr/! n(*tatea este *n sl(gan rentabil@ 7 ini(ar/! im)(tri0/! -n1ric(?a@ V(m e0(ca mai e)arte r/sP c(aiele ?i re0(ltele )r(0(cate e s)(ririle e im)(+ite@ Dar ( 1iscalitate eHcesi0/ n* era, n*mai ( )(0ar/ -n )l*s )e ni?te s)in/ri tr* ite ci ?i ( n(*tate@ Era *na intre 1(rmele Acel*ilaltB@ A7amenii in )/r,ile n(astre! re-I*n(?tea* c(nsilierii m*nici)ali in :(r ea*H -n #3=#! n* s*)(rt/ n(*t/,ile )rin -ns/?i 1irea l(r=LB@ 6/sc*la,il(r in "erig(r -n #3K%! /rile e c*r-n h(t/r-te li se )ar AeHtra(r inare ins*)(rtabile! nelegitime! eHcesi0e! nec*n(sc*te @

)/rin,il(r n(?tri=KB@ Acela?i re1*+ al An(*t/,il(rB re0ine -n A)l-ngerea )()*la,ieiB -n1/,i?at/ -n #3%= marchi+*l e Ne0et ?i! )rin interme i*l acest*ia! g*0ernat(r*l*i )r(0inciei e c/tre ,/ranii re0(lta,i in (*/+eci e )ar(hii bret(neF A"l/tim b*c*r(s (im)(+itele) stat(rnicite ac*m ?ai+eci e ani ?i n* s*ntem -m)(tri0/ ca 1iecare s/-?i )l/teasc/ /rile legi*ite! )(tri0it -n at(ririi sale! ?i n* t/g/ *im ee-t n(ile legi ?i bir*ri=NB@ "r(iectele sa* +0(n*rile e eHtin ere a gabeleiG -n regi*nile tra i,i(nal sc*tite E N(rman ia e C(s! :retania! "(it(*! <asc(nia E a* st-rnit at-tea reac,ii 0i(lente n*mai )entr* c/ )()*la,ia in regi*nile res)ecti0e )ri0ea m/s*ra aceasta ca )e ( l(0it*r/ at/ *n(r )ri0ilegii str/0echi! eci -ns/?i libert/,ii l(r! ( -nc/lcare at-t a *n(r re)t*ri ale l(r! c-t ?i a c*0-nt*l*i regil(r@ De *n e ?i 1aim(asa l(+inc/F A'r/iasc/ regele 1/r/ gabel/SB@ De *n e ?i mani#estul -n 1a0(area libert/,ii n(rman e a semeului i ne m$l nzitului cpitan %ean 2uds-.iedz, general al armatei o$idiilor (#3K$)F Jean N* s-"ie + est 0(stre s*))(st! II 0engera 0(tre V*erelle! V(*s a11ranchissant es im)(st+! II 1era le0er la gabelle Et n(*s (stera t(*s ces gens W*i s2enrichissent a*H es)ens De 0(s biens et e la )atrieD ;est l*y V*e Die* a en0(ye "(*r mettre en la N(rman ie Une )ar1aite liberteGG==@ N*-i el(c eHcesi0 a?a ar s/ esc()erim -m)re*n/ c* 8@-M@ :erce -n s)atele r/+0r/tiriG Im)(+it*l )e sare (N@ tr@)@ GG Jean Desc*l,*l e s*s,in/t(r*l 0(str* Y El 0a e+lega )l-ngerea 0(astr/! Y 9c*tin *-0/ e im)(+ite! Y El 0a s*)rima gabela Y Oi-i 0a -nl/t*ra )e t(,i ace?ti (ameni Y ;are se -mb(g/,esc )e seama Y A0*t*l*i 0(str* ?i al )atrieiD Y "e el D*mne+e* #-a trimis Y 9/ T[ stat(rniceasc/ -n N(rman ia Y 7 libertate e)lin/@

lor 1iscale e ( ini(ar/ ci(cnirea a (*/ c*lt*riF *na (ral/! c*t*mier/! -n e1ensi0/! Al*-n*-?i m( elele intr-*n trec*t im*abilB! cealalt/ scris/! m( ern/! c(tr()it(are! )rimeC i(s e n(0at(are =3 @ Ar 1i )/r*t (are h-rtia timbrat/G la 1el e ( i(as/ ac/ n-ar 1i 1(st ]n)*s/ *n(r )()*la,ii -n mare )arte anal1abet/M Acelea?i str*ct*ri mentale eH)lic/ re0(lta (a?an*mi,il(r) Atar -a0isesB (t-r+i*- *miri,i E n@tr@) inP W*ercy -n #%>% -m)(tri0a e ict*l*i care instit*ia c(ntr(l(ri ai actel(r eHtrase in registrele )ar(hiale =% @ Ar erile 1rec0ente e arhi0e -n tim)*l r/sc(alel(r e ( ini(ar/ n* se eH)lic/ (are t(cmai )rin 1rica ?i *ra )()(r*l*i anal1abet 1a,/ e c*0-nt*l scrisM N(ile im)(+ite a* 1(st -ns(,ite n* n*mai e ( h-r,(g/rie 1/r/ )rece ent! ci ?i e -n1iin,area *n(r (rganisme e )erce)ere c* care l*mea n* era (bi?n*it/ ?i care c(nstit*ia* t(t at-tea m(ti0e e )anic/@ "entr* -ncasarea bir*ril(r -n Fran,a sec(l*l*i al XVII-lea! *nele )r(0incii re)re+entati0e a* 1(st re *se la c(ni,ia e )r(0incii electi0eGG! iar 1*nc,i(narii 1inanciari! ata?a,i -n m( tra i,i(nal interesel(r (ra?*l*i sa* ale )r(0inciei l(r! a* 1(st estit*i,i tre)tat -n 1a0(area *n(r )erce)t(ri salaria,i! re0(cabili! a c/r(r n*mire se 1/cea e c/tre inten entGGG@ Ast1el! -n ()inia )*blic/! n(ile im)(+ite se as(cia* -n m( in is(l*bil c* termen*l e horsains (0enetici)@ "erce)t(rii
2 Este 0(rba e Cceea ce se n*mea ADeclarati(n s*r )a)ier timbreB E eclara,ie 1/c*t/ )e ( 1(aie e h-rtie )*rt-n )ecetea stat*l*i ?i! -n 1iligran! )re,*l acestei 1(i@ (N@ tr@)@ GG -n (riginal pa1s d*etats ?i pa1s d*elections E 1(rme e (rgani+are a ministrati0/ s)eci1ice -n Fran,a Vechi*l*i 6egim@ Este 0(rba e )r(0inciile ali)ite c(r(anei mai t-r+i*! -n care! s*b en*mirea e etats provinciaux, 1*nc,i(na -nc/ ( a *nare a cel(r trei st/ri (n(bilime! cler ?i starea a treia c(m)*s/ in b*rghe+i! arti+ani! agric*lt(ri) -n ()(+i,ie c* circ*mscri),iile 1inanciare a ministrate e re)re+entan,i ale?i@ (N@tr@)@ GGG Agent al )*terii regale! in0estit c* atrib*,ii I nelimitate -n *na sa* mai m*lte )r(0incii@ (N@ tr@)@ S[

?i gabelierii e t(ate categ(riile a* a)/r*t ca ni?te (ameni 0eni,i e ai*rea )entr* a st(arce e bir*ri ( c(m*nitate in care n* 1/cea* )arte@ In #3K$! (a?a-n*mi,ii) AN*-)ie sB ( esc*l,i E n@tr@) in N(rman ia e C(s s-a* a *nat! -narma,i ca s/-?i a)ere )atria Aas*)rit/ e )arti+aniG ?i gabelieriB ?i As/ n* rab e nici *n 1el e nec*n(sc*,iB -n )ar(hii=&@ @ani#estul pentru %ean 2udz-.iedz lansa -n a treia l*i str(1/ aceast/ eHclama,ie semni1icati0/F Et m(y Ce s(*11riray *ng )e*)le lang*issant Dess(*b+ la tyrannie! et V*2*n tas e 5(r+ains ! L2())ressent t(*s Ies C(*rs a0ecV*es le*rs )artysS=$GG 9t* iile recente es)re r/sc(alele e ( ini(ar/ a* (0e it c/! -n maC(ritatea l(r c(0-r?it(are! aceste r/sc(ale a0ea* ( (minant/ Ami+(neist/BGGG@ ;(nser0at(are ?i )aseiste! ele 1/cea* *ne(ri re1erin,/ eH)licit/ E sa* e cele mai m*lte (ri trimitea* -n m( inc(n?tient QE la mit*l )ier *tei 0-rste e a*r! la -nchi)*itele t/r-m*ri e bel?*g ?i h*+*r -n care (amenil(r le-ar 1i )l/c*t s/ se -nt(arc/@ Milenari?tii le ?i +/rea* iar/?i la (ri+(nt@ 9*b 1(rma l*i aten*at/! acest mit c(n0ingea )()*la,iile e eHisten,a )e 0rem*ri a *n*i stat 1/r/ im)(+ite ?i tiranie! s*b L* (0ic al X5-lea! e eHem)l*@ A(est l*cr* -l a1irma ?i Jean N* +-"ie s -n 1a,a r/sc*la,il(r n(rman+i in #3K$F
G -n Fran,a 0echi*l*i regim! 1(arte b(ga,i 1inanciari c(nstit*i,i -n )arti e sa* s(ciet/,i -n sc()*l -ncas/rii an*mit(r im)(+ite E Aa e0/rat s(i e 0i)ere care e c*m a* ie?it in g/(ace a* *s-( la m(arte )e m*ma l(r Fran,aB! c*m s)*ne Etienne "asV*ier (#=L$E#3#=)! C*risc(ns*lt ?i magistrat 1rance+@ (N@ tr@)@ GG Iar e* 0(i s*1eri )entr* *n )()(r ist(0it Y 9*b tiranie! ?i )e care ( gr/ma / e 0enetici Y -l as*)resc +i e +i c* bir*rile lor' GGG ;* alte c*0inte (stil/ n(*t/,ii ?i schimb/ril(r@ (N@tr@)@

@ [!2[DQ Je ren rai en bre1 la )remiere 1ranchise D* n(ble! * )aisan! et e la saincte Eglise! Je 0e*H ire en l2etat (* n(*s eti(ns al(rs W*e L(*is D(*+iesme menait *n siecJe 2(r3>G Ut()ia stat*l*i 1/r/ im)(+ite a str/b/t*t sec(lele@ Ast1el! -n Fran,a! s-a cre+*t -n *?*rarea br*sc/ ?i chiar -n ab(lirea 1iscalit/,ii! la m(artea l*i ;ar(l al V-lea! la *rcarea )e tr(n a l*i 5enri al II-lea! la m(artea l*i L* (0ie al XIII-lea! la cea a l*i L* (0ic al XlV-lea! -n m(ment*l -ntr*nirii statel(r generale e c/tre L* (0ic al XVI-lea ca ?i at*nci c-n s-a r/s).n it -n sate ?tirea es)re +ilele )ari+iene e la #&N&3#@ M*lt/ 0reme! ( c(m)(nent/ maC(r/ a *n*i ast1el e mit a 1(st cre in,a -n Anes1-r?ita b*n/tateB a s*0eran*l*i@ El trecea re)t )/rintele s*)*?il(r s/iD n-a0ea alt/ (rin,/ ec-t s/ *?*re+e 0ia,a )()(r*l*i! n*mai c/ era -n?elat e mini?trii s/i ?i e agen,ii l(cali ai acest(ra@ De aceea! sec(le e-a r-n*l! re0(ltele n-a* 1(st -n re)tate -m)(tri0a regel*i E )ers(naC sacr*! mai )res*s e (riee b/n*ial/ E! (i (ar -m)(tri0a ne0re nicil(r s/i sl*Cit(ri@ ;er-n *-i iertare l*i 5enri al IIlea! -n #=N$! b(r ele+ii i-a* atras sincer aten,ia c/ A6/sc(ala n* ,intise e-t*?i e )*,in s/ -ncalce a*t(ritatea sa! ci (ar s/ )*n/ sta0il/ maril(r Ca1*ri 1/)t*ite e )erce)t(rii gabelei! c/ci n* mai )*tea* -n *ra aceste )(0eri3LB@ A te re0(lta -nsemna eci a-# aC*ta )e rege s/ se ese(t(r(seasc/ e li)it(rile na,i*nii@ Dealt1el! )eri( ic! circ*la i eea c/ )rin,*l (re?te aceast/ c(()erare acti0/ ?i c/! in c-n -n c-n ! cere ?i rec(man / )()(r*l*i s/-?i 1ac/ sing*r re)tate@ <@ Le1eb0re a sc(s -n e0i en,/ acest
G V(i re a -ntr-*n c*0-nt 0echea libertate Y A n(bil*l*i! a ,/ran*l*i ?i a s1intei :iserici! Y Vrea* s/ +ic starea -n care ne a1lam )e at*nci Y ;-n L* (0ic al Xll-lea (c-rm*ia *n sec(l e a*r@ %&

element e )sih(l(gie c(lecti0/ -n tim)*l t*lb*r/ril(r r*rale in 0ara l*i #%&$@ D*)/ #N i*lie! m*l,i ,/rani cre ea* c/ L* (0ic al XVIB lea h(t/r.se abr(garea )*terii )ri0ilegia,il(r ?i c/ re actase is)(+i,ii -n acest sens! n*mai c/ *n gr*) e c(ns)irat(ri -m)ie ic/ )*blicarea l(r! iar )re(,ii re1*+/ s/ le ea citire c* )rileC*l )re icii@ -n ci* a acestei t/ceri! era* c(n0in?i c/ regele (r (nase incen ierea castelel(r ?i ac(r ase *n r/stim) e c-te0a s/)t/m-ni )entr* aceast/ s1-nt/ -n eletnicire 3K@ 7 asemenea mit(l(gie mai s*)ra0ie,*ia -n #&3&@ La acea at/! *nii ,/rani in ,in*t*rile Ang(* -m(is ?i "erig(r a* 1(st c(n0in?i c/ -m)/rat*l -ng/ *ise (1icial c-te0a +ile e Ca1 E *n Ca1 care! bine-n,eles! n-ar 1i 1(st ec-t ( 1(rm/ )()*lar/ e C*sti,ie3N@ Ast1el! s*nt )*,ine 0i(len,ele c(lecti0e e ( ini(ar/ 1/r/ ( re1erin,/ cel )*,in im)licit/ la *n trec*t i ilic! 1/r/ teama e n(*t/,i ?i e str/inii care le a *cea*! 1/r/ s/ intre -n C(e *na sa* alta intre s*s)ici*nile 0iscerale )e care (amenii le -ncerca* 1a,/ e cei str/ini e )r()ri*l l(r *ni0ersF ,/ranii 1a,/ e cita ini! cita inii 1a,/ e ,/rani! ?i *nii ?i al,ii 1a,/ e 0agab(n+i@ '(ate aceste 1rici a* ac,i(nat in )lin -n Fran,a -n tim)*l t*lb*r/ril(r in #%&$E#%$K@ Frica ?i re1*+*l n(*t/,il(r le reg/sim ?i -n 1r/m-nt/rile ?i re0(ltele religi(ase in sec(lele XVI ?i XVII@ "r(testan,ii n* (rea* nici )e e)arte s/ in(0e+e@ 7biecti0*l l(r era acela e a se -nt(arce la )*ritatea bisericii )rimiti0e ?i e a c*ra,i L(g(s-*l i0in e tra0estirile care -l tr/ a*@ 'reb*ia* i+g(nite! la ne0(ie c* 1(r,a! n*mer(asele a /*giri i (latre ?i s*)ersti,i(ase )e care (amenii! -n?ela,i e 9atan! le Aintr( *seser/B! le An/sc(ciser/B! le A1/*riser/B! e-a l*ng*l sec(lel(r! -n etriment*l mesaC*l*i e i+b/0ire@ In *lgen,e! )elerinaCe! c*lt*l s1in,il(r! sl*Cbe -n latin/! s)(0e anie (bligat(rie! leg/minte m(nastice! mesa )a)is-%$ ta?/ treb*ia* m/t*rate )entr* ca (m*l s/ )(at/

)/?i in n(* s)re D(mn*l )e calea cea rea)t/ a :ibliei@ A (b(r-! c*m cerea L*ther! cele Atrei +i *ri ale r(manit/,iiB (a ic/ s*)eri(ri tatea )*terii )(nti1icale as*)ra )*terii ci0ileD re)t*l )e care ?iE# ar(g/ )a)a e a inter)reta n*mai el sing*r 9cri)t*rileD )reeminen,a )a )ei as*)ra c(nciliil(r) -nsemna a l*cra )entr* D*mne+e* -m)(tri0a l*i Antihrist ?i a re)*ne! -n l*mea cre?tin/! l*cr*rile la l(c*l ce li se c*0ine3=@ Nici L*ther nici ;al0in n-a* a)r(bat istr*gerile e imagini@ A* 1(st -ns/ e)/?i,i -n <ermania! -n El0e,ia! -n c/rile e J(s ?i -n Fran,a e acti0i?ti care a* -m)ins (ctrina -n0/,at/ )-n/ la c(nsecin,ele ei eHtreme@ 7r! (ctrina c(nsi era imaginile ( ic(n(gra1ie s* )ersti,i(as/ eare-# -n e)/rtea+/ )e cre inci(s e D*mne+e* cel a e0/rat@ A le istr*ge -n semna a restit*i c*lt*l*i ( a*tenticitate *m brit/ e-a l*ng*l sec(lel(r@ -nsemna e ase menea! -ntr-*n an*me 1el! a imita c(n *ita ?i s1-nta m-nie a l*i Is*s c-n i-a i+g(nit )e nei g*,/t(ri in 'em)l*@ GB Nigrin*s! s*)erinten entG al lan *l*i 5essen! a1irma -ntr-( )re ic/ in #=%>F A9/ n* *it/m e/ aceasta e re)tatea ?i )e ea)sa D(mn*l*i@ El amenin,a e m*lt/ 0reme casele I e )ier+anie s)irit*al/ ?i tem)lele i (lil(r! 0estin e/ -n c*r-n se 0(r s)*lbera -n cen*?/@ Ac*m treb*ie s/ se -m)lineasc/ 0(in,a l*iD a1la,i c/ e n* se 0a i0i nimeni s/-i s/0-r?easc/ h(t/r-rea! D(mn*l m-ni(s -?i 0a ar*nca tr/snet*l )entr* a nimici t(,i i (lii33B@ Ast1el! -ntreg emers*l )r(testant! )-n/ ?i -n 0i(len,ele sale! se 0(ia -nt(arcere la trec*t! re1erin,/ la 0-rsta e a*r a :isericii )rimiti0e! re1*+ al in(0a,iil(r )r(1anat(are ac*m*late e )a)ism e-a l*ng*l tim)*l*i@
G -n general! -nalt emnitar! a ministrat(r ge neral@ La )r(testan,i! ca+*l e 1a,/! cleric -ns/rcinat c* s*)ra0egherea *nei e1(rii! a *nei )r(0incii sa* a *n*i ALan B (N@ tr@)@ &>

Dar )()*la,iile se (bi?n*iser/ c* imaginile! c* cerem(niile! c* cele ?a)te taine biserice?ti! c* ierarhia! c* (rgani+area cat(lic/ -n general@ De aceea! )r(testan,ii le-a* a)/r*t m*lt(r cre inci(?i ca ni?te n(0at(ri -n r/+ne,i! ?i a* 1(st c(nsi era,i! in acest m(ti0! )rimeC i(?iF ei s*)rima* mesa! 0ecerniile! )(st*l "a?tel*i! n* mai rec*n(?tea* a*t(ritatea )a)al/D re)* ia* -n bl(< sistem*l ecle+iastic instit*it e sec(le ?i m(nahism*lD e)recia* c*lt*l Feci(arei ?i al s1in,il(r@ A e0/r*l este c/ intr( *cea* schimb/ri c* a e0/rat nemaia*+ite chiar -n mie+*l c(ti ian*l*i@ In Fran,a! -n aC*n*l r/+b(aiel(r religi(ase! Ac(n0entic*leleB )r(testante E a ic/ -ntr*nirile c*lt*ale ale re1(rma,il(r E a* e0enit re)e e s*biecte e legen e cal(mni(ase! iar c(m)(rtarea 0(it a*ster/ a isci)(lil(r l*i ;al0in a e0enit ea -ns/?i s*s)ect/ *n*i -ntreg c*rent e ()inie@ 6egen,a c/ril(r e J(s eH)rima esig*r *n )*nct e 0e ere c(m*n m*lt(r (ameni at*nci c-n en*n,a A)eric(l*l iminent al *nei istr*geri ?i s*bmin/ri generale ?i a)r()iate a religiei str/0echi ?i cat(lice @ @ @ 3% B@ "entr* n*mer(?ii s/i a 0ersari! c*lt*l )r(testant a -ntr*chi)at A (ctrina n(*/B! Areligia n(*/B@ "e e alt/ )arte! el a 1(st )re+entat -n Fran,a ca 1iin im)(rtat in str/in/tate e Ac-inii gene0e+iB@ ;a atare! a a ()ta Am( a <ene0eiB -nsemna e 1a)t a-,i schimba religia! c* t(ate c(nsecin,ele )e care le )*tea c(m)(rta ( asemenea eci+ie@ La -nc(r(narea l*i ;ar(l al IX-lea (= mai #=3#)! car inal*l e L(rena -l a0erti+a )e t-n/r*l rege c/ Aacela care l-ar )(0/,*i s/-?i schimbe religia i-ar sm*lge -n acela?i tim) ?i c(r(ana e )e ca)B@ Dat(ria cat(licil(r era a?a ar aceea e Aa )/stra ere in,a str/0echeB! e Aa resta*ra s1-nt*l ser0ici* i0inB@ In m(ment*l c-n s-a c(nstit*it! -n #=%=! liga e la "er(nne! as(cia,ia )rinci)il(r! a seni(ril(r ?i gentil(mil(r a eclarat c/ 0rea Astat(rnicirea e)lin/ a legii l*i D*mne+e*! re-&# instit*irea ?i )/strarea ser0ici*l*i i0in -n c(n-

1(nnitate c* 1(rma ?i maniera s1intei :iserici cat(lice! a)(st(lice ?i r(maneB@ Ast1el! )e )lan*l )sih(l(giei c(lecti0e! 1a)t*l c/ ere+ia era c(nsi erat/ ca *n A*lcerB! ce treb*ie Arete+atB ?i Are+ec,i(natB! ec*rgea t(cmai in n(*tatea ei! ( n(*tate e care treb*ia nea)/rat s/ te a)eri@ 9)re e(sebire e cele -nt.m)late -n Fran,a ?i -n c/rile e J(s! s*0eranii in Anglia a* a)lecat balan,a e )artea )r(testantism*l*i@ N* -ns/ 1/r/ i1ic*lt/,i! c/ci n*mer(ase re0(lte a* eH)rimat ata?ament*l )e care ( )arte in )()*la,ii -l )/stra -n c(ntin*are 1a,/ e c*lt*l r(man ?i e str*ct*rile religi(ase tra i,i(nale@ A"elerinaC*l e gra,ieB (#=K3)! in regi*nea 8(r]! a 1(st ( r/sc(al/ -n 1a0(area m-n/stiril(r )e care st/)-nirea -?i )r()*nea s/ le es1iin,e+e@ M-n/stirile C*ca* esig*r *n im)(rtant r(l ec(n(mic ?i s(cial@ Dar )e l-ng/ acesta! ?i -n )rim*l r-n ! s*s,inea As]e! c(n*c/t(r*l rebeli*nii! ele -n e)linea* (*/ 1*nc,ii religi(ase maC(reF )/stra* c* e0la0ie tra i,ia cre?tin/ c(nsi erata a*tentic/ ?i )r()aga* religia -n r.n *rile *n*i )()(r An* )rea ?ti*t(r -ntr-ale legii i0ine3&B@ 7r! t(cmai acest )()(r ,inea la 1(rmele -n /tinate e -nchin/ci*ne! a?a c*m ( (0e esc ?i inci entele care a* i+b*cnit -n est*l Angliei )*,in -nainte e A"elerinaC*l e gra,ieB@ La ^en al! -n )rima *minic/ *)/ "a?te! cre inci(?ii s-a* r/+0r/tit -n biseric/ ?i l-a* silit )e )re(t s/ r(steasc/ r*g/ci*nile )entr* )a)/@ La ^ir]by 9te)hen! )()*la,ia s-a s*)/rat )entr* c/ )re(t*l negliCase s/rb/t(rirea +ilei s1-nt*l*i L*ca@ Aceea?i scen/ s-a )r( *s -ntr-( l(calitate in c(mitat*l East 6i ing! c* )rileC*l s/rb/t(rii s1-nt*l*i Xil1ri 3$@ A;r*cia,iiB A"elerinaC*l*i e gra,ieB cerea* a?a ar -n )rim*l r-n Aresta*rareaB religiei l(r@ -n mani1est*l lansat e* acest )rileC se s)*nea )rintre alteleF AInt-i ?i-nt-i! )ri0it(r la cre in,a n(astr/! 0rem ca ere+iile l*i L*ther! Xycli1! 5*s! &L

Melanchth(n! 7ec(lam)a e! :*cer @ @ @ ?i alte ere+ii ale amaba)ti?til(r s/ 1ie an*late ?i nimicite -n acest regat@ In al (ilea r-n ! ca re?e in,a e la 6(ma s/ 1ie resta*rat/ ca a*t(ritate s)rem/ a :isericii -ntr* )/st(rirea s*1letel(r *)/ atin/! ?i t(t ea s/ hir(t(niseasc/ e)isc()ii@ @@ Aba,iile es1iin,ate s/ 1ie rea?e+ate -n casele ?i b*n*rile l(r @ @ Fra,ii (bser0an,iG s/ se -nt(arc/ iar/?i la casele l(r%>B @ @ @ In #=N%! re0(lta in ;(rn_all a -nce)*t )rin asasinarea la 5elst(n a *n*i agent al (c-r-m*iriiD Xilliam :( y! s(sit ac(l( )entr* a )*ne -n a)licare irecti0ele e re1(rm/ religi(as/ ale l*i E *ar al Vl-lea ?i ale )r(tect(r*l*i 9(merset@ D*)/ *ci erea l*i! *n*l intre instigat(rii rebeli*nii a eclarat )*blic -n )ia,a mareF A;ine 0a c*te+a s/ treac/ e )artea acest*i :( y ?i s/ *rme+e asemenea %# l*i n(ile m( e! 0a 1i )e e)sit -n acela?i 1el B@ 9tin ar *l rebelil(r (care a* trec*t c*r-n *)/ aceea la ase i*l EHeter*l*i) )*rta simb(lic cele cinci r/ni ale l*i ;rist(s! *n )(tir ?i *n chi0(t! aceste (*/ (biecte sacre 1iin menite s/ marche+e ata?ament*l 1a,/ e c*lt*l tra i,i(nal@ ;(n1lictele c(n1esi(nale in sec(l*l al XVI-lea )(t 1i a?a ar )ri0ite ca ( ci(enire ramatic/ -ntre (*/ maniere e a re1*+a n(*t/,ile@ Unii 0(ia* s/ i+g(neasc/ scan al(asele a i,i*ni )a)ale s*b ac*m*larea (/r(ra :iserica r(man/ -ngr()ase tre)tat :iblia@ ;eilal,i se cram)(na* e 1(rmele e c*lt a?a c*m -l ?tia* in c()il/rie ?i c*m -l )racticaser/ str/b*nii l(r@ '(,i )ri0ea* s)re trec*t@ Nici *n*l n* s-ar 1i 0r*t n(0at(r@ 9chimbarea c(nstit*ia )entr* (amenii e ( ini(ar/ ( )ert*rbare a (r iniiD ne(bi?n*it*l era tr/it ca ( )rimeC ie@ In <ermania )r(testant/ a s1-r?i-

G O$servani sa* o$servantini: c/l*g/ri a)ar,in-n *n*i (r in nes*)*s 0re*nei re1(rme ?i care a* )/s- &K trat reg*la ini,ial/ a (r in*l*i res)ecti0 (N@ tr@)@

t *l *i e s e c ( l XV I ! c - n s - a l * a t - n i s c*,ie a ()tarea calen ar*l*i greg(rian )*s la )*nct la 6(ma -n #=&L! a* i+b*cnit )r(teste 0i(lente ?i a* a)/r*t *nele ten in,e e )anic/F l*mea se temea e ( baie e s-ngeS ;alen ar*l acesta n*-i c*m0a )a)istM Asta era a1irma,ia e s*)ra1a,/@ Dar -n )r(1*n+ime! ( asemenea m(i1icare nemai)(menit/ -n calc*l*l +ilel(r )r(*sese esig*r ( )ert*rbare%L@ De)/rtarea! n(*tatea ?i alteritatea -n1ric(?a*@ N* mai )*,in tem*t era -ns/ ?i a)r(a)ele! a ic/ 0ecin*l@ -n marile ansambl*ri ale *ni-C 0ers*l*i n(str* c(ncentra,i(nar! (amenii se igP n(r/ ese(ri e la ( *?/ la alta )e acela?i )alier@ ;*n(a?tem mai bine +g(m(tele in a)artament*l al/t*rat ec-t chi)*l l(cataril(r s/i@ 'r/im -n cen*?i*l ?i -n m(n(t(nia *n*i an(nimat re)etat e ( s*t/ e (ri@ 7 ini(ar/! im)(tri0/! E -n Aacea l*me )e care n(i (-n mare )arte) am )ier *t-(B E (amenii -?i c*n(?tea* 0ecin*l ?i ese(ri -l c*n(?tea* )rea bine chiar@ "re+en,a l*i a)/sa@ Un (ri+(nt -ng*st a *cea 0e?nic c(t la c(t aceia?i (ameni! elimit-n *n cerc e )atimi -nc/)/,-nate! e *ri reci)r(ce! hr/nite nec*rmat e n(i ranchi*ne@ De aceea! *n )rieten -n )reaCm/ era *n n(r(c ne)re,*it@ AAi 0ecin b*n! ai iminea,/ b*n/B re)et/ )r(0erbele%K! n* 1/r/ s/ insiste -n m( semni1icati0 as*)ra a e0/r*l*i ()*sF A;-n 0ecin*l e hain! iminea,a e *n chinB (sec(l*l XIII! Jomanul lui Fiera$ras9 A;* 0ecin*l tic/l(s i-mine,ile-s )e (sB (sec(l*l XIII! Jomanul -ulpoiului, 0ers*l K=L%%N)@ Vecin*l este c* at-t mai re *tabil c* c-t nimic n*-i sca)/@ 7chi*l l*i scr*t/t(r -,i c(tr(b/ie?te )rin eHisten,/ in +(ri ?i )-n/-n sear/! c-t e an*l e l*ng@ AVecin*l ?tie t(tB! ne -ncre in,ea+/ *n a1(rism in sec(l*l al XV-lea%=@ In l*mea e ast/+i! sentiment*l (minant -ntre 0ecini este in i1eren,aD -n cea e alt/ at/! era ne-ncre ereaD eci teama@ ;a atare! treb*ia s/-,i s*)ra0e- &N

ghe+i a)r(a)ele ?i s/ 1ii -nt(t ea*na -n stare e alert/ -n )reaCma l*iF A7m*l in )ri0ire se c*n(a?teB (sec(l*l al XlII-lea) A;*m e )(rt*l! ?i )*rtareaB (sec(l*l al XVI-lea%3)@ ;ei ?i cele care a* 1(st en*n,a,i ca 0r/Cit(ri ?i 0r/Cit(are era* -n e(b?te (ameni )e care ac*+at(rii l(r -i e*n(?tea* bine sa* -?i -nchi)*ia* c/ -i c*n(sc bine ?i le isc( iser/ +i e +i c(m)(rt/rile s*s)ecteF la lit*rghie se *c rar sa* se )(art/ nec*0iinci(s sa* )rimesc c*minec/t*ra c* gest*ri bi+areD trec-n -n re)t*l c*i0a i-a* 1/c*t *n 1armec e *rsit/ rea -mbr-ncin *-# sa* )*1/in *-i -n (bra+ s*1larea l(r -n0eninat/ sa* ar*nc-n *-i ( )ri0ire iab(lic/ E e(chin *-#@ Intr/ a?a ar aiei -n C(c *n 1act(r e )r(Himitate! i+0(r al (stilit/,ii@ "e e alt/ )arte! 0ecinii n* c*n(?tea* (ar )ers(ana -n ca*+/! ci ?i )e tat/l ei m(rt la -nchis(are! sa* )e mama ei! t(t 0r/Cit(are@ Din ast1el e antece ente! ()inia )*blic/ ?i eH)er,ii e *cea* e c(m*n ac(r ?i c*l)abilitatea c()iil(r@ In s)atele an*mit(r ac*+a,ii e 0r/Cit(rie! em(n(l(gii ?i C* ec/t(rii b/n*ia* a ese(ri m(ti0e asc*nse e r/+b*nare@ Dar i eea )e care ?i-( 1/cea* es)re 9atan QE ?i 0(m re0eni as*)ra ei mai e)arte E i-a eterminat s/ a*tenti1ice s)aimele )()*lare ?i s/ -nt/reasc/ eci isc*rs*l e s*s)ici*ne eH)rimat e ( ci0ili+a,ie -n care a)r(a)ele era mai a esea *?man ec-t )rieten@ Ei a* te(reti+at s*b 1(rm/ e m( ele *nele )ractici e rela,ii *?m/n(ase@ -n sinistra l*crare! ce a 1(st biblia at.t(r inchi+it(ri! @alleus male#icarum ()rima e i,ie -n #N&3)G! Instit(ris! a*t(r*l )rinci)al! )(0este?te e)(+i,ia *nei 1emei A(n(rabileB in Innsbr*c]F
G @alleus male#icarum (A;i(can*l 0r/Cit(arel(rB) e Ja](b 9)renger ?i 5einrich ^r/mer ,(nstitoris9, (i c/l*g/ri (minicani@ L*crarea c(m)(rta )atr* )/r,iF i enti1icarea ere+iei ?i a 0r/Cit(rieiD anali+a male1iciil(rD m( *ri e re)rimare! inter(gat(riile! t(rt*rile sa* As)(0e aniileB ?i eH(rcismele ce treb*ie &= a)licate@ (N@ tr@)@

e li)it/ e gr/ ina 0ecinei@ -ntr-( +i! am 0/+*t c/ cine0a cr(ise! n* 1/r/ stric/ci*ni! ( trecere )rin gr/ ina ei ?i a mea@ M-am )l-ns 0ecinei! s*)/r-n *-m/ *n )ic! re)t s/ s)*n mai m*lt e )ag*b/ ec-t e trecerea aceea @@ @B@ Vecina! 1*ri(as/! a )lecat b( (g/nin ce0a@ D*)/ c-te0a +ile! c(ntin*/ eclaranta! An*mai ce simt c/ m/ )rin ni?te *reri e b*rt/ c*m)lite ?i ni?te C*nghi*ri ins)re sting/ s)re rea)ta ?i ins)re rea)ta s)re st-nga! e )arc/ miar 1i str/)*ns cine0a )ie)t*l c* (*/ s/bii sa* c*,iteB@ 7r! 0ecina )er0ers/ )*sese s*b )rag*l *?mancei sale A( )/)*?/ e cear/ l*ng/ e-( )alm/! str/)*ns/ in t(ate )/r,ile! c* c(astele str/b/t*te e (*/ s)elci chiar )e l(c*l -n care ins)re rea)ta s)re st-nga ?i im)(tri0/ sim,eam C*nghie-t*rile acelea @ @@ Mai era* ac(l( ?i ni?te s/c*le,e c* 1el e 1el e gr/*n,e! semin,e ?i (sci(are%%B@ ;itin .receptoriul legii divine e )ider*, @alleus relatea+/ *n alt ti) e ac,i*ne iab(lic/ -m)(tri0a 0ecinil(r@ D(i 0r/Cit(ri in -m)reC*rimile :ernei A?tia*! c-n a0ea* ei )(1t/! s/ m*te e )e *n (g(r -n0ecinat )e (g(r*l l(r! 1/r/ s/ 1ie 0/+*,i e cine0a! ( treime in b/legar! )aie ?i gr/*n,e sa* (rice altaD ?tia* s/ st-rneasc/ 1*rt*nile cele mai 0iCeli(ase ?i 0-nt(asele cele mai )*stiit(are -ns(,ite e 1*lgereD ?tia* 1/r/ s/ 1ie 0/+*,i! s/ ar*nce -n a)/! s*b (chii )/rin,il(r! c()iii care se )limba* )e mal*l a)ei! s/ )ricin*iasc/ ster)/ci*nea (amenil(r ?i a (bit(acel(rD s/ l(0easc/ -n 1el ?i chi) )e (arecine ?i a0*t*l s/*D c-te( at/ s/ abat/ chiar ?i tr/sneG %ohannes 2ider (#K&>E#NK&)! (minican! )r(1e s(r e te(l(gie la Uni0ersitatea in Viena! a*t(r e l*cr/ri es)re 0r/Cit(rie (N@ tr@)@ &3

(In (s*l casei, a declarat ea, am o gr/ in/D

t*l as*)ra c*i 0(ia* eiD ?i s/ )rMn*ias/ ?i alte r/ni *n e ?i c-n re)tatea l*i D*mne+e* le-( -ng/ *ia%&B@ A1irma,iile in @alleus -?i g/sese ec(*l -n )r(cesele e 0r/Cit(rie in sec(lele XVI ?i XVII@ In 5emonomania sa! Jean :( inG men,i(nea+/ AC* ecarea *nei 0r/Cit(are ac*+at/ c/ ?i-a s(l(m(nit 0ecina -n (ra?*l NantesB ?i care a 1(st ars/ )e r*g%$@ -ntr-*n (sar -nc/ ine it es)re male1iciile ar*ncate as*)ra (bit(acel(r ?i a (amenil(r -n regi*nea 9ancerre! -ntre #=%L ?i #=&L! *n*l intre ac*+a,i! Jehan ;ah(*et! este -m)ricinat ast1elF AE 0r/Cit(r! m-n/ ?i a *n/ l*)ii *n e 0rea el ?i-i +g(rne?te la 0ale in )/ *rile e )e *n e se a1l/! )rileCe?te ci*m/ ?i )ag*b/ 0ecinil(r ?i abate )r/)/ *l -n 0ite mari ?i mici! (ri asm*,in l*)ii as*)ra l(r (ri *cig-n *-le c* t(t s(i*l e 1armece @ @ @ ast1el e/ bag/ gr(a+a -n 0ecinii l*i&>B@ -n e)i emiile em(niace care a* r/0/?it E*r()a -n sec(lele XVI ?i XVII! rela,iile e 0ecin/tate (stil/ a)ar -n )rim )lanF -ntre (*/ sate a)r()iate sa* -ntre clan*ri ri0ale -n interi(r*l aceleia?i l(calit/,i@ In #===! la :ilba(! s*nt -ntemni,ate )entr* 0r/Cit(rie L# e )ers(ane in aceea?i 1amilie! ;eberi(! ac*+ate e *n gr*) e s/teni care -i *?m/nea*&#@ "*rt/rile nelegi*ite )*se )e seama 0ecinil(r s*s)ec,i e0eniser/ cli?ee@ Un eHem)l* )rintre m*lte alteleF gest*rile A iab(liceB ale ;la* inei 'rib(*let! care a s1-r?it )rin a 1i c(n amnat/ la m(arte -n #3KL e C* ec/t(rii trib*nal*l*i in L*He*il@ ;* cinci 1ranci! ea c*m)/rase *n )(l(g e la ( (arecare L*cie ;(*ssin@ ;-n aceasta in *rm/ sc(ate )*nga la c*m)/r/t*ri! n* mai g/se?te -n ea ec-t )ra1@ "este c-t0a tim)! ;la* ine -i a *ce L*ciei ( )-ine@ La (ra )r-n+*l*i! t/in -(! L*cie esc()er/ -n mie+*l ei *n )/G Jean :( in (n@ #=K>E#=$3) )*blicist celebr*! )r(1es(r e re)t la '(*l(*se! ale c/r*i c/r,i a* 1(st c(n amnate e Inchi+i,ie! in ca*+a sim)atiei sale [T )entr* cal0inism@ (N@tr@)@

ianCen *ria?@ D/ 1*ga la )re(t care binec*0.ntea+/ )-inea@ "/ianCen*l m(are )e l(c @ @ @ ?i is)are@ Va s/ +ic/ era chiar ia0(l*l@ ;* t(ate acestea! e +i*a 91-nt*l*i La*ren,i*! L*cie m/n-nc/ ( )ar/ )e care i-( / *se ;la* ineF c*r-n simte c/ A( ar e -n g-tleCB@ Nen(r(cita treb*ie eH(rci+at/ la :esan$(n@ N* mai -nca)e nici ( -n (ial/! ;la* ine e ( 0r/Cit(are&L@ In*til s/ -nm*l,im asemenea anec (te care se re)et/ la nes1-r?it in El0e,ia&K )-n/ -n Anglia ?i in Fran,a )-n/ -n <ermania@ El(c0ente s*nt! -n schimb! (*/ c*anti1ic/ri a *se e A@ Mac1arlaneF in N3> e inc*l)/ri )entr* male1icii -n 1a,a trib*nal*l*i in EsseH! -ntre #=3> ?i #3&> (ar => )*n -n ca*+/ 0ictime care n* l(c*iesc -n acela?i sat c* )ers(ana ac*+at/ e 0r/Cit(rie@ Oi n*mai cinci en*n,*ri men,i(nea+/ ( istan,/ mai mare e cinci mile -ntre ac*+at(r ?i ac*+at@ "*terea 1/c/t(ril(r e 1armece n* se -ntin e a?a ar mai m*lt e c-te0a mile&N@ DeCa -n #=&N! l*ci *l 6eginal 9c(tt n(tase c/ ra+a l(r e ac,i*ne magic/ era egal/ c* cea a c(ntactel(r l(r s(ciale&$@ "r(cesele e 0r/Cit(rie )*n a?a ar -ntr-( l*min/ 0i(lent/ )entr* n(i E at(rit/ ?i )eri(a el(r e cri+/ E tensi*nile ?i s*s)ici*nile care str/b/tea* ( ini(ar/ -n )ermanen,/ ( ci0ili+a,ie a c(n0ie,*irii A1a,/-n 1a,/B! ce c(n amn/ -n m( a)r(a)e (bligat(ri* *na sa* mai m*lte )ers(ane in 1iecare sat la c(n i,ia e 1iin,/ )rimeC i(as/@ "*tem a *ce -n aceast/ )ri0in,/ ?i ( (0a / a contrario:* -n N(*-Fran,/ a se-e(lel(r XVII ?i XVIII! )r(cesele e 0r/Cit(rie era* eHtrem e rare! e?i -n ca+*l at al *nei )()*la,ii r*rale care h*lea la t(t )as*l! tr/in ! ca ?i cea in -ntreaga E*r()/! -ntr-( atm(s1er/ sat*rat/ e magie! s*b s*)ra0egherea b/n*it(are a *n*i cler militant! neam 1i )*t*t a?te)ta la ( mai mare 1rec0en,/ a *n(r ast1el e )r(eese@ In America! -n schimb! 1amiliile imigran,il(r 1rance+i tr/ia* se)arate -ntre ele e -ntin eri nes1-r?ite@ Aici! 0ecin*l n* c(nstit*ia ( amenin,are@ Dim)(tri0/! )re+en,a l*i &&

era e/*tat/! 1iecare tin ea s/ se a)r()ie e c(l(n*l cel mai a)r()iat ca s/ sca)e e ca)canele sing*r/t/,ii ?i ale in ienil(r &3@ A en*n,a ?i a etermina c(n amnarea alt*i 1rance+ in America -nsemna a te )*ne )e tine -ns*,i -n )rimeC ie! a te i+(la ?i mai m*lt -n miCl(c*l *n*i *ni0ers *?m/n(s@ -n E*r()a! im)(tri0/! )-n/ la re0(l*,ia in *strial/ ?i migra,iile masi0e c/tre (ra?e! a ac,i(nat a ese(ri *n 1en(men e s*)ra)()*lare r*ral/ generat(are e c(n1licte interne@ Ne-ncre erea -n 0ecin! ce )are s/ 1i stat la (riginea m*lt(r en*n,*ri )entr* 0r/Cit(rie! era ( c(nstant/ a ci0ili+a,iil(r tra i,i(nale@ Oi )(ate c/ 0(m -n,elege mai bine ce s-a )etrec*t )e 0rem*ri -n E*r()a n(astr/ citin *rm/t(r*l a)(l(g eHtras ]i Lie-'+e*@ Un (m n*-?i mai g/sea sec*rea@ L-a b/n*it )e b/iat*l 0ecin*l*i c/ i-ar 1i l*at-( ?i s-a )*s s/-# )-n easc/@ Umblet*l acest*ia era c-t se )(ate e 0/ it *mblet*l *n*i h(, e sec*ri@ V(rbele )e care le r(stea n* )*tea* 1i ee-t 0(rbe e h(, e sec*ri@ '(t 1el*l l*i e-a 1i ?i )*rt/rile l*i tr/ a* (m*l care a 1*rat ( sec*re@ Dar! )e nea?te)tate! sc(rm(nin )/m-nt*l! (m*l a at e sec*rea c* )ricina@ A (*a +i! c-n s-a *itat iar la 1i*l 0ecin*l*i! b/iat*l n* 0/ ea nici -n *mblet! nici -n )*rtare nimic care s/ tr/ e+e *n h(, e sec*ri&%B@ "rintre n(tabilit/,ile *n*i sat! eHista -nt(tea*na c-te *n )ers(naC! b/rbat sa* 1emeie! c*n(sc/t(r e 1(rm*le ?i )ractiei e 0in ecare! la -ngriCirile c/r*ia se rec*rgea -n ca+*ri e b(al/ sa* e r/nire@ -n ra+a n(t(riet/,ii sale! aceast/ -n eletnicire -i c(n1erea )ers(naC*l*i res)ecti0 )*tere ?i a*t(ritate! a-tr/g-n *-i -ns/ t(t( at/ s*s)ici*nea :iserieii )entr* 1a)t*l c/ 1(l(se?te ( me ica,ie nea*-&$ tenti1icat/ e a*t(rit/,ile religi(ase ?i *ni0er-

sitare@ ;-n re,etele sale / ea* gre?! -nce)ea* s/ circ*le )e seama l*i +0(n*ri ac*+at(are! c*m c/ )*terea -i 0ine e la 9atan ?i se sl*Ce?te e ea ca s/ *ci / ?i n* s/ 0in ece@ In c(nsecin,/! risca r*g*l )e care a )ierit -E *n ca+ )rintre m*lte altele E t/m/ *it(area sc(,ian/ :essie D*nl() -n #=%3&&@@@ Et@ Delcambre a sc(s bine -n relie1 s*s)ici*nea c* ca1e era* )ri0i,i -n sec(lele XVI ?i XVII t/m/ *it(rii ?i t/m/ *it(arele in L(rena@ ;(n0ingerea C* ec/t(ril(r ?i a cler*l*i -n aceast/ )ri0in,/ a s1-r?i,! scrie el! A)rin a in1l*en,a )r(stimeaF (ricine se (c*)a -n L(rena c* -ngriCirea b(lna0il(r )rin esc-ntece sa* )elerinaCe (ri -i lec*ia (* ( i*,eal/ a)arent s*)ranat*ral/ era n*mai ec-t s*s)ectat e 0ecinii s/i e )act c* ia0(l*l&$B@ Aceast/ b/n*ial/ a)/sa ?i mai gre* as*)ra m(a?el(r! sit*ate la c(n0ergen,a a (*/ inter(g/ri amenin,/t(are! *na 1(rm*lat/ e ()inia )*blic/ la ni0el*l ei cel mai *mil! cealalt/ e c/tre e)(+itarii ?tiin,ei@ ;*m c(n i,iile e igien/ era* Calnice ?i starea s/n/t/,ii )()*la,iei a ese(ri e1icient/! m(rtalitatea in1antil/ era *ria?/ )e 0rem*ri! iar ca+*rile e c()ii n/sc*,i m(r,i 1(arte 1rec0ente@ ;eea ce n* -m)ie ica nici mirarea nici s*s)ici*nea )/rin,il(r c-n na?terea se termina r/*@ Era e aC*ns ca -ntr-*n sat sa* -ntr-*n cartier (arecare n*m/r*l acest(r e+n( /minte tragice s/ s)(reasc/ )entr* ca b/n*ielile s/ se -n re)te n*mai ec-t s)re m(a?a r/s)*n+/t(are@ "e e alt/ )arte -ns/! te(l(gii s*s,inea* c/ 9atan se b*c*r/ c-n c()iii m(r neb(te+a,i )entr* c/ n* aC*ng -n rai@ In aceast/ ()tic/! m(a?ele n* era* (are a*Hiliarii )ri0ilegia,i ai Im)ieli,at*l*iM ;* at-t mai 0-rt(s c* c-t! -n 1iert*rile l(r s)*rcate! 0r/Cit(arele (bi?n*ia*! a?a cre ea l*mea! s/ 0-re b*c/,i e c()ii neb(te+a,i@ Ast1el! m(a?a era h/it*it/ in (*/ )/r,i@ -n c*rs*l e)i emiil(r em(niace! ea a 1(st 1/r/ -n (ial/ )ers(ana cea mai amenin,at/ in sat! a)r(a)ele cel mai b/n*it@ Un ca)it(l -ntreg in @alleus $>

l/m*re?te AFel*l c*m m(a?ele 0r/Cit(are s*)*n c()iii la cele mai mari ca+neBF A9/ amintim in n(* cele a)/r*te -n m/rt*risirile sl*Cnicei C* ecate la :reisachF IM(a?ele )ricin*iesc cele mai mari str/c/ci*ni cre in,eiB@ Aceasta s-a 0/+*t ealtminteri lim)e e ?i in m/rt*risirile alt(r 1emei eare a* 1(st a)(i arse )e r*g@ Ast1el! -n (ra?*l 'hann! in i(ce+a :asel! ( 0r/Cit(are ars/ )e r*g rec*n(sc*se c/ a *cis )este )atr*+eci e )r*nci -n 1el*l *rm/t(rF la ie?irea l(r in )-nteeele mamei ea le -n1igea )rin cre?tet *n ac -n creier@ Alta! in i(ee+a 9trasb(*rg! rec*n(sc*se c/ a *cis at-,ia )r*nci c/ nici n* le mai )*tea ,ine s(c(tealaB@ A;-t es)re temei*l acest(r 1a)te! *rmea+/ @alleus, e e )res*)*s c/ 0r/Cit(arele le s/0.r?esc silite e *h*rile rele ?i -m)(tri0a 0(in,ei l(r@ Dia0(l*l ?tie -ntr-a e0/r c/ in ca*+a (s-n ei celei 0e?nice ?i a )/cat*l*i (riginar ace?ti e()ii s*nt li)si,i e -m)/r/,ia cer*ril(r@ Mai m*lt! -n 1el*l acesta C* ecata e a)(i! *)/ care em(nii 0(r 1i trimi?i la chin*rile 0e?nice! este am-nat/F -m)linirea n*m/r*l*i cel(r ale?i se 1ace mai t-r+i*! *)/ care l*mea *rmea+/ s/ ia s1-r-?it@ Oi a)(i@ @@ 0r/Cit(arele treb*ie s/ )re)are in aceste m/ *lare 1el e 1el e *ns(ri )entr* )r()ria l(r 1(l(sin,/@ Dar ca s/ tre+im *ra -m)(tri0a *nei crime at-t e gr(a+nice! n* )*tem trece s*b t/cere cele ce se -nt-m)l/F e-n n* *ci c()iii! ele -i (1er/ em(nil(r -n chi) e nelegi*it )rin(s@ De -n at/ ce c()il*l s-a n/sc*t! ac/ -ns/?i mama l*i n*-i 0r/Cit(are! m(a?a -l sc(ate in ( aie chi)*rile s/-# -nc/l+easc/D a)(i! ri ic-n *-# -n bra,e! -l (1er/ l*i L*ei1er! )rin,*l em(nil(r! )rec*m ?i alt(r em(niD t(ate acestea -n b*c/t/rie! eas*)ra 1(c*l*i$>B@ D(c*mentele l(rene (0e esc c(nC*nc,ia )e )lan $# l((al a a0ertismentel(r (e ec*rg in @alleus

* anchetele inchi+it(riale@ AM(a?ele! scrie Et@ Delcambre! era* categ(ria cea mai s*s)ectat/ e male1iciiB ()r(0(c-n a0(rt*ri acci entale ?i na?teri e c()ii m(r,i)@ Una intre ele! (riginar/ in 6a(n-#2Eta)e! a m/rt*risit c/ AJ*)-n "ersin E a?a -l n*mea ea )e 9atan E ( -n*)leca @ @ @ s/ *ci / t(,i )r*ncii )e care -i m(?ea @ @ @ ;a s/ n* )rimeasc/ b(te+*lB@ Dat(rit/ ei! J*)-n "ersin ar 1i A *s la sabat mai bine e $# (is)re+eceB )r*nci li)si,i e taina b(te+*l*i @ "r(0(cat(are e a0(rt*ri ?i 0r/Cit(are 0irt*ale! m(a?ele a* 1(st strict s*)ra0egheate e :iserica tri entin/G care a cer*t )ar(hil(r s/ anchete+e as*)ra l(r ?i s/ 0eri1ice ac/ ?ti* s/ a ministre+e b(te+*l@ K@ Ast/+i ?i m-ineD male1icii ?i i0ina,ie 7m*l e ( ini(ar/! mai ales -n *ni0ers*l r*ral! tr/ia ca)ti0 -ntr-*n me i* (stii *n e! la 1iecare )as! se i0ea amenin,area *nei )rimeC ii@ Una intre acestea merit/ ( aten,ie e(sebit/F ? nn( area br/cinar*l*iBGG@ 9e cre ea c/ 0r/Cit(r*l sa* 0r/Cit(area )(ate s/-i 1ac/ )e s(,i ne)*tinci(?i sa* ster)i E cele (*/ in1irmit/,i era* ese(ri c(n1*n ate E -nn( -n *n ?iret -n tim)*l cerem(niei e c/s/t(rie ?i r(stin -n acela?i tim) ni?te 1(rm*le magice! iar *ne(ri ar*nc-n *n b/n*, )este *m/r*l mirel*i@ 7 tra i,ie m*ltimilenar/ care circ*la la i1erite ni0el*ri e*lt*rale ?i atestat/ e-a l*ng*l tim)*ril(r e 5er( (t! e <reg(ire e '(*rs! e n*mer(ase stat*te sin( ale ?i e em(n(l(gi a1irma eHisG :iserica r(man(-cat(lic/! care a a ()tat ecretele e re1(rm/ stabilite e ;(ncili*l in 'rent( (#=N=E#=3K)! care )*ne ba+ele ;(ntrare1(rmei@ (N@ tr@)@ [G (n original: Ale n(*ement e l2aig*illetteB@ In acces(riile 0estimentare ale e)(cii! Aaig*illetteB este ?iret*l c* care se )rin ea* n/ ragii (Ies cha*sses) e 0esta sc*rt/ c* m-neci (A)(*r)(intB)@ Alt1el s)*s! *n 1el e br/cinar@ AInn( area br/cinar*l*iB era *n gest simb(lic male1ic es)re care se cre ea c/ are ca e1ect im)(ten,a masc*lin/@ (N@ tr@)@ $

tenta *n(r sterilit/,i ?i im)(tente )r(0(cate )rin 0r/Ci@ @dlleus a1irma c/ 0r/Cit(arele )(t -m)ie ica Aerec,ia m/ *lar*l*i treb*inci(s -m)erecherii r( niceB ?i A1l*H*l esen,el(r 0itale @ @ @ ast*)-n a)r(a)e c* es/0-r?ire canalele seminale )entr* ca s/m-n,a s/ n* c(b(are s)re (rganele generat(are ?i s/ n* 1ie eCac*lat/ sa* s/ 1ie eCac*lat/ 1/r/ 1(l(s @ @ @ Ele )(t -n a?a ehi) lega )rin 1armece )*terea genital/ -nc-t b/rbat*l e0ine inca)abil e c()*lare! iar 1emeia e c(nce),ie@ 'emei*l *n(r ast1el e )ractici este acela c/ -m)(tri0a acest*i act care a r/s)-n it )e l*me )rim*l )/cat D*mne+e* -ng/ *ie mai m*lte $L l*cr*ri ec-t -m)(tri0a cel(rlalte acte (mene?ti B@ E@ Le 6(y-La *rie n(tea+/ )ertinent c/ -nn( area br/cinar*l*i! a?a c*m se imagina )e at*nci! c(nsta A-ntr-*n n( castrat(r menit s/ 0at/me +(na genital/B ?i c/ cre in,a -n aceast/ ligat*r/ este 0eche ?i larg r/s)-n it/! c/ei ( -nt-lnim at-t )e cele (*/ ,/rm*ri ale Me iteranei c-t ?i -n s* -est*l a1rican@ 9e )(ate ca acest ti) e 0/t/mare s/ 1i 1(st ins)irat! cel )*,in la n(i! e tehnica 1(l(sit/ e 0eterinari )entr* a castra berbecii! ta*rii sa* m-nCii@ Jntr-a e0/r! ei lega* testic(lele sa* sac*l scr(tal c* *n ?iret e c-ne)/! e l-n/ sa* e )ieleF )ractic/ binec*n(sc*t/ e 7li0ier e 9erresG$K@ -n acest 1el se restabile?te )(sibila trecere! -n mentalitatea 0eche! e la -n em-narea 0eterinaril(r la 0r/Cile ar*ncate as*)ra *n(r (ameni@ In 7cci ent! sec(lele XVI ?i XVII a* c*n(s*t ( recr* escen,/ a acest*i male1ic *@ Intre #=$3 ?i #=$&! el0e,ian*l 'h(mas "latter esc()er/ -n Lang*e (c ( a e0/rat/ )sih(+/ a -nn( /rii br/cinar*l*iF A(Aici)! scrie el eHager-n esig*r! nici +ece c/s/t(rii intr-( s*t/ n* se celebrea+/ )*blic la biseric/@ (De teama 1armecel(r) )erechile! -ns(,ite e )/rin,ii l(r! se *c )e asc*ns -n sat*l 0ecin ca s/ )rimeasc/ binec*0-ntarea
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I(()

n*),ial/B@ -n re)etate r-n *ri! -ntre #=$> ?i #3>>! sin(a ele )r(0inciale in s* *l Fran,ei -?i eH)rim/ -ngriC(rarea at-t 1a,/ e )racticile e castrare e-t ?i 1a,/ e atit* inea )ast(ril(r care! -n *)leca,i e temerile miril(r! acce)t/ s/ celebre+e c/s/t(riile -n a1ara )ar(hiei l(r@ -m)(tri0a *n(r ast1el e male1icii! cre inci(?ii treb*ie s/ se -ncrea / n*mai -n D*mne+e* ?i JIU -n 0r/Cit(r*l care A e+leag/BD )re(,ii! la r-n*l l(r! 0(r 1i ?i ei sanc,i(na,i ac/ 0(r binee*0-nta -ns(,irea matrim(nial/ -n a1ara bisericii l(rF A"entr* a se )re-nt-m)ina ( nen(r(cire e care m*l,i s-nt l(0i,i -n biserici e c/tre eei <are -nn(a / br/cinarele! )ast(rii 0(r ar/ta in n(* ?i c* t(at/ t/ria -n )re icile l(r c/ aceast/ nen(r(cire se trage 1ie in necrein,/ 1ie in sl/bici*ne e cre in,/ ?i c/ ast1el e 0r/Ci s*nt nelegi*iteD ?i mai nelegi*it/ este c(n *ita cel(r care cer aC*t(r sl*gil(r l*i 9atan )entr* a 1i e+lega,i! leac*l c/*tat e ei 1iin mai r/* ee-t b(ala e care s*1er/ ?i care n* treb*ie t/m/ *it/ ec-t )rin )(st! r*g/ci*ne ?i -n re)tarea 0ie,ii l(r@ De asemenea! -n 1(rm*lar*l e eHc(m*nicare )e care -l r(stesc )*blic -nainte e C(ia "a?tel*i! *)/ c*0-nt*l i (latr*! ei 0(r a /*gaF t(,i 0r/Cit(rii! 0racii ?i esc-nt/t(riiB@ (9in( *l in M(nta*ban! #=$N)@ ALa -ntrebarea @@ @! este -ng/ *it s/ se ac(r e ( is)ens/ cel(r care 0(r s/ se c/s/t(reasc/ -n a1ara bisericii l(r )entr* a e0ita 1armecele ?i -nn( area br/cinar*l*iM 9in( *l r/s)*n e c/ asemenea c/s/t(rii n* treb*ie -ng/ *ite! iar cei -n ca*+/ s/ 1ie eH(rta,i s/ n* ea )rileC *n(r ast1el e l*cr*ri care )*rce in necre in,/ sa* in sl/bici*ne e cre in,/B (9in( *l in M(nt)ellier! #=$&$N)@ In #3LL! "ierre e Lancre c(n1irma la r-n *l s/* c/ 1rigi itatea ca*+at/ e -nn( area br/cinar*l*i este at-t e r/s)-n it/ -n Fran,a in $N

0remea sa -nc-t (amenii e bine! nemai-nr/+nin s/ se -ns(are +i*a! cer binec*0-ntarea -ns(,irii l(r n(a)tea@ Ei s)er/ s/ se s*strag/ ast1el ia0(l*l*i ?i ac(li,il(r s/i$=@ Des)re (mni)re+en,a! ac/ n* a 1armecel(r! cel )*,in a 1ricii )e care ( ins)ira*! (c*mentele in sec(lele XVIEXVII s*nt 1(arte n*mer(ase@ J@ :( in eclar/ -n #=&>F ADintre t(ate m-r?/0iile magiei! nici *na n*-i at-t e r/s)-n it/! nici at-t e /*n/t(are! ca ()reli?tea )*s/ cel(r care se c/s/t(resc! n*mit/ nnodarea $rcinaruluiD s*nt )-n/ ?i$3e()ii care ?i-a* 1/c*t intr-asta ( -n eletnicire @ @ @B :(g*et! Amagistrat -n c(mitat*l :*rg*n ieiB! reia acelea?i a1irma,ii -ntr-*n Cuv nt de a#urisenie a vr!itorilor . .. a)/r*t -n #3>LF A"ractica (acest*i male1ici*)! scrie !el! este ast/+i mai (bi?n*t/ ca (ric-n F )-n/ ?i c()iii se (c*)/ c* -nn( area br/cinar*l*i@ Fa)t/ ce merit/ ( )e ea)s/ eHem)lar/$%B! -nc/ -n #3%L! *n@ misi(nar e* istG! str/b/t-n N(rman ia! c(m*nic/ s*)eri(ril(r s/i c/ )este t(t n-a* $& e 0(rbin *-se A ec-t e br/cinare -nn( ate B@ Oi mai el(c0ent/ este lista )e care ( / J@-:@ 'hiers! )re(t al iece+ei in ;hartres! -ntr-*n /ratat despre superstiii privitoare la toate tainele $isericeti (E @ I! #3%$)@ Ea c(n,ine eci+iile c(neiliare sa* sin( ale aC*nse la c*n(?tin,a a*t(r*l*i! )rin care se c(namn/ )ractica -nn( /rii br/cinar*l*iF )entr* )eri(a a #=L$E#3%$! 'hiers men,i(nea+/ treis)re+ece ca+*ri 1a,/ e cinci -n sec(lele anteri(are@ De asemenea! el a *ce m/rt*ria a LK e rit*al*riGG! t(ate )(steri(are an*l*i #N&>! a /*gin F A;elelalte rit*al*ri (cele )e care n* le-a citat) n* 0(rbesc alt1el -n )re icile l(r$$B@ E1ecti0! -ntre #=>> ?i #%$>! nici *n rit*al 1rance+ n* (mite s/ c(n amne )ra<tica -nn( /rii br/cinar*l*i ?i r*g/ci*nile menite s-( eH(rci+e+e@
G Membr* al *nei c(ngrega,ii religi(ase instit*ite -n #3NK! la ;aen! e Jean E* es@ (N@ tr@)@ GG Aici c* sens*l e carte c(n,in-n rit*rile e c*lt sa* cerem(niile care treb*ie res)ectate )rec*m B ?i i0erse 1(rm*le e eH(rci+are@ (N@ tr@)@

n*),ial/B@ -n re)etate r-n *ri! -ntre #=$> ?i #3>>! sin(a ele )r(0inciale in s* *l Fran,ei -?i eH)rim/ -ngriC(rarea at-t 1a,/ e )racticile e castrare c-t ?i 1a,/ e atit* inea )ast(ril(r care! -n *)leca,i e temerile miril(r! acce)t/ s/ celebre+e c/s/t(riile -n a1ara )ar(hiei l(r@ Jm)(tri0a *n(r ast1el e male1icii! cre inci(?ii treb*ie s/ se -ncrea / n*mai -n D*mne+e* ?i n* -n 0r/Cit(r*l care A e+leag/BD )re(,ii! la r-n*l l(r! 0(r 1i ?i ei sanc,i(na,i ac/ 0(r binee*0-nta -ns(,irea matrim(nial/ -n a1ara bisericii l(rF A"entr* a se )re-nt-m)ina ( nen(r(cire e care m*l,i s-nt l(0i,i -n biserici e c/tre eei <are -nn(a / br/(inarele! )ast(rii 0(r ar/ta in n(* ?i c* t(at/ t/ria -n )re icile l(r c/ aceast/ nen(r(cire se trage 1ie in necrein,/ 1ie in sl/bici*ne e cre in,/ ?i c/ ast1el e 0r/Ci s*nt nelegi*iteD ?i mai nelegi*it/ este c(n *ita cel(r care cer aC*t(r sl*gil(r l*i 9atan )entr* a 1i e+lega,i! leac*l c/*tat e ei 1iin mai r/* ec-t b(ala e care s*1er/ ?i care n* treb*ie t/m/ *it/ ec-t )rin )(st! r*g/ci*ne ?i -n re)tarea 0ie,ii l(r@ De asemenea! -n 1(rm*lar*l e eHc(m*nicare )e care -l r(stesc )*blic -nainte e C3ia "a?tel*i! *)/ c*0-nt*l i (latr*! ei 0(r a /*gaF t(,i 0r/Cit(rii! 0racii ?i esc-nt/t(riiB@ (9in( *l in M(nta*ban! #=$N)@ ALa -ntrebarea @@ @! este -ng/ *it s/ se a-c(r e ( is)ens/ cel(r care 0(r s/ se c/s/t(reasc/ -n a1ara bisericii l(r )entr* a e0ita 1armecele ?i -nn( area br/einar*l*iM 9in( *l r/s)*n e c/ asemenea c/s/t(rii n* treb*ie -ng/ *ite! iar cei -n ca*+/ s/ 1ie eH(rta,i s/ n* ea )rileC *n(r ast1el e l*cr*ri care )*rce in necre in,/ sa* in sl/bici*ne e cre in,/B (9in( *l in M(nt)ellier! #=$&$N)@ In #3LL! "ierre e Lancre c(n1irma la r-n *l s/* c/ 1rigi itatea ca*+at/ e -nn( area br/einar*l*i este at-t e r/sC)-n it/ -n Fran,a in $N

0remea sa incit (amenii e bine! nemai-nr/+nin s/ se -ns(are +i*a! cer binec*0-ntarea -ns(,irii l(r n(a)tea@ Ei s)er/ s/ se s*strag/ ast1el ia0(l*l*i ?i ac(li,il(r s/i$=@ Des)re (mni)re+en,a! ac/ n* a 1armecel(r! cel )*,in a 1ricii )e care ( ins)ira*! (c*mentele in sec(lele XVIEXVII s*nt 1(arte n*mer(ase@ J@ :( in eclar/ -n #=&>F ADintre t(ate m-r?/0iile magiei! nici *na n*-i at-t e r/s)-n it/! nici at-t e /*n/t(are! ca ()reli?tea )*s/ cel(r care se c/s/t(resc! n*mit/ nnodarea $rcinaruluiD s*nt )-n/ ?i$3e()ii care ?i-a* 1/c*t intr-asta ( -n eletnicire @ @ @B :(g*et! Amagistrat -n c(mitat*l :*rg*n ieiB! reia acelea?i a1irma,ii -ntr-*n Cuv nt de a#urisenie a vr!itorilor . . . a)/r*t -n #3>LF A"ractica (acest*i male1ici*)! scrie !el! este ast/+i mai (bi?n*t/ ca (ric-n F )-n/ ?i c()iii se (c*)/ c* -nn( area br/cinar*l*i@ Fa)t/ ce merit/ ( )e ea)s/ eHem)lar/$%B@ Jnc/ -n #3%L! *n@ misi(nar e* istG! str/b/t.n N(rman ia! c(m*nic/ s*)eri(ril(r s/i c/ )este t(t n-a* $& e 0(rbin *-se A ec-t e br/cinare -nn( ate B@ Oi mai el(c0ent/ este lista )e care ( / J@-:@ 'hiers! )re(t al i(ce+ei in ;hartres! -nb0*n 'ratat despre superstiii privitoare la toate tainele $isericeti (E @ I! #3%$)@ Ea c(n,ine eci+iile c(neiliare sa* sin( ale aC*nse la c*n(?tin,a a*t(r*l*i! )rin care se c(namn/ )ractica -nn( /rii br/cinar*l*iF )entr* )eri(a a #=L$E#3%$! 'hiers men,i(nea+/ treis)re+ece ca+*ri 1a,/ e cinci -n sec(lele anteri(are@ De asemenea! el a *ce m/rt*ria a LK e rit*al*riGG! t(ate )(steri(are an*l*i #N&>! a /*gin F A;elelalte rit*al*ri (eele )e care n* le-a citat) n* 0(rbesc alt1el -n )re icile l(r$$B@ E1ecti0! -ntre #=>> ?i #%$>! nici *n rit*al 1rance+ n* (mite s/ c(n amne )ra<tica -nn( /rii br/cinar*l*i ?i r*g/ci*nile menite s-( eH(rci+e+e@
G Membr* al *nei c(ngrega,ii religi(ase instit*ite -n #3NK! la ;aen! e Jean E* es@ (N@ tr@)@ G2 Aici c* sens*l e carte c(n,in-n rit*rile e c*lt sa* cerem(niile care treb*ie res)ectate )rec*m ?i i0erse 1(rm*le e eH(rci+are@ (N@ tr@)@

In 1a,a *nei )rimeC ii at-t e mari (( at/! i s-a* en*merat l*i J@ :( in#>> cele => e 1el*ri e a se -nn( a ?iret*l e )iele )! J@-:@ 'hiers eH)*ne 0re( (*/+eci e reme ii! -n a1ar/ e eH(rcisme ?i 1iert*ra e )resc*rari,/@ Iat/ s)re eHem)l* c-te0a intre eleF A9e )*n la(lalt/ -n )ielea g(al/ cei (i -ns*r/,ei! ?i b/rbat*l treb*ie s/ s/r*te eget*l gr(s e la )ici(r*l st-ng al ne0estei! iar ne0asta #># eget*l gr(s e la )ici(r*l st-ng al 2 b/rbat*l*i B@ A9e b(rte?te *n b*t(i e 0in alb ne-nce)*t ?i )rim*l 0in care c*rge se trece )rin inel*l /r*it ne0estei -n +i*a n*n,ii#>LB@ A9/-,i treci * *l )rin ga*ra cheii bisericii *n e te-ai -ns*rat#>KB@ AOa)te imine,i e-a r-n *l! la r/s/rit*l s(arel*i! s/ s)*i an*mite r*g/ci*ni! c* s)atele -nt(rs c/tre s(are#>NB@ A9/ 1aci )rec*m *n (arecare cleric in ;h.tea* *n@ Wn (i -ns*r/,ei 0enea* s/-i s)*n/ c/ li s-a* 1/c*t 1armece! acesta -i *cea la el -n ?*r/! -i lega e *n st-l) 1a,/ -n 1a,/! c* st-l)*l -ntre cei (iD-i b/tea c* 0ergile -n c-te0a r-n *riD *)/ care -i e+lega ?i-i l/sa t(at/ n(a)tea -m)re*n/! -n *-le 1iec/r*ia c-te ( )-ine e (*/ )arale ?i-( b/r ac/ e 0in ?i -nc*in *-i c* cheia@ A (*a +i iminea,a! se *cea s/ le eschi / *?a c/tre ceas*rile ?ase ?i-i g/sea s/n/t(?i! i*be,i ?i )rieteni la t(art/#>=B@ Acela?i a*t(r mai relatea+/ c/ A-n m*lte l(c*ri! 0iit(rii s(,i )*n -n -nc/l,/rile l(r c-,i0a b/n*,i -nsemna,i! ca s/ n* li se -nn(a e br/cinar*l#>3B@ M*lte intre aceste reme ii magice! mai ales cele care )rescri* s/ se treac/ 0in alb sa* *rin/ )rintr-*n inel sa* )rin br(asca e la *?a bisericii *n e s-a celebrat c*n*nia s*nt! e0i ent! menite E c(n1(rm )rinci)i*l*i magie al similit* inii E s/ -nlesneasc/ -ns(,irea seH*al/@ E@ Le 6(y-La *rie cre e c/ b/n*,ii $3

asc*n?i -n -nc/l,/mintea b/rbat*l*i re)re+int/ -n m( simb(lic (rganele seH*ale )*se ast1el la a /)(st e 1armecele 0r/Cit(ril(r@ -ns/?i 0arietatea re,etel(r 1(l(site s)*ne est*le es)re -ngriC(rarea )()*la,iil(r@ -nainte e a en*mera aceste reme ii! J@-:@ 'hiers escrie c(m)(rtament*l e )anic/ eclan?at e -nn( area br/cinar*l*i )rintre cei care se -nchi)*ia* 0ictime ale acest*i male1ici*F A:ete?*g*l acesta -i +b*ci*m/ at-t e tare )e cei l(0i,i! c/ s-nt gata s/ 1ac/ (rice )entr* t/m/ *irea l(rD c/-i sca)/ D*mne+e* sa* rac*l! )rea )*,in se sinchisesc! t(t*l e s/-i sca)e cine0a#>%B@ A1irma,ie 1(arte -n r/+nea,/ -n c(nteHt*l e)(cii ?i care / m/s*ra *n*i an*me ti) e 1rie/@ Dar insist-n as*)ra acesteia! -n sec(lele XVI ?i XVII! n* c*m0a s*ntem 0ictimele *nei er(ri e ()tic/ eH)licabil/ )rin raritatea relati0/ a (c*menta,iei )-n/ la a)ari,ia ti)ar*l*i ?i ab*n en,a ei cresc.n / e *)/ aceeaM 7areM ;(ntem)(ranii a* a0*t t(t*?i im)resia *nei amenin,/ri care e )*,in/ 0reme c/)/tase ( n(*/ imensi*ne@ "*tem rec*+a in ca)*l l(c*l*i m/rt*ria l(rM Un c/l*g/r celestinG! )/rintele ;res)et! care )*blic/ -n #=$> 5ou Cri despre ura mpotriva lui &atan, a *ce chiar ( atare eHact/@ El eclar/ c/ -nn( /rile e br/cinar s-a* -nm*l,it -nce)-n in anii #==>E#=3>@ '(t el aC*nge s/ stabileasc/ ( rela,ie -ntre aceast/ e)i emie ?i -n e)/rtarea e la rea)ta cre in,/F ANici( at/ )/rin,ii n(?tri! a1irm/ el! n-a* eH)erimentat at-tea 1armece ?i male1icii la taina c/s/t(riei! ca e trei+eci sa* )atr*+eI e ani -nc(ace! e c-n ere+iile mi?*n/ ?i a )/tr*ns ateism*l#>&B@
G 7r in religi(s -n1iin,at -n sec(l*l al XlII-lea e "ierre e M(ren! e0enit )a)/ s*b n*mele e ;elestin V@ (N@ tr@)t0

"e b*n/ re)tate ne )*tem -ntreba a?a ar ac/ l*cr/rile sa0ante n-a* (glin it ( sit*a,ie! ac/ n* ine it/! cel )*,in mai -ngriC(r/t(are ec-t -n trec*t ?i caracteri+at/ )rintr-*n n*m/r s)(rit e ca+*ri e amen(ree! e a0(rt*ri E acestea in *rm/ 1iin c(nsi erate )e at*nci ca o 0ariant/ a sterilit/,ii 1eminine E ?i mai ales e ne)*tin,/ masc*lin/@ Oi *nele ?i altele! -n s)ecial inca)acit/,ile 1eminine! )(t 1i ra)(rtate la ( maln*tri,ie care s-a agra0at 1/r/ -n (ial/ -n me i*l r*ral *)/ )eri(a ele e 1(amete in sec(l*l al XlV-lea! a)(i in )ri-eina relati0ei s*)ra)()*l/ri in sec(l*l al XVI-lea! a e)i emiil(r ?i a ra0agiil(r ca*+ate -n me i*l r*ral e trecerea i0ersel(r armate@ La in i0i+ii c* s/n/tatea mai ?*bre /! aceste ins*1icien,e alimentare )r(0(ca* c* sig*ran,/ ( stare c0asi)ermanent/ e (b(seal/ ?i e)resi*ne )r()ice amen(reel(r! a0(rt*ril(r s)(ntane ?i chiar im)(ten,ei@ Dar ceea ce i-a i+bit mai c* seam/ )e c(ntem)(rani E ?i n* se )(ate eH)lica n*mai )rin maln*tri,ie -E este 1rigi itatea masc*lin/! a?a c*m m/rt*risesc sim*ltan scrierile l*i 6abelais! ale I*i :rant(me! ale l*i M(ntaigne! ale l*i :( in ?i ale )re(t*l*i 'hiers@ ;-n acesta in *rm/ aminte?te e me ita,ia cleric*l*i in ;h.-tea* *n (1lagelarea s(,il(r g(i)! este 0(rba e ( tera)e*tic/ menit/ -n )rim*l rin s/ -n1ierb-nte s-ngele b/rbat*l*i@ Dar in ce ca*+/ la -nce)*t*l 'im)*ril(r M( erne im)(ten,a masc*lin/ este mai 1rec0ent/ ec-t -nainte 0reme! ?i -nc/ la asemenea )r()(r,ii -nc-t -nn( area br/cinar*l*i! A0echi rit ,/r/nesc! iese in (bsc*ritatea l*i r*ral/#>$B )entr* a )/tr*n e la ni0el*l c*lt*rii (scrise)M 'reb*ie (are )*s acest 1en(men -n ra)(rt c* r/s)-n irea si1ilis*l*i -nce)-n in sec(l*l al XlV-leaM Asemenea eH)lica,ie n* s-ar a e0eri ec-t )entr* *n n*m/r limitat e ca+*ri! aceast/ b(al/ )r(0(c-n im)(ten,a (ar -n 1(rmele sale *ltime@ J@-L@ Flan rin s*gerea+/ c/ rec*l*l 0-rstei c/s/t(riei ( at/ c* re)rimarea $&

mai se0er/ a heter(seH*alit/,ii -n a1ar/ ?i -nainte e c/s/t(rie )rin cele (*/ re1(rme religi(ase E cea cat(lic/ ?i cea )r(testant/ E ar 1i )r(0(cat! ( cre?tere a mast*rba,iei ?i! c(nsecin,/ im)licit/!##> ( an*mit/ ne)*tin,/ -n m(ment*l c/s/t(riei @ Acestei i)(te+e i se )(ate a /*ga ?i alta! mai c*)rin+/t(are! ce ne *ce s)re c(m)leH*l e castrare ?i bl(caCele )sihice E acestea in0(cate clar e M(ntaigne ?i e0i ente la t(ate ni0el*rile c*lt*rale! -n ca)it(l*l c(nsacrat A)*terii -nchi)*iriiB! M(ntaigne n(tea+/ ?i el c/ )rintre c(ntem)(ranii l*i se 0(rbe?te -n m( c(nstant es)re -nn( area br/cinar*l*i ?i anali+ea+/ c* m*lt/ )/tr*n ere mecanism*l inhibi,ieiF AOi cre e()(tri0/ c/ aceste -nn( /ri caraghi(ase (-nn( /rile e br/cinar)! e care l*mea n(astr/ se simte at-t e -nc/t*?at/ c/ e altce0a nici n* se mai 0(rbe?te! )*rce 1/r/ (ar ?i )(ate in -ngriC(rare ?i in team/@ "entr* c/ mi-a 1(st at s/ a1l* c/ cine0a e care )(t r/s)*n e ca e mine -ns*mi ?i n* )(ate 1i b/n*it nicic*m e bicisnicie! ?i nici )e at-t c/ i s-ar 1i 1/c*t 1armece! a*+in )(0estea *n*i )rieten )e care #-a )rins ( s1-r?eal/ ne(bi?n*it/ t(cImai c-n se c*0enea cel mai )*,in ?i a1l-n *-se a)(i el -ns*?i -ntr-( -m)reC*rare asem/n/t(are! gr(+/0ia acelei )(0estiri i-a i+bit e( at/ a?a e tare -nchi)*irea! (/ aceea?i nen(r(cire s-a ab/t*t ?i as*)ra l*iD ?i e at*nci t(t a?a )/,ea! amintirea *r-t/ a )/,aniei sale can(nin *-# ?i tirani+-nNe 0ine -n minte! c* acest )rileC! ( i)(te+/ care )(ate c/ n* se )(tri0e?te -n ca+*l )ers(anei men,i(nate e M(ntaigne! ar e gre* e res)ins -n m*lte alteleF ( ca*+/ im)(rtant/ a acest(r inhibi,ii )sihice n-ar )*tea 1i (are isc*rs*l anti1eminist ##L al )re icat(ril(r ?i al em(n(l(gil(r E *n isc*rs care a atins 2$$ c*lmea 0i(len,ei ?i a a* ien,ei -ntre #N=> ?i

#3=>M Agra0-n 1rica e 1emeie! ar*nc.n s*s)ici*nea as*)ra seH*alit/,ii! Aaceast/ blestemat/ c(nc*)iscen,/B! e0al*ln c/s/t(ria! Aaceast/ c(n i,ie )rin ea -ns/?i e(sebit e )rimeC i(as/##KB! ei a* c*l)abili+at )()*la,iile! s)(rin 1/r/ -n (ial/ )rintre cei mai tim(ra,i teama e act*l seH*al@ Din acest m(ment! s-a )(rnit la c/*tarea 0in(0a,il(r! ace?tia 1iin esc()eri,i -n *ni0ers*l 0r/Cit(riei es)re care )re icat(rii ?i em(n(l(gii n* mai c(ntenea* s/ t(t 0(rbeasc/@ Ast1el! maln*tri,ia! > cre?tere a mast*rba,iei ?i bl(caCele )sihice! *rmare a *nei c*l)abili+/ri s)(rite! ?i-a* c(n C*gat )r(babil e1ectele )entr* a -nt/ri -n 7(-, ci ent*l e -nce)*t al 'im)*ril(r M( erne teama e -nn( area br/cinar*l*i@ Aceasta n* era ec-t *n*l intre n*mer(asele male1icii tem*te )e 0rem*ri@ J@-:@ 'hiers! care altminteri res)inge at-tea s*)ersti,ii! cre e c/ e e at(ria l*i s/-?i l/m*reasc/ citit(rii c* )ri0ire la n*m/r*l ?i 0arietatea 1armecel(r (are -i amenin,/@ ;artea l*i! c(ns*ltat/ aicn -ntr-( e i,ie t-r+ie (#%%%)! )re+int/ *n catal(g <U a e0/rat etn(gra1ic al 1ricil(r c(ti iene e ( ini(ar/@ "re(t*l in "erche e(sebe?te -n )rim*l r-n trei categ(rii e male1iciiF As(mni1ic*lB! Aam(r(s*lB ?i A *?man*lB@ V(m insista aici as*)ra a (*/ intre eleF A("rim*l) se s/0-r?e?te c* aC*t(r*l an*mi-2QG! t(r b/*t*ri! al an*mit(r b*r*ieni! al an*-QA2 mit(r r(g*ri! al an*mit(r 0r/Ci ?i-al an*-2 mit(r )ractici e care 0r/Cit(rii se 1(l(sesc )entr* a a (rmi (amenii ?i (bit(acele! ca *)/ aceea s/ )(at/ mai lesne (tr/0i! *ci e! Ce1*i! )-ng/ri! sa* r/)i c()ii )entr* 1/c/t*rile l(r@ # Male1ici*l *?man este t(t ce )ricin*[ ieste! t(t ce )(ate )ricin*i ?i t(t ce se 1(l( se?te )entr* a 0/t/ma! -ntr-*n 1el sa* alt*l! mintea! tr*)*l sa* *rsita c*i0a! at*nci c-n asta se 1ace )e temei*l *n*i leg/m-nt c* , ,- : ia0(l*lB@ @ M

Urmea+/ lista im)resi(nant/ a Amale1iciil(r *?maneB! -n 1r*ntea c/r(ra 1ig*rea+/! 1ire?te! -nn( area br/cinar*l*i@ '(n*l este e rechi+it(ri*##NF A(Este *n male-ici*) s/ -m)ie ici s/0-r?irea tainei c/s/t(riei )rin -nn( area br/mnar*l*i sa* )rintr-alt/ )ractic/ s*)ersti,i(as/@ 9/ trimi,i l*)i )rintre t*rmele e (i ?i -n st-neD g*+gani! ?(areci! g/rg/ri,e sa* c(r()isnite ?i 0iermi -n hambareD (mi+i! l/c*ste ?i alte g-ng/nii )e (g(are ca s/ strice gr-neleD s(b(li ?i chi,(rani -n gr/ ini ca s/ )r/)/ easc/ )(mii! leg*mele ?i 1r*ctele@ 9/ -m)ie ici (amenii s/ m/n-nce! )*-n-n )e mas/ s*b 1ar1*ria l(r ac*l c* care s-a c*s*t gi*lgi*l 0re*n*i m(rt@ 9/ aba,i b(li m(le?it(are ?i -n el*ngate as*)ra (amenil(r ?i a (bit(acel(r! ast1el -nc-t s/ se s1-r?easc/ 0/+-n c* (chii! 1/r/ s/ li se )(at/ 0eni -ntr-aC*t(r c* leac*ri (bi?n*ite@ 9/ *ci+i (amenii! (bit(acele ?i r(a ele )/m-nt*l*i )rin miCl(cirea *n(r )ra1*ri! *n(r a)e ?i *n(r r(g*ri magice @@ @ 9/ )*i la *scat )e c*)t(r ( an*mit/ b*r*ian/ ca s/ ia mana 0acil(r @@@ 9/ -nm(i ( m/t*r/ -n a)/ ca s/ a *ci )l(aie ?i s/ )ricin*ie?ti )ag*be a)r(a)el*i@@ @ 9/ s)argi c(Ci e (*/ mierlii! *)/ ce le-ai -nghi,it mie+*l! )entr* ca ?i *?manii n(?tri s/ 1ie + r(bi,i a?iC erea@ @ @ 9/ te sl*Ce?ti e *n (s e m(rt ca s/ aba,i m(artea as*)ra c*i0a! s/0-r?in an*mite 1/c*t*ri ?i r(stin an*mite c*0inte @ @ @ 9/ aba,i m(artea as*)ra (bit(acel(r l(0in *-le c* *n be,ig*? ?i +ic-n F I'e ating ca s/ )ieri@@@T 9/ 1aci )/)*?i in cear/ sa* in n(r(i! sa* in (rice altce0a! s/ le str/)*ngi! s/ le a)r()ii e 1(c! sa* s/ le s1/rimi )entr* ca (amenii sa* (bit(acele 0ii! *)/ chi)*l c/r(ra a* 1(st 1/c*te! s/ simt/ acelea?i 0itregii ?i 0/t/m/ri -n tr*)*l ?i -n 1iin,a l(r@@@ 9/ legi e 0atr/ sa* s/ 1rigi )e

1rigare an*mite )/r,i intr-*n cal! sa* in 0re*n alt (bit(c m(rt )rin 1armece! ?i s/ le -n,e)i c* ace! ,e)i sa* alte asc*,i?*ri! )entCr* ca 0r/Cit(r*l care a ar*ncat 1armece s/ se *s*ce )*,in c-te )*,in ?i s/ aib/ )-n/ la *rm/ )arte e m(arte cr-n-cen/@ @ @ 9/ st-rne?ti 1*rt*ni! grin in/! 0iCelii! tr/snete! t*nete! 0-nt(ase ca s/ r/+b*ni 0re( (car/ @ @ @ 9/ -m)ie ici )e care0a s/ (arm/ 0-r-n *-i -n )at *n (chi e r.n *nic/@ 9/ )ricin*ie?ti ster)/ci*nea 1emeil(r! ie)el(r! 0acil(r! (il(r! ca)rel(r etc! )entr* ta s/-,i )/g*be?ti *?manii@ 9/ 1aci ce se cheam/ punere de cep ()rin aceast/ 0r/Cit(rie -m)ie ici (amenii s/-?i sl(b(a / * *l@ @@) "rin acela?i male1ici*! 0r/Cit(rii 0-r/ ,e)i s*b )(tc(a0ele cail(r ?iEi ?(nt(r(gescD ei leag/ 0asele )line c* 0in! a)/ sa* alt/ lic(are c/ n* le mai )(,i a ce) e le-ai 1ace ?i ( mie e g/*ri@ 9/ t*lb*ri c*get*l (amenil(r a?a 1el -nc-t s/ li se r/t/ceasc/ min,ile! sa* s/ le *m)li -nchi)*irea c* n/+/reli in care s/-i a)*ce n/b/ /ile! )entr* ca s/ tragi 1(l(ase in n/)asta l(r! sa* s/-i -n1/,i?e+i -ntr* is)re,*l cel(rlal,i@ 9/ ai n(),i rele b/rba,il(r ?i 1emeil(r (ar+-n 0reasc*ri! l*min/ri! sa* menin ( stea) @@@ 9/ a1*rise?ti )e cine0a sting-n t(ate l*minile in cas/! -n-t(rc-n s)atele 0ecinel(r! r(st(g(lin *-te )e C(s ?i r(stin )salm*l ;VIII (;IX ast/+i)@ 9/ *ci+i )/ *chii ?i alte g-ng/nii -T2 s)*rcate care se n/)*stesc as*)ra (m*l*i! g9` 1rec-n *-,i s*bs*(rile c* a)/ e 1-nt-n/ BGG (ri e i+0(r ?i r(stin an*mite 0(rbeB@ La ca)/t*l acestei l*ngi en*mer/ri! J@-:@ 'hiers a a*g/ c/ mai eHist/ A( in1initate e alte male1icii )e care 0r/Cit(rii ?i (tr/0it(rii le 1(l(sesc -n t(ate +ileleB@ Oi! -ntr-a e0/r! n-am mai termina e-ar 1i s/ -n?ir/m t(ate 0r/Cit(riile men,i(nate -n )r(cese! l*cr/ri e em(n(l(gie! stat*te sin( ale! )(0estiri e mi-

1%&

rac(le! man*ale e c(n1esi*ne ?i tratate e te(l(gie m(ral/ )/strate )-n/ ast/+i@ 7ric*m! lista )re(t*l*i in "erche c(nstit*ie ( m/rt*rie im)(rtant/ c* )ri0ire la ( c*lt*r/ r*ral/ ?i magic/ ce 1(r,ea+/ -n m( c(nstant barierele c*lt*rii sa0ante@ Aici (min/ ne-ncre erea -ntre 0ecini ?i r/+b*n/rile@ A)are e asemenea c(n0ingerea c/ nici calamit/,ile! nici b(lile! nici m(artea -ns/?i n* s*nt 1en(mene 1ire?ti! cel )*,in -n sens*l -n care -n,elegem n(i ast/+i l*cr*rile@ -n s1-r?it! a)ar la s*)ra1a,/ (* ( insisten,/ sim)t(matic/ an*mite temeriF e sterilitate! e im)(ten,/! e neb*nie! e An(a)-te-reaB! e )ier erea rec(ltel(r ?i a t*rmel(r@ Iat/ne chiar -n mie+*l *ni0ers*l*i 1/r/ e 0-rst/ al 1ricii@ 7 1ric/ )ret*tin eni ?i 0e?ni( )re+ent/ )entr* c/ nat*ra n* se s*)*ne *n(r legi! t(t*l -n ea 1iin -ns*1le,it! s*sce)tibil e e+l/n,*iri nea?te)tate ?i mai c* seam/ e mani)*l/ri -ngriC(r/t(are in )artea cel(r -nc-r /?i,i c* 1/)t*rile misteri(ase care (min/ s)a,i*l s*bl*nar! ca)abile -n c(nsecin,/ s/ )r(0(ace neb*nie! b(li ?i 1*rt*ni@ De aceea! este bine s/ 1ii )re0/+/t(r c* cei care e,in )*terea e a ac,i(na as*)ra elementel(r ?i e a a bie,il(r (ameni s/n/tate sa* in1irmit/,i! )r(s)eritate sa* mi+erie@ N* -nca)e nici ( -n (ial/F m*l,i e*r()eni e ( ini(ar/ l-a* c(nsi erat )e cel n*mit e :iseric/ 9atan re)t ( )*tere ca (ricare alta! *ne(ri bene1ic/! alte(ri male1ic/! )(tri0it atit* inii a ()tate 1a,/ e el##=@ L*ther! -n @arele Catehism, -i atac/ )e cei care Ase alia+/ c* ia0(l*l )entr* ca acesta s/ le ea bani in bel?*g (ri s/ le -nlesneasc/ i*birile! s/ le a)ere 0itele! s/ le ea -na)(i b*n*rile )ier *teB@ 5enri EstienneG men,i(nea+/ -n #=33 ca+*l *nei A1emei sim)le (care)! *)/ ce -i a)rinsese ( il*minare s1-nt*l*i MihaiP i-a
G +enri Estienne (#=L&E#=$&)! 1il(l(g sa0ant ?i a*t(r al *n(r )am1lete 0ir*lente e (rientare cal0inist/ care i-a* atras c(n amnarea la m(arte! e care sca)/ -ns/ 1*gin in "aris@ (N@ tr@)@

a)rins *na ?i ia0(l*l*i care era c* elD s1-nt*l*i Mihail ca s-( aC*te! ia0(l*l*i ca s/ n-( *rgiseasc/B@ Un en(ria? in 7 enbach (<ermania )r(testant/) eclar/ -n #=%=! *)/ ( rec(lt/ b(gat/! c*m c/ el cre e c/ e la ia0(l i se trage at-ta bel?*g e gr-ne@ In sec(l*l *rm/t(r! )/rintele Le N(blet+ esc()er/ -n :retania )()*la,ii care -i a *c (1ran e Nec*rat*l*i )entr* c/ -?i -nchi)*ie c/ el a n/sc(cit hri?c/@ De aceea! *)/ seceri?! ,/ranii ar*nc/ c-,i0a )*mni e semin,e e hri?c/ -n ?an,*rile care m/rginesc (g(arele e )e care a* str-ns rec(lta As/ le ea -n ar cel*i 1a,/ e care (se -nchi)*ie) -n at(ra,iB@ A-l s*)/ra )e 9atan era a?a ar ( )r(blem/! ca ?i aceea e a-i s*)/ra )e s1in,ii est*l e )*ternici ca s/ t/m/ *iasc/ b(li ?i! -n aceea?i m/s*r/! s/ le ?i r/s)-n easc/@ -n 7cci ent*l sec(lel(r XVEXVII! era* c*n(sc*te E ?i tem*te E mai bine e )atr*+eci ##3 e b(li esemnate )rin n*mele *n(r s1in,i ! aceea?i in1irmitate )*t-n 1i ra)(rtat/ la mai m*l,i s1in,i i1eri,i@ ;ele mai re *tabile ?i a)arent cele mai 1rec0ente era* #ocul s# ntului "nton (erg(tism gangren(s)D $oala s# ntului (oan, n*mit/ ?i $oala s# ntului )ou (e)ile)sie)D $oala s# ntului "carie +is/ ?i $oala s# ntului @athurin (neb*nie)D 2 $oala s# ntului Joch sa* a s# ntului &e$astian (ci*ma)D $oala s# ntului Fiacre (hem(r(i+i ?i 1ibr(m anal)D $oala s# ntului @aur sa* $oala s# ntului 'enou (g*t/)@ F(arte tim)*ri*! )(0estirile es)re mirac(le insistaser/ as*)ra r/+b*n/ril(r e care era* -n stare *nii s1in,i (1ensa,i@ <reg(ire e '(*rs )(0este?te c/ *n om care -i )(negrise )e s1-nt*l Martin ?i )e s1-nt*l Mar,ial a s*r+it! a am*,it ?i a m*rit neb*n##%@ -n +(rii 'im)*ril(r M( erne! maC(ritatea (amenil(r n* g-n ea alt1el ec-t -n e)(ca l*i <reg(ire e '(*rsG@ Un cr(nicar in sec(l*l al XV-lea c(nsemnea+/
[ 'regoire de /ours, e)isc() ?i ist(ric! a*t(r*l )rim*l*i (c*ment al ist(ri(gra1iei 1rance+e ,+istoria Francorum9D a tr/it -ntre anii =K& ?i =$N@ (N@ tr@)@ h

1%'

c/ *)/ ce )*stiise m-n/stirea 9aintFiacre! e l-ng/ Mea*H! regele Angliei 5enri al V-lea a 1(st l(0it e b(ala s1-nt*l Fiacre! escris/ ca A( sc*rgere in 0intre c*m n* s-a )(menit ?i (* hem(r(i+iB@ Oi a m*rit e )e *rma ei -n chin*ri gr(a+nice@ A-ntins -n )at*l l*i e s*1erin,/! )l/tea ast1el trib*t gl(ri(s*l*i c(n1es(r s1-nt*l ##& Fiacre! c*m +icea l*mea! ?i s*1erea amarnic B@ 9-ar )*tea ca! -n +el*l l(r! )re icat(rii s/ 1i -nt/rit cre in,a -n s1in,ii 0in icati0i@ AAst1el *n hab(tnic in 9inayG! se scrie -n 'ar-gantua, +icea -n )re icile l*i c/ s1-nt*l Ant(n / br-nc/ la )ici(are! s1-nt*l E*tr()ie r(-)ic/! s1-nt*l <il as neb*nia! s1-nt*l <en(* g*t/##$B@ L*-n a ese(ri -n er- ere 1rica ins)irat/ e s1in,ii r/*0(it(ri! *mani?tii n* 1a( ec-t s/ certi1ice larga ei r/s)-n ire@ Erasm ir(ni+ea+/ -ntr-*n*i in Colocviile saleF A"etr* )(ate 1ereca )(arta cer*l*i@F "a0el e -narmat c* s)a /D :art(l(me* c* sat-rD <*illa*me c* lance@ F(c*l s1-nt e la iscre,ia l*i Ant(n@ @ @ chiar ?i Francis( 2Assisi! e c-n a aC*ns -n cer*ri! )(ate s/-i (rbeasc/ )e (amenii care n*-# cinstes( sa* s/ le r/t/ceasc/ min,ile@ 91in,ii care n* s*nt )r(sl/0i,i c*m se c*0ine seam/n/ b(li gr(a+nice#L>B@ ;* ( C*m/tate e sec(l mai t-r+i*! 5enri Estienne se 1ace ec(*l l *i E ra s m -n "p ol og ia lu i + e r o do t: ? . . . 7ricare intre s1in,i )(ate l(0i c* b(ala )e care t(t el )(ate s-( lec*iasc/ @ @ @ Este a e0/rat c/ *nii s1in,i s*nt mai a)*ca,i ?i mai )rimeC i(?i ec-t al,iiF )rintre ace?tia s1-nt*l Ant(n mai c* seam/! in ca*+/ c/ )-rC(le?te t(t*l la cea mai mic/ s*)/rare )ricin*it/ l*i sa* 0re*n*ia intre ale?ii s/i@ @ @ Oi )e b*n/ re)tate )*tem +ice es)re acest s1-nt ?i es)re al,i c-,i0a intre cei mai a)*ca,i ?i mai )rimeC i(?i ce a +is ?i *n )(et latin es)re t(,i +eii -n
G ;(m*n/ in :elgia! -n Flan ra (riental/@ (N@ tr@)@

generalF .rimus in or$e deos #ecit tirn(rG#L#B@ EHisten,a -n :erry a *nei 1-nt-ni -nchinate s1-nt*l*i Ma*0ais (6/*)! *n e 0enea* s/ 3e r(age cei care (rea* m(artea 0re*n*i *?man! a *n*i ri0al -n rag(ste sa* a 0re*nei r*be enii! )e (are s-( m(?teneasc/! este -nc/ ( em(nstra,ie eHem)lar/ a )*terii -ngriC(r/t(are e,in*te e s1in,ii r/*0(it(ri@ Din 1ericire! n* e)arte! se -n/l,a ( ca)el/ -nchinat/ s1-nt*l*i :(n (:*n)#LL@ Ince)-n in sec(l*l al XVI-lea! )r(cesele e 0r/Cit(rie! )re icile! catehism*l s-a* str/*it c* t(t mai m*lt/ insisten,/ s/ im)*n/ -n mentalitatea c(lecti0/ a ,/r/nimii e(sebirea necesar/ intre D*mne+e* ?i 9atan! intre s1in,i ?i em(ni@ '(t*?i! 1rica e n*mer(asele )rimeC ii care -m)(0/ra* (amenii ?i )/-m-nt*l e alt/ at/ )ersista@ ;(ntin*a* a?a ar! -n ci* a a*t(rit/,il(r religi(ase ?i laice! ?i *nele )ractici s*s)ecte ca 1/cliile in )rima *minic/ a )/resimil(r ?i 1(c*rile e s1-nt*l-I(n@ Din tim)*ri imem(riale! -n m(ment*l c-n 0egeta,ia se tre+ea iar/?i la 0ia,/! (amenii a)rin ea* 1(c*ri sacre E $ures sa* $randons66 E ?i! c* t(r,a -n m-n/! str/b/tea* c-m)*rile ca s/ i+g(neasc/ *h*rile rele ?i s/ c(nC*re insectele#LK@ 6it*rile e s1-nt*l-I(n a *cea* n*mer(ase bine1aceri ?i (cr(tiri@ Ierb*rile c*lese -n n(a)tea e LK s)re LN i*nie a)/ra* tim) e *n an (amenii ?i 0itele e b(li ?i e acci ente@ Aceea?i )*tere se atrib*ia si t/ci*nil(r a *?i -acas/! *)/ Yc*m! cel )*,in -n :retania! l*mea cre ea c/ 1l/c/rile acest*i 1(c eHce),i(nal -nc/l+e?te s*1letele *?il(r e )e l*me#LN@ In ,/rile )r(testante ?i -n i(ce+ele cat(lice )/st(rite e e)isc()i rig(ri?ti! ( seam/ e inter ic,ii rac(nice a*
G (n latin: La -nce)*t +e*l a creat 1rica -n l*me (N@ tr@)@ GG 0ure, c*0-nt ie?it in *+F )artea s*)eri(ar/ a *n*i c*)t(r e 1ier/rieD $randon, t(r,/@ (N@ tr@)@ [

-m)ins -n clan estinitate aceast/ 1(rm/ e magie cali1icat/ re)t A)/g-n/#L=@ Ai*rea! )*terea ecle+iastic/ a acce)tat! )e linia *nei -nel*ngate tra i,ii! s/ binec*0-nte+e aceste c(m)(rtamente ?i rit*ri anteri(are cre?tinism*l*i! re+er0-n *-?i re)t*l e a c(n amna )racticile care -ncerca* s/ se s*strag/ c(ntr(l*l*i :isericii@ De *n e ?i *n magism cre?tin care! )-n/ n* e m*lt/ 0reme! a r/mas *na intre c(m)(nentele maC(re ale 0ie,ii religi(ase in 7cci ent@ -ntr-( l*crare! ree itat/ la Vene,ia -n #%%$! 1ig*rea+/ mai bine e ( s*t/ e Aabs(l0iri! bene ic,i*ni! c(nC*r/ri (?i) eH(rcismeB ra)(rt-n *-se eHcl*si0 la 0ia,a material/F binec*0-nt/ri )ri0in t*rmele! 0in*l! )-inea! *lei*l! la)tele! (*/le! A(rice 1el e carneB! 0iermii e m/tase! c/m/rile! hambarele! )at*l c(nC*gal! 1-nt-na cea n(*/! sarea )entr* 0ite! 0/+ *h*l ca s/ r/m-n/ senin! sa* s/ a *c/ )l(aieD c(nC*r/ri ale A1*rt*nii iminenteB ?i ale tr/snet*l*i@ @@ D eH(rcisme -m)(tri0a 0iermil(r! a ?(b(lanil(r! a ?er)il(r ?i a t*t*r(r animalel(r /*n/t(are#L3 etc@ "rintre acestea in *rm/! e(sebit e tem*t era l*)*l@ D(0a / s*me enia e +icale care -l men,i(nea+/#L%F A"a+a )r(ast/ -ngra?/ l*)*lB! AL*)*l t-n/r e )ra / b*n/B! AUn e s-a )(menit ie)*re r/* ?i l*) micSB! AM(artea l*)*l*i! s/n/tatea (il(rB etc@ A)ari,ia l*)il(r era ese(ri semn e 1(ameteF AF(amea g(ne?te l*)*l in )/ *reB@ 7r! c*m )e 0rem*ri 1(amea b-nt*ia ese(ri l*mea r*ral/! l*)*l era *n animal tem*t! misteri(s ()entr* c/ tr/ia -n )/ *ri) ?i teribil e )re+ent -n acela?i tim)@ 9e s)*neaF A;*n(sc*t ca l*)*lB@ ;-te n*me e a?e+/ri c(n,in-n c*0-nt*l Al*)#L&BS Dac/ am C* eca *)/ )(0e?tile ?i legen ele care a* )r()agat )-n/ la n(i! ec(*l acest*i c*0-nt! strig/t*l A9/ri,i! l*)*lSB r/s*na ese(ri@ "e b*n/ re)tate sa* n*! acesta era semnal*l e0i ent e mare )rimeC ie ?i! n* ( at/! e )anic/@ "entr* inc(n?tient*l c(lecti0! l*)*l era )r(babil Aemisar*l s*mbr* al
+,

l*mii cht(nieneB (Le0i-9tra*ss)@ La ni0el*l re)re+ent/ril(r c(n?tiente! el era animal*l sang*inar! *?man al (m*l*i ?i al t*rmel(r! t(0ar/?*l 1(ametei ?i al r/+b(i*l*i@ De aceea! -n m( c(nstant! se im)*nea (rgani+area e h/it*ieli c(lecti0e )entr* al*ngarea l*i@ D(c*mentele -n aceast/ )ri0in,/ ab*n /@ V(m re,ine aici (ar (*/! semni1icati0e ?i se)arate *n*l e alt*l -n tim) ?i s)a,i*@ -n ###N! sin( *l e la 9antiag( e ;(m)(stela h(t/r/?te ca -n 1iecare s-mb/t/! eHce)t-n aC*n*l "a?tel*i ?i al 6*saliil(r! s/ aib/ l(c ( 0-n/t(are e l*)i la care se )artici)e (bligat(ri* )re(,ii! n(bilii ?i ,/ranii nere,in*,i e treb*ri *rgente@ "re(t*l care se 0a eschi0a e la aceast/ -n at(rire! sing*ra sc*+/ 1iin 0i+itarea *n(r b(lna0i! 0a )l/ti ( amen / e cinci )arale@ N(bil*l at li)s/! e asemenea@ c/ran*l 0a a ( )ara sa* ( (aie #L$@ In #3$3! abatele in 9aint-5*bert! -n L*Hemb(*rg! )*blic/ ( (r (nan,/ -n care citimF A-n?tiin,a,i e )ag*bele )ricin*ite e l*)i -n 1iecare an )rintre t*rmele e )e )/m-nt*l n(str*! )rec*m ?i )rintre animalele c* blan/ e )e teren*rile n(astre e 0-n/t(are! (r (n/m )rimaril(r ?i l(c,iit(ril(r acest(ra s/ )reia c(man a l(c*it(ril(r in C*ris ic,ia l(r )entr* a ie?i la 0-n/t(are e l*)i (ri e c-te (ri 0remea se 0a ar/ta )rielnic/ -n iarna acest*i an #3$3#K>B@ In )artea e C(s a )r(0inciei :erry! 0-n/t(rile c(lecti0e e l*)i se (rgani+a* )-n/ -n sec(l*l al XlX-lea@ La s1-r?it*l )rim*l*i r/+b(i m(n ial! e)artament*l In re r/m-nea )entr* ei ( regi*ne e trecere#K#@ Nicic-n 1rica e l*) n-a 1(st at-t e )*ternic/ -n Fran,a ca la s1-r?it*l r/+b(aiel(r religi(ase@ "*stiirile! i+beli?tea (g(arel(r )e *n e trec*ser/ (?tirile! )eri(a ele e 1(amete in *ltim*l eceni* al sec(l*l*i al XVI-lea a* a0*t re)t c(nsecin,/ ( a e0/rat/ in0a+ie e l*)i atestat/ )rintre al,ii e "@ e L2Es- #>&

t(ileGF A6/+b(i*l s1-r?in *-se -ntre (ameni! scrie el -n i*nie #=$&! a -nce)*t cel c* l*)ii@ Mai c* seam/ -n :rie! ;ham)agne ?i :assigny se )(0estea* is)r/0i cr*nte ale aminti,il(r l*)i#KLB@ -n :retania! relatea+/ cam t(t )e at*nci can(nic*l M(rea*! AE gr(a+nic s/ s)*i ce nen(r(ciri )ricin*ia*B! n/0/lin )e str/+ile in W*im)er! *cig-n 0ite ?i (ameni -n miCl(c*l r*m*l*i! -nh/,-n *-i e g-tleC Aca s/-i -m)ie ice s/ strige! iar ac/ a0ea* r/ga+ est*l! ?tia* s/-i es)(aie 1/r/ s/ le s1-?ie hainele ?i nici m/car c/m/?ile! c/ le g/seai neatinse l-ng/ (semintele cel(r e0(ra,iB @ @ @ ;eea ce! a a*g/ a*t(r*l! As)(rea t(t mai m*lt gre?eala (amenil(r sim)li care +icea* c/ n* s-nt l*)i a e0/ra,i ci #K= )ric(lici sa* (?teni sa* 0r/Cit(ri )reschimba,i B@ 9it*a,ia n*-i mai )*,in -ngriC(r/t(are c-,i0a ani mai t-r+i* -n Lang*e (c! C* ee-n *)/ h(t/r-rea )r(n*n,at/ la % ian*arie #3>3 e )arlament*l in '(*l(*seF AA0-n -n 0e ere )l.ngerea -n1/,i?at/ e )rim-)r(c*r(r*l regel*i )ri0in (m(r*rile ?i istr*gerile s/0-r?ite e l*)i ?i 1iare s/lbatice care a* *cis )este cinci s*te e K. b/rba,i! 1emei ?i c()ii mici -n *ltimele trei l*ni -n sene?alatele 'h(l(se ?i La*rag*(is! f chiar -n -m)reC*rimile ?i s*b*rbiile )(me-F nit*l*i 'h(l(se! )arlament*l (r (n/ t*t*-2@ )!(r 1*nc,i(naril(r regel*i@ @ @ s/-i a *ne )e FA2 l(calnici ?i s/ 0-ne+e l*)ii ?i alte 1iare s/lbatice@@ @#KNI N*-i el(c -nt-m)l/t(r a?a ar 1a)t*l c/! la c(n1l*en,a sec(lel(r XVI ?i XVII! em(n(l(gii 1rance+i a* i+ertat ab*n ent es)re licantr()ie! iar trib*nalele a* )r(n*n,at at-tea c(n amn/ri e 0r/Cit(ri ac*+a,i e canibalism#K=@ "(t (are *nii (ameni s/ se )reschimbe
G .ierre /aisan de )*Estoile (#=N3E#3##)! cr(nicar 1rance+! a*t(r*l *n(r mem(rii e ( remarcabil/ 0eracitate@ (N@ tr@)@

-n l*)i e0(rat(riM 9a* l*)ii -n?i?i e0in (biect*l *nei )(sesii em(niceM 9a* n* c*m0a! *nii 0r/Cit(ri! c* aC*t(r*l ia0(l*l*i! ia* chi) e l*)! satis1/(-n *-?i ast1el instinctele sang*inareM "/rerile era* -m)/r,ite! n* -ns/ ?i certit* inea milenar/ c/ l*)*l este *n animal satanic@ ;-t es)re n(,i*nea e Al(*)-gar(*B ()ric(lici E n@tr@)! e (rigine germanic/! ?i a-testat/ -n t(at/ E*r()a! ea semni1ic/ A(m-l*)B! ?i tra *ce 1(arte bine c(n0ingerea )r(1*n / a ,/ranil(r e )e at*nci@ Jnc/ la s1-r?it*l sec(l*l*i al XVII-lea! -n L*Hemb*rg! inC*ria Al(*)-gar(*B sa* Al(*0egar(*eB mai era l*at/ 1(arte -n seri(s ?i )rileC*ia retract/ri )*blice #K3@ 9e im)*nea a?a ar 1(l(sirea *n(r arme eHce),i(nale -m)(tri0a *n*i animal in1ernal care! )(tri0it c(n0ingerii generale! ataca e )re1erin,/ 1emeile -ns/rcinate ?i c()iii -n tim) ce se C*ca* la (arecare e)/rtare e casa )/rinteasc/@ De alt1el! acesta a 1(st ?i c(m)(rtament*l A1iareiB care! -n anii #%3>! a b/gat -n s)erie,i t(at/ regi*nea <e0a* an@ 7 gra0*r/ e e)(c/ ( escrie ca )e *n animal care Aseam/n/ c* *n l*)! n*mai c/ n-are )ici(arele at-t e l*ngiB ?i )r(babil c/! a ese(ri! l*)ii era* c(n1*n a,i c* aceast/ ihanie misteri(as/@ "anica )e care a st-rnit-( n-a 1(st e-c-t eHagerarea! la *n m(ment at ?i -ntr-( regi*ne an*me! a 1ricii tra i,i(nale e l*) QE *n animal )entr* c(mbaterea c/r*ia armele religiei era* bine0enite@ -m)(tri0a l*i! era e0(cat s1-nt*l L(*)! )e temei*l n*mel*i s/*! (ri s1-nt*l 5er0e -n :retania@ <l(an,ele se m*ia* -n aghia+m/@ 9e r(stea Atat/l n(str* al l*)*l*iB in care )re(t*l 'hiers ne transmite *na intre n*mer(asele 0arianteF AIn n*mele 'at/l*i! al Fi*l*i ?i a 91-nt*l*i D*h! l*)i ?i l*)(aice! 0/ c(nC*r ?i 0/ 1armec! 0/ c(nC*r -n n*mele 1(arte s1intei ?i )reas1intei! a?a c*m Maica D(mn*l*i a 1(st -ns/rcinat/! s/ n* r/)i,i nici s/ r/t/ci,i 0re*na intre (bit(acele in t*rma mea! 1ie miei! 1ie (i@ @@! nici s/ le v t ma"i c*m0a#K%B@ -'-.' /&iers
respin0ea ++

aceast/ r*g/ci*ne )entr* c/ n* a0ea gir*l bisericii ?i 1(l(sea *n )r(ce e* magi( e c(nC*rare )rin AsimilaritateB (a?a c*m Feci(ara a 1(st -ns/rcinat/! s/ 1ie ?i t*rma (cr(tit/)@ ;ererea st/r*it(are a )()*la,iil(r! care sim,ea* ne0(ia e a)/rare! s*b+ista -ns/@ "r(testantism*l a re1*+at s/ ea c*rs acestei inter)el/ri )()*lare@ ;at(licism*l!! -n schimb! c* )re,*l an*mit(r )reca*,i*ni! c(ntin*/! )-n/ la *rm/! s/-i r/s)*n /@ 6ela,ia str-ns/ intre 1ric/ ?i religie! -n l*mea cre?tin/! -?i a1l/ ( eH)rimare r/s)icat/ ?i -n r*g/ci*nea )lin/ e smerenie a resat/ -n )lin sec(l XIX s1-nt*l*i D(nat! *n martir r(man al c/r*i n*me era in0(cat -m)(tri0a tr/snet*l*i ?i al intem)eriil(rF A91-nt gl(ri(s carele )rin ca+nele -n *rate l-ai c*n(sc*t )re D(mn*l D*mne+e* ?iE# )ream/re?ti la(lalt/ c* -ngerii ?i her*0imii s/i ?i-,i b*c*ri s*1let*l -ntr* 1ericirea cea 0e?nic/! te r*g/m 1ierbinte -nt(arce-te s)re n(i ?i -n *r/te e )*ne 0(rba cea b*n/ )e l-ng/ M-nt*it(r*l Is*s ca )rin mare mila l*i s/ ne a)ere e nen(r(cirea c*m)lit/ a grin inii! a 0iCeliei ?i a 1*rt*nil(r! e *rm/rile 1*neste ale tr/snet*l*i ?i ale alt(ir gr(+/0ii )*stiit(areD 1ie ca )rin s1-nta ?i )*ternica ta (cr(tire! D*mne+e* s/ se mil(sti0easc/ ?i s/ ne )/+easc/ e t(ate stihiile )(tri0nice an(tim)*ril(r ?i r(a el(r )/m-nt*l*i! b*n*rile n(astre cele mai e )re, ?i nes)*s e treb*inci(ase 0ie,*irii n(astre ?i s/ e)/rte+e ci*ma e t*rmele n(astre ?i s/ ne a)ere e()(tri0/ rec(ltele c* care r/s)l/te?ti 0eghile ?i s* (rile tr* it(r*l*i e )e (g(areD ?i te mai r*g/m s/ ne )/stre+i c/minele neatinse e cele stric/ci*ni m*lt *rer(ase 1/)t*ril(r n(astre n/)/st*iteD mil(sti0e?te-te D(amne e n(i ?i -m)line?te r*g/ci*nile n(astre )rin miCl(cirea )rea i*bit*l*i ### ?i cre inci(s*l*i t/* ser0it(r s1-nt*l D(nat@

Fac/-se 0(ia 'a@ De s)*s -n cinstea )rea1ericit*l*i martir ?a)te "ater iminea,a ?i seara ?i ?a)te A0eB@ Aceast/ r*g/ci*ne treb*ie as(ciat/ c* n*mer(ase alte )ractici 1(arte r/s)-n ite )e 0rem*riF tras*l cl()(tel(r )e tim) e 1*rt*n/! tr(i,e )*se la r/s)-ntii )entr* (cr(tirea e grin in/ a (g(arel(r in C*r! )(rt*l e talismane ?i e Abre0eteGB E ese(ri *n sc*rt 2 1ragment in )r(l(g*l E0angheliei s1-nt*l*i I(an etc@ -n aceste c(n i,ii! este lim)e e c/ )()*la,iile r*rale 0e ea* -n )re(t )e acela care! in0estit e :iseric/ c* )*teri eHce),i(nale! )*tea 1eri *n (g(r e grin in/ ?i 1*rt*ni E mani1est/ri e0i ente ale m-niei i0ine! -n a)rilie #33K! a*t(ritatea e)isc()al/ a i(-ce+ei in "er)ignan! ce -n esig*r )resi*nil(r )*blice! a c(nsi erat ()(rt*n s/ le reaminteasc/ )re(,il(r at(ria im)eri(as/ e a n*-?i )/r/si )ar(hia -n )eri(a ele (minate e 1*rt*niF AA1la,i c/ la act*ala n(astr/ a *nare ecle+iastic/ iscret*l )r(c*r(r 1iscalGG ne-a a *s la c*n(?tin,/ c/ e m*lt/ 0reme! C* ecin *)/ ( seam/ e (0e+i 0re nice e l*are aminte! reiese c/ D(mn*l N(str* D*mne+e* ar 1i in ignat ?i s*)/rat e n*mer(asele )/cate ?i (1ense s/0-r?ite -m)(tri0a Di0inei 9ale MaCest/,i@ Aceste semne +ilnice arat/ c/ el ar 0rea s/ ne )e e)seasc/ )rin )ier erea r(a el(r )/m-nt*l*i! )rin iminente c/eri e grin in/! 1*rt*ni ?i 0iCelii )ricin*in mari li)s*ri -n i(ce+a n(astr/! )rec*m ?i alte 1(arte gra0e )reC* icii! est*l e n(t(G '(t ( 1(rm/ e talisman c(nst-n -n c-te0a c*0inte sa* 1(rm*le scrise )e *n $re# sa* $revet. (N@ tr@)@ GG In 0echi*l regim! procurorul sa* avocatul #iscal era 1ns rcinat cu suprave0&erea a)lic/rii legil(r@ E)i tet*l discret (c1@ lat@ discretus, Aca)abil e a iscerneB) -m)re*n/ c* acela e venera$il se ac(r a ( ini(ar/ ca titl* e (n(are )re(,il(r ?i (ct(ril(r! -n sens*l 52 aca emic@ (N@ tr@)@ III

rii ?i e mani1esteD ?i c/ s1-nta :iseric/! mam/ )reac*cernic/! (rin s/ )(t(leasc/ m-nia ?i in ignarea i0in/! a intr( *s i1erite reme ii )rec*m tras*l cl()(tel(r! s1intele eH(rcisme ?i binec*0-nt/ri ?i alte r*g/ci*ni@ ;* t(ate acestea! s-a c(nstatat c/ )ers(anele -n ca*+/! c/r(ra le re0enea* amintitele -n at(riri! a* (0e it el/sare -n -ne)linirea l(r@ ;a atare! s(c(tim e at(ria n(astr/ ca )rintr-( m/s*r/ )(tri0it/ s/ )re0enim asemenea ?i chiar mai gra0e )reC* icii ?i inc(n0enienteD ?i ast1el )rin c(n,in*t*l )re+entei! 0(*/ ?i 1iec/r*ia intre 0(i! la st/r*in,a )r(c*r(r*l*i 1iscal! re)t )rima! a (*a ?i a treia can(nic/ ?i )erem)t(rie m(ni,i*neG! 0/ )*nem -n 0e ere c/ at-ta 0reme c-t r(a ele )/m-nt*l*i se 0(r a1la -n )rimeC ia e a 1i istr*se ?i stricate e c/ eri e grinin/ ?i alte 1*rt*ni ?i 0iCelii! s/ r/m-ne,i ne-ntrer*)t ?i )ers(nal -n bisericile ?i )ar(hiile 0(astre ?i s/ n* 0/ e)/rta,i -n nici *n chi) e ele! ci n*mai ac/ este e nea)/rat/ treb*in,/D ?i -nt(t ea*na! c-n 0e,i 0e ea semne )re0estit(are e asemenea 1*rt*ni ?i 0iCelii! 0e,i a0ea griC/ s/ le eH(rci+a,i ?i binec*0-nta,i )rin semn*l )rea s1intei cr*ci! tr/g-n cl()(tele ?i 1(l(sin celelalte remeii intr( *se e s1-nta mam/ :iseric/ -n acest sc()@ Ne-n e)linirea acest(r m/s*ri se sanc,i(nea+/ c* ( amen / e +ece li0re! eHc(m*nicare maC(r/GG! )rec*m ?i alte )ee)se! )(tri0it C* ec/,ii n(astre ?i )(tri0it )ag*bei )ricin*ite e negliCen,a 0(astr/ @ @ @#KIB@
G In termenii C*ris ic,iei ecle+iastice! moniiunea este *n a0ertisment al e)isc()*l*i! care )rece e eHc(m*nicarea@ (N@ tr@)@ GG "rin eHc(m*nicare ma!or cre inci(s*l este t(tal i+g(nit in c(m*nitatea :isericii! s)re e(sebire e cea minor care are re)t e1ect (ar )ri0area e sacramente@ (N@ tr@)@

;e semni1ica* at-tea )reca*,i*ni ?i m/s*ri e a)/rare! ac/ n* 1a)t*l c/! )e 0rem*ri! 0iit(r*l a)r()iat a)/rea -nc/rcat e amenin,/ri ?i )lin e ca)cane e care treb*ia s/ te a)eri cli)/ e cli)/M De *n e ?i necesitatea e a eHamina ?i inter)reta an*mite semne -ncerc-n ! at(rit/ l(r! s/ c*n(?ti inainte 0iit(r*l@ ADi0ina,iaB -n -n,eles*l ei cel mai larg! era E ?i -nc/ mai este )entr* cei care ( )ractic/ E ( reac,ie e 1ric/ e +i*a e m-ine@ In ci0ili+a,iile e ( ini(ar/! +i*a e m-ine era mai m*lt (biect e team/ ec-t e s)eran,/@ Astr(l(gia n*-i ec-t *n*l intre (meniile i0ina,iei@ Dar este acela e care c*lt*ra scris/ s-a (c*)at cel mai m*lt@ L@ A*rigemma aminte?te c/ -n #$L= se in0entariaser/ -n <ermania #L@=K3 e man*scrise c* )ri0ire la astr(l(gie! in )eri(a a c*)rins/ -ntre sec(lele al X-lea ?i al XVIIIlea#K$@ "r(babil c/ aceast/ ci1r/ ar treb*i -n+ecit/ ac/ ar 1i s/ e1ect*/m aceea?i ()era,ie )entr* -ntreaga E*r()/@ De-a l*ng*l -ntregii ist(rii cre?tine! isc*rs*l te(l(gic s-a str/ *it s/ 1ac/ istinc,ia -ntre astr(l(gia licit/ ?i cea ilicit/@ 91-nt*l A*g*stin a mite c/ stelele )(t 1i Asemne )re0estit(are e e0enimente! ar 1/r/ e amestec -n e)lina l(r s/0-r?ireB@ ;/ci A ac/ (amenii ac,i(nea+/ s*b c(nstr-ngerea cereasc/! ce l(c mai r/m-ne )entr* C* ecata l*i D*mne+e* care este st/)-n*l a?tril(r ?i al (amenil(rMB ,Con!esiuni, 0! ca)@ #)@ D*)/ '(ma 2A-V*in(! im)(rtant/ este n* n*mai a)/rarea libert/,ii l*i D*mne+e*! ar ?i aceea a 1iec/r*ia intre n(i@ N*-i c-t*?i e )*,in )/cat! scrie el! s/ 1(l(se?ti astr(l(gia A-ntr* )re0e erea e1ectel(r e (r in c(r)(ralF 1*rt*n/ sa* 0reme 1r*m(as/! s/n/tate sa* b(al/! bel?*g sa* rec(lte slabe! ?i t(t ce ,ine e()(tri0/ e ca*+e c(r)(rale ?i nat*rale@ '(at/ l*mea se 1(l(se?te e eaF c*lti0at(rii! na0igat(rii! me icii@ @@ Dar 0(in,a (meneasc/ n*-i s*)*s/ eterminism*l*i astralD altminteri am )ier e liber*l arbitr* ?i ##

t(t( at/ merit*lGB ,&urrnna /heologiae, II aII ae, chesti*nea $=)@ Aceast/ istinc,ie este rel*at/ e ;al0in! ar c* *n accent 1(arte a*g*stinian! as*)ra -ntregii )*teri i0ine@ El ()*ne a?a ar astr(l(gia Anat*ral/B! -ntemeiat/ A)e ac(r *l -ntre stele sa* )lanete ?i is)(+i,ia c(r)*ril(r *maneB! Aastr(l(giei bastar eB care ca*t/ s/ ghiceasc/ ceea ce treb*ie s/ li se -nt-m)le (amenil(r ?i Ac-n ?i c*m treb*ie s/ m(ar/ eiB@ Nes(c(tin (meni*l l*i D*mne+e*! aceasta e As*)ersti,ie iab(lic/ @ @ @! c*m)lit ?i etestabil sacrilegi*B@ ,"vertisment mpotriva astrologiei denumite !udiciarL6...9. ;lari1ic/rile te(l(gil(r s-a* i+bit m*lt/ 0reme -n )ractic/! ?i chiar la cel mai -nalt ni0el c*lt*ral! e i eea *n*i *ni0ers c(nce)*t ca integral 0itali+at@ "entr* c(ntem)(ranii l*i Marsili( Ficin( ?i chiar ai l*i Ambr(ise "are ?i ai l*i 9ha]es)eare! nimic n* este c* a e0/rat materie ?i n* eHist/ e(s ibire e nat*r/ -ntre ca*+alitatea 1(r,el(r materiale ?i e1icacitatea 1(r,el(r s)irit*ale! acestea eH)lic-n mai ales mi?c/rile )lanetare@ Fiecare estin se a1l/ )rins -ntr-( ,es/t*r/ e in1l*en,e care! e la *n ca) la cel/lalt al l*mii! se atrag ?i se res)ing@ -n )l*s! (m*l este -nc(nC*rat e ( )*+ erie e 1iin,e misteri(ase ?i aeriene! cel mai a esea ne0/+*te! care -ntretaie nec(ntenit r*m*l 0ie,ii sale@ Aceste (*/ aHi(me ale ?tiin,ei e ( ini(ar/ a* 1(st eH)rimate 1(arte lim)e e e "aracels*sF AD*mne+e* a )()*lat cele )atr* elemente c* 1/)t*ri 0ii@ El a creat nim1ele! naia ele! mel*+ineleGG! sirenele )entr* a )()*la a)eleD
G Aici! merit -n sens*l te(l(gicF ceea ce e)/?e?te stricta -n at(rire! -?i are i+0(r*l -n caritate ?i c(nstit*ie *n 1el e crean,/ m(ral/ trans1erabil/ e la ( )ers(an/ la alta@ (N@ tr@)@ GG Z-ne-(n ine! sa*! *)/ al,i a*t(ri! em(ni1emele care -?i trag n*mele e la Mel*sine! s(a,a legen ar/! C*m/tate 1emeie C*m/tate ?ar)e! a l*i 6aym(n e L*signan@ "rima c(nsemnare a legen ei Mel*sinei atea+/ in sec@ XIII@ (N@ tr@)@

gn(mii! sil1ii! *h*rile m*n,il(r ?i )iticii )entr* a l(c*i -n m/r*ntaiele )/m-nt*l*iD salaman rele tr/it(are -n 1(c@ '(t*l )*rce e e la D*mne+e*@ '(ate tr*)*rile s*nt -ns*1le,ite e *n s)irit astral e care e)in 1(rma! -n1/,i?area ?i c*l(area l(r@ Astrele gI s*nt l(c*ite e s)irite e *n (r in s*)eri(r MA s*1let*l*i n(str*! iar aceste s)irite )re+i-@B ea+/ estinele n(astre@@@ '(t ce creier*l c(nce)e ?i -n e)line?te )*rce e in a?tri#B @@@I@2 N* aceasta era! esig*r! (ctrina a*t(rit/,il(r religi(ase ?i nici )/rerea l*i M(ntaigne@ Dar! -n ansambl*! 6ena?terea! s)riCinin *-se )e ( l*ng/ tra i,ie! a g-n it ca "aracels*s@ De aici -nc*rc/t*ra re act(ril(r e )r(n(stic*ri ?i almanah*ri E )r* en,i )entr* c/ era* s*)ra0eghea,i e :iseric/ ?i e stat! ar treb*in -n acela?i tim) s/ r/s)*n / n*mer(asel(r s(licit/ri ale )*blic*l*i (se c*n(sc 0re( s*t/ e c/r,*lii 1ran,*+e?ti c* )re+iceri in sec(l*l al XVI-lea#GG)@ Dese(ri ei ( sc(tea* la ca)/t! e* b*n/ cre in,/ 1/r/ -n (ial/! -m)/c-n at(t)*tin,a B i0in/ c* )*terea stelel(r@ D*mne+e*! s)*n *nii intre ei! este As*0eran*l D(mn at(t)*ternicB! ?i ca atare creat(r*l ?i Ast/)-n*lB a?tril(r@ Dar! )e e alt/ )arte! el Aa 1/c*t cer*rile ?i stihiile s)re 1(l(s*l n(str*B@ AEl a -ncr*stat stelele )e cer ca s/ ne 1(l(seasc/ re)t semne! )rin miCl(cirea c/r(ra ne este -ng/ *it s/ )re0e em ce0a in 0iit(r )ri0in starea (amenil(r! regatel(r! religiei ?i c-rm*irii acest(raB@ ;* aceast/ A)r(n(stica,ieB in #=3&! )*tem c(m)ara *n teHt e ;haritas "ir]heimer! claris/G in Niirnberg! care a scris -n Mem(riile eiF AAmintesc -nt-i ?i-nt-i )re+icerea! c* m*l,i ani -n *rm/! a *n*i cataclism ce 0a r/0/?i! -n an*l D(mn*l*i #=LN! t(t ce se a1l/ )e 1a,a )/m-nt*l*i@ "e 0rem*ri! l*mea cre+*se
G ;/l*g/ri,/ in 7r in*l s1intei ;lara! -n1iin,at in sec(l*l al XIII-lea (N@ tr@)@ G

c/ aceast/ )r(1e,ie 0este?te *n )(t()@ Fa)tele a* ar/tat a)(i c/ -n realitate c(nstela,iile an*n,aser/ nen(r(ciri 1/r/ e n*m/r e-n *rma 6e1(rmeiU! mi+erii! s)aime! t*lb*r/ri *rmate e m/cel*ri s-nger(ase#NKB@ ;(n0ingerea c(m*n/ )e care ( eH)rim/ a-ceste (*/ (c*mente! at-t e e(sebite -ntre ele! a 1(st r/s)-n it/ sec(le e-a r-n *l la t(ate etaCele s(ciet/,ii@ De aici gr(a+a st-rnit/ e 1en(menele cere?ti ne(bi?n*ite! )rintre acestea ?i c*rc*be*l@ "ert*rb/rile )e 1irmanent ?i -n m( mai general (rice an(malie -n crea,ie n* )*tea* )re0esti ec-t nen(r(ciri@ An*n,-n *n*i interl(c*t(r m(artea )rin,*l*i-elect(r e 9aHa (mai! #=L=)! L*ther 1/cea *rm/t(area )reci+areF A9emn*l m(r,ii sale a 1(st *n c*rc*be* )e care l-am 0/+*t! -m)re*n/ c* "hili)) (Melanchth(n) -ntr-( n(a)te in iarna trec*t/ )este L(ch@a*! )rec*m ?i *n c()il n/sc*t aici la Xittenberg 1/r/ ca)! ?i alt*l e* labele )ici(arel(r -nt(arse la s)ate#NNB@ "()*la,iile tem/t(are )-n ea* )eisaC*l ceresc ?i esc()erea* t(t s(i*l e 1ig*ri -ngriC(r/t(are@ -n 1(ile 0(lante in sec(lele XVI ?i XVII ab*n / asemenea ist(rii e necre+*t -n care min*n/,ii cere?ti ?i )/m-nte?ti s*nt a ese(ri as(ciateF A<r(a+nic*l ?i n/str*?nic*l semn care s-a 0/+*t eas*)ra (ra?*l*i "aris! c* 0iCelie! *ria?e 0-l0/t/i ?i l*min/! 1*rt*n/ ?i 1*lgere ?i 1el*rime e semne eL# ian*arie #=K#U@B AN(ile ?i n/str*?nicele semne iscate -n regat*l Nea)(lei c* trei s(ri r/s/ri,i ( at/ -n C*r*l (rel(r IV ale imine,ii (a*g*st #=K#)@ A?iC erea ( 1emeie -n 0-rst/ e IUI@ XX ?i VIII e ani e&& e aniU care a n/sc*t )r*nc@ A?iC erea ( c()il/ neb*n/ -n 0-rst/ e ?a)te ani in s-nii c/reia ,-?ne?te a)/ lim)e eB@ AUn ?ar)e sa* bala*r +b*r/t(r! *ria? ?i n/str*?nic! i0it ?i 0/+*t e 1ie?tecare eas*)ra (ra?*l*i "aris! mierc*ri XVIII 1ebr*arie #=%$! *)/ (rele (*/ *)/ amia+/! )-n/ searaB@ !r*i F@@D[f@!

[ BP AFi(r(s*l ?i s)/im-nt(s*l bala*r i0it eas*)ra ins*lei Malta! carele a0ea ?a)te ca)ete! sc(,-n t(ate la(lalt/ +bierete ?i r/cnete! s)re t*lb*rarea )()(r*l*i ?i a ins*lei! ?i es)re #N= mirac(l*l ce a *rmat! )e #= ecem0rie #3>& I@ ;(metele era* e0i ent tem*te ?i st-rnea* ( s)aim/ c(lecti0/@ A?a se ?i eH)lic/ am)la in1(rma,ie e care is)*nem c* )ri0ire la c(metele care a* -n1ric(?at )()*la,iile -n #=L%! #=%%! #3>N! #3#&F (0a / aceste titl*ri e +iare ?i tratateF A-n1ric(?/t(area ?i s)/im-nt/t(area c(met/ ce a a)/r*t )e XI (ct(mbrie an*l M;;;;@ XXVII -n Xestria! ,in*t in Alemania@ A?iCerea n/str*?nic*l sn() e 0-l0(ri care a str/b/t*t a)r(a)e t(at/ Francia ?i +g(m(t*l -n1ric(?/t(r ce-# 1/c* trec-n eas*)ra Ly(2e2@ n*l*i )e V ale l*nii l*i a)ril M;;;;XX33 VIII@ A?iC erea )l(aia c* )ietre ce c/+* -n [ *nele )/r,i ale Italiei -n aceea?i +i ?i (r/ (* ' )(menit*l sn() e 0-l0(ri ce s-a 0/+*t tre2 c-n eas*)ra Ly(n*l*iB@ ADisc*rs es)re *rm/rile c* care ne amenin,/ c(meta i0it/ la Ly(n )e #L ale l*nii n(iembrie #=%% @ @ @ e Dl@ Franc(is J*n ini mare astr(l(g ?i matematician#N3B@ Nen(r(cirile )re0estite e c(mete era* inainte escrise e n*mer(ase )r(1e,ii@ Iat/ c-te0a intre cele (are a* circ*lat -n <ermania )r(testant/ -n #3>NF F2Q AN(*a c(met/ care str/l*ce?te )e cer in #3 # se)tembrie #3>N ne / e 0este c/ se a)r()ie tim)*l c-n n* 0(m mai a1la nici ( cas/! -2B nici *n sing*r a /)(st -n care s/ n-a*+im )l-nsete! 0aiete! strig/te e Cale c/ci gr(+/0ii G! -n1ric(?/t(are se 0(r abate as*)r/-neS ;(-Bsl meta )r(r(ce?te mai c* seam/ as*)rirea ?i K i+g(nirea )re(,il(r ?i a c/l*g/ril(r@ Mai ales gQ2 ie+*i,ii s*nt amenin,a,i e 0arga D(mn*l*i@ ;*r-n s/r/cia! 1(ametea! ci*ma! incen ii ##&

necr*,/t(are ?i (m(r*ri c*m)lite 0(r sem/na gr(a+a -n t(at/ <ermaniaB@ ("r(1e,ia l*i "a*l*s Magn*s#N%)@ AAceast/ stea *imit(are ne )re0este?te gr(+/0ii c* m*lt mai cr*nte ec-t ( sim)l/ c(met/! c/ci ea -ntrece -n m/rime t(ate )lanetele ?ti*te! ?i n-a 1(st (bser0at/ e nici *n -n0/,at e la -nce)*t*l l*mii -nc(ace@ Ea 0este?te mari schimb/ri -n religie! a)(i *n )r/)/ c*m n* s-a mai )(menit care treb*ie s/ se abat/ as*)ra cal0ini?til(r! r/+b(i*l t*rcesc! isc(r ii c*m)lite -ntre )rinci)i@ 6/+meri,e! m/cel*ri! incen ii ne amenin,/ ?i bat la )(r,ile n(astreB@ ("r(1e,ia l*i Albin*s M(ller*s#N&)@ 7amenii bisericii n* )ier ea* nici( at/ )rileC*l e a 1(l(si aceste semne cere?ti ca s/-i -n emne )e cre?tini la )eniten,/! an*n,-n *-le )e e)sele care -i a?tea)t/@ E sig*r -ns/ c/ at-t ei c-t ?i ?e1ii e state -m)/rt/?ea* temerile )()(r*l*i@ A)ari,ia c(metei in #=%% #-a -ns)/im-ntat at-t e tare )e )rinci)ele elect(r A*g*st e 9aHa -nc-t i-a cer*t cancelar*l*i An reae ?i te(l(g*l*i 9elne]]er s/ c(m)*n/ r*g/ci*ni lit*rgice s)eciale ?i a (r (nat r(stirea l(r -n t(ate )ar(hiile stat*l*i s/*#N$@ Ecli)sele nelini?tea* ?i ele )()*la,iile@ E-cli)sa e s(are in #L a*g*st #3=N a st-rnit ( a e0/rat/ )anic/ la scar/ e*r()ean/ stim*lat/ c* antici)a,ie e -nm*l,irea )re+iceril(r s*mbre c(l)(rtate e ( seam/ e scrieri astr(l(gice@ Aceste )re+iceri se -ntemeia* )e )re+en,a s(arel*i! -n m(ment*l ecli)sei 0iit(are! s*b semn*l e 1(c al Le*l*i ?i )e )r(Himitatea sa c* 9at*rn ?i Marte! )lanete male1ice#=>@ In :a 0aria! -n 9*e ia! -n "(l(nia ?i! bine-n,eles! -n Fran,a! )*,ini a* 1(st (amenii l*ci+i care s/-?i )/stre+e s-ngele rece ?i n*mer(?i! -n schimb! cei care a* cre+*t -n s1-r?it*l iminent al l*mii@ Un gentil(m h*ghen(t in ;astres a n(tat -n catasti1*l ##$ s/*F

A"e #L a*g*st iminea,a! -n tim) ce ne a1lam la )re ic/! s-a -nt.m)lat ( ecli)s/ e s(are 1(arte mic/! -n )(1i a )re+iceril(r as-sC tr(l(gil(r (are s*s,inea* c/ ( s/ 1ie 1(arte s] mare! c* )re0estiri 1*neste es)re *rm/rile -i,.. ei! ast1el c/ nicic-n ecli)s/ n-a 1(st a?te)tat/ c* mai m*lt/ c(nsterna,ie ?i s)aim/ e mai t(at/ l*mea care se -nc*ia -n case c* @1(c*ri a)rinse ?i )ar1*m*ri@ ;a s/ ar/t c/ n(i ere1(rma,iiU treb*ie s/ 1im mai )res*s e temeri s*b (cr(tirea D(mn*l*i! am )lecat c/lare -n tim)*l ecli)sei#=#@@@B@ 7 m/rt*rie asem/n/t(are g/sim -n Corogra!ia sau descrierea .rovenei @@@ a te(l(g*l*i ?i ist(ric*l*i 5(n(re :(*cheF A;* )rileC*l *nei ecli)se -nt-m)late )e la ceas*rile n(*/ sa* +ece ale imine,ii e #L in l*na l*i a*g*st! s-a* s/0.r?it ner(+ii intre cele mai mari in c-te s-a* )(menit 0re( at/! n* n*mai -n "r(0en,a! ci ?i )ret*tin enea -n Fran,a! 9)ania! Italia ?i <ermania@ 6/s)-n in *nii +0(n*l c*m c/ cine se 0a a1la )e c-m) -n t(i*l ecli)sei n* 0a mai a)*ca s1-r?it*l +ilei! m*l,i intre cei mai s/raci c* *h*l s-a* -nc*iat -n ( /ile l(r@ Me icii -n?i?i a* -ng/ *it ast1el e neghi(bii! silin l*mea s/ stea c* *?ile ?i 1erestrele 1erecate ?i s/ n-aib/ -n ( /i alt/ l*min/ 1/r/ ec-t aceea a l*min/ril(r@ @@! ?i -n *rma +0(n*l*i c/ -n +i*a aceea t(at/ s*1larea (meneasc/ treb*ie s/ )iar/! +ile e-a r-n *l )-n/ la ecli)s/ *h(0nicii n* mai )ri i ea* e m*l,imea nemai)(menit/ 0re( at/ a c(n0ertiril(r! a s)(0e aniil(r ?i a (0e+il(r e c/in,/! ast1el c/ in aceast/ sc(rneal/ ?i 1ric/ -nchi)*it/! (ar :iserica a a0*t e c.?tigat e )e *rma smintelii )()(r*l*i@ E* n* -nc*0iin,e+ t(t*?i cele -nt-m)late -n m*lte biserici in aceast/ )r(0incie! *n e se +ice c/ -n +i*a aceea s1-nta c*minec/t*r/ a 1(st l/sat/ t(t tim)*l la 0e ere! clericii -n rit*- I>

in )rin asemenea 1a)t/ cre in,a nes/b*it/ a )r(stimii#=LB@ ;* )ri0ire la )anica ly(ne+il(r -n #3=N! s/ c(ns*lt/m ?i @ormlntul astrologiei (#3=%)! e ie+*it*l JacV*e e :illy@ 6eamintin )re+icerile -n1ric(?/t(are ce )rece aser/ ecli)sa! el )(0este?te c* ir(nie c/ ele st-rniser/ A( asemenea gr(a+/ -n inimi c/ )-n/ ?i *nii intre cei c* sca*n la ca) a* sim,it c/-?i )ier c*m)/t*lD 1ie?tecare alerga la c(n1e-@! si(nal ca s/-?i is)/?easc/ )/catele! ceea ce a C )ricin*it ( -nt-m)lare ha+lie la Ly(n! c/ci fa 0/+-n *-se c()le?it e )*h(i*l en(ria?il(r 8B s/i! (are -i cerea* s/-i s)(0e easc/! *n )re(t 1* silit s/ *rce -n am0(n ?i s/ -n?tiin,e+e m*l,imea c/ n-are e ce s/ se gr/beasc/ a?a e tare -ntr*c-t arhie)isc()*l a am-nat cerem(nia ecli)sei )-n/ -n *minica *rm/t(are#=KB@ 9)aima )r(0(cat/ e ecli)sa in #3=N are ?i ( ca*+/ )artic*lar/F sa0an,ii astr(l(gi calc*laser/ c/ )(t()*l )r( *c-n *-se -n #3=3 -@e@n@! s1-r?it*l l*mii 0a s*r0eni simetric la #3=3 e ani e la na?terea M-nt*it(r*l*iD ecli)sa ar marca a?a ar -nce)*t*l cataclism*l*i 1inal@ Dar asemenea A)r(n(stica,ieB n* s-ar 1i )*t*t )r()*ne )()*la,iil(r 1/r/ imensa nelini?te )e care ( )r(0(ea -nt(t ea*na a)ari,ia *n*i 1en(men ceresc c-t e c-t ne(bi?n*it ?i 1/r/ cre in,a 1(arte -nr/ /cinat/ c/ stelele c/l/*+esc estin*l (amenil(r ?i 0estesc t(t( at/ h(t/r-rile i0ine@ ;re in,a -n )*terile stelel(r a cresc*t#=N -n c*lt*ra irig*it(are *)/ sec(l*l al XlII-lea @ Jnt(arcerea )r(gresi0/ la antichitate ?i la magia elenistic/! tra *cerea e c/tre Ficin( a scrieril(r ermetice! i1*+area .icatrix-vilN6! re)*nerea -n
G Acest man*al e magie! c(m)*s -n arab/ -n sec(l*l al X-lea! )e ba+a *n(r materiale elenistice ?i (rientale ?i tra *s -n s)ani(l/ -n sec(l*l al Xlll-lea! a c(ntrib*it -n mare m/s*r/ la n(*l s*cces al astr(l(giei@ 'itl*l latinesc .icatrix )are a 1i ( e1(rmare a n*mel*i l*i 5i)(crat@ (N@ a@)@

circ*la,ie a l*cr/ril(r astr(l(g*l*i latin Firmi<U9 Matern*s E aceste c-te0a in ica,ii 1iin alese intre m*lte altele E a* )r(0(cat *n interes n(* )entr* )*terile astrale! *n interes )e care ti)ar*l #-a s)(rit c(nsi erabil@ ;ri+a bisericii! ( at/ c* Marea 9chism/G! a c(ntrib*it ?i ea la s)(rirea acest*i interes@ ;(ntestarea str*et*ril(r ecle+iastice ?i ci(cnirile (ctrinale a* creat ( -n (ial/! ( nesig*ran,/ ?i *n 0i e )e *rma c/r(ra a tras 1(l(ase n(*l a0-nt al astr(l(giei@ 7 at/ c* Ni1(! "(m)(na++i ?i ;ar an! astr(l(gii n* s-a* s1iit s/ 1ac/ )-n/ ?i h(r(sc()*l religiil(r E incl*si0 al cre?tinism*l*i@ In0a -n c(n?tiin,ele! in0estin ?tiin,a! astr(l(gia n(ti1ica )r(babil )rin acest n(* tri*m1 1a)t*l c/ 1rica e stele re e0ine mai )*ternic/ ec-t s)eran,a cre?tin/ E aceasta mai ales -n me iile c*lti0ate ale Italiei 6ena?terii@ Frescele )alatel(r italiene E la Ferrara! la "a (0a! la 6(ma E ?i! -n general! ic(n(gra1ia ?i )(e+ia c(nsacrate e 6ena?tere )lanetel(r (0e esa aten,ia e(sebit/ care i s-a ac(r at@ 7 (0e esc! e asemenea! n*mer(ase -nt-m)l/ri relatate e cr(nici#==@ -n )lin/ 6ena?tere! astr(l(gia ce b*c*r/ e ( a*t(ritate s*0eran/ -n ,ara cea mai Al*minat/B in E*r()aF Italia@ "entr* (rice ac,i*ne im)(rtant/ E r/+b(aie! misi*ni i)l(matice! c/l/t(rii! c/s/t(rii E! )rinci)ii ?i c(nsilierii l(r c(ns*lt/ stelele#=3@ L*i Marsili( Ficin( i se cere s/ in ice ata cea mai )rielnic/ )entr* -nce)erea l*cr/ril(r )alat*l*i 9tr(++i@ I*li* al IIlea! Le(n al X-lea ?i "a*l al III-lea 1iHea+/ +i*a -nc(r(n/rii l(r! a intr/rii l(r -ntr-( cetate c*cerit/ sa* a *n*i c(nsist(ri* -n 1*nc,ie e harta cer*l*i@ In a1ara "enins*lei! ar )r(babil at(rit/ eHem)l*l*i italian! l*mea se c(m)(rta! sa* se 0a mai c(m)(rta! m*lt/ 0reme la 1el@ L(*ise e 9a0(ie! mama l*i Francis( I! -l ia ca
G @area &chism sa* &chisma din 7cci ent! -ntre #K%& ?i #NL$! c-n isensi*nile in s-n*l bisericii ca t(lice a* re)t *rmare ( *bl/ )a)alitate! la 6(ma ?- A0ign(n@ 9e -ncheie -n *rma ;(ncili*l*i e la ^(nstan+@ (N@ tr@)@ #$

astr(l(g )e ;(rneli*s Agri))a! magician celebr*! iar ;atherine e Me icis -l c(ns*lt/ )e N(stra am*s@ -n #3%K! ;ar(l al II-lea al Angliei c(ns*lt/ *n astr(l(g )entr* a a1la c-n an*me treb*ie s/ se a rese+e "arlament*l*i@ ;* (*/+eci ?i cinci e ani mai e0reme Ani0elat(r*lB Xilliam 70ert(n -ntrebase *n citit(r -n stele ac/ e ca+*l s/ eclan?e+e ( re0(l*,ie -n a)rilie #3N&@ ;hiar ?i J(hn L(c]e 0a 1i c(n0ins (/ ierb*rile me icinale treb*ie c*lese -n#=% an*mite m(mente in icate e )(+i,ia a?tril(r @ Dac/ acesta era c(m)(rtament*l! la s1-r?it*l sec(l*l*i XVII! al a*t(r*l*i Cretinismului raional6, e lesne e -nchi)*it c-t e )*ternic/ )*tea 1i in1l*en,a astr(l(giei E ?i c-t e mare a?a ar 1rica e stele E -n e)(ca l*i 9ha]es)eare@ D*)/ ^@ 'h(mas! nicic-n -n Anglia ele n-a* 1(st mai e0i ente! mai ales la L(n ra! ca )e 0remea Elisabethei@ Este )(sibil ca astr(l(gii e inc(l( e ;anal*l M-necii s/ 1i )r(1itat e e0al*area cler*l*i )r(0(cat/ e re)* ierea cat(licism*l*i@ Ne -ntreb/m! t(t*?i! ac/ s*s)ici*nea )r(0(cat/ e l*n/ ?i legat/ e 1rica e n(a)te! e care 0(m 0(rbi -n ca)it(l*l *rm/t(r! n-a 1(st c*m0a mai 0eche ?i mai generali+at/ ec-t ?tiin,a astr(l(gil(rM -n (rice ca+! n*mer(ase ci0ili+a,ii e ( ini(ar/ a* atrib*it 1a+el(r l*nii *n r(l ecisi0 as*)ra st/rii tim)*l*i! )rec*m ?i as*)ra na?terii ?i cre?terii (amenil(r! animalel(r ?i )lantel(r@ -n E*r()a e la -nce)*t*l 'im)*ril(r M( erne! ( seam/ e )r(0erbe ?i e almanah*ri 1ran,*+e?ti reamintesc c*m se )(ate )acti+a t(t*?i c* acest astr* ca)rici(s ?i -ngriC(r/t(r! ?i c*m an*me treb*ie inter)retate 1(rmele ?i c*l(rile eiF "e cinci ale l*nii se 0a 0e ea c*m 0a 1i tim)*l t(at/ l*na @ @ @ L*na e )rimeC i(as/ )e cinci! )e )atr*! ?ase! ()t ?i (*/+eci@@ [ l*na s/rbe+ie a *ce )l(aie ?i 0iCelie! cea
[ 'he Jeasona$leness o# Christianit1 (;aracter*l ra,i(nal al cre?tinism*l*i)! #3$=@ (N@tr@)@

argintie! tim) senin iar cea r(?cati(/ st-r-sD ne?te 0-nt#=&@ Cs L*na c-n 0a escre?tea! nimica n* sem/na! c/ci e-ai )*ne (riee-ai )*ne! n* 0ei sc(ate r(a e b*ne@ "e l*n/ )lin/ a?iC erea! nimica n* sem/na#=$@ Aceste )(0e,e era* 0alabile ?i )entr* ,/ranii engle+i! )e care a*t(rii tratatel(r e agric*lt*r/ e la s1-r?it*l sec(l*l*i al XVI-lea -i s1/t*ia* s/ str.ng/ rec(lta c-n escre?te l*na ?i s/ semene -n 1a+a ei e cre?tere #3> @ E*r()enii 6ena?terii ,inea* seama e 1a+ele l*nii ?i )entr* m*lte alte ()era,i*niF t/ierea )/r*l*i sa* a *nghiil(r! a ministrarea *nei )*r-ga,ii! l/sarea e s-nge! )lecarea -n c/l/t(rie! 0-n+/rile ?i c*m)/r/rile! ba chiar ?i *n -nce)*t e -n0/,/t*r/ #3# @ -n Anglia see(l*l*i al XV-lea! era ( im)r* en,/ s/ te c/s/t(re?ti E sa* s/ te instale+i -n cas/ n(*/ E c-n l*na era -n escre?tere@ :iserica me ie0al/ l*)tase +a arnic -m)(tri0a acest(r (*/ cre in,e #3L @ 9*nt c(m)(rtamente magice care -?i a0ea* r/ /cinile -n eH)erien,a milenar/ a *nei ci0ili+a,ii r*rale@ Dar ele 1*seser/ te(reti+ate e astr(l(gia sa0ant/! care -n e)(ca l*i L*ther ?i a l*i 9ha]es)eare se b*c*ra e ( e(sebit/ )re,*ire@ In #33>! *n eH)ert engle+ -nc/ mai s*s,inea c/ *n c()il n/sc*t )e l*n/ )lin/ 0a b(li t(at/ 0ia,a #3K @ 7amenii instr*i,i ?tia* c/ l*na c(ntr(lea+/ 1i+i(l(gia 1eminin/ ?i -n general *mi itatea c(r)*l*i (menescD ea c/l/*+e?te a?a ar creier*l! )artea cea mai *me / a 1iin,ei n(astre! ?i ei i se at(rea+/ emen,a tem)eramentel(r Al*natice#3NB@ EH)resia sa0ant/ a 1ricii ancestrale e l*n/ reiese ?i in )(0e,ele ate 1i*l*i s/* e Xilliam ;ecil! mi- ` nistr* e 1inan,e al Elisabethei I! care rec(- 2 man a ( )r* en,/ e(sebit/ -n )rima +i e l*ni in a)rilie (ani0ersarea m(r,ii l*i Abel)!G a (*a +i e l*ni in a*g*st ( istr*gerea 9>-@N (mei ?i a <(m(rei) ?i *ltima +i e l*ni inG ecembrie (+i*a na?terii l*i I* a)@ ^@ 'h(mas t

rec*n(a?te -n en*merarea acest(r trei interic,ii (res)ectate e *nii engle+i )-n/ -n sec(l*l al XlX-lea) 0ersi*nea e1(rmat/ ?i Abiblici+at/B a *n*i s1at 1(rm*lat e 5i)((rate care in ica re)t im)r()rii )entr* l/s/ri e s-nge calen ele l*nil(r a)rilie ?i a*g*st! )rec*m ?i *ltima +i e ecembrie! aceste tab**ri 1iin transmise ci0ili+a,iei me ie0ale mai ales )rin Isi (r e 9e0illa#3=@ Disc*,ia es)re )*terea l*nii! sa* m/car es)re cea a maC(rit/,ii cel(rlal,i a?tri! alc/t*irea *n*i h(r(sc() ?i c(ns*lta,iile -ntemeiate )e c*n(a?terea h/r,ii cere?ti )res*)*nea* *n ni0el e c*lt*r/ )e care n*-# )*tea* a0ea ghicit(rii ?i ghicit(arele e la ,ar/@ Ei treb*ia* s/ r/s)*n / t(t*?i la -ntreb/rile -ngriC(rate ale c(ns/tenil(r@ Oi chiar ac/ la (ra?e ?i -n s-n*l elitel(r! cre it*l astr(l(giei a cresc*t -n tim)*l 6ena?terii! se )are c/ n*mer(asele )ractici )()*lare e ghicit(rie c(ntin*aser/! egale c* ele -nsele at-t cantitati0 c-t ?i calitati0! e-a l*ng*l *nei *rate imense care! -n am(nte! se c*1*n /! -n be+na tim)*ril(r! iar -n a0al *c )-n/ -n )rag*l e)(cii c(ntem)(rane@ De aceea! irecti0ele :isericii! 0i+-n c(nc(mitent mai m*lte strat*ri e )*blic ?i mai m*lte ni0el*ri c*lt*rale! ar a res-n *-se -n )rim*l r-n )re(,il(r care )/st(rea* )()*la,iile r*rale! se (c*)a* -n aceea?i m/s*r/! ?i chiar mai m*lt! e celelalte 1(rme e i0ina,ie ec-t e astr(l(gie@ Oi -n aceast/ )ri0in,/! cartea l*i J@-:@ 'hiers c(nstit*ie ( m/rt*rie etn(gra1ic/ e ( im)(rtan,/ eHce),i(nal/! c/ci en*mer/rile sale! re actate! e re)t! -ntr-*n limbaC sa0ant! las/ s/ se -ntre0a / i0ersitatea met( el(r )rin eare! la ni0el*l cel mai c(ti ian ?i mai *mil! se -ncerca ( c(nC*rare a 1rieii c* t(t ce asc*n e ea 1ie -n )re+ent 1ie -n 0iit(r! i0ina,ia 1/(-n acest *bl* ser0ici*@ J@-'@ 'hiers c(n amn/ ast1el e()(tri0/ A i0ina,ia -n general@ @ @! 1iecare s)ecie e i0ina,ie -n )artic*larF necr(man,ia! neci(mantia! necia sa* s(i(man,ia! ce se 1ace in-

0(c-n manii sa* *mbrele m(r,il(r care )ar s/ re-n0ieD ge(man,ia ce se 1ace )rin semnele )/m-nt*l*iD hi r(man,ia se 1ace )rin semnele a)eiD aer(man,ia ce se 1ace )rin semnele aer*l*iD )ir(man,ia ce se 1ace )rin semnele 1(c*l*iD lecan(man,ia ce se 1ace c* *n ligheanD chir(man,ia sa* cercetarea liniil(r m-iniiD gastr(man,ia ce se 1ace -n 0ase r(t*n e e sticl/D met()(sc()ia! sa* cercetarea liniil(r 1r*n,iiD cristal(man,ia ce se 1ace )rin cristalD cler(man,ia ce se 1ace )rin 1armeceD (nih(man,ia ce se 1ace c* *nt elemn ?i 1*ningine )e *nghieD c(scin(man,ia ce se 1ace )rin sit/ sa* ci*rD bibli(man,ia ce se 1ace c* ( carte ?i mai ales c* ( )saltireD ce1alai(n(man,ia ce se 1ace c* ( c/)/-,-n/ e m/garD ca)n(man,ia ce se 1ace e* 1*mD aHin(man,ia ce se 1ace c* t()(areD b(tan(man,ia ce se 1ace c* ierb*riD ihti(man,ia ce se 1ace c* )e?tiD cele ce se 1ac c* astr(lab*l! sa* c* has)el*l! sa* c* a1in! sa* c* )ir(strii! sa* c* agheasm/! sa* c* ?er)i! sa* c* (a)re! sa* c* 1/in/! sa* c* (r+! sa* )rin salia,ie care n*-i altce0a ec-t [ -2aF +baterea ?i tres/rirea (chil(rD sa* cat()tr(-h2 mantia ce se 1ace c* (glin+iD sa* actili(-man,ia ce se 1ace c* ineleB@ In c(ntin*area isc*rs*l*i s/*! J@-:@ 'hiers c(namn/ 1ire?te (rice i0ina,ie )rin 0ise! +b(r*l! ,i)etele ?i c(m)(rtamentele animalel(r! c-t ?i )rin )re0estirile! b*ne sa* rele! e *se in -nt-lniri ?i e0enimente -nt-m)l/t(are@ Dintre t(ate aceste )ractici! scrie el! An*-i *na 1/r/ e )/cat#33B@ 9/ re+*m/m -ntr-*n c*0-nt acest catal(g ?i t(t ce s*b-n,elege elF ( ini(ar/! 1rica (mnea )ret*tin eni! -m)res*r-n *-i )e (ameni in t(ate )/r,ile@

II

TRECUTU )l L TENE*RELE

1 + , t r i- o ii
"e 0rem*ri! -n c*get*l (amenil(r! trec*t*l n* era nici( at/ m(rt e-a binelea ?i (ric-n )*tea a n/0al/! amenin,/t(r! -n interi(r*l )re+ent*l*i@ In mentalitatea c(lecti0/! 0ia,a ?i m(artea a)/rea* arare(ri es)/r,ite )rintr-( r*)t*r/ )recis/@ 6/)(sa,ii -?i a0ea* l(c*l l(r! cel )*,in ( b*eat/ e 0reme! )rintre acele 1/)t*ri str/0e+ii! )e C*m/tate materiale! )e C*m/tate s)irit*ale! c* care )-n/ ?i elita e)(cii )()*la! asemenea l*i "aracels*s! cele )atr* elemente#@ Me ic*l german Agric(laG! a*t(r*l celebr*l*i 5e re metallica (ADes)re l*cr*rile metaliceB) )*blieat -n #==3! s*s,inea c/ -n galeriile s*bterane tr/iesc 1el e 1el e *h*riF *nele! in(1ensi0e! sem/n-n c* ni?te )itici sa* mineri b/tr-ni c* ?(r, e )iele -n C*r*l ?alel(rD celelalte -ns/! l*-n *ne(ri -n1/,i?area *n r cai 1(c(?i! i0at/im/! al*ng/ Csa* *ci l*cr/t(rii@ Ambr(ise "are a scris *n ca)it(l -ntreg in cartea l*i 5espre montri )entr* a (0e i c/ A em(nii s/l/?l*iesc )rin cariereB@ 6(nsar escrie -n el*ng! -n (mnul demoni*
[ De 1a)t <e(rg :a*er (#N$NE#===)! me ic ?i mineral(g! te(retician al ?tiin,ei minerit*l*i@ L*crarea amintit/ a a)/r*t Ulteri(r (#==%) -n german/! s*b titl*l 0ergNerFs$uch (;artea minerit*l*i)@ (N@ tr@)

Z(r! 1/)t*rile E nem*rit(are ca D*mne+e* ?i t(t( at/ A)line e )atimiB ca n(i! (amenii [E care str/bat s)a,i*l s*bl*nar@ Unele s*nt bine0(it(are ?i A0in in 0/+ *h@@@Y Y ;a s/ ne -m)/rt/?easc/ 0rerea D(mn*l*iB@ ;elelalte! im)(tri0/! abat as*)ra l*mii A;i*m/! 1rig*ri! ling(ri! 1*rt*ni ?i tr/snete@ Ele sl(b(+es( -n 0/+*h +0(n*ri ca s/ ne s)erieLB! 0estesc nen(r(cirile ?i l(c*iesc -n casele b-nt*ite@ L@ Feb0re a ar/tat )e re)t c*0-nt c/ ?i 6abelais a era la aceast/ 0i+i*ne animist/ a -*ni0ers*l*iK! -m)/rt/?it/ ?i tr/it/ )e 0remea aceea at-t e (amenii cei mai c*lti0a,i! c-t ?i e )()*la,iile eele mai arhaice in E*r()a@ -ntr-*n ast1el e c(nteHt! c(nce),ia :isericii c* )ri0ire la se)ararea ra ical/ a s*1let*l*i e tr*)! -n m(ment*l m(r,ii! n* )*tea )r(gresa ec-t -ncet*l c* -ncet*l@ In sec(l*l al XVII-lea! n*mer(?i C*ri?ti mai 0(rbesc -nc/ es)re ca a0rele care -nce) s/ s-ngere+e -n )re+en,a asasin*l*i esemnat ast1el C*sti,iei@ 'e(l(g*l 1rate N(el 'aille)ie ! care )*blic/ -n #3>> *n /ratat despre apariia duhurilor .. ., s*s,ine categ(r-(F A;-n *n t-lhar se a)r()ie e tr*)*l cel*i *cis e m-na l*i! m(rt*l 0a -nce)e s/ s)*mege! s/ as* e ?i s/ ea ?i 0re*n alt semnNB@ El in0(c/ -n s)riCin*l s/* a*t(ritatea l*i "lat(n! a l*i L*cre,i* ?i a l*i Marsili( Ficin(@ Me ic*l FeliH "latter 0e e acest l*cr* s/0-r?in *-se la M(nt)ellier -n #==3@ -n )rim*l act in Jichard al (ll*lea, 9ha]es)eare )erin / c(rtegi*l 1*nebr* al l*i 5enric al VIlea inaintea *ciga?*l*i@ AC*ns -n 1a,a acest*ia! ca a0r*l s-ngerea+/@ J(be-D*0al ne asig*r/ c/! -n aC*n*l 6e0(l*,iei! *nele trib*nale in :retania mai cre ea* -nc/ -n Acr*anta,iileGB 0ictimel(r@ "e b*n/ re)tate! 5@ "latelle= a)r()ie aceast/ (r alie e alte in ica,ii care! t(ate! atest/ caracter*l 1l(tant -n *niG -n (riginalF cruantations (s-nger/ri)! c*0-nt li 0resc ?i rar 1(l(sit@ In latin/! cr*ent(-areF a s-ngera@
(N @tr@)2@ Q 8OP7 ** 88 8 8 2Q[Q2Q2a l

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0ers*l mental e ( ini(ar/ al 1r(ntierei intre 0ia,/ ?i m(arteF relic0ele )er)et*a* )e )/m-nt eHisten,a *n(r e1*nc,i )ri0ilegia,i! s1in,iiD iar ace?tia a0ea* re)t*l e )r()rietate as*)ra b*n*ril(r l*me?ti@ -n re)t*l germanic! ca a0rele )*tea* ac,i(na -n C*sti,ie@ 7 +ical/ c*n(sc*t/ s)*neaF AM(rt*l este mai )*ternic ec-t cel 0i*B! c/ci! )rin m(?tenirea l/sat/ e el! e,inea *n ascen ent as*)ra cel(r 0ii@ Dar m(rt*l )*tea s/-?i eHercite )*terea as*)ra cel*i 0i* ?i -ntr-alt 1el@ Dans*rile macabre )*nea* -ntr-a e0/r -n scen/ schelet*l in0incibil care t-r/?te c* e-a sila -n h(ra l*i 1*nebr/ )e (amenii e (rice 0-rst/ ?i e (rice c(n i,ie@ In s1-r?it! -n t(t 7cci ent*l! se C* eca* ?i se c(n amna* m(r,i@ In &$%! a 1(st e+gr()at la 6(ma ca a0r*l )a)ei F(rm(s*s! c/r*ia i s-a 1/c*t *n )r(ces -nainte e a 1i ar*ncat -n 'ibr*@ <est me ie0alM N* n*mai at-t@ ;-n s-a a1lat la :asel! -n #==$! c/ *n b*rghe+ b(gat! Jean e :r*ges! m(rt c* trei ani -n *rm/! n*-i alt*l e(-t anaba)tist*l Da0i J(ris! C* ec/t(r*l a (r (nat eHh*marea sicri*l*i ?i eHtragerea c(r)*l*i care a 1(st a)(i (biect*l *nei eHec*,ii )(st*me3@ De 0reme ce m(r,ii s*nt C* eca,i ?i eHec*ta,i! c*m s/ n* cre+i -n )*terea l(r re *tabil/M La LL a)rilie #N$N! a m*rit -n )reaCma Ly(n*l*i "hili))e e ;re0e-cce*r! care tr/ ase ca*+a M/riei e :*r-g*n ia *)/ s1-r?it*l tragic al l*i ;ar(l 'emerar*l! )re -n *-i l*i L* (0ic al Xl-lea (ra?*l Arras@ 7r! -n aceea?i n(a)te! s-a* )r/)/ it -n Fran,a n*mer(ase 0ii! )/s/rile a* sc(s A,i)ete ci* ateB! )/m-nt*l s-a c*trem*rat -n AnC(* ?i -n A*0ergne@ "ret*tin eni )e *n e a trec*t tr*)*l s/* -n r*m s)re l(e*l e -ngr()/ci*ne e el -ns*?i ales! la :(*l(gne-s*r-Mer! As-a* iscat asemenea -ngr(+it(are 0iCelii ?i c*m)lite 1*rt*ni -nc-t case! graC *ri! t-rle! (bit(ace! 0aci ?i 0i,ei )(g(ra* )e 1ir*l a)ei%B@ Iat/ ac*m (*/ exempla 0echi re)(0estite -ntr-*n man*scris es)re -ieile s#inilor at-n in sec(l*l al XV-lea@ Un (m a0ea (bicei*l s/ recite

*n e pro!undis (ri e c-te (ri trecea )rintr-*n cimitir@ 7r! -ntr-( +i! este atacat e A *?manii l*i cei mai -n0er?*na,iB@ 7m*l n(str* alearg/ la cimitir*l cel mai a)r()iat *n e r/)(sa,ii -l a)/r/ A0aCnicB! 1iecare ,in-n A-n min/ ( *nealt/ e 1el*l celei 1(l(site -n 0ia,/@ @ @ e care *?manii l*i se -n1ric(?ar/ 1(arte ?i )lecar/ e t(t n/*ciB@ ;ealalt/ )(0estire se -nr*e?te -n ea)r(a)e c* )rece enta! *rmm *-i e alt1el ime iat -n cr(nic/F *n )re(t sl*Cea +ilnic ( lit*rghie )entr* m(r,iD a 1(st en*n,at e)isc()*l*i s/* (s(c(tin *-se 1/r/ -n (ial/ c/ are 0enit*ri )rea mari)@ "relat*l i-a inter+is s/ mai 1ac/ aceast/ sl*Cb/! ar *)/ ( b*cat/ e 0reme! se -nt-m)l/ s/ treac/ )rintr-*n cimitir@ M(r,ii -l -m)res(ar/@ ;a s/ sca)e! e ne0(it s/ le )r(mit/ c/ -i 0a re a )re(t*l*i re)t*l e a sl*Ci lit*rghii )entr* r/)(sa,i&@ A)(l(gie a r*g/ci*nii )entr* e1*nc,i! esig*rD ar! -n acela?i tim)! m/rt*rie a cre in,ei tn strig(i@ Ne )*tem -ntreba a?a ar ac/ e0(carea s)ectr*l*i tat/l*i l*i 5amlet e c/tre 9ha]es)eare ?i a stat*ii ;(man (r*l*i e c/tre 'irs( a M(lina e (ar *n sim)l* C(cM 7are s)ectat(rii acest(r )iese acce)ta* ( 1ic,i*ne e?i n* se l/sa* am/gi,iM 9a*! im)(tri0/! a era* -n maC(ritatea l(r E ceea ce este mai )r(babil E la cre in,a -n strig(iM Acesta era e alt1el ca+*l l*i 6(nsar ?i al l*i D* :ellay@ D*)/ cel int-i! Denise! 0r/Cit(area in ,in*t*l Ven (m(is! -?i ia seara +b(r*l in cas/D ea )(r*nce?te l*nii argintii@ 7as)ete al l(c*ril(r -nsing*rate ?i al cimitirel(r! ea A es-+i e?teB tr*)*rile m(r,il(r A-ntemni,a,i -n m(rmintele l(r$B@ D* :ellay reia aceea?i tem/@ A)(stir(1-n ?i el ( 0r/Cit(are! -i ar*nc/ *rm/t(area -n0in*ireF A'* )(,i sc(ate s*b (cr(tirea n(),ii negre Y Umbrele in m(rmintele l(r Y Y Oi )(,i silnici nat*ra#>B@ 'e(l(g*l N(el 'aille)ie ! 0(rbin es)re rea)ari,ia m(r,il(r! e abs(l*t categ(rieF AUne(ri *n strig(i se 0a i0i -n cas/! ceea e sim,in ! c-inii se 0(r re)e+i )rintre )i-

ci(arele st/)-n*l*i ?i n* se 0(r a *?i e ac(l(! c/ci se tem r/* e strig(i@ @@ Alte(ri cine0a 0a 0eni ?i 0a trage sa* 0a l*a c* sine a?tern*t*l e )e )at! se 0a a?e+a )e el sa* e es*bt! sa* se 0a )re*mbla )rin ( aie@ 9-a* 0/+*t (ameni ca e 1(c! c/lare sa* )e C(s! binec*n(sc*,i e t(at/ l*mea! m(r,i c* c-t/0a 0reme -n *rm/@ ;-te( at/ ?i cei m(r,i -n b/t/lii sa* -n )at*l l(r 0in s/-?i cheme ser0it(rii! care -i rec*n(sc *)/ glas@ A ese(ri s-a* a*+it n(a)tea sta1ii t-r?in )ici(arele! t*?in ?i (1t-n ! ?i care -ntrebate +icea* c/ s*nt s)irit*l l*i c*tare sa* al l*i c*tare##B@ Este sa* n* ca+*l ca l(catar*l s/-i mai )l/teasc/ )r()rietar*l*i re)t*rile c*0enite c-n se )r( *c asemenea -nt-m)l/ri ?i casa este b-nt*it/M La a(east/ -ntrebare r/s)*n e gra0 C*rist*l "ierre Le L(yer! c(nsilier al trib*nal*l*i in AngersF At*nci c-n ! scrie el! A1rica e sta1iile care b-nt*ie n(a)tea ( cas/! t*lb*r/ ( ihna ?i st.rnesc nelini?te este -ntemeiat/ ?i -n re)t/,it/B! c-n a?a ar A1rica n-a 1(st e?art/! iar l(catar*l a a0*t c* a e0/rat *n )rileC e temeri! -n ca+*l acesta el n* 0a mai at(ra chiria cer*t/! ar n* altminterea! ac/ )ricina temeril(r sale n* s-ar a e0eri ca -ntemeiat/ ?i -n re)t/,it/#LB@ EHista* )e 0rem*ri (*/ m( *ri i1erite e a cre e -n a)ari,iile m(r,il(r@ Un*l A(ri+(ntalB (E@ Le 6(y-La *rie)! nat*ralist! str/0echi ?i )()*lar a1irma im)licit As*)ra0ie,*irea *bl*l*iB E eH)resia a)ar,in-n *-i l*i E@ M(-rin#KF e1*nct*l E c* tr*) ?i c* s*1let E c(ntin*a s/ tr/iasc/ ( b*cat/ e 0reme ?i s/ re0in/ )e l(c*rile eHisten,ei sale terestre@ ;ealalt/ c(nce),ie! A0ertical/B ?i transcen ental/! a 1(st a(eea a te(l(gil(r! (1iciali sa* (1ici(?i! GB eare a* -ncercat s/ eH)lice strig(ii (eH)resie

care n*-i e e)(e/G) )rin C(c*l 1(r,el(r s)i rit*ale@ 9/ *rm/rim -n aceast/ )ri0in,/ ar g*mentarea l*i "ierre Le L(yer ?i a l*i N(e2l 'aille)ie ! )e (are ( reg/sim ealt1el la t(,i em(n(l(gii tim)*l*i@ "ierre Le L(yer )re tin e As/ -ntemeie+e ( ?tiin,/ a s)ectrel(rB! ?i *m)le -n acest sc() ( mie b*n/ e )agini s(rise m/r*nt@ De la b*n -nce)*t! el 1ace e(sebirea -ntre A1ant(m/B ?i As)ectr*B@ "ri ma Aeste -nchi)*ire e a)*ca,i be+metici ?i melanc(lici c/r(ra li se n/+are ceea ce n* esteB@ ;el e al (ilea! im)(tri0/! este Aa e 0/rat/ -nchi)*ire a *nei s*bstan,e 1/r/ tr*)! care se -n1/,i?ea+/ -n eaie0ea (amenil(r -n )(1i a r-n *ielil(r 1irii ?i-i -n1ric(?ea+/#NB@ De mers*l l*i N(el 'aille)ie se a)r()ie 1(arte m*lt e cel a C*rist*l*i ange0in@ A9at*rnieniiB! scrie el! r*meg/ ?i-?i 1/*resc Anen*m/rate himereB@ M*l,i (ameni 1ric(?i Acre c/ 0/ ?i a* ( m*l,ime e l*cr*ri -n1ric(?/t(are e care nici )(meneal/B@ '(t ast1el! Acei (are 0/ sa* a* )r(st sc(rnesc ( s*me enie e I*-! cr*ri care n* s*ntB@ In a1ar/ e aceasta! e-r@ m(nii! am/git(ri )rin e1ini,ie! )(t Alega 0/-t +*l (m*l*iB ?i As/-i -n1/,i?e+e )/relnic *n 1 l*cr* re)t alt*lB@ In s1-r?it! *nii (amenii C(ac-, 1arse cel(rlal,i ?i Ase maschea+/ ca s/-i -n1ri-P c(?e+e#=B@ N*-i mai )*,in a e0/rat c/ s)iritele a)ar t(t*?i -n -m)reC*r/ri an*mite@ 'e(reticienii n(?tri se r/+b(iesc a?a ar )e mai m*lte 1r(nt*ri@ Ei en*n,/ cre *litatea (amenil(r e r-n @ Dar atac/ -n aceea?i m/s*r/ ne-ncreerea Asa *ceil(r! ateil(r! )eri)ateticienil(rGG @@ @ sce)tici ?i )ir(nieniGGGB care neag/ eHisten,a s)ectrel(r@ -i incriminea+/ )e E)ic*r ?i )e L*cre,i* )rec*m ?i )e t(,i cei care s*s,in c/
G -n (riginal a*t(r*l 1(l(se?te c*0-nt*l revenant*,* care a)are c* sens*l e strig(i abia la s1-r?it*l sei , c(l*l*i al XVII-lea@ (N@ tr@)@ G2 "arti+anii l*i Arist(tel@ (N@ tr@)@ GB A e),i ai 1il(s(1*l*i sce)tic atenian "yrrh(n! c(ntem)(ran c* AleHan r* cel Mare@ (N@ tr@)@ #KL

s*bstan,e se)arate e c(r)*ri n* eHist/ nici ec*m@ "ierre Le L(yer i se ()*ne ast1el l*i "(m)(na++i )entr* care A0e enia s)e(1crel(r )*rce e (n*mai) in s*btilitatea 0/+*l*i! a mir(s*l*i ?i a a*+*l*i!#3)rin care ne -nchi)*im m*lte imagini e?arte B@ -l c(mbate e asemenea )e ;ar an care As)*ne 1/r/ temei ?i eH)erien,/ (c/) *mbrele (e a)ar )e m(rminte (ne nasc) in tr*)*rile -ngr()ate (care) eHaI lea+/ ?i -m)ing a1ar/ ( )l/sm*ire e 1(rm/ ?i e stat*r/ asem/n/t(are l(r@ Un e s-a )(menit mai mare ine),ie ec-t cea eHc(gitat/G e ;ar an#%MB@ Dar iat/ ?i *n alt a 0ersar care treb*ie eliminatF )r(testantism*l@ ;/ci )ast(r*l +iiriche+ L(ys La0ater! -ntr-( l*crare a)/r*t/ -n #=%#! a negat (rice a)ari,ie a s*1letel(r cel(r m(r,i@ Aceast/ negare ec*rge in c(ntestarea e )rinci)i* a )*rgat(ri*l*i e c/tre :isericile 6e1(rmeiF De aici! Pra,i(nament*l l*i La0aterF n* eHist/ ec-t (*/ l(c*ri *n e se retrag s*1letele *)/ m(artea tr*)*ril(r E )ara is*l ?i in1ern*l@ ;ele in )ara is n-a* ne0(ie e aC*t(r*l (amenil(r -n 0ia,/! iar cele in in1ern n* 0(r ie?i e ac(l( nici( at/ ?i eci n* )(t )rimi nici *n 1el e aC*t(r@ Dac/ a?a sta* l*cr*rile! ce n(im/ are ie?irea ! s*1letel(r in re)a(s*l sa* in (s-n a l(r #&M "artea cat(lic/ n* )*tea ee--t s/ res)ing/ D aceast/ arg*mentare Asim)list/B@ Dim)(tri0/! s*b )ana a)/r/t(ril(r cat(licism*l*i! *n isc*rs te(l(gic care c/*ta e m*lt/ 0reme s/ integre+e 0echile cre in,e )ri0in !)r2e+en,a r/)(sa,il(r )rintre cei 0ii#$ -?i (b-n e?te ac*m t(at/ 0ig(area ?i e)lina l(gic/ in0(c-n -ntraC*t(r eHem)le sc(ase in 9cri)t*r/ ?i in m/rt*riile s1-nt*l*i A*g*stin ?i ale s1-nt*l*i Ambr(+ieL>@ D*mne+e* )(ate -ng/ *i s*1letel(r cel(r m(r,i s/ se arate (amenil(r -n
KK

acela e a imagina c* e1(rt*ri bina,ie@ (N@ tr@)@

G ;*0-nt sa0ant! ie?it in *+! al c/r*i sens este

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0ia,/ s*b -n1/,i?area tr*)easc/ e alt/ at/@ El -i )(ate e asemenea a*t(ri+a )e -ngeri Acare se *e ?i 0in -ntre cer ?i )/m-ntB s/ -mbrace ( 1(rm/ (meneasc/@ Ei se -nc(r)(rea+/ at*nci -ntr-*n Atr*) )e care ?i-# alc/t*iesc in aer @@ @ -ngr(?-n *i-#! -ngr/m/ in *-# ?i c(n ens-n *-#B@ ;-t es)re em(ni! ei )(t a)/rea (amenil(r 1ie -ngr(?-n aer*l! )rec*m -ngerii! 1ie -ntr*)-n *-se -n Aca a0rele ?i le?*rile m(r,il(rL#B@ Aceast/ *ltim/ cre in,/ eH)lic/ at-t 0ers*rile l*i 6(nsar ?i D* :ellay citate mai s*s! -n care se e0(c/ 1/c/t*rile 0r/Cit(arel(r -n cimitire! c-t ?i )e cele )e care le c(nsacr/ Agri))a 2A*bigne! -n acela?i s)irit! *nei Erinii simb(li+-n 0r/Cit(arele in t(ate tim)*rile ?i )e cea mai ( i(as/ intre ele! ;atherine e Me icisF La n*it elle se 0ea*tre a*H hi ea*H cimetieres@@@ (Elle) esterre sans e11r(i Ies e11r(yables c(r)s! "*is! rem)lissant Ies (s e la 1(rce es iables! Les 1ait saillir en )ie s! terre*H! es)(*0antablesGLL@ Dar t(ate aceste a)ari,ii n* se )r( *c eclt c* -ng/ *in,a l*i D*mne+e* ?i s)re binele (amenil(r -n 0ia,/@ "rin *rmare! ac/ )e )lan te(retic s*)ra0ie,*irea tr*)*ril(r e1*ncte este res)ins/ ca er(are! isc*rs*l te(l(gic! -n schimb! ( rec*)erea+/@ Acesta! 0al(ri+-n s*1let*l ?i e0al*-n t(t( at/ *bl*l! -ng/ *ie r/)(sa,il(r s/ rea)ar/ )e )/m-nt )entr* a 1ace a*+it *n mesaC e i+b/0ire@ 9trig(ii 0in s/ instr*iasc/ :iserica militant/! s/ cear/ r*g/ci*ni )rin care s/ se elibere+e in )*rgat(ri*! sa*
G N(a)tea ea se t/0/le?te -n hi (asele cimi tire @@@Y (Ea) e+gr(a)/ 1/r/ 1ric/ -n1ric(?/t(arele tr* )*ri! Y A)(i! ins*1l-n (semintel(r )*teri ia0(le?ti! Y Le )*ne )e ) ci(are! amestecate c* )/m-nt! -ns)/im-nt/t(are@ #-

s/-i a m(neste+e )e (amenii -n 0ia,/ -ntr* -nre)tarea l(r@ 6e0elat(r -n aceast/ )ri0in,/! *n man*al e eH(rcist in sec(l*l al XV-lea (c/tre #N=>) E Cartea lui Egidius, ecanG e '(*rnai E are c(m)(rt/! -ntre altele! (*/ serii e -ntreb/ri! *nele care se a resea+/ a)ari,iil(r *n(r s*1lete in )*rgat(ri*! celelalte a)ari,iil(r *n(r amna,iLKF AUn*i s*1let in )*rgat(ri*F #@ Al c*i s)irit e?ti sa* ai 1(stM #@ De m*lt/ 0reme e?ti -n )*rgat(ri*M @@@ #L@ ;e s)riCin ,i-ar 1i mai e 1(l(sM #L@ De ce ai 0enit aici ?i e ce a)ari aici mai es ec-t ai*reaM #L@ Da</ e?ti *n s)irit b*n care a?tea)t/ mi+eric(r ia l*i D*mne+e*! e ce ai -m br/cat! c*m *mbl/ 0(rba! -n1/,i?/ri 1e l*rite e (bit(ace ?i s/lb/tici*niM #L@ De ce 0ii aici -n an*mite +ile ?i n* -ntralteleM Un*i amnatF #@ Al c*i s)irit e?ti sa* ai 1(stM #@ De ce ai 1(st (s-n it la chin*rile 0e? niceM #@ De ce 0ii! c*m *mbl/ 0(rba! mai a e se(ri )e l((*l acestaM @ @ @ =@ Vrei s/ bagi gr(a+a -n cei 0iiM =@ D(re?ti (s-n irea trec/t(ril(r (se s*ntem n(i )e l*mea asta)M @@ @ &@ Ai 0rea mai egrab/ s/ n* eHi?ti ec-t s/ te a1li -n ca+nele gheeneiM &@ In in1ern! care este cea mai grea intre t(ate s*1erin,ele sim,*ril(rM #>@ E a e0/rat c/ a 1i li)sit e 0e erea l*i D*mne+e* este mai gre* e -n *rat e c-t s*1erin,ele sim,*ril(rMB@ "r(gresele -n (ielii met( ice E -nce)-n in e)(ca l*i Descartes E a* eterminat! -ncet#K=

2 6ang -n ierarhia ecle+iastic/@ (N@ tr@)@

-ncet! ( mai mare s*s)ici*ne in )artea (amenil(r :isericii 1a,/ e strig(i@ "*blic-n -n #%N3 *n /ratat despre apariiile spiritelor, bene ictin*l A*g*ste ;almet res)inge categ(ric n*mer(ase relat/ri atestate e 'ert*lian! e s1-nt*l A*g*stin! e s1-nt*l Ambr(+ie etc@ ! AVie,ile s1in,il(r! scrie el! s*nt )line e - 0 a)ari,ii e )ers(ane ece ateD ?i ac/ ar 1i s/ le a *n/m la(lalt/! am *m)le c* ele t(m*ri -ntregiLNB@ Mai e)arte! el a a*g/F AAm )*tea str-nge ( gr/ma / e )asaCe in )(e,ii antici! ?i chiar in "/rin,ii :isericii! care a* cre+*t c/ s*1letele se arat/ a ese(ri (amenil(r -n 0ia,/@ @@ Ace?ti "/rin,i cre ea* a?a ar -n -nt(arcerea s*1letel(r! -n rea)ari,ia l(r! -n leg/t*ra )e care ( )/strea+/ c* tr*)*rile l(rD ar n(i n* ne -ns*?im )/rerea l(r es)re c(r)(ralitatea s*1letel(r @ @ @L=I@ Ast1el! acest bene ictin Al*minatB este c(n?tient e 1a)t*l c/ m*l,i scriit(ri cre? tini E chiar *nii intre cei mai eminen,i E n* res)inseser/ c(nce),ia antic/ )ri0in s*)ra0ie,*irea *n*i 1el e *bl*@ D*)/ el! im)(tri0/! m(artea instit*ie ( se)arare t(tal/ intre tr*) ?i s*1let! acesta in *rm/ nemai0enin s/ r/t/ceasc/ )e *n e a tr/it e1*nct*l@ 7 at/ )r(n*n,at/ -ns/ aceast/ C* ecat/ categ(ric/! (nG ;almet re0ine t(t*?i! -n ceea ce )ri0e?te esen,ial*l! E asta ?i e(arece cre e -n )*rgat(ri* E la ()iniile l*i Le L(yer ?i ale l*i 'aille)ie @ ADe?i a esea! scrie el! cele ce se )(0estesc es)re ()era,i*niGG ?i a)ari,ii@@ es)re s*1letele es)/r,ite e tr*)*ri c(n,in -n mare m/s*r/ am/gire! )reC* ec/,i ?i n/sc(ciri! m*lte intre aceste 1en(mene a* t(t*?i *n gr/*nte e a e0/r ?i ra,i*nea n(astr/ n*
G 9a* A (mB@ F(rm/ abre0iat/ in lat@ A (min*sB@ 'itl* ac(r at membril(r *n(r (r ine m(nahale (bene ictini! cert(+ani)@ (N@ tr@)@ BB MiCl(c misteri(s ?i e1icace! iar -n sens te( l(gic ac,i*ne mistic/ (N@ tr@)@ #KG

le )(ate )*ne la -n (ial/ @ @ @L3B@ Ele se )r( *e at*nci la )(r*nca l*i D*mne+e* sa* cel )*,in c* -ng/ *in,/ i0in/! ac/ re+*lt/ intr-( ()era,i*ne a em(n*l*i@ Iat/ a?a ar cre itate in n(* )rin acest arti1ici* t(ate a)ari,iile! 1ie ale s*1letel(r in )*rgat(ri* care cer r*g/ci*ni! 1ie ale s*1letel(r amnate care 0in s/-i -n emne la c/in,/ )e (amenii -n 0ia,/F teme )-n/ n* em*lt 1(arte 1amiliare )re icat(ril(rL%@ Disc*rs te(l(gic es)re a)ari,ii! cartea bene ictin*l*i! ca ?i t(ate cele scrise e )reeces(rii s/i )e aceea?i tem/! c(nstit*ie e asemenea ( eH)licare e nat*r/ etn(gra1ic/ a celeilalte cre in,e -n strig(i! )e care :iserica s-a str/ *it s-( trans1(rme J?i care se )/stra 0ie -n )lin/ E*r()/ clasic/@ Ea )(ate 1i re+*mat/ ast1elF ( b*cat/ e 0reme *)/ eces*l l(r! m(r,ii tr/ies( -n c(ntin*are ( 0ia,/ ce seam/n/ c* a n(astr/@ Ei se -nt(rc )e l(c*rile *n e s-a es1/?*rat eHisten,a l(r! *ne(ri )entr* a 1ace r/*@ "rintr-*n ca+ limit/! (n ;almet ne aC*t/ s/ -n,elegem 1(r,a c* care se mai )*tea mani1esta aceast/ c(n0ingere@ -ntra e0/r! at(rit/ l*i )*tem c*n(a?te m*lte am/n*nte es)re e)i emia e 1ric/ e strig(i! ?i mai ales e 0am)iri care s-a r/s)-n it la s1-r?it*l sec(l*l*i al XVII-lea ?i -nce)*t*l cel*i e al XVIII-lea -n Ungaria! 9ile+ia! :(emia! M(ra0ia! "(l(nia ?i <recia@ ;itim ast1el -n l*crarea l*i c/! -n M(ra0ia! e 1a)t A est*l e (bi?n*itB s/-i 0e+i )e e1*nc,i a?e+-n *-se la mas/ c* )ers(ane c*n(sc*te e ei@ F/r/ s/ sc(at/ ( 0(rb/! 1ac *n semn in ca) c-te *n*ia intre c(meseni care *)/ c-te0a +ile m(are Anegre?itB@ "entr* a se elibera e aceste s)ectre! (amenii e+gr()a* ?i ar ea* ca a0rele! -n :(emia! cam t(t )e at*nci! esc(t(r(sirea e strig(ii care b-nt*ia* *nele sate se 1/cea eHh*m-n *-i )e e1*nc,ii s*s)ec,i ?i str/)*ng-n *-le tr*)*l c* *n ,/r*? care -i ,int*ia la )/m-nt@ -n 9ile+ia E mai citim s*b )ana l*i (n ;almet! care re1*+/ s/ ea cre+are aces-

t(r )(0e?ti macabre E -nt-lne?ti s)ectre A?i +i*a ?i n(a)teaBD +/re?ti l*cr*ri ce le-a* a)ar,in*t mi?c-n *-se ?i schimb-n *-?i l(c*l! 1/r/ ca cine0a s/ se 1i atins e ele@ 9ing*r*l reme i* -m)(tri0a acest(r a)ari,ii este s/ tai ca)*l ?i s/ ar+i tr*)*l cel(r care se re-nt(rc! -n 9erbia! strig(ii s*nt 0am)iri ce s*g s-ngele in g-tleC*l 0ictimel(r care m(r e ling(are@ ;-n m(r,ii b/n*i,i a 1i s)ectre r/*1/c/t(are s*nt e+gr()a,i! ei arat/ ca (amenii 0ii ?i a* *n s-nge Ae-rmi+i*B@ At*nci! li se taie ca)*l! iar cele (*/ )/r,i ale tr*)*l*i s*nt )*se la l(c -n gr(a)/ ?i ac()erite c* 0ar nestins@ Este lim)e e c/ ace?ti 0am)iri -n e)linea* aici r(l*l *n(r ,a)i is)/?it(ri c(m)arabil eel*i re+er0at -n alte c(l,*ri ale E*r()ei e0reil(r -n tim)*l ;i*mei Negre ?i 0r/Cit(arel(r -n C*r*l anil(r #3>>@ Dar! -n e1initi0! n*-i (are )re1erabil s/-i )ersec*,i )e m(r,i ec-t )e (amenii -n 0ia,/M D(n ;almet mai )(0este?te! 1(l(sin ( relatare a l*i '(*rne1(rtG! es)re )anica ce i-a c*)rins )e l(c*it(rii in My](n(s la s1-r?it*l an*l*i #%>>@ Un ,/ran c*n(sc*t )entr* 1irea l*i )(s(m(rit/ ?i ar,/g(as/ 1*sese *cis -n -m)reC*r/ri misteri(ase@ Ie?in c*r-n in m(rm-nt! s-a a)*cat s/ t*lb*re )acea ins*lei@ D*)/ +ece +ile e la -ngr()/ci*ne! a 1(st e+gr()at -n 0/+*l l*miiD *n c/l/* i-a sm*ls! c* est*l/ tr* /! inima care a 1(st a)(i ars/ )e )laC/@ Dar strig(i*l c(ntin*a s/-?i 1ac/ menrele -ngr(+in )()*la,ia@ "re(,ii in ins*l/ a* )(stit! a* (rgani+at )r(cesi*ni@ Oi iar/?i a treb*it s/ 1ie eHh*mat ca a0r*l care! )*s -ntr-( c/r*,/! *rla ?i se +0-r((lea@ In s1-r?it! l-a* ars@ Abia at*nci a* -ncetat Aa)ari,iile ?i h/r,*ielileB sale@ 'eama e 0am)iri mai /in*ia -n sec(l*l al XlX-lea -n 6(m.nia E ,aira l*i Drac*la@ Un c/l/t(r engle+ n(ta -n #&L&F
G %oseph .iton de /ourne#ort (#3=3E#%>&)! b(ta nist! )rec*rs(r al l*i Linn3 ?i )r(1es(r e me icin/ la ;(llege e France in "aris@ (N@ tr@)@ #-

A;-n *n (m m(are e m(arte n/)ra+nic/! )e l(c*l *n e a )ierit se -nal,/ ( cr*ce! ca n* c*m0a m(rt*l s/ aC*ng/ 0am)irL&B@ Fa)tele relatate e (n ;almet n* c(nstit*ie ec-t -ngr(?area *nei realit/,i larg r/s)-n iteF cre in,a -ntr-( n(*/ 0ia,/ )/m-nteasca a cel(r m(r,i! m/car ( b*cat/ e 0reme@ La -nce)*t*l sec(l*l*i al XVIIIlea! m(nseni(r 9(anen! *n Cansenist -n1(cat! 0i+it-n *-?i mica i(ce+/ in 9ene+! esc()er/ c* -ngriC(rare c/ la m*nte se mai e)*n (1ran e e )-ine ?i la)te )e m(rminte! -n an*l *rm/t(r m(r,ii *nei r*be eniiL$@ ;* ( C*m/tate e sec(l -nainte! )/rintele Ma*n(ir inserase -n catehism*l s/* -n bret(n/ ( -ntrebare ?i *n r/s)*ns 1(arte e i1icat(areF A;e +ice,i@@@ es)re cei care! -n +i*a e s1-nt*l-I(n! -ngr/m/ esc )ietre -n C*r*l 1(c*l*i r(stin *n 'at/l-N(str* -n 1a,a l(r! ?i cre+-n c/ s*1letele r/)(sa,il(r! r*be eniile l(r e1*ncte! 0(r 0eni s/ se -nc/l+easc/M @ @ @ Zic c/ ei )/c/t*iescK>B@ Venin -n Finistere (:retania) -n #%$N! ;ambry 0a n(taF A'(,i m(r,ii (se cre e aici) -?i eschi )le(a)ele la mie+*l n(),iiK# @@@ In istrict*l Lesne0en n* se m/t*r/ casa nici( at/ n(a)teaD l*mea +ice c/ asta -nseamn/ s/ e)/rte+i e ea 1ericirea! c/ r/)(sa,ii se )re*mbl/ )rin cas/ ?i c/ mi?c/rile *nei m/t*ri -i r/nesc ?i-i al*ng/KLB@ :retania c(nstit*ie 1/r/ (ar ?i )(ate *n s)a,i* )ri0ilegiat )entr* *n st* i* es)re strig(i -n ci0ili+a,ia e alt/ at/@ ANici n-a)*ci s/ -nchi+i ca a0r*l -n c(?ci*g! c/ ai e el! -n cli)a *rm/t(are! s)riCinit e gar *l c*r,ii saleB! scria A@ Le :ra+ -n )egenda moriiQQ, )reei+-n F ADe1*nct*l -?i )/strea+/ 1(rma material/! -n1/,i?area! t(ate tr/s/t*rile@ J?i )/strea+/ e asemenea 0e?mintele l*i (bi?n*iteKN@@ @B@ 7 ini(ar/! se a mitea -n aceast/ )r(0incie i eea c/ +i*a )/m.nt*l a)ar,ine eel(r 0ii! iar n(a)tea! cel(r m(r,i@ Dar )*tem (are 0(rbi at*nci e Astrig(iB! se -ntreba* A@ Le :ra+ ?i Van #K$ <enne)M In (rice ca+! -n :retania eHista ere-

in,a c/ e1*nc,ii c(nstit*ie ( a e0/rat/ s(cietate! esemnat/ )rintr-*n n*me s)eeial! AAna(nB! *n )l*ral a0-n 1*nc,ia e sing*lar c(lecti0@ Membrii ei l(c*iesc -n cimitir! ar re0in! (cr(ti,i e -nt*neric! s/ 0i+ite+e l(c*rile )e *n e a* tr/it@ Iat/ e ce n* se m/t*r/ casele la mie+*l n(),ii@ 9*1letele r/)(sa,il(r se -ntr*nesc e trei (ri )e anF -n aC*n*l ;r/0 (i*n*l*i! -n seara e s1-nt*l-I(n ?i -n seara s/rb/t(rii '*t*r(r s1in,il(rG! c-n e1ilea+/ -n l*ngi )r(cesi*ni s)re l(c*rile e a *nareK=@ Aceast/ c(abitare c* m(r,ii *cea la ( an*me 1amiliaritate c* ei@ '(t*?i! e1*nc,ii c(ntin*a* s/-i -n1ric(?e+e )e (amenii -n 0ia,/F n* treb*ia s/ *mbli n(a)tea )rin cimitir! iar *n r(l c(nsi erabil era atrib*it l*i AAn](*B! *ltim*l m(rt al an*l*i intr-( l(calitate@ In )ar(hia res)ecti0/ ?i -n t(t an*l *rm/t(r aeesta -n e)linea r(l*l l*g*br*l*i secer/t(r care -i retea+/ )e 0ie,*it(ri ?i-i ar*nc/ e-a K3 0alma -ntr-( c/r*,/ h( (r(git/ c* r(,i sc-r,-it(are @ '(ate aceste 1a)te etn(gra1ice ?i m*lte altele are s-ar )*tea a /*ga im)lic/ s*)ra0ie-,*irea *rabil/ -n ci0ili+a,ia n(astr/ (cci ental/ a *nei c(nce),ii es)re m(arte (sa* mai egrab/ es)re m(r,i) )r()rie As(ciet/,il(r arhaiceB! -n sens*l )e care i-# / E@ M(rin@ -n aceste s(<iet/,i! e1*nc,ii s*nt (ameni 0ii e *n gen e(sebit e care treb*ie s/ ,ii seama ?i! ac/ se )(ate! s/ ai c* ei ra)(rt*ri e i b*n/ 0ecin/tate@ Ei n* s*nt nem*rit(ri! ci mai e-grab/ a-m*rit(ri ( b*cat/ e 0reme@ Aceast/ A am(rtalitate este )rel*ngirea 0ie,ii )entr* ( AC )eri(a / in e1init/! ar n* nea)/rat etern/@ M ;* alte c*0inte! m(artea n*-i i enti1icat/ ca 1en(men )*nct*al! ci ca *n*l )r(gresi0K%@ "re1a,-n ?i re+*m-n l*crarea l*i J@<@ Fra+er es)re /eama de mori, Valery seriaF Din Melane+ia -n Ma agascar! in Nigeria -n ;(l*mbia! 1iecare )()(r se teme e m(r,ii s/i! -i evoc, -i hr/ne?te! -i 1(l(se?te! -n[ 9/rb/t(are cat(lic/! )e # n(iembrie@ (N@ tr@)@
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tre,ine rela,ii c* eiD le / *n r(l )(+iti0 -n 0ia,/! -i -n *r/ ca )e ni?te )ara+i,i! -i )rime?te ca m*sa1iri mai m*lt sa* mai )*,in (ri,i! le atrib*ie ne0(i! inten,ii! )*teriK&B@ 7r! (eea ce n* em*lt era a e0/rat -n aceste ,/ri eHtrae*r()ene a 1(st a e0/rat! cel )*,in -ntr-( (arecare m/s*r/! -n E*r()a n(astr/ )-n/ -ntr-( )eri(a / relati0 a)r()iat/ n(*/@ 9ig*r! treb*ie s/ )reci+/m A-ntr-( (arecare m/s*r/B! c/ci isc*rs*l te(l(gic es)re m(r,i! )e care l-am schi,at -n linii mari! se str/ *ia E reia* aici istinc,iile l*i E@ M(rin QE s/ trans1(rme ni?te As(ciet/,i arhaiceB -n As(ciet/,i meta1i+iceB care acce)t/ i eea *nei se)ar/ri ra icale -ntre 0ii ?i m(r,i@ Dar -n 0ia,a e t(ate +ilele ?i -n mentalit/,ile c(lecti0e! a ese(ri aceste (*/ c(nce),ii! te(retic alergice *na 1a,/ e alta E s*)ra0ie,*irea A *bl*l*iB! )e e ( )arte! ?i se)ararea t(tal/ intre s*1let ?i tr*)! )e e alt/ )arte E! a* c(abitat e 1a)t@ "rintre c(m)(rtamentele c(m)leHe! ?i chiar c(ntra ict(rii -ntre ele! ce -nc(nC*ra* cam )ret*tin eni ( ag(nie ?i *n eces! *nele era* -n m( inc(ntestabil c(man ate e ( 1ric/ magic/ e cel t(cmai ece at ?i chiar e m*rib*n @ Ast1el (bicei*l! atestat -n m*lte l(c*ri! e a ar*nca a)a in reci)ientele care se a1la* -n cas/! (ri (el )*,in -n camera m(rt*ar/@ ;/ (amenii :isericii a* i enti1icat gest*l acesta ca necre?tinesc ne-( (0e e?te Inchi+i,ia bra+ilian/ care c(nsi era )racticarea l*i re)t *n in ici* c/ n(ii cre?tini rec/+*ser/ -n i* aismK$@ ;are era semni1ica,ia acest*i (biceiM ;re ea* (are c/ s)/l-n *-se -n acele reci)iente! -nainte e a-?i l*a +b(r*l! s*1let*l s)*rcase lichi *l c* )/catele saleM 9a* c/! )r(ce -n ast1el! -m)ie ica* s*1let*l gata e *c/ s/ se -nece! l*cr* care s-ar 1i )*t*t -nt-m)la ae/ ar 1i -ncercat s/ bea (ri s/ se (glin easc/ -n a)/ E m(ti0 )entr* care se ?i ac()erea* (glin+ile

c* *n 0/lM ;ele (*/ eH)lica,ii a* 1(st 1/r/ -n (ial/ acce)tate e()(tri0/D *na aici! cealalt/ ai*rea@ Im)(rtant -n (rice ca+ era s/ se *?*re+e eces*l! egre0-n *-# e 1rica e a n* 0e ea s*1let*l m*rib*n *l*i +/b(0in ac(l( *n e n* mai a0ea e ce s/ r/m-n/@ -n c(mitat*l "erene! )e 0remea )re(t*l*i J@-:@ 'hiers! )at*l m*rib*n *l*i era a?e+at )aralel c* b-r- i nele ta0an*l*i! (/ei grin+ile c*rme+i?e ar 1i )*t*t -m)ie ica )lecarea cea in *rm/N>@ -n :erry se eschi ea* larg ra)eriile (e -nc(nC*ra* )at*l m*rib*n *l*iN#@ In Lang*e (( se sc(tea ( ,igl/ sa* ( 1(aie e ar e+ie in ac()eri? )entr* a )ermite -n/l,area s*1let*l*i! sa*! -n acela?i sc()! se 0/rsa* )e 1a,a e1*ne-t*l*i (-te0a )ic/t*ri e *nt elemn sa* e cear/NL@ 9-a* )*t*t i enti1ica e asemenea (bicei*ri c(ntra i(t(rii -n leg/t*r/ c* )re*mbl/rile strig(il(r! *nele *rm/rin s/ le -nlesneasc/ -nt(arcerea )e l(c*rile 1amiliare! altele! im)(tri0/! c/*t-n s/ le abat/ calea e)arte e casa ?i (g(arele l(r@ Dar ?i ( atit* ine ?i cealalt/ )(st*la* As*)ra0ie,*irea *bl*l*iB@ -n "er(he! c-n alai*l 1*nebr* se -n re)ta s)re biseric/! )artici)an,ii -m)l-nta* cr*ci la r/s-)-ntii! )entr* ca m(rt*l s/ reg/seasc/ r*m*l l(c*in,ei saleNK@ -n ,in*t*l :(cage in Ven ee! se )*nea ( )iatr/ l*str*it/ -n c(?ci*gF ?i -n acest ca+! t(t )entr* a-i -ng/ *i e1*nct*l*i s/ nimereasc/ r*m*l c-n se 0a -nt(arce )rintre ai s/iNN@ -n tim) (e (bicei*l est*l e r/s)-n it -n Fran,a e ( ini(ar/ e a )*ne *n b/n*, -n c(?ci*g! sa* chiar -n g*ra m(rt*l*i! a0ea )r(babil ( semni1ica,ie c(ntrarie@ F/r/ -n (ial/ c/ n* era 0(rba e (b(l*l c*0enit l*i ;ar(n! ci mai egrab/ e *n rit e c*m)/rare a b*n*ril(r e1*nct*l*i@ -n acest 1el! m(?tenirea era (b-n it/ -n m( legal ?i 1(st*l )r()rietar )ier ea (rice m(ti0 e a re0eni )entr* a ( reclama cel(r 0iiN=@ -n :retania! c(?ci*g*l ( at/ e)*s )e ( A)iatr/ a m(r,il(rB! atelaC*l care )*rtase racla era *s -na)(i la 1erm/! -n mare grab/! )entr* a-# -m)ie ica #NL

)e cel r/)(sat s/ *rce la l(c -n c/r*,/ ?i s/ se -nt(arc/ acas/N3@ 7are grelele )ietre 1*nerare in bisericile ?i cimitirele n(astre n-a* c(nstit*it ?i ele *n miCl(c E ese(ri ine1icace E e a -m)ie ica m(r,ii s/ b-nt*ie l*mea 0ie,*it(ril(rM Iar 0e?mintele e (li* n* era* menite (are s/-i -n e)/rte+e )e e1*nc,iM De 0reme ce amintirea l(r se )/stra -n m( 0i+ibil! ce m(ti0 mai a0ea* s/ in0iie+e ?i s/-?i *rgiseasc/ r*be eniile r/mase )e )/m-ntM 7bicei*rile ictate la n(i e teama e m(r,i )(t 1i c* 1(l(s a)r()iate e alte c(m)(rtamente c* aceea?i semni1ica,ie! etectate -n alte ci0ili+a,ii! e)/rtate -n tim) sa* s)a,i* e ci0ili+a,ia n(astr/@ L@-V@ 'h(mas citea+/ -n aceast/ )ri0in,/ *rm/t(arele (bicei*riF -n <recia antic/! 1ant(mele a0ea* re)t*l la trei +ile e )re+en,/ -n (ra?@@@ -n cea e a treia +i! t(ate s)iritele era* in0itate s/ intre -n caseF li se ser0ea at*nci ( 1iert*r/ an*me )reg/tit/ )entr* eleD a)(i! (-n se c(nsi era c/ ?i-a* ast-m)/rat 1(amea! li se s)*nea c* 1ermitateF A9)irite ragi! a,i m-ncat ?i a,i b/*tD ac*m l*a,i-( in l((B@ A-n A1rica @@@! )entr* a-i -m)ie ica )e *nii e1*nc,i s/ se mai -nt(arc/! li se m*tilea+/ ca a0rele -nainte e -nh*mare! li se 1/r-m/ e )il / 1em*rele! li se sm*lge ( *reche! li se taie ( m-n/F e r*?ine! in ne)*tin,/ 1i+ic/! 0(r 1i sili,i s/ r/m-n/ )e *n e s*ntD ac/ a* 1(st ni?te m(r,i c*mseca e! n* este in ieat ec-t *n sing*r )r(ce e*F s/ li se asig*re 1*neralii emne e ei@ -n ins*la N(*a <*inee! 0/ *0ii n* ie?ea* ec-t -narma,i c* *n t(r(i)an + ra0/n ca s/ se a)ere e *mbra celei is)/r*te @ @@ -n W*eenslan (n(r est*l A*straliei E n@tr@)! se s1/r-ma* (asele m(r,il(r c* l(0it*ri e ci(mag! *)/ care li se *cea* #NK gen*nchii -n re)t*l b/rbiei ?i! -n cele in

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fQ@ )(art/ e* res)e(t r*cea mie/ e cear/ @@- a?e+at/ t(t )e )-n+a care -i ser0e?te e r,- gi*lgi*@ -n s)atele l*i! r* ele! )rietenii@ ;(rtegi*l 1*nebr* se -n rea)t/ -ncet * s)re biseric/@ Mica cr*ee e strec*rat/ )e @! cata1alc ?i se (1icia+/ sl*Cba e -ngr()/ri F[ ci*ne@ La s1-r?it*l ei! )re(t*l e)*ne cr*cea e cear/ -ntr-*n mic si)et )*s )e al-C tar*l r/)(sa,il(r! -n transe)t@ ;* aceasta! cerem(nia s-a -ncheiat==B@ Dac/! )e 0rem*ri! -nt-lneai )e mare A*n echi)aC e marinari e1*nc,iB! treb*ia s/ s)*i *n Je;uiescant in pace, sa* s/ )*i s/ se (1i cie+e )entr* ei ( lit*rghieF cre?tinare e0i ent/ a cre in,ei -n 1ant(mele marinaril(r is)/r*,i ?i -n Ab/rcile n(ct*rneB c(n *se e m(r,i=3@ 7lan e+ii! la r-n *l l(r! +/rea*! -n +ilele 1*rt* n(ase! ( c(rabie blestemat/ al c/rei c/)itan 1*sese c(n amnat! )entr* a-# 1i h*lit )e D*m ne+e*! s/ r/t/ceasc/ 0e?nic )e m/rile N(r * l*i=%@ Aceast/ inter)retare m(rali+at(are ?i cre?tinat/ a *neia intre legen ele relati0e la Ac(r/biile-1ant)m/B se -nt-lne?te e* altele e acela?i ti)@ In Flan ra! -n sec(l*l al XV-lea! se s)*nea! cam*1l-n -ntr-*n 1el cre in,a -n metem)sih(+/! c/ )esc/r*?ii s*nt s*1letele )/c/t(?il(r (s-n ite e D*mne+e* la ( nee*rmat/ agita,ie! la 1(amea ?i la 1rig*l iernii=&@ Mic]ie_ic+! -n &trmoii, )*ne -n g*ra (s-n it*l*i *rm/t)area CelanieF AMai bine m-a? *ce e-( s*t/ e (ri -n ia @@@ e(-t s/ r/t/ cesc ast1el )e )/m-nt c* *h*rile nec*rate la(lalt/! s/ 0/ *rmele trec*tel(r mele (irgii! (0e+ile trec*tei mele cr*+imi! s/ m/ t-r/s( nec*rmat! -nsetat! -n1(metat! in as1in,it -n +(ri! in +(ri -n as1in,it=$ @ @ @B@ 7 ini(ar/! -n maC( ritatea )r(0inciil(r in Fran,a! (amenii cre ea* -n As)/l/t(resele n(),iiB! silite s/ s)ele ?i s/ st(arc/ r*1e )-n/ la s1-r?it*l l*mii )entr* c/ 1/)t*iser/ in1antici e sa* -?i -ngr()aser/ ne emn r*be eniile sa* l*craser/ )rea es * minica3>@ @@@@@@ #

-n general! ( 0(ca,ie e(sebit/ )entr* r/t/cirea post mortem a0ea* t(,i cei care n* a0*seser/ )(rte e ( m(arte 1ireasc/! e1ect*-n a?a ar -n c(n i,ii an(rmale trecerea in 0ia,/ -n m(arte@ ;* alte c*0inte! e1*nc,i r/* integra,i -n n(*l l(r *ni0ers! care! ca s/ +icem a?a! Ase sim,ea* )r(st -n )ielea l(rB@ Acest(ra li se mai a /*ga -nc/ ( categ(rie e can i a,istrig(iF cei (e m*riser/ -n m(ment*l sa* -n )reaCma 0re*n*i rit e trecere care! )rin acest 1a)t! 1*sese c(m)r(mis (1et*?i m(r,i! c/s/t(ri,i ece a,i -n +i*a n*n,ii etc)@ Un etn(l(g )(l(ne+! L@ 9t(mrna! )rel*cr.n (c*mente in )r()ria sa ,ar/! at-n in a (*a C*m/tate a sec(l*l*i al XlX-lea! a anali+at =>> e ca+*ri e m(r,i care! )(tri0it c(n0ingerii cel(r a)r()ia,i l(r! e0eniser/ A em(niB! a ic/ strig(i3#F
;ateg(rii e m(r,i e0eni,i A em(niB N*m.r e In )r(ca+*ri cente

#@ Fet*?i m(r,i L@ A0(rta,i K@ ;()ii neb(te+a,i N@ Femei m(arte -n tim)*l na?terii =@ Femei m(arte *)/ ce a* n/sc*t! ar -nainte e m(lit0a e l/*+ie 3@ L(g( nici m(r,i -nainte e c/s/t(rie %@ ;/s/t(ri,i m(r,i -n +i*a c/s/t(riei &@ 9in*ciga?i

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%!3 ## #& L L!& L!& & &!3 %!3 L>!L K K #>>

$@ 9)-n+*ra,i #>@ -neca,i ##@ Dece a,i e m(arte 0i(lent/ sa*

ne1ireasc/ #L@ Al,ii '(tal

-n aceast/ statistic/ 1(arte interesant/! se e0ien,ia+/ -n m( e(sebit categ(ria c()iil(r m(r,i -nainte e b(te+ (nr@ #! L ?i K)F -n t(tal K&!3(Y> ?i cea a -neca,il(r! L>!L\- 9e )are a?a ar c/ a eHistat ( leg/t*r/ -ntre cre in,a -n #N% strig(i ?i ratarea tragic/ a *n*i rit e trecereD

?i chiar! -n general! ( leg/t*r/ -ntre strig(i ?i )*ncte in s)a,i* sa* in tim) sl*Cin ca 1r(ntiere sa* trecere@ Ast1el! mai bine e $=BY( @ intre m(r,ii st* ia,i e L@ 9t(mma ?i care e0in A em(niB a* 1(st -nh*ma,i la limite e (meni* sa* e (-m)! la margine e r*m sa* )e mal*l *n*i lac@ Oi -n mai bine e $>\ intre ca+*ri! ei a)ar la amia+/! la mie+ e n(a)te! -n +(ri sa* -n am*rg@ Dar aceast/ rela,ie -ntre ! AtrecereB (-n -n,eles*l cel mai larg) ?i strig(i a 1(st (c*ltat/ e ( cre?tinare cresc-n / care a e)lasat t(t mai m*lt )ers)ecti0ele ?i a st/r*it as*)ra n(,i*nii e m-nt*ire@ 9trig(ii cre?tina,i a* 1(st 1(arte n*mer(?i@ In :alcani! eHista c(n0ingerea c/ eHc(m*nica,ii r/m-n )e )/m-nt )-n/ la rec(nciliereG3L! ?i )ret*tin eni -n E*r()a cat(lic/ s-a cre+*t -n a)ari,iile s*1letel(r in )*rgat(ri*! 0enite s/ le cear/ cel(r 0ii r*g/ci*ni! )(meni! -n re)tarea *n(r gre?eli 1/)t*ite -n 0ia,/ sa* -m)linirea *n(r leg/minte ne,in*te@ 9/la? al s*1letel(r care n* ?i-a* atins -nc/ estina,ia e1initi0/! )*rgat(ri*l e0ine marele re+ery(r e strig(i@ ;re?tinism*l ?i-a as*mat a?a ar tre)tat cre in,a -n s)ectre -n *-i semni1ica,ie m(ral/ ?i integr-n -( -n )ers)ecti0a m.nt*irii 0e?nice@ Dar! -ntre ise*rs*l te(l(gic )ri0in a)ari,iile ?i 0ia,a +ilnic/ se men,ine! t(t*?i! ( istan,/! mai mare sa* mai Pmic/! )(tri0it +(nel(r ge(gra1ice ?i ni0el*ril(r c*lt*rale@ Van <enne) a0ea re)tate scriin 3KF A@ @@ ;(n0ingerea c/ m(rt*l se )(ate -nt(arce acas/ -n )(1i a t*t*r(r )reca*,i*nil(r l*ate a 1(st 1(arte )*ternic/ -n Fran,a (?i ai*rea) tim) e sec(le! mai m*lt sa* mai )*,in -n t(ate me iile! ?i n* s-a aten*at )rea m*lt ee-t e 0re( s*t/ e ani -n((aee! 1(arte lent -n me iile r*rale! mai re)e e -n (ra?e ?i -n centrele m*ncit(re?ti3NB@
G La cat(liciF re*nirea (*aei )ers(ane) c* :iserica (N@tr@)@ @ @@ 5

/. Frica 0e noa1te

9trig(i! 1*rt*ni! l*)i ?i male1icii a0ea* ese(ri n(a)tea re)t c(m)lice@ Aceasta intra ea ( c(m)(nent/ maC(r/ -n m*lte 1ri(i e ( ini(ar/@ Era )rin eHcelen,/ l(e*l *n e 0r/Cma?ii (m*l*i *r+ea* )ier erea l*i! 1i+ic/ ?i m(ral/ e()(tri0/@ La tim)*l s/*! :iblia eH)rimase aceast/ s*s)ici*ne 1a,/ e be+n/! c(m*n/ t*t*r(r ci0ili+a,iil(r! ?i e1inise simb(lic estin*l 1iec/r*ia intre n(i -n termeni e l*min/ ?i -nt*neric! a ic/ e 0ia,/ ?i e m(arte@ 7rb*l! s)*ne ea! care n* 0e e Al*mina +ileiB tr/ie?te (* sen+a,ia m(r,ii ,/o$ie, K!#%D ##! &D =! ## ?i2*rm@)@ 7 at/ c*s--r?it*l +ilei! a)ar Ci0inele r/*1/c/t(are ,.salmi, #>N! L>)! ci*ma tenebr(as/ ,.salmi, $#! 3)! (amenii eare *r/sc l*mina E s(,ii a *lteri! h(,ii sa* asasinii ,(ov, LN! #KE#%)@ "rin *rmare! treb*ie s/ ne r*g/m cel*i care a 1/c*t n(a)tea s/-i (cr(teasc/ )e (ameni -m)(tri0a s)aimel(r n(ct*rne ,.salmi, $#! =)@ Ia *l E she(l*l E este e0i ent t/r-m*l be+nel(r ,.salmi, &&! #K)@ Zi*a l*i Ieh(0a 0a 1ii -n sehimb +i*a l*minii eterne@ At*nei A)()(r*l (are )ribegea -n be+ne 0a 0e ea ( mare l*min/B ,(saia, $!#D NL!%D N$!$D @iheia, %!& ?i *rm@)! D*mne+e* cel 0i* 0a str/l*mina )e ai s/i ,(saia, 3>!#$ s)@ -ns*?i ;rist(s treb*ie s/ str/bat/ n(a)tea )/timiril(r sale@ La eeas*l legi*it! el se aban (nea+/ ca)canel(r -nt*neric*l*i ,(oan, ##!#>)! -n care se c*1*n / I* a (#K!K>) ?i se r/+le,esc -n0/,/ceii@ El a 0r*t s/ -n1r*nte Aceas*l acesta ?i (mnia be+nel(rB ,)uca, LL!=K)@ -n cli)a m(r,ii sale! ( mantie n(ct*rn/ se a?terne )retim)*ri* )este l*me ,@atei, L%!N=)@ Dar e c-n s-a 0estit c*0-nt*l e0anghelic ?i ;rist(s a -n0iat! ( s)eran,/ str/l*ce?te -n +area (menirii@ Desig*r! cre?tin*l! s)*ne s1-nt*l "a0el! se a1l/ -nc/ A-n n(a)teB@ Dar el A-naintea+/ s)re +i*a 1(arte a)r(a)e! ce 0a )*ne (a)/t n(),ii saleB ,Epistola ctre Jomani, #K! #L)@ Oi ac/ n* 0rea! As/ se i+beasc/ e m*n,ii n(),iiB ,(oan, #K! #3)! el #N$ treb*ie s/ a* / chemarea l*i ;rist(s e a e0eni

A1i* al l*miniiB@ ,(oan, #L!$3)@ "entr* a 0eghea -m)(tri0a Ast/)-nit(r*l*i be+neiB ,Epistol ctre E#esieni, 3! #L) cre?tin*l treb*ie s/ se -n0e?m-nte+e -ntr* ;rist(s ?i armele l*i e l*min/ ?i s/ res)ing/ 1/c/t*rile be+nei ,Epistola ctre Jomani, #K! #L ?i *rm@)@ D*mne+e* ne 0a aC*ta s/ ne i+b/0in e n(a)te@ A)(eali)sele i* aice escriseser/ ?i ele -n0ierea ca ( tre+ire *)/ s(mn*l n(),ii ,(saia, L3! #$D 5aniel, #L!L)! ( -nt(arcere la l*min/ *)/ c*1*n area -n -nt*neric*l e)lin al shebl*l*i@ Urm-n acest 1/ga?! lit*rghia cat(lic/ a 1*neraliil(r incl* e *rm/t(area r*g/ci*neF AFie ca s*1letele cre inci(?il(r r/)(sa,i s/ n* 1ie c*1*n ate -n be+ne! ci s/ le c/l/*+easc/ arhanghel*l Mihail -n s1-nta l*min/S F/! D(amne! s/ aib/ )arte e l*mina 1/r/ e s12-r?it3=B@ 'eama e a 0e ea s(arele )ierin )e 0eci la (ri+(nt a (bse at (menireaF (0a /! )rintre m*lte altele! cre in,ele religi(ase ale meHicanil(r -nainte e 0enirea s)ani(lil(r@ "entr* l(c*it(rii in 0alea MeHic*l*i! -n 0-rsta e a*r a ci0ili+a,iei in 'e(tih*a(an (K>>E$>> e@n@)! +eii se -ntr*niser/ E chiar la 'e(tih*acan E ca s/ 1ac/ s(arele ?i l*na@ "entr* aceasta! (i intre ei s-a* ar*ncat -n 1(c! -n ast1el na?tere cel(r (i a?tri@ N*mai c/ ace?tia r/m-nea* neclinti,i )e b(lt/@ At*nci t(,i +eii s-a* sacri1icat ca s/ le ea 0ia,/ c* s-ngele l(r@ A+tecii a* cre+*t a)(i c/ treb*ie s/ re-nn(iasc/ acest )rim sacri-1 QB 1ici* ?i s/ hr/neasc/ s(areleD e *n e ?i sacri1i-t ciile *mane@ Li)sit e Aa)a )re,i(as/B a s-nge-l*i (menesc! s(arele risca s/ se ()reasc/ in r(tirea l*i@ De aceea! la 1iecare s1-r?it e Asec(lB! a ic/ ( at/ la cinci+eci ?i (i e ani! -ngriC(rarea c*n(?tea ( intensitate maHim/@ "()(r*l a?te)ta c* gr(a+/ s/ a1le ac/ s(arele -?i 0a re-nn(i c(ntract*l c* (amenii@ Ultima n(a)te a Asec(l*l*iB se )etrecea -ntr-( atm(s1er/ e -n1ric(?are! c* t(ate l*minile stinse@ 9)eran,a re0enea abia ( at/ c* i0irea -n cele in *rm/ a astr*l*i i*rn! *)/ ce *n )re(t a)rinsese 1(-

c*i n(* )e )ie)t*l *n*i sacri1icat@ Via,a )*tea s/-?i reia c*rs*l@ A9e 0a mai -nt(arce s(areleMB este -ntrebarea -ns)/im-ntat/ a meHicanil(r e ( ini(ar/ care iPa (1erit l*i ;@ F@ 6am*+ (#$K$) tema ?i titl*l *n*i r(man@ L(c*it(rii *n*i sat in cant(n*l el0e,ian Valais (Xallis)! sat -nt(rs c* s)atele la s(are! cre c/ s(arele se asc*n e *)/ m*n,i -ntre L= (ct(mbrie ?i #K a)rilie@ Dar -n iarna aceea el se 2las/ a?te)tat mai m*lt e(-t e (bicei@ E b(lna0! se r/ce?te ?i se mic?(rea+/! An* mai are est*l/ 0lag/ ca s/ risi)easc/ )-claB E A( )-cl/ g/lbici(as/ @ @ @ E -ntins/ e la ( c(sti?/ la alta! ca ( b*cat/ e )-n+/ 0eche! )este satB@ Zi*a a e0enit Ace0a cen*?i* ?i t*lb*re care se estram/ (m(l inc(l( e n(a)te! e cealalt/ )arte a n(ril(r ca -n (s*l *n*i geam n/cl/itB@ Aceast/ )ermanen,/ ne(bi?n*it/ a )-clei -l 1ace )e b/trin*l An+e0*i E care ?tie citi in 0echile c/r,(aie E s/ )r(r(ceasc/ )ieirea a)r()iat/ a s(arel*iF A9e 0a re0/rsa r(?*! ?i 0a is)/reaBD ?i se 0a -ntin e )e 0e?nicie n(a)tea care este At/ga a a ceea ce esteB@ 6(man*l l*i ;@ F@ 6am*+=3 e0(c/ eHact triste,ea a -nc/ ce (mnea ( ini(ar/ -n satele c(c(,ate -n m*n,i -n tim)*l nes1-r?it*l*i an(tim) 1rig*r(sF sin*ci erile era* 1rec0ente@ 9*nt n*mer(ase ?i ast/+i -n iernile ne1iresc e l*ngi ?i e -n+/)e+ite@ Dar teama e is)ari,ia s(arel*i n*-i )r()rie (ar meHicanil(r e ( ini(ar/ ?i 0ale+anil(r e ieri@ <@ 9imen(n 0(rbe?te ca es)re *n l*cr* bine ?ti*t e Ac()ii c/r(ra le e 1ric/ e am*rgB ?i care -?i )*n ?i ei -ntrebareaF ADar ac/ s(arele n* 0a mai r/s/ri m-ine @ @ @ N*-i asta! 3%a a*g/ el! cea mai 0eche s)aim/ in l*me MB@ ;* t(ate acestea! ese(ri! )r*ncii n* se tem e -nt*neric@ In0ers! )e (rbi! care n* c*n(sc l*mina +ilei! -nn()tarea -i *m)le t(t*?i e s)aim/F (0a / c/ (rganism*l tr/ie?te -n ritm*l c(sm(s*l*i@ Jm)re*n/ c* J@ :(*t(nier! e *til s/ e(sebim met( (l(gic 1rica n -nt*neric ?i 1rica de -nt*neric! 1ie ?i in0ers-n c*0in-

tele acest*i a*t(r3&@ Frica n -nt*neric este cea tr/it/ e )rimii (ameni c-n se a1la* eH)*?i n(a)tea la atac*rile 1iarel(r s/lbatice 1/r/ s/ )(at/ ghici -n be+n/ a)r()ierea l(r@ De aceea! treb*ia* s/ -n e)/rte+e (* 1(c*ri a)rinse aeeste A)rimeC ii (biecti0eB@ N* -nca)e -n (ial/ c/ aceste s)aime ce re0enea* sear/ e sear/ a* sensibili+at *manitatea ?i a* -n0/,at-( s/ se team/ e ca)canele n(),ii@ Frica n -nt*neric este ?i aceea resim,it/ )e nea?te)tate e c()il*l eare! *)/ ce a a (rmit c* *?*rin,/! se tre+e?te a)(i ( at/ sa* e mai m*lte (ri c*)rins e s)aime n(ct*rne@ 7* (chii eschi?i! el )are s/ mai )ri0easc/ imaginile -n1ric(?/t(are ale 0is*l*i s/*@ De ast/ at/! e 0(rba e A)rimeC ii s*biecti0eB! iar a(estea c(nstit*ie )r(babil )rinci)ala eH)lica,ie a -n1ric(?/ril(r care ne n/)/esc n(a)tea@ 7hiar ?i A)entr* *n n*m/r c(nsi erabil e a *l,i t*lb*rarea care cre?te *ne(ri -n ei ( at/ c* -nt*neric*l c(nst/ -n im)resia c/ ce0a )rimeC i(s se 0a n/)*sti as*)ra l(r! ,9?nin in be+na -n care! ne0/+*t! -i )-n e?te3$B@ AIat/ cli)a e-n )l*tesc -n 0/+ *h YY '(ate +g(m(tele c(n1*+e )e care -nt*neric*l le eHagerea+/B! s(rie V@ 5*g(! e/r*ia M*sset -i r/s)*n e -n 9alciaF 7hS V*i n2a )as sen ti s(n ece*r batter )l*s 0ite A L2he*re (* s(*s le ciel l2h(mme est se*l a0ec Die*M W*i ne s2est ret(*rne! cr(yant 0(ir a sa s*ite W*elV*e 1(rme glisser @ @@ II est certain V*2al(rs l2E11r(i s*r n(tre tite "asse c(mme le 0ent s*r la cime es b(is%>G@
G 7h! cine n-a sim,it c*m i se -nte,esc b/t/ile Inimii Y la (ra c-n s*b cer (m*l e sing*r c* D*mne+e*M Y ;ine n* s-a -nt(rs! cre+-n c/ 0e e -n *rma l*i Y Vre( 1(rm/ strec*r-n *-se@@@ Y El e sig*r c/ at*nci <r(a+a )este ca)etele n(astre Y 'rece ca *n 1' 0-nt )este creasta )/ *ril(r@

AUn (m care cre e -n strig(i! scrie Ma*)assant! ?i c/r*ia i se )are c/ +/re?te *n s)ectr* -n n(a)te! simte esig*r 1rica -n t(at/ gr(+/0ia ei -ns)/im-nt/t(are%#B@ '(t el )(0este?te *n ca+ ti)ic e gr(a+/ n(ct*rn/F -ntr-( n(a)te e iarn/! eHact c* (i ani -n *rm/! *n )/ *rar *cisese *n brac(nier@ In +i*a@ acestei ani0ers/ri! at-t el! (* ( )*?c/ -n m-n/! c-t ?i 1amilia l*i! s*nt -ncre in,a,i c/ 0ictima 0a 0eni s/-i cheme! c*m 1/c*se ?i c* *n an -n *rm/@ -n miCl(c*l *nei t/ceri -n1ric(?/t(are! ei a* -ntr-a e0/r ( 1/)t*r/ care se 1*ri?ea+/ e-a l*ng*l casei ?i +grea),/n/ la *?/@ 7 c/)/,-n/ alb/ c* (chi a)rin?i ca e 1iar/ li se arat/ -n (chi*l e geam al *?ii@ "/ *rar*l trage! ar n* eschi e *?a ec-t -n +(riF -?i *cisese inele%L@ ;/ A)rimeC iile (biecti0eB ale n(),ii! ac*m*late e-a l*ng*l tim)*ril(r! a* eterminat (menirea s-( )()*le+e c* A)rimeC ii s*biecti0eB este mai m*lt ec-t )r(babil@ In 1el*l acesta 1rica n -nt*neric a )*t*t e0eni -n m( mai intens ?i mai general ( 1ric/ de -nt*neric@ Dar aceasta in *rm/ eHist/ ?i in alte ra,i*ni mai l/*ntrice ?i ,in-n e c(n i,ia n(astr/@ Ve erea (m*l*i este mai asc*,it/ ec-t a m*lt(r animale! e eHem)l* c-inele ?i )isicaD e aceea be+nele -l esc*m)/nesc mai tare ec-t )e m*lte mami1ere@ "e e alt/ )arte! )ri0area e l*min/ imin*ea+/ )*terea Are *ct(ril(rB acti0it/,ii imaginati0e@ Aceasta! eliberat/! c(n1*n / mai *?(r ec-t -n tim)*l +ilei real*l ?i 1ic,i*nea ?i ris(/ s/ se r/t/ceasc/ -n a1ara c/il(r b/t*te@ N*-i mai )*,in a e0/rat c/ -nt*neric*l ne s*strage e()(tri0/ s*)ra0egherii semenil(r! )re-nem s/ le )r(iect/m in scr*)*le e c(n?tiin,/ c*m ?i )r()riei n(astre s*)ra0egheri ?i este mai )rielnic ec-t +i*a actel(r )e care ne re,i-sa* e team/F c*te+an,e e nem/rt*risit! )lan*ri criminale etc@ In s1-r?it! is)ari,ia l*minii ne s*rghi*ne?te -n i+(lare! ne -n0/l*ie -n t/-eere ?i )rin *rmare ne A e+sec*ri+ea+/B@ 2uni +34 t(t at9tea ra,i*ni c(n0ergente ce eH)lic/ nelini?-

tea )e care ( na?te -n (m c/ erea n(),ii ?i e1(rt*rile ci0ili+a,iei n(astre *rbane e a -n e)/rta h(tarele -nt*neric*l*i ?i e a )rel*ngi +i*a )rintr-( il*mina,ie arti1icial/@ ;*m era tr/it/ n(a)tea la -nce)*t*l 'im)*ril(r M( erneM 7rice i)(te+/ ni se )are b*n/ )entr* a r/s)*n e la aceast/ -ntrebare@ M/car )entr* a )*tea n(ta ast1el c/! )entr* m*l,i! ea -?i )/strea+/ E ?i )(ate c/ -?i s)(re?te E caracteristicile -ngriC(r/t(are@ Fa)t*l c/ )r(0erbele ne asig*r/ c/ n(a)tea e *n b*n s1etnic! n* se at(rea+/ -nt*neric*l*i care ( -ns(,e?te! ci a r/ga+*l*i )e care -l inter)*ne -naintea *nei eci+ii@ Altminteri! )r(0erbele e)l-ng -nt*neric*l n(),iiF AN(a)tea-i neagr/ ca n* ?ti* ce %K B E ?i se tem e ca)canele eiF AN(a)te! rag(ste ?i 0in t(ate )line e 0enin%NB@ Ea este c(m)licea *n(r 1/)t*ri r/*1/c/t(areF A7amenil(r e bine le )lace +i*a! iar cel(r r/i n(a)tea %= B@ AUmbli n*mai n(a)tea ca *n c/l*g/r ,icnit ?i ca 0-rc(lacii %3@B In0ers! )r(0erbele care a *c la* / s(arei*iF A9(arele n-are )ereche%% B@ AUn e str/l*ce?te s(arele! n(a)tea -?i )ier e )*terile%&B@ A;ine are s(are nici( at/ n(a)te n-are%$B@ A;ine are s(are nicic-n n* m(are&>B@ De aceea r/s/rit*l s(arel*i e sal*tat e marinari ca ( s)eran,/ e sal0are *)/ ( n(a)te e grele -ncerc/riF AD*)/ 0itregiile 1*rt*nii! scrie ;am(es! *)/ *mbrele n(),ii! *)/ 0iCelia ?*ier/t(are! +(rile a *c l*min/ ?i s)eran,a e-a aC*nge la *n liman (cr(tit(r@ 9(arele -m)r/?tie negrele be+ne ?i i+g(ne?te gr(a+a in s*1let&#B@ ;a ?i c*m *ragan*l s-ar (m(li 0r-n -ne0r-n ( at/ c* -nt(arcerea l*minii@ N(a)tea este -n griC(r/t(are ?i )e *scat@ -n -isul unei nopi de var, "yram eHclam/F [ Q # -

7! n(a)te neagr/S n(a)te e catranS 7! n(a)te ce s(se?ti c-n n* e +iS 7! n(a)te! n(a)teS 0aiS 0ai&LSG ;hiar ?i )entr* elita c*lti0at/! n(a)tea e )()*lat/ e *h*ri )rimeU i(ase care A-i r/t/cesc )e c/l/t(ri r-+-n e chin*l l(r&KB@ N(a)tea a* l(c -nt-lnirile sinistre ale cel(r mai r/*1/c/t(are Ci0ine! ale m(r,ii ?i ale strig(il(r e (s-n i,i mai c* seam/@ ;-n Ac* glas e 1ier s*nat-a mie+*l n(),iiB! citim mai e)arte -n aceea?i )ies/ e 9ha]es)eare! *n tim) ne(menesc -nce)e F L*)*l *rl/ trist la l*n/ 6age Le*l h/mesit@ 'r* a +ilei se r/+b*n/ "e )l*gar*l a (rmit@ Jar*l )-l)-ie abiaD ;ei ce (rm a* ! e)arte ;*m sc-nce?te E ( c*c*0ea A *rere ?i a m(arte@ ;eas e blestem ?i e gr(a+/ ;-n strig(ii in m(rm-nt Ne0/+*,i se 1*ri?ea+/ 2 "e s*b be+ne! )e s*b 0-nt@ @ @M A*r(ra! -n schimb! 0este?te cli)a c-n m-nt*l 0a@ a)ar,ine iar/?i 0ie,*it(ril(rF )/-

9/ ne gr/bim! ai n(),ii i*,i bala*ri 91-?ie n(ri-n +b(rD chiar a inea*ri Ai imine,ii s(li l*cir/-n +areD 9trig(ii! biete (?ti r/t/cit(are F*gir/-n gr()i! iar tristele n/l*ci -nm(rm-ntate-n 0al*ri! la r/scr*ci! In )at*l l(r c* 0iermi s-asc*n )e r-n ! 9/ n*-#@ g/seasc/ +i*a@ )e )/m-nt! -n taini,ele negre s-asc*n iar/?iD 9-a* )rins c* n(a)tea cr-ncen/ t(0ar/?i@&K
G Acesta ?i *rm/t(arele citate in -isul unei nopi de var -n tra *cerea l*i Dan <rig(resc*F 9ha]es)eare! Opere complete, 0(i@ III! #$&N! e @ Uni0ers@ (N@ tr@) @S

J* ecin *)/ 1lec/relile babel(r care t/i1/s*iesc -n serile e clac/!&4a *nate s*b titl*l )es Evangiles des ;uenouilles (tra @ a)r(Himati0/F A9cri)t*rile t(rc/t(arel(rB)! 0isele *r-te n* s*nt emana,iile )sihism*l*i@ Dim)(tri0/! ele s*nt a *se in eHteri(r ?i im)*se cel*i care (arme e ( 1/)t*r/ r/*1/c/t(are ?i misteri(as/ n*mit/ Cau;uemare sa* Euau;ue-maire (-n s* ! Chauche--ieille9. 'ermen*l 1(- % l(sit -n aceast/ c*legere a)are c-n la sing*lar E a 1i Ac/l/rit e ;a*V*emareB E! c-n la )l*ral! -n ca+*l in *rm/ stabilin *-se ( 1ilia,ie -ntre aceste )ers(naCe )ernici(ase ?i 0-r((laciF AZise alt/ bab/F ac/ *n*i (m i-a 1(st *rsit/ s/ aC*ng/ 0-rc(lac! mare min*ne s/ naC*ng/ ?i 1i-s*! iar 1ete ac/ are ?i el(c b/ie,i! cel &% mai a esea t(t Euau;uemaires aC*ng ?i ele B@ Una A intre cele mai -n,ele)teB in a *nare -i r/s)*n e )rece entei c/ (amenii treb*ie s/ se )/+easc/ e Acei *?i e )e l*me -nt(cmai ca ?i e m(r(i! e Euau;uemaires && sa* e 0-rc(laci! c/ci ei te c/+nesc )e ne0/+*telea B @ @ @ Ast1el /t/t(rii E sa* /t/t(arele E e c(?mar*riG s*nt clasa,i -ntr-( categ(rie )rimeC i(as/ la(lalt/ c* m(r(ii! strig(ii ?i 0-rc(lacii@ -n c(ntin*are! c*metrele -?i c(m*nic/ 1el*rite s1at*ri ?i re,ete menite s/ te sca)e in st/)-nirea 1iin,el(r care t*lb*r/ s(mn*lF AZice *na intre2 t(rc/t(are @ @ @! c*m c/ )e acela care merge la c*lcare 1/r/ s/ m*te in l(c la0i,a )e care s-a esc/l,at! -l )a?te )este n(a)te )rimeC ia s/-# c/l/reasc/ W*a*V*emare&$ @ @ @B@ "errette '(st-Vest*eGG +ice c/ l*cr*l e care ;a*V*emares se tem cel mai tare este ( (al/ 1ierbinte e *)/ ce ai l*at-( e )e 1(c$>UB
G W*a*V*emaireBF lt@ AcalcareB (-n 1r@ Acha*cherB)j Aa c/lca -n )ici(areBkneerlan @ AmareBF A1ant(m/ n(ct*rn/B@ Aceea?i (rigine )entr* Acha*chemarBF calcarekmare (N@ tr@)@ GG "errette cea e 0reme -mbr/cat/! (n@ tr@)@

La care alta -i r/s)*n eF A @ @ @ ;ine se teme s/ n* 0in/ ;a*V*emare n(a)tea la )at*l l*i! treb*ie s/ )*n/ *n sca*n e lemn e steCar -n 1a,a *n*i 1(c b*n ?i ac/ 0ine! ;a*V*emare se a?a+/ )e el ?i n* se 0a mai )*tea ri ica )-n/-n +i*/ @ @ @$#B@ Altcine0a a1irm/ c/ Aa sc/)at e W*a*V*emareB e c-n A?i-a 1/c*t r(st e VIII 1ire e )ai c*lese -n n(a)tea s1-nt*l*i-I(n ?i ?i-a 1/c*t in ele IV cr*ci*li,e $L e le-a )*s -n cele )atr* c(l,*ri ale )at*l*i B@ -n schimb! *na intre 0(rbit(are care n-a 1(st nici( at/ Aa)*cat/B e Am(r(iB n* ?tie s/ se esc(t(r(seasc/ e ;a*V*emare@ A*+ise c/ Aei-ne-?i m*lge 0acile -n +i e 0ineri )rintre )ici(arele e in /r/t! n*mai ec-t -l m*nce?te W*a*-1 V*emare$KB@ Urmea+/ @ re)t r/s)*ns ( re,et/ in1ailibil/F N*-i el(c )/cat! s)*ne *na intre t(rc/t(are! ca cel ce 0rea s/ sca)e e W*a*V*emaire! s/ se c*lce c* bra,ele -n cr*ce! iar care se teme e $N m(r(i! s/ -mbrace c/ma?a e-an (aselea B@ Frica e n(a)te -n ci0ili+a,iile e ( ini(ar/ se -ns(,e?te! a?a c*m am semnalat! c* ( ne-ncre ere general/ 1a,/ e l*na A(ea receB! Ast/)-na 0al*ril(rB c*m s)*ne 9ha]es)eare 1/r/ 0re( inten,ie el(gi(as/@ 7n e A)ali / e m.nieB! ea A*m)le 0/+ *h*l e *me+eal/! r/s)-n in r/celi in bel?*g$=B@ Dac/ e s/-i /m cre+are )(et*l*i engle+ 'h@ De]]er (#=%LE#3KL)! t(at/ l*mea )-n e?te c* ( c*ri(+itate -n1ric(?at/ schimb/rile astr*l*i r/t/cit(r@ 9e cre e c/ l*na )(ate )r(0(ca neb*nia@ ;-n )are As/ )l-ng/B! -nseamn/ c/ )re0este?te ( nen(r(cire@ -n c(nC*nc,ie c* alte )lanete! a *ce ci*m/@ 9e s)*ne c/ )e l*n/ se a1l/ s*rghi*nit *n (m c* ( leg/t*r/ e m/r/cini -n c-rc/ ?i )*rt-n -nc/l,/ri c* ,inte mari E )ers(naC care (c*)/ *n l(c im)(rtant -n )(0e?tile e a (rmit c()iii$3@ ;* t(ate acestea! m*lte ci0ili+a,ii a* c(nsi erat l*na *n simb(l #=% ambig** ?i ( )*tere ambi0alen,/@ Ea cre?te ?i

escre?teD m(are ?i re-n0ie@ 9emni1ic-n cicl*rile 0egeta,iei! ea a ins)irat sa* a -ns(,it 1antasmele legate e )rinci)i*l A0ia,/Em(arteE rena?tere$%B@ -n E*r()a e -nce)*t al 'im)*ril(r M( erne! s*nt s*bliniate -ns/ mai ales as)ectele negati0e ale l*nii! t(cmai ca ( c(m)lice a 1/r/ elegil(r n(),ii@ 6e0elat(r -n aceast/ )ri0in,/ e celebr*l )(em al l*i 5ans 9a(hs -nchinat l*i L*ther! A)ri0ighet(areaB in Xittenberg@ Dat(rit/ c-ntec*l*i acestei )/s/ri care 0este?te -n s1-r?it iminea,aF A @ @ @ L*mina l*nii se stinge! )/le?te ?i sent*nec/@ "e 0rem*ri! )rin str/l*cirea ei am/git(are! l*na a (rbit t(at/ t*rma (il(rD ast1el c/ ele s-a* -n e)/rtat e )/st(r*l ?i e )/?*nile l(r! ?i *rm-n l*mina ei ?i 0(cea le*l*i care chema! s-a* r/t/cit -n miCl(c*l )/ *ril(r ?i al )*stiet/,il(r$&B@ Am/git(are! l*na -ntre,ine a?a ar leg/t*ri c* in1ern*lD ceea ce cre e ?i 6(nsar c-n a1irm/ c/ Denise! 0r/Cit(area in Ven .m(is! A-i )(r*nce?te l*nii argintii$$B@ In general! c*lt*ra irig*it(are! -ntre sec(lele XIV ?i XVII! -n m/s*ra -n care a insistat c* ( )re ilec,ie m(rbi / as*)ra 0r/Cit(riei! satanism*l*i ?i amna,i*nii! a s*bliniat lat*ra t*lb*r/t(are ?i male1ic/ a n(),ii (?i a l*nii)@ 9e cre ea c/ la a /)(st*l n(),ii a* l(c sabat*rile! )/cat*l ?i -nt*neric*l 1iin s(li are@ Iar in1ern*l! )ictat ?i escris -n e)(c/ e mii e (ri! e -n1/,i?at e Dante ?i e s*cces(rii s/i ca 1iin l(c*l A*n e s(arele taceB! *n e a)a e neagr/ ?i *n e )-n/ ?i +/)a a ?i-a )ier *t albea,a#>>@ 9a-tan e s*0eran*l -nt*neric*l*i E *n tr*ism ED -n -nt*neric! imagina,ia l*i 1er(ce sc(rne?te cele mai cr*nte s*)licii )entr* a-i -n1ric(?a ?i martiri+a )e amna,i@ ;(ntin*-n *-# )e a*t(r*l 5ivinei Comedii, 5ier(nym*s :(sch a 1(st ine)*i+abil )e aceast/ tem/@ Dar ?i )entr* *n *manist ca <@ :* e! m(?tenit(r al tra i,iei gre-c(-r(mane a c/l/t(riil(r -n in1ern ?i al isc*rs*l*i cre?tin c* )ri0ire la im)eri*l satanic! #9

1,2

acesta n* )(ate 1i ec-t meleag*l *nei n(),i 1/r/ e s1-r?it@ "*tem 0(rbi aici e *n l(c c(m*n -n general acce)tat e mentalitatea e)(cii@ At*nci c-n e0(c/ l*mea in1ern*l*i! <@ :* e 0(rbe?te c-n es)re As*mbr*l 'artarB sit*at A-n str/1*n *l h/*l*i ce c(b(ar/ -n m/r*ntaiele cele mai a -nci ale )/m.nt*l*iB! c-n es)re A(cna c*m)lit/ ?i -nt*nec(as/ care-i 9tiH*l 1*r e (ameniB@ Alt*n e0a! <@ :* e escrie A)*,*l ce n* se re0ars/ nici( at/B -n care 0(r 1i 0e?nic A)ri+(nieri ( m*l,ime e b(g/ta?i! e s/raci! e b/tr-ni! e tineri! e c()ii ,sic9, e sminti,i! e -n,ele),i! e ne?ti*t(ri e carte! c(t la c(t c* -n0/,a,iiB@ "entr* el! ca ?i )entr* t(,i c(ntem)(ranii s/i! L*ci-1er este A)rin,*l c*m)litel(r tenebreB! *n At-l-har -n be+neB ?i E eH)resie rel*at/ in #># 5(mer E AErinia care-?i are l/ca?*l -n be+ne B@ Ast1el! la -nce)*t*l 'im)*ril(r M( erne! )rin C(c*l *nei *ble insisten,e! )e e ( )arte as*)ra astr(l(giei! iar )e e alta as*)ra )*terii l*i 9atan E as)ect ce 0a 1i e+0(ltat -n ca)it(l*l % E! ci0ili+a,ia e*r()ean/ )are s/ 1i ce at *nei 1rici s)(rite 1a,/ e -nt*neric! 1en(men la care a c(ntrib*it e alt1el ?i a)ari,ia ti)ar*l*i@ At-t la ,ar/ c-t ?i la (ra?! eHista t(t*?i ( an*mit/ 0ia,/ n(ct*rn/@ Iarna! (amenii -?i am/gea* )lictis*l ?i sc*rta* -nt*neric*l a *n-n- *-se la ?e+/t(ri care )*tea* ,ine )-n/ la mie+*l n(),ii@ In :*rg*n ia! acest gen e ?e+/t(ri se n*mea* AecraignesB@ A-n t(t ,in*t*l :*rg*n iei! scrie -n sec(l*l al XVI-lea@ 'ab(*r(t Des A(c(r s! ?i chiar -n (ra?ele mai e seam/! in )ricin/ c/ s*nt l(c*ite e m*l,i )( g(reni ne0(ia?i care n-a* )*tin,a s/-?i c*m)ere lemne ca s/ se a)ere e *rgia iernii! m*lt mai as)r/ )e aceste meleag*ri ec-t -n rest*l Fran,ei! ne0(ia! mama me?te?*g*ril(r! i-a -n0/,at s/-?i -nCghebe+e )e c-te ( stra / m/rgina?/ ( b(C e*c/ sa* ( c(lib/ alc/t*it/ in

c-te0a )r/Cini -n1i)te r(at/ -n )/m-nt ?i arc*ite ?i str-nse-n 0-r1*ri -n a?a 1el c/ seam/n/ c* *n ,*g*i e sc*1ie! care-i ac()erit/ *)/ aceea c* b*lg/ri e )/m-nt ?i b/legar in bel?*g ?i t(t*l a?a e bine amestecat ?i legat e/ a)a n* mai r/+be?te nicic*m@ In b(C e*ca asta! -ntre (*/ )r/Cini in )artea mai 1erit/ e b/taia 0-nt*ril(r (amenii las/ ( mic/ eschi+/t*r/ lat/ (aim e *n )ici(r ?i -nalt/ e (*/ ca s/ sl*Ceasc/ e intrare! iar e C*r -m)reC*r 0r/1*iesc l/icere )e care s/ ?a / mai m*lte )ers(ane ca )e ni?te la0i,e@ Ac(l( e (bicei! *)/ ce a* cinat! se a *n/ cele mai 1r*m(ase 1ete e )( g(reni! care c* 1*rca-n br-*! care c* alte -n eletniciri! ?i sta* la ?e+/t(are )-n/ la mie+*l n(),ii#>G2@ In 1el*l acesta se crea *n s)a,i* cal -n )rag*l c/r*ia n(a)tea se ()rea ?i *n e! tim) e c-te0a (re! *n rit e s(ciabilitate amical/ ?i sec*ri+ant/ st/0ilea amenin,/rile -nt*neric*l*ii Mai )ret*tin eni la ,ar/! (rgani+area *n(r ast1el e ?e+/t(ri era *n (bicei care a /in*it )-n/-n )rag*l e)(cii n(astre#>K@ ;erem(niile ;r/ci*n*l*i ?i 1(c*rile e s1-nt*lEI(n! An(),ileB ,/ranil(r bret(ni! t/r/b(i*l in serile e n*nt/! a *n/rile )elerinil(r 0eni,i e e)arte ?i (are! aC*n?i la s1-r?it*l +ilei! a?te)ta* +(rile -n )reaCma sa *(hiar -n interi(r*l bisericii E ,inta c/l/t(riei l(r EF t(ate a(este mani1est/ri c(lecti0e c(nstit*ia* t(t at-tea eH(rci+/ri ale gr(+/0iil(r n(),ii@ "e e alt/ )arte! 6ena?terea c(nstat/! la etaC*l s(cial cel mai ele0at! s)(rirea n*m/r*l*i e s/rb/t(ri care se es1/?(ar/ *)/ c/ erea +ilei@ In #=&#! a1lat -n trecere )rin 6(ma! M(ntaigne asist/ la *n t*rnir n(ct*rn ce are l(c -n 1a,a *n*i )*blic arist(cratic#>N@ ;-,i0a ani mai t-r+i*! 'h@ De]]er 0a e0(ca ans*rile! Atra0estirile ?i mascara eleB! (rgani+ate la L(n ra! c* )rileC*l *n(r e0enimente mai im)(rtante! -n casele b(g/ta?il(r! seara la l*mina t(r,el(r#>=@

7ric*m! n(a)tea este s*s)ect/ )rin c(m)licitatea ei c* e+m/,a,ii! h(,ii ?i *ciga?ii@ Dre)t *rmare! cei ce ataca* )e cine0a *)/ s1-r?it*l +ilei sa* )rin l(c*ri l/t*ralnice era* )e e)si,i mai as)r*! c/ci -n asemenea ca+*ri 0ictima n* se )*tea a)/ra c*m treb*ie ?i nici n* se )*tea a?te)ta la 0re*n aC*t(r#>3@ ;hiar ?i -n +ilele n(astre! re)t*l )enal c(nsi er/ -n e(b?te -nt*neric*l ( Acirc*mstan,/ agra0ant/B@ Leg/t*ra intre -nt*neric ?i criminalitate este ealt1el )ermanent/ ?i resim,it/ ca atare@ -ntr-*n s(n aC in #$%%! NK\ intre cet/,enii (ra?el(r 1rance+e c* )este #>>@>>> e l(c*it(ri ?i N$\ in )()*la,ia )ari+ian/ citea+/ caren,ele il*minat*l*i )*blic ca *n 1act(r e insec*ritate@ La 9aint L(*is! -n stat*l Miss(*ri! la *n an *)/ a)licarea *n*i im)(rtant )r(gram e -mb*n/t/,ire a il*minat*l*i )*blic se -nregistrea+/ ( sc/ ere c* N#\ a #>% 1*rt*ril(r e a*t(m(bile ?i c* #K\ a s)argeril(r @ "(et*l engle+ al 6ena?terii! 'h@ De]]er! care 0(rbe?te -n c*n(?tin,/ e ca*+/! 1ace ( escriere el(c -ng/ *it(are a n(),ii l(n (ne+e )e 0remea Elisabethei ?i a l*i ;ar(l I@ At*nci! t(,i criminalii! )rea mi?ei ca s/ se arate la l*mina s(arel*i! Aies in 0/g/*nile l(rB@ "r/0/lia?i care! c* ( -n1/,i?are acr/ ?i m(r(c/n(as/! ?iPa* (m(r-t t(at/ +i*a tim)*l -n *ghenele l(r! c(lin / )e 1*ri? ta0ernele e *n e se -nt(rc -m-)leticin *-se! e n* c*m0a aC*ng s/ se )r/b*?easc/ -ntr-*n ?an,@ Ucenicii! -nc/lc-n angaCamentele in c(ntract! risc/ ?i el ( esca)a / -n irec,ia c-rci*mii@ 'ineri c/s/t(ri,i e+ertea+/ in )at*l c(nC*gal@ Ni?te +*rbagii se -mb*l+esc -n C*r*l 0ar ist*l*i care a -nh/,at *n be,i0an@ '-r1ele a)ar )e str/+ile )e care le c*treier/ )--n/-n mie+ e n(a)te@ ;-n be+na s-a -ngr(?at est*l! gra0*l )*ritan! care s*b clar e l*n/ n* s-ar -nc*meta nici s/ se a)r()ie m/car e *n b(r el! -?i ia inima-n in,i )-n/ la casa *nei c*rte+ane@ "e str/+ile -nt*nec(ase! m(a?ele se *c s/ aC*te na?terea bastar+il(r c/r(ra le 0(r # 1ace a)(i e )etrecanie@ N(a)tea e c* at-t mai

)rimeC i(as/ c* c-t a ese(ri halebar ierii e )a+/ a* a (rmit la c-te ( r/s)-ntie! s1(r/in +g(m(t(s@ Dealt1el! )re+en,a l(r Ase simteB cale e-( )(?t/! c/ci s-a* -n ()at c* cea)/ ca s/ se a)ere e 1rig@ 6/*l )(ate s/-?i *rme+e a?a ar nestingherit ans*l n(ct*rn )rin marele (ra?! -n tim) ce in )rag*l ta0ernel(r berban,ii a* c* ti1la s(l a,il(r e )a+/ a,i)i,i#>&@ 'h@ De]]er n*m/r/ la L(n ra )este ( mie e c-rci*mi #>$@ Unele s*nt ,in*te e ni?te $irdlime*, c* (*/trei r-n *ri e g*?i@ Ele bea* lichi(r*ri ?i rachi* ?i )(art/-n eget*l miCl(ci* ca ?i )r(stit*atele c/r(ra le 1*rni+ea+/ )ra a! *n ghi*l c* ca) e m(rt@ -n casele l(r! eschise ?i +i*a ?i n(a)tea! (1er/ 0i+itat(ril(r 1aim(asele )r*ne c(a)te! simb(l -n literat*ra elisabethan/##> a neg(,*l*i e carne 0ie in l*mea interl()/ @ -nt*neric*l -ng/ *ie 1ire?te ?i acti0itatea s)/rg/t(ril(r care atac/ e )re1erin,/ )r/0/liile )(st/0aril(r ?i ale gi*0aergiil(r! neg*st(ri mai -nst/ri,i@ Une(ri! )entr* mai m*lt/ sig*ran,/! ei c*m)/r/ c(m)licitatea halebar ieril(r sa* a straCei e n(a)te###@ ;hiar ?i -n "aris*l sec(l*l*i al XVIII-lea! -n ci* a cel(r 0re( =@=>> e 1elinare care il*mina* )e at*nci )rinci)alele artere! n* era rec(man abil s/ te a0ent*re+i -n a1ara circ*itel(r bali+ate c* l*mini@ <erman*l Nemeit+! )*blic-n -n #%#& ni?te A-n r*m/ri 0re nice e l*at -n seam/ )entr* c/l/t(rii e 0a+/B! 0a scrie )e aceast/ tem/F AN* )(0/,*iesc )e nimeni s/ *mble )rin (ra? -n be+na n(),ii@ ;/ci e?i cara*la ?i straCa c/lare )atr*lea+/ )rin t(t (ra?*l ca s/ -m)ie ice (rice e+(r ine! s*nt m*lte l*cr*ri )e care n* le 0e e @ @ @ 9ena! ce str/bate (ra?*l! )(art/ esig*r )e 1ir*l ei s*meenie e tr*)*ri ne-ns*1le,ite )e care le ar*nc/ mai la 0ale )e mal@ Mai bine-i a?aG In sens*l 1ig*rat e a emenit(are e clien,i! $irdlime, -n engle+/! -nsemn-n clei*l c* care )/s/rarii *ng r/m*relele-ca)can/@ (N@ tr@)@
162

ar s/ n* te ()re?ti )rea m*lt nici*n e ?i s/ te -nt(rci e0reme acas/##LB@ ;* t(ate acestea! -n e)(ca 6egen,ei! 0ia,a n(ct*rn/ era ini1init mai -ns*1le,it/ ec-t c* (*/ s*te e ani -n *rm/@ Inter)ret-n 0echi (r (nan,e ce )*nea* -n 0e ere c-rci*maril(r s/ trag/ (bl(anele *)/ ce b/tea stingerea la N(tre-Dame! trib*nal*lG a h(t/r-t! -n #=$3! ca! e la # (ct(mbrie )-n/ la "a?ti! c.rci*mile s/ -nchi / la (ra ?a)te seara! ##K iar e la "a?ti )-n/ la # (ct(mbrie! la (ra ()t @ "(r,ile (ra?*l*i 1iin -nchise ?i acti0itatea me?te?*g/reasc/ -ntrer*)t/! (amenii c*mseca e n* mai a0ea* ce c/*ta )e a1ar/ *)/ stingere@ L(c*l l(r era acas/ ?i! c-t mai e0reme! -n )at@ A?a g-n ea* ( ini(ar/ t(,i cei care 0eghea* as*)ra t*rmei cre?tine@ "/rintele Ma*n(ir! care a e0angheli+at :retania -ntre #3N> ?i #3&K! a*+in 0(rbin*-se es)re An(),ileB bret(ne! le-a asimilat sabat*ril(r 0r/Cit(re?ti ?i le-a c(mb/t*t c* -n0er?*nare@ 9*s)ecte le-a* a)/r*t (amenil(r :isericii ?i amintitele ecraignes. Ele era* a ese(ri )rileC e scan al ?i b/t/i E cererile e gra,iere semnalea+/ -ntr-a e0/r n*mer(ase -nc/ier/ri *)/ asemenea ?e+/t(ri##N ?i )reteHt e Am/sc/r/ci*niB@ De *n e ?i inter ic,iile ecle+iastice! -ntr-( is)(+i,ie sin( al/ in #N$K! emis/ e e)isc()ia in 9aint-:rie*c! citimF A-nc/ -ntr-*n sin( )rece ent! )entr* a c*rma e la r/ /cin/ aceste ab*+*ri ine)te ?i scan al(ase care se )r( *cea* 1(arte a esea la ?e+/t(rile t(rc/t(arel(r! am inter+is aceste re*ni*ni -n (ra?*l n(str* ?i -n t(at/ i(ce+a! s*b )e e)sele e ictate -n stat*tele acest*i sin( @ Otim c/ aceast/ inter ic,ie a 1(st -nc/lcat/ -n re)etate r-n *ri@ Iat/ e ce re-nn(im an*me aceste stat*te! ?i inter+icem t*t*r(r s*)*?il(r n(?tri e (rice c(n iG In (riginalF le ChGtelet. E 0(rba e le grand ChGtelet, *n e -?i a0ea* se i*l an*mite (rgane C*- #3K iciare@ (N@ tr@)@

,ie s/ mai ,in/ e ac*m -nainte asemenea re*ni*ni ?i ?e+/t(ri c* ans*ri! neb*nii ?i eHtra0agan,e! s/ ia )arte la ele sa* s/ se [[ arate m/car ac(l( s*b )e ea)s/ e eHc(m*- P nicare##=@ @ @B@ :ine-n,eles c/ a?a-n*mitele ecraignes a* c(n,i-! n*at@ ;-t es)re A)ri0eghi*rile e s1in,iB! -n ` c*rs*l e/r(ra l*mea se -nt-lnea 1ie la biseric/M 1ie -ntr-*n cimitir! acestea era* ?i ele ese(ri s )rileC e Ah-rC(neliB! AC(c*riB! A ans*riB! 0i(-i-l*ri ?i alte 0i(len,e@ 9-a aC*ns ac(l( -nc-t )enG0 tr* )ri0eghi*l in #= a*g*st! c(nsili*l can(nicil(r cate ralei N(tre-Dame in "aris a trimis -n biseric/ s(l a,i c* misi*nea ##3 e a ac,i(na -m)(tri0a a,-,/t(ril(r la e+(r ini @ 6@ Va*ltier a a *nat n*mer(ase cereri e gra,iere relati0e la ( seam/ e eHcese c(mise -n tim)*l )ri0eghi-l(r! acestea! e eHem)l*F Ae#K&KU -n n(a)tea s/rb/t(rii Maicii D(mn*l*i -n se)tembrie @ @ @ c-n are l(c *n mare )ri0eghi ?i a *nare e l*me -n biserica cea mare ( in ;harite-s*r-PL(ire) @ @ @ (ni?te @ @@ tineri) )*?i s/ stea e 0eghe! -narma,i! a* c/)*it *n berbant )e care-# a1laser/ -n biseric/ -nghes*in se-rna0 ( m*iere##%B@ Ae#K&=U Un (arecare "errin s-a *s I)lin e e0la0ie s/ )ri0eghe+e la biserica 91intei Feci(are in :arres! -n ,in*t*l 7rleans! *n e! m-nat -n is)it/ e cel r/*! el ?i al,i c-,i0a 1l/c/i s-a* a)*cat s/ /n,*iasc/ chiar -n n*mita biseric/! la(lalt/ c* ( s*me enie e b/rba,i ?i e m*ieri@ @ @! ?i )entr* care 1a)t/! n*mi,ii berban,i a* stins l*min/rile ?i le-a* ar*ncat -n (s*l altar*l*i ?i a* s)art caneleleT! *)/ care a* legat 1e ele? ( m*iere# #&I@ Dia0(l*l 1(l(se?te a?a ar n(a)tea ca s/ -n emne la rele 1iin,a (meneasc/ ebilitat/ e is)ari,ia l*minii@ De *n e ?i )re+en,a necesar/ -n (ra?ele e ( ini(ar/ a str/Cer*l*i e n(a)te! ! care! -narmat c* *n 1elinar ?i *n cl()(,el ?i

-ns(,it e c-inele s/* -?i 1ace r(n *l! asig*rm ast1el lini?tea cet/,ii@ D*)/ 'h@ Dec]er! el este Asantinela cet/,ii! (cr(tit(r*l t*t*r(r cartierel(r! isc(a a cinstit/ care esc()er/ blestem/,iile n(et*rne ?i! asemenea 1anar*l*i e la )*)a c(r/biei! care -i c/l/*+e?te ?i-i -mb/rb/tea+/ )e marinari -n cele mai negre be+ne! el c*treier/ [etatea! ?i ( ##$ cr*,/ a ese(ri e m*lte incen ii )rimeC i(ase B@ Fiecare are a?a ar interes*l s/-# asc*lte ?i s/-i *rme+e )(0e,ele -n,ele)teD e/ci n(a)tea )*ne -n )rimeC ie at-t tr*)*l a.t ?i s*1let*l! ea este anticamera m(r,ii ?i a in1ern*l*i@ ;l()(,el*l str/Cer*l*i se i enti1ic/ ast1el c* cl()(t*l 0estit(r e m(arteF :/rba,i! ?i c()ii! 1ete ?i 1emei! Jnc/ n*-i )rea t-r+i* 0ia,a s/ 0-(-n re)ta,i@ -nc*ia,i )(r,ile! r/m-ne,i c*lca,i la c/l *r/! ;/ci )ier ere grea e s/-,i )ier+i 1eci(ria@ Mare-i risi)a c-n che1*ie?ti -n mie+ e n(a)te! 9tric/ci*nea sl*gil(r a *ce r*ina st/)-nil(rF ;in a*+i,i b/taia acest*i cl()(t A1la,i c/ 0-I s*nat ?i 0(*/ (eas*l#L> @@ @ Aceasta e rit(rnela l*g*br/ a str/Cer*l*i l(n(ne+! -n s)atele c/reia treb*ie s/ rec(nstit*im s)aima milenar/ -n 1a,a *nei n(),i r/* st/)-nite@ Am amintit -n )aginile )rece ente )r(1e,ia in A)(cali)s/F n(*l cer ?i n(*l )/m-nt 1/g/ *it cel(r i+b/0i,i 0(r 1i 1/r/ mare@ '(t ast1el! ei n* 0(r mai c*n(a?te nici n(a)tea@ Ier*salim*l cel 0e?nic 0a 1i il*minat e l*mina 1/r/ as1in,ire care este D*mne+e* -ns*?i@ ,"poc. XXI! =D XXI! LKD (oan ID =)@

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tal -n #KN3! )e ,/rm*rile M/rii A+(0@ -n #KN%! aC*nge la ;(nstantin()(l ?i <en(0a! iar c*r-n *)/ aceea -n t(at/ E*r()a! in "(rt*galia ?i Irlan a )-n/ la M(sc(0a@ 6a0agiile Am(r,ii negreB s-a* -ntins -ntre anii #KN& ?i #K=#! secer-n ! s)*ne Fr(issart! Aa treia )arte a l*miiB@ -n t(t rest*l sec(l*l*i al XlV-lea! ?i cel )*,in )-n/ la -nce)*t*l sec(l*l*i al XVIlea! ei*ma a rea)/r*t an e an -ntr-( )arte sa* alta a E*r()ei (cci entale@ -n #K=$! iat-( -n :elgia ?i -n AlsaciaD -n #K3> E#K3#! -n Anglia ?i -n Fran,a@ -n #K3$! atac/ in n(* Anglia! a)(i e0astea+/ Fran,a -ntre #K%> ?i #K%3! ca s/ mai treac/ ( at/ ;anal*l M-necii@ Nici Italia n* s-a b*c*rat e ( s(art/ mai b*n/@ Un cr(nicar in 7r0iet( n(taF A"rima ci*m/ general/ a a0*t l(c -n #KN& ?i a 1(st cea mai )*ternic/B@ A)(i a /*gaF AA (*a ci*m/! #K3K@ A treia ci*m/! ##K%N@ A )atra ci*m/! #K&K@ A cin-cea ci*m/! #K&$B@ Alt/ m-n/ a c(m)letatF AA ?asea ci*m/! #N#>B@ AAlte m-ini! c(mentea+/ E@ ;ar)entier! ar 1i )*t*t c(ntin*a lista )entr* sec(l*l al XV-leaNB@ La 7h.l(ns-P*r-Marne! b*n/(ar/! atele e)i emiil(r )ar a a ase*ltare *n*i an*me ritm! ( at/ la 1iecare eceni* i+b*cnin c-te ( e)i emieF #N==E#N=%D #N33 E #N3%D #N%$D #N&KD #N$NE#N$%D #=>KD #=#3 E#=#%D #=L#E#=LL=@ De *n e ?i aceast/ anali+/ a l*i J@-N@ :irabenF ADac/ *rm/rim ist(ria ci*mei -ntr-*n (ra? in acea e)(e/@ @ @! 0(m c(nstata c/! ( at/ la ()t! +ece sa* cincis)re+ece ani! ea i+b*cnea -n accese 0i(lente ce c*)rin ea* -ntreg (ra?*l! acesta )ier+-n L>! K> ?i chiar N>lYb in )()*la,ie@ -n a1ara acest(r )ar(Hisme! )ersista -ntr-( stare semi-en emic/! 0aga-b(n -n ca)rici(s e )e ( stra / )e alta sa* intr-*n cartier -ntr-alt*l! )eri( 1e! tim) e *n*l! (i ?i )-n/ la cinci sa* ?ase ani in ?ir! *)/ care se stingea )entr* c-,i0a ani@ A)(i rea)/rea s*b acea 1(rm/ Iaten*at/T

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(are a ese(ri )rece a 1(rma IeH)l(+i0/T! -nainte e a ( *rma3B@ 6/* -nr/ /cinat! c* ( rec*ren,/ im)lacabil/! ci*ma! -n 0irt*tea a)ari,iil(r sale re)etate! @ crea ine0itabil -n r-n *rile % )()*la,iei A( stare e ner0(+itate ?i e 1ric/ B@ -n Fran,a! -ntre JNK% ?i #=K3! J@-N@ :iraben a i enti1icat LN e )*se*ri )rinci)ale! sec*n are sa* aneHe e ci*m/ -n ec*rs e #&$ e ani! eci a)r(Himati0 c-te *n*l la ()t ani@ -n )eri(a a *rm/t(are!2 ce se -ntin e -ntre #=K3 ?i #3%>! n* -nregistr/m ec-t #L i+b*cniri (c-te *na ( at/ la ##!L ani&)@ D*)/ care! b(ala )are s/ is)ar/! ea s/ rea)ar/ -n "r(0en,a! -n #%L>@ Ast1el! -n Fran,a! ar ?i -n m( mai general -n 7cci ent! caracter*l en emic al ci*mei a sc/+*t -nce)-n in sec(l*l al XVI-lea! ar aceasta sc(ate ?i mai bine -n relie1 eH)l(+iile cele mai 0i(lenteF la L(n ra -n #3>K! #3L= ?i #33=D la Milan( ?i la Vene,ia -n #=%3 ?i #3K>D -n 9)ania -n #=$3E#3>L! #3N&E#3=L ?i 2#3%%E #3&=D la Marsilia -n #%L>@ Aceste ate ?i l(cali+/ri n* c(nstit*ie! )res*)*nem! ec-t ni?te )*ncte e re)er -n iacr(nia ?i ge(gra1ia e)i emiil(r e ci*m/ -n e)(ca bar(c/! -ntr*c.t cele in anii #=%3 E#=&= ?i #3L&E #3K# s-a*$ -ntins -n realitate )este ( mare )arte a E*r()ei @ 7ric-t e 0i(lente ar 1i 1(st aceste eH)l(+ii E -n s)ecial *ltima in Fran,a! cea e la Marsilia E ele era* in ce -n ce mai istan,ate -ntre ele )rin inter0ale e c-,i0a ani! c-n n* se semnala nici *n eces s*s)ect@ 6/*l e0enea a?a ar mai s)(ra ic ?i mai l(cali+at! iar *)/ #%L# is)are in 7cci ent@ -nainte 0reme -ns/! tim) e a)r(a)e )atr* s*te e ani! ci*ma 1*sese! )(tri0it eH)resiei l*i :@ :ennassar! A*n mare )ers(naC al ist(riei e ( ini(ar/#>B@ Mare! )entr* c/ era sinistr*@ 9/-# C* ec/m *)/ crimele sale care i-a* st*)e1iat )e c(ntem)(raniF AIn ace?ti (i ani (#KN&E#KN$)! scrie carmelit*l )ari+ian Jean e Venette! n*m/r*l 0ictimel(r a 1(st nes)*s e mare! c*m n* s-a #3&

)(menit ?i nici citit 0re( at/ -n 0remile trec*te##B@ La r-n *l s/*! :(cea(ci( )reci+ea+/ -n intr( *cerea 5ecameronului, c* )ri0ire la Fl(ren,aF A;r*+imea cer*l*i! ?i )(ate ?i cea a (amenil(r! a 1(st at-t e ne-n *)lecat/! m(lima a b-nt*it in martie )-n/ -n i*lie c* at-ta -n0ier?*nare! ( s*me enie e b(lna0i a* 1(st at-t e )*,in aC*ta,i! ba chiar! in )ricina gr(a+ei )e care ( ins)ira* (amenil(r s/n/t(?i! l/sa,i )ra / *nei mi+erii at-t e cr*nte! incit )*tem s(c(ti c* est*l temei la mai bine e ( s*t/ e mii n*m/r*l (el(r care ?i-a* )ier *t 0ia,a -ntre +i *rile cet/,ii@ "-n/ la acest )r/)/ ! )(ate c/ nimeni n* s-ar 1i g-n it c/ (ra?*l n(str* n*m/r/ at-ta (menire@ ;-te )alate m/re,e! c-te case m-n re! c-te l(c*in,e! ( ini(ar/ )line gD e sl*gi! e seni(ri ?i e (amne! a* 0/+*t i@ )ierin )-n/ la *n*l )-n/ ?i )e cel mai ne-QI -nsemnat ser0it(r@ ;-te 1amilii e 0a+/! c-te D[ 1alnice (menii! c-te a0eri 1aim(ase a* r/mas li)site e *rma?ii legi*i,iS ;-,i seni(ri , 0iteCi! c-te (amne chi)(ase ?i b/ie,ani ml.-@#4@D ii! c/r(ra n* n*mai *ni0ersitatea! ci ?i <alen*s! 5i)(crat! ba chiar ?i Esc*la) le-ar 1i at )atalama la m-n/ c*m c/ s*nt s/n/t(?i t*n! iminea,a a* )r-n+it c* r*be eniile! (a-mara+ii ?i )rietenii l(r! iat/ ( at/ c* -nserarea s-a* stat(rnicit -n l*mea cealalt/ ca s/ cine+e#L c* str/m(?ii B@ Estimarea l*i :(ccacci( este 1(arte eHagerat/@ 9/ 1ie (are eHact! c*m a* a1irmat *nii ist(rici! c/ Fl(ren,a ar 1i n*m/rat ##>@>>> e l(c*it(ri -n #KK& ?i (ar =>@>>> -n #K=#M ^@ J@ :el(ch c(nsi er/ c/ cetatea e )e Arn( t(tali+a ==@>>> e s*1lete -n #KN%! iar )entr* ani mai t-r+i* N>@>>>D t(t*?i ( sc/ ere e a)r(a)e K>(Y>@ Oi! -n tim) ee )()*la,ia re-nce)ea s/ s)(reasc/ -n cea e a (*a C*m/tate a sec(l*l*i al XlV-lea! A)estilentaB a r/)it iar ## =>> e )ers(ane -n #N>> ?i )r(babil L>@>>> e s*1lete -n #N#%@ ;-t )ri0e?te 9iena! ea ar 1i 1(st )()*lat/ e L>@>>> e #K s*1lete -n #KN%! #=@>>> -n #KN$! #L@=>> -n #K&> @

D*)/ ist(ricii britanici! Anglia ar 1i 1(st am)*tat/ e N>\ intre l(c*it(rii s/i -ntre #KN& ?i #K%% (n*m/r-n K@%=%@>>> la )rima at/ ?i L@LLK@K%= la (ea e a (*ah)@ ;i*ma Neagr/ ?i cele care a* *rmat-( a* 1(st aici! ac/ n* sing*rii! cel )*,in )rinci)alii res)(nsabili ai acest*i e+astr*@ Iat/ ac*m c.te0a rec(r *ri tragiceF Albi ?i Q;astres a* )ier *t C*m/tate in )()*la,ia l(r -ntre #KNK ?i #K=%! iar m(lima ar 1i r/)it -n #K=> E calc*le! este a e0/rat! isc*tabile E =>IY> in l(c*it(rii Mag eb*rg*l*i! => )-n/ la # 33\ in cei ai 5amb*rg*l*i! %>\ in cei ai :remei#=@ ;i*ma Neagr/ a )*stiit mai ales (ra ?ele! ar nici satele n-a* 1(st cr*,ate@ <i0ry! -n :*rg*n ia! a 0/+*t )ierin -n #KN& ( treime in )()*la,ia sa@ -n 9a0(ia! n*m/r*l 0etrel(r in )ar(hia 9ainte-"ierre- *-9(*cy a sc/+*t e la #>& -n #KN% la == -n #KN$D al cel(r in ?a)te )a r(hii 0ecine! e la K>K -n #KN% la #NL -n #KN9 #3@ "e an*mite (menii ale aba,iei in Xinchester! *n e se -nregistra* LN e ecese e ,/rani -n #KN3 ?i =N -n #KN% ?i #$ -n #KN&! n*m/r*l l(r cre?te br*stai la %>% -n #KN$ @ Vrem ( estimare gl(bal/! la scara E*r()ei (cci entale ?i centrale! a ra0a giil(r )r(0(cate e 1lagel -ntre #KN& ?i #K=>M Ne )*tem m*l,*mi c* cea )e care ( 1*rni+ase 8@ 6en(*ar (-n scriaF A@ @ @ "r()(r,ia ecese l(r at(rate ci*mei -n ra)(rt c* ansambl*l )()*la,iei )are s/ 1i (scilat -ntre LYK ?i #Y& e la regi*ne la regi*ne#&B@ Fr(issart a0*sese a?a ar re)tate a1irm-n c/ ( treime intre e*r( )eni 1*sese r/)*s/ e m(lim/! aceasta 1iin t(-` t*?i e(sebit e se0er/ -n Italia! -n Fran,a ?, J -n Anglia@ ! G ;(nsi erat/ gl(bal! E*r()a n-a0ea s/ ma c*n(asc/ ( e)i emie at-t e c*m)lit/ ea eea in #KN&E#K=>@ '(t*?i! -nt(arcerile (1ensi0e ale m(limei a* mai l*at as)ecte catastr(1ale la scar/ *rban/! regi(nal/ ?i chiar na,i(nal/@ "aris*l ar 1i )ier *t N>@>>> e s*1lete -n #N=>#$@ L(n ra! care n*m/ra a)r(Himati0 N3>@>>> e l(c*it(ri -n #33=! a 0/+*t )ierin e ci*m/ -n #%>

acela?i an 3&@=>>L>@ Marsilia t(tali+a la -nce)*t*l sec(l*l*i al XV5I-lea ce0a mai )*,in e #>>@>>> e s*1leteD e)i emia in #%L> i-a r/)it a)r(Himati0 =>@>>> (incl*si0 -m)reC*rimileL#)@ Aceea?i )r()(r,ie E ar ac,i(n-n as*)ra *n(r mase (mene?ti mai mari ED! la Nea)(le -n #3=3@ Acest (ra?! eHcesi0 e )()*lat! n*m/ra )e at*nci N>> )-n/ la N=>@>>> e l(c*it(ri@ ;i*ma a secerat LN>! )(ate chiar L%>@>>>LL@ 9/ l*/m ac*m -n ansambl*l l(r Italia ?i 9)ania sec(l*l*i al XVII-lea@ Italia se)tentri(nal/ ( e la Vene,ia la "iem(nt ?i <en(0a! incl*si0) ar 1i c*n(sc*t ( sc/ ere em(gra1ic/ e LL\ -ntre #3>> ?i #3=>! )r(0(cat/ -n )rim*l r-n e ci*ma in #3K>! c-n e)i emia a secerat KL\ in )()*la,ia Vene,iei! =#\ in cea a Milan*l*i! 3K>Y3 in cea a ;rem(nei ?i a Ver(nei! %%\ E s*mbr* rec(r # E in cea a Mant(0ei@ -n t(tal! -n c*rs*l )rimei C*m/t/,i a sec(l*l*i al XVII-lea! Italia ar 1i )ier *tLK #N\ in l(c*it(rii s/i (#@%K>@>>> e s*1lete )@ "ier erile ar 1i c(m)arabile c* cele in 9)ania! care era mai )*,in )()*lat/#>#@ ;ele Atrei mari (1ensi0e ale m(r,iiB ()rin *m/) E #=$3E#3>L! #3N&E#3=L! #3%%E #3&= E ar 1i r/)it a)r(Himati0 #@L=>@>>> e 0ie,i@ :arcel(na -n #3=L a )ier *t a)r(Himati0 L>@>>> e l(c*it(ri in NN@>>>LG@ 9e0illa! -n #3N$E#3=>! a -ngr()at 3>@>>> e m(r,i in ##> sa* #L>@>>> e l(c*it(riL=@ ;i*ma a 1(st a?a ar *na intre ca*+ele maC(re ale cri+ei s*1erite e cele (*/ )enins*le -n c*rs*l sec(l*l*i al XVII-lea@ "-n/ la s1-r?it*l sec(l*l*i al XlX-lea! s-a* ign(rat ca*+ele ci*mei )e care ?tiin,a e ( ini(ar/ le atrib*ia )(l*/rii aer*l*i! ea -ns/?i )r(0(cat/ 1ie e c(nC*nc,i*ni astrale 1*neste! 1ie e emana,ii )*tri e ale s(l*l*i sa* ale s*bs(l*l*i@ De *n e ?i ( seam/ e )reca*,ii! in*tile -n (chii n(?triF str()irea c* (,et a scris(ril(r ?i a m(ne el(r! a)rin erea e 1(c*ri )*ri1icat(are la r/s)-ntiile *n*i (ra? c(ntaminat! e+in1ectarea in i0i+il(r! a catra1*sel(r ?i a casel(r c* )ar1*m*ri 0i(lente ?i )*ci(as/! circ*la,ia )e

stra / -n tim) e m(lim/ c* ( masc/ -n 1(rm/ e ca) e )as/re c* ci(c*l *m)l*t c* s*bstan,e 1r*m(s mir(sit(are@ "e e alt/ )arte! 0echile cr(nici ?i ic(n(gra1ia n* )(menesc e1el ca semn )re0estit(r al *nei m(lime m(rtalitatea masi0/ a ?(b(lanil(r as*)ra c/reia insist/ A@ ;am*s -n Ciuma. 6(l*l )*recil(r era e asemenea ign(rat@ -n schimb! t(ate relat/rile e ( ini(ar/ escri* )rimeC ia c(ntagi*nii inter*mane@ Aceast/ )rimeC ie! ast/+i ?tim! este e0ient/ -n ca+*l ci*mei )*lm(nare ce se transmite )rin str()ii e sali0/@ Dar cercetarea meical/ act*al/ )*ne s*b semn*l -ntreb/rii A (gma ?(b(lan*l*iB -n leg/t*r/ c* ci*ma b*b(nic/@ Desig*r! -nc/ e la (rigini! ist(ria acestei mala ii r/m-ne legat/ e cea a ?(b(lan*l*i@ 9e )are -ns/ c/ -n n*mer(ase e)i emii e ci*m/ b*b(nic/ 1act(r*l m*lti)licat(r! )rinci)al*l agent e transmitere! ar 1i 1(st n* )ara+it*l m*ri e*! (i )*ricele (m*l*i care migrea+/ e )e *n (rganism -n ag(nie )e *n (rganism s/n/t(s@ M(rtalitatea n-ar 1i im)licat L3 eci -n m( necesar *n antece ent e)i+((tie @ De *n e ?i ra0agiile c(ntagi*nii -n cartierele )()*lare *n e )ara+itism*l era mai ens@ In c(nsecin,/! ac/ )*rga,iile sa* l/s/rile e s-nge! ac/ 1rica e transmiterea b(lii )rin eCec,iile b(lna0il(r! ac/ t/ierea 0itel(r ne)*rt/t(are e )*reci (cal*l! b(*l! etc@) n-a0ea* (biect! era c*minte! -n schimb! s/ ar+i2 ,es/t*rile! mai ales cele e l-n/! -n (asele c(ntaminate@ Oi e c-t se )(ate e a e0/rat c/ cel mai b*n l*er* era s/ 1*gi! ac/ )*teai! sa* ac/ n*! m/car s/ i+(le+i b(lna0ii ?i s/ te i+(le+i t* -ns*,i@ Aceasta c* at-t mai m*lt c* c-t ci*ma b*b(nic/ )r(0(ca ese(ri ( c(m)lica,ie )*lm(nar/ sec*n ar/@ @-n aceast/ )ri0in,/! b*n*l sim, )()*lar a0ea a?a ar re)tate -m)(tri0a Asa0an,il(rB care re1*+a* s/ crea / -n c(ntagi*ne@ In cele in *rm/ -ns/! t(t m/s*rile in ce -n ce mai e1icace e i+(lare a* )(t(lit 1lagel*l@ Atsestei )r(1ilaHii )ar,ial c(recte! -i r/s)*n ea (bser0area ese(ri eHa(t. a sim)t(mel(r #%L

mala iei s*b 1(rma ei b*b(nic/F escrierea Ae/rb*nil(rGB! l(cali+area b*b(nil(r! accent*l )*s -n tabl(*l clinic )e limba t*me1iat/! setea ar+/t(are! 1ebra intens/! 1ris(anele! ireg*laritatea )*ls*l*i! elir*l a ese(ri 0i(lent! t*lb*r/rile sistem*l*i ner0(s! ee1aleele! 1iHitatea )ri0irii@ Un me i( in Marsilia n(ta -n *rma e)iemiei in #%L>F AMala ia -nee)ea c* *reri e ca) ?i 0(mismente *rmate e ( 1ebr/ )*ternic/ @ @ @ 9im)t(mele era*! -n m( (bi?n*it! 1ris(ane reg*late! *n )*ls sc/+*t! m(ale! lent! 1rec0ent! inegal! c(ncentrat! ( -ngre*nare at-t e mare a ca)*l*i -nc-t b(lna0*l ?i-# s*s,inea ane0(ie )/r-n a 1i c*)rins e ( ame,eal/ ?i ( t*lb*rare e (m b/*t! c* )ri0irea 1iH/! tr/ .n s)aima ?i e+n/ eC eaL%B@ 7amenii e ( ini(ar/ remarcaser/ e asemenea e/ ci*ma l(0e?te mai ales 0ara (n* t(t ea*na! t(t*?i) E )*recii c(m)l/c-n *-se -ntr-a e0/r la ( tem)erat*r/ e #=EL>l! -ntr-( atm(s1er/ * ( *mi itate e $>E$=\D c/ ei atac/ mai ales s/r/cimea! 1emeile ?i c()iii ?i ecimea+/ c* )reilec,ie )()*la,ii care 1*seser/ e c*r-n 0ictimele 1(ametei@ /ratatul despre cium al l*i ;esar M(rin ("aris! #3#>)! c(m)(rt/ *n ca)it(l intit*lat A;*m ci*ma *rmea+/ -n e(b?te )eri(aele e mare 1(ameteB@ Iar s*b )ana *n*i (bsc*r can(nie l(mbar ! care a 1(st mart(r*l ci*mei in #3K> -n (r/?el*l s/*! :*st(-Arsi+i(! )*tem citi aceste )reci+/ri relati0e la an*l #3L$F li)sa aC*nse at-t e mare c/ n* se mai g/sea nici *n 1el e hran/! chiar c* bani @@ @ A?a se 1ace c/ s/racii m-nca* )-ine e t/r-,e 0ierm/n(as/@@ @@! ni)ral/! g*lii ?i b*r*ieni e t(t s(i*l@ <*liile se 0in ea* c* #3 g(l(ganiGG leg/t*ra ?i nici a?a n* g/seai@ De
-S G "ntrax sa* pustule maligne. (N@ tr@)@ GG -n (riginalF sau, g(l(gan e #> centime! eci G #!3 1ranci -n 0al(area e at*nci@ (N@ tr@)@

aceea! (-n *nii str/ini a *cea* c/r*ci(are c* g*lii! 0e eai s/racii -n n/0al/ ?i -mb*l+in *-se ca s-a)*ce s/ c*m)ereD ai 1i +is a/ s*nt ni?te ca)re -n1(metate -n b*+na )e isla+@@@ Urmar/ b(li c*m)lite ?i 1/r/ e leac! ne?ti*te e me ici! e chir*rgi ?i e (ricare (m! ce se ,inea* lan, tim) e ?ase! ()t! +ece ?i (*/s)re+ece l*ni@ Ast1el -nc-t m*lt/ l*me s-a )r/)/ it -n #3L$L&B@ 2. (ma*(n( +e ,-.ma/ Aceste n(ta,ii! (ric-t e eHcesi0e ar 1i! c(nstit*ie ( )ies/ -n )l*s la (sar*l Aacel(ra care as(cia+/ cri+ele e s*bsisten,/ c* cicl*rile ci*meiL$B@ Dar ele se integrea+/ -n acela?i tim) -ntr-( re)re+entare mental/ a e)i emiil(r care! mai ales -n ca+*l Italiei sec(l*l*i al XVII-lea! a)/rea* legate e alte (*/ 1lagel*ri tra i,i(naleF 1(ametea ?i r/+b(i*l@ ;i*ma este ( A)lag/B c(m)arabil/ cel(r care a* l(0it Egi)t*l@ Ea este i enti1icat/ -n acela?i tim) ca *n n(r e0(rat(r 0enit! in str/in/t/,i ?i care se e)lasea+/ in ,ar/ -n ,ar/! e )e ,/rm*ri s)re interi(r ?i e la ( eHtremitate a *n*i (ra? la alta! sem/n-n ! )e *n e trece! m(artea@ Ea este escris/ t(t( at/ ca *n*l intre ca0alerii A)(cali)sei! ca *n n(* A)(t()B! ca *n A0r/Cma? gr(a+nicB E aceasta 1iin ()inia l*i D@ De1(e E ?i mai ales ca *n incen i*! 1rec0ent an*n,at )e cer )rin -ra e 1(e a *nei c(mete@ -n "r(0en,a ?i -n A*stria e alt/ at/! *nii (ameni )retin c/ ar 1i 0/+*t Asc-nteia ci*meiB c*m str/bate *n (ra? ?i! ie?in in ca a0re! se n/)*ste?te as*)ra )ers(anel(r s/n/t(ase )-n/ at*nciK>@ Im)resia e a 1i c(n1r*ntat c* *n incen i* era )r(babil -nt/rit/ ?i e rela,ia 1ree0ent/ -ntre 0ar/ ?i e)i emie ea ?i e (bicei*l e a se a)rin e la r/s)-ntii 1(c*ri )*ri1icat(are! *n 1el e ((ntra-1((*ri@ M(lima era c(m)arat/ mai ales c* *n necr*,/t(r )-rC(lF

A"*terea m(limei! n(tea+/ :(ccacci( -n DeB cameron, cresc* )rin aceea c/! a0-n e-a 1ace +i e +i c* cei -nc/ s/n/t(?i! b(lna0ii -i m(li)sea* ?i )e ace?tia@ -nt(cmai c*m 1(c*l se -nte,e?te c-n / e *sc/t*ri sa* niscai *ns(riK#B@ D@ De1(e scrie la r-n *l s/*F A;i*ma e ca *n mare incen i* care@@!! c-n i+b*cne?te -ntr-*n (ra? 1(arte )()*lat! -?i s)(re?te KL *rgia ?i-# )*stie?te )e t(at/ -ntin erea l*i B@ Imaginea )-rC(l*l*i re0ine ?i s*b )ana *n*i me ic marsilie+ care a tr/it e)i emia in #%L> ?i 0(rbe?te es)re A*l*it(area re)e+ici*ne c* care mala ia trece 1*lger/t(r e la ( cas/ la alta ?i e la ( stra / la alta! ca *n 1el e incen i* @@@ Ea c(tr()ea KK acest mare (ra? c* t(at/ i*,eala *n*i )-rC(l B@ A)r()ierea -ntre ci*m/ ?i 1(c a)are e asemenea -n ist(risirile *n*i can(nic italian ?i cele ale *n*i )ast(r in ,in*t*l Va* relat-n ! ?i *n*l ?i alt*l! c*m)lita ci*m/ in #3K>! a e0/rat/ A e+l/n,*ire e nen(r(ciriB@ "re(t*l in :*st(-Arsi+i(! a c/r*i m/rt*rie am mai citat-(! scrie c* em1a+/! sc(,-n e1ecte in chiar n*mele (ra?*l*i s/* ,arsizio: )-rlit! ars)F AVaiS )atrie sc*m)/ ?i ne1ericit/S ;*m (are e n* )l-ngi! ( :*st(M @ @@ Ars ?i )-rC(lit! )reschimbat -ntr-*n m(rman e t/ci*ni ?i cen*?/! el a aC*ns ac*m trist*l ?i )*sti*l :*st( @ @ @ Oi ce n*me i s-ar )(tri0i mai bine ec-t :*st( )-rC(lit*l! e 0reme ce s-a mist*it in temeliiKNB@ "ast(r*l in Va* -i / re)lica at*nci c-n men,i(nea+/ l(calitatea "igner(l! K= *n e ci*ma este A-nc/ e(sebit e -n0/)/iat/ B@ Un c/l*g/r )(rt*ghe+ in sec(l*l al XVII-lea! e0(c-n la r-n *l s/* ci*ma! ( escrie ca )e *n A1(c necr*,/t(r ?i a)rigK3B@ '(t*?i! )entr* (amenii :isericii ?i )entr* arti?tii care l*cra* at(rit/ c(men+il(r acest(ra! ci*ma era e asemenea ?i c* )rec/ ere (

)l(aie e s/ge,i ab/t-n *-se nea?te)tat as*)ra (amenil(r )rin 0(in,a *n*i D*mne+e* m-niat@ Imaginea este e0i ent anteri(ar/ cre?tinism*l*i@ "rim*l c-nt al (liadei -l e0(c/ )e Aarca?*lB A)(ll(n care c(b(ar/ Ac* inima -ncr-ncenat/ e )e crestele 7lim)*l*i! )*rt-n )e *m/r arc*l ?i t(lba e s/ge,i -nchis/ bine@ 9/ge,ile s*n/ )e *m/r*l +e*l*i m-niatB! care ecimea+/ (?tirile c* *n Ar/* *cig/t(rK%B@ ;*lt*ra ecle+iastic/ a rel*at ?i a )()*lari+at aceast/ c(m)ara,ie@ -nc/ - la s1-r?it*l sec(l*l*i al XlII-lea! Jac()( a Va-raggi( men,i(nase -n )egenda auritQT ( 0i+i*ne a s1mt*l*i D(minic +/rin -n 0/+ *h *n ;ris-t(s c*)rins e m-nie care amenin,/ c* trei l/ncii (menirea 0in(0at/ e tr*1ie! e l/c(mie ?i e )reac*r0ie@ "ri0in ;i*ma Neagr/ ?i cele care a* *rmat-( e-a l*ng*l sec(lel(r ca )e ni?te )e e)se i0ine! at-t cler*l c-t ?i cre inci(?ii a* asimilat 1iresc atac*rile m(limei l(0it*ril(r mortale ale s/ge,il(r +0-rlite e s*s@ Ast1el! )e ata e = i*lie #KN&! registr*l m*nici)alit/,ii 7r0iet( c(nstata Am(rtalitatea n/)rasnic/ at(rat/ ci*mei care -n aceast/ cli)/ -?i trimite c* cr*+ime s/ge,ile )ret*tin eniK$B@ Ic(n(gra1ia ?i-a -ns*?it aceast/ c(m)ara,ie ?i a i1*+at-( -n2 sec(lele2 XV ?i XVI at-t -n Italia c-t ?i inc(l( e Al)i@ 9/ge,ile e)i emiei a)ar )entr* )rima (ar/ )e *n )an(* al altar*l*i car-meli,il(r esc*l,i (#NLN) in <(ttingenN>@ ;ris-t(s ar*nc/ as*)ra (amenil(r ( )l(aie eas/ e s/ge,i@ Oa)tes)re+ece )ers(naCe s*nt str/)*nse@ Alte n*mer(ase )ers(naCe s*nt t(t*?i (cr(tite e mantia larg/ a Feci(arei E tem/ care 0a 1i ese(ri rel*at/@ 7 1resc/ a l*i :en(++( <(++(li e la 9an <imignan( (#N3N) -l -n1/,i?ea+/ )e D*mne+e*-'at/l (are! -n ci* a )re+en,ei -n gen*nchi a l*i Is*s ?i a M/riei! ar*nc/ s/geata (tr/0it/ as*)ra (ra?*l*i care 1*sese l(0it e m(lim/ -n an*l )rece ent@ Un i)tic al l*i Martin 9cha11ner ()e la #=#>E#=#N) )/strat la Niirn-bergN# il*strea+/ e asemenea aceast/ re)re+entare c(lecti0/ a ci*mei@ -n st-nga! in t/ria *n*i Ier 1*rt*n(s! -ngerii ar*nc/ s/ge,i as*)ra (me-

nirii )/c/t(ase! ar care se c/ie?te ?i im)l(r/ iertare@ In rea)ta! ;rist(s! la r*ga s1in,il(r (cr(tit(ri e ci*m/! ()re?te )e ea)sa chiar c* mina l*i@ 9/ge,ile ab/t*te in traiect(ria l(r ini,ial/ se e)/rtea+/ e (ra?*l amenin,at ?i se )ier care -nc(tr(@ Une(ri! as)ect*l e )eea)s/ n*-i eH)rimat irectD a)are n*mai re+*ltat*l sentin,ei e c(n amnare@ In tabl(*l *n*i an(nim german in aceea?i e)(c/! )ers(naCele s*nt l(0ite )e nea?te)tate e s/ge,i trimise t(ate e s*s@ Oi chiar ac/ ele se -m)l-nt/ c* )rec/ ere -n 0intre ?i s*b,i(ri (l(c*rile *n e a)ar -n e(b?te b*b(nii)! nici alte )/r,i ale tr*)*l*i n* s*nt cr*,ate@ 7 1emeie str/)*ns/ se clatin/! *n c()il ?i *n a *lt +a( (b(r-,i! *n*l m(rt e-a binelea! cel/lalt -n ag(nie@ Un b/rbat -n )*terea 0-rstei n* 0a sc/)a nici el e ar a ce se abate as*)r/-iNL@ 9/ge,ile a+0.rlite e D*mne+e* ce a)ar )e stela 1*nerar/ a *n*i can(nic in M((sb*rg (biserica 9an]t ^ast*l*s! #=#=)! )e ( )ict*r/ in cate rala e la Miinster! -ntr-( )-n+/ e Ver(nese! c(nser0at/ la m*+e*l in 6(*en! e0(c/ ?i ele t(t ci*ma@ Un eH-0(t( in biserica in Lan a*-an- er-Isar le -n1/,i?ea+/ c/+-n ca ( )l(aie )e 1iecare cas/ in (ra?@ -ntr-( 0ariant/ a acestei teme! s/geata trece in m-na l*i D*mne+e* -n cea a M(r,ii@ 9chelet s(him(n(sin *-se ?i *ne(ri gal()-n )este le?*ri! ea -?i ar*nc/ s/ge,ile as*)ra (amenil(r e t(ate c(n i,iile! s*r)rin+-n *-i -n tim) ce m*nces( sa* )etrec@ Ast1el la bibli(teca degli ntronai e la 9iena (#NK%)! la 9aint-Etienne- e-'inee (#N&=)! la )alat*l Abatell( in "alerm( (*n /rium# al m(r,ii in sec(l*l al XV-lea)! -ntr-( gra0*r/ e J@ 9a eler (;abinet*l e stam)e! :r*Helles) ?i -ntr-( gra0*r/ an(nim/ engle+easc/ in #3K> care -i -n1/,i?ea+/ )e l(n (ne+i 1*gin *rm/ri,i e trei schelete care -i amenin,/ c* s/ge,ile l(r@ ;eea ce mai 0r(ia* arti?tii s/ marche+e! )e l-ng/ as)ect*l e )e ea)s/ i0in/ al b(lii! este i*,eala 1*lger/t(are a atac*l*i ei ?i 1a)t*l c/

I((

nimeni! b(gat sa* s/rac! t-n/r sa* b/tr-n! n* se )(ate am/gi c* g-n *l c/ -i 0a sc/)a E (*/ as)eete ale e)i emiil(r care i-a* im)resi(nat )*terni( )e t(,i cei care a* tr/it -n )eri(a e e ci*m/@ Accent*l )*s )e i*,eala 1*lger/t(are a b(lii a)are -n t(ate relat/rile )ri0in A)estilentaB F In leg/t*r/ c* e)i emia in #KN&! carmelit*l )ari+ian Jean e Venette n(taF A(7amenii) n* b(lea* ec-t (*/-trei +ile ?i m*rea* re)e e! a)r(a)e s/n/t(?i tr*)e?te@ ;el (ares ast/+i NK era s/n/t(s t*n! m-ine era m(rt ?i -n- t gr()at @B Descriin ci*ma in Malaga -n ! #3=>! *n me ic s)ani(l 1/cea aceea?i (bser-2GQ22 0a,ieF AM*l,i m*rea* intr-( at/! al,ii -n B c-te0a (re! iar cei )e (are -i cre eai sc/)a,i NNse )r/b*?ea* m(r,i c-n nici n* te a?te)tai B@ E)i emia b-nt*ia c* at-ta 1*rie! scrie D@ De1(e -n %urnal din anul ciumei E cea e la L(n ra in #33= E! (amenii c/ ea* b(lna0i ?i m*rea* c* at-ta re)e+ici*ne! -nc-t a*t(rit/,ile n* mai a)*ca* s/ a1le in tim) ?i s/ (r (ne -nchi erea casel(r c(ntaminate c* )r(m)tit* inea ce s-ar 1i c*0enitN=B@ Descriin r/s)-n irea 1*lger/t(are a mala iei! *n me ic marsilie+ care a tr/it m(lima in #%L> remarca la r-n *l s/*F A;-te0a )ers(ane a* m*rit s*bit! altele -n (*/-trei +ileNGB@ De *n e ?i men,i(narea 1rec0ent/ a ca+*ril(r e )ers(ane ece ate )e stra /! -n tim) ce se -n re)ta* -n grab/ s)re *n la+aret@ Aceste (bser0a,ii! care genera* ( s)aim/ lesne e -n,elgs! tra *c ( realitate eHact/@ ;-n ci*ma ia 1(rma )ne*m(nie )rimar/! ea eb*tea+/ br*tal! )r(gresea+/ -n (rganism 1/r/ s/ -nt-m)ine 0re( re+isten,/ seri(as/! ?i -n abs(l*t t(ate ca+*rile Am(artea s*r0ine la (*/-trei +ile *)/ -nce)*t*l t*lb*r/ril(rN%B@ ;-t es)re 1(rma clasic/! a ci*mei b*b(nice! ea se mani1est/ in ca)*l l(c*l*i )rintr-( 1ebr/ e K$E N>l! c* *n tabl(* clinic im)resi(nant QE )*ls accelerat! c(nC*ncti0e ilatate! )ri0ire a)rins/!

0(mismente! g*r/ *scat/@ :*b(nii n* se e+0(lt/ ec-t *lteri(r! la *n inter0al e N& e (re@ Dar se -nt-m)l/ s/ nici n* a)ar/F e 0(rba at*nci e ci*m/ se)ticemic/@ In aceste ca+*ri! 1ie c/ b*b(n*l n-a mai a)*cat s/ se 1(rme+e! 1ie c/ gangli(nii atin?i s*nt sit*a,i )rea -n )r(1*n+ime )entr* a )*tea 1i *?(r (bser0a,i@ Mai ales aceast/ 1(rm/ a mala iei i-a *l*it )e c(ntem)(ranii A)estilentel(rB e ( ini(ar/@ "entr* c/ ea emarea+/ 1*lger/t(r! c* tem)erat*r/ e N>ENLl! se mani1est/ -n s)ecial )rin t*lb*r/ri ner0(ase ?i )sihice! hem(ragii s)(ntane ale )ielii! m*c(asel(r ?i 0iscerel(r ?i )r(0(ac/ m(artea -n LN sa* K> e (re N&@ Un chir*rg marsilie+ n(ta -n #%L>F ADintre b(lna0ii )e care n-a* a)/r*t er*),ii nici *n*l n-a sc/)atN$@B Ic(n(gra1ia n-a )ier *t )rileC*l e a rele0a! eHager-n chiar! caracter*l s*bit al m(r,ii e ci*m/=> )e care (lan e+ii in sec(l*l al XVII-lea ( n*mea* Ab(ala cea gr/bit/B@ Aceast/ tem/ a)are )entr* )rima (ar/ -n miniat*rile ce -n1/,i?ea+/ )r(cesi*nea (rgani+at/ la 6(ma e )a)a <rig(re I -n tim)*l ci*mei in #=$>@ 7 seam/ e bre0iare )rec*m )es /res Jiches +eures du duc de 0err1 (m*+e*l in ;hant-lly)! cel il*strat e "(l e Limb(*rg (Ne_ 8(r]! Metr()(litan M*se*m (1 Art! 'he ;l(isters) ?i cel al Maestr*l*i 91-nt*l*i Ier(nim (:( leian Library! 7H1(r ) re)re+int/ (ameni care ca in )ici(are )e nea?te)tate -n tim)*l *nei cerem(nii@ -ntr-*n esen e <@ L(chrer! Ciuma la 0erna n 3UQV (:erna! :ibli(teca na,i(nal/)! (*/ )ers(ane care *rma* ( -nm(rm-ntare s*nt (b(r-te intr-( at/@ -n (*/ gra0*ri (lan e+e! *na an(nim/! cealalt/ e X@ e 5aen! ni?te )ers(naCe )*rt-n sicrie se )r/b*?esc c* )(0ara l(r c* t(t (m*+e*l Van 9t(l]! 6(tter am)@ As*)ra m(r,ii s*bite insist/ ?i Ciuma cea mare, atrib*it/ l*i J@ Lie1erinHe (:altim(re! Xalters Art <allery)!
Ciuma secer ndu-i pe soldaii romani (#=$K)!

gra0*r/ e J@ 9aenre am (m*+e*l *ni0ersit/,ii

e me icin/ in ;()enhaga)! am)la )-n+/ a l*i A@ 9)a ar(! @ulumiri dup ciuma din 34T4 (Nea)(le! m*+e*l 9@ Martin()! ()era l*i N@ Mignar ! Ciuma din Epir ("aris! Instit*t*l "aste*r)@ Aceasta re)re+int/ *n chir*rg care t(cmai inci+a *n b*b(n c-n s-a )r/b*?it sc/)-n lan,eta in min/@ In tabl(*rile in Niirnberg ?i in M*nster mai s*s escrise! s/ge,ile m(rtale )(rnesc in eer ?i +b(ar/ -n irec,ia *n*i -ntreg (ra?! l(0in *-i )e t(,i l(c*it(rii 1/r/ e(sebire@ 9*nt -ns/ (c*mente ce las/ s/ se -n,eleag/ c/ ci*ma era t(t*?i selecti0/ ?i ecima -n )rim*l r-n s/r/cimea@ In leg/t*r/ c* e)i emia in 9)ania se)tentri(nal/ -n #=$$! :@ :enassar a c*les *rm/t(arele m/rt*rii@ Valla (li ! L3 i*nieF AIn sc*rt tim) a* m*rit ?i c-te0a )ers(ane in -nalta s(cietate! ar cei mai m*l,i! t(t intre s/raciB@ 9e)*l0e a! L3 a)rilieF A'(,i care a* m*rit -n acest (ra? ?i -n -m)reC*rimi s*nt 1(arte s/raci ?i n-a0ea*@@@ in ce s/-?i ,in/ +ilele=#B@ "entr* D@ De1(e! ci*ma in L(n ra -n #33= a 1/c*t ra0agii mai ales In cri+a )rintre n*mer(?ii ?(meri ai ca)italeiF ei cea mai 1*ri(as/! e la miCl(c*l l*i a*g*st la miCl(c*l l*i (ct(mbrie! ea a secerat K> sa* N>@>>> intre ace?ti (r()si,i care! e-ar 1i 1(st s/ tr/iasc/! ar 1i aC*ns esig*r ( grea )(0ar/ in )ricina s/r/ciei l(r=L@B La Marsilia -n #%L>! c(nsilierii m*nici)ali 0(rbese es)re A(amenii e r-n care a)r(a)e t(t ea*na 1*seser/ eei mai l(0i,i e ci*m/B@ Oi me ic*l 6(*H )reci+ea+/F AAceast/ )lag/ a 1(st 1*nest/ )entr* ace?ti s/rmani ne0in(0a,i! )entr* 1emeile -ns/rcinate care era* mai sensibile ec-t celelalte )ers(ane ?i )entr* (amenii e r-n =K@B

Alte m/rt*rii merg t(t*?i -n sens c(ntrar@ 9/ ne amintim teHt*l l*i :(ccacci( mai s*s citatF A;-te )alate m/re,e! c-te case m-n re! c-te l(c*in,e! ( ini(ar/ )line e sl*gi! e seni(ri ?i e (amne! a* 0/+*t )ierin )-n/ la *n*l )-n/ ?i )e cel mai ne-nsemnat ser0it(rS ;-te 1amilii e 0a+/! c-te 1alnice (menii! c-te a0eri 1aim(ase a* r/mas li)site e *rma?ii legi*i,i=N@B Descriin )e ba+a cel(r mai b*ne s*rse ci*ma care a )*stiit Milan*l -n #3K>! Man+(ni! -n )ogodnicii, n(tea+/ c/ e)i emia! m/rgmin *-se -nt-i la cartierele s/race! s-a -ntins a)(i -n rest*l (ra?*l*iF AInc/)/,-narea cel(r ne-ncre+/t(ri a ce at )-n/ la *rm/ -n 1a,a e0i en,ei! mai ales c-n s-a 0/+*t c/ e)i emia! )-n/ at*nci c(ncentrat/ -n r-n *rile )()(r*l*i! se r/s)-n e?te ?i r/)*ne in a)r(a)e -n a)r(a)e ( seam/ e )ers(naCe mai c*n(sc*te==@B La Marsilia! c(ntagi*nea s-a r/s)-n it e asemenea -n t(t (ra?*l )(rnin ! e re)t! in cartierele cele mai )()*late@ 6ec*n(sc.n c/ s/racii a* 1(st )rinci)alele 0ictime! (ct(r*l 6(*H )*tea a?a ar c(nchi eF AEa (ci*ma) l(0e?te c* ne)/sare (ameni e t(t 1el*l! b/rba,i! 1emei! tineri! b/tr-ni!=3sl/b/n(gi! + ra0eni ?i a0*,i! 1/r/ e(sebire @B Jntr-*n c*0-nt! b(gat sa* s/rac! t-n/r sa* b/-tr-n! ac/ n-a)*cai s/ 1*gi in tim) r/m-neai -n b/taia s/ge,ii c*m)lit*l*i arca?@ Imaginat/ e me iile ecle+iastice! b*ne c*n(sc/t(are ale A)(cali)sei ?i sensibile la as)ect*l )*niti0 al e)i emiil(r! c(m)ara,ia -ntre atac*l ci*mei ?i )l(aia e s/ge,i care se abat )e nea?te)tate as*)ra 0ictimel(r a a0*t ca re+*ltat )r(m(0area -n cre in,a )()*lar/ a s1-nt*l*i 9ebastian@ A intrat aici -n C(c *na intre legile ce (min/ *ni0ers*l magiei! ?i an*me legea c(ntrast*l*i care a ese(ri n*-i ec-t *n ca+ )ar-#&# tic*lar al legii similarit/,iiF asem/n/t(r*l i+-

g(ne?te asem/n/t(r*l )entr* a s*scita c(ntrari*l=%@ De 0reme ce s1-nt*l 9ebastian m*rise ci*r*it e s/ge,i! s-a aC*ns la c(n0ingerea c/ el -i a)/r/ )e )r(teCa,ii s/i e s/ge,ile ci*mei@ -nce)-n in sec(l*l al V5-lea! era in0(cat -m)(tri0a e)i emiil(r@ Dar (*lt*l s/* a l*at ( mare e+0(ltare abia *)/ #KN&=&@ De at*nci )-n/ -n sec(l*l al XVIII-lea incl*si0! a)r(a)e c/ na eHistat biseric/ r*ral/ sa* *rban/ in *ni0ers*l cat(lic 1/r/ ( re)re+entare a s1-nt*l*i 9ebastian ci*r*it e s/ge,i@ Descriin am/n*n,it ( biseric/ in "(rt( -n #333! *n )re(t )(rt*ghe+ n* (mite s/ men,i(ne+e 1ig*rarea s1-nt*l*i 9ebastiCanF AImaginea s1-nt*l*i martir are e asemenea ( cheie ag/,at/ e-( s/geat/ ce-i str/)*nge inimaD aceast/ cheie i-a 1(st -nm-nat/ e senat*l m*nici)al -n tim)*l ci*mei care a b-nt*it ac*m ?a)te+eci e ani E D*mne+e* sa ne 1ereasc/ e -nt(arcerea ei E )entr* ca s1-nt*l s/ elibere+e acest (ra? e-( at-t e grea n/)ast/! )rec*m a 1/c*t-( e at*nci ?i )-n/ ac*ma@ De aceea nimeni n* c*tea+/ s/-i ia aceast/ cheie =$ @B ;r(nicile e ( ini(ar/ ce escri* e)i emii e ci*m/ c(nstit*ie *n s(i e m*+e* al gr(+/0iil(r@ 9*1erin,ele in i0i *ale ?i s)ectac(lele hal*cinante )e str/+i creea+/ ( imagine ins*)(rtabil/@ In )rim*l r-n ! aceea a martiri*l*i ci*ma,il(r@ AFierbin,eal/ e ne-n *rat! s*1(c/ri resim,ite e b(lna0i! 1ebr/ gal()ant/! *rere c*m)lit/ la 0intre ?i la s*bs*(riBF acesta e tabl(*l clinic stabilit -n #3=> e *n me ic in Malaga3>@ ;hir*rgii -?i -nchi)*ia* c/ )r(ce ea+/ c(rect -ncetrc-n s/ eschi / sa* s/ ca*teri+e+e t*m(rile recalcitrante@ AUnele era* at-t e 0-rt(ase! relatea+/ D@ De1(e! c/ n* )*tea* 1i eschise c* nici *n instr*mentD at*nci! era* ca*teri+ate -n a?a 1el -nc-t m*l,i )acien,i a* m*rit neb*ni e )e *rma acestei t(rt*ri 3# @B De la in i0i *al s/ trecem la c(lecti0@ Iat/ Marsilia -n #%L>! a?a c*m ( 0e e *n c(ntem- #&

)(ranF Amiasmele 0/t/m/t(areB se re0ars/ in casele -n care )*tre+esc ca a0re ?i se -nal,/ in str/+ile )line e saltele! a?tern*t*ri! r*1/rie! + ren,e ?i t(t s(i*l e g*n(aie (s)ite@ M(rmintele *m)l*te e ca a0re las/ la 0eere Atr*)*ri hi (ase! *nele *m1late ?i negre ca t/ci*nele! altele a?iC erea *m1late! albastre! 0inete ?i galbene! t(ate 3L *hnin ?i cr/)ate! m*stin e s-nge )*tre B @ @@ 7 ci*m/ era! a?a ar! chiar ?i )entr* s*)ra0ie,*it(ri! *n tra*matism )sihic )r(1*n ! a?a c*m ni-# escrie teHt*l -ngr(+it al *n*i c/l*g/r! mart(r al ci*mei in #3K> la Milan(F El en*mera intr-( r/s*1lare Aamestec*l e m(r,i! m*rib*n+i! s*1erin,/ ?i strig/te! *rlete! gr(a+/! *rere! s)aime! 1rici! cr*+ime! t-lh/rii! gest*ri e+n/ /C *ite! lacrimi! chem/ri! s/r/cie! mi+erie! 1(ame! sete! sing*r/tate! -nchis(ri! amenin,/ri! )e e)se! la+arete! *ns(ri! ()era,ii! b*b(ane! c/rb*ni! ne-ncre ere! le?in*ri3KB @ @ @ Imagini e e(?mar! t(rent ha(tic e termeni a c/r(r ac*m*lare recrea+/ t(t*?i c(eren,a tragic/ a realit/,ii tr/ite@ 4' O ruptur inuman ;-n a)are )rimeC ia c(ntagi*nii! )rima reac,ie este aceea e a n* ( 0e ea@ ;r(nicile )ri0it(are la e)i emiile e ci*m/ a* -n 0ileag negliCarea 1re<Vent/ e c/tre a*t(rit/,i a m/s*ril(r im)*se e iminen,a )eric(l*l*i@ N*-i t(t*?i mai )*,in a e0/rat c/ mecanism*l e a)/rare ( at/ eclan?at! miCl(acele e )r(tec,ie se )er1ec,i(nea+/ e-a l*ng*l sec(lel(r@ -n Italia! -n #KN&! -n tim) ce e)i emia se r/s-)-n e?te )(rnin in )(rt*ri E <en(0a! Vene,ia ?i "isa E Fl(ren,a este sing*r*l (ra? in interi(r care -ncearc/ s/ se a)ere e c(tr()it(r*l ce se a)r()ie3N@ Acelea?i iner,ii se #&K re)et/ la ;h.l(ns-s*r-Marne -n i*nie #N3%

c-n ! -n )(1i a rec(man /rii g*0ernat(r*l*i )r(0inciei ;ham)agne! a*t(rit/,ile re1*+/ -ntrer*)erea ?c(lil(r ?i a )re icil(r N=! la :*rg(s ?i la Valla (li -n #=$$! la Milan( -n #3K>! la Nea)(le -n #3=3! la Marsilia -n #%L>! aceast/ en*merare ne1iin eHha*sti0/@ Desig*r! asemenea atit* ine -?i g/se?te est*le C*sti1ic/ri -n re)t/,iteF se st/0ilea ast1el )anica -n r-n*rile )()*la,iei E e *n e ?i n*mer(asele 2inter ic,ii )ri0in mani1est/rile e (li* la -nce)*t*l e)i emiil(r E ?i mai ales men,inea* rela,iile ec(n(mice c* eHteri(r*l! ?tiin c/ *n (ra? s*)*s carantinei era c(n amnat la i1ic*lt/,i e a)r(0i+i(nare! 1aliment*l a1aceril(r! ?(maC! )(sibile e+(r ini )e str/+i etc@ At-ta 0reme c-t n*m/r*l ecesel(r )r(0(cate e e)i emie era limitat! se mai )*tea trage n/ eC e c/ ea 0a regresa e la sine -nainte e a 1i )*stiit t(at/ cetatea@ Mai )r(1*n e -ns/ ec-t aceste ra,i*ni m/rt*risite sa* m/rt*risibile! era* esig*r ?i ( seam/ e m(ti0/ri mai )*,in c(n?tienteF 1rica legitim/ e ci*m/ etermina am-narea c-t mai m*lt c* )*tin,/ a m(ment*l*i e -n1r*ntare 1/,i?/@ Me icii ?i a*t(rit/,ile c/*ta* a?a ar s/ se -n?ele )e ei -n?i?i@ Lini?tin )()*la,ia! se lini?tea* la r-n*l l(r@ -n mai ?i i*nie #=$$! c-n ci*ma b-nt*ie cam )ret*tin eni -n n(r *l 9)aniei E ?i c-n e 0(rba e al,ii! termen*l a e0/rat se 1(l(se?te 1/r/ temeri E! me icii in :*rg(s ?i Valla (li )*n iagn(stice menite s/ )(t(leasc/ s)iritele -n ca+*rile (bser0ate -n )r()ri*l l(r (ra?F AN*-i )r()ri* +is si*m/BD Aeste # ( b(al/ c*rent/BD e 0(rba e A1rig*ri intermitente! i1terie! 1rig*ri )ersistente! C*nghi*ri interc(stale! catar! g*t/ ?i alte asemenea@ @@2 Unii a* a0*t b*b(ane! ar@ @@ (care) se 0inec/ lesne33B@ Iat/ c*m se )etrecea* -n general l*cr*rile la ni0el*l )*terii e eci+ie! at*nci c-n amenin,area m(limei se )reci+a la (ri+(nt*l *n*i (ra?F a*t(rit/,ile cerea* eHaminarea e c/tre me ici a ca+*ril(r s*s)ecte@ Dese(ri! ace?tia #9N

)*nea* *n iagn(stic lini?tit(r! 0enin ast1el -n -nt-m)inarea (rin,ei secrete a c(r)*l*i m*nici)alD c-n -ns/ c(ncl*+iile l(r era* )esimiste! m*nici)alitatea n*mea al,i me ici sa* chir*rgi )entr* ( c(ntra-anehet/ ce risi)ea negre?it )rimele -ngriC(r/ri@ Acesta e scenari*l care )(ate 1i 0eri1icat la Milan( -n #3K> ?i la Marsilia -n #%L>3%@ ;(nsilieri m*nici)ali ?i trib*nale e s/n/tate c/*ta* a?a ar s/ n* 0a / nimic )entr* a n* (bser0a 0al*l amenin,/t(r al )rimeC iei! iar masa (amenil(r se c(m)(rta la 1el! l*cr* 1(arte bine escris e Man+(ni -n leg/t*r/ c* e)i emia in #3K> -n L(mbar iaF AD*)/ 0e?tile s*mbre care s(sea* in l(calit/,ile c(ntaminate! in acele l(calit/,i care 1(rmea+/ -n C*r*l eMilan*l*iU ( linie semi-circ*lar/ la ( istan,/ e cel m*lt (*/+eci e mile e (ra? -ntr-*nele )*ncte! -ntr-alte c.te0a e n*mai +ece! cine s/ n*-?i -nchi)*ie ( t*lb*rare general/! ( seam/ e )reca*,i*ni grabnice sa* m/car ( -ngriC(rare steril/S Oi t(t*?i! mem(riile e)(cii s*nt e ac(r m/car -ntr-( )ri0in,/! ?i an*me c/ nimic in t(ate astea n* s-a -nt-m)lat@ F(ametea in an*l )rece ent! Ca1*rile s(l /,imii! chin*rile s*1lete?ti )/r*r/ mai m*lt ec-t s*1iciente )entr* a eH)lica aceast/ m(rtalitate@ ;ine )e str/+i! -n )r/0/lii! -n case! ar*nca ( 0(rb/ es)re )rimeC ie! cine )(menea e ci*m/ era mt-m)inat c* r-sete ne-ncre+/t(are! c* +e1lemele! c* *n is)re, amestecat c* m-nie Aceea?i ne-ncre ere! mai bine +is! aceea?i (rbire! aceea?i -nc/)/,-nare )rec*m)/nea -n 9enat! -n ;(nsili*l ec*ri(nil(rG! -n ()inia t*t*r(r (rganel(r magistrat*rii3&B@ Acelea?i atit* ini c(lecti0e a* rea)/r*t la "aris -n tim)*l h(lerei in #&KL@ In C(ia a
G Magistra,i m*nici)ali@ (N@ tr@)@

treia in )(st*l "a?tel*iG! )e @oniteur a an*n,at trista 0este a e)i emiei care se )(rnise@ In )rim*l m(ment -ns/! l*mea a re1*+at s/ ea cre+are acest*i +iar )rea (1icial@ 5@ 5eine )(0este?teF A;*m era C(ia a treia in )(st*l "a?tel*i ?i-( 0reme -nc-nt/t(are s*b s(arele str/l*cit(r! )ari+ienii se +beng*ia* )lini e 0(i(?ie )e b*le0ar e *n e s-a* 0/+*t chiar m/?ti care! )ar( iin c*l(area b(ln/0ici(as/ ?i chi)*l r/0/?it! l*a* -n er- ere teama e h(ler/ ?i b(ala -ns/?i@ -n seara aceleia?i +ile! bal*rile )*blice s-a* b*c*rat e mai m*lt/ c/*tare ec-t (ric-n F r-setele [cele mai tr*1a?e a)r(a)e c/ ac()erea* m*+ica as*r+it(areD l*mea se -n1ierb-nta stra?nic -n h/rm/laia general/! ans*ri mai m*lt ec-t echi0(ceD t(,i -nghi,ea* )e -ntrec*te 1el e 1el e -nghe,ate ?i e b/*t*ri r/c(rit(are c-n ! e( at/! cel mai +gl(bi* intre arlechini sim,in c*m *n 1rig e ghea,/ -i c*)rin e )ici(arele! -?i sc(ase masca ?i esc()eri s)re *imirea t*t*r(r ( 1a,/ e *n albastr* 0ine,i*3$@B La Lille! )()*la,ia (ra?*l*i a re1*+at s/ crea / -n )rimeC ia h(lerei@ In )rim*l m(ment! ?i-a -nchi)*it c/ e 0(rba e ( n/sc(cire a )(litiei%>@ ;(nstat/m a?a ar! -n tim) ?i -n s)a,i*! *n 1el e *nanimitate ,n res)ingerea *n(r c*0inte c(nsi erate ca tab**ri@ 9e e0ita r(stirea l(r@ 9a*! ac/ se r(stea* t(t*?i la -nce)*t*l *nei e)i emii! ele era* intr( *se -n l(c*,i*ni negati0e ?i lini?tit(are! ca e )il /F Aasta n*-i )r()ri* +is ci*m/B@ N*min b(ala ar 1i -nsemnat s-( atragi ?i s/ /r-mi ast1el *ltim*l metere+ care ( mai ,inea la res)ect@ Urma -t(t*?i m(ment*l c-n n*mele gr(a+nic al m(G A?a n*mita mi-careme, c-n a* l(c mascara e @?i )etreceri )()*lare@ (N@ tr@)@

limei n* mai )*tea 1i e0itat@ At*nci )anica se re0/rsa as*)ra (ra?*l*i@ ;ea mai -n,elea)t/ s(l*,ie era 1*ga@ 9e ?tia c/ me icina e ne)*tinci(as/! iar leac*l cel mai sig*r era A( )ereche b*n/ e ci*b(teB@ Ince)-n in sec(l*l al XlV-lea! 9(rb(na le rec(man ase cel(r care )*tea* As/ 1*g/ egrab/! e)arte ?i m*lt/ 0reme%#B@ 5ecameronul e alc/t*it in taclalele ha+lii ale tineril(r sc/)a,i in in1ern*l 1l(rentin -n #KN&@ AMi se )are c-t se )(ate e )(tri0it! -i )(0/,*ie?te "am)inea la -nce)*t*l .rimei zile, s/ *rm/m ?i n(i )il a )e care at-,ia ne-a* at-( ?i -nc/ ne-( mai a*! a ic/ s/ )/r/sim grabnic l(c*rile acestea%LB@ ;ei b(ga,i! e0i ent! era* )rimii care -?i l*a* t/l)/?i,a! st-rnin ast1el s)aima c(lecti0/@ ;(+ile e la bir(*rile ce elibera* )ermise e )lecare ?i certi1icate e s/n/tate! )rec*m ?i str/+ile bl(cate e m*l,imea )(?tali(anel(r ?i a c/r*,el(r (1erea* at*nci *n s)ectac(l (bi?n*it@ 9/ asc*lt/m relatarea l*i D@ De1 (eF A;ei mai b(ga,i! n(bilimea ?i gentr16 in )artea e 0est ea L(n rei -n #33=U se gr/bea s/ )/r/seasc/ (ra?*l -m)re*n/ c* 1amiile ?i ser0it(rii l(r@ @ @ "e stra a emeaU @ @ @ n* 0e eai ec-t tr/s*ri ?i c/r*,e c* bagaCe! 1emei! c()ii! ser0it(rime%K@B EHem)l*l cel(r b(ga,i era *rmat n*mai ec-t e ( b*n/ )arte in )()*la,ie@ Ast1el la Marsilia -n #%L>F A@ @ @ De -n at/ ce se 0/+* c/ *nii n(bili -?i )/r/sesc l(c*in,ele! ( s*me enie e b*rghe+i ?i al,i l(c*it(ri -i imitar/! ?i-( 0-n+(leal/ nemai)(menit/ c*)rinse (ra?*l c/ n* mai 0e eai ec-t trans)(rt*ri e m(bile@B Aceea?i cr(nic/ mai )reci+ea+/F A'(ate )(r,ile (ra?*l*i a)r(a)e c/ n* 1ac 1a,/ m*l,imii (are se -mb*l+e?te s/ ias/ @ @ @ '(,i e+ertea+/! t(,i aban (nea+/! t(,i 1*g%N@B
[ in englez: mica n(bilime@ (N@ tr@)@

Aceea?i scen/ s-a re)etat la "aris -n m(ment*l e)i emiei e h(ler/ in #&KL@ E0(c-n A1*ga b*rghe+/B care s-a )r( *s at*nci! L@ ;he0alier n(tea+/F A-n +ilele e =! 3 ?i % a)rilie! 3#& cai e )(?t/ s*nt re,in*,i! iar n*m/r*l )a?a)(artel(r a cresc*t la =>> )e +iD L(*is :lanc a)recia+/ la SWW n*m/r*l )ers(anel(r %= trans)(rtate +ilnic )rin ser0iciile e mesagerie @B N* n*mai cei b(ga,i )/r/sea* *n (ra? amenin,at G e m(lim/@ F*gea* ?i s/racii! 1a)t atestat la 9antan er -n #=$%! la Lisab(na -n #=$&! la 9eg(0ia -n an*l *rm/t(r ((amenii se re1*gia* -n )/ *ri%3)! la L(n ra -n c*rs*l e)i- emil(r in sec(l*l al XVII-lea etc. Un me ic in Malaga scria -n tim)*l ci*mei in #3=>F AM(lima s-a e+l/n,*it c* at-ta 1*rie -nc-t@@ @ (amenii a* -nce)*t s/ 1*g/ la ,ar/ ca ni?te animale s/lbaticeD ar -n sate! 1*garii era* -nt-m)ina,i c* 1(c*ri e m*schete%%@B 9tam)e engle+e e e)(c/ -n1/,i?ea+/ Am*l,imi 1*gin in L(n raB )e a)/ ?i )e *scat@ D@ De1(e a1irm/ c/ -n #33=! L>>@>>> e )ers(ane ( in mai )*,in e =>>@>>>) a* )/r/sit ca)itala%& ?i c(nsacr/ ( )arte a relat/rii sale ( iseii a trei re1*gia,i E ni?te me?te?*gari E care -nt-l-nesc )e c-m)*ri ( ceat/ e )ribegi@ ;el(r trei 1*gari care ?i-a* ()r()*s s/ str/bat/ ( )/ *re -n irec,ia 6*m1(r ?i :rent_(( ! li se s)*ne c/ An*mer(?i re1*gia,i in L(n ra )lecaser/ -ntr-ac(l(! r/t/cin )rin )/ *rea in 5enalt! la marginea 6*m1(r *l*i! 1/r/ miCl(ace e s*b+isten,/ ?i 1/r/ l(c*in,e! tr/in la 0(ia -nt-m)l/rii ?i s*1erin nes)*s )e r*m*ri! in li)s/ e aC*t(r%$B@ A?a ar! te(retic! l*mea a0ea re)tate s/ 1*g/ e ci*m/@ Dar aceast/ i+l(care c(lecti0/ im)r(0i+at/ ?i acest a1l*H la )(r,ile *n*i (ra? ce a0ea s/ se -nchi / c*r-n l*a* 1(rme e eH( F m*l,i )leca* la 0(ia -nt-m)l/rii 1/r/ s/ ?tie *n e vor aC*nge@ 9cene care le an*n,/ )e cele c*n(sc*te e Fran,a! in alt m(ti0! -n i*nie #$N>@ +<<

Iat/ ac*m (ra?*l ase iat e mala ie! )*s -n carantin/! -m)res*rat la ne0(ie e tr*)e! c(n1r*ntat c* s)aima c(ti ian/ ?i e(nstr-ns la *n stil e eHisten,/ c* t(t*l e(sebit e cel c* care era e)rins@ ;a r*l 1amiliar al eHisten,ei e ab(lit@ Insec*ritatea se na?te n* n*mai in )re+en,a mala iei! ci ?i intr-( estr*ct*rare a elementel(r care alc/t*ia* ambian,a c(ti ian/@ '(t*l este alt1el@ Oi -n )rim*l r-n (ra?*l e ne1iresc e )*sti* ?i e t/c*t@ M*lte case a* r/mas nel(c*ite@ Dar! )e e alt/ )arte! se ia* m/s*ri grabnice e i+g(nire a cer?et(ril(rF elemente as(c ale -ngriC(r/t(are! n* s*nt ei (are ni?te sem/n/t(ri e ci*m/M Oi *n e mai )*i c/ s*nt Ceg(si ?i r/s)-n esc *h(ri )(l*ante@ -n s1-r?it! -nseamn/ ni?te g*ri -n )l*s e hr/nit@ El(c0ent/! -n aceast/ )ri0in,/! )rintre n*mer(ase alte (c*mente asem/n/t(are! ( scris(are trimis/ in '(*l(*se! -n i*nie #3$L! e *n ca)it*lG! Marin-'(rrilh(n! care se teme e ci*m/F A"e aici b-nt*ie b(li grele ?i +ilnic a0em cel )*,in #> )-n/ la #L m(r,i -n 1iecare )ar(hie! )lini e )ete )*r)*rii in ca) )-n/-n )i(i(are@ In -m)reC*rimea '(*l(*-se*l*i s*nt (*/ (ra?e! M*ret ?i <im(n ! in care l(c*it(rii s/n/t(?i a* 1*git ?i sta* )e c-m)F la <im(n s-a* )*s str/Ci ca -n 0reme e ci*m/D -n s1-r?it! )ret*tin eni domnete mi+eria@ 9/racii ( s/ ne a *c/ aici cine ?tie ce nen(r(ciri ac/ n* se 0a a ne-nt-r+iat *n (r in -n )ri0in,a l(rD l*/m m/s*ri ca s/-i sc(atem in (ra? ?i s/ n* l/s/m s/ )/tr*n / aici nici *n cer?et(r str/in @ @@B@ -ntr-( scris(are *lteri(ar/ (1/r/ -n (ial/ in i*lie)! Marin-'(rrilh(n -?i eH)rim/ *?*rareaF A-nce)em s/ res)ir/m *n
G N*mele 0echil(r magistra,i m*nici)ali in '(*#&$ l(*se@ (N@ tr@)@

aer mai b*n e c-n s-a at (r in (a s/racii s/ 1ie -nchi?i&>@B '(t ca m/s*r/ e )re0e ere s*nt *cise -n mas/ animaleleF )*rcei! c-ini ?i )isici@ La 6i(m! -n #3K#! *n e ict )rescrie s*)rimarea )isicil(r ?i a )(r*mbeil(r A)entr* a se ()ri r.s)-n- irea b(liiB@ 7 gra0*r/ -n ac0a1(rte e J@ 6i er (m*+e*l Van 9t(l]! 6(tter am) -n1/,i?ea+/ c-,i0a (ameni care -m)*?c/ ni?te ani- C male (mestice@ ;art*?*l in ca)*l gra0*rii rec(man a *ci erea At*t*r(r clinil(r ?i a t*t*r(r )isicil(r in (gra / ?i in C*r*l acesteia! )-n/ la ( (r/ e mers )e C(s &#B@ 9e )are c/ la L(n ra! -n #33$! a* 1(st st-r)i,i N>@>>> e c-ini ?i e cinci (ri )e at-tea )isici&L@ '(ate cr(nicile ci*mei insist/ e asemenea as*)ra inter+icerii c(mer,*l*i ?i a acti0it/,il(r me?te?*g/re?ti! a -nchi erii )r/0/liil(r! ?i chiar a bisericil(r! a inter+icerii t*t*r(r istrac,iil(r! a e0ac*/rii str/+il(r ?i )ie,el(r@ "-n/ ?i cl()(tele s*nt c(n amnate la t/cere@ ;/l*g/r*l )(rt*ghe+ mai s*s citat! care eHalt/ c*raC*l c(n1ra,il(r s/i m(r,i -n c*rs*l e)i emiil(r anteri(are! este *n b*n mart(r@ De la el a1l/m ce re)re+enta Q ci*ma )entr* c(ntem)(ranii s/i ?i imensele )ert*rb/ri )e care le )r(0(ca -n c(m)(rtamentele c(ti ieneF ADintre t(ate calamit/,ile acestei 0ie,i! ci*ma este! 1/r/ (ar ?i )(ate! cea mai cr* / ?i -ntr-a e0/r cea mai c*m)lit/@ "e b*na re)tate ( n*mim! )rin ant(n(ma+/! Jul. ;/ci n*-i )e l*me 0re*n r/* c(m)arabil ?i asemenea ci*mei@ De c*m se a)rin e -n 0re*n regat sa* -n 0re( re)*blic/ 1(c*l acesta 0i(lent ?i im)et*(s! ne este at s/-i 0e em )e c(n *c/t(rii m*nici)ali e+(rienta,i! )()*la,iile -ngr(+ite! g*-0ern/m-nt*l )(litic e+artic*lat@ J*sti,ia n* se mai b*c*r/ e asc*ltareD me?te?*g*rile l-nce+escD 1amiliile se estram/! str/+ile -?i )ier -ns*1le,irea@ "ret*tin eni (mne?te ( e+(r ine 1/r/ e margini@ '(t*l e n*- 3##t

mai r*in/@ ;/ci t(t*l a 1(st + r*ncinat in temelii s*b )(0ara *nei calamit/,i at-t e gr(a+nice@ 7amenii! 1/r/ e(sebire e )(+i,ie sa* a0ere! s*nt c()le?i,i e ( triste,e e m(arte@ 9*1erin ! *nii e b(al/! ceilal,i e 1ric/! a* 1a,/! la t(t )as*l! 1ie c* m(artea! 1ie c* )rimeC ia@ ;ei care ieri -i *cea* )e al,ii la gr(a)/! ast/+i s*nt ei -n?i?i *?i ?i ar*nca,i *ne(ri chiar )este m(r,ii )e care -i -ngr()aser/ -n aC*n@ 7amenii se tem )-n/ ?i e aer*l )e care -l res)ir/@ Le este 1ric/ e cei m(r,i! e cei 0ii ?i e ei -n?i?i! )entr* c/ 1(arte a esea m(artea se -n0ele?te -n 0e?mintele c* care se ac()er/ chiar ei ?i care cel(r mai m*l,i le ser0esc e lin,(li*! at(rit/ e+n( /m-nt*l*i 1*lger/t(r @@@ 9tr/+ile! )ie,ele! bisericile )res/rate e ca a0re -n1/,i?ea+/ (chil(r ( )ri0eli?te s1-?iet(are! la 0e erea c/reia cei r/ma?i -n 0ia,/ aC*ng s/ )i+m*iasc/ s(arta cel(r care a* a)*cat s/ m(ar/@ L(c*rile )()*late )ar a se 1i )reschimbat -n )*stiet/,i! iar aceast/ sing*r/tate ne1ireasc/ s)(re?te 1rica ?i e+n/ eC ea@ "rietenii n* se mai b*c*r/ e nici ( mil/! )entr* c/ (rice mil/ e )rimeC i(as/@ ;*m t(,i 1ierb -n acela?i ca+an! a)r(a)e c/ nici n* )(ate 1i 0(rba e -n *rare -ntre ei@ '(ate legile i*birii ?i ale nat*rii 1iin -n/b*?ite sa* *itate -n gr(+/0iile *nei e+(r ini at-t e c*m)lite! c()iii s*nt es)/r,i,i 1/r/ 0este e )/rin,i! 1emeile e b/rba,i! 1ra,ii sa* )rietenii *nii e al,ii QE absen,/ s1-?iet(are a *n(r (ameni )e care -i la?i 0ii ?i n*-i 0ei mai re0e ea@ "ier+-n *-?i c*raC*l 1iresc ?i nemai?tiin ce )(0a,/ s/ *rme+e! b/rba,ii *mbl/ ca ni?te (rbi e+n/ /C *i,i care se )(ticnesc la t(t )as*l e 1ric/ ?i e ?(0/ielile l(r@ ;* )l-nsete ?i b(cete! 1emeile s)(resc e+(r inea ?i chin*rile! cer-n leac*ri -m)(tri0a *nei b(li e nelec*it@ ;()iii 0ars/ lacrimi ne-

0in(0ate! c/ci simt nen(r(cirea! )(t -n,elege&K@B

e?i n-(

'/ia,i e rest*l l*mii! l(c*it(rii se e)/rtea+/ *nii e al,ii chiar -n interi(r*l (ra?*l*i blestemat! tem/t(ri s/ n* se c(ntamine+e reei)r((@ 7amenii e0it/ s/ eschi / 1erestrele casel(r ?i s/ c(b(are -n stra /@ Fiecare se str/*ie?te s/ re+iste! -nchis -n cas/! c* merin ele )e care le-a )*t*t a *na@ Dac/ treb*ie t(t*?i s/ ias/ ca s/-?i c*m)ere strict*l necesar! ( seam/ e )reca*,i*ni se im)*n@ ;lien,ii ?i 0-n+/t(rii e artic(le e )rim/ necesitate n* se sal*t/ ec-t e la istan,/! a0-n griC/ s/ aib/ -ntre ei ( teCghea c-t mai lat/@ La Milan( -n #3K>! *nele )ers(ane n* se a0ent*ra* )e stra / ec-t -narmate c* *n )ist(l! &N ca s/ ,in/ la res)ect (rice e0ent*al c(ntagi(s @ La i+(larea 0(l*ntar/ se a a*g/ sechestr/rile 1(r,ate! s)(rin ast1el )*stietatea ?i t/cerea (ra?*l*i@ ;/ci m*l,i s*nt bl(ca,i -n casa l(r! eclarat/ s*s)ect/ ?i s*)ra0egheat/ e *n )a+nic! ba chiar b/t*t/ -n c*ie sa* l/e/t*it/@ Ast1el! -n cetatea ase iat/ e ci*m/! )re+en,a cel(rlal,i n* mai a *ce nici2 ( alinare@ V-n+(leala 1amiliar/ a str/+ii! +g(m(tele c(ti iene care ritma* m*ncile ?i +ilele! -nt-lnirea c* 0ecin*l -n )rag*l *?iiF t(ate acestea a* is)/r*t@ D@ De1(e c(nstat/ c* st*)(are aceast/ Ali)s/ e c(m*nicare -ntre (ameni&=B ce caracteri+ea+/ )eri(a a e ci*m/@ La Marsilia -n #%L>! *n c(ntem)(ran e0(ca ast1el (ra?*l s/* m(rtF A@ @ @ '(ate cl()(tele a* am*,it@ @ @! calm l*g*br* @ @@! -n tim) ce ( ini(ar/ a*+eai e h/t e)arte *n 1el e m*rm*r sa* *n 1ream/t ne esl*?it care-,i l(0ea )l/c*t sim,irea ?i te *m)lea e b*c*rie @@ @! in h(rn*rile e )e ac()eri?*rile casel(r n* se mai -nal,/ )ic e 1*m! e )arc/ nimeni n-ar mai l(c*i ac(l(D @@ @ t(t*l este -nc*iat ?i inter+is mai )ret*tin eniB@

-n #&KL! t(t la Marsilia! e)i emia e h(ler/! 0a )r( *ce acelea?i e1ecte@ D(0a / aceast/ m/rt*rieF AFerestrele! *?ile r/m-nea* 1erecate! casele n* / ea* semn e 0ia,/ ec-t ca s/ se esc(t(r(sease/ e tr*)*rile cel(r *ci?i e h(ler/D )*,in c-te )*,in! t(ate l(c*rile )*blice a* 1(st -nchiseD -n ca1enele! -n l(c*rile e -ntr*nire! ( s(lit* ine m(h(r-t/D ( t/cere e m(rm-nt (mnea )ret*tin eni&3@B '/cere ()resi0/ -ntr-*n *ni0ers c()le?it e ne-ncre ere@ 9/ citim -n aceast/ )ri0in,/ ( cr(nic/ italieneasc/ a ci*mei in #3K>! c()iat/ e Man+(niF A@ @ @ ;e0a ?i mai 1*nest ?i mai sinistr* ec-t m(rmanele e ca a0re! care se -ngr/m/ ea* ne-ncetat s*b (chii s*)ra0ie,*it(ril(r! s*b )ici(arele l(r! )reschimb-n -ntreg (ra?*l -ntr-*n imens m(rm-nt! era ne-ncre erea reci)r(c/ ?i m(nstr*(+itatea b/n*ielil(r @ @@ AC*ngeai s/-,i s*s)ecte+i 0ecin*l! )rieten*l! (as)etele@ Oi asta n*-i t(t*lF *lcile n*me! *i(asele leg/t*ri e s(,! e tat/! e 1i*! e 1rate st-rnea* gr(a+/D ?i E l*cr* C(snic ?i gr(a+nic e s)*s E! masa 1amilial/P )at*l c(nC*gal era* tem*te ca ni?te ca)cane! ca ni?te l(c*ri -n care se asc*n e (tra0a&%B@ A)r(a)ele e0ine )rimeC i(s mai c* seam/ *)/ ce a 1(st str/)*ns e s/geata ci*meiF -n acest ca+! 1ie c/-i -nchis -n cas/! 1ie c/-i e0ac*at -n mare grab/ s)re 0re*n la+aret in a1ara +i *ril(r (ra?*l*i@ ;e e(sebire 1a,/ e tratament*l re+er0at -n 0rem*ri n(rmale b(lna0il(r )e care r* ele! me icii ?i )re(,ii n* mai ?ti* c*m s/-i r/s1e,e c* -ngriCirile l(rS In )eri(a a e e)i emie! im)(tri0/! r* ele se -n e)/rtea+/! me icii nici n* se ating e cei m(li)si,i! sa* c-t mai )*,in c* )*tin,/! sa* c* *n b/,D chir*rgii n* ()erea+/ ec-t -n m/n*?iD in1irmierii e)*n m-ncarea! me icamentele ?i )ansamentele la `K -n em-na b(lna0il(r! c-t s/ le )(at/ a)*ca! ar

mai m*lt n* se a)r()ie@ '(,i cei care se a)r()ie e ci*ma,i se str()esc c* (,et! -?i )ar1*mea+/ 0e?mintele! )(art/ m/?ti la ne0(ieD -n )reaCma l(r e0it/ s/-?i -nghit/ sali0a sa* s/ res)ire )e g*r/@ "re(,ii a* abs(l*,i*nea e la istan,/ ?i -m)art c*minec/t*ra c* ( s)at*l/ e argint 1iHat/ )e *n b/, m/s*r-n *ne(ri )este *n metr*@ Ast1el! ra)(rt*rile (mene?ti s*nt t(tal )ert*rbateF t(cmai -n m(ment*l c-n ne0(ia e ceilal,i e0ine mai im)eri(as/ E ?i c-n ! e (bicei! se -ngriCea* e tine E t(,i te aban (nea+/@ In 0rem*ri e ci*m/ sing*r/tatea este ine0itabil/@ ;itim intr-( relatare c(ntem)(ran/ ci*mei e la Marsilia -n #%L>F A(:(lna0*l) e sechestrat -ntr-( c(ci(ab/ sa* -n ( aia cea mai (snic/ in cas/! 1/r/ m(bile! 1/r/ )ri0at/! ac()erit c* + ren,e 0echi ?i c-t mai 1(l(site! sing*ra *?*rare a s*1erin,el(r sale 1iin (ar *n *lci(r c* a)/ )*s -n 1*g/ l-ng/ )at ?i in care treb*ie s/ bea sing*r e?i e st(rs e 0lag/ ?i sl/bit! a ese(ri ne0(it s/-?i ca*te 1iert*ra la *?a ( /ii ?i s/ se t-rasc/ *)/ aceea -na)(i -n )at@ Degeaba&&se 0ait/ ?i geme! nimeni n* st/ s/-# asc*lte @ @ @B@ De (bicei! mala ia -?i are rit*rile ei care -l leag/ )e )acient e ant*raC*l s/*D iar m(artea! -ntr-( ?i mai mare m/s*r/! *rmea+/ *n cerem(nial -n care se s*cce t(aleta 1*nebr/! )ri0eghi*l -n C*r*l e1*nct*l*i! a?e+area -n sicri* ?i -nm(rm-ntarea@ Lacrimile! c*0intele r(stite c* 0(ce sc/+*t/! e0(carea amintiril(r! )reg/tirea camerei m(rt*are! r*g/ci*nile! c(rtegi*l 1inal! )re+en,a r*be eniil(r ?i a )rietenil(rF t(t at-tea elemente c(nstit*ti0e ale *n*i rit e trecere ce treb*ie s/ se es1/?(are -n (r ine ?i ecen,/@ Dim)(tri0/! -n )eri(a / e ci*m/! ca ?i )e tim) e r/b(i! s1-r?it*l (amenil(r se es1/?*ra -n c(n i,ii int(lerabile e gr(a+/! e anarhie ?i e aban (n a atinil(r cel(r mai a -nc -nr/ /cinate -n inc(n?tient*l c(lecti0@ "rim*l e1ect -n asemenea )eri(a e este ab(lirea m(r,ii #

)ers(nali+ate@ La Nea)(le! la L(n ra sa* la Marsilia! -n t(i*l e)i emiil(r! ci*ma,ii )ierea* +ilnic c* s*tele! ?i chiar c* miile@ 9)italele ?i bar/cile im)r(0i+ate -n )ri)/ era* tiHite e m*rib*n+i@ ;*m s/ te mai (c*)i e 1iecare -n )arteM -n a1ar/ e aceasta! m*l,i nici n* a)*ca* s/ aC*ng/ )-n/ la la+arete c/ci m*rea* )e r*m@ '(ate relat/rile e)i emiil(r e ( ini(ar/ men,i(nea+/ ca a0rele e )e str/+i! chiar si la L(n ra! *n e! -n #33=! a*t(rit/,ile )ar s/ 1i st/)-nit t(t*?i -ntr-( mai mare m/s*r/ n*mer(asele )r(bleme ri icate e m(lim/@ %urnalul l*i D@ De1(e )reci+ea+/F AN* era chi) s/ treci )e 0re( stra / 1/r/ s/ 0e+i c-te0a ca a0re )e C(s&$B@ -n c(nsecin,/! nici 0(rb/ n* )*tea 1i e )(m)e 1*nebre )entr* cei b(ga,i sa* e 0re( cerem(nie! (ric-t e m( est/! )entr* s/r/cime@ Nici cl()(te! nici l*min/ri -n C*r*l *n*i sicri*! nici e-nt/ri ?i! ese(ri! nici m(rm-nt in i0i *al! -n mers*l 1iresc al l*cr*ril(r! (amenii -ncearc/ s/ cam*1le+e as)ect*l hi (s al m(r,ii -n s)atele *n*i ec(r ?i al *n(r cerem(nii care s*nt ni?te machiaCe -n 1(n @ De1*nct*l -?i )/strea+/ res)ectabilitatea ?i )rileC*ie?te *n 1el e c*lt@ -n )eri(a / e ci*m/! im)(tri0/! at/ 1iin cre in,a -n e1l*0iile male1ice! se im)*ne -n )rim*l r-n e0ac*area c-t mai grabnic/ a ca a0rel(r@ Ele s*nt sc(ase la re)e+eal/ in case! *ne(ri c(b(r-te chiar c* 1r-nghiile )e 1ereastr/@ A;(rbiiB le -nha,/ c* ni?te c-rlige 1iHate -n (a)*l *n(r minere l*ngi ?i le ar*nc/ claie )este gr/ma / -n hi (asele t*mb/raie e0(cate e t(ate cr(nicile relati0e la m(lime@ ;-n aceste c/r*ci(are l*g*bre a)ar -ntr*n (ra?! )rece ate e )*rt/t(rii e cl()(,ei! e semn c/ e)i emia a trec*t )este t(ate baraCele@ N* treb*ie s/ c/*t/m )rea e)arte e *n e a sc(s :r*egel i eea c/r*,ei tiHite c* schelete ce 1ig*rea+/ -n /rium#ul morii e la "ra (@ Era 1iresc ca cel )*,in ( at/ -n 0ia,/ (rice (r/?ean s/ 1i tr/it ( ci*m/ ?i s/ 1i asistat la *l*it(r*l *-te-0in( al t*m-b/raiel(r -ntre case ?i gr()ile c(m*ne@ 9/-# mai #$= recitim -n )ri0in,a asta )e D@ De1(eF

?. . . Jntreg*l s)ectac(l te c*trem*r/ e gr(a+/F ?areta c/ra ?ais)re+ece sa* ?a)tes)re+ece ca a0re -n1/?*rate -n cear?a1*ri sa* )/t*ri! *nele at-t e )r(st -n0elite -nc-t c/ ea* es)*iate )rintre celelalte! care ealt1el n* se sinchisea* e asemenea nec*0iin,/! c* t(,ii 1iin m(r,i ?i *rm-n s/ se amestece la(lalt/ -n gr(a)a c(m*n/ a (menirii@ Oi )e b*n/ re)tate )*tea 1i ast1el n*mit/! c/ci ac(l( n*-?i mai a0ea l(c*l nici ( 3( e(sebire -ntre b(ga,i ?i s/raci@ Alt 1el e -ngr()/ci*ne n* eHista ?i n* s-ar 1i )*t*t g/si es-2 D t * l e s i c r i e at 1iin n*m/r*l *l*it(r al G cel(r care )ierea* -ntr-( c a l a m i t a t e c a 0: asta$>B@ Oelar*l a *s -n scen/ e De1(e mai )(0este?te c/ -n )ar(hia sa A-n re)etate r-n *ri ?aretele m(r,il(r a* 1(st g/site )line e ca a0re la )(r,ile cimitir*l*i! 1/r/ cl()(tar! 1/r/ 0i+iti*! 1/r/ nimeni $#B@ 7ra?ele ci*mate n* mai re*?ea* s/-?i abs(arb/ m(r,ii@ Ast1el! -n tim)*l maril(r m(lime! nimic n* mai e(sebea s1-r?it*l (amenil(r e cel al (bit(acel(r@ La tim)*l s/*! escriin e)i emia (care 1/r/ -n (ial/ c/ n* era e ci*m/) in NK>E NL%! '*ci i e n(taseF A(Atenienii) )ierea* ca ni?te 0iteB@ (II! =#)@ '(t ast1el! -ntre sec(lele XIV ?i XVIII! ((ntagi(?ii in t(ate (ra?ele E*r()ei! )/r/si,i -n ag(nia l(r! ( at/ ece a,i! era* +0-rli,i claie )este gr/ma /! ca ni?te c-ini sa* (i -n gr()ile ac()erite n*mai ec-t c* 0ar nestins@ "entr* s*)ra0ie,*it(ri! aban (narea rit*ril(r lini?tit(are ce -ns(,esc -n tim)*ri n(rmale )lecarea e )e aceast/ l*me e ( a e0/rat/ trage ie@ ;-n m(artea este ast1el emascat/! Ain ecent/B! esacrali+at/! at-t e c(lecti0/! an(nim/ ?i res)ing/t(are! ( )()*la,ie -ntreag/ risc/ is)erarea sa* neb*nia! 1iin br*sc )ri0at/ e cerem(niile sec*lare care -n -ncerc/rile e )-n/ at*nci c(n1eriser/ m(r,ii emnitate! sec*ritate ?i i entitate@ De *n e ?i b*c*ria marsilie+il(r c-n ! la s1-r?it*l e)i emiei in #%L>! a* 0/+*t iar ric*ri )e str/+i $L @ Era #$3

semn*l sig*r c/ m(lima )/r/se?te (ra?*l! l*mea reg/sin ast1el e)rin erile ?i cerem(niile sec*ri+ante in 0rem*ri n(rmale@ -ncetarea acti0it/,il(r 1amiliare! t/cerea (ra?*l*i! s(lit* inea -n mala ie! an(nimat*l -n m(arte! ab(lirea rit*ril(r c(lecti0e e b*c*rie ?i e triste,eF t(ate aceste r*)t*ri br*tale e atinile c(ti iene se -ns(,ea* c* ne)*tin,a raical/ e a c(nce)e )r(iecte e 0iit(r! AiniR ,iati0aB a)ar,in-n ! in acel m(ment! )e e-a-ntreg*l ci*mei$K@ 7r! -ntr-( )eri(a / n(rmal/! chiar ?i b/tr-nii ac,i(nea+/ -n 1*nc,ie e 0iit(r! asemenea cel*i in La F(ntaine care n* n*mai c/ -?i cl/ e?te cas/! ci )lantea+/ ?i c()aci@ N*-i (menesc s/ tr/ie?ti 1/r/ )r(iecte@ E)i emia te (blig/ t(t*?i s/ c(nsi eri 1iece min*t ( am-nare ?i s/ n-ai -n 1a,/ alt (ri+(nt ec-t acela al *nei m(r,i a)r()iate@ 6egret-n c/ a r/mas la L(n ra! ?elar*l l*i De1(e se str/ *ie?te s/ ias/ in@ cas/ c-t mai )*,in c* )*tin,/! -?i m/rt*rise?te -ntr-*na )/catele! se las/ -n 0(ia D(mn*l*i! -?i )*ne n/ eC ea -n )(st! *milin,/ ?i me ita,ie@ A'im)*l care-mi r/m-nea! scrie el! -l 1(l(seam citin ?i scriin aceste -nsemn/ri es)re cele c-te mi se -nt-m)la* +i c* +i $N B@ La Marsilia! -n #%L>! c-n se 0/ ise lim)e e c/ )rimeC ia (mne?te )ret*tin eni -n (ra?! *n c(ntem)(ran -ncre in,ea+/ C*rnal*l*i s/* aceast/ m/rt*risire e ne)*tin,/F AeDe ac*m -nainte n*-iU alt/ cale e *rmat ec-t s/ ceri -n *rare D(mn*l*i! )reg/tin *-te e m(arte $=B@ Destr*ct*r-n ambian,a c(ti ian/ ?i -nchi+-n r*m*rile s)re 0iit(r! ci*ma + r*ncina ast1el e (*/ (ri temeliile )sihism*l*iF at-t cel in i0i *al c-t si cel c(lecti0@ &. S0-(,(1m .( +e2/a3a/e4 +e1,u/a5a/e .( ne6un(e 7r! me icina e )e 0rem*ri c(nsi era c/ esc*raCarea m(ral/ ?i 1rica )re is)*n la m(li)#$% sire@ N*mer(ase l*cr/ri sa0ante a)/r*te -n se-

c(lele XVIEXVIII s*nt e ac(r c* acest )*nct e 0e ere@ "aracels*s c(nsi er/ c/ sing*r aer*l stricat n* )(ate )r(0(ca ci*ma@ El n* )r(*ce mala ia ecit c(mbin-n *-se -n (rganism*l In(s1crU c* )l/ma a gr(a+ei@ Ambr(ise "are arat/ c/ -n )eri(a a e A1ebr/ )estilent/B! Atreb*ie s/ 1ii 0esel! -ntr-( s(cietate aleas/ ?i restr-ns/! ?i in c-n -n c-n s/ asc*l,i c-nt/re,i ?i instr*mente m*+icale! iar alte(ri s/ cite?ti ?i s/ asc*l,i 0re( lect*r/ ha+lie$3B @@@ Un me ic l(ren in sec(l*l al XVII-lea a1irm/ c* em1a+/ )e tema ci*meiF A7! lini?teS )rieten/ sc*m)/ s*1let*l*i! t* )/stre+i celestele chei ale s/n/t/,ii$%@B Un c(n1rate e-al s/* in A*0ergne 0e e ?i el -n c(m)(rtament*l st(icil(r *n eHcelent miCl(c e a -n e)/rta ci*ma )rin 1a)t*l c/ Aei n* ?ti* ce-i 1rica! nici teama! nici em(,iaD ?i -ntr-a e0/r! t(,i marii -n0/,a,i s(c(t c/ sing*r/ gr(a+a e aceast/ b(al/ e e aC*ns ca s-( ?i )r(0(ace -ntr-*n climat s*s)ect@ Aceasta 0ine in imagina,ie ?i in inima s)eriat/ care-i at-t e slab/ -nc-t n* mai re+ist/ la acest 0enin$&B@ Aceea?i ()inie ?i s*b )ana er* it*l*i italian M*rat(ri! care )*blic/ -n #%#N *n tratat es)re 1el*l e a te c(m)(rta -n tim)*l m(limeiF AA)rehensi*nea! scrie el! ter(area ?i melanc(lia s*nt ?i ele ( ci*m/! c/ci ereglea+/ ()timism*l n(str* ,disordinando la #antasia9 ?i is)*n masa *m(ril(r s/ )rimeasc/ )rea *?(r! ?i -ntr-*n 1el s/ ?i atrag/ e e)arte! (tra0a ce (mne?te e-n aerU! a?a )rec*m eH)erien,a a 0/ it -ntr-( in1initate e ca+*ri$$@B -n acela?i s)irit! a*t(r*l *n*i (c*ment statistic! c(ntem)(ran e)i emiei e h(ler/ in #&KL! 0a scrieF

A9-a c(nsi erat c/ -n m*lte ca+*ri em(,iile )*ternice ale s*1let*l*i )(t agra0a starea b(lna0il(r ?i chiar )(t -mb(ln/0iD ast1el a* 1(st trec*te )rintre ca*+ele h(lerei eHcesele e m*nc/! )(rnirile e m-nie! am/r/ci*nile nea?te)tate! t(ate a1ec,i*nile m(rale -n s1-r?it! ?i mai c* seam/ 1rica#>>B@ Asemenea )/reri eH)lic/ 1a)t*l c/ -n sec(l*l al XVII-lea! -n tim)*l *nei e)i emii e ci*m/! a*t(rit/,ile in Met+ a* (r (nat (rgani+area *n(r )etreceri )*blice )entr* a re a c*raC ?i -ns*1le,ire l(c*it(ril(r ecima,i e m(lim/@ Un tabl(* e A@ Mignette (m*+e*l in Met+) reaminte?te aceste 1esti0it/,i#>#@ Dar )-n/ *n e treb*ie -m)ins/ 0(i(?iaM A@ "are -?i )reci+ea+/ s1at*rile mai s*s citate in0it-n *-i )e l(c*it(rii *nei cet/,i l(0ite e ci*m/ s/ e0ite 1rec0entarea 1emeil(r ?i eHcesele alimentareF A;* at-t mai 0-rt(s c* c-t at(rit/ l(r (1emeil(r) )*terile ?i 0irt*,ile sca ! iar e1l*0iile 0italeG se res(rb ?i sl/besc! mai c* seam/ -n at/ *)/ mas/! )entr* c/ se lene0e?te st(mac*l! ceea ce *ce la ( mai grea mist*ire! in care )*rce stric/ci*ne ?i 1el*rite alte neaC*ns*riD e *n e )*tem c(nchi e c/ a e0/rata ci*m/ este C*)-ni,a Ven*s c-n i te la?i )ra / )este m/s*r/@ De asemenea treb*ie s/ te )/+e?ti e ( 0ia,/ D tr-n a0/ c*m ?i e m-ncarea ?i b/*t*ra 1/r/ e m/s*r/D c/ci asemenea l*cr*ri nasI e()(tri0/ (bstr*c,i*ni ?i *m(ri stricate! e )e *rma c/r(ra cei care 1ac ast1el e eHcese mai lesne se m(li)sesc e ci*m/#>L@B 9e im)*ne -n c(nsecin,/ )r(scrierea (ric/r*i ra)(rt seH*al -n tim) e e)i emieM A?a s*s,ine (ctrina *n*i chir*rg in Met+! )e care
G In (riginalF AIes es)ritsB@ -n 0echea 1i+i(l(gie! )rin Aes)rits anima*HB! A0ita*HB sa* )*r ?i sim)l* Aes)ritsB se -n,elegea 1l*i *l imaginar 1(rmat -n inim/ e#$$ ?i creier care istrib*ie 0ia,a -n t(t tr*)*l@ (N@ tr@)@

me ic*l :(m)art in ;lerm(nt ( c(mbate t(t*?i -n #3K>! s)riCinin *-se )e a*t(ritatea *n*i c(n1rate germanicF AUn -n0/,at german s)*ne c/ se)ararea b/rba,il(r ?i a 1emeil(r *ce la triste,e ?i melanc(lie ?i c/ el -ns*?i a 0/+*t m*rin -ntr-*n (ra? t(ate 1emeile es)/r,ite e b/rba,i ?i n* 0e e alt/ ca*+/ ec-t es)/r,irea#>K@B ;* eHce),ia c-t(r0a i0ergen,e e am/n*nt! t(,i ace?ti )racticieni rec(man / )-n/ la *rm/ acela?i l*cr*F 0(m e0ita mai bine ci*ma ac/ n* ne 0(m l/sa c()le?i,i e s)aim/! ac/ ne 0(m -narma c* 0(i(?ie ?i c* ( (+/ b*n/ e senin/tate st(ic/@ Dar acestea s*nt c*0intele ?i s1at*rile *nei elite intelect*ale ?i m(rale@ Unei m*l,imi e (bicei )*,in -i )as/ e st(icism! iar cei care se l/sa* )ra / be,iei ?i es-1r-*l*i n-( 1/cea* in ()timism@ -ntra e0/r! t(ate cr(nicile e)i emiil(r men,i(nea+/! ca ( c(nstant/! c(m)(rtament*l (amenil(r care! -n tim) e m(lim/! ca c* 1rene+ie -n eHcese ?i es1r-*P AFiecare! scrie '*ci i e! ?i-a at 1r-* liber -n c/*tarea )l/ceril(r c* ( -n r/+neal/ )e care -nainte ( asc*n ea#>N@B :(ccacci( s)*ne l acela?i l*cr* -n 5ecameron: A@ @ @ eAl,ii -n schimbU era* -ncre in,a,i c/ leac*l cel mai b*n )entr* ( b(al/ at-t e c*m)lit/ e s/ bei 0-rt(s ?i s/-,i -m)line?ti t(ate ()(1tele! s/-,i 1aci men rele c*treier-n (ra?*l ?i c* c-ntec*l )e b*+e s/-,i m*l,*me?ti in )lin n/ra0*rile! s/ r-+i ?i s/ 1aci ha+ e neca+@ ;a s/ treac/ 0(rba -n 1a)t/ c-t mai temeinic! c(lin a* +i ?i n(a)te c-n *mile! 2b-n )e r*)te ?i 1/r/ m/s*r/@ Dar ?i mai e?/n,at se a?ternea* )e che1 -n casa c*i#>=a *lmeca* )rileC e +/ba0/ ?i es1/t/ci*ne @B In %urnalul ciumei, D@ De1(e c(nsemnea+/ la D r-n *l s/*! -n leg/t*r/ c* L(n ra an*l*i #33=! J c/ At(t s(i*l e crime! ?i chiar e eHcese ?i L>>

estr/b/l/ri se )ractica* )e at*nci -n (ra? #>3 @B Ni se s)*ne c/ la Marsilia! -n #%L>! Ase c(nstata *n e+m/, general! *n es1r-* nest/)-nit! ( e)ra0are gr(a+nic/#>%B@ Asemenea c(m)(rtamente n* c(res)*n ea* e0i ent -ntr* nimic c* cele! l*ci e ?i senine! )rec(ni+ate e me ici@ Era* (rice! n*mai c*raC n*@ -n schimb! *ne(ri era* -n m( (stentati0 )r(0(cat(are! ca ?i c*m )r(0(carea ar 1i )*t*t c(nC*ra mala ia@ De *n e ?i *nele scene care )*tea* )/rea at-t e ne0er(simile -nc-t ai e+ita s/ le trans)*i )e scen/ sa* )e ecran@ La L(n ra! -n #33=! *n biet (m s/n/t(s! care t(cmai *rmase )-n/ la gr(a)a c(m*n/ c/r*,*l -n care se a1la* ne0asta ?i c()iii s/i! e c(n *s! + r(bit e *rere! -ntr-( circi*m/@ Ac(l(! ni?te in i0i+i )*?i )e b/*t*r/ -l ia* la r(stF e ce n* se -nt(arce la gr(a)a e la care 0ineM Oi e ce n-a s/rit ?i el -ntr--nsa ca s/ *rce mai i*te -n cerM ;*m ?elar*l l*i D@ De1(e! care asist/ la scen/! sare -n a)/rarea ne1ericit*l*i! iat/-# batC(c(rit la r-n *l s/*F mai bine i-ar sta acas/ s/-?i s)*n/ r*g/ci*nile ?i s/ a?te)te c/r*,a m(r,il(r s/ 0in/ s/-# ia ?i )e el #>& S La A0ign(n! -n #%LL! ni?te in1irmiere a* 1(st i+g(nite )entr* im(ralitate ?i )entr* c/ C*caser/ ca)ra c* ca a0rele ci*ma,il(r#>$@ Aceste )*rt/ri )r(1anat(are era* )r(babil est*l e rare@ Frec0ente! -n schimb! era* chi(lhan*rile ?i estr/b/l/rile ins)irate e )(1ta e+l/n,*it/ e a )r(1ita e *ltimele cli)e e 0ia,/@ Era ( 1(rm/ e cGrpe diem, tr/it/ c* ( intensitate eHacerbat/ e iminen,a c*m)litei m(r,i@ La *n inter0al e ()ts)re+ece sec(le '*ci i e ?i :(ccacci( escri* acela?i 1en(menF La Atena -n sec(l*l al IV-lea! -naintea erei n(astreF A @ @ @ L*mea c/*ta 1(l(asele ?i es1/t/rile grabnice! c/ci 0ia,a ?i b(g/,iile era* * e()(tri0/ e trec/t(are@ @ @ "l/cerea ?i t(ate miCl(acele e-a ( (b,ine! iat/ ce se s(c(tea 1r*m(s ?i *til@ Nici teama e L># +ei! nici legile (mene?ti n* ()rea* )e ni-

meniF e0la0i(s (ri nelegi*it era t(t*na c-n se 0/ ea lim)e e c/ t(at/ l*mea )iere e-a 0almaD mai m*lt! nimeni n* cre ea c/ 0a tr/i est*l ca s/ ea s(c(teal/ e gre?elile sale@ M*lt mai im)(rtant/ era sentin,a gata r(stit/ ?i amenin,/t(areD )-n/ s/ i te s*)*i! mai c* 1(l(s era s/-i sm*lgi 0ie,ii *n )ic e b*c*rie##>@B @ La Fl(ren,a! -n sec(l*l al XlV-lea! :(ccacci(! *)/ ce -i e0(case )e cei care! -n tim)*l ;i*mei Negre! alerga* n*mai *)/ )l/ceri ?i +/ba0/! c(mentea+/ ast1el atit* inea l(rF ANimic mai lesne e altminterea@ '(,i )ierea* (rice s)eran,/ e 0ia,/ ?i-?i )/r/sea* a0*t*l l/s-n *-se la 0(ia -nt-m)l/rii@@ @D -nr-*rirea ?i )*terea legil(r (mene?ti se estr/ma* ?i se )r/b*?ea* c* t(t*l@ A)/r/t(rii ?i (amenii legii era* c* t(,ii m(r,i! b(lna0i (ri at-t e li)si,i e aC*t(are c/ n* le mai st/tea nimic -n )*tere@ De aceea! (ricine )*tea s/-?i 1ac/ e ca) c*m )(1tea###@B La L(n ra! -n #33=! a-a* 0eri1icat acelea?i c(m)(rtamente! a?a c*m a1l/m e la 'h(mas <*mble -n -iaa generalului @onF: ANelegi*irea ?i m-r?/0ia se -nst/)-niser/ at-t e temeinic! E ?i c* r*?ine ( s)*n E! c/ -n tim) ce -ntr-( cas/ *nii gemea* -n c/t*?ele M(r,ii! se -nt-m)la a esea ca al,ii! -n casa 0ecin/! s/ se e ea la t(t 1el*l e eHcese##L@B In e1initi0! aceast/ l/c(mie e 0ia,/ era )r(0(cat/ ?i ea t(t e 1rica *nei sca en,e la care (amenii se str/ *ia* s/ n* se g-n easc/@ EHaltarea nec(ntr(lat/ a 0al(ril(r 0ie,ii era *n 1el e a sc/)a e (bsesia chin*it(are a m(r,ii##K@ Alt/ is)it/ c-n se )are c/ ci*ma n* se 0a ()ri ec-t *)/ ce -i 0a 1i *cis )e t(,iF s/ te la?i )ra / esc*raC/rii@ EHist/ s)ectac(le e*m- L>L

)lite care s1-r?esc )rin a + r*ncina caracterele cele mai -r+e@ M(nseni(r*l e :els*nce! care n-a 0r*t s*b nici *n m(ti0 s/ )/r/seasc/ Marsilia -n #%L> QE ?i a an*n,at acest l*cr* E! care 0/+*se m*rin -n casa l*i *ns)re+ece )ers(ane! care -i s)(0e ise ?i-i alinase )e m*rib*n+ii A+0-rli,i a1ar/ in casele l(r ?i )*?i )rintre m(r,i )e salteleB! a c*n(sc*t t(t*?i sl/bici*nea ?i 1rica ?i! ( b*cat/ e 0reme! n-a mai ie?it -n stra /@ "e K se)tembrie! -i scria arhie)isc()*l*i e ArlesF AMi-a 1(st nes)*s e gre* s/ (b,in -n e)/rtarea cel(r ( s*t/ cinci+eci e ca a0re )e C*m/tate )*tre+ite ?i s1-rtecate e c-ini! care se a1la* la intrarea casei mele ?i r/s-)-n iser/ m(lima ?i la mine! ast1el c/ m/ 0/ silit s/-mi g/sesc l(c*in,/ ai*rea@ Nemai)*t-n s/ -n *r *h(area ?i s)ectac(l*l at-t(r ca a0re -ngr/m/ ite )e str/+i! +ile e-a r-n *l nici n-am ie?it in cas/@ Am cer*t *n (m e )a+/ care s/ -m)ie ice e)*nerea ca a0rel(r )e str/+ile -n0ecinatGYI@I In m(ment*l c-n e)isc()*l e Marsilia 1(rm*la aceast/ m/rt*risire! c(nsilierii m*nici)ali -i scria* mare?al*l*i e Villars! g*0ernat(r*l "r(0en,ei! c(m*nic-n *-i ne)*tin,a l(r@ E)i emia atinsese at*nci )ar(Hism*l@ La *n sta i* similar al m(limei! %urnalul l*i D@ De1(e -nregistrea+/ acelea?i reac,ii la L(n ra -n #33=@ Magistra,i ?i )()*la,ie se l/sa* )ra / e+n/ eC ii F A-n cele in *rm/! l(r *l-)rimar a at (r in s/ n* se mai a)rin / 1(c*ri )e str/+i! -ntemein *-se mai ales )e 1a)t*l c/ ci*ma era at-t e 0i(lent/ -nc-t s1i a 0/ it t(ate e1(rt*rile! ?i c* c-t se 1/cea mai m*lt )entr* a ( c(mbate! ea )/rea mai egrab/ s/ se -nte,easc/ ec-t s/ sca /@ Aceast/ esc*raCare a magistra,il(r )r(0enea -ntr-a e0/r mai egrab/ in ne)*tin,a l(r! ec-t in

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li)s/ e c*raC@ @ @D n*-?i cr*,a* (steneala ?i n* se cr*,a* nici )e ei -n?i?i! ar t(t*l era +a arnic! e)i emia b-nt*ia! (amenii era* at-t e -ngr(+i,i -ne-t! a?a c*m am s)*s! s1-r?ea* )rin a se l/sa )ra / e+n/ eC ii##=@B Un re+*ltat al acestei esc*raC/ri c(lecti0e! relatea+/ D@ De1(e! a 1(st acela c/ l(n (ne+ii a* m aC*ns s/ n* se mai 1ereasc/ -ntre ei ?i s/ n* mai stea -nchi?i -n cas/! *mbl-n )este t(t ?i (ri*n eF la ce b*n s/ iei m/s*ri e )reca*,ie! -?i s)*nea*! e 0reme ce Aasta ne a?tea)t/ )e t(,i##B=BM '(t*?i is)erarea ?i e)rimarea i-a* -m)ins )e *nii inc(l( e limitele 1atalism*l*i@ Un*l aC*ngea Al*naticB sa* Amelanc(licB! alt*l se s1-r?ea e triste,e *)/ is)ari,ia al(r s/i! *n*l m*rea e 1ric/! alt*l se s)-n+*ra##%@ D@ De1(e a1irm/FB @@ @ De necre+*t n*m/r*l cel(r care! ai*rin c*)rin?i e neb*nie! )entr* c/ n* mai )*tea* -n *ra gr(+/0ia b(lii ?i chin*rile )ricin*ite e t*m(ri! se -n0ier?*na* chiar as*)ra l(r -n?i?i ?i-?i )*nea* ca)/t +ilel(r##&@2!2 9/ amintim aici ca+*l semnalat e M(ntaigne al ,/ranil(r amenin,a,i e ci*m/! care -?i s/)a* sing*ri gr(a)a ?i se c*lca* s/ m(ar/ ac(l(! ae()erin *-se t(t ei c* )/m-ntF gest marcat e()(tri0/ e is)erare ?i e *n s*mbr* c*raC@ AUn*l -?i s/)a gr(a)a e?i era s/n/t(sD al,ii se l*ngea* ac(l( -nc/ e 0ii! iar *n r-n a? e-al me* a tras )/m-nt*l )este el c* m-inile ?i c* )ici(arele chiar -n tim) ce m*reaGG@ Oi M(ntaigne -i c(m)ar/ )e ace?ti -ngr()a,i e 0ii e b*n/ 0(ie c* s(l a,ii r(mani! Ag/si,i *)/ +i*a e la ;annaeG! c* ca)*l -n1*n at -n ni?te g/*ri )e care le sc(biser/ ?i le *m)l*ser/ c* m-inile l(r -n/b*?in *-se ac(l(##$@B
a 1(st + r(bit/ L a*g*st L>N

[ 7ra?*l str/0echi in Italia *n e armata r(man/

e cartagine+ii l*i 5anibal -n +i*a e L#3 -@e@n@ (N@ tr@)@

7r! -nt-m)l/ri asem/n/t(are s-a* )r( *s la Malaga ?i la L(n ra -n miCl(c*l sec(l*l*i al XVII-lea@ Era 0(rba a?a ar e ( atit* ine care s-a re)etat e la ( ,ar/ la alta! s*b e1ect*l acel(ra?i ca*+e@ AAceast/ m(lim/! scrie me ic*l in Malaga! a )r(0(cat gr(+/0ii nemai)(menite@ 7 1emeie s-a -ngr()at e 0ie ca s/ n* aC*ng/ )ra a animalel(r! iar *n b/rbat! *)/ ce ?i-a -ngr()at 1iica! ?i-a 1/c*t sing*r c(?- *, ei*g*l ?i a m*rit ac(l( al/t*ri e ea #L>@@@B l La r-n *l s/*! D@ De1(e -i men,i(nea+/ -n %urnalul ciumei )e Aacei bie,i neb*ni care 0r(ia*@ @ @ -n elir*l l(r! s/ se -ngr(a)e sing*ri#L#@B Misi(nari 1rance+i in V(lta 9*)eri(ar/ ma* -ncre in,at c/! -n tim)*l 1(ametei in #$%LE #$%K! a* 1(st s)ectat)rii *n(r c(m)(rtamente similare! atestate ?i -n tim)*l ase i*l*i (ra?*l*i La 6(chelle -n #3L&@ Descriin ci*ma in Milan( -n #3K>! A@ Man+(ni n(taF A7 at/ c* )er0ersitatea a s)(rit ?i emen,a#LL@B "*tem s)*ne c* e)lin/ certit* ine c/ neb*nia )-n ea (rice )()*la,ie ase iat/ e e)i emie@ Aceast/ neb*nie se tr/ a 1ie )rin gest*ri in i0i *ale aberante QE am amintit c-te0a mai s*s E! 1ie )rin )(rniri e m-nie c(lecti0/ care 0(r 1i e0(cate mai e)arte! *nele neeHcl*+-n *-le )e celelalte@ Asemenea atit* ini se eH)lic/ )rin )r/b*?irea str*ct*ril(r 1amiliare! )rin es(ciali+area m(r,ii! )rin alterarea ra)(rt*ril(r *mane! )rin s)aima )ermanent/ ?i sentiment*l ne)*tin,ei@ In %urnalul ciumei, D@ De1(e men,i(nea+/ e ?ais)re+ece (ri ca+*l b(lna0il(r care eschi ea* 1erestrele ca s/?i *rle s)aimele! iar c*0intele Aneb*niB! Aneb*nieB! A elirB re0in 1rec0ent s*b )ana l*i@ D(0a / aceste (*/ teHteF
#=3

A@ @ @ Aceste s)aime! aceste temeri ale )()*la,iei a* -m)ins-( la ( s*me enie e acte e sl/bici*ne! e neb*nie ?i e )er0er-

sitate )entr* care n-a0ea ne0(ie e -nc*raC/ri#LK@B A"e m/s*r/ ce Calea cre?tea -n acele 0rem*ri c*m)lite! r/t/cirea )()*la,iei s)(rea! -n gr(a+a l(r! (amenii s/0-r?ea* nen*m/rate ac,i*ni t(t at-t e eHtra0agante ca ?i cele ale b(lna0il(r -n chin*rile l(r! ?i era 1(arte em(,i(nant s/-i 0e+i #LN c*m *rl/! )l-ng ?i-?i 1r-ng m-inile )e stra / @@ @B@ ;e c(?mar )(ate 1i 0ia,a -ntr-*n (ra? *n e m(artea )-n e?te la 1iecare )(art/S %urnalul ciumei e D@ De1(e E (c*ment*l cel mai b*n es)re ( ci*m/! e?i e 0(rba e *n r(man E este )lin e scene hal*cinante ?i e -nt-m)l/ri +g* *it(areF (ameni care *rl/ c-n a)are c/r*,a m(r,il(rD *n b(lna0 care /n,*ie?te -n )ielea g(al/ )e stra /! mame A-m)inse la is)erare! la elir! la neb*nieB care -?i *ci c()iiiD *n ci*mat legat e )at*l e s*1erin,/ care se eliberea+/ a)rin+-n *-?i a?tern*t*l c* > l*minareD *n m(li)sit Aneb*n 1*ri(sB care c-nt/ )e stra / e )arc/ ar 1i beat ?i se n/ )*ste?te as*)ra *nei 1emei -ns/rcinate ca s-( -mbr/,i?e+e ?i s-( m(li)seasc/ ?i )e ea#L=@ E e mirare ac/ -n s)iritele at-t e tra*mati+ate se e+0(lt/ asemenea )r()ensi*ni m(rbi eM '(t -n leg/t*r/ c* ci*ma e la L(n ra in #33=! 9am*el "e)ys 0(rbe?te es)re neb*nia care -m)inge )()*la,ia (ra?*l*i (t(cmai )entr* c/ i s-a inter+is) s/ se -mb*l+easc/ -n *rma ca a 0rel(r! ca s/ 0a / c*m s*nt -ngr()ate#L3B@ A?a 1ace! ( at/ cel )*,in! ?i c(merciant*l c/r*ia > se atrib*ie )(0estirea l*i D@ De1(e@ -m)ins Aire+istibilB e Ac*ri(+itateB! se *ce la mar ginea *nei A)r/)/stiiB E ( gr(a)/ E -n care a* ?i 1(st -ngr/m/ ite N>> e )ers(ane@ Oi se *ce n(a)tea! ca s/ asiste la ar*ncarea tr* )*ril(r! c/ci +i*a n-ar 1i 0/+*t ec-t )/m-nt*l )r(as)/t r/sc(lit#L%@ Aceast/ anec (t/ ne aC*t/ s/ -n,elegem e ce ?i c*m ;i*ma Neagr/! ?i cele care i-a* *rmat -ntr-*n ritm )reci)itat! a* m( i1icat L>3

ins)ira,ia artei e*r()ene! (rient-n -(! mai m*lt ec-t -nainte! s)re e0(carea 0i(len,ei! a s*1erin,ei! a sa ism*l*i! a emen,ei ?i a macabr*l*i#L&@ A"r(iec,iileB ic(n(gra1ice! *n 1el e eH(rcism al 1lagel*l*i! c(nstit*ie! -m)re*n/ c* 1*ga ?i c* agresi0itatea! reac,ii (bi?n*ite -n 1a,a *nei 1rici care se trans1(rm/ -n ang(as/@ 5@ M(llaret ?i J@ :r(ss(llet a* ar/tat -n aceast/ )ri0in,/ )e b*n/ re)tate c/ ci*ma 1*sese A*n i+0(r e ins)ira,ie artistic/ negliCatB! in sec(l*l XIV )-n/ -n sec(l*l XIX! e la 1rescele l*i 7rcagna in biserica 9anta ;r(ce in Fl(ren,a )-n/ la Ciumaii de la (a##a e <r(s ?i &pitalul ciumailor e <(ya@ "are a)r(a)e sig*r c/ tema Dans*l*i macabr* s-a n/sc*t ( at/ c* marea )an emie in #KN& ?i este semni1icati0 c/ e1l(rescenta ei s-a sit*at -ntre sec(lele XV ?i XVIII! a ic/ -n )eri(a a c-n ci*ma c(nstit*ia ( )rimeC ie ac*t/ )entr* )()*la,ii#L$@ Leg/t*ra intre ci*m/ ?i c(man a *n*i ans macabr* e atestat/ mai c* seam/ -n ca+*l celei! e la L*bec] (Marien]irche! #N3K)! al celei e la Fiissen (ca)ela 91-nta-Ana #3>>) E (ra?*l acesta 1iin )*stiit e ?Pi emiile in #=&&! #=&K ?i #=$& E! al celei e la :asel (#NK$) re)r( *s/ e MerianG@ ;* )ri0ire la cariera ?i s*)ra0ie,*irea acestei teme! ( )reci+are este re0elat(areF ans*l macabr* esenat )entr* Hil(gra0*r/ c/tre #=K> e 5(lbein cel '-n/r la L(n ra (*n e el -ns*?i a m*rit e ci*m/ c* treis)re+ece ani mai t-r+i*) a c*n(sc*t && e e i,ii i1erite -ntre #=K> ?i #&NN#K>@ Acela?i s)irit ?i acela?i re)ert(ri* ic(n(gra1ic al ans*ril(r macabre -nt-lnim -n gra0*rile *n*i italian in sec(l*l al XVII-lea@ 9te1an( Della :ella (c/tre #3N&)! care 0(r s/ 1ie ( e0(care a ci*mei e la Milan( -n #3K>F m(artea ia c* sine *n c()il! t-r/?te *n b/tr-n -n m(rm-nt! ar*nc/ *n t-n/r -ntr-( 1-nt-n/! 1*ge c* ( 1emeie
A*t(r*l n* )reci+ea+/ care an*me intre membrii acestei 1amilii e )ict(ri ?i gra0(ri german(-el-`2 0e,ieni in sec(l*l al XVII-lea@ (N@ tr@)@

)e care ?i-a ar*ncat-( )e *meri c* ca)*l -n C(sh@ ;* *n realism m(rbi ! arti?tii se str/ *ies( s/ re ea caracter*l hi (s al ci*mei ?i c(?mar*l tr/it c* (chii eschi?i e c(ntem)(rani@ Ei a* insistat E s-a s)*s asta E as*)ra ecesel(r 1*lger/t(are ?i a as)ectel(r cel(r mai ( i(ase! mai in*mane ?i mai res)ing/t(are ale m(limei#KL@ An*mite am/n*nte re0in ca *n topos, e eHem)l* c()il*l care se aga,/ e s-n*l -nghe,at al ca a0r*l*i matern@ -l g/sim! )rintre altele! -ntr-*n esen e 6a1ael! -n &# ntul Jocus rug ndu-se pentru ciumai e D(menichin( (<en(0a! )alat*l 6(ss()! -n cele (* / )- n+ e e " ( *s s in E 7 Ep id em ie Ia Atena (6ichm(n ! galeria ;((])! ?i Ciuma Filistenilor (L*0r*) E! )rec*m ?i -n t(ate ()erele ce gl(ri1ic/ e0(tament*l s1-nt*l*i ;arl( :(rr(me(! a)(i al ne)(t*l*i s/* Fe erig(! la Milan(@ El 1ig*rea+/ e asemenea -n )rim-)lan*l c(m)(+i,iei l*i 'ie)(l(! &#inta /ecla eli$er nd oraul Este de cium (-n cate rala acest*i (ra?) etc@ Un n*m/r -nsemnat e re)re+ent/ri 1ig*rate s*gerea+/ )rin atit* inea )ers(naCel(r *h(area m*rib*n+il(r ?i a ca a0rel(r@ Un*l -?i ast*)/ nas*l ?i se -nt(arce ins)re m*rib*n schim(n(sin *-se ,Ciuma la 0asel e 5@ 5ess! ^*)1erstich]abinett! :asel)D alt*l E *n me i( E n* se a)r()ie e b(lna0 ee-t c* ( batist/ la nas (il*stra,ie -n Fascicul @edecine esicU te "ntNerpens M*+e*l e ist(ria me icinei! Amster am)D -n 1ine alt*l! -n .estilenza e <@ Z*mb( (-n cear/ )(licr(m/! M*+e*l na,i(nal e sc*l)t*r/ :argell(! Fl(ren,a)! care e)*ne *n ca a0r* -ntr-( gr()ni,/! ?iPa -nn( at ( batist/ )este nas ?i-?i / ca)*l )e s)ate -ntr-*n gest e groaz. M*l,i )ict(ri! )rintre care "(*ssin! a?a+/ l-ng/ s*gar*l -ncle?tat e ca a0r*l mamei sale *n al treilea )ers(naC care! ast*)-n *-?i nas*l! -ncearc/ s/ ia c* el c()il*l@ -n s1-r?it! arti?tii a* 0r*t s/ restit*ie E 1/r/ -n (ial/ )entr* a se elibera e ea ?i a ( ne*-

278

trali+a E (r(area creat/ )rin -ngr/m/ irea caa0rel(r ?i )r(misc*itatea ins*)(rtabil/ intre m(r,i ?i s*)ra0ie,*it(ri@ Le?*ri risi)ite )e str/+i ?i )*tre+in -nainte e a 1i ri icate! c/r*,e sa* b/rci tiHite care ce ea+/ s*b )(0ar/! ca a0re trase c* c-rlige sa* legate e c(a a *n*i cal! b(lna0i ?i m(r,i at-t e -nghes*i,i -n la+aretele s*)ra)()*late! incit n* )(,i 1ace *n )as 1/r/ s/-i calci -n )ici(are! s*nt t(t at-tea scene a*tentice care re0in neli)sit! e la ( c(m)(+i,ie la alta! -n gra0*rile c(nsacrate e L@ 6(*hier -n #3=% Ciumei de la Joma (;()enhaga! Uni0ersitatea e me icin/) ca ?i -n celebra .iazza del @ercatello la 2eapole n 34T4, *n e M@ 9)a ar( n* sc*te?te )ri0it(r*l e nici *n am/n*ntF c(n0*lsiile ?i r*gile m*rib*n+il(r! bal(n/rile )*tre1ac,iei! 0iscerele is)*tate e ?(b(lani! m(r,ii a *?i -n c-rc/ sa* c* lectica etc@ Acestei ic(n(gra1ii! )rea 0eri ic/ in ne1ericire! -i r/s)*n n* n*mai relat/rile tim)*l*i! ci ?i e0(carea ci*mei 1/c*t/ e 9c* eryGF Les m(rts et Ies m(*rants )esle-mesle esten *s 8 s(nt h(rriblement en t(*s lie*H c(n1(n*s@ Icy! l2*n t(*t li0i e! es)(*0ante la 0e*e! Icy! l2a*tre t(*t )asle! est *n m(rt V*i rem*eD Et l(rs V*2(n 0(it t(mber t(*s ces s)ectres m(*0ans! 7* ne iscerne )l*s les m(rts et les 0i0ans@ Le*rs regar s s(n a11re*H! le*r b(*che est entr2(*0erte@ Ils n2(nt )l*s s*r les (s V*2*ne )ea* t(*te 0erteD Et ans ces )a*0res c(r)s . emy esc(*0ers!
G 'eorVes de &cuder1 (#3>%E#%>#)! )(et ramatic ?i r(mancier 1rance+@ (N@ tr@)@

"army la )(*rrit*re! (n 0(it gr(*iller Ies

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Fiin 0(rba e a (*a C*m/tate a sec(l*l*i al XVI-lea ?i e sec(l*l al XVII-lea! n* ne 0(m mira c/ arti?ti transal)ini care tr/iser/ -n Italia! ca "(*ssin sa* 6(*hier! ?i c* at-t mai m*lt cei italieni! a* ac(r at -n ()erele l(r *n l(c -nsemnat e)i emiil(r ce-a* )*stiit )e at*nci "enins*la@G Ast1elF ?&cenele de cium a* 1(st s*biectele 1a0(rite ale gra0(r*l*i 1l(rentin <@ :@ ;astigli(ne (n*mit III <rechett(T)! care le-a reali+at c/tre #3=>#KNB ?i care c*n(?tea c* sig*ran,/ Ciuma Filistenilor )ictat/ e "(*ssin -n tim)*l c*m)litei m(lime in #3K>@ 7 remarc/ anal(g/ c* )ri0ire la 9)aniaF :@ :ennassar (bser0a )e b*n/ re)tate c/ )-n+ele l*i Val es Leal! Cele dou cadavre ?i M(artea ncon!urat de nsemnele deertciunii omeneti, a* 1(st c(m)*se e cine0a care 1*sese mart(r*l -ngr(+it al ci*mei e la 9e0illa@ -n #3N$B! e)i emia ecimase 3>@>>> in cei ##> sa* #L>@>>> e l(c*it(ri ai (ra?*l*i #K= @ Oi (are 1a)t*l c/ arta Asec(l*l*i e a*rB e )lin/ e cranii! e s-nge ?i e m(arte! e c/rn*ri li0i e ?i e (chi a,i )este ca) n* se eH)lic/ -n )arte t(cmai )rin e)i emiile care! -n 0al*ri s*ccesi0e! s-a* -n0er?*nat )e at*nci as*)ra m-n rei ar 1ragilei 9).niiM
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"entr* a -n,elege )sih(l(gia *nei )()*la,ii t(rt*rate e e)i emie! treb*ie s/ mai sc(atem
[ M(r,ii ?i m*rib*n+ii -ntin?i claie )este gr/ma / Y Zac risi)i,i )ret*tin eni ?i gr(a+nici@ Y Aici! *n*l li0i ! -ns)/im-nt/ 0e erea! Y ;(l(! alt*l! )ali ! e *n m(rt care mi?c/D Y Oi c-n 0e+i c*m se )r/b*?esc t(ate aceste s)ectre mi?c/t(are! Y N* mai e(sebe?ti m(r,ii e cei 0ii@ Y "ri0irile l(r s*nt hi (ase! g*ra -ntre eschis/@ Y N* mai a* )e (ase ec-t ( )iele 0er e t(at/D Y Oi -n aceste biete tr*)*ri )e C*m/tate es)*iate! Y "rin )*tre+ici*ni! 0e+i mi?*n-n 0ierL#> mii @@@

-n e0i en,/ *n element esen,ialF -n c*rs*l *nei ast1el e -ncerc/ri se )r( *cea -n m( (bliga t(ri* ( A is(l*,ie a (m*l*i e r-n #K3B@ N* )* teai 1i ec-t la? sa* er(ic! 1/r/ )*tin,a e a te sit*a -n a1ara acest(r (*/ i)(sta+e@ Uni0er s*l n(str* (bi?n*it! acela al c/ii e miCl(c ?i al emitentel(r E *ni0ers ce i+g(ne?te la )e ri1erie eHcesele 0irt*,ii ?i ale 0iciil(r E se a1la br*sc ab(lit@ Un )r(iect(r 1(arte )*ter nic era a,intit 1/r/ 0este as*)ra (amenil(r ?i -i emasca necr*,/t(rF m*l,i a)/rea* la?i ?i ( i(?i! *nii s*blimi@ ;r(nicile s*nt ine)*i+a bile c* )ri0ire Ia aceste (*/ as)ecte ale *nei realit/,i in*mane@ "(0estin ci*ma in #KN& -n Fran,a! Jean e Venette a1irm/F B @ @ @ Din m*lte (ra?e! mai mari ?i mai mici! -ns)/im-nta,i! )re(,ii )leca*#K%B@ ;-n ci*ma )*stia Xittenberg*l! -n #=K$! L*ther c(nstata c* am/r/ ci*ne F 2 AF*g *nii *)/ al,ii ()re(,ii E n@tr@) ?i abia e mai )(,i g/si )e cine0a ca s/-i -ngriCeasc/ )e b(lna0i ?i s/ le aline s*1erin,ele@ D*)/ )/rerea mea! -ns/?i 1rica )e care ia0(l*l ( s/ e?te -n inima acest(r bie,i (ameni e ci*ma cea mai )rimeC i(as/@ -?i ia* t/l)/?i,a! 1rica le sminte?te min,ile! -?i )/r/sesc 1amilia! tat/l! r* ele ?i asta-i 1/r/ -n (ial/ )e ea)s/ )entr* is)re,*l l(r 1a,/ e E0anghelie ?i )entr* hi (asa l(r c*)i itate#K&B@ La 9antan er! -n #=$3! alcaldele ma1or se re1*gia+/ -ntr-*n sat c* -ntreaga sa 1amilie@ La :ilba(! -n se)tembrie #=$$! se semnalea+/ c/ )re(,ii in )ar(hii n* 0(r s/-i -m)/rt/?easc/ )e c(ntamina,ii in s)ital! care m(r li)si,i e (ri(e asisten,/ s)irit*al/ As)re marea in ignare ?i re0(lt/B a )()*la,iei #K$@ Man+(ni! e0(c-n ci*ma in #3K>! la Milan(! c(nsemnea+/ A)ierirea sa* 1*ga m*lt(r (ameni -ns/rcina,i s/ 0eghe+e as*)ra sig*ran,ei )*blice ?i s-( garante+e #N> B@ La Nea)(le! -n #3=3! chiar la eb*t*l e)i e- L## miei! car inal*larhie)isc() inter+ice )re(,i-

l(r s/-?i )/r/seasc/ )ar(hia sa* a?e+/m-nt*l religi(s ?i ia m/s*ri )entr* *?*rarea asisten,ei s)irit*ale a b(lna0il(r@ Dar el -ns*?i se re1*gia+/ gr/bit la m/n/stirea 9ant2Elm( ?i #N# n* iese e ac(l( ec-t ( at/ c* s1-rsit*l m(limei @ La Marsilia! -n #%L>! can(nicii e la 9aint-Vict(r se r(ag/ )entr* i+b/0irea c(m*n/ la a /)(st*l +i *ril(r gr(ase ale aba,iei l(r@ A*t(rii @arsiliei, ora mort )reci+ea+/ )e e alt/ )arteF A:*rghe+ii ?i n(tabilii a* 1*git -n mare )arteF can(nicii cate ralei! ai )ar(hiil(r e la 9aintMartin ?i Acc(*les! gentil(mii! c(misarii e )ar(hii sa* e cartiere! neg*st(rii! me icii! a0(ca,ii! )r(c*r(rii! n(tarii! ?i-a* aban (nat en(ria?ii! r/s)*n erile! a1acerile! )acient*l sa* client*l#NL@B De *n e ?i rechi+it(ri*l *n*i c(ntem)(ranF A"*tem s)*ne! s)re r*?inea )re(,il(r! a can(nicil(r ?i a c/l*g/ril(r re1*gia,i -n satele 0ecine c/! e c-n i-am )ier *t )e a e0/ra,ii sl*Cit(ri ai D(mn*l*i@@ @! trei s1ert*ri intre ci*ma,i a* m*rit 1/r/ s)(0e anie! s)re marele regret al 0re nic*l*i n(str* )relat#NK@B ;ei mai c*cernici intre (amenii :isericii E cei care n* )leca* E )rec*m ?i l(c*it(rii r/ma?i )e l(c ( ese(ri )entr* c/ n* )*t*ser/ )leca) -i C* eca* 1ire?te c* am/r/ci*ne )e absen,ii 0(l*ntari@ "e e alt/ )arte! se str/ *ia* s/ crea / sa* s/ se c(n0ing/ c/ m(artea n*-i cr*,/ )e 1*gari mai m*lt ca )e ceilal,i@ 6e act-n -n #=L% *n tratat )e aceast/ tem/ E treb*ie sa* n* s/ 1*gim e m(arte -n tim) e ci*m/M E L*ther a1irm/F A9atan -l *rm/re?te )e acela care 1*ge ?i-# l(0e?te )e acela care r/m-ne! ast1el c/ nimenea n*-i sca)/#NN@B In acela?i s)irit! ( gra0*r/ engle+easc/ in sec(l*l al XVII-lea -n1/,i?ea+/ ni?te schelete -narmate c* s/ge,i! care atac/ (ameni -nghes*i,i -ntr-( c/r*,/ ?i e)/rt-n *-se +a arnic e *n (ra? c(ntaminat#N=@ La r-n *l s/*! can(nic*l in :*st(-

Arsi+i(! eschi e ?i mai m*lt e0antai*l )e e)sel(rF A @ @ @ 6/* 1ace (m*l care 0rea s/ sca)e in mina l*i D*mne+e* ?i e *rgiile sale@@@ Nici*n*l intre cei care a* 1*git in :*st( in )ricina )rimeC iei e ci*m/ n-a ie?it c* bine in ne0(in,/ @ @@ Unii a* )ierit e m(arte rea! al,ii a* 1(st )e e)si,i )e t(at/ 0ia,a c* grele ne)*tin,e! )e al,ii i-a b/t*t D*mne+e* -n a0*t*l l(r! treb*rile l(r mer-g-n in r/* -n ?i mai r/*F semn @ @ @ e la ;el e s*s @ @ @ s/ n* 1*gi e 0itregiile )e care le trimite cer*l! c/ci! )-n/ #N3 la *rm/! t(t*l se )l/te?te c* 0ia,a @B Aceste a m(nest/ri ca ?i stam)a engle+easc/! -n care citim inten,iile em(cratice ?i ni0elat(are ale ans*ril(r macabre! i+b*tea* (are s/ c(n0ing/M Fa)t este! -n (rice ca+! c/ maC(ritatea cel(r care n* )*t*ser/ 1*gi! )re(c*)a,i (ar e )r()ria l(r sal0are! e0ita* s/-?i -ngriCeasc/ semenii c/+*,i b(lna0i@ Aban (narea e c/tre r* e! )rieteni ?i 0ecini a cel*i c(ntaminat re0ine ca *n re1ren s*b )ana cr(nicaril(rF 9criin in A0ign(n -n #KN&! *n can(nic in :r*ges relatea+/F A @@ @ 'at/l n*-?i 0i+itea+/ 1i*l! nici mama 1iica! nici 1ratele )e 1rate! nici 1i*l )e tat/! nici )rieten*l )e )rieten! nici *n 0ecin 0ecin*l! nici *n aliat aliat*l! 1/r/ ec-t ac/ 0rea s/ m(ar/ )e l(c -m)re*n/ #N% @ @ @B@ 9/ in0(c/m ac*m ?i m/rt*ria l*i :(ccacci(F AUrgia *m)l*se inima (amenil(r e at-ta -n1ric(?are c/ 1ratele -?i )/r/sea 1ratele! *nchi*l ne)(t*l! s(ra 1ratele! ese(ri chiar 1emeia b/rbat*l@ L*cr* ?i mai c*m)lit ?i gre* e cre+*tF ta,ii ?i mamele! ca ?i c*m c()iii l(r nar mai 1i 1(st ai l(r! se 1erea* s/ se *c/ s/-i 0a / ?i s/ le 0in/ -ntraC*t(r#N&@B -n tim)*l *nei ci*me care se abate as*)ra :ra*nsch_eig*l*i -n #=>$! *iM c(ntem-

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! )(ran scrieF AM*l,i (ameni c-in(?i la inim/ -?i i+g(nesc in cas/ c()iii ?i sl*gile care s-a* -mb(ln/0it! -i ar*nc/ -n stra / ?i-i las/ )ra / s(artei l(r nen(r(cite#N$B@ ;an(nic*l l(mbar care a tr/it la :*st(- D Arsi+i( e)i emia in #3K> a1irm/ la r-n *l l*i c/! ac/ *n 1rate! ( s(r/! ( mam/ sa* *n tat/ ca e b(lna0! ceilal,i membri ai 1amiliei 1*g e)arte Aa?a c*m ia0(l*l 1*ge e aghia+m/ ?i ca ?i c*m ar 1i )/g-ni sa* h*ghen(,i#=>@B2 Acelea?i c(m)(rtamente la L(n ra -n #33=! *)/ D@ De1(eF A@ @ @ Oi 1iecare! )e 0remea aceea! era at-t e )re(c*)at e )r()ria l*i sal0are -nc-t nimeni n-a0ea tim) s/ se mai g-n easc/ la nen(r(cirile cel(rlal,i@ @ @ Instinct*l e c(nser0are a )r()riei 0ie,i )/rea -ntr-a e0/r )rinci)i*l e ba+/@ ;()iii -?i aban (na* )/rin,ii! chiar c-n -i 0e ea* +/c-n -n grea e+n/ eC e! ?i s-a* 0/+*t *ne(ri! ar mai rar! e re)t! )/rin,i )*rt-n *-se la 1el c* c()iii l(r#=#@B Un s)ectac(l i entic se re)eta la Marsilia -n #%L>@ D(0a / aceast/ m/rt*rie )ri0it(are la c()iii aban (na,iF !PEra* c()ii )e care )/rin,i haini! -n care gr(a+a e b(al/ -n/b*?ea t(ate sim,/mintele 1ire?ti! -i sc(tea* a1ar/ ?i n* le / ea* re)t a?tern*t ec-t ( + rean,/ 0eche! aC*ng-n s/ 1ie ast1el )rin ne(menia l(r s/lbatic/ *ciga?ii acel(r c* care n* e m*lt se 1/lea* c/ le-a* at 0ia,/#=LB@ 9/ 1ie (are acesta *n topos, re)etat in cr(nic/ -n cr(nic/M Mai egrab/! cre em c/ e 0(rba e c(m)(rtament*l *n(r (ameni -nc(l,i,i e gr(a+a ce s-a re-nn(it e la *n (ra? la alt*l ?i e la *n sec(l la *rm/t(r*l! ca t(ate celelalte c(m)(rtamente )e care le escriem e-a l*ng*l acest*i st* i*@ La la?itatea *n(ra se a /*ga im(ralitatea cinic/ a alt(ra E a e0/ra,i Ce1*it(ri e e)a0e E! a)r(a)e sig*ri e im)*nitate! e 0reme ce L#N

a)arat*l re)resi0 (bi?n*it se )r/b*?ise@ AFiecare! scrie :(ccaeci(! era sl(b( s/-?i 1ac/ e ea) c*m )(1tea#=K@B ;ele mai m*lte nelegi*iri le s/0-r?ea* cei c/r(ra la Milan( li se s)*nea i monatti. Era* n*mi,i ast1el in i0i+ii care riica* ca a0rele in case! e )e str/+i ?i in la+areteD care le c/ra* la gr(a)/ ?i le -ngr()a*D eare *cea* b(lna0ii la la+aretD care ar ea* sa* sterili+a* (biectele in1ectate sa* s*s)ecte@ 9c/)a,i e (rice s*)ra0eghere! *nii intre ei )retin ea* chiar r/sc*m)/r/ri in )artea cel(r care n* 0r(ia* s/ 1ie *?i la s)ital! re1*+a* s/ ri ice ca a0rele intrate -n )*tre1ac,ie ac/ n* li se )l/tea ( s*m/ c(nsi erabil/ ?i Ce1*ia* casele -n care intra*@ '(t s(i*l e +0(n*ri sinistre a* circ*lat )e seama (cna?il(r chema,i la Marsilia -n #%L> )entr* a -n e)lini 1*nc,ia e Ac(rbiBF 1*ra* ne)e e)si,i in t(ate casele -n care intra* s/ sc(at/ m(r,iiD ca s/ n* re0in/ e (*/ (ri -n aceea?i l(c*in,/! ar*nca* -n 1*nebra l(r c/r*,/ m*rib*n+i al/t*ri e ca a0re! ete@ -n s1-r?it! -n (rice (ra? c(ntaminat! 1al?i Ac(rbiB )/tr*n ea* -n case )entr* a le Ce1*i ?i #=N m*lte t-lh/rii s-a* 1/)t*it -n l(c*in,ele )/r/site @ ;/ )()*la,ia a eHagerat gr(+/0ia ?i n*m/r*l tic/l(?iil(r c(mise -n )eri(a / e ci*m/! n* -nea)e nici ( -n (ial/@ D@ De1(e n* cre e c/ la L(n ra! -n #33=! *nele in1irmiere ar 1i l/sat s/ m(ar/ e 1(ame! ba chiar i-ar 1i s*gr*mat )e c(ntagi(?ii )e care -i -ngriCea* ?i nici c/ )a+nicii *nei (ase -nchise e a*t(rit/,i ar 1i gr/bit m(artea cel*i a1lat ac(l( b(lna0@ In schimb! )reci+ea+/F ADar c/ -n acele tim)*ri c*m)lite sa* s/0-r?it m*lte t-lh/rii ?i 1a)te nelegi*ite n* )(t nega! c/ci l/c(mia *n(ra era at-t e mare -nc-t ar 1i riscat (rice ca s/ Ce1*iasc/#==@B -n c(ntrast c* Ce1*it(rii e m(r,i sa* e case aban (nate ?i c* cei E m*lt mai n*mer(?i E (b(r-,i )*r ?i sim)l* e )anic/! iat/-i ?i )e er(ii (are -?i st/)-nesc 1rica ?i cei )e care 1el*l e 0ia,/ (mai ales -n c(m*nit/,ile religi(ase)! )r(1esi*nea sa* r/s)*n erile l(r -i eH)*n ((n-= tagi*nii ?i t(t*?i m, se eschi0ea+/@ ;i*ma

Neagr/ -i r/)*ne )e t(,i a*g*stinii in A0ign(n! )e t(,i ((r ilierii in ;arcass(nne ?i in Marsilia (-n acest (ra? era* #=>)@ La Mag*el(ne! n* s*)ra0ie,*iesc ec-t % c(r ilieri in #3>D la M(nt)ellier! % in #N>D la 9anta-Maria-N(0ella in Fl(ren,a! %L in #=>@ M-n/stirile acest*i (r in e la 9iena! L*cea ?i "isa! ce n*m/ra*! 1iecare! mai )*,in e #>> e 1ra,i! )ier res)ecti0 N$! K$ ?i =% intre ei@ '(t at-t e ecimate s*nt ?i *nele c(nsilii m*nici)ale@ La Vene,ia! )ier %#\ in membrii ;(nsili*l*iD la M(nt)ellier &K\! la :e+iers l77IY(! la 5amb*rg %3TY(- De(sebit e l(0i,i e e)i emie s*nt e0i ent me icii (la "er)ignan! 3 me ici in & ece ea+/ -n #KN&) ?i! e asemenea! n(tariiF la 7r0iet(! LN m(r -n tim)*l ;i*mei Negre ?i n* se g/sesc ec-t % )entr* a-i -nl(c*i #=3@ Necr*,/t(are! -ncercarea -i stri0e?te )e *nii ?i-i eHalt/ )e al,ii@ Jean e Venett( 1ace el(gi*l c/l*g/ri,el(r )ari+iene -n #KN&F AIar c*0i(asele s*r(ri e la 5(tel-Die*G! ne-n1ricate -n 1a,a m(r,ii! -?i -n e)linea* )-n/ la ca)/t menirea c* ne,/rm*rit/ bl-n e,e ?i *milin,/D ?i m*lte intre amintitele s*r(ri! al c/r(r n*m/r a 1(st n* ( at/ -m)r(s)/tat *)/ g(l*rile )ricin*ite e m(arte! ( ihnesc c*cernic! )rec*m s*ntem -ncre in,a,i! -ntr* )acea l*i ;rist(s#=%B@ Dac/ -n tim)*l e)i emiei in #=$$ )re(,ii in :ilba( n-a* 1(st )rea c*raC(?i! -n schimb! la :*rg(s! la Valla (li ! la 9eg(0ia c/l*g/rii s-a* (c*)at e b(lna0i c* m*lt/ /r*ire ?i le-a* a ministrat sacramentele Ac* cea mai mare griC/#=&B ?i c* risc*l )r()riei l(r 0ie,i@ La Milan(! -n #=%= ?i #3K>! s1-nt*l ;arl( :(rr(me(! a)(i ne)(t*l s/* Fe erig( a* re1*+at s/ )/r/seasc/ (ra?*l! -n )(1i a s1at*ril(r )rimite e la a)r()ia,ii l(r@ Ei a* c(lin at str/+ile! a* 0i+itat la+aretele! i-a* c(ns(lat )e ci*ma,i ?i i-a* -mb/rb/tat )e cei care -i -ngriCea*#=$@ -n acela?i
G ;el mai 0echi s)ital in "aris (N@ tr@)@
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(ra?! -n #3K>! ca)*cinii a* 1(st e-a re)t*l s*blimi@ Un c(ntem)(ran citat e Man+(ni e)*ne m/rt*rieF L Q A @ @. Dac/ n-ar 1i 1(st ace?ti )/rin,i! (ra?*l C! -ntreg ar 1i 1(st )*stiitD c/ci e e-a re)t*l c P mirac*l(s c*m a* )*t*t! -ntr-*n tim) at-t e sc*rt! s/ a *c/ at-tea ser0icii )()*la,iei! g@ mai c* seam/ c-n a0em -n 0e ere c/ n-a* )rimit in )artea (ra?*l*i ec-t )*,ine aC*t(are! ?i a* i+b*tit! )rin -n,ele)ci*nea ?i es-`i t(inicia l(r! s/ -ntre,in/ -n la+aret at-tea mii e (r()si,i#3>B@ Fa)t*l c/ nici( at/ ca)*cinii! care -m)re*n/ c* ie+*i,ii a* 1(st )rinci)alii agen,i ai re1(rmel(r :isericii cat(lice! n-a* -n1r*ntat ( (stilitate c(m)arabil/ celei a c/r(r ,int/ a* 1(st membrii ;(m)aniei l*i Is*s! se at(rea+/ mai ales e0(tament*l*i l(r -n tim)*l e)i emiil(r e ci*m/! e eHem)l* la "aris -n #=&>E#=&#@ "()*la,iile le era* rec*n(sc/t(are )entr* abnega,ia l(r -n aceste -m)reC*r/ri tragice ()rec*m ?i -n tim)*l incen iil(r)@ In Fran,a! ca ?i ai*rea! m*lte m*nici)alit/,i -n sec(l*l al XVII-lea a* 1a0(ri+at a?e+area ca)*cinil(r c* s)eran,a c/ 0(r is)*ne ast1el e c(n1es(ri ?i in1irmieri temerari )e tim) e e)i emie@ Ace?ti c/l*g/ri n* e,inea* -ns/ m(n()(l*l c*raC*l*i@ In #3=3! la Nea)(le! -n tim) ce arhie)isc()*l se )*nea la a /)(st! $3 in cei ( s*t/ e c/l*g/ri camilieni a* m*rit e ci*m/D -n #%NK! la Messina! #$ in L=@ In re)etate r-n *ri! %urnalul l*i! D@ De1(e a resea+/ la* e a*t(rit/,il(r ;et/,ii L(n rei (bligate s/ 1ac/ 1a,/ ci*mei in #33=@ La -nce)*t*l m(limei! l(r *l-)rimar! ?eri1ii! al ermaniiG ?i membrii c(nsili*l*i m*nici)al a* c(m*nicat c/ n* 0(r )/r/si (ra?*l! 0(r men,ine (r inea! 0(r istrib*i aC*t(are ?i -?i 0(r -n e)lini c-t mai bine menirea@ ;eea ce a* ?i 1/c*t! 1/r/ eHcese in*tileF
%

G ;(nsilieri m*nici)ali@ (N@ tr@)@

AMagistra,ii n* s-a* ab/t*t e la at(rie! a* 1(st c*raC(?i -nt(cmai c*m 1/g/ *iser/ s/ 1ie@ L(r *l-)rimar ?i ?eri1ii se a1la* mere* )e str/+i! ?i mai ales -n miCl(c*l cel(r mai mari )rimeC ii! ?i c* t(ate c/ n-a* ,in*t e1el s/ 0a / m*l,imile -ngr/m/ in *-se -n C*r*l l(r! nici( at/ n* re1*+a*! -n ca+ e *rgen,/! s/ )rimeasc/ (amenii! s/ le asc*lte c* r/b are )^ngerile ?i t(ate )/s*rile#3#B@ La Marsilia! attt* inea m(nseni(r*l*i e :els*nce a 1(st mai (stentati0/@ 9-a s)*s )e e alt/ )arte c/ la *n m(ment at 1rica #-a -ngen*n(hiat ?i! *)/ )r()ria-i #3L m/rt*risire! a c*n(sc*t ( cli)/ e Asl/bici*ne B@ A r/mas t(t*?i! -n -n,eles*l cel mai e)lin! )/st(r*l t*rmei sale ?i *n eHem)l* e care marsilie+ii a0ea* mare ne0(ie@ "entr* c/ maC(ritatea cel(r care )*rta* r/s)*n eri 1*giser/@ ;* at-t mai mare s-a (0e it ast1el c*raC*l cel(rlal,i! -n e(sebi al cel(r )atr* c(nsilieri m*nici)ali r/ma?i )e l(c ?i care! -n1r*nt-n A)eric(l*l e0i entB a* 1/c*t 1a,/ e()(tri0/ t*t*r(r *rgen,el(rF a)r(0i+i(nare! ?(maC! (r ine )*blic/!#3K c*r/,enia str/+il(r! ri icarea ca a0rel(r! etc @ ;-t es)re )re(,ii ?i c/l*g/rii care n*-?i )/r/siser/ )(st*rile! ace?tia a* 1(st secera,i e ci*m/ )rec*m *rmea+/F N$ e ca)*cini! KL e (bser0antini! L$ e 1ranciscani re1(rma,i! LL e a*g*stini re1(rma,i! L# e ie+*i,i ?i -n t(tal mai bine e ( cincime in (ier*l marsilie+#3N@

3@ ;ine este 0in(0atM

7ric-t e l(0it/ e ci*m/! ( )()*la,ie -ncearc/ s/-?i eH)lice atac*l c/r*ia i-a c/+*t 0ictim/@ A a1la ca*+ele *n*i r/* -nseamn/ a recrea *n ca r* see*ri+rmt! a rec(nstit*i ( c(eren,/ in care 0(r re+*lta -n m( l(gic reme iile@ 7r! c* )ri0ire la ca*+a e)i emiil(r e ci*m/ se 1(rm*laser/ la tim)*l l(r trei eH)lica,iiF *na e e/tre sa0an,i! alta e c/tre m*l,imea an(nim/! L#&

cea e a treia e c/tre m*l,ime ?i :iseric/ -n acela?i tim)@ "rima atrib*ia e)i emia *nei c(r*)eri a aer*l*i! ea -ns/?i )r(0(cat/ 1ie e 1en(mene cere?ti (a)ari,ia c(metel(r! c(nC*nc,ia )lanetel(r etc)! 1ie e i1erite emana,ii )*tri e! 1ie ?i e *na ?i e alta@ A (*a era ( ac*+a,ieF sem/n/t(ri e m(lim/ tr/b)-n ea* b(ala c* b*n/ ?tiin,/D ei treb*ia* eci )rin?i ?i )e e)si,i@ A treia a1irma c/ D*mne+e*! m-niat e )/catele *nei -ntregi )()*la,ii! h(t/r-se s/ se r/+b*neD se im)*nea a?a ar (m(lirea l*i )rin )eniten,/@ De (rigini i1erite! aceste scheme eH)licati0e se inter1erea+/ mere* -n mintea (amenil(r@ D*mne+e* -?i )*tea 0esti a)r()iata r/+b*nare )rin semne cere?tiF e *n e ?i i+b*cnirile e )anic/ )e care le )r(0(ca* )eri(ic trecerea c(metel(r ?i c(nC*nc,iile )lanetare c(nsi erate ca alarmante! e eHem)l* c-n Marte -l A)ri0eaB )e J*)iter@ "e e alt/ )arte! te(l(gii s*s,inea* c/ em(nii ?i 0r/Cit(rii e0in! c-n se i0e?te )rileC*l! Ac/l/iiB ;el*i- e-9*s ?i agen,ii C*sti,iei sale@ N*-i e mirare a?a ar c/ 1/)t*ri r/*1/c/t(are! ac,i(n-n ! 1/r/ s/ ?tie! ca eHec*t(ri ai ,el*ril(r i0ine! r/s)-n es( c* b*n/ ?tiin,/ s/m-n,/ e m(arte@ A i,i(n-n cele trei ti)*ri e ca*+e! can(nic*l in :*st(-Arsi+i( -?i -nce)ea relatarea -ntr-*n m( 1(arte semni1icati0F A-nsemn/ri es)re estin*l 1atal ?i s)ectac(l*l hi (s al *nei mala ii -n1ric(?/t(are! c(ntagi(as/ ?i )estilen,ial/! (are a s*r0enit -n an*l #3K>! mai c* seam/ )rin -ng/ *in,/ i0in/D a)(i! )rin 1/c*t*l ?i male1ici*l iab(lic al *ns(ril(rD -n 1ine )rin in1l*en,a an(tim)*ril(r! c(nstela,iil(r ?i )lanetel(r *?m/n(ase nat*rii (mene?ti#3= @@ @B@ 7)inia c(m*n/ c/*ta s/ a1le a?a ar c-t mai m*lte ca*+e )(sibile ale *nei calamit/,i e asemenea )r()(r,ii@ 9a0an,ii! -n schimb! in 0(ca,ie ?i e1(rmare )r(1esi(nal/! insista* as*)ra eH)lica,iil(r Anat*raleB! at(rate a?tril(r ?i aer*l*i 0iciat! re1*+-n ast1el c* -ne/)/,-nare n(-

,i*nea e c(ntagi*ne! a1irmat/! t(t*?i! -nc/ in sec(l*l al XVI-lea! e Fracast(r( ?i :assian( Lan i@
ui o

In #K=>! Fac*ltatea e me icin/ in "aris! c(ns*ltat/ c* )ri0ire la ;i*ma Neagr/! a U eH)rimat ()inia )(tri0it c/reia Aca*+a eiz. )/rtat/ ?i (riginar/ a acestei ci*me a! 1(st! ?i -nc/ este! ( c(nstela,ie celest/@@@! care c(nC*nc,ie! -m)re*n/ c* alte c(nC*nc,ii ?i ecli)se!! ca*+/ real/ a c(r*)erii e)lin *ci- ga?e a aer*l*i care ne -nc(nC(ar/! )re0es- teste m(rtalitatea ?i 1(ametea#3=B @!@-@ Aceea?i c(n0ingere era -m)/rt/?it/ e maC(ritatea me icil(r ?i -n sec(l*l al XVII-leaF A"r(asta calitate a aer*l*i! scrie *n*l intre ei! )(ate! 1i ca*+at/ e in1l*en,ele#3% maligne ?i e c(nC*nc,iile sinistre ale a?tril(r @B Alt*l )*ne e asemenea -n ca*+/ A)(+i,ia ?i mi?carea a?tril(r care s*scit/ at(mii e malignitate! seam/n/ 0a)(ri e arsenic ?i a *c m(artea aer*l*i#G&B@ "-n/ ?i -n sec(l*l2al XVIII-lea! -n #%L#! me ic*l regel*i "r*siei c(nsi er/ c/ ci*ma este )r(0(cat/ A e m*r /rii m(rbi1ice! c(nce)*te ?i )r(create e eHala,ii 2)*tri e ale#3$ )/m-nt*l*i sa* e in1l*en,a malign/ a a?tril(r B @@@ Unele s)irite critice )re1era* t(t*?i s/ n* se )r(n*n,e ?i s/ lase )e seama tehnicienil(r r/s)*n erea )entr* aceste eH)lica,ii@ ti: /F A'(t -n acest an #KN&D -n l*na a*g*st! scrie carmelit*l Jean e Venette! s-a 0/+*t eas*)ra "aris*l*i! c/tre a)*s! ( stea 1(arte mare ?i 1(arte scli)it(are @@@ -n am*rg @@@ Dac/ a 1(st ( c(met/ sa* *n astr* alc/t*it in eHala,ii ?i care s-a risi)it a)(i -n 0a)(ri! las )e seama astr(n(mil(r s/ h(t/rasc/@ Dar se )(ate s/ 1i 1(st )re0estirea e)i emiei care a *rmat a)r(a)e n*mai ec-t la "aris! -n t(at/ Fran,a ?i ai*rea#%>@B :(ccacci( este ?i el )r* entF AIscat/ )rin -nr-*rirea a?tril(r sa* )(ate *rmare a tic/l(?iil(r n(astre ?i )e ea)s/ trimis/ as*)ra LL>

s 9: :c

(amenil(r e ;el- e-9*s -n rea)ta l*i m-nie! ci*ma b-nt*ise c* c-,i0a ani -nainte )e meleag*rile 6/s/rit*l*i#%#@B ;ealalt/ eH)lica,ie Anat*ral/B (care n* c(ntra+ice ealt1el eH)lica,ia )rece ent/) )*nea ci*ma )e seama eHala,iil(r maligne emanate e caa0rele ne-ngr()ate! e gr/me+ile e g*n(i! ?i chiar e a -nc*rile )/m-nt*l*i@ Un -ntreg as)ect al )r(1ilaHiei )*s/ -n a)licare e a*t(rit/,i se -ntemeia )e aceast/ *bl/ te(rie a aer*l*i 0iciat e in s*s ?i e in C(sF 1(c*ri a)rinse ?i )ar1*m*ri! m/?ti e )r(tec,ie! i+(lare a b(lna0il(r ?i a casel(r c(ntaminate! c*r/,irea str/+il(r! -n e)/rtarea ca a0rel(r! *ci erea animalel(r c(nsi erate s*s)ecte! etc@ Aceste m/s*ri! intre care *nele *tile in )*nct e 0e ere meical! c(nstit*ia* t(t( at/ ( arm/ )sih(l(gic/ -m)(tri0a b(lii@ Ele c(ntrib*ia* la l*)ta -m)(tri0a esc*raC/rii c(lecti0e! )/str-n -n cetate *n an*mit t(n*s ?i 0(in,a e a c(mbate ).rC(l*l ci*mei@ A mi,-n c/ n(,i*nea e aer c(r*)t etermina a?a ar *nele atit* ini )(+iti0e! ce 1(l(s )*tea trage -n schimb ( )()*la,ie in eH)lica,ia ini,ial/ )ri0in malignitatea *n(r a?tri )rea e)/rta,i )entr* a 1i accesibili )(sibilit/,il(r omeneti e ac,i*neM ;re in,a (amenil(r e r-n -n tem)erament*l )lanetel(r ?i -n n(ci0itatea c(metel(r! larg r/s)-n it/ E in strat*rile s*)eri(are ale s(ciet/,ii )-n/ -n cele mai in1eri(are E n* )*tea ec-t s/ am)li1ice s)aima -ntr-*n (ra? -n care se c(nt*ra amenin,area m(limii@ D@ De1(e ne -ncre in,ea+/ c/ a)ari,ia *nei c(mete la L(n ra! -n #33=! a sem/nat gr(a+a -n m(ment*l -n care t(cmai se 0(rbea e e)i emie@ V-n+/rile e )r(n(stic*ri alarmiste s-a* -nm*l,it@ N* se mai 0(rbea ec-t e )r(1e,ii! 0e enii! strig(i ?i semne -n n(ri#%L@ In realitate! cre in,a astr(l(gic/ -n -nr-*rirea a?tril(r as*)ra aer*l*i 1*sese rec*)erat/ e religie! ()er-n*-se ast1el ( l*necare -n ()inia )*blic/ ce atrib*ia semnel(r a)/r*te )e cer mai ales r(l*l

e )re0estit(ri ai r/+b*n/rii i0ineF (ra?*l 0a 1i istr*s@ ;ine-i 0in(0atM "rima ?i cea mai 1ireasc/ )(rnire era s/-,i ac*+i a)r(a)ele@ A n*mi 0in(0a,i -nsemna a re *ce ineH)licabil*l la *n )r(ces inteligibil@ Jnsemna! e asemenea! a )*ne -n a)licare *n reme i*! -m)ie ic-n *-i )e sem/n/t(rii e m(arte s/-?i c(ntin*e ()era ne1ast/@ 9e im)*ne s/ c(b(r-m -ns/ la *n ni0el mai )r(1*n F e 0reme ce e)i emia este ( )e ea)s/! treb*ie c/*ta,i ni?te ,a)i is)/?it(ri )e (are s/-i -m)(0/re+i -n m( inc(n?tient c* t(ate )/catele c(lecti0it/,ii@ M*lt/ 0reme! ci0ili+a,iile antice a* c/*tat s/ -m)ace i0initatea m-niat/ )rin sacri1icii (mene?ti@ 'er(ri+ate e (mni)re+en,a m(r-,ii! chin*ite e e)i emii! )()*la,iile in E*r()a sec(lel(r XIVEXVIII a* re)etat a ese(ri -n m( in0(l*ntar aceast/ lit*rghie s-nger(as/@ Necesitatea e a -n *)leca m-nia )*teril(r s*)ra*mane se c(nC*ga c* e1*larea *nei agresi0it/,i )e care s)aima ( n/?tea -n (rice gr*) *man asaltat e e)i emie@ N*-i relatare es)re ci*m/ li)sit/ e e0(carea acest(r 0i(lente ese/rc/ri c(lecti0e@ Vin(0a,ii 2)(ten,iali! as*)ra c/r(ra se )(ate abate agresi0itatea c(lecti0/! s*nt -n )rim*l r-n str/inii! c/l/t(rii! marginalii ?i t(,i cei neintegra,i e)lin -ntr-( c(m*nitate 1ie )entr* c/ n* 0(r s/-i acce)te cre in,ele -E ca+*l e0reil(r E! 1ie )entr* c/ a* 1(st i+g(ni,i la )eri1eria gr*)*l*i in ra,i*ni e0i ente E ast1el le)r(?ii E! 1ie )*r ?i sim)l* )entr* c/ 0in e ai*rea ?i )rin acest sim)l* 1a)t s*nt -ntr-( (arecare m/s*r/ s*s)ec,i (reg/sim at*nci ne-ncre erea 1a,/ e cellalt ?i 1a,/ e l*mile e)/rtate anali+at/ mai s*s)@ Le)r(?ii a* 1(st e1ecti0 ac*+a,i! -n #KN&E#K=>! c/ ar 1i r/s)-n it ;i*ma Neagr/@ As)ect*l (ribil al r/nil(r trecea re)t )e ea)s/ cereasc/@ Era* s(c(ti,i necinsti,i! Amelanc(liciB ?i estr/b/la,i@ 9e cre ea e asemenea E c(nce),ie care a)ar,ine *ni0ers*l*i magic E c/! )rintr-*n 1el e trans1er! ei se )*tea* esc(t(r(si e b(ala l(r )(t(lin *-?i )(1tele seH*ale c*

( )ers(an/ s/n/t(as/! (ri *cig-n -(#%K@ In #KL#! eci c* (*/+eci ?i ?a)te e ani -nainte e ;i*ma Neagr/! mai m*l,i le)r(?i! ac*+a,i c/ ar 1i (tr/0it )*,*ri ?i 1-nt-ni! 1*seser/ eHec*ta,i -n Fran,a@ In )ri0in,a e0reil(r! s-a em(nstrat -n m( )ertinent c/! -n im)eri*! masacrele i+raeli,il(r! ac*+a,i la r-n *l l(r c/ ar 1i (tr/0it i+0(are! )rece aser/ ?i n* *rmaser/ s(sirea 1lagelan,il(r ?i in0a+ia ci*mei@ E0rei a* 1(st ar?i )e r*g! -n #KN&! la 9t*ttgart! *n e ci*ma n* s-a i0it ec-t -n #K=>@ La 9trasb(*rg ?i la ^(ln! sa* sc*rs m*lte l*ni -ntre s*)lici*l e0reil(r ?i a)ari,ia ci*mei#%N@ '(t*?i! )r(gresele ci*mei ea l*ng*l E*r()ei era* c*n(sc*te -n aceste (ra?e! ast1el c/ eHec*,iile e0reil(r 1*seser/ -ntr*n 1el legate e e)i emie@ N*-i t(t*?i mai )*,in a e0/rat c/! -n %udecata regelui 2avarrei, <*illa*me e Macha*tG sit*ea+/ clar (tr/0irea i+0(arel(r e c/tre i+raeli,i -nainte e a)ari,ia ci*mei@ D*)/ el! es1/?*rarea 1a)tel(r a 1(st *rm/t(areaF -nt-i ( seam/ e min*n/,ii cere?ti! c*trem*re e )/m-nt ?i mai ales nelegi*iri e t(t 1el*l (ere+ii ?i crime! )rintre care )(l*area 1-nt-nil(r e c/tre e0rei)D a)(i h(t/r-rea i0in/ e )e e)sire! m-nia J* ec/t(r*l*i 9*)rem mani1est-n *-se )rin 1*rt*ni c*m)lite ?i 0iCelii gr(a+niceD -n s1-r?it! ci*ma at(rat/ stric/rii aer*l*i e 1*rt*nile ?i 0iCeliile anteri(are#%=@ ;i*ma Neagr/ a i+b*cnit a?a ar -ntr-( atm(s1er/ (ric*m grea e antisemitism@ :/n*i,i la -nce)*t c/ ar 1i 0r*t )ieirea cre?tinil(r )rin (tra0/! sc*rt tim) *)/ aceea e0reii a* 1(st ac*+a,i E ?i *ne(ri 1(arte e0reme! ca -n 9)ania E c/ ar 1i sem/nat m(lima (* aC*t(r*l acest(r (tr/0iri@ -n ;atal(nia! -nce)-n in #KN&! a* i+b*cnit )(gr(m*ri la :arcel(na! ;er0era! 'arrega! Leri a! etc@ Ast1el! la 'arrega! a* 1(st masacra,i mai bine e K>> c* strig/t*l AM(arte tr/ /t(ril(rS#%3B@ Fiin 0(rba e rest*l E*r()ei ?i mai ales e im)eri*! )(0estirea l*i Jean e
G 'uillaume de @achaut (#K>>E#KN3)! )(et ?i m*-LLK +ia ian n r 2 ser0ici*l l*i ;ar(l cel 6/*! rege al Na0arrei! )entr* care a scris l*crarea men,i(nat/@ (N@ tr@)@

Venette! -n care (r inea 1a)tel(r se a1l/ m( i1icat/ -n ra)(rt c* realitatea! ne a *ce (0a a c/ ()inia )*blic/ a 0/+*t t(t mai m*lt -n e0rei )e cei mai 0in(0a,i e r/s)-n irea Am(r,ii negreBF AI eea c/ m(artea )*rce e intr-( stricare a aer*l*i ?i a a)ei a *s la -n0in*irea e0reil(r e a 1i -n0eninat 1-nt-nile! a)ele ?i aer*l@ L*mea s-a )(rnit a?a ar c* at-ta s/lb/ticie -m)(tri0a l(r -nc-t -n <ermania ?i ai*rea )e *n e l(c*ia* e0rei! m*lte mii e e0rei a* 1(st *ci?i! m/cel/ri,i ?i ar?i e 0ii e c/tre cre?tini#%%@B ;(ntin*area teHt*l*i merit/ s/ 1ie citat/ ?i )entr* alte m(ti0eF A9-a* g/sit! se s)*ne! m*l,i cre?tini tic/l(?i (are ar*nca* ?i ei (tra0/ -n 1-nt-ni! e?i! la re)t 0(rbin ! asemenea (tr/0iri! -nchi)*in *-le a e0/rate! n* )*tea* st-rni at-ta *rgie ?i nici l(0i at-ta (menire@ Alt*l treb*ie s/ 1i 1(st temei*l cel(r -nt-m)lateF )(ate 0rerea *mne+eiasc/! )(ate miasmele (tr/0ici(ase (ri stric/ci*nea aer*l*i sa* a )/m-nt*l*iMB Este e remarcat s)irit*l critic al acest*i cleric er* it@ -n acela?i sens! )a)a ;lement al Vl-lea i-a incriminat! -n b*la in L3 i*lie #KN&! )e cei care atrib*ia* e0reil(r r/s)*n erea ci*mei@ Arg*mentarea l*i era *rm/t(areaF c*m se 1ace! a mi,-n c/ aceast/ ac*+a,ie este -ntemeiat/! c/ ?i i+raeli,ii s*nt 0ictime ale c(ntragi*nii sa* e/ e)i emia i+b*cne?te -n l(calit/,i -n care n* se a1l/ e0rei#%&M ;*m e0reii n* )*tea* c(nstit*i sing*rii ,a)i is)/?it(ri! s-a im)*s! a?a c*m arat/ Jean e Venette! c/*tarea alt(r 0in(0a,i! e )re1erin,/ str/inii@ In #=$3E#=$$! s)ani(lii in n(r *l )enins*lei Iberice s*nt c(n0in?i #%$ e (riginea 1laman / a e)i emiei (are -i -m)res(ar/ @ Ea a 1(st a *s/! (mnea )/rerea! e c(r/biile s(site in c/rile e J(s@ -n L(rena! -n #3L%! ci*ma LLN

este cali1icat/ re)t A*ng*reasc/B! iar -n #3K3 re)t As*e e+/BD la '(*l(*se! -n #3K>! se 0(rbe?te es)re Aci*ma e Milan(#&>B@ 7r! ce se s)*ne! la aceast/ at/! -n L(mbar iaM Iat/ r/s)*ns*l can(nic*l*i care )(0este?te ist(ric*l e)i emiei la :*st(-Arsi+i(F c(b(r-,i -n Italia )entr* a s)riCini la Mant(0a ca*+a *cel*i e Ne0ers! la -nce)*t 1rance+ii a* 1(st 0ict(ri(?i@ A)(i! tr*)ele im)eriale ?i-a* ()rit -naintarea@ At*nci *?manil(r E c/ci a*t(r*l e c-?tigat e )artea 5absb*rgil(r E le-a at )rin minte s/ m(li)seasc/ )()*la,iile c* )-ine s(l(m(nita@ La -nce)*t! )(0estit(r*l n(str* n-a 0r*t s/ crea / -ntr-( nelegi*ire ca asta! ar )-n/ la *rm/ a 1(st ne0(it s/ se -nchine -n 1a,a e0i en,ei! c/ci A ese(ri s-a* g/sit )-ini intr-acestea -n 1el*rite l(c*ri e )e meleag*rile n(astre@ Asta ( )(t a e0eri e* -ns*mi ca mart(r (c*lar#&#B@ Atit* inea can(nic*l*i n(str* e clasic/ -n 1el*l ei@ -n ;i)r*! -n tim)*l ;i*mei Negre! cre?tinii a* m/cel/rit scla0i m*s*lmani@ -n 6*sia! in )eri(a a e e)i emie! l*mea ataca t/tarii@ 9*b ( 1(rm/ mai bl-n /! -n m(ment*l ci*mei l(n (ne+e in #33=! engle+ii i-a* ac*+at *nanimD )e (lan e+ii c* care Anglia se a1la )e at*nci -n r/+b(i#&L@ 7 ac*+a,ie i entic/ s-a re)etat -n an*l *rm/t(r! -n m(ment*l marel*i incen i* in #333@ D A treia trea)t/ a escala ei ac*+at(areF i enti1icarea 0in(0a,il(r chiar -n s-n*l c(m*nit/,ii r/0/?ite e m(lim/@ -n c(nsecin,/! (ricine )(ate 1i c(nsi erat *?man! Vrn/t(area e 0r/Cit(ri ?i 0r/Cit(are se/)-n e s*b (rice c(ntr(l@ Milan( a 1/c*t aceast/ cr*nt/ eH)erien,/ -n #3K>! c-n Un(ra li s-a n/+/rit c/ +i *rile! )(r,ile e i1iciil(r )*blice ?i casele a* 1(st *nse c* s*bstan,e (tr/0it(are@ 9e +0(nea c/ aceast/ (tra0/ e c(m)*s/ in eHtracte e br(asc/! ?er)i! )*r(i ?i bale e ci*ma,i@ :ine-n,eles! asemenea miHt*r/ n* )*tea 1i ec-t ( re,et/ ia0(leasc/! ins)irat/ e 9atan *n(r (ameni care -ncheiaser/ c* el *n leg/m-nt@ 7r! -ntr( +i! *n (ct(genar se r(ag/ LL= -ngen*nchiat -ntr-( biseric/D a)(i 0rea s/ se

a?e+e@ Dar -nainte e-a ( 1ace! ?terge c* gl*ga banca@ <est ne1ericit )e care 1emeile l-a* ?i inter)retat )e l(cF (tr/0e?te bancaS <l(ata se a *n/! -l l(0e?te )e b/tr-n! -l t-r/?te la -nchis(are *n e e s*)*s t(rt*rii@ AL-am 0/+*t )e acest nen(r(cit! )(0este?te 6i)am(nti! ?i n-am a1lat s1-r?it*l *rer(asei sale )/,aniiD ar s*nt -ncrein,at c/ m*lt e tr/it nPa mai a0*t#&K@B -n schimb! n* -nca)e nici ( -n (ial/ c* )ri0ire la s1-r?it*l tragic al agent*l*i sanitar "ia++a ?i al b/rbier*l*i M(ra! ac*+a,i e ni?te 1emei c/ ar 1i *ns )(r,ile ?i +i *rile c* ( s*bstan,/ gras/ ?i g/lbici(as/@ In a*g*st #3K>! la Milan(! -n )reaCma )(r,ii 'icin(! s-a -n/l,at ( c(l(an/ m(n*mental/ )*rt-n ! -n latin/! )entr* a i se a *n caracter mai s(lemn! *rm/t(area inscri),ieF AAici *n e se -ntin e aceast/ )ia,/! se -n/l,a )e 0rem*ri *gheana b/rbier*l*i <iangiacc(m( M(ra care! *neltin -m)re*n/ c* <*gglielm( "ia++a! agent sanitar! ?i c* al,i c-,i0a! -n tim) ce ( gr(a+nic/ ci*m/ 1/cea )r/)/ ! c* *ns(ri m(rtale r/s)-n ite )este t(t a -m)ins )e m*l,i cet/,eni la ( m(arte c*m)lit/@ Iat/ e ce 9enat*l! eclar-n *-i )e am-n (i inamici ai )atriei! a (r (nat ca! a?e+a,i )e *n car -nalt! s/ 1ie ar?i c* 1ier*l r(?*! s/ li se rete+e m-na rea)t/ ?i s/ li se s1arme (aseleD s/ 1ie tra?i )e r(at/ ?i! *)/ ?ase (re! (m(r-,i ?i ar?iD a)(i! ca s/ n* r/m-n/ *rm/ in ace?ti nelegi*i,i! b*n*rile l(r s/ 1ie sc(ase la me+at! cen*?a l(r ar*ncat/ -n 1l*0i*D ?i )entr* a nem*ri amintirea acest*i 1a)t! 9enat*l a 0r*t ca aceast/ cas/! *n e a 1(st *r+it/ crima! s/ 1ie istr*s/! ?i nici( at/ recl/ it/! iar )e l(c*l ei a 1(st -n/l,at/ ( c(l(an/ ce se 0a n*mi (n#am. -na)(i a?a ar! -na)(i! b*ni cet/,eni! ca n* c*m0a acest )/m-nt blestemat s/ 0/ s)*rce c* m-r?/0ia l*i@ E A*g*st #3K>#&N@B Aceast/ Ac(l(an/ in1am/B a r/mas -n )ici(are )-n/ -n #%%&! )entr* a reaminti c/ ni?te (ameni care Ae(ns)iraser/B -m)(tri0a A)atrieiB! merit/

)e e)lin *n asemenea s*)lici*@ 6@ :aehrel a a0*t re)tate 1/c-n ( a)r()iere -ntre Ae)i emieB ?i Ater(areB@ Ase iat/ e ci*m/! ( )()*la,ie E la <ene0a -n #=K> ?i #=N=! la Ly(n -n #=3= sa* la Milan( -n #3K> E se c(m)(rt/ ca ?i )ari+ienii -n se)tembrie #%$L! c-n ! la a)r()ierea )r*sacil(r! i-a* eliminat! )e inamicii in interi(r@ -n #=K>! la <ene0a! s-a esc()erit c(ns)ira,ia *r+it/ e Asem/n/t(rii e ci*m/GB in care s-a b/n*it c/ 1ac )arte res)(nsabil*l s)ital*l*i e c(ntagi(?i! ne0asta l*i! chir*rg*l ?i -ns*?i )re(t*l a?e+/m-nt*l*i@ 9*)*?i la t(rt*r/! c(nC*ra,ii a* Arec*n(sc*tB c/ s-a* /r*it ia0(l*l*i care! -n schimb! i-a -n0/,at c*m se )re)ar/ eHtract*l *ciga?@ '(,i a* 1(st c(n amna,i la m(arte@ '(t la <ene0a! -n tim)*l e)i emiei in #=N=! cel )*,in NK e )ers(ane a* 1(st C* ecate ca Asem/n/t(ri e ci*m/B! intre care K$ a* 1(st eHec*tate@ In #=3%E#=3&! a* mai 1(st c(n amna,i #K A*ng/t(riGGB! iar -n #=%# cel )*,in K3@ -n an*l acela! *n me ic in (ra?! JeanAnt(ine 9arrasin! a )*blicat *n tratat es)re ci*m/! -n care em(nstra c/! -n acest gen e e)i emie! acti0itatea male1ic/ a (tr/0it(ril(r ?i A*ng/t(ril(rB este in isc*tabil/@ -n tim)*l *ltimei )anici e mari )r()(r,ii )r(0(cat/ la <ene0a e ( e)i emie e ci*m/ E -n #3#= E trib*nalele a* h(t/r-t eHec*tarea a ?ase Asem/n/t(riB e m(lim/@ La ;hambery! -n #=%L! )atr*lele a* )rimit (r in s/ trag/ )e l(c as*)ra A*ng/t(ril(rB@ -n )r(0incia Fa*cignyGGG! -n #=%#! cel )*,in cinci 1emei a* 1(st arse e 0ii! iar alte ?ase i+g(nite! t(t s*b ac*+a,ia c/ ar 1i r/s)-n it ci*ma@ Alte (*/+eci e )ers(ane a* 1(st a *se -n 1a,a trib*nalel(r )entr* acela?i m(ti0#&=@ AstG -n (riginalF Ab(*te*rs e )esteB! cei care )*n ci*m/! s*bstanti0*l 1iin eri0at in $outer, a )*ne! 0erb ie?it in *+@ (N@ tr@)@ GG In (riginal Aengraisse*rsB cei (are 1(l(sea* *ns(ri male1ice! semn nd ast1el ci*ma@ (N@ tr@)@ GGG F(st/ )r(0incie! ast/+i )arte a e)artament*l*i 1rance+ 5a*te-9a0(ie@ (N@ tr@)@

1el! n-a eHistat e)i emie )e 0rem*ri 1/r/ crein,a -ntr-( c(l(an/ a cincea ?i -ntr-*n c(m)l(t -n s-n*l cet/,ii@ Am scris A)e 0rem*riB@ Dar 6@ :aehrel aminte?te c/ -n #&&N! -n e)artament*l Var! -n tim)*l *nei e)i emii e h(ler/! t(at/ l*mea n* 0(rbea ec-t e Asem/n/t(ri e h(ler/B! e ( Ab(al/ n/sc(cit/ e b(g/ta?i s)re )ieirea s/racil(rB! ?i e ni?te )r(iectile s)eciale lansate eG )ers(naCe misteri(ase! -mbr/cate -n negr* in ca) )-n/-n )ici(are#&3@ Ist(ria mentalit/,il(r n* )(ate *tili+a acelea?i ec*)aCe cr(n(l(gice ca ist(ria )(litic/ sa* ec(n(mic/@ Dar n* c*m0a )rintre sem/n/t(rii 0(l*ntari e ci*m/ se a1l/ ci*ma,ii -n?i?i! br*sc (bse a,i e )(1ta criminal/ e aN m(li)si ?i )e ceilal,i e b(ala l(rM Aceea?i -ntrebare ?i-( )*ne ?i L*ther! -n tratat*l men,i(nat mai s*s! *)/ ce escrisese 1a)t*l re)t a*tentic ?i anali+ase 1(arte s*btil )(sibilele sale ra,i*ni )sih(l(giceF AEHist/ -ns/ criminali ?i mai mariF m*l,i! sim,in -n ei germen*l mala iei! se amestec/! 1/r/ s/ s)*n/ ce0a! c* 1ra,ii l(r! ea ?i c*m ar s)era s/ se escarce as*)r/-le e (tra0a care -i macin/@ "/tr*n?i e g-n *l acesta! ei str/bat str/+ile! intr/ -n case! aC*ng chiar s/-?i -mbr/,i?e+e c()iii sa* ser0it(rii c* s)eran,a e a se sal0a ei -n?i?i@ Vrea* s/ cre c/ n*mai ia0(l*l ins)ir/ ast1el e 1a)te ?i c/ (ar )e el treb*ie s.-# -n0in*imD ar mi s-a mai s)*s c/ *n s(i e e+n/ eC e )i+ma?/ -i -m)inge *ne(ri )e ace?ti n/)/st*i,i s/ r/s)-n easc/ ast1el ci*ma! ne!-F P@0r-n s/ 1ie l(0i,i n*mai e i @ @ @ ;/ 1a)t*l e&reste sa* n* a e0/rat! n* ?ti*@ Dar ac/ a?a-i f@Cg c* a e0/rat! aC*ng s/ m/ -ntreb ac/ n(i germanii (ameni s*ntem! (ri niscai e;a a* eHistat -ntr-a e0/r c(m)(rtamente e ti)*l cel(r escrise e L*ther! cel )*,in ca 1(rme i+(late e c(n *it/! n* -nca)e nici ( -n (ial/@ ;/ a* 1(st 1rec0ente! este mai gre* e a mis@ In schimb! e sig*r c/ i eea r/s)-n irii LL&

I
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ci*mei c* b*n/ ?tiin,/ e c/tre *nii c(ntagi(?i circ*la 1rec0ent -n (ra?ele asaltate e e)i emie@ D@ De1(e atest/ c/ ea era -n e(b?te acce)tat/ e l(n (ne+i -n #33= ?i c/ me icii isc*ta* -ntre ei ra,i*nile )(rnirii )er0erse care etermina* )e *nii c(ntamina,i s/-i m(li)seasc/ ?i )e al,ii@ De0enea* (are ?i ci*ma,ii asemenea b(lna0il(r e t*rbareM Intra (are -n C(c acea )er0ersitate a nat*rii *mane care! c-n s*1er/! n* )(ate t(lera ca alt*l s/ 1ie 1ericitM 9/ 1i aC*ns c(ntagi(?ii! -n is)erarea l(r! in i1eren,i la t(ate! incl*si0 la sec*ritatea cel(rlal,iM A*t(r*l J*rnal*l*i cre e )*r ?i sim)l* c/ l(c*it(rii (ra?el(r in 0ecin/tatea L(n rei -?i (1erea* ast1el *n )reteHt )entr* a-i al*nga )e 1*gari! ac*+-n *-i c/ s*nt ni?te b(lna0i sa ici care -ncearc/ s/ )r()age c(ntagi*nea#&&@ Im)(rtant/ )entr* n(i! )e )lan*l mentalit/,il(r! r/m-ne ac*+a,ia a *s/ -n re)etate r-n *ri -m)(tri0a ci*ma,il(r! anal(g/ celei lansate ( ini(ar/ le)r(?il(r@ 9em/n/t(rii e ci*m/ era* e stir)e ia0(leasc/@ ;e-i e mirare c/ ici ?i c(l( s-a cre+*t -n ac,i*nea *n(r 1/)t*ri 1ant(matice E +-ne sa* strig(i E! mani)*late e em(n ?i r/s)-nin b(alaM In 'ir(l se 0(rbea e ( sta1ie c* )ici(are l*ngi ?i mantie r(?ie care las/ m(lima -n *rma ei@ In 'ransil0ania ?i -n regi*nea "(r,il(r e Fier! r(l*l acesta -l e,inea ( Am*m/ )ribeag/B! misteri(as/ ?i 0e?nic/ 0r/Cit(are! b/tr-n/ ?i )l-ng/rea,/! -n 0e?minte cernite ?i c* basma alb/@ In '*rcia! se c*n(?tea *n em(n al ci*mei care -?i atingea 0ictimile c* ( lance@ La Milan(! se +icea c/ *n ia0(l negr* c* (chi sc/)/r/t(ri c(lin / str/+ile ?i intr/ -n case@ ;*m -ntr-( cetate atacat/ e e)i emie te )*teai teme e (ricine ?i e (rice! c*m b(ala r/m-nea misteri(as/ ?i n* ce a -n 1a,a me icinei ?i a m/s*ril(r e )r(1ilaHie! (rice ri)(st/ )/rea b*n/@ 'im)*l e A)estilent/B c(nstata a?a ar -nm*l,irea ?arlatanil(r ?i a 0-n+/t(ril(r e am*lete! talismane ?i 1iltre mirac*l(ase@ De )il / la L(n ra! -n #3==#&$@ Dar! relatea+/ D@ De1(e!

m*l,i me ici ?i ?arlatani a* m*rit@ At*nci! -n cine s/ te mai -ncre+iM 6/m-nea leac*l religiei! -n m( c(nstant :iserica! re-erin *-se la *nele e)is(a e in Vechi*l 'estament ?i mai ales la ist(ria Nini0ei! )re+enta calamit/,ile re)t )e e)se 0(ite e m-nia ;el*i- e-9*s@ Aceast/ (ctrin/ a 1(st m*lt/ 0reme acce)tat/ at-t e )artea l*minat/ a ()iniei )*blice! c-t ?i e masa t )()*la,iei@ M*lte ci0ili+a,ii a* stabilit -n m( s)(ntan leg/t*ra aceasta -ntre calamitate terestr/ ?i m-nie i0in/@ l* e(-cre?tinism*l n-a in0entat-(@ Este a e0/rat -ns/ c/ (amenii :isericii! ?i elita )e (are ace?tia ( atr/gea*! a* -nt/rit-( s*b t(ate 1(rmele@ Nen*m/rate s*nt m/rt*riile care a* s*s,in*t e-a l*ng*l tim)*l*i acest isc*rs religi(s es)re nen(r(cirea c(lecti0/! )(tri0it c/r*ia t(at/ l*mea este 0in(0at/ ?i n* (ar c-,i0a ,a)i is)/?it(ri@ L*ther! A@ "are! ;arl( :(rr(me(! D@ De1(e! m(nseni(r*l e :els*nce! ca s/ re,inem aici (ar c-te0a n*me semni1icati0e! s*nt *nanimi -n iagn(stic*l l(r@ ;i*ma este A( h(t/r-re a l*i D*mne+e*!! ( )e ea)s/ trimis/ e elB (L*ther)@ Ea este A*na intre *rm/rile )*stiit(are ale m-niei ]ii D*mne+e* e?iU n-a0em ec-t a ne a?te)ta la cele mai c*m)lite rele c-n gr(+/0ia )/catel(r n(astre ist(0e?te b*n/tatea l*i! 1/c-n*-# s/-?i ia e )e n(i m-na (cr(tit(are ?i s/ abat/ as*)r/-ne ( nen(r(cire ca astaB (A@ "are)@ Ea este AC* ecata l*i D*mne+e*B! A)e ea)saB! scrie D@ De-(e citin teHt*l in leremia, V! $F AEste (are c* )*tin,/ s/ n* )(g(r )rintre ace?tia! +ice D(mn*l! ?i *h*l me* s/ n* se r/+b*ne )e *n ast1el e )()(r#$>MB -n Fran,a! cler*l a a ()tat acela?i ra,i(nament -n tim)*l e)i emiei e h(ler/ in #&KL@ L@ ;he0alier reaminte?te c-te0a intre aceste a1irma,ii clericaleF A'(,i ace?ti n/)/st*i,i m(r -n ne)(c/in,/@ Dar m-nia J* ec/t(r*l*i 9*)rem cre?te nec*rmat ?i c*r-n 1iecare +i -?i 0a n*m/ra mia sa e 0ictimeD 1/r/ elegea 1/)t*it/ )rin LK>

istr*gerea arhie)isc()iei n*-i nici )e e)arte is)/?it/B@ ,&aint Joch9. A9)irite me itati0e remarc/ 1a)t*l c/! )rintr-( 1*nest/ eHce),ie! sing*r "aris*l a 1(st l(0it -n miCl(c*l Fran,ei! (ra?*l 6e0(l*,iei! leag/n*l 1*rt*nil(r )(litice! centr*l at-t(r 0icii! teatr*l at-t(r atentateB@ ,)a Euotidienne9. ANe0/+*t/! ea eh(leraU! )l*te?te -n 0/+ *h! se ()re?te eas*)ra c*ib*l*i c(r*),iei! se n/)*ste?te ca *n 0*lt*r as*)ra (ra?*l*i e)ra0/rii! -l s*r)rin e -n miCl(c*l )l/ceril(r sale ?i secer/ e )re1erin,/ )e acei (ameni riest/)mi,i care se e a* eHcesi0 )asi*nil(r ?i )l/ceril(r br*taleB@ ,)a 'azette d*"uvergnem9. D(*/ c(nsecin,e ec*rg in aceast/ (ctrin/ c(nstant/@ "rima este c/ treb*ie s/ acce),i (cil aceast/ )e ea)s/ ?i 1/r/ s/ te temi c/ 0ei m*ri e ci*m/@ Dac/ ai r/s)*n eri! s/ 1*gi e *n )/cat! s/ r/m-i e *n act merit(ri*@ A'reb*ie s/ -n *r/m c* r/b iare eh(t/r-rea i0in/U! scrie L*ther! 1/r/ a ne teme s/ ne eH)*nem 0ia,a -ntr* 1(l(s*l a)r(a)el*iB@ A@ "are / aceea?i )(-0at/F ADac/ 0(ia eD(mn*l*iU @@@ e s/ ne bat/ c* aceste 0ergi! sa* c* altele )(tri0ite a m(ni,i*nii sale eterne! treb*ie s/ -n *r/m c* r/b are! ?tiin c/ e n*mai ?i #$L n*mai -ntr* binele ?i -n re)tarea n(astr/ @B -n *nele ,/ri m*s*lmane! isc*rs*l religi(s c* )ri0ire la e)i emii este -n m( 1*n amental i entic! insist-n -nc/ ?i mai m*lt as*)ra meritel(r cel*i care m(are )rin m(li)sire@ Mah(me eclar/ -ntr-a e0/r c/! e 0reme ce ci*ma este *n 1lagel c* care D*mne+e* -i l(0e?te )e cei ale?i e el A(rice cre inci(s care n* 1*ge n* 0a 1i r/)*s e ea ec-t ac/ D*mne+e* a )re0/+*t asta! iar at*nci 0a 1i *n ImartirT asemenea cel*i care m(are -n r/+b(i*l s1-nt#$KB@ A (*a c(nsecin,/ este c/ treb*ie s/ ne -n re)t/m ?i s/ 1acem )eniten,/@ Aici! )rin inter- me i*l ci*mei! ab(r /m acel im)(rtant 1en(-

men e c*l)abili+are a masel(r e*r()ene as*)ra c/r*ia 0(m re0eni -ntr-( l*crare *lteri(ar/@ Me ici ai tr*)*l*i ?i ai s*1let*l*i a* insistat care mai e care as*)ra sing*r*l*i reme i* a e0/rat -m)(tri0a c(ntagi*niiF AOi t(cmai )entr* c/ r/*l este at-t e mare! scria A@!"are! treb*ie s/ rec*rgem )e l(c la reme i*l care este *nic ?i generalF mari ?i mici 1/r/ +/b(0ire s/ im)l(r/m -n *rarea l*i Q [ D*mne+e* )rin c(n1esi*ne ?i rem*?care )en-2Q2 tr* )/catele n(astre! c* an*me t/rie ?i n/+*in,/ e a ne -n re)ta ?i a sl/0i n*mele D(m-Q n*l*i#$NB@ @ @ @ Iat/ ac*m )(r,i*nea )rescris/ e *n )re icat(r anglican -n #3#KF A-nt-i ?i-nt-i )(ste?te ?i te r(ag/D a)(i! -ntr-( litr/ e c/in,/ e Nini0eG! amestec/ (i )*mni )lini e cre in,/ -n s-ngele l*i ;rist(s c* t(at/ s)eran,a ?i caritatea e care e?ti -n stare ?i 0ars/ t(t*l -n reci)ient*l *nei ((n-#D ?tiin,e )*ri1icate@ D*)/ aceea! )*ne t(t*l s/ B# 1iarb/ la 1(c*l i*birii! )-n/ c-n @ s)*ma nea- gr/ a )/timiril(r l*me?ti se 0a -m)*,i -n Q2 st(mac*l t/* E ceea ce 0ei C* eca )rin (chii 2Q cre in,ei#$=B@@@B ;at(lici ?i )r(testan,i 1(l(sea* a?a ar acela?i limbaC )e tema ci*mei ?i rec(man a* s*b 1(rme i0erse aceea?i tera)e*tic/ a c/in,ei! la care se str/ *ia s/ rec*rg/ ( b*n/ )arte in )()*la,iile atinse e e)i emie@ D@ De1(e n(tea+/F ANimic mai strani* ec-t s/ 0e+i c* ce c*raC mergea )()(r*l la biseric/! -ntr-( 0reme c-n (amenii se #$3 temea* s/ ias/ in cas/ )entr* (rice alt m(ti0 @B Oi mai s)*ne c/ l(nl(ne+ii (0e ea* A*n +el ne(bi?n*it -n )racticile religi(aseB! iar cre inci(?ii 0enea* la biseric/ la (rice (r/! 1ie c/ se (1icia sa* n*#$%@ La Marsilia! -n #%L>! )re(,ii r/ma?i -n (ra? era* Aase ia,iB e cre inG La Nini0e! regii asirieni -?i C* eca* 0asalii ne s*)*?i! sentin,a 1iin -n e(b?te eHec*,ia ca)ital/@ A )leca la Nini0e -nsemna a?a ar m(arte sig*r/@ 9intagma Ac/in,/ e Nini0eB eH)rima cea mai )r(L 1*n / ?i ireme iabil/ is)erare@ (N@ tr@)@

ci(?i@ "ret*tin eni! atest/ *n trinitarianG! n-a*+eai A ec-t c(n1esi*ni amestecate c* gemete ?i lacrimi amare#$&B@ 5(lera in #&KL a )r(0(cat aceea?i recr* escen,/ ()r(0i+(rie) e c*cernicie la "aris! la Lille! la Marsilia sa* la L(n raF - AE)i emia care )*stie?te Marsilia! scria La 'azette, n-a 1/c*t ec-t s/ -nte,easc/ ?i mai D m*lt +el*l religi(s al l(c*it(ril(r s/i@ 7ri e c-te (ri s1-nta -m)/rt/?anie este a minis-Q@!@Q trat/ n(a)tea! ( m*l,ime e cet/,eni -?i - 1ace ( at(rie in a se *ce n*mai ec-t la biseric/ )entr* ca sR( -ns(,easc/#$$@B Demers*rile in i0i *ale n* era* t(t*?i s*1iciente@ Un -ntreg (ra? 1iin c(nsi erat c*l)abil! se sim,ea ne0(ia *n(r im)l(r/ri c(lecti0e ?i a *n(r )eniten,e )*blice! a c/r(r *nanimitate ?i as)ect! ac/ mi-e -ng/ *it s/ s)*n! cantitati0! )(ate c/ ar )*tea s/-# -n *)lece )e ;ele-9*s@ 7 stam)/ engle+easc/ in sec(l*l al XVII-lea -n1/,i?ea+/ m*l,imea a *nat/! -n tim) e e)i emie! -n 1a,a cate ralei 9t@ "a*l )entr* a asc*lta ( )re ic/@ De es*bt e scrisF AD(amne! -n *r/-te e n(i@ Lacrimi! )(st ?i r*g/ci*niB! -n #3L=! "arlament*l a h(t/r-t *n )(st s(lemn )e +i*a e L i*lie@ -n +i*a aceea! regele! l(r+ii ?i C* ec/t(rii a* asc*ltat (*/ )re ici la Xestminster@ Un c(nte! *n e)isc() ?i *n bar(n n(ta* absen,ii@ Membrii ;amerei c(m*nel(r! la r-n *l l(r! a* asc*ltat trei )re ici la 9t@ Margaret2s@ "rima a *rat trei (re! celelalte (*/ c-te (*/ (re@ -n aceea?i +i! s-a* ,in*t (*/ )re ici -n 1iecare )ar(hie l(n (ne+/@ 6e+i ent*l t(scan se mira c* (arecare ir(nie e cantitatea r*g/ci*nil(r ast1el ac*m*lateF La aceast/ celebrare a )(st*l*i! a ()tat/ -n t(ate )ar(hiile ca)italei! (amenii Asta* -n
G ;/l*g/r a)ar,in-n *n*ia intre cele (*/ (rine -ntemeiate -n ##$& ?i! res)ecti0 #LLK! a0-n ini,ial menirea e a r/sc*m)/ra scla0ii sa* )ri+(nierii cre?tini c/+*,i -n m-inile Anecre inci(?il(rB (ale m*s*lmanil(r)@ (N@ tr@)@

biseric/ t(at/ +i*a! asc*lt-n *n ?ir e )reici *na *)/ alta ?i 1/c-n n* ?ti* c-te r*g/(i*ni )entr* a-# im)l(ra )e D*mne+e* s/ ()reasc/ ci*ma ?i )l(ile nec(nteniteL>>B@ Aceast/ im)l(rare in L i*lie (0e in *-se ins*1icient/! ea a 1(st re)etat/ )e ata e L> ?i -n t(ate mierc*rile *rm/t(are! )-n/ la s1-r?it*l calamit/,ii! (rice c(mer, 1iin at*nci inter+is -nt(cmai ca -n +ilele e s/rb/t(are@ -n ,/rile cat(lice! a*t(rit/,ile a0ea* e asemenea at(ria! -n tim) e m(lim/! s/ (rgani+e+e mani1est/rile )*blice! c(n1(rm stil*l*i )r()ri* :isericii r(mane! s*s,in-n (rice emers c(lecti0 )rin care ( c(m*nitate se a*t(lini?tea -ntin+-n bra,ele s)re At(t)*ternic*l@ Iar -n aceast/ )ri0in,/! )an()lia im)l(r/ril(r cat(lice era mai b(gat/ ec-t cea a )r(testan,il(r@ De *n e ?i leg/mintele r(stite e *n -ntreg (ra? E biserica ella 9al*te in Vene,ia ?i n*mer(ase cal0ar*riG bret(ne! mai ales la "l(*gastel-Da(*lasL>#! s*nt c(nsecin,a acest(r 1/g/ *in,e! ca ?i Ac(l(anele ci*meiB! r/s)-n ite ?i ast/+i -n <ermania e 9* ! A*stria ?i ;r(a,ia! cea mai 0estit/ 1iin cea e la Viei-a (#3$L)@ 'r*nchi*l l(r e ese(ri (rnat c* masi0e relie1*ri r(t*nCite simb(li+.n b*b(anele@ A*stria sing*r/ mai n*m/r/ ?i ast/+i )este (*/ s*te e asemenea c(l(ane@ Acela?i registr* e s*)lica,ii c(m*nitare -ngl(ba ?i gest*rile s(lemne e -nchinare! )rec*m acela al m(nseni(r*l*i e :els*nce care! la # n(iembrie #%L> )*ne Marsilia s*b (cr(tirea Inimii-9acreGG! )elerinaCel(r la sanct*arele s1in,il(r )r(tect(ri ?i! -n s1-r?it! ( s*ccesi*ne e )r(cesi*ni gran i(ase@ Ele se )*tea* sit*a -n i1erite m(mente 1a,/ e e)i emieF -nainte! )entr* a -n e)/rta 1lagel*l care
G Un 1el e tr(i,e re)re+ent-n 6/stignirea sa* scena c(b(r-rii e )e cr*ce! sc*l)tate -n lemn sa* )iatr/@ (N@ tr@)@ GG In (riginalF Aa* 9acre-;(e*rB@ A ic/! -n termin(l(gia cat(lic/! c*lt*l inimii l*i ;rist(s c(nsi erat/ ca simb(l al i*birii l*i e (ameni@ (N@tr@)@

/ ea t-rc(ale -n )reaCm/D *)/! ca act e rec*n(?tin,/D sa*! )rec*m la Marsilia -n #%L>! -n m(ment*l c-n e)i emia -nce)ea s/ ecline! ca *n *ltim e1(rt e r*g/ci*ne -nainte e s(sirea la limanD -n s1-r?it! la a)(ge*l calamit/,iiL>L! -n acest *ltim ca+! )r(cesi*nea r/s)*n ea cereril(r insistente ale )()*la,iei a resate ierarhiei reticenteF ceea ce se )(ate 0eri1ica la Milan( -n #3K>@ De 1a)t! car inal*l arhie)isc() Fe erig( :(rr(me( se temea e risc*rile e m(li)sire ce se )*tea* na?te -n s-n*l *nei mari a *n/ri! e i+b*cnirile s*)ersti,i(ase ale m*l,imii ?i -n s1-r?it e )rileC*l )e care -l )*tea (1eri aceast/ lit*rghie e mas/ acti0it/,ii (tr/0it(ril(rL>K@ La cererea m*nici)alit/,ii ?i a 0(in,ei )*blice! a treb*it s/ ce e+e! -ns/@ -n +i*a e ## i*nie! racla *nchi*l*i s/*! s1-nt*l ;arl(! a 1(st sc(as/ )e str/+ile Milan*l*i@ Asemenea )r(cesi*ni 1ra)ea+/ )rin mai m*lte as)ecte@ -n )rim*l r-n ! ca ?i )(st*rile ecretate -n ,/rile )r(testante! ele c(nstit*ie cerem(nii )eniten,ialeF ( )()*la,ie -ntreag/ -?i m/rt*rise?te )/catele ?i im)l(r/ iertare@ ;ler*l canali+ea+/ ?i c(ntr(lea+/ mani1esta,ii e is)/?ire care! )e tim)*l ;i*mei Negre! )r(0(caser/ )eregrin/rile isterice ?i s-nger(ase ale 1lagelan,il(r@ Desig*r! )r(cesi*nile intre sec(lele XVIEXVIII c(m)(rta* a?a n*mitele $attuti6, ar care se integrea+/ -n ca r*l *n*i c(rtegi* (rgani+at ?i ierarhi+at@ '(t*?i! caracter*l 1/,i? )eniten,ial asc*n e *n alt as)ect! mai )*,in e0i ent la )rima 0e ereF acela e eH(rcism@ N*-i -nt-m)l/t(r 1a)t*l c/ e1ilarea sacr/ in #3K> -n ca)itala l(mbar / Astr/bate t(ate cartierele (ra?*l*iB ?i se ()re?te la t(ate r/s)-ntiile! c/ci t(ate c(tl(anele (ra?*l*i treb*ie s/ bene1icie+e ast1el e e1l*0iile (cr(tit(are emanate e c(r)*l s1-nt*l*i (are c* cinci+eci ?i cinci e ani -n *rm/ (stenise c* abneG tn italian: l(0it*ri ca en,ate c* n*iele sa* c* lan,*ri! )e care ?i le a)lica* 1lagelan,ii -n tim)*l )r(cesi*nii@ (N@tr@)@

ga,ie -n (ra?*l ci*ma,il(r@ N* e)arte e Milan(! la :*st(-Arsi+i(! ( )r(cesi*ne! e ast/ at/ -n cinstea Feci(arei! are e asemenea l(c -n t(i*l m(limii ?i cr(nicar*l ne s)*ne c/ A)rin c(tit*ri ?i (c(li?*riB ea -ncinsese A1(arte min*,i(sB l(calitatea! ie?in ?i -n a1ara +i *ril(r! ac(l( *n e se a1la* Abar/cileB c(ntagi(?il(rL>N@ A?a ar! rit*l n-are sens ec-t at*nci c-n *rm/re?te r/*l -n t(talitatea a?e+/ril(r (mene?ti@ Acest r(l c(nC*rat(ri* reiese ?i mai lim)e e c* aC*t(r*l *n(r eHem)le similare@ La Marsilia! -n +i*a e #3 n(iembrie #%L>! e)isc()*l r(ste?te in -nalt*l cl()(tni,ei bisericii A(c(*les! s)re cele )atr* )*ncte car inale! eH(rcismele lit*rgice -m)(tri0a ci*meiL>=@ La 9e0illa! -n #&>#! -n tim)*l *nei e)i emii e 1rig*ri galbene! i se arat/ m*l,imii! in -nalt*l <iraleiB! *n 1ragment in Aa e0/rata cr*ceB! 1ragment care st/0ilise! +ice-se! ci*ma in #3N$L>3@ Zi e a)/rare ?i eH(rcismT )r(cesi*nea -m)(tri0a ci*mei se leag/ e str/0echi rit*ri circ*mamb*lat(rii menite s/ (cr(teasc/ ( c(lecti0itate -m)(tri0a )*teril(r ?i *h*ril(r r/*1/c/t(are! -n sec(lele XVII ?i XVIII! -n m*lte (ra?e ?i sate in regi*nea Nie erla*sit+! in 9ile+ia! in 9erbia! in 'ransil0ania! in M(l(0a! in cara 6(m.neasc/! (amenii se a)/ra* e m(lim/ )*n-n 1ete g(ale (c-te( at/ ?i b/ie,i g(i) s/ trag/ ( bra+ / -n C*r*l l(calit/,ii! sa* s/ )arc*rg/ /n,*in trase*l acest*i cerc magic eare -n e)/rta (1ensi0a calamit/,iiL>%@ Itinerar*l (cr(tit(r al )r(cesi*nii )(ate 1i a)r()iat ?i e Acing/t(rile e cear/B! (1erite Feci(arei sa* s1in,il(r a)/r/t(ri e ci*m/ in )artea m*nici)alit/,il(r -nc(l,ite@ -n #K&N! c(ns*lii#GG in M(nt)ellier (1er/ Feci(arei M/ria ( l*minare! -n (c(l +i *ril(r (ra?*l*i@ Aceast/ (1ran / e (1erit/ e l(calit/,ile Amiens -n #N#&! ;(mG '*rn c* sec,i*ne )/trat/! la (rigine minaret in e)(ca ma*r/! remarcabil m(n*ment e arhitect*r/ arab/ (##%#E##%L)@ (N@ tr@)@ GG Magistra,i m*nici)ali -n s* *l Fran,ei@ (N@ tr@)@

)iegne -n #N=K! L(*0-ers -n #N3& ?i #N%L! ;h.l(n-s*r-9a(ne -n #N$N (-n cinstea s1-nt*l*i Vincent)! Nantes -n #N$>! a)(i -n #=># (-n cinstea s1-nt*l*i 9ebastian)! Mant(0a -n #3># (-n cinstea s1-nt*l*i 6(c*sL>&)@ 6eme i* )entr* -ntreg*l (ra?! )r(cesi*nea este ( s*)lica,ie a -ntreg*l*i (ra?@ N* s*nt s)ectat(ri ec-t cei care! e ne0(ie! bl(ca,i -n casele l(r! )ri0esc )rin 1erestrele -nchise@ '(,i ceilal,i E clerici ?i laici! magistra,i ?i sim)li cet/,eni! c/l*g/ri ?i me?te?*gari in t(ate breslele! masa an(nim/ a l(c*it(ril(r E )artici)/ la lit*rghie! se r(ag/!! im)l(r/! c-nt/! se c/iesc ?i se 0ait/@ ;*m t(ate str/+ile treb*ie str/b/t*te! ?i c*m m*l,imea e nen*m/rat/! )r(cesi*nea *rea+/ 1(arte m*lt@ Dar ?i in e)en ent e aceste ra,i*ni c(ncrete! ( cerem(nie religi(as/ treb*ie s/ 1ie l*ng/@ 9/ ne g-n im la acele autos de !e s)ani(le care *ra* ( +i -ntreag/ ?i s/ ne amintim ce era* +ilele e )(st -n Anglia! )e tim) e ci*m/! c* regim e )reic/ ne-ntrer*)t/@ In ca+*l *n*i ast1el e )eric(l! ( s*)lica,ie n-are nici ( ?ans/ e a 1i asc*ltat/ e ;er ec-t c* c(n i,ia s/ se )rel*ngeasc/ est*l! )entr* a 1(r,a aten,ia ?i c(m)asi*nea J* ec/t(r*l*i m-niat@ Oi )entr* ca el s/ 0a / ?i s/ a* / mai bine Calnic*l alai al (amenil(r! e ne0(ie e c-t mai m*lte l*min/ri ?i l*mini! e t-ng*irile 1lagelan,il(r ?i e *n s(i e r*g/ci*ne non-stop. -n cr(nica e)i emiei in #3K>! c-n escrie marea )r(cesi*ne -n cinstea Feci(arei! can(nic*l in :*st(-Arsi+i( insist/ as*)ra 1a)t*l*i c/ s-a* c-ntat Ane-ntrer*)tB litaniile M/riei ?i c/ e la -nce)*t*l ?i )-n/ la s1-r?it*l rit*l*i! cl()(tele bisericil(r a* b/t*t nec(ntenitL>$@ Iat/-ne -n inima *nei religii cantitati0e! c/reia -i esc()erim aici! -n sit*a,ii-limit/! m(ti0a,iile cele mai )r(1*n e@ -ntr-( )rimeC ie at-t e im)eri(as/ ca a ci*mei! treb*ia s/-,i asig*ri t(ate ?ansele ?i s/-# -n *)leci )e At(t)*ternic*l m-niat! rec*rg-n @ la r*g/ci*nile cel(r mai cali1ica,i interces(ri@ LK% Era c*rent/ cre in,a c/ M/ria n* se al/t*r/

nici( at/ m-niei i0ine ?i n* 0rea ec-t s/ -n*)lece C*sti,ia im)lacabil/ a Fi*l*i ei@ In al s/* @ortilogus, ;@ 6eitter ( im)l(r/ -n *rm/t(rii termeni! -n #=>&F ADeschi e cel(r (r()si,i liman*l t/*! ( Maic/S 9*b ari)ile tale! ne asc*nem 1/r/ e griCi! la a /)(st e neagra ci*m/ ?i e s/ge,ile-i -n0eninateL#>@B Feci(ar/ c* mantie care (cr(te?te e ci*m/ a 1ig*rat -nce)-n in sec(l*l al XlV-lea -n )ict*rile italiene! 1rance+e! germane! etc@ E ( tem/ care s-Pa )er)et*at )-n/ -n sec(l*l al XVII-lea@ ;*r-n -ns/ ea s-a -mb(g/,it )rin a C(nc,i*ni! c/ci ese(ri M/ria a 1(st re)re+entat/ tr(n-n -n sla0/ -ntre s1in,ii a)/r/t(ri e ci*m/ ?i )rimin )rin miCl(cirea l(r r*g/ci*nile b(lna0il(r@ 91in,ii a)/r/t(ri e ci*m/ cel mai 1rec0ent in0(ca,i era* s1-nt*l 9ebastian ?i s1-nt*l 6(c*s@ ;ele (*/ i+0(are hagi(gra1ice care a* i1*+at 0ia,a ?i legen a acest*ia (m(rt -n #KL%M) )(0estesc c/ 6(c*s (saint 6(ch)! n/sc*t la M(nt)ellier! a)(i 0enit -n Italia! a c(ntractat ac(l( ci*ma ?i a 1(st i+g(nit in "iacen+a@ 9-a re1*giat -ntr-( c(lib/ -n -m)reC*rimile (ra?*l*i@ ;-inele e 0-n/t(are al *n*i seni(r in 0ecin/tate -nce)* e la ( b*cat/ e 0reme s/ 1*re in m-na ?i e la masa st/)-n*l*i s/* )-ine )e care i-( *cea reg*lat b(lna0*l*i@ Intrigat! st/)-n*l! n*mit <(thar ! ?i-a *rm/rit -ntr-( +i c-inele ?i a -n,eles c(m)(rtarea l*i@ De at*nci2 #-a hr/nit el -ns*?i )e 6(c*s! )-n/ la 0in ecare@ In schimb! s1-nt*l #-a c(n0ertit )e <(thar care s-a 1/c*t schimnic@ Jnt(rs la M(nt)ellier! 6(c*s n-a mai 1(st rec*n(sc*t e ai s/i care! s(c(tin*-# s)i(n! l-a* ar*ncat -n temni,/ *n e a ?i m*rit@ At*nci! temni,a s-a l*minat ?i temnicer*l a esc()erit l-ng/ tr*)*l l*i inscri),ia l/sat/ e *n -ngerF ?eris in pestis )atr(nnsL##G@ Mai t-r+i*! relic0ele l*i 6((*s a* 1(st m*tate e la M(nt)ellier la Vene,iaD e at*nci! 1aima s1-nt*l*i a cresc*t c* re)e+ici*ne! aC*ng-n s-( e)/?easc/ )e cea a s1-nt*l*i 9ebastian@ Ic(n([ (n latin, c* sens*lF (cr(tit(r*l e ci*m/ (N@tr@) L

1;

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gra1ia@ I*i! 1ie c/ )(0estea cicl*l -ntreg al 0ie,ii sale E ast1el! e eHem)l*! -n biserica ;(n1reriei 91-nt*l*i 6(c*s in Lisab(na! la 9c*(la 9an 6(cc( in Vene,ia (celebrele )ict*ri ale l*i 'int(rett() ?i -n biserica 91-nt*l La*ren-,i* in Niirnberg E! 1ie c/ il*stra an*mite e)is(a e in legen a l*i@ 6e)re+entarea cea mai stere(ti)/! re)etat/ -n mii e eHem)lare E (0a / a *bic*it/,ii *nei 1rici E! #-a -n1/,i?at c* *n t(iag ?i -ns(,it e c-inele s/*! ar/t-n *-?i c* eget*l b*b(n*l e )e ?(l @ "e l-ng/ s1-nt*l 9ebastian ?i s1-nt*l 6(c*s! 1er0(area ?i nelini?tea )()*la,iil(r a* a /*gat -n t(tal 0re( cinci+eci e s1in,i a)/r/t(ri e ci*m/! e mai mic/ an0erg*r/! 0enera,i -ntr-*n l(c sa* alt*l@ '(t*?i! s1-nt*l ;arl( :(rr(me( a (b-n it ( 1aim/ c(nsi erabil/ care #-a )lasat ime iat *)/ cei mai im)(rtan,i s1in,i (cr(tit(ri@ De0(tament*l s/* -n tim)*l e)i emiei in Milan(! -n #=%=! ?i 1a)t*l c/ )a)alitatea ?i ie+*i,ii a* -nc*raCat c*lt*l s/*! eH)lic/ a)el*rile )e care i le-a* a resat cat(licii asalta,i e ci*m/@ ;* t(ate acestea! r*g/ci*nile! lit*rghiile! leg/-mintele! )(st*rile ?i )r(cesi*nile n* re+(l0a* t(t*l@ Dac/ e)i emia c(ntin*a c* aceea?i 0ir*len,/! (amenii c/ ea* -ntr*n s(i e t(r()eal/! n* mai l*a* m/s*ri e )reca*,ie! -?i negliCa* ,in*ta c* acea el/sare )r()rie esc*raC/rii! -n m( semni1icati0! D@ De1(e! *)/ ce remarcase Ac* ce c*raC se *cea )()(r*l la sl*Cbele religi(aseB! a a*g/ n*mai ec-tF AV(rbesc e tim)*riL#Lanteri(are m(ment*l*i e e+n/ eC e B@ Oi a)(i! e)i emia eclina br*sc! re- emara in n(*! -n 1ine se (m(lea@ At*nci i+b*cnea* /e De*m*rile! ,-?nea b*c*ria +g(m(t(as/ ?i se mani1esta! chiar -nainte e a 1i C*sti1icat/! 1rene+ia c/s/t(riil(r )e care le n(tea+/ r-n )e r-n t(,i cr(nicarii ci*meiF La Marsilia! -nce)-n in n(iembrie #%L>! b-nt*ia ( a e0/rat/ AmanieBF AN* mic/ ne-a 1(st mirarea s/ c(nstat/m! -n acea )eri(a /! *n mare n*m/r e c/s/t(rii -n r-n *rile

)()*la,iei@@@ F*ria c/s/t(riil(r era at-t e mare -nc-t se -nt-m)la ca *n*l intre c/s/Si t(ri,i! care n* c(ntractase mala ia tim)*l*i! rMT s/ se -ns(,easc/ 1iresc ?i 1/r/ a-?i 1ace 0re( griC/ c* alt*l al c/r*i b*b(n abia se -nchiK ?ese! aC*ng-n *-se ast1el la m*lte c/snicii ci*mateL#K@B ;am c* )atr* sec(le -n *rm/! Jean e Venette scriseseF A;-n e)i emia! )estilenta ?i m(rtalitatea -ncetar/! b/rba,ii ?i 1emeile care a* r/mas -n 0ia,/ s-Pi* c/s/t(rit )e ca)ete@ Femeile s*)ra0ie,*it(are a* a0*t *n n*m/r nemai)(menit e c()ii@ @@ VaiS in aceast/ -nn(ire a l*mii! l*mea n-a ie?it mai b*n/@ ;/ci (amenii 1*r/ *)/ aceea ?i mai hr/)/re,i ?i mai a0ari! c/ci (rea* s/ aib/ m*lt mai m*lt ec-t -nainteD mai hr/)/re,i aC*ng-n ! -?i )ier ea* L#N tihna -n isc(r ii! intrigi! cert*ri ?i )r(cese @B Frica 1*sese *itat/D ar )entr* c-t tim)M

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1. OAiecti<ele+ liBitele 4i Beto0ele ancCetei A ese(ri n* at-t e *(iga?e (a e)i emiile ar mai 1rec0ente! r/+0r/tirile e (rice nat*r/ m/rea* )rin 0i(len,e nea?te)tate tim)*ri )line e ( grea nelini?te c(lecti0/ (are! -ntre eH)l(+ii! r/m-nea t/c*t/! ?i chiar asc*ns/@ De )il /! AV*itania -ntre 1r*ntariile ei cele mai largiF 80es-Marie :erc/ n*m/r/ aici! -n )eri(a a #=$>E#%#=! -ntre N=> ?i =>> e re0(lte )()*lare! )reci+-n </ -n,elege )rin acest termen 1(rmarea *nei tr*)e -narmate re*nin -n r-n*rile ei )artici)an,i s(si,i in mai m*lte c(m*nit/,i intr-( an*mit/ arie ?i men,iin-n *-se gata e ac,i*ne mai m*lt e ( +i #@ 9ec(l*l XVI5 1rance+ E eHce)t.n 6e0(l*,ia in #%&$E#%$$ E a 1(st mai calm@ '(t*?i! Daniel M(rnet! 1/e-n ( list/ E )e (are ( rec*n(a?te inc(m)let/ E a r/+meri,el(r s*r0enite -n Fran,a -ntre #%#= ?i #%&%! aC*nge 1/r/ e1(rt la a)r(Himati0 ( s*t/L@ <ec,rges 6* e! la r-n *l s/*! i enti1ic/ L%= -n me i*l r*ral engle+ -ntre #%K= ?i #&>> K @ -n c(nsecin,/! ?i c* c(n i,ia e a n* l*a eH)resia -nt(cmai! )*tem 0(rbi es)re ( I)ermanen,/ c(ti ian/ a re0(ltei -n ci0ili+a,ia E*r()ei )rein *striale KB@ 9t* i*l care *rmea+/ este -ntr-a e0/r! ca Oi cel al@ l*i <@ 6* e! ( l*min/ -n re)tat/ as*"ca Am*l,imii -n ist(rieB! ar c* *n (biecti0 i1erit e al ist(ricil(r )re(c*)a,i recent e

aceast/ tem/@ N* 0(m re0eni -n m( 1*n amental as*)ra )r(blemei c(ntr(0ersate a l*)tei e clas/ -n r/sc(alele ?i re0(ltele e ( ini(ar/@ N* 0(m c/*ta s/ a1l/m ac/ 0i(len,a era )r()(r,i(nal/ c* istan,a s(cial/ intre rebeli ?i a 0ersarii l(r@ N* 0(m escrie Arit*rile 0i(len,eiNB n*mai e rag*l e a le escrie@ In schimb! -ntrebarea )*s/ -n acest ca)it(l ?i -n *rm/t(r*l este acestaF ce r(l C*ca 1rica -n r/+0r/tirile in e)(ca )rein *strial/M 6/s)*n+-n (rin,ei eH)rimate )e 0rem*ri e <@ Le1eb0re =! rel*-n E c* e1(rt*ri -nn(ite ?i gra,ie st* iil(r recente E l*cr/rile l*i <@ Le :(n 3 ! am -ncercat aici! -n a1ara (ric/r*i sistem )rec(nce)*t! *n st* i* c(m)arati0 al s)aimel(r e ( ini(ar/! -n m/s*ra -n care *cea*S la r/+0r/tiri@ ;(n1(rm acestei ()tici! am l/sat e ( )arte! ea 1iin rare ?i )*,in re)re+entati0e -n e)(ca st* iat/! mi?c/rile temeinic )reme itate! (rgani+ate ?i c(n *se )rintr-( strategie elab(rat/@ In schimb! intr/ -n m( legitim -n ca r*l s)a,i*l*i )e care ne )r()*nem s/-# escriem re0(ltele )()*lare! a?a c*m le e1ine?te 80es-Marie :erce! A1*riile t*m*lt*areB e t(ate categ(riile! )rec*m ?i c(ntra-s(ciet/,ile agresi0e E asemenea celei e la Miinster -n #=K= E ale c/r(r ambi,ii ?i ac,i*ni era* at-t e *t()ice -nc-t n-a0ea* nici ( ?ans/ e a *ce la ( )rel*are! c-t e c-t *rabil/! a )*terii@ Ne 0(m )re(c*)a a?a ar mai ales e i+b*cnirile nea?te)tate! e 0i(len,ele eHcesi0e! e *t()iile s-nger(ase ?i e e+(r inile ime iate! ?i *nele ?i altele )*t-n *-se -nscrie t(t*?i ca ( sec0en,/ )artic*lar/ -n 1ilm*l ac,i*nil(r e ()(+i,ie mai c(erenteF s)re )il /! c(m)(rtamentele aberante ale chilia?til(rG in :(emia -n interi(r*l taberei tab(rite -n #N#$E #NL#@ Dar re)et/m c/ aceste ac,i*ni c(erente e -m)(tri0ire era* rare )e 0rem*ri@
G A;hilia?tiiB sa* Amilenari?tiiB era* sectan,i cre?tini care cre ea* c/! *)/ J* ecata e a)(i! cei ale?i 0(r r/m-ne )e )/m-nt ( mie e ani! )entr* a se b*c*ra e t(ate )l/cerile 0ie,ii@ ,2. tr@)@

D(*/ serii e eHem)le 0(r clari1ica mai bine eriteri*l e selec,ie (* (are am ()erat@ La Ly(n! -n sec(l*l al XV'II-lea! c(nstat/m na?terea *nei c(ntesta,ii s(ciale e ti) m( em@ ces/t(rii e m/tas/ n* se re0(lt/ -n )eri(a ele e 1(amete sa* e ?(maC@ Mi?c/rile l(r c(ncertate! mai (* seam/ -n #%NN ?i #%&3! se )r( *c -n )eri(a e e m*nc/ asig*rat/ ?i e relati0/ )r(s)eritate! -n tim)*l c/r(ra s*bsisten,a l(r ?i a 1amiliil(r n*-i amenin,at/@ "rima (ar/ -m)(tri0a *n*i reg*lament (are -i ()rim/! a (*a (ar/ )entr* (a neg*st(rii s/ n* aib/ libertatea e a im)*ne )re,*rile )entr* l*cr*l acas/! ,es/t(rii e m/tas/ se (rgani+ea+/! se -ntr*nesc! h(t/r/sc gre0a@ Ei n* c(mit nici )r/ /ci*ni! nici incen ii ?i nici alte 0i(len,e -n a1ar/ e -n1r*nt/rile m/r*nte (* s*)ra0eghet(rii@ '(t*?i! *)/ (e ?i-a* re (b-n it s-ngele rece! a*t(rit/,ile a* reac,i(nat c* se0eritate%@ Acest(r c(ntest/ri! c(n?tiente e ele--nsele! treb*ie s/ le ()*nem! t(t la Ly(n -n sec(l*l al XVIII-lea! trei r/sc(ale abs(l*t s)(ntane! cea n*mit/ Aa m/celaril(rB -n #%#N! s(*rta ar br*tala Arebeli*ne a c(legi*l*i e me icin/B -n #%3&! ?i atac*l barierel(r e acci+e -n #%&$@ -n t(ate aceste trei ca+*ri! ( m*l,ime a *nat/ 1/r/ 0re*n sc() )recis! am/git/ e +0(n*ri! le am)li1ic/! se e / la atac*ri e )ers(ane! Ce1*ie?te ?i e0astea+/@ Acesta era c(m)(rtament*l (bi?n*it al m*l,imil(r c*)rinse e m-nie!! ?i as*)ra l*i 0(m st/r*i! c/ci 1rica era aici m*lt mai )re+ent/ ec-t -n ac,i*nea eliberat/ a ,es/t(ril(r@ De(sebirea -ntre cele (*/ ti)*ri e c(ntestare c(lecti0/ )(ate 1i a)licat/ la st* ierea +ilel(r tragice care a* marcat -n Fran,a )eri(a a #%&$ E#%$$@ In #%&$! atac*l man*1act*rii JGK 0eill(n! l*area :astiliei! Marea Fric/ (c(nc(mitent/ *nei mari 0ariet/,i e sit*a,ii l(cale -nPBiC(r/t(are)! mar?*l as*)ra Versa lles-*l*i )entr* a-# aresta )e regeD -n #%$L! masacrele in se)tembrie! s*nt t(t at-tea mi?c/ri esen,ial im)*lsi0e! tra i,i(nale -n m(ti0a,iile ?i es1/-3Q ?*rarea l(r! li)site e )r(gramare ra,i(nal/!

e+0(lt-n *-se br*tal! sting-n *-se ra)i ?i 1/r/ s/-?i as*me 0iit(r*l -n ca r*l *n*i )lan e l*)t/ c(erent@ -n schimb! ins*rec,iile in #> a*g*st #%$L ?i cele in K# mai E L i*nie #%$K a* 1(st (rgani+ate ?i -nca rate e sec,i*nile )ari+iene h(t/r-te s/ se esc(t(r(seasc/ e rege ?i e gir(n ini@ Aceast/ anali+/ e+0/l*ie i0(r,*l ce a se)arat! e-a l*ng*l -ntregii 6e0(l*,ii 1rance+e ?i -n ci* a c-r /?iil(r ?i inter1eren,el(r e m(ment! (amenii e r-n in mei*l *rban ?i r*ral e b*rghe+ii e t(ate ni0el*rile! care a* tras 1(l(ase in mi?c/rile m*l,imil(r@ De ( )arte! g/sim ira,i(nal*l! magic*l! s)aimele cele mai i0erse! 0is*l 0-rstei e a*r! 0enera,ia (re)e e aban (nat/) a As1intei ghil(tineB )r(m(0at/ la rang*l e stat*ie binec*0-ntat/ ?i )limbat/ )e str/+i ca )e 0rem*ri racla s1intei <en(0e0aD e alta! )r(iecte )(litice! sim, tactic! s)irit (rgani+at(ric@ Delimitarea net/ intre aceste (*/ *ni0ers*ri )are s/ 1i trec*t )rin )r()rietatea )ri0at/@ '(t*l se )etrece ca ?i (*m )(sesi*nea *n*i minim*m e sec*ritate ec(n(mic/ ar 1i c(n i,ia necesar/ a *nei ra,i(nalit/,i e1ecti0e a c(n *itei )(litice&@ 7 anchet/ ist(ric/ )ri0in r(l*l 1ricii -n r/+0r/tirile e ( ini(ar/ -nt-lne?te! 0r-n -ne0r-n ! e+baterea bi(l(gic/ ce ()*ne! -n leg/t*r/ c* agresi0itatea *man/! )e cei care ( cre -nn/sc*t/! cel(r care ( c(nsi er/ -ns*?it/@ EHist/ (are! c*m a1irm/ ^@ L(ren+! *n instinct al l*)tei l(cali+at -n creier! sa*! im)(tri0/! -m)linirea i eal*l*i biblic al l*)*l*i care m/n-nc/ al/t*ri e miel e tem)(ri+at (ar e ni?te A e)rin eri releB ?i 1r*st/riM Ist(ric*l n*-i bi(l(g ?i n* are c/ erea s/ re+(l0e ( )r(blem/ )(ate gre?it )*s/ ?i! (ric*m! e)/?in c-m)*l in0estig/rii sale@ -n schimb! -?i )(ate a *ce c(ntrib*,ia la e+batere em(nstr-n ! c* aC*t(r*l (sarel(r sale! c/ maC(ritatea r/+0r/tiril(r in E*r()a sec(lel(r XIVE XVIII era* reac,ii e1ensi0e! m(ti0ate e@ 1rica e ( )rimeC ie 1ie real/! 1ie )ar,ial imaginar/!

1ie t(tal il*+(rie ( ar! bine-n,eles! 1/r/ a 1i resim,it/ ca atare)@ 6e0(ltele! 0ariabile -n *rat/ ?i am)l(are! c(nstit*ia* )e at*nci r/s)*ns*ri sec*ri+ante la sit*a,ii nelini?tit(are@ 7 ast1el e anal(gie c(nstit*ie e0i ent *n m( el ce )(ate 1i )ar,ial trans)*s -n tim) ?i s)a,i*@ -ntr-a e0/r! mi?carea st* en,easc/ ce a +g**it Fran,a -n #$3& )(ate 1i eH)licat/! cre em! )rin -ns*marea a (*/ 1riciF *na c(nC*nct*ral/! cealalt/ mai )*,in )recis/ ?i t(t( at/ mai )r(1*n /@ "rima se ra)(rta la 0iit(r*l ime iatF cresc.n e1ecti0ele -n *ni0ersit/,i! n*m/r*l cel(r res)in?i la eHamene ?i c(nc*rs*ri s)(rea -n m( 1atal@ N* -nt-m)l/t(r 0-l0/taia s-a )r(*s -n aC*n*l sca en,ei an*l*i *ni0ersitar@ '(t mai n*mer(?i era* cei care reali+a* c/ n* 0(r a0ea nici( at/ acces la carierele 0isate@ ;*)rin?i e )anic/ -n 1a,a acestei )ers)ecti0e! in +i -n +i mai e0i ent/! st* en,ii a* cer*t es1iin,area c(nc*rs*ril(r ?i a selec,iei! *n c(ntr(l c(ntin** al c*n(?tin,el(r s*bstit*it Al(terieiB eHamen*l*i terminal! 1(l(sirea n(tel(r -n tim)*l l*cr/ril(r scrise! )(sibilitatea e a l*cra E e a elab(ra chiar E -n echi)/ (ceea ce s*)rima trac*l in i0i *al)@ Ei a* 0r*t s/ im)*n/ )r(1es(ril(r s/-i s)riCine mai m*lt! s/ 1ie mai a)r(a)e e ei! s/ n* se men,in/ -ntre )r(1es(ri ?i st* en,i bariera c*rs*l*i ex-cathedra. 9im,in *-se )r(st )reg/ti,i )entr* 0ia,a acti0/ ?i -nn(irile )e care aceasta le im)*ne ac*m maC(rit/,ii c(ntem)(ranil(r n(?tri! ei (rea* s/ 1ie -n0/,a,i s/ -n0e,e@ -n s1-r?it! t(t at*nci! a* eclarat c/ (resc c(gesti*nea *ni0ersit/,il(r! -nchi)*in *-?i c/ )(t ast1el bl(ca mecanismele e selec,ie@ Aceste re0en ic/ri im)lica* maC(ritatea st* en,il(r! chiar ?i )e cei mai )*,in )(liti+a,iD era r/s)*ns*l l(r la ( -ngriC(rare n* li)sit/ e temei ?i )e care )/rin,ii l(r ( -m)/rt/?ea* in )lin@ Dar ( alt/ 1ric/ mai i1*+/! n* at-t e c(ncret eH)rimat/ ( e at*nci! ea a c/)/tat t(t mai m*lt/ c(nsisten,/) se a /*ga celei )rece ente@ In -ntreaga l*me! tinerii s*nt cei in,ii care a*

I I

lansat strig/t*l e alarm/ -n 1a,a )rimeC iil(r ?i a materialism*l*i in*man al e+0(lt/rii ec(n(mice (a sc() In sine@ Mai interesa,i ec-t a *l,ii e (eea ce 0a 1i estin*l *manit/,ii e tn-ine ?i e )(im-ine! ei a* ar/tat e/ ci0ili+a,ia n(astr/ a a)*cat )e *n r*m gre?it! c/ tehniIa ?i 1ericirea n* s*nt sin(nime! c/ (ra?ele e0in e nes*)(rtat! c/ )(l*area amenin,/ s/ as1iHie+e )/m-nt*l! c/ eHces*l e (rgani+are ?i e tehn(cra,ie c(nstit*ie ( ()resi*ne t(t mai c()le?it(are@ Ast1el! -ngriC(r/rii )r(0(cate e )ers)ecti0a l(e*ril(r e m*nc/ ?i a 0iit(r*l*i ime iat! i se a /*ga ( 1ric/ gl(bal/ ?i ( inter(gare legitim/ )ri0in e0enirea *manit/,ii@ In Fran,a an*l*i #$3&! aceste (*/ c(n?tienti+/ri! generat(are e )anic/ ?i e re1*+! s-a* )r( *s )ractic -n acela?i tim)@ N* n*mai )rin ca*+ele ei! ar ?i )rin 1el*l e*m sPa es1/?*rat! c(ntesta,ia $ +g(m(t(as/ in mai #$3& l*minea+/ retr(acti0 r/+0r/tirile e ( ini(ar/! a?a e*m le 0(m anali+a n*mai ec.t@ </sim -ntr-a e0/r ca n*mit(r c(m*n 0i(len,a ?i s/rb/t(area E ?i *na ?i alta )r(1it-n e ( relati0/2 0acan,/ a )*terii E! ic(n(clasm*l! re0an?a cel(r m*,i! )r(li1erarea imaginar*l*i! i+b*cnirea nea?te)tat/ ce s*r)rin e )e t(at/ l*mea! -ntr*nirile e ( am)l(are im)re0i+ibil/ c* c-te0a +ile -nainte! e+agregarea ra)i / a *nei mase re)e e (b(sit/ ?i em(bili+at/ ?i! -n s1-r?it! *)/ e)*i+area *nei sc*rte e)()ei! ( -r/ de mit -n mem(ria c(lecti0/ ?i ( 1ric/ *rabil/@ -n r-n *rile a*t(rit/,il(r@ A9)aimaGB in #$3&! ca s/ l*/m -ntr-*n*i alin sens*rile sale e ( ini(ar/ *n termen ee era ese(ri sin(nim c* Aem(,ieB )()*lar/! a c(nstit*it a?a ar rel*area *n*i c(m)(rtament e m*l,ime ce reg/se?te! inc(l( e tacticile m*n-cit(re?t i?i e strategia re0(l*,i(naril(r e )r(1esie! c(n *itele se i,i(ase ale (amenil(r e ( ini(ar/@ 'reb*ie s/ 0(rbim (are -n acest ca+ e *n AE0 me i* m( ernB ?i s/ s)*nem e/ m( emiG In (riginalF Aet1r(iB (N@ tr@)@

tatea secret/ n(i arhaisme #> M N* c*m0a e 0(rba mai egrab/ e re0ela,ia c/ ra,i(nalitatea E s*)er1icial/ E a ci0ili+a,iei n(astre a cam*1lat! 1/r/ s/ le istr*g/ -ns/! ni?te re1leHe c(lecti0e ce n* a?tea)t/ e(-t (ca+iile )rielnice )entr* a r/b*1ni iarM 7 (0e e?te st* ierea +0(n*ril(r ce c(ntin*/ s/ circ*le mai )ret*tin eni -n (ra?ele n(astre in sec(l*l al XX-lea@ Oi -n acest (meni*! 0ecin e* cel )rece ent! e )(ate *til s/ ne -nt(arcem in )re+ent s)re trec*t@ In #$N3! c(l(nia Ca)(ne+/ in ins*lele 5a_aii a 1(st 1erm c(n0ins/ tim) e a)r(a)e *n an c/ americanii a* )ier *t r/+b(i*l -n Asia ?l c/ g*0ern*l 9tatel(r Unite se str/ *ie?te )rin t(ate miCl(acele s/ cam*1le+e a e0/r*l##@ -n(e)-n in #$=$! n*mer(ase (ra?e in Fran,a! -n s)ecial Wrleans! a* 1(st teatr*l *n(r +0(n*ri insistente -n re)tate -m)(tri0a )r()rietaril(iM e maga+ine e -mbr/c/minte 1eminin/@ 9e s)*nea c/ aceste maga+ine ar ser0i re)t anticamer/ tra1ic*l*i e carne 0ie! )ers(anele 0i+ate e aceste r*m(ri 1iin e cele mai m*lte (ri e0rei e c*r-n instala,i -n (ra?ele res)ecti0e@ La D(l- e-:retagne -n #$%=! arestarea *n*i *cenic e 1ri+er im)licat -ntr-( a1acere c* st*)e1iante a at na?tere n*mai ec.t *n*i elir c(lecti0F *n 1abricant e m(bile in l(calitate! a c/r*i -ntre)rin ere c*n(sc*se *n a0-nt ra)i ! a 1(st ac*+at e ()inia )*blic/ e 1a)t*l c/ asc*n e r(g*ri -n )ici(arele mesel(r ?i sca*nel(r )e care le 1abric/@ :/ncile i-a* r/m*it cre it*l! clientela iPa -nt(rs s)atele! 1*rni+(rii a* a?te)tat in1(rma,ii mai am/n*n,ite -nainte e a-# a)r(0i+i(na@ ;ei ( s*t/ (*/+e(i e angaCa,i ai *+inei a* treb*it s/ ias/ -n stra / )entr* a )r(testa -m)(tri0a *n*i +0(n care! )rin c(nsecin,ele sale! -i amenin,a c* ?(maC*l#L@ Anali+a s(ci(l(gic/ -ntre)rins/ e E gar M(rin ?i echi)a l*L,n leg/t*r/ c* e0enimentele e la 7rleans -n la1e n*-# )(ate l/sa in i1erent "e ist(ric*l +0(n*ril(r e ( ini(ar/@ ;/ci +0(n*r- ?i r/+0r/tiri era* a)r(a)e t(t ea*na le-

gateD ?i cine s)*ne +0(n s)*ne 1ric/@ E gar M(rin a ar/tat c/ *n +0(n l(cal n*-i ec-t Astrat*l s*b,ire ie?it la s*)ra1a,/ intr-*n mit care n*-i nici l(cal! nici i+(lat! nici acci entalBD c/ el r/+bate in a -nc*rile *n*i s*bs(l inc(n?tientD c/ ( at/ lansat! se mani1est/ ca ( 1(r,/ As/lbatic/B! s*sce)tibil/ e ( )r()agare st*)e1iant/@ 9*scit-n e()(tri0/ atrac,ie ?i re)*lsie! el 2rec*+/ 0eri1icarea 1a)tel(r! se hr/ne?te in (rice! isc/ metasta+e -n m*lti)le irec,ii! se -ns(,e?te c* )r(cese isterice! str/bate barierele e 0-rst/! e clase s(ciale ?i e seH! gr*)*rile 1eminine a((r -n *-i t(t*?i *n cre it e(sebit@ 'rec.n e la stat*t*l Ase +iceB la cel e certit* ine! +0(n*l este ( ac*+a,ie care en*n,/ 0in(0a,i! -m)(0/ra,i e crime ( i(ase@ La s1-r?it*l cicl*l*i! c(ntracarat )rin i0erse re)resi*ni! el se estram/ -ntr-( )*+ erie e mini-+0(n*ri ?i e micr(-mit*ri! eri0ate ?i s*bterane@ ;eea ce n* -nseamn/ c-t*?i e )*,in c/ a m*rit@ 6eintrat -n *mbr/! el a?tea)t/ *n n(* )rileC e a ie?i iar la s*)ra1a,/! la ne0(ie s*b alt/ masc/D#K@ 7 a treia serie e anchete c(n *se as*)ra *n(r realit/,i c(ntem)(rane sa* relati0 recente )(ate! la r-n *l ei! s/ ne aC*te -n c*n(a?terea 0i(len,el(r c(lecti0e e ( ini(ar/@ Este 0(rba e st* ierea milenarismel(r in c*rs*l sec(lel(r XIX ?i XX! -nc(r ate -n a?te)tarea *nei A+ile mariB ese(ri *blate! ca ?i )e 0rem*ri! e cre in,a mesianic/ -ntr-*n sal0at(r ca)abil s/ insta*re+e ( c(m*nitate 1ericit/! e0ent*al -n c*)rins*l *n*i A)/m-nt in care r/*l li)se?te#NB@ Aceste mi?c/ri )(t 1i re1(rmat(are sa* c* a e0/rat re0(l*,i(nare ?i c(n,in-n a?a ar -nc/rc/t*ri inegale e agresi0itateD ele )(t )r(0eni in e+echilibre care a)ar in interi(r -ntr-( s(cietate at/! sa* intr-( e+(rgani+are s(cial/ )r(0(cat/ e 1act(ri eHterniD ele )(t recr*ta a e),i la t(ate nPel*rile s(ciale E ca+*l milenarismel(r m( erate E sa* )(t 1i c(m)*se (ar in elemente )r(0enite in )/t*ra s(cial/ in1eri(ar/ (Aclasa )ariaB e care

0(rbea MaH Xeber)@ 7ric*m -ns/! ele re0elea+/ n*mit(ri )sih(l(gici c(m*ni@ ;-n Da0i La++aretti! -n anii #&%>! a creat mi?carea sa mesianic/ ?i c(m*nit/,ile sale agric(le -n satele in s* *l '(scanei! ,/ranii in aceast/ regi*ne E -n general mici )r()rietari E era* tra*mati+a,i e t(t s(i*l e in(0a,ii care + r*ncina* *n echilibr* tra i,i(nal@ Unitatea italian/! reali+at/ c* )*,in tim) -n *rm/! semni1ica )entr* ei ( n(*/ re,ea e c(m*nica,ii! im)(+ite e(sebite e cele in trec*t! *n )r(ces e c(merciali+are a )r( *sel(r agric(le nec*n(sc*t )-n/ at*nci@ ;-te0a rec(lte )r(aste s*r0enite -n acest c(nteHt a* s1-r?it )rin a crea ha(s*l ?i e+(rgani+area ra)(rt*ril(r s(ciale@ 6eac,i(n-n -m)(tri0a acestei sit*a,ii! La++aretti a )*s )e )ici(are! s*b n*mele e A9(cietatea 1amiliil(r cre?tineB! ni?te c(m*nit/,i r*rale 1(arte str*ct*rate@ Dar a e0enit in ce -n ce mai agresi0 1a,/ e 9tat*l italian ?i e :iserica (1icial/@ D-n *-se re)t acel rege chemat e D*mne+e* s/ ina*g*re+e *ltima 0-rst/ a l*mii! a )(rnit c* trei mii e a e),i la asalt*l cel*i mai a)r()iat (ra?! )entr* a stat(rnici ac(l( -m)/r/,ia l*i D*mne+e*@ A 1(st *cis e armat/ *)/ ( sc*rt/ l*)t/ (#&%&#=)@ -n c*rs*l sec(lel(r al XlX-lea ?i al XX-lea! :ra+ilia a asistat la na?terea *n*i n*m/r m*lt mai mare e mi?c/ri mesianice ec-t Italia@ Aceasta! eH)lic/ Maria-Isa*ra "ereira e W*eir(+! e(arece mi?c/rile mesianice! c-n i+b*cnesc -n *ni0ers*l r*ral! c(nstit*ie mecanisme care 0i+ea+/ re(rgani+area s(ciet/,il(r ,/r/ne?ti@ ;* c-t str*ct*ra ?i (rgani+area acest(r s(ciet/,i s*nt mai 1ragile! c* at-t s)(resc ?ansele e a)ari,ie a *n(r mi?c/ri mesianice@ 7r! -n me i*l r*ral bra+ilian e+agregarea s(cial/ se mani1esta e m*lt/ 0reme -n stare enemic/#3@ Alt eHem)l*F secta creat/ -n 9tatele Unite e "ather Di0ine ime iat *)/ cri+a in #$L$ ?i care eHist/ ?i a+i@ A e),ii li er*l*i negr* -i a *c acest*ia Abanii! ser0iciile! g-n *rile Oi rag(stea l(rB@ In schimb! -n re?e in,ele sa*

A-m)/r/,iileB *n e l(c*iesc! s*nt hr/ni,i ?i -mbr/ca,i grat*it! sa* a)r(a)e@ In aceste )ra is*ri terestre! Father Di0ine le inter+ice creinci(?il(r s/i s/ citeasc/ +iarele! s/ asc*lte ra i(*l ?i s/ se *ite la tele0i+(r #%@ 9*cces*l ini,ial al sectei se eH)lic/ )rin c/*tarea *nei sec*rit/,i ec(n(mice ?i t(t( at/ )sih(l(gice! -ntr-*n m(ment c-n c(nsecin,ele cri+ei in #$L$ )ert*rba* eHisten,a m*lt(r (ameni e c(n i,ie m( est/@ Fa)t*l c/ aceast/ c(m*nitate0 mai /in*ie -n 9tatele Unite se eH)lic/ )rin aceea (/ eH( *l satel(r s)re (ra?e ?i al negril(r in s* s)re n(r *l ,/rii c(ntin*/ s/ n*treasc/ -n cei mai tra*mati+a,i e aceste e-l(cali+/ri ne0(ia e a se re1*gia -n interi(r*l *n(r str*ct*ri e )rimire )r(tect(are ?i t(t( at/ critice 1a,/ e ( s(cietate care i-a aban (nat@ Ast1el! a *n-n *se -n c(m*nit/,i )*ternic (rgani+ate! ace?ti e+m(?teni,i i se a resea+/ *n*i D*mne+e* care -i 0a Aelibera e ()resi*Cnea (minat(ril(rB ?i e A(segrega,ia segrega,i(ni?til(r B@ Dar cele mai s*gesti0e c(ncl*+ii antr()(l(gice ne 0in 1/r/ -n (ial/ in st* iile recente )ri0in c*lt*l melane+ian al cargouluiL. Im)lantarea )(litic/ ?i ec(n(mic/ a e*r()enil(r ?i acti0itatea misi(naril(r -n sec(lele XIX ?i XX a* )r(0(cat -n r-n *l )()*la,iil(r in "a)*a *n ?(c )sih(l(gie ?i *n 1el e )*nere -n isc*,ie a i entit/,ii l(r! ( at/ c* agra0area tensi*nil(r! *ne(ri est*l e 0i(lente! intre In igeni ?i c(l(ni+at(ri@ De aici na?terea ?i rec*ren,a mit*l*i cargoului: -n +i*a r/+b*n/rii ?i a m-nt*irii! ( c(rabie c* ab*ri c(n *s/ e str/b*ni 0a a *ce -m)ila,il(r )*?ti ?i t(t s(i*l e alimente ?i b*n*ri )/m-nte?ti@ '(at/ l*mea ee )reg/tea s/ -nt-m)ine na0a-mirac(l -ntr-( atm(s1er/ )lin/ e -ns*1le,ire@ ;(n0*lsii ?i trem*r/t*ri a *cea* *n 1el e c(m)ensa,ie )entr* e?ec*rile ?i 1r*str/rile c(m*nit/,ii batC(c(rite@ Nimeni n* se mai temea s/ 0i(le+e tab**rile m(rale c(ti iene im)*se mai m*lt sa* mai )*,in in eHteri(r@ "()*la,ia in "a)*a cre ea

c/ s(sirea Ac(r/biei cargoO 0a ina*g*ra -nce)*t*l *nei l*ngi )eri(a e e 1ericire! tri*m1*l *nei alte m(rale ?i stat(rnicirea egalit/,ii -ntre s*)*?ii n(ii -m)/r/,ii@

281

/. ,entiBentul insecuritDii

Aceste anali+e e 1a)te recente sa* act*ale l*minea+/ retr(acti0 0i(len,ele milenariste care s-a* s*cce at -n E*r()a (cci ental/ in sec(l*l al X5-lea )-n/ la miCl(c*l cel*i e al XVI-lea! e)/?in chiar aceast/ )eri(a /@ ;ine se a1l/ -n s)atele n(tar*l*i 'anchelm ( ece at -n ###=)! care este *n m(ment st/).n*l An 0ers*l*i! ?i -n cr*cia ele As/racil(rB ?i Aci(b/na?il(rB (are se )*n -n mi?care -n re)etate r-n *ri -ntre #>$3 ?i #KL>! sem/n-n gr(a+a )e *n e trecM Mai c* seam/! se )are! *n )r(letariat a c/r*i )re+en,/ ( tr/ ea+/ chiar 0(cab*lele As/raciB ?i Aci(b/na?iB@ Ace?ti e+m(?teni,i a* ( *bl/ )r(0enien,/@ ;-n 0in in (ra?e! -n s)ecial in c/rile e J(s! ei re)re+int/! -n m(ment*l -n care se e+0(lt/ *rbani+area ?i in *stria teHtil/! ( )let(r/ e m-n/ e l*cr*! c(nstant amenin,at/ e ?(maC ?i e 1(ame@ ;-n 0in in me i*l r*ral! -i ghicim -m)in?i la mi+erie )rin rare1ierea )/m-nt*ri-l(r eH)l(atabile! c(nstr-n?i s/ e0in/ +ila?i ?i c-te( at/ cer?et(ri@ Ast1el!

str*ct* s(l a,i 0agab(n+i! clerici *bi(?i! n(bili rile )esc/)/ta,i ?i criminali e t(ate te)ele! cale ea *na,i -n s)atele i0er?il(r m-n-t*it(ri a secare se )retin *ne(ri )*rt/t(rii *nei na?te G (n original: A)ast(*rea*HB@ (N@ tr@)@ ale *nei ec(n( mii mai eschi se ec-t cea in e)(ca 1e* al / -nce) s/ res)in g/ E ?i 0(r res)ing e in s-n*l l(r ea l*ng*l c-t(r0a sec(le QE )e (r()si, ii care n* s-a* integrat nici -n (ra?*l -n e+0(l tare! nici -n *ni0ers*l r*ral! ni?te (ameni a?a ar 1/r/ stat*t! is)(n ibili )entr* t(ate 0isele! t(ate 0i(len,ele! t(ate re0an? ele )r()*s e l(r e t(t s(i*l e )r(1e,i@ Jngr(?a te c*

scrisori cereti, ei )r(elam/ s(sirea iminent/ a *n(r 0rem*ri e egalitate! -i m/cel/resc )e e0reii A *?mani ai cre?tinil(r ?i li)it(riB! 0(r )rin 1(r,/ s/ rea *c/ :iserica la s/r/cia ei int-i@ ;eea (e este a e0/rat (* )ri0ire la cr*ciaele )()*lare e t(t at-t e a e0/rat ?i c* )ri0ire la gr*)*rile e 1lagelan,i! cel )*,in at*nci n -n #KN$! mai ales -n <ermania ?i -n c/rile e J(s! mi?carea l(r -nclin/ s)re Ac/*tarea *n*i millenium militant ?i sang0inarB@ Din m(ment*l acela ei s*nt -ncre in,a,i c/ 0i(len,ele l(r )*ri1icat(are ?i m(artea nelegi*i,il(r 0(r a0ea Ia e+n( /m.nt cei ( mie e ani e 1ericire 1/g/ *i,i e A)(caii)s/@ Aceast/ ra icali+are i e(l(gic/ se eH)lic/ )rin m( i1ic/ri s(ciale -n s-n*l (rgani+a,iil(r l(r@ Este -ntr-a e0/r m(ment*l e+ert/rii n(bilil(r ?i a b*rghe+il(r@ Me?te?*garil(r ?i ,/ranil(r care r/m-n -n mi?care li se al/t*r/! in ce -n ce mai n*mer(?i! t(t s(i*l e haimanale! t-lh.ri ?i clerici nes*)*?i :isericii care a* gr*)*ril(r e 1lagelan,i ( c(l(rat*r/ t(t mai accent*at/ e c(ntras(eietate agresi0/@ Acela?i 1en(men a)are ?i mai lim)e e -n tim)*l r/+b(i*l*i h*sit (#N#$E #NKN)@ 2 "re i(a,ia l*i Jan 5*s este esen,ial religi(as/F ab*+*rile :isericii -l re0(lt/D el re1*+/ in *lgen,ele )entr* ni?te )se* (cr*eia eD ar 0rea )re(,i emni ?i s/raci! ab(lirea ierarhiei ecle+iastice in tim)*l s/*! -m)/rt/?ania s*b ambele s)eciiG! :iblia (1erit/ t*t*r(r ( re)t care a ?i -ntre)rins tra *cerea ei -n ceh/)#$@ '(t*?i! la s1-r?it*l 0ie,ii! )re ic.n )rintre ,/raniin :(emia meri i(nal/! 5*s e0ine mai 0eG A?a n*mita comuniune ?su$ utra;ue specieO ,)at.9 sa* comuniunea ecleziastic, c* )-ine ?i 0in! s)re e(sebire e cea laic/! n*mai c* )-ine! specie -n sens*l 0echi ?i religi(s -nsemn-n a)aren,a sensibil/ a l*cr*ril(r@ E 0(rba e tr*)*l ?i s-ngele l*i ;rist(s *)/ transs*bstan,iere@ -m)/rt/?ania s*b *na sa* ambele s)ecii a 1(st (biect e c(ntr(0ers/ te(l(gic/ ,i s(cial/ (N@ tr)@

hement -m)(tri0a ab*+*ril(r s(ciale ?i -m)(tri0a l*i Anticrist ?i a ser0it(ril(r s/i EQ a se -n,elege :iserica ierarhic/@ Ars )e r*g la ^(nstan+ -n #N#= (a eretic (re1*+ase )rintre altele s/ s*bscrie la c(n amnarea l*i# Xyisli1)! el aC*nge er(* na,i(nal@ 7r! in ignarea st-rnit/ e m(artea l*i! ?i e cea a )rieten*l*i s/* Ier(nim in "ragaG! se r/s)-n e?te -n r-n *rile *nei )()*la,ii e m*lt/ 0reme -ngriC(rat/ in ra,i*ni ec(n(mice@ De0al*/rile m(netare ?i cre?terea )re,*ril(r sl/besc m( esta )*tere e c*m)/rare a ne0(ia?il(r@ EH)l(atarea l*mii ,/r/ne?ti s)(re?te )rin *bl*l C(( al c(r0e+il(r seni(riale! mai -m)(0/r/t(are ec-t -n trec*t! ?i a 1iscalit/,ii )(nti1icale mai rig*r(ase@ c/ranii cei mai s/raci se -n rea)t/ s)re (ra?e! -n s)ecial ia "ragia! care -n C*r*l anil(r #N>> atinge ci1ra e K=@>>> e l(c*it(ri@ Dintre ace?tia! cam N>\ era* s/raci@ 71erta e angaCare )e ?antiere! ca cel al cate ralei! (0e in *-se ins*1icient/! m*ni(i)alitatea 0in e c* miile i0ersele (biecte )e care a* treb*it s/ le amanete+e m*l,i )raghe+i n/)/st*i,i )entr* a 1ace r(st e banii treb*inci(?i s*b+isten,ei l(rL>@ ;ineL#0a escrie r(l*l at(riil(r -n s)aimele s/r/cimii M '(t*?i! r/+b(i*l h*sit n*-i *n sim)l* e)is( al l*)tei e clas/@ Dintre cele A"atr* artic(leB in #NL>! care e1ines( ()(+i,ia 1a,/ e 6(ma ?i e regele 9igism*n ! *n*l sing*r are incien,e s(cialeF cererea e sec*lari+are a b*n*ril(r :iserieii@ ;elelalte trei cer libertatea e a )re ica! -m)/rt/?ania s*b ambele s)ecii ?i )e e)sirea )/catel(r m(rtale e c/tre a*t(rit/,ile ci0ile@ EHist/ a?a ar ?i n(bili ?i b*rghe+i h*si,i E AcaliHtiniiGGB! ast1el n*mi,i in ca*+a re0en ic/rii A)(tir*l*iB )entr* laiciF ace?tia s*nt ni?te m( era,i! ni?te re1(rmi?ti care 0(r aC*nge
G Ier(nim din ?ra0a (n@ #K%=)! )rieten*l ?i isci)(l*l l*i 5*s! a 1(st ars )e r*g la K> mai #N#3@ (N@ tr@)@ icK B 6am*r/ a @u%i"ilor care )retin eaT ?i )entr* laici -m)/rt/?ania su@ ambele s)ecii@ (N@ tr@)@

s/ se -n,eleag/ )-n/ la *rm/ c* ;(nsili*l in :aselG ?i c* 9igism*n @ Dar! al/t*ri e ei sa* i0it ra icalii care )r(0in e cele mai m*lte (ri in r-n *rile s/r/cimii ?i ale e+r/ /cina,il(r ?i a* ten in,a s/ -mbr/,i?e+e milenarism*l@ Oi e ast/ at/! insec*ritatea ec(n(mic/ ?i )sih(l(gic/ )e e ( )arte!! s)eran,e a)(cali)tice )e e alta! se leag/@ In #N#$ s-a 1(rmat aceast/ ari)/ h*sit/ ra ical/! alc/t*it/ in ,/rani s/raci! arga,i! l*cr/t(ri salaria,i! gentil(mi ?i b*rghe+i s/r/ci,i! )re icat(ri itineran,i@ Ei se a *n/ la ,ar/ -n am)le )elerinaCe ?i -ncearc/ s/ 1ac/ C(nc,i*nea (* s/r/eimea in "raga@ Dar ca)itala 0a r/m-ne -n cele in *rm/ -n m-inile m( era,il(r ?i 0a res)inge elementele sale cele mai recalcitrante@ In sehimb! -n :(emia meri i(nal/ ?i (cci ental/ ere+ia )()*lar/ se stat(rnice?te temeinic -n cinci (ra?e Aalese e D*mne+e*B@ Ac(l(! -n m(ment*l E a)r()iat E c-n se 0a termina (mnia l*i Anticrist! 0a c(b(r- ?i Is*s )e )/m-nt@ Inee)m in #NL>! ra icalii -nce) s/ ri ice )e c(lina )e care se -n/l,a castel*l 5ra i9te 1(rt/rea,a re0(l*,i(nar/ a '.b(r*l*i ce 0a e0eni tre)tat *n (ra?@ ;ei care cl/ esc 1ebril )rimele case ?i metere+ele s*nt mai ales i(bagi! ,/rani! arga,i@ L(c*it(rii satel(r 0ecine ?i-a* ars )r()riile case! t/in ast1el t(ate )*n,ile -n *rma l(r! )entr* a 0eni s/ a?te)te -n cetatea s1-nt/ -nt(arcerea l*i ;rist(s-rege@ Anii #NL>E#NL# marchea+/ eta)a chiliast/ a re0(l*,iei tab(rite@ A)r(Himati0 cinci+eci e )re(,i! miei )re icat(ri ne0(ia?i! c(nstit*ie at*nci elita la )*tere -n n(*l Ier*salim! s)re care se sc*rg (bi i,ii in <ermania! A*stria! 9l(0acia ?i "(l(nia@ La '.b(r! e(sebirea intre clerici ?i laici a is)/r*tD :iserica n* mai este ( instit*,ieD cre in,a
G ;elebr* c(ncili* ec*menic care a a0*t l(c la :asel e la K martie #NK# )-n/ -n mai #NNK ?i c(n1irmat la Fl(ren,a (#NNNE#NN$)! )entr* a ()era ( re1(rm/ ra ical/ a :isericii! a -ncheia schisma h*sit/ ?i a re*ni biserica e rit latin c* cea grec(-(rt( (H/@ (N@ tr@)@

-n )re+en,a real/G -n e*haristie este res)ins/! iar cre in,a -n )*rgat(ri*! sacramentele! r*g/ci*nea e/tre s1in,i ?i )elerinaCele aban (nate@ "r()rietatea )ri0at/ este ab(lit/! ( at/ c* iCmele ?i im)*nerile seni(riale@ 9e )re+icea -n acela?i tim) a)r()iat*l -nce)*t al cel(r ( mie e ani e 1ericire@ At*nci Acalicii n* 0(r mai 1i -m)ila,i! n(bilii 0(r 1i ar?i! )rec*m )aiele )e Car@ @ @ t(ate cislele ?i bir*rile 0(r 1i ab(lite! nimeni n*-?i 0a sili a)r(a)ele s/ 1ac/ ce0a an*me! e/ei t(,i 0(r 1i egali ?i 1ra,iLKB@ ;hiar la '/b(r! a)(i )ret*tin eni *n e 0(r a)are tab(ri,ii! t(ate *rerile (mene?ti 0(r )ieri! 1emeile 0(r na?te 1/r/ *reri@ Venirea -n :(emia a milenari?til(r (riginari in n(r *l Fran,ei (A)icar+iB) sa* in c/rile e J(s (Abeghar+iG sa* 1ra,i ai Liber*l*i 9)irit) a c(ntrib*it esig*r la -nt/rirea chiliasm*l*i cel(r mai ra icali tab(ri,i! intre care *nii a* -mbr/,i?at a amism*l! (elebr-n As/rb/t(ri ale i*biriiB! )raetic-n n* ism*l rit*al ?i )re ic-n emanci)area seH*al/@ '(t*?i! c/)etenia militar/ a tab(ri,il(r@ Jan Zi+]a! ca0aler*l chi(r! n* era chiliast ?i ,inea la )(tir@ ;(ns- er-n c/ neb*niile milenariste sl/besc tab/ra re0(lta,il(r! el i-a *rm/rit )e a ami,i ?i a )(r*ncit ar erea l(r )e r*g@ Din m(ment*l acela! s*b c(man a l*i Lli+]a! iar *)/ m(artea l*i (#NLN) s*b aceea a )re(t*l*i "r(c()ie (el Mare! tab(ri,ii a* re0enit c* )i(i(arele )e )/m-nt ?i a* reintr( *s -n r-n *rile l(r ( (arecare ierarhie@ '.b(r*l a e0enit *n (ra?! e* *n n*m/r cresc-n e me?te?*g*ri@ In (rice ca+! -n aceast/ re)*blic/ em(cratic/! ,/ranii ?i s/racii )*tea* )artici)a e1ecti0 la 0ia,a )(litic/ ?i religi(as/F m(ti0 -n 0irt*tea c/r*ia! -n c(nteHt*l e)(cii! aceast/ re)*blic/ era s(rtit/ m(r,ii@ 'ab(ri,ii a* 1(st -n0in?i -n #NKN la La)any e h*si,ii m( era,i -n c(ali,ie c* eat(liG .rezena real: cre in,a c/ Is*s ;rist(s e c* a e0/rat )re+ent s*b ambele s)ecii -n e*haristie@ = (N@tr@)@

ciiD c* t(ate acestea! re+isten,a l(r s-a )rel*ngit )-n/ -n #N=L@ Leg/t*ra intre milenarism ?i inses*ritatea ec(n(mic/ E ?i )sih(l(gic/ eci E se reg/se?te! la *n sec(l *)/ chiliasm*l tab(rit! -n m(ti0a,iile ?i ac,i*nea Ligii cel(r ale?i eare! s*b im)*ls*l l*i Man+er! a inter0enit -n #=L= -n re0(lta ,/ranil(r germani@ De?i (ciat/ c* -n1r-ngerea l*i Miin+er a 1(st -nir-nt/ si re0(lta ,/ranil(r! c/ci a* l*)tat -m)re*n/! n* treb*ie s/ c(n1*n /m re0en i</rile m( erateLNale *n(ra c* )r(gram*l incen iar al cel*ilalt @ "rinci)alele teatre ale re0(ltei a* 1(st Alsacia! <ermania e Vest ?i e 9* ! *n e Miin+er n-a eHercitat! se )are! nici ( in1l*en,/@ "e e alt/ )arte! Am(c(1aniiB! -n ci* a acestei )(recle )ei(rati0e! n* c(nstit*ia* ( mas/ mi+erabil/ (are s-ar 1i ri icat -ntr-*n elan is)erat! br*tal ?i nes/b*it@ Ei a* 1(st c/l/*+i,i e n*mer(?i )rimari care is)*nea* e ( an*mit/ eH)erien,/ a ministrati0/ ?i e )re(,i c-?tiga,i e n(ile i eiL=@ ;ele (*/s)re+ece )*ncte maC(re in )r(gram*l l(r n* era* *t()ice@ Ei eerea* re)t*l )entr* c(m*nit/,i e a-?i alege ?i estit*i )ast(rii!! re *cerea sa* s*)rimarea iCmel(r! a taHel(r ?i a c(r0e+il(r! restabilirea str/0echil(r atini e C* ecat/! libertatea e a 0ina! e a )esc*i ?i e a 1(l(si isla+*rile@ In realitate! ( )/t*r/ s(cial/ a c/rei )(+i,ie ec(n(mic/ se ameli(rase -n tim)*l )eri(a ei )rece ente! era -ngriC(rat/ ac*m e cre?terea )rinci)atel(r c* regim abs(l*tist in interi(r*l im)eri*l*i@ Aceast/ ascensi*ne a statel(r semni1ica )entr* maC(ritatea ,/ranil(r n(i taHe! -nl(c*irea c*t*mel(r )rin intr( *cerea re)t*l*i r(man ?i ingeren,a cresc-n / a a ministra,iei centrale -n a1acerile l(cale@ Unele c*rente milenariiste! r/s).n ite -n s)ecial in :(emia! inter1erea+/ -ns/ aceast/ re0(lt/D iar )r()agat(rii ei a* 1(st acelea?i elemente 1ragile in )*nct e 0e ere s(cial ?i )sih(l(gic )e care le-am -nt-lnit -n cr*cia ele Aci(b/na?il(rB! -n cetele 1lagelan,il(r ?i -n me- L=3

iile eHtremiste e la '/b(r@ Era lumpenproletariatul es)re care a 0(rbit Engels@ Acesta a *na! scrie el! Aelemente eclasate in 0echea s(cietate 1e* al/ ?i c(r)(ratist/ ?i elemente )r(letare -nc/ ne e+0(ltate! abia embri(nare! ale s(ciet/,ii b*rghe+e -n 1(rmareL3B@ Intre #=>> ?i #=L>! -n regi*nea renan/ a* i+b*cnit i0erse r/+meri,e c*n(sc*te s*b n*mele c(lecti0 e 0undschuh (()inc/) care a* a *nat -n )rim*l r-n ,/rani! esig*r! ar ?i s/raci in (ra?e! cer?et(ri! mercenari 0agan,i@@@ 7r 0und-schuh-ul 0i+a ( re0(l*,ie ra ical/ ins)irat/ e 0isele a)(cali)tice )e care le a1l/m -ntr-( Carte cu o sut de capitole scris/ la -nce)*t*l sec(l*l*i al XVI-lea e *n re0(l*,i(nar in regi*nea 6in*l*i e s*sF ( at/ -n0inse (?tirile l*i Anticrist ?i elimina,i blas1emat(rii! C*sti,ia 0a (mni )e )/m-nt ?i t(,i (amenii 0(r 1i 1ra,i ?i egali@ 9)eran,ele 0undschuh-ului se )/stra* 0ii -n m(ment*l c-n a i+b*cnit r/+b(i*l ,/ranil(r in #=LN! ace?tia )*n-n ca emblem/ )e ra)elele l(r chiar ()inca@ "e e alt/ )arte! '*ringia ?i s* *l 9aH(niei! *n e s-a sit*at ac,i*nea l*i Miin+er! era* str/b/t*te e m*lte t*lb*r/ri milenariste eH)licabile at-t )rin 0ecin/tatea :(emiei! c-t ?i )rin )re+en,a minel(r e argint ?i e c*)r* e la Z_ic]a* ?i Mans-1el @ Val*ri e m*ncit(ri se -n re)ta* s)re aceste mine! *n e eHce ent*l m-inii e l*cr* era cr(nic@ -n a1ar/ e asta! se )are c/ -n acel m(ment in *stria teHtil/ in aceste regi*ni era in cri+/@ Frec0ent-n *-i )e ,es/t(rii in Z_i]-]a*! s-a c(n0ertit la chiliasm*l re0(l*,i(nar ?i 'h(mas Miin+er! *n )re(t 0ersat -n 9eri)t*r/! care la -nce)*t -l *rmase )e L*ther@ 91-r?it*l l*mii stricate e a)r(a)e! s)*nea el! ale?ii treb*ie s/ se s*me,easc/ )entr* a-# (b(r)e Anticrist ?i )e *?manii l*i D*mne+e*@ AFiecare e at(r s/ sm*lg/ b*r*ienile in 0ia D(mn*l*i@@@ (7r) -ngerii care -?i asc*t secerile )entr* aceast/ menire n* s*nt ee-t ser0it(rii nestr/m*ta,i ai D(mn*l*i@@@ c/ci r/ii n-a* nici % *n re)t s/ tr/iasc/! 1/r/ ec-t c* -ng/ *in,a

cel(r ale?iL%B@ 7 at/ c* nimicirea *?manil(r l* D*mne+e*! 0(r )*tea -n(e)e ?i cei ( mie e ani e 1ericire ?i egalitate@ Ast1el ,/ranii re0(lta,i in '*ringia! (are n* )*t*ser/ (b,ine garan,ia l*i L*ther! s-a* b*c*rat e s)riCin*l l*iS M*n+er@ Acesta li sPa al/t*rat -m)re*n/ c* cei mai 1anatici isci)(li ai s/i@ A* 1(st -n1r-n,i c* t(,ii -n +i*a e #= mai #=L=! la Fran]enha*sen@ Zece +ile mai t-r+i*! Miin+er a 1(st eca)itat@ ;ea mai 0i(lent/ eH)l(+ie milenarist/ in sec(l*l al XVI-lea E ?i e asemenea cea mai c(ncl* ent/ )entr* n(i E este aceea care a tri*m1at )entr* *n m(ment la Miinster! -n #=KNE#=K=@ 6(l*l C*cat -n c*rs*l acestei trage ii e elementele cele mai A el((ali+ateB ale s(ciet/,ii tim)*l*i a)are aici -n )lin/ l*min/! -n acest (ra? e)isc()al! ghil ele a* )rel*at )*terea -n #=KL! l-a* i+g(nit )e e)isc() ?i a* instit*it 6e1(rma l*teran/@ In acela?i tim) -ns/! ( t*lb*rare anaba)tist/ -ntre,in*t/ e )r(1e,iile es)re millenium se e+0(lta -n c/rile e J(s ?i -n Xest1alia@ Aceast/ )r()agan / i+b-n ea mai c* seam/ )rintre ne0(ia?ii ?i e+r/ /cina,ii e t(ate categ(riile@ I+g(ni,i e )ret*tin eni! anaba)ti?tii s-a* re0/rsat as*)ra M*nster*l*i@ AAst-1el s(sir/! scrie *n c(ntem)(ran! (lane+i! 1ri+(niG ?i mi?ei e t(ate (b-r?iile car/ n* se stat(rniciser/ )e nici*n eF a* )/tr*ns -n Miinster ?i s-a* -nc-r /?it ac(l(B@ Alte (c*mente c(nc(r / -n aceast/ )ri0in,/ 0(rbin es)re Ab/Cenarii! s*rghi*ni,ii! *ciga?ii ?i (amenii care! *)/ ce a* t(cat a0erea )/rinteasc/! n* mai era* -n stare s/ L& ag(niseasc/ nimi( )rin )r()ria l(r isc*sin,/ @ @ @B Nimic n-ar )*tea s*blinia mai bine leg/t*ra intre milenarism*l re0(l*,i(nar ?i )()*la,ia marginal/! *rban/ sa* r*ral/@ In 1ebr*arie
G 7riginari in Frieslan a (N@ tr@)@
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#=KN! anaba)ti?tii c(n *?i e (i neerlan e+i! Jan Mattys ?i Jan :e*]els (Jan 0an Ley en) a* )*s st/)-nire )e )rim/rie ?i )e c(n *cerea cet/,ii -n care! tim) e mai bine e *n an! elir*l )r(1etic a e0enit realitate c(ti ian/! -n t(i*l *n*i 0isc(l! cat(licii ?i l*teranii a* 1(st i+g(ni,i ca Anecre inci(?iB@ 6est*l )()*la,iei s-a reb(te+at@ '(ate c(ntractele! t(ate )(li,ele a* 1(st arse@ 9-a* c(nstit*it e)(+ite e -mbr/c/minte! a?tern*t e )at! m(bilier! artic(le e 1ier/rie ?i alimente girate e ?a)te A iac(niB@ "r()rietatea )ri0at/ as*)ra banil(r a 1Ist ab(lit/@ L(c*in,ele a* 1(st rechi+i,i(nate )entr* n*mer(?ii imigran,i@ '(ate c/r,ile a* 1(st )r(scrise! -n a1ar/ e :iblie! ?i a* 1(st arse la *n 1(c s/rb/t(resc -n 1a,a cateraleiF re0an?a *nei c*lt*ri (rale as*)ra *nei c*lt*ri scrise c(nsi erat/ ()resi0/@ -nce).n in 1ebr*arie #=KN! e)isc()*l e Miinster -nce)*se (stilit/,ile -m)(tri0a (ra?*l*i rebel ?i a *nase tr*)e -n 0e erea *n*i a-se i*! ceea (e n-a 1/c*t ec-t s/ -nt/rite eHaltarea ?i s/ s)(reasc/ t(t( at/ tensi*nea in cetate ?i ter(area )e care a* insta*rat-( ac(l( n(ii s/i c(n *c/t(ri@ Jan Mattys 1iin *cis -n c*rs*l *nei ie?iri! Jan 0an Ley en! *n bastar care 1*sese -nt-i *cenic e cr(it(r! a)(i neg*st(r 1/r/ clientel/! a aC*ns c(n *c/t(r*l An(*l*i Ier*salimB@ N(*a legisla,ie as*)ra m*ncii i-a trans1(rmat )e me?te?*gari -n salaria,i )*bliciD )(ligamia biblic/ a 1(st insta*rat/ (-n bene1ici*l eHcl*si0 al b/rba,il(r) ?i! -n tim) ce (ra?*l res)ingea tr*)ele e)isc()*l*i! Jan 0an Ley en s-a )r(clamat rege@ -n0e?m-ntat -n hlami e s(m)t*(ase! s-a -nc(nC*rat e ( a- e0/rat/ c*rte! im)*n.n -ns/ masei ( rig*r(as/ a*steritate@ <ar a l*i era alc/t*it/ in imigran,i@ 7rice ()(+i,ie se sanc,i(na c* m(artea@ "()*la,iei i se s)*nea 1/r/ -ncetare c/ 0remea trib*la,iil(r se a)r()rie e s1-r?it@ ;rist(s se 0a -nt(arce ?i-P?i 0a stat(rnici -m)/r/,ia la M*nster@ Din aceast/ -m)/r/,ie! )(-$ "(r*l ales 0a )(rni! -narmat c* s)a a re)-

ta,ii! s/ -ntin / im)eri*l l*i D*mne+e* )-n/ la marginile )/m-nt*l*i@ Dar! -n n(a)tea e LN i*nie #=K=! ase iat(rii a* lansat *n atac )rin s*r)rin ere ?i a* )*s st/).nire )e (ra?*l 0l/g*it@ '(ate c/)eteniile anaba)tiste a* 1(st masacrate@ I e(l(gia milenarist/! -n s)ecial -n 0ersi*nea ei 0i(lent/! era *n r/s)*ns ra ical sec*-ri+ant la s)aima (amenil(r care se sim,ea* res)in?i e s(cietate ?i tr/ia* c* 1rica e a )ier e (rice i entitate@ De aceea c/*ta* s/ se re1*gie+e -n imaginarF ceea ce le -ng/ *ia* 0isele a)(cali)tice c/r(ra cistercian*l calabre+ <i(acchin( el Fi(re (m@ #L>L) le / *se *n n(* a0-nt@ 7m al )/cii! acest c/l*g/r c*cernic )r(r(cise ()entr* #L3>) -nce)*t*l *nei e-)(ci a 9)irit*l*i! -n c*rs*l c/reia (menirea! g*0ernat/ e ac*m -nainte e c/l*g/ri! se 0a c(n0erti la s/r/cia e0anghelic/@ L*-n -ns/ -n aceia?i tim) ( c(l(rat*r/ re0(l*,i(nar/ ?i antias(etic/! aceast/ )r(1e,ie a e0enit -n s)irit*l chilia?til(r agresi0i 0estirea *nei n(i e-)(ci e a*r! c* t(t*l ()*s/ celei -n care -i (bliga s/ tr/iasc/ ( s(cietate ( i(as/@ At*nci n* 0(r mai eHista nici serbie! nici im)(+ite! nici silnicii!2 nici )r()rietate )ri0at/! nici -ntristare! nici *reri@ Un *ni0ers e mi+erie ?i e inC*sti,ie se 0a metam(r1(+a! e re)t c* )re,*l *nei eta)e tragice )rin care 0a treb*i s/ treac/! -ntr-( l*me a 1eri<irii@ Acest mit al re-nt(arcerii la *n )ara is terestr* c(nstit*ia ( sec*ri+are -n m/s*ra -n care eHtr/gea in 9cri)t*r/ ( *bl/ garan,ieF n* n*mai c/ era )re0estit -ntr-*n 0iit(r a)r()iat! ar eHistase -n eaie0ea -n m(ment*l crea,i*nii@ -n a?te)tarea a)r()iatel(r sca en,e a)(cali)tice! era! esig*r! ( at(rie s/ n* r/m-i )asi0@ "leii treb*ia* s/ gr/beasc/ ceas*l r/st*rn/rii celei mari ?i s/ 1acilite+e 0enirea milenium-ului, s1/rm-n (bstac(lele care se mai -m)(tri0ea* bir*in,ei saleF ?i aceasta istr*g-n )*terea b(g/ta?il(r ?i a :isericii! ar-+-n castele ?i m/n/stiri! nimicin imagini@ As*-m-n *-?i aceast/ misi*ne r/+b*n/t(are ?i a- L3B

ceasta ()er/ e )*ri1icare! in i0i+i care! i+(la,i! n* era* ec-t ni?te )aria! se sim,ea* e ac*m -nainte in0esti,i c* ( 1(r,/ in0incibil/@ ;(n0in?i c/ alc/t*iesc ( elit/ e s#ini, c(m*nit/,i )aracleticeG! mici ins*le e re)tate -n sin*l l*mii c(r*)te! ei n* mai )*tea* a mite nici am-n/ri! nici isc*,ii@ ;ertit* inea ?i intransigen,a l(r e0enea* t/i(ase ca *n asc*,i? e s)a /! mai ales c-n se g/sea* la a /)(st*l metere+el(r *n*i (ra? s1-nt E /Ghor sa* Miinster@ "entr* cei care se s*me,ea* -n calea l(r! sing*ra 1/g/ *in,/ era m(artea@ Ei era* cei re),iD ceilal,i! ni?te )/c/t(?iD iar ceas*l )e e)sei *?manil(r l*i D*mne+e* s*nase@ Aceast/ sec*ri+are i e(l(gic/ era *blat/ e asc*ltarea! e asemenea sec*ri+ant/! ac(r at/ *n*i ?e1 care c/)/ta 1ig*r/ e sal0at(r ?i e mesia E 'anchelm! Miin+er! sa* Jan 0an Ley en@ ;re itat c* )*teri mirac*l(ase! el era tat/l ?i c-te( at/ chiar rege! c* t(t caracter*l sacral )e care -l c(m)(rta ( ini(ar/ acest titl*@ ;re inci(?ii s/i! care ei -n?i?i tr/ia* -n s/r/cie! acce)ta* at*nci s/-# 0a / -mbr/cat s(m)t*(s! -nc(nC*rat e ( c*rte ?i *n cerem(nial m(narhic! a?a c*m s-a -nt-m)lat la Miinster mai c* seam/@ JV* 0e ea* -n acest c(ntrast nici ( c(ntra ic,ieF n* se c*0ine (are cinstire ?i sla0/ cel*i care! ca )rin min*ne! a0ea s/ trans1(rme 1a,a )/m-nt*l*i ?i s/-?i c/l/*+easc/ mic*l )()(r ales la c*cerirea *ni0ers*l*iM De aceea nici n* se g-n ea* la ra)(rt*l e 1(r,e eri+(ri* intre militan,ii millenium-ului ?i nen*m/ra,ii l(r inamici@ D*mne+e* l*)ta al/t*ri e sl*Cit(rii s/i@ A)(i! br*sc! la Fran]enha*sen! -n +i*a e #= mai #=L=! sa* la Miinster! -n +i*a e LN i*nie #=K=! s-a )r( *s e+meticirea! ci(cnirea c* ( realitate care -?i )/strase c(nsisten,a ?i *ritatea@ A *rmat eban a a@ Dar asta n-a *cis mit*l@
[N G De la .araclet, c(ns(lat(r*l! n*me a1ectat 911n-## t*l*i D*h@ ,2. tr@)@

Milenarismele re0(l*,i(nare n* c(nstit*ie ec-t ( serie e ca+*ri-limit/! -ng/ *in *-ne s/ (bser0/m c* ( l*)/ m/rit(are ( rela,ie mai general/ -ntre marginali ?i 0i(len,ele c(lecti0e e ( ini(ar/@ ;/ci -n m*lte r/+0r/tiri intra* -n scen/! -n *rma c/)eteniil(r! (are era* ese(ri me?te?*gari! in?i )r(st asimila,i e s(cietate@ '*lb*r/rile *rbane intre sec(lele XIV ?i XVIII! ?i mai ales cele care a* marcat la "aris -nce)*t*rile 6e0(l*,iei 1rance+e! ar 1i 1(st mai )*,ine la n*m/r ?i mai )*,in s-nger(ase ac/ n-ar 1i 1(st )re+en,a -n (ra?e a *nei -nsemnate )()*la,ii 1l(tante -n c/*tare L$e )-ine ?i e l*cr*@ Aceste 1iin,e A el(cali+ate B! care n* a0ea* nimic e )ier *t! (rea* 1/r/ -n (ial/ -n a -nc*l l(r *n stat*t s(cial gra,ie c/r*ia n-ar mai 1i 1(st ni?te aban (na,i@ Oi (rice (ca+ie era bine0enit/ )entr* a se r/+b*na )entr* aceast/ 1r*strare@ 6a)(rt*l intre re0(lte ?i sentiment*l insec*rit/,ii )(ate 1i )*s -n l*min/ ?i )rintr-( n(*/ a)r()iere ce 0a sc(ate ac*m la i0eal/ ( leg/t*r/ 1rec0ent/ -ntre 0i(len,ele c(lecti0e ?i a)rehensi*nea r/* e1init/ )e care ( )r(0(ac/ ( 0acan,/ a )*terii E ( a)rehensi*ne ce )(ate c-?tiga -n acest ca+ )ers(ane altminteri integrate n(rmal -n s(cietate@ -n 0i *l creat e is)ari,ia a*t(rit/,ii se c*ib/resc t(t! s(i*l e temeri care trimit la t(t at-,ia *?mani reali sa* imaginari@ 9/ l*/m re)t )rim eHem)l*! -n #K=&! t*lb*r/rile re0(l*,i(nare e la "aris ?i JacV*eria@ -n arier)lan*l )sih(l(gic al acest(r mi?c/ri! esc()erim ha(s*l )r(0(cat e -n1r-ngerea e la "(itiers (#K se)tembrie #K=3)@ ADin care )ricin/! scrie Fr(issart! m/re,*l regat 1* cr*nt sl/bit ?i-n neagr/ s/r/cie ?i -n *rerare c/+* @ @ @ Dac/ regat*l Engliterei ?i engle+ii c* alia,ii l(r se b*c*rar/ e )rin erea regel*i l(an al Fran,ei! regat*l Fran,ei 1* cr*nt t*lb*rat ?i m-niat )e b*n/ re)tate! c/ci mare a 1(st m-hnirea ce a -ngriC(rat (ameni e t(t 1el*l@ Oi sim,it-a* at*nci L3L

-n,ele),ii regat*l*i c/ mare nen(r(cire 0a )*rce e intr-astaD c/ci regele! seni(rii l*i ?i t(at/ 1l(area ca0aleril(r Fran,ei )ieriser/ (ri c/+*ser/ )rin?i! iar cei trei c()ii ai regel*i care se -nt(rsese! <ar(l! L* (0ic ?i I(an! era* )rea ne0-rstnici ?i cr*+i la mint(D n*-i ,inea* )*terile ?i nici*n*l intre n*mi,ii c()ii n* 0r(ia s/ ia c-rma n*mit*l*i regat@ '(,i ca0alerii ?i sc*tierii care se -nt(rseser/ in b/t/lie era* at-t e *r-,i ?i e )(negri,i e l(c*it(rii in t-rg*ri! -nc-t n*-i tr/gea inima s/ se -n re)te c/tre (ra?ele mariK>@B I(an cel :*n ca)ti0! 0l/starii regali )rea tineri )entr* a g*0erna! cei mai 0iteCi ca0aleri *ci?i sa* )rin?iF iat/ br*sc 0i *l -n eHisten,a c(tiian/ a 1iec/r*ia! )r/b*?irea (cr(tiril(r (bi?n*ite! -ngriC(ra,i e aceast/ stare! r*rali ?i cita ini e()(tri0/ simt c/ treb*ie s/-?i ia ei -n?i?i s(arta -n m-ini ?i -n )rim*l r-n s/-i )ee)seasc/ )e r/ii s1etnici ai s*0eran*l*i! )rec*m ?i )e at-,ia n(bili care! -n l(c s/ m(ar/ la "(itiers! a* 1*git sa* a* tr/ at@ ;e )(ate 1i mai -n re)t/,it ec-t s/ le ar+i castelele ?i s/-,i aminte?ti e resentimentele -n el*ng ac*m*late -m)(tri0a tiraniei l(rK#@ Leg/t*ra cr(n(l(gic/! ac/ n* c(nstant/ cel )*,in 1rec0ent/! intre 0acan,a )*terii si r/+0r/tiri reiese e0i ent intr-( list/ (ric-t e s*mar/@ M(artea l*i ;ar(l al V-lea -n #K&> ?i *rcarea )e tr(n a l*i ;ar(l al Vl-lea! care n* a0ea ec-t (is)re+ece ani! a* 1(st n*mai ec-t *rmate e t*lb*r/ri *rbane! cele mai im)(rtante i+b*cnin -n #K&L la 6(*en (ALa harelleB) ?i la "aris Ar/sc(ala maill(tinil(rGKLB)@ D(mnia regel*i ement E ?i ca atare inca)abil s/ g*0erne+e E a 1(st marcat/ la "aris ?i e mi?carea cab(chian/GG (#N#K)@ Marea re0(lt/ a ,/G De la AmailletB! ci(can e lemn c* (*/ ca)ete c* care s-a* -narmat r/sc*la,ii )ari+ieni@ (N@ tr@)@ GG 6/sc(ala a 1(st c(n *s/ e casa)*l 9im(net ;ab(che! e *n e ?i n*mele@ (N@ tr@)@

r/nil(r engle+i s-a )r( *s la n*mai )atr* ani e la m(artea l*i E *ar al III-lea! care s-a stins -n #K%%! *)/ ( (mnie e )este cinci+eci e ani@ Fi*l s/*! "rin,*l Negr*! -l )rece ase -n m(rm-nt c* c-te0a l*niD i-a *rmat a?a ar ne)(t*l s/* 6ichar @ Era -n 0-rsta e n*mai )atr*s)re+ece ani c-n Aacei (ameni n/r/0i,i -n rele E ,/ranii E -nce)*r/ a se s*me,ire @ @ @ )rec*m L*ci1er -m)(tri0a D(mn*l*i D*mne+e*KKB@ 6e0(lta in :(emia a c(incis c* m(artea regel*i V.cla0 al IV-lea (#N#$)D r/+b(aiele religi(ase in Fran,a c* 0acan,a a)r(a)e )ermanent/ a )*terii care a -nce)*t *)/ eces*l nea?te)tat a l*i 5enric al Il-lea ?i a c*lminat c* asasinarea l*i 5enric al III-lea@ Nelini?tea in tim)*l (mniei acest*ia a 1(st -ntre,in*t/ c(ntin** e 1a)t*l c/ n-a a0*t escen en,i@ Dim)(tri0/! abC*rarea l*i 5enric al IV-lea a )r( *s *n ?(c )sih(l(gic sal*tarF Fran,a a (b-n it sentiment*l c/ are in n(* *n a e0/rat rege@ ;-t )ri0e?te Fr(n a! ea s-a )r( *s -n tim)*l *nei regen,e@ F/r/ -n (ial/ c/ la -nce)*t*l 6e0(l*,iei 1rance+e s-a* 1/c*t mai clar sim,ite e1ectele )sih(l(gice )ert*rbat(are ale *n*i 0i )(litia 9/ rel*/m )e sc*rt 1ilm*l e0enimentel(r@ -n mai #%&$! statele generale se -ntr*nesc la c(n0(carea l*i L* (0ic al XVl-lea@ Dar! la #$ i*nie! regele s*s)en / ?e in,ele l(r! iar la LK! le )*ne -n 0e ere s/ n* mai elibere+e ec-t se)arat@ La L%! re0ine as*)ra eci+iei sale ?i acce)t/ s/ le c(nsi ere e ac*m -nainte ca A *nare na,i(nal/@ -n realitate! n*-i ec-t *n terti) -ntr*c-t -?i m(bili+ea+/ -ntre tim) tr*)ele! iar la ## i*lie -l estit*ie )e Nec]er@ Oase +ile mai t-r+i*! -l recheam/! tr/g-n c*0enitele -n0/,/minte in e0enimentele e la "aris@ 'r*)ele se -nt(rc -n ca+/rmi! s)re marea -ngriC(rare a clasei a0*te@ La N a*g*st! A *narea 0(tea+/ s*)rimarea (te(retic/) a re)t*ril(r 1e* ale@ ;(n *s la "aris )e 3 (ct(mbrie e m*l,imea -n1ierb-ntat/! regele acce)t/ at*nci 1aim(asele ecrete@ "e e alt/ )arte!

-n tim)*l acest(r +ece l*ni 1ierbin,i! (scil-n -ntre mari s)eran,e ?i )*ternice temeri! 1rance+ii a* asistat la e+agregarea armatei! la 1*ga cel(r mai e 0a+/ n(bili! la -nl(c*irea a*t(rit/,il(r l(cale )arali+ate c* n(ile m*nici)alit/,i )*se )e )ici(are -n mare )ri)/@ Arm/t*ra statal/ a Vechi*l*i 6egim s-a esc(m)*sD la aceasta se a /*ga amenin,area 1aliment*l*i@ De *n e ?i *n sentiment )r(1*n e insec*ritate -ntr-( ,ar/ care se cre ea eschis-/ brigan+il(r! c(m)l(t*ril(r! armatel(r str/ine@ 'reb*ia* in0entate e *rgen,/ miCl(acele *nei a*t(a)/r/ri ?i -nl/t*ra,i n*mer(?ii *?mani ale c/r(r ac,i*ni era* e tem*t@ Acesta a 1(st climat*l care a )ermis -nm*l,irea ?i r/s)-n irea s)aimel(r l(cale c*n(sc*te s*b n*mele e Marea Fric/ KN@ Am )*tea -nt/ri em(nstra,ia ?i c* eHem)le mai recente@ N*mer(asele t*lb*r/ri c*n(sc*te e Fran,a -n #&N& se eH)lic/ )rin c(nC*nc,i*nea *nei agresi*ni 1iscale (im)(+it*l e N= e centimeG) c* 0acan,a legitimit/,ii (g*0em/m-nt*l *nei a *n/ri )r(0i+(riiK=)@ Vi *l )*terii este *n 1en(men ambig**@ El las/ 1r-* liber *n(r 1(r,e ce r/m-nea* c(m)rimate at-ta 0reme c-t a*t(ritatea era 1erm/@ El eschi e ( )eri(a / e )ermisi0itate ce / acces la s)eran,/! la libertate! la licen,/ ?i la s/rb/t(are@ "rin *rmare! el mai secret/ ?i altce0a ec-t 1ricaF eliberea+/ ?i c(ntrari*l acesteia@ ;*m s/ negi t(t*?i -nc/rc/t*ra e nelini?te )e care ( c(n,ineM El creea+/ ( ame,eal/D este r*)t*r/ c* ( c(ntin*itate! a?a ar c* sentiment*l e sec*ritate@ Este )*rt/t(r*l *n*i 0iit(r nesig*r care 0a 1i )(ate mai b*n sa* )(ate mai r/* ec-t trec*t*l@ Este generat(r e anHietate ?i e ner0(+itate (are )(t *ce *?(r la t*lb*r/ri 0i(lente@
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G Este 0 lrba e a?a numitele centime adiionale care se ad u0au la impoAitul de @aA ' ()' tr')'

3. F/(,( ma( 2/e,(1e 9entiment*l e insec*ritate! cel )*,in -n 1(rmele escrise mai s*s! era ese(ri mai m*lt tr/it ec-t c(n?tient@ In schimb! an*mite 1ri mai )recise ?i care! *ne(ri! n* a0ea* nimi( imaginar a* )rece at a ese(ri re0(ltele@ 6i ic-n *-se -n re)etate r-n *ri -m)(tri0a s)ani(lil(r! -nce)-n in sec(l*l al XVI-lea )-n/ -n sec(l*l al XV5I-lea (?i m*lt mai 1rec0ent ec-t ne-a l/sat m*lt/ 0reme s/ ghicim ist(ri(gra1ia (1icial/)! in ienii in MeHic ?i in "er* se sim,ea* amenin,a,i -n i entitatea l(r cea mai )r(1*n / e c*lt*ra c*eerit(iil(r ?i mai ales e b(te+*l! catehism*l ?i lit*rghiile misi(naril(r e*r()eni@ De *n e b/Cenirile l(r re)etate -n +(nele m*nt(ase! atac*rile nea?te)tate -m)(tri0a satel(r e c(l(ni+are ?i <re?tinare! 0i(len,ele -n c*rs*l rebeli*nil(r -m)(tri0a c/l*g/ril(r! a bisericil(r! a cl()(tel(r! a imaginil(r cre?tine! etc@ In "er* ?i -n MeHic*l sec(l*l*i al XVI-lea! aceste ins*rec,ii a* l*at *ne(ri ( c(l(rat*r/ milenarist/ 1(arte re0elat(are )entr* a il*stra ?(c*l intre (*/ <*lt*riF -ntr-( )rim/ 1a+/! D*mne+e*l cre?tinil(r -i -n0insese )e +eii l(cali ?i s)ani(lii )e in ieni@ Dar Aac*m l*mea -?i -m)linea -nt(arcerea@ D*mne+e* ?i s)ani(lii 0(r 1i! e ast/ at/! -n1r.n,i ?i t(,i s)ani(lii *ci?i! (ra?ele l(r -nghi,ite ?i marea tare s/ se *m1le (a s/-i -nece ?i s/ ?tearg/ amintirea l(rK3B@ Iat/ ac*m -n MeHic! -n )lin see(l XX! ( sit*a,ie a)arent r/st*rnat/ c.n ! e ast/ at/! 0ictima )ersec*,iei este cat(licism*l@ In satele in centr*l ,/rii el a 1(st -nt/rit la s1-r?it*l sec(l*l*i al XlX-lea )rintr-( re-nn(ire a )reica,iei ?i a e0enit s*bstan,a -ns/?i a c(n?tiin,ei )()*lare -ntr-*n m(ment c-n anticlericalii in marile (ra?e E bir(cra,i! b*rghe+i ?i militari E 0(r s/ istr*g/ cler*l! :iserica ?i cre in,a@ Oi e ast/ at/ e 0(rba t(t e ( l*)t/ -ntre (*/ c*lt*ri@ -n anii #$L>! *n e)*tat! Iare eH)rim/ 1(arte gr/it(r ra icalism*l anti-

religi(s )e at*nci la )*tere! n* se s1ie?te s/ a1irmeF A@@ @ 'reb*ie s/ )/tr*n em -n 1amiliiP s/ s1/r-m/m stat*ile ?i chi)*rile s1in,il(r! s/ )*l0eri+/m m/t/niile! s/ es)rin em cr*ci1iH*rile! s/ c(n1isc/m r*g/ci*nile e n(*/ +ileG ?i alte chestii e-astea! s/ barica /m )(r,ile -m)(tri0a )re(t*l*i! s/ s*)rim/m libertatea e as(ciere )entr* ca nimeni s/ n* mearg/ la biseric/ s/ se -nt-lneasc/ c* )()ii! s/ s*)rim/m libertatea )resei ca s/ -m)ie ic/m )*blicitatea clerical/! s/ istr*gem libertatea religi(as/ ?i! -n s1-r?it! -n aceast/ (rgie e int(leran,/ satis1/c*t/! s/ )r(clam/m ( lege c* *n artic(l *ni(F -n 6e)*blic/! n* 0(r bene1icia e garan,ii ec-t cei care g-n esc ca n(iK%@B In l(gica *n*i ast1el e )r(gram! )re?e intele ;alles (#$LNE#$L&) eci e -n #$L3 -nchi erea bisericil(r ?i eH)*l+area )re(,il(r@ 'im) e eihci l*ni! cei mai +el(?i cat(lici meHicani E c* )rec/ ere ,/rani E -ncearc/! )rin )eniten,e ?i r*g/ci*ni! s/ -n *)lece ;er*l s/ -nm(aie inima n(*l*i 1ara(n@ Dar ea r/m-ne -m)ietrit/@ At*nci! amenin,a,i s/-?i )iar / s*1let*l ?i -n ci* a -n emn*ril(r la )r* en,/ in )artea ierarhiei ?i a Vatican*l*i! los cristeras se r/sc(al/! a)(i se (rgani+ea+/ ?i! tim) e trei ani! ,in )ie)t tr*)el(r g*0ernamentale@ In m( ine0itabil! aceste 1rici legitime -n 1a,a *n(r )rimeC ii mai m*lt ec-t reale s-a* *blat c* s)aimele s*scitate e imagina,ia c(lecti0/@ In s-n*l )()*la,iil(r in igene in centr*l "er*l*i! -n C*r*l anil(r #=3>! s-a r/s)-n it +0(n*l c/ albii a* 0enit -n America an*me ca s/-i *ci / )e in ieni! a c/r(r gr/sime ( 1(l(ses( ca me icament@ Dre)t *rmare! in ienii 1*gea* e (rice c(ntact c* s)ani(lii ?i re1*+a* s/-i sl*Ceasc/K&@ Vr/Cit(rii tarah*maril(r in
In (riginal Ane*0ainesB ()l*ral)! a(te e e0(,i*ne )racticate c(nsec*ti0 tim) e n(*/ +ile@ (N@ tr@)@

MeHic! ( )()*la,ie (are s-a re0(ltait -n re)etate r-n *ri -m)(tri0a (c*)an,il(r! mai ales -n #3$%E#3$&! a1irma* c/ cl()(tele bisericil(r atrag m(limile! e/ b(te+*l c(ntaminea+/ c()iii ?i c/ misi(narii s-nt ni?te magicieniK$@ ;-t es)re los cristeros, la -nce)*t*l cr*ntei re)resi*ni antireligi(ase! ace?tia a* 1(st c(n0in?i c/ +i*a J* ec/,ii a s(sit ?i c/ n* a* e-a 1ace e* Aarmata g*0ern*l*i! ci c* cea a l*i L*ci1er -ns*?iN>B@ Int(rc-n *-ne ac*m -n E*r()a ?i *rc-n )e 1ir*l tim)*l*i! esc()erim c* *?*rin,/ la (riginea an*mit(r r/+0r/tiri alte 1rici 1(arte -ntemeiate! ar -ns(,ite ?i ele e ( )r(li1erare a imaginar*l*i@ De-a l*ng*l c-t(r0a sec(le! )()*la,iile (ra?el(r mici ?i e la ?es sPa* tem*t )e b*n/ re)tate e 1(r1(ta c(ntin*/ a militaril(r! chiar e-n n* era* -n m( (1icial inamici! -n Fran,a! aceast/ team/ )are s/ 1i )rins e(nt*r -n e)(ca maril(r c(m)aniiG ?i a sc/+*t )r(gresi0 abia in m(ment*l c-n L* (0ic al XlV-lea ?i L(*0(is a* -n1iin,at ca+/rmi ?i a* im)*s armatei ( isci)lin/ mai strict/@ 6elati0 la e0enimentele an*l*i #K=%! Fr(issart relatea+/ ast1el 1/r/ elegile s(l a,il(r-brigan+i in Ile- e-Fran(eF A@ @ @ (Ei) c(tr()ea* ?i )r/ a* +i e +i t(t ,in*t*l intre r-*l L(ara ?i r-*l 9enaF in care )ricin/ nimeni n* se mai -nc*meta s/ c/l/t(reasc/ -ntre "aris ?i Ven (me! nici -ntre "aris ?i 7rleans! nici -ntre "aris ?i M(ntargis! ar nici s/ r/m-n/ l(c*l*iD ast1el t(at/ l*mea e la ?es b/Cenea c/tre "aris ?i 7rleans @ @ @ ?i n-a r/mas cetate! (ra? ?i nici 1(rt/rea,/! ac/ n* era bine )/+it/! care s/ n* 1i 1(st )r/ at/ ?i Ce1*it/ @@@ Oi c/l/rea* cete cete! care (*/+eci! care trei+eci! care
G ALes gran es c(m)agniesB! era* tr*)e e a0ent*rieri care l*aser/ 1iin,/ -n tim)*l r/+b(aiel(r intre Fran,a ?i Anglia! -n sec(l*l al XlV-lea ?i care c(lin a* ,ara! e0ast-n -(@ (N@ tr@)@

)atr*+eci! c/tre )artea e s*s a ,/rii! ?i n* se a1la nimeni s/-i -nt(arc/ nici s/ le 0in/ e hacN#B@ AMarile c(m)aniiB a* 1/c*t ra0agii ?i -n sec(l*l al XlV-lea -n N(rman ia! -n 0alea 6(n*l*i ?i -n Lang*e (e@ -n aceast/ regi*ne in *rm/! brigan+ii l*)ta* 1ie s)re )r()ri*l l(r 1(l(s! 1ie -n s(l a l*i Jean 2Armagna( sa* a c(ntel*i e F(iH! )e at*nci -n r/+b(i@ -n c*rs*l anil(r #K3>E#K&>! -n satele in s* -est! c*treierate nec*rmat e s(l /,imea lac(m/ e )ra /! (mnea ( mi+erie cr*nt/@ Amenin,a,i la 1iecare )as! ,/ranii ?i neg*,/t(rii n* mai c*te+a* s/ se a0ent*re+e )e r*m*ri@ "ret*tin eni 0e eai (ameni s/rmani )/r/sin *-?i b(r eieleF *nii se re1*gia* -n cet/,i! al,ii se a *na* -n cete )rin )/ *ri )*n-n *-se ?i ei )e Ca1 (a s/ tr/iasI/@ Ace?tia a* 1(st At*(hinB-ii! e la c*0-nt*l At(*cheB (a ic/ )etic e )/ *re) *n e -?i c/*ta* re1*gi* ace?ti (r()si,iNL@ N*m/r*l ?i t-lh/riile l(r a* l*at )r()(r,ii mai ales -n C*r*l l*i #K&>! -n ,in*t*rile e s*s ?i e C(s in Lang*e (c ?i -n A*0ergne@ M/rt*riile es)re stric/ci*nile )ricin*ite e trecerea ?i incartir*irea tr*)el(r ab*n / e-a l*ng*l sec(lel(r Vechi*l*i 6egim@ -n #==%! Milan*l a trimis la Fili) al II-lea *n ambasa (r care i-a eclarat regel*iF AAcest stat ( *eat*l Milan*l*i) este -n cea mai mare )arte at-t e istr*s ?i e r*inat! -nc-t n*mer(ase )/m.nt*ri a* ?i 1(st )/r/site @@@ Aceast/ )aragin/ )r(0ine in t(t ce a)as/ as*)ra stat*l*iF at-t im)(+itele eHtra(r inare @ @ @ c-t ?i -ncartir*irea s(l a,il(r@ Este e ne-nchi)*it ce )(0ar/ s-nt ace?tia )entr* )()*la,ie@ Oi c* at-t mai m*lt c* c-t )*rtarea l(r e li)sit/ e mil/ ?i e m/s*r/! )lin/ I cr*+ime ?i e l/e(mieB@ De *n e ?i AeHas)erarea s*)*?il(r! ?i chiar e+n/eC ea l(r 1/r/ e marginiB@ De *n e ?i Icalamitatea ?i istr*gerea *n(r (ra?e@@ @ Alessan ria! '(rt(na! Vige0an(! c* -m)re-

C*rimile l(r! ?i cea mai mare )arte a regi*nii "a0-ei! ?i mai ales L(mellina! *n e @@ @ n*mer(?i l(c*it(ri2! *)/ ce a* )ier *t t(ate miCl(acele e trai! a* )lecat ?i sPa* -m)r/?tiat -n alte ,in*t*riNKB@ -n a (*a C*m/tate a sec(l*l*i al XVI-lea! r/+b(aiele religi(ase a* )r(0(cat -n Fran,a! -n re-0 )etate r-n *ri! 0enirea *n(r s(l a,i str/iniF s)ani(li! italieni ?i el0e,ieni -n tab/ra cat(lic/! el0e,ieni e asemenea! engle+i ?i mai ales germani -n tab/ra )r(testant/@ Ace?tia in *rm/! 0/+*,i s*ccesi0 -n #=3L! #=3%-i=3$ ?i #=%3! a* l/sat ( amintire sinistr/@ -n #=%3! J(hann ^asimirG! 1i*l "rinci)el*i Elect(rGG! ne)rimin *)/ )acea e la :ea*lie* in emni+a,iile 1/g/ *ite e 5enric al III-lea! a )ermis tr*)el(r sale s/ se es)/g*beasc/ )e seama l(c*it(ril(r@ Ele a* l*at c* asalt satele care re+ista* ?i a* c(mis eHcese -ngr(+it(are@ "e e alt/ )arte! -n tim)*l acestei l*ngi )eri(a e e r/+b(i ci0il! s(l a,ii 1rance+i in ambele tabere s-a* c(m)(rtat ese(ri ca ni?te t-lhari@ -n #=%&! 9tatele in Lang*e (c! (stile! ce-i re)t! )r(testan,il(r! se -ntrista* 0/+-n A)/m-nt*l sc/l at -n s-ngele biet*l*i ,/ran! al bietel(r 1emei ?i al )r*ncil(rD 1ermele ?i casele in c-m)iile )*stiite! c/+*te -n )aragin/ ?i -n b*n/ )arte )-rC(lite! ?i asta *)/ e ict*l e )aci1icare ( in #=%3)@@@ Oi n* e c/tre t/tari! e c/tre t*rci! nici e c/tre m(sc(0i,i! ci e c/tre cei n/sc*,i ?i hr/ni,i e acest )/m-nt ?i care se -nchin/ *)/ reli-@ gia +is/ re1(rmat/NN @@@B 6/+b(i*l e 'rei+eci e ani a -nte,it -ntr-( mare )arte a E*r()ei teama e trecerea ?i -ncartir*irea militaril(r@ -n "venturile lui &implicissimus, r(man scris e *n mart(r al 6/+b(i*l*i e 'rei+eci
[ ;(nte )alatin e 6enania (N@ tr@)@ GG Frie rich al III-lea (N@ tr@)@

e ani! *n s(l at eclar/F ADrac*2 s/-# ia )e eel care se las/ -n *)lecat e mil/D la rac*2 cel care n*-i *ci e 1/r/ cr*,are )e ,/rani! cel eare ca*t/ -n r/+b(i altce0a ec-t )r()ri*l l*i 1(l(s@B Er(*l in &implidssimus )(0este?te c*m ( ceat/ e s(l a,i a )r/ at sat*l s/* ?i i-a schingi*it )e l(c*it(riF A9-a* a)*cat at*nci e a* sc(s cremenea in )ist(ale ?i-a* )*s -n l(c egetele ,/ranil(r )rin?i! c/+nin *-i )e bie,ii nen(r(ci,i e )arc/ ar 1i ars 0r/Cit(are )e r*g@ De altminteri! )e *n*l intre ei s(l a,ii -l ?i ar*ncaser/ -ntr-*n c*)t(r )e care -nce)*ser/ s/-# -n1ierb-nte! e?i (m*l nici n-a)*case s/ m/rt*riseasc/ ce0a@ Alt*ia -i legaser/ ( 1*nie -n C*r*l ca)*l*i ?i-( str-ngea* c* *n b/,! ast1el c/ la 1iecare r/s*cire -l )( i ea s-ngele )e g*r/! )e nas ?i )e *rechiN=@@@B@ 9/ 1ie (are eHagerat/ )(0estirea l*i <rimmelsha*senM 9ig*r c/ ( seam/ e +0(n*ri -n1ric(?/t(are care circ*la* a* agra0at ?i mai m*lt ( realitate (ric*m sinistr/@ "e e alt/ )arte! 1an1ar(na a ?i amenin,/rile s(l a,il(r a* c(ntrib*it 1/r/ -n (ial/ la acre itarea )(0estiril(r c* c()ii )*?i la 1rigare! care a* rea)/r*t -n m(ment*l re0(ltei h-rtiei timbrateG in :retaniaN3@ Dar E m/rt*rii )rintre m*lte altele E *nele (c*mente a1late la trib*nal*l in :(r ea*H (0e esc c/ -n #3N$ ,/rani in :arsac ?i Maca* a* 1(st trec*,i )rin 1(cN%@ 8@-M@ :erce! -ntre)rin+-n ( anchet/ min*,i(as/ as*)ra 1/r/elegil(r militaril(r -n s* -est*l 1rance+ e-a l*ng*l sec(l*l*i al XVII-lea! este categ(ricF ei tr/ia* )e s)inarea )()*la,iil(rD 0i(la* 1emeile! schingi*ia* l(c*it(rii )entr* a-i sili s/ m/rt*riseasc/ l(c*l *n e ?i-a* asc*ns banii! leg-n 1e ele? b/rba,ii! sni*lg-n *-le barba! -m)ing-n *-i -n 1(c*l c/minel(r! at-rn-n *-i e c-te ( b-rn/ s/-i sn()easc/ -n b/t/iD e0asta* cabr*l*i 1iscal@ (N@ tr@)@

! G ;* alte c*0inte! -n m(ment*l intr( *cerii tim-

sele -n care n* g/sea* est*i bani! es)ica* b*t(aiele! schil( ea* animalele (mestice! m/cel/rea* )/s/rile e c*rte@ "/r/sin ( l(c*in,/! e/ra* c*N&ei m(bilier ?i 0e?minte! 0esel/ ?i a?tern*t*ri @ 7r! (1i,erii n* 1/cea* nimic ca s/ -m)ie ice Ca1*rile! eHcelent/ m(meal/ )entr* recr*t/ri @ Acelea?i 0i(len,e -n n(r *l Fran,ei! c-n mercenarii l*i 6(senG! recr*ta,i e Ma+arin! a* 1(st trimi?i -m)(tri0a s)ani(lil(r *)/ #3N&@ L(c*it(rii regi*nil(r <*ise! :a)a*me! 9aintW*entin a* treb*it s/ se re1*gie+e -n )/ *ri! s/ se -narme+e c* 1*rci ?i c(ase! s/ c(nstit*ie Amachi*riB@ Degeaba i se )l-ngea 9aint Vincent e "a*lGG l*i Ma+arin e t-lh/riile l*i 6(sen@ Acelea?i eHcese ?i -n -m)reC*rimile "aris*l*i -n tim)*l Fr(n eiF 1emei sil*ite! ,/rani ci(m/gi,i! biserici Ce1*ite! ( (are biserice?ti 1*rate! h(l e e gr-* -nc/ 0er e c(site ca n*tre, )entr* cai! 0ii sm*lse! t*rme -ntregi rechi+i,i(nate@ 'rist/ cr(nic/ ce )(ate 1i rec(nstit*it/ gra,ie Jelatrilor carita$ile666 ins)irate N$ -n e)(c/ e bine1acerile c*cernicil(r in ca)ital/ @ 9(l a,ii a0ea* ( 1aim/ at-t e rea! -nc-t n*mai la 0estea *nei e0ent*ale -ncartir*iri )()*la,iile in l(calit/,ile 0i+ate intra* 1rec0ent -n stare e alert/! iar *ne(ri! nes(c(tin )(r*ncile regale! aC*ngea* s/ se ?i r/sc(ale@ 8@-M@ :erce a st* iat -n AV*itar*a anil(r #=$>E#%#=! NL e ast1el e r/+meri,e@ -n m*lte )ar(hii! e -nat/ ce se a1la c/ militarii s*nt -n a)r()iere! t(csin*l s*na alarma! m*ncile c.m)*l*i ?i c(mer,*l se -ntrer*)ea*! )-n ari se )(sta* la r/s)-ntii@ 9atele se barica a* * )(l(b(ace ?i c/r*,e@ In sit*a,iile mai gra0e! ,/ranii se a /)(sG Conrad (marchi+ e) Josen (#3L&E#%#=)! mare?al al Fran,ei@ A l*)tat -n <ermania -n tim)*l 6/+b(i*l*i Ligii e la A*gsb*rg@ (N@ tr@)@ GG 9aint -incent de .aul (#=%3E#33>) 1ilantr() cat(lic! can(ni+at -n #%K%@ (N! tr@)@ GG[ ;*legeri e )(0estiri menite s/ tre+easc/ ?i s/ stim*le+e sentiment*l milei 1a,/ e cei ne0(ia?i(N@ tr@)@
v

tea* -n biseric/! *ltim*l re1*gi* al c(m*nit/,ii r*rale@ 7ra?ele )re0/+*te c* +i *ri e a)/rare -?i 1ereca* )(r,ile! (rgani+a* r(n *ri )e metere+e! in -nalt*l c/r(ra archeb*+ele tr/gea* -n tr*)ele (are se a)r()ia*@ ;.te( at/! se (rgani+a* ?i eH)e i,ii e esc*raCare -m)(tri0a *nit/,il(r militare a1late -nc/ la (arecare istan,/ e cetate@ A?a s-a )r(ce at la M(ntm(rill(n ?i la "erig*emH -n #3K3! la M*r- e:arre+ -n #3=#=>@ 8@-M@ :erce (bser0/ c/ asemenea r/+meri,e a* i+b*cnit -n #3K&-#3N> ?i -n #3N$-#3=K! a ic/ -n t(i*l 6/+b(i*l*i e 'rei+eci e ani ?i -n tim)*l Fr(n ei! )eri(a e e mare insec*ritate! e-n s-a remarcat ?i rea)ari,ia 0echil(r 1(rme e a*t(a)/rare l(cal/ -n care se angaCa ( -ntreag/ c(m*nitate=#@ -n a1ar/ e aceasta! ele se )r( *cea* mai ales la s1-r?it*l t(amnei! c-n militarii *rma* s/-?i reia cant(nament*l e iarn/! ?i )rim/0ara c-n )(rnea* iar/?i s)re 1r(ntiere=L@ 'eama )r(0(cat/ e trecerea tr*)el(r se c(nC*ga c* aceea! mai general/! )ri0in t(ate categ(riile e )ribegi! ese(ri asimila,i *n(r elinc0en,i@ Dar es)re 1rica e cer?et(ri 0(m mai 0(rbi c*r.n @ 9/ n(t/m -ns/ e )e ac*m c/! tim) e mai m*lte sec(le! e*r()enii a* a0*t m(ti0e temeinice s/ as(cie+e mental s(l a,ii ?i 0agab(n+ii@ 7 seam/ e )ribegi g/sea* s(l*,ia )r(0i+(rie a mi+eriei l(r acce)t-n (1ertele recr*t(ril(r@ Une(ri -ns/! (amenii era* recr*ta,i c* arcan*l@ In0ers! m*l,i s(l a,i em(bili+a,i se (rgani+a* 1rec0ent -n cete e brigan+i care -?i *cea* 0ia,a t-lh/rin F e )il /! -n Italia! *)/ #==$=K! sa* -n Franche-;(mte! -n #3K3#3NK! c-n r/m/?i,ele *nei armate im)eriale -n retragere se 1/r.mi,aser/ -n )ilc*ri e brigan+i=N@ Dac/ re-nce)ea r/+b(i*l! ban itism*l se mai )(t(lea *n tim) -ntr-( regi*ne sa* alta! brigan+ii re e0enin s(l a,i ?i )lec-n la 1r(ntiereD a?a s-a -nt-m)lat -n Italia -n #=$K! ( at/ c* rel*area (stilit/,il(r -ntre t*rei ?i 5absb*rgi== M*lti)lele ra)(rt*ri intre armate ?i cetele e 0agab(n+i se -ntemeia* -ns/ ?i )e alte

ra,i*niF n*mer(?i )ribegi 1/r/ c/)/t-i! a?a-n*mi,ii Ar(*le*rsBG sa* Abillar e*rsBGG e+erta* e -n at/ ce-?i -ncasa* s(l a! chit c/ )eri( ic se reangaCa*=3@ "e eas*)ra! armatele t-ra* (* ele c()iii militaril(r! s(l a,i =% b/tr-ni! 1*gari! asasini! )re(,i r/s)()i,i ?i t.r1e @ In s1-r?it! -n 6*sia sec(l*l*i XVII! -n Fran,a l*i L* (0ic al XVI-lea! -n "(rt*galia sec(lel(r XVIII ?i XIX! ,/ranii 1*gi,i e recr*tare a* aC*ns )ribegi! sili,i s/ t-ih/reasc/ )entr* a s*)ra0ie,*i =&@ Ast1el! -ntre sec(lele XIV ?i XVIII! Vechi*l 6egim a )r( *s *n -ntreg *ni0ers marginal e s(la,iPbrigan+i a c/r(r 1aim/ sinistr/ se mai )/stra 0ie ?i )e 0remea c-n a i+b*cnit Marea Fric/ in #%&$! iar cea mai mare )arte a Fran,ei a intrat -n stare e alert/ )entr* a 1*g/ri ni?te 1ant(me@
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Alt/ mare a)rehensi*ne e ( ini(ar/! ?i c-t se )(ate e -n re)t/,it/! era aceea e a m*ri e
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-ntr-( e)(c/ e bel?*g! -nl/t*r-n ast1el e1ectele e+astr*(ase ale li)s*ril(r e mai t.r+i*@ F*sese a?a ar m( el*l A)rinci)el*i care -?i hr/ne?te )()(r*l#=>B@ ;(ment-n 1ra+a in 'at/lN(str*F AD/-ne n(*/ ast/+i )-inea eea e t(ate +ileleB! L*ther (bser0a! la r-n *l s/*! -n @arele Catehism, c/ arm(ariile *n*i s*0eran c*cernic ar treb*i s/ )(arte ca )( (ab/ mai egrab/ ( )-ine ee-t *n le* sa* ( c(r(an/ c* m(ti0e ec(rati0e ca ni?te r(mb*ri@ -n E*r()a e ( ini(ar/! alimenta,ia era e+echilibrat/ )rin eHces e 1ee*len,i! ins*1ieient/ -n 0itamine ?i )r(teine ?i marcat/ e alternan,a 1r*galitate-chi(lhan*ri! acestea in *rm/ (rare) nei+b*tin s/ eH(rci+e+e (bsesiaD 1(ametei -n r-n *rile *nei b*ne )/r,i a )()*la,iei@ "rintre ()erele sale e caritate! :iserica -nscria -n )rim*l r-n ! ?i 3# )e b*n/ re)tate! As/-i hr/ne?ti )e cei 1l/m.n+i B@ De?i se0ere -n (ra?e! cri+ele cerealiere era* resim,ite maiS ae*t -n me i*l r*ral *n e! reaminte?te "@ <(*bert! maC(ritatea ,/ranil(r e r-n treb*ia* s/-?i e*m)ere )-inea@ In an*mite )r(0incii ale Fran,ei! trei s1ert*ri intre ,/rani n* era* .n stare s/-?i hr/neasc/ 3L1amilia in )r( *sele )r()riei l(r g(s)( /rii @ ;ire*mstan,/ agra0ant/F c(ns*m*l e carne a sc/+*t -n E*r()a -n sec(lele XVIE XVIII -n ra)(rt c* cel in E0*l Me i*@ ;/ci! re)t e1ect al cre?terii em(gra1ice! c*lt*rile a* )rec*m)/nit -n t(talitatea l(r as*)ra cre?terii 0itel(r ?i! ( at/ c* ele! alimenta,ia cerealier/3K@ 7 tiranie a cerealel(r! ceea ce -nsemna c/ ierarhia calit/,il(r e )-ine! e la cea mal alb/ la eea mai neagr/! c(res)*n ea ierarhiei s(ciale ?i c/ rec(ltele etermina* ritm*l c(n0(aiel(r 1*nerare3N! ( s*balimentare ac*t/ secer-n *-i )e cei 3=s*bn*tri,i ?i eschi+-n larg )(arta e)i emiil(r @ In )rea-mbel?*gata s(cietate (cci ental/ e ast/+i! ne 0ine gre* s/ ne imagin/m c/ a* trec*P (ar c-te0a s*te e ani e c-n -n (ra?ele #X m satele n(astre se )*tea m*ri e 1(ame@ '(t*?i! eHist/ nen*m/rate m/rt*rii -n aceasta

)ri0in,/@ 9/ cit/m c-te0a intre cele care n* c(nstit*ie ec-t ( serie e eHem)le -n tim) ?i s)a,i*@ La miCl(c*l sec(l*l*i al XV-lea! regele 6ene -i escrie l*i ;ar(l al Vll-lea sit*a,ia in AnC(* -n *rm/t(rii termeniF AAst1el! in )ricina secetei ?i a li)s*ril(r e t(t 1el*l! ani e-a r-n *l ca ?i -n an*l acesta! cei mai m*l,i intre cei care a* mai a)*cat +i*a e a+i (rm -n )aie g(i ?i 1/r/ e ac()er/m-nt! m*rit(ri e 1(ame c* t(,i ai l(r33B@ ;r(nica aba,iei 9aint-;ybar in Ang(*leme relatea+/ c/! -n tim)*l iernii #N&##N&L! mai )ret*tin eni Al*mea m*rea e 1(ame ?i n* se hr/nea ec-t c* r/ /cini e ierb*ri ?i e* 0ar+/D )e 0remea aceea n* -nt-lneai ec-t ealiei )e r*m*ri ?i t-lhari -n c( ri@@@ :ie,ii (ameni c*m)/ra* t/r-,/ in cea mai )r(ast/ 3% ?i ( m/cina* c* (0/+ @ @@! ceilal,i m-nca* (0/+ c*rat! ar nici intr-acela n* se g/sea3&B@ La 6(ma! -n tim)*l 1)ametei cr*nte in #=$>#=$#! *n re act(r al 1(il(r e ?tiri ,avvisi9 scrieF A-n 1iecare +i a1l/m c/ cine0a a m*rit e 1(ameB@ "a)a <rig(re al XlV-lea n* mai iese in )alat ca s/ n* a* / *rletele )()(r*l*i s/*@ Dar! -n c*rs*l *nei lit*rghii )(nti1icale la cate rala 91-nt*l "etr*! asisten,ii -n(e) s/ strige ?i s/ cear/ )-ine 3$ @ lat/ ?i sit*a,ia in El0e,ia -n #3K>! an e rec(lt/ e+astr*(as/F AeIn ,in*t*l Va* U bie,il(r (ameni le aC*nsese c*,it*l la (s! *nii m*rea* e 1(ame! al,ii m-nca* 1-n ?i b*r*ieni@ La 1el se -nt-m)ia -n m*n,ii ?i -n 9itele in )reaCma <ene0ei! *n e n-a0ea* alt/ hran/ ec-t t/r-,/! 0ar+/ ?i ghin /%>B@ 9/ ne -nt(arcem -n AnC(*! e ast/ at/ la s1-r?it*l sec(l*l*i al XVIl-lea@ -n martie #3&K! l(c*it(rii in regi*nea ;ra(n 0eniser/ la An-

gers s/ cer?easc/ )-ine! Ac* ni?te 1e,e g/lbeCite ?i r/0/?ite! c/ te a)*ca ?i 1rica ?i mila%#B@ Direct(r*l seminar*l*i in Angers! J(se)h <ran et! c/r*ia -i at(r/m aceast/ m/rt*rie! eci e at*nci! -m)re*n/ c* c-,i0a c(legi! s/ 0in/ -n aC*t(r*l cel(r mai (r()si,i en(ria?i@ Ei s-nt a?te)ta,i e Amii e s/raci! -n?ir*i,i e-( )arte ?i e alta a r*m*ril(r! c* chi)*ri negre! 0inete! *sca,i ca ni?te schelete! cei mai m*l,i s)riCinin *-se -n t(iege ?i t-r-n *-se ane0(ie ca s/ cer?easc/ ( c(aC/ e )-ine%LB@ In #3$N! ( n(*/ )en*rie 1(arte gra0/@ Un can(nic in Angers aC*nge s/ scrie ast1elF AF(ametea e at.t e mare c/ m*l,i se )r/)/esc chiar aici -n (ra?*l Angers%KB@ -n tim)*l aceleia?i cri+e cerealiere! sit*a,ia n*-i mai b*n/ nici -n n(r *l regat*l*i@ D(0a / C*rnal*l l/sat e )re(t*l in 6*megiesF AN-a*+eai 0(rbin *-se )e 0remea aceea ec-t e t-lhari! e (ameni m(r,i e 1(ame @ @ @ eUn biet (mU era 0/ *0D nimeni n*-# cre ea chiar at-t e s/rac )e c-t eraD a0ea trei c()ii e hr/nit@ A c/+*t b(lna0! sa* mai bine +is sl/bise ?i se 0l/g*ise )este m/s*r/! 1/r/ ca cine0a s/-i ea c* t(ate acestea e ?tire )re(t*l*i@ Abia -ntr-( *minec/ @ @ @! *na intre s*r(rile l*i s-a *s la )re(t ?i i-a +is c/ 1ratele ei se )r/)/ e?te e 1(ame! ?i altce0a n-a mai +is@ "ast(r*l i-a at ( )-ine ca s/ i-( *c/ ne-nt.r+iat! ar n* se ?tie ac/ n* chiar s(ra a0ea treb*in,/ e ea! c*m e lesne e -nchi)*itD ealt1el! nici n* i-a *s-(! iar la a (*a b/taie a cl()(t*l*i )entr* lit*rghia e sear/ biet*l (m s-a ?i )r/)/ it@ Oi n* n*mai el a m*rit a?a e re)e e! li)sit e )-ine! ci m*lt/ l*me! ?i aici ?i -n celelalte sate s-a )r/)/ it cam e( at/! c/ci -n an*l acela am a0*t )arte e ( m(rta-2 litate 1(arte ri icat/@ N*mai la n(i -n )a-

r(hie a* m*rit -n an*l aeela mai m*l,i (ameni ec-t m(r e (bicei -n c-,i0a ani ePa rin *l@ @ @ ;hiar c/-,i era ?i sil/ s/ mai tr/ie?ti )e l*mea asta%GB@ La aceste m/rt*rii! treb*ie s/ a /*g/m )(0estirile ?i mai c*m)lite e )e 0remea 6/+b(i*l*i e 'rei+eci e ani ?i a Fr(n ei@ Un )re(t in ;ham)agne )(0este?te c*m -ntr-( +i *n*l intre en(ria?ii s/i! *n b/tr-n e ?a)te+eci ?i cinci e ani! a intrat la el -n )resbiteri* ca s/ 1rig/ )e )lita l*i ( halc/ e carne e cal )ierit e r/)ci*g/ c* cincis)re+ece +ile -n *rm/! )lin/ %= e 0iermi ?i c*leas/ intr-*n sm-r( )*t*r(s @ In "i(ar ia! *nii c(ntem)(rani a1irm/ c/ (amenii m-nca* )/rrt-nt ?i c(aC/ e c()ac ?i A(eea (e n-am c*te+a s/ s)*nem ac/ n-am 1i 0/+*t c* (chii n(?tri! ?i te *m)le e gr(a+/! -?i m/n-nc/ bra,ele ?i m-i-nile ?i m(r -n e+n/ eC e%3B@ -n asemenea c(n i,ii! n*-i e mirare s/ -nt-lnim ca+*ri e canibalism@ In L(rena! ( 1emeie a 1(st c(n amnat/ la m(arte )entr* c/ ?i-a m-ncat c()il*l@ -n #3K%! *)/ *n magistrat care anchetase -n :*rg*n ia! A @@ @ st-r0*rile (bit(acel(r era* 1(arte c/*tateD r*m*rile era* )ar (site e* (ameni! cei mai m*l,i -ntin?i 1/r/ 0lag/ ?i )e m(arte@ @@ "-n/ la %%*rm/ s-a aC*ns ?i la carne (meneasc/ B@ 7 (0a / in irect/ c/ antr()(1agia n-a is)/r*t -n sec(lele XVI ?i XVII%& a)are -n tratatele ca+*i?til(rG@ ;ei mai m*l,i )ri0esc (* in *lgen,/ ca+*rile c-n ! ca s/ n* )iar/! *nii -n1(meta,i a* m-ncat caa0re (mene?ti@ Vilal(1((s eclar/ c/! e 0reme ce s-ntem a*t(ri+a,i s/ l*/m me icamente a c/r(r c(m)(+i,ie c(n,ine carne (meneasc/! e -ng/ *it s-( m/n-nci ca )e (rice hran/ -n ca+ e AeHtrem/ necesitate%$B@ De la ca+*rile limit/! s/ re0enim la sit*a,ii! 0aiS (bi?n*ite -n )eri(a e e sc*m)ete a
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)-inii@ Una intre acestea! ti)ic/! a 1(st a mirabil anali+at/ e "@ <(*bertF la :ea*0ais! -n #3$K-#3$N! *n ,es/t(r! ne0asta ?i cele trei 1iice ale sale! t(ate )atr* t(rc/t(are@ Familia c-?tig/ #>& s(li (#L$3 enari)G )e s/)t/m.n/ ?i c(ns*m/ cel )*,in %> e li0reGG e )-ine@ ;* )-ine neagr/ e = enari li0ra! trai*l e asig*rat@ ;* )-ine e #L enari (# s(l)! e0ine mai gre*@ ;* )-ine e LN e enari! a)(i e K> ?i e KN e enari E c*m a aC*ns -n #3N$! #3=L! #3$N ?i #%#> E -nseamn/ mi+erie neagr/F A;ri+a agric(l/ agra0-n *-se a)r(a)e -nt(tea*na (?i c* sig*ran,/ -n #3$K) c* ( cri+/ man*1act*rier/! (amenii n-a* e l*cr*! a?a ar nici s*rs/ e c-?tig@ 'r/iesc t(t mai str-mt(ratD se -nt.m)l/ s/ g/seasc/ 0re( (-,i0a sc*+i )*?i e ( )arte )entr* +ile negreD -?i amanetea+/ b*n*rileD -nce) s/ se hr/neasc/ (* 1el e 1el e g*n(aieF )-ine e t/r-,/! *r+ici c(a)te! semin,e e+gr()ate! m/r*ntaie e 0it/ c*lese in 1a,a m/cel/riil(rD s*b 1(rme i0erse! Im(limaT se r/s)-n e?teD *)/ str-mt(rare! mi+eria! 1(amea! I1rig*rile )ernici(ase ?i m(rti1ereT@ Familia se -nscrie la bir(*l s/racil(r -n ecembrie #3$K@ -n martie #3$N! cea mai t-n/r/ intre 1ete m(areD -n mai! cea mai 0-rstnie/ ?i tat/l@ Dintr-( 1amilie (-t se )(ate e 1ericit/! )entr* c/ t(,i m*ncea*! r/m-ne ( 0/ *0/ ?i ( (r1an/@ Din ca*+a )re,*l*i la care aC*nsese )-ir*ea&>@B Ast1el! in ca*+a ran ament*l*i agric(l sc/+*t ?i a ra)(rt*l*i )recar intre )r( *c,ie ?i em(gra1ie&#! *n an(tim) )rea *me ?i ( rec(lt/ c(m)r(mis/ amenin,a* -ntr-a e0/r c* m(artea ( )arte a )()*la,ieiF calicii e t(t s(i*l! bine-n,eles! aceste Ag*ri e )ris(sB care
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s*nt i+g(nite in (ra?e ( at/ c* a)r()ierea 1(ametei! ar ?i ,/ranii s/rae eare! -n aaii r/i! n-a* nici m/car c* ce s/P?i -ns/m.n,e+e (g(areleD +ilierii r/ma?i 1/r/ l*cr* c.n h(lele ?i 0iile s-nt nimicite e grin in/D ?i t(,i micii me?te?*gari gata s/ aC*ng/ la cer?et(rie e-n )-inea se sc*m)e?te ?i n-a* e l*cr*&L@ ;i1rele eHtrase in registrele )ar(hiale c(n1irm/ -n aceast/ )ri0in,/ relat/rile c(ntem)(ranil(r@ ;ele )etrec*te la :ea*ge (-n )r(0incia AnC(*) s-nt *n eHem)l* gr/it(rF AIn )rim*l trimestr* in #3$N! -n m(ment*l e-n )re,*l *nei bani,e e gn* s-a tri)lai -n ra)(rt c* #3$#! m(r &= e )ers(ane! 1a,/ e LN -n trimestr*l c(res)*n+/t(r in #3$#! KK -n cel in #3$L! L> -n cel in #3$=F c(relarea este e0i ent/&KB@ La :ea*0ais! li)s*rile in #3$K#3$N Abag/ -n m(rm-ntB -ntre #> ?i L>(Y> in )()*la,ie&N@ A(este calc*le! tragice -n ari itatea l(r! (0e esc m*lte l*cr*ri@ In E*r()a )rein *strial/! anii e s*balimentare ac*t/! c* t(ate sechelele acesteia (rece)ti0itate la e)iemii! a0(rt*ri et(@)! a* an*lat tim) -n el*ngat s)(r*rile em(gra1ice in c*rs*l )eri(ael(r e rec*)erare@ '(,i cei care )e 0rem*ri n(rmale tr/ia* la limita s/r/ciei E ?i era* m*l,i E se -n1ric(?a* )e b*n/ re)tate e-n )re,*l gr-nel(r cre?tea@ De aici r/+meri,e A1rec0ente ?i banale &=B -n anii e sc*m)ete! mai ales -n l*nile intreG rec(lte@ D(*/ s*nt ca*+ele ce se a1l/ la (riginea ime iat/ a acest(r r/+meri,eF )e e ( )arte! trans)(rt*rile e cereale -n a-1ara sat*l*i! a (ra?*l*i sa* a )r(0incieiD )e e alt/ )arte! raritatea )-inii -n br*t/rii ?i tarabele g(ale chiar e iminea,/! t(t )r(*s*l c*)t(r*l*i 1iin aca)arat in +(ri e casele mai a0*te@ "anica se )r( *cea at*nci mai ales -n r-n *l 1emeil(r! ?i e la -ngriC(r/rile -ntemeiate se trecea re)e e la s)aimele eHcesi0e ?i la i+b*cnirile 0i(lente@ 'rans)(rt*rile e gr-ne era* )-n ite ?i Ce1*ite la r*m*l mare! iar b/rcile neg*st(ril(r esc/rcate

c* 1(r,a c.n trecea* -n a)r()ierea chei*ril(r (ra?*l*i@ 9e s)/rgea* *?ile br*taril(r! li se Ce1*ia* )r/0/liile! *ne(ri li se / ea chiar 1(c@ N*-i e mirare c/ *nele )en*rii ac*ie! as(ciin *-se -n ca+*l m*lt(r (ameni c* ( s*balimentare cr(nic/! a* n*trit s)aime nes/b*ite ?i a* e+l/n,*it m-nii c(lecti0e@ Era 0(rba e b/rba,i ?i e 1emei (are! h/it*i,i e 1(ame&3! c/*ta* s/ esc()ere )e l(( cine s*nt 0in(0a,ii c* chi) (menesc )entr* ( sit*a,ie )r(0(cat/ e ca*+e an(nime ?i )rea abstracte )entr* eiF ca)riciile climat*l*i! rec(ltele slabe! -ncetineala trans)(rt*ril(r@ ca)ii is)/?it(ri era* br*tarii!! m(rarii! )rec*m ?i neg*st(rii e cereale ?i achi+it(rii -n0in*i,i c/ -m)*,inea+/ -n m( arti1icial gr-nele )entr* a le sc*m)i! 0-n+-n *-le e0ent*al -n alte regi*ni )e *n )re, mai b*n@ "ret*tin eni! -n tim) e r/+meri,/ 1r*menitar/G l*mea strigaF A:r*tarii 0(r s/ ne -n1(mete+eSBD )ret*tin eni amenin,a c/ A-i 0a 1rige ?i-i 0a c(ace chiar -n c*)t(r*l l(rBD )ret*tin eni! cei care e,inea* )ri0ilegi*l 0-n+/rii an*mit(r )r( *se! a?a-n*mi,ii monopoleurs ?i As)ec*lan,iiB era* -n1iera,i ca A+g-rci(biB! Ac/m/tariB! A *?mani ai binel*i )*blicB! Al*)i hr/)/re,iB@ -n cele in *rm/! a*t(rit/,ile aC*ngea* s/ -m)/rt/?ease/ s)aimele ?i resentimentele )()*la,iil(r -nt/ritate@ Inten en,i! trib*nale! magistra,i m*nici)ali (r(na* c(n1iscarea gr-nel(r trans)(rtate e c/r/*?i! arestarea barcagiil(r! s*)ra0egherea br*taril(r! )erche+i,i(narea hambarel(r! *rm/rirea monopoleur s-ilor. In sec(l*l al XVlII-lea! sit*a,ia alimentar/ ?i em(gra1ic/ s-a ameli(rat -n *nele )r(0incii 1rance+e@ Dar 1rica e a 1i li)sit e )-ine a 0ea -n *rma ei *n trec*t )rea -n el*ngatS "e eas*)ra! chiar -n an*l (-n '*rg(t eci e im)r* ent libertatea c(mer,*l*i e giine (se)tembrie #%%N)! rec(lta e slab/@ ;*m)litele Din latinesc*l A1r*ment*mB! gr-*@ In antichita,ea r(man/! legile #rumentare regla* istrib*irea
gri*l*i@ (N@ tr@)@

s)aime e ( ini(ar/ ?i 0i(len,ele! al c/r(r rit 1*sese elab(rat e mase e m*lt/ 0reme! a* re-n0iat n*ma- ec-tF e)(+ite e gr-* ?i )ie,e Ce1*ite -n C*r*l "aris*l*i! atac*ri ale ban el(r e+l/n,*ite as*)ra br*t/riil(r in "aris ?i Versailles@ "entr* a stinge acest incen i* E Ar/+b(i*l FaineiB E ministr*l treb*ie s/ m(bili+e+e L= >>> e s(l a,i&%@ ;-,i0a ani mai t.r+i*! iCi ca*+a rec(ltel(r slabe in #%&=! #%&% ?i #%&&! ca ?i a ger*l*i n/)ra+nic in iama #%&&#%&&! 1rance+ii s-a* -nt(rs -nc/ ( at/ E ?i -n )r()(r,ii c(nsi erabile E la cele mai tra i,i(nale c(m)(rtamente in tim)*rile e )e n*rie@ Ast1el -ne-t! ac/ la ni0el*l b*rghe+ al s(ciet/,ii s-a )r( *s -ntr-a e0/r ( ac,i*ne n( 0at(are! la ni0el*l )()*lar! -n schimb! atit* inile arhaice a* rea)/r*t mai 1rec0ent ca nici( at/@ 7ric*m! scrie <@ Le1eb0re! At*lb* r/rile 1r*mentareB n-a* 1(st nicic.n at.t e n*mer(ase ca -n a (*a C*m/tate a l*i i*lie #%&$&&B! mai ales -n C*r*l "aris*l*iF c(n0(aie! 1erme ?i aba,ii atacate e (ameni -n c/*tare e gr-neD m(rari ?i neg*,/t(ri e cereale asa sina,iD )anic/ -n r-n *rile )()*la,iei care )* nea mina )e arme la s*net*l t(csin*l*i c-n ! -n )ia,a intr-( l(calitate (arecare! c(misarii )ari+ieni 0enea* -n c/*tare e )r( *se ce realiere! etc@ Agita,ia )r(0(cat/ e li)s*rile in #%&$! care a at na?tere mit*l*i c*n(sc*t s*b n*mele e A)act*l 1(ameteiB! a *s -n m*lte l(c*ri la crearea )ri)it/ a *n(r mili,ii l(cale ?i a eschis r*m*l 1ricii e brigan+i@ Am/n*nt ce e)/?e?te anec (ta ?i arat/ c-t e m*lt se temea l*mea e li)sa e )-ineF )rintre r/+0r/ti,ii care! -n (ct(mbrie! i-a* es c(rtat )e L* (0ic al XVI-lea ?i 1amilia sa e la Versailles la "aris se n*m/r/ m*lte 1emei 0enite -n )rim*l r-n -n c/*tarea Abr*tar*l*i! a br*t/riei ?i a *cenic*l*i br*tarB@ De-a l*n g*l 6e0(l*,iei 1rance+e! )r(blema As*b+isten tel(rB E *n termen semni1icati0 E s-a )*s 1(arte ac*t! r/sc(ale ale 1(ametei i+b*cnin -n tim)*l )rim/0erii negre a an*l*i III al 6e0(-

I*,i ei France+e (#%$=) la 6(*en! Amiens ?i 9aint-<ermain-en-Laye&$@

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3' !isculC o sperietoare E0enimentele in #%&$ n* treb*ie s/ ne *c/ la ( generali+are eHcesi0/@ "en*riile ?i se i,i*nile n* s*nt nea)/rat legate -ntre ele@ 9/ l*/m ca+*l Angliei -n sec(lele XVI ?i XVII@ N*mer(ase )eri(a e care a* c*n(sc*t rec(lte e(sebit e slabe E ast1el anii #=$N-#=$& E na* 1(st marcate e nici ( re0(lt/ )()*lar/@ Dim)(tri0/! rebeli*nea l*i XyattG (#==N) ?i cea in n(r *l ,/rii -n ii =3$ a* c(incis c* ree(lte b*ne$>@ In marea I*i (storie a crocanilor66, 8@-M@ :erce is(cia+/ e asemenea c*)l*l 1(ame-re0(lt/@ A6/+meri,ele 1r*mentare! scrie eJ! n* s*nt ec-t *n m( el ?i -nc/ *n*l intre cele mai )*,in 1rec0ente al 0i(len,el(r c(lecti0e e-n Fran,aU sec(l*l*i al XVII-lea$#@B ;/ n* ( at/ mi+eria )r(0(cat/ e cele (*/ mari calamit/,i ale c/r(r re0eniri )eri( ice leam st* iat E trecerea militaril(r ?i 1(ametea E a eHacerbat sensibilitatea ?i agresi0itatea )()*la,iil(r! )reg/tin )sih(l(gic teren*l re0(ltel(r *lteri(are! e l*cr* sig*r@ ;* t(ate acestea! rebeli*nile anti1iscale! es)re care treb*ie s/ 0(rbim ac*m! a0ea* ese(ri mai m*lt/ am)l(are ?i *rat/ ec-t t*lb*r/rile 1r*mentare ?i a* C*cat *n r(l esen,ial -n ist(ria r*ral/ ?i *rban/ a E*r()ei e ( ini(ar/! iar! )e e alt/ )arte! im)*nerile sa* amenin,area (* n(i taHe a* sl*Cit ese(ri ca et(nat(r al *n(r mi?c/ri se i,i(ase@ 9/ amintim! e eHem"l*! c/ -n Italia re0(lta "er*giei -m)(tri0a l*i
G 'entati0a ins*rec,i(nal/ a l*i &ir /homas L1att (#=LLE#==N)! -m)(tri0a g*0ern*l*i e la L(nra s-a s(l at c* *n e?ec ?i c* c(n amnarea sa la m(arte )entr* -nalt/ tr/ are@ (N@ tr@)@ GG 6e0(lte ,/r/ne?ti s*b 5enri al IV-lea ?i L*-4K *(0ic al XlII-lea (#=$N! #3LN! #3K%) )r(0(cate e s)(-lrea eHcesi0/ a im)(+itel(r@ (N@ tr@)@
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"a*l al IlI-lea! -n #=N>! cele e la "alerm( ?i Nea)(le! -n #3N%! -m)(tri0a s)ani(lil(r! a* -nce)*t c* )r(teste -m)(tri0a maC(r/rii im)(+itel(r@ 9/ eHamin/m t(t*?i mai atent ca+*rile engle+ ?i 1rance+ care s*nt mai bine c*n(sc*te@ 6/sc(ala l*cr/t(ril(r engle+i -n #K&# a l*at -n c*rs*l es1/?*r/rii ei ( c(l(rat*r/ antiseni(ral/ (mai m*lte castele arse! re0en icarea ab(lirii serbiei)D ea a (b-n it -n acela?i tim) *nele accente e s)eran,/ milenarist/ c* 1aim(asa re1erire la 0-rsta e a*r atrib*it/ )reicat(r*l*i J(hn :allGF A;-n A am s/)a! iar E0a t(rcea! gentil(m*l *n e eraMB@ ;* t(ate acestea! ea a 1(st )r(0(cat/ e eHigen,ele 1iscale ale "arlament*l*iF a?a-n*mitele poll-taxes in #K%% ?i #K%$! ca)ita,ii re)arti+ate inegal care! -n an*mite sate! aC*ngea* s/-i )retin / *n*i salah(r ( s*m/ egal/ c* simbria )e trei +ile e m*nc/! e)/?in (rice alt im)(+it anteri(r$L@ ;-n 5enri( al VI5-lea! -n #=#K! a 0r*t s/ insta*re+e in n(* (a)ita,ia! tentati0a l*i a antrenat t*lb*r/ri -n 8(r]shire$K@ In sec(l*l al XVII-lea! exciza, taHa )e 0-n+area m/r1*ril(r h(t/r-t/ -n m(ment*l c-n i+b*cnea r/+b(i*l ci0il! a )r(0(cat ( serie e r/+meri,e -n #3N3-#3N%! iar g*0ern*l s-a 0/+*t (bligai s-( ab(leasc/ -n ca+*l )r( *sel(r alimentare $N@ Ist(ricii britanici remarc/ 1a)t*l c/ -n ci* a t*lb*r/ril(r E esen,ial )(litiee ?i religi(ase E (are a* i+b*cnit s*b 5enric al VlII-lea ?i E *ar al Vl-lea -n 0irt*tea l*)tei -m)(tri0a at(licism*l*i ?i a sc(aterii la 0-n+are a m-n/stiril(r! -n ci* a chiar a r/+b(i*l*i ci0il in anii #3NL-N3N&! Anglia! -n sec(lele XVI ?i XVII! a c*n(sc*t -n t(tal m*lt mai )*,ine re0(lte )()*lare ec-t Fran,a aceleia?i e)(ci@ M(ti0*l acestei e(sebiri! *)/ E@9@L@ Da0ies! este *rm/t(r*lF Aclasele in1eri(are a* 1(st sc*tite a)r(a)e c(m)let e im)(+ite! -n
G "re(t in c(mitat*l ^ent@ J@ :@ a s1-r?it eHec*tat s*b (chii regel*i 6ichar al II-lea@ (N@ tr@)@
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c(ntrast i+bit(r c* ceea ce se )etrecea -n Fran,a! *n e im)(+it*l a 1(st )rileC*l! ac/ n* ?i ca*+a! eel(r mai m*lte re0(lte in sec(l*l al XVlI-lea$=B@ -n ca+*l Fran,ei! n*mer(ase eHem)le! chiar anteri(are sec(l*l*i al XVII-lea! 0in -n s)riCin*l *nei ast1el e anali+e@ ;ar(l al V-lea! -n aC*n*l m(r,ii sale (#K&>)! h(t/r-se ab(lirea AaC*t(arel(rBG )entr* a-?i *?*ra )()(r*l -m)(0/rat@ ;*r-n -ns/! im)(+itele im)r* ent s*)rimate a* treb*it s/ 1ie restabiliteF a* *rmat r/sc(alele *rbane in #K&L$3@ 6e0(lta c(m*nel(r in <*yenne! -n #=N&! c(nstit*ie *n )r(test -m)(tri0a gabeleiGG -n )r(0ineiile in s* -est*l regat*l*i E $% eHtensie re0(cat/ e 5enric al II-lea -n #=N$ @ De-a l*ng*l sec(l*l*i al XVIIlea! gra0e rebeli*ni *rbane ?i r*rale a* a0*t la (rigine! -n Fran,a! -m)(0/rarea 1iscal/ sa* amenin,area c* n(i im)*neriF (ea a A esc*l,il(rB in N(rman ia e C(s! -n #3K$! in ea*+a *n*i )r(iect e eHtin ere a gabelei -n aceast/ regi*ne care )-n/ at*nci$& 1*sese sc*tit/D cele e la 6(*en ?i ;aen -n acela?i an! -n *rma *nei n(i reglement/ri a 0()sirii teHtilel(r! -n 0irt*tea c/reia *n agent s)ecial treb*ia s/ c(ntr(le+e ?i s/ teste+e calitatea l*cr/ril(r e b(iangerie -n 1iecare (ra? ?i b*rg E ins)ee,ie -ns(,it/ e ( taH/$$D eele ale Acr(can,il(rB in Ang(*m(is ?i 9aint(nge! -n #3K3D cea in "erig(r ! -n #3K%-#3N# E Acea mai mare r/sc(al/ ,/r/neasc/ in #>> ist(ria Fran,ei! eHce)t-n r/+b(i*l in Ven ee BD cele in <as((nia ?i in 6(*erg*e! -n #3K$-#3NLF t(ate m(ti0ate )rin cre?terea /ril(r@ In cr(nica r/sc(alel(r anti1iseale! at-t la "aris c-t ?i -n )r(0incie! an*l #3N&! )rim*l an al Fr(n ei! merit/ ( men,i*ne s)ecial/@ EHas)erarea )r(0(cat/ e im)(+ite! in ignarea )()*lar/ )e care ( st-rnea* agen,ii 1isc*l*i eH)lic/
A?a-n*mitele Aai esB era* )rest/ri )ec*niare #&= (rate s*+eran*l*i -n E0*l Me i*@ (N@ tr@)@ Im)(+it*l )e sare@ (N@ tr@)@

atit* inea trib*nalel(r ?i ec(*l acesteia -n ()inia )*blic/@ 6eci)r(c! ()(+i,ia a *n/ril(r s*0eraneG 1a,/ e n(ile m/s*ri 1is(ale ,edit du toise66, ecret*l tari1el(rD re-nn(irea paulet-teiBGG)! a stim*lat n*mer(ase re1*+*ri c(lecti0e ale im)*neril(r@ A9-a cre+*t c/ ter(rism*l 1iscal! (mnia )erce)t(ril(r ?i a inten en,il(r c(nsi era,i agen,ii l(r s-a -ncheiat#>#@B De?i re0(lta al c/rei teatr* a 1(st :retania -n #3%= a l*at -n l(calit/,ile r*rale as)ecte antiseni(riale! c* atacarea m*lt(r castele ?i 0(in,a E eH)rimat/ -n ;( *l ,/r/nesc E ea ab(li re e0en,ele (meniale )rec*m +eci*iala! c(r0e+ile! etc! )*nct*l e )(rnire al se i,i*nii la 6ennes ?i la Nantes a 1(st t(t (stilitatea 1a,/ e n(ile taHeF timbr*l 1iscal! marcarea (biectel(r e c(sit(r! im)(+it*l )e 0-n+/rile e t*t*n@ -n )l*s! s-a +0(nit c/ :retania 0a 1i s*)*s/ gabelei@ c/ranii! care a* c(ntin*at la r-n *l l(r agita,ia *rban/! n-a* )ier *t )rileC*l s/ atace bir(*rile )erce),iil(r ?i! ac/ t(t*?i a* atacat ?i c-te0a castele! a* 1/c*t-( ese(ri n*mai b/n*in c/ gentil(mii res)ecti0i E e,in/t(ri ai 0re*nei 1*nc,ii regale E s-ar )*tea n*m/ra )rintre cei ce *rmea+/ s/ intr( *c/ gabela -n )r(0incie#>L@ Antiseni(rial/ -n an*mite )ri0in,e! re0(lta A:(netel(r r(?iiB in :retania n* er-a -ns/ ?i antih(biliar/F r/sc*la,ii (rea* ca 1iicele n(bilil(r s/-?i aleag/ #>K b/rba,i A e c(n i,ie c(m*n/B ?i s/-i -nn(bile+e @ In m( mai general! cercet/rile recente (0e esc c/ s*b Vechi*l 6egim
G n original: ?assem$lees souverainesO. Este 0(rba e )arlamentele regi(nale in tim)*l Vechi*l*i 6egim care era* -n m( eHcl*si0 c*r,i C* iciare! e?i! tim) e c-te0a sec(le! ?i-a* as*mat ?i atrib*,ii )(litice@ (N@ tr@)@ GG Instit*it -n #3NN! acest ecret )re0e ea amenarea )r()rietaril(r )ari+ieni ale c/r(r im(bile e)/?ea* an*mite limite )re0/+*te -ntr-( (r (nan,/ in #=N&! c/+*t/ -n es*et* ine@ (N@ tr@)@ [B Im)(+it )l/tit in n(*/ -n n(*/ ani e tit*larii an*mit(r 1*nc,ii )*blice! )rin care -?i asig*ra* L&3 )/strarea l(r@ (N@ tr@)@

maC(ritatea r/sc(alel(r ,/r/ne?ti n-a* 1(st (stile at-t n(bilil(r c-t g*0ern/m-nt*l*i central! e)/rtat! an(nim! ()res(r! 0e?nic )e cale e a in0enta taHe n(i@ In Fran,a! re1*+*l 0i(lent al 1iscalit/,ii agresi0e eHercitate e *n stat t(t mai bir(cratic ?i centrali+at(r s-a mani1estat mai 1rec0ent -n sec(lele XVI ?i XVII@ N* rare(ri se -nt-m)la )e at*nci ca b*rghe+ia in (ra?e ?i n(bilii in l*mea r*ral/ s/ 1ac/! cel )*,in ( b*cat/ e 0reme! ca*+/# c(m*n/ c* )()(r*l re0(ltat@ De altminteri ! la ,ar/! a ese(ri gentil(mii l(c*ia* -n c(ntin*are -n castelele l(r@ '(at/ l*mea -i c*n(?teaD trecea* re)t )r(tect(ri 1ire?ti@ Fa)t*l c/ -n #%&$ ,/r/nimea s-a -nt(rs -m)(tri0a n(ibilimii se eH)lic/ )rin aceea c/ m*l,i n(bili l*aser/ (bicei*l! -n c*rs*l sec(l*l*i al XVIII-lea! s/ l(c*iasc/ la (ra?! )()*la,ia )ier+-n ast1el c(ntact*l c* ei@ 6ebeli*nile anti1iscale E -n s)ecial cele care a* i+b*cnit -n Fran,a sec(l*l*i XVII E a* 1(st a ese(ri gest*ri e is)erare )r(0(cate e *n eHces e mi+erie ?i e teama e agra0are a *nei sit*a,ii (ric*m e ne-n *rat@ -ntr-*n caiet e Calbe al a *n/rii st/ril(r in N(rman ia! at-n in #3KN! citimF A9ire! c*trem*ra,i e (r(are la s)ectac(l*l s*1erin,el(r biet*l*i ,/ran -n anii ce a* trec*t! ne-a 1(st at s/-2i 0e em )e *nii intre ei gr/bin *-?i m(artea! e+n/ /C *i,i 1iin e gre*t/,ile )e (are n* le mai )*tea* *ce! )e al,ii lega,i e 0ia,/! mai egrab/ in resemnarea ec-t e )l/cerea sa* e miCl(acele e a ( )/stra! -nC*ga,i la )l*g )rec*m 0itele e )(0ar/! ar-n )/m-nt*l! )/s-c-n iarb/ ?i tr/in c* r/ /cini! s)re r*?i-narea )arc/ a -ns*?i )/m-nt*l*i carele i-a hr/nit la na?tere! m*l,i b/Cenin )rin str/in/t/,i ?i alte meleag*ri ca s/ sca)e e /ri ?i l/s-n )*stii -n *rm/ )ar(hii -ntregi@ Oi t(t*?i bir*rile n(astre n-a* sc/+*t c-t*?i e )*,in! ci a* s)(rit! tr/g-n e )e ei ?i e/-ma?a ce le mai r/m/sese ca s/-?i ac()ere

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g(lici*nea tr*)*ril(r ?i -n m*lte l(c*ri! 1emeile nici n-a* mai )*t*t c/lca -n biseric/ )rintre cre?tini! t*lb*rate e r*?inea l(r@ A?a se 1ace c/ acest biet tr*)! st(rs e t(at/ 0laga! c* )ielea li)it/ )e (ase ?i ac()erit (ar e r*?inea l*i! n* a?tea)t/ ec-t mil(stenia Maiest/,ii V(astre#>=@B 9*)lic/ hi)erb(lic/ )entr* a -n *i(?a *n ministr*M F/r/ -n (ial/D ar -n aceea?i m/s*r/ e0(carea *nei realit/,i c(ti iene! a?a c*m reiese ea in alte nen*m/rate escrieri ale E*r()ei c/+*te 0ictim/ 6/+b(i*l*i e 'rei+eci e ani@ Intrarea Fran,ei -n acest c(n1lict a a0*t ca re+*ltat *blarea -n c-,i0a ani a )(0erii 1iscale s*)(rtate e ,/ranii 1rance+i@ A"entr* )rima at/! eHigen,ele regale e)/?ea* categ(ric eHigen,ele :isericii ?i! -ntr-( ?i mai mare m/s*r/! )e cele ale seni(ril(r#>3@B Im)(+itele in irecte ?i cele irecte a* s)(rit c(nc(mitentF e *n e! )e e ( )arte re0(ltele *rbane -m)(tri0a )rest/ril(r )ec*niare (ai es E n@tr@) ce l(0ea* mai ales -n me?te?*gari! iar e cealalt/ re0(ltele r*rale -m)(tri0a s)(ririi bir*ril(r care l(0ea* mai ales -n ,/rani! )r(iectele e eHtin ere sa* e agra0are a gabelei c*)rin-+-n e()(tri0/ ?i -n *nanimitate at-t (ra?ele c-t ?i satele@ D*blarea im)(+itel(r -nsemna )entr* ni?te (ameni care tr/ia* la limita mi+eriei ( amenin,are e m(arte E ra)i / sa* lent/ E ?i eH)lic/ starea c(lecti0/ e )anic/ la an*n,*l n(il(r m/s*ri 1iscale@ Inten ent*l Vertha-m(nt escrie r/+meri,a in "erig*e*H! -n #3K=! ca )e A( mala ie a -ntregii )()*la,ii in )artea l(c*l*i! ( *rere )r(0(cat/ e s)(rirea im)*neril(r! ( s*1erin,/ a -nc/ ce ar )*tea egenera -ntr-( e+l/n,*ire nest/0ilit/ e Ca1*ri! s*b0ersi*ni ?i crime! ( neb*nie! ( Cale#>%B@ Dis)erarea se -ns(,ea (* m-nia -n 1a,a )r(ce eel(r e -ncasare! E A-m)il/riB care! )e temei*l ne0(il(r *rgente ale stat*l*i! s-a* )reschimbat -n e)(ca 6/+b(i*l*i e 'rei+eci e ani -ntr-*n a e0/rat ter(rism 1iscal@ -ncasarea /ri- Y

l(r )rileC*ia arest/ri in i0i *ale! c* sechestni )e 0ite ?i m(bile! sa* c(lecti0e! ale *n*i sat -ntreg@ En emia re0(ltel(r r*rale a *s la (rgani+area *nei a e0/rate ?i ( i(ase armate e )erce)t(ri! (A)*?ca?i ai /ril(rGB)@ ;* t(ate acestea! t*lb*r/rile anti1iscale ?i )sih(+a gabelei E ese(ri r.s)-n ite intr-( regi*ne -ntr-aita e c/l/t(ri E se -nt(rcea* mai ales -m)(tri0a agen,il(r 1iscali ?i a )(rt/reil(r acest(ra@ Ac*+a,i c/ se -mb(g/,esc )e s)inarea )()(r*l*i ?i a regel*i! malt(tieriiGG sa* gabelierii era* inamicii )*blici ai c(m*nit/,il(r! ni?te AcanibaliB ce treb*ia* )e e)si,i! anti-e*l *nei c(n?tiin,e c(lecti0e care se c(nsi era c*rat/@ De *n e ?i rit*al*l r/+meri,ei c-n era -n re)tat/ -m)(tri0a gabelier*l*iF atacarea l(c*in,ei sale (ri a han*l*i *n e t(cmai tr/sese! AminareaB )e str/+i a )ers(naC*l*i batC(c(rit ca *n -nc(rn(rat -ntr-*n s(i e charivari, eHec*tarea scelerat*l*i es)re care se s)*nea ese(ri c/ s-a )(c/it -nainte e a m*ri E legen / menit/ s/-C c(n0ing/ )e r/sc*la,i e -n re)t/,irea l(r@ Acest rit*al se es1/?*ra *)/ ce m*l,imea trec*se mai -nt-i )e ia -nchis(area in l(calitatea res)ecti0/ )entr* a-i elibera )e cei ar*nca,i ac(l( e inechitatea agen,il(r 1inanciari@ -ntr-*n asemenea climat e e1er0escen,/ ?i ( at/ e)/?it *n an*mit )rag al agita,iei! c(nta mai )*,in im)(+it*l tem*t c-t ( an*mit/ mit(l(gie anti1iscal/ sec*lar/! mai )*,in realitatea -n sine! c-t imaginea -n1ric(?/t(are s*b care era @ -nchi)*it/ aceast/ realitate@

G ?Fusilier des taillesO, -n (riginal! acce),ia 0eche a s*bstanti0*l*i A1*silierB 1iin ?i aceea e s(l at in s*b(r inea inten en,il(r e )r(0incie@ (N@ tr@)@ "erce)t(ri -n sens general! termen*l eri0-n e n s*bstanti0*l ?maltoteO, ini,ial *n im)(+it )ere 1 "*t e Fili) cel Fr*m(s -n s)riCin*l r/+b(i*l*i #In #$ "(tri0a engle+il(r! *lteri(r generali+at )entr* (rice teJ e im)(+it ab*+i0@ (N@ tr@)@

! D I9 E F l D G H V D G / ID I (# )

i
+' Hvonurile Imagina,ia c(lecti0/ )rel*a cele mai 1el*rite +0(n*ri@ In aC*n*l r/sc(alei c*n(sc*te -n Anglia sec(l*l*i al XVI-lea s*b n*mele e .ilgrimage o# 'race, 1el e 1el e ?(a)te -ngriC(r/t(are ?i r/*0(it(are se r/s)-n ea* in sat -n satF se s)*nea c/ ins)ect(rii a)(st(lici trimi?i la m-n/stirile -nchise in )(r*nca regel*i s*nt ni?te in i0i+i c(r*),i care se -mb(g/,esc Ce1*in *-le#@ Oi mai -nr/ /cinat/ era c(n0ingerea c/ ( at/ c* ac,i*nea l(r Ls)(liat(are -nce)e A istr*gerea s1intei cre in,e B@ Otiri alarmante a* )rece at ?i rebeli*nea in ;(rn_all! -n #=N%-#=N$F se cre ea c/ n(*a .ra1er 0ooF6 n* mai a*t(ri+ea+/ celebrarea b(te+*l*i ec-t *minicaK@ -n realitate! ea rec(man a )*r ?i sim)l* regr*)area cerem(niil(r ba)tismale *minica )entr* ca s/ aib/ l(c -n )re+en,a c(m*nit/,ii cre inci(?il(r@ Ace?tia a* cre+*t -ns/ c/ n(*-n/sc*,ii b(lna0i risc/ e ac*m -nainte s/ m(ar/ neb(te+a,i! 1iin ast1el h/r/+i,i in1ern*l*i@ De *n e ?i )anica )()*la,iil(r@ Este im)(sibil! cel )*,in -n ca+*l ci0ili+a,iil(r )rein *striale! s/ se)ari +0(n*rile e r/sc(ale! in i1erent e imensi*nile er(n(l(G (n englez: carte e r*g/ci*ni@ (N@ tr@)@
MVW

gice ?i ge(gra1ice ale acest(ra@ In Fran,a e ast/+i! ( alarm/ ca cea e la 7rleans! -n 3V4V0 )(ate 1i st/)-nit/ in tim) 1/r/ a se aC*nge la ( eH)l(+ie@ "e 0rem*ri! -n schimb! era gre* s/ e+am(rse+i +0(n*rile@ "entr* c/! n* rare(ri! se b*c*ra* e cre+are ia t(ate ni0el*rile s(ciet/,ii! incl*si0 -n s1erele irig*it(are@ Oi! chiar c-n n* era a?a! a*t(rit/,ile n* is)*nea* nici e miCl(acele e in1(rmare (+iare! ra i(! tele0i+i*ne) c* aC*t(r*l c/r(ra se )(ate ncerca )(t(lirea *nei nelini?ti c(lecti0e )rintr-*n 1el e Atera)ie a +0(n*l*iB! nici e s*1iciente miCl(ace )(li,iene?ti )entr* a -m)ie ica -ntr*nirile ?i a*t(eHeitarea m*l,imii@ Z0(n*ri care )e 0rem*ri a* st-rnit i+b*cniri e )anic/ ni se )ar ast/+i t(tal aberante@ Oi t(t*?i! n-am asistat (are n(i -n?ine! -n #$=K! la acea )anic/ e )r()(r,ii )e care a )r(0(cat-( )re+entat(r*l *n*i )(st e ra i( american an*n,-n S s(sirea *n(r mar,ieni )e 1ar1*rii +b*r/t(areNM De 1a)t! im)(rtant aici este ceea ce cre e )(sibil ()inia )*blic/! sa* m/car ( )arte a ei@ -n #%3&! m*l,imea in0a ea+/ ?i e0astea+/ c(legi*l c(ngrega,iei (rat(rienil(r in Ly(n@ ;/l*g/rii s*nt ac*+a,i c/ a /)(stesc *n )rin, ci*ng@ A-n 1iecare sear/! se )(0este?te! s*nt )rin?i -n C*r*l c(legi*l*i c()ii c/r(ra li se taie *n bra, ca s-l -ncerce )retins*l )rin,B@ 6/+meri,a se s(l ea+/ c* L= e r/ni,i=@ 9/ eH)lic/m )sih(l(gic acest acces e m-nie@ 7 ini(ar/! m*lt/ l*me era c(n0ins/ c/ aceast/ chir*rgie ne(bi?n*it/ n*-i im)(sibil/@ "e e alt/ )arte! *)/ eH)*l+area ie+*i,il(rG! ()inia )*blic/ -i )ri0ea c* aceea?i ne-ncre ere ?i )e s*cces(rii l(r! c(nsi er-n *-i ca)abili e cele mai negre 1/r/ elegi@ In s1-rOit! la Ly(n ca ?i ai*rea! circ*la* )eri( ic t(t 1el*l e +0(n*ri c* )ri0ire la r/)irile e c()iiF era* ac*+a,i c-n ,iganii ?i 0agab(n+ii! c-n (rat(rienii! ca -n ca+*l e 1a,/! c-n )(li,ia@ 6/sc(ala in Ly(n treb*ie a)r()iat/ a?a ar e
G EH)*l+area in Frana a membril(r ;(m)aniei sa* 9(ciet/,ii l*i Is*s a 1(st ecretat/ -n #%3N@ (N@ tr@)@

cea care a -ns-ngerat "aris*l -n mai #%=> ?i care s-a s(l at c* m*lte )ier eri e 0ie,i (mene?ti@ 9e s)*nea c/ (1i,eri e )(li,ie -n ci0il *mbl/ )rin cartierele )ari+iene ?i r/)esc c()ii -ntre cinci ?i +ece ani@ ;*m *n*l intre ei a)*case s/ ,i)e c-n t(cmai -l ar*nca* -ntr-( birC/ E a?a s-a +0(nit E m*l,imea s-a a *nat c*)rins/ e 1*rie@ A0(cat*l J@P-F@ :/rbier )(0este?teF A @ @ @ D*)/ c*m sc(rnise g*ra l*mii! sc()*l acest(r r/)iri e c()ii era 0in ecarea *n*i )rin, le)r(s! care treb*ia -mb/iat ( at/ sa* e mai m*lte (ri -n s-nge (menesc! ?i c*m n*-i alt*l mai c*rat ec-t acela e c()il! -i )rin ea* ca s/ le ia s-ngele in cele )atr* membre ?i s/-i sacri1ice! ceea ce re0(lta )()(r*l -nc/ ?i mai m*lt@ N* se ?tie )e ce se -ntemeia+/ asemenea )(0e?tiD reme i*l acesta era c*n(sc*t -nc/ )e tim)*l l*i ;(nstantin! -m)/rat care nici n-a 0r*t s/ a* / e *na ca asta@ Dar aici n-a0em nici *n )rin, le)r(s ?i! chiar e ar 1i 0re*n*l r nimeni n-ar rec*rge la asemenea cr*+ime re)t reme i*@ 9-ar )/rea mai egrab/ c/ e ne0(ie e c()ii )entr* a-i trimite -n Mississi))i@ ;* t(ate acestea! este (ric*m gre* e )res*)*s c/ ar eHista 0re*n (r in e s*s )rin care s/ se cear/ r/)irea c()iil(r e la tat/l ?i mama l(r@ E )(sibil s/ li se 1i s)*s *n(r (1i,eri e )(li,ie c/ ac/ 0(r g/si c()ii 1/r/ tat/ ?i 1/r/ mam/ sa* aban(na,i )(t s/-i ri iceF en*-i eHchisU s/ li se 1i )r(mis ( rec(m)ens/! iar ei s/ 1i ab*+at e acest (r in @ @ @ De alt1el! )r(iect*l acesta nare nici ( n(im/F ac/-i a e0/rat c/ a* ne0(ie e c()ii mici e ambele seHe )entr* a?e+/rile in America! eHist/ at*nci est*i at-t -n a+il*l in 1(b*rg*l 9aint-Ant(ine! c-t ?i -n celelalte a+il*ri3@B 7 l*n/ mai t-r+i*! +0(n*rile )ri0in r/)irile e e()ii circ*la* la '(*l(*se@ Oi t(t e la a0(cat*l :/rbier a1l/mF @ Q @@ [ !! t !@ @ @@

AAceast/ s)aim/ s-a -ntins ?i -n )r(0incii@ 9e +ice c/ la '(*l(*se m*l,imea a)r(a)e c/ a *cis -n b/t/i ni?te (ameni care 0in ea* )/)*?i g-n in c/ acesta e (ar *n )reteHt )entr* a m(mi c()ii@ In )re+ent! se a mite c/ t(,i cei *ci?i sa* maltrata,i -n t*lb*r/rile e la "aris a* 1(st 0ictimele *nei gre?eli sa* ale *n(r b/n*ieli ne-ntemeiate%@@ @B Aceste trei Aem(,iiB ne trimit la c(n0ingerea larg r/s)-n it/ )e 0rem*ri c* )ri0ire la eHisten,a *n(r criminali care 1*r/ c()ii@ De c-te (ri n-a* 1(st -n1ric(?a,i c()iii neasc*lt/t(ri c* )(0estea c/)c/*n*l*i care 0a 0eni s/-i ia c* elS D(0a /! chiar la -nce)*t*l sec(l*l*i al XX-lea! ic(n(gra1ia m(rali+at(are a imaginil(r e E)inalG@ Aceast/ 1ric/! -n (*/ intre ca+*rile e0(cate mai s*s! -nt-lnea ?i -nt/rea ( alt/ crein,/! el(c abs*r / )entr* ( mentalitate magic/! )(tri0it c/reia! 0in ecarea *n*i mic )rin, b(lna0 cere sacri1icarea *n*i c()il s/n/t(s! )entr* a se )r(0(ca ast1el *n trans1er e s/n/tate! -n )ri0in,a acest(r (*/ certit* ini (1*rt*l e c()ii ?i 0in ecarea )rin trans1er e s/n/tate)! i entitatea 0ariabil/ a ,a)il(r is)/?it(ri se 0/ e?te sec*n ar/@ 7rat(rieni! (1i,eri e )(li,ie sa* 0-n+/t(ri e )/)*?i c(n1irmaser/! )rin gest*ri ten en,i(s inter)retate! a)rehensi*nile *rabile ale )*blic*l*i@ N(i m/rt*rii as*)ra acest(raF -n #%3$! )(li,ia a 1(st ne0(it/ s/ cear/ )re(,il(r in "aris s/-?i )(t(leasc/ en(ria?ii! -ncre in,a,i -nc/ ( at/ e )rimeC ia care le )a?te c()iii &D ?i! la ( at/ at-t e t-r+ie ca #&LK! se )*tea citi -n 5icionarul poliiei moderne e Allet+GG! la artic(l*l AAlarm/BF A9e inter+ice alarmarea )()*la,iei )rin r/s)-n irea
G La tim)*l s/*! (r/?el*l E)inal era 0estit )entr* )r( *c,ia sa e stam)e re)re+ent-n c* )rec/ere s*biecte )i(ase e ( eHec*,ie ?i *n c(l(rit r*imentare@ De aici eH)resia image d*Epinal. (N@ tr@)@ GG .ons "ugustin "lletz (#%>KE#%&=)! a*t(r e l*cr/ri c* caracter e *cati0@ "rintre altele mai men,i(n/m 5icionarul conciliilor ?i 5icionarul teologic. (N@
tr@)@

e +0(n*ri ?i ?tiri ne-ntemeiate! ce )(t s-( nelini?teasc/ (ri s-( -n1ric(?e+e! V)rec*m teama e 1(amete! r/)irea e c()iiB! etc. . Alt/ team/ c(lecti0/ *rabil/! )e care ( e+0/l*ie! -n Fran,a cel )*,in! +0(n*rile ?i r/sc(alele e ( ini(ar/! este cea )ri0it(are la im)(+it*l )e 0ia,a -ns/?i@ Acest mit )are s/ 1i atins intensitatea sa maHim/ -n sec(l*l al XVII-lea ?i la -nce)*t*l sec(l*l*i al XVIII-lea! epoc e in1la,ie gal()ant/ a 1iscalit/,ii! ()inia )*blic/ 1iin e ac*m -nainte c(n0ins/ c/ in )artea stat*l*i te )(,i a?te)ta la (rice@ Dar r/ /cinile l*i )r(1*n e treb*ie c/*tate -n (stilitatea *nei ci0ili+a,ii esen,ial (ral/ 1a,/ e actele scrise ce treb*ia* )l/tite ?i )e care bir(cra,ia centrali+at(are ?i h-r,(g/ria eHcesi0/ le -nm*l,ea* mere*@ Ast1el! -n #=3&! a 1(st creat/ a?a-n*mita taH/ A)entr* c(ntr(l*l actel(rB! care se )l/tea -n m(ment*l )re+ent/rii -n 1a,a C*sti,iei a eHtrasel(r in registrele )ar(hiale@ 6e-nn(it/ -n #3=N! ea s-a agra0at )rin -n1iin,area bir(*ril(r e gre1ieri -n #3$>! a)(i e c(ntr(l(ri e acte -n #%>3@ Nelini?tea )r(0(cat/ e ac*m*larea acest(r h(t/r-ri a *s -n re)etate r-n *ri la +0(n*ri )anicar e ?i la Aem(,iiB )()*lare )(rnite e la *n e ict )r(st -n,eles sa* e la *n a1i? )r(st citit@ A"entr* 1iecare c()il )e care -l 0(r 1ace e ac*m -nainte! 1emeile 0(r treb*i s/ achite ( an*mit/ s*m/ e baniBF acest im)(+it mitic )e na?teri a )r(0(cat se i,i*ni la Ville1ranche- e-6(*erg*e -n #3L%! -n (ra?ele in <*yenne -n #3K=! la M(nt)ellier -n #3N=! ;arcass(nne -n #33=! "a* -n #>=%! A*benas -n #3%>! :ay(nne -n #%>3 ?i #%>$! W*ercy -n #%>%@ "e tim)*l Fr(n ei! Catehismul perceptorilor (#3N$) i-a en*n,at )e (amenii e a1aceri Acare se -nc*metaser/ ( ini(ar/ s/ )r()*n/ ;(nsili*l*i im)(+ite )-n/ ?i )e s1-nt*l b(te+ al c()iil(r#>B@ L*mea ?i-a -nchi)*it c/! t(t a?a! se 0(r )l/ti im)(+ite )e c/s/t(rii ?i )e -nm(rm-nt/riD a* 1(st blestema,i malt(tie)ii care Ase hr/nesc c* s*s)ine ?i se -n (a)/ c* lacrimiB-

'(t a?a la Ville1ranche (#3L%)! "a* (#3&L) ?i :ay(nne (#%>$)! s-a +0(nit chiar es)re *n im)(+it )e a)a e i+0(r! A)e 1iecare ci*t*r/ sc(as/ e 1emei in 1-nt-n/ ## B@ Iat/ t(t at-tea 1(rme ale 1ricii )r(1*n -nr/ /cinate e )ers)ecti0a instit*irii *n*i im)(+it )e 0ia,a -ns/?i@ Fiin e ac*m -nainte c(n0in?i c/ -n Fran,a sec(lel(r XVI ?i XVII! 1iscalitatea a stat la (riginea cel(r mai m*lte ?i mai gra0e re0(lte! n* ne r/m-ne ec-t s/ eschi em cronicile tim)*l*i )entr* a e)ista +0(n*rile ce 0(r ser0i re)t et(nat(ri ai m-niei )()*lare@ MaC(ritatea l(r! -n regi*nile sc*tite e gabel/! se re1erea* la im)(+it*l )e sare! atrib*in *-i-se g*0ern*l*i inten,ia e a-# generali+a@ Faima a-cestei taHe era -ns/ at-t e sinistr/ -nc-t ()inia )*blic/ -n1ric(?at/ n*mea ese(ri Agabel/B (rice n( * im) (+it@ La :(r ea *H! - n mai #3K=! *mbla 0(rba c/ A0(r s/ intr( *c/ gabel/ )e sare -n (ra?B@ 9-a mai lansat t(t( at/ +0(n*l Ac/ (a*t(rit/,ile) 0(r s/ )ercea)/ c-te (i sc*+i e b*t(i! cinci g(l(ganiG )entr* 1iecare (al/ ?i s*me enie e alte 1el*rite sc(rneli #LB@ M*l,imea a atacat )rim/ria ?i a m/cel/rit )e l(c c-,i0a AgabelieriB@ EHem)l*l b(r ele+ a 1(st iirmat -n s* -0est*l ,/riiD mai c* seam/ la "erig*e*H ?i la Agen@ La "erig*e*H! e+(r inile a* i+b*cnit -n i*nie! Ala 0e?tile s(site in :(r ea*H c*m c/ regele 0rea s/ im)*n/ ( c(ntrib*,ie )e han*ri! ?i alte im)(+ite n*mite -n e(b?te gabel/ #KB@ ;-t es)re r/sc(ala e la Agen! t(t -n i*nie #3K=! ea Ase -ntemeia )e )res*)*nerea c/ -n (ra? s-ar 1i instit*it gabel/ ?i c/ n*mer(?i l(c*it(ri@@ @ s-ar 1i at e )artea gabelieril(r#NB@ E0i ent c/ n* t(ate +0(n*rile era* li)site e temei@ 6ichelie* s-a g-n it -ntr-a e0/r s/ s*)rime -n N(rman ia e C(s )ri0ilegi*l n*mit AV*art b(*ill(nB! care ac(r a regi*nil(r bene1iciare re)t*l s/-?i )r( *c/ sing*re sarea ?i s( 0-n / liber! c* c(n i,ia e a-i 0/rsa regele G -n (riginal As(*B! m(ne a re)re+ent.n a (*/-+ecea )arte
intr-( li0r/@ (N@ tr@)@

l*i ( taH/ egal/ c* *n s1ert in 0al(area )r(*s/@ Dar re0(lta esc*J,il(r in ,in*t*l A0ranchin a i+b*cnit -n i*lie #3K$! -nainte e a se 1i )*blicat 0re*n teHt (1icial e instit*ire a gabelei@ "e sc*rt! (amenii ,i)a* -nainte e a-i *rea ?i 1/r/ -n (ial/ c/ bine a* 1/c*t e 0reme ce! -n 1a,a *nei eHtin eri a r/sc(alei! g*0ern*l a ren*n,at la )r(iect@ N*-i mai )*,in a e0/rat c/! hr/nit e ( -ntreag/ mit(l(gie anti1iscal/ ?i *m1lat e ( a?te)tare -ngriC(rat/! *n +0(n e est*l ca s/ a)rin / )*lbereaF s-a cre+*t! e )il /! c/ tem*t*l e ict a 1(st a *s e :esna iere-"(*)inel! magistrat al trib*nal*l*i in ;(*tances@ M*l,imea n-a )regetat s/-# *ci #= /! ins*rec,ia c*)rin+-n ast1el ,in*t*l A0ranchin @ -n #3%=! t*lb*r/rile e la 6ennes ?i e la Nantes a* )r(0(cat ( r/sc(al/ a ,/ranil(r in :retania e C(s! ca *rmare a +0(n*l*i care circ*la -n ;(rn_all c*m c/ *n l(c(tenent al regel*i ar 1i 1(st -ns/rcinat s/ intr( *c/ gabela -n i(ce+ele in Vannes! 9aint-"(l- e-Le(n! 'reg*ier ?i W*im)er@ ;ete -narmate i-a* atacat )e AgabelieriB@ 'rib*nal*l in 6ennes a 1(st ne0(it s/ emit/ *n e ict ce eclara +0(n*rile relati0e la gabel/ re)t 1alse ?i ne-ntemeiate ?i stabilea )e e)se -m)(tri0a cel(r care le r/s)-n ea*#3@ AnHietatea )r(0(cat/ )e 0rem*ri e 1iscalitate era eci at-t e )*ternic/ -nc-t aC*ngea s/ lanse+i *n +0(n es)re *n n(* im)(rit )entr* a st-rni ( Aem(,ieB )()*lar/@ Ast1el la ;ah(rs! -n #3=&F *)/ ce Curtea impozitelor h(t/r-se instit*irea *n*i compoix ca$aliste (registr* e im)*neri)! Aneg*,/t(rii ?i hangiii se a)*car/ s/ le s)*n/ (amenil(r e r-n ?i s/ r/s)-n easc/ )ret*tin eni ?tirea c*m c/ e gabel/ e 0(rba! iar (amenii #% e r-n era* est*l e neghi(bi ca s/-i ?i crea / B@ Un +0(n ia na?tere a?a ar )e *n 1(n )realabil e nelini?ti ac*m*late ?i re+*lt/ intr-( )reg/tire mental/ creat/ e c(n0ergen,a mai m*lt(r )rimeC ii sa* e i0erse calamit/,i ale c/r(r e1ecte se a i,i(nea+/@ La LN mai #=LN! 1(c*l e0astea+/ 'r(yes@ Asemenea incen ii

era* 1rec0ente )e 0rem*ri -n (ra?ele c* m*lte case e lemn@ L*mea -?i -nchi)*ie -ns/ c/ A(ameni nec*n(sc*,i ?i eghi+a,iB a* )/tr*ns -n cetate *n e )*n c()ii -ntre (is)re+ece ?i )ais)re+ece ani s/ ea 1(c la case@ ;-,i0a intre ace?ti b/ie,an ri s-nt s).n+*ra,i@ Dar e mai gre* s/-i esc()eri )e a e0/ra,ii incen iat(ri! )e cei care c(man aser/ ()era,i*nea! Ac/ci +ilni( -?i schimba* 0e?minteleF *ne(ri era* -mbr/ca,i ca neg*,/t(ri! alte(ri ca a0ent*rieriG! a)(i ca ,/rani! c.te( at/ t*n?i chil*g ?i c-te(at/ c* )lete! )e sc*rt! e nerec*n(sc*t #&B@ Frica e incen iat(ri se r/s)-n e?te re)e e ?i la "aris! *n e este a *s e la 'r(yes tat/l *n(r c()ii care! se +ice! a* )artici)at la incen ieri ?i )e care C*sti,ia i-a eHec*tat@ In ca)ital/! circ*l/ 1el e 1el e +0(n*riF AmiHt*ra incen iat(areB a 1(st c(n1ec,i(nat/ la Nea)(leD A(ra?*l "aris ?i alte (ra?e in regat es*ntU -n )rimeCieBD ca)*l r/*t/,il(r ar 1i c(netabil*l e :(*rb(n#$@ D(*/+eci ?i (i e nem,i s*nt aresta,i ,!pe b/n*ial/B -n 1(b*rg*l 9aint-Denis@ AInter(ga,iB! ei se (0e esc a 1i ne0in(0a,i@ Dar m*nici)alitatea )(r*nce?te Aneg*,/t(ril(r! t-rg(0e,il(r ?i l(c*it(ril(rB s/ 1ac/ e )a+/ n(a)teaF A;eea ce se 1/c* 1/r/ c(ntenire @ @ @ (i ani e-a r-n *lB@ 'rib*nal*l mai (r (n/ s/ se ,in/ 1elinare a)rinse -n 1a,a casel(r e la (rele n(*/ seara ?i s/ se )/stre+e -n )ermanen,/ a)/ -n A0aseB! )e l-ng/ *?i@ F(c*rile s/rb/t(re?ti! e s1-nt*l I(n ?i e s1in,ii "etr* ?i "a0el! s*nt inter+ise -n an*l acela@ Vagab(n+ii s-nt aresta,i ?i! -nl/n,*i,i (i c-te (i! )*?i s/ c*re,e ?an,*rile e a)/rare e la )(arta 9aint-5(n(re@ -ntr-*n asemenea climat e s*s)ici*ne! n*-i c-t*?i e )*,in e mirare c/ l*mea -?i -nchi)*ie c/ 0e e A)(r,i ?i 1erestre -nsemnate c* cr*cea s1-nt*l*i An rei! neagr/! 1/c*t/ n(a)tea! e (ameni nec*n(sc*,iL>B@
f B In (riginalF advanturieurs, sens*l 0echi al c*0int*l*i 1iin acela e mercenari (N@ tr@)@

7557FF

;e g/sim la (riginea acestei s)aime c(lecti0eM -n +(na ei cea mai )r(1*n / 1/r/ -n(ial/ 1rica e militari ?i e 0agab(n+i E am 0/+*t c/ ()inia )*blic/ -i a *na s*b *na ?i aceea?i s*s)ici*ne@ 7r! *n c(nc*rs e -m)reC*r/ri )ermite acestei temeri s/ ias/ in n(* la s*)ra1a,/@ 6/+b(i*l se )(rnise iar -n Italia! -nce)-n in #=L#! ?i a 1(st marcat e ( serie e -n1r-ngeri@ "e e alt/ )arte! l*mea t(cmai a1lase e m(artea l*i :ayar @ <rele ()era,i*ni militare se es1/?*raser/ ?i -n "r(0en,a@@ -n n(r *l regat*l*i! engle+ii! alia,i ai -m)/-TCD r.t*l*i! -naintaser/ )rimeC i(s -n "icar ia! iai,1 -n #=LK a* amenin,at chiar "aris*l@ 9it*a,ia era1at-t e gra0/ -n an*l acela -nc-t e)isc()*l a treb*it s/ inter+ic/ s/ se trag/ cl()(tele e s/r-TF b/t(area '*t*r(r s1in,il(r! A)entr* ca (rice +g(-G m(t amenin,/t(r s/ se a* / mai lesneL#B@ A'r/-areaB *cel*i e :(*rb(n (1ebr*arie #=LK) a im)resi(nat ()inia )*blic/@ Iar c-n ! -n l*na i*lie! s-a cre+*t c/ Francisc I *rmea+/ s/ )lece -ri Italia ( e 1a)t! n-a trec*t e Ly(n)! )ari+ienii s-a* sim,it aban (na,i@ 9/ mai a /*g/m agravarea A)rimeC iei l*teraneB! ger*rile )rel*ngite in iarna #=LK-#=LN! in )ricina c/r(ra satis1acerea cererii e alimente -n )rim/0ara ce a *rmat s-a 1/c*t c* mare gre*tate! )r(cesi*nile ce se -nm*l,iser/ la "aris 1ie in ca*+a 0remii! 1ie in cauza r/+b(i*l*i@ 9e -n,elege c/ asemenea c(m)leH e e0enimente -ngriC(r/t(are a tra*mati+at ()inia )*blic/ )ari+ian/! a 1/c*t-( s/ ea cre+are t*t*r(r +0(n*ril(r alarmante ?i a tre+it 1rica e 0agab(n+i@ ;hiar -n aC*n*l incen i*l*i e la 'r(yes! 'rib*nal*l (r (nase ca t(,i t-r-iebr-* ?i 0-nt*r/-l*me s/ )/r/seasc/ (ra?*l@ ;*m s/ n* cre+i c/ eHist/ )rintre ei ?i incen iat(riM Z0(n*l )(ate -m)r*m*ta as)ect*l *nei b*c*rii nes/b*ite ?i al *nei s)eran,e neb*ne?ti E-am )(menit cre in,a rec*rent/ -n ab(lirea im)(+itel(r@ De cele mai m*lte (ri -ns/! el semni1ic/ a?te)tarea *nei nen(r(ciri@ N*-i e mirare! -

/22

,in-n seama e l(c*l (c*)at -n a -nc*l )sihism*l*i c(lecti0 e teama e n(i im)(+ite ?i cea e )ribegi! c/ m*lte +0(n*ri )r(0(cat(are e ( ini(ar/ s-a* ra)(rtat la *na sa* la cealalt/ intre aceste a)rehensi*ni )ermanente@ Marea Fric/ in Fran,a an*l*i #%&$ (0e e?te c/! -ntr-( e)(c/ e is(l*,ie a a*t(rit/,ii! asemenea r*m(ri a* )*t*t C*ca *n r(l ist(ric 1*n amental@ In general -ns/! im)(rtan,a ?i 1*nc,ia +0(n*ril(r -n ci0ili+a,ia Vechi*l*i 6egim a* 1(st s*bestimate@ Na?terea! sa* mai bine +is rea)ari,ia l(r )eri( ic/! era ( c(nstant/ -n 0ia,a )()(arel(rD ( str*ct*r/! ca ?i re0(lta -ns/?i@ Marea Fric/ n-a 1/c*t a?a ar ec.t s/ eHtin /! la ( scar/ a)r(a)e na,i(nal/! ( realitate ce c*n(sc*se -n sec(lele anteri(are eHem)le n*mer(ase! e imensi*ni inegale -n tim) ?i s)a,i*@ "r()agarea +0(n*ril(r alarmante E circ*l-n -nt(t ea*na )e canale neinstit*,i(nali+ateLL E marca m(ment*l c-n nelini?tea )()*lar/ atingea )ar(Hism*l@ "*nerea -n alert/ a instinct*l*i e c(nser0are! -n *rma *n(r amenin,/ri )ersistente -m)(tri0a sec*rit/,ii (nt(l(gice a *n*i gr*)! 1r*str/rile ?i anHiet/,ile c(lecti0e ac*m*late *cea* E ?i negre?it c/ 0(r *ce in n(* -n ca+*ri similare E la )r(iec,ii ha-I*cinat(riiLK@ Z0(n*l a)are at*nci ca m/rt*risire ?i eH)licitare a *nei ang(ase generali+ate ?i! -n acela?i tim)! ca )rim sta i* al )r(ces*l*i e e1*lare ce 0a elibera m*l,imea E )r(0i+(ri* E e 1rica ei@ El este i enti1icarea *nei )rimeC ii ?i clari1icarea *nei sit*a,ii care a e0enit ins*)(rtabil/@ "entr* c/! res)ing-n (rice incertit* ine! )()*la,ia care acce)t/ *n +0(n! a *ce ( ac*+a,ie@ Inamic*l )*blic este emascatD ?i asta -nseamn/ (ric*m ( *?*rare@ ;hiar -n 0ersi*nea l*i ()timist/! +0(n*l esemnea+/ *n*l sa* mai m*l,i 0in(0a,i@ De eHem)l*! -n tim)*l Fr(n eiF im)(+itele *rma* s/ is)ar/! n*mai (/ Ma+arin -l -m)ie icase )e rege s/ *c/ la -n e)linire acest gest sal*tar@ Asemenea )r(iec,ie )aran(ic/ etermina ( ini(ar/ -n m( )eri( ic a)ari,ia *n(r ti)*ri

rit*ali+ate e ,a)i is)/?it(ri [E gabelieri! )r(0(cat(ri e 1(amete! brigan+i! eretici@ <ra,ie *n(r ast1el e en*miri (c(ncreti+ate -n )ers(naCe reale)! ( c(lecti0itate se -n1/,i?ea+/ ca 0ictim/LN E ceea ce ?i este e cele mai m*lte (ri E ?i C*sti1ic/ antici)at actele e C*sti,ie eH)e iti0/ )e care (ric*m le 0a s/0-r?i@ "e e alt/ )arte! -m)(0/r-n ac*+at*l (sa* ac*+a,ii) c* t(t s(i*l e crime! 0icii ?i negre *neltiri! ea se )*ri1ic/ e )r()riile sale inten,ii t*lb*ri! atrib*in alt(ra ceea ce n* 0rea s/ rec*n(asc/ -n ea -ns/?i@ 9c/)-n (ric/r*i c(ntr(l critic! +0(n*l are ten in,a s/ maC(re+e )*terile inamic*l*i emascat ?i s/-# sit*e+e -n centr*l *nei re,ele e c(m)licit/,i iab(lice@ ;* c-t 1rica *nei c(lecti0it/,i 0a 1i mai intens/! c* at-t mai accent*at/ 0a 1i ten in,a e a cre e -n 0aste c(nC*ra,ii s*s,in*te e re,ele chiar -n sin*l c(lecti0it/,ii res)ecti0e@ N* c/ am c(nsi era c(l(ana a cincea *n mit! ar -n (rice e)(c/ teama resim,it/ a e)/?it limitele real*l*i ?i ale )(sibil*l*i@ Ast1el! *n +0(n este e cele mai m*lte (ri re0elarea *n*i c(m)l(t! a ic/ a *nei tr//ri@ 6elat/rile )ri0in r/sc(alele anti1iscale s*nt )line e 1(rm*le )rec*m Ac(ns)ira,ia gabeleiB! Ac(nC*ra,ia )arti *l*i gabelieril(rB sa* a A)arti *l*i nen(r(ciriiB care trimit clar la ( ma?ina,ie e imensi*ne na,i(nal/ ai c/rei agen,i l(cali s*nt t(t*?i c*n(sc*,i@ '(t a?a! -n #=LN s-a cre+*t -ntr-( ac,i*ne c(ncertat/ a incen iat(ril(r! iar -n #%%3! -n tim)*l Ar/+b(i*l*i 1aineiB! -ntr-*n c(m)l(t al agen,il(r 1(ametei@ Masacrele in n(a)tea 91-nt*l*i :art(l(me* (#=%L) ?i in +ilele *rm/t(are la "aris ?i -n mai m*lte (ra?e ale Fran,ei! n*-?i g/sesc ( eH)lica,ie )sih(l(gic/ ec-t )rin certit* inea c(lecti0/ )ri0in *n c(m)l(t )r(testant@ D*)/ atentat*l ratat -m)(tri0a l*i ;(ligny! ;atherine e Me icis h(t/r-se eHec*tarea *n*i n*m/r (arecare e h*ghen(,i@ Dar g*0ern*l n* inten,i(na s/-i masacre+e )e t(,i re1(rma,ii in "aris@ 7r! )*terea regal/ a 1(st c()le?it/ e r/sc(ala K>>

)ari+ian/ care! -n ci* a chem/ril(r la calm ale a*t(rit/,il(r! s-a re0/rsat )e str/+ile ca)italei tim) e a)r(a)e cinci +ile c* t(t c(rtegi*l ei e atr(cit/,iF 0ictime es)*iate! t-r-te ?i a+0-r-lite -n 9ena! 1emei gra0i e s)intecate! c(?*ri )line c* c()ii e?ertate -n 1l*0i*! etc! gest*ri -nr* ite c* cele )racticate -n sec(l*l al XVI-lea e trib*l '*)inamba in :ra+ilia as*)ra )ri+(nieril(r e r/+b(i! L= c* sing*ra eHce),ie a canibalism*l*i 1inal @ ;*m se eH)lic/ aceast/ 1*rie )()*lar/ at-t e a)rig/ -nc-t Anici chiar maCes-t/,ile l(r@ @@ n* se )*tea* 1eri e 1ric/ -n L*0r*L3BM Jeanine Estebe c(nstat/ c/ cele (*/ e icte e )aci1icare in! #=3L ?i #=%> a* a0*t re)t re+*ltat c(m*n eclan?area 0i(len,ei )()*lare -n (ra?ele *n e cat(licii era* maC(ritari@ Ace?tia cre+*r/ c/ e ac*m -nainte a 0ersarii l(r -?i 0(r )*tea -ng/ *i (rice ins(len,/ ?i c/! )r(1it-n e c(ncesiile regel*i! se 0(r str/ *i s/ (mine regat*l@ Un )re(t in "r(-0ins! 5at(n! scrie -n m( semni1icati0F BB[B@AZisa )ace ( in #=%>) 1/c*t/ c* h*ghen(t*l ) Z amiral (;(ligny E n@tr@) ?i a e),ii l*i )/r* K6* a 1i 1(arte )rielnic/ )entr* libertatea h*ghen(t/! ceea ce! re)t 0(rbin ! esteL%@ @ @B E ictele e )aci1icare era* resim,ite a?a ar e cat(lici ca tr/ /ri! e 0reme ce se ac(r a* )ri0ilegii *n(r (ameni -n care masa )()(r*l*i 0e ea ni?te rebeli ?i ni?te eretici@ ;/s/t(ria Margaretei e Val(is c* )r(testant*l 5enric e Na0arra celebrat/ -n +i*a e #& a*g*st a )/r*t ( c(n1irmare a acest(r a)rehensi*niF ce n* )*tea* )retin e h*ghen(,ii e ac*m -nainteM "e e alt/ )arte! e sig*r c/ *)/ atentat*l -m)(tri0a l*i ;(ligny (LL a*g*st) )r(testan,ii n-a* )regetat c* amenin,/rileF se 0(r r/+b*na@ Zi*a e LK! +i nel*cr/t(are! a 1(st )rielnic/ a *n/ril(r m*l,imii -n biserici@ "re icat(rii )r(clamar/ s*s ?i tare inten,ia cal0ini?til(r e a-# *ci e )e 5enri e <*ise@ Acesta se 1/c* c/ "/r/se?te (ra?*lF ceea ce -i -ngriC(r/ )e )ari- ii care )r(babil c/ -?i -nchi)*ir/ c/ s*nt

li)si,i e a)/r/t(r*l l(r@ D*)/-amia+/! se r/s)-n i *n +0(n alarmantF M(ntm(rency! c(nsierat )e ne re)t h*ghen(t ?i )e care )ari+ienii -l etesta*! -nainta c* tr*)ele sale s)re ca)ital/F !n ADe la (ra aceea e(rele #3U se r/s)-n i )rin "aris +0(n*l c*m c/ regele -l chemase )e Y mare?al*l e M(ntm(rency s/ 0in/ la "aris K% c* m*l,ime e ca0alerie ?i e in1anterieD c/ G2A )ari+ienii a0ea* a?a ar )rileC e a se )*ne , .-. la a /)(stD ar +0(n*l acesta era ne-ntemeiatL&B@ In s1-r?it! a*t(rit/,il(r m*nici)ale care a* 1(st (hemate la L*0r* -n n(a)tea e LK s)re LN )entr* a li se cere s/ -narme+e mili,iile (ra?*l*i! li s-a s)*s c/ regele! )rim/ria ?i "aris*l treb*ie a)/ra,i -m)(tri0a *n*i c(m)l(t )r(testant@ Din cli)a aceea! c-n t(csin*l -nce)ea s/ bat/! era c-t se )(ate e 1iresc ca ( )()*la,ie c* ner0ii gre* -ncerca,i ani e-a r-n *l! ?i care tr/ise +ile )line e nelini?te -n ar?i,a c()le?it(are e a*g*st! s/ crea / -n realitatea acestei c(nC*ra,ii@ M/cel/rirea h*ghen(,il(r e0enea ast1el *n act e legitim/ a)/rare@ 7bsesia c(m)l(t*ril(r a )lanat eas*)ra Fran,ei ?i -n )rimii ani ai 6e0(l*,iei 1rance+e@ <@ Le1eb0re a0ea re)tate scriin c/ Marea Fric/ a 1(st A( gigantic/ ?tire ne-ntemeiat/L$B@ ;.r /?ia intre arist(cra,i ?i r/*1/c/t(ri! -n care a* cre+*t t(,i 1rance+ii! a 1(st -n (rice ca+ *n*l intre acele Amit*ri care 1ac ist(ria real/K>B@ Fa0(ri+at/ e )en*riile care a* )rece at 0ara l*i #%&$! a rea)/r*t c(n0ingerea! eCa )re+ent/ -n #%%3! c/ mini?trii ?i a*t(rit/,ile l(cale -n-cheiaser/ *n A)act e -n1(metareB a )()(r*l*i@ '(t*?i -ntr*nirea st/ril(r generale a tre+it ( mare s)eran,/@ F(arte e*r-n -ns/! acestea a* intrat -n c(n1lict c* g*0ern*l@ 7)inia )*blic/ s-a c(n0ins! n* 1/r/ m(ti0! c/ )ri0ilegia,ii 0(r re1*+a re1(rmele ?i 0(r -ncerca s/ etermine i+(l0area AA *n/rii na,i(naleB! s/ rec*)ere+e K c(ntr(l*l as*)ra stat*l*i ?i s/ men,in/ ,ar/- l

nimea s*b C*g@ Ince)-n in #= mai! s-a r/s)-n it +0(n*l c/ g*0ern*l a *n/ tr*)( -n C*r*l "aris*l*i@ Demiterea l*i Nec]er )/r* s/ c(n1irme ceUe mai n(gre temeri@ Oi e cit se )(ate e a e0/rat c/! 1/r/ re0(lta )ari+ian/ in #N i*lie@ A *narea ar 1i 1(st )ier *t/@ In (rice ca+! -n aC*n*l c/ erii :astiliei! "aris*l era )lin e +0(n*ri -ngriC(r/t(areF l(c*it(rii cre ea* in intrarea iminent/ a s(l a,il(r str/ini@ Oi ac/ a* )*s m-na )e arme! a* 1/c*t-( )entr* c/! asemenea str/m(?il(r l(r in #=%L! s-a* c(nsierat -n legitim/ a)/rareF mare?al*l*i e :r(glie i se atrib*i inten,ia e a Animici "aris*lB@ Vict(ria )()*lar/ e la #N i*lie n-a )(t(lit s)iritele! ea marc-n -nce)*t*l emigra,iei@ Aceste )lec/ri a)/rea* ca ( (0a / s*)limentar/ a Ac(m)l(t*l*i arist(craticB@ '(at/ l*mea era -ncre in,at/ c/ emigran,ii *c c* ei a*r c* care 0(r t(cmi mercenari str/ini gra,ie ac(r*l*i intre s*0eranii E*r()ei@ :r*sc! Fran,a s-a sim,it amenin,at/ la t(ate 1r(ntierele@ La s1-r?it*l l*i i*lie! :(r ea*H se a?te)ta s/ 0a / s(sin K> >>> e s)ani(li! :rianc(n L> >>> e )iem(nte+i! U+erche N> >>> e (ameni c(n *?i e c(ntele 2Art(is@ La est! se semnala -naintarea tr*)el(r im)eriale@ In :retania! (mnea 1rica e ( ebarcare engle+/@ Oi c*m s/ n*-,i -nchi)*i ca ace?ti emigran,i! *r+in )r(iecte e -nt(arcere ?i e r/+b*nare! s/ n*-?i 1i c/*tat c(m)licit/,i chiar -n Fran,aM At*nci! *)/ #N i*lie! s-a e+0(ltat certit* inea c/ )ribegii at-t e tem*,i E ?i at-t e n*mer(?i -n acea e)(c/ E 1*seser/ recr*ta,i e arist(cra,ia in a1ar/ ?i in/*ntr*@ !!;abala in1ernal/B C*rase )ier+ania ,/rii s)riCinin *-se )e Atr/ /t(rii in interi(rB@ Ace?tia! A*nelte sc-rna0e ale tiranieiB! a0ea* e g-n s/ -ncerce -n1(metarea Fran,ei Oi incen ierea satel(r ?i a (g(arel(r sale@ N*-i a?a ar e mirare ac/ )ar(Hism*l 1ricii s-a sit*at -n m(ment*l seceri?*l*i@ "*n-n m-na "e arme )entr* a se a)/ra -m)(tri0a brigan+il(r! (ra?ele ?i b*rg*rile c(n1irma* ast1el eHis-

tenta c(m)l(t*l*i ?i am)li1ica* nelini?tea c(lecti0/@ 9ig*r c/ n* t(at/ Fran,a a 1(st K# teatr*l r/+meri,el(r ?i al incen ierii castelel(r @ Dar t(at/ Fran,a a trem*rat@ AM*l,imi *ciga?eB ?i Acrime ale gl(ateiB )r(0(cate e 1ric/ a* marcat -n Fran,a ?i an*l #%$L! c-n s-a* )etrec*t masacrele )ari+iene in L ?i K se)tembrie@ Dar acestea n-a* 1(st ec-t *n e)is( E cel mai s-nger(s E intr-( serie e asasinate s/0-r?ite -n cele )atr* +/ri ale ,/rii! -ntr-*n climat e nelini?te ?i e s*s)ici*ne creat e r/+b(i! e )rimele -n1r-ngeri ?i e certit* inea c/ *?manii in eHteri(r a* c(m)lici -n interi(r@ La Na0es -n Ar eche! )e $ i*lie! n(*/ )re(,i re1ractari 1iin -ntemni,a,i! se +0(ne?te c/ a* is)/r*t! m*l,imea se *ce la )rim/rie! -i esc()er/ ?i-i *ci e -n b/t/i! -n a1ar/ e *n*l care a s)*s c/ a C*ratG KL@ La Marsilia! )e MW i*lie! se +0(ne?te c/ *n )(st/0ar (rgani+ea+/ *n c(m)l(t -m)(tri0a A)atri(,il(rB@ D*s la -nchis(are! as*)ra l*i se g/sesc Acart*?e e *n m( el s)ecialB@ A (*a +i! m*l,imea b*l*cit/ 1(r,ea+/ )(arta -nchis(rii ?i-# m/cel/re?te@ -nainte e a m*ri! el -i en*n,ase -ns/ )e (i mae?tri e scrim/! esemn-n *-i re)t ca)ii c(m)l(t*l*i c(ntrare0(l*,i(nar@ 9*nt -ncarcera,i ?i ei@ 7r! )e LL! c/tre (ra ?a)te iminea,a! A)()(r*l 1iin -n 1ierbere -nc/ in aC*n -n *rma esc()eririi )e ,/rm*l m/rii a *nei mari cantit/,i e nast*ri galbeni b(mba,i )entr* Cachete ?i Ciletci ce a0ea* -nti)/rit/ )e ei ( mare 1l(are alb/ e crinB! (0a a c(nC*ra,iei )are inc(ntestabil/@ M*l,imea )/tr*n e -n -nchis(are ?i-i *ci e )e cei (i mae?tri e scrim/@ La s1-r?it*l acel*ia?i i*lie! l(c*it(rii in '(*l(*se a* 0(rbin *-se e/ *rmea+/ s/ i+b*cneasc/ *n c(m)l(t c(ntrare0(l*,i(narF 0a 1i incen iat *n 1(rt! )atri(,ii 0(r 1i c/s/)i,i! alt 1(rt 0a 1i )re at emisaril(r c(ntel*i 2Art(is@
G ;* alte c*0inte a e)*s C*r/m-nt e 1i elitate K c(nstit*,iei ci0ile a cler*l*i (#%$>)@ (N@ tr@)@ B

9(c(tin a*t(ri-t/,ile )rea tim(rate! m*l,imea *ci e ( *+in/ e (ameni )rintre care )r(c*r(r*l general sin icG ?i )atr* membri ai irect(rat*l*i e)artamental! )rec*m ?i )r(c*r(r*l e )e --ng/ trib*nal*l criminalKK@ Aceste 1a)te! ?i m*lte altele en*merate e "@ ;ar(n! )*n masacrele in L ?i K ise)tembrie -n c(nteHt*l l(r na,i(nal ?i (0e esc c/ ele n-a* 1(st nici )reme itate! nici A(rgani+ateB! ci s*nt t(ate re+*ltat*l *nei e)i emii e 1ric/@ Aceast/ 1ric/! s/ re)et/m! n* era li)sit/ e temeiF ca t(t ea*na! +0(n*rile cele mai elirante care a* circ*lat at*nci se eH)lic/ )rintr-( l*ng/ )reg/tire mental/ ?i c(n?tiin,a *nei sit*a,ii )rimeC i(ase (cel )*,in )entr* cele care era* 1a0(rabile 6e0(l*,iei)@ Armata s*1erea -n1r-ngeriD la ## i*lie! A *narea eclarase A"atria -n )rimeC ieBD mani1est*l l*i :ra*nsch_eigGG! c*n(sc*t la "aris la # a*g*st! amenin,ase -ntra e0/r ca)itala c* ( AeHec*,ie militar/B ?i ( As*b0ersi*ne t(tal/BD +i*a e #> a*g*st 1*sese s-nger(as/ ?i resentimentele A)atri(,il(rB era* 1ire?te 1(arte 0ii -m)(tri0a cel(r b/n*i,i c/ 1ac )arte in )arti *l regel*i E )re(,i re1ractari ?i arist(cra,i@ ;* toate acestea! )ari+ienii n-a* reali+at ec-t est*l e t-r+i* )re+en,a a)r()iat/ a armatel(r str/ine! e?i )r*sacii intraser/ -n L(ng_y la MQ a*g*st@ -n n(a)tea e # s)re L se)tembrie s-a r/s)-n it -n ca)ital/ +0(n*l c/ Ver *n-*l ase iat ca)it*lase E +0(n care antici)a realitatea c* c-ten%a (re@ De ast/ at/! *?man*l se a1la la )(r,iS "rim/ria (r(n/ s/ s*ne t(csin*l ?i s/ trag/ t*n*l e alarm/! cere )ari+ienil(r s/ 1(rme+e ( armat e
6e)re+entant al l(c*it(ril(r *n*i (ra? liber (A0iile 1rancheB sa* A0iile e syn icatB) 1a,/ e a*t(ritatea s*+eran/@ (N@ tr@)@ GG La #= i*lie #%$L! *cele e :ra*nsch_eig (#%K=E#&>3)! general )r*sac care c(man a armatele aliate -m)(tri0a Fran,ei! )*blic/ la ^(blen+ *n ma(=ln M MMG ar(gant )rin care an*n,/ c/ 0a )*ne (r ine Fran,a ?i 0a c*ceri "aris*l@ (N@ tr@)@ /l

7I

3> >>> e (ameni ?i )rescrie e+armarea s*s)ec,il(r! -n aceast/ atm(s1er/ e s*rescitare! Aa,-,/t(riiB E me?te?*gari ?i 1e era,i E a)r(ba,i e m*l,imi an(nime mai m*lt sa* mai )*,in im)(rtante! a* )/tr*ns -n -nchis(ri ?i a* )r(ce at la C* ec/ri ?i eHec*,ii s*mare! c(n0in?i e eHisten,a *n*i Ac(m)l(t al -nchis(ril(rBF -n tim) ce A)atri(,iiB 0(r )leca s/ l*)te )e 1r(nt! )ri+(nierii l/sa,i 1/r/ )a+/ 0(r ie?i -n (ra? ?i 0(r -nlesni intrarea -n ac,i*ne a *?manil(r@ Aceast/ c(n0ingere )/rea c* at-t mai -ntemeiat/ c* c-t m*lte -nchis(ri ?i cl/ iri care ,inea* l(c e -nchis(ri era* sit*ate chiar -n inima "aris*l*iF mici ins*le ale tr/ /rii -ntr-( cetate ase iat/ sa* risc-n ase i*l@ "rintre 0ictimele masacrel(r s-a* n*m/rat mai m*l,i e,in*,i e re)t c(m*n ec-t A)(liticiB@ "r()(r,ia general/ -ntre *nii ?i al,ii )are s/ 1i 1(st! *)/ cea mai sc/+*t/ estimare (%K% e ( )arte! K=K e cealalt/)! e 3%!3#TY( )entr* cei int-i ?i KL!K&\ )entr* cei in *rm/! iar *)/ cea mai ri icat/ (#>>K ?i K$L) e %#!$\ )entr* cei int-i ?i L&!&\ )entr* cei in *rm/ KN@ N* se )(ate eci )retin e c/ e,in*,ii e A re)t! c(m*nB a* 1(st *ci?i A)e eas*)raB sa* -n A0irt*tea iner,ieiB ?i -n Abe,ia cr*+imiiB@ EH)lica,ia e alta ?i se leag/ e 1rica 0isceral/ e brigan+i@ Ni?te 0agab(n+i im(rali! c(n amna,i )entr* 1el e 1el e 1/r/ elegi! n* 0(r )regeta s/ se 0-n / c*i )l/te?te mai bine@ ;*m)/ra,i c* a*r*l cler*l*i ?i al n(bilil(r! ei se )reg/tesc s/ e0in/ masa e mane0r/ ?i sl*g(ii *?manil(r na,i*nii@ 9*)rimarea l(r e *rgen,/ se im)*ne a?a ar@ Aceast/ Anecesar/ C*sti,ie a )()(r*l*iB a tre+it mai t-r+i* gr(a+/ ?i e+g*st@ Dar -n m(ment*l acela s-a 0(rbit est*l e )*,in es)re aceste l*cr*ri la "aris! *n e )rima )re(c*)are era -naintarea tr*)el(r str/ine@ "e e alt/ )arte! se )are c/ maC(ritatea )ari+ienil(r a cre+*t c* a e0/rat -n Ac(m)l(t*l -nchis(ril(rB@ &%G

2. #a/0(,(2a/ea 9eme(l-/ .( a 2/e-:(l-/ la /;<3/;0(/(4 (,-n-,la1mul E0enimentele tragice in 0ara l*i #%$L ne -neamn/ s/ insist/m as*)ra r(l*l*i 1emeil(r -n r/+meri,ele ?i Acrimele m*l,imiiB e ( ini(ar/@ Jntr-a e0/r! citin )rintre r-n *ri relat/rile e t(ate ten in,ele re actate e c(ntem)(ranii masacrel(r in se)tembrie! ghicim c*0intele )line e gr(a+/ ale ne0estel(r ?i ale mamel(r! a(as/ sa* )e stra /! la a)r()ierea armatel(r *?maneF "aris*l! e)()*lat )rin )lecarea b/rba,il(r 0ali+i! 0a 1i c*r-n aban(nat tr/ /t(ril(r in interi(r@ Din )(0estirea *n*i )re(t reiese c/ -nce)-n in L$ ?i K> a*g*st! ni?te Ac*metreB le-ar 1i strigat A+biril(rB -n c*rs*l *nei )erche+i,ii la c(legi*l Na0arreBF A;*raC! )rieteniD *ci e,i-i 1/r/ mil/ )e t(,i arist(cra,ii /?tia netrebnici! )e t(,i t-lharn /?tia care 0(r s/ ne *ci / ei )e n(iB@ "e L se)tembrie! s(l a,ii s)*n m*l,imii care )ri0e?te c(rtegi*l c/r*,el(r )line c* )ri+i(neri -n r*m s)re Aba,ieGGF ADa! /?tia s*nt *?manii 0(?trii! c(m)licii acel(ra care a* )re at Ver *n-*l! care n-a?tea)t/ ec-t )lecarea 0(astr/ ca s/ 0/ -nC*nghie c()iii ?i 1emeileB@ D(amna 6(lan 0(rbe?te es)re Are)*lsia )()(r*l*iB e a-?i Aaban (na c/minele l/s-n -n *rm/ ni?te l*)i hr/)/re,i (are! ( at/ e+l/n,*i,i! 0(r c(tr()ii t(t ce a l/sat mai sc*m) 1iecareK=B@ ;ei care r(stesc cel mai es aceste 1ra+e s*nt b/rba,ii@ Ele re)erc*tea+/ -ns/ lim)e e s)*sele *n(r 1emei re)etate e la *n c/min la alt*lF ne0estele ?i c()iii se 0(r a1la li)si,i e
;(legi* -ntemeiat -n #K>N! -n ca r*l Uni0ersit/,ii in "aris@ (N@ tr@)@ B "ris(n e l2Abbaye! in 9aint-<ermain- es-"res! 4=; U -n +ilele e L ?i K se)tembrie #%$L a* 1(st masacra,i #3N e )ri+(nieri@ (N@ tr@)@

a)/rareD 0ia,a le este -n )rimeC ie@ ;*m s/ n* ne imagin/m at*nci E )rin anal(gie E r(l*l eterminant al 1emeil(r -n tim)*l re0(ltel(r )ari+iene! ly(ne+e ?i t(*l(*sane! s*r0enite la miCl(c*l sec(l*l*i al XVIII-lea! (* )rileC*l )retinsel(r 1*rt*ri e c()iiM ;ine se teme -n )rim*l r-n e aceste r/)iri ac/ n* mameleM -n,elegem e aceea mai bine e ce 1emeile C*(a* at-t e es *n r(l m(t(F -n Aem(,iileB )r(0(cate e sc*m)irea ?i li)sa gr-nelar@ "rintr-*n 1el e re1leH bi(l(gic! ele a)/ra* 0ia,a c()iil(r ?i eHisten,a 1i+ic/ a c/min*l*i l(r@ AElement*l cel mai c(nstant (al r/sc(alel(r 1r*mentare)! scrie 8@-M@ :erce! este )re+en,a 1emeil(r@ Femei -narmate c* )ietre )artici)/ chiar ?i la amb*sca ele )reg/tite e ,/rani! n(a)tea! )e r*m*rile )rinci)ale@ @ @ Ele se ar*nc/ -n i*re?*l )r(0(cat e sc*m)irea )-inii! nea0-n alt )r(gram ec-t s)aima e 0iit(r ?i )e e)sirea s)ec*lan,il(rK3B@ 7 atit* ine ce a)are -n re)etate r-n *ri -n tim)*l t*lb*r/ril(r care a* marcat -nce)*t*rile 6e0(l*,iei 1rance+e@ ;*m cre?terea im)(+itel(r amenin,a s/ *c/ la sa)/ e lemn ( )arte in )()*la,ia *n*i (ra? sa* a *nei )r(0incii! )rimeC *in ast1el -ns/?i eHisten,a ei! n* treb*ie s/ ne mire 1a)t*l c/ 1emeile eschi calea r/+meri,el(r anti-1iscale )rin e+l/n,*iri )*blice@ La ;ah(rs -n #3K%! ele ar -n 0/+*l l*mii banca C* ec/t(ril(r in cate ral/ ( K%at/ c* m(bilele in a* it(ri*l trib*nal*l*i @ La Agen -n #3K=! la ;aen -n #3K$! t(t ele eclan?ea+/ r/+meri,a! aici atac-n *n )erce)t(r e gabele! inc(l( ase iin l(c*in,a -ncasat(r*l*i e im)(+ite K&@ La M(nt)ellier -n #3N=! g(s)( inele care mani1estea+/ -m)(tri0a 1isc*l*i s*nt c(n *se e ( + rah(anc/ ce eclar/ c/ ele treb*ie (ri s/ m(ar/ (ri s/-i eHtermine )e )erce)t(rii care le ia* )-inea e la g*ra c()iil(rK$@ La Lim(ges! -n #%>=! casele gabelieril(r a* 1(st incen iate e ( Am*l,ime e 1emei! 1ete ?i c()ii in r(C- &%;

ia )()*la,iei! -n tim) ce b/rba,ii ?i ta,ii l(r nici n* s-a* ar/tat la 1a,/ N> B@ A?a ar! 1rica e gabel/ )are s/ 1i 1(st -n )rim*l r-n ( (bsesie 1eminin/@ -nc/ ( (0a / este *rm/t(area anec (t/F -ntr-( *minic/ in #3%>! -n biseric*,a in Lannes! -n "irinei! )re(t*l t(cmai se )reg/te?te s/ citeasc/ ( circ*lar/ a e)isc()*l*i@ A:*n/ )arte intre cei a1la,i at*nci la s1-nta lit*rghie cre+*r/ c/ 0rea s/- -nc*n(?tiin,e+e e intr( *cerea gabelei ?i se sim,ir/ )ier *,iD )*blic*l ?i mai c* seam/ 1emeile ?i 1etele care se a1la* e 1a,/ -nce)*r/ s/ strige -m)(tri0a n*mit*l*i )re(tN#@B ;-t es)re mitic*l im)(+it )e 0ia,/! cele int-i care s/ ea cre+are acest*i +0(n a* 1(st mai ales 1emeile@ La M(nta*ban -n #3$#! *)/ ce *n agent 1inanciar a1i?ase *n an*n, )ri0in 0-n+area *n(r n(i sl*Cbe! A-n )r(stime ?i mai c* seam/ )rintre 1emeile e cea mai C(as/ c(n i,ie se r/s)-n i +0(n*l c/ 0(r s/ le )*n/ s/ )l/teasc/ ?ase enari e 1iecare c/ma?/ albit/! #> s(li )entr* 1iecare b/iat n(*-n/sc*t ?i = s(li e 1iecare 1at/NLB @@ @ Urmea+/ *n -nce)*t e r/+meri,/ c* )artici)area a L>> sa* K>> e g(s)( ine@ N*mer(ase anchete a* sc(s recent la i0eal/ 0arietatea mi?c/ril(r se i,i(ase la care a* l*at )arte 1emeile -n ci0ili+a,ia )rein *strial/@ Ast1el -n Anglia e la -nce)*t*l sec(l*l*i al XVIIlea! ele a* )artici)at in )lin la rebeli*nile -m)(tri0a a?a-n*mitel(r enclosures6 ?i )entr* men,inerea isla+*ril(rNK@ N-a* li)sit nici e la t*lb*r/rile 0i(lente )rileC*ite e isensi*nile religi(ase@ La E inb*rgh -n #3K%! re+isten,a 1a,/ e n(*a Carte de rugciuni ,.ra1er 0ooF9 intr( *s/ e ;ar(l I a -nce)*t )rintr-( mani1esta,ie +g(m(t(as/ a A)lebei sl*Cnicel(rB la 9aint <iles2 <h*rch@ Ele a* -ntrer*)t citania ecan*l*i! a* ar*ncat c* tab*rete -n irec,ia e)isc()*l*i! iar c-n acesta a ie?it )e 1*ri?! a* la)i at
G -n engle+/! -n (riginalF -m)reCm*ire! -ngr/ it*r/! [c[l ra ?i t(t( at/! -n e)(ca res)ecti0/! reg*lament ce #>$ M@ @bBe?te s)a,i*l -ngr/ it ?i in0i(labil al *nei m-n/s\n. (N@ tr@)@ @@@@@D ! ( @ !'!@

)(r,ile ?i 0itraliile@ De asemenea ;res)inG ?i a*t(r*l (storiei ecleziastice a 0isericilor re#ormate atest/ c(nc(mitent c/ 1emeile a* )artici)at la t(ate e+l/n,*irile ic(n(claste care a* istr*s -n sec(l*l al XVI-lea stat*ile e s1in,i -n Fran,a ?i -n c/rile e J(sNN@ 'reb*ie s/ e*cem (are c/ ele Atrans1era*B ast1el -n (meni*l religi(s ( acti0itate se i,i(as/ eHercitat/ mai es -m)(tri0a aca)arat(ril(r e gr-ne ?i a agen,il(r 1iscaliM EH)lica,ia 1*n amental/ mi se )are a 1i altaF c/ era 0(rba e )-ine! e im)(+ite! e enclosures, e h(,i e c()ii sa* e religie! 1emeile se s)eria* mai re)e e ec-t b/rba,ii@ Ele sim,ea* )rimele amenin,area! )rinea* in +b(r ?i i1*+a* +0(n*rileD ele r/s)-nea* s)aima -n ant*raC*l l(r! -m)ing-n *-# la eci+ii eHtreme@ Mai m*lt! chiar ele am(rsa* aceste eci+ii! l*-n ini,iati0a *n(r gest*ri ire)arabile E gest*ri -n m/s*r/ s/ calme+e l*mea e 0reme ce *rma* s/ intimi e+e! ?i chiar s/ nimiceasc/ a 0ersar*l@ EHist/! 1/r/ -n (ial/! *n militantism 1eminin care a c(ntrib*it! e eHem)l*! la transmiterea i e(l(giei anil(r 1ierbin,i e la s1-rsit*l sec(l*l*i al XVIII-lea genera,iil(r in sec(l*l al XlX-lea@ Ne g-n im! )rintre altele! la 0/ *0a :abe*1 ?i la 0/ *0a LebasN=@ -n e)(ca n(astr/! se )are c/ t(t 1emeile s*nt a e0/ratele ins)irat(are ale Aban ei :aa er-Meinh(1B@ '(t*?i! inten,ia mea aici este menit/ s/ )*n/ -n l*min/ n* ac,i*ni s*s,in*te ci gest*ri s)(ntane ?i )*nct*ale! care s-a* re)etat c* t(ate acestea ca ni?te c(nstante e-a l*ng*l tim)*ril(r -n c*rs*l mi?c/ril(r se i,i(ase ne)reme itate@ 7r! este 0(rba -n acest ca+ e *n c(m)(rtament care n-a is)/r*t e @ @ @ U @ A6it*rile 0i(len,eiB -n r/sc(alele e ( ini(ar/ s*nt ac*m bine c*n(sc*te ?i cercetarea recent/ a rec*+at ac*+a,iile ?i )se* (- escrierile )/t*ril(r -nst/rite care -n1/,i?a* )()(r*l
G %ean Crespin ,Crispinus9, ti)(gra1 re1*giat e la Arras la <ene0a! *n e m(are e ci*m/ -n #=%L@ (N@ tr@)@ K#

re0(ltat ca ( Agl(at/ smintit/B! ( A1iar/B c* ( mie e ca)ete! ( )lebe e+l/n,*it/ Ali)sit/ e (r ine ?i e ?e1iB E cali1icati0e 1(l(site -n sec(l*l al XVI-lea e <*illa*me "ara inG )entr* a caracteri+a se i,i*nile ly(ne+e )r(0(cate e sc*m)etea gr-nel(rN3@ Descriin carna0al*l s-nger(s e la 6(mans -n #=&>! E@ Le 6(y-La *rie a 0/+*t -n el *n 1el e )sih( ra-m/ eHem)lar/! ( Atrage iebalet ai c/rei act(ri ?i-a* C*cat ?i ansat re0(ltaB@ -n leg/t*r/ c* aceast/ A ram/ elisabetan/B! el a marcat rec*ren,a 1antasmel(r e antr()(1agie ?i N% a temei c(neHe a schimb*l*i e 1emei @ In*til s/ re)et/m aici ceea ce al,ii a* em(nstrat 1(arte bine@ -n schimb! r/m-ne e ar/tat )rin ce ?i e ce se i,i*nea c(nstit*ia *n reme i* al 1ricii c(lecti0e! mai ales -n acele +ile cicl(nice c.n starea e m*l,ime inter0enea in )lin ?i c-n salt*l -n 0i(len,/ se ()era c* s)eran,a ?i chiar c* certit* inea E sal0/rii )rin 1(r,/@ Oi -n )rim*l r-n ! s/ s*bliniem c/ n* eHist/ e+l/n,*ire e re0(lt/ 1/r/ ac(m)ania ment e +g(m(te care s/ im)resi(ne+e ?i s/ eHalte t(t( at/ E *rletele m*l,imii ?i mai ales b/taia t(csin*l*i ?i r/)/it*l t(bel(r@ 9emn ?i (0a / a intr/rii -n alt tim) ec-t acela al (c* )a,iil(r (bi?n*ite! ele in0it/ la e)/?irea iner ,iil(r! a m(n(t(niil(r ?i a inter ic,iil(r care alc/t*iesc teHt*ra c(ti ian/ a 0ie,ii@ "e e alt/ )arte! ( c(lecti0itate -?i c-?tig/ -ncre e rea -n sine )rin sim)l*l 1a)t c/ se a *n/@ De *n e ?i m*lti)licitatea Aem(,iil(rB ?i a se i,i*nil(r ce i+b*cnesc (* )rileC*l b-lci*ril(r! al t-rg*ril(r! al s/rb/t(ril(r )atr(nale! al )r(cesi *nil(r! sa* )*r ?i sim)l* al sl*Cbei *minicale@ L(c*ri )ri0ilegiate e -ntr*nire! biserica )ar( hial/ ?i )ia,a in 1a,a ei E sa* cimitir*l 0ecin c(nstit*ie ese(ri e)icentrele e *n e se )r()ag/ A1*riileB )()*lare@ -n a1ar/ e asta! biserica este -n e(b?te ( cl/ ire s(li / ?i *ne (ri 1(rti1icat/F la ne0(ie! 0a 1i *n re1*gi*! 1iin
2 Ist(ric 1rance+ (#=#>E#=$>) ,2. tr@)@

sit*at/ -n -ns/?i inima 0ie,ii c(lecti0e@ -n a1ara casei D(mn*l*i! mai eHist/ t(t*?i ?i alt l(cal e -nt-lniri 1rec0enteF circi*ma@ A e0/rate sa* 1alse! 0e?tile se r/s)-n esc ast1el e la *n han la alt*l@ :iserica )ar(hial/ ?i circi*ma s*nt! -n s(ciet/,ile e ( ini(ar/! cei (i )(li -n care se -nn(a / re,elele s(ciabilit/,ii! mai ales la ni0el*l n/)/st*i,il(r@ Din )*nct*l e 0e ere -n1/,i?at aici! ei s-nt mai c(m)lementari *n*l cel*ilalt ec-t ne las/ s/ cre em isc*rs*l ele-02rical al tim)*l*i -nt(t ea*na agresi0 la a resa c-rci*mil(r@ M*l,imea n* ac,i(nea+/ 1/r/ a,-,/t(ri ?i n*-?i (b-n e?te -ncre erea -n sine ec-t asm*,it/ e ace?tiaN&@ 7r! cine s*nt ace?ti (ameni )*ternici care ( 1ac s/ se c*trem*re e 1ric/! ar/t-n *-i )rimeC iile care ( amenin,/ ?i -n acela?i tim) ( -mb/rb/tea+/ angaC-n -( -n ac,i*neM In (ra?e! -n general! me?te?*garii! ast1el c/! -n (s*l inc(eren,ei a)arente a r/+0r/tiril(r *rbane treb*ie s/ +/rim arm/t*ra 0ie a breslel(r ?i a c(n1reriil(r me?te?*g/re?ti@ Dar! s/ n* ne mire 1a)t*l c/ )rintre ace?ti me?te?*gari! e la ins*rec,ia cab(chian/ in #N#K )-n/ la 6e0(l*,ia 1rance+/! -i a1l/m -n )rim*l r-n )e c-rci*mari ?i )e m/celariN$@ 6/+meri,a as(cia+/ 0in*l ?i s-ngeleF ea are ne0(ie e cel care *m)le )ahar*l ?i e cel care / m(arte@ Dar! la ,ar/ ca ?i la (ra?! mai eHist/ ?i al,i a,-,/t(ri a c/r(r -nsemn/tate )(ate c/ n-am s*bliniat-( -n eaC*nsF (amenii :isericii -n c(ntact c* )()(r*l@ "entr* c/ ei s*nt cei care2)re ic/! t(t ei s*nt ?i a e0/ratele l*i c/l/*+e@ -n E*r()a Vechi*l*i 6egim! cei care ,in )rin eHcelen,/ m*l,imea -n m-n/! care ( 1ac r-n )e r-n s/ trem*re ?i s/ s)ere! s/ )l-ng/ ?i s/ c-nte! s/ asc*lte sa* s/ se r/+0r/teasc/ s*nt mai ales cei care 0(rbesc -n n*mele l*i D*mne+e*@ A s)*ne c/ )re(,ii ?i )re icat(rii cat(lici )e e ( )arte! )re icat(rii re1(rma,i )e e altn a* C*cat *n r(l e )rim )lan -n r/+b(aiele religi(ase )are ( banalitate@ '(t*?i! ist(ri(gra1ia K

a rele0at mai c* seam/ ac,i*nea c.rm*iril(r ?i a c(n *c/t(ril(r! iar n(i n* (bser0/m c*m s-ar c*0eni c/ Xilhelm 'acit*rn*l! ;atherine e Me icis! ;(ligny mai m*lt a* *rmat e0enimentele ec-t le-a* c(n *s=>@ ;ei care E 0aiS E i-a* asm*,it )e cre?tini *nii -m)(tri0a alt(ra! -n s)ecial -n (ra?e! a* 1(st (bsc*ri (rat(ri 1anati+a,i! militan,i care 1r/m-nta* in )lin al*at*l (menes )entr* c/ is)*nea* e *n am0(n ?i! )e )lan l(cal! (rgani+a* c* e0i ente inten,ii agresi0e c-nt/ri )*blice e )salmi sa* )r(cesi*ni -narmate@ -n leg/t*r/ c* t*lb*r/rile in "r(0en,a! -n sec(l*l al XVI-lea! *n ist(ric in sec(l*l trec*t a scris )e re)t c*0-ntF AJV*-i r/sc(al/ @ @ @ -n care s/ n* 0e+i c/l*g/ri e(r elieri! ca)*cini! carmeli,i! (minicani re a(t-n cele mai s/lbatice m(,i*ni ?i -n )rimele l(0it*ri -n c*rs*l masacrel(r=#@B Fa)tele care c(r(b(rea+/ aceast/ a1irma,ie ab*n /@ In #=3> la 6(*en! )re(,i *rma,i e en(ria?ii l(r e1ilea+/ )e str/+i -n )r(cesi*nea Corpus 5omini. 6e1(rma,i care se a1l/ la 1erestre re1*+/ s/ se -nchine la trecerea 91-nt*l*i 9acrament@ M*l,imea cat(lic/ n/0/le?te -n casele l(r ?i le e0astea+/=L@ La '(*l(*se! -n martie #=3L! *n can(nic )re ic/ 1renetic )entr* )(st*l "a?tel*i! atac-n *-i r-n )e r-n )e )r(testan,i ?i )e magistra,ii s*s)ec,i ?i 0estin e1ectele a)r()iate ale m.niei i0ine=K@ La 7range! -n 1ebr*arie #=%#! )re icile incen iare ale c/l*g/ril(r cer?et(ri a* re)t *rmare masacrarea h*ghen(,il(r tim) e *ns)re+ece +ile=N@ La 7rleans! -n +i*a e L= a*g*st #=%L! c-n s(se?te 0estea m/cel*l*i )ari+ian in n(a)tea 91-nt*l*i :art(l(me*! m*l,imea cat(lic/ e asm*,it/! e A*n (arecare )re icat(r al regel*i n*mit 9(rbin! cel mai ign(rant ?i mai t*rb*lent intre t(,i (ct(rii :isericii r(maneB ?i la instigarea l*i n/)/ e?te casele )r(testan,il(r ==@ In acela?i an (L> se)tembrie)! la :(r ea*H! -ntr-( )re ic/ ,in*t/ e +i*a s1-nt*l*i Mihail! ie+*it*l E @ PUPer se mP cP (raM*P nBa *rmaG mca eHem-#K "i*i ca)italei@ El -l ac*+/ )e g*0ernat(r e bi-

eisnicie! -i re)r(?ea+/ c/ A (arme l-ng/ t-r1a l*iB! 0este?te 0enirea -nger*l*i m(r,ii@ "re ica l*i a)rin e )*lbereaF m/cel*l -nce)e la K (ct(mbrie@ De nen*m/rate (ri! -n c*rs*l c(n1lictel(r religi(ase in sec(l*l al XVI-lea! Al/tr/t(riiB cat(lici ac*+/ e m(lici*ne trib*nalele -ns/rcinate s/-i )e e)seasc/ )e Al*teraniB! ( c(m)ar/ )e ;atherine e Me icis c* I+abela sa* )e 5enri( al III-lea c* AhabG )entr* (/ @-ng/ *ie in1iltrarea *nei n(i religii! n* mai G )*,in /*n/t(are ec-t aceea a l*i :aal! ?i -n0in*ie?te )r(testantism*l )entr* ( seam/ e nen(r(ciri E )rec*m -n1r-ngerea e la 9aint-W*entin E trimise as*)ra Fran,ei e *n D*mne+e* m-ni(s=3S "re icat(rii re1(rma,i n* r/m-n nici ei mai )reC(s! bine-n,eles! ?i r/s)*n erea l(r )entr* A1*riile ic(n(clasteB ?i eHec*tarea Ai (latril(rB este ca)ital/! s*rsa l(r e re1erin,/ 1iin De*ter(n(m*l (XIII! %E#L)F ADac/ 1ratele t/*! 1i* al tat/l*i ?i al mamei tale! 1i*l t/*! 1iica ta! 1emeia care se ( ihne?te la s-n*l t/*@ @ @ ca*t/ s/ te -nemne -n tain/ s)*n-n *-,iF I5ai em s/ sl*Cim alt(r- *mne+ei@ @ @T! s/ r-* te -n0(ie?ti la 0(rba l(r! nici s/-i asc*l,iD (chi*l t/* s/ n*-i cr*,e @ @ @ ;i s/-i *ci+i ?i m-na ta s/ se ri ice -naintea t*t*r(r ca s/-i *ci /! *rmata a)(i e m-inile a t(t )()(r*lB@ E1ecti0! la 6(*en ?i la <ien -n #=3L! )re icile -n care se citise De*ter(n(m*l a* 1(st *rmate e istr*geri e imagini=%@ La Ly(n! -n acela?i an! *n )ast(r! c* sabia -n m-n/! a l*at )arte la e0astarea cate ralei 9aint-Jean=&@ ;at(licii na* )ier *t )rileC*l e a rele0a rela,ia intre )re ici ?i ic(n(clasm ce a)are! )rintre altele!
G %eza$el, 1iica regel*i 9i (n*l*i! ?i b/rbat*l ei "ha$, regele Israel*l*i! a* intr( *s -n 9amaria cul tul lui :aal ?i i-a* )ersec*tat )e )re(,ii (adev ra tului D*mne+e*B@ D*)/ m(artea lui Ahab! -eAa@el este ucis e Ieh*! n(*l rege@ (N@ tr@)@ 2 G

-n aceast/ scris(are a resat/ -n se)tembrie #=3$ e Margareta e "arma l*i Fili) al II-leaF Ae"re icat(riiU cre c/ t(t*l le este -ng/*it! nimicesc imagini! )re ic/ -n biserici! n*-i -ng/ *ie )e cat(lici! -?i 1ac e ca) batC(c(rin ?i )(negrin C*sti,ia @@ @D ace?ti n(i )re(,i! )re icat(ri! ic(n(cla?ti ?i a,-,/t(ri ai acest(r t*lb*r/ri! se arat/ )ret*tin eni=$@B N* -nca)e nici ( -n (ial/ c/ istr*g/t(rii e imagini care a* b-nt*it c/rile e J(s -n c*rs*l 0erii #=33 1*seser/ -ntr-a e0/r 1anati+a,i@ Un (sar )e care -l st* ia+/ -n )re+ent (amna Dey(n ?i A@ L(ttin )*ne -n l*min/ aceast/ s*ccesi*ne e0i ent/ e )re ici ?i 0i(len,e ic(n(claste@ ;/ci! e la Valenciennes la An0ers! ele a* 1(st )rece ate e ( )re ica,ie masi0/! -n aer liber! la )(r,ile (ra?el(r3>@ Aceste A)re ici e )e gar *riB a* -nce)*t la s1-r?it*l l*i i*nie ?i a* c*lminat -n C*r*l l*i #> a*g*st E ata -nce)erii e0ast/ril(r E! electri+-n a *n/ri in ce -n ce mai n*mer(ase! care )*tea* aC*nge la #= >>> e )ers(ane@ Dese(ri )artici)an,ii 0enea* c* arme! gata s/ se lase antrena,i e )re icat(r -ntr-( ac,i*ne eH)l(+i0/@ Intr-( Arelatare a ci(cniril(r )etrec*te -n r-n *rile gl(atei -n0(lb*rate -n (ra?*l EnghienB se s)*neF A-n cea e a XXVII-a +i a n*mitei l*ni a l*i a*g*st XV"LXVI! e iminea,/! se ,in* cea int-i )re ic/ -n cartier*l in Enghien! -n l(c*l n*mit 5eerh(*_t@@@! e *n )ast(r (arecare -ns(,it e ( s*me enie e (ameni in 7* enaar e! -narma,i c* 1el e 1el e instr*mente! )rec*m ?i in Enghien @ @ @ A?iC erea! e la 5eerh(*_t m*l,imea e la n*mita )re ic/ -m)re*n/ c* )re icat(r*l sa* )ast(r*l l(r 0eni la 5errynes ?i la biserica ;ert(sanil(r! *n e@ cinar/! b*n*rile ?i )r(0i+iile a1late ac(l( 1iin g(s)( /rite chiar e cei e la m-n/stirea ;ert(sanil(rD ?i t(t( at/ Ce1*ir/ biserica in 5errynes ?i a ;ert(sanil(r ?i r*)ser/ c/r- ** ,ile in bibli(tecile l(rB@

-ntr-alt (c*ment al tim)*l*i! *n )re icat(r 0enit in <ene0a ?i arestat *)/ s1-r?it*l t*lb*r/ril(r m/rt*rise?te c/! intr-n c* ( ceat/ -ntreag/ -ntr-( biseric/ in ;atea*-;ambr/sis! Aa -n?1/cat *n aghea+matar e aram/ ?i a at c* el e )/m-nt@ De ac(l( s-a *s -ntr-( ca)el/ ?i a r*)t *n )ra)*r@ At*nci! 1iecare 1/c* la 1el ?i se isc/ ( -n0/lm/?eal/B@ ;/ )re(,ii a* C*cat *n r(l h(t/r- t(r -n mi?c/rile milenariste care -ntemeia* )e 9cri)t*ri )r(iect*l l(r e re0(l*,ie s(cial/ n*-i el(c s*r)rin+/t(r! li a1l/m -n mare n*m/r la '.b(r! -n #NL>! iar Mtin+er 1*sese c/l*g/r a*g*stin -nainte e a )*ne )e )ici(are ALiga cel(r ale?iB@ E mai interesant e remarcat c/ Ar/sc(ala l*cr/t(ril(rB engle+i in #K&#! -n ci* a m*lt(r re0en ic/ri egalitariste ?i c(m*ni+ante! a0ea -n 0e ere (biecti0e c(ncrete ?i ime iate care n* era* nea)/rat *t()ice E ab(lirea i(b/giei! -m)/r,irea b*n*ril(r :isericii -ntre en(ria?i! etc@ 7r! *n*l intre ca)ii re0(ltei a 1(st *n )re icat(r 0agant! J(hn :all! care )rinsese (bicei*l s/ c*0-nte+e ,/ranil(r A-n +ilele e *minic/ *)/ sl*Cb/! c-n t(at/ l*mea iese e la biseric/B@ At*nci! A0enea la biseric/ sa* la cimitir! iar ac(l( )re ica! a *n-n )()(r*l -n C*r*l l*i @@@B A?a )(0este?te "r(issart -ntr-*n teHt ce l*minea+/ ( )an(ram/ mai 0ast/ ec-t aceea a r/sc(alei in #K&#@ 6ecentele st* ii es)re esc*l,i ?i cr(can,i e+0/l*ie -ntr-a e0/r )re+en,a 1rec0ent/ a )re(,il(r! mai c* seaCn/ a cel(r in )ar(hii! -n re0(ltele care a* str/b/t*t Fran,a -n sec(l*l al XVII-lea@ -n N(rman ia e J(s! )atr* )re(,i a* l*at )arte acti0/ la ins*rec,ia -m)(tri0a gabelieril(r ?i )r(babil c/ a e0/rata c/)etenie a rebeli*nii a 1(st chiar *n*l intre ei! *n (arecare M(rel! 0icar*l bisericii 9aint9at*rnien! in s*b*rbiile (ra?*l*i A0ranchesN#@ In tim)*l t*lb*r/ril(r care a* c*)rins c(m*nele in )r(0inciile Ang(*m(is ?i 9aint(nge (#3K3)! s-a* 0/+*t s(sin la :lan+a( A0re( N>> e (ameni -narma,i e* archeb*+e ?i s*li,e -m-

)/r,i,i -n #L sa* #= c(m)anii c(n *se e )re(,ii l(r! t(,i m/r?/l*in -n b*n/ r-n *ial/! -n 3L s*nete e 1l*iere ?i scri)ci! nea0-n ei t(be B@ "re(,i g/sim ?i )rintre r/sc*la,ii in ,in*t*l "erig(r (#3K%E#3N#)F A;-,i0a )re(,i! )(0este?te *n ((ntem)(ran! se a1la* -n 1r*ntea acestei gl(ateB@ Alt mart(r c(nsemnea+/ la rin *l s/*F Amare 1aim/ (b-n ise -n r/sc(ala in ,in*t*l "erig(r *n )re(t! at(rit/ 0iteCiei! c*raC*l*i! )rec*m ?i 0(inici ei saleB@ "re(,i ?i 0icari! s(li ari (* rebelii! a0ea* menirea A e a i+g(ni )/cat*l@ @ @ e a-i -n emna )e (ameni s/ se r(age l*i D*mne+e* s/-i a)ere e nelegi*i,ii ?i s)*rca,ii )(rni,i s/ h*leasc/ (n(area ?i sla0a l*i D*mne+e*3K@B In "irinei! t(t )re(,ii c(n *c re0(ltele anti1iscale in 0alea Aran (#3NK)! e la 9(*le (#33#) ?i in La0g an (#33= ?i #3$=3N)@ In #3%=! mai m*l,i )re(,i se a1l/ -n 1r*ntea ,/ranil(r bret(ni r/sc*la,i in ;arhaiH ?i <(*rin@ Unii intre ei 0(r 1i c(n amna,i la galere@ "rintre ace?tia! Jean D(ll( in ;arhaiH A (0e it a 1i 1(st c/)etenia r/s(*la,il(r ?i a 1i )*s c.,i0a l(c*it(ri in acest (ra? s/ semne+e *n bre0et e ca)it(l al r/sc*la,il(r )e care era trec*t n*mele l*i3asB@ -n ##3&>! inten ent*l )r(0inciei "(it(* -i scrie l*i ;hamillar GF ANici n-a,i )*tea c(nce)e c-t r/* 1ac )re(,ii ace?tia -n e)artament#=3B! c/ci )re ic/ -m)(tri0a im)(+itel(r ?i a acci+ei! asc*n e sechestr* m(bilele en(ria?il(r ?i a,-,/ la -m)(tri0ire@ Integra,i -n c(mamitatea )ar(hial/! ace?ti )re(,i s*nt -n m( 1iresc )*rt/t(ri e e*0-nt ?i c/)etenii ta )eri(a ele e e1er0escen,/@ ;a atare! ?i atit* inea l(r se e(sebe?te E cel )*,in -nainB @ichel de Chamillard (#3=#E#%L#)! celebr* C*c/t(r e biliar c/r*ia L* (0ic al XlV-lea i-a -ncre in,at irec,ia 1inan,el(r ?i minister*l e r/+b(i! s)re CG-# r/s)l/ti ast1el )entr* ini,ierea sa -n Aarta caram-I ((i*l*iB@ Este emis *)/ re+*ltatele e+astr*(ase aJe a ministra,iei sale@ (N@ tr@)@

te e sec(l*l al XVUI-lea E e cea a misi(naril(r interni ai :isericii@ 9ig*r! ace?tia E E* es! Ma*n(ir! <rigni(n e M(n1(rt E t*n/ ?i 1*lger/ -m)(tri0a b(ga,il(r! ar! -n tim)*l re0(ltel(r! )re1er/ r(l*l e c(nciliat(ri@ ;a mesageri ai ierarhiei! ei rec(man / (r inea ?i s*)*nerea@ A-n *ra,i t(t*l 1/r/ cr-cnireB! acesta e! -ntr-_mS in imnele sale3%! s1at*l l*i <rigni(n e M(nt1(rt! care alt*n e0a scrieF AVe em m*l,i s/raci s*1erit(riYDar )*,ini s/raci-r/b /t(ri3&B sa*F A(! ce neagr/ cle0etireY "e regi e r/* s/-i 0(rbe?ti 3$B@ 9e ?tie! at(rit/ l*cr/ril(r l*i 6@ M(*snier ?i ale ele0il(r s/i! r(l*l gentil(mil(r -n re0(ltele in sec(l*l al XVII-leaD se c*0enea e asemenea s/ se insiste as*)ra cel*i C*cat e )re(,ii in )ar(hii! -n c(ntin*itatea *nei ist(rii l*ngi a mentalit/,il(r care transce elimit/rile cr(n(l(gice ?i i e(l(gice! ar merita s/ 1ie st* iat sistematic l(c*l )e care l-a* (c*)at -n e0enimentele re0(l*,i(nare in )eri(a a #%&$E #%$$ 1(?tii )re(,i ?i chiar cl/ irile e c*lt! )r(0i+(ri* e+a1ectate@ -n s1-r?it! ancheta c* )ri0ire la leg/t*rile intre re0(lta,i ?i (amenii :isericii s-Par )*tea eHtin e ?i as*)ra Americii@ MeHic*l s-ar e+0/l*i -n acest ca+ *n teren e st* i* )ri0ilegiatF 5i alg( ?i M(rel(s! care a* c(n *s )rimele r/sc(ale -n 0e erea in e)en en,ei (#&#>E#&#=)! era* l(c,iit(ri e )ar(hD -n a1ar/ e ace?tia! se c*n(sc cel )*,in ?ase )re(,i Aagrari?tiB a1la,i )rintre c(n*c/t(rii re0(ltel(r ,/r/ne?ti in MeHic -ntre #&L% ?i #&$N%>@ 7 ini(ar/! )re(t*l era (m*l se(*ri+ant al *nei )ar(hii! cel care! la ne0(ie! ar/ta calea e *rmat! 1ie ?i cea a rebeli*nii@ N*-i (a+*l s/ mai em(nstr/m c/ r/+meri,a *rban/ (*rmat/ sa* n* e ( rebeli*ne mai -n el*ngat/) ?i e1er0escen,a care marca -nce)*t*rile *nei r/sc(ale ,/r/ne?ti -mbr/ca ese(ri -n ci0ili+a,ia e ( ini(ar/ *n caracter 1esti0 ?i bahic%# -n care se reg/sea* atm(s1era ?i rit*rMe carna0al*l*i! tema in0ersi*nii s(ciale in s/rb/t(rile me ie0ale ale neb*nil(r! Ki&

r(l*l )re (minant al acel(r cete e tineri care! *)/ c*m ?tim ast/+i! -n e)linea* -n s(cietatea tra i,i(nal/ 1*nc,ia e )(li,ie e m(ra0*ri@ In b*c*ria +g(m(t(as/ se a1irma* *-manitatea *nei c(n?tiin,e c(lecti0e! )ers(nalitatea *nei c(m*ne sa* a *n*i cartier! s(li aritatea *n*i gr*) (are )rin aceast/ reac,ie e a*t(a)/rare -n e)/rta c(?mar*rile ce-# b-nt*ia*@ Aceast/ eliberare e 1ric/ se -ns(,ea c* ( e0al*are br*sc/ a a 0ersar*l*i! c/r*ia n* i se mai e0al*a 1(r,a ?i )(sibilit/,ile e reac,ie *lteri(ar/@ 6/sc*la,ii (c*)a* ( )rim/rie! *ci ea* gabelieri! re1*+a* s/ )l/teasc/ im)(+it*l! res)ingea* *n regiment ca ?i c*m! -n s)atele (amenil(r ?i al instit*,iil(r batC(c(rite c* br*talitate! n-ar eHista *n stat! 1(r,e armate -n re+er0/ ?i s(li aritatea cel(r a0*,i@ ;* t(ate acestea! eHec*,iile 0ictimel(r n* a-0ea* l(( -nt(t ea*na E nici )e e)arte E -n anarhia escris/ -n m( (bi?n*it@ Dese(ri m*l,imea c*)rins/ e m-nie! (rnic/ s/-?i g/seasc/ ( -n re)t/,ire -n )r()ria-i c(n?tiin,/ ?i s/-P?i c(n amne anti-e*l! re)eta )r(ce *rile C* iciare al c/r(r m( el r/m-nea 0i* -n a -n-c*l c(n?tiin,ei c(lecti0e E )r(cesi*ni )*niti0e! C* ec/,i )()*lare -nainte e eHec*,ie! eHec*,ii )*blice -n )ia,a cea mare sa*! -n t(t ca+*l! )e l(c*l )re0/+*t e (bicei -n acest sc()@ "rin aceast/ re0an?/ a cel(r m*,i! masa an(nimil(r -?i l*a ( 0reme )r()ria-i s(art/ -n m-ini! -?i / ea c*raC! instit*,i(nali+-n *-se@ "e e alt/ )arte! n*mer(ase relat/ri (0e esc (/ m/cel*rile era* rare(ri (arbe! iar Ca1*rile mai )*,in 1rec0ente ec-t s-a cre+*t@ 7 )()*la,ie c*)rins/ e m-nie se lini?tea )rin acest 1el e isci)lin/ intern/! res)ectat/ mai m*lt sa* mai )*,in c(n?tient@ A ese(ri! r/sc(ala n* se m*l,*mea c* *cierea inamicil(r s/i@ De e.te (ri -n tim)*l 6e0(l*,iei 1rance+e n-a* 1(st )limbate )e str/+i! -n 0-r1*l s*li,el(r! ca)etele 0ictimel(rS ! '(t ast1el! -n N(a)tea 91.nt*l*i :art(l(me*! B ca a0r*l l*i ;(ligny a 1(st castrat! esc/)/-

,-nat! +0-rlit -n 9ena! a)(i )esc*it ?i at-rnat e )ici(are -n s)-n+*r/t(area e la M(nt1a*e(nD -n tim)*l acel*ia?i masacr*! n*mer(?i )r(testan,i! ( at/ *ci?i! era* es)*ia,i! t-r-,i )e str/+i! ar*nca,i -n 1l*0i*@ Aceste -nscen/ri c*m)lite )(t 1i a)r()iate e a*t( a1e*rile sa* r*g*rile )e care era ars -n e1igie *n c(n amnat -n li)s/ ?i e mascara a atr(ce mai s*s men,i(nat/ -n c*rs*l c/reia m*nici)alitatea )r(testant/ in :asel! -n #==$! a (r (nat s/ se e+gr(a)e ca a0r*l anaba)tist*l*i Da0i J(ris! m(rt -n )ace c* trei ani -n *rm/ s*b n*mele e Jean e :r*ges@ 9c(s in c(?ci*g*l s1/r-mat! e1*nct*l a 1(st legat e *n st.l)! iar al/t*ri s-a* )*s c/r,ile )e care le scrisese ?i ( e1igie a )rimeC i(s*l*i eretici@ '(t*l a 1(st a)(i ars%L@ '(t ast1el! -n tim)*l 6e0(l*,iei 1rance+e! ni?te 1anatici 0(r sc(ate ca a0rele regale in m(rmintele l(r e la 9aint-Denis ?i 0(r istr*ge! la Anet! tr*)*l -nc/ intact al Dianei e "(itiers@ Aceste lit*rghii macabre ne aC*t/ s/ -n,elegem ic(n(clasm*l in t(ate e)(cile@ La 9an]t-<allen -n #=L$! a* 1(st istr*se t(ate altarele! iar imaginile s1/r-mate c* l(0it*ri e sec*re sa* e eb(canF A9-a* *m)l*t )atr*+eci e c/r*,e (* r/m/?i,e ar*ncate in biseric/! scrie *n c(ntem)(ran! a)(i a 1(st a)rins *n 1(c mare ?i t(t*l s-a mist*it -n 1l/c/riB@ '(t at*nci! g*0ernat(r*l Ne*enb*rg*l*i (Ne*ch.tel E n@ tr@) relatea+/F AEi a* istr*s t(ate stat*ileD a* str/)*ns (chii ?i nas*l s1intel(r )ers(naCe -n1/,i?ate )e )-n+a tabl(*ril(rD chiar ?i imaginile Maicii D(mn*l*i a* 1(st tratate -n 1el*l aeesta%K@B '(ate m/rt*riile c(nc(r /F m*l,imea ic(n(clast/ n* 0rea s/ Ce1*iasc/ ci s/ istr*g/@ 9tat*ile s*nt s1/r-mate c* l(0it*ri e sec*re sa* e halebar /D tabl(*rile ar*ncate )e C(s ?i c/lcate -n )ici(are@ La Ulm! -n #=K#! m*l,imea -nham/ caii c* lan,*ri ?i 1*nii la (rgile cate ralei (are s*nt sm*lse ast1el in biseric/ ?i )re1/c*te -n

m(rman e ,/n /ri%N@ 9/ citim ?i )(0estirea cel(r )etrec*te la Valenciennes! -n #=33F Ae5*ghen(,ii in (ra?U a* )/tr*ns * 1*rie -n biserici! at-t -n cele )ar(hiale c-t ?i -n cele aba,iale! c*m ?i -n a+il*ri! 1/r/ nici ( eHce),ie@ Oi 0eni,i ac(l( -n cete mari! c* arme ?i ci(mege! a* (b(r-t cr*ci1iH*rile ?i imaginile s1in,il(r! c* n*mer(ase blas1emii ?i 0(rbe nelegi*ite! a)(i a* r*)t ?i s1/r-mat trib*nele! (rgile! grilaCele ca)elel(r! altarele! stranele! cristelni,ele! 0itraliile! a)(i a* ars )( (abele amintitel(r biserici! a?a -nc-t a*r*l t()it se sc*rgea a1ar/ in m*lte biserici@ @ @ Mai m*lt! a* s1-?iat ?i a)(i a* ars ra)eriile! ac()er/mintele altarel(r! ?tergarele ?i alte )-n+et*ri 1(l(site la ser0ici*l i0in! a*! ars ?i a* r*)t t(ate c/r,ile in biserici! c/ te a)*ca mila ?i -ntristarea 0/+-n -n ce stare a* aC*ns asemenea l(c*ri sacre -nchinate l*i D*mne+e* ?i ast1el )r(1anate e ace?ti estr/b/la,i nelegi*i,i ?i (ameni 1/r/ )ic e minte! s)re marea m-hnire a cat(licil(r%=@B Este (are ic(n(clasm*l ( *r/ (arb/M 9a* mai egrab/ *n rit c(lecti0 e eH(rcismM Vitraliile! stat*ile! )ict*rile! )-n/ ?i (rgile E ba chiar ?l ca a0rele -n res)ectabilele l(r m(rminte E re)re+enta* -n (chii m*l,imii c*)rinse e m-nie mai m*lt ec-t ni?te (biecte sa* 1iin,e ne-ns*1le,ite@ Ele )/stra* ce0a in )*terea tiranic/! chiar iab(lic/! )e care r/+0r/tirea se str/ *ia s-( istr*g/@ N* r/st*rnaS )e e)lin regalitatea eca)it-n *-# )e L* (0ic al XVI-lea ?i l/s-n*-i )e str/m(?ii l*i s/ (arm/ tihnit -n 1r*m(asele l(r m(n*mente -nc(nC*rate e res)ect@ EHisten,a acest(r m(n*mente -i )rel*ngea -n-tr*n 1el amenin,area@ '(t ast1el! )entr* ic(n(ela?tii in sec(l*l al XVI-lea! i (latria :isericii r(mane ?i )*terea clerical/ n* is)/rea* at-ta 0reme c-t simb(l*rile l(r r/m-nea* -n )ici(are@ In schimb! stat*ia sehil( it/! chi)*l )ictat (/r*ia i s-a* sc(s (chii! ca a0r*l )reschimbat

hatr-( )aia,/ gr(tesca s*nt esaerali+ate ?i es)*iate e )*terea l(r magic/@ Maltrat-n *-le -n 1el ?i chi)! m*l,imea ?i-a (0e it ei -ns/?i )r()ria )*tere ?i a a *s *?man*l la b*n*l s/* )lacF #-a 1/c*t in(1ensi0 ?i Calnic@ In 1el*l aeesta! ( e+l/n,*ire ic(n(clast/ e+0/l*ie )r(1*n+imea *nei 1rici c(lecti0e ?i a)are ca *ltim miCl(c e a ( c(nC*ra@ 3. F/(,a +e 1u63e/1(une Dese(ri r/+0r/tirile se )(t(lea* br*sc ?i m*lte re0(lte era* -n/b*?ite@ Friea )*nea iar/?i st/)-nire )e r/sc*la,ii e+arma,i@ 6e)resi*nea e care se temea* )*tea 1i er-ncen/! ca -n #=L= *)/ -n1r.ngerea ,/ranil(r germani ?i! -n #=3%! c-n *cele e Alba a aC*ns g*0ernat(r*l c/ril(r e J(s@ De asemenea! *)/ e?ec*l *nei mi?c/ri anti1iscale (amenii se )*tea* teme! )e b*n/ re)tate! e -nt(arcerea masi0/ a gabelieril(r ?i e -n/s)rirea m/s*ril(r re)resi0e@ De cealalt/ )arte! -n0ing/t(rii ?i m/rimile +ilei r/m-nea* (* (bsesia m*l,imii an(nime ?i inc(ntr(labile E At*rm/ 1i(r(as/! gre* e st/)-nitB! c*m m/rt*risea *n a ministrat(r n(rman -n #%>$%3 E ?i c* teama e ( r/st*rnare a ierarhiil(r@ M/rt*rii ne)re0/+*te -n aceast/ )ri0in,/! cele ale a*t(ril(r e A)r(n(stica,iiB ale c/r(r negre )re+iceri! re)etate ne(b(sit! )ar s/ re1lecte nelini?tea )ermanent/ a t*t*r(r acel(ra care ,inea* la (r inea stat(rnicit/F A#=#&F 9t-rnise-0(r mari +.+anii ?i )(tri0nicii@ @ @ -ntre )()(r*l e C(s ?i n(bilimeB@ A#=%3@F An*l acesta ( s/-# 0e em e)()(r*lU re0/rs-n *-se c* t(t*l in 1/ga?*l -n at(riril(r sale ?i t*lb*r-n *-se ?i s*me,in *-se c* mare g-leea0/ -m)(tri0a maimaril(r s/i! ?i mare n*m/r intre ei 0(r 1i )e re)t (s-ni,i! ar t(t*?i nelegi*irea l(r@@@ m*lt 0a mic?(ra )*terea st/)-nir--B@

A#=$>F A?i C eri mare +-+anie se 0a is(a -n )()(r ?i se 0(r -n0r/Cbi st/)-nit(rii a* s*)*?ii! ba chiar ?i c()il*l (* )/rintele s/*! 1emeia c* b/rbat*l ?i sl*ga c* st/)-n*lB@ A#3>LF 9*nt e tem*t ean*l acestaU -n0ier?*n/ri! n/ *1 ?i r/+0r/tiri e )()(are%%@B Frica e )()(r*l an(nim se )reci+a ese(ri! at-t la (ra? c-t ?i la ,ar/! -n aceea! mai c(ncret/! e cer?et(ri@ -ntr-a e0/r! -n a1ar/ e s*b)r( *sele instabile ale armatel(r st* iate mai -nainte! )e r*m*rile ?i -n cet/,ile in E*r()a Vechi*l*i 6egim b-nt*ia* ?i alte categ(rii e 0agab(n+i@ 9/ men,i(n/m! esig*r! ,iganB! n*mi,i e asemenea Asara+iniB! Aegi),ieniB sa* Ar(miB! care )rimea* -n gr*)*rile l(r i0er?i eclasa,i ne-,igani! Atinerimea estr/b/lat/ e t(ate neam*rileB! scria 9@ Miinster -n Cosmogra#ia l*i%&@ Marginali )rin m(ra0*ri ?i -mbr/c/minte! ,iganii st-rnea* 1ric/@ L*mea -i ac*+a c/ 1*r/ c()ii@ Dar cei mai n*mer(?i )ribegi a* 1(st A(amenii e )ris(sB e ( ini(ar/%$! acele 0ictime ale e0(l*,iei ec(n(mice c* care ne-am mai -nt-lnit c.n a 1(st 0(rba e 0i(len,ele milenaristeF mici aren a?i i+g(ni,i )rin ac,i*nea met( ic/ a aca)arat(ril(r e )/m-nt*riD l*cr/t(ri r*rali tr/in la limita s*)ra0ie,*irii in ca*+a cre?terii em(gra1ice ?i a )en*riil(r 1rec0enteD l*cr/t(ri *rbani l(0i,i e recesi*nile )eri( ice ?i e ?(maC@ '(,i ace?ti a e0/ra,i cer?et(ri c/r(ra! *)/ c*m se cre ea! li se a /*ga* )retin?i in1irmi ?i )retin?i ne0(ia?i care! sec(le e-a r-n *l! a* 0agab(n at e la (ra? la ,ar/ ?i in0ers! n*m/r*l l(r s)(rin -n tim) e cri+/F ceea (e s-a -nt-m)lat -n aC*n*l 6e0(l*,iei 1rance+e@ N*mer(ase m/rt*rii atest/ 1rica e cer?et(ri c* care tr/iser/ -n E*r()a! -nce)-n in e)(ca ;i*smei Negre! t(,i cei mai m*lt sa* mai )*,in b(ga,i! cei care a0ea* in ce tr/i ?i n* se mai sim,ea* amenin,a,i e A el(cali+areB ?i eci e es(ciali+are@ Din cercet/rile recente c* )ri0ire la 0agab(n aC reiese c/ -n r-n *l 0agab(n+il(r "re (mina* (amenii 1/r/ 1amilie! ceea ce s)(-

rea ?i mai m*lt 1rica )e (are ( tre+ea* ?i eH)lic/ e asemenea c(nstit*irea l(r -n ban e&>@ In #K3K! e)isc()*l e "aris e)l-nge ( n(*/ calamitateF str/+ile ca)italei s-nt n/)/ ite e ( )*+ erie e cer?et(ri@ "r(blema 0agab(n aC*l*i re0ine -n marea Ordonan ca$ochian in #N#KG@ Oai+eci e ani mai t-r+i*! *n act al trib*nal*l*i in "aris eci e cercetarea ?i arestarea 0agab(n+il(r )entr* a 1i a)(i eH)*l+a,i sa*! )e e)si,i c(n1(rm *nei )r(ce *ri eH)e iti0e@! Legisla,ii e acest ti)! ce 0(r 1i re)etate ?i # agra0ate e ac*m -nainte -n t(at/ E*r()a! tra-! *c sentiment*l *rabil e insec*ritate care i-a st/)-nit tim) e sec(le )e l(c*it(rii stabili in (ra?e (?i e la ,ar/) -n 1a,a s)ectac(l*l*i Acalicil(r ?i calicel(rB care c*treiera* )r(0inciile&#@ In se)tembrie #=LK! *)/ Atr/ areaB c(netabil*l*i e :(*rb(n ?i -n tim) ce Francis( I b(lea la Ly(n! "aris*l s-a tem*t e ( r/+meri,/ a cer?et(ril(r@ A-n +ilele acelea! )(0este?te N@ Vers(ris! t(,i erbe eii s-a* a *nat gr/ma / la "aris! (rin e la ( +i la alta s(sirea *?manil(r )entr* ca! -nc-r /?in *-se c* ace?tia! s/ )(at/ Ce1*i! )r/ a ?i )*stii (ra?*l *)/ b*n*l l(r )lac! a?a 1el c/ -n tim)*l acela erbe eii in (ra? era* mai tem*,i ec-t *?manii&L@B In Anglia l*i 5enri) al VlII-lea ?i a l*i E *ar al Vl-lea! c-n a* i+b*cnit n*mer(ase re0(lte! a*t(rit/,ile a* cre+*t E )e ne re)t E I/ rebelii era* mai ales cer?et(ri@ ;ranmer scria -n #=N$F A6/s)*n+/t(ri e t(ate aceste t*lb*r/ri s*nt ni?te tr-nt(ri ?i ni?te nemernici care n-a* ag(nisit nimi(
* In acest an! r/sc*la,ii c(n *?i e 9im(net ;ab ( c h e a * c *c e ri t : a st i l i a ?i l -a * si l i t )e ; a r(l a l Vl-lea s/ semne+e a?a-n*mita Ordonnance ca$ochienne ) re 0/ +- n ( se ri e e )ri nc i)ii e re 1(rm/ a regat * l*i@ (N@tr@)@ KLG

It

sa* n* mare l*cr* )rin m*n(a l(rB@ Iar sir J(hn ;he]e le eclara r/sc*la,il(r in N(r1(l]! -n /he +urt o# &edition ,.re!udiciile rzvrtirii9 (#=N$)! e/ ac,i*nea l(r Ast-rnise ( 0-n+(leal/ -n )()(r! ( +ar0/ e 0agab(n+i ?i ri icase -n )/r t(at/ h(,imea&KB@ Vagab(n+ii n* s-nt ec-t ni?te r/*1/c/t(ri ?i ni?te r/+0r/ti,i! a1irm/ la r-n *l s/*! -n #3=$!@ *n -nalt magistrat al armatel(r in ItaliaF A<resc*,i la ?c(ala tr.n /0iei! ace?ti in i0i+i! 0agab(n+i ?i ,igani! se ,in n*mai e be,ii! c*r0/s/rie! C(c*ri e n(r(c! nelegi*iri! +-+anii ?i r/+0r/tiri@ @ ! 6(,ile ?i s)-n+*r/t(rile s*nt ese(ri -nc/rcate c* ace?ti m(n?tri care! ne0r-n nicic*m s/ *rme+e )(r*nca i0in/ e a m*nci ca s/-?i ag(niseasc/ )-inea c* s* (area 1r*n,ii! sec*1*n / -n ne0(in,e r*?in(ase ce-i -n eamn/ s/ 1/)t*iasc/ 1*rti?ag*ri! blestem/,ii ?i (R m(r*ri -n1i(r/t(are&N@B Vagab(n aC*l A(amenil(r 1/r/ c/)/t-iB ?i A)()(sin )ret*tin eniB este a?a ar 1(arte s*s)ectat -n e)(c/ ?i s(cietatea 0remii i enti1ic/ marginalitatea c* criminalitatea@ Dac/ )r(cent*l cer?et(ril(r intr-*n (ra? n* e)/?e?te t(t*?i K sa* N\ in n*m/r*l l(c*it(ril(r! )re+en,a l(r n* -ngriC(rea+/ )rea m*lt@ Dar c-n trece )rag*l e l7BY(! )()*la,ia se alarmea+/ ?i risc/ s/ intre -n )anic/&=@ 7r! -n E*r()a sec(lel(r XVIEXVIII! aceast/ )r()(r,ie a 1(st a ese(ri e)/?it/@ De *n e ?i *n )(rtret-r(b(t eHtrem e r/*0(it(r al 0agab(n+il(r! esenat )r(gresi0 ea l*ng*l sec(lel(r e imagina,ia c(lecti0/@ Ei s*nt acei A1(arte )*terniciB At-l-hari n/r/0i,i -n )/cateB care -?i )-n esc 0ieti-mele in *mbr/ E aceasta -ntr-( 0reme c-n h(,ia este c(nsi erat/ a 1i *n elict mai gra0 ec-t -nc/ierarea sa* r/+b*narea@ Ei s*nt *neltele cele mai nimerite -n m-inile Ainamicil(r regel*i ?i ai regat*l*iB E a?a a1irm/ -n #=LN c(nsilierii m*nici)ali in 'r(yes ?i DiC(r*

M*l,i me ici le re)r(?ea+/ a 1i 0ect(rii ci*mei@ A@ "are merge mai e)arte catal(g-n )rintre cele treis)re+ece ca*+e )r( *c/t(are e m(n?tri Ame?te?*g*l 0iclean al netrebnicil(r *?arniciB! cer?et(ri *mbl-n in )(art/ -n )(art/@ De 1a)t! 0agab(n+ii s-nt ei -n?i?i ni?te m(n?tri! ca)abili e t(ate crimele@ -ntr-a e0/r! A@ "are a1irm/F A@@@ ;a s/ n*G m*nceasc/! t-lharii! netrebnicii ?i ?arlatanii e tea)a asta n* 0(r nicic-n 1ire?te s/ e)rin / alt me?te?*g ec-t cer?et(ria! care-i ( a e0/rat/ ?c(al/ a t*t*r(r r/*t/,il(r! ?i ce -n eletnicire )(ate 1i mai )rielnic/ )entr* ast1el e in?i ec-t s/ se ,in/ e c( (?l-c*ri! s/ -m)r/?tie (tr/0*ri )rin sate ?i (ra?e! s/ )*n/ 1(c! s/ *r+easc/ tr/ /ri ?i s/ sl*Ceasc/ re)t isc(a e! s/ 1*re! s/ Ce1*iasc/ ?i s/ n* ea -n /r/t e la nici ( 1/r/ elegeM ;/ci! a1ar/ e cei (are! *ciga?i )rin -ns/?i 1irea l(r! ?i-a* ars c* 1ier*l r(?* tr*)*l! (ri a* 1(l(sit ierb*ri ?i r(g*ri )entr* ca r/nile ?i tr*)*l s/ le 1ie ?i mai hi (ase! s-a* a1lat ?i *nii care a* r/)it c()ii mici ?i le-a* s1/r-mat bra,ele ?i )ici(arele! le-a* cr/)at (chii! le-a* rete+at limba! le-a* st-lcit ?i -n1*n at )ie)t*l! +ic.n c/ tr/snet*l i-a schil( it! )entr* ca! )*rt-n *-i ast1el )rin l*me! s/ )ar/ c-t mai Calnici ?i s/ a *ne g(l(gani&3@B Acest teHt aminte?te e b(gata literat*r/ c(nsacrat/ calicimii -nce)-n c* celebr*l )i$er vagatorum oA;artea r/t/cit(ril(rBD e la s1-r-?it*l sec(l*l*i al XV-lea ?i -nce)*t*l sec(l*l*i al XVI-Iea)! care c*)rin e )rintre altele ?i (( -aga$ondo e 6a1aele Frian(r( (#3L#)@ AVagab(n *l! scrie 1(arte eHact :@ <ereme]! a)are aici s*b tr/s/t*rile 1/,arnic*l*i! ale ?arlatan*l*i! ale escr(c*l*i! iar sc()*l i actic al acestei literat*ri este s/ -n1/,i?e+e lim)e e instr*mentele ?i tehnicile escr(cheriei@ -n )lan*l sec*n al KLG

acest*i tabl(*! se )r(1ilea+/ )rimeC ia s( al/ )e care ( c(nstit*ie aceast/ l*me a)arte )entr* (r inea stabilit/! )entr* s(cietatea (rgani+at/&&B@ F/c-n ec(* temerii -ncercate e (ei a0*,i! ar l*-n )artea e+m(?teni,il(r! te(l(g*l Cansenist <( e1r(y 5ermant scria -n #3=N c* *n c(n ei e-( ir(nie 1(arte m( ern/F A9/racii s*nt ni?te s)ectre hi (ase care t*lb*r/ tihna (amenil(r a?e+a,i! stric/ b*c*ria 1amiliil(r ?i t*lb*r/ lini?tea )*blic/@ 9/ c*rm/m +ar0a acest(r mi+erabili care-i *rm/resc )e )a?nicii b*rghe+i )-n/ ?i-n casele l(r ?i )*n la cale t*lb*r/ri criminale&$@B Asemenea m/rt*rii ne 1ac s/ -n,elegem e ce -n maC(ritatea l*cr/rii(r tim)*l*i! relati0e la cer?et(ri! ?i care n* c*lti0/ c.t*?i e )*,in caritatea cre?tineasc/ a *n*i 5ermant! 0agab(n+ii s*nt -n1/,i?a,i s*b 1(rma *nei c(ntras(ciet/,i arg(tice c* (rgani+are c(r)(ratist/! c(n *s/ e ( a*t(ritate Am(narhic/B ?i 0(rbin ( limb/ misteri(as/@ 7 c(ntra-s(cietate ast1el escris/ n* )*tea 1i c(nsi erat/ ec-t ca camenin,are la (r inea stat(rnicit/@ Legisla,ia engle+/ in sec(lele XV-XVII! mai m*lt ec-t (ricare alta! il*strea+/ el(c0ent 1rica e s*b0ersi*nea )r(0(cat/ e 0agab(n+i care a )*s st/)-nire )e clasele irig*it(are&$@ 9tat*t*l in #=K# )re0e e ca ace?tia s/ 1ie *rm/ri,i! a,i )e m-na C*sti,iei! bici*i,i )-n/ la s-nge! a)(i trimi?i la l(c*rile l(r e na?tere sa* -n l(calit/,ile *n e a* l(c*it cel )*,in trei l*ni@ Oi mai as)r*! act*l in #=N% sti)*lea+/ ca (rice (m (are n-a m*ncit tim) e trei +ile s/ 1ie -nsemnat (* 1ier*l r(?*P a)(i at -n r(bie )e tim) e (i ani! 1ie en*n,/t(r*l*i! 1ie c(m*nei sale e ba?tin/! 1*ga 1iin )e e)sit/ )rima at/ c* r(bia )e 0ia,/! iar a (*a (ar/ c* m(artea@ ;()iii 0agab(n+il(r 0 (r 1i trimi?i la *cenicie! b/ie,ii )-n/ la LN e ani! 1etele )-n/ la L> e ani! 1/r/ nici ( rem*nera,ie@ 9tat*t*l in #=N% a 1(st re- % 0(cat trei ani mai t-r+i*! ar aceasta n-a -n-

cetinit B0-n/t(area e 0agab(n+i@ Anii #=&$#=%L! mai c* seam/! a* 1(st marca,i e ( serie e cam)anii e *rm/rire a cer?et(ril(r care s*nt bici*i,i -n )*blic@ V(l*ntari )artici)/ la aceste sinistre h/it*ieli@ In Anglia! ca ?i )e c(ntinent! a*t(rit/,ile -mbin/ -n l*)tele l(r -m)(tri0a cer?et(riei asisten,a ?i re)resi*nea! -ntemni,area ?i eH)*l+area! iar sec(l*l al XVII-lea ()tea+/ in ce -n ce mai m*lt )entr* casele e m*nc/ (?i e c(rec,ie) ?i a+il*ri@ Este 0(rba -n acest ca+ e s(ciali+area silnic/ a marginalil(r care *ne(ri )re1er/ galerele acest(r -nchis(ri l*g*bre@ ;lasa )rimeC i(as/ )entr* a*t(rit/,i ?i )entr* t(ate )/t*rile a0*te e ( ini(ar/ este a?a ar -n )rim*l r-n cea a cer?et(ril(r itineran,i! es)re care se cre e c/ 0ehic*lea+/ e* ei t(ate )/catele e )e l*me! incl*si0 ere+ia! libertinaC*l! ci*ma ?i s*b0ersi*nea@ ;hiar i+(la,i! ei cer a ese(ri e )(man/ Ac* (br/+nicieB@ A *na,i -n ban e -n regi*nile e ?es E c/ci -n s(cietatea *r/ ?i str*ct*rat/ a Vechi*l*i 6egim (m*l sing*r )(ate gre* s*)ra0ie,*i E! ei atac/ 1ermele i+(late! 1*r/ in hambare ?i graC *ri! Ce1*iesc bisericile! amenin,/ s/-i A1rig/B )e ,/rani ?i s/ le ar / casele@ La ,ar/! mai m*lt -nc/ ec-t la (ra?! teama e inceni* a -ns(,it-( m*lt/ 0reme )e aceea e 0a0agab(n *l-brigan $>! ?i asist/m la res*rec,ia ei -n tim)*l Marii Frici@ Ast1el! -n ci* a -n1iin,/rii (m(neriil(rG *rbane -nce)-n in sec(l*l al XVI-lea! -n ci* a cre/rii Can armeriei c/lare (-n Fran,a! s*b Francisc I ?i 5enri( al II-lea) ?i a instit*irii *n(r )(st*ri e gar / c* misi*nea e a i+g(ni haimanalele! -n ci* a rac(nicel(r legi engle+e c* )ri0ire la s/raci! -n ci* a -ntemni,/ril(r (intermitente) a cer?et(ril(r -n t(at/ E*r()a sec(l*l*i al XVII-lea! -n ci* a Abine1aceriiB care se e+0(lt/ -n e)(ca L*minil(r! )r(blema )ribegil(r E a ese(ri asiG -n (riginalF aumoneries, (1icii a1ectate -n car*l m-n/stiril(r c* istrib*irea e )(meni@ (N@ tr@)@

mila,i c* brigan+ii E r/m-ne aceea?i la s1-r?it*l Vechi*l*i 6egim@ ;(nstat/m ast1el! e )il/! c/ ( ban / n*mit/ A in F(re+B -?i eHtin e c-m)*l e ac,i*ne! -ntre #%=> ?i #%%K! -n mai bine e ( s*t/ e l(calit/,i in aceast/ )r(0incie$#@ A?a se eH)lic/ ?i )/rerea r/s)-n it/ -n general -n Fran,a! -n aC*n*l 6e0(l*,iei! c/ (ricare cer?et(r este *n can i at la crim/@ "re?e intele *n*i (1ici* al s/racil(r in Mamers scrie! -n martie #%&$F A;er?et(ria este ?c(ala crimeiF ea -nce)e )rin a s/ i g*st*l tr-n /0iei care 0a 1i -nt(t ea*na cel mai gra0 r/* m(ral ?i )(liticF -n aceast/ c(n i,ie! cer?et(r*l li)sit e )rinci)ii! sa* -n (rice ca+ e e)rineri cinstite! n* re+ist/ m*lt/ 0reme la is)ita h(,iei@ ;*r-n sing*ra 1r-n/ -n sc()*rile l*i )r/ alnice e (ar teama e )ee)sele h/r/+ite r/*1/c/t(ril(r! ?i e -n at/ ce a aC*ns est*l e ibaci )entr* a 1i sig*r c/ 0a sc/)a e *rm/rirea C*sti,iei! e0ine cel )*,in )*nga? c-n se i0e?te )rileC*l ?i ese(ri h(, e meserie@ F(arte )*,ini s*nt t-lharii care s/ n* 1i aC*ns aici )rin h(,ie! c/tre care )rim*l $K )as e cer?et(ria! s/r/cia 1iin )rima ei ca*+/ @B "entr* a )*tea ab(r a ?i -n,elege Frica cea Mare! treb*ia s/ amintim acest l*ng trec*t ?i acest -nc/rcat c(nt )asi0@ '(at/ l*mea! la 0remea aceea! cre ea -n t-lhari! )entr* c/! )e re)t sa* )e ne re)t! teama e t-lhari aC*nsese ( (bi?n*in,/@ Dar -n #%&$! in ca*+a *nei 0acan,e e )*tere 1/r/ )rece ent! aceast/ team/ ancestral/ a l*at imensi*ni eHtra(r inare@ ;ri+a ec(n(mic/ ?i 1(ametea m/riser/ n*m/r*l )ribegil(r -n t(at/ ,ara@ 7 )arte intre ei c/*ta* e l*cr* -n (ra?e! s)(rin ast1el "()*la,ia 1l(tant/ ?i agra0-n )rimeC ia t*lb*r/ril(r@ La -nce)*t*l l*i i*lie! L* (0ic alL$XVI-lea a 1(l(sit ca )reteHt aceast/ )rimeC ie "entr* a m(bili+a tr*)e -n )reaCma "aris*l*i@

D*)/ #N i*lie E e0eniment care a tre+it -n e)(c/ mai m*lt -ngriC(rare ec-t ent*+iasm E! -n Fran,a s-a r/s)-n it +0(n*l c/ m*nici)alit/,ile! ca s/ e0ite n(i 1r/m-nt/ri! i+g(nea* in e+irabilii care a0ea* s/ se -m)r/?tie ac*m -n -ntreaga ,ar/$K@ In c(nsecin,/! t(at/ l*mea 0e ea la t(t )as*l n*mai t-lhariF ba c/ se a1l/ -n )/ *rea -n0ecinat/ ?i -naintea+/ incen iin lan*rile ?i caseleD ba c/ s-a* )*s -n sl*Cba arist(cra,il(r ()rec*m )e 0rem*ri -n s(l a inamicil(r l*i Franeisc I)D ba (/ 1(r,ea+/ 1r(ntiereleD ba c/ )rece ?i )reg/tesc s(sirea armatel(r str/ine@ In *na ?i aceea?i s)aim/ se a1la* ast1el c(nC*gate leg/t*ra tra i,i(nal stabilit/ -ntre s(l a,i ?i t-lhari! amintirea sinistr/ l/sat/ e mercenari#! -nce)-n in e)((a maril(r c(m)anii )-n/ la aceea a l*i Ma+arin! ?i c(n0ingerea c/ 0agab(n+ii s*nt gata (ric-n e (rice tr/ are ?i e cele mai )rimeC i(ase s*b0ersi*ni@ AFrici reci)r(ceB! Acicl* in1ernal e 1rieiBF asemenea 1(rm*le n* a)ar (are s)(ntan -n minte la -ncheierea acest*i st* i* c* )ri0ire la 1el*ritele r/+0r/tiri c*n(sc*te e 7cci ent *)/ e)(ca 1e* al/ ?i -naintea celei a marii in*striiM "entr* a r*)e acest cerc blestemat se im)*nea -ntr*nirea mai m*lt(r c(n i,iiF ( alimenta,ie mai ab*n ent/ ?i mai n(rmal/! re *cerea s*)ra)()*la,iei r*rale! 1(l(sirea -n *+ine a m-inii e l*cr* is)(nibile! im)(+ite mai re)te! *n ca r* a ministrati0 mai s(li ! 0(t*l *ni0ersal! ( (rgani+are sin ical/ )*ternic/@ -n m*lte )ri0in,e! 6e0(l*,ia France+/ a 1(st! la ni0el*l )()*lar! ( mani1estare a 0echil(r 1rici@ Oi ea n-ar 1i )*t*t ebl(ca 0iit(r*l ?i nici sec*ri+a )e termen l*ng mentalitatea c(lecti0/ - ac/ n-ar 1i 1(st *blat/ )r(gresi0 e ( re0(l*,ie ec(n(mic/ ?i tehnic/@

NOTE

IN'67DU;E6E

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M7N'AI<NE! %ournal de vo1age, e @G M@ 6at! "aris! #$==! )@ N%EN&@ #@ "@ 3#@ 6ee itarea in #$=%@ #@ L@ FE:V6E! A"(*r l2hist(ire 2*n sentimentF le bes(in e sec*riteB! -n "nnales, E.&.C., #$=3! )@ LNN! c1@ ?i 6@ MAND67U! A"(*r *ne hist(ire e la sensibilit3B -n i$id., #$=$! )@ =&#E=&&@ ;artea l*i "@ "AL7U! )a .eur dam l*histoire, "aris! #$=&! )ri0e?te -n m( esen,ial )eri(a a )(steri(ar/ an*l*i #%&$@ #@ <@ DEL"IE66E! )a .eur et -etre, '(*l(*se! #$%N! )@ %@ #@ F67I99A6'! Chroni;ues, e @ 9@ L*ce! "aris! #&3$! I! )@ L@ #@ A@ e LA 9ALE! %ehande &aintre, e @ J@ Misrah ?i ;h@ A@ ^n* s(n! <ene0e! #$3=! )@ L$EK>@ "entr* t(t ce *rmea+/ c1@ artic(l*l me* ALe Disc(*rs s*r le c(*rage et s*r la )e*r .l2e)(V*e e6enaissanceB-n Jevista de %%istoria (9/( "a*l()! nr@ #>>! #$%N! )@ #N%E#3>@ #@ ;artea IV! c-nt*l LII@ #@ In1(rma,iile)ri0in e itarea e c/r,i -n sec(l*l al XVIlea in L@ FE:V6E ?i 5@-J@ MA6'IN! )*"pparition da livre, "aris! #$=&! )@ NL$ENKL@ #@ ;1@ Collection des chroni;ues nationales #rancaises, e @ J@A@ :*cher(n! "aris! #&L3! ?i *rm@F II! )@ #%E#&@ #>@ ($id. XLII! )@ XXXV@ #>@ E @ <@ D7U'6E"7N' ?i 7@ D7D7<NE! :r*Helles! #$K=E#$K%D I! )@ L>%@ #>@ )a tres !o1euse, plaisante et recreative hi!sloire du $on chevalier sans paour et sans reproche, composie par le )o1al &ervileur, e @ M@ "etit(t! "aris! #&L>! seria I! XVI! L! )@ #KKE#KN@ #K- ;7MM8NE9! @emoires, e @ ;almette! K 0(i@! "aris! #$LNE#$L=! I! )@ LKEL3@ ;1@ J@ DUF7U6NE'! )a 5es&&1 .

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truciion des m1thes dans (es @emoires de Comm1nes, <ene0e! #$33! )@ 3#N@ #N@ )a tres !o1euse ... h1stoire du $on cheoalier ... #@ )@ K>%@ t #N@ M7N'AI<NE! Essais, I! XVII (ADe la )e*rB)! e @ A@ 'hiba* et! "aris! #$3=! )@ #>3@ #N@ ($id.D II! XXVII (A;(*ar ise! mere e la cr*a*teB)! )@ K=%@ #N@ LA :6U8E6E! )es Caracteres (ADes gran sB)! e @ 6@ <ara)(n! "aris! #$&L! )@ L33EL3%@ #N@ ;E6VAN'E9! -on Euichotte, tra @ L@ Viar (t! "aris! 1/r/ an! I! XVIII! )@ #L3@ #N@ 'irs( e M7LINA! )*"$Neur de &eoille don %uan, III! tra @ "@ <*en(*n! "aris! #$3&! )@ #=$@ #N@ )*Ordre de chevalerie (#=#>)! )*blicat -n "@ All*t! Etude histori;ue ei $i$liographie sur &. Champier, Ly(n! #&$$! )@ %=E%3@ #N@ 'h@ M76E! )*>topie, e @ V@ 9t(*0enel! "aris! #$N=! )@ %=@ #N@ )es Chtiments: AL2eH)iati(nB@ #N@ 6A:ELAI9! e @ La "leia e! "aris! #$=L! Eaart )ivre, XIX! )@ 3#%@ #N@ 95A^E9"EA6E! +enn! (-, )artea I (V! #) e @ <arnier! #$3#! t@ II! )@ LNNELN=@ LK@ ;i@ -n leg/t*r/ c* acest s*biect! A@ J7UANNA! ALa N(ti(n 2h(nne*ra* XVI-esiecleB! -n Jeoue d*histoire moderne et eontemporaine, (ct@E ec@ #$3&! )@ =$%E3LK@ L3@ ;7MM8NE9! @emoires, e @ ;almette! I! )@ KLE KK@ L3@ M7N'AI<NE! Essais, I! XVIII! )@ #>%@ L3@ ($id.D I! XVI! )@ #># L3@ J@ :U6;^5A6D'! )a Ciuilisation de la Jenaissanee en (talie, e @ 5@ 9chmitt et 6@ ^lein! "aris! #$33! I! )@ =NE==@ C L3@ ;7MM8NE9! @tmoires, VI! )@ K#3@ i L3@ ($id., )@ L&&-L$# ?i )@ KLL@ L3@ ($id., )@ K#3@ s! L3@ ;1@ mai aies "@ MU66A8-^ENDALL! )ouis =(, #$%=! )@ NK>ENK=@ L3@ M7N'AI<NE! Essais, II! IX! )@ =N@ L3@ E@ DELANN78! ALa4 )e*r a* c(mbatB! -n .ro$lemes, 332 a0rilE mai #$3#! )@ %L@ L3@ (5., i$id. ;1@ ?i J@ D7LLA6D! Fear in 0altle, 8ale! #$NK@ L3@ ;1@ M@ :ELLE'! )a .eur ou la oi, "aris! #$3%@ L3@ ;itat -n F@ <AM:IEZ! ALa )e*r et la )anig*e ans l2hist(ireB! -n @emoires et Communications de la commission #rangaise d*histoire militaire, I! C*in! #$%>! )@ $&@ L3@ Inter0i*l ghi *l*i Fernan "arrea*! e 9er0(+@ QN>@ <@ DEL"IE66E! )a .eur et -etre, )@ L%@ N#@ ($id., )@ &@ N#@ M@ 76A I97N! A"e*r et religi(nB -n .ro$lemes, a 0rii E mai #$3#! )@ K3@ ;1@ e acela?i a*t(r 5epasser la peur, "aris! #$%L@ N#@ J@-"@ 9A6'6E! )e &ursis, "aris! #$N=! )@ =3@

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;h@ 7DIE6! )*"ngolsse et la pensie magl;ue, Ne*ch.tel"aris! #$N%! )@ LK3@ NN@ "@ DIEL! AL27rigine et Ies 1(rmes e la )e*rB! -n .ro$ltmes, a0rilEmai #$3#! )@ #>3@ NN@ <@ DEL"IE66E! )*Etre et la peur, )@ #%@ NN@ 6@ ;AILL7I9! ALes masV*es e la )e*r che+ Ies insectesB -n .ro$lemes, a0rilEmai #$3#! )@ L=@ NN@ <@ DEL"IE66E! )*Etre et la peur, )@ %=@ NN@ <@ e MAU"A99AN'! CEuvres completes: Contes de la 0ecasse, e @ #$>&! )@ %=@ =T@ DE9;A6'E9! )es .assions de l*me, I! art@ #%N ?i #%3! e @ "@ Mesnar ! 1/r/ an! )@ ##=E##3@ =#@ <@ 9IMEN7N! CEuvres completes, #$3%F I! le Joman de -homme, p. KL@ =#@ <@ 97U9'ELLE! ALa Imala ie e la 1raye*r B chez les In iens * MeHiV*eB! -n 'azette medicale de France, = C*illet #$%L! )@ NL=LENL=N@ =#@ J@-:@ '5IE69! /raile des superstilions ;ui regardent les sacremenls, e @ e la A0ign(n! #%%%! I! )@ KKK ?i KK%@ =#@ M@ 76AI97N! A"e*r etreligi(nB! -n .ro$lemes, a0ril E mai #$3#! )@ K&@ =#@ <@ DEL"IE66E! )a .eur et l*itre, )@ #K>@ =#@ M@-A@ 9E;5E5A8E! %ournal d*une schizophrene, "aris! #$3$! mai ales )@ #$@ =#@ ($td., )@ L#@ =#@ E@ Z7LA! )a 5i$cie, "aris! #&$L! )@ 3NE3=@ =&@ "@ 9ALM7N! AW*elV*es i0inites e la )e*r ans l2antiV*ite grec(-r(maineB! -n .ro$lemes, a0rilEmai #$3#! )@ &E#>! c* bibli(gra1ie@ 3>@ 6@ ;AILL7I9! ALes masV*es e la )e*r che+ les insectesB! -n i$id., )@ LL@ I#@ L@ ^7;5NIZ^8! AMasV*es a1ricains 0ehic*les e terre*rB! -n i$td., )@ 3#E3L@ 3L@ A@ 9AUV8! ALes )e*rs e l2h(mme ans le (maine ec(n(miV*e et s(cialB! -n i$td., )@ #%@ 3L@ <@ DEVE6EUX! ALa )sychanalyse et l2hist(ire@ Une a))licati(n . l2hist(ire e 9)arteB! -n "nnales, E.&.C., #$3=! )@ #&ENN@ 3L@ M@ D7MMAN<E'! )a %acguerie, "aris! #$%#! p.3U] 3T. 3L@ M@ EL IADE! +isloire des cro1anees et des idies religieuses, "aris! #$%3! I! )@ 97@ 3L@ ;1@ t(t <@ DEL"IE66E! )a .eur et -etre, p. N%E =N@ 3L@ ;1@ <@ LE :7N! )a Jevolution #rancaise et la ps1chologie des#oules, "aris! #$L=! ?i .s1chologie des #oules, "aris! ree i tare in #$N%@ ;1@ ?i <@ 5EU8E6! .s1choses eolleclives et suicides cotlecti#s, "aris! #$%K@ G&@ F@ <AM:IEZ ALa )e*r et la )aniV*e@@@B! )@ #>L@ 3$@ V@ mai e)arte! ca)@ V@ M[[ F@ AN'7NINI! )*+omme #urieux: l*agressivite colleclive, "aris! #$%>! )@ #L=E#L3@ %# [ 6@ MAND67U! @agistrats etsorciersenFrance au =-((* s#ecle, "aris! #$3&! mai ales c(ncl*+ia@ 2L@ -n a1ar/ e l*cr/rile citate! am 1(l(sit mai alesF J@ :7U'7NNIE6! Contri$ution la ps1chologie el la mttaph1si-

;uc de l*angoisse, "aris #$N=! l*crare 1*n amental/D ;h@7DIE6! )*"ngoisse et la pensie rnagi;ue, Ne*eh.tel-"aris! #$N%D "@ DIEL! )a .eur et l*angoisse, phenomine central de la vie et de son Gvolution, "aris! #$=3D J@ LA;67IX! )es &entimente et la vie morale, "aris! #$3&D 5ictionnaire de la douleur, e Fr@ L5E6MI'E etc@! )*blicat e Lab(rat(ires 6(*ssel! "aris! #$%ND )lacheta intit*lat/ )*"nxitti: de ;uel;ues mGtamorphoses de la peur, )*blicat/ e Lab(rat(ires Diamant! II trimestre #$%=D <@ 9"586A9! AL2AnHiete et s(n traitementB! -n .rovence medicale, mar? #$%=! )@ ##E#ND A@ 97ULAI6A;! [BA9tress et em(ti(nB! -n &cience et avenir, n*m/r s)ecialF A;er0ea* et c(m)(rtementB #$%3! )@ L%@ %K@ 5ictionnaire de la douleur: art@ AD(*le*r m(raleB@ %K@ Oi n* n*mai -n limbaC*l c*rent@ -ntr-*n st* i* me ical citimF A @@@ Ang(asa ?ianHietatea s-nt mani1est/ri em(,i(nale ce tra *c *n sentiment e 1ric/B@ )*"nxie>, )@ &@ %K@ <@ DEL"IE66E! )a .eur et l*ltre, )@ #=@ %K@ ;1@ mai ales 6@ ZAZZ7 ?i al,i a*t(ri! L2Attachement! l*crare c(lecti0/! Ne*ch.tel! #$%N@ %K@ <@ :7U'57UL! /rite de polimologie, "aris! #$%>! )@ NL&ENK#@ %K@ ^@ L76ENZ! )*"gression. >ne histoire naturelle du mal, "aris! #$3$D Essais sur le comporlement animal et humain, "aris! #$%>! ?i )*Envers du miroir. >ne histoire naturelle de la connaissance, "aris! #$%3@ Acelea?i te+e -n I@ EI:LEI:E9FELD! )*+omme programmi, "aris! #$%3@ -n leg/ t*r/ c* aceast/ e+batere! ci@ ?i re0ista interna,i(nal/ "gressologie )*blicat/ e 5@ LA:76I' ?i A@ ADLE6! Connais sance de l*homme, "aris! #$==D F@ AN'7NINI! )*+omme #urieux @@@ %K@ <1@ mai ales X@ 6EI;5! ia .s1chologie de masse du #ascisme, "aris! #$%L@ %K@ ;1@ maialesJ@ D7LLA6D?iN@ E@ MILLE6! .ersonalit1 and .s1chotherap1, Ne_ 8(r]! #$=>@ %K@ A@ 9'766! )*(nstinct de destruction, "aris! #$%K! )@ L>@ E@ F67MM! )a .assion de ditruire, "aris! #$%3@ %K@ <@ DEL"IE66E! )a .eur et l*itre, )@ K#EN=@ %K@ E@ MALE! )*"rt religieux de la #in du @o1en "ge en France, "aris!##$K#! )@ #=N ?i *rm@! ?i )*"rt religieux apres le concile de /renie, "aris! #$KL! )@ #N% ?i *rm@ %K@ <@ DEL"IE66E! )a .eur et -etre, )@ ==E=3@ %K@ 67N9A6D! e @ <@ ;(hen! CEuvres completes (La "leia e)! #$=>! II! )@ KKN! ()rima carte in .oemes9: AN*-i (m care s/ *rasc/ at-ta )e l*meYY "isicile c*m le *r/sc e* c* ( *r/ a -nc/YY Le *r/sc (chii! 1r*ntea ?i )ri0ireaYY Oi 0/+-n *-l De 33& 1*g alt*n e0aYY 'rem*r-n in ner0i! in 0ine ?i in mem bre@@@B ;1@ 5@ NAJ9! )es "nimaux dans la poesie #rancaise de la Jenaissance, "aris! #$3#! )@ =$NE=$=@ %K@ Mai ales Vie economi;ue et sociale de Jome dans la seconde moitie du =-(-esiecle,MAoA., "aris! #$=%E#$=$ (re+*mat -n Jome au =-(-e siecle, "aris! #$%=)! ?i -n )*"lun de Jome, "aris! #$3L@ %K@ ;ite )ar <@ DEVE6EUX! ALa )sychanalyse! a))liV*ee . l2hist(ireB! -n "nnales, E.&.C., #$3=! )@ #&@

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A@ :E9AN;7N! +istoire et experience du moi, "aris! #$%#! )@ 33@ &&@ .rier et vivre en #ils de 5ieu (e @ salesiennes)! )@ K>NE K>%@ -i m*l,*mesc )/rintel*i Emile :(*r (n )rin care am reg/sit acest teHt a c/r*i amintire m/ *rm/rea in c()il/rie@ &&@ :iserica 9an Ant(ni(! Ma ri @ ;A"I'7LUL I@ "@ 9E:ILL7'! )egendes, cro1ances et superstitions de la mer, L 0(i@! "aris! #&&3! )@ K$E%K@ #@ ($id., )@ =&E=$@ #@ Aceast/ in ica,ie ?i altele e acela?i gen es)re Aagresi0i tatea marin/B -n J@ '7U99AE6'! )e &entiment religieux en Flandre la #in du @o1en "ge, "aris! #$3K! )@ K3=@ Aceast/ re1erin,/ a 1(st amintit/ e M@ M7LLA' -ntr-( IH)*nere c(nsacrat/ )rimeC iil(r m/rii! la seminar*l s/*! -n #$%%@ Am 1(l(sit m*lt aceast/ c(n1erin,/ )asi(nant/ ?i-i m*l,*mesc in s*1let a*t(r*l*i ei@ F(arte 1(l(sit(are e asemenea )entr* tema st* iat/ aici J@ :E6NA6D! 2avires et gcns de mer 0ordeaux ,vers #N>>E#==>)! K 0(i@! "aris! #$3&F II )@ %#=E %3N@ N@ ;1@ ;hr@ VILLAIN-<AND799I! ALa mer et la na0igati(n maritime .tra0ers V*elV*es teHtes e la litterat*re1rancaise * Xll-e a* XlV-e siecleB! -n Jevue d*histoire economi;ue et sociale, #$3$! nr@ L! )@ #=>E#$L@ N@ <@ :A<5ELA6D! )*Eau et (es rGves, ree @ #$N%! )@ LK> E LK#@ N@ 6@ 5U8<EN9! )etlres de %ac;uesde -itr1, Ley e! #$3>! )@ &>E&#@ N@ J7INVILLE! +istoire de &aint )ouis ,historiens et chroni;ueurs du @o1en "ge9, "aris (La "leia e)! #$=L! )@ KN%EKN&@ N@ )e &aint -o1age de %herasalem du seigneur d*"nglure, e @ F@ :7NNA6D7'! "aris! #&%&! )@ %$E&> N@ Canon .ietro Casola*s .ilgrimage to %erusalem (#N$N)! e @ M@ NEXE''! Manchester! #$>%! )@ KLK@ #>@ ;1@ 5@ "6E9;7''! )e -o1age de %irusalem au =--e siecle, "aris! #$=$! )@ ##$@ #>@ L@ e;AM7EN9! )es)usiades, tra @ 6@ :ism*t! Lisb(nne! #$=N! V! #3! )@ #L$@ #>@ A@ JAL! "rcheologienavale, L 0(i@! "aris! #&N>F II! )@ ==L@ #>@ L@ e ;AM7EN9! )es )usiades, IV! &3! )@ ##&@ #>@ L*crare semnat/ AJ@"@'@B! 6(*en! #3>>! c1@ M@'h@ F7UILLADE ?i N@ 'U'IAUX! )a .eur et la lutte contre la peur dans les vo1ages de decouvertes au =--e et =-(-e siecles, te+/ (AmaltriseB) actil(gra1iat/! "aris! I! #$%L! )@ ##>E###@ #=@ L@ e;AM7EN9! )es)usiades, VI! &>!)@ #%#@ #=@ )esCaracteres,?5elapeui, (* * e1a*t e c(*rageB)@ #2@ 95A^E9"EA6E! CEuvres completes (La "leia e)! II! #$ 3=! )@ #N%3E#N%%@ #&@ ($id., )@ #N%%@ = GG[ <@ :A;5ELA6D! )*Eau et les rioes, )@ #>K@

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-l m*l,*mesc -n m( )r(1*n )/rintel*i Xitters! care mi- a semnalat ?i tra *s acest c-ntec@ L>@ "@-<@ 2A8ALA! ALes imagiers * )ertl en merB tn Courrier des @essageries maritimes, nr@ #L=! n(0@E ec@ #$%#! )@ # D #%ELN@ 2G e L>@ "@ 9E:ILL7'! )egendes..., II! )@ K#%EK#&@ 22 L>@ )ionard de -inci par lui-mime, teHte alese! tra *se ?i )re+entate e A@ ;5A9'EL! "aris! #$=L! )@ #$=E#$3@ L>@ Fr@ 6U99EL! 5ilrer et son temps (c(l@ 'ime-Li1e)! #$%L@T )@ #=$@ L>@ :ibi@ Na,@! "aris! re+er0a Z &== ?i re+er0a D N%LL@ aX M@ D LE;LE6;! )a Crainte de la in du monde pendant la Jenaissance, "aris I! te+/ (Ama-triseB) actil(@! #$%K! )@ N&E33@ Q L3@ M@ F7U;AUL'! +istoiredela#olie l*geclassi;ue, "aris! #$%L! )@ LK ?i -n m( mai general)e aceast/ tem/ )@ LLELN@ L%@ 95A^E9"EA6E! CEuores completes, II! )@ #N&#@ L%@ "@ 9E:ILL7'! )egendes..., I! )@ #=K@ L%@ J@-;@ :A67JA! )es &orcieres et leur monde, "aris! #$%L! )@ #N%@ L%@ "@ 9E:ILL7'! )dgendes..., I! )@ #%KE#%=@ L%@ 95A^E9"EA6E! )a /empite, )@ #N&#@ L%@ N@-<@ "L7I'I9! ALe 1e* 9aint-Elme en <rece m( erneB! -n @ilusine, II! )@ ##%@ L%@ ;1@ ;@ J7LI;;EU6! )e -aisseau #antGme. )tgende itiologi;ae, W*ebec (*ni0ersitatea La0al)! #$%>! mai ales)@ #K3E #K$@ L%@ ^@ '57MA9! Jeligion and the 5ecline o# @agie, L(n (n! #$%#! )@ $L@ L%@ :ibi@ ;(r)*s ;hristi ;(llege! ;ambri ge! ms@ #N&! #^ KK 0lD ?i L(n ra! :ritish M*se*m! ms@ K#L>! - K#@ L%@ 95A^E9"EA6E! )a /emplle.p. #N&#@ L%@ M@-'h@ F7UILLADE ?iN@ 'U'IAUX! )a .eur... dans (es vogages de dcouvertes..., )@ =$@ Am 1(l(sit aceast/ I*crar e ?i )entr* ceea ce *rmea+/@ L%@ J@-;@ :A67JA! )es &orcieres..., )@ #&3@ L%@ "@ MA6'86 2AN<5IE6A! 5e Or$e novo, e @ <a11arel! "aris! #$>L! Le eca e! )@ #NL@ L%@ J@ e LE68! +istoire d*un vogage aict en la terre du 0risil, "aris! #$L%! )@ #K&@ L%@ ;1@ es)re aceast/ chesti*ne 6@ ;AILL7I9! AD* ^ra]en .la )ie*0reB! -n Cour#ier des @essageries maritimes, nr@ #KK! mar?Ea0ril #$%K! )@ ##E#%@ L%@ DEN89-M7N'F76'! )*+istoire naturelle, gGnirale et particuliere des mollus;u.es, 3 0(i@! "aris! #&>L! ;aracati,ele s-nt escrise -n t@ II! )@ #KKEN#L! ?i t@ III! )@ =E##%@

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L@ e ;AM7EN9! )es )usiades, V! )@ K$ENN@ Al*+ie In :art(l(me( Dia+ care a esc()erit ca)*l :*nei 9)eran,e In #N&& ?i la 1*rt*na )rin care a trec*t 1l(ta l*i ;abrai! -n #=>>! re-nt(rc-n *-se in :ra+ilia! -n )reaCma ca)*l*i :*nei 9)eran,e@ Aici ?i-a g/sit m(artea :@ Dia+@ N%@ J@ LE <7FF! AL27cci ent me ie0al et l2(cean In ien@ Un h(ri+(n (niriV*eB! -n @tditerranee et ocean (ndien. -l-e collo;ue internaionald*histoiremaritime, "aris! #$%>! )@ LNKE L3K@ N%@ A@ DU;ELLIE6! )e 5rame de 01zance, "aris! #$3%! )@ #3$@ N%@ Aceast/ ()inie -nt-lnit/ -nc/ -n a (*a C*m/tate a sec@ XVI -n :7AI9'UAU! +istoires prodigieuses, "aris! I$3#!)@ =L@ N%@ 6@ "ILL76<E'! )es@ouvementsinsurrectionnels en .rovence entre 3TV4 et 333T, eHem)lar actil@ ("aris IV)! #$%K )@ %#L@ N%@ ;itat In 8@-M@ :E6;E! +isloire des cro;uants, Etude des sou>vements populaires aux =-(%-e sitele dans le sud-ouest de la France, L 0(i@@ "arisE<ene0a! #$%NF II! )@ 3K3! M@ F7I9IL! )a Jivolte des nu-pieds et les rivoltes normandes de 34QV, "aris! #$%>! )@ #=>@ N%@ ;itat -n 8@-M@ :E6;E! +isloire des cro;uants, I! )@ N#3@ N%@ 6@ M7U9NIE6! Fureurs pa1sannes, p. #N=@ N%@ ;itat -n 8@-M@ :E6;E! (listoire des cro;uanls .... p. 3=@ ;1@ e asemenea M@ F7I9IL! )a Jevolte des nu-pieds, p. #&$@ N%@ 8@-M@ :E6;E! +tstoire des Cro;uants, I! )@ L>=@ =%@ ($id., II! )@ =LNE=L3@ =%@ M@ F7I9IL! )a Jevolte des nu-pieds, )@ #&$@ =%@ ($id., )@ #$>@ =%@ ;itat -n 8@-M@ :E6;E! Cro;uanls et nu-pieds, "aris! #$%N! )@ 33@ =%@ ($id., mai ales )@ N#ENL! 33! #K#E#K&! #=LE#=K!#3$ E #%=@ "entr* #%&$! c1@ <@ LEFE:V6E! )a 'rande .eur, N=EN3@ =%@ ($id., p. N# =%@ <@ LEFE:V6E! )a 'rande .eur, )@ ###E##K@ =%@ 8@-M@ :E6;E! Cro;uants et nu-pieds, p. #%3@ p=@ L*tber atac/ cele Atrei basti(ane ale 6(manit/,iiB -n Chemare ctre no$ilimea cretin a naiei germane (a*g*stD #=L>)@ 33@ <@ NI<6INU9! "pocal1psis, Fran]1*rt am Main! #=$K! #=$K! )@ 3K#! citat -n J@ JAN9EN! La Ciuilisation en "llemagne..., VI!)@ #K@ 33@ ;b@ "AILLA6D! @emoires hisiori;ues sur l*arrondissement de -alemiennes, )*blicat e 9(ciet. 2agric*lt*re! t@ V O2 VI! Valenciennes! #&%&E#&%$! L 0(i@ Aici! V! )@ K>3@ 33@ A@ FLE;5'E6! /udor Je$ellions, L(n (n@ #$%>! )@ KNE K=@ 33@ ($id., p. K3@ 33@ ($id., )@ #L&@ 33@ ($id., p. N$@ ! %L@ 5@ 5AU9E6! )a .repondirance espagnole, e @ a L-a! S #$Ne! )@ L#%@

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LE 67UX DE LIN<8! Le )ivre des prover$es #rancais, "aris! #&NL! II! )@ L&$@ %K@ ($id., id., ?i )@ K=&@ %K@ ($id., )@ KKN@ %K@ M@-;hr@ :6U<AILLE6E ?i M@ <E6MAIN! Etude de mentalites G partlr des prover$es #rancais ,=l((-eE=-(-e s.9, te+/ (Ama-triseB) actil(@ "aris I! )@ #NE#=@ Aceea?i re1erin,/ )entr* citatele *rm/t(are@ %K@ 5@ IN9'I'76I9 ?i J@ 9"6EN<E6! )e @arleaa des sor cieres, tra @ A@ Danet! "aris! #$%K! )@ K$$EN>>@ %K@ ($id.,<. N#$ENL>@ %K@ J@ :7DIN! )a 5emonomanie des sorciers, "aris! #=&>! III! II@ %K@ ;(m*nicarea -rei M@ 9hamay la seminar*l me*@ %K@ J@ ;@ :A67JA! )es &orcieres..., )@ #%K@ %K@ Fr@ :AV7UX! +anlises et dia$leries dans la terre a$$atiale de )uxeuil, M(nac(! #$=3! )@ =$E3#@ %K@ "entr* El0e,ia! 0@ ca+*rile citate e ;75N! Europe*s (nncr 5cmons, 9*sseHUni0@ "ress! #$%=! )@ LN>ELN#! *)/ E@ 57FFMANN-^6A8E6! AL*+erner A]ten +*m 5eHen*n Za*ber_esenB! -n &chNeizerisches "rchiv #ur -olFsFunde, 0(i@ II! Ziirich! #&$$! )@ LLEN>! &#E#LL!#&$ELLN!L$#EKL=@ %K@ A@ MA;FA6LANE! Citchcra#t in /udor and &tuart England, L(n (n! #$%>! )@ #3&@ %K@ 6@ 9;7'! /he 5iscover1 o# Citchcra#t, #=&N! )@ K%N e @ in #$3N citat/ e A@ MA;FA6LANE! Citchcra#t..., )@ #3&@ %K@ F(l(sesc aici *n st* i* e J@L@ "EA6L AXitchcra1t in Ne_ FranceF the s(cial As)ectB! #$%=! )e care a*t(r*l mi #-a )*s la is)(+i,ie -n man*scris! mai ales )@ ##E#L@ %K@ ;a)@ VIII inLie 'se*(a)r(H@ K>> -@e@n@)tra @ L@ Xie@er n )es .eresdus1steme laoiste, )@ #$$@ In1(rma,ie amabil c(m* nicat/ e c(leg*l me* JacV*es <emet c/r*ia -i m*l,*mesc@ %K@ J@-;@ :A67JA! )es &orcieres..., )@ #N=E#N3@ %K@ Et@ DEL;AM:6E! )e Concept de sorcellerie dans le duchc de )orraine aa =-(-e et au =-((-esitele, K 0(i@! Nancy! #$N&E#$=#! IV! )@ L#=EL#3@ $>@ 5@ IN9'I'76I9@@@! )e @arleau..., )@ N>NEN>=@ $>@ Et@ DEL;AM:6E! )e Concept..., II! )@ %K@ $>@ 5@ IN1c'I'76I9 ?i J@ 9"6EN<E6! )e @artcau..., )@ KK=EK=>@ $>@ E@ LE 678-LADU6IE! AL2aig*illetteB! in Europe, #$%N! &&; )@ #KNE#N3 $>@ 'eHte citate e J@ E9'E:E! .rotestants du @idi, #==$ E #=$& (te+/ e (ct(rat A 2EtatB)! L 0(i@ actil(@! '(*l(*se! #$%%F li)@ =N$E==>@ ;1@ ?i E@ LE 678-LADU6IE! )es .a1sans du )anguedoc, L 0(i@ "aris! #$33F I! )@ N>$@ $>@ "@ e LAN;6E! )*(ncredulul el mescreance da sortilege plaincment convaincue @@@! #3LL! )@ K#N@ $>@ J@ :7DIN! )a 5emonomanie..., #=&>! )@ =%@ $>@ 5@ :7<UE'! 5iscours execra$le des sorciers..., e i,ia #3>K! )@ %&@ ;1@ 6@ MAND67U! @agistrals et sorciers cn France au XVII-e sitele! "aris! #$3&! )@ #N$@ $>@ ;h@ :E6'5EL7' DU ;5E9NA8! Les Missi(ns de saint %ean Endes, "aris! #$3&! )@ ##N@

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$$@ J@-:@ '5IE69! /rite des superstitions ;ui regardcnt tous (es sacremens e @ c(ns*ltat/ aici in #%%%! II! )@ =>$E=#=@ #>>@ J@ :7DIN! 5Gmonomanie..., )@ =&E=$@ #>>@ J@-:@ '5IE69! /rai> des superstlttons ;ui regardent tous (es sacremens, IV! )@ =#$@ Aceste teHte ?i *rm@ citate *)/ Fr@ LE:6UN )e /ralti dessuperslitions e J@-:@ 'hiers@ ;(ntrib*ti(n . l2ethn(gra)hie e la France a* XVII-e siecleB! In "nnales de 0retagne et des pa1s de -Ouest, #$%3! nr@ K! )@ N=N@ #>>@ ($ld., IV@! )@ =L#@ 3WW. ($ld., (d. =LL@ 3WU. ($id. id. 3WU. ($ld. 87&. 3WU. ($id. 3WU. ($ld. )@ =#&@ #>&@ "@ ;6E9"E'! 5eux )ivres sur la haine de &atan, #=$>! )@ #%@ #>&@ E@ LE678-LADU6IE! AL2aig*illetteB! )@ #K%E #K&@ #>&@ J@-L@ FLAND6IN! AMariage tar i1 et 0ie seH*elleB! -n "nnales E.&.C., #$%L! )@ #K3&@ #>&@ M7N'AI<NE! Essais, I! ca)@ XXI@ Arg*mentele l*i M(ntaigne s-nt rel*ate e *n 0(rbit(r -n &erees e <@ :7U;5E'! e @ 6(ybet! -n 3 0(i@ (#&%K @@@)! I! )@ &%E$>@ #>&@ V@ mai e)arte@ #>&@ Acest citat ?i cel )rece ent -n )re icile in a (*a C*m/tate a sec@ XVIII! ar ca mart(ri ai *n*i A isc*rsB ce 1*sese mai 0i(lent -n sec@ XVI ?i XVII@ ;I@ N@ "E6IN! Jecherches sur (es #ormes de a divolion popalaire dans laregton ardennaise la #in du =-((-e siecle. 'e+/ e (ct(rat AIile cicleB actil@! Nancy! #$%N! I! )@ KK@ #>&@ J@-:@ '5IE69! /ra@ des superslilions ... (es sacre mens, I! )@ #KLE#K&@ #>&@ J@ DELUMEAU! ALes re1(rmate*rs et la s*)erstiti(nB -n "ctes du collo;ue Colign1, "aris! #$%N! )@ N=#EN&%! c* re 1erin,ele teHtel(r 1(l(site mai C(s! -n s)ecial e c/tre :@ V7<LE6! Viereligieu.se en pa1s rhinan dans la scconde moC.i du =- (-e siecle ,3TTW]#3#$)! K 0(i@! Lille! #$%N! II! )@ &#=E &K$@ #>&@ E@ 0(n ^6AEME6! ALes mala ies esignees )ar le n(m 2*n saintB -n Commentationes humanarum litleratum, 5elsin]i! #$=>! )@ #E#N&! Fr@ LA"LAN'INE! )a @edecine populaire des campagnes #rancaises au!ourd*hui, "aris! #$%&! )@ =&@ #>&@ +isloria Francorum, IV! -n MI<NE! .air. lat., LXXI! "aris! #&%$! c(l@ L&#@ #>&@ J@ ;5A6'IE6! Chroni;ue de Charles -((, e @ Vallet e Viri0ille! I! "aris! #&=&! )@ =E3@ #>&@ 'argantua, II! e @ Le1ranc @@@! "aris! #$#LE #$#K! )@ K3=EK33@ #>&@ ;(li .eregrinatlo..., tra @ J@ "ineaii! )a .ensie rellgieuse d*Erasme, "aris! #$LK! )@ LL&@ #>&@ 5@ E9'IENNE! "pologie pour +erodote, #=33D e @ "@ 6istelh*ber! L 0(i@! "aris! #&%$F II! )@ KLNEKL3@

5@ <AID7Z! AL2etym(l(gie )()*laire et le 1(l]l(reB! -n @elusim, IV! c(l@ =#=@ #LL@ ;@ LE:^6! Collections des meilteures dissertations, notices et traiies particaliers relati#s l*histoire de France, VII! "aris! #&K&! )@ =>>E=>N@ #LL@ Des)r e 1(c*rile e 91@ I(an! c1@ mai ales A@ VAN <ENNE"! @anuet de #olFlore #rangais contemporain, #L 0(i@! "aris! #$NKE#$=&@ Aici! I! IV@ L! mai ales )@ #&#&E#&#$@ #LL@ J@ DELUMEAU! ALes re1(rmate*rs et la s*)erstiti(nB! -n "ctes du collo;ue Colign1, )@ N%NEN%3@ #L<@ :@ OANNI<! Colleclio sive appamtus a$solitionam, % beneciic11(n*m! con!uratienam, exorcismorum, Vene+ia! #%%$@ #L%@ ;1@ E@ 67LLAND! Faune populaire de France, "aris! #$3%! I! )@ #>=E#>3@ #L%@ ;1@ ;h@ MA6;EL-67:ILLA6D! )e FolFlore de la 0eance, VIII! "aris! #$%L! )@ #>@ #L%@ MAN9I XXI! )@ #L#F &1noduscompostellana, ann@ ###N@ M*l,*mesc )/rintel*i ;hi(0ar( )entr* a-mi 1i semnalat acest teHt@ #L%@ M@-9@ DU"7N'-:7U;5A'! )a Jepression de la sorcellerie dans le duche de )uxem$ourg aux =-(-e et =-((-e siecles, te+/ e (ct(rat (1il(s(1ie ?i litere) L(*0ain! #$%%! eH@ actil@! I! )@ %LE%K@ Esen,ial*l acestei te+e 0a Ii )*blicat -n l*crareac(lecti0/ .rophetes et sorciers des .a1s-0as. #L%@ ;1@ D@ :E6NA6D! )es )oups dans le $as :erry a* =l=-e siecle et leur disparition au de$ut de ==-e. +istoire et tradition populaire, "aris! #$%%! -ns)ecialca)@ VII ?i VIII@#L%@ "@ e L2E9'7ILE! %ournal, e @ L@-6@ Le-e0re! "aris! #$N&! I@ )@ =L%@ #L%@ @Hmoires du chanoine %. @oreau sur les guerres de (n )igue en 0retagne, )*blicate e 5@ 2XAWUE'! W*im)eri #$3>! )@ L%%EL%$@ #L%@ "h@ X7LFF! 5ocuments de l*histoire du )anguedoc, '(*t! l(*se! #$3$! )@ #&N@ #L%@ ;1@ 6@ MAND67U! @agistrats et sorciers..., mai ales )@ #N$ ?i #3L@ "entr* ( inter)retare )sihanalitic/ a mit(l( giei 0-rc(lac*l*i! c1@ E@ J7NE9! )e Cauchemar, "aris!#$%K! %i)' :ELM7N'! A;(mment (n)e*t1aire )e*ra*H en1antsB -n /opi;ue nr@ #K! #$%N! )@ #>3E#>%@ #L%@ M@-9@ DU"7N'-:7U;5A6'! )a Jepression@@@! I! )@ %K@ #L%@ ;1@ E@ 67LLAND! Fa*ne populaire, I! )@ #LN@ #L%@ "entr* aceste (*/ (c*mente! s*ccesi0F a) Cin; siecles d*imagerie #rancaise: cat@ eH)(+i,iei inl$%KFm*+e*lArtel(r ?i al tra i,iil(r )()*lare in "aris! )@ $>E$#@ 'eHt ?i gra0*r/ atea+/ in #&L>E#&K> ?i s-nt ti)/rite la "arisD b) A@D@ "er)ignan! <@ #N ( (sar)F scris(are a c*riei i(ce+ane semnat/ e 0icar*l ca)it*lar Lle()art ?i a resat/ )re(,il(r in i(ce+/@ 'eHt -n catalan/ tra *s e abatele E@ ;(rta e care a a0*t amabilitatea e a-mi c(m*nica acest (c*ment@ #L%@ ;(m*nicare la seminar*l me*@ 7 im)(rtant/ c(ntrib*,ie a acest*i a*t(r la ist(ria astr(l(giei este )e &igne zodiacal du &corpion, "aris-La-5aye! #$%3@ KN>

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J@ ;ALVIN! CEuores #rancaises, e @ "@ Jac(b ,"dverlissement...9, )@ ##LE##=@ #N>@ ;itat e J@ JAN99EN! )*"llemagne et la Je#orme, e @ "aris! #$>L! VI! )@ N>$EN#>@ #N>@ ;1@ Fr@! "7N'5ILEUX! .redictions el almanachs du =-(-esiecle, te+/ (AmaitriseB)! "aris! I! #$%K! eH@ actil@ #N>@ ($id., )@ %=E%3F )re icti(ns e #=3& ?i Un Couvent persecute* au temps e )alher. @imoires de Charile .irFeimer, "aris! tra @ 5@-"h@ 5e*+ey! #$>=@ #N>@ M@ LU'5E6! ;E**res (e @ Lab(r et Fi es)! <ene0e! #$=% ?i *rm@! VIII! )@ #>K@ #N>@ '(ate aceste titl*ri e br(?*ri -n J@-"@ 9E<UIN! )*(n #ormation en France avGnt le periodi;uc: =#% canards imprimes entre #=L$ et 34Q3, "aris! #$3N! )@ $=E#>>@ 3UW. (d., i$id. #N>@ ;itat -n J@ JAN99EN! )a Civilisation en "llemagne, VI! "aris! #$>L! )@ K&&@ #N>@ ($id., )@ K&&EK&$@ #N>@ ($id., )@ K$#@ #N>@ E@ LA:67U99E! )*Entr$e de &aturne au)ion. )*eclipse desoleil du 3M aout 34TU, La 5aye! #$%N! )@ =@ #N>@ ;itat -n i$id., )@ L=@ #N>@ ;itat -n i$id., )@ L3 #N>@ ;itat -n i$id., )@ K&@ Anec (ta se reg/se?te -n .cnsees sur la comete de 0a1le, i =#@ #N>@ ;I@ L@ '576NDI^E! " +islor1 o# @agic and Experi mental &cience, & 0(i@! Ne_ 8(r]! L(n (n! #$LKE#$=&F III (sec@ XIV)D IV (sec@ XV)D V ?i VI (sec@ XVI)@ #N>@ ;1@ J@ DELUMEAU! )a Civilisation de la Jenaissance, .aris, #$%K! )@ K$KEN>L! N&#EN$> ?i =%#@ #N>@ J@ :U6;^5A6D'! La Civilisation de la Jenaissance en (talie, e @ 9chmitt-^lein (Li0re e "(che) #$=&F 0(i@ III! )@ #NLE#$#@ #N>@ Aceste in1(rma,ii in ^@ '57MA9! Jeliglon and (he 5ecline o# @agic, L(n (n! #$%#! )@ K==@ #N>@ M@ LE67UX e LIN;8! )e )ivre des prooer$es..., I! )- #>% ,Calendrier des $ons la$oureurs, #3#&)@ +3>' I @! ibi @ ,"lmanach +,=' pirpetucl9. +,+' ^@ '57MA9! 34M. ( Jeligion ..., )@ L$%@ $id. ($id., )@ L$% ?i 3#3@ 34M. ( L$% ?i 3L>@ $id. L$3@ L$3@ #3L@ I 3#3@ bi @ '5IE69! /rite des superstilions ... Ies sacremens @@@@ I, )@ #=KELL$@ 9E?I/OJKJ n' +' ;1@ mai s*s! )@ 3%@ #' 67N9A6D! +1mne des daimons, mai ales V! )@ +,=E4,>'

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L@ FE:V6E! )e .ro$leme de l*incro1ance au =-(esiecle, e @ in #$3&! )@ N#>EN#&@ -n leg/t*r/ c* strig(ii! c1@ l*cra rea 1*n amental/ a l*i E@ LE678-LADU6IE! @entaillou, "aris #$%=! )@ =%3E3##@ K@ N@ 'AILLE"IED! /raicte de l*apparition des esprils, sccNoir des mes separics, #antosmes, prodiges et accidens meroeilleux, 6(*en! #3>>@ E @ c(ns*ltat/@ "aris! #3#3! )@ #K$@ Am citit 1(arte 1r*m(asa carte a l*i "h@ A6IE9! )*+omme devant la mort, "aris! #$%%! -n m(ment*l c-n e)*neam )re+enta l*crare e it(r*l*i@ M/ 0(i ins)ira in ea -n t(m*l ce-i 0a *rma acest*ia@ 7ric*m! "h@ A6IE9 ac(r / )*,in l(c cre in,ei -n strig(i -n st* i*l s/*! altminteri at-t e b(gat ?i e )asi(nant2 K@ ;(m*nicarea l*i 5@ "LA'ELLE la c(ngres*l 9(cietes sa0antes! :esanc(n! martie #$%N@ K@ ;1@ J@ LE;LE6! +istoire de la tol#rance au sitele de la Je#orme, L 0(i@! "aris! #$==F I! )@ LL=@ K@ 8@ ;A9AUX! @rie de 0ourgogne, "aris! #$3%! )@ K#& E K#$@ M*l,*mesc )/rintel*i X@ Xitters )entr* a-mi 1i atras aten,ia as*)ra acestei anec (te@ K@ Aceste (*/ )(0estiri mi-a* 1(st semnalate e 6@ M*chemble ! c/r*ia -i m*l,*mescF :ibli(teca M*nici)al/ in LilleC ms@ nr@ %$=! 1l =&& 0l-=&$ rB (nr@ N=L in Catalogue des manuscrits e la :@ M@ in Lille! "aris! #&$%! )@ K>%EK#>)@ K@ 67N9A6D! ;E*)res completes, e @ <@ ;(hen (La "leia e)! #$=>! I! )@ N=#@ #>@ DU :ELLA8! ,Euvres poeii;ues, e @ 5@ ;hamar ! #$LK! V! )@ #KL@ #>@ N@ 'AILLE"IED! /raicte de l*apparition des esprits ... )@ #L=E#L3@ #>@ "@ LE L78E6! 5iscours des spectres, ou visions et apparitions d*esprits, comme anges, dimons ei "mes se monstrans vlsi$lement aux hommes, e @ a L-a! "aris! #3>& (t@ II! VI@! XV)@2 "rima e i,ie c* *n titl* i1erit e in #=&3@ #>@ E@ M76IN! )*+omme et la mort, "aris! e @ in #$%>G mai ales )@ #KLE#=3@ #>@ "@ LE L78E6! 5iscours des spectres ..., )@ K@ #>@ N@ 'AILLE"IED! /raicte de l*apparition des esprits .... p. #$! KN! N# ?i N$@ #>@ "@ LE L78E6! 5iscours des spectres ..., p. L%@ #>@ ($id., )@ K#@ #>@ L@ LA VA'E6 /rois livres des apparitions des esprits, #anlosmes, prodiges et accidens merveilleux ;ui precedent souventes #ois la mort de ;uel;ue personnage renomme, ou un grand changement es choses de ce monde, s@ #@! #=%#@ #>@ <@ DU:8! )*"n mii, "aris! #$3%! )@ %3@ #>@ N@ 'AILLE"IED! /raicte de l*apparition des esprits..., p. #>$@ #>@ ($id., )@ LL%! LN>ELN#@ #>@ A@ 2AU:I<NE! ,Euvres compleles, e @ 6ea*me! "aris! #&%KE#&$L! IV (AMiseresB)! )@ =3@ #>@ 0i$i. mazarine, ms@ #KK% 1l $> 0lE$# rl@ M*l,*mesc in inim/ l*i 5er0e Martin! asistent *ni0@ (5a*te-:retagne) KNZ

care a bine0(it s/-mi c(m*nice c()ia )e care a 1/c*t( *)/ acest (c*ment@ LN@ D(m A*g*stin ;ALME'! /rai> sur (es apparitions des esprits et sur (es vampires ou (es revenants de +ongrie, de @oravie, etc! L 0(i@ E i,ia c(ns*ltat/ aici estecea inl%=#F I! )@ KNL@ LN@ ($id., )@ K&&EK$>@ LN@ ($id., )@ NK&@ LN@ ;1@ e eHem)l* <@ :7LLEME! )a 0t$liothe;ue $leue, "aris! #$%#! )@ L=3EL3NF ADial(g*e * s(litaire et e l2.me amneeB@ (sec@ XVIII)@ LN@ A@ ;ALME'! /rai> sur le9 apparitions..., II! )@ K# E #=#@ "entr* 6(m.nia! c1@ AL25(mmeB! Jevue #rancaise d*anthropologie, Cnil-se)t@ #$%K! )@ #==! nr@ L@ L$@ <@ et M@ V78ELLE! -ision de la mort et de l*audel en .rovence, "aris! #$%>! )@ L%@ L$@ Euentiliou %esus, tra @ 9ecar ! )@ #KN@ L$@ ;AM:68! -o1age dans le Ftnistere, e @ Fremin0ille! :rest! #&K3! )@ #3N@ L$@ ($id., )@ #%K@ L$@ E @ in #$N=! "aris! )@ XLIII@ L$@ ($id., )@ XLII@ L$@ -n a1ar/ e l*crarea l*i A@ LE :6AZ! c1@ A@ VAN <ENNE"! @anuel ..., #! II! "aris! #$N3! )@ &>>E&>#@ L$@ 8 :6E^ILIEN! )a -ie ;uotidienne des pa1sans en 0retagne au =l=-e siecle, "aris! #$33! mai ales )@ L#NEL#=@ L$@ L@-V@ '57MA9! "nthropologie de la mort, "aris! #$%3! )@ #&L ?i)@ LKEN=! #=L! K>#! K=K! =##-=#&@ L$@ J@-<@ F6AZE6! )a Crainte des morts, "aris! #$KN! )@$@ L$@ ;(n1esi*ni -n 1a,a Inchi+i,iei in :ahia 1/c*te e AD(na ;*st( ia e e FariaU! ;rist. n(0a ?i e :eatis Ant*neG ;rist/ n(0a n( tem)( a gracaB! K# ian@ #$=LF .rimeira visitaco do &anto O##icio as partes do 0rastlD II! 5enuncGoes da 0ahia, #=$#E#=$KD 9/( "a*l(! #$L=@ Des)re e0reii in :ra +ilia! c1@ A@ N7VIN9^I! 'rlstos 2ovos na 0ahia, 9/( "a*l(! #$%L@ L$@ J@-:@ '5IE69! /rai> de superstitions, I! )@ LK3) IV! )@ KN%@ Fr@ LE:6UN! !Le 'r/ite @@@B! )@ N==@ L$@ A@ VAN <ENNE"! @anuel..., #! II! )@ 3%N@ L$@ D@ FA:6E et J@ LA;67IX! )a -ie ;uotidienne des pa1 sans du )anguedoe au =l=-e siecle, "aris! #$%K! )@ #NNE#N=@ L$@ J@-:@ '5IE69! /raieti des superstitions, I! )@ LK3# Fr@ LE:6UN! ALe tr/ite @@@B )@ N=3@ L$@ N@ :ELM7N'! @1thes et cro1ances de l*ancienne France, "aris! #$%K! )@ 3N@ L$@ ($id., )@ 3K N<@ A@ VAN <ENNE"! @anuel..., #! II! )@ %$#@ N%@ L@-V@ '57MA9! "nthropologie..., )@ K>#@ ;1@ %ip' =#L in aceea?i l*crare@ N%@ Fr@ LE:6UN! )es +ommes et la mort..., )@ N3>E N3#@ .h. A6IE9! )*+omme devant la mort, )@ L&$ ?i *rm@ N$@ ;(m*nicare a D-nei Dec(rn( la seminar*l me*@ GB #K =>@ L@-V@ '57MA9! "nthropologie ..., )@ K>#@ m

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($id., )@ #L>K@ I-1 ($id., )@ ##&N@ L# &&@ E @ e la bibi@ el+e0irienne! "aris! #&==@ &%@ ($id., )@ #=3@ &%@ ($id., id. &%@ ($id., )@ K=@ &%@ ($id., )@ K3@ &%@ ($id., )@ K%@ &%@ ($id. )@ #=K@ &%@ ($id. )@#=N `S. ($id., id. &%@ 95A^E9"EA6E! )e &onge @@@! )@ ##3KE##3N@ $<@ M@ '@ J7NE9-DAVIE9! >n .eintre de la vie londontenne: /homas 5eFFer, M 0(i@! "aris! #$=&F #! )@ L$N@ $%@ L@-V@ '57MA9! "nthropologie..., )@ LNEL=@ $%@ ;itat ?i tra *s -n ;h@ 9;5XEI'ZE6! >n .oete allemand du =-(-e siecle. Etude sur la vie et (es oeuvres de +. &achs, "aris! #&&3! )@ 3=@ $%@ V@ mai s*s! )@ N#@ #>>@ DAN'E! )*En#er, tra @ A@ Masser(n! "aris! #$N%! )@ #3! K3! => ?i 3$@ #>>@ <@ :UDE! 5e transitu hellenismi ad christianismum, tra @ M@ Lebel! 9herbr((]e! #$%K! )@ &! %N! &=! +>L, #$&@ #>>@ E@ 'A:7U67' DE9 A;;76D9! )es 0igarrures et /ouches da &elgneur 5es "ccords, avec les "pophtegmes du sieur 'aalard et les Escraignes di!onnoises, "aris! #3>K! s@) ()artea IV)@ #>>@ 6@ VAUL'IE6! )e FolFlore pendant la guerre de Cent "ns d*apres les lettres de remission @@@! "aris! #$3=! )@ ##LE ##N@ #>>@ M7N'AI<NE! %ournal de vo1age, )@ #>$E##>@ #>>@ M@ '@ J7NE9-DAVIE9! >n .einlre..., I! )@ K>3@ #>>@ 6@ "I^E! A;rime an "*nishment in 9iHteenth;ent*ry 9)ainB! -n /he %ournal o# European Economic +istorg, #$%3! nr@ K! )@ 3$N@ #>>@ Jeponses la violence(ra)(rt )re+entat e ;(mitet*l e st* ii es)re 0i(len,/! elinc0ent/ ?i criminalitate)! L voi', "aris! #$%% ("ress "(c]et)F II! )@ #%$@ #>>@ M@ '@ J7NE9-DAVIE9! >n .eintre..., I! )@ KL3@ #>>@ ($id., I! )@ K$L@ #>>@ ($id., I! )@ LN%@ #>>@ ($id., I! )@ L=&@ #>>@ J@-;@ NEMEI'Z! &e!our de .aris, c.-a.-d. (nstructions ideles, )*blicate -n A@ F6AN^LIN! )a Vie privie d*autre#ois, L% 0(i@! "aris! #&&%E#$>LF t@ XXI! )@ =%E=&@ #>>@ Aceste in1(rma,ii -n i$id., t@ IV! )@ =@ ;1@ :@ <E6EME^! )es @arginaux parisiens aux =l--e et =--e siecles, "aris! #$%3! )@ L% ?i *rm@ (c* bibli(gra1ie)@ #>>@ 6@ VAUL'IE6! )e FolFlore ..., )@ ###E##L@ #>>@ ;itat -n i$id., )@ ##K@ ;1@ ;AM"I7N! A9tat*ts syn( a*H e 9aint-:rie*cB! -n Jevue de 0retagne, #$#>! )@ LKEL=@ #>>@ ($id.,xB. #LK@ ++;' ($id., )@ #3$E#%>@ ++<' ($id., )@ #%>@

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L*crarea 1*n amental/ )ri0in aceast/ chesti*ne este ac*m cea a l*i J@-N@ :I6A:EN! Les +ommes et la peste en .#rance et dans les pa1s europiens et miditerraniens, L voi', "arls-La 5aye! #$%=E#$%3@ "ri0it(r la atit* inile c(lecti0e -n tim) e e)i emie! am 1(l(sit m*lt te+a e (ct(rat -n me icin/ a D-nei M@-;hr@ DELAF799E! .sichologie des #oules devant les 4pid4mies de peste du @o1en "ge nos !ours en Europe, eH@ actil(@! 6ennes I! #$%3@ #@ Des)re ac,i*nea acest(r trei mala ii in sec@ XVIII -n est*l Fran,ei! c1@ Fr@ LE:6UN! )es +ommes et la mort en "n!ou, "aris! #$%#! )@ K3%EK&%! ?i I@-"@ <7U:E6'! @alaies et mldecins en 0retagne, #%%>E#%$>! "aris-6ennes! #$%N! )@ K#3EK%&@ #@ ;1@ J@-N@ :I6A:EN! )es+ommes @@@! I! )@ L=EN& ?i K%= E K%%F ALa )este ans l2E*r()e (cci entale et le bassin me lterraneenB! -n )e Concurs medical, #$3K! )@ 3#$E3L= ?i %&#-%$>! ?i J@-N@ :I6A:EN ?i J@ LE <7FF! ALa )este ans le ha*t M(yen AgeB! -n "nnales, E@9@;@! n(0@- ec@ #$3$! )@ #N&NE#=#>@ #@ E@ ;A6"EN'IE6! AA*t(*r e la "este N(ireF 1amines et e)i emies a* XVI-e siecleB! -n "nnales, E.&.C., n(0@E ec@ #$3L! )@ #>&L@ ;1@ e acela?i a*t(rF >ne -tlle devant la peste: Orvieto et la .este 2oire de 3&a`, "aris! #$3L@ =@ 9@ <UIL:E6'! AA ;h.l(ns-s*r-Marne a* XV-e siecleF *n c(nseil m*nici)al 1ace a*H e)i emiesB! -n "nnales, E.&.C. n(0@E ec@ #$3&! )@ #L&3@ =@ J@-N@ :I6A:EN! ALa )este @@@B! -n )e Concours midical, #$3K! )@ %&#@ %@ 5@ DU:LED! A;(ns3V*enees ec(n(miV*es et s(ciales es m(rtalites * XlV-e siecle! essentiellement en AlsaceB! -n Jevue d*hisoire iconomi;ue et sociale, t@ XXXVII! #$=$! )@ L%$@ %@ J@-N@ :I6A:EN! Les +ommes ..., I! )@ #L#@ %@ ;1@ mai ales :@ :ENNA99A6! Jecherches sur (es granies ipidtmies dans le nord de l*Espagne la #in du =-(-e sletlt, "aris! #$3$! ?i "@ ;5AUNU! )a Civillsation de l*Europe elasai;ue, "aris! #$33! )@ L#NELLK@ #>@ De c(m)letat cartea l*i :@ :ENNA99A6 c* J@"@ DE9AIVE! ALes e)i emies ans le n(r e l2Es)agne . la 1in * XVI-e siecleB! -n "nnales E.&.C, n(0@E ec@ #$3$! )@ #=#NE#=#%@ #>@ :ENAE6'9 ?i 9AMA6AN! Choix de textes hisiori;ues, la France de 3MM` 343W, "aris! #$L3! )@ KNEK=@ #>@ :7;;A;E! )e 5icamiron, tra @ J@ :(*rcie+! "aris! #$=L! )@ #=@ #&@ ^@-J@ :EL7;5! 0ev$lFerungsgeschichte (taliens, K voi', :erlln-Lel)+ig! #$K%E#$3#F II! )@ #KKE#K3 ?i )@ #3>@

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E@ ;A6"EN'IE6! >ne -iile devant la peste..., )@ #L= ?i )ies/ C*sti1icati0/ nr@ III@ K$@ Ac*m la Nie ers/chsische Lan esgalerie in 5an(0ra@ In leg/t*r/ c* aceastaF 5@ M7LLA6E' ?i J@ :67997LLE'! TLa )este! s(*rce@@@B! )@ 3#E3%@ K$@ Niirnberg@ <ermanisch@es Nati(nalm*se*m@ ;1@ ?i M@ MEI99! .ainting inFlorence and&iena a#ter the 0lacF 5eaih, "rincet(n! #$=#! )@ %%@ K$@ 6e)r( *cere -n J@ DELUMEAU! )a Civilisation de la Jenaissance, "aris! #$%K! )i@ L$! )@ 3&E3$@ :ayerische 9taatsgem/l esamml*ngen! Mtinchen@ K$@ :ENAE6'9 @@@! Choix de textes..., #KN&E#3#>! )@ KNEK=@ K$@ ;itat -n M@ DEVEZE! )*Espagne de .hilippe (-, 34M3] 344T, II! "aris! #$%#! )@ K#&@ K$@ D@ DEF7E! %ournal... de la peste, )@ #K=@ N<@ ;h@ ;A66IE6E! @@@@ @arseille, viile morte..., p. #3K@ N%@ ($id., )@ #33@ N%@ J@-N@ :I6A:EN! ALa )esteB! -n )e Concours medical, #$3K! )@ 3L>@ N%@ ;h@ ;A66IE6E! @@@@ @arseille, viile morte..., )@ #3K@ N%@ ;1@ 5@ M7LLA6E' ?i J@ :67997LLE'! ALa "este! s(*rce@@@B! )@ #=E#%@ N%@ :@ :ENNA99A6! Jecherches..., )@ =K@ N%@ D@ DEF7E! %ournal... de la peste, )@ &K@ N%@ ;h@ ;A66IE6E! @@@! @arseille, viile morte..., p. K>KE K>3@ N%@ :7;;A;E! )e 5tcamiron, )@ #=@ N%@ A@ MANZ7NI! )es Fianeis, tra @ 6@ <*ise! "aris! #$3&! L 0(i@! II! )@ 3N@ N%@ ;h@ ;A66IE6E! @@@! @arseille viile morte..., p. K>N@ N%@ J@ DELUMEAU! )e Catholicisme enlre )uther el -ollaire, "aris! #$%#! )@ LN#@ N%@ M@ MEI99! .ainting in Florence ..., )@%%@ EHcelent st* i* s)ecial )ri0in c*lt*l 91@ 9ebastian e AN'57N8 ?i 9;5MI''! )e Culte de saint &i$astien en "lsace, 9trasb(*rg! #$%%@ =$@ :@ <UEDE9! 0reve relacGo da ondaco do Colegio dos mentnos or#os de 2ossa &enhra da 'raca, e @ "(rt(! #$=#! )@ LK=@ 'eHt amabil c(m*nicat e E@ D(s 9ant(s@ =$@ ;itat In M@ DEVEZE!i )*Espagne de .hilippe (-, 34M3] 344T, II! )@ K#&@ =$@ D@ DEF7E! %ournal... de la peste, p. %L@ =$@ ;h@ ;A66IE6E! @@@! @arseille, viile morte..., )@ &3E &%@ =$@ 'eHt e Fra :ene ett( ;@inV*anta citat e 6@ WUAZZA! )a .reponderanza spagnuola, Milan(! #&=>! )@ =$@ =$@ E@ ;A6"EN'IE6! -ne -iile devant la peste..., p. #>>@ =$@ 9@ <UIL:E6'! AA ;h.l(ns-s*r-Marne@@@B -n "nnales, E.&.C., n(0@E ec@ #$3&! )@ #L&=@ =$@ e9*rsa citatel(r (mis/ -n e i,ia (riginal/ a l*cr/rii l*i J@ Del*mea*U@ (N@ tr@)@ =$@ A@ MANZ7NI! )es Fianeis, II! )@ =3D ;h@ ;A66IE6E! @@@! @arseille, viile morte..., p. I#@ 4L,

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D(n J@ VAI99E''E! +istoire generale du )anguedoc, e @ in #&&$! XII! c(l@ #L&>E#L&L@ NN@ 5@ J@ 0(n <6IMMEL95AU9EN! )es "veniures de &impltcius &implicisstmus, tra @ M@ ;(lle0ille! "aris! #$3K! I! )@ =$@ NN@ 9cris(are a D-nei e 9e0igne in = ian@ #3%3 -n "@ ;LE MEN'! )a .oliee sous )outs =(-, "aris! #&&3! )@ K#N@ <1@ 8@-M@ :E6;E! +istoire des cro;uants ..., I! )@ 3K@ NN@ 8@-M@:E6;E! +istoire des cro;uants..., I! )@ 3K@ UU. ($id., id. NN@ M@ M7LLA' (s*b c((r @ l*i)! +istoire de )*(lc-deFrance, '(*l(*se! #$%#! )@ L&$@ NN@ 8@-M@ :E6;E! +istoire des cro;uants..., )@ =N$E ==>@ NN@ ($id., )@ =3L@ NN@ ($id., )@ =N$@ NN@ J@ DELUMEAU! -ie iconomi;ue et sociale de Jome dans laseconde moitii du =-(-e siecle, L 0(i@! "aris! #$=%E#$=$F II! )@ =NLE=NK@ ;1@ ?l F@ :6AUDEL! )a @Hditerranee et le nNnde miditerranien G l*ipo;ue de .hilippe ((, L 0(i@@ "aris! e @ a L-a! #$33F II! )@ %=E$3@ NN@ <@ 67U"NEL! )a -iile et lacampagne au =-((-e sitele. Etude sur les populations du pa1s di!onnais, "aris! #$==! )@ #L@ NN@ J@ DELUMEAU! -ie tconomi;ue @@@@ II! )@ =3N@ =&@ J@-"@ <U''7N! )a &oc>> et lespauaresen Europe ,=-(-e ] =-(((-e siecle9, "aris! #$%N! )@ L%EK>@ =%@ F@ :6AUDEL! )a @tdtterrante .... II! )@ &#@ =%@ 6@ M7U9NIE6! Fureurs pagsannes. )es pa1sans dans les revoltes du =-((-e sticle ,France, Jussie, Chine9, "aris! #$3%! )@ #3=@ J@-"@ <U''7N! )a &oc>te..., )@ K#@ =%@ 6@ ;7::! )a .rotestation populaire en France, 3S`V E 3&&W, "aris! #$%=! )@ K#=@ =%@ J@ LE:EAU! &alvator mundt: l*exemple de %oseph dans le theGtre allemand du =-(-e siecle, L 0(i@! Ne*_](()! #$%%F I! )@ K3% ?i N%%@ =%@ 6@ MAND67U! (ntroduction la France moderne, "aris! #$3#! )@ L&EK= ?i )@ 3N@ =%@ "@ <7U:E6'! )ouis =(- et vingt millions de Francais, "aris! #$33! )@ #3%@ =%@ A@-M@ "UIZ! AAlimentati(n )()*laire et s(*salimentati(n a* XVII-e siecle@ Le cas e <ene0e et e sa regi(nB! in .our une hisloire de l*alimentaiion (s*b c((r @ l*i J@-J@ 5EMA6DINWUE6)! "aris! #$%>! )@ #NK@ =%@ ($id., )@ #L$ ?i #N>@ =%@ ;1@ ME99AN;E! Jecherches sur la population, #%=3F AAnii c-n gr-*l a 1(st mai sc*m) a* 1(st ?i cei c-n m(rta litatea a atins c(tele cele mai ri icate! iar b(lile a* e0enit mai 1rec0enteB@ ;itat e 6@ MAND67U! )a France aux =-((-e et =-(((-e siecles, e @ a K-a! #$%N! )@ $$@ =%@ Arh@ na,@ "@ #KN#! 1asc@ L&> ?i *rm@ ;itat In M@ M7LLA' (s*b c((r @ l*i)! Etudes ... sur la pauvre> ..., II! )@ 3>N@ =%@ In 1rance+/ AbranB! ,/r-1/ gr(sier/@ =%@ M@ M7LLA' (s*b c((r @ l*i)! Etudes ... sur la pauvrett .... II! )@ 3>=@ K == 3$@ J@ DELUMEAU! -ie economi;ue.... II! )@ 3LL@ @ J J

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+istoire de /oulouse (s*b -n r*marea l*i "h@ X7LFF)! '(*l(*se! #$%N! )@ L%3@ =K@ J@ E9'E:E! /ocsin ..., )@ $&E$$@ =K@ @Gmoires de l*eslat de la France..., )@ LN%@ =K@ N@ Z@ DA VI9! &ocicl1 ..., )@ #3%@ =K@ ($id., )@ #=LE#=K ?i #3%@ =K@ ($id., )@ #3=@ =K@ ;itat -n "@ :EUZA6'! )a Jepression -alenciennes..., )@ L=@ Correspondance de @arguerite de .arme auec .hilippe ((, I! )@ #%3@ =K@ D(sar*l e mai C(s )re+entat e D-na Dey(n ?i A@ L(tt-n la seminar*l me*! 0a c(nstit*i materia )rim/ a *nei c/r,i ce *rmea+/ s/ a)ar/ la 5achette)@ ;1@ ?i E@ e M76EAU! +istoiredel*Egliseen 0elgi;ue, :r*HellesFV! #$=L! )@ #LLE#L&@ =K@ M@ F7I9IL! )a Jevolte..., )@ L>KEL>3@ =K@ 8@-M@ :E6;E! +istoire des cro;uants ..., 3, p. K3$@ =K@ ($id., I! )@ NLLENLK@ =K@ ($id., II! )@ 333@ =K@ 6@ M7U9NIE6! Fureurs pa1sannes, p. #N3@ =K@ 8@-M@ :E6;E! +istoire des cro;uants..., II! )@ 333@ =K@ M@ <END67'! &aint ).-@. 'rignion de @ont#ort, ,Euvres completes, "aris! #$33F imn*l ;VIII! )@ #N3#@ 3&@ ($id., p. #N3>@ 3&@ ($id., imn*l ;I! )@ #N#$@ 3&@ Fr@ ;5EVALIE6! )*"meri;ue latine, de -independance nos !ours, "aris! #$%%! )@ N%K@ 3&@ Des)re A-m)letirea as)ectel(r 1esti0e ?i aleas)ectel(r er/+meri,/B! e eHem)l* -n Fran,a -n #%$>! c1@ M@ 7Z7UF! )a Fete revolutionnaire, 3S`V]3SVV, "aris! #$%3! )@ =>@ 3&@ "(0estire -n @emoires deFelix .latler. ;1@ J@ LE;LE6! +isloire de la tolerance au siecle de la Je#orme, L 0(i@! "aris! #$==F I! )@ LL=ELL3@ 3&@ ;itate -n J@ JAN99EN! )*"llemagne et la Je#orme, VI! )@ $E#>@ 3&@ ($id., )@ #>@ 3&@ .. 0E>c"/, )aJepressionG -alenciennes ..., p. L>@ 3&@ <@ LE MA6;5AND! A;rises ec(n(miV*es et atm(s)here s(ciale en milie* *rbain s(ns L(*is XIVB! -n Jevue d*histoire moderne et conlcmporaine, #$3%! )@ L=#@ 3&@ 'eHte citate in Fr@ "7N'IEUX! .redictions ..., te+/ (Ama-triseB)! Uni0ersitatea "aris I! #$%K! )@ $&! ?i )/strate la :ibi@ Na,@! "aris! res)ecti0 re+er0a "9 #N$! L&&! #+3 ?i #+;' 3&@ ;1@ F@ e VAUX e F7LE'IE6! @iile ans d*histoire des tziganes, "aris! #$%>@ 3&@ ;1@ :@ <E6EME^! ALes 5(mmes sans ma-tre@ La marginalit3 s(ciale a l2e)(V*e)rein *strielleB! -n 5iogene, a0rilE C*in #$%%! mai ales )@ KL@ 3&@ ;1@ "@ A@ 9LA;^! AVagrants et 0agrancy in Englan ! #=$&E-#33NB! -n Economic +istor1 JevteN, seria a L-a! XXVII! #$%N! )@ K33@ :@ <E6EME^! ALes 5(mmes sans ma-tre @@@B! )@ N=@ &#@ Des)re t(ate acestea cartea ca)ital/ a l*i :@ <E6EME^ [$ )es @arginaux parisiens aux =l--e et =--e siecles, "aris!

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